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THE PROTECTIVE STYLE QUESTIONNAIRE: SELFPROTECTIVE MECHANISMS AMONG STIGMATIZED ADOLESCENTS
Crocker and Major (1989) hypothesized three mechanisms by which members of stigmatized groups may protect self-esteem. The mechanisms are: a) ingroup social comparisons, b) valuing/devaluing performance selectively, and c) racial prejudice. We provide a test of Crocker and Major's hypothesized mechanisms with the development of the Protective Style Questionnaire which was administered to a sample of 78 African-American adolescents. Evidence of high internal consistency reliability (about.86) and factor loadings support the orthogonality of the three mechanisms. Results showed varying levels of endorsement of each mechanism.
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Document Type: Research Article
Publication date: 1998-01-01
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Parker Kraus - Biogeochemistry
Colorado College, Fort Collins
Carbon Monoxide Flux in Four Wetland Communities
The production of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) by sediment from four wetland communities was measured over a period of 4 days. CO production was documented in intact cores from freshwater wetlands, but not brackish wetland sites. Sediment slurries were incubated anoxically in serum bottles, half of which had CO added to the headspace. Bottles were treated with either sodium molybdate, BES, or a control. Sodium molybdate was used to inhibit sulfate reduction and BES was used to inhibit methanogenesis. Inhibition of microbial processes did not result in significant differences in CO concentrations. Freshwater wetlands were found to produce CO at a greater rate than brackish wetlands, absent the addition of CO. Soils were only observed to consume CO when the gas was added to the headspace. Brackish wetlands were found to consume CO at a greater rate than freshwater wetlands. These results conflict with previous studies, which assumed soils to be net consumers of CO.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


substances, where a small electrical spark may ignite explosive mixtures with devastating consequences.
A similar charging mechanism can occur within low conductivity fluids flowing through pipelines—a process called flow electrification. Fluids which have low electrical conductivity (below 50 picosiemens per meter), are called accumulators. Fluids having conductivities above 50 pS/m are called non-accumulators. In non-accumulators, charges recombine as fast as they are separated and hence electrostatic charge generation is not significant. In the petrochemical industry, 50 pS/m is the recommended minimum value of electrical conductivity for adequate removal of charge from a fluid.
An important concept for insulating fluids is the static relaxation time. This is similar to the time constant (tau) within an RC circuit. For insulating materials, it is the ratio of the static dielectric constant divided by the electrical conductivity of the material. For hydrocarbon fluids, this is sometimes approximated by dividing the number 18 by the electrical conductivity of the fluid. Thus a fluid that has an electrical conductivity of 1 pS/cm (100 pS/m) will have an estimated relaxation time of about 18 seconds. The excess charge within a fluid will be almost completely dissipated after 4 to 5 times the relaxation time, or 90 seconds for the fluid in the above example.
Charge generation increases at higher fluid velocities and larger pipe diameters, becoming quite significant in pipes 8 inches (200 mm) or larger. Static charge generation in these systems is best controlled by limiting fluid velocity. The British standard BS PD CLC/TR 50404:2003 (formerly BS-5958-Part 2) Code of Practice for Control of Undesirable Static Electricity prescribes velocity limits. Because of its large impact on dielectric constant, the recommended velocity for hydrocarbon fluids containing water should be limited to 1 m/s.
Bonding and earthing are the usual ways by which charge buildup can be prevented. For fluids with electrical conductivity below 10 pS/m, bonding and earthing are not adequate for charge dissipation, and anti-static additives may be required.
Applicable standards[edit]
1.BS PD CLC/TR 50404:2003 Code of Practice for Control of Undesirable Static Electricity
2.NFPA 77 (2007) Recommended Practice on Static Electricity
3.API RP 2003 (1998) Protection Against Ignitions Arising Out of Static, Lightning, and Stray Currents
Electrostatic induction in commercial applications[edit]
The principle of electrostatic induction has been harnessed to beneficial effect in industry for many years, beginning with the introduction of electrostatic industrial painting systems for the economical and even application of enamel and polyurethane paints to consumer goods, including automobiles, bicycles, and other products.
See also[edit]
 - Faraday, Michael (1839). Experimental Researches in Electricity. London: Royal Inst.
 - e-book at Project Gutenberg
 - Halliday, David; Robert Resnick; Kenneth S. Krane (1992). Physics. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-80457-6.
 - Griffiths, David J. (1999). Introduction to Electrodynamics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-805326-X.
 - Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher (1989). Electromagnetic Fields and Energy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-249020-X.
 1. ^ Matthew Sadiku (2009). Elements of electromagnetics. p. 104. ISBN 9780195387759.
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit]
Learning materials related to Electrostatics at Wikiversity


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|Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Environmental Health Management in Refugee Areas (WHO - OMS, 1994, 212 p.)|
|Section Three: Country Reports|
It should be stressed that, in Yemen, there is little experience of refugee and refugee-related situations. With regard to the definition of refugees, they are considered to be those persons who have crossed international frontiers in search of refuge as a result of war or natural disaster in their homeland. The only examples of this in Yemen are Palestinians. They live in the country, enjoying the same rights as Yemeni nationals; that is, they are treated as Yemeni citizens rather than as refugees.
2. Refugees and environmental health
Regarding the subject of refugees and environmental health, in Yemen it is understood that refugee problems exist not only in the strictly speaking environmental sense; they also concern safety, peace of mind and other psychological factors. In ensuring their protection and standard of living, certain basic needs and priorities must be attended to, as follows:
(1) They must be provided with suitable shelter; very often this consists of tents, issued at the rate of one per family. They also usually need blankets and clothing as protection against harsh weather conditions.
(2) They must be provided with easily accessible, safe water.
(3) Proper disposal of wastewater must be ensured.
(4) An adequate system of waste disposal must be arranged. This includes human excreta (with provision of latrines) and garbage (with provision of suitable containers). Measures must be taken against multiplication of microorganisms caused by improperly dealt with waste.
(5) Insect and rodent infestation must be combated by proper use of appropriate pesticides.
(6) Precautions must be installed against accidents including fire.
(7) Overcrowdedness must be avoided, to combat spread of communicable diseases.
(8) Refugees must receive health education, especially about personal hygiene and food preparation.
(9) Periodic health checks are necessary, with both preventive and curative care provided.
(10) If refugees stay in settlements is prolonged, (a) education for children and possible literacy classes for adults must be given; and (b) skills and abilities of refugees should be developed to enable them to engage in income-generating activities.
(a) National capacity to react promptly and correctly to refugee and refugee-like situations must be built up.
(b) Refugees must be educated, starting as soon as possible after their arrival, and through all available media, about environmental health.


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This inter-disciplinary and multi-disciplinary project aims to explore the processes by which we attempt to create meaning in chronic illness. The apparent increase in and diversity of chronic conditions calls for better understandings of the spaces between health and illness that chronic patients occupy, often for most of their lives. How can we articulate the tension between the biomedical model of chronicity and its embodied experience? What language and other forms of representation can we use to map, chart and begin to explore the meanings possible within such spaces? What insights can these provide to inform better chronic care management? What is the relationship between chronicity and wellbeing? How do individuals, societies and cultures make sense of chronicity?
The project will critically engage with a number of core themes:
- The Borderlands: Definitions, metaphors and actualities
- Understanding Chronic Illness
- Living with Chronic Illness
- Giving Chronic Illness voices
- Coping with Chronic Illness
Related themes will also be identified for development and exploration. Out of our deliberations it is anticipated that a series of related cross context research projects will develop.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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|This article does not cite any references or sources. (December 2007)|
The Castello Plan is an early city map of Lower Manhattan from 1660, created by Jacques Cortelyou, surveyor of then named-New Amsterdam (later renamed by British colonial settlement as New York City).
Around 1667, cartographer Joan Blaeu bound the plan, together with other hand-crafted New Amsterdam depictions, to an atlas, which he sold to Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. This transaction most likely happened in Amsterdam, Netherlands, as it has yet to be proven that Blaeu had ever set foot in New Netherland.
It is covered extensively in volume 2 of I. N. Phelps Stokes' six-volume survey The Iconography of Manhattan Island.
See also
- Iconography of Manhattan Island from Columbia University Libraries
- Overlay of the Castello Plan on current Manhattan
- List of property owners
- Map scanned from the book "The Legend of New Amsterdam"
- Interactive version of the Castello Plan
- Google Earth File of the Castello Plan
- Zoomable version of the Castello Plan
- New Amsterdam History Center


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REAL CORP 2010 Proceedings/Tagungsband, Vienna, 18-20 May 2010
Gesa Geißler, Birgit Kleinschmit, Robert Ahrberg, Battugs Erdenetsogt, Yvonne Heimann, Lisa Heinsch, Laura Hensel, Thomas Herff, Josephine Janke, Philipp Kaufmann, Miriam Kothe, Hendrikje Leutloff, Anja Manzke, Anke Rehhausen, Sebastian Schramm, Stefanie Töpper, Sebastian Unger, and Bartlomiej Wisniewski
"In the early nineties, a wide discussion about Environmental Justice has started among German health scientists, sociologists, and other academics. In this context, several studies focussing on the disproportional burden of discrete environmental hazards on different socio-economic groups were carried out.
"The present paper reviews a method to index several Environmental Justice factors within planning areas of Berlin. In order to examine the current status, the spatial distribution of thermal comfort, green spaces and emissions of PM10 and NOx has been determined, using a GIS-based analysis. These results were then related to data on the social status. The various outcomes show a complex relation between social status and exposure to environmental quality, but reveal a tendency of disproportional distribution, prejudicing groups of lower social status.
"In order to develop a planning area based measure of Environmental Justice, the analysed factors were aggregated into a single environmental impact factor and combined with the associated social status. Finally, possibilities of integrating this factor into urban planning in Berlin were identified."
- Read the paper [PDF]


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One boring Monday morning in the lab a group of us did the experiment, and to our surprise we found that the hot water (in sealed containers) did freeze faster.
On closer examination we discovered that the shelves in our freezer were covered in frost, like I imagine most freezers, and the hot water was melting the frost and creating a good thermal contact between the beaker of water and the shelf. That turned out to be why the hot water froze faster. When we thoroughly cleaned the freezer shelf the effect went away and the hot water took longer to freeze.
I think the rumours about hot water freezing faster illustrate the dangers of improperly controlled experiments. As Ron mentions, evaporation could also be a factor and it would be easy for a home experimenter to get the wrong conclusion. Add to that the fact we'd secretly all be delighted if we could prove hot water really does freeze faster, and you can see how the rumour has spread.


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Selected Federal Agencies with a Role in Food Safety
The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) is the public health agency in the U.S. Department of Agriculture responsible for ensuring that the nation's commercial supply of meat, poultry, and egg products is safe, wholesome, and correctly labeled and packaged.
The FDA is charged with protecting consumers against impure, unsafe, and fraudulently labeled products. FDA, through its Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), regulates foods other than the meat, poultry, and egg products regulated by FSIS. FDA is also responsible for the safety of drugs, medical devices, biologics, animal feed and drugs, cosmetics, and radiation emitting devices.
CDC leads federal efforts to gather data on foodborne illnesses, investigate foodborne illnesses and outbreaks, and monitor the effectiveness of prevention and control efforts in reducing foodborne illnesses. CDC also plays a key role in building state and local health department epidemiology, laboratory, and environmental health capacity to support foodborne disease surveillance and outbreak response.
Related page: Agency Leadership


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Polar easterlies - Wikipedia
The polar easterlies (also Polar Hadley cells) are the dry, cold prevailing winds that blow from the high-pressure areas of the polar highs at the North and South Poles towards low-pressure areas within the Westerlies at high latitudes. Another example of the phenomenon would be the trade winds, which reach from where. at the North Pole. Where is The westerlies have their origin in the: eastern The ______ marks the location where the westerlies and polar easterlies meet. Westerlies move towards east and Easterlies move towards west). The answer to your question lies in Conservation of Angular Momentum. In simple words.
Мужчина смотрел на него недовольно. Период полураспада.


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A first year is a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry who is new to Hogwarts and in their first year of magical education. On average, there are around 144 new first years attending Hogwarts each academic year.
Beginning the magical career
Travelling to Hogwarts
First years are typically eleven to twelve years of age, and begin the year by boarding the Hogwarts Express at exactly 11 a.m. from King's Cross Station on which they travel to Hogwarts. If they are a wizarding family and live in Hogsmeade, they do not need to catch the train. From there, first year students are accompanied by the Keeper of Keys and Grounds, or another suitable teacher if they are absent, to a shady path that leads to a fleet of small boats, which magically sail themselves across the Black Lake to arrive at a small landing stage near the castle of Hogwarts; next, they await their turn to get Sorted into their houses. A teacher takes them to a small room where they await the Sorting ceremony. The older students ride up to the castle in carriages pulled by creatures called Thestrals, winged horse-like creatures that are invisible to anyone who have not personally witnessed someone's death.
The Welcoming Feast
Just before the Welcoming Feast begins, there is a Sorting ceremony, where the students are Sorted into one of four houses (Gryffindor, Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw, and Slytherin) by the Sorting Hat. When the sorting hat is placed on your head it looks inside your mind. It looks for qualities that are unique to each of the houses and then places you appropriately. After the sorting, the Headmaster says a few words and the Welcoming Feast begins. After the meals have been eaten, the headmaster says a few more words; then the headmaster directs the school song at the end of the start-of-term feast if he feels in a particularly festive mood, such as when Harry Potter came to Hogwarts. The headmaster directs the song with his wand. He flicks out a ribbon that floats in the air, creating the words for the students to sing along with, each singing to the tune of their choice. The rest of the staff does not appear to have any delight in this little ritual, but for example, Albus Dumbledore conducts the singing with gusto and even gets a bit misty at the end of:
Hoggy Warty Hogwarts
Teach us something, please,
Whether we be old and bald
Or young with scabby knees,
Our heads could do with filling
With some interesting stuff,
For now they're bare and full of air,
Dead flies and bits of fluff,
So teach us things worth knowing,
Bring back what we've forgot,
Just do your best, we'll do the rest,
And learn until our brains all rot.
During the first year
In Astronomy, students observe the sky with their telescopes, learning the names of the stars and the movements of the planets; they also learn about the moons of Jupiter. Charms students learn the Levitation Charm, the softening spell, the fire charm, and, as the exam requires them to make a pineapple dance across a desk, presumably the dancing charm. Defence Against the Dark Arts classes learn about the spell to give people runny noses, the spell to blast people away, and different ways to treat werewolf bites. First years also learn the basic commands one must give their ride; they learn fundamental tricks and tips for riding. Herbology students study various plants and fungi, such as a healing herb and a plant that likes strangling people; it is in this class that they first learn the fire charm. In History of Magic, they learn various names and dates, including a really evil guy, a crazy dude, the Warlock's Convention of 1709, various goblin rebellions, the inventor of the self-stirring cauldron, and the uprise of Elfric the Eager. Transfiguration students made complex notes, and then had to learn the spell to turn a match into a needle, the mouse into snuffbox spell, and the Switching Spell. Lastly, potions students learned the potion to cure boils, and the potion to make people forget things.
|Second||Defence Against the Dark Arts||Hisory of Magic||Herbology||Transfiguration(unknown)||Potions|
First year restrictions
First years cannot go to Hogsmeade with the students in the third year or above, and they are not permitted to have their own broomstick inside the school grounds, an exception being Harry Potter, who was given a Nimbus 2000 in his first year. They also cannot take the classes Divination, Muggle Studies, Study of Ancient Runes, Care of Magical Creatures and Arithmancy until the third yearand up.
Harry's first year (1991)
- Professor McGonagall, who tells them they will soon be sorted into their houses. All Hogwarts students live in one of four residences: Gryffindor, Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw, or Slytherin. Each house has its own team for Quidditch. The houses are in a yearlong competition with one another to acquire the most points, which are earned by success in Quidditch games, answering questions correctly in class and other things during school which teachers feel they deserve points. Points are lost for student infractions. The new students are greeted at the castle door by
The Sorting ceremony and the Welcoming feast
As the students enter Hogwarts, ghosts appear in the hallway. The students are led to the Great Hall, where the entire school waits for them. They see a pointy hat on a stool. When the students try on the Sorting Hat, it announces the house in which they are placed. Harry becomes very nervous. He has learned that he does not care for Slytherin house, as the students in it (i.e. Draco Malfoy) are unpleasant and Voldemort once belonged to Slytherin. Finally, it's Harry's turn to wear the hat. After a brief mental discussion with the hat in which it tries to suggest Slytherin to him, the hat places Harry in Gryffindor. Harry is pleased to find that he is joined in Gryffindor with Ron and Hermione. Draco Malfoy is placed in Slytherin.
Everyone sits down to a grand feast to begin the year. Harry is overwhelmed by the variety of luscious food served. Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, the resident ghost of Gryffindor (popularly known as "Nearly Headless Nick" because of a botched decapitation), introduces himself to the first-year students and tells them he hopes they will win the house championship this year. Over dessert, the discussion turns to the children's upbringings. A student named Neville Longbottom tells how his family thought he was a Muggle (or later referred as a Squib) until he survived a fall from a window. Harry glances around the room and notices a few of the teachers talking to one another. One stares malevolently at Harry, who immediately feels a sharp pain in his scar. Harry finds out that this man is Professor Severus Snape, the head of Slytherin House who teaches Potions. After dessert, Dumbledore gets up to make his welcome speech. He adds a few warnings about staying away from the Forbidden Forest and avoiding the third-floor corridor on the right side of the school before sending everyone off to their beds.
Harry finds life at Hogwarts unfamiliar and strange. Everyone talks about him, and an adult always seems to be around when he is doing something wrong. Harry finds all the classes interesting, with the exception of the History of Magic. In the first Transfiguration class, only Hermione is able to make any progress at turning a match into a needle. Harry is relieved to see that others are just as lost as he is.
First years lessons/classes
During breakfast the first Friday, Hedwig arrives with a tea invitation from Hagrid. Later, in his Potions class, Harry discovers that Professor Snape hates him, mocking Harry as "our new celebrity" and then humiliating Harry for his ignorance of herbs before teaching the class how to make a Boil-Cure Potion. Harry brings Ron with him to Hagrid's shack for tea. Harry and Ron are disconcerted by Hagrid's huge and fierce-looking dog, Fang, but discover that he is gentle. Hagrid tells Harry that he is overreacting to Snape's treatment, asserting that Snape would have no reason to hate him. Harry happens to notice an article from the wizard newspaper, The Daily Prophet, detailing a break-in that occurred at Gringotts bank in a vault that had been emptied earlier in the day. He realises that it happened on his birthday, the day he and Hagrid went to Gringotts. Furthermore, he remembers that Hagrid emptied vault 713, taking a small package with him as he left. Harry leaves Hagrid's, his mind filled with questions.
Harry is upset by news that the Gryffindors will have flying lessons with the Slytherins, because he does not want to spend more time with Draco Malfoy. Madam Hooch leads the class, gently sending the new fliers off the ground. Neville has an accident and breaks his wrist. Madam Hooch takes him to the hospital wing, telling everyone to stay on the ground while she is away. Malfoy notices a Remembrall belonging to Neville, picks it up, and begins to fly around with it. Harry goes after Malfoy, who throws the ball in the air. Harry catches it spectacularly and lands safely back on ground. Just then, Professor McGonagall arrives, reprimanding Harry and ordering


A marathon session of Wikipedia by a group of pioneering women in science aims to correct the staggering omissions of female scientists on the reference site.
Friday's event at the Royal Society, in association with Wikimedia UK, will be a group "edit-a-thon", using the Royal Society's library of biographies and studies of famous female scientists, from doctors to botanists, palaeontologists to physicists.
Professor Uta Frith, professor in cognitive development at UCL and a fellow of the Royal Society, wrote in The Huffington Post UK: "It is one of those pesky facts, that apart from the amazing Marie Curie, there are few heroines of science. Be honest, how many famous women scientists can you name?
"In the network I have set up for high flying women in science we took a quiz set by Rosalind Franklin Prize winner Eleanor Maguire.
"We did embarrassingly poorly on this. For example, none of us knew Alexa Canady, the first female and first black resident in neurosurgery). You too can test yourself by taking this quiz."
"Eleanor Maguire is a scientific heroine. She has made major discoveries about the memory of taxi drivers - yes, that study that showed that the training that London taxi drivers undergo results in increases of the anterior parts of the hippocampus and shrinks back again after the taxi drivers retire. But she doesn't have a Wikipedia entry."
"How many more stars are there and why are they so hard to see?
"Fellows of the Royal Society often talk of the alienating effect on young female scientists produced by a lack of role models, or concretely, lack of portraits of women to adorn the walls of the Society, and we are keenly aware of the pervasive but usually unconscious sexist biases, that exist."
The event is part of many celebrations of the legacy of mathematical engineer Ada Lovelace, who worked with Charles Babbage on an "analytical machine" 163 years ago considered the foundation for all modern computers.
Nathalie Pettorelli is one of the female scientists working to correct Wikipedia's gender gap
Women under consideration for Wikipedia entries are Dr Elsie Widdowson who introduced vitamin supplements to food during World War II rationing and Mary Buckland, mentioned only in her husband William's Wikipedia entry although the pair of palaeontologists worked as a team on fossil discovery in the 1800s.
Nathalie Pettorelli, from Institute of Zoology at the Zoological Society of London and L'Oreal-UNESCO For Women in Science Fellow, is one of the women participating in the edit-a-thon.
She told The Huffington Post UK: "I've never created or edited a Wikipedia page before, but it's such an important way to make women in science more visible.
"Obviously there are fewer women in science overall, that's why there's fewer Wikipedia page, but there are still so many glaring omissions.
"For example, there is ecologist Emily Williamson, who was the founder of the Royal Society for Protection of Birds, that's one of the largest and most important charities for ecology in Britain. And she doesn't have a Wikipedia page. No-one knows who she is."
Pettorelli said she hoped that, by hosting the event, the Royal Society itself would take a good look at the poor showing of women among its own fellows.
"It's around five per cent of its fellows who are women, it's a shame. Maybe they will give more thought after this initiative about how they can promote female scientists, show their work online and give them more opportunities."


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New Zealand's capital city lies within the earthquake-generating collision zone between two of the Earth's great tectonic plates, and sits on top of one of the zone's most active geological faults - the Wellington Fault.
The Wellington Fault forms distinctive landscape features running right through the central city. Intensive research has been done to understand the nature of the fault and the best ways to reduce possible earthquake damage and loss.
- Wellington's Shaky Foundations
- How often do earthquakes occur along the fault?
- How much do the Wellington fault lines move?
- What would a major Wellington earthquake be like?
- How do we know which fault is most likely to rupture next in Wellington?
Check out our Wellington Fault video here


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This is one of a series of California Revealed Curated Themes designed to mirror Teaching California's Inquiry Sets. This page builds on the 1.1. Class and School Rules set.
From Teaching California: This first-grade inquiry set provides images from the past to help students address the concept and practice of school rules. These questions guide the inquiry set and the activities that help students make connections between themselves and their classrooms today and in the past: What are class and school rules? How were they developed? Who is responsible for enforcing the rules?
This supplemental set of photographs and films digitized by California Revealed show a variety of school scenes from across California. Among the schools pictured are a log cabin school in Butte County and segregation-era schools for Japanese-American and Mexican-American students in Visali and Loma Linda. Other photographs show students dancing, eating, and painting. Rare films from the Center for Sacramento History of a bilingual school and outdoor school, as well as 1970s film of an Oakland school for children with disabilities and 1950s footage of Livermore schools, lend themselves to discussion of the differences between schools today and in the past.
While some of these materials may be more appropriate for older grade levels than the corresponding Teaching California Inquiry Set, we hope this sampling will be of interest to any California educators looking to incorporate primary source materials into their teaching of state and local history.


CS261 Projects
General information
A final suggestion: Aim high! The top projects could lead to publication (and in past years, a number of projects have led to publications).
The process
The project proposal was due Tue 15 October.
Here's how to submit your proposal. You should put together a web page for your project; currently all it needs to contain is the project members, title of your project, and proposal. Then just email the URL for your project web page to _EMAIL_ by Tuesday, October 15th.
You will also be required to present your project at a poster session, to be held on Monday, December 9th from 2-4pm in the Woz lounge.
Finally, a project report will be due by 9am on Monday, December 16th. No exceptions or extensions will be granted, so get it in on time! See below for instructions.
The final report
You may submit your project report electronically or on paper. I prefer electronic submission, although you may choose either. In either case, the deadline is the same: Monday, December 16, before 9:00am.
If you submit electronically:
If you submit on paper, place it in my mailbox in Soda Hall (in the mailroom, or outside my office -- 765 Soda).
Example project topics
New attacks
Find new security weaknesses in any widely-deployed system.
Security auditing
Tools for vulnerability detection
Resilient aggregation
Build "resilient aggregation" components for TinyOS. Sensor networks (such as the TinyOS-based systems studied here at Berkeley) are often used to aggregate sensor information and use the result to control systems. For instance, we might put a sensor in each room of Soda Hall and use the average temperature to control the air conditioning. However, at present, our aggregation operations are not secure against errors or maliciously chosen inputs (as might happen if a sensor is compromised). For instance, consider computing the average of N data values: an adversary who can control one of those inputs can bias the output by any desired amount, hence the "average" is not a resilient aggregation operation. However, the median is resilient, because changing any one input by any amount will cause only a small change in the output. Build a prototype of a few resilient aggregation operators and study their usefulness in some sensor network application.
Adversarial simulation
Build an "adversarial simulator" for TinyOS. Currently, the TOSSIM simulator runs the system under friendly conditions (no dropped packets, no bit errors, no unfriendly timing of the scheduler). Hence, it can't detect ways that an adversary might try to crash or subvert the system. We might be more likely to find security bugs by running the system on parameters that are chosen to be the worst case for system, or that are likely to cover corner cases. For instance, an adversarial simulator might determine ahead of time all possible dependencies between tasks and then test exhaustively all possible orderings of interdependent tasks, looking to see if any of these orderings deadlocks the system. Build a prototype of an adversarial simulator and study its effectiveness.
Preventing casting bugs
 typedef unsigned short uid_t;
 void dowork(uid_t u);
 main() {
 int x = read_from_network();
 if (x==0)
Validation bugs in Linux kernel
Dawson Engler's group found many security holes in the Linux kernel based on improper input validation (see their paper) based on heuristic compile-time rules. Formalize their rules into a concrete type system, perhaps using flow-sensitive type qualifiers. Then, analyze the Linux source code using your type system, perhaps using Cqual for the type-checking.
Inlined reference monitors
Proof-carrying code takes a reference monitor (expressing some security policy) and injects it into the program during compilation, in an integrated way; then it is possible for the recipient to verify that the desired policy is enforced by the presented code. This allows us to build extremely efficient reference monitors: rather than implementing the reference monitor in a separate process (thereby incurring performance penalties), the reference monitor can be inlined directly into the code that it is supposed to monitor. Sometimes we don't care about the ability of a recipient to verify that code injection was done appropriately, for instance because the injector and receiver are one and the same. Can we build a more lightweight implementation of this functionality?
For instance, maybe we can emulate some notion of "user-level call gates" using the mprotect() system call? (We could imagine storing the reference monitor's state in a write-protected segment of memory; then any call to an interface that is protected by the reference monitor would be replaced with a call to the reference monitor entry point; and the entry point would need to write-enable the special segment and atomically transfer control to the reference monitor code.)
Virtual machines for security
Enforcing resource bounds on malicious code
Side channel attacks meet mobile code
Verifiable distributed computation
Security of peer-to-peer systems
Information retrieval for audit logs
Formal modelling of security systems
Secure coding
Theory or cryptographic work
Projects in theory or cryptography are not necessarily out of scope, if you have some specific ideas you consider relevant. For instance, formal analysis of cryptographic protocols or cryptographic primitives could probably serve as a reasonable topic.
Privilege separation
Distributed firewalls
Encrypted databases
Suppose we want to store our data on a remote server (e.g., so that we can take advantage of the computational power of the server) without requiring full trust in the remote server. What types of database semantics can we support? In previous work, Dawn Song, Adrian Perrig, and I showed a special way to store the data in encrypted form on the untrusted server so that the trusted server can do keyword searches over the encrypted data (on our behalf, and only when authorized by us) with minimal communication complexity. What other types of queries can be supported efficiently? How about if the goal is integrity rather than confidentiality? This is a cryptographic design problem.


Stones of Aran: Pilgrimmage, Tim Robinson 1986
Tim Robinson a British cartographer and writer, moved his family to the Aran Islands off the West coast of Ireland in 1975 and launched a massive conceptual art project. He decided to map the largest island of the group of three, connecting the physical features of the island with folk tales, historical events, and commentary by the current islanders. Walking along the coast of this island that totals <10 square miles from the eastern tip and returning to that point many weeks or months later, Robinson details the cliffs, bays, rock outcroppings, and storm beaches and accompanies those observations with history, botany, folklore, and the observations of the current inhabitants. I love the concept, but the book was a hard slog. There's only so much I could read about cliffs and limestone, storm beaches and clefts in the rock. I admire Robinson's concept, but the 370 pages might well have better been reduced by 90% to a brief article. I feel badly criticizing this book since Robinson died in April from COVID at the age of 85 just two weeks after his wife died. This book and a subsequent work in which he described his travels through the center of this island will stand for a long time as a tribute to his idea and his work. Shop your local indie bookstore


text:
With a LEFT OUTER JOIN construction, the query compares each row of entity A with each row of entity B to find all pairs of rows which have an association and thus satisfy the join-predicate. When the association exists and the join-predicate is satisfied, column values for each matched pair of rows of A and B are combined into a result row. However, in contrast to the INNER JOIN construction, the query will also return rows of entity A which do not match entity B. When columns of entity B are specified, these columns contain a null value for these rows.
The syntax is as following:
LEFT [ OUTER ] JOIN entity_path [ ON ]
entity_path Specifies the entity to join and the path from an earlier defined entity in the FROM clause to this entity. The path _URL_.Customer_Address/Crm.Address defines a path from the earlier defined entity Crm.Customer to the new entity Crm.Address.
Constrains the specified entity in the JOIN component of the FROM clause. The constraint syntax is similar as those of the WHERE clause. Only the entities and from-aliases from the current JOIN element and each previous one can be used in the constraint.


text: This paper analyzes the developmental origins and the evolution of health, cognitive, and socio-emotional skills during early childhood, from age 0 to 5. We explicitly model the dynamic interactions of health with the child's behavior and cognitive skills, as well as the role of parental investment. A dynamic factor model corrects for the presence of measurement error in the proxy for the latent traits. Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), we find that children's capabilities strongly interact and build on each other: health is an important determinant of early socio-emotional development; in turn socio-emotional skills have a positive impact on the evolution of both health and cognitive functions; on the other side, the effect of cognitive abilities on health is negligible. Furthermore, all facets of human capital display a high degree of persistence. Finally, mother's investments are an important determinant of the child's health, cognitive, and socio-emotional development early in life.


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Last updated: Wednesday, 31, March, 2004
MBS Online Search Page: Click here for details
5 mL blood in EDTA.
2 mL blood in special paediatric EDTA tube.
Film spread, fixed, stained and examined by microscopy.
Evaluation of changes in numbers or morphology of red cells, white cells and platelets.
Blood film examination clarifies abnormalities detected by automated haematology instruments and guides further investigation.
Microscopic examination reveals abnormal cells;
Bain BJ. Blood Cells - A Practical Guide. 2nd ed. Blackwell Science 1995.


text:
Intestinal necrosis; Ischemic bowel; Dead bowel; Dead gut
Intestinal ischemia and infarction is damage to (ischemia) or death of (infarction) part of the intestine due to a decrease in its blood supply.
There are several possible causes of intestinal ischemia and infarction.
Hernia: If the intestine moves into the wrong place or becomes tangled, this can lead to intestinal ischemia.
Adhesions: The intestine may become trapped in scar tissue from past surgery (adhesions). This can lead to ischemia if left untreated.
Embolus: A blood clot from the heart or main blood vessels may travel through the bloodstream and block one of the arteries supplying the intestine. Patients with previous heart attacks or with arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation, are at risk for this problem.
Arterial thrombosis: The arteries that supply blood to the intestine may become so narrowed from atherosclerotic disease (cholesterol buildup) that they become blocked. When this happens in the arteries to the heart, it causes a heart attack. When it happens in the arteries to the intestine, it causes intestinal ischemia.
Venous thrombosis: The veins carrying blood away from the intestines may become blocked by blood clots. This blocks blood flow into the intestines. This is more common in people with liver disease, cancer, or blood clotting disorders.
Low blood pressure: Very low blood pressure in patients who already have narrowing of the intestinal arteries may also cause intestinal ischemia. This typically occurs in patients who are very ill for other reasons. It can be compared to losing water pressure in a hose with a partial blockage.
Fry RD, Mahmoud N, Maron DJ, Ross HM, Rombeau J. Colon and rectum. In: Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers MB, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 18th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 50.
Hauser SC. Vascular diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 146.
© 2011 University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC). All rights reserved.
UMMC is a member of the University of Maryland Medical System,
22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. TDD: _PHONE_ or _PHONE_


text:
Pesticides: The Danish Pesticide Leaching Assessment Programme
In 1998, the Danish Government initiated the Pesticide Leaching Assessment Programme (PLAP), an intensive monitoring programme aimed at evaluating the leaching risk of pesticides under field conditions. The objective of the PLAP is to improve the scientific foundation for decision making in the assessment of pesticides for registration in Denmark. The specific aim is to analyse whether pesticides applied in accordance with current regulations leach to the groundwater at levels exceeding the maximum allowable concentration of 0.1 µg/l.
The programme was designed and the six test sites were established in Denmark during 1999. The work is being carried out by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), the Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences (DIAS) and the National Environmental Research Institute (NERI). The six test sites and the monitoring equipment installed are described in the report: "The Danish Pesticide Leaching Assessment Programme: Site characterization and monitoring design".
The first results, from three test sites where monitoring was started in 1999, are presented in the report: "The Danish Pesticide Leaching Assessment Programme: Monitoring results, May 1999 – July 2000".
Further information: Bo Lindhardt, GEUS. Phone: +45 3814 2323. E-mail: _EMAIL_.
The two reports can be downloaded from _URL_ or purchased from GEUS.
Back to the newsletter.
to the newsletter.


Paper Title
Analysis of Factors Affecting People Satisfaction Towards the Unification of Asean Economic Community
This paper aimed to examine AECassociated consequences including trade agreement, occupation and tourism as the influential factors of public satisfaction towards the AEC. The quantitative approach was utilized with questionnaire as a tool in collecting the data. The samples were 400 people from Pha Rai, Phan Seuk, Klong Namsai and Tha Kam Subdistrict. The hypotheses were established with the variables namely trade agreement, occupation, tourism and satisfaction of people, in order to analyze the public satisfaction towards the unification of AEC. The findings concluded that trade agreement, occupation, tourism, service, free trade areas accommodating factor, child labor, human trafficking and transportation cooperation and prevention measures delivered effect on people's satisfaction towards the AEC. Index TermsASEAN Economic Community, Factors, Satisfaction, Unification


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A hands-on discovery of robotics technology
While the history of robots has its roots in ancient myths and legends, the technology needed to actually build them has been evolving for decades. Use the science of robotics to make a rudimentary bipedal walking robot that runs by alternately moving its legs.
This fun-to-build kit includes paper body parts and assorted supplies needed to put your 120 mm x 150 mm x 85 mm robot. Tools needed include tape, scissors, exacto knife, and a philips head screwdriver. Requires one AA battery (not included).
WARNING: CHOKING HAZARD – Small parts. Not for children under 3 years.


Random Point In a Triangle – Barycentric Coordinates
A real quick lesson on Barycentric Coordinates. No diagrams right now. Maybe I'll come back later and elaborate. I'm really going to gloss over the details here – just explain how to accomplish the task in a straightforward manner.
So, you want to find the coordinates of a random point in space that exists on the surface of a predefined triangle. Sounds complicated, but it's actually not that bad. We start off like this:
Consider a triangle with points ABC. Pick any point and then calculate the vectors from that point to the other two points in the triangle. So, we get vectors AB and ACAB = [Bx – Ax, By – Ay, Bz – Az] and AC = [Cx – Ax, Cy – Ay, Cz – Az].
So we now have two vectors that tell how how to get from point A to the other two points in the triangle. They tell us what direction to go in and how far.
So, what if we start at point A, go a random percentage along the AB vector, then go another random percentage along the AC vector? Sounds pretty good, but how do we make sure we stay inside the triangle and don't exceed our bounds? This is where Barycentric Coordinates come into play.
Barycentric coordinates are three numbers that add up to one. Each number stands for a weighting of each point of the triangle. You can think of 1 as a percentage of the triangle. 1 = 100%. So, if we say point R weights the triangle 30% and S 50% then T is 20%. Well, knowing all this doesn't help us that much right now, except for the concept that R + S + T = 1. Going over 1 means we are outside the bounds of our triangle. And, a value of R = 1/3, S = 1/3, T=1/3 means each point has equal weighting, something called the barycenter of our triangle.
Consider a unit triangle in two dimensions. The point coordinates would be [0,0,], [0, 1], [1,0]. Imagine this as the perfect triangle. We can also think of this triangle in relation to our 3D triangle, with [0,0] representing our point A. In other words we can remap the values of one triangle to another, or use these barycentric weightings to weight our distance vectors accordingly.
We'll simply start by choosing two numbers at random between 0 and 1. Each number should be seeded differently to make sure we don't end up with the same number.
Now, we need to check if they are larger than one, since we still need to account for the third number and want to make sure we stay inside our triangle. If they are, all we have to do is subtract them from one. Something like this:
R = random.Get01(); //Generate a random number called R between 0-1
S = random.Get01(); //Generate a random number called S between 0-1
if(R + S >=1)
R = 1 – R;
S = 1 – S;
Great, we have our barycentric coordinates. Now, let's apply them.
Starting at point A, we want to go a random percentage along vector AB, then go another random percentage along vector AC. Our math will look something like this:
RandomPointPosition = A + R*AB + S*AC
Cross Products
I won't get into much detail here other than to talk about a few example of why you would want to calculate vector cross products and briefly explain what they are. Wikipedia has a great entry on them which will explain all the math behind them.
Given two vectors, for instance, two sides of a triangle, the cross product will give you a vector that points perpendicular to those vectors. This has many uses in 3D animation. You can calculate surface area (1/2 the magnitude of the cross product of vectors of two sides of a triangle will give you the area of that triangle). You can calculate surface normals, which show which direction the polygons of your surface are pointing. You can use cross products to align sprites to the camera or cull geometry that is pointing away from the camera. One thing I used cross products for recently was in a particle setup where I needed to create an aura around a character. I was able to figure out which surfaces of the geometry were pointing perpendicular to the camera and use that as a basis for particle emission. So, many uses.
Area of a triangle in 3D space
It can be very helpful to know how to calculate the area of triangles in 3D space. You can use it to calculate the surface area of an object, which in turn you can use to calculate/set mass or density of objects. Primarily, I use area to create distribution attributes for particle emission, such that polygons of varying size emit a spatially consistent amount of particles. For example, in Houdini, if area is assigned as a primitive attribute (you have measured the area of each polygon and stored it) you simply multiply area by emission rate and will get a fairly even distribution of particles emitted from a surface. Of course, Houdini has a built in operator to calculate area, but if you don't have such an operator in your 3D program, or you are writing your own code, here's how to do it.
The main tools needed to calculate an area of a triangle in 3D space are covered in my post about distance.
The basic formula using vectors goes something like this:
Given three vector points in space, A, B, and C, the area of the triangle formed by those points is 1/2 the magnitude (see distance) of the cross product (see cross product) of vector AB and AC.
It can be written in mathematical notation like this:
1/2 * |AB x AC|
It can also be explained diagrammatically like so:
So, given three points, A, B, and C, pick one point arbitrarily and calculate two distance vectors between that point and the other two points (distance vectors AB and AC) by doing vector subtraction. Find the cross product between those vectors. The cross product outputs a vector. Now, calculate the magnitude of this vector, and finally divide by 2 (or multiply by 0.5).
Distance or Magnitude of Vectors
I'll briefly explain vectors here. Plenty of information out there on the web, and they are quite easy to understand. Basically, a vector in computer graphics is an array of three numbers [X,Y,Z] that carry a direction and a magnitude. The magnitude can mean a few different things, depending on context. For instance, the magnitude can indicate the speed an object is traveling at, when talking about moving objects. It can also indicate the distance from one point to another point (the components tell you which direction to travel to reach that point).
There's a formula for calculating the magnitude of a vector, and I will show a couple ways of implementing this formula.
The basic formula is:
Given vector [X, Y, Z], the magnitude is the square root of the dot-product of the vector with itself.
√(X^2 + Y^2 + Z^2)
I won't get into what a dot-product is here, but let's just say that this formula works.
So, how does this give us distance?
Consider two points in space, PointA with coordinates (X, Y, Z) and PointB with coordinates (A, B, C). To get the distance between these points we get the difference between each component and create a new vector with that information, then plug it into our magnitude formula, which will spit out a scalar number (A number with only one component, as opposed to our vector, which has three).
So, our distance vector is: [A-X, B-Y, C-Z]
The magnitude of this is: √[(A-X)^2 + (B-Y)^2 + (C-Z)^2]
Written as a dot-product, if [A-X, B-Y, C-Z] = Vector V, the magnitude is: √(V•V)
These two diagrams also illustrate two ways of calculating distance. Since most computer programs and computing languages already have functions to calculate dot products, you'll see you can do this quicker with less nodes/code.


WEDNESDAY, Nov. 27, 2013 (HealthDay News) -- Breathing treatments that provide low levels of oxygen may help people with certain types of spinal cord injuries walk longer distances at faster speeds, new Canadian research indicates.
After the low-oxygen treatment, people with less severe spinal cord injuries were able to walk approximately 33 feet about four seconds faster than those on a placebo treatment. They also were able to increase the distance they could walk in six minutes by about 328 feet.
"The rehabilitation world after a spinal cord injury can be frustrating and limited," said study author Randy Trumbower, an assistant professor in the division of physical therapy at the Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta. "After the first year, it's a lifelong journey to overcome their diagnosis. Someone may be able to cross the street right now, but can they do it in enough time? Or someone might be able to get to the grocery store, but do they have the endurance to shop?"
"We wanted to find a treatment that could provide incremental changes for those with incomplete spinal cord injuries to allow them to do these things," Trumbower said.
Results of the study were published online Nov. 27 in the journal Neurology.
Almost two-thirds of spinal cord injuries are what is known as incomplete, according to background information in the study. This means some nerve connections are still intact. They may not function as they used to, but they are not completely severed.
Because some connections remain, someone with an incomplete spinal injury may still be able to walk, but not in the same way they could before the injury. People with incomplete injuries often have to rely on canes, braces and wheelchairs to get around.
Previous research in animals has shown that brief exposure to low levels of oxygen can help the animals walk better, Trumbower said. The oxygen treatment causes a number of changes, such as a release of serotonin, a brain chemical that helps transmit messages from one nerve cell to another.
Low oxygen levels also cause the release of a growth factor that's known to help repair nerves and improve their plasticity, said Dr. Michael Fehlings, the co-author of an editorial accompanying the study.
The current study was designed to see if brief periods of low oxygen could induce these types of reactions in humans.
Nineteen people with incomplete spinal cord injuries participated in the study. Everyone could walk at least one step without assistance from another person.
The volunteers were placed into one of two groups. One group would receive the intermittent low-oxygen treatment and the other would receive a sham treatment. Two weeks later, the groups switched treatments.
People who got the oxygen treatment improved their walking speed by 3.8 seconds over 33 feet compared to those given the placebo treatment. They also were able to walk about 328 feet farther in a period of six minutes than those who were treated with the sham treatment.
"[Low-oxygen treatment] may be strengthening the connections or improving how the connections behave," Trumbower said. "The effect of coupling hypoxia with traditional healing techniques was greater than each of its individual parts. Combining the therapies seems to amplify the effects of a single intervention."
"[This was] a small but well-designed [study] that showed people with a relatively mild form of spinal cord injury can have some recovery with [low-oxygen treatment]," said Fehlings, a professor of neurosurgery at the University of Toronto. "But there's still a lot of work to be done. How long will these effects last? Will the treatment need to be constantly administered? Would that cause toxicity?"
Fehlings said this study also doesn't address whether people with more severe injuries could benefit from this type of therapy.
More information
Learn more about spinal cord injuries from the U.S. National Library of Medicine.


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Anatomy of a "Boing"
(NOTE:This video contains audio)
The "boing" sound was first heard by U.S. Navy submarines in the 1950s off San Diego, California, and Kaneohe, Hawaii. Despite much attention, the source of the sound has remained a mystery until recently. On November 7, 2002, the Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC) acoustics team located the source of a series of boing sounds in the open ocean offshore the Hawaiian Islands. They directed the ship to this location, allowing experienced marine mammal observers to identify the source of the "boing" sound as a minke whale.


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How to Download, View and Print a PDF file
Some ASRM publications are only available on the ASRM Web Site in a Portable Document Format (PDF) and must be viewed with a free Adobe® Acrobat® Reader. This Web page provides information to help you accomplish this.
- I don't have the Acrobat Reader on my computer. How do I download it?
- I installed the Acrobat Reader. How do I view a PDF document?
- How do I print a PDF document?
- I'm having problems trying to read a PDF file.
1. I don't have the Adobe Acrobat Reader on my computer. How do I download it?
Download free copy of Adobe Acrobat Reader
To use a PDF file, a reader program must be installed on your machine to display, print, and navigate through the Portable Document Format file. An Adobe® Acrobat® Reader plug-in is available for most of the popular web browsers, enabling the browser to use and display PDF files inline one page at a time, while the document is still downloading.
2. I installed the Acrobat Reader. How do I view a PDF document?
After you've installed the Adobe Acrobat Reader on your computer, do the following to view a PDF file:
- Access a Web page with a link to a PDF file (the link typically says ".pdf").
- Click on the PDF file link. Your browser will then automatically launch the Adobe Acrobat reader with the PDF file inside the reader.
- When you are done viewing the PDF file, simply click on your browser's Back button to return the page that had the PDF link.
Or, you can do the following to save, and later view, a PDF file to your computer:
- Place the mouse cursor over a PDF file link, then click your right mouse button. A small menu will appear.
- Select "Save Link As" from the menu. A location box appears.
- Save the PDF file to a location you can remember. You can also save it is your Desktop.
- Next time you want to view the file, launch the Acrobat Reader.
- On the Acrobat Reader menu, choose File, then Open.
- Now select the PDF file to open it inside the Acrobat Reader.
3. How do I print a PDF document?
- Open a PDF file in your browser.
- In the browser, select File and Print. The PDF document should print exactly as it looks on the screen.
4. I'm having problems trying to read a PDF file.
If you receive any error messages while trying to read a PDF file on the ASRM site, it is possible that you need a newer version of the Acrobat Reader. To install a newer version, do the following:
First, uninstall your current version of Acrobat Reader, by doing the following:
For Windows operating system, click on Start / Settings / Control Panel.
In the Control Panel window, double click on the "Add/Remove Programs" icon.
In the new window, select "Adobe Acrobat x.x".
Click on the Add/Remove button. A small "Confirm File Deletion" window displays.
Click Yes, and your computer will remove Adobe Acrobat.
Now download and install the latest version of Adobe Acrobat by following the steps in questions #1 above.


NEWTON, Ask A Scientist!
Name: Jhon
Status: Student
Grade: 9-12
Location: CO
Country: USA
Date: June 2006
Recently, I have come across an intriguing discovery, powdered coffee creamer, when poured over a flame, can be quite flammable. While conducting some experiments, I read the back of pack of coffee creamer and it said, "Note, keep away from an open flame, as with all powdered substances, the contents of this packet are extremely flammable." I was wondering why this happens. This only happens when the powder is poured over a flame giving the powder room to spread.
In powders, there is a very large surface area to volume ratio. Since the rate of reaction depends on available surface atoms, when there is a large surface area to volume ratio, a reaction can happen very quickly and even be explosive.
A 1-gram pellet of zinc is much less reactive than 1 gram of powdered zinc. A large wooden log is much more difficult to ignite than a similar amount of sawdust. Granaries have explosion hazards when grain is transferred due to the dust that becomes airborne and possible static electricity sparks. In the case of the creamer, it will oxidize (burn) in the presence of a flame and oxygen when dispersed. This can be a very rapid and potentially dangerous situation.
Thanks for using NEWTON!
---Nathan A. Unterman
Click here to return to the Material Science Archives
Educational Programs
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Update: June 2012
Weclome To Newton
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text:
The answer of blaze comes closest, but is not totally clear:
conditional variables should only be used to signal a change in a condition.
Thread 1 checks a condition. If the condition doesn't meet, he waits on the condition variable until the condition meets. Because the condition is checked first, he shouldn't care whether the condition variable was signaled:
Thread 2 changes the condition and signals the change via the condition variable. He doesn't care whether threads are waiting or not:
The bottom line is: the communication is done via some condition. A condition variable only wakes up waiting threads so they can check the condition.
Examples for conditions:
- Queue is not empty, so a member can be taken from the queue
- A boolean flag is set,so the thread wait s until the other thread signal it's okay to continue
- some bits in a bitset are set, so the waiting thread can handle the corresponding events
see also pthread example


text:
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to investigate whether microtubular structure changes and tau protein hyperphosphorylation exist in hippocampal neurons of experimental diabetic mice, and to study the effect of amyloid precursor protein 17mer peptide. The results showed that the microtubules of hippocampal neurons of diabetic mice manifested prominent signs of fragmentation and dissolution, tau protein is hyperphosphorylated at Ser 199/Thr 202 sites, enzymes related to the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of tau protein were diminished. The administration of amyloid precursor protein 17mer peptide could ameliorate the foregoing changes in diabetic mice. These results indicated that protein synthesis in the brain tissue of diabetic mice decreased. Amyloid precursor protein 17mer peptide acted as a neuroprotective agent that globally alleviates the disturbances due to impaired energy metabolism in diabetic mice.
Neuroreport 02/2003; 14(1):61-6. DOI:10.1097/01.wnr._PHONE_.92401.d7 · 1.52 Impact Factor


text:
New Hampshire MapsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Maps are used to locate places where your ancestors lived. They identify jurisdictional and county boundaries, names of places, geographical features, cemeteries, churches, and migration routes. Historical maps are especially useful for finding communities that no longer exist.
- A County Map of New Hampshire. N.p.: Evans Printing, 1969. This map shows the names of counties and townships. Family History Library map 974.2 E7.
- United States Census Bureau State and County Map. This map will allow you to zoom in on any state or county in the United States and read the names of all of the neighboring counties.
- DeLorme Mapping Company. The New Hampshire Atlas and Gazetteer. Freeport, Maine: DeLorme Mapping, 1987. (Family History Library book Q 974.2 E7d.) In addition to the atlas, 67 colored maps are included.
- New Hampshire, Vermont, Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 1993. (Family History Library book 974 E3n.) This has maps showing when and where each county changed boundaries.
- Maps of the Masonian Propriety:Vols.1–5 with Index. Salt Lake City, Utah: Genealogical Society of Utah, 1975. (FHL film 980930 items 2–7;computer number 102302.) These are microfilms of the originals in Concord, New Hampshire. Item two is the index to these maps. Items 3–7 contain the Masonian Propriety maps.
- Town and City Atlas of the State of New Hampshire. Boston, Massachusetts.: D.H. Hurd, 1892. (Family History Library folio 974.2 E3t.) This atlas is compiled from government surveys, county records, and personal investigations. You can view the maps, arranged by county. then by city or town, on the University of New Hampshire Internet site.
- Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps are available for years _PHONE_. These are detailed, bock by block plans of communities, showing, among other things, the shapes buildings, roads and businesses. They are scaled 50' to 1", and can be valuable when used in conjuction with city directories.
Printable maps are available from the National Atlas of the United States.
County Atlases and Maps
County atlases and maps may contain the names of the landowners. Land ownership maps were published for each county between 1857 and 1861.
Family History Library
To find specific maps for each county, access the Family History Library Catalog Place Search under:
- NEW HAMPSHIRE, [COUNTY]- MAPS
- NEW HAMPSHIRE, [COUNTY], [TOWN]- MAPS
New to the Research Wiki?
In the FamilySearch Research Wiki, you can learn how to do genealogical research or share your knowledge with others.Learn More


I was preparing for Catechism Class tonight on the the last things, the notes in my teachers manual say that unconscious people receive "apostolic pardon" if they get the anointing of the sick while unconscious, and should go to confession if they regain consciousness. What does that mean and how is it different from absolution that comes from the sacrament of reconciliation?
related question
cf. Apostolic Constitution of Pope Paul VI Indulgentiatum Doctrina
From this and other reading online, the Apostolic Blessing is [a sacramental] to grant a plenary indulgence (under the usual conditions).
Therefore absolution [via the sacraments] forgives sin and the apostolic blessing with its attendant plenary indulgence is imparted for the removal of all the temporal punishment due to forgiven sin.
Please note: "Canon 468, paragraph 2 of the Code of Canon Law" refers not to the current (1983) Code of Canon Law, which was not yet in force at the time of Indulgientiarum Doctrina, but to the 1917 Code of Canon Law (Latin translation) which was binding at the time (the numbering of sections was changed greatly between the two Codes). In that Code, Canon 468 paragraph 2 reads:
Parocho aliive sacerdoti qui infirmis assistat, facultas est eis concedendi benedictionem apostolicam cum indulgentia plenaria in articulo mortis, secundum formam a probatis liturgicis libris traditam, quam benedictionem impertiri ne omittat.
which could be translated roughly
Any parish priest at all who cares for the sick has the power of giving the apostolic benediction with a plenary indulgence at the point of death, according to the traditional form in approved liturgical books; giving this blessing is not to be omitted.
- Apostolic Blessing with the Plenary Indulgence | iBreviary.
- Apostolic blessing at the hour of death | Rituale Romanum.
cf. "apostolic pardon" | Wikipedia. "Apostolic Pardon" = "Apostolic Blessing with attached plenary indulgence".
Your Answer


June Selection: Skeletons at the Feast
By Chris Bohjalian
From Publishers Weekly
In his 12th novel, Bohjalian (The Double Bind) paints the brutal landscape of Nazi Germany as German refugees struggle westward ahead of the advancing Russian army. Inspired by the unpublished diary of a Prussian woman who fled west in 1945, the novel exhumes the ruin of spirit, flesh and faith that accompanied thousands of such desperate journeys. Prussian aristocrat Rolf Emmerich and his two elder sons are sent into battle, while his wife flees with their other children and a Scottish POW who has been working on their estate. Before long, they meet up with Uri Singer, a Jewish escapee from an Auschwitz-bound train, who becomes the group's protector. In a parallel story line, hundreds of Jewish women shuffle west on a gruesome death march from a concentration camp. Bohjalian presents the difficulties confronting both sets of travelers with carefully researched detail and an unflinching eye, but he blinks when creating the Emmerichs, painting them as untainted by either their privileged status, their indoctrination by the Nazi Party or their adoration of Hitler. Although most of the characters lack complexity, Bohjalian's well-chosen descriptions capture the anguish of a tragic era and the dehumanizing desolation wrought by war. (May)
From Amazon.com


apd 123 2
USS Diachenko APD-123 Model Ship (FREE SHIPPING)
Takes 6 to 8 weeks to make.
The USS Diachenko has a great history and story. The humble ship was active during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam war. Ships like the Diachenko undergo changes as it prepares for wars and ship commanders change hands. Custom models of the USS Diachecko can be fabricated in one-hundred different ways. This is because the life span of a ship can outlast humans and last for many generations. For example, the Vietnam version of this ship would have a slightly different configuration from the Vietnam war and the Korean War. Just imagine visiting Vietnam in the Heart of winter and using the same outfit in Korea. You would freeze to death. Technology changes all the time. Ships and Aircraft are retrofitted with upgraded hardware and technology. Advanced radar systems and Guns can be upgraded. These all factors in the accuracy of a ship model. A sailor serving on the Diachenko during the Korean War will want a replica of a ship that reminds him of this time on the ship. The Guns, Aircraft, and markings must be consistent with that era.


Amateur women's baseball teams existed as early as 1866
Amateur women's baseball teams existed as early as 1866 The female New York giants pose in front of the dugout at an unspecified game in 1913. (LOC/Flickr)
Amateur women's baseball teams existed as early as 1866
Lexile: 780L
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It was the bottom of the 9th. The bases were loaded and there was a full count. One run separated the two teams. Around 1,500 spectators filled the stands of the Lenox Oval. It was in uptown New York City. And on this particular Sunday, they were no doubt on the edge of their seats. The pitcher began her wind up. A cop walked onto the field to hand the third baseman a subpoena.
That's how a scrimmage game between the "Reds" and the "Blues" ended, according to an account in the New York Tribune. The game took place May 25, 1913. It is one of the few publicized outings of New York's female Giants. Historians don't seem to know much about this short-lived, unofficial female counterpart to the popular men's baseball team of the time. That's according to Greg Young and Tom Meyers writing for their popular New York City history blog/podcast. It's called The Bowery Boys.
Amateur girls baseball teams date to as early at 1866. This was long before candy honcho Phil Wrigley launched the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. That was in the 1940s. It was dramatized by A League of Their Own. They were dubbed "Bloomer Girls" for the baggy Turkish-style trousers they'd wear during games. These teams became particularly popular in the late 1890s and early 1900s. They typically challenged local men's teams to games.
Some men played alongside the women. They may have worn female clothing and masqueraded as girls. Meyers and Young point to a 1913 game in Washington, D.C. Fans stormed Union Field after an outfielder threw the ball from deep center to home plate. This supposedly revealed him to be a man.
Michael Carlebach is a historian and photojournalist. He pins the conception of this particular New York team on the shoulders of then-Giants manager John McGraw. Some of the girls were trained baseball players. They were recruited from local high schools. Others came from other sports. Ida Schnall served as their captain and had a background in swimming and diving. The U.S. Olympic Committee had barred women from competing in the 1912 games in Stockholm, Sweden. So she decided to try her arm at baseball.
The Lenox Oval is a sporting arena at the corner of 145th and Lenox Avenue. The infamous May 25th game was supposed to be an exhibition scrimmage where the team split up into two squads. The "Blue Stockings" and the "Red Stockings." They played each other. Things got exciting at the bottom of the 9th inning. Schall was pitching, but she never got to finish the game.
Under New York law, teams weren't allowed to sell tickets to games on Sundays. But a policeman had caught the third baseman, 17-yeard-old Helen Lenker, selling programs before the game. The cops shut down the game and ordered her to appear before a judge in Harlem. Lenker explained that she had simply been handing the programs out. Spectators (including the policeman) started giving her money of their own avail. Though the New York Tribune alleged that she had charmed her way out of the predicament, the next day the judge dismissed the charges.
The game likely received press coverage because the cops showed up, Meyers and Young posit. There's some evidence that the female Giants played against and with members of the men's New York Giants team. None appear to be wearing disguises. The team lasted about a year.
While the female Giants only took the field in 1913, "Bloomer Girls" teams remained popular until the 1930s.
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Why do you think little is know about these amateur women's baseball teams?
Write your answers in the comments section below
 - jamariw-orv
 3/20/2018 - 12:33 p.m.
 because the internet wasn't around back then so people couldn't post to much about it and get an international viewing
 - joeyw-orv
 3/21/2018 - 12:26 p.m.
 I think that not a lot of people know about the women baseball teams because during that time in the 1920's there were a lot of sexist people and it was probably a sexist time.
 - jeremyj-orv
 3/22/2018 - 11:31 a.m.
 I think most of everyone is or was focused on the MLB, rather than a small lady's team, but despite their small following, the team is still cool.
 - EmilyH-dec
 3/23/2018 - 08:42 a.m.
 I thought this story was kinda cool because it showed you that they played baseball on their free time.
 - CameronP-dec
 3/23/2018 - 08:44 a.m.
 Couldn't sell tickets, that must have sucked
 - GavinM-dec
 3/23/2018 - 11:04 a.m.
 I think it's really cool that women have rights and they get to anything they want.
 - AsherM-dec
 3/23/2018 - 01:01 p.m.
 This article informed me because i never knew there wa womens baseball that LONG AGO. You would never think until you read that there is.
 - ZekeK-dec
 3/23/2018 - 01:39 p.m.
 I think that this is pretty cool. But why is it called baseball then and softball now?
 - ColeV-dec
 3/23/2018 - 01:46 p.m.
 Most people focused on male baseball more than female baseball.
 - LizziM-dec
 3/23/2018 - 02:18 p.m.
 People focus on male baseball more than female baseball but both should be equally enjoyed.
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Wood Carving: Trees as a Medium for Unique Art
Unless you've been to a logging competition, you probably haven't seen someone with a large chainsaw creating a beautiful piece of art out of a dead tree, but you may have stumbled upon their handiwork in the woods or sitting outside a boutique. When a tree dies (or sometimes, while it's alive), these tree carvers are able to take the remains and turn it into something beautiful. Here are some of the most gorgeous examples of tree carving:
(Images via treefellersronaldhankocimba7200, bruce aleksander and dennis milam)
Those who take up tree carving are typically nature lovers, and spend a lot of their time in the outdoors enjoying nature, and practicing their art. It's unsurprising, then that animals feature heavily in tree carving subject matter. The most common tree carving tends to be a giant bear, rough hewn out of a large tree and left in the lobby of a ski lodge. Large hawks and Pelicans, and even fish leaping out of imaginary water, are just a few of the more intricate animals also chosen.
(Images via ajftfields of viewgary and kathyneiliolndshlf72treefellers)
Human faces are difficult to carve because everyone is a well attuned critic, since we've all been studying faces since we first opened our eyes. Despite the difficulty, the idea of an old wise tree man, or beautiful and intelligent tree woman, is incredibly common, and by far the most intriguing tree carving subject matter.
(Images via ksgirl, chigmarofflinda, jafproject)
People are difficult to carve because they're tall, bipedal, and typically have some sort of tool or implement lying around; not to mention the fact that we're evolutionarily geared to be able to tell what is right or wrong about a person's face, making everyone much more critical. The difficulty doesn't stop tree carvers, however, and many create monuments to famous individuals from trees that have been around since they still walked the Earth.
(Images via gizmodocoasttocoastam)
It's surprising when a tree carver's subject matter is something besides a jumping salmon or wise-eyed old man, but that can make it even more enjoyable. Above are two such examples; an arcade machine and an alien, defying you to pass by without studying them even more intently than you would a depiction of a large bear.
(Images via halle0909, the eggplant, trying to keep still, jaana-mari, simon lawrencelwh1970)
A tree carver has to work with the shape and size of the tree he's working with, and this can spur creativity in a direction maybe the tree carver didn't even expect. They may reveal symbolic elements, or even the secret door to a dwarve's underground abode, or even create an area meant for meditation on nature. Whatever the tree carver decides, if they have the skills, it will become awe inspiring.
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How Do Fish and Wildlife Survive Severe Cold Weather?
Cold-stunned sea turtles at the Brownsville Ship Channel
This week many Texans are seeing snow for the first time as a record cold front plunged our state into single-digit temperatures.
While humans struggle with power and water outages, how are our native fish and wildlife faring? For many animals, it depends on how well prepared they are, including having healthy fat reserves.
That's reassuring for those of us who have been building up our own fat deposits.
Texas has few true hibernating animals. But many animals do slow way, way down.
Many native wildlife species will be able to survive short durations of historic low temperatures and snow events. However, long-term impacts on a variety of wildlife and their habitats, especially on vegetation, may not be known for weeks.
Here's a rundown of how different animals handle the cold.
Mockingbird, the Texas state bird, fluffed up in the cold.
Though they appear to be small and delicate, birds actually have several strategies for toughing out cold temps.
They prepare for winter by adding more feathers, in American Robins up to 50% more.
They create their own puffer coats by fluffing their feathers to trap warm air. That's why some birds look extra fluffy in cold weather.
How do they keep their feet from freezing? Birds have an adaption called countercurrent heat exchange. As explained by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology: "Cool blood coming back from the foot travels through veins grouped around arteries that are sending warm blood from the body to the foot. Heat is transferred from the warm arteries to the cool veins."
Birds flock to food sources to build up their energy reserves. Many Texans have noticed large flocks of robins and cedar waxwings in their neighborhoods feasting on fruit.
Birds that have done a good job building up fat and are generally healthy will make it through the winter. Those that have little fat will have a hard time.
Surprisingly, urban communal roosts may harbor some of the most vulnerable birds. With past arctic blasts, bird deaths have been most notable among the large populations of great-tailed grackles in Texas cities.
 "I've seen autopsy reports of some of these dead grackles from Austin and they usually found the dead ones had heavy internal parasite loads, like liver flukes," says Cliff Shackleford, TPWD ornithologist. "Those individuals were already weakened."
TPWD staff and the public have made these observations regarding bird health and mortality due to the winter weather.
White-tailed deer in the snow.
You may have noticed your neighborhood squirrels out busily digging. They're likely checking their stashes of food they stored to survive cold weather. The two most common squirrels in Texas, the gray squirrel and the fox squirrel, rely on these caches, along with their fast reserves and cozy nests to make it through the winter.
Deer and coyotes grow heavier winter coats to help them survive the colder weather. These winter coats are generally thicker and have a well-developed underlayer. As with birds, the healthy animals with ample fat will make it through the winter, while those in poor health may succumb to the cold, wintery conditions.
Tri-color bats in Buffalo, Texas
Texas bats have different approaches to winter, depending on the species. Since bats rely on insects for food, and insects are scarce in the winter, they must either migrate to where the insects are or hibernate to wait out the winter.
The bats that choose to hibernate will find a suitable cave or culvert and settle in. But that doesn't mean they're completely dormant.
"Bats will be down in hibernation for two weeks or so at a time," says Nathan Fuller, TPWD bat specialist. "Some kind of trigger causes them to arouse from their hibernation and do some stuff — they go to the bathroom, fly around a little bit. This cycle can go on for months."
Unfortunately, Texas bats are facing the deadly threat of white-nose syndrome. The syndrome has caused millions of deaths in bats across North America. The fungus that causes white-nose grows on hibernating bats, acting as a chronic disturbance and possibly causing dehydration.
To help monitor the disease's progression, TPWD wildlife specialists are asking the public to report dead or sick bats to Be sure to include a general location and, if possible, a photograph.
During cold weather, many fish slow down and head for deeper waters where it's somewhat warmer. Unfortunately, fish in shallow water, especially in our coastal areas, may not survive a hard freeze, resulting in large 'fish kills' during cold snaps. Our Kills and Spills team collects data on these events to assess the overall impact on Texas fish populations.
When temperatures on the coast fall below freezing, TPWD may close certain areas to saltwater fishing as we had to do for two days this year.
American alligator in winter at Powderhorn WMA
Reptiles such as snakes, alligators and freshwater turtles go into a state of dormancy, called brumation. They'll find a crevice or burrow to crawl into and wait out the winter.
"They're cold-blooded. Their metabolisms just slow down with the environment," says TPWD wildlife biologist Nathan Rains.
One reptile that has a harder time with cold snaps is the sea turtle. When water temperatures plunge, sea turtles become "cold-stunned" and unable to swim. They float up to the surface and become vulnerable to boat strikes or wash ashore and become stranded.
The National Park Service, working with TPWD and other partner organizations, leads the effort to rescue cold-stunned sea turtles. The turtles are taken to rehabilitation facilities to recover and then released back into the wild when temperatures warm up.
Why not let nature take its course?
As the NPS website explains: "The green sea turtle is protected as a threatened species by both the state of Texas and the federal government. Even though their population is growing, their numbers are still too low to afford losses. Also, the Intracoastal Waterway and other deep channels, created by humans for boating and shipping, may entice sea turtles to venture deeper into the Laguna Madre and further away from the safety of the Gulf of Mexico."
Severe cold weather definitely takes a toll on our fish and wildlife. But the majority of animals will survive to warmer days.
If you want more content like this, subscribe to Texas Parks & Wildlife magazine. Whether in print or through our mobile app, choose the version that works best for you.


text:
Originally Posted by Troy Kerr
I found that its around 130 calories. However, when selecting your activity level to determine your blocks, is the activity level based on a crossfit style metcon, or a workout in general?
One Zone block meaning 1 each of fat, protein, and carbs OR what does a fat, protein, or carb block have in them?
1 block of fat, protein, and carbs = 91 calories.
1 block of protein is 28 cals
1 block of fat is 27 cals
1 block of carbs is 36 cals
CrossFit uses a.7 as the activity level.


Updated date:
Wicca for Beginners: Getting Over 'Scary Words'
Getting Over the Term Wicca
Psst… psssstt… hey, you! That's right, I'm talking to you! Have you heard about those Wiccan people?
They are creepy! They hold rituals—I know, right?!! They make sacrifices. They use pentagrams. And—here's the kicker—they worship a Horned God! They invoke him! Doesn't that sound awfully suspicious?
Words, words, words—they are so evocative. They're completely arbitrary yet so powerful. Word associations can be drilled into us for so long, that–warranted or not—a word can produce a knee-jerk reaction. The most innocent word can be connected with the most sinister things if the ideas are connected enough times in your mind. If someone has the idea that 'bubble gum' is the candy of evil space overlords drilled into him, it's really hard to look at the candy in a new way.
When some people hear about Wicca, or are new to Wicca, there are certain words and terms that trip them up due to a Pavlovian-like response. Let's look at some of these 'scary' words and try to consider objectively what they mean in context.
Language precision counts.
Language precision counts.
 - Altar: "She has an altar! Oh my God!You'd think it was a disease the way people say it. It's just a place designated for religious worship and practices. Most religions in the world use some form of altar; most people even get married at one.
 - Coven: From the Latin convenire, it means come together'. Coven is from the same roots as convent and convene. It's a gathering. In the middle ages, Christians began associating it specifically with gatherings of Witches, going on to describe despicable activities that have been long debunked. Today, a coven is a group that gathers for worship and other various reasons related to spirituality.
 - Horned: Admittedly, this is one that took me a while to get past. The image of 'Satan' with horns has made the very word 'horns' raise all kinds of alarms for anyone raised in a Christian-dominated society. The truth is, though, that sometimes a horn is just a horn. Pagan Gods with horns—such as antlers— are related to wild forests, animals and the hunt. Horns represent those primal instincts in nature. To Wiccans, the concept of the 'horn' is in no way related to any Satan or devil character.
 - Invoke: It simply means to call—usually in reference to calling on a deity. Yes, Wiccans invoke our Gods, just as every person of every religion. When someone calls out "Dear God/dess, hear our prayer…" they are performing an invocation.
Tell Us About It!
 - Pentagram: No matter which synonym you feel comfortable using—pentacle, pentangle, etc.—it's all the same: an interlocking 5-pointed star. In Wicca, the star is a symbol for the elements, with the circle part of it (if present) representing the universe. It's also seen as a symbol of blessing and protection. No, it doesn't actually mean 'evil' or 'good' based on the way it points, but that's another story.
 - Rite: 'Rites' are one of those things religions do all the time, yet don't always call it a 'rite'. Worsening matters, horror movies use the word for evil events, and so everyone begins to associate 'rite' with 'evil'. A rite is a ceremonial act. Water baptism, blessing wine, exchanging wedding rings—these are all examples of rites. Wiccan practices contain similar rites.
 - Ritual: This word has also taken on negative connotations thanks to horror fiction and fear propaganda, however it's something everyone does on a frequent basis. Ritual simply means to repeat an action regularly. Your daily routine is a ritual. A church holding structured services every week is performing a ritual. In Wicca, we call our rituals—wait for it—'rituals'. Imagine that.
 - Sabbat: Movies like Rosemary's Baby with indignant speeches about how Witches have 'sabbats' and 'drink blood' has forever linked this word with something sinister to the general public. 'Sabbat' actually comes from 'sabbath' which means 'holy day' or 'day of rest'. Wiccans call our eight holy festivals 'sabbats'. In other words: holidays. We usually have a potluck afterward, but to my knowledge, no one has ever brought blood.
 - Sacrifices/offerings: What typically jumps to mind? Animals? Babies? Virgins? Try incense, wine, or a plate of food. Wiccans find the idea of hurting or killing people just as immoral, illegal and incomprehensible as you'd expect anyone to find those ideas. There's no place, no need, and no desire for such things in our religion, period. A sacrifice is something you give up willingly. By its very nature, if you take something from someone else to offer it, you're not making much of a sacrifice, are you?
 - A libation of wine or a basket of harvest fruit on the altar is a sacrifice, or offering. Burning incense in religious rituals is an offering. Pledging to do things for your God is an offering.
Clarity Is Essential
I believe I've covered the most commonly misunderstood words here, but of course there are always more. Do you have any words related to Wicca to which you had a strong reaction due to associations that were ingrained in you from other sources? If so, please discuss them in the comments and perhaps we'll revisit the topic in a future article.
© 2013 Mackenzie Sage Wright
James on September 24, 2018:
I enjoy all of your posts thank you for enlightening the world.
Rusty Rupp on June 25, 2018:
I agree with you that because the use of words listed are used in the wrong context that people are scared of them,even in this so called age of enlightenment. People should not be scared of words,it's not words that hurt humans but other humans that do.
Mackenzie Sage Wright (author) on November 25, 2017:
Hi Liz; How you doing? I totally agree, television shows love to jump on those stereotypes and misunderstandings, reinforcing people's misunderstandings and fears. The Warrens got rich from exploiting people's fears.
Liz Elias from Oakley, CA on November 25, 2017:
P.S. I've noticed that certain shows on TV are not helping matters in the least. One show we enjoy for other reasons (our interest in the paranormal), also irritates me every time they go ghost hunting in some abandoned building, and see a pentagram painted on a wall or floor.
They immediately declaim it as "satanic worship," or "pagan rituals" or "dark magic" having been practiced there, and so a 'door' was opened, allowing evil to come through.
It really chaps my hide, because they are perpetuating these false notions. And their go-to "demon busters," Ed & Lorraine Warren, don't help either. All this "demon" crap ticks me off, too.
(I am a pagan-path eclectic solitary, who is also an atheist--I don't believe in deities or demons!) My path is simply one of respect for nature and fellow beings, including non-human wildlife and domestic animals.
Mackenzie Sage Wright (author) on November 25, 2017:
My website contact form is the best bet though admittedly I'm behind on responding. Wicclit.com
helpers on November 17, 2017:
hello Mam, Can i be possibly connect toyou in any other means?
Mackenzie Sage Wright (author) on November 05, 2013:
Thanks Theophanes; scare factor has a lot to do with where & how you grew up. Thanks for your comments!
Mackenzie Sage Wright (author) on November 05, 2013:
Thanks again, MsLizzy! I'm flattered.
Theophanes Avery from New England on November 04, 2013:
I live near the largest Wiccan population in the US so I don't think any of these words are scary - they're pretty straight forward if you're paying attention. I just wanted to note that the Christian devil didn't have horns until the Catholics stole them from Pagan religions in a way of demonizing the old ways and scaring people into Jesus' arms. Since this is no longer in living memory it seems as if Wiccans are worshiping the Christian devil but really he just inspired Satan's image. Politics. Anywho, lovely article! Thanks for trying to demystify Wiccanism. I'm not Wiccan but know a few - they're usually very decent people! :)
Liz Elias from Oakley, CA on November 04, 2013:
Oh, I see. Thanks very much for that detailed explanation. I'm really enjoying your series.
Mackenzie Sage Wright (author) on November 04, 2013:
Thanks torrilynn, I appreciate your comments and votes!
Mackenzie Sage Wright (author) on November 04, 2013:
Thanks DzyMzLizzy again for your comments and an excellent question


Sun Cluster Overview for Solaris OS
Failure Fencing
A major issue for clusters is a failure that causes the cluster to become partitioned (called split brain). When this situation occurs, not all nodes can communicate, so individual nodes or subsets of nodes might try to form individual or subset clusters. Each subset or partition might "believe" it has sole access and ownership to the multihost disks. Attempts by multiple nodes to write to the disks can result in data corruption.
Failure fencing limits node access to multihost disks by preventing access to the disks. When a node leaves the cluster (it either fails or becomes partitioned), failure fencing ensures that the node can no longer access the disks. Only current member nodes have access to the disks, ensuring data integrity.
The Sun Cluster system uses SCSI disk reservations to implement failure fencing. Using SCSI reservations, failed nodes are "fenced" away from the multihost disks, preventing them from accessing those disks.
When a cluster member detects that another node is no longer communicating over the cluster interconnect, it initiates a failure-fencing procedure to prevent the failed node from accessing shared disks. When this failure fencing occurs, the fenced node panics and a "reservation conflict" message is displayed on its console.


Transportation Category Winner, "Create the Future" 2007 Design Contest
Winner of an HP Workstation
Internally Radiating Impulse Structure (IRIS) Engine
Corban Tillemann-Dick
Tendix LLC
Denver, CO
The vast majority of internal combustion engines we use for transportation and commerce run at approximately 25% efficiency. Tendix LLC has developed a new family of engines that dramatically enhance fuel efficiency, effectively prolonging the viability of global petroleum reserves, and significantly reducing emissions of greenhouse gases.
ImageThe Internally Radiating Impulse Structure (IRIS) overcomes many of the underlying shortcomings of modern engines by fundamentally changing the geometry of the combustion chamber. The IRIS changes the combustion chamber's design from one piston in a cylinder to six "chordons," which act as expanding walls. Existing chamber designs become longer during combustion. In contrast, the IRIS chamber expands in diameter. This design innovation means the vast majority of the IRIS's surface area reacts productively to the forces of combustion, generating torque throughout each combustion cycle. Surfaces exposed to combusting gases in an engine can react either productively, by moving, or wastefully by heating. In traditional engines, an average of less than 25% of the combustion chamber's surface area is productive. In an IRIS, that average skyrockets to more than 70% of the chamber's surface area. Furthermore, because so much of the chamber is productive, gases can expand further than in an ordinary engine before opening the exhaust valves. This means that an IRIS engine also captures energy that previously flowed out the exhaust pipe.
IRIS engines avoid the shortcomings of alternative systems such as hybrids, electrics, or fuel cells. These systems offer only marginal increases in efficiency; negatively impact weight, range, and power; or rely on infrastructure and technology that are still decades from viability. IRIS engines are substantially smaller, lighter, and more fuel efficient. They are compatible with existing infrastructure, and are built with conventional materials and machining.
In the future, it can be adapted to run on alternative fuels such as biodiesel, natural gas, or hydrogen. IRIS technology can also be utilized to create dramatically more efficient pumps, compressors, and medical devices.
For more information, visit _URL_, or contact the inventor at: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..