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New York, Jan 30 (IANS) US researchers have found the first reliable evidence that humans played a substantial role in the extinction of Australian mega fauna — large animal species in Australia with body mass estimates of more than 45 kilograms.
Studies have shown that more than 85 percent of Australia's mammals, birds and reptiles weighing over 100 pounds went extinct shortly after the arrival of the first humans.
Researchers from the University of Colorado Boulder in the US discovered the first direct evidence that humans were preying on the now extinct huge, wondrous beasts — in this case a 500-pound bird.
The flightless bird, known as Genyornis newtoni, was nearly 7 feet tall and appears to have lived in much of the continent prior to the advent of humans 50,000 years ago, the study revealed.
The evidence consists of diagnostic burn patterns on Genyornis eggshell fragments that indicated that humans were collecting and cooking its eggs, thereby reducing the birds' reproductive success, the researchers said.
"We consider this the first and only secure evidence that humans were directly preying on now extinct Australian mega fauna," said Gifford Miller, professor in the University of Colorado Boulder.
The Genyornis eggs are thought to have been roughly the size of a cantaloupe – a fruit also called muskmelon, and weighed about 3.5 pounds, Miller said.
In analysing unburned Genyornis eggshells from more than 2,000 localities across Australia, primarily from sand dunes where the ancient birds nested, several dating methods helped researchers determine that none were younger than 45,000 years old.
Burned eggshell fragments from more than 200 of those sites suggested that they were exposed to a wide range of temperatures, Miller said.
It was likely that the blackened fragments were burned in transient, human fires — presumably to cook the eggs — rather than in wild fires, Miller explained in the paper published online in Nature Communications.
The researchers also found many of the burnt Genyornis eggshell fragments in tight clusters less than 10 feet in diameter, with no other eggshell fragments nearby.
"The conditions are consistent with early humans harvesting Genyornis eggs, cooking them over fires, and then randomly discarding the eggshell fragments in and around their cooking fires," Miller noted.
Another line of evidence for early human predation on Genyornis eggs is the presence of ancient, burned eggshells of emus — flightless birds weighing only about 100 pounds and which still exists in Australia — in the sand dunes.
Emu eggshells exhibiting burn patterns similar to Genyornis eggshells signalled that they were most likely scorched after humans arrived in Australia, Miller said.
The extinct mega fauna included a 1,000-pound kangaroo, a two-ton wombat, a 25-feet-long lizard, a 300-pound marsupial lion and a Volkswagen-sized tortoise.


The Norco Ranch Eggs keynote responsible for ranch eggs is to maintain your chickens healthy and secure while delivering all of them with a nutritious meals resource. In enhancement, these eggs are actually extremely affordable and a great deal of folks like to get them as they happen in a broad range of flavors, including; natural herb, citrus, blueberry, as well as also cheese.
These eggs are generally prepared by your ranch's livestock, therefore you recognize that they will be risk-free. They are likewise quite easy to increase coming from a single egg to a flock of hundreds. They are actually extremely sturdy birds as well as if they are kept indoors throughout the year, they may help make long life for your hens and also your family.
When you obtain all of them they will be actually pre-hatched. When they show up at the establishment, the reason for this is to make certain that the eggs are ready. Initially they will be under a little plastic cover, which will definitely help prevent all of them coming from flying around while you are prepping the eggs. This will certainly also ensure that they are not scratched, which is not really good for any sort of chick that might be residing inside your hutch.
These eggs are actually a terrific way to provide the nutrients that your poultries need to remain healthy and balanced. The eggs consist of all the vitamins, minerals, protein, and various other elements that they require to be actually able to endure. Due to the fact that the chicks are actually fed coming from the eggs somewhat than the pellets or even grains that are actually typically used, many of these items are actually not present in industrial egg items.
There are some other perks to obtaining these eggs also. They can provide your poultries a better chance of risking more eggs in a standard of thirty days than with pellets. It is additionally much simpler to feed chickens with cattle ranch eggs considering that you perform not need to purchase as several as you would certainly along with the other styles of eggs.
As soon as you have obtained your eggs, you can easily prep them in the exact same way that you will for normal eggs. All you need to have to do is to position all of them in a cozy spot where the hens will certainly be actually able to find home.
You can opt for to prepare your eggs. If you reside in a hurry, you can easily boil the eggs but for best end results, you should leave them to mean regarding twenty-four hrs at space temperature. After that time, you can easily remove the layers to eliminate the yolk sac and afterwards fry the yolk sac in olive oil or even coconut oil and also perform the egg in sandwiches, mixed greens and also other meals. The taste is rather fantastic.
You can also cook these eggs and also offer them to your household if you are actually attempting to save funds. You might possess to spend a little bit a lot more, it is actually worth it for the taste that you will certainly receive. You will certainly also have the capacity to discuss this tasty treat along with your buddies as well as loved ones.
The eggs are an all-natural substitute to the so-called "humane" ranch new eggs that your local area supermarket provides. There is actually no danger in experimenting with the eggs, particularly if you can easily certainly not afford to buy all of them in bulk. When you discover the variety of lives that can easily be actually conserved along with this way of generating eggs, you will be actually delighted that you performed.
The eggs include all the nutrients that are actually required through the chicken's immune body to become able to generate healthy and balanced eggs. Since hens are natural predators, you will additionally acquire a great quantity of protein, which your poultries are going to need to have to become capable to produce healthy and balanced eggs.
If you are brand-new to raising hens, you might intend to begin with a couple of chickens before getting your farm eggs. If you carry out not, you can easily regularly get all of them as they appear.
If you are actually looking for that extra side flavor in your early morning breakfast or a snack that is total of healthy protein as well as fiber, Cattle ranch eggs are a terrific option of egg. Farm is likewise known for being a really good resource of protein as well as calcium.
Eggs that have been used as a resource of healthy protein are typically tough boiled or fried. Nonetheless, they additionally are available in the additional ranges that are actually hard, white and even yolky. A few of all of them have actually been labeled as "well-balanced," yet most are still not as healthy as those that have actually been actually cooked in whole foods.
Eggs that have actually had their cholesterol levels removed are often named "center well-balanced" low cholesterol." Considering that they are actually filled with nutrients such as calcium, the factor for this is. In add-on to this, they are additionally understood to help manage blood stream pressure. Some studies have actually presented that cholesterol amounts can be actually lowered in individuals that consume eggs every day.
These eggs are one of the best well-known methods to get wellness take advantage of your foods. They are actually additionally an excellent resource of protein as well as are actually frequently a healthier possibility than other sorts of eggs. They do certainly not include as well several saturated fats as well as have reduced levels of cholesterol levels, which creates all of them great for people who need to control their cholesterol amounts.
You should select healthier possibilities when you yearn for to make your eggs healthier. For example, you may would like to substitute the white eggs along with the yolky ones. This are going to minimize the cholesterol as well as raise the nutritional worth of the eggs. While yolks are bad resources of healthy protein, they do possess crucial nutrients that are actually helpful for those who are actually attempting to keep their blood sugar in control.
Eggs that have actually had the cholesterol cleared away are additionally an excellent source of fiber and also could be eaten in location of regular eggs. The fiber in these forms of eggs helps to clean the bowel and also maintain the intestinal tract in suggestion top form. Because of this, you are actually less very likely to have bowel irregularity and also your bowels are not likely to end up being supported.
These types of eggs can also deliver numerous wellness benefits. For example, they can assist with the avoidance of cancer in individuals that possess a higher danger of developing colon cancer cells.
Every one of these wellness advantages are actually reasons you should look at ranch eggs as an option to the normal white eggs. If you are trying to strengthen your diet regimen or even incorporate even more assortment to it, you ought to try cattle ranch eggs in your diet plan.
Given that these eggs have actually been actually refined and also eliminated of each of their cholesterol, they are actually healthier and also the
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BU4621 Social Innovation and Social Impact
(15 ECTS credits)
Professor Mary Lee Rhodes
- Defining Social Innovation and Social Impact
- What is Social Innovation
- How do you know when SI makes a difference? How do you measure social impact?
- How do you know that a social innovation leads to social change
- Solving Wicked Problems with Social Innovation
- Presenting social problems
- Demonstrating how SI can lead to solutions
- Identifying change and measuring impact
- Social Innovation at home and away
- Local challenges
- Social innovation in development contexts
- Organising for Social Innovation: What are the Choices? Are some ways better than others?
- The relevance of sector 'home' for SI – does it matter whether you are in the public, private or non-profit sector?
- Is it better to select the right 'pure' form, or to seek a hybrid approach?
- Case Study: Social Innovation in Homelessness Services
- A Place to Call Home
- Selecting a Social Innovation course project and a personal topic
- Using Action Research to improve social innovation
- Presenting your group SI Project – what organization, what sector, what form, what intervention?
- Selecting a personal topic – what is my burning SI q
- Social Innovation and Ethics
- Ethical culture and social innovation
- Doing well while doing good – how is it possible?
- Social Innovation and Resource Efficiency
- How to innovate under conditions of resource scarcity
- Social Innovation and sustainability
- Social innovation in a truly circular economy
- Everyone loves a social innovation…don't they?
- Public perceptions of social innovation – under what conditions do Sis become socially acceptable? How do social innovators secure a social license to operate?
- Civic engagement and social innovation
- Financing social innovation
- Who invests in social innovation?
- What are the returns on Social Innovation Investment?
- The social investment spectrum
- Social Investment in Focus - Social Impact Bonds
- Strategic Philanthropy as a source of Social Investment Finance
- Case Study: Social Investment Innovations – the creation and use of Social Impact Bonds
- Adding Value to your Social Innovation Project
- SI project presentations: organization, SI, intervention, progress to date
- Defining Social Impact
- What is social impact?
- What are the choices for measuring social impact?
- "Doing" Social Impact Measurement in Strategic Philanthropy
- Developing a theory of change
- Making an investment
- Evaluating the outcomes
- But is it impact?
- How do you know that SI will lead to social change?
- Critically review of SI measures and approaches
- Group Projects
- Progress on interventions
- Evaluation of work to date
- Development of impact measures
- Leveraging Social Innovation: Advocacy and Policy Change
- Institutionalizing social change
- Final Project Presentations – Social Innovation and Social Impact
Module Short Title:
On successful completion of this module students should be able to:
- Grasp and engage with the key theories / frameworks / debates in the field of social innovation and its role in bringing about social change
- Critically evaluate and apply selected models of social investment using a number of criteria, including sustainability
- Review the hybrid models of organisation that are emerging as boundaries between private, public and non-profit sectors blur, and evaluate the role of structure in enabling social innovation
- Assess the social impact of social innovation in an Irish and international context
- Contribute to making practical interventions in a socially innovative organization, in collaboration with organizational personnel and project mentors
- Approach philanthropy and civic engagement strategically, with a view to maximizing impact and bringing about systemic change;
- Apply principles of social investment in the practice of social sector problem solving, analysis and social impact evaluation;
- Demonstrate the capacity to address social challenges locally and globally.
Module Pre Requisite:
Module Learning Aims:
The education aims of the module are:
- To enable students to grasp and engage with the key theories, frameworks and debates in the field of social innovation and social impact and to apply them to the analysis of organisational and management practice.
- To integrate and apply ideas, theories and techniques learned in this module and in others in their course programme.
- To integrate and synthesise learning gained outside the formal taught courses, such as previous learning, professional experience, and personal knowledge
Recommended Texts/Key Reading:
The module will draw from a diverse range of sources and as such no individual text will suffice. However, the following texts will provide a useful nucleus for the module:
Publications from the TEPSIE Project – Exploring the Theoretical, Empirical and Policy Foundations for Social Innovation in Europe – full list available at _URL_
Kickull, J and Lyons, T (2012) Understanding Social Entrepreneurship: The Relentless Pursuit of Mission in an Ever Changing World, Routledge
Lectures & Tutorials/Contact hours:
One two hour lecture per week
One seminar every second week
- Assessment is as follows
- First semester: individual term paper (15%)
- Whole year: group social impact action research
project for a socially innovative organisation (35%)
- Whole year exam – four questions, two from each semester (50%)
- For one-semester students, assessment is as follows:
- Individual term paper (30%)
- Group Project (30%)
- Term Test in Reading Week (40%)
Dates for submission:
To be advised
See Blackboard BU4621
Academic Year of Data:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Cancer And Aries
Cancer And Aries Love Compatibility:
Aries and Cancer is a strange combination of fire and water and thus anyone can imagine the outcome of their union. Cancer People are moody and secretive; though they represent themselves as a tough individual they are soft and sensitive from their heart. Aries are jolly and highly active personality whereas cancers are shy and slow I nature. Aries like to be open and frank; theyto be around their family members but Aries gets tied up in the relations completing their demands. As Aries likes to be independent they love their freedom whereas cancer need continuous interaction with its partner and is dependent on it.
Nature of the Aries:
Aries are confident in nature and always resort to firm decision, due to this nature they are always dominating in their personal and professional lives but sometimes this may cause them some problem as they are also careless about the outcome of their decisions. People with Aries sign are often seen looking to gain acceptance by the people and hence they always try to do things that will boost their ego. Aries have attractive personality and they use it to gain respect and acceptance. They always want to win and seek perfection in their life. Aries will never harm anyone intentionally.
Nature of the Cancer:
Cancer are opposite of Aries as their mood always seems to be changing and they need to have dependence on their partner. They don't like bossing around but would cherish their superiority. They also know how to use their qualities properly and meet people with humbleness. They are strong individuals and like crab they can survive any given challenge. They always have another way of solving their problem if stuck at any point. They use their communication skills to divert other individuals from particular subject. They are always protective towards their loved ones. They can easily get hurt and tend to hide themselves afterwards in order to stay away from getting hurt back.
Cancer And Aries Relationship :
Both Cancer and Aries know how to maintain their relationships well and are lovely in nature. They would have great chemistry as close friends or family members with minor or no differences. If it is in professional life then they can also have competition among themselves for higher posts, in most the cases cancer will stay calm and let Aries gain the opportunity whereas intensions of the Aries will only be to gain that higher post. They both can have great parenthood and raise their children efficiently.
Negatives of this relationship:
They can have some problems in their love and relation as cancer is little shy and slow in nature whereas Aries is aggressive and dominant. Initially Aries will show excitement in romance but as cancer are slow and shy Aries may decrease the level of love for partner. Due to this behavior Cancer can get hurt and may never recover from it to love her back. Aries would have to either move on or win its heart back to make him love back. Cancer is good in finance and knows how to earn and save it for future but Aries just considers it normal thing to spend. Due to differences in their nature they can have clashes initially in their relationship but should be able to fix this problem if given the chance of understanding each other and also learn their respective nature. Conclusion : If they succeed in doing so then they can enjoy the properly secured life with love and excitement. The existence of this relationship will solely depend on the individual's ability to understand each other and learn from each other. Cancer can learn to become independent and Aries can learn care and kindness from cancer. Hence an expert advice to survive this relationship will be great understanding and adjustment only!
Aries man and cancer woman:
Aries man likes to be free and wants his woman to understand it but at other end cancer woman is very sensitive and needs his help in her every decisions, she always fails to match with Aries' rough and aggressive attitude. An Aries man will soon find it difficult to stay around the cancer lady as he thinks it is her possessiveness towards him. Such a behavior would break her sensitive and emotional heart. Even Aries man's glances of admirations for other woman would make her feel jealous! If Aries man gives her enough appreciation then she may also give Aries man all the required freedom by him which is natural to Aries. Cancer woman likes to be in her own comfort zone and is attached emotionally to every closed person or thing whereas Aries man always prefers change in their life. An Aries man can always win any cancer woman's heart just by appreciating and admiring her.
She likes Aries man to take lead and start the conversation. Aries is far better lover and romantic person than any other zodiac signs. It can become perfect couple if they are right Aries and cancer match to each other. In another scenario, if both of them are under the age of 25 or the cancer woman is 10 year younger to him then their marriage will bring double fun and happiness to themselves. If the Aries male likes the specific cancer female then he will probably try to impress her and start to brag about it. He will be so keen to impress her that he will do anything to prove it to cancer female.
Aries male will only do that if he feels that he is dominating amongst them. Cancer woman must have faith in her male partner, though Aries always seems to be very careless person they know responsibilities and would support her in every moment of her life. A cancer woman is very calm, composed and lovely person. With her intellectual mind she can be successful in her personal as well as professional life. For Aries man, cancer woman is perfect partner and will fulfill his every desire. Aries man will provide her required security but frequently out spoken words can hurt her deeply. Cancer woman leaves her loyalty toward her loved ones, giving them all the love and understanding but this can also make Aries feel uneasy and he may consider her to spying on him. In order to maintain this relationship both the partner should be mature enough to adjust with the situation and understand each other.
Aries woman and cancer man:
Cancer man is usually minds his own business and is good in finance. He is generally looking for money and fame. He becomes successful by his own hard work and strong determination. Cancer man is always loyal and faithful to his woman and wants her to love him back passionately. Aries woman usually like this but her negligence can hurt him badly. Cancer man can be the good entertainer to the Aries woman as it has better humor to keep her entertained. Aries woman likes to explore new things and have adventures life. She would definitely find a great lover in cancer as they are naturally kind and caring. Cancer can also understand the naturally impulsive behavior of Aries but she thinks it is normal and do not care if cancer man is getting hurt by it. Thus she should control her excitement and impulsive nature. Aries woman can help cancer man lose is shyness and get his confidence by making him feel that he is strong and can take care of her. This is all possible due to winning spirit of Aries; she understands cancer man's fear and tries to help him get out of those fears and be confident. Aries woman would give protection and love to Cancer man, enhancing the love and attraction between them.
Cancer also makes her feel special by fulfilling her every need and by kind nature. As they represent fire and ice respectively they also complement each other well. As time passes they build unique relation with better understanding. Cancer would also make her feel secured. They will form better physical relation and would cherish each other's company. Sometimes their relation can get spoiled due to the secretive nature of the Cancer. The already intellectual mind keeps thinking about this, making her mind more stressful. Aries woman would also get bored of swinging moods of the cancer. Money creates the big problem between these two because Cancer people like to earn and save money, whereas Aries people tend to spend more money. If they will learn to have better communication with each other then surly they will make perfect couple. Cancer and Aries Compatibility Report


Doubt in Cooking Game
The question quotes:
"Now Chef is asking you to count the number of ways to fill the missing numbers (ie. the -1s) of the array with level numbers, so that it corresponds to a valid game. Since the answer can be large, output it modulo 109+7."
So, if there is no missing number the count is zero.
But the solutions getting accepted outputs answer 1.
Question link:
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Actually the count is 1, because not substituting any -1 anywhere where there are no -1s to substitute is a valid way and the only one. This is similar to the fact that the number of ways of ordering 0 objects is 1, in other words 0!=1. Or that the number of ways to choose 0 objects from a collection of n is 1, which means {n \choose 0} = 1.
1 Like
unless it's invalid then the answer is 0
Yes of course :slight_smile:
_USER_ _USER_ : The problem statement stated the rules for playing the game as "Chef will start in level 1 and whenever Chef passes a level in this game he will advance to the next level, but if Chef fails, he will return to level 1." How come then, the answer is 0 for any test case. I understand that if the sequence is invalid the solution would be 0, but as the statement clearly states the rules, and it is not mentioned anywhere that chef's memory can be wrong or he can play an invalid game, is the assumption of a valid game wrong? Please correct me if I am wrong.
1 Like
don't assume anything that is not mentioned in "constraints" section
1 Like


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Flash PMI surveys show global economy on road to recovery from pandemic
24 July 2020 Chris Williamson
 - Flash PMI™ survey data for July are historically consistent with global GDP of 2% on an annual basis
 - Looser COVID-19 restrictions have helped boost activity in Europe, but the US and Japan have lagged
 - Job losses have eased but have continued due to weak demand. Future job market trends will be key to assessing wider recovery paths
The world's largest developed economies saw business activity rise for the first time since February in July, as economies re-opened following the relaxation of restrictions designed to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, both new orders and employment continued to fall, raising questions about the sustainability of the upturn after the initial rebound from lockdowns.
Performance varied by country, with Europe leading the upturn, the US stabilising and Japan lagging, though in all cases labour markets remain a particular concern.
Global economy recovering from COVID-19
IHS Markit's flash PMI surveys for the 'G4' developed economies indicated that economic growth stalled in February before falling into the steepest downturn on record as the COVID-19 pandemic caused widespread economic disruption. The peak of the rate of decline appeared in April 2020, coinciding with strict lockdowns and enforced closures of non-essential businesses across many countries. Since April, the rate of decline has eased rapidly as the lockdowns have eased, culminating in the first meaningful overall improvement in business activity in July since January.
The IHS Markit Flash PMIs are early releases of survey data based on around 80% of the total number of replies usually received during a month. As such, they provide the first, internationally comparable, insights into how economic conditions are changing. Currently, flash PMI are produced for the United States, the eurozone, Japan, the United Kingdom and Australia, encompassing manufacturing and service sector business conditions in each economy. These survey data can in turn be weighted together according to each country's GDP to form international aggregates. Weighting the US, eurozone, UK and Japan PMIs together, for example, creates a "G4 developed world" series of indicators, covering output, new orders, employment, inflation etc.
Because these four largest developed economies account for approximately half of global GDP (at market prices), the G4 flash PMI output index acts as both a good indicator of the Global PMI as well as global GDP growth. Since 2007, when IHS Markit's US PMI series were first included in the global PMI database, the flash PMI has exhibited a 94% correlation with annual percent changes in global GDP with the PMI acting with a lead of one quarter. Using regression analysis, we can infer a rate of GDP growth from the PMI.
The G4 economies' flash PMI output index rose from 46.5 in June to 51.1 in July, up further from an all-time low of 21.5 in April. The statistical historical relationship of the flash PMI with global GDP suggests that the latest reading is broadly consistent with the global economy growing by 2% on a year ago, up from a signal of 0.2% growth in June. Note that this does not mean GDP was 2% higher than a year ago in July, it merely indicates that the global economy is expanding at a rate equivalent to 2% per annum. At such a modest pace, it would take many months, if not years, to recoup the output lost during the pandemic.
Factory downturn ends, services revive
July saw manufacturing output rise for the first time since February 2019, ending a downturn that had initially been linked to the intensification of global trade wars and exacerbated in 2020 by the pandemic. However, at just 50.6 in July, the manufacturing PMI output index for the G4 economies indicated only a very modest improvement.
A marginally stronger gain was recorded for service sector output in July, where activity rose across the G4 economies for the first time since February, rising to the greatest extent since January, However, the overall improvement was relatively muted, dampened in particular by companies in consumer-facing sectors continuing to struggle amid social distancing requirements and restrictions on travel.
Europe leads developed world upturn
The strongest output gains in July were seen in France and the UK, the latter enjoying the largest monthly gain for five years. The increase in France was accompanied by a return to growth in Germany and, to a lesser extent, the rest of the eurozone. The eurozone as a whole consequently recorded the largest output gain for just over two years.
While composite PMI output indices surged to 57.1 in the UK and 54.8 in the eurozone, the comparable index for the US merely rose to 50.0, indicating a stabilisation of the output trend but falling well short of the strong gains seen in Europe.
While US manufacturing output rose, the service sector continued to deteriorate, albeit at a reduced rate, linked in part to the re-imposition of lockdowns amid increased COVID-19 infection rates. Inflows of new business in the US services sector were especially notable for contracting at an increased rate, bucking the improvement trend seen in all other economies. By contrast, both manufacturing and service sector activity and new orders rose across Europe, where infection rates continued to fall during the month.
Japan fared even worse, with the composite index rising to just 43.9 and new orders falling sharply again, hinting that the economy could contract again in the third quarter unless business picks up substantially in coming months. Both manufacturing and services remained in decline in Japan.
It's important, however, to put the July numbers in some context: while Europe saw the strongest gains, it also saw the steepest downturns at the height of the pandemic. Averaging the composite PMIs over the six months since February, the US has seen the mildest downturn, with an index of 42.1, followed by the UK and Eurozone, with readings of 39.4 and 38.3 respectively. Japan has lagged, with a reading of just 36.4.
Long roads to recovery
The return to growth signalled at the G4 level represents a swift turnaround in developed world (and likely global) economic performance from the height of the pandemic in April.
The rise in the PMI has followed an easing in IHS Markit's Global COVID-19 Containment Index (which takes a basket of restriction measures in each country to gauge the degree of 'lockdown'). The projected further re-opening of economies planned by governments in coming months should help drive the recovery further, though future months will see smaller steps in terms of the re-opening, which suggests the PMI could start to level off.
Demand will therefore need to play an increasing role in helping keep the surveys in strong growth territory in coming months to build on this initial V-shaped recovery and make any significant inroads into recouping the output lost to the downturn.
However, in this respect an additional concern is that employment continued to fall across the G4 economies in July, dropping for a fifth successive month, albeit at a reduced rate. The ongoing cut to headcounts reflected sustained weakness of new order inflows, which continued to contract - hinting that July's upturn was driven to a significant extent simply by the reopening of economies rather than a more sustainable improvement in underlying demand. In all G4 economies, the trend in new orders lagged that of output, with declines being seen in Japan and, to a lesser extent, the US, suggesting surplus capacity has developed, which could lead to further job losses if demand does not pick up.
Only in the US did the job market stabilise, with increased rates of job cutting seen in both the UK and Japan. Of the four economies, the UK saw by far the steepest rate of job losses.
Given that consumer spending will be largely determined by job markets, we will be watching the PMI employment indices especially carefully in coming months to help asses recovery paths. The worry is that, in all countries, government support has so far helped to limit job losses, meaning a further wave of redundancies could follow in many countries unless demand rises sufficiently to sustain current staffing levels.
For more information contact
Chris Williamson, Chief Business Economist, IHS Markit
Tel: +44 _PHONE_
Learn how to access and receive PMI data
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All about riesling
Is that a bouquet of roses or freshly picked fruit you smell? Neither: it's a riesling wine. This popular white wine originates from Europe but is still a highly misunderstood variation. Most people associate riesling with sweet flavors that come from fruits such as nectarines, peaches, apples, apricots and pears to create a fruity and floral aroma. Riesling is one of the most versatile wines around.
Riesling history
While the exact origin is uncertain, most people believe riesling white wine began in Germany along the Rhine River. Named after a particular white grape called Riesling, the wine's first documented instance was in the 1400s. Today, it's still the main variety of wine produced in German-speaking regions of Europe.
Riesling production
The ideal environment is a cool climate with a slate soil because the grapes for this aromatic white wine ripen earlier than others. The grape-picking time determines the level of sweetness, as fully ripe grapes tend to be sweeter than normal or late-harvested grapes. Producers can also freeze the grapes and then process them to create ice wine.
Riesling flavor profile
Is it sweet? Is it dry? It's both. Riesling wine can be sweet or dry, subtle or strong, light or full. It's a chameleon wine of sorts, as its flavor profile depends on where it's grown. One overriding characteristic of riesling's flavor profile is that it is highly acidic.
Riesling food pairings
When it comes to pairing food with riesling, the spicier the better. So pour a glass and have sweet riesling with your spicy Indian curry. Or try a dry riesling with your grilled fish. Among all the varieties of wine, riesling is the most versatile. Maybe it's actually created with pure alchemy. Who knows? So raise a glass and thank the versatility gods for creating a wine you can drink with every kind of food. Shop Driz online or see if we've made it to your city. Click these links to search for Drizly in your city, and look for liquor stores on Drizly near you.
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From its crew members to its crockery, enthusiasts have raked over every aspect of the Titanic's tragic tale. But what about the dogs on board?
There were 12 canines on the doomed ocean liner, three of which survived. Those include a baby Pomeranian, Lady, whose owner, Margaret Hays of New York City, wrapped her in a blanket and carried her into a lifeboat.
The other two dogs to survive were also small, pedigreed pooches who travelled in their owners' cabins. (All the dogs on board belonged to first-class passengers.) Sun Yat-sen, a Pekingese belonging to Henry and Myra Harper (of the Harper & Row publishing dynasty) lived to yip another day, as did a Pomeranian belonging to Elizabeth Rothschild of New York.
The nine dogs confined in the onboard kennel — where they were walked and cared for by crewmembers — all died. Two belonged to American coal magnate William Carter, who reassured his worried children that their pets were safe as they clambered into the lifeboats. His daughter Lucy was later compensated $100 by Lloyds of London for her King Charles spaniel, while his son Billy received $200 for his Airedale.
The other dogs that perished included two Airedales owned by John Jacob Astor IV and his wife, a fox terrier named Dog, and a Great Dane who was the object of a failed rescue attempt by his owner, Ann Elizabeth Isham. She climbed out of a lifeboat after being informed that her dog was too big to join her and returned to the ship's kennel. A few days after the sinking, her body was found by a recovery ship, clutching her beloved canine.
The Titanic's four-footed passengers are included in a new exhibition about Philadelphia families aboard the Titanic at the Widener University Art Gallery in Chester, Pennsylvania.

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Why Use Australian Outdoor Blinds for your Home?
Why Use Australian Outdoor Blinds for your Home?
Why Use Australian Outdoor Blinds for your Home?
Why Use Australian Outdoor Blinds for your Home?When you are thinking of your own living or working space, two of the most important factors (aside from the furniture and the flooring) are the ways that light and privacy can be controlled. That's where installing Australian outdoor blinds come in. They can shape the intangible elements within a room or space that can determine the mood and tone for the people in it.
Classic and clean style for your home
Window coverings, classically, are thought to be curtains. Indeed, curtains can create an organic, integrated look with the rest of the room. Depending, too, on the material, various light effects can be done – and multiple layers assure you of even better control.
On the other hand, blinds that are more modern, such as outdoor blinds, can create a more formal atmosphere – even if relaxed, there is the feeling of formality. Strangely enough, this can still be used effectively at home.
In terms of style, window coverings can either unify all the style elements in the room, or it can create a "breakaway design" that can bring a softer – or harder – element, just to change the mood or to create a specific effect.
Allows entry of natural lighting to the house's interior spaces
One of the first things that window coverings affect is the amount of natural light in the room. For some people sunlight, when reflected or is too bright (like in the early mornings), can cause migraines. In other cases, too much natural light can affect what people read or are perusing on a computer screen, or it affects the entertainment value of watching something on an audio-video system. For some other people, the idea of controlling light helps them with creating a specific mood for a room, whether for formal meetings in an office or for family gatherings at home.
If you're using curtains, you can even soften the light, by using semi-translucent cloth. The effect is similar to a light diffuser: it removes glare but keeps a certain level of brightness. Heavier cloth can almost block out sunlight, giving something akin to mood lighting.
In the case of outdoor blinds, you should consider how the translucence and the slats (vertical or horizontal) could affect your surroundings. The big advantage of outdoor blinds is that there is a texture in the way the light patterns fall. Although technically, patterned curtains can do the same thing, with window blinds, the combination of light and dark creates a certain mix of hard and soft lighting.
Establishes privacy for you and your family
When dealing with privacy using Australian outdoor blinds, what most people look for is binary: either they can maintain total privacy, or they can "open up" an enclosed space when they want, for a warmer mood. In this sense, curtains may have the advantage, particularly if they are multi-layered, so that you can have a perfectly private area with all the curtains down, but you can just tie the outer drapes, to reveal a second set of semi-translucent, thin curtains, to let light in softly, without sacrificing privacy. However, the shift from total privacy to total openness is still best with blinds, as window blinds, when fully retracted, make it look like the windows themselves are bare, and this can give a different mood, depending on what is called for.
To request a quote for Australian outdoor blinds and installation, you may reach us on 02 8858 0900 today.


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During October 1862, Robert Patterson and the 61st OVI, were stationed near Washington, D.C., as part of a force under Major General Nathaniel P. Banks assigned to protect the capital. On November 1, 1862, the 61st OVI moved through Thorofare Gap to the Rappahannock River and Warrenton, Virginia. They then returned to Centerville, Virginia, located about 20 miles southwest of Washington, D.C. While at Centerville, Colonel McGroarty, who had been in command of the 61st OVI for about three months, reorganized the regiment bringing it up to strength.
On December 10, 1862, the regiment started for Fredericksburg, Virginia, but arrived to late to participate in the Battle of Fredericksburg (December 11 – 15, 1862). The regiment then fell back from Falmouth, Virginia to Aquia Creek, Virginia and went into winter quarters. The regiment remained in winter quarters at Aquia Creek until January 20, 1863, when they were ordered to move to Hartwood Church, Virginia, where they again constructed winter quarters. After sleeping in the quarters one night, they were ordered to abandon them and march to Stafford Court House, Virginia, where they again built winter quarters. This time they remained in the winter quarters until April 27, 1863.


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1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Riesa
|←Rienzi, Cola di||1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 23
|Riesener, Jean Henri→|
|See also Riesa on Wikipedia, and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.|
RIESA, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Saxony, pleasantly situated on the left bank of the Elbe, 30 m. N.W. of Dresden, on the main line of railway to Leipzig, and at the junction of lines to Chemnitz, Elsterwerda and Nossen. Pop. 14,073. The river is here crossed by a fine bridge, a sandstone and iron structure, carrying both railway and road, and replacing the one carried away by floods in 1875. The town contains two Evangelical churches, a castle, formerly a convent and now used as a town hall, and several schools. There is a harbour with quays and a dockyard, also rolling-mills and saw-mills, ironworks and sandstone quarries. Other industries are the manufacture of furniture, beer, soap, carriages and bricks. The most important shipping station on the Elbe in Saxony, Riesa is the lading-place for goods to and from Bavaria, and a mart for herrings, petroleum, wood, coal and grain. A constant passenger steamboat communication is maintained with Meissen and Dresden; and, owing to the artillery practice ranges at Zeithain, on the right bank of the Elbe, Riesa has become of recent years one of the chief depots of the Saxon army. Riesa received municipal rights in 1632, and after a period of decay was again raised to the rank of a town in 1859.


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UPCOMING EVENTSView full calendar
4-H Mentoring - Utah County
What is 4-H Mentoring?
4-H Mentoring of Utah County is a program which began in 2001 and is designed for youth, ages 9-15, and their families. Youth are matched with young adult mentors, who establish caring relationships with identified youth. All mentors are screened before being matched (interview, reference and background check). This program allows youth to develop their interpersonal and academic skills by participating in structured recreation, community service, and community youth groups.
We are committed to providing an environment which fosters belonging, independence, generosity and mastery (BIG M) among mentors, youth, and families. The four essential elements of positive youth development.
Mentors are a major part of their mentee's life. They provide stability and a caring relationship for their mentees. They provide their kids with something to be excited about and someone who is always looking out for their well being.
- Meet four times each month with their mentor (one meeting each month is sponsored by 4-H)
- Attend weekly 4-H Afterschool Mentoring club
- Attend monthly Family Night Out programs together with their family*
To enroll a youth, sign up here:
Additional information about enrollment for youth and families:
- Be a mentor to a child in Utah County
- Be a guide, advocate, friend and role model
- Help your mentee feel a sense of belonging, develop independence, understand the importance of generosity, and master new skills
- Introduce your mentee to new and different environments
- Meet and socialize monthly with the other mentors at the monthly provided activity for you and your mentee
- Give an hour of time each week for one full year
- Make a year commitment to mentor a youth
- Meet 4 times per month (usually once each week) with the youth you mentor
What youth need most is a caring adult who peacefully resolves conflicts and communicates in a healthy way. They need someone to trust and who trusts them.
Find mentoring resources, here:
For any questions, please contact:
*4-H Mentoring families are expected to attend 50% (6 per year) of the Family Night Out activities. These are typically held on Monday
evening or on Saturday.
**To become a mentor, you need to be at least 18 years of age and have a vehicle. You will need to be formally interviewed at a time which
fits your schedule. You will be required to complete a background check (simply for the safety of the youth) and attend some training prior to
being matched with a child. Once the required paperwork has been completed, the process of matching you with a child will begin.


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Red Swamp Crayfish
Adults of this species are dark red (nearly black on the carapace) and have a wedge-shaped black stripe on the abdomen. Juveniles are a uniform gray, sometimes overlain by dark wavy lines. The pincers are narrow and long. The carapace is not separated at the middle by a space (areola). The carapace is conspicuously granular (roughened) in adults. The rostrum has lateral spines or notches near its tip. This crayfish most closely resembles the White River crayfish, which differs most obviously in having an areola. Young of the White River crayfish usually have spots on the carapace.


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posted by sam on.
Through a pipe of diameter 16cm, water is pumped from the Colorado River up to Grand Canyon Village, on the rim of the canyon. The river is at 564m elevation and the village is at 2096m elevation.
a) At what minimum pressure must the water be pumped to arrive at the village? The acceleration of gravity is 9.8m/s^3
b)If 4800m^3 are pumped per day, what is the speed of water in the pipe?
c) What additional pressure is necessary to deliver this flow? You may assume that the free-fall acceleration and the density for air are constant over this range of elevations.
a) (density)*g*(elevation change)
= 1.00*10^3 kg/m^3*9.8 m/s^2*1532 m = 15.0*10^6 Pascals
That is about 150 atmospheres.
b) Velocity = (Volume flow rate)/Area
c) Add (1/2)*(density)*V^2 dynamic pressure to the answer in (a)
The density here is the density of water. Air has a neglible effect on the difference between inlet and outlet pressure


Including line numbers in typeset output
For general numbering of lines, there are two packages for use with LaTeX, lineno (which permits labels attached to individual lines of typeset output) and numline. (Numline is considered obsolete, but remains available from the archive.)
Both of these packages play fast and loose with the LaTeX output routine, which can cause problems: the user should beware…
If the requirement is for numbering verbatim text, moreverb, or fancyvrb (see including files verbatim) may be used. Class memoir also provides the necessary facilities.
One common use of line numbers is in critical editions of texts, and for this the edmac package offers comprehensive support; ledmac is a LaTeX port of edmac.
The vruler package sidesteps many of the problems associated with line-numbering, by offering (as its name suggests) a rule that numbers positions on the page. The effect is good, applied to even-looking text, but is poor in texts that involve breaks such as interpolated mathematics or figures. Documentation of the package, in the package itself, is pretty tough going, though there is an example (also inside the package file).
Creative Commons Lizenzvertrag Edit this page Old revisions Sitemap Backlinks RSS feed Impressum Flattr this


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of their often harsh bush existence.
The North Island Brown Kiwi is found only in the upper two-thirds of the North Island. They are widespread in Northland in a diverse range of vegetation types including exotic forests and rough farm land.
Okarito Brown Kiwi
In one sense, the new kid on the block. It was only in 1993 that the Okarito Brown, living in lowland forest just north of Franz Josef was identified as a distinct variety of kiwi. Tell-tale signs are its slightly greyish plumage sometimes accompanied by white facial feathers.
Squat and round and bigger than their northern Brown Kiwi cousins, they can grow to almost the same size as Great Spotted Kiwi. The Southern Tokoeka are found in Fiordland and on Stewart Island. They are the most communal of the somewhat reclusive kiwi.
The Haast Tokoeka, found in the rugged mountains behind Haast, was also identified as a distant variety of Kiwi in 1993. They spend their summers in the high sub alpine tussock grasslands but probably retreat to the lowland forests in winter.
Kiwi Sightings -- Where You Can See Kiwi
Few of us get the chance to see a kiwi in the wild but Brown Kiwi can be seen at the following places:


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Undergraduate study in Archaeology covers a wide range of topics from later prehistory to the modern world. As well as providing fascinating knowledge about how past communities lived, studying Archaeology involves a wide variety of teaching and learning activities including fieldwork and artefact studies. Archaeology students develop valuable data-analysis skills alongside their abilities to interpret information and communicate findings with others.
We are fortunate to have The Great North Museum: Hancock in Newcastle, home to the collections formerly at the Shefton Museum of Greek Art and Archaeology and the Museum of Antiquities. Newcastle and its region also has a wealth of archaeological sites including Hadrian's Wall.
Newcastle is one of the very few universities to teach not only Greek and Roman archaeology but also Late Antique and Byzantine archaeology as well as archaeology combined with history.
Archaeology teaching was highly commended by students in the 2010 National Student Survey.


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Jan 31 2013
I know almost nothing about fluid dynamics but my article about wingtip vortices two weeks ago piqued my interest in the subject.
Last weekend I learned about this amazing phenomenon, the von Kármán vortex street, animated above by Cesareo de La Rosa Siqueira.
Von Kármán vortex streets occur when a fluid flows past a stationary object and generates a long line of vortices that swirl in opposite directions. The phenomenon was named for Theodore von Kármán, the man who described it, and is probably called a street because it looks like one.
We usually don't see von Kármán vortex streets in the wind, but it's important that engineers plan for them. If a tall structure is uniformly straight the vortices can make it fall down. Click here to read about a famous mistake.
On a small scale, von Kármán vortex streets make telephone wires sing in the wind. On a large scale they're visible from outer space when clouds blow past a tall island.
Here's a picture taken from the space shuttle that shows cloud cover blowing past Rishiri Island, Japan. When the wind encounters Mt. Rishiri the clouds form a von Kármán vortex street on the downwind side.
Pretty cool, huh?
There are more than twenty islands that reliably generate von Kármán vortex streets. Click here to see more pictures from NASA.
(Vortex animation by Cesareo de La Rosa Siqueira via Wikimedia Commons. Space shuttle photo from NASA via Wikimedia Commons. Click on the images to see the originals)


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Posted by: Ivy Wigmore
a or an, abbreviations, acronyms and initialisms, acronyms and prepositions
Which is correct?
An enhanced driver's license contains _______ that allows authorities to pull up your data.
a. a RFID tag
b. an RFID tag
The official pronunciation of RFID is R-F-I-D – saying the letters of the initialism separately. However, if something can be said in two syllables rather than four, that's usually going to happen (and who am I to argue, since I pronounce ASAP as A-sap). RFID is commonly pronounced ARE-fid. Whether you pronounce the letters separately, though, or say are-fid, "an" is the correct article because both sound as if they start with a vowel.
There are also those who pronounce RFID as RIFF-id or RIFF-dee. If that's how you pronounce it, you could write a RFID but be aware that most people would read that as "a ARE-EFF-EYE-DEE" or "a ARE-fid," which would not leave a good impression of your intelligence. Try saying them out loud and you'll see what I mean.
The Urban Dictionary discusses RFID, including its pronunciation.
Follow me on Twitter _USER_


This article examines how Russian privatization helped create the Putin political system. During the 'who lost Russia' debate in the 1990s, American economic advisors were rebuked for allowing a 'capture of the state' by the oligarchs. A larger time frame reveals that the consequences of Russian privatization were quite different from the forecasted ones. Because the new class of owners were regarded as illegitimate, lacked clear property rights, and ran conglomerates immersed in a command economy these owners, that is, oligarchs, were easily subdued by the state. As a consequence, there is little chance for a coalition of elites to mobilize against Putin.
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MICA SCHIST.Mica schist is a common metamorphic rock that is produced by regional metamorphism. The shiny look of schist is one of its key characteristics. The schist also has a nicely developed foliation. The word foliation comes from the Latin "folia" meaning leaves
MARBLE is metamorphosed limestone. Limestone is a sedimentary rock that is mainly composed of calcite, derived from the shells of living organisms like clams and snails. Marble can be produced by contact or regional metamorphism. Marble does not develop foliation like schist, because the calcite crystals are all about the same size. There is no way for them to line up. Marbles often contain other minerals, such as quartz, mica, and hematite.


μW) = (E(μV)2)/R)/(1,000,000)
and, if you know R to be 50 Ω, you can use:
P(μW) = (E(μV)2)/(50,000,000)
The term dBm means decibels related to a milliwatt, so, you can either convert the value in microwatts to milliwatts by dividing it by 1000, then use the formula:
dBm = 10log10(P(mW)) where P = the actual power in milliwatts, or, to do it all in one motion, you can use the formula:
dBm = –30 + 10log10(P(μW)) with P in microwatts or
dBm = 30 + 10log10(P(W)) with P in watts.
From QST February 1999
I am looking, like most hams, for points of comparison when I read QST Product Reviews...
Q Dan Marriott, VE7CTN, asks, "I am looking, like most hams, for points of comparison when I read QST Product Reviews. And, while I think I understand what some of the tests mean, their labels or abbreviations are not always intuitive.For example, when evaluating receive performance I see references to MDS, IMD, IMD dynamic range, blocking dynamic range, third-order products and third-order intercept points. Can you clarify?"
These terms, and many others, are described in great detail in the ARRL Handbook's Test Procedures and Projects chapter. A collection of QST articles that explain the Product Review process and tests can be downloaded from the ARRL Web page at Here is a very brief summary that will get you started.
The MDS (minimum discernible signal, or "noise floor") is a measure of receiver sensitivity. It describes the amount of receiver input noise. A receiver should be able to just detect a real signal at the level of the noise floor, thus the term, minimum discernible signal. MDS is usually expressed in dBm—decibels relative to a milliwatt. A typical receiver might have an MDS of –135 dBm, or 135 dB less than a milliwatt. That is an extremely small amount of signal power. The MDS numbers give you a reasonable idea of a receiver's sensitivity. Useful SSB sensitivity usually falls in a range of about –120 dBm to –135 dBm.
Intermodulation distortion (IMD), whether transmit or receive, is the mixing of two frequencies to produce additional frequencies. Recall that the chief property of a mixer is to produce sum and difference frequencies by mixing signals from the input with those from the local oscillator. Living in an imperfect world as we do, electronic circuits are not perfectly linear so additional mixing takes place between these original frequencies and the ones that are intended to appear.
Assume that your original frequencies are F1 and F2 with the difference between them being N Hz. The combination of all the above mentioned mixing creates undesirable signals at 2F1 – F2 and 2F2 – F1 (among others—these are just the ones that usually affect transmitter or receiver performance). These end up appearing at N Hz above and below F1 and F2. They are known as third order products. There are other signals that appear as well (on a transmit IMD graph, you typically see third, fifth, seventh and ninth-order products or more), but these are not as high in amplitude as the third-order ones.
How does this affect real-world operating? On receive, if your radio is tuned to 14.020 MHz and two strong signals appear at 14.040 and 14.060 MHz, assuming nothing else is on the band, you will get a false signal appearing on 14.020 where you are tuned. Under test conditions, the two off-channel signals are identical in strength, at a level that gives an IMD response equal to the MDS level. The difference in strength between the on-channel signal "ghost" and the two off-channel signals is the IMD dynamic range, expressed in dB.
This test indicates the general intermodulation behavior of a receiver. If, for instance, you were slugging it out with the DX crowd trying to work a rare one, you would have signals of many different strengths appearing at many different frequencies inside and outside the passband of your receiver's filters. When the signals are strong enough, intermixing will produce false signals within the receiver's passband. The higher the IMD dynamic range of your receiver, the weaker (and less annoying!) these false signals will be. Typical receivers will have an IMD dynamic range of from 80 to about 105 dB.
Blocking dynamic range is basically a measure of how strong an off-channel signal must be to produce either an increase in noise in the receiver passband or a decrease in receiver gain, otherwise known as "desense." In ARRL Lab tests we use a signal that is 20 kHz away from where the receiver is tuned. A signal within the normal operating amplitude of the receiver is added on frequency and then the level of the off-channel signal is increased until the on-channel signal decreases by 1 dB (blocking is occurring) or the output increases by 1 dB because of receiver noise. (In this case, the measurement is reported as being "noise limited.") The difference between the off-channel signal and the receiver's noise floor (MDS) is the blocking dynamic range expressed in dB. Again, different combinations of frequencies and signal strengths will produce different blocking behavior, but a higher blocking dynamic range number at 20 kHz indicates better general blocking performance. Typical receivers will have a blocking dynamic range of from 90 to over 150 dB.
Third-order intercept is related, of course, to two-tone, third order IMD. One characteristic of third-order products is that they increase/decrease three times faster than the on-channel products (if the input tones are of equal level). These responses can be plotted on a graph, but the two lines never actually intersect because the receiver always goes into gain compression well before that could happen. So, as signals keep getting stronger, both the on-channel and third-order responses "roll off." Third-order intercept is the theoretical point at which these two lines would cross. It gives a relative indication of a receiver's strong signal performance.
If two receivers have the same IMD dynamic range and one has an MDS of –125 dBm and the other –135 dBm, the third-order intercept of the –125 one will be higher. Read that again. Yes, the radio that doesn't hear as well will give a higher third-order intercept point. That doesn't mean that you want to always look for a lower third-order intercept point. Third-order intercept should always be evaluated in conjunction with MDS and dynamic range—they are all related.
From QST February 1999
Can you help me better understand the nature of the audio/speech circuit in my Kenwood TS-140S transceiver?...
Q Jeff Lawson, KD1WZ, asks, "Can you help me better understand the nature of the audio/speech circuit in my Kenwood TS-140S transceiver? My concern is that I am not getting full output when operating SSB. The ALC and power meters indicate that the rig is operating properly, but during tests with another station my signal is reported to be almost an S unit stronger when I whistle as opposed to when I am just speaking. Why would there be a difference?"
A The ALC (automatic level control) in your transceiver generates a control voltage to ensure that the peak RF output does not exceed its ratings. It does so by responding to the voltage peaks in the input signal (whether it is human voice or a whistle.) When you're watching your rig's ALC meter, you are observing the action of the gain limiting control. The meter is displaying the amount of feedback voltage that is reducing the gain of the transmitter. The ideal situation is to have as much gain as you can without limiting, or with only a tiny bit of limiting. So, the proper way to adjust your mike gain is to set it so that the ALC indicator shows just a little ALC action on your voice peaks.
The ratio between peak and average power in any signal is dependent on the nature of the signal. A whistle is almost a pure sine wave, and its peak and average power are nearly the same. A human voice, however, has a waveform that has a fairly high peak-to-average ratio. Since your radio's wattmeter indicates full output power for both speech and whistles, it is a peak-reading wattmeter. Many wattmeters read average power, not peak power. Those wattmeters would indicate less power when you are speaking than when you are whistling.
On the receiving end, the S meter is actually measuring the receiver's AGC (automatic gain control) voltage. A good receiver will generate an AGC voltage from the signal peaks, but this may not always show on the S meter, which may indicate average power, or somewhere in between. If your transmitter's ALC settings are correct and your transmitter indicates full output power on voice signals, you should rely on that, not on the uncalibrated, unknown performance of a receiver S meter.
A good explanation about power is found in the article "Power—Watt's It All About?" by Mike Gruber, WA1SVF (now W1MG), May 1995 QST.
From QST February 1999
Is there software available that will allow me to copy...
Q Is there software available that will allow me to copy ACARS packet transmissions using my PC's sound card as the analog-to-digital converter?
A For those


Robert Shedinger
Robert Shedinger
Robert Shedinger, associate professor of religion, will present a Luther College Religion Forum Lecture at 6:30 p.m. Tuesday, April 16 in Room 102 of the Franklin W. Olin building on the Luther campus.
His lecture, titled "Radically Open: Transcending Religious Identity in an Age of Anxiety," is open to the public with no charge for admission.
Based on his book of the same title, Shedinger will discuss how modern American society serves to foster the anxiety epidemic and how it prohibits anxiety sufferers' access to the spiritual resources they desperately need. Shedinger's book argues that exclusive claims to religious identity help to foster the anxiety epidemic while submitting oneself to the greater wisdom of the cosmic story holds the key to resolving anxiety.
Talking from experience, he will discuss his personal journey through the darkness of anxiety with the help of the psychology of Carl Jung. Shedinger suggests that Islamic tradition may provide one of the best models for how to overcome the problem of anxiety and creating a more just and sustainable world.
Shedinger holds a master's degree from Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary and a doctoral degree in religious studies from Temple University.
Since the publication of his book in 2009, "Was Jesus a Muslim? Questioning Categories in the Study of Religion," he has been a regular speaker in mosques and Islamic centers across the United States.


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A side-scan sonar survey was conducted of Monterey Canyon and the San Gregorio fault zone, off shore of Monterey Bay. The acoustic character and morphology of the sonar images, enhanced by SeaBeam bathymetry, show the path of the San Gregorio fault zone across the shelf, upper slope, and Monterey Canyon. High backscatter linear features a few kilometers long and 100 to 200 m wide delineate the sea-floor expression of the fault zone on the shelf. Previous studies have shown that brachiopod pavements and carbonate crusts are the source of the lineations backscatter. In Monterey Canyon, the fault zone occurs where the path of the canyon makes a sharp bend from WNW to SSW (1800 m). Here, the fault is marked by NW-SE-trending, high reflectivity lineations that cross the canyon floor between 1850 m and 1900 m. The lineations can be traced to ridges on the northwestern canyon wall where they have ~ 15 m of relief. Above the low-relief ridges, bowl-shaped features have been excavated on the canyon wall contributing to the widening of the canyon. We suggest that shear along the San Gregorio fault has led to the formation of the low-relief ridges near the canyon wall and that carbonate crusts, as along the shelf, may be the source of the high backscatter features on the canyon floor. The path of the fault zone across the upper slope is marked by elongated tributary canyons with high backscatter floors and 'U'-shaped cross-sectional profiles. Linear features and stepped scarps suggestive of recent crustal movement and mass-wasting, occur on the walls and floors of these canyons. Three magnitude-4 earthquakes have occurred within the last 30 years in the vicinity of the canyons that may have contributed to the observed features. As shown by others, motion along the fault zone has juxtaposed diverse lithologies that outcrop on the canyon walls. Gully morphology and the canyon's drainage patterns have been influenced by the substrate into which the gullies have formed.
Additional publication details
The influence of the San Gregorio fault on the morphology of Monterey Canyon


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The Vergulde Draeck wreck, 1656
The Vergulde Draeck wreck, 1656
A jug, silver coins, cannon ball and ballast brick.
Photos: George Serras.
This jug, ballast brick, cannon ball and silver coinage were excavated from the wreck of the Dutch trading ship, Vergulde Draeck (Gilt Dragon), which struck a reef off the coast of western Australia in 1656.
On its second spice-trading voyage to Batavia (Jakarta) in 1656 the Draeck sailed too far east and struck a reef off the coast of western Australia. Seventy three survivors (from a crew of 193 people) reached the shore in two small boats. Seven men made the voyage to Java nearly 2600 km to the north and raised the alarm, but numerous rescue missions could find no trace of the castaways.
The wreck of the Vergulde Draeck was eventually found in 1963 by 16-year-old Graeme Henderson who was accompanied at the time by his father Jim, brother Alan, John Cowan and Ellis Alan Robinson. When the contents of the ship were finally raised, the items shown were given as a gift to Prime Minister Robert Menzies.
A diver under water holding an astrolabe.
Diver Geoff Kimpton with an astrolabe from the Vergulde Draeck shipwreck during the Western Australian Museum's investigation of the site.
Courtesy: Western Australian Museum.


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Stereotypical Compromise By Women English Literature Essay
Measure for Measure seemingly one of the many comedies of Shakespeare has been labelled by assorted critics as a job drama due to its dichotomy of genre. Although it happens to incorporate many common elements of comedy, one can non overlook the dark and misanthropic undertones throughout the drama which are largely associated with Shakespearian calamity. Shakespeare has been frequently claimed to be in front of his times. His representation of adult females on phase is relatively expansive and luxuriant than the modern-day dramatists. Isabella and Mariana are the two female characters from the concerned drama. Isabella is portrayed as a chaste and virtuous immature adult female who wants to go a nun but is put into a complicated web of hard picks. Pivotal to the drama being the pick between her brother 's mortal life, at the cost of losing her immortal psyche by merchandising her virginity. Mariana on the other manus plays a minor but important function as she turns out to be a portion of the Duke 's strategy in puting things right.
The paper attempts to look at the typicality of the accommodations and submissiveness of the female characters in this drama. Isabella at the terminal is offered by a male character Duke, the alleged privilege of a matrimonial life. Mariana once more more by patriarchal laterality than her ain free will is sent to Angelo, who had once abandoned her, in topographic point of Isabella. All the major comedies of Shakespeare present one individual solution to all the tangles. Does the phrase " All 's good that ends good " keep true for Isabella and Mariana? Isabella 's silence at the proposition of matrimony forces the readers to re-think if it at all is the solution or merely a via media with the given times.
Stereotyped Compromise by Women in Measure for Measure
Measure for Measure ( 1604 ) appears to uncover the falseness of love affair and exposes the morbid world of life. It falls into the class of sombre dramas by Shakespeare where the amusing elements remain integral but the tone is misanthropic, sedate and tragic. The drama is frequently referred to as a 'bitter comedy ' or as a 'problem drama '. The other dramas which fall under the same class are Troilus and Cressida ( 1602 ) and All 's Well that Ends Well ( _PHONE_ ). These dramas raise issues and inquiries in the heads of the readers who keep contemplating if the offered declaration of the drama could hold been different. Is that which appears to be a happy stoping ( except for Troilus and Cressida ) at all the world of the destinies of the different characters? At the terminal of the concerned drama there is a extremist temperament to free terminals when the Duke enforces the matrimonies of Angelo with Mariana ; Lucio with a prostitute ; and eventually proposes to get married Isabella. Though Mariana, prostitute and the Duke seemingly seems to be satisfied with the forced matrimonies but Isabella 's silence puts the audience or the readers into a quandary so as how to construe her reaction or instead no reaction. Again, is Juliet 's matrimony to Claudio the lone manner her so called wickedness can be transformed into the approval of owing a legitimate offspring? Is Mariana 's matrimony with Angelo a suited and compatible one? All of these inquiries exhibit clearly one facet of the adult females of this peculiar drama: petroleum accommodations and a compromising attitude which is both stereotyped and platitude. Solution to all webs offered is matrimony. Peter Barry while discoursing feminism and feminist unfavorable judgment writes that the focal point of involvement is largely on the ' [ aˆ¦ ] heroine 's pick of matrimony spouse, which will make up one's mind her ultimate societal place and entirely find her felicity and fulfilment in life, or her deficiency of these. ' ( Barry, 117 ) This paper attempts to foreground all the expressed and unsaid via medias displayed by the female characters in different state of affairss.
We foremost hear of Isabella from Claudio when he asks Lucio to near Isabella so that she pleads on his behalf for his safety. We learn that she was to fall in the convent that really twenty-four hours as a nun. Claudio has been sentenced to decease for holding prenuptial sexual relationship with his fiancee. He displays an absolute trust in his sister 's capableness in pass oning with the deputy and change by reversaling the state of affairs. Claudio tells Lucio: 'For in her youth/ There is a prone and speechless dialect/ Such as move work forces ; beside, she hath comfortable art/ when she will play with ground and discourse, /And good she can carry. ' ( I.ii.163-67 ) These gifts of persuasive address and cogent logical thinking as described by Claudio are in blunt contrast to Isabella 's silence at the terminal. Although the proposal comes forty eight lines before the drama comes to an terminal, Isabella 's silence
remains. For her brother 's interest she grounds with Angelo and asks him for forgiveness and the safety of Claudio 's life but she is exhaustively shocked when Angelo wants to merchandise her virginity for her brother 's life. He wanted to bask the 'treasures ' of her organic structure, precisely the same thing which has been labelled as an offense in instance of her brother. She replies aggressively that she would ne'er give to any adult male 's embracings and her announcement makes it clear that her celibacy is of extreme importance to her.
Isabella: As much for my hapless brother as myself:
That is, were I under the footings of decease,
Th'impression of acute whips I 'd have on as rubies,
And deprive myself to decease as to a bed
That yearning have been ill for, ere I 'd give
My organic structure up to dishonor.
ANGELO: Then must your brother dice.
Isabella: And twere the cheaper manner:
Better it were a brother died at one time,
Than that a sister by delivering him
Should decease for of all time.
( II.iv.100-104 )
This conversation establishes Isabella 's finding in non give uping her virginity. She is taken aback when Claudio expresses his despair to be saved furthermore he does non even mind if his sister has to give her celibacy for him. She is disgusted and does non mind offering a 1000 supplications for his decease. Duke 's program of permutation of one miss for another in the bed of the seducer is a device Shakespeare had already used in All 's Well that Ends Well. This keeps the heroine chaste throughout. Mariana who was before betrothed to Angelo and was accordingly abandoned by him for deficiency of dowery is persuaded by the Duke in camouflage of a mendicant to partake in the achievement of his program. A sort of lip service prevails in the male characters attitude towards sexual interludes. It is an offense in instance of Claudio ; wickedness for Juliet: sadistic lecherousness for Angelo ; decease for Isabella and in words of Duke 'no wickedness ' for Mariana as Angelo was her 'husband on a pre-contact '. It is besides expected from her that she should hold no consciences at all in passing the dark hours of the dark in camouflage with a adult male who has behaved in the most nefarious of mode. Juliet on the other manus is advised by the duke to experience penitent truly as her wickedness is of the 'heavier sort ' for being impregnated by Claudio as her 'fast married woman '. Her stick outing belly is taken as an index for her societal and religious devolution. Mariana 's ordeal
in holding to satisfy Angelo 's sexual desire is overlooked and she eventually gives in to the male authorization.
The exclusive manner Mariana, Juliet and his unborn can acquire societal credence is through matrimony. Like at the terminal of Twelfth Night Olivia agrees to get married Sebastian who is merely a expression alike of the individual she has fallen in love with, merely to make off with the assorted knots at the terminal of the drama. Orsino, the Duke of Illyria, feeding on the 'food of love ' in heartache of Olivia quite easy gives up on her and falls for Viola at his free will. All 's Well that Ends Well revolves around Helen 's hardening of the King and her wages in obtaining a suited hubby of her pick. There is besides the narrative of the derelict married woman seeking to acquire back her hubby urgently by replacing herself in the bed of his kept woman. Everywhere the adult females make the necessary accommodations and via medias to accommodate the patriarchal construction. The place of a adult female is equated in footings of her celibacy and her submissiveness and preparedness to adhere to the male rules. The faith decides less assertively. The society confirms and therefore everyone should adhere to its rules. Sita in the heroic poem Ramayana undergoes a test by fire in order to turn out her celibacy to her hubby Ram. In the affair of celibacy the color white is really important, it denotes pureness. The nun 's frock is white in coloring material and in Christianity white is besides the coloring material of the bride 's nuptials frock. Hence the yardstick to judge a adult female is by the virtuousness of her celibacy on male footings. Charles R.


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Acceleration of a Pulley by a Weight
A simplifying assumption often made is that a pulley has no mass or moment of inertia. This is of course false. A uniform disc of radiushas moment of inertiaabout an axis through the centre of the disc perpendicular to the plane of the disc.
If a massis tied to a string which is then wound around the pulley, then let loose, and the pulley is free to turn, then the massapplies a torqueto the system.
The moment of inertia of the whole system is
The angular accelerationis given by
Another way to show this is using energy.
The kinetic energy of the system is
This will be equal to the gravitational potential energy lost by the massas it falls a distanceEquating these – gives
Now useSince the system starts from rest


John Shore Christian Blog and Commentary
From Selflessness to Selfishness: Go, Xena, Go!
This post is the second in the series 7 Reasons Women Stay in Bad Relationships. It's part two of yesterday's post, From Selfless to Selfish: 1 Reason Women Remain in Bad Relationships.
If you saw yourself in yesterday's description of a woman who stays in a bad relationship because she's resistant to changing her self-image from Healing Nurturer to Selfless Terminator, then it is absolutely vital for you to understand that the least healing and nurturing thing you can do for yourself and the people you love is to remain in a bad relationship. There's virtually nothing you can do that's more healing to yourself and those around you than to once and for all kick a bad man out of your life. Here are some reasons that's true:
1. It's extremely encouraging to others. The people who care about you want both you and them to be okay. You having the inner strength and wisdom to rid yourself of a bad man not only shows them that you're okay, it also models for them how they can be okay, too. Seeing others take definitive steps toward healing themselves greatly encourages others to do the same thing in their own lives. Healing begets healing.
2. It refutes the Women as Victims model. Children grow up to build relationships just like the ones their parents had. Mothers who remains in bad relationships every single day teach their children that the natural role of women is to be hurt and demeaned by men, and that the natural role of men is to treat women like garbage.
3. Enabling a person to act poorly only hurts them. You do a man no favors by allowing him to continue to treat you shabbily. You don't train a dog to stop biting by letting it chew on your leg. Enabling dysfunctional behavior can't help but make it worse.
4. No one changes anyone. You can think, imagine, and dream that somehow, some day, you will change him. But he will only change when, how, where, and if he wants to. Period, end of story, close that lame, ancient fairy tale.
5. You are in a life and death situation. Just because it's happening slowly, bit by bit every day, doesn't mean that remaining with a bad man isn't destroying your life. Drowning an inch at a time is still drowning. You don't get another life. This is your life. Get desperate about improving it.
6.You are alone. You have exactly two choices: Take the steps necessary to save yourself, or suffer till you die. No one is going to come riding in on a white horse and make your life all better for you. Either do it yourself, or you wait till you die for someone else to. (Even when it comes to turning to God for peace and understanding: that's something you have to do. God doesn't make a habit of entering rooms into which he hasn't been invited.)
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Monthly Archives: October 2018
A Simple Lesson About Money and Models
Imagine you are in your high school algebra class and you are presented with the following two equations:
x + y = 20
2x + 10y = 100
Two linear equations with 2 unknowns. This is a simple problem to solve.
Now suppose that your teacher gives you the following three equations:
x + y = 20
2x + 10y = 100
x + z = 5
Note that this is still a simple problem to solve. The first two equations are identical to the previous example. You can use those first two equations to solve for x and y. Then, knowing x, you can solve for z. The central point is that the third equation is not important for determining the value of x. The first two equations are sufficient to solve for x and y.
So why am I bringing this up?
This is precisely how the benchmark New Keynesian model deals with money. The baseline New Keynesian model does not include money. The model is complete and a solution exists. Subsequently, to examine whether money would be important in the model, a money demand function is added to this system of equations. There is a solution to the model that exists. Money is then shown to be irrelevant in the determination of the other variables. But, then again, so was z.
UPDATE: I have updated the post to read "benchmark New Keynesian model" to reflect the fact that some have attempted to integrate money into the NK model in other ways, specifically through non-separable utility. This is, in fact, where I am going to take this argument in the future. Nonetheless, for now, see the excellent comment by Jonathan Benchimol below with some links to his related research.


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Assume that you are the manager of the fast food company.What are the outputs of your work unit? (i.e excellent service,quality of food) and what are the inputs? What are the activities requires to produce those outputs?
Here you gohope this helps. Good luck!
The outputs of a fast food company include quality of food and customer service (speed, friendliness, responsiveness, and efficiency), completed orders, and profit for the company. The inputs are ingredients, labor, and a customer's order. Inputs are what are required to meet the desired results. The outputs are the desired results. In order to produce happy, satisfied customers specific tasks and procedures must take place. In the case of a fast food company, one must purchase the raw ingredients, ship them to the restaurant, and cook the product in a standardized fashion to ensure quality results. In addition, the food must be delivered hot to the customer in a friendly manner.
Input: An order being placed
Process: assuming ingredients are on hand and available (part of the earlier process), meal is prepared, money is collected
Output: complete order
By simplifying the steps initially one can then go back and...
This solution assumes that you are the manager of the fast food company. It discusses the outputs of your work unit (i.e excellent service,quality of food) and the inputs. It also explains the activities required to produce those outputs. APA references are included.


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The Pepper Wreck Virtual Tour
Text by Filipe Castro
Ships were and still are complex machines, perhaps among the most sophisticated artifacts built by men at all times. For this reason it is often times difficult to explain the importance of the archaeological record to the general public, journalists, politicians and treasure hunters.
The ShipLab team would like to explain how exciting and interesting the history of shipbuilding is, and hopefully raising people's awareness towards this subject.
Our main objective is to engage sport divers, looters, and treasure hunters in constructive discussions about shipbuilding and try to salvage whatever information is possible to salvage from archaeological sites salvaged or looted.
This project intends to be a guide to the basic archaeological recording of one of these shipwrecks.
What Archaeologists Do
This page is intended as an explanation of what archaeologists do. Often times I have been asked - mostly by treasure hunting supporters - about the relevance of our work at the ShipLab, and the differences between what we do and what treasure hunters do.
At the ShipLab we have gathered as much information as we could find on 16th century Iberian shipbuilding, and now we can make a strong case for the importance of the study of this subject, and consequently argue for the necessity to protect the few shipwreck sites still left untouched from the destructions of treasure hunters and looters.
The Pepper Wreck is an almost perfect case-study to explain what we do and why.
It was destroyed and scattered in the shipwrecking process, it was salvaged by skilled divers in subsequent summers (at least until 1612), it was probably smashed by the 1755 tidal waves that followed the earthquake, and it was looted in the 1970s and 1980s.
From what was left, we have reconstructed the site formation process, recorded the archaeological remains, and reconstructed the original ship, to the best of our knowledge.
The drawings presented here pretend to illustrate the conjectural reconstruction.
The model presented here is just an educated guess.
We have also planned to look at it as a financial asset, part of a large and complex economic process.
Separately, we are attempting to address this ship as a cultural answer to a particular question: How can we [the 16th century Portuguese merchants] bypass the Ottoman-Venetian intermediaries and access the Asian markets directly?
And finally, we want to compare this ship with the other merchantmen of its time and try to understand the differences between the Portuguese ocean-going vessels and those of their neighbors and competitors, in the North of Europe and in the Mediterranean World.
Why is this Relevant?
Why should we study these archaeological remains instead of breaking them apart for short-term profit?
There are many answers to this question. The first is because the understanding of our past is paramount to our well-being.
Historian Howard Zinn said that a society without a memory would have to trust its politicians. It is difficult to conceive a civilization without roots.
Culture is the software of our minds. To understand who we are we must know where we came from.
And ships were and still are among the most complex and sophisticated artifacts produced by any society. The history of seafaring is a relevant part of the Human experience. As George Bass said, long before there were farmers there were sailors. Ships are means of transport, communication, and power.
And the Portuguese naus were the ships that first opened direct relations between Europe and East and West Africa, the Indian Subcontinent, and Southeast Asia. These were the ships that first arrived with Europeans in India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, China, Japan, and Indonesia, as well as Brazil.
Their economical and cultural importance is enormous. As Michael Krondl reminds us in a recent book (The Taste of Conquest, New York: Balantine Books, 2007), can you imagine Asian cuisine without the red peppers brought by the Portuguese from Brazil?
How many artifacts around the world attest the exciting intellectual climate experienced after the Portuguese and Spanish seafarers established economic, cultural and social contacts between the previously isolated populations of the Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas?
And yet we know so little about their ships: How were they conceived? How were they built? Why were they different (if they were different) from the Genoese carracks of their time?
Can we weight the importance of their study against the earnings of a small bunch of treasure hunters? I don't think so.
And yet, most Portuguese ships have been destroyed by looters or treasure hunters wherever they are found.
For those who don't know, the difference between treasure hunters and looters is a mere technicality: the first are supposed to have licenses to destroy the shipwrecks they salvage, and the second are supposed to destroy them illegally. Treasure hunters may leave us pictures, often times in auction catalogs; looters generally leave us nothing.
This page is therefore intended as a detailed and clear explanation about what we believe must be done with every shipwreck found around the world.
Their rapid evolution through the period _PHONE_ reflects the cultural changes of their makers: necessity, ideology, technological advances, changes in taste, foreign influences, supply and demand dynamics, and other factors worth studying.
These ships were made in a world that knew no industrialization and are all unique artifacts. To understand the culture that produced them we need a large sample.
Treasure Hunters and Archaeology
Some treasure hunters have voiced their frustrations regarding the logics of their business. To them time is money. They work for profit. Therefore they must act fast, salvage whatever they can, avoid wasting time recording anything or spending money preserving artifacts without market value.
Understandably, they have to avoid letting archaeologists see whatever they leave behind. I suspect that it is not pretty. And it is part of their marketing strategy to avoid discussing the destructions left behind.
Peter Throckmorton wrote that a particular treasure hunter dynamited his site after salvaging the porcelain cargo in an attempt to erase from the face of the earth. A treasure hunter that I know personally said recently about a shipwreck that he has salvaged somewhere that he treated it like a baby. Yet, he is not disclosing its location or showing any pictures of the site, before, during, or after the salvage operations.
Without even dreaming of approving what they do, I would like them to understand how important the sites they destroy are, and ask them to record at least a small number of important pieces of information, and then share them with us.
I believe that it is possible to make treasure hunting illegal worldwide and I spend a lot of time every year lobbying to have treasure hunting illegalize in many countries. In the mean time, I believe that we have an obligation to try to improve the situation within the boundaries of what is possible to achieve.
Archaeologists and Archaeology
Having experienced all sorts of dysfunctional behaviors from my colleagues, I think that it is only fair to write here that treasure hunters are only a part of the problem. Many Iberian shipwrecks have been excavated by archaeologists and never published, and I know more than one case of their remains having been left to dry by the state agencies in theory responsible by their conservation.
State bureaucrats in several countries use their agencies as private clubs, sit on archaeological sites forever without publishing a line, don't let anybody dig anything, anywhere, don't publish their finds, only share their reports with a small group of their friends, and some even organize their tribal little wars internationally.
This is another reason why we know so few about Iberian seafaring.
Ideally, all shipwrecks that cannot be protected should be disassembled, their timbers recorded in detail, and the raw data made available through publications.
This is not possible for obvious reasons. Most countries have other, far more important, priorities than their underwater cultural heritage.
Anyway, if we are to aim high, this would be the best solution: do not touch anything unless we have a good reason, and produce and share a full recording of any site we touch, for any reason.
A Ship in Parts
In this section, which I expect to be always under construction, we intend to present a detailed description of an India nau's hull, with the variations, uncertainties and relevant questions that we are aiming at answering at any given stage of the research.
The best way to go about describing one of these elaborated structures is to disassemble them piece by piece. We want to know how each timber was fashioned and assembled. Actually, we would like to know how each timber was grown. Were they pruned? Were they shaped while they were growing?
But design and construction sequence are more important to us at the present state of the research.
1. Site Plan
Site plans are important, mostly if we cannot afford to bring each timber up, record it properly, photograph all tool marks and measure all fastening marks. This information is important to establish a number of important things later on.
For instance, in certain cultures, as the Dutch in the 16th and 17th centuries, shipwrights assembled the hull planking with temporary fasteners and this process leaves marks of the temporary nails on the plank's faces. These marks should be recorded in situ, weather we are planning to raise all timbers of a particular site or not.
We do not know how the Portuguese erected the hulls above the first futtocks. Were the second futtocks supported by scaffolds? Were they sandwiched between the stringers and the wales, and their final positions defined through the runs of the hull strakes to which they were fastened?
Pictures are always a good help and the least we can say about them is that we can never take too many. Treasure hunters


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Chest symptoms following coronary stenting in the first 10 weeks of recovery
- Publication Type:
- Journal Article
- European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 2008, 7 (1), pp. 73 - 79
- Issue Date:
Copyright Clearance Process
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Background: Most patients experience the benefits of PTCA and stent quickly, with reduction in symptoms and improvement in functional status, however many patients experience chest symptoms post-procedure. Objective: To describe the pattern and characteristics of post-stent chest symptoms in cardiac rehabilitation participants. Methods: A prospective descriptive study assessing the pattern and presence of chest symptoms in coronary artery stent recipients (N = 129) four and ten weeks post-procedure. Patients were interviewed at cardiac rehabilitation or by the phone using a specifically developed questionnaire which incorporated the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Results: Most participants were male, aged on average 60.5 years and received two stents, most often drug eluting. Post-stent chest symptoms were common, experienced by two thirds of patients (68%) at some time during the 10 weeks post-discharge. Chest symptoms were recurrent, with 33% having symptoms on both occasions and occurred more often in younger patients (p <.00). Patients described their symptoms as discomforting and used the descriptors dull, tight, sharp, pressing and flickering. Chest symptoms tended to be brief and/or intermittent (65%) lasting from a few seconds to a few minutes (63%). Most patients felt their symptoms were related to their stent (75%) and were unsure what to do. A small number (5%) interpreted their symptoms as ischaemic and presented to the hospital (4%). Conclusions: Post-stent chest symptoms are frequent and recurrent out to 10 weeks post-discharge. Although symptoms tended to be brief and intermittent, the location and quality of these symptoms may overlap with existing chest pain guidelines, making it difficult for patients to interpret. Cardiac rehabilitation staff are in an ideal position to support and inform stent recipients about appropriate responses to these symptoms. © 2007 European Society of Cardiology.
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