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This chapter describes the toplevel system for OCaml, that permits interactive use of the OCaml system through a read-eval-print loop. In this mode, the system repeatedly reads OCaml phrases from the input, then typechecks, compile and evaluate them, then prints the inferred type and result value, if any. The system prints a # (sharp) prompt before reading each phrase.
Input to the toplevel can span several lines. It is terminated by ;; (a double-semicolon). The toplevel input consists in one or several toplevel phrases, with the following syntax:
A phrase can consist of a definition, similar to those found in implementations of compilation units or in struct … end module expressions. The definition can bind value names, type names, an exception, a module name, or a module type name. The toplevel system performs the bindings, then prints the types and values (if any) for the names thus defined.
A phrase may also consist in a open directive (see section 6.11), or a value expression (section 6.7). Expressions are simply evaluated, without performing any bindings, and the value of the expression is printed.
Finally, a phrase can also consist in a toplevel directive, starting with # (the sharp sign). These directives control the behavior of the toplevel; they are listed below in section 9.2.
Unix: The toplevel system is started by the command ocaml, as follows:ocaml options objects # interactive mode ocaml options objects scriptfile # script modeoptions are described below. objects are filenames ending in.cmo or.cma; they are loaded into the interpreter immediately after options are set. scriptfile is any file name not ending in.cmo or.cma.
If no scriptfile is given on the command line, the toplevel system enters interactive mode: phrases are read on standard input, results are printed on standard output, errors on standard error. End-of-file on standard input terminates ocaml (see also the _TAG_ directive in section 9.2).
On start-up (before the first phrase is read), if the file.ocamlinit exists in the current directory, its contents are read as a sequence of OCaml phrases and executed as per the _TAG_ directive described in section 9.2. The evaluation outcode for each phrase are not displayed. If the current directory does not contain an.ocamlinit file, but the user's home directory (environment variable HOME) does, the latter is read and executed as described below.
The toplevel system does not perform line editing, but it can easily be used in conjunction with an external line editor such as ledit, ocaml2 or rlwrap (see the Caml Hump). Another option is to use ocaml under Gnu Emacs, which gives the full editing power of Emacs (command run-caml from library inf-caml).
At any point, the parsing, compilation or evaluation of the current phrase can be interrupted by pressing ctrl-C (or, more precisely, by sending the INTR signal to the ocaml process). The toplevel then immediately returns to the # prompt.
If scriptfile is given on the command-line to ocaml, the toplevel system enters script mode: the contents of the file are read as a sequence of OCaml phrases and executed, as per the _TAG_ directive (section 9.2). The outcome of the evaluation is not printed. On reaching the end of file, the ocaml command exits immediately. No commands are read from standard input. Sys.argv is transformed, ignoring all OCaml parameters, and starting with the script file name in Sys.argv.(0).
In script mode, the first line of the script is ignored if it starts with #!. Thus, it should be possible to make the script itself executable and put as first line #!/usr/local/bin/ocaml, thus calling the toplevel system automatically when the script is run. However, ocaml itself is a #! script on most installations of OCaml, and Unix kernels usually do not handle nested #! scripts. A better solution is to put the following as the first line of the script:#!/usr/local/bin/ocamlrun /usr/local/bin/ocaml
Windows: In addition to the text-only command ocaml.exe, which works exactly as under Unix (see above), a graphical user interface for the toplevel is available under the name ocamlwin.exe. It should be launched from the Windows file manager or program manager. This interface provides a text window in which commands can be entered and edited, and the toplevel responses are printed.
The following command-line options are recognized by the ocaml command.
If the given directory starts with +, it is taken relative to the standard library directory. For instance, -I +labltk adds the subdirectory labltk of the standard library to the search path.
Directories can also be added to the list once the toplevel is running with the _TAG_ directive (section 9.2).
Unix: The following environment variables are also consulted:
- If set to iso_8859_1, accented characters (from the ISO Latin-1 character set) in string and character literals are printed as is; otherwise, they are printed as decimal escape sequences (\ddd).
- When printing error messages, the toplevel system attempts to underline visually the location of the error. It consults the TERM variable to determines the type of output terminal and look up its capabilities in the terminal database.
- Directory where the.ocamlinit file is searched.
The following directives control the toplevel behavior, load files in memory, and trace program execution.
Note: all directives start with a # (sharp) symbol. This # must be typed before the directive, and must not be confused with the # prompt displayed by the interactive loop. For instance, typing _TAG_;; will exit the toplevel loop, but typing quit;; will result in an "unbound value quit" error.
The printing function printer-name should have type Format.formatter -> t -> unit, where t is the type for the values to be printed, and should output its textual representation for the value of type t on the given formatter, using the functions provided by the Format library. For backward compatibility, printer-name can also have type t -> unit and should then output on the standard formatter, but this usage is deprecated.
Toplevel phrases can refer to identifiers defined in compilation units with the same mechanisms as for separately compiled units: either by using qualified names (Modulename.localname), or by using the open construct and unqualified names (see section 6.3).
However, before referencing another compilation unit, an implementation of that unit must be present in memory. At start-up, the toplevel system contains implementations for all the modules in the the standard library. Implementations for user modules can be entered with the _TAG_ directive described above. Referencing a unit for which no implementation has been provided results in the error Reference to undefined global '...'.
Note that entering open Mod merely accesses the compiled interface (.cmi file) for Mod, but does not load the implementation of Mod, and does not cause any error if no implementation of Mod has been loaded. The error "reference to undefined global Mod" will occur only when executing a value or module definition that refers to Mod.
This section describes and explains the most frequently encountered error messages.
If filename has the format mod.cmi, this means you have referenced the compilation unit mod, but its compiled interface could not be found. Fix: compile mod.mli or mod.ml first, to create the compiled interface mod.cmi.
If filename has the format mod.cmo, this means you are trying to load with _TAG_ a bytecode object file that does not exist yet. Fix: compile mod.ml first.
If your program spans several directories, this error can also appear because you haven't specified the directories to look into. Fix: use the _TAG_ directive to add the correct directories to the search path.
The ocamlmktop command builds OCaml toplevels that contain user code preloaded at start-up.
The ocamlmktop command takes as argument a set of.cmo and.cma files, and links them with the object files that implement the OCaml toplevel. The typical use is:
ocamlmktop -o mytoplevel foo.cmo bar.cmo gee.cmo
This creates the bytecode file mytoplevel, containing the OCaml toplevel system, plus the code from the three.cmo files. This toplevel is directly executable and is started by:
This enters a regular toplevel loop, except that the code from foo.cmo, bar.cmo and gee.cmo is already loaded in memory, just as if you had typed:
_TAG_ "foo.cmo";; _TAG_ "bar.cmo";; _TAG_ "gee.cmo";;
on entrance to the toplevel. The modules Foo, Bar and Gee are not opened, though; you still have to do
yourself, if this is what you wish.
The following command-line options are recognized by ocamlmktop.


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Assume I have the words A, B and C. In my calculation, occurrences of ABC should have much bigger weight than AB, and occurrences of AB should be much bigger than A.
$W(x,y,z) = P(x)*\frac{1}{111} + P(x,y)*\frac{10}{111} + P(x,y,z)*\frac{100}{111}$
and I apply the context = $\{A, B, C\}$ to function $W$.
$P(x,y)$ means : (number of xy used together) / (count of bigrams)
My question is not about the formula itself, because I have already implemented a much more complicated form of it. However, I cannot write a proper documentation about it. I don't know the math term.
Is there a mathematical term for what $W$ is doing?
"increasing-size-increasing-weight-summing"?
share|improve this question
"Weighted average". – user1551 Nov 22 '12 at 21:05
Yes, it is weighted average. However isn't there a special name for that when the number of parameters are increasing? I would say P(x), P(x,y) and P(x,y,z) doesn't have the same class. To me weighted average is more like $P(x)*k + P(y)*l + P(z)*m$ – Ali Ok Nov 23 '12 at 0:43
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text:
Magnetic Relaxation(redirected from Relaxation (NMR))
Also found in: Medical, Wikipedia.
The relaxation or approach of a magnetic system to an equilibrium or steady-state condition as the magnetic field is changed. This relaxation is not instantaneous but requires time. The characteristic times involved in magnetic relaxation are known as relaxation times. Relaxation has been studied for nuclear magnetism, electron paramagnetism, and ferromagnetism.
Magnetism is associated with angular momentum called spin, because it usually arises from spin of nuclei or electrons. The spins may interact with applied magnetic fields, the so-called Zeeman energy; with electric fields, usually atomic in origin; and with one another through magnetic dipole or exchange coupling, the so-called spin-spin energy. Relaxation which changes the total energy of these interactions is called spin-lattice relaxation; that which does not is called spin-spin relaxation. (As used here, the term lattice does not refer to an ordered crystal but rather signifies degrees of freedom other than spin orientation, for example, translational motion of molecules in a liquid.) Spin-lattice relaxation is associated with the approach of the spin system to thermal equilibrium with the host material; spin-spin relaxation is associated with an internal equilibrium of the spins among themselves. See Magnetism, Spin (quantum mechanics)
a stage of relaxation. In magnetic relaxation, the system of spin magnetic moments of the atoms and molecules of a medium takes part in the process by which the medium achieves thermodynamic equilibrium. In many cases, the interaction between the spins (between the magnetic moment of the spins) is much stronger than the other interactions in which the spins participate, such as the interaction of the spins with the phonons of a crystal. Equilibrium is thus often reached more rapidly in the spin system than in the medium as a whole—that is, than for the other internal degrees of freedom. Magnetic relaxation therefore proceeds in stages. The last and longest stage generally corresponds to the achievement of equilibrium between the spins and other degrees of freedom—for example, between the spin system and phonons, which are the quanta of vibrations of the crystal lattice. Each stage of magnetic relaxation is described by its own relaxation time, for example, spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation times are used with crystals.
In media that have a magnetic structure—ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic materials—magnetic relaxation occurs through the collision of spin waves (magnons) with each other and also with phonons, dislocations, impurity atoms, and other crystal defects.
In solids, magnetic relaxation depends essentially on the structure of the solid. Determining factors here include the character of the crystal lattice (single crystal or polycrystal), the presence of impurities and dislocations, and the domain structure. A decrease in the number of crystal defects and in the crystal temperature generally results in an increase in the magnetic relaxation time.
The magnetic relaxation of nuclear spins (nuclear magnetic moments) has its own specific characteristics, which are due to the especially weak interaction of the nuclear spins with the other degrees of freedom of the medium.
Magnetic relaxation plays a role in the processes of magnetization and alternating magnetization (seeMAGNETIC VISCOSITY) and determines the width of nuclear magnetic resonance lines, electron paramagnetic resonance lines, ferromagnetic resonance lines, and antiferromagnetic resonance lines. The properties of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic materials in high-frequency electromagnetic fields depend substantially on magnetic relaxation. In many cases, magnetic relaxation sets limits to the use of materials. For example, it imposes restrictions on the conditions governing the use of magnetic thin films in technology and on the speed of magnetic elements in electronic computer storage devices. Magnetic relaxation times are among the parameters of a solid that are altered comparatively readily by industrial processes, such as alloying and hardening.
M. I. KAGANOV

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Abstract: Maintaining both a population of native Humpback Chub (Gila cypha) and non-native Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are stated goals for management downstream of Glen Canyon Dam (GCD) on the Colorado River, yet these species have very different habitat requirements and often times the Rainbow Trout prey upon the Humpback Chub. Habitat conditions in the river downstream of GCD have been extremely altered with moderate flows, cold water temperature, and a much reduced sediment load compared to historic conditions. These physical habitat characteristics create ideal conditions for the non-native trout and have reduced the habitat quality for the chub. In addition to the change in habitat, the rainbow trout and other introduced species predate on the chub. Several management actions from mimicking high flow events to mechanical invasive species remove have taken place to date with differing success. It may also be natural fluctuation such as drought can override the management actions in terms of drivers of the humpback chub population. Recent studies have found that under drought conditions, humpback chub populations have been increasing with warmer water. Under such an altered condition, can both of the species coexist and how does societal desire for recreational trout fishing compete with maintaining a non-recreational fish such as the Humpback Chub? This question will ultimately have to be addressed if a longterm solution is to be found.
Can Humpback Chub and a Blue Ribbon Trout Fishery Coexist in the Grand Canyon?


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Re-examining parents as teachers
For centuries, educators have debated why Johnny can't read. Sometimes it comes down to a lack of support at home. If parents underwent specialized training to better prepare their preschoolers, would it make a difference in the children's long-term academic performance?
That's what curriculum and instruction Assistant Professor Amber Brown aims to find out. She's taking a second look at a long-running program designed to help at-risk children increase their chances of successful early-school readiness.
Home Instruction for Parents of Preschool Youngsters (HIPPY) is a three-year, early education intervention program geared toward low-income, primarily minority parents of 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds. Through role-play, parents are trained to be their child's first teacher using a carefully developed curriculum of books and materials designed to strengthen cognitive skills, early literacy, and social, emotional, and physical development.
HIPPY, which began in Israel as a pilot program, is provided in both English and Spanish. Dr. Brown is conducting follow-up research to evaluate how effective the program is long term, once children leave the elementary level and advance to high school. Her study, which begins this fall, focuses on Dallas Independent School District high school seniors who participated in HIPPY as preschoolers, along with their parents or guardians.
For students whose parents consent and participate, DISD personnel will provide the students' GPA and state-mandated standardized test scores. Mean scores for parent involvement, educational motivation, and educational aspirations also will be reported.
Brown conducted a similar study in 2010 on children in third, fifth, seventh, and ninth grades. Results suggested that HIPPY intervention can increase school achievement and build a strong base for academic success.
"Children who participated in HIPPY had significantly higher rates of school attendance, were retained less often, and had fewer repeat discipline referrals," she says. "They also scored higher on the reading and math Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills tests than matching students without HIPPY experience."


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Key to improving knowledge dissemination will be cooperation and collaboration across federal agencies, states, professional organizations, and consumer groups, among others. The committee recommends two general approaches to establish the needed collaboration.
RECOMMENDATION 7. CSAT, NIDA, NIAAA, and AHCPR are the federal agencies that should develop formal collaborations, where appropriate, to synthesize research, reduce the barriers to knowledge transfer, and provide updated information about drug and alcohol treatment strategies to purchasers of health care.
A variety of approaches could be utilized to accomplish these goals. For example, expert panels of investigators, practitioners, program administrators, policymakers, and consumers could be convened by NIDA, NIAAA, and CSAT to generate up-to-date consensus recommendations for community-based drug and alcohol treatment programs based on current research. NIDA-, NIAAA-, and AHCPR-sponsored research on drug treatment knowledge dissemination would help to reduce barriers to the transfer of treatment knowledge and encourage treatment programs and policymakers to adopt proven treatments. Research findings need to be prepared in a form and disseminated within channels that enhance availability and acceptability to community-based treatment programs—especially front-line treatment staff. Continued support for and improvement of electronic and print publications directed to treatment programs and consumers is necessary, and other media, such as public access television should be considered.
CSAT, NIDA, and NIAAA also have an important role in the development of information to enable purchasers of care to take research findings into account explicitly in making purchasing decisions. At the same time, purchasers should develop treatment criteria that ensure treatments of proven effectiveness are adequately funded and should consider withholding funding when the science base shows the treatment to be unequivocally ineffective.
RECOMMENDATION 8. CSAT, in collaboration with state substance abuse authorities, professional organizations, and consumer organizations in the addiction field, should continue the development of evidence-based treatment recommendations (including consideration of shortand long-term outcomes) for use by clinicians of all disciplines involved in the treatment of drug and alcohol use disorders.
To ensure that these treatment recommendations have a positive impact on health care, these agencies and groups should work to encourage


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Angora is a young girl with an unexplainable power to cause living things to grow or heal themselves. Her appearance is also notable due to her striking green hair.
Angora is currently on a mission to fulfill a request given to her by her dying "Grandfather." She is headed north towards the capitol city of Caris (Citeran), to seek "the center," although it is not known what that could be at the time. She has gained a reluctant traveling companion, Pinter deJersi in her journey northwards.
Angora originally hails from an obscure settlement and community called The Monastery, located deep in the southern Caris jungle. Its teachings of respect and oneness with the environment have reflected heavily upon her life, and she is a dedicated vegetarian and pacifist. She appreciates and loves all types of animals and insects, with a special affinity towards butterflies.
She is also very energetic and enjoys climbing and being in trees. Her guardians initially tried to stop this dangerous behavior but gave up after realizing that it was impossible to completely prevent her from such activities. Although she engages in risky maneuvers such as jumping from tree to tree and swinging from high branches, she has never had even a minor accident.
Unconventional appearance
Angora's greenish hair is attributed to moss and small plants that have adhered themselves to the hair. She has no explanation as to how this could be, nor how the plants have manage to survive and thrive in such a foreign environment or after washings. Her hair is seasonal, and blooms with orange flowers in the spring. Angora is very sensitive about her hair and does not like for it to be touched or handled by anyone other than herself.
She also prefers to remain unclothed whenever possible, though again this strange behavior was not encouraged by members of the commune.
A mysterious entity whom she calls "Grandfather" allegedly bestowed unnatural abilities upon her not too long ago. As far as it is known, her powers allow her to manipulate and grow living beings, especially plants.


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Biol 104 lecture 2
Lecture 5: Bacterial Growth and Control
Growth = increase in cellular constituents.
In bacteria this results in an increase in _________________________________
Volume and mass increase to critical mass transverse binary fission
_____________________________________________________= time it takes for a bacterial cell (or population) to duplicate itself. Determined by genetic programming but influenced by _____________________
_________________ like: moisture and nutrient availability, temperature,
Under optimum conditions, generation time is a constant characteristic of a bacterial species. Results in _____________________________________________, in which cell numbers double after each generation time.
II. Exponential Growth:
Example: Unpasteurized milk with 10 bacteria / mL, and a generation time of 20
III. In vitro Control of Microbial Growth:
b. Methods of control:
__________________ methods of control (Table in text p 30, Lab 4):
Heat, cold, radiation, filtration, desiccation
__________________ methods of control (Table in text p 29, Lab 6):
______________________: antimicrobial chemical agent used to
carry out disinfection of inanimate objects only, may be harmful to tissues.
_____________________: antimicrobial chemical agent safe to
c. Microbial Targets for Control:
d. Spectrum of Activity:
- static = ________________________________________ the target cell
- cidal = ________________________________________
- _____________________ = kills all (would have to be sporocidal)
Examples: glutaraldehyde, ethylene oxide gas
e. Describe the attributes of an ideal disinfectant:
IV. Antimicrobial Chemotherapeutic Agents:
Definition: Chemical agents that can be used ____________________________
that can kill, or inhibit the growth of, other microbes.
ii. Synthetic agents:_____________________________________________
iii. Semisynthetic agents:_________________________________________
Antibiotics can be _______________________ (generally target metabolic
pathway or synthesis of cellular components) or ______________________
(generally target cell wall or membrane)
b. Spectrum of Activity:
Antibiotics can have a _____________________________________________; they are effective against a single group of bacteria. E.g. Vancomycin vs. Gram +; Colistin vs. Gram -. or they can be ________________________; active against a wide range of bacteria. E.g. Ampicillin, Tetracycline Narrow spectrum antibiotics produce less 'collateral damage' and are therefore a better choice than broad spectrum antibiotics. All antibiotics exhibit ________________________________: the ability to inhibit
or kill the pathogen without causing significant damage to the host.
They target _____________________ of the microbe's __________________ or
________________________________, thereby limiting the side effects on the
Eukaryotic host's cells. The greater the selective toxicity, the fewer the side
Virtually all antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents have side effects:
Why is it more challenging to produce anti-fungal or anti-parasitic chemotherapeutic agents than antibacterial agents?
Why are these agents more likely to have side effects?
c. Lab Testing for Antimicrobial Susceptibility:
To determine the optimum antimicrobial agent to treat a patient's pathogen, in vitro
tests are performed in the Clinical Microbiology Lab. (Lab 6 and Lab 9b)
_________________________: Measure the zone of inhibition around the
disks containing antibiotic and compare its size to a standard table.
MIC: ________________________________________determines the
smallest amount of drug that will inhibit the growth of the pathogen
___________________: contains a gradient of the antimicrobial agent.
The MIC is indicated by where the zone of inhibition intersects the strip.
d. Mechanisms of Antibacterial Drug Action:
Examples: Penicillins and Cephalosporins contain a _________________
Beta-lactam antibiotics bind to the bacterial enzyme that x-links PG during
cell wall synthesis, cell wall weakenslysis
Only effective on __________________________________.
FYI The semi-synthetic antibiotic Methicillin was designed to evade the action of beta-lactamase, but most Staph have developed resistance to it. Newer beta-lactam antibiotics are combined with a beta-lactamase inhibitor that binds to and inactivates the beta-lactase enzyme. Extended spectrum penicillins: 'Natural' penicillins are narrow spectrum antibiotics; they target Gram positives only. Ampicillin and Amoxicillin were developed as broad spectrum antibiotics active against Gram positives and negatives. ESBL: Extended spectrum beta-lactamases: 3rd generation Cephalosporins were originally resistant to beta-lactamase. In 1980's a new type of beta-lactamase evolved, not affected by inhibitors. The gene that codes for this beta-lactamase is carried on a plasmid, often with resistance to other antibiotics. First ESBL producers were E.coli
and Klebsiella pneumoniae
, now produced in many other Gram negative bacilli. 2009 New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM-1)
Examples: Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Chloramphenicol
_____________________________ (concentration dependent)
Target: bacterial enzymes necessary for nucleic acid synthesis
Examples: Ciprofloxicin and other quinolones, Rifampin
Disrupts structure and permeability Examples: Polymyxin B (topical antibiotic) Cidal 5. ______________________________________ (Competitive Inhibitors, growth factor analogs) Target: mimics and competes with _______________________________
Examples: Sulfonamides (first effective antimicrobial drug), Isoniazid
Sulfa drugs as an example of Selective Toxicity:
All cells require folic acid for growth. Humans cannot synthesize folic acid, therefore we must obtain it from the food we eat. Bacteria are able to synthesize folic acid from p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). Because of their similar chemical structure, Sulfa drugs compete with PABA, but since bacterial enzymes cannot recognize sulfonamides, bacteria cannot use it to manufacture folic acid.
e. Characteristics of an Ideal Antibiotic:
Not induce hypersensitivities in the host (no allergic reactions)
Not interfere with _________________________________________________
Not induce development of ____________________________
Venta y publicidad de medicamentos por Internet y la necesidad de una regulación homogénea Joaquín Catalán Socio Responsable del Área de Economía y Derecho Farmacéutico Marta Brosa Departamento Mercantil y Derecho Farmacéutico LA GACETA DE LOS NEGOCIOS. 7 de octubre de 2004 El hábito en el consumo de medicamentos está cambiando al igual que las exigencias de la demanda d
COMMUNITY PROTOCOL FOR MANAGEMENT AND FEEDING THROUGH A GASTROSTOMY COMMUNITY PROTOCOL FOR MANAGEMENT AND FEEDING THROUGH A GASTROSTOMY. Introduction The following procedures relate to the management of a gastrostomy stoma, feeding through a gastrostomy tube and gastrostomy skin level deviceButton, by bolus feeding or continuous feeding. Also administering medication


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City life: stories and language tasks
October 30, 2020 by Nora Nagy
Cities have always been exciting, vibrant places that offer a lot to their inhabitants and visitors. Nowadays we are drawn to great cities for work, education, and the many services and cultural opportunities they offer. However, in the past cities meant vital trade, shared amenities (such as fresh water and waste disposal), protection and greater resources.
In language lessons we will typically ask students to compare life in the city to life in the country. We recommend shifting our attention to the different aspects of life in these places. Instead of simply listing the pros and cons of city life, let's focus on how it can be made better: more enjoyable, inclusive, sustainable and greener, and how the city and country can help each other to thrive in a mutually respectful way.
UN World Cities Day celebrates cities on October 31st, and this year's theme directs our attention to communities and sustainability in cities. The official theme is 'Valuing Communities and Cities', and you can read more about its objectives on the official UN website
To help you with developing lessons based on the exploration of cities, we have collected some reading, discussion, research and language development exercises.
1 Read to travel
You don't always need to travel in order to get the feel of a new city. Books are the best travel guides and companions as you can visit and learn about places through the characters' eyes. Let's go to some famous cities with Helbling Readers.
Visit London with Sherlock Holmes
Sherlock Holmes and the Stolen Jewels
 - Level 2 reader (CEFR A1/A2)
 - Written by Arthur Conan Doyle, adapted by Geraldine Sweeney, illustrated by Agilulfo Russo
Destination: London
Official language: English
The plot:
Follow Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson in two different and exciting investigations, The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle and The Adventure of the Beryl Coronet, both about the theft of precious jewels. The thieves steal because they want to become rich. Sherlock Holmes works together with Dr Watson to stop the wrong people being arrested for the crimes. Read about where the Blue Carbuncle is hidden and how Sherlock Holmes manages to find out who put it there. Find out if Sherlock Holmes can discover who really took the Beryl Coronet by following footprints in the snow.
Exploration tips:
Mark all the spots Sherlock visits in a Google Map like the one in the example below. Do these places still exist?
A map based on The Blue Carbuncle in the reader Sherlock and the Stolen Jewels. Created in Google Maps.
Solve a mystery in Hong Kong
Dan and the Hong Kong Mystery
 - Level 3 reader (CEFR A2)
 - Written by Richard MacAndrew, illustrated by Lorenzo Sabbatini
Destination: Hong Kong
Official languages: Chinese and English
The plot:
Dan and Sue are on holiday in Hong Kong, visiting Sue's grandparents. While they are sightseeing they notice an ivory shop and Dan goes in to ask some questions. Later they see some men going into the same shop with a bag. What's in the bag? And who are the men? Dan wants to find out but soon he and Sue are caught up in a dangerous adventure and their lives are at risk!
Exploration tips:
Start by studying the map on pages 8-9. It highlights some well-known sights which are also significant in the story. As you're reading the story, take notes about what happens at these major sights. Then, use your notes and the map to retell the story.
Dan and the Hong Kong Mystery cover
From London to Paris
Father and Son
 - Level 5 reader (CEFR B1)
 - Written by Frank Brennan, illustrated by Anna Sutor
Destination: Paris and London
Official languages: French and English
The plot:
Have you ever wondered what a rock star's life is like? When Nic Wild from the Wild Kats asks his son Andy to perform with him at a concert in Paris, little does he know that terrible things are about to happen to him. Where is Alan Carver, Nic's manager, when he needs him most? How does Andy save the day with his accountancy skills?
Exploration tips:
Which famous sights and buildings do you recognize in the illustrations? How would you travel from London to Paris? How do the characters in the story travel?
Travelling from London to Paris in Father and Son. Illustration by Anna Sutor. © Helbling Languages
Three cities, three domes
The Mystery of the Three Domes
 - Level 5 reader (CEFR B1)
 - Written by Elspeth Rawstron, illustrated by Nick Tankard
Destination: London, Venice, Istanbul
Official languages: English, Italian, Turkish
The plot:
Architecture student, Sibel Karaman, receives a letter from Great-Uncle Ismail on the day of his death. He leaves her a mystery to solve which takes her and her Aunt Sofia on a wonderful adventure to three beautiful cities: London, Venice and Istanbul. Can Sibel solve the mystery of the three domes and find the very special place that Great-Uncle Ismail had in mind for her? Join her, Aunt Sofia and her four friends Holly, Anna, Hermione and Jake on their journey.
Exploration tips:
Divide the class into groups of 3. One student traces the characters' steps in London, another one in Venice, and the third one in Istanbul. Then, they can retell the story in turns focussing on the main spots of the story in each city. How would you travel from one city to another? Who were the architects of the three domes? What would you like to visit in each city?
The three domes in The Mystery of the Three Domes. Illustration by Nick Tankard. © Helbling Languages
2 Sustainability and the green city
What does sustainability mean? Discuss the meaning of the words with your students.
What do we want to sustain in cities? Make a list of ideas, for example: transportation, green areas, accessibility for everyone. Talk about these topics either with all of the class, or hand them out as discussion and research points in small groups.
How can you stay healthy and get around a big city easily? What does a city need to implement in order to support cycling? Think about bicycle lanes, bike stations (air pumps, tools).
What are the greenest means of transportation in a city? Make a list from least green to greenest. What about the major cities in your country? Is it possible to get around by bike in them?
Do some research to learn more about cycling in big cities.
You can also watch this video from SURE Elementary:
Read our story, Dan and the Stolen Bikes by Richard MacAndrew, illustrated by Lorenzo Sabbatini.
Recycling and waste management
Where does household waste go? How does your city recycle plastic, paper, glass and hazardous waste? Where is the nearest recycling collection point in your city? Do you recycle in your own home and school?
Why is it so important to reduce our plastic consumption? How far can a single plastic bottle travel?
We live in the time of home delivery services. Did you know that it is also possible to save food which would be thrown out in restaurants at the end of the day? Is there such a service in your own city?
Parks and green spaces
Why are green spaces important in a city? What are their main functions? How can we make them more accessible for all people?
Imagine that you are a city developer. What are the main aspects of planning a park? Think about disabled people and families. How can they get around in parks easily?
Collect the most famous city parks in big cities, and compare them. Where are they? How big are they? For example, where are Regent's Park, Golden Gate Park, Stanley Park, Centennial Park, and Central Park?
How can you make cities greener? Think about narrow streets where it is difficult to plant trees. Where can you plant flowers and trees? What about tall apartment blocks? Have you ever heard about a vertical garden? What is it?
The importance of communities
Cities are made up of smaller communities in different districts, neighbourhoods, streets, schools or apartment blocks. As a member of a smaller or larger community, we can make sure that our areas are clean and green, we can make small gardens around our houses, and talk to our neighbours to plan small projects.
As a larger community, schools and even districts can support recycling, travelling by bike or public transport. It is also important to support the local shops and markets. Big cities often host farmers' markets. Do you know about days when you can buy local produce?
In some cities you find community gardens. How do community gardens work? What can you grow in a small garden? Is there a possibility to create a garden in your own school?
Communities can also support the older people, sick people and young children. During lockdown it became especially important to look out for our elderly neighbours and offer help when possible.
What other community projects exist in your own area? How can a small community make their own neighbourhood better?
We will be following up this article with a post full of great project ideas for all your classes... all with a CITY focus. Keep your eye on the Helbling Readers blog!
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How useful is routine pre-endoscopy viral screening?
AbstractPre-procedural screening for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are routinely done in several endoscopy centres in Nigeria. These tests constitute an additional layer of financial burden to the patients since most of them settle their medical bills out of pocket. At the same time, the burden of these viral infections on the society demands that all measures are taken to prevent their iatrogenic transmission. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV among patients referred for gastrointestinal endoscopy so as to determine the relevance of routine screening before procedures. The study was a retrospective cross-sectional survey of patients referred to the Digestive Endoscopy Unit of the Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilisan-Remo, for endoscopy from January 2015 to December 2018. A total of 432 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 48.15 (±15.89) while the age range was 12-86 years. Of these, 240 (54.7%) were females while 199 (45.3%) were males. The results of the viral screening available in the record book varied: HBV (n = 419), HCV (n = 238) and HIV (n = 417). The prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV was 4.3% (95% CI = 2.4% - 6.2%), 2.1% (95% CI = 0.4% - 4.2%) and 1.0% (95% CI = 0.2% - 1.9%) respectively. Fourteen (3.3%), 5 (2.2%) and 14 (3.4%) patients who were initially negative, were rescreened for HBV, HCV and HIV respectively for repeat endoscopy. None of these patients tested positive for the viruses. We found no evidence of viral transmission from endoscope to patients in our centre. Viral pre-screening for endoscopy in settings with low to moderate prevalence rates of HBV, HCV and HIV infections may not be necessary.
Copyright conditions: Copyright on any research article in the International Journal of Infection Control (IJIC) is retained by the author(s). Authors grant IJIC permission to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher. Authors also grant any third party the right to use the article freely as long as its integrity is maintained and its original authors, citation details and publisher are identified. IJIC conforms to the Creative Commons Attribution License (_URL_) as terms and conditions of publishing research articles. In summary, anyone is free: • to copy, distribute, and display the work; • to make derivative works; • to make commercial use of the work; as long as: • the original author must be given credit; • for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are; • any of these conditions can be waived if the authors gives permission. Statutory fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Authors' certification: In submitting a manuscript to IJIC, authors are requested to certify that: • They are authorized by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements. • They warrant, on behalf of themselves and their co-authors, that: o the article is original, has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal, is not under consideration by any other journal and does not infringe any existing copyright or any other third party rights; o they are the sole author(s) of the article and have full authority to enter into this agreement and in granting rights to IJIC are not in breach of any other obligation. If the law requires that the article be published in the public domain, they will notify IJIC at the time of submission; o the article contains nothing that is unlawful, libellous, or which would, if published, constitute a breach of contract or of confidence or of commitment given to secrecy; o they have taken due care to ensure the integrity of the article.


run hot (not touchable) at 117 Watt heat input over a total channel length of 1.25 meters. With half the best input (45 Watt/meter channel) temperatures were acceptable. Based on this, a coil was designed for a 2.5 x 1.25 meter magnet with the following parameters: Voltage: 246 VDC Wire: 40 turns of 2.5 mm squared cross-section (litze wire) Ampere-turns (continuously): 450 Power"continuous"": 2750 Watt or 35 Watt per meter channel.
Peak Values: 1000 Amp turns (4 x bigger forces) 550 Volts peak, 13.75 kW Conclusion with respect to target weight.
In the above description, the general design of a cutting table lifting magnet is described So far this approach gives a magnet with a weight of: Steel channels + 0.8 wear plate: 145 kgf Coil copper wire: 65 kgf Structural parts: variable The target (equal to plate weight) seems feasible.
The preferred cross-section of the channels, disregarding the air gap, is square.
However, the channel cross-section could be rectangular, with the air gap on a long or a short side. Also, but substantially less desirable, the cross-section could be triangular or round. In fact, the cross-section can be any shape, but a shape that allows the air gap side to be flat and of maximum width, for example, a semi-circle with the air gap on the diameter side, is much preferred.
Lifting and dropping objects
The magnetic strength of an electromagnet depends on the number of turns or wire and the current through the wire, and the size of the iron core. This allows electromagnets to be made much larger and stronger than a natural magnet, such that they can pick up very large objects.
Also, when you turn off the electricity to an electromagnet, the magnetism is also turned off. Thus, an electromagnet can be used to pick up a piece of iron and then drop it someplace else.
Crane uses electromagnet to pick up junked car
What is an electromagnet?
When connected to an AC voltage or current source, the electromagnet will be changing its flux density as the current fluctuates. The polarity of the magnet will also change as the current reverses direction every half cycle. AC electromagnets can be used to demagnetize objects (like TV screens, audio tapes, vcr tapes) or to hold objects. However, due to the inductance of the electromagnet, the AC current that will actually flow will be reduced when compared to a DC voltage equal to the RMS value of the AC voltage feeding the electromagnet.
The key importance of an electromagnet is the ability to control the strength of the magnetic flux density, the polarity of the field, and the shape of the field. The strength of the magnetic flux density is controlled by the magnitude of the current flowing in the coil, the polarity of the field is determined by the direction of the current flow, and the shape of the field is determined by the shape of the iron core around which the coil is wound.
yoke.jpg (3806 bytes)
Here is an example of the yoke of a TV. It is made of two sets of electromagnets, perpendicular to each other, and mounts onto the neck of the TV tube. The current flowing through these wires controls the electron beam going to the screen of the TV, causing the beam to trace out a raster or series of horizontal lines, one after the other, from the top of the screen to the bottom, and then back to the top again for the next frame. This creates the picture we see on the TV screen. One set of windings moves the electron beam from left to right, the other set moves the electron beam from top to bottom.
Winding a coil
Before you can start with the construction of an electromagnet, you first need to figure out the following:
1. What will the core be made of
2. What magnetic flux density are you trying to achieve
3. How many turns will be required for this along with
4. How many amps will be flowing through the wire
5. How big will the wire have to be to handle the current
6. How much surface area will you have for cooling the coil
7. How big will the electromagnet be due to the above
8. What voltage rating will the insulation of the wire have to withstand
9. What will be the inductance of the electromagnet
10. Obtain the core, wire, bobbin (form for the winding)
11. Wind the coil
12. Test the electromagnet
As you can see, there may be some times as you go through these steps that once you get an answer, you may have to go back a step or two and make some modifications, and recalculate. This is an iterative process.
To help, I use the following excel spreadsheet. Please feel free to use it. No warranties are implied. There may be errors, but I don't think so. There is definitely room for improvement. Coildata excel file. Simply save it to disk, and then open it. Fill in the data needed in the green boxes. It will calculate the length of wire in a coil, the resistance, and get an approximate inductance for an air core if you want to play with some numbers.
Here are some excellent sources for help in building an electromagnet or coil.
A couple of things to keep in mind:
1. Use magnet wire with an enamel coating
2. If winding it onto a metal bar or bolt, first wrap the metal with one or two layers of electrical tape so the winding does not short out to the metal.
3. It takes time and care to do a clean, even winding.
4. After the first layer, wrap the layer with a thin piece of paper, or another layer of electrical tape, to provide a smooth surface for the second layer to lay on. Repeat this for each layer, or at least for every three layers.
When working with electromagnets, I have found that having a variac (a variac is a variable autotransformer) has been a great help. This provides a variable AC voltage source. When you plug something into it, you can adjust the output voltage anywhere from 0 to 140Vac. I start with it at zero, then slowly bring it up, watching the current and voltage. This way, I have control over what happens if there is a problem or a limitation. By connecting a diode bridge to the output of the variac, you also get a variable DC voltage source. They are rated by how much current they can handle. Choose one that can handle 2 or 3 amps minimum. As the amp rating goes up, so does the price. The cost of $100 is not bad for a 10 amp unit with a built in ammeter (a meter that measures amps)
xfmr1.jpg (3619 bytes) xfmr2.jpg (3589 bytes) xfmr3.jpg (3564 bytes)
A transformer is simply two electromagnets which are magnetically coupled together. There is electrical isolation between the two windings, but power can be transferred from one winding (the primary) to the other winding (the secondary) via the alternating magnetic field. They work on AC voltages. The ratio of the secondary output voltage to the primary input voltage is equal to the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary winding to the number of turns in the primary winding. (i.e., Vout/Vin = Nsecondary/Nprimary)
The photo on the left is a control transformer, and takes 230Vac in and drops it to 115Vac out for control circuits in industry. You can also turn it around and put 115Vac in and get 230Vac out. Transformers have a kVA rating which is the rated output Voltage times the rated output Amps divided by 1000. The one above is rated at 0.200kVA or 200VA. The two photos on the right show how to demonstrate the transformer action using two coils and the AC electromagnet from our electromagnet experiments.
Here is a source for what is needed to design and build autotransformers and electromagnets:
spark1.jpg (3584 bytes) spark2.jpg (5888 bytes)
This transformer was called a Sparker or Ignition coil, used to create the spark needed for the spark-plugs in cars from the '30s. It has a few turns for a primary winding, and lots of turns for a secondary winding. The mechanism at the end would open and close the circuit several times a second creating an AC like voltage on the primary (Since it was operated from a 12V battery, and transformers don't work on DC, a method was needed to create an AC type of voltage on the primary coil). The secondary has thousands of turns on it, creating a high voltage of around 30,000V which will arc about 10mm through the air.
Jacob's Ladder using a neon sign transformer
jacob20.jpg (3105 bytes) jacob21.jpg (3117 bytes) jacob22.jpg (2999 bytes)
This Jacob's Ladder uses a transformer which creates 15,000Vac on the secondary coil when 120Vac is applied to the primary coil. I built a box around the unit I show here. It has a


This section discusses about the newly introduced true vessel segmentation methodology, which is on the basis of the SVM classifier. The overall architecture is illustrated in Figure 1. The approach proposed uses a Modified Kalman filter for the noise elimination process. The image enhancement process is carried out by using Hybrid PCA (Principle Component Analysis). Thereafter the OD boundary detection and segmentation is carried out for eliminating the OD utilizing DAF with Bee colony algorithm. Thereafter the extraction of the features is done applying GLCM whereas the selection is performed utilizing MI and NBC. At last, on the basis of the features selected, the true blood vessel segmentation is carried outmaking use of SVM classifier. This research is performed by making use of the publicly available database referred to as Digital Retinal Images for Vessel Extraction (DRIVE). This process can improve the accuracy of retinal disease identification that are, in turn, are sent to the physicians and pharmaceutical scientists for the purpose of diagnosis and preparation of drug.
Figure 1: Overall architecture of proposed classification approach.
In the pre-processing stage, the image denoising is carried out and then the image enhancement follows.
Modified kalman filtering for noise removal
The Kalman filter needs the noise to be either Gaussian or having finite variance [19], and therefore it does not apply to linear systems having non-Gaussian noise with infinite variance. Also the inaccuracy with respect to the Kalman filter for removing the non-Gaussian Levy noise results in the introduction of a modified Kalman filter. The Levy noise can then be approximated by incrementing the respective Levy process for each time step. By means of Levy-Ito theorem [20], a Levy process could be divided into the sum of a Gaussian process and a pure jump process. It is indicated that the small jumps corresponding a Levy process can actually be approximated by means of a Gaussian process [21]. In this modified filtering technique, the actual Levy noise is modified into a Gaussian white noise through the clipping off of its highly big values. Let k indicate the clipped version of the Levy measurement disturbance vk, and let k refer to the respective clipped observation. This way
But, practically, the measurement noise, vk is unknown, and this algorithm clips the observation zk in place of vk in a component-wise means through the below operation:
where C refers to some positive threshold value, and indicate the respective ith components of the vectors zk and k, and stands for the ith component of the vector. C is decided by the statistical characteristics of the measurement noise vk. Substituting the observation value zk in Kalman filter by its clipped value,
Finding the solution of Kalman gain Kk by reducing,
Where k indicates the covariance matrix of k, which is defined as
In conventional Kalman filter, the covariance matrices Qk and Rk are supposed to be known, though the estimation of the covariance matrices Qk and Rk is frequently a tedious task. But, in modified Kalman filter, just Qk is presumed to be known when k is estimated. Therefore equation (4) and (5) can be expressed as
By merging equations (2), (3), (6) and (7), the Modified Kalman filter is got that can eliminate both the Gaussian and non-Gaussian noise from the retinal images.
Image enhancement using hybrid PCA
In Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique [22], the principal components are found by computing the Eigen values of the co-variance matrix for the input color retinal image. In this Hybrid technique, PCA-Contrast enhancement, the covariance matrix is expressed as
The covariance is calculated by
where, 'f ' refers to the input image, Crr is associated with the covariance between the red components of the image, Crg is associated with the covariance between red and green component of the retinal image and more. The first principal is associated with the Eigen vector of the greatest Eigen value, comprises of most of the structural contrast and information. Therefore, the input image is projected onto the orientation of the principal component given by
where, fR, fG, and fB refer to the red, green and blue components of input image; ekR, ekG and ekB stands for the first, second and third element of the Eigen vector of maximum Eigen value. Next, the Contrast enhancement is carried out on the first principal component for improving the visual perception. The transformation for contrast stretching is provided by,
where, μmax= 255, μmin= 0; μf refers to the mean value of the image inside the window; tmax indicates the maximum gray level of the image; tmin stands for the minimum gray level of the image; r indicates the contrast increasing factor. Figure 2 illustrates the input retinal image and the pre-processed image after the application of the noise Modified Kalman filter and Hybrid PCA.
Figure 2: Retinal Image after Pre-processing.
OD segmentation using DAF and bee colony optimization
The OD segmentation in the earlier work [18] has been performed employing the DAF and PSO algorithm. The green channel of the retinal image is appropriate for detecting the blood vessel and therefore the vessels having OD boundary get detected and isolated from the green channel. The discrete anisotropic filter process with PSO optimization is helpful in attaining this need. For the purpose of minimizing the false OD elimination, a more effective bee colony optimization algorithm is proposed instead of PSO. The OD elimination is performed by DAF with the calculation of the divergence corresponding to the Laplacian and the gradient operators of the image. The process of DAF is conducted as in [18]. Once the noise of the retinal image is eliminated, the Bee colony optimization gets initialized. The procedure of bee colony optimization is provided as below [23]:
Pseudo code of the Bee colony algorithm:
1. Initialization of bees
2. Make the employed bees to move to the food sources and assess their nectar amounts.
3. Position the onlookers based on the nectar amounts got by the employed bees
4. An onlooker bee decides and assesses the nectar amount and compares it with the neighbors and substitutes it with the best pixel value
5. Send the scouts for finding abandoned food sources
6. Remember the best food sources got until now
7. In case, a termination criterion is not met, go to step 2; else terminate the procedure and display the best food source received until now.
The Bee colony algorithm presumes the availability of a set of operations, which might be identical to few features of the honey bee behavior. For example, every solution within the search space is inclusive of a parameter set indicating the locations of food source. The "fitness value" indicates the food source quality, which is linked strongly to the location of the food. The procedure resembles the bee's search for good food sources rendering an analogous process for getting the optimal solution.
Generally, the position of ith food source is indicate d as Si={Si1,Si2,…SiD}. Then the information gets shared by the employed bees for going back to the hive, the onlooker beesmove to the location of food source found by employed bees at depending on the probability Probi that is defined by
Where, FS refers to the total number of Food Sources. Fitness value is computed by making use of the equation.
Where f(Si) represents theconsidered objective function. Thereafter, the onlooker discovers its food source in the location of Si by making use of the equation below
Where Snew refers to the new food source that is exploited by the onlooker and k refers to the solution in the neighborhood of I, r indicates a random number in the range -1 to +1 and j refers to the dimension of the problem under consideration. In case, the new fitness value is relatively better compared to the fitness value attained till now, the bee goes to the new food source, else it keeps the old one. Each bee will search for a better food source for a particular number of cycles or limited value and in case the fitness value is not improving then that specific bee goes on to become the scout bee. Figure 3 illustrates the process of Retinal Image OD elimination. During the convergence of bee colony, the centers obtained are utilized to be the initial solution of the local search. Now, the aim is about updating the cluster center obtained so that it increases the resultant vessel binary image total thinness measure. The thinness measure [24] is expressed by
Where Ai refers to the total area of individually connected components and refers to the total perimeter of individual connected components, and this is exploitedto be the indicator for the efficiency of the binary image obtained as the vessels with small diameter are highlighted making use of this measure. Figure 4 illustrates the OD elimination shown in the actual retinal image. This image is utilized for feature extraction and vessel classification process. This process maximizes the reliability of the results so that the physician's work is simplified.
Figure 3: OD elimination process.
Figure 4: OD Eliminated Retinal image.
Feature extraction using GLCM
The strategy used for extracting the features employing the Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) is about constructing the GLCM over the whole image. Retinal image has several clinical structures like optic disc and vessels that act as the severe challenge in detecting the exudates. In this work, the authors have introduced a novel technique where the input image is separated into multiple smaller blocks with the sizes 36X37 pixels. On the basis of the content, the block gets categorized. Then the blocks are numbered from 1-320. The blocks are segregated into four categories: normal blocks, exuadates blocks, vessel blocks and OD blocks. Then, the first order and second order features are extracted from these blocks. A GLCM is a matrix in which the


text:
Date: May 2009
Creator: Hembreiker, Linda-Rose
Description: During the 20th century, chamber works for harp expanded to include significantly different instrumentations, like flute, voice and harp. Indeed, a body of works for flute, voice, and harp began to develop mainly through the commissioning efforts of ensembles comprised of these instruments. This study of George Crumb's Federico's Little Songs for Children for flutes, soprano, and harp considers the unique advantages and challenges of this instrumentation and offers specific suggestions for performance. Attention to various compositional elements of Federico's Little Songs for Children, especially as they relate to the text, is also helpful in preparing to perform this work. The form, pitch material, and text-painting in the work allow for special opportunities to convey meaning to audiences in ways that do not rely on traditional tonal relationships. Accompanying the shift away from traditional tonal relationships, the development of the harp repertoire in chamber and solo settings during the 20th century also led to the development of many extendedtechniques for this instrument. For the most part, these techniques have been described and given various notational symbols but not discussed in detail with regard to execution. Federico's Little Songs for Children itself requires several unique extended-techniques. Recommendations are given in...
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


It's now well understood that self-testing is perhaps the world's most powerful trigger for turning on the mental mechanisms that create long term memory and the ability to recall something in the future. Memory storage, like most brain processes, is a pattern of neurons connected at their synapses by electrochemical processes. Retrieving a memory through self-testing strengthens that pattern better than any other technique.
Urban myth would have us believe that multiple choice tests are mostly good for quick grading. But in 2009, researchers proved this myth about multiple choice was wrong. It turns out that…
 - Multiple choice tests increase the retention and recall of information.
 - They are better than recall tests or essay questions or extra study for building durable memory.
 - They do not promote the mental phenomenon of "retrieval induced forgetting."
Multiple choice is not merely the recognition of a correct answer. It can more accurately be described as recognition combined with recall because the alternative answers must each be contemplated in turn and then selected as right or rejected as wrong. Multiple choice retrieval unleashes powerful effects that increase both retrieval strength and storage strength of the correct answer plus the alternatives. It's a virtuous circle of memory fortification.
multiple choice test
Solving the Problem of Retrieval Induced Forgetting
Research has shown that multiple choice solves a serious problem with other kinds of testing—the problem of retrieval induced forgetting which occurs when the brain is asked to retrieve a memory. For example, I ask you to name the fourth planet from the sun. If you recall that it's Mars, then the memory of Mars is strengthened as we would imagine, but related memories become weaker—the positions of Jupiter and Venus are suppressed. This is something we would not have imagined until it was shown experimentally.
Think of it this way. The memory of new learning is in a kind of competition with the memory of related, but older learning. To avoid confusion and to help make rapid decisions, animals and people need to instantly know which memory is most up to date. To accomplish this, a mental system evolved to suppresses the strength of older, related information that may compete with the more recent and likely more relevant information. New information causes old information to be forgotten.
" The results imply that taking a multiple-choice test not only improves one's ability to recall that information, but also improves one's ability to recall related information." — Little & Bjork, UCLA
Enhancing the Memory of Related Information
Multiple-choice tests do not damage access to related information. Just the opposite, they enhance the retrieval strength of related information. In multiple-choice tests, a learner's brain is asked to compare and contrast the truth of the competing alternatives. This strengthens the memory trace of those alternatives—quite the opposite of what occurs in the brain during a recall test, where forgetting of the alternatives is encouraged by the suppression of related memory.
Multiple Choice Plus Confidence in Amplifire
Confidence appraisals magnify the superior effects of multiple-choice testing. Thinking about one's confidence focuses the brain's resources and attention through activated dopamine circuits. The spotlight of consciousness is brought to bear on the question at hand. With confidence focusing attention on the plausible alternatives of a well constructed multiple-choice question, learning and memory benefit greatly. Students who use Amplifire report that their attention is focused, that learning occurs more rapidly, and that future recall is easier.


Question: Does Milk Cause Pus?
What does GREY pus mean?
Does pasteurized milk have pus?
Why is cow milk white?
Milk is naturally a white substance due to the make-up of water and other components including fat and protein that mix together to form tiny particles which reflect light. … When light hits these casein micelles it causes the light to refract and scatter resulting in milk appearing white.
Is there pus in UK milk?
In the UK, a third of all dairy cows have mastitis each year – a bacterial infection of the udders. Like us, cows produce pus when they are fighting infection. … Average UK levels are around 200,000 pus cells per millilitre – that's around one million cells in every teaspoonful of milk!
Does salt draw out infection?
Should you squeeze pus out?
What does the color of pus mean?
How bad is milk for you?
How much of milk is pus?
Does pus mean infection?
How do you clean pus?
Does cheese have pus?
Many cheeses are made with rennet, an enzyme that comes from calves' stomach lining. … Cheese—like all dairy products—contains pus from cows whose udders get bacterial infections when the cows are treated like milk machines by the dairy industry. Cheese is loaded with artery-clogging saturated fat and cholesterol.
Does almond milk have pus?
The government should ensure that milk cartons are labelled with the pus content, but if you don't want to drink pus, you can buy or make soya, almond, rice, oat or any nut milk you like without any pus in it," says Heather Mills McCartney, patron of the Vegetarian & Vegan Foundation.
Is milk a cow's mucus?
Is it cruel to drink cow's milk?
Cow's milk is intended only for baby cows—and it's cruel to take the milk away from the calves for whom it is clearly intended. … Milk, which may contribute to osteoporosis and numerous other health issues, is the last place you should be getting it."
Does milk cause pus in wounds?
Is pus a good sign?
Is there poop in milk?
Is milk really dyed white?
Is milk bleached?
Do they bleach milk to make it white? No. Milk is milk colored all on it's own. … Skim milk might have a tint of blue but unless it's a flavored milk, nothing is being added that changes milk's color.
What color pus is bad?


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Microwave cleaning
Use microwaves to clean up the stratosphere
 [vote for,
Use microwave lasers (masers) to break down water vapor in the stratosphre releasing OHradicals which break down greenhouse gases.
The greenhouse effect is caused by several gases, not just CO2.
Methane is a very potent GHG and so are the chloroflurocarbons which also cause ozone depletion.
Back in the early 1990's the US nationl academy of sciences discussed the possibility of using lasers to destroy flurocarbons in the strratepshere and thereby reduce both global warming and the ozone hole but decided it was too expensive.
I think it would be more effective to increase the level of hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere (OH-).
So I'd shoot two or more low-powered masers (microwave lasers) into the atmosphere from a high altitude so that they intersect in the stratosphere.
The power levels would be low enough at ground level not to cause environmental harm but the beams woudl reinforce when they intersected in the stratosphere.
Microwaves break down the water in the atmosphere into OHand H+ ions which then break down other chemicals by reacting with them.
Converting methane to carbon dioxide would decrease global warming because methane has about twenty times the warming potential of carbon dioxide.
Breaking down chlorofurocarbons would have an even greater effect because they have a warming potential several hundred times that of carbon dioxide.
(There might be other ways of getting the same effect - for example, there are catalysts which also break down methane when exposes to light, coat balloons with them and float them in the stratosphere.
Iangould, Sep 28 2006
Please log in.
 It seems like this would just break the methane into CO2 (and water). Not a great gain for the cost.
omnilynx, Sep 29 2006
 And fried chicken will rain from the skies. Well, nuked starlings at the very least.
Galbinus_Caeli, Sep 29 2006
 sp. chlorofluorocarbons?
 ...but I like the general idea... but would anyone like to offer some numbers about
1. CO2 produced by generation of energy to power the masers vs.
2. CO2-equivalent (in methane) broken down by resulting maser beams?
 For example, if the'several hundred times' figure is based on mass of CO2 vs. equal mass of methane, and, for the sake of argument we postulate, conservatively, that several=3, then we have a break-even point where, say, every tonne of CO2 produced from, say, a dirty old coal-fired power station will allow us enough energy at the intersection of the maser-beams to break down three-and-a-bit kilos of methane.
 So, does anyone know how much raw energy a power plant might yield for a tonne of CO2, and how much of that of that will lost in transit up to the remote plateaux where the masers sit?
 If we know that, then we can think about how much energy the masers will lose cooking starlings and other small objects in the atmosphere below the intersection, how much will go straight through the intersection and head out into space, etc.
 Then again, what if we had the masers powered by arrays of solar panels in the middle of a desert, the beams intersecting somewhere in a substantial gap between two or more such arrays, and the resultant water irrigating the desert? Or is there no methane over deserts?
 sorry about incoherence, it's getting late here.
pertinax, Sep 29 2006
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text:
Dark Skies Matter: Sign the pledge
"Dark Skies Matter started as a Surrey project with the support of CPRE Surrey, Surrey Hills AONB, Surrey Wildlife Trust and Guildford RSPB. It was formed to combat light pollution in Surrey and to protect the county's remaining dark landscapes.
As waste light recognises no boundaries, Dark Skies Matter now reaches beyond its county origins to make an impact wherever polluting light occurs and its harmful effects are felt."
– John Evans, Founder & Coordinator of Dark Skies Matter
This Declaration aims to protect the fragile oases of natural darkness still to be found in this country, and to seek a reduction in the prevalence and harmful effects of unnecessary, artificial light.
The loss of dark sky – and the harm caused by light pollution across the country – affects us all and should matter to everyone. Light pollution is the soiling of the natural twilight and night-time environment by artificial light.
Why does it matter?
- It destroys a precious heritage of natural beauty that for millennia has inspired us and expanded our understanding
- It is wasteful, consuming resources unnecessarily and contributing to climate change
- It is associated with risks to human health and well-being
- It disrupts wildlife and impacts the wider ecology and biodiversity
- It travels far from its source, escaping to pollute the countryside
- Our roads and neighbourhoods can still be safe with informed lighting design and practice
Support the Declaration and help by:
- Speaking out against light pollution
- Adopting and advocating good lighting practice
- Championing dark sky oases within the county and beyond
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Major Section: RULE-CLASSES
See rule-classes for a general discussion of rule classes and
how they are used to build rules from formulas. An example
corollary formula from which a
:forward-chaining rule might be
Example: (implies (and (p x) (r x)) when (p a) appears in a formula to be (q (f x))) simplified, try to establish (r a) and if successful, add (q (f a)) to the known assumptionsTo specify the triggering terms provide a non-empty list of terms as the value of the
:trigger-termsfield of the rule class object.
General Form: Any theorem, provided an acceptable triggering term exists.Forward chaining rules are generated from the corollary term as follows. If that term has the form
(implies hyp concl), then the
concl(formally, lambda expressions) are expanded away, and the result is treated as a conjunction, with one forward chaining rule with hypothesis
hypcreated for each conjunct. In the other case, where the corollary term is not an
implies, we process it as we process the conclusion in the first case.
:trigger-terms field of a
:forward-chaining rule class object
should be a non-empty list of terms, if provided, and should have
certain properties described below. If the
:trigger-terms field is
not provided, it defaults to the singleton list containing the
''atom'' of the first hypothesis of the formula. (The atom of
(not x) is
x; the atom of any other term is the term itself.) If
there are no hypotheses and no
:trigger-terms were provided, an
error is caused.
A triggering term is acceptable if it is not a variable, a quoted
constant, a lambda application, a
let-expression, or a
not-expression, and every variable symbol in the conclusion of the
theorem either occurs in the hypotheses or occurs in the trigger.
:Forward-chaining rules are used by the simplifier before it begins
to rewrite the literals of the goal. (Forward chaining is thus carried
out from scratch for each goal.) If any term in the goal is an
instance of a trigger of some forward chaining rule, we try to
establish the hypotheses of that forward chaining theorem (from the
negation of the goal). To relieve a hypothesis we only use type
reasoning, evaluation of ground terms, and presence among our known
assumptions. We do not use rewriting. So-called free variables in
hypotheses are treated specially; see free-variables. If all hypotheses
are relieved, we add the instantiated conclusion to our known assumptions.
Caution. Forward chaining does not actually add terms to the goals displayed during proof attempts. Instead, it extends an associated context, called ''assumptions'' in the preceding paragraph, that ACL2 builds from the goal currently being proved. The context starts out with ''obvious'' consequences of the negation of the goal. For example, if the goal is
(implies (and (p x) (q (f x))) (c x))then the context notes that
(q (f x))are non-
(c x) is
nil. Forward chaining is then used to expand the context.
For example, if a forward chaining rule has
(f x) as a trigger term
and has body
(implies (p x) (r (f x))), then the context is extended
(r (f x)) to nonnil. Note however that since
(r (f x))
is put into the context, not the goal, it is not further simplified.
f is an enabled nonrecursive function symbol then this forward
chaining rule may well be useless, since calls of
f may be expanded
Another common misconception is this: Suppose that you forward
chain and put
(< (f x) (g x)) into the context. Then does it go
into the linear arithmetic data base? Answer: no. Alternative
question: do we go looking for linear lemmas about
(g x)? Answer:
no. The linear arithmetic data base is built up by a process very
similar to but independent of forward chaining.


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Salon Glacé Pastry Quiz
How much do you really know (or would like to know!) about classic patisserie?
With programmes such as 'The Great British Bake Off, Creme de la Creme' inspiring us with challenges beyond the iconic Victoria Sponge Sandwich, more and more of us are taking a break from the bakery and opening the gilded door into the fabulous world of patisserie.
As devout classicist's of the patisserie kind, we have also noticed a trend towards mixing things up
a bit. Whilst experimentation and personal interpretation is always great and should be encouraged, the downside is that many classic desserts/pastries/cakes are getting a little lost in translation.
With this in mind, we thought it would be fun (and hopefully informative) to put together
a selection of questions and answers based on facts taken from old college study books, past patisserie exam papers, plus a sprinkling of our own knowledge.
If you didn't get a chance to have a go at the first Salon Glacé Pastry Quiz, don't worry, it's still here.
Scroll down past quiz number two, which is coming up.
We have put together another 30 questions to test your knowledge, some will be a little harder than before, but we hope you will still find it enjoyable and of course informative.
As in the previous quiz, answers can be found at the end. As you can see, we have not yet managed to make it interactive, so very much old school; good luck, turn your papers over now!
1.What is the name of the protein present in standard flour?
3. What is the name of the patron Saint of pastry chefs?
a) St-Pierre b) St-Chibouste c) StHonoré
5. What is the term used to describe fruits that have been steeped in rising concentrations of sugar syrup over a period of time?
a) Givreé b) Glacé c)Condé d) Frappé
7.What is the percentage of butterfat contained in double cream?
a) 35 b)18 c)48 d)35
9. What is the name of the gas produced by yeast during fermentation?
a) Nitrogen Dioxide b) Carbon Monoxide
c) Carbon Dioxide d) helium
2. 'Guimauve' is the French name for:
a) Nougat b) Custard c) Jam d) Marshmallow
4. In which area of patisserie would you use a purpose made cabinet and heat lamp?
6. A boat (barquette) shaped pastry created from a savarin dough is known as a?
a) Rum Baba b) Éclair c)Marignan d) Polka
8. What is a white praline?
a) White chocolate/almonds b)toasted marzipan c)
10. The term 'Monmorency' within a dessert title, usually indicates the presence of?
a) Chestnuts b) Meringue c) Cherries d) Marzipan
30 Pastry Questions
Salon Glacé Pastry Quiz II
11. Which of the following is the odd one out?
a) Paris-Brest b) Croquembouche
c) SaintHonoré d) Vacherin
13.What type of pastry is used to make 'Palmiers'?
15. What is the main flavour in the classic pastry 'Mont Blanc'?
a) Hazelnut b) Coconut c) Chestnut d) Walnut
17. Mincemeat, used in the making of sweet mince pies contains suet; true or false?
19. Puff pastry should be baked in a hot oven: true or false?
12. A classic Gateau Fraisier is traditionally finished with?
a) Meringue b) Almond Paste c) Fondant
d) Apricot Glaze
14. What is the meaning of the word 'Sablé'?
a) Golden b) Soft c) Sand d) Shortcrust
16. Which one of the following is the odd one out? a) Sponge fingers b) Swiss Roll
c) Victoria Sponge Sandwich d) Sponge Flan
18. What name is given to the small pastries or sweetmeats served with coffee at the end of a meal?
20. What is the collective term used to describe the breakfast pastries, such as Croissants, Pain aux Raisins, Pain aux Chocolate?
We're starting this very first Salon Glacé Pastry Quiz with 30 easy questions to get you off to a good start.
You will need a pen and paper to jot down your answers, which you can find by scrolling down to the bottom of the page; sorry the next one might be interactive, if we can get to grips with the template!
There are no time limits (or prizes), it's just for fun, see how you get on, good luck!
30 Pastry Questions
Salon Glacé Pastry Quiz I
For answers plus a little bit of extra info, scroll down to the bottom of the page;
no cheating now!
1. When preparing a Charlotte Russe, the Charlotte mould should be lined with?
a) Swiss Roll b) Sponge Fingers
c) Chocolate Cigarillos d) Langues de chat
5.Which of the following contains Frangipane?
a) Charlotte Royale b) Rum Baba
c) Gateau Pithiviers d) Apple Strudel
3. What is the name of the hard butter sauce traditionally served with Christmas Pudding?
7. Tempering is a process applied to what?
9. By what name is an Omelette Norvégienne better known?
a) Artic Roll b) Baked Alaska
c) Crepes Suzette d) Yule Log
2. Savarin paste contains yeast; true or false?
4. What is the name of the decorative technique/finish applied to a Cream Slice/Millefeuilles?
6.Which fruit is used in the making of a classic Tarte Tatin?
8. Why are/were unlined copper bowls used to make meringue?
10. What is the name given to fresh cream that has been whipped and sweetened, and is often flavoured with a liqueur or an extract?
Questions continue below...
Scroll down for more questions...
21. What fruit would you be using if you were making a 'Melba Sauce'?
23. What shape is a 'Barquette' tartlette tin?
25. Which is the odd one out?
a) Brioche b) Danish Pastry
c) Bath Bun d) Cream Horn
27. What item could be made using the following ingredients:?
100g butter/marg, 2 eggs, 100g caster sugar,
29. What fruit is traditionally used in a bread and butter pudding?
a) Cranberries b) Figs c) Sultanas d) Cherries
22. What is made by mixing 2 parts Cream of Tartar with one part Bicarbonate of Soda?
24. What is another name for 'Hard Flour'?
26. Adding an acid or lemon juice to boiling sugar will?
a) give it a nice lemony flavour
b)increase volume c) prevent premature crystalisation d) stop it burning
28. What is the purpose of roasting/toasting some nuts before use?
30. How does baking a cake vary from the construction of torten and gateaux?
This one is really more for your information.
Ready for the answers!!....
1.B 2.True 3.Brandy Butter 4.Marbling or Feathering 5.C
6.Apple The classic Tarte Tatin is said to have been invented by two sisters who ran the Hotel de la Gare (now called Hotel Tatin), in the town of Lamotte Beuvron, France in the 1880s.
Before Chocolate Couveture can be used, it must be tempered to rid it of any contamination by moisture.
Patisserie by LJ Hanneman ( our edition 1993) explains it like this:
" Cocoa butter can be regarded as being a mixture of two fats 'A' with a low melting point and latent heat, and 'B' with a high melting point and latent heat. The 'A' type crystals of fat which are soft and feel greasy, whilst the 'B' type crystals of fat impart the gloss and snap required in well tempered chocolate.
To eliminate the 'A' type crystals, the couverture should be completely melted, then cooled to the setting point of the 'A' crystals when 'B' crystals are produced as well. The mass is now heated to the temperature at which only the 'A' crystals will melt, leaving some 'B' crystals. On setting, the whole mass will crystallise out in the 'B' crystal form. (this process is known as seeding)."
The book goes on to say: " Once a quantity of liquid tempered chocolate has been obtained, it can be used to seed fresh batches of untempered chocolate. The usual procedure is to have a large bowl of liquid chocolate available and, as the tempered chocolate is used, it is replaced by the liquid untempered variety. This is how chocolate is tempered for large
scale use in a factory"
8. The process of hand whisking against the copper creates a reaction with the egg whites and sugar resulting in a denser meringue with increased volume.
9.B Baked Alaska, also known as 'Glace au Four'.
10. Creme Chantilly. Any fresh cream, whipped, sweetened and usually flavoured is known as Chantilly;
vanilla is the most recognised.


text:
Embroidery is the art or handicraft of decorating fabric or other materials with designs stitched in strands of thread or yarn using a needle.
Embroidery designs are stitched with an automated embroidery machine. These designs are "digitized" with Embroidery Software. They can have different types of " fills" which add texture and design to the embroidery. Almost all basic types of embroidery can be created with Machine Embroidery. These include: Applique, Free Standing Lace, Cutwork, Cross-stitch, Photo Stitch, and Basic Embroidery. Most often this type of embroidery is associated with business shirts, gifts, team apparel and commercial use.
Due to color variations between computers, colors represented here are only intended as rough interpretations of the actual colors.


text:
. For example, Vraja Kishor states:
"The ascendant is by nature tropical, and is the very foundation of a natal horoscope. That the thing upon which the entire horoscope revolves is intrinsically tropical is surely a profound point for consideration."
We agree that one should consider the implications of this method for calculating the lagna, but not for the same reason as Vraja Kishor. Rather, by careful consideration of the terminology used, one will see that actually it is the sidereal longitudes of planets that are to be used in a horoscope, not the tropical.
It is clear from the astronomical texts that the lagna is to be calculated by using the sayana (tropical) longitude of the sun. There is no confusion about this. The lagna thus calculated is, however, properly called the "sayana lagna. " This can be seen from the Bengali translation of Surya-siddhanta given by Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura. In the translation to 3.47, which is the final verse in a series that describes the calculation of the lagna, he parenthetically includes the word 'sayana' before 'vlagna' to clarify what is being referred to.
So, by Surya-siddhanta we calculate the longitude of the sayana lagna. Considering that the term 'sayana' means ' with ayana', it follows that the sayana lagna is equal to 'lagna with ayanamsa' or 'lagna plus ayanamsa'. A natural consequence of this is that the longitude of the lagna (alone and without addition of anything) is equal to the sayana lagna minus the ayanamsa. [ie. lagna = (lagna + ayanamsa) - ayanamsa] Thus, the Sanskrit terminology actually makes it clear that the ayanamsa needs to be deducted so as to arrive at the lagna that is used along with the sidereal planetary longitudes that were calculated in the previous chapters.
These terminological subtleties are usually missed by the casual reader of sastra; partly due to the incorrect approach that they take and partly due to the esoteric presentation of the texts themselves. However, both of these causes for misunderstanding can be eradicated by studying under the guidance of a bona fide teacher. Indeed, this is the prescribed manner in which the sastra is to be approached. Thus, for those who neglect the teachings of previous authorities, the verses of the Vedic scriptures are impenetrable. For this reason, we must follow our revered preceptors in order to understand what is actually being given.
This is nicely illustrated by Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura's translation of Surya-siddhanta 3.17 – 19. Therein, the process is described for calculating the corrected longitude of the sun from the shadow of the sundial. This is stated by our most esteemed translator as being the sayana longitude of the sun; which is natural as the size of the shadow on the sundial changes according to the sun's movement on the tropical zodiac. While this is straightforward, the potential misunderstanding arises in the final verse of this section, where a further process is described for finding the mean longitude of the sun from his corrected longitude. In this verse (3.19), the corrected longitude of the sun is simply referred to with the pronoun 'tat', meaning 'that'. Thus, it may appear to be referring to the very same sayana corrected longitude that was used in the first half of the sloka. However, Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura places the word 'nirayana' in parentheses to show that the measure being referred to is the corrected longitude of the sun without the addition of the ayanamsa.
Thus, after dealing with sayana longitude, the Surya-siddhanta again reverts to the use of nirayana longitude in the same verse, without any definite specification of this use within the verse itself. Without the guidance of a learned teacher, this reversion is easily missed. Thus, we should conclude that when the Surya siddhanta is studied under the authority of one who actually knows the subject matter, then all such topics are easily understood by the student. In contrast to this, it is due to a lack of proper training that the present trend towards incorrect conjectures is manifesting amongst today's astrologers.
Furthermore, within Vedic astrology, the sidereal zodiac is established as the fixed zodiac. Because it is considered fixed, it naturally follows that it is the basis upon which all measures of movement are considered. The tropical zodiac, on the other hand, is not fixed, and therefore, it is not the appropriate circle upon which to measure the longitude of planets. Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura in his Bengali translation of the Surya-siddhanta, 3.11, confirms the movable nature of the tropical zodiac. Therein, he states in connection with the calculation and measurement of the ayanamsa:
"By the degrees of difference the circle of the sun's declination has moved."
Thus, he has described that it is the kranti-vritta (the circle of the sun's declination) that moves. This kranti-vritta is the tropical zodiac. As such, the sidereal zodiac is fixed, and the tropical zodiac moves with respect to it. Being of changeable longitude itself, it is not appropriate to consider the tropical zodiac as the basis for measuring longitude. Therefore, it must be the sidereal zodiac alone that is employed as the circle of longitude for describing planetary movements and constructing horoscopes.
This fixed nature of the sidereal zodiac is also presented in the Srimad-Bhagavatam. For example, in 5.22.11, it is said:
"There are many stars located 200,000 yojanas [1,600,000 miles] above the moon. By the supreme will of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, they are fixed to the wheel of time, and thus they rotate with Mount Sumeru on their right, their motion being different from that of the sun. There are twenty-eight important stars, headed by Abhijit."
Herein, the nakshatras are described as being fixed to the wheel of time. The reason for their fixity is also given; it is the will of the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Thus, it is established by the Lord that the sidereal zodiac is a fixed measure of the wheel of time. Being the sole fixed measure of this movement, it is a natural consequence that they remain the reference point to which all other movements are made.
Like the other planets, the sun moves with respect to this wheel of time, as can be seen from Srimad-Bhagavatam, 5.22.2:
yatha kulala-cakrena bhramata saha bhramatam tad-asrayanam pipilikadinam gatir anyaiva pradesantaresv apy upalabhyamanatvad evam naksatra-rasibhir upalaksitena kala-cakrena dhruvam merum ca pradaksinena paridhavata saha paridhavamananam tad-asrayanam suryadinam grahanam gatir anyaiva naksatrantare rasy-antare copalabhyamanatvat.
"Sri Sukadeva Gosvami clearly answered: When a potter's wheel is moving and small ants located on that big wheel are moving with it, one can see that their motion is different from that of the wheel because they appear sometimes on one part of the wheel and sometimes on another. Similarly, the signs and constellations, with Sumeru and Dhruvaloka on their right, move with the wheel of time, and the antlike sun and other planets move with them. The sun and planets, however, are seen in different signs and constellations at different times. This indicates that their motion is different from that of the zodiac and the wheel of time itself."
Here, it is noteworthy that the rasis and nakshatras are described as moving with the wheel of time. As we saw above, it is the stars that are fixed to this wheel, and consequently moving with it. Therefore this verse indicates that the rasis and nakshatras are being defined in relation to the stars that are fixed to the wheel of time. Hence, in Srimad-Bhagavatam, a sidereal definition of the rasis is also given.
The sun, in his orbit, moves through these sidereal rasis in the course of a year. Thus, a year of the sun is being defined with respect to the fixed, sidereal zodiac. Additionally, this verse states that the motion of the planets is different from that of the zodiac. As such, the zodiac being referred to cannot be based on the orbit of any of the planets, including that of the sun. It must therefore be the zodiac that is made of the stars; the sidereal zodiac. Considering these points, it is again evident that the sidereal zodiac is the fixed reference point from which measures of movement are considered, and this is the conclusion presented within the Srimad-Bhagavatam.
Furthermore, in 5.22.5, we find the following


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This post isn't about "tiled UVs" ("UDIM"), it's about multiple UV sets (layouts).
Polygon mesh models can have multiple UV sets. this becomes useful when the UV layout that is optimal for a certain texture isn't efficient for different texture (in the same material).
For example, we might have a model of furniture, or clothing, in which the UV layout that is best for the fabric weave pattern, isn't the best for dirt and wear & tear, or stickers.
In such cases we can define different UV sets for the model, each suitable for a different texture.
In this example, having a separate UV Set for the logo texture allows placing it without affecting the checker texture that is displayed an all the surfaces:
To create multiple UV sets:
- In the UV editor view, from the UV Sets menu, select UV Set Editor to open the UV Set Editor:
- In the UV Set Editor, press the New button to create a new UV Set and double click it in the list to rename it:
- Close the UV Sets Editor.
The UV Editor view now displays the new UV Set that is empty, and UV creation and editing operations will now affect the new UV Set.
- To switch to edit a different UV Set, select it from the list at the bottom of the UV Sets menu:
To link a texture to a specific UV Set:
- Make sure the texture is connected to the material set for the model.
- Select the model.
- Open Windows > Relationship Editors > UV Linking > Texture-Centric:
- Select the wanted texture from the material texture list on the left and select the wanted UV Set from the models UV Sets list on the right:
Basic UV Unwrapping
More posts about Maya
By default, the view-ports Camera view in Blender displays the view from the camera that is set as the scene's Active Camera.
If you split the view and in the new view select a different camera and set it as the Active Camera, the view in other view-ports set to camera view will update to display the new Active camera.
In short, by default, it seems you can't assign different camera views to different view-ports..
But you can…
You just have to unlock the wanted view-port from the scene's Active Camera by de-activating this button:
When the Use the scene's Active Camera and layers in this view button is de-activated, your allowed to set an Active Camera for the specific view-port without changing the scene's Active Camera setting, therefore not affecting other view-ports displaying the camera view.
Use the Select Pattern tool to select multiple objects with name similarities.
- In the 3D View in Object mode choose Select > Select Pattern…
- In the Select Pattern dialog, type a part of a name with an Asterisk to define wild cards.
For example *car* will select all objects who's names contain the string 'car',
And car* will select all objects who's names begin with the string 'car'.
To remove all the selected objects from all Groups:
Press Shift + Ctrl + Alt + G
1) Select multiple objects
2) Alt + Click wanted parameter and change it
1) Select multiple objects
2) Set the wanted parameter
3) right click parameter and choose 'Copy To Selected'
* Do the same for grouped parameters like vectors using 'Copy All To Selected'