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Check me out @ _URL_ for more Mind Empowering videos.
I want to talk about Flexible Electrons in today's Mind Updates video.
Even though scientist from Northwestern University had discovered a way to make electrons flexible, they could never really make them as flexible as they would need to be in order to be used in every day consumer electronics.
Not until now that is. Scientists have been able to create technology that makes electrons be able to flex up to 200 times their normal size. For the Full Article Check this out: _URL_
Essentially what this means is that Electonic devices are going to be able to be made much thinner and flexible. Imagine having an Iphone or Droid Phone, super thin and when that you can do the "pencil wiggle" with.
Let me know what you think about this discovery down below.
Check out Yesterday's Mind Update video


Milanese Escapades
Milanese Escapades - Histoires de Parfums
The Sforza Castle
(Piazza Castello / 6 minutes' walk)
Milanese Escapades - Histoires de Parfums
The Sforza Castle was built by Frederico Sforza in the 15th century on the ancient ruins of the Visconti residence and became the main residence for the dukes of Milan. Shortly after the fall of the Sforza ruling in 1535, the castle became a symbol of foreign domination (Milan went under Spanish, Austrian, and French rulings...) Today, the castle is a symbol of Milanese pride. After being destroyed during World War II, the castle was restored and now hosts multiple museums including: the museum of ancient art, the Pinacoteca, the museum of musical instruments and multiple collections of artworks.
The Duomo
(Piazza del Duomo / 12 minutes' walk)
Milanese Escapades - Histoires de Parfums
The Duomo, also nicknamed the porcupine for its 135 spikes, is the most renown monument in Milan. The building took over 430 years to erect (_PHONE_) from the beginning of construction to when the last piece of stone was laid with the end result, turning out magnificent. The Duomo is the third largest cathedral in the world after the Vatican and the Cathedral of Seville. Despite the numerous architects and artists that have worked on it over the years, the Duomo has maintained a gothic architecture. The light show playing on the stained glass and the subtleties of its stone sculptures in contrast to the magnitude of the building make it one of Milan's must-see sights.
The Pinacoteca di Brea
(Via Brera, 28 / 4 minutes' walk)
Milanese Escapades - Histoires de Parfums
Located in the town sharing the same name, the Pinacoteca di Brea is one of the three largest museums of Italy along with the Vatican in Rome and the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. L'Academia del Arte, which the Pinacoteca was part of, was built on the grounds of an ancient Jesuit monastery by the order of Empress Marie Thérèse d'Autriche in the 18th century in 1773. The Pinacoteca was opened to the public in 1809 under Napoleon's order, but separated from the Acaedemia del Arte in 1882. It then began aggrandizing its own art collection, which continued to grow over time. The Pinacoteca is a true temple of art that currently houses hundreds of works from the most influential Italian artists including Sandro Botticelli, Carvaggio, Gianio Castiglioni, Raphael and Rubens... A dive into Italian art not to be missed.
Lake Como
(Go to the station "Cadorna" : Piazzale Luigi Cadorna, / 11 minutes' walk, then take then train to the station « Como Nord LAgo » / 1 hour journey)
Milanese Escapades - Histoires de Parfums
Located around 50 km north of Milan, the Y shaped Lake Como is an exotic and magical getaway. A place adored by numerous artists including Bellini, Hemingway and Verdi, the location offers a variety of sceneries and architecture unique to Italy. Near the lake, you can find the Sacre Monte di Ossucio classified by UNESCO as a World Heritage site, or visit the famous Villa d'Este where Alfred Hitchock filmed "The Pleasure Garden". The lake is surrounded by adventure and discovery. Consider also the local cuisine: bresaola, pesce persico, truffle gnocchi, and you'll understand why rushing to the Cardona train station for your visit is a must!
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Nissan demonstrates sweat-sensing seats to fight dehydration
Sweat-covered seats aren't most people's idea of a good thing, but Nissan thinks they are. The Japanese automaker is demonstrating technology that changes the color of car seats and steering wheels based on sweat. Nissan believes this will allow the car to detect when the driver is dehydrated.
Nissan designer Paulien Routs, and Droog Design sought to show how useful sweat can be with the Nissan Juke Soak. That last part refers to the trademarked, sweat-sensitive textile material the car's interior is coated with. You can see exactly how it works in the embedded video. Soak can also be sprayed onto clothes to give the wearer a better idea of his or her hydration level, which could be particularly useful when working out.
While the concept of car seats that change color from sweat may seem a bit silly, Nissan claims driver dehydration is no laughing matter. The automaker contends that dehydration has as big an impact on reaction times and overall alertness as drunk driving. That's based on a 2015 study conducted by England's Loughborough University, and funded by the European Hydration Institute, a research organization that promotes hydration.
Staying hydrated should be as important for driving as it is for any other activity, but car buyers may not be interested in seats that change colors when they sweat. Besides being a bit undignified, it's also sort of an inefficient way to let drivers know they might be dehydrated. The color changes won't be highly apparent if you're sitting in the seat, after all. Drivers may also simply ignore the car's warning about their hydration levels. Given the number of warnings and alerts modern cars are capable of emitting, that wouldn't be difficult.
But the Nissan Juke Soak is a reminder that drivers need to do their part to keep the roads safe. A driver must be calm, alert, and awake at all times, something that is easy to forget in an age where driving is taken for granted. Everyone is responsible for making sure they are fit to drive before getting behind the wheel. That is, at least until autonomous cars arrive.
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Tuesday, June 17, 2014
Saving The Balili River: Does It Have A Chance?
Arthur Tibaldo, in his column for Baguio Sun Star recently penned a piece about saving and reviving the Balili River. It's a commendable cause and one that deserves the support of the citizens of Baguio City and La Trinidad. The river is basically dead and it has been for a very long time.
The river currently serves just two purposes. These are:
1) a source of water for vegetable and flower farms near its banks -Since the river runs below most of the farms it waters, farmers often use pumps to propel the water to higher elevations. If you live near the banks of the river, it is not uncommon to hear the gurgling sound of water pumps.
2) a dumping place for human refuse and wastes - It's a negative purpose, obviously. And it's the main culprit for the deterioration of the river.
Old news
Efforts to get the river to its original state (or at least near it) is a very old story that dates back to the 1980s. People have been trying to revive the river for the longest time. And nothing worked. This brings us to the question "Will the current efforts to save the river be successful where its predecessors miserably failed?"
Not trying to be too pessimistic but the more you look into how the Balili River got polluted, the more there's reason to believe that reviving it is a lost cause. It's close to impossible. The biggest reason is the fact that the river is surrounded by human settlements. The wastes from hundreds of sewers and canals all lead to the Balili River.
Just go to either Kilometer 3 or 4 or 5 and look at the banks of the river. You'll see huge pipes and canal outlets spewing wastes that originated from the homes of the people living there. And you can't blame them for they have no choice on where to direct their sewers.
In conclusion, all efforts to save and revive the Balili River should be supported but it's also worth noting the fact that the river can never be restored to its original state. The quality of the water that flows through it can be improved and the amount of wastes dumped into it can be lessened. And this will require regular clean-up drives. This is the only solution that's available for now. If we are talking about turning the river into one that can support fish, it's impossible. Let us also take into account the fact that populations near the river are growing. That means more sewers. And you know where these sewers will eventually lead to.
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combinatory logic definition logic
A system for reducing the operational notation of logic
, mathematics or a functional language
to a sequence of modifications to the input data structure. First introduced in the 1920's by Schoenfinkel
. Re-introduced independently by Haskell Curry
in the late 1920's (who quickly learned of Schoenfinkel's work after he had the idea). Curry is really responsible for most of the development, at least up until work with Feys in 1958.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Height: 89.800 cm
Salt Collection 1821
Ancient Egypt and Sudan
Block statue of Sennefer
From western Thebes,
18th Dynasty, around 1450 BC
'Overseer of sealbearers' in the reign of Thutmose III
Block statues were most commonly placed in temples - this one may have come from the mortuary temple of Sennefer's king, Thutmose III (_PHONE_ BC). Sennefer was also the owner of Theban Tomb 99, and he features on a number of monuments of Thutmose's reign. The 'overseer of sealbearers' in Thebes in the New Kingdom (about _PHONE_ BC) was the senior official concerned with financial matters.
As an important person with considerable resources, Sennefer was able to employ highly skilled craftsmen to carve this beautiful block statue, one of the finest examples of its kind. No personal details other than the face and hands have been sculpted, and this concentrates our attention on the figure's serene face, which is superbly carved and polished.
The large blank surfaces of the block statue offered maximum space for texts, and this statue has three separate inscriptions. The front part is mostly filled with an elaborate prayer for funerary offerings for Sennefer. The second part, beginning on the robe over his knees and extending onto the base, is a speech by Sennefer requesting that he be well provided for after his death. Finally, in columns on either side of his feet, an inscription records the names of Sennefer's father and mother.
I.E.S. Edwards (ed.), Hieroglyphic texts from Egyp-8, Part 8 (London, British Museum, 1939)
E.R. Russmann, Eternal Egypt: masterworks of (University of California Press, 2001)
R. Schulz, Die Entwicklung und Bedeutung (Hildesheim, 1992)
N. and H. Strudwick, Thebes in Egypt (London, The British Museum Press, 1999)


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Over 8,000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a ThinkQuest Competition.
Compete | FAQ | Contact Us
The World in Our Hands: Conflict Resolution Up Close
The objectives of "The World in Our Hands: Conflict Resolution Up Close" is to teach students (and adults) that conflict(s) is often healthy and there are ways of resolving conflict(s) peacefully. The P.S. 261 Campus is one place where such conflict resolution takes place on a daily basis. Another objective is to teach the steps involved in conflict resolution. Resolving conflict entails very specific skills which are taught at P.S. 261. We are hopeful that we may teach others these very same skills which have proven so valuable to us on our campus. Finally, we want other schools to know that not only are children involved in conflict resolution but teachers, parents, and administrators as well are trained to be "peacemakers" and in turn train others. We would like others to "meet" these "peacemakers" and learn a little about their backgrounds. The 261 Campus also has approximately 40 trained mediators who deal with problems at lunchtime. We would like others to get a glimpse at a typical mediation. It is our sincere hope that other school will learn from ours and perhaps initiate conflict resolution programs of their own.
19 & under
Social Sciences & Culture > Conflict Resolution


Monthly Archives: August 2020
My Unique Approach
Best practices. Listening. Getting things done. Not necessarily a unique approach, but you would be amazed at how many web companies don't do it. After we meet and finalize your goals, I go to work on your highest priorities, and get them done. Most I can do myself. Others may require coordinating and communicating with…
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Knowledge & Innovation
knowl·edge 1. facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. 2. total awareness or familiarity gained by experience of a fact or situation. in·no·va·tion 1. the action or process of innovating. 2. change, alteration, revolution, upheaval, transformation, metamorphosis, breakthrough, new measures, new methods,…
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length of its body. It has a white stripe in between the black stripes. It has a bright red tail.
Continue reading "Western Rainbowfish"
The Silver Arowana (Osteoglossum bicirrhosum) is a freshwater fish. It is also called the Dragon Fish or the Monkey Fish.
The Silver Arowana has a long body, large scales, and a tapered tail. Its back fins extend all the way to the tail. Its mouth has a downward slant and its bottom lip is large and protruded. It has a large dark eye.
Continue reading "Silver Arowana"
The Cherry Shrimp (Neocaridina davidi) is a freshwater crustacean. It is related to crabs and lobsters.
The Cherry Shrimp is green-brown, but can be red, yellow, orange, green, blue, purple, black, white, and transparent. The male is smaller and not as colourful as the female.
Continue reading "Cherry Shrimp"
The Rainbow Cichlid (Herotilapia multispinosa) is a tropical freshwater fish.
The Rainbow Cichlid is yellowish with hints of reds and browns. It has a line of central black spots from its eyes to the base of its tail. The female is duller in colour than the male.
Continue reading "Rainbow Cichlid"

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Recess First, Then Lunch
I was involved in a study at my school two years ago. We researched and studied the lunch plan. We discovered (American Dietetic Association Magazine, September 1996) that children eat more lunch when they go outside for recess first and then eat. Several fringe benefits of this plan are: children go back to class from the lunchroom rather than the playground and fights are reduced; fewer children have stomach aches after lunch because they will not have eaten and then run around.
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The independent resource on global security
Strategies for Including Women's and LGBTI Groups in the Colombian Peace Process
Inclusion in Colombia cover
Publisher: SIPRI
November, 2020
In order to have a more nuanced understanding of inclusive peace processes, it is important to understand how civil society can connect to formal peace negotiations. The Colombian peace negotiation process is highly regarded as one of the most inclusive processes; involving civil society groups from diverse backgrounds, including both women's and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender/ transsexual and intersex (LGBTI) groups. But how do these groups leverage influence among the main conflict actors, and what specific challenges and opportunities do they face?
This paper applies a conflict resolution and negotiation framework to assess the involvement of women's and LGBTI groups in the most recent Colombian peace negotiation process. In doing so, the suggested framework provides a practical application of conflict resolution and negotiation strategies that can further complement discussions on inclusion of marginalized groups in other peace negotiation processes.
I. Introduction
II. Methodology
III. Inclusive peace processes
IV. Strategies for meaningful inclusion (2012–16)
V. Challenges
VI. Conclusions and wider implications


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CRCT Test Taking Tips
The CRCT (Criterion Referenced Competency Test) are state mandated achievement tests for students in grades 3 through 8. (Due to budget constraints, the CRCT will not be administered in grades one and two in spring 2013.) The CRCT cover the subject areas of Reading, English/Language Arts, Mathematics, Science, and Social Studies.
Taking the CRCT can be stressful for students. But If parents and educators prepare them by sharing test-taking strategies and administering practice exams, students have a higher chance of performing well.
Here are five strategies that parents and teachers can use to help students become prepared, calm and confident test takers.
- Familiarize yourselves with the CRCT test format and content first. There are downloadable study guides and test taker guides on the Georgia Department of Education site.
- Explain to students what to expect on the test. Students who understood what was to come did better on the exam. Make sure they know how to fill out the bubbles on the answer sheets and the best ways to choose correct multiple choice answers.
- Administer practice exams. You may access practice tests at the Georgia Online Assessment System. (Note login is required. Contact your school system for specific instructions on how to access it.)
- Analyze the results of the practice exams with the students. This helps them see what their strengths and weaknesses are.
- Give students a chance to talk about how they feel about the test. This will help them to ease any anxieties.


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By Jason D. Moser
This summer during the height of the University of South Florida/Ohio State University field school at Crystal River Archaeological State Park, I had the opportunity to speak with Dr. Jack Rink about a new technique that he using to determine the age of the Crystal River archaeological site. Dr. Rink is a professor and researcher at McMaster University, McMaster Institute of Applied Radiation Sciences. He began his education in Florida where he received his Ph.D. in Geology at Florida State University. After working on projects in Africa, Europe and Asia, Dr. Rink returned to Florida several years ago to work on the Salt Springs site near Palatka. He has since worked at sites around the state including several shell middens on St. Joseph's Bay in Florida.
Dr. Rink and his associates specialize in a special type of geochronology called Optical Stimulated Luminescence—or OSL for short–that is used to date archaeological sites and geological features. OSL dating is a system of sampling and measuring the amount of energy that is trapped within soils. Quartz and quartzite accumulate energy in them through time. This energy comes from the breakdown of very small quantities of radioactive materials that are locally present in the earth's crust. The rate of breakdown and energy release is relatively constant. However, some environmental factors such as moisture can affect the accumulation of this energy.
Interestingly, both quartz and quartzite lose their accumulated energy whenever they are exposed to sunlight. When you measure the amount of energy that is present within individual sand grains, it serves as a proxy measurement for the amount of time that the quartz grains have been buried since they were last exposed to sunlight. Currently, quartz is the only material that can easily be dated through this technique although some other types of materials may be used in the future such as feldspar.
The science behind this dating technique is interesting; quartz that has been exposed to sunlight experiences an atomic level energy change that causes electrons to become un-trapped from the crystals. The crystals serve as a geologic stop watch. Whenever the quartz grain is exposed to direct sunlight, electrons are released—effectively setting the elapsed time clock back to zero. When the sand grain becomes buried, by events such as floods carrying sediment across a site, or when the ground becomes covered by a midden, or prehistoric people create a sand mound, the grains become buried in the dark, and then begin to accumulate electrons. Once you know the rate of energy accumulation in these quartz grains over a given time period, then, by measuring the amount of energy the grain still contains, you can calculate the amount of time that has elapsed since it was buried. The measurement process is actually much more complicated…but, for now, I'll will just leave it at that.
OSL dating is potentially very useful for archaeologists. It can identify soils exposed to sunlight as recently as 5-10 years ago to between 150,000 to 200,000 years ago. Dr. Rink's lab is also currently developing new techniques that will allow them to date sediments ranging from 2 to 5 million years ago. It will be a major breakthrough; however, dating such ancient soils will require an extremely long exposure to sunlight in order for this technique to be useful.
One interesting thing about collecting OSL samples is that they have to be collected so that they aren't exposed to sunlight. How can you do this—you ask? Do you work at night? Well, you could collect your samples at night, but then it becomes difficult to see your work and write your notes! The Crystal River field school used an opaque container to capture samples collected from the Geoprobe. On some projects I've seen the samples collected by pounding an opaque PVC tube into the wall of an excavation unit. The ends of the PVC tube are capped, preventing the sample from exposure to light. Theoretically, only one end of the tube is exposed to sunlight—therefore the scientist analyzing the OSL sample can then select grains that were from the middle of the tube. The greatest drawback to this method is the issue of bioturbation.
Bioturbation is the process through which living things move the soil around in the ground. Roots, ants, worms, gopher tortoises, tree falls all continuously move soil up and down through the soil column. Other process such as wind, rain, frost heave, erosion and deposition can all work to expose soil to sunlight and then cover it back up.
These factors make the use of OSL dating both a science and an art form. Although, it is relatively easy to distinguish some types of disturbances to soil stratigraphy–it is much more difficult to see the types of disturbances created by insects and worms. These organisms are constantly burrowing through the soils and continually moving grains of sand up and down. This movement of soils is one of the reasons why Dr. Rink is interested in the Crystal River site. Many of the mounds and midden that are located at the site are composed of alternating layers of shell and soil. This combination provides an advantage in OSL dating. The thick layers of shell tend to prevent natural processes such as erosion and re-deposition from churning up the soil. The shell also prevents organisms and roots from smaller plants from moving the soil around quite as much.
To take advantage of all the shell, the soil cores from the Crystal River site were collected with a specialized mechanical coring device called a Geoprobe (see previous blog article). The Geoprobe was necessary in order to penetrate the thick layers of shell that were present on the site. The Geoprobe team comprised of Dr. Rink, Dr. Glen Doran (Florida State University) and Grayal Farr, collected cores from across the site. Each core was collected using opaque black tubes to prevent its exposure to sunlight. Using this technique, the investigators will use the OSL dates to develop a chronological framework for different parts of the site. This information will really help the archaeologists to understand how and when the site was formed. These dates can help identify when a mound was first built, when it was expanded or rebuilt, and when it was abandoned.
Hopefully, when the results of the investigation are completed this information, combined with the information collected by the USF/OSU field school will provide a detailed history of the Crystal River site and its prehistoric inhabitants. Tune in again, as the investigators begin to release the results of these investigations.


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On the Performance of a Dual-Objective Optimization Model for Workflow Applications on Grid Platforms
Issue No. 09 - September (2009 vol. 20)
DOI Bookmark: _URL_
Riky Subrata, The University of Sydney, Sydney
Albert Y. Zomaya, The University of Sydney, Sydney
Young Choon Lee, The University of Sydney, Sydney
In attempts to exploit a diverse set of resources in grids efficiently, numerous assays in resource management, particularly scheduling, have been made. The primary objective of these efforts is the minimization of application completion time; however, they tend to achieve this objective at the expense of redundant resource usage. This paper investigates the problem of scheduling workflow applications on grids and presents a novel scheduling algorithm for the solution of this problem. Our algorithm performs the scheduling by accounting for both completion time and resource usage—dual objectives. Since the performance of grid resources changes dynamically and the accurate estimation of their performance is very difficult, our algorithm incorporates rescheduling to deal with unforeseen performance fluctuations effectively. The paper provides a comparative evaluation study conducted by using an extensive set of experiments. The study demonstrates that the proposed algorithm delivers promising performance in three respects: completion time, resource utilization, and robustness to resource-performance fluctuations.
Performance analysis and design aids, memory structures, hardware, simulation, distributed architectures, parallel architectures, processor architectures, computer systems organization, scheduling and task partitioning, measurement, evaluation, modeling, simulation of multiple-processor systems, performance of systems.
Riky Subrata, Albert Y. Zomaya, Young Choon Lee, "On the Performance of a Dual-Objective Optimization Model for Workflow Applications on Grid Platforms", IEEE Transactions on Parallel & Distributed Systems, vol. 20, no., pp. _PHONE_, September 2009, doi:10.1109/TPDS.2008.225


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OPTICAL AND MECHANICAL INSTRUMENTATION FOR QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF SMALL GRAINS
Location: Food Quality Laboratory
Project Number: 1245-44000-009-00
Start Date: Jun 17, 2010
End Date: Jun 16, 2015
(1) Develop spectroscopic imaging procedures (hyperspectral or multispectral) that can be used to assess quality of small grains (emphasizing wheat, rice, and barley) and oilseeds in bulk for grade, class, foreign material, and damage (mold, black point, heat, frost, and insect). (1a). Develop hyperspectral image analysis algorithms for determination of the level of mold damage from Fusarium Head Blight on wheat kernels. This will involve the development of image processing routines that identify the infected kernels in representative samples of intact wheat kernels and determine the regions of Fusarium damage within each infected kernel. (1b) Develop hyperspectral image analysis algorithms for identification of wheat kernels damaged by heat, frost, black point, and insects, as defined by official inspection criteria. (1c) Develop hyperspectral image analysis algorithms for the prediction of flour yield and break flour yield in soft red winter wheat. (2) Develop optical and mechanical methods and instrumentation for grain quality measurement that are applicable at points of sale, such as elevators, terminals, and mills. (2a) Develop rapid and objective optical methods for prediction of starch quality indicators in wheat, such as the ratio of amylose-to-amylopectin, and the identification of wheat into three states of waxiness: waxy, partial waxy, and wild type. (2b) Develop a near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy procedure for wheat gluten quality determination for use in commerce.
Fusarium-inoculated hard red spring and hard red winter wheat samples will be imaged using an in-house near-IR hyperspectral system. Image analysis will be a multistep process. First, for each kernel a mask will be created from one of images whose wavelength creates a strong contrast between kernel and background. The mask will be applied to the images at all other wavelengths in order to remove the background. Principal component analysis (PCA) loadings from images of damaged and normal regions will be examined to identify the wavelengths at local minima and maxima, which inherently possess the greatest contrast between Fusarium damage and healthy endosperm.
Hyperspectral image analysis will also be used to examine three wheat milling properties: milling yield (% straight grade flour) defined as the percent by mass of all flour fractions recovered through a 94-mesh screen; solvent retention capacity in 50% (w/w) sucrose solution, a measure of the water affinity of the macro-polymers (starch, arabinoxylans, gluten, and gliadins); and solvent retention capacity in 5% (w/w) lactic acid, an indicator of gluten strength.
Near-IR spectroscopy will explored as a method for measuring the degree of waxiness in hexaploid wheat. Wild type, partial waxy (waxy null alleles in one or two genomes), and waxy samples (null alleles in all genomes), drawn from breeders' advanced lines of hexaploid wheat, will be used. Gel electrophoresis will be used to identify the waxy protein (granule bound starch synthase, GBSS) in each sample.
Lastly, a near-IR procedure for wheat gluten quality will be developed in conjunction with a rheological procedure. The wheat samples consist of approximately 50 lines grown in field replicated (3x) plots over three consecutive seasons. Half of these lines are transgenic, in which the gene construct modifies the length of the central repeat region within the high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits. Different levels of gene expression, hence, level of glutenin protein, are represented as a function of the transgenic ancestor. Thus, this set will contain a much wider range in the ratio of glutenin-to-gliadin than naturally encountered. Flour from these samples will be evaluated for glutenin and gliadin contents by SE-HPLC another ARS laboratory. At Beltsville, the flour will be scanned in the NIR and FT-mid-IR regions. Rheological properties, such as the recovery response for a gluten specimen subjected to a controlled regiment of compressive force and hold time, will be measured at a third laboratory. Spectral calibrations for glutenin and gliadin concentrations, as well as calibrations for the rheological parameters (percent recovery and recovery time constant), will be developed using partial least squares regression. Additionally, classification algorithms (PLS discriminant analysis and SVM) algorithms will be developed that will identify the genetically modified lines based on their spectral response.


Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Examining the discourse on nuclear weapons
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Nuclear weapons and language - is there a connection? Linguistics is an established science, but what has it got to do with nuclear weapons? This article was inspired by several international disarmament negotiations where I noticed that diplomats work in a communicative reality related to the nuclear arms issue. But is anyone involved in this highly political process aware of the activity of that process of talking? Observations showed that the political problem around the issue of nuclear arms is often, among other things, a communication problem. There is a clear lack of research dealing with communicative aspects of the nuclear arms issue. This article is based on a preliminary empirical case study where officials from seven different countries (Austria, China, France, India, Israel, Japan and South Africa) were interviewed and asked to participate in a short association test. While every country has a particular way of perceiving and dealing with nuclear related issues, these interviews show that language is an essential element in constructing the social reality of nuclear disarmament.
MPRA is a RePEc service hosted by
the Munich University Library in Germany.


text: There exist different phase-field models for the simulation of grain growth in polycrystalline structures. In this paper, the model formulation, application and simulation results are compared for two of these approaches. First, we derive relations between the parameters in both models that represent the same set of grain boundary energies and mobilities. Then, simulation results obtained with both models, using equivalent model parameters, are compared for grain structures in 2D and 3D. The evolution of the individual grains, grain boundaries and triple junction angles is followed in detail. Moreover, the simulation results obtained with both approaches are compared using analytical theories and previous simulation results as benchmarks. We find that both models give essentially the same results, except for differences in the structure near small shrinking grains which are most often locally and temporary for large grain structures. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


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STRUCTURE OF THE PINEAL GLAND
At first sight, the structure of the mammalian pineal
is not very exciting. It lies at the exact centre of the brain behind the
eyes as shown in Fig.1 above and consists of only two major cell types,
pinealocytes and immature astrocytes. Occasionally, the pinealocytes are
arranged in follicles surrounding narrow or wide spaces. The gland is richly
innervated by postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres, most of which are
found in the perivascular spaces of capillaries. In addition, pinealopetal
fibres of central origin are present (Vollrath 1981). Observed under the
light microscope the pineal specific cells, the pinealocytes, lack prominent
and differential staining properties. Special staining reagents such as
silver impregnation are necessary to demonstrate their complete outlines.
Then it becomes apparent that pinealocytes are nerve cell like, consisting
of a perikaryon and an unknown number of cytoplasmic processes. The large,
pale nucleus with its prominent nucleolus is also reminiscent of a large
ganglion cell. As cytoplasmic basophilia is virtually non existent,
there is no satisfactory explanation for the high metabolic activity of
At the ultra structural level it is quite difficult to relate structure to function. In most mammalian species investigated the pinealocytes contain few granules that can be regarded as morphological correlated of secretory products, and the circadian behaviour of the few dense core vesicles present does not support the assumption that they contain melatonin. According to Julliard & Collin (1980) dense core vesicles act as storage sites for serotonin. Pinealocyte perikarya house a prominent Golgi apparatus and relatively small amounts of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum. In some species cisternea of the endoplasmic reticulum contain flocculent material which may represent a form of secretory substances. Highly pleomorphic mitochondria tend to form clusters reminiscent of the ellipsoids of inner segments of photoreceptor cells. That the pinealocytes are responsible for the conversion of serotonin to melatonin has been demonstrated histochemically by showing that it is these cells that contain serotonin (Bertler et al 1963) and melatonin (Freund et al 1977) and not the astrocyte-like interstitial cells.
It is generally accepted that mammalian pinealocytes are phylogenetically derived from pineal photoreceptor cells. In lower vertebrates pineal photoreceptors are similar to retinal cones and show outer and inner segments as well as synapses with afferent pinealofugal nerve fibres. During phylogenesis the outer segments regress as do the pinealofugal nerve fibres, but the synaptic ribbons of the afferent synapses persist. In view of the phylogenetic regression and the current concept that it is the function of mammalian pinealocytes to synthesize melatonin and to release it into the systemic circulation, both the shape of the pinealocytes and the architecture of the gland are surprising.
Human pinealocytes are equipped with long cytoplasmic processes. Comparable processes are present in all mammalian species investigated ultra structurally. When we compare these process bearing cells with the pineal photoreceptor cells of lower vertebrates it is difficult to envisage that mammalian pinealocytes represent regressed photoreceptor cells. Instead it appears that mammalian pinealocytes are highly differentiated cells similar to nerve cells, the process of which receive messages and pass on signals. A puzzling feature is that, although the possible morphological correlates of pineal secretory products are particularly prominent in terminal swellings of pinealocyte processes in many mammalian species, only a few terminals are close to blood vessels. Instead, the perivascular spaces are filled with large bundles of postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres. In fact, according to quantitative studies in the rat, 91.1% of the nerve fibres have a perivascular location, the remainder lying between pinealocytes (A.Meyer & L. Vollrath 1985). It is enigmatic that sympathetic nerve fibres predominate in the perivascular spaces since the nervi conari reach the pineal gland independently of blood vessels, as separate nerves.
INNERVATION OF PINEALOCYTES
This type of innervation has been clearly defined both morphologically and functionally. The fibres originate in the superior cervical ganglia (SCG) of the sympathetic trunk, continue in the internal carotid nerve and enter the pineal gland as nervi conari (Zigmaond et al 1981, Bowers et al 1984). Their importance for the regulation fo melatonin synthesis has been demonstrated by biochemical studies after sympathectomy or electrical stimulation of the SCG, the latter leading to an approximately 50 fold increase of serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity (Bowers & Zigmond 1980,1982). A study of rat pinealocytes after electrical stimulation of the SCG by Beuss in 1985 reviewed that some pinealocytes did not appear to be influenced by SCG stimulation, a second group responded with enhanced electrical activity and in a third group electrical activity was depressed. In view of the continuing controversy about whether NAT of hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) is the rate limiting enzyme for melatonin synthesis, and the lack of a clear-cut day / night rhythm of HIOMT, in contrast to NAT, it is relevant to recall that as early as 1972 it was reported that preganglionic electrical stimulation of sympathetic nerves resulted in an increase of pineal NAT activity but a decrease of HIOMT activity.
Nerve fibres reach the pineal gland via habenular and posterior commissures
and now with modern neurobiological techniques available, it becomes
apparent that these fibres are of functional importance. Lesion and horseradish-peroxidase
studies have revealed that central pinealopetal nerves fibres originate
in diverse brain regions including the habenular, paraventricular and suprachiasmatic
nuclei as well as the preoptic area, amygdala, olfactory centres, lateral
geniculate bodies and the sites of origin of the stria medullaris. The
central fibres contain a variety of peptides such as oxytocin, vasopressin,
luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide.
The fibres are unevenly distributed in the pineal gland, some lying in
the periphery and others in the centre.
FUNCTION OF THE PINEAL GLAND
The mammalian pineal gland evolved from a well differentiated photoreceptive organ in lower vertebrates, a functional third eye. In human, pineal gland is a small pea size structure situated in the middle of the brain. The mean weight of the pineal in a woman is 173 mg which does not differ from the mean weight of 172 mg for a man. The function of the pineal gland is shown in Fig. 2. Several conditions and compounds arranged in four categories have been listed which are known to influence pineal function. Conditions of stress could affect the pineal either by way of the pineal sympathetic innervation of via the neurohumoral route. On the right or output side, indoleamines and polypeptides are mentioned. These are substances include melatonin which are known to be produced and generally secreted by the pineal.
The pineal gland does not have the capacity to respond directly to light. Rather, light controls it through a system which includes the lateral eyes, central and peripheral neural structures and neurochemical transduction mechanisms within the gland. All vertebrates appear to synthesize melatonin rhythmically on a 24h basis. Click here to see the amount of melatonin secretion by the human pineal gland during a 24 hour cycle.
The effect of light on the melatonin rhythm generating system are properly thought of as effects on the SCN. Although the SCN can function in a cyclic manner autonomously, environmental lighting has strong effects on the changes in pineal N-acetyltransferase ( the enzyme that converts serotonin to melatonin ) activity and melatonin production. The SCN clock is actually composed of two dependent clocks and the degree to which their pineal stimulatory periods overlap is determined by the amount of light. Long nights appear to allow the clocks to drift apart, so that the pineal gland will be stimulated for a longer period than in animal kept in short nights. The effect of exposure to light is also to determinate the neural stimulation of the pineal gland. This results in the decrease in the enzyme N-acetyltransferase and therefore melatonin production. For the biological synthesis of melatonin
The amount of melatonin produced is directly linked to the sleep pattern
in mammals including human. The raw material used to made melatonin is
the amino acid tryptophan (chemical name). The tryptophan we consume
during the day is converted into serotonin (chemical name), a brain chemical
involved with mood. Serotonin in turn is converted into melatonin. The
action of melatonin and serotonin have profound effects on homeostasis,
immune surveillance and the maintenance of connective tissue, constructural
and muscular components.
Other interesting biological properties of melatonin are listed as follow;
The degenerative processes associated with aging is a biologically complex and multifaceted phenomena. A current, but putative theory on aging associates the gradual accumuation of oxidative stress in neural tissue to accelerated neurode


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Sound waves fade over distance. However, we can see light waves arriving from billions of light years away. Why don't incoming light waves dissipate before they reach us?
Anthony Turner, Auckland, New Zealand
We pay £25 for every answer published in New Scientist. To answer this question – or ask a new one – visit _URL_. Terms and conditions apply.
This article appeared in print under the headline "Wave goodbye"
More on these topics:


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Keywords: [ Kernel Methods ] [ change point analysis ] [ nonparametric ]
We study the change point problem that considers alterations in the conditional distribution of an inferential target on a set of covariates. This paired data scenario is in contrast to the standard setting where a sequentially observed variable is analyzed for potential changes in the marginal distribution. We propose new methodology for solving this problem, by starting from a simpler task that analyzes changes in conditional expectation, and generalizing the tools developed for that task to conditional distributions. Large sample properties of the proposed statistics are derived. In empirical studies, we illustrate the performance of the proposed method against baselines adapted from existing tools. Two real data applications are presented to demonstrate its potential.


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PSEUDOANEURYSM OF ULNAR ARTERY - Color Doppler
A pseudoaneurysm, or false aneurysm is a confined collection of thrombus and blood adjacent to an artery with disruption of one or more layers of it. Pseudoaneurysm differ from true aneurysm in that the latter contain all three histologic layers of the arterial wall, whereas pseudoaneurysm contain less than three and often none of these layers and contained by only compressed fibrous tissue. The pseudoaneuyrsm lumen is connected to the underlying native artery by a cylindrical neck-variable in length and diameter, & shows typical blood flow in it. Pseudoaneurysm can be a complication of arterial trauma,including arterial puncture during a diagnostic angiography or interventional procedures. Both True & pseudo aneurysms forms pulsatile masses, as former is truly pulsatile,& later can only feebly shares the pulsations of native artery.
Ultrasound with color Doppler is the imaging modality of choice for this diagnosis, & here we present a case of pseudoaneurysm of ulnar artery following trauma with classical findings on color Doppler sonography.
Contributed by: Dr. Subhash Tailor, Dr. Gopal Dhakar, Radiologists, Bhilwara [Rajasthan ], India.
Case History: A 30 years old was referred for evaluation of swelling in right
forearm following a trauma.
Findings: The study was done on GE VOLUSON 730PRO color Doppler with
10 MHz high frequency linear probe. Gray scale sonogram showed a large thick walled complex pulsatile cystic mass with mobile internal echoes adjacent to right ulnar artery ( Fig 1). Color Doppler image of the same lesion showed color flow signals within it with swirling pattern, suggestive of a vascular mass, probably pseudoaneurysm. An eccentric area of focal aliasing noted near ulnar artery through which blood is seen gushing in and out, s/o neck of pseudoaneurysm which is arising from the right ulnar artery proximal to wrist (Fig 2). Turbulent flow was well demonstrated in pseudoaneurysm with the classic "ying-yang" appearance on color flow imaging (Fig 2, 3). Spectral Doppler sampling from the pseudoaneurysm neck showed the characteristic to-and-fro blood flow pattern( Fig 4). On the basis H/O trauma, USG B-mode, color & spectral Doppler findings the diagnosis of Post traumatic pseudoaneurysm of right ulnar artery suggested, which was later confirmed by angiography.
Discussion & review of literature
The definitive diagnosis of pseudoaneurysm requires detection of the neck
connecting the pseudoaneurysm with the injured artery, and identification
within this neck of the pathognomonic''to and fro'' spectral waveform pattern (Fig-4). To-and-fro flow occurs in the neck of a pseudoaneurysm due to changing pressures: at the high intraluminal pressure during systole, blood flows through the narrow neck into the aneurysm at a rather high velocity. Under the reversed pressure conditions during diastole, the blood flows back into the artery at a slightly lower flow rate. Reflux is typically turbulent ( Fig 2). The characteristic appearance of pseudoaneurysm in triplex ultrasound (B-mode combined with color and pulsed Doppler spectral analysis) include the presence of a hematoma of variable echogenicity, which may represent separate episodes of bleeding and rebleeding, expansile pulsatility and detection of turbulent flow (''yin-yang'' appearance) within the mass(Fig-3).
A false aneurysm must be differentiated from a perivascular hematoma with transmitted pulsation, but this is difficult on clinical grounds Using duplex ultrasound,an aneurysm can be differentiated from hypoechoic,
perivascular structures such as lymphnode, hematoma, seroma, or lymphocele by the depiction of to-and-fro flow, which is diagnostic of a pseudoaneurysm and requires no angiographic confirmation.
The objective of doppler imaging is to differentiate between hematomas associated with pseudoaneurysm and those that are not. Whereas hematomas resolve spontaneously, a pseudoaneurysm can potentially rupture and therefore must be identified, closely monitored and in most instances treated.
Before ultrasound enabled the precise localization of the aneurysmal neck relative to the skin surface, the treatment of choice was surgical closure. With advances in ultrasound equipment, it is now possible to occlude over 90% aneurysms by compression of the neck using color duplex imaging guidance.
Thrombosis occurs after 10–30 min of compression with success rates of 70–90% have been reported for ultrasound guided compression of pseudoaneurysm in literature, compared with 95–100% for induction of thrombosis by sonographically guided thrombin injection into the aneurysmal sac.
So to conclude color Doppler US is cost effective and reliable imaging modality to diagnose pseudoaneurysms, and can also be utilized for guided compression and thrombin therapy.
Fig 1- Gray scale imaging showing complex cystic pulsatile mass in forearm along ulnar artery with mobile internal echos in realtime
Fig-2 Color doppler imaging showing color signals within cyst & aliasing at the neck of pseudoaneurysm due to turbulent blood flow.
Fig 3- Color flow imaging showing characteristic "yin-yang" sign due to swirling
pattern of blood flow. The red and blue color flow signals due to inflow and
outflow turn of blood respectively via neck of pseudoaneurysm.
Fig 4- Duplex spectral waveform sampling in the ulnar artery pseudoaneurysm
neck demonstrating characteristic to-and-fro blood flow.
PSEUDOANEURYSM OF ULNAR ARTERY - Color Doppler Reviewed by Sumer Sethi on Thursday, May 17, 2012 Rating:


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Education: k-6 Science/Technology/engineering/art/math
Janet's Planet: The Launchpad for Tomorrow's Scientists and Space Explorers!
By focusing on science, technology, engineering, art and math, Janet's Planet travels at the "speed of thought" and is designed to fuel S.T.E.A.M. (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art and Mathematics) potential in elementary school age kids. Already viewable on more than 144 public television stations nationwide, Janet Ivey of Janet's Planet is excited to tour her introduction to the wonders of the galaxy in performing arts centers and Elementary schools across the country!
Janet is ready to present two educational live shows that promote S.T.E.A.M. curriculum: "Tour Through Our Solar System" for K-3, and "Exploring Microgravity" for grades 3-6. Each performance features an interactive presentation that engages and challenges students; each teacher is provided with lesson plans designed to integrate with Common Core standards, based on a curriculum endorsed by NASA and Space Florida. Book Janet's Planet in your performing arts center or local schools this year and get ready for an out of this world, galactic, imaginative learning adventure!
Whether today's students go on to be artists, doctors or politicians, we know that the challenges their generation faces will demand creative solutions. We should fully expect that, in the coming decades, many of our best leaders will come from a combination of science and art!
Janet's Planet is encouraging innovation in students worldwide.
- 2013 Regional Emmy - Children's Programs - Janet's Planet
- 2012 Regional Emmy - Children's Programs - Janet's Planet
- 2011 Gracie - Outstanding Children/Adolescent Non-Animated Program - "Janet's Planet Health Interstitials"
- 2011 Regional Emmy - "Janet's Planet Health Interstitials"
- 2010 Gracie - Outstanding Children/Adolescent Non-Animated Program - "Exploring Microgravity"
- 2010 Emmy - Informational/Instructional Series - "Janet's Planet Health Interstitials"
- 2010 Emmy - Informational/Instructional Special Program - "Exploring Microgravity"
- 2009 Gracie - Outstanding Children's/Adolescent Program
- 2009 Emmy - Informational and Instructional Program
- 2008 Regional Emmy - Informational and Instructional Program
- 2006 Regional Emmy - Children's Programs Program
- 2005 Emmy - Children's Educational Program
- 2005 Emmy - Children's Entertainment Program
- 2003 Emmy - Children's Educational Program
- 2011 Nashville Scene's Best of Nashville - Best Children's TV Host
- 2011 STEMflorida, Inc. - Best STEM Informational Video Targeting Engagement in a Challenged Target Industry Cluster - Janet's Planet/Space Florida, Inc. Exploring Microgravity Video
- 2010 The Nashville Business Journal - one of 30 Women of Influence (recognized in the Inspiration and Mentor Category)
- 2010 Buzz Aldrin's ShareScience Foundation - ShareScience Education Ambassador
- 2010 Nashville Lifestyles Magazine - Nashville's 25 Most Beautiful People
- 2010 Parenting Journals Editor's Choice Award - parenting website _URL_
Captivating video really kept the students attention and interest! Interactive presentation was a nice technique to keep students engaged. Creative integration of Solar System via learning about creating a super computer by highlighting the resources found throughout space. Teacher, Roosevelt Elementary School - Kenosha, WI
Absolute fantastic mix of media and live presentation - transitions smooth - informational content detailed and video graphics made you feel like you were actually there! Good audience participation - connected well with Janet and humorous crew. - Gold Star Presentation! NASA Watchout! Fascinating! Teacher, All Saints Catholic School - Kenosha, WI
Great interaction! Kids enjoyed the tecnology! Perfect in Length! Teacher, All Saints Catholic School - Kenosha, WI
What a grand journey you will take on Janet's Planet! Studying our solar system and the galaxy are the oldest and most ennobling of human activities. Janet's methods of presentation using unique verbal, visual, and even musical cognitive techniques will create an excitement among young viewers. It is nice to see an educational endeavor that makes learning about our amazing universe so much fun! Dr. Billy Hix, Professor of Social Science and Education, Motlow College (NASA Faculty Fellow)
Leave it to our friends at Nashville Public TV to find something great! Ruby Calvert, General Manager, Wyoming PBS
A copy of this should be in every elementary and middle school in the country. A great addition to any teacher's space science curriculum! J.W., 1st Grade Teacher
Want to Know More?
Don't hesitate to contact the JRA Fine Arts team to learn more about this artist.


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|Heritage > Miramar/Seatoun|
Miramar means "Behold the sea" or "Wonderful Sea" and was named by the first settler on Watt's peninsula area, resident James Coutts Crawford, who arrived in Wellington in 1840. In 1872 he changed the name of Watt's Pennisula to Miramar. Miramar was the name of a house built for him by his brother-in-law, Major McBarnett. The original Maori name of the area was Whataitai.
On 18 November 1904, the Miramar Borough was formed.|
Seatoun was developed by James Coutts Crawford in 1879, and the name originates from a place in Forfarshire (UK) which was owned by the Crawford family.
Ataturk Memorial Historic Reserve (1990) Tarakena Bay. |
A memorial commemorating modern Turkey's first president, Mustafa Kemel Ataturk (1881 - 1938). Ataturk led Turkey's defence against the allies in the battle of Gallipoli in World War I. Beneath the memorial is a container of soil from Anzac Cove, Gallipoli.
Beacon Hill Signal Station (1864)
Wellington Harbour Radio (Beacon Hill) is the Port's permanently manned signal station and will receive all communications from vessels on a 24 hour basis.
This opening between Rongatoi and Miramar was constructed in 1910, at the same time as work on Burnham wharf was undertaken. A steam driven mechanical shovel was used in its construction.
Fort Ballance (_PHONE_) Point Gordon
Located by Mount Crawford, Karaka Bays, Wellington's primary military fort until 1911 when Fort Dorset opened, Fort Ballance was closed in 1945 but remnants still remain.
Massey Memorial (1927), Point Halswell
The entrance is off Massey Road. This is a white marble memorial to William F Massey (former premier of NZ) who died in office in 1925. The Memorial was designed by Gummer and Ford.
Mount Crawford Prison, Point Halswell (1915)
In 1919 it was to become a female only prison. In 1924 it became a reformatory with a prison wing, offering work experience and skills. It is no longer a female only prison.
Rangitau Historic Reserve and Maori Historic sites
Rangitau Pa - Wellington's only remaining untouched pa site.
Scorching Bay Domain
Bathing sheds were first erected in 1931 on this popular swimming beach. The Chocolate Fish cafÃÂÃÂ© is located across the road.
The Eastern Walkway - runs from the Pass of Branda to Tarakena Bay. The walkway was opened in 1982; it was re-routed in the 1990s to its present state. The track is 2.5km long and takes about 1.15 hrs to walk. With superb views to the South Island from high coastal cliffs, this is one of Wellington superior walks. Guide maps can be purchased from the Tourist Information Centre.
Wahine Memorial Park - This park has the Wahine's anchor and replicas of its ventilators. She hit Barrett Reef on 10 April 1968 and sunk off Steeple Rock.
All about the Wahine
Library resources on the Wahine Disaster
Weta Studios - Set of Lord of the Rings, Miramar. Peter Jackson's special effect studios are in this suburb.
|Notable People who have lived in the suburb|
James Coutts Crawford. A former Royal Naval Officer who arrived in Wellington in 1839. He settled on Watts peninsular to set up a large dairy and butchery business.|
Jonah Lomu (1975- )
The first rugby superstar in professional rugby. He exploded on the world rugby stage at the 1995 Hong Kong sevens. One of the youngest and biggest wingers ever and made his All black debut when only 19 years 45 days old.
Peter Jackson (Film Director and Producer) (1961-)
His first film was the home made horror movie "Bad taste" filmed in 1987. He recently completed the Lord of the Rings trilogy.
Church of the Holy Cross, Miramar (1960) - located on the corner of Hobart St and Miramar Ave. This is an impressive building with buttresses supporting a cantilevered overhang of the curved roof, (a first for a church in New Zealand). The bell was shipped from Limerick in Ireland for the church by the church curate.|
Fort Dorset; (1911) a battery of 12 pounder guns was set up here during WWII. This land was formerly the site of Oruaiti Pa, an old Rangitane stockaded village near where Kupe landed.
Pilot's Cottage, 229 Marine Parade, Worser Bay. The first occupant was Captain J A Scott.
St George's Anglican Church (1896), Seatoun.
Current church building opened in 1957. There is a carving of St George and the Dragon on the glass window at the west end.
Whetu Kairangi Pa
Built by the maori chief Tara when he bought his people here to settle. The name refers to stars in the heavens. The place was so named because villagers could see no other villages at night, or, from the beach, the cooking fires looked like stars. Art and Craft House, Seatoun
|Book titles on Whekenui|
Early days on the Miramar Peninsula / by J.M. & B.M. Kenneally. 1981. |
Miramar headland, prospects and possibilities: proceedings and report of a seminar held on 24 September 1995, St Patrick's College, Kilbirnie. 1995!
Miramar Peninsula: a historical and social study / by John Struthers. 1975.
Miramar Peninsula: a snapshot of the people and the Peninsula. Wellington City Council.
Saint George and the seaside dragon : a centennial history of the Parish of Seatoun-Strathmore. Author Tannock, David A. (David Alexander), 1946-
The Streets of my City: Wellington, New Zealand. Irvine-Smith, F.L.; 1948.
Those were the days / by Bernard Kaiser. 1983.
Waka, ferry, tram: Seatoun and the bays before 1958 / by Bob O'Brien.
|To look at newspaper vertical file information on Miramar/ Seatoun., please ask at the enquiries desk. For more newspaper clippings, ask at the 2nd floor enquiry desk at the Central library.|


text:
Scientific Investigations Report 2009–5233
1 U.S. Geological Survey.
2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
3 Consultant, Woodville, VA.
4 Hughes Corporation, Sioux Falls, SD.
5 Horizon Systems Corporation, Herndon, VA.
6 University of Texas at Austin.
Different methods for determining catchments (incremental drainage areas) for stream segments of the medium-resolution (1:100,000-scale) National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) were evaluated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The NHD is a comprehensive set of digital spatial data that contains information about surface-water features (such as lakes, ponds, streams, and rivers) of the United States. The need for NHD catchments was driven primarily by the goal to estimate NHD streamflow and velocity to support water-quality modeling. The application of catchments for this purpose also demonstrates the broader value of NHD catchments for supporting landscape characterization and analysis.
Five catchment delineation methods were evaluated. Four of the methods use topographic information for the delineation of the NHD catchments. These methods include the Raster Seeding Method; two variants of a method first used in a USGS New England study—one used the Watershed Boundary Dataset (WBD) and the other did not—termed the "New England Methods"; and the Outlet Matching Method. For these topographically based methods, the elevation data source was the 30-meter (m) resolution National Elevation Dataset (NED), as this was the highest resolution available for the conterminous United States and Hawaii. The fifth method evaluated, the Thiessen Polygon Method, uses distance to the nearest NHD stream segments to determine catchment boundaries.
Catchments were generated using each method for NHD stream segments within six hydrologically and geographically distinct Subbasins to evaluate the applicability of the method across the United States. The five methods were evaluated by comparing the resulting catchments with the boundaries and the computed area measurements available from several verification datasets that were developed independently using manual methods.
The results of the evaluation indicated that the two New England Methods provided the most accurate catchment boundaries. The New England Method with the WBD provided the most accurate results. The time and cost to implement and apply these automated methods were also considered in ultimately selecting the methods used to produce NHD catchments for the conterminous United States and Hawaii.
This study was conducted by a joint USGS–USEPA team during the 2-year period that ended in September 2004. During the following 2-year period ending in the fall of 2006, the New England Methods were used to produce NHD catchments as part of a multiagency effort to generate the NHD streamflow and velocity estimates for a suite of integrated geospatial products known as "NHDPlus."
First posted January 2010
For additional information contact:
Part or all of this report is presented in Portable Document Format (PDF); the latest version of Adobe Reader or similar software is required to view it. Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge.
Johnston, C.M., Dewald, T.G., Bondelid, T.R., Worstell, B.B., McKay, L.D., Rea, Alan, Moore, R.B., and Goodall, J.L., 2009, Evaluation of catchment delineation methods for the medium-resolution National Hydrography Dataset: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009–5233, 88 p. (Also available at _URL_
National Hydrography Dataset
Concept of National Hydrography Dataset Catchments
National Elevation Dataset
Elevation Derivatives for National Applications
Watershed Boundary Dataset
Catchment Delineation Methods
Raster Seeding Method
New England Method with Watershed Boundary Dataset
New England Method without Watershed Boundary Dataset
Outlet Matching Method
Thiessen Polygon Method
Testing the Catchment Delineation Methods
Basis for Comparison
Datasets Obtained for Verification in the Comparison Analysis
Boundaries from the Watershed Boundary Dataset
Coefficient of Areal Correspondence
Normalizing Coefficient of Areal Correspondence
Polygon-Area Percent Error
Cumulative Drainage-Area Analysis
Evaluation of Catchment Delineation Methods
Appendix. Detailed Discussion for each Study Subbasin


Impact (mechanics)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Head impact can cause concussion. Sports helmets help protect against brain injury.[1]
In mechanics, an impact is a high force or shock applied over a short time period when two or more bodies collide. Such a force or acceleration usually has a greater effect than a lower force applied over a proportionally longer time period of time. The effect depends critically on the relative velocity of the bodies to one another.
At normal speeds, during a perfectly inelastic collision, an object struck by a projectile will deform, and this deformation will absorb most, or even all, of the force of the collision. Viewed from the conservation of energy perspective, the kinetic energy of the projectile is changed into heat and sound energy, as a result of the deformations and vibrations induced in the struck object. However, these deformations and vibrations cannot occur instantaneously. A high-velocity collision (an impact) does not provide sufficient time for these deformations and vibrations to occur. Thus, the struck material behaves as if it were more brittle than it would otherwise be, and the majority of the applied force goes into fracturing the material. Or, another way to look at it is that materials actually are more brittle on short time scales than on long time scales: this is related to time-temperature superposition. Impact resistance decreases with an increase in the modulus of elasticity, which means that stiffer materials will have less impact resistance. Resilient materials will have better impact resistance.
Different materials can behave in quite different ways in impact when compared with static loading conditions. Ductile materials like steel tend to become more brittle at high loading rates, and spalling may occur on the reverse side to the impact if penetration doesn't occur. The way in which the kinetic energy is distributed through the section is also important in determining its response. Projectiles apply a Hertzian contact stress at the point of impact to a solid body, with compression stresses under the point, but with bending loads a short distance away. Since most materials are weaker in tension than compression, this is the zone where cracks tend to form and grow.
Crane with a pile driver
1/2" drive pistol-grip air impact wrench
A nail is pounded with a series of impacts, each by a single hammer blow. These high velocity impacts overcome the static friction between the nail and the substrate. A pile driver achieves the same end, although on a much larger scale, the method being commonly used during civil construction projects to make building and bridge foundations. An impact wrench is a device designed to impart torque impacts to bolts to tighten or loosen them. At normal speeds, the forces applied to the bolt would be dispersed, via friction, to the mating threads. However, at impact speeds, the forces act on the bolt to move it before they can be dispersed. In ballistics, bullets utilize impact forces to puncture surfaces that could otherwise resist substantial forces. A rubber sheet, for example, behaves more like glass at typical bullet speeds. That is, it fractures, and does not stretch or vibrate.
Impacts causing damage[edit]
Chevrolet Malibu involved in a rollover crash
Road traffic accidents usually involve impact loading, such as when a car hits a traffic bollard, water hydrant or tree, the damage being localized to the impact zone. When vehicles collide, the damage is proportionate to the relative velocity of the vehicles, the damage increasing as the square of the velocity since it is the impact kinetic energy (1/2 mv2) which is the variable of importance. Much design effort is made to improve the impact resistance of cars so as to minimize user injury. It can be achieved in several ways: by enclosing the driver and passengers in a safety cell for example. The cell is reinforced so will survive in high speed crashes, and so protect the users. Parts of the body shell outside the cell are designed to crumple progressively, absorbing most of the kinetic energy which must be dissipated by the impact.
Various impact test are used to assess the effects of high loading, both on products and standard slabs of material. The Charpy test and Izod test are two examples of standardized methods which are used widely for testing materials. Ball or projectile drop tests are used for assessing product impacts.
The Columbia disaster was caused by impact damage when a chunk of polyurethane foam impacted the carbon fibre composite wing of the space shuttle. Although tests had been conducted before the disaster, the test chunks were much smaller than the chunk that fell away from the booster rocket and hit the exposed wing.
Mock-up of a space shuttle leading edge made with an RCC-panel taken from Discovery showing impact damage during a test
When fragile items are shipped, impacts and drops can cause product damage. Protective packaging and cushioning help reduce the peak acceleration by extending the duration of the shock or impact.[2]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Consumer Product Safety Commission. "Safety Standard for Bicycle Helmets" (PDF). Final Rule 16 CFR Part 1203. Archived from the original on 24 September 2006. Retrieved 2006.
 2. ^ "Package Cushioning Design". MIL-HDBK 304C. DoD. 1997.
 - Goldsmith, W. (1960). Impact: The Theory and Physical Behaviour of Colliding Solids Dover Publications, ISBN 0-486-42004-3
 - Poursartip, A. (1993). Instrumented Impact Testing at High Velocities, Journal of Composites Technology and Research, 15(1).
 - Toropov, AI. (1998). Dynamic Calibration of Impact Test Instruments, Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 24(4).


Stratamodel designs and executes gamma surface and shallow soil surveys. We also provide lab services for isotopic identification
Total gamma and spectral gamma provide a direct measurement of uranium progeny isotopes in the soil and at surface. Stratamodel uses highly sensitive gamma detection technology mounted on all terrain vehicles or carried in backpacks for linear traverses. We have portable spectrometers with either isotope specific probes or general purpose large volume crystal probes for grid point measurement, or shallow soil isotopic analysis.
Contact Stratamodel for more information or to schedule a gamma surface or soil survey.
Uranium undergoes radioactive decay to lead via a series of radioactive elements called progeny or daughter radionuclides. Nuclides that emit alpha radiation (a helium nucleus) decay to isotopes of smaller atomic mass. Nuclides that emit beta radiation (an electron) decay to isotopes of larger atomic number with no change in atomic mass. Some nuclides also emit gamma radiation as the nucleons and electrons reconfigure to a more stable form during or shortly after an alpha or beta decay. Gamma photons are radiated at energies and intensities that are specific to each nuclide. The uranium progeny that emit gamma radiation can be identified in many cases by their characteristic spectrum if the gamma intensity is sufficiently high. Uranium 238 itself emits a single very low energy-low intensity gamma photon when it decays thus it is difficult to measure directly by field gamma spectrometry. Geiger counters and most other gamma detectors do not directly measure uranium. Most gamma detectors measure the radiation from nuclides that are far down the decay chain thus uranium concentration or activity can only be inferred assuming the sample or sample site is in secular isotopic equilibrium. In outcrop or soil, this assumption is rarely the case. All airborne and ground radiometric methods rely upon this assumption as do most borehole logging tools.
U238 and U235decay series. Isotopes with diagnostic gamma radiation are colored from low intensity (blue) to high intensity (red).
U238 decay series
U235 decay series
Secular equilibrium is the steady state condition where all progeny nuclides have the same decay activity as their parent. If U238 is present at a concentration sufficient to produce one bequerel (one decay/second), all lighter progeny will be present in sufficient concentrations to produce one bequerel of activity. At equilibrium, the activity ratio of all nuclides in the U238 and U235 decay chains is equal to one. In theory, secular isotopic equilibrium is attained in uranium deposits after approximately 1.7 million years if mineralization behaves as a closed geochemical system. This theoretical result assumes introduction of U238 as the only uranium isotope. In uranium deposits that have formed from uranium precipitation from groundwater, U238, U235, and most significantly U234 will be present in approximate ratios of their natural isotopic abundance. As a consequence, U234 is the rate limiting parent to be considered for calculations of secular equilibrium in the U238 series in most natural systems. The time to secular equilibrium then is reduced to about 540,000 years. In that high energy, high intensity gamma radiation is only emitted by progeny near the end of the decay chain, gamma radiation only reaches easily measured values as secular equilibrium is approached. Estimates of uranium ore grade from total gamma counts and spectral gamma counts all assume a state of near secular equilibrium.
Younger uranium deposits, refined uranium metal, uranium fuel, and depleted uranium all have highly attenuated gamma signals because they have not reached secular equilibrium. Significant gamma activity in natural uranium deposits only begins to increase after about 10,000 years before reaching a maximum between 540,000 and 1.7 million years. Relatively young, naturally occuring uranium mineralization, will emit gamma from progeny in proportion to their activity calculated from the period of ingrowth. If progeny nuclides escape or progeny nuclides remain behind when uranium escapes, the activity ratios of some or all remaining nuclides depart from unity and the deposit is no longer in secular equilibrium. The practical result for uranium exploration is the introduction of error into uranium concentration calculations based on gamma measurement.
In the case of depleted uranium (nearly pure U238), virtually all of the gamma activity will originate from U238, Th234 and Pa234. Enriched uranium will have somewhat higher gamma activity proportional to the contribution of U235 and Th231.
Secular equilibrium is disturbed if the system is not closed. Uranium dissolved in oxygenated groundwater can be transported away, depleting the site. Radon produced by radioactive decay can escape to the atmosphere. In both cases, the decay chain is spatially separated and error is introduced into uranium concentration calculations that are based on late stage nuclides like Bi214.
Secular isotopic equilibrium
Devices that measure gamma radiation sample a larger volume of rock or soil than either alpha or beta detectors. Alpha particles have a mass of four atomic mass units and are stopped by collisions with other atoms. Few alpha particles escape from the soil or rock and are stopped within a few micrometers of their origin by rock and within a few centimeters by air. Beta particles are electrons which have a much lower mass but are still stopped easily by collisions with solid matter. Gamma photons have no mass and in general more energy than either alpha or beta particles emitted by the nuclides in the uranium decay series thus they can penetrate tens of centimeters of rock before being attenuated.
Alpha, beta, and gamma radiation have greatly different abilities to escape the soil or rock where they originate. Alpha measurements are from the surface only. Beta measurements test only the first centimeter of the surface. Gamma measurements range from ten cm to a meter in depth.
Radiation penetration
Total counts of gamma photons indicate the gross level of activity at a site or within a sample. However, uranium and its progeny are far from the only sources of gamma radiation. Cosmic rays are highly energetic gamma photons which contribute to total gamma counts. Potassium is a common element in soil and rock and the isotope K40 can contribute a significant proportion of the total gamma radiation in some instances. Several other naturally occurring isotopes such as thorium are also commonly found in rocks and soils. Geiger counters and simple scintillation counters can only quantify total gamma counts. Some scintillation counters can isolate a few user defined gamma peaks and are a little more informative than total gamma counts. Even more sophisticated instruments divide gamma photons of different energy into hundreds or thousands of channels thus a very detailed record of a gamma spectrum can be analyzed and individual nuclides identified.
Some isotopes have characteristic gamma peaks which can be clearly seen in this sample of oxidized uranium ore. Radium 226, bismuth 214, and lead 214 are well defined in this sample.
Uranium ore spectrum
The simplest type of gamma survey is measurement of the total gamma activity of the surface. Gamma photons of the nuclides used for uranium exploration are not very energetic and even the best instruments can only detect gamma photons originating in the upper meter of soil or rock. Surface measurements are made either from the air or on the surface itself. With proper interpretation these can be a valuable first exploration pass. Ore grade uranium mineralization at surface is relatively easy to detect by this type of survey.
Continuous measurement or gridded sampling of total gamma radiation using standard techniques and instrumentation are widely used in uranium exploration. Isotopic ratios and specific energy 'windows' provide additional detail to a survey and in the former case, normalization. Despite this, all rely upon the gamma energies of just a few isotopes as proxies for uranium and thorium. If specific energy windows are not used, potassium in soil or rock is a potential source of noise. Thallium 208 (proxy for Th232), Bi214 and Pb214 (proxies for U238) have energies in the less noisy, high energy neighborhoods of the gamma spectrum and high intensity lines. The problem with relying on these high gamma energy and intensity nuclides lies with their parents. Before Bi214 is produced in the U238 decay chain, four potentially mobile nuclides can be separated from their primary uranium parents. Uranium 234, produced early in the U238 decay chain, and primary U235 can be solubulized then transported by moderately oxidized groundwater. The result is mineralization with a strong gamma signal but uranium depletion. Radium 226 though not geochemically mobile in dilute groundwater is solubulized at moderate to high salinity and can travel significant distances from its point of origin. Moreover, Ra226 is preferentially removed from the soil by some plants. Radon gas is potentially far more mobile and can also be transported away from its source. This geochemical fractionation prevents or disrupts secular equilibrium of the uranium decay chain resulting in overestimation of the uranium concentration.
Shallow borehole gamma measurements are superior to surface measurements. With the appropriate instrumentation, a larger soil volume can be measured than a surface measurement, activity from atmospheric fallout concentrated at surface reduced, and to a lesser extent activity from cosmic sources reduced as well. The symmetrical geometry of a well drilled soil borehole also lends itself to more precise calibration of a gamma probe so that better correlation between counts and uranium concentration is possible. Though most portable systems have a "uranium ppm" setting, the accuracy claims of their manufacturers are dubious at best. The correlation algorithm in these handheld instruments does not account for the user's angle of operation, distance to the target, or other non-standard geometries and conditions that are possible.
Typical NaI(Tl) detectors with a prismatic or cylindrical geometry are designed to detect gamma photons at energies higher than about 150 KeV. Large crystal detectors are necessary to adequately quantify these nuclides


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Arimidex and Insomnia
Of the side effects seen with Arimidex, insomnia is one of the more common. However, it is hard to determine if this is because of the medication, other factors, or both, since clinical studies on cancer drugs do not give a placebo pill. If you are taking Arimidex and insomnia occurs, tips for better sleep include keeping a regular sleep-wake cycle and engaging in a pre-sleep ritual 30 minutes before bed.
Does Arimidex Cause Insomnia?Arimidex® (anastrozole) is a prescription medicine used to treat breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Just as with other medicines, several Arimidex side effects are possible. Insomnia appears to be one of the more common. This is based on clinical studies where up to 10 percent of people taking the drug reported insomnia as a side effect.
People with insomnia have one or more of the following symptoms:
- Difficulty falling asleep
- Waking up often during the night and having trouble going back to sleep
- Waking up too early in the morning
- Unrefreshing sleep.
However, it is difficult to tell if insomnia is caused by Arimidex or by other factors (such as the condition itself), due to the way clinical studies of Arimidex were designed. In most non-cancer studies, a portion of the participants take a placebo (sugar pill). This pill will not treat the condition and causes no side effects. Any side effect that does occur in the placebo group is because of the condition or other factors. By having people take a placebo, it is possible to compare side effects between the group taking the medicine and those who are not. This allows researchers to see what, if any, impact the medicine has on increasing or decreasing a particular problem.
However, because it would be unethical to not treat breast cancer, there was no placebo group for any Arimidex studies. Therefore, it is difficult to tell if insomnia is due to Arimidex, other factors, or a combination of both.


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Explaining the relationship between GDP and the business cycle can be quite difficult since it requires understanding both these terms individually. Both these terms are dependent on each other, though, and are a reflection of the nation's economic health.
With regards to the aforementioned query and the following answer, we would be covering four broad spectrum's of economic theory and thought. Adam Smith, Alfred Marshall's logic, Keynesian thought for the demand and supply analysis, and the overall logic of macro and micro economics. To understand the relationship between GDP and business cycle, it is first necessary to understand the meaning of each of them and how they have an influence on each other.
Definitions and Meaning of GDP and Business Cycle
In this answer, it must be noted that no complex incomprehensible theories have been used, instead a simple logic has been used to back up the relationship in the two concepts. However before we take a look at how and why these conditions affect each other, it is essential to know the definition of the two concepts.
Gross Domestic Product
A gross domestic product is principally the total of all the goods and services which have been produced within a nation's borders in one accounting year. The common formula for GDP goes as follows:
C + G + I + NX
Where C is the private consumption and spending, G is the government spending, I is the spending for business and NX is the difference between imports and exports. On the whole a GDP provides a great overview and indication of the production, spending and income earning capacity of the economy.
While reading the answer to the question, what is the relation between GDP and business cycle, note that here we will be dealing with 4 business cycles that affect the economic indicators and not the 5 classifications of business cycles that are based upon the time duration of cycle. The 4 business cycles include the following:
The economy of each and every nation goes through these changes continually, and there is no economy that has not experienced this cycle. These cycles are triggered by several factors such a lack of resources, laws, foreign policy, politics, war, economic health of the private sector, etc. The factors may affect the economic situation either collectively in individually. The change of cycle in a negative gear indicates that the balanced equilibrium of the economy has been disturbed and the economic machinery is not functioning in proper manner, and there is need for change.
Relation Between GDP and the Business Cycle
The aforementioned business cycles have a profound effect on the GDP. There is no specified theory or equation or rational formula that establishes the relation between the GDP and the business cycle, or the effect that a business cycle on a GDP. Also it must be noted every cycle, GDP and the status of the economy which it represents, is unique and every cycle has to be dealt with a different approach.
Here is what exactly happens with each cycle. Now to understand the table, imagine a fat 'U' that is the letter 'U' not 'U' as in 'you'. Sorry ladies, for the rude shock. The left upper section of the U is 'slump'. The tapering downward slope is a recession. The upward going slope is the 'recovery', and the portion above it is a 'boom'.
|Business Cycle||Meaning||Characteristics and Merits||Demerits||Effect on GDP and National Economy|
|Slump||A slump is a time period where the equating balance of the equilibrium of the economy degrades due to some cause resulting into the drop in output and growth of the economy.||Common characteristics of the slump period includes a reduction in output which leads to reduction in demand. As customers start to spend lesser and save more as they ready themselves for a recession, an even greater drop in output is witnessed.||The confidence of the economy is shaken due to the slump and in this period, some businesses start to incur losses, bad debts and drop in the inward cash flow is observed. The comprehensive is accumulated in places such as savings accounts and the net drop in all outflow of goods occurs.||In this cycle, the GDP of the nation starts dropping and the key initiative of the people is to save and lessen spending. In this cycle, a distinctive rise in the imports is observed. So basically the GDP of the nation drops down as a result of decreased economic activity and lack in resource input and output sales values.|
|Recession||The grave follow-up of the slump cycle is the recession, where an acute and drastic drop in the level of total goods and products manufactured is seen. The only merit, per se being that the consumers in the economy go into a relatively healthy cycle of lots of savings and the less demand leads to a substantial drop down in the general price levels.||Negative aspects are not just substantial in number, but they also tend to have a substantial effect on the economy. The prominent effect is that the employment levels and the levels of production drop. Lack of proper resource supply, bankruptcy and high government spending are some of other important aspects of a recession||In this stage, the GDP drops down substantially due to decreased spending, unemployment and bankruptcy, a further decrease in the demand, decreases the level of production, together affect the GDP.||During the periods of recession the levels of GDP rapidly drop, often at alarming rates.|
|Recovery||Recovery is the process where the economy starts to recover from the reduced GDP and comes back to a normal status.||The principle characteristic of such an economic situation is that the production and economic activities are renewed and some of the crucial negative aspects of economy such as bankruptcy and unemployment are significantly curtailed, exports start increasing and imports are controlled or eliminated to the extent of achieving self sufficiency.||There are almost no or few potential demerits of such a state of the economy, a prominent problem being that this very state of the economy can lead out into a recessionary cycle.||A slow, steady and gradual rise in the GDP would be observed in such a recovery stage.|
|Boom||A boom is a period of substantial rise in the output and manufacturing volumes. In such a case the growth or the amount of inward cash flow goes on increasing and so does the volume of export.||This cycle results in a rapid growth, in monetary terms, quick profits, self-reliance, favorable trade and a drastic rise in overall income level of the population.||There is a strong chance of rise in the level of general inflation and there is also a substantial risk of facing what is known as overspending.||The GDP of the nation increases substantially in this time period.|
Apart from these aforementioned facts and effects there are several other factors that are bound to influence the GDP at the same time.


text: Daniel_Stuckey writes "No man is an island, but evolutionarily, each person functions like one for the HIV virus. That's according to Thomas Leitner, a researcher working on a project aimed at creating technology for tracking HIV through a population. The technology, which is being studied at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, may allow people to identify who infected them with the virus, a development that could have major implications in criminal proceedings. "If you're familiar with Darwin's finches, you have a population of birds on one island and they keep moving and evolving as they spread to other islands so that each population is a little different," Leitner said. "With HIV, it's the same. Every person infected with HIV has a slightly different form of the virus. It's the ultimate chameleon because it evolves this way.""


text: Pendulum impact tester serve for determining the impact strength of notched and unnotched metal bars of different sections and different lengths according to the charpy (Beam) method. The machine is meant for making charpy, Izod and tension impact tests. The Pendulum Impact Tester is designed conducting CHARPY IZOD and IMPACT TENSION Test. The test methods conform to IS : _PHONE_ and IS :_PHONE_ and IS : _PHONE_. The impact energy absorbed by the specimen during rupture is measured as the difference between the height of drop before rupture and the height of rise after rupture of the test specimen and is read on the dial scale.


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ArcGIS Enterprise on Amazon Web Services and the AWS Management Console
The Amazon Web Services (AWS) Management Console is a web application that you can use to administer the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) instances and other resources that you have created on AWS. Typically, you use ArcGIS Enterprise on Amazon Web Services deployment tools to create deployments and then you use the AWS Management Console to prepare resources and accomplish advanced administrative tasks such as adjusting security group rules or attaching more storage to your instances.
For information on which browser version to use with AWS Management Console, see the AWS documentation.
Advanced users who require more specialized configurations can create deployments using the AWS Management Console. In many cases, you can create EC2 instances using an Esri ArcGIS Enterprise Amazon Machine Image (AMI), which includes ArcGIS Enterprise software. Or, if you require a different operating system, for example, you may create EC2 instances from a different AMI and install and configure ArcGIS Enterprise on these instances.
Creating a deployment using the AWS Management Console is a multistep process that requires architectural planning and an understanding of Amazon Web Services.
The following is a summary example of a basic workflow to deploy ArcGIS Enterprise using the AWS Management Console and an Esri AMI. The approach you take may vary based on your deployment needs.
 1. Prepare to deploy on AWS.
 - Create an Amazon account and make sure it includes EC2 access.
 - The first time you use a new Amazon Machine Image, accept AWS Marketplace terms.
 - Create Amazon security groups for ArcGIS, configuring at least one security group that allows remote access.
 - For ArcGIS Enterprise deployments on a single EC2 instance, configure an Amazon Elastic IP address and map a fully qualified domain name to the IP address. Create the Elastic IP address in the same Amazon region as your deployment.
 - For deployments that include multiple machines (multiple EC2 instances), create Elastic Load Balancers (Classic) in the same Amazon region as your deployment. Create CNAME DNS mappings for each load balancer.
 2. Launch an AWS instance to create a base ArcGIS Enterprise deployment or a highly available portal and connect to the instance to license software.
 3. Create the ArcGIS Server roles you require and federate them with the portal.
 - Launch an EC2 instance for each federated server site you require. Use the same Esri AMI you used to create the portal.
 - Federate each site with the portal.
 4. If your users will publish services that reference registered data, set up a place to store your data on AWS.
 5. Move your data to AWS.
 6. Customize security on your AWS instances.
 7. Configure the ArcGIS Enterprise portal to meet your organization's needs.
 8. Prepare your production environment.
This help system describes many of the steps summarized above. Another helpful resource is the Amazon Web Services documentation, which explains how to use the AWS Management Console and how to program with Amazon Web Services.


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An Invasive Species of Giant Snail is Plaguing One Texas Community
Texas Parks and Wildlife lists the snails as one of the most unwanted animals in the state.
Residents of this Texas community aren't kidding when they refer to their new neighbors as "slimy."
KVUE reports that an "invasive and aggressive species" of snail called channeled apple snails has moved in to the upscale Katy neighborhood of Tamarron. Otherwise known as Pomacea canaliculate, their bodies can be two inches wide to three inches tall with the shell extending up to six inches—comparable in size to an apple, which is how they got their name.
Apple snails, which are found in slow-moving streams, ponds and lakes, are native to South America but started appearing in the Lone Star State in the '90s. According to the Texas Invasive Species Institute, these mollusks reproduce quickly and can wreak considerable damage on an ecosystem. Their bright reddish-pink eggs are easy to identify and are laid in glob-like in groupings of 200 to 600.
WATCH: North Carolina Swarmed by Monster Mosquitoes Following Hurricane Florence Flooding
Texas Parks and Wildlife lists the snails as one of the most unwanted animals in the state and are urging people who come across them to alert the authorities.