Best Car Audio Bundles
Best Car Audio Bundles: A Brief History
The automotive industry has been around since the early 20th century. During that time, many different types of cars have been produced. Some were very popular while others failed to catch on with consumers. However, there are still some vehicles which remain in demand today such as sports cars or luxury sedans.
Cars like these tend to cost a lot more than other vehicles but they provide better performance and style at a lower price tag.
In order to satisfy the increasing demands of customers, manufacturers have created various car audio systems. These systems include stereo speakers, subwoofers, amplifiers and even satellite radio receivers. There are several different kinds of car audio bundles available including those designed specifically for drivers who drive long distances or those that offer music through Bluetooth connectivity. For example, one type of car audio bundle might allow users to stream their favorite tunes from Pandora or Spotify without having to purchase separate music streaming services themselves.
Another kind of car audio bundle might let users listen to their favorite tunes via Google Play Music without having to pay for additional music streaming services.
Car audio systems come in all shapes and sizes. They range from simple stereos that play only one song at a time, to complex systems with multiple speakers and amplifiers. Car audio systems can be found in both domestic models and high-end luxury vehicles. The following section will explore different types of car audio bundles.
If you would like to find the best car audio bundles for your specific model, be sure to visit the Crutchfield website or contact them directly by phone.
There are many types of car audio systems, but most fall under three major categories: radio (AM/FM), single disc, and multi-disc CD players. The first type of audio system began with AM/FM radio. It was used in the first cars and can still be found in many cars today.
AM stands for amplitude modulation, and it works by using a combination of two different frequencies to produce sound. FM stands for frequency modulation, and it uses a wider range of frequencies to produce sound. In either case, the receiver picks up the signal and uses it to trigger a vibratingcore called a coil. The vibrating coil produces a magnetic field, which causes the speaker to produce sound.
In order to pick up a signal, there must be a transmitter of some sort sending out a signal on the same frequency. This can either be another radio station or a local transmitter. These days, AM signals travel farther than FM signals. AM signals also tend to suffer from more interference and background noise than FM signals do.
The second type of car audio system is a single-CD player with an internal amplifier. It works in a similar way to an AM/FM radio, but it only plays discs. There may be multiple CD slots that allow the user to switch between various discs. The sound quality or pitch of the music won't be as good as with a home stereo, but it's still fairly decent.
Best Car Audio Bundles - Best Purch Marketplace
The third type of car audio system is a multi-CD changer. This type of system can switch out CDs to play the music stored on them. It's essentially a single CD player with multiple CD slots. These types of systems may also be able to play cassette tapes, AM/FM radio, or even records.
The three major types of car audio systems are the only types you'll find in most vehicles today. The first type of system was introduced in the 1920s with AM/FM radio. It started out as a simple receiver that could pick up AM and FM signals using an antenna. When the transistor was invented, it became lighter and smaller to make it easier to install in vehicles.
From there, car audio systems evolved into the three main types that exist today.
The first type of car audio system is the AM/FM radio.
Sources & references used in this article:
Why do firms bundle and tie-evidence from competitive markets and implications for tying law by DS Evans, M Salinger – Yale J. on Reg., 2005 – HeinOnline
Mobile service bundles: the example of navigation services by H Bouwman, T Haaker, H De Vos – Electronic markets, 2007 – Taylor & Francis
Functional compatibility risk and consumer preference for product bundles by J Harris, EA Blair – Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 2006 – Springer
Processing advantages of lexical bundles: Evidence from self‐paced reading and sentence recall tasks by A Tremblay, B Derwing, G Libben… – Language …, 2011 – Wiley Online Library


text:
, probably due to microhabitat differences.
Following the turbulent evolution of the Dreissenidae during the Tertiary and major radiations in Lake Pannon, species of Congeria went extinct. One lineage survived, however, by adopting a unique life history strategy that suited it to the underground environment. In light of our new data, an alternative scenario for its colonisation of the karst is proposed. The extant Congeria comprises three sister species that, to date, have only been found to live in 15 caves in the Dinaric karst. Inter-specific morphological stasis and intra-specific ecophenotypic plasticity of the congerid shell demonstrate the contrasting ways in which evolution in the underground environments shapes its inhabitants.
Dinaric Karst; Subterranean habitats; Cave bivalve; Congeria; Dreissenidae; New species; Ecophenotypic plasticity
We employed a phylogenetic framework to identify patterns of life habit evolution in the marine bivalve family Pectinidae. Specifically, we examined the number of independent origins of each life habit and distinguished between convergent and parallel trajectories of life habit evolution using ancestral state estimation. We also investigated whether ancestral character states influence the frequency or type of evolutionary trajectories.
We determined that temporary attachment to substrata by byssal threads is the most likely ancestral condition for the Pectinidae, with subsequent transitions to the five remaining habit types. Nearly all transitions between life habit classes were repeated in our phylogeny and the majority of these transitions were the result of parallel evolution from byssate ancestors. Convergent evolution also occurred within the Pectinidae and produced two additional gliding clades and two recessing lineages. Furthermore, our analysis indicates that byssal attaching gave rise to significantly more of the transitions than any other life habit and that the cementing and nestling classes are only represented as evolutionary outcomes in our phylogeny, never as progenitor states.
Collectively, our results illustrate that both convergence and parallelism generated repeated life habit states in the scallops. Bias in the types of habit transitions observed may indicate constraints due to physical or ontogenetic limitations of particular phenotypes.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Health Minister Issues Guidelines on COVID-19 Prevention at Workplaces
Date 25 Mei 2020
Category: News
Read: 1.374 Views
Infographics on Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB). (Source: Ministry of Health).
In a bid to break COVID-19 transmission chain due to the large number of workers and mobility, as well as population interactions caused by work activities, the Government has announced guidelines to prevent and control COVID-19 at work places and industries.
The guideline is stipulated in Decree of Minister of Health Number HK.01.07/MENKES/328/2020 on Guidelines for Covid-19 Prevention and Control at Workplaces and Industries in Supporting Business Sustainability Amid the Pandemic.
"Workplace as a locus of people's interaction and gathering is a risk factor that needs to be anticipated for the virus transmission," Minister of Health Terawan Agus Putranto said in Jakarta, Saturday (23/5).
Government Regulation Number 21 of 2020 on Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) in the framework of accelerating the handling of COVID-19 has stated that PSBB is conducted by dismissing work activities at workplace.
"For this reason, following the conclusion of the PSBB and the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, it is necessary to carry out optimum mitigation and workplace readiness so people can adapt to new normal," he said.
Detailed guidelines for preventing COVID-19 transmission include:
 1. During the PSBB for at Workplaces
 2. Management Policy in Prevention of COVID-19 Transmission
 - The management must always monitor and update the development of information about COVID-19 in its area. (It can periodically be accessed at and local government policies).
 - COVID-19 Handling Team at workplaces comprises of the Chairperson, the staffing section, occupational health and safety (K3) section and Health workers strengthened by a Decree from the Workplace Leadership.
 - Leader or employer provides policies and procedures for workers to report every case of suspected COVID-19 (symptoms of fever or cough/runny nose/throat pain/breath difficulty) to be monitored by health workers.
 - A positive case must not be treated as a stigma.
 - Implementation of Work From Home must be provided.
Determine essential workers who work from office and those who can perform work from home.
 1. If there is an essential worker who must continue to work during the PSBB:
 - Apply a temperature measurement using thermogun at the entrance of the workplace and COVID-19 Risk Self-Assessment to ensure workers not infected by COVID-19.
 - Shorten work time considering overtime will result in workers lack of time to rest which can cause a drop in immune system.
 - For shift workers:
 1. If possible, shift 3 (work time which starts at night until morning) must be avoided;
 2. For shift 3 workers, it should be arranged for workers aged less than 50 years old.
 - Wear face masks since traveling to/from home, and while at work.
 - Manage nutritional intake of food provided by the workplace, select fruits that contain lots of vitamin C such as oranges, guava, and so on to help maintain endurance. If possible workers can be given vitamin C.
 - Create a safe and healthy workplace;
 1. Hygiene and sanitation of the work environment.
Ensure that all work areas are clean and hygienic by periodically cleaning them using appropriate cleaners and disinfectants (every 4 hours), particularly door handles and stairs, elevator buttons, shared office equipment, areas and other public facilities.
Maintain workplace air quality by optimizing air circulation and sunlight entering the workspace, cleaning air-conditioning filters.
 1. Hand washing facilities
Provide more facilities for washing hands (soap and running water).
Provide instructions at hand washing facilities; put up educational posters on how to wash hands properly; provide hand sanitizers with a minimum alcohol concentration of 70% in places where it is needed (such as entrances, meeting rooms, elevator doors, etc.);
 1. Keep practicing physical distancing in all work activities. Setting the distance between workers at least 1 meter in each work activity (setting the work desk/workstation, setting the chair when in the canteen, etc.).
 2. Campaign the Healthy Living Community Movement (GERMAS) through Healthy Lifestyle and Clean and Healthy Lifestyle (PHBS) at work as follows:
Washing Hands With Soap (CTPS), to encourage workers to wash their hands once they arrive at work, before eating, after having contact with customers/meeting with other people, after going to the bathroom, after handling objects that are likely to be contaminated.
Cough Ethics, to educate people the ethics of coughing (covering mouth and nose with upper arm inside) and if using tissue to cover coughs and colds, disposing of used tissue in a closed trash can and washing hands with soap and running water afterwards.
Exercising together before work while maintaining a safe distance, and sunbathing during recess.
Eating foods with balanced nutrition;
Avoiding using personal tools together such as prayer equipment, cutlery, and others.
 1. Dissemination and education for workers regarding COVID-19.
 - Education on COVID-19 is provided intensively to all workers and families to provide proper understanding of the COVID-19 pandemic so those workers have the knowledge to independently take preventive and pre-emptive actions to prevent transmission of the disease, and reduce excessive anxiety due to false information.
 - Educational material that can be disseminated are as follows:
 1. Causes of COVID-19 and how to prevent the disease;
 2. Initial symptoms of the disease and the actions that must be taken when the symptoms arise;
 3. PHBS practices such as proper hand washing, cough ethics;
 4. Flow of reporting and inspection if suspicion is found;
 5. Educational methods that can be carried out: installation of banners, pamphlets, wall magazines, etc. in strategic areas that are easily seen by every worker such as at the entrance, dining/canteen area, rest area, stairs, and audio and video media broadcast repeatedly.
SMS/WhatsApp message to all workers periodically as a reminder.
 1. Educational material can be accessed at
"It is hoped that through adoption of this guideline, we can help minimize the risks and impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic at workplaces, particularly offices and industries," the Minister said. (Ministry of Health/EN)
Translator: Muhardi
Reviewed by: M. Ersan Pamungkas
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"Spare the rod, spoil the child"...maybe not what you think it means [View All]
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xray s Donating Member (1000+ posts) Send PM | Profile | Ignore Fri Mar-18-05 04:34 PM
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This LTTE appeared in my local paper. The next time you hear a "Christian" advocating beating children, tell them this...
Bible says guide kids, not beat them
In an article on the debate about spanking, which appeared March 8, a school administrator from a private Christian school is quoted as saying, in regard to corporal punishment, "The Bible teaches it." The article does not provide any Scripture that he may have offered to back up this claim, and I am wondering if he is thinking of the oft-quoted "Spare the rod and spoil the child" taken from Proverbs.
In what context is the term "rod" used in this, and other, Proverbial quote(s)? Is it the same "rod" that is found in the Bible's 23rd Psalm: "Thy rod and staff, they comfort me"? How can it be that the same item - a "rod" - is mentioned as both a tool for punishing (striking) a child and then also gently spoken of as a reassuring source of comfort?
To understand this, consider what type of "rod" is being discussed in the first place, which is a shepherd's rod/staff that is used when guiding and caring for sheep. Throughout the Bible, the comparison is made that the relationship between God (and Jesus) and his followers is similar to that of a shepherd caring for his sheep.
Since this text originated during a time, and place, when the people were very familiar with the care of sheep, it is an analogy that provided an understandable frame of reference. A shepherd carried with him a tall wooden rod/staff that was curved at the top.
How was this used in regard to the sheep? When a sheep would leave the flock and stray, did the shepherd use the rod to beat the sheep back into place? Hardly. In fact, the curved end of the shepherd's rod is used to go around the errant sheep and guide it back into place, or even to grasp the sheep and pull it up from where it may have fallen while straying.
A shepherd's rod is used to open gates and brush off, fend off attackers of the sheep, and to guide and steer the sheep along the right path. It is not a tool of pain used to beat the sheep as punishment or something the sheep fear.
If you consider this - the actual use of a shepherd's rod/staff - it is easy to understand that when it comes to children, the Bible teaches guidance and bringing children back to the right path through vigilance and care, in the same manner a shepherd continually guides his sheep along the right path, as opposed to the justification of striking children as form of punishment and to keep their behavior in line.
H. Lyjak
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text:
Course Materials and My ILC
- After you enrol, you will receive all the instructions and materials needed to start a course.
- You will receive information on how to access the "My ILC" section of ilc.org. In "My ILC" you can view your student records, access digital components of your course, and submit your course work online.
- Course content is delivered using a variety of methods including:
- Online, through My ILC
- Blended, combination of online through My ILC and in print
- Printed materials
- Course materials include readings, practice exercises, assignments and (depending on the course) other resources such as books, software and web-based practice tutorials.
Course Journal and Online Submission
At the end of each unit, you submit your Journal to ILC. You can send your work two ways: online or by mail. Work must be sent online if your course is identified as an online course in our e-Guide. Please check the e-Guide before submitting your work for marking. Your teachers evaluate your work and make helpful comments. Your Journal is then returned to you.
Instructions on completing the course, and submitting online are included in the lesson material you receive.
Once you have finished or discontinued a course, returnable items (marked with a "Y" on your Package Form) must be sent by mail directly to:
1100 Thornton Road, South
Oshawa, ON L1J 7E2

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Administration Console Online Help
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Customize table views
When the data displayed in the Console is tabular listing objects of a particular type, you can customize the table by filtering the data displayed and adding or subtracting columns and rows. You can also sort the data tables by clicking on the column headers.
To customize tabular data:
 1. Navigate to an object table and click Customize this table, located at the top of the table.
 2. To filter the data that appears in a table, under Filter:
 1. Select a column for filtering the data displayed.
 2. Specify filtering criteria (a text string) in the Criteria text box.
 The filtering criteria is specified as a string in the WLDF Query Language. The query language supports Boolean operators: AND, OR, and NOT, and relational operators. For more information on query syntax, see WLDF Query Language.
 3. To customize the columns and rows displayed, under View:
 1. Add attributes to display by moving them from the list of Available items (on the left) to Chosen (on the right).
 2. Remove attributes displayed by moving them from the list of Chosen items to Available items.
 3. Select the number of rows to display and the maximum number of rows displayed.
 4. Click Apply.
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Cloudflare launches Browser Isolation, a software that isolates the browser from the device to improve security
Cloudflare just launched its Browser Isolation or its version of browser isolation, which, broadly speaking, offers software that creates a "gap" between browsers and end-user devices in order to provide greater security. It is focused on workers of companies of all sizes when they are applying telework. This new tool is integrated into the Cloudflare for Teams suite.
The main concept behind browser isolation is security through physical isolation for create a "distance" between a user's web browser and the endpoint device, and thus protect the device (and the corporate network) from vulnerabilities and attacks.
Differentiating characteristics of this tool
Unlike secure web gateways, antivirus software, or firewalls, which rely on known threat patterns or signatures, this browser isolation is based on a zero-trust strategy.
On the other hand, Cloudflare Browser Isolation is built on top of Chromium (the same engine that powers other commonly used browsers like Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, and Brave). East software is compatible with any browser so the workers of a company do not have to change if they integrate this Browser Isolation.
Higher Internet speed regardless of the network server
In addition to security integration, one of the benefits of using Browser Isolation is, according to Cloudflare, reduce local browser load when downloading modern web pages, even if the user does not have access to broadband Internet.
How to use, Cloudflare's DNS that claim to be faster and more private than Google and OpenDNS
"Modern websites are not optimized for low-bandwidth connections and often require hundreds of objects to download. Cloudflare's remote browsers are wired so that they are able to consistently download websites at broadband speeds, "regardless of the Internet service the user uses, according to the company's announcement.
Difference from traditional browser remote isolation programs
Running sensitive workloads in secure environments is nothing new, and Remote Browser Isolation (RBI) technologies have been around for many years. However, Cloudflare questions that, if so, Why are remote browsers not a common technology used by everyone?
For Cloudflare, there is a lack of trust in these by companies which leads to avoid their adoption and that is why the company has chosen to use Chromium in its new tool, to adapt to existing browsers.
It also includes a new solution integrated by Cloudflare and called Network Vector Rendering (NVR), which could be translated as network vector rendering. This technology was announced by the company last January by joining S2 Systems, which has this proprietary technology.
Image4 2
As clarified from Cloudflare regarding this NVR, an architectural feature of the Chromium browser is the use of the Skia graphics library, a multiplatform graphics engine. Like Chromium, the ubiquity of this graphics engine ensures continued broad hardware and platform support. As a consequence, ** everything visible in a Chromium browser window is rendered through the Skia render layer **. This includes the user interface of the application window, the menus, and all the contents of the web page window.
As the graph above illustrates, S2 Systems NVR technology intercepts Skia drawing commands from Chromium browser remotely, tokenizes and compresses them, then encrypts and transmits them over the wire to any HTML5-compliant web browser running locally on the user's endpoint desktop or mobile device.


text:
Underlying the advanced analytical techniques in the modern chemical laboratory is general chemistry. As a subject in chemical education it concentrates on the basic knowledge and skills that all chemists need.
Within the laboratory environment general chemistry refers to the supporting techniques, such as glassware cleaning, drying, distillation, recrystallisation, extraction, dilutions, evaporation, etc.
To support these activities the ROMIL‑SA™ brand features a wide range of solvents, acids, salts and solid reagents.
In addition, a number of technical grade solvents and acids are available for use where the purity levels are not so important for applications such as rinsing and cleaning.


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The Theoretical Aspects of Erroneous Actions During the Process of Decision Making by Air Traffic Control evaluates the factors affecting the operational decision-making of a human air traffic controller, interacting in a dynamic environment with the flight crew, surrounding aircraft traffic and environmental conditions of the airspace. This article reviews the challenges of air traffic control in different conditions, ranging from normal and complex to emergency and catastrophic. Workload factors and operating conditions make an impact on air traffic controllers' decision-making. The proposed model compares various operating conditions within an assumed air traffic control environment subsequently comparing them against a theoretically "perfect" air traffic control system. A mathematical model of flight safety assessment has been proposed for the quantitative assessment of various hazards arising during the process of Air Traffic Control. The model assumes events of various severity and probability ranging from high frequency and low severity up to less likely and catastrophic ones. Certain limitations of the model have been recognised and further improvements for effective hazard evaluation have been suggested.
Document type: Article
The different versions of the original document can be found in:
Are you one of the authors of this document?


Generally when people think of agriculture they will picture a tractor or some other machinery.
The humble water pump, however, uses as much if not more energy and is just as essential to production.
Pumps are mostly used to move water from the water source, which could be a dam, river or bore, through pipes to a point of usage or a storage facility, e.g. a water tank or an irrigation system.
Here in Australia, the cost of grid connection or a lack of access to grid supplied electricity means that many farmers use diesel pumps.
Electric pumps, however, are a superior option for several reasons, they are lower maintenance, to set up for automated and remote control, and have the ability to use solar power either as the main power source or as a supplementary power source for grid connected pumps.
No matter the power source, the principles of pump selection and operation are the same. Cost-efficient operation relies on selecting the right size and design of pump and maintaining it correctly.
Choosing a pump
There is a wide range of pumps available and it can be confusing trying to make a choice. The first step in making a choice is to calculate the pumping requirements of the intended application. You will need to know what your daily water usage needs will be as well as gathering information about the water source, discharge point and the distance between the two.
If it wont be supported by other power sources, like the electricity grid or battery storage, the pump must be able to move enough water to match your operation's daily water requirements. The pump must also have enough power to move the required amount of water from the water source
How a pump works
A pump is a system that is used to move liquid. Pumps move liquid by utilising energy to build the amount of pressure in the system.
Flow rate
The flow rate is the amount of water pumped through during a certain time period. The flow rates are usually quoted in L/min or m./day (where 1m. = 1,000L). When using a solar pumping system, the expected flow rates of the pump are calculated from the variability of the site's solar radiation levels:
 - If you have a minimum daily flow rate each day, no matter the daylight hours, your systems design would need to increase the required daily flow rate to compensate for reduced pumping performance on less sunny/overcast days.
 - The hourly flow rate must consider the limited number of sun hours per day to pump the water. The estimated flow rate also needs to allow that the levels of solar radiation vary from hour to hour.
Related Tags: Water Pump Repairs Gold Coast | Water Pumps Gold Coast


Workaround for AWS IAM SSL certificate upload error for StartSSL cert
Posted on 2015-01-07
Amazon (AWS) CloudFront now supports using a custom SSL certificate so you can use your own domain name for HTTPS requests instead of having to use the Setup via the CloudFront console is easy: just pick the appropriate key from the list of keys you have uploaded to AWS IAM.
However, the IAM web console has no way to upload the key. You have to use the AWS CLI. Not hard, just a lot of parameters.
The command line blows up with a cryptic error:
A client error (EntityAlreadyExists) occurred when calling the UploadServerCertificate operation: The Server Certificate with name already exists.
Run it through openssl:
openssl rsa -in example.key -text >
Then delete everything up to the line -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- and save as example-aws.key
Step-by-Step Example
Generate a key and certificate request.
openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -sha256 -keyout example.key -out example.csr
You should now have two files: example.key and example.csr.
Upload to StartSSL and go through their certificates wizard. Save the result as example.crt
Transform the result to a format acceptable to AWS:
openssl rsa -in example.key -text >
Strip out everything from the except the RSA key. The following is a sed command line that will do it for you, but any text editor will work.
sed '/-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----/,$!d' >
Make the certificate chain. Download the appropriate intermediate and root certificates and merge them (just with each other, not with your new cert):
cat ca.pem >chain.crt
Upload to AWS IAM
aws iam upload-server-certificate --path /cloudfront/example/ --server-certificate-name example --certificate-body file://example.crt --private-key file:// --certificate-chain file://chain.crt
Extracted from a long thread in the AWS support forum.
Tags: aws ssl certificate aws-iam https StartSSL openssl


text:
From the CBMR Library and Archives
Before 1920, African-American popular musicians were largely ignored by the recording industry. In 1920 African-American songwriter Perry Bradford convinced the OKeh recording company to record Vaudeville singer Mamie Smith and a black jazz band performing his song "Crazy Blues." It was a hit, especially with African-American record buyers, causing OKeh to begin a series of recordings by African-American artists specifically intended for African-American audiences. Other record companies soon followed. The concept of "race records" and of targeting audiences by race or ethnic identity is still a common practice in the recording industry. At the time, however, the published sheet music for a song was still the primary means of its dissemination, although the OKeh recording is prominently advertised.


text:
A new U.K study warns that humanity could face a famine of biblical proportions by 2050 due to a plague of pests brought on by climate change. Research from the University of Exeter published in the journal Global Ecology and Biogeography paints a picture of crop producing countries saturated with pests by the middle of the century. The plague of pests pose a 'grave threat to global food security,' according to Dr. Dan Bebber of the Biosciences department at the University of Exeter.
The study used global databases to describe patterns and trends in the spread of crop pests like fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, nematodes, viroids and ascomycetes. The results show that many of the world's most important crop-producing countries will be fully saturated with pests by the middle of the century if current trends continue. More than one-in-ten pest types have already been found in half the countries that grow the pests' host crops, and if the spread advances at its current rate researchers fear pests will overwhelm a significant proportion of global crop-producing countries within the next 30 years.
"If crop pests continue to spread at current rates, many of the world's biggest crop producing nations will be inundated by the middle of the century, posing a grave threat to global food security," Bebber told The Daily Mail. According to the study, the most invasive of the pests include the tropical root knot nematode, which can infect thousands of different plant species with its larvae. Another is Blumeria graminis, a fungus that causes powdery mildew on wheat and other grains.
At least one scientist sees some positive news in the grave findings of this research. "By unlocking the potential to understand the distribution of crop pests and diseases, we're moving one step closer to protecting our ability to feed a growing global population," Dr. Timothy Holmes, Head of Technical Solutions at the Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International told The Daily Mail. "The hope is to turn data into positive action."
Via The Daily Mail


text:
In multiple-electron systems these are split into different energy levels, in that case the lower values are usually lower in energy level (i.e. S becomes lower than P)
The energy levels of multi-electron atoms are mostly found by spectroscopy. Understanding why the levels are arranged that way can be solved by computers using wave equations, but "a computer confirmed it" isn't a fun answer. A less reliable answer, but one more relatable to humans, can be found by considering orbital penetration.
Consider the radial distribution functions shown below, these show for each orbital how the probability of finding an electron varies with distances from the nucleus.
You can view more at the orbitron, but you should be able to see a pattern in these. Going up in principle quantum numbers, the first S has one hump, the second S has two humps, and so on. The other subshells follow the same pattern.
For an atom containing 2S and 2P electrons, such as carbon, we know from A-level chemistry that the S orbitals are filled first. The reason is electron shielding, electrons close to the nucleus reduce the attraction of electrons outside the nucleus, since negative charge repels. 2S electrons experience relatively less shielding then 2P electrons because they have an extra hump close to the nucleus, and you can see it by superimposing their radial distribution functions:
|Superimposition of the 2S and 2P subshells|
The penetration of the 2S subshell allows electrons in it to experience more nuclear charge, which is enough to dip the orbital lower in energy level. I'm aware that it isn't entirely obvious from the above graph, but this answer is enough for many undergrad exams and textbooks.
Note: The S subshell has the unique property of having a non-zero chance of being found on the nucleus itself. This means you should draw the functions touching the Y-axis at just above 0, with other orbitals hitting it right on 0. It is common for some exam marks to based on this.


How can I teach my 3 year old to chew with his mouth closed?
How can I teach my 3 yr old son to chew with his mouth closed? I have tried to demonstrate and show him in a mirror, but he is convinced that it is impossible!
Submitted by jewilson333
Manners are pretty advanced skills, and parents often get disappointed when they have unrealistic expectations of their young children. A three-year-old is still getting the hang of his body, and how to control it -- and quite honestly, he couldn't care less about manners. That's just a developmental reality.
There's not a lot you can do to force the issue. Your best bet is to give him a lot of praise and positive feedback when his manners improve even a little -- and ignore the poor behavior. You run the risk of reinforcing bad manners by giving them too much attention. For now, focus on staying at the table for mealtime, using an "inside voice" when the family eats together, and keeping food on his plate. Better manners are more realistic over time, but certainly at age 5, 6, and older.
Answered by Parents Team
Community Answers (2)
It is really not so easy to explain to a 3 year old WHY he must eat with his mouth closed. Table manners etc. are difficult to be taught and I realized that after a couple of times I tried with my 3 year old. I found out a fun way (for me) to get him to do that. At the table when we sat to eat together, I would direct that instruction to my husband and pretend I was talking to him. My boy would look at him and then imitate him. It was great, no fuss!!
Submitted by margaritadrake


text:
Here we go again. The new moon was at its peak August 10 at 03:09 UTC. A powerful 7.3 magnitude earthquake hit the pacific island nation of Vanuatu at 05:23 UTC, only a couple of hours later. In addition, the moon was at perigee later the same day at 17:57 UTC. This major earthquake was followed by numerous aftershocks.
Vanuatu appears particularly vulnerable to the tug of the sun and moon. The earthquake struck at a depth of 27 miles/35 kilometers below the earth. Perhaps the moon's influence on the ocean's tides can trigger earthquakes, but I doubt tides would cause a quake so deep underground.
I don't personally believe 2012 is the end of the world. Yet, these celestially inspired earthquakes do make me wonder. Famed psychic Edgar Cayce predicted major earth changes in the future as the Earth shifted on its axis. Let's hope he was not accurate, but there is always the possibility he was. Nothing we can do about it anyway, so why worry?


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|In Texas, USA|
The loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) is a passerine bird. It is the only member of the shrike family endemic to North America; the related northern shrike (L. excubitor) occurs north of its range but also in the Palearctic.
The bird has a large hooked bill; the head and back are grey and the underparts white. The wings and tail are black, with white patches on the wings and white on the outer tail feather. The black face mask extends over the eye, unlike that of the similar but slightly larger northern shrike. "Loggerhead" refers to the relatively large size of the head as compared to the rest of the body.
The bird breeds in semi-open areas in southern Ontario, Quebec and the Canadian prairie provinces, south to Mexico. It nests in dense trees and shrubs. The female lays 4 to 8 eggs in a bulky cup made of twigs and grass. There is an increase in average clutch size as latitude increases.
The shrike is a permanent resident in the southern part of the range; northern birds migrate farther south.
The bird waits on a perch with open lines of sight and swoops down to capture prey. Its food is large insects, small birds and lizards. Known in many parts as the "butcher bird," it impales its prey on thorns or barbed wire before eating it, because it does not have the talons of the larger birds of prey. The bird decorates its impaled victim with feathers and bills in order to attract a mate. Loggerhead shrikes are perhaps the only known predators of eastern lubber grasshoppers (Romalea guttata) and will consume the head and abdomen of these very large insects, leaving behind the poisonous and foul-tasting thorax.
The population of this species has declined in the northeastern parts of its range, possibly due to loss of suitable habitat and pesticide use.
The eastern loggerhead shrike (L.l. migrans) is critically endangered in Canada. (Although only one island subspecies is legally listed as endangered in the United States, the species is declining continentwide and no longer occurs in most of the northeastern U.S.) A captive population was established at the Toronto Zoo and McGill University in 1997. In 2001 an experimental field breeding and release program managed by Wildlife Preservation Canada was established. "Field breeding" refers to moving captive pairs from their wintering cages at the Toronto Zoo and McGill to large enclosures within shrike habitat in Ontario where the pairs nest and raise their young and then the young are released to the wild when they'd naturally disperse from their parents. Since 2004, over 90 young have been released annually and between 2% and 6.5% of young released have successfully migrated and returned to breed in the subsequent year.
There are ten recognized subspecies of loggerhead shrike:
- Lanius ludovicianus anthonyi
- Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides
- Lanius ludovicianus gambeli
- Lanius ludovicianus grinnelli
- Lanius ludovicianus ludovicianus
- Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi (San Clemente loggerhead shrike)
- Lanius ludovicianus migrans
- Lanius ludovicianus nelsoni
- Lanius ludovicianus sonoriensis
- BirdLife International (2012). "Lanius ludovicianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- Loggerhead Shrike. National Audubon Society
- Keinath, Douglas A and Schneider, Catherine (February 2005) Species assessment for Loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) in Wyoming. blm.gov
- Yosef, Reuven. (1996). "Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)" in The Birds of North America Online. A. Poole (Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology
- "Toronto Zoo > Conservation > Birds". Retrieved 2009-09-22.
- Eastern Loggerhead Shrike. Wildlife Preservation Canada
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Loggerhead Shrike.|
|Wikispecies has information related to: Lanius ludovicianus|
- The Ontongeny of Cricket and Mouse Killing in the Loggerhead Shrike
- The Effects of Dieldren on the Behavior of Young Loggerhead Shrikes
- Loggerhead Shrike Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
- Loggerhead Shrike – Lanius ludovicianus – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
- Stamps (for Mexico) with Range Map at bird-stamps.org
- Loggerhead Shrike videos, photos, and sounds at the Internet Bird Collection
- Loggerhead Shrike Bird Sound at Florida Museum of Natural History
- Loggerhead Shrike photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)


Friday, June 17, 2011
What does eBird tell us about "Birder" behavior?
Cedar Waxwing
I've noticed that for every species for which I've created animated eBird sightings maps that June and July bird distribution appears wide-spread continentally, but more localized. In the past I have attributed this to the birds having found their preferred nesting grounds and therefore not seen by as many birders. But now I am wondering if these animated maps show as much about "birder" behavior as they do about bird behavior.
The eBird Team has in the past mentioned that birders tend to report their bird sightings less often during the summer. I can think of a few reasons that this behavior pattern might be occurring:
1. Birders get excited about Spring and Fall migrations and therefore are out birding more often and are more excited about reporting their sightings.
2. By the time mid-June rolls around, birders (and their non-birding friends and family) might be a bit burned out.
3. It's often hot outside and their are tons of mosquitoes and the lure of the outdoors is tempered.
4. If other families are similar to mine, July is one busy month, with family reunions, scout camps, etc. Maybe people just don't have as much time to be birding.
Well, I hope to encourage all of you to buck that trend of the Summer birding blues. Live the mantra of "Always be Birding" and please take on my challenge of submitting an average of at least one birding checklist to eBird per day. Why don't you test out the new eBird data entry system!
Black-chinned Hummingbird
1 comment:
 1. For me, it's a combination of #2 and #3. I really don't like hot weather, and I like slogging around with binoculars and camera during hot weather even less. Plus my field interests shift to insects over birds once spring migration ends. The summer is the annual peak for insect activity, so when I am out in the field, I tend to be looking down for butterflies and dragonflies instead of up for birds. That said, I've challenged myself to visit my local patch at least once every week during the summer, so that I'm still gathering data there.


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|12 October 2012
Crete, 3500-year-old Minoan building found
An accidental meeting in 1982 between well-known Greek archaeologist Yannis Sakellarakis and a shepherd from Crete has led to an archaeological discovery of great importance - Zominthos, a settlement from the Minoan era on the plain of the same name, 1,187 metres above sea level. The settlement is at the feet of the highest mountain in Crete, Mount Psiloritis, eight kilometres from the village of Anogia along the road which led from Knossos to Ideon Andron - the cave where Zeus was born, according to Greek mythology.
The shepherd, who lived in Anogia, invited the archaeologist who was working at a site nearby to visit the area of Zominthos. Sakellarakis realised he was standing in front of a settlement from the Minoan era, hiding behind thick vegetation. Sakellarakis, with colleague and partner Efi Sapouna-Sakellaraki, excavated from the summer of 1983 until 1990. Excavations resumed in 2004 and are ongoing.
In the past few years, the remains of an impressive and luxurious building from 3,500 years ago has emerged. The building has two or three floors, some 80 rooms including workshops and storage rooms over a surface of 1,360 square metres, and it is in excellent condition. Sapouna-Sakellaraki says it is the first Minoan mountain settlement built in the same period as the Palace of Knossos, and the largest summer residence from the Minoan era yet discovered.
The structure was built with large, elongated stones, and with walls painted in different colours. Experts believe the palace was destroyed by a violent earthquake.
Three time periods emerge from the remains of the Palace of Zominthos - its first construction in 1900 BCE, the second around 1600 BCE at the height of its prosperity, when it was presumably destroyed by an earthquake, and around 1400 BCE when another building was constructed nearby.
Archaeological findings in Zominthos include several signets portraying scorpions or birds, ornamental objects in copper and ivory, a metallic cylinder decorated with images of snakes, and a copper cup. Two copper statues were also found - "among the most beautiful from the most prosperous Minoan period", said the archaeologist, who believes the area was also a place of worship.
Edited from ANSA Med (4 October 2012)
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I have a program that waits for the user to enter a string input, how can I enter that string input while debugging my program with IDA?
You can use I/O redirection operators in the Process options-Parameters field:
The standard input/output/error channels can be redirected using the bash shell notations. for example: >output 2>&1
I have found the answer after hours of searching, it is really sad that such a great tool doesn't have this option easily enabled. anyway, you have to lunch the IDA from the terminal but you have to add
"cat |"
before it. For me, it was like this
cat |./ida64
and then when the program waits for the user's input, you have to go back to the terminal and supply it there.
If you want to add a file as an input you can do this
cat myfile |./ida64
If you know any better solution please post it here.
 - You may as well use yes then. If this above method worked you may also want to check out expect and its variants (such as pexpect). – 0xC0000022L Jul 3 '19 at 21:52
Your Answer


Can Dogs Have Onion Rings?
Onion rings are tasty, but can be toxic to dogs.
i Ciaran Griffin/Stockbyte/Getty Images
Onion rings are a tasty treat, but can be fatal for your canine friend. Despite his best puppy eyes, never give your dog onion rings. If he does steal a few from your plate, know the signs of onion poisoning and pancreatitis and call your vet quickly.
Onions are Toxic
Onions are extremely toxic for dogs. Onions contain a chemical called thiosulphate, which destroys your pup's red blood cells and can cause severe anemia. Your canine friend only needs to eat 0.5 percent of his body weight in onions to create a potentially life-threatening toxic level. So if your dog weighs 50 pounds (800 ounces), eating 4 ounces of onions can be dangerous. Even just a few onion rings could endanger your dog's life.
Symptoms of Onion Poisoning
If your pooch does steal your onion rings, keep an eye on him for signs of onion poisoning. Dogs who eat toxic levels of onions will become lethargic and lose their appetite. They may vomit or be weak. As the thiosulphate begins to destroy the red blood cells, the dig's gums will become pale and his breathing and heart rate will increase, as the heart has to work harder to get enough oxygen throughout the body.
Treatment for Onion Poisoning
Onion poisoning should be treated quickly. Give your veterinarian a call immediately. If your vet is not available, call the ASPCA poison hotline at _PHONE_ for advice. A vet will induce vomiting in a dog who has eaten onions and likely give him activated charcoal to try to absorb the toxins. Most veterinarians will want to monitor red blood cell levels for several days to make sure anemia doesn't develop. Onion poisoning is not something you should try to treat at home, since it is such a potentially life-threatening condition.
Fried Foods are Bad for Dogs, Too
Dogs need fat to be healthy, but not the kind of fat that comes with onion rings. While dogs don't have problems with cholesterol the way humans do, too much fat can cause other serious problems, including pancreatitis. Pancreatitis can cause mild vomiting, stomach pains and lethargy and can lead to very serious conditions like diabetes and brain damage. For a small dog, just a few fried onion rings could cause pancreatitis.
Treatment for Pancreatitis
Like onion poisoning, pancreatitis should be treated by a veterinarian. The primary way to treat pancreatitis is to slow down the pancreas, which often means no food or water for up to three days for a sick dog. To prevent dehydration, most dogs need IV fluids or even transfusions, which is why veterinary care is so important.
the nest


Dogs In National Parks – Why You Can't Take Them
This is probably a question you are asking yourself frequently, we know we were for a while there. All we wanted to do was take our four-legged buddies out on an adventure with us, without being slapped with a fine. Let's face it, most of us who are wanting to take our dogs out are responsible dog owners, right?
Unfortunately, that's not the case most of the time as we've discovered and that's not the only reason why pets aren't allowed in national parks.
Irresponsible Dog Owners:
Irresponsible dog owners are probably one of the major reasons we are no longer able to take our buddies out on walks to these magical places. Most of us are happy to clean up after our friends, keep them on a leash, pack them some food and water and ensure that they don't wander away or hurt the flora and fauna, while many other owners aren't so happy to do that.
Native Animals:
Australian animals haven't really had to worry much about predators and with recent species introduced to the environment, they now have a reason to worry. Cats and dogs are killing off the native animals, even causing them to flee their homes. The smell and sight of dogs are enough to cause these native animals stress, even in some cases abandoning their young. Although your dog may be super placid, it's enough to really to cause stress to these animals.
In addition to this, native animals can also easily catch diseases and viruses that dogs carry, so it's important to limit their exposure to them as much as possible.
National Parks often set out fox baits throughout the park to try and eliminate the fox population and other introduced species. That means if your pup eats some of these baits or ate an animal that has come in contact with them, it's likely to become very fatal for your pet. So for your dog's safety, this is a key reason why they are not permitted in the parks.
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Apart from obvious injuries like your dog falling from cliffs or getting lost and dehydrated, dogs in national parks are banned over the risk of injury from native animals too. Animals such as snakes can kill within minutes and in most cases, dogs try to protect their owners so they purposefully seek out these predators.
Kangaroos can also be dangerous to a dog when threatened, not only because of their sharp claws but also because if they are near water, they can try and drown your pet if it's lured to the water.
One of the final reasons why dogs aren't permitted in national parks is health risks to your pet. Shrubbery and amongst the flora are the ideal places for ticks to hide and can easily sneak into your pups fur. Paralysis ticks can be fatal to dogs so it's important to keep an eye out if you are taking your dog out in the bush. Dogs can also burn their paws walking over hot rocks and sand in summer and may slip on rocks in some locations you choose to visit.
What's the consequence of taking my dog in a National Park?
You can be fined for taking your pet into National Parks and the fee varies depending on the location, number of animals and if the area is protected or not. The park rangers are the ones who will issue you the fines and in only certain circumstances, are animals exempt from the rule. You can read more about the rules and consequences of taking your dogs into national parks on the NSW government website.
5 thoughts on "Dogs In National Parks – Why You Can't Take Them"
 1. Simon Carter says:
 I think it's far too strict.
 I have two dogs and I don't like that all the great national parks in Australia are off limits to me
 Why can't I have them on a leash at all times?
 My dogs are my family, if i see little kids running around destroying the park, killing animals, throwing rocks at birds, destroying living trees then why can't we also ban kids from national parks, yes ALL of them because of a very small minority? Wouldn't that be an outrage!
 So why do we do it for dogs when a very tiny minority are the ones acting up?
 2. Stefan says:
 I know exactly where you are coming from Simon. I have my little dog who goes everywhere I do but because of the powers that be will not allow dogs in the national parks but quads, horses and foreign mining companies are. I think many people are discouraged to go anywhere with their companions but feral children and wild all ages parties are ok and if good minerals are found they will bend and break the rules for mining. I live on rural acreage in Queensland with a state park behind me and there are people with guns, motorbikes chewing up the roads and the 4WD muppets destroying the area most of the local wildlife ends up in the local properties, all welcomed, and my little dog walks right through them and they barely bat an eye lid. Simply the powers that be will allow any one in with enough money and will torment the average person who lives with the land. In some ways there needs to be a referendum on the laws in national parks and they need to start looking at opening this amazing land to locals.
 3. M Graham says:
 We live within a Nationa Park on the Mid North Coast. Your dogs and visitors with dogs are a threat to our Native Marsupials. Dogs barking terrorise Native Animals forcing them to flee and throw their babies. People are now ignorant as to the threats to our Native Marsupials and need to be re educated.
 Dogs do not belong anywhere near National Parks. These laws and fines need to be increased to drive home the damage these selfish people cause to others by their ignorance.
 4. A says:
 M Graham… And diesel 4WD and humans don't cause this either? Yet both are allowed in National Parks. I've seen big adolescent parties in National Parks, children screaming whilst chasing a Goanna, and that's alright somehow, with no fines, yet responsible dog owners don't even have a channel to apply for 24/48/72 hour passes?
 You're seeing the worst in dogs/owners, and your thought process is damaging to the responsible ones. Before pushing responsible dog owners down a hole, how about you start with irresponsible people without dogs first.
 It's people like you that obstruct a channel for others to establish a system allowing responsible owners to potentially book in advance, pay a fee, establish breed/age/microchip number and sign a waiver about cleaning and being on a leash. Then, people like you would be able to argue for harsher punishments for those not obeying the rules, as there'd now be a system in place to follow that could benefit responsible dog owners.
 Be open my man. Don't have a narrow mind. -A
 5. Jamie says:
 You miss the point. There is no system in which someone can take a dog into a National Park, leash or no leash that does not have an impact. Comparing one act that is bad to another act that is bad doesn't make it a better act either. The fact is the scent of a dog has implications for the wildlife. Do you understand this? A dog may also carries diseases that would otherwise not be in these areas. Additionally a dog can go with you places said 4WDs cannot which is even worse because the last refuges in which these animals can seek safety is then disturbed. I am an avid dog lover unfortunately our national parks are not for them. If we lived somewhere like Canada where there are naturally predators then it's all good although then you run the risk of having a dog attacked by said predators. Enjoy what you can of what is made available such as state forest etc and if you have any respect for nature then keep dogs out of national parks
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Recentering Open: Critical and global perspectives
10-11 April 2019, National University of Ireland, Galway
We are looking forward to welcoming you in Galway. Registration for OER19 is now closed as event is sold out but you find out more about sessions that will be live streamed. The OER Conference will focus on the following themes:
- Back to basics – asking difficult questions about open education:
- Why open?
- Open for whom?
- Whose interests are served?
- In what ways has the open agenda been appropriated, and what are the implications of this?
- The geopolitics of open education, bringing open in from the periphery
- The open ecosystem: How is open education part of the broader ecosystem of "opens"?
- What does it mean to illuminate open by considering context?
- How can historical perspectives contribute to understanding the issues faced in the open education movement today?
- Links between critical digital literacies, critical data literacies, and openness
- What open business models are emerging? What are the paths to sustainability?
- What are the risks and challenges to the open education agenda?
The conference will be co-chaired by Laura Czerniewicz and Catherine Cronin. Read more about the conference co-chairs.


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Performance Analysis of AODV Routing Protocol in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network Service Discovery Architecture
VANET is the special type of MANET (Mobile Ad hoc NETworks) where the mobile nodes are vehicles that move on roads at very high speed following traffic rules; they provide communication between Vehicle and Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle and Road side Infrastructural unit (V 2 I). This paper explores the possibility of using VANET in inter vehicular communication. An attempt has been made earlier to create a new cluster model for efficient communication among the VANET nodes by the author. A new clustering model has been created after taking the simple highway vehicular model concept into consideration.


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Glossary Term – Person
Andrew Carnegie opened America's largest steel plant in 1875 near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. An industrialist born in Scotland, Carnegie was a self-made man who had worked in textiles and railroads as a young man. Carnegie made a fortune in the steel industry but also made a name for himself as a philanthropist. In 1889, he published "The Gospel of Wealth," an essay extolling the benefits of wealth as well as the responsibilities of the wealthy to the public.


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A new mathematical model describes how highly concentrated antibody solutions separate into different phases, similar to an oil and water mixture. This separation can reduce the stability and shelf-life of some drugs that use monoclonal antibodies, including some used to treat autoimmune diseases and cancer. A team of scientists from Penn State and MedImmune, LLC (now AstraZeneca) investigated the thermodynamics and kinetics, the relationships between temperature, energy, and the rates of chemical reactions, of the phenomenon using an innovative method that allows for the rapid study of multiple samples at once. A paper describing their model appears July 22, 2019, in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Many drugs today are stored as solids and dissolved in IV bags for delivery to patients, but the pharmaceutical industry has been moving toward drugs that can be stored as liquids and given via a shot. Some of these drug solutions, like those used to treat autoimmune diseases and some cancers, contain high concentrations of monoclonal antibodies—proteins that attach to foreign substances in the body, like bacteria and viruses, flagging them for destruction by the patient's immune system.
"Highly concentrated protein solutions can separate into different phases, like a vinaigrette salad dressing separating into layers over time," said Bradley Rogers, graduate student in chemistry at Penn State and first author of the paper. "Phase separation is one of the pathways that makes these drugs unstable and unsuitable for use. The classical method to understand this process involves manipulating the temperature of one sample over time. We used a temperature gradient microfluidics platform to quickly look at many temperatures simultaneously."
An antibody-rich solution begins as a clear liquid at room temperature, but as the solution cools, cloudy droplets begin to form. Over time, the droplets settle to the bottom, with dilute liquid remaining on top, making the sample appear clear. The team used an innovative device that creates a range of temperatures across a temperature gradient and used a technique called dark-field imaging to measure how quickly this process occurs. Then the team calculated a variety of parameters to better understand the thermodynamics and kinetics of the system, including the temperatures at which phase transitions occur and the amount of energy it takes to go from one phase to the next—activation energies.
"We observed that the rate that a solution separates into two phases has a strange dependence on temperature," said Rogers. "This relationship is much more complicated for concentrated antibody solutions than it is for other systems. We spent a long time trying to make sense of the data, but we eventually developed a model that explains what we are seeing."
A new study used a temperature gradient to observe how highly concentrated antibody solutions separate. At cold temperatures, cloudy droplets form and settle to the bottom of the once clear solution, inducing phase separation.
The model describes how antibody molecules stick together as the temperature decreases, forming droplets that grow as additional molecules join. This reversible process happens more and more quickly with decreasing temperature, because the solution gets increasingly saturated with free antibody molecules. Then, as the solution continues to cool, droplets stick to other droplets and settle to the bottom. At even colder temperatures, the solution forms a gel and cannot complete the separation, even over the course of a month.
"In a single experiment, we can visualize the homogenous clear solution, the cloudy solution as droplets begin to form, the phase-separated liquid, and the gel," said Paul Cremer, J. Lloyd Huck Chair in Natural Sciences at Penn State and senior author of the paper. "Previous research described these different states, and our model describes the mathematics and temperature-dependent kinetics behind what we believe is happening."
Next, the research team plans to investigate if their model can explain phase separation in other systems. They also plan to test whether parameters gathered from this type of experiment can predict stability and shelf-life of therapeutics.
"If these parameters can help us predict stability and shelf life, we may be able to select better drug candidates," said Rogers. "We may also be able to determine the ideal solution properties for a promising drug candidate to keep it stable."
In addition to Rogers and Cremer, the research team includes Kelvin Rembert, Matthew Poyton, Halil Okur, Amanda Kale, and Tinglu Yang at Penn State and Jifeng Zhang from AstraZeneca. The work was supported by MedImmune LLC (now AstraZeneca). Additional support was provided by the National Science Foundation.


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Select the diagnostic action to take if Simulink® software makes a minor adjustment to a sample hit time while running the model.
Simulink software takes no action.
Simulink software displays a warning.
Simulink software might change a sample hit time if that hit time is close to the hit time for another task. If Simulink software considers the difference to be due only to numerical errors (for example, precision issues or roundoff errors), it changes the sample hits of the faster task or tasks to exactly match the time of the slowest task that has that hit.
Over time, these sample hit changes might cause a discrepancy between the numerical simulation results and the actual theoretical results.
When this option is set to
the MATLAB® Command Window displays a warning like the following
when Simulink software detects a change in the sample hit time:
Warning: Timing engine warning: Changing the hit time for...
|Safety precaution||No impact|


Apple Building QR Code Scanners into Cameras
Apps used to scan QR codes are a dime a dozen (or, perhaps that's not a fitting analogy, as the majority of them are free). At one point, companies were scrambling over one another trying to create the most seamless and faultless scanner they could.
Of course, there aren't but so many different ways you can create a QR code scanner. How many bells and whistles could their possibly be?
Going by this philosophy, Apple decided that maybe it was time to incorporate the QR code scanner into existing technologies, making the need for a scanning app obsolete. They managed to do this in the Decode Camera, which brings QR code scanning to the much-used camera function.
With this development, users actually have a scanner built into their phones' camera. The camera allows users to toggle between the basic camera function and the scanner function. Once the switch has been made, the camera begins automatically looking for codes to scan.
This may seem like a big "so what?" to many. But when you think about it, such an innovation allows users to:
 - Have one less app on their phone. Just open up your camera and there it is.
 - Not be forced to open he code's content right away (the camera allows them to open it upon scanning or later on).
 - After a code has been scanned, the camera resorts back to it its normal status, meaning that the next time you need to take a picture, there is no need to switch functions.
Such an innovation clearly indicates the popularity of QR codes. It makes one wonder how much credibility the "QR codes are dead" enthusiasts have in their argument. If Apple is incorporating these types of technologies into their products, it seems clear that QR codes remain as popular as ever.


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Our mission is to provide an affordable means to achieve your academic goals by unleashing the power of a student's brain to its maximum capacity. We help the student achieve these goals by providing an exceptional tutorial services through our experienced and knowledgeable teachers and staff, who inspire and challenge them to reach their full potential. We treat each and every student with respect, honesty and professionalism.
Why Iron Ring?
- Offer UCMAS (Abacus based Mental Math) for students 4 – 13 years old
- Offer courses for students from JK to Grade 12
- UCMAS courses are based on UCMAS curriculum provided by UCMAS head office
- Curriculum courses are based on Ontario Curriculum Guidelines
- Prepare students for special provinical exams (i.e. EQAO, OSSLT, etc.)
- Provide counseling for students to select courses, University / Colleges, career etc.
- Available in group or individual basis
- Individual attention for each student
- Taught in small groups
- Teaching students for about 10+ years


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Educational Reform ala 321 Fastdraw
The following animated 321 Fastdraw is actually a promotion for Montessori schooling but that is not revealed until the last frames. The video is a powerful statement of why educational reform is needed and what the qualities are for good education. It is a must watch:
Suggested changes include:
- Un-standardize education, personalize it, humanize it.
- Group the ages together (not by chronological age).
- Let there be a wide and varying mix of activities going on (in the learning environment).
- Let teaching, learning, leadership, systems thinking, community be part of the fabric of the classroom environment.
- It should feel like a family, your family, not a factory.
- Throw out the tests. Let students do hands-on, meaningful, real world projects where they can figure out what works and what doesn't, what's successful and what fails.
- Let students own their learning.
- School should be filled with awe, wonder,and joyful learning.
These qualities or characteristics should be found in any learning environment. I do see Montessori, as Trevor Eissler promotes, as being a viable approach and discuss it further in Montessori Methods – Worth a (Re)Look.


Monstera Epipremnoides
Monstera Epipremnoides is a well-known plant among gardening and indoor plant enthusiast.
It's a trendy and extraordinary plant with highly unusual-looking leaves. It has big leaves, and when fully matured, it flowers distinct characteristics of an aroid.
Are you planning to buy one, or researching to know more about it? This guide has included everything you need to know to start propagating and caring for this beautiful plant.
Let's get started.
What is Monstera Epipremnoides?
It's a decorative home plant that is widely popular among growers and plant enthusiasts. It's from the genus Monstera that comprises approximately 3750 known species and 114 genera.
It's a climbing plant with distinct and easily recognizable perforated leaves. The shoots of Monstera usually are unbranched. The lateral buds may get released in an old part of the stem. The stems are typically flat from front to back.
It has leaves that are 13-21 inches long and 13 inches wide with heart-shaped to oblong-elliptic shape. The long oblong holes in the leaves start from the center and extend toward the edges.
It produces a small greenish-white flower and spathe that grows up to 1.4 inches (3.56 cm) tall, and spadix grows up to 7.5 inches long.
The roots are produced at the stem nodes and are usually about 1 mm thick and rarely exceed 20 m in length. The secondary roots appear only after the plant has begun to climb. Usually, it's more than 1 m above the ground, and the stem is 7-10 mm thick.
The leaves are the biggest attraction of the plant. These are fanned outside the stem rather than place one above the other.
This is nature's adaptation to avoid the shading of the lower leaves by the upper one. The juvenile leaves have almost no holes, and holes develop as the plant matures.
What are the varieties of the Monstera genus?
There are several different varieties, but you'll often see it merely listed by its scientific name. Here are the most common types of Monstera plants.
Monstera Obliqua
Monstera Obliqua
Monstera Obliqua: Note the broad dark green ovate leaves
This is a smaller species with stems 2-10 mm thick and leaves 10-24 cm long. They can grow to maturity on nearly any woody substrate, from large trees to twigs of shrubs or small saplings.
The name Obliqua refers to the oblique leaf base. The leaves have a shape that ranges from narrow leaves with an acute base to broadly ovate leaves with a truncate or subcordate base.
Monstera Minima Madison
This is the smallest known species with a stalk bearing a flower shorter than the leaves. It's closely related to Monstera Obliqua but differ by much shorter petioles and truncated leaves.
Monstera Acuminata
Monstera acuminata has a very distinct habitat with erect petioles. In the wild, it flowers more than 15 meters above the ground.
The individual plant may grow up to 30 meters tall. It thoroughly covers the host tree without spreading into branches.
Monstera Decliciosa
Monstera Deliciosa
Monstera Deliciosa: Note the split leaves at edges
This is one of the most widely cultivated ornamental species. It has beautiful dark leaves but has a slow growth rate. It's shade tolerant with a low humidity need, making it an excellent house plant for temperate regions.
In the tropics, it's widely grown both indoors and as a garden and patio plants. There are large and small varieties of this species.
The smallest ones have smooth petioles (the stalk that joins a leaf to stem), whereas the largest ones have a tuberculate petiole. You can buy Monstera Deliciosa from Amazon
Monstera Lechleriana
Monstera Lechleriana is a terrestrial creeper with long leaves that sticks out. In the wild, it grows on the lower trunks of large trees below the branches.
It has short internodes with leaves borne in a tight cluster of 10-15 leaves at the stem's top. The overlapping petiole base entirely hides the leaves foliated parts. This is a native plant of Costa Rica, Central America.
Monstera Adansonii
Monsetra Adansonii Dark Green Leaves
Monsetra Adansonii Dark Green Leaves
Monstera Adansonii is also known as the Swiss cheese plant due to its large heart-shaped leaves and holes. It's native to Central and South America but is also easy to grow and care for as a houseplant.
A fully grown Monstera Adansonii can reach up to 60 feet with proper support. You may provide it support to climb over the wall or moss sticks in the pot.
It's very common to get confused between Monstera Adansonii and Monstera Deliciosa. Adansonii has mostly perforated leaves with deep cuts than Deliciosa.
What's the difference between Monstera Adansonii vs. Obliqua?
Monstera Inflorescence
Monstera Inflorescence
Monstera Adansonii is the most widespread species found in the wild and readily available through garden centers. But, Monstera Obliqua is rare and expensive.
Many people don't know how to differentiate between these and get sold M. Adansonii as M. Obliqua.
You can know the difference by closely inspecting the leaves. Obliqua has paper-thin leaves with larger holes inside them. If you happen to see the fruits, the Obliqua fruits are orange-colored globose berries, whereas Monstera Adansonii has yellowish fruit.
Another difference is in the inflorescence of the plant. The inflorescence means the complete flower head of a plant, including stems, stalks, and flowers.
Monstera Obliqua inflorescence grows outward in groups of six or eight compared to groups of one to four of Adansonii.
Monstera Epipremnoides vs. Monstera Adansonii difference
Monstera Epipremnoides has delicate leathery leaves. If you touch it, it feels quite thick and fine hair-like texture on the surface. Adansonii leaves are smooth and bright green, whereas Epipremnoides has shiny light green leaves.
The foliage of Adansonii is a darker green than Epipremnoides foliage. The holes in Epipremnoides leaves start from the middle and extend toward the edge. In contrast, Adansonii has smaller and fewer holes in the leaves.
Does Monstera epipremnoides purify the air?
Monstera epipremnoides is a tropical plant that has long and broad leaves. It's not only an excellent decorative plant but also known to purify the indoor air. However, there have been no scientific studies done to support this claim.
Gardening experts suggest that each plant can help clean up to 100 square meters area.
How to plant and care for Monstera Epipremnoides
Monstera epipremnoides is an excellent rare collection of indoor plants. The collector plant sells for $100 to $200 depending on the overall health and the variety.
You must know how to care for it properly to have a long-lasting healthy plant in your home. You can grow it as an indoor houseplant where it grows up to 10 feet or plant it outside to grow up to 30 feet in mild climates.
Propagating Monstera Epipremnoides
You can propagate M. Epipremnoides through stem cutting. Select the healthy node and a part of the stem for propagation.
You can choose a stem with some leaves to help with faster propagation. You can still propagate one without leaves, but it may take a bit long.
The best way to propagate it's to cut the node with 2-3 leaves in it. Don't choose a node that has dead or dying leaves. After cutting with trimming scissor, you set the vine in a clean glass of water. In a few days, the aerial roots start forming in the nodes.
You can also propagate Monstera epipremnoides nodes by using sphagnum moss or using moist soil.
If you're ordering the plant from the store and not yet ready to plant, you can store it in a container with half a half-inch of water. Move the container to a partial shade location and plant it when you're ready.
Soil Requirement
Monstera epipremnoides is a tropical plant with holes in the leaves that allows them to endure heavier rainfall and winds.
When you're planting indoors, it prefers lightly moist aroid soil. Don't oversaturate the soil with water as it leads to root rot. You can mix the perlite, pine bark, and coco coir in the potting mix when preparing for container planting.
For better airflow inside the soil, don't compact it and increase the amount of pine bark. The soil rich in organic matter and a little bit moisture helps the plant to grow healthy.
Potting and Transplanting
If you're planting it indoors, you can use a pot with holes in the bottom to allow excess water drainage.
The plastic pots with drainage holes are the better option as it prevents the soil from getting dry out quickly


SMTP Provider
SMTP Provider
The SMTP notification provider configuration screen is used to create a new SMTP alert. To create an SMTP alert you must have permission to use an external SMTP server.
Friendly Name
1. Friendly Name
The friendly name is used when referencing this SMTP provider alert. This name will be used when selecting a provider in the add notification dialog.
Server Details
2. Server Details
The server details configuration is where you will provide all details necessary to establish a connection with your SMTP server.
From Address
3. From Address
The From Address will be used to mock the source of the alert email. Note that, just like any other email, you will be able to reply to the SMTP alerts. We therefore recommend using a valid From address. However, LogViewPlus does not ensure that the From address is valid.
To Address
4. To Address
The To Address specifies where the alert should be sent. This field is required.
Max Emails
5. Max Emails
When setting up an SMTP provider alert it's important to keep in mind that sometimes log events happen more frequently than we initially anticipated.
The max emails per hour field allows you to specify a threshold beyond which no more emails will be sent. This is a useful feature to ensure that you do not accidentally spam the target recipient. Note however that if the same SMTP provider is used to monitor multiple filters then these filters will share a common threshold.
6. Test
The test command can be used to send an SMTP email message using the configuration provided. We always recommend testing your configuration before setting up your alerts.
Apply Changes
7. Apply Changes
Once you are happy with your SMTP alert configuration you can press the 'OK' button to save the configuration. Alternatively the 'Cancel' command can be used to return to the LogViewPlus application settings.
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text:
Glue beats gecko's sticking power
10 October 2008
The prospect of a 'Spider Man' suit which would allow the wearer to scale sheer walls has moved a step closer: a carbon nanotube-based material has smashed records for sticking power to a vertical surface, and it can be easily peeled away too.
A gecko's ability to climb walls and hang from ceilings relies on the millions of sub-microscopic branched hairs called setae on the animal's feet - resulting in powerful van der Waals forces being generated between the setae and the surface. Over the last six years, researchers have created a range of synthetic mimics of this system.
Top: Gecko's foot and setae; Bottom: Carbon nanotube glue
Now, Liangti Qu from the University of Dayton, Ohio, US, and colleagues have synthesised a new material, based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes, that sticks onto a smooth vertical surface with adhesive forces of around 100 Ncm-2 - almost 10 times more than a gecko's foot, and nearly three times greater than the best artificial 'gecko' material. 'A three centimetre square of the material could hold 150 kg,' says Liming Dai, one of the leaders of the research group. Yet the material can also easily be pulled away from a surface.
The key to the new material's properties lies in the structure of its nanotubes. They are grown under low pressure chemical vapour deposition in such a way that the exposed ends of the tubes are not aligned; rather they are floppy and entangled, like so many strands of spaghetti.
A bottle of cola suspended from a glass surface using the nanotube glue
When a patch of the material is pressed on to a vertical surface and a load attached to pull it downwards, the strands of'spaghetti' are stretched so that they are aligned against the surface, significantly increasing the area of contact between the hairs and the substrate. But without the shear force downwards, the nanotubes have far less sticking power. When tugged in the normal plane (perpendicular to the vertical surface), they can be easily detached from the wall.
The material showed reduced, but still significant, adhesion on rough surfaces such as sandpaper. Possible applications, says Dai, include pads for a robot's feet to enable it to climb walls, or as a way of joining electronic components without the need for soldering. He says the modified nanotubes are no more expensive to produce than standard nanotubes, and that the price of these is falling as more industrial-scale production facilities emerge.
Stanislav Gorb of the Max-Planck Institute for Metals Research in Stuttgart, Germany, is an expert on biomaterials. He says that while he likes the study because of the way that carbon nanotubes have been modified to achieve novel properties, the system is not truly analogous to that of the gecko because a relatively large 'preload' is needed to obtain the adhesion: in other words, the patch of material must first be pressed with some force to the surface. 'The trick of the gecko and other animals is minimal load with strong adhesion,' Gorb points out.
Interesting? Spread the word using the 'tools' menu on the left.
L Qu et al, Science, 2008, 322, 238 (DOI: 10.1126/science._PHONE_)
Also of interest
18 February 2008
Surgeons and climbers could benefit from new materials inspired by gecko's feet
Researchers in the US have attempted to surpass nature and create a synthetic material that sticks to surfaces at the nanometre level.
Comment on this story at the Chemistry World blog
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I recently saw the following presentation on DCI by Trygve Reenskaug : _URL_ It kinda blew my mind. Mmmh, seeing in code the interaction between different components of a software is an attractive idea.
I tried to find examples of DCI in javascript, unsuccessfully. Then I started wondering. Isn't the DCI pattern opposed to the evented programming pattern?
Evented programming is trendy in javascript, i guess because it allows decoupling, and because classical inheritance concepts are not native to js. I think I understand the benefits of evented programming but I also noticed that debugging can be damn hard when it requires to follow event message.
Is it correct to say that both concepts are opposed? Or did I got it wrong? Is there some example implementations of DCI in js that I missed? What should I look at in order to dig the concept?
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
Firstly event programming or inheritance are ortogonal to DCI. You can do DCI without inheritance and with event programing (or without).
JavaScript is in somerespect one of the best languages to do DCI in. Most languages has some issues with following DCI stricyly. In JavaScript the issues are could be solved if there was a finalizer but the lack of a finalizer means you will have to "dispose" your self meaning some noilerplate code.
I've written an example in JavaScript that I will put online on _URL_ where you will find the examples Trygve, Jim and I have created together with some other people have created as well.
fullOO.info is also the answer to where you could go to get more familiar with DCI or you can join object-composition a google group for discussion regarding DCI.
The example I've written in JS is the canonical DCI example money transfer and the interesting part (that is everything but boilerplate/library code) can be seen below:
var moneyTransferContext = function(sourcePlayer, destinationPlayer, amount) {
 var source = {
 withdraw: function() {
 var text = "Withdraw: " + amount;
 this.balance -= amount;
 console.log("Balance: " + this.balance);
 destination = {
 deposit: function() {
 var text = "Deposit: " + amount;
 this.balance += amount;
 console.log("Balance: " + this.balance);
 source = assign(source).to(sourcePlayer);
 destination = assign(destination).to(destinationPlayer);
 return {
 transfer: function() {
 return this;
sourceAccount = {
 log: [],
 balance: 100
destinationAccount = {
 log: [],
 balance: 0
moneyTransfer(sourceAccount, destinationAccount, 25).transfer().unbind();
The rest can be seen at _URL_
share|improve this answer
Thanks a lot, very interesting. I will study the code once I am back home. But could you expand on the difference between dci and evented? isn't an event send by one component and listened by another one an interaction between components? When I watched folk.uio.no/trygver/themes/babyide/babyide-index.html I had events in mind. These days, events are used for everything in js webapps. They are used to access methods on other components, instead of direct access, in order to achieve decoupling and prevent the app to break completely if one components breaks. – Olivvv Oct 9 '12 at 16:15
_USER_ Events are just another way of sending messages between objects. DCI is concern with capturing in code which object send which message to what object. You could also view events as something that starts a context. So being event driven is orthogonal to DCI but I guess you are actually referring to asynchronous which is a very different thing – Rune FS Oct 9 '12 at 17:06
No I am not reffering to asynchronous, but pub/sub communication. For instance one component watches keyboard and mouse activity, and broadcast events for other components to let them know if the user is active or not. There can be a lot of components listening. How would a context take that into account? – Olivvv Oct 10 '12 at 9:14
_USER_ By definition all communication between objects in DCI is captured in a context (one context for each network of communicating objects) so you've would simply have roles that communicated. That said it is border territory for DCI at present. – Rune FS Oct 10 '12 at 11:10
So components should handle events in a context method? – Olivvv Oct 10 '12 at 12:26
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EDSE 213A at San Jose State University
Curriculum, Instruction and Transition
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The professor is very knowledgeable, accessible, and approachable. The course consists of weekly sessions that are less than the 2 hours they are supposed to be. The sessions are both lecture and activity based. There are several projects in this class. Most of them are individual, but there is a large group project due at the end of the semester. The individual projects include: creating a backward lesson plan, observing and analyzing and IEP meeting,and visiting a program that serves disabled students,conducting an interview of the staff, and writing an paper about that experience. The group project is basically individual as well;3-4 students create 10 weeks of curriculum each and just put it together to make one year. The grading system is fair and just and constructive as well.


text:
A wilderness survival enthusiast, I enjoy practicing my skills and writing about my experiences and sharing my knowledge.
Not All Knives Are Created Equal
In a survival situation, your most valuable resource will be your knife.
For this reason, a good knife is of vital importance to increase your chances of survival. It can mean the difference between making it out alive or dying from exposure or hunger.
To be considered a survival knife, it should be capable of serving a variety of tasks. Some of which include:
- Aid in building shelter
- Processing game and cleaning fish
- Food preparation
- Processing firewood
- Improvised weapon(fixed to a sapling to form a spear)
- Building trap components
- Making tools
So what makes for a proper survival knife that you would trust your life to? There is no one knife that suits every situation, but there are a few critical features that must be included for it to be considered a survival knife:
1. Fixed Blade With Full Tang Made of High-Carbon Steel
The knife must be a fixed-blade design. A fixed-blade knife is far more durable than a folding knife. While a quality folding knife is great in your every-day-carry kits, it will not stand up to challenges a survival situation may present.
A hinge or joint of any kind presents a weakness in your most important survival item. Minimize the risk of losing your key survival resource by choosing a knife that stands up to the pounding, chopping, prying, and cutting demands that will be presented in a survival situation.
Not only should your knife have a fixed blade, but it should also be full tang. "Full tang" means the blade and handle are constructed from a single piece of solid steal.
High-carbon steel ensures a long lasting cutting edge and provides a redundant method for generating sparks to ignite a fire.
Sorry fellas, size DOES matter. But where it relates to your survival knife, bigger is not always better. Too big a blade and you sacrifice the ability to effectively use it for detailed tasks such as carving precision trap components or dressing smaller game.
While at the same time, a small blade does not meet the more rugged demands of tasks like harvesting saplings to build camp.
An ideal size for a good survival knife should be around 9-11 inches overall length.
3. Straight Edge With Flat Spine
When it comes to the actual style or cut of the blade, there are many different options. But for a quality survival knife, a straight edge is preferred for the following reasons:
- Straight edge blades are better when batoning and carving
- Straight edge blades can more easily be sharpened than serrated blades
- Straight edge blades are more versatile
The spine should be milled flat, and at a 90 degree angle to the cheeck of the blade. This allows for creating sparks by either stroking a ferrocerium rod or striking the spine of the blade with a piece of flint or quartz when making fire.
It also makes it easy to strip the inner bark off sticks for making medicine or fire tinder, and in a pinch you can use it to scrape a hide for processing fur and leather.
There are hundreds of survival knives that meet these survival features.
Use the three criteria above as a benchmark for choosing your survival knife. Beyond this, everything else comes down to personal preference.
This content is accurate and true to the best of the author's knowledge and is not meant to substitute for formal and individualized advice from a qualified professional.


text:
Q From Peter McMenamin: What was the dash in dashboard?
A A simple one for a change, with a straightforward answer.
This key component of vehicles, with its gauges and controls, has been called a dashboard since early in the history of motoring. Despite the obvious associations, however, it has nothing to do with speed.
An early railway carriage
It's an example of technological and linguistic conservatism. When railways began, passenger accommodation was built by artisans who were skilled in constructing their road equivalents. They used the same techniques and employed the same vocabulary. They put stage coach bodies on wagon frames and, in Britain and some other countries, continued to call them carriages. The builders of the early motor vehicles likewise borrowed their methods and their language from the horse-drawn vehicles they had long been familiar with. More than a century ago, the unknown writer of a syndicated column in a US newspaper discussed this conservatism under the headline Evolution in Carriages:
The motor carriage is already in evidence, and it, too, bears the earmarks of its horsy, though horseless, origin. One of the latest forms of these carriages bears all over indications of the existence of the horse that isn't there. In front there is a high leather dashboard to protect the riders against the splashing from the hooves of the absent animal.
Tyrone Daily Herald (Pennsylvania), 28 Oct. 1897.
The sense of dash is the one that refers to the "violent throwing and breaking of water or other liquids upon or against anything", as the Oxford English Dictionary puts it. The dashboard was a wooden board, or a leather apron like the one that the article mentions. It was placed at the front of a carriage, sleigh or other vehicle to catch the mud or water thrown up by the horses' hooves and stop it from soaking the driver and his passengers. We would now call it a kind of mudguard.
The very earliest examples of the original sense of dashboard are from the second decade of the nineteenth century. This is a slightly later appearance:
On Monday evening, Lord Lyndhurst was driving a gig near Guildford, when the horse began to kick and plunge, and at length breaking the dash-board, his Lordship and his friend jumped out, and sustained no injuries.
The Morning Post (London), 24 July 1832.
Since horse-drawn vehicles were hardly new, it had presumably had other names before this, although the only other one I can turn up is splash-board, which is contemporary with it.
Early motor vehicles left the driver totally exposed to the weather, so the dashboard wasn't as useless as suggested by the anonymous writer I've quoted. It did protect the legs of the driver against wind and rain. A similar design appeared on trolley cars, trams and other vehicles (such as the one at right) and had the same name. As vehicle designs evolved, a windscreen (windshield) was put in place above the dashboard and the latter became a handy place to put the instruments. But it kept its name.
It has recently stepped even further away from its origins by being borrowed for a computer display that shows useful real-time data such as the time, weather, news headlines, stock prices and phone numbers. It's a long way from horse-drawn carriages on muddy roads.


text:
Women adapting to climate change in Mozambique
02 December 2010 | Video
Through its Climate Change and Development Project (CCDP), IUCN is working to develop adaptation measures which will sustainably safeguard local livelihoods and natural habitats.
Three country pilot studies of the project have been completed in Africa that have given new insight into how local livelihoods are being affected by climate variability and what measures people can take to make their lives less vulnerable and more resilient to the changing climate.
In this video Roberto Zolho, CCDP country coordinator in Mozambique, speaks about one of the lessons that has emerged from the project: that adaptation activities must integrate gender considerations, as men and women respond to climatic impacts in different ways.