12th Grade Vocabulary Antonyms Practice
Does anyone know of a good place that I can practice 12th grade vocabulary antonyms?
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 1. I don't know if there's any magic website for this, but if you have a list of words, think of at least one antonym for each one, and then look them up at _URL_ to see if your antonyms are correct. Keep in mind that there are often more than one antonym for just about any word.
 Also keep in mind that some words don't have antonyms!
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 3. If you wernt you'd know the answer
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Wednesday, August 3, 2011
Vernacular Name: Salak Kumbar, Sala
Botanical Name: Salacca wallichiana
Specimens From: Myanmar
Rakum palm can be found in Indochina, Malaysia and Sumatra. It is popular in Thailand as it is cultivated over there. But this species is not as common and well-known as the salak, the snake palm. This fruit is also considered as rare elsewhere.
The shape may be almost round, obovoid or slightly longish. The skin may be red, orange, reddish-brown or brown, depending on the various cultivars. It is rough with soft bristers all over the fruit.
The inside of this fruit, consists of three edible lobes, are "creamy yellowish orange" in colour. There is usually a single, dark brown seed in every lobe and the hard seeds are not edible.
The taste is semi-sweet and only mildly acidic. It is slightly juicy and soft if it is fully ripe. Tastes like a cross between a pineapple and a pear. Somewhat different and unusual taste from the common fruits. May need some acquired taste to like it.
How to eat this fruit? No knife needed. Just break off the tip and peel the skin from the top down. The tough, thick-looking skin is deceiving as it peels off quite easily. The skin is misleading as this fruit bruise easily and you can't tell from its external look. The moment you peel it, you may spot those darkened brownish blotches which smells badly and have to cut that part off. Those tough-looking skin won't be able to protect the inside of this fruit.
Fruit: Rakum Palm; salacca wallichiana; Arecaceae.
Other fruits in the same family: Salak, Barhee Date.
Click here to view other fruits in thumbnail images
Click here to have a say in your favourite fruits

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Most of the time, Frigidaire dishwasher lights blinking is not a major problem and can be diagnosed easily. Different lights indicate different causes, and once they are solved, you can start using your dishwasher again. Since the Frigidaire dishwasher blinking lights indicate different causes than other dishwashers, you should know the exact reason behind it. Therefore, knowing the correct cause is important since that is the only way to eliminate the Frigidaire dishwasher blinking lights. Consider the following factors to troubleshoot the Frigidaire dishwasher lights blinking issues.
Perform a Basic Reset
- 1 Perform a Basic Reset
- 2 Start/ Resume Keypad
- 3 Clean Keypad
- 4 Hi-Temp Wash or Hi-Temp Rinse Keypad
- 5 Heating Element
- 6 Check Frigidaire Dishwasher's Error Codes
- 7 Drain Pump
- 8 Touchpad and Control Panel
- 9 Frequently Asked Questions
- 10 Conclusion
Before you get into detail about troubleshooting your dishwasher, you should perform a basic reset:
- Switch off the dishwasher and unplug it from power, or turn off the circuit breaker.
- Wait for about five minutes and restore the power to the appliance by turning on the switch.
- Restart the dishwasher, select a new cycle and check whether the problem is solved.
Start/ Resume Keypad
A special sensor in the Frigidaire dishwasher detects whether the door is closed properly or not. So, it is necessary to close the door properly and latch it before a cycle is started. If not, the Start/ Resume light will flash. If you see this light flashing, you should open the door and shut it again to ensure it is latched properly. Then press the Start button to start the cycle, and this should have solved the problem.
The notification of cleaned dishwashers is indicated by illuminating the "Clean" keypad. But if this sign is flashing on the keypad, it indicates a problem with the temperature of the water. To test the water temperature:
- Turn on your home hot water sink connected with the dishwasher.
- Using a thermometer, check whether the temperature of water is around 120 ˚F.
- If the water has a temperature below 120 ˚F, turn on your home heater to ensure the water temperature to be around 120 ˚F. You can turn on your dishwasher to check whether the problem is fixed.
But if you cannot change the water temperature and if the problem remains, you would need to call a plumber for help.
Hi-Temp Wash or Hi-Temp Rinse Keypad
These options, named "Hi-Temp Wash" and "Hi-Temp Rinse" in a Frigidaire dishwasher, warm water for a cycle until the water reaches a specific temperature. If the "Hi-Temp Wash" or "Hi-Temp Rinse" button flashes during the water warming time, it indicates that the cycle has been paused. The buttons would stop flashing after the water reaches a certain temperature, and the cycle will be resumed.
Water is heated to a specifically selected temperature by the heating element. If water fails to reach the proper temperature within a pre-defined time, a light indicator on the control panel will flash. This indicates that something has gone wrong with the heating elements. Check the continuity of the heating element using a multimeter, and if the heating element does not indicate any continuity, then the heating element must have been burned out. Since these coils are not repairable, you would have to replace them to solve the problem.
Check Frigidaire Dishwasher's Error Codes
If your dishwasher is blinking even though the display window is working, you should check the display window for error codes. Then, refer to the user manual and consult the wiring diagram and tech sheet for more information. Follow the instructions indicated there as it is the best solution for your dishwasher.
The function of the drain pump is to remove used water out through the drain hose. If the drain pump is defective, it would not be able to drain out water. Your appliance indicates this as you can see the Frigidaire dishwasher lights blinking. Check the continuity of the drain motor using a multimeter to determine whether it is defective or not. As the drain motor is not repairable, you would have to replace the drain pump if it is found to be faulty.
Touchpad and Control Panel
If there are any issues with the touchpad or the control panel, you should first confirm that the display is working. If it is working, try pressing the touchpad buttons and check whether they respond. If you observe that some buttons don't respond correctly, the entire touchpad and control panel can be at fault. After confirmation, you would need to replace these components. Sometimes the touchpads are sold separately from the control panel by certain manufacturers. Other manufacturers would need you to buy the touchpad and control panel together. If you cannot replace the touchpad separately, then replace both the touchpad and control panel.
Frequently Asked Questions
If your dishwasher has continuously blinking Start, Wash, or Clean lights, it would indicate that there are electrical or water flow problems. Some issues can be solved simply by resetting, while others would need more troubleshooting.
What is indicated if the Option LED is flashing on the Frigidaire dishwasher?
Flashing LEDs in Hi-Temp Wash and No Heat Dry/ Power Dry Off indicates a power failure. Press Start/ Cancel and select the desired options and cycle again.
Why is Status LED flashing?
The Status LEDs will flash when the door is opened, and you should close the door to get rid of this.
As you have gained an overall idea about the Frigidaire dishwasher lights blinking, you can troubleshoot your dishwasher easily. If you need more clarification on the blinking indications, you can refer to your user manual, as it would give you a specific solution for your dishwasher model. You would also find it useful to know the reasons why your Frigidaire dishwasher won't start and how to troubleshoot them.
If you are thinking of purchasing a new dishwasher, avoid these Worst Dishwasher Brands and choose from the recommended models indicated in the guide.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Packaging Component
d_packaging component (compare with d_Component and d_Package)
A Packaging Component is an element that appears very similar to a Component in a diagram but behaves as a Package in the Project Browser (that is, it can be version controlled and can contain other Packages and elements). It is typically used in Component diagrams.
In the Project Browser, the three elements display as shown below:
The Component element cannot contain child Packages or Packaging Components.
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Urbanization: urban population: 68% of total population (2010)
Definition: This entry provides two measures of the degree of urbanization of a population. The first, urban population, describes the percentage of the total population living in urban areas, as defined by the country. The second, rate of urbanization, describes the projected average rate of change of the size of the urban population over the given period of time. Additionally, the World entry includes a list of the ten largest urban agglomerations. An urban agglomeration is defined as comprising the city or town proper and also the suburban fringe or thickly settled territory lying outside of, but adjacent to, the boundaries of the city.
Source: CIA World Factbook - Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of February 21, 2013
© 2013 IndexMundi. All rights reserved.


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- Mistletoe is a semiparasitic plant that grows on several types of common trees such as apple, oak, pine, and elm. Mistletoe extract has been used since ancient times to treat many ailments (see Question 1).
- Mistletoe is one of the most widely studied complementary and alternative medicine therapies in people with cancer. In certain European countries, preparations made from European mistletoe are among the most prescribed drugs for patients with cancer (see Question 1).
- Mistletoe extract has been shown to kill cancer cells in the laboratory and to affect the immune system. However, there is limited evidence that mistletoe's effects on the immune system help the body fight cancer (see Question 2 and Question 3).
- Mistletoe extracts are usually given by injection under the skin or, less often, into a vein, into the pleural cavity, or into the tumor. (see Question 4).
- Animal studies have suggested that mistletoe may be useful in decreasing the side effects of standard anticancer therapy, such as chemotherapy and radiation (see Question 5).
- Several human studies using mistletoe to treat cancer have been done since the early 1960s, but major weaknesses in many of these have raised doubts about their findings (see Question 6).
- Very few harmful side effects have been reported from the use of mistletoe extract (see Question 7).
- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved mistletoe as a treatment for cancer or any other medical condition (see Question 8).
- The FDA does not allow injectable mistletoe to be imported, sold, or used except for clinical research (see Question 8).
Questions and Answers About Mistletoe
- What is mistletoe?
Mistletoe is a semiparasitic plant that grows on several types of trees, including apple, oak, maple, elm, pine, and birch. It has been used for centuries to treat medical conditions such as epilepsy, hypertension, headaches, menopausal symptoms, infertility, arthritis, and rheumatism.
Mistletoe is one of the most widely studied complementary and alternative medicine therapies for cancer. In certain European countries, extracts made from European mistletoe are among the most prescribed therapies for cancer patients. These products are made and sold under brand names including:
- Iscador (also called Iscar).
- Isorel (also called Vysorel).
- Lektinol (also called Plenosol).
This summary discusses research done mainly with this mistletoe species.
The chemical makeup of mistletoe products varies, depending on many factors, including:
- The type of host tree on which the mistletoe plant grows.
- The time of year the plant is harvested.
- The species of mistletoe.
- Whether the extract is fermented or unfermented.
- Whether the extract is prepared with homeopathic methods.
- The company that makes the product.
Mistletoe extracts are prepared as water-based solutions or solutions of water and alcohol. Mistletoe products may be named according to the type of host tree on which the plant grows. For example, IscadorM is from apple trees, IscadorP comes from pine trees, IscadorQ is from oak trees, and IscadorU comes from elm trees. Some users believe that the type of mistletoe extract chosen should depend on the type of tumor and the sex of the patient.
- What is the history of the discovery and use of mistletoe as a complementary or alternative treatment for cancer?
Mistletoe was used by the Druids and the ancient Greeks, and appears in legend and folklore as a panacea or "cure -all". Modern interest in mistletoe as a possible treatment for cancer began in the 1920s.
Extracts of mistletoe have been shown to kill cancer cells in the laboratory and to boost the immune system (the complex group of organs and cells that defends the body against infection or disease). For this reason, mistletoe has been classified as a type of biological response modifier (a substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease). Extracts of mistletoe have also been shown in the laboratory to prevent the growth of new blood vessels needed for tumors to grow.
Ingredients in mistletoe that have been studied for their usefulness in treating cancer include:
- What is the theory behind the claim that mistletoe is useful in treating cancer?
Mistletoe extract is studied as a possible anticancer agent because it has been shown to:
- Have effects on the immune system.
- Kill mouse, rat, and human cancer cells in the laboratory.
- Protect the DNA in white blood cells in the laboratory, including cells that have been exposed to DNA-damaging chemotherapy drugs.
- How is mistletoe administered?
Mistletoe extracts are usually given by injection under the skin (subcutaneous). Less common ways to give mistletoe include by mouth, into a vein (intravenous or IV), into the pleural cavity, or into the tumor. In most reported studies, injections under the skin were given 2 to 3 times a week for various lengths of time.
- What preclinical (laboratory or animal) studies have been conducted using mistletoe?
Many laboratory and animal studies have been done with mistletoe, either alone or combined with other agents. Laboratory studies have suggested that mistletoe may support the immune system by increasing the number and activity of various types of white blood cells. One type of European mistletoe (IscadorQ) used in a 2004 laboratory study showed a strong anticancer effect on certain types of cancer cells but no anticancer effect on other types of cancer cells. While one laboratory study reported that mistletoe extract caused several types of human cancer cells to grow faster, this was not found in other recent lab studies.
Studies testing mistletoe's ability to stop cancer cell growth in animals have yielded mixed and inconsistent results, depending on the extract used, the dose tested, the way it was given, and the type of cancer studied. Results of a few animal studies have suggested that mistletoe may be useful in decreasing the side effects of standard anticancer therapy, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and that it counteracts the effects of drugs used to suppress the immune system, such as cortisone.
- Have any clinical trials (research studies with people) been conducted using mistletoe?
Most clinical trials using mistletoe to treat cancer have been done in Europe. Most study results have been published in German. Although many of these trials have reported mistletoe to be effective, there are major weaknesses in almost all that raise doubts about their findings. Weaknesses have included small numbers of patients, incomplete patient data, lack of information about mistletoe dose, and problems with study design.
Many studies involve using mistletoe as adjuvant therapy in patients with cancer. One retrospective cohort study done between 1993 and 2000 looked at the use of a mistletoe extract (Iscador) as long-term adjuvant therapy in 800 patients treated with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy for colorectal cancer that had not spread. The study found that patients treated with Iscador had fewer adverse events, better symptom relief, and improved disease-free survival compared to patients who did not receive Iscador as adjuvant therapy.
In 2002, the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), in cooperation with the National Cancer Institute (NCI), began enrolling patients for a phase I clinical trial of a mistletoe extract (Helixor A) and gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors. This combination showed low toxicity and showed treatment benefits in almost half the patients. The trial is now closed and the data are being analyzed.
Before researchers can conduct clinical drug research in the United States, they must file an Investigational New Drug (IND) application with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA does not make information public about IND applications or approvals; this information can be made public only by the applicants. At present, at least two U.S. investigators have IND approval to study mistletoe as a treatment for cancer.
- Have any side effects or risks been reported from mistletoe?
Very few serious side effects have been reported from the use of mistletoe extract products. Common side effects include soreness and inflammation at injection sites, headache, fever, and chills. A few cases of severe allergic reactions, including anaphylactic shock, have been reported.
- Is mistletoe approved by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as a cancer treatment in the United States?
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved the use of mistletoe as a treatment for cancer or any other medical condition. The FDA does not allow injectable mistletoe extracts to be imported or used except for clinical research.
At this time, there is not enough evidence to recommend the use of mistletoe as a treatment for cancer except in carefully designed clinical trials. These trials will give more information about whether mistletoe can be useful in treating certain types of cancer.
Current Clinical Trials
Check NCI's list of cancer clinical trials for cancer CAM clinical trials on mistletoe extract that are actively enrolling patients.
General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.
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text:
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN River Falls
One of the best email messages I received last month informed me that the university earned aSTARS gold rating from the Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education (AASHE) in recognition of our sustainability achievements. This, after receiving a silver rating in each of the past six years. STARS, which stands for AASHE's Sustainability Tracking, Assessment and Rating System, measures and encourages many aspects of sustainability, not just environmental, but also in the economic, and social realms. For example, UW-River Falls scored well in terms of public engagement thanks to programs like our KinniConsortium which supports sustainable economic development through coordination of research and conservation initiatives that benefit our local watershed. Our progress is a testament to the work of many faculty, staff and students on campus – although I want to specifically recognize our Sustainability and Custodial Supervisor Mark Klapatch for his leadership in this area.
Over 890 universities in nearly 40 countries have submitted information for the STARS rating system to assess their progress with respect to sustainability. Of those, around 100 received the gold rating this year – an important global benchmark that UWRF can be proud of attaining. While this achievement gives us a key moment to celebrate, we must also remember one of the most important aspects of all sustainability efforts: long-term thinking. Having a perspective which takes into account the impacts of our decisions on future generations seems to be less common in much of American society compared to in other parts of the world. In fact, this is not just my opinion, rather there is research to support this view.
Last fall I taught an Honors Seminar course which includes themes of global engagement and sustainability to a group of primarily freshmen. In preparing to teach the course, a fellow Honors Seminar instructor, Kelsey McLean, pointed me to research by Dutch psychologist and former IBM employee Geert Hofstede. Hofstede's research led to a comparison of some key cultural characteristics, including a 0-100 ranking for various countries based on their culture's degree of "short-term orientation" vs. "long-term orientation." That is, in general, do people in a certain culture think more short-term or long-term?
Let's try a quiz related to the work of Hofstede. On a scale of 0-100, how would you score short-term vs. long-term orientation in the cultures of the following countries, where 0 = very short-term orientation and 100= very long-term orientation (give each country a score from 0-100):
The country with the most long-term orientation, with a score of 100 is…South Korea. There, people think about multi-generational impacts much more than short-term outcomes. China comes in at 87, Germany at 83, and the U.S. at 26. While there is certainly a range of thinking by individuals in all of these countries, these numbers suggest that "U.S. culture" tends to focus on the short-term, with less regard for future consequences.
Circling back to the university and sustainability, there is much good that comes from our campus' sustainability efforts, and we are proud of our gold rating. However, the most important aspect of this may be in the way it helps our students think more critically, and carefully, about the impact of individual and collective decisions we make today on future generations.


Comics as Music in The Wicked + the Divine
There are many of definitions of comics out there. One French theorist Thierry Groensteen decided to not define comics, but instead create a system for them. Part of this system is the frame. The frame is a panel and its boundaries including the margins and gutters. The frame has various (actually six) functions. One of the functions of a frame is the rhythmic function. This is the part of the frame that deals with time and temporality. Groensteen compares this function of the frame to Jean-Luc Godard's famous definition of film, which is "making music with painting". Both comics and music have a similar kind of temporality. When one reads music, there are different time signatures as well as types of notes, rests, measure etc. to say how fast one should play the music and many other things. This kind of temporality can be found in comics with panels in a frame, which can be a page or double page spread. The size of the panel, its place in the frame as well as the number of word balloons, text boxes etc show the dual nature of time in both the story world and the reading world. With the rise of decompression, these are extremely different. For example, the eight issue DC Comics event Blackest Night takes place over a single, restless night in the DC Universe, but the recent Vertigo comic Bodies skips between four time periods (1890s, 1940s, present day, 2050) with four different art styles and detectives with four different personalities solving the same murder case. A comic that goes beyond this temporal duality and creates of kind of musical comic is the recent Image Comics series The Wicked + the Divine by Kieron Gillen and Jamie McKelvie.
Throughout their collaborations, it's an understatement to say that music has been a big element of Kieron Gillen and Jamie McKelvie's work. Their first comic Phonogram (Image Comics; 2006-2010) is centered around the theme that music (especially Brit-pop) is magic), and their run on Marvel's Young Avengers concluded in a huge dance party featuring Marvel Boy (the Kree Noh-Varr) on turntables. Their latest comic The Wicked + the Divine is about various gods reincarnating every 90 years as young people and only living for two people. This time the gods are pop stars ranging from Daft Punk helmet wearing Wodan to the Rihanna-esque Egyptian cat goddess Sekhmet and the main divine character Luci, a female, David Bowie inspired version of Lucifer. However, Gillen and McKelvie don't just use the physical images of pop music; they make use of the rhythmic function of panels to create their own "single" in comic book form.
snap 2
From the first pages of The Wicked + the Divine #1 (which are set in the 1920s), the "1-2-3-4" count and the 4/4 time signature that most pop music is written in are huge parts of the writing, art, and panel structure of the comic as well as its plots and characters. It starts innocuously enough with a full page splash followed by four skinny rectangular panels showing the young gods of the Jazz Age. In four beats, Gillen and McKelvie introduce what are presumably the protagonists of this comic. But a few pages later, they introduce the literal "1-2-3-4" count via a four panel square grid then four smaller panels with snaps. Then, there is an explosion, and this generation of gods are over. This format introduces the musical nature of the gods as well as visually showing their short life-spans, which is ironic because most gods are considered to be immortal. (Unless you've read the "Brief Lives" arc of The Sandman.) These opening pages are the first of many times that Gillen and McKelvie use the rhythmic function of the frame in their panel structures to give their comics a musical quality and to show the glory and tragedy of their gods, who happen to be pop stars. (The connection between popular music and divinity is easy to make; just listen to "I am A God" by Kanye West.)
I think a shared sense of rhythm and timing can connect music and comics. And creators other than Kieron Gillen and Jamie McKelvie have explored this connection. Off the top of my head, there is the beloved Scott Pilgrim series by Bryan Lee O'Malley which has its own universe of indie bands of varying musical talent and the scene in Asterios Polyp where Kalvin Kohoutek talks to Asterios about his multi-layered, polyphonic symphony. If there are any comics with music as a part of its story as well as panel structure and frame, please comment below so I can spend all my money on them.
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be _USER_{expairseq}, which is a container for a sequence of pairs each consisting of one expression and a number (_USER_{numeric}). What _USER_{is} visible to the user are the derived classes _USER_{add} and _USER_{mul}, representing sums of terms and products, respectively. We'll come back later to some more details about these two classes and motivate the use of pairs in sums and products here. _USER_ Symbols, Numbers, The Class Hierarchy, Basic Concepts _USER_ node-name, next, previous, up _USER_ Symbols _USER_ Symbols (class _USER_{symbol}) Symbols are for symbolic manipulation what atoms are for chemistry. You can declare objects of class _USER_{symbol} as any other object simply by saying _USER_{symbol x,y;}. There is, however, a catch in here having to do with the fact that C++ is a compiled language. The information about the symbol's name is thrown away by the compiler but at a later stage you may want to print expressions holding your symbols. In order to avoid confusion GiNaC's symbols are able to know their own name. This is accomplished by declaring its name for output at construction time in the fashion _USER_{symbol x("x");}. If you declare a symbol using the default constructor (i.e. without string argument) the system will deal out a unique name. That name may not be suitable for printing but for internal routines when no output is desired it is often enough. We'll come across examples of such symbols later in this tutorial. This implies that the strings passed to symbols at construction time may not be used for comparing two of them. It is perfectly legitimate to write _USER_{symbol x("x"),y("x");} but it is likely to lead into trouble. Here, _USER_{x} and _USER_{y} are different symbols and statements like _USER_{x-y} will not be simplified to zero although the output _USER_{x-x} looks funny. Such output may also occur when there are two different symbols in two scopes, for instance when you call a function that declares a symbol with a name already existent in a symbol in the calling function. Again, comparing them (using _USER_{operator==} for instance) will always reveal their difference. Watch out, please. Although symbols can be assigned expressions for internal reasons, you should not do it (and we are not going to tell you how it is done). If you want to replace a symbol with something else in an expression, you can use the expression's _USER_{.subs()} method. _USER_ Numbers, Constants, Symbols, Basic Concepts _USER_ node-name, next, previous, up _USER_ Numbers _USER_ numbers (class _USER_{numeric}) _USER_ CLN For storing numerical things, GiNaC uses Bruno Haible's library _USER_{CLN}. The classes therein serve as foundation classes for GiNaC. _USER_{CLN} stands for Class Library for Numbers or alternatively for Common Lisp Numbers. In order to find out more about _USER_{CLN}'s internals the reader is refered to the documentation of that library. _USER_{Introduction,, cln}, for more information. Suffice to say that it is by itself build on top of another library, the GNU Multiple Precision library _USER_{GMP}, which is an extremely fast library for arbitrary long integers and rationals as well as arbitrary precision floating point numbers. It is very commonly used by several popular cryptographic applications. _USER_{CLN} extends _USER_{GMP} by several useful things: First, it introduces the complex number field over either reals (i.e. floating point numbers with arbitrary precision) or rationals. Second, it automatically converts rationals to integers if the denominator is unity and complex numbers to real numbers if the imaginary part vanishes and also correctly treats algebraic functions. Third it provides good implementations of state-of-the-art algorithms for all trigonometric and hyperbolic functions as well as for calculation of some useful constants. The user can construct an object of class _USER_{numeric} in several ways. The following example shows the four most important constructors. It uses construction from C-integer, construction of fractions from two integers, construction from C-float and construction from a string: _USER_ _TAG_ using namespace GiNaC; int main() @{ numeric two(2); // exact integer 2 numeric r(2,3); // exact fraction 2/3 numeric e(2.71828); // floating point number numeric p("3.1415926535897932385"); // floating point number cout << two*p << endl; // floating point 6.283... //... @} _USER_ example Note that all those constructors are _USER_{explicit} which means you are not allowed to write _USER_{numeric two=2;}. This is because the basic objects to be handled by GiNaC are the expressions _USER_{ex} and we want to keep things simple and wish objects like _USER_{pow(x,2)} to be handled the same way as _USER_{pow(x,a)}, which means that we need to allow a general _USER_{ex} as base and exponent. Therefore there is an implicit constructor from C-integers directly to expressions handling numerics at work in most of our examples. This design really becomes convenient when one declares own functions having more than one parameter but it forbids using implicit constructors because that would lead to ambiguities. It may be tempting to construct numbers writing _USER_{numeric r(3/2)}. This would, however, call C's built-in operator _USER_{/} for integers first and result in a numeric holding a plain integer 1. _USER_{Never use _USER_{/} on integers!} Use the constructor from two integers instead, as shown in the example above. Writing _USER_{numeric(1)/2} may look funny but works also. _USER_ _USER_{Digits} _USER_ accuracy We have seen now the distinction between exact numbers and floating point numbers. Clearly, the user should never have to worry about dynamically created exact numbers, since their "exactness" always determines how they ought to be handled, i.e. how "long" they are. The situation is different for floating point numbers. Their accuracy is controlled by one _USER_{global} variable, called _USER_{Digits}. (For those readers who know about Maple: it behaves very much like Maple's _USER_{Digits}). All objects of class numeric that are constructed from then on will be stored with a precision matching that number of decimal digits: _USER_ _TAG_ using namespace GiNaC; void foo() @{ numeric three(3.0), one(1.0); numeric x = one/three; cout << "in " << Digits << " digits:" << endl; cout << x << endl; cout << Pi.evalf() << endl; @} int main() @{ foo(); Digits = 60; foo(); return 0; @} _USER_ example The above example prints the following output to screen: _USER_ in 17 digits: 0.333333333333333333 3.14159265358979324 in 60 digits: 0.333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510582097494459231 _USER_ example It should be clear that objects of class _USER_{numeric} should be used for constructing numbers or for doing arithmetic with them. The objects one deals with most of the time are the polymorphic expressions _USER_{ex}. _USER_ Tests on numbers Once you have declared some numbers, assigned them to expressions and done some arithmetic with them it is frequently desired to retrieve some kind of information from them like asking whether that number is integer, rational, real or complex. For those cases GiNaC provides several useful methods. (Internally, they fall back to invocations of certain CLN functions.) As an example, let's construct some rational number, multiply it with some multiple of its denominator and test what comes out: _USER_ _TAG_ using namespace GiNaC; // some very important constants: const numeric twentyone(21); const numeric ten(10); const numeric five(5); int main() @{ numeric answer = twentyone; answer /= five; cout << answer.is_integer() << endl; // false, it's 21/5 answer *= ten; cout << answer.is_integer() << endl; // true, it's 42 now! //... @} _USER_ example Note that the variable _USER_{answer} is constructed here as an integer by _USER_{numeric}'s copy constructor but in an intermediate step it holds a rational number represented as integer numerator and integer denominator. When multiplied by 10, the denominator becomes unity and the result is automatically converted to a pure integer again. Internally, the underlying _USER_{CLN} is responsible for this behaviour and we refer the reader to _USER_{CLN}'s documentation. Suffice to say that the same behaviour applies to complex numbers as well as return values of certain functions. Complex numbers are automatically converted to real numbers if the imaginary part becomes zero. The full set of tests that can be applied is listed in the following table. _USER_ _USER_ _USER_.33.67 _USER_ Method _USER_ Returns true if@dots{} _USER_ _USER_{.is_zero()} _USER_ object is equal to zero _USER_ _USER_{.is_positive()} _USER_ object is not complex and greater than 0 @


Might and Magic VII: For Blood and Honor
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Might and Magic VII: For Blood and Honor
Developer(s) New World Computing
Publisher(s) 3DO
Designer(s) Jon Van Caneghem(producer) Kieth Francart (Director)
Composer(s) Paul Romero
Series Might and Magic
Platform(s) Microsoft Windows
Release date(s) 1999
Genre(s) Role-playing video game
Mode(s) Single player
Might and Magic VII: For Blood and Honor is a role-playing game published in 1999 by 3DO and developed by New World Computing, and is the predecessor of Might and Magic VIII: Day of the Destroyer. It is the sequel to Might and Magic VI: The Mandate of Heaven and, in a way, Might and Magic III: Isles of Terra.
At the end of Might and Magic III, the eight main characters piloted a seedship named "the Lincoln" in pursuit of the Guardians Corak and Sheltem. However, rather than landing on the world of Xeen as the Guardians did, they drifted off-course and eventually crash-landed in the seas on the distant planet of Enroth. After an ensuing disagreement, the eight characters split up into two groups - one "good" and one "evil" - and begin to explore the nearby continent of Antagarich, each with their own agenda.
Meanwhile, having fled from the continent of Enroth after the events of Might and Magic VI, Archibald Ironfist, the brother of King Roland, takes up residence on the continent of Antagarich, forging an alliance with the Necromancers of Deyja and becoming their leader. Meanwhile, the wealthy Lord Markham announces a scavenger hunt on Emerald Isle - first prize is the deed to the somewhat neglected Castle Harmondale - and a new party of player characters takes up the challenge. From there, the party's status in Antagarich begins to escalate until, eventually, the fate of the world lies, as always, in their hands.
The "good" four Might and Magic III characters, led by the Cleric Resurrectra, reach the southern Wizard kingdom of Bracada and become the advisors of the Immortal King, Gavin Magnus. They begin to research a means of reawakening a forgotten Gate created by the Ancients, capable of allowing them to reach the two warring Guardians and perhaps even the enigmatic Ancients themselves. The "evil" characters, led by the dark Sorcerer Kastore, intend to use the same research to revive the Ancients' broken Heavenly Forge, capable of creating futuristic weaponry beyond compare. With these weapons, they can easily conquer the entire continent. The four villains travel to Deyja where they become apparent "advisors" to Archibald Ironfist.
The four player characters, now the rulers of Harmondale, are eventually presented with a choice - join with Resurrectra and Magnus in reviving the Gate, thus committing themselves to the "good" side, or assist Kastore and his associates in awakening the Forge, joining the "evil" alignment. During their adventures, subplots from the Heroes of Might and Magic series as well as some from the previous installment, Might and Magic VI, spill over into their quest.
A plot twist occurs during the course of the game in which Archibald is essentially deposed by Kastore. Overcome by weariness and guilt for his past crimes, Archibald contacts the player characters (regardless of their alignment) and offers his aid in rescuing his captive brother, Roland, from the hands of the diabolical Kreegans. In a bizarre turn of events, Roland's wife, Queen Catherine Gryphonheart, has recently returned to her homeland of Erathia and also offers her aid. The player characters destroy the Kreegan monarch, Xenofex, and the Ironfists are reunited. The reformed Archibald renounces his claim to Enroth's throne, and departs in peace. This subplot directly relates to the events of Heroes of Might and Magic III: Armageddon's Blade.
The game has two different endings depending on the party's chosen alignment. The final quest for both sides involves entering the eight Terrans' sunken seedship, the Lincoln, and retrieving the Osciliation Overthruster, the final device needed to power each side's respective instrument of victory.
Resurrectra's party uses the Overthruster to repair the Gate, thus being transported to a neighbouring space station where the party meets Corak (that is, a second C.O.R.A.K. module Guardian - another appeared throughout Might and Magic II-V) who reveals the nature of the Ancients' war.
If the player presents the Overthruster to Kastore, his party uses it to revive the Heavenly Forge, thus producing an endless supply of futuristic weaponry capable of dominating the world. This ending was planned to be canonical, leading into the events of Heroes of Might and Magic III: Armageddon's Blade.
In addition to the main quest line (described above), there are 18 side-quests available. Two of the side-quests involve the minigame Arcomage. The first is to obtain a set of Arcomage cards and once this has been done, the player may play Arcomage in all of the taverns in Antagarich. The second is to win a game of Arcomage at each of the 13 taverns in Antagarich. There are also a number of "promotion" quests, by which characters of a certain type (such as sorcerers) can be promoted to a more advanced similar class (wizards, in this example). Each class has an associated generic promotion quest, completion of which makes a light-specific or dark-specific promotion quest available later in the game.
There are two unique twists in the game which were not found in the previous. Both these choices are involved with the dispute between the warring factions of Avlee and Erathia over ownership of Castle Harmondale. First, the player can find an artifact coveted by two factions and has the opportunity to give it to one side or the other. The choice will make the player a subject of the favoured faction. The player may also choose to hand over the artifact to the Arbiter of the dispute, which will later grant the player's realm independence. Second, the player is ultimately forced to choose between serving Light or Darkness, a decision made by which arbiter the player chooses for the Avlee/Erathia conflict. Once the choice is made the game display permanently changes color to either white or black, and a number of additional quests become available.
Both paths have unique classes—for example, a Crusader can become a Hero (light) or a Villain (dark) -- and certain quests are only accessible to one side or the other. If Light is chosen, then the guards in all Darkness-aligned towns become hostile towards the player, and vice versa.
Aggregate scores
Aggregator Score
GameRankings 76%
Review scores
Publication Score
GamePro 4 of 5
GameSpot 8.4 of 10
IGN 7.7 of 10
The game received quite positive reviews upon release and was considered to be an excellent entry in the series, albeit not up to par with some notable earlier titles such as Might and Magic V or VI.
External links[edit]


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Bipedalism didn't evolve as a way for ancient humans to keep cool during the heat of the day, according to a new model published today (December 12) in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. But once hominins did start walking on two feet, it ignited another change that allowed them to stay cool—the loss of body hair. The new model explains why similarly sized mammals that walk on all fours and that may tend to overheat have not given up their coats.
"If you are already walking upright for other reasons it actually makes the advantage you get from losing hair bigger than if you were on four legs," said David Wilkinson of John Moores University in Liverpool, who authored the study along with Graeme Ruxton of the University of Glasgow. "You are moving more of your body up above the ground and sweat evaporates more easily" than it can if you were on all fours, because more air will circulate around you, Wilkinson explained.
Wilkinson and Ruxton came to this conclusion after analyzing a mathematical model of body temperatures during activity at different times of the day for quadrupeds and bipeds with and without fur. The model is an update to a previous theory by Peter Wheeler also of John Moores University, who proposed that both hair loss and bipedalism were driven by our need to cool down. His theory was that switching from four to two feet would reduce the amount of an animal's body in direct sun and thus increase its ability to stay cool.
But Wheeler left out a critical factor, Wilkinson said—animal movement. Stationary animals could just hang out in the shade during the peak of the day to avoid overheating, he noted, while activities such as foraging likely forced early humans into direct sunlight more often.
Taking movement into account, Wilkinson and Ruxton's model predicted that modern human ancestors would generate much more body heat metabolically as they traveled and hunted than the sun could cause, suggesting that standing upright to avoid the sun, as Wheeler's model proposed, would have done little to fight overheating.
"In Peter's models, he had a nice thermal advantage to standing upright," said Wilkinson, "but now that vanishes in our version of the model."
The new model further showed that four-legged creatures do not shed body heat as quickly when they lose their fur, suggesting that the loss of body hair would only have been a significant advantage to ancient humans if they were already walking on two feet. Thus, Wilkinson and Ruxton argue that bipedalism arose first—for some reason other than heat loss, such as improved observation of dangers, appearing larger to predators, or freeing the hands for tool use and carrying—then hair loss began, as a way to combat overheating.
The addition of animal movement to the model was key, said Sarah Elton of the Hull York Medical School, UK, who was not involved in the study. "In any environment you move between parts that are shaded and parts that are in open sun…. sometimes you are sheltered from the wind or not."
But while Elton is generally in praise of the model, she pointed out that, "at the end of the day, it is just a model and models stand and fall on the type of evidence and also on the sensitivity of the model itself," or the degree to which it is affected by variations in the assumed parameters, such as the climate, early humans' movements, availability of shade, and so on. "There are other ideas" about why humans may have dropped their body fur, such as selective pressures imposed by the opposite sex, like a preference for hair-free mates.
Markus Rantala of the University of Turku, Finland, who was not convinced by Ruxton and Wilkinson's model, offered another theory. "My personal opinion is that only selection caused by ectoparasites is able to explain the origin of human nakedness in a satisfactory way," he said in an email. As humans began to live in fixed home bases and in close quarters, many parasites such as lice and fleas would have flourished. "As the ectoparasite burden on hominids increased, having fewer parasites may have become more important for survival than a warm fur coat," Rantala said. Less body hair makes ectoparasites easier to spot and pick off.
Rantala also asks why, if the Ruxton-Wilkinson model is correct, did our ancestors not regain hair when they migrated to northern latitudes with cooler climates, about two million years ago. "Our skin color changed but we did not regain the hair," he said. "There must have been other selective benefits to being naked than just thermoregulatory reasons."
But by that time, humans may have gained other ways to keep warm, Wilkinson argued. "One possibility is that by the time humans were migrating they probably had fire and possibly clothing." Although Wilkinson believes in the new model, he's not surprised that there is some disagreement in the field. "Human evolution is an argumentative area of science," he said. " It always has been."
G.D. Ruxton, D.M. Wilkinson, "Avoidance of overheating and selection for both hair loss and bipedality in hominins," PNAS, doi: 10.1073/pnas._PHONE_, 2011.


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Asked by: Steven A Collins, by email
It's possible, but the hazard is often exaggerated. Even at midday, a normal eye will only let in enough light to heat the retina by about 4°C. You need at least 10°C to cause thermal damage. Looking at the Sun during an eclipse for more than a minute can cause damage, because your pupils are more dilated, but it doesn't result in total blindness and isn't usually permanent. If the Sun is within 10 minutes of setting below a sea-level horizon, the more dangerous short-wavelength light is absorbed by the atmosphere and it should be quite safe to look at the Sun.
Get more fascinating Q&As from BBC Focus magazine by following _USER_


Sun GlassFish Enterprise Server v2.1.1 Administration Guide
Shared Libraries
A Shared Library provides Java classes that are not private to a single component and is typically shared by more than one JBI Component. For example, the Java EE Service Engine requires the WSDL Shared Library.
You can do the following operations on Shared Libraries. For detailed steps, log on to the Admin Console, navigate to the JBI node, click Shared Libraries and then click Online Help.


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Please note that special rules during COVID-19 may affect some info in this factsheet. See our COVID-19 Guide here.
As a tenant you have rights under the Residential Tenancies Act 2010 and Residential Tenancies Regulation 2019. This factsheet outlines the law in NSW about starting a tenancy – including the form of the residential tenancies agreement, what information you can expect the landlord or agent to provide, what costs you can be asked to pay, and the rules about the condition report.
The residential tenancy agreement
The residential tenancy agreement is a contract. It has standard 'terms' that are the tenant's and landlord's rights and obligations.
Tenancy agreements are usually in written form. They can also be oral (e.g. a conversation with the landlord), or partly written–partly oral. All agreements must follow the Residential Tenancies Act 2010 ('the Act').
A landlord should provide the tenancy agreement in writing. If not, then during the first 6 months of the tenancy, they cannot increase the rent and cannot end the tenancy without a legally specified reason.
There are two types of agreement:
- fixed term – for a specified period (e.g. 12 months)
- periodic – ongoing, no fixed term is specified
The landlord may include additional terms in the standard tenancy agreement if:
- both you and the landlord agree to them
- they do not conflict with the Act 2010 or any other laws
- they don't conflict with the terms of the standard agreement
Also see Factsheet 01: Residential Tenancies Act.
Tenancy agreements in share housing
If you rent part of the premises from another tenant, it is in your interest to have a written tenancy agreement with them. See Factsheet 15: Share Housing and Factsheet 18: Transfer and sub‑letting.
Landlord/agent to provide information
Before signing a tenancy agreement
If a landlord decides to enter into a tenancy agreement with you, they (or their agent) must not knowingly hide any of these 'material facts' from you:
- the premises have been subject to serious flooding or bushfire in the last 5 years
- the premises have significant health/safety risks that are not apparent on inspection
- the premises have been the scene of a serious violent crime in the last 5 years
- council waste services will be different from others in the council area
- you cannot get a free residential parking permit (in an area where only paid parking is available)
- the premises have a driveway or walkway that others can legally use
- the premises was the scene of a drug offence under the Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act 1985 in the last 2 years
- the premises is listed on the Loose-fill Asbestos Insulation (LFAI) Register maintained under the Home Building Act 1989
- if you are renting in a strata scheme – any scheduled repairs to common property during your fixed term
If your premises is in a building where a rectification of the building's external combustible cladding is required, the landlord/agent must tell you if any of the following have been issued in relation to this:
- fire safety order / notice of intention to issue a fire safety order
- a building rectification order or notice of intention to issue a building rectification order
- a development application or complying development certificate application for rectification of the building
The landlord (or their agent, if the agent is aware) must also tell you if either of the following apply:
- they propose to sell the premises (if they have prepared a contract for sale of the premises)
- a mortgagee has started court proceedings to enforce a mortgage over the premises.
You may be able to terminate your tenancy if your landlord fails to disclose any of these material facts to you. See Factsheet 09: You want to leave.
Landlord's information statement
A landlord must sign an acknowledgment on the tenancy agreement that they have read and understood the contents of an information statement which sets out the landlord's rights and obligations under the law.
Real estate agents signing this acknowledgement must first obtain a written statement from the landlord that the landlord has read and understood their rights and obligations as set out in the information statement.
Social housing providers (including NSW Land and Housing Corporation, community housing providers & the Aboriginal Housing Office) are exempt from signing this acknowledgment.
On signing a tenancy agreement
The landlord/agent must give you a NSW Fair Trading New tenant checklist. If you are renting in a strata scheme, they must give you a copy of the strata by-laws within 7 days, and inform you if a strata renewal committee is currently established for the scheme.
Landlord's/agent's contact details
Before or when you sign the tenancy agreement, the landlord/agent must give you these contact details in writing (or include them in the tenancy agreement):
- the name, phone number and business address of the landlord's agent (if any) and the name and phone number or other contact details of the landlord
- (if there is no agent) the business or residential address and phone number of the landlord
- (if the landlord is a corporation) the name and business address of the corporation.
Costs at the start of a tenancy
A landlord/agent can only ask you to pay:
- a holding fee
- rent in advance
- a bond
Get a detailed receipt for any payments you make.
The Rentstart loan scheme helps disadvantaged tenants in the private rental market with money for bond and rent in advance. Apply through DCJ Housing (call 1300 468 746).
A landlord/agent may ask you to pay a holding fee on approval of your application for a tenancy. The most they can ask for is one week's rent.
The landlord/agent can hold only one fee at a time. On receiving a holding fee, they can't enter into an agreement with another prospective tenant for 7 days (or longer, if you both agree).
Upon signing the tenancy agreement, the fee goes toward the rent from the first day of your tenancy.
The landlord/agent must refund the fee if:
- they decline to enter into the tenancy agreement, or
- you refuse to enter into the tenancy agreement because the landlord/agent made any false or misleading statement, or they failed to tell you any 'material facts'.
If you otherwise decide not to enter into the tenancy agreement, the landlord/agent can keep the fee.
Rent in advance
The landlord/agent or the tenancy agreement cannot require you to pay more than 2 weeks rent in advance (you may choose to pay more). They cannot demand further rent until it falls due and cannot ask for a postdated cheque.
The bond is money you pay at the start as security in case you don't follow the terms of the tenancy agreement.
- The bond must only be in the form of money.
- The landlord/agent must take only one bond for a tenancy agreement.
- The bond must not be more than an amount of 4 weeks rent.
- The landlord/agent must not require that you pay a bond before you sign a tenancy agreement.
- The landlord/agent must deposit the bond with Fair Trading.
- The landlord/agent must give you the option of using the voluntary NSW Fair Trading Rental Bonds Online system, however they may not require you to use this system.
See Factsheet 03: Bond for more information.
The condition report
The landlord/agent must fill in a condition report and provide this to you when you move in. The report describes the condition of the premises. The landlord/agent must give you 2 copies –one for you to keep and one for you to return to them. You must complete your condition report and return one copy to the landlord or agent within 7 days of moving in.
If the landlord/agent does not give you a condition report, write a detailed report on the condition of the premises yourself and have a witness sign and date it.
Completing the report
Inspect the premises and complete the report carefully. The report will be used as evidence if the landlord/ agent disputes the return of your bond at the end of the tenancy.
It is also a good idea to take photographs at the start (and the end) of the tenancy, and store them in a safe place.
If the landlord undertakes to do cleaning, repairs, additions or other work, write details in the section 'Landlord's promise to undertake work'.
Keys for each tenant
The landlord/agent must give each tenant named in the tenancy agreement a free copy of the keys (or other opening devices) for the premises and for common property that the tenants are entitled to access.
Disputes and complaints
Get advice from your local Tenants' Advice Service about applying to the Tribunal or complaining to Fair Trading.
You can apply to the Tribunal for order/s that:
- the landlord prepares and enters into a written tenancy agreement
- a term of the tenancy agreement is invalid because it is inconsistent with the law
- a holding fee is refunded to you (whether or not you enter into a tenancy agreement)
- the condition report is amended
You can complain to Fair Trading if a landlord/agent, for example:
- charges extra (other than holding fee, rent in advance and bond) before you enter into an agreement, or for preparing a written agreement
- withholds any 'material facts', proposed sale or mortgagee action, or makes any false/misleading statement before you enter into an agreement
- includes prohibited terms in the tenancy agreement (see Factsheet 01: Residential Tenancies Act).
- asks for a bond of more than


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Depending on how you classify the different species of dolphins found around the world, there are generally considered to be 42 dolphin species and 7 porpoise species grouped into six families. The oceanic dolphin family is by far the largest, with 38 members. The porpoise family has seven members, and there are four river dolphin families, each containing just one species. The classification of dolphin species is a continuous process. More types of dolphins will likely be added to the list as studies continue and some species become subdivided into different genera.
While we can't list all types of dolphins here, we have listed some of the most common types of dolphins found worldwide and the best places to see them in the wild.
Common Bottlenose Dolphin
We've started with the common bottlenose as it is one of the most well-known species, and they are found all over the world in tropical, warm waters. When seen on television, this species can appear deceptively small; however, they grow up to 10-14 feet / 3-4.2 meters.
Atlantic Spotted Dolphin
This species is most commonly spotted in the Bahamas but is also present in other tropical parts of the Atlantic Ocean. Adults of this species are highly distinctive, with small black spots covering their bodies. The spots develop as the dolphin ages, and calves are a single grey shade without any marks.
Atlantic spotted dolphins are extremely good at holding their breath. Most dolphin species will surface several times per minute. However, this species can hold their breath for up to 10 minutes, allowing them to dive down to depths of up to 200 feet / over 60 meters.
These dolphins are one of the most active species due to their habits of jumping and diving. Dusky dolphins are smaller, and they live in pods of over 200 individuals.
This dolphin species is found all over the Southern Hemisphere in coastal waters. There are regular sightings and opportunities to see them in South America, Africa, and New Zealand.
Spinner dolphins are the acrobats of the dolphin realm. This species is known for its impressive displays in which they jump up to 10 feet/3 meters out of the water and spin vertically while mid-air.
Spinner dolphins are a small species measuring up to 6 feet / less than 2 meters and weighing up to just 100 pounds.
Spinner dolphins are found in tropical waters worldwide. Some of the best places to view spinner dolphins include Indonesia, Makako Bay in Hawaii, Egypt, Christmas Island, and Moorea in French Polynesia.
Despite being known as the "Killer Whale," orcas are not actually whales. They are the largest species of dolphin in existence. Mature male orcas can grow up to 20-26 feet / 6-8 meters, and they can weigh from 3 to 4 tons.
Orcas are known for their complex social bonds comparable to only those shared by elephants and higher orders of primates and humans! Orca family groups have been known to stay together for generations.
Orcas have one of the broadest geographical distributions of all dolphins, and they are found in every ocean around the globe, from tropical waters to Antarctica. This wide distribution means there are numerous destinations worldwide with excellent opportunities for spotting orcas in the wild. Some of the best areas include:
- Resurrection Bay, Alaska
- Strait of Georgia in Vancouver, Canada
- Monterey Bay, California
- Valdes Peninsula, Argentina
- Olafsvik, Iceland
- Andenes, Norway
- Shiretoko Peninsula, Japan
- Bremer Bay, Western Australia (if you spot whales or dolphins in Australia, report your sightings here)
- Auckland, New Zealand (if you spot orcas in New Zealand, you can help marine conservation efforts by reporting your sighting online).
Read more facts about orcas in this PADI Blog.
Long Beaked Common Dolphin
The common dolphin is the most populous of all dolphins, with over 6 million individuals worldwide.
Originally thought to be two separate species. The Long Beaked and Short Beaked Common Dolphins have now been identified as too similar for different classifications and are now considered part of one united species of Common Dolphin. They are found worldwide in both tropical and temperate climates.
If you are hoping for a common dolphin sighting, the coastline between Santa Barbara and San Diego in the United States is a hotspot. You'll see several other types of dolphins in this area, too, including bottlenose dolphins, Pacific white-sided dolphins, and Risso's dolphins.
Long-finned Pilot Whale
After orcas, this is the second largest species of dolphin. Long-finned pilot whales can reach over 22 feet in length (approx. 6.5 meters). These are among the more distinctive-looking types of dolphins because of their short snouts and the most extended pectoral fins of any dolphin. They are cold water-dwelling and found primarily close to the poles.
Long-finned pilot whales are incredibly social, so they mix not only with other long-finned pilot whales but also with other types of dolphins. They are known for accepting many species into their pods, including bottlenoses, Atlantic white-sided dolphins, and minke whales.
Due to striped dolphins being one of the most widely spread, combined with their natural curiosity, they are among the most studied of all dolphin species. This species is best known for its fast swimming speeds and distinctive black stripe that circles the eye and runs the entire length of their bodies. The stomach of a striped dolphin can appear blue or even pink – another highly distinctive feature.
If you are hoping to spot a striped dolphin, consider a trip to Europe! There are regular sightings in the Mediterranean and off the Atlantic seaboard of France and the Iberian Peninsula.
Are you ready for some dolphin spotting around the world? Check out PADI dive shops, resorts, and liveaboards in the exact location of your favorite types of dolphins on PADI Travel!


Definition of Aliasing
Aliasing refers to the effect produced when a signal is imperfectly reconstructed from the original signal. Aliasing occurs when a signal is not sampled at a high enough frequency to create an accurate representation. This effect is shown in the following example of a sinusoidal function:
In this example, the dots represent the sampled data and the curve represents the original signal. Because there are too few sampled data points, the resulting pattern produced by the sampled data is a poor representation of the original. Aliasing is relevant in fields associated with signal processing, such as digital audio, digital photography, and computer graphics.
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Sports for Peace - Example: Sports for Peace Programme in Mindanao, Philippines
The concept of Sports for Peace was introduced to the Island of Mindanao, Philippines as an alternative approach to conflict transformation and peace building by the GTZ supported "Poverty Reduction and Conflict Transformation" (PRCT) Project team. It was tested in four regions in Mindanao.
After selecting the schools, the next step involved training the teachers for them to become effective trainers. The trainers/teachers were introduced to conflict sensitive approaches of dealing with the ongoing conflict. At the same time they were prepared for their assigned tasks in the Sports for Peace event. The whole team including the teachers/trainers involved in the preparation for the event embarked on developing peaceful and open atmosphere so that the students would feel comfortable and could concentrate on the programme. During the Sports for Peace programme, in preparation and for the actual sports event, the following steps were followed:
This step was the last one where the team got actively involved in. Here the students were able to show what they had learned during prior sessions and to act accordingly. The PRCT team had organized all materials required for the games including: different colored t-shirts as well as the awards for the various teams, which pictured the symbol of peace: a flying dove.
Figure 1: A step-by-step approach
Important for the success of the event is that all of the above steps depicted in figure 1 are needed for a successful Sports for Peace event. Each step builds upon each other.
Detailed activities for a Sports for Peace event
The activities which form part of each step were further sub-divided according to the age, mental and physical fitness as well as with a view to the expected outcome that should be reached by the activity. While the stepwise approach proved successful for the events organised by PRCT, they should not be treated as a value-print. The steps need to be adapted and modified according to the individual settings.
Photo 1 & 2: Adapting Sports for Peace for individual settings
Step I: Preparation, Administration and Management
Proper preparation, management and administration are important in ensuring the smooth implementation of the Sports for Peace event. If any rules are needed for managing the event these more often than not depend upon the persons responsible for the event as well as the general "management" or "organizational" culture of the community where the event is taking place.
Photo 3: There is no substitute for a good plan!
Step II: Looking Back to the Past to Find Peace
What also proved important was to present and discuss with the participants the the historical perspective of Mindanao and it various conflicts. This was necessary in order to enable participants to grasp the complexities and nature of the conflicts that have made peace so elusive. At the same time it was also necessary to discuss the different peace building and conflict transformation initiatives that had been undertaken, highlighting the success and lessons-learnt.
Activity 1: Description of the region in Mindanao where the Sports for Peace took place in
Photo 4: Learning about the history of Mindanao from each other
Step III: Peace Concept and Culture of Peace
Step III involved four modules. These were aimed at providing the participants with a broader orientation on peace concepts and pedagogical principles while developing positive values and attitudes necessary for both personal and societal transformation. The modules were developed using structured learning exercises (SLEs) and other participatory and creative activities that can be done either in classrooms or outdoor settings. The age bracket of participants was considered in developing the activities. Hence, the participants were grouped into three age brackets: 6-8, 9-11, and 12-15 years of age.
Module 1: Peace concept and activities
Activity 1: "Peace awareness"
Module 2: Personal peace
Personal Peace refers to the harmonious relationship with oneself, with others, with the natural environment, and with God, Allah or one Supreme Being. The issue of personal peace is very basic: unless a person is peaceful, nothing is peaceful to him or to her.
Module 3: Children's rights
The Convention on the Rights of a Child defines a child as a person under 18 years old, unless under the law applicable to the child the age of majority is attained earlier. While the Convention on the Rights of the Child recognizes 18 years as the upper age limit for children, it permits governments a degree of flexibility by adding the clause "age of majority".
At the end of the session or activity, the participants were able to:
Activity 1: "Picture identification"
Photo 5: Learning about their rights
Module 4: Cultural solidarity
Inter-cultural conflict and issues play a vital role in obstructing peace at the regional and national levels. It is important to realize that cultural solidarity is essential and highly desirable for peace. The cultural conflicts that are plaguing Mindanao must be resolved through non-violent strategies. The tasks of the concept were to have the people understand the different cultural values and traditions within Mindanao.
Activity 1: "Picture analysis I"
Step IV: Sports core values
The Sports for Peace programme in Mindanao aimed to inculcate sports three core values among children and youth through the process of playing:
"The marble/stone theory"
Step V: The actual sport events
The four sports chosen for the Sports for Peace programs in Mindanao — basketball, volleyball, baseball and football — were team sports that are based on popularity in the localities this concept was applied in. They are also played by both boys and girls and in mixed teams. However, other sports might be organized as long as they are intended at promoting peace and solidarity, teamwork and socialization while establishing the basic foundation of the core values of sports. The sports should likewise recognize individual talent and skills.
The sports event was the highlight of the Sports for Peace activity wherein the participating students were able to "live" the concepts and culture of peace they had learned. In the sports event, the concept, objectives and guidelines for Sports for Peace as well as the roles of all participants were discussed as these provided the bases of the evaluation and rating after the games have been played.
2. Preparatory discussions and workshops
As preparatory activities before the conduct of the games, discussions and workshops were organized to fully explain to all participants the concept and objectives of Sports for Peace.
3. The different team sports
In this section the sports requirements and rules for each sport were the main focus. Preparations before the Sports for Peace event provided exact information about e.g. the size of the field, the number of participants, the rules of the games and some simple examples on tactics. The descriptions used are those general procedures and rules known all over the world. While these general rules were applied, it was sometimes good to simplify the rules to make the sports more applicable to the students.
4. Roles of major stakeholders
There were different stakeholders involved in the Sports for Peace events and they had different roles. An important role is that of the resource person. The resource person is responsible for the overall programme and therefore needs to fully understand the whole process. The following roles proved important for the success of the Sports for Peace Events in Mindanao:
Photo 6: Involving different stakeholders and learning from the "wise-elders"
Throughout the whole process the sustainability of the different events was monitored by the PRCT team on a daily basis. Regular feedback sessions helped to continually improve the events and include the community and students in the set up of the Sports for Peace occasions. At the end of each event the team evaluated the entire process, and noted changes and improvements to be made for the next Sports for Peace event.
Photo 7: Regular feed-back sessions helped to improve the Sports for Peace events
Whether the concept of Sports for Peace proves to be a sustainable conflict transformation/peace building approach in the context of Mindanao cannot be assessed at this point in time as the number of events carried out (nine in total over two year period of time) is not sufficient as it takes a longer period to achieve a significant change of
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Question by Julianne (31)
What are some simple face painting ideas?
I'm not much of an artist.
Answer by beelady (334)
A simple face painting could be a Butterfly, or tiger stripes. Other ideas are balloons, stars, and rainbows. For an easy full face you could do a clown face.
Answer by SallyJ64 (3121)
Always break down drawings into simpler shapes. Things that are made up of simple shapes are easier to draw or paint. The easiest are balloons and butterflys, rainbows, clouds and raindrops It's also easy to paint the whole face and turn the kid's face into something like a cat or a dog.
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text: This piece represents the mission set forth by the restorative justice program. The enlarged words of 'justice' made out of scrabble pieces illustrates the concept that justice is created by the people, that one cannot passively wait, they must follow the path to equality. The street sign represents how the active struggle for justice permeates in everyone's life and can be found everywhere you go. Included in this piece are the balance scale and sword from Lady Justice. The sign also looks like a flag illustrating the tenuousness of justice in today's world. The sword holds up the street sign to represent the power and strength it takes too uphold justice today. The book that Lady Justice stands on is open to the page encapsulating the core values of restorative justice. Restorative Justice is a community full of support and provides students with the ability to make mistakes, take accountability and repair the damage. Through RJ students find their own path and uphold the life-long lessons society needs for equality everywhere. RJ is the future, leading students to strive for change.


One has a plural noun, the other singular.
There seem to be several idiom pairs/related idioms with inconsistent grammatical number. I am also thinking "on the fringe" and "on the fringes."
 - I suspect that the first is somehow related to handling animals such as horses. – Hot Licks Mar 9 '18 at 2:37
 - Unless you're in a rodeo, most people use both hands on the reins. But a firm hand may be needed when things get out of hand. – KarlG Mar 9 '18 at 2:51
 - if you are leading a horse people often use 1 hand – WendyG Mar 9 '18 at 11:31
They are two different idioms, the latter being formed from a situation in which one is unable to grasp something, even with both hands.
The difference between the two:
 - Get out of hand infers that the situation is out everyone's control,
 - Out of one's hands infers that one cannot control something that will happen.
| improve this answer | |
 - The OP is asking about why one expression uses both hands and another only one. – KarlG Mar 9 '18 at 2:30
 - _USER_ Thanks for the heads-up, I totally missed that. – Peter Johnmeyer Mar 9 '18 at 2:33
I think it has to do with the original idea of "hand" in the sense of "control" which contrast with "in hand" under control. In that respect, the usage of hand in the singular form is metaphoric and idiomatic:
 - Out of hand (1590s) is opposite of in hand "under control" (Etymonline)
From The Phrase Finder:
-Out of hand -- "If you reject an offer or idea 'out of hand,' you do so without hesitation. However, this phrase has several different meanings, the oldest of them being 'out of control,' from the days when failure to keep a firm grip on the reins would result in a team of horses being 'out of hand.'" From "Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins" by William and Mary Morris (HarperCollins, New York, 1977, 1988). Page 433.
The "out of hand = out of control or not being processed" meaning contrasts nicely with the "in hand = under control or being processed" meaning.
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Your Answer


text:
Text description provided by the architects. St. Joseph is a concrete form to be made habitable independent of the building site. The concrete shell is placed at the edge of the remainder of a plain along the Danube floodplains. Its basic measurements are 615 cm by 620 cm by 2230 cm. The concrete form is set on 4 supports – one one-legged element, two two-legged elements and one three-legged element. Its distance from the ground ranges from 120 cm to 210 cm.
A second form, soft, white and independent of the outer shell, is set within the concrete shell. The white form opens up and programs – makes habitable, if you wish – the concrete shell's inner area, which is 2165 cm long and approx. 515 cm high. These are two interleaved forms, each with a different hardness and materiality.


text:
Kids can explore chemistry as they cook up candies and chocolates in the kitchen. Users will perform a number of sweet experiments and learn important physical science principles related to candy and cooking. Discover why sugar crystallizes to make rock candy. Learn about specific heat and the phases of matter by molding chocolates. Use a thermometer and learn about heat and temperature while boiling sugar. Gain experience with measurements and conversions, volumes, and weights. Investigate the chemistry of gummy bears. Learn about the mysterious phenomenon of triboluminescence with wintergreen candies. Make gummy candies, chocolate shapes, and hard sugar candy using the special tools included: plastic and metal molds, candy thermometer, spatula, dipping fork, and more. Finish them with foils, paper cups, sticks, and wrappers. The 48-page, full-color manual provides instructions and explanations. Does not contain hazardous chemicals or food items; users supply the safe ingredients from their kitchen. Launch date: Summer 2012.
|Featured in:||Science and Nature (2/1/2012)|
ToyDirectory Product ID#: 33497 (added 1/20/2012)


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Unfortunately, none of this was reported in the Australian main stream media:
(Reuters) - The United Nations on Thursday (5th July) urged countries to impose international taxes to raise more than $400 billion a year, such as a carbon tax, a currency transaction tax and a billionaires tax, to offset cutbacks in aid by many countries amid global economic turmoil.
The U.N. World Economic and Social Survey (WESS) found the needs of developing countries were not being met, more money was needed to fight challenges like climate change and new taxes would help "donor countries overcome their record of broken promises."
CNS news summarises the proposed UN global taxes:
Carbon Tax: A tax of $25 a ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted in developed countries would raise an estimated $25 billion a year. The money could be collected by national authorities, but be earmarked for international cooperation. CO2 is the "greenhouse gas" blamed most often for climate change.
Currency Transaction Tax: A tax of 0.005 per cent on all trading in four major currencies – the U.S. dollar, the euro, the yen and pound sterling – would yield around $40 billion a year for international initiatives. The decades-old idea of levying a small charge on financial transactions is sometimes called a "Robin Hood tax" since it supposedly taxes rich nations to benefit poor ones.
The European Union's executive Commission has proposed the introduction of such a tax – 0.1 per cent for shares and bonds and 0.01 per cent for derivatives – in the 27-member union with effect from January 1, 2014, an initiative expected to raise just over $70 billion a year. The WESS says a portion of that could be earmarked for international cooperation.
Billionaire's Tax: A tax of around one per cent on individual wealth holdings of $1 billion or more, "with the revenue destined to finance internationally agreed global development purposes." The WESS says this mechanism, which it estimates could raise $50 billion a year, is an option that could be explored but needs further technical elaboration.
And the Gillard government is committed to contributing 10% of the revenues raised from the Carbon Tax towards the UN. Incidentally, the "Robin Hood Tax" is presently Greens policy as is a Millionaires Tax of 50% on incomes over $1m.
If the UN tries to impose a global carbon tax or a tax on international currency transactions or any other tax that bypasses payments voted by our national parliament then that is the day Australia should pull out of the U.N.


text:
The average life span for African-Americans in Louisiana today (72.2 years) is shorter than that of Colombians, Vietnamese and Venezuelans. The average life span of an African-American in New Orleans is 69.3 years, nearly as low as life expectancy in North Korea.
African-Americans in Tangipahoa Parish have well-being levels of the average American in the early 1950s.
From the American Human Development Project's "Portrait of Louisiana," released today. More data on the state, like food stamp usage by parish, here.
Hurricane Katrina destroyed cities, jobs and lives. But for some children, the storm may have resulted in an unforeseen upside: better schooling.
A new working paper from Prof. Bruce Sacerdote at Dartmouth University notes that when families fled New Orleans, they were forced to abandon its failing school system. Professor Sacerdote used data on Louisiana students' test scores and college attendance, both before and after the Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, to calculate what effect leaving a failing school district had on academic achievement.
In the first year after the 2005 evacuation, students' standardized test scores fell — which is probably not surprising, given the disruption in their lives. Within a couple years, students originally from Orleans Parish schools saw their scores recover and then eventually surpass their prehurricane levels.
But this was not true for Katrina evacuees from nearby Jefferson and Rita evacuees from Lake Charles. In those areas, where the schools were better than those in New Orleans, the decline in test scores for displaced students persisted into 2007 and started to recover by 2008. Similar results were seen for college enrollment. Evacuated students from New Orleans saw a modest increase in four-year college enrollment, whereas their counterparts from the suburbs initially saw a negative effect on college enrollment (which disappeared within about a year). Read more…


Monday, January 09, 2012
Multithreaded teaches the wrong lessons about multicore
This blog-post compares two open-source "packet logging" programs. These are simple programs that log network traffic directly to the disk. That blog-post finds that the multithreaded program is a lot faster than the single-threaded program, confirming people's prejudices that in the modern world with multicore systems, multithreaded is better.
But the results are suspect. It finds that TWO-threaded program is SIX times faster. That doesn't make sense. If the issue were truly just "multithreaded vs single-threaded", then at most we'd expect at most a two-fold increase, not a six-fold increase.
Instead, the real problem here is the way that the application has to "wait" on either the network or the disk. One way to solve this waiting is to put the network portion on one thread, and the disk portion on another thread. That's what Gulp does. It's many times faster than Daemonlogger even on computers with only a single processing core.
But multithreaded is only one way to solve this problem. Another way would be to use asynchronous APIs, and/or larger buffers. It's the same way that single-threaded programs have long dealt with "waiting". like "C10K" web-servers that might be only single-threaded.
The true reason Gulp is faster has nothing to do with its multithreaded nature, but the way it cleverly uses Linux APIs in order to get out of the way. Network adapters want to DMA packets directly into a buffer at full speed, bypassing the CPU and operating system kernel. Disk adapters want to DMA data directly from memory at full speed, likewise bypassing the CPU and kernel. Today's hardware can easily do this at many times 10-gbps speeds. The problem is that today's operating system kernels get in the way. The trick to making this work is to figure out just the right operating system APIs to trick the kernel into getting out of the way. The reason Gulp is faster is because it does a better job getting out of the way than Daemonlogger, not because it's multithreaded.
More the point, Gulp still fails at being "multicore". Computers have been stuck at 3-GHz for the past decade, instead of getting faster, we now get multiple cores. Gulp scales to 2 cores, but not 12 cores. It's no faster in a 12 core system than a 2 core system. (My laptop has 4 cores, my desktop has 12 cores).
The problem we face today is that people think "multithreaded" means "multicore". It doesn't. Multithreaded means running DIFFERENT tasks on a SINGLE core, like how Gulp runs one thread for capture and one for logging to disk, making it faster than Daemonlogger even on a single core. In contrast, multicore programming means running the SAME tasks on MANY cores, so making something faster simply means adding cores. Gulp fails at this.
Most software that people hail as being "multithreaded" fails at being truly "multicore". A good example of this is the Linux kernel itself, which claims to scale to 64 core. It does, but only for selected applications and bencharmarks. Linux fails at being truly multicore for other tasks, such as packet-sniffing. A great many multithreaded applications fail to scale well on Linux.
Another example is PF_RING. It uses custom drivers to bypass the inefficiencies of the Linux kernel for 10gbps speeds, but then it uses "spinlocks" instead of "atomics" for synchronization, so it fails at being multicore. After about 4 cores, adding additional cores makes PF_RING go slower, not faster.
If you want a truly scalable system, instead of going "multithreaded", you need to cheat. Today's packet-sniffing adapters (PF_RING, Napatech) can split incoming traffic into separate streams by hashing TCP/IP socket info. So exploit that. Buy a cheap 8-core system, use one of these adapters to create 8 streams, and buy 8 high-speed disks (like SSDs). Simply run 8 separate instances of Gulp/Daemonlogger, each bound to a core, stream, and disk. When you want to analyze the traffic logged to the disks, you'll have to recombine the streams back into a single one, but that's not too difficult, especially when you are using a system costing $2000 that would otherwise cost you $50,000.
That original blog-post confirms your prejudices that multithreaded software is inherently better than single-threaded software, an important lesson for today's multicore computers. But, when you look deeper at it, you find that the results are suspect and that it teaches entirely the wrong lessons about multithreaded software. Gulp fails at being multicore every much as Daemonlogger does.
Historical note: BlackICE, the first IPS written in 1998, was a two-threaded system, with one thread for packet-capturing (using a custom driver that looks a like like modern PF_RING) and another thread for analysis. It had the same "producer-consumer" relationship that Gulp has. While it was multithreaded, it wasn't truly multicore, and did not scale past two cores. I don't know for sure, but I'm told that IBM (which now sells BlackICE as "Proventia") has converted the software so that it's truly multicore.
Update: One tweeter took exception to my terminology, since nobody else makes the distinction/comparision between "multithreaded" and "multicore" the way I do. But that's entirely the point. Multithreaded programming techniques were developed for decades for either single core systems, or systems with a small number of cores. Those techniques your textbooks teach you fail when you get to 12 cores, like I have on my desktop. Just because a program (like Gulp) is multithreaded doesn't mean it's solved the problem of running on all 12 cores (which it doesn't). Thus, just because something is "multithreaded" doesn't mean that it's truly "multicore".
I forget who, but somebody (Azul Systems) has created a hashtable using atomic operations that scales to 1000 cores doing insertions and lookups simultaneously. Now THAT is true multicore.
Update: The 'cheat' solution I mention above is how people run high-speed Snort, a painfully single-threaded IDS. I think it's a bastard solution to the problem, but it turns out, customers are actually quite happy with it. (Which I guess is another lesson: what matters is how much customers like the pork sausage, not how it's made).
So lets you test this by using something like 'tcpreplay' at 10gbps. You'll find that the solution doesn't appear to work. That's because using tcpreplay, you take packets captured from slow networks and replay them at much higher speeds. On slow networks, like your home 10-mbps connection, a single TCP connection can use up the entire bandwidth. When you replay at 10-gbps, a single TCP connection captured at 10mbps is being replayed at 10gbps, which causes it to be sent to single virtualized adapter, which can't handle more than 1.25-gbps.
Thus, when testing your cheated Snort solution, you now have two separate metrics: maximum network speed, and maximum TCP connection speed.
But a truly multithreaded/multicore solution might not doing any better. Packets on a TCP connection must still be processed in-order, so you can't have one core process one packet on the TCP connection while another core processes another packet. Instead, to truly speed up the single-TCP-connection problem, you'll have to have multiple cores working together on a single packet. That's a hard problem, because chances are good that synchronization overhead (even using lightweight atomics) will cost more than you gain. Thus, a cheating solution may actually perform better on this metric than the proper solution.
Either way, I hope IDS/IPS evaluators like NSS start measuring single-TCP-connection speed along with max-network-speed.
Update: So how can you fix PF_RING to be multicore? Well, a good lesson is how PACKET_RX_RING does it. Both similarly-named solutions do roughly the same thing: create a memory mapped user-space ring-buffer for incoming packets. PF_RING does this with zero copy at 15-million packets/second bypassing the kernel, PACKET_RX_RING does this with making kernel copies at 1.5-million packets/second.
Ring-buffers are easily synchronized in a producer/consumer fashion. If there is only one consumer, then no special synchronization is needed. If there is one producer and many consumers, then the consumers need to synchronize among themselves, but not with the producer.
PACKET_RX_RING, while slow because of interference with the kernel, allows wait-free synchronization. The 12 threads trying read packets simply do a __atomic_compare_and_exchange() on the "current packet" pointer (which in x86 will be a lock compxchg instruction). If the operation succeeds, the current thread owns the packet, if it fails, the current thread tries again OR goes to sleep. (This synchronization also implies thread scheduling, so that threads can go to sleep, causing CPU cores to go to sleep, consuming less electricity).
PF_RING, while otherwise fast, does numerous "


text:
A guide to Australian insect families (from CSIRO) can be found at:
A useful introduction to Insects, visit:
A diagram of Insect morphology illustrating terminology with legend of body parts:
A diagram of an insect illustrating terminology based on a worker ant, see:
There are two main ways to photograph insects with a camera: using a macro close-up lens or a zoom lens. If the insect tolerates your getting very close, then you can use the macro lens. For example, some moths will remain quite still when approached, believing they are camouflaged and invisible. However, many insects, especially those that can fly, will move away when you approach. This is especially true for insects like butterflies and dragonflies. So a good zoom lens is very useful for photographing many insects. If you are using a smartphone, then use a macro lens or a macro attachment. E.g. OlloClip for iPhone. If you want to have an insect identified to species then clear photographs are usually needed because minute parts of the anatomy may need to be checked. It is valuable to take several photos from various angles so that these anatomical details can be seen. Many insects are have particular plants that they feed on, and they can be identified more easily when the associated plant is known. So if the insect is resting or feeding on a plant, take note of what the plant is or ensure that a photo shows the plant clearly.
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This interesting name of Medieval English origin, with the modern variants Cattonnet, Catonnet, Catonne, Catenot, and Cathenod, is locational from places so called in Derbyshire and Lancashire. The derivation of the former is the Old English personal name "Cade", a survival from a Germanic root meaning swelling, which may have been applied to a large person, and is recorded in the Subsidy Rolls of that county in 1330 as "Cadetone", with the second element "tun", a settlement, thus Cada's town. However the place in Lancashire, first recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as "Catun", and in the Pipe Rolls of 1186 as "Catlon", derives its first element from the Old Norse byname "Kati", meaning boy.The following example illustrates the name development after the earliest recording of the name (see below), Peter "Catoun", (1327 Subsidy Rolls of Suffolk). Amongst the early recordings in Lancashire is Agnes Caton who married John Bensonn on January 26th 1559. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Richard Caton, which was dated 1279, in the "Hundred Rolls of Cambridgeshire", during the reign of King Edward 1, known as "The Hammer of the Scots", 1272 - 1307. Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was known as Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to "develop" often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling.
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Enjoy this name printed onto our colourful scroll, printed in Olde English script. An ideal gift.