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I have heard the term "orthogonal * validation" used recently. It was used in the context of experimental platform testing. What does this mean? I cannot find anything on it in literature or Wikipedia.
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Could you provide a reference to what you heard or elaborate on the context a little? – whuber Jun 17 '12 at 13:26
I believe it was in the context of microarray platform comparison or analytical tool comparison. – user1447630 Jun 17 '12 at 18:09
Google searching reveals that "orthogonal validation" in an experimental context can mean different things in different fields. "Orthogonal" is often applied loosely to anything that metaphorically can be thought of as "at right angles." The metaphor extends to statistics (uncorrelated variables are at "right angles" to each other), design of experiments (orthogonal designs and polynomials), and to physical realms with orthogonal arrays of cells (in proteomics) and orthogonal plowing patterns (in agriculture). The technical meanings differ radically, which is why some context is crucial. – whuber Jun 18 '12 at 14:32
4 Answers 4
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Basically, it would seem that people use orthogonal as a synonym for independent. So, for orthogonal validation read independent validation The validity of equating orthogonality with independence is discussed here such that "if X and Y are independent then they are Orthogonal" but "the converse is not true".
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That seems to correspond with what I heard. It's not immediately obvious that independence and orthoganality are interchangeable. – user1447630 Jun 17 '12 at 18:29
The converse is true when the variables are jointly normally distributed. Speaking of variables, it's not totally clear to me what's orthogonal to what in this context but that may just be because I'm not familiar with the application. – Macro Jun 17 '12 at 18:34
_USER_ presumably the different methods of validating some experimental platform are orthogonal? That's how I interpret it anyway. Perhaps OP can confirm. – user1202664 Jun 17 '12 at 18:37
_USER_ The answer you checked is wrong. Orthogonality in statistics has nothing to do with orthogonal validation. Check the links out that I gave you for the correct description. A few are abstracts that don't give complete nswers but others do. Also the statistical term orthogonal is not the same as independent. It means that variables are uncorrelated and uncorrelated does not always mean indpendent. – Michael Chernick Jun 17 '12 at 18:41
_USER_, then can you solve the mystery and tell us all what it is? I'm still not sure, even after looking at both of the answers here. – Macro Jun 17 '12 at 18:47
An orthogonal method is an additional method that provides very different selectivity to the primary method. The orthogonal method can be used to evaluate the primary method. For example, two methods can be used to investigate protein aggregation 1) size-exclusion chromatograph or an orthogonal method such as 2) analytical ultracentrifugation. Both methods are independent approaches that can answer a question such as "is my protein aggregated?"
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Orthogonal means independent in loose sense. It sounds different in different contexts and technical fields. like in signal processing orthogonal signals means the signals with zero correlation.
But in the contest of testing (validation and verification of embedded software or hardware), preparing and testing more than one functionality at the same time which are independent. say for example we have a system with 3 subsystems in it with set of inputs a1,a2 for subsystem A and out put A1, b1,b2,b3 as inputs to subsystem B with outputs B1 and B2, and c1,c2,and B2 as inputs to Subsystem C with output C1. In this case subsystem A and B are independent and C is dependent on the output of Subsystem B. So, we can test the functionality of the Subsystem A and B in parallel that will save time instead of testing functionality of the subsystem A and then B. Here part of the subsystem C also be tested with the same test sequence done for the B. So very rational part of the subsystem C is has to be tested. With clear understanding of the functionality of the subsystem C, we can test the entire system with minimal number of test cases this is called orthogonal testing in general.
In-case of hardware IO calibration, It is more quite easy, instead of testing the hardware IO's one by one, we can calibrate the independent IOs at the same time. for example if an ECU has 20 sensor inputs, if there is no dependency among these IOs, then all can be calibrated with a single test ( test duration might be different, but sure it will save 90 to 98 of total time required to calibrate independently)
From my understanding this is more efficient for unit testing, system testing with more independent subsystems/functions. As the number of dependent functions in the system increases then the efficiency of time spent to create orthogonal arrays increases than the robustness testing.
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This "orthogonal" word is rather fashionable part of slang in recent EMA/FDA guidelines. Literary means that something crossed at right angle, so more intuitively understood substitute is "cross-over methodology" i.e. two essentially different methods used to measure the same value ("crossing-point"), so the measurement is reliable. Latin rules again :-)
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Trajectories of Change in Youth Anxiety During Cognitive-Behavior Therapy.
Objective: To evaluate changes in the trajectory of youth anxiety following the introduction of specific cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) components: relaxation training, cognitive restructuring, and exposure tasks.
Method: Four hundred eighty-eight youths ages 7-17 years (50% female; 74% ≤ 12 years) were randomly assigned to receive either CBT, sertraline (SRT), their combination (COMB), or pill placebo (PBO) as part of their participation in the Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Study (CAMS). Youths in the CBT conditions were evaluated weekly by therapists using the Clinical Global Impression Scale-Severity (CGI-S; Guy, 1976) and the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS; Shaffer et al., 1983) and every 4 weeks by blind independent evaluators (IEs) using the Pediatric Anxiety Ratings Scale (PARS; RUPP Anxiety Study Group, 2002). Youths in SRT and PBO were included as controls.
Results: Longitudinal discontinuity analyses indicated that the introduction of both cognitive restructuring (e.g., changing self-talk) and exposure tasks significantly accelerated the rate of progress on measures of symptom severity and global functioning moving forward in treatment; the introduction of relaxation training had limited impact. Counter to expectations, no strategy altered the rate of progress in the specific domain of anxiety that it was intended to target (i.e., somatic symptoms, anxious self-talk, avoidance behavior).
Conclusions: Findings support CBT theory and suggest that cognitive restructuring and exposure tasks each make substantial contributions to improvement in youth anxiety. Implications for future research are discussed.
Journal of consulting and clinical psychology
Peris, Tara S; Compton, Scott N; Kendall, Philip C; Birmaher, Boris; Sherrill, Joel; March, John; Gosch, Elizabeth; Ginsburg, Golda; Rynn, Moira; McCracken, James T; Keeton, Courtney P; Sakolsky, Dara; Suveg, Cynthia; Aschenbrand, Sasha; Almirall, Daniel; Iyengar, Satish; Walkup, John T; Albano, Anne Marie; and Piacentini, John, "Trajectories of Change in Youth Anxiety During Cognitive-Behavior Therapy." (2014). PCOM Scholarly Papers. 274.
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text:
Definition of quarter binding in English:
A type of bookbinding in which the spine is bound in one material (usually leather) and the rest of the cover in another: useful for siding quarter bindings and half bindings are many patterns of lining paper
More example sentences
- The process of quarter binding a book is more akin to paperback binding than traditional case binding.
- This printing features the light grey quarter leather binding, with gilded labyrinth design by Jeff Clements.
- They would not have had a dust jacket but would be bound in leather or clothe in styles known as full binding, half binding or quarter binding.
- Example sentences
- These copies are quarter bound in leather with a gilt spine and housed in a slip-case.
- The book is quarter-bound in red with grey board that has stamped into it in red and gold foil Tolkien's Ring and Eye of Sauron symbol.
- It was quarter-bound in a traditional style: a cream canvas spine with a leather spine-label and grey paper-covered sides.
Definition of quarter binding in:
- US English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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Meaning of DEMONSTRATE
|Pronunciation: || ||'demun'streyt|
| ||Definition:|| |
- [v] establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment; "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound"; "The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture"
- [v] provide evidence for; stand as proof of; show by one's behavior, attitude, or external attributes; "His high fever attested to his illness"; "The buildings in Rome manifest a high level of architectural sophistication"; "This decision demonstrates his sense of fairness"
- [v] show or demonstrate something to an interested audience; "She shows her dogs frequently"; "We will demo the new software in Washington"
- [v] march in protest; take part in a demonstration; "Thousands demonstrated against globalization during the meeting of the most powerful economic nations in Seattle"
DEMONSTRATE is a 11 letter word that starts with D.
| ||Synonyms:|| ||attest, certify, demo, establish, evidence, exhibit, manifest, march, present, prove, shew, show, show|
| ||Antonyms:|| ||confute, disprove|
| ||See Also:|| ||affirm, authenticate, bear witness, bring home, condemn, confirm, contradict, corroborate, dissent, negate, notarise, notarize, picket, protest, prove, prove oneself, reflect, resist, show, stultify, substantiate, support, sustain, testify|
|Webster's 1913 Dictionary|
| ||Definition:|| |
\Dem"on*strate\ (?; 277), v. t. [L. demonstratus, p.
p. of demonstrare to demonstrate; de- + monstrare to show.
1. To point out; to show; to exhibit; to make evident.
2. To show, or make evident, by reasoning or proof; to prove
by deduction; to establish so as to exclude the
possibility of doubt or denial.
We can not demonstrate these things so as to show
that the contrary often involves a contradiction.
3. (Anat.) To exhibit and explain (a dissection or other
| ||Related Terms:|| ||account for, adumbrate, advertise, affect, afford proof of, air, allegorize, approve, argue, ascertain, attest, audit, balance, balance the books, beef, bespeak, betoken, bitch, blazon forth, body forth, boggle, boycott, brandish, breathe, bring forth, bring forward, bring home to, bring into view, bring out, bring to notice, broaden the mind, call in question, call to mind, catechize, challenge, check, check out, cinch, cite, cite a particular, civilize, clarify, clear up, clinch, complain, connote, crack, cry out against, dangle, decipher, demonstrate against, demur, demythologize, denote, describe, determine, develop, direct, disclose, display, dispute, divulge, document, double-check, dramatize, edify, educate, elucidate, emblazon, embody, enact, enlighten, enter a protest, establish, euhemerize, evidence, evince, example, exemplify, exhibit, explain, explain away, explicate, expose, expose to view, exposit, expostulate, expound, express, figure, fix, flash, flaunt, flourish, follow, follow from, foreshadow, furnish evidence, give a for-instance, give indication of, give instruction, give lessons in, give reason for, give sign, give the meaning, give token, go to show, ground, guide, have a case, highlight, hold good, hold up, hold water, holler, howl, illuminate, illumine, illustrate, image, impersonate, imply, incarnate, indicate, inform, instance, instruct, inventory, involve, itemize, kick, make clear, make good, make out, make plain, manifest, march, mark, materialize, mean, mirror, nail down, name, object, open the eyes, overhaul, parade, particularize, perform, personate, personify, picket, point to, popularize, prefigure, present, press objections, pretypify, proclaim, produce, project, protest, prove, prove to be, prove true, put forth, put forward, quote, raise a howl, rally, rationalize, realize, reeducate, reflect, remonstrate, remove all doubt, represent, reveal, roll out, school, scruple, set, set at rest, set forth, set right, settle, settle the matter, shadow, shadow forth, sharpen the wits, shed light upon, show, show forth, show how, show signs of, show the way, signalize, signify, simplify, sit in, solve, speak for itself, speak volumes, spell out, sport, spotlight, squawk, state a grievance, strike, suggest, symptomatize, take stock, teach, teach a lesson, teach in, teach the rudiments, tell, tend to show, throw light upon, token, trot out, trumpet, trumpet forth, unfold, unlock, unravel, vaunt, verify, wave, yell bloody murder|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Chapter 4: Speech Sounds in the Mind
Each speech sound can be analyzed in terms of its phonetic features, the parts of the sound that can each be independently controlled by the articulators. We can represent the features of each sound using a feature matrix, or we can use a feature matrix to represent a class of sounds that have features in common.
1. Which feature distinguishes the segments [w] and [o]?
2. Which feature distinguishes the segments [p] and [f]?
3. Which feature distinguishes the segments [p] and [b]?
In our thinking about speech sounds so far, we've focused almost entirely on segments. Segments are the individual speech sounds, each of which gets transcribed with an individual symbol in the IPA. We've seen that any given segment can influence the segments that come before and after it, through coarticulation and other articulatory processes. And we've also seen that segments can be grouped together into syllables, which we look at in more detail in another unit. Within the grammar of any language, two different segments might contrast with each other or might not.
So we've been talking as if segments are the smallest unit in speech, but in fact, each speech segment is made up of smaller components called features. Each feature is an element of a sound that we can control independently. To see how features work, let's look at a couple of examples. We can describe the segment [b], for example, as being made up of this set of features. First, [b] is a consonant (meaning it has some obstruction in the vocal tract), so it gets the feature consonant indicated with a plus sign to show that the consonant feature is present. Looking at the next feature, sonorant, notice that it's indicated with a minus sign, meaning that [b] is not a sonorant. The feature sonorant, of course, has to do with sonority. We know that stops have very low sonority because the vocal tract is completely closed for stops, so stops are all coded as [-sonorant]. The next feature, syllabic, tells us whether a given segment is the nucleus of a syllable or not. Remember that the most common segments that serve as the nucleus of a syllable are vowels, but stops certainly cannot be the nucleus, so /b/ gets labelled as [-syllabic]. These first three features, consonant, sonorant, and syllabic allow us to group all speech segments into the major classes of consonants, vowels, and glides. We'll see how in a couple of minutes.
This next set of features has to do with the manner of articulation. The feature continuant tells us how long a sound goes on. Stops are very short sounds; they last for only a brief moment, so [b] gets a minus sign for continuant. We also know that [b] is not made by passing air through the nasal cavity, so it also gets a minus sign for the feature nasal. And [b] is a voiced sound, made with vocal folds vibrating, so it is [+voice].
The last feature we list for [b] is [LABIAL] because it's made with the lips. (Stay tuned for an explanation of why some features are listed in lower-case and some in upper-case.)
This whole list of features is called a feature matrix; it's the list of the individual features that describe the segment [b], in quite a lot of detail! Because features are at the phonetic level of representation, we use square brackets when we list them. You often see a feature matrix listed with a large pair of square brackets, like this, but we'll just use individual square brackets on each feature.
Now I want you to notice something. If we take this whole feature matrix and change the value of just one feature, changing the feature voice from plus to minus, now we're describing a different segment, [p]: [p] has every feature in common with [b] except for voicing. Likewise, if we take the feature matrix for [b] and change the value of the feature continuant from minus to plus, now we're describing the segment [v], which has all the same features as [b] except that it can continue for a long time because it's a fricative. Or if we take the feature matrix for [b] and change the feature nasal from minus to plus, this has the effect of also changing the sonorant feature to plus as well, because circulating air through the nasal cavity adds sonority. Now, this feature matrix describes the properties of the segment [m].
So each feature is something that we can control independently of the others with our articulators. And changing just one feature is enough to change the properties of a segment. That change might lead to a phonemic contrast within the mental grammar of a language, or it might just result in an allophone of the same phoneme.
It turns out that segments that have a lot of features in common tend to behave the same way within the mental grammar of a language. And we can use these features to group segments into natural classes that capture some of these similarities in their behaviour.
Let's look again at the feature matrix for /b/. If we take away the feature that describes its place of articulation, we end up with a smaller list of features. This smaller list describes not just a single segment, but a class of segments: all the voiced stops. By not mentioning the place feature, we've allowed this matrix to include segments from any place of articulation, as long as they share all these other features. These three segments have all these features in common: they're a natural class. If we remove another feature, the voicing feature, the natural class gets bigger: now we've got a feature matrix that describes all the stops in English, including those that are [+voice] and those that are [-voice]. So you can see that this system of features is very powerful for describing classes of segments that have things in common. We'll learn more about natural classes in the next unit.


have additional legal requirements that need to be considered.
Reciprocal - Establishes the exchange of fire protection services on a non-reimbursable basis, when one of the organizations is in a position to furnish resources to another. This exchange is roughly an equal exchange of resources and usually limited to a 24-hour time period. Reciprocal exchange is probably the most often used type of fire protection assistance.
Offset - Arranged by an equal exchange of services, typically determined by workload and not acres. There is generally no exchange of funds in offset protection assistance. Experience has shown that local offset arrangements work best because partners are in the position to define what is equitable and make alterations when needed. Once instituted, offset exchanges may be difficult to modify at a later date. This should be considered before entering into offset protection services.
Reimbursable - Provides payment for personnel and equipment at an agreed rate by the requesting agency. It is called reimbursable protection assistance. Generally, the reimbursement rates are agreed upon and documented annually.
Fee basis or contracted - Provides protection on fee basis. That is, the fire protection for one agency is assumed by another, and payment is provided for the contracted services.
Partners often agree to more than one form of protection assistance. Moreover, assistance can be employed back-to-back, such as reciprocal assistance followed by reimbursable assistance. Depending on the particular needs of a community or agency, the various protection assistance methods offer a variety of approaches to securing needed resources and providing coordinated responses. Besides direct protection and suppression, there are many other ways that fire agencies and organizations can cooperate. Regardless of type, developing cooperative fire agreements requires a systematic approach to planning.
Coordinated efforts will result in improved fire protection capability and reduced losses.
5. Document and Implement the Plan
Document and implement a formal agreement each partner signs. Most agencies have specific guidelines and processes for signing and developing cooperative relationships, sometimes including a formal legal review. Staff specialists can assist in writing and reviewing the documents. Generally, draft versions are shared with partners prior to the final edition.
Written cooperative fire prevention agreements exist between most federal agencies and most federal and state forestry organizations. They can be found in Mobilization Guides and in individual agency manual directives. Higher level written cooperative agreements are the enabling documents for lower level agreements for the same participating agencies. Written agreements may also document plans, requirements, and/or decisions for specific projects or purposes (e.g., interagency prescribed burn projects, arson task forces, use of state National Guard resources in wildfire emergencies).
It is important to ensure that each cooperator understands the role and responsibility before them. Individual agency missions and capabilities must be honored and incorporated in the documentation. Whether your agency and the other partners have planned for reciprocal, offset, reimbursable, or a fee-based protection service, each should be fully prepared to follow through with agreed upon methods.
There are two sub-agreements that are connected to so-called "master" cooperative fire protection agreements. They are annual operating plans and supplemental cost-share agreements. They add both timeand situation-sensitive details to cooperative fire protection agreements which tend to be multi-year documents.
Interrelated types of fire protection agreements include:
A. Cooperative Fire Protection Agreement
B. Annual Operating Plan
C. Supplemental or Cost-Share Agreements
D. Compact Agreements
Annual Operating Plans
Many protection agreements require the development of annual operating plans. These are important because they provide procedural details to implement the agreement in time of need.
Annual operating plans outline specific procedures between parties at each local geographic area implementing a master cooperative fire protection agreement. They often include how information will be transferred and processed, specific billing procedures, dispatch coordination, reciprocal and/or offset exchange zones (if used), fire resource directories, and other important logistical information.
6. Evaluate and Revise the Plan
Cooperative fire protection agreements and operating plans should be reviewed annually. The purpose of the review is to evaluate the currency of the document and the level of commitment in terms of resources and procedures that were agreed upon. Annual reviews and subsequent revisions help to ensure that the plan will meet your needs in the next fire season. Amendments may be made at any time during the life of an agreement. Once an agreement has expired, a new agreement must be executed.
Every annual operating plan will need some adjustment, particularly in its early stages. Often, joint training sessions and exercises help to test the plan before fire season. In this way, procedural problems can be worked out prior to an emergency.
When fire season arrives, efforts will be realized. The meetings, the discussions, the training - all will result in more effective and efficient operations, working together rather than separately. Following each project in the plan that was activated, hold debriefings with the other partners to make adjustments before the next activity.
Like other tools, working cooperatively with others can also improve the effectiveness and efficiency
of interagency fire prevention.
Corporate of Foundation Partnerships For Communicating Fire Messages
Businesses and others in the private sector can be an excellent partner for your fire communication program. It's important to be aware of how the potential partner's needs fit into your program. All agencies have guidelines for working with partners. Before formalizing an agreement, be certain to ask the following questions:
- Budget - What, if any, will be the necessary expenditures from the agency? What event, activity, or materials can the partner offer to underwrite?
- Legal Guidelines - How will the partnership stay within the guidelines of the agency's directives about partners? How do we keep both the partner and the agency on a sound footing?
- Audience - Who will receive the educational program? Where do they live? How old are they? Does this program target a priority fire prevention focus in our area?
- Influence - What are we trying to influence our audience to do?
- Appeal - How can our prevention program appeal to our audience to convince them to take the steps suggested to prevent damaging fires and promote healthy landscapes?
- Benefit - Does the partnership benefit both the agency and the partner?
- Sustainability - Is the program sustainable? Can we follow through with our plans in a timely way? Are we promising things we can't deliver? Are we being as helpful to our partner as possible? Can we solve the problems that may occur?
- Evaluation - How can we best monitor and evaluate our partnership? If some aspect isn't working, how can we redesign our plans?
- Recognition - How can we best acknowledge our partners contributions?
The process of forming a corporate partnership is similar to a cooperative fire protection agreement, with some modification.
1. Identify your objectives.
Objectives can include the messages to communicate, the audiences to reach, and the end results to achieve. Having identified clear and specific objectives, it will be much easier to determine which companies to approach and what activities to implement. Measurable objectives can help evaluate the success of a cooperative program at the end of the year.
2. Identify target companies.
Develop a list of 10 to 20 companies in the area to contact. These companies may include local supermarkets, real estate offices, accounting firms, utility companies, banks - virtually anyone, because wildfires can have an impact on the employees or customers of all companies. Some of the companies that are contacted may be a division or branch of a larger national company. This should not be a barrier because most branches have monies set aside for local public service. Do use some caution when choosing partner companies. Any company that promotes the message will - in the eyes of the homeowners - be a reflection of the agency. In other words, make sure that the company has the right image for the agency. And remember, it's important to make sure there is a "fit" between the message communicated and the company chosen. For instance, if the objective is to reach vacationers with fire safe tips, contact camping supply stores for their support.
If there is difficulty in identifying a list of companies, the local chamber of commerce may have insight into the most active and concerned corporate citizens. Please be sure to contact them. They are an excellent resource to have.
3. Identify specific program ideas for each company.
Once the list of companies has been selected, develop an accompanying list of program ideas for each. Try to be as specific as possible to help the company visualize what is needed. It may also help to make a drawing of the proposed artwork or design to help bring the idea to life; a company will never commit funds to a cause without knowing exactly how the monies will be used. Keep in mind that most companies work with a six-month to one year lead time. If seeking financial assistance, it is imperative that contact is made with companies early (at least six to eighth months in advance of your anticipated start date) before monies are committed elsewhere. It is important to develop ideas that are appropriate to a given company.
For example:
A supermarket may be willing to tell its grocery bag manufacturer to print a supply of bags with fire prevention, education, and mitigation messages.
A real estate office might be interested in distributing a WUI homeowner tip sheet to all new home buyers.
Utility companies may be able to create educational inserts for billing statements.
Fast food restaurants could develop fire education placemats.
Camping stores could distribute campfire safety information to all customers.
Other general program ideas include:
Sponsoring fire prevention billboards.
Producing radio/television commercials and PSAs.
Education/prevention/mitigation messages on products (such as milk cartons).
Underwriting the cost of brochures to be delivered to every doorstep in the community.
Local shopping mall exhibit.
Newspaper advertisements.
In-store fire prevention and education displays (commonly called "point-of-purchase" displays) that can include: shelf containers for brochures; banners that can be hung from ceilings to call attention to the availability of fire materials in the store, bank, etc.; large cardboard displays


text:
Fighting doesn't get you there!
Come and try other ways to have power and influence.
Lisbon - March 14 and 15, 2012
Objectives of the program
Our influencing capacity is crucial when communicating with others and leading effectively.
Influencing skills make a difference when we want to:
- Mobilize resources to get things done;
- Influence others without the use of positional authority;
- Manage and motivate "difficult" or non-performing employees;
- Lead others through rapid change and uncertainty;
- Improve cross-functional, supplier and client relationships;
- Become more effective team members/ team leaders.
360º Assessment with ISQ - Influence Styles Questionnaire - Prior to the program, participants take an 360º evaluation of their Influence Styles. The results will be worked in the workshop.
- The Situational Influence Model, the behaviors associated with each style and how they are use
- The 5 influence styles and their use:
- Action plan for critical influence situations in daily life
- Influence situations training
- Identifying ways to practice and implement the new influence capabilities
Workshop (2 days):
- Lisbon: 950€ (+VAT)
- Luanda: 1250€
Includes 360º ISQ assessment, documentation, lunches and coffee-breaks.


text:
The airway epithelium develops into a tree-like structure via branching morphogenesis. Here, we show a critical role for localized differentiation of airway smooth muscle during epithelial bifurcation in the embryonic mouse lung. We found that during terminal bifurcation, changes in the geometry of nascent buds coincided with patterned smooth muscle differentiation. Evaluating spatiotemporal dynamics of α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) in reporter mice revealed that αSMA-expressing cells appear at the basal surface of the future epithelial cleft prior to bifurcation and then increase in density as they wrap around the bifurcating bud. Disrupting this stereotyped pattern of smooth muscle differentiation prevents terminal bifurcation. Our results reveal stereotyped differentiation of airway smooth muscle adjacent to nascent epithelial buds and suggest that localized smooth muscle wrapping at the cleft site is required for terminal bifurcation during airway branching morphogenesis.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Molecular Biology
- Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all)
- Developmental Biology
- Cell Biology


text:
is so much more significant than the differences that divide us.
The Easter message is to supersize your character and not your possessions. Supersize your compassion, not your religious purity. Supersize what comes out of your mouth, rather than what goes into your mouth. Supersize your inner strength rather than your outer physique. Supersize your optimism and love for all people, rather than bitterness and negativity. Supersize your inner world and then you will always have enough and you will see resurrection everywhere.
Easter light in me honors supersized optimism in you. Happy Easter and Namaste.
For Further ReflectionHow important are the historical details of the Easter story?
Is resurrection a meaningful metaphor, even without a literal, physical resurrection of Jesus?
What do you see as the values of Jesus' life?
What does Easter mean to you?


Paint thinners
Put used paint thinner in a metal can or a glass jar with a tight-fitting lid. Label the lid as a hazardous waste. Wait for the sediments to settle to the bottom, this might take several days to weeks. Carefully pour the clear thinner in another container for reusing.
The container with the solid sediments should be disposed of as hazardous waste. Bring it to your hazardous waste disposal facility, follow a curbside hazardous waste collection, or have a professional do it for you. The same process applies for stale, unusable thinner that needs to be disposed of.
Like paints, do not discharge paint thinners and its residuals down the drain.
Aerosol cans
For safety, it's best to use every bit of paint to the point that there's no more pressurized air coming out of the can when you press the nozzle. Completely empty cans with no pressure can be thrown as regular trash.
Partially full or completely full aerosol cans should be treated and discarded as hazardous waste and, as thus, are subject to local, state, or federal regulations.
Do not puncture aerosol cans or subject them to heat even when completely empty. Doing either may cause the can to explode violently, which can cause serious injuries.
2021 Hazardous Waste Regulations
The RCRA contains the regulations that cover hazardous wastes including paints. The EPA enacts and enforces these regulations through its state departments. Local government agencies such as departments of public sanitation, public health, and safety use RCRA rules (or base their own rules on RCRA regulations) to regulate hazardous wastes.
Water-based paints are usually not covered under RCRA regulation because they are considered non-flammable. However, both oil and water based paints contain metallic pigments, metals, fortifiers, and additives. These compounds are considered hazardous wastes when disposed of.
In addition, aerosol cans are regulated as hazardous waste when disposed of due to the oil-based paints, chemical blends, and propellants inside the canister.
The specific regulations for paint hazardous waste disposal and classification are too expensive to be adequately covered in this article. For specifics, check out Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
The world uses paint every day. It's a useful commodity that brightens and protects our homes and cities. However, they do contain chemicals that could pose a hazard to the environment and a detriment to human health. As such, we should use them responsibly, from acquisition to disposal.
Solid Waste Management Guide
What Is Solid Waste?
When you throw away your trash, you are actually throwing what is formally called municipal solid waste (MSW). Solid waste refers to a wide range of waste material consisting of useless or unwanted items that the public uses daily. Such waste is often produced from residences as well as commercial, industrial, agricultural, medical, and radioactive sources.
Solid waste materials that are regulated by the US federal Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) are classified as solid waste. Note that only waste materials that meet the strict definitions of solid waste under RCRA are defined as such. The EPA also develops regulations that delineate which kinds of solid wastes are classified as non-hazardous and hazardous.
It is important for public agencies and private businesses that are assigned or desire to delve into solid waste management to understand these definitions. The same holds true for generators of such wastes. Such understanding is a crucial initial step in waste management programs; it helps all entities properly determine if the wastes they generate or process are non-hazardous or regulated hazardous materials.
Being home of two industrialized countries, North America produces the highest average amount of waste per capita at 4.6 pounds daily. In fact, in 2016, the continent generated over 289 million tons. However, North America has a universal waste collection at 99.7%. This means that all states, cities, and counties have some sort of solid waste management program.
Roughly 55% of the waste in North America is made of recyclable materials such as plastic, metal, glass, cardboard, and paper. The rest goes to sanitary landfills. Even then, 1/3rd of landfill wastes are recycled at some point.
No matter the content, origin, or hazard potential, solid waste should be properly managed. Otherwise, it would negatively affect the environment and threaten public health. Solid waste management should be included into a region's environmental planning.
Objectives of Solid Waste Management
Solid waste is churned out daily in tons. These wastes must go somewhere. But without proper management of waste disposal, the accumulation of improperly discarded or processed waste will pollute our environment and pose a public health hazard.
Thus, each local government must have a sound solid waste management plan. The aim is to lessen or even eliminate adverse impacts of generated waste material on public health and the environment. Such programs should also support economic development and encourage a better quality of life for everyone in society.
Solid waste management must also be conceptualized, planned, designed, and implemented in the most efficient manner possible. This is to keep the cost of processing and disposing wastes low and prevent the buildup of waste material. After all, landfills are finite.
Solid Waste Characteristics
RCRA defines "solid waste" as any garbage or refuse material resulting from common community activities of households, commercial establishments, industrial facilities, agricultural operations, and so on. Note that this definition is not constricted to materials that are physically solid. It also includes semi-solid, liquid, or gaseous waste materials.
According to the EPA RCRA, solid waste is an item or material that is disposed by being:
Materials that do not meet these criteria are not considered solid wastes. As such, they are not subject to RCRA regulations. As regulations change and as new materials are invented and introduced to the public, the waste composition changes. Solid waste can include the following:
The variety of solid wastes also vary from one country to another. For example, solid wastes in the US are often lighter in weight and volume than European or Japanese material. Around 40% of American-generated solid waste is composed of paper and cardboard products while food wastes comprise about 10%. The rest are a smorgasbord of wood, glass, plastic, metal, cloth, trimmings, and other items.
The characteristics of common solid wastes in each area must be carefully analyzed prior to establishing a waste management system. They must be thoroughly studied before any transfer station, landfill, incinerator plant, treatment facility, or recycling facility can be designed or constructed.
Solid Waste Collection
An important part of solid waste management is collecting them from the sources. And it doesn't stop on collection. Wastes should then be properly transported to a transfer station, processing facility, incinerator plant, or landfill.
Proper collection is vital for protecting public health, maintaining safety, and preserving environmental quality. The task is labor-intensive and accounts around 3/4 of the total cost of solid waste management in a given area. In most cases, the local government unit assigns public employees to do the task. However, there are also private companies that do the task, whether under contract to the local government or paid by individual households, homeowner associations, business establishments, or other facilities.
Trucks that store collected solid wastes are fully enclosed and have a built-in compactor. Each truck has a capacity of 30 to 40 cubic meters of compacted trash although there are bigger trucks as well.
Another challenging task for the government is scheduling and plotting out a collection route. The route must be optimized for efficient use of labor, equipment, personnel, and fuel. Service type, distance, population density, and even climate are just some of the variables needed to analyze in planning out a route and schedule. Advanced computers and algorithms are utilized to accomplish such end.
In most cases, there are designated collection points in the city. Usually, residents and personnel in business establishments can put their garbage in large trash chutes where they are later collected. Some have designated areas on the curbside rather than chutes.
Collecting solid waste also revolves around a schedule. In large cities, collection is usually daily. In suburban or sparsely populated communities, collection is around once or twice a week. In addition, there are also scheduled collections for certain types of wastes. For example, collection of regulated hazardous wastes and burned out fluorescent lamps may be scheduled one a month.
Finally, some places have drop-off centers where people can drop off their recyclables.
Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal
Solid waste treatment often begins at the footsteps of the waste generator. Many local government units have ordinances that require generators to first segregate their wastes. In addition, generators are encouraged to reduce the production of waste materials through recycling, repurposing, or composting.
Once collected, the waste materials may first be transported to a transfer station. This is a facility where waste materials gathered by several collection vehicles are dumped and stored. From here, waste materials are transferred to larger, open-topped trucks that transport the waste to incinerator plants, recycling facilities, or landfills.
Depending on the municipality's regulations, solid waste may need to be treated and processed before final disposal. These processes may occur at the transfer station, recovery facility, recycling plant, or incinerator. Treatments and processes may include:
WTE systems are more expensive to build and maintain than normal incinerators. It also requires special equipment and trained personnel to operate the facility. But the cons outweigh the positives brought about by WTE facilities. In fact, 80% of municipal waste incinerators in the US are WTE facilities.
The leftover materials from these processes are then sent to the landfill for final disposal.
Solid Waste Regulation
In


text:
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]چکیده [English]
This research follows two aims in case of the Iranian economy. First, study of the presence of inflation persistency, and second, looking for an optimal monetary policy rule. Results show that inflation in the economy of Iran is persistent, in which, short-term and long-term effects of monetary policy should be considered. For this purpose, a loss function for the central bank with arguments of inflation, output gap and the money supply growth, subject to the demand and Phillips curves, is minimized.
The importance of this issue is that by expansionary monetary policy, the economic growth in the short-term can be increased with high inflation bias. On the other hand, by contraction monetary policy, benefits gained in the form of inflation reduction at the cost of lower short-term growth. Therefore, balancing among costs and benefits of inflation targeting policy with regard to the output stability is crucial, as it is optimal for the central bank to allow for a high degree of policy gradualism or money supply smoothing.
JEL Classificat?on: E31, E32, E52, E58


text:
Nov. 2, 2009 Individuals who consume a diet high in sodium or artificially sweetened drinks are more likely to experience a decline in kidney function, according to two papers being presented at the American Society of Nephrology's annual meeting in San Diego, California.
Julie Lin MD, MPH, FASN and Gary Curhan, MD, ScD, FASN of Brigham and Women's Hospital studied more than 3,000 women participating in the Nurses' Health Study to identify the impact of sodium and sweetened drinks on kidney function.
"There are currently limited data on the role of diet in kidney disease," said Dr. Lin. "While more study is needed, our research suggests that higher sodium and artificially sweetened soda intake are associated with greater rate of decline in kidney function."
The first study, "Associations of Diet with Kidney Function Decline," examined the influence of individual dietary nutrients on kidney function decline over 11 years in more than 3,000 women participants of the Nurses' Health Study. The authors found that "in women with well-preserved kidney function, higher dietary sodium intake was associated with greater kidney function decline, which is consistent with experimental animal data that high sodium intake promotes progressive kidney decline."
The second study, also conducted by Dr. Lin and Dr. Curhan, "Associations of Sweetened Beverages with Kidney Function Decline," examined the influence of sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverages on kidney function decline in the same group of Nurses' Health Study participants. An analysis of the nationally representative NHANES III participants had previously reported an association between sugar-sweetened soda and urinary protein, but data on kidney function change was not available. This investigation reported "a significant two-fold increased odds, between two or more servings per day of artificially sweetened soda and faster kidney function decline; no relation between sugar-sweetened beverages and kidney function decline was noted" said Dr. Lin. This association persisted even after the study authors accounted for age, caloric intake, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, cigarette smoking, physical activity, and cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms for kidney decline in the setting of high intake of artificial sweetenters have not been previously studied and deserve further investigation.
The study participants were older Caucasian women and the authors note that the findings may not be directly applicable to men or people of other ethnicities.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


text:
Minor Improvement in alphabet letter tracing
Start the day to wake up from bed by ringing the alarm clock and then help her to perform various early morning activities like brushing teeth, toilet, giving a bath, dressing up, breakfast, Studies like letter tracing, number tracing, Animal and fruits learning and much more.
- Start the day with refreshing morning activities
- Brushing teeth, toilet, bath, dress-up, breakfast activities
- Baby studies like alphabet letter tracing, number tracing, Animal and fruits learning
- Eye-catching design
- Extraordinary graphics
- Baby brush teeth activities
- Baby toilet activities
- Baby bath activities
- Baby DressUp activities
- Baby Breakfast Activities
- Baby Learning Activities
- Baby Back to School Activities
Play and Enjoy this new concept of baby day care activities game and share it with your best friends.
- June 16, 2019 Initial release
- September 24, 2019 New version 1.2
- November 18, 2019 Price increase: FREE! -> $0.99
- November 26, 2019 Price decrease: $0.99 -> FREE!
- January 21, 2020 Price increase: FREE! -> $4.99
- January 28, 2020 Price decrease: $4.99 -> FREE!


text:
Carbon dots (CDs) have been intensively studied since their discovery in 2004 because of their unique properties such as low toxicity, excellent biocompatibility, high photoluminescence (PL) and good water dispersibility. In this study metformin derived carbon dots (Met-CDs) were synthesized using a microwave assisted method. Met-CDs were meticulously characterized using ultra-violet spectroscopy (UV–vis), photoluminescence (PL), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force (AFM) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopies. According to results of cytotoxicity studies, Met-CDs possess low-toxicity and excellent biocompatibility towards both non-tumor and tumor cell lines indicating that Met-CDs are outstanding candidates for living cell bioimaging studies. Furthermore, bioimaging studies have displayed that Met-CDs can penetrate the cell membrane and disperse throughout the cell structure including the nucleus and mitochondria. More specifically, Met-CDs tend to start localizing selectively inside the mitochondria of cancer cells, but not of non-tumor cells after 1 h of incubation. Finally, a zebrafish study confirmed that Met-CDs cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) without the need of any other ligands. In summary, this study presents synthesis of Met-CDs which feature abilities such as mitochondrial and nucleus localizations along with BBB penetration.
- BBB penetration
- Mitochondrial and nucleus targeting
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
- Surfaces, Coatings and Films
- Colloid and Surface Chemistry


text:
The Wimmera catchment comprises the Wimmera River and Millicent Coast basins. The Wimmera River is the region's largest waterway, rising on the north-western slopes of Mount Buangor in the south-east Wimmera and terminating in Lakes Hindmarsh and Albacutya in the northern Wimmera.
A large number of tributary streams drain into the river from sections of the Pyrenees and Grampians ranges. Under periods of higher flow, the Wimmera River feeds Dunmunkle and Yarriambiack creeks which flow north into the Mallee.
The Millicent Coast Basin in the west of the region contains most of the Wimmera's 3000 wetlands and a number of small streams that flow west into South Australia.
Why it is important to keep our rivers and streams healthy
It is important to keep Wimmera rivers and streams healthy because they provide:
Unfortunately, many Wimmera rivers, creeks and wetlands are under threat from reduced flows, sedimentation and erosion, invasion by pest plants and animals and declining water quality.
Gully and land erosion occurs extensively throughout the catchment, particularly in the upper Wimmera, and is contributing significant sediment to waterways. The associated decline in water quality is further exacerbated by grazing pressure on the bed and banks of waterways.
Changes in flow regimes and increasing sedimentation are leading to significant changes in aquatic vegetation growth and, combined with a history of snag removal, are having a significant impact on aquatic habitats.
How the CMA improves the health of Wimmera waterways
The Wimmera Waterway Health Strategy Summary (4.53 MB) is the guiding document for the long-term management of the region's waterways. The strategy sets out actions for improving the health of the region's rivers, creeks and wetlands and aims to achieve this through the following key methods and activities:
If you would like a copy of the full Wimmera Waterway Health Strategy document on CD, please contact the Wimmera CMA
Connecting the Catchments
Wimmera CMA is part of a cross-border partnership between Victorian and South Australian water resource management agencies called 'Connecting the Catchments'.


text:
For dragons to breath fire is certainly possible to have happened. Today fireflies produce light, eels produce electricity and the bombardier beetle can produce fire. The bombardier beetle has a canon near his rear end where he can blast his enemies with chemicals that are 212 degrees Fahrenheit: the temperature of boiling water. How does the beetle do that? This beetle has compartments where he stores fiery chemicals. When these chemicals unite they explode. If a tiny beetle can possess such a sophisticated mechanism in its rear, then a dinosaur or dragon could also have had a similar mechanism that would allow it to breathe fire to defend itself.
In fact, some of the dinosaurs have compartments in their heads that are connected to their nasal passages. The Tyrannosaurs Rex has a head the size of a car but his brain was the size of a baseball. The rest of his head was full of these compartments connected to his sinuses. If he had these special chemicals stored in these hollow compartments, it is possible that he could have been a fire breathing dragon.
In addition, legends of fire breathing dragons have circulated around the world for centuries and throughout history. They are depicted in artwork and literature. Almost all cultures have dragon legends despite having had no contact with each other.
Check out our Bible Answers page for more information on a variety of topics.
In His service,


text:
Sir Charles Bagot
Bagot, Sir Charles (băgˈət) [key], 1781–1843, British diplomat. As minister to the United States (1815–20) he negotiated the Rush-Bagot Convention, which limited armaments along the U.S.-Canadian border. As governor-general of Canada (1841–43), he was instructed by the British cabinet to resist Canadian demands for responsible government along the lines proposed by the earl of Durham. Bagot, however, allowed Robert Baldwin and Sir Louis LaFontaine to form a ministry on the basis of their parliamentary majority.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on Sir Charles Bagot from Infoplease:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: British and Irish History: Biographies


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The Guardians of Karma by Mohan Vizhakat
The Guardians of Karma (edition 2013)
by Mohan Vizhakat
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Title:The Guardians of Karma
Authors:Mohan Vizhakat
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Tags:Indian mythology, ancient civilizations, atlantis, spirituality, free will, science fiction, extra terrestrial, aliens alternative history, shiva, nagas
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The ancient Indian epics like Mahabharata and Ramayana describe of a prehistoric age which was far more advanced from technological, sociological and spiritual perspectives when compared to many millennia that followed - till the advent of 20th century. We are often fascinated and surprised by the level of sophistication of these mythological records in terms of their complexity and philosophical insights. Some parts of these epics seem almost like science fiction, even by contemporary standards.
Is it possible that many of the ancient myths within these epics do have some elements of truth behind them? Maybe an advanced civilisation with ethnic groups like Devas, Daityas, Rakshas, Manavs etc did exist during our distant past? May be the Lokas, Talas and other exotic places where they lived were actually the geographical land masses that used to exist during the ice age? Perhaps some of the legendary events described in our scriptures were interpretations of real incidents, gleaned from fragmentary cultural memories of a prehistoric era? Maybe there is a common lineage to the ancient legends of many cultures across the world? For example, is the Indian legend about the free-floating triple cities of Tripura and Greek one about Atlantis, both reconstructions of the same event?
Earth had been within the grip of ice-age for a major part of human existence on the planet. During the prehistoric times, with the sea levels much lower than today, there were numerous large islands all across the tropics. The average global temperature being much lesser than today, these large archipelagos had salubrious weather and fertile terrain conditions ideal for sustaining abundant life. Ice covered substantial portions of the mainland continents, but the lush green tropical islands might have served as the cradle for early human settlements to develop and prosper into advanced civilizations.
The fact that very little is known about human history before 5000 BCE needn't preclude anything. Perhaps all the major archaeological evidence of this era was lost during a cataclysmic worldwide deluge or pralay that the scriptures describe of? Even going by the scientific analysis, it is safe to infer that towards the end of ice age, the rising sea water levels triggered by melting icecaps had inundated and eventually submerged many of the tropical islands below the ocean surface as we see it today.
From the fictional context of this book, the period towards the end of ice age marked the decline of the 'first wave' of advanced human civilizations on earth - which might have even rivalled the 'second wave' that we're experiencing now, in terms of sociological, spiritual and technological sophistication. If it could have happened within the realm of possibility, then shouldn't it also warn us about the fragility of our current civilisation? After all the human intellect and body form was no different then, when compared to now so many millennia later.
The book The Guardians of Karma is themed during prehistoric times beyond the mists of vedic India - the forgotten era of the 'first wave' civilisations. It is presented as an action packed mythological fantasy cum science fiction and takes the readers through the fabulous cities of Amaravati, Atalantpuri, and other exotic places like the underground caverns inhabited by elusive Nagas near Mount Kailash. The story also unfolds the philosophy of Karma within the backdrop of love, passion, greed, war, tragedy and spirituality that characterised these ancient times.
Dev Lok and Daityan Empire are the two advanced nations based out of large tropical archipelagos. For a long time the steadily rising of sea water levels had been brewing a crisis – particularly for the Daityas. A war for the control of remaining arable land seems imminent but Dev Lok and their allies like Bharat, Gandharv and Yaksha kingdoms stand little chance against the Empire's military might.
The warrior monk Hara becomes the sole hope of Dev Lok to prevent defeat and abject subjugation. However before he can help them, Hara must undertake the ultimate journey of spirituality to pass beyond the barrier of death itself and engage with the astral personae of Lord Rudra - one of three extra-terrestrial progenitors of humanity.
Would Hara be able to check the Daityan aggression in time to correct the course of Krama? Would he be able to wield the viman 'Pinaka' against the central seat of Daityan power – the indestructible citadels of Tripura? Is he the one who would glorify the name of Lord Shiva as Tripurantaka – the mighty destroyer of Tripura?
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CSI meets conservation
Scant amounts of DNA reveal conservation clues, Stanford University researchers and their colleagues found
Credit: Prasenjeet Yadav
The key to solving a mystery is finding the right clues. Wildlife detectives aiming to protect endangered species have long been hobbled by the near impossibility of collecting DNA samples from rare and elusive animals. Now, researchers at Stanford and the National Centre for Biological Sciences at India's Tata Institute of Fundamental Research have developed a method for extracting genetic clues quickly and cheaply from degraded and left-behind materials, such as feces, skin or saliva, and from food products suspected of containing endangered animals.
Their proof of concept – outlined April 10 in Methods in Ecology and Evolution – could revolutionize conservation approaches and policies worldwide, the researchers said.
"It's CSI meets conservation biology," said co-author Dmitri Petrov, the Michelle and Kevin Douglas Professor in the School of Humanities and Sciences.
The specter of extinction hangs over more than a quarter of all animal species, according to the best estimate of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, which maintains a list of threatened and extinct species. Conservationists have documented extreme declines in animal populations in every region of Earth.
Clues from DNA
Helping species recover often depends on collecting DNA samples, which can reveal valuable information about details ranging from inbreeding and population history to natural selection and large-scale threats such as habitat destruction and illegal wildlife trade. However, current approaches tend to require relatively large amounts of DNA, or expensive and often inefficient strategies for extracting the material. Getting meaningful information rapidly from lower-concentration, often degraded and contaminated DNA samples requires expensive and specialized equipment.
A solution may lie in an ongoing collaboration between Stanford's Program for Conservation Genomics, including the labs of Petrov and co-authors Elizabeth Hadly and Stephen Palumbi, with India's National Centre for Biological Sciences, including the lab of co-author Uma Ramakrishnan, a molecular ecologist and former Fulbright faculty fellow at Stanford.
"I have been working on tiger conservation genetics for over a decade, but have been frustrated at how slow and unreliable the process of generating genetic data can be," Ramakrishnan said. "Conservation needs answers fast, and our research was not providing them fast enough."
The researchers looked at endangered wild tigers in India and overfished Caribbean queen conchs, examining tiger feces, shed hair and saliva found on killed prey, as well as fried conch fritters purchased in U.S. restaurants. All of the samples were too impure, mixed or degraded for conventional genetic analysis.
"Our goal was to find extremely different species that had strong conservation needs, and show how this approach could be used generally," said Palumbi, the Jane and Marshall Steele Jr. Professor of Marine Biology. "The King of the Forest – tigers – and Queen of the Caribbean – conch – were ideal targets."
Inexpensive and effective
Together, the team improvised a new approach, using a sequencing method that amplifies and reads small bits of DNA with unique differences in each sample. By doing this simultaneously across many stretches of DNA in the same test tubes, the researchers kept the total amount of DNA needed to a minimum. Making the procedure specific to tiger and conch DNA allowed for the use of samples contaminated with bacteria or DNA from other species.
The technology proved highly effective at identifying and comparing genetic characteristics. For example, the method worked with an amount of tiger DNA equivalent to about one-one-hundred-thousandth the amount of DNA in a typical blood sample. The method had a higher failure rate in conchs because the researchers did not have whole genomes at their disposal.
The approach's effectiveness, speed and affordability – implementation costs could be as low as $5 per sample, according to the researchers – represents a critical advance for wildlife monitoring and forensics, field-ready testing, and the use of science in policy decisions and wildlife trade.
"It is easy to implement and so can be done in labs with access to more or less basic equipment," said co-author Meghana Natesh of the National Centre for Biological Sciences and Sastra University in India. "If a standard procedure is followed, the data generated should be easy to share and compare across labs. So monitoring populations across states or even countries should be easier."
The scientists have made their methods freely available.
Petrov is also a member of Stanford Bio-X and the Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, as well as an affiliate of the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. Hadly and Palumbi are also members of Stanford Bio-X and senior fellows at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. Ramakrishnan is also a senior fellow at the Wellcome Trust / DBT India Alliance. Other Stanford co-authors include postdoctoral scholars Ryan Taylor and Nathan Truelove. Taylor is currently a consultant at End2End genomics, which is developing the DNA method.
Funding for this research provided by the Wildlife Conservation Trust, the U.S. Department of State, the Wellcome Trust / DBT India Alliance, the Summit Foundation and the Smithsonian Institution.
Related Journal Article


A model is a python class representing a CQL table. Models derive from Model, and define basic table properties and columns for a table.
Columns in your models map to columns in your CQL table. You define CQL columns by defining column attributes on your model classes. For a model to be valid it needs at least one primary key column and one non-primary key column. Just as in CQL, the order you define your columns in is important, and is the same order they are defined in on a model's corresponding table.
Some basic examples defining models are shown below. Consult the Model API docs and Column API docs for complete details.
Example Definitions
This example defines a Person table, with the columns first_name and last_name
from cassandra.cqlengine import columns
from cassandra.cqlengine.models import Model
 class Person(Model):
 id = columns.UUID(primary_key=True)
 first_name = columns.Text()
 last_name = columns.Text()
The Person model would create this CQL table:
CREATE TABLE cqlengine.person (
 id uuid,
 first_name text,
 last_name text,
 PRIMARY KEY (id)
Here's an example of a comment table created with clustering keys, in descending order:
from cassandra.cqlengine import columns
from cassandra.cqlengine.models import Model
class Comment(Model):
 photo_id = columns.UUID(primary_key=True)
 comment_id = columns.TimeUUID(primary_key=True, clustering_order="DESC")
 comment = columns.Text()
The Comment model's create table would look like the following:
CREATE TABLE comment (
 photo_id uuid,
 comment_id timeuuid,
 comment text,
 PRIMARY KEY (photo_id, comment_id)
To sync the models to the database, you may do the following*:
from import sync_table
*Note: synchronizing models causes schema changes, and should be done with caution. Please see the discussion in - Schema management for cqlengine for considerations.
For examples on manipulating data and creating queries, see Making Queries
Manipulating model instances as dictionaries
Model instances can be accessed like dictionaries.
class Person(Model):
 first_name = columns.Text()
 last_name = columns.Text()
kevin = Person.create(first_name="Kevin", last_name="Deldycke")
dict(kevin) # returns {'first_name': 'Kevin', 'last_name': 'Deldycke'}
kevin['first_name'] # returns 'Kevin'
kevin.keys() # returns ['first_name', 'last_name']
kevin.values() # returns ['Kevin', 'Deldycke']
kevin.items() # returns [('first_name', 'Kevin'), ('last_name', 'Deldycke')]
kevin['first_name'] = 'KEVIN5000' # changes the models first name
Extending Model Validation
Each time you save a model instance in cqlengine, the data in the model is validated against the schema you've defined for your model. Most of the validation is fairly straightforward, it basically checks that you're not trying to do something like save text into an integer column, and it enforces the required flag set on column definitions. It also performs any transformations needed to save the data properly.
However, there are often additional constraints or transformations you want to impose on your data, beyond simply making sure that Cassandra won't complain when you try to insert it. To define additional validation on a model, extend the model's validation method:
class Member(Model):
 person_id = UUID(primary_key=True)
 name = Text(required=True)
 def validate(self):
 super(Member, self).validate()
 if == 'jon':
 raise ValidationError('no jon\'s allowed')
Note: while not required, the convention is to raise a ValidationError (from cassandra.cqlengine import ValidationError) if validation fails.
Model Inheritance
It is possible to save and load different model classes using a single CQL table. This is useful in situations where you have different object types that you want to store in a single cassandra row.
For instance, suppose you want a table that stores rows of pets owned by an owner:
class Pet(Model):
 __table_name__ = 'pet'
 owner_id = UUID(primary_key=True)
 pet_id = UUID(primary_key=True)
 pet_type = Text(discriminator_column=True)
 name = Text()
 def eat(self, food):
 def sleep(self, time):
class Cat(Pet):
 __discriminator_value__ = 'cat'
 cuteness = Float()
 def tear_up_couch(self):
class Dog(Pet):
 __discriminator_value__ = 'dog'
 fierceness = Float()
 def bark_all_night(self):
After calling sync_table on each of these tables, the columns defined in each model will be added to the pet table. Additionally, saving Cat and Dog models will save the meta data needed to identify each row as either a cat or dog.
To setup a model structure with inheritance, follow these steps
 1. Create a base model with a column set as the distriminator (distriminator_column=True in the column definition)
 2. Create subclass models, and define a unique __discriminator_value__ value on each
 3. Run sync_table on each of the sub tables
About the discriminator value
The discriminator value is what cqlengine uses under the covers to map logical cql rows to the appropriate model type. The base model maintains a map of discriminator values to subclasses. When a specialized model is saved, its discriminator value is automatically saved into the discriminator column. The discriminator column may be any column type except counter and container types. Additionally, if you set index=True on your discriminator column, you can execute queries against specialized subclasses, and a WHERE clause will be automatically added to your query, returning only rows of that type. Note that you must define a unique __discriminator_value__ to each subclass, and that you can only assign a single discriminator column per model.
User Defined Types
cqlengine models User Defined Types (UDTs) much like tables, with fields defined by column type attributes. However, UDT instances are only created, presisted, and queried via table Models. A short example to introduce the pattern:
from cassandra.cqlengine.columns import *
from cassandra.cqlengine.models import Model
from cassandra.cqlengine.usertype import UserType
class address(UserType):
 street = Text()
 zipcode = Integer()
class users(Model):
 __keyspace__ = 'account'
 name = Text(primary_key=True)
 addr = UserDefinedType(address)
users.create(name="Joe", addr=address(street="Easy St.", zipcode=99999))
user = users.objects(name="Joe")[0]
print, user.addr
# Joe address(street=u'Easy St.', zipcode=99999)
UDTs are modeled by inheriting UserType, and setting column type attributes. Types are then used in defining models by declaring a column of type UserDefinedType, with the UserType class as a parameter.
sync_table will implicitly synchronize any types contained in the table. Alternatively sync_type() can be used to create/alter types explicitly.
Upon declaration, types are automatically registered with the driver, so query results return instances of your UserType class*.
*Note: UDTs were not added to the native protocol until v3. When setting up the cqlengine connection, be sure to specify protocol_version=3. If using an earlier version, UDT queries will still work, but the returned type will be a namedtuple.


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The CSI saga continued on day 3, and the human body was the name of the game. First, were visited by Medical Examiner Amy Gruzeski, who gave campers a first-hand look at the role forensic pathologists play during investigations. What is a forensic pathologist? These are the people who conduct the examinations that determine the cause of a person's death. This presentation did include some "gross pictures" according to camper Drake,
but campers also "liked learning about the medical examiner's job."
Then, campers took their understanding about the human body a step further in the forensic anthropology activity and gait recognition activity. During the forensic anthropology activity, campers learned that you can predict someone's height based just on the length of his or her leg bone.
Campers also learned how investigators can differentiate between people based on the way they walk during the gait recognition activity.
From there, it was on to DNA, as campers learned how all living things, including fruits and vegetables, contain DNA. In this experiment, campers learned how to extract DNA from a strawberry by mashing it,
combining it with a solution,
and extracting the separated DNA using a highly scientific instrument—a paperclip.
Campers ended their day learning fact from fiction when it comes to the world of an NCIS agent. Special Agent Don Goates visited our investigators-in-training to dispel the myths about what it means to work for the Naval Criminal Investigative Service.
Stay tuned for more tales from our CSI summer camp!


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Long-term behaviour of dams that have experienced internal erosion (sinkholes)
|Timing of internal erosion incident:
||Generally during first filling or within first year. There are also rockfill dams where incidents occurred years into operation.
||Generally a few years into operation or after several years.
|Possible early-warning sign:
||Increase in leakage, Muddy leakage, Pore-pressure variations
|Possible warning-time between first sign and internal erosion incident:
||Account for the majority of dams with no warning, or up to days–weeks "warning-time". However, there are also rockfill dams where there have been months or longer "warning-time".
||Generally months or longer between first sign and the incident.
|Location of internal erosion incident:
||Higher incidence where dams: i) abut to concrete structures and/or sheet pile walls, and ii) are placed on irregular foundation.


text:
AudioLord of the Flies Study Guide for iPad by RocketBook
Go to the head-of-the-class with comprehensive AUDIO study guides for your iPad. RocketBook, in collaboration with iPREPpress has created mobile AUDIO study guides for a number of novels and plays that are required reading at the high school level.
* All the audio is resident in the APP, not streamed from the Internet. You can use this product anywhere!
But these are study guides like you've never seen before. Designed especially for teen audiences, the professional narration and background music make the presentations engaging and easier to remember.
Even though these study guides are much more stimulating and memorable than the stale, printed or audio study notes from other sources, the material is very solid. Presented chapter-by-chapter, each lesson includes:
* Chapter summary and contains:
- Character development
* Chapter analysis and contains:
With its 12 audio lessons, Lord of the Flies by William Goldinng, springs to life. Use Rocketbook as a complement to your reading assignment. It will enhance your reading experience and help you retain the key facts to ace your book reports and tests.
These guides are especially helpful for students with learning disabilities but they are excellent for all students.
RocketBook has over 35 audio and video titles including:
Romeo and Juliet
The Scarlet Letter
The Great Gatsby
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein
Pride & Prejudice
Each audio and video study guide app has been meticulously created by iPREPpress LLC, a leader in educational iPod, iPhone and mobile device development and distribution.


Garbology is an exciting and interactive website that answers the question, "Where should my waste go?" It helps elementary-age students better understand how they can reduce trash and stop polluting. In addition to the interactive game, the For Teachers section includes nine lesson plans and five fact sheets; the For Students section includes a waste assessment and seven useful handouts; and the For Families section will inspire families to reduce and recycle. Garbology is the perfect addition to your Earth Day unit.
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The Royal Asiatic Society presents:
Royal Asiatic Society 'Britain Nepal 200' Lecture Series
Dr John Whelpton (CU Hong Kong) – Jang Bahadur in Europe
John Whelpton's talk looks at the 1850 visit to London and Paris by Jang Bahadur Rana, founder of the Rana family regime which ruled Nepal from 1846 to 1951. As the first Hindu head of government to cross the 'black water' and travel to Europe, Jang was a media sensation, while his first-hand observation of British power led him to side with the East India Company against the revolt of 1857 in northern India. the speaker will draw on material from his book Jang Bahadur in Europe: The First Nepalese Mission to the West, shortly to be published in a revised edition by Mandala in Kathmandu. This combines a translation and commentary on an account of the embassy written by one of Jang's travelling companions with extensive extracts from contemporary British and French press coverage, providing a detailed portrait of how two cultures appeared to one another.
Introduction by Dr Alison Otha (Director, RAS):


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What can I expect to learn?
June 15, 2011
Practical outcomes of the certificate include demonstration of innovative applications of counseling theory and practice that promote health and wellness, social and environmental justice, and, ultimately, environmental sustainability. A consensus on competencies in this area is emerging; the certificate will provide leadership on a national stage. Examples of certificate competencies include:
- Applying therapeutic interventions within an ecological conception of care (e.g., promoting stress reduction using natural settings, etc.).
- Understanding processes of affiliation with nature and development of environmental identity
- Recognition of multiple forms diversity in terms of environmental worldviews and vulnerability to impacts of environmental problems
- Understanding determinants of pro-environmental or conservation behaviors
- Integration of ecopsychology principles with other areas of counseling theory and practice including human development, marriage and family therapy, spirituality, and diversity and social justice perspectives.
- Application of psychodiagnosis and counseling interventions in the context of environmental issues (e.g., grief, despair or anxiety about environmental degradation, addressing nature phobias).
- Introduction to specialized counseling modalities such as wilderness therapy
Return to Ecopsychology Admissions & FAQs


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"The short-pant is a terrible fashion choice. Unless it is from Bermuda."
When the British officers arrive in 1816 to the Bermuda Islands on the Atlantic Ocean, because this was a strategic spot for the Navy Inteligence, they soon realized that their permanence in there would be less than pleasant thanks to a factor which English people are not used to: unbearable heat.
For the British Empire outside Great Brittain, it was necessary to adapt to the conditions and weather of their colony. While in India, they leaned towards the light Madras, in Burma they prefered linen. But in the North Atlantic, on the Bermuda island, the story was different. The Royal Navy found that the Island had no natural resources for clothing, and all textiles were made out of cotton.
To the change of fabrics, it was added another one that would set the difference on the male fashion history. Officers cut their pants on bottom half, expecting that this would relief the effect of high temperatures on their european bodies. Quickly, this trend extended to local civilians, even local tailors started to sell suits with short-pants instead of long ones.
By time, tourists and visitors of the Bermuda Islands adopted the local style. Today we can find that this is a very popular piece of clothign between the male population, and also females, because of its practical style and versatility, besides being very popular in the hottest seasons.
By FM Team


Trees and shrubs are often planted for conservation reasons and many of the native woodlands created in the UK will grow to offer a range of benefits to ecosystems. If you have specific goals in mind, it might be useful to heed these tips:
Game Cover
When planting for game, you will be aiming to provide low-level shelter, so it is essential therefore that you allow light through the canopy and plant shade-tolerant shrub species. Any fruits or nuts which are produced will provide an additional benefit and wildflowers can attract essential insects. You will want to plant a mix of the following:
Avoid species which cast a heavy shade such as Beech, Sweet Chestnut and Sycamore. Silver Birch, Willows, Rowan, Cherry and Oak can be good choices, but keep the density of planting low and match to the site conditions.
Ideally, you want shade tolerant shrubs with lots of branching and Hawthorn, Hazel, Field Maple, wild privet, holly and box can all work well. Some people like to plant the odd conifer as it can act in a similar way to a shrub in the first few years.
Choose a range of wildflowers close to the edge and try primrose under the canopy as it flowers before trees come into leaf.
The key to planting for birds is to plant a wide variety of berry-producing trees: our tree finder can help you find them. There are some species-specific considerations, such as thrushes and waxwings preferring small berries such as rowan and hawfinches preferring larger berries such as on hawthorn and cherries. The RSPB can advise further.
A mix of wildflowers are best for attracting bees, but planting any native woodland and shrub scheme will help the whole ecosystem stay healthy and natural.
Red Squirrels
In general, grey squirrels prefer large seeds and reds prefer small seeds, so you can be preferential to one by your choice of species. To help our native squirrel survive, plant trees such as crab apple, hawthorn, holly, cherry, yew, pines, and spruces and shrubs such as blackthorn and guilder rose. Avoid large seeded broadleaves such as oak, beech, hazel, horse chestnut, walnut and sycamore as grey squirrels will eat all the seed before the reds have a chance.
There are some species which can be poisonous to horses, such as box, hemlock, foxglove, alder buckthorn, cherry laurel, and broom. Blackthorn is also best avoided because the large thorns can cause blindness.


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The Maldives has set itself a tough target to be the world's first UNESCO Biosphere reserve nation and it aims to win the accolade by 2017. The Indian Ocean nation has put together an implementation plan to run between 2013 and 2017 that will see more than half of the nations island atolls implementing the 'Biosphere Approach' management plan.
Once over half the islands come nder the new plan it will trigger the ability for the nation to apply to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to have the entire country and its Exclusive Economic Zone classed as a Biosphere Reserve.
The whole country of Maldives will be a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve by 2017 – where public support for conservation of the country's remarkable environment secures a vibrant green economy and a good quality of life for all Maldivians.
"The whole country of Maldives will be a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve by 2017 – where public support for conservation of the country's remarkable environment secures a vibrant green economy and a good quality of life for all Maldivians," said Dr Mariyam Shakeela, Minister of Environment and Energy, Republic of Maldives.
The implementation plan, Maldives as a Biosphere Reserve: An Implementation Plan 2013-2017, sets a road-map for 2013 to 2017, after which the plan will be updated based on progress and lessons learned.
The plan will be implemented by and for different atolls in a stepwise fashion, based on their readiness to adopt the "Biosphere Approach". The plan was endorsed by the cabinet of Ministers in January 2013, showing the commitment from all stakeholders to this plan.
The President of the Maldives signalled intentions in June 2012, at the UN Conference on Sustainable Development, RIO+20 meeting in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to significantly ramp up efforts to protect the marine environment. The president outlined plans to implement a de-centralised system for environmental management and sustainable development, and was inspired by the success achieved in designating Baa Atoll as the first UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in Maldives.
Become a 'nation biosphere reserve' will also lead to the Maldives becoming a champion of the Aichi Targets. These targets form the basis of an internationally agreed strategy to address the loss of global biodiversity. There are 20 targets that signatory nations have agreed to meet by the year 2020,
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Executive Secretary Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias said:
"This pledge from the Maldives is extraordinary in size and potential impact. We should expect that it will be an inspiration to other CBD Parties, including Small Island Developing States and donor countries, to work harder toward the achievement of all of the Aichi Targets."
"Global progress in the development of marine protected areas and in the sustainable management of fish stocks is lagging considerably," he added. "Although there are still more than seven years before the 2011-2020 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and its 20 Aichi Targets are to be fully implemented, as agreed in Nagoya at CBD COP 10, we will only reach these targets by making ambitious pledges as the Maldives has now done."


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(Nanowerk News) In the tiny world of amino acids and proteins and in the helical shape of DNA, a biological phenomenon abounds.
These objects are all chiral they cannot exactly superimpose their mirror image by translation or rotation. A common example of this is human hands a right hand cannot superimpose itself into its mirror image, a left hand. This description of a molecule's symmetry (or lack thereof) is important in determining the molecule's properties in chemistry.
But while scientists and engineers know that at the sub-atomic level weak forces are chiral, how these electrostatic forces can generate a chiral world is still a mystery.
Researchers at Northwestern University in the group of Monica Olvera de la Cruz, professor of materials science and engineering and chemical and biological engineering at the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, have recently shown how electrostatic interactions commonly known as static electricity alone can give rise to helical shapes. The group has constructed a mathematical model that can capture all possible regular shapes chiral objects could have, and they computed the preferred arrangements induced by electrostatic interactions.
Their work will be published as the cover story in the journal Soft Matter and is published online.
"In this way we are simply letting nature tell us how it would like to be, and we generalize it to many different systems," Olvera de la Cruz says." She and her colleagues report that chirality can only spontaneously arise as a consequence of electrostatic interactions and does not require the presence of other more complicated interactions, like dipolar or short-range van der Waals interactions.
Their model also describes arrangement of DNA mixed with carbon nanotubes. DNA has been shown to form helices around nanotubes, thereby separating the different types of carbon nanotubes into families.
The research findings concur with previous research using microscopy.
"From our predicted helical shapes of DNA wrapped around carbon nanotubes, we found amazing correspondence to those that were recently measured by atomic force microscopy," Olvera de le Cruz says.
The work shows that electrostatics is a pathway for understanding how nature generates helical symmetries. Researchers hope that future work can show how to use simple interactions to generate other symmetries that drive complex phenomena.


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If you have problems reducing the colors on a raster image try the following.
Combine automatic and manual reduction
Use a combination of automatic and manual color reduction.
For example, if you have a 256 color image that you want to reduce to 16 colors, you could try reducing it to 32 colors automatically and then making the final reduction manually using Palette Menu > View/Edit Palette.
Rescan the drawing
Color reduction will not work well on muddy, wishy-washy colors.
Experiment with your scanner's brightness and contrast settings and rescan the drawing so that the colors on the raster image are as high contrast, vibrant and saturated as possible.
Thin the raster image before reducing the colors
Some raster images have lines with "haloes" that are not the same color as the main line. To resolve this problem, try thinning the image before you reduce the colors.
Despeckle the raster image after reducing the colors
Despeckle the raster image after reducing the colors to make the reduced color areas more uniform.
Vectorize the image using the Vector Colors to Raster Colors method
If you can't reduce the colors acceptably or it is taking too long, try vectorizing the raster image using the Vector Colors to Raster Colors method.
Troubleshooting Color reduction
Have questions on this topic? Talk to us


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I saw this in a lesson:
In this context, refers to islands, as in "Will you go to all of them [the islands]?" But, when I hear that my brain thinks refers to the subject, as in "Will all of you go?"
Could refer to both the subject and the object, depending on context? How would one translate, "Will all of you go to all of them?"?
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For the last one you can try this: "你们每一个都会去所有的岛屿吗？" (Will everyone of you visit all of the islands?) – 杨以轩 Dec 5 '13 at 8:27
4 Answers 4
Yes, 都 can refer to either subject or objects.
 1. When subject is plural, 都 refer to "all" of the subject.
 For example:
 你们都来嘛？Are all of you coming?
 同学们都交按时交了作业。 All of the students in the class handed in their homework in time.
 2. When subject is single, and object is plural, then 都 refers to "all" of the object.
 For example:
 你把糖果都吃了？ Did you eat all of the candy?
 这些衣服你都买吗 ？ Are you going to buy all of those clothes?
 那些岛屿你都会去吗？Will you (single) go to all of the islands?
 3. When both subject and object are plural, if only using 都, it is ambiguous as we don't know if it refers to the subject or object or both. So we either need to draw more info from the context, or if no context, we will have to ask the speaker to clarify on this.
 For example:
 那些岛屿你们都会去吗？Will (all of?)you (plural) go to (all of?) the islands?
 When we mean all of the subject AND all of the object, then we will have to use TWO words meaning "all" (所有/全部/都/全/全都) together.
 For example:
 你们都交了全部的作业嘛？ Did all of you guys hand in all the homework?
 你们都会去所有的那些岛屿吗？Will all of you (plural) go to all of the islands?
 But sometimes it is still ambiguous even we use TWO such words.
 For exmaple:
 In this sentence, 所有 refers to the islands for sure, no doubt about it. But 都 may refer to either object or subject. So we still need to ask the speaker to clarify on it.
 For this sentence, if there is no context, and we are not able to ask the speaker to clarify, then my intuition of interpreting this sentence is that both 所有 and 都 refer to islands.
Conclusion: The things 都 refers to are somehow impacted by the sentence structure.
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As mentioned previously, 都 simply means 'all', and what it really refers to purely depends on the context.
In this example sentence, the singular form of 'you' (你) is used, and 'all of you (singular)' does not make much sense. So it would not be usually understood this way. The interpretation that makes the most sense would be:
"Will you go to all?"
However, there is another interpretation: 都 can be understood as 'even' sometimes. So this sentence, without any context, can be also interpreted as
"Even you will go?"
Note that in speaking, the first and second interpretations can be distinguished by stressing on different syllables (on 都 for the first, and on 你 for the second), but there is no way to tell when it is written out if no context is provided.
I would not normally interpret this sentence as 'Will you also go'. The more common way to say the latter (at least in most parts of mainland China) is '你**会去吗?' However, my observation is that people from Hong Kong tend to use '都' when they really mean the Mandarin '也'(too, also), AND VICE VERSA. So, this sentence may be understood as 'Will you also go' in Hong Kong (correct me if I am wrong), but less likely in Mainland China.
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+1. Before reading the rest of the question, I instantly read, "你都会去吗？" as "Will even you be going?". – Janus Bahs Jacquet Dec 6 '13 at 14:39
From what i read from the text i would translate it as: "Will you also go?"
"Will all of you" I would translate as 你們都會
So "Will all of you go to all of them" 你們都會去全部嗎？
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So adding 你們 effectively changes the context of, so that a whole new grammar pattern needs to used when referring to objects? – Ken Oh Dec 4 '13 at 14:11
We distinguish thou and you in Chinese, so that it is not possible here for 都 to be you all, as you here is singular.
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