Quick Answer: Does Tile Adhesive Colour Matter?
How long after adhesive can I grout?
24 hoursYou should wait at least 24 hours before grouting the tiles.
Don't be fooled by this.
Can I use tile adhesive instead of mortar?
Which cement is best for floor tiles?
but OPC 53 cement have high strength comparison to 43 grade of cement but it is used in RCC work. For tile fixing like flooring tile and wall tiles I recommended go through the use of 43 grade of cement.
Does ready mixed tile adhesive go off?
The shelf life on tile adhesives is usually around 6-12 months, depending on the type of adhesive you are using (ready-mixed or powder). … The reason adhesive has a shelf life is because it might begin to set over time (whether opened or not).
What is the best tile adhesive for large tiles?
Simple! choose a good quality powdered adhesive, preferably a polymer modified one such as granfix fastset flexible. To explain the advice above consider that in general, tile adhesive can be split into 2 types; ready mixed and powdered.
What is the difference between white and GREY tile adhesive?
For this reason white tile adhesive is usually used for fixing wall tiles, as it's more often than not subsequently grouted in a light colour. Using a grey mortar, with possible contaminants, is liable to cause unsightly discolouration to either the porous natural stone or the grouting itself.
How thick should the tile adhesive be?
1. Apply the adhesive to the surface with an appropriate notch trowel: as a general guide use a 6mm notch trowel to achieve a 1mm bed thickness for walls; 10mm notch to achieve an approximate 1.5mm bed thickness for concrete floors; 12mm notch trowel to achieve a 2.5mm bed thickness for timber floors.
Can you put adhesive on tile?
Try not to work on more than one square metre at a time, as the adhesive could start hardening before you've put all the tiles in place. Choose a suitable tile adhesive for your tiles: for ceramic tiles use a ready-mixed tile adhesive or powder adhesive and a powder tile adhesive for porcelain tiles.
What is the difference between tile adhesive and grout?
Tile adhesive and grout is used for bonding and sealing tiles. Tile adhesive is applied first to fix tiles to wall or floor surfaces. Grout, also known as grout sealer, is applied afterwards to fill in gaps and seal tiles by affectively forming a fluid concrete.
Can we mix cement with tile adhesive?
Cement can be used as an adhesive and is used as a base material in many commercial tile adhesive products. Tiles can be laid bonded with adhesive, so cement can be used, however mixing cement and adhesive, as implied in the question, is a matter of trial and error and has questionable merit.
Which adhesive is best for tiles?
MYK LATICRETEMYK LATICRETE® Tile Adhesive is a factory made cementitious dry powder which is mixed with water or special liquid additive to form a paste, providing problem-free, full bedding tile/stone installation. MYK LATICRETE® thin-set adhesives have high bonding strength allowing the tiles to directly fixed to the substrate.
Can I use tile adhesive to level floor?
Thick Bed FlexiRapid is a pourable and flexible rapid setting cement based floor tile adhesive. … It is ideal for fixing tiles of uneven thicknesses, for fixing to uneven surfaces and it can also be used to level uneven floors.
Should you wet tiles before laying?
Why Tiles Are Soaked In Water Before Installation The purpose of soaking tile before laying is to make the pores fully absorb water, so as not to cause hollowing, shedding, or even cracks. … Especially for the wall paving, before the wall tiles laying, it is necessary to sprinkle water on the wall.
How long does tile adhesive take to set?
approximately 24 hoursTile adhesive dries in a way that is very similar to concrete. The substance starts out as a powder and then, when mixed with water, it becomes a substance with a thick consistency. Under normal circumstances, you will need to let it dry for approximately 24 hours after installation before you can walk on the tile.
What is the difference between floor adhesive and wall adhesive?
Although it has worked well for some people, the real answer to this question is no. Unlike floor tile adhesives, you can only use wall tile adhesives for holding tiles on a vertical surface. The floor tile adhesive is strong and can withstand horizontal pressure as people move.
What adhesive will stick to ceramic tile?
Is ready mixed tile adhesive any good?
Ready-mixed is generally easier to use, but it has limitations attached to it. Here at Dunlop, we would never recommend using a ready-mixed product when using porcelain, large-format tiles and tiling floors, or wet areas.
Which is better tile adhesive or cement?
Laying tiles by using tile adhesive with notched trowel requires less amount of material. Adhesive layer is a lot thinner than the mixture of sand-cement, and this leads to lighter load to building structure. A bag of 20 kg tile adhesive can be used to lay tiles on the average area of 4 – 5 m2.
Can I use adhesive instead of grout?
Dispersion adhesive will not be fine used as a grout it will let water pass through it and offer no resistance. the water will then pass in to the sub-straight and start to damage it. if you leave it uncorrected in 6 months time you will have big problems so remove the adhesive and use grout.
Can you lay tile and grout in the same day?
You should wait at least 24 hours before grouting the tiles. You may notice that the edges of the thinset or the thinset showing through the grout lines looks dry. The thinset under the tiles isn't receiving as much air as the edges and is therefor not fully cured.


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Composition and stability of organic matter fractions in soils under different land use regimes
Soil organic matter (SOM) vitally impacts all soil functions and plays a key role in the global carbon (C) cycle. More than 70% of the terrestric C stocks that participate in the active C cycle are stored in the soil. Therefore, quantitative knowledge of the rates of C incorporation into SOM fractions of different residence time is crucial to understand and predict the sequestration and stabilization of soil organic carbon (SOC). Consequently, there is a need of fractionation procedures that are capable of isolating...

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The recent news about the 737 has drawn attention to aging aircraft concerns. We decided to get a perspective of the active 737 fleet. We were surprised to just how big a role this aircraft plays.
Over one-third of active single-aisle aircraft (at year end 2017) were 737s. The next most popular model, the A320, has a fleet size 43% smaller.
The following table shows how few of the 737s were parked. With under 5% parked, the 737 was in high demand, and met the definition of "workhorse".
What else do we know about this fleet? Certain regions are deploying older aircraft. But in the three largest markets, the fleet was under 15 years old.
Next looking at the active fleet by year we can see how the fleet is mostly from the 2000-era onwards. Over 80% of the active fleet is therefore under 20 years old and 60% of the fleet is under ten years old.
Focusing now on the versions of the 737, the majority of the active fleet is the NG. Notice the NG fleet averaged under 11 years of age.
Given the fleet size and the flight hours accumulated, the performance and safety record of the 737 is remarkable. It is rare that the 737 performs an emergency landing because something on the aircraft failed. Wikipedia has this list of 737 "accidents and incidents" and it lists only 12 NG aircraft events.
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text: MEGA improves spectroscopy by revealing spectral peaks of interest which would otherwise remain hidden. It also allows detection and relative quantification of J-coupled metabolites such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by automatically removing the spectral overlap from other metabolites. (In conventional spectroscopy, removing spectral overlap is only possible with spectral editing.) Frequency-selective RF pulses are included to manipulate the evolution of J-coupled MR signals. In addition, subtraction of onand off-resonance spectra is used for relative quantification of J-coupled metabolites.


text:
Submitted to: HortScience
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: April 29, 1996
Publication Date: N/A
Interpretive Summary: The development of acceptable commodity treatments for pest control and quality maintenance is important for the export and marketing of agricultural commodities. Cold treatment is a very safe and effective quarantine treatment for citrus, but its use is hampered by chilling injury to the fruit. We determined if oils in the rind of lemon play a role in causing fruit chilling injury. The rind was severely pitted after 3 weeks or more of storage at 1C. Curing the fruit at 15C for 1 week prior to cold treatment greatly reduced the amount of injury. Chilling-injured fruit released from the rind larger amounts of oils than noninjured fruit. The internal structure of the rind and oil glands did not reveal any abnormal changes as a result of chilling injury. A better understanding of the release of oils from chilling-injured fruit would assist in lessening injury in lemons for export.
Technical Abstract: Essential oils release, localization and concentration in chilling-injured and noninjured lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.) fruit were investigated to enhance understanding of how chilling injury occurs in lemon. Chilling injury in the form of moderate to severe pitting of the flavedo was initially apparent after 3 weeks exposure to 1C, followed by a gradual increase in severity until termination of the experiment after 7 weeks of storage at 1C. Curing the fruit at 15C for 1 week prior to cold treatment greatly reduced the severity of injury. Release from the fruit of d- limonene, a major component of essential oil in lemon, increased with increasing amounts of chilling injury. Studies of the internal anatomy of the flavedo using confocal microscopy indicated that essential oils were present inside of the oil gland and in oil bodies outside of the gland in abundant quantities. Chilling-injured flavedo exhibited no obvious disruption of either the oil glands or the oil bodies. Extraction and quantification of d-limonene from chilling-injured and noninjured flavedo indicated that quite similar amounts of oil were present in the tissue, regardless of injury. Damage to the flavedo after 3 weeks at 1C was noted in the form of flattened or collapsed cells between the top of the gland and the epidermis, whereas collapse of the oil gland only was observed in later stages of injury development.


text:
"Joy to your soul" reads a note next to a newspaper clipping in a scrapbook belonging to Joy McLean Bosfield (_PHONE_), a musician, educator, and entrepreneur who called Washington, DC home between 1962 and 1985. Joy is a consistent theme in two scrapbooks that she donated to the Anacostia Community Museum. Photos, plane tickets, programs, posters, and poetry chronicle a musical career that took her from New Jersey to Broadway, and then around the world in the 1940s and 1950s. Additional materials from later in her career include a long letter to curator Portia James. Her editorial expertise is evident in lyrical and sometimes funny explanations of how elements of her story connect.
Explore Joy McLean Bosfield's scrapbooks, transcribed by Smithsonian digital volunteers. Look for her given name, Joy L. Mearimore, in concert programs from the 1940s, and her first stage name, Joy Merrimore, in the Broadway playbill for Memphis Bound!, in which she played Eulalia. She stars as Joy McLean, first in Great Britain in the late 1940s and early 1950s and then on tour with the international production of Porgy and Bessin the early to mid-1950s. Decades later in the District, she directs her next namesake, the McLean Bosfield Vocal Studios.
Her annotations provide a guide to understanding her life's journey and insight into her skill as an educator and mentor. The Joy McLean Bosfield Papers also include phonograph records and archival materials from later in her career. In a long letter to curator Portia James accompanying her papers, McLean Bosfield's editorial expertise is evident in her lyrical explanation of how elements of her story connect.


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Concrete brick machine is a low noise, dust free and non-percussive drilling method used to make smooth holes. Concrete Brick Machine techniques are required when you need a precise circular penetration.
Using concrete brick machine techniques you can make holes of any size and depth. This can be used for construction installation applications, water system applications, earthwork quality inspection applications, electrical system applications, gas supply system applications, heating system applications, railway installation application, bridge installation application, plumbing application, telecommunication line installation application, concrete sample analysis, anchoring bolts, and mining application.
Rotary and Wireline are the main types of concrete brick machine techniques. Rotary drilling method utilized for borehole drilling and coring in rocks. Wireline is one type used for mineral exploration and it aims at not making a hole but to retrieve a core sample.
The different methods of concrete brick machine are Electric, Hydraulic and Pneumatic available for wet or dry drilling applications. The Electric method is used to drill perfect holes in tile, natural stones like granite, and gravestones, concrete, countertops, plumbing and other masonry applications.
The brick machine method uses a brick machine bit fixed to the end of drill rod in the drilling machine or equipment. The diamond bit is rotated gently and at the same time it is lubricated with water to prevent overheating. With the drilling which uses diamond core drill bits, the primary importance is given in providing enough water lubrication on the cutting edge of the diamond bit. Reduced drill speeds, low drill pressure and copious use of water lubrication increase the durability of the drill bit.
This is categorized based on the different lubrication techniques used. The various methods of drilling are Hose or Water Drip, Clay Dam, Pan Drilling and Spray Bottle concrete brick machine. Hose or Water Drip method: This method of drilling uses a small hose to run water into the bore hole and onto the hole surface.
Clay Dam concrete brick machine method: This method involves building a dam around the drill hole with the help of modeling clay. This method allows water to flow into the diamond bit and provides good interior lubrication. Pan Drilling diamond drilling method: This method involves using pan or plastic tub filled with water such that it covers the surface of the material being drilled. Spray Bottle diamond drilling method: This method of diamond drilling method involves constantly spraying water into the bore hole using a spray bottle.
In all the above methods, it is very important to use the pumping technique in order to allow lubrication to reach the tip of the concrete brick machine bit. A periodic pumping action is essential to extensively improve the lubrication at the drill tip. The pumping technique ensures that water reaches the drill tip area and completely lubricates the drill tip.
Ningbo Yinzhou Nuoya Cement Block Machine Factory, a professional manufacturer and exporter of all kinds of Single and Multi Spring brick machine,concrete brick machine,block machine,We are a member of Building Block Association with excellent and advanced technology.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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OpenMCL calling conventions
The architectural CALL and RET instructions are not used, because CALL pushes a value onto the stack which will have an essentially arbitrary tag. It would be hard for the GC to look at that arbitrarily-tagged thing, recognize it as a pointer into a function, and then find that function.
(N.B.: It looks like this may be changing. See, e.g., r6290 ff.)
Therefore, there needs to be some way for the GC to recognize return addresses on the stack so that it can fix them up when it decides to move a function somewhere else in memory. If a return address is in a register, the GC again needs to be able to recognize that.
On x86-64, function objects have their own tag (_TAG_). Two additional tags (_TAG_ and _TAG_) are reserved for tagged return addresses.
Both functions (tag _TAG_) and tagged return addresses (_TAG_ or _TAG_) can be JMPed to.
While a function is executing, %fn (= %r13) usually points to the tagged address of the function (_TAG_...XXXF), which is the address of the function's first machine instruction. A function object consists of a number of words that contain machine instructions and other immediate data, follwed by some number of references to lisp objects that the function references as constants.
As the function's instructions are executed, the program counter contains arbitrarily tagged values, since x86 instructions are a variable number of bytes in length. Therefore, the value in the program counter doesn't make it easy for the GC to identify the containing function. However, as long as %fn (or something else...) refers to the function (i.e., is a pointer with tag _TAG_), the GC can find the function.
Suppose a function does a (simple, non-tail) call:
(defun foo (x) (bar x) nil)
This looks like:
(movq (@ -8 (% rbp)) (% arg_z)) ; (movw ($ 8) (% nargs)) ; (movq (@ 'BAR (% fn)) (% temp0)) ; (leaq (@ (:^ L53) (% fn)) (% ra0)) ; (movq (@ 10 (% temp0)) (% fn)) ; (jmpq (% fn)) ; L53 (leaq (@ (- (:^ L53)) (% ra0)) (% fn))
The instruction addresses that the disassembler prints are relative to start of the function (where the tagged _TAG_ pointer points); if the function's at "somewhere +15", the tagged return address at L53 is at "somewhere+68": its low 4 bits are _TAG_. If the disassemble were a little smarter, it'd show something like:
(jmpq (% fn)) ; (:align 3) L49 (:long 53) L53
The 32-bit word which precedes the tagged return address enables the GC to easily find the function associated with any return adddress.
Note that at instuction 26 we use %fn to access the symbol BAR. (The dissassembler shows us this constant reference symbolically, but of course BAR is stored in the constants area of the function, somewhere beyond the end of the code.)
At instruction 40 we indirect through the symbol BAR and load a new value into %fn. If a GC were to take place at this point, %fn isn't referencing the function. Even if nothing else referenced the function (if it was an anonymous lambda that had just been compiled, for instance), the thing that convinces the GC to retain it is the fact that the tagged return address (loaded into %ra0 at instruction 33) is indirectly (and unambiguously) referencing the function.
When the callee (BAR) returns, it'll do so by JMPing to the address it received in %ra0 (L53); the code at L53 recovers %fn by subtracting a constant (53, which is what (:^ L53) - "address of L53" - refers to) from %ra0.
To see this, evaluate (ccl::dbg), and type "b" to get a backtrace.
(_TAG_) _TAG_ : # + 229 (_TAG_) _TAG_ : # + 429 (_TAG_) _TAG_ : # + 1917 (_TAG_) _TAG_ : # + 133 (_TAG_) _TAG_ : # + 133 (_TAG_) _TAG_ : # + 773 (_TAG_) _TAG_ : # + 701 (_TAG_) _TAG_ : # + 397 (_TAG_) _TAG_ : # + 365
The first number is the address of the stack frame. The second number is the tagged return address associated with that frame: note that these addresses all end in _TAG_ or _TAG_. The 32-bit word stored before each return address enable the kernel debugger (and the GC) to find the tagged (_TAG_) pointer to the function object. (Note that all of the functions displayed in the backtrace have _TAG_ in the low nibble.)
This scheme wastes a bit of space, burns two tags, and assumes that it's reasonable to keep the "current function" and the "canonical return address" in registers, at least on function call and return.
(largely from email from Gary Byers)


The NHS needs more PPE now.
Do you have extra PPE? Every bit helps.
Donate PPE Request PPE
Right now, the NHS is treating somebody with coronavirus but don't have enough PPE.
That NHS worker is being infected, and the more of them get sick, the fewer there are to treat you.
A clinician can go through easily 60 gowns and pairs of gloves each day.
And, what equipment the NHS has got isn't often the right type.
But the protection is out there, and with your help, they can get it.
The right kind of masks, eye protection, gloves, scrubs and aprons,
The NHS needs your help, and they need it now.
1. What PPE do hospitals/ GPs request, and in what quantities?
Note: this data is pulled in real-time. It may take a while to fully load.
2. What are the most commonly requested PPE items (by frequency of request, not absolute quantity)
3. Where are PPE shortages most severe?
Update as of April 20th, 2020. The bigger the bubble, the larger the quantity of PPE requested.
Map is not interactive because data is anonymised.
4. What is this data based on?
All numbers, charts, and graphs update in real-time based on PPE requests hospitals/ GPs submit via our PPE Request form.
These numbers, charts, and graphs are based on the PPE needs of hospitals/ GPs at the point in time they submit the form.
5. What are hospitals/ GPs saying?
Do you have extra PPE? Every bit helps.


text:
When you kiss your sweetheart this Valentine's Day you may well turn your head to the right, echoing a preference born in the womb, a researcher suggests.
Onur Guentuerkuen of Ruhr-University Bochum in Bochum, Germany, reports that he spied on 124 pairs of adults who turned their heads left or right while kissing on the lips in public places in Germany, Turkey and the United States.
Two-thirds of the kissers went to the right, he found.
Prior research has found that babies also tend to turn their heads to the right rather than the left during their final weeks of gestation and for the first six months after birth, Guentuerkuen says in Thursday's issue of the journal Nature.
So the results on kissing show that early head-turning bias may affect behavior in adulthood, he says. People also prefer to use the right foot, ear and eye by about two-to-one, suggesting those behavioral biases may be related, he said.
But right-handedness dominates the population far more, about eight-to-one, so that's either not related or it's affected by cultural influence, he said.
The researcher watched kissing couples in airports, railroad stations, beaches and parks. He estimated their ages at around 13 to around 70.
Peninsula Clarion ©2013. All Rights Reserved.


text:
is mandated to conduct assessments of reports of suspected child maltreatment as defined in Chapter 7B of the North Carolina General Statutes.
During an assessment, a social worker has two primary responsibilities:
Gather information to determine if a child or children have been abused, neglected or dependent; and,
Provide services necessary to assure child safety.
As part of gathering information, the social worker will seek to interview all children and all adults in the household as well as other persons identified as having information to contribute. The social worker may need to review medical or other records and may request medical assessments be completed as part of the assessment.
When conducting a CPS assessment, social workers will complete a safety assessment and give a copy to the parents. If services are needed to assure child safety, the social worker will involve parents in decision making and work to help the child stay safely at home whenever possible.
CPS has a choice of two tracks for completing CPS assessments: an investigative assessment and a family assessment track.
are used for allegations of child abuse and certain cases of child neglect, including those involving clear risk of serious harm to a child.
Investigative assessments are:
- often conducted in collaboration with law enforcement
- usually involve interviewing children separately from their parents
- determines whether sufficient supporting evidence exits to substantiate the allegations made in the report or if not, the allegations are unsubstantiated
- completed within 30 days, unless extended
If child abuse or serious neglect is substantiated against a specific individual, the individual is notified that his or her name may be placed on a confidential Responsible Individual's List (RIL) and given an opportunity to appeal the decision.
are used to assess most allegations of child neglect. Family assessments are intended to engage the family in collaborating with Child Welfare to assure the safety and wellbeing of children.
In a family assessment:
- a social worker usually calls a parent to arrange a time to meet with the family;
- determines whether services are needed, recommended, or not necessary;
- does not result in a formal finding that an individual was responsible for maltreatment
- often links a family to services during the assessment
- completed with 45 days
However, even in a family assessment, Child Welfare can choose to seek court intervention if a family fails to follow through with needed actions to ensure children's safety.
In both Investigative and Family assessments, the social worker completes a safety assessment and safety plan when they first make contact with the family. The social worker will discuss identified safety concerns with the family and ask for input in making a safety plan for any concerns identified.
- Participation by parents in developing the plan helps assure that the plan will be workable for the family.
- Other family members or supportive individuals can also be part of safety planning for the children.
- A safety plan should be specific and include a time frame for when it will be reviewed.
- Parents receive a copy of the assessment and plan.
Sometimes children are found to be at high risk of serious harm or more time is needed to determine if children are safe because of the seriousness of the allegations. In these circumstances, CPS may ask parents to consider placing children temporarily with a relative or trusted caretaker. Such arrangements are called safety resource placements.
Safety Resource placements are intended to:
- give CPS an opportunity to further assess safety issues and to give parents an opportunity to resolve them.
- be short term
- a substitute for CPS seeking court intervention
- chosen by parents
- allow parents to retain legal custody
However, CPS is required to assure the appropriateness of the safety resource placement by conducting a kinship care assessment that includes a visit to the proposed home and criminal and CPS record checks.
When a CPS assessment does not confirm that children have been maltreated and are at significant risk of future harm, CPS services end when the assessment ends. In these circumstances, CPS sometimes makes recommendations to families or refers them to services that they can choose to continue, on their own.
When a CPS assessment confirms that children have been abused, neglected or dependent and are at significant risk of future harm, CPS will usually tell the family that ongoing CPS In-Home Services are required. CPS will ask the family to help plan ongoing In-Home services to help the family keep children safely at home. (See CPS In-Home Services for more information).
When a CPS assessment determines that children have been maltreated and are at risk of serious harm, CPS may petition the court for legal custody if no lesser measures are reasonable to protect the child. (See Foster Care for more information).
CPS notifies families directly and in writing about the outcome of assessments.


Visit the Pine Barrens
The New Jersey Pinelands cover almost a million acres in the middle of New Jersey. A million acres? That's big. It's bigger than the whole state of Rhode Island. Most people are surprised to learn that the Pinelands are less than a day's drive from large cities like New York and Philadelphia.
The Pinelands are made up of towns and farms, state forests, and wildlife protection areas. Many different kinds of plants and animals live in the wilderness of pine forests, swamps, and bogs. Some of them, like the Pine Barrens Treefrog, are "endangered," which means that unless they live in a place where they are protected, they could all die.
The first settlers trudged through the dark forests and lost their way in the trackless swamps and marshes. They didn't get a very good impression of this wilderness.
The name most commonly used for the New Jersey Pinelands is the Pine Barrens. The word "barren" means "not useful or productive." The pioneering farmers took one look at the sandy soil and all those pine trees, and they shook their heads. They called it "barren" and turned away to farm other parts of New Jersey. Perhaps they thought it wasn't useful land because they needed rich soil to grow their crops.
In 1978 and 1979, federal and state regulations were passed to protect the Pinelands, and for good reason. The Pinelands' soil and water, its plants, its trees, and its wildlife, are a unique and valuable resource.
Today, many people appreciate the rich diversity of the Pine Barrens. Scientists study its rare plants, such as the sundew and the pitcher plant.
Campers and hikers enjoy its sandy wilderness trails and unexpected meadows.
Kayakers and canoeists float its sparkling, tea-colored rivers and lakes.
Modern-day explorers investigate the ruins of deserted towns and factories.
Photographers, writers, and artists take note of its remarkable beauty.


Build Modifier
The Build modifier causes the faces of the mesh object to appear or disappear one after the other over time.
By default, faces appear in the order in which they are stored in memory (by default, the order of creation). The face/vertex order can be altered in Edit Mode by using Sort Mesh Elements.
The Build modifier.
Start Frame
The start frame of the building process.
The number of frames over which to rebuild the object.
The modifier will operate in reverse, essentially allowing it to be used as a „deconstruction" effect. This is useful for making a set of instancing objects gradually disappear.
Randomizes the order in which the faces are built.
The random seed. Changing this value gives a different „random" order when Randomize is checked. This order is always the same for a given seed/mesh set.
The Build modifier can be used to make a large number of items to progressively appear, without resorting to animating the visibility of each one by one. Examples of this include a mesh containing vertices only, which is used as an Instancing Vertex emitter, and has the Build modifier on it. Such a setup is a workaround/technique for being able to art-direct a semi-random layout of a collection of objects (e.g. leaves/balls forming a carpet). This can be preferable to particles e.g. due to undesirable distribution of items leaving random gaps and overlapping in other places.


List College Majors
You may declare a List College major in either the second semester of your sophomore year or the first semester of your junior year. When you are ready to choose your major, your List College Dean's Office advisor will discuss the many majors available to you.
How to Declare a Major
1. Make an appointment with the undergraduate advisor for your chosen major.
2. Fill out the major declaration form.
3. Meet with the major advisor to discuss declaring your major and obtain his or her signature on the form.
4. Bring the signed form back to the List College Dean's Office.
Your List College Dean's Office Advisor Will
 keep your academic file.
- give final approval for your JTS course registration each semester.
- advise you on core requirements and placement.
- approve any courses you wish to take at other universities.
- assist you in keeping track of your progress toward completing your requirements for graduation.
List College Majors You Can Explore
Ancient Judaism
Hebrew Bible and Its Interpretation
Jewish Art and Visual Culture
Jewish History
Jewish Literature
Jewish Music
Jewish Thought
Jewish Gender and Women's Studies
Medieval and Early Modern Jewish Studies
Midrash and Scriptural Interpretation
Modern Jewish Studies
Talmud and Rabbinics
Creating Your Own Interdisciplinary Major
If a major is not listed above, students can create their own interdisciplinary major:
1. Meet with your List College advisor to discuss your options, explore your interests, discover how to fit them into existing majors, and determine which faculty member(s) might advise your potential interdisciplinary major.
2. Meet with the identified faculty member(s).
3. Develop a proposal for your interdisciplinary major.
4. Submit your proposal to the List College dean.


Doggnation is a fun puzzle game for kids grades five and up. The goal is to help the Doggs build their castle by collecting colored blocks in the correct order as they pass by other Doggs. Click on a Dogg to turn it around so that a block is not picked up.
Recommended for Grades: 5
This kids educational game requires a more recent version of Flash
Get Adobe Flash player


text:
The Tusi-couple is a mathematical device in which a small circle rotates inside a larger circle twice the diameter of the smaller circle. Rotations of the circles cause a point on the circumference of the smaller circle to oscillate back and forth in linear motion along a diameter of the larger circle.
The couple was first proposed by the 13th-century Persian astronomer and mathematician Nasir al-Din al-Tusi in his 1247 Tahrir al-Majisti (Commentary on the Almagest) as a solution for the latitudinal motion of the inferior planets, and later used extensively as a substitute for the equant introduced over a thousand years earlier in Ptolemy's Almagest.
Original description
Some modern commentators also call the Tusi couple a "rolling device" and describe it as a small circle rolling inside a large fixed circle. However, Tusi himself described it differently:
- if two coplanar circles, the diameter of one of which is equal to half the diameter of the other, are taken to be internally tangent at a point, and if a point is taken on the smaller circle—and let it be at the point of tangency—and if the two circles move with simple motions in opposite direction in such a way that the motion of the smaller [circle] is twice that of the larger so the smaller completes two rotations for each rotation of the larger, then that point will be seen to move on the diameter of the larger circle that initially passes through the point of tangency, oscillating between the endpoints.
Other sources
The term "Tusi couple" is a modern one, coined by Edward Kennedy in 1966. It is one of several late Islamic astronomical devices bearing a striking similarity to models in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, including his Mercury model and his theory of trepidation. Historians suspect that Copernicus or another European author had access to an Arab astronomical text, but an exact chain of transmission has not yet been identified, although the 16th century scientist and traveler Guillaume Postel has been suggested.
There are other sources for this mathematical model for converting circular motions to reciprocating linear motion. It is found in Proclus's Commentary on the First Book of Euclid and the concept was known in Paris by the middle of the 14th Century. In his questiones on the Sphere (written before 1362), Nicole Oresme described how to combine circular motions to produce a reciprocating linear motion. Oresme's description is unclear and it is not certain whether this represents an independent invention or an attempt to come to grips with a poorly understood Arabic text.
Since the Tusi-couple was used by Nicolaus Copernicus in his reformulation of mathematical astronomy, there is a growing consensus that he became aware of this idea in some way. It has been suggested both by a historian of Medieval European astronomy and by a historian of Arabic astronomy that the idea of the Tusi couple may have arrived in Europe leaving few manuscript traces, since it could have occurred without the translation of any Arabic text into Latin. One possible route of transmission may have been through Byzantine science, which translated some of al-Tusi's works from Arabic into Byzantine Greek. Several Byzantine Greek manuscripts containing the Tusi-couple are still extant in Italy.
- George Saliba (1995), 'A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam', pp.152-155
- "Late Medieval Planetary Theory", E. S. Kennedy, Isis 57, #3 (Autumn 1966), 365-378, JSTOR 228366.
- Craig G. Fraser, 'The cosmos: a historical perspective', Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006 p.39
- Vatican Library, Vat. ar. 319 fol. 28 verso math19 NS.15, fourteenth-century copy of a manuscript from Tusi
- Translated in F. J. Ragep, Memoir on Astronomy II.11, pp. 194, 196.
- E. S. Kennedy, "Late Medieval Planetary Theory," p. 370.
- E. S. Kennedy, "Late Medieval Planetary Theory," p. 377.
- Saliba, George (1996), "Writing the History of Arabic Astronomy: Problems and Differing Perspectives", Journal of the American Oriental Society 116 (4): 709–18, JSTOR 605441, pp. 716-17.
- Whose Science is Arabic Science in Renaissance Europe? by George Saliba, Columbia University
- I. N. Veselovsky, "Copernicus and Nasir al-Din al-Tusi", Journal for the History of Astronomy, 4 (1973): 128-30
- Claudia Kren, "The Rolling Device," pp. 490-2.
- Claudia Kren, "The Rolling Device," p. 497.
- George Saliba, "Whose Science is Arabic Science in Renaissance Europe?"
- George Saliba (April 27, 2006). "Islamic Science and the Making of Renaissance Europe". Retrieved 2008-03-01.
- Di Bono, Mario. "Copernicus, Amico, Fracastoro and Tusi's Device: Observations on the Use and Transmission of a Model." Journal for the History of Astronomy 26 (1995):133-154.
- Kennedy, E. S. "Late Medieval Planetary Theory." Isis 57 (1966):365-378.
- Kren, Claudia. "The Rolling Device of Naṣir al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī in the De spera of Nicole Oresme." Isis 62 (1971): 490-498.
- Ragep, F. J. "The Two Versions of the Tusi Couple," in From Deferent to Equant: A Volume of Studies in the History of Science in Ancient and Medieval Near East in Honor of E. S. Kennedy, ed. David King and George Saliba, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 500. New York Academy of Sciences, 1987. ISBN 0-89766-396-9 (pbk.)
- Ragep, F. J. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's "Memoir on Astronomy," Sources in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences,12. 2 vols. Berlin/New York: Springer, 1993. ISBN 3-540-94051-0 / ISBN 0-387-94051-0.
- Dennis W. Duke, Ancient Planetary Model Animations includes two links of interest:
- George Saliba, "Whose Science is Arabic Science in Renaissance Europe?" Discusses the model of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and the interactions of Arabic, Greek, and Latin astronomers.


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Year of publication
- Tobacco smoke particles and indoor air quality (ToPIQ) - the protocol of a new study (2011)
- Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a major contributor to indoor air pollution. Since decades it is well documented that ETS can be harmful to human health and cause premature death and disease. In comparison to the huge research on toxicological substances of ETS, less attention was paid on the concentration of indoor ETS-dependent particulate matter (PM). Especially, investigation that focuses on different tobacco products and their concentration of deeply into the airways depositing PM-fractions (PM10, PM2.5 and PM1) must be stated. The tobacco smoke particles and indoor air quality study (ToPIQS) will approach this issue by device supported generation of indoor ETS and simultaneously measurements of PM concentration by laser aerosol spectrometry. Primarily, the ToPIQ study will conduct a field research with focus on PM concentration of different tobacco products and within various microenvironments. It is planned to extend the analysis to basic research on influencing factors of ETS-dependent PM concentration.
- The toxicity of cadmium and resulting hazards for human health (2006)
- Cadmium (Cd) has been in industrial use for a long period of time. Its serious toxicity moved into scientific focus during the middle of the last century. In this review, we discuss historic and recent developments of toxicological and epidemiological questions, including exposition sources, resorption pathways and organ damage processes.
- The role of endocarditis, myocarditis and pericarditis in qualitative and quantitative data analysis (2009)
- The current study is the first scientometric analysis of research activity and output in the field of inflammatory disorders of the heart (endo-, myoand pericarditis). Scientometric methods are used to compare scientific performance on national and on international scale to identify single areas of research interest. Interest and research productivity in inflammatory diseases of the heart have increased since 1990. The majority of publications about inflammatory heart disorders were published in Western Europe and North America. The United States of America had a leading position in terms of research productivity and quality; half of the most productive authors in this study came from American institutions. The analysis of international cooperation revealed research activity in countries that are less established in the field of inflammatory heart disorder research, such as Brazil, Saudi Arabia and Tunisia. These results indicate that future research of heart inflammation may no longer be influenced predominantly by a small number of countries. Furthermore, this study revealed weaknesses in currently established scientometric parameters (i.e., h-index, impact factor) that limit their suitability as measures of research quality. In this respect, self-citations should be generally excluded from calculations of h-index and impact factor.
- The impact of shift work induced chronic circadian disruption on IL-6 and TNF-α immune responses (2010)
- AIM: Sleep disturbances induce proinflammatory immune responses, which might increase cardiovascular disease risk. So far the effects of acute sleep deprivation and chronic sleep illnesses on the immune system have been investigated. The particular impact of shift work induced chronic circadian disruption on specific immune responses has not been addressed so far. METHODS: Pittsburgh-Sleep-Quality-Index (PSQI) questionnaire and blood sampling was performed by 225 shift workers and 137 daytime workers. As possible markers the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha and lymphocyte cell count were investigated. A medical examination was performed and biometrical data including age, gender, height, weight, waist and hip circumference and smoking habits were collected by a structured interview. RESULTS: Shift workers had a significantly higher mean PSQI score than day workers (6.73 vs. 4.66; p < 0.001). Day workers and shift workers had similar serum levels of IL-6 (2.30 vs. 2.67 resp.; p = 0.276), TNF-alpha (5.58 vs. 5.68, resp.; p = 0.841) or lymphocytes count (33.68 vs. 32.99, resp.; p = 0.404). Furthermore there were no differences in cytokine levels (IL-6 p = 0.761; TNF-alpha p = 0.759) or lymphocyte count (p = 0.593) comparing the sleep quality within the cohorts. When this calculation of sleep quality was stratified by shift and day workers irrespective of their sleep quality day workers and shift workers had similar serum levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha or lymphocytes count. Multiple linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation of lymphocytes count and smoking habits. CONCLUSION: Shift work induces chronic sleep debt. Our data reveals that chronic sleep debt might not always lead to an activation of the immune system, as we did not observe differences in lymphocyte count or level of IL-6 or TNF-alpha serum concentration between shift workers and day workers. Therefore chronic sleep restriction might be eased by a long-term compensating immune regulation which (in healthy) protects against an overstimulation of proinflammatory immune mechanisms and moderates metabolic changes, as they are known from short-term sleep deprivation or sleep related breathing disorders.
- Specific immunotherapy in Albanian patients with anaphylaxis to hymenoptera venoms (2002)
- BACKGROUND: Severe allergic reactions during rush-specific immunotherapy (Rush-SIT) may occur in the treatment of hymenoptera sting allergy. The objective of the present study was to examine the characteristics of allergic reactions during Rush-SIT in a cohort of patients with allergy towards hymenoptera venom in the mediterranean population of Albania. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed using the clinical reports of 37 patients with venom of bee (apinae), wasp (vespidae, subfamily vespinae) or paperwasp (vespidae, subfamily polistinae) allergy treated with Rush-SIT between 1987 and 1996. After hymenoptera sting allergy diagnosis according to anamnesis and intracutaneous tests the patient were treated with Rush-SIT. The protocol lasted 3 - 4 d with an increase in the concentration from 0.01 microg/ml to 100 microg/ml. Anaphylactic reactions were classified according to the Mueller-classification. RESULTS: The frequency of reactions during Rush-SIT for bee-venom was 4.7% and for wasp-venom was 1.5% (p < 0.01). The mean frequency of reactions of Mueller grade II for the bee-venom Rush-SIT patients during the first 4 d (= 26 injections) was 0.73 and for the wasp-venom Rush-SIT patients 0.15. No patient experienced a third-degree reaction. 94.6% of the patient supported an end dose of 100 microg. CONCLUSIONS: Rush-SIT is a reliable method for the treatment of anaphylactic reactions to hymenoptera venom even in less developed countries. Bee-venom Rush-SIT was found to cause higher numbers allergic reactions than wasp or paperwasp Rush-SIT.
- Ships, ports and particulate air pollution - an analysis of recent studies (2011)
- The duration of use is usually significantly longer for marine vessels than for roadside vehicles. Therefore, these vessels are often powered by relatively old engines which may propagate air pollution. Also, the quality of fuel used for marine vessels is usually not comparable to the quality of fuels used in the automotive sector and therefore, port areas may exhibit a high degree of air pollution. In contrast to the multitude of studies that addressed outdoor air pollution due to road traffic, only little is known about ship-related air pollution. Therefore the present article aims to summarize recent studies that address air pollution, i.e. particulate matter exposure, due to marine vessels. It can be stated that the data in this area of research is still largely limited. Especially, knowledge on the different air pollutions in different sea areas is needed.
- Self-reported adverse reactions in 4337 healthcare workers immunizations against novel H1N1 influenza (2011)
- Purpose: The use of the 2009 H1N1 vaccine has generated much debate concerning safety issues among the general population and physicians. Therefore, we investigated the safety of an inactivated monovalent H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine Methods: We focused on the H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine Pandemrix(R) and applied a self reporting questionnaire in a population of healthcare workers (HCWs) and medical students at a major university hospital. Results: In total, 4337 individuals were vaccinated, consisting of 3808 HCWs and 529 medical students. The vaccination rate of the employees was higher than 40%.The majority of individuals were vaccinated in November 2009. In total, 291 of the 4337 vaccinations were reported to lead to one or more adverse reactions (6.7%). Local reactions were reported in 3.8%, myalgia and arthralgia in 3.7%, fatigue in 3.7%, headache in 3.1%. Conclusions: Our data together with available data from several national and international institutions points to a safe pandemic influenza vaccine.
- Scoliosis: density-equalizing mapping and scientometric analysis (2009)
- BACKGROUND: Publications related to scoliosis have increased enormously. A differentiation between publications of major and minor importance has become difficult even for experts. Scientometric data on developments and tendencies in scoliosis research has not been available to date. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the scientific efforts of scoliosis research both quantitatively and qualitatively. METHODS: Large-scale data


text: Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia is featured in this image photographed by an Expedition 23 crew member on the International Space Station. The large Nevado del Ruiz volcano (center) is located approximately 140 kilometers to the northwest of the capital city of Bogota and covers an area of over 200 square kilometers. Nevado del Ruiz is a stratovolcano — a type of volcano built from successive layers of lava, ash, and pyroclastic flow deposits — formed by magma generated above the boundary between the subducting Nazca and overriding South American tectonic plates. The historical record of eruptions extends back to 1570, but the most damaging eruption in recent times took place in 1985. On Nov. 13, 1985, an explosive eruption at the Arenas Crater (center) melted ice and snow at the summit of the volcano. This lead to the formation of mudflows (or lahars) that swept tens of kilometers down river valleys along the volcano's flanks, resulting in the deaths of at least 23,000 people. Most of the fatalities occurred in the town of Armero which was completely inundated by lahars. Eruptive activity at Nevado del Ruiz may have occurred in 1994, but this is not confirmed. The volcano's summit and upper flanks are covered by several glaciers that appear as a white mass surrounding the one-kilometer-wide Arenas Crater; meltwater from these glaciers has incised the gray to tan ash and pyroclastic flow deposits mantling the lower slopes. A well-defined lava flow is visible at lower right. This photograph was taken at approximately 7:45 a.m. local time when the sun was still fairly low above the horizon, leading to shadowing to the west of topographic high points.


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enzyme can then be easily purified by boiling cells and filtering the result; the crude lysate will contain the enzyme, which should outlast contaminating enzymes under heat treatment. However, it is not feasible to locally produce such a strain as required, because the gene needed to produce the thermostable enzyme is found in wild cultures of deep-sea, thermophilic bacteria which are practically impossible to locally culture. However, once produced, such a strain can be transferred with trivial ease between AT-biolabs and constitutes a landmark development in sustainable biotechnology.
 Existing Methods
 Acids / Alkali / Feedstocks
- Acetic Acid - Distillation or Recrystallisation from Vinegar/Kombucha - Acetate salts are used for a wide variety of protocols.
- Acetone - Can be produced via the ABE Process (or transgenic bacteria). Can also be distilled from acetates, for example calcium acetate formed from egg shells and acetic acid from vinegar.
- ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate. Molecular energy unit of most living cells. Could probably be extracted from living cells but is highly unstable owing to its high energy content. Required for many enzyme-catalysed reactions, such as the use of Ligase (below).
- Benzoic Acid may be distilled from the injury-induced resin of Styrax family trees. The resin may be 20% Benzoic Acid. It may alternately be chemically produced from benzyl alcohol, which can be extracted from essential oils or fruits, though likely not in the same quantity as Styrax resin.
- Calcium Carbonate - Egg Shells, DE, Sea Shells, Mineral Deposits
- Citric Acid - Fermentation of glucose by Aspergillus niger yields citric acid which can be recrystallised and purified.
- Formic Acid - Distillation from ant bodies - Can be used for making salts, also has output applications in beekeeping.
- Potassium Hydroxide - Purification from Lye from Hardwood Ash - Provides ~90% Potassium Hydroxide, but presents hazards.
- Sodium Carbonate - Can be produced in low quality from burned Kombu/Kelp but is also produced via the Solvay Process.
- Sodium Hydroxide - Produced from Calcium Hydroxide and Sodium Carbonate, both outputs of the Solvay Process.
- Benzyl Alcohol - Can be extracted from fruit or some essential oils, though probably not in quantity.
- Butanol - Can be produced via the ABE Process (or transgenic bacteria).
- Ethanol - Produced during yeast fermentation or ABE Process. Can be distilled from fermentation medium, although high-grade ethanol will require more than a pot still.
- Methanol - Can be distilled from wood.
- Phenol - Possibly isolated from lignin
- Cellulose - Glucose polymer, most common biological compound on earth but usually highly impure. Easily produced as pure polymer by Kombucha fermentation, potentially useful as alternative to agarose DNA gels.
- Agar - Extracted from some seaweeds. In principal possible to produce via transgenic bacteria/yeast in-house. Useful for food production as an output.
- Agarose - Highly purified galactose polymer from Agar, requiring solvent or enzyme treatment to produce. Also in principal possible to produce with transgenic bacteria/yeast in-house. Supersedes need for agar if produced as pure agarose for lab or culinary applications.
- Gelatine - Easily boiled from bones and collagenous animal matter. Has limited uses in the lab due to being readily digested by many bacteria during growth.
- Alginates - Boiled as with Agar from certain species of seaweed/alga. Has food applications and can be processed to form a powder that, when dissolved in water, forms a gel upon exposure to calcium. Useful for encapsulating cells for ease of extraction from fermentations. Also has culinary applications and can be used to produce a "spray on bandage" to rapidly stanch bleeding as a medical application.
- DNA Monomers - Generally called "NTPs". Extracted industrially from salmon sperm DNA. Necessary for PCR and some other DNA manipulation reactions to produce or extend DNA.
Dyes actually pose a strong problem for community biolabs. Although many natural dyes can be easily prepared from indigenous species or by fermentation of transgenic strains, most dyes used in a modern lab for essential techniques like DNA visualisation are synthetic and/or present a mutagenic hazard. Substitution with natural stains and dyes may be a matter of trial and error.
- Indigo may have potential lab applications and can be grown easily or fermented by transgenic cultures. Also used as a clothing dye.
- Iodine can be extracted from Kelp/Kombu using Sulfuric Acids, and probably other acids more easily attained such as Acetic acid. Iodine is used in the gram staining method that helps identify microbes in medical samples.
- Lawsone from Henna could be used as a protein stain.
- Hematoxylin is extracted from log heartwood. It is used for a medically important staining procedure. As a biosynthesised dye, it could in principal be fermented by transgenic bacteria.
- Carmine/Cochineal is a traditional foodstuff dye produced from scale insects, and may have biolab applications.
- Turmeric is a traditional foodstuff and clothing dye and may have laboratory dye applications.
Many degradative enzymes can be produced by fermentation of saprophyte species such as B.subtilis, which possesses a host of useful enzymes for breaking down dead plant matter. These enzymes can be used for degrading waste and quickening composting or disposing of awkward wastes such as rancidified oils.
In a biolab, enzymes are the molecular machinery that perform many essential tasks such as copying, modifying and pasting DNA into desired sites, degrading contaminants, binding and purifying specific desired components of mixed samples, or cell-free production of proteins for advanced medical applications.
The below enzymes mostly do not come with instructions or suggestions for sources; the probable route to production in a community lab would be to acquire transgenic strains of B.subtilis or E.coli producing the desired enzyme, from which the enzyme can be extracted after a scaled-to-order fermentation. These strains generally do not exist in a form that is suitable or available to the community lab, but will surely be designed in coming years and disseminated where possible and required.
Essential Lab Enzymes:
- Restriction Enzymes - The more the merrier. Less necessary where synthesised DNA is available on demand..i.e. not in a community biolab, yet.
- DNA Polymerase(s) - Generally heat-stable enzymes extracted originally from deep sea bacteria, now produced from transgenic E.coli. Essential for the PCR reaction, easily produced and purified from lab strains such as E.coli or B.subtilis provided the correct genes are available in-house.
- Ligase - Used to "paste" DNA together, can be extracted in some form from probably any living cell but is generally extracted specially from transgenic E.coli. Could be produced in house from natural species with some difficulty, probably easier to produce with transgenic, tailor-made strains.
- Exonucleases - For degrading RNA or DNA, and for modern DNA cloning methods such as the Gibson method.
- Cellulase - For degrading cellulose, whether for biofuel production (probably inefficient to use enzyme for this) or to prepare plant cells for further manipulations.
Mostly culinary outputs:
- Invertase - Produced by Bacilli such as B.subtilis. Catalyses Sucrose -> Glucose + Fructose.
- Lipase - May assist in purification procedures. Can be used to degrade fats and remove fatty deposits. Can also be used to produce biofuel from oils/fats.


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The South African Constitution specifically enshrines no discrimination for persons with disabilities under Article 9(3)
- The Employment Equity Act (55 of 1998). The Technical Assistance Guidelines on the Employment of People with disabilities: non-discrimination and affirmative action measures and provides guidelines on how to implement it.
- Preferential Procurement Policy Framework Act (5 of 2000). The state organ must include a preferential procurement policy that may include contracting with people, or categories of people, historically disadvantaged by unfair discrimination on the basis of race, gender or disability. No data was available on the implementation of this Act.
- South African Schools Act (84 of 1996) provides for the inclusion of learners with special educational needs.
- The Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 2000 (PEPUDA) states that neither the state nor any person may unfairly discriminate against any person on the ground of disability.
- National Development Plan (of the National Planning Commission)
International and Regional Framework
- UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD)
- UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
- International Labour Organization Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) Convention (No 159)
- Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons (1975)
- Declaration on the Rights of Deaf-Blind Persons (1979)
- Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons (1971)
- Community-based rehabilitation guidelines (of the World Health Organisation)
- Standard Rules on the Equalisation of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities
- African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child
- African Charter on Human and People Rights World Programme on Disability


Messing Around with
This article explains how to create some simple mathematical shapes with, a popular graphics library for Python written by John Zelle. is a single file containing graphics functions such as Point, Line, Circle and Rectangle. In this article though, we are just going to use it to plot single points.
At the top of the page is a blancmange like shape. The program that drew it is at the bottom of the article, if you want to jump straight there. Otherwise, a couple of simpler plots will be demonstrated first, just to show a couple of underlying principles.
Installing can be as simple as downloading the latest version of the file. You can just leave it in the same directory as your python script.
$ wget
Plot a Circle
With installed, run the following Python script. It will draw a circle by plotting sine against cosine:
from __future__ import division
from graphics import *
import math
height = 800
width = 1200
radius = 200
win = GraphWin(sys.argv[0], width, height, autoflush=False)
win.setCoords(-width/2, -height/2, width/2, height/2)
for a in range(0,360):
 ar = math.radians(a)
 pt = Point(radius*math.sin(ar), radius*math.cos(ar)) # Circle
 _TAG_ = Point(2*radius*math.sin(ar), radius*math.cos(ar)) # Elipse
 _TAG_ = Point(radius*math.sin(2*ar), radius*math.cos(3*ar)) # Lissajous
print "Done"
win.getMouse() # Pause to view result
Run the program and a window should appear, looking like the image below. When you are ready, click the window to dismiss it and end the program.
Plot an Ellipse
Edit the above script. Change the "pt = " line to add a multiplying factor of "2*" to the x coordinate. Or, just uncomment the "Ellipse" line and comment out the "Circle" line.
Run the program and it now draws am ellipse. Basically just a squashed circle, twice as wide as it is high:
Lissajous Figure
If you introduce a multiplying factor to the angle (a) instead, a different effect is seen. Edit the program. Comment out the "Elipse" line and uncomment the "Lissajous" line. This is like the circle again, except that the x angle is multiplied by 2 and the y angle by 3.
Run the program and a swoopy pattern appears. It is still a plot of sine against cosine, but the "frequencies", or wavelengths, of x and y are out by a factor of 1.5. You can vary those numbers to produce more complicated patterns.
At the top of this article is a figure shaped a bit like a blancmange, or a sort of Mexican hat. The program to draw it is below. It can also be downloaded directly from Github, or with wget, like so:
$ wget
More accurately, the shape could be called a radial sinusoid, decaying as 1/x from the origin. Although it might seem more complicated than the plots above, this "3D" surface plot is built using similar principles. Plot sine against cosine and you get a circle (a trigonometrical identity). Plot sin or cos alone and you get a wave. Pythagoras can be used to work out radial distances.
from __future__ import division
from graphics import *
import math
# Dimensions of graphics window
height = 800
width = 1200
# Radius of shape about the Y axis
radius = 400
# Viewing angle, in degrees to the horizontal
va = 10
# Wavelength of sine wave in pixels
wavelength = 170
# Height of the figure at the centre (see exponential decay, below)
centre_amplitude = 500
# Plot granularity. Affects texture but not overall shape
xstep = 1
zstep = 10
# Viewing angle doesn't change, so calculate its sine and cosine now (optimization).
var = math.radians(va)
sinvar = math.sin(var)
cosvar = math.cos(var)
# Image is symmetrical, so iterate x over half the full range (-radius to radius)
# and plot both halves at the same time (optimisation).
for x in range(-radius, 0, xstep):
 # Pre-set maximums for hidden surface removal later
 maxy = -height
 miny = height
 # Optimisation: calculate and store this once instead of for every z later
 xsquared = x*x
 # The start (and end) of the z range for this x. Pythagoras.
 zlimit = int(math.sqrt(radius*radius - xsquared))
 # This range is really just -zlimit to zlimit, step zstep. The reverse
 # and addition here is just so that the range is symmetrical about zero,
 # making the pixels line up properly even at high viewing angles.
 # A simply range(-zlimit, zlimit) produces the same shape but the
 # texture is not uniform.
 for z in list(reversed(range(0, -zlimit, -zstep))) + range(0, zlimit, zstep):
 # Distance of this point from the Y axis, horizontally.
 r = math.sqrt(xsquared + z*z)
 # Amplitude of wave
 # Reciprocal decay: more pointy
 amplitude = 5000*(1/(0.5*r+1))
 # Exponential decay: smoother
 _TAG_ = centre_amplitude*(0.990**r)
 # y is a sinusoid of r, giving the wavy shape.
 y = amplitude*math.sin(math.radians(r*(360/wavelength)))
 # "Rotate" the 3D image towards the viewer, about the x axis, to give
 # the viewing angle projection
 projy = z*sinvar + y*cosvar
 # Plot the points
 if (projy > maxy) or (projy < miny):
 pt = Point(x, projy)
 pt = Point(-x, projy)
 # Hidden surface removal
 if projy > maxy:
 maxy = projy
 if projy < miny:
 miny = projy
 # Tp speed up the drawing, remove the indent of the following line
 # To slow down, increase the indent, putting it into the z loop
# Wait for user to click on image or terminate program
print "Done"
The shape takes about half a second to draw on my i7 laptop, and about 8 seconds on a raspberry pi 2. For comparison, I plotted the same curve using BASIC on an Amstrad CPC464 in the late 1980's, where it finished in about 5 minutes (and that was with a radius of about 200, not 400). On a Dragon 32 (8 bit, 0.6 Mhz) took about 10 minutes or more.
Change the Parameters
Altering some parameters near the top of the script changes the produced image. For example, try changing the viewing angle, va (currently 10 degrees) to different values between 0 and 90. It represents the angle above the horizontal from which the user sees the image. The effect of radius is fairly obvious. Reducing the wavelength will give you more ripples.
Changing the "decay" rate alters the steepness of the shape. Fiddle with the main "y=" statement, and you can draw different shapes altogether.
Inserting the blancmange routine into a function and calling it with increasing va (viewing angle), and blanking the screen appropriately, produces a nice animation. It is only practical on a quick machine though, and will be far too slow on a Raspberry Pi.
I originally got the "blankmange" algorithm from a 1980s UK computer magazine. But I can't recall which one it was, let alone the name of the author. Thanks anyway!
Update – I think it might have been UK computer magazine Your Computer, November 1982. Page 22, "Opening Up Graphics. If so, thanks to Mr Tim Langdon! All done in 10 lines too – program D4.
2 thoughts on "Messing Around with
 1. That image at the top took me back! Before reading further it was reminding me of graphics I played with on a Tandy CoCo in early-mid 1980s, some preserved by me taking photos of the TV screen as they were displayed. Same hardware as the Dragon 32 but mine had an awesome upgrade to 64k of memory
 - Hi Adrian, that is very cool! Sorry about the delay in replying, just been on an Easter break. Yes, the CoCo and Dragon were essentially the same computer. Back in the 80s, I printed out the image at the top, but the printouts have long been lost. If you want to send a photo, or part of a photo, I will add it here.
 64k – awesome
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The inverse problem of determining the permeability reduction in flow of water with particles in porous media
Formation damage | Deep bed filtration | Inverse problem | Tikhonov regularization
Most of the oil in the world is produced by injecting water in some wells and recovering oil in other wells. In offshore fields sea water containing organic and mineral inclusions is injected. This practice curtails the well's injectivity because the particles suspended in the fluid are trapped while passing through the porous rock. In this work, we study the deep filtration during the injection of water containing solid particles to predict the loss of injectivity in wells. The mathematical model for the filtration process is characterized by the filtration and the permeability reduction func tions which describe properties of the porous medium where the flow occurs. We develop a recovery method for determining the permeability reduction function indirectly from the pressure drop along the core, assuming that the filtration function has been deter mined previously by a separate procedure. For this recovery of permeability, we derive an integral equation of Volterra type for the rock formation damage function k(\sigma) and we discuss conditions for wellposedness of the operator equation. Finally, we describe a numerical implementation to calculate k(\sigma) within an appropriate subset of feasible solutions. The classical Tikhonov-Phillips regularization is used to reduce the illposed Volterra equation of first kind to a wellposed problem.


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Report on Oconee County Chain Gang Mr. Newton Kelly Foreman: Visited July 11 1918 by Assistant Secretary Broyles Convicts present: 16, 3 of them being trusties. All negroes. Camped about three miles from Seneca. The average daily population on this gang for the past two and a half years has been approximately 12. We found [...]comments
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Tag Archives: Oconee County SC
The Keil Farm is significant as an example of the evolution of an antebellum farm house from the mid-nineteenth to the early twentieth century, and also symbolizes the role that a German immigrant family played in the settlement and development of Walhalla and Oconee County in SC. John Henry Keil, Sr. (_PHONE_), was born Johann [...]comments
The South in the days before the Civil War had despised manufacturing, but the men who rebuilt the war-ravaged Southern states were well aware of the importance of industrialization. The new era began with the opening of the Piedmont Mill in the upper part of South Carolina in 1876. The textile industry grew quickly after [...]comments
Shortly after taking office in 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt announced plans for creation of a "conservation army." FDR at first saw the Civilian Conservation Corps primarily as a forestry organization — fighting fires, planting trees, thinning timber stands, stopping soil erosion and floods — but the field personnel of the State and Federal agencies involved [...]comments
"From his father, my father Ira Jacob Butts learned how to mix certain roots and leaves of grass together for a cure for snakebites. He never told which weeds and roots he used, and I would not attempt to try to describe them. Anyway, he would boil the roots and leaves, and would then strain [...]comments


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Through bedroom window, warm breeze blew. Deposited by lush forest, They floated at the threshold to Magic realm where tall trees chorused. Before them, floated small canoe... Carried them to shimmering lake. They floated at the threshold to Stars mirrored in ripples opaque. Upwards, then higher, on they flew. As threads of heavens came undone, They floated at the threshold to The morning, lit by rising sun.
A Kyrielle is a French form of rhyming poetry written in quatrains (a stanza consisting of 4 lines), and each quatrain contains a repeating line or phrase as a refrain (usually appearing as the last line of each stanza). Each line within the poem consists of only eight syllables. There is no limit to the amount of stanzas a Kyrielle may have, but three is considered the accepted minimum.
Some popular rhyming schemes for a Kyrielle are: aabB, ccbB, ddbB, with B being the repeated line, or abaB, cbcB, dbdB.
Mixing up the rhyme scheme is possible for an unusual pattern of: axaZ, bxbZ, cxcZ, dxdZ, etc. with Z being the repeated line.
The rhyme pattern is completely up to the poet.


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This app is aimed specifically at those with macular degeneration, who still can use their sight to read. It greatly helps those who know the technique of eccentric viewing but this method of training vision and practising should be known before using the app. The fact that it has such a simple interface, customizable configuration and audio usage instructions available make it easy to use and if the user has a monitor or a TV they can take advantage of the advantages of this app and read comfortably through a large screen.View description
The MD evReader is a simple iPad app designed to help people with Macular Degeneration (MD) to read e-books when it is combined with the technique of "eccentric viewing". Eccentric vision is when a person attempts to see by making use of their peripheral visual skills instead of the central ones (macular). The app enables the text (of e-pub documents) to be presented horizontally, from right to left, through the screen. The speed and the direction of the text movement may be controlled using a monitoring panel on the iPad screen. The text may be enlarged and presented in very large fonts on a digital screen through an HDMI port (this requires an Apple HDMI adaptor). The reader must fix their gaze in their preferred position of eccentric vision, far from the text, and read the text without moving their eyes. At present, the app cannot show books that are DRM-protected.


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Earth science community wants more Earth Explorers
Following the Call for Ideas for the next Earth Explorer Core missions, a total of 24 proposals had been submitted by the deadline in August. This clearly shows that there is massive interest from the scientific community in ESA's Living Planet Programme and that Earth Explorers are providing the community with a host of new tools to forward their scientific agenda.
Earth Explorer missions are designed to address critical and specific issues that have been raised by the science community whilst demonstrating breakthrough technology in observing techniques. The science community is involved right from the beginning in the definition of new missions, which leads to the efficient development of a mission and provides the exact data required by the user.
Currently, there are six approved Earth Explorer missions under development: CryoSat, GOCE, SMOS, ADM-Aeolus, Swarm and EarthCARE. CryoSat will be the first of these missions to launched, with lift-off scheduled for 8 October this year. With close to one launch per year these satellites will provide the science community with new and unique observations that will enable significant scientific progress in a number of areas. This is in addition to the broad observational capabilities already offered by the ERS satellites and Envisat over the last 15 years.
For the current Call the Agency's Earth Science Advisory Committee elaborated scientific priorities in order to take full account of what has already been achieved and what the current Earth science agenda considers to be central issues needed to be addressed, leading to the following set of priorities:
- The global water cycle
- The global carbon cycle
- Atmospheric chemistry and climate
- The human element as a cross-cutting issue
The proposals submitted reflect these priorities, although there are also proposals that cover broader issues. Some proposals tackle more than one area, whilst the Earth system approach is clear in the way the scientific issues are addressed.
The evaluation process is being set up, and during the first half of 2006 the Agency's Programme Board for Earth Observation will decide which of the missions will be selected to undergo feasibility study. Final selection of missions to be implemented is planned for 2008, with launch during the first half of next decade. During the Ministerial Conference in December this year, ESA's Member States and Canada will decide on the level of funding that will be available to respond to the Earth science community's strong interest in the Earth Explorer missions.


Estonian carbon foot print (per capita) is one of the largest in the whole European Union.
Main causes in Estonia
Estonia's energy sector has been based on the burning of fossil fuels for decades – in 2017, nearly 70% of Estonia's CO2 emissions came from the energy sector. Estonia is one of one Europe's largest CO2 emitters per capita. During 2019 oil shale electricity production declined as a result of rising CO2 prices in the EU and the promotion of green energy. At the same time, up to four new shale oil plants and pre-refinery are under discussion.
Also Estonia's emissions are caused by agriculture, transportation, industry, drainage of wetlands and intensive forestry.
Possible solutions
Estonian environmental NGOs (Estonian Fund for Nature, Estonian Environmental Law Center, Estonian Green Movement) stand for renewable energy sources such as sun and wind. Also good electricity sharing connections to other countries are important.
There are of course a lot of different measures that can be put into practice on the fields of agriculture, transportation, forestry etc.
The NGOs are actively working on the possibilities of just transition in Estonia together with different parties. Think tank Praxis made an analysis on just transition possibilities in Estonia. Find a summary in English here.


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Why Do Doctors Press on Your Stomach During a Checkup?
I was wondering, why do doctors push on your stomach during a checkup or if
you complain of abdominal pain?
Pressing on your stomach is a way to find out if the size of your internal organs is normal, to check if anything hurts, and to feel if anything unusual is going on.
Looking, listening, and feeling are all part of a physical exam. Doctors use all three to check that everything's normal or to evaluate a health condition. For example, doctors use sight to diagnose conditions like acne or pinkeye. They'll listen to a person's heartbeat to be sure it sounds normal. And they'll use touch to investigate areas that aren't visible to the naked eye, like bones or internal organs.
During a checkup, don't hesitate to ask your doctor questions if you're curious about why something's being done. Your doc is there to help, and answering questions is part of that!
*Names have been changed to protect user privacy.
Note: All information is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor.
© 1995- KidsHealth® All rights reserved.
Images provided by The Nemours Foundation, iStock, Getty Images, Veer, Shutterstock, and Clipart.com.


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George Hamilton was born in Queenston in 1788, the son of Robert Hamiltonand Catherine Askin Robertson. Finding life during and after the War of1812 somewhat disruptive along the United States border, he bought 104 ha(257 a) of land at the site of the city (1846) at the western end of LakeOntario in 1815. He was elected to the House of Assembly of Upper Canadafor Wentworth between 1820 and 1830.
Source: Rayburn, Alan (1997): Place Names of Ontario, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp. 148-149.
In March 1793 Lt-Gov John Graves Simcoe examined the site of the forks ofLa Tranche River (renamed by him the Thames) as a possible location forthe capital for Upper Canada, in place of Newark (nowNiagara-on-the-Lake), which he deemed to be susceptible to attack by theAmericans. Before arriving in Upper Canada, he had proposed naming theplace Georgina in honour of George III. On exploring the site, however,he called it New London, with Chatham, as in England, a port downriver,and Oxford upriver at present-day Ingersoll. Lord Dorchester, thegovernor-in-chief, vetoed Simcoe's choice of a capital, but accepted hisproposal to move it to Toronto (renamed York later in 1793). The firstsettlement at The Forks of the Thames was in 1826, when it became theadministrative capital of London District. London post office had beenestablished 5 km west of The Forks in 1825, but it was moved the nextyear to The Forks. The city was incorporated in 1855.
Source: Rayburn, Alan (1997): Place Names of Ontario, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp. 196-197.


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Date of this Version
In this paper, we explore the use of provenance for analyzing execution dynamics in distributed systems. We argue that provenance could have significant practical benefits for system administrators, e.g., for reasoning about changes in a system's state, diagnosing protocol misconfigurations, detecting intrusions, and pinpointing performance bottlenecks. However, to realize this vision, we must revisit several aspects of provenance management. As a first step, we present time-aware provenance (TAP), an enhanced provenance model that explicitly represents time, distributed state, and state changes. We outline our research agenda towards developing novel query processing, languages, and optimization techniques that can be used to efficiently and securely query time-aware provenance, even in the presence of transient state or untrusted nodes.
Wenchao Zhuo, Ling Ding, Andreas Haeberlen, Zachary G. Ives, and Boon Thau Loo, "TAP: Time-Aware Provenance for Distributed Systems",. June 2011.
Date Posted: 19 July 2012


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NASA has kicked off a competition among university engineers to design an inflatable habitat that is "light-weight, safe, and reliable" to house future astronauts "in space and on other planetary bodies." On the line is $58,000.
The eXploration Habitat (or X-Hab) "lofts," as NASA is chicly terming them, must be designed to sit as an expansion atop the agency's existing hard shell prototype, which will include (cramped) spaces for activities like suit maintenance and geological research. The challenge, open to all university seniors and graduate students, is intended to spur interest and research in math, science, and engineering, and will honor each of three winning teams with $48,000 and a shot to field test their prototype for a final ten grand.
Realizing the seriousness sheltering astronauts inside of a sophisticated moon bounce, the proposal guidelines make the difficulty of the challenge clear: the lofts must be "analogous to a terrestrial home lasting 25 years with a low-carbon foot-print and Net-Zero resource consumption with no maintenance and operations required to live in it while seamlessly providing comfortable and safe living capabilities." Were you sitting on the surface of the moon, you might want something between you and the desolate vacuum of space besides an inflatable plastic wall, but hey, that's why you're not an astronaut. [MSNBC via Inhabitat]


Motivation for J1939
SAE J1939 Protocol
The SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) J1939 protocol is a higher-layer protocol based on CAN (Controller Area Network). It is used in commercial vehicles and construction machinery for communication of electronic control units. The protocol was developed in the mid-1980s to ensure standardized communication between electronic control units of different manufacturers. It focuses on the diesel engine and its communication with, for example, the gearbox, brake, or retarder (engine brake).
SAE J1939 und CAN (Controller Area Network)
The SAE J1939 protocol uses CAN (Controller Area Network, ISO 11998-1 and ISO 11998-2) as the physical layer. The CAN protocol plays a major role in motor vehicle networking and represents a commonly used method for bit serial communication between electronic control units (ECUs). Typical ECUs include: Engine, transmission, and brake ECUs as well as the instrument panel and door ECUs.
Last modified: Thursday, 12 April 2018, 8:59 AM


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Andrew Needham is a historian of the twentieth-century United States who specializes in the relationship between urban life and the natural environment. His work is animated by the question: How has urbanization spurred far-reaching changes in human societies and natural ecologies? He is the author of Power Lines: Phoenix and the Making of the Modern Southwest (2014), which explores the transformation of Phoenix and the Navajo nation in the years after World War II and tells the story of the far-reaching environmental and social inequalities of metropolitan growth as well as the roots of our contemporary coal-fueled climate change crisis. It received five book prizes, including the George Perkins Marsh Prize for the best book in environmental history, the Caughey Western History Association Prize, and the David J. Weber and Bill Clements Prize for best nonfiction work on the American Southwest.
Needham is currently working on two new projects. The first, "Engineering Sustainability: Nature and Technology in Urban America," is a history of urban infrastructure in the long twentieth century. In it he examines both how urban officials have used spatial expansion to solve environmental problems—considering the reversal of the Chicago River, segregation of environmental nuisances in Los Angeles, the construction of Jones Beach off Long Island, the construction of bart in the San Francisco Bay area, and the expansion of Detroit's water system into its suburbs—and how the resulting infrastructures have changed social and environmental communities. His second project, "The Origins of the Climate Crisis: Metropolitanism and Energy Use in Postwar America," explores the ways ideas and public policies spurred metropolitan growth as well as climate change.
Click here for more information about Andrew Needham.
- Power Lines: How Energy from Indian Lands Fueled the Growth of Phoenix, Los Angeles, and the Postwar Southwest
- Gotham's Nature: The Environmental History of New York City
- The Social History of the Climate Crisis
- Engineering Sustainability: Urban Infrastructure and Ecological Crisis in the Twentieth Century


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Can't Relax? It's All in Your Mind
Research shows stopping a thought puts more strain on the brain.
Turns out, relaxing is exhausting—which could by why so many people struggle to unplug from work during vacation.
According to mathematicians at Case Western Reserve University, stopping a thought burns more energy than thinking-like stopping a truck on a downhill slope.
"Maybe this explains why it is so tiring to relax and think about nothing," says Daniela Calvetti, professor of mathematics and one of the authors of a new brain study published in an advanced online publication of the Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism.
Since opening up the brain for detailed monitoring isn't exactly practical, Calvetti teamed up with fellow mathematics professor Erkki Somersalo and Rossana Occhipinti, a postdoctoral researcher in physiology and biophysics, to create a computer model of brain metabolism.
Calvetti and Somersalo created a software package specifically designed to study the complex metabolic systems. The software-Metabolica-produces a numeric rendering of the pathways linking excitatory neurons that transmit thought or inhibitory neurons that put on the brakes with star-shaped brain cells called astrocytes. Astrocytes provide essential chemicals and functions to both kinds of neurons.
To stop a thought, the brain uses inhibitory neurons to prevent excitatory neurons from passing information-they block information by releasing gamma aminobutyric acid, commonly called GABA, which counteracts the effect of the neurotransmitter glutamate by excitatory neurons.
In other words, glutamate opens the synaptic gates and GABA holds them closed.
"The astrocytes, which are the Cinderellas of the brain, consume large amounts of oxygen mopping up and recycling the GABA and the glutamate, which is a neurotoxin," Somersalo says.
More oxygen requires more blood flow, although the connection between cerebral metabolism and hemodynamics is not fully understood yet.
All together, "It's a surprising expense to keep inhibition on," he says.
The researchers hope their work can provide some insight on brain diseases, which are often difficult to diagnose until advanced stages. Most brain maladies are linked to energy metabolism, and understanding the norm may enable doctors to detect problems earlier.
The toll inhibition takes may be particularly relevant to neurodegenerative diseases. "And that is truly exciting," Calvetti says.


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This report was in advance of the Committee on the Rights of the Child's ('the Committee') consideration of Saudi Arabia's initial report under the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict (OPAC). The report focuses on military recruitment; armed groups; and protection, recovery and reintegration.
Some recommendations outlined in the report that the state party should take include:
- Amend its national legislation and binding OPAC declaration to unambiguously set 18 years as the minimum age for all forms of military recruitment in law and practice without exception;
- Ensure that the minimum age for any form of participation in hostilities is explicitly set in law at 18 years or above, without exception;
- Criminalise all forms of military recruitment and use in hostilities by state armed forces in law and practice without exception, and ensure that perpetrators are prosecuted;
- Review and amend its legislation to ensure that children may not be prosecuted solely for suspected association with non-state armed groups, and that they are treated primarily as victims;
- Expressly prohibit and criminalise the recruitment of children by non-state armed groups and their use in hostilities, and ensure that perpetrators are prosecuted;
- Ensure that all children deprived of their liberty for suspected association with parties to conflict are detained only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate period of time, and that they are handed over to an appropriate, mandated, independent civilian-led child protection process without delay;
- Ratify the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and the Arms Trade Treaty, and endorse the Safe Schools Declaration
Download the report here for our full set of questions and recommendations.


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THE IMPORTANCE OF LAWS ON PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
Aside from private car accidents there are also a great number of related public transportation accidents. The Federal Government is the one regulating the common carriers that transport passengers and cargo across the entire state. Nevertheless, each separate state has its own regulated public transportation system all within its stateís lines. But in general itís the Federal Government that controls the interstate transportation while the individual states are to manage the intrastate transportation. Just what are common carriers? Common carrier is the term given to refer to one who make known to the public that his business involves the transporting of persons or cargo from one point to another within or outside the state in return for compensation and also the services rendered are available to the public. Some of the common carriers available are buses, trains, ferries and airplanes.
Nevertheless, there are some exceptions especially when it comes to certain types of airplanes as well as some vessels that are included in the private charter transportation. The importance of knowing whether a transportation service is a common carrier or not is for the implementation of specific common carrier regulations in various states. The common carrier regulations are usually applied to equipment requirements, licensing, transportation procedures, fare and rates and others that are related to the operation of the common carrier. The set regulations are provided to benefit not only the common carrier industry but more so the general public. Common carriers are required to follow strictly the regulations and standards impose in their respective states.
For accidents relating to common carriers, the Federal Government has created various regulations as to the degree of the liability that common carriers have to its passengers who are injured while making use of the common carrier services. In case of common carrier accidents individual State law applies in determining the extent of personal injuries which a common carrier may be liable. However, a great number of states follow the general rule that common carriers are liable for personal injuries sustained by its passengers. This law is based on the premise that a common carrier must and should employ the highest level of care, diligence as well as vigilance when transporting passengers to their appointed destinations. The common carrier is also expected to maintain necessary equipment coupled with a reasonable degree of skill in order to accomplish the safe transportation of passengers. And depending on the governing state law, there are some state regulations that do not necessarily obligate a common carrier to be completely responsible for the safety of its passengers but requires that the common carrier should show a high degree of care to its passengers. But still the general rule applies that a common carrier would be held responsible for injuries sustained by its passengers in cases wherein accident would have been avoided if only the carrier had used care and diligence in transporting their passengers. For comments and suggestions kindly visit Los Angeles Vehicle Accident Attorney.


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The Canadian Museum for Human Rights is known with its excellence in working with children and young people.
Be an Upstander School Program is adapted to different age groups and school levels.
Program length: 90 minutes
Students explore the contributions of outstanding Canadian human rights defenders and participate in an interactive game to inspire them to stand up for their rights and the rights of others.
Students learn about the Universal Declaration of Human Rights with particular attention to the role of Canadian John Humphrey in Turning Points for Humanity on Level 4.
They experience exhibits that look at the personal life journeys of Canadian and international human rights defenders, and how they became upstanders for human rights in Rights Today on Level 5.
Students participate in a digital interactive game on how every action counts. Students are presented with scenarios and make choices on issues. In doing this, they explore how they can have a direct role in creating a society where everyone is treated with dignity and respect. This activity takes place in Actions Count on Level 4.
Students discuss how human rights affect us all and how each one of us can make a difference in Inspiring Change on Level 7.
For more information please visit: _URL_
The museum developed the Be an Upstander resource which is a project-based learning unit designed to complement the Be an Upstander school program. This interactive resource is designed for students in middle school and encourages inquiry and action on human rights issues.
Language: English, French


Inhibition of ripening in tomatoes
Undisplayed Graphic
Inhibiting the expression of a specific gene can often result in new traits. In tomato, the softening that occurs during ripening is partly due to an enzyme called polygalacturonase. CalGene has transformed tomatoes with an "antisense" polygalacturonase gene, which interferes with the expression of the normal polygalacturonase gene. As a result, polygalacturonase production in fruit is slowed, which in turn slows the ripening process. Firm fruit can be shipped with minimal damage, and ripen on the shelf.
Marketed under the trade name Flavr Savr®, this is the first transgenic food to be sold commercially.
Kramer, MG, K. Redenbaugh. (1994). Commercialization of a tomato with an antisense polygalacturonase gene: The FLAVR SAVR® tomato story. Euphytica 79:293-297.
Pfeiffer N (1994) FDA OKs Calgene's Flavr Savr® Tomato for Marketing in Supermarkets in the U.S. Genetic Engineering News June 1, 1994.
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Find the perfect icons for your courses. Choose from 7+ million Content Library 360 assets that you can access right from PowerPoint. All assets are royalty-free with no attribution required. In this article, you'll learn how to add eye-catching icons to your Presenter 360 courses. You can even customize icons with your own colors and effects.
- Go to the Articulate tab on the PowerPoint ribbon and click Icons.
- Type a search term in the field at the top of the media browser and press Enter. (Tip: The browser remembers your last search term during the current session.)
- Zoom in and out by using the zoom slider in the lower left corner or by holding down the Ctrl key on your keyboard and scrolling your mouse wheel.
If you want to find a different kind of media after opening the browser, use the drop-down list in the upper right corner to switch between Photos, Illustrations, and Icons.
- Select the icon you want to use and click Insert to add it your slide.
You can select multiple icons at the same time using Ctrl+Click or Shift+Click, then insert them all at once.
After adding an icon into your course, you can customize its colors to match your course design. Just select the icon on the slide, go to the Format tab on the ribbon, and use the style galleries to edit the fill color, outline color, and effects. For example, here's the same icon with different styles.
And if an icon is composed of more than one shape, you can ungroup it and format each shape individually. Here's how to ungroup an icon in PowerPoint:
- Right-click the icon, scroll to Group, and click Ungroup.
- When PowerPoint asks if you want to convert the picture to a Microsoft Office drawing, click Yes.
- Right-click the icon again. If the Group option is grayed out, it means the icon is a single object. If the Group option is active, scroll to it and then select Ungroup to see all the components that make up the icon.
Here's an example of an ungrouped icon.
Below is the original icon with no formatting on the left. The same icon in the middle has been recolored all at once (without ungrouping it). And the same icon again, but this time ungrouped, with specific formatting for each component is on the right.