Isla Mujeres' Pirate Mundaca
The Pirate Mundaca is a well-known figure to those who frequent Cancun's 'Jolly Roger Pirate Ship' tours as he is a fictional character who strides through the Galleon during each show. But did you know that there was a real Pirate Mundaca?
Historian Fidel Villanueva Madrid has written an article for the magazine "Pioneers" which suggests that he was more than just this. Fermín Antonio Mundaca was in fact a real life, first class pirate who practically ruled Isla Mujeres in his day. Check out what we now know about Mundaca;
Early Years of Pirate Mundaca
Fermín Antonio Mundaca was born on October 11, 1825 in Villa de Bermeo in Spain. Madrid thinks that the first few decades of Mundaca's life were spent learning about navigation and architecture.
Pirate Mundaca the Slave Trader
Nobody knows much about the first years of Mundacas life, but we do know that when he burst into history he did so on Isla Mujeres, most likely on the run from authorities following some crime or other. Some think this may be to do with his illicit slaving activities. Whatever the case, Mundaca chose to make Isla Mujeres his home. There are some whisperings about the relationship he had with the Yucatan government. Some think he may have acted as a slaver selling Mayans to Cuba.
Isla Mujeres
A mere 2 years after his surfacing in Isla Mujeres the pirate Mundaca had firmly established himself. It is said that he fell in love with a beautiful woman who lived on Isla Mujeres, and that it was his desire to impress Prisca Gómez Pantoja, otherwise called "La Trigueña" (the Brunette), that caused him to build Vista Alegre. His home, now referred to as Hacienda Mundaca, covered around 40% of the Island and included orchards, large gardens, wells, arches and even a tomb for Mundaca! Sadly he was never buried there; Mundaca died 200 miles away in Merida.
A Reclusive Pirate?
All reports suggest that he was a solitary kind of person who had little contact with anyone other than his servants, plantation workers and business contacts.
Unrequited Love
La Trigueña was the supposed focus of the pirate Mundaca's attentions, and if the reports of her are true it's easy to see why. She was said to have skin the color of honey and eyes that were olive colored and it was thought that all the men of the island were in love with her. She never returned Mundacas affections, however, and legend has it he died of a broken heart while in Merida.
If you'd like to know more about Fermín Antonio Mundaca you can check out the article from which we got our information:
Pirates of Viking Descent
The Vikings were the forerunners of the pirates found around Britain and Scandinavia during the Golden Age of Pirates. There were a few big differences, however, between the Vikings and the pirates that would follow in later centuries.
Pirates of Viking
What makes Vikings Pirates?
Firstly, Vikings did not limit themselves to attacking other ships, in fact they specialized in raiding villages and islands. They were adept fighters and sailors, and their favored tactic was to land, raid, and leave with stunning brutality and speed. This is what they did to the Island of Landisfarm in the 8th century. They were able to get their long-boats much closer to the shore than many others because of their shallow draft and narrow deck; they are designed to get in and about the narrow fjords and inlets of the Vikings home countries.
Vikings, pirates and Religion
The reason for their warlike nature can be traced back to the Vikings religion. The Vikings didn't believe in just one God, but in a Pantheon of Gods who were largely dedicated to warfare and the honour of the battlefield. They believed that those men and women who fought well and died on the battlefield would be rewarded in the afterlife via admittance to Valhalla. This militaristic focus can be seen clearly in the way they treated their weapons.
Weapons fit for pirates and vikings
A Vikings weapons were often named, given personalities, and treated with the utmost respect. They were prized possessions, and a lot could be deduced about a Viking warrior by studying his or her weapon. For example an axe which was heavily engraved had probably been owned for a long time, and depending upon what the runes said you could learn a little about where it and its owner had been. A warrior of high status might have these runes filled in with silver to create an ornate and valuable weapon.
Unlike the pirates of later years Vikings didn't live on their ships; they launched from fishing villages in their home countries and returned their once their voyage was over.
What is the Pirate Code?
If you watch any pirate film, or read literature, then you'll find that there are plenty of mentions of the Pirate Code. Even Jack Sparrow, the character portrayed by Johnny Depp in the Pirates of the Caribbean, makes a mention of it as a decree that joins all pirates. A kind of common law.
Papiro enrollado 2
What was the Pirate Code?
The pirate code was, at the most basic level, a code of conduct that had been drawn together and been agreed by the pirates themselves. This was designed to keep them in line, and to provide some form of Government. The pirate code, however, was enforced on a ship to ship basis. Unlike on legitimate sailing vessels where the sailors follow Navy or Merchant Navy rules and regulations, the crew would decide together what rules were required.
Somewhat different to national laws imposed by Monarchies and Governments, the Pirate code was not a formal, blanket law. It not only changed from ship to ship, but also from voyage to voyage to make sure that it represented the views of the crew at large. It was common for pirates to swear an oath to follow this code; they might swear on a bible, a cannon, crossed swords or even a human skull. What's more all who were on board had to give this oath, even if they weren't crew members. Stowaways and prisoners were required to sign or face torture or even death! Nice, right?
Though the particulars changed there were some common articles that could be found on many ships consistently. They were;
- No fighting on the ship, unless it was in battle or self-defence.
- No women (though this was not always observed).
- No gambling with cards or dice.
- Pirates must be armed and ready always.
- All goods, food, and beverages would be divided equally among the crew. Only the Captain and Quartermaster received a larger share (they got a double share each).
- Pirates who lost a limb would get an extra half share.
- All pirates get one vote as to the next destination and mission taken.
- All crew members follow and respect the orders of the Captain and Quartermaster.
If you're ever tempted to think that being a pirate would put you out of the reach of the law then remember that all pirates were subject to rules and regulations. The Pirate Code applied to everyone.
Viking Pirates and their Ships
The Viking longboat is one of the most iconic ships in pre and early medieval history; the striking silhouette is hard to forget. But why were they so widely used as battle ships by the Vikings? Well they were slim, hardy boats with shallow drafts which meant that they were able to get very close to the shore, and they were able to manoeuvre through close spaces.
Viking Pirates and their Ships
The iconic dragon heads that were attached to the tall, slim, stems at the front of the boats were removable. Though these are the forerunners of the figureheads seen on many pirate ships in later centuries, the Viking animal heads had spiritual, and practical uses for the ship. The Vikings believed that these animal heads protected the ship from the dangers that the sea held, but they would remove them upon return to their homes so as not to scare off the guardians of the towns and villages themselves.
Each Dreki had 60 oars, but no galley slaves; the warriors themselves were expected to be fit and strong enough to row the single-masted vessel and still fight when needed. This was all a part of the mentality of strength, honour and skill that came with the Viking religion. Their belief was that glory and skill on the battle-field, as well as a good death, would gain them entrance to the feasting halls of Valhalla.
As far as pirates go, the Vikings were undoubtedly the elite, though they had their differences. For a start they lived mainly on land, and they targeted settlements as well as other ships. But their consummate skill as fighters, and indeed as sailors mean that any considerations about the history of piracy would be incomplete without at least a few words spared for the Nordic warriors that terrorized large swathes of Europe for hundreds of years in the early medieval era.
Reference: Gail Selinger, W. Smith Jr. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Pirates, Penguin Press 2006
5 Prosperous Pirate Strongholds
The seas and oceans once used to be the playground of many notorious pirates who chanced upon sea travelers for the purpose of deceit and plain robbery. In turn, the Caribbean, the Gulf Of Mexico and the coasts of Africa also served as hideaways for these sea criminals.
When pirates were not on the seas, they were in safe harbors located within pirate strongholds or hidden coves, resting on their laurels and getting ready for their sne


_USER_{Kasimov Sherzod Abduzairovich_Turaev Khayit Khudainazarovich_Djalilov Abdulakhat Turapovich_2021, title={IR SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF SULFURAND PHOSPHORIC-CONTAINING IMMOBILIZED LIGAND}, volume={9}, url={_URL_ abstractNote={
The article studies the IR spectrum of a covalent immobilized ligand based on in situ covalent attachment by O, O-di- (2-aminoethyl) -dithiophosphate potassium on a urea-formaldehyde matrix. As a result of the carried out IR spectroscopic studies, the structures of the ligand and its coordination compound with copper (II) were determined.
}, number={9}, journal={Galaxy International Interdisciplinary Research Journal}, author={Kasimov Sherzod Abduzairovich and Turaev Khayit Khudainazarovich and Djalilov Abdulakhat Turapovich}, year={2021}, month={Sep.}, pages={44–48} }


text:
to zero, then the torsion is
roughly 1/H while the curvature is close to 0. A fly which does a barrel-roll while moving
through a nearly straight distance of H has a torsion of 1/H. The faster it can roll, the
greater is its torsion.
A less obvious fact is that if we look down on a plane
showing all possible positive combinations R and H, the lines of constant curvature lie on
horizontal semi-circles; while the points representing constant torsion lie on vertical
semi-circles. The curvature and torsion combinations gotten by stretching a given Slinky
lie along a quarter circle centered on the origin. Apparently the two families of
semi-circles are perpendicular to each other.
Figure 6: Lines of constant curvature and torsion for
combinations of R and H.
Suppose I have a helix like a steel Slinky spring. What
happens to the curvature and the torsion as I stretch a single turn of it without
untwisting? Suppose that the initial radius of the helix is A. Given the physical fact
that the length of one twist of the Slinky keeps the same length, you can show that as you
stretch it, R^2 + H^2 will stay constant at a value of A^2, which corresponds to a circle
of radius A around the origin of the R-H plane. As you stretch a Slinky loop with the
particular starting radius of 2, its R and H values will move along the dotted blue line
shown in Figure 6. Figure 7 shows what a few of the intermediate positions will look like.
Curvature is being traded off for torsion.
Figure 7: Stretching a Slinky turns curvature into
Here's another algebra problem: If you know that R^2 + H^2
= A^2, what can you say about the sum kappa^2 + tau^2?
One fact that seems odd at first is that the curvature and
torsion of a helix are dependent on the size of the helix. If you make both R and H five
times as big, you make the torsion and curvature 1/10 as big. If you make R and H N times
as big, you make the curvature and torsion 1/(2*N) as big.
But this makes sense if you think of a fly that switches
from a small helix to a big helix; it is indeed changing the way that its flying, so it
makes sense that the kappa and the tau should change.
Figure 8: Changing Curvature and Torsion.
This observation suggests a simple way to express the
difference between flies and birds --- flies fly with much higher curvature and torsion
than do the birds. Gnats, for that matter, fly even more tightly knotted paths, and have
very large values of curvature and torsion.
Just as in the plane, a space curve can be specified in
terms of natural equations that give the curvature and torsion as functions of the
arclength. These equations have the form kappa = f(s) and tau = g(s). The shape and size
of the space curve is uniquely determined by the curvature and the torsion functions.
Figures 9 and 10 shows two intriguing space curves given by simple curvature and torsion
Figure 9: The rocker, with natural equations kappa = 1
and tau = sine(arclength)
Figure 10: The phone-cord, with natural equations kappa =
sine(arclength) and tau = 1.
Well, actually I used kappa = 10*sine(arclength) and tau =
3 to make the picture look better. Note that this is a space curve where we do allow
ourselves to put in negative values for the curvature.
There is not a large literature on these
"kappatau" curves, so I've given my own names to these two: the rocker, and the
At one time I thought that the rocker was a correct way to
represent the seam on a tennis-ball or the stitching on a baseball, but helpful email from
the great mathematician John Horton Conway convinced me I was wrong. Conway makes the
anthropological conjecture that every time a mathematician discovers a curve that he or
she thinks might be the true baseball curve, the curve is a different one.
An analysis of the real-world baseball stitch curve can be
found in the web-published paper "Designing A Baseball Cover by Richard Thompson of
the Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona. It turns out the baseball stitch
curve is based on something so prosaic as a patented 1860s pen and ink drawing of a plane
shape used to cut out the leather for a half of a baseball, a shape arrived at by trial
and error. Thompson finds a fairly gnarly closed-form approximation of this shape.
Not only does my rocker fail to match the baseball stitch
curve, it can be proved that the rocker curve does not in fact lie on the surface of a
sphere (even though it kind of looks like it does). It fails to satisfy the following
necessary condition for lying on the surface of the sphere, where s stands for arclength
d/ds[(1/tau)*d/ds(1/kappa)] + tau*(1/kappa) = 0
(For kappa = 1 and tau = sin(s), the left-hand side of
this is sin(s), which isnt 0.)
Numerical estimates indicate that the arclength of the
rocker has exactly twice the length of a circle of the same radius. This suggests an easy
way to make a rocker. Cut out two identical annuli (thick circles) from some fairly stiff
paper (manila file folders are good), cut radial slits in the annuli, tape two of the
slit-edges together, bend the annuli in two different ways (one like a clockwise helix and
one like a counterclockwise helix) and tape the other two slit-edges together, forming a
continuous band of double length. Because an annulus cannot bend along its osculating
plane, the curvature of the shape is fixed along the arclength. Because half the band is
like a clockwise helix and half is like a counterclockwise helix, when the shape relaxes,
the torsion presumably varies with the arclength like a sine wave function that goes
between plus one and minus one. The torsion seems to be zero at the two places where the
slits are taped together. Note that I have not proved that my empirical paper rocker is
the same as my mathematical rocker, this is simply my conjecture.
Figure 11: Make your own rocker.
- To make the rocker, make a (larger) copy of Figure 11 on
- Cut along all solid lines.
- Tape edge A to edge B* with the letters on the same side.
- Bend the two rings in the opposite sense.
- Tape edge A* to edge B with the letters on the same side.
How were the images in Figures 9 and 10 generated? They
use an algorithm based on the 1851 formulae of Serret and Frenet. (See, for instance,
Struik's classic work for details; note that this book is now available as an
inexpensive Dover paperback reprint.) Let's state the formulae in "differential"
form. The question the formulae address is this: when we do a small displacement ds along
a space curve, what is the displacement dT, dN, and dB of the vectors in the moving
dT =( kappa*N )*ds
dN =( - kappa*T + tau*B )*ds
dB =( - tau*N )*ds
The first and third equations correspond, respectively, to
the definitions of curvature and torsion. The second equation describes the
"back-reaction" of the T and B motions on N.
Since we are lucky enough to live in three-dimensional
space, it is possible for us to experiment with our bodies and to perceive directly why
the Serret-Frenet formulae are true. To experience the equations, you should, if possible,
stick out your right hand's thumb, index finger, and middle finger as shown in Figure 4.
Now start trying to "fly" your trihedron around according to these rules: (1)
The index finger always points in the direction your hand is moving. (2) You are allowed
to turn the index finger towards or away from direction of the middle finger by a motion
corresponding to rotating around the axis of your thumb. (3) You are allowed to turn the
thumb towards or away from the middle finger by a motion corresponding to rotating around
the axis of your forefinger.
To get clear on what's meant by motion (2), grab your
thumb with you left hand and make as if you were trying to unscrew it from your hand. This
is a kind of "yawing" motion, and it corresponds to the first of the three
Serret-Frenet formulae: the change in the tangent is equal to the curvature times normal.
Motion (3) corresponds to grabbing your index finger with your left hand and trying to
unscrew that finger. This is a kind of "rolling" motion, and it corresponds to
the third of the Serret-Frenet formulae: the change in the binormal is the negative of the
torsion times the normal.
In thinking of flying along a space curve you should
explicitly

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Although people were able to see representations of their gods as decoration on the outside of religious buildings, sculptures such as the one seen here, were the first sacred artifacts seen by people outside of the temple. Most of the time, they were only seen by the temple priests inside the private, innermost chambers of the temple. However the rings at the bottom of this object allowed temple priests to carry the sculpture in religious ceremonies. Therefore, the common people were able to see their deities and the deities were able to see their devotees. At all times, the sculpture was elaborately decorated with jewels and flowers, such as marigolds. Priests poured gold infused water and milk over the sculpture to serve as a ritual washing.
Unidentified Maker, India
15 inches H; 12 1/4 inches W; 6 inches D
Museum purchase in honor of David T. Owsley
118-125 CE The Pantheon is constructed in Rome.
220 CE The Han Dynasty in China comes to an end.
720 CE Islamic Caliphate invades India; Islam practiced in India.
1325 The Aztec civilization founds Tenochtitlan, modern day Mexico City.
1617 British East India Company is given permission to trade in India.


text:
Lab of labs: Blockchain City
Cities as laboratories (see this for a good overview) have been the talk of the town for a while now — but what do we really mean by it and more importantly, what are the underlying structures that allow such fluid and experimental forms emerge?
Last week I took part in a 'Lab of Labs': a series of hands-on design charrettes that explored a variety of approaches for living labs and design research practices and methodologies. The different labs explored the role empathy can play in designing inclusive interactions in the city, how roots and identities are expressed in the context of global cities, methods for designing for sociality in smart cities as well as the emerging role blockchain can play in reimagining the economic systems that underpin everything that surrounds us (the latter was run by the The Centre of Design Informatics at the University of Edinburgh and attended by yours truly).
And this is where it gets interesting. In the past decade I took part in countless workshops, design conferences, charrettes and competitions about various aspects concerning 'cities' — almost always conceptualised as an abstract measurement unit, rather that a living, continuously forming collision of human and non human systems. This was the first time where a deliberate question around the values we exchange (or want to exchange) was shaped through unpacking the economic systems that underpin all our monetary and non-monetary transactions.
The methodology was straightforward, yet insightful: exploring blockchain through physical mimicking (with Lego!), playing with tech probes (imagine us running around Amsterdam staring at our phones in order to collect mili-Bitcoin rewards and then trying to guess what the rules of the transactions were), moving onto ideation and prototyping.
This allowed us to have a conceptual understanding of the topic, from which a series of questions emerged:
- What are the values underpinning the current economic system and what types of value are exchange (subtle, yet significant distinction)?
- Who are the actors? What's the power dynamic?
- What values do we want to form the basis of an emerging economic system and how can we be deliberate about the change we want to see?
- What are the inherent qualities about blockchain and how can they be explored to the maximum to engender a transition towards a sustainable future?
- How can blockchain be used beyond an incentive / reward / fining model (for some background on DAOs — decentralised autonomous organisations see _USER_ blog here)?
- What's the untapped potential of geolocating transactions that otherwise happen online? Could this bring a different meaning to 'special economic zones'?
Not that we found the answers, but below you can see the resulting rough skeletons that start showing glimpses of what some of the applications and pitfalls of a blockchain city could look like:
In the context of signs of anarcho-capitalism forming in front of our eyes (see this recent piece from The Guardian: 'Tech titans are busy privatising our data'), how can this third wave of self-organising / commons / citizen innovation (as we call it at Forum) help us question the status quo and act deliberately to unlock the paradigm shift we need?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Nation-building and National Identity in Timor-Leste
To Be Published January 31st 2014 by Routledge – 240 pages
East Timor continues to be an example of a state built from the ground up, a society rebuilding itself after almost a quarter of a century of profound trauma, and consecutive eras of colonialism. The impact East Timor has had, and continues to have, across a range of fields, belies the small size of its population and territory.
This bookexamines the key challenges of national building in Timor-Leste in the ten years since the 1999 independence referendum. It addresses key issues in the development and reconstruction of an independent East Timor, highlighting its successes and its failures, as well as a set of unresolved issues confronting the state. East Timor provides a clear example of the challenges of post-conflict nation-building. Following the 1999 violence which precipitated institutional collapse within the territory, East Timor was often described as a 'nation without a state'. Prior to the resurgence of violence in April 2006, the UN-led mission in East Timor (UNTAET) was considered one of the most successful examples of international state-building intervention.
The author examines the history of debates and conflict over issues of national identity, national history, cultural heritage, language policy, and relationships between distinct regions, generations, and language groups. Interdisciplinary in its approach, the analysis links qualitative studies of cultural nationalism with quantitative analyses of popular attitudes to national identity. The book argues that nation-building - in the sense of creating the conditions for social cohesion, political stability and identity formation - is a neglected dimension of the state-building process in post-independence Timor-Leste, and that these national 'faultlines' have been key sources of civil conflict since independence.
Introduction: Nation building in Timor-Leste _PHONE_ 2. Constitutional and Elite Narratives of National Identity 3. Surveying Popular Attitudes to National Identity 4. History Curriculum and History Teaching 5. Managing the Cultural Heritage of the Resistance 6. "East-West" Violence and Post-Conflict Resolution Programs 7. Decentralisation and Nation-Building 8. Modern and Traditional Political Authority
Michael Leach is a Senior Lecturer in Politics in the Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia. He has published widely on East Timor and is a founder of the Timor-Leste Studies Association.


text:
Your object has been set as the data source of the UITableView somewhere. Most likely, by making a connection in InterfaceBuilder, though it is straightforward to do so in code by setting the
dataSource property of the UITableView:
- (void) setUpMyJunkMan
myTableView.dataSource = self;
Once you have set your object as the data source, the table view will invoke the method as needed to determine what it needs to draw or how it needs to respond to events.
Your object is required to implement the
UITableViewDataSource protocol (though, if you connected the data source via InterfaceBuilder, there may not be a complaint if you don't -- it is more of a compile time validation than a runtime one).
If you look at the declaration of
UITableViewDataSource, you'll see that a number of methods are
_USER_. The rest are
_USER_; you must implement them to fulfill the contract of the protocol.
This is the key difference between data sources and delegates. Delegates can optionally implement any of the declared methods. Data sources create a much more formal relationship between the two objects wherein some of the methods must be implemented.


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Posts Tagged 'Corpus Christi'
Reader's Guide: REMEMBER ME LIKE THIS by Bret Anthony Johnston
Thursday, May 15th, 2014
Johnston_ THIS ONE_ RMLTBret Anthony Johnston is the author of the award-winning Corpus Christi: Stories. This month, his debut novel, Remember Me Like This, hits bookshelves and this is one you must read! This gripping novel has the pace of a thriller but the nuanced characterization and deep empathy of some of the literary canon's most beloved novels. It introduces Bret Anthony Johnston as one of the most gifted storytellers writing today.
Random House Reader's Circle has exclusive book club discussion questions to share with you today! If you and your book club are planning a discussion of this novel, be sure to take a look at the below! And, stay up to date with the author on his Facebook page.
Questions and Topics for Discussion:
1. Remember Me Like This is rendered through the perspectives of various characters, but never Justin's. Why do you think Johnston decided not to include his point-of-view? What did the alternating perspectives do for the story?
2. The novel opens with a body floating facedown in the ship channel, then flashes back and shows the events that led up to the discovery. Which character did you think was in the water at first and why? Did your feelings change throughout the book?
3. Johnston alludes to the abuse that Justin endured during his "away life," but a definitive answer of what he suffered is never offered. Why would he leave that information out?
4. The novel takes place over a hot summer in South Texas and Johnston asks the reader to pay a lot of attention to the heat and weather. How might these choices relate to the themes of the book?
5. What are the themes of Remember Me Like This?
6. Most of the characters have at least one significant secret in the novel. What role do secrets play in the book? Early in the novel, the reader learns that Cecil believes love can be shown through not disclosing what you know. Do you agree with him?
7. Are Eric and Laura good parents? Why or why not?
8. Each of the Campbells seeks different kinds of shelter in the book: Eric is involved in an extra-marital affair; Laura spends much of her time volunteering at Marine Lab; Griffin devotes most of his energy to skateboarding and Fiona; and Cecil retreats deeper into the grooves of his life. What do these shelters offer them? What do the shelters reveal about the characters? Do the shelters hold up?
9. Most of the novel takes place in Southport, a small coastal town, and on Mustang Island. Discuss the role of place in the story? Does the isolation of the landscape relate in any way to the characters? If so, how?
10. Which character do you identify with the most and why?
11. If you are a parent, which parent most resembles you in the novel?
12. Had Cecil's plan worked, what do you think he would have done with Buford? Do you believe the story he told Eric about taking Buford into Mexico? Did he ever intend to include Eric in the plan? Why does he decide against including him?
13. Do you think Buford's father was being honest with Cecil about just wanting one last day on the water with his family?
15. Where you do you imagine each of the Campbells in a year? In five years? In ten?
Giveaway Opportunity: REMEMBER ME LIKE THIS by Bret Anthony Johnston
Monday, April 14th, 2014
Johnston_ THIS ONE_ RMLTBret Anthony Johnston, the award-winning author of Corpus Christi: Stories delivers a breathtaking debut novel, Remember Me Like This, to us on May 13, 2014. Ready to get your hands on a copy? You're in luck! Enter HERE for your chance to win an advance reader's edition from RHRC!
About the Book:
Enter HERE to win an advance reader's edition of Remember Me Like This.
Bertelsmann Media Worldwide


How long can you actually wear daily contact lenses?
daily contact lenses
When discussing the different types of contact lenses, daily wear lenses and daily disposable lenses are commonly mentioned. Below we give the scoop on how many hours per day you can wear them (usually eight to 16 hours), the differences between daily wear (multi-use) and daily disposable (single-use) lenses, how long daily contacts actually last and answer other frequently asked questions about contact lenses.
Daily contacts wear time
The number of hours that you can wear contacts ranges anywhere from eight to 16 hours per day. The exact time depends on a number of things, like how well you tolerate contacts, how dry or sensitive your eyes are, and your overall eye health.
For instance, if you work long hours staring at a computer (a known cause of dry eyes), it's wise to keep a pair of glasses handy. That way, if your eyes begin to feel dry or irritated after wearing contacts for eight hours, you can remove them without losing all means of vision correction.
To help set expectations about your wear time tolerance, chat with your eye doctor.
Daily disposable vs. daily wear contacts
Understandably, there can be some confusion on the difference between daily disposable and daily wear lenses. Here are some facts to help distinguish the two:
1. Neither daily wear lenses nor daily disposable lenses are approved to sleep in.
2. Daily wear lenses are also disposable, but not on a required daily basis like daily disposables.
3. There are different disposal requirements, ranging from daily to monthly, depending on the type of daily wear lenses you choose.
If you're unsure which replacement schedule your current lenses follow, or you'd like advice on which type of lens is right for you, it's best to consult with your eye doctor.
SEE RELATED: What are the best contact lens brands?
How many days can you wear daily disposable contacts?
As the name explains, daily disposable contacts are only good for one day. Because the instructions advise for the lenses to be thrown out every day, they give the option to buy lenses in 30-count (one-month) or 90-count (three-month) packs.
There is a much smaller risk of getting eye infections with daily disposables because you put in a fresh, clean pair each day. However, it is still important to follow package instructions to maintain clear vision and healthy eyes.
Can you wear daily contacts for a few hours on several days?
You can only wear daily disposable contacts for one day and you cannot use them more than once. Without exception, you should throw them out after removing them, whether it's at the end of the day or after only a few hours.
Can you wear daily contacts for two days?
If you wear daily disposable lenses, then no, you cannot wear them for two days. In fact, daily disposable contacts are supposed to be discarded after each use. So, if you remove them throughout the day for whatever reason, you must throw them out and apply a new pair later on, regardless of how long or little you wore them.
If you have daily wear lenses and the replacement schedule allows for multi-day use, then you can wear them for multiple days, typically for eight to 16 hours each day (see above for how long you can wear contacts in each use). However, you must remove your contacts and soak them in fresh contact solution before you sleep, as sleeping in daily wear contacts is not recommended.
SEE RELATED: Proper contact lens care
Can you put daily contacts in solution for a few hours?
As mentioned earlier, daily disposable lenses must be thrown out after each use, even if you've only worn them for a short period of time. This means you cannot let them soak in solution, regardless of duration.
Daily wear lenses can be stored in contact solution when not in use, as long as you abide by your doctor-recommended replacement schedule. In other words, if your daily wear lenses should be thrown out weekly, then you can soak them in fresh solution each night for up to a week, but no longer — even if you only wear them three out of the seven days that week.
SEE RELATED: Contact lens misconceptions
Can you clean daily disposable contact lenses
Can you clean daily disposable contact lenses?
The composition of daily disposable contact lenses is thinner and more prone to bacteria than others lenses. In fact, cleaning or disinfecting such thin lenses can compromise the lens material, causing them to break down and rip.
If you suffer from dry eyes, and you're not wanting to remove your disposable lenses throughout the day, talk to your eye doctor. They can recommend some rewetting drops for soft contact lenses that moisten your contacts and relieve your dry eye irritation.
What happens if you reuse your daily contacts?
The strict replacement schedule of daily disposable contacts may seem a little dramatic, but it's to ensure the safety and health of your eyes. Extending the use for longer than recommended can make your contacts dry, easier to rip, uncomfortable and a breeding ground for infectious bacteria.
This kind of bacteria can cause pink eye (conjunctivitis) and keratitis, which is an infection of the cornea (the outer layer of the eye). Eye infections are uncomfortable, inconvenient and completely avoidable if you follow your contacts' replacement guidelines.
Can daily contact lenses expire?
Yes, all contact lenses have an expiration date. Stamped on the packaging of your contact lenses will be the month and year that they expire, using the format YYYY/MM.
So, if 2024/03 is visible, then your contact lenses must be used before the end of March 2024. It is not recommended to use expired contact lenses, so be mindful of the date listed.
If used correctly, daily disposable lenses are a fresh, comfortable and convenient option for vision correction. Weekly and monthly disposables (reusable daily wear lenses) are also a good option if you prefer a lower price tag and don't mind the added maintenance required to clean and reuse your contacts each day.
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. While this is a great advantage for your defense when you are attacked by bigger players from other provinces, it is on the other hand harder for you to conquer a village in another province and defend it. It is important to quickly build a Church there, so that your troops in that province have faith.
Other Church facts:
 - The Church needs a lot of farm space so it is not wise to build a Church in every village. The higher the building level, the higher the combat strength in the province.
 - The Church is destroyed when a village is taken over.
 - The Church has more hitpoints than any other building. So it is well protected against catapults.
In the late-game it can happen that a single player or tribe owns all villages within a province. In this case, try to destroy all enemy churches first, before you start conquering.
With spies you can get access to important information about your enemies' villages. To spy on a village you need a Tavern and at least one spy. Then send one or more of them on a reconnaissance mission. There are 3 different options available:
1. Scout buildings: Your spies try to find out what building levels the selected village has.
2. Scout units: Your spies try to find out the number of units that are currently stationed in the village. There is even a small chance to find out how many enemy units are currently stationed elsewhere or are on a mission.
3. Sabotage: Only available if you have chosen the "Thieves Guild" reside in your Hall of Orders. Your spies try to damage a random building in the target village. They can however only lower the building by one level with a successful sabotage. The Chapel and the hospital cannot be damaged.
Please note that for a sabotage mission you have to send a minimum of 3 spies and at least 3 spies will die, regardless of the missions outcome (successful/unsuccessful).
Spies travels with different speed depending on their mission; for sabotage missions they will walk 4 times slower, compared to a espionage mission.
Sabotage is an efficient way to demolish well-defended villages, as you can bring down the Farm, Church or Wall without using your armies. Of course you need a lot of villages with the "Thieves Guild".
If you have upgraded the tavern to level 14 or researched the technology "homeguard" with crowns, you mobilize your citizens to protect your village against sabotages. Sabotage attacks will fail more often compared to a village without this research.
The enemy will not notice your spies as long as they are on their way. There is even a chance that the enemy will not discover your spies at all.
The only way to defend against spies that are attacking your village is to have spies in your village yourself. They can uncover and defeat the arriving enemy spies.
If you successfully spy units or villages (green dot at the Report) then the most current report is shared with your tribe: every tribe member can find the link to this report on the village info window.
But be aware: Some of your spies might die while defending against an enemy espionage. You will not always get a rapport of such incident. Be sure to check your spies regularly to see, if they are still in place!
You can also use countermeasures to deceive enemy spies. These are more likely to happen than a complete wipe of the enemy spies. To make the countermeasures work, you need at least one spy in your village. There are 4 different kinds of countermeasures:
 - Camouflage: You can set a fake building level that the enemy spies will report to their Lord. For example, you can make your Church look to be level 0.
 - Switch Weapons: Choose two unit types that will switch their weapons. You can hide your Noblemen with that trick.
 - Dummies: Set up dummy units to feign a much bigger army.
 - Exchange: This coutermeasure forces a Spy, who failed to scout your village to submit a spy report of his or her own village instead.
Note: For counter meassures to work, you need at least one spy in your village. Counter meassures only have a slight chance of being activated when spied.
Sample spy report for units
Battle modifiers
Strength is not the only factor that determines a battles outcome. In addition, other factors can turn the battle around. These factors apply to both the attacker and defender.
Example of attack modifier calculation, all values are calculated in percentages: Attack modifier = 100 * ((faith/100) * (morale/100) * (100 + luck)/100) + officer value (10 if Grandmaster, 0 if not) + tribe attack bonus (0 if skill not used, max. 10 for skill at lvl5)
You can see the total attack modifier in the battle report. If you hover over it with your mouse, you will get the values displayed in percentage. In this example the calculation would be:
100 * (1 * 0.5* 1.04) + 10 + 10 = 72
Attack modifier.jpg
The lowest possible attack modifier is 11% and the maximum modifier is 147%.
Example of the defense modifier calculation, all values are calculated in percentages: Defense modifier = 100 * (faith/100) * (100 + (5 * level of the wall) / 100) * ((100 + night bonus)/100)
The lowest possible defense modifier is 50% and the maximum modifier is 440%.
Let us have a closer look at the factors:
The faith depends on the existence of a church or a chapel in the province. For more information, see Chapel/Church. Supporting units have the faith of the village they support, independent of the faith of their home village.
Morale is a protection for new players. It is calculated by the points of the attacker and the defender. A player usually attacks with 100% morale, but if you attack a player who is much smaller than you are, you will be penalized. For example, when your opponent's morale is 45%, your troops will only attack at 45% of their usual attack strength. If a smaller player attacks a much bigger player, there is no bonus on the attack. The maximum morale is 100%.
Time can also be a factor in morale calculation, in that it uses the time since the player joined the world. If a small player has been playing on a world for a long time but still has a small amount of points, morale will continuously rise until it reaches 50%.
The morale influences the combat strength that you can see in the attack window.
Luck is a completely random element of every fight. Your luck will be somewhere between -15% and +15% and it is always given from the attackers point of view. If you are attacking with +15% luck, it means that your fighting power is increased by 15%. For the calculation of the modifier, you add (luck) or subtract (misfortune) the given value to 100% to get the value to apply.
You get bashpoints after every battle. The bash-points shows you how successful you have been as attacker (offensive bashpoints) or as defender (defensive bashpoints). The number of bashpoints gained from killing a unit depends on you being an attacker or defender. Either you are an attacker or defender, you get 1 bashpoint for every unit you kill whilst attacking/defending respectively.
See the table for more information.
unit Offensive bashpoints Defensive bashpoints
Spearman 4 1
Swordsman 5 2
Axe Fighter 1 4
Archer 5 2
Light Cavalry 5 13
Mounted Archer 6 12
Heavy Cavalry 23 15
Ram 4 8
Catapult 12 10
Paladin 40 20
Nobleman 200 200
Berserker 10 25
Trebuchet 25 8
You can compare your bash-points with those from other players in the rankings. In the rankings there are columns for offensive, defensive and the sum of bash-points.
If you send a Grandmaster with your army, it will attack with 10% more attack strength. Therefore, a factor of 1.1 will be used for the battle modifier. If you don't send a Grandmaster, the value is 1.0.
Night Bonus
During night, the defending units get a bonus to allow players to sleep better. When an attack arrives during the night bonus, the defender gets an additional 100% bonus,, which means that the normal defending strength is doubled. During the rest of the day, this factor is 1. If the player has a church at level 3 in the province and a wall at level 20, the defending units fight with 440% strength at night.
Catapults and Rams
Catapults can destroy your opponent's buildings. If you initiate an attack with catapults, you can select which building shall be targeted in the window from which you launch the attack.
Note that buildings have different hitpoints. Also technologies to increase hitpoints can be researched. Academy, Preceptory and Church have way more hitpoints than other buildings.
The following buildings cannot be demolished below level 1: Headquarters, Farm, Warehouse, Chapel. The hospital can not be targeted by the catapults.
The Ram is used for tearing down the enemy Wall. This is done twice during a battle. The first ram attack will be executed before the battle starts and lowers the defense bonus of the defender if successful. The second attack is done after the battle with the surviving rams. If your tribe uses the Tribe Skill "Iron Wall"


where the writers are
Mining Your Memories to Write Memoir
Writing a memoir involves remembering bits and pieces of your life and putting them down on paper. After all, a memoir covers a portion of your life—a few months, a year, a few years—that happened previously. And sometimes this period of time lies in your distant past. It may seem like remembering the conversations, the places, the experiences could prove way too difficult. If you know how to bring these memories back to the forefront of your mind, though, you'll discover it's not difficult at all. Before you know it, your memories…and your memoir…will be flowing quickly and easily.
Linda Joy Myers, president of the National Association of Memoir Writers, is back again today as our memoir expert to tell us how to mine our memories so we can write a memoir. She's got some great tools and tips, so read on…
Mining Your Memories 101
Linda Joy Myers, Ph.D.
Writers often struggle with the issue of memory: do I have enough memories to write a memoir. Are my memories "correct?" What if someone disagrees—will I be found out or exposed like James Frye was a few years ago?
The answer is no! There is no such thing as correct memory, it's all about perception and interpretation. Everyone's view of an event is like a slice of pie—each section looks toward the middle from a different angle. Everyone in a family would write a different memoir—if they dared! (And the James Frey thing was not about memory, it was about exaggerating.)
There are many ways to capture your memories. Memories exist as wisps of perfume, snippets of images, stories that haunt our dreams, fragments of our lives waiting for us to breathe full life into them so they can unfold on the screen of story.
Streams of memory arise when we hear a song or when smells and sounds remind us of certain moments. You can look for these streams by doing research: visit your home town where there is history and meaning, memories around every corner. When I first started exploring my past, I took the long trek to visit the town where I grew up in Oklahoma. As the familiar lay of the land, the rise of the wheat elevators, the smells of earth rose up, I was shocked and amazed at the rush of images, like a movie in fast motion, as I drove down familiar roads. My body knew this as home and triggered more memories than I could have imagined, fueling my need to capture them before they just as easily flew away.
To encourage your memories, look at photographs, listen to a song, explore where you town is on Google Earth. Research is a great way to get started. Then place your fingers over the keyboard and invite images and snippets to flow from your fingers. You can begin with a piece of story, an image, a sensual experience—listen to your body/mind as the story takes shape and take dictation!
Begin with a scene—put yourself in a time and a place, setting where you are physically. This helps you to write directly from sensual experience. Write from who you were at different ages.
Dreams help us get into our stories and memories. Write down your dreams, and then keep writing, free associating, exploring. Sometimes insights and connections happen when we aren't trying.
Dive into the tough memories, the stories that scare you, the stories you really don't want to write. It is here that the gold is found, the moments in your life that you need to understand, your secrets and regrets. What are the life lessons that haunt you, that come back to you on soft feet in the middle of the night? These contain some of the important points of your life, the times that tug at your heart and soul. There are riches there for you to explore.
Memoir writing is about capturing who we are and were. We need to be honest, to write our truths as best we can, not worrying about a publisher, the public, and agent or even the family. We have to be true to ourselves. The best stories are the deepest truths that we can share as we dig into what it means to be human, what it's like to travel our own unique path. In the current marketplace, if and when you're interested in publishing, people are eager to learn from others—a memoir invites people into their own living room, even their hearts—and in this we all become deeply intertwined in the shared stories of human experience.
Tips for Capturing Significant Memories
 1. Write down memories on envelopes at the market, in the car—parked of course, or taking a walk. Call yourself and leave a message. Text it to someone. Take a note on your cell phone. If you don't write it down, it disappears.
 2. Get out photo albums. Use the photo as a trigger to write. Write about what you were feeling. Write about what happened before and after the photo was taken.
 3. Describe the photo in detail, and muse about its meaning, what's hidden that the viewer can't see. If it's a photo of long dead relatives, but it fascinates you, write what you imagine happened on that day. Weave in family stories.
 4. Talk with friends, and write down what you remember together.
 5. Family events can be triggers for your memoir file. Write things down or put them on tape.
 6. If you have a computer, surf the web for memoir writing sites, memory preservation sites, war stories. It's all out there.
 7. Write for 10 minutes, a short vignette.
 8. Next time, write for 20 minutes. Notice that the more you write, the more you write!
 9. Basic rule: do not throw away anything. Do not hit the delete key. The Make a file called "saved early drafts." Don't listen to that inner critic. It doesn't yet know what you are about. Fear and shame are friends of the inner critic. If these are parts of you, then beware of any little voice that tells you to throw your writing away. It's most often wrong. Besides, computer files don't take up much room. Keep your stories—they are part of your research and your journey.
 10. Invite dreams, favorite memories and unforgettable moments. Allow them to flow through you in a freewrite—writing for 15 minutes without taking your fingers off the keys or your hand from the page. Get into the flow—it helps develop your writing stamina.
 11. Don't worry about where to start or what you will write about. Write short vignettes to quilt together later.
 12. Remember, you have your own story. Don't let the point of view of family members interfere with writing YOUR story.
 13. Childhood can be a treasure of all kind of memories, both good and bad. Allow yourself to be in the body and in the sensory experience of the child and take dictation. Notice voice, details, and language and write in the flow of what you remember.
There are only two ways to live your life. One is as if nothing is a miracle, and the other is as if everything is a miracle. - Albert Einstein
About the Author
Linda Joy Myers is a memoir mentor and editor, and the founder of the National Association of Memoir Writers. She's the author of The Power of Memoir—How to Write Your Healing Story, and the award winning memoir Don't Call Me Mother. Linda is Co-President of the Women's National Book Association, San Francisco branch, and past president of the California Writers Club, Marin branch. She is a speaker and workshop leader nationally, and helps people capture their stories through coaching, editing, and online workshops. Visit the National Association of Memoir Writers (ww.namw.org) and Linda's blog (_URL_).


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Benefits » Libraries
When libraries are connected to high speed Internet, the neighboring community benefits. Public libraries serve as critical gateways to information outside one's own community, and in the Information Age this role has become even more important. Libraries give people without home computers free access to the Internet, helping America close the digital divide. As reliance upon public libraries to provide broadband telecommunications services for their community increases, it becomes essential to have universal high speed connectivity in libraries across the country.
Although the need for libraries to provide broadband access is increasing, many libraries are ill-equipped to meet this need. In 2006, 98 percent of public libraries indicated that they provided public access to the Internet, but in the same survey, 45 percent reported that they did not have sufficient bandwidth to satisfy their community's needs. Libraries without enough bandwidth to quickly transfer data, images, and video put their communities at a serious disadvantage.
Benefits of High Speed Internet to Libraries
- Students use connected libraries to download educational videos, view course lectures, and access scholarly journals.
- Librarians use the Internet for business functions, such as running online catalogs, managing digitized content, and serving patrons through e-mail and online reference.
- Residents in underserved communities such as rural or low income areas where most homes lack access to high speed Internet rely on Internet connectivity from their local public library.
- As central public meeting spaces within communities, libraries connected to high speed Internet can serve as disaster response centers, such as during a flood, fire, or hurricane.
- Senior citizens, many of whom do not own home computers, find public libraries helpful for finding information on health issues or government programs, and maintaining connections with family and friends who live far away.
- Many libraries provide information literacy training that allows less tech-savvy individuals to engage the Internet in ways that otherwise wouldn't.
- Initiatives to expand high speed Internet should ensure public libraries are connected with sufficient bandwidth capabilities to support their surrounding communities.
- Library connectivity should be a priority in efforts to increase broadband proliferation, especially in underserved areas where a library is the community's only source of Internet.
- The federal E-rate program should continue its highly-successful program of subsidies for Internet connections for libraries and schools
For More Information
Related Blog Posts:
- 05-07-2013: Getting to Gigabit
- 05-07-2013: Libraries build public's online access
- 03-15-2013: Senator Rockefeller urges 1 gig speeds for schools
- 02-15-2013: U.S. broadband program aiding public libraries
- 02-14-2013: Authors Guild continues federal case against Google
- 01-29-2013: You want fries with that Wi-Fi?
- 01-25-2013: There Will Be Libraries
- 09-04-2012: Low-income Areas Skipped By Google Fiber System
- 08-22-2012: FCC Eighth Broadband Report
- 12-15-2011: Vendors responding to the Gig U Project
- 10-20-2011: House Dems Ask FCC To Develop Internet In Nation's School And Libraries
- 08-31-2011: With CWA Participation, Wisconsin Region Plans Broadband Growth
- 06-30-2011: Public Libraries Need More Broadband, Study Says
- 04-21-2011: FCC Commissioner Mignon Clyburn Commends the Work of the E-Rate Program
- 03-31-2011: Schools and Libraries Connecting the Unconnected
- 01-19-2011: Internet Services Help Americans Connect to Jobs
- 01-10-2011: Faster Internet Needed in Schools and Libraries
- 12-15-2010: With Broadband Needs Rising, Libraries Under Strain
- 09-27-2010: FCC Opening the E-Rate to "Dark Fiber" Raises Concerns
- 08-24-2010: The Benefits of Broadband
- 08-10-2010: CWA Support for Strenghtening E-Rate Program
- 07-22-2010: Universal Service Reform Act of 2010 introduced
- 07-16-2010: CWA Files Comments with the FCC on Universal Service Fund Reform
- 07-16-2010: Changes Proposed for the FCC's E-Rate Program
- 07-09-2010: Baltimore Library Opens Door to High-Speed Internet Access
- 07-06-2010: Libraries need broadband to educate and bring us together
- 07-06-2010: ALA study shows libraries are often the only place for free Internet
- 06-28-2010: West Virginia Implements Statewide Fiber Optic Broadband Network
- 06-25-2010: Wisconsin Set to Deploy Broadband Stimulus Funding
- 04-19-2010: FCC's Levin outlines plans to get more older Americans online
- 04-12-2010: FCC's Proposed 2010 Key Broadband Initiatives Available
- 03-08-2010: Social Science Resource Council report: Barriers to broadband adoption for low-income communities
- 01-19-2010: NTIA and RUS announce second round of broadband grants
- 01-05-2010: Eighteen states and two territories ring in the New Year with NTIA grants
- 12-02-2009: Gates Foundation comes to libraries' aid
- 11-03-2009: Connecting libraries is crucial - and possible
- 10-14-2009: In Texas, connecting public libraries a priority
- 09-15-2009: Budget cuts and job seekers strain public library resources
- 09-14-2009: Ohio makes strides in closing the digital divide
- 09-08-2009: The FCC hosts three workshops on broadband deployment and adoption
- 09-08-2009: You want broadband and you want it now
- 07-30-2009: Arkansas libraries addressing connectivity issues
- 07-09-2009: The American Library Association (ALA) recommends fiber for the future
- 06-16-2009: Arkansas Opportunity Online Broadband Summit gathers leaders to discuss future
- 06-05-2009: Broadband stimulus progress report stipulates grant application deadlines
- 05-15-2009: Libraries extending efforts to secure federal money for high-speed Internet
- 05-01-2009: Half of Tennessee on wrong side of digital divide
- 04-28-2009: Lack of high-speed Internet hurts business
- 03-13-2009: Broadband stimulus program kick off meeting big success
- 02-09-2009: Stimulus Broadband Package Looks To Help Libraries Across The U.S.
- 12-23-2008: Public libraries in seven states to engage in broadband pilot programS
- 08-07-2008: Internet access key to libraries resurgence
- 02-22-2008: Economic downturns send people to libraries for high speed Internet
- 03-15-2007: American Library Association on SpeedMatters
- 03-06-2007: Rural users strain city libraries
- 01-13-2007: Internet, Interrupted
- 10-03-2006: There's more than books at the library


This laboaratory undertake the cases of sexual offences for the age verification, to study the vaginal smear, hair and clothings of the victim and accused. The histopathological investigation helps in final diagnosis in the matters of forensic interest such as antemortem and postmortem burns, age of injuries, electrical burns, firearm injuries and lesions. The tissues preserved by the autopsy surgeon for such purposes are examined in this institute to express a logical scientific conclusion.
This institute is pioneer in investigation of rape cases where most of the silent eye witness of the rape like dust, mud, water, vegetables, flora of the spot have been successfully linked with the spot,victim and accused.
This laboratory is equipped with the cooling centrifuge, rotary microtom, deep freezer and microscopes.
Nearly 800 cases are being examined every year.


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Many of us are convinced about walking into a place and feeling the spiritual energy emanating from it, which often seems to be beyond our comprehension.
The reality we face is that believing this information through our logical mind can often limit our perception of these elements at play.
What does feeling spiritual energy involve?
Have you ever walked into a space and felt a shift in your energy levels? There are some who brush it aside as insignificant, and for some who have exposed themselves to spiritual experiences in the past are naturally sensitive to the energies, might have tried to make sense of it.
Our entire cosmos is held together by a single vibration, oscillating at multiple frequencies. For the sake of understanding, let us define these frequencies into two: Higher frequencies and lower frequencies.
The effects of High Frequencies:
- A certain lightness coupled with a sense of calm
- Sensations on the back of your neck
- A gentle breeze along with a familiar smell
- Unexplained blissfulness
Higher frequencies usually found in places where there is an atmosphere of calm, gratitude, where there is a release of more positively charged emotions. Temples or worship places often carry a high frequency. Sometimes, you can feel this even when you're just closer to nature.
The effects of Low Frequencies:
- Heavy feeling in the chest area
- Uncomfortable sensations around the head and shoulders, usually coupled with heaviness
- You feel drained without much physical activity
- You might take on emotions which are not yours
Lower frequencies often found in an environment where there is a release of more negative emotions. Funerals and even hospitals can sometimes carry lower frequencies.
Where it does take a certain amount of awareness to cultivate the ability to sense energy, changes in different environments, at times the presence of spirits can also drastically alter the energy of a place.
So how does one learn how to detect spirits?
Human spirits are the deceased, and one would feel heaviness in their chest or pressure around the neck region. You may feel like there is a sudden rise in temperature in the form of a burst of hot air around you.
Some people have often talked about feeling claustrophobic or sudden heaviness causing anxiety. This can be attributed to the presence of a human spirit.
Ghosts are human spirits that have not yet crossed over.
You may feel dense energy or presence around, a very cold or chilling sensation down your spine or a sinking feeling in your stomach.
Spirits are energy of light, and they often vibrate at a very high frequency, making it impossible for the feeling to be missed. A sudden upsurge of energy or a bright and flashing light or a feeling that you're always safe are some of the changes you could feel.
Have you spent a day in nature and coming back in a playful and joyous mood? Or you've been feeling down, and suddenly you feel like joking around with everyone. This is usually the work of an earth spirit.
It is only when we open ourselves up to the mysteries of the universe, do we then understand how connected everything is. Feeling spiritual energy is not a gift confined to a few, but an ability all of us can cultivate through meditation or simply practised awareness.


how to implement a lock using semaphores.
25. What are monitors and condition variables?
26. What is deadlock? What is startvation? How do they differ from each other?
27. What are the four condtions required for deadlock to occur?
initial count = 1
acq = P()
rel = V()
When given a resource graph (example on Page 169 of txtbook), you simply have to look at the graph to see if there are loops in the graph. So in the case of the example in the textbook, the loop between D,R,E,V,G, U is existent. Therefore the system is deadlocked.
The system in a resource graph is not deadlocked as long as there is no loops between the graphed resources. One or more loops means the processes involved the the loop are deadlocked.
When avail vector is 1 4, P 2 and P 4 Deadlocked
When avail vector is 2 3, P2, P3, P4 deadlocked
When avail vector is 2 4, then it the system is in safe state
General approach:
a) look for a process whose requests <= the availability.
we know we can then satisfy the requirements for this process, so we assume it gets its resources required and terminates. Thus, we can
b) release all resources *currently allocated* to that process, and add then to the pool.
c) repeat for all processes. If you eventually reach a point where you cannot do this, and there are still processes remaining, the system is deadlocked. If you release them all, you are safe.
31. Assuming the operating system detects the system is deadlocked, what can the operating system do to recover from deadlock?
32. What must the banker's algorithm know a priori in order to prevent deadlock?
The general approach of _prevention_ is to negate one of the conditions required for deadlock (careful allocation is deadlock _avoidance_)
Practical method is ordered resource aquisition (i.e. ordered lock aquisition).
This means filesystems support this kind of file that if some entire blocks of one file contains nonmeaningful data(should be null), these blocks need not be allocated on the disk.
Some database applications that lseek to large offsets obtained from large hash values may benefits for sparse files.
35. Give an example of a scenario that might benefit from a file system supporting an append-only access write.
Big block size:
- for a disk that is going to be used mostly to store multimedia files. Mpegs, avis, etc etc.
Small block size:
- for disk that will contain mostly txt files, log files, program codes, etc2.
I would think that by using big block size we can promote locality on big files, however if the files are small then it would cause an internal fragmentation as such.
Performance related examples might be: a) small block size might be advantageous for an application random access to small records in a large file (load less with small blocks, fill up less buffer cache). b) Larger blocks would give better sequential access performance.
37. Give an example where contiguous allocation of file blocks on disks can be used in practice.
38. What file access pattern is particularly suited to chained file allocation on disk?
39. What file allocation strategy is most appropriate for random access files?
40. Compare bitmap-based allocation of blocks on disk with a free block list.
41. How can the block count in an inode differ from the (file size / block size) rounded up to the nearest integer. Can the block count be greater, smaller, or both.
42. Why might the direct blocks be stored in the inode itself?
43. Given that the maximum file size of combination of direct, single indirection, double indirection, and triple indirection in an inode-based filesystem is approximately the same as a filesystem soley using triple indirection, why not simply use only triple indirection to locate all file blocks?
block size = 512
number of block numbers in an indirection block
= block size / 4
= 128
number of blocks for file data in that file object
= 16 + 128 + 128^2 + 128^3
max file size
= (number of blocks for file data that file object)*(block size)
= (16 + 128 + 128^2 + 128^3)*(512)
45. The berkely fast filesystem (and Linux Ext2fs) use the idea of block groups. Describe what this idea is and what improvements block groups have over the simple filesystem layout of the System V file system (s5fs).
46. What is the reference count field in the inode? You should consider its relationship to directory entries in you answer.
47. The filesystem buffer cache does both buffering and caching. Describe why buffering is needed. Describe how buffering can improve performance (potentially to the detriment of file system robustness). Describe how the caching component of the buffer cache improves performance.
Basically flushd is a flush daemon.
Data blocks are scheduled for write back to disk at a periodic time.
Therefore, flushd in UNIX modifies this blocks to disk every 30secs.
flushd ensures that dirty blocks within the buffer cache are written back to disk periodically to avoid significant data loss on unexpect OS shutdown/powerloss.
External devices have no guarentee of connectivity. To ensure filesystem consistency writes should be made without caching and be made as atomic as possible in case the drive is removed before the write has been committed to the drive.
- Internal fragmentation: the space wasted internal to the allocated region.Allocated memory might be slightly larger than requested memory.
- External fragmentation: the space wasted external to the allocated region.memory exists to satisfy a reqest but it's unsuable as it's not contiguous.
Stattic partitioning is more likely to suffer from internal fragmentation.
Dynamic partitioning is more likely to suffer from external fragmentation.
Scan memory region list from start for first fit.
Must always skip over potentially many regions at the start of list.
Scan memory region list from point of last allocation to next fit.
Breaks up large block at the end of memory
Pick the closest free region in the entire list
Leaves small unusable regions and slower due to searching of entire list.
Finds the worst fit in the entire list
Slower as it searches entire list. Fragmentation still an issue.
First-fit and next-fit most commonly used as it is easier to implement and works out better.
Swapping is the act of running each whole process in main memory for a time then placing back onto disk and vice versa. It is used when the system does not have enough main memory to hold all the currently active processes.
Assuming that an application is one program and hence a single process, swapping will not permit an application(process) requiring 16M of memory to run on a machine with 8M RAM (main memory) as the whole process is too large to fit into main memory.
53. Describe page-based virtual memory. You should consider pages, frames, page tables, and Memory Management Units in your answer.
54. Give some advantages of a system with page-based virtual memory compared to a simply system with base-limit registers that implements swapping.
55. Describe segmentation-based virtual memory. You should consider the components of a memory address, the segment table and its contents, and how the final physical address is formed in your answer.
56. What is a translation look-aside buffer? What is contained in each entry it contains?
57. Some TLBs support address space identifiers (ASIDS), why?
assume we got 32-bits virtual address and 4k page size, top level table A, and second level table B, first 10 is to locate A's index, and next 10-bits is the offset to locate B's index, using A's content to locate the B's base address, and plus the offset to B's index, we got the physical frame index; then using the last 12 bits plus the B's content, finally the physical address located.
The two-level table avoids allocating pagetables for all possible translations, if the translations are not required.. A disadvantage is that it requires 2 memory references to look up a page table entry, instead of one.
Inverted page table is an array of page numbers sorted (indexed) by frame number. Virtual address is hashed to locate the entry in the frame table. The most important advantage is that its size is related to physical memory size, not virtual memory. Inverted page table is good for system with large addressing space but significantly less physical memory (e.g. 64-bit addressing with 2GB of ram)
60. What are temporal locality and spatial locality?
61. What is the working set of a process?
62. How does page size of a particular achitecture affect working set size?
Thrashing occurs when too many processes are run on a processor at a given time. What occurs is the the number of page faults increase dramatically and the virtual memory subsystem is constantly paging pages in and out of memory. This occurs when the working set of all processes is larger than the amount of RAM available on a system.
This can be detected by monitoring the page fault frequency and CPU utilisation. If increasing the number of processes results in increasing page fault rate and decreasing CPU utilisation, then the system is thrashing.
To recover from this condition the number of processes currently in the running/ready queue must be reduced. This can be accomplised by suspending processes (pushing them onto the sleeping queue), so that pressure on physical memory is reduced (suspended processes eventually get


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Isogeometric collocation for implicit dynamics of three-dimensional beams undergoing finite motions
Journal article, Peer reviewed
MetadataShow full item record
Original versionComputer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 2019, 356 548-570. 10.1016/j.cma.2019.07.013
We propose a novel approach to the implicit dynamics of shear-deformable geometrically exact beams, based on the isogeometric collocation method combined with the Newmark time integration scheme extended to the rotation group SO(3). The proposed formulation is fully consistent with the underlying geometric structure of the configuration manifold. The method is highly efficient, stable, and does not suffer from any singularity problem due to the (material) incremental rotation vector employed to describe the evolution of finite rotations. Consistent linearization of the governing equations, variables initialization and update procedures are the most critical issues which are discussed in detail in the paper. Numerical applications involving very large motions and different boundary conditions demonstrate the capabilities of the method and reveal the critical role that the high-order approximation in space may have in improving the accuracy of the solution.


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Since temperature is the primary control of evaporation, potential evaporation (evaporating power) will naturally decrease from the equator towards the poles, given an unlimited supply of water. However, actual evaporation is different from potential evaporation.
Besides temperature wind speed and relative humidity, it also depends on the available water to be evaporated. On land surfaces, in fact, the evaporating power of air is many times greater than the available water supply.
The distribution of actual mean annual evaporation clearly illustrates two characteristic features:
(1) Generally actual evaporation is greater over the oceans than over continents. This is simply because of the unlimited supply of water at the ocean surface, while over land areas available water is scarce.
However, the equatorial regions are an exception to this general rule. Land areas in very low latitudes between 10°N and S of the equator lose more moisture through evapotranspiration than do the oceans and other water bodies.
(2) North-south distribution of actual evaporation is largely controlled by air temperature, since temperature decreases from the equator towards the poles. According to Trewartha, about 60 per cent of the earth's evaporation occurs in the latitudinal belt extending from 20°N to 20°S and 80 per cent occurs in the zone extending from 35°N to 35°S latitude.


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In an effort to quantify how obesity affects diagnostic imaging quality,," said Raul N. Uppot, M.D., lead author and staff radiologist at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). and colleagues analysed radiology records from a 15-year span at MGH. They searched for incomplete exams that carried the label "limited by body habitus," meaning limited in quality due to patient size.
"While 0.10 percent of inconclusive exams were due to patient size in 1989, by 2003 the number had jumped to 0.19 percent, despite advances in imaging technology," said Uppot. "Americans need to know that obesity can hinder their medical care when they enter a hospital."
By 2003, the modality that yielded the most difficulties in rendering a diagnosis was abdominal ultrasound (1.90 percent), followed by chest x-rays (0.18 percent), abdominal computed tomography (CT), abdominal x-rays, chest CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (all anatomic regions included).
CT and MRI can be problematic because of weight limitations of the imaging table and the size of the opening on the imager (patients are inserted through a small "hole in the doughnut"). Standard CT tables can accommodate patients weighing up to 450 pounds, and MRI machines can typically obtain diagnostic-quality images in patients weighing up to 350 pounds.
For exams that require radiation exposure, such as x-rays and CT, the power can be increased on standard machines in an attempt to acquire a higher-quality image. However, this leads to an undesirable increase in radiation dose. Incomplete examinations related to obesity can lead to serious consequences for the patient, as in the case of misdiagnosis or failure to be able to assign a diagnosis at all.
MEDICA.de; Source: Radiological Society of North America


User Interface
So how does this thing work? You'll definitely want to read Todd's guide on how the interface works. There's several commands and settings you can adjust by tapping on multiple pads. Change the tempo, pitch, velocity or even MIDI channel. Click the green button below to automatically teleport to Todd's guide.
Connecting BLE MIDI Devices
OK, so how do we connect BLE MIDI devices to our computer (or mobile device)? On a mac, you can use the Audio MIDI Setup utility. Open the MIDI studio window. Then, double click on the Bluetooth icon to open the Bluetooth Configuration window. From here, you'll see the MIDI device, "Adafruit Bluefruit LE". Click on the connect button to connect your computer to the device. Then, you should be able to use audio software like Ableton, Logic, GarageBand, etc. This guide won't cover how to connect MIDI devices to a particular piece of software. There's tons of other great resources for that!
This guide was first published on Feb 15, 2017. It was last updated on Feb 15, 2017.
This page (Usage ) was last updated on May 13, 2021.
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in this bank and shall be able to sell their goods and purchase/exchange goods based on the effort put in producing the goods: i.e. based on their 'utility' and 'art' value.
- The committee shall work towards establishing a cyclical exchange system based on effort-value and free of profit & loss.
Health & discipline committee
- Shall take on the responsibility of the health and well-being of every person in the village
- Create syllabus and study material related to health & discipline and include it in educational curriculum
- Shall look into exercise, yoga, games, cultural activities, etc
- Create medicinal facilities, hospital, document and propagate know how of local herbs and their uses, home-remedies, etc.
- Work towards removal of harmful habits, addiction, etc.
Humane justice & security committee
- Shall resolve all behavioral disputes and be free of external influence.
- The justice mechanism shall be based on human consciousness and reform oriented and not one of punishment or retribution.This is because every human has an equal right to live in a humane manner, with ethics.
- Based on this, there shall be the policies for the protection and right-utilization of mind, body and wealth in the village
- Humans commit crimes, makes mistakes and misuse their own body, mind and wealth out of lack of knowledge, misconception and over expectations. Such behavior is not useful from the perspective of humanness, sociability and organization or order.
- This committee shall be committed to ensure ease of access to justice and security in human behavior. There are 4 main dimensions to justice:
- Justice in conduct
- Justice in behavior
- Justice in Production
- Justice in Exchange
- This committee shall be aware of all security in the village. Security means right-utilization, with humanness:
- Securing the village – the boundaries, forest produce and way of life
- Securing production & exchange systems – documenting and continuity of justfull means
- Securing the family – protecting from undesirable influences
- Securing education & values – protecting humane means and their continuity
- Securing health & discipline – preventing ill habits and continuity of good habits
- Securing the environmenttrees, plants and medicinal herbs
In this manner, every committee shall coordinate as needed with the other committees for their area of operation. The committees in the village shall coordinate as needed with those in the next levels: at the block, district, state levels, etc and the entire network and communication shall be computer enabled.
- The village organization council shall evaluate the work carried out by the 5 committees from time to time and suggest areas for improvement.
- The basis for evaluation shall be the roles and responsibilities of these respective committees and the objectives of these 5 dimensions of human organization (education, health, production, exchange and justice)


How to Copy a File to Multiple Directories in Linux
While learning Linux, it is always the norm for newbies to keep on typing several commands to accomplish a simple task. This is understandable especially when one is just getting accustomed to using the terminal.
However, as you look forward to becoming a Linux power user, learning what I would refer to as "shortcut commands" can significantly reduce time wasting tendencies.
In this article, we will explain an easy way, using a single command to copy a file into multiple directories in Linux.
In Linux, the cp command is used to copy files from one directory to another, the easiest syntax for using it is as follows:
# cp [options….] source(s) destination
Alternatively, you can also use the advanced-copy command, which shows a progress bar while copying large files/folders in Linux.
Consider the commands below, normally, you would type two different commands to copy the same file into two separate directories as follows:
# cp -v /home/aaronkilik/bin/ /home/aaronkilik/test
# cp -v /home/aaronkilik/bin/ /home/aaronkilik/tmp
Copy Files to Multiple Directories
Copy Files to Multiple Directories
Assuming that you want to copy a particular file into up to five or more directories, this means you would have to type five or more cp commands?
To do away with this problem, you can employ the echo command, a pipe, xargs command together with the cp command in the form below:
In the form above, the paths to the directories (dir1,dir2,dir3…..dirN) are echoed and piped as input to the xargs command where:
 1. -n 1 – tells xargs to use at most one argument per command line and send to the cp command.
 2. cp – used to copying a file.
 3. -v – enables verbose mode to show details of the copy operation.
Copy File to Multiple Locations in Linux
Copy File to Multiple Locations in Linux
Try to read through the man pages of cp, echo and xargs commands to find useful and advanced usage information:
$ man cp
$ man echo
$ man xargs
That's all, you can send us questions in relation to the topic or any feedback through the comment form below. You may also want to read about the progress command which helps to monitor the progress of (cp, mv, dd, tar, etc.) commands that are presently running in Linux.
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14 thoughts on "How to Copy a File to Multiple Directories in Linux"
 1. Very interesting article, so in:
 the output from echo is appended to the "cp -v {source-file}"-command. What if we wanted to switch source and destination, so copy from multiple sources into a single destination? How to proceed then (preferably with a one-liner)? Something like copying sys_info1sh and into the tmp-directory:
 ## echo /home/aaronkilik/test/ /home/aaronkilik/tmp/ | xargs -n 1 cp -v?????????????? /home/aaronkilik/bin/
 So I/we need to take the output from echo and prepend (instead of appending it) to the "cp -v"-command – how do achieve this?
 2. Nice article. I often have to move files to another system to multiple dir. I use SCP for that. e.g. scp /source/dir/file1 file2 file3 @:/target/dir
 3. Thanks for the info! In turn, some for you: The article AN is used before singular, countable nouns which begin with vowel sounds. Thus "…an easy way…"
 4. Nice article, I think xargs option "-n 1" – tells xargs to use 1 argument per command line at a time. (single line input to xargs has two whitespace separated arguments)
 5. You aways come up with something great, I can just wait to see what you have for next week. I follow you all the time and this is just another example of content sharing.
 6. an other (simpliest?) solution :
 for dir in dir1 dir2 dir3
 cp -v file1 file2 file3 $dir
 for…do…done is basment of shell power
Got something to say? Join the discussion.


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Accountability Strategies and Checklists: Mentoring Excellence Toolkit #4
Lois Zachary and Lory Fischler created these five toolkits on crucial aspects of mentoring as quick references that mentors and mentees can use to refresh their understanding, prepare for mentoring sessions, grasp key concepts of the process, and improve their overall experiences and strengthen their mentoring relationships. These compact, bound card sets will fit into your purse, briefcase, or pocket for quick review on the go.
Toolkit #4 covers the very important process of setting goals. It offers accountability strategies and checklists for mentoring excellence that can be used during each phase of the mentoring relationship. They can be used to guide mentoring conversations, gauge progress, and promote mutual accountability. These checklists can also be used to determine readiness to move on to the next phase.
The five toolkits include:
#1: Strategies and Checklists for Mentors
#2: Feedback and Facilitation for Mentors
#3: Strategies for Mentees
#4: Accountability Strategies and Checklists
#5: Mentoring Across Generations


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Critical thinking, technology and mock conventions
Instructional simulations give students an opportunity to have a deeper understanding of learning through the process of conducing the simulation.
What's the key element that differentiates instructional simulation from other teaching methods? The specification of a conceptual structure within which students interact and experience - firsthand - the relationships between concepts.
Electing a President: An Instructional Simulation
Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools and GenerationNation are partnering to offer curriculum and other educational resources giving students the opportunity to learn about political conventions by taking part in the process - and then sharing photos, videos and other content so everyone can see civics in action!
In this mock convention instructional simulation, students take on the role of a delegate to a political convention, and run a model convention. Students learn various aspects of the election process, and how each step is interdependent.
Students, schools, families and youth programs have the opportunity to document their civic learning activities - such as the mock convention - and sharing with GenerationNation via social media.
More than Democrat and Republican
During Campaign 2012, there are nine political conventions taking place throughout the United States. Additionally, there could be many candidates from parties on the November 2012 ballot, and the possibility of another 4 independent candidates (without party affiliation). This is why it is important for students to understand the presidential election process.
Critical thinking and creative thinking
This simulation of political conventions involves both critical thinking and creative thinking:
- Critical thinking is analytical, objective and selective. When students think critically, they make choices based on researched information and from personal experiences.
- Creative thinking is generative, subjective and expansive. When students think creatively, they are open to and generate new ideas.
- Each way of thinking is helpful as students' process information and demonstrates their understanding by producing a product that conveys that understanding.
Don Mitchell, Social Studies Specialist in the Department of Humanities in Curriculum and Instruction at Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools


Ideas of James Baillie, by Theme
[British, fl. 1988, Taught at the University of Portland, Oregon.]
5. Theory of Logic / D. Assumptions for Logic / 4. Identity in Logic
In logic identity involves reflexivity (x=x), symmetry (if x=y, then y=x) and transitivity (if x=y and y=z, then x=z)


Automating Terminal Emulation
March 3, 2013
Sample Task Terminal Emulation
This month's sample task demonstrates how to use the Automate Terminal Emulation Actions to interact with a terminal system and import the data from the system into a file. Integration is a huge part of automation as company's access terminal systems to circulate data across multiple platforms. A terminal server can be anything from a text terminal/green screen that utilizes TCP/IP, Telnet, SSH, or any other vendor specific network protocol with a common connection to a network. With Automate and the Automate BPA Server, terminal servers can be used to run programs, save files, and employ network resources working as a bridge to connect terminal and/or legacy systems to Windows networks and computers.
Automate communicates with terminals over TCP/IP or SSH connections. Our software emulates ANSI, TTY, VT50's, VT100's, VT220's, VT320's, TN3270's, and TN3278 IBM mainframes.
In this task, we will show you how Automate connects to a terminal server, logs in, changes the directory/folder, list the files in the folder, extracts the content from the terminal window, loops through the content, and writes the lines containing the files list to a text file.
Here is how the Sample Terminal Emulation Task is configured:
 - The first step connects to the terminal server using the Connect Terminal Action and TCP/IP Connection Type using Port 23. Notice the "Show Terminal Window" option is selected below:
Connect Terminal
 - ANSI Emulation is used and configured under the Advanced tab.
Terminal Emulation
 - The next Action logs into the terminal server by entering the user login name with the Send Terminal Text Action.
Send Terminal Text Username
NOTE: A two-second pause is added to the task to wait for the terminal server to move the cursor to the area on the screen where the password is entered.
2 Second Pause Text
 - The Send Terminal Text Action is used again to enter the password.
Terminal Text Password
 - Next, an Action is used to change to a directory/folder called "terminalusers" with the Send Terminal Text Action and the "cd terminalusers" command.
 - The "ls" command is used to list the files in the "terminalusers" directory/folder, using the Send Terminal Text Action.
ls send terminal text
 - When the task has run, the terminal window should look like the window below:
Terminal Window
 - Next, the Wait Terminal Action is used to wait for specific text to appear on the screen before moving on. In this instance, we are waiting for the welcome screen to appear after logging on. There is also a one-minute timeout setting. A Pause Task Action can also be used here instead of the Wait Terminal Action.
Wait Terminal
 - The Get Terminal Text Action is used to get and extract the content of the entire screen and place all of the information into a variable called "VAR_terminaltext".
Get Terminal Text
 - Now a Loop List Action is used to loop through the "VAR_terminaltext" variable, one line at a time using a variable called "VAR_terminallines", to hold the lines from the terminal text.
 Loop List
 - An If Text Contains Logic Action is added to the task to look at the "VAR_terminallines" variable for text anywhere in the line.
 Action Properties WindowIf Text Contains
 - If the terminal line contains text, the next step writes the line to a text file called "terminalusers.txt" into the c:\test\ directory\folder using the File System, Write to File Action, appending it to the end of the file as it loops through the data.
Action Properties Window -File System
 - This results in creating a text file called "Terminalusers.txt" with the lines containing text being written into the file.
 Action Properties Window - Terminal users window
The information written into the text file is ready for review and/or further processing.
Although this is a simple task extracting data from a terminal window and writing it into a text file, Automate can write or import terminal text into CSV files, databases, spreadsheets, SharePoint, and more.
Additionally, the same way Automate extracts data from a terminal session, it can also integrate data extracted from a file, database, spreadsheet, or application and enter it into a terminal session.
Ready to see how business process automation can benefit your organization?
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COBIT® 5 Foundation
Classroom Course Format
This three-day instructor-led, classroom-based course, provides an end-to-end business view of COBIT 5 – an internationally accepted framework for governing and managing enterprise IT that supports executives and management in their definition and achievement of business goals and related IT goals. Formerly known as Control Objectives for Information and related Technology (COBIT), the current version of COBIT consolidates and integrates the frameworks of COBIT 4.1, Val IT 2.0 and Risk IT.
The key learning areas covered in this course are:
- An Overview of COBIT 5 (History, Drivers, Benefits, Structure, Alignment)
- The Five Principles Of COBIT 5
- The Seven Enablers Of COBIT 5
- An Introduction To COBIT 5 Implementation
- The Process Capability Assessment Model
You will gain an understanding of how the COBIT 5 framework supports enterprises in the development, implementation, continuous improvement and monitoring of good IT-related governance and management practices.
In addition, you will gain sufficient knowledge and understanding of the COBIT 5 guidance to be able assess the current state of your IT organization with the objective of scoping what aspects of COBIT 5 would be appropriate to implement.
- The major drivers for the development of COBIT 5
- The business benefits of using COBIT 5
- The COBIT 5 Product Architecture
- The IT management issues and challenges that affect enterprises
- The five Key Principles of COBIT 5 for the governance and management of Enterprise IT
- How COBIT 5 enables IT to be governed and managed in a holistic manner for the entire enterprise
- How the COBIT 5 processes and the Process Reference Model (PRM) help guide the creation of the five Principles and the seven Governance and Management Enablers
- The basic concepts for the Implementation of COBIT 5
- The basic concepts of the new Process Assessment Model
- COBIT 5 guides and how they interrelate
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Individuals looking to:
- Gain insight into the Enterprise Governance of IT – Business Process Owners, Business Process Consultants, Chief Executives, IT /IS Auditors, Internal Auditors, Information Security and IT Practitioners, Senior IT Managers, IT Consultants
- Be certified as a COBIT Implementer or Assessor
There are no prerequisites for this course.
Work experience in governance, process management / improvement or IT Service Management is recommended.
EXAM, CERTIFICATION & AWARDS
- This course prepares you for the examination leading to the COBIT 5 Foundation Certificate. This exam is scheduled during the last day of the course and is a closed book, 40-minute, 50-question, multiple-choice exam. The COBIT 5 Foundation Certificate examination is administered and marked by APMG. You must achieve a passing mark of 50% to attain your certificate.
- You will attain 19.5 professional development units (PDUs) for Project Managers
Pink is Green
Before the start of the course, it is highly recommended you read COBIT 5: A Business Framework for the Governance and Management of Enterprise IT. Click here to create a free account and download the material.
Maximum class size is 25 students per instructor.
View our full Education terms and conditions here.
Fees do not include applicable tax, which is payable for all events presented in Canada.
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