text:
This study used the alkaline Comet assay to evaluate whether basal or H2O2-induced DNA damage is associated with prostate cancer (CaP) risk. Using lymphocyte samples from 158 CaP cases and 128 controls, collected in an ongoing case-control study, our results showed that basal DNA damage did not differ between cases and controls. However, the H2O2-induced DNA damage level was significantly higher in incident cases (mean ± SD; 6.61 ± 4.43, n = 102) than controls (5.30 ± 3.60, n = 128) or prevalent cases (4.47 ± 3.19; n = 56). Incident cases with a positive smoking history had significantly higher H2 O2-induced DNA damage than never-smokers (7.57 ± 4.82 versus 4.52 ± 2.40; P < 0.001). Above-median H2 O2-induced DNA damage was associated with a 1.61-fold increase in CaP risk [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.92-2.81], after adjustment for age, race, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), smoking history and family history (FH). Using the lowest quartile of H2O2-induced DNA damage as the referent group, the adjusted ORs for the 25th, 50th and 75th quartiles were 0.90 (95% CI = 0.39-2.05), 1.06 (95% CI = 0.48-2.35) and 2.05 (95% CI = 0.96-4.37), respectively (P = 0.046, test for linear trend). The association between CaP and DNA damage was modified by age, smoking history, family history and body mass index. Our results suggest that DNA damage may be associated with CaP risk. However, larger case-control and follow-up studies are warranted to further evaluate the potential application of the alkaline Comet assay in CaP risk assessment and prevention.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Cancer Research


text:
National Item Identification Number
National Stock Number
Federal Supply Class
A length of tubing, straight, or prebent to a predetermined angle, with added component(s) that forms an end connection on one or both ends. For flexible tube assemblies, see HOSE ASSEMBLY (as modified). For items having perforations in the tubing or attachments, see TUBE ASSEMBLY, FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM. Excludes items having integral preformed or plain ends, TUBE, BENT (as modified), and items which are branched or forked.
Commercial and Government Entity Code (Supplier Data)
Reference Numbers (Part Numbers)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
- There is certainly software that can do various pieces of the above, but I don't off-hand know of any GUI-based software that will let you do arbitrary manipulation of files based on contents of arbitrarily-structured XML documents. That means you'll be expected to piece bits of functionality together, which is essentially "scripting."
- Automator is a graphical scripting environment. All Automator is, by itself, is the "glue" for hooking various actions together via their inputs and outputs. Automator depends on the pluggable "actions" for its real functionality. Automator actions can do just about anything (even run command-line shell scripts), so yes, you can almost certainly use Automator to string together the various components you'll need. Whether that ends up being easier for you than writing scripts in a less visual way, I can't predict. I'm a professional programmer, and I find that the Automator interface can be a lot to grok. That said, I've used it successfully to do some things that would otherwise have been hard because I found good Automator actions for certain pieces
- I think what you're describing is too custom to be called anything more specific than "scripting."
- There are ways to achieve this with and without Automator. I'll discuss both below.
For something that involves Automator, you might consider these Automator actions. Unfortunately, there don't seem to be any pre-built binaries, which means you might have to build source code from scratch, which could have high enough barriers to entry to discourage you from the Automator approach.
Even if you got these tools, they're basically just components to let you use XML-based scripting and query languages like XQuery, XPath, and XSLT. Those languages are great for extracting bits of information from XML documents or transforming them into other XML documents, but they are all fairly comprehensive and have their own learning curves. For XML documents that are highly structured (rather than document-oriented like HTML), XQuery would work well for extraction and transformation; XSLT is probably better for rearranging document-like content. You might be able to get a feel for basic XQuery by reading some example code, and if your XML documents are simple enough, you probably won't need any advanced features.
If you want to skip the Automator actions (which might end up being easier--one less tool to learn), you could check out the XQilla command-line program, which will let you run XQuery from your Terminal.
If you forgo Automator, you'll need a scripting language to tie all the pieces (XML query, XML transformation, and file renaming) together. You mention Python, which would be a good choice because it's a clean and readable language you can learn by example with relatively low barriers to entry. It probably has good XML libraries that would let you do XML queries and transformations without making calls to external command-line programs, though I've never used Python for that and have no familiarity with the tools.
Unless you know of a Mac program that does XML processing, I would avoid AppleScript. Its strength is its ability to talk to Mac apps and have them do the heavy lifting; its built-in functionality is limited, and while it reads like English, that doesn't actually make it any easier to write. It's actually quite unintuitive, at least for me.


Category HTA Photomask
Analytic Solution for PT-Symmetric Volume Gratings
Mykola Kulishov, H. F. Jones, Bernard Kress
Optics (physics.optics)
Unique optical characteristics of a Fabry-Perot resonator with embedded PT-symmetrical grating
Mykola Kulishov, Bernand Kress, H. F. Jones
We explore the optical properties of a Fabry-Perot resonator with an embedded Parity-Time (PT) symmetrical grating. This PT-symmetrical grating is non diffractive (transparent) when illuminated from one side and diffracting (Bragg reflection) when illuminated from the other side, thus providing a unidirectional reflective functionality. The incorporated PT-symmetrical grating forms a resonator with two embedded cavities. We analyze the transmission and reflection properties of these new structures through a transfer matrix approach. Depending on the resonator geometry these cavities can interact with different degrees of coherency: fully constructive interaction, partially constructive interaction, partially destructive interaction, and finally their interaction can be completely destructive. A number of very unusual (exotic) nonsymmetrical absorption and amplification behaviors are observed. The proposed structure also exhibits unusual lasing performance. Due to the PT-symmetrical grating, there is no chance of mode hopping; it can lase with only a single longitudinal mode for any distance between the distributed reflectors.
Optics (physics.optics)


text:
2 edition of examination of the role of symbiosis and symbiotic systems in evolutionary theory found in the catalog.
examination of the role of symbiosis and symbiotic systems in evolutionary theory
Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Warwick, 2000.
|The Physical Object|
|Number of Pages||175|
Get this from a library! Symbiosis: mechanisms and model systems. [J Seckbach;] -- "Symbiosis is the fourth volume in the series "Cellular Origin and Life in External Habitat" ("COLE"). Fifty experts, from over a dozen countries, review their current studies on different approaches. Insect Symbiosis summarizes the current knowledge of the relationship between symbiotic organisms and their insect hosts and provides an unparalleled analysis of cutting-edge research on this issue. Findings from international experts reveal possible new ways to control disease-carrying insects and agricultural pests worldwide. An examination of Wo.
In fact, most symbiotic relationships display high degrees of co-speciation, as would be expected from evolutionary theory's predictions (in other words, the two organisms did evolve together). Another problem with using symbiosis as an argument against evolution is that it assumes that the partners in such relationships cannot survive without. systems theory The Flower and the Bee - Symbiosis and Co-Evolution. The ideas of symbiosis and co-evolution are critically important in evolutionary biology. One of the most familiar examples of this phenomenon is the relationship of the flower and the bee. Each provides something to the other.
The Role of Symbiosis in Evolutionary Adaptation Richard A. Watson. This page outlines my understanding (so far) of the mechanisms and concepts involved in symbiosis and its role in evolutionary adaptation. Although these ideas provide the motivation for my thesis work, my published work to date is necessarily more conservative. COVID Resources. Reliable information about the coronavirus (COVID) is available from the World Health Organization (current situation, international travel).Numerous and frequently-updated resource results are available from this 's WebJunction has pulled together information and resources to assist library staff as they consider how to handle coronavirus.
His Excellency George Clinton
The secret battle
Economic thickness of insulation for existing industrial buildings.
Ambulatory health care evaluation
Geology of Nictaux-Torbrook Map-Area, Annapolis and Kings Counties, Nova Scotia
1,029 private prayers for worldly Christians
American Rock and Roll Vol2 Rare Hits From 50s And 60s The New American Rock and Roll
Roger Norths writings on music to c.1703
The Up-To-Date English-Hebrew Hebrew-English Dictionary
A Solution of Doctor Resolutus His Resolutions for Kneeling
The history of English interiors
This thesis intends to address one type of approach to evolutionary theory that seeks to criticise the neo-Darwinist account of evolution and individuation, that of symbiosis.
This thesis will begin by examining current evolutionary theory through Darwin to neo-Darwinism, with a view to discerning which types of mechanisms neoDarwinism rules out, and which it : Michelle Speidel.
The establishment and maintenance of symbiosis are complex issues where partners' fitness determines the evolutionary outcome. Comparative genomics allows to dissect the evolutionary process that begins with host invasion, takes the path from facultative to obligate symbiosis, and ends up in replacement or coexistence with new bacterial Author: Amparo Latorre, Andrés Moya.
An Examination of the Role of Symbiosis and Symbiotic Systems in Evolutionary Theory. Michelle Speidel - - Dissertation, University of Warwick Variedades de la explicación en by: 8. evolutionary theory recognises symbiosis as an integral process, and a fundamental source of innovation, in evolution.
In its strongest form, symbiosis can lead to symbiogenesis: the genesis of new species via the genetic integration of symbionts,,,. For example, eukaryote cells (from which all plants and animals are. Many pathogens and parasites clearly fulfill the definition of symbiosis.
Those of relatively low virulence (in most healthy hosts), such as intestinal worms, herpesviruses, Chlamydia bacteria, and Helicobacter pylori, may colonize a host for much of the host's lifetime.
Those of high virulence can become symbiotic only if virulence is limited to a subset of the host population or if there is Cited by: Symbiosis plays a fundamental role in contemporary biology, as well as in recent thinking in philosophy of biology.
The discovery of the importance and universality of symbiotic associations has. SinceSymbiosis publishes original research that contributes to the understanding of symbiotic interactions in a wide range of associations at the molecular, cellular and organismic level.
Reviews and short communications on well-known or new symbioses are welcomed as are book. Symbiosis research was introduced in zoology and botany from the mid-eighteenth century onward.
The manifestation of symbiosis at an intracellular level, and its occurrence within all ranks of life, made scholars from the s onward reveal the role symbiosis plays in evolution, thereby paving the way for theories on symbiogenesis.
This theory, which has fairly widespread acceptance, suggests that symbiosis is actually the key to the origins of complex life on Earth. Symbiogenesis theorists think that increasingly diversified microbes entered into a series of symbiotic relationships, with different microbes performing the tasks vital to microbial existence.
Books shelved as symbiosis: How to Clean a Hippopotamus: A Look at Unusual Animal Partnerships by Steve Jenkins, Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolutio. Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic interactions with almost all terrestrial plant species where they play a key role in nutrient exchange.
Fungal endophytes infect and profoundly impact fitness of. SYMBIOSIS/SYMBIOTIC RELATION In Margaret Mahler's theory of the mother/child relationship, the symbiotic relation is a very early phase of development that follows the phase of normal primary autism and precedes the separation/individualization phase.
The symbiotic relation is characterized by an omnipotent sense of the total enmeshing of mother and child, who thus form a "unity of two.". Symbiosis by Surindar Paracer and Vernon Ahmadjian is an extensive view into the remarkable world of symbiotic relationships across all different organisms throughout the varying Kingdoms.
The topics covered range from viral and bacterial pathogenesis, the symbioses possible in the origins of the Eukaryotic cell and fungal relationships between Reviews: 2. Symbiosis (pl.
symbioses) means living together. It describes close and long-term relationships between different term was used by Anton de Bary inas "the living together of unlike organisms".
A symbiont is an organism living in a relationship with another species in which one or both get benefits. When one species lives inside another species, or a microscopic symbiont. Symbiosis (from Greek συμβίωσις "living together", from σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or organisms, each termed a symbiont, may be of the same or of differentHeinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the.
Symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic theory, is the leading evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms. The theory holds that mitochondria, plastids such as chloroplasts, and possibly other organelles of eukaryotic cells are descended from formerly free-living prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) taken one inside the other in endosymbiosis.
Symbiosis Once a symbiosis has been established, the participants feel comfortable. There is a sense that everybody is in the role that is expected of them. Symbiosis But that comfort is acquired at a price: the people in the symbiosis are each.
'In this NYT book review he discusses symbiosis in evolution, an oft neglected part of the whole evolutionary story.' 'The products of many symbioses, and the effects of symbiosis on plant, animal and human hosts are of ecological, agricultural and medical importance.'.
serial symbiosis theory Source: A Dictionary of Genetics Author(s): Robert C. King, William D. Stansfield, Pamela K. Mulligan.
the theory that eukaryotic cells evolved from bacterial ancestors by a series of symbiotic associations. In this section of lesson I have students read an article titled Symbiosis courtesy of cK This article focuses on the following topics: 1. Explanation of symbiosis, including three types of symbiotic relationships.
mutualism. communalism. parasitism. Students use the Writing in the Margins strategy to access text. New techniques in molecular biology have brought spectacular new insights into the study of evolution at the molecular level.
This book presents the resulting relatively new concept of "molecular phylogeny", with an overview of current accomplishments and the future direction of research on organelle origin and evolution and the biology of the "higher cell".
Lynn Margulis () was a courageous scholar whose remarkable work on the role of symbiosis in evolution stands as a magisterial contribution of science.Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation and Morphogenesis.
Symbiosis (Star Force Universe Book 72) by Aer-ki Jyr out of 5 stars Kindle $ $ and Other Symbiotic Animal Relationships. by Iris Gottlieb | out of 5 stars Hardcover $ $ 49 $ $ FREE Shipping on orders.


text:
At 18.18 +0100 2001-02-19, jbezos wrote:
>> Question raised by this: Can OCPs output control sequences, or do they just
>> produce characters?
>They can output any token (IIRC there is a bug
>when \input is used, but I'm not sure). In fact,
>tokens are necessary when translating Unicode to,
>>Can one specify what catcode the characters should have?
>Unfortunately not. The catcodes used are the
>catcodes when the replacement is done. That means
>that "private" names containing @ cannot be
>used (in general, or if \csname is used).
OK, so in fact the OCPs cannot produce tokens (they just output
characters), but that is not really a restriction as long as some character
has catcode 0 and \csname (or some disguise of it) is available. (The
former condition could be a problem in \verb-like contexts. One would
probably have to have a "private escape" character for the OCPs.)
On the other side of things, how does Omega handle "lost character"
conditions? The current TeX behaviour of ignoring the character and
possibly putting an info message in the log file could certainly be
improved... When one is typesetting normal text the approriate action
would be (a) substitution with a character from another font (LaTeX can do
this for characters are represented by encoding-specific commands, but
there are no such mechanisms in TeX for explicit character tokens), (b) an
error message, or (c) a combination of the two. When one is typesetting
verbatim (or verbatim-like) text however, the priorities are different. In
particular, I would like to have some recourse to (d): Typeset a suitable
representation (e.g. U+0312, in a suitably distinct font) of the Unicode
for the character.


text:
FIGURE A2.1. (a) Daily amplitudes of the Arctic
Oscillation (AO) the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the
Pacific-North American (PNA) pattern. The pattern amplitudes for the
AO, (NAO, PNA) are calculated by projecting the daily 1000-hPa
(500-hPa) height anomaly field onto the leading EOF obtained from
standardized timeseries of daily 1000-hPa (500-hPa) height for all
months of the year. The base period is 1979–2000.
(b-d) Northern Hemisphere mean and anomalous
500-hPa geopotential height (CDAS/Reanalysis) for selected periods
during the month are shown in the remaining 3 panels. Mean heights
are denoted by solid contours drawn at an interval of 8 dam. Dark
(light) shading corresponds to anomalies greater than 50 m (less
than -50 m). Anomalies are calculated as departures from the 1979–95
base period daily means.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
A musical memorial
As part of the project at Castle Drogo, four Year 12 Music 'A' level students at Okehampton College composed a piece of music as a memorial to William George Arscott. Click on the icon below to hear it.
The students provided the following information about the composition.
In Memoriam William George Arscott
The piece starts with percussive sounds which represent the fact that he was a stonemason. You hear the bells ringing to represent his hobby as a bell ringer in Drewsteignton. The melody emerges played by flute. The tune is folk-like to represent a simple country way of living. The melody is then repeated with the clarinet in harmony before a timpani roll heralds the beginning of the war. The fanfare-like idea from the trumpet and snare drum roll give a militaristic effect. This links into the idea of celebration of going into the war, as they were unaware of what awaited them. There is a new melancholic theme in a minor key to show the atrocities of the war. This section ends abruptly to reflect when George was killed in battle. The original theme then returns but this time much slower and in a minor key, and played by trumpet and clarinet. This is evocative of the end of George's life.
Courtenay Bolt, Ellie Joy, Oli Mander, Ollie Loram.


Question: How Many Days A Week Should You Do Yoga?
How many times a week should I do yoga to lose weight?
Practice yoga as often as possible in order to lose weight.
You can do a more active, intense practice at least three to five times per week for at least one hour.
On the other days, balance out your practice with a more relaxing, gentle class.
Hatha, yin, and restorative yoga classes are great options..
What actually happens to your body when you start doing yoga?
Which is better gym or yoga?
Reasons why yoga is more beneficial for your body than gym: And this while creating more firm muscles. Whereas gym is centred just around reinforcing muscles and boosting cardio. Not only this yoga reduces aches & pains from our body. Gym exercises build pains in many areas of the body.
How long does it take for yoga to change your body?
3 to 6 monthsHowever, people typically see results within 3 to 6 months, and the more that you practice, the more that your body will open up and gain more flexibility. Yoga is a practice, and like any art form or practice, it takes time and dedication to see results in your body.
What happens if you do yoga for 30 days?
How long does it take to lose weight doing yoga?
Is it OK to do yoga everyday?
If you do yoga every day, you will get stronger "You will become stronger and physically fit because you use your body weight to strengthen all your major muscle groups," she explained to The List. … Some forms of yoga may be better than others if your main goal is strength training, such as Ashtanga or power yoga.
How many days a week should you do yoga to see results?
Broad, a science journalist and the author of "The Science of Yoga." "Yoga is no different. Practicing once a week is good. Practicing three to four times per week would be better," he said.
What is the best time to do yoga?
What is the best time to do yoga for weight loss?
The best time to do yoga for weight loss is early morning on an empty stomach. But this should not deter you, and you should practice for a minimum of 30 minutes whenever the time suits you. Remember, however, not to do difficult poses or complex asanas after a meal.
Is 20 minutes of yoga a day enough?
Is doing yoga enough exercise?
Yoga poses stretch your muscles and increase your range of motion. With regular practice, they'll improve your flexibility. … And even though yoga is not aerobic, some research finds it can be just as good as aerobic exercise for improving health. Strength: Yes.
Why is yoga bad?
Does yoga tone your stomach?
Does Yoga change your body shape?
By stretching the muscle, the muscle fibres lengthen and re-align, which is an amazing way to shape the body, giving our students a tighter and leaner physique. The breath work we do during yoga fuels the metabolic system, which promotes increased fat burning and can result in weight loss.
Can you get toned from yoga?
Is 2 hours of yoga too much?
2 hours of yoga per day is GREAT, but the other 22 hours matter too. … The physical results you will notice will also depend on the type of yoga you're doing. I think the quickest improvement you will likely notice is your flexibility, balance, and ability to focus.
Is 20 minutes of yoga a day enough to lose weight?


text:
In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, traffic equations are equations that describe the mean arrival rate of traffic, allowing the arrival rates at individual nodes to be determined. Mitrani notes "if the network is stable, the traffic equations are valid and can be solved.":125
In a Jackson network, the mean arrival rate at each node i in the network is given by the sum of external and internal arrivals. If external arrivals have rate and the routing matrix[clarification needed] is P, the traffic equations are, (for i = 1, 2,..., m)
This can be written in matrix form as
and there is a unique solution of unknowns to this equation, so the mean arrival rates at each of the nodes can be determined given knowledge of the external arrival rates and the matrix P. The matrix I − P is surely non-singular as otherwise in the long run the network would become empty.
In a Gordon–Newell network there are no external arrivals, so the traffic equations take the form (for i = 1, 2,..., m)


text:
Fortunately, the value iteration method of Section 2.3.1 extends nicely to handle uncertainty in prediction. This was the main reason why value iteration was introduced in Chapter 2. Value iteration was easier to describe in Section 2.3.1 because the complications of nature were avoided. In the current setting, value iteration retains most of its efficiency and can easily solve problems that involve thousands or even millions of states.
The state space,, is assumed to be finite throughout Section 10.2.1. An extension to the case of a countably infinite state space can be developed if cost-to-go values over the entire space do not need to be computed incrementally.
Only backward value iteration is considered here. Forward versions can be defined alternatively.


text:
Trebuchet: A stone-throwing engine of war. The word was imported from French into English in the 13th century, when the device was invented; the French verb trabucher meant "to overturn, overthrow," from tra- (from Latin trans-, here expressing "displacement") and Old French buc "trunk, bulk." (Source: Online Etymology Dictionary.)
Drawing from Real World Physics Problems, which notes that "the payload could be thrown a far distance and do considerable damage, either by smashing down walls or striking the enemy while inside their stronghold."
Trebuchets have been in the news lately because of their role in the antigovernment protests that have been taking place in Ukraine since November 2013. "The Battle for Ukraine Is Being Fought Using Ancient Military Tactics" read a January 22 headline in Business Insider. While protesters favoring European integration built a trebuchet in the capital city of Kiev (or Kyiv), government forces adopted an ancient Roman shielding tactic called the testudo, Latin for "tortoise."
What's the difference, you ask, between a trebuchet and a catapult? I looked it up for you. According to Jarod's Forge, a history blog written by museum curator Jarod Kearny, a catapult is "any device that throws an object, although it commonly refers to the medieval siege weapon"; a catapult uses tension for its throwing force. Trebuchets "are a TYPE of catapult, using gravity (with a counterweight) or traction (men pulling down), to propel the arm and often employing a sling at the end of the arm for greater distance."
The distinction is sometimes overlooked in coverage of the Ukrainian conflict. RT.com (formerly known as Russia Today) called the machine a catapult:
Puzzled protesters and journalists watched Monday as a group of masked people studied some plans, standing next to a pile of long wooden poles they had carried to a central Kiev area earlier.
It soon turned out the protesters were building a catapult – or, as some argued, a trebuchet.
And there was this:
— Robert Loerzel (_USER_) January 23, 2014
Other words that frequently appear in coverage of the protests include Maidan (square, plaza), a word with cognates in Arabic, Persian, and Urdu; Berkut ("golden eagle"), the riot police; and Moskal (a derogatory term for a resident of Moscow). For more, see this Radio Free Europe glossary.
Previous Fritinancy coverage of antique weapons: Bayonets.


Clio Logo
This small building was constructed circa 1820 and served as a stopover for a stagecoach route that passed through Danville. Nathaniel Webster, the third cousin to Daniel Webster and the town's first postmaster, operated the post office from this building. Passengers could buy refreshments at this location while their horses rested and carriages repaired. Early customer accounts remain intact, written on the wall. The history of this stagecoach stop demonstrates the importance of the stagecoach for travel, commerce, and mail delivery.
This building was a stagecoach stop operated by Nathaniel Webster, a cousin of Daniel Webster, throughout most of the 19th century. Nathaniel was the first designated postmaster of Danville (then Hawke), from 1825 to 1836. Webster conducted postal operations from his homestead, and maintained a small general store in this small building. Town history describes it as being a layover for scheduled stagecoach routes passing through Danville and delivering the mail, where coach passengers could buy refreshments and provisions while the horses were being rested, watered and fed in the adjoining stable.
The stable was removed and reconstructed elsewhere in the 1980s. Thanks to local preservationists, the stagecoach building remains essentially as it was built, providing a snapshot of the site of the first recorded postal activity in town, as well as a facet of early public transportation in a by-gone era. It is possible, although not confirmed, that the building may be the last remaining of such structures in New Hampshire in its original state.
Town of Danville Heritage Commission, Webster Stagecoach and Store. Accessed March 19th 2020.


text:
... Structure and function
2.1 Rate of enzyme mediated
... reactions in one direction.
Rate of enzyme mediated
Main article: Rate of enzyme mediated
Enzymes can increase reaction rate...
... kinetics describe the rate of enzyme mediated
reactions for many enzymes. It is named for... To determine the maximum rate of an enzyme mediated
reaction, the substrate concentration ( [S] )..., the factors that effect the rate of enzyme mediated
reactions (ie. pH, temperature, etc) are at...
... Active transport is the mediated
transport of biochemicals, and other atomic / molecular substances, across membranes. Unlike passive transport, this process requires...
... that action potentials do propagate back into the dendrites once initiated in the axon in most neurons. This backpropagating action potential is mediated
by the activation of voltage-gated ion channels and can interact with synaptic input to alter the synaptic activity.
The structure and branching of...
... ) is a process of passive transport ( diffusion ) via which molecules diffuse across membranes, with the help of transport proteins ( mediated
Small uncharged molecules can easily diffuse across cell membranes. However, due to the hydrophobic nature of the lipids that make...
... thousands of other cells.
Types of signalling
Neurons communicate with one another across synapses. This communication is usually chemically mediated
by rapid secretion of neurotransmitter molecules. Pre-synaptic neurons (i.e.the neurons which release the neurotransmitter) may produce in the...


text:
Constants are quantities that do not change. They are like crotchety old curmudgeons who are stuck in their ways.
We can also use letters to represent unknown constant values.
Joey gets d dollars for each odd job he does for his Grandpa. His Grandpa literally told him he would pay him d dollars for each job, probably so that old coot could stiff his grandson when it came time to tell him how much d is. No matter what the job is, Joey is paid the same. If Joey does t odd jobs for his Grandpa in a day, how much money does Joey make that day?
We don't have any amounts, and therefore, we can only answer this question in terms of the variables we are given. Joey makes d · t dollars in a day, since this amount is how much he is paid per job times the number of jobs he does. Because Joey gets paid the same amount per job, d will never change; therefore, we call it a constant. The varying quantity in this problem is t, since the number of jobs Joey does per day will vary depending on what his Grandpa forces—pardon us—asks him to do.


text:
Definitions for vincetoxicum
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word vincetoxicum
Vincetoxicum, genus Vincetoxicum(noun)
genus of chiefly tropical American vines having cordate leaves and large purple or greenish cymose flowers; supposedly having powers as an antidote
Vincetoxicum is a genus of plant in family Apocynaceae. Although the species in Vincetoxicum have sometimes been included in Cynanchum, chemical and molecular evidence shows that Vincetoxicum is more closely related to Tylophora. Species include: ⁕Vincetoxicum funebre ⁕Vincetoxicum hirundinaria ⁕Vincetoxicum linifolium, Balf.f. ⁕Vincetoxicum nigrum ⁕Vincetoxicum rossicum
The numerical value of vincetoxicum in Chaldean Numerology is: 5
The numerical value of vincetoxicum in Pythagorean Numerology is: 5
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What is the correct spelling for STUDEIES?
Correct spellings for STUDEIES
 - studied In the afternoon I studied.
 - studious At school he was "studious, well-behaved, and distinguished in mathematical studies."
 - Studies He prosecuted his studies with untiring industry and became an excellent scholar without the advantages of European seminaries to which most of the sons of wealthy men were then sent to complete their education.
 - Studios What do you think of the hats you see, not in those wonderful, silk-hung studios, but those you see on the heads of the women in the streets, on mine?
 - studs I pulled the pearl studs out of my pocket.
 - steadies Now she steadies her voice, though she must answer at random.
121 words made from the letters STUDEIES


Carbon and Climate Change in Florida
Climate change is already having an impact on Florida. On Monday the EPA announced new rules that aim to reduce carbon emissions. The goal is to reduce emissions 30% by 2030 compared to 2005 emissions.
U.S. Representative Ted Deutch from Florida's 21st district says we can't afford to ignore the problems caused by climate change. The nonprofit Environment Florida conducted this interview with Representative Deutch.


text:
Measurement of the axial-vector
determination of from hadronic decays
R. Barate et al.
Laboratoire de Physique des Particules (LAPP), IN2P3-CNRS, F-74019 Annecy-le-Vieux Cedex, France
Received: 26 January 1998 / Published online: 15 June 1998
An analysis based on 124000 selected pairs recorded by the ALEPH detector at LEP provides the vector (V) and axial-vector (A) spectral functions of hadronic decays together with their total widths. This allows the evaluation of finite energy chiral sum rules that are weighted integrals over the (V-A) spectral functions. In addition, a precise measurement of along with a determination of nonperturbative contributions at the mass scale is performed. The experimentally and theoretically most robust determination of is obtained from the (V+A) fit that yields giving after the extrapolation to the mass of the Z boson. The approach of the Operator Product Expansion (OPE) is tested experimentally studying the evolution of the hadronic widths to masses smaller than the mass.


text:
so what I'm trying to do is to write a Bash script that will ssh into a server and generate new user credentials. However, it won't create the new user keys, but it can tell you if a user already exists.
echo "You entered $NAME. Is this correct?(y/n) " read AN while [ "$AN"!= "y" ] do echo "Enter the correct user name: " read NAME echo "You entered $NAME. Is this correct(y/n)? " read AN done ssh -t _EMAIL_ <


text:
|Better Farming Series 32. Biogas 2: Building a Better Biogas Unit (FAO Better Farming Series, 1986)|
110. Sometimes a hard layer of scum may form on top of the waste mixture in your biogas unit. If this happens, less gas will be made and gas will not collect in the inner tube.
111. If the waste is well mixed before it is put into unit, there will be less chance for scum to form and your biogas unit will make gas well.
112. Scum is more likely to form if you use plant materials than if you use only animal waste.
113. To keep scum from forming, shake your biogas unit from time to time. The drawing below shows you how.


text:
are two very common relay events: the 4×100 metres relay and the 4×400 metres relay. Both events entered the Olympic programme at the 1912 Summer Games after a one-off men's medley relay featured in 1908 Olympics. The 4×100 m event is run strictly within the same lane on the track, meaning that the team collectively runs one complete circuit of the track. Teams in a 4×400 m event remain in their own lane until the runner of the second leg passes the first bend, at which point runners can leave their lanes and head towards the inner-most part of the circuit. For the second and third baton change overs, team mates must align themselves in respect of their team position – leading teams take the inner lanes while team mates of the slower teams must await the baton on outer lanes.
The IAAF keeps world records for five different types of track relays. As with 4×100 m and 4×400 m events, all races comprise teams of four athletes running the same distances, with the less commonly contested distances being the 4×200 m, 4×800 m and 4×1500 m relays. Other events include the distance medley relay (comprising legs of 1200 m, 400 m, 800 m, and 1600 m), which is frequently held in the United States, and a sprint relay, known as the Swedish medley relay, which is popular in Scandinavia and held at the World Youth Championships in Athletics programme. Relay events have significant participation in the United States, where a number of large meetings (or relay carnivals) are focused almost exclusively on relay events.
Races with hurdles as obstacles were first popularised in the 19th century in England. The first known event, held in 1830, was a variation of the 100-yard dash that included heavy wooden barriers as obstacles. A competition between the Oxford and Cambridge Athletic Clubs in 1864 refined this, holding a 120-yard race (109.72 m) with ten hurdles of 3-foot and 6 inches (1.06 m) in height (each placed 10 yards (9.14 m) apart), with the first and final hurdles 15 yards from the start and finish, respectively. French organisers adapted the race into metric (adding 28 cm) and the basics of this race, the men's 110 metres hurdles, has remained largely unchanged. The origin of the 400 metres hurdles also lies in Oxford, where (around 1860) a competition was held over 440 yards and twelve 1.06 m high wooden barriers were placed along the course. The modern regulations stem from the 1900 Summer Olympics: the distance was fixed to 400 m while ten 3-foot (91.44 cm) hurdles were placed 35 m apart on the track, with the first and final hurdles being 45 m and 40 m away from the start and finish, respectively. Women's hurdles are slightly lower at 84 cm for the 100 m event and 76 cm (2 ft 6in) for the 400 m event.
By far the most common events are the 100 metres hurdles for women, 110 m hurdles for men and 400 m hurdles for both sexes. The men's 110 m has been featured at every modern Summer Olympics while the men's 400 m was introduced in the second edition of the Games. Women's initially competed in the 80 metres hurdles event, which entered the Olympic programme in 1932. This was extended to the 100 m hurdles at the 1972 Olympics, but it was not until 1984 that a women's 400 m hurdles event took place at the Olympics (having been introduced at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics the previous year).
Outside of the hurdles events, the steeplechase race is the other track and field event with obstacles. Just as the hurdling events, the steeplechase finds its origin in student competition in Oxford, England. However, this event was born as a human variation on the original steeplechase competition found in horse racing. A steeplechase event was held on a track for the 1879 English championships and the 1900 Summer Olympics featured men's 2500 m and 4000 m steeplechase races. The event was held over various distances until the 1920 Summer Olympics marked the rise of the 3000 metres steeplechase as the standard event. The IAAF set the standards of the event in 1954, and the event is held on a 400 m circuit that includes a water jump on each lap. Despite the long history of men's steeplechase in track and field, the women's steeplechase only gained World Championship status in 2005, with its first Olympic appearance coming in 2008.
The long jump is one of the oldest track and field events, having its roots as one of the events within the ancient Greek pentathlon contest. The athletes would take a short run up and jump into an area of dug up earth, with the winner being the one who jumped furthest. Small weights (Halteres) were held in each hand during the jump then swung back and dropped near the end to gain extra momentum and distance. The modern long jump, standardised in England and the United States around 1860, bears resemblance to the ancient event although no weights are used. Athletes sprint along a length of track that leads to a jumping board and a sandpit. The athletes must jump before a marked line and their achieved distance is measured from the nearest point of sand disturbed by the athlete's body.
The athletics competition at the first Olympics featured a men's long jump competition and a women's competition was introduced at the 1948 Summer Olympics. Professional long jumpers typically have strong acceleration and sprinting abilities. However, athletes must also have a consistent stride to allow them to take off near the board while still maintaining their maximum speed. In addition to the traditional long jump, a standing long jump contest exists requires that athletes leap from a static position without a run-up. A men's version of this event featured on the Olympic programme from 1900 to 1912.
Similar to the long jump, the triple jump takes place on a track heading towards a sandpit. Originally, athletes would hop on the same leg twice before jumping into the pit, but this was changed to the current "hop, step and jump" pattern from 1900 onwards. There is some dispute over whether the triple jump was contested in ancient Greece: while some historians claim that a contest of three jumps occurred at Ancient Games, others such as Stephen G. Miller believe this is incorrect, suggesting that the belief stems from a mythologised account of Phayllus of Croton having jumped 55 ancient feet (around 16.3 m). The Book of Leinster, a 12th-century Irish manuscript, records the existence of geal-ruith (triple jump) contests at the ancient Tailteann Games.
The men's triple jump competition has been ever-present at the modern Olympics, but it was not until 1993 that a women's version gained World Championship status and went on to have its first Olympic appearance three years later. A men's standing triple jump event featured at the 1900 and 1904 Olympics but such competitions have since become very uncommon, although it is still used as a non-competitive exercise drill.
The first recorded instances of high jumping competitions were in Scotland in the 19th century. Further competitions were organised in 1840 in England and in 1865 the basic rules of the modern event were standardised there. Athletes have a short run up and then take off from one foot to jump over a horizontal bar and fall back onto a cushioned landing area. The men's high jump was included in the 1896 Olympics and a women's competition soon followed in 1928.
Jumping technique has played a significant part in the history of the event. High jumpers typically cleared the bar feet first in the late 19th century, using either the Scissors, Eastern cut-off or Western roll technique. The straddle technique became prominent in the mid-20th century, but Dick Fosbury overturned tradition by pioneering a backwards and head-first technique in the late 1960s – the Fosbury Flop – which won him the gold at the 1968 Olympics. This technique has become the overwhelming standard for the sport from the 1980s onwards. The standing high jump was contested at the Olympics from 1900 to 1912, but is now relatively uncommon outside of its use as an exercise drill.
In terms of sport, the use of poles for vaulting distances was recorded in Fierljeppen contests in the Frisian area of Europe, and vaulting for height was seen at gymnastics competitions in Germany in the 1770s. One of the earliest recorded pole vault competitions was in Cumbria, England in 1843. The basic rules and technique of the event originated in the United States. The rules required that athletes do not move their hands along the pole and athletes began clearing the bar with their feet first and twisting so that the stomach faces the bar. Bamboo poles were introduced in the 20th century and a metal box in the runway for planting the pole became standard. Landing matresses were introduced in the mid-20th century to protect the athletes who were clearing increasingly greater heights.
The modern event sees athletes run down a strip of track, plant the pole in the metal box, and vault over the horizontal bar before letting go of the pole and falling backwards onto


Free Rain Barrel Distribution
Collecting rainwater and storing it in a rain barrel can help offset drinking water used for outdoor purposes. Using rainwater helps reduce the amount of pollution which flows into nearby storm drains, sewers and waterways and then eventually into the ocean. Rain barrels also contribute in making sure that local water supplies are being used more efficiently.
West Basin is committed to reducing the region's reliance on imported water supplies. The District encourages customers to utilize local water sources such as rainwater, whenever possible.
Saturday, April 7
8AM to Noon
1401 Artesia Blvd (Mira Costa HS)
No walk-ins permitted. First Come/First Served.
Register at OR call _PHONE_


text:
Aydemir, Sibel and Aydemir, Ülker and Dirschedl, Peter
Survivalanalysen mit Berücksichtigung der zeitlichen Kovariablenentwicklung in klinischen Studien.
Collaborative Research Center 386, Discussion Paper 44
Data from the Stanford Heart Transplantation Study and our own study on brain tumor include time-dependent covariates like transplantation, which may switch only once, and others changing their value several times during follow-up. But classical analyses never used this additional information. In a comparative study we applied the time-dependent Cox model, pooled Cox regression and the linear counting process by Aalen to these data sets. All methods do show similar results when they are carried out in their 'fixed' version, i.e. using baseline information only, or when covariates are being treated as time-dependent. But the estimated effects do differ remarkably between fixed and time-dependent approaches, thus leading to different interpretations of risks.


text:
white el·e·phant [noun] a possession that is useless or troublesome, especially one that is expensive to maintain or difficult to dispose of.
Gifts are typically inexpensive, humorous items or used items from home. The term white elephant refers to a gift whose maintenance costs exceed its usefulness. While the first use of this term remains a matter of contention among historians, one theory suggests that Ezra Cornell brought the term into the popular lexicon through his frequent social gatherings as early as 1828.
Quite simple, bring something to re-gift, is a gag, or might be coveted and useful. It is nice to have a variety of gifts to steal from. Make sure it is wrapped. Don't hint as to what it is, and there is no high or low limit to worth for the exchange – whatever works.
In its most basic form, the game is as follows:
- Each participant supplies one wrapped gift. The gifts are placed in a central location, and everyone takes a random number to determine to order of gift choosing.
- The first person opens a wrapped gift, and the turn ends.
- On subsequent turns, each person can open a new present OR gets the choice to "steal" another person's gift.
- The gift cannot be stolen once the third participant touches the gift (i.e. – it is stolen for the 2nd time). When a person's gift is stolen, that person can either choose another wrapped gift to open or can steal from another player.
- The game is over when the last person goes and the first person goes again (BUT see variations below).
- Only two steals of a gift can happen and it becomes frozen.
- No gift may be stolen more than once per turn, so NO STEAL BACKS per turn – a new item must be stolen or unwrapped.
- Since the first player is the only one without the option of seeing any unwrapped gifts, s/he will take one final turn after all gifts have been opened and swap with any "unfrozen" gift.
white el·e·phant Downloadable


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Paradigm(s) imperative (procedural), structured
Designed by John Carmack
Developer id Software
Appeared in 1996
Typing discipline static, strong
Major implementations Quake C Compiler, FastQCC, QCCx, GMQCC
Influenced by C
QuakeC is an interpreted language developed in 1996 by John Carmack of id Software to program parts of the video game Quake. Using QuakeC, a programmer is able to customize Quake to great extents by adding weapons, changing game logic and physics, and programming complex scenarios. It can be used to control many aspects of the game itself, such as parts of the AI, triggers, or changes in the level. The Quake engine was the only game engine to use QuakeC. Following engines used DLL game modules for customization written in C and C++ from id Tech 4 on.
The QuakeC source to the original id Software Quake game logic was published in 1996 and used as the basis for modifications like capture the flag and others.[1] QuakeC source code is compiled using a tool called qcc into a bytecode kept in a file called progs.dat. The programmers of Quake modifications could then publish their progs.dat bytecode without revealing their source code. Most Quake mods were published this way.
QuakeC allowed the Quake engine to dominate the direction of the first-person shooter genre. Thanks to Carmack's idea of extending video game life by adding unlimited expandability (extensibility already played a big role in Doom), an enormous Internet community of gamers and programmers alike has arisen and many modern multiplayer games are extensible in some form.[citation needed]
QuakeC is known as interpreted because as Quake runs, it is continually interpreting the progs.dat file.[2]
The syntax of QuakeC is based on that of the C programming language, explaining its name, but it does not support the implementation of new types, structures, arrays, or any kind of referencing other than the "entity" type (which is always a reference). QuakeC also suffers from the fact that many built-in functions (functions prototyped in the QuakeC code but actually defined within the game engine and written in C) return strings in a temporary string buffer, which can only hold one string at any given time. In other words, a construct such as
SomeFunction (ftos (num1), ftos (num2));
will fail because the second call to ftos (which converts a floating-point value to a string) overwrites the string returned by the first call before SomeFunction can do something with it. QuakeC does not contain any string handling functions or file handling functions, which were simply not needed by the original game.
Most video games at the time had their game logic written in plain C/C++ and compiled into the executable, which is faster. However, this makes it harder for the community to create mods and it makes the process of porting the game to another platform (such as GNU/Linux) more costly.
Despite its advantages, the concept of implementing the game logic in a separate scripting language and writing an interpreter for it was soon dropped (even by John Carmack who had implemented this concept) because of the overall inflexibility of an interpreted language,[3] the increasingly complex game logic and the fact that the game logic could be packaged into a native dynamic link library whose source code could be released to the mod community.
Modified compilers and language extensions[edit]
As is their custom to do with nearly everything they make, id Software released the source of qcc, their QuakeC compiler, along with the original QuakeC code in 1996. Modified versions soon sprung up, including Jonathan Roy's fastqcc and Ryan "FrikaC" Smith's FrikQCC. These added functionality, optimizations, and compiling speed boosts.
In 1999, when id Software released the code from Quake's engine under the GNU General Public License (GPL), the workings of the bytecode interpreter were examined and new QuakeC compilers were released, such as J.P. Grossman's qccx and a new version of FrikQCC. These compilers took advantage of newly discovered features in a backwards-compatible way so that the bytecode could still be properly interpreted by unmodified Quake engines. New features include arrays, pointers, integers, for loops and string manipulation.
With the Quake engine source code now able to be changed, further features were added to QuakeC in the form of new built-in functions. Features long yearned for by QuakeC coders finally reached realization as QuakeC now had file and string handling functions, enlarged string buffers, more math functions, and so on. However, programmers taking advantage of these changes lost backwards compatibility with the unmodified Quake engine.
Xonotic since version 0.7 uses the gmqcc compiler.[4]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Lasse Lehtinen (1996-07-25). "QuakeC released". Quake and QuakeWorld history. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
 2. ^ Andrew Wu. "Quake C Basics". Retrieved 2013-04-06.
 3. ^ Carmack, John (13 March 1997). "Here is a technical issue to be discussed"..plan. id Software. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
 4. ^ Xonotic 0.7 Release
External links[edit]


=pod =head1 NAME ASN1_STRING_print_ex, ASN1_STRING_print_ex_fp - ASN1_STRING output routines. =head1 SYNOPSIS _TAG_ int ASN1_STRING_print_ex(BIO *out, ASN1_STRING *str, unsigned long flags); int ASN1_STRING_print_ex_fp(FILE *fp, ASN1_STRING *str, unsigned long flags); int ASN1_STRING_print(BIO *out, ASN1_STRING *str); =head1 DESCRIPTION These functions output an B structure. B is used to represent all the ASN1 string types. ASN1_STRING_print_ex() outputs B to B, the format is determined by the options B. ASN1_STRING_print_ex_fp() is identical except it outputs to B instead. ASN1_STRING_print() prints B to B but using a different format to ASN1_STRING_print_ex(). It replaces unprintable characters (other than CR, LF) with '.'. =head1 NOTES ASN1_STRING_print() is a legacy function which should be avoided in new applications. Although there are a large number of options frequently B is suitable, or on UTF8 terminals B. The complete set of supported options for B is listed below. Various characters can be escaped. If B is set the characters determined by RFC2253 are escaped. If B is set control characters are escaped. If B is set characters with the MSB set are escaped: this option should B be used if the terminal correctly interprets UTF8 sequences. Escaping takes several forms. If the character being escaped is a 16 bit character then the form "\UXXXX" is used using exactly four characters for the hex representation. If it is 32 bits then "\WXXXXXXXX" is used using eight characters of its hex representation. These forms will only be used if UTF8 conversion is not set (see below). Printable characters are normally escaped using the backslash '\' character. If B is set then the whole string is instead surrounded by double quote characters: this is arguably more readable than the backslash notation. Other characters use the "\XX" using exactly two characters of the hex representation. If B is set then characters are converted to UTF8 format first. If the terminal supports the display of UTF8 sequences then this option will correctly display multi byte characters. If B is set then the string type is not interpreted at all: everything is assumed to be one byte per character. This is primarily for debugging purposes and can result in confusing output in multi character strings. If B is set then the string type itself is printed out before its value (for example "BMPSTRING"), this actually uses ASN1_tag2str(). The content of a string instead of being interpreted can be "dumped": this just outputs the value of the string using the form _TAG_ using hex format for each octet. If B is set then any type is dumped. Normally non character string types (such as OCTET STRING) are assumed to be one byte per character, if B is set then they will be dumped instead. When a type is dumped normally just the content octets are printed, if B is set then the complete encoding is dumped instead (including tag and length octets). B includes all the flags required by RFC2253. It is equivalent to: ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_2253 | ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_CTRL | ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_MSB | ASN1_STRFLGS_UTF8_CONVERT | ASN1_STRFLGS_DUMP_UNKNOWN ASN1_STRFLGS_DUMP_DER =head1 SEE ALSO L, L =head1 HISTORY TBA =cut


text:
4 Safe Homemade Alternatives for Windshield Washer Fluid
As a child, you may have noticed a resemblance between brightly-colored windshield washer fluid and your favorite sugary drinks, which compelled you to speculate, "I wonder if that stuff Dad puts in his car is as tasty as my favorite blue juice."
If you did have that thought, good thing you never gave it a taste! Windshield washer fluid is made of methanol, also called methyl alcohol, and just a couple spoonfuls of it can be fatal.
Now, think about that toxicity as every car around the globe sprays it off its windshield to drain into the ground and sewers along the road. Can you imagine how many bottles of fluid that amounts to? Sure, the liquid is necessary to drive in snowy, dirty, and freezing conditions, but is there an alternative we could be using?
Good news: there is! We're proud to present a list of environmentally-friendly alternatives to methanol that you can mix yourself.
Have Questions About Financing Your Car? Get easy answers here!
- White Vinegar: This all-natural substance won't freeze in cold temperatures and is known for being an effective glass cleaner. Just dilute one part distilled white vinegar to three parts water to ensure that the acidity won't affect your car's paint or mechanical components.
- Rubbing Alcohol: Like vinegar, isopropyl alcohol also cleans dirt off of windows and is freeze-resistant. To dilute it, mix three cups with one gallon of water. Be sure not to ever put this flammable liquid in its pure form into your fluid tank.
- High Proof Vodka: True, it's a shame to waste good vodka to wash your windshield, but it is a comparable substitute for isopropyl if you're low on options. Follow the same instructions above.
- Household Glass Cleaner: While this substance is not completely natural, it's much less harmful than methanol. Mix one part glass cleaner to three parts water and toss in a spoonful of dishwasher fluid for good measure. Just note that this solution will only work for drivers in warm weather.
- Water: If you're in a bind and need something to keep the dust from the road off your windshield, a couple cups of pure water in the tank should be enough to keep the grime away. Just be absolutely sure you're in warm territory before making this decision, as frozen water can break your fluid tank. Pour in a bit of isopropyl if you're worried about that.
You can also add liquid castile soap to most of these mixtures for an extra boost of cleanliness. Or, you can combine them to form your own solution (like one gallon of water, one cup of glass cleaner, and a half cup of rubbing alcohol). Small steps like this may not seem like much, but will lead to fewer impacts on the environment.
How It Works: A helpful guide to the process of buying a car


a message to arrive. Contrast that with the processing operation, where the thread may or may not be consuming CPU (depending on how the process is structured). In the thread pool functions that we'll look at later, you'll see that we have the ability to control the number of threads in the blocking operation as well as the number of threads that are in the processing operations.
Neutrino provides the following functions to deal with thread pools:
_TAG_
thread_pool_t *
thread_pool_create (thread_pool_attr_t *attr,
 unsigned flags);
thread_pool_destroy (thread_pool_t *pool);
thread_pool_start (void *pool);
thread_pool_limits (thread_pool_t *pool,
 int lowater,
 int hiwater,
 int maximum,
 int increment,
 unsigned flags);
thread_pool_control (thread_pool_t *pool,
 thread_pool_attr_t *attr,
 uint16_t lower,
 uint16_t upper,
 unsigned flags);
As you can see from the functions provided, you first create a thread pool definition using thread_pool_create(), and then start the thread pool via thread_pool_start(). When you're done with the thread pool, you can use thread_pool_destroy() to clean up after yourself. Note that you might never call thread_pool_destroy(), as in the case where the program is a server that runs "forever." The thread_pool_limits() function is used to specify thread pool behavior and adjust attributes of the thread pool, and the thread_pool_control() function is a convenience wrapper for the thread_pool_limits() function.
So, the first function to look at is thread_pool_create(). It takes two parameters, attr and flags. The attr is an attributes structure that defines the operating characteristics of the thread pool (from ):
typedef struct _thread_pool_attr {
 // thread pool functions and handle
 THREAD_POOL_HANDLE_T *handle;
 *(*block_func)(THREAD_POOL_PARAM_T *ctp);
 (*unblock_func)(THREAD_POOL_PARAM_T *ctp);
 (*handler_func)(THREAD_POOL_PARAM_T *ctp);
 *(*context_alloc)(THREAD_POOL_HANDLE_T *handle);
 (*context_free)(THREAD_POOL_PARAM_T *ctp);
 // thread pool parameters
 pthread_attr_t *attr;
 unsigned short lo_water;
 unsigned short increment;
 unsigned short hi_water;
 unsigned short maximum;
} thread_pool_attr_t;
I've broken the thread_pool_attr_t type into two sections, one that contains the functions and handle for the threads in the thread pool, and another that contains the operating parameters for the thread pool.
Controlling the number of threads
Let's first look at the "thread pool parameters" to see how you control the number and attributes of threads that will be operating in this thread pool. Keep in mind that we'll be talking about the "blocking operation" and the "processing operation" (when we look at the callout functions, we'll see how these relate to each other).
The following diagram illustrates the relationship of the lo_water, hi_water, and maximum parameters:
Thread Flow with Thread Pool
Thread flow when using thread pools.
(Note that "CA" is the context_alloc() function, "CF" is the context_free() function, "blocking operation" is the block_func() function, and "processing operation" is the handler_func().)
This is the attributes structure that's used during thread creation. We've already discussed this structure above (in "The thread attributes structure"). You'll recall that this is the structure that controls things about the newly created thread like priority, stack size, and so on.
There should always be at least lo_water threads sitting in the blocking operation. In a typical server, this would be the number of threads waiting to receive a message, for example. If there are less than lo_water threads sitting in the blocking operation (because, for example, we just received a message and have started the processing operation on that message), then more threads are created, according to the increment parameter. This is represented in the diagram by the first step labeled "create thread."
Indicates how many threads should be created at once if the count of blocking operation threads ever drops under lo_water. In deciding how to choose a value for this, you'd most likely start with 1. This means that if the number of threads in the blocking operation drops under lo_water, exactly one more thread would be created by the thread pool. To fine-tune the number that you've selected for increment, you could observe the behavior of the process and determine whether this number needs to be anything other than one. If, for example, you notice that your process gets "bursts" of requests, then you might decide that once you've dropped below lo_water blocking operation threads, you're probably going to encounter this "burst" of requests, so you might decide to request the creation of more than one thread at a time.
Indicates the upper limit on the number of threads that should be in the blocking operation. As threads complete their processing operations, they will normally return to the blocking operation. However, the thread pool library keeps count of how many threads are currently in the blocking operation, and if that number ever exceeds hi_water, the thread pool library will kill the thread that caused the overflow (i.e., the thread that had just finished and was about to go back to the blocking operation). This is shown in the diagram as the "split" out of the "processing operation" block, with one path going to the "blocking operation" and the other path going to "CF" to destroy the thread. The combination of lo_water and hi_water, therefore, allows you to specify a range indicating how many threads should be in the blocking operation.
Indicates the absolute maximum number of threads that will ever run concurrently as a result of the thread pool library. For example, if threads were being created as a result of an underflow of the lo_water mark, the maximum parameter would limit the total number of threads.
One other key parameter to controlling the threads is the flags parameter passed to the thread_pool_create() function. It can have one of the following values:
The thread_pool_start() function will not return, nor will the calling thread be incorporated into the pool of threads.
The thread_pool_start() function will not return, but the calling thread will be incorporated into the pool of threads.
The thread_pool_start() function will return, with new threads being created as required.
The above descriptions may seem a little dry. Let's look at an example.
You can find the complete version of tp1.c in the Sample Programs appendix. Here, we'll just focus on the lo_water, hi_water, increment, and the maximum members of the thread pool control structure:
 * part of tp1.c
_TAG_
main ()
 thread_pool_attr_t tp_attr;
 void *tpp;
 tp_attr.lo_water = 3;
 tp_attr.increment = 2;
 tp_attr.hi_water = 7;
 tp_attr.maximum = 10;
 tpp = thread_pool_create (&tp_attr, POOL_FLAG_USE_SELF);
 if (tpp == NULL) {
 fprintf (stderr,
 "%s: can't thread_pool_create, errno %s\n",
 progname, strerror (errno));
 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 thread_pool_start (tpp);
After setting the members, we call thread_pool_create() to create a thread pool. This returns a pointer to a thread pool control structure (tpp), which we check against NULL (which would indicate an error). Finally we call thread_pool_start() with the tpp thread pool control structure.
I've specified POOL_FLAG_USE_SELF which means that the thread that called thread_pool_start() will be considered an available thread for the thread pool. So, at this point, there is only that one thread in the thread pool library. Since we have a lo_water value of 3, the library immediately creates increment number of threads (2 in this case). At this point, 3 threads are in the library, and all 3 of them are in the blocking operation. The lo_water condition is satisfied, because there are at least that number of threads in the blocking operation; the hi_water condition is satisfied, because there are less than that number of threads in the blocking operation; and finally, the maximum condition is satisfied as well, because we don't have more than that number of threads in the thread pool library.
Now, one of the threads in the blocking operation unblocks (e.g., in a server application, a message was received). This means that now one of the three threads is no longer in the blocking operation (instead, that thread is now in the processing operation). Since the count of blocking threads is less than the lo_water, it trips the lo_water trigger and causes the library to create increment (2) threads. So now there are 5 threads total (4 in the blocking operation, and 1 in the processing operation).
More threads unblock. Let's assume that none of the threads in the processing operation none completes any of their requests yet. Here's a table illustrating this, starting at the initial state (we've used "Proc Op" for the processing operation, and "Blk Op" for the blocking operation, as we did in the previous diagram, "Thread flow when using thread pools."):
Event Proc Op Blk Op Total
Initial 0 1 1
lo_water trip 0 3 3
Unblock 1 2 3
lo_water trip 1 4 5
Unblock 2 3 5
Unblock 3 2 5
lo_water trip


Tuesday, August 04, 2015
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Could you pass fourth-grade math?
June 18, 2011 at 1:18 a.m.
The following are problems from a 2008-09 fourth-grade math TAKS test.
 1. Alexis made 5 gallons of fruit juice. How many quarts of fruit juice did she make?
 2. On Monday, 36 people visited an art museum. On Tuesday, 15 fewer people visited the museum than on Monday. Each person paid $5 for admission. How much money was paid for admission to the museum on Tuesday?
 3. Charles walked for 45 minutes in the morning and for one hour and 20 minutes in the evening. What is the total amount of time Charles walked?
(Don't cheat
by scrolling below
for the answers
until you've completed
the test.
 1. 20 quarts
 2. $105
 3. Two hours and five minutes
Source: Texas Education Agency
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You don't need a PhD to understand noise in astronomical images — here's an introduction to the various sources of noise in astrophotography and how to combat them.
Noise to none
You can get there from here!
Richard S. Wright Jr.
Noise and signal are possibly the two most important concepts to understand when it comes to astrophotography. Essentially, noise is unwanted junk and signal is the pretty stuff you are trying to capture. We want lots of signal, and we want as little noise as possible. Many of the techniques I'll discuss in this space in the future are about optimizing signal and reducing noise. What we strive to optimize is the signal to noise ratio, or S/N (signal divided by noise)... and yes, they can be represented by numbers! The higher/bigger/larger the S/N, the higher the quality of your data.
A noisy/grainy color image.
Richard S. Wright Jr.
There are a few well-known sources of noise that we care most about, and we have various processing techniques to combat them. For now, I'll lay a foundation before addressing these sources one by one in more detailed future installments.
Shot Noise
This is the random fluctuation in the arrival of photons as your sensor captures them. Think of a few sprinkles of rain hitting the sidewalk. There's a splat here and a plop there, leaving a mottled look until enough rain drops have fallen to make the sidewalk uniformly wet. A huge rain shower, on the other hand, will douse the sidewalk immediately. Light falling on your image sensor behaves pretty much just like this. With just a little light, you end up with a very uneven, splattered look — In the vernacular of the peasantry, we might call this appearance "grainy" — until the detector slowly builds up enough signal. The more light you have, the more quickly you'll obtain a nice, smooth, uniform image. Our primary weapon for this kind of noise is to take longer exposures and stack images.
Dark Current Noise
Uncooled (top) has FAR more noise from the dark current than the cooled (bottom) image.
Richard S. Wright Jr.
The reason we cool our cameras is to control this noise source. Even with no light shining on it, an image sensor will accumulate signal from the thermal energy (i.e., heat) in the chip itself. This adds an offset to the signal for every exposure. But it's not a simple offset — the dark current has the same kind of random fluctuations as shot noise. I've seen this noise source referred to as well as dark shot noise, or thermal noise. Regardless of what you call it, it's noise, and we don't want it. Contrary to many sources on the web, subtracting a dark frame doesn't wholly remove this noise source, it only removes the offset. To reduce this noise source, you need to stack many frames and/or cool your camera. Stay with me for what dark frames do…
Read Noise
This noise or uncertainty is due to your camera's electronics. As each pixel value is being read out, a few extra electrons are lost or gained randomly, causing the readout value to vary a little from the actual captured signal rate. Read noise has the most impact on faint signals. Unlike other noise sources, read noise is independent of exposure time, meaning you pay a fixed price for read noise for every frame, regardless of whether it's a 2-second exposure or a 20-minute exposure. Other than obtaining improved electronics, the best way to defeat read noise is to ensure that you expose long enough during a single exposure that the faintest feature you want to record has signal well above the read noise.
Fixed-Pattern Noise
This kind of noise comes in two flavors, Dark Signal Non-Uniformity (DSNU) and Photo Response Non-Uniformity (PRNU). Dark and Bias calibration frames are the tools we use to fight DSNU, while flat-frame calibration takes care of PRNU. While some imagers will skip flat frame calibration if they don't have dust bunnies or significant vignetting, we'll see that PRNU cannot be defeated by stacking alone, and under certain circumstances you really don't want to ignore it.
A typical (if somewhat busy) flat calibration frame.
Noise Math
Except for read noise, all of these noise sources increase along with the signal. The longer you expose, the more signal you have, but also the more noise you accumulate. Fixed-pattern noise sources grow proportionally to the signal, and we can use calibration frames to remove them.
Shot noise is typically (but not always) our biggest source of noise. The trick with shot noise is that it goes up much slower than the signal, so the signal eventually swamps this noise source in comparison. We can compare the two using the signal-to-noise ratio. To be mathematically correct, you don't actually drive the noise down; you are increasing the ratio of the signal to the noise. Splitting hairs? Maybe.
Signal vs. Noise
Signal dramatically outpaces noise at the rate of the square of the noise.
Richard S. Wright Jr.
There's a simple mathematical relationship to how fast signal grows relative to noise: The noise increases with the square root of the signal. This makes a pretty graph doesn't it? You can see that as the signal grows linearly (the straight line), the noise is quickly trailing off. Alas, we are shooting some pretty faint targets and it often takes a good while to get as much signal as we need to overpower the noise. This is why it's important for us to understand all the sources of noise in our images and how best to combat them.
To be continued…
Image of Mike
April 20, 2018 at 7:37 pm
Nice write-up Richard. You have a very understandable way of explaining things!
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Using Build Classes
CloudBees Accelerator provides features to organize builds in even the most complex environments. You do not need to create a build class—by default, a simple organizational structure is set up for you. But, if you have diverse product lines, or multiple product releases, you should set up and use build classes.
A build class is a flexible, user-defined classification for a designated group of builds. Using build classes is optional, but if you do not assign a build class, the Cluster Manager assigns the build to a default build class. Build classes help you organize the build management process.
Depending on your company requirements, you might use build classes to organize build groups by version or release, product type, development stage, or platform. You can decide how to use build classes to organize your builds into sets.
Classes have default priorities and boost values. Boost values have a range of -10 to +10 (default 0), where a higher value means that builds in that class can use available agents ahead of builds with the same priority but less boost.
Tag Definitions
Each build in a class is identified by a unique string called a tag. The build tag definition is a template that expands when a new build starts. The tag is user-defined and generally consists of a generic build name appended with build-specific data constructed from the following variables:
Globally unique number (Global Counter)
Number unique to the build class (Local Counter; the build serial number within the class)
User-defined build class name
System-generated number that the Cluster Manager uses to identify each class
Name of the user who invoked eMake
Name of the machine where eMake was invoked
Label specified at the eMake command line. For example, --emake-build-label=my_build
Operating system ID under which the build was invoked. ( 0 = undefined, 1 = Windows, and 3 = Linux)
Build start date and time using variables Y, y, m d, H, M, S. Ffor example, 2005-01-18 10:14:32 is 20050118101432
Year at build start time ( YYYY )
Year at build start time ( YY )
Sequential month number at build start time ( 1-12 )
Sequential day of month at build start time ( 1-31 )
Hour of the day at build start time ( 0-23 )
Minutes at build start time ( 0-59 )
Seconds at build start time ( 0-60 )
Abbreviated day of week at build start time ( WED )
Full name of the day of week at build start time (such as Wednesday )
Abbreviated month name at build start time (such as AUG )
Full month name at build start time (such as August )
Build start date and time using the variables A, B, d, H, M, S, Y. For example, 2005-01-18 10:14:32 is 18/01/05 10:14:32.
Together, the build name and variables are referred to as the tag definition. Variable names are case-sensitive.
For example, the tag definition %BUILD_CLASS%%LC%%DATE% for a build class named QA_BUILD creates the following build tag:
When assigning build class tag definitions, choose from the list of tag variables above.
Build Class Examples
Suppose your company has two major product lines: SuperSoftware and MegaSoftware. SuperSoftware runs on Windows and Linux platforms. MegaSoftware runs on Windows only. You could begin by setting up three classes that include the product name, the platform, and the current version number for each product:
 - You could name the first class SuperSoftware_Win_v.2.1. The tag definition for this class would be:
The result would be a series of builds each named, or tagged, with the product name, the platform, the version number, a serial number (unique to the class), and the date for each build. For example:
 - The second class could be named SuperSoftware_Lin_v.1.7. The tag definition can be the same as in our first example, because it would be distinguished by the second build class name. Build tags in the second class would look like:
 - The third class could be named MegaSoftware_Win_v.1.3. For this product, the tag definition would be similar to the previous examples but also could include the name of the user who started the build, because the MegaSoftware team is spread over several different locations. For this class, the tag definition might look like:
 - As in the first two examples, the result would be a sequentially-numbered series of builds with the product name, platform, version number, name of the user who ran the build, and date of each build assigned through the build class:
Additional classes could be created when the development of SuperSoftware or MegaSoftware entered a new phase, such as a new platform release or a new version release. In this way, the builds for each stage of development can be segmented into logical sets for a more manageable and organized workflow.
Creating a New Build Class Using the Cluster Manager
 1. Open a web browser and go to the Cluster Manager host.
 2. Click the Build > Build Classes tab.
 The Build Classes page displays.
 3. Click the New Build Class link.
 A blank class details screen appears.
 4. Click the Show Help link on the right side of the screen to see field descriptions,and then fill in the fields accordingly.
 5. In the Tag Definition text box, enter the build class tag definition.
To avoid errors, follow standard naming conventions for tag definitions by using numbers, letters, and underscores only without leading or trailing white spaces. Use underscores ( _ ) instead of spaces. Use a percent sign on either side of any variables used. (For example, %DATE% ).
 1. Continue filling in the fields.
 See the online help for more information if needed.
 2. Click OK.
You can add comments to the build class. To do so, click the Build > Build Class tab, then select a build class name. For details about on adding or editing build class comments, adding or editing class properties, or deleting a build class, see the online help.
Using an Existing Build Class
Assign the build's class name through the --emake-class= eMake command-line option when the build is invoked. If you do not assign a build class, the Cluster Manager assigns the build to the default class. If the class name typed on the eMake command line does not match a class name already in the Cluster Manager, eMake exits.
Makefile Macros
eMake automatically creates makefile macros ( ECLOUD_BUILD_CLASS and ECLOUD_BUILD_TAG ) from Cluster Manager build class data. These macros can be used to place generated values in your makefiles. For details, see the " Using eMake Variables " section.


text:
Managing a household is akin to running a small business. From budgeting and planning to coordinating tasks and fostering a harmonious environment, effective business management skills play a significant role in maintaining a well-organized and thriving household. In this article, we'll explore practical steps and strategies to help you take care of business management within the household, ensuring a smoother and more productive family life.
Establish Clear Financial Management
Just as a business requires a budget and financial planning, so does a household. Create a comprehensive budget that outlines your income, expenses, savings, and investments. Set financial goals for the family and prioritize saving for future needs.
Allocate Roles and Responsibilities
In a household, each member has a role to play. Delegate tasks and responsibilities based on each person's strengths and interests. This not only ensures efficient task management but also fosters a sense of ownership and teamwork.
Use Technology to Organize
Leverage technology to streamline household management. Use apps or digital tools for scheduling, grocery lists, bill payments, and chore assignments. These tools can save time and reduce stress in managing day-to-day tasks.
Clear communication is essential for smooth business operations, and the same applies to a household. Regular family meetings provide a platform to discuss goals, challenges, and upcoming events. Encourage open dialogue to address concerns and make collective decisions.
Implement Time Management
Time management is key to both business and household management. Create schedules that accommodate work, school, family time, and personal pursuits. Allocate time for relaxation and self-care to maintain a balanced lifestyle.
Prioritize Health and Wellness
Just as a business prioritizes employee well-being, a household must prioritize the health and wellness of its members. Promote healthy eating habits, regular exercise, and mental well-being practices to ensure everyone's vitality.
Invest in Continuous Learning
Businesses thrive by staying updated with industry trends, and households can benefit from continuous learning too. Encourage family members to pursue personal and professional development, expanding their skills and knowledge.
Goal Setting and Achievement
Setting goals and achieving them is a fundamental principle in business. Apply this concept to your household by establishing short-term and long-term goals. Celebrate achievements as a family, reinforcing a sense of accomplishment.
Financial Literacy Education
Promote financial literacy within your household. Teach children about saving, budgeting, and the value of money. Educating family members about finances instills responsible money management habits.
Resolve Conflicts Constructively
Conflicts arise in both businesses and households. Encourage open conversations to address conflicts constructively. Teach conflict resolution skills, such as active listening and empathy, to promote healthy relationships.
Adaptability and Flexibility
Adaptability is crucial in the ever-changing business landscape, and it's equally important within a household. Embrace flexibility in your plans and be prepared to adjust when unexpected situations arise.
Set Family Values and Principles
Businesses often have a set of core values, and households can benefit from defining their values too. Establish family values that guide decision-making, behavior, and interactions with each other and the outside world.
Plan for the Future
Just as businesses plan for long-term success, households should plan for the future as well. Create contingency plans, savings for emergencies, and strategies for major life events.
Delegate and Seek Support
In business, delegation is crucial for effective management. Delegate tasks within the household and seek support when needed, whether it's hiring help for specific tasks or leaning on family and friends.
Celebrate Milestones and Achievements
In both businesses and households, celebrating milestones boosts morale. Recognize achievements, big or small, and create moments of joy and togetherness.
Conclusion: Harmonious Household Management
Applying effective business management principles to your household can lead to a more organized, efficient, and harmonious family life. By implementing strategies such as financial planning, clear communication, goal setting, and flexibility, you can create a nurturing environment that supports each family member's growth and well-being. Remember, just like a successful business, a well-managed household requires continuous effort, collaboration, and a commitment to shared goals.


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African Pottery Forming and Firing
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This video demonstrates the five major techniques used by potters in Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Nigeria. The techniques include concave mold, convex mold, coiling, direct pull, and hammer and anvil. You can see Bwa, Jelly, and Mossi potters in Burkina Faso, the Ashanti potters in Kumasi Ghana, and Igbo and Yoruba potters in Nigeria. In addition there are two detailed videos of pottery firing.
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Homepage Uzupełnienia What are the regulated professions?
What are the regulated professions?Print
Regulated professions are professions which require possession of specific professional qualifications. In other words, to work in a regulated profession one must meet the conditions set out in the legislation of a given country. In practice this means that to perform work in regulated professions one requires certificates, licenses and other certification types, without which a person cannot effectively seek employment in a specific position.
At present the number of regulated professions inPoland is large – there is 380 of them. Such professions inPoland include, among others: attorney, solicitor, architect, estate agent, tour guide, tourist guide, doctor, nurse, midwife, dentist, dental assistant, psychologist, physical therapist, paramedic, a masseur, pharmacist, librarian, employment agent (broker), crane operator, scaffolding fitter, welder, taxi driver, and many others.


CPP invests in for-profit US prisons
Source: _URL_
The Canada Pension Plan controls over $366 Billion dollars on behalf of 20 million Canadians. They're investing our monthly contributions to make sure we have money at retirement. Naturally, everyone wants them to play it safe when investing that money.
But have you considered exactly what are they investing in?
The Guardian quoted a CPPIB spokesman, saying, "CPPIB's objective is to seek a maximum rate of return without undue risk of loss. This singular goal means CPPIB does not screen out individual investments based on social, religious, economic or political criteria."
When I read that I hear warning bells. Do they really mean they will take any lucrative investment, even if it's an ethical quagmire?
The CPPIB's own ethics statement is clear:
Source: _URL_
tldr; only dollars matter; no screening of company ethics, only operations.
What drew my eye is their statement about about "private engagement." This is the term used for conversations concerning ethical or moral issues with a company they are, or are considering, investing, in. The Board has decided they will never make these conversations public. Nor even acknowledge the conversations even occurred. They are also clear they refuse to bow to public pressure when deciding who and when to engage.
Let's be real here — the practical effect is that these conversations do not occur. That they could choose to invest into such a morally repugnant enterprise as a for-profit prison says all we need to know about the usefulness of "private engagement."
So to sum it up, all of the pension monies of millions of Canadians is being invested with absolutely no ethical considerations about how that money will be used.
Are we okay with this?
Can we develop a mechanism to trigger automatic, and public, engagement?


intended primarily for use by IBM Service. FFDC instantly collects events and errors that occur during the WebSphere Application Server runtime. The information is captured as it occurs and is written to a log file that is analyzed by an IBM Service representative. For more information, see the Information Center.
Question: As I am new to WebSphere, I want to know the following:
 1. What is the file structure of WebSphere?
 2. How will I deploy EJBs in WebSphere?
 3. Can I directly copy *.ejb to WebSphere, or do I need to make *.war for that?
Answer: I suggest you pick up our book, IBM WebSphere: Deployment and Advanced Configurations, which answers all these questions directly.
 1. WebSphere Application Server is designed to try to shield developer and administrators. The Admin Console and scripting language give you a full range of coverage. There are several underlying files and directories that get updated for various actions. In addition, if you use WebSphere Application Server Network Deployment, multiple sets of directory structures get replicated. Figure 3 illustrates some of the important elements to keep in mind.
 Probably the most interesting portion of the WebSphere Application Server directory structure is the config directory under a specific profile. WebSphere Application Server supports various scopes of configuration visibility relative to where the application is deployed. The configuration for the scope is defined within several XML files under the directory of the scope. Update the configuration through one of the WebSphere Application Server administrative tools and not by hand editing XML files. XML file editing should only happen if there is some configuration that has caused severe errors. If anyone makes any changes, that person should have a deep understanding of WebSphere Application Server. WebSphere also has a backup and restore capability of configuration that allows you to restore configurations. Use these features religiously instead of hand editing.
 Figure 3. Directory structure
 Directory structure
 2. The J2EE specification requires that you package EJB applications in an EJB jar file and follow the EJB directory structure. In addition, J2EE applications are packaged into EAR files that can contain several EJB Jar files. You can deploy EJB applications as EAR files or as standalone EJB jar files, although the EAR approach is recommended for portability. WebSphere Application Server supports several tools for deploying applications:
 - WebSphere Application Server admin console
 - Wsadmin scripting language
 - Specialized ANT tasks
 - Rational Web Developer, Rational Application Developer, Rational Software Architect, or the Application Server Toolkit
 - WebSphere Rapid Deploy (allows the deployment of unpackaged annotated java classes directly into WAS)
 3. I am not sure what you mean by *.ejb. EJB applications are made up of several Java files and XML deployment descriptors that are packaged into an EJB jar file and deployed as a module.
Question: I have installed WebSphere Application Server 6 and now I want to change the hostname (and IP address) for deployment. How do I do that?
Answer: There are several places where the hostname and IP need to be updated. We provide scripts that enable you to do this. You can download the sample scripts.
Question: How is it possible for hot deployment in WebSphere 6.0? Is there any ANT task that supports hot deployment for WebSphere 6.0?
Answer: Yes, we provide a new feature in version 6 of WebSphere Application Server called WebSphere Rapid Deploy (WRD). WebSphere Rapid Deploy enables you to setup a special directory for automatic deployment of J2EE modules or loose annotated Java classes. There are two modes supported:
 - AuotAppInstall: Deployment of J2EE modules
 - Free Form: Deployment of annotated Java files
AutoAppInstall: You can use WRD to create a style that automates the installation, modification, and de-installation of J2EE compliant applications or modules. Instead of taking an EAR file and using wsadmin or the Web Admin UI to install that application through a multi-step wizard, you can use WRD to create a monitored directory in which you can simply place the EAR. Upon placing the EAR in the directory, WRD detects the addition of the new file and builds of the project Of course, WRD would, in addition to handling EAR files, consume individual J2EE modules (WARs, EJB jars, RARs) and construct EARs as part of its execution.
Figure 4. WebSphere Rapid Deploy
WebSphere Rapid Deployment
There is also the option of enhancing the EAR file. This enhanced EAR file contains information to allow WRD to automatically create the resources. Here is an example of using AutoAppInstall:
 - Configure the WRD workspace
 1. export WORKSPACE= C:\WRDAutoInstall
 2. $WAS_HOME/bin//wrd-config -project DeployProject -style AutoAppInstall -runtime "was60" -runtimePath "D:/WebSphere_60/AppServer" -monitor
 - Start the WRD daemon: $WAS_HOME/bin/wrd -monitor
 - Copy EAR into directory
Free form: You can also use WRD to reduce the complexity of application construction. In this scenario, instead of providing a fully-constructed J2EE application, you place in a directory the individual parts of the application, such as Java Source files that represent Servlets or EJBs, static resources, XML files, and so on. You then configure WRD to construct a J2EE compliant application and deploy that application on a target server. Free form is ideal for initial prototyping of applications or development of library code. However, use caution when using free form development for enterprise applications. Developers can quickly lose control of their build and deployment process. Here is an example of using free form:
 - Configure the WRD workspace:
 1. export WORKSPACE=D:/WRDWorkSpace
 2. $WAS_HOME/bin//wrd-config -project "MyProject" -style "freeform" -runtime "was60" -runtimePath "D:/WebSphere_60/AppServer" -monitor
 - Create a Java Servlet or EJB class in the directory using any editor.
For more information on WRD, see the WebSphere V6 Information Center.
Here is an example of the code. These were the only artifacts developed.
package com.wrdtest;
import javax.naming.InitialContext;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
 public void doGet (HttpServletRequest req,
HttpServletResponse res) throws ServletException, IOException {
 PrintWriter out = res.getWriter();
 try {
 InitialContext ctx = new InitialContext();
 HelloHome helloHome = (HelloHome)ctx.lookup("ejb/Hello");
 HelloRemote hello = helloHome.create();
 out.println("Hello, world!");
 } catch (Exception e) {
 // TODO Auto-generated catch block
package com.wrdtest;
 * _USER_ Admin
 *_USER_.session name="Hello" type="Stateless"
 * local-jndi-name="ejb/Hello"
public class MyService {
 * _USER_ symbol
 * _USER_
 * _USER_ StockException
 * _USER_.interface-method view-type="both"
 * _USER_.transaction type="Required"
 public String getMessage()
 return "Hello EJB";
Question: I am working with RAD and WebSphere 6.0. I want to deploy an EAR file with log4j, but an error appears during deployment. What is wrong? The log4j.xml is in the ear file.
[7/25/05 17:39:54:269 CEST] 00000062 ResourceMgrIm I
WSVR0049I: Binding ENT13000 as jdbc/ENT13000
[7/25/05 17:39:54:284 CEST] 00000062 EJBContainerI I
WSVR0207I: Preparing to start EJB jar: TDSLRechercheEJB.jar
[7/25/05 17:39:54:312 CEST] 00000062 EJBContainerI I
WSVR0037I: Starting EJB jar: TDSLRechercheEJB.jar
[7/25/05 17:39:54:904 CEST] 00000062 MDBListenerIm I
WMSG0058I: Listener Port ListenerPortNI will attempt to
restart in 60 seconds
[7/25/05 17:39:54:937 CEST] 00000062 ApplicationMg E
WSVR0101W: An error occurred starting, TDSLRechercheJ2EE
[7/25/05 17:39:54:945 CEST] 00000062 ApplicationMg A
WSVR0217I: Stopping application: TDSLRechercheJ2EE
[7/25/05 17:39:54:988 CEST] 00000062 EJBContainerI I
WSVR0041I: Stopping EJB jar: TDSLRechercheEJB.jar
[7/25/05 17:39:55:034 CEST] 00000062 ApplicationMg A
WSVR0220I: Application stopped: TDSLRechercheJ2EE
[7/25/05 17:39:54:770 CEST] 00000062 SystemErr
R log4j:ERROR Could not open [./log4j.xml].
[7/25/05 17:39:54: