HD Voice (aka wideband codecs)
What is HD Voice?
As you can imagine, higher quality implies higher bandwidth consumption.
Why is it important?
Is it something new?
No. Skype popularized this already existing technology in 2003.
What does imply from a technical point of view?
The higher speech quality perceived by customers comes from the fact of capturing and encoding the audio at higher than usual rates. Traditionally voice signals are captured at 8Khz (that means 8000 samples per second are taken by the capture device ) and in case of wideband codecs the rates are equal or higher than 16KHz.
Making use of Nyquist theorem of information theory, sampling at 16KHz allows capturing the band of audio frequencies from 0 to 8Khz (doubling the usual 4Khz band when sampling at 8KHz) [2].
Wideband codecs take advantage of human audio perception to optimize encoding of this captured audio differently at different frequencies.
Even higher rates codecs are usually named as superwideband codecs.
What codecs are the most common today?
The most common wideband codec in the telco environments is AMR-WB. In case of Internet the most promising and royalty-free solution is being designed in the IETF right now combining existing SILK and CELT wideband codecs [3]. Apple is using AAC-ELD in their Facetime aplication.
You can find a good summary of popular audio codecs here [4].
[1] _URL_
[2] _URL_
[3] _URL_
[4] _URL_
 1. Orange UK launches AMR-WB: _URL_
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Migratory Bird Day on Saturday,
May 14, with Festivals, Bird Walks and Boat Tours
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
With the arrival of spring, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and several conservation organizations made an historic announcement on April 28. The Ivory-billed woodpecker, a species that has been thought to be extinct for more than 60 years, had been rediscovered in "The Corridor of Hope" in eastern Arkansas near Cache River National Wildlife Refuge. The rediscovery gives Americans a special reason to celebrate International Migratory Bird Day this Saturday, May 14, with festivals, bird walks, and birder's boat tours throughout the Southeast.
"International Migratory Bird Day is celebrated annually on the second Saturday in May to focus attention on migratory birds, their journey between their winter and summer homes, and the importance of their conservation," said Sam D. Hamilton, the Service's Southeast Regional Director. "We encourage people to visit their local national wildlife refuge or natural area to enjoy a bird walk or boat tour and learn more about the migratory birds they see in their area."
The theme for this year's International Migratory Bird Day is "Collisions: Clear the Way for Birds." To explore the human-related obstacles that birds may encounter in flight and the steps people can take to minimize the impact, please visit _URL_
Several refuges and communities are offering activities in recognition of International Migratory Bird Day. Here is a sampling of Service activities in the Southeast:
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is the principal federal agency responsible for conserving, protecting and enhancing fish, wildlife and plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. The Service manages the 95-million-acre National Wildlife Refuge System that encompasses 544 national wildlife refuges, thousands of small wetlands and other special management areas. It also operates 70 national fish hatcheries, 64 fishery resource offices, and 78 ecological services field stations. The agency enforces federal wildlife laws, administers the Endangered Species Act, manages migratory bird populations, restores national significant fisheries, conserves and restores wildlife habitat such as wetlands, and helps foreign governments with their conservation efforts. It also oversees the Federal Aid program that distributes hundreds of millions of dollars in excise taxes on fishing and hunting equipment to state fish and wildlife agencies.
can view our releases or subscribe to receive them -- via e-mail --
at the Service's Southeast Regional home page at _URL_.
Our national home page is at: _URL_ GA 30345

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Your sales reps are killing it and revenue is rolling in. So why are your profit margins not where you expect them to be?
Disappointing results that cannot be blamed on disappointing revenue most likely stem from inefficient business and technical processes that can drag down an organization and thwart profitability. It's a problem that dogs many channel companies today, one that will only grow more pronounced as firms move into new business models. And considering that the number of channel firms undergoing a high degree of business transformation nearly doubled between 2013 and 2017, it's time to take a hard look at operational efficiency to maximize profits and take full advantage of the emerging digital economy.
Recent findings from CompTIA's recent research, Operational Efficiency in the Channel, provide some insights. The study of 400 IT channel firms sheds light on how they are operating their businesses today, where they are functioning well, where they are not, and what steps need to be taken to optimize their shops for maximum profit.
|Don't miss Carolyn April's presentation on operational efficiency, Oct. 10, at Channel Partners Evolution in Philadelphia. It's part of the business strategy track. Register now!|
Consider a few data points from the study:
- Three of the five reasons cited for not fully maximizing profits related to process: ineffective service delivery operations, ineffective sales processes, and ineffective financial performance tracking.
- Just two in 10 respondents assessed their current state of operations as very efficient. Most (three-quarters) either claim to be mostly efficient or doing well in some areas, not so well in others. Six percent admitted being inefficient to varying degrees.
- Forty-five percent of channel firms say operational complexity in their business has increased from two years ago, while 43 percent say it's stayed the same. Just 11 percent say complexity has decreased in that time frame.
- The main reasons cited for increased operational complexity today include more streams of data to manage and analyze; growing pains from the expansion into new business lines and models; the introduction of emerging technologies; and more challenging customer engagements.
- Of various operational functions, respondents gave themselves the highest marks for efficiency in inventory management, and the lowest grade to their sales and business development process.
Operational efficiency isn't a sexy concept. But it is the key to fully maximizing profit and boosting the bottom line. There are concrete steps and best practices that a company can put in place to streamline operations and make sure they don't leak percentage points in margin every quarter. For example, two-thirds of companies said they have annual staff goals and incentives to boost productivity through process efficiencies. Roughly one-third of firms rely on formalized metrics such as KPIs, scorecard-like SWOT analysis and project-management frameworks such as ITIL.
For many companies, the starting point is to take stock in how operations are running today, identify process inefficiencies or lack of process altogether, then shore up those weak spots. It's critical to do within the context of the current business before transitioning into or adding a new business model. Transformation from a legacy transactional business to a recurring-revenue model is difficult enough; starting from a position of inefficiency only makes it tougher. Not to mention that running a tighter ship could be the difference between singleand double-digit profit margins.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


One of the great myths in swimming is that we need to hold our breath while swimming. The other is that we should blow all our air out. In this blog we will explain why both is disadvantageous and how to breathe in the various strokes and stay as cool as a cucumber while doing so.
There is a biological reason why we want to hold our breath when swimming, and it's called the mammalian diving reflex. It is triggered when the face, and specifically the nostrils, enter water. It is more noticeable in cold water. The response of the body is to hold the breath and divert oxygen from limbs and muscles to vital organs, like the heart and brain.
Not very effective if we want to use those limbs and muscles in the act of swimming. This is the reason why many beginners are short of breath and can swim very limited distances, no matter how fit and active they are on land.
Our body needs oxygen but we need to short circuit the diving reflex by learning to breathe out while swimming to stay relaxed.
The opposite of this is blowing everything out. If you have done yoga or meditation, you will know that one becomes light headed when all the oxygen is exhaled and the lungs completely filled with the next breath. This type of breathing in swimming will lead to hyperventilation and a very long inhalation moment. This is also not effective for swimming longer distances.
So how should we tackle this thorny issue? By regulating how much we breathe out when while swimming.
Let's look at each stroke individually and start with the stroke that seems the least likely to have an issue. The backstroke. Having the face out of the water seems like a no brainer, just breathe. But the thing is that water does stream over the face at the pull-through and so the brain will tend to want to hold the breath. So, here too, we need an effective breathing strategy. We recommend a strong puff of air out of the mouth on every second pull-through. So the puff happens in time with just one arm's pull-through.
The easiest stroke to breathe is the breaststroke. Exhale into the water as your face returns to the water and keep blowing easily out while the face is in the water. Due to the stop-start nature of the stroke and how quickly we take the next breath, this allows us to stay relaxed while swimming the hardest stroke.
In butterfly we exhale two short puffs of air. These short puffs each represent approximately 25% of our available air. The first puff happens as the face returns to the water and the second is on the last part of the pushout at the back of the stroke. These exhalations will keep us relaxed but also keep the core muscles activated.
In freestyle we employ varying techniques of blowing out depending on our breathing rhythms. If we breath once every second stroke, then we blow out once as the face returns to the water. This puff represents 40-50% of the available air.
If we are breathing once every third stroke, then we exhale two short puffs of air at every hand entry. Each puff represents approximately 25% of our available air.
These exhalation techniques will not only allow you to stay relaxed while swimming but also reduces frontal drag by up to 9% as the bubbles pass underneath the body at exhalation. All great swimmers let out air as their faces return to the water, so should you.
Many reasons to breathe out while swimming.
Breathing technique is for a lot of swimmers the biggest challenge. What is the secret to keeping your breathing relaxed while swimming? Breathe out when your face is in the water. There, we've spilled the beans and now you know how to swim for hou... read on »
Aquaman makes it look easy, doesn't he? Going underwater and having no issues with breathing at all and quite frankly it makes us a little jealous. We don't recommend you try it, but we do recommend working on your breathing and relaxation te... read on »
A good breathing technique will help you relax in the water and allow you to swim longer distances with more ease. It will help maintain a good body position and minimise drag. Everyone agrees that breathing is a key element to... read on »


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Improving your climbing and taking on harder routes does not only depend on increasing strength and nailing dynos. There is one climbing technique that combines dynamic movement and static control to help you tackle some challenging climbing moves—the deadpoint.
The deadpoint takes advantage of the inertia created for a split second after you throw your body upwards, to give you enough time to grab the next hold. Just at the time that you feel you are in an insecure position, and you will fall at any moment, you can use the deadpoint to stay on the wall.
There are cases when you can't just explode away from the wall and jump to the next hold, especially if the target hold is not so good. In those cases, you need to use more technique and keep at least half of your body on the wall while you extend your reaching side upwards. That's why you should start your deadpoint practice.
We will look at how to deadpoint, share climbing technique tips, and common mistakes climbers do when deadpointing. Finally, we will share some of our recommendations for tutorial videos on YouTube.
What is a Deadpoint in Climbing?
A deadpoint is essentially a controlled dynamic climbing movement. Climbers use it mostly when they cannot reach a hold statically. While executing it, you reach for the target hold with one hand, while the other hand and one or both feet are stable on the wall.
The word deadpoint refers to the moment your body is in full extension, and you reach the hold with your hand. For a split second, you feel weightlessness, and you get the opportunity to grab the target hold.
What differentiates a deadpoint from a classic dyno (dynamic movement) is the fact that one or both feet are still on the wall when you reach. While when doing a dyno, the movement is more explosive, and the feet leave the wall. Sometimes even both hands will pull out of the wall.
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Why is Knowing How to Deadpoint Important in Climbing?
Sometimes, just your strength is not enough to execute a movement. Using the momentum and timing involved in a dynamic movement can make all the difference. Combined with the control that is necessary to execute the deadpoint, you get a move that is fluid and stable and can securely get you to the next hold.
- Using the deadpoint, you will be able to reach holds that feel are too far for a static movement but are not such good holds that you can grab and hang on them using a dyno. It helps you extend your reach by learning how to extend your body while keeping it engaged.
- By practicing the deadpoint technique, you will get used to pushing with your feet and using your legs more, and not to rely only on your arms to execute a challenging dynamic move. Your feet and legs are what grounds you and helps you to lift up the rest of your body. If you don't have a solid foundation, any action you try to perform with your upper body will not be as stable.
- Being able to deadpoint successfully means you have the skill of reading a move, committing to it fully, and, most importantly, coordinating your body and all the elements of the movement correctly.
- By practicing the deadpoint, you will develop more awareness of your body and how you transfer your weight. More awareness and control, which are requirements for a successful deadpoint, also mean less chance of injury.
The deadpoint is useful in many situations, and it improves your climbing style overall, making it more smooth and fluid.
How to Practice Your Deadpoint Effectively in Climbing
When to Deadpoint
Deadpoint comes in handy when you feel you can't reach a hold so easily. It's also a great climbing technique to know on steeper climbs. When the hand holds available are not so good, it's challenging to reach them with complete control, so a more dynamic movement is required. That's when the deadpoint comes in.
So let's look at the steps required to execute the deadpoint:
1. Set up before reaching for the next hold. Make sure your foot or feet are planted on the holds below, and you are ready to push downwards to throw your body upwards.
2. Focus on the hold you are reaching for and fully commit to making the movement while you launch upwards.
3. Use momentum to perform the movement. Do that by dropping the hips lower. Then use the feet to push you upwards in a powerful movement while immediately pulling in with the hand that is on the wall. At the same time, reach for the next hold with the other hand. Timing is very important for the move to succeed.
4. When you catch the hold, your body needs to be in full extension. Keep your legs and arms straight and your core engaged. Body tension will ensure control in the movement.
5. During the whole movement and after you catch the hold, you shouldn't move around or shift your other hand and foot. So the reason this dynamic movement is considered to have an element of control is that some parts of your body stay stable, while a part of your body reaches up. You need to maintain that control and body tension and then bring your hips again close to the wall to continue your climb.
By doing this movement as fast as you can, you achieve a moment where you feel weightless. This is often likened to when you throw something in the air, at the moment just before it starts falling back down. That moment is what we call the deadpoint.
That split second, as long as you are precise, will give you enough time to grip the target hold.
Sometimes you can keep both feet on the wall, but there are times when you are only going to be able to keep one foot stable on the wall.
Deadpoint Technique Tips for Rock Climbing Beginners and Intermediates
The deadpoint is a complicated movement that involves many elements. So the most important tip we can give you is to practice, in order to find the coordination needed to master the deadpoint. Other than that, here are some tips that will help you:
- Align your center of gravity directly below the target hold. When catching the hold, your hips should be beneath and in the same line as the hold.
- Use your hips to direct your movement. Leading the movement with your hips by swinging them in is the most seamless and controlled way to transfer your weight inwards and upwards towards the hold. The hips are key to keeping your center of gravity below the target hold and avoid swinging away from the wall. Turning your hips slightly inwards will also make it feel like you have more time at the deadpoint moment to secure the target hold in your grip.
- Keep holding tension in your body at the end of the deadpoint. You want to stop, and achieve stillness when you reach that hold rather than swinging away from the wall. You can achieve more tension by keeping your core engaged and focusing on your hand and feet that are on the wall.
- A strong core will help you by giving you more balance and the ability to push through the feet more.
- To practice, try to reach for different types of holds to get used to the movement. Further on, we are linking to a great tutorial on training for the deadpoint movement.
- Coordination is key. Remember to push down with the legs and pull with your hand at the same time you are reaching with your other hand to propel yourself upwards.
- Practicing on the campus board ladder will help with your deadpoint accuracy. You need to develop accuracy and the fast-twitch muscles that give you contact strength (the initial force you apply to a hold, usually a determinant of whether you will stay on it or fall off).
- Practice bringing your hips in toward the wall and recognizing the point where you feel more balanced. At that point, you are momentarily stationary before you start to fall back down. Then at that moment, go for the hold. It usually means you have slightly more time to catch a hold right the first time.
- "Put your mind in your hand." Concentrate almost entirely on the reaching hand. Focusing helps you to be faster and more accurate.
- If as you shoot upwards, you feel a foot slipping from the wall, it's better to let go to avoid a tendon injury.
Common Deadpoint Mistakes
The deadpoint is a quite complicated technique that consists of coordinating a multitude of movements. It also requires skill that can be achieved through practice. There are, however, some common mistakes that you can avoid, and we share them here:
1. Not using momentum properly: It's important to drop down a bit so that your feet can push you upwards, and you can extend your body enough to reach the next hold. If you don't use momentum, the movement becomes much harder. However, there are times when it's challenging to find that space to drop down and gain momentum. On the other hand, if you swing too much before going for the move, you can lose from accuracy and stability. You need to limit your moves and make them targeted.
2. Overshooting: It's essential to be accurate, as overshooting will mean you are transferring more of your weight that's needed, and when you reach the moment of least weight transfer, your hand won't be in the best position for grabbing the hold and hanging. Overshooting and missing the target can also cause injury.
3. Not using your legs and feet: If you don't use your feet enough to push down on the holds, your body will not be extended enough, and your legs may remain bent. It's important to use your entire reach and extend your whole body, keeping your arms and legs straight for increased tension.
4. Engagement: Not engaging your core and keeping your body tense enough. Core tension and body engagement are essential for the control and stability


Laravel Or NodeJs: Which One Is The Best?
Laravel Or NodeJs: Which One Is The Best?
You have an exciting web application idea, but as soon as you get into the web development phase, there's a curveball thrown at you. And, you are left confused about which backend framework to choose for developing your project? After all, what happens behind the scenes will have a significant impact on the success of your online app. Coding can be inconvenient at times, but technology is improving to overcome this fundamental issue. Various web frameworks have begun to gain popularity among developers, promising to make the development process simple and uncomplicated for them. And, when a full stack development agency chooses the best backend framework for a web application, it usually comes down to Laravel vs. NodeJS.
Both Laravel and NodeJS have contributed to lowering development time and guaranteeing a smooth transition from development to production by being stable and developer-friendly frameworks. As a result, comparing different frameworks and determining which is superior is challenging. In this guide, we have carefully deconstructed the Laravel vs. Node.js debate to help you decide which is best for your project.
Before jumping on to the comparison between the two frameworks, let us get an overview first.
What Is Laravel?
Laravel is an open-source web framework that handles routing, HTML authentication, templating, and more on the server-side. It is a PHP framework, which provides reusable PHP components and libraries. With Laravel, you may create applications with pre-defined architectures, customizable backend logic, web portals, templates, full-stack apps, and manage SaaS goods because it is a server-side framework.
Features Of Laravel
MVC Architecture Support: Laravel emphasizes the MVC design pattern, which allows for the separation of business logic and presentation layers. The MVC design in Laravel offers various built-in features that boost application efficiency and security, and usability.
Database Migration System: The Laravel migration system intends to expand the web application's database structure without recreating it every time the code changes. The risk of data loss is exceedingly low as a result of this function. It not only allows the developer to change the database's structure, but it also allows them to utilize PHP instead of SQL code.
Template Engine: The Laravel framework is well-known for its lightweight templates, which can be leveraged to create stunning layouts by seeding dynamic content. It also provides sturdy frameworks with a variety of widgets that incorporate CSS and JS code. Laravel templates are smartly built to build basic yet sophisticated layouts with distinct components.
Security: For web applications, the Laravel framework provides perfect security. It employs a hashed password method to ensure that the password is never saved in plain text in the database. It also creates an encrypted password using the "Bcrypt Hashing Algorithm."
What is NodeJS?
NodeJS is a cross-platform, open-source runtime framework. It is used for developing server-side applications. Within the NodeJS runtime, it features built-in JavaScript programs that can be run on OS X, Linux, and Microsoft Windows. It also includes an extensive library of JavaScript modules that make developing web applications with NodeJS much easier. Now, companies can get connected with NodeJS development service providers to create web and mobile apps.
Source: Statista
Characteristics Of NodeJS
Single-Threaded & Scalable: Node.js employs a single-threaded looping event mechanism. Unlike traditional servers that generate restricted threads for answering requests, the event mechanism allows the server to react in a non-blocking way, making it very scalable. NodeJS can manage a substantially higher number of requests than traditional servers such as Apache HTTP Server.
Cross-Platform: When constructed with the proper structure, NodeJS can also be converted into an executable, including its dependencies.
Asynchronous And Event-Driven: All library APIs in NodeJS are asynchronous or non-blocking. Hence, it means that a NodeJS server never waits for an API to return data. The server switches to the next API after calling it, and a NodeJS events notification method allows the server to get the response from the previous API request.
Object-Oriented: The history of NodeJS in JavaScript that sometimes featured heaps of procedural spaghetti code was a significant point of contention. As a result, frameworks like TypeScript and CoffeeScript were created to address these issues while also serving as an add-on for individuals concerned about code standards.
Comparison Between Laravel And NodeJS Framework
Laravel NodeJS
It's a PHP-powered MVC framework.It's a JavaScript runtime based on the Google Chrome Engine.
It has a lower market share.It is a technical market leader.
It is used in vertices, such as education, shopping, career, and business.It is used in various industries, like the arts, telecommunications, media, entertainment, automobiles, and electronics.
The frontend view library and Laravel work well together.NodeJS does not allow for integration.
Developers can use Laravel templates to build and provide a basic layout.Although NodeJS lacks built-in templates, it can be used for a variety of third-party tools.
Laravel is a great choice to start if you want to build web apps that use MySQL or MariaDB databases.NodeJS programs are compatible with MongoDB.
Laravel is widely used in Turkey, Poland, Indonesia, and 118 other countries.The US, China, Brazil, Russia, and 89 other nations use Node.js extensively.
Final Thoughts
With this head-to-head comparison of Laravel and NodeJS, it's important to note that each framework has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. The framework you choose is dependent on the type of product you intend to create for your company. All you need to ensure is which framework best matches your project's needs. Are you looking for the best full stack development agency to assist you in your frontend and backend services? Reach out to ForceBolt, which has a pool of skilled professionals who will provide you a complete roadmap according to your requirement.
Abhishek Singh
Full Stack Technical Lead
A highly motivated Senior Full Stack Developer who is self-driven and actively looks for ways to contribute to the team. He possesses rich expertise and deep knowledge about a good software development process that includes documentation, testing, documentation, and collaboration. With solid communications and reasoning skills, he delivers high performance and quality in his projects. He is always open to assist other teams in understanding project requirements so that collaboration can happen in the best possible ways in an environment conducive to the business.
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This set of touch math multiplication timed tests (0 to 12) was created for those students who use the touch math skip counting strategy to help them with their math facts.
This is another free resource for teachers created by The Curriculum Corner.
You will find various resources within this post:
- Individual (for each number 0 through 12) & Mixed Review (0 to 5, 6 to 10, 0 to 10 and 0 to 12) 25-problem sets – all pages in one download
- 100-Problem Mixed Review Pages (0 to 5, 6 to 10, 0 to 10 and 0 to 12)
While learning math facts for memory provides students with the foundation and speed for more difficult concepts as they progress, we know that it can be difficult for some students. That is why we have created this specific set of timed tests. Students can use the touch math strategy to skip count quickly for correct answers.
Not familiar with the strategy? Here's a brief description of how it works on these facts:
- First your students need to be sure they can skip count quickly and accurately by the number of the set they are working on. So, if they are working on their 8s, they need to be able to quickly count by 8s to 80 (or 96 depending on the level of mastery they are required to learn).
- Have them practice this several times until they are fluent in their skip counting. In Jill's classroom, putting the skip counting to a tune/music for each set was a HUGE help! (Many of her former students have told her they STILL remember these songs as adults!)
- Next, students look at the math multiplication fact they are working on and begin skip counting on the OTHER number in the problem. They actually use the tip of their pencil and TOUCH the dots on the other number. For example, if they are working on the fact 8 x 4, they will skip count by 8s ON THE NUMBER 4 by using the dots provided on the number 4 on the timed test.
- If a dot is open in the center, it will be "touched" twice with their pencil. (On the numbers 6 through 9, any dot that is not opaque will be touched two times in their skip counting.)
- Again, lots of practice is the key to their success in using this strategy on timed tests.
We have included three pages for each individual set of facts so that students who are working on the same set can sit next to each other during testing if needed.
The touch math multiplication timed tests are in three downloads below.
We have provided the tests in both horizontal and vertical forms.
NOTE: The 100-problem pages are two pages (to fit all the problems with the touch math font) and will need to be copied two-sided.
You will find the links to all three sets of touch math multiplication timed tests here:


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Jan 19, 2001, 2:39 PM
Post #1 of 1
(From the Perl FAQ)
How can I compare two dates and find the differenc
How can I compare two dates and find the difference?
If you're storing your dates as epoch seconds then simply subtract one from the other. If you've got a structured date (distinct year, day, month, hour, minute, seconds values) then use one of the Date::Manip and Date::Calc modules from CPAN.


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As Brian Agnew points out, 5 minutes is entirely manageable, if somewhat wasteful of resources, if one can control timeout settings. Otherwise, at least two requests must be made: The first to get the result-producing process rolling, and the second (and third, fourth, etc., if the result takes longer than expected to compile) to poll for the result.
Brian Agnew and Darrel Miller both suggest similar approaches for the two(+)-step approach: POST a request to a factory endpoint, starting a job on the server, and later GET the result from the returned result endpoint.
While the above is a very common solution, and indeed adheres to the letter of the REST constraints, it smells very much of RPC. That is, rather than saying, "provide me a representation of this resource", it says "run this job" (RPC) and then "provide me a representation of the resource that is the result of running the job" (REST). EDIT: I'm speaking very loosely here. To be clear, none of this explicitly defies the REST constraints, but it does very much resemble dressing up a non-RESTful approach in REST's clothing, losing out on its benefits (e.g. caching, idempotency) in the process.
As such, I would rather suggest that when the client first attempts to GET the resource, the server should respond with 202 "Accepted" (_URL_ perhaps with "try back in 5 minutes" somewhere in the response entity. Thereafter, the client can poll the same endpoint to GET the result, if available (otherwise return another 202, and try again later).
Some additional benefits of this approach are that single-use resources (such as jobs) are not unnecessarily created, two separate endpoints need not be queried (factory and result), and likewise the second endpoint need not be determined from parsing the response from the first, thus simpler. Moreover, results can be cached, "for free" (code-wise). Set the cache expiration time in the result header according to how long the results are "valid", in some sense, for your problem domain.
I wish I could call this a textbook example of a "resource-oriented" approach, but, perhaps ironically, Chapter 8 of "RESTful Web Services" suggests the two-endpoint, factory approach. Go figure.


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Disk Area Allocation Details
|Top Previous Next|
This topic provides details on the internal structure of the flash disk.
The flash disk has a number of areas. Each area includes one or more flash sectors. Each sector has a physical size of 264 bytes. Of those, only 256 bytes are used to store the data. Two last bytes of each sector store the checksum. Six remaining bytes are mostly left unused, except in the FRT/FAT areas (see below), where they do serve a useful function.
The flash disk has the following areas:
-BOOT sector, always at logical sector #0 (so it is the topmost physical sector of the flash — this was explained in Sharing Flash Between Your Application and Data). The boot sector contains the information about the sizes of other areas of the disk.
-File record table (FRT) area.
-File allocation table (FAT) area.
-Data area — actual data sectors of files.
-END BOOT sector — keeps the same data as the BOOT sector, but is located past the data area.
Each file record occupies 64 bytes. Therefore, each sector of the FRT area can fit 4 file records. Therefore, if you specify (during formatting) that you would like to have 15 different files, the fd.format (or fd.formatj) method will round this up to 16 files. This will require 4 sectors to fit. Actual amount of allocated sectors is always double that. This is done for sector leveling, which the fd. object takes care of internally. Also, the number of allocated sectors is never less than 8, again, for sector leveling reasons.
The maximum number of files stored by the.fd object is 64. Thefore, the maximum size of the FRT area is (64/4)*2= 32 sectors. Hence, the size of the FRT area is always between 8 and 32 sectors depending on the maximum number of files you need to store on the disk.
Each FAT sector consists of 128 FAT entries, 2 bytes per entry. Therefore, each FAT sector can fit the allocation data for 128 sectors from the data area of the disk. To improve sector leveling, the number of sectors allocated for the FAT area is, again, double against what's necessary. So, for every 128 sectors in the data area of the disk there are 2 sectors in the FAT area. At least 16 sectors are always allocated to FAT.
An example; supposing the data area has 1100 sectors. Therefore, 1100/128= 9 FAT sectors are needed. The fd. object will allocate double this required minimum, so 18 FAT sectors will be prepared. Let's suppose now that we only have 500 data sectors. This requires 4 FAT sectors, 8 after we double this amount. This is less than the minimal 16 FAT sectors that are always provided, so the fd. object will still allocate 16 sectors.
Allocation and capacity calculation example
The fd.format method takes, as an input parameter, the total number of sectors that you wish the disk to occupy. From that, and the supplied desired max number of files, the fd.format will work out the size of each area of the disk. Let's see this on a real example:
Supposing, you call fd.formatj(1300,41,100) — you want the disk to occupy 1300 sectors and store 41 file. You want the journal area to have 100 free sectors. So, what will be the size of the FRT, FAT, and data areas?
First, the fd.format deducts 2 sectors to account for the BOOT and the END BOOT sectors that must always be present. This leaves us with 1298 sectors.
Next, decuct the journal area — now only 1198 sectors are left.
Next, the fd.format determines the size of the FRT area: 41 is rounded to 44, this works out to hat (44/4)*2= 22 sectors are needed (this exceeds the minimum of 8, so we do not need to correct this number). We have 1198-22= 1176 sectors left.
Now, how many FAT sectors we need? 1176/128= 9.18, i.e. 10. Actual amount will be doubled, so we need 20 sectors (exceeds the minimum of 16, so we do not need to correct this number). Therefore, we are left with 1176-20= 1156 data sectors. This is what you will get from the fd.capacity R/O property (see Checking Disk Vitals).
One small caveat...
Now let us show you one trickier example. Say, you do fd.format(1301,4). You can quickly work out that you have 1301 sector for the FAT and data areas combined. Now, how should this be divided?
If you had 1300 sectors, then there would be no problem. Of them, 1280 would go to the data area, and 20 will belong to the FAT. 10 "necessary" FAT sectors will together hold 10*128= 1280 entries — just right for the size of the data area. The number of FAT sectors is always doubled, so FAT will get 20 sectors. Everything fits perfectly!
Now, there is no good solution for 1301 sectors. If you give this extra one sector to the data area, then you will need two more sectors for the FAT area — and you don't have those sectors. Allocating this extra sector to the FAT is useless, because you are not increasing the number of data sectors, so you don't really need an extra FAT sector. Hence, the value of 1301 is actually not suitable to us. Same goes for 1302. 1303 is good again, because three extra sectors allow us to give one sector to the data area, and add two sectors to the FAT area (FAT always increased in "doubles", remember?).
Fd.format avoid falling into the trap by correcting downwards the total disk size you request if it turns out to be one of the "problematic" values. So, if you do fd.format(1302,4), then the result would be as if you did fd.format(1300,4). The fd.totalsize R/O property reflect this.
Why is there the END BOOT sector?
The END BOOT sector exists for one purpose — to detect whether your application has encroached on the flash disk. As was already explained, on devices with the shared flash memory, the firmware/application and the data area reside in the same flash IC. Data area sectors are counted from the topmost physical sector of the flash memory. Therefore, the END BOOT sector is the one "closest" to your application. Should the application become larger and take some of the space that was previously occupied by the flash disk, the END BOOT sector will be overwritten. The fd. object will detect this during mounting and return 3- PL_FD_STATUS_FORMAT_ERR status code.


text:
Date of this Version
Remote sensing algorithms that use red and NIR bands for the estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration [Chl] can be more effective in inland and coastal waters than algorithms that use blue and green bands. We tested such two-band and three-band red-NIR algorithms using comprehensive synthetic data sets of reflectance spectra and inherent optical properties related to various water parameters and a very consistent in situ data set from several lakes in Nebraska, USA. The two-band algorithms tested with MERIS bands were Rrs(708)/Rrs(665) and Rrs(753)/Rrs(665). The three-band algorithm with MERIS bands was in the form R3 = [Rrs-1(665) - Rrs-1(708)] × Rrs(753). It is shown that the relationships of both Rrs(708)/Rrs(665) and R3 with [Chl] do not depend much on the absorption by CDOM and non-algal particles, or the backscattering properties of water constituents, and can be defined in terms of water absorption coefficients at the respective bands as well as the phytoplankton specific absorption coefficient at 665 nm. The relationship of the latter with [Chl] was established for [Chl] > 1 mg/m3 and then further used to develop algorithms which showed a very good match with field data and should not require regional tuning.


text:
Minaret College Strategic Plan 2015-2019 focuses on four broad goals as follows:
- Recruit, retain and build teachers and staff members' capacity and encourage their personal development;
- Enhance the quality of teaching and students' learning, taking into account sustainability, the Islamic environment and technology changes and development;
- Support students and their families' health and wellbeing;
- Maintain a strong and sound financial position with transparent reporting, a high level of accountability and strong governance.


text:
The Clio Project: Thinking Like an Historian
The project's high-need southeast Wyoming districts serve a largely rural and growing migrant population in a geographic area of more than 16,000 square miles, so one goal is to define a professional development model that meets the needs of rural schools. Activities will include two 4-week instructional modules and two document-based question workshops during the school year; in the summer, teachers will be involved in a 10-day field excursion and a 1-week curriculum workshop, during which they will develop lesson plans. Teachers can participate in a single year of the program, then choose to continue for an additional year or two; the cadre will include approximately 40 teachers each year, some new and some continuing. As they learn to think like historians, teachers will study decisions and actions of specific people—government and military leaders, soldiers, tribal leaders, businessmen and everyday citizens—whose choices changed the outcome of history. Strategies will include historical inquiry skills, with a significant focus on document-based questioning, and strategies to help students develop critical reading, thinking and writing skills. The Center for History and New Media will lead training on teaching history in the digital age, introducing digital research libraries and multimedia technologies. Graduate credits will be available for completion of certain activities. Teams of teachers will collaborate to produce and implement classroom curricula; these and other materials (e.g., hands-on simulations, games, how-to seminars, distance learning materials) will be available to other teachers through a Web site and participant-led peer workshops.


Flexible Netflow
What is Flexible Netflow?
NetFlow is a protocol developed by Cisco to monitor and analyze network traffic flows. And now there is an enhanced version. This is Flexible NetFlow. Basically, Flexible NetFlow is an extension of Traditional NetFlow. In other words, it is advanced and next generation NetFlow technology. In another lesson, we will see How to Configure Flexible Netflow on Cisco Routers.
Flexible NetFlow is Cisco 's one of the Next Generation Technologies that provides detailed analyze and more information than the previous version. Flexible Netflow provides the ability to monitor a wide range of packet information as expansion of Traditional Netflow. It uses Deep Packet Inspection to achieve this.
So, what is Deep Packet Inspection?
Deep Packet Inspection
Deep Packet Inspection or shortly DPI is basically a network packet filtering. It is an advanced method of managing network traffic. DPI is a method that inspects not only the packet's multiple headers, but also the data content of the packet. So, you can learn the network traffic deeply. You can identify different application data like youtube, facebook, Skype etc.
Especially in the Packet Core Networks of Mobile Operators, Deep Packet Inspection is very important. Here, with DPI, the user traffic is analyzed and classified. So, a specific policy can be used for a specific traffic. For example, only facebook traffic or youtube traffic of the users can be blocked or the speed of the data transfers of these applications can be limited.
What is New in Flexible Netflow?
In traditional Netflow, the flow analyze is not too much detailed. With Flexible Netflow and Deep Packet Inspection, the traffic flow analyze can be done detailly. Even the application traffics can be classified with Deep Packet Inspection.
With Deep Packet Inspection, different layer data can be anazled from layer 2 to layer 7. For this analze Cisco NBAR is also used together.
Another difference between Traditional Netflow and Flexible Netflow is about cache usage. Traditional Netflow uses one cache for all the tracked information. But Flexible Netflow uses different caches for different purposes. For example, billing information can use a cache and security analyze information can use another. Both of this traffic analyzes can be done simultaneously.
Beside Flexible Netflow can export interface data like name, descriptions etc. and this eliminates the usage of SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol).
Another difference is about additional tracking information. Flexible Netflow allows additional IP information in IPv4, IPv6 header fields, TCP flags etc. For security and malicious behavior analyze, this is very important.
In Flexible Netflow, there are three types of flows. In Traditional Netflow, there was only one flow. So, what are these Flexible Netflow flows? These are:
 - Normal Cache
 - Permanent Cache
 - Immediate Cache
The Normal Cache is the same as in Traditional Netflow. Normal Cache uses flow timers to expire/age flows and export to the Netflow Collector.
The Permanent Cache is a configurable cache that helps accounting and security monitoring.
The Immediate Cache, allows end user to export a flow on demand.
Flexible Netflow Components
There are different Netflow Components. These are:
 - Flow Record
 - Flow Monitor
 - Flow Exporter
 - Flow Sampler
Flows are defined by different flow information. These are called Flow Records. The parameters used to define a flow are given below:
 - Source IP Address
 - Destination IP Address
 - Source Port Number
 - Destination Port Number
 - Layer 3 Protocol Type
 - Type of service
 - Interface
The traffic that has the same parameters are defined as flow. These parameters can also used to define more specific flows.
Flow Monitors are the components used to monitor network traffic. They are applied to interfaces. After this application, a flow monitor cache is created. There are different modes of flow monitor cache can be used with each flow. These flow monitor cache modes are given below:
 - Layer 3
 - Immediate
 - Permanent
Layer 3 mode is the default mode. In this mode the cache entries are aged out according to the timeout parameters.
Immediate mode is the mode with which the cache entries are aged out immediately when they are created. We use this mode for the traffic information is needed immediately at the other end.
Permanent mode is the mode with which the newer cache entries are aged out. This mode is used when we need long term statistics on the device and for low number flow.
The flow data must be transferred for analyze. Flow Exporter is used for the transfer of Netflow Cache from the source to the remote system. There can be multiple Flow Exporters.
There can be a high traffic to analyze and this can affect the performance of the monitored device. To avoid this performance problem, Flow Sampler is used to limit the number of monitored packets by the Flow Monitor.
When Can We Use Flexible Netflow?
We can use Flexible Netflow for multiple aims. First of all we can use this next generation flow technology for a detailed flow analyze and Deep Packet Inspection (DPI). We can determine the usage behaviors of the network, different types of applications used in network and the details of this traffic.
To improve the network, we can use Flexible Netflow too. By measuring the productivity and the utilization of the network resources, we can determine the new steps. We can also determine the new impacts to the network.
As a security mechanism, we can determine the malicious attacks to our network. By determining the vulnerabilities of the network and analyzing the packets coming to network, we can prevent malicious behaviors.
We can understand the answers of the questions who, what, when, where and how questions about the network flow.
Benefits of Flexible NetFlow
There are many benefits of Flexible Netflow. Some of these benefits are given below:
 - Customized Traffic Identification: User traffic can be identified with different characteristic.
 - Specific Behavior Monitoring: Any type of user traffic can be monitored.
 - Flexible than traditional Netflow.
 - Scalable than traditional Netflow.
 - Enhanced Network Security Detection: Network flow can be analyzed deeply to detect any malicious behaviors.
 - Convergence of Multiple Accounting Technologies.
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text:
The mouth and esophagus of the leatherback turtle are a perfect example of how an animal can become adapted to its diet and habitat. When the turtle consumes jellyfish (and it must eat many, as jellyfish have low nutritional value), the esophagus stores both the jellyfish and the seawater that have been swallowed. However, to prevent the stomach filling with water, the seawater must be expelled. So how does this happen?
The answer lies in the backwards-pointing spikes you see in the mouth of the turtle, which continue down the esophagus and grow progressively larger. As the muscles of the esophagus squeeze the seawater out, the spines keep the jellyfish in place. Once all the water has been expelled the jellyfish are then passed into the stomach. This strange adaptation is one of many that have kept this magnificent species in existence for 90 million years.
Leatherback turtles are regularly seen in Guyana at Shell Beach, Galibi in French Guiana, Wanshishia (Marijkedorp) in Surname, also along the coast of Dominica. We offer tours to all these remote and stunning destinations – use the chat tab at the bottom of this page to find out more or send us an email with your questions!


Are you destined to be overweight? Should you follow a low-carb or low-fat diet?
Obesity is a very complex disease, and many factors can contribute to a person being overweight including their genes, behaviour, and the environment.
Knowing your genetic predisposition to being overweight, can assist you to take the appropriate measures and guide you towards a suitable diet.
What is included in the test?
Included in this test are your lab report and a 90 min feedback session aimed at assisting you in determining your genotype so that you can make better, more personalised health choices.
What can my DNA tell me?
Your DNA plays a very big part in the regulation of your body weight. Studies show that up to 70% of your risk for being overweight is determined by your genes. Your DNA also provide information about your feeding behaviours, natural appetite control, the fat burning process, your genetic need for physical exercise in order to maintain a healthy body weight, and your sensitivity to dietary fat and carbohydrates.
Sample type
Buccal swab
Turnaround time
10 -21 days


text:
General Ledger Tutorial
Most of the reading activities in this tutorial are comprised of and linked
to the existing online documentation for the General Ledger Data Collection. This will be your reference materials for the data collection so becoming familiar with them now is essential!
Lesson 1. Security, Etiquette, and Ethics - Learn the disclosure
rules for releasing General Ledger data within and outside Penn and the
ways in which you can secure the data on your desktop.
Lesson 2. General Ledger Data Diagrams - Become
familiar with the data diagrams that make up the General Ledger Data Collection.
Lesson 3. Table and Data Element Documentation - Learn the components of table and data element help, and then strengthen
your understanding of General Ledger tables. Particular emphasis is placed
on the FINQUERY Universe.
Lesson 4. Questions to Ask Before Writing
a General Ledger Query - Focuses on recalling the types of questions,
with explanations, that you should ask before you write a General Ledger
query. For example, "What accounting period do you want?" Also includes
a link to the document General Guidelines for Executing Queries.
Lesson 5. Evaluating Query Results - Introduces
you to methods that you can use to help you determine if your query results
Lesson 6. Getting General Ledger Help - Learn
how to use the listserv when needing help with a General Ledger query.
If you have any questions, please e-mail them to the listserv. When you are granted access to the General Ledger data in the Warehouse, a subscription is automatically set up for you to participate in an E-mail listserv called _EMAIL_.


Near-square prime
From Number
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A near-square prime of type for fixed is a prime that can be written in the form. Note that we consider near-square primes for not a perfect square, because if is a perfect square, then factorizes algebraically.
According to the Bunyakovsky conjecture, for any fixed not a perfect square, there should be infinitely many near-square primes of the form.
Value of Polynomial First few prime values
-1 2, 5, 17, 37, 101, 197, 257, [SHOW MORE]View list on OEIS


text:
TESSA Secondary Science
This is an exciting project, started in August 2010, which aims to extend TESSA education resources to teachers in secondary schools within 5 countries: Uganda, Kenya, Ghana, Zambia and Tanzania.
The project has received initial funding from the Waterloo Foundation to concentrate on the science curricula in the first 2 years of secondary school in the participating countries. 15 study units in the science curriculum (5 modules made up of 3 units) are to be created, incorporating common themes and content present in the countries' national curriculum. Five institutions are collaborating with the Open University in this venture. They are the following institutions:
- College of Education, University of Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
- Makerere University, Uganda
- Egerton University, Kenya
- University of Zambia
- University of Education, Winneba, Ghana
Since 2005 TESSA has been hugely successful in creating and disseminating primary school Open Educational Resources to teachers across 9 African countries. Approximately 300,000 teachers benefited from engagement with TESSA resources in 2010. Through the introduction and growth of the Secondary School Science Project it hoped that this figure will increase and benefit both secondary school teachers and pupils.
For more information on the TESSA Secondary Science Project and to download the briefing note please see here.
TESSA Secondary Science Materials
We have not been able to cover the whole of the lower secondary curriculum, but we have chosen topics that are common to all five countries. The units are grouped into five pedagogical themes, which reflect the skills and attributes of an effective teacher. If the topic that you are teaching is not covered, then we hope that you will be able to adapt one of the units to the context that you require.
Good luck! We hope you enjoy using TESSA Secondary Science units.
Biology Unit 2: Transport
Chemistry Unit 1


Chegg Textbook Solutions for Pathways to Astronomy 3rd Edition: Chapter 64
Chapter: Problem:
An interferometer measured the change in radius of one Cepheid as about 10% during its 10-day period. The star was measured to have an average radius of 40 million km. How fast was the surface of the star moving outward, on average, if it took 5 days to expand by 10%?
 - Step 1 of 1
 (About 9.3 km/s). A 10 percent increase in a 40 million kilometer radius is 4 million kilometers. So the surface of the star moved outward 4 million km in 5 days. There are 432000 seconds in 5 days, so the speed was 4 × 106 km/432000s = 9.3 km/sec.
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text:
Start Date: Aug 01, 2009
End Date: Jul 31, 2012
SRW are an important insect pest of evergreen azaleas. SRW overwinter as adults in trash on the soil surface and within the potting media. Adult beetles emerge in early spring (Feb-Mar), mate, and begin laying eggs on the sepals of azaleas. Eggs hatch and larvae migrate into the blooms to feed and develop. Larvae are deposited to the soil surface as blooms are shed from the plants. Larvae move into the soil to either feed on the root system or to pupate, but inflict little damage on the plant at this point. The adults feed at night and cause small irregular shaped holes in the leaves which diminish the marketability of the plants when insects reach high numbers. Since these insects require soil contact in order to pupate and complete their transformation into adults, a soil applied insecticide would prevent further development and prohibit the formation of new adults. A soil incorporated insecticide would also prevent worker exposure to pesticide drift and lessen the impact on pollinators. Bifenthrin (trade name Talstar®) is currently used in containerized nursery stock as a preventative treatment for imported fire ant control, Solenopsis spp., in both spray and soil incorporated treatments. A rate of 25ppm AI of granular bifenthrin is considered effective to at repel fire ants for a certification period of one year. Ornamental nurseries that comply with these regulations are certified "fire ant free" under APHIS-PPQ guidelines. If granular bifenthrin at this rate or slightly higher rates was proven effective at controlling SRW populations in potted azaleas, this would negate need for further insecticide treatments and offer a preventative for eliminating newly developing SRW in the potting substrate. This research will evaluate the effect of increased dosage of granular bifenthrin on SRW populations in a nursery setting. This study will be installed at three locations: Rocky Creek Nursery in Lucedale, MS, the Mobile Ornamental Horticulture Research Station in Mobile, AL, and the USDA-ARS Thad Cochran Southern Horticultural Laboratory in Poplarville, MS. At each location two blocks will be installed in order to account for possible site variation. Each block will consist of a randomized configuration of 40 potted azaleas (4 treatments, 10 reps per treatment). The cultivar 'Pink Ruffle', which shows susceptibility to SRW damage, will be used exclusively. One gallon 'Pink Ruffle' azaleas will be transplanted into three gallon containers that will contain potting media with 25, 50, and 75ppm of bifenthrin incorporated into the potting media. These concentrations were achieved taking bulk density of the potting media into consideration using formulae provided in the 2007 USDA APHIS-PPQ imported fire ant guidelines for quarantine treatments for nursery stock (USDA-APHIS program aid No. 1904). Controls will consist of untreated pine bark potting media. Each block will be evaluated every 30 days for a period of one year. At each evaluation period, a rating of plant damage due to SRW and counts of any SRW found present will be recorded. This data will be compiled and analyzed using basic ANOVA procedures using a repeated measures design.


, Volume 18, Issue 3 Supplement, pp 305-311
Date: 01 Apr 2009
Benchmarking with Spine Tango: potentials and pitfalls
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The newly released online statistics function of Spine Tango allows comparison of own data against the aggregated results of the data pool that all other participants generate. This comparison can be considered a very simple way of benchmarking, which means that the quality of what one organization does is compared with other similar organizations. The goal is to make changes towards better practice if benchmarking shows inferior results compared with the pool. There are, however, pitfalls in this simplified way of comparing data that can result in confounding. This means that important influential factors can make results appear better or worse than they are in reality and these factors can only be identified and neutralized in a multiple regression analysis performed by a statistical expert. Comparing input variables, confounding is less of a problem than comparing outcome variables. Therefore, the potentials and limitations of automated online comparisons need to be considered when interpreting the results of the benchmarking procedure.


text:
Bosma (1978, 1981b) and Carignan et al. (1990) found a trend for the gas distribution to have the same shape as DM distribution. This correlation between gas and DM is puzzling and if real, has no easy explanation in the light of present CDM models. Not only is there a general trend, but several individual features found in the rotation curve seems to correspond to features in gas circular velocity. This can be observed in Fig. 2 for NGC 1560 and Fig. 8 for NGC 2460.
This fact has inspired a theory (commented in section 3.1), identifying the dark matter with an as yet undetected dark gas. The magnetic hypothesis would provide another explanation, as the rotation curve is due in part to magnetic fields, which are generated by gas. A direct relation is not obvious when very extended curves are obtained (Corbelli and Salucci, 1999). Bosma (1998) himself states that this relation may not be correct.


text:
1. "The lights in the scene are rendered as geometry" means that you draw a polygon mesh that encloses the light's region of influence. For example, if it's a point light you draw a sphere of the light's radius. For a spotlight you draw a cone, etc.
The reason to do this is you are trying to select exactly those pixels on the screen that the light will have an effect on. You could simply render each light as a full-screen quad, hitting every pixel on screen; you must do this for a directional light, since it has no finite region of influence, but for point and spot lights this would be very inefficient, because in many cases, the light will only affect a few pixels, so you waste a lot of time processing pixels that have no effect from the light.
By drawing a mesh in the shape of the light's region of influence, you put the GPU to work to pick out just the pixels you need to draw.
2. To evaluate the lighting equations for a pixel, you need to know where that pixel is in space. It's possible to store the world-space position in a floating-point G-buffer, but that's wasteful. The world-space position of a pixel can be reconstructed from its screen-space XY position and the depth buffer, using a little math. The depth requires much less space than the full position. You store depth so you can reconstruct position later.
3. Texture projection is a method of generating UVs for a texture map that make it look like the texture is being projected onto the geometry, such as by a film projector. In the context of deferred shading, texture projection can be used to project full-screen buffers (G-buffer, depth buffer) from the camera onto the light source geometry, generating UVs that match the screen-space XY coordinates, so that each pixel drawn will sample exactly the same pixel in the full-screen buffers. However, the
VPOS pixel shader semantic (in D3D9 HLSL) can be used to get the screen-space position of the pixel directly. Texture projection is also used when applying a spotlight shadow map.


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Equations of motion
By Wikipedia,
the free encyclopedia,
In physics, equations of motion are equations that describe the behavior of a system (e.g., the motion of a particle under an influence of a force) as a function of time. Sometimes the term refers to the differential equations that the system satisfies (e.g., Newton's second law or Euler–Lagrange equations), and sometimes to the solutions to those equations.
The equations that apply to bodies moving linearly (that is, one dimension) with uniform acceleration are presented below. They are often referred to as "UVAST", "SUVAT", "VUSAT", "VUATS" or "UVATS" equations, as the 5 variables they involve are often represented by those letters (s = displacement, u = initial velocity, v = final velocity, a = acceleration, t = time).
Equations of uniformly accelerated linear motion
The body is considered between two instants in time: one "initial" point and one "current". Often, problems in kinematics deal with more than two instants, and several applications of the equations are required. If a is constant, a differential, a dt, may be integrated over an interval from 0 to Δt (Δt = tti), to obtain a linear relationship for velocity. Integration of the velocity yields a quadratic relationship for position at the end of the interval.
Note that each of the equations contains four of the five variables. Thus, in this situation it is sufficient to know three out of the five variables to calculate the remaining two.
Classic version
The above equations are often written in the following form:
& v&& = u+at\qquad & \text{(1)} \\
& s&& = \tfrac12(u+v)t\qquad & \text{(2)} \\
& s&& = ut + \tfrac12 at^2 \qquad & \text{(3)} \\
& v^2 && = u^2 + 2as\qquad & \text{(4)} \\
& s&& = vt - \tfrac12 at^2 \qquad & \text{(5)}
By substituting (1) into (2), we can get (3), (4) and (5)
s = the distance between initial and final positions (displacement) (sometimes denoted R or x)
u = the initial velocity (speed in a given direction)
v = the final velocity
a = the constant acceleration
t = the time taken to move from the initial state to the final state
Many examples in kinematics involve projectiles, for example a ball thrown upwards into the air.
Given initial speed u, one can calculate how high the ball will travel before it begins to fall.
The acceleration is local acceleration of gravity g. At this point one must remember that while these quantities appear to be scalars, the direction of displacement, speed and acceleration is important. They could in fact be considered as uni-directional vectors. Choosing s to measure up from the ground, the acceleration a must be in fact −g, since the force of gravity acts downwards and therefore also the acceleration on the ball due to it.
At the highest point, the ball will be at rest: therefore v = 0. Using the 4th equation, we have:
s= \frac{v^2 - u^2}{-2g}.
Substituting and cancelling minus signs gives:
s = \frac{u^2}{2g}.
More complex versions of these equations can include a quantity Δs for the variation on displacement (ss0), s0 for the initial position of the body, and v0 for u for consistency.
v = v_0 + at \,
s = s_0 + \tfrac{1}{2} (v_0 + v)t \,
s = s_0 + v_0 t + \tfrac{1}{2} at^2 \,
v^2 = v_0^2 + 2a\Delta s \,
s = s_0 + vt - \tfrac{1}{2} at^2 \,
However a suitable choice of origin for the one-dimensional axis on which the body moves makes these more complex versions unnecessary.
Equations of circular motion
The analogues of the above equations can be written for rotation:
\omega=\omega_0+\alpha t\,
\phi=\omega_0t+\tfrac12\alpha t^2\,
\phi=\omega t-\tfrac12\alpha t^2\,
α is the angular acceleration
ω is the angular velocity
φ is the angular displacement
ω0 is the initial angular velocity.
Motion equation 1
By definition of acceleration,
a = \frac{\Delta v}{\Delta t}\quad\Rightarrow\quad\ a = \frac{v - u}{t}
at = v - u \,
v = u + at \,
Motion equation 2
By definition,
 \mathrm{ average\ velocity } = \frac{s}{t}
 \begin{matrix} \frac{1}{2} \end{matrix} (u + v) = \frac{s}{t}
Motion equation 3
t = \frac{v - u}{a}
Using Motion Equation 2, replace t with above
s = \begin{matrix} \frac{1}{2} \end{matrix} (u + v) ( \frac{v - u}{a} )
2as = (u + v)(v - u) \,
2as = v^2 - u^2 \,
v^2 = u^2 + 2as \,
Motion equation 4
Using Motion Equation 1 to replace u in Motion Equation 3 gives
s = vt - \begin{matrix} \frac{1}{2} \end{matrix} at^2
See also
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Published - July 2009
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How to Use the Images
Inquiry Question
Historical Context
Painting 1
Painting 2
Diagram 1
Photo 1 and 2
Table of
Visual Evidence
Diagram 2: The San Pedro wreck site. [Diagram 2] with link to larger version of photo.
(Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research and Indiana University)
The San Pedro is one of the few positively identified examples of the classic galleon ship type used in New World trade. The remains of the San Pedro include a 90 ft. long by 30 ft. wide ballast mound and hull timbers that are covered by sand and marine vegetation. Seven replica concrete cannons and an iron anchor from another 1733 wreck have replaced the originals which were removed by treasure hunters in the 1960s. An underwater plaque identifies the site and its status as an Underwater Archaeological Preserve.
Questions for Diagram 2
1. Why do you think the replica cannons were added to the site? What happened to the originals?
2. What differences do you see between the ballast piles of the Urca de Lima and the San Pedro? Based on what you learned in Readings 2, 3, and 4 why might this be the case?
3. Why might marking the site with an underwater plaque be important?
* The image on this screen has a resolution of 72 dots per inch (dpi), and therefore will print poorly. You can obtain a larger version of Diagram 2, but be aware that the file will take as much as 40 seconds to load with a 28.8K modem.
Comments or Questions
National Park Service arrowhead with link to NPS website.


Extracting AFQ tract profiles from segmented bundles
In this example, we will extract the values of a statistic from a volume, using the coordinates along the length of a bundle. These are called tract profiles
One of the challenges of extracting tract profiles is that some of the streamlines in a bundle may diverge significantly from the bundle in some locations. To overcome this challenge, we will use a strategy similar to that described in [Yeatman2012]: We will weight the contribution of each streamline to the bundle profile based on how far this streamline is from the mean trajectory of the bundle at that location.
import dipy.stats.analysis as dsa
import dipy.tracking.streamline as dts
from dipy.segment.clustering import QuickBundles
from dipy.segment.metric import (AveragePointwiseEuclideanMetric,
from dipy.data.fetcher import get_two_hcp842_bundles
import dipy.data as dpd
from dipy.io.streamline import load_trk
from dipy.io.image import load_nifti
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import os.path as op
To get started, we will grab the bundles that were extracted in the bundle extraction example. If the example has not been run yet, these files don't yet exist, and we'll need to run that example:
if not (op.exists("CST_L.trk") and
 op.exists("AF_L.trk") and
 import bundle_extraction
Either way, we can use the dipy.io API to read in the bundles from file. load_trk returns both the streamlines, as well as header information.
cst_l = load_trk("CST_L.trk", "same", bbox_valid_check=False).streamlines
af_l = load_trk("AF_L.trk", "same", bbox_valid_check=False).streamlines
transform = np.load("slr_transform.npy")
In the next step, we need to make sure that all the streamlines in each bundle are oriented the same way. For example, for the CST, we want to make sure that all the bundles have their cortical termination at one end of the streamline. This is that when we later extract values from a volume, we won't have different streamlines going in opposite directions.
To orient all the streamlines in each bundles, we will create standard streamlines, by finding the centroids of the left AF and CST bundle models.
The advantage of using the model bundles is that we can use the same standard for different subjects, which means that we'll get roughly the same orientation
model_af_l_file, model_cst_l_file = get_two_hcp842_bundles()
model_af_l = load_trk(model_af_l_file, "same",
model_cst_l = load_trk(model_cst_l_file, "same",
feature = ResampleFeature(nb_points=100)
metric = AveragePointwiseEuclideanMetric(feature)
Since we are going to include all of the streamlines in the single cluster from the streamlines, we set the threshold to np.inf. We pull out the centroid as the standard.
qb = QuickBundles(np.inf, metric=metric)
cluster_cst_l = qb.cluster(model_cst_l)
standard_cst_l = cluster_cst_l.centroids[0]
cluster_af_l = qb.cluster(model_af_l)
standard_af_l = cluster_af_l.centroids[0]
We use the centroid streamline for each atlas bundle as the standard to orient all of the streamlines in each bundle from the individual subject. Here, the affine used is the one from the transform between the atlas and individual tractogram. This is so that the orienting is done relative to the space of the individual, and not relative to the atlas space.
oriented_cst_l = dts.orient_by_streamline(cst_l, standard_cst_l)
oriented_af_l = dts.orient_by_streamline(af_l, standard_af_l)
Read volumetric data from an image corresponding to this subject.
For the purpose of this, we've extracted only the FA within the bundles in question, but in real use, this is where you would add the FA map of your subject.
files, folder = dpd.fetch_bundle_fa_hcp()
fa, fa_affine = load_nifti(op.join(folder, "hcp_bundle_fa.nii.gz"))
Calculate weights for each bundle:
w_cst_l = dsa.gaussian_weights(oriented_cst_l)
w_af_l = dsa.gaussian_weights(oriented_af_l)
And then use the weights to calculate the tract profiles for each bundle
profile_cst_l = dsa.afq_profile(fa, oriented_cst_l, fa_affine,
profile_af_l = dsa.afq_profile(fa, oriented_af_l, fa_affine,
ax1.set_ylabel("Fractional anisotropy")
ax1.set_xlabel("Node along CST")
ax2.set_xlabel("Node along AF")
Bundle profiles for the fractional anisotropy in the left CST (left) and left AF (right).
Yeatman, Jason D., Robert F. Dougherty, Nathaniel J. Myall, Brian A. Wandell, and Heidi M. Feldman. 2012. "Tract Profiles of White Matter Properties: Automating Fiber-Tract Quantification" PloS One 7 (11): e49790.
Garyfallidis et al. Recognition of white matter bundles using local and global streamline-based registration and clustering, Neuroimage, 2017.
Garyfallidis E. et al., QuickBundles a method for tractography simplification, Frontiers in Neuroscience, vol 6, no 175, 2012.
Example source code


text:
That was done by seven scientists in Australia in a part of the country where raising sheep is one of the main industries.
When they shear those sheep, they bring thousands of sheep in a very short period of time into one giant building. The sheep do not always want to move where they're asked to, and the shearing involves big equipment that can be very dangerous.
The people who run the industry are always looking for ways to make the sheep move more quickly. It has to do with a lot of money and the potential for injuries. They brought these scientists in, and they found that if you design your floors differently, things will go better. One of the main conclusions is that it's easier to drag the sheep downhill instead of up.
Q: Shocking! What did the researchers say when you contacted them?
A: That was the first time it occurred to them that what they'd done seemed funny. They'd been brought in by an industry to solve a problem, and they've done that.
Q: A lot of strange research has to do with farming. What's up with the cows and the cat?
There was a study done in the 1940s somewhere in the Midwest by some professors who studied dairy cows. They were trying to figure out exactly why sometimes cows give a lot of milk easily and sometimes it seems to get stuck in there.
They tried to see what happens when a cow is startled, to see if the milk would come out. They came up with a technique of startling a cow: they'd put a cat on the cow's back and blow up paper bags, popping one every 10 seconds.


I'm trying to understand enzyme kinetics, the formula for Km and Kcat make sense to me.
Km, the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half of Vmax
Kcat, used to describe the limiting rate of any enzyme-catalyzed reaction at saturation. Most of the time Kcat just equals K2 (NOT the case when there are more reaction steps)
I can find information about the calculation of the specificity constant (Kcat / Km) and what it means:
specificity constant,the rate constant for the conversion of E + S to E + P
However I can't find any detailed explanation WHY you should devide the Kcat by Km. Secondly Km is HALF of Vmax (so actullay at half saturation) but Kcat is at full saturation, deviding these two numbers makes no sense to me. So to summerize I'm asking : What is the "meaning" of the division of these two consants?
definitions are derived/edited from Lehninger principles of biochemistry
Just as $k_{cat}$ represents the rate of reaction at saturating substrate concentration, $k_{cat} / K_m$ represents the rate of the reaction at negligible substrate concentration.
If we take a look at the standard one substrate/one product Michaelis–Menten kinetics rate equation:
$$v = \frac{k_{cat}[E][S]}{K_m + [S]}$$
We can imagine what happens when $[S] \to 0$, we see that when $[S] \ll K_m$, the denomiator can be reduced to $K_m$, and thus the rate equation becomes
$$v = \frac{k_{cat}}{K_m}[E][S]$$
Or in other words, $k_{cat} / K_m$ is the (pseudo-)second order rate constant between the enzyme and the substrate, when $[S] \ll K_m$.
In fact, when you get into more complex rate equations (like inhibitors, pH effects, and kinetic isotope effects) there's a decent argument (one often made by W.W. Cleland) to be made that the two key constants for enzymatic reactions are $k_{cat}$ and $k_{cat} / K_m$, and it's $K_m$ that should be thought of as the "derived" constant. (The fact that we write the rate equation in terms of $k_{cat}$ and $K_m$ is a historical accident - we could have just as easily had $ v = \frac{k_{cat}\Phi [E][S]}{K_m + \Phi [S]}$, where I've arbitrarily chosen $\Phi$ as the symbol for $k_{cat}/K_m$.)
This still leaves the issue of why $k_{cat} / K_m$ is often referred to as the "specificity constant" of the enzyme. The reason for this is that if you have a single enzyme in the presence of two different substrates, you have a competitive inhibition setup. The math is a little dense (see here or here for examples), but the end result is that the ratio of reaction rates for the two substrates is related to the ratio of their respective $k_{cat} / K_m$'s:
$$\frac{v_a}{v_b} = \frac{k_{cat,A} / K_{m,A}}{k_{cat,B} / K_{m,B}}\frac{[A]}{[B]}$$
This actually makes intuitive sense, with the right mindset - the only stage where the two substrates are competing (where you make the decision to do reaction A versus reaction B) is when they're binding to free enzyme. "The rate when you only care about free enzyme" is equivalent to the negligible substrate case. With negligible substrate, all you have is free enzyme - there isn't enough substrate to have appreciable amounts of substrate-bound form, and the rate of enzyme-substrate encounter is much lower than the rate of product formation, meaning that in the steady state you don't have appreciable amounts of product-bound form, either. Thus the $k_{cat} / K_m$ for a particular substrate is representing how good the free enzyme is at performing that reaction.
 - $\begingroup$ Thankyou nice explanation! However there is one thing that's not quite clear for me because your example with two substrates for the SAME enzyme makes sense now (negligible [S] --> [S] <-- Km etc.) However Kcat/Km is also used to compare between different enzymes, doing that the argument about low [S] is not valid (unless they are both using the same substrate offcourse) or am I missing something? _USER_.M. $\endgroup$ – KingBoomie Nov 19 '16 at 8:01
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ Do you have a particular example of the sort of comparison of $k_{cat}/K_m$ between different enzymes that you're talking about? Because you can certainly compare different enzymes via $k_{cat}/K_m$ -- just like you can compare different enzymes based on $k_{cat}$ or $K_m$. Comparing based on $k_{cat}/K_m$ gives you information about rates in the low (respective) substrate regime, just as comparing $k_{cat}$ gives information about rates in the high (respective) substrate regime. - I'm not sure if you're talking about this sort of comparison, or something else. $\endgroup$ – R.M. Nov 19 '16 at 15:54
This ratio is more often called the "catalytic efficiency" and it's a bad measure. In many cases, enzymes are only better when they have a higher kcat, because the substrate concentration is always way above the Km. Using the ratio when this is obviously the case is just misleading imo, but this happens way too often.
In some cases it could be a useful measure to compare to enzymes. For example if you're unable to measure at higher substrate concentrations. You'd just have the initial slope of the [S] vs vmax graph. At low concentrations this slope approaches kcat/Km.
The kcat/Km ratio doesn't represent something real, it's just a lazy way to compare enzymes, combining two numbers that each represent something different into one number that's only looking good because it's one number.
 - $\begingroup$ "There is an upper limit to Kcat / Km, imposed by the rate at which E and S can diffuse together in an aqueous solution. This diffusion controlled limit is 10^8 to 10^9, enzymes with a Kcat / Km near this range are said to have achieved catalytic perfection"(Lehninger) This would be a strange assumption if the value "doesn't represent something real'? _USER_ $\endgroup$ – KingBoomie Nov 18 '16 at 12:36
 - $\begingroup$ I don't think that value is based directly on kcat / Km. It can be described in this way because Km = (k-1 + k2) / k1. But someone else might be able to help you more here, I'm not that at home in the maths behind this. $\endgroup$ – VonBeche Nov 18 '16 at 14:26
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text:
Frye Art Museum
photo by Jill Berarducci
Winold Reiss: Native American Portraits
July 21- September 10, 2000
Native American portraits by German-born artist Winold Reiss (_PHONE_) graced the covers of collectible American railroad posters and calendars for decades. Hired by the Great Northern Railway to promote the West, Reiss was one of America's earliest painters to portray Native Americans in realistic, rather than stereotypical portraits. Dozens of these brilliantly colored and engaging portraits are on view at the Frye July 21 through Sept. 10, 2000.
Reiss dreamed of dedicating his artistic career to painting Native Americans. Born in Germany, Reiss studied under his father, the well-respected artist Fritz Reiss, and later he studied at the Munich Academy. After immigrating to the United States in 1913, he found outlets for his talent as a muralist and a decorative arts designer. He also became known for his meticulous portraits of other minority groups: Afro-, Asian-, and Mexican-Americans, both male and female. With few preconceptions, he detailed their character, often in lively costumes.
Winold spent a major part of his productive career living and painting among the Blackfeet Confederacy, in Montana. He contributed work to the railway for over 20 years, while continuing his portrait painting. He opened a school at Glacier National Park, Montana, and taught there and in New York for many years before his death in 1953. The Blackfeet Indians became his closest friends and at the end of his life, his ashes were scattered over the Blackfeet reservation in Montana. (left: Jim Blood, 1931, pastel and tempera on Whatman, 30 x 22 inches)
Over thirty of Reiss' finest Native American portraits will be displayed. Costumes worn by his subjects were often an important decorative element in his work, providing insight into the character and traditions of the ethnic group. The exhibition is organized by the Frye and drawn from the Reiss family, the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad, and a number of private and public collections.
Read about Fritz Winold Reiss in the C. M. Russell Museum
Read more in Resource Library Magazine about the Frye Art Museum.
Please click on thumbnail images bordered by a red line to see enlargements.
For further biographical information please see America's Distinguished Artists, a national registry of historic artists.
This page was originally published in Resource Library Magazine. Please see Resource Library's Overview section for more information. rev. 3/18/11
Search Resource Library for thousands of articles and essays on American art.
Copyright 2011 Traditional Fine Arts Organization, Inc., an Arizona nonprofit corporation. All rights reserved.


How to Write Acknowledgments in a Report
A brief acknowledgment is like a thank you note to someone who assisted you.
... shironosov/iStock/Getty Images
Completing a project often requires the support of others. Many people may contribute to your success. Acknowledgments provide a way to thank those who supported or encouraged you in your research, writing and other parts of developing your report, paper or other project.
Develop a list of those who helped you to develop your report or who gave you the time and encouragement that you needed to complete the project.
Review the list of names and determine if you want to include the person on the acknowledgments page. Focus on those who really supported, encouraged or helped you. Avoid including all of your friends or relatives, and focus on those who made a significant impact on your report. You may want to limit the list to five to 10 people for the acknowledgments page.
Consider how each person contributed to your project. You can keep the contributions concise with a brief description of how each offered time and energy to your project.
Create an acknowledgments page with the title "Acknowledgments" at the top. Press enter several times and begin typing the acknowledgments that you brainstormed earlier. For instance, you can write "Thanks to Regis for supporting me and giving me the time I needed each day to write" or "Thanks to Kelly for editing this manuscript."
Conclude by thanking everyone and stating, "Without their effort, the completion of the project would not have been possible."


Take the 2-minute tour ×
For given $n,\ell\in\mathbb N_0$, I am interested in studying the following recursion relation for some $\mu\in\mathbb R$: $$\sqrt{-1} \tfrac{j(\ell-j+1)(n-j+1)(n+j+1)}{2(2j-1)(2j+1)} a_{j-1} - \tfrac {j(j+1)}2 a_j - \sqrt{-1} \tfrac{(j+1)(\ell+j+2)}2 a_{j+1} = \mu a_j,$$ for $j\ge0$, assuming $a_{-1}=0$.
The trivial solution is $a_j=0,\ \forall j\in\mathbb N_0$. The value of $a_0$ determines the entire sequence, no matter what is $\mu$.
Since this three term recurrence relation is given by matrix valued spherical functions of the symmetric pair $(\mathrm{SO }(4),\mathrm{SO }(3) )$ one expects to be solvable by a set of orthogonal polynomials on a finite discrete set, for some $\mu$.
Does anybody recognize this expression or know any family of polynomials solving this?
From already thank you very much.
share|improve this question
Does the $i$ here denote the square root of $-1$? Also, could you show a few examples for at least one pair of indices $n$ and $\ell$? It would help to know how you want the recursion to start -- otherwise, $a_j=0$ for all $j$ would seem to suffice. – Barry Cipra Sep 7 '12 at 20:07
Why in particular is this recursion interesting? – Per Alexandersson Sep 7 '12 at 21:36
Can anything be said from the differential equation for the generating function? (I'm guessing it's 4th order.) – Pavel Safronov Sep 8 '12 at 22:57
1 Answer 1
up vote 0 down vote accepted
Racah are involved
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The UNC Policy Manual
Students' Rights and Responsibilities
The UNC Policy Manual
Chapter 100.1 - The Code
Section 608
(1) The University of North Carolina affirms that the first goal of each constituent institution is to educate the students admitted to its programs. The freedom of students to learn is an integral and necessary part of the academic freedom to which the University and its constituent institutions are dedicated. Each constituent institution shall provide, within allotted functions and available resources, opportunity for its students to derive educational benefits through developing their intellectual capabilities, encouraging their increased wisdom and understanding, and enhancing their knowledge and experience applicable to the effective discharge of civic, professional, and social responsibilities. No constituent institution shall abridge either the freedom of students engaged in the responsible pursuit of knowledge or their right to fair and impartial evaluation of their academic performance.
(2) All students shall be responsible for conducting themselves in a manner that helps to enhance an environment of learning in which the rights, dignity, worth, and freedom of each member of the academic community are respected.
(3) In applying regulations in the area of student discipline, each constituent institution shall adhere to the requirements of due process as set forth in Section 502 D(3) of this Code.


text:
A few days ago, I wrote a post about why the word barrel is abbreviated bbl. I thought I had done my homework. I had checked my sources and it seemed like my post was reliably sourced (going back as early as 1904) when I had attributed the abbreviation bbl to the use of blue colored barrels in the Pennsylvania oil industry in the 1860s.
Thankfully, an anonymous reader wrote in with a tip saying that bbl was in use long before the Pennsylvania oil industry. Sure enough, I did a little poking around on the internet and found some old cargo manifests from the early days of sail. I found one as early as 1764 that use the bbl abbreviation and it was certainly in use even before this.
(Manifest of the brig Sally, dated September 11, 1764 - note the bbl abbreviation)
So where did bbl come from? I contacted three reference librarians across the country, and after doing their research, all three came back with the "blue barrel" answer. When after I explained my earlier cargo manifest finds, one librarian from New York still put up a defense saying that "blue barrel" was well researched and had a long history of documented evidence.
One site I found took a couple of good guesses stating that the "b" may have been doubled originally to indicate the plural (1 bl, 2 bbl), or possibly it was doubled to eliminate any confusion with bl as a symbol for the bale. Of course these are just guesses.
I'll keep looking for a satisfactory answer and I'll let you know if I find anything. Of course if there's someone else with more information, feel free to post in the comments.


text:
Jardin Ethnobotanical celebrates Oaxaca's botanical and ethnic diversity
MEXICO Oaxaca – I'd come to the city of Oaxaca, southern Mexico's cultural treasure, for a two-week immersion in Spanish. While doing so, I wandered around the old city in my off-school hours jumping at every opportunity to practice my emerging language skills. As I walked cobbled streets, I kept running into the name of Francisco Toledo, Oaxaca's reigning contemporary artist.
"Toledo is a seed," my teacher told me, "Toledo has insisted that our total culture be preserved, and now nearly every art form is flourishing here, creating an ambiance, a sense of the entire city as a museum."
It was Toledo who rescued the old convent connected to Santo Domingo, the elaborate church whose bells awakened me each morning, from becoming a convention center and turned its soaring spaces into a world-class museum. Of special interest to me, however, was the Jardin Ethnobotanico in the old convent's walled courtyard adjacent to the museum. It, too, exists because of Toledo.
The only such garden in Mexico that combines artistic sensitivity and scientific expertise, Jardin Etnobotanico celebrates the state of Oaxaca's exceptional botanical diversity.
Blessed with a geologic complexity that includes deserts and cloud forests, beaches and temperate woodlands, Oaxaca is one of the richest ecosystems in the world, boasting, for example, more species of cycads, and agaves and varieties of chili peppers and maize than anywhere else on earth. Colonial Oaxaca 's wealth came from the sophisticated selection and breeding by the indigenous people of the cochineal (a scale insect) found on nopal (prickly pear). Mashed, the insect produced a red dye previously unavailable outside of Mexico, that the Spanish exploited as readily as the gold from Oaxaca's hills.
Making used of the convent's 16th century courtyard, which had housed a garrison for over 100 years, Toledo, along with fellow painter Luis Zarate and ethnobiologist Alexandro de Avila, sought to build not just a decorative garden but one that would tell the story of the relationship between the people and the plants of Oaxaca. Emphasis is placed on the use of indigenous plants, both past and present, for medical, household, food and religious purposes.
A sculpture, created by Toledo out of a massive piece of Montezuma cypress clad in mica greets visitors at the courtyard's entry. Red-dyed water drips over the cypress block, representing theimportance of the cochineal. A channel of clear water continues through the two-hectare courtyard, its level and direction changed by sculptures along the way.
More than 900 plant species are represented in the courtyard, chosen for their cultural significance. The plants' profusion of shapes, colors and textures contrast harmoniously with the convent's ancient stone walls. Many are listed as endangered. "Rescued from highway projects," my Spanish-speaking guide explained.Among the rescued, an ancient barrel cactus weighing over three tons that – if my fledgling language ability caught the drift – took the largest crane in Oaxaca to carry it over the wall.
Oaxaca's more than 20 species of cycads are represented, a lineage that flourished with the dinosaurs. "This one is several hundred years old," my guide said, pointing out a particular specimen, "and probably existed when the monastery was built."
A section of the garden is devoted to species found at Guilá Naquitz, a small cave located near Mitla in the Valley of Oaxaca, known to have been occupied by hunters and gatherers between 8000 and 6500 BC. Here, archaeologists found the remains of plants used for thousands of years, including acorn, pinyon, cactus fruits, and evidence of cultivated bottle gourds and squash and beans, and the oldest remains of corn reported to date – at 10,000 years old, these are the earliest remains of agriculture known so far in the Americas.
Newer archaeological remains, those found in the courtyard – irrigation canals, pools, the lime kilns where mortar was prepared during the construction of Santo Domingo, laundry basins used by the novices, a pottery kiln – contribute to the garden's cultural importance and understanding of the everyday life of Dominicans in the seventeenth century.
Following my guided tour, I made my way to the adjoining museum where an open passageway overlooks the garden. There I thought of something my teacher told me on my first day of class: "Two out of three Oaxaquenos come from one of 15 distinct groups such as the Mixtecs and Zapotecs," she said. "So don't worry if you can't follow a conversation on the streets. Many of Oaxaca state's three million people don't speak Spanish as their first language. You are probably hearing one of the some 150 dialects that have survived."
Oaxaca's amazing botanical diversity, Oaxaca's amazing ethnic diversity – and right below me a courtyard garden celebrating both!
IF YOU GO: There are free guided tours in Spanish twice a day, Tuesday to Saturday at 10 AM and 5 PM. Tours in English are scheduled for 11 AM on Saturdays. A library, specializing in natural sciences, environmental conservation and ethnobiology, is open to the public. Conferences, courses and workshops are also offered.
For my Spanish immersion, I chose the Instituto de Communicación y Cultura (ICC) located in the historic center. Classes of no more than five participants are offered on all levels.
Most students opt to live with a family, with arrangements made by the ICC. Oaxacan-owned hotels are another option. I stayed at Parador Monte Carmelo, again in the historic center.
For Oaxaca information: _URL_.


text:
Zoho have introduced 2FA and so we cannot use the email password with Lucee or any other client like outlook. To use the Zoho to send out an email using Lucee you need to create an app password. The steps are as below:
- Login to _URL_ with your email and password.
- Go to Security -> App Passwords
- Click the 'Generate New Password' link to create a new password
- Give an identifiable name and generate a password
- Copy the password and store it as you will not be able to retrieve this password again.
- Now, go to Lucee Admin -> Mail settings
- Add the values as shown.
Username: Your email.
Password: The one-time password that you have generated.
Note: If you try verifying the email connection through Lucee it will show an error that not able to connect to the server, but you can ignore that error.