text:
Streamline Moderne, sometimes referred to by either name alone or as Art Moderne, was a late type of the Art Deco design style which emerged during the 1930s. Its architectural style emphasized curving forms, long horizontal lines, and sometimes nautical elements.
As the depression decade of the 1930s progressed, Americans saw a new aspect of the Art Deco style emerge in the marketplace: streamlining. The streamlining concept was first created by industrial designers who stripped Art Deco design of its ornament in favor of the aerodynamic pure-line concept of motion and speed developed from scientific thinking. Cylindrical forms and long horizontal windowing also may be influenced by constructivism. As a result an array of designers quickly ultra-modernized and streamlined the designs of everyday objects. Manufacturers of clocks, radios, telephones, cars, furniture and numerous other household appliances embraced the concept with open arms.
The style was the first to incorporate electric light into architectural structure. In the First Class dining room of the SS Normandie, fitted out 1933–35, twelve tall pillars of Lalique glass and 38 columns lit from within illuminated the room. The Strand Palace Hotel foyer (1930), preserved from demolition by the Victoria and Albert Museum during 1969, was one of the first uses of internally lit architectural glass, and coincidentally was the first Moderne interior preserved in a museum.
The Streamline Moderne was both a reaction to Art Deco and a reflection of austere economic times. Gone was unnecessary ornament. Sharp angles were replaced with simple, aerodynamic curves. Exotic woods and stone were replaced with cement and glass.
Art Deco and Streamline Moderne were not necessarily opposites. Streamline Moderne buildings with a few Deco elements were not uncommon but the prime movers behind streamline design (Raymond Loewy, Walter Dorwin Teague, Gilbert Rohde, Norman Bel Geddes) all disliked Art Deco, seeing it as effete, falsely modern, essentially a fraud.
Common characteristics of Streamline Moderne and Art Moderne
- Horizontal orientation
- Rounded edges, corner windows
- Glass brick walls
- Porthole windows
- Chrome hardware
- Smooth exterior wall surfaces, usually stucco (smooth plaster finish)
- Flat roof with coping
- Horizontal grooves or lines in walls
- Subdued colors: base colors were typically light earth tones, off-whites, or beiges; and trim colors were typically dark colors (or bright metals) to contrast from the light base.
The Normandie Hotel, which opened during 1942, is built in the stylized shape of the ocean liner SS Normandie, and it includes the ship's original sign. The Sterling Streamliner Diners were diners designed like streamlined trains.
Although Streamline Moderne houses are less common than streamline commercial buildings, residences do exist. The Lydecker House in Los Angeles, built by Howard Lydecker, is an example of Streamline Moderne design in residential architecture. In tract development, elements of the style were frequently used as a variation in post-war row housing in San Francisco's Sunset District.
The style was applied to appliances such as electric clocks, sewing machines, small radio receivers and vacuum cleaners. Their manufacturing processes exploited developments in materials science including aluminium and bakelite. Compared to Europe, the United States in the 1930s had a stronger focus on design as a means to increase sales of consumer products. Streamlining was associated with prosperity and an exciting future. This hope resonated with the American middle class, the major market for consumer products. A wide range of goods from refrigerators to pencil sharpeners was produced in streamlined designs.
Streamlining became a widespread design practice for automobiles, railroad cars, buses, and other vehicles in the 1930s. Notable automobile examples include the 1934 Chrysler Airflow, the 1950 Nash Ambassador "Airflyte" sedan with its distinctive low fender lines, as well as Hudson's postwar cars, such as the Commodore, that "were distinctive streamliners — ponderous, massive automobiles with a style all their own."1
Streamline style can be contrasted with functionalism, which was a leading design style in Europe at the same time. One reason for the simple designs in functionalism was to lower the production costs of the items, making them affordable to the large European working class.2 Streamlining and functionalism represent two very different schools in modernistic industrial design, but both reflecting the intended consumer.
- 1923 Mossehaus, Berlin. Reconstruction by Erich Mendelsohn and Richard Neutra.
- 1926: Long Beach Airport Main Terminal, Long Beach, California
- 1928: Lockheed Vega, designed by John Knudsen Northrop, a six-passenger single engine aircraft, made famous by the use of Amelia Earhart.
- _PHONE_: Canada Permanent Trust Building, Toronto
- 1930: Strand Palace Hotel, London. Foyer designed by Oliver Percy Bernard
- 1930–1934: Broadway Mansions, Shanghai, designed by B. Flazer of Palmer and Turner
- 1931: The Eaton's Seventh Floor (including the Eaton Auditorium and the Round Room restaurant) in Toronto, Canada, designed by Jacques Carlu, located in the former Eaton's department store.
- 1931: Napier, New Zealand, rebuilt in Art Deco and Streamline Moderne styles after a major earthquake.
- 1933: Ty Kodak building in Quimper, France designed by Olier Mordrel.
- 1933: Southgate tube station, London
- 1933: Burnham Beeches in Sherbrooke, Victoria, Australia. Harry Norris architect.
- 1933: The Lawson "Zephyr" clock designed by Kem Weber for Lawson Time of Alhambra, California.
- 1933: Merle Norman Building, Santa Monica, California See also History of Santa Monica, California
- 1933: Midland Hotel, Morecambe, Morecambe, England.
- 1933–1940: The interior of Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry, designed by Alfred Shaw
- 1934: Chrysler Airflow, the first mass-market streamline automotive design
- 1934: Hotel Shangri-La (Santa Monica), California
- 1935: Ford Building (San Diego, California), Balboa Park
- 1935: The De La Warr Pavilion, Bexhill-on-Sea, England
- 1935: Pan Pacific Auditorium, Los Angeles
- 1935: Edificio Internacional de Capitalización, Mexico City, Mexico
- 1935: The Hindenburg, Zeppelin passenger accommodations
- 1935: The interior of Lansdowne House on Berkeley Square in Mayfair, London is redesigned and redecorated in the Art Moderne style and opens as the Lansdowne Club.
- 1935: The Hamilton Hydro-Electric System Building, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- 1935: MV Kalakala, the world's first streamlined ferry.
- 1936: Lasipalatsi, in Helsinki, Finland, houses a cinema, several restaurants and cafés along with shops and offices. It was first built as a temporary building and was scheduled for demolition about a decade after its construction. However, many prominent Helsinkians opposed the demolition and, in 1998, it was designated a protected culture and arts centre.
- 1936: Florin Court, on Charterhouse Square in London, built by Guy Morgan and Partners. It became "Whitehaven Mansions", the fictional residence of Hercule Poirot, in the 1980s filming of the TV series based on Agatha Christie's mystery stories.
- 1937: Malloch Building, residential apartments at 1360 Montgomery Street in San Francisco
- 1937: B and B Chemical Company, at 780 Memorial Drive in Cambridge, Massachusetts, built by Coolidge, Shepley, Bulfinch & Abbott and added to the National Historic Register in 1982.
- 1937: Belgium Pavilion, at the Exposition Internationale, Paris
- 1937: TAV Studios (Brenemen's Restaurant), Hollywood
- 1937: Hecht Company Warehouse, Washington, D.C.
- 1937: Minerva (or Metro) Theatre and the Minerva Building, Potts Point, New South Wales, Australia
- 1937: Bather's Building in the Aquatic Park Historic District, now the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park Maritime Museum, with exhibits and social halls.
- 1937: Barnum Hall (High School auditorium), Santa Monica, California
- 1937: J.W. Knapp Company Building (department store) Lansing, Michigan
- 1937: Wan Chai Market, Wan Chai, Hong Kong
- 1937: River Oaks Shopping Center, Houston
- 1937: Toronto Stock Exchange Building, mix of Art Deco and Streamline Moderne
- 1938: Mark Keppel High School, Alhambra, California
- 1938: Normandie building, Mar del Plata
- 1938: Danum House, Doncaster, England
- 1938: 20th Century Limited, New York City
- 1939: Bartlesville High School, Bartlesville, Oklahoma
- 1939: Coca-Cola Building (Los Angeles), California
- 1939: First Church of Deliverance, Chicago, Illinois
- 1939: Marine Air Terminal, La


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Recently I found a function to generate a random string of numbers and letters, and It was really compact and concise and I liked it alot. The problem Is I have no idea what it is doing, or how to modify it.
Please can someone just explain to me step by step what is going on here. I have tried looking up the functions alone but they don't seem to explain the things like 0x19A100 etc.
I would like to modify it to produce the same random string but only around 4 or 5 lettes long. I don't just want to take the first few letters though, I wan't the function to properly produce. I am trying to learn!
Here is the code:
function genRndStr()
 { return strtoupper(base_convert(mt_rand(0x19A100, 0x39AA3FF), 35, 36)); }
Any help greatly appreciated! Thank you.
share|improve this question
add comment
2 Answers
mt_rand generates random numbers between (min, max). The numbers 0x19A100, 0x39AA3FF are simply the min and max values in hexadecimal format:
0x19A100 = 1 679 616
0x39AA3FF = 60 466 175
share|improve this answer
so why not just write the numbers as they are? – Chud37 Jan 30 '13 at 11:24
And why use such large numbers? – Chud37 Jan 30 '13 at 11:25
_USER_ Both your questions can only be answered by whoever wrote that piece of code, we can only speculate. – Yannis Rizos Jan 30 '13 at 11:27
I think is because base_convert take hexadecimal number as first attribute and large number is there to make generated string longer. ASCII characters are encoded in 3 digits decimal number, so every 3 numbers make one character in string. Bigger number == longer string. – tikend Jan 30 '13 at 11:28
_USER_ base_convert can take any number in any base system as its first argument not just hexadecimals. That's kind the point of the function, converting numbers from one base (any base) to another. – Yannis Rizos Jan 30 '13 at 11:33
show 4 more comments
As tikend mentioned
mt_rand takes min and max values and generates a random value from that range.
Then that output from mt_rand is given to base_convert where the random value is assumed to be BASE 35 and it is converted to BASE 36 system.
The output of base_convert is then converted to uppercase.
share|improve this answer
Where can I learn about these base systems? I have never heard of base 36 before but it looks to be quite useful – Chud37 Jan 30 '13 at 11:28
I still don't see the need for such ridiculously large numbers though? – Chud37 Jan 30 '13 at 11:30
_URL_ – Vivekanand S V Jan 30 '13 at 11:31
_USER_ It will be useful when u are calculating something like largest prime number, etc., where base 36 system will simplify the number which takes lot of space to show in BASE 10 system, etc – Vivekanand S V Jan 30 '13 at 11:33
_USER_ - I would say that technically it would take up the same amount of memory, the reason for using say Base 16/36 is for the human element, instead of having to write 1,679,616 in binary which would be a 64-bit binary value it can be displayed in a much more compact way. Unless of course space means something other then memory in the context your using it in? – Ramhound Jan 30 '13 at 14:02
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Your Answer


text:
VISIR ProjectWhy VISIR?
The use of ICT for learning in Europe is gaining ground, but to uncap its potential as a driver of change for our economies and societies, we need to move from fragmentation and piloting to articulation and system adoption.
To address this need, and with the support of the Lifelong Learning Programme of the European Commission, VISIR works for three years (2011 to 2014) to address three major gaps: the "understanding gap", the "networking gap", and the "mainstreaming gap" of ICT for learning in Europe.
The VISIR project "Vision, Scenarios, Insights and Recommendations" is the initiative of European networks aiming to develop shared vision on how ICT may help making lifelong learning a reality.
The VISIR Partnership
VISIR represents a rather unprecedented networking effort, bringing together seven European networks in the field of learning innovation plus two renewed research institutions:
- MENON Network
- European Association for Adult Learning (EADL)
- European Distance and E-learning Network (EDEN)
- European Foundation for Management Development (EFMD)
- European Learning Industry Group (ELIG)
- European Interest Group on Creativity and Innovation (EICI)
- European Foundation for Quality in e-Learning (EFQUEL)
- K.U. Leuven
VISIR tackles three levels of analysis: macro (education and training systems), meso (organisations, which provide teaching and learning opportunities) and micro (teaching and learning opportunities themselves), and includes a foresight component to enhance proactive change in effective ICT exploitation in learning. To know more about the VISIR methodology and planned actions, please visit the VISIR website, or contact Boriana Marinova.
- Cases of innovative use of ICT for learning and teaching
- Vision reports on the ICT-for-learning contribution to life-long learning
- Stakeholders' consultations
- VISIR seminars
- Trends of using ICT for learning and teaching
EFMD is associated to all project activities but its involvement is in particular related to the identification of innovative examples of the use of ICT for learning and teaching in management education as well as to their dissemination.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Polish second most spoken language
Polish is the second most common main language in England and Wales with more than half a million speakers, according to new figures from the 2011 Census.
Nearly one in 10 people in England and Wales - 8% - reported speaking a different main language to English or Welsh in the census, findings from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) have shown.
Polish was the second most commonly reported main language with 546,000 speakers, reflecting more than half a million Poles who migrated to England and Wales during the last decade.
Redcar and Cleveland local authority had the highest percentage of people with English as their main language at 99% of the population, with Ealing listing the highest proportion of Polish speakers at 6% of the population.
In all but three of the London boroughs - the City of London, Richmond Upon Thames, and Hillingdon - more than 100 languages were listed as main languages.
Of the four million residents of England and Wales who spoke a main language other than English, 1.7 million said they could speak English very well, 726,000 could speak English but not well and 138,000 could not speak English at all.
The least common main language in England and Wales was listed as Manx-Gaelic with 33 speakers, followed by 58 Gaelic Scottish speakers.
London had the highest proportion, at 22%, of people who reported that English was not their main language, with the North East reporting the lowest percentage in this category, at 3%. The figures also showed that not all languages were spoken - with 22,000 people using sign language.
The census also appeared to confirm a boom in cycling in London, with 161,700 people, or 2.6%, using bicycles to get to work in the capital. This compared with 77,000 a decade ago, the ONS said, but these figures were not strictly comparable as the 2001 figures did not include those who said they worked from home.
Cambridge remained the local authority with the highest proportion who cycle to work, at 18%, or 17,755 people. In spite of the surge in cycling, the majority of 16 to 74-year-olds in England and Wales said they drove a car or van to work, at 58% or 15 million.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Sunday, January 4, 2009
Ek mukhi Rudraksha : One face Rudraksh
Ek mukhi Rudraksha is the resemblance of Lord Shiva. It is Diamond in Rudrakshas. It makes us Kings. But, What makes it so Powerful? Is it allowed to wear on body? How to get benefits from Ek mukhi Rudraksha? Let us discuss about Ek mukhi.
What is Ekmukhi Rudraksha?
Ek mukhi (Eka mukhi / One Mukhi Rudraksha) is a Wonder of Nature. Normally Rudraksha beads will have 5 lines (Mukhi) on them. They resemble 5 compartments of Rudraksha nut. Each compartment contains a seed in it. But, Ek mukhi will have only one seed!
What is the shape of Ekmukhi?
Normal Ek mukhi is Half-moon shaped or Cashew-nut (Kaju dana) shaped. Not agreeing with me? Ha, Ha! What I told is NORMAL. Round Ek mukhi are present. But, they are very very rare. The reason is Rudraksha nut can't retain it's roundness with one compartment. Not only Ek mukhi, but many Two mukhi and Three mukhi Rudrakshas are not completely Round. They will turn some what oval vertically. Also note: As the lines (Mukhi) of Rudraksha increase, the bead gradually flattens.
Roundness increases the Power. But, Ek mukhi is always Ek mukhi.
Why One Face Rudraksha is so Powerful?
Nobody knows! But we can prove the superiority of One Face Rudraksha with a Rudraksha test. Milk will not spoil for 5 days if Ek mukhi is placed in it. The reason may be in the Astral body of this Rudraksha.
Is Eka mukhi allowed to wear on body?
This is an important question. Yes. Allowed! But, remember Ek mukhi Rudraksha is directly Lord Shiva himself (Sakshat Shiva swarupa). We have to behave as if we are in the Paradise of Shiva (Kailasa). No exceptions.
Like all Rudraksha Ek mukhi is also not allowed to wear while taking Alcohol, While participating in sex, and in Menstrual period. Keep it beside while taking bath to protect from water.
Children bellow 12 years can't bear the Power of Ek mukhi. For normal people, it is better to worship Ek mukhi Rudraksha rather than wearing it on the body.
How to get benefits from Eka mukhi Rudraksha?
This is a very big question. Ek mukhi Rudrksha passes the Power of Lord Shiva to the person wearing it. It burns all the Sins made by the person (Brahma hatya dosha haram). It protects him from accidents (Akala Mrityu haram). It gives a sudden rise in the career (Akasmat Dhana prapti dayakam). The person rules the world (Shiva Shakti pradayakam). If he wishes he will attain Mukti (Shiva Sayujya pradayakam).
Basic Mantra to use Ek mukhi is - "(Aum) NamasShivaya".
Only this much? Don't worry. I'm also interested in Ek mukhi Rudraksha like you. I will write at least 20 articles just on Ekmukhi. I will explain every detail I know. Please wait.
"This article is dedicated to Lord Shiva who is the Lord of Rudrakshas"
You may also be interested in:
durga said...
can i smoke wearing ekamuki
Srihari said...
???!!! Are you serious?
We can't smoke even in presence of our parents or elders. How can we do it in presence of Lord? Smoking is strictly prohibited in temples :)
Of course, there is no reference to smoking in the sacred books. Our ancients didn't thought of this addiction.
Amal Nadpurohit said...
Srihari ji...
You have done an magnificent task by posting your collection... Your knowledge is extremely valuable. Much appreciated Sir... keep up the fantastic work..
Anonymous said...
Hi, a young boy may be 12-14 met me near my work place and started showing me rudrakshas's he brought, he has all types mostly 5 mukhi, he also showed me half moon type ek mukhi and round ek mukhi, i purchased both, i belive in it and i also dont't want do any test for the same i believe this must be original one test i did they sink in water, now i want to wear, pls suggest complete process to follow while wearing it, to have best effect.. Viinod Jojarey
Anonymous said...
Dear Shri hari.. i posted a query on 2nd dec 09, expecting your answer...
Srihari said...
Hi Vinod, I'm really busy and at-least have to write a post to answer you. That's the reason behind not responding. OK, I now posted that. Please see and tell your opinion, whether it is sufficient or not.
Ek mukhi Mantras and Puja
Sarath said...
Hi Srihari, I'm sarath. I'm wearing a eka mukhi for a few years. I got the rudraksha from a aged sage who lives in the Himalayas when i went there. However, im not so much into sacred books. I keep up mu brahmacharyam, and other than that I do my normal life wearing my lord close to my heart. I feel awesome when i do what i feel i should do. Ultimately what i feel is that what should be done and should not be done is purely based on our perception of lord shiva, which is the karma roopam of the ultimate universal power.Have a lot more but the space and time doesnt allow that!!!


text:
|Abstract||Answer Set Programming is a new paradigm based on logic programming. The main component of answer set programming is a system that ﬁnds the answer sets of logic programs. During the computation of an answer set, systems are faced with choice points where they have to select a literal and assign it a truth value. Generally, systems utilize some heuristics to choose new literals at the choice points. The heuristic used is one of the key factors for the performance of the system. A new heuristic for answer set programming has been developed. This heuristic is inspired by hierarchical planning. The notion of criticality, which was introduced for generating abstraction hierarchies in hierarchical planning, is used in this heuristic. The resulting system (CSMODELS) uses this new heuristic in a static way. CSMODELS is based on the system SMODELS. The experimental results show that this new heuristic is promising for answer set programming. A comparison of search times with SMODELS demonstrate CSMODELS' usefulness|
|Keywords||No keywords specified (fix it)|
|Categories||No categories specified (fix it)|
|Through your library||Only published papers are available at libraries|
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Sherlock Holmes, Searching in a Maze, in Search of Knowledge: Issues in Early Artiﬁcial Intelligence.
David Pearce & Agustín Valverde (2005). A First Order Nonmonotonic Extension of Constructive Logic. Studia Logica 80 (2-3):321 - 346.
Christopher Potts, Rajesh Bhatt, Joe Pater & Michael Becker, Harmonic Grammar with Linear Programming: From Linear Systems to Linguistic Typology.
Jean-Gabriel Ganascia (2007). Modelling Ethical Rules of Lying with Answer Set Programming. Ethics and Information Technology 9 (1).
Carlos Viegas Damásio & Luís Moniz Pereira (2002). Hybrid Probabilistic Logic Programs as Residuated Logic Programs. Studia Logica 72 (1):113 - 138.
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text:
Egypt finds itself once again at a crossroads, grappling with a trifecta of challenges that could reshape its economy. The recent eruption of conflict in the neighbouring Gaza Strip
In recent months, Russia has significantly increased its imports of aluminium, the crucial raw material for aluminum production, from India. This strategic move by Russia serves multiple purposes, including diversifying its supply sources, reducing dependence on China, and lowering production costs. This development has gained attention amid the backdrop of sanctions imposed on Russia.
According to data from the Indian Commerce Ministry, India's exports of alumina to Russia surged from nil in the corresponding period of the previous financial year to a substantial 2.58 lakh tonnes in April-February of the financial year 2022-23 (FY23).
This surge in imports by Russia comes as the country faces challenges in its aluminum production due to geopolitical events. After Russia's invasion of Ukraine, which is the world's second-largest producer of aluminum, Russia lost access to two critical sources of alumina. A Ukrainian refinery suspended its alumina production, and Australia banned alumina supplies to Russia.
Alumina plays a vital role in the production of aluminum metal, as well as being used in various applications such as abrasives and refractory materials due to its hardness and high melting point.
More about aluminium trade in Russia:
With Australia and Ukraine no longer supplying aluminium to Russia, the country sought alternative sources. China and India stepped in to fill this gap, with India's alumina exports to Russia witnessing a remarkable increase. Russia has now become the third-largest consumer of Indian alumina by volume and value, surpassing China in this regard.
Notably, alumina has become India's most valuable export to Russia in terms of volume. This shift in supply dynamics is crucial for Russia's Rusal, the world's largest aluminum producer outside China. Rusal needs to secure alumina supplies to sustain domestic aluminum production, especially when faced with a challenging aluminum price environment.
In summary, Russia's increased alumina imports from India reflect a strategic move to secure essential raw materials and diversify its supply sources, particularly in the face of geopolitical disruptions affecting its traditional suppliers. This development underscores the intricate interplay of global supply chains and geopolitics in the aluminum industry.


text:
Ahmaraan is a muslim Girl name. The name is originated from 'Arabic' origin. The baby name Ahmaraan means "Gold".
Origin of the name is: "Arabic"
Ahmaraan is a Girl name.
The pronunciation of the name is: "U H + MU + R AN"
Ahmaraan Name Meaning:
Ahmaraan is a Muslim Girl name. It means "gold", "saffron". It is derived from the H6-M-R (redness).
It is a Muslim baby name.
Variations or similar name:
Ehmerane Ehmeran Ehmeraane Ehmeraan Ehmarane Ehmaran Ehmaraane Ehmaraan Ahimerane Ahmerane Ahmeran Ahmeraane Ahmeraan Ahmarane Ahmaran
Famous people with this name:


What is the kb of NaOH?
Asked By: Kouider Conze | Last Updated: 18th April, 2020
Category: science chemistry
4.9/5 (5,529 Views. 42 Votes)
What Is the Kb of NaOH? The base dissociation constant, or Kb, of sodium hydroxide, or NaOH, is approximately 1020. NaOH is classified as a strong base, which completely ionizes or dissociates in a solution into Na+ and OHions.
Click to see full answer
Also, what is the formula for KB?
Solve the equation for Kb by dividing the Kw by the Ka. You then obtain the equation Kb = Kw / Ka. Put the values from the problem into the equation. For example, for the chloride ion, Kb = 1.0 x 10^-14 / 1.0 x 10^6.
Additionally, is Ca Oh 2 stronger than NaOH? Look at charge Na has +1 charge and Ca has +2 charge after dissociation. Greater charge Stronger lattice. And as we need weak Lattice, so NaoH is stronger base than Ca(OH)2..
People also ask, what is the kb of a strong base?
Kb is the base dissociation constant. The base dissociation constant is a measure of how completely a base dissociates into its component ions in water. A large Kb value indicates the high level of dissociation of a strong base. A lower pKb value indicates a stronger base.
What is the Ka of Koh?
Solution. Potassium Hydroxide or KOH, is a strong base and will dissociate completely in water to K+ and OH-. For every mole of KOH, there will be 1 mole of OH-, so the concentration of OHwill be the same as the concentration of KOH. Therefore, [OH-] = 0.05 M.
39 Related Question Answers Found
What does pKa stand for?
Key Takeaways: pKa Definition
What are the units of Ka?
An acid dissociation constant (Ka) is a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution. The dissociation constant is usually written as a quotient of the equilibrium concentrations (in mol/L): [latex]K_a = frac{[A-][H+]}{[HA]}[/latex].
What is the difference between KB and Ka?
Ka is the "acid dissociation constant." It deals with the concentration of H + ions. Kb is the "base dissociation constant." It deals with the concentration of OH - ions.
What is the kb value?
Kb value refers to a standardized ASTM test that measures the relative strength of a non-aqueous cleaning fluid. Mild solvents with lower Kb values will may not be strong enough to dissolve ionics and fluxes.
What is the difference between pKa and Ka?
Ka is acid dissociation constant and represents the strength of the acid. pKa is the -log of Ka, having a smaller comparable values for analysis. They have an inverse relationship. Larger the Ka, smaller the pKa and stronger the acid.
Can pKa be negative?
Is pKa the same as pH?
The pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. pKa (acid dissociation constant) and pH are related, but pKa is more specific in that it helps you predict what a molecule will do at a specific pH.
Is h3po4 an acid or base?
Salts: AgNO3(Salt), NaCl(Salt), NaNO3(salt), KNO3(salt), Acids: H3PO4(acid), HCl(acid), H2SO4(acid), HC2H3O2(acid), HNO3(acid), H2SO3(acid) Bases: Mg(OH)2(base), NaOH(base), KOHbase), NH4OH(base).
What makes a strong or weak base?
Strong and Weak Bases
The issue is similar with bases: a strong base is a base that is 100% ionized in solution. If it is less than 100% ionized in solution, it is a weak base. So a base based on some other mechanism, such as NH 3 (which does not contain OH ions as part of its formula), will be a weak base.
What are strong bases?
Strong bases are able to completely dissociate in water
 - LiOH - lithium hydroxide.
 - NaOH - sodium hydroxide.
 - KOH - potassium hydroxide.
 - RbOH - rubidium hydroxide.
 - CsOH - cesium hydroxide.
 - *Ca(OH)2 - calcium hydroxide.
 - *Sr(OH)2 - strontium hydroxide.
 - *Ba(OH)2 - barium hydroxide.
Does higher pKa mean stronger acid?
A lower pKa means the Ka value is higher and a higher Ka value means the acid dissociates more readily because it has a larger concentration of Hydronium ions (H3O+).
Is a base a strong?
A strong base is a base that is completely dissociated in an aqueous solution. These compounds ionize in water to yield one or more hydroxide ion (OH-) per molecule of base. In contrast, a weak base only partially dissociates into its ions in water.
Is NaOH a strong base?
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is strong base because it fully dissociates in water to produce hydroxide ions. While ammonia (NH3) is weak base because it accepts protons from water to produce fewer hydroxide ions in solution. While weak bases produce fewer hydroxide ions, making the solution less basic.
What is the kb of water?
List of boiling and freezing information of solvents
Solvent Boiling point (°C) Kb (°C/mol/kg)
Naphthalene 217.9
Nitrobenzene 210.8 5.24
Phenol 181.75 3.60
Water 100.00 0.512
What is Ka KB and KW?
pKa and pKb are the -logs of Ka and Kb; Ka and Kb, when multiplied, are equal to Kw (1.0x10^-14). Kw is also equal to the hydronium and hydroxide concentrations when multiplied.
What is the full form of pKb?
pKb is the negative base-10 logarithm of the base dissociation constant (Kb) of a solution. It is used to determine the strength of a base or alkaline solution. pKb = -log10Kb.
Is Ca Oh 2 a strong base?
Ca(OH)2 is a strong base. Some strong bases like calcium hydroxide aren't very soluble in water. That doesn't matter - what does dissolve is still 100% ionised into calcium ions and hydroxide ions. Calcium hydroxide still counts as a strong base because of that 100% ionisation.


How to Do Tombstone Rubbings
by Richard Lupu
with notes by Joel GAzis-SAx
I am really just an amateur, but I have found that rubbings are a beautiful form of art. It is a fairly easy and inexpensive hobby that is a wonderful way to learn about history. There are some basic rules you should follow and some tools you need to get started.
If you plan on doing rubbings of your family or relatives then some of these wont apply. I like to rub very old tombstones. They have a certain charm about them.
 1. Many cemeteries are private property. Be sure and ask before you start rubbing tombstones. Trespassing fines are not cheap. Many do not understand what rubbing is or have ever heard of it.
 2. Treat each tombstone as if it were your own mother's. Somebody loves these people and old tombstones can be delicate.
 3. Make sure and clean off all marks accidently left on tombstones. Leave the cemetery cleaner than when you got there.
 4. If it is a private cemetery or a municipal cemetery, don't rub at night. Your actions will most certainly be mistaken by local law officials. You would think this would not have to be mentioned but a friend of mine wanted to get some rubbings done when he got off of work one night. Bail is not cheap either.
 1. A soft brush. The kind you might use to polish your shoes work well. A tooth brush is also a good thing to bring.
 2. Paper, White or rice paper works best. I like rice paper. It has a really nice feel to it and can be surprisingly strong.¹
 3. Black or gray chalk. I like chalk, it can be messy but if you're careful it makes a very nice texture. Flat black crayons and rubbing wax are the most common, but I still like chalk.²
 4. Scissors or exacto knife.
 5. Masking tape or painters tape
 6. Small spray bottle and a soft absorbent rag.
 7. If you use chalk you will need Chalk spray. Krylon makes the best.³
Once you have found a nice tombstone you need to make sure it is clean. Use the soft brush and remove dirt and debris from the surface. Be gentle, and respectful, if the it looks as if you might scratch the tombstone then move on.
After you get most of the dirt off spray it with the bottle and then wipe with the rag. Let the tombstone become perfectly dry before you go on. Cut the paper larger than the tombstone itself and wrap tightly aroundthe stone. Tape it very securely so that it doesn't move, if the paper moves when you start rubbing you will probably have to start over.
Start rubbing on the outside edges and make yourself a frame of sorts. You don't need to rub real hard, you can always make it darker by going back over it but you can never make it lighter. You should start to see the patterns emerging at this point.
Once you have the darkness down to you liking carefully spray the paper down with the Chalk spray. Be careful not to get any on the tombstone. When it is dry you can remove it and trim it in the shape of the stone or leave a border around it. This is all there is to it. Practice with it and develop your own style.
I live in Texas and have found a couple of old cemeteries that are all but abandoned. The dates on a lot of these date back to the late 1800's. If you also live in Texas, E-mail me ( and I will give you directions.
Remember the respect you show now will ensure that tombstone rubbing will always be looked at as a way to preserve history and not as vandalism.
Caretaker's Notes
¹Rice paper was recommended by nearly all the Caretaker's advisors on this page. Butcher paper was mentioned as a cheaper substitute. I had a bad experience with a grainy drawing paper. Smooth surfaces work much better than grainy ones, though you may decide otherwise.
²In my experience, chalk was a bit messy. Other contributors suggested using charcoal. You can also use ink if you follow the method used in China for making stone rubbings.
³There's an alternative to Krylon and that is hairspray -- "the cheapest you can find" as one advisor put it.
Copyright 1996 by Richard Lupu and Joel GAzis-SAx.
The Caretaker also wishes to thank Lydia Thompson, Carolanne Szoke, and other contributors to alt.society.funerary for their tips.
Do you have samples of your own rubbings? Send me a gif or jpg.
I will display your best work.
Return to City of the Silent
Visit Inscriptions
Do Virtual Rubbings Using Impressionist (JAVA Req.)
Write to the Caretaker (


What is a Nose Rider?
A nose rider is a popular option for AXYZ CNC routers. It is a relatively simple accessory which fits onto the bottom of the routing spindle and fixes its position relative to the pressure foot. The end result of this is to effectively 'lock' the height of the spindle to the surface of the material. The final depth of cut into the material is determined by how far the router bit is protruding from the lower face of the pressure foot. The nose rider includes an adjustable ring which allows very fine tuning of the vertical position of the spindle relative to the pressure foot and therefore the cut depth.
When to use a Nose Rider?
The primary reason for using a nose rider is when an application requires an accurate and constant cut depth when measured from the surface of the material.
If the sacrificial bed of the machine is absolutely flat and if the thickness of the material being processed is accurate and consistent then there should be no need to use a nose rider. However, if either of these cases is in doubt then the nose rider provides an excellent means of simple yet accurate compensation.
One example of this is engraving. For best visual results, engraving demands a very consistent depth of cut and quite often materials to be engraved are not consistent in their thickness and can vary by as much as 1.5mm over the area of a sheet. Even if the material does have a consistent thickness, any minor variations in bed flatness can spoil a fine engraving job. The nose rider will easily compensate in these situations and ensure constant depth engraving over the entire bed area.
Another example is when V-grooving composite materials which need to be folded. The depth of cut is quite critical in order to ensure consistent fold lines and final visual appearance. The AXYZ PANELBuilder machines which are designed for panel fabrication applications are almost always supplied with a nose rider accessory.
How to use a Nose Rider?
This video shows how a nose rider can be fitted and adjusted on an AXYZ machine.
Author: Ged Lodge is an Applications Specialist for AXYZ, a global manufacturer of CNC router and knife systems. Ged has over 10 years' experience with AXYZ and over 25 years' experience with CNC routers.


text:
How It Is Done continued...
This type of
tonometry is usually done by an ophthalmologist or an optometrist. Your doctor
will use eyedrops to numb the surface of your eyes so that you will not feel
the tonometer during the test.
You will lie on your back on an
examination table. Try to stay relaxed and not cough, blink, or squeeze your
eyelids together because these movements can increase the pressure inside your
You will look up at a spot on the ceiling. Your doctor will
gently touch the tonometer to your eye and hold it there for a few seconds. The
test may be done on the other eye also.
Do not rub your eyes for
30 minutes until the numbing medicine has worn off.
How It Feels
Tonometry should not cause any eye pain.
Your doctor will use eyedrops to numb the surface of your eyes so that you will
not feel the tonometer during the test. You may have a scratchy feeling on your
cornea. This usually goes away in 24 hours.
Some people become
anxious when the tonometer needs to be touched to the eye. In air-puff
tonometry, only a puff of air touches the eye.
There is a very slight risk that your cornea
may be scratched during the methods that involve touching a tonometer to your
eye. Rubbing your eyes before the anesthesia wears off increases the risk of
scratching the cornea. If tonometry causes a scratch on the cornea, your eye
may be uncomfortable until the scratch heals, which normally takes about a
There is also a very small risk of an eye infection or an
allergic reaction to the eyedrops used to numb your
With the air-puff (noncontact) method, there is no risk of
scratches or infection, since nothing but air touches your eyes. But this
method is not the best way to measure intraocular pressure.
should not have any eye pain or vision problems after tonometry. Call your
doctor if you feel any eye pain during the test or for 48 hours after the
A tonometry test measures the pressure
inside your eye, which is called intraocular pressure (IOP). This test is used
to check for
Normal eye pressure is
different for each person and is usually higher just after you wake up. IOP
changes more in people who have glaucoma. Women usually have a higher IOP than
men, and IOP normally gets higher as you get older.
- A high IOP may mean that you have glaucoma or
that you are at high risk for developing glaucoma. People who have ongoing
pressures above 27 mm Hg usually develop glaucoma unless the pressure is
lowered with medicines.
- People who have an ongoing IOP higher than
21 mm Hg but do not have
optic nerve damage have a condition called ocular
hypertension. These people may be at risk for developing glaucoma over


text:
Available in 2 formats
1. Roll the dice, write the number into the box and then count out that number of critters for the bug jar.
2. Roll the dice twice. Each time write the number in a box and count out the correct number of critters for the bug jar. After 2 rolls count the number of bugs altogether and write that number in the final box.
I like to have the 2 versions laminated back to back so that the game can be differentiated easily for the students in each group.


text:
A Riemannian trust region method for the
canonical tensor rank approximation problem††thanks: Submitted.\fundingThe first author was partially supported by DFG research grant BU 1371/2-2. The second author was supported by a Postdoctoral Fellowship of the Research Foundation–Flanders (FWO).
The canonical tensor rank approximation problem (TAP) consists of approximating a real-valued tensor by one of low canonical rank, which is a challenging non-linear, non-convex, constrained optimization problem, where the constraint set forms a non-smooth semi-algebraic set. We introduce a Riemannian Gauss–Newton method with trust region for solving small-scale, dense TAPs. The novelty of our approach is threefold. First, we parametrize the constraint set as the Cartesian product of Segre manifolds, hereby formulating the TAP as a Riemannian optimization problem, and we argue why this parametrization is among the theoretically best possible. Second, an original ST-HOSVD-based retraction operator is proposed. Third, we introduce a hot restart mechanism that efficiently detects when the optimization process is tending to an ill-conditioned tensor rank decomposition and which often yields a quick escape path from such spurious decompositions. Numerical experiments show improvements of up to three orders of magnitude in terms of the expected time to compute a successful solution over existing state-of-the-art methods.
P decomposition, Riemannian optimization, trust region method, Gauss–Newton method, ST-HOSVD retraction, hot restarts
15A69, 53B21, 53B20, 65K10, 90C53, 14P10, 65Y20, 65F35
A simple or ranktensor is the tensor product of vectors. Identifying tensors in coordinates with the -arrays representing them with respect to some basis, the tensor product is given explicitly by the Segre map, namely
where. The image of this map comprises the simple tensors. The tensor rank decomposition or canonical polyadic decomposition (CPD) that was proposed by Hitchcock expresses as a linear combination of simple tensors:
The smallest such that a decomposition in (CPD) is possible, is called the (canonical) rank of and we denote it as.
The set of all tensors of rank bounded by is then given by
We say that is -identifiable if the summands in the factorization on the right-hand side of (CPD) are uniquely determined. It is now well established [14, 15] that the elements of admitting an -identifiable CPD form a dense subset of in the Euclidean topology, with few exceptions, provided that. Throughout this paper, we assume that this denseness property holds.
The CPD arises naturally in a myriad of applications; see, for example, those listed in. An extensive class where potentially high-rank CPDs are computed from dense tensors originates in machine learning and algebraic statistics, where the parameters in certain latent structure models admit a CPD [23, 46, 4, 6]. Such models were recently surveyed in a unified tensor-based framework, including exchangeable single topic models, naïve Bayes models, hidden Markov models, and Gaussian mixture models.
Mostly, the tensors that one works with are only approximations of a theoretical low-rank tensor, as a consequence of measurement and representation errors or due to numerical computations. This is why the problem of approximating a given tensor by a tensor of low canonical rank, i.e.,
is the usual problem that has to be solved.111We ignore one aspect throughout this paper: for some inputs this optimization problem is ill-posed in the sense that only an infimum exists. We refer to de Silva and Lim for more details. It is called the tensor rank approximation problem (TAP). The setting that we are more specifically interested in consists of dense input tensors that can be well approximated by a tensor of small rank whose condition number (see also Section 2) is at most moderately large. Specifically, we only consider the case of strictly subgeneric ranks.
In the above setting, there are no severe restrictions on the dimensions in (TAP). When can be well-approximated by a tensor of rank, the standard technique for solving TAPs first applies a Tucker compression by constructing an orthogonal Tucker decomposition with core tensor and orthonormal factor matrices. Then, a TAP for the core tensor is solved:. Since it is expected that, in practice the main restriction in TAPs is the size of the approximation rank.
Several algorithms have been proposed in the literature for solving (TAP). The state of the art can broadly be divided into two classes: alternating least squares (ALS) methods and general numerical optimization methods. While in 2008 the review article considered ALS (see [26, 11, 12]) as "the 'workhorse' algorithm for CP," we believe that nowadays quasi-Newton methods, such as those in [2, 27, 41, 40, 43, 48, 53, 20], have supplanted ALS-like strategies. For example, the default algorithm in the Tensorlab v3 software package for finding an approximate CPDs is nls_gndl, which is a Gauss–Newton (GN) method with trust region. Furthermore, experiments in [2, 48, 43, 53] have demonstrated that modern implementations of GN methods as described in Section 3 outperform standard ALS methods on all but the simplest of problems in terms of execution time and iteration count. For this reason, we do not consider ALS in the rest of this paper.
Instead, we adopt the Riemannian optimization framework to solve (TAP). The set is known to be semi-algebraic [18, 8], entailing that it is locally diffeomorphic to a Euclidean space at most, but not all, points. Riemannian optimization methods exploit such a local smooth structure on the domain for effectively solving optimization problems. Such methods were already proposed for other tensor decompositions, like Tucker, hierarchical Tucker, and tensor train decompositions; see respectively [45, 31], [54, 16], and [30, 49, 34]. Hitherto, a Riemannian optimization method is lacking for the TAP. This paper develops such a method.
The main contribution of this paper is an efficient Riemannian trust region (RTR) method, called RGN-HR, for finding well-conditioned [55, 9] solutions of (TAP). The numerical experiments in Section 7 show that this method can outperform state-of-the-art classic optimization methods on the key performance criterion, namely the expected time to success, by up to three orders of magnitude.
The design of RGN-HR was guided by a geometrical analysis of the TAP; see Sections 3.3 and 5.2. We argue that none of the state-of-the-art general optimization methods that were adapted to the TAP exploit the essential geometry of the optimization domain (see Section 3). This analysis yields three main insights: first, it suggests that the parametrization of the domain of the optimization problem should be homothetical; second, parameterizing via the manifold is probably among the best choices and allows us to formulate the TAP as a Riemannian optimization problem; and, third, certain CPDs are ill-behaved for (Riemannian) Gauss–Newton methods, hence we argue that they should be avoided, e.g., via hot restarts (see Section 5).
Unfortunately, the main strength of RGN-HR is also its significant limitation: by design it can find only well-conditioned optimizers of (TAP). In particular, our method can only find isolated solutions. We believe that this is not a severe limitation in practice because in most applications only (locally) unique rank-one summands are of interest. We say that non-isolated solutions are ill-posed or, equivalently, that their condition number is unbounded; see Proposition 1.
The rest of the paper is structured as follows. In the next section, we recall the condition number of the CPD. In Section 3, we analyze the geometry of the TAP, argue that this structure has not been exploited hitherto, and explain how it can be exploited in a Riemannian optimization method. Section 4 describes the outline of RGN-HR. The strategy for dealing with ill-conditioned Hessian approximations is described in greater detail in Section 5. Riemannian optimization methods require the specification of a retraction operator. We explain our choice, a product ST-HOSVD retraction, in Section 6. Numerical experiments demonstrating the efficacy of RGN-HR are featured in Section 7. The final section presents our conclusions and outlook.
For ease of reading, vectors are typeset in lower-case boldface letters (); matrices in upper-case letters (); tensors in upper-case fraktur letters (); and varieties and manifolds in upper-case calligraphic letters ().
The vectorization of a tensor is defined in the usual way as. A real vector space is endowed with the Euclidean inner product. This induces the Euclidean norm. The corresponding spectral norm of a matrix is denoted by The -dimensional unit sphere in is denoted by. We make a normed vector space by defining the norm of a tensor to be the Frobenius norm.
The Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse of [50, chapter 3, section 1] is denoted by. We denote by, and, the largest,


text:
Microsoft Office Questions and Answers - How to Insert Text Into Clip Art
Sandi writes in with an Office question
Question:I need to know how to insert text into a clip art object. I am very new to using clip art.
Answer: To install clipart into a document simply add the clipart first then make a text box with whatever text you want inside the text box. You can insert a text box by going to Insert and then Text Box. Once you have the text formatted inside the box you can double click the outside border of the text box to bring up its properties. Then you can change the fill color to No Fill so that the text box will be transparent. You can do the same for the Line section by changing it to No Line. Then you will have only the text showing and you can drag it wherever you want on top of the clipart. You can also change the text color if needed.


text:
O. Henry in 1909. He may even be drunk here.
New York City has a fine, macabre tradition of harboring famous artists, writers, musicians and actors on the cusp of an alcohol or drug-fueled demise. The city naturally attracts the creative, oddballs and innovators looking for like minds amid the flourishing artistic communities of the city. Many of these also tragically detoured into the city's equally impressive collection of taverns, saloons, opium dens, speakeasies, nightclubs, coke dens and crackhouses.
Countless have drank and drugged themselves to ruin in the city's 400-year history, either unintentionally or with suicidal design. If you're looking to pinpoint the first major instance of this trend among the major icons of American history, look back in New York City history exactly one hundred years ago to the death of one of this country's most iconic writers, O. Henry.
Henry (real name William Sydney Porter) is not the first American writer to die of the effects of alcoholism. Probably the most infamous was one-time New Yorker Edgar Allen Poe, who died in a Baltimore gutter in 1849. I'm not even going to claim that O. Henry was even the first notable alcoholic death in New York City. For instance, Jewish poet Naphtali Herz Imber collapsed and died in the Lower East Side from an alcohol binge in 1909.
But O. Henry was an undisputed American star at the time of his death, one of the country's most famous writers and the pioneer of the short story. Artists at the height of their success in 1910 do not die of alcohol abuse, at least officially. In fact, his death by cirrhosis on June 5, 1910, is heavily glossed over in contemporary sources.
Porter first became O. Henry in 1899, in an article for McClure's Magazine. It should be noted he wrote that particular story while in an Ohio prison, serving a five year stint for embezzlement. He moved to New York City in 1902 where he flourished, writing hundreds of stories and becoming America's most prolific and most popular writers.
Many of his stories are set in New York, although his popular 'The Ransom of Red Chief' (one of favorite stories as a kid) is a kidnapping yarn that takes place in Alabama. Probably his most famous tale, the 1906 'Gift of the Magi', was written, according to legend, at Pete's Tavern near Gramercy Park.
So yes, like many writers, Porter wrote and drank, both prolifically and magnificently. In fact, he kept drinking even though his body began deteriorating from the effects of cirrhosis and diabetes.
On June 3, 1910, Porter collapsed after writing a letter and was taken to the New York Polyclinic Hospital at 218 East 34th Street (today near the entrance of the Queens Midtown Tunnel), checking in under a false name to throw off the newspaper reporters. He died two days later, his last words reportedly, "Turn up the lights. I don't want to go home in the dark."
Biographies of the day barely mentioned Porter's drinking problem and the cirrhosis which killed him. The writer was buried in Asheville, NC, the hometown of his wife Sara.
For the next hundred years, troubled celebrities would follow his morbid example -- from Dylan Thomas to Billie Holiday, Heath Ledger, GG Allin, Lorenz Hart, Sid Vicious, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Montgomery Clift, Julia Bruns, and many more.
"It couldn't have happened anywhere but in little old New York." -- O. Henry


GPS phone tracker is a powerful online app developed by CellTrack that helps you find a phone fast. If you want to find someone's location, the GPS phone tracking service we offer will do the work. Furthermore, if you lost your phone, this is the best method to find it.
All it takes is to send an anonymous SMS, which contains a special tracking link. The best phone tracker app without permission for locating the device will increase your chances of finding a phone dramatically. Hassle-free and fast, the GPS phone tracker will display accurate location within minutes.
How to locate someone?
If you're wondering how to locate someone, you're about to find out the easiest way. This mobile number tracker will provide you with the approximate location by email, and it's based on internet-IP information.
1. The person whose phone you want to track will receive an SMS which contains an intriguing link to a website. The website in question is just a normal site and has no relation with GPS phone tracking. Another benefit of using the GPS phone tracker is the fact that the recipient won't be able to identify you so it makes a perfect way to find a phone and stay anonymous.
2. The person will click on the link to visit the website. Once the link is opened, the GPS phone tracker will try activating the GPS antenna, which will allow CellTrack to send you an email with the location of the person's phone. CellTrack also retrieves the Internet Protocol (IP) address. This means that, if the phone doesn't have a GPS antenna or access is denied, you will still get a good estimate of the phone's location based on the IP address it uses.
3. You will receive a notification and two emails from CellTrack. The first email will contain the IP address along with a Google maps link that will show you the approximate location our mobile number tracker identified. As for the second email, it will contain a Google maps link that will show you the exact location.
Find a phone easily
 1. Type in the user's phone number to find a phone.
 2. Click on the blue button which says "Select a message template".
 3. Choose the predefined message or one of the four tracking topics. You can choose to enjoy our amazing feature that lets you write the content you want.
 4. You will see the message preview so that you can check whether it's good for your intentions. Whether you think someone you care about is in danger so you want to locate him or you just want to find a stolen device, this GPS phone tracker will do the work.
 5. By pressing the orange button, you will send the message that contains the special tracking link, and the user you're trying to locate will receive it.
 6. Once the person opens the link, the GPS phone tracker will start locating the device. Don't forget to check your email to see the emails from CellTrack.
 7. By opening a Google maps link you received in the email, you will be able to see the location of the phone you traced.
 8. Enjoy this amazing opportunity to find someone's location.
⚠ If the user blocks location services or does not open the link, CellTrack won't be able to find a phone. In that case CellTrack will still deduct 2 credits.
⚠ The result of the location can vary greatly. If we do not get permission to activate the GPS, we can not retrieve an exact location. In that case you will not receive a second email from us with the exact location.
⚠ IP data from a GPRS/3G/4G connection does not give a good location estimate. WiFi however, can give a pretty good estimate. Therefore it's a good idea to perform the GPS phone tracking when the person is connected to WiFi. This is usually in the early morning or when the subject most likely is at a hotel, at school, at the office, or at home.
 - Your phone is stolen
 - You have explicit permission from your employees
 - It concerns your own telephone and mobile number
Do you want to track any cellphone or send anonymous sms?
Create a CellTrack account
Discover CellTrack ×
Create a CellTrack account, so you can:
 - Locate any telephone worldwide
 - Receive notifications on leaving a country
 - Request advanced Telecom data
 - Send an SMS anonymously, and much more
Create a free account


3 parameters: a function representing class constructor (or null for an empty one) an object exposing instance properties (note that EcmaScript 5 allows definition of both get and set function associated to a property) and an optional object exposing static methods.
How can we use the MultiLogger class? exactly as if it was a.NET class:
var multiLogger1 = new MyLibrary.MultiLogger(42);
// = 22; //We can't since id is read onlt...
var id =; //returns 42
multiLogger1.text = "Text to log";
var multiLogger2 = new MyLibrary.MultiLogger(43);
multiLogger2.text = "more text...";
very nice isn't it? :-)
author: Corrado Cavalli | posted @ mercoledì 21 marzo 2012 13.55 | Feedback (8)
Available memory and Background agents in Windows Phone 7
When you create a background agent for Windows Phone 7 there are a couple of important details you must be aware of:
 1. The total scheduled time for the agent to execute is 25 seconds, if you exceed it the agent will be killed by the scheduler.
 2. The max amount of memory available is 6 MB, if the agent allocates more the agent will be, again, killed.
 3. With Visual Studio debugger attached these limits are disabled.
An agent is killed silently and after two killing operations the scheduler will automatically disable it and your user probably will start wondering why your wonderful tile doesn't work as expected.
The common problem I face when dealing with agents is that 6 MB of memory are a very strict constraint especially when you realize that the agent alone consumes more than 3 MB (in real cases I got more than 5 MB allocated at startup)
So what can you do do live in a such restrict space? along with optimizations (in some cases I ended up duplicating code in order to avoid to load some dependencies) my suggestion is: never trust the debugger, with it attached the allocated memory increases so you might end up with wrong measurements.
What I normally do is to write inside application tile what is the real amount of occupied memory so that I can quickly estimate how long I can go.
Code is really straightforward:
public class ScheduledAgent : ScheduledTaskAgent
protected override void OnInvoke(ScheduledTask task)
ShellTile tile = ShellTile.ActiveTiles.FirstOrDefault();
if (tile!= null)
var current = DeviceStatus.ApplicationCurrentMemoryUsage;
ShellTileData data = new StandardTileData
Title = "Occ:" + current.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
And here are the differences between debug and standalone mode:
image debugger attached
Compared to overall 6MB, an important difference…
author: Corrado Cavalli | posted @ giovedì 15 marzo 2012 19.24 | Feedback (2)
Win+X is your friend in Windows 8
As advanced user I often need to reach areas like Control Panel, Event Viewer or the good old friend Command Prompt and you might imagine how happy I was to discover that using Win+X you have access to a "developer menu" in lower left corner that give you access to OS' hardcore areas Smile
You can also show the menu by pointing the mouse in lower left corner, wait for Start menu to appear then right clicking on it (but Win+X is a lot more faster…)
BTW: I took the shot using Win+PrintScreen that now automatically saves the screenshot under User's MyPicture
Technorati Tags:
author: Corrado Cavalli | posted @ martedì 6 marzo 2012 10.15 | Feedback (8)


text:
Magellan End of Mission Logo
Date: 12 Oct 1994
A special logo created to mark the Magellan spacecraft's deliberate plunge into Venus' atmosphere in 1994.
Magellan mapped 98 percent of Venus' surface at a resolution of 100 to 150 meters (about the length of a football or soccer field), using synthetic aperture radar, a technique that simulates the use of a much larger radar antenna. It found that 85 percent of the surface is covered with volcanic flows and showed evidence of tectonic movement, turbulent surface winds, lava channels and pancake-shaped domes. Magellan also produced high-resolution gravity data for 95 percent of the planet and tested a new maneuvering technique called aerobraking, using atmospheric drag to adjust its orbit.
The spacecraft was commanded to plunge into Venus' atmosphere in 1994 as part of a final experiment to gather atmospheric data.


text:
1 B. 2 Lab. No. 2
USE OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS IN THE STUDY OF NATURAL HAZARDS
The interpretation of vertical aerial photographs has proved to be an effective technique in the preparation of environmental-engineering-geologic maps. No other technique can provide a three-dimensional overview of the terrain from which the inter-relations of topography, drainage, surface cover, geologic materials, geologic structure, geohazards and human activities on the landscape can be viewed and evaluated.
The purpose of this exercise is to introduce you to the techniques of aerial photointerpretation and preparation of an environmental-geologic map of Harbour View area, St.Andrew, Jamaica.
2. PRINCIPLES OF ANALYSIS:
EXAMINE THE PHOTOGRAPHS PROVIDED WHILE YOU READ THIS SECTION.
See SHEET # 1 for basic principles of aerial photo-interpretation. This will help you to set the photos for stereoscopic viewing.
The interpretation of aerial photographs involves:
a. Examine the photographs to get a 3-D perception,
b. Identify ground conditions by observing certain elements appearing in the photographs and
c. Using photo-interpretation techniques, analyze specific problems by the association of ground conditions with interpreter's experience.
The quality and reliability of interpretations is improved by subsequent field checks, which is an essential component of all mapping projects.


text: A relatively new type of dimmer that uses high-frequency (typically 40-50 kHz) pulse-width modulation to produce a pure amplitude modulated sine wave output. This is useful for eliminating all filament noise caused by typical phase control dimmers. In addition, since the sine wave dimmer draws current in a sine wave, it does not produce harmonics. It dims many more types of loads than a phase-control dimmer. Down side? At least 3X the cost of a phase control dimmer, and many more parts to potentially go wrong. It has been suggested that Sine Wave Dimmers are "the party the dimmer manufacturers gave, but nobody came", in the USA. Due to cost, and sometimes lack of reliability and poor design in early implementations (even by a well-known manufacturer), market uptake of Sine Wave dimmers in the USA has been minimal.


Space weathering of iron sulfides in the lunar surface environment
1Toru Matsumoto,1Takaaki Noguchi,1Yu Tobimatsu,2Dennis Harries,2,3Falko Langenhorst,4Akira Miyake,4Hiroshi Hidaka
1Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nisi-ku, Fukuoka _PHONE_, Japan
2Institute of Geoscience, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Carl-Zeiss-Promenade 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
3Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
4Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-shi _PHONE_, Japan
5Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya Science building E, _PHONE_, Japan
Copyright Elsevier
Alteration of iron sulfides on the lunar surface by space weathering is poorly understood. We examined space weathering features of iron sulfides in lunar mature soil grains using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). SEM observations reveal that iron sulfides have vesicular textures and iron whiskers on their surfaces. Iron sulfides observed using TEM are troilite and NC-pyrrhotite. The space-weathered rim on the iron sulfides is characterized by crystallographic misorientations and the disappearance of superstructure reflections of troilite in electron diffraction patterns. These crystallographic modifications are probably produced by solar wind irradiation. The rim contains opened vesicles that are aligned along the c-plane of the sulfides, as well as numerous tiny vesicles. The Fe/S ratio at the surface of the rim is higher than in non-altered regions, indicating selective sulfur loss from the surface. Iron whiskers protrude from the space weathered rim and consist of polycrystalline metallic iron. The sulfide rims and the iron whiskers are both coated with vapor-deposited materials rich in O and Si. The combined processes driven by the solar wind irradiation, heating during impact events, solar UV radiation, and the thermal cycling may cause vesicular textures, selective sulfur escape from the iron sulfides, and the formation of the iron whiskers. The rim textures support the notion that the enrichment of heavy sulfur isotopes in mature lunar soils is caused by space weathering of iron sulfides. The space weathered rims on lunar iron sulfides are similar to those observed in regolith samples from asteroid Itokawa. Therefore, alterations of sulfide surface might be common among airless bodies in the solar system.
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Wednesday, May 7, 2014
Christian Generosity in I Corinthians 16:1-4
Christian Generosity
I Corinthians 16:1-4
The Church is the priority beneficiary and benefactor of Christian generosity. Therefore Christians should primarily give to and through the Church.
 1. Christian generosity prioritizes the needs of the saints.
 1. 16:1--"the collection for the saints"
 2. Christian generosity is the responsibility of each church and all churches.
 1. 16:1--"as I directed the churches of Galatia, so you also are to do.
 2. 2 Cor. 9:1-2
 3. Christian generosity prioritizes church giving over all other types of giving.
 1. 16:2--"On the first day of the week.
 4. Christian generosity should be considered an act of worship.
 2. What makes giving an act of worship?
 1. Response to the grace of God. 2 Cor. 8:6-7
 1. God's grace provides the money to give.
 2. God's grace provides the will to give.
 2. Expression of trust. 2 Cor. 8:5
 3. Expresses and elicits praise and thanksgiving. 2 Cor. 9:12-15
 4. Magnifies the sacrificial work of Christ. 2 Cor. 8:8-9; 9:15
 5. Christian generosity is the responsibility of each Christian and all Christians.
 1. 16:2--"each of you should set aside"
 6. Christian generosity should be planned.
 1. 16:2--"first day of the week
 1. Regular or consistent
 2. Frequent
 7. Christian generosity should be proportionate to prosperity.
 1. 16:2--"as he may prosper"
 2. Christian generosity is the purpose of prosperity. 2 Cor 9:8-11
 3. The example of the Macedonians. 2 Cor. 8:3, 12
 1. Gave within their means--gave what they could afford.
 2. Gave beyond their means--went without some things in order to afford more.
 3. Cannot give what you do not have (12).
 8. Christian generosity should not be or feel forced.
 1. 16:2--"No collecting after I come"
 2. 2 Cor. 9:5-- "Ready as a willing gift, not an exaction."
 3. 2 Cor. 8:7-- "Act of [God's] Grace"
 4. 2 Cor. 8:8 -- "not as a command"; "to prove...your love is also genuine."
 5. 2 Cor. 9:7-- "Not reluctantly or under compulsion, for God loves a cheerful giver."
Here is a link to a printable version of this post for use in Bible studies or Sunday Schools:
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Computer geek uncovers British climate-data errors
Paola Totaro
LONDON: The British Meteorological Office has been forced to correct its global temperature records after a science blogger discovered that Australian weather data had been misused or discarded.
The mistakes were discovered by Dr John Graham-Cumming when the temperature records were made public by the office in December in the wake of the East Anglia University email scandal.
Dr Graham-Cumming, a London mathematician and computer programmer who describes himself as a ''computer geek'', found that data from seven weather stations in Australia had been accidentally discarded while another 112 Australian stations - or 28 per cent of the Oceania total - had not been fully included in the calculations.
''What appears to have happened is that the Met Office calculated the averages and then got more data from Oceania and then failed to update the averages,'' Dr Graham-Cumming said.
''The site with the greatest error was Napier Nelson Park, in New Zealand, where the average temperature was off by more than 1 degree. That's a lot given that the total warming seen since the 1970s is less than 1 degree and for this location the Met Office had it more than 1 degree hotter than it is. Had the error I'd found been more widespread, it could have had a real effect on the overall picture.''
He said that when the office checked his findings it discovered similar problems with US weather data, with 121 stations assigned to the wrong location or overwritten in the calculations.
Dr Graham-Cumming was at pains to point out that errors made by the office do not alter the big picture on climate change.
''It does not change the scientific story, and that is that the world is getting hotter,'' he said.
''But it does show the need for open-source data. We open up software and data and it eliminates problems.
''There are hundreds of enthusiastic amateurs who will have a go and do it non-politically.''
The land-based temperature records collected by the British Meteorological Office form a central plank of the scientific evidence for global warming.
The office has collated global temperature readings back to 1850, and while the raw data have not been freely available, graphs representing it have been.
The office provided details this week of its self-imposed review of global temperature records, announced last month, in an effort to try to regain public trust in climate science in the wake of the East Anglia University debacle.
In a document entitled ''Proposal for a New International Analysis of Land Surface Air Temperature Data'', the office argued that it was time to propose an international effort to reanalyse surface temperature data in collaboration with the World Meteorological Organisation.
The new analysis, which is expected to take three years, aims to test the conclusions reached by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that ''warming of the climate system is unequivocal''.
The Times reported that the World Meteorological Organisation said the Met Office proposal had been approved in principle by delegates at a meeting in Antalya, Turkey.
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text:
Contact angle, θ, is a quantitative measure of the wetting of a solid by a liquid. The instrument of choice to measure contact angles and dynamic contact angles is a optical tensiometer. A force tensiometers can also be used. Both optical and force tensiometers enable static and dynamic contact angle measurements.
Contact angle, θ, is a quantitative measure of wetting of a solid by a liquid. It is defined geometrically as the angle formed by a liquid at the three-phase boundary where a liquid, gas and solid intersect. The well-known Young equation describes the balance at the three-phase contact of solid-liquid and gas.
γsv = γsl + γlv cos θY
The interfacial tensions, γsv, γsl and γlv, form the equilibrium contact angle of wetting, many times referred as Young contact angle, θY.
From the figure below, it can be seen that the low contact angle values indicate that the liquid spreads on the surface while high contact angle values show poor spreading. If the contact angle is less than 90° it is said that the liquid wets the surface, zero contact angle representing complete wetting. If contact angle is greater than 90°, the surface is said to be non-wetting with that liquid.
Contact angles can be divided into static and dynamic angles. Static contact angles are measured when droplet is standing on the surface and the three-phase boundary is not moving. Static contact angles are utilized in quality control and in research and product development. Contact angle measurements are used in fields ranging from printing to oil recovery and coatings to implants.
When the three-phase boundary is moving, dynamic contact angles can be measured, and are referred as advancing and receding angles.
Contact angle hysteresis is the difference between the advancing and receding contact angles. Contact angle hysteresis arises from the chemical and topographical heterogeneity of the surface, solution impurities absorbing on the surface, or swelling, rearrangement or alteration of the surface by the solvent1 2. Advancing and receding contact angles give the maximum and minimum values the static contact angle can have on the surface.
How to measure contact angle
Both static and dynamic contact angles can be measured by using Theta optical tensiometer. In practice, a droplet is placed on the solid surface and the image of the drop is recorded. Static contact angle is then defined by fitting Young-Laplace equation around the droplet, although other fitting methods such as circle and polynomial can also be used.
Dynamic contact angles can be measured by using two different approaches; changing the volume of the droplet or by using tilting cradle. Figure 2 (a) shows the principle of the volume changing method. In short, a small droplet is first formed and placed on the surface. The needle is then brought close to the surface and the volume of the droplet is gradually increased while recording at the same time. This will give the advancing contact angle. The receding angle is measured the same way but this time, the volume of the droplet is gradually decreased. In Figure 2 (b), the principle of the tilting cradle method is shown. The droplet is placed on the substrate, which is then gradually tilted. The advancing angle is measured at the front of the droplet just before the droplet starts to move. The receding contact angle is measured at the back of the droplet, at same time point.
Attension supplies three instruments for optical tensiometry:
Optical tensiometry is the best choice when liquid-solid interactions and/or solid properties (such as surface free energy) are measured on samples that are not homogeneous and regular in size and shape. The main benefits are following:
- Small liquid volume demanded (only some microliters)
- Solid substrate can be asymmetrical (e.g. contact lenses)
- Both sides of the sample don't need to be similar (coating and surface modification characterization)
- Contact angle mapping over the surface enables heterogeneity and cleanliness characterization
- Roughness correction possible e.g. by using 3D Topography module
Video of Contact Angle Measurement using Theta Optical Tensiometer
Dynamic contact angles can be measured by using Sigma force tensiometer. Force tensiometer measures the mass affecting to the balance when a sample of solid is brought in contact with a test liquid. The contact angle can then be calculated by using the equation below when surface tension of the liquid (γl) and the perimeter of the sample (P) are known.
Wetting force = γl P cos θ
In the figure below, a complete contact angle measurement cycle is presented. As can be seen, with force tensiometer the measured contact angle is always dynamic contact angle since the sample is moving against the liquid. When the sample is immerged to the liquid the advancing contact angle is recorded and when the sample is emerging the receding contact angle is measured.
The graph of force/wetted length vs. depth of immersion will appear as follows:
- The sample is above the liquid and the force/length is zeroed.
- The sample hits the surface. For the sample as shown, with a contact angle < 90°, the liquid rises up causing a positive force.
- The sample is immersed, buoyant force increases causing a decrease in force on the balance. Forces are measured for advancing angle.
- After having reached the desired depth the sample is pulled out of the liquid. Forces are measured for receding angle.
The force tensiometry is an excellent choice when dynamic contact angles on the homogeneous, regularly shaped samples need to be measured. Analysis of single fibers, such as wetting of hair, is handled easily by our sensitive force tensiometer. You can find more information about fiber wettability here.
In addition, force tensiometer is the best choice, when lose powder or pigment-wetting properties are measured.
For more details about powder wettability and the Washburn method, see:
Video of Dynamic Contact Angle Measurement using Sigma 700/701 Force Tensiometer
Contact angle results can be used to calculate surface free energy of the solid substrates. For more information, see:


text:
Author of more than forty novels and myriad short stories over a three-decade literary career, Philip K. Dick (_PHONE_) single-handedly reshaped twentieth-century science fiction. His influence has only increased since his death with the release of numerous feature films based on his work, including Blade Runner (based on Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?), Total Recall (based on "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale"), Minority Report (based on "The Minority Report"), and Next (based on "The Golden Man"). In Understanding Philip K. Dick, Eric Carl Link introduces readers to the life, career, and work of this groundbreaking, prolific, and immeasurably influential force in American literature, media culture, and contemporary science fiction.
Dick was at times a postmodernist, a mainstream writer, a pulp fiction writer, and often all three simultaneously, but as Link illustrates, he was more than anything else a novelist of ideas. From this vantage point, Link surveys Dick's own tragicomic biography, his craft and career, and the recurrent ideas and themes that give shape and significance to his fiction. Link addresses Dick's efforts to break into the mainstream in the 1950s, his return to science fiction in the 1960s, and his move toward more theologically oriented work in his final two decades. Link finds across Dick's writing career an intellectual curiosity that transformed his science fiction novels from bizarre pulp extravaganzas into philosophically challenging explorations of the very nature of reality, and it is this depth of vision that continues to garner new audiences and fresh approaches to Dick's genre-defining tales.
Eric Carl Link is a professor of American literature at the University of Memphis, the author of The Vast and Terrible Drama: American Literary Naturalism in the Late Nineteenth Century, and the coauthor of Neutral Ground: New Traditionalism and the American Romance Controversy.


text:
What is expected of Access students?
Access students are committed to their education. They want their Associate's degree (and often more!) and they are willing to work hard to be the best students they can be.
Being in the Access program means completing all of the following requirements:
- Attend Access Orientation (required for admission to the program)
- Take all necessary college preparatory classes as indicated by Accuplacer
- Complete PSYC 8000: Student Success your first semester in the program
- Meet with your Access counselor at least 3 times every semester
- Complete a Financial Literacy curriculum
- Attend Access mid-semester workshops
- Attend at least one Access-sponsored transfer trip
- Give back to their community by completing at least 20 hours of volunteer community service
This page developed and maintained by Access. Send comments and suggestions to.


text:
The Iceberg Principle: What's Below the Surface
- Written by John Sovec
When an iceberg is floating free in the ocean only a small part of the whole is actually visible. Perhaps ten percent of the iceberg is discernible above the water line, while the rest is hidden below the surface in the depths of the ocean. Think about that, ninety percent of the iceberg is invisible.
There is a very similar phenomenon that occurs with people, many of whom walk through life and only share a small part of who they are. They present a visible surface image that is only a small part of the whole. This image is composed of the aspects of self that they feel safe showing to the world, usually the aspects that receive positive feedback and are viewed as safe and neutral. And so they share only ten percent of themselves.
Underneath this placid surface. thought, is a collection of deeper feelings, beliefs, and ideals that they are not as comfortable revealing to the world. These are the aspects of self that are rarely revealed and only with the closest of friends and family.
Hiding ninety percent of yourself from the world may be a way of playing it safe but it also limits your ability to fully experience your life. Think of how many times you have stopped yourself from expressing ideas or feelings that are important to you all because you were worried what someone else might think. It was safer to hide your true feelings or ideas beneath the surface then to chance rejection
So how do you alter the balance of openness in favor of sharing your deeper self and experiencing how satisfying relationships can become when all of you is present? One method is to begin revealing small facets of your deeper self to a trusted friend. Choose a person who has been supportive in the past and makes you feel secure when sharing. In practicing being vulnerable with this safe person, you will be able to experience the positive results of sharing the other ninety percent of who you are.
So next time you are drinking lemonade or another frosty beverage and you see those ice cubes floating around think about the icebergs. Take a chance and dive beneath the surface to share yourself with the world.


text:
Aug. 7, 2001 Scientists from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne are making the most accurate measurements ever of the rapidly receding British coastline, using satellites, a microlight aircraft and advanced computer technology.
A team of researchers from the university's Department of Geomatics are conducting a UK pilot project on the North Yorkshire coastline at Filey Bay, which is estimated to be eroding by 25cm each year.
Coastal erosion is a huge problem nationally and internationally. In Britain coastal protection work costs central Government and local authorities millions of pounds each year - and the cost is rising.
With the current measuring methods, experts are generally only able to provide annual estimates as to how much the coast is eroding.
But researchers Dr Jon Mills and Simon Buckley, a PhD student, are using new technology to create a highly accurate 3D computer model which will illustrate the pattern of erosion and detail when it is most likely to occur and by how much. Their methods have the potential to be applied to the rest of the British coastline.
Three types of readings are taken to obtain data to feed into the 3D model. Small changes to the coastline are recorded each month by satellite technology provided by the European Space Agency, whereas more detailed results are gained 'in the field' by global positioning system (GPS) equipment and by taking digital aerial photographs from a microlight aircraft. The researchers are taking the readings over two years and will visit the 8-mile stretch of coast at Filey three times.
The project, carried out in collaboration with Scarborough Borough Council, started after Simon, who hails from Burniston, near Scarborough, spent a university summer vacation working for the council department in charge of coastal management.
Scarborough Borough Council manages approximately 50-miles of North Yorkshire coastline, which includes the area where cliff instability caused the Holbeck Hall Hotel to slip into the sea in June 1993.
More accurate figures on erosion could help local authorities decide when and where limited and costly resources for coastal management should be directed.
Dr Jon Mills, a lecturer in the Department of Geomatics, said: "Coastal change is a huge problem nationally - places like Beachy Head, in East Sussex, and Holderness, East Yorkshire, are suffering similar problems to those found in Filey.
"In some cases the coastal stretches governed by a single authority will be large and monitoring methods relatively crude, making the provision of an up to date database of coastal change time consuming and inefficient.
"In Scarborough Borough this is not the case as the Council has spent a great deal of time and money in obtaining the very best data on which to base future coastal defence management. Howver, Filey is an ideal research site to test this new high-tech approach which could prove valuable for all authorities in the future.
"By integrating a number of geomatics techniques, we aim to provide a more accurate and effective solution to the monitoring of coastal areas. We chose Filey Bay as a test site for this work due to the wide variety of coastal processes occurring."
Erosion at Filey Bay is due to both the sea and the rain making a "two-pronged attack" on the cliffs, which are made of boulder clay, a mixture of sand, stones, and soil which becomes soft when wet. The cliffs sometimes break off in chunks, or landslides can cause the clay to slump onto the beaches.
Simon said: "It is unlikely that a coastline erodes at a uniform amount each year, or each month. It is more likely that much of the erosion occurs during the winter, when the sea pounds against the base of the cliffs, and when there is more rain, which causes the cliffs to soften."
"Until recently there has beenlimited means of measuring the exact pattern of erosion, but our methods should be able to establish more accurately the trends at certain locations."
A spokesman for Scarborough Borough Council said: "We are very pleased to collaborate with Newcastle University in this research. Scarborough Borough Council is at the forefront of coast protection work and our involvement in projects like this demonstrates the partnership approach necessary to deliver sustainable coastal management."
The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) has provided funding for the project. A full set of results should be available in late 2003.
For more detailed information about the research, see: _URL_
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University Of Newcastle Upon Tyne.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


I'm looking for references to applications of the Hairy ball theorem.
This is a result of mathematics (topology), but I am interested in applications.
I already visited wikipedia and cited references, but I need a little more explanation in magnetic fields, meteorology and applications in computer graphics. If any other application would be excellent.
I've also read some questions on this site and some articles uploaded (an article of John Milnor for example, in math.stackexchange), but none deals specifically with applications.
Maybe it's a bit difficult because I seek not know much about magnetic fields or computer graphics, but I'm just interested
I would like to know if this result is really effective to model these situations, it is mentioned briefly in some texts, but not how they actually work.
 - 5
 $\begingroup$ I'm too lazy to go to the Wiki-page and see what was listed, but an obvious example is that there always exists a point on the earth where the wind is not blowing. (To be rigorous we must add the qualifier that vertical winds are allowed to exist at such points, i.e. tornadoes or whatever upward-drift you can think of) $\endgroup$ – Chris Gerig Jun 12 '12 at 21:11
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ Good way to confuse electromagnetism students: Ask them to describe the instantaneous electric field created by an isotropic light source (like the sun or a red-hot particle). If you don't understand incoherent light, the question seems impossible to answer thanks to the hairy ball theorem. I wouldn't quite call that an "application" though. $\endgroup$ – Steve Byrnes Jun 13 '12 at 3:55
One recent example is an application to magnetic flux lines in type-II superconductors (link: Nature). See also this link.
You could also this an application in this answer, which shows that there is always at least two points on Earth where the geomagnetic field is vertical.
Your Answer


Museum Home Past Exhibitions Drawing the Classical Figure
The Invention of Drawing / Suvee
The Invention of Drawing, Joseph-Benoît Suvée, about 1791
Mastering the depiction of the human figure has long been considered the cornerstone of artistic practice. To perfect their representation of human anatomy, musculature, and proportion, artists throughout the ages turned to ancient Greek and Roman sculpture. By imitating ancient precedents, artists developed a classical figural type that remained the predominant mode of representation for centuries.
This exhibition surveys how draftsmen evoked the sculptural grandeur of classical art—from idealized males of Herculean proportions to sensual females that recalled statues of Venus.
The monumental sculpture of Greece and Rome inspired the idealized figures in this drawing by Joseph-Benoît Suvée. It depicts a story described by Roman author Pliny the Elder, in which a Corinthian woman named Dibutade traces the shadow cast by her lover onto a wall before he was to leave on a long journey—thus inventing the art of drawing.
Reclining Male Nude / Salviati
Reclining Male Nude, Francesco Salviati, about 1550
Beginning in the late 1400s, European artists drew inspiration from the monumental sculptures of antiquity. Many young artists traveled to Rome to study and sketch the city's classical ruins.
In this highly finished chalk drawing made after a classical statue, the Reclining Hercules, Francesco Salviati meticulously rendered the form of a reclining nude. His subtle modeling suggests smooth, polished marble.
Salviati sought to improve the damaged sculpture by enhancing the mannered elegance of the body. His depiction of Hercules illustrates how late Renaissance artists moved away from strict classical prototypes to imagined, expressive representations.
The Holy Family / Michelangelo
The Holy Family, Michelangelo Buonarroti, about 1530
audio Audio: How did Michelangelo create a sculptural effect in this drawing?
During his lifetime, Michelangelo's sculpture was considered "unequaled by any modern or ancient work," a belief that the artist himself promoted. Inspired by the ancient works he saw in Florence and Rome, Michelangelo sought to perfect the human form.
In this depiction of the Holy Family, Michelangelo created bold sculptural figures built up through a layering of media. The flowing classical drapery that clings to Mary and Joseph accentuates their monumentality.
Three Sketches for Medea and Her Children / Rubens
Three Sketches for Medea and Her Children (detail), Peter Paul Rubens, about 1600–1604
audio Audio: How does this sheet show Rubens's thought process?
learn_more See the drawing on the other side of this sheet.
Drawing classical sculpture continued to be central to artistic practice after the Renaissance.
Peter Paul Rubens spent formative periods in Italy between 1600 and 1608 studying ancient sculpture. His ability to write and read Latin afforded him a more scholarly engagement with antiquity than most artists.
Here Medea, rejected by her husband, Jason, and maddened by jealousy into killing their children, dangles two dead infants as she rushes wildly away. Rubens also proposed two alternative ideas: his Latin inscription suggests that he could depict Medea looking back at the burning of Jason's new bride, Creusa, or show Jason in pursuit of Medea.
The Sons of Niobe Being Slain / De Bisschop
The Sons of Niobe Being Slain by Apollo and Diana, Jan de Bisschop, about 1660–70
Like other artists working in the late 1600s, Jan de Bisschop was fond of classical subjects and views of Rome. This drawing—which depicts Apollo (god of the sun, music, and poetry) and Diana (goddess of the hunt) slaying the sons and daughters of Niobe in revenge for her boastful nature—appears to be a copy after an ancient relief.
Trained as a lawyer, de Bisschop had a thorough understanding of ancient rhetoric. He belonged to an elite circle of intellectuals living in The Hague who published commentaries on classical sculpture.
A Draftsman in the Capitoline Gallery / Robert
A Draftsman in the Capitoline Gallery, Hubert Robert, about 1765
audio Audio: What made the Capitoline Museum so important to a young artist's training?
learn_more See a close-up of the artist dwarfed by the ancient statues.
A seated artist studiously draws after an ancient statue housed in the Capitoline Museum in this drawing. The Capitoline Museum and the Vatican housed some of the most important Greek and Roman antiquities and were prime destinations for young artists visiting Rome.
Artist Hubert Robert placed the draftsman in the near distance and depicted him much smaller than the surrounding statues. Dwarfed by the antiquities, the figure evokes the effects ancient artistic achievement had on artists through the ages.
This sheet undoubtedly alludes to Robert's own experience in Rome, where he lived from 1754 to 1765.
Study of a Female Nude / Prud'hon
Study of a Female Nude, Pierre-Paul Prud'hon, about 1800
audio Audio: How did Prud'hon make this figure look like marble?
French artist Pierre-Paul Prud'hon visited Rome from 1784 to 1788, and his dedication to the study of ancient sculpture resulted in a figural style that relied on the rendering of volume and light. Upon his return to Paris, Prud'hon was praised for "carrying Greece and the gods around in his head."
In this female nude, drawn in the studio after a live model, the classically inspired pose and shimmering white skin are evocative of ancient marble sculpture. In addition, the model's dreamy gaze and the soft play of shadows across her flesh create an aura of sensuality.
Throughout the 1800s, artists would revive all things classical, including an interest in ancient Greek architecture, sculpture, and the idealized figure. Artists of the 19th and 20th centuries continued to draw from the past, often adapting prior traditions to pursue their own visions.
Download the illustrated exhibition checklist. (PDF, 2 MB, 7 pp.)
Sphinx by Auguste Rodin
Miss Lala at the Fernando Circus by Edgar Degas
Eve ('The Nightmare') by Paul Gauguin


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For the hundreds of millions of people presently infected with malaria, survival may depend on relatively non-specific immune effector mechanisms. Progress has been made in understanding the anti-parasitic properties of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma and nitric oxide, in defining the parasite toxins that induce tumor necrosis factor-alpha production, and in exploring the role of cytokines and adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria.
Journal article
Curr Opin Immunol
Publication Date
425 - 431


Honors - Aetolia Online Help
4.8 Honors
By typing VIEW HONOURS you may see some publically available
information about that player. This information should be considered
generally known enough as to be common knowledge.
 VIEW HONOURS
 HONOURS
A typical honours would be as follows:
Lady Asteria, Watcher of the Heavens.
She is 140 years old, having been born on the 6th of Severin, year 89 of
the Midnight Age.
She is ranked 413th in Aetolia.
She is a Vagabond in the Fellowship of Explorers.
She is a member of the clan called 'The Ohmsford Clan'.
She has written a personal background.
She is considered to be approximately 50% of your might.
The first line shows the person's name and title. The second shows her
age, as well as the date that she was born. Next comes her overall rank
in Aetolia. This is based solely on the amount of experience she has
gained, and a full list of the experience rankings can be seen in
RANKINGS (or RANKINGS [#]).
Then is her rank in the Fellowship of Explorers. This is a measure of
how much of Aetolia she has explored - when you compare to HELP
EXPLORERS, she hasn't explored very much at all!
Afterwards come any clans she has joined, or that she might be in
possesion of, that are available to public view. She appears to be in a
family clan and nothing more, though there may be hidden ones!
The next line shows that she has written a background. If she were a
real character, you could VIEW BACKGROUND ASTERIA to try to read it.
After that is an approximation of her might compared to your own. This
is based solely on how many lessons both you and she have spent learning
your skills. Someone who is 0% your might has probably learned very
little, and someone who is 3000% your might obviously has spent a lot of
time on their backside learning.
You will find other information when using the command, but these are
the most common ones.