text:
Editor's Note: During June, many communities are observing Gay Pride Month. Dates for events vary by city, but wherever you live, now is an appropriate time to consider the mental health challenges facing individuals, particularly youth, who "come out" with their sexual orientation. NAMI is sharing this article that originally appeared in ¡Avanzamos!, NAMI's Spanish language magazine.
Learning to Support LGBT Children's Mental Health and Well-Being
By Caitlin Ryan, PhD, ACSW, Director, Family Acceptance Project, San Francisco State University
Since the late 1980s, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) youth of all ethnic groups have been "coming out or self-identifying at younger ages than earlier generations. Researchers believe that the average age of awareness of first attraction, whether a young person perceives his or her self as gay or heterosexual, occurs at around age 10.
While there are a range of support services for LGBT youth, few services have focused on the role or needs of families of LGBT adolescents, particularly families that are Spanish-speaking. As a consequence, families and caregivers have had little information or support to deal with sexual orientation and gender identity when young people come out during childhood and adolescence.
This prompted and Dr. Rafael Diaz and myself to start the Family Acceptance Project (FAP) in 2002—the first research, education, family intervention and policy project to help ethnically and religiously diverse families support their LGBT children. FAP is affiliated with San Francisco State University. Our team has conducted the first in-depth research on what happens in Latino families when LGBT young people come out during adolescence.
This research, conducted in English and Spanish with LGBT youth, young adults and families, identified more than 100 ways that families express acceptance and rejection of their LGBT children. This includes rejecting behaviors such as telling an adolescent that they shame the family or not letting the youth talk about their LGBT identity. It also includes accepting or supportive behaviors such as expressing affection, advocating for a gay or transgender youth when they are discriminated against by others or helping an LGBT youth get accurate information about their sexual orientation or gender identity.
Our bilingual team studied how each of these family accepting and rejecting behaviors affect the health and mental health of LGBT young people. For the first time research shows that families and caregivers have a dramatic and compelling impact on their LGBT children's physical health, mental health and well-being. It was found that LGBT young people whose parents and caregivers reject them report high rates of depression, substance abuse, suicide attempts and risk for HIV infection. It was also discovered that LGBT young people whose parents support them show much higher rates of self-esteem and greater well-being, with better overall health and lower rates of health and mental health problems.
For example, LGBT teens that were highly rejected by their parents and caregivers were at very high risk for health and mental health problems when they become young adults (ages 21-25).
Highly rejected young people were:
- More than eight times as likely to have attempted suicide
- Nearly six times as likely to report high levels of depression
- More than three times as likely to use illegal drugs, and
- More than three times as likely to be at high risk for HIV and sexually transmitted diseases
Using this research, the FAP team has been working with Latino and other families with LGBT children for the past decade to develop a new family model to help families support their LGBT children. This new approach shows ethnically and religiously diverse families how to reduce their gay or transgender children's risk for mental health problems and how to promote their well-being by engaging in supportive behaviors. By empowering Latino and other families with this new info, FAP has been able to show that parents and caregivers can learn to support their LGBT children once they learn how their reactions affect their LGBT children. This approach helps increase family support for young people with underlying mental health concerns. It also prevents homelessness and placement in foster care and juvenile justice programs that include high rates of LGBT out-of-home youth.
In addition to developing a new family approach to care for implementation across health and mental health systems, the FAP team is developing a range of tools and resources to help families and providers to support LGBT young people. These tools include:
- Family education booklets that teach families how support their LGBT children (in English, Spanish and Chinese). The team is also writing versions at lower literacy levels.
- Family video stories that show the journey of diverse families struggle to support their LGBT children in short documentaries that can be used by providers, families and youth. Always My Son is an award-winning short film that tells the moving story of a Mexican American family with a gender non-conforming gay son.
- Risk screening tools (FAPrisk Screener) that help providers quickly identify LGBT young people who are experiencing especially harmful types of family rejection (and related risks such as depression and suicidality) with guidance for practice and follow up care.
- Training on implementing FAP's family support approach, engaging communities and using FAP's research and resource tools.
For information about the Family Acceptance Project, contact _EMAIL_


text:
The Nelson River high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission lines accommodate 2 bipolar transmission systems called Bipole I and Bipole II. The term bipole refers to a positive (+) pole and a negative (–) pole. Each pole is comprised of 2 conductor cables which, in bundles 4 cm in diameter, are supported by the steel transmission towers.
Bipoles I and II deliver approximately 75 per cent of our generating capacity from the Nelson River in northern Manitoba to southern Manitoba via 2 rows of identical steel towers, which follow an 895-kilometre (km) route from Gillam southward through the Interlake region.
One transmission line has its northern terminus at Radisson Converter Station near Gillam. The other extends another 42 km northeast to Henday Converter Station. The southern terminus of both transmission lines is Dorsey Converter Station at Rosser, about 26 km northwest of Winnipeg.
Due to the heavy reliance on one transmission corridor and a single converter station in the south, the system is vulnerable to extensive power outages from severe weather (major ice storm, extreme wind event, tornado), fires, or other events. Read about the Bipole III Transmission Reliability Project.
The tremendous hydroelectric potential of the Nelson River was untapped until the 1960s, when the technology became available for the long-distance transmission of HVDC electricity. Currently, about 80 per cent of our electricity is produced by hydroelectric generating stations on the Nelson River. Manitoba Hydro has since become world-renowned for research and development in this field.
|Nelson River: HVDC Transmission System||Running time (2:39)|
For more information, email Public Affairs.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Skip to main content
Use Endnote to manage your references and format your bibliography
What are Term Lists?
Term lists are used to suggest words from a standard list as you type, similar to a predictive text "look-up" table.
Your EndNote library has its own set of term lists:
 - Journals - used to handle Journal Title abbreviations as required in some disciplines, e.g. medical, or by some publications
 - Authors
 - Keywords
Term lists for Authors, Journal titles and Keywords are created as you type or import data into the relevant fields. You notice EndNote searching and offering terms from term lists as you enter words in Journal, Author, and Keyword fields.
Journals Term Lists
When you install EndNote on your computer, journal term list text files for different disciplines are installed but not linked to your EndNote library.
For example, on a Windows computer on the C drive: Programs > EndNote > Term Lists folder
Term list files in EndNote
An example of the journal terms in a file
Journal terms in the EndNote journal text files
EndNote labels each variant journal title as: Full Journal - Abbreviation 1 - Abbreviation 2 - Abbreviation 3
Term lists text file displayed in EndNote
Overview of using Journal Term Lists
 1. If you have already created a library with journal references, a journal term list has been created as well. This journal term list must be deleted and some settings changed before importing the fresh Term List.
 2. Import the EndNote journal term list and link to your EndNote library
 3. In your desired output style to be used, select the appropriate form of journal title to be used (Full Journal - Abbreviation 1 - Abbreviation 2) matching the journal terms list
Instructions to set up Journal Term Lists


text:
What is a Stage-Gate Process?
Stage-gate process refers to a specific technique in project management where the process is divided into distinct stages, or phases, demarcated by decision points known as gates. At each gate, current results and information, like the specific case, risk analysis, and resource availability, determine the next decision.
Most commonly, there are five phases in stage-gate processes: scoping the breadth of work based on the initial brainstorming session; formulating a business case; developing the structure and fleshing it out; testing and either validating or correcting errors; and launching the product or service. Typically, the gates that separate each stage consist of addressing major themes: quality of execution, business rationale, and action plan. When addressing these concepts, there are five possible answers: go, conditional go, kill, hold, and recycle.
Because some industries carry a higher level of risk and failure than others during the innovation process (e.g. pharmaceuticals, technology, etc.), incorporating regularly-scheduled safeguards helps mitigate risk and failure before allowing them to grow too much. One of the earliest and most famous stage-gate process examples can be traced back to NASA in the 1960s during the Apollo and Gemini projects; since then, many organizations have adopted it into their own workflows.
Other Names for Stage-Gate Process:
- Phase gate process
- Phase review process
- Front-end loading
- Big design up front
- Waterfall process
Why is Stage-Gate Process Important?
The stage-gate process is important for several reasons: it helps those involved work on the right task at the right time; it minimizes loss of resources; mitigates risk; keeps the original scope from growing out of control; offers flexibility in adjusting details and direction; improves cross-team collaboration; and highlights errors at the earliest possible point.
When it comes to innovation, often, the endpoint can't be learned until well into the process because of competing players and data, which is why a structured process is vital for maximizing success. Businesses value predictability because it helps make budget planning and resource allocation clear and easy to understand. Plus using the stage-gate process reduces risk and increases the chances of success.
If knowledge is power, then the stage-gate process epitomizes that concept, especially when it comes to innovation. Having enough – and the right kind of – information is a key tool in managing risk and ensuring project success.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
A $2.9 million, six-year partnership between the National Alliance for Autism Research (NAAR) and the Institute of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Addiction (INMHA) of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) aims to train the next generation of researchers and uncover the mysteries of autism – a brain disorder with no known cure. The partnership includes $300,000 from the Fonds de la recherche en santé du Québec (FRSQ).
A Canadian first, the mentor-based programs, principally based at McGill and Queen's universities in Canada, take a multi-disciplinary approach to foster investigations into the genetics underlying autism and the epidemiology of the disorder. They will also address the importance of delivering effective treatment options to those with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and their families.
"Across North America parents and researchers are telling us about the difficulty in finding experts in autism," said Dr. Eric London, NAAR's co-founder and Vice President of Medical Affairs. "There are currently not enough specialists in autism and the situation is much worse than many think. Hopefully we can change this situation with partnerships that pool resources and foster collaborations between governments and the autism community."
This initiative is part of CIHR's 2003 Strategic Training Initiative in Health Research. Competition results were announced this summer by Honorable Anne McLellan, Minister of Health – with a total of $54 million funding for 33 innovative trans-disciplinary research training projects in Canada.
"The government of Canada is committed to ensure that the next generation of researchers have the necessary tools at their disposal to encourage innovation and discovery," said Liz Frulla, member of Parliament for Verdun-Saint-HenriSaint-Paul-Pointe Saint-Charles. "We believe that supporting health research will improve the quality of life for Canadians and those who are affected by autism spectrum disorders."
Two autism training programs will be led by:
- Dr. Jeanette Holden, a professor in the departments of Psychiatry and Physiology at Queen's University with over 21 years experience in the field.
- Dr. Eric Fombonne, the head of Psychiatry at the Montreal Children's Hospital site of the McGill University Health Centre. The McGill component is supported by the Fonds de la recherche en santé du Québec (FRSQ).
"We have to ensure the future of health research by encouraging and supporting the next generation of researchers," said Dr. Rémi Quirion, INMHA's Scientific Director. "This kind of program allows the best possible research to thrive in Canadian institutions and further develops Canada's expertise. Another exciting element is the partnership with our US neighbors who have invested in Canadian research."
Autism displays a wide spectrum of symptoms and disability affects people of all racial, social and economic backgrounds. Those who suffer from autism are often robbed of the ability to communicate, to form emotional bonds and to engage in social interaction. Trainees will be led by a group of 45 mentors from 17 institutions across Canada and the US. Collectively, their expertise ranges from ASDs to other fields such as neuropathology, imaging and immunology.
This six-year commitment to the Autism Training Programs is one of the latest additions to NAAR's research portfolio focusing on mentor-based fellowships. In just the last two years, NAAR has committed nearly $2 million to fund fellowships for preand post-doctoral candidates who benefit from the mentorship of prominent researchers.
"We believe our investments in autism research training will grow exponentially as many of our fellows later assume teaching roles and join departments around the country and the world, which currently have no representation in autism research," said Dr. London. "And that cannot happen fast enough."


text:
Definitions, Specifications, and Other Guidance
Postconsumer fiber means:
- Paper, paperboard, and fibrous wastes from retail stores, office buildings, homes, and so forth, after they have passed through their end-usage as a consumer item, including: used corrugated boxes; old newspapers; old magazines; mixed waste paper; tabulating cards; and used cordage; and
- All paper, paperboard, and fibrous wastes that enter and are collected from municipal solid waste.
- Postconsumer fiber does not include fiber derived from printers' over-runs, converters' scrap, and over-issue publications.
Recovered fiber means:
Postconsumer fiber such as:
Manufacturing wastes such as:
- Paper, paperboard, and fibrous materials from retail stores, office buildings, homes, and so forth, after they have passed through their end-usage as a consumer item, including: used corrugated boxes; old newspapers; old magazines; mixed waste paper; tabulating cards; and used cordage; and
- All paper, paperboard, and fibrous materials that enter and are collected from municipal solid waste, and
Manufacturing wastes such as:
- Dry paper and paperboard waste generated after completion of the papermaking process (that is, those manufacturing operations up to and including the cutting and trimming of the paper machine reel into smaller rolls or rough sheets) including: envelope cuttings, bindery trimmings, and other paper and paperboard waste resulting from printing, cutting, forming, and other converting operations; bag, box, and carton manufacturing wastes; and butt rolls, mill wrappers, and rejected unused stock; and
- Repulped finished paper and paperboard from obsolete inventories of paper and paperboard manufacturers, merchants, wholesalers, dealers, printers, converters, or others.
Mill broke means any paper waste generated in a paper mill prior to completion of the papermaking process. It is usually returned directly to the pulping process. Mill broke is excluded from the definition of "recovered fiber." Also see "measurement" section below.
EPA recommends that procuring agencies review specifications provisions pertaining to performance and aesthetics and revise provisions that can impede use of postconsumer and recovered fiber, unless such provisions are related to reasonable performance standards. Agencies should determine whether performance provisions are unnecessarily stringent for a particular end use. Agencies also should revise aesthetics provisions-such as brightness, dirt count, or shade matching-if appropriate, consistent with the agencies' performance requirements, in order to allow for a higher use of postconsumer and recovered fiber.
EPA recommends that procuring agencies document determinations that paper products containing postconsumer and recovered fiber will not meet the agencies' reasonable performance standards. Any determination should be based on technical performance information related to a specific item, not a grade of paper or type of product.
EPA recommends that procuring agencies watch for changes in the use of postconsumer and recovered fiber in paper and paper products. When a paper or a paper product containing postconsumer and recovered fiber is produced in types and grades not previously available, at a competitive price, procuring agencies should either revise specifications to allow the use of such type or grade, or develop new specifications for such type or grade, consistent with the agencies' performance requirements.
EPA recommends that procuring agencies express their minimum content standards as a percentage of the fiber weight of the paper or paper product. EPA further recommends that procuring agencies specify that mill broke cannot be counted toward postconsumer or recovered fiber content, except that procuring agencies should permit mills to count mill broke generated in a papermaking process using postconsumer and/or recovered fiber as feedstock toward "postconsumer fiber" or "recovered fiber" content, to the extent that the feedstock contained these materials. In other words, if a mill uses less than 100% postconsumer or recovered fiber, only a proportional amount of broke can be counted towards postconsumer or recovered fiber content.
EPA recommends that procuring agencies consider the effect of a procurement of a paper product containing recovered and postconsumer fiber on their paper collection programs by assessing the impact of their decision on their overall contribution to the solid waste stream.


text:
This theme contains data about the population size of the Emirate according to the population censuses conducted during the period 1975–2005 along with population estimates for the period after 2005. Moreover, it includes data on the age and household type structure of the population besides the demographic, educational, marital and employment characteristics during the censuses conducted in (1993, 2000 and 2005) and its associated estimates. Additionally, it also contains the main characteristics of the emirate's households during the mentioned census years.
At the same time, births and deaths data are two of the main three essential factors, besides immigration, that directly affect population growth rate and demographic changes in the society. Therefore, a special section was devoted under this theme to cover vital statistics which includes births and deaths statistics according to the different characteristics such as gender, age, nationality, marriage contracts and registered divorce cases.
The study of population developments is significantly important because it is the basis upon which development plans, in several fields such as education, health, labor market, and others, are built. Understanding population structure of any society in terms of gender, age, occupation, education and marital status...etc, provides planners, policy and decision makers with needed data and information for formulating appropriate and adequate plans for all society segments.


text:
The turbine tower itself is 69 metres high. Each blade is 40 metres long. At its highest, the tip of the blade reaches a height of 110 metres.
Due to aviation safety considerations, six of the outer turbines are fitted with white, synchronous flashing lights on top of the nacelle, while the remaining turbines have a weaker, constant, red light. The intensity of the aviation indicators can be raised or lowered, depending on visibility.
Every turbine can generate an output of 2.3 MW. The combined effect therefore reaches 165.6 MW, making Nysted Wind Farm one of the largest in the world


Who Invented the Ferris Wheel?
Who Invented the Ferris Wheel?
Called by other names such as the big wheel or observation wheel, Ferris wheels are usually found in theme parks and amusement centers. Within this type of non-building structure, people can sit comfortably in passenger gondolas, which are attached to the rim and are set in a huge upright wheel. Today, you can find some of the biggest structures in countries like Japan, the United States as well as Taiwan. Aside from these wonderful details, there are so many other important things to learn about it including who invented the Ferris wheel.
The Invention of the Ferris Wheel
Who invented the Ferris wheel? The American inventor named George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. designed and invented the Ferris wheel in 1893. It was made for the World's Columbian Exposition that was held in the City of Chicago in Illinois. It was then called the Chicago Wheel, which he did as part of an effort to build something quite impressive just like the Eiffel Tower in France. After this huge event, every ride of similar nature was referred to as Ferris wheel.
Additional Facts and Other Interesting Details
The Ferris wheel was the centerpiece at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. It used two steam engines, which stood at the height of 260 feet or 80 meters. After that, it became part of the Saint Louis 1904 World's Fair. Throughout history, the world has seen different kinds of massive Ferris wheels.
After the Chicago Wheel, the Great Wheel was created in 1895 as part of the Empire of India Exhibition that was held Earls Court in London, England. In 1900, the Exposition Universelle was showcased at the Grande Roue de Paris in France, which lasted only until 1937. In 1997, the Tempozan Harbor Village Ferris Wheel opened in Osaka, Japan, which had a height of 369 feet or 112.5 meters. In 1999, a much taller structure was built in the form of the Daikanransha in Odaiba, Japan. This Ferris wheel is bigger at the height of 380 feet or 115 meters.
In 2000, then-British Prime Minister Tony Blair opened the London Eye in England. The structure was very impressive, which remains as the highest in the entire Western Hemisphere. Years after that, the Star of Nanchang opened in 2006 in Jiangxi Province, China. It stands 520 feet or 160 meters tall. In 2008, the tallest Ferris wheel was established in Singapore. It was called the Singapore Flyer, with a height of 541 feet or 165 meters. Aside from these, there are other massive structures of the same nature available such as the Eurowheel in Italy, the Sky Dream Fukuoka in Japan and the Riesenrad Vienna in Austria.
468 ad
Comments are closed.


Network Working Group R. Elz
Request for Comments: 1982 University of Melbourne
Updates: 1034, 1035 R. Bush
Category: Standards Track RGnet, Inc.
 August 1996
 Serial Number Arithmetic
Status of this Memo
 This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
 Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
 improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
 Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
 This memo defines serial number arithmetic, as used in the Domain
 Name System. The DNS has long relied upon serial number arithmetic,
 a concept which has never really been defined, certainly not in an
 IETF document, though which has been widely understood. This memo
 supplies the missing definition. It is intended to update RFC1034
 and RFC1035.
1. Introduction
 The serial number field of the SOA resource record is defined in
 RFC1035 as
 SERIAL The unsigned 32 bit version number of the original copy of
 the zone. Zone transfers preserve this value. This value
 wraps and should be compared using sequence space
 RFC1034 uses the same terminology when defining secondary server zone
 consistency procedures.
 Unfortunately the term "sequence space arithmetic" is not defined in
 either RFC1034 or RFC1035, nor do any of their references provide
 further information.
 This phrase seems to have been intending to specify arithmetic as
 used in TCP sequence numbers [RFC793], and defined in [IEN-74].
 Unfortunately, the arithmetic defined in [IEN-74] is not adequate for
 the purposes of the DNS, as no general comparison operator is
Elz & Bush Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 1982 Serial Number Arithmetic August 1996
 To avoid further problems with this simple field, this document
 defines the field and the operations available upon it. This
 definition is intended merely to clarify the intent of RFC1034 and
 RFC1035, and is believed to generally agree with current
 implementations. However, older, superseded, implementations are
 known to have treated the serial number as a simple unsigned integer,
 with no attempt to implement any kind of "sequence space arithmetic",
 however that may have been interpreted, and further, ignoring the
 requirement that the value wraps. Nothing can be done with these
 implementations, beyond extermination.
2. Serial Number Arithmetic
 Serial numbers are formed from non-negative integers from a finite
 subset of the range of all integer values. The lowest integer in
 every subset used for this purpose is zero, the maximum is always one
 less than a power of two.
 When considered as serial numbers however no value has any particular
 significance, there is no minimum or maximum serial number, every
 value has a successor and predecessor.
 To define a serial number to be used in this way, the size of the
 serial number space must be given. This value, called "SERIAL_BITS",
 gives the power of two which results in one larger than the largest
 integer corresponding to a serial number value. This also specifies
 the number of bits required to hold every possible value of a serial
 number of the defined type. The operations permitted upon serial
 numbers are defined in the following section.
3. Operations upon the serial number
 Only two operations are defined upon serial numbers, addition of a
 positive integer of limited range, and comparison with another serial
3.1. Addition
 Serial numbers may be incremented by the addition of a positive
 integer n, where n is taken from the range of integers
 [0.. (2^(SERIAL_BITS - 1) - 1)]. For a sequence number s, the
 result of such an addition, s', is defined as
 s' = (s + n) modulo (2 ^ SERIAL_BITS)
Elz & Bush Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 1982 Serial Number Arithmetic August 1996
 where the addition and modulus operations here act upon values that
 are non-negative values of unbounded size in the usual ways of
 integer arithmetic.
 Addition of a value outside the range
 [0.. (2^(SERIAL_BITS - 1) - 1)] is undefined.
3.2. Comparison
 Any two serial numbers, s1 and s2, may be compared. The definition
 of the result of this comparison is as follows.
 For the purposes of this definition, consider two integers, i1 and
 i2, from the unbounded set of non-negative integers, such that i1 and
 s1 have the same numeric value, as do i2 and s2. Arithmetic and
 comparisons applied to i1 and i2 use ordinary unbounded integer
 Then, s1 is said to be equal to s2 if and only if i1 is equal to i2,
 in all other cases, s1 is not equal to s2.
 s1 is said to be less than s2 if, and only if, s1 is not equal to s2,
 (i1 < i2 and i2 - i1 < 2^(SERIAL_BITS - 1)) or
 (i1 > i2 and i1 - i2 > 2^(SERIAL_BITS - 1))
 s1 is said to be greater than s2 if, and only if, s1 is not equal to
 s2, and
 (i1 < i2 and i2 - i1 > 2^(SERIAL_BITS - 1)) or
 (i1 > i2 and i1 - i2 < 2^(SERIAL_BITS - 1))
 Note that there are some pairs of values s1 and s2 for which s1 is
 not equal to s2, but for which s1 is neither greater than, nor less
 than, s2. An attempt to use these ordering operators on such pairs
 of values produces an undefined result.
 The reason for this is that those pairs of values are such that any
 simple definition that were to define s1 to be less than s2 where
 (s1, s2) is such a pair, would also usually cause s2 to be less than
 s1, when the pair is (s2, s1). This would mean that the particular
 order selected for a test could cause the result to differ, leading
 to unpredictable implementations.
 While it would be possible to define the test in such a way that the
 inequality would not have this surprising property, while being
 defined for all pairs of values, such a definition would be
Elz & Bush Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 1982 Serial Number Arithmetic August 1996
 unnecessarily burdensome to implement, and difficult to understand,
 and would still allow cases where
 s1 < s2 and (s1 + 1) > (s2 + 1)
 which is just as non-intuitive.
 Thus the problem case is left undefined, implementations are free to
 return either result, or to flag an error, and users must take care
 not to depend on any particular outcome. Usually this will mean
 avoiding allowing those particular pairs of numbers to co-exist.
 The relationships greater than or equal to, and less than or equal
 to, follow in the natural way from the above definitions.
4. Corollaries
 These definitions give rise to some results of note.
4.1. Corollary 1
 For any sequence number s and any integer n such that addition of n
 to s is well defined, (s + n) >= s. Further (s + n) == s only when
 n == 0, in all other defined cases, (s + n) > s.
4.2. Corollary 2
 If s' is the result of adding the non-zero integer n to the sequence
 number s, and m is another integer from the range defined as able to
 be added to a sequence number, and s" is the result of adding m to
 s', then it is undefined whether s" is greater than, or less than s,
 though it is known that s" is not equal to s.
4.3. Corollary 3
 If s" from the previous corollary is further incremented, then there
 is no longer any known relationship between the result and s.
4.4. Corollary 4
 If in corollary 2 the value (n + m) is such that addition of the sum
 to sequence number s would produce a defined result, then corollary 1
 applies, and s" is known to be greater than s.
Elz & Bush Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 1982 Serial Number Arithmetic August 1996
5. Examples
5.1. A trivial example
 The simplest meaningful serial number space has SERIAL_BITS == 2. In
 this space, the integers that make up the serial number space are 0,
 1


text:
us leaf signed by the iron helmet maker Myochin Nobuie. Several pieces by the renowned Genryusai Seiya are included, who seems to have been equally at home with ornamental vases (Lot 45), and lifelike animals (Lot 96 and 98 - 100). Pure figural sculptures are represented by Tokyo School naturalistic images of people and legendary characters, like the bronze study of a boy carrying a fishing rod, who in his innocence is feeding his live bait to a bird on his hand, signed by Kaniyasu Kuniharu, one of the founders of the Tokyo Cast Metal Association in 1907 (Lot 91). Pieces like the pair of vases (Lot 123) with dragon handles and decorated with precious metal inlay display their origin in temple flower vases, while others (Lot 156) originated as either temple or domestic incense burners of the past era.
THE COLOURED METAL INLAY
Besides the bronze and iron casting traditions there was a most essentially Japanese art form in metal. This is the sculpture and inlay of soft metals and their coloured alloys, whose techniques and designs developed from the manufacture of metal fittings for the swords of the samurai.
The metals used were coppers, bronzes, and brasses, with silver and gold and their alloys with copper to form shibuichi (an alloy of copper with one fourth part silver which patinates to a range of silvers, greys, and browns) and shakudo (copper with up to five percent gold which patinates to bluish, brownish, or deep dark black). There was inlay in high relief, and level inlay by inlaying soft metal into recesses carved in the body of the piece which might be iron or bronze, or other copper alloy. There was the so-called nunomezogan [textile inlay] by which gold or silver leaf was pressed into a hatchwork of lines scored into the ground of the object. This technique was used especially on iron objects like the barrels of matchlock guns, stirrups, plate armour, or iron tsuba [sword guards] which were often richly inlaid with gold or silver. Iron tsuba made with nunomezogan were the speciality of a number of makers in Kyushu, and several schools in Kyoto from the 17th century onward. There are fine examples of this technique in the collection such as the pieces by Komai Otojiro of Kyoto, who had been apprenticed to a tsuba maker in his youth before the Restoration, (Lots 18 - 22). Perhaps the most typically Japanese sculpting technique which was used effectively on Meiji metalwork was the method developed by the independent studios of sword fittings makers in the 17th century called katakiri-bori [oblique engraving]. In this method a chisel was used to cut at varying oblique angles to give lines of varying depth, width, and angle in simulation of ink painting with a brush. This gave rise to the saying that Japanese metalwork is a form of 'painting with hammer and chisel'. For this reason much Meiji metalwork faithfully follows books of design patterns made essentially for painters, and adapted for the metalworkers.
THE PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN THE BRONZE MAKERS AND THE COLOURED METAL SCULPTORS
With the close contacts which Imperial Japan now had with the West through import and export and cultural exchange, the International Expositions, and feedback in both directions through the trading houses, government advisors, and the natural exchange of fashion, Japanese metalwork took on a form which while being readily assimilated overseas, retained much of its essential nature. The subject matter contained much of the old tradition, often in hybrid form like decorative inlay on cast vessels deriving from Buddhist shapes. Meiji metalwork can be in the pure bronze or iron casting tradition, decorative inlay tradition, or the most significant group of all, a hybrid of soft metal inlay on cast bronze or iron, or hammered pieces. The soft metal inlay can thus provide fine detail to a sculpture, or in itself form the art object. Often the vessel was made by a separate craftsman whose work was then embellished by inlayers. This last group provides the majority of the finer work in the collection. A particularly fine example is the huge vase in the form of an extravagant incense burner (Lot 48) bearing the famous names of the maker of the vessel, the sculptor, and the inlay sculptor. Specialist craftsmen in Kyoto brought artists of diverse specialities together to produce such joint works. The collection has probably the largest known group of pieces produced by Noboru Nogawa from around the middle of the Meiji period, marked with his own characteristic logo, and bearing the signatures of several well-known independent sculptors. As such it provides a focus for future studies of the work of artists whose names are known, but about whom little else is known. But the collection also abounds in works by well known and important artists. There are several pieces by Miyabe Atsuyoshi (sometimes known as Tokuyoshi) (Lot 9 and 164), and pieces by perhaps one of the best known of bronze artists, Suzuki Chokichi signing with his art name Kako (Lots 12 - 14), using deep patination and coloured alloys.
Morning Session Lot 1 -??
10.30 -??
THE PROPERTY OF A LADY


Home > News Center > Content
The design principle of hotel bathroom
Regardless of which hotel or level, toilets are indispensable, but what size of toilet is appropriate? What are the main points of device placement? The editor below summarizes a few little knowledge about hotel bathrooms based on what I know. I hope I can help you much.
1. The bathroom has good waterproof, drainage, and slip resistance, and needs to be neat and beautiful;
2, 3 square meters is the minimum area of the bathroom, just now you can organize the sink, toilet and bathing equipment;
3. Nowadays, most of the floor of the hotel bathroom is paved with moisture-proof floor tiles. Its operation is relatively convenient. First, the cement floor is chiseled and washed, the floating ash is swept away, and a layer of 1:2 cement mortar is spread with some construction glue., The cement mortar should be smoothed as much as possible, and then the floor tiles can be attached;
4. When choosing sanitary ware for a bathroom with a size of 3 square meters, it is necessary to consider leaving a certain amount of space for activities. Washing tables and toilets are recommended to be delicate; the shower should be set close to the corner, and the shower can use a straight shower board or Simple shower. In addition, the bathroom mirror can be used to achieve the visual effect of expanding a small space;
5. Minimal objects should be placed in the bathroom as little as possible. A variety of small layouts will make the small bathroom more congested and messy. The shower method is more convenient than the bathtub. Generally, glass or shower curtains can be used to partition the corner of the bathroom as a shower room, but the shower room is not recommended. Less than 0.8m×0.8m, otherwise it is inconvenient to turn around. Bathrooms often have one or two walls without sanitary ware or other items. For this, you can choose a piece of furniture that can reasonably use the corner space according to the width of the wall, such as storage Cabinet, can store all the loose bathroom supplies in it. The mirror surface of the bathroom cabinet can be set on the storage cabinet, and the space under the basin can be used to make storage space;
6. When installing mirror headlights, pay attention to prevent glare. It is recommended to install lampshades, or choose lamps with frosted glass exterior. Mirror height: Generally, it is better to keep the center of the mirror 160-165 cm above the ground. The mirror in the bathroom is recommended to be framed. If it is not framed, it needs to be sealed and waterproof. When installing, be careful not to damage the wall, especially hang a mirror on the tiled wall, and try to choose to punch holes at the joints of the materials. In addition to installing ordinary mirrors, it is recommended to install a stretchable magnifying glass above the washbasin. When taking a bath, the mirror in the bathroom is vaguely smoked by the steam. You can apply soap to the mirror surface, and then wipe it with a dry cloth to prevent the mirror surface from being vague. The dirt on the mirror can be scrubbed with a soft cloth or gauze dipped in some kerosene or wax, but do not scrub with a wet cloth, otherwise the mirror surface will be blurred and the glass will be easily corroded.


text:
GitBook is a great way to manage project documentation. Have you seen it? You should check it out!
For this task, we want you to help replicate the FLOSS Manual OpenMRS developers manual as a GitBook.
- Create a GitBook account for yourself
- Find the developer guide on FLOSS Manuals.
- Migrate content into your own GitBook, building an OpenMRS developers manual in GitBook, using Markdown syntax.
- Review the content - what needs changes? what's most important? what needs to be removed etc.
- Send us the link to access


Epilogue
 13. Gloom of Held
 14. Deadly Sins of Evil: Evil Food Eater Conchita - Dessert
 15. Gloom of Held
 16. Evil Food Eater Conchita - Revised PV
 17. Deadly Sins of Evil: Evil Food Eater Conchita - Dessert
 18. Evil Food Eater Conchita - Revised PV
 19. Deadly Sins of Evil: Evil Food Eater Conchita - Dessert
 20. Evil Food Eater Conchita - Revised PV
 21. Deadly Sins of Evil: Evil Food Eater Conchita - Dessert
 22. Waltz of Evil: The Deadly Sins of Evil Guidebook
 23. Epic of Evil: The Daughter of Evil Fanbook - Aftermath
 24. The Daughter of Evil: Praeludium of Red - Chapter 1, Section 2
 25. The Daughter of Fog
 26. The Daughter of Evil: Praefacio of Blue - Chapter 3, Section 2
 27. The Daughter of Fog
 28. The Daughter of Evil: Praefacio of Blue - Chapter 3, Section 1
 29. The Daughter of Evil: Wiegenlied of Green - Chapter 1
 30. The Daughter of Evil: Praefacio of Blue - Chapter 3, Section 1
 31. The Daughter of Evil: Wiegenlied of Green - Chapter 1
 32. The Daughter of Evil: Clôture of Yellow - Chapter 3, Section 1
 33. Evils Kingdom Booklet - Chronicles of Evillious - EC 490
 34. Twiright Prank (story)
 35. Twiright Prank (story)
 36. The Daughter of Evil: Wiegenlied of Green - Chapter 1
 37. The Daughter of Evil: Act 1
 39. The Daughter of Evil: Act 1
 40. The Daughter of Evil: Wiegenlied of Green - Chapter 1
 41. The Daughter of Evil: Act 1
 42. The Daughter of Evil: Wiegenlied of Green - Chapter 1
 43. The Daughter of Evil: Wiegenlied of Green - Chapter 1
 44. The Daughter of Evil: Act 1
 45. The Daughter of Evil: Wiegenlied of Green - Chapter 2, section 1
 46. The Daughter of Evil: Wiegenlied of Green - Chapter 2, section 1
 47. Her Reason
 48. The Daughter of Evil: Wiegenlied of Green - Chapter 3, Section 1
 49. The Daughter of Evil: Act 1
 50. The Daughter of Evil: Clôture of Yellow - Chapter 1, Section 1
 51. The Daughter of Evil: Clôture of Yellow - Chapter 1, Section 2
 52. The Daughter of Evil: Wiegenlied of Green - Chapter 2, section 1
 54. The Daughter of Evil: Wiegenlied of Green - Chapter 3, section 1
 55. The Daughter of Evil: Clôture of Yellow - Chapter 2, Section 1
 56. The Daughter of Evil: Clôture of Yellow - Chapter 2, Section 2
 57. The Daughter of Evil: Clôture of Yellow - Chapter 2, Section 2
 58. The Daughter of Evil: Wiegenlied of Green - Chapter 3, Section 2
 59. The Daughter of Evil: Wiegenlied of Green - Chapter 4, Section 1
 60. The Daughter of Evil: Wiegenlied of Green - Epilogue
 61. The Daughter of Evil: Wiegenelied of Green - Chapter 4, Section 1
 62. The Daughter of Evil: Wiegenlied of Green - Epilogue
 63. The Daughter of Evil: Praefacio of Blue - Chapter 2, Section 2
 64. The Daughter of Evil: Praeludium of Red - Chapter 1, Section 2
 65. The Daughter of Evil: Praeludium of Red - Chapter 2, Section 2
 66. The Daughter of Evil: Praefacio of Blue - Chapter 2, Section 2
 67. The Daughter of Evil: Praefacio of Blue - Chapter 2, Section 2
 68. The Daughter of Evil: Praefacio of Blue - Chapter 3, Section 1
 69. The Daughter of Evil: Praefacio of Blue - Chapter 3, Section 2
 70. Epic of Evil: The Daughter of Evil Fanbook - Aftermath - Elluka
 71. Heavenly Yard
 72. Epic of Evil: The Daughter of Evil Fanbook - Aftermath - Shaw
 73. The Princess Who Brought Sleep PV
 74. Five the Pierrot - サンタさんに教えてあげた 裏切り者がいますと 次の日に手品師は行方知れずとなった
 75. Five the Pierrot - 「だから逃げようって言ったのに」
 76. Five the Pierrot PV
 77. Evils Kingdom Booklet - Chronicles of Evillious - Year 611
 78. Evils Kingdom Booklet - Part XII. The Tailor at Enbizaka
 79. The Daughter of Evil: Wiegenlied of Green - Chapter 1
 80. Her Reason
 81. The Daughter of Evil: Clôture of Yellow - Chapter 1, Section 2
 82. The Daughter of Evil: Clôture of Yellow - Chapter 2, Section 2
 83. The Daughter of Evil: Clôture of Yellow - Chapter 2, Section 1
 84. The Daughter of Evil: Praefacio of Blue - Chapter 2, Section 2
 85. Original Sin Story -Act 2- Booklet
 86. The Daughter of Evil: Wiegenlied of Green - Chapter 1
 87. Deadly Sins of Evil: The Lunacy of Duke Venomania
 88. Evils Kingdom Booklet - Part IV. The Lunacy of Duke Venomania
 89. The Daughter of Evil: Wiegenlied of Green - Chapter 1
 90. The Daughter of Evil: Clôture of Yellow - Chapter 1, Section 1
 91. The Daughter of Evil: Wiegenlied of Green - Chapter 1
 92. The Daughter of Evil: Clôture of Yellow - Chapter 2, Section 1
 93. The Daughter of Evil: Praefacio of Blue - Chapter 1
 94. Original Sin Story -Act 2- Booklet
 95. The Daughter of Evil: Wiegenlied of Green - Chapter 1
 96. Gloom of Held
 97. Heavenly Yard
 98. PHP Twitter - January 29th, 2012 10:00 PM - 【編集部】今日はエルルカの誕生日です。おめでとうございます！
Around Wikia's network
Random Wiki


text:
Old Devonian Wikipedia
||This proposal has been rejected.
This decision was taken by the language committee in accordance with the Language proposal policy based on the discussion on this page.
The closing committee member provided the following comment:
only living languages are accepted
Old Devonian is an emerging langauge which has begun to be revived after becoming extinct around the same time as Old Welsh and Old Cornish.
Arguments in favour
- 1. Almost nothing is known for sure about this language. Any reconstruction is likely to differ from the real unknowable language more than the sister Old Welsh and Old Cornish languages do.
- 2. It has no extant writings (it may indeed never have been written down, and certainly never had its own orthographical tradition).
- 3. At the time it became extinct it likely differed from Cornish no more than North and South colloquial Welsh differ now.
- 4. Biddulph's reconstructions have little credibility amongst linguists and even he was no more than tentative about them.
- 5. Unlike Cornish or Manx, there is no recent speech community from whom some sense of continuity can be gained.
- 6. In case it's raised, same points in spades refer to Cumbric. -- 19 March 2009 220.127.116.11
This is really a conlang based on one person's idea of what an extinct language might possibly have been like. It should be proposed and evaluated as a conlang. AnonMoos 12:46, 9 September 2009 (UTC)


text:
Two words: plasma gasification.
The creation of inexpensive systems that create energy by breaking down garbage into simple materials. Three things are created:
- Simple materials (metals and glass)
- Distilled water
So in one go, we eliminate our garbage heaps, recycle simple and reusable materials, create a freshwater source, and create unlimited amounts of energy.
Sounds good to me.
(Oh and the only reason this isn't being funded, is because landfills initial cost is cheaper, companies don't consider long term profit margins)


Let say an average car battery has a 48 amp-hour capacity. Is it possible to determine how many ampere hours are left in a battery if the volts are known? What about if they are lower (e.g., 8 V) than a completely discharged battery (i.e., 11.9 V)? - and if so, how is it determined mathematically?
Edit #1
I'm trying to calculate how long it would take to charge a car battery from 11.89 V to 12.65 V, but my battery charger only provides it's output as 1.25 A. If a battery is at 11.89 V then does that mean it has 0 ampere hours? What about if it has 8 V, is it still 0 ampere hours still?
The work that a battery can do is measured in watt-hours. You observe that a high or low voltage across the terminals somewhats reflect the state of charge of the battery. That is true, but it's not a reliable measurement of anything else. Batteries of different ages, or with different chemistries and internal surface areas will perform differently (and nor would you want to completely discharge a car battery, as they are not meant for "deep cycling").
The answer is that yes, it can be, to some extent, according to battery university. However, the battery should rest for 24 hours, which may be impractical. Note that most cars have a low continuous current drain on the battery. So, ideally, the battery should be disconnected from the car, meaning you lose your radio stations.
The other difficulty is temperature compensation. The open circuit voltage is not only a function of the state of charge, but also a function of the temperature.
For example, for starter batteries with antimony, approximately 0% is 11.89V (can be lower as well if the battery is totally flat), and 100% is 12.65V. So, even though the state of charge went from approximately 0% to 100%, the open circuit voltage changed only very little. However, these values are valid only if the temperature of the battery is 26 degrees Celsius. Note also that these values are for batteries with antimony. Most batteries these days have calcium instead of antimony, and thus, the voltages are slightly different.
Edit #1:
If the battery is at or below the empty voltage (which for lead acid antimony batteries is at 11.89V, but the battery can in theory be at any voltage between 0V and 11.89V and it is in any case approximately empty), and has 48 Ah capacity, a 1.25A charger will fully charge the battery in approximately 38.4 hours (just divide the Ah of the battery by the amperes of the charger), but I would add few hours more because the end of the charging occurs at constant voltage, not at constant current. So, in about two days, you should have a fully charged battery.
 - So for lead acid antimony batteries, if the voltage is below 11.89, does that mean the capacity in ampere-hours is still below 0 right? So as long as the voltage is greater than 11.89 V, the capacity should reflect > 0 ampere-hours? I'm wondering if the correlation is 1:1. – Narcotixs Feb 14 '17 at 3:13
 - Well, the voltage versus charge graph is so vertical at that point, so very minor changes in charge lead to huge changes in voltage. So, e.g. battery at 6V has a tiny bit less charge than a battery at 11.89V. Both are practically devoid of charge. – juhist Feb 14 '17 at 7:53
Your Answer


text:
C. H. Lin, R. C. T. Lee and C. C. Chang+
Institute of Computer Science
National Tsing Hua University
Hsinchu, Taiwan 30043, Republic of China
+Institute of Computer Science and Information Engineering
National Chung Cheng University
Chiayi, Taiwan 62107, Republic of China
In this paper, a dynamic access control mechanism with a single lock for an information protection system is proposed. Each file in the system is assigned a lock value. The access right of a user to a file is revealed by applying straightforward division operations on the file's lock. In addition, our mechanism is suitable for changing a privilege value, insertion or deletion of a user, and insertion or deletion of a file with a small change in the lock value(s). Compared to Wu and Hwangs' and Chang's methods, the computation of a lock value is simple and the verification of an access request is quite efficient.
Keywords: access request, authorized access, dynamic access control mechanism, linear-hierarchy, privilege, requesting privilege, singlekey-lock (SKL) system
Received August 15, 1989; revised November 3, 1989.
Communicated by Lin-Shan Lee.
*Parts of this paper has been presented in the International Workshop on Discrete Algorithms and Complexity, November 20-22, 1989, Fukuoka, Japan, Sponsored by IEICE Technical Group on Computation (COMP), IPSJ Special Interest Group on Algorithms(SIGAL), and IPSJ Kyushu Branch.


text:
The Health and Care Professions Council is the regulatory body set up to provide protection for the public, by maintaining a register of all health and care professionals that meet their standards for health, behaviour, professional skills and training.
Professions Regulated by The Health and Care Professions Council
The Council currently regulates the following professions:
- Language and Speech Therapists – They assess, treat and help to prevent difficulties with swallowing, language and speech
- Social Workers in England – They are responsible for liberation and empowerment of people, problem solving matters related to human relationships and promoting social change to improve well-being.
- Radiographers – Diagnostic radiographers are responsible for producing and interpreting high-quality images of bodies for diagnosing diseases and injuries. Therapeutic radiographers are responsible for planning and delivering treatments involving radiation.
- Orthotists/Prosthetists – They supply orthoses and prostheses to appropriate patients. An orthosis is fitted onto a body part that exists, while a prosthesis is something that is used as a replacement for a body part that's missing
- Practitioner Psychologists – They are involved in the study of behaviour, the mind and people from a scientific point of view. They try to understand how mental functions come into play in social behaviour and individuals.
- Physiotherapists – They deal with the movement and function of people and help them to achieve their full potential on a physical level. They approach issues and problems from a physical point of view and restore, maintain and promote well-being.
- Paramedics – They provide specialist treatment and care to injured or acutely ill patients and can carry out some surgical techniques and administer drugs.
- Orthoptists – They specialise in the diagnosis and treatment of visual conditions concerning the alignment and movement of the eyes.
- Operating Department Practitioners – They provide skilled support and care for individuals alongside their nursing and medical colleagues throughout the anaesthetic, surgical and recovery stages of surgery.
- Occupational Therapists – They use various activities to reduce the effects of disabilities, while promoting the independence in all areas of their life.
- Hearing Aid Dispensers – They work in private practices assessing, fitting and providing aftercare hearing aids.
- Dietitians – They treat medical conditions by using nutritional science to devise special eating plans for their patients. They help encourage positive changes in choices of food and promote better health in general.
- Clinical Scientists – They oversee special tests for the diagnosis and management of different diseases. They provide doctors with advice on tests and interpretation of data and carry out research into understanding diseases better.
- Podiatrists/Chiropodists – Podiatrists and Chiropodists carry out diagnosis and treatment on deformities, diseases and disorders related to feet.
- Biomedical Scientists – They analysis specimens from their patients in order to provide data to enable doctors to effectively diagnose and treat diseases
- Arts Therapists – They are psychological therapists who have arts-based experience and training in various psychological interventions making use of art, music or drama as their main communication mode.
Each of the above professions have at least one or more designated titles that are legally protected, for instance, dietitian and physiotherapist. Anyone working using one of the titles above must be registered with the Council. If anyone is practising one of the above professions and misusing a designated title is actually breaking the law and could be prosecuted.
Vision and Aims of the HCPC
The HCPC operates with the view to meeting the following main aims:
- Keeping a public register of members who are qualified to practise using the professional titles listed above.
- Approve and uphold high standards of training and education, and continued good practice.
- Carrying out investigations into complaints and, when necessary, taking the appropriate action
- Working alongside members of the public and a full range of different groups, including various professional bodies
- Promoting full awareness and understanding of what the Council aims to do.
Values of the HCPC
The core values that underpin the work of the HCPC are:
- High Quality Service
- Value for Money
What They Do
The aim of the HCPC ensures that the law is upheld and members of the general public are fully protected against being misled thinking that an individual is a fully registered individual when the fact is that they aren't. If they receive information that suggests the title being used by an individual is being misused, they will contact the relevant 3rd party or person (or even both), properly explain the legal implications and explain that they should not be misusing that title. If they have evidence that an offence has been committed, they could send a notice telling them to cease and desist, outlining the actions they could take if the individual or 3rd party does not stop.
Generally, the individual or 3rd party is actually unaware of their law, or they have made a mistake. The HCPC takes this onboard and appreciates it and as long as they stop using the title, they will not proceed with any further action.


text:
So this the code that is important
char *arguments[ARGSIZE]; char *buf; //Put stuff in buf and do whatever until *arguments++ = buf;
It seems *arguments++ is throwing the error, why isn't this valid?
If you need such iteration through array then additional pointer is required:
You're code is like below:
You can not apply operator


Maui News
Maunakea Astronomers Catch Rare Star Eclipse
March 9, 2020, 10:38 AM HST
Listen to this Article
3 minutes
Playing in :00
An artist's view of one of the SPECULOOS telescopes, with the eclipsing binary brown dwarf in the sky. The third red dot is a third nearby brown dwarf, which is also part of the same system. The book on the side shows the data that led to the discovery. On the left page is the eclipse captured by SPECULOOS while the right page shows the data from Keck Observatory and the VLT. Copyright University of Birmingham / Amanda J. Smith.
Astronomers working on "first light" data from a newly commissioned telescope in Chile made a chance discovery that led to the identification of a rare eclipse of two brown dwarfs. The result, which includes data taken from W. M. Keck Observatory on Maunakea in Hawaii to help confirm the discovery, published today in the journal Nature Astronomy.
Sometimes called "failed stars," brown dwarfs occupy a grey zone between stars and giant planets. They are unable to sustain the fusion of hydrogen into helium, a process that powers the light from normal stars like the sun; yet they appear to form like stars, only with less mass. They provide a critical link in scientists' understanding of star and planet formation.
The chance discovery was led by an international team of researchers, including scientists at UC San Diego, working on a project called SPECULOOS (Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars), which aims to find planets orbiting the smallest stars, including brown dwarfs. SPECULOOS finds planets by detecting periodic dips in a star's brightness as a planet passes in front of it, an event called a planetary transit. Astronomers predict that the smallest stars and brown dwarfs could host large populations of close-in, potentially habitable rocky planets, like the famous seven-planet system TRAPPIST-1 that was discovered in 2017 by members of the same team.
"This is a great example of scientific serendipity," UC San Diego physics professor Adam Burgasser explained in a press release.
"While searching for planets, we found an eclipsing brown dwarf binary, a system that is uniquely suited for studying the fundamental physics of these faint celestial objects."
Soon after the construction of the first SPECULOOS telescopes in Chile, and during early testing observations, the team targeted the brown dwarf "2MASSW J1510478-281817," also known as 2M1510, in the constellation Libra. In this case, the SPECULOOS observations picked up a distinct signal that led the researchers to speculate that 2M1510 might be two brown dwarfs instead of one, in orbit around each other.
"Among the first test observations we performed, we turned one of our telescopes to a
known brown dwarf. But suddenly the object appeared to get dimmer for about 90
minutes, which indicated an eclipse just took place," reported Michaël Gillon, principal
investigator of the SPECULOOS project.
Artem Burdanov, a postdoctoral researcher at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
and co-author on the study concurred, adding, "We rapidly realized that we were probably looking at two eclipsing brown dwarfs, one passing in front of the other, a configuration which is much rarer than planetary systems."
The researchers were able to confirm their hypothesis using two powerful telescopes –the 10-meter Keck II telescope and the 8-meter Very Large Telescope (VLT) on Cerro Paranal in Chile, the same site as the SPECULOOS telescopes. Keck Observatory and VLT are each equipped with sensitive spectrometers (the Near-Infrared Spectrograph, or NIRSPEC, at Keck Observatory and VLT's UV-Visual Échelle Spectrograph, or UVES) that can measure the velocities of celestial objects. In the case of 2M1510, the astronomers detected the velocities of both brown dwarfs as they orbit one another.
"From the very first spectrum we obtained, we could tell we had an exciting binary
discovery," Burgasser said.
"It was thrilling to see the absorption lines move back and forth in perfect synchronicity, which allowed us to measure the mass of the binary."
The detection of an eclipsing brown dwarf binary is extremely rare because the system needs to be precisely aligned with our line-of-sight to move in front of each other. Only one other such system has been identified to date. These systems allow astronomers to measure both the radii and masses of the brown dwarfs directly. 2M1510 is also unique in that it is among the few brown dwarfs that have a known age, due to its membership in a nearby cluster of young stars called the Argus moving group.
The eclipsing binary is also part of a brown dwarf triple system—another rarity—with a third component orbiting at a much wider separation.
"Collecting a combination of mass, radius, and age is really rare for a star, let alone for
a brown dwarf," explained Amaury Triaud, Birmingham Fellow at the University of
Birmingham in the UK who was the primary author of the study.
"Usually one or more of these measurements is missing. By drawing all these elements together, we were able to verify theoretical models for how brown dwarfs cool, models which are over 30 years
old. We found the models match remarkably well with the observations, a testament to
human ingenuity."


text:
Older dads have less bouncy babies
The babies of older dads tend to be less robust immediately after birth than infants fathered by younger men, a new study shows.
The research, published in the current issue of the journal Epidemiology, shows that new fathers in their 40s and 50s are slightly more likely to have an infant with a low Apgar score than fathers in their 20s.
The Apgar score, which was first created in 1952, rates the newborn on respiratory effort, heart rate, reflex irritability, muscle tone and skin colour with a value of 0 to 2 for each.
The score is calculated at one and five minutes after birth and a score of 10 is the best result.
In recent years, several reports have linked advanced paternal age with various adverse pregnancy outcomes, including foetal death and premature birth.
But little was known about the impact, if any, on the physical condition of the infant at birth.
What the records show
To investigate, Dr Yuelian Sun, from the University of Aarhus in Denmark and colleagues analysed data from more than 70,000 couples who had a first infant born between 1980 and 1996.
The team reports that compared with fathers in their 20s, those between 45 and 49 years of age and those 50 years of age or older were 64% and 49% more likely, respectively, to have an infant with a one minute Apgar score between 1 and 3.
Fathers 45 years of age or older were at increased risk of having an infant with a five minute Apgar score of less than 7.
"The biologic link between advanced paternal age and low Apgar scores is unknown," Sun and colleagues say.
However, some studies have shown that "expression of specific paternal genes is crucial for the placental development and that chromosomal aberrations tend to increase with paternal age."
Reproductive medicine expert Professor Robert Jansen from the University of Sydney says fathers aged over 60 are also more likely to have children with serious genetic defects.
"In really old men you start getting some rare conditions happening... like dwarfism," he says.
Professor Mark Bowman, a expert in male infertility and lecturer in obstetrics and gynaecology at Sydney University says the results could be a reflection of maternal problems.
"You'd expect this would be a female effect," he says.
"Older women are more likely to have babies with problems and older women have older husbands."


A global distributor of precision measurement tools
What kinds of applications are there for using a ruby ball probe tip?
A ball-tipped probe is most often used to assess the flatness of a surface, also known as scanning. By using a ruby ball probe, you are harnessing each of the advantages of ruby as a material—sphericity, hardness, smoothness, and resistance. Scanning is used in order to identify any flaws that a material might have. A ruby ball probe is used to measure the individual imperfections that are found during the scanning process. By running the probe across the surface of interest, you can find and measure the size of any flaws that exist. Ensuring smoothness and perfect sphericity of the ball on your probe is pivotal to successful scanning. Ruby is the best choice for this purpose since it is reliably spherical and smooth, as well as difficult to damage.
Back to all FAQs
Live Chat
Cart Summary


and watch their self talk around the situation…such as avoid thoughts like "he/she is such a jerk, they never listen" Do not drink or take drugs during this time.
In closing I would like to share some alternatives to lashing out. You can use these when upset with your child or your ex-partner.
*Take a deep breath and blow it out slowly, do it again and remember you are an adult.
*Find a paper and pencil and write as many positive helpful words for this situation. Save your list.
*Close your eyes and imagine how your words will or did sound to your child or your ex.
*Put yourself in a time out and think about where your anger is coming from. Is it really your child? Or even your ex? Is it financial, are you tired, stressed, otherwise upset? Get a perspective on why you are angry right now and what you need right now.
*Clinch your jaw and count to 10, relax your jaw….do it again…and again if you need.
*Phone a friend who will listen.
*Hug a pillow, or the listening friend.
*Take a hot shower or bath, with music and candles?
*Turn on your favorite music and move to it.
Some of this message is to encourage you to take care of yourself so that you are not at your "wit's end." Get all the professional help and advice you can. Work with teachers, friends, family, and especially your ex-partner. Working together on parenting issues will make life better for both households.
Congratulations, you are finished with the 32nd lesson on domestic violence and co-parenting.
When you complete the four questions for Lesson 32 Quiz you will be automatically given Lesson 33.
LESSON Thirty-two QUIZ
Merchant Services
Copyright © EVaughn Enterprises Lincoln, CA


text: "There is a great difference between successfulness and fruitfulness. Success comes from strength, control, and respectability. A successful person has the energy to create something, to keep control over its development, and to make it available in large quantities. Success brings many rewards and often fame. Fruits, however, come from weakness and vulnerability. And fruits are unique. A child is the fruit conceived in vulnerability, community is the fruit born through shared brokenness, and intimacy is the fruit that grows through touching one another's wounds. Let's remind one another that what brings us true joy is not successfulness but fruitfulness."


text:
The BC Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC) is clarifying new guidance on its website regarding self-isolation recommendations and how to manage COVID-19 illness after its amendments created widespread confusion.
On Wednesday (Jan. 19), the BCCDC quietly updated its advice on close contacts and self-isolation recommendations regarding vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals.
In a statement released the following day, the agency apologized for its web posting and any subsequent confusion.
"We understand the significant interest in these testing and isolation guidelines, which is why we updated the website immediately with clarifications made yesterday. We recognize this approach led to confusion," reads the acknowledgement.
"We will strive to ensure there is a better change management process for future changes."
Under the updated guidance, individuals over 18 who are not fully vaccinated and test positive for COVID-19 should self-isolate for 10 days and wait until their symptoms improve and they no longer have a fever. For five days following this period, they should also avoid nonessential visits to "high-risk settings."
Fully vaccinated adults who test positive must self-isolate for half the time that individuals who are not fully vaccinated do (five days). However, they must also ensure that their symptoms have improved and they no longer have a fever. Additionally, they should avoid non-essential visits to high-risk settings for an additional five days following their self-isolation period.
If you have mild symptoms and do not need a COVID-19 test, the BCCDC advises you to stay home until you feel well enough to return to your regular activities.
Close contacts do not need to self-isolate, regardless of vaccination status, but should self-monitor. In fact, everyone should routinely monitor symptoms of COVID-19, whether they are notified of a COVID-19 exposure or not; stay home if you feel unwell.
According to the BCCDC, the changes enable British Columbians to self-manage their illness and limit spread in communities while continuing their regular activities as much as possible (ie. going to work or school or socializing).
Further changes to the guidance are expected in the weeks to come, notes the agency, adding that getting vaccinated "remains the most effective measure to prevent severe illness."
For more information about the updated guidance regarding isolation protocol and how to manage COVID-19 symptoms, visit the BCCDC online.


Florence Nightingale Timeline For Kids
Florence Nightingale nurse cartoon
This Florence Nightingale timeline is the perfect way to learn more about one of the world's most famous nurses.
The World Health Organisation has declared 2020 as the International Year of the Nurse and the Midwife. Here at Kidadl we want to thank all nurses and midwifes for their caring and compassionate work!
What better way to honour the inspirational work of nurses than to teach the next generation all about them! We have put together loads of interesting facts about Florence Nightingale, a famous and hard-working woman, who we certainly should all look up to.
Florence Nightingale was a British nurse, statistician and social reformer, who worked tirelessly to help those around her. She served in wars nursing soldiers back to good health and was always thinking of ways that she could help people. This Florence Nightingale timeline tells you everything you need to know about this inspirational woman, including lots of Florence Nightingale facts for kids.
Who Was Florence Nightingale?
Florence was born on the 12th May in 1820, that's 200 hundred years ago! She was born in Florence, Italy, which is where she is named after. Soon after, her family moved back to England.
Fun Fact: Florence's sister was also named after an Italian town - Parthenope.
Their father was a wealthy banker and he gave his daughters a good education. He taught his girls subjects such as science, history and maths. This is when Florence fell in love with books.
Why Did She Become A Nurse?
From a young age, Florence knew that she wanted to do something important with her life. She was studious and organised from a very young age, while her sister just wanted to play.
When she was 16, she believed God spoke to her, and told her to help those suffering. And so, from this moment onward, she wanted to become a nurse.
Florence's father, however, just wanted his daughter to find a respectable man to marry. He did not approve of her decision to become a nurse. But Florence insisted, so she read and read and never gave in. She was determined to do something important in her life.
Her father gave in eventually and let her study at a Christian nursing school in Germany in the year 1851.
Illustration of the inside of an old hospital.
Image © Wellcome Images, Wikicommons
What did Florence Nightingale Do?
After her training in Germany, Florence came back to England to put her good work to practice. In the year 1853, she worked hard to improve the conditions of a women's hospital in London, making lots of important changes.
Nightingale was also a writer and wrote extensively about nursing practices. She penned reports, books and pamphlets. Her book, Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not, was used to teach her own students in the nursing school she set up herself in London. She wrote information about nutrition, hygiene and more to help her students.
She was also amazing at maths, and loved using graphics and charts to present her findings. For her work, she became the first woman become a member of the Royal Statistician Society.
For her fantastic work from her home in London, to her dedication to the army abroad, the International Red Cross established the Florence Nightingale Medal in 1912 - one of the highest honours a nurse can achieve.
The Crimean War
The Crimean War broke out in the year 1854. The war was between France, England and Turkey on one side versus Russia on the other.
Medical help was needed urgently as soldiers were suffering from injuries from wounds, illness, colds and hunger but there was no one to look after the soldiers. The Minister of War, Sidney Herbet, asked Florence to help because he knew how efficient and hard-working she was. She led a team of nurses to Crimea where they nursed the soldiers back to good health.
When the nurses arrived in Turkey they found that the hospital was in an awful state! It was overcrowded and dirty with many things broken, like the toilet and drains. Because of the unpleasant conditions, disease spread very quickly in the hospital and Florence learnt the importance of hospital cleanliness. Soldier's had to sleep on the floor and didn't even have a blanket!
Florence knew what to do. She bought new medical supplies, paid workmen to clear the drains and cleaned up the wards. She worked tirelessly with her team to improve the conditions to help the army. She bathed the soldiers, dressed their wounds and fed them. This way the Crimean War could be fought effectively and more soldiers were able to safely recover.
She returned home in 1856 and encouraged Queen Victoria to think more about the conditions of the war and how disease could have been prevented. She then set up the Nightingale fund in 1859 to help train more nurses!
Illustration of Florence Nightingale tending to the sick.
Image © Wellcome Images, Wikicommons
The Lady With The Lamp
While caring for soldiers during the Crimean War, Florence acquired the nickname, 'the lady with the lamp'. This was because of how caring and compassionate she was, especially during such a hard time.
At night time, she would regularly visit the soldiers to ensure they were feeling comfortable and well rested. She would carry her lamp with her as she did, hence the name.
Fun Fact: As many soldiers were severely injured, they were not able to write letters home to their family. So Florence would do it for them. She always went the extra mile and truly cared for her patients.
Why Did Florence Spend 11 Years In Bed?
During the Crimean War, Florence fell ill with Crimean Fever and although she recovered slowly while she was away from home in London, she suffered for many years after. The disease stayed with Florence and she would often be bed bound, some 25 years after because of chronic pain.
She was bed-bound for 11 years due to the pain and illness and she became permanently blind towards the end of her life in 1901. She died on 10 August 1910 and will always be remembered as a pioneer and inspirational figure.
Sponsorship & Advertising Policy
Read our Sponsorship & Advertising Policy
Get The Kidadl Newsletter
Thank you! Your newsletter will be with you soon.
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
No items found.


text:
One of the key challenges in advanced microarchitecture is to provide high performance hardware components that work as application accelerators. In this paper, we present a Cache Coherent Architecture that optimizes
memory accesses to patterns using both a hardware component
and specialized instructions. The high performance hardware component in our context is aimed at CMP (Chip MultiProcessing) and MPSoC (Multiprocessor System-on-Chip).
A large number of applications targeted at embedded systems are known to read and write data in memory following regular memory access patterns.
In our approach, memory access patterns are fed to a specific hardware accelerator that can be
used to optimize cache consistency mechanisms by prefetching data and reducing the number of transactions.
In this paper, we
propose to analyze this component and its associated protocol that
enhance a cache coherent system to perform speculative requests
when access patterns are detected. The main contributions are
the description of the system architecture providing the highlevel overview of a specialized hardware component and the
associated transaction message model. We also provide a first
evaluation of our proposal, using code instrumentation of a


text:
Definition of Prebasal
1. situated in front of a base [adj]
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Prebasal Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Prebasal
Literary usage of Prebasal
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (1905)
"prebasal plate not exposed. a!.—Ventral pores not existing on segments beyond the... prebasal plate exposed at the middle, the basal plate being a little..."
2. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History by American Museum of Natural History (1914)
"The femora; with apreapical and the tibia; with a prebasal and apical fuscous band, with close set fine hairs underneath on the venter and on antenna? and..."
3. The Myology of the Raven (Corvus Corax Sinuatus.): A Guide to the Study of by Robert Wilson Shufeldt (1890)
"Here, in the subject before us, a special slip is thrown off for attachment from the deep flexor tendon as it passes over the prebasal joint in question,..."
4. The Myriapoda of North America by Charles Harvey Bollman (1893)
"Coxal pores one, concealed ; prebasal plate concealed ; coxa of... prebasal plate concealed; anterior coxal pore hidden by ventral plate;..."
5. Bulletin by United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution (1893)
"Coxal pores one, concealed ; prebasal plate concealed ; coxa of... prebasal plate concealed: anterior coxal poro hidden by ventral plate;..."
6. The Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales by Linnean Society of New South Wales (1884)
"The prebasal ridge of d4 is developed on its outer two-thirds only, and is connected with the anterior lobe by a minute link. The anterior lobe, like all..."
7. The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada: With Special by Samuel Hubbard Scudder, William Morris Davis, Charles William Woodworth, Leland Ossian Howard, Charles Valentine Riley, Samuel Wendell Williston (1889)
"... series of large silvery or buff spots ; there are also infra-mesial and prebasal series of similar spots, the latter usually smaller than the former...."
Other Resources Relating to: Prebasal


text:
Chapter 7 Connections
Connections are used in R in the sense of Chambers (1998) and Ripley (2001), a set of functions to replace the use of file names by a flexible interface to file-like objects.
7.1 Types of connections
The most familiar type of connection will be a file, and file connections are created by function
file. File connections can (if the OS will allow it for the particular file) be opened for reading or writing or appending, in text or binary mode. In fact, files can be opened for both reading and writing, and R keeps a separate file position for reading and writing.
Note that by default a connection is not opened when it is created. The rule is that a function using a connection should open a connection (needed) if the connection is not already open, and close a connection after use if it opened it. In brief, leave the connection in the state you found it in. There are generic functions
close with methods to explicitly open and close connections.
Files compressed via the algorithm used by
gzip can be used as connections created by the function
gzfile, whereas files compressed by
bzip2 can be used via
Unix programmers are used to dealing with special files
stderr. These exist as terminal connections in R. They may be normal files, but they might also refer to input from and output to a GUI console. (Even with the standard Unix R interface,
stdin refers to the lines submitted from
readline rather than a file.)
The three terminal connections are always open, and cannot be opened or closed.
stderr are conventionally used for normal output and error messages respectively. They may normally go to the same place, but whereas normal output can be re-directed by a call to
sink, error output is sent to
stderr unless re-directed by
sink, type="message"). Note carefully the language used here: the connections cannot be re-directed, but output can be sent to other connections.
Text connections are another source of input. They allow R character vectors to be read as if the lines were being read from a text file. A text connection is created and opened by a call to
textConnection, which copies the current contents of the character vector to an internal buffer at the time of creation.
Text connections can also be used to capture R output to a character vector.
textConnection can be asked to create a new character object or append to an existing one, in both cases in the user's workspace. The connection is opened by the call to
textConnection, and at all times the complete lines output to the connection are available in the R object. Closing the connection writes any remaining output to a final element of the character vector.
Pipes are a special form of file that connects to another process, and pipe connections are created by the function
pipe. Opening a pipe connection for writing (it makes no sense to append to a pipe) runs an OS command, and connects its standard input to whatever R then writes to that connection. Conversely, opening a pipe connection for input runs an OS command and makes its standard output available for R input from that connection.
Sockets can also be used as connections via function
socketConnection on platforms which support Berkeley-like sockets (most Unix systems, Linux and Windows). Sockets can be written to or read from, and both client and server sockets can be used.
7.2 Output to connections
We have described functions
sink as writing to a file, possibly appending to a file if argument
append = TRUE, and this is what they did prior to R version 1.2.0.
The current behaviour is equivalent, but what actually happens is that when the
file argument is a character string, a file connection is opened (for writing or appending) and closed again at the end of the function call. If we want to repeatedly write to the same file, it is more efficient to explicitly declare and open the connection, and pass the connection object to each call to an output function. This also makes it possible to write to pipes, which was implemented earlier in a limited way via the syntax
file = "|cmd" (which can still be used).
There is a function
writeLines to write complete text lines to a connection.
Some simple examples are
zz <- file("ex.data", "w") # open an output file connection cat("TITLE extra line", "2 3 5 7", "", "11 13 17", file = zz, sep = "\n") cat("One more line\n", file = zz) close(zz) ## convert decimal point to comma in output, using a pipe (Unix) ## both R strings and (probably) the shell need \ doubled zz <- pipe(paste("sed s/\\\\./,/ >", "outfile"), "w") cat(format(round(rnorm(100), 4)), sep = "\n", file = zz) close(zz) ## now look at the output file: file.show("outfile", delete.file = TRUE) ## capture R output: use examples from help(lm) zz <- textConnection("ex.lm.out", "w") sink(zz) example(lm, prompt.echo = "> ") sink() close(zz) ## now 'ex.lm.out' contains the output for futher processing. ## Look at it by, e.g., cat(ex.lm.out, sep = "\n")
7.3 Input from connections
The basic functions to read from connections are
readLines. These take a character string argument and open a file connection for the duration of the function call, but explicitly opening a file connection allows a file to be read sequentially in different formats.
Other functions that call
scan can also make use of connections, in particular
Some simple examples are
## read in file created in last examples readLines("ex.data") unlink("ex.data") ## read listing of current directory (Unix) readLines(pipe("ls -1")) # remove trailing commas from an input file. # Suppose we are given a file 'data' containing 450, 390, 467, 654, 30, 542, 334, 432, 421, 357, 497, 493, 550, 549, 467, 575, 578, 342, 446, 547, 534, 495, 979, 479 # Then read this by scan(pipe("sed -e s/,$// data"), sep=",")
For convenience, if the
file argument specifies a FTP, HTTP or HTTPS URL, the URL is opened for reading via
url. Specifying files via 'file://foo.bar' is also allowed.
C programmers may be familiar with the
ungetc function to push back a character onto a text input stream. R connections have the same idea in a more powerful way, in that an (essentially) arbitrary number of lines of text can be pushed back onto a connection via a call to
Pushbacks operate as a stack, so a read request first uses each line from the most recently pushbacked text, then those from earlier pushbacks and finally reads from the connection itself. Once a pushbacked line is read completely, it is cleared. The number of pending lines pushed back can be found via a call to
A simple example will show the idea.
> zz <- textConnection(LETTERS) > readLines(zz, 2) "A" "B" > scan(zz, "", 4) Read 4 items "C" "D" "E" "F" > pushBack(c("aa", "bb"), zz) > scan(zz, "", 4) Read 4 items "aa" "bb" "G" "H" > close(zz)
Pushback is only available for connections opened for input in text mode.
7.4 Listing and manipulating connections
A summary of all the connections currently opened by the user can be found by
showConnections(), and a summary of all connections, including closed and terminal connections, by
showConnections(all = TRUE)
The generic function
seek can be used to read and (on some connections) reset the current position for reading or writing. Unfortunately it depends on OS facilities which may be unreliable (e.g. with text files under Windows). Function
isSeekable reports if
seek can change the position on the connection given by its argument.
truncate can be used to truncate a file opened for writing at its current position. It works only for
file connections, and is not implemented on all platforms.
7.5 Binary connections
writeBin read to and write from binary connections. A connection is opened in binary mode by appending
"b" to the mode specification, that is using mode
"rb" for reading, and mode
"ab" (where appropriate) for writing. The functions have arguments
readBin(con, what, n = 1, size = NA, endian =.Platform$endian) writeBin(object, con, size = NA, endian =.Platform$endian)
In each case
con is a connection which will be opened if necessary for the duration of the call, and if a character string is given it is assumed to specify a file name.
It is slightly simpler to describe writing, so we will do that first.
object should be an atomic vector object, that is a vector of mode
raw, without attributes. By default this is written to the file as a stream of bytes exactly as it is represented in memory.
readBin reads a stream of bytes from the file and interprets them as a vector of mode given by
what. This can be either an object of the appropriate mode (e.g.
what=integer()) or a character string describing the mode


text:
1st century AD
Heron of Alexandria is credited with the invention of the windmill. He harnessed the power of the wind to power an organ. The windmill blades were attached to an axle that drove a set of pistons up and down to provide power to the organ.
9th century AD
The Persians built vertical axis windmills that were probably used to pump water or to grind corn. The vertical sails were most likely made out of reeds and wood. The sails were in cased within a set of Read More »


, HASH, or CODE), or specific to the exact compilation phase (BEGIN, CHECK, INIT, or END). See L. =item * C, by Stephen McCamant, is a new compiler backend for walking the Perl syntax tree, printing concise info about ops. The output is highly customisable. See L. [561+] =item * The new bignum, bigint, and bigrat pragmas, by Tels, implement transparent bignum support (using the Math::BigInt, Math::BigFloat, and Math::BigRat backends). =item * C, by Sean Burke, is a module for reporting the search path for a class's ISA tree. See L. =item * C now has a split personality: if possible, an XS extension is used, (this will hopefully be faster, more secure, and more robust) but if not possible, the familiar Perl implementation is used. =item * C, originally by Kenneth Albanowski and now maintained by Paul Marquess, has been added. It is primarily used by C to enhance portability of XS modules between different versions of Perl. See L. =item * C, frontend module for calculating digests (checksums), from Gisle Aas, has been added. See L. =item * C for calculating MD5 digests (checksums) as defined in RFC 1321, from Gisle Aas, has been added. See L. use Digest::MD5'md5_hex'; $digest = md5_hex("Thirsty Camel"); print $digest, "\n"; # 01d19d9d2045e005c3f1b80e8b164de1 NOTE: the C backward compatibility module is deliberately not included since its further use is discouraged. See also L. =item * C, originally by Nick Ing-Simmons and now maintained by Dan Kogai, provides a mechanism to translate between different character encodings. Support for Unicode, ISO-8859-1, and ASCII are compiled in to the module. Several other encodings (like the rest of the ISO-8859, CP*/Win*, Mac, KOI8-R, three variants EBCDIC, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean encodings) are included and can be loaded at runtime. (For space considerations, the largest Chinese encodings have been separated into their own CPAN module, Encode::HanExtra, which Encode will use if available). See L. Any encoding supported by Encode module is also available to the ":encoding()" layer if PerlIO is used. =item * C is the interface to the new I feature. (Implemented by Jeffrey Friedl, Nick Ing-Simmons, and Michael Schwern.) See L. =item * C can be used to query locale information. See L. =item * C, by Sean Burke, has functions for dealing with RFC3066-style language tags. See L. =item * C, by Nicholas Clark, is a new tool for extension writers for generating XS code to import C header constants. See L. =item * C, by Damian Conway, is an easy-to-use frontend to Filter::Util::Call. See L. # in MyFilter.pm: package MyFilter; use Filter::Simple sub { while (my ($from, $to) = splice _USER_, 0, 2) { s/$from/$to/g; } }; 1; # in user's code: use MyFilter qr/red/ => 'green'; print "red\n"; # this code is filtered, will print "green\n" print "bored\n"; # this code is filtered, will print "bogreen\n" no MyFilter; print "red\n"; # this code is not filtered, will print "red\n" =item * C, by Tim Jenness, allows one to create temporary files and directories in an easy, portable, and secure way. See L. [561+] =item * C, by Paul Marquess, provides you with the framework to write I in Perl. For most uses, the frontend Filter::Simple is to be preferred. See L. =item * C, by Ilya Zakharevich, is a new pragma for conditional inclusion of modules. =item * L, by Graham Barr, is a collection of perl5 modules related to network programming. See L, L, L (not part of libnet, but related), L, L, and L. Perl installation leaves libnet unconfigured; use F to configure it. =item * C, by Graham Barr, is a selection of general-utility list subroutines, such as sum(), min(), first(), and shuffle(). See L. =item * C, C, C C, and L, by Neil Bowers, have been added. They provide the codes for various locale standards, such as "fr" for France, "usd" for US Dollar, and "ja" for Japanese. use Locale::Country; $country = code2country('jp'); # $country gets 'Japan' $code = country2code('Norway'); # $code gets 'no' See L, L, L, and L. =item * C, by Sean Burke, is a localization framework. See L, and L. The latter is an article about software localization, originally published in The Perl Journal #13, and republished here with kind permission. =item * C for big rational numbers, to accompany Math::BigInt and Math::BigFloat, from Tels. See L. =item * C can make your functions faster by trading space for time, from Mark-Jason Dominus. See L. =item * C, by Gisle Aas, allows you to encode data in base64, as defined in RFC 2045 - I. use MIME::Base64; $encoded = encode_base64('Aladdin:open sesame'); $decoded = decode_base64($encoded); print $encoded, "\n"; # "QWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuIHNlc2FtZQ==" See L. =item * C, by Gisle Aas, allows you to encode data in quoted-printable encoding, as defined in RFC 2045 - I. use MIME::QuotedPrint; $encoded = encode_qp("\xDE\xAD\xBE\xEF"); $decoded = decode_qp($encoded); print $encoded, "\n"; # "=DE=AD=BE=EF\n" print $decoded, "\n"; # "\xDE\xAD\xBE\xEF\n" See also L. =item * C, by Damian Conway, is a pseudo-class for method redispatch. See L. =item * C is a new pragma for setting the default I/O layers for open(). =item * C, by Nick Ing-Simmons, provides the implementation of IO to "in memory" Perl scalars as discussed above. It also serves as an example of a loadable PerlIO layer. Other future possibilities include PerlIO::Array and PerlIO::Code. See L. =item * C, by Nick Ing-Simmons, acts as a PerlIO layer and wraps PerlIO layer functionality provided by a class (typically implemented in Perl code). =item * C, by Elizabeth Mattijsen, is an example of a C class: use PerlIO::via::QuotedPrint; open($fh,">:via(QuotedPrint)",$path); This will automatically convert everything output to C<$fh> to Quoted-Printable. See L and L. =item * C, by Russ Allbery, has been added, to parse LZ<><> links in pods as described in the new perlpodspec. =item * C, by Joe Smith, has been added. It converts POD data to formatted overstrike text. See L. [561+] =item * C is a selection of general-utility scalar subroutines, such as blessed(), reftype(), and tainted(). See L. =item * C is a new pragma for controlling the behaviour of sort(). =item * C gives persistence to Perl data structures by allowing the storage and retrieval of Perl data to and from files in a fast and compact binary format. Because in effect Storable does serialisation of Perl data structures, with it you can also clone deep, hierarchical datastructures. Storable was originally created by Raphael Manfredi, but it is now maintained by Abhijit Menon-Sen. Storable has been enhanced to understand the two new hash features, Unicode keys and restricted hashes. See L. =item * C, by Damian Conway, has been added. Just by saying use Switch; you have C and C available in Perl. use Switch; switch ($val) { case 1 { print "number 1" } case "a" { print "string a" } case [1..10,42] { print "number in list" } case (_USER_) { print "number in list" } case /\w+/ { print "pattern" } case qr/\w+/ { print "pattern" } case (%hash) { print "entry in hash" } case (\%hash) { print "entry in hash" } case (\&sub) { print "arg to subroutine" } else { print "previous case not true" } } See L. =item * C, by Michael Schwern, is yet another framework for writing test scripts, more extensive than Test::Simple. See L. =item * C, by Michael Schwern, has basic utilities for writing tests. See L. =item * C, by Damian Conway, has been added, for extracting delimited text sequences from strings. use


text:
- 1 hammer
- something hard and resonant (and inanimate) to bang it on
- 1 clock with a second hand
- 1 measuring tape
- 1 helper
- 1 pair of binoculars
Sound travels at 344 metres per second in air at 20 °C. This is slow enough for noises to be noticeably delayed when heard from even quite a short distance. You can use this effect to measure the speed of sound.
Ask your helper to a hit a wall or a piece of metal repeatedly with the hammer, about twice every second. The exact frequency of the beat doesn't matter; it can be measured later. But the beat should be regular.
Now start walking away, looking back from time to time to watch your helper pounding away as you listen to the sound of their hammering. As the distance increases, the delay after each beat before the sound arrives will become longer and longer.
Eventually the delay...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.