Teach Yourself Web Publishing with HTML 4 in 21 Days
Chapter 20: Working with JavaScripts
This chapter discusses four examples of using JavaScript. Objectives for the chapter are:
 - creating a random link generator three ways
 - using JavaScript for form validation
Laura continues our lesson in JavaScript programming by creating two functions on a page that affect what a link actually jumps to. In writing a program, it is a good idea to plan what you expect to do, what tools you need to use, what tools you need to build, and what you will have when you are done.
The first method she uses to create our random link is an inline script call to a JavaScript function. She needs:
 - a function to pick a random number
 - a function to assign a link, based on the random number
 - a command to write the link on the page
 - a trigger to get the whole thing to work
Following her earlier examples, Laura puts her script inside the section of the page. She uses opening and closing tags, both enclosed inside the opening and closing  tags. Between the


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The Trevi fountain is at the ending part of the Aqua
Virgo, an aqueduct constructed in 19 BC. It brings water all the
way from the Salone Springs (approx 20km from Rome) and supplies
the fountains in the historic center of Rome with water
Construction of the Fountain In 1732, Pope Clement XII commissioned
Nicola Salvi to create a large fountain at the Trevi Square. A
previous undertaking to build the fountain after a design by
Bernini was halted a century earlier after the death of Pope Urban
VIII. Salvi based his theatrical masterpiece on this design.
Construction of the monumental baroque fountain was finally
completed in 1762.
The central figure of the fountain, in front of a large niche, is
Neptune, god of the sea. He is riding a chariot in the shape of a
shell, pulled by two sea horses. Each sea horse is guided by a
Triton. One of the horses is calm and obedient, the other one
restive. They symbolize the fluctuating moods of the sea.
On the left hand side of Neptune is a statue representing
Abundance, the statue on the right represents Salubrity. Above the
sculptures are bas-reliefs, one of them shows Agrippa, the girl
after whom the aqueduct was named.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Is it OK for children to count on their fingers? Generations of pupils have been discouraged by their teachers from using their hands when learning maths. But a new research article, published in Frontiers in Education shows using fingers may be a much more important part of maths learning than previously thought.
The article, by Professor Tim Jay of Sheffield Hallam University and independent researcher Dr Julie Betenson, confirms what parents have long felt instinctively – that the sorts of finger games children often play at home are central to their education.
The researchers worked with 137 primary pupils aged between six and seven. All the children were given different combinations of counting and number games to play – but only some were given exercises which involved finger-training.
Some pupils played games involving number symbols, such as dominoes, shut-the-box, or snakes and ladders.
Other pupils were asked to play finger games: such being asked to hold up a given number of fingers, or numbering fingers from 1–5 and then having to match one of them by touching it against the corresponding finger on the other hand, or tracing coloured lines using a particular finger.
Both these groups did a little better in maths tests than a third group of pupils who had simply had 'business as usual' with their teachers. But the group which did both the counting and the finger games fared significantly better.
"This study provides evidence that fingers provide children with a 'bridge' between different representations of numbers, which can be verbal, written or symbolic. Combined finger training and number games could be a useful tool for teachers to support children's understanding of numbers," Professor Jay said.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


System Administration Guide: Network Services
ProcedureHow to Create Messages to Be Sent to Users
After the user is logged in, system-related or application-related messages are displayed on screen. The ftpaccess file lists the events that trigger associated message statements.
 1. Become superuser or assume an equivalent role.
 2. Add the following entries to the ftpaccess file:
 message message-file [when [class...]]
 Keyword that is used to specify the message file to be displayed when a user logs in or executes the command to change the working directory.
 Name of the message file to be displayed.
Example 28–10 Creating Messages to Be Sent to Users
message /etc/ftpd/Welcome login anon guest
message .message cwd=*
The preceding example states that the file /etc/ftpd/Welcome is displayed at login for users of the class anon or guest. The second line states that the.message file in the current working directory is displayed for all users.
Message files are created relative to the chroot directory for guest and anonymous users.


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English China Information
"The mere chink of cups and saucers turns the mind to happy repose."
England has a long tradition of pottery making, but stoneware was not
made on a large scale there until the late 17th century. The abundance
of clay and coal in and around Staffordshire allowed the area to quickly
establish itself as the center of ceramic manufacturing.
Why the Pottery Industry began in North Staffordshire
1. Nowhere else in the country could such a great variety of potter's
clay be found in one place.
2. There was an abundance of excellent coal suitable for firing ovens
lying just below the surface.
3. In association with the coal there were fireclays ideal for refractories
- that is for making bricks and saggars to withstand the higher firing
4. Other raw materials necessary for potting were close by in neighbouring
counties; Lead in Derbyshire. Salt in Cheshire. Fine Sand at Mole Cop (now
The early ceramic industry was based in the Staffordshire towns of Burslem,
Fenton, Hanley, Longton, Stoke-upon-Trent and Tunstall. These six towns
were amalgamated in 1910 to form a single entity - Stoke-on-Trent. Stoke-on-Trent,
at the center of the area now known as "The Potteries", has maintained
a leadership role in the ceramic industry, building upon the traditions
and skills established three centuries ago.
The creative potters of the 18th century developed the Bottle Kiln to
efficiently fire their wares. Shaped like a bottle, wide cylindrical base
and narrowing to a chimney-like structure on top, these early kilns could
reach temperature of between 1000C and 1250C.
It is Josiah Spode, however, who is widely recognized as the most influential
potter of the period. In 1800 Spode began to manufacture porcelain. Many
of the early designs were influenced by oriental art. Blue Willow is the
best known example of this today. Later, Spode's son, also Josiah, mixed
feldspar, kaolin and bone ash to make "bone" china. The use of bone ash
was found to make the porcelain more hardy, less likely to chip, and more
Staffordshire continues its long history of excellence in pottery,
and Coffee Tea & Thee obtains all our our English China products from
the heart of The Potteries, ensuring you china of the highest quality,
made by skilled craftsmen.
For more information on china clays see: China


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Normally, influenced people don't examine what causes the Fire Damage in Anaheim, the initial question on the minds of the house owner would be,"Where can I hire the best Fire Damage in Anaheim restoration firm? Fire Damage in Anaheim is usually due to exposed electrical wiring, cooking accidents, or chimney fires that could be devastating. Even a little flame from a blossom candle left unattended could become a significant disaster.
Fire Damage in Anaheim is catastrophic to people and buildings. It's important to handle the residential losses with a thought of the trauma that the homeowner is undergoing. Fire Damage in Anaheim restoration in commercial losses requires an understanding of how business disruption and loss of earnings may impact an industrial or commercial firm. In many cases, additional damage results from efforts to extinguish the Fire Damage in Anaheim with large volumes of water. Water damage to the building and contents could be extensive. Whilst secondary damage, usually due to relatively slow reaction times and a failure to swiftly and efficiently control moisture and relative Humidity, can be equally as damaging. Fire Damage in Anaheim Restoration professionals face unique problems when seeking to clean and restore buildings, houses or businesses that have been influenced by fire. Fire Damage in Anaheim restoration is commonly complex to treat.
If you are one of those influenced by Fire Damage in Anaheim you'll need to be aware of the process for instantly handling the circumstance. It's important to employ the service of a trustable Fire Damage in Anaheim restoration firm with the knowledge, products, and equipment to assist you in the initial process and the multiple decisions you have beforehand.
How do you get rid of smoke damage after a fire? Smoke and damage restoration solutions
Board up occurs after a disaster where doors, windows, or openings are compromised and need to be secured and weather protected to prevent further damage.
2. Dry Out
This Fire Damage in Anaheim restoration procedure uses specialized equipment to help dry out water residue and humidity to prevent further damage.
3. Deodorization and Emergency Pre-cleaning
Following a flame, soot residue instantly begins to cause secondary damage by staying on surfaces due to the acidic and corrosive characteristics. It is important to get an emergency pre-cleaning of your contents and structure to decrease this secondary Fire Damage in Anaheim. The space needs to be deodorized and start the process to get things back to normal.
4. Contents Pack-out
After sustaining Fire Damage in Anaheim its significant pack up your contents in order to facilitate required repairs.
5. Contents Inventory
An itemized inventory of all of your personal property is necessary when removing and storing your contents into an off site facility.
6. Dry Cleaning and Garment Restoration
Professional laundry and dry cleaning determine Fire Damage in Anaheim restoration of your clothing. A list of what can and can't be uninstalled will be ran to your own satisfaction.
7. Contents Restoration and Cleaning
Specialized professionals to clean and restore all aspects of your contents. This may include anything from photographs, art restoration and furniture.
8. Cleaning and Restoration
Specialized team to appraise the damage to all of your electronics.
9. 24-hour Secured and Heated Storage Facility}
Find a secure storage facility that you will have access to if you want to receive your possessions.


Nerve: Hepatic plexus
The celiac ganglia with the sympathetic plexuses of the abdominal viscera radiating from the ganglia. (Hepatic plexus labeled at center left.)
Latin plexus hepaticus
Gray's subject #220 986
MeSH [1]
The hepatic plexus, the largest offset from the celiac plexus, receives filaments from the left vagus and right phrenic nerves.
It accompanies the hepatic artery, ramifying upon its branches, and upon those of the portal vein in the substance of the liver.
Branches from this plexus accompany all the divisions of the hepatic artery.
A considerable plexus accompanies the gastroduodenal artery and is continued as the inferior gastric plexus on the right gastroepiploic artery along the greater curvature of the stomach, where it unites with offshoots from the lienal plexus.
External links[edit | edit source]


Kari Ala-Pöllänen was the Tapiola Choir's conductor and artistic director _PHONE_. During this period the choir successfully toured around the world, in most continents. The Tapiola Choir was under his direction, as first music group, awarded The UNESCO Price 1996 for the Promotion of the Performing Arts. He has been awarded with several high Finnish official decorations, a.o. in 2009, when the President of the Republic of Finland rewarded him with the Pro Finlandia Medal by Order of the Lion of Finland, the highest recognition for arts.
Kari Ala-Pöllänen is a versatile musician and conductor having wide experience in various sections of music and playing several instruments himself. He first graduated as a school teacher and then studied a.o. musicology and orchestral and choral conducting.
In Finland he has acted as a music teacher, symphony orchestra-, folkand jazz musician and conductor, as chorister and ensemble singer and superintendent of music as well as a writer of school music text books and encyclopedia. He is the artistic director of international choral festivals, works as a jury member of choir competitions and as a guest conductor and lecturer in numerous festivals in Finland and abroad. He has been a member of Europa Cantat Music Commission and is currently the chair of IFCM Songbridge Artistic Committee.
 It is about questioning some habits and traditions in choir conducting and introducing new ways of thinking about the role of a conductor, particularly in children's choirs. It is, as well, focusing on the educational task of the children's choir activity, referring to the doctoral thesis of Mr. Tuomas Erkkilä (Pedagogy in the Tapiola Choir and Mr. Kari Ala-Pöllänen as a co-operative children's choir conductor, University of Oulu, Faculty of Education, Acta Univ.Oul.E134,2013).
Questions and matters to be discussed:
What is the choir conductor needed for?
What is needed to become a choir conductor?
Are these pairs of concepts opposites or possible to combine in children's choir:
 - conduct (lead, direct...) - co-operation
 - artistic
ambition / professionalism - educative ambition
 - calculated creation – reducing the stress factor
What is co-operative conducting?
Principles of co-operation
Focusing on basics: Conducting habits
Main questions: Why am I doing like I do? What is important/needed to do.
Co-Operative Children's Choir Conductor: Choir Performing With or Without a Conductor
Bio en CAT


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Creative chldren's story about the relocation of gopher turtles. This story is written in the turtles perspective - entertaining and educational. Great for kids ages 4-12.
Monsters in the Meadow
By Amy Sellers
32 Pg Picture book: grades 1-4
Pg 1- George was excited about the rainy season approaching. This meant the dry and tasteless grass just outside of his hole would soon turn lush, tasty and tender. His goal every season would be to eat as many of the new sprouts as he could before the grass grew tall, tough and seedy.
Pg 2 -He spun around in the cozy hole he dug which caused a dust cloud to rise. All of the little creatures sharing the tunnel leading to his hole scurried up and out to escape the spoiled air. First Edgar, the cranky squirrel popped his head out of the hole to make sure there were no wolves or snakes lurking near.
Please email to request the remainder of the story. amycsellers.yahoo.com


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Water Treatment Plants
Delta Mobrey has been designing and manufacturing instrumentation for process industries for over 65 years and has supported projects in the Water Industries in the UK and worldwide.
Desalination is the process of removing salt from sea water or brackish river or groundwater to make potable water. The desalination process involves either a thermal distillation process or membrane system such as reverse osmosis. While the end result of desalination is clean and useful water, there are several aspects of the process which need to be carefully controlled and monitored so as not to negatively impact the environment.
It is at these pre and post-treatment stages where Delta Mobrey instruments operate.
The first Desalination Plants were commissioned in the 70's however it is only about 15 years that the water shortages in a number of countries, especially in the Middle East, created the rise in water treatment plants.
In 2006 Delta Mobrey was awarded of the first significant order for a complete range of pressure, pressure difference and temperature products to support Engineering, Procurement and Construction of a major Desalination Plant.
Delta Mobrey instruments can be found in some of the most important plants, mainly in Middle East Region.
- Kahramaa Water Reservoirs and Pumping Stations, Qatar
- Az Zour phases 1-4 Power and Desalination Plants, Kuwait
- Arzew IWPP Power & Desalination Plant, Algeria
- Rome Southern Lazio Potabilization Plant, Italy
- Shuaibah III Desalination Plant, Saudi Arabia
- Taweelah A1 Power and Desalination Plant, UAE
Examples of applications
Delta Controls Instruments are used in a variety of applications including process control and emergency shut-down systems.
High pressure instruments provide control and safety functions:
- Pressure gauge with contacts to monitor membrane inlet pressure
- Pressure gauge to monitor membrane discharge pressure
- Emergency pressure switch for membrane inlet pressure
Low pressure instruments provide control of the lower pressure sections of the plant
- Pressure transmitters or pressure switches to control inlet pressures to proceses
- Pressure gauges to monitor inlet pressure
- Pressure transmitters or pressure switches to control high pressure pump inlet
- Pressure gauges to monitor all fine filter housings
- Pressure gauges to monitor brine outlet pressures
- Pressure gauges to monitor neutralisation filters in and out.
Differential pressure instruments provide control of all filtration activities.
- Differential pressure gauges to monitor correct working of all filtration systems
- Differential pressure gauges with contacts or differential pressure switches or differential pressure transmitters to control all filter clogging/degredation
Temperature instruments provide flow and pressure adjustment to manage plant temperature variations.
- Thermometers with contacts or temperature switches or temperature transmitters to compensate flow and pressure along the plant.
- Thermometers to monitor the whole process
The range of products available include (see the Product Selection in the Website)
- DPC-Series Pressure Transmitters
- DPR-Series Differential Pressure Transmitters
- DPT-Series Temperature Transmitters
- Sentry-Series Low Pressure Switches
- VM-Series High Pressure Switches
- S20-Series Adjustable Dead Band Pressure Switches
- 200-Series Dual Set Point Pressure Switches
- 300-Series Very Low Differential Pressure Switches
- S70-Series Temperature Switches
- GA-Series Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge with and without Contacts
- DG-Series Differential Pressure Gauges with and without Contacts
- GB-Series Bimetal Thermometers
- GI-Series Expansion Gas Thermometers with and without Contacts.
- Needle Valves in 316SS or NACE Materials
- 2, 3 and 5 Valves Manifolds in 316SS or NACE Materials
- Threaded Thermowells from barstock in 316SS or NACE Materials
- Flanged Thermowells from barstock in 316SS or NACE Materials
- Siphons in 316SS
In addition to our standard range of instruments, we have also developed bespoke products for many of our customers whenever a technical solution cannot readily be found 'off the shelf'.
Our team of engineers are ready to discuss your exact requirements to ensure the product you need for your application is correctly specified and supplied. Please contact us using our enquiry form or by email.


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Working in construction, individuals are often responsible for a wide variety of tasks throughout the course of the work day. Based on the worker and the job that they have been hired for, they may be required to perform activities that can cause severe injuries or accidents if they are not handled properly. Tasks might include climbing a tall ladder to reach the third floor of a new building or tearing down a wall with a sledge hammer. One of the most important elements of completing work tasks is wearing the appropriate protective gear for the job being performed.
That being said, following are 4 reasons why construction workers should wear the proper safety equipment for the job.
1. Protective Gear Protects Employees
Most people know that construction jobs are inherently dangerous, so it is essential that extra care be taken while performing work-related tasks. Being safe and avoiding unnecessary problems normally entails a number of different essential factors including ensuring that every worker possesses the safety gear that is required. For instance, if the job is exceptionally loud due to the machinery that is being used, the employer should ensure that all of the workers on the job has industrial ear plugs. Industrial ear plugs are designed to block noise so that no damage is caused to the individual's hearing. If these plugs are not worn on a regular basis and the noise continues, workers may experience hearing loss at early ages.
2. Protective Gear Is Required by Law
Another reason for employees having the appropriate safety gear on the job is that it is required by law. The government agency that oversees worker injuries and accidents is the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). OSHA is dedicated to protecting both the employers and employees on the job. While some states have opted out of, and are adhering to their own set of safety standards and laws, other states rely heavily on OSHA's guidance to determine how to keep workplaces safe. Therefore, OSHA regulations also specify the types of PPE and safety equipment that is required on construction jobs including items like hard hats, steel toe shoes, industrial ear plugs, and goggles. It is also important to note that if employers are found in violation of these safety regulations, they are considered negligent and can be fined.
3. Protective Gear Protects Employers
Even though OSHA is assisting with regulating the workplace to keep it safe from unnecessary accidents and injuries, their actions are also needed to protect the employer's too. This is due to the fact that worker incident rates for injuries and accidents are traditionally lower when this type of gear is worn. However, when employers are violating guidelines and regulations, they are opening the company up to unnecessary problems and issues in the workplace. When this occurs, the company will not only have to pay out additional money in expenses for replacing workers with other resources, they may also be required to pay for lawsuits and other things related to construction workers not being in full protective gear when while on the job.
4. Providing Protective Gear Is Ethical
When an employer knows that workers are not properly equipped for a construction job, it is important that the individuals in charge ensure that these incidents are completely eliminated and resolved. This might include sending the worker home for the day because they are not dressed correctly for the job, or ensuring the construction worker gets what they need right away. Something must be done if the construction worker is not wearing the required protective gear. Ignoring these issues is not only a problem for the workers who could potentially be hurt severely, it is also unethical for those who are watching and know that the person can easily be injured to stay silent.
When people work on construction sites, they must wear the appropriate gear. The gear that they wear can vary based on the job that is being performed. However, there are some common items that must be worn including a hard hat and steel toe shoes. It is always best to refer to the employer or site supervisor when unsure about required protective equipment.


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Bubble Wrap City Artwork
If you and your family shop online, there's a good chance you have some bubble wrap around the house. It always feels a shame to throw it out! Instead, use leftover packing materials to make a great city skyline! Making this skyline is a great way to recycle some bubble wrap, learn the very basics of printmaking, and consider some urban architecture.
small paint roller (usually available in 2 packs at dollar stores or similar)
tempera or acrylic paint
big sheets of paper for printing
1. protect your work surface and kid's clothes – this one's messy!
2. cut shapes from bubble wrap. We tried different squares, rectangles, and triangles.
3. squirt some paint into bowls or plates. Making an urban landscape seemed to call for black, grey and blue, but you could try some other colors!
4. have kids coat roller in paint, then roll paint onto the "bubbly" side of the bubble wrap, one piece at a time.
5. when pieces are quite covered in paint, have your artist flip them over and press onto the paper (like a stamp) with their hands.
6. try different colors on different pieces. You can use the same roller, and let the colors mix. Watch as your "city" emerges!
Scissor-ready kids can try cutting their own shapes (keep in mind, bigger shapes are easier to work with).
If you have some on hand, try different sizes and patterns of bubble wraps for different effects.
Note how different combinations of shapes can make different buildings!


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Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL)
Light is absorbed by many of the atmospheric components. Absorption of light by molecules is the basis for DIAL which is used to measure the atmospheric concentrations of gases such as water vapor and ozone.
DIAL Measurements of Water Vapor
As shown in figure (a), water vapor has many discrete absorption lines. In water vapor DIAL, laser pulses are transmitted at two wavelengths, one on a water vapor absorption line, λon, and another off-line, λoff. If the two wavelengths are close together, then for both wavelengths the scattering by molecules and particles is essentially equal. The difference in the returns between the two wavelengths is then due entirely to absorption by water vapor molecules, figure (b). Thus, measurement of the ratio of the backscatter at the two wavelengths as a function of range can be used to calculate the water vapor concentration profile.
DIAL Measurements of Ozone
DIAL measurements of ozone require less precise laser frequency because ozone has a broad (~200 nm) absorption band [see figure] instead of narrow lines lines like water vapor. This requires that the onand offwavelengths be chosen with sufficient wavelength separation to ensure a significant difference in their absorption. However, uncertainty in the changes of aerosol scattering and patterning between the wavelengths can introduce error. The difference in aerosol scattering at λon and λoff can be extrapolated from a third measurement taken at a longer wavelength, λa. Therefore, DIAL measurements with three wavelengths can be used to determine ozone concentration profiles to good accuracy.


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The Link between Red Hair and Skin Cancer
People have different types of hair color ranging from different tints of black, blonde and red hair. Statistically, black is the most common hair color. Natural pure blonde hair is present in about 2% of the world's population while red hair is the least common hair color. In fact, redheads constitute just a little more than 1% of the world's population. However, Britain has a high proportion of redheads compared to other populations around the world. For example, redheads make up 13% of Scotland's population.
Research on redheads and skin cancer
A new study now shows a link between red hair color and skin cancer. Scientists have suspected this connection for many years. However, this new study, published in the Nature Communications journal and supported by the Institute of Well-come Trust Sanger, provides a scientific basis for this suspicion. The lead researcher, David Adams, and his team identified a variant of an MC1R gene that leads to the production of red hair. This gene also causes pale skin, freckles, and susceptibility to sunburns.
The study involved about 400 cancer patients. The research team looked at the DNA sequences of the participants. They found 42% more mutations associated with exposure to the sun in the tumors found in people who had the MC1R variant gene. It is the same variant gene responsible for producing red hair. Further investigations by the researchers determined that this MC1R variant gene increased the number of sun-related mutations while raising the level of mutations associated with other causes of skin cancer.
Explanations for the findings
This study was the first of its kind because it linked a gene to additional mutations in patients that have skin cancer. The researchers postulated that exposing yourself to strong UV radiation from the sun causes damage to your DNA. They further argued that the unique skin pigmentation found in redheads caused more UV light to reach and damage their DNA than is usually the case with people who have other hair colors.
What the study means for redheads
The researchers concluded their study by urging all redheads to take care while they are in the sun. In fact, this study found that the risk of skin cancer in redheads because of exposure to the sun is rather high. The researchers described this increased risk as similar to redheads having 21 extra years of exposure to the sun than people with other hair colors have. This research, co-funded by Cancer Research in the UK, is quite insightful especially for people with red hair. However, people with different hair colors should also take care of their skin. That means wearing protective clothing during summer and using sunscreen when necessary.


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The Devil virus is a reasonably simple diskette and Master Boot Record infector. It is only able to infect a hard disk when you try to boot the machine from an infected diskette. At this time Devil infects the Main Boot Record, and after that it will go resident to high DOS memory during every boot-up from the hard disk.
Disinfection & Removal
Devil can be disinfected from hard drives by booting clean and giving command "FDISK /MBR". Floppies can be disinfected with the FIXBOOT program provided with F-Secure anti-virus products.
Once Devil gets resident to memory, it will infect practicly all non-writeprotected diskettes used in the machine. Devil-virus is also a stealth virus - if you try to examine an infected boot record, it will show you the original clean one instead.
This virus has one nasty side effect; all floppy diskettes that are infected cannot be read by DOS unless the virus is active in memory. This is due to the fact that the virus overwrites part of the floppy disks Boot Parameter Block (BPB) with the text "(c) Devil". As DOS needs the information stored in the BPB to determine the diskette type DOS cannot read the diskette anymore. When the virus is active in memory all diskette boot sector read requests are intercepted by the virus. The virus then modifies the read request parameters so that the real boot sector (or MBR) is read instead of the infected one.
The original MBR is stored in a static position at cylinder 0, sector 4, head 0. Original FBR is stored at the last sector of root directory.
The virus deems an FBR or MBR to be infected if the word at offset 0C2h is equal to 7C00h.
The virus has two static text strings: "(c) Devil" and "v3.0".
Technical Details: Jeremy Gumbley, Command Software Systems UK


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The Mexico City Mint
Estados Unidos Mexicanos Period.
The reduction of the coins in size and metal content.
(1905 to Present)
As the price of silver fluctuates, coins are accepted, rejected or hoarded. If the value of the silver content is more than its commecial value the coin is hoarded. If the value of the silver content is less than its commercial value the coin is rejected. And if the value of the silver content is equal to its commercial value the coin is accepted. The purpose of the reform act of 1905 was to replace silver as a standard of value. The 5 ¢ silver coin was replaced with a nickle coin, The silver coins were reduced in both weight and fineness. The silver content went from 0.9027 to 0.800 in 1918 and the to 0.720 from 1920 to 1945. After that the 10¢, and 20¢ coins were made of copper and the silver content, in the silver coins, went to 0.400 in 1947, 0.300 in 1950, 0._PHONE_ and by 1970 the peso was made of a copper-nickel alloy. Something similar happened in the USA, until 1963 the silver coins were 0.900 silver and in 1964, the coins were silver clad and by 1971 the were copper-nickle clad as they are today.Coins of this period


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Conversion Operators (C# Programming Guide)
C# enables programmers to declare conversions on classes or structs so that classes or structs can be converted to and/or from other classes or structs, or basic types. Conversions are defined like operators and are named for the type to which they convert. Either the type of the argument to be converted, or the type of the result of the conversion, but not both, must be the containing type.
For more information:


FOM: naive or brainwashed?
Karlis Podnieks podnieks at
Thu Mar 19 11:10:23 EST 1998
-----Original Message-----
From: Reuben Hersh
Date: 1998, March 19, 2:07
Subject: Re: FOM: naive or brainwashed?
"What determines what math is?"
Do you think this is a clearly formulated question?
KP> I would say, the correct question is: "W h o determines
what math is?". According to my philosophy ("advanced
formalism") we can define precisely only the term
"mathematical", not the term "mathematics". What is
mathematical theory, and what is not? What is mathematical
model, and what is not? (My answer - see my home page or my
previous postings.) After this, we can try to define, what is
mathematics. Mathematics is a set of mathematical theories which
are considered as "first class mathematics" by the most
influential personalities of our community.
Maybe, the growing Web will change the situation. Now people
can publish papers that are not sanctioned by "personalities".
Best wishes,
podnieks at
University of Latvia
Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science
More information about the FOM mailing list


Teacher's Assistant
One strategy for helping talented bored students is to facilitate them acting as Teacher's Assistants (TAs). An example is to enable them to markup some peer's work with teacher monitoring.
Stronger students and weaker students learn more.
TAs might be celebrated or effectively secret, TAs provide feedback online and perhaps discretely in person, depending on the school culture.
The system can add value by giving select students markup access to a few other student's class work.


What's yours? What's ours?
Meter exampleGas Lines
 - Meter: Natural gas is delivered by an underground service line. The service line runs from the main to the meter. The Department of Utilities is responsible for maintenance, repair and location of the service line, including the regulator and meter.
The customer is responsible for the fuel line on the house side of the meter. The fuel line begins after the meter as noted on the picture.
Fuel Lines
Some fuel lines are installed underground. If an underground fuel line is not maintained, it may be subject to potential hazards of corrosion (rust) and leaks.
 - If the buried fuel line is metal, inspect it periodically for corrosion
 - Inspect the buried fuel line periodically for leaks
 - Repair any unsafe condition


Georgian architecture for Schools, Leaving Cert Art-History: cracking the Georgian architecture question, our workshop tour for schools
Ireland is full of superb art and art history secondary school teachers. Yet the syllabus covers a lot of ground and some students, unsurprisingly, can struggle with the Georgian Architecture question, a question that comes up on both the Higher and Ordinary level Leaving Cert Papers, year after year.
We believe the answer is to go "back to basics" and to explain to the students in clear, simple language, exactly what lies behind and beneath the surface of Georgian architecture. What are the differences between the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian Orders, the obvious differences and the less obvious ones! What exactly does the word "proportions" mean and what are the proportions of Georgian architecture? Where do they come from? Why exactly did they become so fashionable, and what, if anything, do they "mean"
What did the likes of Edward Lovett Pearce, Richard Cassels, James Gandon, Francis Johnson, all leading exponents of architecture in this famous Georgian period do, that made them so famous and so sought after?
All this discussion is held in and around the interiors and exteriors of half an dozen outstanding examples of Georgian architecture, in Dublin city centre. By concentrating on relatively small group of key buildings, terms, ideas and architects from the Georgian era, (approximately 1720 to 1830) it helps understanding and bring the era, concepts and creative personnel to life.
The resulting insights, are designed to give teachers, and students, an edge in forthcoming Leaving Cert exams.
The "walk and talk" takes place in and around the College Green and Trinity College area. Architects and designers include Thomas Burgh, Edward Lovett Pearce, James Gandon, Richard Casssels and Hugh Darley, among others.
The tour is designed to help students understand both the origins and the underlying principals of the Georgian style, as well as notes on materials, and a "glossary" or in other words, a working knowledge of key terms and ideas.
The interpretation and discussion of buildings is led by Arran Henderson, an art historian and writer who conducts tours for the Irish Georgian Society and other cultural organizations. Arran has led over a dozen of these special tours for Leaving Cert students, and nearly 150 tours in Dublin in general, which often focus on architecture of the Georgian period.
Worksheet: To assist teachers and classroom/exam performance, the tour also concludes with two useful study sheets. One is handout for students, a summary of notes on key Georgian Dublin buildings, both featured on the tour and other important examples of the style.
The other sheet is a "refresher" test. This is given to teachers/ group leaders at the end of the tour, usually sent by email, for follow-up and revision work later, back in the classroom.
We even have additional support material available, free of charge, available on request. These includes sample answer pages and analysis of past questions, from both the Ordinary and higher Leaving Cert questions of the last 10 years.
Fees and notes: Generally, schools offer this tour to students as an extra-mural activity. Fees are thus usually paid by parents but delivered by the teacher accompanying the class-excursion. For larger educational groups, of 18 pupils upwards, fee €10 per/student. (Just €6 for DEIS schools)
For smaller educational groups (17 pupils and less) a flat fee of €150 applies. (Just €100 for DEIS schools). Please note that all fees are collected prior to tour, nearly always by the teacher/ orgainser. Schools or groups or teachers who wish or prefer to collect the money from their students and then pay in advance, via electronic payment, are also welcome to do so.
How to inquire and book.
To inquire or to reserve a tour, please choose a weekday date, then email If you include the words Georgian school Tour + the preferred date in the subject header, that is greatly appreciated, and assists a timely response. eg: Subject header: "Georgian school Tour, Monday 06/11/19. ? "
Final note: Variations, two-stage and bespoke tours.
Some teachers, including Leaving Cert History teachers, may wish to do the alternative route Georgian West tour, around Dublin Castle and adjoining area, This is focusing more on (1) the transition from Medieval to Enlightenment/early Georgian street plan and design, and (2) on the crucial role of the Wide Streets Commission, 1753 onwards.
We are naturally anxious to help in any way and will discuss and accommodate any specific requirements or emphasis you may have.
Leaving Cert History/ Honours History teachers, as well as Third level; A or S-Level teachers/tutors and lecturers should please contact Arran at the same email as above to discuss specific requirements.
The same applies to any teacher handling Language Colleges, special language needs or disability.
If you know of a teacher in a school who may benefit from the information all the social media sharing buttons are below.
Other Dublin Decoded events for visitors to the city and for recreational or historical interest groups, should see our main home with art history and architectural walks page here.
The Guide:
Arran has written and researched extensively on aspects of visual culture, art history, architectural and design history for publications like the Irish Arts Review. 25+ teaching experience, with many ages and abilities however allows him to make material accessible and engaging for students and young people.
As guide he has led walks for the Irish Georgian Society, the leading agency for advocacy, education on and protection of Ireland's 18th century architectural heritage. He has also conducted tours for Open House; the showpiece event of the Irish Architectural Foundation; and Culture Night and other leading cultural and state institutions, including Failte Ireland.
Arran's firm Dublin Decoded is rated by visitors among the best in the capital, around #6 according to the tourism site TripAdvisor, (from 300+ cultural activities listed in Dublin).
The tour is also relevant for Leaving Cert History groups
The tour is also relevant for Leaving Cert History groups, giving insights into 18th and early 19th century Irish politics and society. Note that the excursion is aimed in the first instance for Leaving Cert Art History school groups. So teachers bringing History, rather than Art history, groups should specify this fact please, in the first contact email as we may then adjust content and often even our route, accordingly.
Bray Gael Scoil on a Georgian tour, in the House of Lords
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
DAMP is similar to MBD (Minimal Brain Dysfunction), a concept that was formulated in the 1960s. Both concepts are related to certain psychiatric conditions, such as hyperactivity. The concept of MBD was strongly criticised by Sir Michael Rutter [Gillberg, 2003, p.904] and several others researchers, and this led to its abandonment in the 1980s. At the same time, research showed that something similar was needed. One alternative concept was ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). Gillberg proposed another alternative: DAMP. Gillberg's concept was formulated in the early 1980s, and the term itself was introduced in a paper that Gillberg published in 1986 (see Gillberg ). (DAMP is essentially MBD without the etiological assumptions.)
The concept of DAMP met with considerable criticism. For example, Sir Michael Rutter stated that the concept of DAMP (unlike ADHD) was "muddled" and "lacks both internal coherence and external discriminative validity... it has no demonstrated treatment or prognostic implications"; he concluded that the concept should be abandoned. Another example is the criticism of Per-Anders Rydelius, Professor of Child Psychiatry at the Karolinska Institute, who argued that the definition of DAMP was too vague: "the borderline between DAMP and conduct disorders [is] unclear... the borderline between DAMP and ADHD [is] unclear"; he concluded that "the concept is in need of revision". And in 2000, Eva Kärfve, a sociologist at the University of Lund, published a book which argued that Gillberg's work on DAMP should be rejected.
Perhaps the strongest criticism of DAMP is that Gillberg and his co-workers in Gothenburg are almost the only people doing research on DAMP. Indeed, in a review of DAMP published by Gillberg in 2003, it was noted that there were only "about 50" research papers that had been published on DAMP and that the "vast majority of these have either originated in the author's own clinical and research setting or have been supervised and/or co-authored by him" [Gillberg, 2003, p.904]. This is in contrast to ADHD, on which "several thousand papers" had been published [Gillberg, 2003, p.905]. As far as clinical practice goes, DAMP has been primarily accepted only in Gillberg's native Sweden and in Denmark [Gillberg, 2003, p.904], and even in those countries acceptance is mixed.
In 2003, Gillberg revised his definition of DAMP. The new definition is as follows: (a) ADHD as defined in DSM-IV; (b) DCD (Developmental Coordination Disorder) as defined in DSM-IV; (c) condition not better accounted for by cerebral palsy; and (d) IQ should be higher than about 50 [Gillberg, 2003: box 1]. (In the WHO system, this would be a hyperkinetic disorder combined with a developmental disorder of motor function.) About half of children with ADHD are believed to also have DCD [Gillberg, 2003; Martin et al., 2006].
Strong criticism of DAMP, however, has continued. In particular, it has been observed that "the validity and utility of DAMP will remain unclear until stronger evidence of the special status of the overlap between its constituent disorders is provided."
In 2005, there was an hour-long television program broadcast on Swedish TV, questioning why Sweden, almost alone in the world, would accept the DAMP construct. The program featured critical commentary from Sir Michael Rutter. It also considered some of the controversies over Gillberg's Gothenburg study.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Rydelius, 2000
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Sonuga-Barke, 2003
- ↑ Gallup et al., 2005
- ↑ Kärfve, 2000
- ↑ Martin et al., 2006
- ↑ Rasmussen, 2003
- ↑ Andersson, 2004
- ↑ Bagge, 2005
- Andersson, Emelie (2004), Debatten om DAMP: En kontroversstudie (University of Stockholm). [In Swedish]
- Bagge, Peter (5 July 2005), "Forskarstrid: DAMP ifrågasätts från fler än ett håll", Sveriges Television. (Summary of televised show, in Swedish.)
- Gallup, Raymond; Miller, Clifford G.; Elinder, Leif R.; Brante, Thomas; Kärfve, Eva; Josephson, Staffan (July 2005), "Rapid Responses", British Medical Journal.
- Gillberg, Christopher (1986). Attention deficit disorder: diagnosis, prevalence, management and outcome. Pediatrician 13: 108-118.
- Gillberg, Christopher (2003). Deficits in attention, motor control, and perception: a brief review. Archives of Disease in Childhood 88: 904-910.
- Kärfve, Eva (2000), Hjärnspöken: DAMP och hotet mor folkhälsan, Stockholm: Brutus Östlings Bokförlag. [In Swedish.]
- Martin, Neilson C., Piek Jan P., Hay, David (February 2006). DCD and ADHD: A genetic study of their shared aetiology. Human Movement Science 25 (1): 110–124. ISSN 0167-9457.
- Rasmussen N.H. (17 November 2003), "Deficits in attention, motor control, and perception: a brief review", Archives of Disease in Childhood eLetters.
- Rydelius P.-A. (2000), "DAMP and MBD versus AD/HD and hyperkinetic disorders", Acta Pædiatrica, 89: 266–268.
- Sonuga-Barke E.J.S. (2003), "On the Intersection Between AD/HD and DCD: The DAMP Hypothesis", Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 8 (3): 114–116.
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Answer to question from April 20:
Owls can turn their heads in 135 degrees in either direction or 270
Answer to question from April 19:
Cowbirds have no nest and lay their eggs in other species' nests. 220 species are hosts.
Answer to question from April 17:
Pink conical bill, but turns orange in breeding season.
Answer to question from April 16:
The 180 degree rotation of a hummingbird's wings, enable the bird to fly forward, backward as well as hover in mid air.
Answer to question from April 15:
Baltimore orioles love grape jelly, oranges, dark fruit, caterpillars and nectar. male red gular sac helps attract
Answer to question from April 14:
Cedar waxwings had orange tipped tails in the 1960's due to eating berries of an introduced species of honeysuckle.he
Answer to question from April 13:
7 species of woodpeckers can be found in Illinois: downy woodpeckers, hairy woodpeckers, red-bellied woodpeckers, red-headed woodpeckers, Northern flickers, plieated woodpeckers and yellow-bellied sapsuckers.
Answer to question from April 11:
Owls are unable to move or roll their eyes. They are fixed forward. They must move their head to see.
Answer to question from April 10:
The male frigatebird's red gular sac helps attract mates.
Answer to question from April 9:
The syrinx is located at the top of the windpipe. When air passes through the windpipe, it causes thin membranes to vibrate and produce sounds.
Answer to question from April 8:
The favorite foods of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird include not only the high sugar content from red or orange flowers but also small insects and spiders and of course, nectar.
Answer to question from April 7:
There are 10,000 species worldwide, 914 in North America and 444 in Illinois.
Answer to question from April 6:
The owl's serrated wing is designed to break up the flow of air & attack their prey in silence.
Answer to question from April 4:
Kiwis are related to the ostrich!
Answer to question from April 3:
Partners take turns incubating the egg(s). Incubation period is different for each species could be as short as one month or as long as two.
Answer to question from April 2:
The Kakapo is the only flightless and the heaviest parrot. This interesting bird lives in New Zealand.
Answer to question from April 1:
Blue Jays are part of the Crow family.
Answer to question from March 31:
Hummingbirds lay the smallest eggs of all birds, approximately the size of a jelly bean, ½".
Answer to question from March 30:
YES, many common backyard birds display the genetic mutation for albinism that affect the color of their feathers or the lack of pigment melanin.
Answer to question from March 28:
Yellow Eyes = Diurnal
Black or Brown Eyes = Nocturnal
Orange Eyes = Dawn or Dusk
Answer to question from March 27:
A Ruby-throated Hummingbird has an average of 940 feathers, which allows an optimal speed of 25 miles per hour, and 40 miles per hour during courtship dives.
Answer to question from March 26:
Blue Jay feathers are actually brown. It is due to the melanin, which is dark brown to black, that is found in humans, animals and yes birds, Melanin is the pigment that protects us humans from the sun, but not only found in our skin, but hair and eyes In regards to the Blue Jay, the melanin is brown, the melanin is presented as tiny granules of color in the feathers of Blue Jays. The scattering of light and the air pockets in the barbs of the feather reflect to make the feathers look blue. Cool, huh?
Answer to question from March 25:
Cardinals are named after the Cardinals in Rome! Explorers to the New World saw the bird's plumage and felt it matched the ceremonial robes of the Cardinal in Rome while the crest matched his high pointed hat! A flock of cardinals is called a Vatican! Pretty interesting!
Answer to question from March 24:
Penguins live in the Southern Hemisphere in these locations:


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Build a Computer Incident Response Team
With money and reputation on the line, a computer incident response team must be speedy and organized.
July 15, 2002 12:00 PM ET
Computerworld - A computer incident response team, or CIRT, is a lot like a firefighting crew - both are composed of individuals trained to respond quickly to specific incidents with the goal of limiting damage and reducing recovery time and costs.
"Like a fire department, you can use [CIRTs] for actual incident response and for cleanup, for education and for drills," says Richard Mogull, an analyst at GartnerG2 in Stamford, Conn.
A CIRT may be activated by virus or hacker attacks, internal sabotage or even suspicious activity, such as successive attempts to gain access to a system or transactions that fall outside preset boundaries - such as a money transfer exceeding $1 million.
Incident response at companies that don't have a CIRT tends to be expensive and ad hoc, says Steve Romig, manager of the network security group at Ohio State University in Columbus.
And there's more than money on the line. Companies that fail to react quickly to security incidents stand to suffer damage to their reputations and lose customers.
A CIRT's key mission, therefore, is to orchestrate a speedy and organized companywide response to computer threats. The following are some tips for building that capability:
Know Your Constituency Decide which computers, address ranges and domains will be monitored for incidents, says Romig. Know what services the CIRT will provide and to whom. Develop policies for when to disclose security breaches and when to report an incident to law enforcement agencies, Romig says. And be sure to advertise contact information for the CIRT throughout the company, he adds.
Assemble the Team Figure out which department the CIRT should be in and who should head it. Many companies put the team within the IT group, although others add the CIRT to the security or audit group, or make it a stand-alone function, says Georgia Kilcrece, a member of the CERT Coordination Center at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.
"Wherever it sits, [a CIRT] will not succeed without management support," she says, because the team may require cooperation among multiple departments, such as legal and human resources.
The incident response team at the University of Wisconsin-Madison has a process for calling in its legal department and local law enforcement when incidents involve activities such as computer-related harassment, says Kim Milford, information security manager at the university.
Companies that can afford it sometimes maintain a formal team of specialists whose sole task is to respond to external and internal security breaches.
For example, one financial services firm has a core incident response team of 12 full-time specialists. Additional members are pulled in from the company's human resources and legal departments to assist this core team if necessary, says the company's IT director, who requested anonymity.
The University of Wisconsin-Madison has entrusted the task of coordinating incident response to one full-time worker. That person acts as a central point of contact for reporting and responding to incidents. Along with the university's IT security group, the employee is responsible for assessing the scope, priority and threat level of an incident, as well as for suggesting a response, Milford says.
Create a SWAT team Maintaining a full-time incident response team can be expensive, so many companies choose to have an ad hoc incident response team that can come together quickly when needed, says Mogull.
Providence Health System creates SWAT teams to respond to specific incidents, such as virus infections, says David Rymal, director of technology at the Seattle-based health care provider.
"We use pager alerts and call an incident response meeting of the functional groups designated to respond to such incidents. In that meeting, we'll set a plan of action and a communication plan" for dealing with the threat, Rymal explains.
But, he adds, Providence Health System doesn't have formal methods of maintaining a CIRT beyond knowing the key players and who responds to which types of incidents.
Get Organized Have written policies and procedures and assign responsibilities upfront, says the financial services firm's IT director. "We maintain a formal list with names, cell phone numbers and beeper [numbers] of people who can be called in to assist the core team," he says.
Figure out what equipment you'll need, where you'll house it and how you'll protect the CIRT function. You don't want unauthorized people accessing information that a CIRT may uncover during a response, Kilcrece says.
None of this does any good if the plan merely sits on a shelf. Conduct frequent drills and mock exercises, especially for ad hoc teams, the financial services IT director says, adding, "Remember, it is a process that you have to do right but hope you never have to use."
Read more about Security in Computerworld's Security Topic Center.
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Ain't it true that while counting the moves for 1 tile can lead to other tiles getting to their goal state? And hence counting for each tile can give us a count more than the minimum moves required to reach the goal state?
This question is in context of Manhattan distance for 15-Puzzle.
Here is the Question in different words:
Can we use Manhattan distance as an admissible heuristic for N-Puzzle. To implement A* search we need an admissible heuristic. Is Manhattan heuristic a candidate? If yes, how do you counter the above argument (the first 3 sentences in the question)?
Definitions: A* is a kind of search algorithm. It uses a heuristic function to determine the estimated distance to the goal. As long as this heuristic function never overestimates the distance to the goal, the algorithm will find the shortest path, probably faster than breadth-first search would. A heuristic that satisfies that condition is admissible.
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Can you give some more background on what the problem is? Depending on the problem, Manhattan distance could either be perfectly admissible or entirely inadmissible. – templatetypedef Dec 31 '10 at 18:05
Manhattan Distance is a metric for distance or work, not a class of problems. DESCRIBE the PROBLEM. – San Jacinto Dec 31 '10 at 18:12
_USER_ The problem is this – belisarius has settled Dec 31 '10 at 18:15
_USER_: An "admissible heuristic" in A* search is an estimate of how close you are to your goal that never overstates the distance. That guarantees finding the shortest (or least-cost) path. This is a real question, although one requiring the knowledge of some specific terminology, and should be re-opened. – David Thornley Jan 20 '11 at 15:31
_USER_: it is now reopened, and also retagged so that it has tags that put it where people who have the requisite knowledge can find it. To someone who has the requisite knowledge, the question was mostly clear to begin with, though a link to Wikipedia for the 15 puzzle (or a description of it) would have been a good idea to start with. – Ken Bloom Jan 21 '11 at 16:03
2 Answers 2
up vote 9 down vote accepted
Admissable heuristics must not overestimate the number of moves to solve this problem. Since you can only move the blocks 1 at a time and in only one of 4 directions, the optimal scenario for each block is that it has a clear, unobstructed path to its goal state. This is a M.D. of 1.
The rest of the states for a pair of blocks is sub-optimal, meaning it will take more moves than the M.D. to get the block in the right place. Thus, the heuristic never over-estimate and is admissible.
I will delete when someone posts a correct, formal version of this.
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I got it! I am sorry for being not so clear. This happened may be because I had not given enough thought to the doubt I was facing – Akhil Dec 31 '10 at 18:28
Formal Proof: By definition of h, h(s∗) = 0, if s∗ is the goal state. Assume for proof by contradiction that C∗ < h(s0) for some initial state s0. Note that, since each action can move only one tile, performing an action can at most reduce h by one. Since the goal can be reached in C∗ actions, we have h(s∗) ≥ h(s0) − C∗ > 0, which brings us to a contradiction since h(s∗) should be zero. Therefore, we must have h(s0) ≤ C∗ forall s0, and h is admissible. (Source: University of California, Irvine)
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- If you are looking for information about astronomical science, see Stellar cartography.
The stellar cartography department was an area of a starship dedicated to the science and practice of charting planets or space. During the 23rd century it was known as the cartographic section. (TOS: "The Alternative Factor")
In 2369, Lieutenant Commander Nella Daren worked as a specialist in the stellar cartography department aboard the USS Enterprise-D. She approved the transfer of Ensign Cabot from quantum mechanics to the stellar cartography department, without first consulting with Commander William T. Riker. This was considered to be a breach in protocol. (TNG: "Lessons")
In 2371, Captain Jean-Luc Picard and Lieutenant Commander Data visited the stellar cartography department in an effort to research the motivations behind the actions of Dr. Tolian Soran. (Star Trek Generations) The stellar cartography aboard the USS Enterprise-E was on deck 11. (Star Trek: First Contact)
On the USS Voyager, Jenny Delaney and Megan Delaney served in stellar cartography. In 2374, stellar cartography was replaced with an astrometrics lab. (VOY: "Time and Again", "Revulsion", "Year of Hell")


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The PNE forces were supposed to enter the Congo System, overwhelm the Royal Torch Navy, and wipe out all life on the surface of the planet Torch with a kinetic bombardment. However, the Maya Sector Detachment learned of a planned operations by units of Havenite exiles and deduced the likely location of the operation. It sent its brand new Light Cruiser Squadron 7036 to Torch and intercepted the attack.
In the end, the PNE force was destroyed in the Second Battle of Congo (October 1921 PD), and its remnants didn't attempt the planned kinetic bombardment. The Kingdom of Torch survived without damage. (CS2)


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Haughton Forrest painted Mount Wellington, the geographic landmark that defines the city of Hobart, many times. He used colour and scale to convey the inherent drama and atmospheric 'moodiness' of the Tasmanian landscape: luminous pinks and soft cool greys, the glow of the afternoon winter light offsetting the dark damp areas of forest. In Mount Wellington from Cascades these colours suggest the air is cold and still, broken only by the movement of birds. The scale of the mountain is also accentuated by the small figures that stroll along the path beside the river.
Primarily a painter of maritime and landscape subjects, French-born Forrest rarely dated his works. He often used photography as a visual aid for his paintings, sometimes referring to the work of James Watt Beattie who trekked into the Tasmanian wilderness to photograph the spectacular natural environment. These photographs assisted Forrest to portray a level of detail in his own work and to create images of Tasmania that were unfamiliar to the general public.


text: The 3M(TM) Organic Vapor/Acid Gas Cartridge/Filter 60923 P100 helps provide protection against certain organic vapors, acid gases and particulates in a variety of environments. The cartridge/filter combination may be used for respiratory protection from certain organic vapors, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, and non-oil and oil particulate concentrations up to 10 times the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) with half facepieces or 50 times PEL with quantitatively fit tested full facepieces. This cartridge/filter is not for use in environments that are immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH). Recommended applications for the cartridge/filter include chemical manufacturing, laboratories, petrochemical, and pharmaceuticals. Inventory needs and training requirements for safety equipment are reduced because this respirator cartridge/filter selection works for many different applications. This cartridge/filter is commonly used in the following industries: chemicals, general manufacturing, and pharmaceuticals.This organic vapor/acid gas cartridge/filter works with 3M(TM) Half and Full Facepieces 6000, 7000 and FF-400 Series with bayonet attachment holders. The cartridge is NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) approved for environments containing acid gases and non-oil and oil particulates. The cartridge has been assigned the color code "Magenta/Yellow" in the NIOSH system. Breathing organic vapors, acid gases and particulates can pose a risk to your health. NIOSH, a Federal government regulatory agency, has tested and approved the 3M(TM) Organic Vapor/Acid Gas Cartridge/Filter 60923 to help reduce exposure to certain organic vapors, acid gases and particulates.


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A historical PE may be (and is most likely to be useful if it is) based on adjusted EPS.
Although future performance is what matters for valuation, and investors would normally look at prospective PE or other forward PE ratios, the historical PE does have the advantage of being usually known with certainty. It can therefore make a useful starting point for investors; something they can look at before considering growth.
Some, more conservative, investors prefer to use a long term PE. This is a historical PE calculated using the average EPS over several years.


Eating Local, Eating Green: Finding, preparing chestnuts worth effort for unique treat
Not every local food is grown commercially. Many interesting and delicious foods take a bit of searching to find. These treasure hunts yield some of our most unique seasonal items.
Foraging for these gems is equal parts frustration, sweat and revelation. Upon discovering local chestnuts last year, my harvesting adventure gave me a greater appreciation for the sweet little nut that we sing about each Christmas.
In our climate, fresh, local chestnuts are available now. Look for the sharp, spiky round burrs that look semi-lethal (and they are) falling from broad-leafed trees. The fallen burrs crack open to reveal one to three brown nuts.
Don't confuse them with buckeyes (which are smooth and round and toxic).
Chestnuts are truly a nut, but have more water and starch and less oil than other tree nuts. The texture is crisp, and the nut should always be cooked before eating. They are quite perishable, so if you have dreams of local chestnuts on your Christmas table, you're going to need to freeze them.
Chestnuts used to be a staple for peasant populations, but now are more of a luxury. Since a blight in the early 20th century wiped out most of the American chestnut variety, you're likely to find only the Chinese variety in the Mid-South. Since most of us weren't around to sample the American variety, I doubt we'll know the difference.
The work doesn't end with the harvest. Removing the shells and skins takes time and strong fingers, but dipping the warm, peeled nut in melted butter and sprinkling with salt makes a fine snack to help keep your strength up during the process.
After diligently harvesting the nuts daily over several weeks last year, I was determined that they wouldn't be buried in a dish with lots of overpowering flavors. A silky smooth soup with a touch of cream lets the sweetness come through and was a rich reward for all of the hard work.
Why reinvent the wheel when we can learn from others -- the Romans used chestnuts to make flour to extend their wheat flour. It was common practice to make polenta from ground chestnuts before maize was discovered and cultivated. The French revere the Marron Glace confection, thinking nothing of the multi-day process required to create them. Modern chefs make chestnut chips, braise in wine, stuff inside ravioli, or blend to a smooth puree to serve with rich meats.
Brave the wild of your neighbor's yard, or skip the hard work and buy local chestnuts at the Memphis Botanic Garden Farmers Market, where the nuts are harvested by volunteers from several trees at the garden. It's foraging without the back-breaking work.
Chestnuts 101
Resources: Fresh, local chestnuts will be available for the next few weeks at the Memphis Botanic Garden Farmers Market, from 2 to 6 p.m. Wednesdays at 750 Cherry Road. Proceeds benefit the garden's educational programs.
Storing: Store peeled or unpeeled in refrigerator or freezer until ready to use. Defrost before peeling or cooking.
To shell/peel chestnuts (roasting): Preheat oven to 300 to 350 degrees. Using a sharp paring knife, make an X on the flat side of each chestnut or use strong shears to cut a deep X in the pointy end. Roast in small batches in an open pan for 10-15 minutes, or until the shells begin to open away from the meat. Remove both outer shell and inner skin while chestnuts are warm. If the skins are sticking, return to the oven to warm again.
To shell/peel chestnuts (boiling): If you will be using chestnuts chopped or in a puree, you can cut the nut in half, through the shell. Place the halved nuts in boiling water and cook for 8-10 minutes. Remove the nuts and immediately place in ice water. Use a paring knife to peel the shell and remove the skin.
Carrot Chestnut Soup
1 lb. fresh chestnuts, peeled and chopped
2-3 tbsp. olive oil
2 shallots, chopped
1 lb. carrots, peeled and chopped
2 tsp. fresh ginger, peeled and grated
1 quart vegetable or chicken broth
1 cup heavy cream
Salt and pepper to taste
Fresh thyme leaves for garnish
In a large saucepan, over medium heat, add olive oil and shallots and sauté until soft. Add carrots, chestnuts and ginger and then add the broth. Reduce heat to a simmer. Cover and cook until carrots and chestnuts are very soft.
Puree solids in a blender in batches (be careful, as mixture will be hot) adding cooking liquid as necessary to make mixture smooth.
Reserve remaining cooking liquid and return carrot mixture to saucepan. Add cream and season with salt and pepper. Add additional cooking liquid until desired consistency is achieved. Stir in thyme leaves. Serve hot. Serves 4-6.
Source: Recipe courtesy of Melissa Petersen
Apple Chestnut Stuffing
1 lb. fresh chestnuts, peeled and chopped
4 cups of cornbread, cut into 1-inch cubes and toasted
2 sage leaves, finely minced
1 large egg
6 slices of bacon, chopped
1 onion, chopped
2 ribs celery, sliced
2-3 apples, peeled, cored and chopped
1 cup vegetable or chicken broth
Salt and pepper to taste
Butter for baking dish
In a large bowl, lightly beat egg and add chestnuts, cornbread cubes, and sage. Set aside.
In a large skillet, over medium heat, cook bacon. When bacon is nearly cooked, add onion, celery and apples and cook until onions are soft. Add to chestnut mixture and mix to combine.
Add up to 1 cup of broth. Season with salt and pepper.
Butter a 9- by 13-inch casserole dish. Lightly pack stuffing into dish and bake, covered, at 325 degrees for 20 minutes. Remove cover and bake for an additional 10-15 minutes until stuffing begins to brown.
Source: Recipe courtesy of Melissa Petersen


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Scintillation is a flash of light produced in a transparent material by the passage of a particle (an electron, an alpha particle, an ion, or a high-energy photon). See scintillator and scintillation counter for practical applications.
The process of scintillation is one of luminescence whereby light of a characteristic spectrum is emitted following the absorption of radiation. The emitted radiation is usually less energetic than that absorbed. Scintillation is an inherent molecular property in conjugated and aromatic organic molecules and arises from their electronic structures. Scintillation also occurs in many inorganic materials, including salts, gases, and liquids.
Scintillation of organic scintillators
In organic molecules scintillation is a product of π-orbitals. Organic materials form molecular crystals where the molecules are loosely bound by Van der Waals forces. The ground state of 12C is 1s2 2s2 2p2. In valence bond theory, when carbon forms compounds, one of the 2s electrons is excited into the 2p state resulting in a configuration of 1s2 2s1 2p3. To describe the different valencies of carbon, the four valence electron orbitals, one 2s and three 2p, are considered to be mixed or hybridized in several alternative configurations. For example, in a tetrahedral configuration the s and p3 orbitals combine to produce four hybrid orbitals. In another configuration, known as trigonal configuration, one of the p-orbitals (say pz) remains unchanged and three hybrid orbitals are produced by mixing the s, px and py orbitals. The orbitals that are symmetrical about the bonding axes and plane of the molecule (sp2) are known as σ-electrons and the bonds are called σ-bonds. The pz orbital is called a π-orbital. A π-bond occurs when two π-orbitals interact. This occurs when their nodal planes are coplanar.
In certain organic molecules π-orbitals interact to produce a common nodal plane. These form delocalized π-electrons that can be excited by radiation. The de-excitation of the delocalized π-electrons results in luminescence.
The excited states of π-electron systems can be explained by the perimeter free-electron model (Platt 1949). This model is used for describing polycyclic hydrocarbons consisting of condensed systems of benzenoid rings in which no C atom belongs to more than two rings and every C atom is on the periphery.
The ring can be approximated as a circle with circumference l. The wave-function of the electron orbital must satisfy the condition of a plane rotator:
The corresponding solutions to the Schrödinger wave equation are:
where q is the orbital ring quantum number; the number of nodes of the wave-function. Since the electron can have spin up and spin down and can rotate about the circle in both directions all of the energy levels except the lowest are doubly degenerate.
The above shows the π-electronic energy levels of an organic molecule. Absorption of radiation is followed by molecular vibration to the S10 state. This is followed by a de-excitation to the S0 state called fluorescence. The population of triplet states is also possible by other means. The triplet states decay with a much longer decay time than singlet states, which results in what is called the slow component of the decay process (the fluorescence process is called the fast component). Depending on the particular energy loss of a certain particle (dE/dx), the "fast" and "slow" states are occupied in different proportions. The relative intensities in the light output of these states thus differs for different dE/dx. This property of scintillators allows for pulse shape discrimination: it is possible to identify which particle was detected by looking at the pulse shape. Of course, the difference in shape is visible in the trailing side of the pulse, since it's due to the decay of the excited states.


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Currently there are two school of thoughts when it comes to using Hibernate.
- Hibernate Sucks
- It is a life saver framework
People with bullet point 1 give the following explanation to support their argument.
- It is a very heavy framework.
- It will eat up lots of your valuable memory.
- It is buggy, etc.
I am not going to clarify their misunderstanding here, instead i will talk about the points which will let us use hibernate as it is supposed to be used.
Here are the points.
- Prefer using "session.get(classZ, ID) instead of "session.load(classZ, ID).Load always returns the proxy to avoid getting LazyInitializationException.
- Always set "lazy=true" for collection mappings and use "join fetch" in HQL or "setFetchMode" in criteria to retrieve collections.
- Use surrogate/dummy id in data model instead of composite keys and override equals / HashCode method using the business key to identify uniqueness.
- As HibernateException is Runtime Exception never catch them at business layer and have them be propagated to UI Layer.There are several benefits doing this.
- Write Custom UserType for type/code values with corresponding Java Enum class. Prefer using Criteria API to build the SQL query instead of HQL.
- Careful implementing toString() method for printing collections to avoid getting org.hibernate.LazyInitializationException
- Many-One mapping should preferably have lazy="false" and One-Many "lazy=true". Avoid N+1 Query problem using eager fetching or "batch" setting.
- Don't retrieve to much data in one query and use paging, fetch strategy, and carefully using the join to get the data needed.
- Use 2nd (JVM level) caching for mostly read only data's.
- Use query cache for read only data that is always queried the same way
- print only atributes which are mapped through 'property' element
- DO NOT print any collections as all collections should be marked as 'lazy=true'.
- object (many-to-one) should ONLY be printed if marked as 'lazy=false" and fetch='join'
- Avoid using inside use instead
- Avoid using hsql as much as possible, prefer detached Criteria or Criteria Instead. Very Very Important
- Do not ever perform bulk operations with Hibernate.
Any more points?


Positive discrimination
In employment positive discrimination is the policy that if in case of a job vacancy there are two or more equally qualified applicants, the job will be awarded to those applicant who belongs to a disadvantaged group (such as ethnic minorities or women). At first sight positive discrimination seems to be attractive, but positive discrimination, as well the related concept of quota, has several issues.
Positive discrimination necessarily also implied negative discrimination, of those who are not a member of a disadvantaged group. If an employer has a preference (whether or not as result of government policy) for underprivileged applicants, than applicants of more advantaged backgrounds will have a lesser chance of getting a job. Though positive discrimination and quotas might be a good temporary measure to correct past injustices, if such policies are, however, pursued to long it will backfire.
A second concern of these, well-intended, policies is that they might actually reinforce those social attitudes which caused negative discrimination of certain groups. When there is in case of (more or less) equal qualifications, a preference for (say) either women or ethnic minorities, some people might think that one has received his/her job only because of his/her background and not because of his or her qualifications. Such attitudes, however unjust they might be, could be disastrous for an employee of a disadvantaged group.
If neither positive discrimination nor quotas might have adverse consequences, are there alternatives? Instead of positive discrimination, we could use random selection (a.k.a. lottery) as a procedure of rewarding a job in case of multiple more or less equally qualified applicants. This method is fair, in that it gives all qualified applicants an equal chance to get the job regardless of their background.
3 thoughts on "Positive discrimination"
 1. This has been my issue with affirmative action as currently applied in our laws.
 I am all for equal rights and equity for all. I however think that in some cases innocent people suffer for faults that are not of their making.
Comments are closed.


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Tips on helping an Aspergers child to sleep.
Children with ASD spend a lot more time and energy processing and interpreting communication in a neurotypical world.
This extra processing requires energy and it is necessary that your child has this energy. If your child has trouble sleeping an avalanche can occur whereby less sleep means less energy which means lessened capacity to interpret communications during the day leading to anxiety, meltdowns and even less sleep. I may have been a bit dramatic there but the point is made. At the end of the day, after dinner it may be a good idea to see if you can help them process some communicative issues they had during the day.
Here's some keys: do not go direct with a question and avoid questions answered with a yes or no. If they are a little run down or anxious they may not wish to talk, especially if they are a teenager a grunt or a "Good", "Yes" or "No" is most likely. Try questions like "How easy/difficult was it when you presented your talk today?" This may be followed by a "Not difficult" so follow up with "What was your favourite question you were asked?" from here a conversation should continue and as the conversation avalanche grows the ability to ask more direct questions re what's on their mind increases. Try to avoid performance questions, e.g. "How did you go at?" If the answer is "Poor" this will not work well, and likely backfire. A circling question may be "Who did well at?" when they answer and you run that answer through follow up with "How did their best friend/anybody you know go?".
Hopefully these questions will start a conversation and from here their real questions about the day will evolve. If you do this about 30 minutes before they go to bed it enables them to think your conversation through, and they will. So when saying goodnight be prepared for some final follow-up questions to assist them turn the light out in a much more relaxed state able to attack the next day with full vigour.


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factor, pin-outs, connector, bus widths, and protocols.
7. PCI-X 2.0 offers enhanced system reliability. ECC support has been added, providing automatic single-bit error recovery and double-bit error detection.
Adapter teaming: Adapter teaming is also known as port aggregation. It is useful when you need to increase the bandwidth over the network media. High bandwidth utilization is experienced with bandwidth intensive applications such as video streaming, or downloads. Adapter teaming provides load balancing, and network redundancy. You need to assign the same IP address for both network cards when implementing adapter teaming. Adapter teaming provides increased bandwidth, and network redundancy. You need at least two network cards to implement adapter teaming. On the other-side of the network cables, you need a switch that can support adapter teaming.
The following are the features of adapter teaming:
1. In adapter teaming, single IP address is used. Even though there multiple adapters, all of them use a single IP address.
2. Adapter teaming provides fault tolerance. Even if one of the adapter connections fail (say due to cable cut), then the network connection still exists through the second adapter.
3. Adapter teaming requires at least two network adapters on a server to implement.
4. If you use adapter teaming on the server side, and connect the cables to a hub, then the resulting solution may not improve the available bandwidth. You need a switch that supports adapter teaming (or load balancing) on the other side of the network. A hub inherently can support adapter teaming.


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Hints and Tips Sheet for IB Theatre teachers and students
How to formulate a viable Research Investigation Question
'Hints & Tips' Sheet for IB Theatre teachers & students
Firstly let us remind ourselves of the requirements of the RI task:
The IB Theatre Syllabus Guide states 'Students should select a specific aspect of a play or theatre piece from the chosen theatrical practice to research, and then formulate a research question to answer. Students should collect, edit and present their research to contribute to a realization of the play/theatre piece from the chosen theatrical practice.'
So your first questions regarding the RI assignment should be:
- What theatre practice or practitioner am I interested in researching?
- Is there a play/ text /piece of theatre from this practice?
- What sources of research are available to help me write an essay on a specific
theatrical aspect of this play/ text /piece of theatre?
Question 2 (above) concerning a play/text/piece of theatre is important because there are plenty of perfectly viable practices and practitioners but no play/text/piece of theatre borne out of that practice. Interesting though
these are to research (and perhaps apply to an IP) they should be discarded for the purposes of the RI.
Question 3 (above) concerning research sources is important because it can prove challenging to dig up satisfactory research on some of the more obscure theatrical practices. This is certainly not a reason to avoid researching a less common tradition, and indeed originality is encouraged, but students are strongly advised
to investigate and consult the available research first before settling on a final RI question. The 'specific aspect' should be a specific theatrical aspect, such as 'masks' or 'lighting design' as opposed to general aspects that happen to appear in the chosen piece such as 'themes of violence' or 'socio-political
resonance'. See also the note below about Circular RI Logic.
The Research Investigation is NOT a creative exercise, it is a research exercise – it should inform a production rather than be a "how to" paper.
It is thus strongly encouraged that the RI is not addressed to a hypothetical individual taking on a specific theatrical role.
For example, note the difference between:
- A) "How would a costumier design a costume for Pantalone in Servant of Two Masters?"
- B) "What are the costume requirements for Pantalone in Servant of Two Masters according to the costuming
tradition of Commedia Del'Arte at this time?"
Clearly in the above example Question A is addressed to a specific individual (the costume designer) and
should be avoided. Question B sets out to research the more general all-encompassing principles of thepractice as applied to costumes and is therefore a more satisfactory start to the RI task.
The 'RI Question Validation Test'…
Formulating a viable question is absolutely essential to meeting the requirements of this assignment successfully! Starting the task with a poorly-worded or inadequate RI question means you are severely crippled from the beginning and have no hope of reaching the higher mark bands in the assessment criteria.
So once you have drafted your question check to see if it can breakdown into the following phrases:
The conventions/theories of ………………………………. (theatre practice/practitioner I
have chosen) should be applied in the various ways that I will explain in the
main body of my essay to the …………………………………. (specific theatrical aspect I
have chosen) of a realisation of ………………………………… (play/text/theatre-piece
from my chosen theatrical practice/practitioner)
The conventions/theories of ….EPIC THEATRE…. (theatre practice/practitioner)
should be applied in the various ways that I explain in the main body of my
essay to the ……….LIGHTING DESIGN………… (specific theatrical aspect)
of a realisation of….. BERTHOLT BRECHT'S 'MOTHER COURAGE'……
(play/text/theatre-piece from the chosen theatrical practice/practitioner)
If your RI question breaks down easily into something like the above then you're probably good to go write the essay.
If your RI question cannot be broken down easily into something like the above then it probably lacks a key component of the task and you have little hope of meeting the assessment criteria successfully – go back to the three initial questions at the top of the page and start again!
Circular RI Logic…
Another thing to be careful of is Circular RI Logic whereby an RI question focuses on a Specific Theatrical Aspect that is already itself a convention of the practice.
An example of this is:
"How should the conventions of Epic Theatre be applied to breaking the 4th wall in Brecht's Mother Courage?"
I advise avoiding this kind of question because otherwise this essay has to discuss how to apply conventions of a practice to a convention of that practice, which makes no sense! Unfortunately it's often not that clear-cut because it seems to me that something like 'Masks' or 'Chorus' in Greek Theatre can appear in Research Investigations either as a Specific Theatrical Aspects or conventions or both. This is something I find students can have real difficulties getting their heads around, as indeed do I depending on the day of the week! As always, do all necessary checking well in advance before submitting a 2,500 essay that will score poorly because of a fatal confusion in the question.


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Get here NBSE class 9 FIT notes of all chapters. Fundamentals of Information Technology is an elective subject under the Nagaland Board of School Education. To get the notes, click on the links mentioned under the introduction of each chapter. You can open the notes and write them out. However, these notes should be used only for references and additions/modifications should be made as per the requirements.
FIT chapter 1. Introduction to Computer System
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 1: A computer can be simply defined as an electronic machine that can do the work of computations and data processing. A computer is an electronic device that takes data as input, processes that based on the instructions stored in its memory, and provides the results of processing to the user by displaying them on the screen or by printing them using a printer. A computer system is much more than just the hardware of a computer. In this chapter, you will learn about the various parts and characteristics of a computer.
FIT chapter 2. Input / Output Devices
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 2: Computers comprise of a number of components connected together. Some of these are categorized as input devices, and some, output devices. Input devices are peripherals you'll attach to your computer that allow it to receive input from a user. Most computers come standard with two universal input devices: the keyboard and the mouse. Any device that outputs information from a computer is termed an output device. The common output devices are the monitor and speakers.
FIT chapter 3. Memory and Storage Devices
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 3: Memory unit stores programs and data. Anything entered from the keyboard first goes to the main memory unit of computer system. After then it goes to the CPU for processing and the results after processing are again transferred back to the main memory from where these can be stored permanently by sending the results to secondary memory or hard disk or can be printed by sending them to the output unit. The main memory is also called primary memory.
FIT chapter 4. Types of Software
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 4: A computer can do nothing until and unless it gets instructions from the user for various operations. The set of instructions which helps in performing various operations on a computer is termed a software. Various kinds of operations are done by computers using different kinds of software.
FIT chapter 5. Operating System
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 5: An operating system is a set of system programs or commands that acts as an interface between a user and computer hardware. It also manages the different internal resources like Arithmetic Unit, Memory Unit, Control Unit, I/O Unit etc of the computer. We can say that an operating system is a communication channel between the user and the computer.
FIT chapter 6. Introduction to Windows
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 6: Windows is an advent of Microsoft Corporation. Windows is an operating system which acts as an interface between the user and the computer. In 1995, Windows 95 brought revolutions in the computing scenario. It was regarded as the true operating system. With the passage of time, Microsoft Corporation has released its advanced versions of Windows viz. Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10.
FIT chapter 7. Introduction to MS-Word
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 7: To perform the tasks of creating, editing, and printing documents, you need a special program called a word processor. The advantage of word processing is that you can make changes, correct mistakes without retyping the entire document as to when using a typewriter. In word processing, we can simply take the cursor to the part of the document where changes are required and correct your mistake, without leaving a trace. You can insert text, delete text etc. using a word processor. When you think you have made all the changes, you can get a hardcopy.
FIT chapter 8. Formatting Text in MS-Word
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 8: Formatting refers to changing the appearance of documents to make them more attractive and readable. Formatting texts is essential to create and design documents. In addition to that, formatting also makes your documents appealing. Proper formatting can draw the reader's attention to specific parts and help communicate clearly the message you are trying to convey.
FIT chapter 9. Advanced Features of MS-Word
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 9: MS-Word provides the facility of checking spellings and grammar, thesaurus, finding and replacing text, insert graphics. It is necessary while working to check spellings and replace if the need arises. In this chapter, you'll learn the procedure of finding and replacing text, how to check spellings and grammar, use of the thesaurus, how to insert WordArt and Clip Art, to insert AutoShapes etc.
FIT chapter 10. Tables in MSWord
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 10: Tables are made up of rows and columns. The intersection of rows and columns makes cells that you can fill with text and graphics. Tables are often used to organize and present information in a better form. A table may grow up from small size to a very big size. In this chapter, you will learn steps for creating a table, how to insert rows and columns, how to delete rows and columns, how to change column width and row height, merge and split cells, how to apply border & shading to a table, resizing a table etc.
FIT chapter 11. Mail Merge
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 11: Mail merge facilitates the creation of custom documents for mass mailings. A mail merge helps us make lists of people's mailing addresses to generate labels or envelopes with personalized addresses. This is really handy if you have to send the same letter to several individuals like during a wedding. In this chapter, you will learn how to create the main document, how to connect a document to a data source, to merge both to create a mail merge.
FIT chapter 12. Introduction to MS-PowerPoint
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 12: MS-PowerPoint helps us to create presentations. A presentation is a collection of slides in a systematic manner which are created to inform, educate, etc. to achieve the desired result. The ability to create presentations has become a requirement starting from an elementary school and continuing into the corporate world. In this chapter, you'll learn what is presentation and presentation graphics, how to start PowerPoint, how to create and save a presentation, to edit and format a slide, different views of a slide, to run a slide show.
FIT chapter 13. More on PowerPoint
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 13: A presentation can be made more powerful and effective by adding some special effects to it. These special effects include animation effect, slide transition, pictures, clipart etc. In this chapter, you'll learn how to insert pictures, shapes, Clip Art and WordArt, grouping and ungrouping pictures, how to add animation and slide transition, how to add sound and movie, to set slide show timings.
FIT chapter 14. Introduction to MS-Excel
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 14: A spreadsheet is used to organize information in rows and columns. A spreadsheet can solve our problems of data handling and long calculations. With a spreadsheet, you can analyze the data stored in rows and columns, perform calculations on the data and display the data in a graph. In this chapter, you will learn more about spreadsheet, how to start MS-Excel, its basic elements, about creating, saving, opening, closing a workbook, how to select cell ranges, rows or columns, and about types of data in MS-Excel.
FIT chapter 15. Editing workbooks in MS-Excel
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 15: When you enter data in a worksheet, sometimes need arises to change it, add more data, edit contents. Editing in a worksheet involves changing and modifying cell contents, moving data, inserting or deleting rows, inserting or deleting columns etc. In this chapter, you will learn how to insert and delete rows or columns, about moving and copying cell contents, how to change column width and row height, to use AutoFill feature, about how to format a worksheet number formatting etc.
FIT chapter 16. Functions in MS-Excel
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 16: A function in MS-Excel is a calculation that helps you analyze or manipulate data in a spreadsheet. You only need to add the arguments and the calculation is automatically performed. Functions help you create formulas you need to get the results. In this chapter, you will learn about functions and basic functions in MS-Excel, various functions like SUM, AVERAGE, MAX, MIN, COUNT, IF, about cell referencing and its types etc.
FIT chapter 17. Charts in MS-Excel
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 17: A chart is a graphical representation of numbers. It is a pictorial representation of data in a beautiful form. There are different types of charts in MS-Excel which present data in one form and other. It is the choice of the user to see the data in a specific chart form. Before learning the types of charts, let us know about the chart elements. In this chapter, you will learn about chart, its components, how to insert a chart, types of charts, to change chart layout and style, how to add chart titles, display or hide axes etc.
FIT chapter 18. Societal issues of IT
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 18: Information technology has proved to be very crucial


ChristianAnswers.Net WebBible Encyclopedia
Hebrew: sumphoniah
a musical instrument mentioned in Dan. 3:5, 15, along with other instruments there named, as sounded before the golden image
It was not a Jewish instrument.
In the margin of the Revised Version, it is styled the "bag-pipe." Luther translated it "lute," and Grotius the "crooked trumpet."
Some Rabbinical commentators render it by "organ," the well-known instrument composed of a series of pipes, others by "lyre." The most probable interpretation is that it was a bag-pipe similar to the zampagna of Southern Europe.


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Life's Greatest Secret
Matthew Cobb
Life's Greatest Secret is the story of the discovery and cracking of the genetic code. This great scientific breakthrough has had far-reaching consequences for how we understand ourselves and our place in the natural world. The code forms the most striking proof of Darwin's hypothesis that all organisms are related, holds tremendous promise for improving human well-being, and has transformed the way we think about life. Matthew Cobb interweaves science, biography and anecdote in a book that mixes remarkable insights, theoretical dead-ends and ingenious experiments with the pace of a thriller. He describes cooperation and competition among some of the twentieth century's most outstanding and eccentric minds, moves between biology, physics and chemistry, and shows the part played by computing and cybernetics. The story spans the globe, from Cambridge MA to Cambridge UK, New York to Paris, London to Moscow. It is both thrilling science and a fascinating story about how science is done.
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