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In 1916 a group of Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway employees made some changes in the rules and the ball used for indoor and outdoor baseball. They began playing a unique game that evolved into softball. It is quite possible that softball is a Kansas invention.
The story begins when employees of Topeka's Motive Power Building wanted to do something that would provide both competition and exercise. At the time there was a game of indoor baseball with equipment and rules that had been altered from the outdoor version to fit a smaller space. Because they had only a small area in which to play, the men decided to use the indoor rules even though they were playing outside.
They purchased an indoor baseball bat and ball and began playing in what was then a vacant space just south of their building, the present location of the Santa Fe Motive Power Building. Because of space constraints, the bases were placed about 34 feet apart. The indoor balls in use at that time were soft so they could be caught without gloves; they measured about five and a half or six inches in diameter. The indoor bats were shorter and smaller than the outdoor varieties, thus long hits were infrequent.
The following year interest grew, and employees from other Santa Fe departments joined in. The games were moved to a nearby park. The strength of the Santa Fe employees showed in the fact that the indoor balls were quickly demolished by the heavy hitters, many of whom began using regular outdoor bats.
To solve the problem, workers went to the Santa Fe's upholstery shop and tried to create a ball more suited to the game. They rebuilt the center, repacked the outside with hair and other materials, and tried to sew a cover that would satisfy their needs.
By 1917 formal teams were being formed and games were starting to be scheduled. The following year players were picked on the basis of ability. By 1919 the game had become much faster. More of the indoor rules were discarded, but the rule permitting only underhanded pitching was retained. Bases were set at 36 feet apart.
The year 1920 saw four teams, 40 games, and an organization with a secretary-treasurer. The problem with the ball remained, however. The players discussed the matter with a local hardware store, and the firm asked a representative of equipment manufacturer A. G. Spalding & Brothers to come to Kansas and investigate. The man arrived, checked out the game, its rules, and the ball problem. Spalding responded by sending several prototypes to Topeka for trials. Ultimately the players picked a ball that was larger than a regular baseball but smaller than the indoor baseball they had been using. It was lively but could still be caught without gloves. Spalding used an elkhide cover and employed raised seams that protected the threads from being torn by bats and the playing surface. Spalding later marketed these under the name "playground" balls, one of several early names for softballs.
Pitchers and catchers complained that baserunners had an undue advantage and were virtually unstoppable. This led to the modification of baseball rules so that no runner could leave a base until the ball was released from the pitcher's hand.
The next year a lunch-hour league was formed with six teams, one of them African American storehouse dock employees, featuring two-inning games. Game and player statistics were published in the Topeka State Journal. In 1921 the league played five games a week for nine weeks.
By 1922 the league found it necessary to draft new rules to govern players. Teams were limited to 12 players, and no player could sign with more than one team. The Santa Fe league operated until 1924, when the railroad stopped active sponsorship. Later teams of Santa Fe employees competed against other softball teams in a city league.
It is possible, and even probable, that indoor baseball was modified for outside play in confined spaces by players in other places besides Topeka. It is interesting, however, that A. G. Spalding found the game in Kansas unique enough to send an employee to Topeka to observe the sport that had been devised. Although Kansas might not have been the only birthplace of softball, its status as a significant source of the game cannot be disputed.
Author: Kansas Historical Society
Author information: The Kansas Historical Society is a state agency charged with actively safeguarding and sharing the state's history.
Date Created: April 2009
Date Modified: January 2013
The author of this article is solely responsible for its content.


Quick Answer: What Are The 5 Crown In The Bible?
Where is heaven in the Bible?
Where is the 3rd heaven?
In Judaism, Christianity and Islam, the Third Heaven is a division of Heaven in religious cosmology. In some traditions it is considered the abode of God, and in others a lower level of Paradise, commonly one of seven.
Where is the cross that Jesus died on now?
What do crowns symbolize?
A crown is a traditional symbolic form of head adornment worn by a monarch or by a deity (as distinct from a hat), for whom the crown traditionally represents power, legitimacy, victory, triumph, honor, and glory, as well as immortality, righteousness, and resurrection.
What are the sins that God will not forgive you for?
What was Jesus crown made of?
How do crowns work?
How do dental crowns work? Crowns fit on teeth much the same way sewing thimbles fit on fingertips – they fit over the top of a tooth and protect what's underneath it. They're cemented in place and, once affixed, act as a new top for the tooth while holding it together and keeping it from breaking apart.
What was Jesus found guilty of?
According to the Gospels, the Sanhedrin, an elite council of priestly and lay elders, arrested Jesus during the Jewish festival of Passover, deeply threatened by his teachings. They dragged him before Pilate to be tried for blasphemy—for claiming, they said, to be King of the Jews.
What does the crown on your head mean?
Crown can mean the top of the head and it can also mean the whole head. In the study of human anatomy the terms "Calvaria, "skullcap", "skull cap", or the "roof of the cranial cavity" are used for the top part of the head.
What does the Bible say about treasures in heaven?
What will we do with our crowns in heaven?
What have you done with crowns bestowed upon you on earth? Many have been stored away or even lost, but crowns received in heaven will be cast before Jesus' feet. (Rev. 4:10) We will lay them down as a tribute to the One who created us, saved us, gifted us, equipped us and lived in us!
How many levels are there in heaven?
seven levelsIn religious or mythological cosmology, the seven heavens refer to seven levels or divisions of the Heavens (Heaven). The concept, derived from ancient Mesopotamian religions, can be found in Judaism and Islam; a similar concept is also found in some Indian religions such as Hinduism.
What do crowns represent in the Bible?
What are the 3 levels of heaven?
What is the Hebrew word for crown?
Both tag and kether mean 'crown' in Aramaic and Hebrew respectively.
Does Jesus wear a crown?
According to three of the Gospels, a woven crown of thorns was placed on the head of Jesus during the events leading up to the crucifixion of Jesus. It was one of the instruments of the Passion, employed by Jesus' captors both to cause him pain and to mock his claim of authority.
What is the purpose of a crown?
What is a diadem in the Bible?
a crown. a cloth headband, sometimes adorned with jewels, formerly worn by monarchs in Asia Minor and other parts of the East. royal dignity or authority.


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Destructive testing = Investigative Process
Destructive testing is an investigative process that determines where a mold problem originated and helps to define the scope of the remediation plan. There are often cases where a visual inspection does not suffice to properly identify all areas of contamination because most microbial problems are not visible. With the assistance of Forensic consultants and the implementation of the proper engineering controls, layers of the structure are peeled back to pin point the exact source of the problem.
JLS Environmental Construction Science proficiencies in this area include:
- Destructive testing in order to determine hidden causes of damage
- Forensic consulting
- Expert witness work with causation
- Cost of Repair (COR) services
We handle the project from material removal through defect repair and finish with seamless restoration of the affected areas.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Riding on a knifeboard
This model is of a Tilling horse-drawn omnibus from the 1880s. It is an example of the 'knifeboard' design which had extra seating on the roof on which passengers sat back to back. It was nick-named 'knifeboard' because the seats resembled a knife-cleaning board.
Tilling omnibus service
Thomas Tilling started his bus service in the 1840s. By 1901 he had a total of 220 horse-drawn buses. His main depot was on Rye Lane in Peckham, but he also had other offices in the City and the West End. The bus company was only part of his transport business. He also provided horses and carriages for weddings and other special occasions.
End of horse power
By the time the First World War began, the success of motorised buses had made horse-drawn omnibuses redundant. The last recorded horse omnibus in London was a Tilling bus. It ran its last journey between Peckham and Honor Oak Tavern on 4 August 1914.
Museum number 55.77/2


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 MPLS Traffic Engineering Overview
 MPLS traffic engineering (TE) is the ability to establish LSPs according to particular criteria (constraints) in order to meet specific traffic requirements rather than relying on the path chosen by the conventional IGP. The constraint-based IGP examines the available network resources and calculates the shortest path for a particular tunnel that has the resources required by that tunnel. Traffic engineering enables you to make the best use of your network resources by reducing overuse and underuse of certain links.
 Constraint-based routing (CR) makes traffic engineering possible by considering resource requirements and resource availability rather than merely the shortest path calculations. Constraints are determined at the edge of the network and include criteria such as required values for bandwidth or required explicit paths. You can use RSVP-TE as the label distribution protocol for traffic engineering. The IGP propagates resource information throughout its network. RSVP-TE employs downstream-on-demand, ordered control for label mapping and distribution.
 Explicit routing specifies a list or group of nodes (hops) that must be used in setting up the tunnels. CR explicit paths can be strict or loose. Strict paths specify an exact physical path, including every physical node. Loose paths include hops that have local flexibility; the hop can be a traditional interface, an autonomous system, or an LSP.
 LSP Backup
 You can configure multiple LSPs to the same destination. By configuring different tunnel metrics for these LSPs, you can force a ranking or priority of use for the LSPs. In this scenario, all the configured LSPs are up and active. If the LSP in use develops problems and goes down, traffic is diverted to the LSP having the next best metric.
 Path Option
 You can configure multiple paths for an LSP with the tunnel mpls path-option command. Each path option has an identifying number; the lower the number the higher the preference for that path option. In this scenario, only a single LSP is up and active at a time. If the path option currently in use by an LSP goes down, MPLS tries to reroute the tunnel using the path option with the next highest preference. In certain circumstances—for example, when a tunnel is preempted by another—MPLS first attempts to reroute the tunnel with the current path option.
 You can use the traffic-engineering reoptimization capability to ensure that the best path is being used. Suppose the current path goes down and MPLS switches to an alternate path that is not as good as the failed path. You can have MPLS periodically search—according to a specified schedule—for a path better than the alternate by configuring the reoptimization timer. For example, you might configure MPLS to search for a better path every 10 minutes; if it finds a better path, it switches.
 On the other hand, you might be concerned about route flapping. If a path goes down and then comes back up, perhaps it will continue to do so. In this case, you might not ever want to go back to a path that goes down. To accomplish this, you can configure reoptimization to never occur.
 When you do not want the initial path to change—that is, when you want to pin the route—you can disable reoptimization globally by setting the timer to 0. Alternatively, you can disable reoptimization on a per-tunnel basis by using the lockdown option with the tunnel mpls path-option command. LSP paths are always pinned until the next reoptimization.
 Finally, you can manually force an immediate reoptimization. See MPLS Global Configuration Tasks in Configuring MPLS in the JunosE BGP and MPLS Configuration Guide for information about configuring reoptimization.
 Methods for Configuring RSVP-TE Tunnels
 You can use either of the following methods to configure RSVP-TE tunnels:
 - Configure individual tunnels with the interface tunnel mpls: tunnelName command.
 - Configure multiple tunnels with the same set of parameters with the mpls tunnels profile command.
 Published: 2014-08-18


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It Starts in the Laboratory
Our laboratory was established over 35 years ago and was one of the first in the US to clone orchids. Hundreds of thousands of orchid seedlings and clones are produced by our laboratory each year.
By producing our own plants we are able to assure you that they are true to name and virus free. Our "shoot-proliferation" method takes a longer time to produce an orchid plant, but greatly reduces the chance of any mutations in our clones. In order to keep our laboratory as clean as possible, it is only open to laboratory personnel.
Then the Growing Room
This is but one section of shelves in the "growing room" of the laboratory. Plants are carried through three stages - seed flask, transplant flask, and final flask. We do not have lists of flasks for sale, but we can sometimes supply your needs. The inventory constantly changes, so contact us regarding your needs.
Final Step - The Greenhouse
Once they leave the laboratory, our orchid plants are cared for in one of our 18 greenhouses. (The greenhouses are open to the public, so please stop by and visit us.) As each plant grows it is periodically repotted to allow it to reach maturity. The following is an estimate of the time until flowering for standard cattleya orchid plant:
- 2.5" pot - 2 to 3 years
- 3" pot - 2 years
- 3.5" pot - 1 to 2 years
- 4" pot - Near blooming size - 12 to 18 months
- 5" pot - Blooming size - within 12 months


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Enderby Land is a projecting land mass of Antarctica. Its shore extends from Shinnan Glacier at about to William Scoresby Bay at, approximately 1⁄24 of the earth's longitude. It was first documented in western and eastern literature in February 1831 by John Biscoe aboard the whaling brig Tula, and named after the Enderby Brothers of London, the ship's owners who encouraged their captains to combine exploration with sealing.
Coasts and mountain ranges [ edit ]
Coastal features include Amundsen Bay, Casey Bay and Cape Monakov. Mountain ranges or sub-ranges being crests above pack ice (escarpments), are the Scott Mountains, the Tula Mountains, and the Napier Mountains. The highest peak is Mount Elkins at 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) Above Ordnance Datum (conventional sea level).
Nation state claims [ edit ]
Subject to the constraints of the Antarctic Treaty System, the longest-held nation-state claimant rights in the territory is Australia, being a large part of its claimed Australian Antarctic Territory up to various high latitudes towards the South Pole.
See also [ edit ]
- Church Nunataks
- Geology of Enderby Land
- Mawson Station
- History of Antarctica
- List of Antarctic expeditions
References [ edit ]
[ edit ]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Enderby Land.|
- Australian Antarctic Gazetteer
- United States Geological Survey, Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)
- Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR)
- PDF Map of the Australian Antarctic Territory
|This Enderby Land location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Only 2% of Dogs Die in Shelters Yearly
New data released by the ASPCA, HSUS, and the American Pet Products Association's National Pet Owners Survey show that shelter killings are at an all time low in both whole numbers and percent of pet dogs in America. Down from a high of nearly 25% of all dogs per year in the 1970s, as little as 2% of dogs now find their end in US shelters per year, the majority of them are pit bulls.
Despite both the human and pet dog populations in America rising, the number of dogs entering and dying in shelters has fallen steadily for decades. While this vast improvement hasn't stemmed the degree of vitriol against "breeders" by those in the shelter/rescue community, a look at statistics shows that there is little foundation for their anger. The situation is getting better every year and very little of the past or remaining problems have anything to do with hobby breeders or people who buy their dogs.
There are now an estimated 78.2 Million pet dogs in the United States. Source: APPA 2012
The most significant factor in the steady decline in shelter intakes is widely credited to the advancements made in spay/neuter programs. Nearly four out of five pet dogs are now desexed. Despite making up only 1 in 5 pet dogs, intact dogs account for 9 out of 10 shelter intakes, a staggering asymmetry.
78% of dogs are spayed or neutered. The vast majority of dogs entering shelters are still intact. Source: ASPCA
Purebreds are under-represented in shelters versus their proportion of the 78 million pet dogs, but up to a quarter of intakes are deemed to be pure versus 75% deemed mixed-breed. The most significant disparity between the general population of dogs and dogs that enter shelter and are euthanized is being designated as a "pit bull" or a pit bull mix.
Whereas the percent of dogs desexed has increased since spay/neuter programs were widely introduced in the mid 70s, the popularity of pit bulls and their share of euthanized dogs has steadily increased from as little as 2% in the 1980s to the 60% we see today.
The sources and destinations of American dogs; Shelter intake and euthanasia rates per year.
The 2.4 to 3.5 million Pit Bull type dogs that are currently pets make up between 3% and 4.5% of the owned dogs in the USA yet the 1.1 million that enter shelters each year account for nearly 30% of all shelter intakes and 60% of all dogs euthanized. That means that more pit bulls are killed than all other breeds combined. Pit bulls also account for 60% of fatal dog attacks with Rottweilers coming in second with 14%. Fatal attacks are fleetingly rare, but bites and maulings are not, and even pit bull apologists will admit that their aggression propensity towards other dogs and cats is significantly higher than it is towards humans. Yet the average age of dogs entering shelters is only 18 months, so a staggering share of these failed relationships are occurring with adolescent dogs and problems with dog aggression or anything similar doesn't even register on the top 10 reasons people report for why they are abandoning the dog at the shelter.
The biggest lie in dogdom today is that there is an "overpopulation" problem. This ignores the steady increase in both percentage of homes that have dogs, the rising number of dogs per home, the increase in population and the increase in pet dogs.
The next biggest lie is that breeders are to blame and that every purchased puppy condemns a shelter dog to death. This ignores that the majority of dogs are acquired for little to no cost from friends or family, not from breeders, and that every aspect of buying a dog from a breeder decreases the chance that the dog will ever see the inside of a shelter.
 - Purebreds are less likely to end up in shelters than mixed-breeds.
 - Dogs purchased from breeders or pet stores are less likely to end up in shelters.
 - Dogs given as gifts or acquired for more than $100 are less likely to end up in a shelter.
 - Dogs acquired for less than $30 or dogs adopted from a shelter are more likely to end up in a shelter.
Pit bull rescuers will wail and complain and blame puppy mills, hobby breeders, and puppy buyers with the most heinous of crimes against dogs and humanity. But the truth is that the foster pit bull at their feet is more likely to end up back in a shelter and more likely to get put down than any puppy mill dog sold in a mall, any purebred dog sold by a hobby breeder to a family that paid for it, or even the most carelessly bred oops mutt.
In fact, those pit bulls are making all other breeds of dog and dog enthusiasts look worse than they are. Without pit bulls in the picture, the yearly euthanization rate could be less than 1% of dogs. If you're decrying dead shelter dogs and the first words out of your mouth are "breeders" and "buyers" or "overpopulation," and not "pit bull culture" then you're dangerously misinformed.
The rising status of dogs in our families combined with spay/neuter, foster and rescue, and no-kill programs have made the last 30 years an increasingly better time to be alive for dogs. While there's still work to be done, and there will always be animals in need, the old paradigm of blame and internecine hatred–especially attacks aimed at people who endeavor to do right by their dogs from conception to old age–are misguided and distract from the real problems.
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|Andre Patenaude | Director, Food Retail Marketing & Growth Strategy, Cold Chain
Emerson Commercial & Residential Solutions
Emerson recently completed a research study of leading food retailers to better understand their refrigeration system selection criteria. This blog is a synopsis of those findings.
For several years, we've seen an evolution of the traditional supermarket concept, driven by a convergence of multiple market influences which include:
- The migration to urban areas
- Smaller store footprints
- Renewed focuses on safety and freshness
- Greater need for merchandising flexibility
- The proliferation of omnichannel fulfillment models
- The lack of qualified service technicians
- Energy-efficiency goals and sustainability initiatives
- The internet of things (IoT)
- Ongoing regulatory uncertainty
Amidst these many changes, refrigeration systems have also evolved to align with modern supermarket operator preferences. To better understand how these preferences are impacting selection criteria, we recently completed a research study of several leading food retailers. We asked them which factors they feel are the most important when considering the implementation of new refrigeration systems.
We compiled results into six key categories, which we refer to as the six S's of selection criteria. The following is a summary of those findings:
- Simple — Operators are seeking to minimize complexities by using systems that are easy to understand and diagnose. Many associate system simplicity with reliability and believe it can be achieved with fewer moving parts, traditional system architectures and proven refrigeration strategies.
- Serviceable — Technician familiarity is important to facilitate ease of service and maintenance activities, and to ensure the availability of parts and refrigerants. Engine rooms should be located away from customers and be relatively easy to access.
- Secure — Maintaining customer, employee and technician safety while preserving food quality and safety are always top priorities. With many operators now integrating IoT technologies for more effective facility and enterprise management, securing proprietary operational data is also critically important. Operators seek system architectures that can address these multifaceted safety and security concerns.
- Stable — Grocers consistently cite system stability and reliability as primary selection criteria. Systems should be capable of maintaining consistent temperatures, delivering predictable performance, and working according to design specifications.
- Smart — Electronic controls, system connectivity and integration with facility management services via IoT are becoming more important to modern supermarket operators. They're evaluating self-monitoring systems that give store managers immediate access to issues, allowing them to take prompt actions to protect shoppers, preserve their brands and prevent unnecessary service calls.
- Sustainable — For those supermarket operators driven by corporate sustainability objectives or regional regulatory requirements, the push toward lower-GWP refrigeration strategies is continuing in earnest. Sustainability also speaks to the long-term economic viability of the refrigeration selection, as operators must factor in the total cost of ownership throughout the lifecycle. Reducing energy consumption to minimize operating costs is a concern shared by all.
As refrigeration technologies evolve in response to changing market dynamics, look for emerging system architectures that align with these selection criteria. Emerson is addressing the six S's of supermarket operator concerns by innovating new systems that blend pieces of proven architectures — borrowing from what has worked in the past and improving upon existing technologies. Stay tuned for more information on these new system strategies in the months to come.


text: . Some of this commercial activity was not exactly above-board; the Mycenean kings were not above a little piracy or rapine. All of this activity concentrated a great deal of wealth in the hands of the kings and a few officials. Most of the wealth, of course, was spent on warfare and defense; a large part of it, though, went into other activities: crafts, jewelry, and expensive burials. Like most societies dominated by an extremely powerful ruler, the Myceneans spent a great deal of wealth and labor burying that ruler. Initially,


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Russia's state-owned nuclear power companies are hoping to convince U.K. legislators to allow them to build nuclear power plants, Russia's First Deputy Prime Minister Igor Shuvalov said on Monday.
The U.K. has 16 nuclear reactors at nine nuclear power plants, generating about one sixth of the United Kingdom's electricity. In October 2010, the British government gave the green light to building up to eight new nuclear power plants in the country, a year and a half after the nuclear meltdown at the Fukushima power plant owned by Tokyo Electric Power caused much of the world to turn on the controversial clean burning super fuel.
Last year, Russia and Bangladesh signed an to build that country's first nuclear power plant by Russian nuclear power company Rosatam. Russia also supplies the fuel, so Bangladesh is not enriching uranium.
As of July 2012, there were 435 nuclear power plants in operation around the world. The U.S. has the most with 104. Russia is third with 33 and the U.K. has 13. Japan is number two with 50 nuclear power stations in operation.


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How to mass convert photos taken in RAW, CR2, and NEF format to a jpg format in Adobe Photoshop and Bridge? Unlike most image viewer which requires a simple right click to do the conversion, converting from RAW to Jpeg is slightly different, not difficult but different. Here's a simple step by step tutorial:
- Step 1 – Launch Adobe Bridge, go to 'Tools'
- Step 2 – Select 'Photoshop' and then 'Image Processor…'
- Step 3 – Photoshop will automatically launched, and a dialog box will appear, choose the settings and click 'Run'
- Step 1 – In Adobe Photoshop, go to 'File'
- Step 2 – Select 'Script'
- Step 3 – Choose 'Image Processor'
This is the easiest and fastest method we have found, using other image viewer software such as ACDsee or IrfanViewer might or might not work. Photoshop is the best bet if you already own the software.
This simple tutorial works on any latest format, even those from Nikon and Canon. If it doesn't, perhaps it is time to update your Photoshop.


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No. 28: Les Iroquois de l'Alberta
Ce texte a été publié en anglais et n'est pas disponible en français.
More men were required and all three companies started recruiting from the Iroquois [largely Mohawk] communities around Montreal, in particular, Kahnawake.
As historian Michael Payne explains, there were several things that made the Iroquois very attractive to the fur trade companies.
First and foremost was, they were, by and large, excellent, absolutely outstanding canoemen. They had a very high reputation for their skills on the water.
They were quite willing to leave their home communities and travel thousands of kilometres into the northwest to find work, unlike many other people at the time. And so, in that case, they were available and willing to work.
And they were also, in many cases, expert trappers as well. They were particularly good, and had a very high reputation, as being skillful trappers of beaver and other fur-bearing animals.
So the Iroquois came west. And, when their contracts of employment were finished, many decided to stay here.
Yes, there were a number of communities that developed. These people appear in fur trade records, particularly in the Hudson's Bay Company Records, under the name "freemen".
So, if you look at Hudson's Bay accounts from places like Jasper House, or Dunvegan, even Fort Edmonton, you'll often see a separate category of people included in the post records of trade, under this title of "freemen".
Many of the Iroquois "freemen" settled along the eastern slopes, between the fur trade posts at Jasper and Dunvegan, as well as on the North Saskatchewan River near Edmonton.
At first, local natives regarded the Iroquois as interlopers. But, as historian Michael Payne notes, eventually they intermingled.
There are also many names among First Nations and Métis groups in Alberta that actually can be traced back to these group of Iroquois who came west with the fur trade. Names like Callihoo, Calliou, Cardinal, are very closely associated with the Iroquois background, and most people with that name in Alberta probably can find an Iroquois ancestor from Kahnawake or Oka in their background.
And that's how the Iroquois came to Alberta.
On the Heritage Trail,
I'm Cheryl Croucher.


Error 258 appears on a machine with CCleaner installed
When ABBYY software is started the following error message appears: Error code 258.
If CCleaner software is installed on your computer, follow the steps below:
 1. Launch CCleaner.
 2. Click on Registry.
 3. Tick off ActiveX and Class Issues section to exclude it from scanning.
 Important: do not tick on this option in the future to not clean files which are used in FineReader.
 4. Go to Control Panel > Programs > Programs and Features.
 5. Right-click onto ABBYY FineReader and select Modify and then Repair.
 6. Wait until the installation is completed.
 7. Launch FineReader and check if the issue persists.
If CCleaner is not installed on your machine, follow the steps from the article.
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Using plotmaple to return multiple plots
I need to generate 4 different plots (one for each multiple choice option).
Is there a way to get all 4 plots using just one plotmaple call?
I currently have 4, and the question seems sluggish when previewing. I'm wondering if it is because of all the back and forth between Maple TA and Maple.
4 separate calls for plots shouldn't be sluggish, I would follow up with support on that concern, however you also have the following option:
I have used this many times.. use the Plots:-display command to display multiple color plots on the same grid, with a legend indicating what choice is what line. For example redLine=choiceA blueLine=choiceB.. etc
Here is a simple to follow example that illustrates this and also uses an algorithmic answer in the multiple choice:
Link to.zip file that can be imported into your Mobius Course (it contains a single question).
Hope it works out for you,
Have you tried using an array of plots?
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APS Provides Recommendations to NIH Initiative Combatting Structural Racism
Response urges greater funding, research support for underrepresented scientists
APS has responded to a request for information from the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) regarding NIH's new initiative focused on dismantling structural racism in science. The initiative, called UNITE, aims to understand and address racism in the broader scientific community and more specifically in NIH-supported work and within NIH. APS's comments, informed by psychological science, affirm the value of improving inclusivity and diversity in science.
APS's recommendations to NIH observe that future efforts to improve diversity, equity, and inclusion should be based on the best scientific evidence. Specifically, psychological science provides a better understanding of many factors, such as implicit and unconscious bias, social processes, and workplace dynamics, which are central to efforts to advancing equity and inclusion. APS recommends that NIH increase funding of behavioral science to inform these issues and develop the knowledge necessary to deliver scientifically backed interventions. Through meetings and workshops, NIH can bring researchers from historically underrepresented groups including psychological scientists, historians of science, ethicists, and philosophers of science together to facilitate integrative solutions-oriented conversations.
In its comments, APS draws on recent scientific publications, including a 2020 Perspectives on Psychological Science article which notes the systemic inequities in peer review. Lack of diversity in journal editors, authors, and even in research participants contributes to continued systemic inequities in scientific publishing. This has a profound influence on the careers of underrepresented scientists' careers and research. More, scientists tackling this issue from psychological science and other allied fields are resource-limited and face underfunding. NIH can directly address this issue providing funds and research support to these areas of study. APS also notes that NIH should do more to fund scientific areas of interest to underrepresented scientists.
APS suggests that NIH work with scientific societies and professional associations that publish academic journals, host scholarly meetings, and engage in public outreach to better provide mentoring and opportunities to current and future scientists.
The full letter containing APS's recommendations to the NIH UNITE initiative can be found here.
Please login with your APS account to comment.


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Production is, together with taxation and trade, one of the three primary sources of income in Europa Universalis IV. It represents the amount of income generated by local trade good producers and is, unlike in EU3, added directly to the country's monthly income. In contrast to trade income, it is not subject to the competition with other nations via merchants or light ships, but based in your provinces. Like taxation, it is therefore a natural source of income for large sprawling empires, in particular those who lack the strategic location and/or ideas (naval, diplomatic) to effectively compete in the open trade market (such as land-locked nations). Larger nations will benefit greatly from having at least one production increasing modifier.
A nation's production income is the sum of the production income of all its provinces. Territorial provinces will usually generate less production income due to the higher local autonomy floor. The values shown in the provincial economic detail box are monthly values (yearly values are shown in the extended tool-tip). Production income can be further broken down into the below 4 key factors.
- Main article: Trade goods#Goods produced
- See also: Development
Goods produced represents the amount of goods the province can produce and is greatly affected by occupying hostile forces and war-exhaustion.
The value can be increased by constructing manufactories or by development of the province's base production value (an increase of +0.20 local goods produced per production point).
- Main article: Trade goods#Trade value
Trade value represents the total value of the goods transferred to local trade node from the province. It is largely determined by the local goods, amount of local goods produced and triggered event price modifiers.
Production efficiency is a key factor to describe how efficiently a given province or a whole country can produce goods. The global production efficiency slowly increases over the course of the game with the increase of Administrative technology modeling the arrival of new and more efficient production methods over the course of centuries. In addition, the player may encounter various events, decisions, triggered modifiers, and mission rewards during his campaign that may affect either local or global production efficiency.
Note: The base value is not mentioned in the expanded province tooltip and has to be added to the value mentioned (i.e., 80% production efficiency is calculated as 180%).
Production efficiency has a base value 100% and is further modified by the following:
|+20%||Administrative tech: Ahead of time|
|+5%||Parliament issue: Conduct nationwide land survey|
Consider the province Ghent (as seen on the right) with its Cloth trade good (with New Draperies price modifier), owned by Flanders. The nation has constructed a manufactory and a production building as well as invested in Administrative technology and Economic idea group increasing its production efficiency. The province has some local autonomy and war exhaustion.
Note: The displayed values only show 2 digits after the decimal, but include 3 digits after the decimal when performing any calculations.
- See also: Buildings
Prioritize constructing production buildings in the order prescribed below:
- Provinces with high value trade goods, i.e.: Silk, Dyes, Ivory, Iron, Cocoa etc.
- Provinces with very high base production value.
- Territorial provinces (which are beneficial to player's trade) with high value trade goods / high base production value.
- Provinces with trade goods which the nation is trying to become a production leader or trading leader (for the given bonus).
Notes: Gold provinces do not benefit from production efficiency and can deplete at any level of production above 1 (the chance is much smaller at lower levels of production). Also, consider that some trade good provinces may be worthy of investments in manufactories and production buildings in the early game due to their timed peak value.
|Available only with the Common Sense DLC enabled.|
Increasing production development requires expenditure in Diplomatic power. However, Diplomatic power is considered to be very valuable (compared with, for example Military power) due to its use in the crucial tasks of integrating other nations and reducing war exhaustion. Although investing some production points can yield high monetary return taking all of aforementioned into account, it is best to spend it on development only when there are no other avenues left.


Exploring Microeconomics 6th edition
Exploring Microeconomics 6th edition 9781133711025 _PHONE_
Details about Exploring Microeconomics:
EXPLORING MICROECONOMICS, 6TH EDITION, is not a traditional encyclopedic text filled with technical details. Rather, it is an engaging, modern, back-to-basics book designed to promote economic literacy and help students appreciate how economics affects their everyday lives. This reader-friendly text includes innovative learning tools, a visually appealing design, and captivating content to encourage students to read the chapters eagerly and help them master the material more easily. Packed with examples from current events and pop culture, EXPLORING MICROECONOMICS succeeds like no other text in making economics less intimidating and achieving the authorâ€™s primary goal: conveying the real-world relevance of economics and inspiring in students the same excitement he felt when taking his first economics class.
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Aemilia (moth)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Superfamily: Noctuoidea
Family: Erebidae
Subfamily: Arctiinae
Tribe: Arctiini
Subtribe: Phaegopterina
Genus: Aemilia
Kirby, 1892
Type species
Ameles rubriplaga
Walker, 1855
Ameles Walker, 1855 (non Burmeister, 1838[verification needed]: preoccupied)
Aemilia is a genus of tiger moths in the Erebidae family. It was initially named Ameles, but this name properly refers to a praying mantis genus.[1]
A group of species closely related to the Red-banded Aemilia ("A." ambigua) was formerly placed in the genus (though only uneasily so). The species has recently been moved to the revalidated genus Pseudohemihyalea.[2]
Selected species[edit]
Species of Aemilia include:[3]
 1. ^ Pitkin & Jenkins (2004), and see references in Savela (2004)
 2. ^ Schmidt (2009)
 3. ^ Wikispecies (2010-DEC-05), and see references in Savela (2004)
External links[edit]


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The Infrastructure Lab provides a platform for the infrastructure community and engaged stakeholders to share their innovative approaches to infrastructure's most complex and everyday challenges. The Infrastructure Lab partners with other organizations to explore the root causes of the challenges Canada faces, and works to identify and promote clear and actionable solutions.Read More
These challenges are rarely one dimensional. We engage all stakeholders and facets of these issues to ensure that we fully understand the nature of the challenges posed and that the associated solutions are actionable in the real world and in the local context. This can involve a combination of:
- Conducting Research – Examining the issues through interviews, surveys, benchmarking and/or data analysis to add fresh perspectives, seek greater understanding, and map out steps to deliver solutions.
- Dialogue and Conversation – Bringing together experts from across Canada and around the world to discuss some of Canada's main infrastructure challenges and explore innovative solutions in a collaborative setting through purpose built events.
- Profiling Innovation – Good ideas and solutions abound and are in use around the world in infrastructure delivery and operations. The Infrastructure Lab drills down on some of the interesting ways organizations, governments and stakeholders are solving infrastructure challenges already.


ISDH: Ricin
IN.gov - Skip Navigation
Indiana State Department of Health
Public Health Preparedness Home > Chemical Agents > Ricin Facts About Ricin
What is ricin?
 - It is a stable substance. For example, it is not affected much by extreme conditions such as very hot or very cold temperatures.
Where is ricin found, and how is it used?
 - Castor beans are processed throughout the world to make castor oil. Ricin is part of the waste "mash" produced when castor oil is made. Amateurs can make ricin from castor beans.
 - Ricin has some potential medical uses, such as bone marrow transplants and cancer treatment (to kill cancer cells).
How can people be exposed to ricin?
 - People can breathe in ricin mist or powder and be poisoned.
 - Ricin can also get into water or food and then be swallowed.
 - Depending on the route of exposure (such as injection), as little as 500 micrograms of ricin could be enough to kill an adult. A 500-microgram dose of ricin would be about the size of the head of a pin. A much greater amount would be needed to kill people if the ricin were inhaled (breathed in) or swallowed.
How does ricin work?
 - Ricin works by getting inside the cells of a person's body and preventing the cells from making the proteins they need. Without the proteins, cells die, and eventually the whole body can shut down and die.
 - Specific effects of ricin poisoning depend on whether ricin was inhaled, swallowed, or injected.
What are the signs and symptoms of ricin exposure?
 - Inhalation: Within a few hours of inhaling significant amounts of ricin, the likely symptoms would be coughing, tightness in the chest, difficulty breathing, nausea, and aching muscles. Within the next few hours, the body's airways (such as lungs) would become severely inflamed (swollen and hot), excess fluid would build up in the lungs, breathing would become even more difficult, and the skin might turn blue. Excess fluid in the lungs would be diagnosed by x-ray or by listening to the chest with a stethoscope.
 - Ingestion: If someone swallows a significant amount of ricin, he or she would have internal bleeding of the stomach and intestines that would lead to vomiting and bloody diarrhea. Eventually, the person's liver, spleen, and kidneys might stop working, and the person could die.
 - Injection: Injection of a lethal amount of ricin at first would cause the muscles and lymph nodes near the injection site to die. Eventually, the liver, kidneys, and spleen would stop working, and the person would have massive bleeding from the stomach and intestines. The person would die from multiple organ failure.
 - Death from ricin poisoning could take place within 36 to 48 hours of exposure, whether by injection, ingestion, or inhalation. If the person lives longer than 5 days without complications, he or she will probably not die.
How is ricin poisoning treated?
 - No antidote exists for ricin. Ricin poisoning is treated by giving the victim supportive medical care to minimize the effects of the poisoning. The types of supportive medical care would depend on several factors, such as the route by which the victim was poisoned (that is, by inhalation, ingestion, or injection). Care could include such measures as helping the victim breathe and giving him or her intravenous fluids and medications to treat swelling.
How do we know for sure whether people have been exposed to ricin?
 - If we suspect that people have inhaled ricin, a possible clue would be that a large number of people who had been close to each other suddenly developed fever, cough, and excess fluid in their lungs. These symptoms could be followed by severe breathing problems and possibly death.
 - No widely available, reliable test exists to confirm that a person has been exposed to ricin.


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Objective: Treatments may be more effective in some patients than others, and individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis of randomized trials provides perhaps the best method of investigating treatment-covariate interactions. Various methods are used; we provide a comprehensive critique and develop guidance on method selection.
Study design and setting: We searched MEDLINE to identify all frequentist methods and appraised them for simplicity, risk of bias, and power. IPD data sets were reanalyzed.
Results: Four methodological categories were identified: PWT: pooling of within-trial covariate interactions; OSM: "one-stage" model with a treatment-covariate interaction term; TDCS: testing for difference between covariate subgroups in their pooled treatment effects; and CWA: combining PWT with meta-regression. Distinguishing acrossand within-trial information is important, as the former may be subject to ecological bias. A strategy is proposed for method selection in different circumstances; PWT or CWA are natural first steps. The OSM method allows for more complex analyses; TDCS should be avoided. Our reanalysis shows that different methods can lead to substantively different findings.
Conclusion: The choice of method for investigating interactions in IPD meta-analysis is driven mainly by whether across-trial information is considered for inclusion, a decision, which depends on balancing possible improvement in power with an increased risk of bias.
Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.


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Journal of Archaeological Science doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.11.016
Radiocarbon evidence indicates that migrants introduced farming to Britain
Archaeologists disagree about how farming began in Britain. Some argue it was a result of indigenous groups adopting domesticates and cultigens via trade and exchange. Others contend it was the consequence of a migration of farmers from mainland Europe. To shed light on this debate, we used radiocarbon dates to estimate changes in population density between 8000 and 4000 cal BP. We found evidence for a marked and rapid increase in population density coincident with the appearance of cultigens around 6000 cal BP. We also found evidence that this increase occurred first in southern England and shortly afterwards in central Scotland. These findings are best explained by groups of farmers from the Continent independently colonizing England and Scotland, and therefore strongly support the migrant farmers hypothesis.


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- As a straightforward synonym for West Germanic. This usage is particularly found in the study of Germanic mythology and culture, where it covers English and German sources in contrast to those from Scandinavia, which are termed North Germanic. (The East Germanic tribes are generally ignored because there are no pre-Christian texts.) But it is also found in the work of linguists (for example, Stefan Sonderegger).
- As a term in Ernst Schwarz's theory of the Germanic dialects. He divides Germanic into a North Germanic and a South Germanic (or Continental Germanic) group, with the Scandinavian languages and Gothic in the former. A feature of his grouping is the intermediate position of two other groups, Elbe Germanic and North Sea Germanic (Anglo-Frisian and Old Saxon), with the latter viewed "floating" being initially part of North Germanic (in the 2nd Century BC), but moving closer to the more southerly dialects in the subsequent five centuries. This view has received some support, although a number of those who share Schwarz's view, such as Lehmann, use instead the terms Northeast Germanic and Southwest Germanic. Nowadays the five linguistic groups of his definition are mostly considered separate and can be recognized in the division North Germanic, North Sea Germanic, Rhine-Weser Germanic, Elbe Germanic and East Germanic, all mutually linked into sets of two to four groups that share linguistic innovations, thus achieving to replace the late 19th century North-West-East model that tended to overemphasize "splits" and to obscure gradual transitions and cross relations.
- As a synonym for High German. This usage seems to be exclusive to Claus Jürgen Hutterer, who groups North Sea Germanic separately from the Weser-Rhine Germanic and Elbe Germanic groups which give rise to (among others) the High German varieties. Although it can be seen as a development of Schwarz's theory, it implies that Northsea Germanic and South Germanic did not form any sort of larger West Germanic grouping. The German term Binnengermanisch (Inland Germanic) is also used in a similar sense to contrast the coastal West Germanic dialects with the rest, though it does not imply that they are not all part of West Germanic.
- The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, 22:641-642
Last modified on 20 February 2013, at 19:04↑Jump back a section
- Claus Jürgen Hutterer, Die Germanischen Sprachen, (Wiesbaden, 1999)
- H.L. Kufner, "The grouping and separation of the Germanic languages" in F. van Coetsem & H.L. Kufner (eds.), Toward a Grammar of Proto Germanic (Niemeyer, 1972)
- H. Kuhn, "Zur Giedering der germanischen Sprachen", in Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum 86 (1955), 1-47.
- Winfred P. Lehmann, "The Grouping of the Germanic Languages", in Henrik Birnbaum & Jaan Puhvel (eds), Ancient Indo-European Dialects (University of California Press, 1966)
- H.F. Nielsen, The Germanic Languages. Origins and Early Dialectal Interrelations (University of Alabama Press, 1989)
- Ernst Schwarz, Goten, Nordgermanen, Alemannen 1951
- Ernst Schwarz, Germanische Stammeskunde 1956
- Stefan Sonderegger, Grundzüge deutscher Sprachgeschichte Vol. 1 (de Gruyter 1979)


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A Business Rules Management System (BRMS) is a technology system used to capture decision logic as a business rule, which is then automated across applications. Instead of embedding rules as code within multiple applications, with a BRMS, the rules are externalized and managed away from application code. This enables the logic to be leveraged by multiple applications and changed independently from the governing applications.
A BRMS empowers companies to define and maintain the rules guiding a system's decision workflow to determine what actions are enabled in any given circumstance. With logic outside the programming code, these systems deliver a profound boost to business agility, productivity and logic accuracy—and in so doing, deliver reliable cost savings and faster rules changes when necessary.
A BRMS like Progress® Corticon® delivers a number of key benefits:
Rules—in some form or fashion—govern every vertical, sector and industry, so it's not surprising that there are strong application scenarios for a BRMS in nearly every enterprise. This includes:
Empower your company with smart business rules that are automated, not coded


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This article was originally distributed via PRWeb. PRWeb, WorldNow and this Site make no warranties or representations in connection therewith.
SOURCE: Tanenbaum Center for Interreligious Understanding
The 2013 release of Wendy Cadge's new study about religion and medicine, Paging God: Religion in the Halls of Medicine, reveals the important role religion plays in hospitals and health care today. Tanenbaum Center for Interreligious Understanding offers solutions to help health care professionals improve health outcomes.
New York, NY (PRWEB) January 31, 2013
If four in 10 patients are making health care decisions based on religion, how are doctors incorporating their patients' religious beliefs into treatments at hospitals around the country?
Wendy Cadge, associate professor of sociology at Brandeis University, set out to discover how hospitals respond to religion and spirituality. Cadge interviewed and shadowed nurses, doctors and chaplains at major academic medical institutions to learn more about how they address religion in their work.
This month, The University of Chicago Press released Paging God: Religion in the Halls of Medicine, Cadge's book, which is based on her multi-year study.
"I learned that health care providers have different ideas about whether and how to incorporate religion and spirituality into their medical practice," she said. "Despite the Joint Commission's guidelines requiring hospital staff to accommodate patients' religious beliefs, many doctors, nurses and chaplains view the accommodation in vastly different ways, making it difficult to provide the best possible care."
One organization, the Tanenbaum Center for Interreligious Understanding, a New York City-based non-profit, is offering solutions to this dilemma. Tanenbaum educates health care professionals by providing them with practical tools that help integrate patients' religious needs into medical treatment plans.
"Doctors and nurses don't have to be experts in every religion," said Joyce S. Dunbensky, Tanenbaum's CEO, "but they have to know when patients' religious beliefs are affecting the way they care for their patients and are impacting health outcomes. They have to work with their patients' decisions, including those that involve religion—just like they'd work around diabetes, or address poverty or any other variable that affects their patients' health."
Tanenbaum's Health Care program includes an online continuing medical education course for physicians, trainings, workshops, grand rounds, and The Medical Manual for Religio-Cultural Competence.
One of Tanenbaum's Health Care resources is its online continuing medical education course, Improving Religio-Cultural Competence in Patient Care. This 60-minute audiovisual course, accredited by the New York Academy of Medicine for one 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 credits, helps physicians and other health care providers understand how cultural practices and religious beliefs may impact patient decision-making, treatment options and the provision of patient-centered care.
Another Tanenbaum resource is The Medical Manual, a guide for all providers who want to understand the critical ways religion often drives their patients' choices and health care decisions.
As Cadge concludes in Paging God, health care organizations need to narrow the spirituality gap among health care staff and between providers and patients. By narrowing this gap medical practitioners will become more compassionate, patients and their families will avoid unnecessary anxiety and hospitals will provide more culturally appropriate care.
And, as Dubensky noted, "It can result in more successful outcomes that will reduce costs!"
# # #
Wendy Cadge is an associate professor of sociology at Brandeis University in Waltham, Mass. For more information, and to read the first chapter of Paging God, visit WendyCadge.com.
The Tanenbaum Center for Interreligious Understanding is a secular, non-sectarian organization that promotes mutual respect with practical programs that bridge religious difference and combat prejudice in areas of health care, workplaces, education and armed conflict.
NOTE TO EDITORS & WRITERS: To obtain a review copy of Cadge's Paging God and/or Tanenbaum's The Medical Manual, contact Bob Johnson or Mike Ward.
For the original version on PRWeb visit: _URL_


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Grammar 101: Discrete and DiscreetApril 10th, 2009 by Michael Kwan
For many of these Grammar 101 posts, I've focused on the confusion between a pair of seemingly similar words, like compliment and complement. Today, we're doing that again by discussing the difference between discrete and discreet. In terms of spelling, the only difference is that the final two letters are transposed. In terms of meaning, the words are worlds apart.
Discrete is defined as being a separate entity or part. A discrete element is distinctly separated from the other elements. The American flag is composed of three discrete colors: red, white, and blue. These three colors are completely separate and independent. The colors of the rainbow, by contrast, are not quite discrete, because they blend into one another. They are not distinctly independent and separated from one another.
Discreet, by contrast, refers to a respect for privacy or secrecy. Some definitions will say that it also refers to modesty or prudence, but more widespread usage refers to keeping something private. If you are telling your friend to keep a secret, you are telling him to keep that piece of information discreet. Alternatively, you could think of something as being "discreet" if it is meant to not draw too much attention. It lurks in the shadows or blends into the background. Dennis Rodman, for instance, is anything but discreet.
A great way to remember the difference between discrete and discreet? With the former, the two Es are separated from one another by the T. The two Es are discrete and distinctly separate from one another. With discreet, the T is pushed to the end of the word, as if it is a secret lurking in the shadows.
Don't be discreet with your good grammar. Be discretely better.
Filed under Freelance Writing.


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/The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Native American Mounds & Earthworks) - Most Americans believe that before Europeans settled the New World, the continents were largely uninhabited. But when Columbus arrived in the Americas in 1492 there were at least 56 million people living here.
Over 90 percent of the indigenous population was decimated within two generations from disease and war. But the Native American "Indians" left behind over 200,000 incredible pyramid-shaped mounds, complex earthworks (the largest in the world) and walled cities. Today, fewer than 1,000 major mound sites remain.
"America's Mound Builders created massive earth formations and mounds, and Native American earthworks
are actually the biggest and most complex in the world. It's an archaeological treasure that goes largely unrecognized by the public. One mound complex in Illinois has a pyramid mound over 110 feet high, and its base is larger than the Great Pyramid in Egypt," stated Dr. Greg Little, author of "The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Native American Mounds & Earthworks."
"There's a mystery there," Little continued. "There is a massive stone chamber inside it that has never been excavated."
The oldest known mound in the U.S. is in Louisiana, dating back to 3,700 B.C., but all along the Atlantic coast are massive shell mound complexes nearly as old.
"It's highly likely that there are older mounds hidden in shallow water along the coast that were inundated at the end of the last Ice Age," Little said. "The Native Americans were building pyramid-shaped mounds more than a thousand years before the Egyptians were, and they can be found in nearly every state."
In today's economy Little says that people should consider family vacation trips to the larger archaeological parks and museums that have been established at these major mound sites. Most of these parks and museums have a nominal charge or none at all.
"It's a way to engage children in our lost or forgotten history and is a great way to teach children about indigenous cultures. Almost every state has a couple major sites," Little added.
For more information, visit _URL_


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Female Competition and Display in Kribensis (Pelvicachromis pulcher), a West African Cichlid
The field of sexual selection has focused on male-male competition and choice by females. This type of intrasexual competition and intersexual selection (mate choice) has been well documented experimentally. The opposite situation, female-female competition and choice by males, has only been considered fairly recently and in a few situations, typically those studying so called sex-role reversed systems. By conducting experiments on the biparental cichlid fish, Pelvicachromis pulcher, commonly called the kribensis, my objectives were to determine if a kribensis female will compete against another kribensis female for the attention of a kribensis male and to see if a kribensis male will choose his mate based on the kribensis female's display competition. More specifically, I looked at whether bright females, larger females or albino females provided longer display times when competing for a male mate. I also looked at whether a male was more likely to choose a bright, large, or an albino female versus duller or smaller females. I predicted that kribensis females do compete with displays against other kribensis females and that bright, large, and albino females will compete the most. I also predicted that kribensis males will choose their mates based on the female's display competition as well as the male choosing a bright, large or albino female. To test my objectives and predictions, research was conducted in the Evolutionary Ecology of Fishes Laboratory at California State University, Sacramento from Summer 2005 to Summer 2006. The experiment consisted of putting two females into an experimental aquarium and then introducting a male. The females were allowed to use displays to compete for a 30 minute trial. The display time of the females were recorded then they, along with the male, were left for five days so that the male could perhaps choose a female mate. As predicted, the females were found to compete against each other for the males, with the bright, larger and albino females competing the longest, and there was a general trend for the male to choose brighter and larger females. These findings provide evidence that female-female competition does occur outside of sex-revesed and uniparental mating systems and should be considered in understanding the sexual systems of a wider range of animals.
Drennan, Lynn Marie (2006) Female Competition and Display in Kribensis (Pelvicachromis pulcher), a West African Cichlid. Masters thesis, Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Sacramento.
Lynn joined the lab in Fall of 2003 and finished in fall of 2006..


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Mains plug and sockets are an essential part of connecting electrical equipment to a different power source in different countries. Both plugs and sockets are suitable for most types of homes, offices, commercial buildings used around the world. RS ensure there is a comprehensive range to suit your requirement. There is a vast range of plug and sockets, with some (Type G - UK) having three pins for live, neutral and earth, whereas plugs and sockets with two pins (Type E - French) with an earth pin centred within the plug case. You can learn more in our complete guide to mains sockets and plugs.
Changing the plug or socket is a common action in most industries if changes of circumstances occur or if they've been in constant use without any maintenance and have become damaged. Not addressing any damage can result in power failures, electrical fire and expensive remedial work.
The extensive range of plugs and sockets are capable of use in a number of countries, these include:


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Manolis Tsapakis received a Ph.D. degree in environmental organic chemistry (2003) and a B.S. degree in chemistry (1993) from the University of Crete, Greece. His work has contributed to the understanding of air-water cycling and long-range transport of persistent organic pollutants in the remote eastern Mediterranean. This included examining their sources, occurrence, and the processes governing their fate in urban environments. Recent work has focused on the quantification of the atmosphere-ocean exchanges of total organic carbon and the vertical transport process to deeper marine ecosystem. Supplementary to this, the fate of inorganic and organic substances released from point sources (with focus on aquaculture activities) is also included in his activities. He has worked as a team leader or principal investigator in a number of recent and ongoing EU and other international research projects. In particular, his research areas include (i) anthropogenic pressure in the marine ecosystems from organic (PCBs, PAHs) and inorganic (nutrients etc) pollutants, (ii) air-sea interactions, (iii) sources and fate of PAHs in atmospheric environment, (iv) interaction between aquaculture and marine environment, (v) study of effects of inorganic pollution in the primary productivity using modern techniques as in situ bioassays, and (vi) new technologies and methodology for the detection the environmental changes.
Biography Updated on 29 January 2012


to find the correct one.Divide works for me.
 - Hence the line: imshow(z1/255).
The resulting image is shown along side. Now to understand what we actually did we have to look at the details of the image.
Just type in "whos z1" (without quotes)in your main terminal and u will see that the resulting image is a 200x200. Not only has the image been re-sized but the important point is we recovered the complete image with only 200x200 values of the DCT. This is what we mean by energy compaction,where the most of the image data is stored in the first few elements of the matrix. So instead of having a 512x512 information where each pixel data is important to define the picture, we have converted that to a set of 200x200 matrix where the first few entries talk about the contrast of the whole picture and the rest are data which can be'mutiplied' in a sense of saying to the contrast to get the whole picture.
The output image
Image details
imshow for the DCT image.
Hope this post has made you understand and appreciate image processing and mainly maths. Comments are welcome! :)


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Led by professors George Davis and Wen You, AAEC's food and health lab gives graduate students an opportunity to sharpen their presentation skills, consider new research questions, and learn about new areas of research.
Students say it best:
"The question-and-answer time is very useful in preparing us for future conferences and job interviews. We learn how to really listen and understand the questions people pose about our research, and how to respond appropriately."
- Ruoding Shi
"People ask very good questions during the lab that encourage us to look at our research from new angles and explore alternative questions when analyzing our data."
- Xin Ning
"The health lab helps us clarify topics covered in class and drive home key points we're learning."
- Weizhe Weng


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Vestavia Hills Elementary Liberty Park
Second-graders from Vestavia Hills Elementary Liberty Park took a field trip to the Golden Flake Factory in Birmingham.
The trip went with their unit on economics in which they learned about production and distribution.
Students were able to see the process a potato goes through to become a potato chip. Students sampled many varieties of Golden Flake products including corn chips, puff corn and traditional potato chips hot off the line.
> First-graders had an Authors' Breakfast for family and friends. In each classroom, the students read some of their original writing from their fall portfolio including poetry, expository texts and fiction stories.
Presentations included picture book projects, where the children brought in personal photos and created a story around them. These activities enhanced the students' skills in writing as well as in performing in front of an audience.


An Experimental, Comparative Investigation of Tool Use in Chimpanzees and Gorillas. Animal Behaviour 77: 1119–1126.
 52. 52. Visalberghi E (1987) Acquisition of Nut-Cracking Behaviour by 2 Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus apella). Folia Primatologica 49: 168–181.
 53. 53. Tomasello M, Davis-Dasilva M, Camak L, Bard KA (1987) Observational Learning of Tool-Use by Young Chimpanzees. Human Evolution 2: 175–183.


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as 400 people were reported killed during an outbreak in a region 150-200 miles north of Moscow.
Violent tornadoes are extremely rare anywhere in Western Europe although many weak ones occur every year. The deadliest tornado in Western Europe's history struck three textile and paper mills near Monville, France on August 19, 1845 killing at least 70 people. Sketchy reports of waterspouts coming ashore in the Mediterranean claim fatalities of 500 in Sicily in December 1851 and 600 killed in the Grand Harbour at Valetta, Malta on September 2, 1551. There seems to be few details concerning these events and uncertainty as to the actual dates of occurrence.
The only country in Africa to occasionally report a violent tornado is South Africa where powerful thunderstorms often erupt during the summer months of November through February. The deadliest tornado outbreak in the nation's history was that of November 30-December 2, 1952 when 31 people were killed in the towns of Albertynesville and Paynesville near Johannesburg.
In Japan about 20 tornadoes, or tatsumaki (dragon whirls), are reported annually. These are most often associated with super cell thunderstorms that develop along the Pacific Coastline during the summer months. Weaker winter tornadoes (similar to those that affect the U.S. West Coast during winter storms) are also known to form. However, the strongest tornado in Japanese history was one of these winter ones which hit the coastal city of Mobara (20 miles southeast of Tokyo) on December 1, 1990. It was rated as a F-4 and destroyed over 1000 buildings and injured 100 people. There were no fatalities. The deadliest tornado in modern Japanese records killed 16 at an elementary school in Miyazaki city on September 26, 1881.
AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND
Australia reports about 20-25 tornadoes a year, the same number as New Zealand, and in both cases they are usually relatively weak. Occasionally they become strong enough to warrant an EF-3 rating. New Zealand's deadliest tornado was that which struck the towns of Frankton and Hamilton in August 1948 killing three and injuring dozens. It was rated as a F-2 in intensity.
Australia's deadliest twister was that of August 14, 1971 when three were killed at Kin Kin (a small community between Gympie and Noosa) in southern Queensland.
The Bucca, Queensland tornado of November 29,1992. The only F4 tornado so far officially reported in Australia (photo courtesy of "Emergency Management Australia").
The Top Ten Deadliest Tornado Outbreaks on Record in the World Since 1900
1. 1,300 fatalities in Bangladesh on April 26, 1989
2. 747 fatalities in the USA on March 18, 1925
3. 700 fatalities in Bangladesh on May 13, 1996
4. 681 fatalities in Bangladesh on April 17, 1973
5. 660 fatalities in Bangladesh on April 14, 1969
6. 500 fatalities in Bangladesh on April 4, 1964
7. 500 fatalities in Bangladesh on April 1, 1977
8. 454 fatalities in USA on April 5-6, 1936
9. 400 fatalities in Russia on June 9, 1984
10. 330 fatalities in USA on March 21-22, 1932
Deadliest Tornado Outbreaks on Record by Continent Since 1900
1,300 fatalities in Bangladesh on April 26, 1989
747 fatalities in the USA on March 18, 1925
400 fatalities in Russia on June 9, 1984
70 fatalities in Argentina on January 10, 1973
3 fatalities on August 14, 1971
3 fatalities in New Zealand on August 25, 1948
REFERENCE: The single best reference work about tornadoes and tornado history is Thomas P. Grazulis's masterpiece Significant Tornadoes: _PHONE_. A supplement to this was published bringing the data up to 1995. Unfortunately, no further editions have been published to cover the past 16 years although his web site has done so.
Updated: 6:11 PM GMT on May 23, 2011
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World Record Snowfall?
World Record Snowfall?
Last Blog (Part 3), for now, About NCDC Possible Extreme Weather Record Errors
I've been reporting the last few weeks about some errors in the NCDC database of extreme temperature records for a selection of various states. This blog was going to be about precipitation errors but the NCDC COOP site for the COOP/IPS data is apparently down for the time being so I am only able to present a single document (that I happened to download some months ago) so far as possible precipitation errors.
According to the NCDC site a world record 24-hour snowfall occurred at a site in Alaska back in February 1963.
The Great 78-inch snowfall of February 7, 1963 at Mile 47 Camp, Alaska
The official world record 24-hour snowfall, according to the WMO Climate Extremes Committee, was an accumulation of 75.8" at Silver Lake, Colorado on April 14-15, 1921. This record has been scrutinized in great detail, especially since an observer in Montague, New York reported a 77" fall during a 24-hour period on January 11-12, 1997. The NCDC sent a team to investigate that report and published 50-page report refuting it. It was refuted as a result of one too many observations being made during the course of the 24 hours of accumulation. This in spite of the fact that the accumulation itself was not questioned, simply the method of the observation of such.
Remarkably, the NCDC now seems to accept without question a 78" snow accumulation on February 7, 1963 at a remote site located on the mile 47 marker of the Richardson Highway in Alaska (to its credit the WMO Climate Extremes Committee has, as of now, not published this as a new world record weather extreme). Here is the COOP form associated with the Alaska event:
The COOP form for Mile 47 Camp, Alaska showing the 78" single-day snow accumulation of February 7, 1963. Note the melted precipitation figure of 6.02" and the daily temperature range of 0°-8°F (or perhaps -4° to +8°F, it appears the '0°' is crossed out and replaced with a -4°F figure, hard to tell).
Of particular interest is the melted precipitation figure of 6.02" on February 7, 1963 along with the day's temperature range of 0°F (low) to 8°F (high) for that day. A fall of some 6 inches of precipitation with a temperature of zero to 8°F strains the boundary of physical possibility. I would challenge anyone to conceive of how a situation could possibly evolve to create 6 inches of precipitation while the temperature at the surface was this cold. The observer's comment for this extraordinary day simply states "overcast".
THE SITE OF CAMP MILE 47
Camp Mile 47 on the Richardson Highway is located, obviously, 47 miles along the route heading north from the port of Valdez.
A photograph of the Richardson Highway near the site of Mile Camp 47. Photo by "TFO" from Google Earth map site.
It was a highway maintenance station associated with the construction of the oil pipeline from the North Slope of Alaska to the port of Valdez. This highway crosses over the Thompson Pass (elevation 2,800') 27 miles north of Valdez. Thompson Pass for the period of _PHONE_ maintained a weather station (at a site located at 2,500') which indeed did record the heaviest snowfalls ever reported from Alaska, and, in some cases, reported the most intense snow accumulations ever measured on earth. To wit:
62.0" in 24 hours on December 29, 1955
120.6" in 2 days on Dec. 29-30, 1955 (world record)
147.0" in 3 days on Dec. 28-30, 1955 (world record)
163.0" in 4 days on Dec. 27-30, 1955
175.4 in 5 days on Dec. 27-31, 1955
186.9" in 7 days on Feb. 18-24, 1953
346.1" in one calendar month in February 1964
974.1" in one winter season in _PHONE_
However, a modest 53.5" fell for the ENTIRE month of February 1963 at Thompson Pass. Kenney Lake was the only other site in the area to have records for February 1963 and it reported 17.0" for the month. Sheep Mountain, also in the area reported 7.0" for that month and Cordova Airport had 10.1" with Valdez reporting 36.0" (a relatively low value for the site for a February that averages around 50" for the month). In other words, there was no extraordinary or unusual storm associated with the snowfalls of February 1963.
The Thompson Pass COOP weather site was operational during the winter of


sound intensity terms - acoustic glossary
Acoustic Glossary
Sound Intensity Terms
Sound Intensity
Sound Intensity is the sound energy flowing through a specified area - the product of the sound pressure and the acoustic particle velocity.
Sound Intensity Definition IEC 801-21-38, sound energy flux in a specified direction and sense through an area perpendicular to that direction, divided by the area.
Sound Intensity (I) is a vector quantity, having both magnitude and direction of the sound energy flow.
Sound Intensity is also known as the sound energy flux density and the sound power density.
Sound Intensity Relationships;
Sound Intensity = sound pressure × particle velocity.
Sound Intensity = (sound pressure)² ÷ acoustic impedance
Sound Intensity = (particle velocity)² × acoustic impedance
The Sound Intensity Unit is the watt per square metre (W/m²), however the immense range of human hearing, 0.000000000001 W/m² up to 20 W/m² or more, means the W/m² is not practical for everyday use. The sound intensity level in decibels neatly solves this problem.
Sound Intensity Level
Sound Intensity Level is the logarithmic ratio of the measured sound intensity to the reference sound intensity in decibels.
Sound Intensity Level Formula, Li = 10 log (I/Io) dB, where I is the sound intensity in W/m² and Io is the reference sound intensity of 10-12 W/m².
Thus converting the W/m² (watts per square metre) levels into the more manageable range of 0 to 140 dB as the following list demonstrates.
140 dB = 100 W/m² (watts per metre squared)
130 dB = 10 W/m²
123 dB = 2 W/m²
120 dB = 1 W/m² ≡ threshold of pain
100 dB = 0.10 W/m²
 80 dB = 0.0001 W/m²
 60 dB = 0.000001 W/m²
 40 dB = 0.00000001 W/m²
 20 dB = 0._PHONE_ W/m²
 0 dB = 0.000000000001 W/m² = 10-12 W/m² the threshold of hearing
Sound Intensity Level (LI) uses the 10 log equation, so, as a rule of thumb:
 3 dB = a factor of 2 in sound intensity
 10 dB = a factor of 10 in sound intensity
 20 dB = a factor of 100 in sound intensity
 30 dB is a factor of 1000
 40 dB is a factor of 10000
Sound Intensity Level Definition IEC 801-22-06, logarithm of the ratio of a given intensity of sound, in a stated direction to the reference sound intensity. Such intensity level in decibels is ten times the logarithm to the base ten of the ratio, and is also known as the sound energy flux density level.
Note : unless otherwise specified, the reference sound intensity is 1 pW/m²
Sound intensity Level is also known as the SIL
See also our sound level calculations page and the IEC Definition of Level
Sound Intensity Levels are measured with a sound intensity probe to establish both the sound pressure and the particle velocity levels - more details.
Sound Intensity Related Terms - listed alphabetically
Active Sound Intensity
Active Sound Intensity is the propagating part of a sound field, producing a net flow of sound energy, predominant in the free sound field.
Effective Sound Intensity
Effective Sound Intensity is the root-mean-square of the instantaneous sound intensity, over a given period of time.
Instantaneous Sound Intensity
Instantaneous Sound Intensity is the sound intensity at a specific point in the sound field.
Instantaneous Sound Intensity Definition IEC 802-01-10, acoustic energy flow rate in the direction of propagation per unit area normal to the direction of propagation.
Note : instantaneous intensity is the product of instantaneous acoustic pressure and instantaneous particle velocity.
Lk under pressure intensity index
Phase Index under pressure intensity index
PI Index under pressure intensity index
Pressure Gradient under sound intensity pressure gradient
Pressure Intensity Index
Pressure Intensity Index is the difference between the sound pressure and the sound intensity, a good guide to the quality of the measurement - also known as Lk and PI Index.
In a free-field environment the sound pressure = sound intensity so the pressure-intensity index = 0.
In reactive sound fields, the sound pressure may be 20 dB higher than the sound intensity. A high pressure-intensity index indicates that accurate sound intensity measurements will be difficult.
(previously known as the phase index or reactivity index) Bruel and Kjaer.
Pressure Residual Intensity Index
Pressure-residual Intensity Index for a given measurement system, is the difference between the indicated sound intensity level and the measured sound pressure level, when exactly the same signal is fed into the two channels of the sound intensity analysing system. Ideally the pressure residual intensity should be 'zero' but in practice the difference is due to any phase mismatch between channels.
The difference is also known as the residual intensity and some use the term Lkvo
Because the microphones have to be included in the measurement of residual intensity, specialised calibrators are required - like the Bruel & Kjaer sound intensity calibrator.
Reactive Sound Intensity
Reactive Sound Intensity, the part of a sound field that does not contribute to the net flow of sound energy, however it influences the intensity pressure index and therefore the 'quality' of the measurement.
Reactivity Index under pressure intensity index
Reference Sound Intensity
Reference Sound Intensity (Io) = 10-12 W/m² = 0dB ≡ the threshold of hearing at 1Khz
Used in the calculation of sound intensity levels in decibels for the more practical range of 0 to 120 dB, instead of 0.000000000001 to 1 W/m² - see our dB and W/m² comparison table.
Other acoustic reference quantities
Residual Sound Intensity under pressure-residual intensity index.
Sound Intensity Inverse Square Law under Inverse Square Law
Sound Intensity Measurements
Sound Intensity is the product of the sound pressure and particle velocity, beyond the scope of sound level meters. However both quantities can be measured using a sound intensity probe and the associated instrumentation.
Sound Intensity Pressure Gradient
Sound Intensity Pressure Gradient is the change in sound pressure with distance. So if the sound intensity pressure gradient is determined during sound intensity measurements, the particle velocity is also known.
Sound Intensity Pressure Intensity Index under pressure intensity index
Sound Intensity Probes
Sound Intensity p-p probes include two closely spaced* phase matched microphones are widely used, enabling the pressure gradient to be measured and the particle velocity to be calculated. The sound intensity is the sound pressure multiplied by the particle velocity at any given position.
* the frequency range is dependent on the distance between the microphones, so the probes are delivered with interchangeable spacers to enable measurements from 50 Hz to 10 kHz.
Sound Intensity p-u probes measure the sound pressure using a pressure microphone and the particle velocity directly using a particle velocity sensor
Sound Intensity Reactivity Index under pressure intensity index.
Other Related Terms, sound energysound powersound pressure
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Why are some countries developed and others not?
Dr. Pradipta Chaudhury
Abstract The Industrial Revolution
Introduction Benefits of Colonialism and Geography
The Great Divergence or the Reversal of Fortunes Military Power and Open Ocean Navigation
Cultures and Treasures Britain, the First Global Power
The Role of Institutions Conclusion
This article surveys the literature on the question, "Why are some countries developed and others not?" It is well known that the fortunes of nations have changed over long periods. China and India were the most advanced countries in the pre-modern world and till the eighteenth century. Western Europe, led by the U.K., and her offshoots, led by the U.S.A., overtook the advanced countries of Asia in the nineteenth century. The main reasons behind this reversal of fortunes are found to be Western Europe's superiority in violence (gun powder technology), deceit and in open ocean navigation which gave them access and liberty to use the enormous wealth and resources of their colonies. However, a complete list of factors contributing to growth and development includes geographical and historical conditions, political economy, military strength, and its copious use along with cruelty, cunning, and deception, wisdom and foresight of the elite, exploitation of international resources including knowledge and technology, manipulation of international trade, investments in human capital, skills, science, technology, infrastructure and creation of right institutions and incentives for productive activity and disciplined hard work by the labor force.
Why are some countries developed and others not? Or, why are some countries rich while other countries are poor? This is one of the fundamental questions in social sciences. Any student of economics or other social sciences will be curious to know the answer. By now there is a rich pool of scholarly writings on this topic. Particularly in the last two decades a vast literature has emerged around this question. Also, this literature has become insightful, as more and more competent academics, led by economic historians, have increasingly contributed papers of high quality in top ranked academic journals. Many scholars have written well researched books published by reputed publishing houses. There is a certain excitement to be experienced through reading this literature and in thinking about the reasons underlying the disparities in the fates and performances of societies. This survey article is an attempt to bring this literature within the reader's easy reach. It is hoped that the question and the various answers given so far (and summarized here) will generate a craving in the reader.
Let us begin with some very obvious and well known facts: Everybody knows that today the USA is the number one economic, military and political power in the world. It has been occupying this premier position for the past seven decades that is since the Second World War. Now China is occupying the second position. Japan, Germany, France and Britain follow in importance in economic and political power. However, it was not like this always. The sixteenth century is supposed to be the beginning of the modern world. At that time and till the end of the eighteenth century, the rankings of countries were different. Then, China was the number one country in the world. It was the global leader in total output, manufacturing output and exports. It was also the leader in science and technology. China was the number one producer and exporter of manufactures in the world. Its major exports were silk, tea, handicrafts and porcelain. India was the second most important producer and exporter of manufactures, the most important item being cotton textiles. In fact, cotton and sugar are India's major contributions to everyday life. But, for some centuries the growth of science and technology in India had generally slowed down and actually stagnated in many fields. From the twelfth century, if not earlier, state patronage for science and technology had virtually disappeared in northern India, though some patronage was available in southern India till the sixteenth century. As a result, in the sixteenth century India was behind China in most matters.
For many centuries and till the end of the eighteenth century, countries in Western Europe, and the rest of the world, were primarily importers of manufactures from China and India. Western Europe also imported spices from India and the South East Asian islands in the Indian Ocean. In return, these countries exported large amounts of gold and silver to China and India. Both India and China were known as sinks of precious metals during the medieval period. These countries could absorb huge amounts of precious metals in exchange for their handicrafts of acknowledged high quality. In return, Western Europe sold very little to Asia though expert builders of canons and military personnel from Western Europe were in demand in both India and China. They were employed in the armies of the kings.
The Great Divergence or the Reversal of Fortunes
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the situation was reversed: Britain in particular and Western Europe in general became the leaders in science, technology and manufacturing. From this time, the UK and the other countries of Western Europe began experiencing economic growth, although at rates of only about 3 % per annum, but sustained over a long period. It was the beginning of modern economic growth. Hence, it is claimed that a 'Great Divergence' happened in the paths of nations. It was also noticed that the countries which were the most advanced at the beginning of the sixteenth century became backward by the end of the twentieth century while those who were the most backward at the beginning of the sixteenth century became the most advanced by the end of the twentieth century. This was named 'Reversal of Fortunes'. The great divergence or the reversal of fortunes of nations was based on or was largely due to the phenomenon of the first Industrial Revolution (henceforth called IR) in Britain. Hence, the question, "why are some countries developed and others not?" can also be rephrased as "why did the Industrial Revolution occur in Britain?"
Beginning in 1757, India was colonized by the British. Half a century later, India became a major importer of manufactures, primarily cotton textiles. The land of cotton was inundated with cotton goods manufactured in England, as Karl Marx put it. In the middle of the nineteenth century China was militarily humiliated by the Western European powers. The British forced China to import and consume opium, though opium was banned in China and thus the trade was illegal. This opium was largely produced in India under the coercive rule of the East India Company. In return, the British received Chinese silk, tea, handicrafts and porcelain virtually free as the opium was obtained virtually free from India. The century from the middle of the nineteenth, when China was subjugated by the west and was forced to concede treaty ports, to the middle of the twentieth century, when the People's Liberation Army liberated China from western dominance, is considered the century of national shame in China. It is well known that during the sixty-five years since independence the Chinese have achieved the fastest rates of economic growth and development known in human history. This phenomenon is called 'from Divergence to Convergence'. Likewise India, after centuries of colonization, is performing better. Thus, the fortunes of nations have fluctuated over time.
A major question is why the Western European countries went so far ahead as to overtake the Asian countries which were till then the economic, technological and cultural leaders of the world. Conversely, why did China and India fall behind Western Europe since the nineteenth century, if not earlier? A related question is how China has managed so decisively to turn its fortunes around since the mid-twentieth century.
Cultures and Treasures
A great variety of factors have been analyzed to explain the rise of the West and the falling behind of the East. One of the earliest explanations was in terms of values and cultures. These factors still remain popular. The superiority of the West in values was supposedly due to the emphasis on rationality, materialism, hard work and scientific temper. In contrast Asian values emphasized spiritualism and other worldliness (Landes, 1998). There can be no doubt that cultures matter and progressive values, discipline, hard work, scientific outlook, keenness to learn from others, all matter a lot in making a society great. However, there is no clinching evidence to show that Western Europe had an intrinsic superiority over Asia with respect to these values. On the contrary, the Eurasian landmass is continuous. And social, commercial and technical ideas originating in one region gradually spread over the other regions. It is also known that in many cultural and technological respects China and India were not behind Western Europe. Furthermore, the fact that Asia was ahead of Western Europe in manufacturing goods for mass consumption and in some other technology, such as medicine, metallurgy and alchemy, should point to some cultural-technological superiority of Asia. Mathematics, astronomy, health, medicine and surgery, music, state-craft, literature, philosophy, architecture, metallurgy and manufactures are some of the major fields in which India made great contributions beginning very early. China made even greater contributions to science, technology, manufactures, warfare, state-craft, political economy, culture and everyday life (Needham, 1954-). It is well known that till the end of the eighteenth century, most of the useful things in civilized life came from China (paper, printing, compass, silk, tea, porcelain, gun powder, fire arms etc.) and India (cotton textiles, spices, and sugar). Then, how are the cultures of the West held intrinsically superior?
Beginning from a condition when Western Europe was a net importer from Asia, it later became the predominant source of manufactures and technology. It implies that the earlier (backward) culture and values of Western Europe were not a hindrance for its scientific and technological progress from the eighteenth-nineteenth centuries. Conversely, the earlier (forward) culture and


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Paraglacial slope instability in Scottish fjords : examples from Little Loch Broom, NW Scotland
Stoker, Martyn S.; Wilson, Charles R.; Howe, John A.; Bradwell, Tom; Long, David. 2010 Paraglacial slope instability in Scottish fjords : examples from Little Loch Broom, NW Scotland. In: Howe, J.A.; Austin, W.E.N.; Forwick, M.; Paetzel, M., (eds.) Fjord systems and archives. London, UK, Geological Society of London, 225-242. (Geological Society Special Publication, 344).Before downloading, please read NORA policies.
Lateglacial–Holocene fjord sediments in Little Loch Broom preserve evidence of extensive slope instability. The major area of reworking is in the outer loch and mid-loch sill region where ice-contact/ice-proximal deposits of the Lateglacial Assynt Glacigenic Formation have been disrupted by sliding and mass flow processes linked to the Little Loch Broom Slide Complex and the adjacent Badcaul Slide. Mass failure was instigated about14–13 ka BP, and is probably the response of the landscape to deglaciation immediately following the removal of ice support during glacial retreat. An initial phase of translational sliding was followed by rotational sliding, as revealed by the superimposition of scalloped-shaped slumps on a larger-scale rectilinear pattern of failure. Paraglacial landscape readjustment may have also been enhanced by episodic seismic activity linked to glacio-isostatic unloading. In the inner fjord, evidence of Holocene mass failure includes the Ardessie debris lobe and a discrete intact slide block preserved within the postglacial basinal deposits. The former is a localised accumulation linked to a fluvial catchment on the adjacent An Teallach massif. These mass transport deposits may represent an ongoing response to paraglacial processes, albeit much reduced (relative to the major slides) in terms of sediment supply to the fjord.
|Item Type:||Book Section|
|Programmes:||BGS Programmes 2010 > Marine Geoscience|
|NORA Subject Terms:||Marine Sciences
|Date made live:||14 Dec 2010 11:11|
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