x match ARG in BODY This analogy should be treated with caution. For one thing, our 'letrec' allowed us to define recursive functions in which the name 'x' appeared within 'ARG', but we wanted it there to be bound to the very same 'ARG'. We're not ready to deal with recursive functions in the lambda calculus yet. For another, we defined 'let' in terms of *values*: we said that the variable 'x' was bound to whatever *value* 'ARG' *evaluated to*. At this point, it's not clear what the values are in the lambda calculus. We only have expressions. (Though there was a suggestive remark earlier about some of the expressions but not others being called "value terms".) So perhaps we should translate '((\x BODY) ARG)' in purely syntactic terms, like: "let 'x' be replaced by 'ARG' in 'BODY'"? Most problematically, in the lambda calculus, an abstract such as '(\x (x x))' is perfectly well-formed and coherent, but it is not possible to write a 'let' expression that does not have an 'ARG'. That would be like: 'let x match' *missing* 'in x x' Nevertheless, the correspondence is close enough that it can guide our intuition.


6 Top Sensory Changes you can make to your Home to Help your Child
6 top sensory changes
Sensory Integration Therapy and a sensory diet (targeted sensory activities throughout the day) are effective in reducing children with Sensory processing difficulties and Autism responses to everyday sensory experiences. However I am also an advocate of adapting the environment and activity to match the person's sensory preferences.
As adults, we choose environments and activities that suit our sensory preferences.
If your 'modulator' likes noisy environments you may prefer an open plan office, or having music on while you work. You may prefer to have your breaks alone or go for a walk if your modulator is more sensitive. As an adult we can modify or change the environment to suit our needs which helps us function at our best.
A mismatch between the environment and our sensory system usually results in a feeling of stress.
For example, my modulator prefers quiet, clutter free environments. During Christmas shopping, the busy, chaotic shops usually paired with blaring Christmas music is too much for my modulator and after a short while I start to feel irritated and a need to go home!
Feeling of stress
Children on the other hand, don't tend to have as much control over their environments and less choice about when to leave or how to adapt them to suit their sensory preferences.
This also links with my previous blog on the relationship between sensory issues and anxiety i.e. sensory stress can cause more anxiety which can cause more sensitivity to sensation…
Children sensory issues
So, here are my top 6 tips for changing the environment or activity to match the person's modulator.
 1. LightingHave a look at the colours,lighting layout, organization of the roomAre there a lot of distractions? Could a distraction free zone be created within the room?.
 2. NoiseBackground noise can cause a huge stress on sensitive modulators. Scan the environment for potential sources of noise such as buzzing lights, extractor fans. The child may wish to wear blockout headphones during especially noisy activities.
 3. Visual schedulesIf the child can anticipate what is coming up next and have as much information about an activity it will be less stressful. Visual pictures schedules can really help with this.
 4. Change of environmentSometimes a completely new environment can decrease the sensory/anxiety cycle e.g. brushing teeth in the kitchen sink, lunch in the conservatory, homework in the bedroom. There may be a subtle sensory stress that your sensory system does not register but which is placing stress on the child. Try a different room and see if it helps.
 5. Modify the activityIf a specific activity such as wearing socks is causing the child stress, rather matching the activity to the child e.g. buying seem-less socks, flavourless toothpaste, tagless t-shirts.
 6. ChoiceAs I already mentioned, giving children choice helps reduce stress, but it also validates children's preferences. The aim of the 'modulator' analogy in by book is that the child doesn't feel to blame for having difficult in school. Every modulator is different.
It is my belief that if there were more options for different learning and play environments, we would not need to use terms such as disorder, difficulties and differences as our world could accommodate diversity!
modulators different
Max and Me, a Story about Sensory Processing
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and Robin, narrating the tale of their meeting and first date, but ends with Future Ted telling his kids "that's how I met your Aunt Robin," and promising that the true story of meeting their mother will take awhile.
¶ 9 Leave a comment on paragraph 9 4 HIMYM uses its retrospective frame story to create an embedded narrative enigma of the mother's identity, with key unknowns lodged in the temporal gap between 2030 and the present day story starting in 2005. This flashback narration creates the sense that standard forward-moving narrative statements in the present day story can function as narrative enigmas due to the additional information provided by Future Ted. As the first season progresses with Ted pursuing a relationship with Robin, we know from the pilot's future reveal that this is not the titular relationship motivating the frame story, and are thus encouraged to analyze the ongoing series for potential clues as to the Mother's identity, a task that forensic fans have taken on via discussion forums and sites like the HIMYM wiki. While these embedded enigmas are not the conspiratorial mysteries found more commonly on dramas like The X-Files or Lost, they do provide a point of engagement for many fans, adding a layer of reflexive analysis for fans to discuss, and pointing toward the operational aesthetic in focusing viewers on the program's storytelling mechanics via its self-conscious narrative devices, playful reversals, and nearly endless deferment of the title's promised plotline. This storytelling structure serves to differentiate HIMYM from other shows about a group of white friends in their late-20s hanging out in New York, most notably Friends, as the show can mix that well-established formula with more complex narrative devices to engage viewers in both the operational aesthetic and long-term enigmas. The pilot sets this stage effectively and efficiently, both educating viewers on the show's intrinsic norms and central characters, and inspiring us to keep viewing both for its effective use of comedy and reflexive narrative enigmas.
¶ 10 Leave a comment on paragraph 10 2 Dramas can similarly establish their narrative norms quickly within a pilot. Alias opens with a scene of Sydney Bristow with bright red hair being beaten and tortured by Chinese soldiers as they all argue in unsubtitled Mandarin. The scene plays out for a minute, ending with her handcuffed to a chair staring at a door where seemingly her interrogator will arrive. We then cut to another door, where a stereotypically crusty professor enters into a wood paneled classroom to collect exams from students, including a brown-haired, healthy Sydney Bristow. The story proceeds forward from this point without clear temporal, spatial or character orientation to explain this transformation, allowing viewers to piece it together as the episode continues and we realize that Sydney is both an astoundingly proficient and stylish secret agent (who ends up imprisoned in Taiwan on a mission at the episode's climax), and a down-to-earth graduate student. These opening moments teach us to expect disorientation (both temporal and linguistic), a strategy that the pilot script by J.J. Abrams makes clear is by design: it describes the arrival of the professor with the staging directions, "Is this a flashback? A flash-forward? All answers in time. But meanwhile…" This moment also instructs us to anticipate unexpected and unexplained juxtapositions between Sydney's dual careers—from the start, such purposeful confusion is established as one of Alias's intrinsic norms, as the program invites us to keep watching and pay attention to try to sort it all out, a mode of engagement that becomes more essential as the plots twist and reverse throughout the pilot and subsequent episodes. This device of starting a pilot at a moment of climax and looping back to explain how we arrived at this point has become popular for many complex series, including Breaking Bad, Damages, and Veronica Mars, as discussed more below.
¶ 11 Leave a comment on paragraph 11 0 Other dramas use their opening moments to establish their own unconventional intrinsic norms. Pushing Daisies opens with a shot of an exaggeratedly lush field of bright yellow daisies, with a young boy and his dog running in slow motion. A British man's voiceover says, "At this very moment in the town of Couer d'Couers, Young Ned was 9 years, 27 weeks, 6 days, and 3 minutes old. His dog Digby was 3 years, 2 weeks, 6 days, 5 hours and 9 minutes old…. And not a minute older." At that moment, Digby is hit by a truck, marking a clear tonal blend of lush stylized beauty and stark presentation of death, as framed by a storybook-style narrative voice, juxtapositions that proved to be a hallmark for the series. The narrator is a key intrinsic norm, providing an authoritative voice from outside the storyworld to allow for swift and densely-packed narrative momentum, while providing specific details (like the precise age of characters), often prefaced with the phrase, "The facts were these." The sequence goes on to explain the precise premise for the supernatural scenario, with Ned's gift to reanimate the dead with a touch and the rule that another touch would kill the reanimated person or animal, while portraying the emotionally scarring moments from his youth where he learned about his power. Pushing Daisies's "Pie-lette" faces the challenge of needing to convey a very elaborate fantasy premise, establish an unconventional storytelling mode and visual style, and create a compelling emotional hook to a show that could otherwise be seen as a whimsical novelty. It succeeds in all of these tasks, while also creating a core model of weekly mysteries layered with larger character and plot arcs, as well as distinguishing itself as a truly unique program within a medium that rarely sees such distinctiveness in style. The most successful pilots announce what they are, providing a template for both the producers and viewers to move forward within the ongoing series.
¶ 12 Leave a comment on paragraph 12 4 Some pilots establish themselves clearly in some ways, but confounding expectations in others. Terriers is one of the most critically adored single-season series of recent vintage, with a distinct tone and style that is clearly established in the opening of the pilot—the episode starts with scruffy friends Hank and Britt chatting idly about being broke and having songs stuck in your head, as they prepare for some sort of job, seemingly as part of a pool service business but revealing itself to be a theft of a man's dog. One of these idle topics turns out to be more consequential in the long run, as Hank recalls finding an empty carton of milk in his fridge but cannot remember drinking it—although he attributes this to early senility, in future episodes we learn that his sister is actually secretly living in his attic. Such subtle cues toward future plot developments are central to Terriers's storytelling mode, where shaggy, loose banter often contains important narrative information that reveals itself in hindsight. The opening also speaks to one of the show's challenges in finding an audience, as the title seemed to indicate that it would be about dogs, and the initial dog-stealing caper might mislead viewers to think dogs will be a more central focus of the ongoing plot. The fact that they are low-rent private investigators who get embroiled in high-stakes real estate corruption is revealed quite slowly, as the pilot invites us to become part of their daily routine of witty banter and hustling for money, rather than get inspired by a compelling narrative hook. For many (including me), this was a more rewarding approach, as the palpable friendship drove the action that eventually become quite complex and narratively rich, but the show's minuscule ratings suggest that this appeal was far too narrow to sustain itself on commercial television.
¶ 13 Leave a comment on paragraph 13 0 Sometimes a pilot presents its intrinsic norms in ways that viewers might not recognize as such, especially when they involve episodic routines. Six Feet Under's pilot opens with family patriarch Nathaniel Fisher dying in a brutal automobile accident, with the rest of the episode portraying the consequences of his death upon his family and their funeral home business. As the series goes on, it becomes clear that Nathaniel's death was the first of a pattern: every episode begins with someone's death, who becomes that week's stand-alone plot for the Fisher family business. Later the pattern becomes more elaborate, with misdirections and thwarted expectations, occasional deaths of characters already seen in the series, and one exceptional birth, but the pattern was launched in the pilot's opening minutes. Similarly, Lost's pilot established the structure of interwoven flashbacks off the island—in the pilot, it was just to the airplane prior to it crashing, focused on three characters' perspectives, but that model clearly couldn't be sustained for long. Going forward, most episodes centered flashbacks on one characters' pre-island life interwoven with the more recent island events, until the end of the third season radically altered Lost's storytelling structure. Nevertheless, the pilot developed the intrinsic norm that we would leave the island to expand the time and space seen within the series, and established the visual and sonic cues for how the program switches to and from flashbacks.
¶ 14 Leave a comment on paragraph 14 0 An interesting recent series highlights the challenges and possibilities of complex drama pilots in teaching us how to watch and inspiring us to keep watching, as Awake debuted in spring 2012 with a highly-acclaimed first episode. Some programs face the burden of explaining their defining high concept, and the premise of Awake is seriously high concept: police detective Michael Britten gets into a deadly car accident with his family, and when he sleeps, he switches between a reality where his wife was killed but his teenage son survived, and one where his son died but his wife didn't

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Dick Eastman's Genealogy Newsletter had a post this week about the courses being offered for free through the LDS Church's FamilySearch.org website. I decided to see if they had anything available to assist Portuguese researchers.
I found they have three courses under Reading Handwritten Records Series:
This lesson covers the basics on the way the Portuguese write letters. I thought the examples of each letter were very good. This lesson runs 20 minutes. There is also a PDF file with letter examples.
This lesson covers months, days, years, and common words found in Portuguese records. There are also question and answer sections so you can test your knowledge. This lesson runs 25 minutes. There are three handouts in PDF format for dates, keywords, and abbreviations.
This lesson covers the actual records one might encounter in Portuguese research. It walks you through examples of real records. It even shows you the actual text of documents line by line. This lesson runs 25 minutes.
I haven't gone through these lessons in their entirety. But, from what I saw they are presented very well. The audio compliments the text.
If you are starting with Portuguese records, or find yourself having difficulty understand the old handwriting, give this course a try.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Editor's Note: In today's United States, is being black determined by the color of your skin, by your family, by what society says or something else? Soledad O'Brien reports "Who Is Black in America?" on CNN at 8 p.m. ET/PT Sunday, December 15.
By Moni Basu, CNN
(CNN) – What is black? Race. Culture. Consciousness. History. Heritage.
A shade darker than brown? The opposite of white?
Who is black? In America, being black has meant having African ancestry.
But not everyone fits neatly into a prototypical model of "blackness."
Scholar Yaba Blay explores the nuances of racial identity and the influences of skin color in a project called (1)ne Drop, named after a rule in the United States that once mandated that any person with "one drop of Negro blood" was black. Based on assumptions of white purity, it reflects a history of slavery and Jim Crow segregation.
In its colloquial definition, the rule meant that a person with a black relative from five generations ago was also considered black.
One drop was codified in the 1920 Census and became pervasive as courts ruled on it as a principle of law. It was not deemed unconstitutional until 1967.
Blay, a dark-skinned daughter of Ghanian immigrants, had always been able to clearly communicate her racial identity. But she was intrigued by those whose identity was not always apparent. Her project focuses on a diverse group of people – many of whom are mixed race - who claim blackness as their identity.
That identity is expanding in America every day. Blay's intent was to spark dialogue and see the idea of being black through a whole new lens.
"What's interesting is that for so long, the need to define blackness has originated from people who were not themselves black, and their need to define it stemmed from their need to control it," says Blay.
Blackness, she says, isn't so easily defined by words. What is blackness for one person may not necessarily be that for another.
"And that's fine," Blay says. "Personally, my blackness is reflective of my ancestry, my culture and my inheritance."
"Black," in reference to people and identity, she says, is worthy of capitalization. Otherwise, black is just another color in the box of crayons. (CNN, like other news organizations, does not capitalize black or white.)
CNN interviewed some of the people who participated in Blay's project to find out how they view themselves. What follows are their insights into race and identity.
Black and white
California author Kathleen Cross, 50, remembers taking a public bus ride with her father when she was 8. Her father was noticeably uncomfortable that black kids in the back were acting rowdy. He muttered under his breath: "Making us look bad."
She understood her father was ashamed of those black kids, that he fancied himself not one of them.
"My father was escaping blackness," she says. "He didn't like for me to have dark-skinned friends. He never said it. But I know."
She asked him once if she had ancestors from Africa. He got quiet. Then, he said: "Maybe, Northern Africa."
"He wasn't proud of being black," she says.
Cross' black father and her white mother never married. Fair-skinned, blue-eyed Cross was raised in a diverse community.
Later, she found herself in situations where she felt shunned by black people. Even light-skinned black people thought she was white.
"Those who relate to the term 'black' as a descriptor of color are unlikely to accept me as black," she says. "If they relate to the term 'black' as a descriptor of culture, history and ancestry, they have no difficulty seeing me as black."
At one time in her life, she wished she were darker - she might have even swallowed a pill to give her instant pigment if there were such a thing. She even wrote about being "trapped in the body of a white woman." She didn't want to "represent the oppressor."
She no longer thinks that way.
She doesn't like to check the multiracial box. "It erases everything," she says.
She doesn't like biracial, either. Or mixed. It's not her identity.
"There's only one race," she says, "and that's the human race."
"I am a descendant of a stolen African and Irish and English immigrants. That makes me black - and white - in America.
Blackness and culture?
Biany Perez, 31, loves Michael Jackson but she doesn't know the Jackson Five. She didn't know that "Good Times" was a television show about a black family struggling to survive in south Chicago. Nor was she able to pick up certain colloquialisms in the English spoken by the black kids in the Bronx, where she grew up the daughter of Dominican parents.
Some people questioned Perez's blackness because she didn't fit into their definition of black.
She spoke only Spanish at home. She watched Telemundo and listened to Puerto Rican boy band Menudo.
She wasn't black enough because she was Latina and not Latina enough because she was black.
"The way I look shakes the image of Latina," says Perez, a program manager at a nonprofit in Philadelphia. "As I started getting older, I felt more comfortable in my skin."
Now, she calls herself Afro-Domincan.
"I think black is a broader definition I also embrace," she says. "Black is more than just saying that I am an African in America. It's political.
"It's about me connecting myself to my ancestors."
For Perez, black is about empowerment.
Creole identity is a complicated thing in Louisiana, says Kristina Robinson, 29, of New Orleans.
It's an ethnicity, a cultural designation for people descended from colonial settlers in Louisiana, mainly of French and Latin lineage.
The term Creole was claimed by the French and Spanish settlers in colonial times but it also referred to Africans and people who were a mixture of races. Those mixed-race descendants became a unique racial group and sometimes even included Native American heritage.
But in popular representation, Robinson says Creole has come to be defined as skin color.
She doesn't want to deny the rich Creole history but she doesn't identify as such if it means moving away from her blackness.
Black people think that her embrace of Creole means a rejection of being black.
"I never wanted to distance myself from my black ancestors," says the creative writing graduate student at Dillard University.
"They are the ones who claim me."
In her light skin, Robinson understands the insidious ways of colorism, a system in which light skin is valued more than dark skin.
"Colorism is a major problem within the Creole community and the black community," she says. "It's underdiscussed. It's perplexing and vexing how to work out this idea. I can see how the one drop rule is why we have so much colorism in our society.
"One drop is a lie," she says. "Black plus white doesn't equal black or it doesn't equal white. It equals black plus white."
She calls herself black. But other people think she is from India or the Middle East, especially in her academic work environment, where she does not have black colleagues.
"The assumption is I am not black," she says.
Ultimately, she believes environment plays a big role in identity.
Few people, she says, think that of her sister. One reason may be that her sister has more of a button nose. But another reason is that she works in a field with more black people, whereas Robinson finds herself in academic settings where she is the sole black woman.
Robinson acknowledges her lighter skin gives her privilege in a color-conscious society.
"But in those situations where you have to identify yourself and you choose to identify yourself as white - there's a big denial going on there.
"I do think it's troublesome when someone who is of mixed race chooses to deny that part of them that was oppressed," she says.
Race equals identity, or not?
Race is a social construct; identity is personal.
That's how James Bartlett, 31, views it.
"I'm black, I'm biracial," he says of his black father and Irish mother, who met and married in Louisville, Kentucky, just a few years after a 1967 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that made anti-miscegenation laws unconstitutional.
He was raised in an all-black neighborhood; his mother was the only white person on the block.
"I interchanged between saying I am biracial and I am black," he says. "The culture I live in is black. I felt black because black people considered me black. That was because of the one drop rule."
But later, when he went to Ghana, the locals thought he was from Lebanon. Kids called him "Oburoni," the word for a white man.
Bartlett felt as though he were being told he was not who he really was even before he could interact with them, as though they were taking away his black identity.
"It put me on the complete opposite side of the coin," Bartlett says. "The first reaction was to put me in a box."
In America, people thought of him as a lot of things but not usually straight-up white.
"It's difficult for me to separate race and identity," says Bartlett, the newly named executive director of the Museum of Contemporary Diasporan African Arts in Brooklyn.
He is black, he says, because he didn't grow up with white privilege. What is that? The freedom, he replies, to not have to address race.
"I definitely didn't grow up with that," he


Feature to generate Config File in PSLab Android application
In this blog, I will explain the feature to generate "Config File" in PSLab Android Application
What is a Config File?
The main aim of this feature is to make PSLab board a self data logger, which would read user-defined configs from a config file stored on SD card connected to PSLab board and based on instrument, parameters and time interval stored in config file PSLab board would automatically log those values.
Now as the first step of this feature, an option is added to PSLab Android application, where user can create a config file. User can select an instrument, parameters associated with that instrument and time interval. With this feature, user can easily generate a config file which can later be used by PSLab board for logging.
User Interface
The option to generate a config file is given in the side navigation menu on the main screen.
(Figure 1: Generate Config file menu)
Once the user selects the "Generate Config File" option, the user will be directed to the following screen where user can create a config file with intended parameters
(Figure 2: Generate Config File UI)
As can be seen in the screenshot above the user can select instruments for which the config file needs to be created from a drop-down menu. User can specify the time interval, for which the data should be logged by the PSLab board. Based on the instrument selected by the user corresponding parameters will be shown at the bottom. User can select whichever parameters are required and click on "CREATE CONFIG FILE" button and a config file will be saved on device local storage.
A config file for Oscilloscope with 25-sec interval and CH1, CH2 and CH3 parameters would look something like below,
(Figure 3: Sample config File )
When a user clicks on Create Config File button, First we check whether the user has provided a time interval, if not a toast message appears to let the user know that time interval is missing. This is done using the following lines of code,
createConfigFileBtn.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
 public void onClick(View v) {
 interval = intervalEditText.getText().toString();
 if (interval.length() == 0) {
 Toast.makeText(CreateConfigActivity.this, getResources().getString(R.string.no_interval_message), Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
Once the user sets the time interval and selects the parameters, the following lines of code generates a string array containing params selected by the user.
ArrayList selectedParamsList = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < paramsListContainer.getChildCount(); i ++) {
 CheckBox checkBox = (CheckBox) paramsListContainer.getChildAt(i);
 if (checkBox.isChecked()) {
After we have the list of selected parameters we call the following function to create the config file
private void createConfigFile(ArrayList params) {
 String instrumentName = instrumentsList.get(selectedItem);
 String fileName = "pslab_config.txt";
 String basepath = Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory().getAbsolutePath();
 File baseDirectory = new File(basepath + File.separator + CSVLogger.CSV_DIRECTORY);
 if (!baseDirectory.exists()) {
 try {
 } catch (Exception e) {
 File configFile = new File(basepath + File.separator + CSVLogger.CSV_DIRECTORY + File.separator + fileName);
 if (!configFile.exists()) {
 try {
 } catch (IOException e) {
 try {
 FileWriter writer = new FileWriter(configFile);
 writer.write("instrument: " + instrumentName + "\n");
 writer.write("interval: " + interval + " " + intervalUnit + "\n");
 String param = String.join(",", params);
 writer.write("params: " + param);
 CustomSnackBar.showSnackBar(rootView, getString(R.string.file_created_success_message), null, null, Snackbar.LENGTH_SHORT);
 } catch (IOException e) {
 CustomSnackBar.showSnackBar(rootView, getString(R.string.file_created_fail_message), null, null, Snackbar.LENGTH_SHORT);
In the first part of this function, we check whether there exists a PSLab directory in the local storage of the device, if not the directory is created. After that, we create a file named "pslab_config.txt". After that, we use FileWriter to write data to the file.
In a nutshell with this feature user can create config files easily. The following GIF demonstrated this functionality.
(Figure 4: GIF of the functionality)
Tags: PSLab, Android, GSoC 19, Config File, data logger
Continue Reading Feature to generate Config File in PSLab Android application
Gas sensor (MQ-135) support In PSLab Android application
Along with lots of sensors provided in the PSLab Android application, recently support for a new sensor – MQ-135 gas sensor has been added to the app. In this blog, I will discuss what is this gas sensor and how to use it with PSLab Android application
MQ-135 Gas sensor
The MQ-135 gas sensors are used in air quality control equipment and are suitable for detecting or measuring of NH3, NOx, Alcohol, Benzene, Smoke, CO2.
The Pin layout of MQ-135 sensor
(Figure 1: MQ-135 pin layout)
How to Connect MQ-135 to PSLab Board
The following diagram shows how a user can connect MQ-135 sensor to a PSLab Board.
(Figure 2: MQ-135 and PSLab connections)
As can be seen in the diagram above connect Voltage pin of MQ-135 sensor to one of the VDD pins on the PSLab board. Connect the Ground pin of MQ-135 sensor to one of GND pins on the PSLab board. And connect Analog Output pin to CH1 pin on the PSLab board. Once these connections are made user can connect PSLab board to their mobile phone and start reading data using Gas Sensor instrument in PSLab Android application
Gas Sensor Instrument in PSLab Android Application
To provide users an interface to read values collected by MQ-135 sensor connected to PSLAb board, a new instrument screen has been added to the PSLab Android application. The UI of the screen is shown below,
(Figure 3: Gas Sensor instrument UI)
As can be seen, the user is provided with a circular meter, a text box and a graph, all of which indicates the amount of different gases sensed by MQ-135 in PPM (parts per million) unit. The data is collected by very simple lines of codes. Since we are connecting Analog Output of MQ-135 to CH1 on PSLab board, we need to read the voltage at CH1 pin. Which would be in the range of 0 – input voltage (which is 3.3V in our case). To convert the voltage values to PPM, we map these output voltages to a range of 0 – 1024. This is done by following lines of code.
double volt = scienceLab.getVoltage("CH1", 1);
double ppmValue = (volt / 3.3) * 1024.0;
As provided in all the other instruments in PSLab Android application, Gas Sensor also has data logging and importing feature. User can record the data and store it as a CSV file and import previously recorded data into the PSLab application easily.
So in conclusion, now users can utilize and experiment with MQ-135 sensor effortlessly using PSLab Android application.
A working demo of this feature can be seen in the following video
Tags: PSLab, Android, GSoC 19, Sensors, Gas Sensor, MQ-135
Continue Reading Gas sensor (MQ-135) support In PSLab Android application
Two flavors of PSLab Android App to support Google Maps (in Play Store flavor) and Open Street maps (in Fdroid flavor)
What are the flavors of an App? And why are they needed in PSLab Android App?
While working on the PSLab Android Project, I ran into the need to create different variants of the app with different dependencies. In this blog, I have tried to explain the process of creating various flavors of the app in the easiest way possible.
Android Allows Developers to create different variants of the same app with the same code base but having some functionalities different across the variants. These functionalities may include some special/pro features, some different dependencies, etc. Such variants are called flavors of the App. Most common flavors are Paid and Free version of the app.
In the PSLab Android Application, we needed to generate flavors, when we required to use Google Maps in the App. The app is also published on the Fdroid, which doesn't allow dependencies of Google Maps. Hence 2 flavors of the app have been created,
 1. Play Store Flavor (With Google Maps)
 2. F-Droid Flavor (With Open Street Maps)
Declaring Flavors in the build.gradle File
In order to create flavors of the app, first, we need to declare flavors in the Gradle file. In PSLab Android app we are creating 2 flavors, which are declared in the build.gradle file as under
flavorDimensions 'default'
productFlavors {
 fdroid {
 dimension = 'default'
 playstore {
 dimension = 'default'
flavorDimensions is used to package flavors if there are many flavors for an App. Since we have only two flavors fdroid and playstore, hence we are using single dimension default for both the flavors. Once this has been added to the build.gradle file we need to sync the gradle.
After the Sync is complete, if we open


Permacultures #5:!Mediengruppe Bitnik
In search of the parasite in media-based Systems.
During their three month residency at SPACE,!Mediengruppe Bitnik will investigate the parasitical potential of media-based systems. The main focus of their project The Parasite's Delights is on experimental explorative practices with technology and determining the possibilities of technological systems for subverting, interfering, transforming or expanding them to new uses.
How can broadcasting systems be reconfigured into participative media?
What other messages than the ones designated will communications media allow?
How can media systems be used to provide access to closed circuits?
Their critical examination will culminate in an intervention in the Courtyard at SPACE in September 2010.


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Sometimes laws with good intentions have unintended consequences. Such is the case with the Credit CARD Act of 2009. It was meant to protect people from deceptive credit card practices and to help keep college students from getting themselves into too much debt. Before the act, students could apply for credit and include their parents' income as their own, which made them eligible for big limits they could ill afford. In an effort to "rescue" them the law required those under 21 to either list their own income, or get a co-signer.
However, last spring, the Federal Reserve set forth that the provision would apply to everyone, dependents or equal partners in a household. Simply put, those without a paycheck would not get a credit card. As a result of the change, a stay-at-home parent must ask for her partner's permission to get a credit card.
—Forbes' Sheryl Nance-Nash is really good at explaining things, like: how the CARD act goofed by making it impossible for stay-at-home moms (or dads) to get their own lines of credit based on household income. There are workarounds: In community property states, you can legally declare your spouse's income as your own, or you can get your spouse to co-sign. But that's problematic if your spouse is abusive and trying to keep you away from money, which is a thing that some people do to other people. Activists are on the case.


text:
Your child's first helicopter tour is an opportunity to cultivate a lifelong love for flying. While most children enjoy the thought of flying through the sky, your child may still need some help in preparation for their big day. As your helicopter ride over NYC draws near, you can use these tips to help them feel confident when they board a helicopter for the first time.
Get Them Excited About the Sights
New York City has always held a sense of mystique to kids. Not only is the Big Apple a common setting for movies and comics, but kids also hear their teachers talk about the rich history of the area. If your child is old enough, then help them do some research about the sights that you expect to see. For instance, you could look up how tall the Empire State Building is, or your child might want to learn some interesting facts about Ellis Island. Younger children may enjoy looking at on-ground pictures that they can compare those photos to their experience in the air.
Give them a Safety Briefing
Our helicopter tours are safe for kids of all ages, but everyone must follow a few basic safety rules. If your child is older than two, then they must sit in their own seat per FAA regulations. While most kids look forward to this experience, yours may need to be prepped if they are used to sitting in your lap. You'll also want to remind your child to just follow your directions and listen to the pilot. They'll handle things such as opening the doors when the ride is over so that your family can just sit back and enjoy the ride.
Discuss the On-Boarding Procedure
Kids sometimes have preferences about where they would like to sit, but helicopters must be loaded a certain way to distribute weight properly. Let your child know that the onboarding crew will try to give them the best seat possible, but that they need to go along with wherever they are placed. If your child is particularly nervous about sitting next to strangers, then consider planning a trip for just the two of you. Our NYC helicopter tours provide a quieter and calmer experience for young kids that may react to being in a crowd.
Talk About Turbulence
Air travel today is certainly the best it has ever been, but helicopter rides are sometimes not perfectly smooth. Talk to your child about turbulence, and remind them that the little bumps and shakes they feel in the air are just part of the ride. Remember to talk about this with some excitement, and reassure your child that helicopter tours only take place when the weather conditions are safe.
Show Them How to Use Their Camera
Cameras and photo-taking are highly encouraged on family air tours of NYC. Before the trip, give your child an age-appropriate camera that they can use to snap their own in-air pics. They'll be excited to be able to take their own pictures, and you'll all enjoy seeing what they capture after the tour. Introducing your child to the world of air travel is exciting, and a tour of NYC is something that they'll never forget. Remember that your child looks to you for cues on how to react so share your excitement as you all get ready to board for your tour on the helipad.


Is Coffee Bad for Dogs?
Coffee is bad for dogs. It can not only give dogs diarrhea, but it can also make them throw up. Coffee is not something that dogs should have as part of their diet.
1 Additional Answer Answer for: is coffee bad for dogs
It is not safe for dogs to drink coffee, tea or any other caffeine.
Caffeine in large enough quantities can be fatal for a dog. And, there is no antidote. Symptoms of caffeine poisoning include restlessness, rapid breathing, heart palpitations, muscle tremors... More >>
Foods Dogs Should Not Eat:
Q&A Related to "Is Coffee Bad for Dogs?"
Coffee is not necessarily bad for you, only if you drink too much, have an ulcer or other stomach problems, or if you're sensitive to caffeine. Coffee contains antioxidants and can
Yes. Coffee contains caffeine, theobromine, or theophylline, which can be toxic to dogs &
1. Pour 1 pound of low-quality ground coffee into a large pitcher. Add 2 1/2 to 3 1/2 quarts of water, depending on how strong you want your concentrate to be. Stir with a long spoon
Yes, it is bad, Caffine is not good for them at all.
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text:
Distributed SECONDO: A Highly Available and Scalable System for Spatial Data Processing
Cassandra is a highly available and scalable data store but it provides only limited capabilities for data analyses. However, database management systems (DBMS) provide a lot of functions to analyze data but most of them scale poorly. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to couple Cassandra with a DBMS. The result is a highly available and scalable system that provides all the functions from the DBMS in a distributed manner. Cassandra is used as a data store and the DBMS Secondo is used as a query processing engine. Secondo is an extensible DBMS, it provides various data models, e.g. models for spatial data and moving objects data. With Distributed Secondo functions like spatial joins can be performed distributed and parallelized on many computers.
- 1.Güting, R.H., Behr, T., Düntgen, C.: SECONDO: a platform for moving objects database research and for publishing and integrating research implementations. IEEE Data Eng. Bull. 33(2), 56–63 (2010)Google Scholar
- 2.Lu, J., Güting, R.H.: Parallel SECONDO: a practical system for large-scale processing of moving objects. In: IEEE 30th International Conference on Data Engineering, Chicago, ICDE, pp. 1190–1193 (2014)Google Scholar
- 3.Dean, J., Ghemawat, S.: MapReduce: simplified data processing on large clusters. In: Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, OSDI 2004, vol. 6, San Francisco, pp, 137–150 (2004)Google Scholar
- 7.Open Street Map. _URL_


text:
EḴTĪĀRĀT (choices, elections), a term used in Islamic divination and astrology in at least four principle meanings:
1. It refers to hemerologies in which each of the thirty days of a month, either synodic or conventional (e.g., the Persian hemerology), is characterized as being good (saʿd) or bad (naḥs) for undertaking specified activities. 2. The goodness or badness of the time for activities depends on the lunar station (manzel al-qamar) occupied by the moon. 3. The goodness or badness of the time for activities depends on the zodiacal sign occupied by the moon. 4. The type of astrology usually denominated catarchic (ḥokm al-nojūm) is often associated with the word eḵtīārāt; in Islamic astrology, following a Sasanian precedent, this is confounded with interrogations (masāʾel).
1. The earliest hemerologies are those of Mesopotamia, in which each day of each month is usually given a religious significance as well as a number of activities to be undertaken or avoided (Labat, 1939). There also exists a far simpler form in which each day in each month is either favorable or unfavorable, or is associated with a single activity (Labat, 1943; for further Mesopotamian sources see Reiner, pp. 111-12). A Persian hemerology that may be related to this Mesopotamian tradition is found in the Andarz ī Ādurbād īMahraspandān (secs. 119-48, I, pp. 58-71, tr. in Zaehner, pp. 101-10). In this text the thirty days of a Persian month are identified by their associated deities, and one or two activities are advised to be engaged in or avoided on each. Perhaps related to a Persian tradition, though not to the Andarz of Ādurbād, is the Mandaean hemerology in chapter 8 of The Book of the Zodiac (Drower, pp. 88-92). This is a combination of three sources, excerpted for each of the thirty days of a month, and listing activities to be undertaken or avoided and prognostications for one who becomes ill and for one who is born on that day. Close to this is a Greek text published in Catalogus Codicum Astrologorum Graecorum (XI/1, pp. 134-44; this text cites Melampus, for whom see the lunarium conflated from Melampus and another "Egyptian" book in VIII/4, pp. 105-07).
Reflecting to some extent the contents of the Andarz of Ādurbād is an Arabic bookattributed to Imam Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq (see Sezgin, GAS VII, pp. 323-24, 373). It is also very close in content to the chapter of the Mandaean Book of the Zodiac referred to above; but in addition contains parts of the associations of the thirty days of the month with stories from the Old Testament found in many similar Byzantine hemerologies (Catalogus III, pp. 32-39, X, pp. 121-26, ascribed to David and Solomon, 196-200, 243-47, XI/2, pp. 157-62). The Mandaean and the Byzantine hemerologies along with Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq's Ketāb all share a common source.
Also attributed to Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq are the short hemerologies which, like the second Mesopotamian text (Labat, 1943), do little more than indicate that the day is favorable or unfavorable (see, e.g., Ruska,II, pp. 35-36; for similar works in Syriac and Greek, see Budge, II, pp. 557-59; CCAG 8/4, pp. 102-04). Ebied and Young (p. 296, n. 3) mention a long hemerology in Arabic attributed to Daniel, Salmān the Persian, and Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq, which, they say, has a number of features reflecting Zoroastrian concepts. They state that they are preparing an edition; it seems not yet to have appeared.
2. The second type of elections originated in India, where it is the basic form of their science of catarchic astrology (muhūrtaśāstra); there the operative variable is the nakṣatra in which the moon is located (Pingree, Jyotiḥśāstra,chap. 6, pp. 101-09). In Sasanian Persia there seems to have been an adaptation of this methodology in which the nakṣatras were given Persian names (for these names, see Henning, esp. pp. 242-46). Later, they were identified with the Arabic manāzel al-qamar; and there exists in the Ketāb al-bāreʿfī aḥkām al-nojūm of ʿAlī b. Abi'l-Rejāl (Sezgin, GAS VII, pp. 186-87), a chapter (21 of book 7) in which for each manzel (station) occupied by the moon are given the elections according to the Indians, to Dorotheus (in part concocted from the fifth book of his work), and to the Persians, as well as the fates of male and female natives and a description of the manzel's image for use in astral magic; there is a Byzantine translation of this astrological text (Catalogus IX/1, pp. 141-56). Such a text also appears in the Ḡāyat at al-ḥakīm ascribed to Abū Maslama Majrīṭī (ed. H. Ritter, Leipzig, 1933, bk. 1, chap. 4, pp. 14-26; Byzantine texts are found in Catalogus V/3, pp. 90-93, VIII/1, pp. 218-19).
3. The judgement that it is or it is not propitious to begin a specified activity when the moon is in a designated zodiacal sign occurs first in Akkadian texts of the Seleucid period (Reiner, pp.108-11). The principal Greek source of such teachings was the astrological poem of Dorotheus of Sidon (bk. 5 passim), which had been translated into Pahlavi in the third century, and from that language was translated into Arabic by ʿOmar b. Farroḵān Ṭabarī (Dorothei Sidonii Carmen Astrologicum, ed. D. Pingree, Leipzig, 1976) and, at least in part, by Māšāʾ-Allāh (D. Pingree, "Māshāʾallāh"). Other elements of this form of elections are found in the Apotelesmatica of Hephaestio of Thebes (ed. D. Pingree, Leipzig, 1973, bk. 3, chap. 5, pp. 240-51; cf. also Catalogus V/3, pp. 94-96). Hephaestio was read by Theophilus (Ṯawfīl b. Ṯūmā) of Edessa, and introduced by him to Māšāʾ-Allāh (both were at the ʿAbbasid court during the last half of the 8th century). From these Greek sources—Dorotheus and Hephaestio—, as filtered through Māšāʾ-Allāh, elections based on the zodiacal sign occupied by the moon became an integral part of astrology as practiced in the Islamic world. Thus, for example, Naṣīr-al-Dīn Ṭūsī came to write in Persian an Eḵtīārāt masīr al-qamar, otherwise known as the Eḵtīārāt-e qamar fī borūj-e eṯnay ʿašar (Storey, II, pp. 54-55).
4. Dorotheus of Sidon initiated a more complex method of practicing catarchic astrology in which the astrologer must search for the most propitious moment for undertaking an activity, basing his judgment on the full horoscope of that time. After this form of catarchic astrology reached India in the second century, it was paralleled by the Indian development of interrogational astrology (praśnajñāna), in which the judgment concerning an activity was based on the horoscope of the moment at which the question was posed to the astrologer. Both Indian muhūrtaśāstra and praśnajñāna were transmitted to Persia during the Sasanian era, and there blended with the Pahlavi translations of Dorotheus and Vettius Valens into an ambiguous science of elections, which was partly


Auxiliary constructions that yield spaces that are not CW complexes must be used on occasion. One basic result is that the representable functors on the homotopy category have a simple characterisation (the Brown representability theorem).
 - CW complexes are locally contractible.
 - CW complexes satisfy the Whitehead theorem: a map between CW complexes is a homotopy-equivalence if and only if it induces an isomorphism on all homotopy groups.
 - The product of two CW complexes can be made into a CW complex. Specifically, if X and Y are CW complexes, then one can form a CW complex X×Y in which each cell is a product of a cell in X and a cell in Y, endowed with the weak topology. The underlying set of X×Y is then the Cartesian product of X and Y, as expected. In addition, the weak topology on this set often agrees with the more familiar product topology on X×Y, for example if either X or Y is finite. However, the weak topology can be finer than the product topology if neither X nor Y is locally compact. In this unfavorable case, the product X×Y in the product topology is not a CW complex. On the other hand, the product of X and Y in the category of compactly generated spaces agrees with the weak topology and therefore defines a CW complex.
 - Let X and Y be CW complexes. Then the function spaces Hom(X,Y) (with the compact-open topology) are not CW complexes in general. If X is finite then Hom(X,Y) is homotopy equivalent to a CW complex by a theorem of John Milnor (1959).[6] Note that X and Y are compactly generated Hausdorff spaces, so Hom(X,Y) is often taken with the compactly generated variant of the compact-open topology; the above statements remain true.[7]
 - A covering space of a CW complex is also a CW complex.
 - CW complexes are paracompact. Finite CW complexes are compact. A compact subspace of a CW complex is always contained in a finite subcomplex.[8][9]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Davis, James F.; Kirk, Paul (2001). Lecture Notes in Algebraic Topology. Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society.
 2. ^
 3. ^
 4. ^ Turaev, V. G. (1994), "Quantum invariants of knots and 3-manifolds", De Gruyter Studies in Mathematics (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co.) 18
 5. ^ For example, the opinion "The class of CW complexes (or the class of spaces of the same homotopy type as a CW complex) is the most suitable class of topological spaces in relation to homotopy theory" appears in Baladze, D.O. (2001), "CW-complex", in Hazewinkel, Michiel, Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4
 6. ^ Milnor, John, "On spaces having the homotopy type of a CW-complex" Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 90 (1959), 272–280.
 7. ^ "Compactly Generated Spaces" (PDF).
 8. ^ Hatcher, Allen, Algebraic topology, Cambridge University Press (2002). ISBN 0-521-79540-0. A free electronic version is available on the author's homepage
 9. ^ Hatcher, Allen, Vector bundles and K-theory, preliminary version available on the authors homepage
General references[edit]


Everyone Is Equal In Harrison Bergeron
655 Words3 Pages
In the short story "Harrison Bergeron," everyone is equal. On page one, it says "Nobody was smarter than anybody else. Nobody was better looking than anybody else. Nobody was stronger or quicker than anybody else". Having a perfect world is ideal, but there are many things could go wrong and it could ruin everything. Problems arise because it is impossible for everything to be perfect. During the story, they live in an ideal world, but one person, Harrison Bergeron, decides that he doesn't want to live that way and tries to overthrow the government. Equality can be a good thing, but it can also be problematic. The idea of living in a world where everyone is equal has many benefits and good qualities. For starters, everyone is equal, so
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The Chronicles of Narnia Wiki
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this wiki
Cats were aloof, intelligent mammals that live in the world of Narnia and Earth.
They maintain a strict sense of decorum amongst themselves, and are always prim and proper. They are also a bit condescending to others who aren't the same, but are very self-assured, as it takes a very great deal to rattle a cat's nerves.
Cats can also be seen in any different color and sizes.
Notable Book Appearances
In The Magician's Nephew, two cats were mentioned when they came out of the ground after the world of Narnia was created.
In The Last Battle, one cat named Ginger was interested with Shift's fake story about Aslan as Tash, and Tash as Aslan, for the combination as "Tashlan". Ginger agreed to assist Shift, in order to allow every Narnian to believe in this false story about Tashlan, after the Calormenes invaded the land of Narnia. Ginger was the first one to enter the stable, as part of Shift's ruse. It backfired when Ginger found the real Tash in the stable. Tash attacked Ginger, causing him to run out of the stable with a shriek and then, to the shock of the Narnian beasts, revert to a dumb beast. He climbed up a tree, and was never seen again.
In the Prince Caspian (Disney movie), while during the Attack on Miraz's Castle, Reepicheep and his fellow mice had infiltrated the tower, so as to secure the controls for the drawbridge, which they could then lower down to allow the other Narnians to enter. While they were there, they came upon a sleeping cat (presumably an ordinary non-talking one). Reepicheep ordered his mice to fall back, while he had a mischievous look on his own face.
They ended up binding and gagging the cat, similar to the way that Aslan was bound on the Stone Table at his sacrifice.
Known Cats
Other Species of Cats
Around Wikia's network
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Sergey Levine
Assistant Professor, UC Berkeley
Sergey Levine is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences at UC Berkeley. In his research, he focuses on the intersection between control and machine learning, with the aim of developing algorithms and techniques that can endow machines with the ability to autonomously acquire the skills for executing complex tasks. In particular, he is interested in how learning can be used to acquire complex behavioral skills, in order to endow machines with greater autonomy and intelligence.
Program Visits


text: 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data A 17.0 g block with a charge of +1.30 10-4 C is placed in an electric field e vector = (2000 i hat - 200 j hat) N/C. (a) What is the electrostatic force on the block? the force is 2.61E-1N but I am having trouble finding the angle. 2. Relevant equations F=qE 3. The attempt at a solution 180+tan^-1(-200/2000)=174.3 degrees but webassign said it was wrong.


How to use Security Filters to allow multiple companies to use the same app
Let's say you've got an app, and you want to allow multiple companies to access and use the same app.
 - The primary benefit here is that, as a developer, you only have one app to support.
 - If you were to create a copy of said app, one for each additional company that wanted to use it, then you'd have to support all those apps.
Any changes made to functionality (column structure, views, actions, automation, etc.) will need to be duplicated on each additional app.
 - This then translates to hours of "extra" work you'll need to do.
Instead, use Security Filters to filter the data based on the company the user belongs to.
 - This keeps everything inside one app, so as a developer you only need to support that one.
 - Also, each company that suggests an improvement to the system is benefiting everyone.
You'll need:
 1. a "Companies" table
 2. a "Users" table - that's a child to the Companies
 3. other tables that then filter based on data from tables "higher" in the database
 - Like a "Clients" table being filtered to only show the "User_Assigned_Clients"
 - Or a "Projects" table being filtered to only show records based on the "Project_Client_Link" being present inside the "Clients" table
The process involves:
 - Creating a [Company_Master_Email_List]
 - Creating an automation to keep that list updated (based on changes to the user table)
 - Applying cascading security filters (Companies filters first, then Users, then everything else is based on those two)
Here's a video that shows the process
—| Table of Contents |—
00:00 - Intro
00:29 - Benefits of single-app vs. multi-apps
01:14 - Required tables
01:44 - Key to how it all works
02:28 - Adding [Company_Master_Email_List]
02:57 - Creating an action to set the master list
04:15 - Running the action
05:22 - Creating a REF action
07:11 - Creating a BOT to keep things updated
08:31 - Bot condition for when it should run
09:06 - Creating a new task for the bot
09:55 - Actually implementing the Security Filters
10:40 - Companies table
11:02 - Users table
12:01 - Where to get more info (
12:57 - Wrap up


text:
50+ baby food jar crafts and creative ways to re-use baby food jars so you don't have to put throw them in the trash.
If you've had a baby in recent years, there's a good chance you've acquired quite a collection of baby food jars. Baby food jars ares so cute and chubby, and such a great size. If you're like me, you find it hard to thrown them away. If that's the case, your baby food jar collection could be growing at an alarming rate, and you're probably looking for things to make with all of those jars.
Well, you're in luck! One of my Facebook followers recently asked for ways that she could re-purpose her baby food jars, and the HH community responded with dozens of great crafts made with baby food jars along with practical ways to use baby food jars in and around the home.
I've gathered up their best suggestions and added a few of my own favourite uses for baby food jars, and I've come up with this long list of ideas for you.
From the craft room to the classroom to the bathroom and beyond, here are over 50 ways for you to use leftover baby food jars so you don't have to toss them out.
50+ Baby Food Jar Crafts
Click on the links below to see project details.
Ways to use baby food jars in the classroom or craft room:
- Crayon Caddy: Paint several baby food jars and store co-ordinating, coloured crayons in them.
- Fill baby food jars with water, and set on the art table to rinse paint brushes in.
- Give each student in the class a baby food jar filled with cream, and make homemade butter together.
- Make a mini "ocean in a jar" in a baby food jar. Pretty on classroom window sill or fun to play with.
- Soak dried out markers in baby food jars to make liquid watercolour paint.
- Make and store homemade finger paint in baby food jars.
- Baby food jars make great paint and glue pots at the easel. Lids keep them from drying out between uses.
- Punch holes in the lids (with a nail) and use jars to store and dispense glitter.
- Make I-Spy Jars in baby food jars.
- Make collection jars for the preschool classroom.
- Fill with small amounts of water for syringe transfer work trays in preschool or kindergarten
- Paint tall baby food jars with food coloring, water and glue for a frosted look. Store pens, pencils and paintbrushes in them.
Things to make for kids with baby food jars:
- Play dough jars: fill several baby food jars with different colours of homemade play dough for a kids' gift basket.
- Set some baby food jars out in the rain and make this scented rain paint.
- In the play kitchen: fill baby food jars with flour, rice, lentils etc. Glue the lids on, and kids can pretend-cook with them.
- Bug Jars – wrap a pipe cleaner handle around the top, and go exploring in the yard.
- Make these cute and quirky emoji jars for a kid's dresser or desk.
- Glue painted toy animals on baby food jar lids, use as party favours.
- Fill with homemade slime or silly putty to put in loot bags.
- Make a tooth fairy jar.
- Teach kids how to manage their allowance with 3 tall baby food jars labeled SPEND, SAVE, BANK.
- Make an advent or countdown calendar.
- Fill baby food jars with layers of "coloured sand" (ground sidewalk chalk mixed with salt).
- Use baby food jars to make mini lava-lamps.
Ways to re-use baby food jars in the kitchen:
- Make magnetic spice jars to store on the refrigerator door
- Organize your spice drawer with baby food jars.
- Make Smore's treats in baby food jars. Hand them out around the campfire or at a party.
- Make a window-sill herb garden with baby food jars.
- Fill baby food jars with condiments for camping or a bbq.
- Sterilize jars and lids, and reuse baby food jars for homemade baby food. The serving sizes are perfect.
Gifts and party favours to make with baby food jars:
- Baby food jars make great wedding favours. Decorate and place at each table setting.
- These baby food jar lanterns were hung in a tree at an outdoor wedding.
- Make Lego Head Jars as party favours for a Lego party.
- Make mini calming jars for kids or co-workers
- Make a wish jars or dream jars for your family and friends.
- Give a gift of homemade bath salts or sugar scrub in a baby food jar.
- Make these cupcakes in a jar to give to teachers, neighbours and friends.
- Make a craft kit for a child by filling jars with pom poms, sequins, foam stickers, and beads.
- Hot Cocoa in a baby food jar: layer hot chocolate, shaved chocolate and mini marshmallows in a jar. Cover the lid with a swatch of fabric tied with a ribbon.
Other ways to use baby food jars around the home and garden:
- Store pony tail holders, Q-tips, and hair clips in baby food jars on the bathroom counter.
- Make a spill proof nail-polish remover kit with a baby food jar.
- Plant succulents in baby food jars to display on a porch or patio.
- Hang these colourful baby food luminaries from a tree in your yard.
- Baby food jars are great for storing seeds for the garden.
- Make Photo Globes by placing your child's photo inside a baby food jar.
- Organize your spare change: each jar holds a different type of coin.
- Use baby food jars to hold paper clips, thumb tacks etc. on a desk or in a drawer in an office.
- Travel jewelry keeper for earrings and rings.
- A Mini sewing kit in a baby food jar is great for travel or the office.
- Fill baby food jars with Puffs, fishy crackers, Cheerios, nuts etc. Keep in the diaper bag for the kids.
- Nail the lids of baby food jars to the underside of a shelf to store screws, nails and craft supplies.
- Store several baby wipes in a baby food jar and keep in your purse or diaper bag.
Baby food jar Christmas crafts:
- Turn a baby food jar into a snowman Christmas tree ornament.
- Make festive holiday votive candle holders.
- Make sparkly tea light luminaries in baby food jars.
- Baby food jars make great miniature snow globes.
- Make Reindeer food for Christmas Eve.
What if you STILL have leftover baby food jars?
If you have more baby food jars than you could possibly ever use, even after reviewing all of the ideas, please consider giving your collection to a teacher, a crafter or a daycare provider. Most will be happy to put your little glass jars to good use.
Looking for more crafts to make with your recyclables? Check out:
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Jackie is a mom, wife, home daycare provider, and the creative spirit behind Happy Hooligans. She specializes in kids' crafts and activities, easy recipes, and parenting. She began blogging in 2011, and today, Happy Hooligans inspires more than 2 million parents, caregivers and Early Years Professionals all over the globe.


Re: [SI-LIST] : Effect of low Zo for unterminated lines
Larry Smith (
Tue, 19 Oct 1999 09:55:14 -0700 (PDT)
Chris - The driver has some output impedance. It has an IV curve that
is well represented by an ibis model, but can be approximated with a
resistance, probably around 10-20 Ohms, depending on the strength of
the driver. For the inital rise or fall time, we have a voltage
divider between the output impedance of the driver and the Z0 of the
transmission line. The driver will drive a 60 ohm line a lot harder
than a 29 Ohm line. The initial voltage transient for the 60 Ohm line
is a lot greater.
You mention that the line is unterminated. In that case, the voltage
doubles and reflects back to the near end. The driver does a fairly
good job of "source" terminating the 29 Ohm line, but a much poorer job
of terminating the 60 Ohm line. Termination occurs when energy from
the transmission line is obsorbed by a resistor and turned into heat.
So, not only do you have a stronger signal driven into the 60 Ohm line,
but you have less efficient termination when the reflected signal
returns. That is why the 60 Ohm line rings more than the 29 Ohm line
with the same driver. The low impedance net will probably not hurt the
driver, but it will consume more power each time the driver switches.
If you have many drivers in parallel, SSN can become an issue becuase
all of the drivers are contributing more di/dt.
Larry Smith
Sun Microsystems
> Date: Mon, 18 Oct 1999 17:23:51 -0700
> From: Chris Bobek <>
> Hi,
> Because of several constraints on our stackup and line width, a 6mil
> stripline trace yields a Zo = 29ohms. When I simulate a 29ohm,
> unterminated line on our board (@ 10MHz), I see a pretty nice waveform,
> albeit with slower rise/fall times (which is ok for the nets in
> question). When I increase the Zo to 60 ohms, for example, I see a lot
> of ringing on the same net.
> From a theoretical point of view, my guess is that this happens because
> as you widen the trace, there is more capacitance, which slows down the
> rise/fall times. Is this a correct assumption? Are there other factors
> as well that are going on?
> What I am most concerned about is the effect of a low Zo net on its
> driver. For example, if I have an LVCH245 driver (3.3V) driving a 29ohm
> line, will the low Zo "hurt" the driver? Or, is the only negative
> effect the slower rise time? This question is a general question for
> most ICs.
> Thanks for your help,
> Chris


Sudden-Onset Headshaking
My pony started tossing his head and cribbing at about the same time. The head tossing has increased to the point of not being able to ride him. He has had his teeth floated and has been checked by a vet for common problems. He has never had any problems before this, and has always been a great pony hunter. I've changed bits, used a hackamore, longed him with tack--still with the same problems. He doesn't toss his head when turned out. This only happens when he is being ridden or under tack. It started in April and has gotten worse (now late September). Any suggestions? Michele
With a sudden onset of head tossing in a horse that has been a good performer for many years, it's always good to look long and hard for a physical irritant as the root cause. And in the case of your pony that started cribbing at the same time, it's probably even more important to keep looking for something physical that is bothering him. After what you have done already, it might be best to ask your veterinarian to refer you to a large veterinary referral hospital, where a team of clinicians with in-hospital imaging equipment can systematically evaluate the many possibilities. Repetitive head movements--
headshaking, tossing, rubbing, etc.--can be provoked by anything abnormal in the head area, including ears, eyes, mouth, or guttural pouches. Infections, allergies, parasites, neurologic abnormalities, and any number of conditions should be systematically ruled out. There is a condition known as photic trigeminal hyperstimulation or photic headshaking syndrome in which bright light induces rubbing, sneezing, and sometimes frantic headshaking.
It can be frustrating sorting out the relationship of headshaking with riding and tack. When your horse only does the headshaking when ridden or under tack, it might be the tack itself that is presently irritating the horse, or just that the tack and riding exacerbate an existing irritation. Theoretically, the behavior could become learned--it could continue after the irritation goes away. In my experience, this has rarely been the conclusion. In other words, if you can identify and eliminate the physical irritation, the behavior immediately goes away.
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The Hate That Cures
The Hate that Cures by Evelyn Liegner gives a moment-by-moment account of the reversal of psychosis using Modern Psychoanalytic techniques. Detailed notes from sessions are used to illuminate how the patient is healed by the emotional communication of hatred within the transference and countertransference. Liegner shows how Modern Psychoanalytic interventions facilitate the ability of the ego to handle a broad range of feelings and impulses.
The techniques and theory of Modern Psychoanalysis was first introduced to the wider professional community by Hyman Spotnitz in 1961–62 in a series of postgraduate lectures given by Dr. Spotnitz at the Stuyvesant Polyclinic Hospital in New York City. Modern Psychoanalysis takes its point of departure from the problems left unresolved by Freud and his original associates.


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Winged Man
Symbolism, Imagery, Allegory
Humans who can fly? Awesome. The end.
Actually, there's more. Humans aren't really meant to fly—because of this, Daedalus and Icarus are pretty unusual. And as you might expect, artistic representations of the myth usually either portray the father/son pair gliding on their wings through the sky, or the moment Icarus' wings fall apart, causing him to plummet downward. The whole flying thing is definitely the most important part of this story.
We can see this image of the winged man in two ways. On the positive side, it represents man's triumph over his natural limits through science (we like to imagine Daedalus saying, "Take that, gravity!" as he launches into the sky). The image of Daedalus and Icarus soaring through the sky is a source of inspiration for inventors and explorers who look to the duo as pioneers and innovators. Oh, and we can't forget about the general sense of freedom that comes with this image. It should give hope to anyone who dreams of escaping their current circumstances and achieving something grander. Not bad.
But then there's the negative side—you know, the whole Icarus falling to the ground thing. When we look at it this way, nature triumphs over man. Sorry, man. Portrayals of Icarus' descent also emphasize the cautionary part of the myth, which is basically this: if you try to achieve too much too soon, you might end up failing miserably. Better to accept average success than to risk everything by trying to attain glory. What do you think? Do you agree?
The modern-day winged man imagery includes everything from the Wright brothers' first plane to James Bond wearing a jetpack. Anytime someone wears (or rides) a newfangled contraption into the heavens, you could safely pull a cultured-student move and remark: "That sure reminds me of Daedalus and Icarus…" We dare you.
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Even good people can disagree. There's nothing wrong with disagreeing about something. It's how you handle it that matters.
Here Are 6 Tips from the Bible about Dealing with Anger
1. Learn to Control Your Anger
2. Anger Breeds More Anger
3. Anger Leads to Sin
4. God Wants Us To Be Peacekeepers
5. Anger Impedes the Way to Righteousness
6. God Wants Love in Our Hearts – Not Anger


text:
Entropion is an eye condition where the eyelid turns inward. Typically entropion occurs on the lower eyelid where the skin and lashes rub painfully against the cornea. This condition may cause the lid to either turn in constantly or only at times when the eyes are closed tightly.
Causes of Entropion
Entropion usually occurs in older adults as a result of the aging process. In adults the muscles around the eyes may progressively weaken. A spasm or relaxation of the muscles near the eye can cause the lid to turn inward. Other causes of entropion include:
- Muscle weakness
- Congenital defect
- Skin disease
Symptoms of Entropion
The initial symptoms of entropion are often the following:
- Pain in the eye
- Excessive tearing
- Dry eyes
- Sensitivity to light
- Reduced vision
- Discharge from the eye
- A feeling that there is something in the eye
Complications of Entropion
Over time, if the condition is not treated, the cornea may become damaged due to:
Patients experiencing light sensitivity should contact their physician immediately. Without treatment a decrease in vision can occur. The doctor will be able to confirm the diagnosis of entropion upon an examination of the eyes.
Treatment of Entropion
While there are treatments for entropion, correction of the condition is completed with a brief surgical procedure in which the eyelids are repositioned. Temporary relief of the entropion condition can also be found with the following treatment methods:
- Skin tape to hold the eyelid in place
- Strategically placed stitches
- Lubricating eye drops
Surgical Correction of Entropion
The eyelid area is numbed with a local anesthetic and a light sedation may also be provided. For entropion due to muscle weakness, the surgery may involve the removal of a small section of eyelid to tighten the muscles in the area. When the entropion is caused by scars or prior surgery, the procedure typically relies on a skin graft to allow a repositioning of the eyelid.
Patients usually need to wear an eye patch for 24 hours after the surgery. Post-operatively an antibiotic and steroid ointment will need to be applied. Symptoms of entropion usually resolve immediately. There may be some short-term bruising or swelling as a result of the procedure.
Vistarr Laser & Vision Centers provides patients in West Chester, Paoli, and Kennett Square, PA with treatments for Entropion. Call _PHONE_ or fill out a Contact Form here to schedule an appointment.


text: Book Description: A top-selling teacher resource line, The 100+ Series(TM) features over 100 reproducible activities in each book! --The Using the Standards--Building Grammar and Writing Skills was developed to help students achieve the goals outlined in the IRA/NCTE Standards for the English Language. These standards encompass all types of language skills--reading, writing, speaking, listening, viewing, and visually representing. Since this book focuses on grammar and writing, it emphasizes the standards most directly applicable. However, since reading and writing are inextricably linked, aspects of all 12 standards are included. The table of contents includes a listing of the related IRA/NCTE Standards that are addressed in that activity and the activities in the first half of the book focus on improving grammar skills; the second part includes activities to develop better writing skills.


text:
In, "Aptitude Tests: Are They Effective in Opening Students' Minds to More Career Paths?, "published on Education Week on Apr. 27, 2021, Education Writer Alyson Klein looks at the value of aptitude assessments for matching students to better-fit careers.
Klein refers to research from the University of Missouri that compared "high school students' natural aptitudes with their self-reported interests in four areas: manufacturing, computer technology, construction, and health care."
The researchers used the YouScience Discovery aptitude assessment and its included interest inventory to examine the gap between self-reported interests and innate aptitudes or talents. Results shows, that particularly for female students, there was a wide gap between personal interests and aptitudes.
Results found that female students had significantly higher aptitudes for the studied fields than they expressed interest in. It also found that male students were 1.6 times more talented at patient care positions that those that showed interest in such careers.


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Energy question
 1. Nov 11, 2008 #1
 Hey guys.
 So I got this disk connected to a spring which is connected to a wall.
 A mass m hits the disk with a velocity v and sticks to it.
 The question is to find the velocity of m at point A.
 As you can see I used the conservation of the angular momentum to find [tex]\omega[/tex] at the beginning.
 The thing I'm not sure about is the energy conservation equation I wrote there, I'm not sure about the gravitational potential energy, I mean, is this right?
 2. Relevant equations
 3. The attempt at a solution
 Attached Files:
 2. jcsd
 3. Nov 11, 2008 #2
 Any idea guys?
 4. Nov 11, 2008 #3
 User Avatar
 Gold Member
 2016 Award
 I'm not sure I fully understand the diagram, but shouldn't v*cos(squiggle)=0?
 5. Nov 11, 2008 #4
 6. Nov 11, 2008 #5
 User Avatar
 Gold Member
 2016 Award
 That's why I posted that I didn't understand the diagram.
 Is the disk resting on the floor at y=0?
 Is the disk pivoted frictionlessly at it's center?
 I assumed that since you mentioned gravity, that the disk is in a vertical plane.
 My assumption was that the disc was fixed on some axis or point and therefore the v*cos(squiggle) component had to be zero. Also, none of the momentum of the mass m would be imparted to the disc as there was no mention of it's mass. So the magnitude of of the velocity of mass m would have to be the same in the direction of sin(squiggle).
 Hope that helps.
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1. Requirements
3.5.2 The project's software assurance manager shall perform an independent classification assessment.
1.1 Notes
Engineering and software assurance must reach agreement on the software classification determination of the software. Disagreements are elevated via both the Engineering Technical Authority and Safety and Mission Assurance Technical Authority chains.
1.2 Applicability Across Classes
2. Rationale
The reason for an independent (separate from the project) assessment of the software class is two-fold:
(1) It provides an additional perspective, based on analyses, of a project's software to ensure that the proper software processes and requirements are applied to a project's software development.
(2) It assures that the software assurance personnel are aware of, and plan for, the level of assurance needed to cover the software for the project.
Having separate assessments allows engineering and assurance to come to the table with their own perspectives, backed by analyses, for what they expect the processes and requirements need to be for a project; and then work together to resolve any differences and reach a consensus for what the project needs. Also, the independent assessment provides a path for the software assurance personnel to raise awareness of their issues and concerns as well as a path to raise any unresolved issues to a higher level. Quality, reliability and safety are required to have a separate, independent path to as high as NASA Headquarters, if needed, to assure Safety and Mission Assurance's (S&MA) concerns are addressed. However, it is expected that most conflicts will be resolved at the project or Center level.
This requirement lets the project know that it needs to allow for and expect, an independent assessment of the class of software being used on their project.
3. Guidance
The independent assessment is performed by the Center's S&MA organization's software assurance personnel. This assessment is independent of the classification performed by the project.
The project and software assurance each document their own initial analyses, reasons and assessments and document it within their own systems and records. The final consensus software classification between the project and the independent Center S&MA personnel is recorded in the project documentation.
For the preliminary assessment, which is based on high-level project goals and systems functions, the role software will have is based on the expected roles and responsibilities of the software to aid in performing the system functions. At best, the preliminary software classifications will be based on the overall functions and the consensus software classifications are recorded in a document, such as a preliminary Systems Requirements document.
As system requirements evolve into software requirements and the Software Development/Management Plan takes shape, both the Software Development/Management Plan and the Software Assurance Plan (if separate) contain the consensus software classification.
Once there is more specificity about a sub-system and the possible computer software configuration item (CSCI), typically known by the Preliminary Design Review (PDR), both the project software engineering and the Center S&MA assurance personnel need to assess and reach consensus on the classification of each CSCI. Again, each organization performs and documents their own assessments and the consensus classifications get documented and signed off in the project documents; at this point, the design documents may be used to capture the consensus classifications for the CSCIs or the Software Development/Management Plan(s) can be updated. The intent is to document the agreed-upon software classification based on where it is most useful to the project in order to properly plan and execute the necessary processes and requirements that apply to the CSCIs. In fact, if there is not a lot of volatility, the classification and safety criticality could be documented in both places, though this has the obvious issue of maintenance consistency.
The level of CSCIs a project decides on determines the level and number of software classification assessments that need to be performed. At a minimum, there is an assessment for each system and sub-system containing software.
SMA software assurance personnel and the software engineers might need to work together to understand and work out the software classifications for new and novel software or approaches to software development, including, but not limited to:
 - Development approaches new to NASA.
 - Approaches new to the software industry, such as new software design approaches.
 - Innovative software, such as software that employs new ways of dividing up functionality, perhaps to support an experiment.
NASA-STD-8739.8, NASA Software Assurance Standard, contains more details on the software assurance approach to software classification and how it is used to determine the level of effort for software assurance on a project. A software assessment sheet used to capture the software classification can be found in Appendix A of the Standard.
Additional guidance related to classifying software may be found in the following related requirement in this Handbook:
SWE-020 - Software Classification
SWE-133 - Software Safety Determination
Topic 7.2 - Classification and Safety-Criticality
Topic 7.18 - Documentation Guidance
4. Small Projects
Even small projects need to have an independent assessment. And it is especially important to assure there is consensus agreement between projects and assurance on the criticality as well as the class or classes of software. Smaller projects can consider performing only one overall assessment, adjusting the levels at which the assessments are done or simplifying when and where the consensus, agreed-upon, classification is documented.
5. Resources
6. Lessons Learned
No Lessons Learned have currently been identified for this requirement.


text:
|Los Gatos Tomato Products is committed to the quality of our environment as well as our paste. This commitment begins and ends in the field. We are constantly looking to add to our practices that conserve water and energy, improve air quality, and reduce our impact on the environment. Here are just a few examples of our practices:|
- We minimize waste by using tomato skins and seeds as cattle feed. All remaining tomato waste material is used as topical soil amendment.
- Operational since 2009, our solar power generation plant supplies 25% of our in-season electrical energy needs and produces energy year-round.
- All boiler burners have been upgraded to reduce emissions by almost 80%.
- Our factory is located in the middle of our productive land, where the tomatoes are grown within a very short distance to the facility, improving freshness and reducing the use of diesel fuel for transportation.
- Our growers use drip irrigation on 95% of our tomato acres to minimize the use of water and fertilizer and ensure the plants receive these inputs where they can use them in the most effective and timely manner.
- With the drip lines buried in the soil, we minimize the amount of tillage which improves the soil structure, preserves the moisture and organic matter in the soil, reduces carbon emissions and saves diesel fuel.
- We transplant +99% of the tomato crop, which reduces the amount of irrigation and herbicides required to produce the crop.
- Our growers are among the most productive in the world, thereby maximizing the effectiveness of all inputs, such as water, nitrogen fertilizer, pesticides, and diesel.


text:
What is a brain Profile?
It is accepted that all human beings are different and have unique ways of understanding the world around them. This means that our minds do not necessarily function or interpret information the same way. With this said, there are implications for how people can be treated and managed because not everyone is the same. The Neethling Brain Instruments (NBI®) is a highly practical and ground breaking set of instruments and questionnaires that will expose an individual's preferred way of thinking and in so doing aid in harnessing the power and development of whole-brain thinking.


text:
- zinckenite · zincky · MORE. Copy & paste this link to your blog or website to reference this page. Did you know:Is there a word for the individual prongs of a fork?
- Zincite (Zn, Mn2+)O
- Zincite. (Zn, Mn2+)O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1. Crystal Data: Hexagonal.
- THE SOLUBILITY OF ZINCITE IN BASIC HYDROTHERMAL
- 48, MAY-JUNE, 1963. THE SOLUBILITY OF ZINCITE IN BASIC. HYDROTHERMAL SOLVENTS.
- CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC NOTES: CAHNITE, STOLZITE, ZINCITE
- CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC NOTES: CAHNITE, STOLZ-. ITE, ZINCITE, ULTRABASITE.
- ATOMIC STUCTURE OF ZINCITE (ZNO) NANOPARTICLES
- ATOMIC STUCTURE OF ZINCITE (ZNO) NANOPARTICLES COATED WITH BORON. NITRIDE (BN) LAYERS. M.
- Vector Part of Optical Activity probed with X-rays in hexagonal zincite
- hexagonal zincite (ZnO) featuring the non-centrosymmetrical Würtzite.
- Zinc Oxide (ZnO) – Properties and Applications
- ZnO is present in the Earth's crust as the mineral zincite. That being said, most ZnO used commercially is synthetic.
- Zincite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Zincite is the mineral form of zinc oxide (ZnO).
- ZINCITE (Zinc Oxide)
- The structure of zincite consists of tetrahedrons of ZnO4.
- Zincite Mineral Data
- Comments: Pinkish gray crystalline glaucochroite intermixed with pale green willemite, with dark red zincite and white calcite.
- Zincite from Poland - the only current source in the world for brilliant red, yellow, green, orange Zincite crystals.
Zincite is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Zincite books and related discussion.
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text: Analysis of the empirical uncertainty for short-term repeat observations of vsini using order-sorting filter HR15N. Plot a) shows the variation of Evsini × (S/N)( [ vsini ] /C)2/ (1 + ( [ vsini ] /C)2)5/4 with S/N. The horizontal line indicates the value of parameter β in Eq. (3) fitted to the full dataset. Blue crosses show the estimated values β as a function of S/N corrected for the measured variation of β with Teff (see Sect. 4.4 and Table 3). Plot b) shows the variation of Evsini × S/N with vsini. The solid line show the relationship predicted using the theoretical value of C and the value of β from plot a). In plots a) and b) the y-axis shows an estimate of the standard deviation based on the MAD divided by 0.82 (for ν = 2, see Sect. 3.3). Plot c) shows the cumulative probability distribution (CDF) of the normalised uncertainty in vsini for short-term repeats. The red solid line shows results for measured data, the dashed line shows the cumulative distribution of a Gaussian with unit dispersion, and the diamond symbols show the cumulative distribution function for a Student's t-distribution with ν = 2.


Home > Press >
Families Restore A-26A
 A 5-Minute History Lesson
'Nimrod' families hope to restore A-26A
AirForce Times
April 2, 2007
By Robert F. Dorr and Fred L. Borch
The call themselves "Legacies" now - instead of the word from the Air Force of their era, "Dependents."
They're the sons and daughters of members of the 609th Special Operations Squadron, the "Nimrods" who flew the A-26A Counter Invader bomber at the secret base at Nakhom Phanom, Thailand, during the Vietnam War.
And now these veterans' children have established The A-26 Legacy Foundation, whose mission is to acquire the world's last flyable Counter Invader and fly it in tribute to 609th aircrews.
The 609th squadron and its A-26A, a rebuilt version of a propeller-driven, World War II attack plane, did some of its fighting in Vietnam but most of it in Laos, a country where U.S. involvement was not openly acknowledged. Laos was officially neutral, but the Laotian government allowed North Vietnam to operate a Laotian infiltration route, dubbed the "Ho Chi Minh Trail" by Americans, bringing military supplies to enemy forces in South Vietnam.
Between 1966 and 1969, Nimrod A-26As flew risky night missions to try to choke off the flow of supplies.
For pilots and crews in a jet, the propeller-driven plan evoked memories of an earlier time.
Douglas Aircraft Co. built 2,529 A-26 Invaders between 1942 and 1946. They fought in Europe and the Pacific during World War II.
When the Air Force's system for naming aircraft was overhauled in 1948, the Invader became the B-26. B-26 Invaders fought throughout the Korean War from 1950 to 1953, and they were used by the Central Intelligence Agency in the failed invasion at Cuba's Bay of Pigs in 1961.
When the Pentagon began to emphasize counterinsurgency in 1961 - President Kennedy sparked a renewed interest in special operations, and the U.S. faced a counterinsurgency war in South Vietnam - the Air Force contracted with On mark Engineering Co. of Van Nuys, Calif., to modify 40 of the bombers for new duties against guerrilla forces. Initially known as B-26Ks, they went to Southeast Asia with the 606th Air Commando Squadron, and after an organizational shuffle served with the Nimrods. Because of an agreement with Thailand that banned "bombers" operating from Thai soil (though the fighters took off on bombing missions daily), the Nimrods' aircraft was renamed the A-26A.
Last living remnant
One of the Nimrods was the late Lt. Col. Charles C. Vogler, a 609th Special Operations Squadron pilot. His son, Donald Vogler, described himself as "the moving force" behind the mission to honor the Nimrods.
The A-26 Legacy Foundation has located the world's last airworthy A-26A, affectionately named Special K and owned by a family in Billings, Mont.
Not satisfied with the heritage of the 609th being reflected in the five nonflying A-26As that survive at museums, Don Vogler said, "We have a goal of acquiring the plane, restoring it, and flying it at air shows and in other settings where public awareness can be raised of the Nimrods' service to our country as well as the history of their plane that served this nation so faithfully."
Vogler said his foundation's hope is to raise $500,000 to purchase and restore Special K to its Vietnam-era configuration in time for the next Nimrod reunion, scheduled for October at Hurlburt Field, Fla. The foundation's website is _URL_.
Robert F. Dorr, an Air Force veteran, lives in Oakton, Va. He is the author of "Air Combat," a history of fighter pilots. His e-mail address is _EMAIL_. Fred L. Borch retired from the Army after 25 years and is the regimental historian for the Army Judge Advocate General's Corps. He is the author of "The Air Force Cross," a history of the service's second highest award for valor. His e-mail address is _EMAIL_.


text:
University of Minnesota Extension economists and educators have been researching the question of which costs have the largest impact on farm profits. A significant difference in profitability exists among farmers. A few categories of production costs, also known as inputs, vary significantly across levels of profitability.
The farm profitability levels can be broken into five groups (bottom 20 percent, 20-40 percent, 40-60 percent, 60-80 percent and the top 20 percent profitability by crop). The 2011 numbers were just made available through a farm income analysis carried out in partnership between Minnesota State Colleges and Universities (MnSCU) and the University of Minnesota.
The cost of production varies by group, starting at $5.36 per bushel of corn produced in 2011 in the bottom group, declining to $4.63 for the 20-40 percent group, $4.30 for the 40-60 percent group, $3.91 for the 60-80 percent group and $3.45 per bushel for the most profitable group. There is a significant difference of $1.91 per bushel in cost of production between the top and bottom groups in profits.
The most significant impact on this cost of production is the yield per acre produced, which ranged from 139 bushels per acre in bottom tier to 177 bushels per acre in the top group, a difference of 38 bushels per acre.
One of the top five costs was seed, varying slightly among groups from $102 to $105 per acre. Fertilizer is the second-highest cost and the bottom three tiers had similar costs at $154, $152 and $151, while the top 20 percent spent $118 per acre.
The highest cost was rent, which varied, but not significantly among groups.
Overall direct expenses varied significantly with the low group's cost at $625, declining incrementally in each group with the top 20 percent spending $533 per acre, or $92 per acre less. Total expenses also varied significantly with the low group at $745 and the top group at $611, a difference of $134 per acre. After accounting for direct expense variation of $92 per acre, overhead expenses varied by an additional $42 per acre. Other top expenses were repairs, fuel and oil in direct costs, and depreciation in overhead costs. Soybeans had similar results, except for fertilizer.
The quality of land might be one factor resulting in better yields. Some farms may utilize manure, lowering their fertilizer costs.
Net return to labor and management income started at $63, increasing quite dramatically in each group until reaching $509 for the top 20 percent. The top 20 percent farmers are managing much higher net returns to labor and management by $446 per acre over the bottom 20 percent.
To be profitable, you must be the best at managing cost without hurting yields. Farmers can use University's Center for Farm Financial Management FINBIN website at _URL_ to examine costs in any area of the state.


text:
Definitions for palestine liberation organization
Palestine Liberation Organization, PLO(noun)
a political movement uniting Palestinian Arabs in an effort to create an independent state of Palestine; when formed in 1964 it was a terrorist organization dominated by Yasser Arafat's al-Fatah; in 1968 Arafat became chairman; received recognition by the United Nations and by Arab states in 1974 as a government in exile; has played a largely political role since the creation of the Palestine National Authority
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"palestine liberation organization." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2013. Web. 20 Jun 2013. .