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Here is my implementation of Problem 25 - Project Euler (see comments in code for explanation of how it works):
_TAG_ //Declare headers and use correct namespace
_TAG_
using namespace std;
//Variables for the equation F_n(newTerm) = F_n-1(prevTerm) + Fn_2(currentTerm)
unsigned long long newTerm = 0;
unsigned long long prevTerm = 1; //F_1 initially = 1
unsigned long long currentTerm = 1; //F_2 initially = 2
unsigned long long termNo = 2; //Current number for the term
void getNextTerms() { //Iterates through the Fib sequence, by changing the global variables.
 newTerm = prevTerm + currentTerm; //First run: newTerm = 2
 unsigned long long temp = currentTerm; //temp = 1
 currentTerm = newTerm; //currentTerm = 2
 prevTerm = temp; //prevTerm = 1
 termNo++; //termNo = 3
unsigned long long getLength(unsigned long long number) //Returns the length of the number
 unsigned long long length = 0;
 while (number >= 1) {
 number = number / 10;
 return length;
 while (true) {
 getNextTerms(); //Gets next term in the Fib sequence
 if (getLength(currentTerm) < 1000) { //Checks if the next terms size is less than the desired length
 else { //Otherwise if it is perfect print out the term.
 cout << termNo;
This works for the example, and will run quickly as long as this line:
 if (getLength(currentTerm) < 1000) { //Checks if the next term's size is less than the desired length
says 20 or lower instead of 1000. But if that number is greater than 20 it takes a forever, my patience gets the better of me and I stop the program, how can I make this algorithm more efficient?
If you have any questions just ask in the comments.
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The max value of an 128bit unsigned long long is something like 3*10^38. That's much too small to hold a thousand-digit number. – Mat Jul 11 '11 at 5:14
_USER_: Do you have any suggestion on what to do about that? – Bair Jul 11 '11 at 5:15
Generally speaking, a long long will be 64-bits - the largest number that can be represented by such a type (if it's unsigned) is 18446744073709551615, which has 20 digits. There's no way to represent a number that has 1000 digits with that type (which is why it's taking your program forever - it can't be done). To find a fibonacci number with 1000 digits, you won't be able to just use long long types - you'll need represent the numbers in some other way, – Michael Burr Jul 11 '11 at 5:16
For C bigint libraries, see "'BigInt' in C?" and "What is the simplest way of implementing bigint in C?" – outis Jul 11 '11 at 5:34
The goal of project euler is to have fun while looking for a solution, asking for help will just spoil the fun IMHO, for your problem, quick way is to use python which handles big number natively – Bruce Jul 11 '11 at 5:58
5 Answers 5
up vote 3 down vote accepted
There is a closed formula for the Fibonachi numbers (as well as for any linear recurrent sequence).
So F_n = C1 * a^n + C2 * b^n, where C1, C2, a and b are numbers that can be found from the initial conditions, i.e. for the Fib case from
F_n+2 = F_n+1 + F_n
F_1 = 1
F_2 = 1
I don't give their values on purpose here. It's just a hint.
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Just to let people know: I decided to port to Python. And up-voted the answers that helped with efficiency and accepted this one because it helped me the most. – Bair Jul 11 '11 at 23:19
nth fibonacci number is =
where g1 = (1+sqrt(5))/2 = 1.61803399
 g2 = (1-sqrt(5))/2 = -0.61803399
For finding the length of nth fibonacci number, we can just calculate the log(nth fibonacci number).So, length of nth fibonacci number is,
 log((g1^n-g2^n)/sqrt(5)) = log(g1^n-g2^n)-0.5*log(5).
 you can just ignore g2^n, since it is very small negative number.
Hence, length of nth fibonacci is
and we need to find the smallest value of 'n' such that this length = 1000, so we can find the value of n for which the length is just greater than 999.
n*log(g1)-0.5*log(5) > 999
n*log(g1) > 999+0.5*log(5)
n > (999+0.5*log(5))/log(g1)
n > (999.3494850021680094)/(0.20898764058551)
n > 4781.859263075
Hence, the smallest required n is 4782. No use of any coding, easiest way.
Note: everywhere log is used in base 10.
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fyi, your formula yield 4787 – Rasman Jul 11 '11 at 17:48
I wrote wrong value. I have editted it now. Hope it helps. – Gurpreet Singh Jul 12 '11 at 6:36
A description of the above method is given here – poorvankbhatia Oct 28 '12 at 17:15
This will probably speed it up a fair bit:
int getLength(unsigned long long number) //Returns the length of the number when expressed in base-10
 return (int)log10(number) + 1;
...but, you can't reach 1000 digits using an unsigned long long. I suggest looking into arbitrary-precision arithmetic libraries, or languages which have arbitrary-precision arithmetic built in.
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You could try computing a Fibonacci number using matrix exponentiation. Then repeated doubling to get to a number that has more than 1000 digits and use binary search in that range to find the first one.
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using doubles, you can come to a solution knowing the highest exponential is 308:
get the sequence to the exp of 250, then divide your two numbers by 1e250. Restart the algorithm with those two numbers
if you do this 4 times, you'll get the right answer
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Your Answer


text:
Boris; Lesage, Sylvain; Gribonval, Rémi
Real-world phenomena involve complex interactions between multiple signal modalities. As a consequence, humans are used to integrate at each instant perceptions from all their senses in order to enrich their understanding of the surrounding world. This paradigm can be also extremely useful in many signal processing and computer vision problems involving mutually related signals. The simultaneous processing of multimodal data can, in fact, reveal information that is otherwise hidden when considering the signals independently. However, in natural multimodal signals, the statistical dependencies between modalities are in general not obvious. Learning fundamental multimodal patterns could offer deep insight into the structure of such signals. In this paper, we present a novel model of multimodal signals based on their sparse decomposition over a dictionary of multimodal structures. An algorithm for iteratively learning multimodal generating functions that can be shifted at all positions in the signal is proposed, as well. The learning is defined in such a way that it can be accomplished by iteratively solving a generalized eigenvector problem, which makes the algorithm fast, flexible, and free of user-defined parameters. The proposed algorithm is applied to audiovisual sequences and it is able to discover underlying structures in the data. The detection of such audio-video patterns in audiovisual clips allows to effectively localize the sound source on the video in presence of substantial acoustic and visual distractors, outperforming state-of-the-art audiovisual localization algorithms.
Full Text Available Lifelong learning, life-wide learning, continuing education, vocational education, professional education of adults, formal education, informal education, permanent education, etc. – the author of the present article seeks the relationships between these widely used terms and traces through the history of their introduction in the modern educational theory and practice.
The WIMP paradigm is the glue that joins together much of the high energy and cosmic frontiers. It postulates that most of the matter in the Universe is made of weakly-interacting massive particles, with implications for a broad range of experiments and observations. I will review the WIMP paradigm's underlying motivations, its current status in view of rapid experimental progress on several fronts, and recent theoretical variations on the WIMP paradigm theme.
RDF Data Cube (QB) has boosted the publication of Linked Statistical Data (LSD) on the Web, making them linkable to other related datasets and concepts following the Linked Data paradigm. In this demo we present LSD Dimensions, a web based application that monitors the usage of dimensions and codes
Jamali, D.; Khoury, G.; Sahyoun, H.
Purpose: To track changes in management paradigms from the bureaucratic to the post-bureaucratic to the learning organization model, highlighting core differentiating features of each paradigm as well as necessary ingredients for successful evolution. Design/methodology/approach: The article takes the form of a literature review and critical…
Houghton, Catherine; Hunter, Andrew; Meskell, Pauline
To explore the use of paradigms as ontological and philosophical guides for conducting PhD research. A paradigm can help to bridge the aims of a study and the methods to achieve them. However, choosing a paradigm can be challenging for doctoral researchers: there can be ambiguity about which paradigm is suitable for a particular research question and there is a lack of guidance on how to shape the research process for a chosen paradigm. The authors discuss three paradigms used in PhD nursing research: post-positivism, interpretivism and pragmatism. They compare each paradigm in relation to its ontology, epistemology and methodology, and present three examples of PhD nursing research studies to illustrate how research can be conducted using these paradigms in the context of the research aims and methods. The commonalities and differences between the paradigms and their uses are highlighted. Creativity and flexibility are important when deciding on a paradigm. However, consistency and transparency are also needed to ensure the quality and rigour necessary for conducting nursing research. When choosing a suitable paradigm, the researcher should ensure that the ontology, epistemology and methodology of the paradigm are manifest in the methods and research strategies employed.
Green, Jennifer L.; Blankenship, Erin E.
We developed an introductory statistics course for pre-service elementary teachers. In this paper, we describe the goals and structure of the course, as well as the assessments we implemented. Additionally, we use example course work to demonstrate pre-service teachers' progress both in learning statistics and as novice teachers. Overall, the…
We study the effect of learning dynamics on network topology. Firstly, a network of discrete dynamical systems is considered for this purpose and the coupling strengths are made to evolve according to a temporal learning rule that is based on the paradigm of spike-time-dependent plasticity (STDP). This incorporates...
Full Text Available Many have documented the difficulty of using the current paradigm of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs to test and validate the effectiveness of alternative medical systems such as Ayurveda. This paper critiques the applicability of RCTs for all clinical knowledge-seeking endeavors, of which Ayurveda research is a part. This is done by examining statistical hypothesis testing, the underlying foundation of RCTs, from a practical and philosophical perspective. In the philosophical critique, the two main worldviews of probability are that of the Bayesian and the frequentist. The frequentist worldview is a special case of the Bayesian worldview requiring the unrealistic assumptions of knowing nothing about the universe and believing that all observations are unrelated to each other. Many have claimed that the first belief is necessary for science, and this claim is debunked by comparing variations in learning with different prior beliefs. Moving beyond the Bayesian and frequentist worldviews, the notion of hypothesis testing itself is challenged on the grounds that a hypothesis is an unclear distinction, and assigning a probability on an unclear distinction is an exercise that does not lead to clarity of action. This critique is of the theory itself and not any particular application of statistical hypothesis testing. A decision-making frame is proposed as a way of both addressing this critique and transcending ideological debates on probability. An example of a Bayesian decision-making approach is shown as an alternative to statistical hypothesis testing, utilizing data from a past clinical trial that studied the effect of Aspirin on heart attacks in a sample population of doctors. As a big reason for the prevalence of RCTs in academia is legislation requiring it, the ethics of legislating the use of statistical methods for clinical research is also examined.
Chau, Lily S; Galvez, Roberto
It is widely accepted that the amygdala plays a critical role in acquisition and consolidation of fear-related memories. Some of the more widely employed behavioral paradigms that have assisted in solidifying the amygdala's role in fear-related memories are associative learning paradigms. With most associative learning tasks, a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with a salient unconditioned stimulus (US) that elicits an unconditioned response (UR). After multiple CS-US pairings, the subject learns that the CS predicts the onset or delivery of the US, and thus elicits a learned conditioned response (CR). Most fear-related associative paradigms have suggested that an aspect of the fear association is stored in the amygdala; however, some fear-motivated associative paradigms suggest that the amygdala is not a site of storage, but rather facilitates consolidation in other brain regions. Based upon various learning theories, one of the most likely sites for storage of long-term memories is the neocortex. In support of these theories, findings from our laboratory, and others, have demonstrated that trace-conditioning, an associative paradigm where there is a separation in time between the CS and US, induces learning-specific neocortical plasticity. The following review will discuss the amygdala's involvement, either as a site of storage or facilitating storage in other brain regions such as the neocortex, in fearand non-fear-motivated associative paradigms. In this review, we will discuss recent findings suggesting a broader role for the amygdala in increasing the saliency of behaviorally relevant information, thus facilitating acquisition for all forms of memory, both fearand non-fear-related. This proposed promiscuous role of the amygdala in facilitating acquisition for all memories further suggests a potential role of the amygdala in general learning disabilities.
Engstroem, Maria; Landtblom, Anne-Marie; Ragnehed, Mattias; Lundberg, Peter; Karlsson, Marie; Crone, Marie; Antepohl, Wolfram
Background: In fMRI examinations, it is very important to select appropriate paradigms assessing the brain function of interest. In addition, the patients' ability to perform the required cognitive tasks during fMRI must be taken into account. Purpose: To evaluate two language paradigms, word generation and sentence reading for their usefulness in examinations of aphasic patients and to make suggestions for improvements of clinical fMRI. Material and Methods: Five patients with aphasia after stroke or trauma sequelae were examined by fMRI. The patients' language ability was screened by neurolinguistic tests and elementary pre-fMRI language tests. Results: The sentence-reading paradigm succeeded to elicit adequate language-related activation in perilesional areas whereas the word generation paradigm failed. These findings were consistent with results on the behavioral tests in that all patients showed very poor performance in phonemic fluency, but scored well above mean at a reading comprehension task. Conclusion: The sentence-reading paradigm is appropriate to assess language function in this patient group, while the word-generation paradigm seems to be inadequate. In addition, it is crucial to use elementary pre-fMRI language tests to guide the fMRI paradigm decision.
Engstroem, Maria; Landtblom, Anne-Marie; Ragnehed, Mattias; Lundberg, Peter (Center for Medical

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
If you have read the previous post, then you would be having the basic understanding about eco-friendly labels and the terms related to it. There are different types of eco-friendly labels, which can be made from different materials. However, these labels can be made from two main types of materials – paper and film. Each material has its own pros and cons. It is based on your application, that you should make the right choice of the label. This post will take you through different materials used to manufacture eco-friendly labels.
Different Types of Materials Used for Making Eco-friendly Labels
As said earlier, the environmentally friendly labels can be made from either paper or film materials. Paper is an economical choice suitable for most markets, whereas film is relatively durable and has a better appearance than that of paper. However, the cost of film is higher. These two materials have various sub types, as discussed below:
- PLA White Film: The first material option is a PLA white film, which is compostable. This film is made from a plant source, which can be renewed annually. Petroleum and other fossil fuels are not used in this film, thus making it eco-friendly. This material is most widely used in industries, such as health, beauty, food, beverages, etc. One of the key benefits of this film is that it is resistant to water scratch.
- FSC Certified Semi-Gloss and Matte Papers: FSC refers to the Forest Stewardship Council. It is an organization that promotes responsible forest management. The FSC certified semi-gloss and matte papers are light in weight. They have a good level of brightness and opacity. You can either go with a glossy paper or an uncoated one. This material can be used on recycled cardboard, glass, treated HDPE (High Density Polyethylene), stainless steel, and polypropylene. The material delivers good performance and is also a cost-effective option.
- FSC Certified Vellum Paper: This is yet another material choice, which is FSC certified. Vellum paper has a first-class look and feel, which makes it ideal for use in applications, like high-end beverages, wine, and different gourmet foods. It comes in cream or bright white colors. The ultimate adhesion and a decent initial tack that the material has, allows it to quickly stick onto a surface. The material forms a strong bond with the surface on which it is used. Though the adhesive is permanent, it can be removed at a minimum water temperature of 100° F.
- FSC Certified Direct Thermal Paper: The direct thermal paper is also FSC certified. The material is smooth, and bright white in color, and has a high sensitivity thermal coating. The key benefit of a direct thermal paper is that it can offer 24 hour resistance to solvents, plasticizers, water immersion, alcohol, fats, blood, oils, and vinegar. The material is used in applications, such as shipping, receipt, and barcode labels.
Now that you know almost everything about the eco-friendly labels, it would make your job a bit easier at choosing the right label. Of course, experts are there to guide you through the selection process. PLCTX is one such experienced player in manufacturing custom labels and stickers for a wide range of applications. The professionals at the company can guide you in choosing the right type of eco-friendly label, based on your application requirements.


text:
Rights & Permissions; Homework
BY BOB AUBUCHON
The Union Pacific railroad is in the process of replacing a bridge over the Gasconade river at the town of Gasconade, near the confluence of the Gasconade river with the Missouri river. The existing failing bridge is well over 100 yrs old and is traversed by at least 45 trains a day, including Amtrack. The old bridge serves as a silent portal to a time line in the history of Missouri, when residents of this state found themselves in the flux of a changing country. Through that portal one can find a glimpse of a disaster that shook the lives and hearts of the entire City of St. Louis.
On July 1st, 1851, residents of St. Louis turned out to celebrate the start of construction of the Pacific Railroad, connecting St. Louis with the Pacific Ocean and California. Prominent citizens, including Mayor Luther M. Kennett, Thomas Allen, James H. Lucas, Grimsley and Edward Bates, took part in a ground breaking ceremony that included speeches, a national salute, and the reading of a poem written for the moment in history. All of St. Louis looked forward with great anticipation.
Construction of the railroad progressed slowly at first, due to the time required to make tunnels and build bridges. Irish workers, poorly fed and often on strike, were employed to construct the railroad. In two years time, the line was open to the area, now the city of Pacific. However, in less than 4 1/2 years time, by late 1855, the line was completed 125 miles west to Jefferson City. Plans were made to celebrate the construction and promote further development of the line, by a special train of invited guests and dignitaries who would travel the new route to the state capital and convene with the Governor. Included in the guest list were the Mayor and City Council of St. Louis, the National Guard and band, Company A of the St. Louis Grays, many high ranking professional and businessmen, a number of state and county officers, and representatives from other railroads. Little did the passengers know, all aboard had been invited to the single worst railroad disaster in Missouri's history.
The train left St. Louis in a gloomy heavy rain on November 1st, 1855 with six hundred passengers aboard 14 cars. A supportive crowd cheered the train on as it departed on that rainy fall day. The atmosphere aboard the train was one of celebration. The band played and drinks were served. When the train reached Hermann, an additional car was attached to the train and a company of uniformed soldiers and a band of musicians joined the rest of the passengers.
Initially, the chief road engineer had planned to stop the train at the Gasconade River bridge, so the guests could see the new 760 foot long structure. Due to being behind schedule a fatal decision was made to not stop and continue on to the Jefferson City destination. When the train reached the bridge over the Gasconade River, the temporary wooden trestle work between the east bank and the first pier collapsed. The train plunged 36 feet into the river. Only one car remained on the tracks after the disaster. The steam engine and seven cars fell through the broken timbers, with the others cars rolling down the embankment. Over thirty individuals were killed with hundreds injured seriously. The survivors were confronted with a scene of horror. A moment of silence was soon interrupted with the hiss of the partially submerged locomotive, the shrieks of the wounded and the sounds of breaking glass and splintering wood as the trapped passengers worked to free themselves from the wreckage. The less seriously injured passengers struggled to drag the injured and dead from the wreckage and collapsed timbers. Mangled bleeding bodies were carried in the torrents of rain to nearby shanties for shelter. Late in the afternoon, many of the wounded were moved to Hermann where a hotel was converted to a temporary hospital.
The rain continued through the night and the next day when a special hospital train was sent from St. Louis to Hermann and to the wreckage scene. Survivors with few injuries worked with railroad employees to carry bodies of the dead and load them into freight cars. Survivors were loaded into passenger cars. The once soldiers of celebration, now crudely bandaged or carried on stretchers, overwhelmed by the atmosphere of tragedy, were relieved to be aboard a train to go back home. But the tragedy was prolonged by the events that followed.
When the train approached Boeuf Creek, east of the present day New Haven (17 miles east of Hermann), the hospital train was stopped. Boeuf Creek was a raging torrent and out of its banks from the continuous rain of the last two days. Trees washed down stream by the flood waters, piled up against the bridge pilings. Railroad engineers feared that this bridge would also fail if the train attempted to cross. Another train was brought from St. Louis to the east side of Boeuf Creek bridge. Survivors, able to walk, made their way across the bridge and boarded the train on the east side. The severely wounded and dead were left aboard the original hospital train. Engineers decided to push the cars across the bridge one at a time and then bring the locomotive across. Once those who could walk were clear of the bridge and aboard, the first car was pushed to the edge of the bridge. Just as the car approached, the entire bridge collapsed and disappeared into the raging flood waters. The train load of seriously injured and dead were shuttled back to Millers Landing (New Haven). Arrangements were made for a ferryboat to take them, the next day, to the town of Washington where they would once again board the hospital train to take them back to St. Louis. Through the rain filled night, 31 rough coffins were made to transport the dead. The most seriously injured finally returned to St. Louis on November 3rd.
The entire St. Louis was stunned by the disaster. Prominent citizens and leaders had been lost and included: E. Church Blackburn (president of the city council), Henry Chouteau, Calvin Case (Industrialist), and Mann Butler (attorney and Kentuckian historian). Two of the best known clergyman of the city, Rev. Dr. Artemas Bullard of the First Presbyterian Church, and Rev. John Teasdale of the Third Baptist Church were among the dead. Public mourning took place during the next two days (Sunday and Monday). Washington King, the mayor of St. Louis, survived with injuries and proclaimed Monday, the 5th day of November "a day of cessation from all labor as a tribute of respect to those who are most deeply stricken by this terrible blow, and a day of heartfelt thankfulness and gratitude to God by and on account of all who are saved from death." Businesses were closed and the churches were opened for worship.
The existing bridge partially consists of the original bridge built before the civil war. Most people do not know that the massive stone piers that support the bridge, were built on a wooden platform on the river floor, supported by wooden pilings. In recent years, the piers have shifted and the movement can be seen when one looks down the tracks across the bridge. Union Pacific is in a race against time to replace the bridge before it once again fails. Trains slow to 25 miles per hour to cross.
Mostly, the society of today has forgotten this event in the time line of our state history. It is an event that we and our off spring should remember. The disaster speaks of the enthusiasm of earlier citizens to address the transportation needs of our state..... a determination that was not dampened by the Gasconade disaster.
Centennial History of Missouri by Walter B. Stevens
The BulletinJuly 1967, the Missouri Historical Society
Note: The author comments that he has located related pictures in a museum in Hermann Missouri.
Courtesy Bob AuBuchon. Reproduced by permission of the author. Links added.
About the author
Bob AuBuchon has a consulting business, providing digital photo services and flash animation based slide shows that can be used as stand alone programs or served across the internet, well suited for informational and/or historical programs.
Related article: "Engineering Success and Disaster: American Railroad Bridges _PHONE_" by Mark Aldrich, Railroad History #180.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
This works, but looks a little bit ugly:
s = :shop s.to_s.pluralize.to_sym # => :shops
Is there a nicer way to pluralize a
Join Stack Overflow to learn, share knowledge, and build your career.
You can pluralize a
String, which represents actual text.
Symbols are a bit more abstract.
So, by definition, no. However, perhaps you could open up the Symbol class definition and add:
class Symbol def pluralize to_s.pluralize.to_sym end end
Then, you can just call:
:shop.pluralize # => :shops
If you're comfortable altering Ruby's classes, then this works:
class Symbol def pluralize self.to_s.pluralize.to_sym end end
I have yet to find a more elegant solution, although I suspect if there was, it would probably just be Rails implementing something similar to what I have above.


An article providing an overview of Austrianova Singapore's development of encapsulated cell treatments for cancer, has just been published in BioSpectrum Asia, the leading biotechnology industry magazine in Asia. The invited article entitled "'Suicide genes' is the next step to cure cancer" highlights the clinical success in the treatment of solid tumors in the company's clinical trials for the treatment of pancreatic and breast cancer as well as preclinical data for tumors such as hepatocellular (liver) cancer, ovarian cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, colon cancer metastases and even possibly brain tumors such as glioma/glioblastoma. The publication also covers how this ongoing research offers the possibility of "personalized" therapies as well combination therapies to potentially increase successes in treating cancer patients. Finally, the article points out that encapsulated cells can also be used to attack tumors by placing them in the body and allowing continuous production of tumor toxic, targeted antibodies, such as Herceptin® or anti-tumor agents such as tumor necrosis factor or anti-angiogenic factors.


text:
Since you didn't show any work, I'll guess that you need help getting started.
gierose wrote:A car weighing 12.0kg (2700lbs) is parked on a driveway that is at 15 degree angle with the horizontal. Find the components of the car's weight parallel and perpendicular to the driveway?
Draw the right triangle representing the driveway (one leg), the perpendicular (the other leg), and the base. The right angle is where the car is. Draw the height line, being perpendicular to the base; the height of the right triangle is 12. (I think this may be a typo, though; 12 kilograms does not correspond to 2700 pounds.)
The height line forms two right triangles, with the legs of the original triangles being the hypotenuse of each new triangle. Use trig ratios and the given angle measure to find their lengths.
gierose wrote:A woman on the ground sees an airplane climbing at an angle of 35 degrees above the horizontal. She gets into her car and by driving at 70 mi/h is able to stay directly below the airplane. What is the airplane speed?
Draw the right triangle formed by the height, the ground, and the path of the plane. Label the base angle with the given value, and the base with "70". Use trig ratios to find the value of the hypotenuse.
If you get stuck, please reply showing your steps and reasoning so far. Thank you!


text:
An Authorisation Grant is the credetial representation the Resource Owner's authorisation of the Client's access to its protected resources. The specifications define four Grant types, described below.
- Authorisation Code
- Resource Owner password Credentials
- Client Credentials
The Authorisation code is obtained by using an Authorisation server as an intermediary between the client and the resource owner. Instead of requesting authorisation directly from the resource owner, the client directs the resource owner, via the user-agent, to the authorisation server. The Authorisation server redirects the resource owner, via the user-agent, back to the client with an Authorisation code. This authorisation code is then used by the client to authenticate itself and fetch Access tokens. Access tokens are, finally, used by the client to access the protected resources ( residing on Resource server) of the resource owner.
Before directly the resource owner back to the client with the authorisation code, the Authorisation server authenticates the resource owner ( through an Authorisation server and Resource server interaction ) and obtains authorisation. Because resource owner authenticates with authorisation only, hence the resource owner's credentials are hidden from the client.
The Authorisation code provides important security benefits, such as
- Ability to authenticate the Client
- Transmission of Access token directly to the Client, without passing it through the Resource owner's user-agent. Hence keeping the access token within the scope of the Client, without exposing it to the user or the user-agent.
Implicit Grant is a simplified Authorisation code workflow. Here the client is issued the Access tokens, just after the Resources owner's authentication. The access token is thus returned, when the user-agent is redirected to the Client.
This implies that
- No Authorisation Code is required by the Client to obtain Access tokens. They are issued directly on redirection, immediately after resource owner authentication.
- Authorisation server does not Authenticate the Client
- Access tokens issued are now visible to the user-agent. This can pose some security loops
Because of the above three restrictions, this type authorisation grant workflow is optimised for Clients that are implemented in the Browser
Resource Owner Password Credentials
The Resource Owner's Login Credentials i.e username and password can be used directly as an authorisation grant, by the Client, to obtain Access Tokens. This workflow should be used only when there is high degree of trust be the resource owner and the client. e.g client is a part of highly privileged application, and used privately by the resource owner.
This grant type should eliminate the need for the client to store the resource owner's credentials for future use, instead should use long term access tokens or refresh tokens.
The Client Credentials, or any form of Client Authentication, can be as an Authorisation grant to obtain Access tokens. Here, the authorisation scope is limited to the protected resources, controlled by the client. i.e when the client is itself the owner of the protected resources. This workflow is also valid when the proctected are of the nature that they can be publicly accessed by multiple client, i.e when the proctected resources are now owned by any user in particluar.


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In the Library, your Personal folder is the root folder for all your saved content. Within the Personal folder, you can create subfolders to organize your content.
Then, for example, you could publish a subfolder, and know that all content in this subfolder is now available to your organization.
This topic will show you how to create subfolders in your Personal (root) folder, create new subfolders, organize your saved content by moving it into the subfolders, and publish a subfolder.
- In Sumo Logic, go to the Library. All of your saved content is in the Personal folder, and all of its content is displayed in the list on the right, including saved searches, Dashboards, and any installed Apps. Existing subfolders are listed under Personal, such as the Data Volume and Windows App, as shown.
- Create a subfolder by clicking the blue plus sign in the upper right-hand corner of the Library.
- In the Add Folder dialog, enter My Apps, and click Add.
- The new subfolder is added to the folder list.
- For this example, create another subfolder called Errors. It is added to the folder list under Personal.
Move Content into Subfolders
Now you can organize your saved content in the new subfolders.
- In the list on the right, select the Data Volume App. Click the double arrow to the right of the name, and from the menu, select Move.
- In the Move Item dialog, select the My Apps folder, and click Move.
- Do the same for any other Apps you have installed. They will be moved and then appear under the My Apps folder.
- Now move any searches or Dashboards that deal with errors into the new Errors subfolder. (You can tell what the list items are from their icons: a search uses a magnifying glass icon, a Dashboard uses a picture icon, and an App uses a folder icon.)
When your saved content is organized, you'll need to click the subfolder to view its contents in the list on the right.
Publish a Subfolder to Share Content
If for example, you wanted to publish the apps you have installed in order to share them with your organization, you could publish the new My Apps subfolder itself. This way, any app that you install in the future and add to this subfolder would be automatically published and shared with your team.
To publish a subfolder:
- In the Library, under Personal, select the My Apps subfolder.
- Click the double arrow to the right of the folder, and select Publish.
- In the Publish dialog, click Publish.
- The My Apps folder is added to the Org folder, in a subfolder labeled with your name. Now everyone in your organization can access your published content.
In the future, any Apps that you install in this published folder will be automatically published.
If you want to create a folder hierarchy, create the desired hierarchical subfolders and publish the topmost folder. All subfolders will be published with the parent folder.


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Nine genes identified affecting bone density
In a recent study, Scientists have identified nine genes that are likely to weaken or strengthen bone that may prove quite fruitful in the effective treatment of osteoporosis affecting millions across the globe.
Out of 100 'knockout mice,' with one gene disabled in each one, scientists identified these genes that was seen responsible to weaken or strengthen bone. Osteoporosis is a disease of bones that leads to an increased risk of fracture.
Peter Croucher, professor from Sydney's Garvan Institute of Medical Research, with Duncan Bassett and Graham Williams, professor from Imperial College London, and colleagues at the Sanger Institute, carried out the experiment micro-CT and digital x-ray microradiography to measure whether or not each of the first 100 genes impacted upon bone.
"We wanted to see what screening the first 100 knockout mice off the pipeline would tell us about the impact of these genes on bone, and whether or not our approach was an effective one," Croucher was quoted as saying in the journal Public Library of Science Genetics.
"The approach was successful in that we identified nine genes that had not previously been described - each of which appeared to be important in regulating our skeleton. This suggests that roughly 8-10 percent of all genes may be involved in some way," said Croucher, according to a institute statement.
"At the moment, we're trying to understand the potential role of the nine genes we've just identified. Our results suggest that if you were to block some of them, it would result in higher bone mass and stronger bones. We'll be making antibodies to those genes to test our results," he added.
-With inputs from IANS
Read More: Lady Harding Medical College | Medical College | Gsvm Medical College | B.r.d Medical College | Mlb Medical College So | Guntur Medical College | Science Institute Lsg So | St. John's Medical College | Madras Medical College | Kilpauk Medical College | Thanjavur Medical College So | Pariyaram Medical College | Calicut Medical College Mdg | Alappuzha Medical College | R.g.kar Medical College Po | M.g.m Medical College | Ranchi Medical College | Ranchi Medical College Campus | National Dairy Research Institute | Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library
WE WILL BRING A NEW LAW TO REGULATE FIXING : JITENDRA SINGH
May 21, 2013 at 9:49 PM
SAHARA PULLS OUT OF IPL DUE TO FINANCIAL DISPUTE WITH BCCI
May 21, 2013 at 8:49 PM
VINDU DARA SINGH TO BE QUIZZED IN CUSTODY TILL MAY 24
May 21, 2013 at 8:17 PM


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At RBG, the foundation of our programs is inquiry-based and experiential learning. We want students to ask questions and follow their curiosity. Our educational field trip programs use active exploration and activities to engage students, and to immerse them in the natural world.
A Message for Educators: We are working hard to be able to support you this year! For nearly 80 years, Royal Botanical Gardens has been dedicated to creating meaningful learning opportunities for students of all ages. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, we will continue to offer a variety of types of programs for school groups, modified to ensure participant safety while remaining as engaging and relevant as ever. Due to regulations and best practices not all school programs are available for booking and some program elements have been modified to accommodate current health guidelines. To ensure the health and wellbeing of everyone involved with our programs we require everyone who is involved with a program to wear a face covering for the duration of the program. Currently, indoor spaces are not available for use. All materials that are used in programs are sanitized after use.
Programs at RBG
Our programs aim to inspire curiosity, discovery, and connection in a natural setting! Browse our available educational field trip programs to find the best options for your students and curriculum and make a booking request through our online form.
ECE and Kindergarten
Combining interactive hikes, sensory activities, and play-based learning, RBG's ECE and Kindergarten programming provides positive experiences for the youngest students. Walking, hiking, and observing together, students develop a new appreciation for the natural world.
Grades 1 - 8
Our Elementary programs aim to inspire curiosity, discovery, and connection in a natural setting. Through games, explorations, and discussions, students learn about the importance of healthy natural spaces, and their place within them!
Grades 9 - 12
Our Secondary programs combine an inquiry-based approach with authentic learning opportunities situated in RBG's gardens and natural spaces. RBG is an active research site, and students are challenged to learn through hands-on investigation and observation, analyze relevant data, and discuss environmental concerns that have a real impact on their lives.
Book a Program
Make a booking request through our online form.
Note: This form is a request only. Submission of this form does not imply a reservation / booking. RBG will contact you 3-5 days after your request to finalize your trip.
Virtual Field Trips
No matter where you are, your class can interact with our educators and scientists and explore topics like biodiversity, conservation, botany, plant ecology and the environment.
We want to help you provide your students with meaningful and diverse learning experiences that help them to understand the crucial role that plants play in sustaining and enhancing our lives and the environment. Look at the following resources to help you bring these unique nature experiences to your classroom.
Dive deeper into biodiversity and human impacts on wetlands with your class, whether as an extension to your RBG visit or as a standalone classroom inquiry or project-based learning initiative.
RBG at Home
Welcome to RBG at Home, our commitment to offering accessible, diverse and entertaining learning opportunities for all ages. Find curriculum-linked lesson plans, educational videos, activity sheets, and more!
The Green Angels Financial Assistance Program subsidizes admission passes, annual memberships, school and children's programming and school transportation costs.
Have you been on an educational field trip already? Tell us about your experience!


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Rowland Tappan Berthoff (September 20, 1921 – March 25, 2001) was an American historian, working in the fields of immigration and social life in the USA. He is best known for his 1971 book An Unsettled People: Order and Disorder in American Life.
He was born in
Toledo, Ohio, attended Oberlin College, did graduate work at Harvard University where he received a doctorate in 1952, as a student of Oscar Handlin. Berthoff was an Assistant Professor of History at Princeton University from 1953, and then a Professor of History at Washington University in St. Louis, from 1962. He was made chairman of Washington University's history department and named William Elliott Smith Professor of History in 1971.
social history and ethnic history. His 1960 article on "The American Social Order: A Conservative Hypothesis," called for a conservative interpretation of American history.
Further reading [ edit ]
Berthoff, Rowland. "The American Social Order: A Conservative Hypothesis,"
American Historical Review, April 1960, Vol. 65 Issue 3, pp 495-514 in JSTOR
External links [ edit ]


Why Did Dinosaurs Have Small Eyes?
By | October 1st, 2015|Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal News Stories, Dinosaur Fans, Main Page|0 Comments
Small-eyed Dinosaurs Let's Keep Things in Proportion
Telephone calls and emails into the "dino den" otherwise known as the office at Everything Dinosaur last night, when the popular Radio 2 early evening show, Simon Mayo Drivetime, provided a prehistoric themed poser as part of a regular slot helping out with listener's homework. One of the two questions sent in involved the Dinosauria, why did dinosaurs have such small eyes?
Does Everything Dinosaur Have A View on Question B?
Any views on question two?
Any views on question two?
Picture Credit: Simon May Drivetime Facebook
Small-eyed Dinosaurs?
In short, dinosaurs did not have small eyes, in fact, the eyes of some dinosaurs were quite large in proportion to the rest of their body and the word "proportion" is the key here, but more about that later. You see, (no pun intended), it all depends on the type of dinosaur you look at. Not all dinosaurs were the bus-sized, meat-eaters so popular with little boys and girls, as shown in the picture above. That fearsome dinosaur looks like Carcharodontosaurus saharicus (Car-car-oh-dont-toe-sore-us, sa-har-ri-kus) as depicted in the BBC television series "Planet Dinosaur" which was first aired in the autumn of 2011. The grey, long-necked dinosaurs in the background would have dwarfed even the largest carnivore. They look like Paralititan stromeri, colossal animals that could have reached lengths in excess of thirty metres or more and perhaps weighed seventy tonnes.
Take a look at a skull of a much smaller dinosaur, a member of the Velociraptor family for example, and you will see that the orbit (the eye socket) is relatively large when the dimensions of the rest of the skull are taken into consideration.
Dromaeosauridae (Family) and Typical Dromaeosaurids such as the Velociraptorinae did not have Small Eyes
Getting into a Flap over Velociraptors
No small eyes here on a Velociraptor
Dinosaurs such as Velociraptor are very closely related to modern birds. Birds have very large eyes in proportion to their body size. After all, if you are going to fly, having large eyes coupled with excellent eyesight makes a lot of sense. Members of the bird Order (Aves), have the biggest eyes relative to their body mass amongst the vertebrates, some species have eyes so large that eye movement is limited within the orbit of the skull, when some birds want to have a good look around they have to turn their heads, the eyes cannot move independently in their sockets.
Turning Your Head to Have a Look Round
Turning your head to look, (a large beak doesn't help).
Turning your head to look, (a large beak doesn't help).
What about those Really Big Dinosaurs?
This is all very well, some dinosaurs had proportionately big eyes, but what about those really big dinosaurs, animals like Carcharodontosaurus and the monstrous Paralititan mentioned earlier? It's that word again "proportion". In proportion to their bodies, large dinosaurs did have relatively small eyes, this phenomenon is observed in large mammals today, elephants, rhinos and the largest animals of all the Cetaceans (whales and dolphins). Really big animals tend to have eyes that look small. The actual diameter of the eye might be much bigger than our own, but since the skull is so big compared to ours, then the eye seems much smaller in comparison.
Newly hatched dinosaurs had big eyes in proportion to their body size. As the animal grew so its body proportions changed and gradually the eye became much smaller when compared to the rest of the body.
Baby Dinosaurs Had Bigger Eyes when Compared to the Adults
Ontogeny in Diplodocids
As dinosaurs grew, their eyes become proportionately smaller.
Picture Credit: Mark A Klinger/ Carnegie Museum of Natural History
It's worth remembering that despite a common public misunderstanding, dinosaurs were perfectly adapted to their environments and way of life. As a clade, the Dinosauria has been around for some 800 times longer than our own species. From what we know of the closest living relatives of the dinosaurs, the birds, these reptiles probably had excellent colour vision and in many cases their visual acuity, ability to see movement and their colour vision spectrum were much better than ours.
Think of it this way, studies of the internal structure of the skull of Tyrannosaurus rex indicate that this ferocious predator had a optic nerve about as thick as an adult man's thumb. That's a lot of data going into that part of the brain dedicated to processing information from the eyes (occipital centre). The orbits (eye sockets), in the skull of "Sue", the largest mounted T. rex skeleton, measure nearly 10.5 cm across, this suggests that this dinosaur had eyeballs around 8 cm in size, that's bigger than a tennis ball. These eyes were held aloft some four metres in the air, an excellent viewing platform. In addition, the position of the eyes in the skull gave this Theropod a degree of binocular (stereoscopic vision), probably greater depth perception than ours. Ideal if you are an ambush predator.
Forward Facing Eyes of an Apex Predator
A three-dimensional reconstruction of a T. rex skull.
A three-dimensional reconstruction of a T. rex skull.
Research into the eyesight of Tyrannosaurus rex, published in 2006 by the University of Oregon concluded that big, Late Cretaceous meat-eaters like the "King of the Tyrant Lizards" may have had eyesight that was at least ten times* better than our own. Vision may not have been the primary sense of T. rex, but those proportionately small eyes could have very probably spotted you before you had seen it and that's quite a sobering thought.
Comparing the Orbits of Two Types of Tyrannosauroids
The orbit of a Tyrannosaurus rex is compared to the eye socket of a Raptorex
The orbit of a Tyrannosaurus rex is compared to the eye socket of a Raptorex kriegsteini
Picture Credit: Paul Sereno
Stevens, K.A. 2006 Binocular vision in Theropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26(2):321-330. *visual acuity up to thirteen times was stated in the paper.
For dinosaur themed toys, models and games: Visit Everything Dinosaur


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Manitoba Church Records (FamilySearch Historical Records)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
|This article describes a collection of historical records available at FamilySearch.org.|
Access the records: Manitoba, Church Records, _PHONE_.
Title in the Language of the Record
Manitoba, Registres de l'Église, _PHONE_
This collection contains baptisms, marriages, deaths and other records from some Catholic, Lutheran, and Unitarian parishes in Manitoba.
Church Records began in Canada in the 1620s in Quebec with French Catholic Records. These early records were kept according to a 16th-century French law. English-language church records begin in 1749 in Nova Scotia with Church of England records. Canada had French citizens until 1763, so most Protestant records begin much later.
For a list of records by localities, document type and dates currently published in this collection, select the Browse.
Citation for This Collection
The following citation refers to the original source of the information published in FamilySearch.org Historical Record collections. Sources include the author, custodian, publisher and archive for the original records.
- "Manitoba, Church Records, _PHONE_." Images. FamilySearch. _URL_ : accessed 2013.
These birth records may contain the following information:
- When born
- Full name
- Name and maiden name of mother
- Name and surname of father
- Occupation of Father
- When baptized
These marriage records may contain the following information:
- Name of Groom and Bride
- Groom's place of birth
- Groom's Occupation
- Full name of parents
- Residence when married
- Place of Birth
- Maiden name of bride with parents
- Names of witnesses
- Date and place of marriage
- By whom married
- License or Ban
- Place of birth of father
These death records may contain the following information:
- Name of deceased
- Date and place of death
- Age at death
- Place of birth
- Cause of death
- Name of Physician
- Date of funeral service
- Signature of Clergyman or Minister
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To search for birth records in this collection, it would be helpful if you knew the following information:
- Name of parents
- Approximate year of birth
- Place of birth
To search for marriage records in this collection, it would be helpful if you knew the following information:
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Search the Collection
To search the collection you will need to follow this series of links:
⇒Select the "Browse" link in the initial search page
⇒Select the "Place" category
⇒Select the "Name of Denomination and Parish" category
⇒Select the "Record Type and Year Range" category which will take you to the images.
Look at each image comparing the information with what you already know about your ancestors to determine which one is your ancestor. You may need to compare the information about more than one person to make this determination.
Unable to Find Your Ancestor?
- Search for nicknames and various spellings of the name
- Search in the index for the name of your ancestor
- Look for the father's name and the mother's name in the index
- Sometimes church records were kept in the church and sometimes in the home of the minister. The records may still be at the church, with the present minister, at a local historical or genealogical society, or they may have been deposited in an archive of the denomination.
- It may be necessary to look at the records of all the churches near your ancestor's home to locate your ancestor's church records.
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These records are in French. For help with reading the records, see the following wiki articles:
General Information About These Records
Church records (registres paroissiaux) are excellent sources for accurate names, dates, and places of births, marriages, and deaths. Many people who lived in Canada were recorded in church records.
Church records were kept at the local parish of the church. A parish is a local congregation that may include many villages. Your ancestor may have lived in a village and belonged to a parish in a nearby larger town.
Be aware that some of these records may be in French.
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As An Atheist Can Your Life Have Purpose and Meaning?
I was wondering what other people thought about this.
Views: 10410
Reply to This
Replies to This Discussion
Where do you see evidence that human purpose isn't the results of selective pressure?
Where do you see evidence that god doesn't exist... We don't have evidence of negatives, it's not the scientific rational way.
If there's no evidence of negatives, then why do you think animals have no purpose?
Surely you're jesting? Have you no understanding of the workings of scientific evidence? In order for animals to have a purpose, there would need to be evidence of this. It can't be stated any simpler.
And in order for humans to have a purpose, there would need to be scientific evidence. You can't have it both ways.
If you reject the idea that animals have a purpose on account of the lack of scientific evidence, then you must reject the idea that humans have a purpose on account of the lack of scientific evidence, and you must reject that God exists on account of the lack of scientific evidence. But you should also know that the lack of evidence is not evidence to the contrary.
So do you still stand behind your words that animals don't have "purpose"?
great great great
Have the words 'positive' and 'negative' been defined for all people, everywhere, and for all time?
I don't think so.
World War One failed to influence people to create a League of Nations. World War Two succeeded and we now have the United Nations. Adolf Hitler and his allies found so much crap to fling that they persuaded us to get past our differences.
it's true that good and bad are products of our on mind. "there is no good or bad, but thinking makes it so".
But there is Order and Disorder outside of ourselves. A chair IS order -it has form and purpose. Litter on the road IS disorder (chaos).
So positive and negative are not absolute -but it's what we have to go on. -we're making it as we go
Your "orderly" chair is a fascinating topic. In physics we learn that order never exists on it's own, it's always a balancing act between entropy and enthalpy. Therefore, the chair in fact gives you the illusion of orderliness.
Metaphysically speaking, order and disorder are soul mates and inseparable. :)
Agree 100% with the rest of your post.
Since you are defining the rules for the purpose of those objects, then they are hardly "outside of ourselves". The mind is required to make the connection between "chair" and "sit", or "litter" and "pollution".
Instead of chairs then, gravity and spheres vs entropy and fog. spontaneous SYNCH between pendulums and other oscillators. self organization out of chaos. Strange attractors. Evolution, fractals, ~3 BILLION perfect heart beats in a lifetime.
There is order and it's opposite which is NOT order.
If order is just any phenomenon that can be measured, then I fail to see what that has to do with human purpose.
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yellow marbles. The yellow marbles tend to be concentrated near the
center of the level, which is more to the right side of that straight line,
as this is where the other two lines will meet. This is an obvious choice by
the developers to try to keep things relatively even despite the layout
being rather random. When you play this level, you'll likely not feel that
it is triangular. It will likely appear to take no shape at all. However,
this is more or less the basis behind the design of the level.
One thing that is unknown (hope to test it someday) is regarding the size of
the level that is generated. It seems that they range from somewhat big to
rather large (i.e. "titanic-sized"). What I seemed to notice is that the
actual area of the all of the paths combined seems to be the same. But even
considering this fact, the levels can range in size. How can that be? We can
think about it similar to designing a roller coaster. Let's say that the
game has a preset amount of straight paths and turning paths. Think of it
like pieces of a puzzle. These will all be connected somehow in the end. As
one may note, there really isn't any completely open areas. Sure, there are
areas that feel more open because a lot of paths converge, but it is only
because paths converge that it feels open. We can assume that each of these
puzzle pieces is one square foot (or meter, for everyone else who uses the
better Metric system). Let's say the total amount of all these paths is 100
square feet. The game connects these paths, but whether or not the connected
paths are adjacent to others is part of how to describe how the size
changes. See, the game will connect these paths somehow. If they are close
to each other, then the total area is 100 square feet. But what if these
connected paths branch out far and wide? The game will fill in any gaps
between any of these paths with black space. If you include all of the black
space with these 100 or so 1-square-foot paths, the actual size of the level
is much bigger. So while I believe the amount of walkable space is
unchanged, the level's size isn't completely determined by that. This is
evidenced by the occasional situation where the level creates a long path
leading from one player's base to the other player's base. It is not a
direct path, mind you, but it may seem rather convenient.
There are a couple of other things to note, if I haven't lost you
completely. Some paths lead to dead-ends. This is inevitable as the game
simply has to place the paths somewhere in the level, but doesn't have to
make them completely accessible from every angle that we might prefer. The
algorithm used for this level does prevent any of these 'pieces' to be
placed completely isolated from the rest of the level. This is obviously to
prevent players from not having access to enough marbles, and so on. So if
you see some marbles down a path that seems inaccessible, try to find where
the path leads out to, because it will certainly be accessible from
Strategies: I hope to post some concrete strategies someday, but as it
stands with the randomness of each potential layout, it's difficult to give
a strategy that will work every single time you play. I typically work on
marbles that are close to my base because I know I get can get them sooner
in the match. Later in the match, my opponent will have inevitably made his
way close to my base. A lot of strategy comes with carefully getting the
marbles that are most advantageous to you. Sometimes, this may mean going
after a marble that may be closer to your opponent's base than yours.
Likely the most frustrating level, with a plethora of enemies and obstacles.
General: You will wish you had yellow Pikmin when you deal with the
electrical obstacles and enemies that float slightly high above the level.
Be careful not to accidentally send Pikmin off the sides of the level,
First Version: In this version, the bases are straight across from each
other. There is only one way in and out of each base. Walking out of your
base reveals a slightly larger area connected to your base. Likewise, your
opponent has their own version of such an area. These two areas are
connected by two paths, one on either side of the area. Be careful of your
opponent who may walk down one path while you are on another. This version
of this level is not terribly big.
Second Version: This is a bigger version of the level than the first
version. Players' bases are straight across from each other, but have two
larger areas connecting on to them. There are two ways out of the base area,
and a few more paths in between the'main' areas. The base area itself is
also twice as large as the first version and will likely contain a few
enemies in close proximity to the Onion. The two connecting'main' areas, if
you will, contain a light blue circle in the middle with the ground sunken
in a little bit. There are many enemies, and usually also a lot of cherries.
These slightly circular areas may contain yellow marbles near the level's
edge. Be careful not to accidentally throw Pikmin off.
Third Version: In this third version, the players' bases are not straight
across (at least not in the same sense as the other two versions) and take a
little bit longer to access. The level is more spread out, but it's actually
not all too big. The paths are long and somewhat narrow, and there doesn't
seem to be any'main' area. Both players have three paths that lead out of
their base, but all three of those paths connect in one central area marked
by a purple circle that comes out of the ground slightly in the exact center
of this level. One of the three paths leads to a mini area of sorts before
connecting to the main purple circle area in the middle. Again, none of
these areas being described are terribly big. The base is about the same
size as the first version, and may in fact be a bit smaller.
Strategies: One unknown fact about this level is that it is possible to grab
onto the bombs as the player. This is not even possible in single player
mode, so it's quite the surprise. It can be difficult to judge the distance,
but it may be fun to give it a try. Simply walk in front of the bomb slowly
pushing it for about a second to grab onto it. Then, simply press A to throw
it. It will explode in only a few seconds, so be careful to get away from
it, yourself. Also note that you can even pick up bombs that are about to
explode, such as bombs dropped by enemies.
No questions so far!!
-It is possible to back out after pressing A to choose a level. You must
press B very quickly after pressing A to choose a level in order to back
out. Otherwise, the level will begin to load. You can always just have the
level begin and quit using the pause menu. Of course, if anyone backs out of
the match by pressing Start and quitting, the score will not be tallied
either way.
-The font for the name for "Brawl Yard" on the level select screen appears
to be a little smaller sized than the font for the other levels for some
unknown reason other than nobody noticed.
You may e-mail me if you think there is an error in the guide, or for
contributions to this guide. I know there are a lot of strategies or
alternate ideas to mine, and I like bouncing ideas off of you guys, so don't
be shy when e-mailing stuff like that. You may also send in any questions
pertaining to Pikmin 2. If it's relevant, and I haven't covered it in the
guide, I may just write the answer right into the guide. Otherwise, I won't
reply. In fact, I may not reply to you directly at all. I may just post the
information in here. All contributors will receive credit. That means most
of the time, your handle name will appear as a credit, though I will use
real name, if you allow it and/or prefer it. Contributors to this guide are
listed in the section below. The website for the e-mail form is:
I have set up this form through my website that filters out a ton of spam. I
was getting an insurmountable amount of spam e-mails when I was giving out
an e-mail address to people. The form on the website goes to my e-mail
address, but it requires that somebody fill out the form manually every
time. Spam doesn't work that way, so this should solve my problem. Oh, and
you may search my site and find a few other e-mail addresses that go to my
site. I will likely regard it as spam if it isn't sent using the form
provided at the web address above. So, just use the form and we'll be
square. Oh, and remember to write "Pikmin 2" somewhere in the subject line.
That just lets me know that it is for that game. Thanks.
None so far


text:
"It is interesting to contemplate a tangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent upon each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us..." --Charles Darwin, "The Origin of Species"
Robert Michael Pyle's popular "Tangled Bank" column appeared in fifty-two consecutive issues of "Orion" and "Orion Afield" magazines over eleven years. Each essay collected in "The Tangled Bank" explores Charles Darwin's contention that the elements of such a bank, and by extension all the living world, are endlessly interesting and ever evolving.
Pyle's thoughtful and concise narratives range in subject from hops and those who love them to independent bookstores to the monarchs of Mexico. In each piece, Pyle refutes "the idea that the world is a boring place," sharing his meticulous observations of the endless and fascinating details of the living earth.


text:
Refraction is the act of preventing a rule from firing multiple times in succession. Without refraction, at each loop iteration the same rules can be added to the agenda repeatedly. This is because the same conditions are satisfied. To prevent a single rule from firing repeatedly, a refraction condition is implemented. There are many types of refraction rules.
Some systems use a refraction condition that each rule may only be fired once. Once a rule has been fired, it may never be fired again until the system is reset.
In an intermittant rule refraction condition, a rule may never fire twice consecutively, and may not be added to the agenda again until a different rule fires first.
In a changing antecedent refraction condition, a rule may only fire if the attributes in the antecedent have changed.Last modified on 6 March 2011, at 02:44


Inner kingdoms - in caverns and empty lavachambers...?
extract from Mysteries of the Inner Earth of David Pratt - May 2001
As with the idea of a paradisiacal cradleland of humanity at the north pole, references to networks of caverns and tunnels and/or an inner world within the earth are commonplace in the world's religions, myths, legends, and folklore. The attributes assigned to the underworld range from heavenly to hellish, and its inhabitants likewise range from superhuman to subhuman. Myths and legends generally embody multiple levels of meaning, and the underworld can also refer to nonphysical planes of reality.
 During his travels in Asia, Nicholas Roerich spent a lot of time studying local folklore, which included tales of lost tribes or subterranean dwellers.
In many places of Central Asia, they speak of the Agharti ['concealed','secret'], the subterranean people. In numerous beautiful legends they outline the same story of how the best people abandoned the treacherous earth and sought salvation in hidden countries where they acquired new forces and conquered powerful energies. [1]
While crossing the Karakorum pass, his Ladakhi guide said to him: 'Do you know that in the subterranean caves here many treasures are hidden and that in them lives a wonderful tribe which abhors the sins of the earth?'
 And again when we approached Khotan the hoofs of our horses sounded hollow as though we rode above caves or hollows. Our caravan people called our attention to this, saying, 'Do you hear what hollow subterranean passages we are crossing? Through these passages, people who are familiar with them can reach far-off countries.' When we saw entrances of caves, our caravaneers told us, 'Long ago people lived there; now they have gone inside; they have found a subterranean passage to the subterranean kingdom. Only rarely do some of them appear again on earth.. . .'
 Great is the belief in the Kingdom of the subterranean people. Through all Asia, through the space of all deserts, from the Pacific to the Urals, you can hear the same wondrous tale of the vanished holy people. And even far beyond the Ural Mountains, the echo of the same tale will reach you. [2]
 There is rumoured to be a vast underground network of caves and tunnels under the whole of Central Asia, with many passages radiating out from the spiritual hub of Shambhala [3]. According to popular belief, there are numerous secret subterranean passages beneath India, whose entrances are guarded by elementals which assume the shape of rocks or other natural features. For instance, Varanasi (Benares), whose ancient name is Kashi, is said to be connected by a tunnel to Gupta Kashi ('gupta' = secret, hidden), an underground city in the Himalayas, about 50 miles from Badrinath [4].
 Mesoamerica and South America have long been rumoured to be honeycombed with long, mysterious tunnels, some of them running for hundreds of miles, from Columbia in the north through Peru and Bolivia to Chile in the south, and to the Amazon jungle in the east. Only a few sections of these tunnels have so far been discovered [5]. H.P. Blavatsky mentions an immense tunnel running from Cuzco to Lima in Peru, and then extending south into Bolivia [6]. In Egypt, a vast subterranean world is traditionally believed to extend from the catacombs of Alexandria to Thebes' Valley of the Kings. The subterranean crypts of Thebes were known as the serpent's catacombs, the serpent being a symbol of wisdom and immortality [7].
 Many Native American peoples believe that their ancestors originated in a joyous subterranean realm, or took refuge in caverns to escape past cataclysms. The Cherokee Indians speak of a subterranean world much like our own, with mountains, rivers, trees, and people [8]. The Aztecs said their ancestors came from a land called Aztlan, and that after escaping its destruction they ended up in a cavern called Chicomoztoc, or the Seven Cavern Cities of Gold, where they lived before emerging to the surface world [9]. The Mexican demi-god Votan describes a subterranean passage, a'snake's hole', which runs underground and terminates at the root of the heavens; he himself was allowed to enter it because he was a'son of the snakes' [10].
 The Hopi Indians hold their rituals in an underground chamber known as the kiva.
In the center of the kiva, on the altar level and directly below the roof opening, is the sunken fire pit in which a fire is lighted in the New Fire Ceremony.. . , for life began with fire. Next to it is the small hole in the floor called the sipapuni. Etymologically derived from the two words for 'navel' and 'path from,' the sipapuni thus denotes the umbilical cord leading from Mother Earth and symbolizes the path of man's Emergence from the previous underworld.. . . The ladder represents the reed up which man climbed during his Emergence. . . [11]
The Hopis believe there has been a succession of four worlds. The first world was destroyed by fire, the second by a poleshift, and the third by flooding. Some chosen people were saved from the disasters that destroyed the first two worlds by taking refuge underground, and some survived the destruction of the third world by being sealed inside hollow reeds. The Pima Indians speak of the emergence into our world being effected through a spiral hole that was bored up to the earth's surface [12].
 Legends of ancestral origins in subterranean lands are also found in Africa and Australia. Australian aborigines believe their ancestors came up out of the ground, travelled about the country and created new tribes, then 'ultimately journeyed away beyond the confines of their territory, or went down into the ground again'. According to the native traditions of the Caroline Islands, Papua New Guinea, and Malaysia, a subterranean race of giants went underground in ancient times. Once inhabitants of the lost continent of Chamat, they will one day 'emerge and remake the world'. Natives of the Trobiand Islands believe that their ancestors emerged from a subterranean existence through a special hole. Tribes in Bengal and Burma also believe their ancestors emerged from a subterranean world [13].
[1] Nicholas Roerich, Shambhala: In search of the new era, Rochester, VE: Inner Traditions, 1990, p. 213.
[2] Ibid., p. 215.
[3] Victoria LePage, Shambhala: The fascinating truth behind the myth of Shangri-La, Wheaton, IL: Quest, 1996, pp. 14, 41, 48-9.
[4] The Theosophist, September 1888, pp. 757-8; H.P. Blavatsky collected writings, Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House, 1950-91, 2:120; H.P. Blavatsky, From the caves and jungles of Hindostan, Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House, 1983, pp. 20fn, 77, 253-6, 342, 381-2, 392; H.P. Blavatsky, The secret doctrine (1888), Pasadena, CA: Theosophical University Press, 1977, 2: 220-1.
[5] David Hatcher Childress, Lost cities & ancient mysteries of South America, Stelle, IL: Adventures Unlimited Press, 1986, pp. 63-7, 72, 172-5; David Hatcher Childress, Lost cities of North & Central America, Stelle, IL: Adventures Unlimited Press, 1992, pp. 83-4, 200-1, 213-4, 256-7, 302-3, 316-20, 390-1.
[6] H.P. Blavatsky, Isis unveiled (1877), Pasadena, CA: Theosophical University Press, 1972, 1:547, 595-8; Blavatsky collected writings, 2:339-43, and diagram facing p. 336.
[7] Blavatsky collected writings, 11:5-7; Isis unveiled, 1:553.
[8] Bruce A. Walton, A guide to the inner earth, Mokelumne Hill, CA: Health Research, 1985, pp. 15, 41, 43, 48, 53, 67, 69, 80.
[9] Wm. Michael Mott, Caverns, cauldrons, and concealed creatures: A study of subterranean mysteries in history, folklore, and myth, 2000, p. 6,
[10] Isis unveiled, 1:553.
[11] Frank Waters, Book of the Hopi, New York: Penguin, 1977, p. 129.
[12] Ibid., p. 24.
[13] A guide to the inner earth, pp. 15, 34, 42, 76.
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14. Money plant is climber or creeper?
 they are also weak stem they also creep along the ground
 15. what type of plant for liverwort?
 1. Liverworts are bryophytes, they are non-vascular plants similar to mosses, e.g. Marchantia.
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text: Tile production can be very water intensive. A large amount of water can be used in the preparation of glazes. And much more is used to rinse and stage the tiles. The waste water can be toxic. In any case, the solids have to be removed to prevent silt from being released into the sewage system. Tile manufacturer Interstyle – sponsor of Aboutglasstile – separates solids from the glaze waste water. The filtered water is loaded into a settling drum for reuse. Water lost during the production and filtration processes can be made up passively. Captured rain water is added to the filtered glaze water. Both sources are piped into a 60,000 cu ft water tank. Some chemicals are added to stabilize the water. The ROI on the entire capital outlay is less than two years. Water recovery makes sense.


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Optimised colour conversion between different printing standards
The colour conversion profiles preserve the separation structure, limit the total colour application for the selected printing standard and maintain the purity of the primary and secondary colours. They ensure smooth transitions in gradients and enable correct conversion of PDF and PDF/X data. Separation-preserving conversion ensures that pure grey tones are not built up into four colours and that duplex tones (black+primary colour) and triplex tones (black+secondary colour) remain pure, while still being colour-metrically transformed in the best possible way. In addition, the colour impression of the source colour space is optimally preserved in the target colour space by taking into account both paper colouration and dot gain.
Limitation of Total Allocation of Colour (TAC)
For current printing standards of ISO, Fogra, ECI, Ifra, Gravure (PSR), Gracol, Swop, SNAP, these profiles ensure a targeted limitation of the maximum ink application without completely new separation. This reliably prevents problems with set-off and improves the drying behaviour. These profiles are suitable if the data is generally already in the desired colour space, but individual images or objects have too much ink application.


text:
Something to ponder:
"Think you're part of the food-literati? True or false: 13 million more acres of farmland would be required to produce enough fruit and vegetables for the daily diets of all Americans to meet U.S. Department of Agriculture nutrition guidelines.
The official answer is Yes, according to the James Beard Foundation, which put out the quiz. (You can see the whole quiz below). But we reached out to Jason Clay of the World Wildlife Fund who's being honored by the JBF tonight, for a slightly more nuanced response.
For starters, Clay says, it's important to point out that we import about 30 percent of the fresh fruits we consume now. So perhaps we could make up difference by increasing our imports.
But Clay says we can — and should — be smarter about what we do at home with what we already have.
'We could intensify production without expanding into additional farmland. We need to improve productivity in farming by focusing on what matters most. Instead of focusing on increasing tons of product per acre, we could focus on calories and nutrients consumed per acre or per gallon of water,' he says.
So, there's really no quick and easy answer."
Excerpt from NPR's "Test Your Food IQ: Do We Need More Farms To Grow Fruits And Veggies For All?" by Allison Aubrey


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After you attach an Amazon EBS volume to your instance, it is exposed as a block device. You can format the volume with any file system and then mount it. After you make the Amazon EBS volume available for use, you can access it in the same ways that you access any other volume. Any data written to this file system is written to the Amazon EBS volume and is transparent to applications using the device.
Note that you can take snapshots of your Amazon EBS volume for backup purposes or to use as a baseline when you create another volume. For more information, see Amazon EBS Snapshots.
To make an Amazon EBS volume available for use on Linux
Connect to your instance using SSH. For more information, see Connect to Your Instance.
Depending on the block device driver of the kernel, the device might
be attached with a different name than what you specify. For example, if you specify
a device name of
/dev/sdh, your device might be renamed
/dev/hdh by the kernel; in
most cases, the trailing letter remains the same. In some versions of Red Hat
Enterprise Linux (and its variants, such as CentOS), even the trailing letter might
also change (where
/dev/sda could become
/dev/xvde). In these cases, each device name trailing letter
is incremented the same number of times. For example,
/dev/xvdg. Amazon Linux AMIs create a symbolic link from
the renamed device path to the name you specify, but other AMIs might behave
Use the lsblk command to view your available disk devices and their mount points (if applicable) to help you determine the correct device name to use.
lsblkNAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT xvdf 202:80 0 100G 0 disk xvda1 202:1 0 8G 0 disk /
output of lsblk removes the
/dev/ prefix from
full device paths. In this example,
/dev/xvda1 is mounted as the
root device (note the
MOUNTPOINT is listed as
the root of the Linux file system hierarchy), and
attached, but it has not been mounted yet.
Determine whether you need to create a file system on the volume. New volumes are raw
block devices, and you need to create a file system on them before you can mount and use
them. Volumes that have been restored from snapshots likely have a file system on them
already; if you create a new file system on top of an existing file system, the
operation overwrites your data. Use the sudo file -s
device command to list special information,
such as file system type.
sudo file -s /dev/xvdf/dev/xvdf: data
If the output of the previous command shows simply
data for the device,
then there is no file system on the device and you need to create one. You can go on to
Step 4. If you run this command on a device that
contains a file system, then your output will be different.
sudo file -s /dev/xvda1/dev/xvda1: Linux rev 1.0 ext4 filesystem data, UUID=1701d228-e1bd-4094-a14c-8c64d6819362 (needs journal recovery) (extents) (large files) (huge files)
In the previous example, the device contains
Linux rev 1.0 ext4 filesystem
data, so this volume does not need a file system created (you can skip Step 4 if your output shows file system data).
(Optional) Use the following command to create an ext4 file system on the volume.
Substitute the device name (such as
device_name. Depending on the requirements of your
application or the limitations of your operating system, you can choose a different
file system type, such as ext3 or XFS.
This step assumes that you're mounting an empty volume. If you're mounting a volume that already has data on it (for example, a volume that was restored from a snapshot), don't use mkfs before mounting the volume (skip to the next step instead). Otherwise, you'll format the volume and delete the existing data.
sudo mkfs -t ext4
Use the following command to create a mount point directory for the volume. The
mount point is where the volume is located in the file system tree and where you read
and write files to after you mount the volume. Substitute a location for
mount_point, such as
Use the following command to mount the volume at the location you just created.
(Optional) To mount this Amazon EBS volume on every system reboot, add an entry for the
device to the
Create a backup of your
/etc/fstab file that you can use if
you accidentally destroy or delete this file while you are editing
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.orig
/etc/fstab file using your favorite text editor,
such as nano or vim.
Add a new line to the end of the file for your volume using the following format.
last three fields on this line are the file system mount options, the dump frequency
of the file system, and the order of file system checks done at boot time. If you
don't know what these values should be, then use the values in the example below for
defaults,nofail 0 2). For more information on
/etc/fstab entries, see the fstab manual
page (by entering man fstab on the command line). For example, to
mount the ext4 file system on the device
/dev/xvdf at the mount
/data, add the following entry to
If you ever intend to boot your instance without this volume attached (for
example, so this volume could move back and forth between different instances),
you should add the
nofail mount option that allows the instance
to boot even if there are errors in mounting the volume. Debian derivatives, such
as Ubuntu, must also add the
nobootwait mount option.
/dev/xvdf /data ext4 defaults,nofail 0 2
After you've added the new entry to
/etc/fstab, you need to
check that your entry works. Run the sudo mount -a command to
mount all file systems in
sudo mount -a
If the previous command does not produce an error, then your
/etc/fstab file is OK and your file system will mount
automatically at the next boot. If the command does produce any errors, examine the
errors and try to correct your
Errors in the
/etc/fstab file can render a system
unbootable. Do not shut down a system that has errors in the
(Optional) If you are unsure how to correct
errors, you can always restore your backup
/etc/fstab file with
the following command.
sudo mv /etc/fstab.orig /etc/fstab


text:
Fed-batch and perfusion culture are the two dominant modes of operation for mammalian-cell-culture based processes, especially
for the production of glycosylated proteins required in large amounts. This article provides an economic comparison for the
production of a typical glycosylated protein using the fed-batch, concentrated fed-batch (CFB), and concentrated perfusion
(CP) technologies. The CFB and CP processes are based on the ATF System, a platform technology developed by Refine Technology
for biologics production.
The market for protein-derived products has grown significantly in the past decade and continues to accelerate at a rapid
rate. As more recombinant therapeutic proteins enter development and get through the approval phase, more efficient large-scale
production of such proteins is necessary to meet the surging demand. Fed-batch and perfusion culture are the two dominant
modes of operation for mammalian-cell-culture based processes, especially for the production of glycosylated proteins required
in large amounts.1 Challenges in the industry (such as competitive products for the same indication or desired cost reductions) are forcing
many to explore new production options.
In fed-batch culture, there is a gradual addition of a fresh volume of selected nutrients during the growth–culture cycle
to improve productivity and growth. The culture is subsequently harvested and the product recovered. Fed-batch culture has
been an attractive choice for large-scale production due to its operational simplicity and familiarity as a carryover process
from fermentation. However, fed-batch mode of operation typically also involves high start-up costs, resulting from the need
for larger bioreactor plant capacity.
In perfusion culture, a continuous supply of fresh media is fed into the bioreactor while growth-inhibitory by-products are
constantly removed. The increasing interest in the use of perfusion culture can be attributed to the higher product output
from a reduced reactor size (hence, simplifying operation, cleaning, and sterilization). The cell densities achieved in perfusion
culture (30–100 x 106 cells/mL) are typically higher than for fed-batch modes (5–25 x 106 cells/mL).2 The principal aspect of perfusion operation, which is different from fed-batch, is the added requirement of a cell-retention
device. Cell-retention systems add a level of complexity to the process, requiring management, control, and maintenance for
successful operation. Perfusion bioreactors can suffer operational difficulties such as malfunction or failure of the cell-separation
device, which can lead to shortening of the production run, leading further, to increased operating costs. This has previously
limited their attractiveness.
In recent years, a platform technology has been developed for biologics production—the ATF System, introduced by Refine Technology
(Pine Brook, NJ). Used in the alternating tangential flow mode, it is a low shear filtration system that inhibits filter-membrane
fouling. This external cell-separation system is able to maintain continuous culture for extended periods of time and offers
the capability of rapid filter change without compromising the culture run.3 The ATF System allows increased volumetric productivity and reduced bioreactor size.
Concentrated fed-batch and concentrated perfusion are two production techniques based on the ATF System, which simultaneously
nourishes the culture and concentrates the product within the bioreactor. These manufacturing methods permit great increases
in cell and product concentrations as compared with fed-batch and perfusion. For example, in the concentrated fed-batch production
platform, one of Refine Technology's pharmaceutical clients has reported a protein product titer of 17 g/L with an unoptimized
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell process.4 Higher titers are expected as process optimization continues. In the concentrated fed-batch operation, ultra-high cell densities
of (70–200) x 106 cells/mL have been achieved; similarly, extremely high cell densities in the region of (70–100) x 106 cells/mL have been achieved in systems using the concentrated perfusion mode.
The system scales on a linear basis from 1 L to greater than 1,000 L and can be used with traditional or disposable bioreactors
and with all cell types including anchorage-dependent lines. Table 1 indicates the working volume sizes for each ATF System
in the scale-up process. The figures in the table are provided as guidelines. Actual capacity and vessel size depend on process
Table 1. Guideline working volume sizes for each ATF system
This article compares the economic feasibility of a typical glycosylated protein manufactured using three production techniques—fed-batch
(FB), concentrated fed-batch (CFB), and concentrated perfusion (CP). The Excel-based process-cost modeling tool, BioSolve
from BioPharm Services (Chesham, Buckinghamshire, UK), was used for the economic assessment. The methodology, assumptions,
and key results of the cost model are described. The analysis will use the cost of goods (CoG) metric expressed on a per gram
basis for comparability.


text:
In this part of tutorial you
will learn how to retrieve information of all methods of a class (that included
in the program) by using the getMethods() method.
Here is an example that provides the usage of the getMethods() method in
Create an object of class. Now retrieve all methods list in Method array. Now we can get other information of that methods by using different methods on that method object.
Here is the example code of MethodInfo.java
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What is Ballistics?
Niels Noordhoek – Ultra-high speed photo of bullet coming out of a S&W revolver photographed with an air-gap flash
Ballistics involves the analysis of bullets and bullet impacts to determine information of use to a court or other part of a legal system. Forensic firearms examiners are trained to examine and analyze weapons, bullets, ballistics and how a bullet has behaved after being fired from a gun. Continue reading


text:
In the field of engineering (mechanical), a key is an element of the machine that connects a rotating element to a nearby shaft. The key, therefore, prevents the relative rotation between these two parts and may allow torque transfer. For a key to work, the shaft and the rotating member of the machine must have a keyseat and a keyway, which are a slot and a pocket in which the key can fit into. The entire system is known as a keyed shaft or joint hinge. Keyed shafts allow relative axial movements between the parts involved.
The most common key components are pulleys, gears, clutches, and washers.
How are keyed shafts cut? Find below the process involved in keyed shaft cutting.
Keyseating (for big and special keyways)
This is done by cutting the keyway with a key-operated device which removes the material through a series of tooth-cutting movements. Some keys have only one cutting tool, while other machines (such as the Davis Keyseater) use a multi-cutter to make cutting speeds as fast as broaching.
Here's how it works, The Keyseater cutter moves slowly outward at every cut. This subtle movement makes it possible for every stroke to remove a little more material. This process is then repeated until there is a cut deep enough to satisfy the specifications required for its application.
The main advantage of Keyseating is in the fact that it offers maximum flexibility for largely specialized keyways. The custom tooth cutters are quite easy to get and can even be quickly adapted to the specific requirements even when you're on an onsite tool room. Depending on the type of machine, however, and the cutting tool, the Keyseating may need a longer cycle time than conventional broaching.
Shaping –for the blind keyways.
Shaping is a nice option for the cutting of blind keyed shafts. Blind in this context refers to the keyways which are not required to go the all the entire length of the way or part. Some of the keyed shaft cutting process, such as the EDM and the broaching is not designed for blind keyways handling.
Like it is with some keyseaters, this shaping uses only a single tooth as its cutting tool. But unlike others, shaping is not required to be guided down through the cuts on a fixed post. Consequent of this, the shaper cuts cannot reach the same height of accuracy as the keyseater cuts because of the unguided deflection. Therefore, this heightens the need for a proper tolerance inspection.
To cut blind keyways, usually, shapers require that users cut a "relief" at the end of the keyway that is soon to be cut. The relief makes it possible to break the fragments of the metal. You can form them by pre-drilling a hole or cutting an internal groove right inside the inner diameter
Milling (this is for shaft only keyways)
As for milling, like shaping, users are allowed to cut partial length, straight keyways or tapered. Milling is well known for the ability to cut external keyed shafts or keyways. But then, milling inside a diameter keyway on hubs is not common, the reason for this that the other side of the coupling always gets in the way. However, if it is needed, an internal hub keyway may be milled using a special 90degree singular milling head.
As with shaping, quality is a very important factor to take into account when milling keyed shafts, because of the lack of unguided cuts. Tolerances, like the corner radius quality, require special attention to ensure correct formation in line with the desired specification. Otherwise, problems may arise, for example, a key that does not match or an imbalance in the power transmission system.
Wire EDM (for small special runs)
Keyed shaft cutting with wire electric discharge machining (i.e EDM) is typically used for small quantities parts which require precision or some other specific cutting options. The tool and die manufacturers use EDM wire to remove materials through a process that may be called "shock" or "evaporation". With this process, a coiled copper wire is brought to cut the target using electric sparks, without however directly touching the component.
We hope that this guide has given you an insight into keyed shaft cutting. If you need a way to reduce cycle time or want to cut keyways or shafts, want to reduce manufacturing costs, then contact us via phone or email. We'd guide you on which option is best for you.