text:
Dr. Rithima Sokhi is a General Dentist at Rideau Dental Centre in Ottawa.
- Originally from Mumbai, India, now proudly calls Canada home
- Fluent in English, Hindi, Punjabi, and Marathi, she effortlessly connects with a diverse range of patients and colleagues
- As an esteemed member of dental associations like the CDA, ODA, ODS, and RCDSO, Dr. Sokhi is unwavering in her commitment to upholding the highest standards of dental care
- DDS from the University of Toronto
- MDS in Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry from Maharashtra University of Health Sciences in India
- BDS from HNB Garhwal University, India
- Dr. Sokhi's professional philosophy revolves around patient-centered, evidence-based care
- Continually strives for excellence while embodying compassion and humility
Hobbies and Interests
- Beyond the dental chair, Dr. Sokhi treasures quality time spent with her family, cherishing the moments that create lasting bonds
- Additionally, she finds solace and creative expression in the arts, particularly through painting and calligraphy
- An avid reader, she continuously seeks knowledge and inspiration from the pages of diverse literature.
- In essence, Dr. Rithima Sokhi's journey is marked by her roots, global experiences, and dedication to dental excellence, all while finding joy in family and creative pursuits


text:
Magnesium is element atomic number 12. (Mark Fergus, CSIRO)
Magnesium is the element that is atomic number 12 on the periodic table. It is one of the alkaline earth metals, with a silver appearance in pure form. Here are interesting element facts:
Element Atomic Number 12 Facts
The symbol for atomic number 12 is Mg. The name magnesium comes from the Greek region called Magnesia, a source of magnesium-bearing compounds.
Magnesium forms a highly reactive positively-charged cation, Mg2+.
The atomic weight of element number 12 is 24.3050.
The pure metal is lightweight and quickly oxidizes to form magnesium oxide in air. Most magnesium compounds are white crystalline solids. The density of the metal is only about 2/3 that of aluminum.
Magnesium is used for pencil sharpeners and firestarters. (Firetwister)
Magnesium may be commercially obtained via electrolysis of seawater.
Magnesium is not found as a pure element on earth, but occurs in numerous compounds. It makes up around 2% of the Earth's crust. Atomic number 12 is the 9th most abundant element in the universe. It is the third most abundant element in seawater. It is the 11th most abundant element in the human body, by weight.
Ancient man used magnesium compounds, such as Epsom salts, as laxatives, blood purifiers, and therapeutic agents.
Much more magnesium is believed to be found below the Earth's crust. If you took out all of the magnesium from the Earth, you'd have enough of the element to make a planet the size of Mars, and have metal left over.
Sir Humphry Davy first prepared pure magnesium in 1808 by passing electricity through magnesium oxide.
Magnesium is made in stars by fusion of the elements helium and neon.
The element is used to make car bodies, cans, and flares.
Magnesium is the 4th most abundant mineral in the human body. The average adult person has about 24 grams of element 12 in the body. It is essential for human life and participates in over 300 biochemical reactions. Over half the magnesium in the human body (50-60%) is stored in the teeth and bones. Approximately 39% of the body's magnesium stores are in muscles. Only about 1% of the element in the body is extracellular.
Magnesium deficiency in humans increases risk of osteoporosis, diabetes, heart disease, metabolic problems, and other health conditions.
Magnesium is a key element in chlorophyll, the green pigment in plants used for photosynthesis.
Magnesium burns readily. Attempting to put out a magnesium fire with water will cause the fire to flare up, not put it out.
Because magnesium is light and strong, one of its uses was to make Mag wheels for vehicles. However, Mag wheels that contain the element are uncommon now because the magnesium too readily ignited, presenting a fire hazard. The wheels still bear the name, even though their composition has changed.
Over three dozen prescription medications interfere with magnesium absorption, including allergy medication, asthma drugs, diuretics, antibiotics, and some chemotherapeutic agents.
China produces about 80% of the global supply of magnesium.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Take the 2-minute tour ×
static public void doRestrictionList(HttpServletRequest request, pageBean UTIL)
Can we declare a method as final like.
share|improve this question
Can you please clarify your question? The heading contains static, the description contains an unfinished sentence referring to final. What do you want to know? – Felix Kling Oct 18 '10 at 21:26
add comment
closed as not a real question by Colin Hebert, Andrey, erickson, Simone Carletti, bmargulies Oct 20 '10 at 0:07
7 Answers
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Adding onto what everybody else said. A normal class method you would have to instantiate the object as follows.
If you have a class called ClassExample with a method testMethod You would have to do the following to call it
ClassExample example = new ClassExample();
if you have a static method you do not have to worry about instantiating the object so you can do something similar to the following
share|improve this answer
whats the use of having a method declaring as final – John Oct 18 '10 at 21:39
It stops any subclass from overriding that method, which can help for security in your class. – Christian Mann Oct 18 '10 at 21:49
exactly as Christian has said, but in lesser terms, it makes the method immutable – CitadelCSAlum Oct 18 '10 at 22:58
add comment
Static methods generally make sense when the functionality does not need to be attached to an actual object but the logic makes sense to attach to the class. Often this is the case for utility type methods that depend on a small number of parameters. For instance, I prefer this:
int sum = Arithmetic.sum(13, 42);
to this:
Arithmetic arithmeticObject = new Arithmetic();
int sum = arithmeticObject.add(13, 42);
or this:
Arithmetic arithmeticObject = new Arithmetic(13, 42);
int sum = arithmeticObject.add();
share|improve this answer
+1 for showing more than only consequences of using or not using static – Carlos Heuberger Oct 18 '10 at 21:44
Or this if you like fancy code: int sum = (new Arithmetic()).add(13, 42); – Christian Mann Oct 18 '10 at 21:51
add comment
Static means it does not require any of the instance variables on the class to function properly. It can allow for a more robust API as you can call your method by:
MyClass.doRestrictionsList(req, util);
If you didn't make it static, you would have to instantiate your class to give it state, then call your method on that instance.
share|improve this answer
add comment
Static methods can be utilized without having to instantiate the class they belong to.
From _URL_
Class Methods
The Java programming language supports static methods as well as static variables. Static methods, which have the static modifier in their declarations, should be invoked with the class name, without the need for creating an instance of the class, as in
share|improve this answer
add comment
We declare methods static so they can be accessed without holding an instance of an Object based on that class.
Using your example I could call
Without the static key word, I need to do something like this
SurroundingClass object = new SurroundingClass();
share|improve this answer
add comment
Static methods are used a lot for utility / convienent methods for which you want to avoid the cost of creating a new instance.
share|improve this answer
add comment
Your post title and question don't match. Are you looking for a comparison between static and final methods? Everybody has described static methods, let me describe final methods for you.
Can you have final methods in Java? Yes
Declaring a method as final means that it cannot be overridden by any of the implementing subclasses. From _URL_
You might wish to make a method final if it has an implementation that should not be changed and it is critical to the consistent state of the object
share|improve this answer
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text:
- Managing and governing
- Developing your audience
- Archives and records
Assessing environmental impact
Assessing the environmental impact of your building and operations can not only help you meet organisational commitments to sustainability, but can also reduce running costs and increase efficiency.
PAS 198 is the new specification for managing environmental conditions for cultural collections developed with input from The National Archives. This builds on the Environmental Guidelines: Opportunities and Risks (EGOR) project. The new specification takes into account changes in scientific understanding of the preservation needs of different materials and the greater emphasis on using energy.
The following resources may be helpful:
- BREEAM: the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method for sustainable building design, construction and operation
- Council for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE) Sustainable Places: provides useful resources for designing and running sustainable buildings including landscaping, transport, energy and water use, and waste management
- Heritage Lottery Fund: Planning greener heritage projects, 2009: for anyone with a heritage project involving capital or conservation work, it outlines the environmental impacts that are likely to be important on different sized and types of projects
- Museums Association: Helping museums go green project, 2011: case studies, resources and discussions

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
PASSIONATE FACT WORKSHOP
STORYTELLING TRAINING WORKSHOP FOR SCIENCE, HISTORY & ENVIRONMENTAL
EDUCATORS, INTERPRETERS, RESOURCE MANAGERS, AND PARENTS
"Facts can lie as dead pieces of information on the listeners' ears. But, woven into story, they come to life. Henry Thoreau, David Attenborough and other great teachers of natural history practice an art of weaving their observations of nature into a garment of meaning and beauty that touches something deep within the human soul. This art is a story way of giving information. It is the inheritance of every naturalist and every great teacher." __ Susan Strauss
The Passionate Fact is a professional training workshop that was originally designed as a five day intensive. Since it's inception, it has been given also in the following forms:
- Lecture / demonstration.
- Half day workshop.
- Full day workshop.
- Follow up workshop.
- Two, three, four day contiguous workshop.
- Note: Portions of the four day workshop can be worked into the context of a shorter workshop__ being designed according to particular requests of an organization.
Day 1, A naturalist's life experience holds a wealth of story material. Personal experience or anecdote is the most accessible story form for the beginner and useful in many situations. In day 1 of the workshop, participants refine a personal anecdote for use in an interpretive program, while at the same time, develop an understanding of the essential elements for developing any compelling story and a story well told. These include:
- Transforming information into image.
- Developing a sense for the "hook phrase" and ending phrase.
- Development of sensory experience.
- Building denouement and the element of mystery.
- Use of metaphoric language.
- Use of repetition.
- Use of voice, the image-making power of sounds, sound effects and dialogue.
Participants need to bring to the workshop a personally moving experience they had in or with Nature, History or Culture. Their story will be put through a series of activities that will shape and transform it __ making it ready for public telling. This journey will deepen the participants understanding of what is needed to form any compelling story, be it mythic, historic or folkloric. Other possible inclusions:
- An introduction to other story forms and their potential interpretive uses.
- Scientific writing samples that demonstrate "a story way of giving information."
- An introduction to voice work. Exploration of story forms and reinforcement of essential story elements will deepen on subsequent days.
In Day 2, the first day's basics are reinforced by learning to tell a traditional story__ more specifically: myth, folk tale, fable, parable, legend or fairy tale. Engaging with the telling of a traditional story, deepens the participant's understanding of the story crafting art as it varies in different cultural styles and has been refined over time. Participants may bring a traditional story of choice to learn or choose from a selection of tales that will be available. Also, voice and movement work from the first day will be further developed as it applies to character voice and narrative word choices. Practice techniques for memorizing stories will be introduced. Various texts of a single story will be studied to better understand the uses of language, dialogue and cultural/historic influences on a story.
In Day 3 & 4, what has been learned from the previous two days is used to transform scientific information into a story form or a "story way of giving information." Participants need to bring to the workshop a small body of specific scientific and/or historic information on a particular subject such as the geology of a specific area, a particular plant, animal or bio-region. This information will already be worked with in certain exercises on Day 1 and Day 2, so participants need to have it available for use already by Day 1. A variety of story structures will be studied. Participants will go through a process for developing a story structure for their scientific information. Model texts and recordings which illustrate how fact can be integrated with story will be studied and discussed. Movement, music, drawing and imaginative activities will be used to enhance and refine the story.
THE PASSIONATE FACT
STORYTELLING IN NATURAL HISTORY & CULTURAL INTERPRETATION
(( Click here to order book ))
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text:
Title: Cognitive Constraints on How Economic Rewards Affect Cooperation (PDF)
Authors: Ellen E. Furlong and John E. Opfer
Publisher: Psychological Science, vol. 20, no. 1
Date Published: January 2009
Understanding how the brain processes numerical information can provide valuable insights for marketers, contract negotiators, and executives. In this paper, the authors highlight an interesting quirk in human perception: People tend to value multiple-digit numbers more than numbers with fewer digits (for example, 300 cents vs. $3), even if the underlying economic value is exactly the same.
In a series of experiments, the authors asked a group of undergraduate students to engage in a test known as the Prisoner's Dilemma, in which participants are given different rewards for working with or against other participants. When the students were offered 300 cents if they would work together, up from the original offer of 3 cents, cooperation rates went up considerably. But when the reward was increased from 3 cents to $3, despite the same increase in value, cooperation rates did not increase. Finally, supporting their hypothesis that people unconsciously put the greatest emphasis on numerical value, the researchers saw an increase in cooperation when participants were offered 300 cents, after first being offered $3.
Bottom Line: People unconsciously place more emphasis on numbers that have more digits, even when the economic value is the same or less. Executives and marketers can use this knowledge to help them create smart pricing strategies or emphasize value more effectively in marketing campaigns.
- Bridget Finn is the Web editor of strategy+business.
- Michal Lev-Ram is a freelance journalist based in the San Francisco Bay area. She is a former reporter for Fortune and has covered technology and business news for Fast Company, Business 2.0, and _URL_, among other publications and Web sites.


Audio editing software
 (Redirected from Digital audio editor)
Audio editing software is software which allows editing and generating of audio data.[1] Audio editing software can be implemented completely or partly as a library, as a computer application, as a web application, or as a loadable kernel module. Wave Editors are digital audio editors and there are many sources of software available to perform this function. Most can edit music, apply effects and filters, adjust stereo channels, etc.
An audio production facility at An-Najah National University
A digital audio workstation (DAW) consists of software to a great degree, and usually is composed of many distinct software suite components, giving access to them through a unified graphical user interface using GTK, Qt, or other library for the GUI widgets.
For use with musicEdit
 - Apply simple or advanced effects or filters, including compression, expansion, flanging, reverb, audio noise reduction, and equalization to change the audio
Typically these tasks can be performed in a manner that is non-linear. Audio editors may process the audio data non-destructively in real-time, or destructively as an "off-line" process, or a hybrid with some real-time effects and some off-line effects.
Comparison of destructive and real-time editingEdit
Destructive editing modifies the data of the original audio file, as opposed to just editing its playback parameters. Destructive editors are also known as "sample editors".
Destructive editing applies edits and processing directly to the audio data, changing the data immediately. If, for example, part of a track is deleted, the "deleted" audio data is immediately removed from that part of the track.
Real-time editing does not apply changes immediately, but applies edits and processing on the fly during playback. If, for example, part of a track is deleted, the "deleted" audio data is not actually removed from the track, but is hidden and will be skipped on playback.
Advantages of destructive editingEdit
 - In graphical editors, every change to the audio is usually visible immediately as the visible waveform is updated to match the audio data.
 - The number of effects that may be applied is virtually unlimited (though may be limited by disk space available for "undo" data).[3]
 - Editing is usually precise down to exact sample intervals.
 - Effects may be applied to a precisely specified selected region.
 - Mixing down or exporting the edited audio is usually relatively quick as little additional processing is required.
Limitations of destructive editingEdit
 - Once an effect has been applied, it cannot usually be changed. This is usually mitigated by the ability to "undo" the last performed action. Typically a destructive audio editor will maintain many levels of "undo history" so that multiple actions may be undone in the reverse order that they were applied.
 - Edits can only be undone in the reverse order that they were applied (undoing the most recent edit first).
Advantages of real-time editingEdit
 - Effects can usually be adjusted during playback, or at any other time.
 - Edits may be undone or adjusted at any time in any order.
 - Multiple effects and edits may be'stacked' so that they are applied to the audio as an effect chain.
 - A stack of effects may be changed so that effects are applied in a different order, or effects inserted or removed from the chain.
 - Some real-time editors support effect automation so that changes to effect parameters may be programmed to occur at specified times during audio playback.
Limitations of real-time editingEdit
 - The waveform does not usually show the effect of processing until the audio has been mixed-down or "bounced" (rendered) to another track.
 - The number of effects that may be applied is limited by the available processing power of the computer or editing hardware. In some editors this may be mitigated by "freezing" the track (applying the effect stack destructively).
 - It is not usually possible to have an effect only on part of a track. To apply a real-time effect to part of a track usually required that the effect is set to turn on at one point and turn off at another.
 - In multi-track editors, if audio is copied or moved from one track to another, the audio in the new track may sound different from how it sounded in the original track as there may be different real-time effects in each track.
 - In some applications, mixing down or exporting the edited audio may be slow as all effects and processing needs to be applied.
For use with speechEdit
Editors designed for use in speech research add the ability to make measurements and perform acoustic analyses such as extracting and displaying a fundamental frequency contour or spectrogram. They typically lack most or all of the effects that interest musicians.[clarification needed]
See alsoEdit
 1. ^ "What is Audio EditingHow is Music, Sound & MP3 Editing done?". Retrieved 2021-01-19.
 2. ^ "Destructive Vs Non-Destructive Audio Editing for Podcast Production". The Podcast Host. 2019-09-02. Retrieved 2021-01-19.
 3. ^ "The podcast host".


Check if a number can be written as sum of three consecutive integers in C++
C++Server Side ProgrammingProgramming
In this section we will see, whether a number can be represented as tree consecutive numbers or not. Suppose a number is 27. This can be represented as 8 + 9 + 10.
This can be solved in two different approach. The first approach is Naïve approach. In that approach, we have to check i + (i + 1) + (i + 2) is same as number or not. Another efficient approach is by checking whether the number is divisible by 3 or not. Suppose a number x can be represented by three consecutive 1s, then x = (y - 1) + y + (y + 1) = 3y. So the number must be divisible by 3.
 Live Demo
_TAG_
using namespace std;
bool hasThreeNums(int n) {
 if(n % 3 == 0){
 return true;
 return false;
int main() {
 int num = 27;
 cout << "Can be represented";
 cout << "Cannot be presented";
Can be represented
Published on 27-Sep-2019 12:26:51


How Much Does Photochemical Etching Cost? - tmnetch
How Much Does Photochemical Etching Cost?
The photochemical etching, often known as chemical etching, is the latest metal designing model using chemistry and photo-etch technologies. In this process, the concerned metal is completely cleaned and deoxidized for processing. Then a photochemical material is applied to a metal sheet, which is sensitive to light.
After the coating, the whole metallic sheet is exposed to UV exposure to create the customized scanned designs provided by the clients in DXF or CAD format. Areas exposed to the light become hard. And the dark areas become softer that are removed from the metal sheet, and we get the desired metallic designs.
The chemical etching process is quicker, more efficient, and burr-free than laser cutting and metallic stamping processes. You can get all metallic designs and signed labels on metallic sheets using this chemical etching technique. If you prefer chemical etching over laser cutting or metallic stamping, you will save hundreds of bucks for bulk orders.
Let's see how much does photochemical etching costs.
 - How Much Does Photochemical Etching Cost?
The overall cost of photochemical etching is based on several factors like the material of selective chemical etching metal, the thickness of metal, the photoresist and the relevant photo etching chemical, the concerned labor, and the other maintenance cost of this whole chemical etching process. Let's dive into some deeper cost calculations per factor.
1. The Sum of Materials
The collective sum of concerned materials is a major factor that defines the overall cost of photochemical etching for a specific metallic design. Several materials are involved in the whole process, like a specific chemical etching metal, the cleansing agents, and the concerned metallic sheets. For example, Nickel and Brass would be cheaper than exotic metals like aluminum and steel.
2. Technical Costs and Process Time
There are many technical processes involved in the photo etching process like:
 - Cleansing and deoxidizing the metal
 - Smoothly applying a photo resistant chemical
 - Passing through UV plates
 - Drying and development.
Many technical machines are involved in the whole process. Further, the thick metals would take more time and consume more electricity than thin sheets. So advanced technical costs and the overall processing time increase the overall cost.
3. Overheads
There are several overheads or associated processes that stabilize the main process and improves efficiency. Several additional factors like managing a safer place and reliable metal transportation are needed for a smoother metal etching or photochemical machining to avoid any cracks or burr.
4. Labor
For any company, having efficient and responsible labor is important to maintain the product's quality and avoid risks. Therefore, any bigger company won't compromise on the labor cost for such sensitive processes like photochemical metal designing because there are many sub-processes like metal sizing, cleansing, printing, developing, etching, and stripping.
5. Standard Service and Administration Costs
There are some extra costs of standard service and administration involved to ensure the output quality. The UV exposure machines, covered plates, drying unit, development unit, and all the photochemical materials should be maintained, cleaned, and kept dust-free every time.
Photochemical etching is a better economical choice in metallurgy, where many specific metallic designs and tools are demanded every day. There are many other commercial uses of the chemical etching like brand signage and metallic labeling or product descriptive labeling over metallic sheets.
It is much more efficient and cost-effective than other laser cutting and metallic stamping techniques. Still, it demands extensive experience and sheer excellence to get the desired designs keeping the tolerance level minimum.
So, always choose an experienced photochemical etching supplier like TMN Etch that has been working for more than a decade and partnered with many famous brands like Panasonic, SONY, DELL, Huawei, Siemens, and Mercedes, etc. TMN Etch assures you the most accurate photochemical etching service.
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text:
This week's interesting word is porraceous. I will buy an imaginary drink for anyone who knows what it means without looking it up – and a bonus imaginary packet of crisps if you have used it in everyday conversation.
Porraceous means 'resembling a leek'. It is typically used to mean that something is leek-green in colour. (In many cases the something is vomit.)
It is early 17th century in origin, and stems from the Latin word porrāceus (itself from porrum meaning 'leek' and āceus meaning 'of the nature of').
"Martians, according to general sci-fi ethnobotany, are always small, hydrocephalic, intelligent, and seem a sort of porraceous green."
– Alexander Theroux, The Secondary Colors, 1996
Isn't the English language brilliant?


Help FAQ Both
Vim documentation: intro
main help file
*intro.txt* For Vim version 7.3. Last change: 2010 Dec 08
 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar
Introduction to Vim *ref* *reference*
1. Introduction |intro|
2. Vim on the internet |internet|
3. Credits |credits|
4. Notation |notation|
5. Modes, introduction |vim-modes-intro|
6. Switching from mode to mode |mode-switching|
7. The window contents |window-contents|
8. Definitions |definitions|
1. Introduction *intro*
includes almost all the commands from the Unix program "Vi" and a lot of new
ones. It is very useful for editing programs and other plain text.
 All commands are given with the keyboard. This has the advantage that you
menus (see |gui.txt|).
An overview of this manual can be found in the file "help.txt", |help.txt|.
It can be accessed from within Vim with the or key and with the
|:help| command (just type ":help", without the bars or quotes).
 The 'helpfile' option can be set to the name of the help file, in case it
is not located in the default place. You can jump to subjects like with tags:
Use CTRL-] to jump to a subject under the cursor, use CTRL-T to jump back.
Throughout this manual the differences between Vi and Vim are mentioned in
curly braces, like this: {Vi does not have on-line help}. See |vi_diff.txt|
for a summary of the differences between Vim and Vi.
This manual refers to Vim on various machines. There may be small differences
between different computers and terminals. Besides the remarks given in this
document, there is a separate document for each supported system, see
Vim is pronounced as one word, like Jim, not vi-ai-em. It's written with a
capital, since it's a name, again like Jim.
This manual is a reference for all the Vim commands and options. This is not
an introduction to the use of Vi or Vim, it gets a bit complicated here and
there. For beginners, there is a hands-on |tutor|. To learn using Vim, read
the user manual |usr_toc.txt|.
There are many books on Vi that contain a section for beginners. There are
two books I can recommend:
 "Vim - Vi Improved" by Steve Oualline
This is the very first book completely dedicated to Vim. It is very good for
beginners. The most often used commands are explained with pictures and
examples. The less often used commands are also explained, the more advanced
features are summarized. There is a comprehensive index and a quick
reference. Parts of this book have been included in the user manual
Published by New Riders Publishing. ISBN: _PHONE_
For more information try one of these:
 "Learning the Vi editor" by Linda Lamb and Arnold Robbins
This is a book about Vi that includes a chapter on Vim (in the sixth edition).
The first steps in Vi are explained very well. The commands that Vim adds are
only briefly mentioned. There is also a German translation.
Published by O'Reilly. ISBN: 1-56592-426-6.
2. Vim on the internet *internet*
 *www* *WWW* *faq* *FAQ* *distribution* *download*
The Vim pages contain the most recent information about Vim. They also
contain links to the most recent version of Vim. The FAQ is a list of
Frequently Asked Questions. Read this if you have problems.
 VIM home page: _URL_
 VIM FAQ: _URL_
 Downloading: _URL_
Usenet News group where Vim is discussed: *news* *usenet*
This group is also for other editors. If you write about Vim, don't forget to
mention that.
 *mail-list* *maillist*
There are several mailing lists for Vim:
 For discussions about using existing versions of Vim: Useful mappings,
 questions, answers, where to get a specific version, etc. There are
 quite a few people watching this list and answering questions, also
 for beginners. Don't hesitate to ask your question here.
 *vim-dev* *vimdev*
 For discussions about changing Vim: New features, porting, patches,
 beta-test versions, etc.
 *vim-announce*
 Announcements about new versions of Vim; also for beta-test versions
 and ports to different systems. This is a read-only list.
 *vim-multibyte*
 For discussions about using and improving the multi-byte aspects of
 *vim-mac*
 For discussions about using and improving the Macintosh version of
 See _URL_ for the latest information.
 from (to avoid spam mail).
- Maximum message size is 40000 characters.
If you want to join, send a message to
give you help on how to subscribe.
For more information and archives look on the Vim maillist page:
Bug reports: *bugs* *bug-reports* *bugreport.vim*
Send bug reports to: Vim bugs
This is not a maillist but the message is redirected to the Vim maintainer.
Please be brief; all the time that is spent on answering mail is subtracted
from the time that is spent on improving Vim! Always give a reproducible
example and try to find out which settings or other things influence the
appearance of the bug. Try different machines, if possible. Send me patches
if you can!
It will help to include information about the version of Vim you are using and
your setup. You can get the information with this command:
 :so $VIMRUNTIME/bugreport.vim
This will create a file "bugreport.txt" in the current directory, with a lot
of information of your environment. Before sending this out, check if it
doesn't contain any confidential information!
If Vim crashes, please try to find out where. You can find help on this here:
In case of doubt or when you wonder if the problem has already been fixed but
you can't find a fix for it, become a member of the vim-dev maillist and ask
your question there. |maillist|
 *year-2000* *Y2K*
Since Vim internally doesn't use dates for editing, there is no year 2000
problem to worry about. Vim does use the time in the form of seconds since
January 1st 1970. It is used for a time-stamp check of the edited file and
the swap file, which is not critical and should only cause warning messages.
There might be a year 2038 problem, when the seconds don't fit in a 32 bit int
anymore. This depends on the compiler, libraries and operating system.
Specifically, time_t and the ctime() function are used. And the time_t is
stored in four bytes in the swap file. But that's only used for printing a
file date/time for recovery, it will never affect normal editing.
The Vim strftime() function directly uses the strftime() system function.
localtime() uses the time() system function. getftime() uses the time
returned by the stat() system function. If your system libraries are year
2000 compliant, Vim is too.
The user may create scripts for Vim that use external commands. These might
introduce Y2K problems, but those are not really part of Vim itself.
3. Credits *credits* *author* *Bram* *Moolenaar*
Most of Vim was written by Bram Moolenaar .
Parts of the documentation come from several Vi manuals, written by:
 W.N. Joy
 Alan P.W. Hewett
 Mark Horton
The Vim editor is based on Stevie and includes (ideas from) other software,
worked on by the people mentioned here. Other people helped by sending me
patches, suggestions and giving feedback about what is good and bad in Vim.
Vim would never have become what it is now, without the help of these people!
 Ron Aaron Win32 GUI changes
 Mohsin Ahmed encryption
 Zoltan Arpadffy work on VMS port
 Tony Andrews Stevie
 Gert van Antwerpen changes for DJGPP on MS-DOS
 Berkeley DB(3) ideas for swap file implementation
 Keith Bostic Nvi
 Walter Briscoe Makefile updates, various patches
 Ralf Brown SPAWNO library for MS-DOS
 Robert Colon many useful remarks
 Marcin Dalecki GTK+ GUI port,


text:
The poetics of sovereignty in American literature, _PHONE_
Cambridge University Press, New York, 2013. 214 pp.
During the Progressive Era, the United States regularly suspended its own laws to regulate racialized populations. Judges and administrators relied on the rhetoric of sovereignty to justify such legal practices, while in American popular culture, sovereignty helped authors coin tropes that have become synonymous with American exceptionalism today. In this book, Andrew Hebard challenges the notion of sovereignty as a'state of exception' in American jurisprudence and literature at the turn of the twentieth century. Hebard explores how literary trends such as romance and realism helped conventionalize, and thereby sanction, the federal government's use of sovereignty in a range of foreign and domestic policy matters, including the regulation of overseas colonies, immigration, Native American lands, and extra-legal violence in the American South. Weaving historiography with close readings of Mark Twain, the Western, and other hallmarks of Progressive Era literature, Hebard's study offers a new cultural context for understanding the legal history of race relations in the United States.
Table of Contents
Introduction: 'an empire of letters'
1. 'Like a disembodied shade': popular romances and the American imperial state
2. Styling territory: Mark Twain and the'stupendous joke' of imperial sovereignty
3. 'Twisted from the ordinary': naturalism, sovereignty, and the conventions of Chinese exclusion
4. Acts of lawless discretion: Westerns and the Plenary Administration of Native Americans
5. Romance and riot: Charles Chesnutt and the conventions of extralegal violence in the Jim Crow South
Andrew Hebard is Assistant Professor of English Literature at Miami University of Ohio


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Ask Marilyn: Is Grade Padding Fair?
Name withheld in Baltimore writes:
Marilyn: I teach at a public high school. Our administrator has been pressuring us to "pad the grades." For example, he says students should be given "50" no matter how low they score on an assignment. His argument is that on the five-point GPA scale, A=4, B=3, C=2, D=1, and F=0, so the same ratio should apply to percentage grades. Many teachers at my school would be indebted to you if you could help prove him wrong.
Nice try, Mr. Administrator! First, you can't justify modifying the grading scale at your school unless other schools follow suit. (And if they do, you won't improve your school's standing.)
That said, let's look at the proposal's logic. It implies that percentage grades should be the same as letter grades, as though 90 to 100 percent is an A, 80 to 89 percent is a B, 70 to 79 percent is a C, 60 to 69 percent is a D, and 50 to 59 percent is an F. But an F represents the entire range below the grade of D, which is 0 to 59 percent (or often 0 to 64 percent).
A grade of 65 is a reasonable standard for passing a test. (The student has grasped about two-thirds of the material.) But with this proposal, 50 of those 65 points would be freebies when totaling test scores to determine an overall letter grade.


BALLYA BLOG - Articles of Food Safety upstream & downstream supply chain
milk powder
How do you store powdered milk long term?
Posed on November 8, 2019, edited by Samantha, category
milk powder store
Do you know? Milk powder for babies is easily going bad, not just pay attention to it in summer! In addition, because infant milk nutritional facts are rich, which contains high protein content, it is easy to attract worms, then, how to prevent milk powder from getting wet? Unopened milk powder is best preserved at room temperature, dry, ventilated, dark and shady locations, such as food shelves and furniture not exposed to sunlight. Avoid putting milk powder in dark, damp and illuminated places, such as kitchen, kitchen, floor, windowsill, etc.
How to preserve the shelf life of milk powder after opening?
1. Cover the canned milk powder tightly after opening to ensure the can is sealed. Please wipe the lid with a clean and dry paper towel or cotton towel before using it. Don't wipe the lid with a wet towel.
milk powder
milk powder
2. Bagged milk powder after opening is usually placed at room temperature, dry, ventilated, dark and cool places, such as food cabinets, food shelves, etc. Must seal tightly to avoid air permeability, it is best to put sealed milk powder bags in sealed cans with caps to ensure there is no air permeability.
3. Notice that the most important thing for open milk powder is to keep it as sealed as possible. It is necessary to quickly cover the lid or seal the mouth of the milk powder bag, avoid opening it for a long time because by doing that will let air or humid gas enter the milk powder can or bag, and make the milk powder moist or oxidative deterioration.
Don't put the opened milk powder in the refrigerator. Because the baby has to drink milk many times a day, milk powder will be taken and put many times, and the temperature and humidity inside and outside the refrigerator are very different, it is easy to cause milk powder deliquescence, clot and deterioration.
Make sure that the milk is good for you. Pay attention to the production date of milk powder cans or milk powder bags printed with production date and shelf life, but after opening, it can not be limited to this date. Most milk powder after opening is valid for one month, more than one month, there is the possibility of deliquescence or deterioration, can not be eaten for babies.
milk powder
milk powder
Discrimination of Milk Powder Quality
1. The sealing performance of canned milk powder is better. Some canned milk powder is covered with transparent film, through which milk powder can be observed. Shake milk powder, if there is caking, it suggests that the product quality may be problematic, then you should change the milk substitute in time.
2. Canned milk powder without transparent film, if there is aeration phenomenon on the top, suggesting that the sealing of the canned milk powder may be insufficient.
(1). Bagged milk powder can be squeezed by both hands. The hands feel soft, smooth and flowing. Caking, cap blowing. If using hand to squeeze or touch of milk powder bags has a feeling of uneven or lumpy, that is indicated that milk powder has deterioration, then the milk powder can't be eaten, or it will lead the milk allergic.
(2). Tips: Milk powder after dampness can't be eaten. Milk powder after dampness can easily contaminate pathogens, so it can't be eaten. In humid conditions, we should pay attention to the preservation method of milk powder, and avoid using a wet spoon or wet hand to get milk powder, to avoid dampness of milk powder.
There is one thing we have to mention besides the bad effect of babies' health caused by spoilage and bacteria. That is aflatoxin, aflatoxin is a kind of carcinogen and a highly toxic substance. The harm of aflatoxin lies in its destructive effect on human and animal liver tissues, which can lead to liver cancer and even death in serious cases. Aflatoxin M1 is mainly found in various kinds of milk. M means "milk". It also has a brother M2.
Chinese maximum permitted aflatoxin content of milk and its products (sterilized milk, fresh raw milk, whole milk powder, evaporated milk, sweet condensed milk) and butter fresh pig tissue (liver, kidney, blood, and lean meat) is 0.5 g/kg (aflatoxin M1).
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Organization of a nomadic apiary
Organization of a nomadic apiary
The article tells about the organization of a nomadic apiary. The most important thing for a nomadic apiary is the location of the bees or in the pavilion on the platform. I advise you to immediately exclude the option, when the beehive is on the ground, and for transportation it is required to load them into the car and unload it to a new place, because This method requires the hiring of movers, and the time of transportation of bees at night is reduced because of the time spent on loading. Preference should be given to keeping the bees on the platform because of fire safety, because The inflamed platform can be extinguished, having dumped a beehive from a platform and extinguish a fire on the ground, the pavilion can not be extinguished.
So, you are going to create a nomadic apiary. First, you need to determine the number of hives located in the apiary. The recommended number of beehives to one beekeeper is from 50 to 75, depending on the age. The next step is to choose a platform. You can buy a ready platform, or buy a trailer, then build a platform out of it yourself.
Depending on the configuration of the platform, the time of manufacturing the platform from a conventional trailer is several months. This interval depends on many factors: one or more tiers of hives; with additional retractable modules or not. The next article will be about the construction of single-tier platforms with additional retractable modules (the name "exhaust" will be used later).
Proceeding from the experience of operating various platforms, we give some recommendations for building a platform – it is recommended to make a single-tier platform, since multi-tiered platforms have a high center of gravity, which leads to an increased probability of tipping over. If you still decided to make a multi-tier platform, then it is advisable to make the top tier of the platform pushing to the side, otherwise it is inconvenient to cooperate with families in the lower tiers.
Extraction is desirable to make a retractable behind the platform, since there is no need to disengage the tractor from the platform during daytime idle time, or when traveling over long distances. If you increase the overall rigidity of the platform – during transport the trailer will stop swinging.
At the location of the permanent location of the platform, it is desirable to have an auxiliary apiary. It is a small family or nucleus. Their main purpose is to strengthen the main family at the time of bribery, as well as the operative replanting of the queens to the main family with its loss. For the possibility of strengthening the main families, the size of the framework of the auxiliary and main families should be the same.
Organization of a nomadic apiary


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Isabella Rachels married Johannes Lydius during the 1690s while he was domine of the Reformed Church at Antwerp Belgium. With her young children, she accompanied Lydius to New York in 1700 where he had accepted a call to the Dutch Reformed Church at Albany.
Three more babies were born in America and the family settled into a comfortable life in their new State Street home. This minister's wife set down roots in Albany and played a supportive role in church activities. But the untimely death of Johannes Lydius in 1710 left Isabella with charge of his Albany estate and also with responsiblity for administering his property in Holland for the benefit of their five surviving children.
By January 1711, widow Isabella Lydius had entered into a marriage contract with widower Jacob Staats, an Albany physician. With her two European-born daughters, she became a naturalized British subject in 1716. After raising her family and Staats's two daughters as well, she inherited his property after Jacob Staats's death in 1735. She died in December 1745 and was buried beneath the church.
first posted: 1999; last revised 2/03


Microsoft 365 Feature Could Allow Companies To Spy On Their Employees
Monitoring what your employees do can have certain advantages and disadvantages, where if you're finding that productivity isn't as good as it should be, seeing what's going on could help fix that. However, the disadvantage is that people in general don't like being monitored as it is an invasion of privacy.
It turns out that if your company uses Microsoft 365, they could have been monitoring you all this time. This is because a report from The Guardian has revealed that one of the features of Microsoft 365 is the ability for companies to monitor and "spy" on their employees. Apparently this feature comes in the form of a "productivity score" in which management can monitor employees to see how "productive" they are.
However, researcher Wolfie Christl claims that this is a problem because it judges employees based on purely arbitrary metrics, versus the actual quality of their work. For example for some people, they might work fast and have more down time, which means that they look "unproductive". Other people can take longer to work, but they do so because they want to ensure the best possible quality, both of which are traits that shouldn't necessarily be penalized using such a system.
That being said, while the feature is present, it doesn't necessarily mean that companies are using it to track and monitor the productivity of their employees, but the fact that it is there does seem to have raised some concerns.
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Matthew 27:51 At that moment the curtain of the temple was torn in two from top to bottom. The earth shook and the rocks split.
THE SEAL AT THE GARDEN TOMB. - Matthew 27:65 "Take a guard," Pilate answered. "Go, make the tomb as secure as you know how." 66 So they went and made the tomb secure by putting a seal on the stone and posting the guard.
Matthew 27.33 They came to a place called Golgotha (which means The Place of the Skull).


class="wiki"> from django.db import model class Payment(models.Model): #... ccy_code = models.CharField(max_length=3) In my python code I refer to the currency code as follows: p = Payment() #... print p.ccy_code Later, I decide to actually create a "Currency" table to hold some information about currencies. And I also decide to define a foreign key constraint from "Payment" to "Currency". My model now looks like: from django.db import model class Currency(models.Model): ccy_code = models.CharField(max_length=3, primary_key=True) #... class Payment(models.Model): #... ccy = models.ForeignKey(Currency, to_field="ccy_code", db_column="ccy_code") The problem here is that my existing Python code is broken, because "ccy_code" is not defined anymore for "Payment". Django has instead define a "ccy_id" attribute. Based on the principle that defining things like foreign keys should only add functionality (and not remove any) it seems quite important to me that one can choose the id attribute name. This can be achieved by adding an optional keyword argument to ForeignKey/OneToOneField constructors (here I decided to call it "id_attr_name"). The implementation of this feature is pretty small and fully backward-compatible. Here is the SVN diff against trunk: Index: =================================================================== --- (revision 10924) +++ (working copy) @@ -660,6 +660,7 @@ class ForeignKey(RelatedField, Field): empty_strings_allowed = False def __init__(self, to, to_field=None, rel_class=ManyToOneRel, **kwargs): + self.__id_attr_name = kwargs.pop('id_attr_name', None) try: to_name = to._meta.object_name.lower() except AttributeError: # to._meta doesn't exist, so it must be RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT @@ -679,7 +680,10 @@ self.db_index = True def get_attname(self): - return '%s_id' % + if self.__id_attr_name: + return self.__id_attr_name + else: + return '%s_id' % def get_validator_unique_lookup_type(self): return '%s__%s__exact' % (, self.rel.get_related_field().name) In my example, I could then define my model like: from django.db import model class Currency(models.Model): ccy_code = models.CharField(max_length=3, primary_key=True) #... class Payment(models.Model): #... ccy = models.ForeignKey(Currency, to_field="ccy_code", db_column="ccy_code", id_attr_name="ccy_code") Results #11482: Add Google map events handling Wed, 15 Jul 2009 14:53:51 GMT kapa77 Now only Markers can have events added, there should be possibility to add events to map also. I'm adding very simple patch. Results #11487: Oracle encoding bug when saving more than 4000 characters Thu, 16 Jul 2009 15:11:57 GMT mdpetry I am working on a project where I have to store a large amount of content, (html) in a record from a table, I am using Oracle as the database What is very strange... is put a text reasonably small, (around 3000 characters) and it works correctly, save without problems, but doubling this size, this content is saved completely changed. This patch works well on: Django 1.1 (svn), debian, and Oracle 10g with cx_oracle 4.4.1 Results #11495: Improvements to django.views.static.serve directory indexes Fri, 17 Jul 2009 02:18:06 GMT SmileyChris This patch sorts indexes and shows directories before files. It also adds functionality for providing an index prefix so the template can show the full indexed path correctly. Results #11590: REQUEST: Give LabelCommand an option for default behavior (when no labels are specified) Wed, 29 Jul 2009 17:03:03 GMT maaku The LabelCommand class is handy, but I've found circumstances where I need a default behavior when no labels are specified on the command line. For example, when specifying directories os.getcwd() provides a reasonable default and a convenient shorthand. Unless I missed something, implementing these commands required reimplementing LabelCommand.handle with the default hard coded in. Obviously violates DRY. Suggestion: Add field "default_label" to LabelCommand with value "None" Switch (line 317-318 in django/trunk/django/core/management/ if not labels: raise CommandError('Enter at least one %s.' % self.label) to if not labels: if not self.default_label raise CommandError('Enter at least one %s.' % self.label) else: labels = [self.default_label] or something similar. Patch is attached. Results #11605: syncdb breaks for some proxy models Thu, 30 Jul 2009 19:12:55 GMT jds If the proxy model is in an application listed before the parent model's application, the table does not get created. I have an application, testapp, with this testapp/ from django.contrib.auth.models import User class MyUser(User): class Meta: proxy = True INSTALLED_APPS has testapp listed before django.contrib.auth. The auth_user table does not get created. This is related to #11428. The patch shows where the issue is. If this is intended behavior, a small addition to the Available Settings > INSTALLED_APPS documentation would clear this up. Results #11634: OpenLayers default position Tue, 04 Aug 2009 20:01:00 GMT dalkvist The openlayers.js templet don't take the display projection setting from the GeoModelAdmin classes in to consideration when applying the default position. Fore example then the display projection is sett to 4326 (wgs83 standard lon/lat) and the map projection is sett to 900913 (the "google projection"). Then it is reasonable to expect the default position to be in the display projection and not the map projection. The supplied patch checks to see if the display_projection is sett, if it is then adds a transformation call (from display projection to map projection) when the default position is used, in the openlayers.js Results #11642: Specify default namespace in Thu, 06 Aug 2009 01:34:43 GMT mrmachine The new URL namespace feature is great, but could be made a little easier to use by allowing a default namespace to be defined as a variable in the urls module being included (e.g. namespace). This could be looked up by Django automatically if no namespace is specified when the urls module is included, in the same way that urlpatterns is looked up. In myapp/: namespace ='myapp' urlpatterns('myapp', url('^$', 'index', name='index'), ) In myproject/: urlpatterns('', url(r'^myapp/$', include('myapp.urls')), ) In your templates: {% url myapp:index %} The benefit here is that users will not need to specify a namespace for every app in their urls module to avoid clashes with commonly named urls (e.g. "index"), unless they are deploying multiple instances of the same app, which I would have thought is the less common case. At the moment I believe the only way to specify a default namespace (like the admin app does) is to define a three item tuple somewhere in myapp which contains urlpatterns from myapp.urls plus app and instance namespaces. But this can't be referenced by a simple string like the urls module can, it must be imported directly before being used. It also seems a little messy and counter-intuitive asking users to import and include myapp.urls.namespace or myapp.urls_namespace or something similar, instead of just importing or referencing the urls module. Results #117


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The master's project team collaborated with the Chesapeake Bay Trust (CBT) to assist local watershed organizations in implementing stewardship programs that foster environmentally responsible behaviors within the Maryland region of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. To achieve this goal, our team first reviewed literature on behavior change models and strategies. Based on this research, we conducted interviews and observations to obtain initial insights regarding grantees' practices, challenges and needs. We then designed and administered a survey to CBT grant applicants. Results showed that the majority of respondents felt that their organizations seek to motivate individuals to protect the Bay and/or local waters through their environmental outreach programming. However, many organizations face a number of challenges in achieving these behavior change goals, including recruiting audiences "outside the choir,"Â effectively applying behavior change strategies, and evaluating their programs. In addition, respondents stated that they would benefit from more opportunities to collaborate with other organizations, as well as from training in how to use academic research, social marketing, and evaluation in their programming. The team used these results to develop recommendations and tools to assist the CBT in facilitating effective behavior change programs. Although this study is specific to the Chesapeake Watershed, it has useful insights for other organizations interested in fostering environmentally-responsible behaviors.
- Phase 1 interim report providing overview of literature review; presentation to Trust staff.
- Phase 2 interim report on proposed impact-probability model; presentation to Trust staff.
- Final report summarizing phase 1 and 2 reports and providing recommendations for refinement of relevant Request of Proposals (RFPs) and issues to be addressed in continuing research and evaluation.
- Meghan Kelley, MS Behavior, Education and Communication
- Sam Little, MS Behavior, Education and Communication
- Kaitlin Phelps, MS Behavior, Education and Communication
- Carrie Roble, MS Environmental Justice


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Diplomas Now identifies effective interventions for each of four risk factors and weaves these interventions into the School Improvement Plan. Each risk factor requires a coordinated weave of interventions at three tiers:
- School-wide interventions are part of the daily whole-school and classroom programs. When planned and implemented effectively, whole-school interventions keep 70–80% of students on track. The remaining 20–30% of students require additional supports, either targeted or intensive.
- Targeted interventions, serving 10-20% of students, are defined as having a 1:15 to 1:20 adult-student ratio, with moderate levels concentrated help from the teacher or program provider.
- Intensive interventions, serving up to 10% of students, are defined as having a maximum 1:5 adult-student ratio with high levels of concentrated help from the teacher or program provider.


Analyzing the ebb and flow of traffic to skin sites over the past five years, I've arrived at some interesting truisms regarding our prurient online behavior. For example, when looking at porn visits by day of week, without fail, Fridays rank as the most popular day to visit porn sites, while Sunday, traditionally the day of rest or Christian Sabbath, is the least busy day of the week. As we pull our winter coats out of the closet, temperature also affects visits to porn sites. The colder the region, the more adult entertainment visits per capita.
When we think porn, we often jump to the conclusion that this is a male-dominated category. One of the more interesting trends is the increase in female visits to the category. As of the first week of November 2009, more than 30 percent of all porn visitors in the United States were female. But when we look at habits of women versus men, the difference between the sexes couldn't be clearer.
While men visit free adult video or "tube" sites—sites that provide something visual in the form of entertainment—women have an entirely different interest. One of the persistent differences between men and women (both online, as well offline) is that men tend to have stronger interest in visual content, while women are more likely to consume content in text.


InvestorQ : Is there something known as side-pocketing in debt mutual funds? What is it?
Dhwani Mehta made post
Crowny Pinto answered.
2 years ago
Debt mutual funds are not without risk. When a default or rating of an underlying security downgrade, NAV of the fund get affected. Not just this, there is an additional problem related to it. There are cases, where some knowledgeable investors make benefit at the expense of less aware investors.
Knowledgeable investors here mean those with access to better information than the other investors. It is not a crime to have better access to any information. However, some people may acquire information unfairly. For instance, institutions or companies or influential investors through their banking relationships get information which is not easily available to other investors. Smarter investors use this information for better fund management to get the true picture and act accordingly.
Retail investor, on the other hand, may lack the skills or influence to get such information or even don't really act on such information.
Now, to address this issue SEBI has issued a circular in this regard, to segregate funds into two different parts – Main Portfolio (Good fund), this will have good securities or those assets unaffected by the event. The Segregated portfolio (the bad fund) will have the affected assets. You can also call this process side-pocketing, though SEBI has not specified nomenclature for this process. Under this process, losses will be equally absorbed by all funds.


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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Pilot Biologist Fred Roetker's Cessna float plane used during the May pond count – photo courtesy USFWS
Anything that dictates waterfowl hunting season lengths, dates and bag limits always catches hunters' attention. Which is why the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's annual Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey report never goes unnoticed as hunters enter the off-season's final stretch.
In preparation for the report's release, typically the first week of July, it might be helpful to understand who exactly comes up with these counts, how they do it, and perhaps even more importantly, how the results ultimately impact hunters.
From midto late May, the USFWS teams up with the Canadian Wildlife Service and state, provincial and tribal agencies to conduct the survey, which is designed to estimate the breeding waterfowl population's size and to evaluate habitat conditions. Each year, pilot biologists and observers fly fixed-wing airplanes at low altitude (150 feet) on established transect lines throughout the continent's major waterfowl habitat areas. The survey covers more than 55,000 linear miles representing more than 2.1 million square miles of the northern United States and Canada.
How does USFWS come up with final estimates?
The aerial waterfowl count is complemented by surveys ground crews conduct to make up for the fact that some birds aren't visible from the air. It's easy to imagine, for example, that large, bright canvasbacks are much easier to see than small, cryptically colored green-winged teal. The disparity between the aerial and ground counts of individual species helps biologists develop visibility correction factors to apply to aerial counts.
First, they use their aerial counts and adjust them based on these visibility correction factors, then extrapolate the sampled transect results to the entire survey area. Over the last 55 years, the result has been an estimate of breeding duck numbers using key nesting areas.
In some of the far northern regions of the traditional survey area, like the Boreal Forest, ground counts simply aren't feasible, as access to the land is extremely limited. In these situations, the USFWS changes its aerial game plan by conducting the visibility surveys along a limited number of transects in helicopters rather than fixed-wing planes. Since the helicopters move slower and offer greater visibility, corrections can be developed from fixed-wing versus helicopter observations.
Important to note is that populations of a number of species, including mallards, northern shovelers, blue-winged and green-winged teal and gadwalls have been, in recent years, higher than the long-term average. The 2010 survey will reveal whether or not this recent trend will continue.
All about habitat
The term "May ponds" refers to the index of wetland habitat obtained at the same time the birds are counted, hence the Habitat portion of the survey. As a general rule, duck production increases in wet years; so, the number of May ponds along with the count of breeding ducks is an early signal of the coming fall flight. In recent years, the surveys have shown much variation in habitat conditions between different regions. For example, the 2009 survey reported that considerable precipitation in late spring 2008 and above-normal precipitation over the fall and winter recharged wetlands across the Dakotas and eastern Montana, making for especially wet habitat conditions. Conversely, below-average precipitation through northern Saskatchewan and parts of northern Manitoba led to rather dry conditions.
The 2010 survey will show current expectations for habitat conditions in the coming season. The survey results for habitat and waterfowl populations will be the basis for the regulations process. The process between the USFWS and states, which sets season dates and bag limits, begins within a few weeks after the survey's completion.
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If there is no free will, why do we punish people?
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If there is No Free Will, Why Do We Punish People? Name Institution If there is No Free Will, Why Do We Punish People? Free will is someone's ability to act at his or her own discretion. The statement 'There is no free will' basically implies that decision-making is involuntary hence people are not responsible for their actions. The need to punish someone comes from the fact that they are guilty of a particular wrongdoing. If indeed there is no free will, why do we hold people accountable for decisions which they have no control over? Is it ethical? Is the society justified to administer judgment to criminals? This topic is self-contradicting. The fact that we can choose between punishing people and not punishing them, judging the society and establishing the ethical ground for judgment implies that there is free will. If a society can make a choice of punishing an individual then, an individual should without any doubt, be able to choose between following the set laws in a society and not following them. If indeed there is no free will, then criminals would not exist, and the society would spontaneously react to any action. I believe that each person in a society apart from infants and people with severe mental illness can act at his or her own discretion. As much as there are factors such as human genome, personality, upbringing and surrounding just to name a few which make people susceptible to crime, we are all at liberty to follow the law. The argument against free will is put forward to exonerate wrongdoers from their crimes by justifying their actions. If indeed there is no free will, why would we be interested in knowing whether punishing
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From Supplyto Demand-led: Labour Training in Latin America
Over the past two decades, most Latin American countries began to see the need to reform their labour training systems. Up until this time, traditional training in Latin America had been supply-driven, with large-sized public sector institutions providing training based on what they perceived was needed within a state-led industrial development framework. Graduates of these training institutions were supposed to be absorbed by the emerging industrial sector. However, this model broke down during the crisis-ridden 1980s, as the firm-size structure of the economy shifted dramatically towards smaller firms and the informal sector grew exponentially. The response in the 1990s was a demand-driven approach, where the state had a role in financing, but much less so in providing training. A host of programmes along these lines were implemented across Latin America, many of which included built-in impact evaluations. This Brief begins by describing general features of the shift to a demand-led approach to labour training and highlights some of the main programmes in the region. It then presents the results of the impact evaluations undertaken, concluding with some key lessons that may be useful for labour training initiatives in other contexts.
- The market mechanisms of the demand-driven model have encouraged competition among training institutions and the creation of a market for training in cases where none existed previously. Key elements for the success of these programmes are in the design: private sector participation in consultations during the design phase; competition promoted on the basis of relevance, quality and cost-efficiency; and a clear mechanism to link training to a future job, such as through internships.
- Although measured impacts are hardly homogeneous, some clear patterns emerge across countries and programmes. In particular, impacts on job quality - through formal sector employment and higher wages - seem more likely than on employment rates alone.
- Interestingly, impacts among women are both more frequent and larger than for men. This indicates that these programmes may play an important role as policies orientated to reduce gender gaps in the labour market.
Otros materiales de ELLA conocimientos relativos a la Políticas activas del mercado laboral:
GUíAS Y RESúMENES
COMENTARIOS DE EXPERTOS


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A constitution is what defines any Society: it lays out and unifies your aims and objectives and is the first reference for all procedural issues. It's the first thing you'll need to take care of when you decide to set one up. Luckily, college Society constitutions need not be overly long or detailed, but it's also important not to leave out any essentials.
A good constitution will include:
- The name of your Society (of course!).
- A list of the committee positions. See next page.
- Meeting schedule: how often are the committee expected to meet during term? Once every two to three weeks should be enough.
- The main objectives of your society: what do you want to achieve?
- AGM and EGM procedures: who calls these, and how far in advance must they be called? Typically, a Secretary should call these no later than one full week prior to the date fixed.
- Details on membership: how does a student become a member of your Society?
- Voting rights: some societies require members to have attended a certain number of meetings throughout the college year before they qualify for voting rights.


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Assessing Policy Innovation: Climate Action Planning in the U.S. Southwest
Climate action planning
AdvisorGarfin, Gregg M.
MetadataShow full item record
PublisherThe University of Arizona.
RightsCopyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author.
AbstractCities are on the front lines of climate change, and local climate action planning has the potential to both reduce greenhouse gas emissions through mitigation and reduce vulnerability to climate risk through climate adaptation. A growing body of planning research has explored climate action planning but has primarily focused on dedicated climate action plans and generally relied upon a narrow sample of coastal and larger cities that do not represent the diversity of cities that planners serve within the United States. This dissertation focuses on climate action planning in arid lands with an overarching research question: How are cities in the U.S. Southwest planning for climate change? The original research I present in this dissertation addresses this question through three interrelated papers that assess the state of planning literature on climate action planning research (Appendix A), document the concerns, approaches, and catalyst and barriers planners report facing when addressing climate risk (Appendix B), and evaluate how climate action planning is being mainstreamed into comprehensive plans (Appendix C). This dissertation advances planning scholarship and practice by expanding the understanding of climate action planning in cities in the arid lands of the U.S. Southwest.
Degree ProgramGraduate College
Arid Lands Resource Sciences


) {
print "$_ is readablen" if -r; # same as -r $ _
 # The filename is in $_
 my $size_in_K = -s / 1000; # Oops!
When the Perl parser sees the slash, it doesn't think about division. Since it's look ing for the optional operand for -s, it sees what looks like the start of a regular expression in forward slashes. To prevent this confusion, put parentheses around the file test:
Explicitly giving a file test a parameter is safer.
{mospagebreak title=The stat and lstat Functions}
Though these file tests are fine for testing various attributes regarding a particular file or filehandle, they don't tell the whole story. For example, there's no file test that returns the number of links to a file or the owner's user ID (uid). To get at the remaining information about a file, call the stat function, which returns pretty much everything that the stat Unix system call returns (and more than you want to know).† The operand to stat is a filehandle or an expression that evaluates to a filename. The return value is either the empty list indicating that the stat failed (usually because the file doesn't exist), or a 13-element list of numbers, most easily described using the following list of scalar variables:
 = stat($filename);
The names here refer to the parts of the stat structure, described in detail in the stat(2) manpage. You should look there for the detailed descriptions. Here's a quick summary of the important ones:
$dev and $ino
The device number and inode number of the file. Together, they make up a "license plate" for the file. Even if it has more than one name (hard link), the combination of device and inode numbers will be unique.
The set of permission bits for the file and some other bits. If you've ever used the Unix command ls -l to get a detailed (long) file listing, you'll see that each line of output starts with something like -rwxr-xr-x. The nine letters and hyphens of file permissions* correspond to the nine least significant bits of $mode, which would give the octal number 0755 in this case. The other bits, beyond the lowest nine, indicate other details about the file. If you need to work with the mode, you'll want to use the bitwise operators covered later in this chapter.
The number of (hard) links to the file or directory. This is the number of true names that the item has. This number is always 2 or more for directories and (usually) 1 for files. You'll see more about this when we talk about creating links to files in Chapter 12. In the listing from ls -l, this is the number just after the permission bits string.
$uid and $gid
The numeric user ID and group ID showing the file's ownership.
$atime, $mtime, and $ctime
The three timestamps, but here they're represented in the system's timestamp format: a 32-bit number telling how many seconds have passed since the Epoch, which is an arbitrary starting point for measuring system time. On Unix systems and some others, the Epoch is the beginning of 1970 at midnight Universal Time, but the Epoch is different on some machines. There's more information later in this chapter on turning that timestamp number into something useful.
Invoking stat on the name of a symbolic link returns information on what the symbolic link points at and not information about the symbolic link itself unless the link happens to be pointing at nothing currently accessible. If you need the (mostly useless) information about the symbolic link itself, use lstat rather than stat (which returns the same information in the same order). If the operand isn't a symbolic link, lstat returns the same things that stat would.
Like the file tests, the operand of stat or lstat defaults to $_, meaning the underlying stat system call will be performed on the file named by the scalar variable $_.
{mospagebreak title=The localtime Function}
When you have a timestamp number (such as the ones from stat), it will typically look something like _PHONE_. That won't help you, unless you need to compare two timestamps by subtracting. You may need to convert it to something human-readable, such as a string like "Thu May 31 09:48:18 2007". Perl can do that with the localtime function in a scalar context:
 my $timestamp = _PHONE_;
my $date = localtime $timestamp;
In a list context, localtime returns a list of numbers, several of which may not be what you'd expect:
 = localtime $timestamp;
Two related functions are also useful. The gmtime function is the same as localtime, except that it returns the time in Universal Time (what we once called Greenwich Mean Time). If you need the current timestamp number from the system clock, use the time function. Both localtime and gmtime default to using the current time value if you don't supply a parameter:
For more information on manipulating date and time information, see the information about some useful modules in Appendix R.
{mospagebreak title=Bitwise Operators}
When you need to work with numbers bit by bit, as when working with the mode bits returned by stat, you'll need to use the bitwise operators. These operators perform binary math operations on values. The bitwise-and operator (&) reports which bits are set in the left argument and in the right argument. For example, the expression 10 & 12 has the value 8. The bitwise-and needs to have a one-bit in both operands to produce a one-bit in the result. That means that the logical-and operation on ten (which is 1010 in binary) and twelve (which is 1100 ) gives eight (which is 1000, with a one-bit only where the left operand has a one-bit and the right operand also has a one-bit). See Figure 11-1.
Figure 11-1. Bitwise-and addition
The different bitwise operators and their meanings are shown in Table 11-2.
Table 11-2. Bitwise operators
Expression Meaning
10 & 12 Bitwise-and; which bits are true in both operands (this gives 8 )
10 | 12 Bitwise-or; which bits are true in one operand or the other (this gives 14 )
10 ^ 12 Bitwise-xor; which bits are true in one operand or the other but not both (this gives 6 )
6 << 2
Bitwise shift left; shift the left operand the number of bits shown by the right operand, adding zero-bits
at the least-significant places (this gives 24 )
25 >> 2
Bitwise shift right; shift the left operand the number of bits shown by the right operand, discarding the
 least-significant bits (this gives 6 )
~ 10
Bitwise negation, also called unary bit complement; return the number with the opposite bit for each bit
 in the operand (this gives 0xFFFFFFF5, but see the text)
So, here's an example of some things you could do with the $mode returned by stat. The results of these bit manipulations could be useful with chmod, which you'll see in Chapter 12:
 # $mode is the mode value returned from a stat of CONFI G
 warn "Hey, the configuration file is world-writable!n"
if $mode & 0002; # configuration security problem
 my $classical_mode = 0777 & $mode;
 # mask off extra high-bits
 my $u_plus_x = $classical_mode | 0100;
 # turn one bit on
 my $go_minus_r = $classical_mode & (~ 0044); # turn two bits off
Using Bitstrings
All of the bitwise operators can work with bitstrings, as well as with integers. If the operands are integers, the result will be an integer. (The integer will be at least a 32-bit integer but may be larger if your machine supports that. That is, if you have a 64-bit machine, ~10 may give the 64-bit result 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF5, rather than the 32-bit result 0xFFFFFFF5.)
But if any operand of a bitwise operator is a string, Perl will perform the operation on that bitstring. That is, "xAA" | "x55" will give the string "xFF". Note that these values are single-byte strings and the result is a byte with all eight bits set. Bitstrings may be arbitrarily long.
This is one of the few places where Perl distinguishes between strings and numbers. See the perlop manpage for more information on using bitwise operators on strings.
{mospagebreak title=Using the Special Underscore Filehandle}
Every time you use stat, lstat, or a file test in a program, Perl has to go out to the system to ask for a stat buffer on the file (that is, the return buffer from the stat system call). That means if you want to know if a file is readable and writable, you'll ask the system twice for the same information, which isn't likely to change in a nonhostile environment.
This looks like a waste of time,* and can be avoided. Doing a file test, stat, or lstat on the special _ filehandle (the operand being a single underscore) tells Perl to use whatever happens to be lounging around in memory from the previous file test,


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Does redundancy in a file or data effect performance and security of encryption? (for example for AES, if not for general case)
Is it easier to encrypt something that has high redundancy or something that has almost no redundancy?
And does redundancy makes security weaker by any means?
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Proper encryption doesn't notice redundancy. You're putting in a bunch of bytes, getting out a bunch of bytes and runtime only depends on the length of the input. – CodesInChaos Oct 8 '13 at 16:42
1 Answer 1
up vote 5 down vote accepted
Pretty much all modern encryption systems (including AES, in any standard mode) are data-agnostic: they are designed to encrypt any byte (or bit) stream regardless of its content, and their performance does not depend in any way on what the stream contains.
Indeed, if this were not the case, that would open the encryption scheme to timing attacks — if the performance of the encryption system depended on the data being encrypted, an attacker would be able to learn something about the data by timing how long it takes to encrypt it. Modern encryption systems are designed to avoid such attacks, primarily by ensuring that their performance is constant regardless of the data being encrypted or the key used.
(That said, ensuring that the execution time of an encryption routine remains perfectly constant can be difficult, and it's not at all uncommon for timing attacks to be discovered against insufficiently careful implementations of even standard crypto algorithms. This is one reason why writing secure low-level crypto code requires a lot of skill and attention to detail. However, even when such vulnerabilities exist, they're typically a lot more subtle than what you describe.)
As for security, modern encryption schemes are also supposed to be secure regardless of the data being encrypted. Indeed, the minimum level of security typically expected of a secure encryption scheme is ciphertext indistinguishability under a chosen-plaintext attack (IND-CPA), which requires that, even if the attacker gets to choose the messages being encrypted, he still cannot distinguish the encrypted output from a random bitstring (of equal length).
That said, while encryption systems in current use (such as AES, in any secure mode) are assumed to meet this level of security, and while no-one currently knows (or at least has published) any attacks that would violate that claim, no-one has also ever managed to unconditionally prove that any encryption scheme actually meets that standard, and sometimes new attacks do get discovered against systems previously thought to be secure. If an encryption system is sufficiently badly broken, it is possible that the nature of the data being encrypted might affect the ability of an attacker to exploit the system's weakness. That said, any system for which that would be the case would be regarded as hopelessly insecure and unsuitable for use today.
share|improve this answer
So, if one wants to compare (performance, energy-efficiency) two data-agnostic cipher, the type of data in the input file will not matter? – Armen Oct 8 '13 at 21:33
Exactly. – Ilmari Karonen Oct 8 '13 at 22:19
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Lakita ('for the classroom' in Hebrew) is an innovative, not-for-profit crowdfunding platform for teacher-led educational initiatives in Israel. Lakita was established with the goal of helping educators bring innovative tools into the classroom, allowing them to maximize their potential and that of their students.
Our mission & vision
Our vision is to create direct ties between initiatives by creative and motivated educators, and every person who shares a belief in the importance of education in Israel. These ties will promote an educational environment in which the creativity and the support of educators will help to provide students with the best possible education.


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Lighting Designer: Fixture Targeting
A light fixture is frequently focused on a subject, whether that's a person, or an object. Just as frequently, the fixture or the subject has to move, meaning that the fixture is no longer focused correctly. Also, users needed to know which fixtures are focused on which subjects at a glance, and whether other objects on the plot will be affected by a light's beam.
At this point, it's just me with Lighting Designer. I'm the designer and developer, and also the beta tester.
This is actually a feature that doesn't exist in many plotting apps. Most take a "drafting" approach, in which fixtures are placed and rotated, but don't interact much with what's around them. One of the cornerstones of the Lighting Designer UX is that the plot is not a flat, static document; it's a living thing that should encourage interaction and flexibility.
Typically, plots get crowded, especially for studio settings. It's hundreds of light fixtures all nestled together, each threading the needle to illuminate what it's supposed to. So the user's most difficult task is knowing which fixtures are focused on which subjects. Also, a subject can have 30 lights focused on them; so if they move, all of those fixtures are now unfocused. Users needed a way to make those adjustments automatically. They also want to know how these movements affect the light hitting the subject.
The solution was a function called targeting. A light fixture's aim is controlled by dragging a crosshairs around the plot, and if the crosshairs are released on another plot object, the selected fixture is now targeting that object. If the fixture is moved, it automatically adjusts its rotation to point at its target; if the target moves, the targeting fixture rotates to follow it.
The other part of the solution was exposure calculation. This has been a big request from users for a long time, and this was absolutely the time to do it. Our third-party database partner supplied candela and beam angle values for its fixtures, and I built a table so users could enter their own values, or calculate them from light meter readings. Using that data, I could display the fixture's beam on the plot, and also determine its brightness when it hits its target subject.
Candela is the unit for the amount of light emitted in one direction, so to find the brightness on the subject I convert that to foot-candles, which is a measurement of the amount of light hitting an object:
To convert foot-candles to lux (which is a common European unit of brightness), I simply multiply the foot-candles by the constant 10.76391, because foot-candles and lux are just like feet and meters; two ways of measuring the same thing. If I wanted to calculate brightness in terms of f-stop, for a camera, I would use the formula:
F-stop is actually the denominator of a fraction; when 1 is the numerator, that ratio represents the focal length of the lens (e.g. 50mm) to the diameter of the lens aperture. (This is why a smaller f-stop actually means a wider aperture.) Although this mathematical f-stop can be expressed as a floating-decimal value, in practice it's usually assigned as a standard f-stop number and an adjustment of 0.1 to 0.9, as displayed on a light meter. The time and ISO values may also be adjusted to achieve certain effects, and the user can get a sense of what they'll need to light for those adjustments.
This was fairly easy to implement on the engineering side, but it still left the problem of knowing which fixtures were targeting which subjects. After some test usage, I came up with the idea of pointers: an arrow from the targeting fixture to its target. The user can decide whether it appears only when one of the objects is selected, or when the plot is rendered, or always. They can also choose to display certain identifying information about the targeting fixture, such as its purpose, distance, calculated brightness, and channel (a unique ID number that's very useful in lighting practice).
In addition, I allowed the user to set their own "mid tone," which is their ideal exposure, in foot-candles, lux, or f-stop. For instance, if they were designing for a film, they'd set their mid tone to the camera's f-stop. That way I can have the fixture's beam stop when it reaches that mid tone, giving the user a helpful hint about whether they need to dim the fixture, spot the lens, or switch it for a more powerful one. In addition, the pointer label shows how many foot-candles, lux, or f-stops over or under the mid-tone each fixture's brightness is, giving the user even more information to make informed decisions ahead of time.
What I Learned
I got a lot of compliments for these features; users loved being able to see instantly which fixtures were targeting which subjects. They also really appreciated the exposure calculation; it can never be 100% accurate because of things like dirty lenses and electrical fluctuations, but it provides excellent approximations so they can make decisions beforehand. These improvements allowed them to move more quickly on set and make their plot a living part of their workflow, rather than just a passive reference, which is a large part of the Lighting Designer brand and mission.


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Faced with humanitarian crises such as those occurring in Syria and Mali today, and in Libya in 2011, the response of the international community has not been consistent and raises many questions, both as to its adequacy, and to its legal foundation. The failure of the international community to adequately respond to the severe humanitarian crises of the early 1990s, especially in Rwanda and in the former Yugoslavia, has led to the formulation of the "responsibility to protect" (RtoP), which expands the pre-existing notion of humanitarian intervention. Focusing on the humanitarian intervention in Libya in 2011, this paper examines the question whether the RtoP doctrine can be considered as a principle of international law, and to what extent it has evolved into a norm of customary international law as a result of state practice and opinio juris. It argues that to date, the RtoP, inspite of its political and moral underpinnings has not reached this status, and that in legal terms, the Libyan intervention cannot be considered as a genuine implementation of this principle. This paper recognizes the potential evolution of this principle consistently with the dynamic nature of international law, and suggests a methodological approach to assessing the prospect for a a progressive development and consolidation of the principles of humanitarian intervention and RtoP as legal norms, based on a set of criteria, including necessity and proportionality of a forcible intervention, and of the coherence and consistency necessary for the consolidation of international practice into a legal norm.
Paper produced within the framework of the IAI project Transworld.
1. International Legal Context and Conceptual Evolution of the Responsibility to Protect
1.1. The International Legal Context
1.2. Conceptual Evolution of the Responsibility to Protect
2. The 2011 Intervention in Libya
2.1. Developments Leading to the Adoption of SC Resolution 1973
2.2. Resolution 1973 and the Responsibility to Protect
2.3. Resolution 1973 as Evidence of State Practice on Humanitarian Intervention
3. Assessing the Evolution of Customary Law on Humanitarian Intervention


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Prospective memory in normal ageing and dementia
Maylor, E.A.
Neurocase, 1, 285-289
Year of publication:
CBU number:
Two proposals are critically examined in this review: (i) prospective memory (remembering to remember) is spared in normal ageing, and (ii) prospective memory is particularly impaired in abnormal ageing or dementia. For normal ageing, it seems that there are circumstances in which the elderly can perform prospective memory tasks as well as the young; however, this does not necessarily indicate that prospective memory itself is unaffected by old age. It is argued that, in at least two respects, prospective memory is even more impaired in the elderly than retrospective memory. For abnormal ageing, there appears to be insufficient evidence to conclude that prospective memory is more vulnerable in the early stages of dementia than retrospective memory. Finally, some questions are raised for future research.


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Sustainable research progress in many if not all scientific disciplines critically depends on the existence of robust specialized databases that integrate and structure all available experimental information in the respective fields. The need for such reference databases is especially critical for nanomaterials used in cancer research given both the growing significance of nanomedicine and the significant diversity of shapes, sizes, and properties. Similar challenges exist in processing, storing, and exploiting medical images, which are increasingly used for in vivo characterization of nanoparticles and to study the effects of nanomaterials used in imaging agents or as therapeutics. The need in accumulating, storing and sharing information in the cancer nanotechnology field has led to the establishment of two major research databases, the Nanomaterial Registry (NR) that includes data on nanoparticle characterization and The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) that includes data on nanoparticles used in imaging studies. Building off the previous work of research groups involved in the development of these major data repositories, we propose a collaborative development of the Electronic Nanobook (ENB) as a major research tool for scientists working in cancer research that extensively use nanomaterials and collect and deposit medical images. These two fields are chosen due to their significance to cancer research and the commonality of technical problems related to data collection, curation, organization, deposition, modeling, and dissemination. ENB will possess substantially expanded quality and usability of data, affiliated knowledge discovery tools for exploring and modeling the unique data toward designing novel and safe drugs (nanomaterials) using the wisdom of models.
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