September 2009: How Green is the Government?
In this article guest contributor Pete Foster of _URL_ considers the reality behind the rhetoric when it comes to Britains's government and green IT.
According to Cabinet Office Minister Angela Smith, the UK Government has saved at least £7m over the past year by making its IT systems greener. The measures have cut the carbon footprint of central Government computers by 12,000 tonnes.
Smith gave a speech at a conference on Tuesday in which she accused the IT industry as being one of the hidden causes of climate change and that "few people are taking action to improve the situation" (which some computer manufacturers might argue with).
The government quotes a Carbon Trust estimate that ICT is responsible for up to 20% of carbon emissions generated by Government offices, around 460,000 tonnes a year.
The speech goes on "A year ago the British Government became the first in the world to set tough targets to tackle the huge environmental and financial costs of computer use and I'm delighted to see the real progress that has been made. In just 12 months we've saved enough carbon dioxide to fill almost 2,500 Olympic-sized swimming pools".
Departments were asked to take 18 measures, including such no-brainers as turning off all machines at night and keeping machines longer (see the full list in previous blog).
Some of the success stories quoted in the press release include:
* The Department for International Development (DfID) donating old equipment to charities in developing countries
* The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) saving £2.35m by replacing 9,500 computers and 2,500 printers every five years rather than every three
* The Home Office (HO) saving £2.4m a year by removing unused IT equipment and improving efficiency
* The Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) will save 200 million sheets of paper a year through cutting down the number of printers in the department and changing the default setting to double-sided printing
"All departments have risen to the challenge of cutting their IT carbon footprints and countries from around the world are now looking to us for advice on how to follow our lead. But it's not just about the Government. I hope that private companies and individuals will also recognise the savings that can be made and get on board."
Well. Firstly, lets just say that any measures that help cut the governments carbon footprint are good, but as I've said before, just focusing on the emissions from ICT (20% in the case of government) and not the other 80% is short-sighted and bad leadership.
The comments from the Minister raise a number of questions:
- What exactly are the baseline emissions that are being attacked, i.e. 12,000 tonnes were saved from a total of what? If it's the 460,000 figure from the Carbon Trust then it represents around a half of one percent of Whitehall emissions.
- Why isn't there an exact figure for the emissions from Government offices (rather than 'up to' and 'around')? If you can't measure the total accurately, how can you measure the success?
- Why were computers on all night anyway? It's tax-payers money.
- And the big question, how is the government using ICT to help reduce the other 80% of its emissions? By squeezing IT as a carbon emitter its restricting opportunities to reduce emissions elsewhere.
The government as a whole has not been doing particularly well. The Sustainable Development Commission (SDC - the UK Government's independent adviser on sustainable development) released a report in May this year critical of the public sector achievements in addressing climate change. It compares progress unfavourably against the 2006 targets. It wasn't all bad news, but the report criticised the proliferation of reporting methodologies (there's an IT opportunity for a start), confusing governance structures and poor data quality (IT again).
Among the main issues that the report concludes with are the findings that:
- The government is not leading by example, or contributing enough to UK wide emissions target, as it is not currently on track to meet its own carbon emissions from offices target.
- The full carbon impact of government's operations and procurement, including the supply chain, has not been quantified. Full and accurate carbon foot printing is essential if emissions are to be reduced and sustainability goals are to be achieved.
Please, Minister, keep switching off computers and using both sides of the paper, but also use IT as a means to accurately count government carbon emissions, to better manage facilities, to put government activities online, to help reduce travel, to better manage services, etc. Take a lead, talk to industry (much of which is well ahead of the public sector), get local government on-board. Come up with a real strategy for using IT to reduce emissions across the economy and encourage businesses to adopt it.
It's called leadership.


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Metaphysics and the Representational Fallacy
By Heather Dyke
Routledge – 2008 – 200 pages
This book is an investigation into metaphysics: its aims, scope, methodology and practice. Dyke argues that metaphysics should take itself to be concerned with investigating the fundamental nature of reality, and suggests that the ontological significance of language has been grossly exaggerated in the pursuit of that aim.
Introduction 1. Metaphysics and the Origins of the Representational Fallacy 2. A New Metaphysical Strategy: Lessons Learned from the Philosophy of Time 3. The Representational Fallacy: Or How Not to do Ontology 4. The Relationship Between Language and Reality 5. The Methodological Map 6. The Overlooked Strategy in Practice: Moral Discourse 7. Some Further Applications of the Overlooked Strategy
Heather Dyke is Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Otago in New Zealand. She is the editor of Time and Ethics: Essays at the Intersection (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003) and author of several journal articles on metaphysics and the philosophy of time.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The difference between epistemic and metaphysical necessity
Philosophers have observed that metaphysical necessity appears to be a true or real or genuine form of necessity while epistemic necessity does not. Similarly, natural necessity appears genuine while deontic necessity does not. But what is it for a form of necessity to be genuine? I defend an account of genuine necessity in explanatory terms. The genuine forms of necessity, I argue, are those that provide what I call necessitarian explanation. I discuss the relationship of necessitarian explanation to ground.
 1. 1.
 Some philosophers have preferred to say that epistemic and metaphysical necessity differ in their reality (Edgington 2004, p. 2) or objectivity (Williamson 2016) rather than their genuineness.
 2. 2.
 Many philosophers hold that every a priori proposition is metaphysically necessary. Since metaphysical necessity is genuine, must these philosophers take epistemic necessity, in the sense of a priority, to be genuine as well? No. A form of necessity may fail to be genuine even if every proposition with that form of necessity also possesses a distinct form of necessity that is genuine. The account developed below explains how such a situation is possible.
 3. 3.
 Might we instead take a form of necessity to be genuine just in case it is both mind-independent and sufficient for truth? Since deontic necessity is not sufficient for truth, this proposal correctly counts it as nongenuine. But the proposal mishandles the historical form of necessity (discussed further below). A four-dimensionalist in the mold of Sider (2001), for instance, might understand the claim that a given proposition p is historically necessary as nothing more than the claim that p follows, in a certain sense, from the true propositions about our own time and the times that precede it (cf. Lewis 1986, p. 7). Historical necessity, on this view, will be both mind-independent and sufficient for truth. Yet the four-dimensionalist sees time as akin to space and will no more admit a genuine form of necessity connected to times earlier than our own than she will admit one connected to points of space to her left.
 4. 4.
 Epistemic necessity need not be taken to be relative to a person. It might instead be taken to be relative to something else, such as a group or body of knowledge. See the papers in Egan and Weatherson (2011) for discussion.
 5. 5.
 Again one might think to accommodate the deontic case by taking a form of necessity to be genuine just in case it is both nonrelative and sufficient for truth. But one might agree with Quine (1943, p. 121) that 'among the various possible senses of the vague adverb "necessarily", we can single out one—the sense of analytic necessity—according to the following criterion: the result of applying "necessarily" to a statement is true if, and only if, the original statement is analytic.' And one might have a purely epistemic conception of analyticity on which a statement is analytic just in case 'grasp of its meaning alone suffices for justified belief in its truth' (Boghossian 1996, p. 363). Analytic necessity, so understood, is both nonrelative and sufficient for truth. Yet it is no more genuine than epistemic necessity.
 6. 6.
 Accounts of fundamentality have been developed by Fine (2001), Schaffer (2009), Jenkins (2011), Sider (2011), Wilson (2014) and Raven (2016).
 7. 7.
 Thus Barnes and Cameron (2011, p. 2) take the open future theorist to hold that 'there are multiple genuinely possible ways our history could go'.
 8. 8.
 Although Lange himself does not think historical necessity is genuine (p. 211), I take it that any reasonable account of genuineness should at least be compatible with the doctrine of the open future.
 9. 9.
 Kment (2014) develops an account of genuine (or in his terms, 'ontic') necessity that requires genuine forms of necessity to be stable in something very much like Lange's sense (p. 24; see also Kment 2015, p. 524). The doctrine of the open future poses a difficulty for Kment's account as well.
 10. 10.
 I am grateful to an anonymous referee for calling my attention to the deflationary view.
 11. 11.
 For discussion of ground see Fine (2001), Schaffer (2009) and Rosen (2010), among others. I take no position on what Raven (2015) calls the unionist/separatist debate.
 12. 12.
 Pace Schaffer (2012).
 13. 13.
 Fine (2012) argues that this condition is too strong. His logic of ground contains a disjunction elimination rule that supports only a weaker condition on the grounds of disjunctions. Our argument can be modified to accommodate Fine's view.
 14. 14.
 Pace Leuenberger (2014) and Skiles (2015).
 15. 15.
 Related notions of explanatory constraint have recently been discussed by Lange (2016) and (in unpublished work) by Michael Bertrand.
 16. 16.
 The explanatory account also correctly classifies as nongenuine the epistemic conception of analytic necessity mentioned in n. 5. It is no part of why bachelors are unmarried, after all, that some epistemic condition holds. This form of necessity (if indeed it is a form of necessity) is nonexplanatory and thus nongenuine.
 17. 17.
 I am grateful to Jennifer Wang for discussion on this point.
 18. 18.
 Cf. Fine (2002, p. 279): 'I conclude that there are three distinct sources of necessity—the identity of things, the natural order, and the normative order—and that each gives rise to its own peculiar form of necessity.'
 19. 19.
 I will not here address the proposal that natural-necessitarian explanation is a form of causal explanation understood in some other way, as, for instance, in Skow (2014).
 20. 20.
 Cf. Bernstein (2016, p. 24): 'It is a substantive metaphysical question whether causes always precede their effects.'
 1. Barnes, E., & Cameron, R. P. (2011). Back to the open future. Philosophical Perspectives, 25(1), 1–25.
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 9. Fine, K. (2002). The varieties of necessity. In T. S. Gendler & J. Hawthorne (Eds.), Conceivability and possibility (pp. 253–81). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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 10. Fine, K. (2012). Guide to ground. In F. Correia & B. Schnieder (Eds.), Metaphysical grounding: Understanding the structure of reality (pp. 37–80). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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 11. Glazier, M. (2017). Essentialist explanation. Philosophical Studies, 174, 2871–2889.
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 14. Kment, B


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1. Wrap each section of tube with a 4-1/2-inch strip of colored paper. Secure with glue stick. Trace around the bottom of tube onto the foam to make circles for the wheels. Cut out the wheels and glue the tops to the sides of the paper-covered tubes. The wheels will hang down below the tubes. Glue two additional smaller wheels to each side of the train engine tube. Glue wooden stars to the center of all the wheels. Glue a craft stick across both sets of wheels on the engine.
2. Make two folds in a 4x2-inch rectangle of colored paper to make the engine cab. Cut a window in the two outer sections and then glue either side to the top of the engine car. Glue a spool funnel in front of the cab. Decorate the other cars with colored paper rectan6gles and stripes.
3. Cut the bottoms off the plastic cups. They will make the end caps to each train car. Carefully punch a hole in the center of the bottoms. Thread cord onto a darning needle and then string a cup bottom, paper tube, another cup bottom, and a spool. Repeat the process until all cars are strung. If you push the cup bottoms onto the train cars, they'll fit tightly.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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At the recent American Association of Law Libraries Conference, Jennifer Gonzalez, Jolande Goldberg and I had an opportunity to unveil a new Indigenous Law Portal. The Indigenous Law Portal brings together collection materials from the Law Library of Congress as well as links to tribal websites and primary source materials found on the Web. The portal is based on the structure of the Library of Congress Classification schedule for Law (Class K), specifically the Law of the Indigenous Peoples in the Americas (Classes KIA-KIP: North America).
Indigenous law materials can be difficult to locate for a variety of reasons. Tribal laws are usually maintained by individual tribes or groups of tribal peoples who may or may not have the resources to make them available in electronic format, or they may only be passed on through oral tradition. In some cases tribal legal materials are available electronically, but they may not be available freely on the Web, or the tribe may want to restrict outside access to the materials. However, through our research, we have found many tribes compile their laws and ordinances into a code, and they often provide a digital version of their most recent code and constitution online. In the Law Library, we already have digitized copies of historic American Indian constitutions from our collection and other legal materials available on our website. It makes sense to bring all these materials together in one place.
But how to organize such a collection of digital resources? Especially when the complexity and availability of resources varies from tribe to tribe. We wanted a structure that would allow us the flexibility to organize and expand as needed. Something that would provide a basic backbone for organizing the materials and also detailed information about the tribes individually and as a whole. The answer to our dilemma came from an unexpected place: a new classification schedule developed by Jolande Goldberg of the Library of Congress Acquisitions and Bibliographic Access Directorate: the Law of the Indigenous Peoples in the Americas.
Typically library classification is used by catalogers to categorize and record bibliographic information about library resources. It is the complex formula by which cataloging professionals create often very long call numbers found on the spine of books in academic libraries, like this: KIK756.2 1936. Unfortunately, this looks like a mysterious code to most of us! But those letters and numbers can tell the informed user much more about a resource than its location on a shelf or in a library collection. They can provide a great deal of information about the topic, the author, and the date a resource was created.
Each part of a classification number corresponds to a caption, or text label. If we delve into the classification just a bit more, looking at those captions instead of the number and letters, we begin to see an incredibly rich, very detailed, amazingly structured set of information about indigenous law and indigenous peoples. The schedule is organized by jurisdictions, which correspond to geographic regions users already know, such as the Northeast Atlantic and Pacific Northwest. And within those regions in the classification, we find an extensive list of tribes.
If we decode the classification number mentioned above, KIK756.2 1936, we find the initial "K" indicates Law, and the full "KIK" corresponds to "United States: New Southwest" in the classification schedule. What about that number with the decimal, 756.2? Well, "756.2" lies within a range of numbers designated for the "Hopi Tribe of Arizona." The numbers "1936" are indicative of the date the resource was published.
Armed with this knowledge (the equivalent of super-secret classification decoder rings) we began to structure a web portal using the indigenous classification as the backbone of our website structure and filling in as much information as we and our cadre of fantastic interns from the University of Virginia could find. At the moment we are focusing on tribal laws within the geographic United States. We aren't finished – and as with many collections of constantly changing materials, we may never be finished – but the portal is live in a beta release on the Law Library website.
One of the hardest challenges we face with this portal is a usability issue. The portal homepage includes a map organized by region as well as state. The classification schedule is organized only by region, not state, which makes good sense when you consider U.S. state boundaries have no bearing on a tribe's location. In fact, some tribal lands cross state lines. Ideally, we would like to organize all materials by region. Unfortunately, when we tried to build our portal using just the regions as delimiters, the end result was not usable. We had five extremely long pages, which required the user to scroll down an extensive list. So for now, we are using states as geographic boundaries to break up the information into smaller, more easily navigated chunks. We are working to find a better way to provide access for future releases.
We hope all our users find this new resource useful. We still have a long way to go, but we hope you will take a look at our work and send us your feedback. We will complete the United States region in the next few weeks and plan to move on to the aboriginal peoples of Canada in the near future.


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Anatomical study of the superficial temporal branches of the auriculotemporal nerve: Application to surgery and other invasive treatments to the temporal region.
J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg
Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cadaver; Female; Humans; Male; Mandibular Nerve; Temporal Lobe; Temporomandibular Joint; Trigeminal Nerve
BACKGROUND AND AIM: The auriculotemporal nerve (ATN) is one of the branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, which gives rise to many branches to the retromandibular and temporal regions. Of these, the superficial temporal branch can occasionally be the cause of migraine headaches and auriculotemporal neuralgia. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the anatomy of the superficial temporal branch, which has never been described in detail.
METHODS: A total of 14 sides of cadaveric heads were used for this study. The number of superficial temporal branch was counted, and the horizontal and vertical distances from the middle of the tragus to the branching point were measured.
RESULTS: Three of 14 sides had two main trunks, and 11 sides had one main trunk. Each of the duplicated ATN had already branches into two main trunks as they left the retromandibular space. The number of superficial temporal branches ranged from two to seven. The vertical and horizontal distances from the middle of the tragus to the branching point of the superficial temporal branch ranged from 6.19 to 25.65 mm and from 3.45 to 11.88 mm, respectively. The communicating branches occasionally formed a loop or so-called "ansa," and a double ansa was identified in one case.
CONCLUSIONS: These data can provide surgeons a better view of the course of these distant branches, so that skin incisions can be better planned.
Neurosciences (Brain & Spine)
Iwanaga, Joe; Watanabe, Koichi; Saga, Tsuyoshi; Fisahn, Christian; Oskouian, Rod J; and Tubbs, R Shane, "Anatomical study of the superficial temporal branches of the auriculotemporal nerve: Application to surgery and other invasive treatments to the temporal region." (2017). Articles, Abstracts, and Reports. 2456.


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The Ardolf Science Center, home of the Chemistry Department and the Nutrition Department
The Chemistry Department at the College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University strives to provide an excellent education in chemistry within a liberal arts tradition for a variety of learners. We design our program to help students understand that chemistry is a way of thinking about how matter is constructed, organized, and functions. In accord with the Benedictine tradition of these two institutions, we build this chemical foundation in a context that helps students become scientifically responsible citizens, with the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values that will allow them to be successful in scientific or non-scientific professions. We accomplish this by providing students with a variety of learning opportunities such as formal courses with integrated laboratories, hands-on experiences with modern instrumentation and computers, research projects and seminar programs. We carry out this mission in an atmosphere of support and encouragement for both students and staff.


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Advantages Of Direct Constant-Voltage Operation In Crown Power Amps
Electric-power companies have a good idea which has been applied to audio engineering. When they run power through miles of cable, they minimize resistive power loss by running the power as high voltage and low current. To do this, they use a step-up transformer at the power station and a step-down transformer at each customer's location. This reduces power loss due to the I2R heating of the power cables.
The same solution can be applied to audio communications in the form of a constant-voltage system (typically 70 volts). Such a system is often used when a single power amplifier drives many loudspeakers through long cable runs (over 50 feet). Some examples of this condition are distributed speaker systems for P.A., paging, or low-SPL background music.
What is constant voltage? The label "constant voltage" has been confusing because the voltage is really not constant in an audio program. A better term might be "high voltage."
Figure 1 shows a typical high-voltage system. A transformer at the power-amplifier output steps up the voltage to approximately 70 volts at full power. Each speaker has a step-down transformer that matches the 70V line to each speaker's impedance. The primaries of all the speaker transformers are paralleled across the transformer secondary on the power amplifier.
Figure 1. A constant-voltage (high-voltage) audio system.
The signal line to the loudspeakers is high voltage, low current, and usually high impedance. Typical line values for a 100-watt amplifier are 70V, 1.41 amperes, and 50 ohms.
How did the 70V line get its name? The intention was to have 100V peak on the line, which is 70.7V rms. The technically correct value is 70.7V rms, but "70V" is the common term. There are 70 volts on the line at maximum amplifier output with a sine wave signal. The actual voltage depnds on the power-amplifier wattage rating and the step-up ratio of the transformer. The audio program voltage in a 70V system might not even reach 70V. Conversely, peaks in the audio program might exceed 70V.
Various voltages have been tried such as 25, 35, 50, 70, 100, 140, and 200 volts, but the 70V system has become the most widespread. Although rare, the 200V system has been used for cable length exceeding one mile.
Advantages of high-voltage operation
As stated before, a high-voltage line reduces power loss due to cable heating. That's because the speaker cable carries the audio signal as a low current. Consequently you can use smaller-gauge speaker cable, or very long cable runs, without losing excessive power.
Another advantage of high-voltage operation is that you can more easily provide the amplifier with a matching load. Suppose you're connecting dozens of speakers to a single 8-ohm amplifier output. It can be difficult to wire the speakers in a series-parallel combination having a total impedance of 8 ohms. Also it's bad practice to run speakers in series because if one speaker fails, all the speakers in series are lost. This changes the load impedance seen by the power amplifier.
With a high-voltage system you can hang hundreds of speakers in parallel on a single amplifier output, if you provide a matching load. In addition, a high-voltage distributed system is relatively easy to design, and allows flexibility in power settings due to multiple taps on the speaker transformers.
An external step-up transformer is not the only way to get high voltage from the amplifier. Some amplifiers have built-in step-up transformers, while others provide a high-voltage, transformerless (direct) output.
Overcoming the flaws of step-up transformers
One disadvantage of transformers is that they add expense. Particulary if you use large transformers for extended low-frequency response, the cost per transformer may run $70 to $200. Another disadvantage is that transformers can degrade the frequency response and add distortion - both at the amplifier end and the loudspeaker end.
Half of this problem was solved in 1967 When Crown International introduced the DC-300. It was most likely the first high-powered, low-distortion, solid-state power amplifier capable of directly driving a 70V line without a step-up transformer. And in June 1987, the Macro-Tech 2400 was introduced with the capability of directly driving a 100V line. Com-Tech and CTs power amps also have this ability. Thus, today only the loudspeakers need transformers to step down the voltage.
The direct high-voltage advantage
As stated earlier, there are three power-amplifier options that provide a high-voltage output. The amplifier might have
- an external step-up transformer
- a built-in step-up transformer
- a high-voltage, transformerless output
Many high-power amplifiers can drive 70V lines directly without an output transformer, simply because they provide a high output voltage. For example, a Crown DC-300 provides 35 volts per channel loaded, or 70 volts in bridge-mono mode. A 1000-watt amplifier driving a total load of 4 ohms provides 63 volts.
The direct high-voltage approach eliminates the drawbacks of transformers:
- limited bandwidth
- core saturation at low frequencies
Let's look at the core-saturation problem in more detail. Sound systems can generate unwanted low frequencies, due to, say, a dropped microphone or a phantom-powered mic pulled out of its connector. Low frequencies at high power tend to saturate the core of a transformer. The less the amount of iron in the transformer, the more likely it is to saturate.
Saturation reduces the impedance of the transformer, which in turn may cause the amplifier to go into current limiting. When this occurs, negative voltage spikes are generated in the transformer that travel back to the amplifier -- a phenomenon called flyback. The spikes cause a raspy, distorted sound. In addition, the extreme low-impedance load might cause the power amplifier to fail.
Crown amplifiers are designed with high-current capability to tolerate these low-frequency stresses. Production amplifiers are given a "torture test". Each amplifier must deliver a 15-Hz signal at full power into a saturated DCA Power transformer for 1 second without developing a hernia!
Many transformers are reactive, so their impedance varies with frequency. Some 8-ohm transformers measure as low as 1 ohm at low frequencies. That's another reason for specifying an amplifier with high current capability.
Recent models with direct constant-voltage ability
The Crown Com-Tech Series was the first to offer independent selection of highand low-impedance operation for a specific channel, and CDi and CTs Series amplifiers continue that tradition, with power levels and features carefully chosen to integrate into fixed-install designs.
The Crown CDi Series provides 70V (dual mode) and 140V (bridge mode) as well as low-impedance (2/4/8 ohm) operation. CTs Series amplifiers provide direct constant-voltage (70V/100V/140V/200V) or low-impedance (2/4/8 ohm) operation. In Dual Mode, the CTs 600/1200 can power 25/50/70V lines; the CTs 2000/3000 can power 25/50/70/100V lines. In Bridge-Mono mode, the CTs 600/1200 can power 140V lines; the CTs 2000/3000 can power 140V and 200V lines.
With CDi Series and CTs Series amplifiers, one channel can drive low-impedance loudspeakers, while another channel drives loudspeakers with 70V transformers. This makes it easy to set up a system with large, low-Z speakers for local coverage and distributed 70V speakers for distant rooms -- all with a single amplifier.
If you have a conventional amplifier with low-Z outputs only, and you want 70V or 100V operation, Crown has the needed accessories. The TP-170V is a panel with four built-in autoformers that convert four low-Z outputs to high-Z. The T-170V is a single autoformer for the same purpose.
For additional assistance with constant-voltage system design, please visit Crown's Design Tools at _URL_. When there, click on Applications > System Design Tools > Constant Voltage Transformer Power. Or just go to the following URL:_URL_ There youll find a calculator that can help you either test what you have learned in this article, or set up your next constant voltage system.
Considering the many advantages of direct constant-voltage operation, we suggest that you specify Crown power amps in your next distributed-speaker installation.


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Research has been an integral element for higher education at Sharda University since the time of its inception. The Research and Development Center at Sharda provides a vigorous and highly visible research environment to its students with an objective to research culture and develop the habit of leadership within the university. The centre supports all kinds of scholarly activities like fundamental research, applied research and development contract research for government, non-government and international agencies.
Over the years the research efforts have expanded to include sponsored research and consultancy projects in multiple disciplines like in the field of Science, Engineering, Technology and Management.
The University continues to branch out its research vision with new faculty members/researchers and implementing new policies designed to improve the research infrastructure and also through new academic & industry collaborations. The University with their researchers and other teams continues to regularly welcome external partners who support our vision by sharing ideas, pooling resources, and collaborating on findings promoting innovative research.
- Perform interdisciplinary and unconventional research.
- Ensuring the integration of teaching and research, and the involvement of our students in the research processes.
- Develop international strategic partnerships.
- Organise seminars, panels and lectures to disseminate knowledge on various projects.
- Collaborate with other institutions at both local and international levels.
- Sharda University received the sponsored funding of INR 303 Lacs in the fiscal year 2015-2016.
- The University publishes two research journals namely, Journal of Scientific and Technical Research (JSTR), and International Journal of Management Issues and Research (IJMIR) regularly.
- The faculty members/researchers have twelve patents pertaining to their innovative research work under their name.
- The University regularly organises conferences and workshops at national and international level.


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Q: Why is the term "seed" used when a player is put into particular bracket in a sporting contest? Is it because the organizers try to "plant" the best players around so they don't meet until the playoffs?
A: The Oxford English Dictionary's entry for the sporting sense of the verb "seed" suggests that the usage evolved in the late 19th century as a tennis term.
The OED defines it as "to assign (to several of the better competitors) a position in an ordered list, so that those most highly ranked do not meet until the later stages of an elimination competition; to arrange (a draw or event) to this end."
The verb first appeared in print in 1898, the OED says, in this passage from the magazine American Lawn Tennis:
"Several years ago, it was decided to 'seed' the best players through the championship draw, and this was done for two or three years."
So the verb may have been around for several years before it was recorded in print. It obviously had staying power.
Here's another citation, from Spalding's Lawn Tennis Annual (1900): "It is generally advisable to 'seed' the draw in handicap tournaments so that the players in each class shall be separated as far as possible one from another."
The past participle and adjective "seeded" was used for events ("Longwood is never seeded," from 1911), as well as people ("three of the women who had been 'seeded' for the draw," 1929).
The noun "seed," meaning a seeded player, was slower to catch on. According to the OED, it was first used in print in 1933 in The Aldin Book of Outdoor Games, in a reference to "the Thibetan 'seed.' "
But why "seed"? The OED doesn't explain the connection, but we can speculate. The best players are deliberately spread around – "planted," as you suggest – so they aren't too close together in the early rounds.
The fact that seeding is an appropriate image explains why the term has found a place in the language of sports.
Now, of course, the term "seeded" is often used in a more general way to refer to a high-ranked team or player: "Kelly Robinson's cover was that of a top-seeded tennis pro."


text:
Even small universities can reach large student audiences through online learning programs. Take, for example, the University of Illinois, which has an exemplary online learning program and wants to reach 10,000 new online students by next year, according to a report this week by NPR.
A fascinating report from Alfred P. Sloan Foundation indicates that more educators are finally catching on to online learning. The study indicates that â€œOnline enrollments have been growing substantially faster than overall higher education enrollments.â€ To wit:
- Almost 3.5 million students were taking at least one online course during the fall 2006 term
- The 9.7 percent growth rate for online enrollments far exceeds the 1.5 percent growth of the overall higher education student population.


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Pet Care. Pet Training. Pet Stories.
Pet Care. Pet Training. Pet Stories.
Can Dogs Eat Couscous?
02/07/2020 by Stacy Painter
February 7th, 2020 by Stacy Painter
The quick answer: Yes, dogs can eat plain cooked couscous in moderate amounts.
Couscous is a whole grain made from durum wheat or barley, which is a staple in North Africa and is becoming more popular in Western diets. This healthy food is similar to rice, but is arguably a healthier grain to share with dogs because it is more nutritional. Couscous contains protein, fiber, selenium, magnesium, and vitamin B6.
Because couscous is made from wheat, it is not gluten-free. So long as they don't have wheat or gluten sensitivities, dogs can eat plain, cooked couscous because it is not a food that is toxic to dogs.
Selenium is one beneficial nutrient found in couscous; it can help with the functioning of cells and is said to help prevent cancer. However, large amounts of selenium can be toxic to dogs, so it's best to moderate the amount of couscous you give to your dog.
Potential hazards of couscous
When seasoned and spiced, couscous can be dangerous for dogs to eat. Plain cooked couscous is always the safest bet. Don't feed couscous that has been seasoned with garlic or onions, including fresh and powdered varieties. Meat or vegetable broths may also contain garlic and onion, so be sure to always check ingredient labels before adding broth to couscous that you plan on sharing with your dog.
Salt is among the favorite seasonings for human foods, but excessively salted foods should not be shared with dogs. Large amounts of salt can lead to excessive thirst, urination, and kidney problems.
Couscous is safe to share with your dog in moderate amounts here and there. However, it should not be part of your dog's regular diet or used as a replacement for a nutritionally balanced dog food diet.
If you're not sure what to share, Healthy Paws has a great list of foods that are safe and not safe for dogs; Pets at WebMD has a thorough list of no-no's for cats.


text:
The number of births in Germany fell to a post-war low last year despite government incentives meant to reverse a population decline in the European Union's biggest economy, and analysts blamed a lack of sufficient child care support.
A third of all babies born in Germany, still the EU's most populous member state, came from immigrant families, the analysts said, noting that without them the overall figure would have been much lower.
The preliminary data released by Germany's Federal Statistics Office showed 663,000 children were born in 2011, down from 678,000 in 2010.
"As in every year since 1972, the number of people who died was greater than the number of children born. In 2011 the difference amounted to 190,000 people and in 2010 to 181,000," the office said in a report.
Demography experts have forecast that Germany's population could shrink to about 50 million by 2050, based on current trends, and say France and Britain—which now have about 60 million each—could overtake it later this century.
Michaela Kreyenfeld from the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research attributed Germany's declining birthrate, one of the lowest in Europe, to conservative attitudes towards child care and the role of the mother.
"Women are perfectly integrated within Germany's labor market but when it comes to babies, everyone expects a mother to stay at home and take care of the children. This of course deters women from becoming mothers," she said.
Chancellor Angela Merkel, who has no children herself, introduced relatively generous child benefit payments in 2006, making it easier for women to return to the workplace after having children.


text:
A mosaic of sea ice shifted across the Bering Sea west of Alaska on February 5, 2008. On either side of the Bering Strait (top center), the land was blanketed with snow that highlighted the mountainous terrain. Left of center, the twisting branches of the Yukon River Delta make a gray-brown outline shaped like a tree.
In the northern part of the image, the sea ice is composed of a mixture of large and small blocks, while along the southern margin, it becomes so fine that is looks like foam from this distance. South of the ice, the sea appears greenish. This color is a sign of life. While the vegetation on land is dormant for the winter, the ocean still blooms with an abundance of microscopic, plant-like organisms called phytoplankton. This image was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite.
NASA image by Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team, Goddard Space Flight Center. Caption by Rebecca Lindsey.
- Aqua - MODIS


text:
Psychometric properties of the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire: Factor structure and reliability among African-origin populations with type 2 diabetes
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
Background: The Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) has been used extensively to measure illness perceptions of several patient populations. However, the instrument was developed using participants of mainly European-origin. The reliability and validity of the IPQ-R may therefore need to be established before use among populations of different ethnic and cultural origins. Objectives: This study investigated the factor structure and internal consistency reliability of the IPQ-R in African-origin patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 221 adults of African descent with type 2 diabetes completed the IPQ-R. Participants were recruited from patients attending diabetes and retinal screening clinics in the London boroughs of Brent and Hackney. Confirmatory Factor Analysis based on the covariance matrix was used to determine factorial validity for the Timeline-acute/chronic, Consequences, Personal control, Treatment control, Illness coherence, Timeline-cyclical, Emotional representation and three causal subscales of the IPQ-R. Composite internal consistency reliability for individual subscales was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficients. Results: After eliminating three items and re-specifying six error covariances associated with large standardised residuals and low factor loadings, the hypothesised model adequately explained the covariance of African and Caribbean patients' responses to items of the IPQ-R. Also, composite reliability coefficients of all measured subscales were acceptable and inter-correlations between subscales were in line with those reported from other population groups. Conclusions: The findings in this study suggest that although the IPQ-R may be valid and reliable across cultures, investigators may need to modify (e.g. by rewording) some of its items taking into account any linguistic origins of their populations of study. Further evaluation of the IPQ-R (including the identity subscale) in larger samples of African-origin populations is also recommended. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


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MSDN Library
FrameworkElement.SizeChanged Event
Occurs when either the ActualHeight or the ActualWidth properties change value on a FrameworkElement.
Namespace: System.Windows
Assembly: System.Windows (in System.Windows.dll)
XMLNS for XAML: Not mapped to an xmlns.
public event SizeChangedEventHandler SizeChanged
Use a handler based on SizeChangedEventHandler to handle this event.
The Windows Phone layout system reads properties in the SizeChangedEventArgs event data class of this event, to determine whether the reported size changes should be considered significant. This allows the layout system to avoid forcing a layout change because of visually imperceptible differences between old and new height or width values. The imperceptible differences might be caused by rounding or calculations of a floating-point value.
The SizeChanged event uses specialized event data derived from RoutedEventArgs, not EventArgs. However, the event does not bubble (it does not travel a true event route).
It is not strictly necessary to avoid calling other APIs that influence layout of the current object from within a SizeChanged handler. For example: setting Height or Width; calling InvalidateMeasure or UpdateLayout; calling ApplyTemplate; any operation that might resize child elements and thus invalidate the parent layout. The layout engine has internal logic that is capable of avoiding many looping issues. However, it is still possible to create sizing or rendering loops if your handler logic combined with surrounding layout is not capable of reaching an end result for the size of the relevant object.
SizeChanged is raised whenever the size (either ActualHeight or ActualWidth) has changed on the object, and is raised after the Measure and Arrange passes are complete (for more information about these concepts, see Layout and panels for Windows Phone). If the position of the object within a parent container changes, but not the size, SizeChanged is not raised.
LayoutUpdated is a similar event, but LayoutUpdated is also raised for position changes. In addition, LayoutUpdated occurrence is not scoped to a specific object's layout properties, and is instead reporting on the entire visual tree that an object is contained in. LayoutUpdated informs you that something within the overall visual tree that contains the object has changed, but the layout specifics (size, position) of the object where the handler is attached might not have changed.
Windows Phone OS
Supported in: 8.1, 8.0, 7.1, 7.0
Windows Phone
© 2015 Microsoft


text:
Performing an SEO audit? Contributor Max Prin demonstrates how to find all of a website's indexed subdomains using a simple (and free) Chrome plugin.
An SEO audit is rarely limited to the www (or non-www) version of a website. When looking for potential duplicate content, it's often important to know how many subdomains exist and, more importantly, how many of them are indexed by Google.
The good old search operators
An easy way to find indexed subdomains is to use search operators.
- Start with "site:" and the root domain.
- One by one, remove each subdomain (including: "www") from the results with the "-inurl:" operator.
- When there are no more results for Google to return, your query with the search operators should include all subdomains indexed.
However, this technique has its limits. It's unlikely that the site you're auditing has as many subdomains as wordpress.com, but you may come across a site with several dozen subdomains. This can potentially cause the following issues:
- The process can be long, especially if it needs to be done for several domains.
- You might get Google "captchas" along the way.
- The size of queries is limited (around 30 keywords). Thus, if your query is too long (too many -inurl operators), you will get a 400 error page from Google.
- Once you're done, you still need some editing to create a nice list of subdomains to work with.
The solution: a simple Chrome extension, by Google
This extension, Personal Blocklist (by Google), will make your life easier. It allows you to "block" domains from appearing in your search results.
The key here is that the extension operates at the subdomain level and stores the domains in a list.
- Once added to Chrome, start with the same "site:domain.com" search command.
- Under each result now appears a "Block subdomain.domain.com" link.
- Click on each link until your result page is empty.
- You're almost done! Simply click on the extension icon, then "export," then copy/paste into Excel.


Personal Informatics
Personal Informatics is an approach to managing your own personal information so that it will be of use to you, part of an overall field called Informatics. Most often people think of this as monitoring your exercise data, weight, and other health information, most often referred to as the quantified self, but our approach is much broader than that. We help you make use of your general information to make decisions. This means we have a way to structure your information and a way to help you analyze and make sense of it so you can act on it.
Increasingly companies are collecting information about you in the form of a knowledge graph. They are using Enterprise Informatics for their businesses. In Facebook and LinkedIn, the nodes in the graph can be people such as yourself, and the edges are how you are related to those other people. By organizing information about you this way, they can provide useful recommendations to you, or improve their advertising. Knowledge graphs are also used to run search engines such as Google and Bing, in this case the nodes are web pages, and edges are links from one page to another.
In the course of your day, you interact with people, use web pages and collect information about things and events in your life. You have a need to own and manage your information beyond Facebook and Google. You need your own personal knowledge graph. And you need a way to make sense of it which is why we support visual interaction with minds map graphs using our Loci software.


Patient Organizations
Ultimately, a therapy is effective only if it treats the clinical issues that matter to patients. NTAP works with patient organizations to enable global clinical studies (e.g., natural history studies, patient reported outcome measure initiatives), thereby identifying patient priorities and ensuring that therapeutic development programs are focused on addressing these key needs.
NTAP fosters relationships across research initiatives where collaborative efforts generate reagents and resources that will accelerate the development of potential therapies against plexiform neurofibromas (pNFs).
Our partners include:


Bright Path: Young Jim Thorpe
Don Brown, Author, Don Brown, Illustrator Roaring Brook Press $17.95 (40p) ISBN 978-1-59643-041-9
In this rather disappointing picture book biography, Brown (Mack Made Movies) spotlights the early years of Native American Olympian athlete Jim Thorpe through to his participation in the 1912 Olympics. He was born on land belonging to the Sac and Fox Indians in 1888, and called Wa-tho-huck, meaning Bright Path. The author covers a lot of ground here, and though readers learn a lot about Jim's life, they don't get much of a sense of his character. The first few spreads establish the boy's love of the outdoors, growing up on his family's Oklahoma farm. At six, he was sent to a boarding school for Indian children where he was ""taught to act and dress like white people."" Before the age of 13, his mother died, and eventually Jim's father sent him to a ""military strict"" Indian school in Pennsylvania, where he felt ""like a quail in a cornstalk snare."" But it was there that, on a lark, Jim tried to clear the high-jump bar and wound up breaking the school record, turning him onto track and football. At the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm, he won gold medals in the pentathlon and decathlon. (A concluding note fills in details of Thorpe's later years and being stripped of his medals, a decision that was reversed in 1973.) In trying to cover such an expanse of events, the narrative sacrifices depth, and the artwork seems less crafted here than in Brown's other works. Ages 5-9.
Reviewed on: 05/01/2006
Release date: 05/01/2006
Genre: Children's
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After looking at the core data type for frameworks that deal with unstructured data in java:
the common theme seems to be that data are first de-serialized into Map, then transformed into an given class by reflection.
So this raises the question, why not just work with these Map (or sub-type of map) directly? You can extend Map and create your own sub-type, and you will still have all the benefit of OO programming.
Edit I am not concerned with the cost of deserialization, but the flexibility that Map offers when dealing with unstructured data. By this, I mean not having to define a class that the data can be deserialized into.
Edit 2 I am more interested in the "why not (disadvantages)", since the framework I mentioned already demonstrated that it could be done.
share|improve this question
It doesn't beg the question it raises the question. Begging the question is a logical fallacy in which one assumption depends on another being true that depends on the first being true. – Mike Brown Feb 21 '12 at 16:38
duly noted, updated accordingly. – ltfishie Feb 21 '12 at 17:16
add comment
2 Answers
up vote 4 down vote accepted
The convenience of working with a strongly typed object sometimes outweighs the cost of serializing to/from that object. For instance I usually use JSON to transmit MVVM ViewModels over the wire. Once the data is deserialized, I can take advantage of the functionality embedded in the ViewModel class that works on the data. If I were just passing around dumb data, then I agree it probably makes sense to forgo that extra step.
What is dumb data? To me dumb data is a class that has nothing on it but simple properties/fields and any logic is provided by other classes that consume them (cf. Anemic Domain Model or Data Transfer Object).
If instead you are (de)serializing intelligent objects (like my ViewModel example), there is much more to gain. This goes beyond just validation. If you look at the argument for Rich Domain Models versus Anemic Domain Models, the case is that we are putting the logic that operates on the data with the data itself. That's the entire point of using an Object Oriented language. Presumably you're passing the data around to have some function performed on it. Serialize it into a rich object and put the function on that object so all you have to do is invoke the function. I've touched on the idea in a blog post here.
share|improve this answer
Thanks for your answer. Can you expand on what you mean by "dumb data"? – ltfishie Feb 21 '12 at 17:22
Thanks for the update. So would unstructured data be the same as dumb data? Can you list some other gains besides validation? – ltfishie Feb 21 '12 at 18:00
add comment
Good question. Why indeed? In dynamic OO languages (e.g. Ruby, LUA, Javascript, Python, Perl, and others) every object is basically just a map. You can add new properties and methods to objects at run-time. It's very powerful, but you give up compile-time validation of method calls. It's just not the Java way.
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So this tiger was hunting humans for two years (how regularly, no one knows) until someone shot it dead. Upon examining the skull it was apparent why this tiger was preferentially hunting humans; its canines are heavily worn down.
The canines even look like they could have broken and were subsequently worn down from continued use. With its teeth so worn down this tiger must have found hunting large game difficult, so it resorted to hunting easy prey, i.e. humans. It's a pretty neat specimen, and we admired it for a while, but after our initial excitement wore down, we moved on to other specimens.
However, this specimen was yet to give us all its surprises. After I had gone through quite a few of the cat skull boxes, I came across a number of isolated mandibles; some lion, but others tiger. I noted that the specimen numbers on these mandibles matched those of isolated skull materials that I had previously measured so I got pretty excited. What's more, I found the mandibles to the'man-eater' tiger skull:
As you can see, it is totally messed up (yes, that is the technical term). This tiger had fractured its right mandible and survived long enough (at least two years judging from the label) for it to heal. However, obviously the bones had not set right and so this tiger probably couldn't bite properly. Combined with the worn-down canines it must have made hunting extremely difficult.
A further shock is how the teeth occlude.
A keen observer may have noticed an odd hole in the palate of the ventral view photo above, but I had completely missed that when I saw the isolated skull specimen and I had not noticed it until I found the mandible. It turns out the hole was caused by the lower molar biting into the palate. It looks almost as if the bones in the palate gave way over a period of time, so this tiger was probably biting and chewing at a regular interval for quite some time after the fracture had healed. Although I am not a pathologist so I don't know for sure that's what happened...
Aside from the obvious job satisfaction of studying specimens in museum collections, the occasional specimen like this'man-eater' makes it that much fun to work with historical museum collections. Most of the cat specimens in the Bristol Museum are trophy specimens but some have unique histories. There are a couple of more specimens from the Bristol Museum that are quite interesting so I may post something about them in the future.
Thanks to Rhian Rowson of the Natural History Collection at the Bristol Museum for encouraging me to write this post.
And last but not the least, be sure to check out Paolo's post for more man-eater tiger specimens: _URL_


UNIX Tutorial Six
Other useful UNIX commands
All students are allocated a certain amount of disk space on the file system for their personal files, usually about 100Mb. If you go over your quota, you are given 7 days to remove excess files.
To check your current quota and how much of it you have used, type
% quota -v
The df command reports on the space left on the file system. For example, to
find out how much space is left on the fileserver, type
% df.
The du command outputs the number of kilobyes used by each subdirectory. Useful if you have gone over quota and you want to find out which directory has the most files. In your home-directory, type
% du
This reduces the size of a file, thus freeing valuable disk space. For example, type
% ls -l science.txt
and note the size of the file. Then to compress science.txt, type
% compress science.txt
This will compress the file and place it in a file called science.txt.Z
To see the change in size, type ls -l again.
To uncomress the file, use the uncompress command.
% uncompress science.txt.Z
This also compresses a file, and is more efficient than compress. For example, to zip science.txt, type
% gzip science.txt
This will zip the file and place it in a file called science.txt.gz
To unzip the file, use the gunzip command.
% gunzip science.txt.gz
file classifies the named files according to the type of data they contain, for example ascii (text), pictures, compressed data, etc.. To report on all files in your home directory, type
% file *
The C shell keeps an ordered list of all the commands that you have entered. Each command is given a number according to the order it was entered.
% history (show command history list)
If you are using the C shell, you can use the exclamation character (!) to recall commands easily.
%!! (recall last command)
%!-3 (recall third most recent command)
%!5 (recall 5th command in list)
%!grep (recall last command starting with grep)
You can increase the size of the history buffer by typing
% set history=100
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_USER_ {12025, title = {Calculation of traffic flow breakdown probability to optimize link throughput}, journal = {Applied Mathematical Modelling}, volume = {34}, year = {2010}, month = {11/2010}, pages = {3376{\textendash}3389}, chapter = {3376}, abstract = {
Traffic breakdown phenomenon is prevalent in empirical traffic system observations. Traffic flow breakdown is usually defined as an amount of sudden drop in traffic flow speed when traffic demand exceeds capacity. Modeling and calculating traffic flow breakdown probability remains an important issue when analyzing the stability and reliability of transportation system. The breakdown mechanism is still mysterious to practitioners and researchers in varying manner. Treating breakdown as a random event, this paper use discrete time Markov chain (DTMC) to model traffic state transition path, as a result, a transition probability matrix can be generated from empirical observations. From empirical analysis of breakdown, we found this formulation of breakdown probability follows the Zipf distribution. Therefore, a connection from traffic flow breakdown probability to how many vehicles are occupying a certain freeway segment (e.g. a link) will be established. Following from the results, a quantitative measure of breakdown probability can be obtained to optimize ramp metering rates to achieve optimum system performance measures.
}, keywords = {Breakdown probability, Discrete time Markov chain, Throughput optimization}, doi = {10.1016/j.apm.2010.02.027}, author = {Wang, Haizhong and Rudy, Kimberley and Li, Jia and Ni, Daiheng} }


text:
The role of seaweed in the global carbon cycle Today's Video of the Day from the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) describes new research which suggests that the role of seaweed in the global carbon cycle has been underestimated.
The researchers studied the DNA of seaweed, also known as macroalgae, and discovered that diverse species drift as far as 5,000 kilometers beyond coastal areas. Around 70 percent of this seaweed will sink to the depths of the ocean below 1,000 meters, taking the carbon that it has captured along with it.
"This finding has huge implications for how the global carbon dioxide budget is calculated," said study first author and PhD student Alejandra Ortega. "It indicates that macroalgae are important for carbon sequestration and should be included in assessments of carbon accumulated in the ocean, known as blue carbon." Blue carbon is the term for carbon captured by the world's ocean and coastal ecosystems. Sea grasses, mangroves, salt marshes, and other systems along our coast are very efficient in storing CO2. These areas also absorb and store carbon at a much faster rate than other areas, such as forests, and can continue to do so for millions of years.
Video Credit: KAUST


Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English volume
Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English vol.
Jump to: navigation, search
Farmer (FARMER)
Special classifications apply in agriculture. Farmers 1 or farm operators 1 are those who farm the land for profit; among them we distinguish between farm-owners 2, who own their land, tenant farmers 3, who rent it from a landlord, and share-croppers 3, who give a portion of the crop in return for the use of land and livestock. Agricultural laborers 4 are persons working who are employed by farmers.
 - 2. A farm manager who is salaried is generally classed as a farmer.
 - 3. In Scotland a small farmer is sometimes called a crofter. A farmer with a very small farm is also known as a smallholder.
 - 4. Agricultural laborers are of three general types: fulltime agricultural laborers, day agricultural laborers, and seasonal agricultural laborers. This last category often consists of migrant laborers.


text:
With the lucidity and vividness that characterize all her work, two-time Pulitzer Prize winning historian, Barbara Tuchman, explores the complex relationship of Britain to Palestine that led to the founding of the modern Jewish state--and to many of the problems that plague the Middle East today. "Barbara Tuchman is a wise and witty writer, a shrewd observer with a lively command of high drama." PHILADELPHIA INQUIRER
Barbara W. Tuchman
About Barbara W. Tuchman
Barbara W. Tuchman achieved prominence as a historian with The Zimmermann Telegram and international fame with The Guns of August, which won the Pulitzer Prize. There followed five more books: The Proud Tower, Stilwell and the American Experience in China (also awarded the Pulitzer Prize), A Distant Mirror, Practicing History, and The March of Folly. The First Salute was Mrs. Tuchman's last book before her death in February 1989.


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Tamara Keeley, Reproductive biologist
In June, with 17 other researchers, I helped catch 20 wild dugongs in Moreton Bay, off Brisbane in Queensland to check their health and reproductive status.
We were from the University of Queensland (UQ), Sea World, Sydney Aquarium and Taronga Western Plains Zoo and worked together on this project which is looking particularly at the Dugongs that live in Moreton Bay.
Determining reproductive status is important because it helps us estimate reproductive capacity and health. This helps with effective management of populations of this vulnerable species. The skilled field biologists worked with selection of dugongs of both sexes including adult, sub-adult and juvenile animals.
A specially-designed stretcher was used to cradle the animals as they were lifted from the water onto the deck of research vessel, Sea World One. Having the dugong out of the water allowed researchers to measure reproductive state by taking a comprehensive series of samples including blood, saliva, urine, faeces and other biological material to measure reproductive hormones and establish clinical reference parameters for the species.
These baseline parameters can then be used to assess the health and reproductive capacity of other wild populations and dugongs in human care. Abdominal ultrasounds were performed on adult females to confirm pregnancy as an assessment of reproductive status and population growth. Semen collected from an adult male will be used to determine dugong spermatozoa characteristics to increase our knowledge of male reproduction. As the TWPZ Reproductive Biologist, I conducted trials with this sperm sample to determine potential cryopreservation protocols for the establishment of a genome resource bank for the species.
This research will be incorporated in a long-term mark-recapture program for dugongs in Moreton Bay. The regular assessment of these animals is a valuable tool for not only monitoring the health of individuals but evaluating the population as a whole and the general health of their habitat.


text:
Dyadic developmental psychotherapy was developed by Daniel Hughes. This form of therapy is an evidence-based, effective, and empirically validated treatment for children with complex trauma, reactive attachment disorder (RAD), and other disorders of attachment. It is an approach that is primarily family-focused. The various elements of dyadic developmetal psychotherapy, such as a focus on relationships, attunement, intersubjectivty, and sensitive responsiveness are all well researched elements of effective treatments.
This form of psychotherapy was originally developed as a method of intervention for children who were experiencing emotional trauma as a result of severed caregiver, parental, or family bonds and relationships. Psychologist Daniel Hughes' technique is formulated from various theories including attachment theory and the work of John Bowlby and Stern. Dyadic developmental psychotherapy embodies the approach of recognizing the communication of needs in infants as well as the process by which an infant and caregiver engage in mismatched communication.
Dyadic developmental therapy is most effective when the therapist can provide a fully nurturing environment in which the child develops the freedom to engage in playful and curious actions, while feeling an accepting and empathic relationship with the therapist. The therapist is trained to identify and assess the child's experiences, however subjective they may appear, and provide feedback and validation back to the child through various physical and emotional cues. Therapists who work with children in dyadic developmental therapy often use visual contact, subtle gestures or movements, intonation, facial expressions and touch to engage the child and affirm their experience. In addition, a therapist may also provide a narrative delivered in subjective autobiographical format to create co-constructs. Although the therapist works with the child through the use of these techniques and other varying methods, including cognitive behavioral exercises, the ultimate dyad that must be achieved is that of the parent-child dyad. If the parent or caregiver is able to, and if the child is able to participate in his own therapy with the parent present, that is the preferred method of treatment when possible.
Last updated: 05-14-2013


Reviews by Nelson Ferraz
Text-Statistics-Latin (0.04) **
POD is minimal. There is a good synopsis, and that's it. Code comments are in Portuguese. (Documentation=2)
This module seems to be focused on the author's specific problem: it requires input files to be called "1.txt", "2.txt" and so forth, and creates a seven column CSV file as output. Therefore is very difficult to reuse. (Ease of use=2)
From the synopsis:
use Text::Statistics::Latin;
&LATIN("4"); #3 (4-1) texts will be analised.
The interface needs refactoring. (Interface=1)
It exports a single method called LATIN (why is it UPPERCASE?). The method is exported by default, when it should have used _USER_.
This method is 268 lines long and tries to do so much. The problem is the high complexity and deeply nested code structure.
The code use package variables.
The distribution needs more tests: the only test is if the module can be used (use_ok('Text::Statistics::Latin')).
Overall: the module is an important contribution but needs to be refactored.


text:
Mesenteric amyloid deposition as the initial presentation of multiple myeloma
- Correspondence to Mehrnaz Asadi,
Despite many recent progresses in diagnostic modalities, occasionally the initial manifestation of the diseases may be misleading. Therefore, to consider the uncommon presentations of prevalent diseases may be of help. Plasma-cell dyscrasia is one of the most well-known haematological malignancies. Clonal expansion of plasma cells results in diverse clinical findings, such as renal failure, lytic bone lesion, anaemia, hyperviscosity syndrome and so forth. However, this disease entity rarely presents with abdominal mass due to mesenteric amyloid deposition. Here we report a case of a 53-year-old Iranian woman who presented with a 4-month history of abdominal pain and fullness; she was finally found to suffer from small bowel mesenteric amyloidosis in the context of multiple myeloma.
Competing interests None.
Patient consent Obtained.


text:
Smithsonian Wild website gathers images of nature uncut
A new website, Smithsonian WILD puts you face to face with a jaguar and lets you look inside the mouth of a Chinese giant panda.
The Smithsonian has collected over 202,000 striking images from wildlife researchers around the globe in a new publicly accessible collection.
Faced with shy and elusive creatures in the field, scientists use camera traps to observe their subjects. These traps - hidden cameras triggered by motion sensors offer scientists the chance to observe animals without disturbing them and without having to spend 24-hours-a-day perched up a tree.
Now, the Smithsonian has gathered together more images from seven projects their researchers are engaged in to provide a fascinating glimpse into the wild world.
The photographs are all available at Smithsonian WILD; you can search the collection and click on links to share your favorites with your social-networking friends.
Smithsonian research microbiologist William McShea said: ''This site provides the public a glimpse of what the scientist sees when surveying remote places.''
''Not every photo is beautiful but every photo provides information that can be used to conserve wild animals. It is addictive to scroll through the photos at a single site and see the diversity that walks by a single camera in the forest.''
This is raw footage, unedited and untouched, so don't expect all of the images to be perfectly composed artistic masterpieces, but the sheer amount of material, which includes video clips, and the chance to see nature untouched makes the site an absorbing way to get lost in the wild web.


text:
From 1959 to 1963, the National Park Service, with generous support from the National Geographic Society, made a comprehensive study of the archeology and ecology of Wetherill Mesa, in Mesa Verde National Park. Wetherill Mesa is being developed so that increasing numbers of visitors will be able to observe the evolution of a prehistoric Indian culture over some 700 years, both here and in the nearby and more familiar section of the park known as Chapin Mesa.
This is the second monograph of the Wetherill Mesa Project. The report not only provides substantive data on environmental variations at Mesa Verde and their bearing on the prehistoric settlement pattern and land use of the area, but also demonstrates the critical importance of such research to a fuller understanding of human ecology of the past elsewhere. James A. Erdman, now with the U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, and Charles L. Douglas, now on the staff of the Texas Memorial Museum, University of Texas, Austin, came to the Wetherill Mesa Project from the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, in Boulder. John W. Marr is director of the Institute.
Additional reports in the Wetherill Mesa series will deal with several other aspects of the archeology and ecology of the area.
George B. Hartzog, Jr. Director
Last Updated: 16-Jan-2007


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A vast number of industries have made use of the benefits of air bearings. Markets where precision is the primary requirement have lead the way. These include semiconductor and CMM manufacturing. But as engineers discover the other benefits of air bearings, market-usage is diversified. Today air bearings are being applied in industries as diverse as automotive testing, medical scanning, flat panel display manufacturing, electronic assembly, and many more. Below you'll find the markets where New Way is providing significant solutions. If you don't see yours there, don't be discouraged. We'd be pleased to help you put it there.
Computed Tomography
The higher rotation speeds that air bearings allow make them ideal for computed tomography applications, increasing scale, enhancing image resolution and improving throughput for medical, security or industrial scanning.
Flat Panel Display
The tight fly-height control New Way Air Bars provide (±5 microns) enable non-contact conveyance and positioning of Flat Panel Display (FPD) glass for dynamic processing and inspection.
The elimination of friction made possible by air bearings facilitates ultra-precision motion and positioning, important factors in metrology applications like CMMs, Roundness Checking, and Surface Flatness Measuring Machines.
Precision Machine Tool
The unique frictionless properties of air bearings provide for ultra-precision positioning and motion, with no lubricants or wear, making them ideal for demanding precision machine tool applications.
Air bearings are ideally suited to the stringent requirements of the semiconductor environment. An enabling technology, air bearings provide frictionless motion without the lubrication, for high speed and acceleration, sub-nanometer repeatability, zero vibration and reduced noise.
Other Markets
Wherever there is a need for precision linear or rotary motion, air bearings provide significant performance benefits. They can also be applied in dusty, dirty environments where lubrication issues result in frequent maintenance and downtime.


text:
Compare proportions for two or more groups in the data
The compare proportions test is used to evaluate if the frequency of occurrence of some event, behavior, intention, etc. differs across groups. The null hypothesis for the difference in proportions across groups in the population is set to zero. We test this hypothesis using sample data.
We can perform either a one-tailed test (i.e.,
less than or
greater than) or a two-tailed test (see the
Alternative hypothesis dropdown). A one-tailed test is useful if we want to evaluate if the available sample data suggest that, for example, the proportion of dropped calls is larger (or smaller) for one wireless provider compared to others.
We will use a sample from a dataset that describes the survival status of individual passengers on the Titanic. The principal source for data about Titanic passengers is the Encyclopedia Titanic. One of the original sources is Eaton & Haas (1994) Titanic: Triumph and Tragedy, Patrick Stephens Ltd, which includes a passenger list created by many researchers and edited by Michael A. Findlay. Lets focus on two variables in the database:
Suppose we want to test if the proportion of people that survived the sinking of the Titanic differs across passenger classes. To test this hypothesis we select
pclass as the grouping variable and calculate proportions of
Choose level) for
Variable (select one)).
Choose combinations box select all available entries to conduct pair-wise comparisons across the three passenger class levels. Note that removing all entries will automatically select all combinations. Unless we have an explicit hypothesis for the direction of the effect we should use a two-sided test (i.e.,
two.sided). Our first alternative hypothesis would be 'The proportion of survivors amongst 1st class passengers was different compared to 2nd class passengers'.
The first two blocks of output show basic information about the test (e.g.,. selected variables and confidence levels) and summary statistics (e.g., proportions, standard errors, etc. per group). The final block of output shows the following:
Null hyp.is the null hypothesis and
Alt. hyp.the alternative hypothesis
diffis the difference between the sample proportion for two groups (e.g., 0.635 - 0.441 = 0.194). If the null hypothesis is true we expect this difference to be small (i.e., close to zero)
p.valueis the probability of finding a value as extreme or more extreme than
diffif the null hypothesis is true
If we check
Show additional statistics the following output is added:
chisq.valueis the chi-squared statistic associated with
diffthat we can compare to a chi-squared distribution. For additional discussion on how this metric is calculated see the help file in Basics > Tables > Cross-tabs. For each combination the equivalent of a 2X2 cross-tab is calculated.
dfis the degrees of freedom associated with each statistical test (1).
2.5% 97.5%show the 95% confidence interval around the difference in sample proportions. These numbers provide a range within which the true population difference is likely to fall
There are three approaches we can use to evaluate the null hypothesis. We will choose a significance level of 0.05.1 Of course, each approach will lead to the same conclusion.
Because the p.values are smaller than the significance level for each pair-wise comparison we can reject the null hypothesis that the proportions are equal based on the available sample of data. The results suggest that 1st class passengers were more likely to survive the sinking than either 2nd or 3rd class passengers. In turn, the 2nd class passengers were more likely to survive than those in 3rd class.
Because zero is not contained in any of the confidence intervals we reject the null hypothesis for each evaluated combination of passenger class levels.
Because the calculated chi-squared values (20.576, 104.704, and 25.008) are larger than the corresponding critical chi-squared value we reject the null hypothesis for each evaluated combination of passenger class levels. We can obtain the critical chi-squared value by using the probability calculator in the Basics menu. Using the test for 1st versus 2nd class passengers as an example, we find that for a chi-squared distribution with 1 degree of freedom (see
df) and a confidence level of 0.95 the critical chi-squared value is 3.841.
In addition to the numerical output provided in the Summary tab we can also investigate the association between
survived visually (see the Plot tab). The screen shot below shows two bar charts. The first chart has confidence interval (black) and standard error (blue) bars for the proportion of
yes entries for
survived in the sample. Consistent with the results shown in the Summary tab there are clear differences in the survival rate across passenger classes. The
Dodge chart shows the proportions of
survived side-by-side for each passenger class. While 1st class passengers had a higher proportion of
no the opposite holds for the 3rd class passengers.
prop.testfunction to compare proportions. When one or more expected values are small (e.g., 5 or less) the p.value for this test is calculated using simulation methods. When this occurs it is recommended to rerun the test using Basics > Tables > Cross-tabs and evaluate if some cells may have an expected value below 1.
Greater than) critical values must be obtained by using the normal distribution in the probability calculator and squaring the corresponding Z-statistic.
The more comparisons we evaluate the more likely we are to find a "significant" result just by chance even if the null hypothesis is true. If we conduct 100 tests and set our significance level at 0.05 (or 5%) we can expect to find 5 p.values smaller than or equal to 0.05 even if the are no associations in the population.
Bonferroni adjustment ensures the p.values are scaled appropriately given the number of tests conducted. This XKCD cartoon expresses the need for this type of adjustments very clearly.
This is a comparison of proportions test of the null hypothesis that the true population difference in proportions is equal to 0. Using a significance level of 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis for each pair of passengers classes evaluated, and conclude that the true population difference in proportions is not equal to 0.
The p.value for the test of differences in the survival proportion for 1st versus 2nd class passengers is <.001. This is the probability of observing a sample difference in proportions that is as or more extreme than the sample difference in proportion from the data if the null hypothesis is true. In this case, it is the probability of observing a sample difference in proportions that is less than -0.194 or greater than 0.194 if the true population difference in proportions is 0.
The 95% confidence interval is 0.112 to 0.277. If repeated samples were taken and the 95% confidence interval computed for each one, the true difference in population proportions would fall inside the confidence interval in 95% of the samples
1 The significance level, often denoted by \(\alpha\), is the highest probability you are willing to accept of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true. A commonly used significance level is 0.05 (or 5%)


text:
Here's a cool step-saver, something no other operating system offers—a little something Apple likes to call data detectors.
In short, Mac OS X programs like Mail and TextEdit can recognize commonly used bits of information that may appear in your text: a physical address, a phone number, a date and time, and so on. With one quick click, you can send that information into the appropriate Mac OS X program, like iCal, Address Book, or your Web browser (for looking up an address on a map).
Here's how it works: When you spot a name, address, date, or time, point to it without clicking. A dotted rectangle appears around it. Control-click inside the rectangle, or right-click, or click the ▾ at the right side. As shown in Figure 5-5, a shortcut menu appears. Its contents vary depending on what you're pointing to:
A mailing address. You can choose Show Address in Google Maps from the shortcut menu; your Web browser opens and shows you that address on a Google map.
Figure 5-5. Mail can detect street addresses, phone numbers, dates, Web addresses, and times. When it spots something you may want to add to another program like Address Book or iCal, it draws a dotted line around the info when you point to it without clicking. Click the little ▾ to get a shortcut menu for further options—like automatically adding the address to your Address Book program or seeing the address pinpointed...


text:
In this paper we analyze the numerical aspects of the various methods that have been utilized to analyze thin wire antennas. First, we derive the properties of the operators for Pocklington's and Hallen's integral equation. On the basis of these properties, we discuss the various iterative methods used to find current distribution on thin wire structures. An attempt has been made to resolve the question of numerical stability associated with various entire domain and subdomain expansion functions in Galerkin's method. It has been shown that the sequence of solutions generated by the iterative methods monotonically approaches the exact solution provided the excitations chosen for these problems are in the range of the operator. Such a statement may not hold for Galerkin's methods if the inverse operator is unbounded. Moreover, if the excitation function is not in the range of the operator, then the sequence of solutions forms an asymptotic series. Examples have been presented to illustrate this point.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Condensed Matter Physics
- Earth and Planetary Sciences(all)
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering


text:
Science says that air pockets are what makes a fluffy pancake. So, your major goal is to first obtain these bubbles in the batter, and then, solidify them.
These bubbles are formed from the release of gas, which is the product of adding baking powder to the pancake batter. When activated, baking powder performs its role as a chemical leavening agent, by producing CO2 gas. It is this gas that subsequently forms the bubbles.
The activation of the baking powder occurs in two stages:
- While mixing the ingredients: when you mix your dry and liquid ingredients, chemicals in the baking powder react, causing an initial and slow release of gas.
- When heating the batter: when you pour the batter onto a hot pan, a second, bigger burst of gas occurs.
This is exactly when pancakes get that exquisite fluffiness they are treasured for. The greater the heat, the more powerful is the release of gas.
Tip: you can't make fluffy pancakes with gluten-free flour. Without the elastic property of the gluten, the air pockets won't form in the batter.
As mentioned above, the next important step to getting fluffy pancakes is the solidification of the bubbles. This is also obtained during the heating process.
As soon as the batter hits the hot pan, less time than it takes for the bubbles to pop, the liquid in the batter cooks and turns to steam, the proteins in the egg coagulate, and the CO2 bubbles solidify into a network of air pockets. This produces the airy interior that gives a pancake its fluffy texture.
Keep in mind that the pan has to be hot enough (375 F.) to cause quicker activation of the baking powder, and subsequently, large bubbles and fluffiness.
Here are a few other important tips that'll help you get fluffy pancakes:
- Sugar slows the development of the gluten making the pancake softer, less rubbery, and less elastic. Sugar also aids browning.
- Salt also slows the development of the gluten, but it also produces a firmer dough.
- Fat will shorten the strands of gluten, reducing its elasticity. Therefore, substituting cream for milk would lead to a denser, less fluffy pancake.
- Flip the pancakes as gently as possible to avoid bursting the bubbles and making your pancakes very flat.