OpenBSD ports
The databases/py-pickleshare,python3 port
py3-pickleshare-0.7.4p4 – tiny'shelve'-like database with concurrency support
Like shelve, a PickleShareDB object acts like a normal dictionary.
Unlike shelve, many processes can access the database simultaneously.
Changing a value in database is immediately visible to other processes
accessing the same database.
Concurrency is possible because the values are stored in separate files.
Hence the "database" is a directory where all files are governed by
databases devel lang/python
Library dependencies
Build dependencies
Run dependencies


text:
As one of the top 10 barley producers in the world, Canada faces a problem of adapting to the 'new normal' of a warmer, drier climate.
The 2012 growing season was considered an average year on the Canadian Prairies, "but we still had a summer water deficit, and it is that type of condition we are trying to work with," said Scott Chang, a professor of soil science in the University of Alberta's Department of Renewable Resources in Edmonton, Canada.
Chang teamed with fellow crop scientist Anthony Anyia of Alberta Innovates – Technology Futures in 2006, following a severe drought in 2002 that dropped average crop yield in Alberta by about half.
They are exploring the genetic makeup of barley and how the grain crop—a Canadian staple used for beer malt and animal feed—can be made more efficient in its water use and more productive. One of their latest studies, published in the journal Theoretical and Applied Genetics, explores how to increase yield in barley crops while using less water.
By studying the carbon isotope compositions of barley plants and their relationship with water-use efficiency, the researchers developed tools that plant breeders can use to improve selection efficiency for more water-efficient varieties. The latest findings stem from an ongoing collaboration that is ultimately aimed at bringing farmers a more stable breed of the plant that has less reliance on water and is less vulnerable to climate change.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The principal parts of a verb are the first person singular indicative of the tense-systems occurring in it. These are generally six: the present, future, first aorist, first (or second) perfect active, the perfect middle, and the first (or second) aorist passive. The future middle is given if there is no future active. The second aorist (active or middle) is added if it occurs. Thus:
Herbert Weir Smyth [n.d.], A Greek Grammar for Colleges; Machine readable text [info] [word count] [Smyth].

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Home / Lessons in Life / How do I parent multiple kids with different personalities?
Lessons in Life
How do I parent multiple kids with different personalities?
How do I parent multiple kids with different personalities?
Parenting multiple children can be challenging. Each child likely has a different core ray and therefore requires a unique parenting style to fulfill their individual needs.
The first step is knowing yourself enough to not build any bias towards a child that may be different from you. They may be serving as a reflection for you and teaching you lessons in the process. Make sure that you provide what each child needs, while not feeling guilt towards the others. In life, your role as a parent is to ensure that you provide your child with both the positive and negative parts that they require to learn their individual lessons. Positive parts refer to the things that you want to do such as playing in a pool with them, and negative parts are the things you may not want to do such as punishing them. Every parent does the best they can while raising their children. Most try to be fair and precise while caring for their needs. What many fail to realize is that being fair isn't necessarily what a child truly needs. What is required is unconditional love, which most parents are already ingrained with.
When parenting multiple children you don't have to behave exactly the same with all of them or even keep the same rules since you are raising them as individuals and not a pack. At times they mature differently and require different sets of rules. They may enjoy different activities as well. One method that works well is to see what mood you are in and then engage in that activity with the child that shares the same interest. This is a great way to truly enjoy your time together. If you have a child who is into being popular, you could take them shopping for clothes or talk about their social life to spend some quality time with them. If you have another who is fascinated by books, you could take them to a bookstore or ask them to tell you about their favorite book series. The key is to be fair by making sure that the energy you give to one is also given to the others in a way that is right for each individual. This prevents a parent from developing guilt.
Your children are being raised to function in modern society and you were raised to function in the society the way it used to be. Get to know the different sides of yourself through your children. They may have different interests than you but that could be a great opportunity to learn how to appreciate those differences. Always remember that you are not trying to raise replicas of yourself. A parent's role is not to live life for their child but rather to provide guidance to help your child grow in a way that's right for them. If you were never the popular kid, and your kid is the popular kid, live vicariously through them. Some parents get jealous because they never got to be that growing up. If you were the popular kid, and your kid is the bookworm, live vicariously through them and learn about that part. Don't show your children that you prefer one side to the next, even if you do. If you prefer spending time with one child versus another, don't act extra excited to be with them. In private, you can be extra excited if you like. This will prevent you from feeling guilty for showing a preference to one child, which could then lead to subconsciously manifesting issues with the others. If one of your children says that you are being unfair, you were already feeling guilty about being unfair. In life, your internal feelings always come before the physical world gives you an external physical explanation for your feelings. True joy cannot be faked as children are wiser than you may think and have the ability to pickup on the energy fluctuations caused by your emotions.
Glancing at my hand,
while reading a book.
Sweet family thoughts,
simply overtook
All fingers are siblings,
from eldest to runt.
Each serving a purpose,
all forming a front
The thumb helps us grab,
and hold with a grip.
Without a strong thumb,
most objects will slip
The pointer is wise,
indexing my needs.
Scratching when in doubt,
pointing as I read.
The middle is feisty,
needs to be controlled.
It can be offensive,
when standing alone
Ring finger is pretty,
entranced by beauty.
Gaining most attention,
while carrying jewelry
The pinky a baby,
but helps gain control.
While holding a cup,
it often lets go
The hand is a unit,
close knit family.
All parts work together,
though truly unique.
– Mytika
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Fit People Are Up For A Challenge
Among the many benefits of exercise is the way it helps you beat stress. But does that mean people who make a point of staying fit can handle stressful situations better? A study published in the journal Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise suggests there may be some truth to that assumption.
Researchers assigned 8 subjects with a below average level of fitness and 8 very fit subjects to cycle on a stationary bike for 37 minutes at 60% of capacity. For the next trial, these same volunteers were given complex metal problems to solve while cycling for 20 minutes. Not only did the dual task increase anxiety for the less fit subjects, compared to their in-shape counterparts they produced greater amounts of the catabolic hormone cortisol.
True Strength Moment: Why are active adults who exercise regularly better able to handle difficult situations? These are the kind of people who are used to setting and achieving ambitious goals, so that could be a factor. Whatever the reason, their hormonal response to exercise makes it easier to recover and come back for more.
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Many people have tried pork, some say it tastes like chicken.
Many people have tried it, but none have lived to tell the tale.
What is Pork?[edit]
I will explain this.
Neck Spasms[edit]
People occasionally developed neck spasms. This can be due to a number of causes, such as a medical problem or some other problem that can result in neck spasms.
Avoiding Neck Spasms[edit]
It is very difficult if not impossible if not quite easy to avoid a neck spasm. Some people have genetic predispositions. These people do not know what to do.
Sometimes mermen come out of the oceans to mate with kidnapped mermaids. This is quite rare.
For the religious among us who choose to believe lies, the so-called experts at Wikipedia think they have an article about pieces of dead pigs, or simply go here.
See Also[edit]


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In order to solve some of the above mentioned solar coronal measurement challenges, Jeff Kuhn designed the Solar-C telescope in the early 1990's. Roy Coulter engineered the construction and then Haosheng Lin built the fiber optic spectropolarimetry imaging system.
Construction was started in October 1998 an first light was achieved in August 2001.
- Jeff Kuhn
Ph D., Princeton, 1981
Associate Director Institute for Astronomy
Principal scientist and instrumentation specialist
- Haosheng Lin
Ph.D., Michigan State University, 1992
Principal research scientist and spectropolarimetry specialist
- Roy Coulter
Principal design and construction engineer
- E. John Messersmith
BA Physics, University of Chicago, 1985
Principal control software design, implementation and maintenance
- J. D. Armstrong
Ph.D. University of Hawaii, 2004
Astrophysicist and principle adaptive optics engineer
Solar-C will provide more accurate coronal measurements in order to explain and better understand many solar phenomena including:
- sun spot formation, structure and dynamics
- Coronal Mass Ejections (CME) formation and acceleration
- transition region temperature inversion (Coronal Heating Problem)
- solar flares
- space weather and its effect on the terrestrial environment
In addition, Solar-C will act as a prototype off-axis telescope for ATST and enable us to more thoroughly understand how to overcome the technical and engineering challenges specific to this kind of design. In particular, we will be resolving issues of alignment, heat dissipation and guiding off of asymmetrical phenomena.
The Solar-C telescope is an off-axis Gregorian system with a 0.45 m diameter primary mirror. The prime focus plate scale is 120 arc-sec/mm with a focal ratio of f/3.8. The system is diffraction-limited over an 18 arc-minute field at 1 micron. The secondary mirror is housed on top of a hexapod mechanism that allows more precise control over focus and alignment. At the Gregorian focus the final focal ratio is f/18 and the plate scale is 40 arc-sec/mm. In practice a 5 arc-minute field stop is used at the prime focus to limit down-stream heat loading and better match our current detectors at the Gregorian focus.
Ray tracing diagram showing incident light patch to Gregorian focus
System heat management is achieved though embedding copper tubing around the field stop and under the primary. For more information please refer to Heat Management in the System Hardware section.
The traditional approach to Gregorian reflecting telescope design is "on-axis" – the optical axis lies on the axis of symmetry of the optical components. This has kept design and fabrication simple. However, the secondary mirror and its support structure obstruct part of the optical path. This causes fringing and scattering. When observing in the infrared these obstructions also act as heat sources in the optical path. This is equivalent to putting a lit light bulb in the middle of a visible light telescope. An off-axis telescope removes the obstructions (and heat sources) from the optical path, allowing for cleaner images. Therefore, an off-axis telescope is the best design choice in order to achieve the necessary precision to observe and measure solar limb phenomena.
Many scientists believe it is impossible or too difficult to build and align large off-axis telescopes. Our experience with Solar-C has shown that this is not the case. The primary is not simply an off-axis parabaloid but rather a de-centered section of a larger symmetrical virtual parabolic mirror. Today's sophisticated manufacturing techniques allow this kind of mirror to be built with minimal aberrations. Alignment, while more challenging than with a symmetrical primary, is in fact both possible and practical.
For more information please click here.
A light-hearted look at the construction of Solar-C.
Field Stop Cooling
Field Stop and Fiber Optic Detector Head
Solar-C from Above Looking West Southwest


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CHARLESTON, SC – How did Noah get breeding pairs of all the Earth's animals into a single boat? Where did manna come from? How did Jesus feed 5,000 people with five loaves of bread and two fishes? How did Christ walk on water? And what really happened to Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden?
These great Bible mysteries, which have baffled Christians for over 2,000 years, have finally been solved by Bible experts who concluded after a five-year study that "God's ways, though often mysterious, are sometimes crystal clear.
"And in the cases of these Bible miracles, there is no mystery at all. All we have to do is open our eyes. The solutions really are there for everyone to see."
Dr. James Rhodes, Bernadette Carter, Phillip Gaylord, Dr. Margaret Creed and Dr. Robert Stephenson headed up the panel of Bible scholars, theologians and clergymen who examined the mysteries in light of the historical record and current scientific thinking and provided a solution for each of them.
"Our conclusions will seem controversial to some, but they are in no way meant to diminish God's power and supremacy over everything that was, is and will be," explained Mrs. Carter.
Here are the experts' explanations for five great Bible mysteries:
1. How Noah got breeding pairs of every animal on Earth in a single boat.
The solution, say the experts, is simple if you look beyond artists' conceptions of the event that we have all seen over the years.
"Noah filled the ark mostly with babies and eggs that took up less space and required less food than adult animals," said Dr. Rhodes.
"It is also safe to assume that the Great Flood, though extensive, didn't cover the entire Earth as many people believe.
"In the Aramaic that the Bible was originally written in, the story of Noah describes the Flood as covering 'the world,' which, when accurately translated, simply means the Middle East.
"So in point of fact, Noah only loaded local animals onto the ark – not every animal on the planet.
2. Where manna came from.
While searching for the Promised Land, Moses and his followers faced great trials and tribulations – including the threat of starvation.
They survived the worst of times eating manna from Heaven – a sugary, bread-like substance that "fell from Heaven."
In fact, as the experts point out, manna is produced by plants indigenous to the region the group was exiled in. The miracle, of course, is that the plants produced ENOUGH manna to feed thousands of people.
"Outside of a single miraculous incident, this is unheard of," say Galord. "It truly is a miracle of the first magnitude."
(Next Page: #3 – #5)
Pages: 1 2


text:
The ruins of a Buddhist temple dating back 1,500 years ago have been discovered in China's largest desert, offering valuable research material for historians studying Buddhism's spread from India to China.
As one of the largest sand deserts in the world, the Taklimakan Desert covers an area of 330,000 square kilometers and houses numerous ancient ruins. [File photo]
The temple's main hall, with a rare structure based around three square-shaped corridors and a huge Buddha statue - now missing - has been uncovered after two months of hard work in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Dr Wu Xinhua, the leading archaeologist of the excavation project, said yesterday.
"The hall is the largest of its kind found in the Taklimakan Desert since the first archaeologist came to the area in the 20th century," said Wu, also head of the Xinjiang archeological team of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
The ruins are in the south of the Taklimakan Desert, in the Tarim Basin, known as the Damago Oasis in the ancient kingdom of Khotan, a Buddhist civilization thought to date to the 3rd century BC.
Temple halls with square-shaped corridors stemmed from early Buddhist architecture in India, and gradually disappeared after the Northern and Southern Dynasties (420AD-589AD), when Buddhist architecture in China began to pick up its own characteristics, according to Xiao Huaiyan, a member of the excavation team and a former researcher at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
It is so far the best Buddhist site for scholars to study how the religion arrived in China, and its early development in the country, said Wu.


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Metro dedicates a secondary sewage treatment plant in Renton on July 22, 1965.
HistoryLink.org Essay 2737
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On July 22, 1965, Metro's large East Division
Reclamation Plant in Renton is dedicated. This plant is designed to treat 24 million gallons of raw sewage a day from South King County before discharge into
the Duwamish River, with an ultimate capacity of 144 million gallons a day. It is dedicated in memory of Harold E. Miller (d. 1964), Metro's first executive
Construction on the 53-acre project began on July 20, 1961, next to Longacres Racetrack on land purchased from the Great Northern Railroad and the Earlington golf course. Metro promised that if the effluent caused any problems for the Duwamish River, the discharge would be moved to Puget Sound. By 1980, along with rising population in the service area, ammonia and chlorine levels had risen in the river.
Metro planned a pipe for treated effluent through deep tunnels to Point Pully near Seahurst or to Alki Point. The Point Pully option was five miles shorter and cheaper, but it met with opposition from residents. The route of the 10-foot-diameter, six-mile-long tunnel was geologically uncertain and people worried that the effluent would just wash around Vashon Island rather than out to sea. In early 1983, the Metro Council decided on an 11-mile pipeline along West Marginal Way South that discharged deep into Puget Sound. The pump station, force mains, tunnel, and outfall were completed in March 1987 at a cost of approximately $202 million, less than earlier estimates. Ammonia nearly disappeared from the river and oxygen levels improved.
As part of the King County Department of Natural
Resources, the facility is renamed South Treatment Plant. A $230 million expansion program began in 1991 that will expand the facility to 108 million gallons a day.
Bob Lane, Better Than Promised: An Informal History of the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle (Seattle: Metro, 1995), King County Department of Natural Resources website (_URL_
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text:
What does ICJ mean in Ocean Science?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand ICJ in the Academic & Science field in general and in the Ocean Science terminology in particular.
Find a translation for ICJ in other languages:
Select another language:
What does ICJ mean?
- International Court of Justice, World Court(noun)
- a court established to settle disputes between members of the United Nations


text:
Swan Bay located at the eastern end of the Bellarine Peninsula is one of the region's most important eco systems regarded as having international significance.
The 30 square kilometre shallow marine embayment lies between St Leonards to the North and Queenscliff to the South makes up part of the Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park. The bay was originally called Swan Ponds and was named by explorer Matthew Flinders who was amazed by the large numbers black swan found in the waters. The black swan is only one of a number of important species found in the bay there the list of bird life is stunning with waders, seabirds and the orange bellied parrot which is one of the rarest birds in Australia with its name on the Critically Endangered list and an estimated 50 birds still alive in the wild. There are countless species of birds on the bay but pelicans, gull, spoonbill, sandpipers, oyster-catchers, terns and various species or duck are quiet common sights. Birds of prey like owls, eagles and hawks are also common sights.
The bay is one of the region's favourite spots for recreation. Bird watching is a favourite past time in the area as are some water based activities including scuba diving, kayaking and boating. As the area is part of the Marine National Park there are strict rules on where and what to fish. The scenic Bellarine Railway which runs from Queenscliff to Portarlington also offers spectacular views of the bay.
The bay is an important breeding ground and nursery for many of Port Phillip Bay's fish including mullet, whiting, flounder, and snapper. Much of the bay is covered in sea grass which offers food and protection for the sea life.
The scrub and vegetation around the bay is also an important feature. The southern tip of the bay is home to some of the peninsula's only real native bushlands with dense coastal tea tree and coastal beard heath. The shoreline has plenty of coastal saltbush and shrubs like Glasswort and Austral Seabite which also offer food and shelter to the abundant bird life.
Separating Swan Bay to Port Philip Bay on the Queenscliff side of the bay is Swan Island. This small island is home to the Queenscliff Golf Club which has an amazing course overlooking the bay. The Department of Defence also occupies a large portion of the island and uses it as a training facility including a counter terrorism training centre for the Australian Special Forces. Swan Island also houses the Queenscliff Cruising Yacht Club and waters of the island are popular dive spots especially around the wreck of the Mountain Maid which sank off the island in 1856. A J-Class Submarine was scuttled there in 1926 and also offers a great dive.
Swan Bay is the setting for one of the Geelong region's oldest legends or myths. The southern shoreline I meant to be home to buried pirate treasure which was allegedly hidden by Pirate 'Bloody Sword' Benito Bonito. The treasure called the 'Lost loot of Lima' consisted mainly of golden religious figures and jewels, was taken from the west coast of the Americas and hidden on Swan Bay in the early 1820s. No one has ever found the treasure, so who knows it may still be out there and on today's market could be worth more than $300 million. Poor old Bonito was caught by the British not long after leaving Port Phillip Bay and after a drum head court martial and was hung taking any secrets he had to his death.


reached a bit of popularity). You simply use one of your already existing POCOs, pass it to the component, and it auto-magically creates the options page(s) for you, using a pre-defined set of controls to edit the POCO properties, based on their types. Now, to give you as a developer some ways to influence the appearance and structure of that dialog, I added the possibility to annotate your POCO properties with certain attributes the component understands. And here comes the problem.
Imagine that the POCO you're using for the YLOD project is a central part of your persistence logic, for example the data container you use in serialization to and from isolated storage. Then you probably want to also use this type in your background agent for one or another reason. However, to use this settings class which is now decorated with YLOD's attributes, you also need to reference the YLOD assembly – and there you go, since YLOD uses various APIs to navigate between pages and other things, your background agent fails validation.
This is another example of how validation of your own background agent (and hence application) can fail even though you're not actually doing anything forbidden. The simple fact that an external library in turn has a reference to an unsupported API is problematic. And in these cases, like I said, there's often little you can do yourself to solve the problem.
YLOD of course has since been updated, and its safe core features like the annotation attributes have been refactored into a separate assembly, which now allows you to use your settings POCO container from your background agents even when they're using the YLOD attributes (this improvement is available starting in version 1.0 of YLOD):
This pattern is also suitable to structure your own code into parts that are safe to use from background agents, and those that are only valid to use from the full app.
I think the examples demonstrate that the really nice new feature of having background agents comes with strings attached. You have to carefully plan ahead some of the aspects and think about what parts of your components you're going to use in your background agents code, or you will face painful and unexpected refactoring work later on in the development process. Sometimes this can be solved with a simple restructuring of your code, sometimes it requires more complex work like creating multiple satellite class libraries, or working with shared files or additional inheritance. The worst case is that you cannot resolve the situation yourself at all when you're using third party libraries that do not support background agents, and that you have to rework large parts of your application logic because of that.
I hope you enjoyed this first part of the mini series; if you have additional thoughts or want to comment, feel free to leave me a note below, or contact me directly. In the next part I'll continue to look at additional challenges you as developer have to master with background agents. Stay tuned!
Comments (3) -
Nice one!
I haven't had a chance to run into such issues (yet) - but it looks like you really nailed it Smile
And, BTW - I'm using your YLAD library, and it rocks! I was so impressed that I even mentioned you in the Credits section of the About dialog built with your YLAD Wink
Hi Alex. Thank you for that. I'm glad you like it Smile
Yes, I have encountered this issue! I had created my nice common library, but my 'Tile helper' class, not surprisingly included and 'AddTile' method. Although this was not used by the background agent, it still gets flagged as a problem!! Eventually just took this one method out and put it in the main project.
Thanks for your analysis and description of the problem and design patterns. Much appreciated.
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Desert of Maine – The Desert of Maine: A Journey Through the Sands of Time
September 8, 2020 @ 10:00 am
A ten-week homeschool course at the Desert of Maine will take students ages 9-14 on an in-depth, integrated journey through the history, geology, and ecology of this special place. The class will meet Tuesdays at the Desert of Maine in Freeport (95 Desert Road) starting September 8 – October 27th from 10 am – 12 pm.
For the first five weeks of this course, we will literally get our hands dirty digging into the history of the Desert of Maine. We will begin with the obvious question: why is there a large expanse of open sand in the middle of a New England forest? We will seek the answer to this question using real-world observations as we explore how aspects of geology, biology and agriculture came together in just the right way to create what is essentially a small dust bowl. We will learn about the Tuttles who farmed here in the 1800s—examining their methods, their cultural assumptions about the land, and some of the difficulties they faced as their fields became unfarmable. From here we will dive deep into time, looking at the geological processes that have changed Maine's coast over the last 30,000 years. This exploration of ice, ocean, and wind will provide the framework for understanding how the Desert formed and what makes this landscape so unique.
Once we have gained an understanding of what happened here, the class will turn its eyes to the future, developing hypotheses about what lies ahead for the Desert of Maine. We will conduct "forensic" analyses in the surrounding forest to think about how certain ecosystems have changed over the last hundred years; and we will look closely at the reforestation taking place on the boundaries of the dune field, paying particular attention to the tug-of-war between the forest and the sand. Of course, we humans play an active role in the future of the land that sustains us; so with that in mind, we will discuss a range of diverse cultural and philosophical ideas about the relationship between the people and the natural environment. Given this focus, we hope to have a Wabanaki speaker share their perspective.
The final three weeks will be project-based, with students synthesizing and presenting what they have learned about the Desert of Maine. Alternatively, they can use that information as the foundation for exploring specific topics in greater detail, or as the springboard to more open-ended questions. Some questions that might be interesting: what meaning can we draw from the story of this landscape? How do different ways of knowing (e.g., scientific observation; deep listening; storytelling; map making; drawing) form your understanding of the Desert of Maine? How can we best care for the land that supports us? Do environmental restoration and cultural healing go hand in hand? How will you help others understand the importance and fragility of Maine's coastal landscapes?
To enroll in the course and learn more about course fees, times, dates and location, please email _EMAIL_.
Desert of Maine
95 Desert Rd.
Freeport, ME 04032
+ Add to Itinerary


text:
The flashcards below were created by user
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
Cross cultural differences affect three areas
Status and culture, Social loafing, Group Diversity
Status and culture
- Different cultures have different importance for status. For example, French are highly status conscious. Another difference amongst cultures is the criteria that create status. In Latin American and Asian countries status is derived from familiy position and formal roles in
- organizations. Here, in the U.S. it is different, it is conferred for accomplishments rather than titles or family trees. This is why it is important to understand this cultural differences when interacting with someone who is not from your same culture.
- Social Loafing is a theory that says that people put less effort into their work when they are working in
- groups. However, this is a theory that only works seems to work in the Western world where people are motivated by self-interest. Studies comparing U.S. employees with employees from the People's Republic of China have shown this. It actually demonstrate that these people worked better in groups than they did individually.
- Appears to create conflicts at the early stages of a group when people are beginning to meet each other. Studies have shown that diverse groups can work equally well as homogenous groups but people in the diverse groups are less satisfied with their results. It is believed though,
- that if a group is able to over the diversities at the beginning stage, they
- will work better.
Types of diversity
- surface level is what you can
- observe at first sight (origin, race, and gender), deep level diversity deals with attitudes, values, and


Thraco-Illyrian is a hypothesis that the Thraco-Dacian and Illyrian languages comprise a distinct branch of Indo-European. Thraco-Illyrian is also used as a term merely implying a Thracian-Illyrian interference, mixture or sprachbund, or as a shorthand way of saying that it is not determined whether a subject is to be considered as pertaining to Thracian or Illyrian.
The linguistical hypothesis was especially current in the early 20th century, but after the 1960s it was seriously called into question. New publications argued that no strong evidence for Thraco-Illyrian exists, and that the two language-areas show more differences than correspondences (Vladimir Georgiev, Ivan Duridanov, Eric Hamp, et al.).
Linguistic contact
The rivers Vardar and Morava are generally taken as the rough line of demarcation between the Illyrian sphere on the west and Thracian on the east. There is however much interference in the area between Illyrian and Thracian, with Thracian groups inhabiting Illyrian lands (the Thracian Bryges for example) and Illyrian groups overlapping into the Thracian zone (the Dardani seem to be a Thraco-Illyrian mix; Wilkes, 1992 et al.). It appears that Thracian and Illyrian do not have a clear-cut frontier (Russu 1969). Similarities found between the Illyrian and Thracian lexis can thus be seen as merely linguistic interference (Hemp, Georgiev et al.).
Common branch
Others such as I. I. Russu argue that there should have been major similarities between Illyrian and Thracian, and a common linguistic branch (not merely a Sprachbund) is probable. Among the Thraco-Illyrian correspondences Russu considers are the following:
Illyrian Daco-Thracian Remarks Etymology
Abroi AbreAbre- is an element taken from certain Thracian anthroponyms
Aploi, Aplus, Apulia Apuli, Appulus, Apulum
Bilia, Bilios Bila
Dardi, Dardani Dardanos, Darda-para
Saprinus Sapri-sara
Separi Sapaioi
Sita Sita, Seita
Tribulium Triballi, Tribanta
Zorada Zar-, ZurNot many Thraco-Illyrian correspondences are definite, and a number may be incorrect, even from the list above. Sorin Paliga (2002) however states: "According to the available data, we may surmise that Thracian and Illyrian were mutually understandable, e.g. like Czech and Slovak, in one extreme, or like Spanish and Portuguese, at the other."
Other linguists however argue that Illyrian and Thracian were different Indo-European branches which later converged through contact. It is also of significance that Illyrian is often regarded as a centum language (Wilkes, 1992), while it is undisputed that Thracian was a satem language by the Classical Period (the satem nature of proto-Thracian is disputed, Olteanu 2002).
Due to the fragmentary attestation of both Illyrian and Thraco-Dacian, the existence of a Thraco-Illyrian branch remains controversial. Evidence of a Thraco-Illyrian branch has also been sought in the Albanian language, which might have developed from either a Thraco-Dacian or Illyrian language, or possibly even a Thraco-Illyrian creole.
 - The place of Paionian remains unclear. Not much has been determined in the study of Paionian, and some linguists do not recognize a Paionian area separate from Illyrian or Thracian. The place of Ancient Macedonian is also undetermined. Paliga (2002) states: "It is therefore difficult to say whether the ancient Macedonians spoke an idiom closer to Thracian, Illyrian, Greek or a specific idiom."
 - Georgiev, Vladimir.
 - Paliga, Sorin. Pre-Slavic place-names. 2002.
 - Wilkes, John. The Illyrians. Blackwell Publishing, 1992.
See also
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text:
When it comes to handling high-stake risks on a day-to-day basis, the role of an air traffic controller (ATC) has few rivals. Traditional risk management approaches focus on training, procedures, the work environment and employee health, but the interaction between personality and risk remains comparatively unexplored.
The lack of understanding of the relationship between risk and personality is addressed by the Risk Type Compass (RTC) – a personality assessment that focuses on differences in how individuals perceive, manage and make decisions about risk. Based on extensive global psychological research, it places individuals into one of 8 distinctive 'Risk Types', providing insights that have important implications for individuals, teams and organisations.
So do Air Traffic Controllers Have a Type?
To explore this question, we analysed the reports of 90 individuals from the latter stages of an ATC recruitment process. Initial results point to a resounding "yes", but it is only when compared against a general population sample of 8,000 that the extent of these differences becomes fully apparent.
Over three-quarters of the ATC sample were categorised as 'Deliberate' Risk Types, greatly exceeding the 17% represented in the general population. A complete absence of Carefree and Excitable Risk Types was also notable as, together, these reflect around a fifth of the general population. However, the distinctiveness of the sample did not end with the distribution of Risk Types.
Risk Type Strength refers to the distance of the individual from the Risk Type Compass's central axis, and reflects how closely the individual will relate to their Risk Type description. When compared with Deliberate Risk Types from the general population, the ATC group were five times more likely to fall into the strongest 'Strength 5' category.
What is a Deliberate Type?
Calm, calculated and sure-footed, they are not easily unnerved, but they test the ground thoroughly and like to do things 'by the book'. They will approach tasks in an analytical and business-like way, and will like to plan ahead and be well prepared. Their position on the RTC places them at an opposing position to the Excitable Risk Type, whose decisions are fuelled by enthusiasm for exciting ideas and opportunities, but tempered by sensitive risk antennae. Excitable Risk Types may wrestle over decisions, but will go in deep once committed.
An individual's Risk Type is a reflection of their perception, tolerance and propensity towards risk-taking, and this insight can be applied in various ways. When used in combination with other metrics, the Risk Type Compass can facilitate discussion around a variety of risk-related topics, and these can benefit processes involved in the selection and personal development of individuals in the ATC industry.
Each Risk Type encompasses various strengths and challenges that influence how individuals approach and complete tasks. The self-awareness generated by the Risk Type Compass can aid in identifying the most suitable and effective strategies for that individual to adopt in dealing with any challenges and to improve performance. An example for Deliberate Risk Types could be the need to appreciate that whilst their calm and business-like manner will usually prove a valuable asset in coping with the stress of their role, that same calmness may also prove a barrier to communicating the potential urgency of a situation to pilots.
Understanding variation in these factors will aid in selection, development and team building programs to help ensure an organisation achieves its desired balance. To enquire further about how the Risk Type Compass could benefit you and your organisation, contact us today. More research using the Risk Type Compass can be found in our Knowledge Bank.
This article, by Dr Simon Toms at PCL, was published in The Controller, the official journal of the International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers' Associations (see page 22).


VOICES Voices Icon Ideas and Insight From Explorers
Surprise! Male Spiders Eat Females, Too
It's a spider-eat-spider world.
We've known for years that female black widow spiders and other arachnids eat males during mating.
Now, new research shows that males of a type of ground spider known as Micaria sociabilis also eat females, and scientists are trying to figure out what motivates this behavior.
spider picture
A male M. sociabilis attacks his mate. Photograph courtesy Lenka Sentenská
More than just a first date from hell, sexual cannibalism happens when one member of a species kills and eats a member of the opposite sex immediately before, after, or during mating.
This behavior is most common in arachnids like the black widow, as well as other invertebrates like insects, gastropods, and copepods. Most commonly, the female eats the male—but occasionally, the reverse is true. Male sexual cannibalism has been observed in another species of spider, Allocosa brasiliensis, and in crustaceans, but previously researchers had no idea what factors drove this behavior. (Watch a video of a male spider attacking a female one.)
Ultimate Sacrifice
On the surface, this seems like a pretty weird way to pass along your genes to the next generation. To scientists, however, sexual cannibalism can make a lot of sense. When prey is scarce and males are abundant, males become extremely valuable as a food source to females, noted study co-author Lenka Sentenská, a biologist at Masaryk University in Brno, Czech Republic.
Females invest much more energy into egg production than males do in sperm production, which tends to make them pickier about who they mate with. (See "Male Spiders Give 'Back Rubs' to Seduce Their Mates.")
As well, not all males seem to fight being cannibalized, said Sentenská, whose study appeared recently in the journal Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology.
"Males of some species voluntarily sacrifice themselves to a female, because such behavior enables them to copulate longer and pass more sperm. Males who are trying to escape usually copulate for a shorter time. Sometimes, this behavior is also viewed as an extreme paternal investment of the male, who sacrifices his body to provide nutrients to his future offspring via the female," she said.
Deadly Dinner Date
Researchers have traditionally focused on female sexual cannibalism, both because of its relative frequency and perhaps because of humanity's attraction to the femme fatale.
spider picture
A female M. sociabilis. Photograph courtesy Stano Pekar
But in some species, such as M. sociabilis, females are also in danger of being eaten by males. Sentenská and her colleague Stano Pekár examined what factors drove male sexual cannibalism in this particular species. (Watch a video of the world's largest spider.)
These small brown spiders commonly live in trees in Central Europe. M. sociabilis has two generations of offspring each year—one in spring and one in early summer. Whereas females born in the springtime frequently survive to see the arrival of the second generation in June or July, male numbers drop precipitously in May. This creates some significant factors that the authors believe could lead to sexual cannibalism.
Males can choose among females of different size and quality—for instance, by mating with older females from the spring generation or with virgin females from the summer generation. (See pictures of spiders up close.)
To test whether these factors actually affect whether males ate females, Sentenská and Pekár paired adult male M. sociabilis with females of various ages and sizes. They found that larger males were more aggressive and much more likely to attack a female regardless of her age or size. Overall, however, males of any size were more likely to attack and eat females from the older generation.
Picky Males
Between 44 and 52 percent of the time, the males and females mated. In 20 percent of all of these trials, the male attacked and ate the female during copulation. However, the frequency of cannibalism varied depending on time of year. (See "'Castrated' Spiders Are Better Fighters, Study Says.")
"Males are usually viewed as nondiscriminatory machines eager to impress and mate with every female encountered. Our study shows that males can be choosy and that they can present their choice in a quite extreme way—by killing unpreferred females. Moreover, despite the rarity of such behavior, this strategy seems to be advantageous for them," Sentenská said.
These results might help explain male sexual cannibalism in other species, the researchers concluded.
However, Sentenská quipped, "I definitely would not encourage readers to try this strategy in their personal life."
 1. Anthony
 New Mexico
 January 22, 2014, 2:52 pm
 Haha well good for you. :3
 2. Oziee
 Lombard, IL
 May 18, 2013, 2:21 am
 _USER_ –> WTF?
 3. Jack Wolfe
 United Kingdom
 May 17, 2013, 9:36 am
 Well, that's one way of keeping the wife from finding out what you've been up to…
 4. Sparky
 May 15, 2013, 2:24 am
 Very interesting read, I wonder what the number of actual spiders are each year? Is the number going up or going down?
 Males were more likely to eat the older generation female? Sounds like survival of the fittest? But in a weird way, maybe the younger female was more likely to give better eggs? But then that would suggest that the older generation female spiders don't learn as much as one would think, and age and wisdom has nothing to do with letting generations live on? So out of all the spiders out there why is this the only species I hear of like this? Did they evolve to learn that instead of offering them self as vital food, they look at live in a longer period, by knowing that there is or will be younger female's available? More info is needed :)


text:
Beginning to Understand Every Child Matters
In the chapter 'Beginning to Understand Every Child Matters', Richard Barker looks at the background to the Every Child Matters agenda, and the range of initiatives and developments that are contained within it and relate to it. Key developments are introduced and described to set the overall context for subsequent chapters.
Topics covered include the background to Every Child Matters, the integrated qualifications framework, the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) and Lead Professionals, Children's Trusts, the role of Local Safeguarding Children Boards (LSCBs), the NSF for Children, and the National Children's Plan.
The chapter is a useful short yet detailed overview for professionals and students in education or training who are wanting information about the development and main features of ECM and children's services


text:
Lisa Pursey, of Waimairi School, asks :-
If you carved your initials into the bark of a tree and then visited the tree thirty years later, would the initials then be high up the tree?
Walter Fielding-Cotterell, an arboriculturist with the Christchurch City Council, responded.
Trees increase in height by way of cells produced by tissue contained in the tip of every shoot. This very small piece of cell dividing tissue is called the apical meristem. Cutting a cabbage sprout in half lengthways will give you a good idea of how an apical meristem is formed, the dome-like cluster of cells in the centre being the meristem itself. Radial growth is provided by the cambium, a thin cylinder of dividing cells extending from the top to the bottom of the tree. New conductive cells are formed on the inside and outside of the cambium layer increasing the diameter of the stem. Another layer of cambium, the cork cambium, forms the bark which protects the tree.
The function of the tip or apical meristem can be likened to chimney builders standing near the top of the chimney and constantly producing and laying bricks (cells) always rising with the height of the structure. Other builders (the cambium) continuously reinforce the chimney by building horizontally. Therefore, the brick or cell laid at 1.5 metres above the ground remains at that height. However the rapid production of cells beneath the bark causes it to rupture and repair itself (and the carving wounds). The new cells formed will fill and widen the initials until they eventually disappear.


Top 20 Natural Home Remedies to Get Rid of Bruises Fast
Top 20 Natural Home Remedies to Get Rid of Bruises Fast
If you're like me, you hate having to hide your legs when the weather warms up because you have embarrassing bruises. Sometimes you know how you got the bruise -- such as bumping into the table in the middle of the night -- but a lot of the time you never remember even injuring yourself.
That's because tiny capillaries can lead to a bruise if they experience any change, including decreased collagen, thinning skin, or damage to the capillary walls.
Some areas like your shin are more likely to bruise because the capillaries have less cushion, but vitamin deficiency can also cause bruising due to abnormal clotting. While bruises are just a part of life, there are things you can do to get rid of bruises faster.
If you do nothing, it may take many days or weeks for those dark red or purple bruises to eventually fade to a yellow-green and then a golden color before disappearing.
Want to wear your new shorts or sundress and bare your legs sooner? Here are 20 natural home remedies you can speed up bruise healing and show off your gams sooner.
1. Use an ice pack
If you have a small or simple bruise from very slight trauma, an easy way to speed healing is an ice pack. Applying an ice pack soon after the injury works to constrict the broken blood capillaries while reducing leakage under your skin. You will still get the bruise, but it will be smaller, less painful, and easier to heal.
You will need
A home ice pack
Ice your bruise within 24 hours of injury. You can also use an elastic bandage to slow blood flow in the area and reduce bleeding to further reduce the size of the bruise.
Don't leave the ice pack on your skin for too long! Apply ice for about 15 minutes at a time and put a wash cloth or towel between your skin and the ice.
2. Apply heat
Warmth reduces blood clots and slows blood flow to the damaged blood vessels and capillaries. Applying heat to a bruise should be done after you have cooled the bruise for 24 hours.
There are several ways to do this, including an electric heating pad for 20 minutes a few times a day, using a warm compress like a hot water bottle, or taking a warm bath.
You will need
Electric heating pad or warm water.
The easiest way to apply heat to a bruise is using an electric heating pad for no more than 20 minutes at a time. You can also make a heat compress with rice in a microwavable bag or filling a water bottle with hot water.
Try mixing vinegar with the warm water. Vinegar boosts blood flow near the surface of the skin to dissipate the blood pooled around the bruise. Witch hazel can also work in the same way. This tip works if you apply warm water directly to the bruise, such as in a bath.
3. Get more vitamin K
Vitamin K has been found to reduce blood leakage to reduce the severity of bruises, especially if you apply a vitamin K cream soon after the trauma to the skin.
If you're prone to bruising, the problem may be that you have a vitamin K deficiency. You're more likely to have a vitamin K deficiency if you take antibiotics or don't eat enough dark green vegetables.
You will need
High-quality vitamin K supplements.
Discuss supplements with your physician to ensure they will not interfere with any medication you take. You can also get vitamin K from foods, especially leafy, dark green vegetables. Examples of foods with vitamin K include kale, spring onions, brussels sprouts, and asparagus.
Take vitamin K supplements as directed but do not go over the recommended dosage.
Vitamin K supplements can be combined with vitamin C supplements. Vitamin C deficiency can also cause bruising.
4. Take a pineapple enzyme supplement
If you have a bruise is very large or the result of a deeper soft-tissue injury, a pineapple enzyme called bromelain may help. This enzyme can speed healing and may help your body get rid of the metabolic waste from the injury.
You will need
200 to 400 mg quality bromelain supplement.
Take between 200 and 400 mg of bromelain three times a day on an empty stomach, or at least 90 minutes to 3 hours before you eat.
5. Take a vitamin C supplement
Vitamin C deficiency is a common cause of frequent or unexplained bruising. Not sure if you have a deficiency? Watch for these warning signs of vitamin C deficiency then talk to your physician about supplements.
Vitamin C is an important antioxidant that promotes collagen formation and reduces inflammation. It also helps the body absorb minerals. The U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey estimates that about 31% of people in the U.S. do not get enough vitamin C.
Even minor vitamin C deficiencies can lead to increased bruising, according to the University of Michigan Health System.
You will need
At least 90 mg vitamin C supplement
A supplement with 400 mg flavonoids like hesperidin may also help reduce bruising.
How much vitamin C you need each day depends on your age. Take vitamin C during breakfast, especially if you drink orange juice as it boosts the absorption of iron.
6. Try Arnica Gel
Arnica is a home bruise remedy that has been used for hundreds of years. Also known as Arnica montana, this perennial plant is native to Siberia and Europe but it's also cultivated in North America.
The active ingredient in arnica may also help with sprains and other common injuries by soothing aches and reducing inflammation.
You will need
Arnica gel, cream, or oil.
Arnica gel can be applied 3 to 4 times a day. You will likely notice a reduction in pain, discoloration, and swelling after a few hours.
7. Create a Watercress Paste
The plant watercress is commonly used in herbal medicine. Watercress has anti-bronchitis, anti-viral, and tonic properties that makes it a common treatment for colds and respiratory problems.
It can also be used externally for wound healing, mouth ulcers, and sores. Rich in vitamins K and C, both of which aid in wound and bruise healing, this plant can be crushed and applied to help bruises heal faster.
You will need
Fresh watercress.
Crush watercress in a bowl with a bit of water to form a paste. Apply to the bruise a few times a day and cover with a bandage.
8. Use Fresh Blueberries
Blueberries are rich in vitamin C and flavonoids, both of which boost the production of collagen to protect capillaries and blood vessels while improving circulation.
A diet rich in blueberries can help prevent bruises, but bruises can also be used to treat existing bruises.
You will need
Fresh or frozen blueberries.
Add more blueberries to your diet to give your body the nutrients it needs to fight bruising. You can try adding blueberries to a smoothie, in oatmeal, or eating them as a snack. Try combining blueberries with other foods that help get rid of bruises like pineapple.
9. Apply witch hazel ointment
Witch hazel is a powerful plant that is found in many over-the-counter and medicinal recipes. In fact, it is also one of the main ingredients in Preparation H cream because it's so effective at fighting inflammation.
Witch hazel can be used to treat bruises and blemishes on the skin to fade discoloration and boost healing of the damage under the skin. It also tightens the skin and damaged blood vessels to help prevent a bruise from getting larger if applied within the first 24 hours.
You will need
Witch hazel cream
ointment or oil
Apply the witch hazel ointment directly to your bruise. Apply several times a day and cover with a bandage.
10. Try a topical cream
Topical treatments can help reduce bruising if you're prone to getting bruises. Creams with arnica can also be used to help heal any bruises you have now because this flower boosts blood circulation and reduces inflammation.
You will need
A topical cream formulated for bruising. Dermend Moisturizing Bruise Formula Cream is one choice or you can try a cream with vitamin K, which is known to reduce bruising.
Rub the cream onto a bruise or area prone to bruising twice daily to break down the blood under the skin and help the body heal it to fade the bruise faster.
11. Apply St. John's wort oil
St. John's wort is a popular supplement usually used to treat mild depression, but the oil has also been used for generations for wound healing.
Unlike arnica, another popular remedy for bruises, St. John's oil can be applied to broken skin. St. John's wort oil reduces swelling and helps dissipate the discoloration from a bruise.
You will need
Organic or homemade St. John's wort oil.
Apply St. John's wort oil directly to a bruise or broken skin. The oil can be used several times a day. If you don't want to use store-bought St. John's wort oil or you can't find any, you can make your own.
Pick enough wild St. John's wort flowers and fill a small pint jar. Leave a half-inch of space at the top and let the flowers wilt.
Pour a good quality olive oil over the flowers, cover the jar, shake well,


Keep our Focus on Christ
Photo by: Izzy Keller
Why is it that with some changes in life, we really don't have much of a problem, yet with other changes, they can turn our lives upside down? For example, the sky is always above us. However, it is ever-changing. Especially in Oregon, we could have a completely clouded sky with white fluffy clouds that float away to reveal blue skies above within minutes. Or, dark luminous storm clouds that dump so much rain and flash lots of lightning, then an hour later, the clouds are gone, the sun shines bright and finally sets, turning the sky pink and purple while fading into darkness. We only seem to look to the sky to question the weather when it impacts what we are going to do that day.
Then, there are the changes that occur in our lives that make us feel like we've been dumped on by a monsoon and everything we know as normal has been swept away. This type of change usually invokes fear. In Luke 8, the disciples are in the boat with Jesus when a storm begins and the water floods the boat. They are so fearful and cry out to their Master that they are going to drown. Jesus, who had been sleeping, stands up and commands the storm to stop. The disciples are amazed at what Jesus had done. Jesus asked them where was their faith.
Let this illustration be a guide for us, that with each change in our lives, we keep our focus on Christ. We cry out to Him in faith and read the Bible for truth and direction. Romans 8:28 says that He works for the good of those who love Him. This means that when the monsoons come, He will be there. There are good things that can come out of the storms of life. Good changes that sometimes only God knows what they are. We may not see His full plan for the changes, yet, hopefully, we and others will grow closer to Him. Christians can show others what it is like to have Christ as our foundation, because He is the same yesterday, today and tomorrow. He is never-changing, therefore, we can fully trust Him in the storms and be the gorgeous sunset that others see after the storm passes!
Prayer: Dear Father, thank You for always being with us through the storms. Help us to be the beautiful sunsets or the hopeful sunrises to those around us. It is because of You that we find the strength to continue through all of the changes that we face. In Your precious Son's name, Jesus. Amen.
Published by Tiffany C. Schwander
Tiffany has a Masters in Counseling Psychology from Pacific University and has been helping families for over 20 years. She and her husband, Mark, are raising their teenage twin sons to be strong in their faith and knowledgeable in the Word to strongly face life's joys and trials. Tiffany has been Linda Colby's associate teacher for the past three years in a national women's ministry leading and guiding women and teens. Tiffany enjoys encouraging, teaching and counseling women and children into a closer relationship with Jesus as they study His Word.
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text:
Twenty journalists and media professionals from Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia will gather in Turin this week to explore the relevance of international labour standards (ILS) – which set out basic principles and rights at work – to accurate and responsible media reporting. The training will provide an opportunity to learn about the uses of ILS and the work of the ILO supervisory bodies in covering issues related to the world of work, thus raising public awareness of internationally recognized human and labour rights.
The activity is being run in parallel with the first "Academy on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work", a global event to discuss overall progress and ways of overcoming challenges relating to four categories of fundamental principles and rights at work: freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining; the elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour; the effective abolition of child labour; and the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation. The participating journalists and media professionals will be able to interact with guest speakers and tripartite economic actors attending the Academy and so discover how fundamental principles and rights at work are being realized in various settings and in a changing world of work.
Finally, a study visit to one of the major Italian daily newspapers – La Stampa – will provide an opportunity for sharing knowledge and discussing practices with colleagues in respect of labour and social reporting.


'll have to scroll back to the function signature or use some IDE feature in order to see the return type and fully understand the return statement.
And here again it's not easy for someone reading the code for the first time to understand what is actually being constructed:
void DoSomething(const std::string &str);
const char* strValue =...;
size_t strLen =...;
DoSomething({strValue, strLen});
The code above is going to break when someone decides that DoSomething should also support some other string type, and adds this overload:
void DoSomething(const CoolStringType& str);
If CoolStringType happens to have a constructor which takes a const char* and a size_t (just like std::string does) then the call to DoSomething({strValue, strLen}) will result in an ambiguity error.
My answer to the actual question:
No, Uniform Initialization should not be thought of as a replacement for the old style constructor syntax.
And my reasoning is this:
If two statements don't have the same kind of intention, they shouldn't look the same. There are two kinds of notions of object initialization:
1) Take all these items and pour them into this object I'm initializing.
2) Construct this object using these arguments I provided as a guide.
Examples of the use of notion #1:
struct Collection
 int first;
 char second;
 double third;
Collection c {1, '2', 3.0};
std::array a {{ 1, 2, 3 }};
std::map m { {1, '1'}, {2, '2'}, {3, '3'} };
Example of the use of notion #2:
class Stairs
 std::vector stepHeights;
 Stairs(float initHeight, int numSteps, float stepHeight)
 float height = initHeight;
 for (int i = 0; i < numSteps; ++i)
 height += stepHeight;
Stairs s (2.5, 10, 0.5);
I think it's a bad thing that the new standard allows people to initialize Stairs like this:
Stairs s {2, 4, 6};
...because that obfuscates the meaning of the constructor. Initialization like that looks just like notion #1, but it's not. It's not pouring three different values of step heights into the object s, even though it looks like it is. And also, more importantly, if a library implementation of Stairs like above has been published and programmers have been using it, and then if the library implementor later adds an initializer_list constructor to Stairs, then all the code that has been using Stairs with Uniform Initialization Syntax is going to break.
I think that the C++ community should agree to a common convention on how Uniform Initialization is used, i.e. uniformly on all initializations, or, like I strongly suggest, separating these two notions of initialization and thus clarifying the intention of the programmer to the reader of the code.
Here's yet another reason why you shouldn't think of Uniform Initialization as a replacement for the old syntax, and why you can't use brace notation for all initializations:
Say, your preferred syntax for making a copy is:
T var1;
T var2 (var1);
Now you think you should replace all initializations with the new brace syntax so that you can be (and the code will look) more consistent. But the syntax using braces doesn't work if type T is an aggregate:
T var2 {var1}; // fails if T is std::array for example
share|improve this answer
If you have "" your code will be difficult to understand regardless of syntax. – kevin cline Dec 18 '12 at 17:21
Besides IMO it is the duty of your IDE to inform you what type it is returning (e.g. via hovering). Of course if you don't use an IDE, you took the burden upon yourself :) – abergmeier Dec 22 '12 at 11:44
_USER_ I agree with some parts of what you say. However, in the same spirit as the auto vs. explicit type declaration debate, I'd argue for a balance: uniform initializers rock pretty big time in template meta-programming situations where the type is usually pretty obvious anyway. It will avoid repeating your darn complicated -> decltype(....) for incantation e.g. for simple oneline function templates (made me weep). – sehe Dec 26 '12 at 23:50
_USER_ I thoroughly agree with your points, there is currently no agreed industry best practice for auto and uniform initialiasation, new language features are generally misused at first and the pain that causes is what informs best practice, Nicol Bolas' answer advocates a far too liberal approach to these new language features in my opinion. Good response highlighting real problems with using his approach. – radman Mar 8 '13 at 23:07
"But the syntax using braces doesn't work if type T is an aggregate:" Note that this is a reported defect in the standard, rather than intentional, expected behavior. – Nicol Bolas Mar 10 '13 at 0:40
add comment
If your constructors merely copy their parameters in the respective class variables in exactly the same order in which they are declared inside the class, then using uniform initialization can eventually be faster (but can also be absolutely identical) than calling the constructor.
Obviously, this doesn't change the fact that you must always declare the constructor.
share|improve this answer
add comment
Your Answer


text:
analysis revealed an aberrant melting temperature in the LightCycler 16S rRNA assay; therefore, these samples were considered non-N. gonorrhoeae Neisseria species. Both of the 16S rRNA assays performed well, with positive predictive values of 99.1% and 100% for the PCR-EIAs and the real-time assays, respectively, and a negative predictive value of 99.8% for both. The cppB assays were compromised by the absence of the cppB gene in 5.7% of the N. gonorrhoeae-positive samples, resulting in negative predictive values of 96.8% and 97.6% for the PCR-EIAs and the real-time assays, respectively. Therefore, the 16S rRNA gene is preferable to the cppB gene as a target for confirmation assays. The melting curve analysis of the real-time assays provides useful additional information.
The cppB gene is often used as a target for detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by PCR. Using a coded panel of 500 DNA samples, we determined that the cppB gene is missing in 5.8% of N. gonorrhoeae strains, and therefore we consider the cppB gene to be an unsuitable target.
Objectives: To evaluate the cost effectiveness of a systematic screening programme for asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infections in a female inner city population. To determine the sensitivity of the cost effectiveness analysis to variation in the probability of developing sequelae.
Methods: A decision tree was constructed to evaluate health effects of the programme, such as averted sequelae of chlamydial infection. Cost effectiveness from a societal perspective was estimated for screening by means of a ligase chain reaction on mailed, home obtained urine specimens, in a population with a C trachomatis test prevalence of 2.9%. An extensive sensitivity analysis was performed for the probability of sequelae, the percentage of preventable pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and the discount rate.
Results: The estimated net cost of curing one woman, aged 15–40 years, of a C trachomatis infection is US$1210. To prevent one major outcome (PID, tubal factor infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, or neonatal pneumonia), 479 women would have to be screened. The net cost of preventing one major outcome is $15 800. Changing the probability of PID after chlamydial infection from 5% to 25% decreases the net cost per major outcome averted from $28 300 to $6380, a reduction of 78%. Results were less sensitive to variations in estimates for other sequelae. The breakeven prevalence of the programme ranges from 6.4% for the scenario with all probabilities for complications set at the maximum value to a prevalence of 100% for probabilities set at the minimum value.
Conclusions: Systematic screening of all women aged 15–40 years for asymptomatic C trachomatis infections is not cost effective. Although the results of the analyses are sensitive to variation in the assumptions, the costs exceed the benefits, even in the most optimistic scenario.
Key Words: cost effectiveness analysis; Chlamydia trachomatis; screening
Low grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions could be considered as a manifestation of human papillomavirus exposition, however the discrepancy between rates of infection with human papillomavirus and development of low grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions is notable. Here we report a cross-sectional three-armed case–control study in the Colombian population, to compare the risk factors of women with low grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions with that of human papillomavirus DNA-negative and positive women with normal cytology.
British Journal of Cancer (2002) 87, 1417–1421. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc._PHONE_ _URL_
© 2002 Cancer Research UK
LSIL; HPV; C. trachomatis; Colombia; risk factors
Objectives: To develop and validate selective screening criteria for asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the general population.
Methods: 11 505 people, aged 15–40 years, registered in 16 general practices in Amsterdam were invited to return by mail a home obtained first void urine sample and a questionnaire. Participants were randomly allocated into a development group (75%) or a validation group (25%). C trachomatis infection was determined by the ligase chain reaction. In the development group a set of criteria was identified by means of stepwise logistic regression analysis. The diagnostic accuracy (area under the ROC curve; AUC) and sensitivity, and the corresponding percentage of people selected for screening were calculated. The criteria developed in this study were applied to the validation group.
Results: The prevalence of asymptomatic C trachomatis infections among men was found to be 2.4% (1.7–3.0), and among women 2.8% (2.2–3.4). Screening men, based on Surinam/Antillean origin and painful micturition, yielded an AUC of 0.58 (0.55–0.60). Screening women, based on Surinam/Antillean origin, new sex partner in the previous 2 months, and unmarried/not cohabiting, yielded an AUC of 0.67 (0.65–0.69). Application of the criteria for men to the validation group yielded an AUC of 0.53 (0.48–0.57); by screening 10% of the men, 15% of the cases were detected. The AUC of the criteria for women in the validation group was 0.58 (0.54–0.61); by screening 51% of the women, 63% of the cases were detected.
Conclusion: The prevalence of asymptomatic C trachomatis infections in Amsterdam is less than 3%. No suitable selective screening criteria for the general population could be identified.
Key Words: screening; prevalence; Chlamydia trachomatis
Recent publications have suggested that infective pathogens might play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This review focuses on these microorganisms in the process of atherosclerosis. The results of in vitro studies, animal studies, tissue studies, and serological studies will be summarised, followed by an overall conclusion concerning the strength of the association of the microorganism with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The role of the bacteria Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori, and the viruses human immunodeficiency virus, coxsackie B virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus, and measles virus will be discussed.
Key Words: atherosclerosis • Chlamydia pneumoniae • Helicobacter pylori
Human papillomavirus is the principal risk factor associated with cervical cancer, the most common malignancy among women in Colombia. We conducted a survey, aiming to report type specific prevalence and determinants of human papillomavirus infection in women with normal cytology. A total of 1859 women from Bogota, Colombia were interviewed and tested for human papillomavirus using a general primer GP5+/GP6+ mediated PCR–EIA. The overall HPV DNA prevalence was 14.8%; 9% of the women were infected by high risk types, 3.1% by low risk types, 2.3% by both high risk/low risk types and 0.4% by uncharacterized types (human papillomavirus X). Thirty-two different human papillomavirus types were detected, being human papillomavirus 16, 58, 56, 81(CP8304) and 18 the most common types. The human papillomavirus prevalence was 26.1% among women younger than 20 years, 2.3% in women aged 45–54 years, and 13.2% in women aged 55 years or more. For low risk types the highest peak of prevalence was observed in women aged 55 years or more. Compared to women aged 35–44 years, women aged less than 20 years had a 10-fold increased risk of having multiple infections. Besides age, there was a positive association between the risk of human papillomavirus infection and number of regular sexual partners and oral contraceptive use. In women aged below 25 years, high educational level and having had casual sexual partners predicted infection risk. In conclusion, there was a broad diversity of human papillomavirus infections with high risk types being the most common types detected. In this population multiplicity of sexual partners and, among young women, high educational level and casual sexual partners seem to determine risk.
British Journal of Cancer (2002) 87, 324–333. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc._PHONE_ _URL_
© 2002 Cancer Research UK
HPV; Colombia; epidemiology; cervix uteri
We followed 353 women referred with abnormal cervical cytology in a non-intervention cohort study. In 91 pregnant women we compared high-risk human papilloma virus rates in the subsequent trimesters and postpartum in comparison to 262 non-pregnant women. High-risk human papilloma virus clearance was compared with 179 high-risk human papilloma virus positive non-pregnant women. Our main questions were: (1) do high-risk human papilloma virus rates change during pregnancy?; and (


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A fountain pen is a type of pen that uses a built-in ink reservoir that can be filled with one of many varieties of ink from cartridges or a bottle. The ink is fed down to the triangular tip, or nib, of the pen, which is used to transfer the ink to paper. Fountain pens have existed for hundreds of years but are not as popular today since pens such as ballpoint pens and cartridge pens are cheaper and easier to use. There are, however, many pen aficionados and collectors who still enjoy using and collecting fountain pens as well as companies that still keep these fine writing instruments in production.
It is not known exactly when the first fountain pen was created and put into use. In the early 19th century, however, the first fountain pens were invented that were patented, worked well over a long period of time, used components that kept them from being too messy, and were designed for mass production. Over time, many different configurations were invented, all of which attempted to either stop ink flow problems or improve upon the ways that the messy ink was transferred into the pen. Companies exist today that not only have been producing fountain pens for decades, but are still improving upon their designs.
The nib of a fountain pen can be made from gold or stainless steel, and the series of tubes that send the ink to it are called the feed. The ink that is used is very fluid, which is necessary for the ink to flow by a process known as capillarity. The design of the fountain pen is actually quite a bit more complex than just having ink flow to the tip of the pen, and several factors exist that keep the ink from flowing too freely or not flowing at all. For example, the air pressure must be the same both in and outside of the pen, and this balance is achieved because several air passages are built into the feed that send air to the reservoir. Should there be an overflow of ink, fountain pens are also built with collectors, which are designed to gather any overflow of ink and keep it from escaping through the nib of the pen.
Fountain pens still used by many people, and they can also be relatively inexpensive depending on their quality and whether or not they are considered antiques or collectibles. The ink for them can also come in many more varieties and colors than the typical pen. Still more reasons to use fountain pens exist, such as their long lifespan, artistic flexibility, and the pride associated with using a writing tool that requires a little more skill than the average ballpoint pen.
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Health Ministry encourages backyard vegetable gardens
Health Ministry encourages backyard vegetable gardens
The Health Ministry encourages the public to invest in backyard vegetable gardens especially with the prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, anemia, and obesity in the country.
Establishing a vegetable garden in the home is cost efficient and will prove beneficial to the family. Not only will this provide a source of fresh vegetables but is a form of physical activity as well.
Vegetable gardens will also provide a daily source of vitamins and minerals required by the body to thrive.
Home gardens will also allow people to budget and save money that would otherwise be spent on groceries and poor food choices.
Many do not try vegetable gardening due to limited yard space. However, there are other options available such as planting vegetables in pot plants or buckets.
The Health Ministry has established vegetable gardens at its hospitals and health facilities around the country.
People are encouraged to source fresh vegetables and incorporate them into their daily diets. This fresh food will help limit non-communicable diseases caused by poor diet choices including heavily processed foods.


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Omnipotence (from Latin: Omni Potens: "all power") is unlimited power. Monotheistic religions generally attribute omnipotence to only the deity of whichever faith is being addressed. In the monotheistic philosophies of Abrahamic religions, omnipotence is often listed as one of a deity's characteristics among many, including omniscience, omnipresence, and omnibenevolence.
The term omnipotent has been used to connote a number of different positions. These positions include, but are not limited to, the following:
- A deity is able to do anything that it chooses to do.
- A deity is able to do anything that is in accord with its own nature (thus, for instance, if it is a logical consequence of a deity's nature that what it speaks is truth, then it is not able to lie).
- Hold that it is part of a deity's nature to be consistent and that it would be inconsistent for said deity to go against its own laws unless there was a reason to do so.
- A deity is able to do anything that corresponds with its omniscience and therefore with its worldplan.
- Every action performed in the world is 'actually' being performed by the deity, either due to omni-immanence, or because all actions must be'supported' or 'permitted' by the deity.
Under many philosophical definitions of the term "deity", senses 2, 3 and 4 can be shown to be equivalent. However, on all understandings of omnipotence, it is generally held that a deity is able to intervene in the world by superseding the laws of physics, since they are not part of its nature, but the principles on which it has created the physical world. However many modern scholars (such as John Polkinghorne) hold that it is part of a deity's nature to be consistent and that it would be inconsistent for a deity to go against its own laws unless there were an overwhelming reason to do so.
The word "Omnipotence" derives from the Latin term "Omni Potens", meaning "All-Powerful" instead of "Infinite Power" implied by its English counterpart. The term could be applied to both deities and Roman Emperors. Being the one with "All the power", it was not uncommon for nobles to attempt to prove their Emperor's "Omni Potens" to the people, by demonstrating his effectiveness at leading the Empire.
Scholastic definition
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Thomas Aquinas acknowledged difficulty in comprehending a deity's power. Aquinas wrote:
- "all confess that God is omnipotent...it seems difficult to explain in what God's omnipotence precisely consists."
In the scholastic understanding, omnipotence is generally understood to be compatible with certain limitations or restrictions. A proposition that is necessarily true is one whose negation is self-contradictory.
- "It is sometimes objected that this aspect of omnipotence involves the contradiction that God cannot do all that He can do; but the argument is sophistical; it is no contradiction to assert that God can realize whatever is possible, but that no number of actualized possibilities exhausts His power. Omnipotence is perfect power, free from all mere potentiality. Hence, although God does not bring into external being all that He is able to accomplish, His power must not be understood as passing through successive stages before its effect is accomplished. The activity of God is simple and eternal, without evolution or change. The transition from possibility to actuality or from act to potentiality, occurs only in creatures. When it is said that God can or could do a thing, the terms are not to be understood in the sense in which they are applied to created causes, but as conveying the idea of a Being possessed of infinite unchangeable power, the range of Whose activity is limited only by His sovereign Will".
"Power", says St. Thomas
- "is not attributed to God as a thing really different from His Knowledge and Will, but as something expressed by a different concept, since power means that which executes the command of the will and the advice of the intellect. These three (viz., intellect, will, power), coincide with one another in God". (Summa, I, Q. xxv, a. 1, ad 4).
Omnipotence is all-sufficient power. The adaptation of means to ends in the universe does not argue, as J.S. Mill would have it, that the power of the designer is limited, but only that God has willed to manifest His glory by a world so constituted rather than by another. Indeed the production of secondary causes, capable of accomplishing certain effects, requires greater power than the direct accomplishment of these same effects. On the other hand even though no creature existed, God's power not be barren, for "creatures are not an end to God." Summa Theologica upon a deity's power, as opposed to implying infinite number of contingent kinds of abilities: there are certain things, however trivial or absurd, that even an omnipotent deity cannot do. Medieval theologians drew attention to some of the fairly trivial examples of restrictions upon the power of a deity. So, the statement "a deity can do anything" is only sensible with an assumed suppressed clause, "that implies the perfection of true power". This standard scholastic answer allows that creaturely acts such as walking can be performed by humans but not by a deity. Rather than an advantage in power, human acts such as walking, sitting or giving birth were possible only because of a defect in human power. The ability to'sin', for example, is not a power but a defect or an infirmity. In response to questions of a deity performing impossibilities (such as making square circles) Aquinas says that "Nothing which implies contradiction falls under the omnipotence of God".
His Omnipotence means power to do all that is intrinsically possible, not to do the intrinsically impossible. You may attribute miracles to him, but not nonsense. This is no limit to his power. If you choose to say 'God can give a creature free will and at the same time withhold free will from it,' you have not succeeded in saying anything about God: meaningless combinations of words do not suddenly acquire meaning simply because we prefix to them the two other words 'God can.'... It is no more possible for God than for the weakest of his creatures to carry out both of two mutually exclusive alternatives; not because his power meets an obstacle, but because nonsense remains nonsense even when we talk it about God.
— Lewis, 18
In psychology
Early Freudianism saw a feeling of omnipotence as intrinsic to early childhood. 'As Freud and Ferenczi have shown, the child lives in a sort of megalomania for a long period...the "fiction of omnipotence"'. At birth. 'the baby is everything as far as he knows - "all powerful"...every step he takes towards establishing his own limits and boundaries will be painful because he'll have to lose this original God-like feeling of omnipotence'.
Freud considered that in a neurotic 'the omnipotence which he ascribed to his thoughts and feelings...is a frank acknowledgement of a relic of the old megalomania of infancy'. In some narcissists, the 'period of primary narcissism which subjectively did not need any objects and was entirely independent...may be retained or regressively regained..."omnipotent" behavior'.
D. W. Winnicott took a more positive view of a belief in early omnipotence, seeing it as essential to the child's well-being; and "good-enough" mothering as essential to enable the child to 'cope with the immense shock of loss of omnipotence' - as opposed to whatever 'prematurely forces it out of its narcissistic universe'.
Rejection or limitation
Some monotheists reject the view that a deity is or could be omnipotent, or take the view that, by choosing to create creatures with freewill, a deity has chosen to limit divine omnipotence. In Conservative and Reform Judaism, and some movements within Protestant Christianity, including process theology and open theism, deities are said to act in the world through persuasion, and not by coercion (for open theism, this is a matter of choice—a deity could act miraculously, and perhaps on occasion does so—while for process theism it is a matter of necessity—creatures have inherent powers that a deity cannot, even in principle, override). Deities are manifested in the world through inspiration and the creation of possibility, not necessarily by miracles or violations of the laws of nature.
The rejection of omnipotence often follows from either philosophical or scriptural considerations, discussed below.
Philosophical grounds
Process theology rejects unlimited omnipotence on a philosophical basis, arguing that omnipotence as classically understood would be less than perfect, and is therefore incompatible with the idea of a perfect deity. The idea is grounded in Plato's oft-overlooked statement that "being is power."
My notion would be, that anything which possesses any sort of power to affect another, or to be affected by another, if only for a single moment, however trifling the cause and however slight the effect, has real existence; and I hold that the definition of being is simply power.
— Plato, 247E
From this premise, Charles Hartshorne argues further that:
Power is influence, and perfect power is perfect influence... power must be exercised upon something, at least if by power we mean influence, control; but the something controlled cannot be absolutely inert, since the merely passive, that which has no active tendency of its own, is nothing; yet


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A successful character design is the use and combination of a wide range of skills, as well as the possession of certain basic knowledge. In other words, a successful design is a process consisting of half of the design, half of the visualization. The design consists in analyzing the situation, formulating the task and developing an inventive, interesting and elegant solution. Visualization consists in skillful use of the basic principles of anatomy, composition and color theory, as well as in the ability to implement the solution of the very task formulated in the design process.
In the process of project implementation, our designers carry out a detailed and illustrated presentation of the concept, with the amount of illustrative material (various angles and variants of the character, settings and environments, etc.) that the customer needs to understand the project, and so on. Also we use animated clips in the demonstrations project volumes. For characters in 3d, we create a visualization of the character's model and work on texturing.
A very effective way to convey the image of the hero is to create an illustration in a more narrative style. Of course, such a picture can only come about when the character's design is already well developed. Showing your hero involved in some major conflict or turning point in history, we convey more information about him than with a simple sketch.


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Exhibition, public interventions, graffiti, interactive performances, documentary film screening, and public discussions
Visit the project's website: click here
The goal of "Violentine's Day" is to raise awareness about how our everyday lifestyles are tied into the global economy. Using the means of art to investigate the reality behind Valentine's Day, this project will make clear how consumption habits in the Global North can have destructive impacts on people and ecologies in other parts of the world. Following the roses sold in Europe back to Kenya, where they are grown, helps us to see how even small consumer decisions can strongly impact the lives of others.
The project will take place in Geneva, Switzerland, Cheminée Nord: Association d'artistes /ex-usine kugler, on 14 February, Valentine's Day, in collaboration with artists and others from various fields.
Traditionally, lovers express their affection for each other by offering gifts and tokens. Valentine's Day is the recognized calendar day for the romantic celebration of Love. On that day, giving is made especially convenient. Cards and flowers are on ready display, and only neglectful lovers fail to purchase some for their beloveds. The red rose, with its long cultural and literary heritage, is the unmistakable symbol of Love.
But where do the roses come from? Who grows them and where? How do they get to the flower stand on the corner? The Violentine's Day art project investigates these questions. Valentine's Day is a big business, and hidden within corporate boardrooms and behind free
trade rules are destructive social and ecological costs that the lovers of Europe are seldom asked to think about.
Most of the roses consumed in Europe come from Africa (primarily Kenya), and are produced in factory farms located next to large freshwater lakes. And yet how can a country like Kenya, one of the largest producers of flowers for export, also suffer from severe food shortages? The Violentine's Day project aims to generate awareness and discussion about the problematic
aspects of this trade.
Locally, rose production creates many problems for Kenyans. Wages in flower factories are higher than the government mandated minimum wage. However, many health and ecological costs are not reflected in the wage relation. To uncover the real social price of the roses of Valentine's Day, it is necessary to dig deeper. First, roses need large quantities of water (like humans, roses are 70% water). Pumping water from lakes diverts available supplies from local small-scale farmers, and desiccates the local environment. Secondly, factory farming requires large quantities of pesticides that contaminate the aquifer and pollute neighboring environments. Finally, rose production is problematic for the workers themselves because of the high concentration of dangerous chemicals in pesticides. Often, workers handling chemicals are not provided with protective clothing, re-entry periods are not consistently respected, and pregnant women have been exposed to dangerous levels of chemicals. In addition, the lack of overtime payments and many other labor problems also directly result from our desire to say, "I love you". So, one can easily say that the more Western people express their love by buying roses, the more those in exporting countries like Kenya suffer.
"The ecology of terror shows us the path to peace. Peace lies in nourishing ecological and economic democracy and nurturing diversity. Democracy is not merely an electoral ritual but the power of people to shape their destiny, determine how their natural resources are owned and utilized, how their thirst is quenched, how their food is produced and distributed, and what health and education systems they have" (Vandana Shiva, "Water Wars").
The Violentine's Day project will debate the question: What we feel and are willing to do, once we become aware of this.
Vana kostayola, Valério Belloni, Agata Nowak, Maciej Koper a.k.a. Doctor Koper, Tomasz Hanke a.k.a. DJ Tom Hanks, Anna "diabolic laughter" Kar?owska, Elene Georgia Naveriani, Giorgi Gago Gagoshidze, Dadu Magradze, Orféo, Yael Maim, Maëlle Cornut, Laurence Wagner, Gene Ray, Daniel Stain, Melano Sokhadze. Giorgi Kevlishvili.
For more info about the participating artists, download this PDF file: Violentine's Day.
This post is also available in: French
Sacha Kagan. Research Associate at the ISCO - Institute of Sociology and Cultural Organization (ISKO - Institut für Soziologie und Kulturorganisation), Leuphana University Lueneburg, Sacha Kagan founded the International level of Cultura21, Network for Cultures of Sustainability, as well as the International Summer School of Arts and Sciences for Sustainability in Social Transformation (ASSiST). The focus of his research and cultural work lies in the trans-disciplinary field of arts and (un-)sustainability. Doctor in Philosophy (Leuphana University Lueneburg) with a thesis on the subject of culture, the arts and sustainability under the perspective of complexity ; M.A. in Cultural Economics (Erasmus University Rotterdam) ; and Graduate of Sciences Po Bordeaux (political sciences). For Cultura21, Sacha is also coordinating the eBooks series, the English section of the webmagazine and the work of our Lueneburg-based interns.