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Veils and dark skin risk rickets
Pregnant women who have dark skin or wear veils are at high risk of vitamin D deficiency, which can lead to rickets in children, studies in Melbourne have found.
Two studies reported in the Medical Journal of Australia this week found that a high proportion of dark-skinned and/or veiled women had vitamin D levels below the ideal. As well as problems such as rickets for the infants, a deficiency in adults can lead to bone-softening conditions such as osteomalacia and muscle disorders.
"We are not suggesting people ignore health warnings to go out into the sun," said Dr Ruth Morley from the Royal Children's Hospital, co-author of one of the studies. "We would like people to take vitamin D supplements."
Ninety per cent of vitamin D in the body is derived from the chemical reaction that occurs when ultraviolet B light hits the skin. Dark skin does not absorb as much ultraviolet B as light skin, and people who wear clothing that covers all their skin are not exposed at all to the sun.
Dark-skinned or veiled women should visit their doctor, as vitamin D supplements from pharmacies would probably not be sufficient, Dr Morley recommended.
She and colleague Dr Sonia Grover looked at vitamin D levels over a 10-month period in pregnant women who had dark skin or wore veils.
Of the 82 women screened, 66 (80 per cent) recorded vitamin D levels below the ideal level. Women who were both dark-skinned and consistently covered (including head, arms and neck at all times) were at particularly high risk, with 91 per cent under the safe level of vitamin D.
In a separate study, Dr Josephone Mazza and Dr Christine Rodda from the Department of Paediatrics at Melbourne's Monash Medical Centre studied the mothers of 55 children with rickets due to vitamin D deficiency.
Of 31 mothers tested, 25 had vitamin D deficiency levels consistent with osteomalacia. All but one of the children had mothers who were at risk of vitamin D deficiency because of their country of origin, or their cultural background.
While these studies focused on pregnant women, they are not the only people at risk.
"Dark-skinned men are also likely to have vitamin D deficiency," said Dr Morley.
While no direct studies have been done, Aboriginal people are not considered to be at high risk of vitamin deficiency because a large proportion of the Aboriginal community lives in rural areas.
"People in urban communities are more likely to be aware of sun exposure messages, and are more likely to live in high-rise apartments without back gardens," explained Dr Morley. The smog in a city is also a factor.
Vitamin D deficiency also affects a substantial proportion of older people in Australia, especially those in institutions, patients with dementia, and older men with hip fracture. Contributing factors include reduced mobility, limited sunlight exposure, increased use of sunscreen, and the reduced ability of aged skin to produce vitamin D from a given dose of ultraviolet B light.
When ultraviolet B light hits the skin, blood picks up the initial 'inactive' form of vitamin D and takes it to the kidneys, where it is converted into the active form, a steroid hormone that allows bones to absorb calcium and develop.
Only 10 per cent of vitamin D in the body is from dietary sources - which include oily fish, eggs, butter and margarine - and this goes for babies too.
"Basically like adults, babies are not designed to get more than 10 per cent of their vitamin D from their diet," explained Dr Morley.
"So human breast milk is a poor source of vitamin D."


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Abstract: Timing errors are a growing concern for system resilience as technology continues to scale. It is problematic to use low-fidelity errors such as single-bit flips to model realistic timing errors. We address the lack of holistic methodology and tools for evaluating resilience of applications against timing errors. The proposed technique is able to rapidly inject high-fidelity and configurable timing errors to applications at the instruction level. Our implementation has no runtime dependencies on proprietary tools, enabling full parallelism of error injection campaign. Furthermore, because an injection point may not generate an actual error for a particular application run, we propose an acceleration technique to maximize the likelihood of generating errors that contribute to the overall campaign with speedup up to 7x. With our tool, we show that realistic timing errors lead to distinct error profiles from those of radiation-induced errors at both the instruction level and the application level.
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Proceedings PaperText characterization by connected component transformations
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Worldwide there are many different scripts and languages in common use. Finding text lines and character and word boundaries, where present, are necessary primitive operations for most document processing applications. We have developed a method of handling text lines from several different languages that is robust in the presence of common printing and scanning artifacts. A technique is described by which information about the characteristics of a text line can be determined from a list of the connected pixel components that comprise the image. This technique applies across many languages and scripts that are laid out horizontally. For text comprising Roman type, the location and dimensions of each text line are augmented with positions of the baseline and x-height. Where appropriate, coordinates of space-delimited words and individual character cells are determined. This technique incorporates a computationally inexpensive method for straightening curved lines and segmenting kerned characters and a novel method based on font weight and stress for locating the boundaries of individual characters, even if their images touch.


Why do dogs chew on wood?
Dogs are notorious chewers; they would put their strong, sharp teeth in just about anything if given the opportunity. Well, to be honest, the chewing is not the end of the story – they would also eat the chewed item.
More often than not, dogs chew and eat wood and wood items, like wood sticks, wood bark, wood chips, or sometimes, even your wooden furniture. But why do dogs chew wood? Where does their irresistible urge to nibble on wood comes from? Do they like how it tastes? Could it be dangerous? And ultimately, how can this behavior be prevented?
Reasons why dogs chew on wood
Simply put, dogs chew wood because they can. Generally speaking, dogs like chewing. Since wood and wooden objects are easily accessible for indoor and outdoor dogs, why not munch on something convenient.
However, there are several specific reasons why dogs chew on wood. We can classify these into two groups: normal (physiological) and pathological.
Normal (physiological) reasons
Chewing on wood is wired in the dog's genetic code
It is no secret that our canine friends experience and taste the world through their mouths. Consequently, everything they come across is potentially fit to end up in their mouths, and more often than not, that includes wood. Plus, the dog's wild ancestor used to munch on wood bark when other food sources were scarce. The modern dog's urge to do the same may be a remnant of its ancestor's survival technique.
Chewing on wood reliefs teeth and gums pain
This is particularly true for teething puppies that experience tooth pain and irritating gum inflammations. The wood has an interesting texture that subtly scratches the gums, thus alleviating the teething process's pain.
Wood chewing is a positively reinforced habit
While playing in the park or the backyard, we often use wood bark and wood sticks to play fetch with our dogs. We throw the wooden object and praise our dog when it retrieves it. By doing this, we indirectly reinforce our dogs to chew on wood because over time; they will start associating the wooden sticks, branches, or barks with play and fun.
Pathological reasons
Wood chewing can be a way of coping with separation anxiety.
A dog with separation anxiety often develops unusual behaviors. Usually, it is keen on engaging in activities with regular patterns. For example, if it starts chewing on your sofa's wooden legs, it will keep doing this every time it feels anxious. Engaging in something known gives comfort and helps cope with separation anxiety.
Wood chewing can be a sign of boredom
A bored dog is a creative dog. Well, an innovative and a destructive dog. When there is nothing interesting to do, chewing on food sounds like a fantastic idea. It is fun, the wood texture soothes the gums, and for dogs, the wood tastes not just acceptable, but in fact, extraordinary.
Wood chewing can be due to pica (abnormal appetite)
Pica is a health condition in which dogs compulsively eat non-edible items. Those non-edible items may include wood, paper, rocks, plastic, or cloth. A dog with pica may be interested in eating a particular material, such as strictly wood or combining different materials. The underlying problem that triggers this behavior is unknown, but it is believed that nutritional deficiencies might be a contributing factor.
The dangers of chewing wood
We must admit, watching our dogs doing weird things can be quite entertaining. Let us eliminate the destruction component aside and assume you do not mind having your vintage wooden furniture demolished or your decorative pot flowers used as snacks. Even if you do not mind the destructive component, dogs still should not eat wood.
In fact, chewing and eating wood can be quite dangerous for your dog. Wood and wooden objects are prone to splintering, and the fragmented splinters can cause severe damages.
For example, an inhaled wooden splinter may get stuck in the throat and impair breathing. Alternatively, if it passes the throat and ends up in the lungs, it may cause aspiration pneumonia. A swallowed wooden splinter may perforate the digestive system and cause lethal infection. If a dog eats a larger wood piece instead of a fragment, it may get stuck and cause gastrointestinal obstruction. Unless adequately and promptly addressed by a vet, all mentioned consequences can be life-threatening.
Finally, it should be well-accented that certain wood types are highly toxic to dogs. The most dangerous wood types include black cherry, black walnut, red maple, and yew.
Preventing wood chewing and eating in dogs
Here are three simple ways of preventing wood chewing and eating in dogs:
 - Invest in various toys – if your dog has a variety of toys to choose from, it will be less likely inclined to destroy wooden objects found in its surroundings. Luckily, the modern market offers a plethora of different toys, so there is a perfect fit for every dog.
 - Avoid using wooden items as toys – we already spoke about wood items and positive reinforcement, so the next time you and your dog are playing fetch, use a plastic toy such as Frisbee instead of a wood stick.
 - Protect your home, just in case – even if you followed the rules mentioned above and your dog is not very fond of chewing, it does not hurt to be on the safe side and dog-proof your home. Visit our store, swipe up and down, and choose which protector fits your home décor best. All protectors are made of high-end and quality materials that offer 100% efficacy against dog shenanigans.
Just because our dogs enjoy chewing wooden objects, it does not mean that we should indulge their urge. Chewing on wood can be dangerous even if the dog is supervised while doing so. Prevent your dog from chewing on wood by offering plenty of amusing toys, but protect your home just in case. If your dog is a tenacious dog chewer, do not hesitate to ask for professional help – canine behaviorists can help you get to the bottom of this behavioral issue.


Frequently Asked Questions
How can I buy Commonwealth of Massachusetts Bonds?
Bonds issued by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the primary market must be purchased through an Investment Advisor or broker dealer. Prospective Investors must have an open brokerage account before the sale of the bonds to place any orders.
In advance of purchasing a Commonwealth of Massachusetts bond, investors should read all official documents and rating reports for the specific bond issue they are interested in, all of which are available in the bonds and financial documents sections of this website.
Contact your investment advisor or broker dealer in advance of the bond sale to discuss your investment options.
What is a "retail priority order period"? What is a "pricing date"?
The retail priority order period is a one or two-day period just before the pricing date when individual investors have first priority to place their bond orders with their investment advisor or broker dealer. The pricing date is the day when the coupon rates, yields and prices for each bond maturity are finalized. It is important to note that the coupon and pricing information available during the retail priority order period is preliminary and will not be final until the pricing date, which is typically the following business day.
When will I receive interest payments on Massachusetts bonds? When will I get my principal payment back?
When you purchase a Commonwealth of Massachusetts Bond, your principal investment will be returned to you at maturity. Until maturity, you will receive interest payments, generally semi-annually, until the maturity date of the bond.
What are some benefits of purchasing municipal bonds?
Municipal bonds and notes can be an important part of a diversified investment portfolio. Because bonds and notes typically have a predictable stream of payments of principal and interest, many people invest in them to preserve and increase their capital, or to receive dependable interest income. If you purchase a tax-exempt bond, your interest payments will be exempt from federal income tax and, if you are a Massachusetts resident, your interest payments from Commonwealth of Massachusetts bonds will also be exempt from Massachusetts state income tax. The tax advantage individual investors receive from tax-exempt bonds will vary depending on income level and other factors. It is important to consult with your investment advisor or broker dealer before purchasing bonds.
Are there risks involved in purchasing municipal bonds?
Investing in any bond carries certain risks that can vary from bond issue to bond issue. For example, such risks include, but are not limited to, credit risk and market risk. To evaluate the credit risks associated with a particular bond issue, you should review the Preliminary Official Statement of the offering in its entirety as well as the ratings reports and consult your investment advisor or broker dealer.
What does it mean if a bond is callable?
Most municipal bonds are issued with an early redemption feature, typically referred to as a call option. A call feature gives the issuer of the bond the right, but not the obligation, to "call" back or redeem bonds after a specific amount of time has passed from the time of issuance. If a bond is called early, principal is repaid back in full to the investor and regular interest payments cease.
What is the difference between buying a bond in the "primary" market versus the "secondary" market?
New bond issues are sold in the primary market. In a new issue, the bond terms are set, including the initial price and the yield, and the bonds are sold to investors, with the issuer receiving the proceeds of the sale. A secondary market transaction does not involve the issuer but is a transaction between two investors – a buyer and a seller. Secondary market transactions involve a broker dealer which acts either as an intermediary between the buyer and seller, or as a buyer or seller itself. Market conditions, such as prevailing interest rates, supply and demand, and credit quality, among other variables, determine the price of the bonds, which may differ from the original price.
Are there any sales commissions when buying Massachusetts bonds?
An investor does not pay a sales commission when Massachusetts bonds are purchased in the primary market during the retail priority order period. However, when purchasing bonds in the secondary market buyers generally pay fees directly to the investment advisor or broker for facilitating the purchase. Specifics are based on the fee arrangement the investor has with their advisor.
Does the State of Massachusetts still issue College Savings Bonds?
Yes, the College Opportunity Bond Program is managed by the Massachusetts Educational Financing Authority (MEFA). Information about the Program can be found at MEFA's website.
Copies of Official Statements for past and current bonds issues can be find in the Financial Documents section of this website. The Commonwealth also provides certain disclosure information, including Official Statements, to Nationally Recognized Municipal Securities Information Repositories ("NRMSIR") in accordance with the requirements of Rule 15c2-12 promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). As of July 1, 2009, as directed by the SEC, the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board ("MSRB") has maintained a continuing disclosure service through its Electronic Municipal Market Access ("EMMA") system. EMMA's continuing disclosure service provides free electronic access to primary municipal market disclosure documents, ongoing disclosures, trade data, and other related information on the EMMA website.
I own Commonwealth of Massachusetts Bonds and I have a question concerning:
 - An interest or principal payment
 - Any notices that may have been issued to call the bonds prior to maturity
 - Bond registration
 - Bond maturity
 - Bearer bonds
Please send your question to us through the contact link in the Who We Are section of this website.
How are Massachusetts Bonds issued?
Commonwealth of Massachusetts bonds are generally issued in $5,000 denominations as fully registered book entry bonds, without physical certificates or coupons to clip. Bond purchases are recorded in an electronic computerized book entry form by the Depository Trust Company ("DTC"), a New York limited purpose trust company and member of the Federal Reserve System. DTC is also a registered clearing agency under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and holds securities for participants. Purchasers of book entry bonds under the DTC will receive a credit for the bonds on DTCs computerized records. Under this system individual bondholders do not receive physical certificates representing their ownership of the bonds but should receive account statements of their holdings from their securities investment advisor or broker.
How are Massachusetts Bonds rated?
Bond ratings depend on the security features and the credit quality of particular bond programs. Some bonds might have different credit ratings assigned to them by the rating agencies due to credit enhancements, such as letters of credit; or due to escrows or reserves established to pay principal and interest on refunded issues. The credit ratings for the bond programs issued through the Treasurer's office bonding programs may be found in the Bonds section of this website.
What are the different bond programs issued by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Treasurer's office?
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts Treasurer's office currently issues bonds under three programs:
General Obligation Bonds (GO) Federal Grant Anticipation Notes (GANs) Special Obligation Bonds (SO) including:
 - Commonwealth Transportation Fund Bonds (CTF)
 - Gas Tax Bonds (Current lien is closed)
 - Convention Center Bonds
What is a Green Bond?
A Green Bond is a General Obligation bond which is utilized to finance projects that have climate or environmental benefits. Green Bond proceeds are applied solely to finance eligible Green Projects. Green Projects fall into several broad categories, including water pollution prevention and control, and sustainable water management.
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts issues Green bonds that are general obligation bonds and are secured by the full faith and credit of the Commonwealth with the same credit ratings. Massachusetts was the first issuer in the country of tax-exempt Green bonds. The Commonwealth publishes a Green bond report annually to report on the use and spending progress of Green bond proceeds. The Report can be found in the Financial Documents section of this website.


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Translate put | into French | into German | into Italian | into Spanish
Definition of put
verb (puts, putting; past and past participle put)[with object]
- 2 Stock Marketshort for put option.
Old English (recorded only in the verbal noun putung), of unknown origin; compare with dialect pote 'to push, thrust' (an early sense of the verb put)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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In AMERICAN DEMENTIA Part 1, medical anthropologist Daniel R. George discussed how market-driven policies and practices are amplifying our vulnerability to cognitive decline and dementia. In this episode, Part 2, we focus more on potential solutions. George makes it clear that our political and economic decisions have a profound impact on the collective health and wellbeing of our bodies and brains. Unless we address the pathologies of current practices, we condemn future generations of older adults to ever-increasing levels of dementia.
What can be done?


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April 20, 2001
The farm under the sand
Researcher challenges conventional thinking on disappearance of Viking community
n 1991, two caribou hunters stumbled over a log on a snowy Greenland riverbank, an unusual event because Greenland is above the tree line. Closer investigation uncovered rock-hard sheep droppings. The hunters had stumbled on a 500-year-old Viking farm that lay hidden beneath the sand, gift-wrapped and preserved by nature for future archeologists.
Gården under Sandet or GUS, Danish for the farm under the sand, would become the first major Viking find in Greenland since the 1920s.
"GUS is beautifully preserved because, once it was buried, it was frozen," explains University of Alberta Anthropologist Dr. Charles Schweger. "Things that are perishable and normally disappear are found at GUS."
A specialist in Arctic paleo-ecology and geo-archeology, Schweger joined the international archeological team that would spend the next seven years sifting through sand at GUS.
The famous Viking, Eric the Red, probably didn't know where he was headed when, adrift on the North Atlantic in 981 AD, he bumped into the southern coast of Greenland. Eric returned to Iceland three years later and enticed about 500 fellow Vikings to follow him and settle the new country.
"The Norse arrived in Greenland 1,000 years ago and became very well established," says Schweger, describing the Viking farms and settlements that crowded the southeast and southwest coasts of Greenland for almost 400 years.
"The Greenland settlements were the most distant of all European medieval sites in the world," said Schweger. "Then the Norse disappear, and the question has always been: what happened?"
Time was not on the archeological team's side. Earlier digs had explored the southern tip of Greenland, the most settled area of the country where Eric the Red first landed. These early digs merely scratched the surface because the archeologists were interested in the buildings and architecture, not what lay beneath. The GUS site was up the West Coast, deep inside a fjord. The river was advancing, swallowing the site, so it was it was important to act quickly.
The University of Alberta, Greenland and the Danish government combined resources and pushed ahead on the first Greenland excavation since the 1930s. The team would excavate the complete site, looking at the entire history and development of the farm, not just the surface buildings.
Schweger recalls vividly the day the team uncovered GUS. Smells frozen in permafrost for 500 years exploded into the air. "It stunk to high heavens," says Schweger. "There was no question about this being a farm." The Viking ships that had brought Icelandic adventurers to Greenland may have been mini versions of Noah's Ark with sheep, goats, horses and Vikings sharing the crowded space. The Greenland Vikings raised sheep and fabricated woolen garments. The centre of the farm was a typical Viking longhouse, the communal building where Vikings gathered around the fire. The settlement flourished. In the North Atlantic, walrus, seal and whale were abundant and the Greenlanders made rope from walrus hide and controlled the European walrus tusk market.
Every summer, the team raced against the river. In 1998, when researchers finally abandoned GUS to the river, 90 per cent of the site had been excavated. Artifacts packaged and taken to the lab include pieces of cloth and sheep combs used to remove wool without shearing the animal. The site gave up metal hinges, locks, keys and wooden barrels. The Vikings appear to have traded their northern wares for metal and wooden products unavailable in Greenland. For them, a trip to Iceland or Norway was like a shopping spree at Home Hardware.
We know about Eric the Red and the Greenland settlement because years after the Vikings had given up their pagan ways, Snorri Sturluson collected Viking stories and penned the Icelandic sagas. "The Icelanders wrote everything down," says Schweger, puzzled that the literature says nothing about what happened to the Norse in Greenland.
What did happen? Theories abound. Tryggvi Oleson in his 1963 book, Early Voyages and Northern Approaches, proposed a theory which still has some credibility. He believed the Vikings and northern aboriginal people intermarried to produce the unique Thule people, ancestors of the modern Eskimo.
One reigning expert on Norse extinction in Greenland is Dr. Thomas McGovern from City University of New York. McGovern is also chair of the North Atlantic Biocultural Organization, an international research association interested in the relationship between changing climate and people in the North Atlantic. He believes the Norse did not adapt completely to Greenland because they never adopted Inuit ring-seal hunting techniques. The Inuit used buoys or floats and hunted ring seal from kayaks or through the ice. These techniques do not appear in Norse culture. McGovern and other paleo-ecologists also believe the Norse were poor farmers.
But Schweger says the evidence comes from the southern or eastern settlement where the excavations only looked at the surface. "There is a lot of sediment thrown around, and it suggests to these researchers that the Norse were poor farmers. The theory is poor agricultural practices caused the sod to break up, and the winds eroded this and blew sand all over the landscape."
While Danish and Greenland researchers look at GUS buildings and artifacts, the U of A's role is to study organic material. Cross-sections of the GUS soil contain evidence that challenge McGovern's theories and offer brand-new understanding of the Vikings in Greenland.
"The ring seal is only one species of seal. The Norse hunted everything else - walrus, whales, harbour seals," says Schweger, moving quickly to part two of his McGovern challenge. The argument that the Vikings were poor farmers doesn't make sense upon close examination of the GUS organic material. "There is no evidence that they were destroying their fields. Quite the opposite. They were improving upon them."
It is not surprising that the Greenland Vikings chose to farm at the mouth of a fjord. The Vikings who settled Iceland and later moved to Greenland were originally from Norway, where farming technology grew up around fjords. The centre of a fjord farm is a meadow where animals graze during winter months.
Cross-sections of the GUS soil show the Vikings began their settlement by burning off Birch brush to form a meadow. Over the next 300 to 400 years, the meadow soil steadily improved its nutritional qualities, showing that the Greenland Vikings weren't poor farmers, as McGovern and others have suggested. "At GUS, the amount of organic matter and the quality of soil increased and sustained farming for 400 years," says Schweger. "If they were poor farmers, then virtually all the farming in North America is poor farming."
Schweger believes the sand that packaged and preserved GUS, also ruined the site, polluting the river the Vikings relied on for fresh water. The soil was healthy and nutritious. Then, suddenly, farming stopped and the soil was encapsulated in sand.
A massive ice sheet covers about 85 per cent of Greenland, about 2,600,000 cubic kilometres of ice - enough to raise sea levels by 6.4 metres if it were to melt. Sheets of ice sliding down the mountain toward GUS may have pushed sand over the eastern coast of Greenland, burying the Viking settlements. The sand slide was probably a major catastrophic event, comparable to an earthquake.
The Danish Antiquity Society will publish the GUS findings once the international lab results have been tabulated and debated. The team that sifted through sand summer after summer may tell the world new stories about the Vikings who farmed and traded in the North Atlantic then suddenly, and inexplicably, disappeared.


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Job Description: Resident Assistant
A significant amount of the education one receives while a college student takes place outside the formal classroom setting. Gonzaga University believes strongly in this fact and is thus committed to providing an intentional and significant residential experience for students. For students in University residence halls, this learning is influenced much of the time by the personal relationships, the environment, and the programs developed in one's hall. Residence Life staff members are selected based on their maturity, leadership qualities, experience and interest in maximizing the experience of GU students and staff.
As a part time member of the Division of Student Development, the residence hall staff member is the representative of the University who interacts most directly with campus students. The role of each staff member is to work collaboratively to develop an environment in their assigned community, block, and across campus which is conducive to academic achievement, good scholarship and intellectual stimulation while promoting the integration of social, emotional, life-planning, political, identity, cultural, and spiritual growth. To do all this requires energy, self-discipline, the ability to observe, a knowledge of resources to assist in performance of the job, effective communication skills, the ability to establish good rapport and a sense of commitment to the mission and goals of the University, Division of Student Development, Office of Housing and Residence Life and their particular staff team.
The residence life staff position is part job and part campus leader. Persons selected to become RAs bring abilities in the areas of 1) Interpersonal Skills, 2) Personal Leadership Development, 3) Cognitive Complexity, and 4) Intercultural Competence. Additionally they can expect to be challenged to grow in these areas. Students selected to become RAs will be expected by their colleagues, supervisors and the Department to fulfill the duties of the position. Conversely, RAs can expect to receive ongoing training and support in order to be as successful as possible for themselves and for their residents.
The following position description outlines specific expectations of RAs and defines them within each of the above mentioned areas.
This is defined by a sense of personal self-awareness and an understanding of how an individual impacts others in their circle of influence (including supervisors, team members, residents, the GU community, and persons outside the campus). Expectations in this area include:
1. Effective verbal, non-verbal, and written communication
a. Meeting regularly in 1-1 setting with supervising RD and ARD
b. Building personal relationships with a diverse population of residents
c. Responding articulately and promptly to email communication
2. An understanding of and an ability to implement positive and respectful conflict resolution techniques
a. Working proactively to mediate roommate and interpersonal conflicts among residents
3. The ability to actively reflect on and propose solutions to complex problems
a. Confronting violations of the Ethos statement and Code of Conduct in an unbiased and caring manner
b. Working collaboratively with students in actual and perceived crisis and communicating with appropriate persons
4. A developed "welcoming spirit" that exudes approachability to all persons in all situations
a. Demonstrate a personable and confident attitude toward others
b. Encourage the building of relationships between residents and among community members
Personal Leadership Development
This is defined by having the ability to articulate one's leadership style and how that may impact roles on staff, in class, and in future vocational opportunities. Expectations in this area include:
1. Effectively managing time commitments and successfully navigating the expectations of each of these commitments whether they are academic, personal, co-curricular, or position related
a. Committing to less than 10 hours per week in non-RA leadership positions or outside employment
b. Maintaining a 2.5 cumulative GPA throughout time on staff
c. Prioritizing required campus-wide staff meetings, block meetings, 1-1 meetings, and responsibilities with block council and RHA
d. Complete rounds on designated duty weekday and weekend nights
2. An ability to maintain personal balance in mind, body, and spirit
3. An acute sense of self-awareness that reflects the ability to identify how ones personal strengths and weaknesses may positively or negatively impact relationships and work situations
4. An ethical congruency between stated personal values and actions.
a. Role modeling community standards, strong personal values, and positive relationships
5. A servant leadership approach to the on-campus residents, the greater GU campus, the Spokane community, and the world in which we live.
a. Encourage resident participation in hall, building, Gonzaga and Spokane communities
b. Develop programs using the Residence Life model of YOU, YOU and Your Community, YOU and Your World, YOU and Your Spirituality
This is defined by the capacity to comprehend complex systems and follow logical progressions to desired outcomes. Expectations in this area include:
1. Understanding and being able to navigate systems
a. Brainstorming, developing, implementing and evaluating a minimum of 8 programs per semester
b. Assisting RD and other staff in building openings and closings each semester
c. Maintaining in-semester resident check-in and check-out information as needed
d. Overseeing hall facilities and amenities during the academic year
2. Comprehending training exercises and being able to apply knowledge to correctly follow departmental and university procedures
a. Actively participating in weekly staff meetings, development opportunities and evaluative processes
b. Enrolling in RA Class in Spring Semester prior to 1st semester on-staff
c. Attending mandatory Fall Training in August and Winter Retreat in January
3. A developing ability to identify and utilize internal and external resources for discovering additional information, learning new skills and solving problems
a. Recognizing students in crisis or those who exhibit concerning behaviors
b. Synthesizing and reporting student issues or building wide concerns to appropriate University officials
This is defined by an acceptance of, an appreciation for, and an ability to communicate with people different from oneself. Expectations in this area include:
1. Searching for one's own spirituality and a recognition of the role that spirituality plays in the lives of others
a. Gaining an understanding of the Jesuit history, legacy and mission of Gonzaga University
2. An openness to diversity of all kinds and a willingness to engage others in dialogue about issues of diversity
a. Showing a curiosity and desire to know residents of all backgrounds, experiences, beliefs or culture
3. A growing understanding of cross-cultural concerns and how cultural differences affect understanding, patterns of thinking, and personal behavior
a. Ensuring that students from different backgrounds, experiences, belief systems or cultures understand Gonzaga, its ways, systems and beliefs.
4. An ability to challenge biased and other unacceptable behavior toward others
a. Actively confronting and reporting all incidents of bias
* Maintain a cumulative GPA of 2.50 or higher while on staff
* Live in assigned on-campus residence for full academic year (excluding Winter Break).
* Be enrolled as a full-time student (12 undergraduate credits or 6 graduate credits)
* Follow all guidelines and expectations found in the GU Student Handbook, Housing Contract, RA Contract and RA Manual
* Complete 2 semester as a residential student at Gonzaga or other University prior to beginning work as a RA.
* Hold less than 10 hours of extracurricular leadership activities or outside employment per week (candidates who will be student teaching, have an off-campus academic internship or practicum may apply, however the significant time expectations of these experiences will be taking into consideration during the hiring process)
A designated Residence Director (RD) or Graduate Residence Director (GRD) supervises each RA staff member. There are set number of blocks on campus that have a corresponding RD, Assistant Residence Director (ARD), and Resident Assistants (RAs). The RD and ARD work collaboratively in the management and supervision of facilities, residents, and RAs. Because each block has different needs and different people bring unique skills and passions to the position, the duties of a RA may vary slightly across blocks.


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You will need:
A round balloon
Tape (regular )
Construction paper or Large Wiggle Eyes
String or yarn
A craft knife
Goodies to fill the Pinata
Warning: This project is messy!! Spread newspapers around the workspace!!
Warning Two: This project will probably require two days!!
Step One - Blow up the balloon and tie a knot at the end. Tear newspapers into strips about 1 inch wide and about 6 inches long. Pour some of the glue into a disposable bowl or a bowl you don't mind soaking in water for a long while. Dip the newspaper strips into the glue and spread them onto the balloon. Thoroughly cover the balloon. Let the first layer dry.
Step Two - Repeat Step One two more times.
Step Three - Lay the dry balloon on its side so it forms an oval shape. Cut a hole about 2 inches across on the top of the oval (see Diagram A). If scissors don't work you may want to have mom or dad use a knife. DO NOT use a knife without an adult present!!! Save the piece you cut out. Carefully, pop the balloon (if it's not already popped) and take it out. Cut two more very small holes in the body on each side of the big hole. Place the hole for the front a little closer to the big hole than the hole for the rear so your pinata will balance well (see Diagram A). Cut two pieces of string or yarn about 18 inches long. Tie a knot at the end of both string and bring up through the holes. Tie the ends of the strings together with a secure knot. (You can save tying the ends together until you have finished decorating if you wish.)
Step Four - Now you have a big decision to make. If you want to use your pinata for a decoration, tape the piece you cut out back to the rest of the pinata. If you want to fill your pinata with goodies and play the pinata game, do not tape the piece back onto the pinata. Save it, however, to decorate separately.
Step Five - Paint your pinata green. Let the paint dry.
Step Six - Print out two copies of the Pinata Patterns.
Step Seven - Cut out the frog pinata patterns. You may need to adjust the size of the pattern to fit your frog. Use the patterns to make arms and legs out of cardboard. Paint the arms and legs. Let dry.
Step Eight - Glue the arms and legs to the body of the pinata. Let the glue dry.
Step Nine - Glue on very large wiggle eyes or eyes cut from construction paper.
Step Ten - If you have decided to use your pinata for the pinata game, you want to fill it up with goodies (candy, small toys, whatever you like). Take the piece you saved from the top and carefully tape it back on the body with clear tape. Cover the top piece with strips of paper. If you haven't done so before, tie the ends of your hanging string together with a secure knot.
Step Twelve - Enjoy your pinata OR play the pinata game. Hang the pinata up from the ceiling. Each child takes a turn trying to break the pinata. Blindfold the child who's turn it is. Give the child a stick (a broom handle works well). Turn the child around in a circle 2 or 3 times and point him or her in the direction of the pinata. The child gets to swing the stick 2 or 3 times. Make sure everyone else stands clear of the swinging stick, including the grown-ups!!! Then another child gets a turn. When someone breaks the pinata, all the children get to gather the goodies. You might want to have little paper bags with each child's name on them so the kids have a place to store their goodies for the remainder of the party and a way to carry everything home.
Bry-Back Manor/Garden Fun/Frogs


text:
Students must complete the Military Social Work Culture Seminar Course. The students will
have two weeks to complete this seminar
Each instructor will provide log in information to
each student. Students must also submit a
2 page typed paper summarizing your learning from this training that may influence your future practices as a social worker. write in the first person,
specific areas( suicide rate in the military, PTSD(rate o PTSD is 11, 20 %) and women in the military) discuss how each will influence your practice as a social worker.
Provide examples of these areas and specific experiences, readings or discussions to
support your analysis.
Show an awareness of the emotional impact of these experiences, issues and topics (i.e.
counter transference, relating personally or professionally to the topic on an emotional
Specifically discuss new insights and awareness.
Clearly discuss the influence of these insights on future practices as a social worker.


text:
Let $X$ be a normal, projective variety (can take $X$ to be a hypersurface in a projective space) of dimension at least $3$. Let $L$ be a very ample line bundle on $X$, hence base-point free. What can we say about the singularity of a general element of the linear system $|L|$? For example, can a general element be smooth or has singularities of codimension at least $2$?
1. General hypersurface of a normal variety is normal;
see ''The hyperplane sections of normal varieties'', Seidenberg, A. (1950), Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 69(2), 357-386. (the main result is in the 2ed line page 358). It is true in any characteristic.
In the case of positive characteristic, the following is known:
2. The general hypersurface of a quasi-projective 3-fold with terminal (resp.~canonical, klt) singularities has the same singularities;
see Main Theorem of "General hyperplane sections of threefolds in positive characteristic", Sato, Kenta, and Shunsuke Takagi, Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu (2018): 1-15.
Remark: Terminal singularity implies the singular locus is at least codimension 3. In particular, surface with terminal singularities is smooth. The above is true in char $=0$ and higher dimensional case; see Lemma 5.17(1), Kollar and Mori's book: Birational geometry of algebraic varieties.
Caution: Bertini theorem for base point free linear systems fails in positive characteristics. In higher dimensional, we don't have the tools of resolution of singularities and also the minimal model program. So the above is still open I think.


text:
TRIM THE TREE
A holiday game for 1-5 players
by Jeffrey D. Allers
If you like puzzle games, or if you simply enjoy the surprise of seeing what kinds of ornaments are in each box as you decorate your Christmas tree, you might enjoy "Trim the Tree." Play alone or with up to 4 opponents and try to score the most points by having the tree with the most balanced decorations in color and shape.
5 Christmas Tree boards:
5 Star scoring markers:
5 Star scoring markers:
80 Ornament counters (in 4 different shapes and 4 different colors):
1 Ornament Box tile with overview of the scoring:
Each player takes a Christmas Tree and a Star.
Place the Star next to the scoring space marked „0" on the Tree.
With only 3 players, take one set of 16 Ornaments out of the game.
With only 2 players, take out two sets (32 Ornaments total).
If playing solataire, take out 3 sets (or 4 sets for a more calculating version).
Place all the remaining Ornaments in the Bag and give to the starting player.
Place the Ornament Box in the middle.
1) Open a box of Ornaments: the starting player draws as many Ornaments from the Bag as the number of players and places them on the Box.
2) Trimming the Tree: starting with the starting player and continuing clockwise, each player chooses an Ornament from the Box and places it on an empty space on her Tree.
A space is represented by the intersection of 2 or 3 lines on the Tree.
After the first Ornament is placed, players must place each new Ornament on a space adjacent to an Ornament already on her Tree.
3) Scoring: if an Ornament placed completes one or more triangles on the Tree, that player may score points for the triangle(s) if all 3 Ornaments in each triangle are of a different color and shape.
One triangle completed in this ways scores 1 point. If an Ornament completes two triangles, and each of these includes Ornaments of different colors and shapes (but Ornaments of one triangle may match the color and or shape of Ornaments of the other triangle), the two triangles score 3 points. Three triangles completed by the same ornament score 5 points. Four triangles score 7 points. Five triangles score 9 points. And six triangles score 11 points.
See Ornament Box for a summary of the scoring.
Any points scored by completed triangles are marked by moving the Star along the outside of the Tree so that it points to that player's current score.
Example: a player places a blue box ornament that completes two triangles on his tree at the same time. One triangle has a red bell and a yellow candle, the other has a blue bulb and red candle. The first triangle scores because all of the ornaments are of a different color and shape. The second triange does not score because it has two blue ornaments. The player scores 1 point total for the two completed triangles and moves his star one space around his tree. If that player had placed a purple box instead of a blue one, he would have scored 3 points total for both triangles.
Note: a player must always place an Ornament from the Box. The last player in the round does not have a choice as to which Ornament to take.
BEGINNING THE NEXT ROUND:
After the last Ornament is taken from the Box, pass the Bag to the player on the left.
END OF GAME:
When all the Christmas Trees are filled with Ornaments, the game ends. The player with the highest score places her Star on the Tree and wins the game. If there is more than one player tied for the highest score, the tied players share the victory.
The original idea and first prototype originated naturally at Christmastime several years back, when I found some nice wooden bits and Christmas tree-shaped box at a local hobby shop. Seasonal games are notoriously difficult to market, and publishers usually avoid them, so my motivation was strictly personal--to create a fun game for myself, friends and family to play over the holidays. The early version pictured above actually works fine as a game, but did not have the elegance and efficiency I was looking for. So, just as I have done every year this time of year, I brought out the bits and began thinking again about changes I could make. This year, in the interest of improving the design, I finally "let go" of my beautiful bits in favor of cardboard counters (or one could print the ornaments on wooden or plastic chips as well), and I think this is much more "my type of game," if there is such a thing.
And since I doubted a publisher would be interested, I decided to "self-publish" on my blog. Enjoy!


text:
Property, Plant and Equipment (PPE) are the fixed assets of the companyFixed assets are also known as non-current assets.
Property, plant, and equipment includes assets that will - in the normal course of business - neither be used up in the next year nor will become a part of any product sold to customers.
Some of the most common parts of property, plant, and equipment are:
Buildings (and leasehold improvements)
Companies with lots of property, plant, and equipment often have special categories. For example, railroad property includes:
There is often a note in the financial statements - found in a companys 10-K - that will explain the different categories of property a company owns.
The market value of property, plant, and equipment can differ tremendously from the book value of property, plant, and equipment.
For example, when Berkshire Hathaway liquidated its textile mills, it had to pay the buyers of the companys manufacturing equipment to haul the equipment away. That property, plant, and equipment was literally worth less than zero. On the other hand, some companies own thousands of acres of land.
All property, plant, and equipment other than land is depreciated. Land is never depreciated. However, land is not marked up to market value either. Under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), land is shown on the balance sheet at cost.
The property, plant, and equipment line shown on the balance sheet is usually net property, plant, and equipment. This means it is the cost of the property, plant, and equipment less accumulated depreciation.


Speak the truth even when your voice shakes quote
Speak the truth even when your voice shakes quote
WHO SAID speak the truth even if your voice shakes?
These just zap energy and waste time." The phrase "Speak the truth, even if your voice shakes" has been appearing frequently, which led me to find its source: Maggie Kuhn, founder of the Gray Panthers. The whole quote is worth your attention: "Leave safety behind. Put your body on the line.
Did RBG say speak your mind even if your voice shakes?
" Speak your mind, even if your voice shakes." The tributes to Ruth Bader Ginsburg's accomplishments abound and make for inspiring reading.
Why does my voice shake when I present?
' It's one of the most common speech anxiety symptoms. Many, many people suffer from a shaky voice and hands when nervous – and even shaky voice anxiety long before the presentation has begun. When our brain releases adrenaline, it increases our heart rate and causes shaky hands or voice, dry mouth and sweating.
What does it mean to speak your truth?
When Winfrey and others say, " Speak your truth," they typically mean something more like: Share your perspective, tell your story, open up about your experience. But in an America some call "posttruth," semantics matter.
How do you fix a shaky voice?
This problem is simply caused by irregular breathing. You can easily eliminate a shaking or cracking voice by slowing your speaking rate and gaining control of your breathing rate. Focus on someone comforting in the audience. Intentionally slow your speech, inhale, and lower the pitch of your voice as you continue.
You might be interested: Father time is undefeated quote
What does personal truth mean?
Personal truth is something you believe is true. It's part of my Personal Truth, and if I believe it, I need to live it out. Personal truths are unique, and based on your perspective and life experiences.
Why is it important to speak your truth?
We often hear that it's important to speak your truth — to express your honest feelings, thoughts, and perceptions. We don't want to be codependent and conceal our true feelings in order to protect or placate others. Intimacy cannot thrive in a climate of emotional dishonesty and inauthenticity.
What are the benefits of speaking truth?
Benefits Of Telling The Truth You don't have to remember your lies. You'll earn trust and respect. You'll create deeper connections with people. You'll feel more confident. Trust creates opportunities. Lying takes energy. You won't get caught lying. Truth attracts truth.
Molly Blast
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text:
Arcs, Cevians, Tangents
Theorem 4.5 The lines tangent to the circumcircle of a triangle at its vertices cut the opposite sides in three collinear points.
The proof in the text is as follows: Let the tangent to the circumcircle at A meet line BC at L. Then Angle BAL is congruent to angle C since each angle is measured by half of arc AB. *****That would be fine, but I don't know how they determine this... *****. Also we have that angle LAC = 180 - angle ABC, since these angles are measured by halves of the two opposite arcs AC. *****Again, I am lacking the theorem which is used to deduce this******.... the rest of the proof is trivial and I don't need help with it.
Can someone please give me the theorems they use for those parts of the proof.
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It's elementary theorem that angles on the circumference of the circle 'looking' at the same arc of that circle are themselves equal. (the proof is a bit long but if necessary I can try to write it, try this Circumferential Angle Is Half Corresponding Central Angle ; the theorem works for any circumferential angle.)
BAL is 'looking' at the arc AB but is degenerated.
When you know this you can find the second part easily just observing the angles ABC and the angle at A 'looking' at arc AC.
Sorry if my English was bad.


gmx rdf
Main Table of Contents VERSION 5.0.7
gmx rdf [-f [<.xtc/.trr/...>]] [-s [<.tpr/.tpb/...>]] [-n [<.ndx>]]
 [-o [<.xvg>]] [-cn [<.xvg>]] [-hq [<.xvg>]] [-nice ] [-b
The structure of liquids can be studied by either neutron or X-ray scattering. The most common way to describe liquid structure is by a radial distribution function. However, this is not easy to obtain from a scattering experiment.
gmx rdf calculates radial distribution functions in different ways. The normal method is around a (set of) particle(s), the other methods are around the center of mass of a set of particles (-com) or to the closest particle in a set (-surf). With all methods, the RDF can also be calculated around axes parallel to the z-axis with option -xy. With option -surf normalization can not be used.
The option -rdf sets the type of RDF to be computed. Default is for atoms or particles, but one can also select center of mass or geometry of molecules or residues. In all cases, only the atoms in the index groups are taken into account. For molecules and/or the center of mass option, a run input file is required. Weighting other than COM or COG can currently only be achieved by providing a run input file with different masses. Options -com and -surf also work in conjunction with -rdf.
If a run input file is supplied (-s) and -rdf is set to atom, exclusions defined in that file are taken into account when calculating the RDF. The option -cut is meant as an alternative way to avoid intramolecular peaks in the RDF plot. It is however better to supply a run input file with a higher number of exclusions. For e.g. benzene a topology, setting nrexcl to 5 would eliminate all intramolecular contributions to the RDF. Note that all atoms in the selected groups are used, also the ones that don't have Lennard-Jones interactions.
Option -cn produces the cumulative number RDF, i.e. the average number of particles within a distance r.
Options to specify input and output files:
Trajectory: xtc trr cpt trj gro g96 pdb tng
-s [<.tpr/.tpb/...>] (topol.tpr) (Input, Optional)
Structure+mass(db): tpr tpb tpa gro g96 pdb brk ent
-n [<.ndx>] (index.ndx) (Input, Optional)
Index file
-o [<.xvg>] (rdf.xvg) (Output)
xvgr/xmgr file
-cn [<.xvg>] (rdf_cn.xvg) (Output, Optional)
xvgr/xmgr file
-hq [<.xvg>] (hq.xvg) (Output, Optional)
xvgr/xmgr file
Other options:
-nice (19)
Set the nicelevel
-b (0)
First frame (ps) to read from trajectory
-e (0)
Last frame (ps) to read from trajectory
-dt (0)
-[no]w (no)
-xvg (xmgrace)
xvg plot formatting: xmgrace, xmgr, none
-bin (0.002)
Binwidth (nm)
-[no]com (no)
RDF with respect to the center of mass of first group
-surf (no)
RDF with respect to the surface of the first group: no, mol, res
-rdf (atom)
RDF type: atom, mol_com, mol_cog, res_com, res_cog
-[no]pbc (yes)
Use periodic boundary conditions for computing distances. Without PBC the maximum range will be three times the largest box edge.
-[no]norm (yes)
Normalize for volume and density
-[no]xy (no)
Use only the x and y components of the distance
-cut (0)
Shortest distance (nm) to be considered
-ng (1)
Number of secondary groups to compute RDFs around a central group
-fade (0)
From this distance onwards the RDF is tranformed by g'(r) = 1 + [g(r)-1] exp(-(r/fade-1)^2 to make it go to 1 smoothly. If fade is 0.0 nothing is done.


text: Teradata Intelligent Memory enables users to configure the exact amount of in-memory capability needed for critical workloads. It predictively places the most frequently used data into memory, then automatically updates and synchronizes it. Access to data in-memory eliminates disk I/O bottlenecks and query delays, and increases system throughput. It is three orders of magnitude faster than access to hard disk drives. Virtual storage provides an automated lifecycle management process where the least used data is migrated to less expensive drives.


text:
Mathspigs you are about to be hit on the head with some BALL PARK figures. There is so much maths involved in comparing cricket and baseball I hardly know where to begin. So I will just set you up with comparative statistics for starters. Here they are:
You now have sufficient information to calculate the following:
Q1. If a cricket player makes 4 runs (and runs between the wickets) and a baseball player hits a home run, who runs the furtherest?
ANS: 4 runs in cricket distance = 80.48 m
Home run in baseball distance = 109.6 m
Q2. What are the delivery ball speeds of an average pitcher and a mid paced bowler in m/sec?
ANS: Average Bowler Ball Speed = 110 – 125 km/h = 30.5 – 34.7 m/sec
Average pitcher Ball Speed = 80.47 km/h = 22.4 m/sec
Q3. How far would the delivery of an average pitcher and a medium paced bowler travel in 10 seconds?
S = d/t
t = 10 secs:
d = S x t = S x 10
ANS: In 10 sec a ball bowled by an average bowler would travel 305 – 347 M
In 10 sec a ball thrown by an average pitcher would travel 224 m
Q4. If Shoaib Akhar fielded a ball in cricket 20 m from the wicket when the batsman was still 8m from the wicket (A typical running speed for humans is 32 km/h) would he be able to run him out?
Akhar ball speed S = 45.0 m/sec
d = 20 m
S = d/t
t = d/S
t = 20/ 45.0
t = 0.44 secs
Batsman Speed = 32 km/h = 8.9 m/sec
How far can the batsman run in 0.44 secs?
d = S x t
d = 8.9 x 0.44 = 3.9 m
So batsman would be easily run out by Akhar as he is 8 m from the crease.
Q5. How long would it take a ball thrown by Joel Zumaya to reach the batsman if the pitchers mound was exactly in the middle of the baseball square?
ANS: Speed of ball pitched by Zumaya = 168.65 km/h = 46.8 m/sec
Q6. Which sport is more dangerous?
We will base our calculations on the speed (or velocity) and the weight (or mass) of the ball. We must use the same units in all calculations. For each sport plot x-axis: velocity of ball (v) against y-axis mass x velocity (mv) of the ball. mv is the momentum. In ballistics the change in momentum is called the IMPULSE (impact for us). If you are hit on the head with a ball it is the change in momentum of the ball that does the damage. A small ball at a high speed can do as much damage as a larger ball at a slower speed. We are not including spin, curve balls or air resistance to keep calculations straight forward … literally!!!
Now that you have your graph you can answer these questions:
Q6a. Which sport for professional players is the most dangerous?
You will have to look at the graph. A cricket ball is heavier than a baseball BUT the fastest pitchers can pitch a ball slightly faster than bowlers can bowl. IMPACT (mv) depends on multiplying mass by velocity. You will see the stats for Akhar and Zumaya marked on the graph and you can use these stats to estimate impact.
BUT then there is the impact of batting, which increases the velocity of the ball. That will have to wait for another post.
Q6b. At what speed does a cricket ball do the same damage as a baseball? Give one example. (Hint: Draw a straight line from the Y-axis)
Once again look at the graph above!
Pics: Tim Lincecum (Left) with 101 mph pitch, Shane Warne (Upper Right) and Shoaib Akhtar (Lower Left)


text:
- Cambridge Teacher's Passport
- English language Teaching Jobs Abroad
Cambridge Teacher's Passport is your Teacher identity; recognized and accepted world over as a proof of your Teaching capabilities and language proficiency with Cambridge Certifications.
Cambridge Teacher's passport is a series of qualifications for English and Subject Teachers that enhances your job prospects and employability chances all over the world.
For English Language teaching Cambridge Teacher's Passport qualifications include:
1. CERTIFICATE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING-PRIMARY/SECONDARY (CELT P/S):
CELT is an English Language Teaching Qualification by Cambridge. CELT P is ideal for teachers at Primary level and CELT S is for Secondary level teachers.
2. CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH ADVANCE (CAE):
Cambridge English Advance (CAE) is an English language proficiency qualification accredited by University of Cambridge.
3. TEACHING KNOWLEDGE TEST (TKT):
TKT is a series of internationally recognised modular teaching qualiﬁcations, which test your knowledge in a speciﬁc area of English
View Program Information
This program has not been reviewed yet.


text:
By Bjorn Fehrm
September 13, 2018, © Leeham News.: Last week we began an article series looking at the cost equation for an airliner. We discussed the different costs and how these would be affected by airline type and operating area.
Now we calculated the different costs for a Legacy airline operating either in the US, West Europe or Asia.
- The Narrowbody operated by a legacy carrier has high Aiport costs as it frequently take-offs and lands on major airports.
- For the Widebody operation, the fuel and capital costs are higher than Navigation and Airport fees. The differences in how the US, Europe and Asia handle en route navigation fees creates a large Navigation cost difference between the geographies.
To read the rest of the article Login or Subscribe today.


text:
Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome
- 1 Disease Entity
- 2 Diagnosis
- 3 Management
- 4 Additional Resources
- 5 References
Disease Entity[edit | edit source]
Disease[edit | edit source]
Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS) occurs secondary to infection with the yeast form of Histoplasma capsulatum. The disease is characterized by atrophic chorioretinal scars (Figure 1), peripapillary atrophy (PPA) (Figure 2), and the absence of vitritis. POHS is asymptomatic until choroidal neovascularization (CNV) or sequelae such as disciform scars develop (Figure 3).
Etiology[edit | edit source]
There is considerable controversy over the cause of POHS. Classically, POHS is causedby infection with the yeast form of H. capsulatum, which is a dimorphic fungus that lives in the soil. It is endemic to states that contain the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys. Although distributed worldwide, POHS has only been reported in a few non-U.S. countries including Mexico, India, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.It is carried on the feathers of chickens, pigeons, and blackbirds as well as in the droppings from infected bats. Infection in humans occurs after inhalation of the spore or conidia form, followed by hematogenous spread of the organism to the choroid. The link between H. capsulatum and POHS comes from epidemiological studies where POHS was linked to a positive histoplasmin skin antigen test. However, a study in the Netherlands found that all patients with clinical POHS were histoplasmin skin antigen test negative.
Since POHS is linked to HLA haplotypes DRw2 and B7, some hypothesize that it could also represent an autoimmune inflammatory reaction triggered by certain organisms, including H. capsulatum. HLA DRw2 has been found in higher concentrations in patients with disciform and peripheral scars compared to the normal population. Similarly, nearly 78% of patients with clinical POHS and macular disciformm scars in at least one eye are positive for HLA-B7. The absence of vitritis in the clinical criteria for POHS also supports an inflammatory rather than an active infectious etiology.
Risk Factors[edit | edit source]
POHS is more common in patients who live in areas endemic to H. capsulatum, including the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys. It is estimated that 60% of the adult population test positive to histoplasmin by skin antigen test, yet only 1.5% of those patients demonstrate the typical chorioretinal lesions. Of those patients with typical chorioretinal lesions, only 3.8% of patients progress to CNV.
General Pathology[edit | edit source]
Evaluation of typical chorioretinal lesions by light microscopy demonstrates no fungal elements, however immunohistopathologic stains are positive for Histoplasma antigens at sites choroidal infiltration, where lymphocytes predominate. In addition to loss of outer retinal layers and the retinal pigment epithelium, adhesions between the outer retina and choroidal lesions have been found.
Pathophysiology[edit | edit source]
Hematogenous spread of H. capsulatum to the choroid causes an inflammatory reaction and invasion of the choroid, leading to a chorioretinal atrophic scar. These chorioretinal scars have breaks in Bruch's membrane. If the chorioretinal scar is in the macula or peripapillary region, it is predisposed to CNV. Fibrovascular tissue invades the break in Bruch's membrane, causing an infiltrate that includes vascular endothelium, retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptors, and inflammatory cells between the retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch's membrane. This fibrovascular membrane comprises vision-threatening CNV.
Primary prevention[edit | edit source]
No primary prevention is possible for POHS. Monitoring for signs and symptoms of CNV from POHS can be accomplished through amsler grid screening and routine dilated fundoscopic exam of both eyes.
Identified risk factors for developing CNV in POHS include smoking, low levels of formal education, and increasing age. Studies have shown that former or current smokers are nearly three times more likely to develop a CNVthan controls. The association between low educational level and higher likelihood of developing CNV is likely related to greater exposure to secondhand smoke. The strong association between increased age and CNV formation has been attributed to the longer duration for CNV development, weaker integrity of Bruch's membrane, and a decreased potential for DNA repair. Patients with PPA have a CNV risk of 4% compared to 25% for macular histo spots.
Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
The diagnosis of POHS is based upon fundoscopic exam for the four cardinal features and fluorescein angiography for characterization of CNV.
History[edit | edit source]
Patients typically present in their 2nd to 5th decade of life. There is no gender predisposition to POHS. Many case reports have demonstrated that clinical findings of POHS are more common in Caucasian patients compared with black or Hispanic patients. It is pertinent to ask where the patient has lived, especially with regards to the Mississippi and Ohio river valley region.
Physical examination[edit | edit source]
Slit lamp examination and dilated fundoscopic exam are necessary for diagnosis.
Signs[edit | edit source]
Three characteristic findings of POHS are typically found on fundoscopic exam: multiple white atrophic chorioretinal scars or histo spots (Figure 1), PPA (Figure 2), and the absence of vitritis. These findings may or may not be associated with CNV (Figure 3), which often appears as greenish-yellow subretinal discoloration with a surrounding pigmented ring at the macula. Confluent atrophic chorioretinal scars in a linear or curvilinear pattern of variable length, width, and pigmentation can be found in the mid-periphery in approximately 5% of patients (Figure 4). In advanced cases, CNV can progress to a disciform scar with subretinal fibrovascular tissue. POHS changes can be found bilaterally in up to 60% of cases.
Symptoms[edit | edit source]
Prior to CNV development, POHS is asymptomatic. POHS often presents with the classic symptoms of CNV, including painless vision loss, metamorphopsia, blurred central vision, and central or paracentral scotomas.
Diagnostic procedures[edit | edit source]
Fluorescein angiography (FA) can assist in the diagnosis of POHS. Peripapillary and chorioretinal atrophy can be identified with a window defect pattern of hyperfluorescence. CNV as a result of POHS will demonstrate the same patterns on FA as other etiologies of choroidal neovascularization, with leakage of fluorescein dye that increases in intensity with expanding borders. Indocyanine green angiography (ICG) can be helpful for elucidating occult CNV. On early ICG, there will be increased hyperfluorescencee as a result of new, disorganized choriocapillaris.
Optical coherence tomography provides additional information regarding the location and extent of CNV as well as a modality to monitor disease activity. On spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), histo spots correspond to focal areas of outer retinal atrophy. There is disorganization of the outer retinal hyperreflective bands as compared with normal surrounding retina. Similar findings are observed in patients with PPA.
With regards to infrared imaging, PPA appears as a hyperreflective irregular halo around the optic nerve head. Disciform scars and macular histo spots also appear as hyper-reflective and irregular areas. Fundus autofluorescence can aid in detection of small, nonpigmented macular chorioretinal scars, which are round and hypoautofluorescent in appearance.
Laboratory test[edit | edit source]
The histoplasmin skin antigen test can help to identify if a patient has been exposed to H. capsulatum. However, based upon the study from the Netherlands cohort as previously discussed, exposure to H. capsulatum is not necessary for the clinical findings of POHS. Furthermore, if the retinal findings are classic, histoplasmin testing is not performed routinely.
Differential diagnosis[edit | edit source]
The differential diagnosis of POHS includes other causes of CNV including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), degenerative myopia, angioid streaks, vitelliform macular dystrophy, and idiopathic CNV. The differential diagnosis also includes other causes of chorioretinitis including multifocal chorioretinitis, serpiginous choroiditis, bird shot chorioretinopathy, multiple evansescent white dot syndrome, acute multifocal plaquoid pigment epitheliopathy, toxoplasmosis, toxocariasis, rubella, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, and Behcet syndrome.
Management[edit | edit source]
General treatment[edit | edit source]
POHS without CNV is observed and counseling for monitoring of CNV. Because POHS is not truly an infectious process, early attempts at anti-fungal therapy yielded no benefit. Treatment is generally guided toward early detection of CNV via amsler grid screening and routine dilated fundoscopic exam. Once CNV develops, the approach is


text:
Welcome to Literato.es, your gateway to the enchanting world of poesias bonitas. Here, you will embark on a journey through the captivating realms of literature, uncovering the power of poetry to nourish and inspire the soul.
The Magic of Poesias Bonitas
Poesias bonitas, or beautiful poetry, possesses a unique ability to touch the deepest corners of our being. It transcends language barriers, resonating with emotions and experiences that connect us all as human beings. At Literato.es, we recognize the transformative power of poetic expression and strive to curate a diverse collection of poesias bonitas, ensuring both novices and seasoned poetry lovers can find solace and inspiration within our digital walls.
Books: Portals to Infinite Worlds
Books have long served as portals to infinite worlds of imagination, knowledge, and emotion. At Literato.es, we celebrate the written word in all its beauty and grandeur. Our carefully curated selection of books spans across genres, from classic literature to contemporary works, ensuring that every reader can find their literary oasis. Whether you seek adventure, romance, or profound introspection, our collection of poesias bonitas-infused books will transport you to worlds both familiar and unknown.
A Selection from our Bookstore
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Language holds immense power, allowing us to transcend our physical limitations and delve into the realms of emotions and ideas. Poesias bonitas form a conduit through which language reaches its peak, intertwining words and imagery to create an experience that transcends the ordinary. At Literato.es, we celebrate the beauty and depth of the Spanish language by showcasing a wide range of acclaimed poets, representing various regions and literary traditions.
Nurturing the Literary Spirit
Our mission at Literato.es extends beyond providing access to a vast collection of poesias bonitas and captivating books. We believe in nurturing the literary spirit and fostering a community of passionate readers and writers. Through our blog and events, we offer a platform for literary discussions and collaborations, enabling individuals to engage in meaningful conversations and ignite their creative spark.
Embrace the Beauty of Poesias Bonitas at Literato.es
Unlock the magic of poesias bonitas and embrace the transformative power of literature at Literato.es. Immerse yourself in the realm of beautiful poetry, explore the vast array of enriching books, and join a vibrant community of fellow literary enthusiasts. Let the power of words guide you towards new horizons of thought and emotion.
Keyword: Poesias Bonitas
Discover the beauty of Poesias Bonitas - explore the enchanting collection of poetry and literature at Literato.es, your ultimate destination for exquisite verse and captivating stories.
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Visit Literato.es and immerse yourself in the world of poesias bonitas. Let the beauty of language and the power of expressive words leave an indelible mark on your soul. Embark on a literary adventure like no other, for within the realm of poesias bonitas lie endless possibilities and profound revelations.


, lesions that involve the areas of the skull base and brain that are adjacent to the nose and sinuses have been removed via the nostril, without facial incisions. Using cameras and video equipment similar to that utilized for sinus surgery, these tumors can be removed without facial incisions. Because this technique may be significantly less painful, requires less traction on the brain and necessitates a shorter hospital stay it is an attractive option for some patients and tumors. It must be emphasized that this technique is not for all patients or tumors, however.
 Revised 4/2012
©American Rhinologic Society


text:
Jun 10, 2011 / ENERGY GLOBE Award
Project presentation - "Portable solar power"
In Bangladesh the day ends at 6 p.m. as the villages go dark. Without a source of light, working and reading are impossible: 75% of households in rural Bangladesh are not connected to the grid.
Rifat Turja of the FAROOQUI foundationsought a solution to this problem – and suddenly he saw daylight. According to the motto "Think simply and always positively", he developed his Multi-User Solar System.
Instead of mounting expensive solar panels on each house, a central photovoltaic base station is installed. It serves as the solar fueling station for the whole village. There the inhabitants draw solar energy with a portable battery that is charged in three to four hours. The integrated LED lamps then bring light into darkness four hours a day for a whole week. Then the 1/2-kilogram lightweight, which even children can carry easily, is recharged.
Utilizing the system costs nothing, and setup costs per household are less than 25% of a stand-alone solution. Now the houses have light. This means a better future for the children, who can now do their homework.
Portable solar power provides energy for the world, can be used everywhere, and is economical. This is energy for the future!
More information: _URL_


text:
Lessons learned: one year later after the earthquake and Tsunami
"The earthquake and tsunami struck Japan. It also struck at all societies across the world," declared UNESCO Director-General, Irina Bokova, during a ceremony to commemorate the first anniversary of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. This ceremony, held on 5 March, followed the designating of Japanese tea master Sen Genshitsu as UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador.
"I was struck by the courage and determination I saw everywhere during my visit (…) I saw this in children and university students, in parents and teachers, in local authorities and government officials," she continued, referring to her official trip to Japan last February.
During this official visit, which took place on the eve of the first anniversary of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, the Director-General conveyed a message of solidarity and highlighted the role of culture, education and scientific cooperation in the recovery process.
A charity concert for school children affected by the earthquake and tsunami, will take place at UNESCO Headquarters on 11 March. This anniversary concert is organized by La Maison de la Culture du Japon à Paris, JAPONAIDE and the International Staff Association of UNESCO, under the patronage of the Embassy of Japan in France and the Permanent Delegation of Japan to UNESCO.


5="B",IF(IF(F5"",F5,E5)="B",H5="B",OR(H5="M", H5="B"))) and found your article. I had to remove the check for "Ignore Blanks" and check for blanks myself like this, =IF(IF(D5"",D5,C5)"F",OR(H5="B",TRIM(H5)=""),IF(IF(F5"",F5,E5)="B",or(H5="B",TRIM(H5)=""),OR(H5="M", H5="B",TRIM(H5)=""))) because D5 and F5 did contain blanks making it possible to enter anything even though the formula itself returned a 'False'. You pointed me in the right direction.
 12. ABA says:
 Try use this formula for custom validation which prevent any input which start phrase "XYZ" in Cell A1: =search("xyz",A1,1)=1
 13. Lisa says:
 Thanks for the instructions! How should a data validation formula look if I'm trying to specify that cells in a particular column should be formatted in either MMDDYEAR or MMDDYEAR ## format? 01, 02, etc. are added to the end of rows with the same date. (ex. 07071980, 07071980 01)
 - Hello, Lisa,
 I can suggest you the following formulas:
 1. In case the values are entered in the MMDDYEAR format:
 2. In case the values are formatted as MMDDYEAR ##:
 =AND(NOT(ISERROR(DATE(MID(A1,5,4),LEFT(A1,2),MID(A1,3,2)))),VALUE(LEFT(A1,2))<13,VALUE(LEFT(A1,2))<>0,VALUE(MID(A1,3,2))<>0,LEN(A1)=11, ISNUMBER(VALUE(RIGHT(A1,2))))
 If neither of the formulas above help you, I'm afraid you need to use a special macro then. We do not cover the programming area (VBA-related questions). Please try to find the solution in VBA sections on or
 Sorry I can't assist you better.
 14. Justin says:
 How do I use a validation list and be able to input other data?
 15. Amit says:
 what sign is the use in formula for "does not equal too" like
 IF(G6="does not equal too either does not blank",VLOOKUP(G6,A6:C19,2,0),"")
 16. AM says:
 =IF(M2"";ISTEXT(L2),ISNUMBER(L2)) - why not working. If any value is there in m2, the l1 should accept numbers or else text
 17. gin says:
 how do I use data validation (a list or a formula) so that I can restrict the data entry to be only
 capital letters
 & (the ampersand sign)
 , (a comma)
 . (a period)
 18. andrea says:
 Hi, I want to lock some cells in a form, but would like to do it with validation. Is it possible?
 - Aj says:
 I have the same problem. I tried to make the cell equal itself in the custom formula. That stops the user from changing to another text entry but is allowing numbers. Did this ever get resolved?
 - jim says:
 validate for text length less than 0, obviously this will never be true, so no input is possible
 unless someone copies something there, of course
 19. Hank says:
 Hey folks,
 I need to make few cells required, but in case a user did not do anything on a tab (I have about ten of them in the file) I need to allow a user to save and close the file. Only if a user starts to work at THIS tab I need to force a user to fill in 3 cells within that tab.
 Could not find this anywhere, is this doable? All examples I saw invoke a VB scripting and that forces a user to fill in cells unconditionally, simply does not allow to close a file while cells not filed in. Not my case, I have to allow to close a file with these cells empty. And force a user to fill them up only if he/she starts to work at a tab with such condition.
 Thanks a lot!
 20. Lev Ressem says:
 Good day.
 I am having a strange issue with use of formula while creating a Data validation drop-down list in one of my cells.
 Formula =IF(HOVEDTABELL[FAG]="RIE"; RIETEGNINGER;RIBTEGNINGER) is tested and working if entered directly in the main worksheet. true and false conditions route to two different table on neighbouring tabs btw.
 When I try to use the same formula while creating a Data validation list, i get the "We found a problem with this formula" warning.
 Could you please suggest what could be the issue?
 Thank you.
 21. Kiwi says:
 Hi. Love your work!
 Is it possible to have a data validation character limit on a concatenated cell? Example : Cell C1 has formula =A1&B1. I don't want the characters in C1 to exceed 20. I've tried custom data validation with formula =LEN(A1)+LEN(B1)<=20, but it doesn't work. Any suggestions?
 Thank you
 - Doug says:
 I don't think you need to customize the Data Validation in Excel. Just select "Text Length" from the first drop down and then "less than or equal to" in the second field
 and enter "20" in the third field. Be sure to check or uncheck the "Ignore Blanks" check box, then enter the message to users in the message tabs and that should work.
 22. sreed says:
 I have a requirement where a cell should allow a few specific text entries (OR) Allow decimal values only in a range (ex: -200.00 to 200.00).
 Please help me.
 23. Rik says:
 I am trying to format and or validate a cell in Excel 2013 to allow only a certain format. I want a six digit (customer ID) that can only start with a letter (either A, B, D, G or J)) and has exactly 5 digits following the letter. Anyone have any clue how to make this happen?
 - Doug says:
 You can use a list for the letters. This can be a drop down box in the entry cell. The five digit numbers can be in an adjacent cell.
 Using the letters create a data validation list.
 Then select a cell to create the first validation cell.
 Select Data tab and choose Validation.
 Then in the validation window in the Allow field select the List option and enter the cell range that contains your letters. Be sure to check the in-cell drop down box. Then click OK.
 The number validation is the same process except in the Validation window you select Text Length from the Allow field, Equal to from the Data field and type in the number 6 in the Length field.
 If you need the data to be in one cell then you can concatenate the cells.
 24. Lisa says:
 Can anyone tell me a quick and easy way of validating the following:
 I've got a series of questions with Yes/No validation already set up. However, if No is recorded is B2 and the next 2 questions (C2 and D2) only apply if the answer to B2 is Yes, how do I prevent someone recording a response in C2 and D2 and automatically record a N/A?
 Hope that makes sense.
 25. Janvi says:
 Every code start with unique value and fixed value plzz.. solve the question
 26. Anupam Dutta says:
 If I want to create a sheet where if one does not put any data (left it just blank) in one cell, suppose B2, he can't put any data in C2... How to do it?
 27. Harinder Singh says:
 IN (Excel data validation to allow text only). I want that no one will be able to enter John 1 or John22. Because in this context I can enter John 1 or John 22. But i want that if someone enter john1 by mistake than it will show the Error message.
 28. LAKSHMI says:
 29. Calum says:
 I'm trying to highlight in red number ranges that is incorrect based on criteria of first cell column for example if Cell A1 has drop down options of NSW,QLD,VIC then in B1 it returns highlights in red cell fill if the number entered in B1 isn't within criteria range for example If Cell A1=NSW then acceptable number range for B1 is 2000-2999 else it highlights the cell in B1 in red and if A1=QLD then B2 should be between 4000-4999 else it highlights that cell in red.
 Is this something doable with custom formula?
 30. Kevin says:
 I created a list called test1. In this list are part numbers some of these PN's are specific i.e. D2301-00-03 where as other are a range represented with wildcards


Know Everything About Spirulina Detox in 2020
Spirulina to Detox the Body
Our body has its own extraordinary internal detoxification system, but it doesn't hurt to boost that system. The liver, colon and the kidneys are the three crucial organs involved in detoxing and cleansing our body. For detoxification we need to keep these vital organs healthy and spirulina detox plays a major role in that. The liver prevents toxic elements from entering the blood stream, the colon flushes out the toxins born and inserted in the body and the kidneys constantly filters our blood and get rids of the toxic elements in our urine.
Spirulina to Detox the Body
What is Spirulina?
Spirulina is a biomass of blue-green algae that can be consumed by humans and animals. It is loaded with various nutrients and antioxidants which benefit our body and brain. Spirulina detox tablets and powder are rich in vitamins B-1 (thiamine), B-2 (riboflavin), B-3(nicotinamide), B-6 (pyridoxine), and B-9 (folic acid). Cultivated worldwide, it is used as a dietary supplement and as a feed supplement in aquariums, pisciculture and poultry industries. As a nutrient-rich dietary supplement, it is being investigated as an alternative from whole meal diets and to address food security and malnutrition.
Spirulina, Heavy Metal Detox
Spirulina to Detox the Body
Spirulina heavy metal detox is one of the most effective way to detox the body. In our modern world heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, cadmium, aluminum are found in the food we eat, the air we breathe and the water we drink and out body acts as a natural sponge and absorbs the toxins and store it in the body for years. These heavy metals put stress on our bodies and gradually weakens the immune system making it vulnerable for bacteria and viruses to attach.
But different natural elements are used to prevent this otherwise inevitable demise, one such element is spirulina for heavy metal detox. It works as a chelator and binds to these toxic elements and aid as a natural detoxifier. Having a large surface area, spirulina binds to large amounts of toxins and expels it through urine. If we take it in small amounts daily along with regular exercising and stay away from processed food, our body might detoxify naturally at a greater rate.
Spirulina to Detox the Body
 Although taking spirulina helps our body so much it can also have some serious side-effects which make us question if detoxifying our body is really worth it. And if you are allergic to sea weeds or sea vegetables, spirulina is not for you. There are some unmissable spirulina detox symptoms:
 - Exacerbates the Symptoms of Auto-Immune Diseases: Auto immune diseases like Type 2 diabetes, arthritis and asthma are serious issues all on their own but when spirulina consumption amplifies the activity of the immune system, it becomes a matter of life or death. Spirulina exacerbates the symptoms of a pre-existing illness and gives rise to inflammation
 - Interferes with Drug Action: If you are taking immunosuppressants, you should stay away from it. It will diminish the acting potency and the drugs will not work for you.
 - Heavy Metal Poisioning: It is ironic that spirulina, which you intake to detoxify your body, causes hard metal poisoning. Prolonged consumption of it can lead to kidney and liver damages.
 - Anxiety and Neural Disorders: Spirulina harvested in unrestrained water bodies hold toxic strain which could cause severe neurodegenerative disorders like motor neuron disease, sclerosis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, dementia, anxiety, and insomnia.
 - Risk to Pregnancy: Infants and children should be kept away from such supplements because they quickly develop allergies and fatal cross-reaction.
Spirulina to Detox the Body
In several studies examining the benefits of it for high cholesterol, doses of 1-8 grams daily for four weeks to six months has been used. To learn about its effects on hypertension, one study administered a dose of 4.5 grams of spirulina blue-green algae daily for six weeks.7 Another study of type 2 diabetes patient administered a product having 1 gram of it twice daily for two months. The proper dose for you may depend on factors including your age, gender, and medical history.
Just like everything else, Spirulina has its advantages and disadvantages. So, you should get to know everything about the product before deciding to put it in your body. Seek medical advice for alternatives if that does not work for you and exercize daily to release those toxic metals.
1 Comment
 1. Spirulina is also good for environment because it will not take up much space and is easy to grow as compared to a grazing field which requires high maintenance and huge land.
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text:
Systems Engineering Principles Applied to Basic Research and Development
Anderson, Norman C.
MetadataShow full item record
Systems engineering principles and processes have grown out of the need to effectively manage complex programs, many of them for the acquisition of operational military systems. These multi-billion dollar programs truly benefit from the application of structured systems engineering principles, and the supporting processes have been finetuned to maximize their benefit in a requirements driven environment. Research and development efforts, on the other-hand, have typically avoided application of structured processes, primarily due to a perception that such structure inhibits the creative processes that are so crucial to the discovery and development of new technologies. This paper proposes that systems engineering principles and creative discovery are not mutually exclusive environments, and that, in fact, appropriately tailored systems engineering processes can enable and enhance scientific discovery. An example of this concept will be presented for the principles of risk management, including application to basic research, applied research and development, and technology demonstrations.


text:
This name generator will send you 15 random names of Balrog that are fit for the Lord of the Rings. Balrogs, also known as the Valaraukar, are beings which once were Maiar, but were corrupted and seduced into serving Melkor. Melkor was finally defeated, however, and the Balrogs were left to do their own bidding. Many of them went to Angband, Melkor's ancient fortress under the Iron Mountains. As far as the names of Balrog go, there is only one known person: Gothmog. There's also "Durin's Bane" but that's not much of a name, if anything, it's more of a title. So we used the word 'Gothmog' as an inspiration for the names in this generator, all of which will follow the same darker and larger tones but mixed in here and there with a little variance.
To generate another 15 random names you just have to press the button. With every click 15 new names are generated.
A Balrog is an incredibly strong fictional creature in J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle Earth. It first appears in print in his fantasy book, The Lord of The Rings, in which the Fellowship of the ring find one called Durin's Bane at the mines of Moria in Mordor. After the fall of Sauron and the rise of Gondorian rule, the Balrog of Mordor were eventually driven from the world by the armies of Gandalf, who took the role of its leader. Though the creature remained a part of the tale, it was never as prominent a threat to Frodo and Samwise as the other evil creatures who had their own storylines. Eventually, the presence of a Balrog at the Mines of Moria drove the hobbits to join together to defeat the dreaded enemy. However, after the battle ended the hobbits returned and the Balrog was not seen again until the climactic Battle of the Pelennor Fields when the Fellowship is fighting off the forces of Mordor.
This article aims to describe the character of a Balrog in all its glory, so that any newcomer to Middle Earth will be able to appreciate what a formidable creature it is and how it changes the perspective of both Gandalf and Frodo Baggins. In the first installment, The Fellowship of the Ring, we are introduced to the Balrog at the Mines of Moria and its role in the events of the book. For the next three books, Bilbo Baggins takes the lead role of fighting the monster, although in several cases the presence of other characters also change the perspective of Bilbo's character, sometimes making him the villain in some instances.
The first mention of a Balrog in this article can be found in The Book of Lost Tales (1911), an English translation of a German text about the Morgul Empire, the predecessor of Mordor, in the Middle East. In this version the monster is referred to as "the mighty Balrog of Khazad-dûm"the giant-like Balrog". The author of this book is not credited, and the only reference is made to the name of this particular Balrog, but we may assume that it has some similarity with the Balrog that appeared in Peter Jackson's The Lord of The Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. However, no further mention is made in The Book of Lost Tales of this monster or even of its appearance at the Mines of Moria in the novel.


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I know the result that says "There is a bijection between distribution functions and characteristic functions".
So I was wondering if there are necessary or sufficient conditions on the characteristic functions so that it is a char. function of a valid random variable. I need conditions that are easy to verify.
For instance, is $\varphi_{X_1,X_2}(x_1,x_2) = (1 + |x_1 x_2| e^{-\frac{(x_1^2 + x_2^2)}2 \sigma^2} )$ a valid characteristic function?
Thank you.
share|improve this question
You might find this interesting – Sasha Sep 29 '11 at 5:16
1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
Bochner's theorem characterizes if a characteristic function corresponds to the random variable, but it's not an easy criterion.
It says that for all $x_1, \ldots, x_m \in \mathbb{R}^2$ and $c_1,\ldots,c_m \in \mathbb{C}$ the characteristic function $\phi$ should verify $$ \sum_{i=1}^m \sum_{j=1}^m \bar{c}_i c_j \phi(x_i - x_j) \ge 0 $$
For the characteristic function in question, choose $m=2$, and $c_1 = -1$, $c_2=1$, and $x_1 = \{1, \frac{1}{2}\}$ and $x_2 = \{ \frac{1}{2}, 1 \}$. Then the resulting sum is $-\frac{1}{2} \exp(-\frac{\sigma^2}{4} )$.
Here is Mathematica code:
In[210]:= \[Phi][{w1_, w2_}] :=
 1 + Abs[w1*w2]*Exp[(-(w1^2 + w2^2)/2)*sigma^2]
In[211]:= With[{cvec = {-1, 1}, xvec = {{1, 1/2}, {1/2, 1}}},
 Conjugate[cvec]. Outer[\[Phi][#1 - #2] &, xvec, xvec, 1]. cvec]]
Out[211]= -(1/2)/E^(sigma^2/4)
share|improve this answer
Thank you. I wanted to make a pair of r.vs that are marginally Normal but not jointly Normal. I know there are standard examples, but I wanted to fabricate one through char functions. Anyway the positive definite condition in Bochners theorem is one hard nut to satisfy :( – Isomorphism Sep 29 '11 at 5:36
_USER_, try $\varphi_{X_1,X_2}(x_1,x_2)=\mathrm e^{-(x_1^2+x_2^2)/2}\cosh(x_1x_2)$. – Did Sep 29 '11 at 5:59
_USER_: Thanks! I was looking for that :) – Isomorphism Sep 29 '11 at 19:28
Your Answer


Stripping whitespace from text nodes
From: Roger Gimson
Date: Tue, 07 Aug 2007 10:01:01 +0100
Message-ID: <_EMAIL_>
To: _EMAIL_
I know there has been discussion on whitespace handling in SVG on this
list, and that the definition of whitespace handling has been shown to
be unclear in some respects
[_URL_ but I
am having difficulty with even the simplest case shown in the SVG 1.1
The SVG 1.1 definition of whitepsace handling
[_URL_ (in the default case,
when xml:space='default' is assumed) says that all leading and trailing
whitespace should be removed from a text element's character data (which
I assume to mean any child text node of an svg:text element).
However, the 'tspan01' example
[_URL_ shows the trailing
space in the text node before the svg:tspan and the leading space in the
text node after the svg:tspan have not been removed.
The definition [_URL_
and example (now called 10_03.svg)
[_URL_ are similar in
the SVG Tiny 1.2 CR.
Am I misunderstanding the existing definition of whitespace handling? Or
should the definition be more explicit, for example instead of "Then it
will strip off all leading and trailing space characters" it might say
"Then it will strip off all leading space characters from the first text
node and all trailing space characters from the last text node of the
body of a text element".
Roger Gimson
_EMAIL_ | HP Labs, Bristol BS34 8QZ UK
RG12 1HN Registered No: 690597 England
Received on Tuesday, 7 August 2007 09:01:22 GMT