so the marbles pour into a glass. Because of the bottleneck, only seven marbles escape, and these are all orange and green. The marbles in the bottle represent the original population, and the marbles in the glass represent the surviving population. Because of the bottleneck effect, the surviving population is less diverse than the original population.
Figure 4. A chance event or catastrophe can reduce the genetic variability within a population.
Genetic drift can also be magnified by natural events, such as a natural disaster that kills—at random—a large portion of the population. Known as the bottleneck effect, it results in a large portion of the genome suddenly being wiped out (Figure 4). In one fell swoop, the genetic structure of the survivors becomes the genetic structure of the entire population, which may be very different from the pre-disaster population.
Founder Effect
Another scenario in which populations might experience a strong influence of genetic drift is if some portion of the population leaves to start a new population in a new location or if a population gets divided by a physical barrier of some kind. In this situation, those individuals are unlikely to be representative of the entire population, which results in the founder effect. The founder effect occurs when the genetic structure changes to match that of the new population's founding fathers and mothers. The founder effect is believed to have been a key factor in the genetic history of the Afrikaner population of Dutch settlers in South Africa, as evidenced by mutations that are common in Afrikaners but rare in most other populations. This is likely due to the fact that a higher-than-normal proportion of the founding colonists carried these mutations. As a result, the population expresses unusually high incidences of Huntington's disease (HD) and Fanconi anemia (FA), a genetic disorder known to cause blood marrow and congenital abnormalities—even cancer.
Watch this short video to learn more about the founder and bottleneck effects. Note that the video has no audio.
Testing the Bottleneck Effect
Question: How do natural disasters affect the genetic structure of a population?
Background: When much of a population is suddenly wiped out by an earthquake or hurricane, the individuals that survive the event are usually a random sampling of the original group. As a result, the genetic makeup of the population can change dramatically. This phenomenon is known as the bottleneck effect.
Hypothesis: Repeated natural disasters will yield different population genetic structures; therefore, each time this experiment is run, the results will vary.
Test the hypothesis: Count out the original population using different colored beads. For example, red, blue, and yellow beads might represent red, blue, and yellow individuals. After recording the number of each individual in the original population, place them all in a bottle with a narrow neck that will only allow a few beads out at a time. Then, pour 1/3 of the bottle's contents into a bowl. This represents the surviving individuals after a natural disaster kills a majority of the population. Count the number of the different colored beads in the bowl, and record it. Then, place all of the beads back in the bottle and repeat the experiment four more times.
Analyze the data: Compare the five populations that resulted from the experiment. Do the populations all contain the same number of different colored beads, or do they vary? Remember, these populations all came from the same exact parent population.
Form a conclusion: Most likely, the five resulting populations will differ quite dramatically. This is because natural disasters are not selective—they kill and spare individuals at random. Now think about how this might affect a real population. What happens when a hurricane hits the Mississippi Gulf Coast? How do the seabirds that live on the beach fare?
Gene Flow
This illustration shows an individual from a population of brown insects traveling toward a population of green insects.
Figure 5. Gene flow can occur when an individual travels from one geographic location to another.
Another important evolutionary force is gene flow: the flow of alleles in and out of a population due to the migration of individuals or gametes (Figure 5). While some populations are fairly stable, others experience more flux. Many plants, for example, send their pollen far and wide, by wind or by bird, to pollinate other populations of the same species some distance away. Even a population that may initially appear to be stable, such as a pride of lions, can experience its fair share of immigration and emigration as developing males leave their mothers to seek out a new pride with genetically unrelated females. This variable flow of individuals in and out of the group not only changes the gene structure of the population, but it can also introduce new genetic variation to populations in different geological locations and habitats.
Mutations are changes to an organism's DNA and are an important driver of diversity in populations. Species evolve because of the accumulation of mutations that occur over time. The appearance of new mutations is the most common way to introduce novel genotypic and phenotypic variance. Some mutations are unfavorable or harmful and are quickly eliminated from the population by natural selection. Others are beneficial and will spread through the population. Whether or not a mutation is beneficial or harmful is determined by whether it helps an organism survive to sexual maturity and reproduce. Some mutations do not do anything and can linger, unaffected by natural selection, in the genome. Some can have a dramatic effect on a gene and the resulting phenotype.
Nonrandom Mating
If individuals nonrandomly mate with their peers, the result can be a changing population. There are many reasons nonrandom mating occurs. One reason is simple mate choice; for example, female peahens may prefer peacocks with bigger, brighter tails. Traits that lead to more matings for an individual become selected for by natural selection. One common form of mate choice, called assortative mating, is an individual's preference to mate with partners who are phenotypically similar to themselves.
Another cause of nonrandom mating is physical location. This is especially true in large populations spread over large geographic distances where not all individuals will have equal access to one another. Some might be miles apart through woods or over rough terrain, while others might live immediately nearby.
Environmental Variance
This photo shows a person holding a baby alligator.
Figure 6. The sex of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) is determined by the temperature at which the eggs are incubated. Eggs incubated at 30°C produce females, and eggs incubated at 33°C produce males. (credit: Steve Hillebrand, USFWS)
Genes are not the only players involved in determining population variation. Phenotypes are also influenced by other factors, such as the environment (Figure 6). A beachgoer is likely to have darker skin than a city dweller, for example, due to regular exposure to the sun, an environmental factor. Some major characteristics, such as sex, are determined by the environment for some species. For example, some turtles and other reptiles have temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). TSD means that individuals develop into males if their eggs are incubated within a certain temperature range, or females at a different temperature range.
Geographic separation between populations can lead to differences in the phenotypic variation between those populations. Such geographical variation is seen between most populations and can be significant. One type of geographic variation, called a cline, can be seen as populations of a given species vary gradually across an ecological gradient. Species of warm-blooded animals, for example, tend to have larger bodies in the cooler climates closer to the earth's poles, allowing them to better conserve heat. This is considered a latitudinal cline. Alternatively, flowering plants tend to bloom at different times depending on where they are along the slope of a mountain, known as an altitudinal cline.
If there is gene flow between the populations, the individuals will likely show gradual differences in phenotype along the cline. Restricted gene flow, on the other hand, can lead to abrupt differences, even speciation.
Adaptive Evolution
Natural selection only acts on the population's heritable traits: selecting for beneficial alleles and thus increasing their frequency in the population, while selecting against deleterious alleles and thereby decreasing their frequency—a process known as adaptive evolution. Natural selection does not act on individual alleles, however, but on entire organisms. An individual may carry a very beneficial genotype with a resulting phenotype that, for example, increases the ability to reproduce (fecundity), but if that same individual also carries an allele that results in a fatal childhood disease, that fecundity phenotype will not be passed on to the next generation because the individual will not live to reach reproductive age. Natural selection acts at the level of the individual; it selects for individuals with greater contributions to the gene pool of the next generation, known as an organism's evolutionary (Darwinian) fitness.
Fitness is often quantifiable and is measured by scientists in the field. However, it is not the absolute fitness of an individual that counts, but rather how it compares to the other organisms in the population. This concept, called relative fitness, allows researchers to determine which individuals are contributing additional offspring to the next generation, and thus, how the population might evolve.
Stabilizing Selection
If natural selection favors an average phenotype, selecting against extreme variation, the population will undergo stabilizing selection (Figure 7). In a population of mice that live in the woods, for example, natural selection is likely to favor individuals that best blend in with the forest floor and are less likely to be spotted by predators. Assuming the ground is a fairly consistent shade of brown, those mice whose fur is most closely matched to that color will be most likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their genes for their brown coat. Mice that carry alleles that make them a bit lighter or a bit darker will stand out against the ground and be more


text:
Panama: Tropical Ecology, Marine Ecosystems, and Biodiversity Conservation
- How to Choose a Program
- View SIT Study Abroad Undergraduate Research / ISP Collection
- View the 2013 Overview Brochure (PDF, 1MB)
- View the 2013 Semester Catalog (PDF, 4MB)
- View the 2013 Summer Catalog (PDF, 1MB)
- View Our Photo Galleries on Flickr
- Academic Resources/Library
- Track Your Application Online
- US State Department "Students Abroad"
- SIT Study Abroad Gear
Engage in seven weeks of field study in one of the world's most ecologically diverse countries.
Students on the SIT Panama program engage in field study in diverse regions throughout the country and also visit EARTH University in Costa Rica. Field highlights, some of which are explained in more detail below, include:
- Learning at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Bocas del Toro and Barro Colorado Island
- A birding ecology course at an Audubon Society "world's top 10" birding site
- A terrestrial ecology course at a UNESCO Biosphere World Heritage Site
- A sustainable agriculture excursion at EARTH University in Costa Rica, the foremost sustainable agricultural college in the hemisphere
- A sea turtle ecology and conservation course
- A field stay at a sustainable coffee farm in La Amistad International Park buffer zone
- Visits to an organic agroforestry chocolate farm and an industrial banana plantation
- A wetland ecology course at a site deemed a Wetland of International Importance by the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
Bocas del Toro
One of the highlights of the program occurs during a two-week excursion to the Bocas del Toro archipelago in western Panama. Students gain a deep appreciation for Panama's extensive biodiversity and a richer understanding of conservation-related issues within the region, through encounters with the zoological wonders that abound on this sparsely populated island chain.
Bocas del Toro provides the nesting ground for four endangered species of sea turtles and for the red-billed tropicbird, one of more than 350 bird species found within the region. Over the course of the visit, students encounter a cross-section of the area's diverse wildlife, including sloths, dolphins, manatees, monkeys, caimans, poison dart frogs, and numerous tropical fish. Students also go snorkeling in the archipelago as part of their field study coursework.
The extraordinary province of Chiriquí possesses a great diversity of flora and fauna, making it one of Panama's primary locations for ecological study and research. The Chiriquí province is home to three of the seven protected areas that make up the UNESCO La Amistad Biosphere Reserve, only one of its kind in Central America and one of only two in Mesoamerica. Here students will travel to the cloud forest highlands, fishing communities, and beaches on the Pacific coast and visit inland indigenous communities.
One of Panama's undiscovered treasures, the central provinces are home to diverse populations who engage in unique resource use practices and traditions. Students have the chance to explore striking natural riches in the form of stunning mountain ranges and pristine gallery forests. In the central provinces, small landholders and terratenientes come together to form a diverse mosaic of landscapes and land and coastal resource use practices.
Duration: 15 weeks
Program Base: Panama City
Language Study: Spanish
Prerequisites: Coursework in environmental studies, ecology, or biology Read more...
View Student Evaluations for this program:

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Cloze Reading Assignment 2
Fill in the blanks with the words found in the word bank to complete the Reading Passage. You may use the words more than once.
Energy Makes Things Move
It takes _____________ to make things _____________. Cars and motorcycles run on the energy stored in ____________. Many toys run on the energy __________ in batteries. Sail boats are ___________ by the energy in the _________. After a long day, do you ever feel too tired to move? You've run out of ___________. You need to eat some food to ____________.
Energy Runs Machines
It takes energy to run our TVs, computers, and video games. Energy in the form of _______________. We use electricity many times every day. It gives us ___________ and _____________, it makes things move, and it runs our toys, electronics, and microwaves. Imagine what your life would be like without electricity.
We make electricity by ________________, ___________, __________, and even __________. We make it from the energy that holds __________ together. We make it with energy from the sun, the wind, and falling water. Sometimes, we use heat from inside the _________________ to make electricity.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Links and info around children, young people & the media.
October 2, 2013
NEWS: A2C2: Engaging youth to raise awareness about climate change issues
A2C2 is about engaging youth to use their unique voices to create compelling media content across different platforms about climate change issues. These youth–driven media products will be seen and heard by decision makers across the Pacific to raise awareness about climate change issues and adaptation options.
Students from Vanuatu and Samoa have now had training on climate change and media including learning how to identify climate change versus weather. During the workshops youth expressed their frustration, fear, resilience and determination in facing climate change in their communities.


text:
Sorry, no definitions found.
"Vous avez aussi récemment reçu votre nouvelle carte Family, avec tutoiement en prime?"
"After Balzac's departure from Neufchatel the tone of his letters to Madame Hanska changed; he used the _tutoiement_, and his adoration increased."
"Je crois qu'il a ete heureux de pratiquer avec moi ce tutoiement, qui ne s'adapte pas a l'anglais, et qui est si francais."
"* From this point in the original Serge and Albine thee and thou one another; but although this _tutoiement_ has some bearing on the development of the story, it was impossible to preserve it in an English translation."
"The Parti Québécois has had a long history of support among teachers, but the Premier's mandating of respectfulness in schools may well win some over; students are henceforth to address teachers with formal vouvoiement, not informal tutoiement."
"Que ce soit clair: j'ai le tutoiement trop facile."
"Je crois qu'il a ete heureux de pratiquer avec moi ce tutoiement, qui ne s'adapte pas a l'anglais, et qui est si francais."
"During the French Revolution, and again in the liberal 60's, waves of tutoiement helped to get the point across that all men should be equal and be addressed in the same way."
"(think tutoiement in the French Revolution), people adopting emerging forms of communication like social media, are also embracing the consonant social identities."
"But even then another extraordinary fancy flashed through his thought; -- and with the tutoiement of a parent to a child, with an irresistible outburst of such tenderness as almost frightened her, he cried: "Oh! merciful"
These user-created lists contain the word 'tutoiement'.
Mostly words to describe using formal/informal "you" forms, at the moment: I'm not adding them all as I'd like a little variation. Searching that out.
We all know a word or two which...
Looking for tweets for tutoiement.


text:
Definition of association. Meaning of association. Synonyms of association
Here you will find one or more explanations in English for the word association. Also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word association and, of course, association synonyms and on the right images related to the word association.
Definition of association
AssociationAssociation As*so'ci*a"tion (?; 277), n. [Cf. F. association,
LL. associatio, fr. L. associare.]
1. The act of associating, or state of being associated;
union; connection, whether of persons of things. ''Some.
.. bond of association.' --Hooker.
Self-denial is a kind of holy association with God.
2. Mental connection, or that which is mentally linked or
associated with a thing.
Words... must owe their powers association.
Why should... the holiest words, with all their
venerable associations, be profaned? --Coleridge.
3. Union of persons in a company or society for some
particular purpose; as, the American Association for the
Advancement of Science; a benevolent association.
Specifically, as among the Congregationalists, a society,
consisting of a number of ministers, generally the pastors
of neighboring churches, united for promoting the
interests of religion and the harmony of the churches.
Association of ideas (Physiol.), the combination or
connection of states of mind or their objects with one
another, as the result of which one is said to be revived
or represented by means of the other. The relations
according to which they are thus connected or revived are
called the law of association. Prominent among them are
reckoned the relations of time and place, and of cause and
Meaning of association from wikipedia
to: voluntary association
who voluntarily enter
into an agreement
football, commonly known
or soccer, is a sport played between
of eleven players
with a spherical
- a voluntary association
(also sometimes called
association, or just an association) is a
- a trade
association, also known
as an industry trade
group, business association
association, is an organization founded
- the football
association, also known simply
as the fa, is the governing
body of football
in england. oldest football association
- a professional association
organization, or professional
society) is usually
- the german football
association. (deutscher fußball-bund. dfb) is the governing
body of football
. a founding member
of both fifa
- as a legal
entity, the organisation
may be a co-operative society, a company limited
by guarantee, an incorporated association
- the american library association
(ala) is a non-profit organization based
in the united states
that promotes libraries
- the most common purpose
of these associations
is'maintaining or improving
of their employment
this may include


text:
The drowned man represents any number of mythological or epic historical figures, and we'll go through them one by one. First off is the name the villagers assign him: Esteban. Who is this Esteban? As it turns out, Esteban is another name for Estevanico, a slave from the early 1500s who was supposedly the first man born in Africa to set foot in the Americas. Estevanico (or Esteban) became a legendary figure in Latin America, and was later given a set of incredible skills – he mastered dozens of languages, knew everything about medicine, was even considered by some to be a deity, or so the story goes.
When the women of the village call the drowned man Esteban, they might very well be referring to this Estevanico. (At the end of the story, the women imagine a captain speaking of Esteban's village "in fourteen languages" (12). This may be a reference to the myth that Estevanico spoke so many languages fluently.)
When the oldest women calls the drowned man Esteban, Márquez writes that some of the younger women hoped it might be Lautaro. In the mid 1500s a war occurred in what today is Chile between the colonizing Spaniards and the native Mapuche people. In this conflict, Lautaro was a military leader of the natives. The drowned man's handsomeness and sheer masculinity inspires the young women to fantasize that he is this famed leader. There are some interesting questions to consider here: why is it that the older women's thoughts turn to the Esteban, while the younger women think of Lautaro? And why is it that, once they get a better look at the drowned man, everyone agrees that it is Esteban, rather than Lautaro?
Many scholars have also pointed out that the drowned man is a shade of Quetzalcoatl, an Aztec god. The drowned man in many ways takes on the role of a deity for the villagers. He arrives from some other world (the sea), is essentially worshipped by the villagers, and permanently changes their lives.
Mythology in this story isn't limited just to the drowned man. The entire tale is rooted in mythological history; even the villagers take on mythological roles themselves by the end of the narrative. When the women weep for the drowned man at his funeral, Márquez writes, "Some sailors who heard weeping from a distance went off course and people heard of one who had himself tied to the mainmast, remembering ancient fables about sirens" (12). This comment is an allusion to Greek mythology.
Some background on the sirens. The sirens were half-women, half-bird creatures who lived on an island. They used to sing in beautiful voices to lure sailors off their course. The sailors would head towards the voices and then crash their ships on the jagged rocks, which pretty much meant death. When Odysseus was sailing by the siren's island, he made the rest of his men plug up their ears and tie him to the mainmast. This way, he got to hear the beautiful sound of their voices without being driven to suicide. Here in "The Handsomest Drowned Man," the women weeping over Lautaro are compared to the sirens, and some sailor going by ties himself to the main mast in an attempt to mimic Odysseus. The point is that through the drowned man, the villagers enter the realm of the mythological themselves.
The allusions to Esteban, Lautaro, Quetzalcoatl, and Odysseus's sirens illustrates the magical realism we've been mentioning. (If you haven't read "Genre" yet, go ahead and take a look.) "The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World" is exploring this mingling of the real (a little fishing village) with the mythological (a magnificent dead man).


text:
Soil salinity is caused by several factors. Soils may become saline as a result of land use, including the use of irrigation water with high levels of salt. Seawater is also a source of salts in low-lying areas along the coast through tidal estuaries or when rainfall in coastal regions mixes with sea spray. Saltwater intrusion into freshwater aquifers may occur when wells are close to the coast and water is pumped to the surface for various purposes, including irrigation. Irrigating from salt-impacted wells or saline industrial water may lead to the formation of saline soils.
Soil sodicity, on the other hand, is caused by high sodium levels in soils at concentrations greater than 15 percent of the cation exchange capacity. Sodic soils tend to have poor structure with unfavorable physical properties such as poor water infiltration and air exchange, which can reduce plant growth.


Elizabeth II posthumously pardoned almost 50 thousand homosexuals
Elizabeth II
Queen Elizabeth II granted a posthumous pardon thousands of homosexuals 49. About it reports The Guardian.
She signed the law on Tuesday, January 31. The document is called the "law of Alan Turing" by the same name of the Royal pardon given to a famous mathematician homosexual, who committed suicide in 1954.
"This is truly a memorable day, — said the Deputy Minister of justice Sam GIMA. — We will never be able to heal the harm caused, but we apologize for it and tried his best to fix it. I'm very proud of that "Turing's law" received by our office."
In total, under the Royal forgiveness fell 49 thousand people — they were charged on articles which are not now in the legislation. Homosexuality in the United Kingdom was a criminal offence until 1967, but in some parts of the country and longer in Scotland until 1980, in Northern Ireland until 1982. Until the nineteenth century for it has the death penalty, and later it was replaced by imprisonment.


text:
Identifying the Sound Event Recognition using Machine learning And Artificial Intelligence
The analysis of sound information is extremely useful in a variety of applications such as multimedia information retrieval, audio surveillance, audio tagging, and forensic investigations. The analysis of an audio clip is performed in order to detect sound events. Applications of this technology include security systems, smart vehicle navigation and noise pollution monitoring. Sound Event Recognition (SER) is the focus of this research proposal. As compared to long-duration audio scenes, sound events have a short duration of about 100 to 500 milliseconds. A machine-learning model is being trained and tested in this paper, which can be incorporated in an automated data collection process. In this experiment, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and Random Forest were compared.


text:
It was 1314 in Cologne. The first fools or in German "jecken" celebrated a parade through the city. How? We don't know exactly the details, just the date.
200 years later a noble man named Weinsberg wrote about the carnival. He describes that there were no differences between the people, everyone was equal. And this is until today the case, no classifications. It was the time of eating, drinking, dancing and celebrating for 6 days before the six week duration of fasting in the mainly catholic Rhineland started.
Even in the convents it was more casual than throughout the year. The oldest carnival song was written by a nun named Anna around 1500.
And in 1728 another nun wrote about a special supper which lasted until two in the morning with gourmet tea, coffee and even chocolate. They had cinnamon waffles which were baked with a scissor-like iron over the open fire. The recipe came from a Flemish convent. And from there all the popular carnival pastries called "Mutzen" and "Mutzenmandeln", baked with rum and rose water, are deriving.
Another name for the Mutzen is „Nonnenfürzchen" – which comes from the old word "nunnekenfurt" which means "prepared best by nuns".
You bake them in hot oil, therefore they are kind of heavy to digest, so the most people drink some glasses of Schnaps after they consummated them. This brings everyone up to a good and funny mood, the right thing before Ash Wednesday – the end of all festivities and the delicious food. Therefore the days of carnival are not only the "mad days", they are also called the "fat days" because of all the pastries baked in fat, such as the Berliner".
Ingredients for Mutzen
500 g flour
1 tbsp baking powder
125 g butter,
125 g sugar, 2 eggs, 3 tbsp rum,
Cooking Instructions German Carnival Recipes Mutzen
- melt the butter, add sugar, rum and eggs, beat them until foamy.
- add flour, baking powder and mix it well until you have a dough which is making bubbles.
- You habe to roll the dough very thin and you cut slanted squares which are baked in boiling oil until golden.
- Dust them with powdered sugar and sprinkle them with rose water.
This delicious pastry melts in the mouth and lies heavy in the stomach – drink a little Schnaps afterwards.
You get here an ancient recipe from the convent which had been handed through all the centuries from generation to generation. Enjoy the piece of culinary German tradition.


text:
Empirical relationships between salinity and temperature, which vary with longitude, latitude, and depth, have been identified from past data from conductivity-temperature-pressure (CTD) probes and from Argo profiling floats. These data have been interpolated to standard pressure levels and organized spatially so that regression models can be fitted to them at each level within sub-regions of the South Atlantic. A variety of models have been examined, with all combinations of temperature, temperature squared, longitude, and latitude used as regressors. Because of the sparsity of the data, evaluating which of these models should give the most accurate estimates of salinity is difficult.
- Data used for identifying empirical relationships between salinity and temperature
- Sub-regions within which the relationship between salinity and temperature is relatively homogeneous
- Salinity in the South Atlantic has a minimum near the bottom of most XBT profiles.
- Simple estimates of salinity can be obtained using climatological mean fields.
- Regression models offer a flexible and accurate approach to estimating salinity.
- Independent verification allows the accuracy of the salinity estimates to be gauged.
- The regression models can be used for "salting" South Atlantic XBTs.


text:
Related Analysis Pages
Simile in The Old Nurse's Story
Simile Examples in The Old Nurse's Story:
The Old Nurse's Story
"The hard, sad Miss Furnivall, and the cold Mrs. Stark, looked pleased when she came fluttering in like a bird, playing and pranking hither and thither, with a continual murmur, and pretty prattle of gladness...." See in text (The Old Nurse's Story)
Hester's description of toddler Rosamond recalls a chattering bird, bringing cheerfulness and conversation to previously silent and darkened places. Rosamond's good humor serves as a contrast to Mrs. Stark and Miss Furnivall, who are both quiet and unfriendly. Note also that birds are notoriously fragile creatures; Hester's protectiveness of Rosamond is shown in her word choice to describe the child.
"a face as full of fine wrinkles as if they had been drawn all over it with a needle's point...." See in text (The Old Nurse's Story)
Notice the simile here: Miss Furnivall's wrinkles are so precise that it looks as if someone has carefully drawn them on with a pinpoint. This highlights both her advanced age and suggests she is someone who is as precise as her appearance.
"who was like a sunbeam in any family, be it never so grand..." See in text (The Old Nurse's Story)
Notice the simile used to characterize Rosamond: she is like a "sunbeam," a bright flash of warm, comforting light in an otherwise dreary landscape. Hester calls Rosamond her "pet" out of affection, not out of condescending ownership, showing the true bond that exists between the two.


The volume of an expanding sphere is increasing at a rate of 12cubic feet per second. When the volume of the sphere is cubic feet, how fast, in square feet persecond, is the surface area increasing?
Note: ( )
(A) 8
(B) 6
(C) 8π
(E) 10
Can someone show it step by step?
I kind of remember this kind of question, but not sure if I did itright.
Get this answer with Chegg Study


Monday, July 28th32.3°C
Your Mental Health
Hospital admission under the MHA
A lot of people approach me for advice about how to assist their friend or family member experiencing a mental health crisis when they are unwilling to seek help, usually because they don't realize they are suffering from a mental illness.
Involuntary hospital admission for the mentally ill is a subject that needs to be treated very carefully. British Columbia's Mental Health Act has outlined some very specific guidelines governing when and how involuntary admission can occur. These are intended to protect an individual's rights while also preventing ill people from harming themselves or others.
According to the Act, there are three methods by which a person can be involuntarily admitted to hospital. These include admission under a physician's medical certificate, police intervention or by order of a judge.
In order for a physician to sign a medical certificate, the doctor must examine the individual to ensure four specific criteria are met.
First, the patient must be suffering from a psychiatric disorder that seriously impairs his or her ability to react appropriately to the environment or others. The patient must also need psychiatric treatment as well as care, supervision and control to prevent substantial mental or physical deterioration or to protect the patient or others. Finally, the individual must not be suitable as a voluntary patient.
Once a medical certificate is obtained, a mentally ill person can be taken by police to the nearest mental health facility and admitted for up to 48 hours. In order to keep a person hospitalized for longer than 48 hours, a second physician must also examine the patient and agree with the initial assessment. With a second certificate, a person can be kept in care for up to one month before being re-certified.
Protection from bodily harm or violence is not the only reason to commit someone with a mental illness.
For example, during an acute manic episode some people decide to spend or give away large sums of their money and do not believe they are ill or in need of medical help. Individuals in this situation might qualify for involuntary hospitalization in order to protect them from putting themselves or their dependents into financial hardship.
Police intervention is another way for a mentally ill person to be brought into medical care on an involuntary basis. A police officer can take a person into custody for a medical examination if satisfied the individual is likely to endanger his or her own safety or that of others and if the person is apparently mentally ill.
Notice that this requires a more selective interpretation; there must be "endangerment" as opposed to "impairment of his or her ability to react appropriately to the environment or others". In practice there is considerable variation in the willingness of police officers to exercise their responsibility under the mental health act.
When the police take someone into custody, they must bring the individual immediately to a physician for examination.
A judge can also order an individual into psychiatric care when it is not possible for a physician or the police to intervene. In such instances, anyone with good reason to believe the individual meets committal criteria, can apply to a judge or justice of the peace to have the person admitted involuntarily. This is a more time consuming and bureaucratic way to proceed and is much less often used.
If the judge finds the usual methods cannot be used without dangerous delay, a warrant can be issued allowing authorities to admit the individual for a 48-hour observation period and physician evaluation.
If you are concerned about a loved one who is behaving erratically and putting him or herself or others at risk – whether physically, socially or financially—there may be a legal way to help.
Speak to your doctor about your options or contact the local mental health service, advocacy groups or hospital psychiatric ward or emergency room. If you encounter an urgent situation and it is not possible to get a doctor's advice or examination, contact the police.
For more information about the law surrounding involuntary hospital admission, you can access the Mental Health Act online here
Although it is sometimes necessary, involuntary hospital admission is not an act that should be taken lightly or used without discretion.
Read more Mental Health articles
About the author...
Previous Stories
RSS this page.
(Click for RSS instructions.)


, which is why they read books rather than taking part in reality TV, so reading about someone as well-rounded as, say, Jade Goody will certainly prove beyond them. Writers in the fantasy field (Tolkien and David Eddings, in particular) are often the finest exponents of this style of character-creation, and it is advisable to read as much of their work as possible.
edit Doing it Right
The characters I like to create are streamlined, effective and have some notable feature (or "quirk") that helps them stand out from the background cast. In my novel Flapping Without Featherbeds[6] I created the character of Clayton Purvis, one of my finest creations to date (not to sound immodest!) I created him using a simple three-part method, which I will explain here, using Clayton as an example.
edit Part One: The Primary Characteristic
The primary characteristic is simply that; the main mood or state of of being for a character. Clayton is a surly person. This is how he acts nearly all of the time, which makes him readily identifiable with readers because they probably know some moody people as well. Characters such as Clayton frequently show up in other forms of media.
Giving many of your characters names that start with the same letter makes them easy to remember. Tolkien used this technique when writing The Silmarillion. Never has there been a book so easy to understand.
edit Part Two: The Secondary Characteristic
The secondary characteristic is the way the character behaves some of the time, but not often. It is important that this characteristic appears rarely, otherwise your reader may get it confused with the primary characteristic and lose the direction of the plot. This may result in them no longer buying your books. In the example of Clayton, his secondary characteristic is that he can sometimes be very kind. Not very often, but just often enough that the reader can see that beneath his surly exterior he is a good person. This kind of dual-characerising is extremely rare in novels, though some TV shows are beginning to utilise it, and it is one I intend to pioneer further.
edit Part Three: The Quirk
Clayton is a ginger. Gingers are funny, see?
edit The Ending
Stephen King staring
"Now you weren't thinkin' of stealin' mah style, were you boy? Good..." Don't listen. Steal his style. He can't hurt you.
Whilst not as important as the beginning, as readers will have purchased the book by this point and do not need further impressing, a passable ending is still worth including. Remember, your novels are not a finite resource. By changing small elements of the plot each time, or even just the character names, there is nothing to stop you writing tens or even hundreds of novels a year! (Just look at Stephen King for an example of a true pioneer of this approach.) This is no good, however, if you put your readers off purchasing your next opus by leaving them deeply unsatisfied at the climax (see Tabitha King), so your novel must end with something slightly better than "it was all a dream, the end," no matter how easy or tempting this may seem. The three most important words when writing an ending are Plot Twist, Plot Twist, Plot Twist. Indeed, these three words are so important it takes six words to contain them.
edit Doing it Wrong
Some novels contain plot twists throughout, or create a plot sufficiently complex that the reader is never sure what's going to happen, making a plot twist impossible. Noted author George R.R. Martin does this in the series A Song of Ice and Fire, for example. It is a technique to avoid at all costs. All artistic reasons aside, just think of the workload. Creating a three-dimensional world with a convincing history and characters with "realistic" emotions could delay your novel by up to a month![7] Remember, a minute more spent on your work is a minute you could be spending surrounded by models on your private boat, so you'd best get moving if you want to enjoy your well-earned Mojitos.
edit Doing it Right
At the epic conclusion of my three-part series Getting Rich in Chipping Sodbury[8] I introduced a plot twist that will one day be counted as "legendary". With this novel I tried, and succeeded, to challenge the casual sexism of a society who will automatically assume a given person is male, unless explicitly told otherwise. Up until this point in the story, the reader has been labouring under the impression that central character Butch "Shagalot" McHardasfuck is a man. The final scene takes part in a brothel Butch has been frequenting, a face-off between the character and his ex-wife. Except, of course, we suddenly discover that it isn't his ex-wife at all. Butch is a woman. The assumptions readers have made about her gender are nothing more than ill-conceived stereotyping, from a public who still dismiss women as inferior. The reader leaves surprised and, hopefully, just a little bit wiser.
edit In Conclusion
You now have all the knowledge you need to write a highly successful novel. No, no need to thank me, it's what I do. If you truly want to say thank you, then simply don't forget me when you're at the top. I have a new novel ready, entitled What I Want to do to that Bastard who Rejected my Novel 'Fights and Clocks,'[9] the Bastard.[10] So if you happen to have a meeting with your publisher, and you have some time to spare, why not have a word with him about it.
edit Notes
 1. Currently unpublished.
 2. He did it again.
 3. Currently unpublished.
 4. Currently unpublished.
 5. Not a clown, as there is no comedy in this novel.
 6. Currently unpublished.
 7. It's delaying George R.R. Martin's by over five years.
 8. Currently unpublished.
 9. Currently unpublished,
 10. Currently unpublished.
edit See Also
Gorillatrans Featured HowTo: Article Featured on the 12th of February 2011
Personal tools


The Correct spelling is: scarf
Common misspellings of the word scarf are:
How do you spell scarf?. It is not
 - n., pl. scarfs (skÃ¤rfs) or scarves (skÃ¤rvz).
 1. A long piece of cloth worn about the head, neck, or shoulders.
 2. A decorative cloth for covering the top of a piece of furniture; a runner.
 3. A sash indicating military rank.
 tr.v., scarfed, scarfÂ·ing, scarfs.
 1. To dress, cover, or decorate with or as if with a scarf.
 2. To wrap (an outer garment) around one like a scarf.
 [French dialectal escarpe, sash, sling, from Old North French, variant of Old French escherpe, pilgrim's bag hung from the neck, from Frankish *skirpja, small rush, from Latin scirpus, rush.]
 - Home | Sitemap
 © 2015 - 103326 Visits


African and Asian emigrants through the Greek border, government in Skopje launches an action plan
IBNA Special Report/ How do illegal emigrants enter in FYR Macedonia? How much do they pay to use this country as a transit country to reach the EU? The flourishing of the traffic of human beings and police measures to stop it
Skopje, July 15, 2013 – By Naser Pajaziti
The Ministry of Interior in FYR Macedonia has increased security measures in the border crossing points in order to stop the numbers of Afro-Asian emigrants which are entering the country from Greece.
This ministry has declared that it has enforced these measures especially in those points which are known for illegal crossings, but inspections have become more frequent in the railway system and railway train station near the Greek border.
The Sector of Interior Affairs in the border town of Gjevgjel informs that tens of foreign emigrants have been caught during the weekend, mainly from Asian and African countries where there are violent conflicts.
SIF says that two Syrian and one Iraqi national were caught last night on the board of a merchant train near the border with Greece. Based on international laws on emigration, after they are stopped, the emigrants are delivered to Greek authorities, as this is the country where they've entered from.
But, a large number of Afghani, Iraqi and Syrian emigrants have also been stationed near the border with Serbia. Their favorite location is the Albanian inhabited village of Llojan near the border with Presevo on the Serb part.
On the streets of Llojan one can encounter Algerian nationals, Somalis, Tunisian and in particular Afghans and Pakistanis, which remain two of the most represented nationalities. In total, hundreds of them temporarily live in this large village, where the majority of its inhabitants live abroad in countries such as Switzerland, Germany or Belgium.
Emigrants in this area live in tends, but in the majority of cases they spend their time in the bars of the village in order to prevent controls and police raids which frequently take place.
Emigrants are also a means of gain for traffickers which organize their journey to destinations near the border in exchange of a particular amount of money. A journey from Gjevgjeli to Llojan costs 500 Euros per emigrant. Emigrants aim Llojan to then go to Serbia and then to the EU countries, using Hungary as a transit bridge.
The Ministry of Interior has stressed that it has taken measures to stop the arrival of these emigrants and that a part of them will either be deported from the country or put in asylum seekers' centers in Skopje. /ibna/


text:
The Isle of Man Green Party has said extraction of gas from the Manx seabed would be 'incompatible' with the island's Climate Change Act and the Paris Climate Agreement.
In a statement, the party has called on the gov to stop the exploration process at the end of the four month extension granted to Crogga to allow it to complete surveys.
The party said that it had written to CoMin asking ministers not to extend Crogga's licence, which was due to expire on December 31 2021.
It said: 'In the knowledge that Phase B of the licence awarded to Crogga in 2018 to explore for fossil fuels in the Isle of Man seabed was coming to an end at the end of 2021, and it being understood that if certain obligations had not been met by Crogga the licence would expire and automatically cease, the Green Party wrote on December 14 2021 to each Minister of the Council of Ministers, including the Chief Minister, setting out cogent reasons why the licence should not be extended.
'The Green Party's letter set out the realities of how climate change is impacting the Isle of Man, including the increasing prevalence of droughts, extreme rainfall, and erosion from a more volatile and expanding Irish sea. It is clearly stated by the relevant science that extreme climate change in the Isle of Man and elsewhere is being caused by carbon emissions, that the consequences of the same will be hugely damaging to our community and communities globally, and that we must urgently decarbonise and transition to renewable forms of energy. Gas is a high carbon fuel that is contributing to extreme climate change; accordingly, the Government should be introducing policies to reduce its use in order to protect our island community.'
In the letter, which can be seen below, the party said that any extensions would be 'in direct contradiction to the Government's commitments, amongst other things, in respect of the United Nations Paris Agreement, to undertake efforts to keep global heating to 1.5°C, and the Government's climate change duties pursuant to the Climate Change Act 2021'.
They said that after the extension was granted, they wrote to DoI Minister Tim Crookall asking for an explanation, but that they had not received a response.
Its statement added: 'Given the promises of action that emanated from the members of this Government in the 2021 election, the Green Party hopes that the Government will now take decisive action to end the licence in its entirety upon the expiry of the extension, and immediately commence the much needed investment in renewable energy.'


text: Identify the description as PRODUCER or CONSUMER. 1. Tap the add button. 2. Tap the label tool and drag the lable and place it underneath the correct description. 3. Tap the record button and explain, IN YOUR OWN WORDS, what is a producer and consumer. 4. Tap the check to add to your journal.


text:
ellers including Super Brain, co-authored with Rudi Tanzi, PhD. He serves as the founder of The Chopra Foundation and co-founder of The Chopra Center for Wellbeing.
Bernardo Kastrup has a Ph.D. in Computer Engineering and has worked as a scientist in some of the world's foremost research laboratories, including the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) and the Philips Research Laboratories (where the "Casimir Effect" of Quantum Field Theory was discovered). He has authored many scientific papers and four philosophy books: Rationalist Spirituality, Dreamed up Reality, Meaning in Absurdity, and Why Materialism Is Baloney. This latter book is a grand synthesis of his metaphysical views. Bernardo has also been an entrepreneur and founder of two high-tech businesses. Today, he holds a managerial position in the high-tech industry. In parallel, he maintains a philosophy blog, an audio/video podcast, and continues to develop his ideas about the nature of reality. Bernardo has lived and worked in four different countries across continents. He currently resides in the Netherlands.


Homeowners Guide: Planning a Successful Landscape Design What is Wrong With My Mower Should You Fire Your Landscaper? Here Are Four Pro Tips. Sustainable Irrigation Devices To Save Water in Your Lawn (4 Tips)
Lawn care pros area Lawn care illustrations
The Riskiest Things Landscapers Do Every Day (Safety Infograhpic)
 - by
 - Gene Caballero
 - June 30, 2021
Many jobs have risks associated with them, and landscaping is certainly no different! In fact, landscapers and groundskeepers have an occupational fatality rate three times higher than most occupations. This infographic shows the risks associated with landscaping, from sun and pesticide exposure to motor vehicle accidents. Safety
What are some of the biggest risks that landscapers face?
Some of the most common causes of injuries for landscapers and groundskeepers are; motor vehicle accidents, sun exposure, injuries from machinery, electrical shock, lawn mower injuries, and allergic reactions.
What is the most common fatality that landscapers face?
32.5% of landscape worker fatalities occur during transportation. The second most common form of fatality comes from contact with poisons such as pesticides, and poisonous animals.
How can landscapers avoid injuries from poisonous animals?
Landscapers and lawn care professionals can avoid injuries from bees and other poisonous animals by walking the property before beginning work, and looking for potential hazards.
How can landscapers avoid injuries from electrical utilities?
Landscapers can avoid electrical shock by always calling before they dig, being familiar with the property and not pruning trees and shrubs that are in contact with a power line.
How can landscapers avoid injury and poisoning from pesticides?
Landscapers can avoid exposure to pesticides by always reading the safety label and taking proper precautions. Wearing long pants, a long-sleeved shirt, along with boots, and gloves are just a few of the measures landscapers should take to avoid pesticide exposure
How can landscapers avoid injury from sun and high temperatures?
Sun and high temperatures are a huge concern for landscapers and lawn care professionals. Between dehydration, heat stroke and skin conditions, there is a lot that could go wrong. There are many steps landscapers should take to avoid injury including; frequent breaks, staying hydrated and wearing sunscreen.
How can landscapers avoid slips and falls?
Landscapers need to always use proper safety equipment and ladders correctly. Slips and falls account for 22.4% of landscaper fatalities. So being safe while landscaping includes safe use of ladders and climbing equipment.
The bottom line on safety for landscapers and groundskeepers is that there are many things to consider in order to maintain a safe working environment. This infographic produced by Bolt Insurance does a great job at helping landscapers and lawn care professionals identify potential occupational hazards and avoid them.
Powered by Froala Editor


text:
So you ask, how is literacy like raspberries? Well, raspberries will grow even when neglected, they will grow in uncultivated, poor soil and even in poor light. They produce – but only small berries on small canes. If, however, they are planted in compost–rich, well-drained soil with lots of sun and air the canes thrive and the berries are huge. Literacy is like that, despite the lack of nurturing, most of us do learn to read and write, maybe not well, but enough that we can 'get by.' Our skills are like the small stunted berries, so much less than what they could be. If we develop our literacy skills then the world opens up and the fruit we produce - in improved employment opportunities, civic engagement, family relationships – is bigger, juicier and a whole lot sweeter!
When planted in poor soil, in sun-blocked areas, some raspberry canes will reach for the sky – for sun and rain to nurture their roots and produce fruit. Just like those who know they need literacy skills to move ahead in life, some will struggle despite the odds and succeed. They are the ones who will fight to go to school, stay in school and get the diplomas or degrees that will free them from the cycle of poverty and dead-end jobs. But others are not so lucky, canes and people, some are just unable to push their way into the sun (or school) and when they cannot they (or their opportunities) remain small, even stunted. They are the ones who, when provided the nurture and support of literacy tutors and programming, will thrive. Just like canes which are transplanted to better parts of the garden, adult learners will thrive when provided with the tools to grow and develop.
So where do the scratches come in? My raspberry canes have a multitude of prickles and tiny thorns and I have to be careful when I harvest the fruit. Developing literacy skills is similar. We hold fast to our prejudices, our opinions and our beliefs. When we think we cannot succeed, learn to read or improve our math abilities, our thorns grow and it is hard to harvest the fruit of success. When we address those problems the canes (or learners) can put more of their energy towards bearing fruit (learning or developing new skills) and less energy in maintaining the prickles of suspicion and disbelief. With the encouragement of tutors and teachers who care, learners can grow and blossom. Some old stuff may need to be pruned away, some staking will be necessary, but in the end the fruits of improved self-esteem and abilities will make the work worthwhile and the raspberry patch the best it can be!
Community Literacy Coordinator
Columbia Basin Alliance for literacy - Cranbrook


text:
Brody Cemetery Project
Ami Elyasaf, Pamela Weisberger
Project Committee Members
Jan Meisels Allen, Heidi Urich, Benjamin Solomowitz
The approximately 5,000 tombstones in the Brody, Ukraine cemetery will be photographed and mapped by a team of Lviv, Ukraine-based specialists in cemetery documentation and photography. The inscriptions will be translated and the data entered into the template for JewishGen's Online Worldwide Burial Registry (JOWBR). The images and inscriptions will be provided to JewishGen and Gesher Galicia so that researchers can obtain the information free of charge on JOWBR or the GG website.
This project will allow Galician family history researchers to create or fill gaps in their family trees and learn something about their families' Jewish heritage. Where vital records may no longer exist, cemetery records are often the only remaining evidence of a person's life. The material has the potential to be of broader interest to scholars and educators specializing in Jewish history and the Holocaust and specifically in the history of eastern Galicia and the town of Brody.
The JewishGen Online Worldwide Burial Registry (JOWBR) is a searchable database comprised of individual burial records, tombstone photographs, and descriptions of individual cemeteries. At its launch in July 2003, JOWBR featured 643 cemeteries in 25 countries, with more than 300,000 burial records, and 11,000 tombstone photographs. New cemetery records are added to JOWBR on a regular basis. This project will expand the JOWBR database by approximately 5,000 tombstones.
Jewish cemeteries throughout the world are threatened with vandalism and even extinction. It is vitally important to preserve information about existing Jewish cemeteries so future generations will have the benefit of this aspect of our cultural heritage. In addition, for many Jews, knowledge of their family history perished in the Holocaust. JOWBR is one of several JewishGen activities that will help families fill in the missing pieces of the puzzle. JewishGen Inc. is an affiliate of the Museum of Jewish Heritage -A Living Memorial to the Holocaust.
Why Brody is important to people without known Brody roots:
Brody has a very interesting and compelling history that makes the city important not only to those who can trace their ancestral roots to Brody, but to other Eastern European countries. The city was ideally located near the southeastern Russian border and developed into the most successful commercial center in Eastern Europe outside of Lemberg (L'viv). During the 19th century, Brody's Jewish population reached 88% of the city, was organized around the centrally located synagogue but its Jewish population decreased starting after 1880 and the mass migration out of Brody began. After the partitions of Poland, restrictive trade laws were passed causing wealthier Jews to leave. The remaining poor from both the east and west fled to Brody as it was a transportation hub and it took months if not years for many to immigrate from Brody. It is highly possible that researchers with family from Ukrainian and Hungarian towns may find cemetery records for relatives who passed through Brody at one point in time. Additionally, Brody was known for its rabbinical families, including the Katzenellenbogen, Babad, Rokach, Horowitz and Kristianpoller families and its great Kloyz scholars.
The research team will spend an estimated 3-7 days in the Brody cemetery preparing the headstones to obtain the best images, photographing the existing stones and mapping the location of each stone using GPS technology. After that the inscriptions will be translated and the data integrated into the JOWBR database at _URL_
Estimated Cost. $4,500
Copyright © _PHONE_ by JewishGen, Inc.
Updated 7 Mar 2011 by LA


[graphic text] Publications
[Photo] Historic image, date unknown, of landscape of the Mukai Cold Processing Fruit Barrelling Plant
Photograph from National Register collection
The Mukai Cold Process Fruit Barrelling Plant, centrally located on Vashon Island in King County, Washington, retains historic importance as a rare, intact example of a property associated with the history of Japanese American settlement in Washington. Covering 4.8 acres with the surrounding Mukai residence, buildings, and landscape features, the Mukai Cold Processing Fruit Barrelling Plant stands as a testament to the Mukai family's dream of owning and operating a successful strawberry processing and packing business. The beginnings of the Mukai family history in the United States is in many ways representative of the Japanese experience in the Pacific Northwest. Denichiro Mukai was the first of the family to come to the United States, immigrating from a farming community near Osaka, Japan, to San Francisco at the age of 15 in the late 19th century. Americans were unable to pronounce Denichiro, which became shortened to Ben, and then further altered to the nickname B. D. By all accounts, B. D. was a talented, aggressive, and financially ambitious individual. His first position in America was that of a domestic with a wealthy sheep farmer. The family rewarded his hard work by sending him to school, where he learned English. After leaving his first employers, Mukai worked in a variety of positions in San Francisco, including acting as a police interpreter and the head of an employment agency. Sometime after turning 21, B. D. married a young Japanese woman named Sato Nakanishi. After the San Francisco earthquake of 1906, B. D. and Sato settled in Seattle, Washington, and opened a restaurant on Fourth Avenue. Eventually leaving the restaurant business, B. D. went to work for Walter Bowen and Company, a Western Avenue commission house on "Wholesale Row." It was here that he was introduced to Vashon Island strawberries, which would later play a prominent part in the Mukai family business.
[photo] Historic image, date unknown, of the entire Mukai residence
Photograph from National Register collection
In 1910, B. D. and Sato moved to Vashon Island and started growing strawberries on a small parcel of land near the center of the island. Japanese immigrants were well established on Vashon Island by the time the Mukais moved there, beginning with the Sakai and Hoshi families. When B. D. Mukai began his first strawberry farming on the island, he started in the position of a tenant farmer, hiring other Japanese as laborers and pickers. Although he was not the only Japanese farmer to supervise Japanese laborers, he was in the minority. The majority of Japanese-American farmers began their careers in agriculture as laborers. The Mukais set up their first Barrelling plant in 1924, where they began the first preserving and shipping of strawberries for the wholesale market to be done on the island. The successful development of the canning industry soon allowed B. D. to quit sending strawberries to the Western Avenue market altogether, revolutionizing the industry. Soon the Mukai's strawberries were being shipped all over the world by large distribution companies such as John Sexton and Company. In 1926, B. D.'s son, Masahiro (later shortened to "Masa") was born. By 1926, when Masa was fifteen years old, the Mukai s moved their successful strawberry processing operation and purchased the 40-acre site where the Mukai Cold Process Fruit Barrelling Plant was constructed. This plant is important historically as an example of the strawberry industry in the Puget Sound Region, especially on Vashon Island, in the period from 1926 to 1942. When Masa reached high school age his father encouraged him to experiment in various farming techniques to improve the berry crop. One of his major projects was the freezing and preserving of strawberries, which would eventually provide a solution to the Mukai farm's overproduction. B. D. later sent Masa to work at a station set up by the United States Department of Agriculture at the Spokane Street Cold Storage in Seattle. It was there that Mesa experimented with slow, fast, and semi-solid freezing for the wholesale market. Masa would also receive an engineering degree from Washington State University.
The Mukais finished the construction of their new plant, home, and garden just before the onset of the Great Depression. During the Depression years, the Mukai Barrelling Plant established a financial reputation that belied economic conditions in the rest of the country. The plant provided work for 400 to 500 people seasonally, including pickers, including American Indians arriving from Vancouver Island by canoe. In the early 1930s, the company name was changed to Mukai and Son, and in 1934 B. D. left his home and business to travel, eventually settling in California. In 1968 he went back to Japan for a visit, and after several months Masa received orders to sell his father's property, close his bank accounts, and send him his proceeds. The immigrant who had so vehemently embraced America had gone back to Osaka and had purchased and restored the family's ancestral home. He died there in 1973. After B. D.'s departure from Vashon Island, Masa ran the fruit barrelling plant. He gradually gave up farming and concentrated on the canning and freezing business, depending upon local berry production. In 1937 he married Chiyeko Wakasugi, whose family farmed strawberries on Bainbridge Island. In 1938 the business office was moved from the house to the present brick building. Masa changed the name of the plant to the Vashon Island Packing Company, or VIPCO, upon the advice of his distributors.
[Photo] Mukai formal garden
Photograph from National Register collection
World War II was devastating for the Japanese-American berry farmers, both on Vashon and elsewhere. Executive Order 9066, issued on February 19, 1942, affected all Japanese-Americans living west of the Columbia River. Every Japanese family on Vashon Island was given two weeks notice that they would be interred. Most of the island families were moved to the Puyallup Fairgrounds and then dispersed to northern and central California, Wyoming, Idaho and other internment camp locations. In the days after Pearl Harbor, Masa kept in close contact with the Lieutenant Commander of the Western Defense Command, a personal acquaintance. He was notified two weeks before the evacuation order and was able to leave Vashon Island voluntarily, being the only voluntary evacuee on Vashon to do so. After leaving his business in the hands of his hauler Morris Dunsford, the Mukai family packed their belongings and moved to the Snake River Valley in Idaho to Dead Ox Flats, across the river from Weiser, where Chiyeko's brother lived. During his stay in Idaho, Masa became a respected member of the community, working in the seed industry until 1945. The Mukai family returned to their Vashon Island operation in 1946, but Masa found that his strawberry business was no longer profitable due to the rise in transportation costs. Instead, he began to design sewer systems, water distribution mains, and went into pipeline construction and home building. Slowly, Masa began selling his Vashon island properties, until finally in 1969 he sold the plant to a bean sprout manufacturing company. The properties have had several owners since then.
[photo] Mukai Fruit Plant--Packing House
Photograph from National Register collection
The Mukai Agricultural Complex is sited at the end of 107th Avenue S.W. and faces east, overlooking what were once strawberry fields. The Mukai Cold Process Fruit Barrelling Plant, designed by Masahiro Mukai and built by local contractor Deb Harrington, as well as the local small brick office building designed by B. D. Mukai, and the residence, another design of B. D. Mukai's are included in the Mukai Agricultural Complex area. The Fruit Barrelling Plant is a one-story wood frame building. The plant is an excellent vernacular example of agricultural industrial architecture, and the house is a well-preserved example of eclectic vernacular architecture with Arts and Crafts and Neoclassical elements of a type built throughout the Pacific Northwest in the late 1920s. The foundation of the two-story house is concrete, and a full basement features a two-car garage on the north. Constructed in a modified ell-plan, the Mukai residence possesses multiple gable roofs sheathed in wood shingles. The formal garden, also included in the historic area, retains interest as a vernacular expression of the adaptation and blending of traditional Japanese garden elements and plant materials with American suburban residential landscaping. It retains most of its original design and many of its original plantings. In its prime, the Mukai garden attracted visitors from on and off the island and was photographed for postcards. The garden also served for notable social functions when tea parties were held to view the cherry blossoms in the early spring.
National Register Home
Comments or Questions
[graphic] Link to Parknet


text:
Theranostics 2018; 8(10):2646-2656. doi:10.7150/thno.24480
Catalytic hairpin assembly gel assay for multiple and sensitive microRNA detection
1. Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Beijing Key Lab for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and bioengineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.
2. School of Petrochemical Engineering, School of Food Science and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P.R. China.
3. School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.
Dai W, Zhang J, Meng X, He J, Zhang K, Cao Y, Wang D, Dong H, Zhang X. Catalytic hairpin assembly gel assay for multiple and sensitive microRNA detection. Theranostics 2018; 8(10):2646-2656. doi:10.7150/thno.24480. Available from _URL_
As important modulators of gene expression, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as promising biomarkers with powerful predictive value in diagnosis and prognosis for several diseases, especially for cancers. Here we report a facile, multiple and sensitive miRNA detection method that uses conventional gel electrophoresis and catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) system without any complex nanomaterials or enzymatic amplification.
Methods: In this study, three pairs of hairpin probes are rationally designed with thermodynamically and kinetically preferable feasibility for the CHA process. In the present of target miRNA, the stem of the corresponding hairpin detection probe (HDP) will be unfolded and expose the concealed domain. The corresponding hairpin assistant probe (HAP) then replaces the hybridized target miRNA to form specific HDP/HAP complexes and releases miRNA based on thermodynamically driven entropy gain process, and the released miRNA triggers the next recycle to produce tremendous corresponding HDP/HAP complexes.
Results: The results showed that the CHA gel assay can detect miRNA at fM levels and shows good capability of discriminating miRNA family members and base-mismatched miRNAs. It is able to analyze miRNAs extracted from cell lysates, which are consistent with the results of conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Depending on the length of the designed hairpin probes, the CHA gel assay consisting of different hairpin probes effectively discriminated and simultaneously detected multiple miRNAs in homogenous solution and miRNAs extracted from cell lysates.
Conclusion: The work highlights the practical use of a conventional gel electrophoresis for sensitive interesting nucleic acid sequences detection.
Keywords: microRNA, multiple microRNA detection, catalytic hairpin assembly, gel electrophoresis, PCR
microRNA (miRNA) are single-stranded, short (approximately 19-23 nucleotides), endogenous, noncoding regulatory RNAs that are crucial in many biological processes [1-3]. Aberrant expression levels of miRNAs are closely associated with many diseases, including cancers [4,5]. For example, miRNA-373 is validated as a potential novel oncogene for tumorigenesis, regulating tumor cell cycle and tumor metastasis [6-10]. High miRNA-21 expression levels are observed in various malignancies including breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer and glioma [11,12]. In recent years, considerable efforts have been devoted to develop methods to quantify intracellular miRNA-21 [13,14]. Overexpression of miRNA-10b can promote the metastasis of cancer cells. Therefore, miRNA is emerging as one of the promising biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis of several cancers [16,17]. However, multiple and sensitive miRNA detection is challenging because of their unique properties, such as small size, high sequence similarity, susceptibility to degradation and, especially, low abundance [18-20]. Conventional miRNA analysis methods, including real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Northern blot, microarrays technology have been widely used, which suffer from some defects such as low sensitivity, time-consuming methods, false positive signal and expensive equipment. Therefore, the development of a sensitive, specific and convenient strategy is urgently needed to monitor miRNA levels in early clinical diagnosis [24-28]. Especially, the multiplicity of miRNA needs a miRNA assay that detects multiple miRNA simultaneously.
Recently, a variety of amplification strategies have been established for sensitive detection of miRNA, such as nanomaterial-based [29,30], and molecular biology-involved signal amplification methods including target RNA cycling, ligase chain reaction (LCR), rolling-circle amplification (RCA), isothermal strand-displacement polymerase reaction, and strand displacement amplification (SDA) [31-33]. As a versatile SDA isothermal amplification technique, catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) is an enzyme-free DNA circuit that relies on a thermodynamically driven entropy gain process to achieve signal amplification, possibly permitting exponential amplification of a target sequence in 15 min [34-36]. By combining CHA with other detection techniques such as colorimetry, fluorescence, electrochemistry [39,40], chemiluminescence, Raman spectroscopy, and surface plasmon resonance, miscellaneous CHAs platforms have been developed for miRNAs, metal ions and protein molecular analysis. However, these strategies are associated with complex nanoparticles and fluorescence labelling processes, time-consuming methods or expensive equipment.
Recently, numerous novel methods combining traditional gel electrophoresis and other technologies have been developed to analyze genetic material, such as microfluidic gel electrophoresis and capillary gel electrophoresis. Lee et al. developed a bio-barcode gel assay for miRNA detection at low concentration using a conventional gel electrophoresis platform, opening the avenue for practical application of conventional gel electrophoresis for high-sensitive analysis of miRNA without PCR amplification. The final detected signal is derived from the amount of the barcode DNA in the gel electrophoresis instead of direct detection of miRNA, and the detection signal could be significantly amplified without any enzymatic amplification due to the numerous barcode DNA. The barcode gel assay provided a straightforward detection signal method on a conventional gel electrophoresis, but it also involved complicated DNA nanoparticle modification and gold nanoparticle dissolving processes.
In this work, a multiple and sensitive miRNA detection strategy is designed by combing conventional gel electrophoresis with a CHA signal amplification system. As shown in Figure 1, three pairs of programmable oligonucleotide hairpin probes of hairpin detection probe (HDP) and hairpin assistant probe (HAP) are designed. In the present specific target miRNA, the stem of the corresponding HDP will be unfolded and expose the concealed domain. The corresponding HAP then replaces the hybridized target miRNA to form specific HDP/HAP complexes and releases miRNA based on thermodynamically driven entropy gain process, and the released miRNA triggers the next recycle to produce tremendous corresponding HDP/HAP complexes. In this way, one copy of target specific miRNA could trigger formation of numerous corresponding HDP/HAP complexes with designed length, resulting in significant signal amplification without enzymatic and nanoparticle-involved amplification. Depending on the length of the engineered hairpin probes, the hybridized duplex structures have different migration in the gel electrophoresis, which can be used to effectively and simultaneously detect various target miRNAs in complex biological samples.
YeaRed nucleic acid dye and 6×DNA Loading Buffer were obtained from YEASEN (Shanghai, China). The electrophoresis buffer consisted of 40 mM Tris, 20 mM acetic acid, 2 mM EDTANa2, and 12.5 mM (CH3COO)2Mg (TAE-Mg). Hybridization buffer was phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.4, 10 mM with 137 mM NaCl), which was prepared by mixing the stock solutions of NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4 and adjusting the pH with NaOH and H3PO4. Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) was obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Beijing, China). PBS (pH 7.4, 10 mM) used in cell experiments, fetal bovine serum (FBS), Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), trypsin-EDTA and penicillin-streptomycin were purchased from Gibco Life Technologies (AG, Switzerland). The ultrapure water was obtained from a Millipore water purification system (18 MΩ, Milli-Q, Millipore, USA). All of the DNA sequences were purchased from Sangon Biological Engineering Technology & Services Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The RNA sequences purified using high-performance liquid chromatography were obtained from Gene Pharma (Shanghai, China) and modified with 2′-OMe to increase resistance to nucleases to improve the stability for miRNA detection. Their sequences are in Table 1. All the miRNA sequences were diluted in diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC)-treated water for experiments, and all the experiments were performed in a laminar flow bench for a clean environment to control the influence of RNase.
Schematic illustration of CHA gel assay for multiple miRNA detection. In the presence of target miRNAs,


text:
It is possible to use a hash function to construct a block cipher with a structure similar to DES? Because a hash function is one way and a block cipher must be reversible (to decrypt), how is it possible?
migrated from security.stackexchange.com Nov 8 '12 at 12:26
It is possible to build a block cipher out of a great many things. If you want to use a hash function, the classic trick is to follow a Feistel structure, which is, incidentally, the same kind of structure than what DES uses.
The schematics on the Wikipedia page are quite clear; you would use the hash function for the "F" part, which combines one (sub)key and one half of the current block, to produce a value which is to be XORed with the other half of the current block. The beauty of the scheme is that the "F" function is always invoked in the same direction, both for encryption and for decryption. Therefore, it can be a one-way function, like a hash function.
Luby and Rackoff have demonstrated in 1988 that the Feistel scheme offers remarkable security with as little as four rounds, provided that the "F" function is "perfect" and that the cipher block size is big enough (to get the standard "128-bit security" out of the Luby-Rackoff proof, you need 256-bit blocks).
Of course, any concrete hash function cannot be really "perfect" (see for instance this answer) and there are a lot of subtle details which can destroy the security of the best thought cipher structure. As usual, you are strongly advised not to build your own crypto (unless you are quite clear with yourself that you do it for learning and not to actually protect any data of value).
Also, if you build such a cipher, you will probably notice that the resulting performance is disappointing. With a secure hash function like SHA-256, you could expect an encryption bandwidth roughly 20 times lower than what AES would get you.
It is possible to use a hash function like (SHA family, for instance) in OFB or CFB (and possibly CTR), by using the hash function (with the key as part of the input!) in the place of the block cipher encryption. That said, Thomas is right -- DO NOT BUILD YOUR OWN CRYPTO. Just use a normal block cipher. You'll get better performance (especially if it's AES and you're on hardware with ways to accelerate it), and you'll probably get better security (at least you'll know it's been examined).


text:
TEARS welled up in his eyes when Dr. Resurreccion Sadaba saw "his mangrove tree," a very rare specie and the only one of its kind on the whole Guimaras island, covered with thick, black oil.
"I have been taking care of it for years. The (mangrove tree) is so important because its roots build a kind of hall (where) the fish can shelter in," said Sadaba, days after MT Solar I spilled over 200,000 liters of bunker oil fuel in the shores of Guimaras, triggering the worst oil spill tragedy in Philippine history. "It's so sad when you have a beautiful place like Guimaras and you see it all spoiled within hours."
According to the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC), the spill has damaged about 234 kilometers of coastline, 1,143 hectares of marine reserves, 478 hectares of mangroves, and 16 square kilometers of coral reefs.
Of particular concern to conservationists like Sadaba is the Taclong Marine Reserve, where the University of the Philippines Visayas runs a marine biological station. The reserve is one of the seriously hit areas by the oil disaster. It is a "fragile ecosytem" covering hundreds of hectares off the Guimaras south coast and home to some 144 fish species and other maritime animals.
In a forum held at UP Diliman yesterday, Sadaba, who is a mangrove specialist from the UP Visayas, reports that about 90 percent of the reserve has been contaminated by the oil fuel.
Photos taken by Sadaba show oil still floating in some areas of Taclong Island, with the roots and branches of several mangrove trees covered with oil; some plant leaves have turned yellow, an immediate symptom of oil exposure, which will lead to defoliation and eventually, death.
The good news, he shares, is that the oil has stayed only on the surface and has not seeped deep into mangrove sediments, which can make the clean-up more difficult and may harm organisms that feed in or feed off the sediments. And the "oil slick" in the water has been reduced to a "sheen," he adds, largely because of the clean-up efforts of various groups.
Sadaba, who heads the UP Visayas team tasked by the government to assess the damage caused by the oil spill, says they have yet to study the impact of the disaster on areas outside the reserve. The oil has spread in various directions, he explains, and has now affected neighboring municipalities in Iloilo and Negros Occidental. (See image.)
By November 28, his team will have to present its initial findings to President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. The "rapid three-month assessment" alone costs P10 million, Sadaba reveals, and several millions more will be needed for long-term study; he says monitoring the biodiversity alone could take up to 40 years.
The damage the disaster has caused on the lives of the villagers, majority of whom are fishermen, is another matter altogether. Aside from affecting their source of livelihood, the National Poison Management and Control Center warned that "exposure to bunker oil may result in cancer, leukemia and congenital anomalies of unborn babies in the long-term." In fact, in two to three years, "different types of cancer can happen," it reports; the immediate effects of exposure may also result in respiratory and skin ailments.
Sadaba says even greater damage may happen if the sunken tanker, which authorities say still contains more than one million liters of oil, will not be salvaged soon. MT Solar I, hired by Petron Corp. to transport 2.19 million liters of bunker fuel oil, sank on August 11 and remains at the bottom of the Guimaras Strait, some 640 meters below.
Petron, the country's largest oil refiner, is still exploring options on how the tanker, or at least the oil in the tanker, could be removed. Petron has three options: siphon off the fuel with underwater hoses; refloat the tanker; or cement it to the sea bottom with a quick-drying cement.
According to reports, the tanker is insured by a foreign firm, which still has to submit its recommendations to the Philippine government. "Even a timeframe of three months may be too early," Petron officials earlier said.
"The immediate concern is to remove the threat in the area. As long as (the tanker) is there, the entire Guimaras is still threatened," says Sadaba, adding that all efforts to save Guimaras will be in vain if the tanker will not be removed.
He also says that all the oil must first be removed before bioremediation, a process using fungi or bacteria to decompose toxic pollutants such as petroleum hydrocarbons, could be done.
Sadaba further suggests that Petron should secure commercially produced oil spill booms–which serve as mechanical barriers to enclose water areas affected by the spill–for the long-term protection of the shores. Only a 200-meter boom, which costs some P5 million, has so far been set up. Villagers have improvised booms made of hay, enclosed in cloth or jute sack, but Sadaba says they were not that effective.
Petron, he adds, should also dispose the pile of oil-covered debris packed in plastic bags left in some areas of the island. Although according to Petron, it has already cleaned over 126 kilometers of the Guimaras shoreline. Just yesterday, it reported that some 500 metric tons of debris were shipped out, totaling to 1,700 metric tons of oil-covered debris so far collected over a month after spill.
Petron and Sunshine Maritime Development Corp., the owner of the tanker, have also been recently charged before the Pollution Adjudication Board for causing environmental damage to the island.
For Sadaba, the Guimaras disaster is something that "we should all learn from."
"Definitely, this will not be the last oil spill in the Philippines. We should build scenarios of what to expect and plan," Sadaba says, stressing that archipelagic countries like the Philippines should be better equipped for disasters such as oil spills.
Meanwhile, Sadaba says saving Guimaras, the Taclong Reserve in particular, is something that would keep him and his team busy "for the next 20 or so years."


text:
Eat your frozen salmon. Preferably wild, frozen salmon.
A new study out of Portland shows that frozen salmon consume less energy from net to table than do fresh. And farmed salmon "have a heavy hidden demand on fossil fuels," the study's authors said, because the feed can be either forage fish, which would be more efficiently fed directly to people, or corn and soy, which require fuel for growing and harvest.
"We said, 'Eat wild salmon,'" Astrid Scholz, vice president of knowledge systems at Ecotrust and one of the report's authors, told The Oregonian's Abby Haight. "But it made me a little uneasy…. There's something wrong about catching an Alaska salmon, putting it on a helicopter, and then putting it on a jet to Moscow and then to New York so someone can eat their $50 dinner of fresh Copper River salmon."
Ecotrust examined the carbon footprint of catching, harvesting and transporting wild salmon around the world. They found that flash-freezing at sea and shipping later used less energy. Container ships are the most environmentally friendly transportation, the study showed. Most salmon sold around the world, however, are fresh, and never frozen.
For instance, salmon that are flash-frozen at sea can be transported by freighter or train, which uses significantly less fossil fuel than jets. Troll-caught fish burn diesel fuel as ships chase fish across the seas. An Alaska salmon caught by a purse seiner, however, has a low carbon impact, Scholz said.
The study could have broad implications on consumer choices for seafood, Haight writes. For example, the influential group Seafood Watch from the Monterey Bay Aquarium is likely to include production and distribution of seafood in its consumer guides.
— Rita Hibbard


text:
Without a trace
Miniscule metals in ice cores reveal past environmental conditions, pollution
Posted July 11, 2008
Ice cores contain a wealth of information about past climate and environmental conditions, with clues in the form of trapped bubbles of gas and varying concentrations of chemical species and insoluble dust.
Paolo Gabrielli wants to improve that history by studying miniscule amounts of metals carried to the ice mainly by dust, what scientists call ultra-trace elements.
It's a bit like looking for the proverbial needle in the haystack. We're talking something on the order of even less than one part per trillion. (In comparison, scientists talk about concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide in parts per million.) The trace elements are present in such a low amount that it is necessary to adopt exceptionally clean sample procedures and a special technique of mass spectrometry for their reliable detection called — take a breath — inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry.
"Trace elements can provide interesting information, such as evidence for past volcanic eruptions and the influx of extraterrestrial particles but they also reveal the current anthropogenic contamination of the atmosphere," Gabrielli explained.
One of the newest members of the ice core paleoclimatology team at The Ohio State University's Byrd Polar Research Center, Gabrielli came aboard last year to establish a new research program that studies these trace and ultra-trace metals in tropical and subtropical ice cores. Lonnie Thompson and colleague Ellen Mosley-Thompson head the group and pioneered ice-core research at high altitudes and in the polar regions. (See related stories Science goes to new heights and Dusting up.)
Scientists already find and study contaminants like lead and mercury in polar ice cores. But they don't know the spatial extent of the contamination, according to Gabrielli. He is particularly interested in detecting a group of metals known as the platinum group elements — ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum.
A nifty invention called the catalytic converter on automobiles has helped curb toxic emissions for more than 30 years. But it turns out the converter also releases contaminants of its own into the environment, particularly platinum, palladium and rhodium.
"They are clearly detectable in urban environments," Gabrielli noted. "We want to determine if we can see evidence of this contamination at high altitude sites in the tropics and subtropics … This is important because in this way we could monitor the degree of dispersion of this contamination, and evaluate if this could eventually affect the environment."
Gabrielli and Mosley-Thompson have made it their mission to secure a mass spectrometer for this groundbreaking research, putting in a proposal to the National Science Foundation for the equipment.
Mosley-Thompson said only a handful of institutions have mass spectrometers for trace and ultra-trace element work, such as the one at the Desert Research Institute (DRI) overseen by Joseph McConnell. DRI's ultra-trace ice core analytical laboratory can simultaneously measure a variety of elements in quantities as low as parts per trillion and at very high-depth resolution.
"Paolo and the group in Italy where he was trained are the only people who, right now, have developed this technique … to achieve detection at concentrations that are two orders of magnitude smaller than what others can attain" Mosley-Thompson said. "Being able to make those types of measurements is critical for the polar cores [that I study] because the concentrations are already low. Being able to make those measurements allows you to look at many more chemical species than you could before."
An epic ice core
Gabrielli's credentials also involve fieldwork in the Alps and Antarctica, including the high-profile European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA), a multinational European project for deep ice core drilling in Antarctica.
The EPICA ice core has provided information about past temperature and precipitation rates, atmospheric aerosol composition, solar activity, the flux of extraterrestrial dust onto the Earth, as well as atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. The results show, so far, that concentrations of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have never been as high over the last 800,000 years as today.
For instance, data from the core identified the most important processes responsible for changes in natural methane concentrations. An April paper in the journal Nature reported that wetland regions emitted significantly less methane during glacial times.
Methane is the second most significant greenhouse gas. Its concentration would swing widely between glacial and interglacial periods, based on data from EPICA. In general, a glacial period involves colder temperatures and advancing glaciers, while interglacials, such as the current Holocene, are periods of warmer temperatures and less ice. During an ice age, the climate alternates between glacial stages and interglacials as Earth's ice cover waxes and wanes.
Methane (CH4) concentrations have ranged from 350 parts per billion to 700 ppbv during the last glacial/interglacial transition. Today, methane emissions, enhanced by human activities, have resulted in concentrations as high as about 1,800 ppbv.
Concentrations of this greenhouse gas leveled off over the last decade, but the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) recently reported that methane concentrations rose by about 0.5 percent between 2006 and 2007. Rapidly growing industrialization in Asia and rising wetland emissions in the Arctic and tropics are the most likely causes of the recent methane increase, according to NOAA scientists.
A molecule of methane is 25 times more potent as a greenhouse gas than a molecule of carbon dioxide, but there's far less of it in the atmosphere. When related climate effects are taken into account, methane's overall climate impact is nearly half that of carbon dioxide.
The EPICA core, which goes back about 800,000 years, also revealed eight previous glacial cycles. An interglacial period about 400,000 years ago shares some characteristics with today's Holocene, which began about 11,500 years ago. The past interglacial lasted about 28,000 years — without any human influences.
"That interglacial period could be the best counterpart of the current one," Gabrielli said. "It could be a sort of analogue. It is not easy to find a perfect analogue in the past that could explain better how the Holocene period would develop without the anthropogenic influences of the atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.
"I believe most of the interesting [discoveries from EPICA] are still to come," he added.
About the Sun


text:
3-D Forest Animals
Populate an entire forest with three-dimensional animals.
Use these 3-D animals to create a diorama for a book report or storytelling time.
Make 3-D stand-up animals to accompany a report, story time or a project including forest animals.
Supplies Used: Adhesive, Cardstock or construction paper, Crayons, markers or pens, Pencil, Scissors, Tape
The teacher will die-cut the materials for student use prior to the lesson.
- Die-cut any of the 3-D animals from cardstock or construction paper.
- Add details with crayons, markers or pens on both sides of the die-cut animals (Figure A).
- Align the front and back of the animal bodies, and fold at the top so that all four feet touch the table top at the same time.
- Fold both tabs in toward the middle, and slide the slits on the tabs together (Figure B). This will allow the animals to stand (Figure C).
Create the forest
- Die-cut three of the Tree or Tree, Bare shapes, two from cardstock or construction paper and one from copy paper.
- Fold the copy paper Tree in half and make a mark at the midpoint of the Tree.
- Place the folded copy paper tree on one construction paper Tree, and draw a line from the midpoint mark up to the top of the Tree (Figure D).
- Cut along the pencil line. Cut a thin sliver right next to the slit to make a slightly wider opening. This will facilitate in sliding the two Trees together.
- Place the folded copy paper Tree on the other construction paper Tree, and draw a line from the midpoint mark down to the bottom of the Tree.
- Cut along the pencil line. Cut a thin sliver right next to the slit to make a slightly wider opening.
- Interlock the slits to allow the Tree to stand.
- Add some dimensional Trees to these 3-D forest animals for a project that is tree-mendous (Main Photo).
- Discuss other animals found in forests and their habitat.
- Figure A
- Figure B
- Figure C
- Figure D
Fine Arts-Visual Arts
NA-VA.K-4.2 Using Knowledge of Structures and Functions
- Students use visual structures and functions of art to communicate ideas
NA-VA.K-4.6 Making Connections Between Visual Arts and Other Disciplines
- Students identify connections between the visual arts and other disciplines in the curriculum
NL-ENG.K-12-4 Communication Skills
- Students adjust their use of spoken, written and visual language (e.g., conventions, style, vocabulary) to communicate effectively with a variety of audiences and for different purposes
NK.K-4.3 Life Science
As a result of activities in grades K–4, all students should develop understanding of
- Organisms and environments


text:
WorldFish is an international, nonprofit research organization that harnesses the potential of fisheries and aquaculture to reduce hunger and poverty. Our publications database contains WorldFish publications and references to WorldFish research published in refereed journals and periodicals.
In Bangladesh, only 6% of the daily food intake is animal food of which fish accounts for 50%. Rice is the mainstay, making up 60% of the daily food intake. However, many nutrients such as vitamins A and C, iron, calcium, zinc and iodine are not found in rice and have to be obtained from other sources.


text:
Lauren S. Aulet is a Presidential Postdoctoral Fellow at Carnegie Mellon University with Drs. Jessica Cantlon and Brad Mahon, where she leverages behavioral, neural, and developmental methods to understand how humans represent numerical concepts. She received her PhD in Psychology (Cognition & Development) from Emory University, in Dr. Stella Lourenco's Spatial Cognition lab. She also collaborated with the labs of Dr. Daniel Dilks and Dr. Gregory Berns to understand the neural mechanisms underlying number perception in humans and dogs, respectively.
Most broadly, Lauren interested in how humans parse and make sense of their visual experience. Primarily, her work examines how we perceive and represent numerical magnitude (how can we tell how many objects are present in a scene?), as well as non-numerical magnitudes (e.g., size, brightness, duration, distance). In this work, she incorporates multiple techniques (psychophysics and functional imaging) and developmental populations (infancy, childhood, and adulthood).