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PhD position in Wildlife Management
PhD position in Applied Ecology (Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences): Management of wildlife populations under a changing climate
The project aims at developing wildlife population models to be used in a larger context of ecological, economical and societal impacts of alternative land management policies under a changing climate. The candidate will compile information on wildlife ecology and management and build models for future management of wildlife resources. Specifically, the candidate will compile existing data on demographic drivers and management of large herbivores in Scandinavia (i.e. moose, red deer, roe deer, wild boar) as a basis to map interacting, direct and indirect pathways between climate change and population demography. The candidate will also assess climate-mediated changes of herbivore browsing impacts on biodiversity and forestry. The findings will be incorporated in spatial wildlife population models to be used to assess the impacts of different management options under different climate scenarios. The candidate will work in close collaboration with the project's multi-disciplinary and international team.
The candidate will be supervised by Associate professor Simen Pedersen (HINN, main supervisor), Professor Barbara Zimmermann (HINN), Researcher Cecilie Dyngeland (HINN), and Researcher Oskar Franklin (IIASA, Austria)
Questions about the position or work environment can be directed to associate professor Simen Pedersen, e-mail: _EMAIL_


NASA Podcasts
NASA EDGE: Understanding Auroras with VISIONS
› Download Vodcast (116MB)
Doug Rowland, Heliophysicist at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
CHRIS: So Doug, why do we use sounding rockets to study the auroras?
DOUG: Sounding rockets have many advantages. They're sort of complimentary to satellites. The satellites usually have a very extensive instrumentation. They're very expensive, very complex and they have a lot of capability. What they do is fly, more or less, horizontally through the region. One advantage of a sounding rocket is it's suborbital, which means it doesn't orbit. It goes up and it comes down. If you want to get a vertical profile of what's happening in a region, you might use a sounding rocket, because you can say I want to launch from here and I'm going to go up and I want to come back down. I want to measure as a function of height what's going on.
CHRIS: Right.
DOUG: The satellite gives you a complimentary view, what's happening as a function of horizontal distance.
CHRIS: Just give me a slice?
DOUG: A slice, exactly.
CHRIS: Do you ever launch a sounding rocket and have a satellite going over the region at the same time?
DOUG: People do that. Tom Woods at the University of Colorado does that with the SDO. They've got an instrument on SDO that needs calibration. If they're looking at the sun, they're making the same measurement with the sounding rocket to try to get a good calibration. There have been other attempts to have a satellite go by and maybe not exactly at the same moment but near by in time to do an under flight. We want to do more of those experiments.
CHRIS: You just had a successful mission just recently called VISIONS. What's the VISIONS project all about?
DOUG: Well VISIONS, we like to have these acronyms. VISIONS is an acronym that tells you what the mission is. It's using imaging as opposed to direct measurement along the trajectory to measure a phenomenon that we've known about for a long time but never have had pictures of. That phenomenon is called the auroral wind.
CHRIS: The auroral wind, wow!
DOUG: The auroral wind. You've heard of the solar wind.
CHRIS: The solar wind, yeah.
DOUG: The auroral wind is a wind of gas or ions that come out of our atmosphere and they're driven out by the aurora. The aurora comes in, heats the atmosphere, gets it energized and boils this atmosphere off. It's a pretty weak, thin stream of gas but it turns out to be very important because space around Earth is so empty. The magnetosphere is so empty that having this gas, this oxygen flow out, can dominate, at least temporarily, what's happening out in the magnetosphere. What drives it out is the magnetosphere itself. It's a feedback loop where the magnetosphere drives the aurora. The aurora takes the oxygen and the auroral wind out and that regulates or feeds back on the magnetosphere itself.
CHRIS: Is it a certain level of storm before you launch that sounding rocket?
DOUG: We launch into a pretty minor sub storm.
CHRIS: Okay.
DOUG: One advantage of the rocket program in addition to this vertical profile is you can wait. You can sit there and wait for ten nights in a row and wait for hours each night to try to get the perfect time. With a satellite, if you zip through and then something happens you miss it. We can wait until there's an aurora right in our path and right at the right time then go.
CHRIS: What kind of instrumentation do you have on board to be able to make those measurements?
DOUG: Some things you will be familiar to. We have a four-channel camera where we have four different colors of light that we're looking down. We're taking pictures from above looking down on the aurora so we can see where the aurora is intense and where it might be driving this oxygen wind out. Our other major instrument is something called the MILENA instrument. MILENA stands for Miniaturized Low-Energy Neutral Atom imagery. MILENA, what it does is it makes pictures by looking at where atoms come from. Instead of looking at light to take a picture, it counts how many oxygen atoms are coming at every point. It spins around. It's a catcher's mitt and it looks over there and says I've got so many oxygen atoms. It looks over here and says I've so many oxygen atoms. It makes a map as it spins around; builds up where those pictures are coming from. We want to check how are they increasing as we go up in altitude? How are they corresponding to bright points in the aurora? We have this camera looking down and saying there's a bright aurora over there, is there also oxygen coming from that region. We also know that not all auroras are created equally. Some are very energetic and penetrate very low in the atmosphere. Those are usually green.
CHRIS: Right.
DOUG: We have some that are less energetic and they penetrate to a higher altitude and they're red. We have some evidence that the red aurora is a little better at energizing this atmosphere. So, we use our green and red channel from the camera to say where are those oxygen atoms likely to be coming from. We want to check our theory by looking at where they're actually coming from.
CHRIS: And of course, when you're launching these sounding rockets, you're just not launching them just anywhere in the country, you're trying to get into the auroral zone up by the Arctic Circle?
DOUG: That's right. Yeah. Fairbanks is a famous place to study the aurora. We have all kinds of tourists from all over the world, mostly from Japan, actually go there because that's a very good place, where the skies are clear. It's cold but not too windy and the aurora is very common, every other night, every third night. It's a great place to look at the aurora. It's also the only land-based rocket range in the U.S. It's operated by the University of Alaska for NASA. It's got this great down range facility where you can put cameras and magnetometers. On an ocean range like Wallops you can't really instrument under where the rockets fly because it's the ocean. But up there you can put the instruments under the rocket trajectory and really get a good picture from cameras looking up as well.
CHRIS: I guess it would be hard to launch from Wallops because we're so far south.
DOUG: That's right, yeah. We do lots of great launches from Wallops. We do have interest in the atmospheric physics over Wallops. There's a lot of interesting stuff that happens here. But to study the aurora, you go to basically Alaska, Norway or Sweden.
CHRIS: Right. You had a successful launch. Can you share some of the data you received?
DOUG: Sure. We saw that we had great electrons coming down. We saw the aurora was very strong. And we saw that our auroral cameras were working well. The MELINA instrument is a new instrument so we're still learning how it works but we've already seen that fact that the altitude dependence of the oxygen atoms is very distinct. As we're below a certain altitude, the oxygen atoms don't travel very far. They, sort of, run into each other. As we go above a certain height, they can start to travel long distances and we can start to make these pictures. We've already seen directionality to that where we can say there are hot spots in these oxygen atoms. We haven't yet made the mapping of how those hot spots map to the auroral features but that will be our next step.
› Download Vodcast (116MB)


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Death Notice: The Rise of Thay
Water-based Shifter Warden from Ripcurrent tribe of Impiltur, on his long wandering to be accepted as a man
Race: Longtooth Shifter
Class: Wildblood Warden
Starting stats: 19 STR, 14 CON, 10 DEX, 10 INT, 16 WIS, 8 CHA
Trained Skills: Athletics, Endurance, Nature, Perception
Equipment: Longsword, Heavy Shield, Hide Armor
At Wills: Thorn Strike, Weight of Earth
Encounters: Grasping Winds (L1), Buffeting Wave (Theme), Longtooth Shifting (Racial)
Dailies: Form of Winter's Herald (L1)
Disciple of Stone
Tide has grown up as part of Ripcurrent, a small tribe of Shifters who historically made their homes in the cliffs above a bay not far from Lyrabar, in Impiltur. Not the usual Lycan shifters, this tribe is descended from water-dwelling orca people. The mystery of their origin is lost in time, but they have long maintained a shamanistic culture worshipping the primordial spirits of water and cherishing/preserving the sea. The Sea of Fallen Stars forms the basis of their existence, fishing and beach-combing for what they need to survive. The tribe has a history of maintaining trade with Lyrabar and keeping good relations with the merchants of the city, bringing a steady stream of fish, deepsea delicacies, and other hard to obtain underwater items to the merchants of the city.
After the Sea of Fallen Stars receded, the tribe struggled to adapt, moving their ancestral home to follow the ocean's path. Once this was resolved, the next challenge was trade – Lyrabar had fallen to the corrupt influence of thieves' guilds and crime lords less interested in preserving the sea and more willing to exploit the "freaks" capable of delving its depths. The city is no longer safe for the Ripcurrent tribe, and only those most skilled in concealing their identity as Shifters have traveled there freely in recent years.
Tide, the son of the long-time chief, has grown up in this tense climate, only hearing of the older days of prosperity. Trained in combat and the importance of preserving the balance of the sea, Tide has reached the age of maturity and recently been sent on his journey to achieve manhood. Young men of the tribe are expected to not return until they have obtained some important information, learned some skill, or bring something back of significant value to the tribe. Tide's father has heard of the relative prosperity of the city's of the west, and sent Tide to Waterdeep to study their economy and government, to learn what he can that the Ripcurrents might encourage Lyrabar in the same direction, and return to the time of peace and prosperity of the past. The young man set out to find a source of peace for his ancestral home, and in the process his destiny..

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Engines & Handcrews: At The Frontline
Engines and hand crews are at the frontline of wilderness and/or Wildland Urban Interface fires. When a fire first breaks out, an initial attack crew-- either an engine or handcrew-- will immediately respond to the outbreak.
Engine crews vary in size and capabilities, but usually include at least three trained firefighters, a few hundred gallons of water (and up to 1000 gallons or more) and foam concentrate, roll-out hose-reels with spray nozzles, chain saws, protective gear, various hand-tools (for constructing fire-line) and additional fire-hose to combat a blaze.
Hand crews usually consist of approximately 18-20 trained firefighters (including a crew boss and individual squad bosses), each armed with chainsaws or line-constructing tools (pulaskis, shovels, hazel hoes, rakes, etc.,) protective nomex pants and shirts, fire shelters and hard-hats. These individuals may utilize bladder bags (40 lb. water packs with spray nozzles), but mainly rely on hand-tools and saws to construct a line around the perimeter of a fire.
photos: Ian Keusink

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Aboard the Tugnacious With Dr. Doom
Topics: Climate, Environment, Geology, News, Radio, Water
- Copy and Paste to Embed
Two-thirds of California residents rely on water pumped through the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, as its delicate ecosystem teeters on the brink, and its aging levees crumble.
Planners have spent decades searching for a fix. But they'll have to finish the job without the advice of a man who's played a central role in Delta science.
Jeffrey Mount, the scientist dubbed "Dr. Doom" for his dire pronouncements about the Delta, has retired from his post at University California, Davis. Science editor Craig Miller caught up with him – where else – on the river, aboard his 27-foot cruiser, "Tugnacious."
This is an edited version of their conversation.
The question of what to do about deteriorating conditions in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has dogged Mount throughout his 33 years as a professor of geology, as co-founder of the Center for Watershed Studies at UC Davis and going back to Governor Brown's first administration. I asked Mount – one of the Delta's most plainspoken explainers, why it matters so much.
Craig Miller: Eight in 10 Californians can't even tell you where or what the Delta is. Why do they need to know?
JM: Very few Californians get the notion that this is an interconnected system now, with water that comes all the way out of the Trinity River, piped over and into the Sacramento River and down through the Delta, run into canals and ends up in San Diego. I mean really, that's extraordinary, all the way from the Klamath Basin to San Diego. This is an interconnected network, so 25 million people get some of their water out of the Delta.
CM: You said in an interview that you thought we were down to our last shot with the Delta. What did you mean by that? And what do you think the real chance is that we'll have a long-term solution in hand by, say 2020?
JM: Let me explain why I think we're down to our last shot. We have deeply entrenched interests, and regrettably it's not simple. You've got farmers fighting against farmers. You have urban interests fighting against urban interests. You have environmental groups fighting against environmental groups, and then they're all fighting each other, and that makes it wickedly complicated. And instead of coming out of their foxholes, they seem to be digging deeper and deeper foxholes.
Events will eventually dictate how we manage the Delta and I have said many times, and nothing in the last seven or eight years has changed in this, that we're dealing with a system that is unstable, and it will rearrange itself, whether from floods or earthquakes or rising sea level or changing human demands on the system or invasive species, it is unstable and it is changing and if we don't get our hands around it now, it's going to be doubly hard to get our hands around it in the future.
Some believe one way to "get our hands around it" is to move southbound water around this fragile ecosystem – or in the case of the latest proposal, under it, with twin tunnels that would shuttle water from upstream on the Sacramento, more than 30 miles south to serve needs in the Central Valley and Southern California. Mount agrees, saying it's the only way to comply with current laws that put water needs and the environment on equal footing.
JM: To meet the co-equal goals of the 2009 legislation, I think you're going to have to have a tunnel or two. Don't like it, go back and change the policy. You could say, "We're going to manage this ecosystem. We're going to go for ecosystem health as the primary objective within it." If that's the case, at best you want a tiny little pipe – a peripheral garden hose would be the best description of it. You want to dramatically reduce your withdrawals from the Delta, both in-Delta exports and then all those people upstream; all those people like San Francisco, let's take them for example, they're taking water from the Delta, they're just taking it out upstream.
CM: By upstream, you mean up in the Sierra.
JM: Yeah, they're just taking it out before it gets to Delta, that's all.
CM: Give me your pithiest version of why a tunnel beats a canal.
JM: Actually I don't think there's any difference between the two in terms of system performance, but there are major differences politically. Good luck building a peripheral canal across the Delta given the level of local resistance and changes in our practices of eminent domain. I can completely understand why they want to spend more money and go under the problem rather than over the problem.
CM: We talked a little about this déjà vu aspect of it, this goes further back than Jerry Brown's first term, this goes back to Pat Brown, doesn't it?
JM: That's correct. When the state water project was developed, they knew all along that they had left a hole in it, and that is the Delta. They knew there was a problem even back in the 1950s that the Delta was going to be a major issue. From that point on, this intractable, difficult wicked problem has bedeviled governors, heads of the Department of Water Resources and water managers in California nonstop.
CM: If they were so aware that this was a problem looming, why didn't they address the problem head on the first time around?
JM: There's a tendency in water supply to leave the most complicated and difficult problems to later. We are a society – and there's no difference in the water supply community – that likes to pluck the low hanging fruit and put off the hard work until later. The Delta fix, if there is one, is not simple, it's not cheap, it involves burning massive amounts of political capital to get it done, and it involves lots of angry people no matter what you do. I can easily understand why people kept putting that one off.
And yet, with all of the rancor that remains in the Delta water wars, Mount sees a light at end of this tunnel.
JM: I can actually say that I think the state government and federal government are starting to paddle together, which has not been the case – it's actually been one of the principal problems. They are actually starting to look like they're much more in sync with each other, and that's a glimmer of hope.
CM: Does that mean you think we have a decent shot at a long-term solution?
JM: I think it's a 50-50 chance that we'll get a long-term solution out of this. This is all of California's problem. I mean this is 25 million people, also two-thirds of the population of California. It's our problem.
Mount still has some skin in the game. In his new career is as a consultant, he says he wants to help restore rivers, not just talk about restoring them. As for his nickname, "Dr. Doom," Mount says it was coined a decade ago by then-KQED reporter Tamara Keith, now Capitol correspondent for NPR. It stuck – and Mount still embraces it, though no doubt he'd love to be proven wrong.
Sean Greene contributed to this article.Tags: California Delta, Dr. Doom, Jeff Mount, sacramento delta


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At least some content in this article is derived from information featured in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (film). As such, spoilers will be present within the article.
|"Is this all real? Or has this been happening inside my head?"
The subject of this article is of a real-life person, place, group, company, product, or creative work that has been mentioned "in-universe" in a canon source. The Harry Potter Wiki is written from the perspective that all information presented in canon is true (e.g., Hogwarts really exists), and, as such, details contained in this article may differ from real world facts.
Behind the scenes
- The Lower East Side Tenement Museum, which the creative team for Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them visited to conceptualise what 1920s New York looked like, is located at 97 Orchard Street.


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Dating to roughly 8200 BCE, the Olsen-Chubbuck Bison Kill Site in Cheyenne County preserves evidence of a Paleo-Indian kill of more than 190 bison. The site was named for the amateur archaeologists Jerry Chubbuck and Sigurd Olsen, who discovered and partially excavated the site in 1957–58 before turning over excavations to a University of Colorado Museum team headed by archaeologist Joe Ben Wheat. The mass kill preserved at the site demonstrates techniques that Native Americans used to hunt bison on the plains for more than 10,000 years.
Discovery and Excavation
The Olsen-Chubbuck Site is in an old arroyo about thirteen miles southwest of Cheyenne Wells and sixteen miles southeast of Kit Carson in Cheyenne County. It lay under land owned by rancher Paul Forward until the late 1950s, when erosion caused by several years of drought revealed a clear outcropping of bones. On December 8, 1957, Jerry Chubbuck noticed the outcropping while driving by. A quick investigation yielded a Paleo-Indian projectile point and an end-scraper. Chubbuck notified Joe Ben Wheat of his find, but Wheat was busy with another dig and could not immediately visit the site. In the meantime, Chubbuck and Sigurd Olsen of nearby Kit Carson began to excavate. In addition to the bone bed, which soon yielded fifty skulls, they found human artifacts including two dozen projectile points or point fragments and several stone tools.
In April 1958 Wheat visited the site, recognized its importance, and asked Chubbuck and Olsen to relinquish their digging permit. They did, allowing Wheat and the University of Colorado Museum to excavate the site thoroughly in the summers of 1958 and 1960.
As the excavation proceeded, the shape and extent of the bison bone bed gradually became clear. The bone bed occupied an old arroyo channel that cut across the locally normal drainage pattern and was probably formed from an eroded bison trail. At its narrow end it was one to three feet wide and one to three feet deep, and it grew to maximum dimensions of about fifteen feet wide and seven feet deep. The bone bed stretched for roughly 170 feet within the arroyo, with an average width of five feet and a maximum depth of six and a half feet. The bones in the arroyo had apparently created a natural dam that trapped sediments in runoff water until the bones were completely covered and the arroyo filled in.
Killing and Carving Techniques
Wheat called the arroyo "a puny trap for a bison herd," but it seems clear that Paleo-Indians used the arroyo as a natural trap for a stampeding herd of the extinct species Bison occidentalis, which was about 25 percent to 33 percent larger than modern bison. Based on bone orientation in the arroyo, the herd was driven from northwest to southeast. When the herd hit the arroyo, many fell in and were trampled or suffocated. The Paleo-Indians would have killed any surviving bison still trapped in the arroyo. Skeletal remains indicate that the kill probably occurred in late May or early June.
At least 190 bison died in the arroyo. After the successful kill, the Paleo-Indians responsible for the stampede butchered the bodies. The butchering process was clearly organized, resulting in nine distinct piles of bones arranged in the order the animals were butchered: front-leg units on the bottom, then pelvic-girdle units, rear-leg units, and vertebral-column units, with skulls on top. Below the butchered piles were layers of complete and partially complete skeletons at the bottom of the arroyo, too deep for the Native Americans to extract.
Wheat used evidence from the kill to estimate the size of the Paleo-Indian group involved in the attack. He calculated that the animals killed and butchered would have yielded about 60,000 pounds of meat plus an additional 9,000 pounds of tallow and internal organs. To butcher the animals in a timely fashion, eat some of the meat, and carry the rest would have required a group of 150–200 people. If the group had dogs to help consume and carry the meat, its size could have been smaller, perhaps 75–100 people and 100 dogs. Wheat classified the people involved with the kill as the Firstview complex, named after a small town just north of the site.


How Do I Make Money Franchising My Business?
Your business is ready to grow and you believe it is time to step it up a notch. Maybe it is time to think about franchising your business as a growth strategy rather than investing more money in opening additional locations or starting additional businesses. As a business owner, you understand how to make money; revenues must be greater than expenses, but franchising is an unknown and you are not sure how you would make money franchising. Let's break it down.
The Franchise Fee
To start, it is important to understand that franchising is a different type of revenue model. When you franchise, you will receive a one-time flat fee from each franchisee. This payment is reimbursement for expenses incurred by you for training and furnishing assistance to each franchisee in an effort to get them up and running. The franchise fee typically includes, but is not limited to:
 1. A comprehensive franchise training program;
 2. Development of a website or webpage given to your franchisees;
 3. Grand opening and/or pre-opening assistance at their place of business;
 4. Advertising pieces and marketing programs that you have developed;
 5. A Franchise Operations Manual that houses all your best practices, procedures, "know-how" and various pieces you will end up giving to your franchisees that will help them when operating their business (read about the franchise operations manual); and
 6. A start-up kit of products, supplies or small samples of essentials to get them started.
The franchise fee is part of how you will make money franchising (see more on how the franchise fee is determined). Needless to say, the franchise fee is not your main source of revenue.
When you franchise you will also collect an ongoing fee from each franchisee, typically known as a royalty. The royalty fee is usually a percentage of your franchisee's gross revenues however that is not always the case and royalty fees are not always the same from one franchise to another (check out our article on royalties). Royalties can be paid weekly, but most commonly are paid monthly. Sometimes royalties are a fixed amount OR can be a mixture of a percentage of gross revenue with a minimum amount due. In this example you are guaranteed a minimum amount of royalty payment.
Royalty fees are paid directly to you for your ongoing support as the franchisee runs their business (identifying what type of ongoing support you provide is one part of your franchise development; read more about what we do). In other words this is fair compensation for all your time, energy and effort as you continue to coach, guide, mentor and support the franchisee throughout your relationship.
Furthermore, royalties are also paid for:
 1. The ability for the franchisee to continuously use your name and all the protections that come with it;
 2. Ongoing permission to use your proprietary methods, techniques and "know-how" to operate your business in their area;
 3. Developments specific to your industry on new processes, advances, techniques or methods that you pass onto all franchisees;
 4. Access to your approved vendors for products, equipment (if applicable) and services at negotiated rates;
 5. National account relationships that you establish and continue to develop for the benefit of the entire system;
 6. The "Family Concept" by which another franchisee may develop a marketing piece or develops a new profit center (service) that you thread throughout your system; and
 7. A support network among other franchisees stepping up to help each other. It is not just one person out there running your business, but a group of business owners, all part of the system. The result is a culture of like-minded people is created.
But wait Johnny, there is more…
When it comes to making money franchising, and if your franchise program is built right (hint, hint), you may have additional sources of revenue built into your franchise program. For example, franchisees may be required as part of running their business to purchase certain products, supplies, equipment or even services from you or one of your other companies. This may become necessary in an effort to control quality and maintain the consistency of your brand.
In addition to the revenues you can earn by requiring franchisees to purchase products, supplies, equipment and services from you or one of your other companies, there is more… your vendors. That's right your vendors could be another source of revenue for you when franchising your business. This could be in the form of rebates, kickbacks and allowances given to you from vendors and suppliers who you require franchisees to purchase from. Yes you read this correctly…it is not uncommon for vendors and suppliers to negotiate some type of rebate program to you as a way of showing gratitude for pointing your franchisees in their direction to purchase from them. Depending on your concept, this could be a major way for you to make money franchising.
Growth and Loyalty
Certainly, as your franchise expands, there are rewards other than monetary ones (learn about other rewards when franchising). For example, you are now in a position to help people own their own business. Not to mention the job creation that results from each new franchise business that opens. A measure of success in your future franchising endeavors will be how well your franchisees are doing and if they are making money. In other words, it is validation that the system you put together really works. Your goal as a future franchising company should be that every person who buys into your franchise program is happy, successful and making money.
Let's not forget one more way for you to make money franchising. If your franchise program is creatively put together then there is a built-in incentive for your franchisees to purchase additional businesses such as a second one, a third one, etc. Whether franchisees become multi-unit operators or not, once they start to taste success, their loyalty to you and your system is immense. And that becomes contagious because the more success they experience and the more they love you the more money you make!
Keep in mind franchising is not just about making money right now, it is also about your future. Lots of people who own businesses turn to franchising not only to make money now, expand, grow and become recognizable in other markets but also to help achieve their end game. If you really think about it franchising is a way to make money but also is a long-term strategy. Whether you plan to expand into just a few markets or blow it out of the water… surely you must have some idea as to what you want out of it when it's all said and done. Perhaps you want to attract investors, perhaps you want to sell it all, perhaps you want to go public or maybe you just want to pass it down and create a legacy (read about other reasons people choose to franchise).
This article covers just the basics when it comes to making money franchising your business… to fully understand ALL the ways franchising can benefit you from a monetary standpoint call us directly at _PHONE_ or simply send us your contact information. We will gladly answer all your questions about franchising and ultimately determine if franchising is an option for you.


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Learn English > English lessons and exercises > English test #34319: Questions : how to ask them
Questions : how to ask them
With an auxiliary:
He is French...is he French?
She will go to school...will she go to school?
He would work harder...would he work harder?
With a modal verb :
He can swim...can he swim?
She may go out tonight...may she go out tonight?
They must work hard...must they work hard?
With a regular or irregular verb :
She likes chocolate...does she like chocolate?
They go to school...do they go to school?
She brushed her hair...did she brush her hair?
We went out...did we go out?
He took the bus...did he take the bus?
Mind the subject:
What do you think of that?...the subject is 'you', you have to use 'do'
Which book does she read?...the subject is'she', you have to use 'do'
What happens here?...the subject is 'what', you need not use 'do'
Who wrote that novel?...the subject is 'who', you need not use 'do'
Exercise: find the right question.
Don't forget to take the placement test
English exercise "Questions : how to ask them" created by lucile83 with The test builder
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Olefin recovery units
Petrochemical plants and refineries use distillation to separate olefins, e.g. ethane/ethylene, propane/propylene, and butane/butene. The columns used for olefin separation are often referred to as splitters, more specifically C2, C3, and C4 splitters respectively. Because these columns contain a large number of separation stages, they are commonly referred to as superfractionators.
Koch-Glitsch has developed specific thermodynamic packages to accurately represent the subtle nuances of low pressure, medium pressure, and high pressure ethane/ethylene and propane/propylene separations. Koch-Glitsch has created grassroots designs to optimize project economics that include reduced column count and size and minimized energy consumption while providing the maximum throughput capacity. In addition, Koch-Glitsch has participated in numerous revamps to improve the performance of existing assets.


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This is basically what a solenoid does. You have multiple current rings, and "within" the solenoid the magnetic field loops are concentrated whereas outside they are very weak and actually divergent in the limiting case. A much more interesting questions is if one could design a solenoid or solenoid like structure which "minimizes" the magnetic fields and currents "within" the sources (wire loops) while maximizing it in the region "outside" of the "sources" (interior of the solenoid without any currents or sources). This would have practical implications, since there are limits to how much current and magnetic fields materials which hold the currents can tolerate before they breakdown. It would be great if one could generate very large fields outside of the sources to say confine a magnetic fusion plasma, without breaking down structure containing the generating currents. It is a much more difficult problem because you have to treat the field within the conductors themselves. I have thought about it fruitlessly for a while and would love to find someone who might have worked on this more. Perhaps it could not easily be solved analytically, but just like they are doing with antennas these says, perhaps, since the equations are already there, the deux ex machina of genetic algorithms might be useful if one could define all the parameters.
Also, there is perhaps a completely different approach than the solenoid one, that is a dynamical electromagnetic field. Since these can be self-propagating in the vaccuum, and one could theoretically focus a magnetic field outside of a source. Technically, there would be far-field (radiation) in such cases, but not all cases. For example, Schott in 1933 discovered non-radiating solutions for spherically charged objects rotating at relativistic velocities. To my knowledge, no one has designed an object which could do this without such high velocities, but these kinds of problems have been solved before by a more clever design.


Sarojini Naidu is a well known poet of India. She was known as "The Nightingale of India". Her poems are noted for their expression of various shades of romantic sensibilities and fervour. Naidu's poems ensemble the elements of whole of the Indian culture and civilization. Her poems are the mirror of the time which she lived in. "The Bangle Sellers" is no exception to the above ideas. It explores the life of Indian woman, the Indian cultures and traditions revolving around women. In its Indianness, this poem to similar to another poem of hers, "In the Bazaars of Hyderabad".
The poem begins with the speakers introducing themselves as the bangle sellers who sell their bangles at the temple fair. These bangle sellers are calling out people to buy their bangles for their daughters and wives. The Indianness of the setting and the poem is evident from the use of words like "temple fair" and "lustrous tokens of radiant lives". A temple fair is a typical Indian setting because of its rich cultures of temples and temple goers. Bangles, in Indian culture, are associated with happiness and prosperity and bought on special occasions. Bangles are also an important ornament for beautification of women in Indian society.
The poet, through the bangles of different colours, talks about the different stages in the life of women. The second stanza talks about the maiden life of women. Naidu puts this idea into her readers with her choice of words. Words like "maiden wrists", "buds that dream" and "new born leaves" all depict something that is young. As mentioned earlier, different coloured bangles are worn by women in different stages of life. Silver and Blue coloured bangles like the mountain mist, or green coloured like the new leaves. Blue, Silver or Green coloured bangles are generally worn by young maidens.
In the third stanza, poet talks about bridal stage in the life of a women. Again words like "bridal morn", "marriage fire", "bridal tear" and "bridal laughter" signify this idea of the poet. The bangle seller states that the bangles which are yellow in colour like "fields of sunlit corn" are perfect for a bride on her bridal morning. Bangles which are similar in colour to the marriage fire also represent the same. The words "bridal laughter and bridal tears" are very striking. It expresses both her joy of starting a new life with her husband and the sorrow of leaving her parents behind. These words also convey the transition in life from maiden to a wife.
In the last stanza of the poem, the poet talks about the middle-aged women who has journeyed through her life. The purple and gold flecked grey bangles suit these women. The poet then, states what she perceives qualities of a good wife are. The attributes of a good wife, according to the poet, are that she should have raised her children well, she should have remained faithful to her husband and family. Also note should be made of the word 'son', this could just be a coincident or as mentioned earlier, the representation of the time in which Sarojini Naidu lived where more preference was given to a male child. If we exclude the minor blip in the last, this poem is a celebration of female life.
The poem is filled with used of similes. The poet uses colours of bangles associates it to the different stages in the life of a women. While describing the colours suitable for maidens, the poet uses,
Silver and blue as the mountain mist", and
Some are flushed like the buds that dream"
In the third stanza, the poet compares the colours of bangle for a bride to the "fields of sunlit corn" and "flame of her marriage fire".
"Like her bridal laughter and bridal tear"
This simile is used to describe the joys and sorrows of getting married. Not only similes but metaphors are also used to make comparisons. In the first stanza, bangles the described as "Rainbow-tinted circles of light" and "shining loads". Young maidens are compared to the "buds that dream".
The words "buds that dream" is also an example of imagery as it presents before us an image of young girls dreaming of marriage. Other examples of imagery in the poem are "mountain mist", "new born leaves" and "flame of her marriage fire". They enhance the beauty of the scene.
The poet uses anaphora while describing the ideal wife. The last three lines of the poem begin with the word "and" to emphasize on the incidents marking woman a good wife. Alliteration is another literary device used by the poet. The /h/ sound in the lines
Or, rich with the hue of her heart's desire", and
Whose hands have cherished, whose love has blest
is an example of alliteration.
The Bangle Sellers is a lyric poem written in four stanzas of six line each. The rhyme scheme is 'AABBCC'. It follows no particular metrical style. There is no single speaker in the poem, though it may seem that there is only one speaker but it is not the case. The poet uses different speakers to give a 'class essence' to the bangle sellers. It has a definite structure. The first stanza acts as an introduction while the next three stanzas represent three different stages in the life of a women.
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text:
Researchers create a tool for accurately simulating complex systems
Title: Pioneering Breakthrough: Researchers Develop Advanced Simulation Tool for Precision Modeling of Complex Systems
In today's complex and interconnected business landscape, the ability to comprehensively understand and predict the behavior of intricate systems has become increasingly critical. From finance to logistics, healthcare to climate models, decision-makers are constantly seeking accurate simulation tools that can capture the intricate dynamics governing these complex systems. Recognizing this pressing need, a team of determined research scientists has successfully developed an innovative tool that promises unprecedented accuracy in simulating complex systems. With their breakthrough invention, they aim to revolutionize decision-making processes and equip businesses with powerful predictive capabilities. This article unveils the remarkable achievements of these researchers and delves into the immense potential of their cutting-edge simulation tool as a game-changer within the business arena.
Advancements in Modeling and Simulating Complex Systems: Introducing an Accurate Tool Developed by Researchers
Keep pace with the latest breakthroughs in complex systems analysis with our cutting-edge simulation technology. Our team of dedicated researchers has developed an accurate and powerful tool that will revolutionize the way businesses gain insights into their operations. By harnessing the capabilities of this state-of-the-art simulation tool, businesses can now delve deeper into complex systems, unlock valuable data, and make informed decisions with confidence. With unparalleled accuracy and efficiency, our tool enables modeling and simulating of complex systems like never before, offering a comprehensive solution for unraveling the mysteries that lie within intricate business processes. Discover the power of our simulation technology and take your business insights to the next level.
Enhancing Business Insights Through Cutting-Edge Simulation Technology: A Breakthrough in Complex Systems Analysis
Gain a competitive edge in the business landscape by leveraging our cutting-edge simulation technology. Our breakthrough in complex systems analysis allows businesses to achieve unprecedented levels of insight into their operations. By utilizing our state-of-the-art simulation tool, organizations can simulate and model complex systems with ease, uncovering hidden patterns and interdependencies to optimize decision-making processes. With our advanced technology, businesses can obtain accurate predictions, anticipate various scenarios, and identify the optimal strategies for success. Don't settle for outdated analytical methods. Harness the power of our simulation technology today and transform the way your business understands and navigates complex systems.
Unveiling a Revolutionary Solution: Unraveling the Mysteries of Complex Systems with State-of-the-Art Simulation Tool
Step into the future of complex systems analysis with our revolutionary simulation tool. Developed by expert researchers, our state-of-the-art solution unveils unparalleled insights into intricate business processes. Say goodbye to the limitations of traditional analysis methods and welcome a new era of understanding complex systems. With our simulation tool, businesses can accurately model, simulate, and analyze complex systems, gaining valuable knowledge and predictive capabilities. Unravel the mysteries that lie within your operations, identify inefficiencies, and optimize decision-making processes with confidence. Our groundbreaking technology sets a new standard in the field, empowering businesses to navigate complex systems and propel themselves towards success.
Q: What is the tool recently developed by researchers in the field of complex systems simulation?
A: The recently developed tool is a groundbreaking software designed by researchers for accurately simulating complex systems.
Q: What makes this simulation tool unique?
A: This simulation tool distinguishes itself due to its ability to accurately model and simulate complex systems, allowing researchers and businesses to gain valuable insights into intricate processes in various fields.
Q: How does the simulation tool benefit businesses?
A: The simulation tool offers significant benefits to businesses by assisting them in making well-informed decisions and optimizing processes. It allows businesses to identify potential problems and challenges within their systems, thus enabling them to develop effective strategies and mitigate risks.
Q: Can you provide examples of complex systems that can be simulated using this tool?
A: This tool has a wide range of applications and can simulate various complex systems such as transportation networks, energy grids, financial markets, supply chains, and even biological systems.
Q: What are some key features of this simulation tool?
A: Key features of this simulation tool include its powerful algorithms, sophisticated modeling capabilities, real-time data integration, and visualizations that aid in comprehensive analysis and planning.
Q: How does the tool ensure accurate simulation results?
A: The tool utilizes state-of-the-art mathematical models, machine learning algorithms, and statistical analysis techniques to ensure highly accurate and reliable simulation results. It leverages complex data inputs and dynamic variables to reflect real-world scenarios.
Q: How do researchers expect this simulation tool to impact the scientific community?
A: Researchers believe that this simulation tool will have a profound impact on the scientific community by enhancing our understanding of complex systems and contributing to significant breakthroughs in various fields. It is expected to promote collaboration and facilitate innovative research.
Q: Can businesses with limited resources benefit from this simulation tool?
A: Absolutely. This simulation tool provides businesses with a cost-effective and efficient alternative to conducting expensive and time-consuming experiments. Its user-friendly interface makes it accessible for organizations of all sizes, enabling them to optimize their processes and make informed decisions without extensive resources.
Q: What are the future prospects of this simulation tool?
A: The future prospects of this simulation tool are promising. Researchers are continuously working on its development, aiming to enrich its functionalities and expand its scope. There is optimism that it will revolutionize the way complex systems are understood, studied, and managed, thereby benefiting both the scientific community and businesses worldwide.
In conclusion, the remarkable advancements in simulation technology achieved by these brilliant researchers have undoubtedly unlocked new possibilities for accurately reproducing and comprehending the intricate dynamics of complex systems. By developing this cutting-edge tool, they have paved the way for more accurate predictions, accelerated decision-making processes, and improved overall efficiency across various industries. With its unparalleled accuracy and versatility, businesses can now confidently navigate the complexities of their operations, reduce risks, and optimize their performance. As this innovative tool continues to evolve and find its application in real-world scenarios, one can only anticipate the transformative impact it will have on the way we model and understand complex systems. Embracing this technological breakthrough not only serves as a stepping stone towards achievement and growth but also reinforces the notion that innovation is the cornerstone of success in today's fast-paced business landscape. Through strategic integration of this state-of-the-art simulation tool, businesses can take the lead in an increasingly competitive world, gaining valuable insights and unlocking the true potential of the complex systems that underpin their operations. Adaptation to these revolutionary advancements is no longer an option, but a strategic imperative for staying ahead of the curve in the ever-evolving realm of business. So, buckle up and seize the infinite possibilities this groundbreaking tool has to offer, as it propels your organization towards a future of unprecedented success.


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The main motive behind this study is to focus on the connection between child labor and peace building process. Child labor means involving children t
The main motive behind this study is to focus on the connection between child labor and peace building process. Child labor means involving children to do duties like grown up at an age they need to study and enjoy their childhood. This practice deprives children of their childhood and impedes their physical and mental development process. Child labor has been an international issue not only in Pakistan, but also in other countries. Children are the future of a nation, if they are deprived from basic rights of childhood, a healthy lifestyle and education; then peace building in our society will be merely a dream. Society and Law makers are highly responsible to "Terminate Child Labor" for peace building process.
In this article, I want to express the importance of "Child Labor Termination" and its consequences on peace building process; It is the most salient tool to use for peace building and harmony in our society. As I have availed the great opportunity to take part in "Fellowship Program on Promoting Peaceful Coexistence 2021" by Department of Philosophy at University of Peshawar, where I have learned a lot about peaceful coexistence from the able students, Scholars, Social Activists, professors and Journalists. It was a life changing experience for me, and grants me a chance to review and explore my thoughts regarding peace activities. It must be everyone's noble mission to promote peace by expressing their contribution to the social long lasting wellbeing factor of everyone's lives.
"The International Labor Organization (ILO)" is an Agency of the United Nations, Which was founded in October 1919 under the League of Nations, whose ordinance is to promote social and economic justice through mounting International labors standard. According to ILO, child labor refers to work that deprives children (less than 18 years) of their childhood their potential and dignity, which is harmful to their physical and mental wellbeing. It refer to work that is mentally or morally dangerous and harmful to children; and interferes with their schooling by:
- Depriving them of the opportunity to attend schooling
- Obliging them to leave school prematurely.
- Requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with too much long and heavy work
The main Causes of Child labor are countless. People employ children because they are easily exploited, and they are paid with a low wage rate for their work. Child labor basic causes are poverty, illiteracy, lack of schools facilities, and failure of implementing laws, child trafficking and so many others. Due to immense poverty children are forced to contribute to family income. Most of the time illiterate parents are unaware of ill effects and torture of child labor. There are so many villages where there is no school for children's education. Despite laws against child labor, a lot of children are exploited as cheap labor as the authorities are incapable to implement strict laws and actions to "Terminate Child Labor". If we want build up peace in our society, then it is very important to review and limit the main causes of child labor.
Child labor badly impacts the lives of innocent children. A tortured work environment is upsetting for a child's mental and physical health. Mostly children are unable to defend themselves from most of the conditions that occur in the workplace. Children face physical abuse (injuries and punishment) in their workplace which badly impacts their health. Most of the time these children face emotional abuse like attacks, bad remarks blaming and bullying from employers and people around them. Most of the time children bear excessive tiredness and fears of work overload. These mentioned factors badly affect the emotional abilities of children, because they feel loneliness and hopelessness, and they become social misfits. Due to bad experiences in their childhood lead to conflicts in society which are the main hurdles in the process of peace building.
How can we terminate child Labor to buildup peace?
It is essential for us to maintain peace within, and also take part in the promotion of peace in other lives. Government should strictly prevent employment of children at a minor age. Focus on children's wellbeing and provision of basic education is the most effective time to engage them in peace building. Free education is expensive in our country; there should be a system of free education for those who cannot afford fees. Our country faces poor economic conditions, because most of the parents cannot afford to provide basic education to their children. It is the responsibility of the government to make a stable economic system. Major developed countries can also play a vital role in this case by helping in the acceleration of economic growth in developing countries.
After realizing the importance of connection between child labor and the peace building process, there is an urgent need of social attention to towards this issue. In a world where acts of violence and brutality cause prevalence of pain and hurt around us, thus peace takes root in the form of positive contribution by responsible bodies for the wellbeing of our society. Child labor is morally wrong, and due to this peace building is impossible. When actions are taken for the wellbeing of children, we are allowing them to form their own unique worldview and they contribute in the development and prosperity of country; if child labor continues then we cannot bring peace and harmony in our society.
I believe conflicts can be normalized, if children are equipped with the opportunities and skills that they need for today. Child labor cause children being deprived of basic needs of life: education, adequate provision of food, clothing, shelter, and exploitation to tough work affects children's emotional ability, and resulting loneliness and low self-esteem, that's why this issue needs special social attention. We can "Terminate Child Labor", if law makers and government take some serious actions. To build up peace, we must "put an end to child labor", thus our world will benefit now and in the future.


text:
Tear Catchers – For Those In Mourning
According to legend tear bottles were prevalent in ancient Roman times, when mourners filled small glass vials or cups with tears and placed them in burial tombs as symbols of love and respect. Sometimes women were even paid to cry into "cups", as they walked along the mourning procession. Those crying the loudest and producing the most tears received the most compensation, or so the legend goes. The more anguish and tears produced, the more important and valued the deceased person was perceived to be.The bottles used during the Roman era were lavishly decorated and some measured up to four inches in height.
In ancient Persia it is said that when a sultan returned from battle, he checked his wives' tear catchers to see who among them had wept in his absence and missed him the most.
Tear bottles reappeared during the Victorian period of the 19th century, when those mourning the loss of loved ones would collect their tears in bottles ornately decorated with silver and pewter. Special stoppers allowed the tears to evaporate. When the tears were gone, the mourning period would end.
However, the truth is perhaps somewhat different as most historians and archaeologists believe that these so-called "tear bottles" contained oily substances, perhaps fragrant ointments used as libations or to anoint the dead. Oddly enough, this theory was known well before modern chemical analyses, but so ingrained was the idea that these ancient bottles were "tear catchers," that people simply chose to ignore the facts and believe the romantic Victorian idea that they were tear catchers. The myth likely began with archaeologists and an oddly chosen term. Small glass bottles were often found in Greek and Roman tombs, and early scholars romantically dubbed them lachrymatories or tear bottles.


text:
Earth-Moon Center of Gravity
Name: David C.
where is the center of gravity for the earth-moon system,
what effect does this have on the orbit of the earth around the sun?
The center of gravity of the earth-moon system is inside the earth on the
line between the centers of the two bodies. This center of mass proceeds
around the sun in an elliptical orbit.
Richard E. Barrans Jr., Ph.D.
PG Research Foundation, Darien, Illinois
These web sites offer some insight into what appears to be a simple question.
In the crudest approximately the center of gravity of the moon/earth system is
about 2900 km or about 75% of the radius from the center of the earth.
However, things are much more complex than that.
The sun cannot be neglected; in fact it has a large effect on tides. So it
is the sun/moon/earth system that must be taken into account. In addition,
there are at least 10 more drags, wobbles, various wiggles caused by many
sources including the planets, the tidal drag of the oceans, and the fact
that the center of earth rotation changes.... It is all very complicated and
still there are small earth/sun/moon motions for which there is no good
explanation as yet.
Click here to return to the Astronomy Archives
Update: June 2012


text:
This guide shows you how to Add a 301 & 302 Redirects in Webuzo. A 301 redirect means that the page has permanently moved to a new location. A 302 redirect means that the move is only temporary. To a user they seem to work the same way, but they aren't the same as far as search engines are concerned. Search engines sense the different types of redirects, and handle them differently. If the wrong type of redirect has been set up, search engines may become confused, resulting in a loss of traffic.
You can Add a Redirect from your Webuzo Enduser Panel > Domain > Redirects
Screenshot : Redirects
- Populate the Fields and Click Add Redirect to ADD a domain redirect rule from Webuzo.
For e.g : example.com
- Select the Domain from the drop down box.
- Populate the input field with the Path to the particular directory you wish to redirect. If you want your top level domain to redirect than keep it blank.
- Select the Type of redirection you wish to add for the above domain from the drop down box.
- Populate the input field with the Address i.e. the URL you wish your domain to redirect. For e.g. _URL_
- Click on ADD Redirect to see a success message like this.
- Select Domain - Specify the Domain to Add the domain redirect.
- Path - Specify the name of the file or directory of the domain you wish to redirect. If you want your top level domain to redirect than keep it blank.
- Type - Specify the TYPE of Redirect you wish to add (301 / 302)
- Address - Specify the url to which you wish to redirect.
- This redirection cannot be used to redirect your domain from http protocol to https protocol.
- The permanent redirection when removed shall be removed from Webuzo records but shall remain in the browser. You yourself will have to remove it from the browser's cache.
- This utility should not be used for redirection within the same domain.


text:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B doi: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1660
Grandsons and granddaughters differ in the proportion of their X-chromosomes shared with MGMs and PGMs (figure 1). According to our proposed X-linked grandmother hypothesis, if grandmothers invest in grandchildren because of their genetic relatedness with them, then their adaptive incentive to invest may vary in a way that mirrors this variation in genetic relatedness. As a consequence, grandmothers' differential investment in grandchildren could cause differential survivorship of those grandchildren.
Therefore, MGMs and grandchildren are likely to share 25 per cent of their genomes, while PGM and granddaughter may share a total of approximately 31 per cent of their genes, with a likelihood of 27 per cent inheritance, while a PGM and grandson may share only approximately 23 per cent.
Genetic relatedness between kin is often used to explain behavioural phenomena associated with altruism and caretaking, as well as biological traits and developmental trends. The grandmother hypothesis is the prevailing theory to explain why human female longevity extends beyond menopause. It suggests that elderly women are able to contribute to their grandchildren's survivorship through nutritional provisioning, which would increase a woman's inclusive fitness because she shares one-quarter of her genes with a grandchild. In seven previously studied populations, separating grandchild survivorship rates by sex reveals that X-chromosome relatedness correlates with grandchild survival in the presences of MGMs and PGMs. In all seven populations, boys survive better in the presence of their MGM than PGM. In all bar one population, the PGM has a more beneficial effect on girls than on boys. Our X-linked grandmother hypothesis demonstrates how the effects of grandmothers could be sex-specific because of the unusual inheritance pattern of the X-chromosome. This provides a more universally applicable model to explain differential survival of grandchildren in the presence of their grandmothers.
Grandma plays favourites: X-chromosome relatedness and sex-specific childhood mortality
Molly Fox et al.
Biologists use genetic relatedness between family members to explain the evolution of many behavioural and developmental traits in humans, including altruism, kin investment and longevity. Women's post-menopausal longevity in particular is linked to genetic relatedness between family members. According to the 'grandmother hypothesis', post-menopausal women can increase their genetic contribution to future generations by increasing the survivorship of their grandchildren. While some demographic studies have found evidence for this, others have found little support for it. Here, we re-model the predictions of the grandmother hypothesis by examining the genetic relatedness between grandmothers and grandchildren. We use this new model to re-evaluate the grandmother effect in seven previously studied human populations. Boys and girls differ in the per cent of genes they share with maternal versus paternal grandmothers because of differences in X-chromosome inheritance. Here, we demonstrate a relationship between X-chromosome inheritance and grandchild mortality in the presence of a grandmother. With this sex-specific and X-chromosome approach to interpreting mortality rates, we provide a new perspective on the prevailing theory for the evolution of human female longevity. This approach yields more consistent support for the grandmother hypothesis, and has implications for the study of human evolution.


From: Brian Manthos
Date: Tue, 7 Jun 2011 18:34:59 +0000
Message-ID:
Something was bugging me about the linear gradient keywords, and I think I narrowed it down.
The same issue applies to the Working Draft and the Editor's Draft.
For now, let's use the Working Draft:
# The gradient-line may be specified in two different ways. The
# first is by specifying the angle the gradient-line should assume;
# this uses the standard algebraic notation for angles where 0deg
# points to the right, 90deg points up, and positive angles go
# counterclockwise. The starting-point and ending-point of the
# gradient-line are determined by extending a line in both
# direction from the center of the box at the angle specified.
# [1]In the direction of the angle, the ending-point is the point on
# the gradient-line where a line drawn perpendicular to the
# gradient-line would intersect the corner of the box in that
# direction. The starting-point is determined identically, except
# in the opposite direction of the angle.[/1]
# The [2]second way is to simply provide a side or corner of the box
# that the gradient should start[/2] at; the gradient will then
# automatically angle itself to [3]extend from the specified side or
# corner to the opposite[/3] side or corner in a straight line. To be
# precise, the gradient is converted to the angle form described
# in the previous paragraph at used-value time. If a 'left',
# 'bottom', 'right', or 'top' is given, the used value of the gradient
# is 0deg, 90deg, 180deg, or 270 deg, respectively. If a corner is
# given, the used value of the gradient is the angle necessary to
# place the starting-point of the gradient in that corner of the box.
Paraphrasing [1]:
When specified via angle, the angle can be understood as both the direction ("toward the ") and the ending point ("ends at ").
Paraphrasing [2] and [3]:
When specified via keyword, the keyword can be understood as both opposite direction ("away from the ") and the starting point ("starts at ").
Is it intentional that these two ways of specifying gradient-line are opposite?
Received on Tuesday, 7 June 2011 18:35:31 GMT


From: Nick Kew
Date: Wed, 18 May 2005 23:53:02 +0100
Message-ID: <_EMAIL_>
To: _EMAIL_
I promised to post a note today, but I haven't found time 'til now.
I suspect the inclusion of HTTP header information in the current
draft may be motivated at least in part by my comments from the
previous incarnation of the WG, so I'll try and outline why
they're important.
Well-Specified Web Contents
The fundamental issue is one of identifying webcontent.
When we cite a URL, we are referring to a document which is
presumed to be relevant to whatever we are discussing at the time.
Our reference is based on the premise that what I see at the
URL is equivalent to what you see there. The actual document
may be different, for example it may have been updated, or
the server may serve us different variants (e.g. languages)
according to our respective browser preferences. Normally,
such differences should not materially affect the relevance
of the URL; it it does, then our use of the URL has failed.
But when we are making assertions of a technical nature about
the contents (including markup/structure) of webpages, this
kind of equivalence is inadequate. An EARL assertion about
the English-language version of a page may not apply to a
french or german version, still less a chinese, russian
or arabic page. We need to specify webcontent more precisely.
We may take it as axiomatic that it is sufficient to record our
complete HTTP request, together with the time it was made (this
might exclude some cases such as randomly-generated pages from
the discussion). On this assumption, the subject of our
assertions is then well-specified.
However, it is not necessary to record the entire request.
It is only necessary to record those headers which may
affect the response through content negotiation. Any header
not involved in content negotiation will not affect the
response unless the server is violating HTTP, in which case
all bets are off (as in the randomised page).
The headers that (may) affect the content returned by a server
are identified by the server in a Vary: response header.
These are the therfore the headers we need to record.
For example, if an HTTP response contains:
Vary: Accept-Language,Accept-Charset
then we need to record the values of the Accept-Language and
Accept-Charset headers we sent (or, if applicable, the fact
that we didn't send those headers at all). We can ignore
other headers, though we should probably also record the
Vary: response header itself.
Request and Response Headers
During the telecon, someone mentioned recording headers such as
Content-Length. At this point it was evident that they were
thinking of Response Headers, and we were at cross-purposes.
It is entirely reasonable for a tool to record response headers,
but it is not a requirement for well-specified contents.
Change Detection
I've discussed change detection before, and don't propose to go
into detail this evening. I should just note that it is helpful
to be able to detect change. Recording headers such as
Last-Modified, Content-MD5 or Etag may help, but none of these
is mandatory. Alternatives such as computing and storing a checksum
of document contents will do the job just as well and more reliably.
The HTTP URL is a concatenation of different components:
 protocol (HTTP)
 Host, Port
 Path, Query String
This can be represented in more than one way. If we follow
HTTP strictly, then the Host and Port are Connection information
(outside HTTP), whereas the Path and Query components are the
HTTP request line (within the HTTP protocol). We may EITHER
record { URL } OR equivalently { Connection, Request Line }
I'll discuss the structure on the basis of the latter, but
I expect people may prefer the former.
Representing HTTP in EARL
The primary purpose of representing an HTTP transaction in EARL is
to ensure that the subject is well-specified. The second purpose
is to record data that may be useful. I would suggest that perhaps
a tool making assertions about a page retrieved by HTTP:
 * MUST record transaction timestamp (this will normally also
 appear in the HTTP headers, but is not mandatory, so we
 can't rely on it)
 * MUST record the URL and/or connection+request line
 * MUST record HTTP request headers involved in content negotiation
 * MAY record any other HTTP headers
The anatomy of a record is something like:
record = { timestamp, connection, HTTP transaction, checksum* }
HTTP transaction = { Request, Response }
Request = { Request line, Request Header*, Request Entity? }
Response = { Status line, Response Header+, Response Entity? }
Request Line is the later part of the URL (see above)
Request Headers MAY be discarded, except for those relevant
to content negotiation (see above).
The Response Status Line contains an HTTP response code which
we SHOULD record in any system that makes assertions about
pages having status codes other than 200 (success).
Response Headers may be of interested and MAY be saved.
Request and Response entities are outside the scope of this note.
The response entity is of course more commonly known as the webpage
about which we are making assertions.
Since it's nearly midnight and I'm falling asleep, I'm going to
postpone looking at Annotea or thinking about representing anything
in RDF schema. I hope this clarifies a bit why I think we need
to expand a little on the current draft schema to deal meaningfully
with HTTP.
Nick Kew
Received on Wednesday, 18 May 2005 22:51:58 UTC


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6 Best Homeopathic Remedies to Lose Weight
Written by
Dr. Sheetal Kamble
and medically reviewed by iCliniq medical review team.
Published on May 08, 2018 and last reviewed on Feb 20, 2020 - 3 min read
Losing weight is not an easy task. Diet and exercise are the first steps in the weight loss journey. But, with the help of homeopathy, you can hasten the process of weight loss both safely as well as efficiently.
6 Best Homeopathic Remedies to Lose Weight
Many people tend to gain weight quickly. Obesity and being overweight are the leading issues among all age groups. Several factors contribute towards weight gain.
The common ones are
Homeopathy alone is not the answer for treating obesity and definitely not the substitute for diet and exercise. But, it will augment the weight loss by addressing the underlying health issues that is hampering the progress. Many people go for homeopathy for this purpose because it is the safest option with no side effects from the remedies.
Some of the common homeopathic remedies that help reduce weight are
1. Calcarea Carbonicum
This remedy is mainly indicated for people who have a tendency of slow metabolism, look chubby, and have excess fat in the abdominal area. These people usually suffer from constipation due to sluggish metabolic activity. Also, they tend to sweat a lot especially over the head and are very sensitive to cold weather.
Calc carb is also indicated in people who gain weight due to thyroid problems and pregnancy. This remedy can be indicated after proper evaluation of a person.
2. Lycopodium
This is one of the best remedies for losing weight. Lycopodium is mainly indicated in people who have a tendency to gain weight on the lower body parts like thighs and buttocks. Also, these people always complain of gastric troubles like flatulence, bloating in the abdomen, and constipation. They also have excessive hunger and a great tendency to eat far beyond the capacity, causing bloating immediately after eating food. Emotionally, they are very irritated people who have a tendency to get angry over small issues.
3. Natrum Muriaticum
This remedy is also indicated in people who have a tendency to accumulate fat in the lower body parts like buttocks and thighs. This remedy is mainly indicated in people who have a ravenous hunger, craving for salt, and a tendency towards headaches and migraines. These people tend to gain weight after heartbreak or during the phase of depression.
4. Natrum Phosphoricum
Mainly acts in people suffering from an excess of acidity, causing sour eructations (belching) and a sour taste in the mouth. This remedy is a pH balancer in the body and acts as natural antacids. Natrum Phos 6X two tablets twice a day before meals helps to reduce not only the weight but also indigestion and a burning sensation in the stomach.
5. Phytolacca
Phytolacca mainly acts by regulating the hunger pattern, and aiding proper digestion of food. It also balances the hormones and metabolic process of the body.
6. Fucus Vesiculosus
This is another excellent remedy for weight loss. This remedy is indicated when the weight gain or obesity is mainly due to thyroidism. It aids in weight loss by controlling the thyroid hormone. Like any other remedies, Fucus also helps to maintain the digestion and provides relief from constipation and flatulence. This remedy is usually given in the form of mother tincture which is liquid form. 10 to 15 drops of remedy can be taken twice a day.
There are several more homeopathic remedies for weight loss. However, most of them are prescribed based on the individual state of disposition and temperament. Since homeopathy is the safest option, it is definitely worth a try especially if you have tried all other ways like diet and exercise, with no satisfaction.
For more information consult an obesity homeopathic specialist online -->
Last reviewed at:
20 Feb 2020 - 3 min read
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-y, can't explain is the Nature of the soul, or the colors you see, the sounds you hear, the feelings you feel, the shivers you experience, the itch that itches, the pain that hurts, the aggression that haunts you, the love that moves you, the cravings that come along, the hate inside, the fear that freezes, the longing to win, the disappointment of losing, the mourning, the screaming that stops at your mouth, etc. How will you explain the feeling you feel when listening to your favorite music? This can't be explained in terms of physics. For, who knows the Nature of elementary particles as described by particle physics? Let alone of zillions of them interacting.
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ this is a physics website, there should be no place for concepts like the "soul". It is not because we are very far from explaining perception of colours, consciousness etc now that you have to qualify categorically as it can not be explained by physics. Think about the advances science has made since the Greeks. They would have said natural science cannot explain this and that it must be something extra. Science has been chipping away relentlessly the "explanations" of religion. Never say never. $\endgroup$ – Oбжорoв Mar 29 at 15:25
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ _USER_ Then the question shouldn't be asked. How do you want to explain pain? There is definitely a physical correlate in our body and brain if I experience pain. This doesn't explain the awareness of pain though. $\endgroup$ – Deschele Schilder Mar 29 at 15:36
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ I don't know why you're pretending Richard Dawkins has a knighthood; he's never likely to get one from the head of the Church of England. In any case, evolution is not according to him, nor according to millions of scientists worldwide. Rather, it is according to mountains of evidence. Please read book-length treatments of said evidence. $\endgroup$ – J.G. Mar 30 at 16:07
 - $\begingroup$ You are right about the sir-thing. I mixed Dawkins up with Popper. I don't know why. Maybe, unconsciously, I see that there is no big difference in their thinking. The book you refer to (it's on my bookshelf!) seems like a bible to me, All books that our friend has written have the same content. No matter how much examples given, it's just an interpretation of the facts. Genes and memes are passed on to the next generation, that's a fact. His interpretation? i don't like it! $\endgroup$ – Deschele Schilder Mar 30 at 21:34
We are very good at describing small quantum mechanical systems, because today we have QM, and we do know that the world is ultimately quantum mechanical in nature. That being said, when it comes to predicting bigger biological systems (just like our own human nature), our capabilities are very limited. We are all made up of QM systems, elementary particles, who are reading this question, but if we would ask a question like, "can you explain why you are asking this question at all", then explaining it based just on QM is not possible. There are two main reasons for that:
 1. though we are very good at describing small QM systems, the task becomes extremely difficult for larger systems
 1. biology adds something extra, you can call it instinct, consciousness, life, nature, whatever you want, but it is governed by a biological program, and described by a programming language, the DNA (this about the programming language is nicely described in _USER_ answer). We are in babyshoes at describing biological system's behavior based on DNA, but in the future we might be able to do so with much more efficiency.
So the ultimate answer to your question is that biological systems are qualitatively more then just a "bunch" of elementary particles.
_USER_ Steane provided a really good answer. For further insight into his line of reasoning as I understand it, I would recommend reading Chapter 1 of Information Theory, Evolution, and the Origin of Life (2009) by Hubert Yockey.
Yockey writes:
The laws of physics and chemistry are much like the rules of a game such as football. The referees see to it that these laws are obeyed but that does not predict the winner of the Super Bowl. There is not enough information in the rules of the game to make that prediction. That is why we play the game. Chaitin (1985, 1987a) has examined the information content of the laws of physics by actually programming them. He finds the information content amazing small.
The reason that there are principles of biology that cannot be derived from the laws of physics and chemistry lies simply in the fact that the genetic information content of the genome for constructing even the simplest organisms is much larger than the information content of these laws (Yockey, 1992).
Bolded emphasis at the end is mine. While I have not read significantly further to really justify all of Yockey's claims, I think the spirit of his ideas is in the right place, and aligns with what Andrew was saying: just like you can't use the concept of a universal computer to specifically predict what programs will be written on it, you can't use physics to predict what the specific rules of biology will be. At best, you can only constrain the rules of biology to physically-possible scenarios.
Edit: Let me clarify what I was saying in the above answer. (tl;dr: Everything depends on how you define life, and, in my opinion, the question of how best to define life is not a physics question, although it can be guided by a physics understanding.)
I'm going to use the following definitions for "physics", "biology", and "life".
 - Physics: A question can be answered by physics, if it is of the form: "If X occurs, will Y happen?" In other words, physics discusses possible physical scenarios and processes, contingent on a set of physical constraints. Unless we're being speculative, the physical constraints match those of the real world.
 - Biology: The field of biology answers questions, sometimes quite high-level ones, about the physical processes involving living things.
 - Life: Now, this definition is up for discussion! (Which is my entire point.)
We can choose a physics-dependent definition of life -- e.g. "A living thing is a localized collection of carbon and other atoms with X additional properties" -- or we can attempt to produce a relatively physics-agnostic definition of life (which Yockey attempted to do -- the question of whether his definition is a good one is a related, but different, matter).
If you choose a physics-dependent definition, then, yes, you can generally determine several biological rules -- but even then, not all of them, due to emergence, which others have mentioned. These physics-dependent definitions of life often run the risk of being too specific (e.g. too carbon chauvinist) -- we might have to expand the definition of life when we encounter new forms that we decide we want to be considered as alive.
However, I was merely noting that some people, including Yockey, have tried to produce relatively physics-agnostic definitions of life, which are of at least some epistemological interest (even if of little to no biological interest). I worry that Yockey's definition, which is based on information processing principles, runs the risk of being too general -- it is hard to see how computers, for example, would not be lumped into his definition of life. More generally, if several very different physical systems match a physics-agnostic definition of life, it is hard to argue that physics alone "predicts" how life ought to function: it simply constrains how life does/can function in our universe.
But, in my view, exactly how you define "life" is not a physics question (it's a biology question), and because the set of allowed biological processes is strongly dependent on how you define life, I would hesitate to say that physics predicts "why the laws and behaviors observed in biology are as they are". As others have mentioned, even if you a priori choose a physics-dependent definition of life, as we already know on Earth, living systems adopt a wide variety of behaviors, none particularly dependent a priori on the laws of physics, but just as much as on circumstances, history, hysteresis, and emergence.
 - 3
 $\begingroup$ you can't use physics to predict what the rules of biology will be. I greatly disagree with this statement. Physics is used in many areas of research to determine how biological systems will behave. $\endgroup$ – BioPhysicist Mar 29 at 14:27
 - $\begingroup$ Could you give some examples? $\endgroup$ – viral Mar 29 at 15:47
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ I was a bit brief, which led to confusion. Once you've defined what biology is, then you can use physics to predict how biological functions will evolve. But "biology", as a word, doesn't have any inherent meaning: we could define "biology" to mean "how rocks fall," for example. But nonetheless, if we instead say the typical thing, that "biology is the physical process of life", then we are constraining biology to follow the laws of physics and reproduce, at


Why Lego is becoming more and more popular with adults
Lego is becoming more and more popular with adults
Most adults today remember playing with Lego as a kid. Originating in 1949, the simple interlocking plastic bricks took the world by storm and have become one of the most universally cherished children's toys ever created.
What makes Lego so valuable as a children's toy is that it is fuel for a child's imagination, allowing them to build virtually whatever they want, disassemble it, and build something new. However, Lego has transcended over the years to become accepted as something adults love to partake in.
There's no doubt that Lego is becoming a hugely popular hobby for adults. Below, we'll dig a little deeper into the reasons why.
Collecting + building themed sets
While Lego is ostensibly a children's toy product, it's become a huge collector's item with adults. In fact, starting a Lego collection is one of the most popular and easily accessible hobbies out there.
One of the biggest appeals of Lego is the themed sets that have been released.
These sets are similar to model aeroplanes and other hobby products where you follow instructions to create a model for display. Lego sets are very popular due to the fact that they don't require any glue or tools to assemble, you simply follow the instructions with the pieces given to you.
Lego Star Wars. Minifigures Star Wars characters
Lego Star Wars. Minifigures Star Wars characters.
Many Lego sets are of licensed themes from popular cartoons, movies, and video games etc. The most popular examples include Star Wars, Harry Potter, and Batman.
As more and more adults get into building and collecting Lego sets, larger and more elaborate sets have been released over the years. Some of these include scale replicas of famous buildings and vehicles with thousands of pieces that require a long time to build.
Of course, any Lego collector will know about the coveted Lego Millennium Falcon (the iconic ship from the Star Wars movies). The scale-replica set once sold for $15,000 USD in Las Vegas.
While the Las Vegas location and the fact it was an airtight first edition set inflated the value, it remains the highest-selling Lego product ever. The set was commonly sold between $3000 – $5000 before a new version came out in 2017 that devalued it.
Some of the most challenging Lego sets to construct are those that replicate the wonders of the world, and the Taj Mahal is undoubtedly the most treasured one to be released. With a top sale price of $3864.
There are plenty more highly valuable Lego sets out that that vary in terms of scarcity and uniqueness. Lego collecting is very widespread these days.
As mentioned, Lego is an easily accessible collecting hobby that anyone can get involved with. You don't need any special tools or training to be good at it, you just purchase the sets and build them at your leisure.
Promoting wellness
Building Lego is also more than just a hobby for many people and has been used as a way for stressed adults to unwind, and even as a way for seniors to maintain dexterity. The popularity of Lego as a wellness product has increased over the years.
Building Lego
Building Lego is fun and relaxing
Lego is great as a relaxing activity in the same way that cooking or scrapbooking is – it allows you to focus on a short-term goal and keep your hands busy. If you are the kind of person who tends to overthink a lot, then unwinding with a Lego set after work can be a great way to take your mind off the world.
Also working towards little goals in life is something that helps to keep you from falling into a rut. If you have a boring job and not much else is going on in life, then at least building a Lego set is something you can work towards and have control over.
There is also the benefit of Lego keeping people away from TV and computer screens. These days, we spend way too much time in front of screens – Lego helps you disconnect for a little bit and unwind with something tactile that you can control with your hands.
Less stigmatisation
In the past, some adults might have kept their love of Lego a secret for fear of being mocked for playing with a children's toy. However, as society has begun to embrace more tolerant views, only the most shallow and mean-spirited people would make fun of someone for enjoying Lego as an adult.
love of Lego a secret
This shift has also been reflected by the manufacturers of Lego (The Lego Group), with the aforementioned Millennium Flacon and other large sets clearly being marketed at teenagers and adults. With that said, even just building randomly with a box of assorted blocks can be fun for adults who want to distract themselves.
This reduction in stigmatisation is something that can be seen all across society. There are simply fewer expectations surrounding what people can do in their own time as a hobby – everyone is more accepting of things that might have previously been seen as weird.
For example, video games were once only seen as an activity for children or socially-awkward adults. Nowadays, video games are a mainstream form of entertainment enjoyed by virtually everyone.
While collecting Lego as an adult is still a little bit quirky in the grand scheme of things, nobody needs to be ashamed of it.
Of course, Lego is something that was a big part of many childhood's, and there is naturally a big element of nostalgia surrounding it. People yearn to relive their childhood memories more and more, and nostalgia has become a big area of spending for today's adults as they seek to capture a time long past.
Lego reminds people of a more innocent time when all they had to worry about was finding a piece that had rolled away or being ordered to pack up their toys before bedtime. With all the stresses that adults face in the modern world, it's no surprise that many have turned to something like Lego as a form of escapism.
Lego reminds people
At the end of the day, you don't need to dig very deep to understand why Lego has become hugely popular with adults. As a result of this trend, the adult market has become more and more relevant in the eyes of a company that traditionally designed its products for children.
As today's kids are being distracted with smartphones and video games, it's become harder for toy manufacturers to get their products noticed by the demographic they're ostensibly designed for. More and more, adults are becoming the favoured consumers of products that were at one time seen as exclusively the realm of children.
If you're an adult who's eager to revisit Lego, then you shouldn't hesitate to take the leap. There's a wide range of sets out there to suit different budgets and goals, and with the ease of home shipping, you don't have to go into a toy store and pick something off the shelves.
Even if you never played with Lego as a child, you can surely enjoy it as an adult if it interests you. There will undoubtedly be something out there that appeals to you – if you want to build it, go ahead and have fun!


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I was watching a few sci-fi movies and was wondering the real science explaining what would happen if you were to be subject to the conditions of outerspace.
I read the wikipedia article on space exposure, but was still confused. If a person was about the same distance from the sun as earth is, would they still freeze to death? (as shown in the movie Sunshine)
I'm reading from all sorts of sites with conflicting information about what would actually happen when a person is exposed to the vacuum of space...
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You would definitely freeze, but it might take a day or so for your whole body to freeze solid, depending on all the variables. – endolith Nov 26 '12 at 22:48
Possible duplicates: physics.stackexchange.com/q/3076/2451 and links therein. – Qmechanic Jan 27 '13 at 14:44
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4 Answers
up vote 7 down vote accepted
You'd freeze to death faster in the Atlantic ocean.
Space has essentially no thermal conductivity. All the heat you lose will be radiated away. According to the Stefan-Boltzman law, $W = \sigma T^4$, you would lose at most 500 watts per square meter of body surface area. By contrast, the convective heat transfer coefficient in water is about 12,500 watts/square meter / degree Kelvin temperature difference. So, I think freezing would be the least of your concerns.
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But what about evaporative cooling from the liquid boiling off the surface of your skin/inside of mouth/lungs, etc? – endolith Nov 26 '12 at 22:33
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They would freeze.
They wouldn't freeze to death - since they would die of something else (lack of oxygen) first
Although a small part of you is facing a hot sun at 6000K most of your surface is facing cold dark space at 3K. You can work out what temperature you will reach - it depends only on how reflective you are.
Assuming you have the same reflectivity as the earth (35%) and you aren't close enough to the earth to receive any significant heat from it then you would end up at about the same temperature the Earth would have without the greenhouse effect of it's atmosphere = which is about -20C.
If you were made of much darker material like the moon - you would get much colder. Parts of the moon not facing the sun or earth get down to around -150C
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Just want to add that freezing is 'not an issue'.
The problem is that water boiling temperature gets lower at lower pressure.
In vacuum blood boils even at 36.6, so all your blood circulation is stopped immediately due to bubbles of blood (water) vapor. So you loose consciousness in few seconds, and die in minutes due to lack of oxygen in brain.
If you would rotate around yourself at ~60RPM and not wearing white, you should nor freeze nor fry in short term (minutes). If you would freeze - then earth would also freeze. As earth is at equilibrium at 20C, you should be near it too if you are not wearing white.
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The argument that the earth's equilibrium temperature would be identical to a body's ignores a great deal of important detail. Just for starters, (a) the earth generates heat at its core, (b) the "green house" effect, (c) neither are black bodies, etc. – Carl Brannen Jun 24 '11 at 4:00
and wearing white or green or black wouldn't change your equilibrium temperature, it would simply change the speed with which you approached equilibrium. It changes your albedo. – mwengler Aug 18 '12 at 3:27
This says the blood will not boil. The reason you lose consciousness after 10 seconds is because that's how long the body takes to use up all the oxygen in your blood. – endolith Nov 26 '12 at 22:42
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Remember the pressure in your body is 14.7 lb at sea level.So first, whatever air you have is now at that pressure in your lungs. An inexperienced diver experiences this when he dives 10 m taking a lung full of air and surfaces without exhaling.He will be lucky if he doesn't die from it. So you exhale... now if something does not burst in your body because of internal pressure or nitrogen gassing in your blood, well then you can die from lack of oxygen. Dissipation of heat is one of the biggest problems to a body in space. If the body is not rotating one side will cook and the other will freeze. If its rotating just right it will become a new moon<-- he he.
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