How It Began
In 1903, a young Joseph Dager immigrated from Lebanon via Ellis Island to Ohio. Ultimately settling in Utica, OH in 1914, he began making ice cream in the basement of a confectionary in three flavors: chocolate, vanilla and strawberry.
After just two years, the company produced 200 gallons of ice cream a month and the creamy, velvety texture of the ice cream inspired the name: Velvet Ice Cream.
A Family Affair
Velvet Ice Cream quickly turned into a thriving family business when Joseph's sons Ed and Charles built a manufacturing plant and began selling ice cream to local grocery stores and restaurants in the 1930's. When city ordinances hindered their ability to distribute their product, Charles helped to change those ordinances which opened up distribution allowing for expansion.
In 1950, third generation brothers, Joe and Mike Dager began to learn the business from the ground up. After the death of Joseph and Charles, they were named co-vice presidents as sophomores in college and high school.
By the mid 1970's, Joe and Mike officially took over leadership of Velvet Ice Cream. They focused on expanding distribution and creating a destination for people to enjoy and visit the manufacturing facility during the summer.
After thirty years of leadership, Joe passed the torch to the fourth generation, his daughters Luconda and Joanne Dager. He is still very much a part of the heart and soul of Velvet Ice Cream as he serves as Chairman of the Board.
A Place for Everyone
An old grist mill became the permanent home to Velvet Ice Cream in 1960. The mill soon became Ye Olde Mill which housed a turn of the century ice cream parlor that opened in 1970. A devasting fire destroyed the building in the late 1980's but was reopened a year later. Every summer since, the traditions of Velvet Ice Cream are shared with over 150,000 visitors to Ye Olde Mill, Ohio's only ice cream museum, ice cream parlor and restaurant.
A Century of Tradition
Velvet Ice Cream continues to honor the legacy of the family business by making ice cream in small batches, not in mass production, and using essentially the same recipe that Joseph Dager used in 1914.
Today, Velvet Ice Cream produces and distributes more than five million gallons of ice cream every year with distribution centers located across the Midwest region: Bucyrus, Chillicothe, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Ft. Wayne, Indianapolis, Louisville and Marietta.
Velvet Ice Cream is truly an original!
Velvet TimelinE


An Army-led research team developed new algorithms and fill in knowledge gaps about how robots contribute to teams and soldires what robots know about their environment and teammates.
The idea of integrating context into AI development is a difficult process. Researchers tend to have very different ideas about what meant by context and the best practices for integrating context into AI development, what robots know.
Many researchers and institutions have looked at a smaller piece of this problem set.
But this team looked at a more holistic approach for how to develop and integrate different types of context related to environmental context, mission context, and social context to advance human autonomy teaming through advanced bidirectional communication capabilities.
This has advanced science in robotics and AI processes in the areas of natural language communication, world model development, multi-modal communication, and human autonomy teaming.
The collaborative team seeks to identify critical scientific advances made by the Army's Robotics Collaborative Technology Alliance, or RCTA, on techniques for developing and advancing context-driven artificial intelligence to support future human autonomy teams.
Strategic investments in Army-led foundational research as part of the RCTA resulted in advanced science in four critical areas of ground combat robotics that affect the way U.S. Warfighters see, think, move and team.
This research supports the Army Modernization Priority for the Next-Generation Combat Vehicle by advancing science for integrating context-driven artificial intelligence within human autonomy teams.
The integration of context-driven AI is important for future robotic capabilities to support the development of situation awareness, calibrate appropriate trust, and improve team performance in collaborative human robot teams.
Avenues of research discussed include how context enables robots to fill in the gaps to make effective decisions more, supports more robust behaviors, and augments robot communications to suit the needs of the team under a variety of environments and team organizations and across missions.
The article's findings will be used to support the laboratory's continued research in the Human Autonomy Teaming Essential Research Program.
In particular, this research will help to develop effective bidirectional communication methods and interventions for calibrating appropriate team trust and shared situation awareness in high risk, complex operations.


1/8" O.D. sheath
with 0.010" walls, generally speaking. Elements which are 1.5 mm wide will typically fit into a
sheath with 0.084" bore. Refer to Figure 1.
6. Accuracy
IEC 751 specifications for Platinum Resistance Thermometers have adopted DIN 43760
requirements for accuracy. DIN-IEC Class A and Class B elements are shown in the chart on this
7. Response Time
50% Response is the time the thermometer element needs in order to reach 50% of its steady
state value. 90% Response is defined in a similar manner. These response times of elements are
given for water flowing with 0. 2 m/s velocity and air flowing at 1 m/s.They can be calculated for
any other medium with known values of thermal conductivity. In a 1/4" diameter sheath immersed
in water flowing at 3 feet per second, response time to 63% of a step change in temperature is
less than 5.0 seconds.
8. Measurement Current and Self Heating
Temperature measurement is carried out almost exclusively with direct current. Unavoidably, the
measuring current generates heat in the RTD.The permissible measurement currents are
determined by the location of the element, the medium which is to be measured, and the velocity
of moving media. A self-heating factor, "S", gives the measurement error for the element in ºC per
milliwatt (mW). With a given value of measuring current, I, the milliwatt value P can be calculated
from P = I2R, where R is the RTD's resistance value. The temperature measurement error Δ T
(ºC) can then be calculated from Δ T = P x S.
Stability: Better than 0.2ºC after 10,000 hours at maximum temperature (1 year, 51 days, 16
hours continuous).
Vibration Resistance: 50 g @ 500ºC; 200 g @ 20ºC; at frequencies from 20 to 1000 cps.
Temperature Shock Resistance: In forced air: over entire temperature range. In a water quench:
from 200 to 20ºC.
Pressure Sensitivity: Less than 1.5 x 10-4 C/PSI, reversible.
Self Heating Errors & Response Times: Refer to specific Temperature Handbook pages for the
type of element selected.
Self Inductance From Sensing Current: Can be considered negligible for thin film elements;
typically less than 0.02 microhenry for wire wound elements.
Capacitance: For wire wound elements: calculated to be less than 6 PicoFarads; for film-type
elements: capacitance is too small to be measured and is affected by lead wire connection. Lead
connections with element may indicate about 300 pF capacitance.
As stated previously, a Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) element generally appears in a
sheathed form. Obviously, all of the criteria applicable to resistance elements also apply here, but
rather than element size, the construction and dimensions of the entire RTD assembly must be
considered. Since the lead wire used between the resistance element and the measuring
instrument has a resistance itself, we must also supply a means of compensating for this
inaccuracy. Refer to Figure 2 for the 2-wire configuration.
The circle represents the resistance element boundaries to the point of calibration. 3- or 4-wire
configuration must be extended from the point of calibration so that all uncalibrated resistances
are compensated.
The resistance RE is taken from the resistance element and is the value that will supply us with an
accurate temperature measurement. Unfortunately, when we take our resistance measurement,
the instrument will indicate RTOTAL:
RT = R1 + R2 + RE
This will produce a temperature readout higher than that actually being measured. Many systems
can be calibrated to eliminate this. Most RTD's incorporate a third wire with resistance R3. This
wire will be connected to one side of the resistance element along with lead 2 as shown in Figure
This configuration provides one connection to one end and two to the other end of the sensor.
Connected to an instrument designed to accept 3-wire input, compensation is achieved for lead
resistance and temperature change in lead resistance. This is the most commonly used
If three identical type wires are used and their lengths are equal, then R1 = R2 = R3. By measuring
the resistance through leads 1, 2 and the resistance element, a total system resistance is
measured (R1 + R2 + RE ). If the resistance is also measured through leads 2 and 3 (R2 + R3), we
obtain the resistance of just the lead wires, and since all lead wire resistances are equal,
subtracting this value (R2 + R3) from the total system resistance (R1 + R2 + RE) leaves us with just
RE, and an accurate temperature measurement has been made. A 4-wire configuration is also
used. (See Figure 4.) Two connections are provided to each end of the sensor. This construction
is used for measurements of the highest precision.
With the 4-wire configuration, the instrument will pass a constant current (I) through the outer
leads, 1 and 4.
The voltage drop is measured across the inner leads, 2 and 3. So from V = IR we learn the
resistance of the element alone, with no effect from the lead wire resistance. This offers an
advantage over 3-wire configurations only if dissimilar lead wires are used, and this is rarely the
Still another configuration, now rare, is a standard 2-wire configuration with a closed loop of wire
alongside (Figure 5). This functions the same as the 3-wire configuration, but uses an extra wire to
do so. A separate pair of wires is provided as a loop to provide compensation for lead resistance
and ambient changes in lead resistance.
© MXV MMV | 72


Driving Gloves
Driving Gloves That Are Suitable for Use
Gloves are one of the mandatory equipment for motorcyclists. The function of these gloves is to protect the hands from being injured in an accident, or also to prevent the hands from getting cold quickly due to wind. The point is to protect your hands when driving.
This tool will be very valuable for those of you who really like to ride for a long time. For example, such as touring outside the city and even outside the island, it is mandatory to use it. Because we never know what will be encountered on the highway. Therefore, self-protection for motorized vehicles must be more covered by the whole body, including the hands.
Driving gloves are hand protection, especially the palms of the hands when driving using a motorbike. However, cars are also commonly used. So, this car is usually used when racing competitions. This type of racing can be used for rallies, formula 1, drifting, to off-road, definitely using gloves.
The Driving Gloves Model with All the Consequences
The gloves that exist today have 2 models. So, the first model is that the gloves are full covering all your fingers. Then this second model only covers half of your finger. So, the difference is only in the fingers. some are pseudo-closed, and some cover only half a finger. for use it may be the same. but the security level is definitely better covering the whole.
But the half-finger driving gloves glove has its uses too. For example, like people who use motorbikes for short distances in one city. Then the need to touch something is high. for example, such as workers who use motorbikes. They are sure to often open their cell phones to see. Repost if you have to remove the gloves. Therefore, for this condition it is more suitable for the half.
However, keep in mind is your safety, of course, number one. Or maybe you are a rider who attaches great importance to appearance. The closed glove style will help prevent your fingers from becoming striped. Therefore, the appearance can be maintained. It's a different story with half finger gloves. gloves like that will definitely make your fingers striped if used continuously.
The Advantage of Driving Gloves That Covers the Whole Finger
The advantage of wearing full gloves is of course a higher level of safety. when someone uses gloves like this there is no need to doubt their safety. If seen from previous cases, full gloves can reduce injury during an accident. Even though he was still injured, it was just not that badly.
The next advantage, of course, can withstand the wind to hit your hand. The wind that can enter your body through those fingers will of course be torturous. Your hands will feel more sore than usual. Therefore, it is very dangerous if you can't handle it. In addition, a rider who is exposed to a lot of wind when driving, will get tired faster than if his hands are protected.
Therefore, it is better to use full driving gloves. Because it will protect you from all kinds of direct collision with you. This will be very useful for short and long-distance riders. Because we cannot know when an accident or danger will occur. Because every time you leave the house, the danger will definitely lurk you.
So, you can imagine this when you are not wearing gloves. Using driving gloves is still likely to get hurt, especially if you don't. Therefore, for the drivers out there, it is better to equip their riding equipment as needed.
You can find about Cabretta Gloves here
Leave a Reply


What helps stomach after spicy food?
Can spicy food upset your stomach?
Why does spicy food make my stomach feel better?
Spicy foods may calm your gut and keep it healthy.
How do you stop poop from burning after eating spicy food?
How to poop in peace after eating spicy foods
 1. Tweak your menu. Limit spicy foods that are both spicy and fatty, like chicken wings or quesadillas smothered in hot sauce. …
 2. Eat chili peppers for 3 weeks straight. Yes, this strategy is over-the-top. …
 3. Clean your butt.
IT IS INTERESTING: Your question: How spicy is green curry paste?
How do I stop my stomach from burning?
Preventing stomach pain
 1. quitting smoking.
 2. avoiding or limiting alcohol consumption.
 3. reducing stress levels.
 4. steering clear of foods that irritate your stomach.
 5. not eating right before bedtime if you have acid reflux.
 6. elevating your head while sleeping to reduce nighttime symptoms.
 7. taking your time to chew your food.
How long does it take for stomach lining to heal?
Does spicy food kill bacteria?
Is spicy food bad for your liver?
Do spicy foods cause gas?
Why does spicy food make poop burn?
IT IS INTERESTING: Quick Answer: Can spicy food cause diarrhea the next day?
Why is my poop burning?
Can I burn poop?
Burn it! Gas or electricity-powered incinerating toilets fire up to 1000 degrees Fahrenheit, turning excrement into sterile ash. Talk about lighting a fire under your butt.
How do I cool down my stomach?
8 natural ingredients that can keep your stomach cool this summer
 1. Ginger: It's a wonderful overall healthy herb that aids digestion, reduce inflammation and heartburn. …
 2. Fennel seeds: Phytonutrients in fennel give it an antioxidative property and effectively helps in reducing gas and bloating. …
 3. Cumin seeds: …
 4. Probiotic: …
 5. Yogurt: …
 6. Oat bran: …
 7. Papaya: …
 8. Bananas:
Why does my stomach feel like it's on fire?
Burning in the stomach is a common, bothersome symptom. It often stems from indigestion, also known as dyspepsia. A burning sensation in the stomach is usually just one symptom of an underlying condition, such as an intolerance to certain foods.
Is milk good for burning stomach?
Noodles & Rice


News |
Swine Flu Caused Permanent Lung Damage in Some
Swine flu has caused permanent pulmonary damage to some patients in Finland. In Kuopio, five people who were in intensive care with the H1N1 virus developed serious lung problems.
Laite mittaa sydämen sykettä ja happisaturaatiota. Image: YLE / Savo
Some people with these complications were basically healthy before they contracted swine flu, and were not in any risk group. For example, one healthy 40-year-old woman's lungs have been incurably damaged.
In these patients, the H1N1 virus caused viral pneumonia, which caused their lungs to fill up with liquid. When the infection recedes, the lungs can have fibrosis, or basically damaged and hardened tissue.
Kuopio's University Hospital plans to bring every swine flu patient who was treated in their pulmonary ward back for further testing. A total of 17 people were admitted to the intensive care unit during the epidemic, and 52 people ended up in the pulmonary ward.
Physicians Make Case for Flu Shot
Irma Koivula, an infectious diseases specialist at the Kuopio University Hospital, says that anyone who contracts H1N1 virus is at risk for the same kind of lung damage. She stresses how important it is to get the swine flu shot, which is being offered to everyone at public health care centres.
"The more people that get the vaccine, the fewer people will be susceptible to it and the epidemic will disappear on its own," she says.
"If a lot of people don't get vaccinated, they could get the virus again and spread the disease. Especially people they come into contact with who are in risk groups, like overweight and pregnant people, they are at a larger risk of developing serious lung damage."
Discuss this topic 0 comments
Write a comment
Use a nickname. We don't publish comments using real names.
Latest in: News
Our picks


text:
Users can view and manage their association to accounts in this section.
- Select the Pencil icon to edit the Accounts panel (hover over the upper right hand corner to display the icon).
- A search can be performed in Available Accounts by typing in the searchbar above.
- Selecting Add All will add all displayed accounts to Assigned Accounts.
- Select the checkboxes next to each account name to add an account to Assigned Accounts.
- Selecting Remove Selected will remove all checked accounts to Assigned Accounts.
- Select the "x" next to each account name to remove an account from Assigned Accounts.
- Select Save.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Laminaria Japonica Kelp Extract
Kelp(Laminaria japonica Aresch) is one of the important economic algae in marine aquaculture, also known as kelp, lunbu, and river cabbage.
It is a kind of giant edible algae belonging to the genus Laminaceae, the family Laminaria of the Phaeodactylum family. The leaves of kelp sporophyte are band-shaped, brown, and lustrous, and the middle of the leaves runs through two longitudinal grooves to form the "middle band". Kelp is rich in nutritional value, such as protein, amino acids, cellulose, vitamins, iodine, iron, zinc and more than 60 kinds of nutrients are present in kelp tissue.
At present, under the requirements of sustainable development and the premise of food safety, laminarin has become a key development direction in the field of pesticide formulations due to its unique biological activity. The application of such green biological pesticides has a good control effect in the field of diseases caused by plant pathogenic microorganisms, which is in line with the currently advocated "prevention is better than cure" plant protection strategy.
Kelp is rich in iodine, vitamins, minerals, proteins, fatty acids, mannitol, fucoidan, seaweed polyphenols, and other nutrients and about 60 kinds of physiologically active ingredients. Therefore, kelp extract has great potential in the agriculture & food market.
Dora Laminaria Japonica Enzymatic Extraction Technology
In order to improve the high-value utilization of kelp(Laminaria Japonica), Dora Agri is committed to researching enzymatic hydrolysis technology.
When extracting kelp nutrients, alginate lyase is added to degrade the alginate rich in kelp cell walls to obtain oligosaccharide fragments with good water solubility and easy absorption and utilization, reducing the viscosity of kelp and increasing water solubility. At the same time, it opens the cell wall, dissolves the intracellular substances, dissolves more nutrients into the extract.
Dora Agri compares and analyzes various nutrients in the kelp extract of different extraction methods, providing a strong scientific basis for the further development and utilization of kelp.
Comparison of Nutrient Components of Kelp Extract
Comparison of Amino Acid Components of Kelp Extract
Increment Rate (%)
Essential amino acid(EAA)
Total Amino Acid(TAA)
Comparison of Minerals Components of Kelp Extract
The content of most mineral elements in the kelp extract after enzymolysis increased, the content of Ca and Mn increased by 2.2 times and 5.5 times respectively, and the content of trace element Zn also increased by nearly 2 times. The content of mineral elements in the kelp extract after adding the enzyme has a certain increase, and the enzymatic hydrolysis strengthens the nutrition of the kelp extract.
Effect of Enzymolysis Technology on Stress Resistance
Enzymatic hydrolysis of seaweed extract can enhance the ability of corn, wheat, and other crops to resist adversity and improve fertilizer utilization efficiency.
Under drought stress, the plants were dwarfed and wilting symptoms were obvious. The stem base of the plants applied with the enzymatic hydrolyzed kelp extract and NPK was thick and sturdy, which was less affected by drought stress.
The combined application of kelp enzymatic hydrolyzate and NPK can significantly increase the plant height, biomass, relative water content, and SPAD of cabbage leaves. The biomass of cabbage in the enzymatic hydrolysate was 13.74% higher than that in the bacterial hydrolysate.
Get Ideas for Kelp Extraction


text:
Bottled water is a big no-no at the University of Maryland. Sure, water is a great alternative to soda and sugary juice, but it's not water that students have a problem with; it's the bottle.
The environmentally-conscious students are fed up with others using non-reusable containers to drink their water. Not only are they giving those students the cold shoulder, they're asking administrators to stop selling bottled water on campus.
However, school administrators say banning bottled water could cause other problems. They don't want to discourage students from drinking water. At a time when the "Freshman 15" is a norm on campus, universities want to be able to offer the healthiest choice from the vending machine.
"It's definitely a complex issue," said Aynsley Toews, coordinator of the University of Maryland Office of Sustainability. "Then there's flavored water, there's Vitamin water. What do you do with those?"
The bottled-water industry says that doing away with of bottled water would be a brash decision.
"You are telling people not to drink water? Holy mackerel," said Tom Lauria, a spokesman for the International Bottled Water Association. "It's odd that colleges would look to ban a healthy, legal product."
Maryland is not the only university taking a stand against plastic bottles. American University is replacing 100 of their water fountain faucets with more bottle-friendly ones, while the University of the District of Columbia is placing "hydration stations" throughout the campus.
Banning plastic bottle sales remains controversial. While some university administrators are concerned that doing away with them will keep students from drinking water, several students want their university to take a more active role in reducing waste.
Chris O'Brien, American University's director of sustainability, reassures students and universities that the goal is not to drink less water, it is to replace disposable water bottles with re-usable ones.
"It's cool to have a refillable water bottle," he said. "It's not cool to be seen with a product that produces greenhouse gases and is not sustainable."

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Wuxi Guanya Refrigeration Technology co., ltd
What kind of refrigerant is selected by industrial chillers in different industries?
The refrigeration temperatures required by different industries for industrial chillers are different, so the choice of refrigerants is also different. Therefore, when choosing an industrial chiller, you need to have a clear understanding of the refrigerant.
Everyone in the refrigeration industry must have a clear understanding of refrigerants. The types of refrigerants used in different temperature ranges are different. Generally speaking, the types of refrigerants are: R12, R134, R600, R152/R22, R410A, R404, R23, etc. In the past few years, many manufacturers used Freon as a refrigerant, but today, with the continuous development of environmental protection, LNEYA industrial chillers have abandoned this environmentally-friendly refrigerant, using environmentally friendly refrigerants R404, R23, crown-mixed refrigerants and other refrigeration. Select the appropriate refrigerant according to the different equipment types.
Refrigerant, also known as a refrigerant medium, is a working substance that continuously circulates in a refrigeration system and undergoes its own state change to achieve refrigeration. The refrigerant absorbs heat in the evaporator by heat of a cooling medium (water or air, etc.), and transfers heat to the surrounding air or water in the condenser to condense. The choice of refrigerant is a relatively complicated technical and economic problem. There are many factors to consider. When selecting, it should be based on the specific situation and conduct a comprehensive technical analysis.
Industrial chiller environmentally friendly refrigerant is different from Freon refrigerant. Its great advantage is that it has zero damage potential to the ozone layer and can meet environmental protection requirements. At the moment of the development of environmental protection themes, it is in line with the theme of the development of the great era. On the other hand, the refrigerant has a small molecule, a light molecular weight, a strong penetrating ability, and is highly absorbent, and is incompatible with mineral oil. Therefore, the refrigeration dose requires higher cleanliness of the circulating water refrigeration equipment. Therefore, Wuxi Guanya adopts a fully closed circulation pipeline to reduce the occurrence of refrigerant leakage, improve the operating efficiency of circulating water refrigeration equipment, and reduce the cost of the enterprise.
There is still an important maintenance guarantee problem in the use and promotion of industrial chiller refrigerants. Due to the market lag, not only the special refrigerant, refrigeration oil, lubricating oil, drying filter and compressor parts are less, the price is expensive, and the maintenance equipment and process requirements are also high. The fully closed circulation tube adopted by Wuxi Guanya Road, accessories are brand, better quality, lower failure rate.
It is undeniable that environmentally friendly refrigerants in industrial chillers are an inevitable trend in the development of contemporary refrigeration equipment, or, in the near future, there will be better refrigerants, we will wait and see.
Related News
Related Products
 - SLJ -110℃～-150℃
 SLJ -110℃～-150℃
 - Single Fluid Heat Transfer System SR
 Single Fluid Heat Transfer System SR
 - Reactor Temperature System ZLF
 Reactor Temperature System ZLF
 - LT -45℃～30℃
 LT -45℃～30℃
 - TES -45℃～250℃
 TES -45℃～250℃
 - TES -85℃～200℃
 TES -85℃～200℃
Tel: + 86 _PHONE_
E-mail: _EMAIL_
code chat


text:
Activity at Soputan Volcano
NASA Earth Observatory image by Robert Simmon, using data from the NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team. Caption by Robert Simmon.
Frequent activity on Indonesia's Soputan Volcano keeps the slopes of the mountain vegetation free, in spite of the tropical climate. This false-color satellite image shows a small volcanic plume rising from Soputan on August 8, 2012.
Vegetation is red, and volcanic debris—much of it deposited over the past decade—is black. Gullies funneled debris as far as 6,900 meters (23,000 feet) from Soputan's active crater. The dark patch to the west of the volcano may be a burn scar from a recent forest fire.
The image was acquired by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) aboard the Terra satellite.
- Global Volcanism Program. (2012, May). Soputan: Index of Monthly Reports. Accessed August 14, 2012.
This image originally appeared on the Earth Observatory. Click here to view the full, original record.


text: Based in Seattle, Shelfari introduces readers to our global community of book lovers and encourages them to share their literary inclinations and passions with peers, friends, and total strangers (for now). Shelfari was the first social media site focused on books, and will continue to innovate as it brings together the world's readers. Our mission is to enhance the experience of reading by connecting readers in meaningful conversations about the published word. Shelfari's members: * Build virtual bookshelves to express themselves to their friends and to the world * Discover books that are popular in their trusted circles of friends * Influence peers by rating and discussing books online * Discover and learn from people with similar reading tastes * Participate in online book groups to further explore literature and share ideas * Interact with and learn from authors Shelfari was officially launched in October 2006 with Josh Hug and Kevin Beukelman as the co-founders., Amazon.com invested in Shelfari in February 2007 and Shelfari immediately formed a board of advisors combining a list of high profile individuals. For further information on Shelfari, see our press page or our blog.


text:
In this article I will describe a basic aspect of homeopathy's spiritual understanding of health and disease: the view that disease arises from a fixed adaptation to a past situation that no longer exists in the present.
Homeopaths view health and disease as states of being that are either appropriate for the situation (healthy) or inappropriate for the situation (unhealthy). The state of being that we adopt from moment to moment can be regarded a 'posture' that is either suitable or unsuitable for the present moment of existence. An unsuitable posture kept for too long manifests as chronic disease, whereas a short-lasting one causes acute symptoms or weakens the organism until it is susceptible to infectious influences.
Disease arises from memory of a past state that no longer exists
Conventional medicine is based on a materialistic view of life. Health is compared to a well-functioning machine, while disease is viewed as a malfunction in some part of the machine.
Homeopathy is based on a spiritual view of life. Health is the ability to respond freely and creatively to all situations encountered throughout life, whereas disease is any restriction on this ability.
Samual Hahnemann, the originator of homeopathy, discovered through lifelong clinical observation that disease could often be traced to a 'mistunement' created during a past stressful episode in the life of the organism or its ancestors. He concluded that the memory of this past state was the real cause the suffering that we experienced through physical and psychological symptoms.
Health is the flexibility to successfully adapt to all life situations
Rajan Sankaran (author of The Spirit of Homoeopathy) describes disease as an "unsuitable posture… adopted by the organism in order to survive in a perceived situation."
What is a "perceived situation"? To answer this, let's first look at an example he gives of a real situation:
If you are lifting a heavy bag and you have to walk with that heavy weight, in order that your back does not break, you have to bend in the direction opposite to the bag. So, your body adopts a posture to survive in this situation. This posture is healthy, it is going to do you good, in this situation it is needed, and as long as the bag is heavy, the posture has to be maintained.
Hence, we see that posture is an adjustment. As long as this adjustment is in proportion to the existing situation, as long as it is suitable to this situation, and as long as the situation or exciting factor remains, this adjustment cannot and should not be corrected.
Life can be viewed as a series of adaptations: one situation flows into another, and each time a different posture is adopted to suit the new situation. Health is the flexibility to correctly adapt to any situation that arises throughout our life journey.
An unhealthy posture arises from adaptation to a perceived situation that is not really present. This adaptation can be either inappropriate for the situation or appropriate for the situation but of disproportionate intensity. Sankaran illustrates these possibilities as follows:
When a man is being chased by a lion, the posture of running fast, being afraid, etc. is appropriate since his survival depends upon it. However, if a man is in the same state without a lion chasing him, or he adopts the same posture even if a little dog chases him, or he is in such a pain that he cannot think (a reaction far in excess of what is needed in the situation) then this state is to be removed by treatment.
The unsuitable posture is hidden behind physical and psychological symptoms
So long as an unhealthy posture is held over from the past, the person is precluded from adopting an appropriate posture for the present situation. This is considered a state of disease in homeopathy, whether or not there are clear physical or psychological symptoms that warrant medical treatment. This means, on the one hand, that homeopathy is a powerful healing tool in cases where the patient feels distress yet there are no discernible medical abnormalities.
On the other hand, during the clinical encounter between patient and homeopath the disease state does not automatically reveal itself as an unhealthy posture. In most clinical situations the patient will present with vague discomfort or with one or more physical and psychological complaints. During the homeopathic intake the homeopath must therefore ask many questions in order to lead the patient to reveal the unsuitable posture that he or she continuously adopts in all life situations.
This posture, which most of us do not have a direct awareness of, is the underlying reason for the existence of the clinical complaint that induces people to seek homeopathic treatment in the first place.
How do unsuitable postures arise?
An unsuitable posture originates from an adaptation to a past situation that is maintained even though it is no longer applicable to the situation. This happens when the past situation has exceeded the organism's resilience. Such situations generally fall into one of the following categories:
- a past traumatic event,
- childhood or cultural habits that have powerfully impressed themselves on the organism, or
- inherited spiritual impressions — known in homeopathy as "miasms" — that long ago left their mark on one's parents or earlier ancestors.
Resilience can be understood by analogy with a steel spring: just as a steel spring can be bent and absorb many small shocks and still recover its original form, a person can absorb many stresses yet maintain his underlying state of health throughout the stressful period. But beyond a certain threshold, excessive stress deforms the spring and causes it to lose its elasticity. A person exposed to excessive stress will likewise carry the spiritual impression or 'deformation' due to the past stress and will no longer be fully 'elastic' and responsive to the present situation.
Homeopathic treatment frees us from unsuitable postures
We all continually adopt postures in order to survive in different life situations or in an attempt to create a reality that we imagine to be desirable. But if we remain fixed in a posture that is no longer appropriate for the situation (for any of the reasons cited earlier) to the point that we are unable to respond appropriately to situations that arise in the present, we may then become aware of an uncomfortable sensation at the level of our spirit. If we do not free ourselves of the fixed posture eventually we experience more obvious psychological discomfort, physical symptoms, or both.
In Sankaran's words:
Disease is thus seen as an affection of the whole person, as a posture adopted as a survival mechanism to suit a particular situation which does not exist at the moment. This posture makes us react to the present in an unsuitable way due to our false perception of it. Such an unsuitable and disproportionate reaction to the situation naturally causes a constant stress on the organism, and the stress aggravates the pathology or brings the tendency to a particular pathology into activity.
Health is the ability to feel OK in all situations. A posture is an adaptation for feeling OK under a specific situation. Unless one is able to switch postures freely from moment to moment, a person will only feel OK when the fixed posture happens to coincide with (be suitable for) the situation.
In terms of the model I've just presented, homeopathic treatment releases the hold of the unsuitable posture that prevents free-flowing adaptation to the present moment. By raising awareness of the inappropriateness of the fixed posture to the point that a person can choose to abandon it in favour of another posture, homeopathic remedies assist in the release of inappropriate life habits that manifest physically or psychologically. Once this happens, full resilience is restored and the person is able to handle life as it comes — adopting appropriate postures as needed and shifting away from them as soon as the situation is over — without undue stress.
Read related articles:
- The 7 Essential Factors in Forecasting the Length of Homeopathic Treatment of Chronic Diseases
- Medical Suppression of Symptoms and Its Homeopathic Cure
- Diving Into "The Spirit of Homoeopathy"
- This is Why Homeopaths Emphasize Clinical Results over Theory
- The Influence of Vitalism on Naturopathic Medicine
- The Distinction Between Classical Homeopathy and Naturopathic Medicine
- The How and What of Homeopathic Remedies
- The Followup Appointments
- Basics of the Homeopathic Prescription
- Basics of Homeopathic Case Analysis


The NIM Vital™ nerve monitoring system is intended for locating and monitoring, including stimulation, of cranial, spinal, peripheral motor, and mixed motor-sensory nerves and registering EMG responses during surgery.
The NIM Vital™ system may be used for EMG monitoring in support of surgical procedures including: intracranial, extracranial, intratemporal, extratemporal, and surgeries associated with the neck, spine, thorax, and upper and lower extremities.
The NIM Vital™ system is an intraoperative EMG monitor that enables users to locate and confirm the integrity of nerves during surgical procedures.
The system stimulates nerves (propagates an action potential) through a variety of stimulation probes that causes the muscle associated with the nerve to contract. The system then picks up these electric signals from the muscles through a variety of electrodes and converts this information into meaningful graphs and sounds that the system displays on the monitor.
The system also continuously monitors EMG activity from the muscles innervated by the nerve at risk.
The NIM Vital™ system is contraindicated for use with paralyzing anesthetic agents that will significantly reduce, if not completely eliminate, EMG responses to direct or passive nerve stimulation.
It is important that the NIM Vital™ system intended operators be familiar with the NIM Vital™ Instructions for Use: its warnings, precautions, procedures, and safety issues. Disregarding the information on safety is considered abnormal use.
W1 The NIM Vital™ system does not prevent the surgical severing of nerves. If monitoring is compromised, the surgical practitioner must rely on alternate methods, or surgical skills, experience, and anatomical knowledge to prevent damage to nerves.
W2 If paralyzing anesthetic agents have been used, patient must regain muscle activity prior to use of the NIM Vital™ EMG Monitor.
 1. To limit the paralytic effect of anesthetic agents, the anesthesiologist should monitor Train-of-Four (TOF) to prevent diminished EMG activity. Consult anesthesiologist if EMG changes are observed.
W3 Surgical identification of exposed nerves is key to their preservation. Failure to use Medtronic's nerve stimulation probe may contribute to unintended surgical nerve damage or resection.
 1. The user is responsible for ensuring the electrodes are placed or inserted into the target muscles. The electrode check or tap test only indicates that the electrodes are making contact with the patient's tissue and does not indicate that the needle is inserted into the correct muscle.
W4 To avoid the risk of fire or explosion, do not use the Medtronic NIM Vital™ system in the presence of flammable anesthetics and/or oxygen-rich environment.
W5 After each procedure, properly clean and disinfect all reusable system components.
W6 To avoid alternate site patient burns or lesions when patient interface is connected to the NIM Vital™ console through the patient interface cord:
 1. Do not activate the electrosurgical instruments (ESU) while stimulator is in contact with tissue.
 2. Do not leave dissection instruments, stimulating electrodes, or probes in surgical field.
 3. Do not store dissection instruments, stimulating electrodes, or probes in electrosurgical instrument holder.
 4. Do not allow a second surgeon (for example, fat harvesting) to use electrosurgical instruments while stimulator is in use.
 5. Do not activate electrosurgical instrument for prolonged periods while ESU is not in contact with tissue.
 6. Do not activate electrosurgical instrument near the recording or stimulating electrodes.
 7. Do not allow patient interfaces or recording/stimulating electrode sites to be flooded with saline.
 8. Do not allow excessive stray AC or DC leakage currents from patient connected to equipment. Avoid creating an unintended grounding path through applied electrodes. Practitioner is responsible for proper use, periodic safety certification of patient connected equipment, and AC power grounding in accordance to the appropriate IEC 60601-1 and/or IEC 60601-1-1 medical safety standard.
W7 Disconnect power to the console before cleaning the unit to avoid electrical macro shock.
W8 Achieve electrical grounding reliability with proper connections. Connect the console to hospital grade receptacles only.
W9 Do not use any parts:
 1. other than Medtronic components as damage or substandard performance could result.
 2. that are damaged components or accessories.
W10 This medical device complies with IEC/EN60601-1-2 safety standard for electromagnetic compatibility, requirements and test. However, if this equipment is operated in the presence of high levels of electromagnetic interference (EMI) or highly sensitive equipment, interference may be encountered and the user should take whatever steps are necessary to eliminate or reduce the source of the interference. Diminished performance may lengthen operating time for anesthetized patient.
W11 It is important that the NIM Vital operator be familiar with this manual, its precautions, procedures and safety issues.
W12 To avoid electrical shock, do not attach unapproved components or accessories to the Medtronic NIM Vital™ system.
W13 All service must be performed by Medtronic qualified personnel only, unless otherwise noted.
W14 Do not directly contact active, implanted devices with the stimulator as it may disrupt the implanted device's operation. Consult medical specialist before use.
W15 Electrocardiogram monitoring artifacts may be caused by Medtronic NIM™ stimulus current delivery or EMG electrode impedance monitoring.
W16 Use of unapproved stimulators, stimulus probes, stimulus dissection instruments or electrodes may result in compromised Medtronic NIM™ operation, such as, but not limited to decreased accuracy.
W17 Repair and/or modification to the Medtronic NIM™ system or any accessory by anyone other than qualified service personnel may significantly compromise the unit's ability to monitor nerve activity and/or void the equipment warranty.
W18 To avoid the risk of infection, the user must maintain good sterility practices.
False negative responses, failure to identify nerve, a condition where probe is on nerve but you do not get an EMG tone may result from:
 1. Shorted EMG electrode or cabling (conductive parts of applied needle electrodes or cables contacting each other).
 2. Patient Interface fuse blown and not detected (32 mA, 250 V. Xomed Part No.: _PHONE_).
 3. Patient Interface defective.
 4. Inadequate stimulus current.
 5. Inadequate current for stimulation of nerve through hardware, such as stimulus dissection instruments, may vary based on the physical size, shape characteristics, and design of the hardware and proximity to the nerve.
 6. Simultaneous stimulation of the nerve and the surrounding tissue, resulting in current shunting (inadequate delivery of stimulus current to target nerve tissue).
 7. Flatline on the EMG channel caused by shorted internal amplifier (characterized by baseline activity of < 3 μV peak-to-peak).
 8. EMG electrodes not positioned properly in the target muscles.
W20 Stimulator current may cause involuntary patient movement resulting in patient injury.
W21 If the incrementing probe handle malfunctions, it could result in increased current delivery to the patient. Immediately disconnect the Control Plug from the Patient Interfacebox and use the console to adjust stimulus current.
W22 Be careful not to damage vascular or neural structures when preparing the nerve for the installation of the continuous monitoring electrodes.
W23 Electrode integrity should be checked after electrode insertion and before electrode removal to give additional assurance that electrode continuity was maintained throughout the entire procedure. If the system indicates improper electrode impedance, consult the "Troubleshooting" topic for impedance value troubleshooting.
W24 Remove continuous monitoring electrode from patient prior to using external defibrillator to prevent thermal injury to patient at continuous monitoring electrode site.
W25 Operation in close proximity to high frequency (shortwave or microwave) equipment may produce instability in the electrical stimulator output.
W26 Safe stimulus levels are dependent on various conditions including but not limited to: type of excitable tissue, Charge Per Pulse, and Charge Per Unit Area. Waveform morphology, repetition rate, and stimulator effective surface area must be considered. Special operator (Neurophysiologist) attention is required for stimulus levels which exceed default settings or conditions. Levels higher than 2 mA RMS/cm2 (3 mA) for Slim Prass Probe and Prass Bipolar Probe may result in tissue damage.
W27 Do not perform Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) on a patient with electrodes, probes, and EMG tubes in the field. The effect of MRI is unknown on these devices.
W28 Loud extraneous monitoring noise may be caused by activation of electrosurgical unit. Muting Detector, if necessary, must be properly attached to the active electrosurgical lead.
W29 User is responsible for at minimum annual functional and safety checks.
W30 Avoid trans-thoracic stimulation; when possible, maintain anode and cathode stimulating sites in close proximity.
W31 Do not use if sterile package has been opened or is damaged.
P1 Medical Electrical Equipment needs special precautions regarding electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and needs to be installed and put into service according to the EMC information provided in this Guide.
P2 Portable and mobile RF including cell phones and communications equipment can affect Medical Electrical Equipment.
P3 Use of accessories and cables other than those specified and sold by Medtronic may result in increased emissions and decreased immunity of this unit.
P4 The NIM Vital™ system should not be used adjacent to or stacked with other equipment. If adjacent or stacked use is necessary, the NIM™ Vital system should be observed to verify normal operation in the


Confined Space Safety Manual Program
Confined Space Safety Manual Program
Table of Contents
 1. Introduction
 2. Purpose
 3. Definitions
 4. Scope
 5. Hazards
 6. General (personal guidelines)
 7. Procedures for confined space entry
 8. Responsibilities
 9. Pre-entry
 10. Issuance/reviewing of permit
 11. Termination and closing or cancelling of permits
 12. Precautions
 13. Multiple employer procedure
 14. Emergency and rescue
 15. Permit-required confined space rescue:
 16. Non-entry rescue
 17. Training
 18. Summary
 19. Safety watch instructions
 20. Requirements of the safety watch
Confined Space Safety Manual Program
Chapter Section
The hazards commonly encountered in a confined space include:
 1. Toxic vapors in unhealthy or fatal concentrations may result from residue of known or unknown material in a vessel, tank, or pit by gradual release from sludge or scale. The vapors may be introduced to leakage from interconnected systems, or be introduced by use of cleaning solvents, welding, cutting, etc.
 2. Flammable gases or dust with the potential of fire or explosion.
 3. Lack of oxygen causing asphyxiation may result from chemicals absorbing or replacing oxygen in the space, or from inert gases used to exclude oxygen from a specific area of work. Air in clean enclosures closed for an extended period may become deficient in oxygen because of oxidation of the metal of the tank. Improper or inadequate ventilation during work may also result in a lack of oxygen.
 4. Electrical shock from portable lights, tools or associated electrical equipment.
 5. Injury from mechanical equipment that may be defective or inadvertently or incorrectly operated.
 6. Injury from physical hazards such as slipping, tripping or falling from elevated work areas, platforms, scaffolding, or ladders. Falling objects such as debris created during tearout or storage of tools and equipment that are not properly stored in elevated work areas.


dmgbuild accepts, as one of its arguments, a settings file. This is in fact a Python script, which means anything you can do in Python code, you can do in your settings file. This makes it easy for you to customise the behaviour of dmgbuild.
Each of the available settings is documented below; all of them are optional; the dmgbuild program has defaults for those that matter. The default values are visible from within your settings file, if you want to examine or alter them rather than replacing them completely.
If any -D key=value settings have been made on the command line, they are visible in a dictionary named defines within the settings file.
Disk Image Settings
If defined, overrides the output filename specified on the command line. The command line value is the default value.
If defined, overrides the volume name specified on the command line, which is the default value.
Specifies the format code for the final output disk image. Must be one of the types supported by hdiutil on the build system; currently the list includes
Code Meaning
UDRO Read-only
UDCO Compressed (ADC)
UDZO Compressed (gzip)
UDBZ Compressed (bzip2)
UFBI Entire device
IPOD iPod image
UDxx UDIF stub
UDSB Sparse bundle
UDSP Sparse
UDRW Read/write
UDTO DVD/CD master
DC42 Disk Copy 4.2
RdWr NDIF read/write
Rdxx NDIF read-only
ROCo NDIF Compressed
Rken NDIF Compressed (KenCode)
For disk images you intend to distribute over the Internet, you should probably stick to 'UDZO' and 'UDBZ'.
If defined, specifies the size of the filesystem within the image. If this is not defined, dmgbuild will attempt to determine a reasonable size for the image.
If you set this, you should set it large enough to hold the files you intend to copy into the image. The syntax is the same as for the -size argument to hdiutil, i.e. you can use the suffixes 'b', 'k', 'm', 'g', 't', 'p' and 'e' for bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, exabytes and petabytes respectively.
Content Settings
A list of files (or folders) to copy into the image. Each of these is copied to the root of the image; folders are copied recursively. e.g.:
files = [ '/Applications/' ]
A dictionary specifying symbolic links to create in the image. For example:
symlinks = { 'Applications': '/Applications' }
Specifies the path of an icon file to copy to the volume. You can either specify this, or as an alternative you can use the badge_icon setting.
As an alternative to the above, if you set badge_icon to the path of an icon file or image, it will be used to badge the system's standard external disk icon. This is a convenient way to construct a suitable icon from your application's icon, e.g.:
badge_icon = '/Applications/'
A dictionary specifying the co-ordinates of items in the root directory of the disk image, where the keys are filenames and the values are (x, y) tuples. e.g.:
icon_locations = {
 '': (100, 100),
 'Applications': (300, 100)
Window Settings
A string containing any of the following:
Example Meaning
#3344ff Web-style RGB color
#34f Web-style RGB color, short form (#34f = #3344ff)
rgb(1,0,0) RGB color, each value is between 0 and 1
hsl(120,1,.5) HSL (Hue Saturation Lightness) color
hwb(300,0,0) HWB (Hue Whiteness Blackness) color
cmyk(0,1,0,0) CMYK (Cyan Magenta Yellow Black) color
goldenrod X11/SVG named color
builtin-arrow A simple blue arrow image (retina enabled)
/foo/bar/baz.png The path to an image file
The hue component in hsl() and hwb() may include a unit; it defaults to degrees ('deg'), but also supports radians ('rad') and gradians ('grad' or 'gon').
Other color components may be expressed either in the range 0 to 1, or as percentages (e.g. 60% is equivalent to 0.6).
For no background, specify None instead of a string value.
Each of the above controls the display of one of the standard window elements. All of them default to False.
The width of the Finder sidebar.
The position of the window in ((x, y), (w, h)) format, with y co-ordinates running from bottom to top. The Finder makes sure that the window will be on the user's display, so if you want your window at the top left of the display you could use (0, 100000) as the x, y co-ordinates. Unfortunately it doesn't appear to be possible to position the window relative to the top left or relative to the centre of the user's screen.
The default view for the window; should be a string containing one of:
View name
Whether or not to show icon previews for the contents of the disk image (defaults to False)
Set these to True to force inclusion of the icon/list view settings respectively. By default, dmgbuild will only include settings for the default view type.
Icon View Settings
If set, indicates that the Finder should arrange the icons in the icon view according to the specified field. Allowable settings are:
Field name
Any other value disables automatic icon arrangement (which is the default, since the main use-case for dmgbuild is building application distribution images, where icon positioning is an important part of the design).
Specifies the grid offset for automatic arrangement.
Specifies the grid spacing for automatic arrangement.
As of Mac OS X 10.10 Yosemite, Finder checks to make sure that grid_spacing is less than 100. If it is over that value, it will reject the saved settings.
An (x, y) tuple specifying the scroll position; this is only relevant if you position icons outside of the window area.
Specifies the position of the icons' labels. Choose 'bottom' or 'right' (defaults to 'bottom').
Specifies the point size of the label text. Default is 16pt.
Specifies the size of icon to use. Default is 128pt.
If arrange_by is not set, a dictionary mapping the names of items in the root of the volume to an (x, y) tuple specifying their location in points.
List View Settings
In list view, the following columns are available:
Field name
Sets the size of the icon in list view. Default is 16pt.
Sets the size of the text in list view. Default is 12pt.
Specifies the scroll position, assuming there are enough items to make the view scroll.
Specifies which column the Finder should sort the display by. Defaults to 'name'.
If True, formats dates using words like "Today" or "Yesterday" where possible; otherwise they will be displayed as a full date. Defaults to True.
If True, forces the Finder to compute all of the item sizes; normally this is set to False because it can be expensive calculating the sizes of deeply nested folders. Defaults to False.
A list or tuple of strings containing the names of columns, in the order you want them to appear.
A dictionary specifying the width, in points, for each of the columns. There are default widths for every column, so you may not need to set this variable in practice.
A dictionary specifying the sort direction (either 'ascending', or 'descending') for each column. Again, there are individual defaults for each column, so you may not need to touch this unless you wish to override the default behaviour.
License Settings
dmgbuild can attach license text to your disk image; this will be displayed automatically when the user tries to open your disk image.
Note that license text is either RTF, or it must be encoded in the legacy Mac encoding matching its language; dmgbuild will try to do this, but the built-in set of codecs in Python doesn't cover all the Mac encodings, so in some cases you will need to encode the data and use a byte string.
If defined, a dictionary specifying the details of the license to display. It has the following keys:
Key Optional Value
default-language No The name of the default language to display if there is no license matching the system language.
licenses No A dictionary mapping language names to license text (either RTF data or plain text).
buttons Yes A dictionary mapping language names to a sequence of user interface strings.
Supported languages are:
English, French, German, Italian, Dutch, Swedish, Spanish, Danish, Portuguese, Norwegian, Hebrew, Japanese, Arabic, Finnish, Greek, Icelandic, Maltese, Turkish, Croatian, TradChinese, Urdu, Hindi, Thai, Korean, Lithuanian, Polish, Hungarian, Estonian, Latvian, Sami, Faroese, Farsi, Persian, Russian, SimpChinese, Flemish, IrishGaelic, Albanian, Romanian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Yiddish, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian, Byelorussian, Belorussian, Uzbek, Kazakh, Azerbaijani, AzerbaijanAr, Armenian, Georgian, Moldavian, Kirghiz, Tajiki, Turkmen, Mongolian, MongolianCyr, Pashto, Kurdish, Kashmiri, Sindhi,


text:
click icon following
glossary term for image
Not looking for concrete terms visit our main glossary
- Edge Sander/Edger
Small hand sander that sands the areas close to the wall, around pipes, and all other obstacles that are missed by a drum sander.
Salt deposits that form on the surface of concrete when sodium calcium hydroxide mixes with carbon dioxide.
The act of cutting patterns or designs into concrete or other hard surface flooring. Often used to create the appearance of grout lines.
- Epoxy Injection
The process of repairing cracks in concrete by injecting an epoxy adhesive.
- Epoxy Resins
An organic bonding agent that's used to fill concrete cracks, bind epoxy mortars and prepare finishing coats.
- Epoxy Terrazzo
A 1/4"-3/8" layer containing epoxy resin poured over concrete flooring that is often colored or seeded while wet.
- Etching Gel
A gel that is applied to a concrete surface which gently etches the surface. It is often used with stencils or painted on with a brush.
- Evaporation Retarder
A spray film that's applied to concrete to help minimize temporary moisture loss.
- Expanded Metal Lathe
A metal mesh often used to give structural durability to sculptures, vertical stamped concrete, and other structures.
- Exposed Aggregate
Color rocks or other aggregates that are exposed on the surface of concrete, generally by using abrasive materials or a pressure washer to remove the surface mortar.


Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Wikitravel:Goals and non-goals
From Wikitravel
Revision as of 01:39, 19 April 2012 by Wrh2 (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
The mission of Wikitravel is this:
Wikitravel articles should be useful for at least the following purposes:
 - For off-line use by travellers on the road sitting in a train with a subset of Wikitravel on their PDA, laptop, mobile phone, iPod or digital camera.
 - For individual article printouts, that is, for printing a list of museums or karaoke bars and putting it in your back pocket for when you need it -- or making a photocopy when someone else does;
There are probably hundreds of other uses for Wikitravel articles; these are ones we try to keep in mind while authoring and editing pages.
These are some specific non-goals; things people might think we want to do with Wikitravel, but we don't:
 1. Create a travel essay anthology. Wikitravel is not a travel magazine. Articles should be directed toward practical information about travelling.
 2. Create a collection of personal travel journals. Wikitravellers usually have interesting stories about their personal adventures which should instead be put somewhere other than our articles — such as Wikitravel Extra.
 3. Provide a vacation photo gallery service. Photographs and illustrations should be targeted towards illustrating destinations and sights, not toward showing Grandma how big the mai-tai was that you drank at the luau.
 4. Provide a personal homepage service. Each registered user on Wikitravel has a User page; these should be used to support the development of the travel guide, and not as an All About Me and My Cat Web site. One or two photographs on your User page is reasonable; more than 5 is really pushing it.
 5. Create a travel chat board. If you want to talk about your experiences, ask questions, complain, make friends or joke around, try the forums at Wikitravel Extra. Wikitravel has talk pages for each article, but these should be used to develop the article itself, and not as a "comments" area. Anyone can edit a Wikitravel article; if you have useful information about a topic, put it in the article itself.
 8. Build a Web directory. Wikitravel articles can and should have links to external resources about destinations, itineraries, travel-oriented companies, and other travel-related Web sites. However, it's not a goal to collect all links about any destination. External links should support and complement the content of articles; they're not a goal in and of themselves.
 9. Make a travel guide supplement. The Wiki technique we use for Wikitravel makes it possible for us to include information that's not in other travel guides. This doesn't mean that we only include information not found in other guides. Wikitravel aims to be a complete travel guide -- not just an additional resource on the side of traditional guides.
 10. Make an atlas. Although travel is intimately intertwined with geography, Wikitravel does not describe geographical features of the Earth just because they're there. Nor do we create separate articles for every crossroads with a name on the map.
 11. Make an encyclopedia. Wikitravel aims to tell people how to travel all over the world, not document everything there is on the planet or how it ended up that way. If you find yourself needing references and footnotes on Wikitravel, whatever you're writing should probably go to Wikipedia instead.
There are probably lots of other near-miss goals that people might think we have; if needed, we'll list those here, too.
See also
Destination Docents
In other languages
other sites


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Let $\Gamma$ be a discrete cocompact subgroup of the euclidean motion group $$ G={\mathbb R}^d\rtimes O(d). $$ Let $\phi:G\to O(d)$ the projection homomorphism. Is it true that $\phi(\Gamma)$ is finite?
share|improve this question
Aakumadula, why not post this as an answer? It seems sufficiently precise and comprehensive – Yemon Choi Mar 6 '13 at 16:13
Yemon Choi, I thought this was just a reference. But I see your point, that it will look like an unanswered query. – Aakumadula Mar 6 '13 at 17:04
add comment
1 Answer
up vote 6 down vote accepted
The answer is yes. This is a theorem of Bieberbach (see Corollary (8.26) of the book "Discrete Subgroups of Lie Groups" by M.S.Raghunathan (Springer Ergebnisse Tract).
share|improve this answer
Interesting (to me!) that this is an established result, since without the co-compactness assumption the conclusion fails: an irrational winding in SO(2) combined with the one-dimensional discrete subgroup of translations immediately gives a non-discrete image in SO(2). – paul garrett Mar 7 '13 at 0:47
Professor Garrett, I do not understand your remark. If I have an element of the form $(v,r)$ in the semi-direct product of ${\mathbb R}^2$ with $SO(2)$, where $r$ is an irrational rotation, there is no guarantee that itw powers (vector component) is discrete: the $n$-th power vector component is of the form $(1+r+\cdots +r^{n-1})v$, which can well converge. – Aakumadula Mar 7 '13 at 1:16
Of course, you can take $v\in {\mathbb R}^n$ $n\geq 3$ which is fixed by the rotation $r$, in which case you get a discrete group. When you assume "co-compactness", the vector parts are sufficiently many that the rotation parts do not always fix the vector part. – Aakumadula Mar 7 '13 at 1:24
_USER_: indeed, this is a funny situation. It is late for me here in my time-zone, but (in case you'd not already in your own time thought through the facts) I'll add comments tomorrow which I hope will clarify the thing that'd been in my mind. Irrelevant to the question as posed. yes. – paul garrett Mar 7 '13 at 2:00
add comment
Your Answer


text:
Evaluation of Awareness and Preventive Measures among Transgender Regarding Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Akash John, Tallat Anwar Faridi
Sexually transmitted diseases are infectious disorders spread through nsafe sexual contact among sex workers and transgender community. The present study was conducted to evaluate awareness and preventive measures among male transgender in transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STD). It was a
descriptive cross-sectional survey study that conducted in Lahore, Pakistan. After informed consent the data was collected using the snowball sampling technique for 6 months. 41 transgender including all types of age ranging 18-45 years were included as per convenience. A self-administered survey-based questionnaire was developed using WHO and CDC guidelines. Data were analyzed with the help of the (SPSS) version 22 for the descriptive statistics. The mean age was 29.8 ± 7.09 with the highest age of 45 and lowest 18. Regarding education majority of the transgender were dropped out at Middle 18(43.9%) and 9(22%) were illiterate. The highest frequency among professionals were of dancers 17(41.5%) and sex workers 11(26.8%). A Majority 28(68.3%) has unsafe sexual contact with one or more partners. Some have experienced discharge from urethra 14(20.3%), pain during urination 18(26.1%), ulcers or sores in genital areas 6(8.7%) altogether which can be a symptom of STD. About 24(58%) transgender practices self-medication without the prescription of a medical physician. It was concluded that transgender have a poor understanding of STDs due to low education and sex selling as a profession. They engage in risky sexual behaviour and were found unaware of proper treatment resources.


%A Mohammed, Zhana Fidakar %A Abdulla, Alan Anwer %D 2020 %T Thresholding-based White Blood Cells Segmentation from Microscopic Blood Images %K %X Digital image processing has a significant role in different research areas, including medical image processing, object detection, biometrics, information hiding, and image compression. Image segmentation, which is one of the most important steps in processing medical image, makes the objects inside images more meaningful. For example, from microscopic images, blood cancer can be identified which is known as leukemia; for this purpose at first, the white blood cells (WBCs) need to be segmented. This paper focuses on developing a segmentation technique for segmenting WBCs from microscopic blood images based on thresholding segmentation technique and it compares with the most commonly used segmentation technique which is known as color-k-means clustering. The comparison is done based on three well-known measurements, used for evaluating segmentation techniques which are probability random index, variance of information, and global consistency error. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed thresholding-based segmentation technique provides better results compared to color-k-means clustering technique for segmenting WBCs as well as the time consumption of the proposed technique is less than the color-k-means which are 70.8144 ms and _PHONE_ ms, respectively. %U _URL_ %J UHD Journal of Science and Technology %0 Journal Article %R 10.21928/uhdjst.v4n1y2020.pp9-17 %P 9-17%V 4 %N 1 %@ 2521-4217 %8 2020-02-13


text:
How to Interpret Dreams and Visions audio book was released in May 2011. Enjoy listening as the book is narrated aloud! The book is considered Perry's favorite of all books he has written because the subject matter is one that has so greatly impacted his life, family and ministry. Have you ever had a dream or vision that was so vivid it remained with you for days? It is possible that your dream had a spiritual connotation and your vision was a message from God.
Perry wanted to write on this topic for quite some time! In his lifetime their family's lives were spared through his dad's dreams. Further, the Lord has used visions and dreams on several occasions in Perry's life to give warnings and spiritual insight of future events. This book teaches on understanding God's warnings and guidance from dreams and visions. There are 50 symbols that relate to spiritual dreams. This book helps explain how to interpret them. Perry Stone explains the guidance and warnings encrypted in our visions and dreams—and includes an extensive list of common dream symbols.
With his unique blend of Bible knowledge and spiritual insight he provides answers to questions such as…
- Is my dream really from God?
- How do I distinguish between types of spiritual visions?
- Why am I having nightmares or unclean dreams?
- What do my dreams of a departed loved one mean?
The Last Days-Time to Pierce the Veil
The Dream Factor -Why Are Some Dreams Delayed in Coming to Pass?
Nightmares and Dirty Dreaming
False Prophets and False Dreams
The Psychic Voices Versus the Prophetic Visions
Can a Warning Dream Be Altered Through Prayer?
Learning to Listen to your Wife's Warning Dreams
What It Means When Dreaming of a Departed Loved One
The Law of the Double Dream
Angel Appearances in Dreams
Why the Symbolism-Can't God make it Plain?
Four Types of Spiritual Visions -Dreams-Amazing Purpose for These Revelations
Conclusion-Dreams and Visions-God's Voice of Intimacy


Chegg Guided Solutions for Electric Machinery Fundamentals 5th Edition: Chapter 7
0 Stars(0 users)
 - Step 1 of 4
 (a) If the speed of rotation
 of the shaft is 500 rad/s, then the voltage induced in the rotating loop will
 Since the external battery voltage is only 48 V, this machine is operating as a generator, charging the battery.
 - Step 2 of 4
 (b) The current flowing out of the machine is approximately
 (Note that this value is the current flowing while the loop is under the pole faces. When the loop goes beyond the pole faces, eind will momentarily fall to 0 V, and the current flow will momentarily reverse. Therefore, the average current flow over a complete cycle will be somewhat less than 5.0 A.)
 - Step 3 of 4
 (c) If the speed of the rotor were increased to 550 rad/s, the induced voltage of the loop would increase to
 and the current flow out of the machine will increase to
 - Step 4 of 4
 (d) If the speed of the rotor were decreased to 450 rad/s, the induced voltage of the loop would fall to
 Here, eind is less than VB, so current flows into the loop and the machine is acting as a motor. The current flow into the machine would be
Select Your Problem
Step-by-step solutions for this book and 2,500 others
Already used by over 1 million students to study better


text:
- Software Applications
- Terrain & Visualisation
- VR-TheWorld Server
A world of terrain data, streamed for modelling and simulation
VR-TheWorld Server is a powerful web-based terrain streaming server that lets users stream in elevation, features, and imagery. It is delivered with a global base map, but users can populate it with their own custom source data through a web-based interface. The server can be deployed on private networks to provide streaming terrain data to a variety of simulation and visualisation applications, behind a firewall.
VR-TheWorld stores and streams elevation, imagery, and features including roads, buildings, and trees to multiple applications simultaneously. The quality of imagery and elevation data included with the server is continually expanded, while also allowing users to add their own geospatial data to distribute in real-time. VR-TheWorld Server is seeded with over two terabytes of global elevation and imagery data — pre-tiled for high performance access.
- VR-TheWorld Server is ready out-of-the-box
- The VR-TheWorld Server installation is a 1U rackmount chassis that houses the server and raid array. The hardware comes pre-installed and ready to go out of the box. A VR-TheWorld Server is a fully standalone version of VR-TheWorld and can be deployed behind firewalls and security barriers.
- The VR-TheWorld Basemap has:
- Global elevation. 90-meter (DTED Level 1) for the entire globe, based on the CGIAR-CSI version of NASA's SRTM30 dataset, merged with SRTM30Plus bathymetry.
- Global imagery. Landsat 7 (15m resolution for the entire globe) merged with NASA Blue Marble data (500m resolution), colour-corrected for seamless display, and pre-tiled to 7 mipmap levels.
- High-resolution inset areas. The insets range from 1m to 15cm per pixel – including Boston, Washington, D. C., and two airport areas in Afghanistan.
- Samples of 1:250,000 and 1:100,000 topographic maps in Southern California.
- A highly detailed map of Hawaii
Partner's website VT MAK


text:
To enter, fourth through 12th grade students should write personal letters to authors, living or dead, from any genre explaining how those authors' work changed the students' way of thinking about the world or themselves.
Finalists will be chosen by a panel of judges from throughout the state. The finalists' entries will be submitted to the Library of Congress for the national competition.
Last year's Letters About Literature contest resulted in 1,097 entries, up from 42 entries in 2008 before the State Library was a sponsor.
"We are so pleased with the increase in student participation in Letters About Literature since we became a sponsor two years ago. This particular program is an exceptional way for us to encourage our youth to read," State Librarian Rebecca Hamilton said. "Because participation in the contest requires reflective reading, the contest emphasizes the personal rewards to be gained from the reading experience."
Louisiana language arts teachers and home-school instructors along with school, public children and public young adult librarians are encouraged to visit the Letters About Literature website for more information and lessons plans, and to incorporate Letters About Literature into their curricula and programming.
Submissions must be sent directly to the national Letters About Literature address, which can be found by visiting the links _URL_ or _URL_.


Sign up ×
I have equation
bezier cubic curve
As much I know, I have four points lets say A(x1,y1), B(x2,y2), C(x3,y3), D(x4, y4). How these 'P' are related to these set of points. And what might a Cubic Bézier curves be for the this (A, B, C, D) given set of points.
Having problem uploading image, but image somewhat looks like this
share|cite|improve this question
The $P_0$, $P_1$, $P_2$, $P_3$ are the points A, B, C, D. If you let $t=0$ you get $B(0)=P_0$; if you let $t=1$ you get $B(1)=P_3$ so the curve starts at the initial point and finishes at the last. – Henry Mar 11 '11 at 8:02
_USER_ i am looking to get equation in two variables $x$ and $y$ (cubic equation). and where does this variable $t$ come in play. – Santosh Linkha Mar 11 '11 at 8:07
You really do not want to do that. You can try solving $x = (1-t)^3 x_1 + 3(1-t)^2 t x_2 + 3(1-t) t^2 x_3 + t^3 x_4$ for $t$ in terms of $x$ as a cubic equation and then substitute that value of $t$ into $y = (1-t)^3 y_1 + 3(1-t)^2 t y_2 + 3(1-t) t^2 y_3 + t^3 y_4$ but you will get into such a mess that it will not have helped. The relationship between $x$ and $y$ is not in general cubic, just the relations between each of them and $t$. – Henry Mar 11 '11 at 8:18
_USER_ thanks, i think in understand. Certainly, those two equations were helpful. – Santosh Linkha Mar 11 '11 at 8:21
1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
That depends on what relationship you want your points $A$ to $D$ to have to the spline. It may be that you want them to have exactly the relationship to the splines that the points $P_0$ to $P_3$ have, which is explained here. Strangely, the equation in your question looks as if you copied it from there, but in that case you'd have to explain what part of the explanation there of what $P_0$ to $P_3$ mean you don't understand, and what you want your points $A$ to $D$ to mean instead.
share|cite|improve this answer
shouldn't the equation be like $y=Px^3+Qx^2+...$ so that i could plot graph. But what i have i set of points $P0-P3$. How P's come in equation. Is it complex equation? – Santosh Linkha Mar 11 '11 at 8:10
_USER_: Your equation gives $y$ in terms of $x$. The equation in the question give $x$ and $y$ in terms of a parameter $t$. That is, $B(t)$ is a vector $(x(t),y(t))$ that traces a Bézier curve as you vary $t$ from $0$ to $1$. In particular, $B(0)=P_0$ and $B(1)=P_3$. This can't easily be put into the form $y(x)$ that you're interested in, because that would require solving the cubic $x(t)$ for $t$ and substituting into $y(t)$; the result would be pretty ugly and unhelpful. And no, it's not a complex equation, just an equation involving two-dimensional vectors. – joriki Mar 11 '11 at 8:27
thanks it was helpful... just someone had posted and script for printing this function, i was just wondering how could i improve it. see the result in the updated section. – Santosh Linkha Mar 11 '11 at 8:31
Your Answer


Philipp Pottmeier
PhD student at Department of Organismal Biology, Evolution och utvecklingsbiologi
Visiting address:
Evolutionsbiologiskt Centrum EBC Norbyv. 18A
Postal address:
Norbyv. 18A
752 36 UPPSALA
Short presentation
The prevalence, age of onset, and clinical symptoms of many neuropsychiatric disorders differ substantially between males and females. Despite clear evidence neuroscientists tend to ignore the important role the biological sex plays in their research. In my PhD project I am investigating sex differences in the early human brain development and the involvement of long non-coding RNAs in the latter. As a research model, I am using human embryonic and neuronal stem cells.
- Sex differences in early human brain development
- Long non-coding RNAs
- Y chromosome genetics
- Stem cell culture
- CRISPR genome editing
Philipp Pottmeier


Creek Protection Project – Appalachian Region US
The Creek Protection Project consisted of several phases of work including increasing the hydraulic capacity of the creek. Coastal installed permanent rock anchors within a post and panel floodwall positioned in the creek. In order to resist the design load, an additional bar tendon rock anchor was installed between the existing multi-strand rock anchors. This bar tendon rock anchor has capacity greater than or equal to the capacity of the two (2) existing multi-strand rock anchors and will resist the design load if the existing anchors fail. Anchor construction commenced with a detailed review and understanding of the anchor construction specification and project drawings. Dimensions and properties of permanent materials including all-thread-bar, plates and grout that are common for bar anchors were determined. Additionally, for rock bonded anchors, the minimum embedment into rock, referred to as the bond length, was also required.
Bar anchors typically consist of three main components: the bond length, the un-bonded length (if so designed) and the anchorage head. The bonded section of the anchor is developed in competent rock or soil and the load is therefore transferred into the underlying formation. Solid bar anchors are more often used in soils that are not as likely to collapse, and in rock.
Why It
Bonded bar anchors maximize the potential benefit of the under laying formation characteristics. The design engineer reviews all available geotechnical information including core borings and unconfined compressive strength of the formation in developing the anchor design calculation. These design calculations provide the theoretical minimum bond length. Once mobilization to site occurs, the theoretical design parameters are validated in a pre-production testing program prior to commencing production.
Project Specs
Bar anchors
grade 150 all-thread bar
110 & 140
Kip tensile load
For this project, the design engineers were faced with complex geological conditions, high structural loading and, as always, were looking for the best economical value in their approach to the work.
Rock anchors were selected to maximize the benefits of the under laying formation to accept the loading conditions. Rock anchors provided the best value on this project because the designers were able to calculate the diameter, length of the bond zone and the specifics of the materials that made up the anchor to formulate the precise performance necessary to achieve the design criteria. The subsequent project design called for the installation of (67) 1.75" Grade 150 Epoxy coated bar anchors to handle tensile loads of 113 kips. The rock anchor boreholes were drilled utilizing duplex and rotary percussion methods. They were then water tested and upon satisfactory results, the pre-assembled tendons were installed. The anchors were then grouted and upon set to a minimum strength, they were locked off and proof tested to confirm design and installation. Application specific designs such as these ensure the proper foundation element is developed to maximize the benefits and contribution of the actual subsurface characteristics.
Proven Excellence
Coastal Drilling Solutions
Water Treatment Tank Support – Northeastern US
View Project


text:
An Overview of the Medical Applications of Marine Skeletal Matrix Proteins
AbstractIn recent years, the medicinal potential of marine organisms has attracted increasing attention. This is due to their immense diversity and adaptation to unique ecological niches that has led to vast physiological and biochemical diversification. Among these organisms, marine calcifiers are an abundant source of novel proteins and chemical entities that can be used for drug discovery. Studies of the skeletal organic matrix proteins of marine calcifiers have focused on biomedical applications such as the identification of growth inducing proteins that can be used for bone regeneration, for example, 2/4 bone morphogenic proteins (BMP). Although a few reports on the functions of proteins derived from marine calcifiers can be found in the literature, marine calcifiers themselves remain an untapped source of proteins for the development of innovative pharmaceuticals. Following an overview of the current knowledge of skeletal organic matrix proteins from marine calcifiers, this review will focus on various aspects of marine skeletal protein research including sources, biosynthesis, structures, and possible strategies for chemical or physical modification. Special attention will be given to potential medical applications and recent discoveries of skeletal proteins and polysaccharides with biologically appealing characteristics. In addition, I will introduce an effective protocol for sample preparation and protein purification that includes isolation technology for biopolymers (of both soluble and insoluble organic matrices) from coralline algae. These algae are a widespread but poorly studied group of shallow marine calcifiers that have great potential for marine drug discovery. View Full-Text
Scifeed alert for new publicationsNever miss any articles matching your research from any publisher
- Get alerts for new papers matching your research
- Find out the new papers from selected authors
- Updated daily for 49'000+ journals and 6000+ publishers
- Define your Scifeed now
Rahman, M.A. An Overview of the Medical Applications of Marine Skeletal Matrix Proteins. Mar. Drugs 2016, 14, 167.
Rahman MA. An Overview of the Medical Applications of Marine Skeletal Matrix Proteins. Marine Drugs. 2016; 14(9):_URL_ Style
Rahman, M. A. 2016. "An Overview of the Medical Applications of Marine Skeletal Matrix Proteins." Mar. Drugs 14, no. 9: 167.
Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.


text:
This 3 part problem deals with functions from the set P of cell phones in use in the US to the set of natural Numbers N.
a) Write one interesting function f:P N that is injective. Define the function by giving a rule for it, i.e., (f(x)=...)
b) write a function f:P N that is not injective. Again, give a rule
c) Explain why there is no function from P to N that is surjective


1987 Edition
Pressure gradient
Reference work entry
A pressure gradient is the rate of change (gradient) of atmospheric (barometric) pressure with regard to horizontal distance at a given point in time. The value is usually expressed in mb per 100 mi.
The pressure gradient is a force (P) that acts in a direction from higher toward lower pressure. In the atmosphere the pressure gradient force is directed perpendicular to the isobaric surfaces. It can be divided into two components, one that points vertically upward (Pv) and one that is horizontal (PH). The vertical component is balanced by gravity and is very small. However, small deviations are very important in the cloud formation process.
The horizontal component can produce relatively large accelerations. The size of PHdepends on the rate of change of pressure in the horizontal direction. Where the isobars are close together, the horizontal pressure gradient force is large; where the isobars are far apart, it is weak. A large (steep) gradient produces strong winds. Weaker winds are...
 1. Byers, H. R., 1974. General Meteorology. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
 2. Griffiths, F. F., and D. M. Driscoll, 1982. Survey of Climatology. Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill.Google Scholar
 3. Navarra, J. G., 1979. Atmosphere, Weather and Climate: An Introduction to Meteorology. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.Google Scholar
 4. Trewartha, G. T., and L. H. Horn, 1980. An Introduction to Climate. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
 5. Willett, H. C., and F. Sander, 1959. Descriptive Meteorology. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Copyright information
© Van Nostrand Reinhold 1987
Authors and Affiliations
There are no affiliations available


text:
Is Lobster Cholesterol Content Good or Bad for Health?
Does Lobster have Cholesterol?
Cholesterol is a fatty, wax-like substance found in all animals. Even humans produce a significant amount of cholesterol as a product of metabolism. These substances are used for the repair of damaged cells. Thus, all animal-based meat and products contain some amounts of cholesterol. Lobster contains a relatively high amount of cholesterol.
- High in nutrition. A single serving of cooked lobster, about 3 ounces, has no saturated fat, 1 gram of carbohydrate, 17 grams of protein, less than 1 gram of fat, and 85 calories. There's no argument in saying that lobster is both healthy and nutritious. A serving of lobster packs a good punch of high-protein, lean meat.
- Cholesterol content. Each serving of cooked lobster has about 60 mg of cholesterol. In a day, healthy individuals should consume a maximum of 300 mg, while those with high cholesterol levels should only have a maximum of 200 mg per day. A single serving of lobster in the diet completes at least 20 percent of the recommended daily count.
Is Lobster Cholesterol Good or Bad for Health
The cholesterol content present in servings of cooked lobster is recommended for healthy individuals. However, those who have high cholesterol levels, or have pre-existing cardiovascular diseases should consume the shellfish in moderation.
- Shellfish has the lowest caloric content among all forms of meat. Lobster has less than half the caloric content of hamburger made of ground beef. It also has less than half of chicken's cholesterol content, while prime ribs have three times more.
- Lobster becomes packed with bad cholesterol when accompanied by butter. Each tablespoon of butter contains around 35 mg of cholesterol. Instead of using butter or margarine, a squeeze of fresh lemon can improve any lobster dish.
- A single serving of cooked lobster has the lowest cholesterol count and saturated fat levels among all types of shellfish. Shrimp has a whopping 166 mg of cholesterol, while crab has around 80 mg.
- The monounsaturated fats found in lobsters help raise the levels of both low-density lipoproteins (bad cholesterol) and high-density lipoproteins (good cholesterol). However, lobsters contain no trans-fats.
- Lobsters should only be grilled or steamed. Frying lobsters can significantly increase the levels of trans-fats. It can also be consumed chilled, boiled, or broiled. Instead of using animal-based oils, an equally delectable alternative is extra virgin oil. Instead of using whole-fat milk for lobster bisques, individuals can prepare the shellfish using low-fat milk.


conformal piston, along with other differences.[11] NATO uses NATO EPVAT pressure test protocols for their small arms ammunition specifications.
Because of these differences in methodology, the C.I.P. pressure of 430 MPa (62,366 psi) is the same as a SAAMI pressure of 380 MPa (55,114 psi), which is reflected in US Military specifications for 5.56×45mm NATO, which call for a mean maximum pressure of 55,000 PSI (when measured using a protocol similar to SAAMI).[12]
These pressures are generated and measured using a chamber cut to 5.56×45mm NATO specifications, including the longer leade. Firing 5.56×45mm NATO from a chamber with a shorter.223 Remington leade can generate pressures in excess of SAAMI maximums.
The 5.56×45mm NATO chambering, known as a NATO or mil-spec chamber, has a longer leade, which is the distance between the mouth of the cartridge and the point at which the rifling engages the bullet. The.223 Remington chambering, known as SAAMI chamber, is allowed to have a shorter leade, and is only required to be proof tested to the lower SAAMI chamber pressure. To address these issues, various proprietary chambers exist, such as the Wylde chamber (Rock River Arms)[13] or the ArmaLite chamber, which are designed to handle both 5.56×45mm NATO and.223 Remington equally well. The dimensions and leade of the.223 Remington minimum C.I.P. chamber also differ from the 5.56×45mm NATO chamber specification.
Using commercial.223 Remington cartridges in a 5.56×45mm NATO chambered rifle should work reliably, but until recently, it was believed this was less accurate than when fired from a.223 Remington chambered gun due to the longer leade.[14] Although that may have been true in the early 1960s when the two rounds were developed, recent testing has shown that with today's ammunition, rifles chambered in 5.56 can also fire.223 ammunition every bit as accurately as rifles chambered in.223 Remington, and the 5.56 chamber has the additional advantage of being able to safely fire both calibers.[15] Using 5.56×45mm NATO mil-spec cartridges (such as the M855) in a.223 Remington chambered rifle can lead to excessive wear and stress on the rifle and even be unsafe, and SAAMI recommends against the practice.[16][17] Some commercial rifles marked as ".223 Remington" are in fact suited for 5.56×45mm NATO, such as many commercial AR-15 variants and the Ruger Mini-14 (marked ".223 cal"), but the manufacturer should always be consulted to verify that this is acceptable before attempting it, and signs of excessive pressure (such as flattening or gas staining of the primers) should be looked for in the initial testing with 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition.[18]
It should also be noted that the upper receiver (to which the barrel with its chamber are attached) and the lower receiver are entirely separate parts in AR-15 style rifles. If the lower receiver has either.223 or 5.56 stamped on it, it does not guarantee the upper assembly is rated for the same caliber, because the upper and the lower receiver in the same rifle can, and frequently do, come from different manufacturers – particularly with rifles sold to civilians or second-hand rifles.
In more practical terms, as of 2010 most AR-15 parts suppliers engineer their complete upper assemblies (not to be confused with stripped uppers where the barrel is not included) to support both chamberings in order to satisfy market demand and prevent any potential problems.
Effects of barrel length on velocity[edit]
Barrel length helps determine a specific cartridges muzzle velocity. A longer barrel will typically yield a greater muzzle velocity, while a short barrel will yield a lower one. In the case of the 5.56 NATO, M193 ammunition loses or gains approximately 25.7 feet-per-second for each inch of barrel length, while M855 loses or gains 30.3 feet-per-second per inch of barrel length.[19]
Related cartridges[edit]
P.O. Ackley created an improved version of this cartridge, called the.223 Ackley Improved.[20] It has the straight sides and steep shoulder, typical of the Ackley design improvements, yielding about 5% extra case volume. This, in turn, provides longer case life, less stretching, and up to 100 ft/s (30 m/s) faster velocities.[citation needed]
Wildcat cartridge developers have for a long time necked this cartridge up to create the 6mm/223 or 6×45mm. At one time this round was very popular for varminting and competition, but has been replaced by current popular competition cartridges using short, fat cases, such as the 6 mm PPC and the 6mm Norma BR.[citation needed]
The Thompson/Center Ugalde family of wildcat cartridges are also made by necking up.223 Remington cases, for use in the Thompson/Center Contender target pistol.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ "Federal Cartridge Co. ballistics page". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
 2. ^ "Miscellaneous Questions 4".
 3. ^ ".223 Remington". AccuratePowder.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2009.
 4. ^ "223 Rem + 223 AI Cartridge Guide". 6mmbr.com.
 5. ^ C.I.P. decisions, texts and tables free current C.I.P. CD-ROM version download (ZIP and RAR format)
 6. ^ "223 Rem.". C.I.P. Archived from the original on 2013-07-05. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
 7. ^ "SAAMI Pressures". Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-29.
 8. ^.223 Remington and 5.56×45mm NATO Chamber dimensions differences
 9. ^ 6mmbr.com. "223 Rem + 223 AI Cartridge Guide".
 10. ^ "_URL_ Retrieved 13 June 2013.
 11. ^ "Cartridge Pressure Standards". Retrieved 14 June 2013.
 12. ^ US Mil-spec MIL-C-9963F, MIL-C-9963G, and MIL-C-63989A(AR)
 13. ^ Rock River Arms
 14. ^ News and Press Releases:.223 Rem VS 5.56mm, winchester.com, 5/4/2001
 15. ^ Patrick Sweeney, "Chamber Reality Check", Peterson's Rifle Shooter, Volume 16, Issue 2, March/April 2013, pp. 32–36.
 16. ^ "Unsafe Arms and Ammunition Combinations" at SAAMI web site
 17. ^ SAAMI on 5.56 v..223 Remington. The Gun Zone. Retrieved on 2011-01-08.
 18. ^ TECHNICAL NOTE 45: 5.56 NATO vs SAAMI.223 REMINGTON CHAMBERS, armalite.com, December 4, 2002
 19. ^ _URL_
 20. ^ Anderson, Dave (April 2003). "Pumping up the.223: experiments with a self-loading.223 Ackley Improved". Guns Magazine. Archived from the original on 14 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
External links[edit]


text:
9 in 10 Blacks With High Blood Pressure Have Early Heart Disease
Latest Heart News
In the study, published online May 31 in the Annals of Emergency Medicine, researchers looked at 161 people who came to a single emergency department. More than 93 percent of the patients were black. None had symptoms or a history of heart disease but 94 percent had a history of high blood pressure, or "hypertension."
Echocardiograms (an image of the heart) revealed that nearly 91 percent of the patients had the beginnings of heart disease despite the lack of symptoms. Most of the patients with heart disease had diastolic dysfunction, which means that the heart had a reduced ability to pump blood to the body, brain and lungs.
"These results present a tremendous opportunity to screen for heart disease before it becomes symptomatic, especially in a population with high rates of hypertension," lead author Dr. Phillip Levy, of the department of emergency medicine at Wayne State University in Detroit, said in a journal news release.
"If we can detect incipient [early] heart disease early, we have a better shot at treating it before it turns into a full-blown health emergency. Our study is also a strong reminder that emergency patients with chronic disease -- in this case, hypertension -- are generally a high-risk group," he noted.
Levy urged emergency physicians to address high blood pressure with patients. "Blood pressure readings are taken for every patient in the [emergency department]. By not just taking in new information but also acting on it, we can substantively contribute to... disease prevention efforts," he said.
-- Robert Preidt
Copyright © 2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved.
SOURCE: Annals of Emergency Medicine, news release, June 5, 2012
Get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox FREE!