[b-greek] Re: TI GEGONEN in John 14:22
From: Steven R. Lo Vullo (_EMAIL_)
Date: Thu Aug 23 2001 - 21:15:18 EDT
on 8/23/01 2:15 PM, Mark Wilson at _EMAIL_ wrote:
> Neither, if you ask me.
> Take it as "How will it occur/happen/be fulfilled that..."
> Much can be gleaned by how Jesus answers
> the question put to him. Note that Jesus does not address
> a "what" or a "why."
What is the justification for translating the perfect GEGONEN as a future,
especially since the future of GINOMAI is used 5x in John when a future
event is in mind (John 4:14; 8:33; 10:16; 15:7; 16:20)? The closest parallel
I could find in the NT to this phrase is TI EGENETO in an indirect question
in Acts 7:40, which clearly means "what happened."
Also, I can't think offhand of TI being used to indicate means or manner
when it is alone or with GINOMAI. The only construction I can think of in
which it expresses means is in the prepositional phrase KATA TI (Luke 1:18).
If it is used in this way, I don't think it is common. It seems that if
means or manner were in view, a more common way to express this would be
with something like PWS (as is done frequently throughout this Gospel for
As far as Jesus' answer, I think two points need to be made.
First, I think it is precarious to automatically base the translation of a
question on the answer given. In the first place, this would seem to permit
us to ignore grammatical evidence of what is the most natural way of
understanding the text, as I think you have done above in rendering GEGONEN
as a future and TI as expressing means or manner, when there doesn't seem to
be any compelling *grammatical* reason for doing so. Secondly, this assumes
that the person being asked the question will inevitably answer it in the
way we expect, or that the answer will be direct, or that the resondent will
not choose to use that question as a means to get to what is perceived as a
more important issue, or one related to the underlying presupposition(s) or
motive(s) or attitude(s) of the inquirer.
Second, if we translate TI GEGONEN hOTI in a way that does justice to both
the pronoun and the tense of the verb, Jesus' answer still makes sense. Leon
Morris, noting that on the basis of Jesus' answer we might have expected a
future, nevertheless let's stand what is actually there and comments:
"Judas now voices what must have been the perplexity of the whole band. He
asks what has happened (in view of Christ's words we might perhaps have
anticipated a future) that Christ will manifest Himself to the disciples and
not to the world. Evidently he is understanding'manifest' in terms of
physical manifestation. Like the Jews in general he expects the Messiah to
stand forth in all His glory before all mankind. The way he puts it seems to
imply that he now thinks that something has happened to disrupt our Lord's
planned program."
When Judas hears Jesus use the word EMFANIZW in v. 21, he is thinking of a
physical/public maifestation of Jesus to all, in line not only with Jewish
thought on the Messiah, but also with Jesus' earlier words (e.g., John
5:25-29; cf. Dan 7:9-14). Now that Jesus speaks of manifesting himself to
those who love him, Judas concludes there has been a change in plan ("What
has happened...?"). Rather than deal directly with Judas' concern about a
change of plan, Jesus explains that what he is talking about is not a
physical/public manifestation at all, but a spiritual (cf. v. 26) and
personal (v. 23) manifestation to those who love him, as opposed to those
who don't. Clearing up the matter of what kind of "manifestation" he is
talking about in this context in turn clears up the matter of a change of
plan, for if Jesus is not even dealing with a physical/public manifestation
of himself, then there is no need to posit a contradiction or a change of
Another way to look at it is that up until this point, Jesus had indeed been
manifesting himself physically/publicly to the world. Judas wonders what has
happened that this would no longer be the case. Jesus' answer emphasizes
that for a while he is not going to be present physically/publicly, but will
be with those who love him spiritually/personally. While this does not
*directly* answer the question of "what has happened," it, like the above
scenario, renders it irrelevent, for again, if Jesus is not talking about a
physical/public manifestation, there need be no conflict, since a
spiritual/personal manifestation to his disciples during the time of his
absence does not rule out a physical/public manifestation to the world at
some future point. What had troubled Judas was the idea that Jesus was going
to physically/publicly manifest himself only to those who loved him, which
to him was in conflict with what he understood. Jesus' answer does not
necessarily rule out the "plan" Judas had in mind (although it should have
modified it somewhat). It only corrects his understanding of what Jesus
meant by "manifest."
Steve [LoVullo -- New list members please take note: BG protocol
calls for a full-name signature on all messages sent to the list.]


How to make xml nodes open and closed on the same line if they have no children?
I am working with a large XML file and want to cut it down a bit. I currently have many examples of something like this:
Since the column has no child nodes, I would like it to be
xml is generated using FluentNHibernate config
The column node is created for
in my ClassMap.
Is there any way I can use the System.Xml classes to rewrite it to write one line for each childless node)?
source to share
1 answer
As you probably cannot change the way the XML is generated, you can load it in XDocument
and make the necessary changes. By default it will load with no spaces - this will overwrite this:
like this:
This is because he sees that he matters ""
. To get rid of this, you need to clear the contents of those that have an empty string as their value.
string xml = "..."
var document = XDocument.Parse(xml);
var emptyElements = document.Descendants()
 .Where(e =>!e.Nodes().Any());
foreach (var element in emptyElements)
xml = document.ToString();
The code looks odd (what nodes are we removing from an element without nodes?!), but it makes an internal margin content
where it was in this case ""
. The end result is this:
All Articles


text:
Representing experts across various fields, University of Houston sources have expertise in an array of topics related to storms – before, during and after.
Simplifying Computer Power Behind Phones, Medical DevicesTexas Instruments Collaboration, Grant Give UH Team Chance to Develop Better Tools
August 5, 2010-Houston-From smart phones to medical equipment, embedded processors are everywhere and getting increasingly more powerful. One University of Houston (UH) professor's work with Texas Instruments (TI) is making it easier to develop these types of systems.
Barbara Chapman, a UH professor of computer science, and her team have been collaborating with design engineers at TI for two years and, for the second time, received a $100,000 grant from TI to further this research. In addition to the now $200,000 received from TI, the company also donated 20 BeagleBoard development platforms to Chapman. The BeagleBoard is a high-performance, low-power development platform that can be put into students' hands and allows them to learn by doing.
At the center of the TI grant for Chapman's research are embedded multicore processors. Embedded processors can be found in cars, phones, toys, power tools, video equipment, medical imaging devices and other types of computerized equipment across a variety of markets. In fact, all consumer, industrial, communication and medical electronic devices have some type of embedded processor, requiring them to be much more diverse and specialized for different applications than the processors found in standard desktop computers, for example.
To achieve the speed and performance required by embedded application software, it has become necessary to build multicore processors – also called parallel processors – that are computer chips containing more than one central processing unit (CPU). TI has many different multicore devices that deliver the high performance and power efficiency that designers use across a broad range of applications and end markets.
A UH alum with both a master's degree and Ph.D. in computer science, Eric Stotzer works for TI on this collaborative effort.
"While working on my Ph.D., I became aware of Dr. Chapman's expertise in parallel programming models, and I realized there was an opportunity to collaborate with her," Stotzer said. "At that time, TI was developing multicore processors and improving the tools used to program them. Embedded heterogeneous multicore processors can help the specialization and, therefore, cost effectiveness and power consumption of systems. This is different from PC-based homogeneous multicore systems, such as the x86 or Intel family of processors."
Stotzer explained that without the proper programming languages, it is extremely tedious, error-prone and time-intensive to develop software for embedded multicore processors.
Ultimately, UH and TI are collaborating on technology that enables the development of ubiquitous computing embedded in the devices that touch our daily lives, from our homes and cars to the doctor's office. With this grant and the UH/TI collaboration, the researchers' goal is to simplify the development of new portable applications.
"Our research makes it simpler for medical equipment manufacturers, for instance, to develop advanced software for TI's embedded multicore processors," Chapman said. "The combination of the tools we're developing and TI's new and extremely powerful multicore processors will enable the creation of medical applications that were previously not possible."
Chapman and her team are leaders in technologies for programming multicore processors. Together with TI colleagues, they have developed a graduate course that introduces UH students to the principles and practice of this field, with a special focus on the requirements of embedded computing. UH computer science students who participated in the Spring 2010 pilot course were able to complement their theoretical study with hands-on experience using the BeagleBoards supplied by TI. This joint effort ensures that UH students are able to acquire skills in embedded systems programming and multicore programming that give them a competitive advantage in today's workforce. Moreover, the combined team is cementing their leadership role in the teaching of technologies for developing heterogeneous multicore embedded systems by creating open-source training material.
In addition to Chapman and Stotzer, this team effort involves UH researchers Lei Huang and Tony Curtis; Ph.D. students Bhargav Patel, Jae-Chang Hong, Hangjun Yi and Dunni Aribuki; and Eric Biscondi, Ashish Shrivastava and Cody Addison from TI. Addison also is a UH graduate, one of a number of UH students TI has hired over the years.
With this most recent gift, TI has provided more than $1 million in grants to UH since the 1980s.
About the University of Houston
The University of Houston is a comprehensive national research institution serving the globally competitive Houston and Gulf Coast Region by providing world-class faculty, experiential learning and strategic industry partnerships. UH serves 37,000 students in the nation's fourth-largest city in the most ethnically and culturally diverse region in the country.
About the College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
The UH College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, with 181 ranked faculty and approximately 4,500 students, offers bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees in the natural sciences, computational sciences and mathematics. Faculty members in the departments of biology and biochemistry, chemistry, computer science, earth and atmospheric sciences, mathematics and physics conduct internationally recognized research in collaboration with industry, Texas Medical Center institutions, NASA and others worldwide.
For more information about UH, visit the university's Newsroom at _URL_
To receive UH science news via e-mail, visit _URL_
For additional news alerts about UH, follow us on Facebook and Twitter.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
the other. (Students have two job advertisements)
Compare your partner with other applications for the job. Who is the best candidate?
Pedagogical tasks activation
List three things youre thinking about doing this week.
Group work. Tell your partners what youre thinking about doing. For each activity, get a recommendation and a reason from three different people. Then write the best recommendations in the chart.
The essential difference between a task and an exercise is that a task has a nonlinguistic outcome. Target or real-world tasks are the sorts of things that individuals typically do outside of the classroom. Pedagogical tasks, are designed to activate acquisition processes.
Steps in designing a task-based program
Having specified target and pedagogical tasks, the syllabus designer analyzes these in order to identify the knowledge and skills that the learner will need to have in order to carry out the tasks. The next step is to sequence and integrate the tasks with enabling exercises designed to develop the requisite knowledge and skills. As I have already indicated, one key distinction between an exercise and a task, is that exercises will have purely language related outcomes, while tasks will have non-language related outcomes, as well as language related ones.
These are the steps that I follow in designing language programs.
1. Select and sequence real-world / target tasks
2. Create pedagogical tasks (rehearsal / activation)
3. Identify enabling skills: create communicative activities and language exercises
4. Sequence and integrate pedagogical tasks, communicative activities and language exercises
Here is a diagrammatic representation of how I see these various elements fitting together.
If you would like further information on the ideas set out
here, I suggest that you look at one (or both!) of the following books, both of which were
written by me: Designing Tasks for the Communicative Classroom. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. Second Language Teaching and Learning. Boston: Heinle
& Heinle / ThomsonLearning. Additional papers can be found on my website at
Back to Top
Back to Articles on Language Teaching

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Celebrating women in science: inspirational stories of your contemporaries
In 2006, a study by psychologist Penelope Lockwood, found that women need to see female role models more than men need to see male role models.
Paper: "Someone like me can be successful": Do college students need same-gender role models?
Penelope Lockwood's findings went on to inspire an international event aimed at raising the profile of women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM) by encouraging people around the world to talk about the women whose work they admire.
Ada Lovelace Day*, creates new role models for girls and women by raising the profile of other women in traditionally male-dominated STEM fields.
The Institute of Psychiatry celebrates this occasion, as part of our Women in Science Initiative, with a short podcast of staff and students sharing stories of STEM women who have inspired them.
The women featured in this recording are:
Professor Francesca Happé speaking about Professor Uta Frith; Dr Helen Fisher on Professor Terrie Moffitt; Clare Dolman, IoP PhD Student, on Dr. Kay Redfield Jamison; Dr Rina Dutta speaking about the late Professor Lyn Pilowsky and Jackie Robbins, IoP PhD Student, on Professor Barbara Sahakian.
Further information on these inspirational women is available below.
Professor Uta Frith | University College London
Professor Uta Frith, Emeritus Professor of Cognitive Development at University College London, completed an undergraduate degree in experimental psychology (Universitaet des Saarlandes) before training in clinical psychology at the IoP and completing a PhD on Autism in 1968.
A world renowned expert on autism spectrum disorders, Professor Frith has developed throughout her career a neuro-cognitive approach to developmental disorders and in particular specific investigation into cognitive processes and their failure in autism and dyslexia.
A prolific author since the 1970's, one of her notable publications was Autism, Explaining the Enigma (1989), which popularised her term Theory of Mind (ToM).
For a series of podcasts, videos and interviews with Professor Frith please see here.
Also of interest is the BBC Radio 4 programme, The Life Scientific with Uta Frith, which can be listened to here.
Professor Terrie Moffitt | King's Institute of Psychiatry
Professor Terrie Moffitt studies how genetic and environmental risks work together to shape the course of abnormal human behaviors and psychiatric disorders. Her particular interest is in antisocial and criminal behavior, but she also studies depression, psychosis, and addiction. She is a licensed clinical psychologist, who completed her clinical hospital training at the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute (1984).
Professor Moffitt is associate director of the Dunedin Longitudinal Study, which follows 1000 people born in 1972 in New Zealand. She also directs the Environmental-Risk Longitudinal Twin Study, which follows 1100 British families with twins born in _PHONE_.
For further information about Professor Moffitt's work please visit her website: _URL_
Recent article on a study by Professor Moffitt can be found here:
Teenage cannabis use linked to decline in IQ
Professor Kay Redfield Jamison | Johns Hopkins University
Dr Kay Redfield Jamison, clinical psychologist, writer and Professor of Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and co-director of the Johns Hopkins Mood Disorders Center, is an international authority on mood disorders.
Having studied clinical psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles in the late 1960s, Dr. Jamison received both B.A. and M.A. degrees in 1971 before completing her PhD in 1975.
Throughout her career Dr. Jamison has won numerous awards and published over 100 articles in academic journals and authored or co-authored five books, including her autobiography An Unquiet Mind: A Memoir of Moods and Madness (Knopf; 1995) which gives unique insight into bipolar disorder from the perspective of her as a patient and as a medical professional.
For further information on Dr. Kay Redfield Jamison please see here.
Professor Lyn Pilowsky | King's Institute of Psychiatry
Professor Lyn Pilowsky began her career at the Maudsley in 1986 after qualifying from Flinders University in Australia. After initially completing her MRCPsych in 1989, with the view of becoming a psychoanalyst, Lyn discovered a passion for psychopharmacology following the researching and publishing of a literature review of rapid tranquillisation with Malcolm Lader.
In 1990 she was awarded a Wellcome Training Fellowship to study patients with schizophrenia using single photon emission tomography.
Following over a decade working at the forefront of molecular imaging in schizophrenia, Lyn was made Professor of Neurochemical Imaging and Psychiatry at the Institute of Psychiatry in 2004. This was complemented in 2005 when an honorary professorship in neurochemical imaging and psychiatry was awarded by University College London.
An excellent teacher, an outstanding clinician and an innovator who developed a national antipsychotic review service and founded an early onset psychosis service at the Maudsley hospital, Professor Lyn Pilowsky died at the age of 46 from a brain tumor in 2007.
Professor Barbara J Sahakian | University of Cambridge
Barbara J Sahakian FMedSci is Professor of Clinical Neuropsychology in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Cambridge. Her research interests involve understanding the neural basis of cognitive, emotional and behavioural dysfunction in order to develop more effective pharmacological and psychological treatments.
This work includes studies on Alzheimer's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, substance abuse, depression and mania. Currently her group are working on early detection, differential diagnosis and proof of concept studies using cognitive enhancing drugs. Her research utilises neuropsychological tests, such as the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) tests, which she co-invented.
Professor Sahakian was one of the first researchers to suggest that attentional dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease could be ameliorated using pharmacotherapy, such as cholinesterase inhibitors. In addition, she was early to highlight the cognitive changes in depression and the significance of these in terms of functional outcome.
For more information on Professor Barbara Sahakian, please see here.
* Who was Ada Lovelace? Find out more about Ada Lovelace and the Ada Lovelace Day initiative here.


text:
New Fast Facts: Colorado School Libraries and the Use of Web Technologies, 2011-2012
Our newest Fast Facts uses data from the 2011-2012 Colorado School Library Survey to assess the degree to which public school libraries with endorsed librarians use web technologies. The results indicate that more school libraries offer basic web technologies (e.g., a website, OPAC) than Web 2.0-related technologies, such as wikis and Facebook. Additionally, use of these technologies varies in accordance with the grade level and enrollment of the school served. Middle schools are most likely to use Web 2.0 technologies, while school libraries at schools with more than 1,000 students are most likely to offer most of the technologies noted in the survey.


Corporate Responsibility and Governance
Australian News Report
Is the Media always being targeting the correct news and showcasing it in correct way? The answer is always uncertain and depends upon case to case. The recent news highlights the 7Eleven store issues related to wages and compensation. Print media is often seen to be biased and the viewpoints are different assumed by different authors and writers. Media is always being known for highlighting the issue and taking the concern to different level by different media sources. The 7-Eleven store issues is highlighted as the Wage Abuse Scandal. The main source of making profit is linked with underpaying the workers at 7-Eleven stores. (Josie Taylor, Sep 2015).
Wage abuse at store is a concern as employees are being paid less than the standards. (Adele Ferguson, Sep 2015) Media focuses the news by highlighting it to be like slavery for employees as they are being paid less for the more work they do. The FLA workplace code of conduct has a clause stating the compensation to be standard and same for every employee working under same designation. All the legal requirements have to be maintained while paying the workers.(Code of Conduct). The issue with the 7-Eleven stores in Australia is the systematic wage abuse by the company and its franchises who are even exploiting the employees since years. Raids at various stores have confirmed the issue to be true. The role of media lies in highlighting the issues to help the public be aware, so the need is to provide the correct and appropriate information which helps the public and common man to understand the issues. Media has helped in transforming the society and raise people's awareness. Corporate issues like wage abuse needs serious actions so that the issues are resolved well on time. As reported by Josie Taylor in ABC news, 7-Eleven stores are underpaying employees by writing less work hours and making employees more for more hours. Under the fair work act, it is mentioned to comply with the award provisions but the franchise stores are not following legal implications. It is evident that fair work should be checked at times for providing employees with fair pay as well as awards and recognition.
The issues are basically the wage abuse and different news channels are viewing the information highlighting the different concerns. Opinions by different reporters are different and the issues are at times missed due to debate between finding exactly the actual problem. As discussed by FC college on "Media's role in society, it is being said that Media is the main source of information sharing is often used for creating awareness, but at times they mislead the public by displaying incorrect information as they perceive it to be correct. The issue of 7-Eleven stores in Australia has ended up the government and The Fair Work Ombudsman to regularly survey the different stores to help stop wage abuse and illegal work and help the public and common people in getting the standards wages for their work. Fair work should regularly update their information and share with Media to help provide information and create awareness about the corporate issues being faced by the country.
 - 7-Eleven wage abuse claims spread to national petrol chain United Petroleum, Exclusive by consumer affairs reporter Josie Taylor, Updated on 2 Sep,2015,
 - 7-Eleven investigation: Convenience store empire 'built on something not much differnt from slavery', Four Corners by Adele Ferguson and Klaus Toft, updated on 31st Aug 2015,
 - 7-Eleven: panics, launches buyout in wake of wage abuse scandal, Date -September 1,
2015, Adele Ferguson, Sarah Danckert, Klaus Toft,
 - Code of Conduct,
 - 'Media's role in society' highlighted at FC College,
Financial review
The news of 7-Eleven stores stating the biggest case of wage abuse so far in Australia is going out of control as media is covering the news on regular basis with highlighting the causes and suggesting the methods to avoid the problems in future. The case is about the wage fraud where employees are paid less than the standards and often working for more hours than exactly they are paid. (Adele Ferguson, Sep 2015) This is also termed as ethical failure by as the employees are facing a serious corporate issue. Media has helped in finding the amount of wages being not paid to the concerned employees. The company is planning for independent panel to review all the allegations and if required will review the franchise agreements and take them back if the stores are unhappy franchises. (The Sydney Morning Herald). The media in this case has helped in finding the exact issue and the concerns which should be taken care of, it also highlights the profits company makes by paying less to the employees. Media is considered as the watchdog of the society as it highlights the correct information on time in front of the public. The most important responsibility of the media lies in as at times media plays role of opposition. It helps in changing the society and has helped in forming public opinion. (Kathakali Nandi, 2011).
The report of underpaying staff and falsifying payroll records is serious concern. Media has helped in presenting the concern to the public. The Fair Work Ombudsman do has obligations which are to be followed and are not to be avoided. ( Ursula Hogben, 31st August 2015 in Report by Ursula Hogben also highlights the various ways we can use to avoid these concerns. In a way Media has helped in finding relevant solutions to the major issues being faced by corporate companies.
Media is the face of the society. Even the Previous report of Australian Financial review discusses about the stores and their labor force has helped public in understanding the issue. Financial review by Adele Ferguson has helped public in knowing the serious wage abuse, scandals, false payroll records and even franchise profit making done by 7-Eleven stores all around the Australia. There were also same concerns in the US regarding the 7-Eleven stores. Media focuses on all the different angles of the news before presenting it to the public. The figures and stats clearly highlight the wages and the profits being made by the company franchises stores. Different opinions by different reporters and new channels often confuse the public about the exact situation and lead to debate at times. But most of the times media acts as an eye opener, as it helps in general public be aware of the corporate issues employees often face at work. It is highly important for the reporters to work according to the need of the situation. Different reports should consist different pieces of information as the audience varies.
Responsibility of Media is to present right information at right time to create awareness.
Kathakali Nandi, year 2008-11,
 - How we can stop the 7-Eleven ripoff happening again, published by Ursula Hogben on
31st August 2015, Updated on 2 September 2015, GUN1VPblhzL
 - 7-Eleven: panics, launches buyout in wake of wage abuse scandal, September 1 2015, Adele Ferguson, Sarah Danckert, Klaus Toft,


text:
Doctors least likely to wash hands: StudyOctober 20th, 2009 - 12:29 pm ICT by IANS
Sydney, Oct 20 (IANS) Even after a clean hands campaign, less than half of the doctors who participated in an Australian study were found to wash their hands after interacting with potentially infectious patients.
Doctors are still lagging behind nurses when it comes to keeping their hands clean, collaborative research from the University of New South Wales (UNSW) and the NSW Clinical Excellence Commission has found.
A series of four landmark studies found that nurses were far better than doctors and other allied health workers in matters of hand hygiene.
The clean hands campaign was conducted between February 2006 and February 2007 and resulted in an overall improvement in hand hygiene. However, improvement was not uniform.
The proportion of nurses who cleaned their hands after patient interaction rose from 54.5 percent before the campaign, to just over 65 percent after the end of the programme. During that same period, doctor figures rose from 29.6 percent to just under 39 percent.
Allied health workers hand hygiene rates went from 40 to 48 percent.
The findings suggest much more needs to be done to educate doctors and allied health workers about the benefits of clean hands and to empower nurses to initiate change, a UNSW release said.
"Doctors are going to be horrified when they see this data. No doctor thinks 'I'm going to work today to infect my patients'," said study author Mary-Louise McLaws, director of Public Health Programs at UNSW.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has identified hand hygiene as a key element in reducing rates of hospital acquired infections.
The study was published in a special supplement of the Medical Journal of Australia.
- A pair of clean hands can save lives (May 5 is World Hand Hygiene Day) - May 04, 2011
- May 5 is World Hand Hygiene Day - May 04, 2012
- 'Hand-hygiene reduces healthcare-acquired infections' (May 5 is World Hand Hygiene Day) - May 04, 2012
- E-prescribing slashes prescription errors - Feb 03, 2012
- Unique approach to 'improve dental hygiene in dementia patients' found - May 02, 2011
- Gurgaon hospital wins WHO hygiene award - Jul 16, 2011
- How people respond to being touched by a robot - Mar 10, 2011
- Good manners are at the heart of good health - Jun 07, 2011
- Unhygienic practices lead to poor academic performance: Study - May 30, 2012
- Infections in US hospitals claim 400,000 lives annually - May 07, 2011
- Homes are home to infections, says report - Oct 21, 2010
- Doctors and nurses' mobile phones crawling with bacteria - Mar 13, 2009
- Indians more upbeat on health than Chinese, Brazilians: Study - Mar 29, 2011
- 'Smart bandage' to speed up wound healing - Jun 06, 2011
- Lead poisoning in developing world alarming - Aug 15, 2011
Tags: allied health, clean hands, clinical excellence commission, collaborative research, director of public health, hand hygiene, hands campaign, health workers, hospital acquired infections, landmark studies, mary louise, mclaws, medical journal of australia, new south wales, patient interaction, public health programs, study author, university of new south wales, unsw, world health organisation


text:
Instructor: Laura Buske
Community: Grade 2, School Setting, 30 minutes
Plan Creation Date: June 17, 2015
Yoga Calm Principle/Lesson Goal: Grounding
- Breath Work – Sit in a circle with the Hoberman Sphere. Begin breathing in and out with the movement of the sphere. Repeat 4 times. Ask for a leader to come up to the front. How many breaths do you we need to do? Pick be between 5 and 10. Have the leader pick a counter. Breath with the sphere. Ask for 2 compliments for the leader. Ask the leader to compliment the counter.
- Mountain – root your feet to the ground, raise your arms to the sky and shine out through your heart.
- Tree Pose – Root your left foot and big toe into the ground. Draw your right foot to your left leg. Spread out your branches and extend your leaves to the sky.
- Forward Bend – fold your body over and touch the earth.
- Mountain– rise your body up with feet firmly planted to the ground, raise your arms to the sky and shine out from your heart.
- Tree Pose – Root your right foot and big toe into the ground. Draw your left foot to your right leg. Spread out your branches and extend your leaves to the sky.
- Forward Bend – fold your body over and touch the ground.
- Block Creek – Have all students walk across the blocks on their own. How did that feel? Have all students walk across the creek with 2 people on either side of them. How was that different or the same?
- Tree Circle – Root your feet to the earth; draw right foot to kickstand on left ankle. Spread your branches and reach out to your neighbor for support. Repeat with left side.
- Relaxation – Read Boat Ride Relaxation


text:
Last night the LUCI lab had a terrific turnout for an Arduino hacking workshop. About 20 people including undergraduates, graduate students, researchers and faculty turned out to learn how to program this popular microcontroller. The basic goal of the workshop was for everyone to create a device which measured an input (light, sound, pressure) and do something in response (beep, light up, tweet, etc.). There was a little bit of trepidation at first as most of the participants had to trade their software coding skills for wires and breadboards, but once the pizza arrived everything got easier.
This workshop was run by undergraduate student Vahan Hartooni and sponsored by the LUCI lab's "hackerspace", which is a new direction that we are undertaking as a result of a Multidisciplinary Design Program (MDP) grant. The grant program is a collaboration between the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology (Calit2), and the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP) with the following aspirations:
"Under the personal guidance of UCI faculty co-mentors, students will gain first-hand experience and training in state-of-the-art facilities and techniques. This program is designed to help students develop the multidisciplinary skills and knowledge that will propel them into graduate studies or careers in fields that explore the connections between different concentrations.Participants will demonstrate the results of their work at the UCI Undergraduate Research Symposium in May and at additional demonstration events sponsored by Calit2."
This grant which was spearheaded by undergraduate students (including Vahan Hartooni and Nick LaJeunesse) and subsequently helped along with a little grant writing experience by Informatics faculty member Don Patterson, Informatics Research Scientist/Artist-in-Residence Garnet Hertz and Film & Media Studies faculty member Peter Krapp, was instrumental in last night's program.
For more information about how you can hack, or about upcoming programs, contact the space at _EMAIL_.


Linguistic commentary from a guy who takes things too literally
He Chased Down and Killed Himself
Posted by Neal on September 13, 2010
Ben Zimmer alerted me to this headline featured in a post on Headsup: The Blog:
Ben wondered if this might be another example of a right-node wrapping, along the lines of Take and put this away (i.e. "take this and put it away"), or flipped and tore an SUV in half (i.e. "flipped an SUV and tore it in half").
The headline is definitely weird, but not weird in the right way to be an RNW. Readers will doubtless recall that an RNW typically features a coordination of two or more verbs, sharing a single direct object, with the complication that the last verb is a phrasal transitive verb that wraps around its direct object (e.g. put away, tear in half). This headline looks tantalizingly like an RNW at a first pass, because it almost contains the necessary ingredients. It has a pair of coordinated verbs, one of them an ordinary transitive (kills), and the other a phrasal transitive verb (chase down); it also has a shared direct object for these verbs: 5. In fact, we could make a nice, if nonsensical, RNW out of these ingredients: kills (and) chases 5 down. (I guess it could make sense if someone came and snatched the dead bodies, and the was trying to get them back.)
However, these verbs and their direct object are strung together in a perfectly ordinary English way: chases down (and) kills 5. The weirdness comes in when the headline doesn't end there, but goes on to say then himself. This could still be an ordinary, if complicated coordination, one involving coordinated verbs and coordinated direct objects. Syntactically, it could be just like
I edited and published a blog post, then a podcast episode.
Multiplying out the two verbs and two direct objects, we end up with four events: editing a blog post, publishing that same blog post, editing a podcast episode, publishing that same podcast episode. Doing the same thing with the headline, we again end up with four events: chasing down five people, killing them, chasing down himself, killing himself. (If we could read the original article, it probably said that the guy "turned the gun on himself".) It's at that third event that things break down.
Assuming that the headline writer actually meant, "chases down five people, kills them, then kills himself", this is some weird syntax, and at this point I think it's probably an error. Given a chance to rewrite it, the copy editor would probably rephrase. On the other hand, it's just possible that this is part of someone's grammar; that is, they would see no problem with it even when prompted to take a second look. If I see coordinations like this again, I'll have to wonder about that possibility. I know the people at Headsup found it ungrammatical, as did I; how about you?
12 Responses to "He Chased Down and Killed Himself"
 1. Glen said
 Once the first comma is replaced with 'and' to remove journalese, this one actually bothers me less than most genuine RNW's. Probably because the implicit verb in 'then himself' is the second verb in the coordination.
 2. Barrie said
 The headline is unsuccessfully trying to yank together two sentences, each in itself legitimate:
 1. 'Man chases down and kills, 5.'
 2. 'Man kills 5, then himself.'
 It's 'chases down' that creates a problem, because however adroit the killer might have been, it's hard to see how he could chase down himself. That is what we have to suppose he has done if we accept the RNW of (1). '5' is the object of both 'chases down' and 'kills' and the implication is that 'himself' is the object of both as well.
 Whatever we make of it grammatically, it is clearly an unsatisfactory headline if we have to read it more than once to understand it.
 3. Jonathon said
 Yeah, it's definitely ungrammatical to me too. As Barrie says, it's a mash-up of two sentences that don't quite fit together. The closest grammatical version I can come up with is "Man chases down, kills 5, then kills self", but that adds three characters to what is already a tight headline.
 4. Ellen K. said
 I think, as headlinese goes, it's fine.
 Changing it into non-headline English, I get:
 A man chased down and killed 5 people, and then himself.
 And that's fine for me too.
 - Barrie said
 That still leaves us with the awkward suggestion that he might have chased down himself.
 - Ellen K. said
 Barrie, for me, it doesn't read that way. Perhaps because, well, killing others and then oneself is something we hear about commonly on the news, thus making it, for me, the natural reading. Plus, of course, one can't chase down onself. But I think for me, it's first and foremost, that killing others and oneself is so much the expected, that it's the natural reading, for me. So I don't have to filter out the wrong reading.
 It could be the same for the headline writer. Perhaps for him, like for me, the idea of killing others, then oneself is so salient, that it didn't occur to him to read it another way.
 5. Estel said
 I heard an interesting coordination yesterday and thought I'd pass it on to you. A friend said, referring to cribbage and what she remembered of it from childhood:
 "All I know is that's the game the grownups drink beer and play".
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|Grade Level||Elementary School|
|Time Period||Current Events|
|Topic||Economic Development, Geography Matters, Learning with Maps|
The physical geography of an area has an enormous impact on the life of the people in that place. One of the most basic effects is what grows there. The available vegetation affects the lifestyle of the people in two important ways. First, it guides how they meet their basic needs. It also influences connections with other groups as contact for trade expands their activities.


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5. RESTRICTIONS ON THE COMPLEXITY OF THE PROBLEM
One to six delayed neutron groups. Five temperatures - fuel, canning, coolant, surface of moderator and bulk moderator. A maximum of 20 x 30 mesh points can be accommodated. Radial and axial reflectors are simulated by extrapolation conditions. The thermal characteristics are assumed uniform with the exception of the coolant for which the radial distribution is estimated, assuming that the exit temperature is constant, and taking proper account of the thermal capacity of the moderator.
Overall control is a function of the temperature variation of the coolant at exit. The axial control is a function of the variation of the relation between the heating of the canning and the heating of the coolant.


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Due largely to the popularity of computer games, graphics processing units (GPUs) have become low cost, flexible in application, and able to run workloads well beyond 3-D graphics rendering. This has greatly enhanced various types of processing and visualization, including medical imaging. In the context of medical image segmentation, GPUs allow for the generation of models from volumetric scans, and greater localization of cancerous nodules during treatment, dramatically reducing radiation exposure to healthy tissue.
An RIT research team is working with Carestream Health and Roswell Park Cancer Institute on the improved use of GPUs in medical imaging for the advancement of image segmentation technology used in the process.
The team is currently exploring the GPU implementation of state-of-the-art medical imaging algorithms to speed up the execution of image segmentation. Initial analysis indicates that average segmentation time was reduced to less than one second, which corresponds to an increase in speed of over 50 times.
"Image segmentation is used to partition a digital image or volume into meaningful segments, making the representation easier to analyze and interpret," notes Andreas Savakis, professor and chair of the department of computer engineering at RIT. "When localizing cancerous nodes, the segmentation needs to be near instantaneous to accurately treat tumors during radiation therapy and differentiate between cancerous and healthy tissue."
The collaboration is facilitated by RIT's Corporate R&D program. Companies can receive applied research assistance that addresses specific design and development issues while retaining intellectual property rights for work developed through the project. This unique effort is designed to enhance university-industry collaboration and accelerate product development and commercialization.
"Our current collaboration with RIT will assist us in enhancing our medical imaging product line, while also advancing overall research in the field," says Dr. Jay Schildkraut, senior scientist at Carestream Health and a member of the research team.


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Handbag technology and method
Handbag technology and method
Section 1: Analysis of the overall structure of handbags
In terms of market conditions, the handbags we see are complex and varied, and formally. If you analyze them comprehensively, it is not difficult to find that most handbags have such a structural commonality: there are front, back, and Tai Wai; left, right, and Tai Wai; front, back, and bottom materials. It consists of three basic components. For some handbags, the front panel is composed of a few pieces of different poses and flowery materials. The front panel is also equipped with a flat or three-dimensional front outer bag; the rear panel is also installed; the big Wai is divided into a bottom and a zipper. Two symmetrical side bags are installed on both sides of Da Wai. According to the consumer's use, the top three basic components are increased or decreased, so that the overall shape of the handbag changes and is complicated.
However, no matter how complicated the handbags we encounter, it is hard to stop us out of the ordinary. Complex handbags only increase our exceptional workload, but not the technical difficulty of our exceptional. Changes in the shape of handbags, it is difficult to overcome the commonality in the structure of handbags, as long as we can clearly see the structure of handbags, it provides us with the conditions for exceptional.
The structural commonality of handbags is abstracted by inductive summarization after viewing many handbags with naked eyes. If you are a wise man, you will also find that the structure of the handbag also has rules that are invisible to the naked eye. The perimeter of the width is equal to the total length of the corresponding circumference; the perimeter of the bottom material is the same as the connecting element. Are equal in length.
If any set of paper grids violates the above rules, it cannot be used as a bag. As for the structure of the handbags, we will choose a large number of handbags according to the type of handbags, which will be discussed in the internship class.
Section II. Shape analysis of handbag components
The shape of the handbag component (hereinafter referred to as the component of the handle component) is rectangular, square, triangular, trapezoidal, prismatic, circular, elliptic, or regular polygonal. These are what we call regular shapes; there are also convex and concave shapes. A mixture of several shapes, and other shapes that are difficult to name, are called irregular shapes. In order to determine the shape of regular components, or to connect with mathematical knowledge. Rectangular, you only need to measure the length and width to get its shape; the square is shaped by the length of the side; the trapezoid is shaped by the upper, lower bottom and height; the prism is shaped by two diagonal lines; the perfect circle is shaped by diameter or radius; the ellipse is Large and small diameter setting. For those irregular figures, the fourth section of Chapter 4 has already been described. The coordinates can be legally shaped. Although the shape of the handbag component is diverse, it has the following characteristics:
1. All are flat graphics.
2. Mostly axisymmetric figures.
What is an axisymmetric figure?
Fold a figure along a straight line, if it can coincide with the other half of the figure, then this figure is called an axisymmetric figure, and this line is called the axis of symmetry. Because the shapes of handbag components are mostly axisymmetric figures, when we draw out the paper grid, we only need to half out the shape of the component, and the other half can be drawn out by folding in half along the axis of symmetry. This saves us a lot of work and time for the paper grid.
Section three, out of order
The order of the handbags is: first out of the main case (also called the positive case), then out of the second case (out of the secondary case). What is a nobility? The paper grid that can determine the shape or size of other paper grids is called the main grid. What is sub-frame? The paper shape whose size or shape depends on other paper shapes.
The combination of several sub-cells, either shape or length, has a certain relationship with the shape or size of the main cell. In general handbags, the width is the main grid and the circumference is the secondary grid; the back width is the main grid of the front pocket; the front pocket is the main grid of the front pocket; the side pocket is the main grid of the side pocket. Therefore, the general order of handbags is arranged as follows: back width, front width, large bottom zipper circumference, front pocket width, front pocket circumference, side pocket width and side pocket circumference. The order in which handbags are out of order is precisely determined by the rules of the handbag structure mentioned in the first section of this chapter.
Section 4: Outliers
The outsourcing method is the comprehensive use of all the above knowledge (in this example, first out of the main case and then the width).
1. The first piece of paper (the piece of paper is marked with a knife) and the next piece of paper that is larger than the length and width of the latter.
2. In the center of the paper, a straight line is used as a number axis (can not be interrupted, you can fold it in half), fold it in half, and then just above the number axis, make a roar with an iron foot of the garden gauge, and then introduce a straight line (not possible (Interruption) as the second number axis, so that two number axes perpendicular to each other appear on the paper.
3. Fold in half along the second number axis and roar on the first axis. If the roar position is also on the axis of the other half of the folding surface, the coordinate system is qualified. This piece of paper can be used to inherit the grid, such as the divergence of the coordinate system., This piece of paper can be removed (vertical inspection of coordinate system).
4. Measure the surface length and width of the back panel of the handbag, and take half of it and add the length of the paper mouth as coordinates. The surface of the web is long as measured.
5. In the coordinate system, find the point with (129/16, 107/16) as the coordinate, and roar through the half-coordinate axis to find the point (-129/16, 107/16) (-129/16, -107/16) (129/16, -107/16) There are three points. After removing the excess paper along these points, a rectangular shape with a back width of (129/16)× (107/16×2) or 251/8×211/8 is obtained. This specification of SG is compared with its surface specification of 24T/2×201/4, and the length and width are each 5/8 more, that is, the length of the two paper ports. If the four corners of the back panel are curved, you can use a compass to find out its arc. Any other shape can be solved by the coordinate method.
Sixth, according to the shape of the back panel, according to the triangle gap and roaring position of the handbag, write all the text marks on the back panel, and the end of the back panel will be announced.
Seven, use the main form and then come out of the front of the second form and Tai Wai.
Many front panels are a combination of several pieces of material, and the shape and size of the rear panel are the same. Therefore, the rear width can be used to mold the shape of the front width combined material, but its structural law is: the rear width perimeter = the total circumference of the large circle. Once the rear width is determined, the total width of the large circle should be measured using the rear width. The width of the Dawei can only be determined by measuring the handbag. The total length of the Dawei = bottom circumference + zipper circumference; bottom width = zipper circumference × 2. In this way, the paper grid is measured with the paper grid according to the order of the grids, and the shape of each paper grid is drawn out, and the various marks of the paper grid are marked until the paper grid is finished.
The handbag is three-dimensional, and the components can't be taken down to touch the paper grid. The good paper grid can be picked up and compared with the original one, but it is in the paper outlet than the surface of the corresponding handbag component. In order to compare the two with each other, we can first compare the size of the surface component of the handbag, and compare the edge with the surface component of the handbag, until the shape and size are the same as the surface shape of the component, then use a paper mouth length as the unit. The compass to enlarge the paper grid, this method of making the grid, is more practical and easily accepted.


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Plaster of Paris is a powder made from calcium sulfate that forms a paste when mixed with water. The paste then hardens and can be used to cast items in a mold. In school, children often make dioramas, miniature representations of a scene, as a way of displaying what they have learned about a particular historical event or cultural society. Plaster of Paris is a useful, albeit messy, way of creating landscapes or casting small figures for a diorama.
Things You'll Need
- Shallow cardboard box or wooden platform
- Sponges or Styrofoam
- Thin sheets of cardboard (such as cereal boxes)
- Craft glue
- Plaster of Paris powder
- Paper towels
- Measuring cup
- Plastic containers, various sizes
- Petroleum jelly
- Drinking straws
- Ice cube tray or plastic shapes mold
- Poster paint
Video of the Day
Landscaping with Plaster of Paris
Use sponges, newspapers and strips of cardboard to create the terrain for the diorama landscape. Ball up newspaper and stack sponges to create hills or mountains.
Create gentle slopes, river banks and waterfalls by bending strips of cardboard into the appropriate shapes. Lay out the terrain in a shallow cardboard box or on top of a wooden platform. Secure all the pieces of the terrain to the box or platform with tape and craft glue.
Cover the workspace and the floor with newspaper before beginning to work with Plaster of Paris. Cut paper towels into long, thin strips.
Prepare a small batch of Plaster of Paris according to the directions on the package. Stir carefully to remove lumps from the mixture. Dip paper towels into the Plastic of Paris mixture and lay them over the terrain to create a hard shell.
Work quickly, covering the diorama's base with thin strips of paper towel soaked in Plaster of Paris. Allow the Plaster of Paris to dry completely before decorating the diorama.
Making Plaster of Paris Shapes
Cutting drinking straws into oneto two-inch-long pieces. Grease drinking straws with petroleum jelly.
Grease the sides of the ice cube trays or shape molds with petroleum jelly.
Prepare the Plaster of Paris mixture according to the directions on the package. Mix the paste in a plastic container. Stir carefully to remove lumps from the mixture.
Mix a small amount of poster paint into the Plaster of Paris mixture. Stir slowly to evenly disperse paint through the Plaster of Paris. Choose a paint color that is appropriate for the type of shape being cast.
Pour the mixture into the ice cube tray or plastic mold. Insert a piece of drinking straw into each section filled with Plaster of Paris. Be sure the straw reaches the bottom of the mold. Allow the molds to dry and use the straw to help remove the shapes from the mold. Repeat these steps for each new shape and color.


FocalSpec und EyeVision
EyeVision and FocalSpec for the inspection of wire
With the support of the FocalSpec sensors the EyeVision software can also capture and evaluate challenging objects such as e.g. enameled copper wire. For an application case, the 0,5 mm thick copper wire, which was mounted into a spool, was captured with the FocalSpec sensor. The EyeVision software evaluated the captured point cloud and checked the presence of the wire.
FocalSpec for reflective surfaces
Also extreme reflective surfaces can be captured and a detailed point cloud can be generated. With its 3D commands the EyeVision software can evaluate those point clouds. It can trace the copper wire and check the wire, if it is correctly mounted to the connector pin.
For this task the FocalSpec was chosen, as the sensor has high resolution and a high accuracy. In addition the image capture of the FocalSpec is not disturbed by reflective materials as glass or metal and therefore is specially suited for reflective surfaces. And also for metal wire, which also reflects the light.
For all metal wires
Besides the copper wire also other wires such as bond wire from gold and silver can be captured with the FocalSpec and a point cloud can be generated. Those wires can be inspected in their complete length between lead frame and die.
Similar challenging applications, such as the transition between glass and metal surfaces can also be captured with the FocalSpec.
EyeVision command set for 3D evaluation
With the command set of the EyeVision software the captured point clouds can be evaluated and with the FocalSpec support the software has therefore gained a mastery of a challenging application field.
The EyeVision software has an extensive command set for 3D evaluation. Besides the 3D Blob for counting objects, the 3D Match is a command that can carry out pattern matching tasks in the point cloud. Both commands allow the creation of inspection programs with the drag-and-drop function without programming skills.
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47411 2020 2020 eng 13 11 article Frontiers Research Foundation Lausanne 1 2020-07-09 2020-03-10 -- Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tVNS) Improves High-Confidence Recognition Memory but Not Emotional Word Processing Previous clinical research found that invasive vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) enhanced word recognition memory in epileptic patients, an effect assumed to be related to the activation of brainstem arousal systems. In this study, we applied non-invasive transcutaneous auricular VNS (tVNS) to replicate and extend the previous work. Using a single-blind, randomized, between-subject design, 60 healthy volunteers received active or sham stimulation during a lexical decision task, in which emotional and neutral stimuli were classified as words or non-words. In a subsequent recognition memory task (1 day after stimulation), participants' memory performance on these words and their subjective memory confidence were tested. Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) levels, a putative indirect measure of central noradrenergic activation, were also measured before and after stimulation. During encoding, pleasant words were more accurately detected than neutral and unpleasant words. However, no tVNS effects were observed on task performance or on overall sAA level changes. tVNS also did not modulate overall recognition memory, which was particularly enhanced for pleasant emotional words. However, when hit rates were split based on confidence ratings reflecting familiarityand recollection-based memory, higher recollection-based memory performance (irrespective of emotional category) was observed during active stimulation than during sham stimulation. To summarize, we replicated prior findings of enhanced processing and memory for emotional (pleasant) words. Whereas tVNS showed no effects on word processing, subtle effects on recollection-based memory performance emerged, which may indicate that tVNS facilitates hippocampus-mediated consolidation processes. Frontiers in Psychology 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01276 _PHONE_ 1276 Zweitveröffentlichung in der Schriftenreihe Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe ; 649 Universität Potsdam PA 2020_056 1998.33 false false CC BY - Namensnennung, 4.0 International Manon Giraudier Carlos Ventura-Bort Mathias Weymar eng uncontrolled transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation eng uncontrolled salivary alpha-amylase eng uncontrolled emotion eng uncontrolled words eng uncontrolled episodic memory eng uncontrolled recognition eng uncontrolled recollection eng uncontrolled confidence Psychologie Strukturbereich Kognitionswissenschaften Referiert Publikationsfonds der Universität Potsdam Gold Open-Access


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This comprehensive inventory of essential skills initiatives aimed at First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples was developed through a collaboration between the Canadian Career Development Foundation, Employment and Social Development Canada's Office of Literacy and Essential Skills, the Assembly of First Nations, the Métis National Council and the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami.
The goal of the project is to gain a better understanding of the state of practice with respect to essential skills initiatives tailored to First Nations, Inuit and Métis youth and adults living in diverse communities throughout Canada and to share these insights and lessons learned with a larger community of practice. It also includes any identified factors, or markers of promising practice that contribute to an initiative's success.
In addition to the inventory, the website also includes case studies, a literature review, an evaluation toolkit and the list of markers – all to support and enhance practice in the field. Through the "Add to the Inventory" feature, the FIMESIP team invites program and resource developers to submit their essential skills initiatives so that the inventory can continue to grow.


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Algerians in France, _PHONE_
Fifty-one years after the October 1961 massacre of Algerian protesters in Paris, four Algerians who lived in France during the Algerian war talk about their bitter struggle for the independence of their homeland in a FRANCE 24 documentary.
Fifty years have passed since the end of the brutal _PHONE_ war that led to Algeria's independence from France. For the numerous Algerians living in France during the gruesome eight-year conflict, it was a dangerous time marked by political activism and often bloody repression – and an era that has long been silenced.
In an in-depth report produced in partnership with France's Cité nationale de l'Histoire de l'immigration, FRANCE 24 journalist Florence Gaillard talks to four Algerian expatriates – two political activists, a cabaret dancer and a witness to the infamous October 1961 Paris massacre – about living in exile and the struggle for independence.
Video: Karim Hakiki


Western marsh harrier
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Western marsh harrier
Adult male (front), juvenile (behind) and adult female (back)
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Subclass: Neornithes
Infraclass: Neognathae
Superorder: Neoaves
Order: Falconiformes (but see there)
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Circus
Species: C. aeruginosus
Binomial name
Circus aeruginosus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Circus aeruginosus dis.PNG
Dark green: present all year
Light green: nesting only
Blue: wintering only
The western marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus) is a large harrier, a bird of prey from temperate and subtropical western Eurasia and adjacent Africa. It is also known as the Eurasian marsh harrier.
Formerly, a number of relatives were included in C. aeruginosus, which was then known as "marsh harrier". The related taxa are now generally considered to be separate species: the eastern marsh harrier (C. spilonotus) and the possibly distinct Papuan harrier (C. (s.) spilothorax) of eastern Asia and the Wallacea, the swamp harrier (C. approximans) of Australasia and the Madagascar marsh harrier (C. maillardi) of the western Indian Ocean islands.
The western marsh harrier is often divided into two subspecies, the widely migratory C. a. aeruginosus which is found across most of its range, and C. a. harterti which is resident all-year in north-west Africa.
A fairly pale adult female (note brown remiges and yellow eye) winters near Hodal (Faridabad district, Haryana, India)
The western marsh harrier is 43 to 54 cm in length, and has a wingspan of 115 to 130 cm and a weight of 400 to 650 g in males and 500 to 800 g in females. It is a large, bulky harrier with fairly broad wings, and has a strong and peculiar sexual dichromatism. The male's plumage is mostly a cryptic reddish-brown with lighter yellowish streaks, which are particularly prominent on the breast. The head and shoulders are mostly pale greyish-yellowish. The rectrices and the secondary and tertiary remiges are pure grey, the latter contrasting with the brown forewing and the black primary remiges at the wingtips. The upperside and underside of the wing look similar, though the brown is lighter on the underwing. Whether from the side or below, flying males appear characteristically three-colored brown-grey-black. The legs, feet, irides and the cere of the black bill are yellow.
The female is almost entirely chocolate-brown. The top of the head, the throat and the shoulders have of a conspicuously lighter yellowish colour; this can be clearly delimited and very contrasting, or (particularly in worn plumage) be more washed-out, resembling the male's head colours. But the eye area of the female is always darker, making the light eye stand out, while the male's head is altogether not very contrastingly coloured and the female lacks the grey wing-patch and tail. Juveniles are similar to females, but usually have less yellow, particularly on the shoulders.
There is a rare hypermelanic morph with largely dark plumage. It is most often found in the east of the species' range. Juveniles of this morph may look entirely black in flight.
Distribution and ecology[edit]
The male is characterised by the very clear chestnut brown mantle and the grey secondaries and black outer primaries
This species has a wide breeding range from Europe and northwestern Africa to Central Asia and the northern parts of the Middle East. It breeds in almost every country of Europe but is absent from mountainous regions and subarctic Scandinavia. It is rare but increasing in Great Britain where it has spread as far as eastern Scotland.[2] In the Middle East there are populations in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran, while in Central Asia the range extends eastwards as far as north-west China, Mongolia, and the Lake Baikal region of Siberia.
Most populations of the western marsh harrier are migratory or dispersive. Some birds winter in milder regions of southern and western Europe, while others migrate to the Sahel, Nile basin and Great Lakes region in Africa, or to Arabia, the Indian subcontinent, and Myanmar. The all-year resident subspecies harterti inhabits Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.
Vagrants have reached Iceland, the Azores, Malaysia, and Sumatra. The first documented (but unconfirmed) record for the Americas was one bird reportedly photographed on 4 December 1994 at Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge in Accomack County, Virginia. Subsequently, there were confirmed records from Guadeloupe (winter of 2002/2003) and from Laguna Cartagena National Wildlife Refuge in Puerto Rico (early 2004 and January/February 2006).[3]
The female usually is identifiable by the rather dark plumage except the creamy crown, nape, and throat
Like the other marsh harriers, it is strongly associated with wetland areas, especially those rich in common reed (Phragmites australis). It can also be met with in a variety of other open habitats, such as farmland and grassland, particularly where these border marshland. It is a territorial bird in the breeding season, and even in winter it seems less social than other harriers, which often gather in large flocks.[4] But this is probably simply due to habitat preferences, as the marsh harriers are completely allopatric while several of C. aeruginosus grassland and steppe relatives winter in the same regions and assemble at food sources such as locust outbreaks. Still, in Keoladeo National Park of Rajasthan (India) around 100 Eurasian marsh harriers are observed to roost together each November/December; they assemble in tall grassland dominated by Desmostachya bipinnata and vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides), but where this is too disturbed by human activity they will use floating carpets of common water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) instead – the choice of such roost sites may be to give early warning of predators, which will conspicuously rustle through the plants if they try to sneak upon the resting birds[5]
It hunts in typical harrier fashion, gliding low over flat open ground on its search for prey, with its wings held in a shallow V-shape and often with dangling legs.
It feeds on small mammals, small birds, insects, reptiles, and frogs.[6][7]
The start of the breeding season varies from mid-March to early May. Western marsh harrier males often pair with two and occasionally three females. Pair bonds usually last for a single breeding season, but some pairs remain together for several years.
The ground nest is made of sticks, reeds and grasses. It is usually built in a reedbed, but the species will also nest in arable fields. There are between three and eight eggs in a normal clutch. The eggs are oval in shape and white in colour, with a bluish or greenish tinge when recently laid. The eggs are incubated for 31–38 days and the young birds fledge after 35–40 days.[citation needed]
Status and conservation[edit]
Wintering female hunting near Kolkata (West Bengal, India)
Western marsh harrier in Estonia
The western marsh harrier declined in many areas between the 19th and the late 20th centuries due to persecution, habitat destruction and excessive pesticide use. It is a now a protected species in many countries. Its numbers are rising again in many places, most notably perhaps in Great Britain, where a single breeding female was left in 1971, whereas today over 200 pairs are present.
It still faces a number of threats, including the shooting of birds migrating through the Mediterranean region. They are vulnerable to disturbance during the breeding season and also liable to lead shot poisoning. Still, the threats to this bird have been largely averted and it is today classified as Species of Least Concern by the IUCN.[1]
 - Banks, Richard C.; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, Jon L.; Kratter, Andrew W.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Rising, James D. & Stotz, Douglas F. (2005): Forty-sixth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds. Auk 122(3): 1026–1031. DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[1026:FSTTAO]2.0.CO;2 PDF fulltext
 - Clarke, R.; Prakash, V.; Clark, W.S.; Ramesh, N. & Scott, D. (1998): World record count of roosting harriers Circus in Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar, Gujarat, north-west India. Forktail 14: 70-71. PDF fulltext
 - Merkord, Christopher L.; Rodríguez, Rafy & Faaborg, John (2006): Second and third records of Western


The Steel Alternative: PP-R Piping a Stable Alternative?
By Patti Dees
PP-R (polypropylene random copolymer) pipes are durable and safe and provide benefits over steel or copper pipes in HVAC systems. PP-R has been used for decades because its material characteristics make it a viable and cost-effective option.
What Is PP-R?
PP-R is a thermoplastic. The plastic becomes soft when heated but solidifies as it cools, making it easy to mold or join with other PP-R products. PP-R is manufactured with randomly positioned copolymers, usually ethylene. The random copolymers give the plastic its flexibility. Proprietary formulas may include other materials to provide specific characteristics, such as improved UV light resistance. However, propylene is 50% or more of the composition.
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Several material characteristics of PP-R can directly benefit HVAC applications:
 - Joints can be heat-fused to produce a permanent bond.
 - PP-R has a low thermal conductivity.
 - Polypropylene is flexible and lightweight, but still durable.
 - PP-R can handle acidic and basic solutions, with some exceptions.
 - Since it is a thermoplastic and can be melted, it is recyclable.
 - PP-R can be optically clear or opaque.
 - The material has good dielectric properties.
 - With no significant toxicity effects, PP-R is safe to work with and use.
PP-R Versus Copper and Steel
PP-R sounds great, but how does it compare to traditional copper and steel piping? Certain key factors give PP-R an edge when it comes to installation and maintenance costs.
First, the market for PP-R pipes is more stable than that for metal pipes. This improves budgeting for projects since cost estimates are not likely to fluctuate much. Stable markets also deter theft since there is less demand for plastic pipes.
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Second, because PP-R is a thermoplastic, heat fusion is used to connect pipes and fittings. Heat fusion does not involve flame, which is better from a safety standpoint. Joints and fittings are placed anywhere along the pipe where they are needed. It is also faster than traditional welding and soldering. According to the piping manufacturer Aquatherm, the heat fusion used in installing PP-R piping can cut labor by 25% or more compared to the time it takes to install metal pipes.
Third, the low thermal conductivity of PP-R reduces potential heat loss due to thicker walled piping. Its thermal conductivity is significantly lower than that of metal pipes. PP-R pipes need less insulation, if any. Yet thinner walled PP-R pipes still perform well for radiant heating and cooling.
Last, PP-R pipes are naturally resistant to rust, scale and corrosion. They perform better in moist environments than so metal pipes. Even without water conditioners or descalers, PP-R pipes maintain flow rates over time. This reduces future maintenance. Pipes will not need to be cleaned in order to keep HVAC efficiency as close to installed conditions as possible.
Application Considerations
As with any pipe material selection, consider the end application.
In the case of polypropylene piping, temperature is important. Pressure ratings depend on the temperature of the fluid within the pipe. Higher temperatures correspond to lower operating pressures. Because PP-R pipes are so flexible, pipes need more support than traditional metal pipes. Maximum distance between supports depends on operating temperature and pipe diameter.
Also consider that polypropylene does not handle UV light well. Those interested in using UV-C in their HVAC system should paint the pipes for protection or limit PP-R piping to segments that will not be exposed to UV-C.
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PP-R pipes are a great alternative to traditional copper and steel pipes for HVAC systems. Because of material characteristics such as low thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance, PP-R pipes can be used in ways that metal pipes cannot. PP-R can provide cost savings without sacrificing durability.
Patti Dees is a chemical engineer turned writer. She spins her polymath nature to produce clear and informative pieces on technical topics.


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Park Hill Meeting House
National Register Nomination Information:
The Park Hill Meeting House is a two-story rectangular wooden building with a gable roof, a square tower on the front (south) elevation, and a shallow entrance portico. The facade of the building is five bays wide, and the middle three bays are embraced by the portico. Supported on two pairs of attenuated and unfluted columns set at the right and left extremities of the entablature, this portico has a Doric frieze, a delicately moulded cornice, and a triangular pediment with a pitch equal to that of the roof of the main building. Each triglyph in the portico frieze has a row of drilled holes along its upper edge, just above the glyphs, in addition to the usual guttae along the bottom. The raking cornices of both the pediment and the main building have narrow friezes enriched with an applied guilloche. The flush-boarded tympanum has an elliptical window with radiating tracery, embellished with an enframement of applied window foliage.
Beneath the portico on the first story are three matched doors, each flanked by attenuated Tuscan pilasters which support a common entablature. The cornice of this entablature is enriched by rope mouldings of two different sizes, and by bed mouldings composed of fillets and turned beads. Above the doors, on the second story, are three windows. The two pairs of portico columns are reflected on the face of the main building by similar pairs of attenuated pilasters; each of the outer corners of the facade is emphasized by another pair of pilasters supporting paired architrave blocks. Between the ends of the portico and the corners of the building is a single window on each floor.
The square tower of the meeting house is supported partly on the roof of the main building and partly on the roof of the portico. Its first stage is unornamented except for a Palladian window on the south (front) elevation. The second stage of the tower is a belfry with arched openings in each elevation; these are flanked by paired Tuscan pilasters at each corner of each elevation, and above the pilasters is a frieze and moulded cornice. In the spandrels above the archivolts of the belfry openings are radiating fans of carved wood. Above the cornice of the belfry stage is a balustrade with turned balusters and urn finials at each corner. The third stage is an octagonal lantern with a single arched opening on each face, flanked by Tuscan pilasters at the angles. These openings are closed by louvered blinds. The pilasters support a simple entablature which is crowned by a lattice balustrade bearing an urn finial at each angle. The lantern is topped by an ogee dome having a pineapple-shaped finial and a banneret weathervane.
The side elevations of the building are divided into two stories of five bays each, all windows having 12/12 sash. Windows on the second floor were enlarged when the meeting house was divided into two stories in 1853 and have larger panes of glass than those on the first floor. Clapboards on the rear of the meeting house bear traces of the many remodellings that the structure has undergone over the years.
The meeting house was given its present exterior form in 1824, when a bay of twenty feet was added to one end of a simple rectangular structure to accommodate the tower and provide a new facade. This remodelling transformed the interior of the old building into a single auditorium with galleries on three sides, a pulpit on the north wall, and stairs in the added bay on the south. Few traces of the interior woodwork of this remodelling remain. In l853 the building was divided into two stories, the first floor being subdivided into two large rooms and several smaller ones, and the second being transformed into an auditorium with slip pews. Stairways in the southeast and southwest corners of the entrance bay, originally rising to the galleries, now give access to the second-floor auditorium. The original gallery posts on the first floor were left in place to support the new flooring above Today the first-floor rooms are used for meetings and exhibitions, while the second continues its use for church services and is characterized by door and window casings and other woodwork in the Greek Revival style, added in 1853. The auditorium has raised platforms at front and rear for preaching and choral use, and is furnished with portable church furniture of the mid-nineteenth century.
Effect of the Move on the historical Integrity of the Building: The Park Hill Meeting House has been moved twice, first in 1779 and then in 1824. The first move was a direct result of a demographic shift in Westmoreland, and was intended to relocate the building near the new center of population in the town. The second move coincided with the remodelling of the building to its present exterior form, and appears to have been dictated by aesthetic considerations. It entailed the placing of the structure 90 feet north of its former site, in a higher and more prominent location, and thus allowed the new facade with its tower and portico to be seen to better advantage from the surrounding countryside. Since this second move was dictated by the same motivations that gave the structure the architectural form for which it is chiefly nominated, this move is an integral and significant part of the history of the building and reveals the aesthetic attitudes of the people of Westmoreland in the 1820s.
The Park Hill Meeting House is significant in that its evolution since the time of its construction in 1764 embodies the history of the religious society that built and maintained it, while at the same time typifying the broader history of meeting house architecture in southwestern New Hampshire during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
Bellows, Robert P., Country Meeting Houses along the Massachusetts-New Hampshire Line, The White Pine Series of Architectural Monographs, XI, 5 (1925).
Sinnott, Edmund W., Meetinghouse and Church in Early New England. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1963.
Westmoreland History Committee, History of Westmoreland (Great Meadow) New Hampshhire, _PHONE_. Westmoreland, N.H.: the authors, 1976.
DATE ENTERED: September 8, 1980.
BACK TO NATIONAL REGISTER PROPERTIES


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Animal by-products are animal carcasses, parts of carcass or products of animal origin that are not intended for human consumption.
Animal by-products regulations
The handling, use and disposal of animal by-products is controlled by the European Union (EU) Animal By-products Regulation 2009 and the EU Implementing Regulation 2011. The main aim of these regulations is to prevent animal by-products from presenting a risk to animal or public health through the transmission of disease.
The regulations are enforced in England and Wales by the Animal By-Products (Enforcement) (England) Regulations and the Animal By-Products (Enforcement) (Wales) (No2) Regulations 2011.
Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA) and local authorities (usually trading standards) are responsible for enforcing animal by-products legislation.
Animal by-product permitting
Most activities involving animal by-products require authorisation from AHVLA. You can find further information about animal by-product controls on the AHVLA website:
If you are unsure whether you require an authorisation you should discuss your proposed activity with your local AHVLA office.
If the animal by-product is also classed as a waste then a permit or waste exemption is required from the Environment Agency in addition to authorisation from AHVLA. For example, if catering waste is being used as feedstock for a composting or anaerobic digestion plant, a waste exemption or an environmental permit will be required in addition to the AHVLA authorisation.
A waste exemption or an environmental permit is likely to be required if you are incinerating, landfilling, anaerobically digesting, composting or landspreading wastes containing animal by-products.
The revised Waste Framework Directive excluded certain wastes from its scope. This has resulted in some animal by-products no longer being classed as a waste.
If you handle or dispose of fallen stock or parts of animal carcasses, you must meet the requirements of the Animal By-Products Regulations. This imposes a ban on the routine on-farm burial or open burning of carcasses or parts of carcasses.
You may only bury animal carcasses in very limited circumstances, for example for emergency disease control or if you are located in areas designated as'remote areas' in the Animal By-Products Regulations. The Isles of Scilly and Lundy Island in England and Bardsey Island and Caldy Island in Wales are designated as 'remote areas'. More information can be found on:


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Should I stop trying to have intercourse during vaginismus treatment?
Failing Intercourse Further Complicates Treatment
Couples are encouraged to continue pleasuring each other in non-penetrative ways while the program is completed. During the initial steps of the vaginismus treatment process, we recommend that couples discontinue penetrative intercourse attempts.
When intercourse is attempted prematurely, resulting in pain and discomfort, it may further entrench the vaginismus response of involuntary pelvic tightening. In addition, there may be increased emotional anxieties, fear of more pain, feelings of disappointment, physical complications or other setbacks.
For these reasons, until control of the pelvic floor is developed it is wise to avoid potentially painful attempts at intercourse.
Cultivating Intimacy During Treatment
In the meantime, we strongly encourage couples to continue to pleasure each other in non-penetrative ways while the program progresses to maintain closeness. Some couples report that these times have built greater intimacy and ultimately enhanced their lovemaking as they learned other ways to pleasure each other.
- Vaginismus Treatment
- What can men do to help their wives/partners through vaginismus?
- How does vaginismus affect husbands/partners of women with vaginismus?
- Vaginismus has taken its toll on our marriage. How do we become passionate again?
- How can I stay motivated and positive through treatment? I struggle with avoidance.


Here's why your next bike should be a cyclocross bike
Working to the formula N+1=CX
Here's why your next bike should be a cyclocross bike
Buying a bike is a big decision not only because bikes are expensive, but because you're probably going to be spending a lot of time with your chosen ride.
With a new wheel size, style of riding and axle standard being announced seemingly every week, it can be hard to wade through all the information and varying opinions to decide what to spend your hard-earned cash on.
So, in an effort to cut through all of the noise, here are five solid reasons your next N+1 should be a cyclocross bike.
What is a cyclocross bike?
A cyclocross bike is a specific form of drop-bar bike that is built to tackle the popular racing discipline that is cyclocross. Today's cyclocross bikes have moved a long way from their origins as lightly modified road bicycles and now feature as a dedicated model in the line-up of most large bicycle manufacturers.
Built to race on courses that often traverse muddy fields, grass or sometimes sand, the bikes feature many differences from regular road bikes. Cyclocross bike frames will use geometry that is optimised around navigating the technical courses these bikes are designed to tackle.
It's typical to find a shorter frame reach, taller bottom bracket and an altogether taller position than a regular road bike, for example. Muddy courses call for knobbly tyres and plenty of mud clearance at the frame and fork.
Technologies previously reserved for mountain bikes such as disc brakes and tubeless tyres are increasingly becoming the norm for CX bikes. Many but not all cyclocross bikes will include the mounts and fixtures necessary to fit racks and mudguards too.
Couple this with a cyclocross bike's ability to tackle a wide range of terrain and you can see why many people buy these bikes for commuting purposes.
Although similar on the surface, cyclocross bikes are not to be confused with gravel bikes. Gravel bikes usually have more relaxed geometry than their 'cross cousins and will use tyres that are wider but less aggressive than those on 'cross bikes.
5 reasons why your next bike should be a cyclocross bike
1. Cyclocross bikes are very versatile
Rack mounts and knobby tyres allow 'cross bikes to be extremely versatile
Rack mounts and knobby tyres allow 'cross bikes to be extremely versatile.
Colin Levitch / Immediate Media
Not long ago it was hard to find a 'cross bike that had bolts for a bottle cage, but now bike brands have cottoned on to how awesome CX bikes are for things that don't necessarily revolve around mud, sandpits and flyovers.
With a set of knobby tyres (which come stock on a 'cross bike) you're ready to hit the trail, gravel, mud, sand and just about anything else. But, if you throw a set of slicks on you'll blend in just fine on a roadie group ride, just don't forget your _TAG_ socks.
They make great commuters with a comfortable, relatively upright riding position and wheels and tyres designed to take a beating. With a set of mudguards a 'cross bike is just about the perfect ride to get you from point A to point B and back.
The rack, fender and pannier mounts, and their ability to tackle varied terrain, also mean they make for great touring rigs too.
The advent of gravel bikes has muddied the waters a bit with geometries very similar to CX bikes, but often with more tyre clearance and the ability to run 700c, 650b wheels and wider range gearing.
Even still, most CX bikes can handle substantially bigger tyres than the UCI-mandated 33c rubber, and a quick cassette swap will leave you with a capable gravel racer.
In fact, the previous generation Specialized CruX was a favourite gravel racer among BikeRadar staffers, and we're even seeing some brands such as Cannondale repackage CX race frames as gravel bikes with little more than a few component swaps.
2. Cyclocross bikes can make ideal winter bikes
With the ability to tackle on and off piste terrain, a CX bike will allow you to explore more of your surrounding area
Colin Levitch / Immediate Media
While it's not really much of an issue in Australia, in the UK and certain areas of the US having a winter and summer bike is almost a necessity, especially where it snows.
Snow-packed roads, gravel dumped by snowploughs, and black ice can be a bit too much for your race-ready roadie. The longer wheelbase offers a bit of added stability in low-traction situations and the slightly shorter top tube and more upright geometry put you in a better position to control the bike when things get squirrely.
CX bikes also have a bit of extra tyre clearance, so when the snow, ice and general grime that comes with winter arrives it won't slow you down.
3. Cyclocross could be the most fun you've had on two wheels
They've got to be light enough to carry, stable enough to ride and sturdy enough to take plenty of abuse
They might look similar to road bikes, but 'cross bikes bring their own kind of fun.
Russell Burton / Immediate Media
'Cross racing started as a way for road racers in 1900s' Europe to stay fit during the winter. They would race each other from one town to another but were allowed to cut through farmers' fields or over fences, or take any other shortcuts, in order to get there first.
Having evolved from a winter pastime for pro roadies, the bikes are designed to handle a bit of everything but lack the specificity of other bike genres.
Compared to a mountain bike a 'crosser is not particularly capable and your road bike will be much faster, more efficient and probably weighs less too. But that's part of what makes these burly drop bar bikes so much fun.
That bit of fire trail near your house that's beyond boring on a mountain bike is gangbusters on 33c knobby tyres. Same goes for that washboard and loose gravel road that's terrifying on your roadie, it's no sweat on a CX bike. Being just good enough at everything, a 'cross bike will allow you to explore new roads and trails in your area and have more fun on your bike.
4. Cyclocross riding will improve your skills
Riding a CX bike will help you to improve your handling skills
Riding a CX bike will help you to improve your handling skills.
Colin Levitch / Immediate Media
Riding a cyclocross bike will make you into a better rider, especially when you leave the pavement. Because the skinnier tyres have less grip and don't roll over roots and rocks like MTB tyres, you have to work harder to maintain control over your bike.
All of this sliding through corners, fishtailing in the mud, skidding on gravel will teach you not to panic when things go a bit sideways and help you develop the skills needed to keep things upright when disaster strikes both on and off road.
5. Cyclocross racing is amazing
This writer's favorite part of CX racing is the mud
This writer's favourite part about CX racing is the mud.
Colin Levitch / Immediate Media
Cyclocross racing is the fastest growing segment of racing and for good reason, it's also the most fun!
The races last about an hour and, like criteriums, are based on a time limit rather than a set distance. However, unlike criteriums, you're not screaming around a track in a tight bunch where a lapse in concentration leads to a pile of mangled carbon and loads of road rash. When you crash in a cyclocross race, you'll probably do it with a smile on your face.
The races often take place in your everyday suburban park on a closed course and are essentially an obstacle course, but for bikes that involve riding, running, jumping and sometimes even crawling under obstacles.
The Flash does occasionally make an appearance at your local cyclocross race
The Flash does occasionally make an appearance at your local cyclocross race.
Colin Levitch / Immediate Media
What's more fun is the atmosphere, it feels a bit more like a party than a race. No CX event is complete without costumes, beer and a rubber chicken or two. Oh and there's mud, and who doesn't love getting a little muddy?