New Developments in High Speed Imaging to Aid Aerospace Testing
By Doreen Clark, Senior Product Manager, Vision Research
Issue 79
Comprehensively testing designs in aerospace can be complex and difficult. High speed imaging lends a helping hand to understand the dynamics of designs, providing valuable information that may be otherwise difficult or impossible to gather. However, high speed imaging has its own inherent issues – it can require incredible amounts of light, can generate large amounts of data, and can incorporate trade-offs in camera size or features, for example, to achieve core frame rate and image quality capabilities.
Vision Research, designer and manufacturer of Phantom cameras, has introduced cameras and features to help address issues found in high speed imaging, making the technology more useful for the demanding testing needs found in aerospace.
Ultra-High-Speed 1Mpx family for ultimate speeds
Vision Research introduced the Phantom Ultra High Speed (UHS) family of cameras in 2013 and has since revised the platform twice to offer increased capability. The latest version has throughputs of up to 25Gpx/sec, or 25,000 frames per second (fps) at full 1 Megapixel resolution of 1280 x 800. At reduced resolutions, the cameras can achieve up to 663,250 fps, or up to 1 Million fps with the export-controlled FAST option. If an application requires a frame rate of 200,000 fps, for example, a UHS camera can provide resolution up to 360 x 200 pixels to capture more of the event. The family has four cameras offering four levels of throughput performance ranging from 12 Gpx/sec throughput to 25 Gpx/sec throughput. Researchers can buy the level of performance they need immediately, and upgrade to higher performance if the need arises in the future.
A challenge many high-speed imaging applications face is that as frame rates increase, they require significantly more light to see the image, although in many cases it is difficult to add more light. Therefore a high speed camera's light sensitivity is very important, and the Phantom Ultra-High-Speed cameras were designed with maximum light sensitivity, achieving ISO ratings of 32,000D (monochrome) and 6,400D (color).
Supporting the NASA Hypervelocity Lab
Phantom Ultra High Speed (UHS) cameras support many important aerospace and defense applications, such as the testing conducted at NASA's Remote Hypervelocity Test Laboratory. The lab simulates the effect debris has on space equipment and space suits. To closely simulate the speed debris travels in orbit, the lab fires projectiles constructed of aluminum, nylon, and stainless steel at speeds over 25,700 km/hour, more than six times faster than a rifle bullet. The speed of impact is significantly faster than the human eye can see, so to record and analyze the impact the team uses high speed cameras. They incorporated a Phantom V2512 from the Ultra High-Speed family not only to leverage the camera's 25 Gpx/sec throughput, but also its high light sensitivity. The camera was able to capture shock waves in an impact as well as other phenomena in a low light experiments, helping the team specifically determine the improvements that were needed in space craft and spacesuits, and their components.
Introducing the V2040/v2640 4Mpx Cameras for Ultimate Image Quality
In the beginning of 2018, Vision Research is introducing the Phantom v2040/v2640, a 4Mpx Ultra High-Speed camera built on the same platform as its 1Mpx cameras, to support applications that require very high image quality and detail. The v2460 provides exceptional image quality for more accurate analysis and flexibility to accommodate multiple requirements. It can achieve up to 26 Gpx/sec throughput, or 6,500 fps at full 4Mpx resolution of 2048 x 1952.
Image quality: The v2640 offers very high image quality for a clearer image and better analysis. It performs CDS directly on the sensor, providing a very high dynamic range of 63dB and very low noise of 7.4 e-. A high dynamic range provides more levels of variation in an image's tones, so that more detail can be distinguished especially in the very dark and very light regions of an image. Low noise equates to a cleaner image, allowing the small details of an experiment to be more visible and not obscured by flecks or spots in the image. While performing CDS, the camera achieves a throughput of up to 20 Gpx/sec. Additionally, it has an ISO rating of 16,000D (Monochrome), and 3,200D (Color), the highest ratings in the industry for a multi-megapixel high-speed camera. Combined, these attributes give researchers who need high resolution, high-speed imaging a cleaner, more detailed image for analysis. The low noise benefit is most evident in the dark regions of an image, which are often the most difficult to analyze.
Flexibility: The v2640 sensor is also equipped with a non-CDS mode (HS mode), to provide up to 34% higher throughput to achieve 26 Gpx/sec. It may also employ 2x2 Binning on Monochrome cameras in either CDS mode or HS mode. Binning converts the camera into a 1 Mpx camera with increased light sensitivity and throughput. For applications that require extremely low exposure times, an Export-controlled Fast option can be applied to both the CDS and HS modes, reaching as low as 500 ns in CDS mode and 150 ns in HS mode. All modes are selectable in software, and may be purchased according to need. Combined, these modes provide significant flexibility to accomplish a wide range of applications. No other sensor offers as many modes and thus, as much flexibility.
Programmable I/O: To increase flexibility in testing and experiments, the v2640 incorporates an internal pulse processor which supports programmable I/O, giving the ability to assign and define signals to manage camera activity. Signals that can be modified include F-Sync, Strobe, Event, Pre-trigger, Memgate, Timecode-out, Ready, Aux, and Auto-trigger. In most cases the signal polarity, delay, pulse width and edge (rising or falling) can be set according to the needs of the application and interfacing equipment. The ability to assign and define signals allows the camera to accommodate an application workflow more readily, giving ultimate camera control and flexibility.
Flex 4k -GS: Often, the observation of fine details from a distance requires high resolution. For example, seeing detailed shockwave movement from afar is a phenomenon that aerospace researchers typically require. In response to this need, the Phantom Flex4K-GS camera has been developed. This modification of the well-known and highly acclaimed 4K resolution media camera means that research and development now has access to image quality not previously available. The key component is the switch from a rolling shutter (low noise, improved visual quality for cinema) to a global shutter. A global shutter, allows researchers to observe quickly moving and rotating events without producing classic rolling shutter image artifacts (e.g. the bending of helicopter rotor blades). Like the media camera, the Flex4K-GS will deliver 1,000 fps at 4K resolution (4096 x 2304), 1900 at 2K resolution (2048 x 1152), and 2930 fps at 1280 x 720.
Miro N-series: The Aerospace industry is heavily influenced by structural size requirements for a variety of projects. For this reason, the tiny Phantom N-Series is the best option for recording hard-to-access events. At just over a 1-inch cube (32mm x 32mm x 29mm) this camera can fit in the smallest spaces and still deliver quality images to researchers. At full resolution (768x600), this tiny, but powerful device can deliver 560 fps and can reach over 9,000 fps at lower resolutions. Another benefit of the N-Series setup is that the camera head is attached to a base at the end of a long cable. Using CoaXPress (CXP) the protocol ensures that every image is safely stored away from the camera head. In potentially destructive environments, this means that the all required data and images are safe if the head is destroyed. The camera head is easily replaceable in the field and does not require lengthy downtime.
Features for Ease-of-Use
Often scientists and researchers are experts in their field of study, but don't have time to become experts in high speed imaging. Incorporating high speed cameras as a tool in research has its own challenges, so Phantom cameras have features to help alleviate those challenges.
Data Management: As a high speed generates a large amount of data, the UHS cameras can be equipped with up to 288GB of RAM and have 10G Ethernet as standard. 10Gb Ethernet provides up to 500 MB/second download speed to an optimized system, significantly reducing download time compares to 1Gb Ethernet. They also have an option for up to 2TB removable CineMag media. These features provide researchers quick data downloading options for easier data management and faster results.
Exposure Index: High speed applications are light starved. The higher the frame rate, the more additional light is required, so a camera's light sensitivity, typically reported as its ISO rating, is important. The sensitivity is a derivative of the sensor design and processing. In addition to the native sensitivity, post image processing can be applied through software to lighten images. However, post image processing can be


text:
Origin, Distribution and Behavior of Soils
Study of geological origin of soils as well as minerals, rocks, rock structure, weathering, glaciation, erosion, and deposition. Topics include distribution of soils in North America; residual, glacial and water-wind deposited soils; soil characteristics and behavior; engineering classification; volume-weight relationships; physical properties; and stresses within soil masses. 3 Credits (2 Lecture - 3 Lab) Prerequisite(s): ENL111 and MTH180 or ENL111 and MTH240. Corequisite(s): PHS115 or PHS201. (Writing Enriched) Fall Only.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Fishermen and scientists working together to improve information about discards in the Dutch flatfish fisheries. Collaboration between scientists and fishermen within self-sampling projects will improve fisheries catch data, include more fishers' knowledge and improve communication and understanding between the two sectors. This in turn will help fisheries managers fine-tune their policy.
Our Progress So Far
Self-sampling is a new form of research cooperation which has been developed between the Dutch fishing industry and IMARES since 2009. Self-sampling is used as a method of gathering catch data on fishing vessels, wherein:
- fishermen collect samples of their catch
- the samples are then processed by either fishermen or scientists
- the processed samples are analysed by scientists.
Because self-sampling is much cheaper than paying onboard observers, it results in many more samples, spread across a wider geographic range.
Our case study takes a closer look at three of these self-sampling programmes. The first is the self-sampling fleet providing data for the data collection regulation of the EU (approximately 21 fishing vessels); the self-sampling for monitoring the effects of the pulse-fishery (appr.20 fishing vessels) and the self-sampling in the TR gears (appr. 52 fishing vessels). The three programmes have a different set-up with different goals as well as with different methods of self-sampling.
To find out how we're progressing with our work, click on the links below.
|24 Months On: Update from the Dutch case study|
24 Months On: Marloes Kraan gives an update of the GAP2 case study in the Netherlands.
|18 Months on: Progress Update on Dutch Case Study|
Work continues on improving the selectivity of demersal fishing gear to catch less discards.
|One Year On: Progress Update on Dutch Case Study|
Progress update on Dutch case study investigating self-sampling and discards, one year into the GAP2 project.
Netherlands DenkTank to be consultative group for the Dutch discards case-study.
Over the next few months, we plan to
- Organise meetings between the scientists and fishermen involved in the self-sampling projects to discuss the results of the programmes, the method of self-sampling, the research cooperation, and the underlying knowledge of both scientists and fishermen on the topic of discards and stock assessments. We are planning for these meetings to be held in the second half of 2012 and first half of 2013.
- Write a self-samplings guidebook.
- Hold further interviews with scientists and fishers about the cooperation and the F-project and write an article on the basis of the intern's report.
- Start to make progress on addressing the discards research questions posed by the Discards Think Tank.
Case study coordinator
- A social scientist, Marloes is a researcher at the Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES).
- Marloes is interested in making fisheries research more trans-disciplinary, interactive governance in fisheries and making social science more useful to fisheries policy.
- To find out more, visit _URL_
- Email: _EMAIL_
Case Study Researcher
- Holding an MSc in Fisheries Biology, Josien's interests range from discard monitoring to exploring innovative ways of working with industry.
- Josien is a science Officer at the European Fisheries and Aquaculture Research Organisation and a project leader of cooperation projects at IMARES, Wageningen University.
- Project leader cooperation projects
- Email: _EMAIL_
Dr Paula den Hartog
Case Study Partner Organisation
- Head of Fisheries and Trade at the Dutch Fish Product Board
- Holding a PhD in in Behavioural Ecology, Paula is passionate about stakeholder involvement in fisheries management.
The optimal process of self-sampling in fisheries -lessons learned from the NetherlandsPresentation given by Marloes Kraan, Josien Steenbergen, Edwin van Helmond on 9th May 2012 at the World Fisheries Congress


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Keeping information within the domain
Blog: Dave Thinking Aloud - David French
Google Apps administrators have some useful controls and tools to track where documents are being shared. Often there is a fundamental policy about sharing outside the domain (for example, to limit exposure of privileged or private information).
An administrator can set up the Drive app to prevent sharing beyond the domain.
Note that this does not revoke existing shares! If you are closing off a loophole in your security, then you can discover the documents and files that have been shared publicly (beyond the domain) using a script or custom app like the General Audit Tool.
This also provides a means of enabling sharing of documents and files by exception. Keep the domain normally secured so that users cannot share outside the domain but open the gate briefly to share a document or folder publicly and then close it again. This is handy if you want to use Google Drive Hosting on an otherwise closed domain.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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1898 HOME > Lt. Henry H. Whitney
Lt. Henry H. Whitney
In May 1898, Lt. Henry H. Whitney of the Fourth Artillery was sent to the island on a reconnaisance mission, sponsored by the Army's Bureau of Military Intelligence. The mission was almost a disaster when newspapers leaked his identity, but he posed as a crew member in the furnace-room of the merchant ship and evaded detection by a boarding party of Spanish officers. He provided maps and information on the Spanish military presence by posing as a British merchant marine officer, and reported that the Spanish forces were few in number and poorly equipped.


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Identify regional needs from the bottom up and ensure that specific rural needs are not neglected in state/regional ITS strategic plans.
National experience with performing regional inventories and defining needs for ITS strategic plans.
Arizona,United States; Caltrans District 5 (San Luis Obispo),California,United States; Jackson County,Oregon,United States; Siskiyou County,California,United States; Colorado,United States; Kansas,United States; Minnesota,United States; Montana,United States; Nebraska,United States; New Mexico,United States; New York,United States; Oregon,United States; Washington,United States
- Needs Assessment and Regional Inventory
Regional needs and problem identification must come from the bottom up and be defined by those who are closest to them: the stakeholders of the region, their elected officials, Agency staffs responsible for the transportation system, and the customer (e.g., commuters, long-distance travelers, community residents, tourists/visitors, bus riders, etc.). As a component of the needs assessment, the region needs to conduct a comprehensive system inventory and transportation assessment. This assessment will provide understanding of what the region currently has, and will allow the further identification of "gaps."
- To develop this system inventory, planners need to review existing transportation planning documents, conduct stakeholder workshops/interviews, and distribute survey forms to their respective target audiences. With this information in-hand, planners can create tables, graphical map displays, and visuals of needs and inventory results to facilitate analysis and outreach activities.
- After identifying the needs the planners can organize individual needs into broader categories (e.g., User Services, Market Packages, etc.) to clarify the context in which it is more fully understood. With direct Stakeholder input, the next step is to prioritize the needs. Finally, the stakeholders should "map" the needs to potential ITS solutions to begin to develop an ITS vision for the Region.
- Rural Environment
Rural areas contain a set of unique transportation-related needs that cannot easily be addressed by traditional design/build methods. Therefore, the needs found in rural areas should be examined and addressed to ensure a consistent level of service for all roadways across the State/Region. For example, using a location-based, needs driven approach, one State DOT was able to focus more attention on Rural ITS applications and on applications other than congestion relief; this helped to sell ITS to a broader range of stakeholders.
These actions will increase the efficiency of the ITS system developed using the strategic plan.
Author: Charles Dankocsik, Mohsen Zarean, David Register, Karen Timpone
Published By: U.S. Department of Transportation, ITS Joint Program Office
Source Date: 7/1/2002
EDL Number: 13608
Other Reference Number: FHWA-OP-02-037URL: _URL_
Average User Rating


Marcel Dassault: Founder of Dassault Aviation and Father of the Mirage
Marcel Dassault survived two world wars and a German concentration camp to go on to produce some of the world's most iconic aircraft.
Marcel Dassault: Founder of Dassault Aviation and Father of the Mirage
Marcel Dassault Riadismet/Wikimedia Commons
Marcel Dassault, formerly Marcel Bloch, was a French electrical engineer and aircraft industrialist whose companies were responsible for some of the most iconic aircraft of the 20th Century. The youngest of four children to his doctor father Marcel would quickly show a deep interest in technological innovation. He would have a very keen interest in electricity in particular.
Marcel would later recall the moment he saw his first airplane. "One sunny day in the school playground, I looked up at the sky and saw the Count of Lambert's Wilbur Wright passing the Eiffel tower for the first time. I had never seen a plane before. There and then, I knew that aviation had become a part of my heart and thoughts".
Marcel Dassault would spend the First World War designed a revolutionary type of propeller and risked death at the hands of the German's during the Second World War. His defiance would see him interned at a Nazi concentration camp where he would almost die. Despite his poor health after the war, Marcel would go on to build one of the world's most successful aircraft manufacturers. Dassault Aviation, as they now know, built some of the world's most iconic jet fighters of the post-war era. The Dassault Mirage is one of the most unique and well-loved planes aircraft enthusiasts the world over.
Marcel would later die in 1986 and received many tributes from around the world. He even had a roundabout in Paris named after him. Not many can claim that honor.
Marcel Dassault's Early Life
Marcel Dussault was born Marcel Bloch on the 22nd January 1892. Bloch was born in Paris to his Jewish parents, Adolphe and Neomi Allatini Bloch, and he was the youngest of his parents' four children. Marcel would later be educated at the Lycee Condorcet in Paris. Later he would study Electrical Engineering and later attend Breguet School of Engineering. He would, soon after, study at the Supérieure d'Aéronautique, a school of aviation, where he graduated in 1913. Interestingly whilst attending the later, Bloch was a classmate with one Mikhail Gurevich. Mikail would later be incredibly important in the later Russian development of the MiG series of aircraft.
With the outbreak of World War in 1914 Marcel would lend his talents to France's aviation industry. Bloch used his acquired engineering skills from his time at Chalais Meudon Aeronautical Laboratory to develop a propeller called the Eclair in 1916. He also designed a twin-seater fighter, the SEA 4 in 1918 whilst working alongside Henry Potex and Louis Coroller.
Marcel Dassault: Founder of Dassault Aviation and Father of the Mirage
Spad VII sporting an Eclair propeller. Source: Dassault Aviation
Marcel Bloch married Madeleine Minckes in 1919. She was the daughter of a wealthy Jewish family of furniture dealers. The couple would later have two sons, Claude and Serge. His post-war days were spent dabbling in real estate as well as cars throughout the 1920's. During the 1930's Marcel would begin to move back towards aviation and began assembling a new team for this purpose.
Interwar years
Dassault would later remember that occasion, in his own words: "One day – or indeed I should say one evening – I was at Le Bourget airport and saw Lindbergh land the Spirit of Saint Louis after flying over the Atlantic. I understood something had changed in aviation, and that civil aviation would be born. Wilbur Wright's plane first drew me to aviation. The Spirit of Saint Louis brought me back."
In 1928, Marcel would found the Société des Avions Marcel Bloch aircraft company which produced its first aircraft in 1930. In 1935 Bloch and Henry Potez signed an agreement to buy the Bordeaux based aircraft manufacturing company Société Aérienne Bordelaise (SAB). When the leftist Front Populaire was elected to power in France in 1936 his company's were all nationalized. All company's assets, plants, and design departments were integrated into the Société Nationale des constructions aéronautiques du Sud-Ouest (SNCASO) of where he was appointed managing director.
In December of the same year, Marcel created the Société Anonyme des Avions Marcel Bloch (SAAMB). This organization was founded to manage the license fees of the Bloch planes studied before the nationalization and build engines rather than propellers. It would later be renamed Dassault Aviation post Second World War.
Second World War
In 1939 Bloch's planes were used to defend the skies of France until the countries capitulation in 1940. During the Nazi occupations of France, the country's aviation industry was, more or less, abandoned. Compulsory manufacture was the only regular aviation fabrication activity taking place but was limited to assembling and servicing of German parts.
Marcel Bloch would later refuse to collaborate with the Nazi's after the invasion. This defiance led to his arrest and incarceration in Montluc Fort, Lyons. He was joined by his wife and children at the behest of the Vichy Government in France. Being Jewish, he was later sent to Drancy concentration camp before spending another 8 months in Buchenwald in 1944 to the end of the war.
Here he was badly tortured and beaten and often held in solitary confinement. During his time at the concentration camps, his wife was interned near Paris. Bloch remained in Buchenwald until its liberation by Allied Forces in April of 1945. His mistreatment in the camps would leave him so badly crippled he could hardly walk. He was advised by doctors to settle his affairs. They did not expect him to survive, let alone recover.
Marcel Dassault: Founder of Dassault Aviation and Father of the Mirage
Marcel Bloch prior to deportation. Source: Dassault Aviation
The Bloch Eclair Propeller
Marcel Bloch, after coordinating the construction of the Caudron G3 was assigned to Farman aircraft flight test duties in Buc. "My job was to fly with the pilots and then write a report on the performance and flying qualities of each aircraft", recalled Marcel. "This led me to perform many flights as captain to check the climb times and handling of each aircraft."
Marcel would spend his spare time working on ways to improve the Caudron G3's propeller. He had noticed that the current one was not particularly efficient. Marcel has some ideas for a new design but needed a way to build one. To this end, he thought of his friend Marcel Minckes whose father was a furniture manufacturer in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine in Paris. Bloch propositioned Minckes father about potentially making his new propeller, thankfully he agreed.
Dassault would later recall of his friend's father: "[He] liked people who were bold and enterprising. So he placed at my disposal a cabinetmaker and a few lengths of walnut." With a means of production secured, Marcel Bloch personally supervised the work. "I prepared a drawing of my propeller, and I outlined the different sections, which enabled the craftsman to make the templates. I stayed at his side as he planed his propeller, in order to guide his hand towards the harmonious lines."
The Eclair goes into production
Once complete the propeller was tested at Buc by one of the Bleriot pilots. After testing was successfully completed it was presented for official testing at Villacoublay. "This propeller was recognized as the best and the furniture manufacturer who had built it under my direction [Hirch Minckès] received an initial order for 50 propellers. The price of each one was 150 francs at the time. We had to give a name to our propeller; we chose 'Eclair'.
The Eclair propeller proved very popular for Allied aircraft and was selected for use on British Sopwith reconnaissance aircraft built under license in France, the Dorand AR and, above all, the Spad, particularly the Spad VII.
Post World War Two
Marcel Bloch was to be struck down by diphtheria after the war. Between 1945 and 1953 diphtheria left him paralyzed. Despite this, he continued in his work resuming his aeronautical machinations after the war. Marcel, in an attempt to put the recent horrible past to one side, he decided to change the family name. He chose Bloch-Dassault as it was his brother's alias that he used in the French resistance. The family's name was officially changed to simply Dassault in 1949. Dassault is derived from the French char d'assault, meaning battle tank.
As Dassault, Marcel converted to Roman Catholicism in 1950.
Also at around this time, Marcel decided to diversify his business ventures into newspapers. He was at the head of Semaine de France then Jours de France, for example. He also turned his


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Find the absolute value of the difference of single-digit integers A and B such that
ABA_6 + 411_6 = 1215_6
Express your answer in base 6.
Although there are other ways to do this, I would start by converting the two right values to base ten.
The now converted equation is:
If we then subtract 151 from both sides, we get:
We can then use the equation 36A+6B+A=148, which simplifies to
The only non-extraneous values that work for this equation are A=4 and B=0
4-0=4, which makes the answer 4.


if successful
 SendMessage(mHwnd, WM_MEVALUATE, 0, 0L)
 mHwnd mIRC window, or Channel/Query/etc. window
 Returns 0 if fails, 1 if successful
 The application that sends these messages should create a
 mapped file named "mIRC" with CreateFileMapping(). When mIRC
 receives the above messages, it will open this file and use
 the data it contains to perform the command or evaluation.
 In the case of an evaluation, mIRC will output the results
 to the mapped file.
 The mapped file must be at least 1024 bytes in length.
35.Added Position Default Save/Forget menu items to system menu
 for Channel and Query/Chat windows.
36.Auto-tile/cascade no longer trigger if a window is opened in
 a minimized state.
37.mIRC now supports the numeric 005 tokens: CHANTYPES=# and
 PREFIX=(ohv)@%+ and can handle a dynamic set of channel and
 nick prefixes.
 mIRC assumes that @ is supported on all networks, any mode
 left of @ is assumed to have at least equal power to @, and
 any mode right of @ has less power.
 mIRC has internal support for @%+ modes.
 $nick() can now handle all mode letters listed in PREFIX.
 Also added support for CHANMODES=A,B,C,D token (not currently
 supported by any servers), which lists all modes supported
 by a channel, where:
 A = modes that take a parameter, and add or remove nicks
 or addresses to a list, such as +bIe for the ban,
 invite, and exception lists.
 B = modes that change channel settings, but which take
 a parameter when they are set and unset, such as
 +k key, and -k key.
 C = modes that change channel settings, but which take
 a parameter only when they are set, such as +l N,
 and -l.
 D = modes that change channel settings, such as +imnpst
 and take no parameters.
 All unknown/unlisted modes are treated as type D.
 When not connected to a server, mIRC uses default values
 of CHANTYPES=#& PREFIX=(ohv)@%+ CHANMODES=bIe,k,l
 Also added identifiers $chantypes $prefix $chanmodes.
 1. mIRC doesn't support @ or $ as a channel prefix, or $ as
 a nickname prefix, these are used internally by mIRC.
 2. Ircd coders should be aware that prefixes can change
 the way an IRC client behaves.
 eg. If a server uses the same prefixes for channels and
 nicknames, this could cause certain features in mIRC
 to behave oddly, eg. scripts, hotlinks, tab completion,
 etc. which, depending on the prefix, provide a different
 behavior or interface in non-context situations.
38.Added support for the numeric 005 token: MODES=N where N is
 the number of items allowed per /mode change. Added $modespl
39.Fixed server port not being randomly selected on each new
40.Fixed treelist in options dialog not scrolling to selected
 item in some situations when options dialog is opened.
41.Fixed local info server lookup bug, was failing if the irc
 server returned an ip address in a /userhost reply.
42.Added $var(%var,N) returns Nth matching variable name. You can
 use a wildcard for the variable name. If N is zero, returns
 total number of matching variable names. This searches both
 local and global variables. $var().value returns the value of
 the variable, $var().local returns $true/$false.
43.Added $rgb() 3dlight value.
44.Added support for numeric 005 WALLCHOPS token, mIRC will use
 /NOTICE @ : if this token is set, instead of
 using multiple targets.
45.DCC Get no longer offers resume option if incoming filesize
 is smaller than existing file.
46.$window().state and.icon return values for -2 now.
47.Fixed handling of /msg +_TAG_ messages.
48.Changed behavior of Notify dialog, no longer changes Add
 button to Update. When you edit an item it is automatically
49.Fixed bug in DNS routine, might have caused a gpf in some
 cases where the address didn't resolve.
50.Added 'Show All' menu item to notify window popup menu.
51.Added 'Grayed text' item to Colours dialog, used to gray nicks
 in notify list.
52.The protect list in control dialog can now protect a full
 nick!user@host address by using the IAL. The address can use
53.Added 'Position' menu to System menu of all windows.
54.Can now set a _USER_ icon with /window @ iconfile [N].
55.Script editor editbox can now handle 64k of text in 32bit mIRC.
56.Added $uptime(mirc | server | system, N) returns uptime in
 milli-seconds for specified item. N is optional, if N = 1 it
 returns the same format as $duration(), if N = 2 returns same
 format but without seconds, and N = 3 returns seconds instead
 of milli-seconds.
57.Added $regex([name], text, re) to parse regular expressions.
 Returns N number of strings matched.
 The list of strings for a match are referenced through
 $regbr([name], N), N = 0 returns total number of strings.
 $regbr([name], N).pos returns a strings position in text.
 $regbr() remembers the results for up to 10 names. Each time
 you do a match with $regex(), and you specify a name, that
 name's previous results are overwritten with the new results.
 $regsub([name], text, re, subtext, %var) same as $regex() but
 performs a substitution, returns N number of substitutions
 performed, and assigns result to variable %var.
 If you don't specify a name, all identifiers use a default
 name which is overwritten with each call.
 Note: mIRC uses the PCRE library (_URL_)
58.Fixed bug in $ctime() wasn't handling certain date formats.
59.Added support for! not prefix in if statements for use with
 $identifiers and %variables, eg. if (!%moo) echo no cows
60.Added nick colors section to address book, allows you to assign
 colors to a nick/address which is used to color the nick in
 messages and in the channel nick list.
 The /cnick command allows you to add or remove items from
 the colour list:
 /cnick -raniovp [nick[!user@host]] [color] [modes] [levels]
 You can use /cnick -r nick/N to remove first item that matches
 nick in the nick color list or the Nth item in the nick color
 To add or refer to an item as Any nick you can use the * char
 as the nick, * char as the mode for any mode.
 Also added $cnick(N/nick, [M]), if N returns Nth item in list,
 with properties: color, modes, levels, anymode, nomode
 If you specify a nick, returns Nth position of item in list that
 matches nick. If nick doesn't match any items, returns zero.
 To get a nick's color, you can use $cnick(nick/N).color. If nick
 doesn't match any items in the list, returns 'Normal Text' color,
 or if M = 1, returns 'Listbox text" colour.
 You can specify %vars or $identifiers as the nick.
 Note: /cline overrides color settings in the nick color list.
 You can use /cline -r to reset a nick to default color to make
 the nick color list apply to a nick.
61.Fixed bug in Tray popup menu handling.
62.Fixed DCC Send cps limit not working in fileserver.
63.Added /window -C switch, centers _USER_ on creation.
64.Replaced old $dde $read and $readini identifiers with:
 $dde(topic, name, item, [N])
 $read(filename, [ntsw], [matchtext], [N])
 $readini(filename, [n], section, item)
 The old identifiers are still supported for now but no longer
65.Added built-in ctcp flood protection for ctcp version, ping,
 finger, and time:
 5 second ignore all users for that type of ctcp
 10 second ignore that user for that type of ctcp
66.Added transparency support for desktop windows under win2k,
 options/display dialog.
67.Can now use $line() $fline() (with T = 1) and $sline() to read
 the channel nicklist.
68.Added /run -p switch, sets working path to path of the application
 being run.
69.Added support for http proxy 'basic' authorization which uses
 base64 userid


=over =item mkdir FILENAME,MASK X X X =item mkdir FILENAME =item mkdir Creates the directory specified by FILENAME, with permissions specified by MASK (as modified by C). If it succeeds it returns true, otherwise it returns false and sets C<$!> (errno). If omitted, MASK defaults to 0777. If omitted, FILENAME defaults to C<$_>. In general, it is better to create directories with permissive MASK, and let the user modify that with their C, than it is to supply a restrictive MASK and give the user no way to be more permissive. The exceptions to this rule are when the file or directory should be kept private (mail files, for instance). The perlfunc(1) entry on C discusses the choice of MASK in more detail. Note that according to the POSIX 1003.1-1996 the FILENAME may have any number of trailing slashes. Some operating and filesystems do not get this right, so Perl automatically removes all trailing slashes to keep everyone happy. To recursively create a directory structure, look at the C function of the L module. =back


Click or drag to resize
PdfPageObjectSmoothness Property
Gets or sets the precision with which color gradients are to be rendered on the output device.
Namespace: Patagames.Pdf.Net
Assemblies: Patagames.Pdf.Xamarin.iOS (in Patagames.Pdf.Xamarin.iOS.dll) Version: 4.52.2704
 Patagames.Pdf (in Patagames.Pdf.dll) Version: 4.52.2704
public float Smoothness { get; set; }
Property Value
Type: Single
A number in the range 0.0 to 1.0.
The value of this parameter gives the maximum error tolerance, expressed as a fraction of the range of each color component; smaller numbers give smoother color transitions at the expense of more computation and memory use.
The smoothness tolerance controls the quality of smooth shading (type 2 patterns and the sh operator) and thus indirectly controls the rendering performance. Smoothness is the allowable color error between a shading approximated by piecewise linear interpolation and the true value of a (possibly nonlinear) shading function. The error is measured for each color component, and the maximum error is used.The allowable error(or tolerance) is expressed as a fraction of the range of the color component, from 0.0 to 1.0. Thus, a smoothness tolerance of 0.1 represents a tolerance of 10 percent in each color component.
See Also


text:
Faculty of Graduate Studies
The Masters of Science in Water and Environmental Engineering at An-Najah National University is a foundation of leadership for environmental professionals. The Water and Environmental Studies Institute (WESI) is a well-established multidisciplinary postgraduate institute with an international reputation and high experience for excellence in water and environmental engineering. The program was designed by academic leaders in the Water and Environmental Studies Institute at An-Najah National University and benefiting from experts and programs in applied science at regional institutes and universities. The focus of the program is on studying the environmental effects and impacts of current human activities and development on the present and future (in quality and quantity and in time and space) of environmental and natural resources.
The core curriculum consisting of 36 credit hours (18 core and 18 elective courses) provides the strong foundation of fundamental water and environmental engineering required to work at the forefront of the field. A broad range of electives provides curricular flexibility to allow students to tailor their academic experience to suit professional needs and interests. The MS in water and environmental engineering program faculty at An-Najah National University includes distinguished instructors with valuable experience in the academic, public and corporate sectors. The program is thesis oriented only (30 credit hours plus 6 credit hours as a thesis) to allow much research of local water and environmental engineering related problems.
The MSc program in Water and Environmental Engineering is over twenty years old and highly popular and relevant to the present and future needs of Palestinian people and development.
All students in the MS program in Water and Environmental Engineering earn skills and tools in the following areas:
- Water resources management and hydraulic modeling
- Water resources quality
- Applied Water chemistry and microbiology
- Water resources management and modeling
- Water and wastewater treatment processes and design
- Sanitation and sewerage
- Groundwater modeling/management
- Water Rules and regulations
- Waste management and Environmental Monitoring, Analysis and Pollution control
- Ecological Management
- Environmental regulations
- Environmental Chemistry
- Environmental Management
- Environmental Planning
- Data Management including Statistical analysis, simulation, and computer modeling
- Waste Management
- Environmental Impact Assessment
The master program in water and environmental engineering and sciences promotes learning technical and technological skills and social development and economic tools and works with individuals and groups from and in the Palestinian communities using a range of formal and informal methods with will lead to better relations and engagement between people, industry, and government in relation to issues of social and economic development as well as the environment.
By improving graduate's knowledge, skills and confidence, tools, organizational ability and various computational and modeling resources, graduates from the programs would help industry solving their problems and cope with and develop with time. These skills, abilities, and tools would help to solve the various problems of local industries as well as constituting the basis for innovative initiatives to develop the sector. This program would contribute to strengthening social capital by improving the knowledge, skills, tools, abilities, confidence, motivation, networks and resources that the individuals, groups, and industries in a community or a country have.
Teaching and Learning
Teaching and learning methods adopted and used in water and environmental engineering and sciences include direct instructor lecturing through best available teaching techniques and practices and infrastructures (buildings, teaching assistants, and labs). These methods are aimed at knowledge building (new text books-up to date-used and presented to students in course works), comprehension (demonstrating understanding of terms and concepts of water and environmental engineering and sciences), application (solving problems by laboratory and field demonstration), analysis (breaking things down into their elements, formulating theoretical explanations or mathematical or logical models for observed phenomena of water and environmental engineering and sciences), synthesis (creating, design, and make-up problem solving techniques and mechanisms, and combining elements and processes in novel ways), evaluation (choosing, determining, and selecting from among alternatives).
Active learning approach is practiced in this program resulting in and emphasizing recalling prior material, responding to questions, problem-solving, explaining the written material, analytical, critical, and creative thinking, and generating questions and summarizing. In addition, cooperative learning is employed in this program by involving students to work in teams to accomplish an assigned task and produce a final product. This cooperative learning includes the following elements: positive interdependence, individual accountability, face-to-face promotive interaction, appropriate use of teamwork skills, and regular self-assessment of team functioning.
Coursework and Assessment
The program is totaled 36 credit hours: 30 credits of coursework and 6 in thesis-research work. Continuous student opinions and feedbacks are essential for checking program learning outcomes. Also, these feedbacks are important and included/considered in the program and teaching meaningful evaluation and program assessment plan. Written exams are used in all courses (first, second, and final exam) are used to evaluate and grade students in this program. An-Najah national university uses end-of-course web-based student surveys to evaluate teaching quality. While students' opinions are important and should be included in any assessment plan, meaningful evaluation of teaching must rely primarily on an assessment of learning outcomes. In addition to exams, projects and lab reports are used as measures to obtain an accurate picture of students' content knowledge and skills.
Program taught in:


text:
The mission of this paper is to examine the Soviet Union's first constitution in 1936. It attempts to analyze how the social and economic conditions presented in USSR, as well as the personality of Joseph Stalin, stimulated the need to make a constitution. It also attempts to evaluate the influence of this constitution in the contemporary Soviet Society. I would like to thank Prof. Weisensel for his kind review and precious suggestions on this research paper.
"A Brief Research on 1936 Soviet Constitution under Joseph Stalin,"
The Macalester Review:
1, Article 7.
Available at: _URL_


text:
The Bavli, Chulin 60:2, says (in my own loose translation):
Rabbi Shim'on ben Pazi noted a contradiction: [B'reshis 1:16] says, "God made the two big luminaries" and "the big luminary… and the small luminary".
The moon said to God: "Master of the world, is it possible for two kings to use one crown?"
He told her: "Go diminish yourself."
She told him: "Master of the world, because I said something proper to you I have to diminish myself?"
He told her: "Go and rule [=shine] by day and night."
(And the conversation continued further.)
Presumably this midrash is not meant literally. (Moons don't talk, for one thing.) But my question will assume it's literal. In other words, my question will be about the storyline of the midrash, assuming its premise.
My question is: In what sense was the moon diminished? Here are the two most reasonable possibilities I can see:
- The sun and moon were the same size (say, a million kilometers' diameter, like the sun is now), and the moon shrank to the 3500 kilometers' diameter it is now.
- The sun and moon were the same apparent size as viewed from earth (same angular diameter) — as they are in fact now! — and the moon shrank in the sense that now it wanes.


text:
Dred Scott Courtroom
The courtroom where the Dred Scott cases were heard is no longer in existence. In 1855, even before the Scott's campaign for their freedom ended, the courtroom received extensive renovation. The large courtroom, as originally constructed, occupied the entire west wing. An architectural flaw was discovered which threatened the wing's ceiling on the first floor, and additional support was required. As a result, a new corridor running on an east-west axis was added, dividing the large courtroom where the Scott trials were heard into two smaller courtrooms. A display about the trial is exhibited in this corridor, near the original site.
Did You Know?
The Museum of Westward Expansion at the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial contains over 150 quotes from diaries, journals, letters and speeches. The designers of the museum felt the actual words of nineteenth century pioneers were the most powerful way to tell their story. Click to learn more. More...


For those new to Fantom BedSheet, this article explains how to create a simple web application with just 3 small text files.
Every project has meager beginnings and web applications are no different. So our Bed Nap application will begin by serving up a single static web page.
Project Structure
To do this, we need 3 files / classes. A build script to build the project, an AppModule to configure BedSheet and a class to generate the HTML.
Create the files in the following directory structure:
 |-- fan/
 | |-- pages/
 | | '--
 | '--
Let contain only the bare essentials:
select all
using build
class Build : BuildPod {
 new make() {
 podName = "bednap"
 summary = "The Bed Nap Tutorial"
 version = Version("1.0.0")
 meta = [
 "" : "Bed Nap Tutorial",
 "afIoc.module" : "bednap::AppModule"
 depends = [
 "sys 1.0",
 "afIoc 3.0.2 - 3.0",
 "afBedSheet 1.5.2 - 1.5"
 srcDirs = ['fan/', 'fan/pages/']
 resDirs = [,]
Our pod is called bednap (all lowercase) and it depends on IoC and BedSheet. We have also declared the location of our AppModule in the meta section. does contain a lot of information, so see Inside a Fantom Pod Build for a more detailed explanation.
Note how for the tutorial we've locked down the versions of IoC and BedSheet by specifying full version numbers. The versions have been locked down to ensure this tutorial will always compile, even if future versions of the libraries aren't backwards compatible.
Make sure you have the correct versions of IoC and BedSheet installed in your current Fantom environment by running these commands:
C:\> fanr install -r "afIoc 3.0.2 - 3.0"
C:\> fanr install -r "afBedSheet 1.5.2 - 1.5"
Every IoC application, and hence every BedSheet application, defines an AppModule. The AppModule is the central configuration point and effectively binds the app together.
select all
using afIoc
using afBedSheet
const class AppModule {
 _USER_ { serviceType=Routes# }
 Void contributeRoutes(Configuration config) {
 config.add(Route('/', IndexPage#render))
Our AppModule adds a single Route to the BedSheet Routes service. The above code states that when a client requests the root URL / then it should return the result of the IndexPage.render() method.
Page classes conceptualise everything that concerns a particular URL, in this case IndexPage is concerned with the index url /. For now, it just returns HTML.
select all
using afBedSheet
class IndexPage {
 Text render() {
 html := """
 Bed Nap Tutorial
 return Text.fromHtml(html)
Text is a special BedSheet object that, when returned from a request handler method such as IndexPage.render(), is converted into an appropriate HTTP response and sent to the browser / client.
As you can see, the render() method just returns a basic HTML string using Fantom's multiline syntax.
The class and method may be any visibility (private, internal, etc...). We'll leave them as default (public) to save on typing!
Build and Run
To build the pod, just run
compile [bednap]
 Compile [bednap]
 FindSourceFiles [2 files]
 WritePod [file:/C:/Apps/fantom-1.0.66/lib/fan/bednap.pod]
Lets start BedSheet and run the web application:
select all
C:\Projects\bednap>fan afBedSheet -env dev bednap -port 8069
[afBedSheet] Found pod 'bednap'
[afBedSheet] Found mod 'bednap::AppModule'
[afBedSheet] Starting Bed App 'bednap' on port 8069
[afIocEnv] Setting from cmd line argument '-env' : dev
 ___ __ _____ _
 Alien-Factory BedSheet v1.5.2, IoC v3.0.2 /___/
IoC Registry built in 287ms and started up in 709ms
Bed App 'bednap' v1.0.0 listening on http://localhost:8069/
Note how we started BedSheet with the option -env dev, this is short for specifying a development environment.
By default, BedSheet starts up in production mode. By specifying -env dev BedSheet starts up in development mode. The main, and currently only, difference between the two is the amount of detail given in the error and 404 pages. Production mode gives a single one-liner whilst development mode gives a bucket load of system debug info. When in development, you'll want development mode, trust me!
Anyway, visit http://localhost:8069/ and you should see:
My First BedApp Screenshot
Tidy Up
The web application works as is, but we're going to address a couple of loose ends.
Const is Cool
Wisp works in the following standard way, when a HTTP request comes in, it assigns an Actor (thread) to handle the processing of that request. Therefore all HTTP requests run in separate requests. That includes page requests, image requests and CSS requests - doesn't matter if they're from the same or different browsers, each request is handled by a different Actor / thread.
In the article From One Thread to Another... I redefine the keyword const as meaning thread-safe. This means that non-const classes are not thread-safe!
IndexPage currently is not const. That means it is not thread safe. Which means it can not be re-used by different threads / HTTP requests. So BedSheet is forced to create a new instance of IndexPage for each and every request for the URL /. While it is not a massive overhead, it is still a waste.
The answer? Make it const.
const class IndexPage {
Now it IS thread-safe and BedSheet will only ever create the ONE instance of IndexPage and will share it between all HTTP requests.
The same principle applies to all Route handlers and IoC services. Non-const classes are re-created for each request whilst const versions are cached and re-used.
Proxy On
After you've updated IndexPage you need to...
 - stop BedSheet,
 - build a new pod,
 - re-start BedSheet and
 - refresh your browser.
That can quickly get annoying in web development where you're constantly making tiny changes. To help you out BedSheet can be started in Proxy mode.
When that happens BedSheet starts its own tiny web app on the port you specify (8069), and the main web application on another port (8070). The tiny web app acts as a simple proxy, forwarding all http requests to the main web app and returning the response; with one important difference...
The proxy app also monitors the pod files in the your Fantom environment. Should any of them change / get updated then it kills the main web app and restarts it.
This means that once BedSheet is running in proxy mode, to see code changes you just need to re-build your pod and refresh your browser!
To use BedSheet's development proxy, just add -proxy to the BedSheet command:
select all
C:\Projects\bednap>fan afBedSheet -proxy -env dev bednap 8069
[afBedSheet] Starting BedSheet Proxy on port 8069
[web] WispService started on port 8069
[afBedSheet] Cached the timestamps of 42 pods
[afBedSheet] Launching BedSheet WebApp 'bednap' on port 8070
[afBedSheet] Executing external process:
java -cp... -Dfan.home=... afBedSheet::MainProxied -pingProxy -pingProxyPort 8069 -env dev bednap 8070
[web] WispService started on port 8070
[afBedSheet] Starting Bed App 'bednap' on port 8070
[afBedSheet] Found pod 'bednap'
[afBedSheet] Found mod 'bednap::AppModule'
[afIoc] Adding module definitions from pod 'bednap'
[afIoc] Adding module bednap::AppModule
[afIoc] Adding module afBedSheet::BedSheetModule
[afIoc] Adding module afIocConfig::IocConfigModule
[afIoc] Adding module afIocEnv::IocEnvModule
 ___ __ _____ _
 Alien-Factory BedSheet v1.5.2, IoC v3.0.2 /___/
IoC Registry built in 387ms and started up in 1,709ms
[afBedSheet] Starting AppDestroyer. Pinging proxy every 1sec...
Bed App 'Bed Nap Tutorial' listening on http://localhost:8069/
In the logs above you can see the proxy starting up first followed by the main bednap web app.
When you rebuild the pod and refresh you will log output like this:
[afBedSheet] Pod 'bednap' pod was updated 8min 20sec ago
[afBedSheet] Killing BedSheet WebApp 'bednap'
[afBedSheet] Launching BedSheet WebApp 'bednap' on port 8070
[afBedSheet] Exec


5,6,7,8 \rbrace$$.
However, in our experiment, when we get a one, we throw the dice again, and we can obtain again a number between $$1$$ and $$8$$.
The smallest result that we can obtain is $$2$$ (if we get a $$1$$ the first time, and another $$1$$ the second time), and the biggest result is $$9$$ if we get a $$1$$ the first time, and $$8$$ the second time). Therefore, our sample space is $$\Omega=\lbrace 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 \rbrace $$.
Note that "$$1$$" is not an elementary event of our experiment, since we will never be able to obtain one as result by adding two throws together.
We cannot obtain a result less than $$2$$, so that $$A=\emptyset$$. That is, $$A$$ is an impossible event.
The events that satisfy $$B$$ are $$5$$ and $$6$$ since if we get any of those, the event is satisfied. Therefore, $$B=\lbrace 5,6 \rbrace$$.
To calculate $$C$$, we have to look at which are the multiples of three of our sample space. In our case, we have $$3,6,9$$. Therefore, $$C=\lbrace 3,6,9 \rbrace$$.


Sink or swim? Bone density as a mechanism for buoyancy control in early cetaceans
Previous analyses have shown that secondarily aquatic tetrapods, including whales, exhibit osteological adaptations to life in water as part of their complex buoyancy control systems. These structural specializations of bone span hyperostosis through osteoporosis. The past 15 years of paleontological effort has provided an unprecedented opportunity to examine the osteological transformation of whales as they make their transition to an obligate aquatic lifestyle over a 10-million-year period. It is hypothesized that whales manifest their osteological specialization in the same manner as extant semiaquatic and fully aquatic mammals. This study presents and analysis of the microstructural features of bone in early and late archaic cetaceans, and in a comparative sample of modern terrestrial, semiaquatic, and aquatic mammals. Bone histology was examined from the ribs of 10 fossilized individuals representing five early cetacean families, including Pakicetidae, Ambulocetidae, Protocetidae, Remintonocetidae, and Basilosauridae. Comparisons were then made with rib histology from nine genera of extant mammals including: Odocoileus (deer), Bos (cow), Equus (horse), Canis (dog), Lutra (river otter), Enhydra (sea otter), Choeropsis (pygmy hippo), Trichechus (sea cow), and Delphinus (dolphin). Results show that the transition from terrestrial, to semiaquatic, to obligate aquatic locomotion in archaeocetes involved a radical shift in bone function achieved by means of profound changes at the microstructural level. A surprising finding was that microstructural change predates gross anatomical shift in archaeocetes associated with swimming. Histological analysis shows that high bone density is an aquatic specialization that provides static buoyancy control (ballast) for animals living in shallow water, while low bone density is associated with dynamic buoyancy control for animals living in deep water. Thus, there was a shift from the typical terrestrial form, to osteopetrosis and pachyosteosclerosis, and then to osteoporosis in the first quarter of cetacean evolutionary history. Anat Rec, 290:638–653, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mammals and reptiles that secondarily invade aquatic niches typically undergo remarkable structural transformations related to the mechanical constraints of locomotion in water versus land. Although the most obvious skeletal changes occur at the gross anatomic level, equally dramatic modifications occur in the structural properties of bone tissue, ranging across extremely high to extremely low density (for a review of literature, see Ricqles and Buffrenil, 2001). These adaptations are recognized as variable strategies for managing buoyancy (Taylor, 2000).
There are several well documented transitions of extinct reptiles to aquatic dependence; the past 15 years have provided us with unprecedented paleontological documentation of the early evolutionary transformation of the mammalian Order Cetacea, which includes modern whales, dolphins, and porpoises (see review in Uhen, 2007, this issue). Whereas recent fossil discoveries have led to many reports documenting cetacean phylogeny, functional morphology, sensory adaptations, and physiology, there has been no systematic examination of the structural properties of fossil cetacean bone.
This finding is of particular interest, since the earliest examination of fossil cetacean bone, that of 40 million-year-old, fully aquatic taxa Basilosaurus and Zygorhiza, indicated that both possess pachyosteosclerotic ribs, similar to modern members of Sirenia (Buffrenil et al., 1990). However, with few exceptions, modern cetaceans universally exhibit osteoporotic bone in all skeletal elements but the vertebrae and skull (Ricqles and Buffrenil, 2001).
The questions of interest here are ecomorphological. It is now possible to examine bone from the 10 million year period preceding Basilosaurus and Zygorhiza, which includes four additional archaic cetacean families: (from oldest to youngest) the Pakicetidae, Ambulocetidae, Remingtonocetidae, and the Protocetidae. The Pakicetidae are found in Early Eocene stream deposits of Northern Pakistan. While their skeletons were originally described as adapted for running (Thewissen et al., 2001), subsequent detailed analysis of the postcrania noted systemic hyperostosis, a condition incompatible with safe, energetically efficient cursoriality (Madar, 2007). Ambulocetus, a representative of the second family that occurred a million years later in the Middle Eocene of Northern Pakistan, lived in transitional marine environments, and showed more overt specialization toward aquatic locomotion, with lengthened distal limb segments, and axial modifications related to dorsoventrally propulsed aquatic locomotion (Thewissen et al., 1994, 1996). Osteosclerosis was noted in its long bones (Thewissen et al., 1996). Members of the Remingtonocetidae and the Protocetidae, from the middle Eocene of Indo-Pakistan and North America (protocetids only) bridge the chronological and morphological gap between the earliest freshwater and marine cetaceans. The Basilosauridae are middle to late Eocene archaeocetes, which contain the sister group to all modern cetaceans. Basilosauridae contain two subfamilies: Basilosaurus of the basilosaurinae (Buffrénil et al., 1990), and Zygorhiza, a member of the dorudontinae that exhibits essentially modern cetacean body form—more flipper like forelimbs, tremendously reduced hind limbs, and advanced feature of the vertebral column associated with oscillatory swimming and the presence of a tail fluke (Uhen, 1998).
The aim of this study is to document the microstructural features of bone over the first 10 million years of cetacean evolution in the fossil groups outlined above. Data from this study will help determine whether the mechanism for developing a static buoyancy control system apparent in early and late archaic cetaceans is the same, and whether other semiaquatic mammals that have documented high bone density achieve hyperostosis in a similar way. The ultimate goals are twofold: to gain clearer understanding of how transitional species made use of aquatic and terrestrial habitats, and to elucidate the physiological mechanisms involved in developing a static buoyancy control system.
Histological approaches can help address all of these questions. Previous research links certain bone tissue types to relative rates of growth. Plexiform or laminar bone formation as well as high and low bone densities have been associated with tetrapod transitions back to aquatic niches (Buffrenil et al., 1990).
Paleontological Sample
The earliest published comparative work on archaeocete bone histology used rib sections, on account of the well-documented thoracic ballast of modern Sirenia. In addition to being used in the only previous analysis of archaeocete bone, rib specimens are also readily available for destructive sampling, due both to their numbers represented in the fossil record, and their less central role in studies of locomotion.
Ichthyolestes pinfoldi (Pakicetidae) is the smallest pakicetid archaeocete. Adult size approximately 1.4 m in length, known from the Ypresian (early Eocene) freshwater Lower Kuldana Formation of Punjab Province, Pakistan (Williams, 1998). H-GSP 96198 is a fragment of a mid-thoracic rib, distal half of a diaphysis, recovered in isolation from H-GSP Locality 62.
Pakicetus attocki (Pakicetidae) is the largest pakicetid archaeocete. Adult size approximately 2.5 m in length, known from the Ypresian (early Eocene) freshwater Lower Kuldana Formation of Punjab Province, Pakistan (Williams, 1998). H-GSP (Howard University-Geological Survey of Pakistan) 96355 is a mid-thoracic rib diaphysis, while H-GSP 96602 is the distal half of a more distal rib. Both specimens were isolated fragments recovered from the H-GSP Locality 62 and are not likely from the same individual.
Ambulocetus natans (Ambulocetidae) is approximately 5 m in length. A single, partially articulated skeleton H-GSP 18507 was recovered from the Lutetian (middle Eocene) marine Upper Kuldana Formation of Punjab Province, Pakistan (Williams, 1998). Four fragmentary rib samples were collected from H-GSP 18507 that preserved at least some portion of the cortical bone.
Kutchicetus minimus (Remingtonocetidae) is approximately 3 m in length. A single, partially articulated skeleton, IITR/SB (Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, curated by Sunil Bajpai) 2647 was recovered from the shallow marine Harudi Formation of District Kachchh, State of Gujarat, India (Bajpai and Thewissen, 1998). Four fragmentary rib specimens were collected from the type specimen, from Locality Godhatad.
Remingtonocetus sp. (Remingtonocetidae) IITR/SB 2653 is a fragmentary rib from a partial skeleton of a single individual. It was recovered from the middle Eocene Lutetian, Harudi Formation of Kach


text:
Climate change impacts on European crop production – new HFFA Research Paper published!
This summer news on extreme weather events is ubiquitous. Central Europe experienced unprecedented dry spells and heat waves leading to stress for humans and also agricultural crops. This raises the important question: What exactly are the climate change impacts on crop production in Europe?
The answer to this question can now be found in our latest research paper: in HFFA Research Paper 01/2019, we explore the climate change impacts on European arable farming that can already be observed today. And we also take a look at impacts that are projected to occur in the future.
The paper was written by a team from HFFA Research and the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK): Sophia Lüttringhaus, Steffen Noleppa, Christoph Gornott and Hermann Lotze-Campen.


text:
Chinese Luogu Percussion Ensembles
The Lion's Roar is an exciting introduction to the fire and fury of traditional percussion ensembles. For the first time in English, readers are presented with the cultural and historical background of the tradition, an overview of instruments, and transcriptions for eleven ensembles, four of which include songs featuring melody instruments and Chinese words.
The text is engaging and easy to follow, and the ensembles are appropriate for use by groups from elementary school through adult. Music and social studies faculty, students of Chinese music and culture, and ethnomusicologists will find The Lion's Roar fascinating, thorough and very accessible.
Ensembles include: Lion Dances, Dragon Dance, Festival Parade, Flower-ball Dance, processionals, and others.
The 8.5" x 11" book includes:
- Copy-OK transcriptions for each piece
- Mnemonics (chanted rhythm patterns) for each piece
- Step-by-step guide to mastery and performance
- Cultural Context
- Guides for adapting classroom instruments
- 16 photographs; paper-cuts, drawings
- Glossary and Pronunciation Guide
The companion audio recording includes:
- Chinese ensemble directed by Han
- Mnemonics and performances as written in the book
- Every selection in the book is on the recording
Set of 13 full color downloadable images (created from the original slides) with teacher's guide includes photos of:
- Traditional Chinese instruments
- Performing ensembles
- Lion Dance
Downloadable PDFs, Performance/
(both Print and Downloadable versions: 66.3MB download)


Meteorite (biome)
From Terraria Wiki
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A Meteorite biome is a location where a Meteorite has crash-landed. When this event occurs, it leaves a crater lined with Meteorite ore somewhere in the World. This event always occurs off-screen, so the player will only see a message and the resulting crash site, but never the impact itself. Meteorite biomes have the same theme music as the Blood Moon, but somewhat different spawned enemies, though there is only one unique enemy type: the Meteor Head.
Meteorite crash sites provide Meteorite, a crafting material that can be crucial to game advancement. Meteorite Ore requires a Gold or Platinum Pickaxe or better to mine. Touching Meteorite blocks causes damage to the player, unless they have the Obsidian Skull, Obsidian Shield, Obsidian Horseshoe or Ankh Shield accessory equipped, or are using an Obsidian Skin Potion.
When a Meteorite crash occurs, the player is notified by a chat message: "A meteorite has landed!". Meteorites can land anywhere, including Floating Islands, inside of a Chasm, or the Dungeon. Meteorites can even land at the bottom of a body of water. The Meteorite replaces dozens of blocks deep with Meteorite in a crater pattern.
Warning: If you have built a skybridge, the meteorite will not land beneath it. If a meteorite strikes your skybridge, only the bridge is converted into Meteorite ore. A meteor's blast radius is ~20 blocks.
[edit] Contents
Meteorite (biome)
Enemies Unique drops
Meteor Head.png Meteor Head
From Meteor Heads/terrain:
From Meteor Heads
[edit] Conditions
A Meteorite crash site has a 50% chance of spawning the next midnight after a Shadow Orb or a Crimson Heart is smashed. (The meteorite, if rolled, will spawn immediately if the Orb is smashed between midnight and dawn.) Additionally, each night has a 2% chance that a Meteorite will fall, if at least one Shadow Orb or Crimson Heart has already been smashed in the World.
Once the conditions are met, multiple Meteorites will land in a World over time. However none will fall if there are already a certain number of Meteorite blocks above 0 depth. The limits are:
 - Small worlds: 400
 - Medium worlds: 600
 - Large worlds: 800
16% of the world centered on your spawn point is protected from falling meteors. Also, meteors won't fall within 25 blocks of a player, NPC or a chest.
[edit] Mining
A player fights off Meteor Heads in a semi-mined meteorite crash-site.
Main article: Meteorite
The Meteorite's primary use is in providing the player with Meteorite ore, allowing them to craft Meteorite Bars at a Furnace to then craft a variety of items.
Meteorite requires a Gold or Platinum Pickaxe or Bombs/Dynamite to mine and an Obsidian Skull, Obsidian Shield, Obsidian Horseshoe, or Obsidian Skin Potion in order to touch its blocks without taking damage. Mining can be achieved without Obsidian equipment, as picking up mined Meteorite Ore does not cause damage, though the player will likely have a harder time without being able to walk on Meteorite blocks. Mining without Obsidian equipment can be done safely by covering the meteor site in a single layer of sand blocks, creating a platform that follows the top layer of Meteorite as it is mined away.
Meteor Heads will continuously spawn and attack as the player is in the vicinity of a Meteorite crash site that hasn't been mined away yet. Meteor Heads fly, follow the player as they move, and can pass through all blocks, so it can be difficult for players without good defenses and weapons to attempt to mine Meteorite.
Once most of the Meteorite has been mined away (less than 50 Meteorite blocks remain unmined; about 10%), the area will cease to be considered a Meteorite biome. The music will change back to normal and Meteor Heads will stop spawning, although the remaining Meteor Heads will still attack. Afterwards, the remainder of the Meteorite can be safely mined or ignored.
[edit] Tips
 - Meteorites impact the highest-altitude blocks they encounter in a given area. If you have built a sky bridge, even one composed of Wood Platforms, the Meteorite has a good chance of landing on that bridge. Having a low density of blocks to replace means you will not obtain the intended yield of Meteorite from the event. It may be advisable to destroy any paths in the sky before destroying a Shadow Orb in order to get the full yield of Meteorite, as it is a valuable resource and the event can be rare. If you have an abundance of Wire and Active Stone Blocks, you could also create a Sky Bridge with these materials, then switch off the Bridge before smashing a Shadow Orb.
 - A pickaxe can be used to knock back Meteor Heads if the player strategically repositions themselves as they spawn.
 - With two players, one player with the Vilethorn can protect the mining player rather easily if they stick together. (The Vilethorn will kill a Meteor Head in one direct hit, and it goes through walls as do the Meteor Heads.
 - If only one player is available, quickly switching between the Vilethorn and a Pickaxe to, respectively, defend yourself from the Meteor Heads and mine the Meteorite will be sufficient to mine the Meteor with relative ease.
 - Even if a meteorite lands on a Floating Island, Harpies and Wyverns will not stop spawning.
 - Console only.pngIn Hardmode, it can be useful to place enough Meteorite Ore in Underground Hallow, Underground Corruption, Underground Crimson, Underground Jungle or Underground Snow to spawn Meteor Heads instead of Hardmode Enemies, enabling an easy way of collecting Souls and Biome Key Molds.
 - NOTE: In the PC version, Meteor Heads no longer drop anything once Hardmode is activated. Although this makes the technique useless for obtaining enemy drops, it remains useful for mining relatively unimpeded.
 - If a piece of Obsidian equipment isn't available, it's worth noting that angled Meteorite blocks can be touched without taking damage. Leaving a brick alone every few rows and angling it with a Hammer will allow you to use it as a platform to dig deeper down.
Bug.png Bug : If a meteorite falls in the Crimson, the Crimson music will still play when near the meteorite. Meteor Heads will still spawn. Corruption biomes appear to act the same way.
Bug.png Bug : A meteorite has an extremely rare chance that it may crash into your world even though no Crimson Hearts or shadow orbs have been broken yet.
[edit] History
Game mechanics


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Spectranomics: Chemical and spectral fingerprinting of tropical canopies
Tropical forests are vast, mostly unexplored places. The trees, vines and other plants that occupy tropical forest canopies are often remote and inaccessible. As a result, it is not easy to assess how the diversity and functioning of tropical forests may be changing with human use and climate change.
The Carnegie Institution is developing new scientific approaches that integrate phylogenetic, chemical and spectral remote sensing perspectives - collectively called Spectranomics - to map canopy function and biological diversity throughout tropical forests of the world. This website provides information on field and laboratory activities, along with data, protocols, publications, and other information on the project.
The Spectranomics Project is made possible by the generous support of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.
Showing changes from previous revision.


Personalize the display name for dual phone numbers
If your SIM card supports more than one phone number, you can personalize the display name for your phone numbers to help with switching between lines.
 2. Click Device > Advanced System Settings > SIM Card.
 3. Highlight a phone number.
 5. In the Friendly Name field, type a display name for the phone number.
 6. Press the Enter key on the keyboard.


The Skincare Miracle Called "Centella Asiatica"
A new ingredient is making waves in the beauty community. More and more skincare companies are incorporating CentellaAsiatica in their products. CentellaAsiatica (also known as Asiatic pennyworth, Brahmi, tiger grass, cica, and gotu kola) is popular for one thing: its hydrating and anti-aging, skin-loving properties.
Origin Story: What Is Cica and Where Did It Come From?
Cica plant
CentellaAsiatica is a perennial herb that can be found primarily in Asian countries, such as India, Sri Lanka, Japan, and China. It can also be found in some parts of the US and Australia. Dubbed one of the "miracle elixirs of life," this small plant's medicinal properties are due to its high antioxidant content, which protects the body's neurons from oxidative damage due to free radicals.
For years, it enjoyed use as both a medicinal and culinary ingredient, but like most traditional plant extracts, it's now gaining popularity as an ingredient for skincare products.
This swamp-dwelling plant made its debut in South Korean cica creams a few years ago. Eventually, American brands like Estee Lauder began incorporating the ingredient in their products, although on an on and off basis over the years.
Western beauty brands call cica the "hottest new ingredient in skincare," while cica creams have become cornerstones of cult K-beauty products. But is CentellaAsiaticareally worth the hype?
Cica as a Super Skincare Wonder
Korean using Cica product
CentellaAsiatica isn't just a fad — it offers benefits for different skin types, thanks to its active compounds.
Sensitive Skin
Many of cica's purported benefits boil down to its ability to calm inflammation. Madecassoside, an active compound in CentellaAsiatica, boosts antioxidant activity in your skin, reducing inflammation due to allergic reactions or wounds. It is a rich source of amino acids that soothe irritated or compromised skin.
Combined with other skincare ingredients (such as snail extract), CentellaAsiatica extract can cool the skin and reduce redness due to inflammation.
Oily and Acne-Prone Skin
Acne scarring is one of the top concerns of people with oily and acne-prone skin. Manage the symptoms of your acne by treating blemish scars with products rich in CentellaAsiatica. Its active compounds promote quicker skin tissue repair (fibroblast proliferation), as well as increases your skin's collagen production.
Unlike other acne treatments that use harsh astringents or alcohol, cica is a gentle, antibacterial solution for pimples. One of its active compounds, Madecassic acid, not only stops inflammation due to acne. It also aids in reducing acne breakouts.
All of these make cica a double whammy of an ingredient — it inhibits pimple formation and heals the scars acne can leave behind.
Dark Spots
If you want a clear complexion free of sun damage, you're in luck. Cica's madecassoside acid helps mitigate UV-induced hyperpigmentation.
Cica also repairs your skin's barriers after they are damaged to prevent pimples and other skin conditions like psoriasis and eczema. CentellaAsiatica's wound-healing properties prevent the inflammation of blemishes and scarring.
Dry Skin
If your skin is begging for some deep hydration, cica is a rich source of amino acids that aid in the maintenance of your skin's hydration levels.
As mentioned, cica can also repair your skin's barrier. A strong skin barrier means it can lock moisture in the skin and fight off environmental aggressors and free radicals, preventing them from irritating your complexion.
CentellaAsiatica also increases the blood flow to the skin, which ensures nutrients and oxygen are properly delivered to your skin cells, giving you a bright and radiant look.
Wrinkling and Aging Skin
CentellaAsiatica has high levels of skin-loving phytochemicals. It is rich in vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B1 and B2, carotene, and niacin. When you combine all of these vitamins and minerals, you get an extract that brightens your skin and fights premature aging.
Cica's high levels of antioxidants also promote better collagen production. One of the culprits behind skin aging is the decrease in the amount of Type 1 Collagen in the dermis, which is the layer between your subcutaneous tissue and epidermis. Asiaticoside, another active compound in cica, is an anti-wrinkle ingredient that induces the production of Type 1 collagen, which helps keep your skin youthful.
CentellaAsiatica's ability to boost collagen levels has also proved this herb's ability to treat cellulite.
Given the countless benefits related to cica extract, there's no denying that this ingredient is a must-have in your skincare regimen. You can add CentellaAsiatica to your daily routine in the form of Linovera Oil, a skin-friendly moisturizer designed to hydrate, rejuvenate, and brighten your skin.
Moisturize Your Skin with Linovera Oil
Linovera Oil
Linovera Oil's claim to fame is its use of the powerhouse botanical CentellaAsiatica. Developed by European skincare and reconstruction specialists, this everyday skincare product prevents premature skin aging, restores your skin's hydration, and reduces the appearance of dark spots.
Add Linovera Oil to your skincare routine to enhance your skin's moisture. This special oil softens dry and cracked heels, elbows, and other parts of your body. Its CentellaAsiatica content (combined with aloe vera and hyperoxygenated essential fatty acids) can moisturize even the driest skin conditions in the gentlest way possible.
Linovera Oil is ideal for the daily care of sensitive and fragile skin. We recommend using this moisturizing product for the following cases:
Linovera Oil might be in oil form, but its formula is light and non-sticky. Your skin will quickly absorb the formula, leaving it smooth, soft, and not sticky.
Instructions for Use
Linovera Oil has a clean application process thanks to its dosage pump. Simply apply a pump or two's worth of the oil to selected areas of your body. Massage the product gently with your fingertips to ensure the oil is distributed evenly. Repeat the application on the affected area two to three times per day.
A little Linovera Oil goes a long way. You don't need much of the product for it to fully spread on your face and body, saving you money on moisturizer! No matter what your skin type or skin condition is, CentellaAsiatica extract might be the best thing for nourishing your skin. Give your skin its daily dose of cica and other skin-loving nutrients by using Linovera Oil every day.
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wikiHow to Stay Organized and on Task with the OPA Tool
Community Q&A
The OPA tool is a tool that people may use to stay organized and on task. Read this article for tips on how you can stay organized and on task with the OPA tool.
 1. 1
 Make a list, one item per row, of tasks, chores, errands, to-do's, short term goals, etc. Do not number them, but leave a space to the left of each item (Write each item as it comes to mind, not in any sort of order. Prioritizing comes next.).
 2. 2
 Go through the list and prioritize, 1 being the most important, then 2, and so on. You may want to consider which items you can feasibly knock out the next day and give them top priority, as OPA should be done each night before bed, to relieve you of thinking of everything you need to do the next day(s), week, month, etc.
 3. 3
 Each day, wake up and knock out items in priority order. If something new comes up, or you remember something, add the item to the bottom of the list and the number using decimal, wherever you need to fit it in according to priority. Use 1.1 for an item that needs to go between prioritized items 1 and 2. If you need to add other items between 1 and 2, use 1.2, 1.3, and so on. If an addition comes between 3 and 4, use 3.1, etc.
 4. 4
 When you complete an item on the list, cross out the number. If you don't complete items, or can't get to them for some reason, put a circle around the number. These circled incomplete/unattended items are already numbered in priority (smallest number to largest) and should be added and prioritized accordingly to the next days' OPA list. Re-prioritize as needed.
 5. 5
 Items can be re-prioritized at any point during the day, should something suddenly become less important. Simply cross out the item. Re-add it to the bottom of the list, and use the decimal system to put it where it fits back in priority wise.
 6. 6
 Experiment with OPA. Customize it to meet your needs.
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 Categories: Time Management & Personal Organization
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Gleninchaquin Park closed due to Weater
Gleninchaquin – The History of a Valley
Kate Landers_FH54537And8more_tonemapped-Edit-1
Objectives of survey:
 1. Provide an accurate record of the people that have lived in the valley.
 2. Connect the recently uncovered dwellings with the people that had lived there as part of the preparation for their restoration.
Both of these surveys are part of ongoing studies and we welcome any interest from institutions and individuals with expertise in these fields. Work on the restoration of the 18th century farm was completed back in 2012.


Stratford sub Castle and the oldest road in Britain
by Kerry O'Connor
Stratford sub Castle lies on one possible route of a possible road that would pre-date it by a thousand years and is, possibly, the oldest road in Britain.
The Icknield (Icenhilde, Icenhylte, Icenilde, Icenhilde, Rykeneld, Hikenilde, Hicknel, Hecknal) Way is a pre Roman and perhaps even pre Iron Age route from (Old) Sarum (and perhaps from Exeter) to East Anglia, the territory of the Iceni who may have given their name to it. A Mid 13th C map (Mathew Paris, Scema Britannie, British Library) shows it running from (Old) Sarum to Bury St Edmunds. A different and later Icknield route appears in 14th C sources and includes a Roman section called Icknield Street. It runs north south in Worcestershire and Warwickshire. Some authors call the Icknield Way the oldest road in Britain, others call it a mediaeval myth erroneously linking shorter probably younger tracks together. The Iceni did trade with the south west so a trade route is possible and where a choice is available ridgeways seem more sensible than valley floors and multiple river crossings.
"It keeps along the edge of Groveley Woods and within sound of the nightingales until it bends down to Salisbury ; once probably it or a higher parallel course went over a ford to Old Sarurn, and evidently it is vastly older than the eighteenth-century mile-stones, (The Icknield Way. Thomas, Edward 1916 pages 20 -21). South west of Old Sarum it may be the same route as the Ackling Dyke to Badbury (Origines Celticae, Guest, Edwin 1883 Vol II page 230)
King Edgar (10th C) introduced "The King's Peace", revived by Edward The Confessor, confirmed by William the Conqueror (both 11th C) whereby offences committed on the four principal roads "Watlinge, Fosse, Hikenilde and Erming" were tried by the King's own officers rather than the local court, before this was extended to all highways (12th C). Breach of the Saxon Pax Regis was a far graver crime than the same act as a breach of the homestead's or church's or manor's or Sheriff's peace. It was a crime against the King. Crimes were originally tried as accused versus injured party, fines then being payable to the injured party. When all crimes became against the King's peace, trials became accused versus Rex and all fines payable to him. These four roads were then privileged places under the King's protection in the 10th to 11th C.
The Icknield Way is unmarked on the ground and on maps around Old Sarum, and forgotten. Elsewhere in the country this and its various alternative routes, the Icknield Street, as part of a seemingly unrelated Icknield Way and an Icknield Way Long Distance path are mapped and marked.
Matthew Paris map of Great Britain.jpg
The Icknield Way from Sarum and Wilton in the west to Norfolk in the east.
Matthew Paris' map of Great Britain, Cotton MS Claudius D VI _PHONE_ British Library.
Glovernia is Gloucester. Diulf is Devizes. Planic is Salisbury Plain. Sarefb is Salisbury. Beneath it in red Wiltefir is Wiltshire. Beneath this and the blue line of Icknield Way, Witu is Wilton. Marleb is Marlborough. Neuwerc is Newark. To its south Bealwar is Bevoir. Notigh is Nottingham. Legrecest is Leicester. Stampf is Stamford. Norhamt is Northampton. Graha is Grantham. Burg is Peterborough. Len is is King's Lyn. North Folk is Norfolk. Spa ud is Spalding. _URL_
Benson & Hatcher Old Sarum 1834 plan.jpg
1834 Plan of Old Sarum, Benson and Hatcher, showing The Icknield "Street" (sic) ©Salisbury Museum
Icknield Street.jpg
The (possible) Icknield Way alongside Hudson's Field, labelled The Icknield Street on map above
Image: KMOC
Webpage added July 2020


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Revista de biología marina y oceanografía
versão ISSN 0718-1957
RICCIALDELLI, Luciana et al. Records of Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus, in coastal waters of southern Argentina. Rev. biol. mar. oceanogr. [online]. 2011, vol.46, n.3, pp. 463-469. ISSN 0718-1957. doi: 10.4067/S0718-19572011000300015.
We review the records of published and unpublished sightings and strandings for Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) in subantarctic waters of the Southwestern South Atlantic Ocean. Based on 59 sighting (n = 521 individuals) and 33 stranding records (n = 88 individuals), we identified three main areas of Risso's dolphin concentration in Patagonian waters, which have been observed mostly during the austral summer. We were unable to find published or unpublished reports of Risso's dolphin in offshore or over deep-water areas in this region. Future studies covering other potential areas of the species' distribution are important to improve the scarce information known for this dolphin in this area.
Palavras-chave : Stranding; sightings; Southwestern South Atlantic Ocean.


Children urged to make waves
GET off the Xbox and get into the ocean this summer, with the North-West Vegemite SurfGroms children's program.
The robust, cutting-edge junior surf development program teaches kids all about surf conditions, surf survival, beach etiquette, basic first aid and ocean rescue skills - as well as how to surf a gnarly wave.
"We guarantee that you'll be standing up before you complete the course," SurfGroms instructor Joey Cotton said.
The Vegemite SurfGroms program is a national initiative available to anyone aged between five and 12, regardless of experience or ability.
This summer it will be offered in Devonport, Ulverstone and Hawley Beach.
"It's all about introducing kids to a healthy lifestyle that is inherently Australian. Too many kids aren't getting out enough and are opting for the Xbox instead. Summer's approaching, the water is getting warmer - why not make the most of the beach?" Mr Cotton said.
"There aren't too many patrolled beaches on the NorthWest Coast also, making it extra important for kids to be aware of the dangers out there.
"That's where we come in."
SurfGroms is the only surf school operating directly out of the North-West, the next-closest being Scamander on the East Coast.
"Tassie's pretty good in terms of beach fatalities - let's keep it that way," Mr Cotton said.
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According to the degree of compactness and shape of the product, there are sintering method, casting method and melt injection method. Sintering method is the raw materials of raw materials pre-baked clinker, broken and sieved, and then by a certain ratio and raw materials mixed, through the molding, drying and firing.
Casting method is the raw materials through the ingredients mixing and fine grinding process, in the high temperature melting, direct casting, cooling crystallization, annealing products. Their body is dense, high mechanical strength, high temperature structural strength, good slag resistance, the use of the range continue to expand.
The melt blown method is a method in which a batch is melted and then blown into a fiber or a hollow sphere by blowing it with high pressure air or superheated steam. Products are mainly used for light refractory, heat insulation materials, but also made of powder or granular amorphous refractory, temporary use of tar, asphalt, cement, phosphate, sulfate or chloride and other bonding agent cement, without Forming and sintering directly.


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Shikaden is the four secret teachings. It consist of the temaes:
- Satsuubako – Serving two koicha.
- Karamono – Using a chinese chaire.
- Daitenmoku – Using a chinese teabowl on a stand.
- Bondate – Using a chinese chaire on a tray.
Since many people recieve the wakin Kyojo together with the shikaden the ofthen mistakenly thinks this is also a shikaden. The shikaden papers are given out after the konorai and before okuden.
Since these temaes are secret teachings and they should only be transmitted from teacher to student, and not through books. There will be no further information about these temaes on this wiki. You will also discover that there are no books to study these temaes from either.


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This tutorial is an advanced version of creating grass using displacementMod. Instead of displacing the grass with a heightmap, we're going to use the Fur modifier to generates the grass as geometry at render time.
The cool thing about it is that you have quite a lot of control over the size, bend amount, direction variation, randomization, density, and more. Plus, you can even use custom maps to shape and manipulate all of these parameters.
Below the video, you can see an explanation of how an RGB image can affect the bend direction of the grass shown at the end of the tutorial.
- Analyze real-world grass photo
- Adjust Vray Fur settings
- Create Grass material
You can use custom maps to control the direction and variation of the following parameters: bend direction, Initial direction, length, thickness, gravity, bend, and density.
In the example below I've used a single RGB map (watercolors painting that I've downloaded from the web) to control the bend direction of the grass. you can add any map or create your own to get a specific look.
The color map which affected the bend direction:
in the diagram below you can see the direction flow of the fur, represented by arrows, on top of the RGB color wheel:


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What we covered
In the session "Reframing Our Thinking for Improved Mood," we will delve into the significant influence our thoughts have on our emotions and behaviors. We will examine the technique of reframing and its potential to shift negative thinking patterns towards a more positive mindset, ultimately fostering emotional balance and well-being.
Understanding the Power of Our Thoughts
Our thoughts have a profound impact on our mood and overall mental well-being. Negative thought patterns can lead to feelings of anxiety, stress, and low mood, while positive thoughts can contribute to a sense of calm, joy, and contentment. By understanding the power of our thoughts, we can begin to take control of our emotional experiences.
What is Reframing?
Reframing is a cognitive-behavioral technique that involves consciously changing the way we perceive and interpret situations, events, or thoughts. By reframing our perspective, we can alter the emotional impact of a particular thought or experience.
Steps to Reframe Our Thinking
Here are some steps to help us reframe our thinking and improve our mood:
Identify Negative Thought Patterns: The first step in reframing is to become aware of negative thought patterns. Pay attention to the recurring thoughts that contribute to feelings of sadness, anxiety, or stress.
Challenge Negative Thoughts: Once we've identified negative thought patterns, we can challenge them by examining the evidence for and against these thoughts. We can ask ourselves if there are alternative interpretations or explanations for the situation.
Replace with Positive Interpretations: After challenging negative thoughts, we can replace them with more positive and realistic interpretations. This can help us shift from a pessimistic mindset to a more optimistic one.
Practice Self-Compassion: Reframing our thinking also involves practicing self-compassion. Instead of being overly self-critical, we can offer ourselves kindness and understanding, especially in challenging times.
Focus on Gratitude: Cultivating a sense of gratitude can also help reframe our thinking. By focusing on the things we are grateful for, we can shift our attention away from negativity and towards a more positive outlook.
The Impact on Workplace Well-being
In the context of the workplace, reframing our thinking can significantly impact our overall well-being. Fostering a positive mindset can lead to increased resilience, improved communication, and better stress management. By integrating the practice of reframing into the workplace culture, companies can support their employees in maintaining mental and emotional balance.
How Panda Can Help
Panda offers digital group sessions, assessments, and content about mental health that can support individuals in reframing their thinking and improving their mood. Through interactive workshops and insightful resources, Panda provides the tools and knowledge needed to cultivate a more positive and resilient mindset, both in and out of the workplace.
In conclusion, the practice of reframing our thinking holds the potential to transform our emotional experiences and overall well-being. By understanding the influence of our thoughts, challenging negative patterns, and cultivating a positive mindset, we can strive towards emotional balance and resilience in our personal and professional lives.
Remember, it's always okay to seek support and guidance when navigating your mental health journey. If you or someone you know is struggling, don't hesitate to reach out to the resources available through Panda. We're here to help you thrive.


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Size of a rooftop solar PV system depends on the roof area available for installing the solar panels. It is very important to ensure that no shadow falls on the solar panels throughout the year therefore, it becomes very important to calculate the available shadow-free area out of the total roof area for installing the solar panels. According to the rule of thumb, 10 square meters shadow-free area is required for installing a 1-kilowatt rooftop solar system.Read more
How can I check if my roof is suitable to install solar PV?
A quick inspection of your roof is the first step in determining if you can install a rooftop solar PV system on your roof. The following are a few factors that one can check (before the installers) to know if the roof is suitable for the installation of solar PV. 1. Roof orientation The best position for solar panels is towards the south, but even westand east-facing roofs can accommodate solar panels. However, you should keep in mind that skylights, air-conditioning units, and pipelines etc. installed on the roof can affect overall available space for the installation of solar panels. 2. Shading on the roof It is important to take note of the shading caused by nearby water tanks, antennas or buildings & trees. These objects can have an effect on the performance of the solar PV system by causing obstructions between the sunlight and the solar panels. If you have a high-rise building casting a shadow on the complete roof area, installing solar panels on this roof may not be ideal, it would be better to avoid the installation in such shaded areas. 3. Age of the roof The age of the roof/building is also one of the important factors primarily in the metal/asbestos roofs. Although the solar PV installation expert will study the roof profile in detail before designing and installation, here are a few points that can be observed: Loose or broken tiles Punctures and cracks Standing water/leakages Any type of structural damage The video explains […]Read more