Triple Stage Quadrupole Instruments
MDS Sciex API 4000 (several)
The API 4000 LC/MS/MS System is a triple mass spectrometry system that iC42 uses clinical samples. This system comes with a mass range of 5-3,000 Daltons and a mass accuracy of 0.01%. These instruments typically allow for the quantification of drugs with lower limits of quantification between 25-100 pg/mL depending on the compound. Typically are the backbone of most quantitative industry bioanalytical laboratories, at iC42 these instruments are used for clinical therapeutic drug monitoring, most pharmacokinetic studies, analysis of drug from dried blood spots and quantification of endogenous compounds and molecular markers such as vitamin D.
MDS Sciex API 5000 (several)
Clinical research organizations require advanced tools for critical safety and with the improved sensitivity provided by this LC/MS/MS system, iC42 has the ability to assay a drug candidate, its metabolites or its contaminants. These systems are considered the next generation of bioanalytical research and typically have a sensitivity >10-fold better than those of the API4000 instruments. The API5000 allows us to reach lower limits of quantification in the realm that previously could only be reached with radio immunoassays. Thus, this instrument has been used for replacing several immuno assays with more specific and robust assays. A representative example is our assay to quantify isoprostanes in the plasma and urine of healthy individuals and patients. Isoprostanes are stable markers of oxidative stress and the lower limit of quantitation in plasma is 2.5 pg/mL. In combination with a sophisticated, yet robust and automated sample preparation strategy including online high-flow extraction and peak focusing, we have achieved lower limits of detection–as low as 330 fg/mL for sirolimus derivatives in whole blood of patients following implantation of drug-eluting stents.
MDS Sciex API 5500 QTRAP
The combination of best-in-class sensitivity and unsurpassed speed allows our scientists to analyze a comprehensive range of compounds in a shorter period of time than is currently possible with existing triple quadrupole systems. This robust system delivers the most accurate quantitative results at the industry's fastest scan speeds to identify the greatest number of target analytes at the lowest concentrations in complex samples. This new level of speed and sensitivity enables a greater amount of data to be acquired from an experiment, leading to greater quantitative accuracy and lower limits of detection when compared to competitive triple quadrupole instruments. The end result is faster analysis than previously possible, enabling scientists to measure a greater number of compounds in a single pass. Equipped with nano HPLC and alternatively with an Advion source, this instrument is used for discovery proteomics (MUDpit), quantitative proteomics SILAC and iTRAQ labeling technologies, as well as for the quantification of peptides and proteins. In combination with the orbitrap instrument, it is used as a second and confirmatory strategy for our toxicology, drug and WADA drug of abuse screening assays. The instrument is fully equipped with proteomics and biomarker software and databases.
Single Stage Quadrupole Instruments
Agilent Mass Selective Detector
This robust and highly sensitive mass spectrometer is typically preferable if the specificity of a more complex tandem mass spectrometer is not required. At iC42, this instrument is typically used for the development of sample preparation strategies, chromatography, the quantification of drug metabolites (in vitro enzyme kinetics, clinical trials, as a LC-UV-MS system, and for establishing purity of isolated metabolites). It is also used for targeted pathway assays such as the quantification of high energy phosphates.
Agilent GC-MSD
In the era of metabolomics, GC-MS has resurged and gaining increasing importance. GC-MS is devoid of the notorious problem of ion suppression/ ion enhancement that limit the use of LC-electrospray MS for such applications. The assay established on iC42's GC-MS system include fatty acid profiling, profiling of HDL lipids, metabolomic profiles in plasma, urine and cell extracts, labeled glucose and glycerin analyses and labeled nucleotides after H2O2 exposure. iC42 has developed a unique 1H-NMR/ GC-MS metabolomics strategy based on the measurement of a sample using 1H-NMR spectroscopy, and since a non-destructive technology, subsequent derivatization of this sample and analysis by GC-MS. This strategy combines the strength of both technologies and since there is little overlap in the metabolite spectra detected, complementary metabolite information covering wider spectra in terms of metabolite structures and concentration ranges. This instrument is equipped with the AMDIS (Automated Mass Spectral Deconvolution and Identification System) software and the latest version of the NIST metabolite database.
Ion Traps
Thermo Scientific Exactive Orbitrap with UPLC & Turbulent Flow Inline Extraction System
The discovery platform of choice for comprehensive protein and metabolite identification, characterization and quantitation. The orbitrap technology routinely delivers the highest-resolution and mass accuracy needs with a mass accuracy typically of 1 ppm or better and thus clearly outperforms time-of-flight mass spectrometers. Combined with superior dynamic range and unsurpassed sensitivity, orbitrap platforms are the only technology capable of providing all four benefits at the same time, without compromise. One of the reasons is a trap that has a very high capacity. In our hands, the Exactive mass spectrometer has the same sensitivity as low to mid-end triple stage quadrupoles while recording full scan spectra at a 100,000 resolution. At iC42, this instrument is used for studies assessing blood and urine samples for yet unknown metabolites (e.g. in pediatric patients), for drug metabolism studies, and for toxicology and drug screens. One of the major advantages is that, in contrast to quadrupoles that will only detect what the quadrupoles are focused on, full high-resolution spectra are recorded that allow for re-evaluation and re-analysis later, should for example a metabolite or a drug unknown at the time be found later with the question of whether or not it was already present in a patient's sample. Quadrupoles typically would require re-extraction and re-analysis of a sample, raising concern about the sample's long-term and freeze-thaw stabilities. One of the strengths of the orbitrap is its potential to discover unknowns and to identify those based on the exact molecular mass, a feature that is of great potential in toxicology and drug screening.
Agilent LC/MSD Trap XCT Ultra (several)
iC42's high-performance ion trap mass spectrometer allows our scientists to identify 60 to 80 percent more peptides than preceding models in proteomics applications, such as protein identification and biomarker discovery. The Agilent 1100 Series LC/MSD Trap XCT Ultra offers significantly improved scan cycle times, enabling collection of mass spectra at rates up to three times faster than its predecessors. iC42 uses these instruments in combination with nano HLPC and chip sources for proteomics and in combination with an online extraction HPLC system (2D-LC) for the structural identification of drug metabolites and for the structural identification of compounds synthesized by our medical chemists. The high sensitivity of an iontrap's full scan mode has been used to identify drug metabolite structures directly in patients' blood.
Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometers
Applied Biosystems/ Sciex QTOF Pulsar
This technology provides accurate mass analyses for profiling, identifying, characterizing and quantifying compounds. This system delivers exceptional MS analyses that support demanding applications such as proteomics, metabolomics, impurity testing, and product degradation studies. At iC42 largely replaced by the more high-resolution orbitrap, this instrument is valuable for LC-MS metabolomics studies and protein quantifcation.
Isotope ratio Mass Spectrometer
Thermo Electron DELTA V advantage
Considered the next generation in isotope ratio MS this technology combines the highest sensitivity with the versatility needed for iC42's advanced clinical research and development projects. The system has an automated combustion chamber for the analysis of doubly labeled water as a measure of energy expenditure and for the analysis of 13CO2 in breath samples.
NMR Spectroscopy Instruments
Varian INOVA NMR 600MHz spectrometer
NMR-based chemical shift imaging technologies have extensively been used for monitoring metabolic changes in vitro, ex vivo and non-invasively in vivo. NMR is non-destructive, highly discriminatory and can quantify compounds in rather crude samples without the requirement for extensive sample clean up. iC42 metabolomics studies typically include an 1H-NMR-based metabolite screen as a first step. The instrument is also used for structural identification of metabolites, drug isomers, degradation products and newly synthesized drugs and their intermediates.
HPLC Systems
Agilent 1100/ 1290 Infinity Series HPLC systems
The standard set up of our HPLCs is as 2D-LC systems with high-flow online extraction and peak focusing. This allows for a high degree of automation and usually reduces sample preparation to a simple one-step procedure consisting of protein precipitation and simultaneous addition of the internal standard. Most of our assays are based on 96-well sample plates. The combination with online extraction not only leads to automation, but also decreases intra-assay variability and total imprecision due the elimination of multiple manual pipetting steps. It also reduces the chance of random errors such as switching of sample vials.
HTC PAL Leap Autosamplers
This technology allows iC42 to have complete control automated sample injections. Workstations can handle large volumes and since more or less laboratory pipetting


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AuthorsK. R. Stokke, H. K. Stensland, C. Griwodz and P. Halvorsen
TitleA High-Precision, Hybrid GPU, CPU and RAM Power Model for Generic Multimedia Workloads
AfilliationCommunication Systems
Project(s)No Simula project
Publication TypeProceedings, refereed
Year of Publication2016
Conference Name7th annual ACM conference on Multimedia Systems (MMSys)
Date Published05/2016
ISBN Number978-1-4503-4297-1
Energy efficiency of multimedia processing is a hot topic in modern, mobile computing where the lifetime of batterypowered devices is low. Authors often use power models as tools to evaluate the energy-efficiency of multimedia workloads and processing schemes. A challenge with these models is that they are built without sufficiently deep hardware knowledge and as a result they have the potential to mispredict substantially depending on hardware configuration. Typical rate-based power models can for example mispredict up to 70 % on the Tegra K1 SoC. Inspired by multimedia workloads, we introduce a modelling methodology which can be used to build a generic, high-precision power model for the Tegra K1's GPU and memory. By considering hardware utilisation, rail voltages, leakage currents and clocks, the model achieves an average accuracy above 99 % over all operating frequencies, and has been rigorously tested on several multimedia workloads. Our method exposes detailed insight into hardware and how it consumes energy. This knowledge is not only useful for researchers to understand how power models should be built, but also helps to understand what developers can do to minimise power usage. For example, experiments show that for a DCT benchmark, 3 % power can be saved by utilising non-coherent caches and smaller datatypes.
Citation Key24490


Unwinding the Cucumber Tendril Mystery
How a cucumber creates its curling tendril has puzzled scientists for centuries. Even Charles Darwin and Asa Gray were stumped. Now, with the help of time-lapse photography and prosthetic tendril fabricated in the lab, physicist Sharon Gerbode, biologist Joshua Puzey, and colleagues have figured out why tendrils twist, according to a new study in Science.
Segment Guests
Flora Lichtman


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This software helps in digital terrain modeling by triangulated irregular network(TIN) and editing of the same to create the model.
A triangulated irregular network or TIN is a representation of data, or data structure, used in GIS. These networks are used to represent digital terrain models that show the topography of the ground or the sea bottom. It is a vector based representation. Rather than using a raster DTM, the TIN helps reduces the amount of data required for creating the elevation models. This program is able to use the TIN data in 3DPOLY, SPLINE or BLOCK entities. The program also helps in editing (modify, delete or add) of 3D points, and for triangulation. It also helps create isolines, color-filled contour maps, cross sections, longitudinal profile, 2D entities (Line or PLine) projection over a DTM, Conversion of TIN data also is possible you a regular grid of points.
You can convert existing isolines into points and then convert to TIN. The tool contains a library of BLOCKS as also code. Both of these are modifiable. Other features are available that help building the elevation model. The Program has RCAD graphic core and is distributed along with the program. The graphic core gives you the capability to manipulate the 3D model you created. The operations include OpenGL real-time orbit, pan, zoom, shading, lighting and motion path animation. If you are into creating DEMs, you ought to give this tool a try. The price is cheap enough, the interface is simple enough and it should take very little time to start operating, if you know the field of application already.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Great Place to Work - Certified
Why FCR is no more just a First Call Resolution rate?
Customer Service has come a long way since the last two decades. Customer Service or Customer Support is no more mere operations but an experience now. Responding to customer queries started over phones, then emails and today to any digital channel that is available. Although phones were a thing earlier that is changing gradually and so is the abbreviation – FCR. A lot of contact centers, customer service teams used it and still use First call resolution as a key metric to measure customer satisfaction and optimize operations cost. But with a plethora of digital channels opening up, the term is no longer the First call but First Contact Resolution rate. Customers can't be restricted to any channel. its the BPOs', customer service teams and other organizations' onus to provide support on different digital channels ( social media, Chat, messengers, email, SMS, video etc.) and preferably in a single touch.
Let's Talk a bit about FCR nowFirst Contact Resolution Rate..
In simple terms, it is the percentage of customer queries resolved in the first contact made between a customer and organization through any interaction channel.
However, it's not that simple. Calculating FCR varies from organization to organization. At times, there are organizations with poorly defined or non-existent business processes and thus, the queries will never be resolved in the first contact. Thus, calculating FCR effectively is only possible when you have defined customer service business process.
Why is FCR Important?
Why so much stress on this KPI and not others? For any organization customer retention ( revenue) and regulating costs ( Operations) are the top priorities, at least from a service standpoint. And FCR directly or indirectly impacts both.
Let's take a scenario where you have five hybrid inbound agents – calls & chats. Each agent per day services 100 calls and 200 chats. So in total every day your team caters to 500 calls and 1000 chats. Let suppose your FCR is 60% thus, 405 of your inbound queries are repeat customer queries that is – 40% of 500 calls + 40% of 1000 chats – equals 200 calls & 400 chats – 2 extra agents. Do the math.
Customer retention is the other metric which takes an indirect hit. As per an industry study, CSR is 35-45 % lower when a second call is made for the same issue. Lower CSR translates into less happy customers and there are 10 other organizations poaching your customer.
So how do you mend things?
How to improve FCRFirst contact resolution rate?
Invest in an Empowering Technology
 1. Single Customer View – Empower Agents to understand customer queries better by giving them a complete view of customer interaction so they have contextual conversations.
 2. Unified Agent Desktop – Another key metric that contributes to FCR is Agent handling time. Enabling Agents to access right set of information – customer crm data, knowledge base, customer sentiment etc in minimal time helps Agents respond faster and more effectively.
 3. Multi-Level to Multi -Simple IVR's – Rather than having multilevel complex self-service channels, make life easy for your customer. Have multiple one to three level IVR to boost FCR rates and improve customer query resolution. Complex IVR can leave your customers confused and anxious leading to disappointment.
 4. Skill/Location-based Agent mapping– Try to route queries by considering customer profile and even sentiment data. Every customer is not the same and uses your judgment and historical data to build routing configurations that boost customer confidence in your service
 5. Self Service Automation – With more and more customers taking the Self-service route have a technology solution that is intuitive and enables your customers to resolve queries on their own. It can cover chatbots, voice bots, customer portals, Knowledge base etc. But the goal remains the same.
Coming to a clinch, I hope I was able to add some value through this article. This must have given you a fair idea of how FCR is important for the growth of business and how it can leverage your performance. There are other call center metrics also available but, as per my notion, being one of the prime factors responsible for customer satisfaction, businesses should have a solution that focuses on FCR. This will help them meet customer demands at the earliest and deliver exceptional customer experience.
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Learning English can be tricky, more so when learners focus on more specific niches that require further knowledge and understanding of specific concepts, such as business and finance. According to a Journal of Education for Business study, English has become the dominant lingua franca of business and for the studying of business. This means that most learners pursuing a business education are learning in English.
However, technical terms within a niche can be difficult to learn, especially for English as second language learners. For English learners who are learning technical financial terms, understanding what they mean and how they apply them in real life can be difficult. Below, we'll look at five tips for English learners to better understand financial terms:
Follow English for finance textbooks
One of the best and most straightforward ways to learn English for finance is by following the flow and structure of finance textbooks. In a previous post on choosing effective English teaching materials, we emphasised that specialised textbooks are an English learner's first assistants in the learning process. Universal textbooks can help English learners study grammatical constructions and improve their lexical skills and pronunciation. Additionally, they have a clear lesson plan that learners can easily follow. Learning using an English for finance textbook can also provide learners with explanations and context for complex technical terms. Some other textbooks also come with special additional materials like dictionaries to help expand a learner's vocabulary for finance beyond basic grammar skills.
Examine real life examples
If the English learner is at a more advanced stage, then it will be a good practice to not only look at real-life examples, but also follow ones that will be relevant for those looking for employment in the finance sector in the near future. A good example of this would be the updated Basel regulations that started in January of this year, and affect banks and financial institutions across the UK and Europe. Understanding Basel compliance and how they allow financial corporations to stay compliant and prevent financial losses will be hugely beneficial for those looking at pursuing a career in finance. Even just studying the latest regulations will provide English language learners with an up-to-date list of the latest financial terminology.
Listen to podcasts about finance
An increasingly popular means of learning languages, podcasts are a great way to train language learners' listening, speaking, and pronunciation skills. Aside from expanding an English learner's vocabulary, podcasts often provide a conversational use of finance terms and concepts. Fortunately, podcasts of various topics are easily accessible today, including podcasts about finance. Personal finance podcasts such as Planet Money Summer School comes in different seasons, with each season covering specific topics, from investing to macroeconomics. The episodes are half an hour long and will often provide history, context, and engaging explanations about the topics discussed.
Watch movies about finance
Listening to discussions on finance can be a great way to learn and understand technical financial terms, but watching videos, movies, and TV shows about finance can help learners understand technical finance concepts while being entertaining and engaging as well. In a study published in the Journal of English Teaching through Movies and Media, researchers found that the use of transmedia in second-language learning has gained popularity in the past years. Thanks to the media, language learners won't have to travel to native English-speaking countries to learn the language. Watching media such as movies or shows about finance can provide real-world examples or instances of finance concepts. English learners can also learn idiomatic and idiosyncratic expressions from finance movies that are otherwise too informal or casual for official textbooks and dictionaries.
Try artificial intelligence
Last but not least, artificial intelligence can be a great teacher for technical finance terms. Among its many uses since its release to the public, people have also been experimenting with using ChatGPT for language learning. Formatted like a chatbot, OpenAI's ChatGPT is a language model that was trained on massive amounts of data. Apart from conversations in English, ChatGPT is also trained in other languages, such as Spanish, French, and German. This makes it easier for English as second language learners to understand finance terms by having the AI explain it to them in their native language. Another advantage of trying ChatGPT for learning technical finance is that it provides a personalised learning experience where learners can approach new topics or concepts at their own pace. ChatGPT can also provide additional resources for further reading when prompted to do so.
English is the international language of business and finance. If you are trying to improve your English financial terms, either as a beginner or as someone looking for a career in finance, we hope the above tips prove useful.
Article written by Rose Jennings


I Was a Spy!: The Classic Account of Behind-the-Lines Espionage in the First World War [McKenna]
With her medical studies cut short by the 1914 German invasion, her house burned down and her father arrested for suspected 'sharpshooting', it was perhaps unsurprising that the multi-lingual Marthe Mckenna (née Cnockaert, codename 'Laura') was recruited by British Intelligence. At the time she worked as a nurse tending the wounds of occupying soldiers, and as a waitress in her parents' café in the Belgian border town of Roulers.
I Was a Spy! is McKenna's vivid narrative of these breath-taking adventures as she, aided by a gallant band of loyal locals, goes undercover to sabotage enemy phone lines, report suspicious activity or train movements, and even instigate an aerial attack on a planned visit by the Kaiser.
This thrilling account goes on to explain how, in 1916, the young nurse was caught by the Germans placing dynamite in a disused sewer tunnel underneath an ammunition dump. She was sentenced to the firing squad and only survived due to the Iron Cross honour received as a result of her earlier medical service. Mckenna was later mentioned by Douglas Haig in British Despatches and was awarded the French and Belgian Orders of the Legion of Honour for her espionage work.


In my last couple of posts about CAs and Root Certificates I've talked about something called Alternate Trust Paths. As a result, many people have asked me questions about how a client can use a different intermediate and/or root to the one that issued the certificate and how/why this works. In this post I'm going to look at how that works and as a result we need to touch on a few other subjects along the way including Authority Information Access (AIA) Fetching too.
First things first
To understand how alternate trust paths work we first need to understand how a certificate is signed and issued by a CA. This is a somewhat technical process that I'm going to (over) simplify here but it should be enough for us to get a good idea.
The Subscriber (the person asking a CA to issue them a certificate) sends a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) to the CA which contains all of their details like name, domain name, etc... The CA will then take a blank certificate and begins to fill in the details of the Subscriber, validating ownership of the domain along the way, until they have completed all of the fields in the certificate. At this stage we have what we call the Pre-Certificate, it's basically a finished certificate ready to issue but the only thing that's missing is the CAs signature on the bottom of the certificate to make it official. The CA has two steps to complete to sign the certificate.
The first step is the CA taking the Pre-Certificate and running it through a hash function, currently SHA256, to obtain the digest. The second step is the CA then taking that digest and encrypting it with their private key. This encrypted digest is the signature and once appended to the end of the file we now have a signed certificate that can be issued to the Subscriber. The thing to note here is the complete lack of any mention about a CA certificate. There is no intermediate certificate mentioned, no root certificate mentioned, nothing. Your certificate is not issued 'by' an intermediate certificate, it's issued 'by' a key, or more specifically it's issued by being signed by a key.
To demonstrate how this works in practise we can look at how the client would validate the signature on your certificate to understand the whole process.
The client, which is a browser for ease of explanation here, has two processes that it must complete to validate the signature. The first process is to take the signature on the bottom of the certificate and decrypt it with the CA's public key. This public key comes from the CA's intermediate certificate which should be delivered by the server during the connection at the start of the TLS handshake. This tells us that if the CA's public key can decrypt it, the CA's private key must have encrypted it. This means it definitely came from the CA in question because only they posses the private key. The second process is for the browser to calculate its own hash of the Pre-Certificate to compare to the hash stored in the signature and determine if they are identical. If they match, the browser now knows two things:
 1. The signature definitely came from the CA. (Authenticity)
 2. The certificate has not been tampered with. (Integrity)
That's an overly simplified explanation of how this all works, but hopefully it's enough to understand the basics of what's going on. The key point to take away from this is that your certificate, as the Subscriber, is issued by a CA key rather than a CA certificate. This is contrary to how most people in the industry, myself included, would explain this in casual conversation. You might hear me say things like "my certificate was issued by the Let's Encrypted X3 Intermediate", which isn't strictly true and doesn't fully convey what's happening on a technical level, but it's easy to say and most of the time it's sufficient.
Now that we understand the basics of signatures and how they work, we can look at Cross-Signing and then, eventually, how the idea of Alternate Trust Paths can exist. I'm very familiar with Let's Encrypt and their CA infrastructure so I'm going to use them to explain this as they have a cross-signed intermediate certificate. This means I can give you some real examples to help understand what's going on which I hope will make this a little easier! As I mentioned in my previous post, Let's Encrypt currently have two intermediate certificates called Let's Encrypt Authority X3, one is issued by their own ISRG Root X1 and one is issued by the IdenTrust DST Root CA X3. Here they both are.
As I'm flicking between the tabs there, note what changes and what doesn't. The issuer changes because of course they are issued by different Root CAs, the serial number changes as a result too. The fingerprint also changes because they are separate files so of course they also have unique fingerprints. Now note what doesn't change which is the information about Let's Encrypt and their public key. As I flip between the tabs the Subject and Public Key sections remain identical. Let's Encrypt basically made an exact copy of their intermediate certificate and took it to IdenTrust who signed if for them. The X3 Intermediate issued by IdenTrust is what we call a cross-signed intermediate, it's signed by a different CA. In technical terms this really doesn't mean anything, it doesn't really change anything, but we do it for the reason I outlined in my previous post. By having current certificates issued by this cross-signed intermediate (see my use of the wrong terminology there?) Let's Encrypt have better backwards compatibility for their issued certificates because the client is more likely to have the IdenTrust DST 3 Root and not the ISRG X1 Root, meaning it will trust the certificate.
Note 1: You might notice the Microsoft Trust warning when flicking between tabs but Let's Encrypt is now trusted by Microsoft.
Note 2: By getting a Cross-Signed Intermediate, Let's Encrypt could start issuing certificates immediately without waiting years for root distribution. Without this, they still wouldn't be issuing any certificates today.
Alternate Trust Paths
Now that we know we have two intermediates, both owned and operated by Let's Encrypt and both with the same public key, but issued by different Root CAs, we can talk about Alternate Trust Paths.
Imagine I have a certificate for my website and it was issued by the current intermediate that Let's Encrypt are using, their cross-signed intermediate, my chain would look like this: (Leaf)
Let's Encrypt Authority X3 (Cross-Signed Intermediate)
DST Root CA X3 (Root)
The leaf and the intermediate are sent by the server during the TLS handshake and the root is embedded in the client. With these 3 certificates we have a valid certificate chain and everything is good. Let's say I then change the configuration on my server to return a different intermediate certificate and instead of serving the cross-signed intermediate I serve the 'wrong' one and serve the one issued by the ISRG Root X1. (Leaf)
Let's Encrypt Authority X3 (ISRG Signed Intermediate)
Most people would expect this to fail now because this is the 'wrong' intermediate but actually, everything could work just fine and the client could build this chain. (Leaf)
Let's Encrypt Authority X3 (Intermediate)
ISRG Root X1 (Root)
This is what we call an alternate trust path and you might be confused as to why this would work, so let me explain. Let's go back to this diagram right at the start of the blog post. This is how a browser would verify the signature on a certificate.
There are two steps that I described, use the public key from the intermediate certificate to decrypt the signature and then calculate our own hash to compare. In the certificate chain I served above with the 'wrong' intermediate think how this process would be different and then you realise, it's not different. It doesn't matter which intermediate out of the two I serve because they both contain the same public key! If they both contain the same public key then we can validate the signature with either of these intermediate certificates and it will work just fine. This is how and why we can have alternate trust paths.
I think a lot of the confusion here might come from thinking that our certificates are issued by the CAs intermediate certificate rather than being issued by the CAs intermediate private key. If we think that our certificate is issued by a private key, then it becomes more clear that it's possible for the public key to be present in more than one certificate, and this is how alternate trust paths are made.
Caveat Emptor
Buyer beware indeed. There are some very sharp edges here and I feel that I must point them out to avoid making this all sound simpler than it is in reality. Hopefully we now understand that alternate trust paths can be useful to expand support for legacy clients and how that is technically achieved but clients don't always behave how we expect. Assuming that you can serve either one of the Let's Encrypt intermediates mentioned above and control which Root CA the client would anchor on will leave you surprised in a lot of scenarios. Clients build the path that they want, not the path that you want.
If we're talking about legacy or somewhat simple clients then yes, they will most likely build the chain you expect, for better or for worse. If we're talking about more modern clients, especially browsers, then they will do things in slightly different ways. Imagine the chain I mentioned above with the cross-signed intermediate from Let's Encrypt: (Leaf)
Let's Encrypt Authority X3 (Cross-Signed Intermediate)
DST Root CA X3 (Root)
The IdentTrust Root in that chain expires in Sep 2021 so this chain would stop working at that time. Maybe you've statically configured the intermediate in your config,


's area.
Arrange smaller numbers before the key and greater after the key
Given an array of numbers and a Key value. Arrange it in such a way that all the numbers less than a given key should come before the key and all the numbers greater than the key should come after it.
Input: 0, 3, -2, 2, 0, -1, 5
Key: 0
Output: -1, -2, 0, 0, 2, 3, 5
Take the key and search from start of array and count how many numbers are greater than and equal to the key value. Also save the position (index of array) where you have found the key in the array.
In above example loop through and count numbers greater than 0 (key) and also find the first location of the key in array
We found
key position (index) let Y = 0
Number of items greater than equal to the key value let X = 5
Length of array let L
Now we will swap the A[L – X] and A[Y] and now the array becomes
-2, 3, 0, 2, 0, -1, 5
Now take variable i and j, i pointing to A[0] and j pointing to Y+1 (just after first occurrence of key) as shown in figure below.
arrange numbers less than key on left and greater on right
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Frequently Asked Questions - Data FAQ
IMERG provides a data field that estimates the probability that the retrieved precipitation amount is "liquid", which is defined to include "mixed" (liquid and solid) precipitation. In retrospect the field name should have been "ice", but "liquid" had already be set. The rational is that mixed precipitation is very rare and transient, so it should be lumped with "liquid" or "ice". Furthermore, the primary effects of "ice" are to 1) prevent the falling precipitation from immediately entering the hydrological system (until it melts), and 2) to create (potentially) dangerous travel conditions. "Mixed" typically ends up not creating either of these effects, so lumping it with "liquid" seems appropriate.
Even given this basic definition, there are numerous forms of precipitation, and it might not be obvious how they end up being classified in IMERG. The key fact is that the phase is computed diagnostically at present, based on work by Guosheng Liu (Florida State University) and students. The Liu scheme uses data from a numerical model or model analysis to compute a "specification", without reference to the satellite data, including whether or not IMERG estimates that precipitation is occurring, or even possible to estimate. Thus, probabilityLiquidPrecipitation (pLP) is a globally complete field whenever the relevant model data exist. An additional factor is that there is a conceptual difference between how the half-hourly phase is computed and how phase is defined in this probability framework for the monthly data. We will handle the half-hourly first, for which the Liu specification equation is directly relevant.
Liu determined that the primary factor for phase is the surface wet bulb temperature (Tw), a combination of temperature and humidity, with small contributions from the low-altitude Tw lapse rate and the surface pressure, and with systematic differences between ocean and land areas. In practice, the fitted probability as a function of Tw is converted to separate look-up tables for ocean and land.
Typical results for different forms of precipitation are:
- Rain: Ordinary falling liquid typically happens for Tw>0°C, so pLP is high.
- Freezing Rain: Liquid that freezes upon contact with the Earth's surface typically falls in Tw<0°C, so pLP is low.
- Snow, ice pellets, snow pellets: These frozen hydrometeors occur around or below Tw<0°C, so pLP varies from around 50% to very low.
- Sleet: Frozen droplets (U.S. definition) typically fall in Tw<0°C, so pLP is usually below 50%.
- Mixed snow and rain; falling slush: The mixed category is likely to occur around the pLP=50% mark. If one uses 50% as a liquid/solid threshold, that implies that mixed cases will end up in both categories, depending on the details.
- Hail: Hail typically occurs when the surface air temperature is well above freezing (i.e., on summer afternoons). Thus, pLP is very high. But, hail is even rarer than mixed and unlikely to be correctly specified in this scheme, and anyway, in such conditions it rapidly melts and so is properly "mixed".
- Dew and frost: These phenomena are not forms of precipitation. They are liquid or solid water that condenses directly at the Earth's surface. For this reason, any amount of surface accumulation due to dew or frost is not included in the IMERG precip estimate.
As the time interval for the data values lengthens, it becomes increasingly likely that both liquid and solid might have fallen, at which point the meaning of pLP should change to "what fraction of the estimated precipitation amount fell as liquid or mixed?" This is the definition of pLP for both the monthly IMERG Final Run pLP and the set of GIS IMERG files (TIFF+WorldFile) providing estimated accumulations longer than three hours.
Variable and Description
30-min averaged data
Merged microwave-only precipitation estimate [Final]
Random error for gauge-calibrated multi-satellite precipitation [Final, Early, Late]
This is an estimate of the non-systematic component of the error. The exact variable name depends on the product, but all begin with "Random error..."
Microwave satellite observation time [Final]
Observation time of the microwave precipitation estimates given as minutes from the beginning of the current half-hour.
Microwave satellite source identifier [Final]
This is an integer between 0 and 24 that corresponds to the instrument from which the microwave precipitation estimate was taken
Weighting of IR-only precipitation relative to the morphed merged microwave-only precipitation estimate [Final]
This is the weighting of the infrared data in the final merged estimate, given in percent. Zero means either no IR weighting or no precipitation.
IR-only precipitation estimate [Final]
This is the microwave-calibrated infrared precipitation estimate.
Multi-sallite precipitation estimate with climatological gauge calibration [Final, Early, Late]
This is the precipitation estimate that has been calibrated with gauge data. This variable is recommended for most users. Note: Climatological gauge calibration is used in Early and Late.
Multi-satellite precipitation estimate [Final]
This is the precipitation estimate that has not been calibrated with gauge data.
Accumulation-weighted probability of liquid precipitation phase [Final]
This is the probability of liquid precipitation. The probabilities are calculated globally regardless of whether precipitation is actually present
1 month averaged data
Weighting of observed gauge precipitation relative to the multi-satellite precipitation estimate
This is the percent weighting of the surface gauge data.
Merged satellite-gauge precipitation estimate
This is the precipitatiotn estimate that has been calibrated with gauge data. This variable is recommended for most users.
Accumulation-weighted probability of liquid precipitation phase
This is the probability of liquid precipitation. The probabilities are calculated globally regardless of whether precipitation is actually present.
Random error for merged satellite-gauge precipitation
This is an estimate of the non-systematic component of the error.
The main difference between the IMERG Early and Late Run is that Early only has forward propagation (which basically amounts to extrapolation), while the Late has both forward and backward propogation (allowing interpolation). As well, the additional 10 hours of latency allows lagging data transmissions to make it into the Late run, even if they were not available for the Early (see below).
There are two possible factors which contribute to differences in the IMERG Late Run and Final Run datasets:
- The Late Run uses a climatological adjustment that incorporates gauge data. In Version 4 and later (scheduled to be available in November - Decemberr 2016), this will be a climatological adjustment to the Final run, which includes gauge data at the monthly scale. For Version 3 (which is the currently available data) the TRMM V7 climatological adjustment of the TMPA-RT to the production TMPA is used (which includes gauge at the monthly scale) because this at-launch algorithm didn't yet have any Late and Final data from which to build the climatological adjustment. The Final run uses a month-to-month adjustment to the monthly Final Run product, which combines the multi-satellite data for the month with GPCC gauge. Its influence in each half hour is a ratio multiplier that's fixed for the month, but spatially varying.
- The Late Run is computed about 15 hours after observation time, so sometimes a microwave overpass is not delivered in time for the Late Run, but subsequently comes in and can be used in the Final. This would affect both the half hour in which the overpass occurs, and (potentially) morphed values in nearby half hours.
The difference over the oceans has to be the first, while the difference over many land areas could be either. The satellite sensor difference could be examined by comparing the satellite sensor data field in the Late and Final Run datasets for each half hour. Since the gauge adjustment is a constant multiplier, a time series should show a constant ratio between the Late and the Final Runs for the entire month (except for cases where the satellite sensor is changing, just as for the ocean).
We always advise people to use the Final Run for research, but to be realistic; with such a short record, the extra months of Late Run might outweigh the risk of using less-accurate data. The vast majority of grid boxes have fairly similar Late and Final values, so it makes sense to stick to metrics that are more resistant to occasional data disturbances than others. Extreme values are more sensitive to these details; medians, means, and root-mean square difference are less sensitive.
Compared to previous versions, Version 05B IMERG introduces additional coverage at the high latitudes for the complete precipitation fields in all Runs -- Early, Late, and Final. IMERG continues to use a merged geosynchronous infrared brightness temperature analysis to both support computing the motion vectors in morphing and provide IR-based precipitation estimates. The requisite analysis (provided by NOAA/NWS/Climate Prediction Center) covers the latitude band 60°N-S, so a "full" IMERG analysis is possible there. At higher latitudes (in both hemispheres) both morphing and IR-based estimates are not included, so the coverage in the complete precipitation fields is "partial" -- limited to times when overpasses occur for microwave sensors and with no snow/ice on the surface. Some of the other data fields, specifically the merged microwave estimates and the precipitation phase, were already provided for the entire globe.
Q1: How closely should the monthly satellite-gauge combined precipitation datasets follow the gauge analysis?
A1: The combined precipitation research team at Goddard has major responsibility for the Global Precipitation Climatology Project monthly Satellite-Gauge combined product, the Tropical Rainfall Me


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Today we have a full day of ASK programs with Janie Panagopoulos, author of many books about Michigan history, among other things. E.P. Clarke Elementary, St. Joseph is hosting, the Berrien County ISD is bridging, and TWICE is sponsoring the cost for member schools participating.
Janie's stories are so interesting and funny. She has so many interesting stories to answer the students' questions. Here are some of the questions I enjoyed today:
- In the book the two boys argue all the time. How is it that two people who didn't get along ended up working together? Have you ever worked with someone you didn't get along with?
- Why did you choose boys as the main characters?
- Of all the food in the book, which do you like the best?
- One student started his question with, "I like Michigan history a lot better than I did before I read this book."
- In the book the Indians paddled without lifting their paddle from the water as a silent paddle. I think I know what you mean, but can you explain it for me?
- How did the turtle rock get to the big tree in the forest?
- We both loved your book. In our class we had to rename the chapters. How did you decide on the chapter titles?
- Do you think people will ever be able to travel in time? And what time period would you travel to?
- How do you write to meet the needs of your audience?
The questions today showed clear evidence that the teachers had worked hard with the students on writing good questions, thinking about the writing process, and understanding the Michigan history content.
Filed under: ASK Programs

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Using this experimental module, static friction and sliding friction, and the related friction vibrations and slip-stick effects can be clearly demonstrated. The unit is used in conjunction with the basic module TM 260. For the experiments, cylindrical weights are placed on a horizontally rotating stainless steel disc. This is prevented from turning by a cord. The cord is coupled to force measuring devices with a strain gauge via a tension spring. An open container surrounds the friction disc. Different lubricants can be placed in this beaker.
Learning Objectives / Experiments
- Observation of the transition from static friction to sliding friction - Influence of lubrication on stick-slip effects - Influence of the force between the components on the stick-slip
effects - Influence of the relative speed of the components on stick-slip effects
* Demonstration of the differences between static
friction and sliding friction
 Benchtop exp. module for investigating static friction and sliding friction, and slip-stick effects Operation in conjunction with TM 260 module Stainless steel friction ring, D=60/80mm Weight loading on the ring 0...40N Friction force measuring range 0...50N Friction force measurement using full bridge strain gauge Adjustable operating speed


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Data User Elements (DUE) is an important program within the European Space Agency (ESA). The program is conducted at the ESA Centre for Earth Observation in Frascati, Italy. DUE uses satellites to collect valuable data about the current state of the planet. The program is about demonstrating the usefulness of Earth Observation products and services to end users worldwide. DUE provides this data to scientists, governmental agencies, and private organizations around the world. The data is used for a myriad of purposes, including monitoring the environment, improving the accuracy of weather reporting, and assisting disaster relief agencies.
Although much of DUE's work is done by satellites, some of the program's data storage and computing infrastructure is built on Amazon Web Services (AWS). DUE uses Amazon's scalable Web storage, Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3), to house and retrieve its images and other end-user products. To manage its files within Amazon S3, the program utilizes a third-party tool based in s3fs, a FUSE filesystem.
In addition to Amazon S3, DUE is also using Amazon's resizable computing environment, Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2), to execute a statistical system that examines the program's service usages. DUE is using the third-party tool AWStat for its log analysis. In the future, the program hopes to expand its use of Amazon EC2 to include other remote sensing applications.
DUE chose AWS because of its economical pay-as-you-go system, as well as its quick start-up. Jose Ramos, an Earth Observation computer systems engineer, says, "The implementation and deployment stages of our complete distribution and statistics system were unexpectedly quick and easy. It's typical to expect delays when procuring and installing new dedicated hardware, but AWS freed us from that worry and worked within our tight schedule."
DUE also benefits from the easy manner in which features can be scaled and customized with AWS. This ease-of-use prevents the program from having to hire an external entity to manage its infrastructure. Jose Ramos explains, "With AWS, we have a flexible infrastructure storage system for our data that can scale up to as much as we need. In addition, the solutions offered by AWS are simple to use, so we can manage them ourselves."
The program reports that during peak usage, AWS helps DUE provide images and other products to over 50 thousand users around the world. This usage can equal 30 terabytes of information at one time.
DUE plans to continue its partnership with AWS while it focuses on conducting its important mission to gather data about Earth. Ramos reiterates his enthusiasm for AWS, "Being able to implement everything in record time and forget about performance issues is a blessing. We love the ease of use and scalability of AWS."
To learn more, visit _URL_
Added April 5, 2011


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The National Day of France falls annually on the 14th of July. It celebrates two separate occasions that fall on the same day: The Storming of Bastille in 1789 – a major climacteric of the French Revolution; and the Fête de la Fédération, which emblazons the unity of the French people in 1790.
Formally, the National Day of France is called la Fête Nationale in France, whilst commonly, it is cleped le 14 juillet –the 14th of July– amongst the French. In English-speaking countries, however, it is denominated Bastille Day. The day is usually celebrated throughout France, where the largest and oldest military parade in Europe can be seen marching down the Champs-Élysées in Paris before French officials and foreign visitants.


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Aspect is a piece of information about a topic, usually on look and appearance.Aspect can refer to:
Aspect is a feature that is linked to many parts of a program, but which is not necessarily the primary function of the program.
Aspect Co., Ltd. is a Japanese video game company.
Grammatical aspect is a component of the conjugation of a verb having to do with the internal temporal flow of an event.
Lexical aspect is a distinction among different kinds of verb according to their relation to time.
Astrological aspect is the relative angle between two heavenly bodies.
Aspect refers to the direction to which a mountain slope faces.
Aspect refers to the direction the property is facing (e.g. a north-east aspect).
Aspect Software, a software corporation specialized in software solutions for call centers.
Warner Aspect, an imprint of the publishing company Warner Books focusing on works of science fiction.
Aspect musical group refers to the Dance Music group from Dublin, Ireland.


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Open Access Subscription or Fee Access
The Need for a Participatory Approach to Soil andWater Conservation (SWC) in the Ethiopian Highlands:A Case Study in Chemoga Watershed, East Gojjam
Soil erosion by water constitutes a threat even to maintain the subsistence livelihood of the rural population of Ethiopia. Past efforts of SWC, and environmental rehabilitation in general, did not bring about significant results, mainly because of the top-down approach pursued. Currently, replacing this approach with a participatory approach is strongly recommended. The latter approach is also endorsed in the environmental policy document of the country. Nevertheless, it is not seen being put into practice. This paper analyses farmers' participation in SWC works that were underway in 1999/2000 in Chemoga watershed, East Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State. Formal household survey, informal and focus group discussions and field observations were used to generate the data. The results indicate that the majority of the farmers participated in the SWC against their will. The most important factor discouraging them from participation was a perceived ineffectiveness of the structures under construction. Awareness of soil erosion as a problem, labour shortage, and land tenure insecurity were found to be less important to provide explanation to the disinterest shown by most of the farmers towards the SWC activities. Therefore, the important factors that need immediate consideration for SWC endeavours in the study watershed or the Region at large are: SWC structures which have to be carefully designed and constructed taking into account the realities on the ground; ground participation of the farmers has to be out of their own conviction through a demonstrated effectiveness and efficiency of the technologies. Alternative SWC technologies will have to be considered in this regard.
Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review (EASSRR) Vol. XVII No. 2 June 2001, pp. 43-68


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Tiple (pronounced as :tee-pleh) is the Spanish word for treble or soprano, is often applied to specific instruments, generally to refer to a small chordophone of the guitar family. A tiple player is called a tiplista.
See main article: Colombian tiple. The Colombian tiple is an instrument of the guitar family, similar in appearance although slightly smaller than an acoustic guitar. Tiples usually have 12 strings grouped in four tripled courses, although some tiples have only ten strings. The four courses of metal strings are tuned to the same pitches as the four upper strings of the guitar: DGBE. The outer two strings of each of the three lowest triple courses is tuned an octave higher than the middle string in the course.
This tiple is associated with Colombia, and is considered the national instrument. Tiple virtuoso David Pelham has this to say about the Colombian Tiple: "The tiple is a Colombian adaptation of the Renaissance Spanish vihuela brought to the New World in the 16th century by the Spanish conquistadors. At the end of the 19th century, it evolved to its present shape. Its twelve strings are arranged in four groups of three: the first group consists of three steel strings tuned to E, the second, third and fourth groups have a copper string in the middle of two steel strings. The central ones are tuned one octave lower than the surrounding strings of the group. This arrangement produces the set of harmonics that gives the instrument its unique voice."
See main article: Tiple (Puerto Rico). The tiple is the smallest of the three string instruments of Puerto Rico that make up the orquesta jibara (i.e., the Cuatro, the Tiple and the Bordonua). According to investigations made by Jose Reyes Zamora, the tiple in Puerto Rico dates back to the 18th century. It is believed to have evolved from the Spanish guitarrillo. There was never a standard for the tiple and as a result there are many variations throughout the island of Puerto Rico. Most tiples have four or five strings and most tiple requintos have three strings. Some tiples have as many as 6 strings and as few as a single string, though these types are rare.
The main types of tiple in Puerto Rico are:
The tiple that is now most often played in Puerto Rico is the Tiple Doliente. It has recently acquired a more or less fixed body shape narrowing at the top and having 5 strings (see the accompanying photo). It is usually made like the cuatro, so either constructed like a guitar, or from one piece of wood hollowed out. The bottom half of the body is rounded like a guitar, however the top half is square, or triangular. All other features (like neck and bridge) resemble the construction of a normal Spanish guitar. The peghead has tuning machines either from the side or from the back.
The Tiple doliente is tuned with 5 metal strings: e a d' g' c.
This Tiple from Venezuela, looks like a smaller version of the Colombian Tiple. It has 4 pairs of triple strings and is also known as the Guitarro, Guitarro Segundo, and the Segunda Guitarra. There is another tiple played in Venezuela but is a member of the Venezuelan Cuatro family of instruments, also called a Tiple and known as the Cinco y Medio or Cinco. It is very much like the Cuatro but it has 5 strings instead of four.
On the Spanish Balearic island of Menorca, there is an instrument called a Tiple which has 5 single nylon strings.
There is a Tiple Cubano, which has 5 doubled courses of strings, for 10 in total.
The Tiple de Santo Domingo, also known as Tiple Dominicano or Tiplet, also has 5 doubled courses, for 10 in total. The strings are steel. It is tuned C4, F4, A#4, D5, G5. All of the courses are tuned in unison.
In Peru, there is a Tiple with 4 single or doubled steel strings. It is tuned A3, E4, B4, F#5.
In Uruguay and Argentina, sometimes the Requinto guitar is called a Tiple.
The tiple was redesigned in 1919 by the American guitar company C.F. Martin & Co. for the William J. Smith Co. in New York. This tiple -- generally pronounced "tipple" -- has ten steel strings in four courses, tuned similarly to a D-tuned ukulele: AadDdf#F#f#BB. Many similar instruments were developed by other companies around the same time.
Tiple strings and tuning: A ukulele-style tuning can be used (this is the original) or the tiple can be tuned like a guitar.
Electric Tiples that have been designed usually follow the Colombian or Martin tuning and string arrangement.
See main article: Timple. Migrating from North Africa in the 16th century to the Canary Islands and then on to Murcia, the timple has become the traditional instrument of the Canaries. In Palma and in the north of the island of Tenerife some players omit the fifth string, tuning the timple like a ukulele, though nowadays this is often seen as non-standard by players in other regions where five strings are preferred. The popular timple tuning is GCEAD.
The Marxochime Hawaiian tiple bears no resemblance to the traditional tiples, instead resembling a zither. it is player with a combination of plucking, strumming, and playing with a slide similar to a lap steel guitar. The instrument is one of many zither variants marketed within the United States during the early 20th century, of which only the autoharp ever achieved lasting popularity. The instrument carries the "Hawaiian tiple" name solely for marketing purposes, as interest in Hawaiian music and culture was high in mainland America during the period when the instrument was marketed.
Puerto Rican tiple:
Tiple Dominicano, Tiple Argentino, Banjo Tiple, Tiple Uruguayo, and the Tiple Venezolano:
Marxochime Hawaiian Tiple:


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Two day Historical GIS Workshop
Computers are a necessary tool for all types of historians. They facilitate access to sources via digital archives, help manage large quantities of documents, and influence our interpretation. Despite these timeand cost-saving benefits, the growth of computing technologies also challenges the pedigree of the historian. Often the historian is required to gain intermediate or even expert knowledge in a particular type of software in order to carry out his or her analysis. Computer skills are also increasingly important in teaching and communicating with students. This is an area seldom taught during the historian's formal training.
We are currently seeking funding to hold a two day "crash course" in historical GIS. The workshop is tentatively schedualled for July 24th and 25th and it will take place in Toronto.
Marcel Fortin, GIS and Map Librarian at the University of Toronto, will offer hands-on training to a group of interested historians.
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Color Design for Kids Room
Every caring parent is trying to make a perfect kids room for his children: original bed, unimaginable wall-mounted ladders, toys, and much more. Of course, it's not bad, because a child spends the lion's share of time in his room. But with all this, choosing the right color scheme for the design of children's room is not less important.
Correct Color Design for Kids Room
Why it's important
Since childhood, we have the individual perception of colors and shades. Thus, certain colors can influence favorably the psyche and some of them, conversely, negatively. Not taking this into account in the selection of colors for a child's room is very dangerous, because in the future it may affect the child's psyche.
Let's say, a kid, who from the cradle is surrounded by colorful and even acidic shades (By the way: modern toy manufacturers often use these colors, that, in fact, is not quite correctly) can grow nervous and irritable.
Of course, there are neutral shades, but if you abuse them in the design of a child's room, it can provoke the apathy and indifference to everything of the child. To avoid such mistakes, we have prepared for you a few simple tips.
Consider the child's temperament
In the view of the majority, a children's room should be colorful and bright. In reality, however, a rich color scheme is only valid if the child has calm, passive temperament. Riot of colors will "recharge" the kid with energy and vivacity. For active kids it is better to arrange the room in calm, pastel shades.
Keep the color combinations in harmony
It is important to remember that for a child it is much more difficult to focus than for an adult. Based on this, pick a color scheme for the children's room so that the colors are not discordant. It is desirable that the scheme was based on a neutral shade and two more vivid ones. For a small "energizer" it is better to choose only two colors: primary and secondary.
Zone the space with color
For us, the adults, a bedroom is a place for resting. Children in their rooms do not only sleep, but also learn and play. On this basis, each child's room can be divided into separate zones. And in this case zoning with color will be the most successful solution. Thus, for the sleeping area it is desirable to choose soft, warm shades; for gaming – more vivid, and for training – cold.


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Possible Sandro Botticelli Fresco
Painting Found in Ruined Hungarian Castle.
06/10/2007 - A restoration project in Esztergom,
Hungary has resulted in a surprise possible attribution of a
painting to Early Italian
Renaissance painter Sandro
Botticelli. While restorations have been ongoing since 2000
on the four-piece mural, it is only in recent weeks that art
historians have recognized the hand of Sandro Botticelli in the
one of the fresco paintings.
One of the 4
fresco painting, ca.
hereto see our fine art
The mural paintings were commissioned to decorate the castle
chapel by Janos Vitez, Archbishop of Esztergom. To paint the
frescoes, Vitez employed the school of Fra Filippo
Lippi to whom Sandro Botticelli was apprenticed. The
images depict the four medieval virtues, a common theme of the
Apparent in the fresco painting to even a casual observer
is the flowing red hair characteristic of Sandro Botticelli's
Simonetta Vespucci, who died in 1476, but who Botticelli
continued to paint for the remainder of his career.
Janos Vitez was a Hungarian Humanist
who was born around 1400 and reigned as archbishop in Hungary
from 1465 to 1472.
Brenda Harness, Art Historian
For more information on Italian
Renaissance Art and book recommendations, click


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|Burns Piñon Ridge Reserve
Set in the Morongo Basin of the western Mojave Desert, the Burns Piñon Ridge Reserve is a dry, boulder-strewn landscape of shallow canyons and ridges of sculptured granite. Three floristic regions meet at the site: Transverse Range, Sonoran Desert, and Mojave Desert, creating a diverse mixture of flora and fauna characteristic of both deserts and mountains. Habitats intermingling at the reserve include piñon-juniper woodland with elements of Joshua tree woodland and montane chaparral, desert wash, and freshwater seep. At least 153 vertebrate species cross paths here, including desert and coast horned lizards, desert and dusky-footed woodrats, mountain and Gambel's quail, and three rare species: Townsend's western big-eared bat, California mastiff bat, and the federally and state-threatened desert tortoise. Research opportunities are enriched by other natural lands throughout the desert, such as the Joshua Tree National Park a few miles away. Two other NRS reserves for desert research are the Philip L. Boyd Deep Canyon Desert Research Center, less than an hour's drive to the south, and the Jack and Marilyn Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center, two and one-half hours to the east.
Reserve restoration includes removal of exotic plant species.
A preliminary vegetation study has been conducted to establish a possible longterm monitoring site for assessing the impact of global climate change on plant distributions.
The site is used by university field courses in desert ecology, field zoology methods, natural history, biology of deserts, field ecology, botany, environmental ethics, freshwater biology, and others.
Special Research of National Significance
- Census of small mammals.
- Inventory of insects.
- Census of avifauna.
- Monitoring and inventory of bat species.
- North American Carbon Program: _URL_ Determining California's Carbon Budget
- Physiological, Demographic, Competitive and Biogeochemical Controls on the Response of California's Ecosystems to Environmental Change


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The pattern of seasonal temperature odds across northern Australia is a result
of recent warm conditions in the Indian Ocean and an increasing level
of warmth in the Pacific. The Pacific has had the greater influence on this
The chance that the average July-September maximum temperature will exceed the
long-term median maximum temperature ranges from 60 to 70% across most of the
southern halves of both the NT and Queensland. In the southeast inland of
Queensland the chance approaches 75%.
This means that for every ten years with ocean patterns like the current, about six
or seven years would be expected to be warmer than average during the September
quarter over this broad zone stretching west-east across northern Australia, with about
three or four years being cooler.
The chances of a higher than normal seasonal average is between 45 and
60% in the far north.
Outlook confidence is related to how consistently the Pacific and Indian
Oceans affect Australian temperatures. During the September quarter,
history shows this effect on maximum temperatures to be moderately consistent
in both the NT and Queensland (see background information).
The outlook for mean minimum temperatures over July-September shows the
chance of a seasonal average above the long-term median minimum temperature is between
40 and 60% over northern Australia.
History shows the oceans' effect on minimum temperatures in the July to
September period to be moderately consistent over Queensland and the east of the NT.
Elsewhere the effect is only weakly or very weakly consistent.


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This post is brought to you by Saab. At Saab, we believe in independent thinking. It's in everything we do. Learn more here.
Some of the greatest inventions of the modern era–the microprocessor, the internal combustion engine, Bloody Marys–took years of development and contain complex systems and parts working in perfect harmony. And while these are undeniably great achievements, there are some equally brilliant inventions that are so simple, you'll wonder why you didn't think of them (because had you, you'd be spending the afternoon counting the digits in your bank account). Here are 7 of those simple, brilliant inventions that changed the world and the stories of how they (sometimes accidentally) came to be.
Post-It notes were a mistake. In 1968, Dr. Spencer Silver was trying to develop a very strong, quick drying adhesive for 3M, and screwed the pooch so badly he ended up developing the exact opposite: a weak adhesive that never seemed to dry. But this adhesive had promise; Dr. Silver just couldn't think of a satisfying application.
It was Dr. Art Fry, Silver's colleague, who, after becoming frustrated with his bookmark always falling out of his church hymnal, decided to apply the adhesive to the back of a slip of paper. Thus was born the Post-It note, used everyday across the globe for doodling, and occasionally, an important note or reminder.
Frederick Rohwedder's invention has been the gold standard by which all other inventions are judged–as the old adage goes, "the best thing since sliced bread." Whether he was just really lazy or had a severe bread knife allergy, we'll never know, but he's the man who "invented" sliced bread. Not the sexiest thing, but he was probably too busy making money sandwiches to care.
Wine has been around so long–eight thousand years, give or take–that no one knows how it was "discovered." It's likely that some dim-witted hunter-gatherer left the juice of grapes in the sun a bit long, but drank it anyway despite the funny taste. Half an hour later, he was singing Bob Seger and spit talking.
Wine is easy to make, good wine is not. Since Gorg the hunter-gatherer, viticulture (the science and production of winemaking) has grown to a delicious, multi-billion dollar industry supported by unhappy housewives and Greek weddings.
They say necessity is the mother of invention, and Samuel Fay needed a way to harmlessly attach claim tickets to fabric. Pins wouldn't do; Fay didn't want to perforate delicate fabrics. He bent a small piece of wire into a simple X shape, and by sliding the ticket and fabric between the crossing elements, he could bind them together without damage to either. Not long after, on April 23, 1867, he was awarded US Patent number 64,088, and the paper clip was born.
Fay's initial design, however, was not to survive. It had imperfections–pokey ends, limited strength–and soon better designs arrived on the market. No one is really sure when the Gem clip arrived, but what we do know is that it vanquished dozens of competitors with it's simple double-turn design; a design so sublimely perfect it's gone unchanged for over a hundred years.
Archimedes took to science like a fish to water. He was a physicist, an astronomer, an engineer, and a mathematician. He was the Bo Jackson of ancient science. While he is known for many inventions and discoveries (that whole "Eureka!" thing), perhaps the most influential of his inventions remains in use today, 2200 years later: the pulley.
Archimedes was the one who developed the first block-and-tackle pulley system–a system that uses multiple pulleys working together to maximize mechanical advantage to lift something extremely heavy. Pulleys are as effective as they are simple: Plutarch describes Archimedes using his block-and-tackle system to move a warship full of men, single-handedly. We imagine he placed a few bets on this beforehand, and collected handsomely after.
Once upon a time, buttons were found on everything you could wear, and some things you couldn't. They were the gold standard of fastening, closing, or tightening fabrics. Button makers made lots of money providing a staple service (so to speak) to the world's clothing manufacturers. Then some guy named Gideon Sundbäck came along and ruined everything.
The zipper was the DVD to the Button's VHS. It did everything better, faster, stronger, work it, make it, do it, makes us…er, you get the point. He earned a patent in 1917, and almost immediately began producing hundreds of feet of zipper a day. If you look down at your crotch right now, you'll a) get weird looks, and b) likely find "YKK" on the zipper tab–the world's largest zipper maker, with production facilities in 68 countries around the world.
Georges de Mestral was hunting with his dog in the hills his native Switzerland when he noticed how many burrs had attached themselves to his pet. Their removal proved frustrating enough to pique Mestral's curiosity. He put one of them under a microscope, and discovered their secret: tiny hooks covering the burr. The idea for Velcro was born.
It took only a moment for the idea to form, but a full 10 years for it to come to fruition. After finally getting a patent and figuring out a good design and manufacturing process, Velcro (a mix of the French words "velours" and "crochet," or "velvet" and "hooks" respectively) saw the light of day. It can be found anywhere from the Space Shuttle to your 8th grade wallet.


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Style: the Rhythm of Prose by Tina Morgan
Good prose has a sound or rhythm all its own. Learning how to write good prose isn't something that any book or article can teach you, but there are several things you can do to improve your writing.
If reading aloud is intimidating just remember that it's better to read your work to yourself and to catch the mistakes before others read it. Also consider having someone else read a few pages aloud to you or record a portion. The person reading needs to have a good grasp of grammar and pronunciation.
Alliteration is the repetition of the first letter in subsequent words or words in close proximity to each other: mad Mary, or proving innocence in prejudice predicaments. Used with care, alliteration can add power to your writing but it should be used very sparingly or it will create a juvenile or awkward flow. A close relative of alliteration is rhyme, which should be avoided in prose unless you're creating a new nursery rhyme.
Repeated use of names or third person pronouns can also set up an discordant echo through your work. Avoid overuse of your characters' names and resist the urge to remind your readers in every chapter of your character's full name. Once or twice should suffice for most readers.
While sentence fragments are technically incorrect, their judicious use can be used to stress important points in your plot or characterization. Short sentences can do the same but both need to be used with care or they result in stilted, hard to understand prose.
Avoid going to the opposite extreme and creating complex sentence that tire the reader just by their mere presence in the text. Just like short sentences and fragments, the occasional complex sentence can add to your style, but they must be used in moderation.
Finding Your Rhythm:
The best way to find your own rhythm is to write. Put the words to paper. Allow your muse free reign and write a page or two, or ten. Then go over your work with ease of reading in mind. If you stumble over your prose then your readers will too. Also, allow someone with good grammar skills to look over your work.
Workshops and their role:
When you read an author that you particularly enjoy, take a look at their style. Don't try to copy it. Your goal isn't to mimic but to find your own unique voice.
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Fernande Meaning in English, Fernande Baby Name Origin Gender Meaning Pronunciation
Does Fernande Baby Name seem like an intriguing name for your baby? Learn Fernande Name Meaning in English, its origin and which gender Fernande Baby Name is most suitable for. Check through our list of names that are related to the name Fernande, names similar to Fernande and sibling names of Fernande. Also, read through a detailed numerology report for the name Fernande.
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French feminine form of FERDINAND.
Related Fernande Baby Names
Fernanda, Fernando, Fernand
Sibling Names
Madison, Taylor, Alexis, Olivia, Brianna, Savannah, Kennedy, Abigail, Ashlyn, Alyssa, Aubrey, Bailey, Ethan, Gavin, Jackson, Austin, Jayden, Mason, Logan, Jacob, Brayden, Hunter, Christian, Brandon


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Reali-Slim thin section ball bearings have a crosssection thickness that is much thinner than standard bearings of the same diameter, and are therefore more sensitive to shaft and housing fits. Proper mounting is essential to make sure that the bearing functions as intended. There are a number of factors to consider when mounting a bearing, including: bearing style and orientation, the direction and magnitude of the applied loads, allowable free play in the bearing, the maximum allowable torque, shaft and housing materials, operating temperature, and which ring is rotating.
Radial (Type C) Bearings: Radial bearings are typically used when the applied loads are predominantly in the radial direction. If two bearings are used on opposite ends of a long shaft, then one of the bearings should be allowed to float in the axial direction. This is done so that thermal expansion of the shaft or housing does not induce an axial (thrust) force into the radial bearing.
The recommended shaft and housing sizes for radial bearings are found in the tolerance tables. Kaydon generally recommends a light press fit between the bearing and either the shaft or housing, whichever side is rotating. A slight amount of clearance is recommended for the non-rotating (stationary) side. Most radial bearings are supplied with an internal diametral clearance. Using the recommended fits assures that the bearings will not become radially tight after installation, which could affect bearing life and performance.
Please note that the recommended fits apply only to bearings with "standard" clearance, which is also shown in the tolerance tables. They also apply only to steel shafts and housings, or room temperature applications. If dissimilar metals are used, then the fits will change with temperature. This could cause the bearing to become radially tight, leading to excessive friction torque. When bearings are supplied with a diametral preload, a slight clearance is recommended for both the shaft and housing.
Kaydon also recommends that face clamps be used with all bearings. The user should not rely solely on a press fit to hold the bearing in place.
Four-Point Contact (Type X) Bearings: Four-point contact bearings are used when there is an axial (thrust) applied load or some combination of radial, thrust and moment loads. If two bearings are used on the opposite ends of a long shaft, the second bearing should be a radial (Type C) bearing, and it should be allowed to float as shown in Figure 5-3. Kaydon does not recommend using two four-point contact bearings on the same shaft.
Recommended shaft and housing sizes for four-point contact bearings can be found in the tolerance tables. As with radial bearings, these fits only apply to bearings supplied with the standard clearance, and to steel shafts and housings or room temperature applications. Four-point contact bearings can also be supplied with a diametral preload. Where preloaded bearings are used, there should be a slight clearance to both the shaft and housing.
A single four-point contact bearing is capable of taking an axial (thrust) load in both directions. It is also capable of taking radial and moment loads. However, this type of bearing typically has higher friction than a radial (Type C) or an angular contact (Type A) bearing of the same size. Therefore, for torque-sensitive and high-speed applications, duplex pairs of angular contact bearings are generally used in place of a single four-point contact bearing.
Angular Contact (Type A) Bearings: Angular contact ball bearings can take an axial (thrust) load in only one direction, and therefore are almost always used in pairs. They can be used in either a back-to-back (DB) arrangement or a face-to-face (DF) arrangement, as described in the Bearing Selection section on page 91. Angular contact pairs are normally used with some amount of axial preload to remove all free play and increase stiffness. Angular contact bearings can be purchased as matched pairs where the axial preload is set by the factory, or as individual bearings where the axial preload is set during installation.
When angular contact bearings are purchased as a matched pair — called a "duplex pair" — the inner and outer rings simply need to be clamped in place as shown in Figure 5-4. For bearings with an axial preload, there should be a slight clearance between the bearing and both the shaft and housing. If a third bearing is used on the opposite end of a long shaft, it should be either a single radial or a face-to-face (DF) pair. It should also be free to float in the axial direction, (see Figure 5-4). Kaydon does not normally recommend using two back-to-back (DB) bearing pairs on the same shaft.
Back-To-Back (DB) Mounting: If angular contact bearings are purchased as individual bearings, the axial preload needs to be set during installation. If the bearings are used in a back-to-back (DB) arrangement, the preload is set by pressing the inner rings of the two bearings toward each other.
If the thrust load is applied in only one direction, then the bearings can also be preloaded using a wave spring.
For a back-to-back (DB) mounting, Kaydon typically recommends using a slight press fit between the bearing OD and the housing. A clearance fit is required between bearing and shaft so the inner rings are free to move in the axial direction. The recommended shaft and housing sizes are shown in the tolerance tables. Please note that these fits are for steel shafts and housings or for room temperature applications. If dissimilar metals are used, then the fits will change with temperature. In that case looser fits may be advisable to prevent excessive friction torque at high and low temperatures.
The life and load-carrying capacity of a pair of angular contact bearings under an applied moment load can be increased by spacing the bearings further apart. The angular deflection (tilt) of the shaft under an applied moment also decreases as the spacing increases. However, the bearings can become more sensitive to differential thermal expansion if the shaft and housing are different materials or if they operate at different temperatures.
Face-To-Face (DF) Mounting: In a face-to-face (DF) mounting, the preload is set by pressing the outer rings toward each other. The preload can also be set with shims or wave springs. For this type of mounting a slight press fit is used between the bearing I.D. and the shaft. A slight clearance is required between the bearing O.D. and housing. The recommended shaft and housing sizes for DF mounting can be found in the tolerance tables. As with the DB mounting, if dissimilar metals are used then looser fits may be necessary to prevent excessive friction torque at high and low temperatures.
Orientation: Kaydon recommends that radial (Type C) and four-point contact (Type X) bearings that use a "snap-over" or "crown" type ball separator be mounted with the solid side of the separator facing up and the pocket openings facing down if the shaft orientation is within 45° of vertical. These bearings are marked with an "UP" arrow to show proper orientation. For horizontal shafts, there is no preferred orientation.
Single angular contact (Type A) bearings can only take an axial (thrust) load in one direction. The outside diameter of these bearings is marked with an arrow and the word "THRUST" to indicate the direction that a thrust load can be applied to the outer ring.
When these bearings are mounted in a back-to-back (DB) arrangement, the arrows should point away from each other. In a face-to-face (DF) arrangement, the arrows should point toward each other.
Angular contact bearings purchased as a matched (duplex) set will have a "V" marked across the O.D. and I.D. of both bearings.
During installation these "V" marks should be aligned with each other. (For vertical shafts it does not matter whether the "V" is facing up or down.) The "V" marks are located at the high point of radial runout. These can be matched to the low point on the shaft and housing to reduce the assembled runout.
Shaft and Housing Tolerances: Since their cross-sections are much thinner than standard bearings of the same diameter, Reali-Slim thin section ball bearings are very sensitive to shaft and housing geometry. After installation the bearing tends to take the shape of shaft and housing, so the roundness of the shaft and housing is very important, as is the flatness of the bearing seats. Therefore, Kaydon recommends the following:
- The flatness tolerance for the bearing seat in the outer housing should be the same as the axial runout of the outer ring of the bearing.
- The roundness tolerance for the outer housing should be the same as the radial runout of the outer ring of the bearing.
- The roundness tolerance for the shaft should be the same as the radial runout of the inner ring.
- The flatness tolerance for the bearing seat on the shaft should be the same as the axial runout tolerance of the inner ring.
Both the shaft and the housing should have a shallow lead-in chamfer for ease of assembly. The fillet radii at the corner of the bearing seats should be smaller than the chamfer on the bearing (dimension "F" in the bearing tables). Where interference fits are used, heat or cold should be used to increase clearance and ease assembly. Allow the assembly to return to room temperature before tightening any fasteners.
If a press fit must be used, then Kaydon recommends applying uniform pressure over the entire face of the bearing. Always press on the ring with the interference fit. For example, if a press fit is used between the bearing and the shaft, then press on the inner ring, not the outer. WARNING – Never press across the races, as this can damage the bearing.
Preload: The optimal preload for any


T7 Quickstart Tutorial | LabJack
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Datasheets and User Guides
App Notes
Software & Driver
T7 Quickstart Tutorial
T7 Quickstart Overview
1. Install the appropriate LabJack driver and software bundle.
The installer covers UD devices (U3, U6, UE9) and LJM devices (T-series, Digit), so not all installed applications will work with the T7. The following applications work with the T7:
 - Kipling,
 - LJLogM, and
 - LJStreamM.
Only run 1 application at a time.
If there is an installation problem, see the Windows Installer Troubleshooting (App Note)
2. Connect the T7 to the computer or hub via USB.
The status LED should blink at power up and then stay solid on to indicate successful enumeration. If Windows asks about installing new hardware accept the defaults. If the device does not enumerate see item F on the USB Communication Failure App Note.
3. Run Kipling.
Kipling is a free application installed along with the driver. You should be able to find it in the Start Menu links.
4. Click "Refresh Devices" if the desired connection is not listed.
5. Click the connection (e.g. "USB").
6. Navigate to the Dashboard.
7. Connect a jumper wire securely from DAC0 to AIN0.
For a guaranteed valid connection, a conductor must be clamped securely in the screw-terminal, not just touching some part of the screw-terminal.
DAC stands for "Digital to Analog Converter", AIN stands for "Analog Input".
8. While still in the Dashboard, read the voltage level of AIN0.
Adjust the DAC0 analog output voltage, and you will see AIN0 follow DAC0 if the jumper wire is installed.
9. Connect one end of the jumper wire to GND, touching the other end inside the FIO3 terminal.
GND stands for Ground. Try connecting and disconnecting the FIO3 end of the jumper wire.
10. The Dashboard will read the current state of the digital input.
Digital inputs have an internal weak pull-up resistor that holds them high when nothing is connected. When the GND wire is connected to FIO3, the digital input will change from logic level High to logic level Low.
Moving forward from here...
Basic Functionality Examples:
Connecting via Ethernet or WiFi:
Software Options:
On-board Lua Scripting:
Getting Support:
Will the T7-Pro Real Time Clock be set by NTP, PTP or manually? PTP would be awesome, but usually requires certain CPUs. It would also be great if it could stream and log at the same time based on an autostart script.
Right now we have only set the RTC manually. We will look at NTP and PTP, but just not sure at this point.
I'm not sure what exactly you are saying with "stream and log at the same time based on an autostart script". Let us know a little more about what you have in mind.
I would like the T7-Pro to power up, configure itself (channels, ranges, rates) based on a file and then log that data as well as stream it realtime. It would either stream UDP or make a connection (per the config file) and stream to that device. It would appear that a startup script would be required to accomplish this; either stored in flash or on the SD card with the config file. The config file would be on the SD card so different configurations could be on separate SD cards. This may be asking too much, but it would also be neat if it could stream to a NAS. While I'm piling it on, POE would be nice too. It would also be nice to be able to reclaim the 2 internalized channels to have a standard 16 channel DAQ.
I haven't actually used it, but I have looked at how it works and I'm glad to see that you've chosen LUA as your scripting engine.
Some places (like mine) have a big problem with WiFi. I'm sure it's in there pretty tight so it wouldn't be an easy thing to actually remove. We should be able to get around it since it can be turned off (I'm guessing).
Can't say exactly when/if we would support this, but it does not sound unreasonable. Script initiated sampling is definitely routine. Writing that data to uSD and/or sending it out spontaneously is also expected behavior in general. Not sure about streaming to NAS at this point.
POE is not built into the device. If we can't find a suitable POE splitter that splits to USB, we might make our own.
You can expand from 14 to 84 analog inputs using the Mux80.
The WiFi can be powered down easily, and you can make that the reset default. If it is really a hurdle, we could figure out how to offer a T7 with RTC and uSD but no WiFi installed.
Can we use DAQFactory to connect T7 over Ethernet? I have a U6 at the moment, but we need to have ethernet communication for a new project. I was just about to purchase a UE9 when I saw the new T7. Please let me know if DAQFacotry support T7. Thanks
You should be able to use the T7 using TCP and Modbus in DAQFactory. As for direct T7 support in DAQFactory we will look into the status of this and get back to you.
Thanks so much for the prompt reply. Along with my other analog sensors, I need to interface a GPS through SPI to Labjack T7 as well. Will you enable SPI communication soon? I read in the support page that SPI is still not supported. Thanks again...
SPI is in firmware, so we just need to document it and make a simple example. Email us at [email protected] when you need to use SPI on the T7.
We have talked to AzeoTech. They have a basic example of how to talk to the LJM driver using DAQFactory's ability to call external DLL functions. This you can do now with current DF. They have also started added special support for LJM and can likely provide something pretty quick... you might contact AzeoTech for an update on that. SPI will likely still require some script code, at least, to handle the arrays that need to be passed back and forth, so LabJack/AzeoTech would need to provide extra help in the form of an example.
Thank you very much.. I will contact when I need help
I've got a T7. How do I access the I2C communication functionality? I2C is mentioned as beta feature, but there is nothing in the manual nor in the example code. Thanks.
Please email [email protected] and we will help get you going with I2C on the T7.
If I have T7 can I generate pulses for step motor or I need to buy extended module? And what is the frequency range this DAQ device can support?
Do you have a stepper motor controller? I suggest you search labjack.com using the term "stepper motor". The controller does 2 things:
 - Provides the higher power needed to drive the motor.
 - You simply provide a pulse to move the motor forward or reverse, and the controller figures out the correct phase sequencing for the motor.
The T7 uses the DIO-EF system to create pulse outputs. I suggest you contact us at [email protected] or post on the forum to get into more details. Let us know how many pulses you want to create per software command, what pulse width, and what pulse period.
Once my T7 is installed it will be difficult to reach via USB - only ethernet will be available. I may need to adjust watchdog settings.
Can the watchdog timeout (and actions) be set programmatically (in C)? If so, is there an example?
Thank you.
Yes, watchdog can be set programmatically in C. For an example, please see the examples files download here:
read_watchdog_config.c and write_watchdog_config.c are available in the watchdog directory.
For more information, the watchdog documentation for the T7 is available here:
Thank you.
Something is not right. Running your sample code (write_watchdog_config.c) I get this error:
I have installed the library from: LabJackM-1.0300-Ubuntu-Linux-x86_64.tar_.gz
This appears to be mismatched with the examples.
Are you running the sample code in LabJackM-1.0300-Ubuntu-Linux-x86_64/examples/watchdog/write_watchdog_config.c or in C-C++-LJM-1.0300-examples-2014-02-07/examples/watchdog/write_watchdog_config.c?
In short:
C-C++-LJM-1.0300-examples-2014-02-07 contains the currently correct watchdog examples;
LabJackM-1.0300-Ubuntu-Linux-x86_64 does not contain correct watchdog examples.
C-C++-LJM-1.0300-examples-2014-02-07/examples/watchdog/write_watchdog_config.c does not contain WATCHDOG_OPTIONS_DEFAULT or WATCHDOG_KEY_DEFAULT, while LabJackM-1.0300-Ubuntu-Linux-x86_64/examples/watchdog/write_watchdog_config.c unfortunately does


for each of your AWS accounts.
 - Amazon Cognito enables secure authentication to your web or mobile applications using both SAML 2.0 and web identity federation.
That brings me to the end of this introductory course covering AWS identity Federation. You should now have a greater understanding of what it is and some of the services that can be used to implement different kinds of federated Access.
If you have any feedback on this course, positive or negative, please send an e-mail to _EMAIL_, your feedback is greatly appreciated. Thank you for your time and good luck with your continued learning of cloud computing. Thank you.
About the Author
Stuart Scott
AWS Content Director
Learning Paths
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The data presented in this paper establish the finding that multiple specific protective antibodies exist in rabbits in response to immunization with Group B streptococci. The summary in Table I indicates the serological types into which Group B streptococci have been divided on the basis of their antigenic composition. This classification is dependent upon passive protection of mice with antibodies directed against the specific antigens, and types are defined in these terms. Heretofore, it was thought that type-specific polysaccharides accounted for all such protection in Group B streptococci. Certain exceptions of cross-protection between types due to minor polysaccharide determinants soon appeared; cross-protection reactions based on protein determinants in at least two types were also discovered. The present experiments show that specific antibodies directed to either polysaccharide or protein antigens of a single strain can be protective against infection with streptococci containing these antigens.
Multiple mouse-protective antibodies directed against group B streptococci. Special reference to antibodies effective against protein antigens.
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R C Lancefield, M McCarty, W N Everly; Multiple mouse-protective antibodies directed against group B streptococci. Special reference to antibodies effective against protein antigens.. J Exp Med 1 July 1975; 142 (1): 165–179. doi: _URL_
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