, except for what is written:
Exodus 20:13 Thou shalt not kill.
Exodus 20:14 Thou shalt not commit adultery.
Exodus 20:15 Thou shalt not steal.
John 11:35 Jesus wept.
These are just simple verses; but how can you possibly interpret these in any other way? It is impossible. But to do so would require reading literally. Remember that the OAC and NAC split, partly because the one wanted to read the Bible literally! So, by the OAC's own rules, if the Bible says "thou shalt not kill", they are not allowed to understand this as "thou shalt not kill"!
Furthermore, they consider the stories in the Bible to be historical events, but have to be interpreted in the same way as the parables in the Gospels – in other words, the Bible cannot just give a factual account of something, even factual accounts are considered just to be metaphorical stories to try and make some point!
The OAC also does not consider the Bible to be the only source of authority, but must go hand in hand with the Holy Spirit to interpret it. The OAC also has its own Catechism. This is a definite cult alert!
This concept of "Bible plus something else" is a common trait in cults. You will see in known cults that they have a Bible, but then come out with their own literature to confess their own strange ideas, then adapt the Bible to fit the literature accordingly. The Jehovah's Witnesses have a Bible (New World Translation, edited to fit their beliefs) but they really follow the Watchtower. Catholics have a Bible (Catholic Bible, includes seven other books and some extra chapters), with some slight editing to fit their beliefs – the Catechisms, Canons, doctrines of the Vatican are what they really follow. Enter the OAC. They have the Bible – to their credit, unedited – but instead, its followers are forbidden from reading the Scriptures as they were written. The "Holy Spirit" is paramount for them, but what is their "Holy Spirit"? The spirit which allows them to magically see what the Bible "really" says. So although the Bible is their holy book, the elders' interpretation "via the Holy spirit" supersedes it. This is begging for cult status!
But why, I hear you asking. Well put it this way. Suppose you are just a follower of the OAC. You'll have a Bible. But you may not read it just as it's written. If you do read it, you cannot understand "properly" what is written. In order to understand the writing "spiritually", you must let the church elder read and interpret it for you.
This is wrong! The Bible is clear enough for even a youngster to read and understand. What the OAC is doing is akin to "guru-ism". In other words, the Bible is too difficult for the average person to read, and you need a guru to read it for you. And you just have to trust that they're correct. This is exactly how cults get started!
Also, the OAC has Sacraments. This is an inheritance from the Catholic Church. Actually, quite a few churches have Sacraments. But it matters not how many churches have them; this is wrong! To explain, a Sacrament is a ritual that is required for your salvation. The Bible is very clear that it is faiththat saves you and nothing else! Yet, the OAC have three Sacraments; Holy Communion, Holy Baptism and Holy Sealing. The Holy Sealing is the administration of the Holy Spirit and considered to be part of your spiritual rebirth. They believe that a man becomes a Child of God this way. I am by no means against Communion or Baptism, but they are not requirements for salvation. If someone accepts Jesus Christ and then dies, they are saved – because faith alone saves you!
The OAC also believes that they can give these Sacraments to dead people! An "apostle" will give them to two substitute people (usually a Fourfold Officer and his wife). They don't believe the dead person will be in those two people, but somehow they can accept Sacraments for dead people who, according to the Bible, are already in Heaven or Hell.
As for the "apostles"; consider the roles of an OAC "apostle" and decide if this is vaguely Biblical. The points, as well as the pieces in red, come from a source.
1) The authority of the Bible is subordinate to the authority of the Apostle. – WHAT?!
Question 37 of the catechism asks, "Can we receive salvation and everlasting life through the scriptures?" Answer: "No..." The apostles have been set "to be a light of the Gentiles, that they should be for salvation unto the ends of the earth" (Catechism Question 11b). Question 35 asks, "Who has been sent to preach the Gospel?" Answer: "The apostles, as clearly shown in 1 Thess 2:13..."
2) The apostle controls the entrance to heaven. – WHAT?!
Salvation is possible only through the apostle; for those who believe in Christ through the apostles (Catechism Question 36 & 49). To the apostles only has been given knowledge of the mysteries of the Kingdom of heaven (Catechism Question 5 & 50, e & f). People can only come to faith through the words spoken by an apostle: without the apostles no-one can become a believer. The church interprets Mt 10:40 to mean that no-one can see the Father or Christ if they do not accept the apostle, for, "Whoever welcomes you, welcomes me; and whoever welcomes me, welcomes the one who sent me." The apostles are the only people with whom God speaks directly (Catechism Question 25), who understand the Scriptures (Catechism Question 38), who know God (Catechism Question 24), who speak the wisdom of God (Catechism Question 50c), are able to forgive sins (Catechism Question 47), and who are going to judge the earth (Catechism Question 41).
3) The apostles are Christ's substitutes on earth. – WHAT?!
Yes, apparently the only begotten Son of God needs a substitute. Not only this, but "apostles" have the power to forgive sins. Does this not reek of Catholicism?
4) The apostles are the only people who may curse. – NO!!!
Fear not! They cannot curse you at all, nobody can. But apparently, many OAC members remain in the church because they fear being cursed. Undoubtedly this is why some followers have pressure to go to church at least three times a week.
really recommend you visit the source as it has more information on the OAC. As you delve into their church, it is blatant how anti-Christian it really is.
Friends, the only thing which matters in life is this – do you accept Jesus Christ as your Lord and Saviour? This is the one and only way you can get to Heaven. Know (I mean, know!) you're a sinner and repent (feel remorse, feel the shame); know you're deserving of Hell, know Jesus died for your sins and call on Him to save you. That's all! Then get hold of a Bible (KJV is best for many reasons, it's about the only thing this OAC got right! Any Bible can save you but there's nothing better than a KJV). But not only is the Bible the inspired, infallible, inerrant Word of God, it will also help you to know exactly when those who profess Christianity are indeed OK, or are cults and heretics. And here we have a clear-cut cult.
(underlining = mine)
South Africa, howl with me. We have another wolf in our midst!
Other source (which I specifically used for details on the foundation of the OAC. I loathe Wikipedia for its bias, and a lot of the article is clearly written by an OAC follower)
Extra: information was used from witness accounts; dicussing with and questioning people I have known who are practising OAC members.
 1. you really dont understand our church thats what i can say to you and youll never do
 1. You people are all brainwashed.
 2. Gen 1:1-5
 Heaven and earth are used in the Bible as symbols - heaven as the symbol of the spiritual mind, and earth as the symbol of the natural mind. Regeneration, which is the subject treated of in this story of creation, is the orderly formation and development of the distinct planes of life that are involved in the structure of these two minds. These two minds, with their degrees of life, constitute the difference between man and the mere animal for the mere animal possesses only the sensual degree, with something that makes an approach to the scientific, but is wholly without the rational and the three degrees constituent of the spiritual mind.
 3. Gen 1:6-8
 The awakening of the things good and true that were implanted and stored away during childhood, and the dawning of the light of God upon the mind, brings the consciousness that there are in the mind states of knowledge that are from heaven and states of knowledge that are from


Home » MomsTeam | Team Moms/Coaches Channel » Coach, Be Consistent
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Coach, Be Consistent
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When you learn about raising children, you hear about consistency. When you learn about working with animals and training animals, you hear about consistency. This key of consistency also applies to coaching softball as well.
It's only fair to your players, not to mention vital for you, that you be consistent in your actions, words, rules, and discipline as a coach. Ground rules should always be laid out at the beginning of the season. These ground rules should also include potential disciplinary actions for when those rules are broken. Be sure that you do NOT set a consequence that you will not enforce. This carries the same effect as "empty threats" in parenting. When you fall into the trap of using "empty threats" the following things happen:
1. Your players know that you won't follow through and will push the envelope as far as possible
2. You are undermining your own credibility and believability because you haven't kept your word
3. Chances are, you'll respect or make it harder to gain the respect of your players.
Whenever you give your word as a coach, be it in speech or in writing, ALWAYS do your best to stick with it. If for whatever reason, you can't follow through, let your players know before hand and figure out what you need to do to make things right. If you don't make it a point to keep your word, players will begin taking what you say "with a grain of salt" because they won't know when you actually mean what you say and when you're just talking the talk without walking the walk. This is not a good situation for you to be in as a coach. If you're players don't believe you, how can you lead them?
Avoid making up rules and consequences as you go along. Clear guidelines and boundaries from the start make life much simpler for players, parents, and coaches. Be up front about what your expectations, your rules, your guidelines, and your consequences and follow through. Choosing to follow through only *sometimes* is only asking for trouble as a coach. Make sure your rules, guidelines, and consequences are reasonable enough for everyone, including you and your staff, to follow and abide by throughout the season. Be consistent. Consistency will save you and your team a lot of heartache and frustration.
by Stacie Mahoe
CoachOfAction.com: helping you reach your BIG coaching goals.


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Use of Biomedical Engineering and Music for K-12 Math/Science Education
The study proposes the use of Biomedical Engineering (BME) Ph.D. track graduate students to assist middle and high school teachers to teach math/science skills, by providing additional tools and training to optimize their use. The emphasis is on the use of disciplinary knowledge to enhance how people learn with the aid of computer technology; showing the students the importance of this knowledge to solve real world problems.
Three school districts have committed to participate in a cross-disciplinary education program (Shelby County, Shades Mountain Independent, and the Alabama School of Fine Arts). Students from UAB's Biomedical Engineering (BME) and the Alabama School of Fine Arts (ASFA) departments will develop, implement, and evaluate the four interventions used to enhance math/science skills.
- Music education
- Math/Science kits and six-week projects
- Science Fair project development
- A technology of Fine Arts class
When the cost-effectiveness of each intervention has been determined, decisions whether to expand the intervention, within each school system will be made. Information about successful programs would be made available, on the internet or other media, to interested groups. Trained personnel from this project would serve as facilitators for these groups.
- Investigators: A. Eberhardt, R. Thompson, M. Froning, D. Kilpadi

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Introduction to Information 4.0 (Rahel Bailie)
Stakes have been raised in the ever-changing content world. Commercial initiatives such as Industry 4.0 and Services 4.0 mean a step change in how we create and manage content to deliver into complex content ecosystems. The hope that AI can process unstructured content is largely hype; the key at the moment is content semantics.
This presentation will explain key concepts of Information 4.0, how to apply them to content, and show the business possibilities that open up.


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In the beginning of 2014 our School St Mary's College (SMC) Rose-Hill signed the Education for Sustainability Charter and pledge. In keeping with our commitment to this, the Travel and Tourism students of SMC organized various activities on the themes of Culture & Heritage, and Ecotourism during the first term 2016. They are as follows:
1. Guided Tour at Eureka House and Moka River
The students organised a visit of Eureka House in Moka where participants were able to learn more about its significance to the history of Mauritius. They discovered the fascinating architecture of the residence made up of natural materials, and the colonial ways of life deeply imprinted with traditional and simple ways of living.
After visiting the museum, the participants were invited to go for a walk in the garden and near the Moka River banks. They had the chance to admire the small waterfalls, endemic plants and rare specimens which surround the house. This project had as objectives:
- To introduce to participants the unique flora and fauna present in the region of Moka,
- To develop environmentally-friendly attitudes and behaviours within people,
- To promote traditional games, and
- To instill respect for natural resources, including plants and animals.
We ended the visit with typical Mauritian dishes prepared in the old ways by Eureka House in the old kitchen.
2. Conference on Creole Culture in Mauritius
Mauritius being a melting pot with a rich multicultural society can pride itself for the coexistence of different religions, languages and cultures. In line with the concept of sustainability, the students have chosen to hold a Mini Conference to promote the Creole culture in Mauritius at l'Aventure du Sucre, Mapou. The main objectives of this project were to educate people of different age groups on various aspects of the Creole culture, to sensitise them on the importance of preserving it for the benefits of future generations, and to instill respect for local culture and traditions into people. Youngers of nowadays are now increasingly being taken up by the modernity of the fast changing life that only few of them know about the origins and meanings of customs and traditions in Mauritius.
To ensure the success of this event, different speakers were invited to share their knowledge on the bases of the creole culture and language, its traditions and customs, the creole cuisine, arts, and music. The students also benefited from the assistance of the Ecole Hôtelière Sir Gaetan Duval, Nelson Mandela Centre for African Culture, Ledikasyon Pu Travayer, and Mr. Paul Comarmond, painter and researcher on Creole arts.
3. Cultural Rally in the City of Port-Louis
For this project, a group of people were brought in Port-Louis to discover the various cultural and historical places that the capital city has to offer. This event took place in the form of a Cultural Rally which offered to the participants the opportunity to learn more about the Mauritian history through a range of challenging and fun activities. Quizzes and riddles were used as clues and participants had to refer to their own prior knowledge of the history to complete the tasks allocated to them.
The organizing team also wanted to use games to strengthen relationships and cooperation between people by setting them to play in teams with people they barely knew. Searching for clues together and sharing ideas was the opportunity to create human bonding. The game further demonstrated that a simple entertainment could act like a real brain booster for the participants. It further helped to reinforce the team spirit within the organizing group itself.
On the same way, ecofriendly attitudes were taken into consideration by ensuring that participants were not using motorised vehicles to check from one point to another. Similarly, all clues and hidden items were crafted by the students, and a minimum of paper was used for the enigmas. After the game, all participants had lunch together and we ended the event with a prize giving ceremony.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Inside Quake: Determining Visible Surfaces
Michael Abrash, a veteran of programming three-dimensional graphics, on the example of developing the first Quake, talks about the need for creative thinking in programming.
Many years ago, I worked for the now-defunct video video card manufacturer Video Seven. There I helped develop the VGA clone. My colleague Tom Wilson, who worked around the clock for a long time to develop the Video Seven VGA chip, tried to make VGA as fast as possible and was confident that its performance was optimized to the maximum. However, when Tom was already putting the final touches to the chip design, we heard rumors that our competitor Paradise had achieved even greater performance in its developed clone, adding to it a FIFO.
This ended the rumors - we did not know what the FIFO was, or how much it helped, nothing else. However, Tom, usually a friendly and relaxed person, turned into an active, obsessive fanatic with too much blood caffeine. Based on these little bits of information, he tried to figure out what Paradise managed to do. In the end, he came to the conclusion that Paradise probably inserted a FIFO-write buffer between the system bus and VGA, so that when the CPU was writing to the video memory, the recorded data would immediately fall into the FIFO, and this would allow the CPU to continue processing, rather than idle each time when he was writing to the display memory.
Tom had neither logical elements nor enough time to implement a full FIFO, but he managed to implement a FIFO with a depth of one operation, which allowed the processor to overtake the VGA chip by one write operation. Tom was not sure that it would give good results, but it was the only thing he could do, so he implemented this system and transferred the chip to production.
It turned out that the FIFO for one operation works incredibly well: at that time, Video Seven VGA chips were the fastest on the market; they became evidence of Tom's genius and evidence of what the creator is capable of under the pressure of circumstances. However, the most remarkable thing about this story is that Paradise's FIFO design had nothing to do with Tom's design and didn't work at all. Paradise inserted a FIFO read buffer between the display memory and the video output stage of the VGA chip, which made it possible to read the video output in advance so that when the CPU needed to access the display memory, pixels could be taken from the FIFO, and the CPU command was executed instantly. This really improved performance, but not as much as Tom's FIFO buffer.
And this case can be considered a good parable about the very nature of the creative process that a person can achieve. Scraps of news about Paradise's chip contained almost no factual information, but they forced Tom to go beyond the boundaries that he subconsciously set while developing the original chip design. I believe that this is the most important element of any ingenious design, be it from the field of equipment, software or any other creative sphere, and it was him who instilled in Tome news about Paradise: the ability to detect the boundaries that you built while working on a project and overcome these boundaries.
The problem, of course, is how to overcome the boundaries, the existence of which you do not even know. There is no formula for success, but two principles can serve as a good service: firstly, simplify, secondly, constantly try something new.
Usually, when you feel that the code becomes complicated, you begin to make minor changes to the frozen structure, and there is a great likelihood that you can improve performance and reduce the amount of code by inventing a new design. A really good structure should bring a moment of deep satisfaction, when everything falls into place, and you are surprised at how small the amount of code is needed and how well all boundary cases work.
In the process of revising the structure, it is important to study any ideas that come to mind, no matter how insane they may seem. Many of the truly magnificent ideas that I heard at first seemed nonsense because they did not fit into my current picture of the world. Often, such ideas are really insane, but just as the news about the Paradise chip stimulated Tom's imagination, an aggressive exploration of seemingly delusional ideas can open up new possibilities for you.
Good illustration: the evolution of the three-dimensional graphics engine Quake.
The most difficult task in the world of three-dimensional graphics
I spent the last seven months working on Quake, DOOM's heir from id Software, and I assume that after three more months, by the time you read this article, Quake will already be released in the form of shareware.
In terms of graphics, Quake will be for DOOM what DOOM was for its predecessor, Wolfenstein 3D. Quake adds real arbitrary 3D (the player can look up and down, lean to the sides and even fall to the side), detailed lighting and shadows, 3D monsters and characters instead of DOOM sprites. Soon I will talk about all of this in more detail, but this month I want to talk about the task that I call the most difficult in my book in three-dimensional graphics: determining visible surfaces (drawing the corresponding surface for each pixel), and about a very close task to it - clipping (as fast as possible to drop invisible polygons as a way to accelerate the determination of visible surfaces).
Why do I think VSD is the most difficult task of 3D graphics? Although the tasks of rasterization, for example, the imposition of textures, are just as overwhelming and important, they are quite limited in scope, and after the appearance of 3D accelerators, their solution will be transferred to "iron"; besides, their scale depends only on the screen resolution, that is, they are rather modest.
In contrast to them, VSD is an unlimited task and dozens of approaches are being used to solve it. But more importantly, the performance of VSD in a naive solution scales depending on the complexity of the scene, which usually increases as a quadratic or cubic function, so it quickly becomes a limiting factor in creating realistic worlds. I believe that in the next few years, VSD will become an increasingly dominant problem in real-time 3D graphics for a PC, because the detailing of 3D worlds will constantly increase. Even today, the Quake level of solid dimensions can contain about 10,000 polygons, that is, almost three times more than the DOOM level of comparable size.
Quake tier structure
Before delving into the VSD, let me mention that each level of Quake is stored as one huge three-dimensional BSP-tree. This BSP-tree, like any other BSP, divides the space, in this case, into the planes of the polygons. However, unlike the BSP-tree, which I demonstrated earlier, the BSP-tree in Quake does not store polygons in tree nodes, as part of the separation planes, but in empty (unfilled) leaves, as shown in Figure 1 in a plan view.
Figure 1. In Quake, polygons are stored in empty leaves. Dark areas are filled leaves (filled volumes, for example, the insides of walls). You
can get the correct drawing order by drawing leaves in the BSP order "front to back" or "back to front". In addition, since BSP-leaves are always convex, and polygons are the boundaries of BSP-leaves, looking inwards, polygons of any sheet can never overlap each other and can be drawn in any order. (This is a common property of convex polyhedra.)
Clipping and detection of visible surfaces
Ideally, the VSD process should work as follows: first, you need to discard all polygons that are outside the pyramid of visibility, and also cut off all the invisible parts of polygons that are partially visible. Then you need to draw only those pixels of each polygon that are actually visible from the current viewpoint, as shown in Figure 2 in the top view, without wasting time on repeated redrawing of pixels; Notice how small the set of polygons in Figure 2 are to draw. And finally, in the ideal world, visibility of parts of polygons should be inexpensive, and the processing time should be the same for all possible points of view, so the game runs smoothly.
Figure 2. Ideal VSD architecture renders only visible parts of visible polygons.
In the process of performing this task, it is easy to determine which of the polygons are completely outside the limits of the pyramid of visibility or are partially clipped, and it is quite possible to find out exactly which pixels need to be drawn. Alas, the world is far from ideal, and all these checks are costly, so the trick is to speed up or skip different checks, while still creating the necessary result.
As I explained in detail in previous articles, having a BSP, you can easily and cost-effectively bypass the world in the order of "front to back" or "back to front." The simplest VSD solution is to simply walk the tree backwards, truncate each polygon with the pyramid of visibility and draw it if its face is directed into the camera and is not completely cut off (artist's algorithm). But is this an adequate solution?
For relatively simple worlds, it is quite applicable. However, it does not scale well. One of the problems is that when new polygons are added to the world, for cutting off invisible polygons, more and more transformations and checks are required; after a certain threshold, this will start to significantly slow down performance.
Fortunately, this particular problem has a good workaround. As mentioned above, each leaf in a BSP tree describes a convex subspace, and nodes connected to the leaf limit the space. It is less obvious that each node in a BSP tree also describes a subspace — a subspace consisting of all the child elements of the node, as


example they use, a man named Mike sees a feather on top of a cactus in the desert. If Mike wants to get the feather for himself, and he knocks it down with a stick, then we clearly think he is responsible for getting the feather out of the cactus. If he knocks his stick against the cactus and the feather falls out without the intention to get the feather, then we think Mike is less responsible for getting the feather out.
What would happen in these cases if after the feather fell from the cactus a second man walked up to the feather as it was lying on the ground and picked it up? Who would be the owner of the feather?
In several studies, people judge that Mike has more right to be the owner of the feather than Dave when he is more responsible for the action of freeing the feather. So, when Mike wants the feather and takes an action that leads the feather to fall, then people think he should get the feather. If Mike dislodges the feather accidentally, then people think he has less claim to owning it then if he deliberately dislodges the feather.
Why should we reason about ownership and responsibility in similar ways?
One reason why this makes sense is because of the importance of control in ownership. Because owning something allows me to control what is done with it, I am a better owner of that object when I have already done things to take responsibility for actions related to that object. So, having an intention related to the object and carrying out an action that fulfills that intention demonstrates that a person deserves the control over that object that comes with being an owner.
Thursday, October 10, 2013
Specific plans do not always help
A lot of research over the last several years has focused on how to help people to achieve their goals. One of the results that has emerged from this work is that it is useful to form specific plans. For example, Peter Gollwitzer's work on implementation intentions suggests that envisioning a specific plan can increase people's ability to perform new actions.
Are these specific plans always helpful?
A paper by Claudia Townsend and Wendy Liu to be published in the December, 2012 issue of the Journal of Consumer Research suggests that specific plans can backfire when people see themselves as being far from achieving their goal. The idea is that if you form a specific plan that you think will be nearly impossible to achieve, then it is upsetting to create that plan. In that case, you may actually decrease your commitment to the goal.
In one naturalistic study, they contacted people who were about to receive the tax rebate that was given out to many households in the United States in 2008 during the recession. Some people were asked to form a specific plan about whether they would spend the rebate, donate it, or save it. Other people were not asked to do any planning. Participants were asked a number of other questions including whether they are generally good at saving money for the long-term. After the rebates were sent, people were asked to report what they did with it.
The group that did not plan saved about half of the money they received. People who reported that they are good at saving money and formed a specific plan saved significantly more than half their money, while those who reported they are bad at saving money and formed a specific plan saved significantly less than half their rebate.
This result along might just suggest that planning had no impact at all on behavior. People who are good at saving are just better at saving money than those who are bad at saving money.
In another study, a planning group was asked to list all of the meals and snacks they would eat for the rest of the day. An unrelated-planning group planned their studies for the rest of the day. A third group did no planning. During the study, participants were also asked to rate whether they felt they were overweight, of average weight, or underweight. After the study was over, participants were offered a snack as part of their participation. The snack was either an unhealthy food (a peanut-butter cup), or a healthy food (raisins). Participants could also refuse to take a snack.
Participants who felt they were overweight were much more likely to take the unhealthy snack than the healthy snack if they planned out their meals than if they did not. Those who felt they were of average weight were less likely to take the unhealthy snack than the healthy snack. Another study in this series suggested that planning meals made the people who reported that they were overweight feel more distress than those who were of average weight.
These results are surprising given the previous research suggesting that specific planning helps people to achieve their goals. What is the difference here?
One possibility lies in an important difference between the planning done in this study and the implementation intentions suggested by Gollwitzer and his colleagues. In this study, people just planned for what they would like to do ideally. They suggested how much of their rebate they would like to save or how much food they wanted to eat. Implementation intentions have an important additional step. They require that people think through all of the specific obstacles they will face in achieving their goal and to plan for them.
It is one thing to give an ideal for what you would like to achieve. These ideals can be quite distressing to form when you think you are far from your goal. However, if you plan for the obstacles, then you have a better chance at handling them when they arise. A person trying to lose weight can plan to say "No, thank you." when offered the chance to eat an unhealthy snack. Without thinking about the obstacles, though, it is hard to have a ready-made course of action when roadblocks inevitably come up.
So, the results of this study really demonstrate the danger of forming the wrong kind of plan. It is not enough just to think about what you would like to do ideally. To succeed at the really hard goals in life, it is crucial to figure out what can go wrong and be ready to address the obstacles.


model based on training set. The training data set is used to develop a mathematical model with an integration of Data mining result with RSM [20]. Prediction used to predict the relationship by using regression equation [9]. In this model the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of response variable is calculated.
Response surface methodology (RSM)
RSM is a set of statistical and mathematical techniques for developing an empirical model [21]. The objective of Design of experiments is to find a relationship between responses (output variable) which is influenced by numerous independent variables.
Assuming that there are p input variables X=(x1, x2, x3 ….xp), and q output variables Z=(z1, z2, z3, ….zq), This response model including both input and output variables can be given by
The surface noted by f (x1, x2) is called a response surface Y. Where f (x), h (x, z), and ε are the part of the model that include the input factors only. This methodology was used to develop a second order regression equation relating response characteristics and process variable. The regression equation used to predict the model. The discovered data is visually represented to the user. The response can be represents either in the three-dimensional space graph or contour plots. It helps to visualize the shape of the response surface Response surface model development is an iterative method. An estimated model is attained, the goodness-of-fit resolves if the solution is reasonable. Otherwise the estimated method is regenerated and more experiments are prepared.
Design of experiments (DoE) is the main part of RSM. The objective of DoE is the selection of the points where the response should be considered.
Model evaluation to test and evaluate the model, 75% of the dataset is used. Instances are extracted and then served as a benchmarking dataset for machine learning problems. The predicted values are very closure to the actual values and also the model gives the best results for remaining test data set.
Results and Discussion
After preprocessing and classification techniques are applied on medical data set, two third of training data set with clinical and histopathological attributes are considered as input variables for develop the model. RSM shows the interaction between dependent and independent attributes.
The following sections are discussed about ANOVA techniques and construct the mathematical models with performance evaluation. The main element of ANOVA table are source of variance, sum of squares, Degree of freedom, mean square, F value, and the probability associated with the F-value. The most dependent attributes are A-Follicular papules, B-Eosinophils in the infiltrate D-Thinning of the suprapapillary epidermis G-Perifollicular parakeratosis. RSM provide the relationship among input parameters are considered as control factors and output class such as psoriasis status of the patient.
The Table 2 shows the ANOVA table for finding psoriasis disease. In general, it can be considered that higher Fisher's Ftest values and lower P values indicate the relative significance of each item. It can be observed in the Table 2. The Model Fvalue of 5483.696 implies the model is significant. There is only a 0.01% chance that a "Model F-Value" this large could occur due to noise. Values of "Prob>F" less than 0.0500 indicate model terms are significant. In this case, A, B, D, G, AD, BD, A2, D2, G2 are significant model terms. Values are greater than 0.1000 indicate; the model terms are not significant. The quadratic model has a higher R2 value (0.9990) than other model (linear, 2FI and cubic model).
Term Sum of squares DoF Mean square F Value p-value (Pro>F)
Model _PHONE_ 9 13.31957 5483.696 < 0.0001
A 3.29E-05 1 3.29E-05 0.013536 0.9078
B 1.538641 1 1.538641 _PHONE_ < 0.0001
D 1.459365 1 1.459365 _PHONE_ < 0.0001
G 0.056748 1 0.056748 23.36328 < 0.0001
AD 0.046298 1 0.046298 19.06079 < 0.0001
BD 0.995054 1 0.995054 409.666 < 0.0001
A2 0.053436 1 0.053436 21.9998 < 0.0001
D2 0.033962 1 0.033962 13.98243 0.0005
G2 0.064206 1 0.064206 26.43365 < 0.0001
Residual 0.123876 51 0.002429
Lack of fit 0.123876 22 0.005631
Standard deviation=0.049
Mean 1.33
Pre.R2 0.9977
Adj. R2 0.9988
Table 2. ANOVA table for psoriasis status.
The general equation for the proposed second order regression model to predict the response can be written as Equation 2.
Y=0.218688 × A+1.99785 × B-0.0013 × D+0.249777 × G-0.01166 × A × D-0.04208 × B × D-0.01161 × A2+0.00872 × D2-0.01568 ×D2→ (2)
Figure 2 shows the interaction between thinning of the suprapapillary epidermis and eosinophils it is evident that, enhance psoriasis increases due to increase the thinning of the suprapapillary epidemis. Similarly eosinophis decreases the psoriasis increases.
Figure 2: Three dimension surface graph for thinning of the suprapapillary epidermis and eosinophils.
The Table 3 shows the percentage of deviation between actual and predicted values. The actual and predicted values are very closer to each other. This Percentage of deviations are plotted in graph and shown in Figure 3. The differences between actual value and predicted values are very minimal. The empirical model has validated by using test data set and it also give 99.9% accuracy.
Figure 3: Percentage of deviation between actual and predicted psoriasis patient.
Sl. No. of data set Psoriasis patient (1) % of deviation
Non psoriasis patient (2)
Actual Predicted
1 1 0.973221 2.677907
2 1 0.973221 2.677907
3 1 0.973221 2.677907
....
58 2 1.986031 0.698475
59 2 2.047594 -2.37968
120 2 2.013595 -0.67973
Table 3. Performance evaluations at developed model with experimental values.
Data mining technology is the fastest growing technology. It is being adopted in biomedical sciences and research. In this work we developed an empirical model by using data mining techniques and response surface methodology. Most of the researchers were concentrated to find out the accuracy of the dataset. Hence in this paper focused to develop the empirical model for the dermatology dataset. It extracts the relationship between dependent attributes and their response in terms of regression equation. This mathematical model may be helpful for medical practioners and researchers. In this model shows other dimension way of predicting and diagnosis the psoriasis disease with a use of data mining techniques. The preprocessing phase get better the quality of obtain result. The RSM proves to be the effective tool for develop a mathematical model for predict the disease. Further, this work can be extended to other diseases.
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MORGANTOWN, W.Va. -- The National Energy Technology Laboratory in Morgantown is backing a project to help Virginia Tech researchers and Consol Energy study the prospect of storing carbon dioxide in thinner, less-valuable coal seams.
Pennsylvania-based Consol will try to sequester as much as 20,000 tons of the greenhouse gas that is believed to contribute to global warming.
Vice president of research Steve Winberg said Consol is donating three coalbed methane wells near Buchanan, Va., for the pilot project. The State Journal said the yearlong experiment is set to begin this fall.
Michael Karmis, of Virginia Tech's Center for Coal and Energy Research, said teams will test the ability to inject CO2 and whether it can help recover coalbed methane.
They expect the CO2 to be absorbed and say it might stimulate methane release.


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The National Library of China was formerly known as the Jingshi Library, was established during the rule of Qing Dynasty. It had been allotted as a major construction project under the Qing rule and had started constructions in 1909, the year the Qing government first established rule. It first officially opened to public visitors after the Xinhai Revolution, on August 27th in 1912. In August of 1929, Jingshi Library had merged with Beiping Beihai Library and was still named as Beiping Public Library. In 1931, an additional building was constructed on Wenji Street to be included with the library (it now houses ancient manuscripts). On December 12th, 1998, the State Council of China authorized that the library changes its name officially to National Library of China.
The National Library of China has a collection of nearly 30 million pieces of literature and materials, and is ranked fifth in the world for being a national library with a huge and diverse archive. The National Library of China's collection inherited books and archives from the "Imperial Wenyuange Library" collection of the Qing Dynasty and that, in turn, included books and manuscripts from the library of the Southern Song Dynasty. The library also contains inscribed tortoise shells and bones over 3,000 years old. The National Library of China is also naturally the only library in the world with the largest collection of Chinese-language literature and manuscripts; it houses hundreds of audio and video data/products in different languages and archives over 8,000 digital publications.


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It's Spider!
Ancient spider revealed in 3-D
Scientists used digital wizardry to scan bug through its amber grave. The male spider is about the size of a pinhead (or a stack of three salt grains) and lived during the early Eocene epoch, from about 55 million to nearly 34 million years ago.
King Tut is only 3300 years old.


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African Journal of Food Science Research
African Journal of Food Science Research ISSN 2375-0723 Vol. 10 (2), pp. 001-010, February, 2022. © International Scholars Journals
A review of shelf-life extension studies of Nigerian indigenous fresh fruits and vegetables in the Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute
Ubani, Ozioma Ndubunma* and Okonkwo, Ego Ulu
Nigeria Stored Products Research Institute, 3 km Asa Dam Road, P. M. B. 1489, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
Accepted 23 August, 2021
The Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute has been conducting research in technology development suitable for post-harvest handling of Nigerian indigenous fruits and vegetables for extension of the shelf-life of these commodities, retention of nutrients and aesthetics of fresh produce in storage, enhancement of the nutritional status and earning capacity of both the rural and urban poor through proper handling, storage, marketing and consumption of fruits and vegetables; and production of the best quality fruits/vegetables for local and export markets over three decades. The research work carried out and the technologies developed for handling of Nigerian indigenous fruits/vegetables post-harvest for the farm, market and domestic levels of storage are discussed subsequently. These indigenous fruits and vegetables are prone to chill injury when kept at low temperatures. However, storage structures developed by the Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute over the years, such as the evaporative coolers and cooler baskets which could record some temperature drop from the ambient, have been used in extending the shelf-life of fresh fruits and vegetables. Packing (wrapping) materials have also showed promise in extending shelf life of Nigerian indigenous fresh produce. The season and time of harvest also play an important role in storage of fruits and vegetables. Garden eggs have very short shelf-life of 7 days during the dry harmattan months in Nigeria. Fresh fluted pumpkin Telfairia occidentalis 'ugu' leaves can only be kept for 6 days at 29.1°C and 64.5%rh beyond which physiological breakdown of tissues lead to deterioration and total loss. Fresh pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) fruits, individually wrapped with waxed paper (TIXO) kept at ambient conditions in plastic crate, have a shelf-life of 17 days as compared to fresh pawpaw fruits in evaporative coolers for 7 days. In hot dry weather of the Northern parts of Nigeria, oranges stored in evaporative cooler (EC) Metal-in-Brick wall have a shelf-life of 10 weeks. Adoption of these technologies will play a very vital role in post-harvest loss reduction in fresh fruits and vegetables along the food chain, increase income and improve nutrition for all stakeholders. The interventions to maintain food quality and safety for reduction of postharvest losses in Nigerian indigenous fruits and vegetables through Research activities in NSPRI for three decades are the focus of this review paper.
Key words: Postharvest, technologies, fruits, vegetables, shelf-life.
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Figure 5.
Traveling LFP plume trajectories. LFP plume mean location was determined in 1-ms time steps (see Experimental Procedures and Figure 2G). (A) LFP plumes can originate in different locations and travel along variable trajectories. Two examples from the same recording are given for each of the two orthogonal recording planes in the hyperpallium: horizontal (red) and sagittal (yellow; multi-electrode orientations are the same as in Figure 1A). (B) The net plume propagation along the two orthogonal axes of the multi-electrode array was calculated for every LFP plume in a recording; shown are two recordings from different birds. Every gray dot corresponds to one plume. Plume propagation is variable, but not completely random. The mean net LFP plume movement is indicated as a black arrow. (C) Mean net LFP peak movement vectors in the hyperpallium (one recording per bird; n = 11) illustrating the non-random nature of slow-wave propagation: plumes tend to propagate toward the surface of the brain.
Beckers et al. BMC Biology 2014 12:16 doi:10.1186/_PHONE_-16
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AFM images reveal peculiar biradical aromatic created by single atom manipulation
Sixty-four years after it was first hypothesised, researchers have succeeded in making triangulene, a peculiar biradical aromatic that has so far remained elusive because of its extreme reactivity, but could pave the way to quantum computing devices.
Triangulene is planar, cyclic and has 22 π electrons – properties of a fully aromatic molecule according to Hückel's rule. However, any attempt at drawing its resonance structures results in two unpaired electrons: triangulene is a non-Kekulé aromatic and permanent biradical.
Chemists have been trying to make triangulene through traditional synthesis, but never managed to make unsubstituted triangulene as it has proven to be highly unstable and instantly polymerises or rearranges into more stable structures. Now, Niko Pavliček's team from IBM Research in Zurich, Switzerland, and the University of Warwick, UK, made triangulene using single atom manipulation – an art IBM researchers have been perfecting since they arranged 35 xenon atoms to spell out 'IBM' in 1989.
Pavliček's team placed a hydrogenated precursor on a copper surface and shocked it into losing two hydrogen atoms and creating triangulene by applying a small voltage with the tip of a combined scanning tunnelling/atomic force microscope. This allowed researchers for the first time to study the biradical's structure and molecular orbitals in the hope that these types of compounds could one day be used for information storage.
N Pavliček et al, Nat. Nanotechnol., 2017, DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.305


2012 NCTC Counterterrorism Calendar The NCTC Seal
Profiles A-C Profiles D-L Profiles M-Z
VX (C11H26NO2PS), a chemical nerve agent, paralyzes the nervous system. It is more toxic and longer-lived than related nerve agents Tabun and Sarin, which dissipate quickly and have only short-term effects.
VX binds to an enzyme that transmits signals to the nerves and inhibits them. As a result, the nerves become isolated and uncontrollable.
The antidote, atropine, is a toxin itself but counteracts VX by removing it from the enzyme. Atropine is normally injected into the arm or thigh; in the case of gas attacks, however, atropine must be injected directly into the heart. Full body protection and gas masks are essential to avoid exposure in a VX attack.
Suspicious Substance?
Quickly get away.
Wash with soap and water.
Contact authorities.
If you become sick seek emergency medical attention.
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Healing children's smiles. Making the world a better place.
At Operation Smile, they measure themselves by the joy they see on children's faces. They're more than a charity. More than an NGO. They're a mobilized force of medical professionals and caring hearts who provide safe, effective reconstructive surgery for children born with facial deformities such as cleft lip and cleft palate.
More than 200,000 children are born with a severe cleft condition each year — often unable to eat, speak, socialize or smile. In some places these children are shunned and rejected…in too many cases, their parents can't afford to give them the surgeries they need to live a normal life.
That's where Operation Smile comes in. Since 1982, through the help of dedicated medical volunteers, Operation Smile has provided free surgeries to children in more than 50 countries, healing their smiles and bringing hope for a better future.
Thanks to the generosity and spirit of volunteerism shown by Operation Smile supporters, they heal thousands of children per year. Today, more than 135,000 girls and boys have a chance at a new life because of their work. With more support from people around the world, think about how many more smiles could be saved tomorrow.
Every dollar counts. Every gift helps change a hurting child's life.
GIFTS TRANSFORM LIVES:
- For a little as $240, a supporter can help provide a cleft lip or cleft palate surgery. This surgery can change a child's life forever and can take as few as 45 minutes.
- Contributions in excess of surgical costs are invested into sustainability programs, which empower Operation Smile partner countries to treat more children on their own.
- Operation Smile has more than 4,000 credentialed medical volunteers ready to donate their time and talent. Supporting gifts help send them to countries where desperate children are waiting to be healed.
GIFTS HELP TRAIN HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS:
- They have a worldwide network of teaching hospitals and university partners, including Duke University, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Penn State Hershey Medical Center and many others.
- Gifts help support their life-support training programs worldwide. Today, Operation Smile is authorized by the American Heart Association to function as a global and mobile International Training Organization.
- Their annual Physicians' Training Program (PTP) brings doctors and nurses from around the world to the United States for advanced training in their specialized fields.
GIFTS BUILD AWARENESS AND LEADERSHIP:
- Their International Foundations and U.S. Chapters raise funds, recruit volunteers and raise awareness on a grassroots level.
- With support, Operation Smile continues to lead the way in effective, safe surgeries worldwide through medical diplomacy and research.
- 600 Operation Smile Student Clubs in the United States and around the world build awareness, conduct grassroots fundraising and educate students about values of commitment, leadership and volunteerism.
- The World Care Program brings children and young adults to the U.S. and other countries for surgeries that are too complicated to be performed during in-country missions.
For more information, please check out Operation Smile.


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VARIATIONS IN SUPPORT NETWORKS: IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIAL POLICY
G. Clare Wenger, Said Shahtahmasebi
Most research on elderly people and their relationships with others has concentrated on contacts with and availability of members of the family in terms of help, support, and care. Within this emphasis on family relationships, much more has been written about the role of adult children than any other relative. Less attention has been paid to spouses and the importance of marriage and even less to the roles played in old age by brothers and sisters. There has been some interest in the significance of grandchildren, but this has been primarily focussed on nonadult grandchildren and has not emphasized their role in providing support. Research looking at other relatives has been meager. Outside the family some researchers have discussed friends and neighbors but usually in isolation from relationships with family members ( Wenger, 1987a).
Recent work in the field of social gerontology has moved toward the study of the networks of relationships within which elderly people live (e.g., Corin, 1982, 1987; Kendig, 1986; Stephens et al., 1978; and Wenger 1987b, 1986). Taking the network as the unit, these studies concentrate on the complete web of helping or supportive relationships available to an elderly person, including immediate and extended family, whether or not living in the same household, as well as friends and neighbors.
Representing a further development of the network approach, this chapter presents data from a three-phase longitudinal study of the support networks of old people living in a range of rural communities in North Wales ( United Kingdom), looking at variation, change, stability, and implications for social policy. The first phase of the study consisted of an interview survey of 534 elderly people aged 65 + living in their own homes, which was conducted in 1979. This survey measured the size,


Lycra is the brand name of spandex invented by DuPont scientist Joseph C. Shivers in 1959. After ten years of research Shivers came up with a spandex that stretched better than rubber (up to 600% its natural shape) and didn't break down after being exposed to body oils, detergents, lotions or perspiration. Lycra changed women's clothing first with the invention of intimate apparel that no longer bound or hurt. Finally women could wear clothing that moved with them and then shrunk back to its original shape.
Since 1959 DuPont is still the leading manufacturer of Lycra, though not typically sold or used by itself as it is much more effective when added to other fabrics (like wool, cotton or linen) giving these fabrics a new stretchy quality.
DuPont did not invent spandex, instead Bayer holds the claim to that, DuPont instead was able to use their research on polyurethane to patent Lycra and hold the market for nearly thirty years. More research on farther application of Lycra is being pursued.


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Type of Gap:...between male and female salaries
In the UK university sector in 2004, women earned on average £30,500 per annum - more than £5,000 per annum less than the average for men, constituting a pay gap of 14%.
Type of practice: Leadership & company commitment
A large scale Pay Framework exercise was undertaken by the School in 2006, to assimilate the majority of staff onto a unified grading structure underpinned by analytical job evaluation and based on a single pay spine. The purpose was to ensure that equal pay for work of equal value was adhered to within the School.
The opportunity was also taken to harmonise conditions such as annual leave, sick pay and working hours.
An Equal Pay Audit was carried out on 2008 data, two years after the after the new grading structure had been introduced. The aim was to test the extent to which the Pay Framework Exercise had resulted in pay gaps of less than 5%, and to identify the reasons for any gaps above that benchmark
Equal Pay Audit is an ongoing process, the next to be carried out using 2011 data. This will identify the current position, note any adverse/positive changes in the intervening period and highlight any further interventions required.
The intervention had proved extremely successful. Only one staff group was identified with a pay gap greater than 5%. This gap could be attributed to staff on salary protection (red-circling) and students on placement who are with the School for one year only, and thus never achieve incremental progression.
- Only one staff group out of a total of 12 covered by the Exercise had a pay gap higher than 5%.
- The gap was explored and could be explained through protected salaries and one year student placements
- The job evaluation scheme was demonstrated to be working within the School and delivering equal pay for work of equal value
- Time and resources required to introduce the structure and conduct job evaluations for 673 staff
- Ensuring that staff fill out the necessary paperwork accurately and on time
- Defending a job evaluation scheme that, despite delivering on equal pay, is often seen as bureaucratic, irrelevant and unnecessary


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Binghamton University research links digital images and cameras
Child pornographers will soon have a harder time escaping prosecution thanks to a stunning new technology in development at Binghamton University, State University of New York, that can reliably link digital images to the camera with which they were taken, in much the same way that tell-tale scratches are used by forensic examiners to link bullets to the gun that fired them.
"The defense in these kind of cases would often be that the images were not taken by this person's camera or that the images are not of real children," said Jessica Fridrich, associate professor of electrical and computer engineering. "Sometimes child pornographers will even cut and paste an image of an adult's head on the image of a child to try to avoid prosecution.
"But if it can be shown that the original images were taken by the person's cell phone or camera, it becomes a much stronger case than if you just have a bunch of digital images that we all know are notoriously easy to manipulate."
Fridrich and two members of her Binghamton University research team – Jan Lukas and Miroslav Goljan – are coinventors of the new technique, which can also be used to detect forged images.
The three have applied for two patents related to their technique, which provides the most robust strategy for digital image forgery detection to date, even as it improves significantly on the accuracy of other approaches.
Fridrich's technique is rooted in the discovery by her research group of this simple fact: Every original digital picture is overlaid by a weak noise-like pattern of pixel-to-pixel non-uniformity.
Although these patterns are invisible to the human eye, the unique reference pattern or "fingerprint" of any camera can be electronically extracted by analyzing a number of images taken by a single camera.
That means that as long as examiners have either the camera that took the image or multiple images they know were taken by the same camera, an algorithm developed by Fridrich and her co-inventors to extract and define the camera's unique pattern of pixel-to-pixel non-uniformity can be used to provide important information about the origins and authenticity of a single image.
The limitation of the technique is that it requires either the camera or multiple images taken by the same camera, and isn't informative if only a single image is available for analysis.
Like actual fingerprints, the digital "noise" in original images is stochastic in nature – that is, it contains random variables – which are inevitably created during the manufacturing process of the camera and its sensors. This virtuallyensures that the noise imposed on the digital images from any particular camera will be consistent from one image to the next, even while it is distinctly different.
In preliminary tests, Fridrich's lab analyzed 2,700 pictures taken by nine digital cameras and with 100 percent accuracy linked individual images with the camera that took them.
Fridrich, who specializes in all aspects of information hiding in digital imagery, including watermarking for authentication, tamper detection, self-embedding, robust watermarking, steganography and steganalysis, as well as forensic analysis of digital images, says it is the absence of the expected digital fingerprint in any portion of an image that provides the most conclusive evidence of image tampering.
In the near future, Fridrich's technique promises to find application in the analysis of scanned and video imagery. There it can be expected to make life more difficult for forgers, or any others whose criminal pursuits rely on the misuse of digital images.
"We already know law enforcement wants to be able to use this," Fridrich said. "What we have right now is a research tool; it's a raw technology that we will continue to improve."


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Activity: Talk or presentation types › Invited talk › Scientific
This guest lecture explored a number of intellectual property rights which restrict use of data by third parties, such as database protection, copyright protection, contracts and trade secret laws. This prepared students to better evaluate when, how and against what kind of uses are certain data protected and how they can successfully navigate through this legal landscape.
7 Nov 2019
Jheronimus Academy of Data Science, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands


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Designing ICT-Supported Health Promoting Communication in Primary Health Care
Abstract: Increasing lifestyle-related ill health, escalating health care costs, expanding health inequalities within and between nations, and an aging population are challenges facing governments globally. Governments, especially in industrialized countries like Sweden, are investing in health promotion and health communication, especially in ICT-supported health communication as a way to increase health literacy and empowerment at individual and population levels. Studies show that many eHealth communication efforts are narrow in scope, medical oriented and therefore not enough to address the complexity of lifestyle-related ill health and equity issues. This thesis proposes integrating health promotion values and principles in the design process of eHealth systems for health promotion in order to develop usable, sustainable, engaging, eHealth resources that are adaptable to their context of use and user's skills. The overall aim of this thesis was study the participatory development process of an interactive ICT-supported health communication channel for health promotion and enhancing health literacy in PHC context. Participatory Action Research (PAR) with a multi-phase and multi-method approach was used in this thesis. A model entitled Spiral Technology Action Research' (STAR) was used to guide the development of the health channel. This design process was framed in three developmental and evaluation phases corresponding to formative, process and outcome evaluation. A total of 146 participants consisting of professionals from primary health care services, information technology and academia, and local citizens participated in the project's different phases. A triangulation of methods was used to collect the data; survey, document analysis, participatory observations with field notes, individual interviews, focus groups, think aloud protocols and log statistics. Qualitative and quantitative content analyses were used to analyse data. The results revealed that integrating health promotion values and principles in the design process proved to be valuable not only to the content of the channel, but also in PHC practice. The different design phases yielded valuable results that built into each other and contributed to an eHealth channel that was perceived as relevant to the local people's need for health communication; accessible and user friendly. The results also indicated that an Internet based interactive health channel, could be a valuable resource for enhancing health literacy if users are involved in the design.
CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD THE WHOLE DISSERTATION. (in PDF format)


Muay Boran: The Roots of Muay Thai
If you ask people about Muay Thai, most of them will likely say that they have heard about Muay Thai. But, when it comes to Muay Boran, there will be hardly anyone with any knowledge about this martial art. Muay Thai's popularity has overshadowed Muay Boran, so much so that it is almost considered nonexistent. That is not the case however as there are still people who practice Muay Boran. After all, it is from Muay Boran that Muay Thai originates from.
Muay Boran, the Combat Style of Ancient Warriors
When translated, Muay Boran actually means 'Ancient Boxing'. Muay Boran originated as a combat art for warfare. It is a practical fighting skill that uses all the body parts such as the fists, head, forearms, knees, feet and elbows. Warriors were trained in this art to be able to fight effectively in case they were disarmed in the battlefield. This training was for most folks as marauders were common in those days and people had to learn such type of defensive skills to defend their villages.
Effectiveness and Differences
The differences between the two martial arts Muay Thai and Muay Boran are quite simple to understand. While Muay Thai is a sport that focuses on fights within the ring, having rules of engagement, Muay Boran has no such rules and regulations. It has no boundaries and no limitations as it is a combat art made for warfare, it gives its practitioner free range to use a vast number of techniques to disable or even kill the opponent.
The only rules that apply are the ones that regard the code of conduct of a warrior on the battlefield, not to harm the innocent and the taking of prisoners. The moves and techniques have the end result of either maim, incapacitate or kill your enemy with whatever weapons are available.
Muay Boran focuses on taking out the opponent as quickly as possible. It ensures that you are ready to take on the next opponent before they get the chance to strike. The focus is on efficiency and causing maximum damage to the enemy with every single blow.
Muay Boran later evolved into a competition for ring fights. However there were some changes made so that the fighters don't end up breaking each other's limbs. Rules were introduced that did not allow hitting the groin, striking a fallen opponent, hair pulling, grappling and eye-gouging. Head-butts and all forms of throws, tackles and trips were still allowed, much like in wrestling. These however are not allowed in Muay Thai.
When comparing these two forms of martial arts it is interesting to note the similarities. Muay Thai evolved from Muay Boran into a sport for entertainment purposes as it allowed its fighters to be able to stand and fight for longer periods of time. Its rules made it difficult for the fighters to strike each other down quickly as they had to rely more on form and techniques to hit the right moves for a perfect KO!
If you want to learn the ancient way of Muay Thai then Arashi Do Martial Arts in Edmonton is the place to be. Muay Thai is an excellent form of sport for fitness, self-defense and self-improvement. If these are the things you seek, you need to learn the ways of Muay Thai.
All those and you get a 30 DAY FREE TRIAL!
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The California Single-Family Home Water Use Efficiency Study
This article deals with a simple subject: how water is used in single-family homes in California. This topic has important consequences for the future of the state of California. The state's official goal is to reduce per capita water use by 20% by 2020.
The study upon which this article is based is a bottom-up approach to the subject. Rather than trying to infer customers' water use patterns from gross production data and various other sources—such as surveys and census information conducted on whole populations of customers—we have collected highly detailed information at the water meter on random samples of customers chosen from billing databases, with the goal of projecting patterns in the populations from these samples. The overall period covered by our investigation ranges from 2005 to 2010, and the bulk of the water use data were collected from 2005 through 2008.
We believe that the results of the study shed light on how California single-family customers are currently using water; on how their water use patterns have changed over the ten-year period since the Residential End Uses of Water Study (REUWS) was conducted in 1997; and on how future water use patterns might be modified in order to increase the efficiency of use and modify demands to moderate the need for raw water withdrawals from increasingly overextended supplies.
The California Single-Family Home Study
The California Single-Family Home Water Use Efficiency study includes data from many traditional sources—such as billing data, survey data, weather data, and aerial photo data— to analyze the water use patterns of a sample of over 700 single-family homes across ten water agencies throughout the state of California. Detailed flow trace data were obtained from portable data loggers, which were attached to the water meters of each of the study homes. These flow traces provided flow readings at ten-second intervals from the magnetic pickup, which generates 80 to 100 pulses per gallon. These highly detailed flow data make it possible to identify individual water use events and to categorize them by their end use. The flow trace data tell not just how many gallons per day the home used, but how many gallons per day were used for individual end uses, such as toilet flushing, clothes washing, dishwashers, showers, irrigation, faucets, and leaks.
Detailed use information can be pulled from the trace, giving, for example, a count of toilet flushes and toilet flush volumes during a logging period. Researchers used flow trace data to determine levels of daily use in the homes, and the efficiency of that use. Although the flow trace technique is subject to marginal error, such as error from the miscategorization of some events, it provides information on end uses that is not available from any other source. This article summarizes the results of the study, which began in 2005 and was completed in 2010. Water use patterns found during the 2007 logging period were analyzed to determine the potential for conservation savings from both indoor and outdoor efforts.
Information on Current Water Use
Assessing the efficiency of water use in single-family homes implies having a standard upon which to base the comparison. The efficiency of the homes can then be described as a numerical value based on the chosen standard. For single-family homes, it is necessary to have two standards: one for indoor use and one for outdoor use.
Determining efficiency standards. The standard used in this study for indoor use was the household water use for a home employing best available technology for all fixtures and appliances, and with less than 25 gallons per household per day (gphd) of leakage. In effect, the indoor standard was based on the EPA WaterSense specifications for indoor devices. In the report, the data from the 2000 study of a group of 100 homes that had been retrofitted with high-efficiency devices—the EPA Post Retrofit Group—were used as the benchmark for what we referred to as efficient homes. For indoor uses, it was possible to have a single number that represented the number of gallons per day of use expected for efficient homes.
While indoor uses are relatively consistent from home to home, outdoor uses are much morevariable, and it is really not possible to have a single number that tells how many gallons per year should be used for outdoor purposes. What served the purpose for an outdoor standard were two values referred to in the study as the application ratio and the volume of excess use. The application ratio is the ratio of actual outdoor water use to the theoretical requirement for outdoor use; this theoretical requirement is based on the size and type of landscape, the local evapotranspiration (ET), and whether there is a swimming pool on the property. An application ratio of 100% indicates that precisely the correct amount of water is being used outdoors at the home. The volume of excess use is the difference between the actual outdoor use and the theoretical requirement (in thousands of gallons, or kgal). Using these parameters, an efficient home will have an application ratio of 100% or less, and will have no excess outdoor use.
A total of 735 homes from ten water agencies were included in the indoor analysis for this study. The weighted average annual total water use of these homes was 132 kgal per year, or 362 gphd. The average daily indoor use for the homes, as determined by the flow trace analysis, was 171 gallons per household per day (gphd). By subtracting the indoor water use from the annual use, the outdoor use can be estimated. The weighted average daily outdoor use for the group was190 gphd. Approximately 53% of the annual total water use appears to be for outdoor uses and 47% appears to be for indoor uses, based on billing data analysis.
Indoor efficiencies. When the indoor use (plus leakage) was analyzed from the flow trace data, it suggested that the indoor use for households has declined since 1997, when the RUEWS group conducted its study. However, it is still significantly greater than the indoor use for the EPA Post Retrofit Group. Table 1 compares the indoor use of the study group to that of these two benchmark groups.
When the indoor uses are disaggregated, the results are more revealing. The disaggregated data (Figure 1) show that, as one would expect, there have been significant reductions in indoor use for toilets and clothes washers in California between 1997 and 2005. At the same time, the indoor uses attributed to the other categories have stayed the same or have increased in a way that has masked the savings from the toilets and clothes washers. This pattern is especially true for events classified as leaks. The analysis showed significantly more longduration or continuous flows that get classified as leaks. These continuous events, which are found in a small number of homes, raise the average volume of water attributed to leaks for the study group from around 22 gphd to 31 gphd. This finding calls for further investigation to determine whether these truly are leaks, or whether they are due to devices that actually create a continuous demand for water. This information is important, because if the leakage, faucet use, and shower use were all brought down to the levels shown in the REUWS study, the average indoor use for the group would be around 150 gphd—which would have been a significant improvement from the 1997 data.
The data show a major improvement in the water use efficiency of toilets. There were a total of 122,869 flushes recorded during the data-logging period. The average flush volume was 2.76 gallons, and 64% of all flushes were less than 2.75 gallons. The one negative finding on toilets was that apparently many toilets that are designed to meet the ultralow-flow (ULF) standard of 1.6 gallons per flush (gpf) are flushing at significantly larger volumes. This helps explain why the study found that only 30% of the homes were at average flush volumes of 2 gpf or less, while all of the program data, confirmed by survey data from this study, suggest that over 60% of the toilets in the population are ULF or better models.
Figure 2 compares the distribution of toilet flush volumes in the California Single-Family Home study and the REUWS study. This shows a dramatic shift in the bins containing the largest percentage of flushes. In the 1997 sample, the largest percentage of flushes were between 3.75 and 4.25 gpf, but as of 2007 they were between 1.25 and 2.25 gpf. As more of the toilets on the right side of the distribution are replaced with high-efficiency models, the overall demands for toilet flushing will drop well below the current levels, and the percentage of homes meeting the 2 gpf efficiency criterion used for this study will increase.
Figure 3 shows the distribution of clothes washer load volumes from the data in the California study. As of 2007, approximately 30% of homes were using 30 gallons per load or less for clothes washing. At the time of the REUWS study, only around 1% of the clothes washers used less than 30 gallons per load, so the current data represent a major advance; but these data also show that there is still significant potential for savings in clothes washer use.
There was little change in shower use between 1997 and 2007. The average was just over 18 gallons per shower (around the same volume that is required to fill up an occupied bath tub), and the duration of showers was just under nine minutes. Nearly 80% of all showers were flowing at 2.5 gpm or less. Reducing flow rates and duration of showers remain the methods available for conservation in showers. These are behavioral changes


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To any concept of "traditional" Differential Mathematics - like vector fields, differential forms, etc. - it can be associated in a natural way a cohomological theory called C-Spectral Sequence. Elements from the first term of such a spectral sequence are the analogues in Secondary Calculus of the original objects. In other words, secondary vector fields, secondary differential forms, etc. are elements from the first term of the C-Spectral Sequence of a diffiety. Therefore the solution of the secondarization problem for a concept of Primary Calculus amounts to the construction of the corresponding C-Spectral Sequence after which one must to face the technical problem given by the description of its first term.
Due to what has been said all the subjects of Secondary Calculus over a diffiety can be expressed in terms of the corresponding C-Spectral Sequences. Thus the associated with it theory of Spectral Sequences and the whole Homological Algebra become an indispensable tool for the modern geometrical theory of the non-linear PDEs. A priori, all of this would have been impossible to be foreseen.
Since the objects of Secondary Calculus are cohomology classes of various differential complexes on diffieties, the identification of the Secondary Calculus with the "Quantum" Calculus means that the mathematical formalism which describes the quantum phenomena posses an essentially homological nature and that the characteristic quantum features - like the non-commutativity - are just aspects of such a nature. Moreover this means that all the quantum quantities have a cohomological nature and so has the quantum observability mechanism. It can be said that this mechanism is analogous to the "observation" mechanism for smooth manifold performed by means of the characteristic classes.
Both theories of Homology and Quantum Mechanics - the two most important new theories of Mathematics and Physics from the last century - were born nearly in the same time about the thirties. It is natural that in that epoch - and also later - it was not possible to suspect the existence of any link between them. The most adapted tool for describing quantum phenomena which could be found in the Mathematics of those years was the theory of self-adjoint operators in Hilbert spaces. Such a choice was passively accepted by the physicians' community due to the seductiveness of the emerging Functional Analysis and the authority of John von Neumann and the author of the idea. Yet the theoretical scheme built on Hilbert spaces is not localizable and is also very poor. Once Dirac happened to notice that the physically essential interactions in Fields Theory are so violent that they throw the state vector away from the Hilbert space in the shortest possible time.
Failures were also many attempts during the forties to find a analogous of the Schrodinger Equation in Fields Theory by replacing differential derivatives by the functional ones. Actually these were the first attempts to write secondary differential equations in Quantum Fields Theory. But the brutal replacement of the partial derivative by the functional ones could not take into account the deep cohomological nature of the quantities and operators of Secondary Calculus. And this was the main reason for its failure. Only now it has become more clear that the discovery of the cohomological methods is nothing but the discovery of the "quantum" description in Mathematics.
Secondary Calculus >


Pre/Post Operative Rehabilitation with Hands of Hope Physical Therapists
Pre/Post Operative Rehabilitation
Pre-Operative Rehabilitation
Most of us are familiar with a comprehensive post-operative rehabilitation program designed to promote healing, reduce pain and swelling, restore joint mobility, flexibility and strength. However, many of us are not aware of the benefits of a structured pre-operative or "pre-habilitation" program.
This is a program designed by your physical therapists that is essential to building a shorter and stronger recovery, and is issued prior to surgery, so that you can reach your optimal outcome after surgery.
Pre-Rehabilitation Program Goals
Post-Operative Rehabilitation
A patient's ability to regain motion and strength and ultimately return to their daily activities depend on physical therapy. The body will not regain normal motion without specific retraining. Physical therapists are specifically trained to restore range of motion and strength without compensation and to prevent re-injury during the recovery process. The therapist can also provide the patient with specific guidelines to allow optimal healing.
Post-Op Therapy
Post-Operative Treatments:
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Bootstrapping With Function Approximation
Shun Zhang (sz4554)
The source code is from Reinforcement Learning project of CS343 Artificial Intelligence course. The framework is provided. The Q-learning part was pair programmed by Paul Nguyen and me. Now I implemented other experiment utility functions based on it for this assignment.
1 Off-Policy Bootstrapping
First, I repeat the experiment of Baird's counterexample. It's a off-policy bootstrapping (using value iteration) with function approximation. The setting of parameters is same as shown in the book.
Figure 1: Barid's Counterexample from the book.
Figure 2: Barid's Counterexample.
I extend the number of iterations to 20000 (4 times as shown in the book). The pattern keeps going on without convergence.
For convenience of analysis, the graphs below are MSE and values on each iteration.
Figure 3: Barid's Counterexample: MSE on each iteration.
Figure 4: Barid's Counterexample: values of states on each iteration.
We observe that every time θ(1)..θ(5),θ(7) intercept with λ(6), the MSE drops a little. It is a trial of approaching the correct values, but it's making things worse. θ(7), here, would affect all the other states when updating a certain states.
This set of θs is chosen on purpose by the author. Of course, if we initialize them to be 0, or choose other set of (more reasonable) θs, the divergence won't happen.
2 On-Policy Bootstrapping
The book mentions that the nonbootstrapping methods find minimal MSE, while the bootstrapping methods find near-minimal MSE. I'm comparing the MSE with different λ, which means different level of bootstrapping, in the gridworld.
The gridworld starts from the bottom-left state, and ends in top-right state with reward of +1. No rewards for other state, action pairs. To apply function approximation, I uses the row number and column number as features to describe a state. Concretely, θ(0)=1, θ(1)=Row_Number, θ(2)=Column_Number, where θ(0) is bias.
One problem is how to encode the actions - as we need to extract features from a state, action pair. The θ so far only represents the state. I add or subtract 0.25 on the corresponding θ to encode the action. For example, on state (1, 2) and taking right action, the features are θ(0)=1, θ(1)=1.25, θ(2)=2.
Obviously, γ = 0.9. The reward of +1 is back-propagated to all the states before.
Figure 5: The values for the Gridworld after convergence, using value iteration.
The setting of θ should make sense. The values are approximately on a plane, where it's higher on the terminal state, lower on the starting state.
I use SARSA(λ) in this model. The following is the graph showing their MSE, compared to optimal values.
Figure 6: MSE For Different λs
It's disappointing that the convergences for different λs are not differed. I also tried random walk model. It shows a similar performance. The formula in the book doesn't say that more bootstrapping must lead to higher MSE. It's the bound that can be higher.
I use a constant α, which keeps it fluctuating while not actually converging. As this is SARSA, in each episode, the agent is trying to fit that specific trace, which neglects values of other states.
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On 24 Feb 2013, 22:37.


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In tracing the course of Beluche's chameleonlike career, this biography by Jane Lucas De Grummond gives us a panoramic view of the complex affairs of the Caribbean during one of the most volatile periods in its history. Renato Beluche is the product of the more than forty years that De Grummond has devoted to the history of the United States, the Louisiana Gulf Coast, and Latin America. It draws together her knowledge not only of Beluche's exploits but also of the wars, revolutions,and treacherous allegiances that shaped the development of the Caribbean.
Renato Beluche was born in New Orleans in 1780, the son of a recently emigrated Frenchman whose wig-making business was a front for smuggling. In 1802 Beluche went to sea as a pilot's mate on the flagship of the Spanish fleet, and by 1805 he was master of a merchant schooner. By this time, the Laffite brothers had established a smuggling base at Grande Terre on the Louisiana coast. Flying the French flag, Beluche captured Spanish and English ships and sent them to Grande Terre, Cartagena, and New Granada.
In 1813, Beluche became associated with the Venezuelan patriots who were rebelling against Spanish rule, and with their leader, Simón Bolívar. Beluche would spend the next decade in the service of the Venezuelan revolution, interrupted only by a brief period when he joined with Jean Laffite and the Baratarian smugglers who had come to the aid of General Andrew Jackson during the British invasion of the Gulf Coast.
After serving as an artillery commander beside Dominique You in the Battle of New Orleans, Beluche was drawn back into the liberation of Venezuela. He participated in the Aux Cayes Expedition, the Battle of Los Frailes, the Battle of Lake Maracaibo, and the Siege of Puerto Cabello. In 1824, Beluche settled his family in Puerto Cabello, and after independence was finally won, he worked as a coastal shipping captain.
In 1836 Beluche fought on the losing side of a rebellion against the Venezuelan government and was exiled for nine years. He returned in 1845 and helped crush another revolt that raged from 1848 until 1850. For the next decade he led an uncharacteristically quiet existence, and he died peacefully in Puerto Cabello in 1860. Renator Beluche's vigorous career on the sea had taken him to nearly every corner of the Caribbean; he had lived a life intertwined with the history of his world.
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To many, the definition of advanced analytics used in the litigation/dispute context seems to be defined merely as predictive coding. Although predictive coding has been an established breakthrough within dispute technology, Vista believes that limited definition is just basically scratching the surface. Our suite of custom technology and service enhancements can be used to improve speeds, perform advanced quality control, assist in fact pattern development and otherwise augment the important work that attorneys perform.
Contained within everything we do is the expertise of our data scientists and engineers. We believe that this expertise is the difference between Vista and our competitors. Products, by definition, use one algorithm and one approach to solve a problem. We review in detail our clients' data, the mix of algorithms that can be used and all parameter settings in order to create an optimized solution. We feel that the best a product can deliver is the median of solutions (one approach for all data/problems) when what is required is the optimized solution.
Automatic Privilege Prediction
Most complex litigation has very long lists of keywords that identify potentially privileged documents. Putting together the keywords is a lengthy and costly endeavor. Vista Analytics has developed a process that uses easily identified keywords (like law firm domain names) without training labels from the attorneys and then iteratively expands documents to identify privilege by using predictive features such as writing style, network topology, semantics and so forth. This technique can be used as a final QC or can be inserted into the standard privilege techniques, which allows our clients to confidently both defend their privilege process and also ensure that privilege documents are not produced.
Explainable Predictive Coding
Many firms are using predictive coding to augment human review in terms of responsiveness or other coding decisions. Vista routinely provides these services. We use a combination of ensemble learning either through multiple algorithms or through multiple time periods to adjust for concept drift, comprehensive model tuning, along with unlimited computing power through cloud computing and attestation credentials though appropriate testing to achieve superior results. As mentioned in the introductory section above, this process is not possible through the purchase of products but requires a service approach with some of the leading minds in this industry.
In contrast to vendors on the market who provide a black-box predictive coding solution, our predictive coding solution is transparent and explainable. Not only do we provide the workflow process, results, and testing statistics, we also highlight what part of the document makes it responsive. The highlighting process is unique to the Vista offering and allows much faster human review and understanding of the document population.
Entity Extraction and Typing
Vista has developed a proprietary entity extraction and typing pipeline that can automatically find high quality entities, such as personal names, organizational names, locations, brands, dollar, and then assign corresponding types to entities given a large number of documents. Our solution does not require training labels and can be customized to highly specific domains. For example, for documents in the medical domain, our pipeline can automatically extract and assign types to medical treatments, diseases, symptoms and etc.
The process of extraction allows for the review and manipulation of entities as though they were in a metadata field. The value in the extraction comes from the understanding that Search is very valuable but only if you know the words you are searching for. Entity extraction provides for an understanding of the contents of text without prior understanding, which enables counsel to understand the contents of a document population in a much faster manner than any other technique or technology.
By clustering documents with similar content together the process of understanding the documents and moving quickly through a review can be greatly enhanced. Imagine a cluster of 100 documents discussing a single issue – after an attorney reviews the first 2 or 3 documents the act of reviewing the additional 98 becomes simple and fast. The clustering also allows individual attorneys to become a quick expert on the topic, while reducing both cost and timelines.
Similarity scores allow for each document in a database to receive a numeric value indicating how similar the document is to another document or to another set of documents. This can greatly increase quality control and testing. In a recent matter, Vista was requested to identify any outstanding privilege documents. This request came after a lengthy privilege identification process. We foldered the top 500 documents that looked most similar to the already identified privilege documents. An attorney reviewed the 500 documents and found no additional privilege. This provided a level of comfort for the client and attorney team.
Fact Pattern Development
For each litigation matter, Vista provides a proprietary analytics dashboard that facilitates fact pattern development outside the responsive review process.
A timeline anomaly detection looks for abnormal changes in the frequency and type of communication (adjusting for non-substantive emails such as a company outing). The anomalies are plotted along a timeline and can be accessed to immediately take you to the communication.
Sentiment analysis has been frequently used in various analytics situations but has been rarely used in litigation. The basic idea is for the analysis to identify the sentiment of a document. Does the document provide a positive or negative view of the subject matter? Using sentiment analysis provides the ability to more quickly identify positive and negative documents for use in motion practice, depositions and ultimately trial.
Link analysis provides insights on the relationships between people in an organization and key entities mentioned in their documents. A heatmap is used to highlight the intensity of communication. Link analysis allows you to quickly identify who are frequently communicating with each other and what unique terms they are using in their communications
At Vista, our in-house team of researchers and data scientists developed a series of advanced statistical testing and sampling techniques to ensure accurate representation of the data and highly accurate and defensible results. Most practitioners understand the importance of test and validation sets used in predictive coding. It is imperative however, that the test and validation sets accurately represent the total population of documents. This gives our clients the confidence to make high quality representations about their documents and data in front of the judiciary or opposing parties.


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How does the volume of gas in a pop bottle change on opening the bottle?
- When you open a bottle of soda does the air go in or out of the bottle and what is the volume of the air released or allowed in?
Stretching a balloon over the top of the bottle and popping off the cap under the balloon will reveal that gas leaves the bottle; the balloon most definitely expands. So gas will rush out of the bottle, but this gas is not air; it's mostly carbon dioxide saturated with water vapor, but other gases are present as well.
Computing the final volume of the gas after the top is removed requires additional information. The gas is released in two stages:
- The gas originally trapped in the head space has higher than atmospheric pressure and will expand very quickly out of the bottle.
- Gases dissolved in the soda will be released as well, but more slowly. Notice that these gases stay in the soda until the bottle is uncapped. You don't see bubbles until the cap is off. This is because the solubility of gas in the soda is proportional to the pressure of the gas in the head space (an assertion sometimes known as "Henry's Law"). The soda bottler adds high pressure CO2 to the head space to ensure that soda will dissolve more CO2. If the pressure in the head space drops when the cap is popped off, the solubility of the gas in the bottle also drops. The soda is now supersaturated with carbon dioxide, and the excess gas is released slowly over the next hour in streams of bubbles.
Let's just focus on the gas that is released quickly when the bottle is uncapped. To estimate the final volume of the gas, we need to have the following pieces of information:
- The pressure drop. The gases in the head space have a pressure of approximately 2 atm, and after uncapping, the pressure will fall to about 1 atm.
- The temperature drop. When the gas expands very quickly, it has to expend its own energy to push back the atmosphere. Additional energy will
be required to overcome intermolecular attractions. Most real gas molecules weakly attract each other, and when the gas expands rapidly, additional energy is required to pull the molecules away from each other. The internal energy of the gas plummets, and so does its temperature. If the soda comes out of the fridge at 5°C, the temperature drop for the expansion of the headspace gases is about 40°C. He assumes that the expansion occurs so quickly that no heat flows between the gas and the surroundings. (Such expansions are referred to as adiabatic expansions).
One may then use the combined gas law for a quick and rather dirty estimate of the final volume:
V2/V1 = (P1/P2) × (T2/T1) = (2 atm/1 atm) × (248 K/ 278 K)
so just after the cap is popped the gases in the head space will leave the neck of the bottle, expanding to about 1.8 times their original volume. The volume of the original head space is required if you want to know the volume of gas that actually exits the bottle.
Author: Fred Senese _EMAIL_
General Chemistry Online! How does the volume of gas in a pop bottle change on opening the bottle?
Copyright © _PHONE_ by Fred Senese
Comments & questions to _EMAIL_
Last Revised 02/15/10.URL: _URL_


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Meaning: Treat someone badly
Example: Her boss DUMPS ON everyone when things go wrong.
Meaning: Criticize heavily, often unfairly
Example: She DUMPS ON her family a lot.
Meaning: Tell someone your problems
Example: When he';s depressed, he needs someone to DUMP ON.
We have 1 phrasal verbs with 'DUMP'