A business environment is an immediate that influences business procedures, such as opponents, the brokers, the customers the business serve, the investors and the economic aspect. The main intention of a business association is to undertake the objectives and goals as detailed by the organisation in the mission statement and to fulfil their clients wishes while generating income. The aim of the business environment is to stimulate the overall organisations activities and withstand a condition, under which staffs can work together in an agreement. As a result, companies would improve the economic situation and meet other requirements from within and outside the institution. The Sainsbury Company operates in the supermarket industry and works under an agreeable condition, which is favourable for the employees and facilitate quality business environment. As the result of this environment, the company was able to increase the returns and establish other branches.
The market surroundings, where the business is situated in, have an impact on the performance of the organisation. The company should analyse the business in regard to an appropriate surrounding, since the performance of the company is positively correlated with the number of customers and the growth of the organisation. A business, which is able to assess the value of general matters that summarises overall business activities, is capable of solving the problems as they occur. The businesses in the global arena undergo the same list of problems as the small local organisation do, but they are manipulated by the political aspects. As the businesses merge, they will be able to share knowledge of how to overcome the problems. As the firms join in partnerships, they are able to evaluate the technological and economic aspects, which would influence their work.
Task 1
Different Categories of Organisations
There are different categories of business administrations. These categories include business corporation, partnership and sole proprietorship. Corporation is a type of business administration that has many owners and is controlled by investors. It is mostly applied while setting up large businesses, which are complicated and in need of many resources to run their organisation. It is intended as a separate approved unit beneath the system of law. In this category, the ownership is divided into shares of stock, which are issued to individuals of the business. Corporation business administration has advantages as compared to other organisation types, as the shareholders bring their finances, and the process of decision making is shared by the board of directors, who decide on the issuance of stock in order to increase the returns. The aim of corporation is to provide rules and strategies on how to conduct the business so it brings returns, and it is the commonly used type of organization by large firms.
The other type of business administration is known as partnership. This type is controlled by two or more persons, who run the business on discussed terms. It is more complicated and costly than the other categories of business administration in terms of forming. In partnership, the risks and obligations are shared by the individuals depending on the ratio agreed. The example of this type of business organisation is a small shop. The feature of partnership is that it is owned by more than one owner. The owners work together to meet the desires of the customers. The aim of this type of business organisations is to support the persons, who join in investment on ways of carrying out their work. Since this type of business comprise of several investors, the rules are required in order to govern it.
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Sole proprietorship is also a type of business administration that is owned by a single individual. The person, who owns this type of business, is referred to as a sole proprietor. This is the most common type of business organisation, because it is easier and cheaper to establish as compared to a corporation and partnership. In this type of business administration, the resources are limited to the single person, who is the owner. In addition, the owner assumes all the risk, the liability and takes over the decision making in the business. This type is common for repair shops and restaurants. The owner gains all the profit, as well as endures losses. He or she also works hard to fulfil the desires of the clients. The objective of this type of business organization is to provide financial stability to the individual, who is operating a sole proprietorship.
Mission, Goals and Objectives of Sainsbury
In this course work the organisation of Sainsbury was selected. It is the successful second largest retail company with many stores in the United Kingdom. At first, this company used partnership category of business organisation, whereby Mr John James Sainsbury and his wife Mary Ann Sainsbury were the owners and run the company. After a period of time, the company got into a combined venture with other financiers and developed into a corporation, which led to their income increase. The mission of the Sainsbury Company is to be the customers first choice for shopping for food. The company also wants to supply products of great quality at a reasonable cost by operating faster and more efficiently. The goal of the Sainsbury is to make the clients live comfortable by providing unlimited satisfaction in the way of selling goods and services at a reasonable price. The strategic objective of the Sainsbury Company is to cooperate with other business and offer healthy food at a fair price.
Stakeholders Concept and their Influence
The concept of stakeholders in administrative matters is defined as the people, who have influence on a company, and the business depends in one way or another on them. Together they generate economic value for the company. The intended participation of unlike people and organisation permits all contributors to enhance their economic well-being and overall conditions. In the case of Sainsbury, stakeholders include immediate investors, who finance the company through shares, customers, who give revenue, employees, governmental institutions, distribution channel members, etc. These categories of stakeholders influence the policies of the company. All of the stakeholders have significant influence on the organisation, as they all participate in the successful running of the company and income generation. As soon as the business realises the importance of every stakeholder category and analyses their needs, the organisation becomes competent in building a long-term relationship with them. Sainsbury holds responsibilities before different stakeholders. For example, employees rely on the management for salaries and wages to provide for their families; shareholders expect return on their investment in the business; suppliers want on time payments and sufficient ordering of their goods. Stakeholders are crucial for any organisation in term of capital, human resource, and environment. So far, Sainsbury has met the objectives of the stakeholders in the timely manner.
Task 2
Economic System
Economic system is the situation, in which government and business work together to offer commodities and facilities to consumers. It is a process of allotting rare resources where needed. This system has some impacts in that prices of some commodities may increase, which is a factor that leads to a low demand for the commodities. In the economic system, there are some aspects that affect the work of the government and the organisation in order to offer the required outcomes. When the government expenditures and taxes influence the economy, it is known as fiscal rule. This rule influences the economy of the United Kingdom in terms of demand and supply of the commodities. Taxation affects the economy by redeployment of cash from consumers and manufacturers to the governments funds. In this process, the greater the tax, the fewer people have disposable income and thus the lower aggregate demand is in the economy. In terms of inflation in the United Kingdom, it is a local aspect that affects the economy. In the recent years, the inflation has decreased due to the successful economic state and the rapid growth in aggregate demand. This global factor has led many countries to experience the factor of lowering inflation. Some of the factors that have led to the decrease of inflation are greater output, advanced technology, and employed practice help in reducing the cost.
The factor of labour power in the economy influences the economic advancement of the United Kingdom. It is influenced by the availability of skilled human resources. Immigration in the labour market has an effect on the economy, since there might be many unemployed people, which is a factor that affects the countrys overall standards. In addition, when the country is affected economically, the people suffer since they have to work hard for a smaller amount of income. Moreover, in times of economic instability there might be downsizing, which in turn leads to unemployment. Business behaviour is in the instant change. When the budget sinks faster in an economy of a country, there is influence on the economic development since the prices of commodities increase and the income remains constant.
Competition Policy
The competition rule is a free body recognized as the controls and unions commission. The functions of this rule are to describe approvals made by the directors and trail petitions exclusions under the act. The conclusion rule prohibits destructive competitiveness in a marketplace and the misuse of leading position. The purpose of the competition rule is to stimulate initiatives, invention and competence. This system also allows clients to buy commodities and services as they want. In the United Kingdom, the competitive rule is influenced by the European basics on the running procedure of the company. The rules have several responsibilities and planned mechanisms, which assist in the working process. The rule forbids any kid of agreement that limits fair competition between different bodies. The rule also excludes the offensive performance of an organisation in relation to the rivals. In addition, the competitive rule controls the unions and attainment of big companies, which are deemed to intimidate the competitive process. These mechanisms assist the small businesses in their operation and development in order to uplift them to a higher level like the developed companies.
Task 3
Market Types
A market is an assembly of buyers and traders of particular products at a certain region. There are diverse categories of markets. These markets include competitive market, monopoly, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, monopsony and perfect competition market. Competitive market is a market with several buyers and sellers. This type of market represents a small effect on the price of commodities


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Two-Step Grain-Growth Kinetics of Sub-7 nm SnO2 Nanocrystal under Hydrothermal Condition
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2015
In this work, the grain growth kinetics of SnO2 quantum dots under hydrothermal conditions was investigated. By varying the reaction temperature and duration, SnO2 particle sizes were tuned from 2 to 7 nm. It is demonstrated that the growth behavior of subnanometer-sized SnO2 underwent two distinct processes: below the critical size of 5.5 nm, about double of Bohr radius, the grain growth kinetics obeys an Ostwald ripening mechanism, while above that, an oriented attachment process governs the particle growth. For the former cases, the activation energies were Ea1 = 61.94 kJ/mol at 200 °C and Ea1′ = 62.84 kJ/mol at 160 °C, which greatly differs from that of Ea2 = 131.32 kJ/mol for the latter case. High-resolution transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction as well as UV–vis diffuses reflectance, photoluminescence, Fourier transmission infrared, and Raman spectra were employed to reveal the size-dependent properties. As the particle size of SnO2 reduces, there occurred a lattice expansion, band gap broadening, and an abnormal blue shift. All these characteristics are closely related to the size changing in a narrow range from quantum dots to several nanometers. The findings reported here may shed light on further understanding the unique behaviors of quantum dots.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Learn More About Pet Food
Frequently Asked Questions
Is the Canadian pet food industry regulated?
Canadian pet food manufacturers are currently subject to several Canadian and international regulations including the Canadian Food Inspection Agency's enhanced animal health safeguards which make it illegal for specified risk materials (SRMs) to be fed to any animal, including dogs and cats. Pet food manufacturers must comply with the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act and the Competition Act, administered by Industry Canada. These regulations specify how pet foods may be marketed to consumers, including how food is named and what information must be included on pet food labels.
Members of the Pet Food Association of Canada (PFAC) also manufacture to the nutritional standards set out by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO).
What is AAFCO?
The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) is a group of American state and federal officials who regulate pet food. AAFCO establishes the ingredients that can be used in pet food, nutrition profiles for dogs and cats and sets practices for conducting feeding trials, designed to test the nutrition profiles of pet food.
What does the term "complete and balanced" mean?
"Complete and balanced" means the product has all the required nutrients, in proper amounts and proportions, and has been tested to make sure it meets the complex nutritional requirements of a healthy dog or cat. The term is defined by AAFCO.
Is it okay to feed my pet "people" food?
Cats and dogs have different dietary needs from humans and should consume food that is specially developed to meet those needs. For example, feeding pets poultry skin and meats can increase the level of fat in the pet's diet, which may lead to pancreatic problems.
It is important to remember that some common human foods including chocolate, grapes, raisins and onions, can make your pet sick and should be avoided.
Why should I feed my pet commercial pet food rather than homemade pet food?
Years of research by food scientists, chemists, pet nutritionists and veterinarians go into the development of commercially-prepared pet food and these foods are manufactured to offer pets the healthiest and safest food possible.
There are several risks associated with homemade pet food. For example, improperly cooked or raw food carries a high risk of bacterial contamination, which can be inadvertently transferred to the human family members in the household.
It is also difficult to regulate the nutrients in homemade food which may mean your pet gets too much or too little in the way of vitamins and minerals. Too much calcium, for example, can result in growth problems, particularly for puppies and kittens, while too little calcium can cause weak bones that are susceptible to breaks.
How can I tell the calorie content of my pet's food?
Contact the manufacturer for more information. Just as the number of calories varies between 100 grams of steak and 100 grams of grilled chicken breast, the number of calories per serving varies between different types of pet food.
Is it safe for my dog to eat cat food?
Dog and cat food is designed to meet the special dietary needs of each species. Cats and dogs should not share food or eat the other's food because it will not provide the pet with the appropriate essential nutrients.
How much meat is in pet foods labeled as containing "beef" or "chicken"?
Look for the list of ingredients on the package. They are listed in descending order by weight from largest amount to smallest amount. For example, if beef is the first ingredient on the label then the pet food contains more beef than any other ingredient. When an ingredient or combination of ingredients makes up 90% or more of the total weight of all ingredients, these ingredients may also form a part of the product name. For example, if the product contains 90% or more chicken, it may be called "My Brand Chicken Cat Food".
What does the term "guaranteed analysis" mean?
Guaranteed analysis refers to minimum or maximum nutritional quantities of key nutrients within the package of food. For example, the analysis may include the minimum percentage of protein and fat, and the maximum percentages of fiber and moisture (water). Other nutritional guarantees, such as vitamins and minerals, may be included but are not required.
Do I need to follow the package's feeding instructions?
Feeding instructions are developed specifically for each product and take into consideration the pet's breed, age and activity level. Feeding instructions are also designed to prevent your dog or cat from eating too much food which can lead to obesity or other health problems. If you are unsure how much food to give your cat or dog, contact the pet food manufacturer or consult your veterinarian.
How often should I feed my pet?
There are two options for feeding schedules. Some pet owners feed their cats and dogs "free choice", meaning a set amount of food is put out and the pets can eat throughout the day. Alternatively, you can provide a set amount of food at specific meal times during the day. If you are uncertain about how often you should feed your pet, consult with your veterinarian.
Can I feed my pet table scraps?
The majority of commercial pet food is designed to be your pet's sole source of nutrition. Giving your cat or dog table scraps is not necessary and may cause health problems. For example, many leftovers contain too much sugar, salt and fat which is unhealthy for your pet. Some foods like chocolate for dogs, and onions for cats, can make your pet very sick and should be avoided.
Should I change my pet's food from time to time? If so, what is the best way to do it?
It is not generally necessary to change your pet's food. Pets like routine, including eating the same food every day.
If you need to change their food, perhaps because your veterinarian has recommended a specially formulated food, it is best to change it gradually. Start by mixing some of the new food in with your pet's current food. Over the next three to five days, gradually increase the amount of new pet food and decrease the amount of current food. This process will help your pet adapt to the new food and reduce the likelihood of an upset stomach.
Where can I learn more about pet nutrition?
Your veterinarian is a valuable resource for information about pet nutrition. In addition, many pet food companies have customer service telephone lines, websites and other materials that provide information about pet nutrition. Visit the members page for more information from PFAC member companies.
If my pet is overweight, should I feed a special diet?
If you believe your cat or dog is overweight or is otherwise unhealthy, you should consult your veterinarian. If your veterinarian determines your pet is overweight, you may be advised to decrease the amount of food or feed your pet a different type of pet food.
Are fillers used in pet food?
Pet food manufacturers do not include unnecessary ingredients. Every ingredient used in pet food is there for a reason. Extensive research has gone into formulating pet foods that meet the complex nutritional needs of cats and dogs.
What are by-products?
By-products are an important source of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and essential amino acids for your pet. They come from the parts of animals that people do not usually eat.
What are rendered meals and are they safe?
Rendering is a process used to reclaim proteins and fats. Rendering is done through cooking ingredients at very high temperatures. The end product is a fine "meal" rich in protein and minerals. Rendered meals are an important source of nutrients for pet food.
Why is wheat gluten used in pet food?
Wheat gluten provides protein which supports muscle development and a healthy immune system in cats and dogs. In pet food, it also provides texture and consistency. Wheat gluten has been safely used for decades in pet food products as well as many human food products such as bread, breakfast cereal and pasta.
What is "ash"? Is it safe to feed my cat food with ash?
Pet food components are broken down into the following categories: protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber and moisture. The inorganic components of pet food, such as minerals and vitamins, are called "ash" because they are not incinerated when the food is burned for its nutritional analysis.
It was once thought that ash was responsible for Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD). However, researchers now agree this is not the case. In fact, ash contains important minerals, such as calcium and manganese, which are needed for your pet's continued good health.
Is calcium carbonate dangerous for dogs?
Calcium carbonate is a common pet food ingredient and is completely safe. Calcium carbonate is an important source of calcium in pet food.
Are raisins and grapes harmful to dogs?
Raisins and grapes have been linked to kidney failure in dogs. It is not clear how many grapes or raisins are necessary to cause damage or if they only cause problems in certain breeds of dogs. To be safe, it is recommended you avoid feeding your dog grapes or raisins. Of note, grape pomace is not associated with grapes. Grape pomace is safe for dogs and is sometimes included in pet food as a source of antioxidants.
Why are preservatives used in pet food and can they harm my pet?
Preservatives are used in pet food to keep it fresh and to prevent it from spoiling. The same preservatives are used in food for people and pet food. They are safe and are used in very small quantities.
What are canned pet food containers made from? Is it safe?
The containers are made from metal and are lined with a plastic resin which is used as a protective coating to prevent the food inside the can from eroding the metal. There is no known health risk associated with the lining.
The pet food industry works closely with packaging suppliers to ensure the packaging is made from the highest quality materials including monitoring the most current science related to the substances used in the packaging process.
If I am travelling to Canada with my pet, can I bring

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Where are polar bears found in Newfoundland?
Polar Bears are most frequently spotted on the Great Northern Penninsula but Polar Bears have been seen as far south as St. John's on the southern Avalon Peninsula, Fogo Island, the Witless Bay Ecological Reserve, and pretty much every coastal community in Newfoundland and Labrador.
Are there bears in Newfoundland island?
The Newfoundland black bear (Ursus americanus hamiltoni) is a morphologically distinct subspecies of the American black bear which is endemic to the island of Newfoundland in Atlantic Canada.
Are there wolves in Newfoundland?
A quick wiki search will tell you the Newfoundland wolf (a subspecies of the grey wolf) is long gone and that the only canine on the island is the coyote, which was recently introduced.
Are there grizzly bears in Newfoundland?
Newfoundland does not have the American Brown bear (Grizzly Bear). Grizzly Bears will stand their ground if you encounter them. Black bears will try to avoid encounters with humans. NL, like Ontario has the Black Bears.
Do polar bears eat humans?
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Do polar bears eat penguins?
What is the warmest temperature a polar bear can live in?
The warmest areas in summer are inland regions of Siberia, Alaska, and Canada where temperatures can reach as high as 32°C (90°F). The ocean temperatures in the Arctic are about -1.5°C (29°F) in summer.
Can a polar bear survive in warm weather?
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The Rosa Porrino is a pink coloured granite from Spain that is a reference granite all over the world. The Rosa Porrino has set the standards for pink coloured granites and opened a large market for this type of granites. Today, there are similar granites from different origins being commercialized all over the world, but the Rosa Porrino will still remain a pioneer for this type of granite.
Due to its fame and international recognition, this granite has taken several different names according to each supplier, market, project, etc. We present below some of these alternative names that identify the Spanish Rosa Porrino:
- Rosa Porrinho: the Portuguese name for the Rosa Porrino granite. There is a variation of the Rosa Porrino being extracted in Portugal.
- Porrino Pink: the English name for the Rosa Porrino granite, it is common to use this name on English speaking countries.
- Spanish Pink granite: a generalist name to describe the Rosa Porrino granite. If we talk about Spanish pink granite, we normally refers to its main reference: the Rosa Porrino
- Porrino granite: simply known as Porrino granite. Porrino is the town nearby where the Rosa Porrino granite quarries are located.


3.6 The shelf life, in days, for bottles of a certainprescribed medicine is a random variable having the densityfunction
F(x)={20,000/(x+100)^3, x>0,
 {0, elsewhere.
Find the probability that a bottle of this medicinewill have a shell life of
(a) atleast 200 days
(b) anywhere from 80 to 120days.
Please show all steps to solve, not in booksshow


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The Rainforest Pyramid, which opened in 1993, is a ten-story glass pyramid that recently underwent a massive enhancement project to make it better for both visitors and its animal and plant residents. The Rainforest Pyramid has shared the wonders of the Asian, African, and American rainforests with millions of visitors. It has also brought attention to the dangers rainforests are facing and the endangered species that inhabit them.
The popular Moody Gardens attraction is a great entertainment destination, but it is also the center point of Moody Gardens rainforest conservation efforts. Over the years, Moody Gardens has shown its dedication to saving the rainforest in a variety of ways.
In the last decade, Moody Gardens purchased 2,215 acres of rainforest in Panama for protected reserves. We have also collected over $69,000 for research and conservation in Central and South America to help preserve the diminishing rainforests in those regions.
Moody Gardens contributed to purchasing land in Peru to help complete the ReNuPeru Ethno Botanical Garden at the Amazon Center for Environmental Education and Research.
Other funds from Moody Gardens have been donated to support the Belizean Ministry of Natural Resources as they try to save the Mountain Pine Ridge Forests area from the devastation caused by a massive Pine Beatle infestation. We also contributed to the Rainforest Foundation to help indigenous people preserve their land from being taken over.
Moody Gardens contributes to helping save the rainforest through our animal programs and our research efforts. We stand by our mission: "Moody Gardens is a public, non-profit educational destination utilizing nature in the advancement of rehabilitation, conservation, recreation, and research."
To learn more about our rainforest conservation efforts, come visit our Rainforest Pyramid. You can make a trip out of your visit by staying with us at the Moody Gardens Hotel, one of the best places to stay in Galveston.


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Ive spent many years troubleshooting equipment, along with investigative research. In research-statistical design, data analysis is frequently used when test information is available. This article shows how very basic data analysis can be quite useful in troubleshooting.
Most specialists are knowledgeable about plotting histograms and the value obtainable from such graphs as represented by the distribution of collected data. Remember: When looking for an answer, a good place to start is to follow the data. In this case history, we will review a production line that machines a precision groove in a casting bore for automotive use. Hundreds of thousands of casting bores are machined annually, and the groove out of roundness must be maintained within ± 0.003 in. on the diameter since a seal fits within the groove.
Fig. 1 shows one of the many clamping fixtures on the production line, which holds the casting for machining. To analyze clamping forces for this application, a load cell was designed to replace the part in the assembly and measure the clamping force. The load cell was moved from fixture to fixture. Periodically, a casting would be machined out of round. It was believed that the fixtures might be clamping too tightly or too loosely, thus causing the rejects.
Fig. 1. Clamping fixture assembly.
The fixture is designed so that, when torque is applied via a hydraulic motor, as shown in Fig. 1, the part is clamped into place by screw action. A force, F, clamps the part securely in place. With too much clamping force, the part can distort and squeezed into an oval shape. When the grooving tool makes the groove, it is a true circle. When the part is squeezed too much, it becomes distorted when unclamped. Result: The part is rejected.
A known torque of 300 in.-lb was applied to each fixture, and the force measured on 215 fixtures. Fig. 2 shows the distribution of the measured parts quality from this study. A statistical analysis of the data determines the interaction of the many variables; however, one observation is obvious from Fig. 2the clamping force varies too much from fixture to fixture. Since the force is directly related to the out of round of the groove, this condition directly contributed to the reject rate. The machining operation is designed for a 2,000-lb to 3,000-lb clamping force.
Fig. 2. Clamping force distribution results on
Root cause and solution
Other causes contributed to the rejection rate and poor quality of the parts. But the worn-out fixtures and poor calibration of the torque motors were the leading factors of poor quality and low production. Making those needed repairs reduced the reject rate by 70%.
Obviously, these manufacturing operations are not directly applicable to the hydrocarbon processing industry. However, specialists should understand that even basic plotting of data can provide valuable troubleshooting information. In this case, spread of the data represents a deviation from the norm. The troubleshooting process should then question what has caused such a spread.
In Case 72: Statistical visual data can be useful in troubleshootingPart 2, the example investigates how a simple analytical model could have been applied before any data is collected. This example illustrates the effect of friction and torque on the clamping force. HP
Dr. Tony Sofronas, P.E., was worldwide lead mechanical engineer for ExxonMobil Chemicals before retiring. He now owns Engineered Products, which provides consulting and engineering seminars on machinery and pressure vessels. Dr. Sofronas has authored two engineering books and numerous technical articles on analytical methods. Early in his career, he worked for General Electric and Bendix, and has extensive knowledge of design and failure analysis for various types of equipment.


News & Resources
Revenue Recognition Contracts: Part 4
A continuation of our Revenue Recognition Contracts series, this final article addresses steps 4 and 5 of the new revenue recognition model: allocation of the transaction price to performance obligations and recognizing revenue when, or as, performance obligations are satisfied.
Step 4. Allocate the Transaction Price
The fourth step of FASB Codification Topic 606 newly created revenue recognition model addresses allocating the transaction price (determined in step 3) to the separate performance obligations (determined in step 2). The intent in allocating the transaction price to the individual performance obligations is to assign each performance obligation an amount of consideration that the entity would expect to be entitled for fulfilling that portion of the contract.
In the simplest scenario where the contract only contains one performance obligation, the transaction price is entirely allocated to the identified performance obligation.
Standalone selling price
When a contract contains multiple performance obligations, additional considerations are necessary to determine a proper allocation of the transaction price to those performance obligations. Topic 606 requires the allocation be completed using the relative standalone selling prices for the performance obligations. Standalone selling prices are defined in the Codification as the "price that an entity would sell a good or service to a customer if the good or service was being sold on its own."
In many instances, standalone selling prices are easily observable. However, when the standalone selling price is not directly observable, an entity will need to estimate it. Topic 606 permits any estimation method, as long as the method is reasonable and consistently applied, but also explicitly mentions three common methods that may be used:
 - Adjusted market assessment approach – this approach considers market conditions by estimating what a customer in that market would be willing to pay for the goods and services. This approach would be easiest when an entity has experience selling within a market, and of course more complex when selling an entirely new good or service due to difficulty in anticipating market demand. The Codification also notes this approach might include referring to competitor pricing for similar goods and services and adjusting the estimate as appropriate.
 - Expected cost plus a margin approach - in this estimation method, an entity would estimate the costs it expects to incur when completing a performance obligation and then add an appropriate margin.
 - Residual approach – this method involves using the relative standalone selling price when observable for certain of the performance obligations, and assigning the residual of the total transaction price to the other performance obligations. This method is only permitted in two instances: a.) when there is a broad range of standalone selling prices because they are highly variable, or b.) the entity hasn't established a price for a particular good or service. Therefore, it is expected the use of this method will not be as prevalent.
If the sum of the standalone selling prices of the performance obligations in the contract exceeds the total contract transaction price, a discount is implicit in the contract. Under Topic 606, the Codification requires the discount be allocated proportionately to all of the individual performance obligations, unless an entity can justify that the discount is not related to certain of the performance obligations. In that instance, the entity may allocate the discount to only those goods or services to which it relates.
Exhibit 1 – Allocating the transaction price to multiple performance obligations, with a discount:
XYZ Company enters into a contract with a customer to sell Widget A and B, along with providing Service C, for a total contract price of $350. The performance obligations associated with each widget and service will be satisfied at different points in time. XYZ Company regularly sells Widget A separately, for a standalone selling price of $150. Widget B and Service C do not have observable standalone selling prices. XYX Company estimates the standalone selling prices as the following:
selling price
Widget A $ 150 Directly observable
Widget B 75 Adjusted market assessment approach
Service C 225 Expected cost plus a margin approach
 $ 450
Because the total contract price ($350) is less than the sum of the standalone selling prices ($450), the customer received a discount for purchasing the bundled goods and services. Lacking evidence that the discount only relates to certain of the performance obligations, the discount is allocated proportionately amongst all of the performance obligations, as follows:
transaction price
Widget A $ 117 ($150 / $450 x $350)
Widget B 58 ($75 / $450 x $350)
Service C 175 ($225 / $450 x $350)
 $ 350
Other considerations
Because not all instances of allocating the transaction price to performance obligations are straight-forward, the Codification also provides guidance on how to address the following circumstances:
 - Variable consideration – once variable consideration has been estimated in Step 3 of the revenue recognition model, an entity will need to consider under Step 4 whether variable consideration should be allocated to all of the performance obligations, or to one or more specific performance obligations. This differs from prior revenue recognition requirements because variable consideration was neither estimated or allocated to the transaction price, and therefore the new model results in earlier revenue recognition in many situations. Additional information on how to estimate the transaction price of variable consideration under step 3 is further addressed in Part III of our Revenue Recognition Contracts series.
 - Changes in the transaction price – if the transaction price changes after the inception of the contract, an entity must allocate the difference in the old and new transaction price to the separate performance obligations. This must be done on the same basis that was used to initially allocate the transaction price. In some situations, certain of the performance obligations may have already been satisfied when the transaction price changes. If that is the case, the additional revenue from the change in transaction price should be recognized into revenue in the period that the transaction price changed.
Step 5. Recognize Revenue when (or as) Performance Obligations are Satisfied
Under the new revenue recognition model, an entity will recognize revenue under Step 5 only upon completion of a performance obligation as identified in the contract. The key to determining when a performance obligation has been satisfied is whether or not the customer has obtained control of the promised good or service. In addition, to allow for proper revenue recognition, consideration needs to be made on whether control was transferred as of a point in time, or over time.
Over time
As provided by Topic 606, the following criteria give rise to recognition over time, if any of the following are met:
 - The customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the entity's performance as the entity performs (for example, most routine or recurring service contracts)
 - The entity's performance creates/enhances an asset that the customer controls as the asset is created/enhanced (for example, building an asset on a customer's site)
 - The entity's performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to the entity, and the entity has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date (for example, building a specialized asset only the customer can use)
If it is determined revenue should be recognized over time, it is necessary to identify how to measure the progress towards fulfilling the performance obligation. Estimation methods utilizing either output or input criteria are acceptable, but the chosen method should appropriately depict the transfer of control of the good or service to the customer. Examples of some commonly used output methods include units produced or milestones reached, while examples of input methods may include costs incurred or labor hours.
Exhibit 2 – Recognition of revenue over time
ABC Company enters into a contract with a customer to build specialized equipment for $100,000. ABC Company has no alternative use for the specialized equipment. In addition, per the contract provisions, the customer may take immediate ownership of the work-in-process in the event the contract is cancelled.
ABC Company would recognize revenue associated with this contract over time (as the equipment is being constructed). This contract meets two criteria for recognition in this manner: a.) the customer controls the asset as it is created and b.) the equipment has no alternative use to ABC Company. Because recognition will occur over time, ABC Company must select a method to measure progress. In this instance, an input method based on actual costs incurred in relation to total estimated costs would be an appropriate manner to estimate progress. The resulting allocation ratio would be applied to the total contract price of $100,000 to calculate the amount of revenue to be recognized each period until the contract is completed.
At a point in time
If an entity cannot demonstrate one of the above criteria have been met for recognition over time, they need to determine the proper point in time to recognize revenue, when control has been transferred to the customer. As described in the Codification, the following are indicators that control has transferred:
 - The entity has a present right to payment for the asset
 - The customer has legal title to the asset
 - Physical possession of the asset has transferred to the customer
 - The customer has the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the asset
 - The customer has accepted the asset
Contracts that were recognized as of a point in time under prior guidance may now require recognition over time, resulting in earlier revenue recognition in many cases.
Other considerations
The standard includes guidance addressing revenue recognition matters associated with:
 - Repurchase agreements
 - Bill-and-hold arrangements
 - Consignment arrangements
 - Warranties
 - Licenses of intellectual property and royalties
 - Principal vs. agent reporting
While the effective date for the new revenue recognition standard becomes effective for non-public entities for years beginning after December 15, 2018 (i.e. 2019 calendar year), it is not too early to begin preparing for proper implementation.


5 Key Ways People Teams Are Evolving
coworkers discussing people teams and changes
In this article, Personio's Chief People Officer, Ross Seychell, shares his insight into the evolution of People Teams and how they are evolving in five specific ways. Read on to learn more.
The ways in which we work are always changing. Whether due to Covid-19, and its rapid emphasis on remote work, or simply the way industries move — companies have become more agile, virtual, and responsive, to meet customer needs and market trends.
When it comes to HR, though, it isn't simply enough to keep up. People Teams need to get ahead of trends so that HR can become a truly strategic partner to leaders as they blaze their own trail forward in business.
In this article, I want to share with you the importance of evolving People Teams, and the five key ways that they can look to evolve now and in the future…
Why Do People Teams Need To Evolve?
It's rather simple. Because People Teams can and should play a strategic and, ultimately, deliberate role in the way HR is approached and handled. Sadly, traditional HR in the past may have been forced to be more responsive rather than proactive.
Of course, it depends on the organization, but many that I speak to are still in a state of reactiveness. They may have some time to plan ahead, but most of their time is reserved for today's problems rather than tomorrow's solutions.
These past ways of working, simply to keep up, have resulted in a significant amount of untapped resources in terms of experience. So, evolution can happen quite rapidly when it is given the conditions to thrive (and not simply survive).
So, teams need to evolve for the health of both business and employees. In the HR industry, we have a model that was developed in the early 1900s and hasn't really changed much since. Compared to a world, across industries, that has, it's high time for an evolution.
The 5 Key Ways People Teams Are Evolving
Now that we have a bit more of the context, here are the five key ways that People Teams can keep evolving in the coming months and years…
1. Visiting & Revisiting Team Structures
The concept of team structures is worth a great deal of thought, but it is also highly dependent on the stage of your company. When you're small, a lot of topics end up rolled into People Operations (core processes, HR management, learning, rewards, benefits, etc.)
As a company grows, though, those teams tend to split out into specialist teams. This is because more and greater experience is needed to help the company scale to achieve its mid-to-long-term goals.
In the end, a key element of evolution is building a model and structure that works best for your company and what is important for you at your stage of growth. This could be more hiring, relocation, onboarding, or more, but it needs to be tailored to your needs.
Evolution may happen as a byproduct of increased headcount, but you need to strike the right balance of how often you structure and restructure — consider 12-18 months maximum, to prevent 'change weariness' from your team.
2. Defining People Operations Versus People Partners
It's important to approach unique, but separate, definitions for what we call "People Operations" and "People Partners." Many companies may hear the term 'People Operations' and think of it as synonymous with HR, but the proper definition goes beyond that.
Think of People Operations as the engine room of your People Team. Often, they are a central team covering the entire company, aligned by country or region. They take over once someone is hired to lead on pre-join, whether with onboarding, support, pay, benefits, administration, job changes, and other core admin.
On the other hand, People Partners are the strategic and commercial side of the People Team. They are the ones who work with leadership, and their leaders, to ideate and shape people strategies and plans for their function/department across the company.
Their goal, more generally, is to enable that area to achieve its goals, through its people, focusing on topics like workforce and talent planning, performance, engagement, development, team health, reward, and retention. They also tailor people activities across departments, like sales versus engineering, to offer unique solutions for the problems they are solving.
In short, think of People Operations as the engine and People Partners as the navigation. Together, they set the course and make the journey. Both serve a key function for the evolution of People Teams, more generally.
3. Building 'Workplace' Teams
At Personio, we are building a 'Workplace' team as an evolutional part of our people function. Essentially, workplace refers to office, home office, and also working remotely in our 'new normal.'
For a company to scale successfully, part of its culture is how teams and employees work together. This is true no matter their location or the conditions of where they work.
So, a Workplace Team needs to focus on end-to-end experiences for the best working environments, IT technology, and tooling. This also includes set up for companies, tribes, and teams to help achieve their goals.
Think of it as a mix of IT, office management, and property skill-sets. They all come together to form the Workplace Team concept and can serve as a key point of evolution for People Teams successfully making their way into the new normal and beyond.
4. Emphasizing Larger Ecosystems of Work
Each point we have touched on until now leads us here. People Operations, People Partners, Workplace, and People Teams more generally, all formulate a much larger 'ecosystem of work' that helps HR evolve beyond reactive and into proactive.
This is critical, especially because leading up to the pandemic we were already seeing a shift towards more hybrid working environments in offices and away from offices. The idea here is that evolution is required in helping people during times of change (and even regular times).
This means a larger ecosystem of work that stretches beyond the traditional office, and beyond the traditional scope of how HR is done. People Teams (and others, like IT, Finance, Facilities) have to think about how to adapt when not everyone is in one singular location.
For organizations to be productive, connected, focused, and fun, having a philosophy and plan for you enable that in a physical and virtual world is critical. The core element here is influence, and the role People Teams can play across locations and working conditions.
5. Focus On Less Administration & More Expertise
In order for HR and People Teams to be able to do all of this, though, companies need to afford them the time to focus on all of these initiatives and to rely more on their expertise that was previously untapped.
This is a question I am asked a lot, and for me, it is quite simple. We unleash our HR and People Teams capacity, and capabilities, to be able to work on solving problems that will help attract, develop, and retain the talent we all need to achieve business goals and plans.
Your Practical Guide To Corporate Culture
Corporate Culture Guide by Personio
A well-understood corporate culture can take your business to the next level (and beyond) by attracting, engaging, and retaining top talent. Download our guide today to start learning more.
Where Does That Leave Us?
The evolution of People Teams is happening, and at hyper speed. 2020 offered a watershed moment that revealed the real impact that strategic HR can have on the success of businesses, and 2021 will be no different in my opinion.
Therefore, I would truly encourage business leaders, founders, and CEOs to add this to your agenda with your People Teams. For these teams to be successful, that dialogue needs to happen now and it needs to be initiated from the very top.
We have seen the positive impact that a strategic, functioning HR department can have on businesses. Now, in 2021 and beyond, companies have the golden opportunity to build and expand on it for success.
About Ross Seychell
As a business leader with 20 years of HR experience, I have a strong passion for how people and culture enable companies to achieve their mission. After building out commercial people functions and strategies at high-growth companies such as Wise and King, I was really happy to join Personio as Chief People Officer to help achieve our mission to become Europe's leading HR platform.
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The most important aspects of the design, assessment and safety of the structural typologies existing in Spain are examined in this work. These buildings have mainly waffled slabs or flat beams and many seismic codes do not recommend them in seismic areas. The expected seismic performance of the buildings is evaluated by means of
non-linear structural analyses which provide capacity curves. The seismic hazard in the area of the city is described by means of the reduced 5% damped elastic response spectrum. The most important results of the study are the fragility curves calculated for the mentioned building types, which allow obtaining the probability of different damage states of the structures as well as damage probability matrices. The results, which show high vulnerability of the studied building classes, are compared with well design framed structures.
CitationBarbat, H.; Vielma, J. C; Oller, S. Seismic safety of the limited ductility buildings existing in Spain. A: Congresso de Sismologia e Engenheria Sísmica. "7º Congresso de Sismologia e Engenheria Sísmica". Oporto: 2007, p. 1-20.
All rights reserved. This work is protected by the corresponding intellectual and industrial property rights. Without prejudice to any existing legal exemptions, reproduction, distribution, public communication or transformation of this work are prohibited without permission of the copyright holder. If you wish to make any use of the work not provided for in the law, please contact: _EMAIL_


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OP07 Sensory impairments and mortality in older british community-dwelling men: a 10-year follow-up study
 1. AEM Liljas1,
 2. SG Wannamethee1,
 3. PH Whincup2,
 4. O Papacosta1,
 5. K Walters1,
 6. S Iliffe1,
 7. LT Lennon1,
 8. LA Carvalho3,
 9. SE Ramsay1
 2. 2Population Health Research Centre, St George's, University of London, London, UK
Background Sensory impairment is common in old age and associated with morbidity. However few studies have investigated the impact of sensory impairment on long-term cause-specific mortality risks in older adults. We explored the association between impairments in hearing and vision and the risk of mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-causes over 10 years.
Methods A socioeconomically representative cohort of 3981 men from 24 British towns was followed up from 2003 to 2013. Hearing impairment was defined by self-reported data on hearing aid use and ability to follow television at a volume acceptable to others and categorised into: could hear (no hearing impairment), could hear with aid, could not hear and no aid, and could not hear despite aid. Vision impairment was defined as not being able to recognise a friend across a road. Dual sensory impairment was defined as reporting poor vision and any of the three groups of hearing impairment. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for mortality.
Results During follow-up, 1463 deaths including 308 CHD deaths and 408 CVD deaths occurred. Men who reported not being able to hear and not using a hearing aid had increased risks of all-cause mortality (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.01, 1.40) and CVD mortality (age-adjusted HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.02, 1.85). Vision impairment (HR 1.67, 95% CI 1.31, 2.13) and dual sensory impairment (HR 1.89, 95% CI 1.35, 2.65) were also associated with all-cause mortality, but not with CVD mortality. Only the association of vision impairment with all-cause mortality remained significant after adjustment for social class, obesity, smoking, physical inactivity, diabetes and prevalent CVD. Sensory impairments were not associated with CHD mortality.
Conclusion Older men with hearing impairment, vision impairment and dual sensory impairment have an increased risk of all-cause mortality over 10 years. Hearing impaired older men also have an increased risk of CVD mortality. Our findings suggest that the associations between hearing impairment and mortality are explained by social class and behavioural factors, while vision impairment appears to be independently associated with all-cause mortality. Further research is warranted on the possible mechanisms of mortality in visually impaired older adults.
 - ageing
 - mortality
 - sensory impairments
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I am wondering whether the following floating point notation is a valid JSON notation:
or should the exponent notation should be replaced with a decimal notation?
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Follow the railroad tracks at json.org – user2864740 Oct 24 '13 at 1:04
2 Answers 2
up vote 13 down vote accepted
It is valid according to the format available at json.org as numbers can optionally have a base 10 exponent denoted by an E, uppercase or lowercase, an optional plus or minus, and one or more digits.
image of JSON number format
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It's perfectly valid, according to RFC 4627 RFC 7159*:
Exponents are permitted to have leading 0s, but not the integer section:
number = [ minus ] int [ frac ] [ exp ]
decimal-point = %x2E ;.
digit1-9 = %x31-39 ; 1-9
e = %x65 / %x45 ; e E
exp = e [ minus / plus ] 1*DIGIT
frac = decimal-point 1*DIGIT
int = zero / ( digit1-9 *DIGIT )
minus = %x2D ; -
plus = %x2B ; +
zero = %x30 ; 0
* The RFC 7159 standard supercedes the RFC 4627 informational memo, however the grammar used remains exactly the same.
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text:
The science of treating brain aneurysms, a key component of neurosurgery, has developed in the last 70 years, says Chris Taylor '91, a neurosurgeon on the medical school faculty of the University of New Mexico.
Attempts to treat aneurysms before 1937 often led to the patient's death, Taylor explained in a lecture at the Suter Science Center of Eastern Mennonite University (EMU) during its 2012 Homecoming and Family Weekend.
An aneurysm is a vesicle or envelope in an artery that does not belong; blood can get in but has no way to escape. Labeled as apoplexy in the 17th century, the eventual blockage of the blood vessels leads to strokes, which can eventually cause paralysis or death. Taylor credited Antonio Egas Moniz, who won a Nobel Prize in 1949 for his work on computerized tomography, and Godfrey Hounsfield, co-winner of a Nobel Prize in 1973 for magnetic resonance imaging, for laying the groundwork for modern neurosurgical techniques for treating aneurysms.
Taylor began his lecture, titled "A Time Bomb in the Brain: Aneurysms of the Central Nervous System," by complimenting Dr. Daniel Suter, for whom the Science Center is named. Taylor said Suter's enthusiasm for science remained after his retirement in 1985, causing Taylor to be imbued with a passion for science while at EMU.
Taylor showed his audience images of the brain, particularly the Circle of Willis, a circle of blood vessels at the center of the brain that supplies blood to the brain and its surrounding structures. Taylor said that grasping how those blood vessels work and their importance has led to great understanding of how the brain works.
Taylor touched on the contributions of many scientists to neurosurgical advances through history, including William Harvey, the first physician to describe the circulation of blood throughout the body; Thomas Willis, credited with the discovery of the Circle of Willis; and Walter Dandy, the founding father of neurosurgery. In emphasizing the work of forerunners to modern neurosurgery, Taylor reminded his audience of our ability to "influence the world around us. The incredible contributions of many of these people are overwhelming to me."
At the University of New Mexico since January 2006, Taylor regularly lectures on neuroanatomy, as well as hosts post-grad medical residents who attend surgery and do rounds with him. He and his wife live in Albuquerque, N.M.


text:
Marko Baloh (2011) Analysis of substances impact by labeling food items with RFID tags. EngD thesis.
In the diploma thesis Radiofrequency Identification (RFID) is used for labeling individual products. It is based on the usage of radio waves. In the supply chain, RFID technology could replace a barcode labeling because it has a lot of advantages like: easier and faster reading on large distances, storing data on RFID tags, identification of larger number of objects at the same time and others. There exist many different RFID systems available for identification that include RFID readers, tags and antennas for capturing data. For its commercialisation in supply chain EPCglobal IncTM standardisation organization is responsible. It operates under the auspices of GS1 (The Global Language of Business). The purpose of RFID standards is to ensure global connectivity of components in RFID systems. The work consisted of introduction and testing of labeling different food products with RFID labels. We divided them into several groups according to packaging forms and ingredients. We tested them in HF (High Frequency) and UHF (Ultra High Frequency) frequency bands which represent two different options of usage this technology. Our goal was to determine the effect of individual materials and to check how they affect on the reading distances. It was discovered that in some cases of products the labeling was inappropriate and is not practicable for the use of RFID tags.
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Child drawing
Family, Learning and Interaction
About us
The FLINT (Family, Learning and Interaction) research theme at Early Start brings together researchers with expertise in infancy, attachment, parent-child conversation, parental mental health, the home learning environment, early literacy, and the role of fathers, to address important questions about interactive processes in development. We ask how infants make sense of the busy world around them, and how parents and carers support their child's cognitive, social, and emotional development.
Children don't know what's important to them that there's sort of like an open book everything is exciting to them everything is distracting and it's our job as adults to guide them towards the things that are really going to help them over the long term.
Hi I'm Jane Herbert I'm the research team leader of the early start theme Family Learning and Interaction. A research theme is a combination of researchers from education and psychology and we're really interested in how children learn about the world, so how do they make sense of things and then how the parents support that learning.
Parents are children's first teachers, so we need to actually invest time learning about what are children doing in those first years of life when they're at home with their parents. To be honest a lot of the research hasn't been done yet and so our research theme is really interested in being that core of knowledge helping parents understand what things are really important and then as the children get older if there are problems happening at home our research theme is working out why the interventions work or don't work for particular families, but a lot of our findings are really starting to come to fruition so really simple things like knowing how important it is for children to have a sleep after they've learned something so we often think about the best time for children to learn when they're wide awake but actually our research shows that they remember things really well just before they go to sleep.
When we find other things that are just really simple that parents can do then we want to pass on that knowledge, to make sure that people understand that we're not coming and telling them that they're doing things wrong, but actually just giving them tips and hints that we know can improve the outcome for their child.
Often our families coming in they're struggling in some way and they're not communicating very efficiently or effectively with their children, rather than telling them what to do we have them come into the lab and we see what they do we see them working together and then we feed them information over a microphone on ways that they could change the behaviour after a period of 10 weeks they no longer really need us so that's our real success when they can walk away as a family who know how to communicate with each other.
The quality of parent-child interaction has long been recognised as critical in children's development during the early years. Through observational research in Wollongong Infant Learning Lab (WILL) at Early Start, we ask questions about parent-child interactions in the home environment that contribute to the emergence of early learning, literacy and numeracy and socio-emotional well-being. Through our alignment with the establishment of Northfields Clinic at Early Start, we ask questions about the ways in which families experiencing vulnerability or disadvantage interact. We believe that intervening in early interactive processes provides a unique opportunity for prevention.
Josie McNamara
Doctor of Philosophy (Clinical Psychology)
Maternal Wellbeing and Attachment During Pregnancy and the Early Postpartum Period
Meagan Baltoski
Doctor of Philosophy (Clinical Psychology)
Maternal Anxiety, Parent-Child Interactions, and the Development of Early Numeracy Skill
Sophie Russell
Doctor of Philosophy (Clinical Psychology)
Remember the Time?': Parent-child Reminiscing and Associations with Psychopathology
Alixandra Risi
Doctor of Philosophy (Clinical Psychology)
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for Parents with Complex Mental Health Difficulties
Cheryl Jialing Ho
Doctor of Philosophy
The development of cognitive abilities and interaction during infancy
It all counts: Talking about numeracy at home
By the time children begin formal schooling, there are already considerable individual differences in early literacy and numeracy skills. A child who is behind when school begins struggles to catch up. We are studying the ways in which parents and carers talk about numeracy in the home with very young children. The aim of this research is to better understand the range of ways parents/carers and children can or might talk about concepts like counting, size and shape comparisons, distance, time, and patterns, during play, book-reading, and everyday activities in the home. This research will inform the development of an intervention for families who need support and guidance as their children develop numeracy knowledge and confidence.
Parent-child Interactions
Parent-child interactions provide the primary social learning context for children. Our research brings together clinical and developmental staff and research methods to better understand the ways in which parental mental health and wellbeing is associated with the way parents play and talk with their children. Our research aims to understand and adapt existing evidence-based interventions, such as Parent-Child Interaction Therapy, to better meet the needs of high-risk families, and to foster parent-child attachment bonds.


1 definition found
Broad \Broad\ (br[add]d), adjective [Compar. {Broader} (br[add]d"[~e]r); superl. {Broadest}.] [OE. brod, brad, AS. br[=a]d; akin to OS. br[=e]d, D. breed, G. breit, Icel. brei[eth]r, Sw. & Dan. bred, Goth. braids. Cf. {Breadth}.]
1. Wide; extend in breadth, or from side to side; -- opposed to {narrow}; as, a broad street, a broad table; an inch broad.
2. Extending far and wide; extensive; vast; as, the broad expanse of ocean.
3. Extended, in the sense of diffused; open; clear; full. "Broad and open day." --Bp. Porteus.
A broad mixture of falsehood. --Locke.
Note: Hence:
5. Comprehensive; liberal; enlarged.
The words in the Constitution are broad enough to include the case. --D. Daggett.
In a broad, statesmanlike, and masterly way. --E. Everett.
6. Plain; evident; as, a broad hint.
7. Free; unrestrained; unconfined.
As broad and general as the casing air. --Shak.
8. (Fine Arts) Characterized by breadth. See {Breadth}.
9. Cross; coarse; indelicate; as, a broad compliment; a broad joke; broad humor.
10. Strongly marked; as, a broad Scotch accent.
Note: Broad is often used in compounds to signify wide, large, etc.; as, broad-chested, broad-shouldered, broad-spreading, broad-winged.
{Broad acres}. See under {Acre}.
{Broad arrow}, originally a pheon. See {Pheon}, and {Broad arrow} under {Arrow}.
{As broad as long}, having the length equal to the breadth; hence, the same one way as another; coming to the same result by different ways or processes.
It is as broad as long, whether they rise to others, or bring others down to them. --L'Estrange.
{Broad pennant}. See under {Pennant}.
Syn: Wide; large; ample; expanded; spacious; roomy; extensive; vast; comprehensive; liberal.
FCC Complaint
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text:
This book explores various components of successful confidence building measure agreements, such as open communication, arms control initiatives, verification and monitoring programs and conflict resolution protocols. It assesses how successful such incremental steps might be in the Middle East.
Table of Contents
Part One: Introduction 1. Confidence Building Measures in the Middle East Part Two: Regional Actors: The Israelis and the Palestinians 2. The Palestinians and Confidence Building Measures in the Arab-Israeli Conflict: The Implications of Statelessness 3. Confidence and Security Building: The Israeli Domestic Dimension 4. Confidence Building Measures and Israeli Security Concerns 5. The Role of Extremist Political Groups in the Context of Confidence Building Between the Israelis and Palestinians Part Three: Regional Actors: Arab States 6. Reflections on Confidence Building in an Intricate Regional "Security Complex"—The Middle East 7. Israel and Syria: The Problem of Confidence 8. Jordan and the Question of Confidence Building: The Politics of Ambivalence 9. Confidence Building and Dilemmas of Cooperation: The Egyptian-Israeli Experiment Part Four: External Actors and Interactions 10. The United States and the Arab-Israeli Peace Process 11. Russia's Role in Peacemaking and Confidence Building in the Middle East: Present and Future 12. The Evolution of Arms Control in the Middle East 13. Can the Media Mediate? Mass-Mediated Diplomacy in Part Five: Reflections About Confidence Building in the Middle East 14. Towards a Confidence Transformational Dynamic 15. Confidence Building and the Peace Process in the Middle East


text:
Laminated glass is a type of safety glass that holds together when shattered. In the event of breaking, it is held in place by an interlayer, typically of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), between its two or more layers of glass. The interlayer keeps the layers of glass bonded even when broken, and its high strength prevents the glass from breaking up into large sharp pieces. This produces a characteristic "spider web" cracking pattern when the impact is not enough to completely pierce the glass.
Laminated glass is normally used when there is a possibility of human impact or where the glass could fall if shattered. Skylight glazing and automobile windshields typically use laminated glass. In geographical areas requiring hurricane-resistant construction, laminated glass is often used in exterior storefronts, curtain walls and windows. The PVB interlayer also gives the glass a much higher sound insulation rating, due to the damping effect, and also blocks 99% of incoming UV light.
1. Safety: Ordinary window glass is brittle, breaking into long sharp pieces which can cause serious injuries. The principal feature of Laminated safety glass is that the interlayer absorbs the energy impact and hence resists penetration. Although the glass may break, the glass fragments remain firmly bonded to the interlayer, minimizing the risk of injuries.
2. Security: Burglars often try to break windows to get inside the house or a building and here the laminated glass plays an important role in resisting their intrusion. Even if the glass breaks the interlayer continues to safeguard the building until the glass is replaced.
3. Sound Reduction: Noise gains easiest entry to homes and buildings through windows and doors. Laminated glass proves an excellent barrier to noise, it has better Sound Transmission Loss as compared to glass of similar thickness in the frequency of 125 Hz to 4000 Hz. Also it eliminates the coincidence dip that is associated with the monolithic glass because of the viscoelastic property of the interlayer material.
4. Solar Energy Control: While natural light is important for us too much sunlight can also mean too much heat gain inside the building. Laminated glass when used in combination with reflective glass, tinted glass or low e glass provides excellent reduction in the Solar Gains as well as reduction of sound transmission through the window.
5. UV Control: The major cause of deterioration and fading of furnishings and pictures is the chemical reaction caused by short-wavelength UV radiation. UV absorbing additives in the interlayer in laminated glass can screen out almost all these damaging rays.
6. Protection from weather and natural disasters: If broken, laminated glass remains in its frame, preventing interior damage while reducing flying glass protects people both indoors and outdoors. Areas subjected to heavy winds and rain such as hurricanes or cyclones, buildings often need extra protection. Flying debris carried by these winds can shatter the glass and injure people. Laminated glass can be designed to remain intact and in its frame. Buildings that are situated in areas subjected to heavy winds and rains such as hurrican and cyclones, often need extra protection.
Step 1: First the glass is cut to size from the available stock in accordance to the order given by the client.
Step 2: Then the glass is safely transported from the glass storage rack to the laminated glass line using the feeding device. The glass is then positioned onto the table and conveyed via roller table to the washing machine.
Wider gaps between individual panes are automatically reduced to a small safety distance before the glass reaches the washing machine.
Step 3: Glass panes of a thickness between 2 and 19 mm are cleaned and dried by varying speeds.
Automatic scanning of glass thickness and coated glass sensors allow accurate positioning of the cleaning brushes. Different bristle diameters are used for the process which ensure a proper cleaning of the glass using deionzised water.
Step 4: Once the glass is cleaned by washing and subsequently dried, it is then transported to the clean room where the PVB is stored. In the clean room a perfectly coordinated air conditioning system regulates both temperature and relative humidity of the PVB film rolls. Also the environment is kept dust free so as to ensure that no dirt particles stick to PVB or Glass which may result in delamination.
Properties of Laminated Glass.
Float Glass in different thickness is basically used in the form of clear, tinted, reflective, tempered and heat strengthened glass. The PVB exhibits an extraordinary resistance in terms of UV transmission but does not reduce the visible light in the light spectrum.
- PVB thickness --0.38mm, 0.76mm, 1.14mm, 1.52mm
- PVB colors --Clear, white, gray, purple, blue, green, yellow, orange, red
- Refractive Index -- 1.48
- Visible Light Transmittance, Clear -- 89%
- Shading Coefficient, Clear -- 0.92
- UV Screening, up to 380 nm -- 99%
- Tensile Strength -- 3220 psi
- Tensile Elongation -- 205% (JIS K6771)
- Specific Gravity -- 1.07
- Specific Heat -- 0.47 Btu/lb°F
- Thermal Conductivity (K value) -- 0.12 Btu/(ft2hr°F)
- Coefficient of Thermal Expansion -- 2.6 x 10-4 in./in.°F
- Emissivity -- 0.9


text:
Title: Knowing Others' Preferences Degrades the Quality of Group Decisions (Subscription or fee required.)
Authors: Andreas Mojzisch and Stefan Schulz-Hardt (both affiliated with Georg-August-University)
Publisher: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 98, no.5
Date Published: May 2010
What could be worse than a business meeting where participants ignore the right information and make the wrong decision? Recent research reveals a simple way to reduce the chances of this unfortunate outcome. Several studies have shown that when groups fail to arrive at decisions, it's often because they devote too much time to finding common ground rather than weighing the pros and cons of what each person is saying. Building on that notion, this paper finds that meetings are especially ineffective when attendees begin by disclosing which way they are leaning; upon voicing an opinion about a decision, people are more likely to ignore information that others introduce, even if it could potentially change their opinion or contribute to a better decision.
The authors simulated a meeting environment by inviting participants to play the role of a member of an airline hiring committee that was choosing a single pilot from among four candidates. In one set of experiments, the subjects received individual pamphlets containing partial and different information about each of the candidates. They were then split into groups. In some groups, members immediately told each other their selection; in others, they kept their choices to themselves. The groups were then handed complete dossiers on the pilot candidates, at which point it became obvious who the best person for the job was. Despite this, people in the groups that had initially shared their preferences based on the incomplete data mainly stuck to their original choices and remembered little about the information presented at their meetings, suggesting they had failed to pay much attention to details introduced after they voiced their opinions. By contrast, the groups that had been closemouthed about their favorite candidates more readily identified the best person for the job.
According to the authors, 90 percent of group discussions begin with the members disclosing their pre-meeting biases. Considering the results of their research, the authors advise managers to reduce the number of distractions that may impede group members from processing new information and to ask participants to hold their opinions until the end of a meeting.
Bottom Line: Individuals fail to process information introduced by others during meetings after their own preferences have been voiced, which hinders optimal decision making.
- Matt Palmquist was a founding staff writer and is currently a contributing editor at Miller-McCune magazine. Formerly, he was an award-winning feature writer for the San Francisco–based SF Weekly.


text:
Narrative lawyering theorists have demonstrated the ways in which the dynamics of stories affect the way lawyers deliver and jurors receive messages within trial. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the distinctive ways in which stories are developed in bench trials. Examining three roughly contemporaneous bench trials, this Article illuminates how this trial format requires lawyers to be both performers and audience, alternating roles frequently, sometimes within the span of a breath or a gesture. The availability of feedback to the lawyer and the possibility of direct intervention by the fact-finder produce a stark contrast to what lawyers experience in jury trials. Moreover, due to their experience and training, judges are prone to interpret lawyers' choices in light of patterns of which jurors would be unaware. In sum, bench trial narratives emerge from a process of joint creative control that requires lawyers to make adjustments at every stage of the trial. This article both illustrates how complex these interactive bench trial narratives can be and provides guidance for developing stories especially well-suited to this particular and, of course, quite common litigation setting.
Sharing Stories: Narrative Lawyering in Bench Trials, 16 CLINICAL L. REV. 195


text:
Info for this post is from the Smithsonsian article by Jess Blumberg
Dubbed the "Eighth Wonder of the World," the room that once symbolized peace was stolen by Nazis then disappeared for good.
While many Americans associate amber with the casing for dinosaur DNA in 1993's Jurassic Park, the stone has enthralled Europeans, and especially Russians, for centuries because of the golden, jewel-encrusted Amber Room, which was made of several tons of the gemstone. A gift to Peter the Great in 1716 celebrating peace between Russia and Prussia, the room's fate became anything but peaceful: Nazis looted it during World War II, and in the final months of the war, the amber panels, which had been packed away in crates, disappeared. A replica was completed in 2003, but the contents of the original, dubbed "the Eighth Wonder of the World," have remained missing for decades.
Interested in the whole story? _URL_


text:
This page presents an interactive method for visualizing activity on graph edges. The example used here is flux in metabolic pathways, but other applications include network traffic, electronic circuits, fluid flow, or anywhere it's important to understand the "hot paths" through a graph.
A metabolic pathway is a chain of chemical reactions in a cell, whereby a particular chemical is converted into another.
In the example above, acetate is converted into phosphoenolpyuvate through two intermediate chemicals. The number above each edge refers to the enyzme that catalyzes that particular reaction.
The set of pathways in a cell comprise a large network, which is represented by a graph with chemicals as nodes and reactions as edges. Here are a few typical renderings of these graphs:
Many problems of interest involve the rates of these chemical reactions, referred to as flux. At a given time, some pathways might be active, with high flux, and others inactive, with low flux. These fluxes are typically shown as weights on the edges of the graph.
Unfortunately, such numerical annotations don't allow us to understand the pattern of fluxes at a glance, or make visual comparisons.
Our goal is to understand the pattern of fluxes across the graph. We would like to see at a glance which paths are active and inactive, as well as make precise visual comparisons between the edge values.
We'll start off with a graph in a standard (KEGG-like) style:
In this problem, we care only about the edges — the nodes are relatively uninteresting and have no quantities associated with them. We invert the focus in the above picture, switching to a rendering style that strongly emphasizes the edges.
This picture is essentially "built out of edges". The edges are now big, bold canvases that we can use to display information. First, we'll try conveying the information using color:
Edges with high values are red — this is a preattentive property that immediately draws the eye, and carves out the "hot path". Midrange values are black. Low values fade out to white, taking inactive paths out of the picture.
Next, we vary the line width according to the value as well:
The nodes have also been omitted entirely; they are implied well enough by the segment joins, and we don't need their distraction. The graph is now in good shape for qualitative understanding — the active and inactive paths are very clear. Next, we add quantitative annotations:
The numbers add some clutter, but because they are the same color as their nearby edges, we are able to see "over" them and still take in the qualitative patterns at a glance.
The colors allow us to make rough visual comparisons, and the numbers allow us precise symbolic comparisons. But the ideal for any visualization is precise visual comparisons, of the sort provided by a bar chart or scatterplot. Unfortunately, precise visual comparisons require a common baseline — this is the everpresent challenge when designing a comparison of objects with fixed spatial positions.
The trick that we'll try here is to go ahead and use a bar chart as well, and then tie together the chart and graph with some lightweight interaction.
The bar chart lists the edges of the graph, sorted by weight and using the same color scheme. This allows us to see the distribution of weights at a glance, and allows us to make precise visual comparisons of the values — we can see exactly how the values differ, and by how much.
Try moving the mouse over the bar chart. The edge that you are over is highlighted in blue, and edges with lower values are hidden. You can see the subset of "active paths" for whatever threshold of "active" you choose. And by rolling the mouse up and down the bar chart and watching how the graph edges pop in and out, you can get a precise understanding of how the edge values are ordered.
Try clicking and dragging up and down the bar chart. Only the subset that you have dragged over is shown. This allows you to concentrate on a particular range of edges, such as only the midrange values, or some cluster of interest.
These lightweight interactions tie the two visualizations together so they can be explored simultaneously, and insights from the chart can be localized to the corresponding locations on the graph.
What we've seen here is a visualization of a static (non-time-varying) arrangement of weights. In a future installment, we'll look at how to incorporate the time dimension into this visualization and explore dynamic solutions.
Many thanks to I-Chun Chou's team at the Voit lab for Biological Systems Analysis at Georgia Tech, for suggesting and discussing this problem with me.


Re: [SVG] Experiment and proposal
From: Fred P.
Date: Tue, 22 Apr 2003 03:28:57 -0400
To: _EMAIL_
Cc: _EMAIL_
Message-ID:
Still, I still think that XHTML should be allowed
via xmlns in svg, especially by the commonly used Adobe SVG viewer.
Refer to _URL_
>> >(I created an example for a related
>> >problem: _URL_ )
>>Can be resolve in XHTML easily:
>Actually it can't other than in the purely visual sense, on some visual
>browsers, but SVG is a fixed layout mechanism, it's whole idea is that
>you get repeatable fixed behaviour between viewers, so (in all important
>respects) you get identical rendering minus minor changes due to
>device capabilities.
>>
>>
>>
>The images, and the words are no more, in fact a lot less related in the
>above mark up, than they are in my pure SVG markup which exhibits the
>problem. In SVG position has meaning, so if a picture of a cat is below
>word cat, that's meaning. In HTML tables this is not the case, nowhere do
>you specify that the second row are pictorial representations of the words,
>or indeed that they are related in any other ways - you're also of course
>missing a lot of other markup that most people would require in their table
>markup (headings/summary's etc. required by most peoples accessibility
I agree it may be annoying for a blind person to have speech out,
but that's quite a minority, worst case simply put it:
summary === "layout"
Anyway, how are you gonna "display" visual SVG information
being layout in tables to a blind person
or through a speech out program or similar?
It's kinda non-sense.
I hope Adobe SVG Viewer will support something like:
, and pure javascript!
>>That code would scale and FIX your problem easily.
>It could create an acceptable visual rendering, accept of course the TR, TD
>and TABLE tags have no visual rendering specified so the results are
>actually wholly unknowable in a browser.
worst case scenario ensure a viewbox or similar inside
>>Table have been used since years to layout text,
>>why shall that change?
>Because it's been shown to be extremely inefficient, and has particular
>accessibility issues, making it inappropriate for web use.
Inappropriate for web use let me laught.
Tell me a single non-trivial non-stupid non-completely-flash
web page where are not used anywhere for transparent text layout.
Accessibility could be solved by adding more information like
specifying that is used for layout not for actual table'd data
for blind people or speech out.
something like
or simply detect that's quite a good hint!
>>>XHTML has very few layout semantics, and none in its strict versions,
>>>it's not a language for layout, it's for marking up text.
>>Well you only need table and div that's about it.
>Table has no layout semantics, it has table semantics, it is not a layout
>element, we have a DIV in SVG it's called G, and can be easily positioned.
 I agree is not needed.
>>>your scripts are an authoring tool, it would seem appropriate that they
>>>do the calculations, if your elements are kept to a reasonably fixed size
>>>then the calculations are trivial, if not then you do have a more
>>>complicated problem.
>>Their are not, but why should I make complicated approximation
>>when a viewer is more capable of calculating that then myself,
>An SVG viewer is not more capable, it's not a dynamic layout tool, it's
>whole design is based on achieving identical rendering, deviation from this
>may be attractive, but it's certainly not an existing feature of the spec
>any way.
It is possible already, it's just plain damn painful to achieve.
Just work out some madness JavaScript or ECMAscript and there you go.
Basically, you are asking me to produce some good damn crazy JavaScript
to fix the problem instead of having the SVG browser doing the layout.
BTW, all the 'text content' is created via JavaScript on the fly, without
any external help.
i.e. Someone type KeyPress/KeyDown or use MouseMove,MouseOver,MouseOut
 SVG is dynamically authored on the web live,
 the only external help is to load/save the file back to database via
 Howerver, since it's only client-side JavaScript, it's quite damn
blazing fast tought
 and the server has little to do.
>>how can I assume that the text delta is 5,15,20,60 pixels
>>or less or more the distance between stuff, etc.
>You don't assume it, you specify the textLength, and other sizes.
Not textLength.
How do I know how big is this height?
How do I know how much space I need between words to make it text-justified?
>>Do you see people doing that in HTML, no.
>HTML has no layout semantics... in CSS (which I assume you're really
HTML has layout semantics since decades way before CSS came out.
 and
transparent
You don't have perhaps justify or 1.5 interline, probably new version of CSS
has it, I'm not sure of that.
I couldn't find any of that few years ago tought.
The following works on Netscape4 but does NOT work on IE5.5
In order to deliver the huge
amount of calculation and processing power required, the control system must
be able to support different kind of micro-processors. It must also be able
to support different kind of data bus, address bus and control bus, so that
all these components can interact with one another.
>I see a lot of people precomputing bounding boxes, and meeting
>many positional problems.
Why computing bounding boxes, with HTML
the table WILL scale to the largest cell, so there's no need.
>>So why should you calculate such stupid things in SVG,
>>it doesn't make sense, at least not to me.
>I'm still not sure you've fully appreciated SVG's aims - the key one being
>_identical rendering_.
Yes, this is something cool, but you will get identical rendering on bitmap
And scalable rendering on standard HTML.
>You also introduce huge difficulties in authoring
>due to the painters model features of SVG (to put something on-top of
>something else, you have it later in the file) with dynamic layout this is
>going to be near impossible, unless instead of a grid we get a 3d
>structure. *
No, even with layers it doesn't matter and works well,
since the viewer move the entire thing not just one layer,
while you can move one layer in between like the w3c svg testbench.
>>>Yes, this is quite normal and currently well supported,
>>>look at the viewbox attribute.
>>I'll look into it.
>>If you have an example at an URL, please provide it.
>I strongly recommend you read the specifications, whilst occasionally
>confusing to the point of misleading, and many times difficult to read,
>still tell you everything you can do with SVG.
I read two books on SVG and some of the documentation,
but the big problem is that SVG tutorials looks like
a cartoonist/flash/animation approach,
I'm trying to do some 'SERIOUS' work using SVG, not funny stuff.
>This circle, scales nicely to the size of the window:
>
>
>>>No, words are words, they're very different from images, and very
>>>importantly so, letters are just images certainly, but words and
>>>sentances are not.
>>Well, if letters are images,
>>a set of letter is also a set of image
>>and therefore, an image. =P
>No, a collection of images clearly has meaning beyong the individual
>Doug has rightly corrected me in that letters are not simply images, only
>the images used to symbolise those letters are (the glyphs)
True, but sometimes text-selection should be prohibited temporarily or
For instance, on buttons or while doing a drag and drop.
You don't want a user to highlight text on a damn button or picture,
this is


text:
4 Causes Program Overview
The San Ramon Valley Education Foundation has identified four major causes to rally around. They are STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics), Literacy, Classrooms of the Future and Professional Development.
Our Major Gifts and Endowment Fund raises money to support Science and Professional Development. Read with SRVEF raises money to support Literacy and our Friends of the Foundation Annual Campaign raises money to support technology to help complete more Classrooms of the Future at every school in the district. Revenue from our remaining fundraisers support STEM and our educator grant program, which is has been at the core of our fundraising for the past 30 years.
All of the Education Fund's programming is geared toward a common goal: improving student success in San Ramon Valley public schools. Because no single effort can yield the results we seek, the Education Fund utilizes a multi-faceted approach. Our range of programs focuses on:
- Educators. Our programs for educators promote leadership, professional development and collaboration among teachers and help to enhance and enrich their teaching experience.
- Volunteers. Our volunteer program places and supports volunteers directly in schools, drawing on the skills, talents and dedication of community members, local organizations and businesses to meet student and teacher needs.
- Students. Our programs explore problems facing youth today and believe youth are capable leaders who can be effective allies for their peers.
- Partners. Our strategic partnerships leverage the collective resources of the San Ramon Valley community to provide the greatest opportunities for all students to succeed.


Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art: The Dinner Party: Heritage Floor: Catherine Greene
signature image
Judy Chicago (American, b. 1939). The Dinner Party (Heritage Floor; detail), 1974–79. Porcelain with rainbow and gold luster, 48 x 48 x 48 ft. (14.6 x 14.6 x 14.6 m). Brooklyn Museum, Gift of the Elizabeth A. Sackler Foundation, 2002.10. © Judy Chicago. Photograph by Jook Leung Photography
Catherine Greene
b. 1755, Block Island, Rhode Island; d. 1814, Cumberland Island, Georgia
Catherine Greene was married to the Revolutionary War hero Nathanael Greene. In 1783, they settled on a plantation in Georgia, where he died three years later of sunstroke. Catherine assumed management of the plantation, Mulberry Grove, and around 1792 took in as a boarder Eli Whitney, who in 1794 patented the cotton gin, a machine for separating cotton from its seeds. There has been a long debate in historical literature on Catherine Greene's role in the invention of the cotton gin. Three scenarios have been proposed: first, that Greene, not Whitney, was the true inventor; second, that she solved a critical problem that paved the way for Whitney's invention; and third, that she made no technical contribution whatsoever. Scenario 1 was first proposed in 1890; modern scholarship almost universally supports scenario 3. What is known is that Greene provided financial backing and a workshop; that she had more experience than Whitney with cotton and the problem to be solved (de-seeding); that Greene had to sell Mulberry Grove to offset the costs of lawsuits arising from patent disputes; and that Whitney paid her royalties on his patent. None of these definitively prove or disprove any of the scenarios. Greene moved to a new plantation on Cumberland Island in Georgia with her second huband and remained there for the rest of her life.
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