text:
then a reason has to be given.
- An external committee with at least two full members of the Society, who are not on the Executive board, have to check the annual financial report of the Board.
- A report from this committee (see above) has to be presented at the Annual General Meeting.
- If independent auditors are used, then Article 14 1, d & e are not applicable.
- Agenda of the Annual Meeting is decided by the Board. The board has to take into account the above mentioned in this article.
- The AGM is called by the secretary through a written announcement (also possible through email or fax) to all full members giving at least 15 days notice prior to the meeting.
- This announcement needs to include time and place of the meeting and details of the agenda.
- All decisions at AGM's are taken by a majority vote (at least more than half the valid members) unless these articles stipulate otherwise. Invalid or unmarked votes are not considered as a vote.
- Voting for persons is by written ballot. Other voting is orally, unless the chairman of the meeting decides otherwise.
- If there is a tie vote, then the proposal is invalidated. On voting for persons, if there is no clear majority, then there is a revote for the 2 persons with the highest vote. If on the second ballot there is still a tie, then the decision is made by the toss of a coin.
The financial year of the Society is the same as the Calendar year.
- The articles of the Society can be amended by a decision of the general meeting with at least 2/3rd majority of the validly cast votes.
- At least 5 days prior to this meeting there should be a copy of this motion in which the proposal for this amendment is included at a location suitable for all members to access.
- Changes to the articles can only come into effect after a notarial instrument has been drawn up. Till such time as this is implemented, every member of the Executive Board is authorized to continue their duties.
- The Executive board is obliged to register these changes with the Chamber of Commerce.
- The Society can be dissolved after a resolution to this effect passed by the general meeting. The decision for dissolution has to conform to Article 18 section 1, 2 & 3.
- The liquidation surplus, after all debts are paid, will be distributed as determined by the members at this meeting. This decision has to conform to Article 18 section 1, 2 & 3.
A. The following persons are appointed for the first time on the Executive Board:
- Chair: Mrs. S.A. Boon-Langelaan
- Secretary: Mr. R. Aquarone
- Treasurer: Mrs. B. Overkamp
B. The First financial year of the Society ends ultimo December 31st 2007.
The persons appearing are known to me, Civil Law Notary.
This deed was executed today Amsterdam april 28th 2006.
The substance of this deed was stated and explained to the appearing persons.
The appearing persons declared not to require a full reading of the deed, to have taken note of the contents of this deed and to consent to it.
Subsequently this deed was read out in a limited form and immediately thereafter signed by the appearing persons and myself, civil notary, at Amsterdam


text:
Jump to navigation Jump to search
exogenous (not comparable)
- Having an external cause.
- (biology) Produced or originating outside of an organism.
- (biology) Growing as an exogen, by successive additions to the outside.
- (medicine, of a disease) Having a cause external to the infected organism.
- (economics, of a model) Being or relating to a change that comes from outside the model and is not explained by the model.
- (databases, of a key) A key that has no meaning such as an automatically generated ID number, usually accompanied by a name or title which DOES have meaning.
Produced or originating outside of an organism.
Having a cause external to the infected organism

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
By Dr. Sarah Ropp
This is the ninth entry in our dialogic pedagogy summer reading series. For more on the series and a full list of texts, see here.
Title: Introduction to Intergroup Dialogues (published 2021; $73-$95; available for purchase HERE)
Editor: Stephanie Hicks
Context of Creation: This is a brand-new textbook designed for use in courses built around the concept of intergroup dialogue–"a form of social justice education that seeks to engage difference, social identity, and social justice" (2). It is a publication out of the Program on Intergroup Relations at the University of Michigan, one of the most longstanding and best-known dialogue-based programs in higher education. It follows other volumes such as Intergroup Dialogue: Engaging Difference, Social Identities and Social Justice (eds. Zúñiga, Lopez, and Ford, 2014) and Facilitating Intergroup Dialogues (Maxwell, Nagda, and Thompson, 2011). Stephanie Hicks is a lecturer in the IGR program at Michigan.
Context of Reception: I read half of this book on a picnic blanket in a park and the other half nestled in a window seat, both during the first week of living in my new home city of Philadelphia. The familiar concepts of the book came to me within a context of newness (the unfamiliar, exciting environment of a beautiful old city park), chaos (the unpacked boxes and disassembled furniture surrounding my window seat refuge in the new apartment), and difference (every time my eye wandered up, I saw something that contrasted in an immediate visual way with Austin, from the tall trees and Victorian-era rowhouses to the ethnic diversity of the people in my neighborhood).
Overview of Structure and Content: The four units of the reader are based on the four stages of the intergroup dialogue model: 1) relationship-building, 2) social identity exploration, 3) hot topics, and 4) action planning. The units are not evenly balanced in terms of number of chapters or readings per unit: Unit 1 contains two chapters and one reading, while Unit 2 contains six chapters and 12 total readings. Unit 3 is a single, short chapter with no secondary source reading, while Unit 4 is comprised of two chapters and seven readings. Thus, although the introduction presents the textbook as a resource "created with student participants and facilitators in mind," it is not primarily a skillbuilding handbook (there are really only two chapters that directly address the skills of participating in/facilitating dialogue — Chapter 2, "Affirming Inquiry," and Chapter 9, "Exploring Conflict on Campus, in Communities, and Beyond," both of which are very short at 2-3 pages). Rather, it is a collection of short readings, accompanied by pre-and post-reading reflective discussion questions and key term definitions, intended to introduce students to basic concepts related to social identity, oppression, and privilege. A number of these texts are drawn from Readings for Diversity and Social Justice (4th ed. 2018), such as the "-ism: An Introduction" texts and Bobbie Harro's "Cycle of Socialization/Cycle of Liberation" graphics. Many of these texts are linked in our Difficult Dialogues resources at UT-Austin. Others come from people affiliated with IGR at UMich and/or are identified by the editor as "classic" social justice education texts (xiii), including particularly useful texts by (among others) Beverly Daniel Tatum, Gwyn Kirk and Margo Okazawa-Rey, Derald Wing Sue, Iris Marion Young, Devon W. Carbado, and Eesha Pandit.
Three Thought-Starters for Teachers:
- Social Justice Education. As a dialogic model, intergroup dialogue is explicitly grounded in a social justice mission, with critical awareness leading into deliberate action towards change-making. Other models, such as Reflective Structured Dialogue, Story Circles, and Moral Conversation (all summarized, along with four other models, in this graphic), do not include action as part of the goals but rather focus on cultivating understanding and respect for difference. Given that Introduction to Intergroup Dialogues is a course reader, with the four stages of intergroup dialogue all presumably (necessarily) connected to a system of assessment, I wonder what structuring "action planning" into a course's learning objectives means for student experience and engagement.
- What is your purpose for including dialogue in your course(s)? How do you know if that purpose has been fulfilled?
- What do you think "authentic engagement" means (for what and how you teach)? (How) Can it be assessed?
- What are the pitfalls of a dialogic pedagogy that does not require or encourage direct action as a component of engaging with others across lines of ideological and identity-based difference?
- What are the pitfalls of a dialogic pedagogy that does require or encourage "action-taking" as part of the dialogue process?
- Against Curiosity. The intergroup dialogue model distinguishes between three basic kinds of inquiry: interrogation, curiosity, and affirming inquiry. The last of these is a "facilitation approach and set of techniques" central to the intergroup dialogue model (8). Curiosity, located in what we can imagine is the middle of a spectrum between the obvious non-goal of interrogative engagement and the ideal of affirming inquiry, seeks "explanation or insight" into unfamiliar experiences and concepts, comes from an attitude of "naivety, assumed normalcy, [and] unexamined privilege," and is likely to result in the subject of the inquiry feeling "tokenized, 'othered,' commoditized, exploited, or used." Affirming inquiry, in contrast, stresses "the mutual exploration of experiences/narratives by sharing and inviting others to share" (9). I am intrigued by this characterization of "curiosity" as a style of engagement akin to "interrogation" and "inquiry," not (just) an orientation or motivation.
- What is your response to this description of curiosity as a colonialist sort of pursuit?
- Is curiosity a predetermined mode of engagement and interaction with the other or is it an affect? That is — can curiosity be channeled towards other ends besides tokenization, commodification, and exploitation? Can we stimulate and encourage curiosity without implicitly affirming invasive or appropriative means towards its satisfaction? How?
- If not — if curiosity is always already objectifying — what are other, better orientations or motivations for learning? How do we stimulate and encourage them in students?
- Privilege Discourse. The readings in Unit 2, which are focused on social identity and various "isms" of identity-based oppression, are frequently directed at a reader who is presumed to be in a position of privilege relative to the social identity in question and unaware of their privilege. It's clear that the editor has selected texts whose authors represent a variety of identity positions vis-a-vis the topic at hand, but the intended audiences seem a much less diverse group. (The final reading in the book, "Loving Ourselves" by Susana M. Morris, is explicitly addressed to people of color, but I think it is the only one written expressly for a non-dominant identity group.) Several follow the lead of Peggy McIntosh's seminal 1989 "Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack" essay on White privilege by including lists of examples of privilege, written in first-person plural ("Being a young person with wealth gives us an unspoken advantage," in a reading on class privilege (151)) or second-person perspective ("You can worship freely, without fear of violence or threats," in a reading on Christian privilege (199)). I began thinking about the ways in which privilege discourse often seems ironically to (re)center privileged identities when reading Being the Change a couple weeks ago, and I continue to think this through, now in relation, especially, to issues of class difference raised in last week's reading, How to Talk About Hot Topics on Campus. I am going to share the questions that keep reverberating in my head with you.
- Why does it seem to be so consistently assumed that anyone, especially any college student, who occupies a less-advantaged identity position is already fully aware of all of the disadvantages they experience as a result and has fully "unpacked" and come to nuanced understanding of those disadvantages? (Sometimes this is explicitly stated, as in "non-White people are already very aware of their racial status and its implications," while other times it is suggested more implicitly through omission of consideration.) What might unexamined instructor assumptions related to the socioeconomic class, political ideologies, and national/geographic origin of university students have to do with it?
- Why are so very few of these social justice readings for students on power and privilege directed at or "for" members of the less-privileged groups in question? To be clear, I think ongoing reflections on privilege are absolutely essential; I am not criticizing the existence of very useful "examine your privilege" texts or suggesting they be eliminated.
- What would these readings look like if they were? How would the ensuing dialogue be different (in structure, in tone, in goal)? What does a social justice conversation look like that does not start with confessionals around privileges and disadvantages that seem, always, to focus on the learning experience or the "awakening" of the privileged? (I am thinking of those exercises in which participants are exhorted to step forward for every statement of privilege that applies to them, creating a visual representation by the end of just how "far behind" the least privileged folks are.)
Two Concrete Practices for Immediate Implementation:
- The LARA method. Intergroup dialogue advocates a four-step response pattern for both participants


text:
Christmas is a time of happiness and joy. However, some people may find it difficult to celebrate the holiday if their Christmas lights are going to keep flickering because of water damage. There are a few simple ways to keep your Christmas lights dry and avoid any potential damage. First, always make sure your Christmas lights are properly plugged into an outlet. Second, do not leave your Christmas lights up all night. Third, be careful when cleaning around your Christmas lights.
Benefits Of Keeping Christmas Light Plugs Dry
Keeping your Christmas light plugs dry can save you money in the long run. Not only will you avoid costly damage to your home, but you'll also be reducing the amount of energy that your lights are using. Here are some of the benefits of keeping your Christmas lights plugged into a dryer:
-You'll save money on repairs: If your Christmas lights are damaged by water, it's likely that you'll have to replace them. By keeping them plugged into a dryer, however, you can avoid this expense.
-Your holiday decor will last longer: Wet bulbs and cords can cause damage to CHRISTMAS TREE DECORATION, and they're not as festive as they could be.
Arrange Your Plugs So They Are In A Straight Line
Keeping your Christmas light plugs dry is important to prevent fires. Make sure the plug ends of your cords are in a straight line and not tangled. If you have multiple cords, try to group them together so they're not touching each other or the wall. When plugging in your lights, be sure to hold the cord close to the receptacle so water doesn't get inside and cause a fire.
Put Cardboard Or Paper Between The Two Prongs Of The Socket.
Dry Christmas light plugs can save you a lot of hassle this holiday season. By placing a piece of cardboard or paper between the plug and the light fixture, you can prevent water from getting into the electrical wiring and causing damage. If your Christmas lights start flickering or going out, using a dry plug may be all you need to solve the problem.
Keep Your Christmas Lights Away From Moisture
Keeping your Christmas lights away from moisture is important to keep them working properly. Moisture can cause electrical problems with your lights, and it can also cause them to break. If you live in a humid area, it's especially important to keep your lights dry. When storing your lights, make sure they're kept in a cool, dry place.
Place Water That Is Above Your Cord Level In A Container Or Bucket.
Keeping your Christmas lights plugged in during the dry winter months is important to avoid potential damage to your cords and light fixtures. Make sure to place any water that is above your cord level in a container or bucket, so it doesn't accumulate on the cord. If possible, try to keep the area around your cords clean and free of debris, so they'll stay healthy and not fray.
Use A Holiday-Themed Plug Cover To Keep Things Tidy
One of the best ways to keep Christmas lights plugged in and tidy is to use a holiday-themed plug cover. This way, all of the different light plugs will be easily identifiable, and no accidental disconnections will occur. When it comes to keeping Christmas lights plugged in, using a plug cover is one step that can make a big difference!
Tree Debris Away From The Christmas Light Plugs
Christmas is a season of joy and happiness. Spending time with family and loved ones is the best part of the holiday season. However, one thing that can ruin the fun is if your Christmas light cords get wet. The cords can become frayed, which can then lead to electrical shorts and even fire. To keep your Christmas light cords safe and dry, make sure to keep debris away from them. This means keeping tree branches and leaves away from the plugs, as well as any other objects that could fall on or near them.
Label Each Cord With A Piece Of Tape Or An Adhesive Label
Christmas is a time for family, friends, and celebration. Keeping the Christmas lights plugged in and dry is important to ensuring a festive mood. However, if left unplugged, even small pieces of dust can accumulate on the cords over time. This can create a fire hazard if the cord is pulled out while the light is still plugged in. To avoid this potential disaster, label each cord with an adhesive or tape label. This will keep the cords tidy and safe during the holiday season.
Don't Over-Dress Your Cords
Keeping Christmas light plugs dry can help prevent a power outage. Over-dressing cords can cause them to fray and break, weakening the electrical connection between the plug and the outlet. Instead of wearing bulky clothes that hide your cords, try using cord wrap or a holiday-themed cord holder.
Don't Overload Extension Cords
Whenever possible, try to avoid using extension cords. This is especially important during the holiday season when Wetlands and other water bodies are at their highest levels. extension cords can easily overload and cause a fire. Additionally, if plugs are left plugged in for long periods of time, they can overheat and start a fire.
Check Your Light Strings Every Few Days
Christmas is a time for family and friends to get together and celebrate. One way to make sure your Christmas light display looks its best is to check your strings every few days. If water or snow gets on the plug, it can cause the light to go out. By checking your strings regularly, you can avoid any issues and keep your display looking bright and beautiful!
It is important to keep Christmas light plugs dry to avoid potential electrical fires. This is especially important if your home has a lot of lights plugged in. Never use wet hands to plug in lights or extension cords, and be sure to have an emergency plan in place for any power outages. Finally, always wear safety gloves when working with electricity.


C Programming vs. Java Programming
Thing C Java
type of language function oriented object oriented
basic programming unit function class = ADT
portability of source code possible with discipline yes
portability of compiled code no, recompile for each architecture yes, bytecode is "write once, run anywhere"
security limited built-in to language
compilation gcc hello.c creates machine language code javac Hello.java creates Java virtual machine language bytecode
linking in the Math library gcc -lm calculate.c no special flags needed
joint compilation gcc main.c helper1.c helper2.c javac Main.java - any dependent files are automatically re-compiled if needed
execution a.out loads and executes program java Hello interprets byte code
hello, world _TAG_
int main(void) {
 return 0;
public class HelloWorld {
 public static void main(String[] args) {
integer types int usually 32 bit 2's complement;
long usually 32 bit 2's complement
int is 32 bit 2's complement;
long is 64 bit 2's complement
floating point types float usually 32 bit;
double usually 64 bit
float is 32 bit IEEE 754 binary floating point;
double is 64 bit IEEE 754
boolean type use int: 0 for false, nonzero for true boolean is its own type - stores value true or false
character type char is usually 8 bit ASCII char is 16 bit UNICODE
for loops for (i = 0; i < N; i++) for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
array declarations int *a = malloc(N * sizeof(*a)); int[] a = new int[N];
array size arrays don't know their own size a.length
strings '\0'-terminated character array built-in immutable String data type
accessing a library _TAG_ import java.io.File;
accessing a library function _TAG_ "math.h"
x = sqrt(2.2);
all function and variables names are global
x = Math.sqrt(2.2);
functions have different namespaces
printing to standard output printf("sum = %d", x); System.out.println("sum = " + x);
formatted printing printf("avg = %3.2f", avg); System.out.printf("avg = %3.2f", avg)
reading from stdin scanf("%d", &x); Java library support, but easier to use our library
int x = StdIn.readInt();
memory address pointer reference
manipulating pointers *, &, + no direct manipulation permitted
functions int max(int a, int b) public static int max(int a, int b)
pass-by-value primitive data types, structs, and pointers are passed by value; array decays to pointer all primitive data types and references (which includes arrays), are passed by value
defining a data structure struct class - key difference is language support for defining methods to manipulate data
accessing a data structure a.numerator for elements a.numerator for instance variables,
c = a.plus(b) for methods
pointer chasing x->left->right x.left.right
allocating memory malloc new
de-allocating memory free automatic garbage collection
memory allocation of data structures and arrays heap, stack, data, or bss heap
buffer overflow segmentation fault, core dump, unpredicatable program checked run-time error exception
declaring constants const and _TAG_ final
variable auto-initialization not guaranteed instance variables (and array elements) initialized to 0, null, or false, compile-time error to access uninitialized variables
data hiding opaque pointers and static private
interface method non-static function public method
data type for generic item void * Object
casting anything goes checked exception at run-time or compile-time
demotions automatic, but might lose precision must explicitly cast, e.g., to convert from long to int
polymorphism union inheritence
overloading no yes for methods, no for operators
graphics use external libraries Java library support, use our standard drawing library
null NULL null
enumeration enum typesafe enum
preprocessor yes no
variable declaration at beginning of a block before you use it
variable naming conventions sum_of_squares sumOfSquares
commenting /* */ /* */ or //
file naming conventions stack.c, stack.h Stack.java - file name matches name of class
callbacks pointers to global functions use interfaces for commmand dispatching
variable number of arguments varargs String...
assertions assert assert
exit and return value to OS exit(1) System.exit(1)


text:
|This material is published under the OGL|
This category includes abilities a creature has because of its physical nature. Natural abilities are those not otherwise designated as extraordinary, supernatural, or spell-like.
Extraordinary abilities, though they may break the laws of physics, are nonmagical, don't become ineffective in an antimagic field, are not subject to any effect that disrupts magic, and they generally do not provoke attacks of opportunity. They are, however, not something that just anyone can do or even learn to do without extensive training. Using an extraordinary ability is a free action unless otherwise noted.
Spell-like abilities are magical and work just like spells (though they are not spells and so have no verbal, somatic, material, focus, or XP components). They go away in an antimagic field and are subject to dispel magic and spell resistance (if the spell the ability resembles or duplicates would be subject to spell resistance). Usually, a spell-like ability works just like the spell of that name. A few spell-like abilities are unique; these are explained in the text where they are described.
A spell-like ability usually has a limit on how often it can be used. A spell-like ability that can be used at will has no use limit. Using a spell-like ability is a standard action unless noted otherwise in the ability or spell description, and doing so while threatened provokes attacks of opportunity. It is possible to make a Concentration check to use a spell-like ability defensively and avoid provoking an attack of opportunity, just as when casting a spell. A spell-like ability can be disrupted just as a spell can be. Spell-like abilities cannot be used to counterspell, nor can they be counterspelled.
For creatures with spell-like abilities, a designated caster level defines how difficult it is to dispel their spell-like effects and to define any level-dependent variables (such as range and duration) the abilities might have. The creature's caster level never affects which spell-like abilities the creature has; sometimes the given caster level is lower than the level a spellcasting character would need to cast the spell of the same name. If no caster level is specified, the caster level is equal to the creature's Hit Dice. The saving throw (if any) against a spell-like ability is 10 + the level of the spell the ability resembles or duplicates + the creature's Cha modifier.
Some spell-like abilities duplicate spells that work differently when cast by characters of different classes. A monster's spell-like abilities are presumed to be the sorcerer/wizard versions. If the spell in question is not a sorcerer/wizard spell, then default to cleric, druid, bard, paladin, and ranger, in that order.
Most psionic monsters have some number of psi-like abilities. These are very similar to spell-like abilities. Naturally, they are psionic and work just like powers. In some cases, a creature's psi-like abilities (or abilities listed under a creature's psionics entry) may include an effect that does not duplicate any listed power. For such abilities, simply use the existing spell description. Treat the creature's manifester level as the caster level for the spell. The ability is still psionic in origin, so spells and powers that specifically affect psionic powers can negate or reduce its effects as they would any other psionic power. A few psi-like abilities are unique; these are explained in the text where they are described.
A creature with psi-like abilities does not pay for these abilities with power points and the abilities have no verbal, somatic, or material components, nor do they require a focus or have an XP cost (even if the equivalent power has an XP cost). The user activates them mentally. Armor never affects a psi-like ability's use.
Psi-like abilities do not work in a null psionics field, are subject to being dispelled by dispel psionics and power resistance if the power or spell the ability duplicates would be subject to power resistance. A psi-like ability usually has a limit on how often it can be used. A psi-like ability that can be used at will has no use limit. Using a psi-like ability is a standard action unless noted otherwise, and doing so while threatened provokes attacks of opportunity. It is possible to make a Concentration check to use a psi-like ability defensively and avoid provoking attacks of opportunity, just as when using a power or casting a spell. A psi-like ability can be interrupted just as a spell can be. Psi-like abilities cannot be used to counterspell, nor can they be counterspelled.
All creatures with psi-like abilities are assigned a manifester level, which indicates how difficult it is to dispel their psi-like effects and determines all level-dependent variables (such as range or duration) the abilities might have. When a creature uses a psi-like ability, the power is manifested as if the creature had spent a number of power points equal to its manifester level, which may augment the power to improve its damage or save DC. However, the creature does not actually spend power points for its psi-like abilities, even if it has a power point reserve due to racial abilities, class levels, or some other psionic ability.
The DC of a saving throw (if applicable) against a creature's psi-like ability is 10 + the level of the power or spell the ability duplicates + the creature's Cha modifier. Remember to check the power's Augment entry to see if the creature's manifester level (and thus the effective power point expenditure) increases the DC of the saving throw. Changes to the effect's save DC, damage, and so on are noted in the psi-like ability entry.
By default, supernatural abilities are magical and go away in an antimagic field. However, some creatures have psionic abilities that are considered supernatural. Psionic feats are also supernatural abilities. These abilities do not function in areas where psionics is suppressed.
Supernatural abilities of either type are not subject to spell resistance nor power resistance. Supernatural abilities cannot be dispelled and are not subject to counterspells. Using a supernatural ability is a standard action unless noted otherwise. Supernatural abilities may have a use limit or be usable at will, just like spell-like abilities. However, supernatural abilities do not provoke attacks of opportunity and never require Concentration checks. Unless otherwise noted, a supernatural ability has an effective caster level equal to the creature's Hit Dice. The saving throw (if any) against a supernatural ability is 10 + 1/2 the creature's HD + the creature's ability modifier (usually Charisma).
See the tables below for a summary of the types of special abilities.
|Attack of opportunity||No||Yes||No|
|Dispel: Can dispel magic and similar spells dispel the effects of abilities of that type?
Antimagic Field: Does an antimagic field or similar magic suppress the ability?
Attack of Opportunity: Does using the ability provoke attacks of opportunity the way that casting a spell does?
|Null psionics field||No||Yes||Yes|
|Attack of opportunity||No||Yes||No|
|Dispel: Can dispel psionics and similar powers dispel the effects of abilities of that type?
Power Resistance: Does power resistance protect a creature from these abilities?
Null Psionics Field: Does a antimagic field or similar psionics suppress the ability?
Attack of Opportunity: Does using the ability provoke attacks of opportunity the way that manifesting a power does?
This page is protected from editing because it is an integral part of the Dungeons and Dragons Wiki. Please discuss possible problems on the talk page.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Effect of Tai Chi for the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis in elderly adults: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Osteoporosis (OP) has been defined as a degenerative bone disease characterised by low bone mass and microstructural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to fragility and an increased risk of fractures, especially of the hip, spine and wrist. Exercise has been shown to benefit the maintenance of bone health and improvement of muscle strength, balance and coordination, thereby reducing the risk of falls and fractures. However, prior findings regarding the optimal types and regimens of exercise for treating low bone mineral density (BMD) in elderly people are not consistent. As an important component of traditional Chinese Qigong exercises, Tai Chi (TC) is an ancient art and science of healthcare derived from the martial arts. The objective of this study is to attempt to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the existing studies on TC exercise as an intervention for the prevention or treatment of OP in elderly adults and to draw more useful conclusions regarding the safety and the effectiveness of TC in preventing or treating OP.


Phylogenetics: Likelihood Lab
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Under construction.png This article is still under construction.
Expect it to change frequently until this notice is removed.
Adiantum.png EEB 349: Phylogenetics
The goal of this lab exercise is to show you how to conduct maximum likelihood analyses in PAUP* using several models
Part A: Using PAUP* to check your answers for homework #4
Create a data file
Create a new file in PAUP* and enter the following text:
begin paup;
 set storebrlens;
begin data;
 dimensions ntax=4 nchar=2;
 format datatype=dna;
 taxon1 AA
 taxon2 AC
 taxon3 CG
 taxon4 TT
begin trees;
 utree hw4 = (taxon1:0.1, taxon2:0.1, (taxon3:0.1, taxon4:0.1):0.1);
begin paup;
 lset nst=1 basefreq=equal;
 lscores 1 / userbrlen sitelike;
Understanding the data file
The NEXUS file you just created has four blocks.
First paup block
The first block is a paup block that sets the storebrlens flag. This tells PAUP* to save branch lengths found in any trees. By default, PAUP* throws away branch lengths that it finds and estimates them. In this case, we are trying to get PAUP* to compute likelihoods for a tree in which all five branch lengths are set to the specific value 0.1, so it is important to get PAUP* to not discard branch lengths.
Data block
The second block is the data block. Data for two sites are provided, the first site being the one you used for homework #4. The second site is necessary because PAUP* will refuse to calculate the likelihood of a tree with data from only one site. We will simply ignore results for the second (dummy) site.
Trees block
The third block is a trees block that defines the tree and branch lengths.
 - 'Can you find where in the tree description the length of the central branch is defined?
The keyword utree can be used in PAUP* (but not necessarily other programs) to explicitly define an unrooted tree. The hw4 part is just an arbitrary name for this tree: you could use any name here.
Final paup block
The fourth (paup) block comprises an lset command that specifies the likelihood settings. The nst option specifies the number of substitution parameters, which is 1 for the JC model, and basefreq=equal specifies that base frequencies are assumed to be equal. Together, nst=1 and basefreq=equal specify the JC model because the only other model with one substitution parameter is the F81 model (which has unequal base frequencies).
The command lscores 1 tells PAUP* to compute likelihood scores for the first tree in memory (which is the one we entered in this file). The keyword userbrlen tells PAUP* to use the branch lengths in the tree description (i.e. don't estimate branch lengths), and the sitelike keyword tells PAUP* to output the individual site likelihoods (the default behavior is to just output the overall likelihood).
Ok, go ahead and execute the file in PAUP* and see if your hand calculation in homework #4 was correct.
Part B:
(Re)create the data file algae.nex
Download (again) the data file algae.nex if you deleted it from your working directory. You may remember that we found last week that only one model (LogDet) gave us the accepted phylogeny for these data using various distance-based approaches (i.e. that the chlorophyll-a/b-containing plastids group together, excluding the cyanobacterium Anacystis and the chromophyte chlorophyll-a/c-containing Olithodiscus). This week we will see if we can tease apart which aspects of sequence evolution that are important for getting the tree correct.
Obtain the maximum likelihood tree under the F81 model
The first goal is to learn how to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters in several different substitution models. Use PAUP* to answer the following questions. Start by obtaining the maximum likelihood tree under the F81 model. Create a run.nex file and save in it the following:
begin paup;
 execute algae.nex;
 set criterion=likelihood;
 lset nst=1 basefreq=empirical;
The nst=1 tells PAUP* that we want a model having just one substitution rate parameter (the JC69 and F81 models both fall in this category). The basefreq=empirical tells PAUP* that we want to use simple estimates of the base frequencies. The empirical frequency of the base G, for example, is the value you would get if you simply counted up all the Gs in your entire data matrix and divided by the total number of nucleotides. The empirical frequencies are not usually the same as the maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) of the base frequencies, but they are quick to calculate and often very close to the corresponding MLEs.
Execute run.nex in PAUP*
Note that we will work with the tree obtained in this search for quite awhile. Resist the temptation to do heuristic searches with each model, as it will be important to compare the performance of all of the models on the same tree topology!
 - What are the empirical base frequencies for this data set?
 - What is the lnL of this tree under this "empirical base frequencies" version of the F81 model?
 - What proportion of sites are constant? (The cstatus command will give you this information)
Estimate base frequencies
Now estimate the base frequencies on this tree with maximum likelihood as follows. Note how the lscores command is used to force PAUP* to recompute the likelihood (under the revised model) and spit out the parameter estimates. Also note that PAUP* remembered some of the settings we used the last time lscores was issued, so we need to explicitly make it forget those settings this time:
lset basefreq=estimate;
lscores 1 / nouserbrlens nositelikes;
 - What are the maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) of the base frequencies?
 - What is the lnL of this tree under the "estimated base frequencies" version of the F81 model? Is it better than the lnL under the "empirical base frequencies" version of the F81 model?
Estimate transition/transversion bias
Switch to the HKY85 model now and estimate the transition/transversion ratio along with the base frequencies. The way you specify the HKY model in PAUP* is to tell it you want a model with 2 substitution rate parameters (nst=2), unequal base frequencies (either basefreq=empirical or basefreq=estimate), and some specified transition/transversion ratio (or, in this case, tratio=estimated). Note that these specifications also apply to the F84 model, so if you want PAUP* to use the F84 model, you would need to add variant=f84 to the lset command.
lset nst=2 basefreq=estimate tratio=estimate;
lscores 1;
 - What is the MLE of the transition/transversion ratio under the HKY85 model?
 - What is the MLE of the transition/transversion rate ratio under the HKY85 model?
 - What is the lnL of this tree under the HKY85 model? Does the HKY model fit the data better than the F81 model?
Estimate the proportion of invariable sites
Now ask PAUP* to estimate pinvar, the proportion of invariant sites, using the command lset pinvar=estimate. The HKY85 model with among-site rate heterogeneity modeled using the two-category invariant sites approach is called the HKY85+I model.
 - What is the MLE of pinvar under the HKY85+I model?
 - Is the MLE of pinvar larger or smaller than the proportion of constant sites?
 - Why are these two proportions different? That is, how can a site be constant but not invariant?
 - What is the lnL of this tree under the HKY85+I model?
Estimate the heterogeneity in rates among sites
Now set pinvar=0 and tell PAUP* to use the discrete gamma distribution with 5 rate categories. Here are the commands for doing this all in one step:
lset pinvar=0 rates=gamma ncat=5 shape=estimate;
lscores 1;
The HKY85 model with among-site rate heterogeneity modeled using the discrete gamma approach is called the HKY85+G model.
 - What is the MLE of the gamma shape parameter under the HKY85+G model?
 - What is the lnL of this tree under the HKY85+G model?
Estimate both pinvar and the gamma shape parameter
Now issue the command lset pinvar=estimate to create the HKY85+I+G model and ask PAUP* to estimate both pinvar and the gamma shape parameter simultaneously.
 - What is the MLE of the gamma shape parameter under the HKY85+I+G model?
 - What is the MLE of the pinvar parameter under the HKY85+I+G model?
 - Is


Skip to definition.
Noun: control key
 1. (computing) the key on a computer keyboard that is used (in combination with some other key) to type control characters
 - command key
Derived forms: control keys
Type of: key
Encyclopedia: Control key


Question: Why Is Taking A Stand Better Than Winning?
What is more important than winning?
Participation is more important than just winning.
Which counts more taking a stand or winning essay?
In conclusion, taking a stand counts more than winning.
What does it mean to take a stand on an issue?
take a stand on (something) To hold, assume, or express a very strong or adamant position on some issue. It's time for Congress to finally take a stand on this issue!
Why is it important to stand up for what you believe in?
What does taking a stand mean?
What does standing up for what you believe in mean?
1. (stand up for someone/something) to defend someone or something that is being criticized or attacked. You've got to stand up for what you believe in. stand up for yourself: I learned how to stand up for myself early on in life.
How important is winning?
A win is an easy self-confidence boost, which is a big deal for many young athletes. Furthermore, winning is validation. A win says that the game has been played the right way and that practice paid off. … Also, winning connects good feelings with the sport, which can give your young athlete the drive to keep going.
Why is taking a stand Important?
The more you stand up for your beliefs, the more self-respect you will develop. … Doing the right thing or standing up for your beliefs may not be easy, but when you do, you know that you'll be able to look yourself in the mirror and feel good about yourself.
How do you stand up for your beliefs?
How To Stand Up For Your BeliefsStand by them no matter what.Be willing to make sacrifices.Write them down after you identify them.Figure out ways to make them work in your everyday life.Line up your goals with your beliefs.Don't let others walk all over you and your beliefs.Love yourself for the way you are.Never doubt yourself and your abilities.
Is it take a stand or take a stance?
"Make a stand" means "Hold firm against something or someone." "Take a stance" means "adopt a position," meaning a philosophical or political position. Someone who "makes a stand" is doing something a lot stronger and more active than someone who "takes a stance."
What does take a stab mean?
Definition of take/make a stab at : to try (doing something) She took/made a stab at solving the problem.
How do I stand up for what I value?
Do You Stand Up for What You Truly Value?Live their values.Hold themselves responsible and accountable to their values every day.Create a culture that reflects their values.Think bigger and better than they already do and differently than they have before.Welcome and actually listen to dissenting voices—not just the ones who affirm what you already believe.More items…•
What does standing up for your rights mean?
Description. Standing up for your rights starts with knowing that you have the same rights as everyone else. It then means responding to situations where those rights are being compromised. … Know that you can call upon others to help you defend your rights.
Is winning the most important thing in sports?
Is winning the only thing that is important?
Vince Lombardi's statement that "winning is the only thing that matters in sport", is one of the truths that are inherent in the world of sports. Lombardi's statement also affects coaches, owners, and managers. … They too place winning as their number one concern.


text: Buoy is actually two things: the device and the app. The device is the blue cylinder that attaches to the main water input at your home. Water flows through the device, which is connected to your home WiFi network, and sends data to the app. The app categorizes your water use data and shows you where you're using water, so you can take control of your water use and avoid surprise water bills. You can shut off your water using the red button on the Buoy device or, remotely, from the red button in the Buoy app.


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Many therapeutically important enzymes are present in multiple cellular compartments, where they can carry out markedly different functions; thus, there is a need for pharmacological strategies to selectively manipulate distinct pools of target enzymes. Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a thiol-sensitive zinc-metallopeptidase that hydrolyzes diverse peptide substrates in both the cytosol and the extracellular space, but current genetic and pharmacological approaches are incapable of selectively inhibiting the protease in specific subcellular compartments. Here, we describe the discovery, characterization, and kinetics-based optimization of potent benzoisothiazolone-based inhibitors that, by virtue of a unique quasi-irreversible mode of inhibition, exclusively inhibit extracellular IDE. The mechanism of inhibition involves nucleophilic attack by a specific active-site thiol of the enzyme on the inhibitors, which bear an isothiazolone ring that undergoes irreversible ring opening with the formation of a disulfide bond. Notably, binding of the inhibitors is reversible under reducing conditions, thus restricting inhibition to IDE present in the extracellular space. The identified inhibitors are highly potent (IC50app = 63 nM), nontoxic at concentrations up to 100 μM, and appear to preferentially target a specific cysteine residue within IDE. These novel inhibitors represent powerful new tools for clarifying the physiological and pathophysiological roles of this poorly understood protease, and their unusual mechanism of action should be applicable to other therapeutic targets.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Molecular Medicine


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What New Zealand actually looks like
If you didn't know already, all footage from NZ is edited to make it look like it does in the northern hemisphere. Spatziba is proud to give you the first unedited shots from New Zealand. EVER!
The Southern Hemisphere is the half of a planet that is south of the equator—the word hemisphere (from the Greek word σφαιρα (sphere) +ημι(half)) literally means 'half ball'. It is also that half of the celestial sphere south of the celestial equator.
Earth's southern hemisphere contains all or parts of four continents (Antarctica, Australia, most parts of South America and southern half of Africa), four oceans (South Atlantic, Indian, South Pacific, and Southern) and most of Oceania. Several islands off the Asian continental mainland are also in the Southern Hemisphere. Due to the tilt of Earth's rotation relative to the Sun and the ecliptic plane, summer is December 21 to March 21 and winter is June 21 to September 22. September 22 is the vernal equinox and March 21 is the autumnal equinox.
The Southern Hemisphere is also the part of the world that is upside down. Therefore footage from The Southern Hemisphere must be edited to not be upside down.
So if you are wondering why Jossi and Byron Wells are so red in their faces all the time. Now you know.
Because of all the blood in Kiwis head all the time, it makes them tired and moody, so therefore the rule. NEVER FLICK A KIWI THE BIRD
For the same reason many Kiwis tend to wanna flip a lot to get some blood in their feet. You know, you get really cold feet from skiing with bad circulation in your feet!
So now you know!
Spatziba will continue opening your eyes, bringing you the truth and breaking the barriers. Stay tuned


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Official Portrait of U.S. President Barack Hussein Obama
Hussein/Husayn (5-61 Islamic Calendar/624-680 AD) or better: al-Husayn.
It is a common Arabic name, meaning "good looking boy". Historically, Hussein is the second son of Ali and Fatimah, and grandson of the Prophet Muhammad. He is revered by Shi'ites and Sunni Muslims alike. Both sects see his death at the battle in Kerbala, Iraq in the (10th Muharram 680 AD) as a religious holiday.
Many other famous and infamous people have carried the name Hussein. Some of them include Iraqi dictator Sadam Hussein, platinum rapper Hussein Fatal from Tupac's Outlaw Immortals, King Hussein of Jordan and America's newly elected President, Barack Hussein Obama.
For more information on the name Hussein:
The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam by Cyril Glasse
Each week we will discuss another name, its meaning and the people who share it to spread knowledge of the stories behind Arabic names and, in our own small way, help lessen uninformed prejudice against people with such names.


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Today I'll conclude my 3-post series on drawing rectangles in AutoCAD LT. (Who'd have thought there could be so much to say about rectangles?)
This time, you start the RECTANG command, pick your first point, and enter A for Area.
Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: A
The next prompt is for total area. Remember to use the current units, i.e. square inches for architectural drawings.
Enter area of rectangle in current units <100.0>:
Then you're asked for either the length (aka X direction) or the width (Y direction), to be used in calculating dimensions.
Calculate rectangle dimensions based on [Length/Width] :
Enter rectangle length <10.0000>:
The sign of the number you enter determines which side of the cursor your rectangle ends up on. Positive numbers create rectangles above and to the right (positive X and Y), and negative numbers create rectangles below and to the left (negative X and Y).
You may notice that this finishes the command. So if you want to use the Rotation option too, you'll need to set it first.


Synereo is Developing a Blockchain-based Technology Stack
The development will enable scalable on-line computation and storage without centralized servers.
Starting from 2017, it will be possible to deploy fully operational applications on the system, without them having to be stored in a centralized location, effectively revolutionizing the way the internet works according to the developers. Until then, Synereo's social network alpha will be deployed on the company's decentralized test-network.
Synereo has also recently announced a grant project, inviting developers and entrepreneurs to develop decentralized applications for its platform, to foster the development of a decentralized ecosystem, competing with the current centralized paradigm.
Synereo's Tech Stack is composed of 4 layers, built on top of each other. The first layer, called RChain, referred to as 'Blockchain 2.0', which the developers say constitutes a significant improvement on standard Blockchain technology, underlying cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum.
In contrast to these, Synereo's RChain is a concurrent and sharded blockchain. 'Sharded' refers to the subdivision of the Blockchain into composable parts, which interlock to make a unified whole, but do not need to be computed all at once (as is the case with the Bitcoin Blockchain). Concurrent means that this subdivision enables different processes to run in parallel without interfering with each other.
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Synereo boasts that as a result of this architecture, RChain solves a well known problem of classical Blockchains, troubling the entire industry for years, while enabling Blockchain based systems to be much faster, infinitely scalable and cheaper to maintain.
synereo stack
Synereo says that blockchain is not suited for the storage of heavy media data such as images, videos and text. For this purpose, Synereo's CTO, Lucius Greg Meredith, developed a unique protocol to distribute this kind of information among Synereo nodes and then retrieve it on demand.
This protocol, SpecialK, has been under active development for over four years, representing an evolution of DHT-like distributed key-value databases. The company explains that SpecialK also provides a monadic domain-specific language, providing programmers with a familiar, unified API where they can access data distributed across the network. Data is distributed with both redundancy and sensitivity in mind, making sure it's available where it's needed, when it's needed, and concealed when it's not.
Rholang Smart Contract Language
Rholang (Reflective, Higher-Order process Language) is RChain's native smart-contract programming language, comparable to Ethereum's Solidity. In contrast to Solidity, however, Rholang is a reflective programming language, based on process calculus, allowing for the parallel execution of processes and the composition of higher-ordered smart contracts on the basis of lower ones, in an efficient and secure way.
The developers say that this grants Rholang an advantage over traditional smart contract languages and blockchain scripts, and puts it in the same category with established programming languages. Java, C#, and Scala have all eventually adopted reflection as a core feature. This is what allows programmers to use programs to write other programs, on which more complex applications can be deployed, and so on. Without this feature, industrial scale development would likely be impossible due to complexity.
The architecture also allows for better safety tests and simulations, a property of utmost importance when it comes to publicly used decentralized applications. Synereo says that the infamous DAO hack, for example, could probably have been avoided if the DAO's code had been based on Rholang.
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We focus on capturing the increasingly important role that emerging economies play in determining U.S. import prices. Emerging market producers differ from others in two respects: (1) their cost structure is well below that of developed-market producers, and (2) their wide profit margins induce pricing policies that seek to exhaust production capacity. We argue that these features have dampened the short-run responses of import prices to changes in the value of the dollar but that they have not altered the associated long-run response. To capture these considerations, we develop a new method to measure foreign prices and adopt a formulation that differentiates between shortand long-run responses.
Our econometric work asks two questions: First, can one replicate the literature's dispersion of pass-through estimates? Second, is there any evidence of a change in the dynamic response of import prices to changes in the exchange value of the dollar? To address the first question, we estimate the parameters of our models using several alternative measures of U.S. and foreign prices, dynamic specifications, and sample periods. We find that these alternative inputs translate into a large range of parameter estimates, a finding that helps to rationalizing the existing dispersion of estimates. To address the second question, we compute the implied dynamic adjustment of import prices to a change in the value of the dollar using parameters estimated from two samples: _PHONE_ and _PHONE_. The long-run response of import prices is similar regardless of which sample is used---roughly one-half of the change in the exchange rate is passed through to import prices. However, the short-run response is quite sensitive to the sample period. Specifically, the short-run response based on data through 2005 is smaller than the short-run response based on data through 2000. We argue that one force behind the change in dynamics of the import-price process is the greater presence of producers from emerging economies and that their effect on import prices can be captured with their measure of foreign prices.
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text:
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. In Rom. archæol., a room in a large dwelling. The word occurs in Vitruvius and Pliny, in ways that have suggested to modern writers the idea that it had a technical meaning; but it was merely the Greek word transferred.
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Resolution on Combating Terrorism, Illegal Drug Traffic and Transnational Organized Crime
15th Annual Meeting of the Asia Pacific Parliamentary Forum
21-26 January 2007
Resolution on Combating Terrorism, Illegal Drug Traffic and Transnational Organized Crime
(Sponsored by the Russian Federation, Australia, China, Indonesia, Mexico)
Referring to the APPF resolutions aimed at combating terrorism unanimously adopted at the previous annual meetings as well as the respective resolutions of the United Nations Security Council and the United Nations General Assembly,
Underlining that terrorism poses one of the most serious threats to peace and security,
Taking into account that terrorist activities directly threaten the fundamental human right - the right to life as well as social stability and economic development of the countries,
Noting that a broader dialogue and better mutual understanding among different civilizations, cultures and religions are indispensable in combating terrorism,
Confirming the central coordinating role of the United Nations in the international efforts to counteract terrorism,
Welcoming further development of regional counterterrorism cooperation, namely in the framework of APEC, ASEAN, the ASEAN Regional Forum, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and the Collective Security Treaty Organization,
Stressing that combating and preventing of terrorism must be conducted in compliance with the purposes and principals of the UN Charter and other established rules of international law,
Reaffirming that the efficient steps to combat terrorism and the observance of human rights are the two goals which do not contradict, but complement and reinforce each other,
Noting that the threats arising as the result of regional conflicts are dangerous not only for the member countries and their neighbors but may spread into a wider geographic area,
Understanding the impact that organized crime and drug trafficking has on the welfare of the people,
1. Unanimously and strongly condemn acts of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations irrespective of their motivation, place of execution and nature of perpetrators;
2. Emphasize the necessity of continuing collective efforts in order to strengthen and enhance the legal basis of international cooperation to combat terrorism, drug trafficking and transnational organized crime;
3. Note the importance of the work carried out by the APPF members on improving national legislations on combating terrorism, drug trafficking and transnational organized crime and bringing them into accord with each other, and calls them to accelerate this work;
4. Call upon the APPF members to expand cooperation in combating terrorism, drug trafficking and transnational organized crime so that each person involved in financing, planning, preparing or executing acts of terrorism, drug trafficking and transnational organized crime or rendering assistance to terrorist acts, drug trafficking and transnational organized crime, should be brought to justice basing on the principle "either extradite or prosecute";
5. Underline the necessity of extending the intergovernmental exchange of information on terrorists and terrorist organizations, drug trafficking and transnational organized crime, their activities, plans, movements and financing;
6. Note the utmost importance of totally preventing access of terrorists to weapons of mass destruction;
7. Emphasize vital importance of uncompromising fight with transnational organized crime, illicit turnover of narcotic drugs, legalization of criminal incomes, illicit arms trade, which are the nutrient medium for terrorist activities;
8. Reaffirm the need for increased cooperation between member states to combat transnational crime, such as money laundering, trade in illicit drugs, people smuggling and human trafficking, which will reinforce and complement counterterrorism efforts
9. Call upon APPF members to consolidate efforts to avoid double standards and prevent any discrimination on racial, cultural or religious basis in the framework or under pretext of combating terrorism;
10. Support escalation of antiterrorist efforts by regional organizations as the important component of global strategy of counteraction to threats and challenges to the security of XXI century being formed under the aegis of the United Nations;
11. Emphasize the necessity of entering into force of the International Convention on Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism as soon as possible and urge for instant coordination and adoption by the UN of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism which could significantly reinforce the legal basis of counter-terrorism cooperation;
12. Call on all states to ensure that any measures taken to combat terrorism comply with their obligations under international law, in particular human rights law, refugee law and international humanitarian law and calls for the establishment of national parliamentary monitoring systems to follow up the implementation of these instruments;
13. Call on Governments, Parliaments, and international community to identify and address the root causes of terrorism, including but not limited to, prolong unresolved conflict, lack of rules of law, and violation of human rights, ethic, national and religious discrimination, political exclusion, socio-economic marginalization and lack of good governance, while recognizing that this can not justify acts of terrorism;
14. Promote dialogue, tolerance and understanding among civilizations, cultures, peoples and religions, and promote mutual respect for and prevent the defamation of religions, religious values, beliefs and cultures.
Resolution on Combating Terrorism, Illegal Drug Traffic and Transnational Organized Crime
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For landscape projects you need materials that will provide the initial support to your high quality work. Jobe's offers a broad range of premiumj and professional-grade landscape fabrics that last. You'll find products designed to meet every need, from simple weed control for garden beds to sediment control under pavers, paths, and high-traffic areas. Available in a variety of materials, weights and weaves. Jobe's landscape products provide chemical-free weed control while still allowing water, air and nutrients to penetrate to desirable plants.
Showing 1–16 of 21 results
- Weed Control
- Soil and embankment stabilization
- Erosion control
- Re-vegetation systems
- Earth wall reinforcement
- Moisture barriers
No, we recommend preparing the planting area prior to installation of the fabric. Recommended preparation, for best results:
- Thoroughly remove weeds and grasses from the planting area.
- Rake smooth.
- Nutgrass or rhizome grasses like Bermuda should be treated with a glyphosate-base weed preventing product.
- Because weed seeds may be present in freshly tilled areas or in newly added soils, treat with a pre-emergent weed control product.
- Cover area immediately with fabric.


Passion blogging: What is it and how does it improve students' writing skills?
student productivity
How does passion blogging encourage student productivity? Source: Andrew Neel/ Unsplash
During university, writing assignments enable students to develop their communication and critical thinking skills.
But depending on the course, some students are subject to regular writing assignments more than others. When these regularly revolve around overused or niche topics, students may lose interest and lose out on the benefits of writing.
Passion blogging could be one solution, according to English and journalism teacher Allison Berryhill.
student productivity
How does this method motivate student productivity? Source: Brooke Cagle/ Unsplash
Writing in Edutopia, she explained that passion blogging is founded on what students know and care about.
By encouraging her students to set up an online blogging space, Berryhill's students are free to write about what they're passionate about.
"My students' passion blogs resulted in creative, voice-filled analyses on wide-ranging topics," she wrote.
This included topics such as the 19th Amendment, the best local hiking trails, why Austin Forkner is an amateur Kawasaki legend, a student's cataract surgery, (…) hunger strikes, a grandfather's escape from Iran, and the Best of Iowa competition at the county fair.
By allowing students to write about topics of interest, Berryhill finds learners to be more engaged with the writing assignments and excited to get started on their pieces.
"Our class blogs are intended as a practice space for developing skills, and I grade them accordingly."
Berryhill awards full credit to blogs that show attempts at passion (voice), authority (attribution and care with mechanics), structure (organisation and transitions), and ideas (supported with examples).
Through this frequent low-stakes practice, students are able to learn how to structure arguments, provide evidence and explain their thought process – all of which are skills they can apply when in subjects like literature.
Alternatively, a passion blog may also inspire a writing career.
For instance, SG Budget Babe financial blogger Dawn Cher always had a passion for writing since she was young.
"I never had a target audience, nor did I write to get recognised. In the beginning, it really was just a blog I started for fun and shared on my personal Facebook for my friends to read," says Cher.
But since she started the blog, she has received over four million visitors and has been ranked as a Top 60 Budget Blog by Feedspot.
Cher's story demonstrates where passion and productivity can take writers, while Berryhill's approach shows how passion blogging is enlivening her writing classes.
University lecturers may want to consider implementing it in their classes too – if they haven't already.
Liked this? Then you'll love…
How international students can avoid accidental plagiarism
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WP 00/041 - Are Wage Adjustments an Effective Mechanism for Poverty Alleviation? Some Simulations for Domestic and Farm Workers
Date of Publication:
This paper utilises a basic simulation exercise to analyse the possible poverty and employment reducing effects, of instituting a minimum wage in the South African labour market. The simulation is undertaken for three groups of unskilled workers, namely domestic workers, farm workers and drivers. The results showed firstly that a wage policy pursued to reduce indigence amongst the target occupations will have a relatively small impact on poverty levels. It took very large, and in policy terms highly unlikely, wage adjustments to ensure a tangible poverty reduction impact. Secondly, it was evident that the results displayed the fact that most poor domestics and farm labourers were in fact quite far below the poverty line rather than earning just below R650 per month. Thirdly the employment-wage results show that a minimum wage policy would run the serious risk of significant short-run employment losses to accompany the poverty-reducing outcomes. In essence, the analysis suggests that poverty eradication amongst domestic and farm workers cannot take place solely through a minimum wage policy. This is not the problem of minimum wage legislation per se, but rather the very high incidence of poverty found amongst domestic and farm workers. Ultimately, if a minimum wage policy was considered in order to reduce poverty levels amongst these workers, it would not serve the purpose of significant poverty alleviation amongst its target population.
Download Working Paper: DPRU WP 00/041


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European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register – Update – 2010 data now available
The European Commission and the European Environment Agency today published updated information on releases and transfers of pollutants from industrial installations included in the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR). E-PRTR is a comprehensive online register which contains information on emissions of pollutants to air, water and land by industrial facilities in 32 European countries. The register includes annual data for 91 substances released from more than 29 870 facilities in 65 economic activities. E-PRTR also provides additional environmental information, such as the amount and types of waste transferred from facilities to waste handlers both inside and outside each country, and maps of certain non-industrial sources of emissions. The new dataset contains information for the year 2010 and updated information for certain countries for the earlier years 2007 – 2009. The full dataset of E-PRTR is hosted by the European Environment Agency (EEA) in its Data Service.
Over the coming months, EEA will perform a number of quality checks on these data received from countries. An updated dataset will be published in October 2012 after corrections are received from countries.


text: 摘要：Macrorealism, as defined by Leggett and Garg, posits that a macroscopic system always exists in a well-defined state and that it can be measured without disturbing it. From these assumptions follow a set of inequalities, the Leggett-Garg inequalities, which hold under macrorealism but can be violated by quantum mechanics. The degree to which quantum systems can violate these inequalities is bounded and, in particular, if the measurements on the system are genuinely dichotomic, the bound for these temporal inequalities is the same as the Tsirelson bound of the corresponding spatial Bell inequality. We realise a photonic Leggett-Garg test on a three-level system and implement measurements that admit three distinct measurement outcomes, rather than the usual two. In this way we obtain violations of a Leggett-Garg inequality significantly in excess of the Tsirelson bound. This underlines the difference between Bell and Leggett-Garg inequalities and hence spatial and temporal correlations in quantum mechanics. We also report violations of a second consequence of macrorealism, the quantum-witness equality, up to the maximum permitted for a three-outcome measurement.


Module 5 general psychology | Psychology homework help
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Module 05 General Psychology Credit by Assessment
Psychological principles are theories and beliefs about major areas of our lives, like cognitions, intelligence, social groups, habit, behavior, and many others. Let's explore how we identify and utilize psychological principles in daily life. In a 2 page paper, please analyze the following:
 - How do psychological principles affect the study of the behavior of individuals and groups?
 - What are the parameters of behavioral deviance and its various therapies?
 - How do psychological principles affect the study of individual differences?
 - Last, explain the role of psychology in such areas as industry, complex organizations, law, and education.
This paper should be 2-3 pages in length and use APA formatting (cover page, paper body formatting, citations, and references: see Rasmussen's APA guide in the Resources tab, or by clicking here. Prior to submitting your paper, be sure you proofread your work to check your spelling and grammar. If you use any outside sources, please site those sources in APA citation format.


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Have you ever wondered how to manually check what gear ratio your vehicle is equipped with from factory? Finding this information is easier than you may think!
Most cars will have this written on the door jam with the VIN number and build information. If not, you can use this method:
- Block the front wheels so that they cannot move.
- Jack the rear of the car up so that the rear tires are off the ground.
- Put the vehicle in neutral (but not running).
- Mark the driveshaft somewhere you can see it from a safe area.
- Rotate the rear wheel towards the front of the car one full rotation while watching how many times the driveshaft turns.
- 2 ¾ rotations = 2.73 gears
- Just past 3 rotations = 3.08 gears
- 3 ¼ rotations = 3.27 gears
- 3 ½ rotations = 3.55 gears
- 3 ¾ rotations = 3.73 gears
- Just under 4 rotations = 3.90 gears
- Just past 4 rotations = 4.10 gears


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Posted: January 1, 2011, 5 a.m. EST
The Power Of Keeping Records
Most owners know their ferrets very well and can rapidly discern behavioral changes. Dedicate a small notebook to information about your ferret or ferrets. Record their behavior from the day you get them until their behavior stabilizes and stops changing. That's usually the point when a ferret's behavior normalizes.
These records are helpful tools in identifying a ferret's pain and distress. First, the initial introduction provides an idea of individual stress behaviors. Second, it presents an idea of how fast the ferret adapts; I've found those that take longer are usually easily distressed. Third, once behaviors are stabilized, they should be "normal" for the ferret. For instance, a newbie ferret may hide, hardly eat and nip aggressively, but a month later is playful, eating well and no longer nipping. The first behaviors are "distressed;" the later ones are "normal."
You now have a baseline for comparison. If a ferret suddenly starts showing its stress behaviors, suspect injury or distress. If a ferret shows a gradual change in normal behaviors, look for disease or distress. It is helpful to consider rapid changes to be acute problems and slow changes to be chronic ones. I consider any acute change to be cause for an immediate veterinary consultation. If a vet cannot find cause, it's a good rule of thumb to assume stress is triggering change.
Clues To Ferret Pain And Distress
Check out this list of other signs that could indicate your ferret is in pain or distress. Click Here>>
Treating Ferret Pain And Distress
Dealing with ferrets in pain is obvious; regardless of the cause, pain treatment needs to be initiated and closely monitored by a qualified veterinarian. There are NO effective over-the-counter pain medications for ferrets; even aspirin can cause dangerous bleeding. Most causes of ferret pain probably require vet care anyway.
Distress is another matter. Stress is an integral aspect of life and cannot — and probably shouldn't — be completely removed. Some people divide stress into two types, good and bad; other people divide it into four categories: eustress, distress, hyperstress and hypostress.
Eustress, considered positive, is the stress ferrets feel when exploring strange areas, play fighting, investigating novelty or entering fight-or-flight situations. Eustress is motivating, is short-term, and improves physical and mental performance; it causes an excited feeling. A dooking ferret is probably feeling eustress.
Distress, considered negative, can be acute or chronic. Acute distress is immediate stress felt when a ferret experiences a sudden stressor, such as a vet visit or an aggressive animal. It gets a ferret ready for action and is a short-term event closely related to eustress, except the situation is frightening rather than exciting. Fear biting can be caused by acute distress.
Chronic distress is a constant negative stress caused by long-term stressors, such as light or noise pollution, boredom, overcrowding or constant aggression by other animals. Studies have shown chronic distress is linked to a deterioration in health, including (but not limited to) negative or compulsory behaviors, and dental, immune, heart and gastrointestinal problems. Distress is discouraging, can be shortor long-term, and deteriorates physical and mental performance; it causes an anxious feeling. Chronically stressed ferrets can display all the symptoms of adrenal disease, perform stereotypic behaviors or develop ulcers.
Hyperstress is a repeated negative stress that overwhelms the ferret, often leading to sudden or unexpected negative behaviors. Like chronic stress, it can cause health problems if allowed to become chronic. Hyperstress is frustrating, usually short-term, and exaggerates responses; it causes a fearful or frustrated feeling. The repeated poking of a ferret by a curious child or the constant stimulation at a ferret show can overwhelm a ferret with frustration, resulting in bites or other aggressive behavior.
It doesn't seem possible that a ferret might experience hypostress due to their excitable nature, but because it is a type of stress that comes from boredom, it is more than applicable. Hypostressed ferrets can have similar health and behavioral problems seen in chronic distress. Hypostress can reduce activity or cause stereotypical behaviors, is usually long-term and results in restlessness or lethargy. A hypostressed ferret might pace, chew or eat bedding, and fight or bite the cage; some ferrets lose all interest and just lie around.
The body cannot physiologically distinguish between types of stress, so it is the duration of stress that becomes important. The longer the period of stress, the more negative the health impact. Enrichment programs, allowing instinctual behaviors, encouraging exploration, human-ferret bonding activities, physical play and exercise, long out-of-cage times, and interesting diets are all effective ways to reduce stress in ferrets.
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Bob Church is a former photojournalist and current zooarcheologist with degrees in biology (zoology) and anthropology (archaeology). He resides in Missouri with 19 ferrets that keep his chicken blender overheated and his heart overfull.


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Enabling Censorship Tolerant Networking
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Billions of people in the world live under heavy information censorship. We propose a new class of delay tolerant network (DTN), known as a censorship tolerant network (CTN), to counter the growing practice of Internet-based censorship. CTNs should provide strict guarantees on the privacy of both information shared within the network and the identities of network participants. CTN software needs to be publicly available as open source software and run on personal mobile devices with real-world computational, storage, and energy constraints. We show that these simple assumptions and system constraints have a non-obvious impact on the design and implementation of CTNs, and serve to differentiate our system design from previous work. We design data routing within a CTN using a new paradigm: one where nodes operate selfishly to maximize their own utility, make decisions based only on their own observations, and only communicate with nodes they trust. We introduce the Laissez-faire framework, an incentivized approach to CTN routing. Laissez-faire does not mandate any specific routing protocol, but requires that each node implement tit-for-tat by keeping track of the data exchanged with other trusted nodes. We propose several strategies for valuing and retrieving content within a CTN. We build a prototype BlackBerry implementation and conduct both controlled lab and field trials, and show how each strategy adapts to different network conditions. We further demonstrate that, unlike existing approaches to routing, Laissez-faire prevents free-riding. We build an efficient and reliable data transport protocol on top of the Short Message Service (SMS) to serve a control channel for the CTN. We conduct a series of experiments to characterise SMS behaviour under bursty, unconventional workloads. This study examines how variables such as the transmission order, delay between transmissions, the network interface used, and the time-of-day affect the service. We present the design and implementation of our transport protocol. We show that by adapting to the unique channel conditions of SMS we can reduce message overheads by as much as 50\% and increase data throughput by as much as 545% over the approach used by existing applications. A CTN's dependency on opportunistic communication imposes a significant burden on smartphone energy resources. We conduct a large-scale user study to measure the energy consumption characteristics of 20100 smartphone users. Our dataset is two orders of magnitude larger than any previous work. We use this dataset to build the Energy Emulation Toolkit (EET) that allows developers to evaluate the energy consumption requirements of their applications against real users' energy traces. The EET computes the successful execution rate of energy-intensive applications across all users, specific devices, and specific smartphone user-types. We also consider active adaptation to energy constraints. By classifying smartphone users based on their charging characteristics we demonstrate that energy level can be predicted within 72% accuracy a full day in advance, and through an Energy Management Oracle energy intensive applications, such as CTNs, can adapt their execution to maintain the operation of the host device.
Cite this version of the work
Earl Oliver (2013). Enabling Censorship Tolerant Networking. UWSpace. _URL_


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about the location, individuals you went with, particular ice ascending tracks and stunning opinions. The encounters you have overlooked are lost to time. If you keep an ice ascending paper, this will not be the situation.
There are well-known circumstances of individuals maintaining magazines throughout time. Of course, Anne Frank's Record is the best example. In her diary, Anne kept a running remarks of the two decades her family used covering from the Nazis. While your ice ascending encounters better be more fun loving, maintaining a paper will let you keep in mind them as the decades complete.
A good ice ascending paper has a number of features. First, it should be stream-lined so you don't have to take up needless space for other components. Second, it should have a situation to secure it from the components and so on. Third, the paper should contain empty areas to create your paperwork. 4th, the paper should contain cue areas to tell you to keep paperwork on specific components. Hints should include:
1. Who you went ice ascending with,
2. The characteristics and quality of the ice,
3. Who you met and details for them,
4. The regional and circumstances, and
5. Any unique components that took place while ice ascending.
6. The tracks you took up the ice and choices.
7. Any inside details offered by experienced natives.
At the end of the ice ascending vacation, you should be able to get the following from your journal:
1. Get in touch with details for other climbers you met,
2. Enough details to offer you or a friend with a guideline if you go up the location again.
3. Remembrances to indicate upon decades later, and
4. Something to complete on to your friends, children and grandbabies.
To get the most out of your ice ascending paper, you should create in it just before you go up, as you peak and when you come back. Doing so provides you with an precise image of your ideas throughout the go up.
providing skydiving sessions in California immediately is Adrenaline Air Skydiving of Santa Rosa. All of their instructors are properly accredited by the Government Traveling by air Management and the U. s. Declares Parachute Relationships. Moreover to conventional skydiving sessions, they also offer line developments, also known as getting with a associate for those who are new to the practical knowledge, a full service training course for verifying jumpers such as set line training, line switch or quicker no price slide methods, and single no price slide getting for certified skydivers. Moreover to the jump itself, you can get video and images to consider the jump.
Adventure Center Skydiving also provides skydiving sessions in California. They enhance offering California's maximum line developments. They take new jumpers up to 18 million toes and allow them to jump properly secured to an instructor. Conjunction getting is a great way knowledge to practical knowledge this extreme activity. First, you take about a 30 minutes of a skydiving guideline. Then you put all of your resources on with a management, opportunity, and a jumpsuit. After that, it's off to the aircraft for a twelve to fifteen immediate vacation up. You and your instructor depart the aircraft together for a one immediate no price slide and a five immediate switch to the earth. The skydiving guideline is continuous during the no price slide as you learn to practice your getting and management your chute.
Another skydiving guideline in California can be taken at Air Activities European. They offer quicker no price slide training. In this course, you spend just about one day learning to jump. During the jump, two instructors stay with you, and yours maintain continuous r / c relationship. You spend about one immediate no price slipping during each jump. The extreme activity of skydiving has erupted with individuals and companies willing to help. A skydiving guideline in California is readily available.
Whitewater trip is simply a fun time, pun designed. This provides us to the stream of no come back, an outstanding obstacle in California.
Rafting The Stream of No Return
Idaho is an amazingly wonderful condition, a place with no large places or the producing city crowds that comes with them. It is a Mountain Mountain ranges condition seated on the edge of Northern the united states and part of Yellowstone Nationwide Playground rests within its limitations. With so much uninhibited characteristics, trip possibilities are numerous and all wide range of types of rapids can be found.
The Fish Stream is in the middle place of California and known as "The Stream of No Return." If that does not get your whitewater trip mindset streaming, nothing will!
The Fish is 425 distance long and pipes over 14,000 rectangle distance of area. It lowers a huge 7,000 toes in level from its headwaters to its ultimate merging with the Lizard Stream. With an level decrease like that, you just know the trip is going to be good.
The top trip place is on the center derive of the Fish Stream. The excellent place is a 100 kilometer expand managing through the Honest Religious – Stream of No Return forests place. This area reduces through the second greatest canyn in Northern America. It is makes for stunning looking at and a hair increasing experience.
Constriction, level lowers and a lot of interferences make the center derive a top trip location. Rapids slip in the classification three and four range, making it an adrenaline hurry without significant risk. One and two day journeys can be organized for the center derive and there are a lot of trip organizations providing services. Windsurfing is also fantastic, but you need to have acquired your moving strategy.
Taking on the stream of no come back is an definitely fun time that you will remember for years. Keep in mind it is a popular location with over 10,000 people providing it a go each year. Enjoy!


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Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists have found environmentally and economically sound uses for the byproducts of biofuel production.
Animal scientist William Dozier, formerly with the ARS Poultry Research Unit in Mississippi State, Miss., has been working with colleagues at the ARS Swine Odor and Manure Management Research Unit in Ames, Iowa, and Iowa State University (ISU) to find ways to supplement animal diets with glycerin. Glycerin, a biofuel byproduct, contains energy-providing nutrients for animals.
Dozier and ISU colleague Kristjan Bregendahl evaluated the use of glycerin supplements in poultry feed. Dozier primarily dealt with broilers, which are chickens raised specifically for meat production, and gave glycerin-supplemented poultry feed to broilers that were 7 to 45 days old.
Dozier evaluated the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) intake—a standard measure of energy—for the study group and for a control group that ate a standard diet. The youngest chicks, aged 7 to 10 days, showed a higher AME intake than the control group. However, the two groups showed no significant differences in the amount of feed they consumed, body weight, or the amount of energy lost in feces and urine (energy excretion).
The second group of broilers, aged 21 to 24 days old, that consumed glycerin feed supplements showed no difference in body weight, energy excretion, and AME. However, their feed intake and the amount of energy provided by the diet intake (gross energy) increased when glycerin supplementation increased. The oldest broilers, aged 42 to 45 days old, showed increases in feed consumption, gross energy, and AME.
Dozier notes that from a nutritional standpoint, this technology can serve as an alternative dietary energy source that could result in lower feed costs. Swine and poultry producers are very interested in supplementing livestock feed with glycerin, in part because the corn grain and soybeans that used to be fed to livestock are now being used for biofuel production. This way, the crops can be used for both biofuels and for livestock feed.


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Admit it. Even after work you still talk, walk, and act like a nurse. Though sometimes, you try to avoid or deny it, but it seems like you've been infected by the nursing virus and you can't get it out in your system. Symptoms and behaviors you are probably experiencing are:
- You go to sleep and nursing responsibilities still haunt you even in your dreams that you are still on duty, giving meds, regulating IVF, and feeding your patient.
- You still check out your patient's status even when you are already somewhere else.
- You can't remove caffeine out of your system.
- You practice infection control at all times.
- You phone the on-going nurse because you forgot to endorse something.
- You are experiencing alarm fatigue in the hospital and you still hear alarms even when you're at home or while you're sleeping.
- You treat your family member/friend like a patient when they get sick.
- You hang-out with your friends (who happens to be nurses) and you still talk about your funny experiences and bloopers while you're on duty.
- You always promote health and correct practices to your family members like they are your clients knowing how expensive it is to be hospitalized.
- You disinfect and bathe like crazy after arriving home knowing you handled an infectious patient.
- You stock medicines and supplies at home in case of emergency.
- You miter your own bed.
- After different shifts and change of duty hours (from morning to graveyard shifts) you can't have a proper sleep.
- When you get ill and you are paranoid that you are infected with your patient's disease.
- You still use medical abbreviations even to your normal write-ups.
- You give a medical prescriptions to yourself and to your family members. Sometimes, you even diagnose yourself when you're feeling sick.
- When you're on a long leave or vacation and you miss work. (You're probably on denial because you promise that you'll never gonna miss nursing, ever!)
If you're experiencing two or more symptoms or manifest behaviors aforementioned, you probably have this condition called a post-duty syndrome. The reason behind this syndrome remains a medical mystery. All we know is that once a nurse, always a nurse.


Tragedy struck the family of late Israeli astronaut Ilan Ramon again Sunday, when his son Captain Asaf Ramon was killed in a crash while flying an Israel Air Force F16-A.
Ilan Ramon, Israel's first astronaut was one of seven crew members killed when the U.S. space shuttle Columbia disintegrated upon re-entry on February 1, 2003.
Asaf Ramon's aircraft crashed near the settlement of Bnei Haver, in the rugged terrain of the Hebron Hills. The Israel Defense Forces carried out an aerial and terrestrial search of the area for some 90 minutes before locating the crash site.
IAF Blackhawk ("Yanshuf") helicopters carrying soldiers from 669, the Air Force's elite search and rescue unit, were the first to locate the plane, and they retrieved the pilot's body.
At a press conference Sunday evening, a grim-faced Brigadier General Yochanan Locker of the Israel Air Force confirmed the circumstances of the crash.
"The plane crashed during a routine training flight," Locker said. "Helicopters, rescue forces from [elite unit] 669, grounds troops and rescue personnel were dispatched to the site.
"The remains of the plane were found after an extensive search. The Air Force commander has established a committee of inquiry headed by a colonel to investigate the incident," he said. "It is a difficult day for the Air Force [when there is] an accident like this, in which people are killed."
Asaf, 21, excelled in the IAF's grueling training course for pilots. In June he received a presidential honor and was given his pilot's wings by President Shimon Peres. He then joined the squadron in which the course's advanced training program is carried out.
The young pilot escaped another plane crash only half a year ago during a routine training flight.
The Air Force commander, Major General Ido Nehushtan, called an official inquiry and halted training in Israel's F-16 squadrons until further notice, the military said in a statement.
The IAF is investigating a number of possible causes and is looking into whether Ramon was suffering from any physiological problems, such as vertigo or a blackout, at the time of the crash.
The young captain had passed a physical exam and was not known to have any medical problems.
Ilan Ramon himself was a fighter pilot in the IAF, and the youngest to take part in Israel's 1981 air strike on Iraq's unfinished Osirak nuclear reactor. He was also the son and grandson of Holocaust survivors.
People in Israel had tracked Ramon's journey into space as a welcome distraction from the violence of the second intifada; they responded to his death with shock and grief.
Asaf, was the eldest of Ilan Ramon's four children. He was 15 when his father died; shortly afterward, he promised on a number of occasions that he would follow in his father's footsteps and serve as a pilot and possibly even as an astronaut in the future. He is survived by his mother, and his two brothers and sister.
Shortly before receiving his wings, Ramon told the IAF journal that, "It was important to me to mention my father and tell his stories, because I am proud of him and proud to be his son. But I also want people to know me as Asaf and not just as the son of the astronaut Ilan Ramon."


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Zel was one of the founding members of School Strike for Climate in 2018, and is now focusing his efforts on Climate Emergency Declarations, recognising these as an essential stepping stone to mobilising communities to mitigate and adapt to climate change. He has been a key adviser to people both within Australia and internationally on the process of climate emergency motions being adopted by local government bodies.
Zel has collaborated with Cedamia to create a school climate emergency program, which was introduced by Teachers for Future Italy and rolled out nationally as part of their Global Strike action on May 24, 2019. Six months later the Italian government was the first in the world to introduce Climate Classes to the national curriculum.
Zel's thoughts about Climate Justice have appeared in the UK Guardian, Sierra and The South China Morning Post.