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Matlab vectorisation tricks
Some basic tips on speeding up matlab code and on exploiting vectorisation are mentioned in the Optimisation section of our matlab page. Some of the tricks below come from newsreader.mathworks.com and the Mathworks site. They are low-level and capable of delivering order-of-magnitude improvements.
I've added the author names (where known). If you have contributions, mail them to _EMAIL_.
Many of these tricks use the fact that there are two ways of accessing matrix elements using a vector as an 'index'.
- If X and V are vectors, then X(V) is [X(V(1)), X(V(2)),..., X(V(n))]. So for example if X=[2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29] and V=[4 2 6] then X(V) is [11 5 17]. This idea is often used in association with others. For example, Matlab has a randperm(n) routine that returns a random permutation of the integers from 1 to n. You can use this to produce a random permutation of X by doing X(randperm(length(X)))
If X and V are the same size and V only consists of true or
then MATLAB interprets V as a mask, and returns only the elements
of X whose position corresponds to the location of a true in V. For example,
if X is an array, then X>6 is an array the same size as X
with trues where the corresponding element in X is >6 and falses elsewhere.
This array can be used as a "mask" to select only the elements in X
which are >6. Try
X=1:10 V=X>6 X(V)or, more succinctly,X=1:10 X(X>6)
There can be a problem if MATLAB decides to use the masking scheme when you want index addressing but such situations are rare.
You can combine what you already know to solve some problems. For example, how can you determine the number of items in a 2D array that are greater than 8? Have a go before reading on...
creates a 2D matrix that you can practice with. Doing
is part of the way towards an answer. How can you sum these elements? Try
That's closer - sum has summed the columns. If you sum again
you'll get the answer. An alternative is
m(:) has all the elements of m in a single column
To use the indexing ideas effectively you need to be able to create'mask' matrices efficiently, and manipulate arrays. This requires the use of functions that you may not have used before. Some are listed here -
- Array Manipulation - look at flipud, fliplr, rot90, triu (extracts upper triangle), tril (extracts lower triangle), filter.
- Array Creation - look at hankel (try hankel(1:5), for instance), kron, toeplitz, diag, sparse, repmat (replicates and tiles matrices) and find.
Reshaping matrices can help help when vectorising. Fortunately reshaping is a cheap operation - the underlying data isn't moved. It often helps to be able to locate the original location of an element even if the matrix has changed shape. sub2ind and ind2sub are useful in this regard. The following example creates a 3D matrix where one element is 7, makes that matrix into a vector and finds where the 7 is (it's the 3rd element), then works out where that element is in the original matrix.
Some fairly commonly used routines have extra features that are especially useful when vectorising
- ismember - Suppose you have a 2D matrix A and another 2D matrix B with the same number of columns. To find which rows of A are in B, you can do ismember(A,B,'rows')
- all - to remove from a 2D matrix M all the rows that contain only zeroes, you can do m(all(m==0,2),:)= (the ",2" argument to the all command does a per-row comparison)
- unique - this routine returns an array with duplicates removed, but the returned array is sorted too. If you don't want this, try something like
a=[3 2 2 1 7]; [B,I,J] = unique(a,'first') a(sort(I))Note that the final line uses a vector as an 'index'
- bsxfun (Binary Singleton eXpansion FUNction) is quite a new
routine. The example that Mathworks offer subtracts
the column means from the matrix A
A = magic(5); A = bsxfun(_USER_, A, mean(A))Here's another exampleA = magic(5); B= A+3; % The next line is the equivalent of sqrt(A.^2 + B.^2) A = bsxfun(_USER_, A, B)
These examples are short, so by reading about the functions used and testing with small matrices, you should be able to discover why they work. More than one way is shown to solve some of these questions so that you can compare methods. When big matrices are used, you might find that some methods are hundreds of times faster than others. Remember that the most elegant-looking way may not be the fastest, and faster methods may use a lot more memory. Use flops or tic and toc to assess performance.
Create a 1000 by 1000 vector full of 7s
How can you reverse a row vector?
How can you reverse one column of a matrix
- To reverse column c of a matrix M, try M(:,c)=flipud(M(:,c)).
Remove from a vector all the elements that are equal to the biggest element
x(x==max(x)) = (Jos)
Subtract 3 from each element of x which is greater than 3
- A vector x contains some 0s. Create y such that. y[i] is 0 if x[i] is 0, otherwise y[i] is log(x[i])
Remove from a 2-D matrix all the rows that contain at least one element less than 3
How can you swap rows?
- M([1,5],:) = M([5,1],:) interchanges rows 1 and 5 of M.
- More generally, if
V has m components and W has n components, then M(V,W) is
the m-by-n matrix formed from the elements of M whose subscripts are the elements of
V and W. So for example,
M=magic(5) V=[1,2,3] W=[4,3] M(V,W)produces a matrix with 2 columns (values taken from columns 4 and 3) and 3 rows (values taken from rows 1, 2, and 3)
Vectorise the following, where data is 200x400
for i = 1:200 for j = 1:400 if data(i,j) > 0 data(i,j) = 0; end end enddata(data > 0) = 0;
Vectorise the following threshold function
function A = threshold(Matrix, max_value, min_value) [a, b] = size(Matrix); for i = 1:a for j = 1:b c = Matrix(i,j); if ( c > max_value ) Matrix(i,j) = max_value; elseif ( c < min_value ) Matrix(i,j) = min_value; end end endBy Peter J. AcklamA = min( max( Matrix, min_value ), max_value );
z is a vector of 100 numbers. Produce a vector p where p(1) sums the 1st 5 elements of z, p(2) sums the next 5 and so on.
This can be done using a loop inside a loop, but by reshaping the data to match the way matlab's sum command works, you can avoid explicit loops.p = sum(reshape(z,[5 20]))(Anh Huy Phan)
Sum all the elements of a 2D matrix m that are greater than 23
m=magic(5); % create a sample matrix sum(m(m(:)>23))
Obtain the mean of each column of x. Ignore elements <=0.
keepers = (x>0); colSums = sum(x.* keepers); counts = sum(keepers); means = colSums./ counts;
for i = 1:100 for j = 1:100 r(i,j) = sqrt(i^2+j^2); end end[i,j]=meshgrid(1:100,1:100); r = sqrt(i.^2+j.^2);The following alternative works with new versions[i,j]=meshgrid(1:100,1:100); r=bsxfun(_USER_, i, j)
Vectorise the following, where elements depend on previous ones
n=1000; x(1)=1; for j=1:n-1, x(j+1) = x(j) + n - j; endn=1000; x(1)=1; j=1:n-1; x(j+1) = n - j; cumsum(x);
From A = [3,4,3] and B = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10] produce a vector C
where C(1) is the sum of the first A(1) elements of B, C(2) is the sum of
the next A(


IELTS Writing Task 2 Sample - Academic -Over the last half century the pace of change in the life of
Discussion in 'IELTS Forum' started by MinaRose, Sep 17, 2015.
 1. MinaRose
 MinaRose Moderator
 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
 Write about the following topic:
 Some people prefer to spend their lives doing the same things and avoiding change. Others, however, think that change is always a good thing.
 Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
 Write at least 250 words.
 Over the last half century the pace of change in the life of human beings has increased beyond our wildest expectations. This has been driven by technological and scientific breakthroughs that are changing the whole way we view the world on an almost daily basis. This means that change is not always a personal option, but an inescapable fact of life, and we need to constantly adapt to keep pace with it.
 Those people who believe they have achieved some security by doing the same, familiar things are living in denial. Even when people believe they are resisting change themselves, they cannot stop the world around them from changing. Sooner or later they will find that the familiar jobs no longer exist, or that the 'safe' patterns of behaviour are no longer appropriate.
 However, reaching the conclusion that change is inevitable is not the same as assuming that 'change is always for the better'. Unfortunately, it is not always the case that new things are promoted because they have good impacts for the majority of people. A lot of innovations are made with the aim of making money for a few. This is because it is the rich and powerful people in our society who are able to impose changes (such as in working conditions or property developments) that are in their own interests.
 In conclusion, I would say that change can be stimulating and energising for individuals when they pursue it themselves, but that all change, including that which is imposed on people, does not necessarily have good outcomes.
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22.05.2013 - ODG
Malaysia's Prime Minister Shares Development Vision
© Ministry of Education, Malaysia -UNESCO Director-General, Irina Bokova, and Malaysia's Prime Minister, Najib Razak
Malaysia's Prime Minister Najib Razak affirmed that UNESCO's goals are in line with those that his nation has set itself to achieve high-income status by 2020 through sustainable and inclusive economic growth and human development, during an extensive meeting with Director-General, Irina Bokova, in Kuala Lumpur on 22 May.
''Education and technology are huge game changers. You have to create opportunities and possibilities for people to develop their talent and also to attract global ones," he said, referring to Malaysia's Education Blueprint for 2013-2025. This document, based on a comprehensive review of the country's education system conducted jointly with UNESCO, emphasizes qualitative improvements.
The country's roadmap to 2020 foresees the creation of 3.3 million jobs and an increase in per capita income. "I believe in an open system," he said.
The Prime Minister, who was re-elected to a second term on 5 May, reflected that his country had not given sufficient recognition to the economic value of cultural heritage sites in terms of job creation and increasing tourism. Citing the historic cities of the Straits of Malacca that joined the List in 2008, he indicated that ''we have underestimated their enormous economic impact.''
Mrs Bokova briefed the Prime Minister on the Culture and Development conference in Hangzhou, emphasizing that culture mattered for the economy, job creation, social inclusion and understanding. She encouraged Malaysia to ratify the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, affirming that it would give visibility to the country's rich diversity of cultural traditions and practices.
The Director-General also emphasized the crucial role of cultural heritage in promoting social cohesion and contributing to intercultural dialogue in increasingly globalized societies. In this context, the Prime Minister stressed the multicultural dimension of Malaysian society whose cultural diversity was enriched by the Chinese, Malay and British influences.
Linked to this, the Director-General also invited the Prime Minister to consider ratifying the UNESCO Convention for the Protection and the Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (2005), a catalyst for developing the creative economy, providing jobs, and sustaining creativity and innovation.
The Prime Minister shared his vision of a multicultural and multilingual society, stressing the importance of respect for different religious views and advocating a 'philosophy of moderation that underpins all policies in our country".
With the advent of the ASEAN Community in 2015, the Prime Minister and the Director-General discussed the importance of regional stability, prosperity and peace. For democracy to work, he said, you need strong values and institutions.
Mrs Bokova praised Malaysia for playing a lead role in South-South cooperation, notably in the area of science, technology and innovation. She highlighted the significance of the Malaysia-UNESCO Cooperation programme for building capacity in education, sciences and culture in least-developed countries, and thanked the Prime Minister for his country's long-standing support to UNESCO.
In a separate meeting, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Education Mr Muhyiddin Yassin assured the Director-General that Malaysia would do "everything we can to ensure the sustainability of UNESCO's programs.'' He stressed the importance of education for the country's prosperity, expressing appreciation for UNESCO's contribution to the review of the education system. Mrs Bokova thanked the Minister, who is also chair of the Malaysian National Commission for UNESCO, for the establishment of a Funds-in-Trust, which reflects support for UNESCO and solidarity with least developed and developing countries.
During her stay in Kuala Lumpur, the Director-General visited the emblematic Petronas Twin Towers, crossing the 42nd floor skybridge and riding up to the panoramic 88th floor. The towers of reinforced concrete, steel and glass were inaugurated in 1999 and widely viewed as a symbol of the country's ingenuity and dynamism.
She also witnessed solidarity in action during a visit to a school set up in a hospital. Eight such schools now exist across the country, enabling children who are hospitalized for long periods to pursue their studies with specially trained teachers. The School in a Hospital is offered free of charge and run with the Ministries of Education and of Health, and an NGO, the Nurul Yaqeen Foundation. Mrs Bokova met with young children in the brightly decorated classroom, affirming that the project was a "wonderful sign of inclusiveness, solidarity and commitment to give every child a chance to learn."
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Great Western Depot
Three months after his election in November 1860, Abraham Lincoln left Springfield for Washington, D.C. to become the 16th President of the United States. The special train that would take him there left the Great Western Depot on the rainy morning of Monday, February 11, 1861, the last day Lincoln spent in Springfield. This is the story of that depot and the attempts to preserve it.
The Great Western Railroad constructed the Depot in 1852. Fire heavily damaged the small structure in 1857, thus requiring extensive remodeling. Although this photograph was taken in 1887, the Depot had probably undergone few changes since the day Lincoln departed from here in 1861.
In 1867, a variety of small railroads including the Great Western Railroad, merged to form the Toledo, Wabash, and Western Railroad, which later became the Wabash Railroad. A year later, the railroad moved its Springfield passenger operations to an elaborate station at Tenth and Washington Streets, which served until 1938. The Wabash then operated the Depot as a freight house and, since business increased significantly in the latter part of the nineteenth century, the Wabash added a second story in 1900. When the Wabash consolidated its operations in Decatur, Illinois, it sold the Depot. A variety of businesses used the building as a warehouse and storage space. Eventually, in the 1960s, a local group purchased the Depot with the intention of restoring it as a historic site.
Sangamon State University operated the Depot from 1977 to 1980, financing the operation through a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Copley Press, owners of the Depot, donated a matching amount through Copley Charities. In addition to renovating the building, the University developed a new interpretive theme and used the site as a training ground for history students in site management and interpretation. The evaporation of funding forced Sangamon State University to discontinue operations. Copley Press accepted the role as Depot operator by having it open to visitation during the months of June, July, and August. It soon became obvious that there was sufficient interest in the Depot to justify a longer schedule. In 1987, The State-Journal Register, the corporate descendant of the newspaper Abraham Lincoln termed "always my friend," and Lincoln Home National Historic Site entered into a cooperative agreement to operate the Depot.
Today the State Journal-Register continues to own and maintain the building, while National Park Service Rangers provide interpretation during the months of May through August. The Lincoln Depot, because of many individuals and organizations, survived the pressures of time so that today it remains part of the legacy of Abraham Lincoln in Springfield.
Did You Know?
Robert Lincoln was the only son of Abraham and Mary Lincoln to have children and grandchildren. He had two daughters and one son. The son died as a teenager. The great-grandchildren of Abraham Lincoln lived full lives, but had no descendants. Lincoln Home National Historic Site, Illinois

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Debris Flow
What is a Debris Flow?
Debris flow channel with deposits left after 2010 storms in Ladakh, NW Indian Himalaya. Note coarse bouldery levees on both sides of the channel, and poorly sorted rocks on the channel floor.
Debris flows are fast moving, liquefied landslides of mixed and unconsolidated water and debris that look like flowing concrete. They are defined by their non-newtonian flow dynamics, and behave as Bingham plastics. This characteristic can lead to the formation of levees at the margins of unconstrained debris flows as the margins of the flow freeze.
They are differentiated from mudflows by their coarser and more poorly sorted sediment load. Flows can carry material ranging in size from clay to boulders, and may contain a large amount of woody debris such as logs and tree stumps. Flows can be triggered by intense rainfall, glacial melt, or a combination of the two. Speed of debris flows can vary from 5 km/h to up to 80 km/h in extreme cases.
Volumes of material delivered by single events vary from less than 100 to more than 100,000 cubic metres. Variables considered important in debris flow initiation include slope angle, available loose sediment, and degree of land disturbance by activities such as forest harvesting.
Debris flows are often more frequent following forest and brush fires, as experience in southern California clearly demonstrates. Debris flows are extremely destructive to life and property, and claim thousands of lives world-wide in any given year.
They are a particular problem in steep mountainous areas subjected to intense rainstorms, and have received particular attention from researchers in Japan, Western USA, Western Canada, New Zealand, the European Alps, and Kazakhstan.
Features and behavior
Debris flows generally form when unconsolidated material becomes saturated and unstable, either on a hillslope or in a stream channel.
Flows are accelerated downhill by gravity and tend to follow steep mountain channels. The front, or 'head' of debris flow often contains a great deal of coarser material such as boulders and logs. Trailing behind this frontal lobe is the less viscous, main part of the flow that contains sand, silt and clay.
Debris flows eventually become 'thinner', or less viscous, muddy flood waters as they deposit their coarser components in areas of reduced gradient. Debris flows tend to move in pulses, or discrete surges, as friction or other barriers are overcome during the flow. Sometimes earlier pulses or previous debris flow deposits form levees which confine the flow until they are breached by later, larger flows.
The presence of older levees (a.k.a. lateral deposits) provides some idea of the magnitudes of previous debris flows in a particular area, and through dating of trees growing on such deposits, may indicate the approximate frequency of destructive debris flows.
This is important information for land development in areas where debris flows deposit material, known as debris fans and alluvial fans. The big debris flow or landslide is called yamatsunami (山津波), literally mountain tsunami in Japan.
Other geological flows can also be described as debris flows, though are typically given more specific names. These include:
A lahar is a debris flow related in some way to volcanic activity, either directly as a result of an eruption, or indirectly by the collapse of loose material from the flanks of a volcano. A variety of factors may trigger a lahar, including melting of glacial ice due to volcanic activity or climate change, intense rainfall on loose pyroclastic material, or the out bursting of a lake that was previously dammed by pyroclastic or glacial material. The word lahar is of Indonesian origin, but is now routinely used by geologists world-wide to describe volcanogenic debris flows.
Recommended For You First ever digital geologic map of Alaska
A jökulhlaup is a debris flow that originates from a glacial outburst flood. Jökulhlaup is an Icelandic word which refers specifically to floods having a glacial trigger. In the case of Iceland, many such floods are triggered by sub-glacial volcanic eruptions, since Iceland sits atop the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Elsewhere, a more common cause of jökulhlaups is the breaching of ice-dammed or moraine-dammed lakes. Such breaching events are often caused by the sudden calving of glacier ice into a lake, which then causes a displacement wave to breach a moraine or ice dam. Downvalley of the breach point, a jökulhlaup may increase greatly in size through entrainment of loose sediment and water from the valley through which it travels. Travel distances may exceed 100 km.
Photos :
Debris flow channel in Ladakh, NW Indian Himalaya, produced in the storms of August 2010. Note coarse, bouldery levees on both sides of the channel, high abundance of mud, and poorly sorted sediments, DanHobley
Tertiary debris flow deposit, Resting Springs Pass, California.
Almaty, Kazakhstan, after the catastrophic debris flow of 1921. A number of facilities, including the Medeu Dam, have been built since to prevent flows of this kind from reaching the city
Debris flow scars formed in _PHONE_ in greater Los Angeles. The image taken months after the debris flows occurred. Daniel Collins


NEWTON, Ask A Scientist!
Name: Todd
Status: student
Grade: 9-12
Location: WI
Date: Fall 2013
I was assigned an article in cooking class, an article about cast iron cookware. It did not make sense. I asked the chemistry teacher who told me about specific heats of materials, mass, heat capacity, energy transfer and a few other things. He said the article was not exactly correct. I understood it at the time, but I confused myself> and I do not want to go back to him. The article appeared in Experience Life November 2013. Volume 15 Issue 9. The article is called Iron Chef, pages 46 - 50. It says, "Holds Heat Well: Cast iron takes a few minutes longer to heat than most other pans but once it heats up, it holds that heat very well. The material's relative superiority to stainless steel, copper, and aluminum pans is due to it> weight and thickness. When a piece of refrigerate> meat is added to hot cast iron, for example, i> starts cooking immediately, because cast iron> unlike other materials, doesn't react to the food's cooler temperature. Cast iron also manages high heat particularly well, making it especially effective for sauteing and browning meats, poultry, or fish." How can it not react to the food's cooler temperature? What is it about iron that is not true of stainless? I would think that all of the metal> would handle the heat well, otherwise, why make a pan out of it?
Hi Todd,
You are right to question some of the statements in the article you quote! Much of it is meaningless, and some statements are flat-out wrong! For example, the statement "Cast iron also manages high heat particularly well, making it especially effective for sauteing and browning meats, poultry, or fish" is scientifically meaningless.
Similarly, the statement "When a piece of refrigerated meat is added to hot cast iron, for example, it starts cooking immediately, because cast iron, unlike other materials, doesn't react to the food's cooler temperature." is utter nonsense!
Thermally, cast iron as a frying pan material has, in fact, several disadvantages. Among them, it must be made thicker (and heavier) to offset its rather poor specific heat value compared to aluminum. Specific heat is the ability of a material to store heat.
Unlike cast iron, which, being cast, can be made any desired thickness, stainless steel frying pans are pressed out of flat sheet, and therefore cannot be made thick to offset the poor specific heat of stainless steel.
Thermal conductivity is another factor. Aluminum or copper in fact have FAR better thermal conductivity than cast iron or stainless steel, so they transmit heat much better from the underside to the top.
Ideally, a good frying pan should have a thick bottom and good thermal conductivity, in order to spread the heat, and to effectively conduct it from the flame under it, to the food.
Since aluminum and copper should not used in a frying pan in contact with food, some of the best frying pans are made of relatively thin stainless steel, with a very thick layer of copper or aluminum bonded to the underside. This gives excellent thermal conduction, and good heat storage capacity, yet ensures that the food is safely in contact with stainless steel. The thick layer of highly conductive copper or aluminum also ensures excellent spreading of heat from bottom to top, resulting in even heating across the surface of the pan.
But one reason some chefs like cast iron has nothing to do with its thermal qualities (or lack thereof!). In use, cast iron frying pans develop a microscopic layer of "cooked" oils on the surface that resists foods from sticking. This is called "seasoning" of the frying pan. Stainless steel does not develop this "seasoning" and therefore foods tend to stick to a stainless pan.
Hope this helps to clear things up. Regards, Bob Wilson
Hi Todd,
Thanks for the questions. First, do not be afraid of going back to teacher. You are developing into a man and a leader. You need to develop the skills necessary to confront people in a professional and respectful manner.
When a material has a large heat capacity, it will take some time for it to heat up. That is why it takes a pot of water a long time to boil. The heat capacity of a material depends on its mass as well as its intrinsic ability to hold heat. This intrinsic ability to hold heat is called the specific heat capacity.
The sentence "When a piece of refrigerated meat is added to hot cast iron, for example, it starts cooking immediately, because cast iron, unlike other materials, doesn't react to the food's cooler temperature." is not clear to me. I suspect that the author is trying to convey that the idea that cast iron does not cool off when a piece of cold meat is added to it. It does not cool off much since there is so much heated stored in the cast iron pan.
First, we need to discuss what specific heat means. Let's say we have object A and B, with A having a higher specific heat than B. If I take 1 gram of each object and heat them so that they both go up in temperature by 1 degree (centigrade, Celsius, or Kelvin), I will find that object A - having a higher specific heat - will require more heat, more energy. Let us further suppose that the specific heat of A is 10x higher than that of B, this means that for the same mass (1 gram) and same rise in temperature (1 degree), 10x more heat is required for A than for B to go up by that temperature.
This means that (a) the amount of heat taken in by object A is 10x higher, (b) we can think of A as storing 10x more heat than B for every 1 degree change in temperature, (c) if the heat supplied is at the same steady rate for both A and B, it will take longer for A to reach the 1 degree rise in temperature, and (d) if the two objects were exposed to something that might take the heat away (like the same mass, size, and shape of cold meat) then A will not only take longer to lose the heat to make a 1 degree (lower) change, it will also lose a lot more heat to the meat in the process of cooling down - the meat will absorb more heat from A than from B.
If we look at the specific heat (in j/g-K) data for cast iron, aluminum, and copper, we find: 0.46, 0.91, and 0.39 respectively. This means that aluminum, having the highest specific heat, will have similar properties to the object A properties described above, and copper would be more like object B.
One more thing: specific heat is a number that compares objects with the same mass (in our examples and the data above, 1 gram). Manufacturers of cast iron pans that try to achieve the same effects from aluminum pans will make their pans thicker so that there is a lot more mass - and therefore have a lot more heat storing capability.
Greg (Roberto Gregorius) Canisius College
Above are some references that you may find useful in answering some of your questions. First, "all metals DO NOT handle (whatever you mean by that) heat well. You can find the numbers in the references above. I am just getting that point "off the table". The data for aluminum and cast iron I will summarize below; however, there are many types of both aluminum and cast iron, so a particular number may not apply to the particular cookware you are asking about. The data for stainless steel are also tabulated but I want to keep it simple see the issues in general. The specific heat capacity of Al is twice that of cast iron on a per weight basis.
That is the opposite of what "intuition" might suggest. However, Al being much lighter than cast iron, means that it takes more Al than cast iron on a mole basis or a volume basis, so a direct comparison is not really easy to make. In addition, the thermal conductivity (the rate that heat transfers per foot per hour of Al is about three times that of cast iron so heat moves "faster" in Al than it does in cast iron. Here also the units are expressed on a weight basis, but in a kilogram of Al there is more matter than in a kilogram of cast iron. So a direct comparison becomes foggy. Lastly, these two factors tend to move the numbers in the opposite direction!!
There is a difference in the amount of radiation the two materials emit, but I do not have any numbers of that. Hopefully, that is not a big effect, but I do not have any data. Another factor is the statement cast iron "holds heat well". It is not clear what that means in terms of the properties of the two metals.
Your "easy" question is really very complicated to analyze quantitatively in a scientific way. There many conflicting parameters at work.
Vince Calder
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text: The meteorite collection at the Museum of Natural History Vienna was founded in the 19th century and has been continually enlarged ever since. It is renowned as the world's largest collection of this type and contains quite spectacular finds among its diverse exhibits. For the new installation of the Meteorite Gallery, a concept was developed in partnership with Arno Grünberger/spurwien to devise a modern method of knowledge tranfer, which sensitively combines the existing architecture with multimedia elements and exhibits. Video clips integrated into the historic glass display cases show pictures and in-depth information on specific topics, such as "Where and how can I find meteorites?", or "What are meteorites made of?" The topic of "Impact" includes an animation simulating the nosedive of a meteorite crashing to earth, as well as the collision and the subsequent crater formation. In addition, statistics relating to average meteorite hits per year are presented, along with the probability of a large object falling to earth. A dramatic presentation of the birth of the solar system is installed in the gallery in a large monitor installation, which never fails to excite the emotions of the public. An interactive hands-on station shows the creation of the elements and explains their origins in space. Visitors can look through a magnifying glass to see extraordinary facet patterns: information on structure, composition and special features are displayed on a screen behind the object. In an interactive quiz, visitors can guess whether an exhibited meteorite and stone pattern really did come from the skies or whether they originated on earth.


text:
They Fought for Their Tribe—and Won
Women use the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) to protect Rosebud Sioux Reservation from corporate exploitation
GROWING UP on the windswept plains of the Rosebud Sioux Reservation in South Dakota, Oleta Mednansky and Eva Iyotte had little interest in either the U.S. legal system or environmental laws. But that changed when a corporate hog producer announced plans to build one of the nation's largest pig farms on their reservation. Now, following a successful five-year court battle, the women are teaching other tribes to use one of the nation's bedrock environmental laws, the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), to protect Native American lands from corporate exploitation.
"Eva and Oleta will be guides for other tribes, indeed for every American, about how important NEPA is in giving citizens a voice about maintaining their quality of life," says Steve Torbit, director of NWF's Tribal Lands Conservation Program.
The controversy began in early 1998, when Mednansky and Iyotte learned of an impending deal by Bell Farms, one of the nation's largest pork producers, to build a 4,000-acre facility that would raise 859,000 hogs per year. Because one hog excretes three times the amount of waste as one person, that many pigs would produce more feces and urine than the entire human population of South Dakota. The facility would use 1.6 million gallons of water per day--a scarce commodity on the reservation--to hose away wastes, which would collect in liquid manure lagoons totaling 550 acres. For the 25-year life of the Bell Farms lease, say opponents of the plan, residents would have to endure the smell, and then the reservation would be stuck with toxic lagoons.
Promised jobs and a share of the profits, the reservation's tribal council supported the plan. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the federal agency that oversees the interests of tribes, also backed the project. Iyotte and Mednansky were stunned. They decided they must take action.
After the BIA officially approved the project, the two women formed a local group called the Concerned Rosebud Area Citizens. They also studied NEPA. "If you're going to stand up and be a voice for the people, you better understand the law and you better know what you are talking about," says Iyotte. She and Mednansky soon discovered the smoking gun: The project's environmental impact had never been thoroughly studied.
Three decades old, NEPA establishes a process through which citizens can comment on proposed federal actions that affect the environment, and it firmly states that the environmental consequences of every "significant" federal project must be studied. As such, NEPA has long been a target of corporate lobbyists and some politicians.
Soon after entering office, President Bush appointed a task force to study the law--a move, many conservationists believe, that was aimed at finding ways to circumvent the environmental review process on public lands. "The administration wants quick decisions made to clear the way for extractions of natural resources on public lands, regardless of the impacts on people and wildlife," says Torbit.
Whatever the future of NEPA, the two women used it to challenge the hog farm in court. In 1998, the Concerned Rosebud Area Citizens sued BIA, arguing the agency violated the law by failing to conduct an environmental impact statement (EIS). The case was a slam dunk.
"This was clearly a megaproject that required an impact statement," says Jim Dougherty, attorney for the Rosebud citizens' group and the Humane Farming Association, which funded the costly legal battle. Rather than conducting an EIS--an exacting study that can run 1,500 pages--the BIA approved the hog farm after performing an environmental assessment, a perfunctory 73-page report that failed to address crucial questions such as what would be done with the massive waste lagoons. "When the people at the Justice Department saw this, they said 'Oh my God,'" recalls Dougherty. Federal attorneys settled the case and rescinded Bell Farms' lease in early 1999. Then the dispute went into legal overdrive.
Bell Farms filed a lawsuit to overturn the settlement, and a federal judge in South Dakota sided with the company. The citizens' group then took their case to a federal appeals court and won. Bell Farms followed by appealing to the U.S. Supreme Court, which last February refused Bell Farms' appeal.
The story of the Rosebud Reservation, says Dougherty, illustrates how some corporations target poor, rural communities. "This was a classic rip-off of the Indians," he says. While a small city would be required to build a costly treatment plant to handle such large volumes of sewage, environmental regulations governing factory hog farms are much less stringent, allowing the facilities to store virtually untreated wastes in massive, and often leaky, lagoons.
Despite its Supreme Court victory, the tribe's legal problems continue. Bell Farms is now suing the tribe and BIA for damages, and the case was pending as this article went to press. Bell Farms also built the first phase of the hog project, capable of producing 96,000 pigs annually, while the South Dakota federal judge's injunction was in place against the settlement. The scaled-down hog farm continues to operate, despite a unanimous vote by the new tribal council to oust Bell. With the lawsuit, "We are looking for the right to continue to operate and confirming the validity of our lease," says Bell Farms chief executive Greg Fontaine, adding that the company no longer wants to build the full project. He contends the tribal council and BIA caused financial harm when they reversed their positions after approving the project. As for ecological concerns, Fontaine points out that no environmental violations have occurred at the existing operation, and that the company spent more than it was required to on "environmental controls" precisely because it didn't want to be perceived as exploiting the tribe.
Some reservation residents have proposed turning off the water to the hog operation. "In the summertime there is a bad smell," Mednansky says of the stench from the hog barns and waste lagoons, "but in winter there is a haze, a greasy smell that comes over the area like a fog." If she and Iyotte had not taken action, the stench would be worse.
"These ladies will be in demand in Indian Country for years to come," says Amy Amoroso, NWF's Tribal Lands program manager, who recruited the women to join a fledgling NWF program to teach other tribes about NEPA.
"We learned never to be afraid to take a stand," says Iyotte. "If we don't, the younger generations will pay."
Colorado journalist Paul Tolmé wrote about river otters in the June/July issue.


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Determine the amount of time you need the hot water – Eg: household of 4, showers 30 minute each.
Trying to decide if a instant or storage heater would be better for your home? One consideration you would want to include in your calculation is the electrical consumption of both. Here is a simple method you can use to calculate:
First estimate the amount of time the hot water is needed in your home. For this example, we would assume a household of 2 pax each showering 1 hour on average a day
As such, amount of time hot water is needed = 1 hour x 2 = 2 hour
Instant heater: Assuming power consumption for your model is 3kw, that would mean the power consumption per day is 2 x 3 = 6kw.
Storage heater: Assuming you it takes 2kw per hour to heat up the entire tank. To reach the desired temperature it takes 15min in between heating up and switching off. Per day you switch on the heater say 4 time (2 bath for 2 person per day). Total time switch on is 1 hour (of pre heating) + 2 hour of showering at 2kw per hour. therefore total consumption is 6kw per day.
*above calculation does not factor in current water temperature within the heater tank
So there you have it, a simple guide to calculation (you will notice storage heater does have more consideration than instant heater).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Executive Director, School Police-Duval County Public Schools (FL)
Job Summary
To lead the Duval County School Police Department and continue to advance its commitment to safety for students, staff, and the community in a supportive teaching and learning environment. Administers a comprehensive school police function, including but not limited to, law enforcement, criminal investigations, records management, emergency communications, youth and gang violence prevention and intervention, professional training and development, and student/community education.
Essential Functions
1. Leads, directs, designs, implements, supervises and manages all School Police operations, policies, procedures, administrative guidelines, guiding documents and training programs including identifying, implementing and evaluating policies, procedures, and best practices associated with school safety/security, public safety, law enforcement, and emergency management.
2. Directs and supervises all law enforcement activities and insures that district law enforcement policies, practices, and standard operation procedures are in accordance with federal, state, and local laws including the creation of the annual report.
3. Oversees recruitment, selection, orientation, training, coaching, counseling, monitoring, appraising and disciplining of staff.
4. Works professionally and collaboratively with all district personnel. Responds to school needs, administrator and principal requests, and community inquires in a timely and effective manner.
5. Plans and coordinates with local law enforcement officers all requests for other police assistance.
6. Provides executive-level leadership in shortand long-term planning, organization, and implementation of District policing, law enforcement, safety, and security goals and objectives.
7. Directs and supervises the annual physical audits, safety/security assessments, briefings and safety-related training of all schools and buildings including school personnel, students, and staff. Recommends corrective action to the superintendent as appropriate.
8. Coordinates and designs protection/security strategies for large and special events held on school properties including travel.
9. Develops the department's budget and tracks all expenditures. This includes establishing criteria for purchasing, maintaining and replacing police equipment.
10. Performs other duties as assigned.
Education: Master's degree from an accredited college or university.
Experience: Fifteen (15) years police supervisory experience or five (5) years police administrative experience.
Certifications & Licenses: State of Florida Criminal Justice Standards and Training Commission Certificate as a Law Enforcement Officer.
For more information and to apply online, please visit: _URL_


I am an Affilate!
Do you need a litter box for an outdoor cat?
If you have an outdoor cat, you may question if it is even worth your time having a litter box. If you are wondering, I am going to explain why you need this as well as a good litter mat (Click here to see my 3 best cat litter mats to deal with urine spillages).
Do you need a litter box for an outdoor cat? Yes, it is a good idea to have a little box for an outdoor cat. Because there are occasions when they will need to use it indoors. On some occasions when going outside is not possible or practical. Therefore you need to have a litter tray.
Now you know that you should, let me explain what can restrict your cat going outside, why they should have a back-up litter tray at all times and more.
What could restrict your cat going outside?
Weather Conditions
If they have severe weather conditions sometimes it is necessary for your cat to stay inside. For example, it could be snowing outside. Or it could be extreme rain, to name a couple. If this is the case you need to have a litter tray so there is a backup plan.
Health Related Issues
Also if there is a health condition, your cat will struggle to get out. In these situations, you will need to have a litter tray.
How common are Outdoor Cats?
In general outdoor cats are very common in Europe. But less common in the US where people are encouraged to keep their cats indoors.
In Europe, the trend for outdoor cats is driven by lifestyle and work commitments. People that have full-time day jobs rely on their cats being out for most of the day.
After work, after they have spent all day roaming around outside. The owner will return and spend some quality time with them, including feeding and petting them. This is often backed up with a quality cat flap (Click here to see which cat flap is best, Cat Mate vs SureFlap?).
Why Should You Consider Having a Back-up litter tray?
do you need a litter box for an outdoor cat
do you need a litter box for an outdoor cat
In this section, I'm going to explain a number of different reasons why you should at least have a back-up litter tray indoors. To articulate this I will highlight some risks of not having this. Let me explain…
Weather conditions
As briefly discussed earlier, if there is extreme weather conditions this can impact your cat going outside, meaning your house may become the toilet if you get me.
Without going over the same ground I would just like to add that forcing your cat outside during some of these extreme weather conditions can cause them danger and is not advised, therefore a back-up litter tray indoors is ideal.
Problems with stray cats or other animals
There are may be occasions where you may find that your cat has issues with other stray cats. Or other pets such as your neighbour's dog, for example.
In these situations, your cat may become stressed and anxious about going outside due to the fear of being attacked. You may notice during this time she may not want to leave the house.
In some cases, you may even notice that she will literally start leaving faeces in and around your house. So for these situations is it it is advisable to have a backup litter box in place. It is also a good idea to have microchipped cat door to lock out unwanted cats (Click here to see why I think these ones are best).
Health-related issues
As your cat gets older you may notice that they start to develop health-related issues (Click here to see why an Older Cat starts peeing everywhere). This can lead to difficulties in getting outside.
For example, they may start having joint related problems, or even kidney related problems, just to name a couple. During these times, it not always possible for your cat to go outside. In these situations having a backup little box inside is ideal if not mandatory.
Mess outside of your house
One of the issues that can happen with an outdoor cat not using a litter tray indoors is the mess that they can leave behind outside.
In general, the perception is cats are very clean animals. However, I can tell you from personal experience sometimes you may find your cat is actually doing its mess in random places. Such as your next door neighbour's garden.
This can cause a lot of headache and problems for you. And in some cases cause conflict with your neighbour's.
To avoid these situations you may want to consider having an indoor cat litter that is easy to clean, like a sifting litter box (Click here to see why I respect this one).
Unable to identify potential health issues
One of the dangers of allowing your cat to roam free outdoors and not use a litter tray is the fact that you do not get sight of potential health problems. Let me explain…
There are chances that your cat may develop health issues. They may not be major, to begin with. It could be something like diarrhoea or constipation. The problem is it could lead to something more severe if not discovered early.
An indoor litter tray allows you to inspect her faeces to understand if there may be a problem.
For example, if her stool is very runny, she could have diarrhoea. Once you notice this, you can to provide a remedy to help your cat.
Conversely, if the stool is really hard. Then this might be an indication that they could be constipated. This can be your opportunity to act early.
How can you train an outdoor cat to use a litter tray?
By now you may be thinking to yourself, you get it, you understand why it is a good idea to have a backup litter tray. But, you are thinking to yourself: "how can you transition your cat to start using a litter tray"?
Let me give you some suggestions and pointers that can help you to train your cat to use an indoor litter tray…
Making it more appealing for them
Firstly you need to give them a couple of options. Rather than just plunking down one litter box in a random location, give them options.
If you can provide two litter boxes in convenient locations, this will work much better. For example, one litter tray leading to an outside door. This is great because they will usually walk through this area whenever they leave the house.
A second litter box could be placed in a nice private area that your cat may prefer using. Be mindful, you will need to test these locations. Just to see how your cat responds to it.
Avoiding closed litter boxes
Even though closed litter boxes sound good on paper. Although they make perfect logical sense to us as humans, your cat may not agree.
Your cat may feel a bit claustrophobic inside these closed litter trays. Also gets rid of that element of freedom that they like, especially for an outdoor cat.
In my opinion, this is one to avoid if you want to safely train your outdoor cat to use a litter tray.
Avoid automatic scoopers
You can get hold of some really cool auto scoop litter trays. Again, on paper again they sound like a good idea. Because it helps you maintain the cleanliness.
However, for a cat, these little electric sounds can cause them stress and anxiety. Therefore, for that reason, I would suggest avoiding this, you can get some great manual scoopers anyway (Click here to see why I rated this one). Especially in the early stages while you are trying to train your outdoor cat to use a litter tray. Keep it basic, to begin with.
The bigger the better
When you are trying to transition your outdoor cat to use a litter tray. It is better to use a bigger one. Obviously, this depends on the size of your house or flat. But if you can fit a bigger one in, especially with a taller side, this would be best for your cat.
What type of litter should you provide for your cat?
There are many different types of cat litter substrate that you can use such as paper and silica.
If you are lucky and your cat is willing to use a biodegradable substrate than this is ideal because you can continue to maintain this and re-use it for a number of years. If you are lucky to have a self-cleaning litter box (Click here to see why I rated this one), you can choose the best litter that is compliant with it.
Lindsey Browlingdon
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How far is Australia located from Asia?
How close is Asia to Australia?
The total straight line flight distance from Asia to Australia is 4,862 miles. This is equivalent to 7 825 kilometers or 4,225 nautical miles. Your flight direction from Asia to Australia is Southeast (139 degrees from North).
How long is a flight from Asia to Australia?
The total flight duration from Asia to Australia is 10 hours, 13 minutes.
In which direction is Australia from Asia?
Is Australia belong to Asia?
Australia and New Zealand are part of the Oceania continent, and are on separate tectonic plates to Asia. That's why when people talk about the two countries, they may not think of them as being part of Asia. But they are an integral part of the Asia-Pacific region, also known as Apac.
IT IS INTERESTING: Are there any flights from Dubai to Australia?
Which country is the closest to Australia?
Australia lies between the Pacific and Indian oceans. It is the largest island – and one of the largest countries – in the world. Its closest neighbours are New Zealand to the east and Papua New Guinea to the north.
Which subregion of Asia is the closest to Australia?
About Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia is a vast subregion of Asia, roughly described as geographically situated east of the Indian subcontinent, south of China, and northwest of Australia.
How far away is Europe from Australia?
Distance from Australia to Europe is 14092.82 kilometers.
This air travel distance is equal to 8756.87 miles.
How far is Singapore from Toronto?
Distance from Singapore to Toronto is approximately 15000 kilometers.
How far is Singapore to Perth?
Distance from Perth to Singapore is approximately 3920 kilometers.
What language does Australian speak?
The majority of Australians speak English as a first or other language, however a significant number of people also speak languages other than English. About 73% of Australians speak only English at home.
What is Australia known for?
Australia is globally famous for its natural wonders, wide-open spaces, beaches, deserts, "The Bush", and "The Outback". Australia is one of the world's most highly urbanised countries; it's well known for its attractive mega cities such as Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, and Perth.
How many countries are in Australia?
Australia (continent)
Area 8,600,000 km2 (3,300,000 sq mi) (7th)
Countries 3 (Australia, Papua New Guinea and portions of Indonesia)
Languages English, Indonesian, Tok Pisin, Hiri Motu, 269 indigenous Papuan and Austronesian languages, and about 70 Indigenous Australian languages
Time zones UTC+8, UTC+9:30, UTC+10
IT IS INTERESTING: What percentage of Australia is African?
Are Australians friendly?
Australians are very friendly and easygoing people. In fact, Australians are renowned for their laid-back nature and unique sense of humour. Another thing Australians are known for is their love of sport, recreation and the great outdoors.
Is Australia part of USA?
Why is Australia not an island?
At about 3 million square miles (7.7 million square km), Australia is the smallest continent on Earth. … According to Britannica, an island is a mass of land that is both "entirely surrounded by water" and also "smaller than a continent." By that definition, Australia can't be an island because it's already a continent.
Going to Sydney


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Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage in Sri Lanka
This is a unique place for visitors as this may be the only place on the planet that one can see such a large herd of captive elephants from weeks old to parents to grand parents old more than 50 years. Pinnawala Elephant Orphange, the conservativation breeding center run by the National Zoological Gardens of Sri Lanka was established in 1975.
All these lelphants were brought to the orphange at a very young age due to various reasons like death of the mother or because of the separatist war in the north-east.
There daily rituals begin at 7am in the mornings after they are fed and given milk they are taken to the river 'Ma Oya' the largest river in Sri Lanka in terms of volume of water it carries. Here they drink bathe and are brushed in the shallow pools of this flat rocky river. There are nearly 90 elephants in the orphange presently. Sama, a 22 years old lost her leg due to a mine blast during the separatist war, tugs along the herd to make it to the river and one can see how the other herd members wait for her to join them in this ritual.
Visitors are seen feeding and getting themslves photographed with the Pachyderms.
Pics by: T Narayan


Plant and Equipment
Austrak designs and builds all of its own specialist equipment using its production experience to test the equipment in the field. This ensures the equipment is built for reliability, robustness, efficiency as well as the mandatory parameters of quality and safety. Nevertheless in every production situation each machine is value engineered to ensure that the operation is being done as cost effectively as possible. For example in some countries where labour is less expensive some operations can be done by hand rather than using a dedicated machine.
Broom Oiler Machine: Used to clean and oil the moulds, leveraging the continuous nature of the moulds.
Beds: Frames to house the moulds in the raised and lowered position and provides running rails for the servicing equipment
Moulds: Creates a continuous beam made up of individual sleepers.
Wire Shooter: Sends wire down a track where it is cut to the nominated length.
Wire Trolley: The wire is spooled onto a reel which is used to pay the wire out along the bed efficiently and safely.
Stressing: Hydraulic cylinders, pressure gauges and wire pattern equipment to accurately stress the wires to the correct tension.
Batchplant: The nominated batchmix is generally produced on site to produce the most economical concrete mixture possible.
Casting Machine: The casting machine is designed for maximum vibration to allow the stiffest and therefore most economical concrete mix possible.
Tarpaulin Trolley: Designed for efficient payout of the tarpaulin that allows for low pressure steam curing of the sleepers.
Steam Generators and Control: Steam generators create the steam for injection under the bed. The system is generally PLC controlled for accurate data logging and control to prevent any chance of delayed ettringite formation.
Demoulder: The demoulder removes the moulds from the sleepers and allows the insertion of a bed trolley that supports the sleeper in lieu of the mould. It also gently lowers the mould into the lowered position to prevent damage and ensure long mould life. The demoulder is also used to lift moulds into position once the sleepers are clear in readiness for the next casting.
Bed Trolleys: Bed trolleys support the sleepers once the mould has been removed. The entire trolley/sleeper assembly is then winched into position in readiness for the saw cutting.
Saw: The concrete saw is used to cut the sleepers and rotate the sleepers 180 degrees for inspection. The inspection procedure may use a single line conveyer to allow a single person to inspect and install any fastenings on the sleeper.
Finished sleeper handling: The sleeper is then transferred to a roll bed where it can be collected by either gantries or forklifts. Pack configuration is given special attention so it matches client requirements, negating double handling and improving sleeper quality.
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ABRC2010 Effects of a Miticide on Honeybee Memory - is the Cure Worse than the Disease
Bee Health August 13, 2013|Print
13. Frost, E.H., D. Shutler & K. Hillier - EFFECTS OF A MITICIDE ON HONEYBEE MEMORY: IS THE CURE WORSE THAN THE DISEASE? - Significant mortality from Varroa destructor has occurred in wild and managed honeybee populations. Although mortality is the clearest indicator of negative consequences, Varroa may have other subtle effects. For example, chemical treatments used to eliminate Varroa may interfere with the honey bees' ability to properly integrate stimuli that elicit feeding, mating, colony defense, and communication behaviors.
We assessed learning and memory of honey bees exposed to tau-fluvalinate, the active ingredient in Apistan®, using a standardized Pavlovian insect-learning paradigm (proboscis extension reflex [PER]), that mimics learning in the natural environment. Honey bees are presented with a neutral stimulus, usually an odor, followed by a positive reward such as sugar water. Honey bees learn to extend their proboscis when exposed to the odor, in the absence of a reward, because the odor predicts the presence of food. Stressors, such as pesticides may reduce the frequency of PER, suggesting impaired learning (e.g., Abramson et al., 2004 Environ. Entomol. 33:378-388; Decourtye et al., 2005 Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 48:242-250).
Forager honey bees were collected in Nova Scotia, Canada in August/September 2009 and immobilized with only their antennae and mouthparts free. Tau-fluvalinate, dissolved in 1.25 µL of acetone, was applied dermally (thorax) or orally (proboscis) at concentrations of 0.125 µg (estimated to be daily exposure per bee in treated hives [Johnson et al., 2009 J. Econ. Entomol. 102:474-479]) or 1.25 µg. Controls were treated with 1.25 µL of acetone. Bees were trained to perform PER (training trials), and then tested for retention of odor memory 24 hours later (extinction trials).
Lower dose treatments had no significant effect on mortality or PER during training or extinction. At the 1.25 µg dermal dose, mortality was significantly higher in treated honey bees than controls at both 3 and 24 hours post treatment (p = 0.001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Controls had a significantly higher average number of PER responses to odor cues during training (p = 0.05); there was no significant effect during extinction trials (p = 0.08).
We are also quantifying how tau-fluvalinate is partitioned within the honey bee body, and the relative concentrations. Chemical residues are evaluated using gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry by isolating the head and thorax and placing them in hexane to extract tau-fluvalinate. Quantities of tau-fluvalinate are measured by the size of the peaks on the chromatography output relative to a standard curve. Preliminary results suggest tau-fluvalinate enters the honey bee circulatory system after dermal contact. Honey bees with a dermal application (thorax) of tau-fluvalinate also have traces of the chemical in their head. Detoxification may also occur over time, with decreasing levels of tau-fluvalinate present in honey bee tissues over a 24 hour period.
Ultimately, this research will lead to standardized methods to evaluate suitability of mite treatment programs and potential sublethal effects of chemicals on honeybees. Bees worldwide are exposed to both mite and acaricide stressors, so results of this research will be applicable globally.


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Type of Article:
The Transportation Library has acquired Train Wreck: The Forensics of Rail Disasters, by George Bibel. Here is a description of the book from the publisher's Web site:
Trains are massive--with some weighing 15,000 tons or more. When these metal monsters collide or go off the rails, their destructive power becomes clear. In this book, George Bibel presents riveting tales of trains gone wrong, the detective work of finding out why, and the safety improvements that were born of tragedy.
Train Wreck details 17 crashes in which more than 200 people were killed. Readers follow investigators as they sift through the rubble and work with computerized event recorders to figure out what happened. Using a mix of eyewitness accounts and scientific explanations, Bibel draws us into a world of forensics and human drama.
Train Wreck is a fascinating exploration of
- runaway trains
- bearing failures
- metal fatigue
- crash testing
- collision dynamics
- bad rails


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Loop Quantum Gravity
Discrete area spectrum and the black hole entropy III
Discrete area spectrum and the Hawking radiation spectrum II
Discrete area spectrum and the Hawking radiation spectrum III
These six articles try to explain, in laymen¡¯s terms, the research Brian Kong and I have done on the black hole. These articles assume that readers are familiar with the mathematical expression ¡°log,¡± which is explained in my article ¡°Logarithm.¡± You may skip the second and the third articles if it¡¯s too hard since you don¡¯t need it to understand the fourth and the fifth articles. We will explain our research again in expert¡¯s terms in the final articles.


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The greater part of the literature read in schools belongs to that class of writing which De Quincey calls the litera ture of power, as distinguished from the literature of mere knowledge. The literature of knowledge treats of facts as such; the literature of power holds and moves and inspires men by virtue of its truth, its beauty, its imagination, and its feeling. It tells us how men think and feel and how they relate themselves to other men and to the world in which they live. Obviously one who reads with full understanding must exercise the imagination and the sympathies, and must hold them subject to the inﬂuence of what he reads. New experiences are thus made his through contact with the thought and experience of the author and, as when Keats heard Chapman speak out loud and bold, a larger world extending beyond the little circle of his everyday life, it opened to him. But the range and power of such literature are seldom realized by the student until he hears it read aloud, or he himself attempts to express its thought and Spirit. The printed word is given reality and life when it is uttered by the living voice.
|Category||Confidence and Public Speaking|


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Table of Contents :
Proclamation Of Facts Worksheets Impact Outcome
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You can begin with the uppercase cursives and after that move forward with the lowercase cursives. Handwriting for kids will also be rather simple to develop in such a fashion. If you're an adult and wish to increase your handwriting, it can be accomplished. As a result, in the event that you really wish to enhance handwriting of your kid, hurry to explore the advantages of an intelligent learning tool now!
Consider how you wish to compose your private faith statement. Sometimes letters have to be adjusted to fit in a particular space. When a letter does not have any verticals like a capital A or V, the very first diagonal stroke is regarded as the stem. The connected and slanted letters will be quite simple to form once the many shapes re learnt well. Even something as easy as guessing the beginning letter of long words can assist your child improve his phonics abilities. Proclamation Of 1763 Worksheet.
There isn't anything like a superb story, and nothing like being the person who started a renowned urban legend. Deciding upon the ideal approach route Cursive writing is basically joined-up handwriting. Practice reading by yourself as often as possible.
Research urban legends to obtain a concept of what's out there prior to making a new one. You are still not sure the radicals have the proper idea. Naturally, you won't use the majority of your ideas. If you've got an idea for a tool please inform us. That means you can begin right where you are no matter how little you might feel you've got to give. You are also quite suspicious of any revolutionary shift. In earlier times you've stated that the move of independence may be too early.
Each lesson in handwriting should start on a fresh new page, so the little one becomes enough room to practice. Every handwriting lesson should begin with the alphabets. Handwriting learning is just one of the most important learning needs of a kid. Learning how to read isn't just challenging, but fun too.
The use of grids The use of grids is vital in earning your child learn to Improve handwriting. Also, bear in mind that maybe your very first try at brainstorming may not bring anything relevant, but don't stop trying. Once you are able to work, you might be surprised how much you get done. Take into consideration how you feel about yourself. Getting able to modify the tracking helps fit more letters in a little space or spread out letters if they're too tight. Perhaps you must enlist the aid of another man to encourage or help you keep focused.
Proclamation Of 1763 Worksheet. Try to remember, you always have to care for your child with amazing care, compassion and affection to be able to help him learn. You may also ask your kid's teacher for extra worksheets. Your son or daughter is not going to just learn a different sort of font but in addition learn how to write elegantly because cursive writing is quite beautiful to check out. As a result, if a kid is already suffering from ADHD his handwriting will definitely be affected. Accordingly, to be able to accomplish this, if children are taught to form different shapes in a suitable fashion, it is going to enable them to compose the letters in a really smooth and easy method. Although it can be cute every time a youngster says he runned on the playground, students want to understand how to use past tense so as to speak and write correctly. Let say, you would like to boost your son's or daughter's handwriting, it is but obvious that you want to give your son or daughter plenty of practice, as they say, practice makes perfect.
Without phonics skills, it's almost impossible, especially for kids, to learn how to read new words. Techniques to Handle Attention Issues It is extremely essential that should you discover your kid is inattentive to his learning especially when it has to do with reading and writing issues you must begin working on various ways and to improve it. Use a student's name in every sentence so there's a single sentence for each kid. Because he or she learns at his own rate, there is some variability in the age when a child is ready to learn to read. Teaching your kid to form the alphabets is quite a complicated practice.


- Michael Skalka
A Glitch in the Color Matrix
"How can you be in two places at once, when you're not anywhere at all." I encountered this phrase in high school when my classmates introduced me to the Firesign Theatre comedy recordings. I believe it is an appropriate thought to have when trying to map and understand the organization of pigments by color index number that belongs to the domain of the Society of Dyers and Colourists.
While some hues we see match the color index number across whatever brand of paint you might select, some colors defy this method of organization. I doubt you will not find a brand of oil paint called Ultramarine or French Ultramarine Blue that is not PB 29.
For the uninitiated, pigment manufacturers abide by chemical composition and use cases when registering pigments with the Society of Dyers and Colourists (SDC). This provides a standardization so that end product makers can be assured of some semblance of order in what would be a chaotic, self-determined method of naming pigment hues. The SDC has a "shorthand" method of expressing what pigment belongs in which hue category along with a rough idea of when the pigment was catalogued.
PY = Yellow, PO = Orange, PR = Red, PV = Violet, PB = Blue, PG = Green, PBr = Brown, PBk= Black, PW = White. As you can see Blue "won" the right to use the letter "B" since Brown and Black would also have required the same letter. The numbers next to the color hue record when the pigment was entered into the SDC catalog. When first organized, the ancient pigments received the lower numbers, followed by newer pigments as they appeared over time.
A major part of the SDC cataloging process is to place pigments into the hue group that share the same chemistry. The only problem is that the same chemicals, manipulated in different ways (basically a different "recipe" using the same ingredients) can make a pigment using the same color index number be in two different hue categories. So, using the color index number as the sole determining factor for organizing color groups will not work.
For this essay, I will only illustrate the color index confusion surrounding PB 28 – Oxides of Cobalt and Aluminum. Several paint makers have this color in their oil paint line appropriately called "Cobalt Teal" or "Teal Green."
However, for those familiar with color index numbers, you are saying, Wait a minute. You are mistaken. PB 28 is our old and reliable Cobalt Blue and you would be absolutely correct. Paint makers are correct in labeling both Cobalt Teal and Cobalt Blue using the same color index number.
What makes matters a bit more confusing is that PG 50 also has a similar hue appearance to Teal Green but it is made with Oxides of Nickel, Cobalt and Titanium, a different chemistry that yield a hue that looks much like Cobalt Teal or Teal Green.
For those interested in the chemical process, high heat is the energy used to combine the elements into a substance that once cooled can be ground into pigment. Cobalt Blue has a chemical formula: CoAl2O4. Adjust the ratio of cobalt and aluminum to some degree and the pigment color resembles a blue-green hue.
Inorganic pigments, like cobalt, have a fascinating history that we will explore sometime in the future. Perhaps the facts and fantasy surrounding kobold ore, German for "goblin ore," with a focus on the creatures that inhabited the mines will make for a good Halloween time period essay. As always, the "devil" is in the details.
Syntax of Color
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Knowing this could impact your parenting style more than you realise. more
Dress up as fairies
Imaginative play is so much fun. Children can be very creative and play for hours. Dressing up as fairies is a great way for children to play.
What You Need:
- Safety pin
- Party projects anyone can make
- Classic party games
- How to throw a perfect slumber party
- Birthday party ideas for under 3's
- Birthday party ideas for 3-5 year olds
- Birthday party ideas for 6-8 year olds
- How to entertain kids on a budget
- Party themes and ideas
- 8 fantastic fancy dress party ideas
- Best birthday party games
- Best birthday party venues for kids
Activity:Using the fabric, secure it to your child's wrists to create fairy wings.
Secure the fabric to your child's clothing using safety pins.
To create a wand, use a ruler and attach some pieces of strings to the end.
Now your child can play fairies and have lots of fun with her wings and wand.


Puddle Ducks
Sutton Coldfield
Baby swimmers love swimming for life! Puddle Ducks is a fun and friendly swimming programme offering unique baby swimming, toddler swimming and child swimming classes through franchises across the UK.
Babies and children can join our swimming classes at any age from birth; developing from water babies to confident swimmers without even realising they are learning to swim. By engaging each child's abilities and natural affinity with water, Puddle Ducks offer simple steps to a lifetime love of swimming. Children learn lifesaving, swimming and underwater skills and are often able to swim 10 metres or more before they start school.
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text:
Improvement plan for private hospital
The Problem: Weak profitability of a key asset within a private hospital portfolio
Our client, a leading UK Private Hospital Operator, had identified an underperforming asset within its network, and approached Credo for support in determining why the hospital was operating at below its target revenue and target margin, and for support in identifying measures to improve the financial performance.
Our Approach: Review of utilisation and profitability, development and impact modelling of potential improvement scenarios
The hospital was believed to be underutilised, with a mixture of procedures and specialties – some of which were believed to be far more profitable than others. Our approach therefore involved supporting the development of a cost allocation model that calculated the profitability of individual procedures, and undertaking a review of hospital utilisation by key department and specialty.
This allowed us to identify procedures or groups of procedures that were low margin and / or resource intensive. We worked closely with hospital management to understand the interdependencies between procedures, specialties, funder groups and individual surgeons and the risks associated with realigning the activity-mix of the hospital. We worked with the client to develop a number of potential scenarios for the hospital going forwards, and we modelled the financial impact of each, allowing the creation of a performance improvement plan.
The Result: Strong understanding of current performance, improvement plan created
The findings of the profitability review were embraced by Clinical and Non-clinical Hospital Management, and a process to realign the activity-mix of the hospital and review options for the development of adjacent services was undertaken.


text:
Fiona Twycross AM is a Londonwide Labour Member of the London Assembly
To mark the recent World Diabetes Day, the London Assembly called on the Mayor to do more to increase awareness of the symptoms of Type 1 diabetes among children and young people, and ensure all parents can recognise the symptoms.
The frightening levels of ignorance about Type 1 diabetes leaves those children who suffer from the disease fighting a battle on two fronts.
If you speak to any of the 29,000 children in the UK with diabetes, you will hear how at least half have experienced bullying in school and not only by their classmates.
There are examples of teachers saying they can't eat in class or sending them unattended to the school office when they are having a hypo.
They can also face being excluded from activities and school trips, and at worst, schools have been known to refuse admission to children with Type 1 because they (the school, not the child) can't cope with a condition that requires injections during the day.
The level of ignorance about Type 1 diabetes means only 1 in 10 parents is able to recognise the symptoms of the disease. With only 2,000 people diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes annually, GPs rarely see children with the condition and so don't necessarily spot the signs either.
Diagnosis can be confirmed by a simple finger prick test. Despite this, one in four children and young people are diagnosed with diabetes only when they arrive critically ill at A&E with diabetic ketoacidosis – a life threatening condition that requires urgent specialist treatment.
Increasing awareness of Type 1 diabetes is essential and will lead to more people being diagnosed early.
The campaign launched earlier this month by Diabetes UK, and highlighted by the London Assembly, aims to do this and prevent the trauma and long-term health implications of diagnosis at A&E.
Shockingly, young women with Type 1 diabetes are nine times more likely to die than women without diabetes due to largely preventable damage to their health. A five-year-old child diagnosed with the disease can show signs of damage that can lead to serious health complications by their mid-20s, including visual impairment, kidney disease, amputation, heart attacks and strokes.
It is essential the symptoms of Type 1 diabetes are promoted more widely among parents, schools and healthcare professionals because early diagnoses can help. Charities like Diabetes UK clearly have a role to play in promoting the conditions, but with relatively modest resources, they cannot do this alone.
Traditionally the NHS has played a role in health promotion with Strategic Health Authorities, taking a lead over wider areas. NHS London, for example, ran a major campaign on diagnosing Type 2 diabetes a few years ago with a London-wide campaign 'Measure Up'.
While moving public health to local authorities is generally welcome, the localisation of health promotion contains a risk. There is a danger priority will be given to health issues with a greater number of sufferers than Type 1 diabetes. However, this is precisely why it is important for knowledge of the symptoms to be more widely known.
When I wrote the motion passed by the London Assembly earlier this month, my understanding was the London Health Improvement Board could play a role in ensuring this happens in London. The LHIB - which met for the first time last week and which has already been refused a statutory role - appears now not to have the remit or resources to carry out any substantial work on health promotion.
The Mayor could not tell me how much funding the LHIB will receive but is clear it is much less than anticipated previously and most health promotion funding is being devolved to Health and Wellbeing Boards.
It is not currently clear who will be responsible for providing a strategic overview on public health and ensuring gaps don't appear. This matters because it is potentially children who will fall through the gaps.


Tag Archives: Faith
Claim to Fame…Rise Up!
Claim to Fame: an excerpt from the book Rise Up! 42 Additional Ways to Improve Black America Now, written by Gary A. McAbee
An important idea that African Americans can use is the concept of making claims. Making a claim is another way of saying making a declaration about something. The degree to which we believe in the claims we make is the conviction that we have when we actually make the claim. It is also all about faith. More faith means that we can make more powerful claims. More powerful claims are destined to become reality if we believe that they will come true.
There are different types of claims we can make and different expectations that African Americans can have for each claim. The first type of claim is what we can speak into existence. When we speak it, it becomes ingrained in our thoughts and daily routines. The claim becomes a call-to-action. The call-to-action puts us to work on what we have spoken. It is just a matter of time before the work we put in will produce the results we want.
If you want more peace in your life, speak it into existence. Your actions will lead you to find peace. If you want more money, speak prosperity into existence. Your actions will lead to greater wealth. If you want love in your life, speak it into existence. Your actions will lead you to find a suitable mate. We must be aware that the claim must be supported by effort or it will not come to pass. Faith without works is dead.
Another method of claiming is to know your best friend: you. Based on what you know about yourself, you can figure out how to make the right claims based on your talents and abilities. The idea is to use your talents and put them toward a goal that is attainable. Many people shoot for the moon with a slingshot, then question why their expectations do not come true. Instead, we should learn how to match our skill sets with our desires and claim what we want based on accurate conclusions.
What is your claim to fame based on what you know about yourself? Do you handle crisis situations well? Your claim to fame could be helping others. Maybe it is the care and concern you show for others. Do you handle your business effectively? Your claim to fame could be running your own business. If you know your strengths and weaknesses, you can make your claims based on your potential to be successful.
An example of the concept of making your claim to fame is finding your passion. Another way to look at passion is identifying what you are good at doing. Is there anything that you wouldn't mind doing for free as long as you do not need it for financial support? Your passion is something that you do that makes you feel alive and at your best. It does not have to be work-related or tied to a specific job. Passion makes us commit all of our energy to what we want to accomplish.
After African Americans identify their passion, we must claim it. Let the world know your talents and abilities. This is the reason why we are given our talents. It does no good if an African-American woman or man is blessed with unique abilities, but does not live up to their potential. As a race, we all suffer every time this occurs. We must build upon our talents to make a difference in our communities. It all starts with making a claim.
Those who do not excel when they know their passion are usually good at claiming failure instead of success. How many African Americans do you know who choose defeat before getting started? It is surprising how many people accept failure before making an attempt. Also, if they speak failure into existence, failure will be sure to arrive. The concept of claiming your fame works both ways.
The enemy of making a positive claim is fear. When fear is present, it prevents people from seeing positive outcomes. Instead, we close the door to success. There is a familiar story of a man who worked at the US patent office in the 1800s. He was confident that everything could possibly be created was already invented. He made a claim that humans could not invent any more things, so he quit working in the office. This man's claim to fame was underestimating the power of human creativity, ingenuity, and imagination. His claim to fame is also having his story used as an example 150 years later!
The example leads us to an important part of the process. If we make the correct claim to fame and make it come to pass, we will be remembered for our accomplishments. The highest achievers in our race made their claim to fame. Benjamin Banneker's claim to fame was mathematics and astronomy. Lorraine Hansberry's claim to fame was writing plays and essays. Matthew Henson's claim to fame was exploration. Madame CJ Walker's claim to fame was invention.
Imagine what would have happened if these great African Americans would not have claimed their fame? What if they did not speak about their vision and goals until they became reality? Suppose they did not find their passion and pursue it until they realized their dreams. These people, along with countless other African Americans, claimed their fame. As a result, our race is better off because of their successes. Our world has reaped the benefits their achievements.
Just like we will be remembered for our achievements, we will also be remembered for our shortcomings if we do not live up to our potential. So once again, we end up back at the same starting point. Claim your fame and work to make it a reality. Claim positive results and positive results will come to pass. Find your passion and make it the driving force behind your success.


HOME > Chowhound > General Topics >
Refrigerating canned food is it bad idea?
 - c
A friend has told me that refrigerating canned food is a very bad thing to do. Something about bacteria growth. I don't see any logic in this. I refridgerate stuff like canned tuna that I like to eat cold.
 1. Click to Upload a photo (10 MB limit)
 1. You should put the food in a non reactive container like Tupperware or a Ziplock plastic bag.
 2 Replies
 1. re: russkar
 Yeah, like that container of vodka sauce...
 1. re: chino wayne
 Like, who's got leftovers?
 2. It is only dangerous if the can has been opened. It is very unwise to store an opened tin can in the fridge. Nasty bacterial growth.
 Unless the can has been damaged it should be problem if it is unopened.
 4 Replies
 1. re: JudiAU
 Richard Gould-Saltman
 OK, somebody's dispensing bad science, or pseudo-science here.
 Canned food is more or less sterile when you open it. That's what canning is supposed to do. Once you open it, you let in de bugs.
 If you "de-can" it into a plastic container, oxidized metal products (which result in that "tinny" flavor) won't be produced by having the food sit in an open can. This has nothing to do with bacteria at all.
 HOWEVER, I can see no reason why (previously) canned cooked food would deteriorate any faster than any other cooked food in a refrigerator, nor can I see any possible reason that refrigeration would speed up, rather than slow bacterial spoilage. That's why we have refrigeration to begin with.
 If anyone wants to offer an EXPLANATION of a contrary view, I'm more than willing to be told I'm wrong.
 Richard G-S
 1. re: Richard Gould-Saltman
 I'd tend to agree. I have no proof one way or th other, but let's look at some facts:
 Cans are generally made from aluminium or steel.
 Cans these days are usually treated on the inside and out with a protective layer to prevent oxidisation.
 Cans are sterile (inside) upon being sealed.
 Both aluminium and steel do oxidize, hence the coating.
 If the coating is removed (by strong acids in the food, or at the point the can is opened) the material is free to oxidize.
 There are no proven health risks to consuming small quantities of rust or aluminium oxide.
 However, I'm not sure whether there are any foods that could react to this? It could all come down to the contents.
 And as an aside, if we get to the bottom of this, we should also get a conclusive answer on how safe dented cans are.
 1. re: Soop
 When I have a dented can, I just let it sit a few weeks and if it doesn't puff up, I feel free to use it. Especially if it makes a vacuum release sound on opening, then you know it's still sealed. If not, hopefully it's something that can be cooked for awhile to make sure. Opposite of conclusive, I know. But the health inspector makes restaurants and institutions get rid of dented cans, they return them to their purveyor, and you know where they go then? Not in the garbage, but to food pantries and homeless shelters etc, they still get used.
 1. re: coll
 I always thought that dented cans were supposedly dangerous because the lining was broken. In retrospect this doesn't makes sense, as there was no lining at one point in history, and it's still a vacuum (presuming it's unbreached as you say)
 2. Oh let's just bring this discussion to it's inevitable conclusion as quickly as possible. You know it's just a matter of time until somebody's gonna say "A Chowhound shouldn't eat food from a can to begin with." So there, I said it. Let's move on.
 3 Replies
 1. re: Monkey C
 Richard Gould-Saltman
 As I suspect you know, them's fightin' words.
 I'll be ducking now; let me know when it's over....
 1. re: Monkey C
 but what about all that wonderful seafood that they can in Spain/Barcelona? i've had cans of shellfish that have cost over $100 for about 10 ounces of product.
 1. re: Monkey C
 When jfood read the OP he felt the same way. But he will also add that there was a thread a few months ago titled "threads I will not respond to"...good advice on that as well.
 2. I've had this discussion with my mom before, and according to MOM, storing food in an open can in the refrigerator used to be a terrible idea because cans were made differently. Today it's just fine. Is this actually true? You got me.
 1. If you move this thread to the General Topics board--where it really belongs-- you might get more answers.


HomeCOVID-19Basic Researchers on COVID-19
NEWS | Jan. 21, 2021
Gender in the time of COVID-19: Evaluating national leadership and COVID-19 fatalities
By Leah C. Windsor (Minerva)
This recent article by Minerva-funded researcher, Dr. Leah Windsor and colleagues explore the idea that women world leaders are doing better (i.e., fewer deaths in the countries they lead) than men world leaders. They show that in aggregate, women and men leaders do about the same - that women world leaders do not fare significantly better. However, the role of country culture is quite important: countries with more egalitarian social cultures have fewer deaths, and those with women leaders have even fewer.
Link: _URL_