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THE APPALACHIAN HARDWOOD FOREST
The Appalachian Hardwood Region is the mountainous area
between New York and North Georgia with an approximate boundary at the
1,000-foot altitude contour. Within this area grow the finest
hardwood timber to be found in the world.
Thousands of years ago this area was bounded on the
north by glaciers and on the east, south and west by a shallow sea.
When the glaciers receded and the seas subsided, the mountains were
the garden spot that seeded the surrounding areas. All species of
trees found in the east are also found in these mountains. For nearly
200 years after the settlement of the coastal plains, the Appalachian
mountains were the "Far West." The first white man to explore the
Appalachian mountains is reported to have been Desoto in about 1540.
He made no real settlement and few pioneers attempted to cross the
rugged mountain ranges. Hunters who ventured into these lush
mountains returned with glowing tales of the grandeur of the country.
With the discovery of Cumberland Gap about 1750, a
relatively easy route became available across the mountains. However,
westward migration did not start until 1779 when Daniel Boone was
commissioned by the Virginia Legislature to build a road through the
Gap. He built what became known as the "Wilderness Road." From 1779
to 1795 a steady stream of settlers flowed across the mountain trail.
Few stopped to settle in the rugged mountains to work out a living.
Most of the people moved on through the mountains into the low rolling
hills and river bottom lands of central Kentucky and beyond.
The results of this migration can be seen in the
timber stands of the region today. Within the Appalachian mountain
territory there are vast areas of forest land containing billions of
board feet of timber. Farther west beyond the mountains in Kentucky
and Tennessee, the forest lands are mostly small tracts and farm wood
When steam boat traffic started on the Ohio River,
travel largely left the overland route, and the mountain section was
nearly isolated from the outside world. Scattered logging operations
were active near the river courses as early as 1825. However, it was
not until about ten years after the Civil War when deposits of coal
and iron were discovered that the railroads pushed into the mountains
providing new transportation systems. The coming of the railroads was
important to the timber industry because it provided outlets for the
forest products so bountiful in the country. The demand for forest
products, job opportunities, and new accessibility made the mountains
more hospitable and hundreds of new settlements were established along
the rail junctions.
Lumbermen from New England and New York and
Pennsylvania were looking for new sources of timber, having moved
through the virgin forests of the northeast. Here was a new area of
timber, the grandeur of which they had never seen. Great band mills
were built throughout the mountains to saw the giant poplar, oak and
ash. These Appalachian hardwoods found their way into furniture,
flooring, wall paneling, railroad ties and hundreds of other
products. They matched in elegance and beauty the foreign woods
favored by woodworking craftsmen of the day.
The area remains primarily a timber-producing region
because the rugged nature of the country discouraged extensive land
clearing for farming and conditions of soil, climate and topography
are nearly perfect for growing trees. The Appalachian mountains,
which represent about 15 percent of the hardwood forest land area,
furnish more than 20 percent of the total hardwood lumber production.
The story of early hardwood harvesting in the
Appalachians is one of popularity for the different species. The
first loggers went into the woods and cut white oak and yellow poplar
24 inches and larger in diameter. Timber harvest in the mountains
continued to rise, with peak production reached in 1909 and 1910.
During this period of timber production, the supply
seemed infinite. Mammoth machines moved through the woods, knocking
down what was not harvested and leaving great quantities of wasted
wood in their wake. Following the harvests, fires often moved through
the area, burning not only trees, but the soil as well, causing
serious damage to the forest environment. The miracle of nature
provided the vitality to recover from the devastating fires and today
the forests have regenerated.
In the old days of virgin timber, trees were cut for
use and to clear the land. Now, with our frontier gone and our second
growth timber before us, we are growing trees for use and changing our
forest practices to meet not only the demands of today but the
anticipated demands of generations to come. Today, landowners and
operators alike have professional foresters in their employ who guide
the destiny of our public, private and industrial forests.
As our ancestors found wood important to their daily
lives, we find it essential today. Have you ever wondered what it
would be like to live a week without touching anything that required
the cutting of a tree. There would be no newspapers, magazines or
books. Food would be very hard to find. New homes could not be
built. Railroads could not operate. There would be no paper
products---no toilet tissue, paper napkins, bags, boxes or containers.
Fortunately for all of us, we will not run out of
wood in the immediate future. Trees are our only major renewable
resource. Unlike the oil and mineral resources of this nation, trees
can go on forever. If we are intelligent enough as a society to grow,
harvest and manage trees scientifically, we can count on a bountiful
supply of wood forever.
In the harvesting, sawing and processing of logs in
the Appalachian region, thousands of jobs are created. People are
needed to cut the trees, saw them into logs and haul them to
sawmills. There the logs are cut into lumber. Other manufacturing
plants process them into flooring, cabinets, panels, furniture and
various finished products.
Wood industry jobs now require highly skilled people
and provide lifetime occupational employment for those who want
meaningful productive work. Altogether the basic forest industries of
the Appalachian region employ more than 50,000 people, with payrolls
generating millions of dollars. Thus, you can see the forests of this
region play and important part in the daily economic lives of
Forest management practices in the region are making
rapid strides. Future progress will depend on public cooperation and
support. Trees were put here to use. Remember, timber is our only
major natural resource.
There is a direct relationship between the quality
of timber and the quality of all other forest resources. When trees
are maintained in a healthy vigorous condition, all other resources
benefit. When trees are "cultured" or managed, watershed values,
wildlife food and cover, recreational opportunities, and all other
enjoyment values for people are the greatest.


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, which applies regardless of the input intensity, derives from the general differential equation for the intensity I as a function of position z in the gain medium:
where is saturation intensity. To solve, we first rearrange the equation in order to separate the variables, intensity I and position z:
Integrating both sides, we obtain
The gain G of the amplifier is defined as the optical intensity I at position z divided by the input intensity:
Substituting this definition into the prior equation, we find the general gain equation:
Small signal approximation
In the special case where the input signal is small compared to the saturation intensity, in other words,
then the general gain equation gives the small signal gain as
which is identical to the small signal gain equation (see above).
Large signal asymptotic behavior
For large input signals, where
the gain approaches unity
and the general gain equation approaches a linear asymptote:
- Einstein, A (1916). "Strahlungs-emission und -absorption nach der Quantentheorie". Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft 18: 318–323. Bibcode:1916DPhyG..18..318E.
- Fain, B.; Milonni, P. W. (1987). "Classical stimulated emission". Journal of the Optical Society of America B 4: 78. doi:10.1364/JOSAB.4.000078.
- Saleh, Bahaa E. A. and Teich, Malvin Carl (1991). Fundamentals of Photonics. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-83965-5.
- Alan Corney (1977). Atomic and Laser Spectroscopy. Oxford: Oxford Uni. Press. ISBN 0-19-921145-0. ISBN 978-0-19-921145-6.
.3 Laser Fundamentals, William T. Silfvast

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Water relieving hunger
Well-Being (Sri Lanka)
Supplying water to relieve poverty
Welcome to the website of Well-Being (Sri Lanka), where we invite you to support our work in the relief of hardship in the Wanni.
Well-Being (Sri Lanka) provides water to families in an area of Sri Lanka called the Wanni where people displaced by the war have been resettled.
Our Mission
Our primary objective is to provide water for families in rural Wanni by constructing dugout wells or borehole tube wells for their personal use and for the cultivation of fruits and vegetables for home consumption and for the local market. The objective is to help to alleviate poverty and create sustainable livelihoods.
Danger posed by unprotected wells
Well-Being in action
Our Plea
We seek your support, funds and resources to assist in meeting the ongoing and desperate needs of the people of the Wanni.
After the self-destructive civil war that ended brutally in 2009, thousands of internally displaced people were resettled in the Wanni. The landless were allocated pieces of land and the homeless were given small grants to build their own brick houses. Very little was done for these war-weary wounded people to rehabilitate them and provide them the means of livelihood.
If there is one word to describe the needs of these people of the Wanni it is poverty.
Poverty has many faces. We commonly associate a lack of food, clothing and shelter with poverty. If you happen to travel within the Wanni, off the beaten track, you will, like us, soon realise the extent of the all-pervading poverty from the oversized recycled clothes people wear, the malnourished stunted children, and worried and anxious mothers and their half-built houses, with some still living in makeshift huts. Poverty also manifests itself through poor education of children, poor skills training, and poor job opportunities leading to a continuous vicious cycle of the poverty trap. In setting up Well-Being (Sri Lanka) in 2016, we wanted to address some of the issues faced by the people in poverty in the Wanni.


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The "Sunshine" Law
To assist the public and governmental agencies in understanding the requirements and exemptions to Florida's open government laws, the Attorney General's Office compiles a comprehensive guide known as the Government-in-the-Sunshine manual. The manual is published each year at no taxpayer expense by the First Amendment Foundation in Tallahassee.
Florida began its tradition of openness back in 1909 with the passage of Chapter 119 of the Florida Statutes or the "Public Records Law." This law provides that any records made or received by any public agency in the course of its official business are available for inspection, unless specifically exempted by the Florida Legislature. Over the years, the definition of what constitutes "public records" has come to include not just traditional written documents such as papers, maps and books, but also tapes, photographs, film, sound recordings and records stored in computers.
Florida's Government-in-the-Sunshine Law was enacted in 1967. Today, the Sunshine Law regarding open government can be found in Chapter 286 of the Florida Statutes. These statutes establish a basic right of access to most meetings of boards, commissions and other governing bodies of state and local governmental agencies or authorities.
Throughout the history of Florida's open government, its courts have consistently supported the public's right of access to governmental meetings and records. As such, they also have been defining and redefining what a public record is and who is covered under the open meetings law. One area of public concern was whether or not the Legislature was covered under the open meetings requirements. To address that concerns, a Constitutional amendment was passed overwhelmingly by the voters in 1990 providing for open meetings in the legislative branch of government.
The Attorney General's Office has consistently sought to safeguard Florida's pioneering Government-in-the-Sunshine laws. Our attorneys have worked, both in the courtroom and out, to halt public records violations. In 1991, a decision by the Florida Supreme Court raised questions which made it clear that the best way to ensure the public's right of access to all three branches of government was to secure that right through the Florida Constitution. The Attorney General's Office then drafted a definitive constitutional amendment, which guaranteed continued openness in the state's government and reaffirmed the application of open government to the legislative branch and expanded it to the judiciary. This amendment passed in 1992.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Google is showing Special animated Doodle to celebrate 200th Birthday of Robert Bunsen,the German scientist who developed the Bunsen burner.
Bunsen burner is the laboratory gas burner used by generations of schoolchildren in science lessons.
Google's animated Doodle shows a flame changing colour from blue to purple as a multicoloured chemicals bubble in a series of pots and test tubes while steam flies out of a coffee pot.
Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen was born on March 31, 1811 in Gottingen, Germany.
He investigated emission spectra of heated elements, and he discovered caesium and rubidium also.
He is a pioneer in PhotoChemistry also.
Bunsen was one of the most universally admired scientists of his generation. He was a master teacher, devoted to his students.
He never got a patent, despite the fact that his new battery and new laboratory burner would surely have brought him great wealth. And, he never married
You can bookmark this blog for further reading, or you can subscribe to our blog feed.


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The green chromis makes an excellent aquarium fish, as do most chromis fish found in local fish stores. It is almost always available at reasonable prices, and the only word of warning is that it is best kept in groups of six or more fish of the same species. In those numbers, it will establish a pecking order within the group, and peace will usually reign. It will not bother any other fish, and it is an excellent fish for reef tanks. Single fish usually do not do well, and without its fellow chromis species, a single fish will usually waste away and perish.
A green chromis will spend most of its time swimming in the open water of an aquarium, so it needs plenty of space in the middleto upper-water column. When it has established a school, or shoal, a green chromis will often spawn in an aquarium, but it is virtually impossible to raise any babies. Commercial aquaculture is well on its way to providing fish to the hobby, but large numbers are usually taken from the wild.
Chromis of all kinds do very well in the home aquarium. A chromis will usually eat any prepared foods, including flake. It should, however, be presented with a wide variety of food including some meaty foods. It is important that it is fed as often as possible because it is a constant feeder on the reef. If deprived of food many times a day, it can fail to thrive.


Cart 0
Honeycomb Amber Pendant
Honeycomb Amber Pendant
 - £6490
A lovely elongated cognac Amber gemstone, decorated with a honeycomb pattern in silver on one side and on the bale. It comes complete with an 18 inch silver chain.
Amber is the fossilised resin of ancient pine trees. Our Amber comes from the Baltic region and was formed during the Eocene geological period, about 44 million years ago, when the Baltic region was experiencing a semi -tropical climate. As the resin seeped from the trees it began to solidify on the tree bark or fell to the forest floor, often being carried to the sea by streams. This is why originally much Amber was found washed up on the beaches.
A birthstone for Aries and Leo, it is said to promote courage, vitality and personal growth.
Weight excluding chain: 5.7 grams Stone size : 3cm x 1.4cm
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When you are interacting with people in business, whether it be an interview or networking event, it is important to ensure that you are memorable. After all, the goal of networking is to be, Front of Mind. Here are four strategies for engaging with people in a meaningful and memorable way.
1. Radiate Energy and Enthusiasm – It is well known in the sales world that if you want to influence someone, your energy level must be higher than theirs. With that in mind, it is beneficial in interviews to talk about the aspects of your career that you are really passionate about. The person on the other side of the table will feel your enthusiasm and will be more likely to remember you when it comes time to make a hiring decision.
2. Be Interesting – Naturally, people will be more likely to remember you if you are intriguing, and one way to accomplish that is to have a unique point-of-view, or way of thinking. In Keith Ferrazzi's incredible book about building relationships, Never Eat Alone, he recommends exposing yourself to unusual experiences, which will in turn give you memorable stories to tell. I once met a man at a networking event who told me his hobby is bee keeping, and sure enough, two years later I still remember him.
3. Tap Into Emotion – Emotion is what moves us to action and prompts us to help people. In the marketing world, advertisers aim to tap into prospect's emotions to make a long lasting imprint on their mind. If you can make the person you are engaging with feel strongly then they're more likely to remember you, which is exactly what you want to do when networking.
4. Ask High Quality Questions – A simple but effective tactic for separating yourself from the crowd when networking is to ask people high quality strategic questions that require a thoughtful response while demonstrating your industry knowledge. Great questions cannot be answered by reading a company's website for twenty minutes or quickly browsing someone's LinkedIn page. Asking questions about industry trends, and asking someone for their opinion on a theory that is critical to your field, are both great ways to create a lasting memory.
When brainstorming ways to be memorable, imagine you are in the position of the person you are meeting with. If you were a hiring manager conducting interviews for a position, what could a candidate do to capture your attention and intrigue you?


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Mud Kitchens are the perfect addition to any outdoors play space. They encourage children to develop their fine motor skills, increase their understanding of materials and provide opportunities for learners to develop their imaginations through creative play, while having all the fun of making mud pies and potions. This imaginative kitchen also encourages children to interact with others and the world round them, improving speech and language skills and social skills naturally as children play. Teachers can use this as an effective learning resource in any outdoor play area as well as during their forest school activities. It provides limitless opportunities for children to explore and discover using natural resources, bringing them a greater understanding of nature.
The Mud Kitchen comprises of a lengthy, timber framed kitchen unit with a durable, fade-resistant, wipeable worktop, a cooker and two different sized stainless steel sink trays. It offers opportunities for groups of children to work together collaboratively, supporting children developing their social and emotional skills, through investigative play. The oven has a hinged door and the sink bowls are removable, making the Mud Kitchen easy to wash down. It's ample storage, available both underneath the worktop and through useful hanging hooks both above and on the sides of the unit, enables the easy access and effective storage of any required resources. Little mud chefs can easily and successfully help to tidy and clean the cooker and leave it ready for the next groups.
The Mud Kitchen inspires imaginative role play and can effectively support curriculum teaching and learning. Combined with the Restaurant Activity Panel and a selection of our popular, timber tables and benches you can even develop a substantial play dining space for children to experience. We also have our Mini Mud Kitchen, which is perfect for smaller budgets and spaces.
Product ID:


Basic College Mathematics (9th Edition)
Published by Pearson
ISBN 10: _PHONE_
ISBN 13: 978-0-32182-553-7
Work Step by Step
If each symbol represents 500 stores and 7-Eleven has 10.5 symbols, then it has 500 * 10.5 = 5250 stores.
Update this answer!
Update this answer


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Monday, March 24, 2008
Kolomoki Mounds - Ancient Civilization of South Georgia
Kolomoki Mounds State Park in Early County, Georgia (near Blakely), preserves one of the most impressive archaeological sites in North America.
Mound A (the main "Temple Mound," seen here) is one of the tallest and largest Native American earthworks in North America. The park also preserves a number of other prehistoric mounds, one of which has been excavated and enclosed in a museum to give visitors a chance to learn more about the unique Kolomoki culture.
At the time the mound group was occupied (before 1,000 A.D.), Kolomoki may have been the largest Native American civilization north of Mexico. The mounds were constructed to form a giant astronomical observatory for use in determining the longest and shortest days of the year.
If you would like to learn more about Kolomoki, please visit our section on the mounds at _URL_


, the concept of $n$ being meaningful only at the macroscopic level, $\nabla n$ is infinite. – Carl Witthoft Apr 26 at 20:11
Actually, $\nabla n$ could be effectvely very large but still finite. Anyway, I think all of this is very depend on the details of the interface. For instance, with your air-glass interface, a closer study would start with a comparison between the wavelength $\lambda$ and a characteristic scale of the interface $e$ (e.g. the RMS rugosity). If $\lambda<


Thanks Daniel. I've been reading the docs, and i think I've worked out what I need to do to implement this. Could you let me know if this sounds like the correct approach? Indexing 1. Sub-class TokenFilter, and add extra functionality that calls setPayload() on each token 2. Write a custom analyser that uses the new TokenFilter sub-class 3. As I only want this to apply to certain fields, I'll use the PerFieldAnalyserWrapper Searching 1. Sub-class Similarity, and over-ride the scorePayload() method with the example code you linked to. 2. When I create an IndexSearcher, call the setSimilarity() method on it, so that it uses the new sub-class. 3. Use the BoostingTermQuery class in place of the normal Query class -- View this message in context: Sent from the Lucene - General mailing list archive at


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The Royal Academy's home since 1867 is Burlington House, a magnificent listed building at the heart of London's West End.
A brief history of the building
In c. 1664 Sir John Denham, Charles II's Surveyor of the Ofﬁce of Works, began construction of an eleven-bay mansion of two and a half storeys in brick with stone quoins to a design by Hugh May. Set back from the busy east–west thoroughfare then known as Portugal Street and commanding extensive views over open ground to the north, the house was completed in 1668 by its new owners, the 1st Earl and Countess of Burlington.
Johannes Kip after Leonard Knyff, Burlington House from Britannia Illustrata, 1707. Etching. Photo: Prudence Cuming Associates
In c. 1709 the 2nd Countess, Lady Juliana, commissioned James Gibbs to improve the entrance court to the south by providing a semicircular colonnade, and to reconﬁgure the main staircase. The staircase and entrance hall were embellished with large-scale decorative schemes by Sebastiano Ricci and Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini respectively, providing the house with some of the most sumptuous interiors in London. Pellegrini's decorations (now at Narford Hall, Norfolk) had been removed by 1727, but canvases from the Ricci scheme, although no longer installed as a whole, remain at Burlington House.
Sebastiano Ricci, Diana and her Nymphs Bathing (from the side wall of the Main Staircase), detail, 1713-15. Oil on canvas. Photo: John Hammond
Lady Burlington's son, Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, undertook two Grand Tours of Italy between 1714 and 1719. On his travels, he studied Roman architecture and buildings inspired by Italy's classical inheritance, notably the works of the sixteenth-century Vicentine architect, Andrea Palladio. Burlington also acquired a number of Palladio's drawings. He returned to England determined to use Palladio's designs as his model to reform contemporary British architecture. His work at Burlington House, both externally and internally, was to become a manifesto for this new style.
With his architect, Colen Campbell, Burlington refaced the house's southern façade, using the Ionic order to articulate the ﬁrst ﬂoor, the piano nobile, above a rusticated base. In his design he drew on the buildings of Inigo Jones and on Palladio's Palazzo Porto in Vicenza. Inside, he remodelled the ﬁrst ﬂoor to create a suite of grand rooms and summoned the painter William Kent from Rome to embellish them. Kent introduced the gusto italiano ('Italian style') into England by providing two ceiling paintings, a cove decoration in the Saloon and much heavily gilded carved-wood and plaster ornament.
Colen Campbell, Elevation of Burlington House from Vitruvius Britannicus III, 1725. Line-engraving. Photo: Prudence Cuming Associates
After 1722 Burlington lost interest in the house, transferring his energies, and those of Kent, to Chiswick House. In 1770 Burlington's grandson, later the 5th Duke of Devonshire, leased the house to the Duke of Portland, who, in keeping with the new taste for a more austere form of neoclassicism, employed John Carr of York to reconﬁgure the eastern end of the building and to cover Kent's baroque decorative scheme in the Saloon.
The house was purchased by Lord George Cavendish in c. 1812. His astounding wealth permitted a series of radical alterations by Samuel Ware. A profound admirer of Kent, Ware retained and copied Kent's detailing to create what is generally recognised as an early example of the style known as the Kent Revival. He rationalised the ﬁrst ﬂoor into a sequence of interiors suitable for grand social occasions, using 24-carat gold leaf throughout and lining the walls with silk damask. The staircase was moved to the centre of the house, on the north–south axis, and ﬂanked by two of the Ricci wall decorations from the 2nd Countess's staircase compartment. A ballroom with a coved, compartmented ceiling was created on the eastern side, and balanced by a coved-ceilinged state dining room on the west. The two were linked by the enﬁlade running through the sequence of ﬁve, south-facing rooms, which are now known as the John Madejski Fine Rooms
. Ware faced the north, garden front in render, a cheaper alternative to stone.
Sydney Smirke RA, Proposed Design for Gallery III, 1866-67. Pencil, pen with black ink, coloured washes and gouache. Photo: Prudence Cuming Associates
Burlington House was purchased by the government in 1854. Prior to the Royal Academy being granted a 999-year lease in 1867, the building served as the headquarters of various learned societies, almost all of which are still housed within the courtyard. The Royal Academy was required to erect its top-lit Main Galleries and its art school at its own expense. Both were designed by Sidney Smirke RA and built on half of the garden to the north of the house. Smirke also added a third ﬂoor to accommodate a suite of Diploma Galleries to unify Burlington House with the three-storey ranges being raised around the courtyard by the ﬁrm of Banks and Barry, the latter the son of Sir Charles Barry RA, architect of the Houses of Parliament. Further interventions have included a remodelling of the state dining room and the construction of a secondary staircase by Richard Norman Shaw RA (1885), the construction of a new Library (1986) and Print Room (1993) by HT Cadbury-Brown RA, and the remodelling of the top-ﬂoor galleries (now The Sackler Wing of Galleries
) and a reorganisation of the vertical circulation by Lord Foster of Thames Bank RA in 1991.
Download an architectural guide to the history of Burlington House (1.2 MB)
Read about the John Madejski Fine Rooms
Read about The Sackler Wing of Galleries


Mardi Gras Indians
Home-grown and spirit-raised
See article
Readers' comments
The fate of the Mardi Gras Indian parades - like so much else that is unique about New Orleans - was uncertain after Katrina. It's heartwarming to know that it has survived and prospered.
Thanks for this excellent article, well-written by someone who clearly appreciates the culture of New Orleans. For those of you who've never visited the Crescent City, do yourself a favor and go. There's so much more than Bourbon Street!
Pretty funny that it's A-OK for blacks to parade around in stereotypical Indian costumes that aren't even historically accurate. God knows what would happen if some other race decided to have a minstrel show parade in blackface.
Secondly, I like how the author insinuates that racism is the underlying reason that the police have historically looked down on these events even though the author had already written about how the parades are/were comprised of "gangs" which would historically do battle in the streets.
PK628 in reply to RationalLibertarian
Perhaps it the context with which it is done that makes it a-ok? It is done as an homage, as opposed to just an arbitrary use of the Native American symbols and customs. As someone who has lived much of her life in the New Orleans area, this custom makes perfect sense to me. The New Orleans area is a true melting pot city. Unlike other metropolitan cities, which have their pocket ethnic communities, New Orleans is a big old gumbo. Everybody mixed in with each other. It took over 300 years to get the roux right, and I'm glad to see Katrina didn't completely ruin the it. Most blacks and whites in the South have Native American blood coursing through their veins. But, let's face it, few whites needed sanctuary during the 18th, 19th and 20th Centuries.
An excellent article overall. It's especially interesting how the article links the tradition of the Mardi Gras Indians with the long contact that existed between the African slaves and free African-Americans (the "free people of colour") and the Native Americans living near what is now New Orleans.
As a comparison, it's interesting to look at other examples of the interactions between the Africans and Native Americans in the Americas, such as the Black Seminoles in Florida (and later in Oklahoma and Mexico); the Garifunas of Belize, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua; and the Miskito Sambu of coastal Nicaragua and Honduras.
Connect The Dots
Normally I would consider the man in red costume in the photo, psychotic.
Some types of psychosis are tolerated.....others aren't.
And it is healthy (and necessary)to question sanity of fellow humans.
What a useless comment. "Normally?" Well thank heavens we caught you in a charitable mood.
Why don't you go down there and witness it for yourself before passing judgment? Masking is an honored lifestyle in New Orleans, a personal sacrifice in the name of culture.
Devils Advocate_1 in reply to tocharian
And you have no Rohinya Y-chromosome in you.[tocharianin reply to Connect The 29th, 00:39
If I may connect the dots, I have to assume that you have no Native American or African-American ancestors.]
And you have no Rohingya Y-chromosome in you.
This is history that needs to be written down before it gets lost to the salesmen who market everything-black and Indian history has been lost to a huge extent - the invention of a method of recording music plus the camera has saved some of it - but it is sad to imagine all that has been lost.
Why doesn't this article mention the HBO production Treme?
I would have better understood the conflict between the cops and the Indians in the show if I had read this article first.
Thank you for this article. The Indians, their suits, and their parades are an important part of my life. There is a man on my walking route who, when the weather is nice and the light is right, sits on his porch to sew his suit. When I hit the inevitable rough patches of life, I think of him sewing his story with those tiny beads.
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Asep Habib Idrus Alawi
This article discusses the method of interpreting the Qur'an. After tracking bibliographic sources, it was found that the differences between the commentators of the Qur'an in the use and meaning of the terms manhajand uslub. According to the author, the correct one, the term used for the Interpretation of Tahlili, Ijmali, Maudhu'i and Muqaran is uslub not manhaj. Uslub Tafsir Tahlili, is a systematic system used by an interpreter in interpreting the Koran in accordance with the order of verses and letters in the Mushaf, both in whole or in a number of verses or letters. Then in each verse explained everything related to the verse, for example the meaning of the word, the meaning of stylist, asbab nuzul, the laws contained, and the meaning of the whole verse. Uslub Tafsir Ijmali, is a mathematical commentator who adheres to the arrangement of verses that are grouped. Then, explained the general meaning or the whole verse in accordance with what is desired by the editorial verse. Uslub Tafsir Muqaran is collecting and comparing between the two interpretations of the ulama or more about the verses of the Koran, studying them, and concluding which interpretations are the most powerful. Uslub Tafsir Maudhu'i is a systematic writing of interpretations used by an interpreter by not following the order of verses in the Koran. But by collecting all the verses that speak the same theme, then explain and take legal conclusions.


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Technical Information Bulletin
EASTMAN EKTRACHROME films are color reversal films which require KODAK VNF-1 processing chemistry. The VNF-1 process consists of a ten-step sequence with both B&W and color development, as well as a critical coupler stabilizer bath. This process chemistry is necessary to achieve the correct color balance and image quality for the films.
A significant concern exists for the short and long term dye stability of EASTMAN EKTACHROME films when processed through a KODAK ECN-2 process. Normal VNF-1 processing requires stabilization of the magenta dye. The ECN-2 process provides only a surfactant in the final rinse. If stabilization is not provided, the product suffers magenta dye fade in a relatively short time. Long term dye stability information on EASTMAN EKTACHROME films processed in an ECN-2 process does not exist.
Kodak does not have specific processing data for the EASTMAN EKTACHROME films processed through an ECN-2 process. However, seasoning effects from EASTMAN EKTACHROME films could adversely affect the performance of the ECN-2 chemistry. This could result in potential speed loss (decreased developer activity) as well as curve shape distortion due to color balance differences. The amount of change depends on the quantity of color reversal film processed at any one time.
Based upon the information above and a lack of understanding regarding long term seasoning effects and dye stability, Kodak does not recommend using EASTMAN EKTACHROME films processed through ECN-2 chemistry. If this combination is pursued, create a master positive as soon as possible after processing the film, for archival purposes.
Kodak, ECN, and Ektachrome are trademarks of Eastman Kodak Company.
Technical Information Bulletins provide information of limited or specific application. Responsibility for judging the applicability of the information for a specific use rests with the end user.


text:
Building on work undertaken during 2014 on information literacy in the workplace, InformAll has been raising awareness of information literacy in sectors where it has not been readily recognised as a defined set of attributes. There is a strong case for a dialogue to consider how interlocutors at the interface between higher education and employment might benefit from a further exploration of the relevance of information literacy to their policies and practices. InformAll, in association with CILIP and the CILIP IL Group, therefore organised a roundtable, on 19 March 2015, that brought together a range of interested parties. The event sought to:
- explore the relevance of information competencies and skills in the workplace;
- allow employers and other stakeholders with an interest in employment, professional development and lifelong learning to consider the relevance of such competencies and skills to their policies, strategies and practices;
- raise awareness of the important role library and information professionals play in this area.
Please find attached the programme for the event, the presentation slides that introduced it and some (unedited) notes from the discussion. These are rough and ready, but give a flavour of the breadth of issues that were covered; they also list a few practical suggestions.


How to Use Rabatment in Your Compositions
Published Jan. 27th 2009
Painters rely on an array of methods for finding the best placement of their subjects within a painting's edges. One of the easiest methods to use and understand is to place the subject within the rabatment of the rectangle.
What is the rabatment of a rectangle? Simply put, it's the perfect square found inside any rectangle (the rabatment's sides are all equal to the short side of the rectangle).
rabatment of rectangle
For each horizontal rectangle, there is a right rabatment and a left rabatment. For each vertical rectangle there is an upper and lower rabatment. Placing the most important subjects within either of these squares helps to create a composition that your viewers will perceive as unified, harmonious and balanced.
Even though the primary subject may be placed inside the rabatment, artists still find a variety of roles and uses for the section outside the rabatment. For example, look at this painting, entitled Bill Painting Near Old Levitz Lot by Jennifer McChristian.
mcchristian bill
The figure (which is the center of interest) is located directly on the edge of the rabatment, with the trees located inside it. Outside the rabatment is an obliqued-shaped building that redirects the viewer's eyes to the center of interest.
mcchristian rabatment
Another way artists use the area outside the rabatment is to complete whatever story is being told, like in this painting by Carolyn Anderson.
anderson painting
Notice how the two spaces work in concert: the baby fits entirely within the rabatment while the head of the mother looks down at the infant from outside the rabatment.
anderson rabatment
An artist's natural sense of design will often lead to rabatment placement automatically, but there are two methods for using this strategy intentionally.
Method 1: Adding on to a sketch
1. Do a preliminary sketch of the subject you plan on painting. (In the example below, I've done a drawing of a busy squirrel.)
rabatment find 1
2. Create a square around the major activity in the drawing.
3. To the right, left, top or bottom, add enough space to match the ratio of the canvas you plan to use. (The ratio I used is 2:3 which matches up with a 16×24 inch canvas.)
Method 2: Using a special viewfinder
1. Make a rectangular viewfinder with a window that is the same ratio as your planned canvas. So if your canvas is 16×20 inches, your ratio should be 4:5, or 4×5 inches.
2. On the long sides of the viewfinder's frame, mark where the rabatment begins.
rabatment viewfinder
3. Look through the viewfinder to plan your composition. Position it so that the main area of interest lies within the rabatment and then use that for your composition.
rabatment find 2
Just as it isn't clear why using the Golden Ratio gives such a pleasing composition, no one knows for sure why using the rectangle's rabatment gives balance, harmony and unity to a composition.
Whatever the reason may be, as you experiment with rabatment you'll find that you're producing stronger compositions and more interesting paintings than ever before.
Did you like this article? Share it!
Then check out the related posts below.
There are a number of powerful visual areas within a basic rectangle that artists can use to enhance their compositions. Some of those areas we've already talked about in our golden ratio tutorial and in last week's lesson on rabatment. Today we're going to look at how the rule of thirds can b... read more
There's a mathematical ratio commonly found in nature—the ratio of 1 to 1.618—that has many names. Most often we call it the Golden Section, Golden Ratio, or Golden Mean, but it's also occasionally referred to as the Golden Number, Divine Proportion, Golden Proportion, Fibonacci Number, and Ph... read more
Artists tend to be natural rebels... many of us take delight in getting around traditional artistic "rules" especially if we can do it in a clever way. For instance, we've all been taught to avoid placing a subject directly in the center of our compositions—and rightfully so—because placing... read more
This article contains step-by-step images of the process I use to create realistic looking drawings, as well as tips I've picked up over the years which anyone can use to improve their drawing skills. There's a lot to cover, so let's get started! 1. Make sure there's a direct light source. Bef... read more
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Marrakesh Treaty ratification
11 December 2015
Australians with vision impairment will have greater access to books and other published materials in accessible formats such as large print, braille or audio following Australia's ratification of the Marrakesh Treaty The Treaty is a significant international agreement that will help 285 million people with vision impairment worldwide to access these materials.
Ratifying this treaty is an important part of the Government's commitment to supporting Australians with disability. Accessible format materials are essential to ensuring all Australians can engage fully in school, work and our communities.
By improving access to large print, braille and audio materials in the Indo-Pacific, the Marrakesh treaty will also support economic and social development in our region.
The treaty recognises the commercial interests of copyright holders by encouraging the use of accessible material already available, before relying on the treaty.
Australia joins eleven other countries in ratifying the treaty, which will come into effect three months after 20 countries have ratified or acceded to it. We strongly encourage other countries to take this step.
The Australian Government is also working with the World Intellectual Property Organization to fund practical initiatives to help increase the global availability of books in accessible formats.
Media enquiries
Minister's office: (02) 6277 7500


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Supervised Semantic Annotation Algorithm
- It can range from (typically) being a Semi-Supervised Semantic Mention Annotation Algorithm to being a Fully-Supervised Semantic Annotation Algorithm.
- It can be applied by a Supervised Semantic Annotation System.
- It can be supported by:
- See: Supervised Relation Mention Identification Algorithm.
- (Melli, 2010b) ⇒ Gabor Melli. (2010). "Supervised Ontology to Document Interlinking.." Ph.D. Thesis, Simon Fraser University.


is parasympathetic immobilization, shock and/ or dissociation.
These states that are created at such an early age can create an autonomic set point that can, if untreated, remain with the individual their entire lives. They can form the foundation of how we react to stress, even the types of illnesses we get.
The Pediatric Craniosacral Therapy classes offered in Spring 2007 brought the practice of craniosacral work and manual therapies into the hands of practitioners who wish to work with infants and children. The principle is to honor the consciousness of the infant, and the course involves infant centered therapy.
There were two classes offered. The first was Pediatric Craniosacral Therapy: Newborn through Age Two. The class incorporates a caring, common sense approach utilizing craniosacral techniques, prenatal and perinatal psychology, and principles of infant development. The class will include simple and effective therapeutic techniques to assist in normalizing the structure, balancing the nervous system, and resolving possible issues of the birth experience. The class is designed to be approximately one-half lecture/theory, and one-half practical/hands-on table work, with appropriate demonstrations.
The first day introduced the students to pediatric craniosacral work and present an overview of its relevance and applicability. The various conditions that pediatric craniosacral work can treat are discussed. There will be a presentation on successful ways to work with babies and infants, as well as their parents. How to best utilize the resources of an infant is explored. Also during the first day, we gave a presentation on the birthing/delivery process, birth presentation positions, and pelvic anatomy. There were lectures and demonstrations of craniosacral evaluation of babies and infants, system evaluation of newborns, and pediatric structural evaluations.
We discussed the various stages of birth and the specific cranial lesions that can occur at each stage are discussed, along with the specific treatment. The nature and treatment of craniosacral issues created by Caesarian, forceps, and vacuum extraction deliveries are discussed, as well as that of postpartum cranial injuries. Developmental patterns of babies and infants are discussed, along with appropriate cranial treatment for each stage of development. The second half of day four focuses on a complete one-hour protocol for the evaluation and treatment of newborns.
The second class is Pediatric Craniosacral Therapy: Age Two through Age Fourteen. Each stage of a child's development presents its own challenges for both the individual and the therapist. This course has been created to understand and specifically treat children in each of these stages of development. Even the least complicated births involve some degree of trauma. This is true, as well, for the stages of childhood.
Various childhood conditions were discussed in detail. These included: autism, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, hydrocephalus, epilepsy, dyslexia, gastrointestinal disturbances, vision problems, otitis media, torticollis, sinus and respiratory illness, orthopedic conditions, orthodontic problems, as well as many other conditions involving sensory disorders, learning disabilities, and behavioral problems.
Working with babies and infants can be considered one of the most important things a therapist can do. These classes bring the knowledge, skills and confidence to the practitioner.
For answers to your questions about craniosacral therapy, please contact Dr. Shield directly.
For answers to your childbirth related questions, email us at: _EMAIL_


As output rises, the difference between ATC and AVC_______ a) rises b) stays the same c)falls
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pohnpei397 | College Teacher | (Level 3) Distinguished Educator
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The correct answer to this question is C: the difference between these two falls as output rises. To see why this is so, let us start by looking at the definitions of ATC and AVC.
A business can be said to incur three kinds of costs. These are fixed costs, variable costs, and total costs. The total costs are made up of the fixed and the variable costs. Fixed costs are costs that are constant regardless of how much output is produced. These are things like the mortgage payments on a hotel, which does not change regardless of how many rooms are rented out. Variable costs change with the level of output. In the hotel example, costs for water usage and maid service, for example, vary depending on how many rooms are rented.
This helps us understand why average total costs (ATC) and average variable costs (AVC) will converge. As output rises, variable costs rise but fixed costs stay the same. This means that variable costs are getting to be more and more of the total costs. Therefore, the average variable cost curve will move closer and closer the to the ATC curve.
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About American Frontiers
About American Frontiers: A Public Lands Journey
America's public lands are a treasured part of our national heritage, representing its grandeur, bountiful promise, and vast natural resources. All citizens share in the rights and the responsibilities of seeing that our public lands are cared for and managed in a way that meets the current and future needs of the American people.
To highlight the beauty, the accessibility, and the benefits of our public lands, the Public Lands Interpretive Association (PLIA), an Albuquerque, New Mexico-based non-profit organization that provides interpretive and educational resources to the public, mapped out a Canada-to-Mexico trek exclusively on public lands, called American Frontiers: A Public Lands Journey.
The Journey, or Trek,involved two groups of travelers: one starting north from the Mexican border and the second headed south from the Canadian. Their route lay entirely on public lands, a feat that has never been accomplished before. The trek began on July 31, 2002 and ended two months later when the two teams met in Wasatch-Cache National Forest near Salt Lake City, Utah on September 27.
Inspired by American Frontiers: A Public Lands Journey, National Geographic Society has designed its Geography Action! 2002 curriculum around the theme of public lands. Aimed at teaching school-aged children the beauty and the benefits of America's public lands, Geography Action! 2002 followed the trekkers along the two-month journey, highlighting the diversity and grandeur of our nation's public lands.
To demonstrate the different ways people get about on our public lands--and to stay within the 60-day limit of the journey--trek participants utilized numerous modes of transportation for this historic border-to-border journey across America. The hiked and backpacked, rode horses, mountain bikes, ATVs and dual sport motorcycles; rafted, canoed, drove pickup trucks, motorboats and 4WD vehicles, and even spent a few leisurely days on a houseboat.
Along the route the two teams attended special events, round table discussions, visited schools and communities to learn about public land issues. And, of course, they saw some of the most spectacular scenery of the American West. Their journal entries eloquently describe the feelings public lands awoke in them and also the daily routine of the long trek. You'll enjoy reading them.
Three years in the making, American Frontiers: A Public Lands Journey has enlisted numerous partners and sponsors including the National Geographic Society, the Department of the Interior, the USDA Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, USGS, National Environmental Education and Training Foundation, Fire Wise Communities, American Honda, Kodak, the Coleman Company, and many others. For a full list of our sponsors, please look under "Our Sponsors" on the home page.
To learn more about American Frontiers, please spend some time on this website, read the team members' journals, enjoy the photographs
ot follow their route on the maps. For more information about American Frontiers, please contact the Public Lands Interpretive Association, 6501 Fourth Street, NW, Albuquerque, NM 87107 or call our toll-free number _PHONE_. You can also email to _EMAIL_
Everyone inspired by the Public Lands Journey should pay a visit to our public lands. To find out more about recreation opportunities on public lands, please visit the Public Lands Information Center online. There, you can find detailed recreation information, interactive recreation maps, and a large selection of guidebooks and maps.
All material copyright ©2002 - 2013, Public Lands Interpretive Association except photographs where ownership is otherwise indicated. All rights reserved.


Cantonese and Quechua Alphabets
Add ⊕
1 Alphabets
1.1 Alphabets in
1.2 Alphabets
Tamil Alphabets
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Irish Alphabets
1.3 Phonology
1.3.1 How Many Vowels
Thai Alphabets
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Rank: 2 (Overall)
Hebrew Alphabets
1.3.2 How Many Consonants
Hmong Alphabets
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Rank: 16 (Overall)
German Alphabets
1.4 Scripts
Chinese Characters and derivatives
1.5 Writing Direction
Not Available
1.6 Hard to Learn
1.6.1 Language Levels
Armenian Alphab..
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bengali Alphabets
1.6.2 Time Taken to Learn
Chinese Alphabe..
88 weeks
Rank: 13 (Overall)
44 weeks
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Cebuano Alphabets
Cantonese vs Quechua Alphabets
Wondering about the number of letters in Cantonese and Quechua alphabets? When you compare Cantonese vs Quechua alphabets you will understand the number of alphabets in both the languages. Because lesser the number of alphabets, faster the language to learn, find all the Easiest Languages to Learn. Cantonese and Quechua Alphabets are collection of symbols or letters used for writing. Cantonese alphabets contain 28 letters and Quechua Alphabets contain 31 letters. The writing direction of Cantonese is Left-To-Right Horizontal and Top-To-Bottom whereas the writing direction of Quechua is Not Available. Cantonese and Quechua Alphabets are the basics of Cantonese and Quechua languages. Check the detailed comparison of Cantonese and Quechua.
Cantonese and Quechua Scripts
Compare Cantonese and Quechua alphabets and find out scripts used by Cantonese and Quechua language. Cantonese and Quechua scripts are the methodology and rules for writing. Scripts used by Cantonese and Quechua languages are Chinese Characters and derivatives and Latin respectively. After learning alphabets in Cantonese and Quechua you can also learn useful Cantonese greetings vs Quechua greetings.
Cantonese Vowels vs Quechua Vowels
If you are comparing Cantonese and Quechua alphabets then you need to find out Cantonese vowels vs Quechua vowels too. The number of vowels and consonants in Cantonese are 8 and 20 and number of vowels and consonants in Quechua are 5 and 26. Language codes are unique and are two or three letter codes assigned to each language. Check out all the language codes of Cantonese and Quechua language codes.
Is Cantonese Harder than Quechua?
Is Cantonese harder than Quechua? No language is hard or easy to learn as it depends on individual interest and efforts for learning that language. When you decide to learn any language, you need to find out time required to learn that language and levels in that language. As mentioned above, while comparing Cantonese and Quechua Alphabets the number of alphabets in any language decides hardness in learning that language.
It's important to know Cantonese and Quechua alphabets because for learning these languages, alphabets are the starting point. The levels in Cantonese language are 10. And time taken to learn Cantonese language is 88 weeks. While there are no levels in Quechua language And time taken to learn Quechua language is 44 weeks.
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How to fix an EVAP leak
Your car's EVAP system is designed to control fuel vapors which are naturally omitted from standing gasoline inside the fuel tank. These vapors are collected into the charcoal canister and then condensed so they can be returned to the fuel tank. This is a sealed system electrically controlled by vacuum and purge control solenoids. When a malfunction occurs the system pressure sensor sends feedback data to the computer to trigger the check engine light.
How Does it Work?
Engine vacuum is used to draw fumes into the charcoal canister where they condensed. When the engine is started a signal is given to open the control valve which releases the vacuum into the system. The purge solenoid is used to allow the condensed fumes back into the tank. A vacuum pressure sensor is located in the fuel tank which monitors the supply and its ability to hold vacuum for a period of time. This cycle can happen quickly or it can take a day or two to satisfy the PCM monitor.
What Goes Wrong?
When any part of the system becomes compromised by a torn vacuum line or shorted control solenoid the PCM detects a problem and delivers a trouble code that pertains to the section or system part having the issue. A code reader scan tool is used to access the computer memory and deliver the code such as a P0454 which is the case in the video below. Gas caps have a high failure rate due to usage and can be the culprit as it completes the seal each time you fill up.
Popular Component Failures:
 - Gas cap O ring breaks or is damaged and leaks
 - Vacuum feed line to the vacuum control valve leaks
 - Gas tank filler tube is damaged or leaking
 - Vapor tube from the charcoal canister to the tank has fallen off.
 - The charcoal canister has split and is leaking
 - The vacuum control valve is not allowing vacuum to enter the fuel tank
Is it Dangerous?
 Since the EVAP system deals with the management of gas and its fumes it can be dangerous when certain malfunctions occur. One such problem can cause the charcoal canister to fill will raw fuel and start to leak which can cause a fire hazard. So it's a good idea to identify which part of the system has failed and go from there.
EVAP Repair
 Once you have determined the trouble code and what part of the system is having an issue we can start the inspection.
The Easy Stuff
Since the gas cap is the biggest leak an EVAP system can have first check to see if the cap is tight and seals against the filler neck. Next remove the cap to inspect the cap O ring seal. This O ring is large and is subject to wear due to its constant removal when the tank is filled. Next, open the hood and look for the vacuum feed line from the engine intake manifold to the EVAP system control valve. Because of engine heat and vibration it can deteriorate the rubber line causing it to fall off or collapse cutting of the vacuum system to the solenoid. Start your inspection at this feed line by checking for tears or cracks up to the vacuum control solenoid which is mounted either on the intake manifold or near the fender well.
(Tip) When ordering EVAP replacement parts make sure they match up before installing them also if the dealer has the part "in stock" it usually means there is a high failure rate upon the part.
Little More Difficult
Remove the vacuum control solenoid which is controlled by the computer. This electrically controlled valve acts as a simple port that opens and closes with each command. When there is no signal (no power) the valve should be closed (cant blow through it). When you apply a 12 volt power source and ground the valve should open with a discernible click. If the valve does no perform this way it is bad and needs to be replaced.
The remainder of the EVAP system is under the vehicle near the fuel tank. You will need to use a floor jack and jack stands to lift the vehicle safely to inspect. The main component of the system is the charcoal canister (on some older vehicles this can be located under the hood). This is where the purge solenoid is located along with the vapor and vacuum lines. These lines are not as prone to engine heat but still suffer from the elements and can have the same kind of problems rubber products have under the hood. On or near the canister is the purge solenoid which is also prone to failure and be tested the same way as the vacuum control valve under the hood.
The vapor canister is made of molded plastic generally using two halves vulcanized together. This unit must hold vacuum and as it ages can develop leaks. If you have tested the entire system and gas cap this is the last place to look. Remove the canister and fashion plugs or caps over the various ports and connections accept of one. On the inlet to the canister fashion a 3 foot long rubber hose that is clean on one end. Now submerge the canister under water and use the rubber hose as a mouth piece and blow into the canister to create pressure. While still under pressure observe the outside the unit looking for bubbles indicating the unit has failed and needs to be replaced.
Some EVAP lines are sealed using simple clips and O ring seals which can fail to seal due to looseness. Check to see if there is resistance when you move the tube on its connection. If the line easily moves remove it see if the O ring has been flattened in which case the line or O ring will need to be replaced. Dirt and grime can also cause the new O ring seals to leak so use a shop towel to clean the connections before reinstalling. This is the case in the video below.
EVAP Repair Video
Once the job is completed clear the trouble codes and allow several cycles of the vehicle running to clear the monitor to see if any codes return.
Question about the EVAP system? Need a part location for a particular vehicle? Please ask one of our online mechanics, its free. Ask us!
Article published


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synchronous key encryption
Data encryption using two interlocking keys where enything encoded using one key may be decoded using the other key. This means if someone makes one of the two keys publicly available (as in public-key encryption) and keeps the other private, then anyone may send them a message or data that only they can decode, giving privacy, and furthermore, the sender may also encrypt that same message additionally with their own private key, making it impossible to read without decoding first with *their* public key by the receiver, this gives authenticity.It is a very powerful system. One cannot determine one key from the other, nor can they crack the encryption by computing all combinations, because, depending on the size of the keys (sometimes as large as 1024 bytes, though having grown from smaller versions in popular implementations of the software which does this), the amount of computing power required to crack the code is unavailable, even supercomputers would take more than a hundred years to crack it. PGP is a publicly availble software implementation written by Phil Zimmermann.
Last updated: 1994-10-10


The Semantic Puzzle
Andreas Blumauer
Why SKOS should be a focal point of your linked data strategy
The Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOSSimple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) is a family of formal languages designed for representation of thesauri, classification schemes, taxonomies, subject-heading systems, or any other type of structured controlled vocabulary. SKOS is built upon RDF and RDFS, and its main objective is to...) has become one of the 'sweet spots' in the linked data ecosystem in recent years. Especially when semantic web technologies are being adapted for the requirements of enterprisesA company is a form of business organization. In the United States, a company is a corporation—or, less commonly, an association, partnership, or union—that carries on an industrial enterprise. " Generally, a company may be a "corporation, partnership, association, joint-stock... or public administration, SKOS has played a most central role to create knowledge graphs.
In this webinar, key people from the Semantic Web CompanyThe Semantic Web Company (SWC), based in Vienna, provides companies, institutions and organizations with professional services related to the Semantic Web, semantic technologies and Social Software will describe why controlled vocabularies based on SKOS play a central role in a linked data strategy, and how SKOS can be enriched by ontologies and linked data to further improve semantic informationMetadata created for information (files, documents...) following the Semantic Web recommendations. management.
 - library sciences: taxonomyTaxonomy is the practice and science of classification. The word finds its roots in the Greek τάξις, taxis (meaning 'order' or 'arrangement') and νόμος, nomos (meaning 'law' or'science'). Taxonomy uses taxonomic units, known as taxa. In addition, the word is also used as a count noun:... and thesaurus management
 - information sciences: knowledge engineering and ontology, an ontology is a formal representation of knowledge as a set of concepts within a domain, and the relationships between those concepts. It is used to reason about the entities within that domain, and may be used to describe the domain. In theory, an ontology is a "formal, explicit... management
 - How can knowledge graphs be used for enterprise information integration?
Based on PoolParty Semantic Suite, you will see several live demos of end-user applications based on linked data and of PoolPartyWeb based ontology manager which can serve as a central hub for your knowledge organization. With PoolParty you can organize and maintain knowledge models based on widely accepted specifications like RDF, SPARQL and SKOS.'s latest release which provides outstanding facilities for professional linked data management, including taxonomy, thesaurusA thesaurus is a book that lists words grouped together according to similarity of meaning, in contrast to a dictionary, which contains definitions and pronunciations. The largest thesaurus in the world is the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary, which contains more than... and ontology management.
Register here:


text:
This is a coloring book that will introduce you to all the basic arithmetic facts using The Human Calculator Matrix.
- You will need 10 colored pencils for the exercises. Suggested colors are black, red, blue, pink, green, orange, violet, yellow, brown, and gray.
Discover all the patterns that will make you feel like a mathlete and a human calculator. The Turn on The Human Calculator in You Answer Guide is available at the link on this page.
Turn on The Human Calculator in You
The Human Calculator will make math fun and easy, by helping you to visualize patterns in numbers by looking at them on a matrix grid.


Maine Memory Network
Maine's Online Museum
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Student Exhibit: Somerset Railroad
written by Morgan Hisler
image of railroad station and clocktower
This is the Skowhegan railroad station and clocktower. The station was built in 1858 and torn down in 1948
The train carried tourists, sportsmen, U.S. soldiers and German prisoners of war. Its massive steam engines and freight cars opened new markets for Maine. Farmers, woodsmen, canneries, and lumber mills benefited from these new markets.
image of Madison Avenue
The trolley car ran from 1894 until 1929.
On the average, the Somerset spent thirty thousand dollars to build a mile of track. Bridges were included in this amount of money. The people who lived by the track became involved in the railroad in many ways. Embden issued bonds, and they raised money to buy Somerset stock.
They needed to repay the bonds within forty years. There was a vote on who wanted to borrow forty-thousand dollars in railroad stock, and 132 people voted for the stock and 7 voted against it. Embden promised the town that they will not sell the bonds until they could buy stock for the railroad.
image of Maine Central RR Bridge
This is the Maine Central Railroad bridge. It was destroyed in the flood of April 1st of 1987. It was rebuilt as a foot bridge and renamed the Bloomfield Bridge.
Many people from Embden, North Anson, Madison Bridge, Solon, North New Portland, and Norridgewock signed a petition to the Maine state legislature saying that they wanted the train to be built. There were 3 periods of growth in the building of the Somerset. From 1872 to 1876, 25 miles of rails was laid down, reaching from Oakland to North Anson. From 1887 through 1890, 16 miles were laid, reaching North to Bingham.
In 1904 the last piece begun. This piece was 49 and 1/2 miles long and it stretched through the North Woods to Moosehead Lake. Oakland was the Somerset's hometown. Oakland is where the railroad painted its cars, tinkered with its second-hand engines, and patched its equipment. This is also where the interchanging of freight and passengers the Maine Central was done.
image of Maine Central RR bridge 1896
The Maine Central was another train. Working on the railroads is hard enough anyways, but when the Somerset first began to run trains the jobs were very dangerous. In 1889 the brakemen were still walking on the tops of freight cars to set the hand brakes. Years later, on log trains, the old linkand- pin couplings were still being used. These devices were very dangerous. If one slipped then a man could lose his fingers instantly. There was a brakemen named J. Levine who was killed when he slipped from the front of an engine. There was a fireman named William Dorge who was killed during the war in France right before the truce. Both of these men were part of the Maine Central crew.
In 1929, on March 11, the ending of the Somerset Railway was officially declared. They figured that it should be ended because the people who ran it had died. The tracks were began to be taken up on October 13, 1936. A buyer in Japan bought the rail as junk metal.
Morgan Hisler is an eighth grader at Skowhegan Area Middle School.
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Hi, Can anyone explain this to me - or is something wrong with the code I am looking at... I am looking at the source of an application that...
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 number of arguments in write call
 I am looking at the source of an application that is making use of an I2C device driver. In order to perform a 'write' it is calling the following function with three arguments.
 write(fd, buf, 1);
 where fd is the file handle to the device, buf is the data buffer containing the bytes to write and the last argument is the number of bytes to write.
 The driver source code in the kernel assigns the following function in the i2cdev_fops structure.
 static struct file_operations i2cdev_fops = {
 .owner = THIS_MODULE,
 .llseek = no_llseek,
 .read = i2cdev_read,
 .write = i2cdev_write,
 .ioctl = i2cdev_ioctl,
 .open = i2cdev_open,
 .release = i2cdev_release,
 But the i2cdev_write function appears to have four arguments...
 static ssize_t i2cdev_write (struct file *file, const char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *offset)
 The code appears to work okay - so how does this fourth argument loff_t *offset pick up a value when the call from user space only passed in three arguments?
 The user space application is also passing in an int as a file descriptor - but the i2cdev_write expects a struct file *...?
 2. #2
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 Jun 2006
 write(fd, buf, 1); is s system call
 int fd= open("i2cdev", O_RDWR, 077);
 open() will provide all information into fd, fd is handled by filesystem.
 you can't access driver write() fn directly because that lies in kernel space, here u need a system call (write()) to communicate with ur driver write function.
 3. #3
 Just Joined!
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 Mar 2009
 Thanks for the reply ashok449.
 I'm fiddling with the kernel space device driver as well as the user space application making the system call.
 I think I have realised what I didn't understand before. I was assuming that there was a direct link somehow between the user space system call write and the kernel space fops structure member.write and therefore got confused why the number of arguments in those two functions didn't match up.
 In reality there must be quite a lot going on behind the scenes - calling the write function with four arguments will get handled by the file system as you say and after it does what ever it does will result in a call to the.write function pointer.
 4. $spacer_open
 5. #4
 Linux Guru Lakshmipathi's Avatar
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 Sep 2006
 3rd rock from sun - Often seen near moon
 I'm don't know the answer as I'm not a device driver programmer, if you not aware "Linux Device Drivers" By Alessandro Rubini wil be very helpful.
 FOSS India Award winning ext3fs Undelete tool Online Linux Terminal
 6. #5
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 Mar 2009
 I've got it, and yes it is very helpful.
 I've got what I need working now, but it would still be interesting to be directed towards the source that shows what goes on between the file system call and the link to the kernel space function pointer mentioned above.
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Kyokanoko shibori（京鹿の子絞：Kyokanoko Squeezing）
Traditional crafts
１.What is Kyokanoko shibori ?
"Shibori（絞り：Aperture）" dyeing has been practiced in Japan for more than a 1000 years and has been used as a pattern expression for costumes.
It is called "Kanoko shibori（鹿の子絞）" because the pattern of "the bundling（括り：kukuri）" resembles the spots of a fawn.
Among the tie-dyeing, "Hitta shibori（疋田絞り：Hitta squeezing）" and "Hitome shibori（一目絞り：Hitome squeezing）", which are said to be "Kanoko（鹿の子：Deer child）", have other details such as the precision of the squeezed grains and the unique three-dimensional effect of squeezing. It is unique.
In addition, the patterns are expressed by combining the expressive power of each binding technique.
Depending on the item, it takes more days from design decision to completion than ordinary dyeing.
When it comes to "Furisode（振袖）, a daunting number of 180,000 to 200,000 grains is made.
Even if you are an expert, it is best to pack 800 to 1,200 grains a day.
When it comes to "Furisode（振袖：Long sleeve kimono）", it takes a year and a half from the design decision to the finish.
It is not uncommon for Furisode to be more than two years old.
The beautifully tied "So Hitta shibori" is dyed and the grains of uniform size are lined up accurately at an angle of 45 °.
It's extremely precise, but not as perfect as mechanical work.
The faint blurring that cannot be measured creates the warmth and expression unique to handicrafts.
Here is the beauty that can only be created from human hands.
From the Muromachi period to the early Edo period, "Tsujigahana（辻が花）" became popular as flower dyeing, and in the middle of the Edo period, the heyday of Kanoko shibori was reached.
Even after that, the skill of the minions has been steadily inherited..
Main products
Kimono fabric, Fried obi, Western clothing, Upholstery
Raw materials
①As for the fabric, silk fabrics are used for the designated products , but other fabrics such as hemp cotton are also used.
②The binding thread shall be silk thread, cotton thread or linen thread.
①In the sketch, using a blue flower like that
②The binding should be one of the following
1. Hitta Shibori：
Pinch with the toes of your fingers, fold it in four, wind it 3 to 7 times, and then tighten it.
2. Hitome shibori：
Pinch with the toes of your fingers, fold it in four, and tighten it twice.
3. Kasamaki shibori (傘巻絞：Umbrella winding squeezing)：
Tightening by flat stitching and then "rolling up"
4. Boushi shibori（帽子絞：Hat squeezing）：
After tightening by flat stitching, "wrapping" and "rolling up" the resist dyed part.
5. Tatejime shibori（縦締絞：vertical squeezing)：
By flat stitching, folding stitching or winding stitching. In this case, tighten the binding part evenly.
6. Utajime（唄締）：
"winding up" and "unwinding" using a "Utajime stand（唄締台：Workbench）".
7. Hari hitta shibori（針疋田絞：Needle hitta squeezing）：
Using a needle Harihitta shibori stand（針疋田絞台：Workbench）", wind the bobbin 3 times or more and 7 times or less, and then tighten it.
8. Hari ichimoku shibori（針一目絞：Needle ichimoku squeezing）：
Tightening twice using a "Hari ichimoku shibori stand（針一目絞台：Workbench）".
③When "Somewake（染め分け：dying separately）", do one of the following
1. Oke shibori（桶絞：Tub squeezing）：
After tightening by flat stitching, the resist dyeing part is sealed in the tub and dyed.
2. Itajime shibori（板締絞：Stencil squeezing）：
Stencils are sandwiched between folded fabrics, both ends are fixed, and then dyeing is performed.
④The dyeing method is manual dyeing.
２.Working process
The composition and design are decided by the manufacturing wholesaler and the painter.
The painter draws a sketch so that the length and body will be designed according to the composition.
②Shitae katahori（下絵型彫：Sketch engraving）
Based on the design, the iris sketch is made by engraving a small circle or thin line on the paper pattern.
③Shitae surikomi（下絵刷込：Imprinting sketch）
Remove the paper pattern and brush the sketch on the fabric.
This sketch has a mechanism to understand what kind of technique is used to tie it with holes and lines in the pattern, and it gives instructions on processing technology.
In some cases, it is hand-painted without using a paper pattern.
④ Sibori kukuri（絞括：Squeezing）
"Hitta Shibori" is a typical example of Kyokanoko shibori, and is generally called "Kanoko shibori".
With the technique of tying with only the fingertips and silk thread, each squeeze is tied with silk thread 3 to 7 times to form a single pattern as a set of small squeezed patterns.
Of all the squeezing techniques, it requires the most skill and time.
In addition, there are more than 50 types of squeezing techniques such as Hitome shibori, Nuishime shibori, and Kasamaki shibori, and there are specialized technical craftsmen for each technique, Engaged in stuffing.
⑤ Bleaching
Bleach the blue and white flowers (青花：Aobana) and other stains on the fabric.
⑥ Dyeing
Since the dyeing method is dyeing, we perform "dyeing" as many as the number of colors to be dyed.
The resist dyeing methods are roughly divided into "Oke shibori" and "Boushi shibori".
Oke shibori is resist printing part on the inside of a dedicated tree tub of sealing the put wood tub, dyed only part of colors out on the edge of the tub, is a technique that dipped into the liquor as it is.
Boushi shibori is a technique in which the resist dyeing part is covered with bamboo skin (vinyl in recent years), and the thread is wrapped tightly to increase the resist dyeing power and dye.
⑦ Dyeing
Since only one color can be dyed at one time, when dyeing with multiple colors, "dyeing" is repeated for the number of colors.
Since tie-dyeing dyes a product that has undergone a special resist dyeing process called "tie-up", the "dyeing" method is used, in which the fabric is directly dipped in a dyeing solution.
⑧ Yunoshi finish
Steam is applied to remove unnecessary wrinkles by hand, and the width is removed.
We will make the best use of the texture of the aperture.
３.Traditional craftsman
Teruichi Matsuoka (Dyeing Division)
※Photo: See New Kyoto
" The gagô（雅号）" is Kisen（輝染）.
Born in Kyoto in 1968.
As the third generation of "Kyoto Shibori Mikyo Co., Ltd.", we manufacture and produce "Kyokanoko shibori" and Kyoto kimono .
Founded in 1937 in Kyoto, a town of traditional culture.
In 1959, deep-fried "Matsuoka shibori" noren.
We are aiming to revitalize the kimono industry by expanding the market by applying the technology of Kyokanoko shibori to various products.
Recently, he is enthusiastic about expanding overseas, and in 2016, he announced the new fashion brand "KAZOME", which is based on tradition and innovation.
We are actively working on the development of new products in order to deliver kimonos made using traditional Japanese technique of tie-dyeing to the world.
Kyokanoko shibori, which has a unique expression, is a very distinctive work in which the fabric itself is soft and the atmosphere is soft, which is not found in other dyed products.
Unlike the parts-type division of labor, a piece of fabric moves back and forth between these people over a long period of time to completion.
When it becomes complicated, the process of "binding（括り）", "separate dyeing（染め分け）", and "dyeing（染め）"


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Straw-bale construction ready for Indian country.
By Jerry Reynolds -- Today staff
WASHINGTON - The construction of houses from straw bales is poised for widespread deployment in Indian country, especially among Plains and Northeastern tribes.
But ''poised'' remains the operative word here. Even brief mention of the obstacles to straw-bale construction must include the following items, as described by the Development Center for Appropriate Technology of Tucson, Ariz.:
" ''In spite of growing acceptance and success, gaining code approval, insurance, mortgages and financing continue to be a challenge.
" ''Straw-bale construction is a public domain building technology available to anyone... there is little to patent, control or sell.... Thus there is no large, consolidated industrial or financial interest that could make enough money from it to invest in the needed research, testing, development and deployment necessary for... widespread use....
" ''We need public policies to deliver them.''
Policy impact was the point of a well-attended Capitol Hill presentation on straw-bale construction, timed on June 20 to coincide with the
Advocates offered humble straw-bale houses as a solid line of local defense against global warming and excess energy costs. The inherent properties of baled straw super-insulate walls, reducing household energy costs in both hot and cold climates by an estimated two-thirds over conventional construction.
And straw, an abundant, annually renewable resource that is mostly wasted in the United States today, comes with exceptionally low ''embodied energy'' - that is, ''the amount of energy used in the production, transportation, construction and eventual demolition of a building material,'' according to GreenWeaver Inc. of Carbondale, Colo.
President Laura Bartels added that it is nontoxic, low-cost and carbon-sequestering (so that carbon molecules are not released into the atmosphere, as they are with countless other building materials, there to
contribute to the greenhouse gases that fuel global warming).
The costs of straw-bale construction vary, but they can be kept well within the realm of affordable housing.
''The best way to save money is through simple design, sweat equity in construction and low utility costs for life,'' Bartels said.
Straw-bale construction began in America in the late 1800s, following the invention of the baling machine. It got a good start in Nebraska and Alabama, where original structures still stand, and spread first to South Dakota, now to 49 states and 40 foreign countries.
Straw-bale construction has come to Indian country as well. The Rosebud Sioux Tribe, no stranger to alternative energy and energy reduction concepts after years of patient commitment to wind power, offers vocational education courses in straw-bale construction through Sinte Gleska University. More recently, tribally chartered Sicangu Wicoti Awanyakapi Corp., the housing office at Rosebud, awarded $60,000 each to two organizations for the straw-bale construction of residential units. Bob Gough, secretary of the Intertribal Council on Utility Policy, said June 20 that more widespread straw-bale construction in Indian country would bring many benefits beyond housing for people who need it, including job creation and the community reinvestment of various revenue streams.
Straw-bale housing construction has also gotten a start in the Northeast of Indian country, in part through Mohawk alternative housing specialist Josh Sargent. Mohawks have attended a straw-bale construction workshop of GreenWeaver, Bartels said.
But marks of progress are counterbalanced by signs that straw-bale construction can only advance through public education. The June 20 presentation didn't fall short in that regard, as advocates devoted almost as much time to describing what straw-bale construction is not as otherwise. To sum up:
" When plastered over, straw-bale walls certainly aren't ugly, as slides and a public display on the Washington Mall June 20 demonstrated.
" Straw, the leftover stalks in harvested grain fields, is not hay, a livestock feed composed of alfalfa and grasses. Hay isn't generally used as a building material, for unlike straw, it is susceptible to spontaneous combustion.
" Straw-bale structures of poor quality are problematic, like houses poorly made of any material. ''All buildings must be designed and detailed well to avoid moisture issues.... Straw does not have food value and bales offer less of a haven to insects and vermin than wood framing.''


text:
Acid treatment of crystalline silicates is a facile method of creating pores for the preparation of crystalline silica-based microporous materials, but its success depends on the acid treatment conditions and both the composition and crystallinity of the starting silicates. Here, europium silicate Eu-AV-9 containing Na+, K+, and Eu3+ ions was treated with acetic acid for 1 d or 14 d to synthesize microporous silicate with high Eu loading by the selective leaching of K+ and Na+ from the silicate. The acid-treated Eu-AV-9 had both crystallinity and microporosity capable of adsorbing CO2, while the adsorption of Ar was very low. In addition, the values of both micropore volume and BET area of acid-treated samples increased when the time of acid treatment was increased. This result was attributed to the formation of structural defects caused by eliminating Eu in Eu-AV-9 over time of acid treatment.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Inorganic Chemistry


text:
The Filter criteria of Saved Searches created or updated in the API must adhere to the below restrictions.
- Conditions may only be nested one level.
- If the field being searched has a FieldList (see the Standard Fields meta data), the values being searched on must be included in that list.
- If the field being searched has a FieldList, the values being searched on must be searchable across all property types included in the query.
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- Queries cannot have both flexmls main list and flexmls features grouped together with an OR conjunction. Fields where Detail is true or the FieldCategory is set to 'Detail' in the Field Order service are flexmls feature fields.
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- Professional Development
- Digital & Mobile
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Change Meant Opportunity at Judson Middle School
Change happened fast for Judson Middle School. In just four years the community surrounding this Longview, Texas, school shifted dramatically. That meant the teachers and staff had to shift too, but to what? And how? America is the great melting pot, but for most of us, demographic shifts in our towns happen gradually over the course of decades. African American, Latino, Asian and other demographic groups have been moving into what were once predominantly white neighborhoods for decades, creating environments of ethnic diversity. It's easier to assimilate different cultures when the transition happens over a decade. The challenge is more real when a significant demographic shift happens in just a few years. That's the story of Judson Middle School where in just four short years the community transitioned from 90% white to more than 50% African American. The challenge became evident when the school and its veteran teachers, who were also predominantly white, found themselves ill-equipped to lead, connect and inspire students whose lives and life experiences were very different from their own. No one wanted teachers to leave out of frustration and certainly everyone wanted the school to succeed academically. Everyone needed to win and that's what Evans Newton was hired to do. The process got under way with a three-point plan that was heavy on establishing professional learning communities so teachers could learn from each other along with their Evans Newton field team. The first goal was to strengthen shared/distributed leadership practices. Teachers at Judson began to learn what practices now worked in their diverse classrooms and which behaviors they needed to modify in themselves. They began realizing small wins and when they did, they would share those experiences with their fellow teachers. The second goal put forth by Evans Newton was to develop collaborative structures that support continuous improvement. This ensured that the most successful practices were repeated school wide. The third goal Evans Newton set involved data. This meant gathering data every step of the way, and talking about the numbers along with the anecdotal experiences. Student performance numbers are not only the result of student learning but also teacher performance. And in an open, caring and empathetic environment fostered by Evans Newton field team members, who are former educators themselves, discussing and working through how to get better was a blame-free, professional growth experience. "Before Evans Newton, I'd observe a classroom, fill out my reflection sheet and leave it on the teacher's desk. The teacher could agree or disagree with my remarks. Now when I do a Learning Walk and observe a classroom, I coach the teachers to help them and us improve. That's a big difference." - Principal Brian Kasper The results of these school-wide efforts were far-reaching and dramatic. Not only did students achieve, but they also did it in the midst of great change, including a move to a new building. In just seven months the school had in place effectively operating instructional practices. They had far stronger collaborative structures that were driving classroom results. And they had increased their shared and distributive leadership practices. Perhaps most indicative of the success of this professional development project was that only three in thirty teachers chose to leave. A remarkably low teacher turnover was proof that in times of massive change, professional development intervention works wonders.


Reading communities: why, what and how?
Cremin, Teresa (2019). Reading communities: why, what and how? NATE, Sheffield.
Are you seeking to build a vibrant community of readers in your classroom and/or school? If so, how will you know when you've achieved your goal? What are the key characteristics of such communities? Can these be seen, heard, felt, experienced? What strategies and practices will help you succeed? Is there a fail-safe route? A motorway between research and practice?
Whilst this article responds to these questions, first we surely need to consider our long terms aims. Do we want to develop readers for life (the maximum entitlement), or will the 'expected standard' (the minimum) or greater depth (a halfway house?) suffice? After all it's only five years since reading for pleasure became a statutory requirement in England, it had never before been mandated and as Philip Pullman observed about the 1998 National Literacy Strategy, whilst there were more than 55 verbs to describe reading: 'enjoy' was not one of them! Yet now developing a love of reading is recognised officially as essential and building communities of engaged readers expected of us all.
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PAN - Polish Academy of Sciences
Polska Akademia Nauk
The Polish Academy of Sciences is a state scientific institution founded in 1952. From the very beginning, it has functioned as society acting through an elected corporation of top scholars and research organisations, via its numerous scientific establishments. It has also become a major scientific advisory body through its scientific committees. The activities of the Academy in its present form are regulated by the Parliamentary Act of April 25, 1997.
The bi-lateral scientific cooperation is based on 76 agreements. PAN is the member of about 100 international organisations. Partner from the ASEAN members is Vietnam - relations are based on the Agreement on scientific cooperation between the PAN and the VietnameseAcademy of Science and Technology signed in 1995 and the Agreement on scientific cooperation between the PAN and the VietnameseAcademy of Social Sciences and Humanities signed in 1996. Main scientific areas are: oceanology, hydro-engineering, geology, botany.
Budgetary resources are provided for in the part of the budget under heading "the PolishAcademy of Sciences". The principles of administration of these resources are regulated by the budgetary law. Financial resources of Academy's research centres are channelled by the Ministry of Education and Science (statutory funding, grants, etc.). International cooperation priorities: increasing of collaboration with regions (i.e. Visegrad Group), increasing of collaboration with specific countries, development/adoption of new technologies, strengthening national capacity in specific fields of research, targeting young researchers, increasing the exchange of scientists, bi-lateral agreements, multi-lateral agreements.
The main activities of the organisation: research activities (institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences), presentation of opinions and programmes concerned with science and the practical application of its results, international scientific cooperation effected through membership in international scientific organisations and cooperation with foreign scientific institutions, concluding agreements on scientific cooperation with foreign and international organisations and institutions, education on different levels, cooperation with other scientific institutions and higher education institutions and with science societies, issuing opinions on drafts of legal acts concerning science, its application and education.