text:
Dr. Michele Warmund, MU fruit tree researcher, reminds us that we should treat our fruit trees for scale before the growing season. Control must be made before bud swell with an application of superior soil. In early springs, this spray is often missed as trees will start growing earlier than expected.
According to her, apricot, cherry, peach and plum are generally the first fruit trees to begin growth. Then these are followed by apple and pear. Dormant oils should be applied when temperatures are above 40 degrees F. and its primary purpose is to smother overwintering mite eggs and young scale crawler.
A great resource for those who care for fruit trees is Extension guide 6010, Fruit Spray Schedules for the Homeowner. A copy can be obtained at your Livingston County Extension office in Chillicothe and for more information, contact the Extension office at _PHONE_.


text:
Basics of Programming III
- 30 Test Questions.
- 1 hour to administer.
- Immediate Phone Scoring.
The Basics of Programming III test (BOP III) is a 30 question test that can be administered within one hour. Clients often use the BOP III test as a hiring tool for candidates whose job experience may differ somewhat from the organization's requirements regarding languages, equipment and systems. This test will assess basic programming skills such as program design, development, testing, and debugging. BOP III may be given alone when basic concepts are of primary importance, or in combination with other tests when specific areas of expertise are required. BOP III may also be used at the end of training to evaluate readiness for job assignment. The individual Diagnostic Score Report, showing content area strengths and weaknesses, is useful for determining job placement and further training needs.
The Basics of Programming III is a language-independent test that measures the fundamental programming skills of experienced or trained programmers from most computer environments. Content areas include: Debugging and Testing; Program Logic; Program Design and Methods; and Data Structure and Manipulation.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Rika Burnham, Elliot Kai-Kee, Teaching in the Art Museum: Interpretation as Experience. J. Paul Getty Museum; 1st Edition edition (April 19, 2011)
Reviewed by Anita Nikkanen, former Departmental Teaching Fellow of Classics and Comparative Literature
Teaching in the Art Museum is, as the name makes plain, a book about teaching and learning with and about the art objects in museums. But, as the subtitle, Interpretation as Experience, suggests, the book argues for a particular philosophy of museum education. Drawing on philosophers and theorists of aesthetics and education ranging from Gadamer to Dewey, Burnham and Kai-Kee advocate a model for museum teaching that combines experience and understanding. They argue that "good gallery teaching works to discover meanings rather than to assign meanings to works of art and that educators must avoid assuming an authoritative voice, in order to allow visitors to construct their own meanings" (p. 59). Interpretation of the artwork, they emphasize, is the activity of the participating learners, not something imposed by the teacher. Their goal for gallery teaching is for the visitor, the learner, to have a kind of Deweyan experience, "marked off from ordinary experience by a sense of wholeness and unity, and characterized at [its] close by feelings of enjoyment and fulfillment" (p. 9).
The book is most directly relevant to museum educators and anyone engaged in teaching with art objects, but it has significant value for a wider audience, as well. Indeed, Burnham and Kai-Kee themselves note that "reframing gallery teaching as interpretation has allowed us to view our work as part of a broader interpretive practice that unites many disciplines" (p. 60). Likewise, I found many of their insights about effective pedagogy for the gallery equally applicable to other fields in which I have worked and taught. Most notably, their model of interpreting art works that draws on Deweyan principles to arrive at understanding is also applicable to teaching the interpretation of literary texts. Furthermore, the chapter outlining the philosophical bases for their approach offers food for thought to anyone looking to clarify the principles that articulate their teaching, and those on the use of questions and discussion and dialogue are relevant to teachers in a discussion-based format. (See, for example, chapter 1 on the philosophy of gallery teaching, chapter 3 on teaching interpretation, chapter 5 on discussion and dialogue, chapter 6 on questioning, or chapter 7 on use of information).
One of the advantages of the book, in fact, derives precisely from the field it deals with. Burnham and Kai-Kee observe that despite the fact that the practice of museum teaching is a century old, there has been no written history of it (chapter 2 represents their endeavor to begin such an account). Starting from scratch enables the authors to take a fresh look at the art of teaching. Specifically, their way of thinking about the learning (and teaching) experience, based as it is not in the university but the art museum setting, offers a different way of looking at questions about teaching that are also shared by those teaching in the former setting, where this kind of unhackneyed look at teaching may offer a welcome shake-up. For example, Burnham and Kai-Kee's definitions of conversation, discussion, and dialogue as three distinct teaching methods with different outcomes can help those using the discussion format to create variety in their classroom. Further, in the chapter "Questioning the Use of Questions," they discuss the aims and merits of different kinds of questioning that various pedagogical trends have promoted, with specific reference to their contribution to the educational aim of enabling students and museum visitors to have "an experience" in the Deweyan sense. They demonstrate the shortcomings of various kinds of questioning (with illustrative narrative examples) and advocate for a pedagogical approach in which the teacher ignites the dialogue but asks no questions – rather, the questions come from the students and arise out of their interests. The dialogue is then moved forward by the students' questions and observations, for example, on an artist's use of an unusual color palette in his late works. This in turn points to questions about why the work under consideration is different from others by the same artist, whether he was experimenting, or what models he might have been using. The teacher listens for questions from the students that lead to understanding and "break open" the art object for the viewers; this is what gives direction to the exchange between the students, the teacher, and the art work. I am curious to try out this pedagogical model in a discussion section. It reminds me of my undergraduate admission interview, in which a professor did not ask me a single question, but engaged me in a conversation instead – an experience I still remember, over a decade later. If that is what it takes to create truly memorable teaching and learning, I think Burnham and Kai-Kee may have a point about pedagogy here that could be widely applicable to discussion-based teaching, even outside the art museum.
In her chapter on the use of information in gallery teaching, Burnham likewise touches on an issue with which most of us as teachers must grapple at one point or another in our teaching careers: how much background information to give our students and how much to encourage them to come up with their own interpretations of the material, to come to an understanding of it on their own terms? The focus of her discussion is on the place of information in her method of teaching: the dialogue in front of an art work, during which she encourages students to discover its meaning for themselves while providing information and helping with interpretation as prompted by their questions. Yet she also contrasts her approach with a different one, that of a more lecture-like gallery talk providing the visitors with art-historical, curatorial, and scholarly information. This affords a moment to contemplate the use of information in different kinds of teaching settings and the aims, purpose, and effectiveness of each.
In short, then, the book is a collection of freestanding essays, unified by Burnham's and Kai-Kee's overarching teaching philosophy. Excepting the second one, on the history of museum education, each chapter treats a different topic pertaining to teaching in the art museum, including interpretation, dialogue, questioning, use of information, and the teacher's research and preparation. They balance more abstract discussion of the aims and means with concrete, narrative examples of gallery teaching and transcriptions of gallery talks to create a well-illustrated meditation on the philosophy of teaching in art museums. The chapters are conveniently bite-sized to fit in the schedule of even the busiest teachers and scholars to offer a moment of contemplation on teaching – with the bonus of aesthetic pleasure offered by the works of art that are the book's objects of study.


text:
The Cosmographical Glass: Renaissance Diagrams of the Universe
Written by: S. K. Heninger Jr.
Category: Huntington Collections
Format: paperback, 232 pages, 8-1/2 x 11 inches, 154 b/w illustrations
Release Date: 2005-01-15
About this Book
What are the parts of the universe? How are they arranged? Where are its center and its boundaries? What forces control its motion? Cosmographical Glass features more than 100 astronomical and mythical diagrams from books printed before 1700, revealing how people of the Renaissance answered these complicated questions. Throughout this period, which one historian has called "the most psychically disturbed era in European history," the universe was depicted as a rational arrangement of disparate parts. The author bridges the gap between the Renaissance and today by explaining in detail these astronomical, mythical, and alchemical maps of the universe.
About the Author
S. K. Heninger Jr. is a former Alumni Distinguished Professor of English from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is the author of Touches of Sweet Harmony: Pythagorean Cosmology and Renaissance Poetics, The Handbook of Renaissance Meteorology, and Sidney and Spenser: The Poet as Maker. He specializes in literature of the English Renaissance.
Reviews of The Cosmographical Glass:
"A remarkably clear picture of Renaissance culture through its imaginative speculations on the order of the universe, and a valuable addition to the growing body of work which is examining the magical and metaphorical bases of early modern science."—The Sixteenth Century Journal
"Each figure is analyzed and set in context by... a connected and readable exposition illustrated in detail."—Scientific American
"Will be of great interest not only to students of Renaissance cosmology but also to anyone interested in the arts that influenced and were influenced by cosmology."—Shakespeare Quarterly
"Professor Heninger has produced not only a very beautiful and interesting book, but one which makes easily accessible to all readers much information concerning pre-modern astronomy and geography."—University of Toronto Quarterly
"Heninger has used the fine resources of the Huntington Library to produce scholarship which begins in the small detail of a picture and ends in a view of the entire universe."—Milton Quarterly
"This large-folio, profusely illustrated, and beautifully designed work has always wanted to be a coffee table book. But its sheer excellence as a resource both for teaching and stimulating research has, in this reviewer's experience, put paid to that idea. Now, after a quarter century, The Cosmographical Glass had been reprinted in paperback and still at a bargain price. The Huntington Library has given us a handsome book, its design pleasing in typography and layout, its figures and plates, some of them exemplifying the best of the Renaissance engraver's art, shapely and admirably reproduced… As Heninger has pointed out, what emerges from this book is no one monolithic conception of the cosmos but rather a rich discourse arising from varying opinions among cosmologists, resulting in a multiplicity of systems." –Seventeenth-Century News

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The graph below shows the consumption of fish and some different kinds of meat in a European country between 1979 and 2004. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparison where relevant.
The presented information obtained from the line graph is about the consumption of fish and some various sorts of meat in a European country for 25 years from 1979 to 2004. In general, there are some upward and downward trends unveiled throughout the figure noticed.
On the basis of the provided figure, it can be illustrated that the consumption of fish was evident almost 65 grams per person per week at the very first year of the picture. Then there was a slight decrease of that falling from about 65 grams in 1979 to nearly 50 grams in 1982 which consequently went down nominally 50 grams to nearby 45 grams.
On the other hand, chicken increasing slowly from almost 140 grams to about 170 grams and beef decreasing slightly from nearly 220 grams to approximately 175 grams in 1985 were legible around 140 grams and 220 grams in 1979. Then chicken rose with some fluctuations rising from 170 grams in 1981 to 250 grams in 2004 whereas beef went down with some oscillation falling from 175 grams to 110 grams between 1981 and 2004.
Interestingly, the similar trend was found regarding lamb as like as beef. In comparison with beef, which constituted approximately twice as much as Lamb in 1983.
To recapitulate, it can be said that while the European's people kept almost unchanged the use of fish, they increased too much in terms of chicken over time.


's magnetic field. Nevertheless, the fact that it is simpler to speak of the four-velocity than an anisotropic mass is motivation enough to abandon the notion of relativistic mass. – Niel de Beaudrap Aug 12 '12 at 13:31
_USER_, good comment and I'm considering editing my answer to address it. – Alfred Centauri Aug 12 '12 at 21:45
Not a good answer--- the relativistic mass is independent of direction, it's only when you take it out of the derivative, and interpret m as the ratio of F to a, rather than as the ratio of p to m, that the direction dependent business starts. So you shouldn't say that $\gamma m$ is a directional mass, or a transverse mass, because the generalization is of $p=mv$ not $F=ma$. Otherwise fine. – Ron Maimon Aug 13 '12 at 4:31
_USER_, I didn't write "$\gamma m$ is a directional mass", I wrote "it leads to the notion of directionally dependent inertia". – Alfred Centauri Aug 13 '12 at 11:01
This is helpful because it points out to the OP that his/her question was phrased in obsolete terminology. However, it doesn't fundamentally address the question. The question is asking for why there is a factor of $\gamma$ involved, regardless of whether or not we group the factors of $p=(m\gamma)v$ and refer to $m\gamma$ as mass. – Ben Crowell Sep 1 '13 at 16:36
In Neutonian physics the mass of a particle of matter does not change. It is defined by
*F=m*a*, where F is the force necessary to apply to this specific mass m in order to accelerate it by an acceleration a.
When velocities approach the velocity of light, experiments have told us that the higher the velocity of the particle the more force must be applied for the same acceleration a.
The theory of special relativity addresses this behavior, and it has been validated again and again by experiments. From the link:
To an observer who is not accelerating, it appears as though the object's inertia is increasing, so as to produce a smaller acceleration in response to the same force. This behavior is in fact observed in particle accelerators, where each charged particle is accelerated by the electromagnetic force.
One can find the formula of the mass change in the above link.
Now there is no other answer to "why", then "because that is the way nature behaves".
share|improve this answer
I updated the question slightly. – Qmechanic Aug 12 '12 at 11:59
Why the downvote? – Dimensio1n0 Sep 1 '13 at 4:19
Now there is no other answer to "why", then "because that is the way nature behaves". Not true. The relativistic behavior of inertia and momentum follows logically from the postulates of special relativity. – Ben Crowell Sep 1 '13 at 16:34
_USER_ special relativity and its postulates was fitted to the fact that experimental data showed such a behavior. It is not the data that follows special relativity, special relativity is the mathematical description of what we have observed/measured in nature, a shorthand for all that data. – anna v Sep 1 '13 at 16:38
_USER_ The beauty of a successful/validated theory is that it hangs together consistently describing the data and predicting new behaviors. It would be invalidated if one datum was not fitted/predicted. It is trite, but a theory can never be proven correct, it is validated by data; it can be falsified by one wrong datum, i.e. behavior of nature. – anna v Sep 1 '13 at 16:44
protected by Qmechanic Sep 24 '13 at 18:44
Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead?


way too much but was determined to get out and have some fun. The accident pushed her tailbone over toward the right, where the bulk of her root energy had shifted to (i.e., the overdoing side) while jamming it up into the sacrum, resulting in swelling and pain in her left sacral area (i.e., frustration). There is no doubt that she was very frustrated from overdoing around the home, and the pattern of her accident revealed exactly this.
Eileen Day McKusick is a researcher, inventor, writer, educator, and practitioner who has been studying the effects of audible acoustic sound on the human body since 1996. She is the originator of a unique sound therapy method called Biofield Tuning (formerly sound balancing) that uses tuning forks to detect and correct distortions and static in the biofield (human energy field/aura). She is the author of the book Tuning the Human Biofield: Healing with Vibrational Sound Therapy. Eileen teaches Biofield Tuning nationally and internationally and speaks at conferences about sound, consciousness, and cosmology. She has an MA in Integrative Education and has currently paused her pursuit of a PhD to write her second book. She continues to pursue research and has partnered with a group of scientists to apply the scientific method to her Biofield Anatomy Hypothesis.
 - Publisher: Healing Arts Press (October 13, 2021)
 - Length: 288 pages
 - ISBN13: 9781644113189


text:
would depend on various factors, such as the timescale of the rotational stoppage and the behavior of the planet's interior. The effects on gravitational forces and sea levels would require detailed scientific analysis and modeling to accurately predict.
However, it is worth emphasizing that the complete stoppage of the Earth's rotation is not expected to occur naturally and is purely a hypothetical scenario for understanding the potential consequences.


text:
Sometimes you need to connect the remote computer with different
credentials (Tree -> Connect with different credentials).
Such situation can occur when your account doesn't have enough
permissions to access a remote log. However when you try to connect
with different credentials, you may get credential conflict
Multiple connection to a sever or a shared resource by the
same user, using more then one user name, are not allowed.
This error message appears in the Connect Error dialog, if connection is failed
due to credentials conflict.
There are 3 ways to resolve this issue:
1. Disconnect previous connections to the server.
You can do it in the Connect
Sometimes this method doesn't work properly, e.g. when another
local process reestablish connection to the server, and sometimes
this method is not allowed because you may need the previous
2. Connect the remote server using IP address, instead of the
Just add a new computer to the tree, specifying it's IP address.
E.g. if the remote server's IP address is 192.168.1.1, you can add
it as \\192.168.1.1 or even 192.168.1.1
3. Run Event Log Explorer using different (required)
In Windows XP you can just click right mouse button on the Event
Log Explorer shortcut and select. Then specify user name and password in the Run As dialog and press OK.
See also: Credential Manager
© 2005-2015 FSPro Labs. All rights reserved.


Figurative Thought and Language 5 Conference
Страна: Болгария
Город: Sofia
Тезисы до: 30.09.2019
Даты: 23.04.20 — 25.04.20
Область наук: Филологические;
Е-мейл Оргкомитета:
Организаторы: Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridsky"
The 5th International Conference on Figurative Thought and Language (FTL5) will take place at Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridsky". It continues the tradition of regular forums for the discussion of links between figurative thought and language started at previous events in Thessaloniki-Greece (2014), Pavia-Italy (2015), Osijek-Croatia (2017) and Braga-Portugal (2018).
Cognitive linguistics has had from its very inception as its buzzwords conceptual metaphors and metonymies, image schemas and blending. These signposts gave rise to new topics and methodologies which are gradually pushing conceptual metaphors and metonymies out of the limelight opening the stage for vigorous research into how conceptual metaphors and metonymies interact and motivate grammatical structures, discourse types, communication processes, and overall structuring of human knowledge and behaviour.
FTL5 invites contributions from various theoretical and applied perspectives (e.g. cognitive linguistics, cognitive science, neuroscience, psychology, cognitive semiotics, cognitive poetics, cognitive anthropology and philosophy of mind), and methodologies (e.g. corpus studies, experimental techniques, synchronic and diachronic analyses, critical discourse analysis, sociovariational analysis, cross-linguistic and cross-cultural comparison, translation, etc.) on issues relating to the cognition-figurativity-language nexus.
Suggested topics are:
- the impact of figuration on levels of linguistic analysis (morphology, lexis, syntax, semantics, pragmatics) and grammar;
- the impact of figuration on discourse types: politics, economics, public sphere, narrative, medicine, education, etc.;
- corpus-based, experimental and multivariate approaches to figuration;
- diachronic and sociocultural approaches to figuration, language change and variation;
- figuration from body, culture, society;
- figuration and ideology;
- figuration, rhetoric and manipulation;
- figuration, creativity and blending;
- figuration and emotion;
- figuration and problem solving;
- figuration and cognitive development;
- figuration and pedagogy;
- multimodal figuration;
- figuration in gestures and sign languages;
- humour, irony, sarcasm;
- antithesis, antiphrasis, euphemism, hyperbole, hypallage, simile, and other "rhetorical tropes."
Theme sessions proposals:
Theme session organizers should submit their proposals to either in a.pdf or a.doc(x) format. Proposals should include: session title, name and affiliation of the convener(s), topic description, research questions (up to 1000 words), a list of each paper's author(s), all abstracts for the session. The maximum number of papers per theme session is 12. Session conveners are asked to distribute a CfP indicating that they are organizing a theme session at FTL5, 2020. Once a theme session has been accepted, individual authors will need to submit their abstracts to the conference email address for reviewing.
Веб-сайт конференции:


Remove specified figure
close name
close all
close all hidden
close all force
status = close(...)
close deletes the current figure or the specified figure(s). It optionally returns the status of the close operation.
close deletes the current figure (equivalent to close(gcf)).
close(h) deletes the figure identified by h. If h is an array, close deletes all figures identified by h. h can also be the figure Number.
close name deletes the figure with the specified name.
close all deletes all figures whose handles are not hidden.
close all hidden deletes all figures including those with hidden handles.
close all force deletes all figures, including GUIs for which CloseRequestFcn has been altered to not close the window.
status = close(...) returns 1 if the specified windows have been deleted and 0 otherwise.
More About
expand all
The close function works by evaluating the specified figure's CloseRequestFcn property with the statement
The default CloseRequestFcn, closereq, deletes the current figure using delete(get(groot,'CurrentFigure')). If you specify an array of figure handles, close executes each figure's CloseRequestFcn in turn. If an error that terminates the execution of a CloseRequestFcn occurs, the figure is not deleted. Note that using your computer's window manager (i.e., the Close menu item) also calls the figure's CloseRequestFcn.
If a figure's handle is hidden (i.e., the figure's HandleVisibility property is set to callback or off and the root ShowHiddenHandles property is set to on), you must specify the hidden option when trying to access a figure using the all option.
To delete all figures unconditionally, use the statements
c = get(groot,'Children');
The figure CloseRequestFcn allows you to either delay or abort the closing of a figure once the close function has been issued. For example, you can display a dialog box to see if the user really wants to delete the figure or save and clean up before closing.
When coding a CloseRequestFcn callback, make sure that it does not call close, because this sets up a recursion that results in a MATLAB® warning. Instead, the callback should destroy the figure with delete. The delete function does not execute the figure's CloseRequestFcn; it deletes the specified figure.
See Also
| |
Was this topic helpful?


Welcome to _TAG_!
Javascript is disabled!
Our site was designed and built for using JavaScript technology.
The _TAG_ Team
We do need anatomical models!
_URL_ _TAG_
We, humans learn better/faster if there more and more sensations are present what we can associate with learning stuff. Amazement motivates us to learn more, as we find it interesting. There is no more amazing thing on this planet than us. Our brain is unique and beautiful, it is so much fun to learn about it. How cool would it be to take a ride on Miss Mitsy's "Magic School Bus" and see how our brain works, checking on different shaped neurons and looking at the communications among them. Or having a Virtual Reality tour and watching the information flow from one part of the brain to another one.
Currently, we have not developed the mentioned educational tools. There is a company, Erler-Zimmer which specialized itself to build models, therefore providing a better understanding to doctors, researchers, and students of all kinds. Here we are promoting one unique model, the model of a multiple sclerosis neuron. It is an enlarged neuron with healthy and unhealthy myelin sheaths.
It supports the teacher to educate people who don't have the background. It helps to understand the visualization type of students, how we can imagine diseases like MS.
Furthermore, it could be a unique decoration on your desk ( 14.5 x 4 x 2 cm ) if your research topic is around multiple scoliosis.
_URL_ _TAG_


text:
SaaS onboarding is the beating heart of your business. In our era of freemium, trials and other piloting processes, ramping up prospects who signed up for your product can make or break your forecasts. Increasing free-to-paid conversion rates is therefore a daunting task. You may feel overwhelmed by the incredible amount of factors you can tamper with. The myriad of solutions out there while doing a great job at solving specific problems rarely help identify the main levers of improvement for SaaS conversion rates.
Today, we'll discuss an approach to identifying these levers and how to execute against them.
Ant colony optimization
At this point you might be wondering what's this business about Ant Colonies helping improve SaaS conversion rates.
In the real world, ants have developed a rather intriguing heuristic to optimize their path to food patches. They initially wander in random directions away from the colony, laying a pheromone trail on their path. As they find food and return, they increase the amount of pheromone on the path to the food. The other ants from the group are attracted to the strongest trail which will be the closest to a food source. As the pheromones evaporate, the shortest paths become increasingly more attractive until the optimal path is found.This optimization algorithm is called the ant colony algorithm. Its goal is to mimic this behavior with "simulated ants" walking around the graph representing the problem to solve.
At MadKudu, we've built such an algorithm and its goal is to mimic this behavior with "simulated ants" (trial users) walking around the graph (performing sequences of events) representing the problem to solve.
Identify milestone events
You've probably heard about Facebook's famous "7 friends in 10 days". The key drivers of conversion, or "key conversion activities" are user activities that are most associated with conversion. Identifying those key activities allows to focus your engagement efforts on things that truly move the dial. For example, you can write content that most effectively helps users get value from the product, and convert them.
At MadKudu, we use a standard decomposition of onboarding events into 3 groups. Using advanced analytics, we identify and distinguish between those 3 types of activities:
These are activities that users absolutely need to do to convert, even though doing them does not indicate they will convert. In other words, they are required but not sufficient.
These activities are typically things like "setting up an account" or "finishing the onboarding steps" or "turning on a key integration".
These are the core activities of your product. This is where users get recurring value from your product. Users who perform these activities often will convert. Those who don't will most likely not.
The key is to find which activities truly matter and how many occurrences are necessary until the point of diminishing returns is reached.
These are activities that are done by few users, your most advanced users. Users who don't do those activities are not less likely to convert. But those who do are very likely to convert.
Make sure to identify what these activities are and promote them to advanced users when the time is right.
In order to map out your onboarding events, you can calculate for each event:
– the conversion rate of users who performed the event: P(X)
– the conversion rate of those who did not: P(¬X)
You can then determine the impact of performing the event (average conversion – P(X)) and the impact of not performing the event (average conversion – P(¬X)).
Finally you can graphically represent your onboarding events as such:
Anything on the left is a requirement to have a chance to convert. Anything at the top is strongly correlated to converting.
Or you can contact us ;-)
From analytics to results
There are many ways to make this actionable, here are just a few:
- Create a behavioral onboarding drip (case study)
- Close more delighted users by promoting your premium features
- Close more delighted users by sending them winback campaigns after their trial (50% of SaaS conversions happen after the end of the trial)
- Adapt your sales messaging to properly align with the user's stage in the lifecycle and truly be helpful
Image: Multiobjective Optimization of an Operational Amplifier by the Ant Colony Optimisation Algorithm (_URL_
Plot: MadKudu "Happy Path" Analysis Demo Sample


Common Terms in Tennessee Employment Contracts
The majority of employment contracts in the state of Tennessee include the following: salary or wages, job descriptions, duration of employment (if any - most are at will), and termination/advancement grounds. Contracts may also contain less commonly used clauses. First, arbitration clauses require parties to give up their rights to sue in court for any type of employment dispute.
Second, a severance clause or "termination clause" outlines the process for ending the employment. Courts have held employers liable for wrongful termination when violating such clauses. Additionally, clauses covering confidentiality and non-compete clauses subject all information completed or obtained by employees to specific rules.
How Can a Rogersville Lawyer Help?
Rogersville lawyers who specialize employment laws for the state of Tennessee can help you out in understanding the contents of any given employment contract. You may also get advice from a lawyer about fairness in the contract terms, and they will negotiate particular clauses that will meet your needs in beginning or ending employment.


Individual project | Management homework help
The Woolong Company produces high-end vacuum cleaners and has hired you to oversee the development and release of their latest product. A preliminary project initiation meeting will result in the identification of the project sponsor, selection of a project manager, and creation of the project charter. A manager in the production department who knows you are taking a college project management course asks you to prepare a report to help them prepare for the meeting by answering the following questions:
 - Whom should the project sponsor be? Why?
 - What skills and experience are likely needed by the project manager for each phase in the project life cycle, and how do these skills and experiences differ between the various phases?
 - What kind of roles and responsibilities should the key stakeholders have? Discuss at least 4–5 different kinds of stakeholders.
 - How should they communicate to different stakeholders during the project?
 - What information should be shared with the project stakeholders?
 - What is the mechanism that could be used for each type of information?
 - What is the frequency with which information should be shared?
 - What should be done if project communications are not proving to be effective?
 - What technology could be used for project communications?
 - At what point could communication about the project become an ethical or legal issue?
 - What are the best ways to manage project risks as well as opportunities during project execution?
 - How do they update and analyze old risks as well as new risks while undertaking the project?
 - What business opportunity might project completion create?
 - What is the potential financial impact of the project?
 - What are the expected results of the project?
 - What value will the project add?
 - What is the potential impact to the company if the project is not finished well?


text:
A person buries a lot of things deep inside their mind and heart. They do that because they know that if that comes out it would hurt someone. No person likes to hurt someone physically or mentally and hence, they try their best to keep their feeling to themselves. All these characteristics tell us a lot about that person. Their inner truth cannot be described in words. However, every individual has an inner truth and often they don't know about it. Here in this visual quiz we will try to find out that truth. Just answer 6 simple questions in this visual quiz and see what result we have in store for you.
Were we right? Share it with your loved ones by clicking below.


Quick Answer: Can Dogs Die Of A Broken Heart?
Do animals cry?
If you define crying as expressing emotion, such as grief or joy, then the answer is yes.
Animals do create tears, but only to lubricate their eyes, says Bryan Amaral, senior curator of the Smithsonian's National Zoo.
Animals do feel emotions, too, but in nature it's often to their advantage to mask them..
Why do we bury the dead 6 feet under?
To Prevent the Spread of Disease As mentioned earlier, London officials and medical practitioners in 1665 mistakenly thought that deceased plague victims spread the disease (among many other erroneous explanations), and that burying these bodies "6 feet under" would help slow/stop the spread of the disease.
Do dogs die when their owners die?
When a dog recognizes that its owner has died, the results aren't always touching. In 2011, seven dogs lived for more than a week by feeding off of the remains of their deceased owners. Both dogs and cats, in fact, occasionally feast on their owners' dead bodies.
Can dogs die from separation anxiety?
True separation anxiety is a distinct behavioral change that occurs only when the owner, or whomever the dog is strongly bonded, is not around. Symptoms may be mild and could disappear quickly, but in severe cases that dog may injure itself or suffer from health complications due to extreme distress.
Should you crate a dog with separation anxiety?
Which animal has the highest IQ?
Can animals die of sadness?
It's more likely that animals will inadvertently terminate their own lives when depressed or lonely. Highly bonded animals change their behavior when they lose a companion. For example, dogs in such situations sometimes go into depression and reject food and attention until they eventually die.
What animals mourn their dead?
Because mourning is not limited to big-brained cetaceans (whales and dolphins) or primates – scientists have documented some form of "death response" in seals, manatees, dingoes, horses, dogs, housecats, and more.
Do giraffes mourn their dead?
Mother giraffes join the ranks of elephants, polar bears, chimpanzees, gorillas,and other animals in the practice of mourning their dead. … Only twice before has anyone observed giraffes behaving in a similar manner. In 2010, another female spent four days standing vigil near the body of her recently deceased calf.
How do I tell my dog I love him?
5 Ways to Tell Your Dog You Love HimGaze Into His Eyes. One way to show your pup you love him is through eye contact. … Rub His Ears. Instead of patting your pup on the top of the head, try giving him a gentle rub behind the ears. … Lean on Him. … Have Fun Together. … Snuggle.
How do I break my dog of separation anxiety?
If the Problem Is Mild …Give your dog a special treat each time you leave (like a puzzle toy stuffed with peanut butter). … Make your comings and goings low-key without a lot of greeting. … Leave some recently worn clothes out that smell like you.Consider giving your pet over-the-counter natural calming supplements.
Do animals know they will die?
Why do dogs pee on your bed?
Dogs urinate on your bed because it hides their scent in your – what the dog considers to be – the smell of their protector and companion. This makes Fido feel less exposed.
Why do dogs comfort you when you cry?
Not only do many dogs approach crying people as if to comfort them, they also display submissive behaviors in response to crying, which is consistent with empathy. The study indicates it is the emotion of crying and not curiosity that makes dogs approach crying owners, or even strangers.
How long does a coffin last?
Eventually these too will disintegrate, and after 80 years in that coffin, your bones will crack as the soft collagen inside them deteriorates, leaving nothing but the brittle mineral frame behind.
Can dogs sense heartbreak?
What animals bury their dead?
Elephants are known to bury their dead and remain with the bodies for some time afterwards, exhibiting behaviour not dissimilar to human mourning. Indeed, it is the association of apparent grief or mourning that is considered to indicate a 'burial', as opposed to simply covering up or disposing of a body.
What are signs of separation anxiety in dogs?
Common Symptoms of Separation AnxietyUrinating and Defecating. Some dogs urinate or defecate when left alone or separated from their guardians. … Barking and Howling. … Chewing, Digging and Destruction. … Escaping. … Pacing. … Coprophagia. … Change of Guardian or Family. … Change in Schedule.More items…


Chiropractic for Pregnancy in Aurora?
many women use chiropractic care throughout their pregnancy
The physical stress of pregnancy can lead to a great deal of discomfort. It's common for women in Aurora to visit a chiropractic office regularly for low back pain, as well as other related issues, such as sciatica, leg cramps and constipation. This can lead to difficulty performing daily tasks as well as difficulties in labor.
Chiropractic treatment for pregnancy can be an outstanding source of relief for back pain. Many women also comment that the birthing process was easier after having undergone chiropractic treatments. The following article takes a more in-depth look at the discomfort caused by pregnancy and explains exactly how chiropractic treatment can help.
Prenatal Chiropractic in Aurora
During pregnancy, a woman's body is undergoing a number of different changes to accommodate the growing baby. As the baby grows, a mother's center of gravity shifts to the front of her pelvis, resulting in added stress and discomfort in the lower back and the various joints of the pelvis. At the peak of pregnancy, resulting from the associated weight gain, the curve in the lower back (lordotic curve) can increase to the point of causing serious impact on the vertebral joints, the sacrum, and the hip joints.
The nerves that travel to all other parts of the body have their origin in the spine. When the spine is compressed, these nerves can become irritated causing the pain to radiate to other areas of the body. Sciatica is a condition commonly stimulated by pregnancy, involving pain that radiates from the lower back all the way down the legs.
If a previous issue exists with the alignment of the spine, and there has been a history of lower back problems, pregnancy will often aggravate the condition. Pregnancy can cause the spine to become misaligned to the point that it does not simply go back into place once the pregnancy is complete. This can make the tasks that become necessary once the child is born, such as carrying a baby on your front or back, breast-feeding, and bending over to lift and pick things up, painfully difficult.
Prenatal Chiropractic Care
Chiropractic practitioners can provide safe and effective personalized care throughout your pregnancy and in the postpartum period. A thorough examination will determine the best treatment to address your discomfort and prepare the body for the height of pregnancy and childbirth. There are specialized adjustment methods to accommodate pregnancy. These treatments may reduce the need for pain medications throughout the delivery as well as help to reduce labor time. Follow up treatments can assist in realigning the body after the pregnancy and speed up the transition to a healthy post-pregnancy body.
If you are curious about how chiropractic can help you with your pregnancy call our team at Advanced Relief Chiropractic today. We are here to help.
9:00am - 2:00pm
3:00pm - 7:00pm
9:00am - 2:00pm
3:00pm - 7:00pm
By Appointment
By Appointment
By Appointment
Advanced Relief Chiropractic
2418 West Indian Trail Suite A
Aurora, IL 60506
_PHONE_


2-s_3^2).
Substituting the si by their values in term of the xi, this polynomial may be expanded in a polynomial in s whose coefficients are symmetric polynomials in the xi. By the fundamental theorem of symmetric polynomials, these coefficients may be expressed as polynomials in the coefficients of the monic quartic. If, for simplification, we suppose that the quartic is depressed, that is a=0, this results in the polynomial
This polynomial is of degree six, but only of degree three in s2, and so the corresponding equation is solvable by the method described in the article Cubic function. By substituting the roots in the expression of the xi in terms of the si, we obtain expression for the roots. In fact we obtain, apparently, several expressions, depending on the numbering of the roots of the cubic polynomial and of the signs given to their square roots. All these different expressions may be deduced from one of them by simply changing the numbering of the xi.
These expressions are unnecessarily complicated, involving the cubic roots of unity, which can be avoided as follows. If s is any non-zero root of (5), and if we set
F_1 = {x}^{2}+sx+ \frac{b}{2} + \frac{s^2}{2} - \frac{c}{2s}
F_2 ={x}^{2}-sx+ \frac{b}{2} + \frac{s^2}{2} + \frac{c}{2s}
F_1 F_2 = x^4 + bx^2 + cx + d
We therefore can solve the quartic by solving for s and then solving for the roots of the two factors using the quadratic formula.
Note that this gives exactly the same formula for the roots as the preceding section.
Solving with algebraic geometry[edit]
An alternative solution using algebraic geometry is given in (Faucette 1996), and proceeds as follows (more detailed discussion in reference). In brief, one interprets the roots as the intersection of two quadratic curves, then finds the three reducible quadratic curves (pairs of lines) that pass through these points (this corresponds to the resolvent cubic, the pairs of lines being the Lagrange resolvents), and then use these linear equations to solve the quadratic.
The four roots of the depressed quartic x^4+px^2+qx+r=0 may also be expressed as the x coordinates of the intersections of the two quadratic equations y^2+py+qx+r=0, y-x^2=0; i.e., using the substitution y=x^2; that two quadratics intersect in four points is an instance of Bézout's theorem. Explicitly, the four points are P_i := (x_i,x_i^2) for the four roots x_i of the quartic.
These four points are not collinear because they lie on the irreducible quadratic y=x^2, and thus there is a 1-parameter family of quadratics (a pencil of curves) passing through these points. Writing the projectivization of the two quadratics as quadratic forms in three variables:
F_1(X,Y,Z) &:= Y^2 + pYZ + qXZ + rZ^2,\\
F_2(X,Y,Z) &:= YZ - X^2
the pencil is given by the forms \lambda F_1 + \mu F_2 for any point [\lambda,\mu] in the projective line – in other words, where \lambda and \mu are not both zero, and multiplying a quadratic form by a constant does not change its quadratic curve of zeros.
This pencil contains three reducible quadratics, each corresponding to a pair of lines, each passing through two of the four points, which can be done \textstyle{\binom{4}{2} = 6} different ways. Denote these Q_1 = L_{12} + L_{34}, Q_2 = L_{13} + L_{24}, Q_3 = L_{14} + L_{23}. Given any two of these, their intersection is exactly the four points.
The reducible quadratics, in turn, may be determined by expressing the quadratic form \lambda F_1 + \mu F_2 as a 3×3 matrix: reducible quadratics correspond to this matrix being singular, which is equivalent to its determinant being zero, and the determinant is a homogeneous degree three polynomial in \lambda and \mu, and corresponds to the resolvent cubic.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Lodovico Ferrari", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews .
 2. ^ Depman (1954), Rasskazy o matematike (in Russian), Leningrad: Gosdetizdat
 3. ^ P. Beckmann (1971). A history of π. Macmillan. p. 80.
 4. ^ P. Beckmann (1971). A history of π. Macmillan. p. 191.
 5. ^ P. Zoll (1989). "Letter to the Editor". American Mathematical Monthly 96 (8): 709–710. JSTOR _PHONE_.
 6. ^ Stewart, Ian, Galois Theory, Third Edition (Chapman & Hall/CRC Mathematics, 2004)
 8. ^ MacKay, R. J.; Oldford, R. W. (August 2000), "Scientific Method, Statistical Method and the Speed of Light", Statistical Science 15 (3): 254–78
 9. ^ Weisstein, Eric. "Alhazen's Billiard Problem". Mathworld. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
 10. ^ Rinvold, R.A., "Fourth degree polynomials and the golden ratio", Mathematical Gazette 93, July 2009, 292–295.
 11. ^ Rees, E. L. (1922). "Graphical Discussion of the Roots of a Quartic Equation". The American Mathematical Monthly 29 (2): 51–55. doi:10.2307/_PHONE_.
 12. ^ Lazard, D. (1988). "Quantifier elimination: Optimal solution for two classical examples". Journal of Symbolic Computation 5: 261–266. doi:10.1016/S0747-7171(88)80015-4.
 13. ^ _URL_ PlanetMath, quartic formula, 21st October 2012
 14. ^ Brookfield, G. (2007). "Factoring quartic polynomials: A lost art". Mathematics Magazine 80 (1): 67–70.
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit]


How to Make Sure Your Online Store Is Accessible
Online shopping makes it possible for anyone to browse different products and purchase at their leisure. Generally, the shopping process and experience is different for anyone, considering we all have different habits, preferences, and tastes. However, for some people, online shopping can be quite tough.
Some internet shoppers might have to depend on screen readers to browse and access websites. And some people might be utilizing a keyboard to navigate websites due to temporary or permanent disability.
In fact, in the United States only, nearly 54% of all disabled adults utilize the Internet every day which means you have to make sure your store is accessible for everybody, regardless of their conditions and status.
In this article, we'll cover what accessibility is and share some advice and steps you must take as an online store owner to make sure your ecommerce store complies with accessibility guidelines.
What Is Ecommerce Accessibility?
Ecommerce accessibility simply means people with disabilities can access, and utilize the web without any challenges.
Not only does it refer to physical disabilities such as auditory, cognitive, visual, or other permanent disabilities, it additionally includes temporary disabilities due to aging or outside forces such as a slow internet connection.
Why It Matters
The most significant reason why accessibility matters are that you have no control over who visits and interacts with your store. If your store doesn't adhere to the accessibility guidelines, you could find yourself in court and are liable to pay significant fines.
On top of this, web accessibility is one of our basic human rights and it has a huge impact on your business. If your online store is accessible, it's likewise optimized to offer all users with the most ideal user experience which then translates into better customer satisfaction, more revenue, and increased brand loyalty.
Finally, the last reason why accessibility matters are because adhering to accessibility guidelines means your store follows the recommended coding standards and uses semantic markup. This contributes to a better rank in the search engine which means you can get more organic traffic.
How to Check for Online Store Accessibility
Before diving into particular tips on making sure your online store is accessible, the first step is to see if your store is accessible or not. Here are a couple of ways to test what you have.
 - Visit your online store and go through the purchase process as if though you have a disability such as color blindness or have to rely on your keyboard to navigate around it and through the checkout process.
 - Utilize a service such as WAVE Web Accessibility Tool to see potential problems, warnings, and errors for your site. This free tool will let you know if you have errors like buttons and empty links, low contrast between the background and the text, and so on.
 - Get feedback from real users by using a service such as This will allow you to get objective feedback which you can then use to improve customer and user experience.
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) introduces 4 principles for web content and design. They state that for a website/store to be "accessible", it must be:
 - Perceivable — This principle includes guidelines such as giving text alternatives for non-text content. For instance, you need to have "alt text" for product images to accommodate for vision-impaired or blind visitors.
 - Operable — This principle says you should ensure your site can be effectively used by all people. For example, a user ought to be able to reasonably navigate your site using only their keyboard.
 - Understandable — This principle demonstrates that your site ought to be rendered in such a way that things like the language utilized can be programmatically chosen. It also suggests that a site should behave predictably. For example, merely changing focus on a part of a page doesn't cause unexpected changes to the content.
 - Robust — As per this principle, content must be implemented in a way that it can understand reliably by assistive technologies.
Read more:
Get the Medium app


text:
Researchers can now access new information about how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the lives of almost 28,000 cohort study participants during the third national lockdown in February and March.
This newly released data comes from Wave 3 of the COVID-19 Survey in Five National Longitudinal Studies. Together with the information gathered during the first two waves of survey data collection, researchers now have access to data about the experiences of more than 34,000 individuals during the coronavirus crisis.
This new Wave 3 information will help researchers understand how people's lives have changed since the earlier two surveys, which took place in May 2020 (Wave 1) and then during September and October (Wave 2). The data collected from participants, aged between 19 and 74 at the time of Wave 1, provides important insights into the economic, health and social consequences of the coronavirus outbreak.
The latest survey closely mirrored the topics covered in Waves 1 and 2. However, new questions were included to reflect the evolving crisis, on subjects such as the vaccination programme and long COVID. In addition, as in Wave 1, participants were asked to share, in their own words, how the pandemic had affected them and their loved ones, providing an opportunity for qualitative research.
Around 5,000 new participants completed the survey in Wave 3, in addition to the 23,000 participants who also took part in one or both of the previous two waves.
The survey was sent to participants in all four national longitudinal cohort studies run by the UCL Centre for Longitudinal Studies (CLS) as well as participants in the MRC National Survey of Health and Development, run by the MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (LHA), also based at UCL. The five studies included are:
These studies have been following large, representative cohorts since birth, gathering information about different aspects of participants' lives, at different stages of their lives. Researchers will be able to analyse these new Wave 3 COVID-19 survey data in conjunction with data from Waves 1 and 2 of the survey, as well as the longitudinal data collected over the lifetime of each study.
Professor Alissa Goodman said: "Since first contacting our study participants in May 2020, more than 34,000 people from across four generations have shared their insights into how the coronavirus outbreak has affected their livelihoods, their families and relationships and their physical and mental health.
"With each new wave of the survey, we've seen the numbers of respondents increase, helping us to build a more representative, accurate picture of how the COVID-19 crisis has impacted the whole of society. Using the information we've gathered from these three waves with other study data, collected across more than 70 years, researchers will be able to examine how prior life experiences shape resilience or vulnerability to the effects of the pandemic both in the short term, and much further into the future."
Find out more about the data
For more information about the design and content of the survey, the response, data collected and weights, see the CLS website COVID-19 survey page. The questionnaire and user guide are both available to download.
A CLS webinar on Thursday 17 June will give researchers an overview of the three waves of the survey, focusing on content, how to deal with non-response and research findings. For more details and to register, see the CLS website.
Access the data
The online survey data from Waves 1, 2 and 3 from the four CLS studies taking part, namely the MCS, Next Steps, BCS70 and NCDS, have been de-identified and are available for researchers to download under End User Licence from the UK Data Service:
To download the data (SN: 8658), visit the UK Data Service website.
The data are also available from each of the main pages for the four studies on the UK Data Service website:
Weights have been provided with this COVID-19 dataset to take account of non-response to the survey, in order to help researchers produce representative results.
See the user guide to the data for more information.
Wave 1 and Wave 2 data from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development is available from the UK Data Service under Special Licence Access. Wave 3 data will be available from the UK Data Service shortly, and in the interim researchers can submit an application to the study to access the Wave 3 data.


Top 8 reasons to hit the "pause" button on Light Rail and fund proven steps to reduce congestion
As Minnesota road congestion grows, great sums of public dollars are being committed to an expensive and slow fixed rail system that moves few people and no freight. New transit spending should focus on much more cost effective ways to connect people to jobs, such as bus rapid transit. And projects to reduce congestion is the surest way to benefit our entire region.
1. Roads Work: Despite our social planners' dreams to the contrary, the reality is that Minnesota's businesses and workers overwhelmingly use roads to get to work and make the economy run. Over 87% of workers in the Metro area commute by car and nearly everyone else takes a bus. And trucks carry about two-thirds of the freight into and out of Minnesota.
2. Congestion is Expensive and Hurts Our Competitiveness and Prosperity: People's time is valuable, we must give more consideration to economics in finding cost-effective improvements. According to a Texas A&M Transportation Institute study, congestion in the Twin Cities wastes $1.26 billion when the value of extra travel time, fuel consumption, and increased truck costs are added up, putting us fourth highest among areas our size.
3. Adding Capacity Actually Works: Despite defeatist claims to the contrary, stats show that adding lane miles really does reduce congestion and costs only $5-10 million a mile compared to the Southwest Light Rail line that comes in at $125 million a mile. Minnesota taxes were raised $2.1 billion in 2013, too bad none of that went to roads.
4. Set a Goal: The state should prioritize congestion relief by setting a goal and focus resources on the effort. Just as the state set a goal of achieving zero road deaths empowered MnDOT to work toward and achieve a big drop in fatality rates, setting a congestion reduction goal can help them focus their resources in a way that will fuel Minnesota's economic engine and improve everyone's quality of life. MnDOT should use their experience and know-how clearly identify the return on investment expected from each project.
5. Transit Costs are Huge: Transit fares are competitive with the cost of driving (about 25 cents per passenger mile) but when subsidies for operations and capital costs are added total transit costs spiked to $1.13 per passenger mile in the Twin Cities in 2011. This subsidy is 88 times the one penny per passenger mile that roads receive.
6. How to Help the Poor: Cars offer door-to-door convenience while transit is slow and inconvenient. Unsurprisingly, research has found a strong correlation between commuting speeds and worker productivity. According to USC Professor Genevieve Giuliano: "In most circumstances, private vehicle access is the key to improved mobility for the poor."
7. Another Way to Help the Poor: If the goal is to help people out of poverty, helping them gain access to a car is far more likely to succeed than spending huge sums on public transit. A University of California study found that closing the black-white auto ownership gap would close nearly half the black-white employment gap. Car ownership is so important to helping people out of poverty that welfare agencies in more than 50 urban areas have started low interest loan programs to help poor people buy their first car.
8. The Future is Flexible, Not Fixed: The promise of new technology from self-driving cars to Uber carpools and busses will likely disrupt our current planners' light rail dreams and cement any decision to move forward on the Southwest track as a very expensive mistake. Here's the vision of Google co-founder Sergey Brin from a 2013 Atlantic Monthly piece: "If cars could drive themselves, there would be no need for most people to own them. A fleet of vehicles could operate as a personalized public-transportation system, picking people up and dropping them off independently, waiting at parking lots between calls. They'd be cheaper and more efficient than taxis—by some calculations, they'd use half the fuel and a fifth the road space of ordinary cars—and far more flexible than buses or subways." Expect self-driving cars to begin to take off within five years.
Our transportation policy should embrace the future, economics, cost-effective solutions, and respect the idea that Minnesotans know where they want to go and how they want to get there. And planners should stop trying to impose their costly vision of an ideal society.


text:
To prepare public health professionals for their functional roles in disaster response by offering culturally competent disaster interventions to survivors, witnesses, and responders of bioterrorism and other major public health threats and community disasters.
1. To provide a brief overview of cultural competency.
2. To create an awareness of the importance of cultural competence in delivering an effective public health disaster response.
3. To offer culturally competent strategies and interventions for disaster response.
1. Define cultural competence.
2. Describe the role of cultural competence in public health workforce readiness and disaster response and recovery.
3. Identify the rationale and role of cultural competence (including cultural, social, and behavioral factors) in delivering effective disaster interventions.
4. Describe approaches, principles and strategies for developing cultural competency in assisting disaster survivors from cultural and diverse groups.
5. Identify cultural barriers to offering disaster intervention services. And,
6. Understand and appreciate the dynamic forces contributing to cultural diversity and their importance in delivering culturally competent disaster intervention services.
This course has been designed for public health, health care, mental health, and emergency response professionals, to include public health professionals, physicians, nurses, allied health professionals, mental health professionals, health care administrators and mangers, emergency managers in local, state, and federal roles, and first responders.


text:
There is some effect in this direction, but not a sudden cliff. There is plenty of room to generalize, not an in. We create models of alternative coherent lawlike realities, e.g. the Game of Life or and physicists interested in modeling different physical laws.
Thanks David, this looks like a handy paper!
Given all of this, we'd love feedback and discussion, either as comments here, or as emails, etc.
I don't agree with the argument that infinite impacts of our choices are of Pascalian improbability, in fact I think we probably face them as a consequence of one-boxing decision theory, and some of the more plausible routes to local infinite impact are missing from the paper:
The decision theory section misses the simplest argument for infinite value: in an infinite inflationary universe with infinite copies of me, then my choices are multiplied infinitely. If I would one-box on Newcomb's Problem, then I would take the difference between eating the sandwich and not to be scaled out infinitely. I think this argument is in fact correct and follows from our current cosmological models combine with one-boxing decision theories.
Under 'rejecting physics' I didn't see any mention of baby universes, e.g. Lee Smolin's cosmological natural selection. If that picture were right, or anything else in which we can affect the occurrence of new universes/inflationary bubbles forming, then that would permit infinite impacts.
The simulation hypothesis is a plausible way for our physics models to be quite wrong about the world in which the simulation is conducted, and further there would be reason to think simulations would be disproportionately conducted under physical laws that are especially conducive to abundant computation
Here are two posts from Wei Dai, discussing the case for some things in this vicinity (renormalizing in light of the opportunities):_URL_
Thanks for this detailed post on an underdiscussed topic! I agree with the broad conclusion that extinction via partial population collapse and infrastructure loss, rather than by the mechanism of catastrophe being potent enough to leave no or almost no survivors (or indirectly enabling some later extinction level event) has very low probability. Some comments:
Regarding case 1, with a pandemic leaving 50% of the population dead but no major infrastructure damage, I think you can make much stronger claims about there not being 'civilization collapse' meaning near-total failure of industrial food, water, and power systems. Indeed, collapse so defined from that stimulus seems nonsensical to me for rich quantitative reasons.
There is no WMD war here, otherwise there would be major infrastructure damage.
If half of people are dead, that cuts the need for food and water by half (doubling per capita stockpiles), while already planted calorie-rich crops can easily be harvested with a half-size workforce.
Today agriculture makes up closer to 5% than 10% of the world economy, and most of that effort is expended on luxuries such as animal agriculture, expensive fruits, avoidable food waste, and other things that aren't efficient ways to produce nutrition. Adding all energy (again, most of which is not needed for basic survival as opposed to luxuries) brings the total to ~15%, and perhaps 5% on necessities (2.5% for half production for half population). That leaves a vast surplus workforce.
The catastrophe doubles resources of easily accessible fossil fuels and high quality agricultural land per surviving person, so just continuing to run the best 50% of farmland and the best 50% of oil wells means an increase in food and fossil fuels per person.
Likewise, there is a surplus of agricultural equipment, power plants, water treatment plants, and operating the better half of them with the surviving half of the population could improve per capita availability. These plants are parallel and independent enough that running half of them would not collapse productivity, which we can confirm by looking back to when there were half as many, etc.
Average hours worked per capita is already at historical lows, leaving plenty of room for trained survivors to work longer shifts while people switch over from other fields and retrain
Historical plagues such as the Black Death or smallpox in the Americas did not cause a breakdown of food production per capita for the survivors.
Historical wartime production changes show enormous and adequate flexibility in production.
Re the likelihood of survival without industrial agriculture systems, the benchmark should be something closer to preindustrial European agriculture, not hunter-gatherers. You discuss this but it would be helpful to put more specific credences on those alternatives.
The productivity of organic agriculture is still enormously high relative to hunting and gathering.
Basic knowledge about crop rotation, access to improved and global crop varieties such as potatoes, ploughs, etc permitted very high population density before industrial agriculture, with very localized supply chains. One can see this in colonial agricultural communities which could be largely self-sustaining (mines for metal tools being one of the worst supply constraints, but fine in a world where so much metal has already been mined and is just sitting around for reuse).
By the same token, talking about 'at least 10%' of 1-2 billion subsistence farmers continuing agriculture is a very low figure. I assume it is a fairly extreme lower bound, but it would be helpful to put credences on lower bounds and to help distinguish them from more likely possibilities.
Re food stockpiles:
"I'm ignoring animal agriculture and cannibalism, in part because without a functioning agriculture system, it's not clear to me whether enough people would be able to consume living beings."
Existing herds of farmed animals would likely be killed and eaten/preserved.
If transport networks are crippled, then this could be for local consumption, but that would increase food inequality and likelihood of survival in dire situations
There are about 1 billion cattle alone, with several hundred kg of edible mass each, plus about a billion sheep, ~700 million pigs, and 450 million goats.
In combination these could account for hundreds of billions of human-days of nutritional requirements (I think these make up a large share of 'global food stocks' in your table of supplies)
Already planted crops ready to harvest constitute a huge stockpile for the scenarios without infrastructure damage.
Particularly for severe population declines, fishing is limited by fish supplies, and existing fishing boats capture and kill vast quantities of fishes in days when short fishing seasons open. If the oceans are not damaged, this provides immense food resources to any survivors with modern fishing knowledge and some surviving fishing equipment.
"But if it did, I expect that the ~4 billion survivors would shrink to a group of 10–100 million survivors during a period of violent competition for surviving goods in grocery stores/distribution centers, food stocks, and fresh water sources."
"So what, concretely, do I think would happen in the event of a catastrophe like a "moderate" pandemic — one that killed 50% of people, but didn't cause infrastructure damage or climate change? My best guess is that civilization wouldn't actually collapse everywhere. But if it did, I expect that the ~4 billion survivors would shrink to a group of 10–100 million survivors during a period of violent competition for surviving goods in grocery stores/distribution centers, food stocks, and fresh water sources."
For the reasons discussed above I strongly disagree with the claim after "I expect."
"All this in mind, I think it is very likely that the survivors would be able to learn enough during the grace period to be able to feed and shelter themselves ~indefinitely."
I would say the probability should be higher here.
Regarding radioactive fallout, an additional factor not discussed is the decline of fallout danger over time: lethal areas are quite different over the first week vs the first year, etc.
Re Scenario 2: "Given all of this, my subjective judgment is that it's very unlikely that this scenario would more or less directly lead to human extinction" I would again say this is even less likely.
In general I think extinction probability from WMD war is going to be concentrated in the plausible future case of greatly increased/deadlier arsenals: millions of nuclear weapons rather than thousands, enormous and varied bioweapons arsenals, and billions of anti-population hunter-killer robotic drones slaughtering survivors including those in bunkers, all released in the same conflict.
"Given this, I think it's fairly likely, though far from guaranteed, that a catastrophe that caused 99.99% population loss, infrastructure damage, and climate change (e.g. a megacatastrohe, like a global war where biological weapons and nuclear weapons were used) would more or less directly cause human extinction."
This seems like a sign error, differing from your earlier and later conclusions?
"I think it's fairly unlikely that humanity would go extinct as a direct result of a catastrophe that caused the deaths of 99.99% of people (leaving 800 thousand survivors), extensive infrastructure damage, and temporary climate change (e.g. a more severe nuclear winter/asteroid impact, plus the use of biological weapons)."
It sounds like you're assuming a common scale between the theories (maximizing expected choice-worthiness)).
A common scale isn't necessary for my conclusion (I think you're substituting it for a stronger claim?) and I didn't invoke it. As I wrote in my comment, on negative utilitarianism s-risks that are many orders of magnitude smaller than worse ones without correspondingly huge differences in probability get ignored for the latter. On variance normalization, or bargaining solutions, or a variety of methods that don't amount


text:
ite clay is a
weathering byproduct of rocks, and like DE contains
silica and smaller quantities of other minerals. Despite
the content of silica, bentonite has nowhere near a
hardness of 7.
As for the claim that DE is agatized silica, again
this is not true. Agate is formed from extremely hot
water supersaturated with silica, and possibly some
magmatically dissolved silica. This dissolved silica
deposits in to crevices or vugs within rocks or replaces
organic matter in items such as shells or wood creating
layers of hard silica.
Again, DE is the skeletal remains of phytoplankton
that have died and settled to the bottom of ancient
oceans and lakes. These phytoplankton, nor their remains,
were ever subjected to extremely hot water or magma
to dissolve the silica and redeposit it as a quartz
such as agate.
Food grade DE is extremely soft having a hardness of
1-1.5, as pointed out earlier, far below the hardness
of pure silica that has a hardness of 7. In addition,
food grade DE consists of amorphous, not crystalline,
silica. Amorphous silica is not as hard and sharp like
crystalline silica and does not pose the same health
risks as crystalline silica.
Clumps of DE are also sold as kitty litter. If DE was
so sharp and hard as claimed, cat's paws would
be shredded from scratching in the litter box. Of course
this is not the case since the claims about DE being
hard and sharp to the point of damaging tissues are
Myth: Consuming silica causes kidney
Fact: I have heard people claim that
they got kidney pain within minutes of ingesting DE.
It is hard to say why they experienced this problem,
but it was not from the silica in the DE as I have seen
claimed. A simple fact of anatomy and physiology can
prove this. Once ingested, the silicon dioxide in the
DE has to convert in the stomach in to OA in order to
be absorbed. When the stomach finally empties its contents
in to the in intestines the OA can be absorbed. Next
the OA circulates through the blood where most of the
OA is utilized in the formation of tissues. Finally
traces of OA can reach the kidneys for safe excretion.
No damage occurs to the kidneys since the OA is not
in a solid crystalline form that can cut thinner tissues
of the kidneys. The whole process for the traces of
OA to be absorbed and even smaller traces to reach the
kidneys takes considerably longer than the few minutes
people are claiming to get pain within.


Need More Help?
If you need further assistance, please call ERI customer service at _PHONE_
 - "What exactly does ERI do? What is the value of ERI's products to me?"
 ERI's research analysts apply a combined 100+ years of experience in the field of compensation administration to give you interactive software updated quarterly with consensus results from the most reliable survey sources.
 ERI maintains several databases, tracking wage and salary information (as well as cost of living information) for the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and many European Union members. Data for each country is maintained separately.
 ERI's Assessor Series® captures and combines the strengths of the Internet and over 25 years of research to provide instantaneous answers to your most pressing compensation questions.
 ERI's goal is to be your organization's compensation research outsource. You can duplicate ERI's calculations if you want to spend the time and resources required to collect, compile, and analyze the thousands of data points that comprise any one city's wage and salary rates, as well as cost of living levels. However, subscribers can now spend this time and these resources administering pay and performing the many other duties demanded by today's Human Resource positions.
 ERI researchers save you time and money!
 - "Where do these numbers come from? How do you compile wage and salary data? Where do you get your cost of living data?"
 Salary and Wage Data:
 ERI collects data from thousands of available salary surveys, not just those published by the largest survey firms. We collect available salary survey data for jobs and areas; evaluate each survey for validity, reliability, and use; and compile updated market values for positions with comparable responsibilities.
 Analysis is conducted on wages by geographic area, size of company, years of experience, and industry. Data values are automatically updated to match today's market movement rates, and our default projected market increase projections, like the other variables, can be adjusted at your preference.
 Our subscribers are provided with convenient and easy-to-use market value results: the use of Assessor Series software databases involves choosing a position title and viewing the current market prices. Results are reported according to the predictive variables, and all methodologies are detailed for complete defensibility.
 ERI results are all market based and reflect current market values.
 ERI labor cost data for European Union countries comes from their National Statistics/Labour Offices.
 In cases where no surveys were conducted for a job in a specific city, ERI will use contiguous area wage data in concert with our proprietary economic studies to report wage levels for that job in that location. Contiguous area wage data and economic studies are used only for small areas where limited or no specific wage survey is conducted. ERI wage data is based on the market's price of jobs. Comparable worth concepts and job evaluation concepts differ from market pricing and are not (and have never been) part of ERI's market pricing methodology.
 ERI applies no "magic" with our collection of survey data, creation of a master database, and market value distillations. Subscribers might also produce these results, should they wish to conduct research for decades and spend the time and money collecting the thousands of national and local area surveys now conducted worldwide by consulting, trade, association, private, and government entities. Job matches are confirmed by comparison of the position descriptions compiled for each of the positions found in the Salary Assessor® or Executive Compensation Assessor® software and databases.
 Cost of Living Data:
 ERI downloads actual housing sales data from commercially available sources. Gasoline, consumables, medical care premium costs, and effective income tax rates are also just as accurate, and ERI research staff audit these sources with special area research projects. Again, what distinguishes ERI from other cost of living sources is that we attempt to provide an affordable in-house resource rather than an expensive consulting service.
 - "How soon can I be using your software?"
 You can be using the software in just a few minutes. A credit card purchase permits immediate access to the dataset. If you prefer to pay from an invoice or by check, please call our Subscriber Services at _PHONE_ (US/Canada).
 - "How many people can use a subscription?"
 Each annual software subscription is for a single user designated by the purchasing enterprise. The identity of each authorized licensed user must be registered with ERI. Multiple-user licenses are available for an additional licensing fee.
 - "How do I transfer access from an existing user to a new user?"
 You can send the request in an email to Please provide your account number (if you know it) and the name of the company. Include the name of the current user and provide the following information for the new user: name, title, billing address (if different from current user), phone, and email address.
 If you are using the Cloud version, ERI will send an email to the new user with new credentials instructions so he/she can begin using the program.
 If you are using the Installed version, the current user will need to remove the ERI software from his/her computer. ERI will send an email to the new user with a new license code and download/installation instructions for the new computer.
 - "How does your data compare with other firms that provide cost of living or wage and salary data?"
 ERI's research analysts know of no other single source that offers both wage/salary information and cost of living information.
 For cost of living data, due to the continued use of data collection techniques of the 1940s, our competitors have to charge more for one report than ERI charges for an annual subscription to the Relocation Assessor® software and databases. ERI collects cost of living data more efficiently and inexpensively, and passes those savings on to subscribers.
 For salary and wage data, you could purchase individual survey sources and conduct an in-house analysis of those sources, or you could purchase compiled wage data from a third-party supplier via a hardcopy report or Internet download. However, ERI offers advantages over both these options.
 Purchasing one of our competitors' surveys is almost always more expensive; one survey can cost as much as an annual subscription to an Assessor Series application that allows for an unlimited number of analyses. Our competitors' individual surveys profile only a fraction of the data available for any given position or area, and they report neither the large number of job titles included in ERI's databases, nor adjustments for the number of industries and areas available to Assessor Series subscribers.
 Purchasing compiled wage data from a third-party supplier also has its drawbacks. Quite often these third-party suppliers require an annual or multi-year contract. ERI's Assessor Series offers the advantages of more wage data and more features at a fraction of the cost.
 As a research firm (engaged in research, not marketing/sales), ERI has been collecting and analyzing data from thousands of salary surveys for over 25 years. Most of the third-party suppliers on the Internet have only been in business for a few years. ERI's new executive compensation survey is the largest compensation survey in history.
 ERI's approach to evaluating survey data for validity, as well as the analyses we use to compile data, also differ from our competitors. ERI utilizes a completely different set of position titles, position descriptions, geographic areas, industries, and even types of company/organization size when compared to other companies. The detailed way in which we report data varies greatly from our competitors.
 ERI's Assessor Series offers many advantages when compared to third-party compilers of wage data.
 ERI provides:
 - information on survey sources, standard error, and survey population
 - job code information for each position, as well as job code/industry crosswalks
 - information for more than 6,000 position titles in more than 8,000 geographic areas, including the United States., Canada, the United Kingdom, and some members of the European Union
 - survey description briefs (one-paragraph summaries) and detailed position descriptions based on the format of the original Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT)
 - interactive software that permits the selection of specific peer comparables for competitive analysis
 Furthermore, ERI recognizes the greater complexities involved in determining executive compensation vs. non-executive compensation, and provides the added benefit of quickly downloading full proxies and 10-Ks for comparable companies (for greater defensibility and illustration of identifiable practices).
 - "What is the difference between cost of living and geographic wage differentials?"
 Wage and salary differentials reflect the local demand for and supply of labor.
 Cost of living is dictated by the local demand for and supply of goods and services. Local wages and salaries do not indicate the local cost of living. Cost of living indicates the comparable local buying power for any given salary.
 The cost of living data that goes into ERI databases are downloaded from existing sources. This data includes: rental rates, income taxes, property taxes, gasoline prices, medical costs/services, major retail grocery and drug store prices, etc. Cost of living differentials, as reported by ERI, reflect cost models at different income levels (e.g., an auto of "x" value driven "y" miles/kilometers, home rental with no mortgage income tax deductions, home ownership with income tax mortgage deductions in North America, etc.).
 Most compensation professionals agree that when a company is hiring from the local work force (that is, when no transfer or relocation occurs), wages and salaries should be set according to market pricing of wages and salaries only. In general, branch pay should be dictated by market pricing of wage/salary differentials only.
 While employees


I am trying to understand what exactly the flying ice cube effect is, and how it manifests itself in MD simulation.
From what I have read about it, I see that as we run certain forms of velocity-rescaling without scrutiny, they system "freezes" into certain fixed states with a net momentum (like an ice-cube flying in space), instead of jostling around with zero net momentum. The article says:
the energy of high-frequency fundamental modes is drained into low-frequency modes, particularly into zero-frequency motions such as overall translation and rotation of the system.
What exactly is a high-frequency energy mode for point particles in space? Why does energy get drained out of them, and go into translation and rotation?
I am thinking of point particles moving in space with some kinetic energy, and with some interaction potential energy $U$. So the Hamiltonian is pretty much: \begin{align}\tag{1} \mathcal{H} &= \mathcal{K}(\mathbf{p})+\mathcal{U}(\mathbf{r}), \\\tag{2} \mathcal{H} &= \frac{1}{2}\sum _i \frac{\mathbf{p}_i^2}{m_i} + \mathcal{U}(\mathbf{r}). \end{align}
If I consistently rescale velocity to reach a certain temperature, why does it lead to a fixed state and the energy of high-frequency modes being drained into low-frequency modes like translation and rotation?
High frequency in this case is 'particles move all independently, with different directions and speed', and low frequency means 'particles can be represented as gradually changing field of speed and direction of particles in the region'. Something like 'frequency in space', how often to change speed and direction as you observe more and more particles.
If your particles are not centered, so that movement of center of mass is not zero, then large movement may take up most of the mantissa of your variables.
For example, big movement is 1000 units, and thermal movement is 1.001 units. Non-centered particle speed is 1001.001. This requires a lot of digits to store, and last digit may be lost in rounding.
The flying ice cube effect is when the kinetic energy leaks into the translations and rotations.
In a constant energy simulation (NVE) this must come at the expense of vibrations, which has the effect of "freezing" the bonds, angles and torsions. Obviously, this is a purely classical effect because even at 0 K a bond will vibrate at the zero-point energy (ZPE).
Here is a breakdown of the types of vibrations:
 - Bond stretches: Highest in energy
 - Bends: Somewhat lower in energy
 - Torsional motions: Lower still
 - "Breathing" modes (very large molecules): Lowest energy
To prevent energy from being leaked into translations and rotations one must be careful in how they prepare initial conditions and remove translation and rotations every so often.
For example, Amber will remove COM translations (and rotations if a non-periodic simulation) every nscm steps. The default is 1000. The manual also says something interesting about Langevin Dynamics which are NVT simulations
For Langevin dynamics, the position of the center-of-mass of the molecule is reset to zero every NSCM steps, but the velocities are not affected Hence there is no change to either the translation or rotational components of the momenta. (Doing anything else would destroy the way in which temperature is regulated in a Langevin dynamics system.)
You can also ensure you don't have translations and rotations by operating in internal coordinates. But that is very non-standard practice. Boltzamann sampled initial conditions from normal modes can be a good way to generate initial conditions as well, but that is restricted to things you can actually calculate normal modes for, which is typically less than a few hundred atoms and probably not worth your time.
Your Answer


text:
Constitution of Malta
|This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
The current Constitution of Malta was adopted as a legal order on September 21, 1964, and is the self-declared supreme law of the land. Therefore, any law or action in violation of the Constitution is null and void. Being a rigid constitution, it has a three-tier entrenchment basis in order for any amendments to take place.
Constitutional Development since Independence
The Constitution has been amended twenty-four times, most recently in 2007 with the entrenchment of the office of the Ombudsman. The constitution is typically called the Constitution of Malta and replaced the 1961 Constitution, dating from October 24, 1961. George Borg Olivier was its main instigator and negotiator.
Under its 1964 constitution, Malta became a parliamentary democracy within the British Commonwealth. Queen Elizabeth II was sovereign of Malta, and a governor general exercised executive authority on her behalf, while the actual direction and control of the government and the nation's affairs were in the hands of the cabinet under the leadership of a Maltese prime minister.
On December 13, 1974, the constitution was revised, and Malta became a republic within the Commonwealth, with executive authority vested in a Maltese president. The president is appointed by parliament. In turn, the president appoints as prime minister the leader of the party that wins a majority of parliamentary seats in a general election for the unicameral House of Representatives.
The president also nominally appoints, upon recommendation of the prime minister, the individual ministers to head each of the government departments. The cabinet is selected from among the members of the House of Representatives. The Constitution provides for general elections to be held at least every five years. Candidates are elected by the Single Transferable Vote system. The entire territory is divided into thirteen electoral districts each returning five MPs to a total of 65. Since 1987, in case a Party obtains an absolute majority of votes without achieving a Parliamentary majority a mechanism in the Constitution provides for additional seats to that Party to achieve a Parliamentary majority (Act IV of 1987). To date this mechanism, intended to counteract gerrymandering, came into effect twice: for the Sixth and the Eight Parliaments. A similar mechanism was introduced in 1996 so that additional seats would be given to that Party obtaining a relative majority of votes but not a parliamentary majority with only two parties achieving Parliamentary representation. This mechanism was first applied in the 2008 general election.
The Nature of the Constitution
The Independence Constitution of Malta of 1964 established Malta as a liberal parliamentary democracy. It safeguarded the fundamental human rights of citizens, and forced a separation between the executive, judicial and legislative powers, with regular elections based on universal suffrage.
This constitution was developed through constitutional history and its evolution. The constitutions of Malta fell under three main categories. These were:
- Those over which the British possessed total power;
- The intermediate genres of constitutions (_PHONE_), where Malta had self government (the 1961 constitution was very similar to these constitutions);
- the Independence Constitution of 1964.
On July 27, 1960, the Secretary of State for the Colonies declared to the British House of Commons the wish of Her Majesty's Government to reinstate representative government in Malta and declare that it was now time to work out a new constitution where elections could be held as soon as it was established. The Secretary, Iain Macleod, also notified the House of the appointment of a Constitutional Commission, under the chairmanship of Sir Hilary Blood, to devise thorough constitutional schemes after consultation with representatives of the Maltese people and local interests.
The Commissioners presented their report on December 5, 1960. The report was published on March 8, 1961. That same day, the Secretary of State declared to the House of Commons that Her Majesty's Government had taken a decision. The Commissioner's constitutional recommendations to be the basis for the subsequent Malta constitution were to be granted. The 1961 Constitution was also known as the Blood Constitution. It was enclosed in the Malta Constitution Order in Council 1961 and it was completed on 24 October of that same year. The statement that the Order makes provision for a new constitution where Malta is given self-government is found on the final page of the Order in Council.
The 1961 Constitution provided the backbone for the Independence Constitution. A date was provided to guarantee this legal continuity. An indispensable characteristic of this constitution is the substitution of the diarchic system, which was no longer practicable, by system of only one Government, the Government of Malta, with full legislative and executive powers. At that time Malta was still a colony and responsibility for defence and external affairs were referred to Her Majesty's Government. There was a clear indication that the road towards independence continued and now was at a highly developed stage. It is imperative to recognise that the 1961 Constitution established most of the features of the 1964 Constitution. The British recognised Malta as a State. Another important characteristic of this constitution was an innovative introduction of a chapter covering the safeguarding of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of the Individual. This is fairly significant because Fundamental Human Rights are a protection for the individual by the State. In the 1961 Constitution, Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms are found in Chapter IV. The protection of freedom of movement was introduced only in the 1964 Constitution.
The declaration of rights of the inhabitants of the islands of Malta and Gozo dated June 15, 1802, gives a collective declaration of rights. The 1961 Constitution gave birth to what was recognised as a Parliament in the 1964 Independence Constitution. The Cabinet had the general direction and management of the Government of Malta. It consisted of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister alone might summon it and it was this office which presided over it. Not more than seven other ministers were members of the Legislative Assembly, and they were collectively responsible to it. This was one of the first attempts to restate some of the more important British Constitutional Conventions in the constitution. In the exercise of his powers, the Governor was to act on the advice of the Cabinet, except where he was directed to act in his discretion or on the recommendation or advice of a person other than the Cabinet.
Three elections of the promulgation of the 1961 Constitution existed. This constitution included the presence of a Cabinet for the first time in Malta. The legislature was unicameral. The Legislative Assembly's normal life span was of four years. It consisted of fifty members and they were elected by universal suffrage from ten electoral divisions on the system of proportional representation by the single transferable vote. The 1961 Constitution constructed a firm foundation for a future achievement of Independence. When in 1964 Malta did in fact become independent, because the Government chose to avoid breaking all ties with the United Kingdom, there was legal continuity of the legislation, as a result of which Parliament remained functional. To a certain extent the same situation existed as regards to the legislation by the British Parliament for Malta. The Malta Independence Order itself developed into the subject of an entrenchment, since here it is declared that this evolved into an extension to the 1961 Constitution even in the sense of an amendment.
Even though Malta acquired independence, there was an ongoing presence of continuity. One of them is the monarchy pre-1964 and prior 1964. The Malta Independence Order 1964 was subject to the Malta Independence Act of that same year and it is a document that holds the chief regulations that govern the constitution of a state. This document is supreme over each and every other document and all legislation is subject to it. Throughout Malta's constitutional history, the nation acquired its own constitution, and to a certain extent, the Independence Constitution is made up of certain principles that arose for the first time in previous constitutions. It can be said that the Independence Constitution has evolved from the constitution which preceded it. But one must not ignore the fact that changes have taken place in this process of evolution. The statement that the 1964 constitution is in fact a replica of the 1961 constitution with sovereignty added might be criticised by saying that some factors differ between the two constitutions. The 1964 constitution is not merely what can be defined as an improvement. It is more like another stepping-stone in constitutional history being the final step in a long series of constitutions. In fact, even though it may seem that some provisions were altered from the 1961 constitution to the 1964 constitution, some of those provisions remained unchanged until the amendments of the 1964 constitution were made.
The Malta Independence Order, 1964, as amended by Acts:
- XLI of 1965, XXXVII of 1966
- IX of 1967
- XXVI of 1970
- XLVII of 1972
- LVII, LVIII of 1974
- XXXVIII of 1976
- X of 1977
- XXIX of 1979
- IV of 1987
- XXIII of 1989
- Proclamations Nos. II and VI of 1990
- Acts XIX of 1991
- IX of 1994
- Proclamations IV of 1995 and III of 1996
- Acts: XI of 1996, XVI of 1997
- Acts: III of 2000 and XIII of 2001
Past constitutions
Malta has had numerous past constitutions.
- The 1813 Constitution
- The 1835 Constitution
- The 1849 Constitution
- The 1887 Constitution