guitar amp
How to Use the Effects Loop on Your Guitar Amp (And Why You Should)
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Have you ever gotten a new guitar amp and found a pair of strange jacks on the back labeled "Effects Loop" or "FX Loop" – With one jack labeled "Send" and the other "Return"? Chances are: you have. And chances are: you may not be sure exactly what to do with them.
It is not uncommon for people to just completely ignore this part of their amplifier because it is not a requirement to use your effects loop, however, using the effects loop on a guitar amp can greatly benefit your overall tone.
But what is it?
What is an Effects Loop on a Guitar Amp?
Marshall FX Loop
Image Courtesy of Roadside Guitars/Flickr
The effects loop of a guitar amplifier is a tool that allows us to place effect pedals after the preamp in your amplifier (where your amp gets all of its tone) but before the power section (where your amp gets all of its volume).
Think about how you organize your guitar pedalboard. Overdrives and distortions first, then modulation, delay, and reverb. You will almost never place a reverb or delay pedal in front of a distortion pedal. However, your amplifier typically adds a bit of overdrive or saturation to your tone. So if you are putting reverb and delays into your amp's main input (like most people do) it effectively like putting a reverb pedal before your distortion. This can end up making your amp sound muddy and less precise.
The effects loop allows you to put pedals like reverbs and delays after your amplifier's natural distortion.
Do You Need to Use the Effects Loop on Your Amp?
If you have an effects loop on your guitar amp, it is honestly worth trying. It is very easy to set up and usually sounds good!
If you are a guitar player that uses their guitar amp's "drive" or "distortion" channel, then using your effects loop may improve your tone quite a lot.
If you usually use the "clean" channel on your amp and use distortion pedals for grit, then the effects loop may not be as useful, but you should still give it a try!
What Pedals Go in the Effects Loop?
Typically, you will want to put modulation and time-based effects in the effects loop of your amp. Definitely reverb and delay pedals, and sometimes modulation effects like chorus or flanger pedals. These are the types of pedals that will benefit most from being placed in the FX loop.
To do this, you just need to break up your pedalboard into two sections.
The first being the non-effects loop section containing your overdrive, fuzz, compressor, volume or wah pedals. This section is wired up normally: Guitar into pedals into your amp's input.
The second section is your effects loop section. This section, as explained above, will include pedals like your reverb pedals, delays, and (sometimes) things like chorus and flanger pedals. To wire these up, you will take an instrument cable from the "Send" jack and wire it to the input of the first pedal in the chain. Then you will take another cable and wire it from the output of the last pedal into the "Return" jack. You have now placed these pedals between the preamp and power sections within your amplifier!
What Are Some Affordable Amps With Effects Loops?
There are a number of guitar amps that offer effects loops, so it depends on your budget, your needs, and the style of music you play. However, these are a few budget-friendly amps that have effects loops, and can be used across multiple genres:
Orange Micro Dark Terror
Orange Micro Dark
Image Courtesy of Amazon
This tiny little amp packs a serious punch. With 20 watts to offer, the Orange Micro Dark Terror is great for both playing gigs or practicing at home. The amp also offers a headphone out jack, so it is a great option for those who live in apartments or quiet spaces.
View on Amazon
Monoprice 1X12 Combo Amp
MonoPrice Amp
Image Courtesy of Amazon
Another solid choice is this little 1X12 combo amp from Monoprice. It can be switched from its normal 15 watts down to 1 watt, making it a great choice for both gig and home playing.
View on Amazon


225: What's Cooking? A History of Food in America
BackStory show
Summary: BackStory is a weekly public podcast hosted by U.S. historians Ed Ayers, Brian Balogh, Nathan Connolly and Joanne Freeman. We're based in Charlottesville, Va. at Virginia Humanities. There's the history you had to learn, and the history you want to learn - that's where BackStory comes in. Each week BackStory takes a topic that people are talking about and explores it through the lens of American history. Through stories, interviews, and conversations with our listeners, BackStory makes history engaging and fun.


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This ebook presents a primary hand and entire details on orchid biotechnology for orchid enthusiasts, graduate scholars, researchers and growers. It includes accomplished genomics and transcriptomics information, and a radical dialogue of the molecular mechanism of orchid floral morphogenesis.
- Where Science and Ethics Meet: Dilemmas at the Frontiers of Medicine and Biology
- Micro/Nano Cell and Molecular Sensors
- Kinetic Modelling in Systems Biology (Chapman & Hall/CRC Mathematical and Computational Biology)
- Knowledge Discovery in Proteomics
- Chitosan: Derivatives, Composites and Applications
Extra info for Contact Mechanics and Friction: Physical Principles and Applications
Rated 5 – based on votes of

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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scintillation counterArticle Free Pass
scintillation counter, radiation detector that is triggered by a flash of light (or scintillation) produced when ionizing radiation traverses certain solid or liquid substances (phosphors), among which are thallium-activated sodium iodide, zinc sulfide, and organic compounds such as anthracene incorporated into solid plastics or liquid solvents. The light flashes are converted into electric pulses by a photoelectric alloy of cesium and antimony, amplified about a million times by a photomultiplier tube, and finally counted. Sensitive to X rays, gamma rays, and charged particles, scintillation counters permit high-speed counting of particles and measurement of the energy of incident radiation.
What made you want to look up "scintillation counter"? Please share what surprised you most...

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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All Sather 1.1 implementations must support the language kernel defined in the last chapter. This chapter defines language extensions which may not be meaningful on every platform or which can be very difficult to implement. For example, platforms without a Fortran compiler need not implement the Fortran language interface.
Although these extensions are optional, they should be considered part of the Sather specification. For example, Sather 1.1 implementations which interface to Fortran must provide the language extension described here. The ICSI compiler supports all extensions described in this chapter on one or more platforms.
The threaded and synchronization extensions enable parallel processing. The synchronization and distributed extensions are only of use with the threaded extension. Collectively, these three extensions are known as pSather, and the language without these extensions is serial Sather.


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Can we rely on the food items on whose package "It includes no lard and additives from pigs" is written? Is it permissible to consume them?
Submitted by on Mon, 23/10/2017 - 16:43
Dear Brother / Sister,
"What is essential about things is being halal" is a rule in Islamic law. Something is regarded as halal until it becomes definite that it is haram. Therefore, it is halal to eat food items on whose package "It includes no lard and additives from pigs" is written.
In Islamic countries, there is no drawback to eating food items unless they are known to include haram substances. However, if there are food companies that are known to sell food items that include haram substances, their products must not be eaten unless it becomes definite that they include no haram substances even if they are in an Islamic country.
It is not appropriate to eat food items without knowing its contents in non-Muslim countries.
Questions on Islam
- Is it permissible to use the products/food items that include gelatin as an additive? Is it halal when it is not definitely known that it is haram?
- Are E additives that exist in some food items haram? Can we consume that safely?
- Is it permissible to use products like shampoo and soap that include lard?
- Why has pork been rendered haram in the religion of Islam?
- Are doubtful food items permissible to eat?
- What should we do if we doubt whether it is permissible to eat and drink something?
- Do zarurahs (necessities) render harams halal? Is it possible in Islam to abandon fards for harams or to commit a haram deed for something fard? If yes, when?
- why muslims don't eat bacon?
- Is it permissible to eat food that includes harmful substances?
- What does "it is not permissible (la yajuzu)" mean? Is it haram, makruh or something else? How binding is it? What happens if I do something that is not permissible?


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NRS News Release
Study Finds that Local Government, Home Owners Are Paying for Damages Caused by Non-native Forest Insects
ST. PAUL, MINN, September 9, 2011 - Non-native, wood-boring insects such as the emerald ash borer and the Asian longhorned beetle are costing an estimated $1.7 billion in local government expenditures and approximately $830 million in lost residential property values every year, according to study by a research team that included scientists with the U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
The research effort was funded by The Nature Conservancy and supported by the University of California / Santa Barbara's National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS). The team included scientists from the U.S. Forest Service and U.S. and Canadian academic institutions. The research findings were published in the on-line journal PLoS ONE on Sept. 9.
This study provides the most comprehensive estimates of the costs of non-native forest insects that are currently available for the United States. While invasive species are widely recognized as being among the greatest threats to biodiversity and ecosystem stability worldwide, there has been little research into their economic impact.
"Solving the problems posed by non-native forest insects demands that we have useful tools and the motivation to use them, and this study provides both," according to Michael T. Rains, Director of the Northern Research Station. "This is a great example of how Forest Service scientists collaborate with others to produce relevant and effective tools."
According to the study, more than 450 non-native insects are established in the United States. "This study underscores the fact that we all have a stake in environmental issues," according to Bob Haight, research forester with the U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station. "The economic data shows that cities and homeowners have a strong interest in preventing the inadvertent import of non-native invasive species."
For each of the three main feeding guilds, which are based on the insects' feeding habits, researchers identified one high impact "poster pest" that was the most damaging species of its guild to date. Poster pests identified for the study were the emerald ash borer in the borer guild, hemlock woolly adelgid in the sap feeder guild, and gypsy moth in the foliage feeder guild.
For each poster pest, researchers analyzed five cost categories: (1) federal governmental expenditures (e.g. survey, research, regulation, and outreach), (2) local governmental expenditures (tree removal, replacement, and treatment), (3) household expenditures (tree removal, replacement, and treatment), (4) residential property value losses and (5) timber value losses to forest landowners.
For all of the guilds studied, homeowners and local governments are bearing the greatest share of costs associated with non-native forest insects. The woodand phloem-boring insects, including the emerald ash borer and Asian longhorned beetle, are the species that create the greatest economic damage to urban trees. Of the three guilds, borers were represented by the fewest species, but a high proportion of them – 20 percent – are damaging, according to the study.
Of the three guilds, efforts to control or manage sap feeders received the fewest federal dollars ($14 million annually), although they caused substantial losses in real estate values – approximately $260 million per year. Costs associated with foliage feeders were substantially lower than costs associated with borers for all categories except annual federal expenditures, which were slightly greater ($110 million for foliage feeders and $92 million for borers). Foliage feeders were estimated to cause approximately $410 million per year in lost property value.
"In the forest insect research community we've known for many years that invading species are a huge problem but now that we were finally able to calculate their economic impact, even I am a little bit shocked by the level of damage," according to Andrew Liebhold, a research entomologist with the Northern Research Station.
The team calculated a 32 percent risk that a new borer that is as damaging or more costly than the emerald ash borer will invade in the next 10 years. That calculation may be reduced if recent international standards targeting pathways of introduction such as wood packaging materials are effectively implemented.
Development of the study's analytical framework is as much an end product of the study as its findings. The framework can be used to estimate the economic impacts of natural resource disturbances at scales ranging from municipalities to nations in any country where data are available. It can be easily adapted for estimating costs of a variety of natural resource disturbances in addition to invasive species, including fire, disease, and water pollution.
The journal article resulted from a study by an NCEAS working group with support from The Nature Conservancy.
Located in Santa Barbara, Calif., NCEAS is a research center of the University of California, Santa Barbara. NCEAS supports cross-disciplinary research that uses existing data to address major fundamental issues in ecology and allied fields, and encourages the application of science to management and policy.
The mission of the U.S. Forest Service is to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the nation's forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations. The agency manages 193 million acres of public land, provides assistance to state and private landowners, and maintains the largest forestry research organization in the world. The mission of the Forest Service's Northern Research Station is to improve people's lives and help sustain the natural resources in the Northeast and Midwest through leading-edge science and effective information delivery.


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Soga, M. & Gaston, K.J. (2016) Extinction of experience: the loss of human–nature interactions. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 14(2), 94-101. (Image from Shutterstock)
Increasingly, people are becoming less likely to have direct contact with nature (natural environments and their associated wildlife) in their everyday lives. Over 20 years ago, Robert M Pyle termed this ongoing alienation the "extinction of experience", but the phenomenon has continued to receive surprisingly limited attention. Here, we present current understanding of the extinction of experience, with particular emphasis on its causes and consequences, and suggest future research directions. Our review illustrates that the loss of interaction with nature not only diminishes a wide range of benefits relating to health and well-being, but also discourages positive emotions, attitudes, and behavior with regard to the environment, implying a cycle of disaffection toward nature. Such serious implications highlight the importance of reconnecting people with nature, as well as focusing research and public policy on addressing and improving awareness of the extinction of experience.
- Urbanisation and vegetation phenology
- Lighting plants at night


Floors are all walkable surfaces in a building, and ceilings are all surfaces above us.
When considering the thermal insulation of floors and ceilings, we must take into account their position and intended use.
We must take into account the transmittance of sound through floors and ceilings, and identify the wall's cold and heated side. All of the above determines the appropriate sequence of layers to ensure a balanced moisture transmission. This is all the more important in heated spaces that border either on cold spaces or the surrounding, as well as in permanently cooled spaces (cooling units), where temperature must be kept constantly low.


The unit of current, the ampere, is defined in terms of the force between currents. If two 1.0-meter-long sections of very long wires a distance 1.0 m apart each carry a current of 1.0 A, what is the force between them? (If the force between two actual wires has this value, the current is defined to be exactly 1A.)
Get this answer with Chegg Study


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As I mentioned in a previous post, Business Strategy: Soft-drinks Industry Analysis, I'm taking the fifth course, called Business Strategy, of Strategic Leadership and Management Specialization from the University of Illinois on Coursera. This course is taught by Deepak Somaya, Professor of Business Administration.
This is a four-module course, one module per week, and at the end of each module, we have an assessment: to write a case study analysis about a given topic. In the first week, I had to write a hypothetical memo to the CEO of Uber, suggesting a new mission statement. In the second week, I had to write a hypothetical memo to Warren Buffet to suggest to increase or decrease the investments on Coca-Cola Company. Now, in the third week, I had to answer two questions about the internal competitive advantage of Starbucks.
These assignments demand a couple of hours to get it done, due to the amount of information and analysis that is needed. However, it gives you amazing insights while analyzing real cases and practicing what you just learned.
Write a memo to the Starbucks CEO with an internal analysis of the competitive advantage of Starbucks. Include a brief activity analysis (based on either a value chain or value network approach) and/or a resources and capabilities analysis to clearly highlight two key issues for the CEO:
- What main internal features/ strengths (sets of activities or resources/capabilities) is Starbucks' competitive advantage built on?
- What barriers to imitation (or replication) exist that will ensure that Starbucks' competitive advantage will be sustained in the long run?
To: Kevin Johnson
From: Daniel Salvagni
Subject: Starbucks Competitive Advantage Analysis
The purpose of this memo is to analyze the main sets of activities, resources, and capabilities that give Starbucks a competitive advantage. In a second moment, evaluate the actions Starbucks takes to avoid imitation and replication aiming for sustained competitive advantage.
Starbucks' main product is the experience of drinking a good quality coffee in a place where the customer hangs out with friends and family. It's a coffee shop, also know now as the third place, apart from home and work. It started in 1987 with one coffee shop in Seattle, emerged from the U.S. west-coast Italian-style dark roasting tradition, to grow to 24.000 shops in 2014.
Quality coffee production depends on different factors, from growing the brewing, such as the variety, the region where it's grown, how it's roasted, grounded and packed, and blended and served. Starbucks covers every single step from this value chain. Starbucks controls the quality from the coffee beans at the farmer level, how they dry the coffee and the logistics until it gets to the coffee shops. It also guarantees that almost 100% percent of the coffee is ethics-sourced.
At the other end, Starbucks ensures that its human-capital resources are well-trained and well-paid, rewarded and have the chance to grow within the company. This is confirmed when comparing the turnover rate of baristas from Starbucks to its competitors.
Nevertheless, the sources of competitive advantage we find in Starbucks can be explained by its own history, small events in cultural behavior that introduced coffee as an affordable luxury, strategic choices and, well, a bit of chance.
Starbucks history is unique and can be traced back to a tradition, which means that the coffee served in a coffee shop is a result of an intrinsic knowledge that started in the early stages and it's spread all over the company. Besides, Starbucks was able since the beginning to produce quality coffee and, over the years, enhanced its process and made it scalable worldwide. Besides, a mix of chance, changes in cultural behavior of coffee consumption, and managerial foresight that saw, for example, in the tv show Friends, this trend happening, allowed the company to grow exponentially.
Moreover, Starbucks has technological resources to ensure that the roaster machines will roast the coffee precisely as required. It has the know-how to repeatedly produce and serve the best coffee. Besides, it enjoys a product reputation and brand loyalty in its relationship with the consumers.
In summary, Starbucks has a competitive advantage in the capability to add value while creating an experience for the consumers in the coffee shops. Besides, he know-how to offer quality coffee on a worldwide scale isn't commonly available to other firms.
By having a unique history, Starbucks also has a tacit knowledge within the firm about all their processes, which gives the firm an outstanding barrier for imitation or replication. It's not clear, from outside, from where the company performances come from since the beginning, the starting point. Besides that, its complexes process of combined activities to ensure quality in a value chain are, in theory, inimitable. Finally, the human-capital management ensures that the company doesn't lose talented workers to the competition. All these factors combined allow Starbucks to have a long-lasting sustained competitive advantage.
Although the firm has all the attributes to keep on going for a sustained competitive advantage, durability and relevance might be a threat for the future. How can Starbucks keep coffee as relevant as it's nowadays? It might not depend only on the firms' actions, but also, again, on whether or not this cultural behavior may change. Besides, how long can Starbucks keep the activities and resources aligned and combined to deliver the best product? Again, it might not depend exclusively on the firm's actions. Local regulations might change for farmers adding barriers in the supply chain of the firm.
Nevertheless, Starbucks will have the necessary knowledge to overcome the threats of durability and relevance and when faced.


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Encouraging innovation and the use of technology
Innovation is a key part of raising workplace productivity. Productive workplaces are innovative in the way they use technology, and plan and organise themselves. They generally employ more highly-skilled and highly-paid workers and through innovation they increase their market share.
Encouraging innovation and the use of technology includes:
- working out what new technologies could be useful to your organisation
- regularly investing in research and development
- consulting employees and giving them training when new technology is introduced
- being open to innovation and doing things differently
- giving people opportunities to suggest new ideas or processes.


ClickView for Google Classroom
ClickView's integration with Google Classroom allows teachers to push a video from the ClickView Library, the ClickView Exchange and their own personal workspace to their Google Classroom account.
This makes it easy to embed educational videos directly into your assignments and share them with your students.
How do I use Google Classroom with ClickView?
When you find the video you're looking for in ClickView, you can simply click the Google Classroom icon to push it to your assignment. Watch our short tutorial video above for more details.


יום שני ל' בניסן תשפ"א 12/04/2021
 - The Mission Continues
בראי היום
 - Harav Yisrael Friedman zy"a, the Rebbe of Husyatin
 מוטי, ויקיפדיה העברית
 - Maccabi'im Gravesite
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In Weekly Parsha
No Lost Time
"Noach was six hundred years old at the time of the Great Flood..." (7:6).
Yosef Tropper 23/10/2009 08:41
When calculating the lifespan of Noach, a noteworthy discrepancy emerges. The Torah tells us explicitly that he lived to the ripe old age of 950. He lived 600 years before the Flood and 350 after. There is one problem here. The flood itself took place during the course of one entire year (1656 [2104 B.C.E.]). Noach thus really lived for 951 years! Why does the Torah not count one entire year?!
There is an important lesson here. Hashem grants us life. We are entrusted to use life to its fullest. Part of that job is to study Torah and practice the Mitzvos and pursue that which brings us closer to Hashem. Another aspect of this world revolves around our interaction with other people. We have the ability to share with and care for others. We can give of our own time, energy and money to help them! This is called chessed, performing kindness.
Hashem states that anyone who cares for others, will be cared for by Hashem. Now, sometimes people extent much time and energy in their assistance of someone in need. The Torah's outlook on this is that it should not be considered wasted time. When you give of your time to others, you are not losing!
Noach and his family spent an entire year reestablishing the foundations of the world. Hashem brought the Mabul (Flood) because the people were doing every sin known to mankind, with the climax being stealing and disregarding others. Noach spent an entire year caring for and nurturing the animals in the Ark. It was a year of supreme chessed!
Noach had an allotted 950 years to live. Instead of Hashem counting off from that the year in the Ark as part of Noach's lifespan, He gave it to him for free! That year did not subtract from his portion. because it was lived only for others!
If you think that this explanation is an exaggeration or not accurate, I will bring two proofs to support it, one for the concept and one for this specific case.
1- See Bereishis Rabbah 32:6, "the year of the Flood does not count"!
2- The Gemara Rosh Hashana (18a) states that the descendants of Eli HaCohen were cursed that as a punishment they would die before the age of 18! The only way to spare oneself was to learn Torah and do chessed. Rabbah excelled in Torah and lived to age 40; Abayeh excelled in Torah and performed tremendous amounts of chessed and thus lived to 60! I believe that the reason that Abayeh lived longer was because Hashem paid him back for all of his time spent doing kindness.
We now see that the great benefit of extended life can be gained by caring for others! Let us all merit long lives!
Yosef Tropper


Sib Competition and Sperm Competitiveness: An Answer to 'Why so Many Sperms?' and the Recombination/Sperm Number Correlation
J. T. Manning, A. T. Chamberlain
Sperm, or inter-ejaculate, competition leads to the evolution of many sperm per ejaculate. However, sperm competition theory does not predict the correlation between sperm number and chiasma, or that between sperm number and haploid chromosome number. Firstly, we show that phylogenetic inertia cannot account for at least the latter relation, and secondly, a model is presented which incorporates sib competition (intra-ejaculate competition) and sperm competitiveness to explain the relation between sperm numbers and recombination and the question 'Why so many sperms?'. It is argued that if there are deleterious mutations which affect sperm competitiveness this will lead to sib or intra-ejaculate competition. If inter-ejaculate competition also exists, then there will be selection for increased recombination. A chiasmate male heterozygous for n mutations which reduce sperm competitiveness can produce gametes with 0...n mutations. The proportion of gametes with 0 mutations per ejaculate is s = 0.5$^{n}$, which is a small fraction. This means that to ensure on average one sperm with 0 mutations per ejaculate, a chiasmate male must produce 1/s sperm. We may therefore expect that 1/s will be positively correlated with sperm numbers. If inter-ejaculate competition leads to an optimum sperm number of x, then the optimum number of sperm per ejaculate is x/s. Sperm numbers will be increased by: (i) the number of loci which affect sperm competitiveness in the haploid state; (ii) the mutation rate; and (iii) the recombination rate. A correlation between recombination rates and sperm numbers is therefore to be expected.


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VRML Script Tutorial
VRML Interactive Tutorial
Hierarchical Node Structures
Defining and Instancing Nodes
Defining Levels of Detail
Events in VRML
The sky is defined as a infinitely large sphere placed around your world. You can define a constant color for it, or have gradient effects.
The sky color is defined by two fields: skyColor and skyAngle. If you want a single color sky, like the figure on the left above, then you specify a skyColor as the RGB of the desired color, don't specify the skyAngle. The skyAngle is only used when a gradient effect, like the image on the right above, is intended. If you want a gradient effect then you specify the color for the upper pole of the sphere as the first color in the field skyColor. Next you specify at which angle you want a new color (the angle is measured from the upper pole) in the skyAngle. The second color in the skyColor field specifies this last color. The browser should create a gradient between the first and second colors, starting at the upper pole and ending at the angle specified in the skyAngle field. You can specify any number of colors and angles, the number of angles should be the number of colors minus 1. The first color always corresponds to the upper pole. For instance the following combinations were used to create the above images:
|0 (upper pole)||0 0 1|
|0 (upper Pole)||0 0 1|
|1.2||0 0 0.6|
|1.57||1 0 0|
On the left image only one color was specified. In this case no angles are specified because the first color is always the upper pole color. The Sky is all blue.
On the right image from 1.57, roughly 90 degrees, to the lower pole the color used is the last color specified, i.e. red.
Similarly to the sky, the ground is also an infinitely large sphere. The ground sphere is placed inside the sky sphere. The only difference between these two spheres is that in the ground sphere if you do not specify a color, you can see through it, i.e. you can see the sky sphere. Usually, for the ground sphere colors are only provided for the bottom hemisphere.
The following images provides a ground combined with a sky.
The ground color and angles used were:
|3.14 (lower pole)||0.5 0.5 0|
|1.57||0.5 0.5 0|
From 1.57 radians to the upper pole the ground is transparent because no color was specified, therefore allowing you to see the sky sphere. Note that you must specify at least two colors for the ground, otherwise there will be no ground. If you want a ground with a constant color just specify twice the same color. Specifying only one color doesn't provide you with a background.
You can place images on the sides, top and bottom of a conceptually infinitely large box placed inside the ground sphere. Since the box is placed inside the sky and ground spheres, in order to see through these you should use images with transparent parts.
The source code that follows was used to produce the background for the above image
The image used for the sides of the box is
The border presented in the image is only to give you the notion of the image size, it is not part of the image. Black is the transparent color of this image. Looking at the image one can see that the mountains start only at half of the image, they don't start from the bottom of the image. This is because the desired effect was to have the mountains starting when the ground was over and the sky started.
Lighthouse 3D privacy statement


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Determining the unreacted equation of state of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) is challenging because it exhibits low crystal symmetry and low X-ray scattering strength.
The causes of this unusual behavior are hidden in the high-pressure structural evolution of TATB. Supercomputer simulations of explosives detonating, running on the world's most powerful machines at LLNL, depend on knowing the exact locations of the atoms in the crystal structure of an explosive.
Precise learning of atomic arrangement under pressure is the foundation for anticipating the detonation performance and security of an explosive.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) scientists in collaboration with University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV) have Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers in collaboration with University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV) have found a previously unknown pressure-induced phase transition for TATB that can help foresee detonation performance and safety of the explosive.
Scientists performed tests using a diamond' anvil cell, which composed of TATB single crystals to a pressure of more than 25 GPa (multiple times barometrical weight). As per all past test and hypothetical examinations, it was trusted that the atomic arrangement in the crystal structure of TATB continues as before under pressure. Scientists challenged the consensus in the field aiming to clarify the high-pressure structural behavior of TATB.
Due to the extremely low symmetry crystal structure of TATB, it was not feasible to make conventional X-ray diffraction techniques for diamond anvil cells.
Thus, scientists used single-crystal X-ray diffraction under pressure, for the first time in the case of a low symmetry organic material such as TATB.
Oliver Tschauner, a professor in the department of geoscience at UNLV said, "We were sure our approach would eventually settle this issue—but it was much more challenging to find the answer than we had expected."
Scientists were surprised to know that outcomes revealed a previously unknown transition to a higher symmetry monoclinic phase above 4 GPa. This allowed scientists to further determine the basic characteristics of the high-pressure crystal structure and the equation of state above the phase transition. However, the team did not stop at this point.
Elissaios Stavrou, a staff member in the Material Science Division at LLNL said, "Although the experimental results allowed us to apply important corrections to the TATB equation of state, we were determined to go one step further and understand the nature of the phase transition and the exact structure of the high-pressure phase."
Moving on, scientists disclosed the high-pressure phase using an evolutionary structural search algorithm (USPEX) that helps explore the high-pressure structures of TATB.
The outcomes not only confirmed the experimental findings but also clarified the exact structure of the high-pressure phase.
Brad Steele, a postdoctoral scientist in the Material Science Division at LLNL and lead author of the research said, "Almost everything about a material can be derived from its crystal structure. In this paper, we show we can predict the crystal structure even for a large/complicated energetic material such as TATB. The methods used have many potential applications in the field of materials science."
Matthew Kroonblawd, a staff member in the Material Science Division at LLNL, further explained: "TATB is notoriously difficult to model, but we were able to relate the old and new phases using generalized computational tools that we developed specifically for these complicated molecular materials. This new phase resolves conjectures that have persisted since the 1970s."
Scientists are now planning to use the same combination of state-of-the-art experimental and theoretical techniques to discover possible phase transitions in other energetic materials.
The study is published in the journal Applied Physics Letters.


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"The Business of Life" by Robert W. Chambers is a captivating exploration of the intricate tapestry that weaves together our personal and professional lives. With its insightful narratives and profound reflections, this book invites readers on a thought-provoking journey to unravel the complexities and find meaning in the everyday challenges we face. Chambers' eloquent prose and keen observations make this a must-read for anyone seeking a deeper understanding of the human experience.
A Literary Tapestry of Intrigue and Emotion
Chambers' storytelling prowess shines through in "The Business of Life." Each chapter unveils a new episode, a different facet of life, from the bustling streets of New York to the tranquil countryside. The author masterfully blends elements of mystery, romance, and drama, captivating readers with his ability to evoke a range of emotions. From heart-wrenching tragedies to heartwarming triumphs, Chambers presents a literary tapestry that leaves a lasting impression.
Probing the Depths of Human Nature
Delving into the intricacies of human nature, "The Business of Life" offers a profound examination of our desires, ambitions, and the choices we make. Chambers skillfully dissects the characters' motivations, revealing the flaws and virtues that shape their actions. Through this introspective lens, readers are prompted to reflect on their own lives, provoking a deeper understanding of the complexities that drive our daily pursuits.
Unveiling the Duality of Success and Sacrifice
In this captivating narrative, Chambers delves into the notion of success and the sacrifices it often demands. Through a cast of diverse characters, he exposes the trade-offs and compromises that accompany the pursuit of professional achievements. With vivid portrayals and realistic dialogues, the author prompts readers to ponder the true cost of ambition. And invites introspection about one's own definition of success.
Evocative Descriptions and Sensory Delights
Chambers' descriptive prowess brings each scene to life, immersing readers in the sights, sounds, and smells of the world he has created. From the bustling city streets to the serene natural landscapes. His vivid depictions transport readers to a different time and place. The author's ability to evoke sensory experiences heightens the reading pleasure. Thats making "The Business of Life" a literary feast for the imagination.
Themes of Love, Loss, and Redemption
Love, loss, and redemption are central themes interwoven throughout the book. Chambers explores the depths of human relationships, portraying the complexities of romantic entanglements, familial bonds, and friendships. Through his characters' trials and tribulations, he exposes the vulnerability. And resilience of the human spirit, offering glimpses of hope and the possibility of redemption. Even in the face of adversity.
"The Business of Life" by Robert W. Chambers is a timeless reflection on the intricacies of the human condition. With its captivating narratives, profound insights, and evocative descriptions, this book offers a multi-faceted exploration of life's triumphs and tribulations. Chambers' ability to seamlessly blend genres and delve into the depths of human nature makes this a compelling read. That will resonate with readers long after the final page is turned. "The Business of Life" is a literary gem that encourages introspection. It inspires empathy, and leaves an indelible mark on the reader's soul.


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the body." To adjust one's own spirit to the opponent's is to adjust one's own power to the opponent's, and this is an internal explanation of the principle of gentleness.
Kenji Tomiki, author of "Judo, with Aikido", published in 1956
Jujutsu (art of gentleness) was also formerly called wa-jutsu (art of accord). This shows that ju (gentleness) has also the meaning of wa (accord). In the Ryuko-no-maki (lit. Book of Dragon and Tiger) which is regarded as one of the oldest volumes expounding the secrets of the martial arts, there is a passage, "If the enemy turns upon us we meet him; if he leaves we let him leave. Facing the enemy, we stand in accord with him. Five and five are ten. Two and eight are ten. One and nine are ten. All this shows accord."
Wa, or accord, is the fundamental principle of the Japanese martial arts. Expressed in modern terms and made easy of practice to anyone, it became the principle of gentleness. The principle of gentleness teaches that one should go, not against, but with, the the opponent's force, and yet maintain one's proper position so as not lose one's balance. This corresponds to the spirit set forth in Confucius' remark in his Analects, "The superior man is compliant but not blindly yielding." Jujutsu originated as a method of fighting between men. But through practice by experts for many years it has been refined as an art, with its principles more and more closely studied and invested with moral significance, until it has developed into Judo as we learn and practice it today. Judo is neither a mere manifestation of violence nor a means of fighting, but can be studied and followed as a doctrine of life.
Taken from the Judo Information Site - with kind permission from Neil Ohlenkamp


Is being vegan bad for my teeth?
Home / Brisbane / Is being vegan bad for my teeth?
Veganism is growing in Australia and sales of vegan-friendly foods have soared over the past five years while beef and lamb sales have stalled and is predicted to start going downhill.
A vegan or vegetarian diet is good for your health. However, if you are a vegan, you need to be careful because your diet could cause your bones, including your teeth, to get weaker.
A study published by The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition has found vegetarians are much more likely to suffer from tooth decay, more acidic salivary (spit) pH levels, and lower stimulated saliva flow than non-vegetarians.
A study titled "Oral Implications of the Vegan Diet" assessed 15 subjects who had been on a vegan diet for at least 18 months and compared their oral health with 15 subjects who were on omnivorous diets. The results showed there was a greater incidence of demineralization in the teeth of the vegan group as compared to the omnivores. Saliva pH was also at a preferable level among the omnivores.
While this study is still at an early stage, it suggests that vegans are much more likely to have poorer dental health than non-vegans. So how can a person who is following a vegan or vegetarian diet protect himself or herself from the effects of their diet on their oral health?
Below are some of the main precautions you need to take if you are a vegan.
A vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to gum disease and eventually tooth loss. Plants do not provide adequate B12, so you need to consume B12-fortified cereals, yeasts, plant milks, and soy products. However, these may not provide you enough B12, and you may need to take supplements to keep up your oral health. The Vegan Society has helpful information on recommended amounts of supplements.
Remineralisation is a process which happens when essential minerals that support hardened and healthy enamel are resupplied to the tooth after loss caused by acid erosion. Remineralisation is helped through foods such as cheese, meat and milk. Nuts and leafy greens also help to a certain extent.
Non-vegan or vegetarians can supplement through dairy choices. For vegans who do not follow a dairy diet, the best remineralising foods can be supplemented below:
For calcium, which strengthens tooth enamel and builds strong teeth, eat beans and legumes including black-eyed peas and lentils; leafy greens such as broccoli, collard greens, kale, and spinach; almonds; and calcium-added orange juice or vegan milks such as almond, rice, or soy milk.
You can also keep your teeth strong by eating foods that contain potassium, which controls acid levels within your blood. Without this control, excess acid may deplete calcium levels within your bones and teeth. Good vegan sources of potassium include avocadoes, bananas, potatoes, prunes, sweet potatoes, swiss chard, and tomatoes.
For vitamin D, which helps your body absorb calcium (thus contributing to healthy teeth), good vegan sources are fortified cereal and portabella mushrooms. You can also help your body make vitamin D naturally when you go outside in the sun; just remember to wear sunscreen! You may also wish to consider taking vitamin D or combination calcium/vitamin D supplements.
Phosphorus rebuilds your tooth enamel, and you can get it from vegan foods such as lentils, pumpkin seeds, and soybeans.
The amino acid arginine, which is found in meat, poultry, fish, and dairy helps to prevent cavities and gum disease by breaking down dental plaque. While arginine is found in higher quantities in meat, vegan sources of arginine include chickpeas, lentils, and soybeans, peanuts and pumpkin seeds.
For good oral health, your body needs enough calcium to support healthy teeth and gums. Vegans need to supplement their diet with plenty of plant sources that contain calcium such as almonds, leafy greens and beans as well as fortified vegan milks such as almond, soy and rice.
Continual snacking provides an environment for bacteria to thrive and attack your tooth's enamel. Vegans may be more prone to frequent snacking to meet their body's need for energy.
Vitamin A keeps your mucous membranes healthy and helps prevent dry mouth. Excellent sources of vitamin A are bright orange foods such as apricots, cantaloupe, carrots, pumpkin, and sweet potatoes. Leafy green foods including collard greens, kale, and spinach are also great sources of vitamin A.
Your body heals most easily when you have enough intake of vitamin K. Without enough of this vitamin, you may bleed more easily, and it can take longer to heal after an injury or surgery. You can boost your body's healing processes by eating green vegetables including broccoli, brussels sprouts, collard greens, kale, parsley, and spinach – all great sources of vitamin K.
If you're eating a vegan diet with small amounts of protein and fat, you may find that you need snacks to keep up your energy during the day. Sugary and starchy foods (such as bread, cereal, crackers, muffins, pasta, and rice) can feed the bacteria in your mouth that cause tooth decay. Try instead to choose non-sugary snack foods that will replenish your energy, such as nuts, seeds, tofu, and vegetables.
After you eat, take 20 seconds to rinse your mouth vigorously with water to help eliminate leftover food particles and acid. Floss your teeth daily and brush them twice a day for two minutes each time and schedule regular teeth cleanings and dental check-ups. Your oral health is part of your overall health!
If you are a vegan or vegetarian, you need to be mindful of certain key nutrients that you may need to focus on or supplement in your diet. Following the above tips will help you protect yourself from the effects of your diet and to keep your dental health in tip-top shape!
Want to book a consultation? Call our friendly team on 3390 6100 or email us for more information on General Dentistry or Cosmetic Dentistry. Or click here to book your appointment.
Source: Compiled from websites.
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March 3, 2020
When Subject Matter Is Matter Itself
Xu Bing's remarkable "1st Class" installation is made out entirely of 500,000 cigarette butts.
Courtesy of C.J. Lind
The seductively sweet scent of thousands of cigarettes; the sublimity of a wave suspended in time; the sweaty surface of someone's insides; the softness of light seeping through the crystalline viscera of the sick; the supple silkiness of being subdued; and the strange, still silence of cement.
These are among the experiences evoked by the 48 works in The Allure of Matter: Material Art from China, currently on view at both the Smart Museum and Wrightwood 659. Taking contemporary Chinese art as a case study, co-curators UChicago art history professor Wu Hung and Smart Museum curator Orianna Cacchione posit the term "material art," or caizhi yishu, to demarcate a new art historical category "in which material, rather than image or style, is paramount in manifesting the artist's aesthetic judgement or social critique," according to Wu's introductory essay in the exhibition catalog.
Sauntering through a selection of works that prioritizes the primacy of material is a decidedly sensory experience. The experience is olfactory, as in Xu Bing's "1st Class"—an enormous tiger skin rug composed of 500,000 1st Class cigarettes, made as part of his Tobacco Project. It is haptic, as in Ma Qiusha's "Wonderland: Black Square," in which the shards of a shattered slab of concrete are delicately ensconced in stockings and reassembled. It is ephemeral, as in Song Dong's interactive installation, "Traceless Stele," on which viewers are invited to paint with water and watch their markings evaporate. It is visceral, as in Sun Yuan and Peng Yu's "Civilization Pillar," a testament to 21st-century overconsumption, sculpted with human fat. It is also somewhat humbling, with many of the works looming large—even monumental.
Spot the column of fat!
C.J. Lind
As a show that challenges viewers to hone their awareness of materiality, The Allure of Matter offers drastically different—though still coherent—experiences at its two venues. In contrast to the off-white walls, floors, and ceiling of the Smart Museum, the Tadao Ando–designed Wrightwood 659 is a compelling composite of concrete, brick, and wood. The variegated textures and unique forms of its interiors interact with the works on display with much more complexity than they do at the Smart. Hu Xiaoyuan's Ant Bone series, for one, finds an ebbing resonance in the wooden floors and the curvature of the ceiling at Wrightwood. Additionally, whereas the Smart comprises only one floor, the works at Wrightwood stretch across four stories. The spiraling ascent creates a more directional form of exhibition flow than the Smart's more level, elliptical path.
Material art offers an alternative framework through which to trace phenomena in Chinese art since the '80s, which has been overshadowed by more commercially successful trends. Following the end of the Cultural Revolution, clusters of artists, critics, and curators sought to spearhead a modernization effort based on Western cultural models as part of the '85 Art New Wave movement. However, their scholarship did not focus as much on the kinds of unconventional materials featured in this exhibition. The term also puts pressure on the Eurocentric tendencies of art history as a discipline to project Western concepts and categories into contexts where they do not necessarily fit. Additionally, the show resists art-historical conventions that privilege the form of an artwork over its material, putting forward an object-based analytical approach that highlights the sociocultural, political, and historical meanings embedded in materials themselves, as well as the collective labors often implicated in their transformation into art.
Despite the show's geocultural focus, material art is not inherently Chinese, but rather a porous concept susceptible to application to other parts of the world. The Allure of Matter rewrites simplistic and sometimes negligent canonical narratives of contemporary Chinese art into a more nuanced history.


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At the time of the 2011 Census there were 10 Districts in Birmingham (parliamentary constituencies) with an average population size of 107,300.
- Districts range in size from 95,000 in Sutton Coldfield to 127,000 in Ladywood.
- Hall Green and Hodge Hill are the most densely populated, with 59 people per hectare, compared with 17 people per hectare in Sutton Coldfield.
- Hodge Hill and Hall Green are the only Districts that have a greater household size that the Birmingham average of 2.56 persons per household.
- 20% of people living in Sutton Coldfield are pensioners, compared with 7% in Ladywood.
- There were four Districts where the number of people who said they belonged to an ethnic group other than White was above the city average of 46.9%. They were, Hall Green (69.5%), Hodge Hill (66.9%), Ladywood (78.7%) and Perry Barr (65.2%).
- Over half (52.1%) of residents living in Hodge Hill said they were Muslim.
See the documents below for more details.
For more information about the characteristics of the population, such as ethnic group or health, please see our Census pages.
Last Updated : 27th March 2013


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The Molly Marie Prospect is located in the Basin and Range Province.
During the Miocene (mid-Tertiary), extensive brine lakes covered most of southern Arizona as shown in the below diagram:
The Colorado River basin had not formed yet and the water pooled in what is now Arizona, in deep rift zones. Evaporation of these lakes resulted in salt deposits 10,000 feet thick at Luke AFB near Phoenix, and the largest gypsum deposit in the world which is found at nearby Picacho, AZ. Another salt deposit is under Higley, AZ, which is now part of Gilbert. Below is a link to an excellent document on the subject:
Occurring concurrently with the brine lakes was the active period of the Superstition volcanic field, which was comprised of many rhyolitic and dacitic volcanoes, calderas, and fissure eruptions. Some of the lakes engulfed a portion of the Superstition volcanic field, and eroded several of the volcanoes to their bases.
The Molly Marie Prospect is situated on what was once a submarine volcanic caldera of the Superstition field, which overprints a rhyolitic magma chamber over one mile in diameter. The brine from the lakes leached metals from the volcanic debris, arkosic breccias and arkosic sandstone that totaled over 3000 feet thick, once found above and near the Molly Marie Prospect. This brine combined with the magmatic fluids rich in iron, gold and copper. The metal-laden water boiled off above the magma chamber and created an caldera-type IOCG (Iron Oxide Copper Gold) deposit below a layer of basalt(a trap) that is currently exposed on the surface, and in abundant phreatic breccias(another trap).
The Molly Marie caldera has collapsed over 700 feet, and within and on its perimeter are found abundant phreatic arkosic breccias, exhalites, extensive hematite breccias, silica replacement, copper and gold mineralization, tufa deposits, intense propylitic alteration, and ring dikes.
Near the center of the caldera is a strongly magnetic rhyolitic porphyry stock complex, which is the neck of a strata volcano that has been eroded to the volcano's base. Surrounding the stock are diatremes, gossan breccias, and copper and gold mineralization. A very strong magnetic zone 400 to 500 yards wide or more surrounds the caldera which was verified with a magnet that would stick to vertical faces of the Ruin granite.
The enhanced photo below shows the boundary of the magma chamber, the volcanic neck, and the extensive felsic phreatic breccias on the west side of the caldera. The breccias are discussed further in the ore genesis page.


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The Online Numbers to Words Converter is a powerful tool that can help you convert any number into words in a matter of seconds. This tool is perfect for anyone who needs to convert numbers into words for various purposes such as writing checks, creating invoices, or simply for documentation purposes.
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This Numbers to Words Converter is designed to be highly accurate, ensuring that the results you receive are correct and reliable. The tool also supports a wide range of numbers, including decimals and negative numbers, making it suitable for a variety of applications. Additionally, the tool is free to use and accessible from anywhere, at any time, so you can use it whenever you need it.
Whether you're a business owner, student, or just someone who needs to convert numbers into words, this online tool is an essential resource that you can use with confidence. So why wait? Try it today and see how easy and convenient it is to convert numbers into words!


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Paris - European and Australian scientists on Sunday said they had snared four more genes that highlight an inherited cause for common migraine.
The genetic variants were spotted in a trawl through the DNA code of 4,800 people with a history of "migraine without aura," which accounts for two-thirds of migraine attacks.
But the telltales were absent among more than 7,000 counterparts who did not suffer from these debilitating headaches.
In previous work, researchers uncovered three genes associated with migraine.
But this is the first to find genes not linked to migraine with aura - the sensation in which patients have the impression of looking through frosted glass.
Migraine affects roughly one woman in six and one man in eight, and is a major cause of work absence.
The precise cause is unknown, but inherited vulnerability as well as environmental triggers are the suspects.
Scientists describe the condition as a brain disorder in which neurons, or brain cells, respond abnormally to stimuli.
Two of the newly-identified genes back the theory that blood vessels, and thus blood flow, play an important part in the process.
The study, published in the journal Nature Genetics, was led by the International Headache Genetics Consortium. - Sapa-AFP


annual' rate. For junior players who may play, say, one of the football codes in winter and cricket in summer, it would be important to note that a rate was a 'seasonal' incidence rate (not including injuries from the other sport) rather than an 'annual' incidence rate (which would include injuries sustained while playing other sports).
 2. For a tournament that lasted for, say, 2 months, injury rates could theoretically be multiplied by six to give an 'annual' injury incidence based on the hypothetical situation of a similar tournament being indefinitely played six times per year. However, in reporting tournament injury incidence (eg, for a World Cup, or in a domestic T20 competition), it may be preferable to use match injury incidence rates rather than annual incidence rates.
Definition of cohorts
The cohort to be followed for a given team should be referred to as the 'squad'. A match-day team generally consists of 11 players (11 active players and the 12th man), whereas a squad for a team contains a varied number of players. The squad to be followed can consist of any number of players, which should be recorded for all times of surveillance (ie, for the entire year if annual surveillance is being undertaken).
A squad should be chosen at the start of the surveillance period, determined in advance. Therefore, injury rates will consider those players who become injured as well as those who avoid injury, and it is possible that a squad will contain injured players at the start of the surveillance period. A squad might consist of a team's designated list of contracted or registered players, or a group of players selected for a particular tournament. However, players may need to be added if they are chosen to play for the team from outside the initial squad. Similarly, players who are de-registered, or are dropped from a contracted professional or international squad, should be removed.
The definition of a squad member for a team may be varied, but an example is as follows:
 1. Any player under contract to the team in question (or a 'registered' player at amateur level).
 2. Any other player who plays in the team first XI (not including 12th man or a fielding substitute) or tours overseas with the team, from the time of his/her first game (or the first tour match) until the end of the cricket year or season (when a new round of contracts is awarded).
For tournament injury surveillance, if the cohort is determined to be the selected squad for the tournament, it should be noted that there would be a strong bias towards injured players not being selected (although occasionally they are, in the hope that they may become fit early on during the tournament). Injury prevalence for tournaments with cohorts chosen in this fashion are likely to be lower than injury prevalence for contracted players on an annual basis, as the tournament cohort is biased against players suffering from pre-existing injuries (who make up a high proportion of the injured cohort when considering injury prevalence).
For additional information pertaining to injury surveillance systems, refer to online supplementary appendix II.
This consensus statement has evolved from the original recommendations of 2005. The evolution of this consensus statement is from being prescriptive ('all studies should use the following methods') to descriptive ('all studies should conduct the most complete injury surveillance possible and clearly describe the methodology'), emulating statements such as PRISMA24 and STROBE.25
A greater motivation for an updated consensus statement is to lead to consistency within the sport of cricket as well as between sports, using definitions that may be compared to those used in other sports. There has also been a greater appreciation that it is impossible and unwise to try to formulate a fixed set of definitions to suit all types of studies within a single sport. Given the concession that definitions will therefore need to vary, the focus of this consensus statement has moved to clarity in choosing and reporting methods used.
The difficulty in providing a single injury definition that will suit all purposes with respect to a sport or injury surveillance system within a sport has been discussed.12,13 To illustrate this argument in a cricket context, consider how shoulder injuries might best be defined in the following circumstances:
 1. To determine whether certain countries/teams or years had higher rates of shoulder injuries than others, a 'time-loss' injury definition may be preferable, as it is the most easily captured, objective and reliable indicator of a significant injury;
 2. To determine shoulder injury rates during a cricket tournament, a 'medical presentation' injury definition may be preferable, as all teams will have medical and/or physiotherapy staff who could hopefully keep consistent data over a limited time period during a tournament;
 3. To determine shoulder injury rates in amateur cricketers, a 'player-report' definition based on physical symptoms may be preferable, as amateurs may or may not have presented to any medical staff with their symptoms but should be able to recall symptoms that have occurred within a reasonable time period, for example, the past year;
 4. To study the development of pathology in the shoulder and its relationship to symptom development in cricketers, a study using an 'abnormal imaging' injury definition, based on ultrasound scan or MRI findings performed on cricketers without shoulder symptoms, could be employed.
Although time-loss definitions are preferable to medical attention injuries in many circumstances, there is one emerging injury category of importance where a medical attention definition is preferable: concussion and head impact injuries. Given the long-term concerns relating to concussion, it is recommended that injury surveillance systems keep a record of all head/neck/helmet impacts irrespective of whether or not they meet the threshold for a concussion diagnosis. That is, any impact to the head or neck region which would prompt the medical staff to ask the player whether they had suffered any symptoms (ie, generate medical attention based on the observed event rather than any symptoms), even if the player claims to have not suffered any injury or symptoms.
Injuries per number of player hours is, in theory, most accurate, but its relevance has been lessened by the rise of T20 cricket.4 A day in which a T20 game is scheduled generating the same number of injuries as a day in which a 50-over match is scheduled would appear to have an injury incidence that was 2.5 times higher, because there were fewer overs bowled. Therefore, a unit of injuries (numerator) over player days (denominator, considering 11 players in action per day) could be used, which is simpler and more representative of actual risk (in a given time period).4 This is analogous to comparing injury rates of various Track athletic events in a per event rate (100 m=one event; Marathon=one event) rather than a rate per hour of competition participation, which would make sprint events appear to be far riskier than distance events.
There are other circumstances specific to cricket where standard definitions are problematic. Within the realm of T20 cricket, some countries have moved to a 'franchise' model of T20 teams which are contractually and operationally distinct from the traditional domestic teams, whereas other countries still combine contracts to play T20 and longer forms of cricket for a single team. It would be inappropriate to state that T20 team cohorts should be either distinct from or combined with longer form surveillance cohorts, as the situation in different countries should lead to a different approach.
A somewhat unique cricket problem when assessing availability to play is the requirement of all players to be able to bat, but only some players need to bowl. The player who is fit to bat but not fit to bowl may be available for selection if their batting ability warrants, but not if selection would rely on also being fit to bowl. For some players who are 'part-time' bowlers but are unfit to bowl, it can be difficult and somewhat subjective to determine if they are missing a game whether this is truly due to injury or selector preference. This is particularly the case where a player continues to play as a batsman only and remains unfit to bowl. A guideline from these definitions is that this would equate to being unavailable through injury for a 'regular bowler', but we concede that these determinations may need to be made on a case-by-case basis. The difficulty is increased if a player is available to bowl but with workload limits recommended by medical staff that effectively result in non-selection in the longer forms of the game.
This complexity of role in cricket has led to our recommendation that injury surveillance systems avoid 'training time-loss' definitions, as many players regularly train in partial fashion. This would render the concept of a 'missed training session' to be too difficult to determine on too many occasions. For a 'general time-loss' injury, we have opted to recommend a daily binary status of 'considered fit to play a cricket match/not fit to play a cricket match' with the role and type of match necessarily being player-specific (ie, what type of match and in what role would a player be expected to be next fit for?).
In conclusion, these new consensus definitions are presented to offer greater flexibility to researchers at choosing methods which suit their study type and encouraging greater rigour in reporting to allow comparison between studies within cricket, and between sports.
View Abstract
Supplementary materials
 - Supplementary Data
 - Twitter John Orchard _USER_, Craig Ranson _USER_, Isabel Moore _USER_, Jon Patricios _USER_, Nicholas Peirce _USER_ and Caroline Finch, _USER_
 - Competing interests JO (and other authors affiliated with various national cricket boards and associations) declare an interest in being paid either salary or consultancies to provide services for the various associations that they are affiliated with. However, no author was funded or paid specifically to directly work on


Scrum for Trello
Scrum for Trello adds functionality to the awesome for use in Scrum projects.
Add estimates or record time-spent directly on Trello cards. Shows sums at the top of each list and the top right corner of each board.
This is a free and open source extension in Chrome, Firefox, and Safari.
To use, simply open a Trello card click the title of the card to edit it. There are buttons with Fibonacci numbers (1, 2, 3, 5, 8,...etc.) to let you quickly add an estimate. You can also type in the estimate or the time-spent. To type an estimate, just surround it in parentheses like this: (4) to type the amount of time-spent, put that in square brackets like this: [2]. Those numbers can appear anywhere in the title, but a common convention is to put the estimate at the beginning of the card and the time-spent at the end, like this: "(8) Create Firefox Extension [4.5]". Decimal numbers are accepted for both values.
Integration with Burndown for Trello
The 'Burndown for Trello' extension adds burndown charts to Trello boards. Since it uses estimates and time-spent, Burndown For Trello has integrated with Scrum for Trello. If you have a Pro account on Burndown for Trello, it will use the estimates and time-spent that you enter in Scrum for Trello, so you never have to re-enter them.


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Pressing the "+" Buttons in the list of activities always added an activity at the bottom of the list. Via "Settings, Add Activity At The Top" you can tell Outliner to use the top of the list. A log tap at the "+" button at the bottom of the list always does it the other way round. So you easily can choose on every insert whether you want your new activity at the bottom or the top of the list. Siblings or children are added by long tapping an activity as before.
- Fix: occasional force close on random swiping and tapping
- Fix: delete wrong activity if empty activity is deleted
- Setting to addy new activity at the top instead of the bottom (Settings)
- Ellipsize long activity notes in list if there is hidden text (three dots at the end of the text)
- Remove fading edges in list
- Support Samsung Multi Window
- PRO: Automatic Backup (Settings, Backup / Restore, Backup Schedule)
User a swipe gesture to move an activity right or left.
General Info here.
Version History here.
Google Play Store Link here.
Google Play Store Browser Link here.
Feel free to donate via PayPal to support further development.


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How to Identify a Dragonfly
Field guides have long helped nurture nature lovers' passion for birds, and more recently butterflies. Now, they're helping people explore the astounding diversity of dragonflies and damselflies. Whether you're a longtime birder looking to tackle a new type of life list, a practiced dragonfly watcher craving for more information, or a novice who's interest in the darting, zipping jewels has just been sparked, there's a guide for you. Here, Audubon offers a selection of field guides for dragonfly enthusiasts, ranging from expert to beginner, and specific region to the entire continent.
Blair Nikula, Jackie Sones, Donald Stokes, Lillian Stokes
Little, Brown and Company, 150 pages, $9.99
Lightweight and portable, this guide can fit in a pocket or daypack for use in the field. The opening pages provide general information about dragonfly biology, and give tips on what to look for to aid identification. Species are organized into like groups, with a checklist in front to point readers in the right section. Although it doesn't cover every species, this book is a perfect introductory guide to dragonfly and damselfly identification.
By Sidney W. Dunkle
Oxford University Press, 266 pages, $29.95
Getting up close to identify flighty dragonflies can be difficult, so binoculars are an indispensible tool to help pinpoint a species from afar. In addition to the standard identification information, Dragonflies through Binoculars offers advice on different types of optics, and how to best use them to identify dragonflies. Dunkle, a biologist at Collin County Community College in Texas, also includes tips on where to find dragonflies. The guide's index doubles as a built-in checklist for enthusiasts to keep track of species they have spotted.
By Ed Lam
Biodiversity Books, 96 pages, $25
If your interest extends to damsels, not dragons, Damselflies of the Northeast: A Guide to the Species of Eastern Canada & the Northeastern United States is your go-to guide. An artist and authority on odes, Ed Lam's illustrations are both beautiful and extremely useful. Experts will enjoy the wealth of technical detail, while beginners will appreciate the tips to distinguish between similar species. Helpfully, Lam notes if a species can be identified in the field, or if capture and up-close inspection are optimal to pinpoint a species.
By Dennis Paulson
Princeton University Press, 576 pages, $29.95
Odonatologist Dennis Paulson's Dragonflies and Damselflies of the East is a great all-in-one guide to the 336 species in the eastern United States and Canada. The book contains helpful illustrations of the anatomical parts necessary for identification, in addition to large color photographs of each species. Also included is a glossary and index for quick navigation. Especially useful is the natural history section, which notes each species' unique behavior for better identification.
By Dennis Paulson
Princeton University Press, 536 pages, $29.95
The companion to the eastern edition, Dennis Paulson's guide features all 348 species of dragonfly and damselfly west of the Mississippi River. The book contains large color photographs of both males and females for each species, in addition to the standard species description, identification tips, habitat, and range. Like the eastern version, it has a section on odes natural history, with detailed notes on the unique behavior of each species.
By Giff Beaton
University of Georgia Press, 368 pages, $24.95
Covering southeastern species found north of Florida, naturalist Giff Beaton's guide is perfect for dragonfly enthusiasts living in Georgia and neighboring states. The text covers the 150 most common species in the region, many of which are found in the Mid-Atlantic States and Florida as well. Large color photographs make for easy identification, and the guide also includes information on flight seasons, range, similar species, habitat, and behavior.
By John C. Abbott
Princeton University Press, 360 pages, $39.50
Dragonfly lovers of the south-central United States now have a guide all their own. This comprehensive tome includes the 263 species of dragonflies and damselflies that inhabit Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico. Covering more than half of North America's species, it's also useful outside of the south-central states. Entomologist John Abbott's weighty guide is for serious enthusiasts, and includes a checklist, large bibliography, and helpful range maps.
By Kathy Biggs
Azalea Creek Publishing, 128 pages, $9.95
Naturalist Kathy Bigg's beginner-friendly book covers the 113 species of dragonflies and damselflies of California. The guide features a bold line showing the length of each species, to help compare dragonflies of different sizes. Color photographs of both males and females are included. The descriptions are detailed but succinct, so it's light enough to carry into the outdoors. Beginners will also appreciate the explanations of technical terms included in the glossary.


When you read the word "abundance" what comes to mind, what do you automatically think of?
The Empress from Tarot Illuminati Deck
The Empress from Tarot Illuminati Deck
For many people the word "abundance", particularly when it comes to the deliberate creation practices of manifesting abundance, generally has a meaning or a feeling that has something to do with money. An abundance of money. Living the good life, without a financial worry. Being able to afford to live the life of your dreams. Which are all fine and good, except….
The reality is that the word 'abundance' simply means a large quantity of something. And 'something' could be anything.
An abundance of money; living the good life without financial worry. etc. can all manifest through a variety of ways – all of which can be related to the word 'abundance' but not all ways are ones that reflect how we want 'abundance' to show up in our lives.
Trying to manifest abstract concepts like the word 'abundance', or 'joy', or 'freedom' can sometimes be tricky. There's nothing physical about these concepts that we can interact with through any of our senses, so it's challenging for us to gain crystal clarity on exactly what we are looking for, what we are trying to manifest. We know exactly what a 'car' is. If we are trying to manifest a new car we can find photos of the exact car we are trying to manifest. We can easily 'feel' ourselves sitting in the driver's seat of the car we want and clearly visualize the experience of driving it.
But because of the abstract nature of words like abundance, or joy, or freedom, each individual has a slightly different understanding of, or meaning for the word that's based on that individual's education, life experiences, and understanding of what 'abundance' or 'joy' or 'freedom' means to them. And sometimes these concepts can be slippery enough that it's difficult, if not impossible, to actually put into words or visuals exactly what these concepts mean to us.
To manifest abundance we first have to translate "abundance" into exactly what we mean, what we are wanting to manifest, and how we want these to show up in our lives.
As an example of how differently the same word or concept can be interpreted and understood, both Tarot cards on this page are of The Empress, the archetype that reflects abundance (among other things) in the Tarot. In each card, the meaning of the Empress is being understood and expressed in very different ways. Each card reflects a very different, very personal understanding of what, or feeling towards what, The Empress card means. Each meaning has manifest into our lives, into reality, in a very different visual image of the same concept.
So what does this have to do with manifesting abundance?
The Empress from the Thoth Deck
The Empress from the Thoth Deck
When we try to manifest something like 'abundance', we need to gain clarity on what it is that we are trying to manifest so that what we are trying to manifest shows up in our lives and in a way or a form that we want it to show up. For example, if we are trying to manifest an abundance of free time, what we don't want is to lose our jobs.
In fact, what we are looking to manifest might not actually even be 'abundance'. What we are wanting to manifest could be something similar but very different from 'abundance' and we just didn't realize it.
For years I believed that what I was trying to manifest was 'freedom'. It was only after trying every different manifesting technique I could think of without success, that an amazing life coach mentioned that what I was actually trying to manifest was "authentic self expression", not "freedom". This was definitely one of those lightbulb moments when everything falls into place and clarity appears.
The one thing I hadn't done over the years of trying to manifest 'freedom' was to gain that crystal clarity on exactly what freedom meant to me and how I wanted 'freedom' showing up in my life. I had a vague intuitive understanding of what freedom was, but not really any understanding on how the feeling of freedom should be showing up in my life.
Before gaining that clarity around what freedom looked like in my life, I had been going after all the wrong things. I had been thinking of quitting my job, perhaps living on my own, perhaps selling everything and becoming nomad!! The more I tried to achieve freedom, the more I failed, and the more frustrated I got. Once I gained the clarity that what I actually meant by freedom was authentic self expression, I started incorporating more authentic self expression into my life and achieved the feeling of freedom that I had been looking for.
Gaining that level of clarity is not always easy. Sometimes our mind accurately makes the connection between what our intuition has identified as being what we are looking for and how our logic wants to interpret, communicate or conceive it. Sometimes it takes someone outside of ourself to make that connection or interpretation for us. Either way, without that clarity, trying to manifest 'abundance' or 'joy' or 'freedom' or whatever, can be an upstream battle of frustration, delay, and struggle.
Powerful manifesting always begins with clarity.
If you enjoyed reading this article and are interested in learning more about manifesting and gaining clarity, then sign up for my bi-weekly newsletter at Anne Bolender, Clarity Strategist Newsletter


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Our quality & food safety policy is set out below. It is owned and endorsed by the Corporate Social Responsibility Committee of the Board of Directors; responsibility for the successful implementation of this programme belongs with every Coca‑Cola Hellenic employee at each level and function in the organisation.
Coca‑Cola Hellenic believes that success depends on the supply of high quality products, packages and services that meet or exceed customer and consumer expectations of premium brand products. Fundamental to this belief is the responsibility to ensure the food safety of all products that the Company manufactures.
The Company is committed to continually enhance the reputation of the brands it produces and maintain consumer confidence in its products through the development and implementation of quality and food safety systems, standards and practices. All Coca‑Cola Hellenic operations commit to continuous improvement, which is measured, evaluated and validated for effectiveness through internal and external audits.
The Company believes that the responsibility for achieving quality commitments lies with each Coca‑Cola Hellenic employee in the execution of their jobs and their relationship with stakeholders. Food safety is the responsibility of all employees that have direct influence on ingredients, packaging, manufacturing, storage and the transport of products.
The following food safety and quality principles are the foundation of the Coca‑Cola Hellenic commitment to quality:
- Manufacture and deliver products that meet the highest food safety and quality standards.
- Meet or exceed all statutory and regulatory requirements for quality and food safety.
- Ensure sustainable food safety and quality performance through implementation and certification of effective quality management systems compliant with ISO 9001:2008, ISO 22000:2005, FSSC 22000 and The Coca‑Cola Management System standards in all operations and PAS 223:2011 where applicable.
- Validate the effectiveness of the food safety and quality management systems through internal and external audit processes recognised by the International Standards Organisation and The Coca‑Cola Company.
- Build food safety and quality capability through structured programmes that develop technical skills, increase awareness, manage risk and drive increasing levels of excellence.
- Continually review food safety policies, standards and procedures to effectively manage food safety risks associated with changes in products, processes and technologies.
- Include food safety and quality strategies in the annual business planning process to ensure that food safety and quality remains an integral part of operations.
- Set annual measurable food safety and quality objectives for all operations, and at group level, to ensure continuous improvement and compliance with all standards.
- Ensure that suppliers and contractors embrace the same food safety and quality commitments, and monitor the materials and services they supply through audits and incoming goods inspections.
- Communicate food safety requirements to suppliers, contractors, customers and consumers by establishing specifications for ingredients and packaging materials, product storage and consumer guidelines.
- Communicate food safety and quality aspects, strategies and performance to associates, consumers, customers and principal stakeholders that have an impact on, or are affected by the Company's food safety and quality management systems.


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RICO Bath Sonicator with Digital Timer
The Ultrasonic energy is produced by converting electrical energy in to Mechanical Vibrations
by using generator and piezo Electric Transducers. Due to Mechanical Vibrations in cleaning liquid
this Phenomenon is called cavitation. In a very short time it removes all dirt & foreign bodies from
components which are immersed in the cleaning liquid.
- Continuous Self Tuning Circuitry For Any change In Workload, Liquid Level And Bath Temp.
- Uniform Cavitations Through Out The Tank
- Separate Oscillator Eliminates Damage To Generator In Case of Failure Of Transducers
- Using 40 Khz Frequency For Effective Cleaning With Low Noise
- Designed For Complete Cleaning Of Small and Large Components Without Dismantling,
- Inner tank and Outer body made of Stainless Steel.


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A strong stain and fade resistant fiber made from a synthetic polymer consisting of ethylene, propylene, or other olefin units.
A striped fabric woven with shades of the same color from light to dark.
Powdered pigment mixed to a thick consistency with linseed, poppy or nut oil which remains wet for long periods. Gradual oxidization causes the paint to harden and a full cure can take many months.
Soft gradations of one color blending into another.
The level of opaqueness of a paint.
Any paint that is not transparent or translucent. It completely covers fabric and other paints.
Optical Color Mixing
An optical illusion produced when small amounts of two different colors are put next to each other, appearing to create a different color.
After scouring and bleaching, Optical Brightening Agents (OBA), are applied to make the textile material to appear more brilliant whites. These OBA are available in different tints such as blue, violet and red.
A dyeing technique used to change a color by re-dyeing it a new shade. The over-dyed shade is always darker than the original color and is altered by the original color.
A group of cotton fabrics, including pinpoint, made with a modified plain or basket weave. Used primarily for shirting.
Used in marbling as an agent that helps the paints float on the surface of the solution. It is made from an animal product and some books recommend it. An excellent alternative is Versatex Dispersant.


What is Dry Processed Coffee?
Dry process seems simple, but creating a great-tasting dry processed coffee requires a lot of extra labor.
But it's a fail in humid or wet regions. If the drying isn't progressing fast enough, the fruit degrades, rots or molds.
Interestingly, there are arid zones where the coffee starts to dry while on the tree. Areas of Brazil, in particular, have very distinct rainy and dry seasons, and in the dry times when coffee is harvested, the heat is intense enough to parch the coffee fruit while it is on the branch. These are called "pasas" in Latin American areas, raisins, and they have a leathery fruit texture. Cherry forgotten on a tree will also dry, sometimes fully to the stage where the seed is rock hard. These are often called "pods" and are considered a defect when they appear in sorted, hulled, ready-to-export coffee.
For areas that don't have intense heat and distinct seasons, the coffee is picked ripe, just as a wet-process coffee would be. The coffee is laid on raised drying beds that allow air to circulate around the fruit. The beds use metal screens or metal bands that support a nylon woven cloth (preferable). Sometimes locally woven grass mats are used.
As the cherry dries, the skin and attached pulp (exocarp, mesocarp) attach to the parchment layer (endocarp). The mucilage layer that is degraded by fermentation in the wet process is sandwiched in-between. The silverskin (chaff when roasted) often stays attached to the bean.
In wet-process (WP) the fruit skin is peeled off by the pulper, and the remaining fruit is fermented and washed off. But in DP the coffee seed dries encased by the thicker layer of fruit skin. The active transference of water and ionic bonding with compounds in the fruit skin is a likely way that the fruited notes of a DP coffee are infused into the drying seed.
The bulk of DP coffee in the world is commercial grade coffee, with dirty/earthy and musty flavors. Many farmers receive little for their DP coffee so it receives little care: The coffee is dried on tarps or directly on dirt. Coffee that falls to the ground or is re-wet while drying is recovered and sold to traders. It takes incredible intention and care to create a premium dry processed coffee.
All DP is milled the same: With a relatively crude purpose-designed huller machine, the thick dried fruit skin is removed with friction burrs. The skin can be fanned and cleaned to use as a tea (called Qishr in Yemen, Geshir in Ethiopia).
Because DP skips all the steps in WP to remove defect beans (floating the wet parchment, the "criba" in the pulper, density grading in washing channel, etc.) all defect beans must be removed visually, or in the dry mill. After the critical density table step, coffee is again hand-picked. Even the best DP coffee has a less-uniform look because of the silverskin still attached to many beans.
Natural coffees are perhaps the original method to process coffee. If the first coffee grown as a commercial crop, for trading, was in Yemen, the climate is well-suited to dry processing. The western parts of Ethiopia such as Harar are traditional dry-processing areas. Older coffee-growing areas of Brazil as well as newer ones (Cerrado) have distinct seasons ideally suited to dry process method. If a farm can dry coffee from ripe cherry to hard, dried pod in 20 days, it is probably well-suited to DP methods.
Generally speaking, we will cup but usually not buy naturals from areas that cannot dry the coffee in the proscribed amount of time. Naturals from Central America present a good example, although we are always open to new areas and enterprises that can do it right.
In recent years, many areas that do not traditionally produce dry-processed coffee have begun to do so for a variety of reasons. The spread can be attributed to market demand, as many buyers find the fruity tastes of DP coffees easy to distinguish for themselves and their customers. The distinction of exactly what kind of fruity flavors are good and which are bad is an open question.
Certainly, there is a matter of personal preference, which is influenced by cultural preferences as well. The distinction between clean fruit notes, winey fruit and vinegar seems universal, but on the cupping table, there can be disagreements. One person's "ferment" is another person's "fruited". Go figure. I find many new buyers or those from countries with a newer coffee culture are either quick to over-praise or over-punish these fruit notes.
One experience with naturals that is not so relative to personal taste is the stability of the coffee over time. DP coffees that are not fully rested, or were too-slow to dry will tend to fade. A marginal fruit note tasted in a fresh arrival of such a coffee might be pleasant in the present, but in several months it might fade. What remains might be flat woody or earthy notes that few find attractive, unless you add sugar!
Beyond climate, a quality DP coffee requires tons of hand labor, for multiple iterations of picking. Many areas simply do not have the amount of labor available, or the labor is not affordable. In Brazil they must use only the dry mill machinery to clean the coffee of defects: Even selective hand-picking requires too much labor and would drive up the price of coffee to untenable levels.
But in this resurgence in the dry-process technique, some wonderful new coffees have come to light that have the consistency, uniformity and clean taste that rival wet-process coffees, but have complex layered fruit flavors not found in their counterparts.
What is Wet-Processed Coffee
Roasting Dry Processed Coffee
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OCR-B font is both machine-readable and human-readable. Character shapes and dimensions are specified in ANSI X3.49-1975 (R1982) standard.
ANSI X3.49-1975 (R1982) has been approved as American National Standard for Optical Character Recognition by the Federal Government.
OCR-B and European Computer Manufacturers Association Standard (ECMA-11) share a large number of identical characters. Yet they are different.
Experts of ISO Technical Committee are working to consolidate these two different standards.
OCR-B can be used in a wide range of applications: Optical Character Recognition (OCR), Machine Reading and Data Entry.
Three sizes of characters shapes are provided: OCR-B I, OCR-B III, OCR-B IV.
While OCR-B II is reserved for international use.
The OCR-B character set includes 140 characters as shown below.
For more information about OCR-B font, please click
OCR-A and OCR-B font.
OCR-B font Character Set is shown below:


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If there is one thing we know, it is juicers. I think we sometimes even have dreams about juicers. If our fancy internet tools aren't helping you decide, give us a buzz at _PHONE_ and we can help.
Nutrition and Taste
It's well known that a diet rich in fruits in vegetables is best for our health. Juicers can help retain vital enzymes in raw vegetables and fruits that are sometimes damaged by heat or cooking. For people who can't tolerate raw fruits and vegetables (or simply don't like them), juicing is a way to still receive the goodness from both.
Juicer Basics — Construction and Use
A manual citrus juicer (also known as a citrus reamer) is used for squeezing juice from soft citrus fruits like oranges, lemons, grapefruits and limes. People often invest in citrus juicers to enjoy the taste and benefits of fresh-squeezed juice each morning. Manual juicers are straightforward and simple to use. Centering the fruit halves cut-side down over the juicer, simply press the fruit down and turn the fruit back and forth to extract juice, discarding the rind and excess pulp.
Today you can also find electric models.
A juice extractor separates juice from the pulp of most fruits, herbs, leafy greens, and vegetables. The pulp can be thrown out, but is useful for composting. It can also be used as a base ingredient in muffins and breads.
Juicers fall into three main categories:
- Centrifugal juicers use blades and a sieve to separate juice from pulp, and spins at a high speed to completely extract the juice
- Masticating juicers "chew" fruit to a pulp to create juice
- Triturating juicers have twin gears to crush fruit, then press it.
-Masticating and triturating juicers are recommended for juicing wheatgrass.
Single auger masticating juicers crush fruits and vegetables against a static screen, allowing juice to flow through the screen while pulp is expelled through a different chamber. The lower speed of single auger machines minimizes oxidation, maintaining beneficial enzymes.
Twin gear triturating machines offer the best juice yield. Twin gear juicers crush juice out of fruit and vegetable fibers.


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This page describes how to specify the direction of a vector. It contains a text description and an animation of an arrow turning counterclockwise that displays the degree that it is at. There are links at the bottom of the page for similar animations.
This tutorial is part of The Physics Classroom. This web site also includes interactive tools to help students with concepts and problem solving, worksheets for student assignments, and recommendations for simple introductory laboratories.
%0 Electronic Source %A Henderson, Tom %D 1996 %T The Physics Classroom: Vector Direction %V 2013 %N 26 May 2013 %9 image/gif %U _URL_
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