Let's get the basics right for C rate.
If someone says to you that they are supplying a 100Ah battery, then it has no meaning. It is incomplete information. It is like a shopkeeper saying to you, "I will give you 2 Oil". Whether it is 2 liters of Oil or 2 bottles of Oil has not been specified. Similarly, the capacity of a battery (Ah) should always be specified along with its C rate. So, for example, the correct way of specifying battery capacity would be 100Ah @ C20.
C-rate is basically the charging rate or discharging rate of batteries. In other words, C-rate is used to scale the charge and discharge current of a battery. For a given capacity, C-rate is a measure that indicates at what current a battery is charged and discharged to reach its defined capacity.
A 1C rate (or C/1) means that the discharge current will discharge the entire battery in 1 hour. For a battery with a capacity of 100Ah, this equates to a discharge current of 100A.
Similarly, a 1C (or C/1) charge loads a 100Ah battery at 100A in 1 hour, so at the end of the hour the battery reaches a capacity of 100Ah; a 1C (or C/1) discharge drains the battery at that same rate.
A 0.5C or (C/2) charge loads a 100Ah battery at 50A so it takes 2 hours to charge the battery at the rating capacity of 100Ah;
A 2C charge loads a 100Ah battery at 200A, so it takes theoretically 30 minutes to charge the battery at the rating capacity of 100Ah;
Last example, a lead acid battery with a C10 (or C/10) rated capacity of 300Ah should be charged or discharged in 10 hours with a current charge or discharge of 30A.
Note that though a battery is rated as 100Ah @ C10, it does not mean that you cannot draw more than 30A. You can still draw more current like 60A but remember that the battery capacity will reduce if you keep on doing this due to Peukert's law.
To understand this, let's look at the datasheet of a Sealed lead-acid battery advertised as a 100Ah @ C20. This is the US AGM 31 by US battery.
If you observe the above table, you can notice that this 100Ah battery is also a 92Ah battery @ C10 (or 10-hour rate) and 105Ah battery @ C48 (or 48-hr rate). Thus specifying just the Ah capacity is only half the story. You need to specify both the Ah and C-rate of the battery.
Why is it important to know the C-rate or C-rating of a battery?
C-rate is an important data for a battery because for most of batteries the energy stored or available depends on the speed of the charge or discharge current. Generally, for a given capacity, you will have less energy if you discharge in 1 hour than if you discharge in 20 hours, reversely you will store less energy in a battery with a current charge of 100 A during 1 h than with a current charge of 10 A during 10 h.
In the above US AGM 31, the 100Ah battery @ C20 will have less energy (only 66Ah) if you discharge in 1 hr (or C/1 rate) and store less energy (only 92Ah) with a current charge of 10A during 10h (or C10 rate).
C-rate notations
You would have noticed till now that the numbers are placed either to the left or right of C. In addition, C10 batteries are also represented as C/10. So what is the correct way of representing the C rate? To understand this, please refer to the below video:
Basically, C10 and C/10 are the same. In India, we normally use C10 without the "/" when the number is placed to the right of C.
So now you can see as the C-rating increases (on the right of C), the ampere limit decreases but the number of hours increases. C20 battery is a medium discharge battery, it is recommended for household on mains inverter because the power outage is usually long. C10 is fast discharge battery will not withstand a long power outage and we do not need high (15A) and the inverter connected appliances are usually light, electronics, fan etc they do not need high current.
A C10 should not be discharged in less than 10 hours, C20 should not be discharged in less than 20 hours. So C20 gives us more time before it can be fully discharged. C10 is recommended for solar but it will not last long as C20. C10 should not be discharged within 10 hours and C20 should not be discharged in less than 20 hours
Similarly, C20 should not be fully charged from empty less than 20 hours, C10 should not be charged in less than 10 hours from empty. This allows C10 to quickly charge when sun is available. In certain applications even C5 batteries are used it is a rapid discharge battery but charges even rapidly.
So why does the capacity decrease at higher C rate?
Battery voltage includes mainly 3 contributions: difference between chemical potentials of the electrodes (well-known equation ΔG=-zFE) and two electrical potentials of the double layers at the surface of each electrode. The potential of the double layer includes the equilibrium part and the part caused by the finite rate of transfer of ions between the electrodes and electrolyte (so-called overpotential). Battery capacity is the amount of transferred ions, so it is directly related to the chemical composition of the electrodes and their chemical potentials.
If we charge the battery to the same voltage at two different rates, the overpotential will be higher for the battery charged at the higher rate. Correspondingly, the difference between the chemical potentials will be lower (we fix only the sum of all contributions to voltage!) and amount of the transferred ions will be lower, meaning that the capacity will be lower.
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The Open GIS Consortium, Inc. (OGC) announced that the US National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) upgraded its membership level from Principal Member to Strategic Member. NASA has been a member of OGC since it's founding in 1994. NASA recognized
the importance of OGC's role in advancing interoperability in a consensus forum, and provided OGC with initial funding to start operations through a Cooperative Agreement Notice
entitled "Public Use of Earth and Space Science Data Over the Internet".
Recently, NASA formed the Geospatial Interoperability Office (GIO) to better "enable government, industry, scientists and citizens to gain knowledge or make decisions
through application of geospatial information". GIO holds the OGC membership for NASA and coordinates participation in OGC activities. Myra Bambacus, Program Manager of the GIO, noted "geospatial interoperability is critically important in enabling applications through seamless access to NASA's Earth Science Data. We look forward to collaborating with the Consortium on mutual goals and setting a strategic approach for meeting the spatial technology interoperability needs of the global community."
NASA's Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) goal to "develop advanced information technologies for processing, archiving, accessing, visualizing, and communicating Earth science data" is consistent with OGC's vision. ESE related projects including the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS), the Earth Science Information Partnership (ESIP) federation, the Digital Earth program, the Globe Program, the Earth Science Technology Office and
the Geographic Interoperability Office take advantage of the results of OGC programs.
As a Strategic Member, NASA will contribute significant in-kind support, providing, for example, specification revisions, discussion papers, proposals, and tutorials, as well as chairing Working Groups and Special Interest Groups. NASA will work with other members to help guide OGC in directions that result in broader user choice of geoprocessing products in the marketplace and improved opportunities for industry to meet the varied and complex needs of government.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The responses of chromatophores to Eght stimuli have been reported in various kinds of animals. In almost all cases, the stimuli have been regarded as not affecting the chromatophore directly, but through nervous or hormonal mediation. Little is understood about chromatophore behaviour as a primary response to light.
In Diadema, as Millott has already reported (1950, 1952), the chromatophores distributed over the interambulacral zones expand or contract following a suitable period of light or dark treatment. According to Millott, a local expansion can be efidted following illumination by a light spot. This seems to indicate a direct response of the chromatophore to light. In Millott's experiment, however, since relatively large areas were illuminated (0·5-1·5 mm. in diameter), there remains the possibility that peripheral nerve endings may have been involved in the photic response. The present experiment is made in an attempt to investigate whether or not the chromatophore reaction may be really direct (i.e. intracellular).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sea-urchin species D. setosum, available at Misaki, seems to comprise two forms. Urchins used in these experiments were limited to the form which had 'globularshaped 'blue spots along the border between the ambulacral and the interambulacral zone and five 'white' patterns at the equatorial plane of the test in the interambulacral zones.* An area convenient for observation was between the genital pore and the white pattern. Since colour changes can be induced by dark-treatment independently of the central nervous system, as Millott reported, this area (about 0·5 cm. wide and 1·5 cm. long) was cut off from the test. It was then placed in a glass vessel and observed under the microscope.
For stimulation, light from a microscope lamp was thrown on the material by the following arrangement. The light, after passing through a water filter (2·5 cm. in thickness), was made to converge to 3μ in diameter by an optical system consisting of a diaphragm, a prism and four lenses. These components were arranged in the following order.-†.
An aperture (0·3 mm. in diameter) in the diaphragm served as the image, 150-200 Lux in intensity.
A high-power lens (f= 2 mm.) reduced the size of diaphragm image.
Two low-power lenses of long focal distance picked up the small image and formed its virtual image at a conjugate focus of an objective lens (5).
Along the course of (3), a prism was inserted to bend the ray at right angles so as to make the beam enter the optical axis of the microscope.
An objective lens ( × 10), which was being used for observation, picked up the virtual image formed by (3) and focused its real image of 3/4 in diameter at the plane of the focus of the microscope.
If chromatophores are generally illuminated the complete dispersion of the pigment from the concentrated state takes 20-30 min.; when kept in darkness its complete concentration from the dispersed state requires hr. Therefore, when a light spot was thrown on a part of a chromatophore with fully concentrated pigment (whether it was applied on the pigment-containing or the pigment-free part of the cell) the illumination was continued for 20-30 min. When the light spot was thrown on a part of a chromatophore when its pigment was dispersed, the illumination was continued for hr.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Description of the reaction will be given with reference to Fig. 1 (A-F and G-I).
(A) The initial condition of the experiment. The whole field has been generally illuminated for some time and the pigment is largely dispersed. The spot of fight is now placed on the middle part of the branch of no. 4 chromatophore in which the pigment is incompletely dispersed (marked with a cross) and the general illumination is cut off.
(B) The whole preparation has been in darkness for. except for the spot of light on no. 4 chromatophore (now marked with a circle). It is significant that the pigment remains dispersed in the illuminated area of the chromatophore. In one branch of no. 5 chromatophore the pigment remains dispersed, and since this occurs nearest the light spot, it is probably due to light scattered from the spot. The light spot is then moved to a new position indicated with a cross.
(C) One hour after B. In chromatophores nos. 1, 2 and 6, the pigment disperses as far as the light spot (circle), while in the branches of chromatophores nos. 4 and 5 the pigment has become fully concentrated.
The light spot is again moved to a place shown by a cross at the end of C.
(D) One hour after C. The pigment in nos. 5 and 6 chromatophores is apparently contiguous at the point of illumination.
The light is then moved slightly toward the centre (cross-mark) of no. 6 chromatophore.
(E) One hour later. After the shift of light, granules of no. 6 chromatophore remain on the stimulated point, while in no. 5 cell it has become concentrated again; as in C.
Forty minutes after E—20 min. in darkness and 20 min. under illumination. The same condition as in A is resumed, with no sign of injury or fatigue. This is taken as evidence that the cells have been maintained in healthy condition, although the experiments from A to E lasted for 5 hr.
The next series:
(F) The initial condition after general illumination. The spot of light is then thrown on the distal end of the branch of no. 1 chromatophore in which the pigment is partly dispersed (marked with a cross).
(G) One and a half hours after G. Branches of nos. 1 and 2 chromatophores are apparently in contact at the stimulated point.
The light spot is now shifted to a place shown by a cross.
(H) One hour after H. The light is at the margin of no. 2 chromatophore. In no. 1 cell the pigment is fully concentrated.
Another series of experiments shows that if the centre of the chromatophore is illuminated by the spot of light, the pigment does not disperse, but remains fully concentrated, regardless of its initial state.
The chromatophore behaviour described above can be summarized as follows: (1) when part of a chromatophore is illuminated, the pigment in that part cannot be withdrawn from the illuminated area: (2) when the pigment-free area of a chromatophore is illuminated, the cell disperses its pigment so as to cover the illuminated area. It may be inferred from these facts that the photic response of the chromatophore is direct; and further, that this photosensitivity is a property of the hyaloplasm since the presence of the pigment granules is not necessarily required in the illuminated part. Thus, the pigment granules have a capacity to move through the cellular fluid medium toward the illuminated point of the cell.
This interpretation may be more clearly illustrated if the above photographs of B and C are superimposed (Fig. 2). The darkward boundary of no. 2 chromato-phore, which is reacting to the light spot placed far from its resting state, moves toward the light. Such is also the case for no. 6 chromatophore. These phenomena are observable in many other instances. The boundaries of nos. 2 and 6 chromato-phores under any conditions, however, are indicated by areas of the pigment when fully dispersed. The shift of the chromatophore, described above, is apparent rather than real, and is due to a migration of pigment toward the lighted region of the cell.
It may be concluded that the chromatophores in D. setosum are photosensitive cells. However, it remains to learn whether the granules may themselves move toward the light or whether some other factor within the cell may initiate cytoplasmic movements which carry the granules.
The nature of the photic response of chromatophores distributed over the test of Diadema setosum was investigated.
By applying a minute light spot to the various parts of single chromatophores, it was observed that the chromatophore can react locally to the light stimulus.
It is concluded that the photosensitivity resides within the chromatophore itself.
I wish to express my thanks to Prof. K. Dan, Prof. D. L. Fox, and Prof. N. Millott for their kindness in reading the manuscript.
The other form has 'rod-shaped 'blue spots and 'red 'patterns at the corresponding places; the chromatophore distributions in the first group used in the experiment are sparser and the reactions to the light clearer than the second form.
Author's thanks are due to Mr T. Nakatsubo of the Olympus Optical Company, without whose co-operation this apparatus could not have been prepared.


text:
Kancelaria Prawna Proculus (Proculus Law Firm) acted as an intermediary in borrowing money. Its offer was addressed mainly to people with no creditworthiness who needed money to repay previously incurred debts. Consumer complaints indicated that in consequence of borrowing money through Kancelaria Prawna Proculus, consumers faced even greater financial difficulties. The President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection determined that the company had violated the principles of decency.
"The actions of the employees of Proculus had a single aim: to encourage as many people as possible to conclude financial intermediation agreements, as they charged a commission for that. The greater the amount, the greater the fee, which is why Proculus solicited consumers to borrow more money than they would be able to repay," says Marek Niechciał, President of UOKiK.
- Excessive commissions which did not correspond to the work performed by Proculus. The intermediary undertook to search for financial offers, which cost customers approx. 20% of the amount of the loan. Employees of Proculus charged a commission even when all of the activities were performed by the bank or no agreement was concluded. Sometimes clients paid both to Proculus and to the bank.
- Soliciting consumers to borrow more money than they would be able to repay later on. Proculus employees manipulated information in such a way that the ultimate borrowed amounts were more than the consumers would be able to repay or needed. As a consequence, Proculus received high commissions while clients faced even greater financial difficulties.
- Blank promissory notes without the required "non-endorsable" clause. Promissory notes secure claims of the lender and repayment of debt, but they must indicate the amount and contain the "non-endorsable" clause. Proculus could write any amount on the note and transfer the claim to another person.
The President of UOKiK decided that Kancelaria Prawna Proculus had violated the principles of decency. The amount of penalty imposed amounts to nearly PLN 3 mln.


text:
An Oneota ceramic vessel, ca. _PHONE_
Oneota Ceramic Vessel
Excavated by museum archaeologists near La Crosse in 1989, this Oneota ceramic vessel is typical of pottery styles used over 500 years ago. Oneota Tradition peoples inhabited much of the Midwest during the centuries just before the arrival of European explorers. They usually settled in small farming villages beside lakes and rivers where they planted gardens and harvested fish from nearby waters.
Early Native Peoples|
|Creator: ||Historical Society Museum
|Pub Data: ||Historical Society Museum. (Museum object #1995.218.39)
|Citation: ||Oneota Ceramic Vessel. Historical Society Museum.
Online facsimile at:
Visited on: 5/23/2013

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
When it comes to selecting a wooden floor for use within your property it can seem a daunting proposal. So many questions can arise seemingly out of nowhere. These questions can range from what wood type to select, what sheen will best complement the rooms existing décor and which surface will prove most durable over the years to come? V4 Flooring understand that selecting a wooden floor is not always straight forward, due to this we have created a four stage selection process which enables you to easily and effectively identify the wooden floor which matches your requirements and personal tastes.
Selecting A Wooden Floor: Four Easy Steps
1. Choose the right floor for you:
The first stage in selecting a wooden floor is to decide which material you wish to use. When selecting a floor type it is not only the aesthetic appearance which should be taken into account. There are a number of other effects which are equally if not more important, which need to be taken into account. To demonstrate it is important to know whether a particular flooring type is compatible with underfloor heating. Other factors which should be considered are whether the flooring can be resealed if necessary. This is an important factor, if for some reason the flooring needs to be brought up in order to address an unrelated plumbing or electrical problem, boards which can be resealed can be replaced once work is finished. Boards which cannot be resealed on the other hand cannot.
2. Select your preferred grading type:
Once you have selected a flooring type, it is time to consider the type of grading which most appeals. At V4 Flooring we make use of 3 tasteful grading variations. These variations include:
- AB Select/Natural Grade: This grading can feature some light sapwood around the edges of the board. In addition, boards of this grade type may feature some small sound knots and smaller filled knots both of which greatly enhance the natural effect of the grade.
- ABC Mixed Grade: This grading is popular in a number of wood types, most notably Walnut. This grade features a higher variation of grain and wood colour. In addition this grade features a greater number of sound ad filled knots than found in the AB Select/Natural grade type. With this grade type, dark streaks and a number of small, filled cracks may be present.
- CD Rustic Grade: Using more economical timber types provides greater grain and colour variation within the flooring. Flooring of this grade type tends to feature large sound knots and a greater number of filled knots than on other grade types.
3. Choose the right finish type:
A number of finish types are available on wooden flooring. Each of these have their own maintenance requirements. The three finish types which V4 Flooring use include:
- Lacquer: Under this finishing method the top layer of the wooden surface is coated with five individual layers of primer coats. Added to this are at least two additional coats of a UV cured Treffert aluminium oxide lacquer. This method produces a surface which is both hard wearing and also low maintenance.
- Natural Oil: This finish is created with up to four coats of natural WOCA oil. This oil is applied with rollers, each successive layer is buffed into the top layer of the panel. This process not only permeates the grain of the plank but also adds a matt sheen which is then left to cure. The natural oil finish produces the most natural effect of the three finish types.
- UV Oil: The process to create this effect is similar to the one used to create the natural oil finish. Where it differs however is each coat is cured using a UV light. This process produces a slight satin sheen on the surface on the panels.
4. Finally choose the optimum surface:
V4 Concrete make use of a number of different techniques, in order to provide a range of varied surface finishes. Each of these techniques produces a visually different aesthetic effect. The techniques include:
- Brushed: With this technique a steel brush is utilised in order to remove soft grain from the surface of the flooring. This technique greatly enhances the natural beauty of the woods natural grain.
- Hand Scraped: In order to be successful this technique must be undertaken by skilled and experienced craftsmen. The process involves using hand tools in order to scrape out the woods soft grain whilst following the natural contours of the wood.
- Distressed: To achieve this effect a number of techniques are used. These techniques give the wood an aged appearance. The skill of this technique is making the distressed effect look authentic and natural.
- Stained: In order to create this effect the wood panels are stained. The stain is applied with rollers, this is then buffed in order to enable the stain to penetrate the top level of the wood. The panel is then sealed with either oil or lacquer.
- Smoked: With this effect the timber is placed for three days in a drying room. The drying room is filled with ammonia vapour or ‚Äúsmoke‚Äù which causes the woods colour to darken.
- Carbonised: To achieve this effect the timber is baked in a kiln causing the soft grain to be consumed. This causes the wood to blacken and the grain texture becomes exposed.


Splunk® Enterprise
Getting Data In
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Monitor changes to your file system
This feature is deprecated.
This feature has been deprecated as of Splunk Enterprise version 5.0. This means that although it continues to function in the current version of the Splunk platform, it might be removed in a future version. As an alternative, you can:
The Splunk platform file system change monitor tracks changes in your file system. The monitor watches a directory you specify and generates an event when that directory undergoes a change. It can detect when a file on the system is edited, deleted, or added. It detects changes on any file, including files that are not Splunk platform-specific files.
For example, you can configure the file system change monitor to watch the /etc/sysconfig/ directory and alert you any time the system configurations change.
To learn how to monitor file system changes on Windows with built-in Microsoft auditing tools, see Monitor file system changes.
The file system change monitor works with on-premises versions of the Splunk platform only. If you use Splunk Cloud, you must use a universal or heavy forwarder to send file system change data to the Splunk Cloud instance.
How the file system change monitor works
The file system change monitor detects changes on the *nix file system by using the following attributes:
 - modification date/time
 - group ID
 - user ID
 - file mode (read/write attributes, etc.)
 - an optional Secure Hash Algorithm-256 (SHA256) hash of file contents
 - allow list using regular expressions
 - specify files that will be checked, no matter what
 - deny list using regular expressions
 - specify files to skip
 - directory recursion
 - including symbolic link traversal
 - scanning multiple directories, each with their own polling frequency
 - cryptographic signing
 - creates a distributed audit trail of file system changes
 - indexing entire file as an event on add/change
 - size cutoffs for sending entire file and/or hashing
 - all change events indexed by, and searchable through, the Splunk platform
The file system change monitor generates audit events whenever any process changes, deletes, or adds to the contents of the $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/ directory. When you start an on-premises Splunk instance for the first time, it generates an audit event for each file in the $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/ directory and all its subdirectories. Afterward, any change in configuration, regardless of origin, generates an audit event for the affected file.
The file system change monitor sends data to various indexes depending on how you configure the file system monitoring input. If you have configured the signedaudit setting for the input, the instance sends the file system change to the audit index. If you have not configured signedaudit, then the instance writes the events to the main index, unless you specify another index.
The file system change monitor only tracks that a change has occurred. It does not track the user name of the account that made the change. For user-level monitoring, consider using built-in operating system audit tools, which have access to this information.
Do not configure the file system change monitor to monitor your root file system. Doing so can be very resource-intensive if you enable directory recursion.
Prerequisites to configuring the file system change monitor
 - If you use Splunk cloud, you must configure a universal or heavy forwarder to connect to your Splunk Cloud instance to send file system change data there.
 - You must use configuration files to configure the file system change monitor.
Configure the file system change monitor
To use the file system change monitor to watch any directory, add or edit an [fschange] stanza to the inputs.conf configuration file in the $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/system/local/ directory, or your own custom application directory in $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/apps/ on the machine from which you want to collect file system change information. For information on configuration files in general, see About configuration files in the Admin manual.
You must restart the Splunk platform any time you make changes to the [fschange] stanza in the inputs.conf file.
 1. On the Splunk platform instance that is to send data to Splunk Cloud, use a text editor to open the inputs.conf configuration file.
 2. Add [fschange:] stanzas to specify files or directories that the Splunk platform should monitor for changes.
 3. Save the inputs.conf file and close it.
 4. Restart the Splunk platform instance. File system change monitoring begins immediately.
File system change monitor syntax
Here is the syntax for the [fschange] stanza:
[fschange:]
 =
 =
The Splunk platform monitors all adds, updates, and deletes to the directory and its subdirectories. Any change generates an event that the Splunk platform indexes. defaults to $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/.
Configuration file settings for the file system change monitor
All settings for the file system change monitor are optional. Here is the list of available settings:
Setting Description Default
index= The index where the Splunk platform stores all events it generates. main, unless you have turned on audit event signing, then _audit.
recurse= Whether or not to recurse all directories within the directory specified in [fschange]. Set to true to recurse all subdirectories and false to specify only the current directory. true
followLinks= Whether or not the file system change monitor follows symbolic links. Set to true to follow symbolic links and false to not follow symbolic links. false
File system loops can occur if you set followLinks on a directory that has symbolic links to files in the same directory.
If you make a change to a file in the monitored directory, the file system audit events could take anywhere between 1 and 3600 seconds to be generated and become available in audit search.
-1, The splunk platform does not calculate a hash for change detection)
signedaudit= Send cryptographically signed add, update, or delete events.
Set to true to generate events in the _audit index. Set to false if you're configuring the index setting. When setting signedaudit to true, confirm auditing is enabled in the audit.conf configuration file.
fullEvent= Send the full event if an add or update change is detected.
Further qualified by the sendEventMaxSize attribute.
sendEventMaxSize=N Only send the full event if the size of the event is less than or equal to N bytes.
This limits the size of indexed file data.
-1 (unlimited)
"sourcetype::" is prepended to .
filesPerDelay = Injects a delay specified by delayInMills after processing files. This setting throttles file system monitoring so it does not consume as much CPU. n/a
delayInMills = The delay, in milliseconds, to use after processing every file as specified in filesPerDelay. This setting is used to throttle file system monitoring so it does not consume as much CPU.
filters=,,... Each of these filters applies from left to right for each file or directory that is found during the monitors poll cycle. n/a
Define a filter for the file system change monitor
regex1 =.*bak
regex2 =.*bk
regex1 =.*\.c
regex2 =.*\.h
filters = backups,code
The following list describes how the Splunk platform handles fschange allow list and deny list logic:
 - The events go through the list of filters until they reach their first match.
 - If the first filter to match an event is an allow list, then the Splunk platform indexes the event.
 - If the first filter to match an event is a deny list, the filter prevents the event from getting indexed.
 - If an event reaches the end of the chain with no matches, then the Splunk platform indexes the event.
To default to a situation where the Splunk platform does not index events if they don't match an allow list explicitly, end the chain with a deny list that matches all remaining events.
For example:
regex1 =.?
If you exclude a directory including a terminal deny list at the end of a series of allow lists, then the Splunk platform excludes all its subfolders and files because they do not pass any allow list. To accommodate this scenario, include all desired folders and subfolders explicitly before the deny list items in your filters.
Example of explicit inclusion and terminal exclusion
In this example, the file system change monitor could exclude a directory. If this is the case, the Splunk platform excludes all of its subfolders and files as well. Only files in the specified directory would be monitored.
regex1 =.*\.config
regex2 =.*\.xml
regex3 =.*\.properties
regex4 =.*\.log
regex1 =.?
index = sample
recurse = true
followLinks = false
signedaudit = false
fullEvent = true
sendEventMaxSize = _PHONE_
delayInMills = 1000
filters = configs,terminal-denylist
Use the file system change monitor with a universal forwarder
To forward file system change monitor events from a universal forwarder, you must configure the exchange stanza with the signedaudit = false and index=_audit settings.
[fschange:]


text:
January 21, 1998
DAR MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. 01-98
SUBJECT : Revised Guidelines and Procedures on the
I. Background and Rationale
For the past five years, the Department of Agrarian Reform has adopted and institutionalized the strategy of building viable Agrarian Reform Communities (ARCs) to support the national government's thrust of redistributing agricultural landownership based on cultivation and developing the countryside to alleviate rural poverty. ARC development has been identified as a strategic approach to address the development requirements of the farming communities because it harnesses the internal and external resources of various stakeholders to create impact on the lives of the farmers. The ARC is a people-centered and area-focused strategy to show concrete results and impact.
However, the basic question is how do we measure the level of development of the ARCs? Are the ARC interventions focused on achieving the end goals of ARB empowerment, increasing agricultural productivity and household income?
In response to this need, the guidelines and procedures on the assessment of the level of development of ARC (ALDA) was issued on December 23, 1996.
The first ALDA conducted in 1997 covered 806 (92%) ARCs. Since only 644 (80%) ARCs have complete data, this was the basis for coming up with the final ALDA report. The ALDA is composed of five major key result areas namely: land tenure improvement, organizational building and strengthening, farm productivity and income, basic social services and gender and development. The ALDA result showed that 31 (5%) ARCs are categorized as in level 3 with 106 (8%) developed ARB organizations, 185 (29%) ARCs are in level 2 with 626 (50%) developing ARB organizations and 428 (66%) ARCs are in level 1 with 527 (42%) underdeveloped ARB organizations. TSacCH
Based on this initial conduct of the ALDA, there are improvements necessary on the instrument and the methodology. Hence, these revised guidelines and procedures.
II. Major Areas of Improvement
In summary, substantive improvements were undertaken in the categorization of ALDA key result areas. First, from five (5) key result areas, the revised ALDA has now six (6) key result areas as a result of separating ECOPISS from FPI. Secondly, ALDA indicators are now classified as either output or outcome indicators for proper assignments of statistical values in the computation and as basis in the interpretation of results and analysis. Thirdly, the standard descriptors rating scale has been adjusted such that from three (3), there are now four (4) ratings, namely, 0, 1,2 & 3. Fourthly, statistical improvements have been carried out to accord proper values to each of the ALDA key result areas. Fifth, the standard descriptors for rating each indicator were fine tuned in consonance with objective and technically sound principles. Finally, the methodologies have been enhanced in terms of participatory/democratic processes, practical and objective principles.
The general objective of the ARC Level of Development Assessment is to determine the growth of the ARCs and the extent by which interventions of key ARC players are translated concretely towards ARB's socio-economic and political empowerment.
Specifically, the ALDA aim to:
1. Assess the status of the ARCs in the areas of land tenure improvement (LTI), organizational maturity (OM), economic and physical infrastructure support services (ECOPISS), farm productivity and income (FPI) basic social services (BSS), and gender and development (GAD);
2. Classify and define ARCs based on assessed level of development; and
3. Define the appropriate interventions to be implemented by the community, people's organizations and implementors of DAR, NGOs, LGUs and line agencies towards improving the ARC level of development.
IV. Operational Framework
An ARC is a cluster of farm households located in one or more barangays. Most of these households are headed by ARBs. To every ARC is assigned a Development Facilitator (DFs) who is made responsible for assisting abut 300 households liberate themselves from poverty.
The development of an ARC is a complex process, which requires the facilitation of a balanced growth of three development wheels environmental, economic and socio-political. This entails a holistic approach to bring these development wheels together in an integrated manner. The concerted effort and synergy of various stakeholders within and outside the ARC is equally important to operationalize the integration process of ARC development.
It is in this context that the key result areas of ARC development are defined as land texture improvement (LTI), organizational maturity (OM), economic and physical infrastructure support services (ECOPISS), farm productivity and income (FPI), basic social services (BSS) and gender and development (GAD). Agri-based rural industries and ecosystems development are part of the indicators within the ECOPISS and FPI parameters.
- LTI secures the tenure of landless farmers and farmworkers by redistributing agricultural landownership or institutions of leasehold or other beneficial tenurial arrangements.
- OM enhances the capability of people's organizations in managing and sustaining viable gender-sensitive organizations and institutionalizes empowerment mechanisms and economic structures within agrarian reform communities.
- ECOPISS improves farm-to-market roads, multi-purpose pavements, water-impounding facilities and other infrastructure that would boost farm productivity and income.
- FPI strengthens the agricultural productivity systems from credit accessing purchase of quality inputs, basic processing and marketing.
- BSS responds to basic needs of rural communities.
- GAD ensures equal access and participation of both men and women in developing their communities.
Using the result of ALDA, the current state of the ARCs is defined and performance gaps are determined. This can be the springboard for the development and improvement of the plans of the ARC players and the ARC organizations. The operational plan shall spell out the needed interventions and strategies to bring about the desired level of development within the ARCs.
V. Key Result Areas, Indicators and Descriptors of ALDA
The revised ARC Level of Development Assessment (ALDA) has six (6) major key result areas which are consistent with the ARC development framework. These are: a) land tenure improvement (LTI); b) organizational maturity (OM); c) economic and physical infrastructure support services (ECOPISS); d) farm productivity and income (FPI); e) basic social services (BSS); and f) gender and development (GAD). cSTDIC
4.1 Land Tenure Improvement (LTI)
The LTI key result area is focused on assessing the extent of land acquisition and distribution, ownership, cultivation and the improvement in tenurial status of ARBs. This is composed of eight (8) indicators covering both land acquisition and distribution (LAD) and non-land transfer (leasehold) scheme.
4.2 Organizational Maturity (OM)
The OM key result area shall assess the outputs and outcomes of interventions under the Organizational Building and Strengthening (OBAS) KRA. This KRA deals with the assessment of the organizational functionality and financial viability of the ARB organizations in the ARCs. Specifically, this KRA is composed of twenty-seven (27) indicators, covering four major aspects namely: a) organizational management; b) resource management; c) social enterprises operations; and d) linkages and alliance building or involvement in local governance.
The organizational management aspect looks at the organizational structure, membership and leadership management, functionality of board of directors and committees, level of participation of leaders and members, and training provided.
The resource management aspect defines the generation of internal resources of the ARB organization, which include: capital build-up generation, savings mobilization and employment of core management staff.
The social enterprises operations and management aspect is focused on: a) installation of financial and operational policies, systems and procedures (PSP); b) projects implemented and services provided by the ARB organization; and c) financial performance.
The local governance and alliance building aspect pinpoints the extent of representation and collaborative work between ARB organizations and the local government units where the ARC is situated.
4.3 Economic and Physical Infrastructure Support Services (ECOPISS)
The ECOPISS key result area is concentrated on assessing the delivery of needed economic and physical infrastructure support services to the ARCS, provision of credit and marketing services, and rural-based industries established to effect increase in ARBs productivity and household income. This key parameter is composed of nine (9) indicators.
4.4 Farm Productivity and Income (FPI)
The FPI key result area focuses on assessing the adoption of appropriate farming technology to effect increase of farm productivity and income. This parameter has five (5) indicators.
4.5 Basic Social Services (BSS)
The BSS key result area defines the existing basic social services in the ARC and the extent of access of the ARC households to these services. Six (6) indicators are assessed in this parameter.
4.6 Gender and Development (GAD)
The GAD key result area assesses the gender sensitiveness of the ARC development program. This parameter comprises five (5) indicators.
For details of the key result areas, indicators and the standard descriptors for rating of ALDA indicators, please refer to:
Annex 1 Key Result Areas, Indicators and Standard Descriptors for ALDA Rating
Annex 2 Guidelines in the Interpretation of ALDA Indicators
In the conduct of ALDA the following procedures shall be followed:
5.1 Frequency of the conduct of ALDA and Team composition
5.1.1 The ALDA shall be conducted yearly to determine the progress and growth of the ARCs and at the same time identify strengthening activities to facilitate sustained development.


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- Short Report
- Open Access
Glycine-rich RNA binding protein of Oryza sativa inhibits growth of M15 E. coli cells
BMC Research Notes volume 4, Article number: 18 (2011)
Plant glycine-rich RNA binding proteins have been implicated to have roles in diverse abiotic stresses.
E. coli M15 cells transformed with full-length rice glycine-rich RNA binding protein4 (OsGR-RBP4), truncated rice glycine-rich RNA binding protein4 (OsGR-RBP4ΔC) and rice FK506 binding protein (OsFKBP20) were analyzed for growth profiles using both broth and solid media. Expression of OsGR-RBP4 and OsGR-RBP4ΔC proteins caused specific, inhibitory effect on growth of recombinant M15 E. coli cells. The bacterial inhibition was shown to be time and incubation temperature dependent. Removal of the inducer, IPTG, resulted in re-growth of the cells, indicating that effect of the foreign proteins was of reversible nature. Although noted at different levels of dilution factors, addition of purified Os-GR-RBP4 and OsGR-RBP4ΔC showed a similar inhibitory effect as seen with expression inside the bacterial cells.
Expression of eukaryotic, stress-associated OsGR-RBP4 protein in prokaryotic E. coli M15 cells proves injurious to the growth of the bacterial cells. E. coli genome does not appear to encode for any protein that has significant homology to OsGR-RBP4 protein. Therefore, the mechanism of inhibition appears to be due to some illegitimate interactions of the OsGR-RBP4 with possibly the RNA species of the trans-host bacterial cells. The detailed mechanism underlying this inhibition remains to be worked out.
R NA b inding p roteins (RBPs) are characterized by two important structural features: (1) presence of one or more R NA r ecognition m otif [RRM: also known as R NA b inding d omain (RBD) or ribonucleotide protein domain (RNPs)] at the N-terminus and (2) a variety of auxillary motifs at the C-terminus such as g lycine r ich (GR) region, arginine rich region, acidic SR-repeats and RD-repeats. In general, RRM is shown to be composed of two RNA binding consensus sequences namely RNPI [a highly-conserved octameric peptide stretch RGFGFVTF; (K/R)G(F/Y)(G/A)FVX(F/Y)] and RNPII [a relatively less-conserved hexameric peptide stretch CFVGGL; (C/I)(F/Y)(V/I)(G/K)(G/N)L]. Genome sequencing projects have revealed that RRM containing proteins are abundantly present in varied life forms including viruses, prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes. Proteins that contain RRMs at the N-terminus and G R d omain (GD) at the C-terminus are referred to as g lycine r ich- R NA b inding p roteins (GR-RBPs). GD in general consists of an RGG and three GGYGG boxes (two complete; one incomplete). GR-RBPs have been identified in a variety of monocotyledon and dicotyledon plants including bean, Arabidopsis, tobacco, carrot, maize and rice [2–4]. These proteins have largely been implicated in cell functions linked to metabolism of mRNA molecules. These include processing, transport, localization, translation and stability of mRNAs. Strikingly, transcripts of GR-RBPs are noted to be up-regulated in response to number of stress stimuli including cold, water stress, high salinity, UV-radiations and heavy metals. The expression of GR-RBPs has also been known to show diverse response to wounding, flooding, hormone and infection by pathogens. At GR-RBP designated as RZ-1a has been proposed to play a role in the enhancement of freezing tolerance of Arabidopsis plants. Kim et al. produced transgenic Arabidopsis plants over-expressing RZ-1a using 35S-promoter. This work showed that RZ-1a has a negative impact on seed germination and seeding growth of transgenic Arabidopsis plants under salt or dehydration stress conditions. Kim et al. further reported that GR-RBP2, in Arabidopsis has a positive impact on seed germination and seedling growth of plants under cold stress conditions. Kwak et al. have reported that GR-RBP4 negatively affects seeds germination and seedling growth of Arabidopsis plants under salt and dehydration stress conditions. Recently, it has been shown that Arabidopsis GR-RBP7 has RNA chaperone activity during the process of cold adaptation in E. coli.
Agarwal isolated a GR-RBP cDNA from rice heat shock cDNA library constructed using mRNA of heat shocked rice seedlings. Osgr-rbp cDNA isolated in this study was designated as OsGR-RBP4. Osgr-rbp4 transcript was seen to be up-regulated in response to heat stress in rice. Sahi et al. further reported that recombinant yeast cells over-expressing full-length Osgr-rbp4 showed increased basal high temperature tolerance as compared to the wild type cells or cells transformed with vector backbone. There are indications that heat stress increases the stability of specific mRNAs. Noon et al. reported that post-transcriptional modifications in tRNAs and rRNAs are especially abundant in thermophilic organisms and these modifications appear to play a functional role in structural stabilization of RNA at elevated temperatures. Sahi et al. argued that OsGR-RBP4 may have provided increased high temperature protection to yeast cells through its binding to mRNA molecules. Agarwal as well as Sahi et al. from our laboratory have earlier observed that bacterial cells transformed with full-length Osgr-rbp4 are slower in growth under culturing conditions. We provide detailed analysis of the expression of Osgr-rbp4 in M15 E. coli cells, in this study.
Construction of recombinant E. coli strains
E. coli strain M15 [pREP4] (Qiagen) which permits high levels of protein expression was used in this study. M15 contains a low-copy pREP4 plasmid which confers kanamycin resistance and constitutively expresses the lac repressor protein encoded by lac I gene. E. coli M15 strain does not contains a chromosomal copy of lac I and therefore, pREP4 must be maintained by selection for kanamycin resistance. The cells were cultured in LB broth (Luria-Bertani medium, USB Corporation, USA) with kanamycin (kan, 50 μg mL-1) for antibiotic selection. pQE30 (Qiagen) was used for expression of OsGR-RBP4 protein as well as OsFKBP20 protein which was used as a positive control. pQE30 contains β-lactamase gene (bla) which confers resistance for ampicillin. Carbenicillin is a semi-synthetic analog of ampicillin and can be used in place of ampicillin. We used carbenicillin in place of ampicillin because of its stability. PCR was performed to confirm the presence of the foreign insert into E. coli M15 cells and subsequently, sequencing was performed to confirm the fidelity of the cloned products. In order to analyze the expression of foreign insert into the E. coli M15 cells, RNA was isolated and RT-PCR was performed. For RNA isolation, M15 cells containing OsGR-RBP4, OsGR-RBP4ΔC, OsFKBP20/, and pQE30 constructs were grown overnight at 37°C in LB broth with carbenicillin and kanamycin. Secondary cultures were put up after ~16 h of incubation of primary cultures by measuring the O.D. of primary culture at 600 nm using Hitachi U-2810 spectrophotometer and diluting the cultures to an O.D. of 0.5. After 3 h of initiation of secondary culturing, cultures were divided into two parts: one part was induced with 1 mM IPTG while the other served as a control. The cultures were pelleted at 6000 rpm for 3 min at 4°C and RNA was isolated as per standard procedures. The RNA so obtained was used to make cDNA. cDNAs were synthesized for semi-quantitative RT-PCR from 2 μg of total RNA using MMLV reverse transcriptase (Promega, USA). The following primers were used for amplifying the genes; for both OsGR-RBP4 and OsGR-RBP4ΔC: Forward 5' cgcctgggccaccgacgac3' and reverse 5'ggagcggcgcgactgggcct3'; OsFKBP20:Forward 5'ggaattcatggcagaggttgcagattt3' and reverse 5'ggggtaccttatttctcttcctccttg3'.
To confirm the protein expression from OsGR-RBP4M15, OsGR-RBP4ΔCM15, OsFKBP20M15, and pQE30/M15 cells, secondary cultures were put up from the primary cultures as described earlier. After 3 h of initiation of secondary culturing, cultures were divided into two parts: one part was induced with 1 mM IPTG while the other served as a control. The two sets were pelleted, resuspended in Laemmli


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An article, "Are Educators Showing a 'Positive Bias' to Minority Students?" in Science Daily suggests that many students don't appreciate the tough, demanding teacher who pushed her students to work hard and who challenged the students to do better than before. After graduation, most students admit that they learned the most from that kind of teacher. The Science Daily article asserts that a major study by Rutgers-Newark psychology professor Kent D. Harber finds that minority students in America probably have fewer of those demanding teachers compared to their white counterparts, and this puts them "at a significant learning disadvantage."
The teachers in this study "believed that their feedback would be sent directly to the student, in order to see how the student would benefit from their comments and advice." Harber and his team found "that public school teachers under-challenge minority students by providing them more positive feedback than they give to white students, for work of equal merit." The researchers believe that many minority students do not receive the kind of feedback that challenges the students to improve and to achieve academically. Harber states, "The JEP study indicates one important way that this insufficient challenge might occur: in positively biased feedback."
Harber believes that this lack of helpful feedback is one reason for the minority achievement gap and may be the reason for a general lack of trust in some minority communities.
- Racism or compassion? Study finds some teachers softer on minorities (theglobeandmail.com)
- Are educators showing a 'positive bias' to minority students? (eurekalert.org)
- How 'positive bias' hurts minority students (mnn.com)


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This Animal Planet show answers the question you all were wondering, but forgot to ask, "Who would win in a fight, a lion or a tiger?"
Lions are known as the "King of the Beasts," and can weigh as much as 530 pounds; they're almost 11 feet long and can stand four feet high. However, the tiger is the biggest and strongest of all the wild cats, and though it is only three feet tall and ten feet long, it does have an advantage in weight. Tigers can grow to 570 pounds.
Watch these kings of the jungle fight it out with their three-inch claws and long teeth. Don't cry foul; it's a computer simulation. No lions, tigers (or bears) were harmed in the making of this video.
via Animal Planet


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This morning, Space Florida announced that a research proposal submitted by SciStarter, Science Cheerleader and UCDavis won a competition to fly innovative research projects on the International Space Station via Space X in December 2013.
We are stoked.
This research will compare growth rates of microbiomes collected on Earth (by YOU and your fellow citizen scientists!) to those collected on high touch surfaces on the ISS. It will also enable all of us to contribute to a world population map of microbiomes and learn more about our own microbial environments. We spend most of our lives in "built environments" yet we understand very little about the make up of the millions of microbiomes living on us and in our houses/offices, etc. This project hopes to advance research in this area. SciStarter and the Science Cheerleaders will be leading the research with UCDavis and heading up the outreach components at public venues.
If you are interested in learning more, here's the announcement:
Huge thanks to our newest member of the SciStarter and Science Cheerleader teams, Mark Severance, who helped make this possible. Mark, our Space Guy, will be leading and developing space oriented activities for both sites. Mark is a career NASA employee at the Johnson Space Center in Houston and was introduced to us by Science Cheerleader Summer Williams who also works at NASA in Houston ( in addition to being a former cheerleader for the Houston Texans and current Ms. Texas!). Very special thanks to Science Cheerleader (and PhD candidate) Wendy Brown for her expertise and guidance on the proposal. And, of course, it is the innovative research on microbiomes being done by Dr. Jonathan Eisen and his colleague Russell Neches at UCDavis that sparked this wild ride.
We want to immediately launch a broad campaign to engage the public in our experiment. Some of the areas we will need help with are:
- Additional thoughts on how to use the collected microbes for research
- Web page development and maintenance
- App development (we also have plans for a Science of Cheerleading App…are you an app developer? Let us know if you can help!)
- Development of space cheers and space cheer activities (for live events, online videos, and app)
- Experiment sample tracking and results data collection and posting
- Educational content development; Informal lessons and background information
- Leave Behind documents and downloadable materials
- Informal lessons and background information
- Blog updates for both sites
- Social Media contributors (Facebook, Twitter, Google+, YouTube, Instagram, Flicker, etc)
- Liaison to our Participating Partners including the National Science Teachers Association, Pop Warner Youth Scholars, NFL, NBA
- Cultivation of Industrial partners and Sponsors
- Appearance Participation and Coordination
- Point-of-Contact to venues
- Media outreach and coordination (we already have national media interested in this…)
- Kit distribution at venues and return to UC Davis
- Leave Behind materials distribution
- Travel coordination
We believe that that our experiment can create an unprecedented level of public participation in a space-based science experiment. However, our success will rely heavily on the expertise and participation of others. Please leave a comment here if you are interested in getting involved. Or email darlene @ scistarter. com.
It is our vision that this will be the first of a series of space based experiments we can conduct onboard, or launched from, the ISS. Although we are primarily focused on the implementation of our current proposal, Mark and I would welcome your ideas for other space experiments we could pursue. Feel free to share your ideas with us at any time.


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Castellers catalan word which means human castles or tower.
Very friendly catalan tradition those Castellers in which you feel the intergenerational solidarity. Kids, young adults, adults work hard the all year around and practice regularly to be able to make those human castles.
A castell is considered a success when stages of its assembling and disassembling, can be done in complete succession. The assembly is complete once all castellers have climbed into their designated places, and the enxaneta (a child ) climbs into place at the top and raises one hand with four fingers erect, in a gesture said to symbolize the stripes of the Catalan flag. The enxaneta then climbs down the other side of the castell, after which the remaining levels of castellers descend in highest-to-lowest order until all have reached safety.
Aside from the people who climb to form the upper parts of the tower, others are needed to form the pinya, or bottom base of the castell, to sustain its weight. Members of the pinya (most often men)also act as a 'safety net' if the tower structure collapses, cushioning the fall of people from the upper levels.
The castell is built in two phases. First, the pinya the base of the tower is formed. People forming higher levels of the tower move to a position from which they can easily get to their place in the tower. This is done slowly and carefully, and as subsequent base levels are completed the castellers in the pinya determine if their base is solid enough for construction to continue. Then, when the signal to proceed is given, bands begin to play the traditional Toc de Castells music as a hush comes over spectators of the event. The upper layers of the tower are built as quickly as possible in order to put minimal strain on the lower castellers, who bear most of the weight of the castell. The disassembly of the castell, done amidst the cheering of the crowd, is often the most treacherous stage of the event.
There is a form of the Castell, generally referred to as 'rising', in which each successive layer is added from the bottom by lifting the castell into the air, stage by stage. It is held that this form takes even more skill and strength and a great deal of practice. Four levels complete have been observed and five attempted, but it is said that the record is six or perhaps seven.
Typically castellers wear white trousers, a black sash, a bandana and a coloured shirt often bearing the team's emblem. A differently coloured shirt indicates which team a participant is in. For instance, Castellers de Barcelona team wear red shirts.
The sash (faixa) is the most important part of their outfit, since it supports the lower back and is used by other castellers in the team as a foothold or handhold when climbing up the tower. This tasselled piece of cloth varies in length and width and depends on the casteller's position inside the tower and also on choice. The length of the sash ranges from 1.5 to 12 m, and usually is shorter for those higher up in the castell. Performing castellers usually go barefoot as to minimise injures upon each other as they climb to their position and also for sensitivity when balancing and to have better feel and hold each other.
The motto of Castellers is "Força, equilibri, valor i seny" (Strength, balance, courage and common sense).
- Strength: A casteller is usually a stocky person. The first castellers were peasants that were accustomed to holding great weights and were under much physical exertion.
- Balance: For supporting other above in the castell while relying on those below for support requires a strong sense of balance and trust.
- Courage: The most important characteristic for castellers, especially for young children forming the highest levels of the castell.
- Common Sense: Rehearsing and performing requires a great deal of planning and reasoning. Any error can cause the structure to fail and break apart.


1. Web Design
 2. UI Design
Building a Horizontal Timeline With CSS and JavaScript
In a previous post, I showed you how to build a responsive vertical timeline from scratch. Today, I'll cover the process of creating the associated horizontal timeline.
As usual, to get an initial idea of what we'll be building, take a look at the related CodePen demo (check out the larger version for a better experience):
We have a lot to cover, so let's get started!
1. HTML Markup
The markup is identical to the markup we defined for the vertical timeline, apart from three small things:
 - We use an ordered list instead of an unordered list as that's more semantically correct.
 - There's an extra list item (the last one) which is empty. In an upcoming section, we'll discuss the reason.
 - There's an extra element (i.e..arrows) which is responsible for the timeline navigation.
Here's the required markup:
The initial state of the timeline looks like this:
2. Adding Initial CSS Styles
After some basic font styles, color styles, etc. which I've omitted here for the sake of simplicity, we specify some structural CSS rules:
Most importantly here, you'll notice two things:
 - We assign large top and bottom paddings to the list. Again, we'll explain why that happens in the next section.
 - As you'll notice in the following demo, at this point we cannot see all the list items because the list has width: 100vw and its parent has overflow-x: hidden. This effectively "masks" the list items. Thanks to the timeline navigation, however, we'll be able to navigate through the items later.
With these rules in place, here's the current state of the timeline (without any actual content, to keep things clear):
3. Timeline Element Styles
At this point we'll style the div elements (we'll call them "timeline elements" from now on) which are part of the list items as well as their ::before pseudo-elements.
Additionally, we'll use the :nth-child(odd) and :nth-child(even) CSS pseudo-classes to differentiate the styles for the odd and even divs.
Here are the common styles for the timeline elements:
Then some styles for the odd ones:
And finally some styles for the even ones:
Here's the new state of the timeline, with content added again:
As you've probably noticed, the timeline elements are absolutely positioned. That means they are removed from the normal document flow. With that in mind, in order to ensure that the whole timeline appears, we have to set large top and bottom padding values for the list. If we don't apply any paddings, the timeline will be cropped:
How the timeline looks like without paddings
4. Timeline Navigation Styles
It's now time to style the navigation buttons. Remember that by default we disable the previous arrow and give it the class of disabled.
Here are the associated CSS styles:
The rules above give us this timeline:
5. Adding Interactivity
The basic structure of the timeline is ready. Let's add some interactivity to it!
First things first, we set up a bunch of variables which we'll use later.
Initializing Things
When all page assets are ready, the init function is called.
This function triggers four sub-functions:
As we'll see in a moment, each of these functions accomplishes a certain task.
Equal-Height Timeline Elements
If you jump back to the last demo, you'll notice that the timeline elements don't have equal heights. This doesn't affect the main functionality of our timeline, but you might prefer it if all elements had the same height. To achieve this, we can give them either a fixed height via CSS (easy solution) or a dynamic height which corresponds to the height of the tallest element via JavaScript.
The second option is more flexible and stable, so here's a function that implements this behavior:
This function retrieves the height of the tallest timeline element and sets it as the default height for all the elements.
Here's how the demo's looking:
6. Animating the Timeline
Now let's focus on the timeline animation. We'll build the function that implements this behavior step-by-step.
First, we register a click event listener for the timeline buttons:
Each time a button is clicked, we check the disabled state of the timeline buttons and if they aren't disabled, we disable them. This ensures that both buttons will be clicked only once until the animation finishes.
So, in terms of code, the click handler initially contains these lines:
The next steps are as follows:
 - We check to see if it's the first time we've clicked on a button. Again, keep in mind that the previous button is disabled by default, so the only button that can be clicked initially is the next one.
 - If indeed it's the first time, we use the transform property to move the timeline 280px to the right. The value of the xScrolling variable determines the amount of movement.
 - On the contrary, if we've already clicked on a button, we retrieve the current transform value of the timeline and add or remove to that value, the desired amount of movement (i.e. 280px). So, as long as we click on the previous button, the value of the transform property decreases and the timeline is moved from left to right. However, when the next button is clicked, the value of the transform property increases and the timeline is moved from right to left.
The code that implements this functionality is as follows:
Great job! We've just defined a way of animating the timeline. The next challenge is to figure out when this animation should stop. Here's our approach:
 - When the first timeline element becomes fully visible, it means that we've already reached the beginning of the timeline, and thus we disable the previous button. We also ensure that the next button is enabled.
 - When the last element becomes fully visible, it means that we've already reached the end of the timeline, and thus we disable the next button. We also, therefore, ensure that the previous button is enabled.
Remember that the last element is an empty one with width equal to the width of the timeline elements (i.e. 280px). We give it this value (or a higher one) because we want to make sure that the last timeline element will be visible before disabling the next button.
To detect whether the target elements are fully visible in the current viewport or not, we'll take advantage of the same code we used for the vertical timeline. The required code which comes from this Stack Overflow thread is as follows:
Beyond the function above, we define another helper:
This function adds or removes the disabled class from an element based on the value of the flag parameter. In addition, it can change the disabled state for this element.
Given what we've described above, here's the code we define for checking whether the animation should stop or not:
Notice that there's a 1.1 second delay before executing this code. Why does this happen?
If we go back to our CSS, we'll see this rule:
So, the timeline animation needs 1 second to complete. As long as it completes, we wait for 100 milliseconds and then, we perform our checks.
Here's the timeline with animations:
7. Adding Swipe Support
So far, the timeline doesn't respond to touch events. It would be nice if we could add this functionality though. To accomplish it, we can write our own JavaScript implementation or use one of the related libraries (e.g. Hammer.js, TouchSwipe.js) that exist out there.
For our demo, we'll keep this simple and use Hammer.js, so first, we include this library in our pen:
How to include Hammerjs in our pen
Then we declare the associated function:
Inside the function above, we do the following:
 - Create an instance of Hammer.
 - Register handlers for the swipeleft and swiperight events.
 - When we swipe over the timeline in the left direction, we trigger a click to the next button, and thus the timeline is animated from right to left.
 - When we swipe over the timeline in the right direction, we trigger a click to the previous button, and thus the timeline is animated from left to right.
The timeline with swipe support:
Adding Keyboard Navigation
Let's further enhance the user experience by providing support for keyboard navigation. Our goals:
 - When the left or right arrow key is pressed, the document should be scrolled to the top position of the timeline (if another page section is currently visible). This ensures that the whole timeline will be visible.
 - Specifically, when the left arrow key is pressed, the timeline should be animated from left to right.
 - In the same way, when the right arrow key is pressed, the timeline should be animated from right to left.
The associated function is the following:
The timeline with keyboard support:
8. Going Responsive
We're almost done! Last but not least, let's make the timeline responsive. When the viewport is less than 600px, it should have the following stacked layout:
As we're using a desktop-first approach, here are the CSS rules that we have to overwrite:
Note: For two of the rules above, we had to use the!important rule to override the related inline styles applied through JavaScript.
The final state of our timeline


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Let's Get Going!
Complete These Four Easy Steps:
Four easy steps to starting a Walking School Bus are described in the CPPW training booklet.
- Build the Bus - Recruit parent volunteers and walkers, form a team, plan the routes, and set the rules.
See our sample "Build the Bus" forms:
Parent Consent Form, Student Pledge Form, Student Roster, Student Attendance Record
- Train the Drivers - Review proper pedestrian safety guidelines and the walking route.
Check out our Walkability Checklist
- Start Walking - Volunteers, students, and parents increase physical activity.
- Keep it Moving - Make the walk fun.
- All children have a designated bus stop.
- Children join the bus and walk with trained adults.
- All walkers follow proper pedestrian safety.
- The Walking School Bus travels on a designated pathway and arrives to school on time.
- Get to know the bus leader.
- Fill out consent forms.
- Get children to and from the bus stop on time.
- Contact the bus leader if a child is sick or has alternate transportation.
- Reinforce walking safety tips.


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Duration: 17:08 min
Summary: A PL/SQL block may contain many lines of code to implement a business logic or an algorithm and it is subject to the syntax rules of the PL/SQL language. Besides traditional syntax elements it is also possible to use some SQL statements inside a PL/SQL block from the DML (Data Management Language) set of commands. This video shows how to use the SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE statement commands inside a PL/SQL and focus on the two main requirements for a SELECT statement inside a PL/SQL block: the INTO clause to assign variable values and the need to affect only one row. This video also discusses some aspects of Oracle implicit and explicit cursors and their attributes.


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The federal government has an active role in ensuring everyone's safety at swimming pools, both public and private. The EPA has put in place guidelines regarding swimming pool chemical usage and discharge. There are also building code requirements, both local and national, addressing swimming pool construction and safety. In the past few years Congress has enacted new government regulations stemming from the Americans With Disabilities Act and the Virginia Graeme Baker Act that also impact the swimming pool industry directly. A brief explanation of these laws, as well as links to more information on them is offered below.
ADA Accessibility Guidelines from the APSP (Associaton of Pool and Spa Professionals) Website.
The deadline for existing pool and spa compliance with sections 242 and 1009 of the 2010 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Standard for Accessible Design was January 31, 2013. Pools built or renovated since March 15, 2012, are currently required to meet the ADA requirements. APSP urges facility operators and owners of pools and spas that fall under the requirements to work with an APSP member company to provide a barrier removal analysis, if they have not already done so. For additional information on the ADA requirements for pools and spas, visit the APSP website to access the DOJ's Technical Assistant Document, the ADA's 2010 Accessibility Standards, and the APSP FAQs. For more information directly from the Federal Government about the ADA as it relates to pools and spas, visit ADA.gov.
Other links you may find helpful are: ADA and ABA Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities and Click Here to read the specific sections concerning pool lifts. Costs vary on the ADA approved lifts, but generally start at about $6000.00, including installation. If you have questions regarding this act or how it may affect your specific water facility, contact us and we will be happy to discuss it.
Main Drains / VGBA
Due to the Virginia Graeme Baker Act (VGBA) that Congress passed into federal law in December, 2007, main drain covers are still a hot topic. The intention of the law is to prevent accidental drowning and injury due to entrapment on the suction grates of all swimming pools, spas and fountains.
You can read more about the act on the U.S. Government page of the Consumer Product Safety Commission at this link:
What does this mean? If you are a commercial operation such as a hotel or health club, the local health department may close your facility down until you are in compliance with the law. Compliance may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, as local laws may go beyond the minimal regulations established in VGBA. However, at the minimum, the main drain grates on your water facility probably need to be changed to the new approved grates.
If you are a home pool owner and your pool was built before 2008, your pool is probably not in compliance and you may run the risk of accidental entrapment in your pool. Please call us if you would like us to assess your pool for this risk.


Quick Answer: How Do You Know If A Cheque Is Cashed?
What happens when a check is cashed?
When you cash the check out of the account its drawn on, that bank is able to see the balance of the account and immediately pull the funds out of the account to pay you, and your bank never knows about the check at all.
If you wrote the check to another person or business: They will "endorse" the check..
What happens if you deposit a check that was already cashed?
Depending on the sophistication of your bank and whether deposits are credited immediately or once a day, you might be in for a rude surprise if the duplication is not detected immediately. If you have already cashed the check, and later attempt to deposit the same check, the deposit will be rejected at some point.
Can I see who cashed my check?
What happens if a check is cashed twice?
How do banks verify checks?
Can a check clear in one day?
Most types of checks take about two business days to clear, though some banks and credit unions are speedier (jump to a list of banks that clear checks fast). … Cashier's and government checks, along with checks drawn on the same financial institution that holds your account, usually clear faster, in one business day.
How do I know if my Cheque has been cashed?
Present the check copy you received when you purchased the check to the teller; the check serial number is needed to trace the check. Determining the status of the cashier's check can take anywhere from several minutes to a few days. The bank should give you a copy of the paid check as proof that it was cashed.
How long does it take for a check to get cashed?
What happens if a Cheque is not cashed?
Do banks verify checks before cashing them?
You must attempt to call the bank to verify the account and the availability of funds. Not all banks will verify funds, but for which who do you must call.
Can a check be tracked?
Talk to your bank about it. As for tracking checks, in general, they can be tracked using their audit trail from deposit through posting against the account. Or backward from your bank to the bank and account where they were deposited. Your bank can do this.
Can you redeposit a check?
What happens when you deposit a check over $10000?
Can cashing a check be traced?
You can't. All checks and the people cashing them are traceable. No bank or check cashing place or financial organization is going to take a chance on being scammed with a bad check. They will want to know who you are and everything they can know about the person who wrote the check.
Do banks process checks on weekends?
The good news is that checks generally clear fairly quickly, usually the day after you deposit the check at your bank (unless you make the deposit on a weekend, in which case you can expect to wait two days for the check to clear.) … You accept a check from the payer and deposit the check at your bank or credit union.


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The well cut exceptionally attractive yellow agate pyramid is highly polished. This distinctive pyramid appears to be glassy with an inconsistent color as the yellow color is derived from chloride particles, while the highly opaque and vibrant color is due iron oxide. The red spots on the pyramid resemble the colour of blood. The solid dark yellow color and the visible brownish effect itself speak of the quality of the stone used to craft this pyramid. Size – 58 mm.
This yellow agate pyramid stimulates dreaming and is a powerful revitalizer. It boosts courage and assists in acting in the present moment. This yellow agate pyramid calms and revitalizes the mind, dispels confusion and enhances decision-making. It assists the user in adjusting to unaccustomed circumstances. It helps reduce irritability, aggressiveness and impatience.


Bringing science and development together through original news and analysis
 - In Perspective: The World Academy of Sciences
The renaming of TWAS reflects changes in development. But it must ensure that its original priorities are maintained, says David Dickson.
When the late physicist and Nobel Laureate Abdus Salam set up what was then called the Third World Academy of Sciences, known familiarly as TWAS, in the early 1980s, he had a clear objective in mind — to raise the status of basic science in the eyes of political leaders of the world's developing countries.
In an interview in 1984, Salam recalled writing three years earlier to the heads of 13 such countries who planned to attend a major North–South summit in Cancun, Mexico, highlighting the importance of investing in science. Just one, India, had bothered to reply. "Third World countries have to realise that basic science is a legitimate activity for them to support," he told me during the interview.
As the academy approaches its 30th anniversary next year, its vitality as an organisation is clear. It now has more than 1,000 fellows from across the developing world, and has avoided concerns about elitism that had made me uneasy at the time. It has done so by organising numerous training programmes for young researchers and actively promoting South–South research collaborations on socially important issues such as the impact of climate change, among other activities.
But it now faces a new challenge — how to define its role at a time when a simplistic division into rich and poor countries no longer reflects global science. Several of its prominent members, in particular Brazil, China and India, have become scientific powers in their own right. At the same time, for many of the world's poorest countries, both spending on science and developing the capacity to put scientific results to practical use remain low priorities.
Name changes
The latest move to adapt to this new environment took place in Tianjin, China, last month, when the academy agreed to change its name to The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS). This follows a previous name change in 2004, when it decided to call itself The Academy of Sciences for the Developing World (although, rather confusingly, retaining the acronym 'TWAS').
The term 'Third World' was originally coined to describe countries that belonged to neither the Western nor Soviet blocs that had confronted each other during the Cold War. But it became an anachronism when the Cold War ended in 1989, while being seen by many, particularly in the growing economies of Latin America, as somewhat derogatory, since it implied a global pecking order.
However, even the 2004 title came under criticism, since it appeared to make an explicit distinction between the science that is done in developed and developing countries. That this line is increasingly difficult to justify was a key factor behind the latest name change, which was unanimously approved in Tianjin.
The new title, The World Academy of Sciences, also has the advantage of legitimising the retention of the original acronym, even if the prominence of the initial T remains something of an anomaly.
Maintaining priorities
The danger, of course, is that the new name implies a body of equal relevance to scientists in all countries, whether rich or poor. That means that its mission of advancing science in countries that are — and remain — particularly needy, will have to be explained every time the organisation is introduced to government ministers or journalists unfamiliar with its activities.
TWAS officials are quick to emphasise that the change in title does not signify a change in mission. They point out, for example, that the academy's rules will still require 85 per cent of its elected members to come from the developing world, and that the advancement of science in these countries will explicitly remain its primary mission.
It will be up to the academy's new president, Bai Chunli, who is already president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, to ensure that there is no'mission creep' (change from its original goals), and that the priorities of the organisation, whatever its title, remain fixed in promoting science in the world's poor countries.
China's commitment of US$1.5 million to TWAS's endowment fund, making it the largest single donor to date, ahead of Brazil, indicate the importance it attaches to the academy's activities. So, too, do supportive comments made at the Tianjin meeting by Chinese president Hu Jintao.
Under World Bank definitions, based on average income per capita, Brazil, China and India remain defined as developing countries (while specifying that "classification by income does not necessarily reflect development status") and thus continue to qualify for full participation in TWAS.
But it is essential that the split between the scientific capabilities of rich and poor — and the consequent dependence of the latter on the former, which motivated Salam to create TWAS 30 years ago — does not become reproduced within the developing world itself.
It is now up to Bai and his council to ensure that this does not happen. If there is any evidence that it is beginning to occur, then deeper changes than just a change in name may be required to keep Salam's dream alive. But hopefully that will not be necessary.
In Perspective is a new column representing personal comment from David Dickson on topical issues at the intersection between science, communication and development policy.
David Dickson
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For more information view our media page and republishing guidelines.


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I am looking for a way to do the following:
A Project : Defines an abstract class that is called when some events happen (event handler if you will) Defines the engine that will fire the events using the event handler above
B Project: Defines the implementation for the abstract class Runs the engine.
How can i register the implementation class and make sure that is the one being called when the engine runs.
EDIT 1: By register i mean i must somehow define which is the implementation that should be called for that given abstract object
Sorry if the question isn't too clear, let me know if you need some more details


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With the conversation on mental health more prominent today than ever before, we can see that anybody can be affected by mental illness or trauma. Some people, especially youth who are street-entrenched and facing homelessness, are particularly vulnerable, and a large portion of these youth have lived through numerous traumatic events in their lifetime.
It's a grim reality that most Canadian youth experiencing mental health issues are unable to access the care that they need. According to the Mental Health Commission of Canada, a staggering 1.2 million children and youth in Canada are affected by mental illness every year, but less than 20 percent are receiving proper care.
Among the many complex factors that hold youth back from seeking help is the fear of being judged by healthcare providers. These anxieties are only amplified in cases where an at-risk youth has a history of violence or drug use.
Through compassionate, trauma-informed care, a better future is possible for all youth who are struggling by fostering systems that place the person at the centre of care.
What is trauma-informed practice?
In short, trauma-informed practice is when caregivers seek to understand patients and their experiences—as normal reactions to abnormal situations.
Every person deserves dignified and respectful treatment that recognizes their survival skills, which have been adapted to face traumatic situations. Care providers who are committed to trauma-informed practice recognize that anyone could be affected by traumatic experiences and respond with compassion and understanding.
Trauma-informed practice is founded in understanding the various ways in which trauma can affect how a person asks for and receives help. This approach forges a long-lasting patient-caregiver relationship built on trust, rapport, collaboration, and resiliency.
For example, trauma-informed care providers understand that substance use is a learned response to coping with a traumatic environment, and meet individuals with respect, dignity, and compassion. Without this approach, providers are unlikely to be able to provide appropriate help.
Kyrsten Boucher, the Clinical Program Manager for Directions Youth Haven, has seen firsthand how trauma-informed practice and harm reduction can change lives.
How Directions Youth Haven is changing the lives of Vancouver youth
Run by Family Services of Greater Vancouver, Directions Youth Haven is a five-bed, low-barrier safe house for homeless and at-risk youth between the ages of 16 and 19. According to Boucher, employees at Directions Youth Services are committed to creating a space where youth feel supported and are recognized as whole individuals.
At Directions, youth work towards individually-set goals and celebrate their accomplishment during every step of their recovery. For some, being able to stay in the resource centre for more than 24 hours, or simply eating a meal with others, is a sign of progress.
Boucher also says that it is important to recognize that youth who have survived traumatic experiences often develop resilient ways of coping and protecting themselves. Some of these coping mechanisms may include behaviours that are often misunderstood or present as barriers to accessing other services such as aggression or substance use, but at Directions, these behaviours will not necessarily lead to discharge.
Instead, staff provide youth with opportunities to recognize their own capacities, build alternative coping strategies, and practice setting appropriate boundaries to create safety.
Another priority at Directions is to help youth separate themselves from feelings of shame. "This can be as simple as helping a youth change from saying 'I'm a bad person' to 'I would make different choices'," said Boucher. Treating individuals with respect and empathy allows for them to start seeing themselves beyond their trauma and experiences.
For Boucher, the positive impact of trauma-informed care is clear. At Directions Youth Haven, at-risk youth can work toward their own goals and develop a strong rapport with staff, which wouldn't be possible without compassionate, non-judgmental care.
"Being low-barrier means taking a person-first approach and meeting people where they are at," Boucher says. "Being trauma-informed is about asking 'what happened to you,' not 'what is wrong with you?'"
The trauma-informed and client-centred philosophy creates safety for youth to access a full spectrum of supports including primary care, mental health, and substance use resources.
About Directions Youth Services
Run by Family Services of Greater Vancouver, Directions Youth Services is a collection of services supporting youth who are at-risk, street-involved or experiencing homelessness. This includes a 24/7 drop-in centre, outreach teams, pre-employment programs, two safehouses, and a youth detox centre.
To support the work of Directions Youth Services and to help youth get a chance to start a new life, you can make a gift here. Thank you for making a tangible difference in the lives of Vancouver youth.


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May 21st, 2013 World Day for Cultural Diversity May 22nd, 2013 National Maritime Day May 22nd, 2013 World Biological Diversity Day May 25th, 2013 African Liberation Day May 26th, 2013 Trinity Sunday May 27th, 2013 Jefferson Davis Birthday May 27th, 2013 Memorial Day May 29th, 2013 International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers May 30th, 2013 Corpus Christi May 31st, 2013 World No Tobacco Day June 1st, 2013 Statehood Day June 3rd, 2013 Jefferson Davis Birthday June 4th, 2013 World Day for Child Victims of Aggression June 5th, 2013 World Environment Day June 6th, 2013 Isra and Mi'raj June 8th, 2013 World Oceans Day June 11th, 2013 Kamehameha Day June 12th, 2013 World Day Against Child Labour June 14th, 2013 World Blood Donor Day June 14th, 2013 Flag Day June 16th, 2013 Father's Day June 17th, 2013 Bunker Hill Day June 17th, 2013 World Day to Combat Desertification June 19th, 2013 Juneteenth June 20th, 2013 World Refugee Day June 20th, 2013 West Virginia Day June 21st, 2013 June Solstice
Dogon Horse Rider In Bronze – Figure – Statue – African, Ethnic, Tribal Art For Sale
Height = 21cm; length = 16cm; weight = 554g.
showing horses and riders depict the prestige and power surrounding an animal
that has been associated with these qualities since it was introduced into West Africa more than a thousand years ago.
In dogon society, horses were generally considered a luxury
reserved for rich or powerful people. Horses occur in dogon beliefs about the
creation of the world and the horse and rider figures are seen as a symbol of a
mythological personage: the seventh Nommo. According to dogon history the
Nommo, of which there are eight, are the forefathers of the entire dogon race.
After the sacrifice of the fifth Nommo and the scattering of his dismembered
body across the earth, the seventh Nommo descended from the heavens. This was
the blacksmith, who brought to earth the ancestors of human beings, animals,
grains and technology. Upon landing the rider, the seventh Nommo disembarked
from the ark on horseback. It is believed that the horse was the very first
animal to inhabitate the earth. Hence the horse motif is found throughout dogon
stated, I have personally collected each object I sell on right on the
spot, eitherin Mali or
They are unique works that I have chosen for their beauty, originality
For more information, don't hesitate to contact me. I
can in particular send you more photos.


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Q. What are the differences between the 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz frequencies?
A. As radio waves travel the radio signals gradually lose energy. The higher the frequency of transmission, the quicker the radio wave will lose energy down to a point where it cannot be detected by a receiver. Higher frequency waves also lose energy quicker when trying to penetrate walls, trees, or other obstructions. If both a 900 MHz radio and a 2.4 GHz radio had the same output power and receive sensitivity and were compared side by side, the 900 MHz radio would get almost twice the range of the 2.4 GHz radio.
If deploying systems in the United States or Canada, either 900 MHz or 2.4 GHz can be used without additional government agency approvals. The European union and most of the Asian countries do not allow 900 MHz systems, so normally 2.4 GHz systems are deployed in those countries. Whether your preference is 900 MHz or 2.4 GHz, Digi has a variety of solutions to meet the needs of your application.