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The Seasat-A scatterometer (SASS) was designed to measure the near-surface wind field over the ocean by inferring the wind from measurements of the surface radar backscatter. While backscatter measurements were also made over land, they have been primarily used for the calibration of the instrument. This has been due in part to the low resolution of the scatterometer measurements (nominally 50 km). In a separate paper the present authors introduced a new method for generating enhanced resolution radar measurements of the Earth's surface using spaceborne scatterometry. In the present paper, the method is used with SASS data to study vegetation classification over the extended Amazon basin using the resulting medium-scale radar images. The remarkable correlation between the Ku-band radar images and vegetation formations is explored, and the results of several successful experiments to classify the general vegetation classes using the image data are presented. The results demonstrate the utility of medium-scale radar imagery in the study of tropical vegetation and permit utilization of both historic and contemporary scatterometer data for studies of global change. Because the scatterometer provides frequent, wide-area coverage at a variety of incidence angles, it can supplement higher resolution instruments which often have narrow swaths with limited coverage and incidence angle diversity.
(c) 1994 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.;


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Nordic Cool 2013: Literature Panel: The Secret Behind the Northern Lights
In this interactive session, Norwegian solar physicist Pål Brekke utilizes photos and video footage from NASA satellites to discuss the visual phenomenon known as the Northern Lights.
- Sat., Mar. 2, 2013, 10:30 AM
- Terrace Gallery
Please use the event calendar to search for current events.
For the duration of Nordic Cool 2013, the Terrace Gallery will become the Cool Club, an extension of the Nordic Design Illustrated exhibition. The Cool Club will feature the iconic Arne Jacobsen Series 7 chairs, on loan from Fritz Hansen, the Embassy of Denmark in Washington, D.C., and Furniture from Scandinavia, and a new curtain made from fabric by Marimekko.
For thousands of years, people in the northern part of the world have marveled at the spectacular and fearful displays that occasionally light up the northern sky. Award-winning Norwegian solar physicist Pål Brekke has published several popular books about the Sun and the aurora borealis, including the most recent, Our Explosive Sun and The Northern Lights: A Guide. One of the foremost scholars on the subject, Mr. Brekke has spoken multiple times to full houses at the Smithsonian and elsewhere. In this interactive session, he will utilize photos and video footage from NASA satellites to discuss the visual phenomenon known as the Northern Lights. This panel will be moderated by Joseph M. Davila, an Astrophysicist in the Solar Physics Branch at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, MD.
Part of Nordic Cool 2013.
Joseph M. Davila, USA (Moderator)
Joseph M. Davila is an award-winning astrophysicist in the Solar Physics Branch of the Laboratory for Astronomy and Solar Physics at NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center. Dr. Davila earned a BS in Mechanical Engineering from Lamar University, Beaumont, TX in 1972, a BS in Physics from the University of California, Irvine in 1978 and a PhD in Astronomy from the University of Arizona in 1982. His research interests have included the linear and non-linear theory of hydromagnetic waves; hydromagnetic instabilities due to energetic particle beams, resonance absorption in inhomogeneous plasmas, the acceleration of high speed wind streams in solar and stellar coronal holes, and plasma heating in closed magnetic structures. Dr. Davila has also published research on the acceleration of cosmic rays, the transport of energetic particles within the Galaxy, the modulation of Galactic cosmic rays by the solar wind, and the propagation of solar cosmic rays in the interplanetary medium.
Pål Brekke, Norway
Pål Brekke received a Dr. Scient degree in 1993 from the University of Oslo and he participated on behalf of Norway in the pre-launch activities for the NASA/ESA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) mission. After the launch of SOHO in December 1995, he was part of the science operation team at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. In 1999, he joined the European Space Agency (ESA) as the SOHO Deputy Project Scientist stationed at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. While there he was also responsible for outreach and media activities making SOHO into one of the most well-known current satellite projects with more than 60 million hits per month on their web page. Currently, he works as a senior advisor at the Norwegian Space Centre in Oslo and as an adjunct professor at the University Center at Svalbard (UNIS). He is a Norwegian delegate to the ESA Science Programme Committee and a delegate to the International Living with a Star. He is the recipient of a Fulbright Fellowship, ESA's Exceptional Achievement Award, and the Laurels for Team Achievements from the International Academy for Astronautics. He is an internationally known lecturer and author of several popular science articles and books - the latest Our Explosive Sun (Springer 2012). He will be coming out with a new book in January tailored toward tourists, visitors, and anyone hunting the northern lights, The Northern Lights: A Guide.
This is a FREE event. General Admission tickets will be distributed, two (2) per person on a first-come-- first-serve basis, in front of the theater, 30 minutes before the performance begins.
The Nordic Cool 2013 Literature Series is curated by Danish Arts Council, Norwegian Literature Abroad, Swedish Arts Council (Kulturrådet), Finnish Literature Exchange, and Icelandic Literature Foundation.
Nordic Cool 2013 is presented in cooperation with
and Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden.
The Honorable Bonnie McElveen-Hunter, Marilyn Carlson Nelson, and Barbro Osher
Major support is provided by the Honorable Bonnie McElveen-Hunter,
Mrs. Marilyn Carlson Nelson and Dr. Glen Nelson, the Barbro Osher Pro Suecia Foundation,
David M. Rubenstein, and the State Plaza Hotel.
International Programming at the Kennedy Center is made possible through the generosity of the
Kennedy Center International Committee on the Arts.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The Tomb of Hafez or Hafezieh is referred to a cemetery complex basically erected in memory of Hafez Shirazi. The present buildings are designed by the French architect, André Godard, and built in 1935; but the primary structure was erected in 1452.
The Tomb of Hafez and its associated memorial hall, the Hāfezieh, are two memorial structures erected in the northern edge of Shiraz, Iran, in memory of the celebrated Persian poet Hafez. The open pavilion structures are situated in the Musalla Gardens on the north bank of a seasonal river and house the marble tomb of Hafez. The tomb, its gardens, and the surrounding memorials to other great figures are a focus of tourism in Shiraz.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Master of Arts (MA)
Geography and Anthropology
Blood proteins and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) deposited in crime scene soil may remain biologically active and detectable after a considerable lapse of time. Soils were sampled from three sites of known criminal activity in the former Yugoslavia. From an execution site near Stutica, Kosovo, soil samples were analyzed for year-and-a-half-old blood proteins using an immunological test, cross-over immunoelectrophoresis. From a total of 72 samples, 44 returned positive results for human blood proteins. Soil solution from grave soils sampled at a cemetery in Duz, Kosovo, and a mass grave in Knin, Croatia were analyzed for VFAs using gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS). Six samples were removed from four graves in the Duz cemetery for testing. Prior to exhumation and soil sampling, bodies laid in the graves approximately one-and-a-half-years. GC results from the cemetery revealed the presence of iso-butyric and valeric water soluble VFAs in one sample. MS examination of the samples was inconclusive. From the six-year-old mass grave in Knin, four samples were taken. However, one sample was discarded due to mold contamination. GC and MS analysis revealed the presence of iso-butyric and iso-valeric water soluble VFAs in two of the three remaining samples. In addition, MS analysis revealed the following non-water soluble VFAs in all three samples: capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, and oleic. Possible causes for inconsistent results between the cemetery graves and the mass grave may be attributed to the differences in burial styles, differences in soil moisture and clay content, and sampling handling. The positive findings of blood proteins and VFAs in the Kosovar and Croatian soils validate CIEP, GS, and MS analysis of older site soils. These methods may be used to successfully identify crime scenes, and especially suspected scenes more than a year old, in the absence of bodies or other physical evidence.
Document Availability at the Time of Submission
Release the entire work immediately for access worldwide.
Tuller, Hugh, "Dirty secrets: blood protein and VFA analysis of soil from execution and grave site in the former Yugoslavia" (2002). LSU Master's Theses. 2693.


Working With Suicidal Clients Text-based Home Course (3 CE)
In stock
In the United States, more than 30,000 deaths occur each year as a result of suicide. Each day, approximately 86 Americans will die by suicide. Suicide is now the 11th leading cause of death in the U.S., which is greater than the rate of death by homicide or AIDS-related deaths. This course will explore suicide risk that is associated with mental disorders, particular ethnic populations, and with regard to age (e.g., elders, children, adolescents and college-age adults). This presentation provides therapists techniques for developing suicide assessment protocols and treatment interventions, and in treating suicidal behaviors using a Dialectical Behavior Therapy model.
Authors: Gerry Grossman, MA, LMFT, Melanie Haro, MA, LMFT, Kristen Hudson, MA, LMFT, Nancy Klein, MA, LMFT, Chuck Moshontz, MA, LMFT, Mary Ella Viehe, Ph.D, LMFT
Upon completion of this course, participants will be able to:
 1. Identify mental disorders commonly associated with high suicide risk.
 2. Identify cultural and age group characteristics that may increase suicide risk.
 3. Utilize suicide assessment and treatment protocols.
 4. Integrate Dialectical Behavior Therapy concepts and interventions into suicide treatment.
This course satisfies the following California BBS Pre-licensure requirements:
 - 3 hours toward the 15 hours of Crisis or Trauma Counseling required for California LPCC candidates
Advantages of taking Gerry Grossman Seminars at-home CE courses:
 - Online courses are available to you immediately after purchase.
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Data Structure Audits
Last week, I suggested using the operating system to help you put firewalls around parts of a system that might fail. I want to continue by discussing how to clean up after such subsystem failures.
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Many data structures can be divided into two parts, which we might call the data part and the structure part. The idea is that a data structure contains a collection of data, together with additional information that can be used to access those data particularly easily or quickly. For example, the data in a typical filesystem are the contents of the disk blocks that constitute the filesystem. Each file has a corresponding part of the filesystem that keeps track of the blocks that constitute it. Directories (also known as folders) store collections of name/value pairs that make it possible to locate particular files. Moreover, there is usually an additional data structure that keeps track of all of the disk blocks that are not part of any file, so that when a user program wants to create a file, or add to a file that already exists, it is easy to find space on disk to do so.
It is not hard to imagine an invariant for a filesystem. It might specify that every disk block is part of a file, a directory, free space, or one (and only one) of the auxiliary data structures that keep track of the files, directories, or free space. Because this property is an invariant, operating-system code that manipulates the filesystem can assume that it is true, and such code is responsible for ensuring that the invariant remains true whenever user code is executing.
Just about anyone who has spent much time working with filesystems has learned two things about them:
- Despite the best of intentions, it is not always possible to maintain the invariant in the face of a hardware crash or power failure.
- Accordingly, most modern operating systems come with some kind of filesystem verifier that can be used to ensure that the underlying data structures — and associated invariants — are valid when required.
Filesystem checkers are tremendously useful. Not only can running such a program after a crash repair any damage that the crash might have caused (or that might have caused the crash!), but it also reports whether damage was present. Such reports are particularly useful to filesystem designers, because the designers may be able to redesign their filesystems to make them more robust against particularly common kinds of failure. This benefit to designers comes in addition to the benefit to users that an ordinary crash need not cause extensive data loss.
A filesystem checker is an example of a data-structure auditing program. Such a program typically verifies or reconstructs the structure part of a data structure from the data part. Such a program has two prerequisites:
- The data has to be stored in a way that even if the structure becomes corrupted, it is still possible to reconstruct it.
- Someone has to spend the time to write the auditing program and figure out when to use it.
I first learned about data-structure audits from a fellow I met at a conference. He had spent many years working on telephone switching systems at a time at which processors were so expensive that a typical telephone central office had only two of them — despite a requirement of no more than eight hours of down time for any reason over 40 years. He said that this level of reliability required three separate strategies.


Research paper
Considering the importance of data in organization, it is absolutely essential to secure the data present in the database. What are the strategic and technical security measures for good database security? Be sure to discuss at least one security model to properly develop databases for organizational security. Create a diagram of a security model for your research paper.
Your paper should meet the following requirements:
 - 10 months ago
 - 20
 Purchase the answer to view it
 - attachment
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- New Hampshire
- New Jersey
- New Mexico
- New York
- North Carolina
- North Dakota
- Rhode Island
- South Carolina
- South Dakota
- West Virginia
Brake Service in Springville, NY
Helpful Definition for: Brake Service
A motor vehicle is slowed down or stopped with the help of the 'Brake' device, which is a combination of interacting parts of the vehicle creating friction mechanism. At the time of normal driving conditions, a foot-operated brake is used for hindering, stopping and controlling the automotive vehicle. Air brakes in Springville are used on heavy vehicles such as buses and trains, since those work by means of compressed air. However, emergency brakes are operated by the driver with his or her hand and the same is used in emergencies only. There are two types of wheel-brake mechanisms ; such as drum brakes and disk brakes. Drum brakes are used in older vehicles, and at the rear wheels of many vehicles, the front disk brakes are used.
Recent News from the Green Blog
Written by : Lee Ann Rush Since 2006, a strange phenomenon has been occurring in the United States, Europe, and other countries across the globe: the honeybee population is disappearing. Opinions vary regarding the root cause of this mass die-off of honeybees, known as colony collapse disorder; some blame parasites, bacteria, loss of natural habitat, poor nutrition or genetic issues. The primary..


Music and Colorful Lights Soft Activity Ball Baby toddler Infant Teether Rattles Teething Goodway Bed Bells Toy, Blue
UPGRADE BABY'S COMPREHENSIVE ABILITY1.TACTILE TRAINING: when the ball is rolling, the bright colors and bright lights will stimulate baby movement desire to exercise baby's crawling ability. 2.HANDS AND EYES COORDINATION: By touching the ball with fingers, it can train baby's hands and eyes to be coordinative. 3.HEARING TRAINING: baby will identify where the ball is by hearing the sound of rolling. It can prompt baby's hearing development. 4.VISION TRAINING: bright colors and colorful lights from the fitness ball will stimulate baby's vision, to inspire baby's visual development. 5.TEETH DEVELOPMENT: teether can be bitten, which prompt baby's teeth development.
Dimensions: 420 x 420 x 420
Color: Green
Package quantity: 1
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Stealth submarines. Powerful aircraft carriers. The most imposing vessels in America's Navy rely on small-scale nuclear reactors to provide everything from basic propulsion to power generation. But they also depend upon an essential human element – skilled nuclear technicians, power plant operators and subsystems specialists. These highly trained, hands-on professionals perform the complex technical functions that are at the core of sub and carrier capabilities.
In the nuclear operations area, you'll have the opportunity to undergo training that's among the most advanced the Navy has to offer. Not to mention the chance to work with and among some of the brightest technical professionals in the nuclear, technology and engineering fields. Such are the challenges and rewards that go with being associated with one of the world's top nuclear programs.
As a member of the Navy nuclear community, you'll operate, control and maintain the state-of-the-art components that power Navy aircraft carriers and submarines. That could involve doing anything from operating nuclear propulsion plant machinery to controlling auxiliary equipment that supports Naval reactors to maintaining the electronic equipment used to send and receive messages, detect enemy planes and ships and determine target distance.
You may also:
- Stand watch on generators, switchboards, control equipment and electrical equipment
- Repair gas turbine engines
- Control steam generators
- Operate pumps, turning gear, air compressors, air dehydrators, and engineering and control systems
- Inspect and maintain ship alarm systems
A college degree is not required to become an Enlisted member of the highly respected Navy nuclear community, but an aptitude for math, science and problem solving is key – as is the ability to think fast, retain complex knowledge and work under pressure.
Responsibilities in the Navy Nuclear operations area depend upon the job rating or specialty you are in.
MACHINIST'S MATES (MM) operate and maintain steam turbines and reduction gears used for ship propulsion and auxiliary machinery such as turbogenerators, pumps and oil purifiers. They also maintain auxiliary machinery outside of main machinery spaces, such as electrohydraulic steering engines and elevators, refrigeration plants, air conditioning systems and desalinization plants. They may also operate and maintain compressed gas producing plants. Nuclear-trained MMs perform duties in nuclear propulsion plants operating reactor control, propulsion and power generation systems.
ELECTRICIAN'S MATES (EM) are responsible for the operation of a ship's electrical power generation systems, lighting systems, electrical equipment and electrical appliances. The duties include installation, operation, adjustment, routine maintenance, inspection, test and repair of electrical equipment. EM's also perform maintenance and repair of related electronic equipment. Nuclear-trained EMs perform duties in nuclear propulsion plants operating reactor control, propulsion and power generation systems.
ELECTRONICS TECHNICIANS (ET) are responsible for electronic equipment used to send and receive messages, computer information systems, long range radar, and calibration of test equipment. They maintain, repair, calibrate, tune, and adjust electronic equipment used for communications, detection and tracking, recognition and identification and navigation. Nuclear-trained ETs perform duties in nuclear propulsion plants operating reactor control, propulsion and power generation systems.
Beyond being capable of general duties, each of these specialized ratings requires additional "A" school training to earn required qualification in the Nuclear Field (NF).
As an Enlisted Sailor working in nuclear operations, you'll have the opportunity to work at sea or onshore. Your assignment could place you aboard a nuclear-powered submarine or on board nuclear-powered aircraft carriers. Whatever your specific responsibilities, you'll be operating, controlling and maintaining shipboard nuclear propulsion plants. Working closely with industry-leading technology and highly specialized personnel in an intense, fast-paced environment with little room for error.
Training and Advancement
To work in Navy nuclear operations, you will receive some of the most advanced job training the military has to offer. After your initial recruit training, you will report to "A" School for technical training that's based on your specific job rating, and then move on to acquire advanced nuclear training.
NAVY NUCLEAR FIELD (NF) PROGRAM
To become a nuclear-trained MM, EM or ET qualified in the Nuclear Field (NF), you must complete:
- "A" School requirements associated with your rating
- Training requirements at Naval Nuclear Power School (NNPS)
- Training requirements at Nuclear Power Training Unit (NPTU)
"A" School for MMs – The three-month Machinist's Mate (MM) course in Charleston, SC, provides you with a basic knowledge of technical mathematics and a basic understanding of the theory and operation of a steam power plant. You will learn to operate tools, test equipment, and system components, read blueprints, practice rigging techniques, and perform maintenance procedures such as packing a valve or aligning a pump coupling. From there, it's on to NNPS and NPTU (see description below).
"A" School for EMs – The six-month Electrician's Mate (EM) course in Charleston, SC, provides you with a basic knowledge of technical mathematics and a basic understanding of power distribution. You will solve basic equations using phasors, vector notations and basic trigonometry and analyze DC and AC circuits. You'll have the opportunity to demonstrate working knowledge of DC and AC motors and generators. In addition, you will learn how to operate electrical equipment using controllers, and how to properly test, maintain, troubleshoot, and repair electrical circuits, motors, cables, circuit breakers, and other related electrical equipment for power distribution. From there, it's on to NNPS and NPTU (see description below).
"A" School for ETs – The six-month Electronics Technician (ET) course in Charleston, SC, provides you with a basic knowledge of technical mathematics and a good working knowledge of electricity and electronics, solid-state devices, digital logic and systems, microprocessors, and instrumentation and control circuits. You will learn how to interpret schematic diagrams and use appropriate test equipment to isolate and correct faults in electronic systems. From there, it's on to NNPS and NPTU (see description below).
Naval Nuclear Power School (NNPS) – Upon completion of "A" School training, MMs, EMs and ETs then attend Naval Nuclear Power School (NNPS) in Charleston, SC. Here, you will learn theory and practical application of nuclear physics and reactor engineering. The six-month course will provide you with a comprehensive understanding of a pressurized-water Naval nuclear power plant, including reactor core nuclear principles, heat transfer and fluid systems, plant chemistry and materials, mechanical and electrical systems, and radiological control.
Nuclear Power Training Unit (NPTU) – Following NNPS, MMs, EMs and ETs begin prototype training in their rating specialty at one of two Nuclear Power Training Units (NPTUs) – located in Charleston, SC, or Ballston Spa, NY. This six-month course will provide you the knowledge of the fundamentals of a Naval nuclear power plant and the interrelationship of its mechanical, electrical, and reactor subsystems. Here, you will develop oral communications skills, as well as obtain an understanding of the physical nature of nuclear radiation, its detection, interaction with matter and human health consequences, and gain knowledge of the safe operation of a complex Naval nuclear power plant and its sophisticated subsystems with an emphasis on basic industrial safety principles. In addition, you will learn to identify, troubleshoot, and correct problems in nuclear mechanical, electrical, or reactor control systems at the component level with an emphasis on reactor systems, and apply earlier technical classroom knowledge gained to the practical, safe operation of Naval nuclear power plants.
The educational opportunities available to nuclearand submarine-trained Enlisted Sailors range from college-level classes in physics, chemistry, mathematics, electrical engineering, circuit theory, systems maintenance, communications and thermodynamics to nuclear engineering training in nuclear power plant design, construction, instrumentation and operations. The American Council on Education (ACE) has verified the extensive nature and unsurpassed quality of the Navy's nuclear propulsion training program by recommending up to 77 semester hours of college credit.
Upon selection for nuclear and/or submarine training, you will enter the Navy in paygrade E-3. If you complete all advancement-in-rate requirements, you may advance to paygrade E-4. Enlistment and reenlistment bonuses in addition to Navy salary, special duty assignment pay, and allowances for food and housing are also available. If you volunteer and are selected to serve on nuclear submarines, you are eligible for added submarine duty incentive pay from the day you graduate from nuclear training.
You are required to be a U.S. citizen and less than 25 years old at the time of your enlistment. You must be a high school graduate with a diploma and with successful completion of one year of Algebra, and able to meet security clearance requirements.
After the Navy
Your knowledge of traditional and nuclear power will be an asset in high demand, whether with America's Navy or the civilian sector. Your advanced understanding of the operation and maintenance of sophisticated electronics will put you at the top of any civilian job candidate list. Your experience, ability to work under pressure and advanced skill level will lead to opportunities to work closely with specialists in the fields of nuclear technology, engineering and electronics.


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Connect to this Database
Who should use this database?
Those looking for information about women, sexuality, and gender during the Middle Ages.
What kinds of materials are referenced in the database?
Journal articles, book reviews, and essays in books. Over 400 journals are indexed in addition to essay collections. The geographic area covered is Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East as well as areas in which Europeans travelled. Subject coverage for gender and sexuality means that articles on masculinity and male homosexuality are included. Publications in English, French, German, and Spanish have been indexed since the project began in 1996. Materials in Italian began to be included in the database in May 2001.
What years does the database cover?
The time period covered is 450 C.E. to 1500 C.E. with Russia extending to 1613, the beginning of the Romanov dynasty, because the sixteenth century is still medieval in social and political terms.


Genes in the Environment
Genes in the Environment is a research programme which aims to develop a better understanding of how a plant's environment influences growth and development, through the regulation of and variation in the plants' genes.
By understanding key processes, such as how plants grow and shape themselves, control their flowering time and adapt to changing environmental conditions, we can help breed crops that are more resilient and productive in a wider range of growing conditions.
Crop plants are strongly influenced by changes in temperature, weather and other environmental factors. Variable growing conditions and extreme environments often cause crop failure and yield losses.
Climate change is causing increasingly unstable and variable environmental conditions, which makes growing crops to feed the world's expanding population more challenging. This can lead to unpredictable supplies of important food crops, volatile markets and food prices, and in some parts of the world social unrest and famine.
Improving our crop productivity and making our crops more resilient has never been more pressing or important.
Our research uses a wide range of plants in differing environments. To understand the role temperature plays in influencing plant growth and development we can look at plant growth both in controlled environments and in the field.
Research in Genes in the Environment uses a range of plants such as,
 - Key UK crop plants; brassica (including broccoli and oilseed rape) and wheat
 - Experimental model species including Arabidopsis, Capsella and Antirrhinum
Genes in the Environment is funded by the BBSRC.


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Not all alcoholic drinks are the same
The type of alcohol you consume may determine how hungry you feel afterwards, according to an Australian study.
A study, published in the journal Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour, shows that while alcohol has a specific effect on the body, the additional nutritional content of white wine, red wine and beer also affects how our body responds to alcohol.
It suggests further research into the affects of alcohol should also consider what we mix with our drinks.
Research psychologist and lead author Dr Anna Kokavec, of La Trobe University in Bendigo, says to understand the effect of different alcoholic beverages her team measured the influence they have on the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis.
The HPA axis regulates fluctuations in the body, and is responsible for the synthesis of the steroid hormones cortisol and dehyrdoepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), says Kokavec.
"The HPA axis is a system that has an input into nearly everything in the body."
Kokavec says DHEAS and cortisol, commonly known as a stress hormone, influence our appetite and are associated with learning and memory formation.
"We need a sufficient release of cortisol to make us feel hungry," she says
According to the study both hormones are affected when we drink alcohol, and that low levels "could lead to specific cognitive impairment if alcohol is consumed on a regular basis."
The researchers divided participants into four groups. Each drank either red wine, white wine, light beer or regular beer.
"They consumed four standard drinks over 135 minutes and I measured their hormone [DHEAS and cortisol] levels every 45 minutes," she says.
Kokavec says the levels of cortisol decreased in all participants upon consuming alcohol. This reduced their desire for food, despite having fasted for half a day.
"One of the biggest problems we have with alcohol is that appetite is reduced, and most alcoholics present with malnutrition," she says.
But Kokavec was surprised to find that DHEAS levels fluctuated, depending on what type of alcohol the participant consumed.
In the participants who drank beer the levels of DHEAS initially dropped, but then went up.
According to Kokavec, this is because beer contains carbohydrates, which increases the level of insulin in the blood.
She says insulin has an antagonistic with DHEAS - as DHEAS increases insulin decreases. The result is an eventual increase in hunger.
"Beer completely confuses the system."
Kokavec says red wine has a slightly different effect on the body.
"Red wine fools the body into thinking it's eating, so cortisol and DHEAS levels go down."
But she says the body starts to recognise that red wine isn't a food and DHEAS and cortisol levels rise, increasing appetite.
Kokavec says, unlike beer and red wine, white wine completely shuts down the HPA axis, meaning DHEAS levels don't recover and hunger remains low.


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Kangaroo paw is a common name for a number of species, in two genera (Anigozanthos and Macropidia) of the family Haemodoraceae, that are endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. These perennial plants are noted for their unique bird attracting flowers. The tubular flowers are coated with dense hairs and open at the apex with six claw-like structures: from this paw formation the common name "Kangaroo Paw" is derived.
This post is part of the Nature Footsteps Floral Macros meme,
and also part of the Our World Tuesday meme,
and also part of the Ruby Tuesday meme.


James Elser nsIn hmolscience, James J. Elser (c. 1959-) is an American evolutionary ecologist and limnologist noted, in human chemistry, for his 2000 Sterner-Elser human molecular formula.
In 2000, Elser, together with Robert Sterner, calculated the following 22-element human molecular formula:
H375,000,000 O132,000,000 C85,700,000 N6,430,000 Ca1,500,000 P1,020,000 S206,000 Na183,000 K177,000
Cl127,000 Mg40,000 Si38,600 Fe2,680 Zn2,110 Cu76 I14 Mn13 F13 Cr7 Se4 Mo3 Co1
They published the result in their 2002 book Ecological Stoichiometry: the Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere. This amounts to a 22-element human empirical molecular formula. [1] A similar 26-element empirical molecular formula calculation was made by American chemical engineer Libb Thims also in 2002. [2]
They conclude "this formula combines all compounds in a human being into a single abstract 'molecule'". They continues, "our main purpose in introducing this formula for the 'human molecule' is to stimulate you to begin to think about how every human being represents the coming together of atoms in proportions that are, if not constant, at least bounded and obeying some rules".
Elser ecological stoichiometry ns
Elser's artistic rendition of ecological stoichiometry: a periodic table of elements overlaid on an ecological area.
They state that ecological stoichiometry is about "how chemical elements come together to form evolved, living species in ecosystems." The abstraction followed in this science, according to Sterner and Elser, is that "organisms can be thought of as complex evolved chemical substances that interact with each other and the abiotic world in a way that resembles a complex, composite, chemical reaction" and that "ecological interactions invariably involve chemical rearrangements". In summary, they state that "like any other normal chemical rearrangement at the surface of the Earth, when organisms interact, mass must be conserved and elements are neither created nor destroyed." Moreover, "there is stoichiometry in ecology, just as there is in organic synthesis in a test tube".
Elser completed his BS in biology from the University of Notre Dame in 1981, his MS in ecology from the University of Tennessee in 1983, and his PhD in ecology from the University of California, Davis, in 1990.
1. Sterner, Robert W. and Elser, James J. (2002). Ecological Stoichiometry: the Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere, (chapter one), (pg. 3-7, 47, 135). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2. (a) Thims, Libb. (2008). The Human Molecule, (preview). Morrisville, NC: LuLu.
(b) Molecular Evolution Table - Institute of Human Thermodynamics.
(c) Thims, Libb. (2007). Human Chemistry (Volume One), (preview), (ch. 2: "The Human Molecule", pgs. 15-35). Morrisville, NC: LuLu.
Further reading
- Elser, James J. and Hamilton Andrew. (2007). "Stiochiometry and the New Biology: The Future is Now," PLoS Biol, Vol. 5(7), July.
External links
James Elser (faculty) – Arizona State University.
TDics icon ns


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Smaller nonprofits and NGO's may not have the same name recognition and financial might as the big guys, but that does not mean they play a minor role in making the world a better place. There are countless tiny grassroots organizations supporting causes you may have never heard of, but are nonetheless making a huge difference in people's lives. Here are just a few good reasons to root for the little guy (aka small nonprofits!):
1. Small nonprofits engage the community directly in local projects.
Larger NGO's have the resources to study and assess the needs of disadvantaged communities, but they are still often on the outside looking in. Those who are directly impacted by the problems that big NGO's intend to solve may just hold the key to implementing solutions.
When the local people are engaged in grassroots projects, they are no longer passive recipients of aid; they become active agents of positive change in their own communities. While larger NGO's may struggle to get full community involvement, local nonprofits are woven into the fabric of the communities they serve. And when the local people are empowered, they can mobilize a movement for real and lasting change.
Sadly, without larger NGO support many smaller nonprofit organizations lack the funding to offer competitive wages to their staff. The best and brightest local talent may choose to leave their communities when a better job offer comes along from a larger international organization. Nevertheless, the opportunity to make an impact remains in the community, regardless of the financial incentive.
2. Local nonprofit organizations are the first responders, and the long-term supporters.
When they are well equipped with the resources to operate effectively, grassroots organizations can start mobilizing the community and helping people in distress long before foreign aid and international volunteers start pouring in after a disaster.
Issues affecting vulnerable populations can be very complicated, and have grown in number over time creating layers of disadvantage. It is no wonder it sometimes takes multiple generations before real transformative change can happen. Many big international organizations can only invest in a specific project for a few years; without being fully engaged with the local community, their well intended efforts may (and often do) fizzle out.
Small, local nonprofits are in it to win it, for as long as it takes!
3. Grassroot nonprofit organizations address issues that are easily overlooked by big international players.
Larger organizations can be very effective in tackling huge problems, like sending relief after a natural disaster or supporting communities in periods of dramatic food insecurity. But, there are countless other problems that effect locals' lives, yet remain largely unknown to the global community. You can bet there is a small grassroots organization out there on the front lines of a fight you may not even know is going on, and they can surely use your support!
While having a well-known brand gives large aid organizations more sway when it comes to fundraising, it can also make them more risk averse. Bigger organizations are often swayed by concerns about pleasing donors, and therefore avoid taking-on "messy" social problems without a clear cut solution. They opt to avoid making waves with their donor network, since the potential for issues is much larger, and instead focus on shorter-term projects with measurable outcomes. These messy social problems consequently remain unsolved, unless a smaller NGO with local insight can step in to bring in and implement an effective solution.
4. Small nonprofits put their funding to good (frequently tangible) use.
Some people are hesitant to support smaller organizations, because they have never heard of them and don't want to waste their well intended donations. While supporting a large, well established organization may seem like a safe bet that will allow you to create the most good with your hard earned dollars, it may not make the real impact you hoped for. Your donation could go toward ad space to promote a fundraiser, for example, rather than actually feeding a child for a month or providing a life saving vaccine. Even worse, it could get lost in the red tape of bureaucracy before finally trickling down to someone who urgently needs it!
On the other hand, smaller organizations can utilize funds to address issues they personally witness in their communities, without being stalled by complicated procedures and internal gridlock. Their process for program implementation is often tangible, direct, and instantly alters the lives of community members.
5. The underdog always saves the day in the end.
With so many complex problems in the world, we can't afford to let grassroots organizations fade out of existence. The diversity of issues in each community requires a diversity of solutions, and it would be unwise to rely solely on a handful of the mightiest organizations to save the world. It has been estimated that less than 2 % of humanitarian aid funding goes straight to smaller, local nonprofits based right in the communities they serve. This is an issue we must address, and we can begin by supporting small nonprofits, instead of the big wigs. With the right support and recognition, the underdog can overcome any obstacles!
This blog was contributed by Jenni Bills:
Jenni is a travel agent and freelance blogger. From studying abroad in London to traveling around Europe and Japan, her passion for learning about the world seems to be endless.


2. Normal Development of Monocular Aspects of Vision Flashcards Preview
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Flashcards in 2. Normal Development of Monocular Aspects of Vision Deck (22)
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at what age are VEPs just detectable at?
1 or 2 weeks of age
when do VEPs start to get smaller in amplitude? why?
6 months of age
response becomes more complex
the latency of VEPs steady decreases until the child is how old?
100 days, reaching 1/10 sec (same as adults)
changes in VEP are dependent on the development of what?
development of the retina
VEP shows a steady inc in VA that levels off around ___ months, then starts again at what age?
7 months
6-7 years of age
in kittens, when is visual acuity mature at
3-4 months of age
in kittens, at what age does CSF greatly increase from? until when?
greatly increases from 3-4 weeks until 12 weeks
in humans, at what age does VEP CSF increase greatly from? until when?
increases greatly from a very insensitive 2.5 months until 6 months but still not at adult levels
in cats, how does the CSF develop in 3-4 weeks? 4-5 weeks? 6-7 weeks?
3-4 weeks: cortex becomes active (VA very low)
4-5 weeks: improves rapidly (esp at lower freq)
6-7 weeks: starts to level out
this period is the critical period wehre cats can develop amblyopia
in humans, what is the VEP VA at 2 months? 6 months?
2 months: 20/100
6 months: 20/40
what did the MIT procedure tell us about grating acuity?
grating acuity develops as a function of mature (developmental delays), not age and experience
what did the MIT procedure tell us about CSF in infants?
highly reduced for all spatial frequences in infants (100x less sensitive)
what information does VEP tell us? PL?
VEP shows what information is traveling through the visual system
PL shows how well the infant actually sees and responds to their environment
at what age do VEP and PL findings approach one another?
1-2 years of age
what is the VA for PL at 2 months? 6 months?
2 months: 20/400
6 months: 20/100
why is landolt C a much more accurate measure for amblyopes?
bc reading letters requires position sense while gratings do not..position sense is what is affected in strabismic amblyopia
at 4 weeks, an infant is _____ times less sensitive to light than an adult. and at 18 weeks they are ___ times less sensitive.
what age does light sensitivity approach adult levels?
4 weeks=25x
18 weeks=4x
2 years of age
why does a 3 month old have a lightly higher photopic luminance sensitivity at short wavelengths?
due to differences in optical clarity
why does a 3 month old have colors desaturated? esp in blue/green
reduced pattern vision
at what age do almost all kids respond appropriately to changes in movement direction?
6-8 weeks
at what age does orientation sense start? at what age does almost every kid have good recognition of chagnes of 30 deg or more?
ability starts at 4 weeks, and by 10 weeks have good recognition
in macaque monkeys, when does contour integration (ability to pick our a different border or object among others) develop?
6 months then begins to show improvement from there


text:
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Hi, I have some questions I was hoping someone could answer. I am trying to model a sandwhich structure with carbon fibre skins and aluminium honeycomb core and then perform a 3 point bending test in the software if possible. 1. Could someone please explain what the reason is for selecting PCOMPP, PSOLID etc, what are the reasons for choosing one of them over another? 2. Which compersite property: PCOMPP, PSOLID, PSHELL, etc, do I need to select for the task I want to achieve (3-point bending simulation)? 3. Another question relates to my understanding of the MAT 8 card....would I be correct in saying that as MAT8 only asks for the in-plane properties, it would not be possible to get proper results for a 3-point bending test in the software? (Or does the software still work this out?) 4. Would I need to use the MAT9 card for what I am trying to do and in that case what composite property do I select, PCOMPP, PSOLID, PSHELL, etc? 4. If I select for example PCOMPP for the honeycomb properties, do I have to select PCOMPP for the carbon fibre skin properties? Regards
Good morning, I'm trying to change the material orientation in a component. I tried in different way to do the 3D mesh and I tried to use different properties. The geometry is a simple hollow cylinder. I'm using Hypermesh 2017.3. The material is defined as MAT9ORT. To check the material orientation I used Analysis->Systems->Material Orientation. Mesh methods: Method 1: 3D mesh done by using Drag elements along the cylinder axis. The material orientation is along the plane perpendicular to the cylinder axis; Method 2: 3D mesh by using 3D->Element Offset->Solid Layers. The material orientation is along the cylinder axis; Method 3: 3d mesh by converting a ply laminates using the Aerospace tool "Shell to Solid". The material orientation respected the orientation angle given during the plies creation. These material orientations remain valid only without any property assigned. When I assign a property, the orientation changes without an apparent logic. Properties: Prop. 1: PCOMPLS: modifying the THETA angle in the property card didn't cause any modification in the material orientation; Prop. 2: PSOLID: when assigned to the component, the material orientation change the direction randomly and doesn't respond to any modifications with material orientation tool.


scratch on white car paint
How To Buff Out Scratches On Your Car
A deep gash in the side of your car might feel like the end of the world, but it does not have to be. Scratches can come from any number of places, like a neighboring car pulling away or a falling tree branch scraping up your paint.
Scratches are more than an aesthetic annoyance. They also take away layers of paint which protect your car, without which your car could begin rusting. Fortunately, most scratches can be easily buffed out, flawlessly fixing them without needing a visit to the body shop. Here is our guide on how to buff out even the most stubborn scratches.
The Protective Properties Of Car Paint, And How Scratches Affect That
You might be temped to suck up a scratch, save your money, and just leave it alone. However, your car's paint job is crucial to protecting the metal body, and a scratch compromises that protection. Even if you can accept a scratched-up car, you could be exposing your car to the elements and rusting the metal if you leave a scratch unattended.
With a good paint job, you car can withstand harsh weather, different temperatures, a range of moisture and humidity levels, and other elements like dust or mud. Almost all modern cars have three distinct layers in their paint job:
 - Primer: this is applied to the metal of the car body, and is usually white or off-white.
 - Paint: this is the main color of your car, and shows scratches the easiest. Contact your dealer if you need to repaint, as they can provide the exact shade to match your existing paint.
 - Clear coat: this is a thick transparent layer that seals the paint and protects it from fading under UV rays from the sun.
Scratches can be shallow or deep, sometimes cutting all the way to the metal base. When assessing how to repair a scratch, you can check how many layers of the paint job it has cut through. A minor scratch might only take off the clear coat, but severe scratches can expose metal. No matter how deep, a scratch damages some or all of your paint job's protective properties and needs repairs to maintain your car's integrity.
Types Of Car Paint Scratches
Different types of scratches can be determined with just the naked eye:
 - If the paint color is visible and uniformly colored, the scratch is only as deep as the clear coat and has exposed the paint.
 - If the paint color is tinged with white, then the cut has exposed the primer.
 - If the metal base is visible, then the cut has damaged every layer of the paint job and exposed the metal.
Clear Coat Scratch
clear coat scratch on ford kuga
These are the most common and easiest-to-repair scratches. Clear coat scratches are also called "spider webbing" because they form in circular patterns that look like webs. They are sometimes known as "swirl marks."
Clear coat scratches are often caused by low-quality car washes. It does not take much to cause one of these scratches. It is important to buy a proper drying cloth for just this reason, to avoid causing clear coat scratches.
Paint Embedded Scratch
paint emabedded scratch on ford kuga 2
Scratches that go this deep are more difficult to repair, as they have damaged both the clear coat and the paint. These usually occur from scraping against another car or a metal pole. A simple buff is not enough to fix these scratches.
You can tell if the scratch is this deep by looking for a couple traits. They are wider than the hair-line clear coat scratches, but not deep enough to show the white primer or bare metal. If the paint color is uniform and untinted with white, you have a paint embedded scratch.
Primer Deep Scratch
Primer Deep Scratch on ford kuga
A scratch this deep is going to show a gouge and will be a pain to repair. Running your hand along your car, you can feel where the scratch dips inward. For this reason, DIY solutions are out of the question. Not only will you need to touch up the paint with the same shade, but you will also need a clear coat top-up to even out the scratch.
Bare Metal Scratch
bare metal scratch on alfa romeo stelvio
If you can see the metal at a glance, then that part of your car is fully exposed to the elements and may be beginning to rust. Air and moisture can reach the metal, leading to oxidation, rusting, or just plain old corrosion. For a scratch this deep, you should go to the body shop as soon as possible.
Watch the video for an in-depth explanation of various car paint defects.
How To Repair Swirl Marks and Minor Scratches
You can buy scratch and swirl removers for filling in minor scratches and touching up surface imperfections. These include small scuffs on high-traffic car parts like door handles, or just a section of your paint job that has lost its sheen.
Related: How To Easily Remove Scratches From A Windshield
How To Remove Swirl Marks
 1. Wash your car and allow it to dry completely.
 2. Apply the swirl remover polish to a soft microfiber towel. Begin spreading the polish onto the area of your car with swirl marks.
 3. Firmly rub the polish in with a back-and-forth motion for a minute.
 4. Let the polish dry (it will look translucent when dry) and wipe away any excess with a clean towel.
 5. Repeat with any other damaged areas.
Related: How To Polish Your Car by Hand or With a Buffer
How To Remove Minor Scratches
 1. Wash your car and allow it to dry completely.
 2. Use two strips of masking tape to mark out the scratch, placing them an inch above and below the scratch. They should be parallel to the scratch and to one another.
 3. Apply the scratch remover polish to a soft microfiber towel. Begin rubbing in onto the scratch with a back-and-forth motion and firm pressure, following the direction of the scratch.
 4. Rub the polish onto the scratch for 30 seconds.
 5. Use a clean towel to dry off the scratch. Check if the scratch is repaired or if it needs more work. If the latter, repeat the process up to five more times.
 6. Finish by applying the polish to a wider area around the scratch to help the repair blend in.
How To Remove Stubborn Scratches
Once you have tried to remove a scratch with basic polish and have seen no change, you can move up a step to heavier grit polish. Also try being more aggressive with your application, using more pressure and rubbing the polish in with faster motions.
Paste scratch removers are tougher than liquid removers. If the scratch will not budge when you use a liquid remover, or if you have an older car, it might be time to try a paste remover.
This video will show you how to repair stubborn clear coat scratches.
How To Repair Deep Scratches
Deep scratches present a new challenge, because you cannot simply fill in the clear coat. These scratches need paint to touch up imperfections, and usually need sanding and polishing to regain the paint job's luster. For scratches this bad, you should take your car to a body shop and let the professionals repair the scratch.
How To Repair Scratches On A Black Car
black paint door with scratches
Scratches show up more easily on black cars than most. There are specialized products that include black pigment, so when you repair a scratch, the black paint job stays black. Such products can be used to remove swirl marks and scratches.
 1. Wash your car and allow it to dry completely.
 2. Test the black polish on a small section of your car to make sure the color matches.
 3. Apply the black swirl mark and scratch remover polish to a soft microfiber cloth and follow the previously listed instruction to repair the damage.
 4. After the polish has dried, wipe away any excess with a clean cloth and lightly buff the area until glossy.


text:
January 22, 1879
James Shields: Senator from Illinois, Minnesota, and Missouri
Many men and women make politics a career and have been elected to Congress three or more times. None, however, have outdone Senator James Shields.
Shields was living in Illinois when he was elected to his first term in the US Senate in 1849. He later moved to the Minnesota Territory. When Minnesota was admitted to the Union in May 1858, Shields was elected one of the state's first two US Senators. After the Civil War, Shields settled in Missouri. On January 22, 1879, Shields was again elected to the US Senate.
To date, James Shields is the only person ever elected the the US Senate representing three different states.


text:
Fully updated and carefully revised, this new 2nd edition of History by Numbers stands alone as the only textbook on quantitative methods suitable for students of history. Even the numerically challenged will find inspiration.
Taking a problem-solving approach and using authentic historical data, it describes each method in turn, including its origin, purpose, usefulness and associated pitfalls. The problems are developed gradually and with narrative skill, allowing readers to experience the moment of discovery for each of the interpretative outcomes.
Quantitative methods are essential for the modern historian, and this lively and accessible text will prove an invaluable guide for anyone entering the discipline.
Pat Hudson is Emeritus Professor of History at the University of Cardiff, UK.
Mina Ishizu has recently held research fellowship posts in history at Manchester University and at the London School of Economics, UK.


text:
How Did The Anasazi Turn into Productive FarmersThe Anasazi learned the best way to farm many crops during the dry lands. They figured out the best way to increase beans, squash, and corn. They planted the crop seeds deep inside the dry soil like a method of getting quite possibly the most water.
The Anasazi had an interesting way to arrange for droughts. Throughout the periods of drought, they saved water in ditches and holes. They saved dried corn making use of clay jars. They ended up in a position to keep more than enough dried corn to feed Everybody for two decades when there is a lengthy drought.
The Anasazi depended on agriculture as being a sustainable method of supporting their sedentary Life-style. Beans, corn and squash have been A very powerful crops. Aptly often called the â€œthree sisters,â€ these crops have been an essential ingredient for survival as a result of their nutritional worth that is required via the people. 1 instance is once the individuals would eat corn and beans with each other as a way to acquire an entire protein eating plan.
The Anasazi utilized mesatops for some in their farming things to do. Tiny plots of farmlands may additionally be present in the slim canyons. Escalating crops amid steep canyon walls may be a tiny problematic. It is because the walls blocked almost all of the dayâ€™s sunlight while the canyons functioned as chilly sinks. It is extremely probably that the afternoon thunderstorms provided the much desired dampness inside the mesatops.
The Anasazi have been superbly ingenius On the subject of saving h2o. They were able to devise several approaches to be able to handle the h2o very well.
one. Seep springs â€" These are typically gardens which have been planted all-around seeps which occur By natural means.
two. Terracing â€" The Anasazi manufactured sloping hillsides that are leveled into a series of terraces. By way of this method, they had been in the position to conserve flood and runoff drinking water which might soak into the ground and will be used for watering the gardens which they planted over the terraces.
3. Canal irrigation â€" They designed canals to impound and distribute water.
four. Flood irrigation â€" They constructed dikes and modest dams alongside the smaller streams to be able to divert the water above the world wherever the gardens were being Found.
five. Subsurface irrigation â€" They accumulate and preserve drinking water which ends up in the formation of a natural subsurface irrigation zone. Small gardens were planted together the sides with the sand dunes observed for the foot of very long and sloping hillsides.
6. Hill planting â€" The Anasazi employed special planting techniques whereby they planted 10-twelve kernels.
The Anasazi made use of pumice as a singular farming approach that helped them preserve water. It's really a gentle, frothy rock which has a large amount of fuel and is also a major volcanic tuff ingredient. Pumice can be used as being a sponge and that website is superior for absorbing water after which you can slowly and gradually releasing it over time. The Anasazi utilised it as mulch to be able to preserve the soilâ€™s dampness.
Other solutions employed via the Anasazi to preserve h2o incorporate developing Test dams which slowed the drinking water going across slopes and setting up waffle or grid gardens. The Anasazi shaped smaller depressions that are surrounded by a lower earthen wall so that you can Establish their waffle gardens. Then, they planted the seeds inside the cavity. They chosen crops based on their own superior Houses. For instance, corn grows tall and is said to generally be Sunshine-tolerant. Conversely, squash and beans expand shorter and are considerably less tolerant. On the other hand, they might have the desired shade within the corn crops which also give guidance for rising.


Adhesion force interactions between cyclopentane hydrate and physically and chemically modified surfaces
Zach Aman, E.D. Sloan, A. Sum, C. Koh
Research output: Contribution to journalArticle
24 Citations (Scopus)
© the Partner Organisations 2014. Interfacial interactions between liquid-solid and solid-solid phases/surfaces are of fundamental importance to the formation of hydrate deposits in oil and gas pipelines. This work establishes the effect of five categories of physical and chemical modification to steel on clathrate hydrate adhesive force: oleamide, graphite, citric acid ester, nonanedithiol, and Rain-X anti-wetting agent. Hydrate adhesive forces were measured using a micromechanical force apparatus, under both dry and water-wet surface conditions. The results show that the graphite coating reduced hydrate-steel adhesion force by 79%, due to an increase in the water wetting angle from 42 ± 8° to 154 ± 7°. Two chemical surface coatings (nonanedithiol and the citric acid ester) induced rapid hydrate growth in the hydrate particles; nonanedithiol increased hydrate adhesive force by 49% from the baseline, while the citric acid ester coating reduced hydrate adhesion force by 98%. This result suggests that crystal growth may enable a strong adhesive pathway between hydrate and other crystalline structures, however this effect may be negated in cases where water-hydrocarbon interfacial tension is minimised. When a liquid water droplet was placed on the modified steel surfaces, the graphite and citric acid ester became less effective at reducing adhesive force. In pipelines containing a free water phase wetting the steel surface, chemical or physical surface modifications alone may be insufficient to eliminate hydrate deposition risk. In further tests, the citric acid ester reduced hydrate cohesive forces by 50%, suggesting mild activity as a hybrid anti-agglomerant suppressing both hydrate deposition and particle agglomeration. These results demonstrate a new capability to develop polyfunctional surfactants, which simultaneously limit the capability for hydrate particles to aggregate and deposit on the pipeline wall. This journal is
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)25121-25128
JournalPhysical Chemistry Chemical Physics
Issue number45
Publication statusPublished - 2014
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text:
Surviving texts from the Ancient Near East reveal a cosmology that included a dark underworld realm, principally associated with fertility cycles and describing fertility gods and goddesses who are captured and imprisoned in this realm.
In this underworld contrary gods live permanently in a world without joy where there is only dust to eat and drink. This land also served as a great warehouse for dead mortals. It was not conspicuously a place of punishment, but hints of judgment and retribution are already evident, and these elements became significant elements in other cultures as the idea of hell developed.
Evidence of this underworld are found in portions of five texts, which have been included here from:
- The Epic of Gilgamesh
- The Descent of Inanna to the Netherworld
- Baal and the Underworld
- The Descent of Ishtar
- The Vision of Kummâ.
This work is published in conjunction with the website
_URL_, which presents a comprehensive collection of materials on the more than 100 visions, tours and descriptions of the infernal otherworld from the cultures of the world from 2000 BCE to the present. This second edition contains a new preface, introduction and bibliography.
Five texts, preface, introduction, notes, bibliography, glossary, web resources.
Paperback, 76 pages.


EECS Special Seminar: Carlos Fernandez-Granda (Stanford University) - "A Convex-Programming Framework for Super-Resolution"
Event Speaker:
Carlos Fernandez-Granda
Event Location:
Grier A, 34-401A
Event Date/Time:
Thursday, March 6, 2014 - 3:00pm
We propose a general framework to perform statistical estimation from low-resolution data, a crucial challenge in applications ranging from microscopy, astronomy and medical imaging to geophysics, signal processing and spectroscopy. First, we show that solving a simple convex program allows to super-resolve a superposition of point sources from bandlimited measurements with infinite precision. This holds as long as the sources are separated by a distance related to the cut-off frequency of the data. The result extends to higher dimensions and to the super-resolution of piecewise-smooth functions. Then, we provide theoretical guarantees that establish the robustness of our methods to noise in a non-asymptotic regime. Finally, we illustrate the flexibility of the framework by discussing extensions to the demixing of sines and spikes and to super-resolution from multiple measurements.
Carlos Fernandez-Granda is a PhD student in Electrical Engineering at Stanford University. Previously, he received an M.Sc. degree from Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan and engineering degrees from Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and Ecole des Mines in Paris. His research interests are at the intersection of optimization, high-dimensional statistics and harmonic analysis, with emphasis on applications to computer vision, medical imaging and big data.


text:
Ten Interesting & Fun Facts About Belize
Belize is a small and eclectic country that is bordered by Mexico to the north, south and west by Guatemala, and east by the turquoise Caribbean Sea. Ethnically diverse and culturally rich; Belize has many things to offer visitors from its varied ecology to its historical pre-Columbian Maya temple cities. Below are ten interesting and fun facts about Belize:
1. Belize is one of the best places in the world for shark viewing. The best times to go are during the months of April – July.
2. Belize has an uncommon species of howler monkey that is known as one of the top ten loudest animals in the world.
3. The locals in Belize have created some unique names for its natural wonders including Owl eye butterfly, the Swallow Tail Cattle Heart Butterfly, and the Red Footed Booby Bird, and the False Vampire Bat.
4. Belize is the only Central American country with English as its official language.
5. High on the list of Belize's many charms is a very comfortable tropical climate with an average yearly temperature of 84° F (29°C). Costal sea breezes and Belize's large tracts of jungle and rainforests provide cooling relief even in the hottest summer months while winters can be cool but never very cold. In short, the climate is pretty much near perfect.
6. Belize has the only known jaguar preserve in the world and it is located in the cockscomb Wildlife sanctuary in southern Belize.
7. Archaeologists estimate that at their peak, 1 to 2 million Mayans lived within the borders of present day Belize. Mighty Maya cities such as Caracol, Xunantunich and Lamanai dotted the landscape, with small agricultural communities farming the land between.
8. Belize is roughly only 180 miles long and 68 miles wide. It is a small but sparsely populated country outside the cities because of the protections it has in place for the natural wonders that are within its borders
9. Belize has such a dense population and is one of the most populous in the world for its size.
10. Outside the Belize mainland is one of the world's natural reefs known as the Belize natural reefs with 200 separate islands.
Tags: About Belize, Belize in Central America, Belize Jaguar Preserve, belize maya sites, belize population, belize temperatures, belize travel tips, Belize Vacation, Belize Vacations, Belize Weather, belize whale sharks, facts about belize


What is Chinese wolfberry?
Quick Answer
The Chinese wolfberry is a vibrant reddish-orange fruit that is native to China. The Chinese wolfberry is more commonly known as the goji berry. The goji berry is very nutritious, and it is often consumed raw or used in goji juices, teas, medicine and wine.
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What is Chinese wolfberry?
Credit: cknewphoto CC-BY-2.0
Full Answer
Many people eat goji berries to treat health issues such as fever, diabetes, eye problems and high blood pressure. Goji berries have empirically been shown to promote feeling at ease and decreasing anxiety, enhancing athletic performance, elevating mood and improving sleep. There is not decisive support indicating that goji berries are nutritionally superior to other berries, as all berries have health benefits. Goji berries may negatively interact with various drugs such as warfarin and some diabetic and high-bloodpressure medications.
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IFD Principles
 1. Facilitate dermatological education and training at all health care levels in disadvantaged communities.
 2. Continue to support the RDTC in Moshi, Tanzania, and develop other means of achieving this mission.
 3. Improve the quality of care in dermatology and venereology in resource poor countries.
 4. Develop a cadre of experienced dermato-venereologists and health workers willing to serve on a short or long-term basis as visiting teachers, lecturers, advisers, or practitioners of dermatology; and to provide mentorship for those wishing to develop such a role.
 5. Document the needs of patients with dermatological disease in such areas and the current status and future requirements for trained manpower and resources.
 6. Develop rational treatment protocols and procedures which can be used widely in the developing world.
 7. Promulgate collaborative programmes between institutions from developing and developed countries of the world, non-governmental organisations and industry.
 8. Encourage and carry out appropriate research designed to improve the care of patients with dermatological disease.
 9. Promote dermato-venereological education and communication needs in developing countries at national and international meetings.
 10. Contribute to other programmes whose aim is to help patients with dermatovenereological diseases in resource poor settings.


Conrad (_PHONE_) Discuss
Europe's Noise Problem
Europe's Noise Problem
One in four people in Europe are impacted by dangerously loud traffic noise that contributes to insomnia, heart disease, distraction, and general malaise, according to a new study by the European Environmental Agency. Such noise also has a detrimental effect on the environment, as it drowns out the mating songs of birds. Researchers attribute most of the noise to road traffic, although airplanes and railroads factor in as well. They found that cities in Luxembourg, Bulgaria, and Belgium had the largest percentages of people exposed to high road noise. More… Discuss
FROM FRANCE 24: How a string of 'isolated' attacks put France on high alert!
Image of St. Mary Di Rosa St. Mary Di Rosa
More Saints of the Day
Eastern Christianity From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Eastern Christianity
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The term is generally used in Western Christianity to describe all Christian traditions that did not develop in Western Europe. As such, the term does not describe any single communion or common religious tradition, and in fact some "Eastern" Churches have more in common historically and theologically with "Western" Christianity than with one another. The various "Eastern" Churches do not normally refer to themselves as "Eastern," with the exception of the Assyrian Church of the East and its offshoots.
The terms "Eastern" and "Western" in this regard originated with divisions in the Church mirroring the cultural divide between the Hellenistic east and Latinate west and the political divide between the weak Western and strong Eastern Roman empires. Because the most powerful Church in the East was what has become known as the Eastern Orthodox Church, the term "Orthodox" is often used in a similarly loose fashion as "Eastern", although strictly speaking most Churches consider themselves part of an Orthodox and Catholic communion.
Families of churches
Countries by number of Orthodox Christians in 2010
 More than 100 million
 More than 20 million
 More than 10 million
 More than 5 million
 More than 1 million
In many Eastern churches, some parish priests administer the sacrament of chrismation to infants after baptism, and priests are allowed to marry before ordination. While all the Eastern Catholic Churches recognize the authority of the Pope, some of them who having originally been part of the Orthodox Church or Oriental Orthodox Church closely follow the traditions of Orthodoxy or Oriental Orthodoxy, including the tradition of allowing married men to become priests.
The Eastern churches' differences from Western Christianity have as much, if not more, to do with culture, language, and politics, as theology. For the non-Catholic Eastern churches, a definitive date for the commencement of schism cannot usually be given (see East-West Schism). The Church of the East declared independence from the churches of the Roman Empire at its general council in 424, which was before the Council of Ephesus in 431, and so had nothing to do with the theology declared at that Council. Oriental Orthodoxy separated after the Council of Chalcedon in 451.
Since the time of the historian Edward Gibbon, the split between the Church of Rome and the Orthodox Church has been conveniently dated to 1054,though the reality is more complex. This split is sometimes referred to as the Great Schism, but now more usually referred to as the East-West Schism. This final schism reflected a larger cultural and political division which had developed in Europe and southwest Asia during the Middle Ages and coincided with Western Europe's re-emergence from the collapse of the Western Roman Empire.
Eastern Orthodox Church
Christ Pantocrator, detail of the Deesis mosaic in Hagia SophiaConstantinople (Istanbul) 12th century
The Orthodox Church is a Christian body whose adherents are largely based in the Middle East (particularly Syria and Iraq), Russia, Greece, Eastern Europe and The Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Ossetia etc), with a growing presence in the western world. Orthodox Christians accept the decisions of the First seven Ecumenical Councils.
Orthodox Christianity identifies itself as the original Christian church (see early centers of Christianity) founded by Christ and the Apostles, and traces its lineage back to the early church through the process of Apostolic Succession and unchanged theology and practice. Distinguishing characteristics of the Orthodox Church (shared with some of the Eastern Catholic Churches) include the Divine Liturgy, the Mysteries or Sacraments, and an emphasis on the preservation of Tradition, which it holds to be Apostolic in nature.
The Orthodox Church is organized into self-governing jurisdictions along geographical, national, ethnic, and/or linguistic lines. Orthodoxy is thus made up of 15 or 16 autocephalous bodies. Smaller churches are autonomous and each have a mother church that is autocephalous.
The Orthodox Church includes the following jurisdictions:
All Orthodox are united in doctrinal agreement with each other, though a few are not in communion at present, for non-doctrinal reasons. This is in contrast to the Roman Catholic Church and its various rites. Members of the latter are all in communion with each other, parts of a top-down hierarchy (see primus inter pares).
The majority of Catholics accept both the Filioque clause and, since 1950, the Assumption of Mary. This puts them in sharp contrast with the Orthodox. Yet some Catholics who are not in communion with the Roman Catholic Church side with the Orthodox here and reject these teachings, putting them in theological disagreement with the others.
It may also be noted that the Church of Rome was once in communion with the Orthodox Church, but the two were split after the East-West Schism and thus it is no longer in communion with the Orthodox Church.
It is estimated that there are approximately 240 million Orthodox Christians in the world.[1] Today, many adherents shun the term "Eastern" as denying the church's universal character. They refer to Eastern Orthodoxy simply as the Orthodox Church.
Oriental Orthodox Churches
Oriental Orthodoxy refers to the churches of Eastern Christian tradition that keep the faith of the first three Ecumenical Councils of the undivided Church: the First Council of Nicaea (AD 325), the First Council of Constantinople (381) and the Council of Ephesus (431), while rejecting the dogmatic definitions of the Council of Chalcedon (451). Hence, these churches are also called Old Oriental Churches.
Oriental Orthodoxy developed in reaction to Chalcedon on the eastern limit of the Byzantine Empire and in Egypt and Syria and Mesopotamia. In those locations, there are also Eastern Orthodox Patriarchs, but the rivalry between the two has largely vanished in the centuries since the schism.
The following Oriental Orthodox churches are autocephalous and in full communion:
The Oriental Orthodox churches which are autocephalous but not in communion with other Oriental Orthodox churches are :
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Netanyahu lashes out at moves to recognize an independent Palestine – CSMonitor.com
news_flash_animated1World Security Watch Terrorism & Security
Netanyahu lashes out at moves to recognize an independent Palestine
Editors' Picks
Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu called the European initiatives a 'big mistake for peace.' Meanwhile, a bill to codify Israel's identity as a 'Jewish state' is drawing fire.
By Dan Murphy, Staff writer November 26, 2014
Jim Hollander/AP
A daily roundup of terrorism and security issues.
For years, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has paid lip service to the idea of two states for two peoples in the Holy Land. But recently, he and members of his government have been lashing out at recognition of independent Palestine, with one senior diplomat saying that a Palestinian state would be a "terror-ocracy."
In October, Sweden recognized an independent Palestine, and the European Union postponed a vote on the question yesterday. MPs in the UK, Ireland, and Spain have also voted for recognition of Palestine in the past six weeks, and it appears that the rest of Western Europe is not far behind.
via Netanyahu lashes out at moves to recognize an independent Palestine – CSMonitor.com.
this presses: for your right to know (publicat pentru dreptul de a stii: Ukraine Being Watched by Moldova
The former Soviet Union State of Moldova is holding an election next weekend and will vote to make a decision about if it will continue down the road to European integration, opposing Russia and risking war like Ukraine is. Moldova is being watchful of the happenings between Russia and Ukraine since their former Soviet sibling may show them what to expect by defying the Russian wishes.
Moldova is one of the smallest countries in eastern Europe and one of the poorest. The country, located on the western edge of what use to be the Soviet Union, has made large strides towards integration into the West and separating themselves from the Russian way more than any other ex-Soviet states.
The parliamentary election will take place on November 30 and as it gets closer, polls showing the opinion of Moldova's citizens appear divided on if they should remain loyal to Russia or continue moving towards inclusion with the European Union (EU) nations. The decision is not a simple one, and one that has already hurt the country and its people.
Moving towards inclusion in the EU, the three-party group that comprises the Alliance for European Integration that formed in 2009 has earned the landlocked country a ban on imports of wines, meats and vegetables from Russia. This has affected the 3.5 million people living in Moldova, which is bordered by Romania, a member of the


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You are here: MEDICA Portal. MEDICA Magazine. Interviews. Interviews Concerning Innovations. Prosthesis.
Robust Design: "It Is Really Exciting"
Doctor Tanja Clees;
Computer simulations are indispensable in many industry sectors. The advantage is obvious: Before a part goes into production, it can already be thoroughly "put through its paces". Defects are noticed much faster and production can be adapted at any time.
Robust Design is headed for medical technology: MEDICA.de talked to Doctor Tanja Clees from the Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing about the emerging field of Robust Design and what methods from the automotive industry could be interesting for medical technology.
MEDICA.de: Doctor Clees, what exactly is Robust Design?
Clees: It is a relatively new field and includes very different areas and functions. The aim of Robust Design is to design production processes and products with robustness. Robust is not meant in the sense of something for instance falling on the ground and ending up minimally damaged, but rather in the sense of products becoming more robust towards production variations or external forces. In reality you often discover that a product is not optimal due to miscellaneous influences, if variations were not incorporated in the optimization process. In practice, an optimization cannot be achieved or very poorly if it's determined this way.
MEDICA.de: You also deal with simulations of flow mechanics and structural mechanisms in production processes. How should we envision this?
Clees: You can take a car as an example. Flow occurs if you drive the car into a wind tunnel – in the simulation this only happens virtually on the computer – and you can see how the air flows around the car. Flow does not always have to pertain to air, but could for instance also pertain to mixing machines that are supposed to blend different components. Generally you want to optimize the flow, so for example as much blending as possible occurs or in the case of the car, so as little aerodynamic resistance as possible takes place. Structural simulations serve other purposes: You might want to know how stress resistant the material is, and hence produced structures that are ideally suited for your products. In the medical field for example, man-made material to make bones is tested via simulation. Mathematical methods aid in calculating the synthetic bone structure in a way to make it light on the one hand and on the other hand – for instance for walking purposes– strong enough to withstand the same loads as a normal human bone would. Our body also conducts optimizations. Bones grow in a way where they ideally withstand walking processes and its load requirements, respectively – and you try to replicate this. During optimization you basically copy what the body tries to do on its own. If you constantly strain your hip in the wrong direction for instance, you will alter your bone structure because if you are only able to put pressure on one side and have to support the other side, the body will react to it and try to better absorb the new load case.
MEDICA.de: Can you give examples of such simulations and their computational models?
Clees: We look at what happens during a car crash for example. If in the simulation the car hits the person, you can see what happens to the bones and the tissue among other things. Methods that we developed for the automotive industry are transferred to a human being in a crash situation. For these simulations you first need to mold the "human material", because the so-called soft tissue, meaning soft tissue like flesh for example, acts differently than metal or aluminum. If this was successful you can use the same simulators as in the automotive industry. To do this you install material models and adapt them a little. Then you check how the stresses and strains affect the human body.
Different conditions can be clearly represented in the computer simulation; © beta-web
MEDICA.de: How do you proceed when you analyze or optimize a production process, related for instance to manufacturing a hip implant?
Clees: At first we parameterize the process that is, we specify parameters which can be varied, just like in the production process. However, there are other parameters dictated by nature which we cannot control. Overall we try to grasp the effect of a process through parameter variations. In production this usually refers to parameters like size, length, temperature or pressure. Clearly this also applies to a hip implant, which can be built quite differently. Next you consider, how these separate parameters vary, because you cannot set them to a fixed value. If a metal for example needs to have a certain size, in practice this is called plus/minus tolerance. That is why it makes the most sense to include experimental data or physical assumptions. Next you closely look at the whole range of possibilities. We do experiments, but in simulation. Here you can vary parameters or set up an experimental design, let it run and do a subsequent assessment. We virtually run through many different configurations. By doing tests we learn something about the performance – for example we learn about the load case of a hip implant, like for example whether it can bear the load that is impacted on it. This can be quantified in data. You simply evaluate different criteria: load level, mass and cost. Afterward, we interpolate the performance and thanks to this interpolated data we can then optimize. As a mathematician you try to find the so-called Pareto optimum, because there is never just one optimum here, but always multiple compromises of equal value. As a mathematician you never know whether the weight for instance bears more importance than cost or load. This is something the customer needs to determine himself.
MEDICA.de: What innovations are you contributing to the area of medical technology?
Clees: We contribute to research in the area of kidney stone destruction and also tumor treatments. The concept is this: Take for instance an instrument that applies radiation to the human body. We try to do similar testing for such a device as we do in crash situations of the automotive industry. We check what happens to the human tissue as a result of the radiation and try to assess it. Just now we started a project on this topic where we transfer these quantifications for the first time ever. It is really exciting.
MEDICA.de: So the organ virtually replaces the car in this computation?
Clees: Indeed it does. In place of the car, we act on the assumption of a human being or his/her organs, respectively. We look at the physical effects of waves on the body just like we do with a car crashing into a wall, because we want to find out how the variations proceed "internally". One example is the destruction of a kidney stone through impulse waves. Needless to say you have to reasonably model the kidney, by examining kidneys of animals among other things. Afterward we can analyze the effects to the tissue on the computer. The whole purpose is then for instance to determine an optimal dosage or the optimal length of treatment. However, this can only be achieved if the models were cleanly validated beforehand – this is one of the most difficult aspects of this project, since we cannot conduct the experiments on actual human beings.
The interview was conducted by Simone Ernst and translated by Elena O'Meara


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