Sign up ×
The testimony of an expert witness depends on the competency of the witness, whereas, the testimony of an ordinary witness is validated by corroborating testimony.
We are free to challenge an expert to ensure his testimony does not wander outside the scope of his expertise. The testimony of an ordinary witnesses should be corroborated by other voices.
The witnesses to the gold plates of the Book of Mormon are presented as expert witnesses where we are supposed to trust them without outside corroboration.
What is the nature of the witness of the Apostles in the gospels? How does the answer affect our presumptions in hermeneutics?
share|improve this question
I think you are trying to apply modern legal concepts to books written 2000 years ago. – DJClayworth Nov 1 '11 at 19:55
Actually I am just asking if the apostles expected us to believe them simply because they said so, or do they expect us to corroborate their testimony somehow. If the former, then how can we challenge their'mistakes'. If the latter, then how much of the gospel can be corroborated and by what? I think the gospels differ from the letters in how they treat their testimony. – Bob Jones Nov 2 '11 at 5:05
That's nothing to do with the concept of an 'expert witness'. Expert witnesses are those with particular expertise. The difference is that an expert witness can testify about their opinion - another witness can only testify to facts. – DJClayworth Nov 2 '11 at 13:28
There were multiple apostles, so their individual testimony is corroborated by the other voices, right? – GalacticCowboy Nov 3 '11 at 22:25
The gospels are validated by each other concerning details of Jesus's life but more importantly, they are witnesses that the prophesies of the OT came true. Each detail in the NT validates prophesies of the OT (though many of the prophecies are hidden in riddle, called shadows in Hebrews.) In the letters they are exercising their authority in the church, which is a different function. So I am thinking that the gospels are common, and the letters are expert. In the letters we are expected to believe them because of their appointed expertise. But the gospels can be validated by Bereans. – Bob Jones Nov 5 '11 at 15:27
2 Answers 2
The simple answer is "no", none of the disciples were expert witnesses, certainly not in the modern sense, and more importantly, not in the sense of their time, whether according to the Pharisees or the Sadducees, both of who demanded a high standard of education in Jewish tradition and adherence to that tradition to be considered as witnesses at all for anything other than mundane issues.
There is no evidence to think that the disciples were particularly educated men in the sense that would be required to be considered valid witnesses then, and some evidence think the contrary. They appear to have chosen themselves or been chosen by Jesus, not on the basis of education, but on the basis of their conviction, their commitment and their willingness to hear a new idea that others burdened by doctrinal education could not hear. They might also have been chosen on the basis future leadership potential although the text itself does not indicate whether this is so.
When the disciples received the mission of being apostles following the resurrection, it doesn't appear from the text that not being considered expert witnesses in the sense of their time hindered them in any way. No one then seemed to be particularly worried by that fact. I don't think that we need to be either, as that is apparently not the message that the text intends to give us.
share|improve this answer
Were the apostles "expert" witnesses?
If I understand the thrust of the question correctly, you are asking how the apostles expected their testimony in the gospels to be received - but in the process you appear (perhaps unintentionally) to be conflating the original audience and modern readers into a single group.
I would prefer to delineate those who read the gospels into at least two, and probably several more groups, and indeed the different gospels may even have been written with different audiences in mind. Luke at least seems to be primarily addressing a converted reader:
From the perspective of 'Theophilus', it seems likely that Luke was regarded as an 'expert' - and he may well have taken on trust things he wrote whereas a man encountering Luke's gospel today for the first time might
 1. have preconceived animosity towards religion
 2. have a sensible policy of not believing things just because someone wrote them
 3. have already put their trust in some other person or faith than the one Luke holds
, to name but a few possibilities.
Given that:
It seems reasonable not to expect someone who is not already a believer to accept the testimony of Luke alone - and indeed I find it very helpful that the we are surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses from the varied Bible texts.
The remaining question then becomes whether Luke (or indeed God) intended his gospel to be a tool for convincing/persuading those who do not believe that it is a true account of the important facts about the life, death and resurrection of Jesus, as well as for building up 'Theophilus' (and perhaps other believers).
This goes to the heart of how a man is converted - is it the moment before he hears the gospel, so he can receive it, or the moment after, as he chooses to respond. In either event, at least for John, that intent is explicit:
share|improve this answer
"... how the apostles expected their testimony in the gospels to be received" The message of Christ and the apostles was not a new message. All they said Jesus did was said to validate that the law and prophets were fulfilled. When we say Matt said so, we should be asking "In what way were prophecies fulfilled in what Matt said." Luke recorded things that demonstrated that Jesus fulfilled scripture as the means to persuade us, not as a testimony of a new message and messenger. We believe that Jesus is the C, SOG because he fulfilled scripture, not because Luke said he was. – Bob Jones May 5 '12 at 3:39
we don't believe Luke because he was an apostle, but because his testimony is corroborated by scriptures. We have their testimony in the gospels and can validate it the same way the Bereans did, by checking the Old Testament. When we "buy their story" because they are apostles, we treat them as expert witnesses. – Bob Jones May 5 '12 at 3:42
but speaking as a gentile convert, what reason do I have to trust the Old Testament first? The agreement certainly lends itself to the overall picture or integrity of all the witnesses but I for one trusted the apostles first :-) – Jack Douglas May 5 '12 at 7:18
So to you the apostle is an expert witness, which is an anachronism according to others here. If the early Jewish Christians did not accept them as experts when they spoke of the Jewish Messiah, what warrant do gentiles have? I suspect, if the truth be known, in your case, a sheep recognized the voice of his shepherd through the NT authors, and with time learned to understand his words. So the initial trust was really in the shepherd, which trust was imputed to the authors. – Bob Jones May 8 '12 at 3:46
Your Answer


text:
Discord is the most popular forum for communicating with friends. You can communicate via text, live stream, or voice chat. You can create a server on Discord and invite friends or family to join. Servers have a given agenda, such as a server for a given game or a server to join your family in a voice channel.
When you create a server, you become the owner, giving you more privileges than other members. So, what can a Discord server owner see?
The Discord owner hosts a given server and acts as the primary administrator. The owner can see all the member and their roles. They can see public messages and logs for activities, such as deleted messages and members kicked out. Moreover, they can see the public profile details of members, such as their profile pictures. However, all your details, such as IP, private messages, server activities, profile settings, email, etc., are hidden.
This guide discusses what things a server owner can see. Moreover, we will see what the server owner can do on a given server and cover what they can't see. That way, you will understand the limited information a server owner can access and the information hidden from them.
Who Is a Server Owner, and What Can They See and Do?
Discord is open to everyone. You can access Discord and create an account using the mobile app, browser, or desktop app. Once you have your account, you can create a Discord server using the below steps.
- On your Discord, click the plus icon at the bottom left sidebar.
- Click the "Create My Own" button.
- Add the server details, such as the name.
- Add members to your server.
- Click the "Create" button to complete the process.
You are now a Discord server owner, which comes with different privileges. First, you can create a channel to connect with your friends. Still, you can add members to your server or send them an invite link to join.
Moreover, you can define the roles of a given member, including the server admin, to help you manage the server. As a server owner, you are the overall admin and can change the roles and permissions of members on the server. Still, you can kick out or ban members from the server.
The server owner can also attach links or files in the server description, delete messages, mute members, and perform other administrative tasks. Generally, the server owner controls how the server runs and can limit the members.
So, what can a Discord server owner see? Many server members are concerned about what the server owners can see as part of the privacy concerns. Here's the thing, most of the private activities of members are kept private from the server owner.
The server owner can only see the list of members and their profile details, such as profile images and server chats. Also, the server owner can see the logs for the server activities, such as banned members, deleted messages, created channels, and the roles of each member.
What Can't a Server Owner See?
Discord upholds the privacy of its users even when they join a Discord server. As such, the server owner is limited in the things they can see. Below are the crucial things hidden from a server owner.
The server admin can't see your IP address. Discord doesn't disclose your IP address to anyone, and only the Discord staff can access your Discord IP. Even when kicked out of a server, your IP address remains hidden unless someone tricks you into using IP address loggers, which unknowingly track your IP.
Your email address is confidential and remains hidden even from the server owner. However, sharing your email address with the server owner is the only way they can access it.
Your messages are private DMs that are inaccessible to the server owner. However, messages shared in the group can be seen by everyone. If you delete a message, the server owner can only see the log for the deleted message but won't see the actual deleted message.
A Member's Activities
Things a member does on the server are private. For instance, if you check the list of members or keep scrolling to see messages sent by different people, the server owner will have no idea of such activities. Also, your search activities are personal and won't be disclosed. Furthermore, even the server owner won't see your activities if you set your visibility to invisible.
The only activities a server owner can access are those in the audit logs, such as members who were kicked out or new channels that were created.
A server owner has privileges on what they can do, but what they can see is limited. They can only see public information such as the list of members, messages shared on the channel, and server logs of different activities. This guide details what the server owner can and cannot see.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Pole Buildings / Post Frames
A pole buildings (also known as a "post frame") uses wood beams buried in the ground as the primary support structure for the outer walls and roof trusses. Most pole buildings include all wood poles as the support beams and a metal shell for the outer walls. Sometimes a concrete foundation is added, but it is not necessary if you are content with a dirt floor. Materials and construction costs are typically lower for a pole buildings than for a steel or stick-built structure.
Benefits of Pole Buildings
- Low-cost way to manage simple storage, workshop and agricultural needs
- Adaptable to different uses, can be modified over time
- Easy to create higher-pitched roofs, attractive rooflines, overhangs, dormers, offsets, etc.
- Fast construction


text:
by Tierra M. Ragland
In the past couple of months, the rights and issues of Trans* students have made it to the forefront of mainstream news and social media. Facing an issue common to many transgender youth, the highest court in Maine ruled that a transgender student would be allowed to use the bathroom in accordance with her gender identity, an issue faced by many transgender youth. Right here in Charlotte, East Mecklenburg High School crowned the first ever transgender homecoming King. These stories address gender identity, cis-gender privilege, and the struggle of Trans* youth for equal rights, visibility, and legitimacy in mainstream society. Although these issues have made national news, many people are unaware of the inequality in treatment of Trans* students. This issue prompted two student organizations at the Charlotte School of Law to organize a panel on Trans* student rights to promote awareness of these social justice issues and provide students with the tools to get involved.
On Tuesday, February 4th, the LGBT Legal Society and the ACLU at Charlotte Law hosted a panel on Trans* student rights. Presenters for the event included Attorneys Kelly Durden and Sarah Demarest from the Freedom Center for Social Justice LGBTQ Law Center and Josh Burford, Assistant Director of Sexual and Gender Diversity at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte.
The purpose of the event was to educate the Charlotte School of Law community on the issues faced by the Transgender[i] community, specifically in a school setting; there were nineteen students in attendance. The event started with an interesting icebreaker wherein the students broke into smaller groups and answered a series of questions about one person in the group based on their car keys. The icebreaker addressed the problem with stereotypes and the importance of self-identity. Josh Burford's presentation educated the audience on queer history and language. The beginning of the presentation addressed the importance of language to illustrate how, during different points in history for the purpose of identity and visibility, the LGBTQ community has adopted different words to define or redefine their sexual orientation and gender identity. Burford also addressed the tension within the community with the use of the word "queer" as a term of agency or term of negativity. He also addressed how marriage equality being the "main" issue in the LGBTQ community does not address the issue of Trans* people in an effective way. Mr. Burford's presentation was a great lead-in to the attorneys' presentation on Trans* student rights within the academic setting.
Durden and Demarest educated students on the issues facing Trans* students in schools. The following issues were addressed during the presentation: access to restrooms congruent with gender identity, legal name change, housing stability, exclusion from nondiscrimination policies, a dropout rate twice that of cis-gender students, sexual assault, and the criminalization of Trans* women. Almost all of the problems faced by the transgender community are centered on transphobia.
Bathrooms are an issue for the Trans* community only when they are denied access to facilities that are not consistent with their gender identity. For example, if a student is assigned the sex of male at birth but identifies as female, she then should be allowed to use the bathrooms designated female. Denying Trans* students access to facilities can lead to fear, threats, self-harm, and violence. This problem can also be solved with gender-neutral bathrooms.
Legal Name changes are available to everyone but are exceedingly important to the Trans* community for two main reasons: safety from being outed in a classroom setting and allowing Trans* individuals to choose a name aligned with their gender identity. If a student has not taken the steps to legally change their name, many schools do not have policies to protect students from being outed or allow students to use of preferred names or pronouns. Trans* students are often not protected in schools' non-discrimination policies because such policies lack protection for sexual orientation or gender identity.
Attorneys Kelly Durden and Sarah Demarest not only educated on Trans* student rights but also provided the audience with ways to effectively advocate for Trans* student rights. The first step is continuing to educate ourselves by attending events similar to the Trans* student rights panel. Charlotte School of Law students as future attorneys or advocates can advocate in formal ways by working to change polices in the community to make them more Trans* inclusive. Students can get involved by joining local social justice organizations in the school and throughout North Carolina. Last but not least, students can volunteer at Freedom Center of Social Justice LGBTQ Law Center and other professional organizations working to improve the lives of the Transgender community.
The lesson from both presentations is that the laws and policies within the education system and many other parts of societies provide no protection, inclusion, or safe space for Trans* youth. In a world of people struggling to find themselves, to tell their own story, to be seen as legitimate, the existence of Trans* people are legitimate not because we as a society make it so, but because they say so and that is really all that matters.
 I hesitate to use the words "transphobia" and "homophobia" because I do not believe that "phobia" or fear of a group of people properly addresses the everyday reality of the violence, discrimination, and hatred experienced by members of the LGBTQ community.
[i] Within this blog there may have been be words unfamiliar to the reader. The following definitions are provided for clarity:
LGBTQ: An abbreviation for "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer" A term often used to be more inclusive of the diversity within the community.
Transgender: An umbrella term that encompasses people who experience and/or express their gender differently from conventional or cultural expectations. Transgender people can be any race, age or sexual orientation. Often written as "Trans*" to be inclusive of the diversity within the transgender community.
Sex: Gender marker assigned at birth.
Gender Identity & Expression: How one self-identifies and chooses to express their gender often through dress, grooming, or social interaction. This may or may not be connected to the sex assigned at birth.
Cis-Gender: When one's gender identity and sex assigned at birth are congruent.
Gender Binary: The classification of sex and gender into two distinct, opposite and disconnected, forms of masculine and feminine.


proliferation of cyber language and nonstandard English.
 I could just imagine how many hours you allot for editing their work and I so know. That's what I did when I was still in the academe.
 6. Pingback: Care for Trainings…or Courses? | Stories of The Wandering Feet & Mind
 7. what about "FIRST HONORS"? A lot of people say ' my child is first honors' or 'my child got first honors'. Is this gramatically correct?
 - Hello, Kate. It is definitely grammatically incorrect to say first honors in that case. Unless we are talking about undergraduate achievement in the UK and the Commonwealth countries. To pluralize it to "First Honors" particularly in our country, it could very well be perceived as an attempt to exaggerate the distinction.
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Google+ photo
Connecting to %s


text:
Taking a trip with a baby or young child can be exciting and difficult. One of the essential items you need for a comfortable trip is a travel cot. Whether you're visiting relatives or friends, staying in a hotel, or embarking on a camping adventure, a travel cot gives a safe and familiar sleeping environment for your little one. So, do you want to learn how to put up a travel cot? Well, fear not! In this article, we'll guide you through the process of setting up a travel cot, making your travels hassle-free, and ensuring a good night's sleep for your child.
About Travel Cot
A travel cot, also known as a portable crib or playard, is a compact and lightweight bed specifically designed for babies and toddlers when traveling or on the go. It offers a safe as well as comfortable sleeping atmosphere for your little one, confirming they have a familiar place to rest no matter where you are.
Travel cots are typically made of lightweight materials such as aluminum, plastic, or fabric, which makes them easy to transport and set up. They often come with a foldable frame that can be collapsed and packed into a carrying bag for convenient storage and transportation.
These cots usually have a mattress and a mesh or fabric enclosure, creating a secure and cozy space for your child to sleep. The sides of the cot are usually made of breathable mesh, allowing airflow and providing visibility so you can keep an eye on your little one.
Travel cots serve multiple purposes. Not only do they offer a comfortable sleeping area for your child, but they can also be used as a playpen during the day, providing a safe space for your baby to play and explore while you attend to other tasks.
Travel cots are especially popular among families who frequently travel, go on vacations, or visit relatives. They are also handy for overnight stays at hotels, camping trips, or even as a temporary bed at home for nap times or when guests with young children come over.
In a nutshell, a travel cot is a handy and compact bed that provides a safe along with comfortable sleeping environment for toddlers while on the move. It's a convenient and practical solution for parents who want to ensure their little ones have a familiar and secure place to sleep wherever their adventures take them.
How to Put Up a Travel Cot
Some may think that putting up a travel cot is critical but the reality is almost different. All you need to do is, set up a travel cot, and assemble the frame by connecting the bars securely. Attach the mattress support, place the mattress on top, and ensure it fits snugly. Secure the cot with the provided locks or clips. Test for stability, and voila! Your travel cot is ready for use. Let's see the detailed steps of putting on a travel cot.
Gather the Required Equipment
As we begin the setup process, we must ensure that all of the necessary items are available. These items typically include the travel cot itself, a mattress or mattress pad, and any other accessories that came with the cot, as well as the manufacturer's instructions. Having everything in one location will make the setup process go more smoothly.
Read the Instructions
To avoid any confusion or potential mistakes, it is very important to carefully read and understand the manufacturers' instructions that accompanied the travel cot. each coat is provided with specific guidelines and instructions or unique features that you need to be aware of before assembling or building it.
Prepare the area
We have to choose an appropriate location to get up the travel cot. We have to check the area to ensure that it is free from any potential hazards or sharp objects that could harm the child. It's best to place the caught on a flat stable surface to prevent from tipping a breaking. Then check the cot for any loose bedding or pillows from the vicinity to reduce the risk of suffocation.
Unfold the Cot
Beginning by unfolding the travel card and laying it flat on the floor. Many cot mays require you to receive a button or release a latch to unlock the folding mechanism. Everyone should follow the instruction provided in the manual to unfold the cot completely.
Secure the Base
Once the Cot is fully unloaded secure the base by locking the mechanism in place. Typically this process involves sliding the locking mechanism on each side until we can hear a click or a visual indicator that can confirm that the cot is securely locked in position
Install the Mattress
Next, we can place the mattress or mattress pet provided with the travel cot onto the base. Then we must ensure that it fits properly and lies flat without any gaps are loose edges. But many cots may have built-in mattresses while others may require you to insert a separate one.
Adjust the Height (if applicable)
Some of the travel cots come with adjustable height settings to accommodate growing babies. If the cot has this feature, follow the instruction given in the manual to adjust the height according to the child's needs. This option is particularly useful for younger infants who are not yet able to sit or stand.
Secure the Sides:
Most of the travel cots have mesh or fabric sites that need to be raised and secured. Then gently lift them one at a time until they lock into place. By ensuring that the sides are fully secured and there are no gaps that could pose a risk to the child.
Test it Out:
Last but not least, it's time for the final test. Lay down in the travel cot (if it's big enough) or gently press down on the mattress to see how it feels. If it's comfortable and supportive, chances are your little traveler will have a good night's sleep too.
And there you have it, my friend! You've successfully set up your travel cot like a pro. Now it's time to relax and enjoy your journey, knowing that your little one has a comfortable and safe place to rest. Happy travels! For video directions, you can watch this video.
How to Choose a Safe Travel Cot for Babies
While looking for a safer travel cot for your child, there are some important factors to consider. Here are some key features and considerations to look for:
Sturdiness and Stability:
Ensure that the travel cot is sturdy and stable, capable of supporting your child's weight without wobbling or tipping over. Look for models with a solid frame and strong locking mechanisms.
Safety Standards and Certifications: Check if the travel cot meets safety standards and certifications specific to your country or region. In the United States, for example, cribs and playpens must comply with the safety standards set by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). Look for certifications such as Juvenile Products Manufacturers Association, in short JPMA, ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), and so on.
A good-quality mattress is essential for your child's comfort and safety. Ensure that the travel cot comes with a firm, well-fitting mattress that is free from any gaps or spaces where the child could get trapped. The mattress should also be flame-resistant and made of non-toxic materials.
Breathability and Ventilation:
Look for a travel cot with mesh sides or breathable fabric panels to ensure proper air circulation. This helps prevent overheating and ensures a safe sleep environment.
Portability and Ease of Use:
Consider the cot's weight, foldability, and portability features. A lightweight and compact travel cot is easier to transport and set up, making it convenient for travel purposes.
Some travel cots come with adjustable height settings. This feature allows you to raise or lower the mattress, making it easier to access the cot and adjust it as your child grows.
Safety Features: Check for features like secure locking mechanisms, rounded corners, and smooth edges to minimize the risk of injury. So, there should not be any sharp or protruding parts that could harm your child.
Easy to Clean: Look for a travel cot with a machine-washable mattress cover. Maintaining cleanliness and hygiene is a crucial thing to consider.
Reviews and Recommendations:
Before buying one, read customer reviews from others. Their experiences and feedback can provide valuable insights into the cot's safety, durability, and overall quality.
Remember one thing, follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for the proper use and assembly of the travel cot. Regularly inspect the cot for any signs of wear and tear, and discontinue use if it becomes damaged or unsafe.
To conclude, by following a few simple steps, you can provide your little one with a safe as well as comfortable sleeping space wherever your adventures take you. Remember to unpack and assess the cot, find the instructions, assemble the frame, attach the mattress support, add the mattress, secure the cot, check for sturdiness, and test it out. With a properly set up travel cot, you can ensure your child gets a good night's sleep and feel confident knowing they have their own cozy spot no matter where you are. So, embrace the convenience and peace of mind that a travel cot brings, and get ready for memorable travels with your little one!
Can I Use an Altered Mattress with My Travel Cot?
Travel cots often include a considerably thicker, more durable mattress. Although padding it with two cushions seems convincing, wearing heavy, loose clothing puts you at risk for suffocation and strangling. If you want a little extra comfort, either remain with the original mattress or hunt for an appropriate traveling cot mattress that fits your cot well. Don't forget to check the specifications.
Be aware that putting an extra mattress can impact how stable the bed is, so make sure the top of the mattress is at least 50 cm beneath the cot's top rail to prevent toppling.
Do I Need a Regular Cot Or Can I Just Use A Travel Cot?
Travel cots are not intended for long-term, routine use as a place to sleep. Your baby needs a sturdy, permanent cot to nap comfortably. So, it is really not a good idea to use a


text:
Comparison of tulathromycin, azithromycin and azithromycin-rifampin for the treatment of mild pneumonia associated with Rhodococcus equi
- 1Veterinary Clinic, Trift 4, Destedt 38162, Germany
- 2Equine Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
- 3Veterinary Clinic, Pfingstweide 2, Kaufungen 34260, Germany
- 4College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- E-mail for correspondence:
The objectives of the present study were to determine the relative efficacy of tulathromycin, azithromycin, or azithromycin with rifampin for the treatment of pulmonary abscesses on a farm with endemic infections caused by Rhodococcus equi. Foals with ultrasonographic evidence of pulmonary abscesses (abscess score 8.0–15 cm; n=120) were randomly allocated in four equal treatment groups: (1) tulathromycin intramuscularly; (2) azithromycin monotherapy, orally; (3) azithromycin with rifampin, orally; (4) saline intramuscularly as a placebo. Physical examination and thoracic ultrasonography were performed by individuals unaware of treatment group assignment. Foals that worsened were removed from the study. The proportion of foals that recovered without the need for a change in therapy was significantly higher for foals treated with azithromycin (29 of 30) or azithromycin with rifampin (28 of 30) than for foals treated with a placebo (20 of 30). Additionally, azithromycin or azithromycin with rifampin resulted in a significantly faster decrease in the number of abscesses and abscess score compared with a placebo. The proportion of foals treated with tulathromycin that recovered (27 of 30) was not significantly different from that of foals treated with a placebo. Azithromycin alone or in combination with rifampin was beneficial in the study population.
- Accepted September 7, 2013.
- Published Online First 7 October 2013
- British Veterinary Association


Last bencher DC unable to hear teacher in GHSS classroom
DAPORIJO, Sep 29: Upper Subansiri Deputy Commissioner Kanto Danggen on Sunday conducted an experiment at the government higher secondary school (GHSS) here, posing as a student to find out whether the last benchers could hear the teachers properly.
Sitting on the last bench, he asked a teacher to teach a lesson, but the DC was unable to hear the teacher. "Nothing could be heard," the DC said to the teacher standing at the far end of the huge classroom.
The DC was on an inspection of the GHSS to understand the plight of the students due to infrastructure and teachers' shortages, informed the school's
alumni association chairman, Dosh Dasi.
The school was in the news recently because of the acute shortage of teachers and classrooms.
The school's principal had earlier informed that there are four dilapidated classrooms in the school for 1781 students, with each classroom accommodating more than 400 students.
"Presently, there are only six PGTs and an equal number of TGTs in the school. There is no PGT for English, biology, physics and geography and TGT for English, Hindi and PCM," informed the principal.
Later, the DC held a meeting with DDSE Tape Jeram, Principal (in-charge) Taluk Taji and the executive members of the school's alumni association. He directed the DDSE to arrange the required teachers, to which the latter expressed helplessness, saying he could manage only a teacher for geography.
The DC also directed the DDSE to furnish a report on the availability of qualified teachers in the defunct schools in the district.
Danggen disapproved of granting funds against defunct schools, and advised the DDSE to not make any proposal for fund or posting of teachers for such schools in the future.
Earlier, Dasi apprised the DC of the problems faced by the school due to acute shortage of teachers, classrooms and other necessary infrastructure.
It was decided in the meeting that the DC would apprise the government of the issue of teachers' shortage at the school and seek necessary action.
The alumni association said it would construct separate toilets for the students of both the sexes and press for construction of at least three classrooms under the CMSSY in the current financial year, since the construction of 14 RCC classrooms and an auditorium might take 3-4 years, the meeting resolved.
The DC also inspected the under-construction school building.


text:
Spraying is the quickest way to paint a complicated part evenly without obscuring detail, so it is the method of choice in the mass production of toys. To keep the paint spray from going where it is not wanted, a paint mask is made. This is a thin metal shell which conforms to the shape of the painted part. Holes are cut in the mask to reveal the areas of the part which are to receive paint. A separate mask is usually needed for each color used, and many multiples of each are needed to paint many objects at one time, but the singular term "paint mask" is usually used by Transformers fans to refer to the many actual pieces of metal used to produce one particular figure.
Once a paint mask has been produced, different colors can be easily sprayed through the same mask—it's only a matter of changing the color of the paint. The extra costs involved in this are negligible, amounting to paying the deco artist to pick colors. Changing the shape, number, or location of the paint application, however, requires a new set of masks.


text:
Kansas City on ice
January 29 marked the arrival of an historic ice storm that devastated large portions of the Midwest. One of the hardest hit locales was the Kansas City metropolitan area. Officials called it the worst natural disaster in local history. The results were as instructive as they were devastating.
The storm began on January 29 and lasted through the 31
Though the thought of ice storms may evoke mental images of branches and whole trees crashing violently through lines (in fact, that does happen), the reality in most cases is somewhat different, though sometimes no less spectacular.
As ice accumulates, tree branches sag, drooping onto power lines. According to Jerry Borland, executive editor of Transmission and Distribution World magazine, this is what causes most outages in ice storms. The branches cause a short, or fault, when they touch the lines. If no protective measures were in place, the arcs generated by the electrical current would eventually melt the line, causing it to break. To prevent this, utilities install in-line fusible links, as well as fuses on transformers, that will blow when a fault occurs. This results in a loss of power, and each one of the blown fuses must be replaced manually to restore service. That's why it takes so long to regain power after a widespread event. But it's easier than repairing broken lines, which would take even longer.
In the end, most customers in the Kansas City area were without power. Utility crews from all across the Midwest were called in to help. According to Borland, "The normal workforce for Kansas City Power and Light (the largest utility in the KC area) is 107 crews, which amounts to 489 people. The ice storm resulted in KCP&L bolstering their workforce by an additional 738 crews, totaling an additional 2,300 people. KCP&L recorded the most outages with 285,000 total reported outages," but was not the only utility severely affected.
The destruction clearly showed that areas where line clearance had occurred recently were less prone to destruction. As much as people complain about what's done to trees around power lines, it's a valuable thing, as this storm proved. Afterward, area utilities were criticized for not trimming aggressively enough. (Sometimes, you just can't win!) According to Borland, tree trimming is one of the largest line items in utilities' budgets, and often it's difficult to adequately fund trimming operations.
Perhaps more interesting were the clear differences among tree species regarding structural damage. Mike Dougherty, urban forester and owner of Tree Management Company (Lenexa, Kan.), saw first-hand how some trees fared better than others. Dougherty lists the following susceptible species and causes of failure:
Silver maple: Soft wood resulting in mid-limb failure; forks/V-shaped crotches and weak branch attachments resulting in splits; re-sprout failures from previous topping practices.
Red maple (cultivars): same failures as silver maple.
River birch: Soft wood resulting mid-limb and trunk failure.
Green and white ash (cultivars): Forks/V-shaped crotches and weak branch attachments causing splits.
Redbud and dogwood: Forks/V-shaped crotches and weak branch attachments causing splits.
Ornamental pear (cultivars), primarily Bradford: Co-dominant stems, forks/V-shaped crotches causing splits, often to the ground, destroying entire tree.
Siberian elm: Brittle wood causing snaps/breaks mid-limb; re-sprout failures from previous topping practices.
Willow and cottonwood: Soft wood resulting in mid-limb and trunk failure.
Looking at Dougherty's list, you see a mix of "old" species, as well as some currently popular types. Dougherty asserts that just as we now are paying for poor planting choices made decades ago (such as Siberian elm, which was widely planted as a replacement for American elms ravaged by Dutch elm disease), many of our current choices will create similar problems in 20 to 40 years.
Newer popular species, such as red maple and river birch, are planted by the thousand and are not among the more structurally sound trees. People just don't realize what a problem they may be creating, according to Dougherty, because these specimens aren't old and large enough to do much damage yet. That may be too generous, however. Despite the wide recognition of their weak structures, people continue to plant silver maples and Bradford pears in great numbers in urban areas.
Of course, this is not to say the species on Dougherty's list have no place … just not next to houses and power lines!
Too often, we ignore long-term or infrequent problems, to our own peril. Although an ice storm this severe is considered a rare weather event, a look back at the not-so-distant past shows that destructive weather events — the kind that should make you reconsider that Bradford pear you're about to plant next to the house — aren't really that infrequent.
A freakish October 1996 snowstorm caused widespread damage and power loss in Kansas City because trees had not yet shed their leaves for the winter. The foliage caused much more snow than normal to weigh on the branches, bringing many of them down. This followed a destructive ice storm that occurred in the early 1990s. Three catastrophic weather events in one decade makes a strong case for careful plant selection.
Want to use this article? Click here for options!
© 2013 Penton Media Inc.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Julia Child would be so proud.
Adding just a pinch of green chemistry and sustainable attributes to your drab, routine process action reports can transform them into delicious and healthy recipes for sustainability that comply with environmental rules and improve your bottom line, too. Bon appetit!
Well, like any cooking show, this sounds easy. Actually doing it is a little bit harder—but not too much.
To help specialty chemical engineers add some of these sustainable practices to their processes, Dennis Brandl, of BR&L Consulting, presented "Manufacturing Science Model Extensions to Address Product and Process Stability" at the 2009 Invensys North America Client Conference this week in Houston.
Brandl demonstrated that, while green chemistry can help users comply with sustainability regulations, it also can be very good for productivity, profitability and other business goals. Specifically, he reported on his work with Pfizer to help it redesign several pharmaceutical production processes to reduce the solvents it uses and their resulting waste, eliminate some unit operations, but increase productivity and remove solvents from another process, but still increase its yield. He also described how users can adopt green chemistry and sustainable practices in their own processes and achieve similar gains.
To get everyone on the same page, Brandl introduced several primary concepts in green chemistry and sustainability. For example, he reported that "manufacturing science" describes the body of scientific knowledge, regulations and principles involved in transforming materials and information into products, and that one of its components is the development of scientifically sound recipes based on sustainability principles. Next, he defined sustainability as a "characteristic of a process or state that can be maintained at a certain level indefinitely."
"In manufacturing, this means development and deployment of processes and products that conserve energy, reduce waste materials, reduce use of non-sustainable materials in the production processes, and increase the recyclability of products and waste materials," said Brandl. "As a result, we develop processes that don't produce more waste than they need to and don't use more energy than they need to."
Brandl added that green chemistry in the life sciences is closely related to sustainability because it also seeks to:
- Prevent waste,
- Design safer chemicals and products,
- Design less hazardous chemical syntheses,
- Use renewable feedstock,
- Use catalysts, not stoichiometric reagents,
- Avoid chemical derivatives,
- Maximize atom economy,
- Use safer solvents and reaction conditions,
- Increase energy efficiency,
- Design chemicals and products to degrade after use,
- Analyze in real time to prevent pollution,
- Minimize potential for accidents.
In practical terms, Brandl reported that Pfizer recently redesigned its sertraline (Zoloft) commercial process to eliminate the number and volume of solvents used and reduce titanium dioxide waste and HCl waste. "The new process uses 26 liters/kg of product versus the original 98 liters/kg used in its first commercial route," said Brandl. "Pfizer received the 2002 Presidential Green Chemistry Award for Greener Synthetic Pathways for this redesign."
Similarly, he added that Pfizer improved its sildenafil manufacturing process by reducing solvent usage of 22 liters/kg to 7 liters/kg by improving the synthesis route and by implementing more efficient solvent recovery. As a result, Pfizer received the U.K. Green Technology award in 2003 for these efforts by improving its e-factor to a 6 rating.
Likewise, because Pfizer's atoravastin calcium (Lipitor) product uses a key hydroxy nitrile (HN) building block, Brandl explained that its Codexis partner devised three bioengineered enzymes to improve volumetric productivity by 100 fold of the reduction reaction and improve its cyanation reaction by 4,000 fold over the HN process. "This resulted in a new process with fewer unit operations, improved yield and worker safety, and reduced formation of byproducts, waste and equipment usage," said Brandl. "Codexis received the 2006 Presidential Green Chemistry award for Greener Reaction Conditions."
Finally, Pfizer developed a new enzymatic route for manufacturing its gabapentin (Lyrica) product. "It eliminated organic solvents from three reaction steps, while increasing the overall yield. This also minimized waste significantly," he said.
To develop and achieve some of these green chemistry and sustainability gains, Brandl stressed that users must examine both their product development and their process development, and then consider the sustainability factors associated with those products and processes, such as waste, non-renewable resources and energy. Generally, green chemistry is part of intermediate and final activity pharmaceutical ingredient (API) production steps, and the waste material issues tend to crop up during the unit dosage manufacturing and packaging steps.
"The task on the manufacturing side is how to best capture these steps. The ISA 88 batch standard defines general recipes and capturing chemical and other process steps," explained Brandl. "As a result, there are 30 to 40 basic tasks you can do in these manufacturing processes, and this gives us a library of items for which we can consider the sustainability factors and possibly add them to the process action step.
"For instance, we can look at a general recipe and then also ask about its waste and recovered material. So we're looking at what it takes to make a product and what it takes to reduce its waste at the same time," he said. "For example a typical process action report for a blending application might have numbers on weight, density, moisture and other physical characteristics, but a sustainability report on a process action will add measurements of energy use, waste and/or recovered material to the batch record." This consideration of sustainability factors also can be plugged into a general recipe model or added during other steps, such as the R&D product synthesis description, global equipment property descriptions, global material specifications and global process definition.
"In general, sustainability can deliver significant economic benefits," said Brandl. "But there also will be additional information needed, such as e-factors, material disposal costs and other waste issues. Still, general recipes will provide a good basis for manufacturing alternatives and documenting sustainability."


text:
Artists tell stories with color and imagery. They'll often create images of what life was like during their lifetime. Collage artist Megan Coyle creates images of scenes that are familiar to her today. Years from now, others will be able to see what life was like during Coyle's lifetime.
Find out more about Megan Coyle and how she became an artist.
Coyle created this collage after one of her trips to New York City. She took a series of photographs while walking around Coney Island. The "Coney Island" collage was inspired by her photographs.
Study the Collage
Try to answer the questions below as you study Coyle's "Coney Island" collage. Click on one of the questions to find the answer. Each answer tells you a little more about collage's story.
- Who do you see?
- How many people are in this scene?
- What do they look like?
- What are they wearing?
- Are they happy or sad?
- Are they hot or cold?
- Are they inside or outside?
- What time of year is it? Is it spring, summer, fall, or winter?
- What are the people doing?
- Where are they? How do you know?
Now think of the places where you have been. What does this collage remind you of? Does it remind you of a specific memory?


text:
20-6-101. Definition of elementary and high school districts. (1) As used in this title, except as defined in 20-9-402 for bonding purposes or unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the term "district" means the territory, regardless of county boundaries, organized under the provisions of this title to provide public educational services under the jurisdiction of the trustees prescribed by this title. High school districts may encompass all or parts of the territory of one or more elementary districts.
(2) (a) An elementary district is a district organized for the purpose of providing public education for all grades up to and including grade 8 and for preschool programs and kindergartens. An elementary district may be inactive if the district attaches to a high school district under the provisions of 20-6-701 to form a K-12 school district.
(b) A high school district is a district organized for the purpose of providing those public educational services authorized by this title for all grades beyond grade 8, including postsecondary programs, except those programs administered by community college districts or the Montana university system. A high school district with an attached elementary district may provide the educational services for an elementary district through the procedures established in 20-6-701 through 20-6-703.
(3) An elementary district is known as "District No.....,........ County" and a high school district, except a high school district where a county high school is operated, is known as "High School District No.....,........ County". A district is a body corporate and, as a body corporate, may sue and be sued, contract and be contracted with, and acquire, hold, use, and dispose of real or personal property for school purposes, within the limitations prescribed by law. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the trustees of elementary districts and high school districts have the same types of powers, duties, and responsibilities authorized and imposed by the laws of Montana.
(4) As used in this title, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, a county high school is a high school district that has not unified with an elementary district under 20-6-312.
History: En. 75-6501 by Sec. 160, Ch. 5, L. 1971; R.C.M. 1947, 75-6501; amd. Sec. 6, Ch. 555, L. 1991; amd. Sec. 14, Ch. 219, L. 1997.


text:
Artifacts. The Enigmalith: A 100,000 Year Old Electrical Component Found Embedded In Stone. Share Tweet Email According to researchers who have analyzed the artifact, it is a 100,000-year-old electrical component embedded in stone It is one of the artifacts that a few have heard of, yet its characteristics are incredibly interesting.
There have been dozens of objects discovered through the years that do not fit into the mainstream view of history, archaeology, and anthropology. This discovery was made in 1998 when electrical engineer John. Williams refused to give away the exact location where the object was found, which has led skeptics to conclude that this artifact is just another hoax. Today the artifact is referred to as the Petradox, a device that has the undeniable aspect of an electrical component which ended up embedded into solid granite, stone composed of quartz and feldspar, with small traces of mica. Williams has received offers up to 500,000 dollars for the device but has refused to sell it. The Petradox is not an accretion, concretion, pumice or a fossil. Source. INCREDIBLE Discovery! Indian Archaeologists Have Come Across Ruins Of A 'Great Forgotten Civilization' In an incredible discovery, archaeologists from India have come across ruins of a 'Great Forgotten Civilization' in Mizoram The enigmatic structures are believed to be remains of a powerful ancient lost city of Vangchhia that was ruled by the great forgotten Mizoram civilization.
Mizoram is located in northeastern India, and is bordered by Myanmar to the east and south, Bangladesh to the west, and the states Tripura, Assam, and Manipur to the north. Often referred to as a paradise unexplored, northeast India is indeed a culturally and historically rich territory, a treasure trove for explorers, nature lovers, trekkers and wildlife enthusiasts alike. As Nayan and other researchers continue to explore the lost city in Vangchhia, and testing commences on the items found in the area, they are hoping to learn more about the people that lived there.
This article (INCREDIBLE Discovery! Mystery messages engraved into Scotland's rocks up to 5,000 years ago might soon be unveiled using 3D scans. Although their meaning has been lost to history, distinctive marks on Scottish rocks from ancient peoples provide a link to our past.
Recently, a new project has launched an attempt to finally solve the mysteries of prehistoric stone carvings. Using 3D scanning to record and examine more than 2,000 carvings around the country, specialists are creating a new digital database of the mysterious etchings. Ring and cup marks are a form of ancient art that found widely around the world. The symbols date back to the early Neolithic, through the Bronze Age, and into the Iron Age.
Many of these carvings have been discovered on outcrops and boulders that overlook ancient travel and trade routes. Later examples have been discovered in association with ceremonial or burial locations, implying that the markings might have held sacred significance. Amateur archaeologist George Currie assists with the database project. Message from Outer Space? The Mysterious Indecipherable Script of the Inga Stone. Standing amidst the waters of the Inga River in Brazil, the mysterious Inga Stone of Paraíba, Brazil is an archeological treasure of much ongoing controversy.
Covering most of its 150-foot length and 13-foot height are strange, unidentified geometric symbols, varied in size and shape, which are apparently carved into its Gneiss exterior. Forbidden Archeology /Strange & Unexplained Ancient Civilization Lost knowledge. Fossils Defy Human Origin And Evolution. Researchers In China Discover A 300 Million Year Old Screw Embedded Into Rock. According to reports from Chinese News agencies, a mysterious object discovered in 2002 could be evidence of prehistorical civilizations.
The most mysterious part of this object is that, within a piece of rock, a metal screw was discovered. The mysterious pear-shaped stone is about 6×8 cm and weighs around 466 grams. But it is not a common rock and the metal shaped screw just adds to the mystery of a rock, that according to researchers is around 300 million years old. The Truth About Father Crespi's Controversial Missing Artifacts – FerocesMente. The story of Father Crespi is a mysterious and controversial account of a priest in Ecuador involving claims of unknown civilizations, strange golden artifacts, a subterranean cave system containing a metallic library, depictions of strange figures connecting America to Sumeria, symbols depicting an unknown language, evidence of extra-terrestrial contact, and a Vatican conspiracy involving thousands of missing artifacts.
But how much of the story is true? Ancient Origins set out to find the answers and was given exclusive access by the Central Bank of Ecuador to the private artifact collection of Father Crespi, tucked away in hidden vaults and storerooms, including the controversial carved metal plates, which had not been seen or photographed for decades. Ancient Sumerian Writings Reveal The Earth Was Ruled By Eight Immortal Kings For 241,200 Years. More than a dozen copies of a mysterious text referred to as the Sumerian King Lists have been uncovered over the years by archaeologists in regions as disparate as ancient Babylon, Susa, and Assyria.
They are all believed to be copies of a single original manuscript which is thought to have been written during the Third Dynasty of Ur by most historians, although some believe it might have been written even earlier. The best-preserved example of this ancient text is called the Weld-Blundell Prism and is on public display in the Ashmolean Museum. The Sumerian King Lists have baffled historians ever since they were uncovered by modern human beings. 250,000-year-old aluminum may be from UFO wreckage. EWAO The discovery of the century: Have researchers found the mythical Hall of Records? Ivan Ivan has been part of the team at Universe Explorers since February 2015.He is a freelance writer, editor-in-chief of ancient-code.com He also writes for Svemir Online and Ancient Origins.History, Archaeology, Space and world's mysteries are some of the topics he writes about.You can follow Ivan on Facebook" Latest posts by Ivan (see all)
Disclosure of classified X documents and archaeological Aztec origin objects found in Ojuelos de Jalisco, Mexico. A helmet-shaped head of Alien, etched in stone tablets of gold and silver, which can be recognized in engraved details – how astronauts that traveling in space ships with other ships scenes actually looks like.
Also you can observe comets and planets there. Front View The Mexica or Aztecs were a people of the Nahuatl culture that existed in the area of Mesoamerica from the twelfth to the sixteenth century. These people are called themselves Mexica (pronounced meshicas) or tenochcas (inhabitants of Tenochtitlan). The Aztec word meaning 'from Aztlán' and was their tribal name. An Ancient Device Too Advanced To Be Real Gives Up Its Secrets At Last. Though it it seemed to be just acorroded lump of some sort when it was found in a shipwreck off the coast of Greece near Antikythera in 1900, in 1902 archaeologist Valerios Stais, looking at the gear embedded in it, guessed that what we now call the "Antikythera mechanism" was some kind of astronomy-based clock.
He was in the minority—most agreed that something so sophisticated must have entered the wreck long after its other 2,000-year-old artifacts. Nothing like it was believed to have existed until 1,500 years later. Alien Mayan Artifacts Discovered Under A Pyramid In Mexico. An Atomic Bomb went off on Earth 12000 years ago? Ancient civilizations and pagan religions have left many mark in history with scripts, monuments and numerous objects that make us reevaluate what we know so far regarding our past and where we are going as a civilization. One of the most important questions most of us have tried to never ask, is if we were visited in the distant past by other civilizations beyond earth. There are hundreds and hundreds of unanswered questions, but there are texts that shed much light, if not almost entirely, illuminating the path of a truly untold story.
The Mahabharata and the Ramayana offer many answers to numerous questions regarding our past, present and future. The Mahabharata is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the Ramayana. It consists of 100,000 verses divided into 18 parts or books that are equivalent to eight times the Iliad and Odyssey combined. these ancient texts are more than a historical narration. When a student asked Dr. A second passage. Who On Earth Crafted these 3 Billion-Year-Old Perfect Spheres? - UFOholic.com. With a known written history extending to about 4,000 BC, it becomes easy to understand that very few answers have actually been found to questions regarding humanity's overall existence.
It's even easier to understand that, because humans have been in constant conflict throughout history, war played a decisive part in destroying or covering up all the former achievements of humanity. However, using the latest laser scanning technology, bits from timeworn and unknown civilizations are being found. Disclosure of classified X documents and archaeological Aztec origin objects found in Ojuelos de Jalisco, Mexico. 250,000-Year-Old Aluminum May Be From UFO Wreckage. A chunk of aluminum is on display at the National Museum of Transylvanian History in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Aluminum was first produced in


text:
Help with complex program
I am in need of a program. I am not sure how to program such a thing, so I'll ask for help. :p
1. I need to make this program calculate the total number of possible combinations of letters and/or numbers in an entered amount of digits. (example: entered 1 digit for numbers only and you get: 10. Enter two digits for numbers only and get: 100. ect.) There must be some sort of formula, but I am not sure what it is.
2. Is is possible with C++ to have this program make the mouse click at specified x,y and to have the program type in text and deleate text? If so, then how would I go about doing this? If no, then what language could accomplish this?


text:
Established Attorney Manages Child Custody Disputes in TX
Resolving issues vital to your child's future
Child custody is one of the most difficult issues a parent faces during divorce. Gary A. Hall, Attorney at Law is dedicated to protecting your rights to raise your child in a healthy, thriving environment. I represent families in Texas in all aspects of child custody and visitation, including:
- Primary and joint custody arrangements
- Visitation rights
- Grandparent visitation
- Modification of custody and visitation orders
- Enforcement of orders
- Juvenile delinquency and dependency proceedings
- Decisions related to religion, education and upbringing of the child
Reliable counsel provides advantages in mediation
Children are best served when parents maintain a cordial relationship. Through the structured process of mediation, couples can often set aside hostility and agree on key decisions affecting their children. Mediation can be a highly-effective tool for parents to preserve their children's well-being and the stability of their lives during the turbulent process of divorce. Mediation takes some of the stress out of child custody conflicts and puts important child-rearing decisions in the hands of the parents rather than the court. I meticulously develop mediation strategies that carefully guide the negotiating process toward healthy resolution.
Skilled litigation in family court
In some cases, litigation is necessary to protect a child's best interests. When one parent refuses to compromise or expresses hostility toward the other parent, negotiations fail. Sometimes a parent may even pose a danger to the child's well-being. In these cases, litigation is the most appropriate forum for establishing parental rights. My firm's methodical approach to litigation enables you to feel confident that your children are protected and your parental rights are secure.
Contact an experienced and reputable family law attorney in Corpus Christi, TX
Call Gary A. Hall, Attorney at Law at _PHONE_ or contact me online to schedule a consultation with a family law attorney in Corpus Christi, TX.


text:
- Timing is everything when asking someone out, so always wait until they've returned from the bathroom.
- Put your own unique spin on it. Instead of a phone call, mail a Valentine's Day card dated five years in the future.
- Make sure you are facing the sun so the light can illuminate the unfurling of your brilliant plumage.
- Get to the point quickly. Don't beat around the bush by asking too many lead-in questions or allowing them to speak.
- When you successfully leave the bar with their phone number, double-check that it came with all ten digits.
Brought to you by Speed Stick


text:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) researchers have found unexpected behavior in ferroelectric materials, supporting a new approach to information storage and processing.
The researchers used a scanning probe microscope to draw areas of switched polarization, known as domains, on the surface of a ferroelectric material. When written in dense arrays, the domains form complex and unpredictable patterns on the material's surface, according to the researchers.
After studying the patterns of domain formation, the researchers determined that the complex behavior could be explained through chaos theory. One domain would suppress the creation of a second domain nearby, but facilitate the formation of one farther away, says ORNL's Sergei Kalinin.
University of South Carolina professor Yuriy Pershin, who collaborated on the research, says their breakthrough possesses key characteristics needed for memcomputing, a new computing paradigm in which information storage and processing occur on the same physical platform. "Memcomputing is basically how the human brain operates: neurons and their connections--synapses--can store and process information in the same location," Pershin says.
Although the system theoretically has a universal computing ability, the researchers say more work is needed to design a commercially attractive all-electronic computing device based on the domain interaction effect.
From Oak Ridge National Laboratory
View Full Article
Abstracts Copyright © 2013 Information Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
No entries found


text:
Discovery Education—the global leader in standards-aligned digital curriculum resources, engaging content, and professional learning for K-12 classrooms—and Clever—the most widely used single sign-on (SSO) portal in K–12 schools nationwide, today announced an expansion of their partnership. In this latest phase of the companies' collaboration, more K-12 school systems nationwide using Clever are now able to integrate Discovery Education's services into their existing portals and enable single sign-on (SSO) access to these resources.
The integration of Discovery Education's digital resources into Clever provides educators even easier access to award-winning services such as Discovery Education Experience, STEM Connect, and the Science, Social Studies, and Math Techbooks, and saves teachers valuable prep time they can now spend with students. This collaboration also enhances the student experience with Discovery Education's services by quickly connecting them to the digital resources they need to take learning beyond the classroom and into the real world.
"Discovery Education's expanded partnership with Clever ultimately benefits our partner school systems, educators, and the students they serve," said Discovery Education Chief Product Officer Pete Weir. "The integration of our services into Clever portals positions school systems to maximize the return on their content investment and simplifies teachers' and students' access to rich digital resources that support academic achievement."
"Discovery Education is recognized worldwide for their immersive digital content and dynamic professional learning, and we are excited to deepen our relationship," said Tyler Bosmeny, Chief Executive Officer of Clever. "Together, we're making it easier than ever for students and teachers nationwide to experience the joy of discovery, wherever learning is taking place."


text:
| Welcome to the lava tube
portion of the Virtual Cave. Lava tube caves are found throughout the
world in places where fluid lava has flown over the surface. The longest
and most vertically extensive lava tubes known are on the Big Island of
Hawai'i. Our idealized lava tube cross-section is based on
the tubes there, and most of the photos are from there. Lava tubes are
found in the western U.S.A. (Washington, California, Oregon, Nevada, Idaho,
New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona), the Canary Islands, Galapagos Islands,
Italy, Japan, Korea, Kenya, Mexico, and many other volcanic regions. Most
tubes form when fluid lava flows down the sides of volcanoes, the upper
layer begins to cool, and the lava beneath continues to flow in tubular
conduits beneath the surface. Due to the insulating effects of the hardened
lava above, molten lava is able to travel a considerable distance underground
with very little cooling. In Hawaii, lava tubes have carried fluid lavas
50 or more miles from their source! Tubes may also form when lava
follows trenches or gulleys on the surface, which then roof over as lava
accumulates along the top edges.
Lava tubes contain many features similar to those in limestone caves, such as stalactites and stalagmites, helictites, and a sort of flowstone. Most of the features in the diagram were made when the cave was active and during the early cooling stage. Secondary minerals may be deposited in the tubes later, such as gypsum or calcite crystals, but these tend to be on a much smaller scale than you can find in limestone caves.
To take a tour of the wondrous world of lava tubes, select a feature in context on our very cool Virtual Lava Tube Map (drawn by master lava tube cartographer Carlene Allred) or choose from the list above it. Not all of the items in the text list are represented on the image map. Those are shown in all capital letters, so be sure to check these newer pages out.
Start here: BIRTH of a LAVA TUBE
Check out my new book on lava tubes, based on the Virtual Lava Tube, called CAVES OF FIRE: INSIDE AMERICA'S LAVA TUBES.
It is both a guide to lava tube features (with many more examples of each than shown here on the website) and describes and pictures many lava tubes that you can easily find and visit in national, state, and county parks and forests. It has 128 pages with 345 color images.
Now available through the National Speleological Society Bookstore
|Created: August 4, 2000
Last update: December 11, 2008
Author: Dave Bunnell
Reviewed by Kevin & Carlene Allred


text:
One of the ability of binding in WPF is the ability to support Fallback values. Fallback values are used when a binding comes up with an un-appropriate value which in turn can't be set on binding target. There are 2 types of Fallback values:
As its name communicate itself that when a source object's property is null, then what is the alternate value you want to set for the target. So, whatever value is set for TargetNullValue, it will be set for target. Pretty simple, isn't it?
This is used when a binding cannot come up with a value at all, based on the the data source and the path. Or in other words, FallbackValue is used when the property binded with source is not at all available. In that case, value supplied to FallbackValue will be considered at the target end.
Getting into the code:
Now, let's jump on to the code on how to use both of these. Here aim is to bind the given text box with EmployeeName property.
My code behind class contain just the basic code to create a property for employee name, so that we can bind it with TextBox. Here goes the code:
Till this point, we haven't done anything extra. It's pretty simple and self-explanatory code. Let's go ahead and quickly change the code a bit.
Demonstration of TargetNullValue:
As I mentioned earlier, TargetNullValue comes into picture only when your source object is null. To make source object null, let's go ahead and do the minor changes into the code, as:
Now, next step is to set the value for TextBox, which will be displayed if source object (in our case source object is EmployeeName) is null. Let's modify XAML file for this:
Now, when you will run the application, you will find the TargetNullValue is set for the TextBox as:
Demonstration of FallbackValue:
This FallbackValue will play its role when binding is not able to resolve the source. So, for this missing source, one can set the default value for the target. Let's have a look at the code:
In above code, instead of binding TextBox to EmployeeName, I am binding it to EmployeeNames which is not the correct property as no such property is defined with this name. Hence my FallbackValue will come into picture and will give us the below output:
Hope this article was useful :)


text:
Alpaca disease mhaemolamae
One known alpaca disease mhaemolamae you may not have heard of, but should be aware of it and what it does to your alpaca. It has been detected since the 1990's and was called Eperythrozoonosis or EPE. Recently the name has changed, but it's still the same disease.
Alpaca health is very important to an alpaca business. Educating yourself about this disease will help protect your investment.
If you have an animal that is lethargic with chronic weight loss, you should consider M. Haemolamae as a possible cause.
M. Haemolamae is a bacteria that attaches itself to the red blood cells of an alpaca. The immune system recognizes this as a problem and destroys the red blood cells. Your alpaca then becomes anemic.
In the majority of alpacas infected with this bacteria, there are no signs of the disease. If your animal becomes immunocompromised through another disease or is stressed from a move or through other environmental changes, the alpaca disease mhaemolamae can rear its ugly head.
The disease can manifest as an acute problem. Your alpaca may suddenly be unable to stand and be extremely weak. Or it may be a chronic problem. As mentioned before, your alpaca may have chronic weight loss and lethargy.
If you suspect infection with M. haemolamae, have your vet do a PCR (polymer chain reaction) test. This test amplifies the DNA so low levels of the bacteria can be detected on the red blood cells.
This is one of the disease thought to be spread by blood. Blood sucking insects such as lice, fleas, and ticks should be kept to a minimum on your farm. Only use a clean unused needle on each individual alpaca when giving injections. Needles are cheap. There is no reason to reuse a needle on another alpaca and risk the chance of transmitting a disease (besides, you dull the needle after the first use and it hurts more).
The alpaca disease mhaemolamae is treated with tetracyline. Check with a vet for doses. Unfortunately, it appears that tetracycline does not completely rid the infected animal of this bacteria, but only lowers it to undetectable levels.
Once infected, an alpaca becomes a carrier. They will not have problems with the disease unless they become immunocompromised. This is an opportunistic bacteria.
The problem with having a carrier in your herd is that a flea could bite the carrier and then bite another animal passing on the bacterium.
If you suspect M Haemolamae in an alpaca, you should probably test your whole herd and treat any animal with positive PCR results. Otherwise, you could have a reinfection of the disease.
Treated animals usually go on to live a long healthy life. Even though they have not gotten rid of the disease, they can live with it.
It's important to evaluate alpacas when sheared or learn
so you can spot a thin alpaca before purchasing. You should, also, require a PCR test before purchasing. The M Haemolamae carrier may look fine, but you bring them home and they infect your herd causing problems.
Here's a couple of interesting facts about camelid red blood cells:
- They have a lifespan of 235 days vs 100 days for human red blood cells
- Camelids have oval red blood cells instead of round like other mammals. This gives them a larger surface area so there is better oxygen exchange which helps them survive at higher, thinner air altitudes in their native South America.
The unusual shape of an alpacas red blood cell makes understanding alpaca diseases a challenge to veterinarians.
M. Haemolamae is thought to be in 25% of camelids (alpacas and llamas) in the United States.
Until something better is found for the alpaca disease mhaemolamae, keep the insect population down on your farm and test and treat to keep it in check if present.
Return from alpaca disease mhaemolamae to raising alpacas.
Return to owning-alpaca home page.


text:
Insulin is a high risk medicine and it is important to use it safely
Insulin is frequently included in the list of top ten high alert medicines worldwide. It is a high risk medication in that it has the potential to cause significant harm even when used as intended. This section focuses on improving the safe use of insulin.
The National Reporting and Learning Service identified between a total of 15,227 incidents between 2003 and 2009 from the NHS in England and Wales. The majority (93%) of incident reports had reported clinical outcomes of low or no harm. However, there were 17 incidents with fatal and severe outcomes and 972 incidents of moderate harm 1.
Data from the National Patient Safety Agency rapid response report on reducing harm related to insulin is summarised in the BMJ article Safer administration of insulin: summary of a safety report from the National Patient Safety Agency. The article covers key learning points for safe prescribing and administration of insulin and recommends future use of insulin syringes.
Information for patients
The NPSA and Diabetes Working Group have developed a leaflet for patients with information about using insulin safely entitled The Safe Use of Insulin and you. It describes four key areas for safety: right insulin, right way of administration, right dose and right time of doses.
NHS Diabetes have produced four e-learning modules about safer use of insulin which cover high risk areas of insulin management such as the use of intravenous insulin infusions and management of hypoglycaemia.
- Patient Safety First. 'How to' guide for reducing harm from insulin in hospitals. 2010.


on the farm, from management to farming, through packaging and security. The amortization period is about four years. Electricity will be produced by photovoltaic panels during the day and, at night, when grid electricity costs essentially less, to save investment costs of batteries.
We will save even more energy in aquaculture and horticulture by using the evaporative cooling of greenhouses also for parts of the intensive aeration energy of fish tanks. The demonstration plant has no connection to the sea. We will recirculate the water from fish tanks after treatment and use it for greenhouse irrigation, as well as recycle the evaporated water. Thus, we will use 80% to 90% less water than conventional greenhouse horticulture, using aquaculture recirculation.
EU Partner Programmes


text:
Forests - Europe
The Last Ancient Forests of Europe combine Europe's few remaining tracts of ancient forest in Scandinavia with the adjoining forest of European Russia (from the western flanks of the Ural mountains). These boreal forests represent Europe's last remaining intact ancient forest.
A reindeer in the Lappi reinder herding co-operative in Finland.
These forests have ensured the survival of numerous plant and animal species, including bears, flying squirrels and the highly endangered eagle owl.
These ancient boreal forests are also home to tens of thousands of indigenous peoples.
Living forests form a central part of Saami culture. Old growth forests are of crucial importance for reindeer herding and should not be logged for pulp mills under any circumstances. In the Saami culture we have been taught to respect forests ever since our childhood.
Pekka Aikio, President of the Saami Parliament, Finland.
The reindeer-herding Saami live in northern parts of Sweden, Finland and Norway as well as the Murmansk region of Russia.
The forests also support the traditional cultures of the Komi and Nenets (or Samoyeds) who inhabit the Arkhangelsk Region and Komi Republic of European Russia.


text:
Grants and Contracts Details
The outbursts of supermassive black holes are thought to prevent the cooling catastrophe at the centers of groups and clusters of galaxies. Turbulence provides a viable way for the energy dissipated into heating up the intracluster medium. We propose to perform a systematic study of a carefully selected sample of groups and clusters with archival ALMA, MUSE, and MaNGA observations. We will the velocity structure function of the filaments over a wide range of the scales to constrain the level and origin of turbulence of their cold gas. We will complement our study with deep Chandra observations and specifically tailored numerical simulations.
|Effective start/end date||9/1/21 → 8/31/24|
- National Science Foundation: $278,074.00
Explore the research topics touched on by this project. These labels are generated based on the underlying awards/grants. Together they form a unique fingerprint.


The Japan boat
I have always liked sculling. As a child on the island we considered rowing being for the birds.
Growing up and getting a utilitarian perspective as captain of a small, decked cruiser has only reinforced that view.
To propel a small, decked cruiser with one oar sticking out of the boats back certainly is handy. Two oars sticking out from the sides of a boat definitely is cumbersome navigating restricted waters.
Two oars sticking out from the sides of a boat is also cumbersome when the wind comes is gusts, no wind then a bit, then no wind again. When no wind, scull when wind sail, the one method of propulsion does not interfere with the other.
1962 was the year I seriously started to study many different aspects of water transport. I read about boats in Oceania, India China from present time back so far as recorded history. I came across the Chinese yuloh.
The yuloh I realized was definitely superior to the western sculling on two important ways.
First, thanks to its lanyard no force is needed to counter the forward producing force. If there is no forward producing force the boat will not move forward so it's a force of no little importance.
The propeller of a motorboat produces a forward force. That force must be transmitted to the boat. That's what the thrust bearing does. The oar transmits the forward force to the transom and in the case of western sculling to man. In the orient the lanyard does that job, a bit like carrying a load or transporting it in a wheelbarrow. The wheel does part of carrying.
The second advantage is that using the yuloh you are standing sideways in the boat and can in addition to your arm muscles use the leg muscles to put the weight of your body on the oar. That process is also much better ergonomically. It helps to prevent repetitive strain injuries and other musculoskeletal disorders.
I was fascinated. So many advantages! Why did we not use it? What was the catch? Thousands of European seamen had in the days of the square riggers been to China and been transported from the anchorages in sampans propelled by just yuloh's to the shore. Why had we not copied the clever Chinese and Japanese watermen?
I did some experiments but did not get it right. There where many other things that occupied my mind. Finally 1988 in Amfibie-Bris I made a version that worked very well. 1989 in the rivers of Brittany I used it successfully as well as later the same year in New England after having crossed the northern North Atlantic from Ireland to Newfoundland.
Some time passed again. 1997 I decided to find out how it was done in East Asia.
I chose Japan, despite a guidebook stating it was the most expensive country in the world, and that the language was one of the most difficult in the world.
Not spending money in a expensive country or cheap or not being able to speak an easy language or difficult makes not much difference I decided.
In the 50-s and 60-s I had done a lot of hitch-hiking, so not having much money I decided to try that again. In a small backpack I put a sleeping bag a bivaque, bred and water. Full it weighed 5 kilo.
I phoned the Japanese embassy in Stockholm asking where in Japan would be the best place to study this ingenious, labor saving gadget. The woman who answered sounded offended.
"Japan is a modern country" she said a bit offended.
That was not much help, but with the guidebooks help I decided that northeast Japan would be my best bet.
I bought a ticket to Narita Tokyo.
At the airport I got a free roadmap of Japan. Before moving it's a good thing to spend time choosing the right direction. A big city is a hitchhikers nightmare and Tokyo was close. After studying the map for two hours I had found a route bypassing the big city.
The hitchhiking went well. I ate of my bread, I drank of my water, and I slept outside. People were very friendly. I visited small ports but like the lady at the embassy had told me I did not see any yuloh.
Towards the evening of the third day I got a ride with a man who told me he was a police officer.
As we neared Kesennuma and the end of the ride he asked me if I liked to visit the police station. I sure did.
When my friend presented me everyone politely stood up.
They kept standing up for maybe half an hour before, one by one they went back to work.
There where not many westerners in that part of Japan and the policemen where curios as to my business.
I was well prepared. I had read that patience and calmness is appreciated in Japan. That suited me fine. I am by nature calm and have plenty of patience. Now I made an effort to be even more calm and patient.
I also had a picture of me sculling a boat and a picture of a yuloh. I showed them my pictures and said that I like to study the Japanese yuloh.
They did not understand a thing that for me was so obvious, how could anyone not be interested in the yuloh.
They were patient I was patient. Time passed. They phoned friends, plenty of people got engaged. Finally after about two hours they understood and my friend told me, tomorrow you will scull with an Japanese yuloh, but it is a very narrow and winding road so we drive you there in a police car. Tonight there will be much rain so you sleep here. Maybe here will be much noise, that's because it's a police station.
Now we go to a sushi bar. At the sushi bar suddenly they spoke much better English. They had studied English for many years, but never before spoken it.
Next morning two policemen drove me the narrow winding road to Nishi-Mohne, just a small village with an oyster farm run by Shigeatsu Hatakeyama and his family. It was Saturday so one of the sons studying at the university was at home, that was luck because he spoke some English.
It turned out that Hatakeyama was a famous environmentalist. He had the idea that the forest influenced the oysters. He and his fishermen friend had for many years gone to the mountain and replanted it after deforestation because in the autumn when the leafs fell to the ground the produced an acid that brought iron to the rivers flowing to the sea, and without iron no good oysters could grow. Now he had with the help of a traditional boat builder built a big and a small wooden boat that where propelled with yulohs.
First we went out in a boat and they demonstrated the technique then after lunch we went to the boat builder who explained more about the boats.
Just when leaving Shigeatsu said something surprising: "The sea and the forest are sweethearts" Tomorrow we go to the mountains to plant trees. Do you like to come along? Fumio will be coming to, he added, and pointed to the boat builder, as an enticement.
We drove back to the oyster farm and had dinner; the day had gone quickly. They let me sleep in a nice room. We have to leave early tomorrow, as it's a long way to the mountains, they said.
I asked them to wake me up.
I slept very well after finally after such a long search finally having found yuloh teachers.
I was woken by an embarrassed Kou, the English speaking son. We have to leave in five minutes but we come back to fetch you.
Later I understood that in Japan it was not polite to wake up a sleeping guest. Luckily years of singlehanded sailing had taught me to be a quick raiser.
Up in the mountains it was like a fair. People from all over Japan had come to help. Some people spoke good English and I was able to explain my interest in the yuloh. They offered me to stay as long as I liked and every evening I was welcome to come to the house for a meal and a talk, but during the day, they said we have to work hard.
One of the fishermen instructed me in the use of the little boat and I could use it as much as I liked during the days.
I stayed one month and learned many things from these friendly people.
Unfortunately the 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku completely destroyed the oyster farm.
Below are some pictures of my visit.
The western style sculling.
Me in Japan, learning yuloh, or "ro" as its called in Japan, the oriental superior way of sculling.
Taking instruction.
In Japan manually propelled boats, in addition to the yuloh have a paddle called "skai" (my spelling) to help maneuver when docking. Its has the same function as a bow thruster. Of course more silent, cheaper, less likely to break down, easier to keep in peak performance and more environmental friendly, not so comfortable, but more satisfying. Here my teacher is handling the "skay."
Watching in wonder. The fulcrum of the yuloh is outside of the planking on the port side. Amazingly the boat still travels straight, that's because the mean propulsion force of the oar is at a slight angle to the direction of travel. At 5° the loss of force should be less than 0.0038 as suggested by trigonometry.
Here I am practicing as I did for almost every day for a month.
The big boat, more people, more oars.
Big boat view from land. Me standing in


text:
Ad blocker interference detected!
Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers
Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected.
The power to use an independent growing game-like system that boost the user's normal ability or give new ones.
- The Gamer
User of this power use special "game-like system" that can give special ability, attack and/or boost the normal ability of the user.
- Any type of magic or magical ability
- One or more Enhanced Condition or Supernatural Condition
- Any type of ability
- One or more physiology or morphing ability
- EXPERIENCE TYPE 1, the system give automatically a booster to the user's parameters/ability once the user reach certain condition (level up)
- EXPERIENCE TYPE 2, similar to the Type 1, in this case the system give "points" (normally 1 at each level up) that the user can spend as he/she wish for boost an ability or gain new ones
- POINTS, the system give "points" for specific actions (run for a certain time, fight against something or someone and win, help someone, etc.), "throwing out" the "level up", that the user can spend as he/she wish for boost parameters (AGI, DEF, SPD, STR, senses, etc.) or skills (aiming with range weapons, use magic, use weapons, etc.)
- OBJECT, the system require to "absorb", be used or create object for unlock an ability or boosters, in the case some specific object is required and the object in question it's no more available or no more exist the system will change the object with something similar (example: the system require a bottle of the 1500 but there are no more bottle of that time than the bottle will be changed with another of the 1800 and so on)
- CHIP, the system show itself like a plate with various shape with empty points where "virtual chip" can be inserted, each chip can have different shape and function
- Depending on the system's variation the number of booster and abilities that can be obtained change
- Depending on the system's variation its possible find block or seal that need something special for remove the obstacles
- If the system use a LV based growing with skill points at each level, depending on the LV max that can be reached (from 60 like in Mass effect 3 to 150 like in Hack GU series) its possible not reach the max level of each skill, leaving one or more not learned or incomplete
- if the system force the user to choice a class (look Class System) any growing will be limited using the parameter of the class (a thief grow with more AGI/SPD respect a knight that grow with more STR/DEF) using a limit to the skill that can be learned
- if the system force the user to choice a class (look Class System) it's possible that the chosen class can't be changed
- In a points based system its possible that the points need for increase a parameter/skill ar shared so if for example at the beginning 5 points are need for increase a parameter/skill, after the upgrade all the parameter/skill will ask 10 points even if they were untouched making possible that the user will need an entire life only for gain enough points for increase something of a single level (who know and/or play one of the Dark Souls know what I mean because the concept is that)
- Everyone (Sword Art Online)
- Playable character (Fallout Series); Via Perks (Experience type 2 variation)
- Playable character (Dark Souls series); Via Souls (Points variations where the souls are used for increase the parameters of the character and the equipment)
- InFAMOUS main characters (InFAMOUS Series); Via the EXP gained (points variations where the player gain points killing enemies, completing missions and Karma Actions)
- Playable character (Final Fantasy X); Via Sphere Grid (Object variation where sphere are needed)
- Playable character (TES V Skyrim); Via Perks (Experience variation where leveling a skill give points)
- Naruto and playable characters (Naruto Uzumaki Chronicles Series); Via chips plates (Chip variation where chip boost ability or give new one)
- Mana Khemia Characters (Mana Khemia Series); Via Growing Book (Object variation where is need to create object for unlock the booster)
- Rogue Galaxy Characters (Rogue Galaxy); Via Revelation (Object variation where need to use object for unlock abilities and attacks)
- Jee-Han (The Gamer); gained this as his special power, allowing him to rapidly eclipse all opponents.


text:
Simple: To figure out which way something is threaded, figure out why it's threaded that way.
The reason for thread directions on rotating objects with lateral load
In general, the thread direction is NOT chosen so that friction from the rotating shaft will tend to tighten things. If that were the case, pedals would be left-hand threaded on the right side and vice-versa.
Rather, it has to do with precession. If you hold a pencil loosely in your left hand while you move the end of the pencil around in a circle with your right hand, the pencil will tend to rotate in a direction opposite of the direction you're rotating the end.
When you pedal a bike forward, the right pedal is moving in a counter-clockwise (or anti-clockwise, on the other side of the pond) direction, relative to the pedal shaft. This produces the counter-intuitive (anti-intuitive on the other side of the pond) effect of driving the pedal shaft in a clockwise direction -- rightie-tightie.
For the same reason, English-threaded bottom bracket cups have a LEFT HAND thread on the right side, and vice-versa. (The sneaky French and Italians just use Loctite and right-hand threads on both sides.)


text:
An institutional investor is an entity that trades securities in such large volumes that it qualifies for transactional discounts. This entity typically trades on behalf of its members. An institutional investor may have an in-house research staff, and may also rely on the advice of outside specialists in making investment decisions. It is more likely to engage in sophisticated trading strategies than retail investors. Examples of institutional investors are:
Labor union funds
Life insurance companies
Because of the high trading volumes initiated by these entities, their transactions comprise a large part of the total traffic flowing through the various stock exchanges. Given their high trading volumes, institutional investors typically avoid purchasing the securities of smaller companies, in order to avoid significant ownership percentages.