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stretched jab.
- Hook – A semi-circular punch thrown with the lead hand to the side of the opponent's head. From the guard position, the elbow is drawn back with a horizontal fist (knuckles pointing forward) and the elbow bent. The rear hand is tucked firmly against the jaw to protect the chin. The torso and hips are rotated clockwise, propelling the fist through a tight, clockwise arc across the front of the body and connecting with the target.
- At the same time, the lead foot pivots clockwise, turning the left heel outwards. Upon contact, the hook's circular path ends abruptly and the lead hand is pulled quickly back into the guard position. A hook may also target the lower body and this technique is sometimes called the "rip" to distinguish it from the conventional hook to the head. The hook may also be thrown with the rear hand. Notable left hookers include Joe Frazier and Mike Tyson.
- Uppercut – A vertical, rising punch thrown with the rear hand. From the guard position, the torso shifts slightly to the right, the rear hand drops below the level of the opponent's chest and the knees are bent slightly. From this position, the rear hand is thrust upwards in a rising arc towards the opponent's chin or torso.
- At the same time, the knees push upwards quickly and the torso and hips rotate anti-clockwise and the rear heel turns outward, mimicking the body movement of the cross. The strategic utility of the uppercut depends on its ability to "lift" the opponent's body, setting it off-balance for successive attacks. The right uppercut followed by a left hook is a deadly combination employing the uppercut to lift the opponent's chin into a vulnerable position, then the hook to knock the opponent out.
- These different punch types can be thrown in rapid succession to form combinations or "combos". The most common is the jab and cross combination, nicknamed the "one-two combo". This is usually an effective combination, because the jab blocks the opponent's view of the cross, making it easier to land cleanly and forcefully.
- A large, swinging circular punch starting from a cocked-back position with the arm at a longer extension than the hook and all of the fighter's weight behind it is sometimes referred to as a "roundhouse", "haymaker", or sucker-punch. Relying on body weight and centripetal force within a wide arc, the roundhouse can be a powerful blow, but it is often a wild and uncontrolled punch that leaves the fighter delivering it off balance and with an open guard.
- Wide, looping punches have the further disadvantage of taking more time to deliver, giving the opponent ample warning to react and counter. For this reason, the haymaker or roundhouse is not a conventional punch, and is regarded by trainers as a mark of poor technique or desperation. Sometimes it has been used, because of its immense potential power, to finish off an already staggering opponent who seems unable or unlikely to take advantage of the poor position it leaves the puncher in.
- Another unconventional punch is the rarely used bolo punch, in which the opponent swings an arm out several times in a wide arc, usually as a distraction, before delivering with either that or the other arm.
- An illegal punch to the back of the head or neck is known as a rabbit punch.
There are several basic maneuvers a boxer can use in order to evade or block punches, depicted and discussed below.
- Slip – Slipping rotates the body slightly so that an incoming punch passes harmlessly next to the head. As the opponent's punch arrives, the boxer sharply rotates the hips and shoulders. This turns the chin sideways and allows the punch to "slip" past. Muhammad Ali was famous for extremely fast and close slips, as was an early Mike Tyson.
- A slipper will also most likely be a good counter puncher. Most of the time a slipper will immediately strike their opponent back.
- Sway or fade – To anticipate a punch and move the upper body or head back so that it misses or has its force appreciably lessened. Also called "rolling with the punch" or " Riding The Punch".
- Duck or break – To drop down with the back straight so that a punch aimed at the head glances or misses entirely.
- Bob and weave – Bobbing moves the head laterally and beneath an incoming punch. As the opponent's punch arrives, the boxer bends the legs quickly and simultaneously shifts the body either slightly right or left. Once the punch has been evaded, the boxer "weaves" back to an upright position, emerging on either the outside or inside of the opponent's still-extended arm. To move outside the opponent's extended arm is called "bobbing to the outside". To move inside the opponent's extended arm is called "bobbing to the inside". Joe Frazier, Jack Dempsey, Mike Tyson and Rocky Marciano were masters of bobbing and weaving.
- Parry/block – Parrying or blocking uses the boxer's shoulder, hands or arms as defensive tools to protect against incoming attacks. A block generally receives a punch while a parry tends to deflect it. A "palm" or "cuff" is a block which intentionally takes the incoming punch on that portion of the defender's glove.Floyd Mayweather Jr., is a master of this technique.
- The cover-Up – Covering up is the last opportunity (other than rolling with a punch) to avoid an incoming strike to an unprotected face or body. Generally speaking, the hands are held high to protect the head and chin and the forearms are tucked against the torso to impede body shots. When protecting the body, the boxer rotates the hips and lets incoming punches "roll" off the guard. To protect the head, the boxer presses both fists against the front of the face with the forearms parallel and facing outwards. This type of guard is weak against attacks from below.
- The clinch – Clinching is a form of trapping or a rough form of grappling and occurs when the distance between both fighters has closed and straight punches cannot be employed. In this situation, the boxer attempts to hold or "tie up" the opponent's hands so he is unable to throw hooks or uppercuts. To perform a clinch, the boxer loops both hands around the outside of the opponent's shoulders, scooping back under the forearms to grasp the opponent's arms tightly against his own body. In this position, the opponent's arms are pinned and cannot be used to attack. Clinching is a temporary match state and is quickly dissipated by the referee. Clinching is technically against the rules, and in amateur fights points are deducted fairly quickly for it. It is unlikely, however, to see points deducted for a clinch in professional boxing.
Philly Shell or Shoulder roll defense -This is actually a variation of the cross-arm defense. The lead arm (left for an orthodox fighter and right for a southpaw) is placed across the torso usually somewhere in between the belly button and chest and the lead hand rests on the opposite side of the fighter's torso. The back hand is placed on the side of the face (right side for orthodox fighters and left side for southpaws). The lead shoulder is brought in tight against the side of the face (left side for orthodox fighters and right side for southpaws). This style is used by fighters who like to counterpunch.
To execute this guard a fighter must be very athletic and experienced. This style is so effective for counterpunching because it allows fighters to slip punches by rotating and dipping their upper body and causing blows to glance off the fighter. After the punch glances off, the fighter's back hand is in perfect position to hit their out-of-position opponent. The shoulder lean is used in this stance. To execute the shoulder lean a fighter rotates and ducks (to the right for orthodox fighters and to the left for southpaws) when their opponents punch is coming towards them and then rotates back towards their opponent while their opponent is bringing their hand back.
The fighter will throw a punch with their back hand as they are rotating towards their undefended opponent. The weakness to this style is that when a fighter is stationary and not rotating they are open to be hit so a fighter must be athletic and well conditioned to effectively execute this style. To beat this style, fighters like to jab their opponents shoulder causing the shoulder and arm to be in pain and to demobilize that arm. Fighters that used this defense include Sugar Ray Robinson, Ken Norton (also used this defense), Pernell Whitaker, James Toney, and Floyd Mayweather Jr.. Floyd Mayweather Jr., is considered to be the master of this technique.
Less common strategies
- The "rope-a-dope" strategy : Used by Muhammad Ali in his 1974 "the Rumble in the Jungle" bout against George Foreman, the rope-a-dope method involves lying back against the ropes, covering up defensively as much as possible and allowing the opponent to attempt numerous punches. The back-leaning posture, which does not cause the defending boxer to become as unbalanced as they would during normal backward movement, also maximizes the distance of the defender's head from his opponent, increasing the probability that punches will miss their intended target. Weathering the blows that do land, the defender lures the opponent into expending energy while conserving his/her own. If successful, the attacking opponent will eventually tire, creating defensive flaws which the boxer can exploit. In modern boxing, the rope-a-dope is generally discouraged since most opponents are not fooled by it and few boxers possess the physical toughness to withstand a prolonged, unanswered assault. Recently, however, eight-division world champion Manny Pacquiao skillfully used the strategy to gauge the power of welter


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I've often used the quote, "Variety is the very spice of life" to share how I feel about trying new things whether it be new foods, new activities, moving to new cities and embracing the uniqueness of different cultures. The sentiment of this expression traces back to at least the first century BC, as recorded in the writings of Publilius Syrus. However, it's first recorded use in this exact form is in The Task, a poem written by William Cowper in 1785. When William Cowper wrote, "Variety's the very spice of life", he was reflecting on the ever-changing fashion of clothes.
Spices are these little things — mostly seed, fruit, root, and bark — which are used in nutritionally insignificant quantities to pep up ones food. Their unique flavors enhance the food. Spices also serve as a preservative by killing or preventing the growth of harmful bacteria.
The phrase," Variety is the spice of life" was probably coined to express how variety, if added in our lives, could have the effect of a spice and enhance our everyday existence. Variety does to our lives the same thing that spice does to food. It makes it more fun, more interesting, more meaningful. It can cure depression and alleviate boredom.
Everyday life can get mundane. Adding spice means that life could be made more interesting by making some significant changes. The message conveyed by this phrase, if taken seriously, could change the course of our lives. It is good to try different things. After all, a rolling stone gathers no moss. Besides, it serves to break the monotony of our lives — one of the reasons for depression these days.
If one is used to having lentil and rice every day for lunch, biryani is a very welcome change. A cook uses different spices, different garnishes; each rendering a different taste in the same dish. Similarly, if we make changes in our life, we could challenge the sameness and lead more meaningful lives. Variety in our lives does not necessarily mean that we go about making drastic changes. That could be disastrous.
When children study a particular subject over a period of time, they get bored. A good way to keep the child's interest up would be to introduce some variety. A picture book or a game that teaches the child while he plays could be a good way to help him learn.
Youth are probably the most open for new adventures and variety in their life. That is in part because at this stage, one is more open to change, more open to learn new things and more open to experiment. Adults have a lesson to learn from the youth.
One might get older physically, but if the heart is young then the body will follow and try to keep pace with it. So what can keep us young at heart? Embrace new ideas and allow change to happen. I recently had to make changes to a senior fitness class at the YMCA due to instructors becoming unavailable to teach that style of class. In addition, a different group of members had been asking us to add more variety to the morning schedule. As a result we cut one of the senior classes and added Zumba, a class that would attract a different population and had been requested frequently. We still offer 13 senior friendly classes in the morning Monday through Friday, so we have more than enough classes to offer variety for our aging population. Although it has been tough for some of our seniors to change, several have ventured into water aerobics, SilverSplash or are trying out the bike, elliptical or treadmills in the cardio room. Some are even participating in a modified Zumba class and now have more variety in their exercise routine. In addition to adding more variety for seniors, this has opened up a new class for a different population adding more variety to their activity options. Going for a walk day after day could get really boring. One would see the same faces and the same surroundings. These senior Y members are now seeing new faces and are making new friends. They're exercising their body in a different way which improves both their physical and cognitive functioning, allowing them to feel and think better.
Just like a spice could ruin food if it is used in excess, similarly variety could ruin our lives if we started applying it indiscriminately. Changing your diet to eat more vegetables may be the best thing you could do for your health, but going from eating no vegetables to eating only vegetables may cause stomach problems. So, make some changes more slowly.
If a husband and wife are bored with their family life, they should do something different. Instead of eating dinner every day, day after day with the family, they could opt once in a while to go out for a candlelight dinner.
Instead of watching a movie with the family every Sunday, they could go out for a small excursion. Introducing variety in ones life does not have to be expensive. You just have to put your mind to it. As a family if you put your heads together you will be amazed at the suggestions your kids could come up with to make your weekends exciting. When one leads an exciting life, there will be little room for either depression or boredom. You will wake up each morning looking forward to a different day. So live life to the fullest. Experiment and innovate and you will find that variety can really spice up your life.
Mary Ganzel is senior program director at the Albany Area YMCA. She has a master's degree in exercise physiology from the University of Kentucky and has worked in the fitness industry for more than 25 years. She's been certified through multiple national organizations over the years as a personal trainer, exercise test technologist, health promotion director, group exercise instructor, Cycle Reebok instructor and Pilates instructor through Cooper Institute, American College of Sports Medicine, American Council on Exercise, Aerobic Fitness Association of America and the Young Mens Christian Association.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


wood ash uses and benefits around home and yard
Wood Ash Use and Benefits
Do you have a wood burning fireplace but don't know what to do with the messy ash? Don't throw it away! Wood ash has many practical uses around the home and even in the garden/yard. Here are some benefits of using wood ash outside of the fireplace.
White wood ash can be used to clean and maintain your home. Using ash is a good alternative to some cleaning products. Test a small area that is hidden before using on or near fabrics and furniture. If you want to get rid of dirt and grime on glass, stainless steel or frying pans, dry ash can help. You can clean the glass window of your oven or even the fireplace door by dipping a damp sponge in ash and scrub the glass gently. For a homemade silver polish that's nontoxic, make a paste of ash and water, then rub with a cloth.
Ash has the power of melting ice on driveways and front walkways. You can sprinkle ash on icy spots and the ice will melt within a day, without hurting the soil or concrete underneath. You can also combine white ash with water to form a paste, which can remove stains from driveways. Gently buff the paste into the surface and then wipe it off with a soft cloth. You can also use dry ash to remove wet paint on cement. Sprinkle ash directly on the wet paint splatters and it will be absorbed by the ash.
Other than sunlight and water, plants need elements that can be found in ash, such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium and boron. Ash is very alkaline and raises pH levels in garden soil, which is a great environment for seeds to grow. Ash also acts as a pest repellent. It gets rid of slugs and snails when spread evenly around garden beds.
Ash is a great odor remover. Place a small bowl of ash in the fridge and change it every two days until the bad smell is gone. For pet odors, you can sprinkle ash in cat litter boxes to neutralize the smell.
Beware, after using the ash, store it in a fireproof container with the lid shut to choke any embers.


Definition - What does Anaerobic mean?
Anaerobic refers to a type of environment that consists of a partial or complete lack of oxygen. It may also refer to a type of corrosion that occurs in the presence of anoxic water.
Corrosionpedia explains Anaerobic
Anaerobic corrosion is most readily observed when a metal is placed or used in an environment with a high concentration of bacteria. These bacteria can survive in areas without oxygen and force metal degradation and/or corrosion via the microorganism's activity. Such a mechanism is primarily observed in the presence of anoxic water.
A major type of anaerobic corrosion is hydrogen corrosion, which involves a redox reaction that reduces hydrogen ions to form molecular hydrogen.
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Change in Permeability of the Small Intestine after Treatment
Study type: Interventional What is this?
Describes the nature of a clinical study. Types include:
- Observational study — observes people and measures outcomes without affecting results.
- Interventional study (clinical trial) — studies new tests, treatments, drugs, surgical procedures or devices.
- Medical records research — uses historical information collected from medical records of large groups of people to study how diseases progress and which treatments and surgeries work best.
- Jacksonville, Florida: 13-005160
NCT ID: NCT02098057
Sponsor Protocol Number: 13-005160
About this study
The overall hypothesis of this research study is that gluten intake alters intestinal barrier function in patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) diarrhea who also exhibit non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS).
Participant eligibility includes age, gender, type and stage of disease, and previous treatments or health concerns. Guidelines differ from study to study, and identify who can or cannot participate. If you need assistance understanding the eligibility criteria, please contact the study team.
See eligibility criteria
- Non celiac gluten sensitive patients with a functional bowel disorder
- Age 18 to 70 years.
- Positive serum tissue transglutaminase (TTG) Immunoglobulin A (IgA) positive or medical record of small bowel biopsy suggestive of celiac disease.
- Use of tobacco products within the past 6 months (since nicotine may affect intestinal permeability).
- Abdominal surgeries (except appendectomy, cholecystectomy and vaginal hysterectomy or tubal ligation)
- Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs(NSAIDs) or aspirin within the past week (since Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) affect intestinal permeability).
- Use of oral corticosteroids within the previous 6 weeks.
- Ingestion of artificial sweeteners such as Splenda™ (sucralose), Nutrasweet ™ (aspartame), lactulose or mannitol 2 days before the study tests begins, e.g., foods to be avoided are sugarless gums or mints and diet soda.
- Bleeding disorders or medications that increase risk of bleeding from mucosal biopsies.
- High anxiety or depression score (>11 on each subscale) on the Hospital Anxiety Depression Score questionnaire.
- Known allergy to fluorescein.
Participating Mayo Clinic locations
Study statuses change often. Please contact us for help.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The Dark Moon Goddess and the Enchantment of Bilderberg
This time last year, I wrote about Chris Street's work in exposing the huge animal giant earthworks that surround London, the Lion and the Unicorn. I concentrated on the solar Lion because the land which he stands guardian over was where the Olympics were about to take place, and the river named after him runs into the Olympic Park. (For more on that, see The Enchantment of the Olympics).
Now that Bilderberg is well upon us, I want to concentrate on the Unicorn, because this is the other side of the enchantment; the yin to the yang. As we now go into the three days of the dark moon, it appears that the influence of the moon goddess is being petitioned and employed to protect the site of the Bilderberg conference.
The Lion, guarding the east of London
The Lion with his crown
Of course, we've already noticed that where the conference is taking place, the Grove Hotel, could possibly be named as such after the groves of the Druids, especially as we know the globalist occultists that plan and design these events like to meet at Bohemian Grove in California.
But there's much more to it than that. Where they are in Watford, north-west of London, they are meeting on what they consider to be sacred, enchanted ground, as most likely did the Druids before them.
This is an extract from an article by Chris Street called The Guardians of the Sacred City which is in Anthony Thorley's book, Legendary London.
 The Unicorn
The Unicorn guarding the west of London
Like the Lion, the Unicorn has an outline defined by a combination of roads, pathways and rivers, The horse-like back and mane is defined by the A410 Uxbridge Road, and the rear end by the parts of the A1 and A41. It's especially worth noting that the tip of the short horn is a place actually called Horn Hill, near Maple Cross, and there is a small, pleasant Victorian chapel dedicated to St Paul.
The head of the unicorn is defined by the rivers of the area, principally, the Colne and the Ver. In mythology, the Unicorn has a special relationship with the virgin moon goddess. One legend states that the unicorn rests it head on the lap of the goddess, and so on the London landscape it actually does. The head of the Unicorn rests upon the course of several rivers with distinct goddess associations.
To our remote ancestors, all rivers were perceived to be living entities inhabited by deific spirits, mostly feminine river goddesses. Sabrina, for example, was goddess of the Severn. The Ver takes its name from a little known ancient British goddess. It is believed that her name relates to the old Welsh word, fair (there is no 'v' in old Welsh), which today means Mary. Llanfair, for example, means sacred place of Mary. So it appears that the Virgin Mary and the goddess Ver are connected.
Like the sacred waters rising in the shadow of Glastonbury Tor, the River Ver has a red spring and a white spring, which rises at Redbourne and Markyate respectively. The Ver runs into the Colne north of Watford and stretches along the entire west side of London through Rickmansworth, Uxbridge, Denham and finally into the Thames at Staines.
So the whole of London is enclosed by sacred rivers. On the north, north-east and east, the river (Lea) is of the sun god Lugh, the Lion. On the north-west and west are the goddess rivers of the Unicorn.
Of course, they both join the Thames which carries both polarities, since on old maps it is shown as Thames-Isis or Tamesis. This name reflects the principal god and goddess, Tammuz and Ishtar (Isis) of those inveterate mariners, the Phoenicians, who were known to have travelled these islands.
The Lion and the Unicorn stand either side of London as they do on the Royal Coat of Arms.
Coat of arms
Interestingly, though, the only time that they appear the right way round is when the Coat of Arms is shown in Scotland. I expect the Scottish Rite laddies see to that!
Coat of arms Scotland


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Suppose we have a set $M = (0,1) \subset R$ of reals well-ordered as the first uncountable ordinal.
Let $M(a) = \lbrace x \in M : x < a \rbrace$. For every $a \in M$ set $M(a)$ is countable. That's why every increasing sequence is bounded:
$$(*) ~~~~~~~~~~ \forall \lbrace a_1,...,a_n,...\rbrace \subset M ~~\exists b \in M : a_i < b ~~\forall i \in \mathbb{N}.$$
Now suppose that we can pick elements from $M$ at random. And let's try to build an increasing random sequence by the following algorithm. Let we have an increasing sequence of elements $\{a_1,...,a_n\}$. Pick some random number $b$. If $b > a_n$ set $a_{n+1} = b$. Otherwise pick other random number instead of $b$ and check $b > a_n$ condition. Continue this till success. Since we pick numbers at random it shouldn't be a problem to construct an infinite sequence. But every infinite sequence is bounded! Which means that in our infinite process we will never be able to pick random number which is greater than some number $c \in M$. This is even more astonishing since $M(c)$ is countable and $M \setminus M(c)$ is uncountable!
Any thoughts how to "solve" this paradox?
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To pick elements from $M$ at random you need to have a probability measure on $M$ to sample from. What is it? – François G. Dorais Jun 6 '13 at 13:36
_USER_ I guess he uses Lebesgue measure on $M$. – The User Jun 6 '13 at 13:41
_USER_: So $M$ is Lebesgue measurable and not null? – François G. Dorais Jun 6 '13 at 13:42
_USER_ Hm? The standard probability measure (Lebesgue measure) on the unit interval is not null. – The User Jun 6 '13 at 13:47
_USER_: So Dan is assuming CH? – François G. Dorais Jun 6 '13 at 13:52
4 Answers 4
up vote 10 down vote accepted
I think the paradox can be solved by the observation that $c$ is defined a posteriori, so it is not true that you avoid $c$ during all the process, since $c$ is in fact an outcome of the process.
You could do a similar paradox without bothering with well-orderings: pick a sequence $X=\{a_1,a_2,\dots\}$ in $(0,1)$ by choosing each $a_i$ at random, one after the other.
Then your "paradox" is that each $a_i$ you chose belong to $X$, which has measure $0$ and is countable, whereas $(0,1)$ is uncountable with measure $1$. But since $X$ is the outcome of the process and was not defined at the time of the choosing, it is not a real paradox.
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I agree with DK that the "paradox" has nothing to do with the assumed well-ordering. I think it also has nothing to do with the decision to choose a countable sequence of elements $a_n$. Suppose we just pick a single $a$, at random, with respect to Lebesgue measure. Since the one-element set $\{a\}$ has measure zero, we can say, paraphrasing the question, "in our process, we never pick a number outside $\{a\}$. This is even more astonishing since $\{a\}$ has just a single element and its complement is uncountable."
I trust that this situation, involving just a single $a$, is more familiar to most people and therefore doesn't look paradoxical. I claim that the situation in the question is quite analogous and should not be considered paradoxical either.
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Well, $a,a,a,\ldots$ could be randomly chosen. The problem with random things is that you never know! :-) Also dilbert.com/strips/comic/2001-10-25 and _URL_ – Asaf Karagila Jun 6 '13 at 16:41
The answers already given amount to, "With probability 1, a probability-zero event will happen when you do something randomly." This is absolutely correct, but let me give a slightly different take on the OP's argument that is more specifically about well-orderings.
Let's simplify matters, and just do the following: select $\alpha,\beta\in\omega_1$ randomly. What is the probability that $\alpha<\beta$ (in the usual ordering on $\omega_1$)? Naive arguments show that the probability is 1. But by those same arguments, the probability that $\beta<\alpha$ is 1.
In the reals context, the paradox is: if I select a real $r=\langle s_0, s_1\rangle$, what is the probability that $r\in X$, where $$ X=\lbrace u=\langle v_0, v_1\rangle: f^{-1}(v_0) < f^{-1}(v_1)\rbrace,$$ and in turn $$ f: \omega_1\rightarrow\mathbb{R} $$ is a bijection? (Note that this argument is really about well-orderings, and not just about the inevitability of probability-zero events.)
This is just Freiling's argument against $CH$ (see _URL_ This argument was discussed on MO here: Axiom of Symmetry, aka Freiling's argument against CH. Briefly, the reason it isn't generally found convincing as an argument against $CH$ is that it tacitly assumes that the reals are well-orderable if and only if they are well-orderable in a measurable way. So if you believe that there are non-measurable sets, this argument really shouldn't be very convincing.
(On the other hand, if you find this argument intuitively appealing, maybe $L(\mathbb{R})$ is right for you!)
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For simplicity let us drop the condition that $a_\{n+1\}>a_n$. It just means that we exclude a countable set in every step, that should not be very interesting. We can still consider the supremum of a sequence with respect to the well-order and ask wether it is a given countable ordinal $c$. This event has probability zero, since it is contained in the set of all sequences where the first value is contained in a certain countable set. This set is contained the countable union of sets of the form $\left\{a\right\}\times [0,1]^{\mathbb{N}}$, which have measure zero. QED. You simply constructed many different sets of probability zero containing sequences with infinitely many different values (but you enforce that the values are contained in a certain countable set, and there are many countable subsets of the reals). I do not think that this is very astonishing.
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From a total population of 88,975, Westminster has a median age of 40. The average age of males, in Westminster, is 39.1 while the average age of females is 40.6. When you compare this to median age of California, Westminster is 4.4 years older.
The median income of individuals, in Westminster, is $22,821 while the average household income is $53,660. When comparing the median income of people living in Westminster to the rest of California, the average income in Westminster is $7,085 less.


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Reducing the impacts of goods movement on human health and the environment is a top priority for the Port of Long Beach. Sources of port-related emissions include ocean-going vessels, heavy-duty trucks, harbor craft, cargo-handling equipment and railroad locomotives that emit diesel particulate matter (DPM), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur oxides (SOx), all of which have been known to affect human health and contribute to the formation of smog.
Since 2005, the Port has cut diesel particulates by 81 percent. In addition, nitrogen oxides were down 54 percent and sulfur oxides were down 88 percent over the same period. These results, from data collected through 2012, represent six straight years of improving air quality in the harbor area.
Air Quality 101 – What are DPM, NOx, and SOx?
- DIESEL PARTICULATE MATTER – Diesel particulate matter, or DPM, is a part of a complex mixture that makes up diesel exhaust. DPM has been identified as a toxic air contaminant based on its potential to cause cancer, premature death, and other health problems.
- NITROGEN OXIDES – Nitrogen oxides, or NOx, are a group of highly reactive gases produced during the fuel combustion process. NOx reacts to form ground-level ozone and smog, and can contribute to respiratory problems.
- SULFUR OXIDES – Sulfur oxides, or SOx, are gases formed when fuel containing sulfur, such as coal and oil, is burned. SOx can form particulates in the air and can contribute to respiratory problems.
Port-Related Sources of Air Emissions
Air Quality Programs
- CLEAN AIR ACTION PLAN – In 2006, the ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles together adopted the landmark Clean Air Action Plan (CAAP). The CAAP, which was updated in 2010 (2010 CAAP Update) was developed in coordination with the United States Environmental Protection Agency Region 9, the California Air Resources Board, and the South Coast Air Quality Management District. The CAAP focuses on strategies to reduce health risk to communities surrounding the ports and targets significant reductions in diesel particulate matter (DPM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulfur oxides (SOx).
- SAN PEDRO BAY STANDARDS – The 2010 CAAP Update includes the addition of the San Pedro Bay Standards that represent the health risk and emissions reduction goals for the ports through the year 2023 compared to 2005 levels:
- Health Risk Reduction Standard
- By 2020, reduce port-related cancer risk by 85%.
- Emissions Reduction Standard
- By 2014, reduce DPM emissions by 72%, NOx by 22%, and SOx by 93%; and support attainment of the federal fine particulate matter (PM2.5) standards.
- By 2023, reduce DPM emissions by 77%, NOx by 59% to support attainment of the federal 8-hour ozone standard, and SOx by 93%.
- TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENT PROGRAM – The Technology Advancement Program (TAP) aims to identify, evaluate, and demonstrate new and emerging emission reduction technologies for the port industry. The goal is to accelerate verification and commercial availability of clean technologies. Proven technologies and demonstration projects evaluated under the TAP are used to support the goals of the CAAP.
- CLEAN TRUCKS PROGRAM – The Port of Long Beach's ambitious Clean Trucks Program has reduced air pollution from harbor trucks by more than 90 percent in a little over three years. In 2012, the program banned permanently the last remaining older, more polluting trucks from Port terminals. Today, virtually all of the 11,000 drayage trucks servicing the Port terminals are 2007 or newer models.
- GREEN FLAG VESSEL SPEED REDUCTION PROGRAM – The Port awards "Green Flags" and reduced dockage to ships and vessel operators who voluntarily reduce their ship speeds to 12-knots within 20 or 40 nautical miles of the Port. In 2011, 96 percent of vessels reduced their speeds within 20 nautical miles, and 80 percent within 40 nautical miles. As a result of ships slowing down, DPM emissions were reduced by more than 40 tons, NOx emissions by more than 950 tons, and SOx by 330 tons. Greenhouse gases were also reduced by more than 45,000 tons.
- GREEN SHIP INCENTIVE PROGRAM – The Port rewards ship operators that bring the newest, cleanest ships to the Port of Long Beach. The Green Ship Incentive Program gives financial incentives to ships meeting the international Tier 2 engine standards, which emit 15% fewer NOx emissions than the current fleet, and Tier 3 standards, which emit 80% fewer NOx emissions. Since launching in 2012, the program has eliminated more than 20 tons of ship-related NOx emissions.
- SHORE POWER – The Port has been a leader in requiring ships to plug into the electrical grid and turn off their auxiliary engines while at berth, a process known as "shore power." Since 2006, the Port has required shore power through its Green Leases, and it continually seeks out opportunities to increase the use of shore power beyond regulatory requirements. The Port currently has shore power at four berths, including the world's only shore power-capable tanker facility. By 2014, the Port will outfit all of its container terminals with shore power in preparation for state regulation requirements. Plugging in one container ship for one day is the equivalent of taking 42,000 cars off the road.
- CLEAN AIR ACTION PLAN AWARDS – Each year, the ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles acknowledge achievements of port tenants and operators who demonstrated during the previous calendar year, a strong commitment to reducing air pollutant emissions from port-related sources beyond CAAP compliance levels.
- ANNUAL AIR EMISSIONS INVENTORIES – Each year, the Port of Long Beach conducts an inventory of air emissions from port-related sources. Comparing to a CAAP baseline year of 2005 and using the latest data and methodologies, the annual emissions inventories serve as the primary tool for the Port to track the progress of implemented CAAP measures and air quality regulations to reduce air emissions from ocean-going vessels, heavy-duty trucks, cargo-handling equipment, harbor craft, and railroad locomotives.
- AIR QUALITY MONITORING – The Port of Long Beach and the Port of Los Angeles each operates an air quality monitoring network which collect continuous data on ambient air quality and meteorological conditions in the San Pedro Bay region.


Jews in Iran
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Jews in Iran
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Iranian Jews, Persian Jewish population
Persian Jews (also called Iranian Jews) are members of Jewish communities living in Iran and throughout the former greatest extents of the Persian EmpireJudaism is the second oldest religion still existing in Iran (after Zoroastrianism) and it has a long and varied history in the region.
today, the largest groups of Persian Jews are found in Israel (75,000 in 1993[1] and the United States (45,000) (especially in the Los Angeles area, home to a large concentration of expatriateIranians). By various estimates, between 11,000 and 40,000 (most sources say 25,000) Jews remain in Iran, mostly in TehranIsfahan and Hamedan.
jews iran
jews iran
Persian Jews have lived in the territories of today's Iran for over 2,700 years, since the first Jewish diaspora when Shalmaneser V conquered the (Northern) Kingdom of Israel (722 BCE) and sent the Israelites into captivity at Khorasan. In 586 BCE, the Babylonians expelled large populations of Jews from Judea to the Babylonian captivity.
Jews who migrated to ancient Persia mostly lived in their own communities. The Persian Jewish communities include the ancient (and until the mid-20th century still extant) communities not only of Iran, but of parts of what is now AfghanistanAzerbaijan, northwestern IndiaKirgizstan,PakistanTajikistanTurkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
Some of the communities have been isolated from other Jewish communities, to the extent that their classification as "Persian Jews" is a matter of linguistic or geographical convenience rather than actual historical relationship with one another. During the peak of the Persian Empire, Jews are thought to have comprised as much as 20% of the population.
According to the Library of Congress Country Study on Iran: "Over the centuries the Jews of Iran became physically, culturally, and linguistically indistinguishable from the non-Jewish population. The overwhelming majority of Jews speak Persian as their mother language, and a tiny minority, Kurdish."
Cyrus the Great and Jews
Cyrus the Great allowing Hebrew pilgrims to return to and rebuild Jerusalem
Cyrus the Great allowing Hebrew pilgrims to return to and rebuild Jerusalem
Three times during the 6th century BCE, the Jews (Hebrews) of the ancient Kingdom of Judahwere exiled to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar. These three separate occasions are mentioned inJeremiah (52:28-30). The first exile was in the time of Jehoiachin in 597 BCE, when the Temple of Jerusalem was partially despoiled and a number of the leading citizens removed. After eleven years (in the reign of Zedekiah) a fresh rising of the Judaeans occurred; the city was razed to the ground, and a further deportation ensued. Finally, five years later, Jeremiah records a third captivity. After the overthrow of Babylonia by the Achaemenid EmpireCyrus the Great gave the Jews permission to return to their native land (537 BCE), and more than forty thousand are said to have availed themselves of the privilege, (See JehoiakimEzraNehemiah and Jews). Cyrus also allowed them to practice their religion freely (See Cyrus Cylinder) unlike the previous Assyrian and Babylonian rulers.
Haman and Jews
According to the scriptures of Esther,Haman was an Agagite noble and vizier of the empire under Persian King Ahasuerus, generally identified by Biblical scholars as Xerxes I in 6th century BCE. Haman and his wife Zeresh instigated a plot to kill all the Jews of ancient Persia. The plot was foiled by Queen Esther and as a result Haman and his ten sons were hanged. Jews around the world commemorate these events in the holiday of Purim.
Parthian period
Jewish sources contain no mention of "Parthian" (Old Persian: Parthava, akin to Persia) influence; the very name Parthia does not occur, unless indeed "Parthian" is meant by "Persian" which occurs now and then. The Armenian prince Sanatroces, of the royal house of the Arsacides, is mentioned in the "Small Chronicle" as one of the successors (diadochoi) of Alexander. Among other Asiatic princes, the Roman rescript in favor of the Jews reached Arsaces as well (I Macc. xv. 22); it is not, however, specified which Arsaces. Not long after this, the Partho-Babylonian country was trodden by the army of a Jewish prince; the Syrian king, Antiochus Sidetes, marched, in company with Hyrcanus I., against the Parthians; and when the allied armies defeated the Parthians (129 BC) at the River Zab (Lycus), the king ordered a halt of two day on account of theJewish Sabbath and Feast of Weeks. In 40 BC the Jewish puppet-king, Hyrcanus II., fell into the hands of the Parthians, who, according to their custom, cut off his ears in order to render him unfit for rulership. The Jews of Babylonia, it seems, had the intention of founding a high-priesthood for the exiled Hyrcanus, which they would have made quite independent of the Land of Israel. But the reverse was to come about: the Judeans received a Babylonian, Ananel by name, as their high priest which indicates the importance enjoyed by the Jews of Babylonia. Still in religious matters the Babylonians, as indeed the whole diaspora, were in many regards dependent upon the Land of Israel. They went on pilgrimages to Jerusalem for the festivals.
Sassanid period (226?-634?CE)
By the early Third Century, Persian influences were on the rise again. In the winter of 226 CE,Ardashir I overthrew the last Parthian king (Artabanus IV), destroyed the rule of the Arsacids, and founded the illustrious dynasty of the Sassanids. While Hellenistic influence had been felt amongst the religiously tolerant Parthians[2] [3] [4], the Sassanids intensified the Persian side of life, favored the Pahlavi language, and restored the old monotheistic religion of Zoroastrianismwhich became the official state religion[5] This resulted in the suppression of other religions.[6] A priestly Zoroastrian inscription from the time of King Bahram II (276-293 CE) contains a list of religions (including Judaism, Christianity, Buddhism etc.) that Sassanid rule claimed to have "smashed".[7]
Shapur I (Shvor Malka, which is the Aramaic form of the name) was friendly to the Jews. His friendship with Shmuel gained many advantages for the Jewish community. Shapur II's mother was Jewish, and this gave the Jewish community relative freedom of religion and many advantages. He was also friend of a Babylonian rabbi in the Talmud named Raba (Talmud), Raba's friendship with Shapur II enabled him to secure a relaxation of the oppressive laws enacted against the Jews in the Persian Empire. In addition, Raba sometimes referred to his top student Abaye with the term Shvur Malka meaning "Shaput [the] King" because of his bright and quick intellect.
Early Islamic period (_PHONE_)
Mongol rule (_PHONE_)
Hebrew version of Nizami's "Khosrow va Shirin".
Hebrew version of Nizami's "Khosrow va Shirin".
In 1255, Mongols led by Hulagu Khan began a charge on Persia, and in 1257 they capturedBaghdad putting an end to the Abbasid caliphate. In Persia and surrounding areas, the Mongols established a division of the Mongol Empire known as Ilkhanate. Because in Ilkhanate all religions were considered equal, Mongol rulers abolished the inequality of dhimmis. One of the Ilkhanate rulers, Arghun Khan even preferred Jews and Christians for the administrative positions and appointed Sa'd al-Daula, a Jew, as his vizier. The appointed, however, provoked resentment from the Muslim clergy, and after Arghun's death in 1291, al-Daula was murdered and Persian Jews suffered a period of


The blog sums up the tips taken from one of the interviews of H. Rao Unnava, on the importance of branding in higher education. The Dean of UC Davis Graduate School of Management, he had shared some concepts with a group of Higher Ed officials focused on improving student recruitment, alumni, and donor engagement. He has more than 30 years of research experience in building and maintaining the Institution's brand loyalty. Let's get into what he has to say.
Branding in higher education to Build brand loyalty
Brand loyalty, here in this case education branding is very crucial to getting desired results in Higher Education. The importance of university branding is so intense that it makes a student become emotionally attached to the Institution and more likely to commit to it in terms of donations, referrals, or take some positive action. The journey from student experiences to alumni communications creates access to many different types of touchpoints and therefore many opportunities to build brand loyalty. The more the institutions take advantage of these opportunities to build meaningful engagement, the more loyal and committed the constituents to become.
Develop distinct brand experience
Developing a distinct brand experience begins when prospective students, donors, and others visit the campus. The firsthand experience and feeling of ownership when they are physically present enhances their emotions that can be essential to success. Enrolled students should feel inspired by the institution as they pursue their degrees. In addition, when alumni and donors have touchpoints or visits with the institution, they should feel like they are part of the community. These experiences will build brand loyalty. rebrand, and be returned as positive actions on behalf of the institution.
Exceed high expectations
Higher education Institutions have a deeper level of relationship compared to consumer brands, so there may be a high level of emotional investment that must be met by these institutions. Institutions should prove quality experiences that are consistent with the constituents' value system and expectations.
Involve constituents in branding decisions
Involving constituents in branding decisions might increase their feeling of ownership towards the Institution because they know that the Institution considered them. However, it is important to listen. If the institution comes out with a new identity that is against the values of the most constituted, then there is going to be an issue.
In short, the keys to Institution's brand loyalty are in our hands. Make a difference to the Institution by setting high expectations, informing and involving constituents, and creating a strong brand identity.
To learn more about Engage2Serve's mobility solutions and how they can help meet your institutional or program goals, please click here.


From Active Volcanoes to Orangutans, this place is Narnia of Asia
Photo of From Active Volcanoes to Orangutans, this place is Narnia of Asia by Travel Beings
When you talk about visiting Indonesia, the first place you think of is Bali. But there is so much more to Indonesia than just Bali. Sumatara is one such location, showcases the untouched beauty of this country, away from the maddening crowd.
This sixth largest island in the world is full of deserted beaches, active volcanoes and dense forest. Apart from this assortment of landscapes, there is rich wildlife presence on this island including some critically endangered species like orangutan and the Sumatran tiger.
Why travel to Sumatra
The natural setting of Sumatara makes it a perfect destination for adventure travellers, you can witness active volcanos, go for trekking in forest or climb waterfalls. Here is a list of top things to do and top places you should visit in Sumatra.
Jungle Trekking in Bukittinggi
Located in west Sumatra this places if filled with mountains, valleys, rice fields, caves, rivers and deep dense forest. You can decide upon the number of days you would want to spend in the forest with your guide, he can plan a trip according to you. You can include visiting the villages, Japanese World War 2 caves, waterfalls and wildlife hotspots.
Lake Toba
Formed because of a volcanic explosion around 70,000 years ago, this 500 metre deep lake is still warm because of the underground volcanic activity. You must take a swim in this lake while in Sumatra. Also there is an island within the lake, so you will also visit an island within the island.
Gunung Leuser National Park
Having one of the most diverse ecosystem in the world, this UNESCO world heritage park is home to a lot of species of monkeys including the endangered 0rangutans. It is also the only location in the world where the oranhgutans live freely. You can also find elephants and rhinos in this national park.
Mount Sibyak
It is an active volcano you can actually visit. Not that you are going to see lava flowing out of it but there will be plenty of vents exhaling out sulphur steam and boiling mud everywhere. While the rest of Sumatra remains hot and humid you can actually experience cold at the top of the volcanic peak. Also, there is hot spring close to the peak, you can take a dip in it after the trek to relax.
Cuisine on offer
Sumatra has a lot of Padang food which constitutes mainly of coconut milk, spicy chili and steamed rice. You will find a lot of sea food and local fruit dishes, also Sambaul is one of the main curry you will find every. One speciality of Sumatra that you must try is Spicy Beef Rendang.
Indians don't need a visa to visit Indonesia, so you just won't have that hassle in your life while planning this trip.
When to go
Although Sumatra have a tropical weather but the best time is to visit from May to September, the weather is sunny and chances of rain are very less.
Getting there
There is no direct flights from Delhi to Sumatra. So here's how you can go:
By air: You can get a flight to Kualalampur from Delhi and from there you will have plenty of options to fly to Medan, Sumatra. A roundtrip from Delhi to Medan will cost you around ₹33,000.
Getting around
The best way to travel in Sumatra is by Angkots(shared taxi) and buses
Flight from New Delhi to Athens: Starts at ₹16,000
Hotel stay, per night: ₹5,000 (IDR _PHONE_)
A budget meal: ₹120 (IDR 24500)
A fancy meal: ₹490 (IDR 1,00,000)
There are lot of options to stay in Sumatara, randing from luxury hotels to budget stays.
If you are looking for cheap accommodation you should look for guesthouses, there are a lot of options to stay around ₹1000. Some most popular stay options in in this range are Freddies Santai Sumurtiga, which will cost you around ₹1700 (IDR3,50,000) per night. Thomas' Retreat Bukit Lawang is another porperty you should go for, it will cost you around ₹484 (IDR99,500) per night.
For luxury travellers, Novotel Pekanbaru is an excellent options that offer comfortable stay in Sumatra. It will cost you around ₹3,250 (IDR6,67,516) per night.
Have you stayed been to Sumatra, share your unique experience here.
Also, check out Tripoto's YouTube channel for some amazing travel videos and inspiration!


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Scaling Bitcoin workshop : Hong Kong 2015
Why miners will not voluntarily individually produce smaller blocks
Marginal cost is very low.
In about 2011, people started discussing the idea of needing an artificial cap for a block size limit to kind of kick up the transaction fees. The orphan risk is a marginal cost the larger the block, the higher the chance of an orphan.
Now I've got some issues why orphan risk may not be so great. As technology improves, over time the technology cost of orphaning gets lower and lower, so you are relying on driving miner revenue or fees, would become less relevant. I also think that orphans just by nature are kind of bad, and the aim of the system is to prevent orphans. Another reason is that orphan risk in general, the larger you are, the larger your mining operation, you don't need to propagate to yourself. This incentivizes mining centralization, because a smaller mine rwould have to propagate to a larger portion of the network.
The defense that people give to the orphan risk idea is that, orphan risk is not a great concern and it's jus tanother cost to miner like rent and salary and electricity, and the Chinese already have a capacity advantage, so all we're doing is adding one more cost, which just increases decentralization because Chinese already have the lead here. But orphan risk is quite unique. With these other cost, it's economies of scale that could run out. If you have low energy cost, if you are near hydrothermal or something, you will use up that capacity eventually. Orphan risk is lower for larger miners and this is an inherent property of the system and might always encourage centralization. With the other costs, we hope that the impact eventually runs out, but orphan risk might not.
And then there's the question of how does marginal orphan risk vary when the block size varies? As the block size increases, does the oprhan risk go higher and higher? Whatever happens, you're always going to be in a bad scenario. This is an illustration of the graph. The dark green line is the marginal orphan risk cost. The yellow line below it is the average orphan risk cost. You have the other two lines, are the fees or the demand curve. This seems that miners keep producing blocks up to the point where marginal orphan risk equals the marginal transaction fee. You can see the red area is the total orphan risk. And the yellow area is the total average transaction fee. In this exponential scenario, the red area is a large portion of total revenue. What is total margin risk? Total orphan risk relative to miner fee revenue? If I was to draw this line where there was a linear relationship to block size and marginal orphan rate, then it would actually say 100% of miner revenue would be equal to the economic value of orphan risk. I think this is quite potentially dangerous, or potentially dangerous to rely on orphan risk to drive the fee market.
A very common question is why don't miners voluntarily produce smaller blocks? Why does a fee limit matter? Miners will just produce smaller blocks. This was discussed in 2011. Each individual miner wants to generate as much cash as possible. They will include as many transactions as possible. One is to look at the whole mining industry as a whole, maybe the mining industry will produce smaller blocks to produce and protect the Bitcoin industry. The incentives for each individual miner is they want to generate as large blocks as possible. A lot of people don't agree, they think this is too theoretical, it's unproven game theory, the focus is too much on the local and not the longer-term. I think this tragedy of the commons problem we can see today in the commodities markets. If you look at iron ore, the miners keep producing more and more, and the price keeps falling of iron ore. It's a benefit to the industry for the miners to cut production, and for price to rise, but the game theory doesn't work out like that. They each produce as much as possible to generate as much cash as they can. They never voluntarily reduce production. They keep producing as much as they can, to produce cashflow to ensure their survival.
This is probably fine in most commodity markets. But in bitcoin, we always need a healthy mining network. There's a spectrum of how miners think. One group of people would say that miners care about long-term interests of the system, and they are playing a game of Life. But the other end of the spectrum is that miners care more about short-term profit optimization. But the reality is that nobody is right here, there's a whole spectrum of mining priorities.
If the miners care more about long-term interests of the system, then maybe they wont include big blocks. We need to be aware of how miner incentives change. We need to build a robust economic system across the system. At the moment, everyone is collaborating. There is a risk that this will change in the future. Because of this risk, we need to realize that people could become very selfish and care only about the next block.
Now I am going to talk about bip100 and why it might solve some of these issues. Under bip100, miners must vote for the block size they want. Rational miners should vote to maximize their revenue. Some might care about long-term revenue, and some about short-term revenue. Revenue is block reward exchange rate + transaction volume average fee * exchange rate. Miners would vote in a balanced way, so at the moment people are debating the relative importance of the fee level or the transaction level or exchange rate, bip100 would be where miners dynamically vote in a balanced way to reflect these competing priorities. They will make their decision based on expected elasticity of their supply curve. The supply curve would be a straight curve, and miners would vote to move it back left or right, and the ywould try to maximize their fee revenue. This is quite contentious because most people don't like this straight vertical line, because it implies that the... whereas other people think there's always excess capacity. I don't think we should make a decision now. What we need to do is just keep our options open. Don't adopt a scaling proposal that locks us into constantly increasing block size. I don't think we have enough information now to find a right or wrong answer, we should keep an open mind, or adopt a proposal that allows us to go in either direction.
A common criticism of bip100 is that bip100 is a cartel. I admit it does have characteristics similar to a cartel. It enables cartel-like pricing. It's like an open framework that allows miners to decide on the block size limit in a transparent way. I think it's a good idea because I think miners would form a cartel anyway, to restrict supply space in blocks anyway, and drive up transaction fee prices. bip100 could prevent the actual cartel from forming perhaps.
Another proposal I have is that we need to recognize the difference between an increase in the limit, and a decrease in the limit. A majority of miners can impose a decrease in the limit anyway without the need for a hard-fork or any change, because 55% of the miners or whatever can always reject any block larger than some amount. This is why I think these voting mechanisms should reflect this. I think there's a proposal that requires 80% to decrease the limit, whereas I think it should always be 50%. If 79% vote for a limit reduction, this sort of advertises that 79% want it down, and this will serve as a catalyst for cartel formation anyway. If 79% can just reduce the limit, then they can ignore the voting mechanism and undermine it through forming a cartel. So I think the voting mechanisms should be designed in a way to keep this in mind, and discourage cartel creation.
I am not claiming that bip100 is perfect. It has a lot of problems. The block size limit would be sub-optimal. It's very difficult to say because the utility is kind of subjective anyway. I like bip100 from an economics perspective, there are far better technical experts than me that we can't increase the limit, I am in favor of upper and lower bounds.
There are no perfect solutions, and we need to be pragmatic and work together and be willing to compromise and accept something we don't like, because there's a lot of pressure. I think there are good proposals out there. BIP100, BIP102 and BIP103 seem like somewhat reasonable interim solutions. Thank you very much, and I'll take questions.
Q: I had an idea that I wanted to hear your take on. Rather than creating a block size changing as a way for miners to change the supply for block space, why not use miner policy, a non-fork related aspect, to control the minimum price available, so basically putting a fee floor for inclusion of transactions into blocks? What do you think? The idea is to use altruistic punishment in order to enforce the fee floor. Miners could set a certain percentage of their hashpower to intentionally orphan miners who break that. I'm not sure if I like this.
A: It's interesting. I've thought about it for a bit. I think that people already don't like bip100 because they feel they are putting the miners in control. Having a fee floor kind of manipulates the market even more and is liable to make people even less happy. That is effectively a mining cartel, and we want to avoid that as possible.
Q: collective bargaining.
Q: I've noticed that some miners have credibly said tha the 1 MB limit is already straining the network quite significantly. What do you think is the prudent approach, since we're talking about scaling the network, however proposals have suggested it might be prudent to go and wait and see. Do you think the


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Matthias Eck and Jan Hadenfeld
An automatic algorithm for fairing B-spline curves of general order is presented. This work was motivated by a method of Farin and Sapidis about fairing planar cubic B-spline curves by subsequently removing and reinserting knots. Instead our new algorithm is based on the idea of subsequently changing one control point of a given B-spline curve so that the new curve minimizes the integral of the squared l-th derivative of the B-spline curve. How to proceed, if a tolerance is given and must be kept, is also discussed.
Computing Supplementum 10, Geometric Modelling, Springer, 1995, 129-147.


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ERDBERG (AT) - In today's enthusiasm for sustainable development, the hype surrounding many projects often involves their near-zero energy consumption or diminutive carbon footprint. But in the case of Coop Himmelb(l)au's award-winning office tower, the so-called 'energy-active' design is in fact projected to produce more energy than it uses. Town Town Erdberg, located on the outskirts of Vienna adjacent to a subway line and nearby the airport and a major highway, intends to be the distinctive centrepiece for sustainable design in this emerging urban zone.
Like an echinoderm escaped from the sea, the building's eccentric architectural form derives from a spiny skin that envelopes both slab and tower elements, and was developed to exploit local climatic conditions. In-depth analyses of wind flows and sun trajectories at the site led the architects to two key energy harnessing elements: the external facade's optimum geometry, consisting of folded sheet metal facets and special panels coated with a photovoltaic laminate to capture solar energy, and the integration of a large turbine on the tower's top that will produce wind energy. In addition, the entire structure can be naturally ventilated through operable windows or by adjusting the climatic skin.
Together with low energy consumption and environmental control systems, the sunand wind-energy harvesting strategies offered by this example of environmentally intelligent building design claim to produce more energy than the building actually consumes. Further, the structure is quite efficient in terms of internal space; the ratio of net usable floor area to gross floor area is 86%, as opposed to 82% in a conventional building. No wonder, then, that functionally and climatically optimal Town Town Erdberg is slated to receive the Sustainability Award of the 2010 MIPIM Architectural Review Future Project Awards. (Dutton R. Hauhart)


text:
Are you looking to improve the performance of your team in specific areas? Would you like a detailed insight into how your team members handle situations that involve conflict, problem solving, or written communication?
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The following self-coaching assessment modules are available:
The Conflict Management self-assessment module measures an individual's ability to approach and manage difficult situations. The assessment provides insight into individual conflict management style with direct reports, peers, and managers.
Insights provided by the Conflict Management self-assessment include:
· How to utilize strengths
· Areas for improvement
· How to approach difficult conversations
Understanding and solving problems is part of every business day to day.
The Business Reasoning self-assessment measures an individual's ability to interpret and solve business problems from a both verbal and numerical perspective.
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By understanding an individual's English proficiency, the employer can ensure that proper communication is established, which will reduce workplace error and risk.
The English Proficiency self-assessment module evaluates the following characteristics:
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Kehilla Committee Executive Summary: Strategic Planning for Jewish Education
Minneapolis Jewish Federation,
The Kehilla process is a strategic planning process for Jewish education. The mission of Kehilla was to develop a new community vision for Jewish education with specific recommendations that flow from this vision. These recommendations span all ages and stages of life. This report includes an overview of the kehilla process and describes the following areas: adult education; birth to 12th grade formal and informal education; professional and volunteer development; physical infrastructure; and technology.
Early Childhood Education,
Name of Publication:
Day School Evaluation Reports
Download for personal use, freely distribute link
Barrows, Robert. Kehilla Committee Executive Summary: Strategic Planning for Jewish Education. Day School Evaluation Reports. Minneapolis Jewish Federation. 1998:


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Product distribution (or place) is one of the four elements of the marketing mix. Distribution is the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by a consumer or business user, using direct means, or using indirect means with intermediaries. The other three parts of the marketing mix are product, pricing, and promotion.
Or contact the seller
in section "Distribution"


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With Carmen Mountain whitetail deer recently added to the roster of subspecies recognized by Safari Club International, more hunters are becoming interested in pursuing this elusive desert dweller before the record books fill up. Here's where you can find them, along with a look at the future of the subspecies:
The Carmen Mountain whitetail is named, not surprisingly, for the Sierra del Carmen range, which crosses the U.S.–Mexico border. The Carmen Mountains are located mainly in Texas; the highest point is Sue Peaks, in Brewster County, Texas, at over 5,800 feet above sea level.
The deer can be found on both sides of the Rio Grande, in Coahuila and Texas' Big Bend National Park.
Carmen deer are normally only found in certain mountain ranges, including the Burros (Coahuila, Mexico), Carmen (Texas and Coahuila), and Chisos, Chinati, Rosillos, Christmas, Del Norte, Vieja, or Dead Horse mountains (Brewster and Presidio Counties, Texas). They are rarely found below heights of 4,500 feet and tend to avoid flat ground.
The Chisos Mountains in Big Bend National Park are home to the largest, most stable population of Carmen whitetails in the U.S. The high altitudes provide a perfect environment: the highest peak in these mountains, Emory Peak, stands taller than 7,800 feet above sea level. The temperatures here rarely reach extremes, sometimes climbing into the 80s during the summer and rarely falling below 20 degrees Fahrenheit at the coldest point in the year.
At the moment, it's unclear if the mountain ranges in Texas, other than the Chisos, will be able to support these deer in the long run. Their need for free-standing water and dense vegetation at high altitudes leaves them with a very limited habitat, and predation, hunting, and competition with livestock could destroy these populations. Between the limited opportunities and the conservation issues, these mountains are less highly recommended than other destinations.
Predation is a serious issue for Carmen whitetails—mountain lion attacks are the leading cause of death for them. Coyotes and bobcats are also known to prey on them.
GSS represents excellent outfitters operating in Coahuila, in locations where the populations are larger and more stable than most U.S. locations. However, the effect of human interaction on the Carmen Mountain whitetail deer population is unclear. Their elevated habitat and small size may help limit local hunting pressure, and while competition with livestock can sometimes be problematic, ranches that introduce new water sources at high altitudes can be beneficial. As always, hunt within the mindset that hunting is applied conservation. For additional information on hunting this whitetail deer sub-species, please contact Rick Kennerknecht at Global Sporting Safaris at _PHONE_, Extension 702.


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Old disease, new problems for Texas cattle industry
Rounding Up TB
Cattle have long been a symbol of Texas, and they're still part of the landscape. According to the Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association (TSCRA), Texas farms and ranches are home to about 15 million head of cattle, more than any other state. A 2001 Texas A&M University report says the cattle industry contributes more than $15 billion annually to the state's economy. Recently, however, an old enemy of Texas livestock has posed a new threat to the state's cattle industry.
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is caused by infectious bacteria and can spread to all warm-blooded animals, including humans. Efforts to eradicate it in the U.S. started in 1917, and according to the Texas Cooperative Extension, those efforts reduced the disease's occurrence in the national cattle population from 5 percent in 1917 to just 0.015 percent in 1990. But despite TB's rarity, it is still causing problems.
In 2000, following five consecutive years with no confirmed cases of TB in 252 of the state's 254 counties, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) recognized Texas as TB-free, allowing the unrestricted transportation and sale of Texas cattle to other states and countries. Portions of El Paso and Hudspeth counties have recurring bovine-TB cases, so the USDA restricts the transport and sale of cattle from those areas, which the Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) refers to as the El Paso Movement Restriction Zone (MRZ).
Texas once again has the disease on its doorstep, though. According to TAHC, in July 2001, USDA meat inspectors found TB in an animal at a Texas slaughterhouse and traced the animal to a herd of 44 cattle in Fayette County. The herd's owner destroyed the herd rather than conduct a time-consuming and expensive testing procedure.
Then, in December 2001, a dairy in West Texas reported a possible TB case, which inspectors confirmed and traced to a 67-head Pecos County herd. Half of that herd was infected, and the owner destroyed the animals.
As a result of these incidents, in June 2002 the USDA lowered Texas' TB-free status, officially known as Accredited Free, to Modified Accredited Advanced. The change means Texas breeding cattle--those that have not been spayed or neutered--must have a negative TB test within 60 days before they are transported across state lines and must carry official USDA identification, such as a brand or an ear tag. Until the June status change, these types of restrictions applied only to the MRZ.
TAHC opposed the USDA ruling, which states an Accredited Free state that has diagnosed tuberculosis in two or more herds within a 48-month period must be reclassified as Modified Accredited Advanced. TAHC contends that the low number of infected herds specified in the ruling is unfair. Given that Texas has about 153,000 herds, the chance of finding TB in two herds in the state is much greater than the chance of finding it in states with fewer cattle.
In a July 2002 report to the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), TAHC said two infected herds in Texas reflects a much lower prevalence of the disease than in other states; Rhode Island, for instance, has just 200 herds and could retain its Accredited-Free status if one herd were infected.
The report says single cases of TB were found in North Dakota, Kansas and California between 1996 and 2000. All of those states--with a combined herd count of about 71,700--retained Accredited-Free status.
TAHC says other numbers also will hit hard in Texas--the cost of testing and the potential for lost income from slowed sales. USDA projects losses of as much as $2.8 billion by 2013 for Texas producers.
The immediate concern for Texas breeding cattle producers is the testing requirement.
"It's going to be pretty burdensome," says Matt Brockman, TSCRA's executive director. "The test alone is going to run probably four or five dollars per head. Tack on the labor cost and it's going to multiply that cost three or four times per head."
According to TAHC, Texas exports about 150,000 breeding cattle each year, so testing costs will mount quickly. Add to that the time necessary to conduct tests, and testing becomes a real burden.
"By the time you get the animals, run them through the chute, inject the tuberculin and then turn them out again for 72 hours, gather them again and run them through to check for swelling, it adds up in a hurry," Brockman says.
Good news, not too soon
Though the June 2002 restrictions did not specifically include feeder cattle--cattle native to the state, raised for slaughter and not intended for breeding--the USDA loss projections included both breeder and feeder cattle, and feeder producers expressed concern about being included. Texas producers export nearly 1.5 million head of feeder cattle per year.
In response to such concerns, in late November 2002, the USDA and APHIS announced they would take steps by January 2003 to officially exclude feeder cattle from the current Texas restrictions until at least September 2003. The delay gives the USDA more time to consider if Texas feeder cattle pose a TB-transmission threat to cattle in other states.
Dr. Dan Baca, TAHC's epidemiologist, says that risk is incredibly low, citing TAHC statistics indicating that, at worst, the incidence of TB in Texas feeder cattle is probably less than one in a million.
Baca says feeder cattle make up the bulk of the Texas cattle export industry and restrictions on them account for a large part of the USDA's projected losses. He says he wishes there were no restrictions placed on any Texas cattle, but the delay and further study of feeder cattle is exactly what TAHC and the industry were after.
"We probably got everything we asked for," he says.
Ross Wilson, vice president of the Texas Cattle Feeders Association, which represents cattle-feeding interests in Texas, New Mexico and Oklahoma, a $5 billion industry, says it's a step in the right direction.
"It's certainly a positive decision, and we feel it's the right decision because it reflects the low risk that native, Texas cattle pose to out-of-state cattle," Wilson says. "We feel [the risk] is insignificant at best."
The southern front
Another front of the ongoing TB-eradication war is along the border with Mexico. According to Baca, cattle have been legally imported from Mexico since the 1950s, and imports from both Mexico and Canada help meet export contracts for all parties involved. Such imports undoubtedly have been aided by the North American Free Trade Agreement.
But the number of Mexican cattle imported into the U.S. has varied wildly in recent years due to economic and climatic factors. In 1995, extreme drought and economic instability in Mexico led Mexican producers to sell off a record 1.6 million head. This left available cattle numbers low in the following year, when Mexican producers exported only slightly more than 450,000 head to the U.S. In 2000, Mexico exported more than 1.2 million head to the U.S.
In its July 7, 2002 report, TAHC says the presence of bovine TB in Mexican cattle has been well-documented for more than 20 years. APHIS statistics for fiscal 2001 indicate that of 66 feeder cattle found with TB at U.S. slaughter facilities, 63 were of Mexican origin.
"Everyone in the industry that follows this readily recognizes the greatest risk comes from our neighbors to the south," TSCRA's Brockman says. This recognition has led to strict USDA regulations for Mexican cattle coming into the U.S.
As of April 2002, all imported Mexican cattle must have a blue ear tag carrying the name of its state of origin along with a certificate with the same information. They are inspected for live ticks at the border and must have an "M" brand--for Mexico--on the hip. Mexican feeder cattle from the Yucatan, a portion of Coahuila that borders Texas and certain areas of Sonora, Aguascalientes and Jalisco also must have a negative TB-skin test.
Baca says battling TB is an important yet arduous task, because it can be a long investigative process as well as a delicate one calling for diplomacy.
"We expend considerable resources trying to find out how they became infected and search for other cows that have been sold out of that herd," Baca says. "We walk a fine line between protecting interests of the Texas cattle industry and interfering with free trade between two countries."


text:
Dust in your ear holes, dust in your eye.
Dust in those knickers you hung out to dry…
Whilst many coastal and bush land communities suffered the ravages of fire and flood this summer, some rural Australian towns suffer under the blanket of giant dust storms that can turn day into night and envelop everything in their path.
We spoke to Sarah Chamberlain, Director of Little Diggers Preschool and Childcare in Lightning Ridge, to find out how they deal with the dust storms, what they do to keep children safe and how they foster a positive mindset.
Lack of rain is drying out plants and topsoil across huge areas of country Australia. When conditions are right, the dry red dust gets picked up by wind gusts and carried hundreds of kilometres across Australia and even out to sea.
Towns like Lightning Ridge and Broken Hill in NSW are being swept by these giant dust storms more than once a month, all year round. Up to 15 dust storms were recorded across 2019 in these areas.
"You can feel a dust storm coming," says Sarah. "The air feels heavy and thick – just like that pressure or tension when a storm is coming. You can see this dark cloud on the horizon – at first you hope that it will bring rain. When you realise it's dust you have to quickly pack up all the outside areas, get all the children inside and close all the doors and windows.
"The children are 'wired', some of them understand what's happening but many are confused. We put on the air conditioner and do indoor activities all day."
It's the cumulative effect of the long drought, severe water restrictions and the increase in the number and severity of dust storms that weighs people down, says Sarah.
Dealing with the aftermath can be demoralising.
"We spent hours sweeping the red dust from the windows, doors and outdoor furniture after the last dust storm," shares Sarah. "If you've left anything out on the washing line you just have to re-wash. Some people can't be bothered to clean away the layers of dust from their doors and window sills because it will just get covered with dust again when the next one comes."
While the dirt and residue left by dust storms can be annoying and disheartening, it's the growing health concerns that are most worrying. Doctors are reporting a rise in the number of adults and children with asthma. This rise has been apparent even among people who previously had no difficulty breathing. Signs of difficulty breathing include: chest tightness, wheezing, coughing or shortness of breath.
"One thing you're hit with is the reality that water is so precious," says Sarah. "We need to look after it because we rely on it so much. We've been doing activities to learn about how important water is for survival and the need to save water.
"For outdoor play in the mud kitchen we fill the water container that has measuring markings inside and the children are told that's the only water they will get all day. We've also done experiments to show how plants need water to live.
"We also find ways to focus on kindness, gratitude, being grateful for what we do have. We want to support the wellbeing of the children and educators so we can be there for each other through the challenges that people face."
How Dust Storms Form
For dust storms to form, the soil needs to be dry and exposed.
Then you need strong winds that can pick up the soil and carry it across long distances. Just how powerful the wind needs to be depends on the size of the dust particles, but the minimum speed is about 30 kilometres per hour.
The storms are more likely to form if there's an unstable atmosphere that can lift the dust into the air.
Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) forecaster Jonathan How told ABC News that a classic example of an unstable atmosphere occurs ahead of a trough or a cold front, where air is rising, or before thunderstorms.
And the dust is likely to stay in the air and travel if there are dry conditions
Mr How says if the atmosphere is moist, there's a greater chance of seeing the dust particles condense into clouds or rain — or the dust could join together and become too heavy to be carried by the wind.
Precautions to take during a dust storm
- Stay indoors as much as possible, particularly if you are at risk of health problems.
- Close the windows, doors and vents.
- If possible, stay in an air-conditioned room.
- If you have to go outside, wear a mask over your mouth and nose to prevent you from breathing in dust. A P2 or P3 mask, available from a hardware store should be effective.
- Avoid exercise, particularly if outdoors.
- Be aware of any children with asthma or other conditions and their action plan or treatment plan.
(Reference: Dust Storms | healthdirect)


March 16, 2009 | | Comments 0
From Seeds to an AH-64 Apache
The AH-64 Apache is an all-purpose attack helicopter that has played an enormous role in recent conflicts. From when the Apache first flew in operations back in 1989 in Panama to flying in military operations in Israel, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the Middle East; the Apache has been an invaluable edition to armed forces.
AH-64 Apache HelicopterThe AH-64 Apache was designed to be quick and agile, but also powerful and durable. The muscles behind it are two General Electric 1700 Turboshaft engines. Crowned by a main rotor that has four blades and equipped with a four blade tail rotor, the Apache can soar in almost any weather. Designers of the AH-64 built it armored so that it could protect the two passengers that it carries.
The Apache is an incredible piece of technology. Yet for all its glory, the Apache has a simple beginning: a seed.
The Chinese were the first people to develop a primate idea of the helicopter. In 400 B.C. Chinese children played with toys that could fly for a brief period of time. Those tops were very simple to build but made it possible for man to fly Apache helicopters centuries later.
String, wood, rotors, and feathers was all that was needed to make the top. The feathers attached to the rotors. The rotors were attached to a rotating shaft made from wood. A string would be connected to the rotor then wrapped around it. When pulled the string would cause the top to spin, generating lift, and thus achieving flight. There were also different models of tops that generated lift by spinning it in one's hands, using rubber bands, and eventually ones that used springs. Yet the result was the same in each toy: vertical lift. That is what sets the helicopter apart from most other aircraft: the ability to soar straight up into the air.
An object that was used as a plaything by countless Chinese children would later on astound, inspire, and challenge scientists and scholars who dared to dream of a vehicle that could carry man straight into the clouds. Although the earliest operational helicopter would come following the Wright brothers' plane, the inspiration was in people's minds years before.
The Chinese top was the stimulation behind Mikhail Lomonosov, a Russian intellectual, to design and assemble a apparatus that used a coaxial rotor for lift and was powered by a spring device back in 1754.
Sir George Cayley contributed a lot to developing the basic rules and principles of flight, but if you take a closer look at his life, you will observe that as a youth he was fascinated with the Chinese top. In fact so fascinated, that he built models of his own. The Chinese top was merely revamped, improved, rethought, and enlarged and now appears as the sleek, powerful AH-64 Apache.
The origin of modern day helicopters traces back to the Chinese top, but how did the Chinese create a toy so ingenious and simple that it would spark the imagination of the rest of the world? The answer is: a seed. It is widely accepted that the seeds of Sycamore trees, which spun and whirled as they glided to the ground, was the factor that lead to the invention of the Chinese top.
Today helicopters complete various tasks: military, traffic control, rescue vehicles, and much more. The Apache allows troops to penetrate enemy lines in ways that were not possible before. However, what will one find if the genealogy of helicopters is traced back to its roots? If one could point to the essence, the core of what the first helicopter looked like, where would he point? The first helicopters can be found in a thought. A thought placed in man's head by a little seed.
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text: This study investigated whether spirituality/religiosity (S/R) plays an important role in the lives of cancer patients and in the work of health professionals who provide care for these patients. The correlations between spiritual quality of life (QOL) and the other QOL domain scores of patients and health professionals were also assessed. Moreover, QOL domain scores were compared between patients and health professionals. In this cross-sectional study, 1050 participants (525 oncology patients and 525 health professionals) were interviewed. Quality of life was assessed with the World Health Organization quality of life spiritual, religious, and personal beliefs (WHOQOL-SRPB). To compare the groups with respect to the instruments' domains, a quantile regression and an analysis of covariance model were used. The WHOQOL-Bref and WHOQOL-SRPB domains were correlated by performing Pearson and partial correlation tests. It was demonstrated that 94.1% of patients considered it important that health professionals addressed their spiritual beliefs, and 99.2% of patients relied on S/R to face cancer. Approximately, 99.6% of the patients reported that S/R support is necessary during cancer treatment; 98.3% of health professionals agreed that spiritual and religious support was necessary for oncology patients. Positive correlations between spiritual QOL and the other QOL domains were observed. When compared among themselves, patients exhibited significantly higher levels of spiritual QOL. In conclusion, S/R was an important construct in the minds of cancer patients and health professionals. Both groups often use S/R resources in their daily lives, which seems to positively affect their perceptions of QOL. Further studies are needed to determine how health professionals effectively address S/R during oncology practice.


The Confidence interval calculator: The uncertain solutions - MathAuditor
Confidence Interval Calculator | 95,99 | level calculator
The article below suggests some of the best confidence interval (INT) calculators. To find your solutions, we're here to help you with all. Everything got mentioned below, so read the article to know more.
Confidence interval calculator
So, here's to a new calculator called the Confidence Interval (CI) calculator? Statistics is the study of uncertainty. Statisticians deal with the conclusions that face the given uncertain factors, which directly affect the results of the tests performed. This in built machine is a tool that helps you find the confidence INT for a sample. Also, you need some raw data like mean value, standard deviation, and sample size to calculate it. It would help if you used it with any arbitrary confidence level.
Before we move forward in order to construct a confidence INT calculator, we must know what the confidence INT and level are. Also, if you need to find out the confidence INT formula and also provided to be with no margin of error, then this article is for you.
What is the "confidence interval" and "confidence level"?
A confidence interval is something, which has a collection of values, obtained from the sample statistics. Also, it accommodates the value of an anonymous population's parameter.
Now, for example, of confidence INT calc, you are a book publisher who is concerned about the mass of the whole bunch. So, you measure the average weight of a sample of around 100 books, which weigh 5kgs in total. Now, you calculated the 95% inevitable layoff between 4.85kgs-5.15kgs. So, this means you're 95% sure about the layoffs you calculated. Also, sometimes you want to be 99% sure about the ranges that you figure so, the percentage here is the Confidence level.
The Confidence interval calc formula:
The formula is:
Where the variables denoted as:
 - X- Denotes the mean calculated.
 - Z- Denotes the Z-score is the certainty level.
 - s- Denotes the standard deviation.
 - n- indicates the number of observations made.
The confidence level calculator
The level of certainty is calculated and got based on the table given below:
 - 80% - 1.282
 - 85% - 1.440
 - 90% - 1.645
 - 95% - 1.960
 - 99% - 2.576
 - 99.5% - 2.807
 - 99.9% - 3.291
To calculate the 95 confidence INT, you must require the following factors, which are:
 - The mean average value
 - The standard deviation
 - The sample size, n, the number of observations made
The Z confidence INT calculator plays a vital role in finding the 95 certainty layoff. Firstly, let us decide on the confidence level where the two-sided samples are equal to 95%. If you want the Z-scores for both the examples, then it would be equivalent to 0.95 out of 1. You could also take the help of the Z-score table mentioned above. You could also use this method with a 99 confidence interval calculator.
The margin of error confidence interval calculator
The margin of error can get calculated by the formulas below:
standard error = σ/√n
margin of error = standard error * Z(0.95)
Also, if you want to find the lower and upper bound, which is the certainty layoff, make sure you use the lower-lying formula:
Lower bound=meanmargin of error Upper bound=mean+ margin of error
How to calculate the 95 confidence interval?
To calculate the 95 certainty layoff, then you must follow the guidelines below:
 - All you need do is type the values in our in-built machine and get the results. So, to understand correctly, you must follow up on the example given in the points below.
 - Firstly, make sure you find the mean value of the sample you're using. Like, let's retake the book example. So, assume that the mean mass of a book is 5kgs.
 - Now, again, assume that the standard deviation of the books is 0.5.
 - Now, write the number of observations you have made, which is the sample size, n. As we took the previous example, so let the sample be of 100 books.
 - Now, as we have our certainty level of 95%, our inevitable difference machine determines the Z(0.95) score to be equal to 1.959.
 - Now, the standard error is found to be σ/√n = 0.5/√100 = 0.05.
 - Next, you must multiply the obtained value to the Z(0.95) score to get the margin of error result, which would be 0.095*1.959=0.098.
 - Now, to obtain the upper and the lower bound, which is the certainty layoff, you must subtract or add the margin of error to the mean value. Also, this got mentioned above.
We already discussed the inevitable difference in-built calculating machine, where the sample size is more than 30, and you know its standard deviation, you use the above methodology to obtain the result. What if you don't know the standard deviation and the sample size is less than 30? In this case, follow the method mentioned below.
In the case mentioned above, you must use the t-distribution method to obtain the sample's critical values. So, before we move forward, you must know that the value of the t-distribution gets matched with the z-scores and also concerning the degrees of freedom.
Now, the t value for 95 confidence INT calculator comes into play. Follow the guidelines below:
 - You must select the last row of the t-table, where you will find your 95 certainty level. Also, the previous row would tell you which column of the t-table would help you find the result.
 - Now, coinciding with the suitable column to the row of your df (degrees of freedom). So, the number you receive is the t-value.
 - For example, if you have 9 degrees of freedom with 95 certainty level, then coincide both of them, which results in 2.26216
 - The two sample confidence INT calculator doesn't rely on this method.
Population mean calculator
The population mean constitutes of all the values if objects, people, and the items of interest. While the sample means is a representative of a portion of the entire thing. The difference between both samples and the population mean will be that we consider raw data of a sample to depict the population at a large scale. Also, the population mean, considers sample mean into the calculations because it is not possible to acknowledge the whole. The formula of the population mean is:
μ = ( ∑ X ) / N
 - μ= population
 - X=individual items in the lot
 - N=number of items in the lot


Brazil Capricornio Royal Signature
H Proper Coffee Roasters
Brazil Capricornio Royal Signature
Regular price ₱450.00 ₱0.00 Unit price per
Coffee Information
VARIETY: Mundo Novo, Catuai, IPR
PROCESS: Natural
TASTING NOTES: Dark Chocolate, Nutty, Molasses
ROAST: Espresso
Flavor Maturation / Peak Flavors
Our roasted coffee beans can take around 3 - 4 weeks of rest for it to degas enough and the flavors to develop. We strongly recommend brewing the coffee during this period to get the best experience of our coffees. Drink within 3 months if you must, but by then we might have released more coffee varieties. So drink fast!
After the roasting process, the coffee beans will possess a high concentration of carbon dioxide gasses within itself as a byproduct of the aforementioned process. These gasses hinder the overall quality of the coffee, as it will aggressively create multiple air pockets during your brew. These air pockets are responsible for creating an uneven extraction; acting as a disruptive barrier between the contact of water and coffee grounds. Furthermore, carbon dioxide when fused with water will give you a sour taste, similar to the carbon dioxide you taste in colas.
The coffee will release some of these gasses naturally, as a process we call degassing. While degassing, the coffee's flavors will also develop. This happens every day until it reaches its peak. The peak of our coffees varies, but we believe the best of flavors are pronounced when it reaches a month old and it will still be great even after 3 months.