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Internet-Enabled Data Analysis and Visualization with MATLAB
By Peter Webb, MathWorks
Many organizations make their data publicly available on Internet servers and provide an interface for extracting slices or sections of that data.
Analyzing this kind of data with MATLAB was once a complex process-first retrieve the data somehow, then get it into MATLAB for analysis. Today, using the MATLAB interface to Java, you can write MATLAB programs that incorporate both the data retrieval and analysis steps in a single M-file; Java has classes and functions that make it easy to capture data from Internet sources.
MATLAB programs for Internet data retrieval and analysis have a three-part pattern:
 - Open a specially formatted URL, creating a stream of data.
 - Read the data stream into MATLAB variables.
 - Analyze or visualize the data.
This pattern can be applied to data of any type. For simplicity, the example code presented below uses financial stock price data-stock prices are easy to understand (if not predict!) and readily available from a multitude of public sources. In order to follow the example below you'll need to download the example DisplayStockData program from MATLAB Central. The program requires Internet access, as it uses an Internet data source to obtain stock price data.
Stock Market Data
Yahoo! maintains a database of historical stock price data. The Yahoo! server delivers this data either formatted for your browser to display or in the form of a comma-delimited file (more technically, a CSV, or comma-separated value file). Yahoo! servers determine what kind of, and how much, data to serve by examining the URL used to connect to them. The server examines the query, and responds with a stream of data.
Since the query is just a text string, it is easy to duplicate. The query specifies a stock symbol, a start date, an end date, and a data frequency (daily, monthly, or yearly). Given this data, the example program, DisplayStockData, retrieves stock data for the indicated time period and draws two graphs, a candlestick graph of the stock's performance and a comparison of the stock to the performance of the S&P 500.
For example, this command demonstrates the monthly performance of Sears for the 27 months since January 1, 2000:
DisplayStockData('S', '1/1/2000','m', 27);
The first graph uses the candle function from the Financial Toolbox to draw a candlestick graph of the stock's performance. If you don't have the Financial Toolbox, simply comment out the call to candle inDisplayStockData.m. This graph shows open, close, high, and low prices for the stock during the given trading interval (in this case, monthly averages). The program also displays the stock's compound annual growth rate in the chart's title.
Figure 1. Candlestick graph for a single stock. Click on image to see enlarged view.
The second graph compares the performance of the stock to the performance of the S&P 500 index. In this case, it is evident that Sears outperformed the index over the given period.
Figure 2. Comparison of stock performance and S&P 500 index performance. Click on image to see enlarged view.
Data Retrieval
GetStockData.m contains the code that retrieves the data from the Yahoo! server in four steps. First, connect to the server, using a specially formatted URL, by creating a Java URL object: url =
Once the connection is established, create a stream object to read the data that the server has returned. Use the initial stream object to create a buffered I/O stream object, which enables us to read an entire line at a time, rather than just a single character.
stream = openStream(url);
ireader =;
breader =;
Next, read all the available data into a MATLAB cell array. The Java readLine function returns a zero length string to signal the end of the data stream. To make parsing easier, make sure that each line ends with a comma. Note the use of the char function to convert a Java string to a MATLAB character array.
while 1
line = readLine(breader);
if (prod(size(line)) == 0)
line = char(line);
if line(end)~=',';line(end+1) = ',';end
% Store each line in a cell array.
stockdata{end+1} = line;
Finally, use strread to parse the data in the cell array into five MATLAB variables. The first argument to strread is the string to read from; create this from the cell array of strings by concatenating all the rows into one long row. The second argument is a format string that describes the format of each data group in the string: a string, four floating-point numbers, and an integer, or six columns of data. strread returns one variable for each column of data in the string. You can skip over a column by placing an asterisk (*) between the % and the character that indicates the type of data that the column contains. This call to strread skips over the final column, for example, by specifying %*n. The last four arguments to strread are parameter/value pairs; the first indicates that the columns in the file are delimited by commas, and the second that any empty entries in data matrix are to be filled with NaNs.
% Parse the string data into MATLAB numeric arrays.
stockdata = cat(2, stockdata{:});
[dates, open, high, low, close, volume] =...
strread(stockdata,'%s%f%f%f%f%*n', 'delimiter', ',',...
'emptyvalue', NaN);
Analysis and Visualization
Before displaying the graphs, compute the growth rates of the userspecified stock and the S&P 500 (see the function periodGrowth in DisplayStockData.m). Then, a single command creates the first graph.
candle(high, low, close, open,'red', date, 2);
The second graph is a nonstandard type, but can easily be constructed by callingline, legend, and dateaxis. The hold on/off commands ensure that the two lines appear on the same figure.
hold on
line(date500, close500, 'color', 'blue');
line(date, close, 'color','red');
hold off
legend('S&P 500', upper(symbol));
dateaxis('x', 12);
Calls to sprintf create the title strings for each of these charts.
Java and MATLAB Make a Powerful Pair
This example performs a fairly simple analysis of a small amount of data, but the techniques demonstrated here can be applied to far larger and more complex data sets. The union of Java and MATLAB creates a uniquely powerful environment. Java provides connectivity to an immense variety of data, and MATLAB provides the tools that create insights into that data. Download the example program and start using these tools together to produce better analyses faster than you could with either MATLAB or Java alone.
Published 2002
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More not Always Merrier when Selecting MatesScientists have discovered that the context in which humans meet potential mates has a hidden influence on who they decide to pursue.
Some dating arrangements, such as speed dating, aggregate singles to allow a wide exposure to prospective partners.
In this environment, researchers found that people respond by paying attention to different types of characteristics – discarding attributes such as education, smoking status, and occupation in favor of physical characteristics such as height and weight.
A number of studies in recent years have looked at what happens to humans when faced with extensive choice – too many kinds of chocolate, or too many detergents to choose from at the grocery store.
Under such circumstances, consumer psychologists believe that the brain may become "overwhelmed," potentially leading to poorer quality choice or choice deferral.
"Is having too many mate options really like having too many jams?" they ask.
To find out how people respond to relatively limited versus extensive mate choice, Lenton and Francesconi analyzed data from 84 speed dating events, which is where people meet with a series of potential dates for three minutes each.
Afterward, the men and women report their choices (a "yes" or "no" for each person).
Women also preferred partners who weren't too skinny, and men preferred women who weren't overweight.
At bigger speed dating events, with 24 or more dates, both male and female choosers were more likely to decide based on attributes that could be judged quickly, such as their dates' height, and whether they were underweight, normal weight, or overweight.
At smaller events, choosers were more likely to make decisions based on attributes that take longer to identify and evaluate, such as their dates' level of education, their type of job, and whether or not the person smokes.
"Obviously, I think we look for different attributes in partners than what we look for in a chocolate, a jam or a 401(k) plan," says Lenton.
"But one of the points we're trying to make in this article is it's the same brain we're carrying around. There are constraints on what our brains can do – they're quite powerful, but they can't pay attention to everything at once."
As a result, this previously invisible aspect of the choice environment has the potential to determine one's romantic fate.
Source: Association for Psychological Science


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1. History and use
This plant is used all over Africa in skin conditions and on the other hand it is used internally as a purgative. These are the leaves that are used in applications either as such or after being ground.
2. Description of the plant
It is a shrub 2 to 3 meters high, the leaves are large, pinnate compound, the flowers are very ornamental yellow and the fruits are straight pods up to 25 cm long.
3. Curative action
The antibacterial and antifungal action of the leaves of Cassia alata was very well studied by FUZELLIER in his thesis in 1983. The active ingredients are glycosides whose sugar is glucose and the genomes of the anthracene derivatives on staphylococcus, which is the most frequently encountered germ in infected wounds, has been verified, antifungal action exists on all dermatophytes but not on yeasts.
- Dermatosis – Mycoses
The best way is to use the juice of fresh leaves obtained after grinding directly on the lesions. An ointment containing 10% of an extract of the plant by alcohol 50 ° can be easily prepared by the pharmacist and gives very good results on all fungi and moths.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
To Assess Utility of CT Scanin Patients with Deviated Nasal Septum
CT Scan in Patients with Deviated Nasal Septum
Background: Nasal septum pathology is highly prevalent and septoplasty is a commonly developed surgery. The present study was conducted to assess utility of CT scan in patients with deviated nasal septum. Subjects and Methods: The present study was conducted on 82 patients reported to Department of Radio diagnosis L N medical college and J k Hospital Bhopalfor CT scan of PNS which were diagnosed with DNS. The CT scans were performed with GE 128 slice CT scanner machine. Results: Out of 82 patients, males were 52 and females were 30. Age group 11-20 years had 32, 21-30 years had 20, 31-40 years had 15, 41-50 years had 12 and 51-60 years had 3 patients. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Common features in patients were headache in 41, nasal obstruction in 74, facial pain in 33, hyposmia in 27 and epistaxis in 11. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). There are six types of deviated nasal septum. Common type were type V in 21, type IV in 20, type VI in 16, type III in 9, type II in 6 and type I in 5. Conclusion: CT scan is useful tool in diagnosis of types of deviated nasal septum.


text:
From: Philippe Verdy (_EMAIL_)
Date: Wed Aug 10 2005 - 08:05:24 CDT
From: "JFC (Jefsey) Morfin"
>I need to create a key for a multilingual database (terms entered in
>various scripts). The key will therefore to be numeric (0-9).However I need
>a separator "999-778". I suppose there may be dash homographs in some
>scripts. May I trust there is a single "minus" being used as part of the
>numbering sequence in every script and specify the format as "4 numerics,
>minus, 5 numerics"?
> Thank you for the help.
Do you mean that your translation resources may use distinct keys according
to the prefered script used to write a language?
This is rather unusual. All modern languages recognize the Arabo-European
digits and writers can mix them easily and unambiguously when entering text
So you'd use a format like:
for each resource property, where only "Some text" is to be translated, and
the key is immutable.
Here I use the "=" separator between the key and value. You may
alternatively use a simple space, which is present in all scripts (even if
they are not typically used within localized phrases to separate words, they
are typically present to separate humane language and numbers or subphrases
in other scripts).
I see little reason why you would want to accept localized resource keys. It
is possible however, but then if you want an additional separator within the
key, which will not be a digit, it can't be a letter (absent from other
scripts), and there will be little choices for the punctuation or symbol to
use. The minus is good, but effectively you may accept any "dash" character
(including the underscore).
One solution is then to consider any character which is not a decimal digit
(possibly localized) as a separator. So when parsing the resources file, you
first split lines on the first space to get the localized key, then you
transcode the localized digits into default digits, and all other characters
which are not digits into a standard dash, and you have then a common key to
store the resource value found after the first space.
You may eventually be more strict about separator characters and only accept
those that have a dash property, so that you can use other punctuation as
additional semantically distinct separators for your resource keys.
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.1.5 : Wed Aug 10 2005 - 08:06:14 CDT


text:
A dreamy new exhibition of images showcases the art of physics, from the beauty of a bubble rising to the flow of water around coral.
The images, part of the American Physical Society's Division of Fluid Dynamics Gallery of Fluid Motion, are drawn from the most artistic and evocative research presented at the Fluid Dynamics annual meeting. The meeting was held from Nov. 18-20 in San Diego.
A panel of referees chose the images based on artistic merit and ability to represent complex physics topics. Among the honorees is a photograph of a flow of honey spiraling as it hits the surface of water in a crystal goblet, representing "liquid rope coiling," a physics phenomenon that should be familiar to anyone who has ever poured a stream of honey onto a biscuit. In the water, the coiled flow stretches and deforms before settling on the bottom of the glass. [ See the Fluid Dynamics Images ]
Another image shows a beautiful blue-and-white mix of water and an elastic solution made of polyacrylamide, which is used in the process of making soft contact lenses. The image shows the water and the blue-dyed polyacrylamide undergoing a "hydraulic jump," which occurs when a fluid changes from a fast, parallel (or laminar) flow into a slow, turbulent flow.
In one multiple-exposure image a shiny bubble rises to the top of a tank, transforming into a donut shape because of pressure differences between the top and bottom of the bubble. Another striking photograph shows the water disturbances caused by hairlike cilia on coral, which are marine animals made up of a polyp ringed with tentacles. As coral beat these tiny appendages, they stir the water, which may increase the rates of photosynthesis for the algae that live on them, while keeping at bay nasty microbial pathogens.
One image even has a do-it-yourself flare. A yard faucet attached to a specialized inlet and acrylic tube creates a spraying plate of water that disintegrates around the edges into playful droplets. This simple feature could be used in home yard displays and landscaping fountains, according to the creators.
The honored images will be printed in the journal Physics of Fluids and will be on display at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society in Baltimore between March 18 and 22.
- Liquid Sculptures: Dazzling Photographs of Falling Water
- Dazzling Droplets: Photos Reveal Mini Worlds
- Science as Art: A Gallery
© 2012 LiveScience.com. All rights reserved.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Kleene's T predicate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In computability theory, the T predicate, first studied by mathematician Stephen Cole Kleene, is a particular set of triples of natural numbers that is used to represent computable functions within formal theories of arithmetic. Informally, the T predicate tells whether a particular computer program will halt when run with a particular input, and the corresponding U function is used to obtain the results of the computation if the program does halt. As with the smn theorem, the original notation used by Kleene has become standard terminology for the concept.[1]
The definition depends on a suitable Gödel numbering that assigns natural numbers to computable functions. This numbering must be sufficiently effective that, given an index of a computable function and an input to the function, it is possible to effectively simulate the computation of the function on that input. The T predicate is obtained by formalizing this simulation.
The ternary relation T1(e,i,x) takes three natural numbers as arguments. The triples of numbers (e,i,x) that belong to the relation (the ones for which T1(e,i,x) is true) are defined to be exactly the triples in which x encodes a computation history of the computable function with index e when run with input i, and the program halts as the last step of this computation history. That is, T1 first asks whether x is the Gödel number of a finite sequence 〈xj〉 of complete configurations of the Turing machine with index e, running a computation on input i. If so, T1 then asks if this sequence begins with the starting state of the computation and each successive element of the sequence corresponds to a single step of the Turing machine. If it does, T1 finally asks whether the sequence 〈xj〉 ends with the machine in a halting state. If all three of these questions have a positive answer, then T1(e,i,x) holds (is true). Otherwise, T1(e,i,x) does not hold (is false).
There is a corresponding function U such that if T(e,i,x) holds then U(x) returns the output of the function with index e on input i.
Because Kleene's formalism attaches a number of inputs to each function, the predicate T1 can only be used for functions that take one input. There are additional predicates for functions with multiple inputs; the relation
T_k(e, i_1, \ldots, i_k, x),
holds if x encodes a halting computation of the function with index e on the inputs i1,...,ik.
Normal form theorem[edit]
The T predicate can be used to obtain Kleene's normal form theorem for computable functions (Soare 1987, p. 15). This states there exists a primitive recursive function U such that a function f of one integer argument is computable if and only if there is a number e such that for all n one has
f(n) \simeq U( \mu x\, T(e,n,x)),
where μ is the μ operator (\mu x\, \phi(x) is the smallest natural number for which \phi(x) holds) and \simeq holds if both sides are undefined or if both are defined and they are equal. Here U is a universal operation (it is independent of the computable function f) whose purpose is to extract, from the number x (encoding a complete computation history) returned by the operator μ, just the value f(n) that was found at the end of the computation.
The T predicate is primitive recursive in the sense that there is a primitive recursive function that, given inputs for the predicate, correctly determine the truth value of the predicate on those inputs. Similarly, the U function is primitive recursive.
Because of this, any theory of arithmetic that is able to represent every primitive recursive function is able to represent T and U. Examples of such arithmetical theories include Robinson arithmetic and stronger theories such as Peano arithmetic.
Arithmetical hierarchy[edit]
In addition to encoding computability, the T predicate can be used to generate complete sets in the arithmetical hierarchy. In particular, the set
K = { e : ∃ x T(e,0,x)},
which is of the same Turing degree as the halting problem, is a \Sigma^0_1 complete unary relation (Soare 1987, pp. 28, 41). More generally, the set
K_{n+1} = \{ \langle e, a_1, \ldots, a_n\rangle : \exists x T(e, a_1, \ldots, a_n, x)\}
is a \Sigma^0_1 complete (n+1)-ary predicate. Thus, once a representation of the T predicate is obtained in a theory of arithmetic, a representation of a \Sigma^0_1-complete predicate can be obtained from it.
This construction can be extended higher in the arithmetical hierarchy, as in Post's theorem (compare Hinman 2005, p. 397). For example, if a set A \subseteq \mathbb{N}^{k+1} is \Sigma^0_{n} complete then the set
\{ \langle a_1, \ldots, a_k\rangle : \forall x ( \langle a_1, \ldots, a_k, x) \in A)\}
is \Pi^0_{n+1} complete.
 1. ^ The predicate described here was presented in (Kleene 1943) and (Kleene 1952), and this is what is usually called "Kleene's T predicate". (Kleene 1967) uses the letter T to describe a different predicate related to computable functions, but which cannot be used to obtain Kleene's normal form theorem.
 - Peter Hinman, 2005, Fundamentals of Mathematical Logic, A K Peters. ISBN 978-1-56881-262-5
 - Stephen Cole Kleene, 1943, "Recursive predicates and quantifiers", Transactions of the AMS v. 53 n. 1, pp. 41–73. Reprinted in The Undecidable, Martin Davis, ed., 1965, pp. 255–287.
 - —, 1952, Introduction to Metamathematics, North-Holland. Reprinted by Ishi press, 2009, ISBN 0-923891-57-9.
 - —, 1967. Mathematical Logic, John Wiley. Reprinted by Dover, 2001, ISBN 0-486-42533-9.
 - Robert I. Soare, 1987, Recursively enumerable sets and degrees, Perspectives in Mathematical Logic, Springer. ISBN 0-387-15299-7


text:
The Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT generated a lot of interest at the LASER World of Photonics 2013 trade fair with its numerous industrial laser technology innovations.
Its highlights included beam sources and manufacturing processes for ultrashort laser pulses as well as ways to systematically optimize machining processes using computer simulations. There was even a specialist booth at the fair dedicated to the revolutionary technological potential of digital photonic production.
Now in its fortieth year, LASER World...
It's not reruns of "The Jetsons", but researchers working at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have developed a new microscopy technique that uses a process similar to how an old tube television produces a picture—cathodoluminescence—to image nanoscale features.
Combining the best features of optical and scanning electron microscopy, the fast, versatile, and high-resolution technique allows scientists to view surface and subsurface features potentially as small as 10 nanometers in size.
The new microscopy technique, described in the journal AIP Advances,* uses a beam of electrons to excite a specially...
18.06.2013 | Materials Sciences
18.06.2013 | Health and Medicine
18.06.2013 | Life Sciences
14.06.2013 | Event News
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10.06.2013 | Event News


text:
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The Tuition Fee for all courses is payable on an annual basis and may be subject to an inflationary increase in every year where this is permitted. The University uses the Consumer Price Index (CPI) as an estimation of inflationary increases – as published by the Office for National Statistics.
What's included in your course fee?
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- Essential learning materials for skills development in connection with your studies. This can include uniforms, lab coats, and other essential or mandatory clothing and kit.
- All essential or compulsory field trips (not including food and drink, but including standard travel) and activities directly related to your assessment.
What isn't included in your course fees?
- Cost of additional examinations for any award other than the intended award.
- Personal membership to professional bodies.
- Additional materials beyond the standard provision we supply. There may be some additional costs in some subjects, for example in Art & Design, the cost of consumable materials is borne by the student, depending on their area of interest. In such cases though, you get to keep the item you've produced.
- Optional field trips and enhancement activities for personal development.
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Course fees for the following academic year normally increase in line with inflation and are usually announced and published to our website by the previous Spring.
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Additional fees will be charged if you are required to retake a module, or other non-standard requirement. These standards are applied to all of the University's undergraduate programmes, taught in the UK, where a tuition fee is levied.
Find out more


text:
The coronavirus crisis is causing hardship for people across the globe. However, there are bright spots in the fantastic work people are doing to meet new challenges. Adversity can fuel innovation, and in times like these, purpose-led innovators have a key role.
Encouragingly, the Government has announced plans to commit £1 billion in funding to support startups during the crisis. In these challenging times, it's crucial this will reach startups that can have a positive social impact.
One of our three priorities in response to coronavirus is sharing information across our portfolio to help support our partners, investees and fund managers. From gathering insight over the last month, we have seen so many inspiring stories of innovative actions and adaptations to not only survive but also provide support during the crisis. We have seen the role of purpose in tech startups amplified as ventures look to find rapid solutions to pressing social issues.
Some startups are changing what they do to meet emerging need. For example Open Bionics, who ordinarily produce bionic limbs for limb-different children, are looking to repurpose their 3D printing farm to produce medical supplies. Others are expanding or adapting existing activities for the new environment.
We've written before about the value of purpose-led startups in tackling hard problems. This 'startup way of making change' involves innovating around user needs, bringing the potential to scale, and drawing on fast feedback and data to better create impact. It can be transformative in the right context, with the right intent, and with a business model aligned to impact.
This approach is especially relevant in areas like health, education, and financial inclusion. These sectors, and tech-enabled service delivery within them, are becoming even more important in light of the coronavirus.
Five areas where purpose-led startups are making a difference now
Startups supported by Big Society Capital and VCs, including Bethnal Green Ventures, Ananda, Nesta, IVUK, Fair By Design and Connect Ventures, are contributing to tackling the coronavirus crisis in five areas:
- Health services
The crisis is presenting operational challenges for health services, and there is an increasing role for tech-enabled solutions. For example Dr Doctor, a patient platform for effective care operating in more than 30 NHS hospitals, rapidly built digital broadcasting tools for hospitals needing to communicate about changes to appointments that reached 150,000 people in 3 days. Hospify, the first secure messaging app on the NHS app library, has seen thousands of users join each day during the crisis.
- Digital health
In this environment, there is a critical role for digital services and remote delivery across both physical and mental health. Ieso Digital Health, for example, has seen demand for their online therapy services surge in recent weeks. Other digital health startups are helping people stay well during lockdown, such as Second Nature through their programme to build healthy habits.
- Mental health support
At a time when emotional trauma and anxiety are on the rise, purpose-led startups with a focus on supporting wellbeing are stepping up. Togetherall, an online peer-to-peer community for mental health support, is responding to rapidly growing demand and has trained staff in coronavirus response. Talklife, a global peer support network for young people, has been expanding its work with universities on student mental health during lockdown.
- Financial tools
As people face financial challenges associated with the crisis, purpose-led fintech startups are helping to build a financial system that works for everyone, regardless of their circumstances. Credit Kudos, whose core service is to provide fairer ways of assessing credit scores, collaborated with two other startups to develop a way for self-employed people to self-certify lost income due to coronavirus using open banking protocols. Wagestream has waived fees on its income-streaming service for care agency employees and NHS trust employees, giving on-demand access to earned wages during the crisis.
As education services are disrupted during the crisis, purpose-led startups are helping fill these gaps. For students, Stairway Learning's website and newly launched app provide online content helping students master Maths, Biology, and Physics. For schools, Arbor's cloud-based management information system is helping address administrative complexity during lockdown.
A greater role for purpose-led startups in future
Startups with purpose at their core are making a difference, and we believe there is a greater role for them to play in the recovery phase of this crisis.
Systems are shifting faster than usual, such as the digitisation of primary care. Tech-enabled delivery models may be well-positioned to develop affordable and accessible solutions at scale in key sectors.
To do this well, we think purpose and impact need to be at the core. Founders will need to consider the human consequences of their choices – both reaching and listening to the people most in need.
Impact intent in venture has been rising up the agenda in recent years. We hope to see that trend continue and accelerate as we recover from this crisis.


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What is the Timber Flooring Janka Hardness Rating?
Timber floors have been very common in many places, especially Australia, since European building construction first began. You can find them in both houses and public buildings and make up an important part of the building's structure. While timber floors can provide a basic walking area within a building and create an attractive feature in homes when the homeowner polishes them, it is also very easy to damage them.
Factors to consider before buying timber flooring
While wood flooring looks quite attractive there are some common daily occurrences that can easily diminish this beauty. These occurrences include the following:
- Extensive traffic in a small section of the floor causing a "worn" look in only that area
- Lack of care when moving furniture
- Chair loads that fail to provide proper load bearing for the floor
- Stiletto heels crossing the surface—can cause damage even to hard timber
While the above incidents are certainly considerations before choosing wood flooring, the main reason people choose this type of floor is appearance. Additionally there are factors that influence appearance such as colour, width of the board and even the finish of the individual wood an individual or contractor uses.
Janka test for hardness
Testing the hardness of any wood has no relationship to the wood's ease when working with various tools. Instead it is a measure of how well the wood resists indentation. The figures from the Janka test are used to determine the hardness of any piece of timber.
In order to check the hardness of wood using the Janka hardness rating test a steel ball that measures 11.18 mm in diameter is pressed into the test specimen until it reaches half the diameter of the ball. Some of the available Janka figures are only based on a small sampling, and as such are not appropriate for those who need to make fine distinctions between various types of wood. The two primary sets of figures are for green wood and seasoned wood. Sometimes green wood in a particular species shows a lower hardness than mature timber in the very same species; however, this is not consistent with all species of wood.
The Janka wood ratings are generally as follows:
- Moderately Hard/Very Hard
Other types of flooring options
While timber is a very common type of flooring, there are other types as well such as engineered flooring, laminate flooring and bamboo. In most cases engineered flooring has a face of solid timber that is approximately 3mm thick on the upper surface that is already exposed. You can purchase bamboo flooring as laminated flooring or as strand woven flooring. The former is classified as hard while the latter falls into the very hard category.
Understanding the test results
The results of the Janka testing process are stated in accordance with the measurements in various countries thus leading to confusion. For instance, in the United States the measurement shows in pounds; in Sweden it appears in kilograms; and in Australia it appears in either newtons or kilonewtons. This can become confusing for someone who does not understand the different measurements or are uncertain which unit of measure was used in the testing results.
The direction of the grain in wood has a significant bearing on the hardness. This means if the testing results from side hardness (measure in the direction of the centre of the tree), the result will be similar to that obtained from an angle than is tangent to the rings of the tree. The most common purpose of a Janka hardness rating test is to determine whether a particular species of wood is suitable as a material for flooring.
When considering whether to install wood flooring, it's important to keep the hardness factor in mind. Some woods do not hold up well when they are installed in high traffic areas or areas that sustain damage from the movement of high heels or improper movement of furniture. All of these factors are important to consider before choosing wood flooring or make the decision to choose other types of flooring such as laminate or bamboo.
Janka testing determines the hardness of an individual piece of wood, and this in turn tells a potential buyer whether that type of wood is suitable for his purposes. While the results are not likely of great importance to someone who is hiring a contractor, the buyer does need to inform the contractor of the circumstances surrounding the area where he is installing the floor so he can choose the proper wood hardness for that area.
More to Read:


text:
- Victim Assistance
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- Media Center
- Topical Index
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION WEEK April 10 – 16, 2011
"GREEN" LAW ENFORCEMENT HELPS PROTECT OUR NATURAL RESOURCES
As we approach and celebrate Earth Day, I am reminded of the important role of the law enforcement activities that I oversee at the Wisconsin Department of Justice (DOJ).
While Earth Day celebrants remind us to recycle more, use less energy, reduce our "carbon foot prints," buy "green" products and services, and enact new laws tailored to new challenges, seldom do we hear discussion about consistent and fair enforcement of the environmental protection laws we already have.
As the chief law enforcement officer of the State of Wisconsin vigorous enforcement of our laws is my top priority. Environmental law enforcement is no exception. If people violate the law, they should be held accountable. If their violation leads to environmental harm or degradation, they should make it right.
Firm, fair and consistent enforcement of Wisconsin's environmental laws is crucial for more than the obvious reasons. Of course, environmental law enforcement is crucial to protecting and restoring the environment from those who would violate our environmental laws. But, does it occur to most of us that responsible enforcement of environmental laws plays an important pro-business role by making sure that responsible companies are not put at a competitive disadvantage? Does it also occur to us that responsible enforcement of environmental laws will make Wisconsin more attractive to the growing "green economy" sector and the good jobs it can provide for our citizens?
Wisconsin's economy will benefit by attracting attract and keeping businesses that are willing to comply with the law. Responsible Wisconsin businesses need to know that if they do what is necessary to comply with Wisconsin's environmental standards they will not be undercut by competitors who try to save money by skirting the standards that apply to everyone else.
By the same token, those who cut corners and violate the law need to know that they will be brought to justice face fines or forfeitures large enough to take the profit out of violating the law, and that they will be ordered to pay even more for restoration of environmental damage they have caused. Bottom line – there should be no profit in violating the law, and no unfair advantage gotten over competitors and others who play by the rules.
As Attorney General, I am proud of our environmental law enforcement record, which accomplishes these goals.
During my first four years on office ending December 2010, we have worked successfully with the Department of Natural Resources ("DNR") to prosecute 20 criminal and 334 civil environmental violations. We have obtained over $13,809,595 in penalties, as well as over $4,982,700 in cost recoveries for investigations, DNR cleanups, and litigation costs.
These figures do not count the value of environmental restoration work, or the value of compliance projects, ordered by the courts which often can exceed penalty amounts.
The DOJ Environmental Protection Unit that I direct has some of the most experienced and talented attorneys and staff you will find in public service. We are getting the job done, every day, enforcing our environmental laws to make the world a better place for all of us.


Proverbs 31 (Devotional)
Devotional / Produced by TOW Project
Proverbs 31 depicts a strong woman who puts God's wisdom into practice in her life. You can bless the people around you through your daily actions. In this series of videos you'll learn biblical terms such as "chayil" and "yare." Reflect on how God's character strengthens you for your every day.
You can find this devotional on the YouVersion Bible App (download the app here), or get the Proverbs 31 devotional on
The book of Proverbs starts out with the claim that, "The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom." (Proverbs 1:7)
What is this fear of the Lord that the Bible talks about?
In the Old Testament, the Hebrew word yare doesn't just mean "fear." Yare also invokes emotions of awe and honor. In Exodus 15:11 Yare is the feeling of awe that comes from contemplating God's character.
"Who is like you, majestic in holiness, awesome [yare] in splendor, doing wonders?" (Exodus 15:11 0:27)
God's character is the source for each of the wise sayings in the book of Proverbs. When Proverbs encourages you to be trustworthy, shrewd, diligent or generous it is because God's character is trustworthy, shrewd, diligent and generous.
The Bible praises the woman of Proverbs 31 because fear of the Lord roots her character in God's character, rather than in other things.
"Charm is deceitful, and beauty is vain, but a woman who fears the LORD is to be praised." (Proverbs 31:30)
When your character is grounded in the fear of the Lord, it changes how you work. 0:59 (6) You don't strive to serve your own ends or to please other people, but instead you take actions based on God's character. For example, you can praise other people's work rather than taking all the credit for yourself. The fear of the Lord can also lead you to forgive your coworkers when they make a mistake, or speak up about something that's wrong in your workplace. 1:15 (4) Living in fear of the Lord means you don't need to live in fear for your job or your status.
What will you do in your work today out of the fear of the Lord?
Get Proverbs 31 on


It has been a few months since I have made a change to the "Generics based Framework for.Net Hadoop MapReduce Job Submission" code. However I was going to put together a sample for a Reduce side join and came across a issue around the usage of partitioners. As such I decided to add support for custom partitioners and comparators, before stamping the release as a version 1.0.
The submission options to be added will be -numberPartitionKeys (for partitioning the data) and -comparatorOption (for sorting). Before talking about these options lets cover a little of the Hadoop Streaming Documentation.
A Useful Partitioner Class
Hadoop has a library class, KeyFieldBasedPartitioner, that allows the MapReduce framework to partition the map outputs on key segments rather than the whole key. Consider the following job submission options:
 -partitioner org.apache.hadoop.mapred.lib.KeyFieldBasedPartitioner
The option specifies that the map output keys will have 4 fields. In this case the the -Dmapred.text.key.partitioner.options=-k1,2 option tells the MapReduce framework to partition the map outputs by the first two fields of the key; rather than the full set of four keys.This guarantees that all the key/value pairs with the same first two fields in the keys will be partitioned to the same reducer.
To simplify this specification the submission framework supports the following command line options:
 -numberKeys 4
 -numberPartitionKeys 2
When writing Streaming applications one normally has to do the partition processing in the Reducer. However with these options the framework will correctly send the appropriate data to the Reducer. This was the biggest change that needed to be made to the Framework.
This partition processing is important for handling Reduce side joins; the topic of my next blog post.
A Useful Comparator Class
Hadoop also has a library class, KeyFieldBasedComparator, that provides sorting the key data. Consider the following job submission options:
 -D mapred.output.key.comparator.class=org.apache.hadoop.mapred.lib.KeyFieldBasedComparator
 -D mapred.text.key.comparator.options=-k2,2nr
Here the MapReduce framework will sort the outputs on the second key field; the -Dmapred.text.key.comparator.options=-k2,2nr option. The -n specifies that the sorting is numerical and the -r specifies that the result should be reversed. The sort options are similar to a Unix sort, but here are some simple examples:
Reverse ordering: -Dmapred.text.key.comparator.options=-r
Numeric ordering: -Dmapred.text.key.comparator.options=-n
Specific sort specification: -Dmapred.text.key.comparator.options=-kx,y
For the general sort specification the -k flag is used, which allows you to specify the sorting key using the the x, y values; as in the sample above.
To simplify this specification the submission framework supports the following command line option:
 -comparatorOption "-k2,2nr"
The framework then takes care of setting the appropriate job configuration values.
Although one could define the Partitioner and Comparator options using the job configuration parameters hopefully these new options make the process a lot simpler. In the case of the Partitioner options it also allows the framework to easily identity the difference in the number of sorting and partitioner keys. This allows the correct data to be sent to each Reducer.
As mentioned, using these options, in my next post I will cover how to use the Framework for doing a Reduce side join.


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Purpose: To assess the safety and efficacy of conversion from pure laparoscopy to hand-assisted laparoscopy to control mild-to-moderate bleeding during renal surgery. Patients and Methods: Between August 2006 and August 2008, we performed 94 laparoscopic nephrectomies (44 partial and 50 radical). A total of three radical nephrectomies were converted from pure to hand-assisted laparoscopy for control of bleeding. The first patient was a 44-year-old man with a 14-cm cystic renal mass. The second patient was a 52-year-old man with a 3.8-cm renal mass, and the third patient was an 86-year-old woman with a 7-cm renal mass. Results: In all three procedures, the indication for conversion was bleeding from the renal hilum or the kidney parenchyma during dissection. The bleeding was difficult to control using pure laparoscopy, and therefore a hand port was inserted. Time for conversion and placement of the hand port averaged less than 7 minutes. Total estimated blood loss for the three patients was 800 mL, 2000 mL, and 650 mL, respectively. One patient needed a transfusion with three units of packed red blood cells. The postoperative course was uneventful in all patients, except for one patient who had prolonged ileus and stayed in the hospital for 6 days. The remaining two patients were discharged on postoperative days 2 and 3. Conclusions: Conversion from pure to hand-assisted laparoscopy for bleeding control is feasible and effective. It adds minimal morbidity while maximizing cosmesis, and it should be considered as an alternative to open conversion in cases of mild-to-moderate bleeding.
ASJC Scopus subject areas


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Regulations and Husbandry
CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between Governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. _URL_
See the list of New Zealand species on CITES go to _URL_ These Appendix III lists species are nominated by the NZ authorities, as we already regulate trade in the species and need the cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation.
The Department of Conservation has some fact sheets and guidelines for people to follow by.
Click here to read DOC Fact Sheet
Would you like to find out about building cages? Catching live food for reptiles? Turtle health? Frog care? Tips for lizard keeprs? Then join the NZHS, and see the information on the Members' Forum
Click here to read the Permit List
Wildlife to be protected
Subject to the provisions of this Act, all wildlife is hereby declared to be subject to this Act and to be absolutely protected throughout New Zealand.


Green Blog
However a simpler and much more comprehensive analysis of Carbon Debt (Climate Debt) for all countries of the World is presented below that reports Carbon Debt in millions of tonnes of CO2 from fossil fuel burning alone (and ignores GHG pollution deriving from land use (agriculture and forestry), methane, nitrous oxide (N2O) and other GHGs). Fossil fuel burning yielding the greenhouse gas (GHG) carbon dioxide (CO2) is a major component of man-made global warming.


§ 3-401. SIGNATURE.
(a) A person is not liable on an instrument unless (i) the person signed the instrument, or (ii) the person is represented by an agent or representative who signed the instrument and the signature is binding on the represented person under Section 3-402.
(b) A signature may be made (i) manually or by means of a device or machine, and (ii) by the use of any name, including a trade or assumed name, or by a word, mark, or symbol executed or adopted by a person with present intention to authenticate a writing.


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N.H. poverty rate lowest in nation
CONCORD — New Hampshire had the lowest poverty rate among both individuals and families in the nation last year, but the rate has been rising over the past few years, according to new U.S. Census data.
In 2011, 8.8 percent of individuals - 112,700 people — were living below the poverty line, the lowest percentage in the U.S. The data found that 5.6 percent of New Hampshire families were living below the poverty line, also the lowest rate in the country.
The figures come from the American Community Survey, an ongoing survey that helps the state and federal government determine where to distribute funding.
The Granite State poverty rates were roughly half the national averages. The average poverty rate in the U.S. last year was 11.7 percent for families — more than double New Hampshire's rate — and 15.9 percent for individuals, nearly two times New Hampshire's rate.
While New Hampshire has the nation's smallest share of impoverished people, its poverty rate is actually at its highest in several years.
In fact, the rate among individuals has risen substantially since before the recession. From 7.1 percent, or 90,204 people, to the current 8.8 percent.
In 2010, the percentage of New Hampshire residents living below the poverty line was 8.3 percent, or 105,700 people. In 2009, the rate was 8.5 percent, or 109,213 people, and in 2008, the rate was 7.5 percent, or 96,041 people.
In 2011, Alaska and Vermont tied for second-lowest family poverty rate, at 6.9 percent. New Mexico and Mississippi had the highest poverty rates in the country in 2011, at 16.6 and 17.4 percent, respectively.


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You know it is election season in Peru when the number of public works projects (obras) increases so much that traffic comes to a virtual standstill. That's how Lima is today ahead of the municipal and regional elections that will be held in October 2010. Much is at stake as the outcomes are a telltale sign for what may happen in next year's presidential election
The massive display of obras during an election year is not uncommon. In fact, they are strategic. Visible projects—like the construction of an electric train and bus system in Lima—are displays of what the government has done for its people, and are often used as a form of propaganda by candidates running in incumbent seats. Closely following the Latin American tradition of populismo, incumbent candidates appeal to the masses through these obras. Yet, the use of public works projects as propaganda can pose risks too. Publicly displayed accomplishments might also expose the corruption associated with their construction.
Lima has a history of failed public works projects. During President Alan García's first term (1985—1990) he invested in a national project to construct a Tren Electrico—a train system that would run through the city. However, the project was abandoned and some parts of the construction turned into artwork. At the same time President García was accused of rampant corruption and mismanagement of the project. Then after winning the presidency again in 2006, he promised to complete the project by the end of his term in 2011.


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Smart Phone Use in a Higher Educational Setting
INST 525 Eileen O'Sullivan
Potential Academic Uses
Smart phones may be used in the classroom to engage students, access real-time feedback and answer questions in an anonymous way. (Der)
Hotseat at Purdue University
Hotseat was developed at Purdue University as a way to include and improve on existing backchannel solutions for learning environments (particularly for large lecture halls). It is a social networking tool that creates a backchannel of collaborative discussion both in and out of the classroom. It allows students to provide near real-time feedback during class, potentially enabling faculty to adjust course content and enrich the overall classroom experience. Hotseat makes this interaction possible by taking advantage of the mobile devices that students already bring into the classroom and by using popular social tools such as Facebook, Twitter, and text messaging.photo © 2009 velkr0 | more info (via: Wylio)
Instructors provide a question, comment, or framework, and students contribute a short response using their preferred mobile device. These responses, or "thoughts" within Hotseat, are automatically updated as submitted by the class. Students can read, vote, and comment on posts made by other students, thus identifying common questions or areas of discussion. Access to Hotseat is granted by the student's standard university login and password and is typically based on course enrollment. Some faculty also choose to broaden the conversation by allowing open contribution to the discussion topic from people outside of the class. These features allow for rapid community building in the course. (Aagard, Bowen, & Olesova, 2010, November 3)
Real-time Feedback Tool
Smart phones are an ideal tool to provide real time feedback and assessment to improve learning and teaching outcomes.
To Capture Data "in the field"
The small form factor of smartphones makes them more portable than a laptop or computer and it can utilize a wireless network or a cell phone network for Internet connectivity.
Smart phones are being used in clinical settings by clinicians primarily to support clinical decisions related to direct patient care at the bedside. Physicians' use of the Internet and PDAs is growing, with 60% to 70% of medical students and residents using PDAs for educational purposes and patient care in 2006. When a wireless network is not available (such has in a community center or smaller hospital) the smart phone is an alternative devise. (León, Fontelo, Green, Ackerman and Liu, 2007).
To Deliver Health Services
Smoking-Cessation Using Cell Phone Text Messaging
Smoking cessation programs are starting to use mobile
phones, particularly as adjuncts to quitlines and Internet
quit coaches, e.g. the NHS Stop Smoking Service's 'Together'
support-at-home/) and theNew ZealandQuitline 'Txt2quit' program (_URL_
Cessation interventions that are aimed at young adults appear ideally
suited for delivery via mobile phones, as young people appreciate
the anonymity and confidentiality allowable, and the ease
of use anywhere at anytime. Other
possible benefits of mobile phone-based smoking cessation interventions include: cost-effective delivery and scalability to large populations regardless of location, the ability to tailor messages to key user characteristics (such as age, sex, ethnicity), the ability to send time-sensitive messages with an 'always on' device and the provision of content that can distract the user from cravings, and the ability to link the user with others for social support. (Obermayer, J., Riley, W., Asif, O., & Jean-Mary, J., 2004).
Preventing weight gain in first year college students
Researchers are evaluated an Internet intervention with first year college students randomly assigned to one of four treatment conditions: 1) no treatment, 2) 6-week online intervention 3) 6-week weight and caloric feedback only (via email), and 4) 6-week combined feedback and online intervention. The combined intervention group had lower Body Mass Indexes at post-testing than the other three groups. This study demonstrated the effectiveness and feasibility of an online intervention to prevent weight gain among college students. (Gow, Trace, & Mazzeo, 2010)
Improve Student Retention
At Georgia Gwinnett, a public, four-year, noncompetitive-admissions college founded in 2005, professors are offered a state-of-the-art smartphone and a Sprint data plan that includes the most sophisticated wireless Internet coverage. This smartphone program was created to defy the historically low retention rates typical of colleges that set such a modest bar for admission (Georgia Gwinnett admits any Georgia high school graduate). And so far, they say, it is working. The retention rate for returning sophomores at Georgia Gwinnett stands at 75%. That is about double the average rate for noncompetitive-admissions colleges in Georgia, according to Tom Mundie, dean of the school of science and technology at Georgia Gwinnett, and on par with many public institutions that have competitive admissions. In engagement surveys, Mundie says, students have reported "feeling that faculty care about and are accessible to them." (Kolowich, 2010, August 20)photo © 2009 Zoe | more info (via: Wylio)
Providing hearing-impaired students with learning care after classes through the use of text chat on smart phones connected to a system (GPRS) that allows teachers to manage their interactions with students after classes. Student reactions identified effective strategies regarding student–teacher interaction while teachers utilised the wireless network and handheld devices to provide learning support. Questionnaire results demonstrated that most students and their parents considered student– teacher interaction and strategies through GPRS and smart phones effective in improving student learning at home. (Chen-Chung, & Yi-Ching, 2007).
Wireless carriers are competing to offer service plans specifically for individuals with disabilities and innovative mobile devices with built-in accessibility features or compatibility with Assistive Technology ("AT") and applications which may replace expensive, immobile assistive communication devices at significantly less cost. CTIA's member companies' consider all disabilities including hearing, visual, physical or cognitive impairments simultaneously when designing and offering a communications device or service. (CTIA, Wireless Accessibility)
- Aagard, Bowen, & Olesova (2010, November 3). Hotseat: Opening the Backchannel in Large Lectures. Educause Quarterly Volume 33, Number 3, 2010. Retrieved from _URL_ on Dec 3, 2010.
- Chang, Y., Chen, C., & Zhou, H. (2009). Smart phone for mobile commerce. Computer Standards & Interfaces, 31(4), 740-747. doi:10.1016/j.csi.2008.09.016.
- Chen-Chung, L., & Yi-Ching, H. (2007). Providing hearing-impaired students with learning care after classes through smart phones and the GPRS network. British Journal of Educational Technology, 38(4), 727-741. doi:10.1111/j._PHONE_.2006.00656.x.
- Der, Jeanette B. (n.d). Class, please take out your iPhone. USA Today, Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database.
- Gow, R., Trace, S., & Mazzeo, S. (2010). Preventing weight gain in first year college students: An online intervention to prevent the "freshman fifteen". Eating Behaviors, 11(1), 33-39. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2009.08.005.
- Kolowich, Steve (2010, August 20). Profs get smartphones, so students can call them. USA Today.com. Retrieved from _URL_ on Sep 19, 2010.
- Len, Fontelo, Green, Ackerman and Liu (2007, February 21). Evidence-based medicine among internal medicine residents in a community hospital program using smart phones. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2007, 7:5 doi:10.1186/_PHONE_-7-5
- Obermayer, J., Riley, W., Asif, O., & Jean-Mary, J. (2004). College Smoking-Cessation Using Cell Phone Text Messaging. Journal of American College Health, 53(2), 71-78. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database.
- Smith, Shannon D. & Caruso, Judith Borreson with an introduction by Joshua Kim. The ECAR Study of Undergraduate Students and Information Technology, 2010 (Research Study, Vol. 6). Boulder, CO: EDUCAUSE Center for Applied Research, 2010, available from _URL_
- CTIA — The Wireless Association. Wireless Accessibility. Retrieved from _URL_ on Dec 12, 2010.


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On January 24, the Moscow Museum of Modern Art
opened the first major retrospective of Olga Tobreluts, the pioneering Russian contemporary artist who was one of the first artists ever to use digital technology in the creation of art. The exhibition features her new experimental works, as well as her famous pieces from a number of museums and private collections.
Ms Tobreluts developed the technique of juxtaposing twoand three-dimensional images that is widely used today. Her art works are bold manipulations of historical facts and contemporary myths, amalgamated in a magical super-reality.
Ms Tobreluts artistic career was launched with the debut exhibition of her abstract paintings on St. Petersburgs Palace Bridge in 1989, alongside works of the New Artists collective. Following its success, she moved to Moscow where she lived in Petliuras squat on Petrovsky Boulevard and continued to work on her abstract paintings and graffiti. Throughout the 1990s she frequently visited Berlin where she discovered digital technologies at ART+COM Institute under the direction of Professor Ulrich Wahlberg. This encounter led to a radical change of aesthetic. Ms. Tobreluts abandoned painting and immersed herself completely in computer graphics, photography and 3D modeling.
In her quest to create a 3D digital equivalent of an anatomically realistic academic drawing of a human body, Ms. Tobreluts began to appreciate the ideas of Neo-Academists in St Petersburg, and she became the champion and the driving force behind Neo-Academism. Bruce Sterling described her as Helen of Troy wielding a video camera and a computer. During this period Ms. Tobreluts created a completely new reality that transcended the historical context and was much more in synch with the modern world. Whether or not Olgas ornamental myths have any basis in classical mythology, they always reference the present day and age.
In the 1990s Ms. Tobretluts works received international acclaim, winning prestigious awards and featured on the covers of influential magazines as ART, ATTITUDE, Duesseldorf Hefte, The Observer Magazine and others. In 2003 Ms. Tobreluts almost entirely stopped using digital technologies and returned to painting as her primary medium. She now focuses on recovering ancient painting techniques as well as on her research of the ways in which chemical composition of pigments can help enhance the rendering of light.


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Owatonna High School - Attendance Policy
It is the responsibility of the Owatonna Public Schools to the community that all school members will work to challenge and support students in the pursuit of their highest levels of academic and personal achievement. Recognizing the strong relationship between regular attendance for each class and high academic achievement, the District will establish a clear attendance system. Such a system will promote this relationship and hold students accountable for regular attendance. It is essential that Owatonna High School students and their families take responsibility for knowing and following the Attendance Policy. If a student is going to be absent, a parent/guardian is responsible for calling _PHONE_ to report the absence. This voicemail number can be called 24 hours a day.
General Guidelines for Attendance
Owatonna High School has established the following parameters for the number of allowed absences (both excused and unexcused) for quarter, semester and yearlong courses.
An accumulation of three (3) excused/unexcused absences in a quarter course, six (6) excused/unexcused absences in a semester course and twelve (12) excused/unexcused absences in a yearlong course will result in a student receiving the final grade earned if the grade is a C- or better.
An NC (No Credit) will be awarded when the final grade is lower than a C-. (The NC is calculated as a 0.0 for GPA and related purposes).
Owatonna High School expects students and their parent(s)/guardian to take responsibility for knowing and following the Attendance Policy.
- All students regardless of age must have absences excused by the parent(s)/guardian if the student lives at home.
- Students enrolled in an alternative program should leave campus immediately following their last class.
- Owatonna High School is an open campus; however, students may not leave school in a motorized vehicle during lunch or any other time of the day without pre-approved permission from a parent.
Absence Procedures _PHONE_
- When a student will be absent from school, the parent or guardian is asked to call the high school attendance office between 7:00 am and 9:00 am. The attendance phone line number is _PHONE_. If a phone call is received, a written note is not necessary from the parents.
- Any student who has been absent for any part of the day is required to report to the high school office when he/she returns to school to acquire an admit pass, which will be shown to all teachers when entering the classroom.
- When a student has been in school any part of the day, and intends plans to be absent from school later, the school must be notified by written permission or by telephone call from the parent prior to the time the student is scheduled to leave. The student must acquire a Permit to Leave the Building (blue pass) from the high school attendance office prior to leaving the school building.
- When a student has become ill during the school day, he/she must receive permission to go home from the school nurse or attendance secretary. Students who become ill and leave school without permission will be marked truant.
- Attendance on Days of School Activities: Students are reminded that except for doctor and dental appointments and school-approved activities, attendance for the last two periods of the day is required on the day of a game or a performance. Violations of this rule will be referred to the principal's and activities director's office.
- Parents/students will be informed of absences through accessing the online Infinite Campus Parent/Student Portal. Notification of unverified absences (absences that were not pre-excused through phone or written message) will be sent via an automated telephone call and email to the parent/household designated contact number and email address.
Guidelines and Categories for Excused Absences
The following categories of absences will coded excused with prior notification from parent.
- College visits
- Driver's license examination
- Family Emergency
- Pre-arranged excused absences for student participation in non-school competition and performance activities.
- Family vacations pre-arranged with school administrator.
- Professional appointments that cannot be scheduled outside of the school day
- Spectators at state/regional competitions when Owatonna is not competing; student spectators must have parent(s)/guardian approval and follow all attendance policy procedures
Guidelines for Pre-Arranged Absences
Absences due to family vacations, or for an event that is a significant educational opportunity must be pre-arranged in order to be determined as excused. Under no circumstances will students be excused for pre-arranged absences occurring on state mandated testing dates. Students are responsible for obtaining the PreArranged Absences Form (available on the OHS Website – and/or from the student's counselor), completing it with all required signatures, and submitting to their counselor for final approval no less than 5 days prior to the absence. Absences not pre-arranged and approved will be designated as unexcused absences.
Guidelines and Categories for Unexcused Absences
The following categories of absences will be coded as unexcused – truant.
- Any unverified absence not cleared within 24 hours of occurrence
- Work at home
- Work at a business except under a school-sponsored work release program
- Non-pre-arranged family vacations
- Missed bus
- Arrival to class after twenty minutes will be coded as an unexcused absence and will count toward the total number of absences allowed.
- Other non-school authorized excuses
- Notes or phone calls without a reason for absence
Guidelines and Categories for School Authorized Absences
The following categories of absences will be coded as School Authorized Absences. These absences are considered Exempt and will not count toward the loss of credit in a yearlong/semester/quarter course.
- Ceremonies in which the student is being honored or presented with an award (i.e. Rotary)
- Chronic illness verified by a doctor and reported to school nurse
- Court-ordered appearances supported by documentation
- Death in the student's immediate family or of a close friend/relative
- Field trips
- Illness in student's immediate family (documentation required by medical personnel)
- Interscholastic meets and event
- Musical sectionals
- Religious holidays and/or instruction
- Student government and related activities
- Verified meeting conducted with school personnel
- Spectators at state/regional competitions when Owatonna is competing; student spectators must have parent(s)/guardian approval and follow all attendance policy procedures.
- Driver's Permit Test
General Guidelines for Tardies
- Students are expected to be in their assigned areas at designated times. Students who arrive to block classes within twenty minutes of the start of class will be considered tardy. Students arriving to "skinny" or ½ block classes within ten minutes of the start of class will be considered tardy
- Students arriving without a legitimate and confirmed excuse after the ten and twenty minute deadline for skinny and block courses respectively will be coded as unexcused.
- Three tardies per class will equal one unexcused absence and will count toward the total number of absences allowed as specified in the General Guidelines for Attendance.
Guidelines for Make-Up Work Due to Excused and Student Authorized Absences
- The student is responsible for requesting and making arrangements to complete assignments and course work missed during the absence.
- Upon the student's return to school, a maximum of two days is allowed for completing make-up work. Additional days for make-up work may be granted at the discretion of each teacher.
- Previously announced projects and/or assessments must be turned in or taken on the day of the student's return to school. If extenuating circumstances exist, the teacher may grant additional make-up time.
- An administrative conference will be held with students who exhibit a pattern of excused absences on assessment days.
Guidelines for Appealing Loss of Credit Due to Exceeding the Attendance Policy Limit
A student wishing to appeal a No Credit grade received due to exceeding the attendance policy can download the Attendance Appeal form from the OHS website or obtain the form from his/her counselor.
- The student will submit a completed form along with any supporting documentation to their counselor no later than five school days following the grading period.
- An Attendance Appeals Committee comprised of one administrator, the student's counselor, and the student's instructor will review the appeal request and render a decision to accept or deny the appeal.
Guidelines for Truancy:
In accordance with the State Department of Education and the Minnesota Mandatory Attendance Law, students must attend school each and every day school is in session. It is the responsibility of the students, parents/guardians, and the school to assure that students attend school.
Truant: absence without lawful excuse from attendance at school when required to attend. MN Statute 260A.02 subd. (3) and subd. (19):
- Continuing Truant: Minn. Stat. 260A.02 provides that a continuing truant is a student who is subject to the compulsory instruction requirements of Minn. Stat. 120.101 and is absent from instruction in a school. As defined in Minn. Stat. 120.05, without valid excuse within a single school year for three or more class periods on three days if the child is in the middle school, junior high school, or high school.
- Habitual Truant: A habitual truant is a child under the age of 16 years who is absent from school without lawful excuse for seven school days if the child is in elementary school or for one or more class periods on seven school days if the child is in middle school or high school.
- A school district official shall refer a


IP culture shift: the rise of summary disposition
Andrew Moeser analyzes the shift towards summary disposition in Canadian IP litigation
Canadian intellectual property law has evolved considerably over the last few years, initiated in part by changes to summary procedures but increasingly carried forward by Canadian courts and new legal strategies. This pivot towards the use of early disposition instruments in place of longer and more expensive trials is having significant reverberations for IP holders and businesses. We asked intellectual property expert Andrew Moeser of Lenczner Slaght what caused this change and why – and what effects it will have on IP law now and in the future.
Why has the shift towards summary disposition occurred, and why now?
Most intellectual property litigation in Canada happens in Federal Court, where there are two mechanisms for early disposition: summary judgment and summary trial.
Summary judgment has been around for a long time. However, historically, the Federal Court and the Federal Court of Appeal ("FCA") had typically held that summary judgment is not the preferred means of resolving IP cases, which are often complex. This reluctance was particularly apparent in patent infringement cases, which are technical and usually involve expert evidence (see e.g., Suntec Environmental Inc v Trojan Technologies Inc, 2004 FCA 140). Summary judgment was usually only successful for procedural issues, such as cases turning on payment of filing fees.
In 2009, the Federal Courts Rules were amended to add a summary trial procedure, which was modelled on a mechanism that had been successfully used in British Columbia. Summary trial is brought by way of a motion with affidavit evidence, but after that, it is a highly flexible process. The Court can make any procedural order about the conduct of the summary trial – e.g., length, which witnesses will give live testimony, whether live testimony will consist of cross-examination only or include evidence-in-chief, etc. The motion can be brought at any time before the trial date is set, including prior to discovery. The rules empower the Court to grant judgment generally or on an issue, as long as "there is sufficient evidence for adjudication, regardless of the amounts involved, the complexities of the issues and the existence of conflicting evidence."
Despite the availability of the new summary trial procedure, it was used sparingly in its first few years.
As in many other areas of Canadian law, the Supreme Court of Canada's call for a "culture shift" in its 2014 Hryniak decision was a signal to IP lawyers to give greater consideration to summary procedures. However, unlike in some other areas, there was a bit of a lag in embracing this "culture shift" in the IP bar. Along with the relative newness of the summary trial procedure and the complex subject-matter of many IP cases, a 2015 decision (Manitoba v Canada, 2015 FCA 57) held that Hyrniak did not materially change the procedures or standard to be applied in summary judgment motions, which may have suggested to some lawyers that the Federal Court and FCA retained their historical aversion towards summary judgment.
In the last couple of years, there have been several new decisions where the Federal Court endorsed summary judgment and summary trial in appropriate IP cases, including in complex patent cases (see e.g., Gemak Trust v Jempak Corporation, 2020 FC 644; ViiV Healthcare Company v Gilead Sciences Canada, 2020 FC 486). Recently, the FCA weighed in and similarly endorsed summary judgment in a patent case (Canmar Foods Ltd v TA Foods Ltd, 2021 FCA 7). We may now see a positive feedback cycle where with each new decision lawyers are expanding the scope for summary procedures in IP cases, and it is likely that this trend will continue until the case law solidifies around the appropriate limits.
This in turn absolutely affects the options that IP lawyers should present to their clients. In many ways, this trend is consistent with the broader "culture change" we have seen in the legal profession post-Hryniak, where lawyers are reminded to consider whether a trial is required to resolve any case.
What are the wider implications, if any, of this trend for Canadian consumers?
Most IP litigation involves IP holders and businesses supplying goods and services, rather than Canadian consumers themselves. It is possible that summary disposition could lead to reduced transaction costs associated with IP enforcement, and those cost savings could be passed through to the consumer. For example, in a recent patent trial decision, the Federal Court commented that:
The trial lasted 21 days. Nevertheless, as these reasons will show, the case largely turns upon an issue of claims construction. Claims construction, we are often told, is a question of law, although some forms of evidence are admissible to assist in the process. Where more than 90% of the value of the claim depends on a question of law, the parties should contemplate bringing a motion for summary judgment or summary trial. Had the parties done so in this case, a considerable amount of judicial resources would have been saved, and each party's legal costs would have been substantially reduced. As I suspect that both parties will pass their litigation costs on to their customers, it is ultimately skaters and hockey players across Canada who will bear the burden of the parties' strategic choices. (Bauer Hockey Ltd. v. Sport Maska Inc. (CCM Hockey), 2020 FC 624)
There are also a couple of exceptions where consumers might see a more direct effect.
First, IP cases often affect the availability of a product or service in the marketplace. IP holders sometimes seek injunctions to prevent allegedly infringing competitors from selling their products, and later market entrants sometimes seek a determination on the validity of a competitor's patent or trademark before launching a product. Faster disposition of IP cases could lead to faster availability (or removal) of products in the marketplace.
Second, consumers themselves are sometimes involved in IP cases, such as in copyright infringement cases relating to online file-sharing. There have been some recent examples of copyright holders suing consumers, in some cases seeking to sue large numbers of consumers in so-called "reverse class actions". In theory, the increased availability of summary disposition could have a direct effect on consumers in these kinds of cases, and that effect could go either way – either the IP holder or allegedly infringing consumers could seek to make use of summary procedures.
Will this shift have any effect on cross-border transactions, or are its effects strictly limited to Canada?
This is a complicated question. IP rights are national in scope – e.g., inventors get a Canadian patent that provides exclusive rights in Canada and a separate US patent that provides exclusive rights in the US. But there are at least three ways where there could be a cross-border effect.
First, cross-border issues are sometimes raised in Canadian IP cases, such as where there is an international supply chain and export/import issues arise in the infringement analysis.
Second, this trend could bring Canada more in line with the US, where summary judgment has historically been more available in IP cases. That said, it is unlikely that summary motions will become quite so common in Canadian IP cases: among other reasons, our costs-shifting regime is a disincentive to bringing summary proceedings with a very low likelihood of success. Similarly, though it is not a summary disposition per se, the Canadian summary trial procedure could also be used to narrow the issues in dispute in patent cases through an early hearing relating to claims construction, which is similar to the Markman procedure in the US where patent claim terms are interpreted at an early stage.
Third, there are often parallel IP proceedings occurring in different jurisdictions, and parties typically employ sophisticated transnational litigation strategy. The availability of summary proceedings (and the opportunity to get a fast decision) potentially makes Canada a more important venue in such strategies.
Is the rise in summary disposition strictly limited to patent cases, or will it affect IP law in Canada on a wider scale?
It affects IP law in Canada on a wider scale. In fact, some of the earliest uses of the summary trial procedure were in trademark cases. As an example, in cases relating to counterfeit goods, sometimes the legal issues are relatively straightforward and there is no technical complexity, and the cases turn on contested facts and credibility issues. Credibility issues have traditionally been a substantial obstacle to summary judgment, but they can be addressed with live witnesses at a summary trial.
The more notable aspect of the recent trend is that summary disposition has been treated more favourably in patent cases as well. So the takeaway message is that there are no longer particular categories of IP cases that are (or are not) suitable for summary disposition; it is more about a case-by-case analysis of whether the facts and legal issues in any specific case lend themselves to either summary mechanism.
How will this trend affect small businesses and individuals seeking to protect their IP and patents?
Summary disposition can make it more cost-effective to pursue IP enforcement. The opposite side of the same coin is that summary disposition can also be a cost-effective tool for defendants to short-circuit weak IP infringement allegations.
Do you have any other insights on helping IP clients navigate the legal landscape post/during COVID?
The Federal Court is very much "open for business", and this includes scheduling and hearing motions for summary judgment and summary trial. In addition to the ongoing use of case management in IP cases, the Federal Court has been on the leading edge of courts using technology to keep cases moving ahead despite physical distancing restrictions and other public health measures. The Court has been conducting video hearings of contested matters, including video trials, almost since the beginning of the pandemic.
Andrew Moeser is a partner at Lenczner Slaght. Andrew's practice is primarily focused on intellectual property litigation, with particular experience in industries such as pharmaceutical and biologics, information technology, and oil and gas. Andrew also has experience in commercial litigation relating to environmental


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Foundations are fundamental. We all know this, but so often buildings experience problems arising from foundation shortcomings. This course will teach how to build them right the first time. We'll discuss site selection, soil testing, ground preparation, frost protection and concrete reinforcement and placement, to construct an efficient, economical, and appropriate foundation. We will review actual case histories of foundations in difficult conditions, accompanied with lots of visuals and class discussion. At the end of Day 1, we'll build a scale model of a house foundation to visualize and demonstrate the principles discussed earlier in the day. On Day 2, we'll travel nearby and identify foundations that are crying for help, and discuss how to fix each situation. In the afternoon, we'll do some hands-on soil sampling and identification, and perform a partial repair to a distressed foundation.
Course start time: Saturday, 9am
Course end time: Sunday, 5pm
- Competency Level: Beginner to Intermediate
- AIA credits: 14 Eligible for HSW credit
Topics will include
What is a Foundation--a marriage of concrete and soil
- Soils, compressibility, matching foundation type to soil conditions.
- Understanding soil conditions; choosing the foundation accordingly
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- End point for structural loads of building, both vertical (primarily) and lateral (Secondarily)
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Site Investigation Prior to Foundation Selection
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Typical Foundation Configurations
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Frost protected shallow foundations
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- Economical ways to construct shallow foundation smartly placed insulation to prevent frost action


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Highlights research studies involving genetics and genomics, includes a glossary of terms on the subject, a directory of scientists involved in this type of work, and description of research facilities through which USGS carries out genetic studies
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Let ZFC2 be the Second-Order formalisation of ZFC.
The Second-Order Axiom schema of Comprehension (part of the deductive system for SOL) says that for every formula (of SOL) there is a relation with the same extension (shapiro 1991).
If we formalise ZFC2, then the domain is all sets and the second-order quantifiers range over all the subsets of the domain. But then, what stops Russell's Paradox from arising?
I know it doesn't because ZFC2 is equivalent to Morse-Kelley set theory.
In Second-order Logic, the comprehension schema (considering for simplicity only unary predicate variables) is:
∃X∀x [ ϕ(x) ↔ X(x) ],
where x is an individual variable, X is a 1-ary predicate variable and X may not occur free in ϕ.
What prevents form generating Russell's Paradox?
Two facts:
(i) we cannot substitute X for x.
A s-o language for sets must use individual variables x for sets and unary predicate variables for classes. So, x ∈ A must be formalized as A(x) and thus, using it as ϕ(x), what we get is:
∃X∀x [ ~A(x) ↔ X(x) ].
(ii) the proviso that X may not be free in ϕ prevents from using ~X(x) to get:
∃X∀x [ ~X(x) ↔ X(x) ].
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Exposition in Auschwitz
Persecution and deportation of the Jews in the Netherlands _PHONE_
In 1940, the population of the Netherlands was nearly 9,000,000. Approximately 140,000 of these were Jews; 107,000 Jews were deported to German concentration and extermination camps. Only about 5,500 of them survived the camps. The exposition provides a
comprehensive picture the persecution of Jews in the Netherlands. A majority of the Jews died in Auschwitz. Though also other persecuted people and population groups were deported from the Netherlands to Auschwitz, such as Sinti and Roma, political
prisoners, and Jehovah's Witnesses, this exposition focuses on the persecution of the Dutch Jews. The exposition shows how the Jews ended up in Auschwitz and in other extermination camps as a result of a policy of exclusion and deportation.
Quote by Anne FrankPersecution and deportation of the Jews in the Netherlands _PHONE_


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M E M O R A N D U M O F U N D E R S T A N D I N G
The purpose of this Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) is to establish and promote a strategic and cooperative partnership between IBICT and euroCRIS.
euroCRIS is a not-for-profit, statutory association (_URL_), governed by Dutch law, dedicated to the development and implementation on an institutional, national as well as international level of top-quality research information systems and their interoperability, based on CERIF (Common European Research Information Format). One of euroCRIS's main objectives is the promotion of cooperation and exchange of expertise between stakeholders in the research information domain, in particular by setting up Strategic Partnerships with international organisations in the field of Research Information.
IBICT (http:// _URL_), the Brazilian Institute of Information in Science and Technology is a Research Unit linked to the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation (MCTI) and is responsible for information systems related to research and innovation in Brazil. Its main mission is to promote the competence, the development of resources and the infrastructure of information on science, technology and innovation (ST&I) in Brazil.
Both euroCRIS and IBICT share a vision of realising optimal research information infrastructures through the setup and support of Current Research Information Systems (CRIS), enabling the information management of research projects, researchers, research organisations, and research outputs, whereby a CRIS is regarded as the major tool in creating an overview of all data related to science, technology, and innovation be it on a Federal or State level. Both organisations acknowledge the importance of international standardisation in the setup of CRIS and research information exchange between systems and more specifically the key role for the Common European Research Information Format (CERIF) in this respect. Besides, IBCIT is of the opinion that the implementation of a CRIS-system is crucial in the further development and improvement of Research Information in Brazil.
The motivation for this MoU is to share knowledge and experience and to support each other's endeavours in the fields defined in the agreement.
The strategic partners will work together:
(a) To promote the setup of an optimal CRIS-infrastructure in Brazil, including the following aspects:
- Formulation of an appropriate Research Information Policy and Management Framework, both on a national and state level.
- Choice and implementation of appropriate CRIS software (CRIS systems).
- Realisation of compatibility between CRIS and related information systems based on international standards.
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- Development of services based on the CRIS infrastructure for the various stakeholder groups.
- Organisation of trainings for the various user and stakeholder groups (researchers, research managers, policy makers, funders, etc...).
(b) To promote the realisation of optimal research information policies and practices, and in this respect to influence policies and policy makers on both a national (governmental) and international level (e.g. the EU and Latin America) on:
- The importance of CRIS and e-infrastructures based on CRIS as primary resource for research information.
- The importance of the use of international standards in research information and more specifically the implementation of CERIF, the Common European Research Information Format.
- The support to policy formulation for the conception and implementation of CRIS systems (through examples and good practices)
- The need to establish interoperability between information systems at various levels
(c) To make known and communicate each other's activities and accomplishments with their stakeholders and at each other's events.
In order to achieve the above mentioned objectives, both partners agree on the following concrete actions for collaboration:
Upon request by IBICT euroCRIS may provide support and assistance to IBICT concerning:
- policy formulation related to the conception and implementation of CRIS systems (e.g., examples and good practices);
- providing arguments in the convincing of decisions makers;
- the evaluation of new software options that could be used to implement CRIS systems in Brazil;
- the implementation of DSpace-CRIS as one of the software options;
- training in CERIF and in the establishment of CRIS services based on CERIF;
- the realization of compatibility between information systems; and
- general trainings and awareness raising concerning the meaning and importance of CRIS systems.
The support rendered by euroCRIS will be based on reimbursement of expenses for travel and hours spent. The concrete details of the support activities will be worked out in separate agreements between the partners.
- Representatives of euroCRIS shall be invited to conferences and seminars organised by IBICT
- Representatives of IBICT shall be invited to the euroCRIS annual Strategic Membership Meeting and to the CRIS biennial conferences. The person(s) attending will be designated by IBICT.
- IBICT agrees to participate in appropriate euroCRIS Task Groups to contribute to the development of the IBICT-CERIF roadmaps.
- Best practices in IBICT-implementation through CRIS will be specifically highlighted within the work of the euroCRIS Best Practice Task Group.
- A common distribution list will be created for the euroCRIS/IBICT joint group.
- Both organisations will periodically offer information on activities of the other partner in their respective communication channels.
- For reasons of efficiency in time and costs, communication will be through teleconference or webinar when appropriate.
The logo of both strategic partners will be placed on each other's website under the respective heading with a hyperlink to the homepage of the strategic partner. Both parties shall approve any public announcement regarding this MoU. Each party may suggest that its logo be used in accordance with provided guidelines.
Liabilities and Termination
This agreement does not define a financial relationship between the strategic partners, but does not exclude that such relationships could be negotiated. The agreement does not restrict the rights and responsibilities of each partner nor increase them. This agreement remains in force until terminated in writing by each party. Upon termination, both parties will remove the logo and hyperlink of the other party from their websites.
January, 8, 2016
For IBICT For euroCRIS
Cecília Leite Oliveira Ed Simons
Director Chair of Management Board


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I am a bit confused about a sentence I came across in an anki deck:
I know that that 誰 means "who" and も means "also", but the translation it gives me is:
"No one knows that story."
Someone please explain.
Thank you n_n
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by itself does not mean 'who'. Nor does always mean 'also'. Words like are called indeterminates, and are more essential than wh-words (It can be a part of the meaning of a wh-word; Not wh-word itself). only means'some variable (something that does not have a fixed reference) that ranges over people'. Depending on what particle it is used with, it would be translated into different words in English:
誰 who
誰か someone
誰も anyone/everyone
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Thank you so much! I haven't learned about indeterminates yet. You were very helpful. It makes a lot of sense now. n_n – kraftydinosaur Dec 1 '11 at 20:21
used with a negative verb 誰も means no one or nobody.
誰もその卑わいな冗談を笑わなかった。No one laughed at the obscene joke.
Used with a regular verb (positive?) it can mean anyone, anybody, everybody or everyone.
誰もがその話を知っている。Everyone knows that story.
誰もそのことに異存［異論］はない。Everyone agrees about that. （No one objects to that.)
here are a number of examples _URL_
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Thank you! The examples are very helpful. – kraftydinosaur Dec 1 '11 at 20:22
[誰もその話を知っている。Everyone knows that story.] - Shouldn't that be 誰でも or 誰もが? – istrasci Dec 1 '11 at 23:09
I also was going to ask about 誰でも. So does it mean everyone or anyone? Or something else entirely? – dotnetN00b Mar 6 '12 at 3:48
_USER_ it can mean everyone, anyone or noone when used with ない. depends on context: eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=誰でも&ref=sa – yadokari Mar 6 '12 at 17:00
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