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Start Here
Create a blank HTML file somewhere on you computer with a name like: i-love-alpine.html
Using a text editor, fill the file with these contents:

Open your file in a web browser, if you see I ❤ Alpine, you're ready to rumble!
Now that you're all set up to play around, let's look at three practical examples as a foundation for teaching you the basics of Alpine. By the end of this exercise, you should be more than equipped to start building stuff on your own. Let's goooooo.
Building a counter
Let's start with a simple "counter" component to demonstrate the basics of state and event listening in Alpine, two core features.
Insert the following into the tag:
Now, you can see with 3 bits of Alpine sprinkled into this HTML, we've created an interactive "counter" component.
Let's walk through what's happening briefly:
Declaring data
Everything in Alpine starts with an x-data directive. Inside of x-data, in plain JavaScript, you declare an object of data that Alpine will track.
Every property inside this object will be made available to other directives inside this HTML element. In addition, when one of these properties changes, everything that relies on it will change as well.
→ Read more about x-data
Let's look at x-on and see how it can access and modify the count property from above:
Listening for events
x-on is a directive you can use to listen for any event on an element. We're listening for a click event in this case, so ours looks like x-on:click.
You can listen for other events as you'd imagine. For example, listening for a mouseenter event would look like this: x-on:mouseenter.
When a click event happens, Alpine will call the associated JavaScript expression, count++ in our case. As you can see, we have direct access to data declared in the x-data expression.
You will often see @ instead of x-on. This is a shorter, friendlier syntax that many prefer. From now on, this documentation will likely use @ instead of x-on.
→ Read more about x-on
Reacting to changes
x-text is an Alpine directive you can use to set the text content of an element to the result of a JavaScript expression.
In this case, we're telling Alpine to always make sure that the contents of this h1 tag reflect the value of the count property.
In case it's not clear, x-text, like most directives accepts a plain JavaScript expression as an argument. So for example, you could instead set its contents to: x-text="count * 2" and the text content of the h1 will now always be 2 times the value of count.
→ Read more about x-text
Building a dropdown
Now that we've seen some basic functionality, let's keep going and look at an important directive in Alpine: x-show, by building a contrived "dropdown" component.
Insert the following code into the tag:
 Toggle
 Contents...
If you load this component, you should see that the "Contents..." are hidden by default. You can toggle showing them on the page by clicking the "Toggle" button.
The x-data and x-on directives should be familiar to you from the previous example, so we'll skip those explanations.
Toggling elements
Contents...
x-show is an extremely powerful directive in Alpine that can be used to show and hide a block of HTML on a page based on the result of a JavaScript expression, in our case: open.
→ Read more about x-show
Listening for a click outside
Contents...
You'll notice something new in this example:.outside. Many directives in Alpine accept "modifiers" that are chained onto the end of the directive and are separated by periods.
In this case,.outside tells Alpine to instead of listening for a click INSIDE the , to listen for the click only if it happens OUTSIDE the .
This is a convenience helper built into Alpine because this is a common need and implementing it by hand is annoying and complex.
→ Read more about x-on modifiers
Building a search input
Let's now build a more complex component and introduce a handful of other directives and patterns.
Insert the following code into the tag:
 search: '',
 items: ['foo', 'bar', 'baz'],
 get filteredItems() {
 return this.items.filter(
 i => i.startsWith(this.search)

By default, all of the "items" (foo, bar, and baz) will be shown on the page, but you can filter them by typing into the text input. As you type, the list of items will change to reflect what you're searching for.
Now there's quite a bit happening here, so let's go through this snippet piece by piece.
Multi line formatting
The first thing I'd like to point out is that x-data now has a lot more going on in it than before. To make it easier to write and read, we've split it up into multiple lines in our HTML. This is completely optional and we'll talk more in a bit about how to avoid this problem alltogether, but for now, we'll keep all of this JavaScript directly in the HTML.
Binding to inputs
You'll notice a new directive we haven't seen yet: x-model.
x-model is used to "bind" the value of an input element with a data property: "search" from x-data="{ search: '',... }" in our case.
This means that anytime the value of the input changes, the value of "search" will change to reflect that.
x-model is capable of much more than this simple example.
→ Read more about x-model
Computed properties using getters
The next bit I'd like to draw your attention to is the items and filteredItems properties from the x-data directive.
 get filteredItems() {
 return this.items.filter(
 i => i.startsWith(this.search)
The items property should be self-explanatory. Here we are setting the value of items to a JavaScript array of 3 different items (foo, bar, and baz).
The interesting part of this snippet is the filteredItems property.
Denoted by the get prefix for this property, filteredItems is a "getter" property in this object. This means we can access filteredItems as if it was a normal property in our data object, but when we do, JavaScript will evaluate the provided function under the hood and return the result.
It's completely acceptable to forgo the get and just make this a method that you can call from the template, but some prefer the nicer syntax of the getter.
→ Read more about JavaScript getters
Now let's look inside the filteredItems getter and make sure we understand what's going on there:
return this.items.filter(
 i => i.startsWith(this.search)
This is all plain JavaScript. We are first getting the array of items (foo, bar, and baz) and filtering them using the provided callback: i => i.startsWith(this.search).
By passing in this callback to filter, we are telling JavaScript to only return the items that start with the string: this.search, which like we saw with x-model will always reflect the value of the input.
You may notice that up until now, we haven't had to use this. to reference properties. However, because we are working directly inside the x-data object, we must reference any properties using this.[property] instead of simply [property].
Because Alpine is a "reactive" framework. Any time the value of this.search changes, parts of the template that use filteredItems will automatically be updated.
Looping elements
Now that we understand the data part of our component, let's understand what's happening in the template that allows us to loop through filteredItems on the page.

The first thing to notice here is the x-for directive. x-for expressions take the following form: [item] in [items] where [items] is any array of data, and [item] is the name of the variable that will be assigned to an iteration inside the loop.
Also notice that x-for is declared on a element and not directly on the . This is a requirement of using x-for. It allows Alpine to leverage the existing behavior of tags in the browser to its advantage.
Now any element inside the tag will be repeated for every item inside filteredItems and all expressions evaluated inside the loop will have direct access to the iteration variable (item in this case).
→ Read more about x-for
If you've made it this far, you've been exposed to the following directives in Alpine:
That's a great start, however, there are many more directives to sink your teeth into. The best way to absorb Alpine is to read through this documentation. No need to comb over every word, but if you at


What is 2kool4skool?
A variation of 2cool4u. When someone acts like s/he is "too cool" for something/under a high-pressure situation, not necessarily school per se, but something deemed to be of importance, such as relationship, work, family, or even YOU.
Girl: I graduated from Y School! Are you an alum too?
Boy: I went to X School, then Y School, cuz I didn't feel like finishing my degree at X.. Then I transfered to Z School.. Can't remember anymore. Anyway, does it matter?
*Boy lights a cigarette*
*Girl whispers to friend (Hel-lo Mr. 2kool4skool!)*
See cool, asshole, friends, bitch, 2cool4u, l337
Random Words:
1. this word refer to a person that enjoy the sex with animals in this case the person prefers sex with baboons only, this person is a sick..
1. This word embodies a noun usage when one does not feel like using an objects official name due to laziness, forgetfulness, or when the i..
1. Used as a substitute for that's what she said/that's what he said in certain instances: 1. You are alone, talking to yourself..


Re: st: Interaction effect or running seperate models
From "Clive Nicholas" <>
Subject Re: st: Interaction effect or running seperate models
Date Thu, 27 Sep 2007 05:49:13 +0100
Quang Nguyen wrote:
> Suppose, I had a simple model: Y = Ao + A1*X1 + A2*Z + u, where A2 is
> a categorical variable e.g., ethnicity. If I wanted to see how
> different ethnic groups may have different effect on Y, I can use an
> interaction term: X1*Z or I can run seperate equations fro each
> ethnicity. Can you tell me the advantage of each method?
Jaccard (2001: 17) provided a very good reason to prefer the
single-model analysis in the case of logistic regression. I don't
believe it would be any different for OLS regression:
"It is not uncommon for researchers [to calculate] seperate logistic
regression equations for males and females and then examining whether
the logistic coefficient for X is "statistically significant" (i.e.,
has an associated p value less than 0.05) in both analyses. If the
coefficient is statistically significant in one group but not in the
other, then the conclusion is that X is more important for the one
group than for the other. This logic is flawed because the researcher
never performs a formal statistical test of the _difference_ between
the logistic coefficients for the two groups."
You will, of course, note that is there is now a substantial research
literature that has called into question the practice of using
interaction terms in LR models (much of which has been discussed on
this list), but I hope this helps to answer the original question.
Clive Nicholas
[Please DO NOT mail me personally here, but at
<>. Thanks!]
Jaccard J (2001) "Interaction Effects In Logistic Regression", QASS
Series 135, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
* For searches and help try:


(emacs)Buffers of GNUS
Next: GNUS Startup Up: GNUS
GNUS's Three Buffers
 GNUS creates and uses three Emacs buffers, each with its own
particular purpose and its own major mode.
 The "Newsgroup buffer" contains a list of newsgroups. This is the
first buffer that GNUS displays when it starts up. Normally the list
contains only the newsgroups to which you subscribe (which are listed in
your '.newsrc' file) and which contain unread articles. Use this
buffer to select a specific newsgroup.
 The "Summary buffer" lists the articles in a single newsgroup,
including their subjects, their numbers, and who posted them. GNUS
creates a Summary buffer for a newsgroup when you select the group in
the Newsgroup buffer. Use this buffer to select an article, and to move
around in an article.
 The "Article buffer" displays the text of an article. You rarely
need to select this buffer because you can read the text while keeping
the Summary buffer selected.
automatically generated by info2www


U'} \simeq G_{U'}$ whose specialization at any $g' \in U'(k)$ is right-translation on $G$ by the corresponding point $g \in U(k)$. Suppose ${\rm{char}}(k) = 0$, so $U' = U$ and the composite morphism $${\rm{pr}}_1 \circ \rho:G \times U \rightarrow G$$ on $k$-points is the group law restricted to $U(k)$ in the 2nd variable. For any $g \in G(k)$ the right translation morphism $\rho_g$ carries $U$ to another open subscheme $\rho_g(U)$, and I claim that these opens cover $G$. It suffices to check the covering property on $k$-points, so for $h \in G(k)$ we seek $g \in G(k)$ such that $h \in \rho_g(U)$, or equivalently $hg^{-1} \in U(k)$. Pick any $u \in U(k)$ and let $g = u^{-1}h$. This proves the covering property, and the multiplication map $G(k) \times U(k)g \rightarrow G(k)$ arises from a morphism, namely the composition of ${\rm{pr}}_1 \circ \rho$ and the morphism $\rho_g$. We conclude (in char. 0) that the group law on $G(k)$ is induced by a morphism $G \times G \rightarrow G$.
Now we can deduce in char. 0 that inversion is a morphism (so we have a group variety), even though we never used the left-translation or inversion conditions. Indeed, the "universal right-translation" $G \times G \rightarrow G \times G$ defined by $(x,y) \mapsto (xy,y)$ between fppf $G$-schemes (via ${\rm{pr}}_2$) is a scheme isomorphism between fibers over all points in $G(k)$ and therefore is a scheme isomorphism (by fibral isomorphism criteria, adapted to the peculiarities of $k$-points when $k$ is alg. closed). This yields the morphism property for inversion for free! This was a char-free argument, but it required the composition law to be a morphism. Anyway, char. 0 is now settled.
Assume ${\rm{char}}(k) = p > 0$, so for sufficiently large $n \ge 0$ the finite flat $n$-fold relative Frobenius morphism $G^{(1/p^n)} \rightarrow G$ of $G^{(1/p^n)}$ dominates $U'$ over $U$ (namely, pick $n \ge 0$ so that the finite purely inseparable extension $F/k(G)$ is contained inside $k(G)^{1/p^n}$). Since the initial choice of $F$ could be replaced with a finite purely inseparable extension at the outset if we wish, we may therefore assume that $U'$ is open inside $G^{(1/p^n)}$. Using a covering and translation argument similar to characteristic 0, we arrive at a morphism $$m_r:G \times G^{(1/p^n)} \rightarrow G$$ that recovers the given group law on $k$-points via the natural identification of $G^{(1/p^n)}(k)$ with $G(k)$ (for some $n \ge 0$). Our problem is precisely to show that $m_r$ factors (in the sense of morphisms of varieties) through the $n$-fold relative Frobenius morphism in the 2nd variable.
Now we shall use that left-translations are morphisms too. At the cost of increasing our $n$ if necessary, we can run through the same arguments with "left" instead of "right" to arrive at another morphism $$m_{\ell}:G^{(1/p^n)} \times G \rightarrow G$$ which recovers the given group law on $k$-points (with the same $n$).
Returning to our task of checking that $m_r$ factors through the appropriate iterated Frobenius in the 2nd variable, since that iterated Frobenius is fppf (as $G$ is smooth!) we conclude via fppf descent that it is harmless to check the existence of such a factorization after precomposing $m_r$ with an fppf morphism in the first variable. So let's compose with the same iterated Frobenius in the first variable, arriving at a morphism $$G^{(1/p^n)} \times G^{(1/p^n)} \rightarrow G$$ that recovers the composition law of $G(k)$ on $k$-points. It suffices to show that this latter map factors through the $n$-fold Frobenius in its 2nd variable, but this factorization is clear: it is the composition of $m_{\ell}$ with that iterated Frobenius (as we may check by computing on $k$-points, since we're working with reduced $k$-schemes of finite type). QED
share|improve this answer
This is a very nice answer! – Olivier Benoist Nov 18 '12 at 2:41
Your Answer


text:
Archived - Mac OS: File Type and Creator Codes, and File Formats
File Type Codes
The desktop database keeps track of the file type of every file. Here are examples of some common 4-character file type codes, followed by descriptions:
- CWWP (AppleWorks word processing)
- MooV (QuickTime movie)
- TEXT (plain text file)
- PICT (picture file)
- GIFf (GIF image)
When you open a file from within an application, the application looks at each file's 4-character file type code to see if it can be opened. Some applications can open a variety of file types.
The desktop database also keeps track of the creators of files. As you might guess, this is a 4-character code that identifies which program actually created the file. Here are examples of some common 4-character creator codes, followed by descriptions:
- BOBO (AppleWorks)
- TVOD (QuickTime)
- ttxt (SimpleText)
- Hway (iMovie)
For example, a text file saved with SimpleText has a file type of TEXT and a creator of ttxt.
You can find out the type and creator of a file using a utility such as ResEdit, or by dragging a file onto the Custom Search Options window in Sherlock, or through the use of an AppleScript application/droplet.
A file format is a set of rules and instructions that are used to read and write files. Some file formats are publicly known, while others are proprietary. Examples of publicly known file formats:
- Rich Text Format (RTF)
Examples of proprietary file formats:
- AppleWorks word processing document
- FileMaker database
When an application reads in a file it expects certain information, in a certain order. Usually there is a header, where global information about the particular file is kept. Then there might be a database of objects if it is a drawing program, or some text if it is a word processor.
File formats used by various applications are never needed by the ordinary user, but may be needed by developers who are writing translators or other utilities.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Image Number 14 for United States Patent _TAG_.
The present invention is a method and apparatus for quantifying nerve and neural-muscular integrity related to pelvic organs or pelvic floor functions. In one embodiment, the invention is a method and device to measure muscle or nerve activity in the pelvis or pelvic floor. In a modification of this embodiment, the invention includes means for inducing an efferent nerve signal in the spinal cord or sacral nerves and then measuring the resulting nerve activity of the nerves of the pelvic floor region. In a preferred embodiment, the invention includes placing a probe in the anal canal or vagina, the probe having proximal recording electrodes along its outer surface. In one possible embodiment, the probe has a distensible sheath having recording electrodes located on its outside surface. In another embodiment, the probe has an inflatable balloon at its distal end with recording electrodes located on the outside surface of the inflatable balloon. In a further embodiment, the proximal recording electrodes will be located on the outside of the distal end of the probe itself. In yet another embodiment, a disk having recording electrodes is placed in the rectum in contact with the tissue above the submucous space. In yet another embodiment of the invention, an essentially "C" shaped clip is provided having a core made of a spring-like material.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
One player may compete against the computer, or two players may simultaneously compete against each other. Each player has an 8-way joystick and 6 buttons.
The buttons on the arcade are typically laid out in the following fashion:
The L, M, and H stands for light, medium, and hard respectively. In general, light attacks are less powerful and faster, and hard attacks are more powerful but slower, with medium attacks in between.
The joystick works intuitively in that pressing left will generally move your character left, and pressing right will generally move your character right. But it is more important to think in terms of relative direction.
- If your character is facing to the right, then pressing left on the joystick means backward, and pressing right on the joystick means forward.
- If your character is facing to the left, then pressing left on the joystick means forward, and pressing right on the joystick means backward.
For this reason, all instructions are given with respect to forward and backward since the left and right directions change purpose when your character switches directions.
The following directions assume that your character is facing right, the starting direction of every fight for player one, who begins on the left side:
How to Play
Each battle consists of best-of-three round match between you and your opponent. At the start of each round, both player's life or health bars are full. The first player to drive the other player's health bar to zero wins the round. The first player to win two total rounds wins the match and moves on to the next opponent. If a single player loses to the computer, the game is over and the player must continue to rematch the recent opponent.
To win a round, the player must use his or her character's attack moves to damage the opponent, and block or dodge the opponent's attacks. Each player may attack from a standing or crouching position, or they may jump and attack in the air. To attack from a standing position, press any single attack button. To attack from a crouching position, pull the joystick in a downward direction (including both diagonals) and press any single attack button. To attack from the air, direct your character to jump straight up, or jump in a diagonal position, and press any single attack button in mid-air.
To block an attack, a player must push backwards on the joystick when the opponent attacks (otherwise, pressing back on the joystick moves the player away from the opponent.) Blocking can be done standing which blocks middle and high attacks, as well as attacks in the air, but does not block attacks which are low to the ground. Blocking can also be down crouching by pressing the joystick diagonally down and back. A Crouching block will successfully block low and middle attacks. High attacks will usually go over your character's head if they are crouching, but a crouching block does not defend against air attacks.
In addition to normal attacks there are attacks known as command moves and special moves. Command moves are special combinations of a joystick direction and a particular attack button that produces a different attack than when the button is pressed alone. A special move is a move that requires a more complicated joystick motion and an attack button to perform. For example, Ken and Ryu's fireball attack, called Hadouken, is performed by sliding the joystick in a circular sweeping motion from down to forward, and finished off with any punch button. In this example, the strength of the punch button used happens to dictate the speed at which Ken and Ryu's fireball attack travels across the screen. Special attacks can be blocked like any other attack, but they do what's known as "chip damage." That is, even when blocked, they remove a single hit point from your health bar. Most special moves have a pause associated with them that leave you vulnerable to attack if you miss the opponent, or "whiff".
The last form of attack available in this game is a throw. Throws are executed by standing immediately next to your opponent, pressing the joystick either towards or away, and pressing a punch or kick button. If performed correctly, your character will grab the opponent and toss them to the ground in a manner specific to your character's fighting style. Different characters have a different array of throws, so while some characters can throw with the medium punch button, not all characters can. In general, every character can throw with the hard punch button, and no character can throw with the light punch or light kick button. Throws are unblockable.
Super Moves (SSF2T only)
Super Moves were added to the game in Super Street Fighter II Turbo. In addition to the health bar shown at the top of the screen, each player has a super meter at the bottom. As the player attacks and damages the opponent, and as the player takes damage from the opponent, the super meter fills up incrementally. When the super meter fills to capacity, the player is given access to a Super Move. Super Moves are activated by inputting slightly more complex motions than special moves. When they are successfully executed, the game will freeze for a brief moment, and then the animation and attack associated with the super move begins. If the super move connects and is not blocked, it will do substantial damage to the opponent. Super moves can be used to turn the tide of a battle. Every player (except for the secret character Akuma) has one unique super move.


.
Why do we do it?
* Refinement of the olfactory sense
* The awareness of scent in the environment
How to help at home?
* Let your child smell different things around your house, especially food. Children love to smell food!
* Take your child outside and explore your environment through smell (and talk about the different ways things smell): smell the rain, smell leaves, flowers, herbs, notice the smell of garbage as you walk past rubbish bins, etc...
* See if you can identify smells as you're walking around the city. Is it a food, a flower, etc...
Practical Life - Care of the Environment - Sweeping
What is it?
 - This activity allows the child to learn to sweep without the stress of actually needing to clean a space (like after lunch or snack, or a big spill).
 - The child scatters sweeping material (either dried flower petals or confetti) in a small area of the classroom.
 - He can either put down a small sticky dot or use a sweeping guide to create a focus for his sweeping.
 - He then uses the broom to get all the sweeping material to his focus spot and a dustpan and brush to get it to the trash.
 - From here, the guide may come up with several other practical life activities having to do with cleaning the floor, as is needed in his or her classroom. For example: mopping, carpet sweeping, rug/carpet beating, sweeping paved areas outside, scrubbing the floor, etc…
Why do we do it?
 - Coordination of movement of the whole body
 - Development of equilibrium
 - Development of order through exact use of each item and through following a logical sequence of activity
 - Motive for concentration and exactness
 - Development of the will (self control)
 - Care of the environment


text:
Sebastiano Carpi, Mihaly Weiner
July 11, 2004
A Moebius covariant net of von Neumann algebras on S^1 is diffeomorphism covariant if its Moebius symmetry extends to diffeomorphism symmetry. We prove that in case the net is either a Virasoro net or any at least 4-regular net such an extension is unique: the local algebras together with the Moebius symmetry (equivalently: the local algebras together with the vacuum vector) completely determine it. We draw the two following conclusions for such theories. (1) The value of the central charge c is an invariant and hence the Virasoro nets for different values of c are not isomorphic as Moebius covariant nets. (2) A vacuum preserving internal symmetry always commutes with the diffeomorphism symmetries. We further use our result to give a large class of new examples of nets (even strongly additive ones), which are not diffeomorphism covariant; i.e. which do not admit an extension of the symmetry to Diff^+(S^1).


text:
The explanation that an asteroid started the evolution of multicellular life 580 million years ago instead of an extreme ice age looks to me, if not wrong, at least useless (3 May, p 17)
Surely tens of asteroids as big as the Lake Acraman one, or even bigger, struck Earth in the billions of years preceding that particular impact, but in all the other cases life continued its quiet unicellular evolution. So to think that the Lake Acraman asteroid started the evolution of multicellular life simply shifts the problem.
Instead of asking "Why did multicellular life start to evolve around 500 million years ago?" we should ask: "What particular conditions were there on Earth 580 million years ago that allowed the Lake Acraman asteroid to start the evolution of multicellular life?"
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.


text:
Assigns a handle to this window.
Assembly: System.Windows.Forms (in System.Windows.Forms.dll)
The handle to assign cannot be in a different application process.
The following code example demonstrates intercepting operating system window messages in a window procedure. The example creates a class that inherits from NativeWindow to accomplish this.
The MyNativeWindowListener class hooks into the window procedure of the form passed into the constructor, and overrides the WndProc method to intercepts the WM_ACTIVATEAPP window message. The class demonstrates the use of the and ReleaseHandle methods to identify which window handle the NativeWindow will use. The handle is assigned based upon the Control.HandleCreated and Control.HandleDestroyed events. When the WM_ACTIVATEAPP window message is received, the class calls the form1 ApplicationActivated method.
' NativeWindow class to listen to operating system messages. Friend Class MyNativeWindowListener Inherits NativeWindow'Constant value was found in the "windows.h" header file. Private Const WM_ACTIVATEAPP As Integer = &H1C Private parent As Form1 Public Sub New(ByVal parent As Form1) AddHandler parent.HandleCreated, AddressOf Me.OnHandleCreated AddHandler parent.HandleDestroyed, AddressOf Me.OnHandleDestroyed Me.parent = parent End Sub'Listen for the control's window creation and hook into it. Private Sub OnHandleCreated(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)'Window is now created, assign handle to NativeWindow. AssignHandle(CType(sender, Form).Handle) End Sub Private Sub OnHandleDestroyed(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)'Window was destroyed, release hook. ReleaseHandle() End Sub _ Protected Overrides Sub WndProc(ByRef m As Message)'Listen for operating system messages Select Case (m.Msg) Case WM_ACTIVATEAPP'Notify the form that this message was received.'Application is activated or deactivated,'based upon the WParam parameter. parent.ApplicationActivated(m.WParam.ToInt32() <> 0) End Select MyBase.WndProc(m) End Sub End Class


text:
In my 4th grade class at Wells International School, we are wrapping up a unit on settlement patterns around the globe and how geography shapes the lives of people and cultures. This seemed like an opportune time to incorporate what I had recently learned from a Compass Education workshop.
For one of our unit projects, I decided to have the whole class create a compass of ancient Egypt. While conducting research for the compass, the students discovered how vital the Nile River was to the various aspects of Egyptian civilization. They were able to link each compass section to the Nile and see how these parts were inter-related. Writing extensions helped to reinforce this interconnectedness. Creating the compass helped my students develop a deeper understanding of how the environment impacts people's lives.
Article submitted in cooperation with Brad Moleon, 2015, while serving as Grade 4 homeroom teacher at Wells International School, Bangkok, Thailand


Common introduction to all sections
Part Title Approximate post date
1 Complex systems or complex behavior? up
2 Complexity has awkward implications for program designers and evaluators up
3 Ignoring complexity can make sense up
4 Complex behavior can be evaluated using comfortable, familiar methodologies up
5 A pitch for sparse models 7/1
6 Joint optimization of unrelated outcomes 7/8
7 Why should evaluators care about emergence? 7/16
This blog post will give away much of what is to come in the other parts, but that's OK. One reason it's OK is that it's never a bad thing to cover the same material twice, each time in a somewhat different way. The other reason it's OK is that that before getting into the details of complex behavior and its use in evaluation, an important message needs to be internalized. Namely, that the title of this blog post is in fact correct. Complex behavior can be evaluated using comfortable, familiar methodologies.
Figure 1 illustrates why this is so. It depicts a healthy eating program whose function is to reach out to individuals and teach them about dieting and exercise. Secondary effects are posited because attendees interact with friends and family. It is thought that because of that contact, four kinds of outcomes may occur.
 - Friends and family pick up some of the information that was transmitted to program attendees, and improve their personal health related behavior.
 - Collective change occurs within a family or cohort group, resulting in desirable health improvements, even though the specific changes cannot be identified in advance.
 - There may be community level changes. For instance, consider two examples: 1) An aggregate improvement in the health of people in a community may change their energy for engaging in volunteer behavior. The important outcome is not the number of hours each person puts in. The important outcome is what happens in the community because of those hours. 2) Better health may result in people working more hours, and, hence earning more money. Income is an individual level outcome, but the consequences of increased wealth in the community is a community level outcome.
 - To cap it all off, there is a feedback loop between the accomplishments of the program and what services the program delivers. So over time, the program's outcomes may change as the program adapts to the changes it has wrought.
Evaluating Complex Behavior With Common, Familiar Methodologies
Even without a formal definition of complexity, I think we would all agree that this is a complex system. There are networks embedded in networks. There are community-level changes that cannot be understood by "summing" specific changes in friends and family. There are influences among the people receiving direct services. Program theory can identify health changes that may occur, but it is incapable of specifying any of the other changes that may occur. There is a feedback loop whereby the effects of the program influence the services the program delivers. And what methodologies are needed to deal with all this complexity? They are in the Table 1. Everything there are methods that most evaluators can either do themselves or can easily recruit colleagues who can.
Table 1: Familiar Methodologies to Address Complex Behaviors
Program Behavior Methodology
Feedback between services and impact
 - Service records
 - Budges and plans
 - Interviews with staff
Community level change
 - Monitoring
 - Observation
 - Open ended interviewing
 - Content analysis of community social media
Direct impact on participants
 - Interviews
 - Exercise logs
 - Food consumption logs
 - Blood pressure / weight measures
There are two exceptions to the "comfortable, familiar methodology" principle. The first would be cases where formal network structure mattered. For instance, imagine that it were not enough to show that network behavior was at play in the healthy eating example, but that the structure of the network and its various centrality measures were important for understanding the program outcomes. In that case one would need specialized expertise and software. The second case would be a scenario where it would further the evaluation if the program were modeled in a computer simulation. Those kinds of models are useless for predicting how a program will behave, but they are very useful for getting a sense of the program's performance envelope, and testing assumptions about relationships between program and outcome. If any of that mattered, one would need specialized expertise in system dynamic or agent-based modeling, depending on one's view of how the world works and what information one wanted to know.
One thought on "Complex behavior can be evaluated using comfortable, familiar methodologies – Part 4 of a 10-part series on how complexity can produce better insight on what programs do, and why
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Baka (Cameroon and Gabon)
Learn more about Baka (Cameroon and Gabon)
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Image:Baka dancers June 2006.jpg Baka dancers in the East Province of Cameroon
Total population 5,000 to 30,000
Regions with significant populations Central Africa, Cameroon, and Gabon
Language Baka, Koozime, French
Religion Animism
Aka, Mbuti
The Baka, also known as Bebayaka, Bebayaga, Bibaya, or Babinga, are a Pygmy ethnic group inhabiting the southeastern rain forests of Cameroon, northern Congo (Brazzaville), northern Gabon, and southwestern Central African Republic. They are sometimes mistakenly called a subgroup of the Twa pygmies, but the two peoples are not closely related. Likewise, the name Baka is sometimes mistakenly applied to any of Cameroon's two to nine recognized pygmy populations. With an average height of 1.5 metres, the Baka are, strictly speaking, pygmoids rather than pygmies. Nevertheless, in everyday usage, the term "pygmy" is employed. The Baka themselves find the term "pygmy" derogatory and prefer their tribal name.
The Baka of the Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan are an unrelated people.
[edit] Culture
[edit] Population
The Baka's exact numbers are difficult to determine, but estimates range from 5,000 to 28,000 individuals.
[edit] Language
Unlike most other Central African pygmy groups, the Baka maintain a unique language, also called Baka. It is included in the Adamawa-Ubangi branch of the Niger-Congo language family. In addition, many Baka speak Koozime, the tongue of their Bantu neighbours, as a second language. A much smaller percentage speak French.
[edit] Subsistence
The Baka are a hunter-gatherer people. Groups establish temporary camps of huts constructed of bowed branches covered in large leaves (though today more and more homes are constructed following Bantu methods). The men hunt and trap in the surrounding forest, employing poisoned arrows and spears to great effect. Meanwhile, the women gather wild fruits and nuts or practise beekeeping while tending to the children. The group remains in one area until it is hunted out then abandon the camp for a different portion of the forest. The group is communal and makes decisions by consensus.
[edit] Religion and belief-systems
Baka religion is animist. They worship a forest spirit known as Jengi or Djengi, whom they perceive as both a parental figure and guardian. Each successful hunt is followed by a dance of thanksgiving known as the Luma, which is accompanied by drumming and polyphonic singing. One of the most important traditional ceremonies is the Jengi, a long and secret rite of initiation which celebrates the boy's passage into adulthood, studied in depth by the anthropologist Mauro Campagnoli, who also could take part in it. The Baka practice traditional medicine, and their skills are such that even non-Baka often seek out pygmy healers for treatment.
[edit] Relations
The Baka live relatively symbiotically with their Bantu neighbours. They often set their camps along roadsides to better facilitate trade; the Baka provide forest game in exchange for produce and manufactured goods. Nevertheless, exploitation of the Baka by other ethnic groups is a grave reality, especially since the Baka are still largely unaccustomed to the cash-based economy. Non-Baka sometimes hire Baka pygmies as labourers, for example, but pay them virtually nothing for a full day's work. Or, conscious of the tourism potential, some non-Baka arrange visits or stays in pygmy villages or arrange Baka guides for visitors to forest reserves, often with little compensation to the pygmies. Rates of Baka-Bantu intermarriage are also on the rise. Baka who marry outside of their ethnic group typically adopt the lifestyle of their non-Baka spouse, so some scholars predict that the pygmies will one day be completely assimilated into other groups.
The Baka are among the oldest inhabitants of Cameroon and the neighbouring countries. Their semi-nomadic lifestyle has persisted largely unchanged for thousands of years, despite the fact that during colonialism, the Baka's prowess at elephant hunting prompted ivory-hungry German and French overlords to force them to settle in roadside villages where their talents could be more easily exploited. The government of Cameroon, while stopping short of forced settlement, has attempted to maintain this policy through government incentives and regulations such as mandatory schooling for all children. However, the Baka largely resist. Today, the greatest threat to their way of life comes from multinational logging interests. As the forests disappear, the animals and plants upon which the Baka rely vanish as well.
[edit] References
[edit] See also
Other Pygmy groups
Researchers who studied Pygmy culture:
[edit] External links
et:Bakad fr:Bakas it:Baka (popolazione) ja:バカ族
Baka (Cameroon and Gabon)
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Consider the interval D3 G3. This would form a perfect fourth.
In a sequential interval, say a quarter note D3 followed by quarter note G3, this still "sounds" like a perfect fourth so using that interval label seems fine.
However, suppose instead the sequential interval is D3 followed by G2, thus the second note is lower pitch rather than higher. Would it be more appropriate to label this interval as perfect fifth instead of a perfect fourth?
In other words, should an interval be labelled based on the lowest pitch, regardless of whether it comes before or after another note in time?
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up vote 5 down vote accepted
The interval label is always going to be based on the number of half-steps between the two pitches.
Since there are 5 half-steps between D3 and G3, that is a perfect fourth. Thus, the 7 half-steps between D3 and G2 make it a perfect fifth.
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_USER_ S admittedly, I thought the same thing you mentioned in your question for a long time before being taught this concept =) Good question! – jadarnel27 Aug 28 '11 at 3:02
Indeed. Intervals are based purely on the absolute difference between notes. "Negative" intervals (high note to low note) are no less natural than "positive" (low to high) intervals. So D3->G2 is the same as G2->D3, which is obviously a fifth and not the same as the D3->G3 fourth. – Matthew Read Aug 28 '11 at 3:13
All very helpful, thanks! – Peter Skirko Aug 28 '11 at 5:14
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A fifth and a fourth are two sides of the same coin, like an implication and its contrapositive.
"If it is a real piano, it has strings inside" means the same thing as its contrapositive "If it does not have strings inside, it is not a real piano." It's the same but different.
Likewise D3->G3 amd D3->G2 are "the same" because they both have a D and G and can be used against the same chords, but "different" in that one goes up a fourth and the other goes down a fifth.
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Government Violence in the United States
$19.95 Buy and instantly download this paper now
This paper discusses the controversial issue of the United States government's long history of inflicting violence on populations in the 20th century. While much of this violence has been considered justified as a means of maintaining law and order among people, this type of control has received mass protest. The paper further discusses how violence erupted during the civil rights movement of the 1960s; violence was imposed to control protest; and violence has been Congressionally approved through the declaration of war, are all primary examples of the government's propensity toward violent acts. The Civil Rights movement of the 1960s was one the America's most violent times in the 20th century. Black Americans had been subjected to centuries of slavery and horrendous treatment because of prejudice.
Cite this Essay:
Government Violence in the United States (2006, December 01) Retrieved October 21, 2019, from _URL_
"Government Violence in the United States" 01 December 2006. Web. 21 October. 2019.


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50th Anniversary of African-American Achievement: Request for Information
UT Knoxville is celebrating 50 years of African-American achievement in 2011. The planning committee is soliciting items or information from faculty and staff related to African-American achievement in your department or unit. For example:
- African-Americans who were the "firsts" in their positions;
- African-Americans who made a notable contribution or should be recognized for an achievement (e.g., internal awards, external recognition); or
- programs, events or initiatives that made a significant difference on the campus or made notable connections between the campus, local community and beyond. This category is not exclusive to African-Americans.
Information should be submitted not only for African-American achievement, but for or about a person of any racial/ethnic background who made an important contribution to the advancement of diversity and inclusivity on our campus.
The committee hopes to produce a commemorative publication highlighting this information. Please send information or questions to Carolyn Hodges at _EMAIL_. The submission deadline is April 1.


Wireless Alarm System
A wireless alarm system such as GE's Choice Alert system or the LYNXR wireless systems from Ademco is a cable-free alternative to a hardwired system. Designed with a particular zone capacity, different wireless alarm systems allow for more or less monitoring around a home and its perimeter. Installation is much less complicated with a wireless system, for no circuit has to be run from the central control panel to every entry point in a home. Wireless systems rely instead on transmitters to send signals from monitoring points to the control panel.
Wireless Alarm Components
Included with every wireless system is a main control panel which typically is built with a keypad for programming and a siren for sounding the alarm. Basic sets also include one or more transmitters, a motion detector designed to be immune to large pet movement and a rechargeable battery. Some systems include a wireless transmitter for a keychain and a transformer for X10 compatibility.
Features differ between products, but all wireless systems are able to support a number of monitoring zones, typically from 20 to 40. A single programmed hardwire zone is usually a feature of the control panel. Also commonly included are a two-way voice system, viewable event log, voice prompt programming and with some systems Internet alarm signaling support.


The number of inhabitants of the riflemen who are reaching maturity and the measurement of the injured shooters as a whole opens the way to the recognition of the crossbows. Many states are now opening their crossbow effective hunting seasons and it is up to us as trackers to do as well as we would expect when hunting. There are the essentials that every tracker must think about before taking off in forested areas, but the crossbows offer their own remarkable situation. It's like the looks and it's not a great weapon, but its shots are extraordinary. It is like a vertical arc, but its level direction changes the direction of the bolt. Here are some tips that are regularly overlooked to improve hunting skills.
Part of crossbow hunting that is often overlooked is the question of incline. This is primarily a beginner crossbow client related difficulty, but tends to occur for more experienced shooters as well. Tilt occurs when your arc does not coincide with the ground, making one of the appendages taller than the others. This can happen regularly to more advanced trackers who fire from a position located in light of the body's characteristic tilt to aim the arc when we enter the firing position. This problem can be solved by focusing on the appendages corresponding to the ground when repeating.
You also need to make sure it is properly aligned on your location gadget. Most tracking devices are intended to operate at a distance of 30 to 50 meters. In order to properly fire a crossbow, you must also understand the direction of your beams and their connection to sight. If you see your device correctly, then your beam will bolt upward when you focus on your creature from a specific separation. This will make up for the management and simplify your life.
Author's Bio:


The World Food Prize Winner Says Soil Should Have Rights | Civil Eats
The World Food Prize Winner Says Soil Should Have Rights
Soil scientist Dr. Rattan Lal digs deep into the power of soil to sequester carbon, mitigate climate change, and the need for a Clean Soil Act.
Dr Rattan Lal holding a cup of grain. Photo courtesy of the World Food Prize.
Rattan Lal, this year's winner of the World Food Prize, is the fourth soil scientist awarded the $250,000 equivalent of the "Nobel Peace Prize in Agriculture." The India native is director of the Carbon Management and Sequestration Center at Ohio State University, which studies how to use sustainable land management to not only reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, but also enhance food security, improve water use efficiency, and reduce poverty.
Working across four separate continents, Lal has spent five decades researching how soil can help solve a number of societal woes. His work has improved the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers around the world and saved hundreds of millions of hectares of tropical ecosystems. Lal may have grown up on a small farm in India, but his soil restoration research has informed politicians and underpinned several of the United Nation's sustainable development goals. In 2007, he was one of the recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize for contributions to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports.
He spoke to Civil Eats about how soil alone can't solve climate change, but is a vital part of the solution.
What does it mean, as a soil scientist, to win the World Food Prize?
Personally and professionally, it means quite a lot to win what is considered the top prize in agricultural sciences. When I got the call, I had to make sure I wasn't asleep and no one was pulling my leg. It is auspicious timing for a few reasons. I'm the 50th awardee, only the second soil scientist, and I received the award on the 50th anniversary of Norman Borlaug's Nobel Peace Prize—the only agricultural scientist to receive the Nobel. Plant breeders typically win this prize because they are in a position to say that millions of acres of land were saved using their "miracle" variety. Plant breeding is incredibly important, but elite varieties are most effective when they are grown in healthy soil.
What soil protection laws would you like to see enacted?
In the 1960s, we enacted a Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act. We do not have a Clean Soil Act. How is it possible to have clean water or clean air without healthy soil? It's time that our policymakers wake up. We need the trinity—water, air, and soil—protected. We need a Soil Management Act or Soil Health Act. I've also argued that soil is a living thing, and therefore has rights. If every living thing has legal rights, why not soil? I raised these issues in 2007, when I was the president of the Soil Science Society of America. A soil protection resolution was approved unanimously by the U.S. Senate in June 2008, but has not yet been translated into an act.
What drives your research?
The question that I have really focused on is how to achieve food and nutritional security for the growing population, while at the same time improving water quality and air quality and mitigating climate change. It's not either-or. We have to have both. The problem is technology without wisdom. We have to use technology—wisely. We keep blaming agriculture for environmental problems. How can you blame agriculture as long as you like to eat food three times a day? We have an obligation to make agriculture a solution.
Soil is one of five big carbon sinks on earth, and it traditionally held a great deal of carbon that has now entered the atmosphere. Can you put into perspective how much carbon has been lost from soils globally?
I calculated that 135 gigatons have been lost from agricultural soils. To put that into perspective, the total fossil fuel emissions each of the last few years has been 10 gigatons. Surprisingly, at the same time, another scientist, Jonathan Sanderman at Woods Hole Research Center, also initially calculated 133 gigatons. Since then, Sanderman has changed it to 110 after updating his computer program. It's anywhere between 110-130. If you combine how much carbon has been lost from soil and vegetation together—for example from cut trees or drained wetlands—we have lost more than 500 gigatons.
How important is soil as a climate change solution?
The climate problem is so humongous, it cannot be solved effectively unless agriculture and soil are part of the overall agenda. Soil, by itself, cannot solve the climate problem, but it has to be part of the solution. The most economic, natural, low-hanging fruit is restoring soil.
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I published a paper showing that soil can sequester about 180 gigatons. Some soils are more degraded than others. Vegetation can add back another 150 gigatons, so, in total, about 330 gigatons could theoretically be added back between 2020 and 2100. If it happened, it would draw down the atmospheric carbon dioxide amount by about 150 ppm. Even if only one-third of that happened, it is still more than 50 ppm.
(Editor's note: As of February 2020, the planet's atmosphere contained 414 ppm of carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide level has risen around 50 ppm since the late 1990s. For climate scientists, 400 ppm, a number that the planet surpassed in 2017, was as a "clear red line into a danger zone of climate change.")
Do you have any concerns that the ability of regenerative agriculture to sequester carbon long-term has been oversold?
It is possible. Soil is like a cup. You [can] put into a cup [only] as much as you drink out of it. The best rate of carbon sequestration in Midwest under ideal conditions is about 1,000 pounds per acre. I've heard people saying they can do three times that. I don't want to discourage their enthusiasm, but we have to be realistic. It is our responsibility to make sure that regenerative practices, be they cover crops or no-till farming, work.
Do you think we need more intensive monitoring to sustain a robust carbon market?
In the last couple of decades, tremendous progress has been made in monitoring soil carbon. That said, we don't need to monitor every bit of soil. Recall the very successful Conservation Reserve Program. At its peak, in both 1994 and 2007, the government had enrolled at least 35 million U.S. acres in it and paid farmers to prevent soil losses from highly erodible lands [by removing the land from agricultural production and planting species on it that would improve its environmental quality]. Did we monitor to see if erosion control happening? No. We assumed that if we set aside the land and didn't plow it, erosion was controlled. The same thing applies here.
We can assume, given the same soil type, climate, and management, that farmers get about the same carbon storage give or take 2 to 5 percent. The idea that we have to monitor every acre, to me, does not make sense. I've been listening to the same argument since 1992, "Do you know how to measure it?" When I see the idea that we have to monitor every acre, I ask why not monitor every inch?
What incentives do you think farmers should receive to adopt regenerative practices?
I calculated farmers should be compensated at $16 per acre per year for the ecosystem services they provide. To arrive at that number, I calculated the value of the crop residue and nutrients required to produce one ton of humus, and came up with $123/ton of carbon. The final number corrects for the assumed net gain of carbon in the Midwest on a per acre basis. Farmers must be given transparent, just, and fair pay. It should not be decided by the demand and supply for carbon.
Farmers should be paid because we're asking them to do things to help the planet, society, and ultimately themselves. The societal value of carbon is not the economic value of carbon. The Chicago Climate Exchange trading of carbon dioxide fell to 5 cents before it closed in 2010. That is undervaluing a precious resource. When we undervalue a resource, we degrade it and ruin it.
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How has your work influenced policymakers?
In addition to working on the IPCC and with the FAO, a few politicians have reached out to me specifically over the years. Stéphane Le Foll, then the French minister of agriculture, who promoted the COP 21 in Paris in 2015, the Climate Summit, came to my lab that year. From that discussion, he created the "4 per 1,000" Initiative to increase soil carbon at an annual growth rate of 0.4 percent through implementing conservation farming practices. I'm a strong supporter of that program, although I think they may be overly ambitious. If we can scratch.1 percent per year, it would be good.
I was asked to help launch Global Soil Week, an international forum to promote conversations between researchers, farmers, government, and business. The President of Iceland, Olafur Grimsson, and the President of Bangladesh, Iajuddin Ahmed, himself a soil scientist, attended the Soil Science Society of America meeting in 2007, when I was president


text:
"All cats are creatures understanding French," said Alice's father. "And some chickens are cats."
"Wait, I know!" said Alice, chirruping. "That means that some chickens are creatures understanding French."1
"What you said is true, my dear," said Alice's father, his voice full of pride.
What Alice said was true. As true as any another truth, too. True as true can be. But it would still be a mistake for Alice, even if she ventured through the looking glass, to announce triumphantly that "It is true that some chickens are creatures understanding French!" That would be to say what is false, or rather it would be to say a nonsensical thing.
Which was Alice's father's specialty. Nonsense of a special sort, that is. For if you haven't guessed, Alice's father is Charles Dodgson, a.k.a. Lewis Carroll. Dodgson published several—
—Wait! Hold on. Skip the biography. Didn't I just say that what Alice first said was true? How can it be that her second phrase, identical to the first, is not true?
Well, her second phrase was not identical, was it? The first time Alice spoke she said, "That means…" and it is that "that" that makes all the difference. The second time she skipped this all-important phrase. One simple word separated truth from falsity. Let's see why.
Dodgson's example came from his Symbolic Logic (p. 57). He said that his propositions were
so related that, if the first two were true, the third would be true. (The first two are, as it happens, not strictly true in our planet. But there is nothing to hinder them from being true in some other planet, say Mars or Jupiter—in which case the third would also be true in that planet, and its inhabitants would probably engage chickens as nursery-governesses. They would thus secure a singular contingent privilege, unknown in England, namely, that they would be able, at any time when provisions ran short, to utilise the nursery-governess for the nursery-dinner!)
This distinction is crucial, so I will repeat it. What Alice said the first time was true but only because she accepted the first two statements, the things her father said. She brought those first two phrases along with her when she said, "That means…" She left them out in the second instance, where her audience could not be expected to know that all cats, etc.
The first statement was true because of the provisos she accepted. The second statement was nonsensical, because it was not anchored, it was left floating. The audience could not say why "some chickens are creatures understanding French." without some kind of evidence.
Those in the audience were free to supply their own evidence, of course. One person might have said to himself, "I know of no chickens who can understand French, but I'll allow the possibility." Given that, this person would not say Alice's statement was exactly true, but he would also not claim that it was exactly false. A second person might have said, "Chickens don't have lips, which are needed to speak French," and, given that, he would say Alice was speaking a falsehood.
We have learnt two things from this example that we should never forget. We can't speak of truth or falsity without reference to evidence, and logic is not the study of propositions but the study of connections between propositions.
A careful reader will have paused over this last sentence and say to himself, "If we can't speak of truth or falsity without reference to evidence, does that apply to the claim that 'we can't speak of truth or falsity without reference to evidence'?" I am, after all, claiming it is true that "we can't speak of truth or falsity without reference to evidence." What evidence do I offer?
Well, in order not to go too far afield and not burden us in technicalities, I will let you yourself supply that evidence as homework. Can you think of any claim of truth (or falsity) which does not refer to evidence? If you can, then you have refuted my claim. If you cannot, my claim is not necessarily proved, of course, because just because you can't think of a counter example doesn't mean a counter example doesn't exist. Nevertheless, I do make the claim.
1I was reminded of this example by reader Scott Bury.


text:
The first peripherals
The first printer
The first computer, Difference Engine, developed since 1822 and presented in 1834, was already able to print the results of its calculations on paper.
But the first high-speed printer was developed in 1953 by Remington-Rand (and sold in 1954) for use on the Univac computer (the first mass produced computer). It was capable of printing 600 lines per minute (at 130 characters per line).
Originally, the Univac computer came with the UNIPRINTER, which resembled an overgrown typewriter (it was a modified Remington typewriter) with an attached tape drive and read metal UNIVAC magnetic tape typing the data at 10 characters per second.
References and useful resources:


NIST logo
Publication Citation: Relationship between Barrier Layer Tg and TFC Membrane Performance: Effect of Chlorine Treatment
NIST Authors in Bold
Author(s): Sajjad H. Maruf; Dae U. Ahn; John Pellegrino; Jason P. Killgore; Alan R. Greenberg; Yifu Ding;
Title: Relationship between Barrier Layer Tg and TFC Membrane Performance: Effect of Chlorine Treatment
Published: March 08, 2012
Abstract: Thin film composite (TFC) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes play a significant role in addressing rapidly expanding global needs for potable water. A well-known problem of TFC membranes is their sensitivity to oxidizing agents such as chlorine, which are used to disinfect the feed water or remove fouling from the membrane surface. Many studies on the chemical and performance degradation of these membranes have been carried out, but the fundamental physical properties of the functional polyamide barrier layer (PBL) and their stability after chlorine treatment remain largely unknown. This is mostly due to the lack of suitable techniques for accurately probing the ultrathin (<200 nm) PBL, which is insoluble due to crosslinking. In this study we report changes in the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the PBL of a commercial RO membrane as a function of chlorine treatment in which concentration and pH were systematically varied. The results indicate a monotonic decrease of Tg with increasing exposure time at a given chlorine concentration. Further, both the degree and the rate of Tg decrease vary significantly with both the chlorine concentration and pH value of the aqueous chlorine solution. Moreover, this change in PBL Tg shows direct correlation with the salt rejection of the membrane, but the magnitude of the correlation is specific to chlorine concentration and pH.
Citation: Journal of Membrane Science
Volume: 405
Pages: pp. 167 - 175
Keywords: Thin film composite membrane, Chlorine degradation, Polyamide barrier layer, Glass transition temperature
Research Areas: Polymers, Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
PDF version: PDF Document Click here to retrieve PDF version of paper (665KB)


text:
enge, J.M. (2007) The need to belong: Understanding the interpersonal and inner effects of social exclusion. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1, 506–520.
MacDonald, G., and Leary, M.R. (2005) Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 202–223.
Williams, K.D. Ostracism: Effects of being excluded and ignored. (2009) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 279–314.


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Micronutrient malnutrition, and particularly deficiency in zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe), afflicts over three billion people worldwide, and nearly half of the world's cereal-growing area is affected by soil Zn deficiency. Wild emmer wheat [Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (Körn.) Thell.], the progenitor of domesticated durum wheat and bread wheat, offers a valuable source of economically important genetic diversity including grain mineral concentrations. Twenty two wild emmer wheat accessions, representing a wide range of drought resistance capacity, as well as two durum wheat cultivars were examined under two contrasting irrigation regimes (well-watered control and water-limited), for grain yield, total biomass production and grain Zn, Fe and protein concentrations. The wild emmer accessions exhibited high genetic diversity for yield and grain Zn, Fe and protein concentrations under both irrigation regimes, with a considerable potential for improvement of the cultivated wheat. Grain Zn, Fe and protein concentrations were positively correlated with one another. Although irrigation regime significantly affected ranking of genotypes, a few wild emmer accessions were identified for their advantage over durum wheat, having consistently higher grain Zn (e.g., 125 mg kg−1), Fe (85 mg kg−1) and protein (250 g kg−1) concentrations and high yield capacity.
Plants grown from seeds originated from both irrigation regimes were also examined for Zn efficiency (Zn deficiency tolerance) on a Zn-deficient calcareous soil. Zinc efficiency, expressed as the ratio of shoot dry matter production under Zn deficiency to Zn fertilization, showed large genetic variation among the genotypes tested. The source of seeds from maternal plants grown under both irrigation regimes had very little effect on Zn efficiency. Several wild emmer accessions revealed combination of high Zn efficiency and drought stress resistance. The results indicate high genetic potential of wild emmer wheat to improve grain Zn, Fe and protein concentrations, Zn deficiency tolerance and drought resistance in cultivated wheat.
Plant and Soil (2008) 306 (1-2) 57-67 [doi: 10.1007/s11104-_PHONE_-z]
Grain zinc, iron and protein concentrations and zinc-efficiency in wild emmer wheat under contrasting irrigation regimes


Why Do Peanut Butter Cookies Have Criss Cross Marks on Them
I have to admit I am not a big baker. This topic is a little beyond my scope of baking knowledge but I will try my best to find the underlying cause of this issue. It has become traditional to put marks with a fork on peanut butter cookies because it has always been done that way. The first cookbook with peanut butter cookies came from Ruth Wakefield's Tollhouse in 1936. What is the thought behind the marks? Well there are a couple of trains of thought on this one. In fact, some of them are somewhat funny. Some think the criss cross is a warning. Others think it has religious undertones either good or evil! Still others think it is to mark the cookies so you know what they are. Remember some people have allergies to nuts. This would be one way to let them know the peanut ingredient within the cookies.
However, this one explanation makes sense. In the early 1930's recipes began to tell cooks to make a criss cross pattern on the cookies. People also refer to them as hatch marks. It did not tell them why? Over the years, cooks have come to their own conclusions. One such conclusion is that it flattens the dough and thus making them crispier. I would tend to agree. Another reasonable explanation is that it flattens the dough so it can bake more evenly. In researching this topic, it seems that flattening the dough actually helps to keep the cookie dough together and uniformed. Otherwise, it may just crumble apart while baking. Could it be that all this guessing and hindsight is for nothing? Perhaps it is just a design for the cookie. Just something to dress it up? Maybe there is no real significance to the forked criss cross pattern after all.
Being a Christian myself, I like the thought that it has a religious meaning. It is thought that the marks are actually a holy image of the cross. This could have been a way to protect the people eating the cookies, which were probably your own family. That is a nice and protecting thought. So there you have the reasons and thoughts behind the criss cross marks made on peanut butter cookies. Which one do you think is true? The next time you have a peanut butter cookie maybe you will figure it out.
4 thoughts on "Why Do Peanut Butter Cookies Have Criss Cross Marks on Them"
 1. I thought it was because Peanut Butter cookies don't spread out in the oven like chocolate chip and other cookies. So, in order to have a flat cookie shape, you have to roll a ball, put it on the cookie sheet, and flatten it with a fork. That's what makes the criss-crosses – the fork flattening. And the crosses are only on Peanut Butter cookies because they are the only cookies that you need to do this for them to bake right. All other cookies, you roll into a ball, place on the sheet, and then let the oven flatten them while they bake. No fork needed. Thus, no criss-crosses.
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At a Glance
Why Get Tested?
To help detect or rule out a Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in pleural fluid in order to assist in the diagnosis of tuberculosis; rarely to detect the infection in other body fluids such as peritoneal fluid or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
When to Get Tested?
When a doctor suspects that someone with chest pain, coughing, and/or difficulty breathing has tuberculosis that has spread to their pleurae (lining around the lungs)
A volume of pleural fluid is collected by a doctor using a procedure called thoracentesis; other body fluids are collected using other procedures
Test Preparation Needed?
The Test Sample
What is being tested?
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a protein that is produced by cells throughout the body and is associated with the activation of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that plays a role in the immune response to infections. Conditions that trigger the immune system, such as an infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis (TB), may cause increased amounts of ADA to be produced in the areas where the bacteria are present. This test measures the amount of adenosine deaminase present in pleural fluid in order to help diagnose a tuberculosis infection of the pleurae.
Pleurae are membranes that cover the chest cavity and the outside of each lung. Small amounts of pleural fluid are continuously produced to lubricate the movement of the lungs against these membranes and the membranes against each other during inhalation and exhalation. A variety of conditions and diseases, including infection, can cause inflammation of the pleurae (pleurisy or pleuritis) and can lead to excessive pleural fluid accumulation (pleural effusion).
Tuberculosis can spread into the lungs and pleurae, causing symptoms such as chest pain, chronic cough, and shortness of breath. Since these symptoms may also be seen with a variety of other conditions, it is important to determine the cause as rapidly as possible in order to properly treat the affected person. Detecting mycobacteria in pleural fluid can be difficult because there may be a large volume of fluid and very low numbers of bacteria present. Though the ADA test is not specific and does not replace the culture for diagnosing TB, it may be positive even when numbers of bacteria are very low and can be used as an adjunct test to help determine whether tuberculosis is the likely source of a person's symptoms.
How is the sample collected for testing?
A sample of pleural fluid is collected by a doctor with a syringe and needle using a procedure called thoracentesis. Rarely, other body fluid samples, such as peritoneal or CSF, are collected using procedures specific to the fluid type.
NOTE: If undergoing medical tests makes you or someone you care for anxious, embarrassed, or even difficult to manage, you might consider reading one or more of the following articles: Coping with Test Pain, Discomfort, and Anxiety, Tips on Blood Testing, Tips to Help Children through Their Medical Tests, and Tips to Help the Elderly through Their Medical Tests.
Another article, Follow That Sample, provides a glimpse at the collection and processing of a blood sample and throat culture.
Is any test preparation needed to ensure the quality of the sample?
No test preparation is needed.
Ask a Laboratory Scientist
This form enables you to ask specific questions about your tests. Your questions will be answered by a laboratory scientist as part of a voluntary service provided by one of our partners, American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science. If your questions are not related to your lab tests, please submit them via our Contact Us form. Thank you.
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NOTE: This article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the Lab Tests Online Editorial Review Board. This article is periodically reviewed by the Editorial Board and may be updated as a result of the review. Any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used.
Herchline, T. and Chavis, P. (Updated 2012 March 22). Tuberculosis. Medscape Reference [On-line information]. Available online at _URL_ through _URL_. Accessed April 2012.
Chegou, N. et. al. (2011 May 27). Tuberculosis Assays: Past, Present and Future. Medscape Today News from Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011;9(4):457-469 [On-line information]. Available online at _URL_ through _URL_. Accessed April 2012.
Saleh, M. et. al. (2012 April). Use of adenosine deaminase measurements and QuantiFERON in the rapid diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis. J Med Microbiol v 61(4) Abstract [On-line information]. Available online at _URL_ through _URL_. Accessed April 2012.
Hanson, K. (Updated 2011 March). Mycobacterium tuberculosis – TB. ARUP Consult [On-line information]. Available online at _URL_ through _URL_. Accessed April 2012.
Baba, K. et. al. (2008 July). Adenosine Deaminase Activity Is a Sensitive Marker for the Diagnosis of Tuberculous Pleuritis in Patients with Very Low CD4 Counts. PLoS ONE v 3(7): e2788 [On-line information]. Available online at _URL_ through _URL_. Accessed April 2012.
Laniado-Laborín, R. (2005 Feberuary). Adenosine Deaminase in the Diagnosis of Tuberculous Pleural Effusion, Is It Really an Ideal Test? A Word of Caution. CHEST v 127 (2) 417-418 [On-line information]. Available online at _URL_ through _URL_. Accessed April 2012.
Jiménez Castro, D. et. al. (2003 February 1). Diagnostic value of adenosine deaminase in nontuberculous lymphocytic pleural effusions. Eur Respir J 2003; 21: 220–224 [On-line information]. Available online at _URL_ through _URL_. Accessed April 2012.
Gupta, B. et. al. (2010 October). Adenosine Deaminase Levels in CSF of Tuberculous Meningitis Patients. J Clin Med Res. 2010 October; 2(5): 220–224. [On-line information]. Available online at _URL_ through _URL_. Accessed April 2012.
(Reviewed 2008 February). Adenosine deaminase deficiency. Genetics Home Reference [On-line information]. Available online at _URL_ through _URL_. Accessed April 2012.
Hershfield, M. (Updated 2011 December 22). Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency. GeneReviews [On-line information]. Available online at _URL_ through _URL_. Accessed April 2012.
(© _PHONE_). Test ID: FADA Adenosine Deaminase, Fluid. Mayo Clinic Mayo Medical Laboratories [On-line information]. Available online at _URL_ through _URL_. Accessed April 2012.
Wu, A. (© 2006). Tietz Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests, 4th Edition: Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, MO. Pp 50-53.


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When Someone Dies
A Practical Guide to Holistic Care at the End of LifeBy
- Hannah Cooke, BSc(Hons), MSc(Econ), MSc(Nursing Studies), RGN, DN, RNT, Lecturer in Nursing, University of Manchester School of Nursing Studies, Manchester, UK
Caring for patients who have been diagnosed with terminal illness provides a challenge to all healthcare professionals, as confronting the possibility of death and discussing it openly and supportively with the patient and their family is not easy. To ensure death with dignity, patients need holistic care: practical, social, emotional as well as spiritual needs must be met. This new book by Hannah Cooke links all these areas to provide practical support and advice on areas such as choices of treatment (including the use of complementary therapies), pain control, counselling and religious beliefs. There is also a section on the care of the bereaved with a list of helpful organisations that can be contacted.
'When Someone Dies' will help nurses and other healthcare professionals implement a partnership of care that will ensure that their patients live until they die.
Paperback, 192 Pages
Published: June 2000
Imprint: Butterworth Heinemann
- Part One: Caring for the Dying Patients and their Families: Communicating with dying patients and their families; Choices for dying people; Patient comfort and control of symptoms; Wills and end of life decisions; Part Two: Care of the patient after death; Organ donation and donation of bodies; Part Three: Care of the Bereaved: Supporting the bereaved; Practical matters following a death; Part Four: Caring of the Religious Needs of the Dying: Meeting religious needs in the hospital setting; Religious traditions and healthcare; Index


Do Megapixels Really Matter?
It would be highly sceptical of us to declare out rightly that megapixels don't matter at all. However, it can be said with a lot of conviction that the megapixel count is just one amongst many features which matter. And even more so, there are other features which are more crucial and must be taken into account while buying a digital camera.
So, what exactly is a megapixel? One pixel actually stands for a PICture ELEment and refers to the number of such units a camera's sensor can capture when it is exposed to light. A megapixel refers to thousand such pixels. Thus, in very basic terms, a higher megapixel count means that the camera's sensor can capture more pixels which should translate to a more detailed picture. Based merely on this assumption, one can say that more megapixels equate to a sharper picture. However, this is one of the most popular misconceptions about megapixels.
While studying the megapixel count of a camera, we have to consider that not all pixels are uniform in nature or size. Smaller cameras like the ones installed in phones come with small sensors and thus the pixels are more concentrated in such a camera. A phone camera can boast of a 41 megapixel camera (Nokia has recently released one) but the pixels will remain tiny. On the other hand, a digital camera will always give you better quality photos as compared to a phone camera simply because of the better quality of pixels even if the megapixel count is lower.
DSLR cameras are equipped with huge sensors and top quality lenses, thanks to which they deliver such amazing photos not because of the megapixel count. As a matter of fact, the kind of lens has a huge impact on the camera and should top your list of factors-to-be-considered in a digital camera.
Having said this, pixels are not completely worthless either. They work wonderfully as the very basic standards of judging a camera but again, basic is the key word here. A lot also depends on how and where you are going to use your camera. If you are a professional photographer and want to take poster size shots, megapixels can make a lot of difference. But if you are going to use your camera to click photos for your next Facebook display picture, don't be fooled by the cameras offering you a higher megapixel count. Our advice-save yourself a couple of hundred dollars. If you have to choose between a 21 megapixel and an 18 megapixel camera, look instead for the quality of the lenses they use. Never judge a camera solely by its pixels
Editor in Chief alaTest.com : Arie Struik
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Kernel Symbols Versioning The kernel's internal functions are constantly changing. From one version to another, new parameters may be added, function names may be changed, etc. If a module was compiled for one kernel version, and is being loaded into running kernel of a different version, the symbols used by the module might be invalid, or functions invoked with invalid arguments, resulting unexpected behaviour (e.g. kernel panic, system crash, etc). To avoid this, all the kernel's exported symbols contain CRC values. These CRC values are computed when the kernel is compiled.


Project Life Cycle «Prev
Iterative Enhancement of Object Model
Iterative enhancement of the model usually proceeds in the following order:
 1. Add a new class(es).
 2. Enhance existing interaction diagrams.
 3. Research the behavior using dynamic and functional models.
 4. Reassign responsibilities among classes.
 5. Refine the model with design patterns and class stereotypes.
 6. Reconcile the design to the architecture.
 7. Test.
During object design, a logical solution based on the object-oriented paradigm is developed. The heart of this solution is the creation of interaction diagrams, which illustrate how objects collaborate to fulfill the requirements. After or in parallel with drawing interaction diagrams, (design) class diagrams can be drawn. These summarize the definition of the software classes (and interfaces) that are to be implemented in software. In terms of the process, these artifacts are part of the Design Model.
In practice, the creation of interaction and class diagrams happens in parallel and synergistically, but their introduction is linear in this case study, for simplicity and clarity.
The Importance of Object Design Skill versus UML Notation Skill
The following chapters explore the creation of these artifacts, or more precisely, the object design skills underlying their creation. What is important is knowing how to think and design in objects, which is a very different and much more important ability than knowing UML diagramming notation. At the same time, a standard visual language is great, and thus the required UML notation to support the design work is presented.


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In Laura Ingalls Wilder's "Little House on the Prairie" books, she describes her sister Mary going blind from scarlet fever. But brain and spinal cord inflammation likely caused Mary's blindness, a new study suggests.
The findings, published today (Feb. 4) in the journal Pediatrics, came from poring over the symptoms Wilder described in memoirs and books.
"Since I was in medical school, I had wondered about whether scarlet fever could cause blindness, because I always remembered Mary's blindness from reading the 'Little House' stories and knew that scarlet fever was once a deadly disease," said study co-author Beth Tarini, a pediatrician at the University of Michigan's C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, in a statement.
Wilder wrote several books describing her life as a pioneer in the mid-1800s. In one, she describes her sister Mary going blind at age 14 in 1879.
At the time, scarlet fever was one of the deadliest scourges for young children. The fever occurs when the bacteria that cause strep throat run rampant in the body, causing a rash, fever, bone and joint pain, and, in serious cases, kidney and liver damage.
To find out what caused Mary's blindness, Tarini and her colleagues investigated local newspapers, the author's memoirs and letters.
They found that Wilder described her sister's disease as a "spinal sickness" and that local newspaper reports said a "hemorrhage of the brain had set in [sic] one side of her face became partially paralyzed."
Those symptoms were more consistent with a disease called meningoencephalitis, an inflammation of the spinal cord and brain, which can result from several viruses.
"Meningoencephalitis could explain Mary's symptoms, including the inflammation of the facial nerve that left the side of her face temporarily paralyzed," Tarini said in a statement. "It could also lead to inflammation of the optic nerve that would result in a slow and progressive loss of sight."
It's not clear why the editors of the book tied Mary's blindness to scarlet fever, but one possibility is that the disease was such a well-known and feared scourge at the time, the researchers suggest.
- Top 10 Mysterious Diseases
- 10 Things You Didn't Know About the Brain
- 7 Devastating Infectious Diseases
© 2012 LiveScience.com. All rights reserved.


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temperature fields of solid objects [14, 15]. In the case of opaque bodies (metals), the IR radiation streaming away from the body is totally emitted by its surface. So, measuring radiosity of the target object, one can unambiguously judge about its surface temperature. But in the case of dielectric objects it is not so. Outgoing radiation energy flux in this case contains two constituents: the radiation emitted by the surface and the flux, emitted in the boundary layer, which passes through the surface outward. Now, to interpret the measurement data, one should separate the constituents in the total measuring flux. Obviously the needed calculation cannot be performed to be sufficiently exact with the use of diffusion model.
This also applies to the model considered in [7–9], in which HCE is obtained starting from the total energy conservation law and the assumption about black boundary was applied. This assumption enabled satisfying simultaneously boundary conditions both for total energy flux and for radiation intensity and to simplify the computational procedure. But many of real world objects possess the boundary, which is not absolutely black. It not only absorbs and emits IR radiation but also reflects and transmits it. Hence, this model, as well as the diffusion approximation, cannot be applied to such objects and it cannot be used for the inverse problems mentioned before.
The objectives of the paper are mathematical formulation of coupled problem for combined conductive-radiative heat transfer in dielectric layer of participating medium, which emits, absorbs, and scatters IR radiation in the volume and on the boundary; qualitative study of formulated problem depending on thermophysical and radiative properties of medium and layer's thickness; developing an iterative method for solving the coupled problem and studying of its convergence.
2. Governing Equations
A plane isotropic and physically homogeneous dielectric layer occupying a region is considered. Here is the layer's half-thickness. The body is considered as a thermodynamic system consisting of two interacting subsystems, the participating medium and IR radiation, which occupy the same region. The interaction of the subsystems is realized by absorbing, emitting, and coherent scattering of IR radiation by the layer's medium both in the volume and on its boundary. Here,.
Interaction of the subsystems in the volume is defined by volumetric radiative parameters: the spectral refraction index, spectral absorption, and emitting and scattering coefficients (further we suppose ) and by the spectral phase function. Interaction of the subsystems on the boundary is defined by its surface radiative parameters: the spectral absorptivity/emittivity and reflectivity.
The layer is situated within nonparticipating external medium with prescribed temperature and optical refraction index. The subsystems exchange by energy with external medium by convection, emitting, and absorbing of the radiation through the boundary. The energy exchange of the layer's medium with the external medium through the boundary is defined by material parameters, coefficient of convective heat exchange, and by spectral absorptivity/emittivity. The energy exchange of the layer's radiation with the external medium through the boundary is defined by boundary's spectral transmissivity.
1D stationary thermal state of the layer's medium is identically determined by temperature, depending on transversal coordinate. The state of the layer's radiation is identically determined by spectral intensity or radiation, depending on and direction of radiation's propagation. Here,, where is the angle between a direction and axes.
Under such consideration we can use the equation of energy balance in the layer's medium to obtain HCE: Here stands for thermal conductivity of the layer's medium.
This equation, unlike HCE, used in [7–9] and others, do not contain the radiation heat flux. But instead it contains the source term in its right-hand side which takes into consideration the interaction of the layer's medium with the medium's radiation.
Radiation intensity satisfies, in the region, where stands for spectral extinction coefficient.
It can be easily shown, that, proceeding from (1) and (2), HCE, used in [7–9], can be obtained. To do this, one should integrate (2) with respect to variables and and sum the obtained equation with (1).
The spectral phase function in (2) determines the fraction of radiation incident in direction and scattered into direction. It satisfies the normality condition :Planck function, in (1) and (2) determines the intensity of blackbody's radiation in vacuum. Here J·s is Planck constant, J/K is Boltzmann constant, and m/s is speed of light in vacuum.
Constituents and in right-hand side of (1) determine, respectively, the local rates of radiation energy emitted and absorbing by the medium in volume.
Terms and in right-hand side of (2) are the scattering integral and radiation inflow caused by its emitting by the medium in the volume.
We consider the boundary as translucent one, which diffusely emits, scatters, and absorbs IR radiation.
Radiation with intensity and, incident on the boundary plane out of the volume and from the external medium, is partly scattered back, partly absorbed by the boundary, and partly transmitted through this boundary. Let be a spectral hemispherical reflectivity of the boundary ; is its spectral hemispherical absorptivity. Then and are the fraction of radiation scattered back and absorbed by the boundary, whereas the part of transmitted radiation will be equal to.
Similarly the boundary plane, which is characterized by the radiative properties,, and, scatters, absorbs, and transmits the radiation of intensities and incident on it from the volume and external medium correspondingly.
The intensities of radiation emitting by the planes, into the volume and in external medium are defined as and, and, correspondingly.
Unlike [7–9], boundary conditions (7) for HCE in our case do not contain the radiation heat flux. The first and second terms in the right-hand parts of this relation are the surface energy loss caused correspondingly by the convection and the radiative emission of the boundary plane. The third and fourth members take into account the energy of internal and external radiation incident on the boundary plane and absorbed by it.
The first terms in the right-hand side of the relations (8) determine spectral intensities of the radiation emitting by the boundaries into the volume, the second ones are the spectral intensities of IR radiation, reflected by boundary into the volume, and the last one is intensities of the external radiation penetrating through the boundaries into the volume.
The spectral intensities of radiation proceeding out from layer through the planes (layer's spectral radiosity) can be determined as The second term in the right-hand part of the relations (9) takes into account the internal radiation, passing through the boundary into the external medium, whereas the last term in this part determines the spectral intensities of the external radiation, reflecting back into external medium by the boundary.
Energy flux, flowing-off layer through boundary, can be determined asAt the given values and of external temperature and radiation intensity on the boundary planes, given thermal parameters, radiative properties of layer's medium,, and of its boundary, (1) and (2) together with boundary conditions (7) and (8) determine correct formulation of direct boundary-value problem for combined conductive-radiative heat exchange in layer, which exchanges by energy with external medium by convection and radiation.
Solution of this problem enables determining, with the use of relations (9) and (10), the angle distribution of radiation intensity and total energy flux emitting by the layer into the external medium. These parameters are important when inverse problems for noncontact determination of temperature field in the layer and/or radiative parameters of the layer's medium are considered.
In further consideration, we will apply the approximation of "gray" medium to the layer [1, 3]. This does not change the types of (1) and (2) and boundary conditions (7), (8) but permits substantially reducing the amount of data needed for definition of the radiative properties of layer. Additionally we will restrict the consideration by the case of isotropic scattering, assuming the phase function and consider thermal and radiative properties as independent of temperature. In this approximation (1) and (2) and boundary conditions (7) and (8) take the forms (11) and (12) and (16)–(19), respectively:Here, is integral refraction index, and stand for integral absorption and scattering coefficients, is integral extinction coefficient, stands for scattering albedo,, and and are hemispherical total reflectivity and hemispherical total absorptivity of the boundary ; and are the integral intensities of internal and external radiation.
Dimensionless parameters,,. We will consider participating media for which,.
The integral radiosity of the layer on the outer side of its boundary plane takes the forms in this case:
3. Analysis of the Problem
At small (12) is singularly perturbed as at its type is being changed. So we will consider function as piecewise homogeneous with respect to variable :Due to this we will consider instead of (12) the coupled system In the new denotations boundary conditions (14) for (17), (18) take the following form: Here
We also rewrite (11) in equivalent form:The nonlinear second-order differential (20) should be subordinated to both boundary conditions (13). With the use of the new dependent variables these conditions take the following forms:
We introduce dimensionless variables: coordinate, temperature, and intensity, where is a characteristic temperature. With these variables equations (20), (17), and (18) and boundary conditions (21), (19) can be rewritten asHere,,. In relations (24) and (25), containing the expression or, the upper sign should be taken at, whereas the lower one – should be taken at.
Since,, where


Maasai Chieftain Visits the Beavers
Maasai_Visit_03The Beavers enjoyed an African cultural evening with a Maasai Chieftain, who had visited us with his wife all the way from Kenya, learning how to say hello and also how to count to 10 in their native language. The Beavers also learnt about the different traditions in the Maasai culture and how the Maasai people live. Chieftain Joseph and his wife then showed the children how to make their own Maasai jewellery and each Beaver was able to make one to take home with them.
Maasai_Visit_01Chieftain Joseph was in the South East of London visiting Scouting sections to raise awareness and money for his village's school and health care provision.
Contributed by Caron Mole, Beaver Scout Leader


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Record and Edit Time Logs
LogSpace℠ provides the controls needed to efficiently record time logs and related data. Users can provide and edit specific details about what tasks were performed during their tracked time.
Edit an Active Time Log
Use the "Active Time Log" view to see your current activity.
Add some notes about your work, edit the project or user, and alter the start date or time.
Edit a Completed Time Log
Once a time log has been completed, you can edit the end time as well as revise the other fields.
Editing dates and times
In addition to using the date picker to select the date, there is also a time picker for manipulating timestamps.
By clicking the button to the left of the day or time, a popover will present you with options to increment times or use sliders to drag the time.
Entering the text manually is also supported. Our advanced text input will select only portions of the text, such as just the year or hour. You may either type the numbers or use the up/down arrow keys on each section.
Even though we have an advanced text input, you may still paste a date or time. Select the field you wish to edit and paste away!