Early activating somatic PIK3CA mutations promote ectopic muscle development and upper limb overgrowth.
Frisk S, Taylan F, Blaszczyk I, Nennesmo I, Annerén G, Herm B, Stattin EL, Zachariadis V, Lindstrand A, Tesi B, Laurell T, Nordgren A
Clin. Genet. 96 (2) 118-125 [2019-08-00; online 2019-05-09]
PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum is a group of rare genetic disorders with asymmetric overgrowth caused by somatic mosaic PIK3CA mutations. Here, we report clinical data and molecular findings from two patients with congenital muscular upper limb overgrowth and aberrant anatomy. During debulking surgery, numerous ectopic muscles were found in the upper limbs of the patients. DNA sequencing, followed by digital polymerase chain reaction, was performed on DNA extracted from biopsies from hypertrophic ectopic muscles and identified the somatic mosaic PIK3CA hotspot mutations c.3140A > G, p.(His1047Arg) and c.1624G > A, p.(Glu542Lys) in a male (patient 1) and a female (patient 2) patient, respectively. Patient 1 had four ectopic muscles and unilateral isolated muscular overgrowth while patient 2 had 13 ectopic muscles and bilateral isolated muscular overgrowth of both upper limbs, indicating that her mutation occurred at early pre-somitic mesoderm state. The finding of PIK3CA mutations in ectopic muscles highlights the importance of PIK3CA in cell fate in early human embryonic development. Moreover, our findings provide evidence that the disease phenotype depends on the timing of PIK3CA mutagenesis during embryogenesis and confirm the diagnostic entity PIK3CA-related muscular overgrowth with ectopic accessory muscles.
NGI Stockholm (Genomics Applications) [Service]
NGI Stockholm (Genomics Production) [Service]
National Genomics Infrastructure [Service]
QC bibliography QC xrefs
PubMed 30919936
DOI 10.1111/cge.13543
Crossref 10.1111/cge.13543
pmc: PMC6851821


Did you know?
 - definition
What are red words?
adverb, predeterminer rather pronunciation in British English /ˈrɑːðə(r)/
Rather can be used in the following ways:
as an adverb (before an adjective or another adverb): I'm feeling rather tired.She's been treated rather badly. (before a verb): He rather enjoys telling other people what to do. (as an answer word): 'Would you like to come for a ride?' 'Rather!'
as a predeterminer (followed by 'a'): This is rather a good wine.
in the conjunction phrase rather than: It would be better to make a decision now, rather than leave it until later.
as a way of showing how a sentence is connected to what has already been said: His purpose was not so much to attack his rivals. Rather, it was to defend his own position.
Related dictionary definitions
 1. 1
 to a fairly large degree
 some rather nice chocolate biscuits
 He was rather a handsome boy.
 I realize that I've been rather stupid and selfish.
 Matt left rather suddenly without any explanation.
 rather more/better/worse/bigger etc:
 The problem is rather more complicated than we had expected.
 1. a.
 mainly spoken a little too much, or to a degree that is slightly too great
 Don't you think she's rather young to be travelling abroad on her own?
 It's a good essay, but rather long.
 rather too:
 Toby had drunk rather too much.
 2. 2
 used for introducing a true statement after saying that another statement is not true
 The purpose of Paxton's book was not to make accusations. Rather, it was to provide information on which accusations might be based.
 Our aim was not to punish the rich, but rather to bring justice to the poor.
 3. 3
 used for correcting what you have just said
 or rather:
 He couldn't help us, or rather he didn't want to.
 Who is Fred anyway, or rather who was he?
 4. 4
 rather pronunciation in British English /ˌrɑːˈθɜː(r)/ British informal old-fashioned used for showing that you are very keen to do what someone has suggested
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Weather Witches
The witch trials in early modern Europe, which resulted in the execution of between 40,000 and 60,000 people and targeted double that figure, focused on devil worship more than anything else, but maleficia (harmful magic) was often the trigger, and the evidence, for the identification of conspiratorial witchcraft. And of the various types of harm that witches were accused of committing, nothing was more generic, and more harmful, than weather witchcraft. One of the earliest printed depiction of witches makes the connection concrete: two hag witches are literally whipping up a storm in a cauldron.
Ulrich Molitor, (fl. _PHONE_), De lamiis et phitonicis mulieribus (Cologne, 1500).
Even if we can't understand the fear of witchcraft in our rational era, we can understand the threat of weather witchcraft to a civilization that depended on the climate for food, and life. Our supposed mastery of nature leaves us a lot less vulnerable–at least we like to think so. But in the premodern past, a storm could bring hunger at best and starvation at worst. The source of evil is always a problem in Christianity, as it is in every culture: why do bad things happen to good people? The devil and his witches–the servants of Satan–provided an accessible explanation. And for these reasons, I think that the earliest disseminated images of the witch focused on weather witchery: certainly those of the greatest printmakers of the day, Albrecht Dürer and his apprentice Hans Baldung (Grien) did: Dürer pictures a goat-riding witch attending by several putti and bringing forth rain, while Baldung's more shapely weather witches are yielding their apple-capped flask to bring forth a storm with the aid of another demonic putto and of course, the demon-goat. This particular image is obviously a painting, but Baldung created several influential woodblock prints of witches depicted in an overtly sexual manner, intensifying interest in them even more in the early sixteenth century.
Albrecht Dürer, The Witch (1500-02), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Hans Baldung Grien, The Weather Witches (1523), oil on panel, Städel Museum, Frankfurt.
As I am writing this, I keep checking for updates on Hurricane Sandy, and I just read about the abandonment at sea of the Canadian replica tall ship HMS Bounty (made for the 1962 Marlon Brando film), and the loss of several members of her crew. This was the particular witchcraft fear in Scandinavian cultures: witches stirred up storms at sea and sank ships. You can see this fear illustrated in the Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus of Olaus Magnus (1555), a grand compendium of Nordic popular culture and folklore, as well as in King James I and VI's pamphlet about the famous North Berwick trials: Newes from Scotlanddeclaring the damnable life and death of Dr. John Fian (1591). Upon his engagement to Anne of Denmark, James spent time in Scandinavia and became exposed to continental witchcraft beliefs: the stormy voyage he endured on his return trip home combined with his belief that as "God's lieutenant" he was the target of demonic conspiracies inspired him to be a particularly zealous witch-hunter both in Scotland and England.
Magnus's Historia and Newes from Scotland woodcuts: Ferguson Collection, University of Glasgow Library Special Collections.
The contemporary record of one of the largest witch hunts in European history, occurring at Trier in western Germany from 1581 to 1593 and resulting in the death of over 360 people, is illustrated with a composite picture of all the activities of witches, including storm-making with a broomstick. In central Europe, hail seems to have been the most commonly-identified form of magical weather and could definitely provoke accusations. Hail does seem kind of magical, if you think about it.
Title page of Peter Binsfeld, Tractatus de confessionibus maleficorum et sagarum (1592).
You can see from the title page of one of the pamphlets reporting the Lancashire (Pendle) trials of 1612, the largest trials in England, that weather witching was one of the accusations, along with riding the wind. I am not certain if any specific weather charges were leveled at the accused witches here in Salem, although I do know that the intense cold, and the hardship it brought to this community, has been considered among several contributing factors in the background of the 1692 trials. This follows the European historiography, which has been considering the impact of the "Little Ice Age" on witch-hunting for some time.
A goat-riding witch brings down a storm: from the Compendium Maleficarum of Francesco Maria Guazzo (1628).
2 responses to "Weather Witches
 - cecilia
 I knew that the european witch hunts were widespread but had no idea of the scope.. this kind of history is well hidden from high school students.. wonderful images. I hope this naturally occurring storm will soon ride its own nasty self right out. c
 - Brodie Waddell
 Wonderful post, Donna. You do a great job of explaining how 'natural' (to us) events could be interpreted as magical in a time before scientific meterology or medicine.
 I'm not sure I agree with your aside at the start though: in England at least most witch trails were very much focused on 'harmful magic' rather than 'devil worship'. My impression is that the latter was a bit of a top-down imposition from elite demonologists – the average villager was much more worried about witches causing hailstorms or, as I discuss in a post on 'The Many-Headed Monster', causing cattle to fall sick.
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Impact of COVID-19 on mortality rates and ramifications for group benefits plans
We've all witnessed the devastating effects of COVID-19 on our everyday life and on our loved ones. The virus has unfortunately taken the lives of too many people. What impact will this have on the mortality of Canadians and how will this uptick in deaths affect group benefits plans offered to workers and retirees?
The following graph presents the weekly number of deaths in Canada in recent years, compiled by Statistics Canada.
Backed by data from StatsCan and the Institut de la statistique du Québec, it's believed that COVID-19 generated 5% additional deaths in Canada last year. As expected, COVID-19 had a greater impact on mortality in Quebec, with nearly 8% additional deaths.
According to data published by the Government of Canada, individuals ages 70 and over account for 88% of COVID-19 deaths, with 69% of those deaths occurring in individuals ages 80 and older. The percentage of COVID-19 deaths among these age groups is even higher in Quebec (92% of deaths among those ages 70 and older, with 73% occurring among those 80 and older), according to the Institut national de la santé publique du Québec (INSPQ).
As these age groups comprise mostly retirees, we will analyze the cost of group benefits (pension plans and group insurance plans) offered to those individuals.
At first glance, we can expect more deaths occurring in 2020 than previously expected. For example, a group benefits plan covering 1,000 retirees with a median age of 70 could expect anywhere from 10 to 20 deaths in a given year. In 2020, the impact of COVID-19 resulted in an average of one or two additional deaths.
As mentioned, individuals ages 80 and older have been most affected by COVID-19. In general, the pension plan liabilities for this subgroup of retirees are small compared to other subgroups. Therefore, the experience variation as a result of increased mortality due to COVID-19 for 2020 should be rather limited, with some exceptions. We can expect little to no variation in pension plan funding costs as a result of the impact of COVID-19 on mortality in 2020.
COVID-19 may take a toll on premiums payable to the insurer. For plans offering life insurance coverage at retirement, the impact of the coronavirus will depend on group size and the renewal methodology.
Companies offering life, health and dental insurance coverage to retirees must acknowledge the costs of these plans in their financial statements. Just like pension plans, the liabilities for retirees over the age of 80 are small compared to other insured people. We can therefore expect little to no variation in costs as a result of the impact of COVID-19 on mortality in 2020.
It is too early to assess the long-term impact of COVID-19 on mortality rates, given the many factors that could influence future developments, such as:
- Additional waves of the pandemic
- Survivorship bias, or the belief that those who survived the pandemic may have physical attributes related to greater longevity
- Long-term effects on the health of COVID-19 survivors
- The impact of the cancellation or postponement of healthcare treatment and surgeries. Over time, the current situation may have a serious impact on the recovery of those awaiting treatment and, in the long term, on the life expectancy of Canadians.
- Mental health impact of social isolation and job losses
- Behavioural changes, such as frequent handwashing, may have beneficial long-term effects. This good habit could curb the transmission of other yearly viruses, such as influenza, which would reduce the yearly number of deaths.
With this in mind, it would be best to maintain the mortality assumptions currently used for estimating future costs of pension plans and group insurance plans. As a result, costs are expected to remain stable in the short term.
Your Normandin Beaudry consultants are monitoring the situation as it evolves and will keep you informed.
Would you like more information?
Contact your Normandin Beaudry consultant or email us.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
A colleague recently asked me for some input on leading a team's first retrospective:
I am leading a team's first retrospective soon. From my initial research, it seems many of the participants are "scared to death" (mainly because they do not know what to expect). There is also speculation that it will be a challenge to get those same people to speak up. Any suggestions?
One thing that I've found to be helpful in making everyone feel comfortable to talk is doing an icebreaker activity in which everyone speaks. For a team that was new to me and was having its first retrospective, I started with a simple "emotion check-in" (on a post-it, write a word or phrase about how you're feeling right now). Instead of having them read their own, I had them put them in a hat, pass the hat back around and pull out someone else's, and read it. That gave them a chance to speak without any real pressure. Studies have shown that when someone speaks once, he or she is more likely to speak again.


text:
Diaries & Journals | Immigration Reports | Illustrated London News | Trivia | Frequently Asked Questions
Emigration To North America In 1847
The year 1847 was a unique year for emigration. Famine in Ireland leads the list of reasons for the increase in the number of emigrants in that year. However, if one reads newspapers of the day other facts soon come to light.
There are reports of vessels leaving various parts of the United States and Canada (this will be used to describe New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Upper and Lower Canada) with supplies for Europe. For example, on March 4, 1847, the Constitution and Sarah Sands had unfurled their sails, while at Boston, the Tartar sailed in April. These vessels were on their way to Ireland. A New York paper reported that in March some $1,250,000 of supplies a week were leaving from that port for Ireland and about $5,000,000 from all parts of the U.S.
On April 24, 1847, the vessel Morea was leaving Boston for Scotland with food stuffs for relief of the starving. There is also a report of the French government buying up thousands of pounds of food to alleviate the situation in that country. Reports also came from Holland, Germany and Switzerland about fever and hunger.
A report from England stated that the emigration of 1847 would probably go to 200,000 or 300,000 from Ireland alone. Government agents in other countries were also reporting large increases in the number of people heading to the port cities of the continent. Ships were being hired at an every increasing pace and Captains were carrying full compliments of passengers, some exceeding the legal limits. Some 6,000 Germans, the papers reported, were already at the ports of Breman, Harve and Antwerp preparing to sail.
Just to add to the misery, the northern U.S. and Canada had a hard winter in 1846-7 and the snow and ice were causing delays for many of the vessels. There are reports of gales and of vessels being stuck in the ice for weeks. The Albion, from Greenock, for example, sailed on March 25, 1847 and on April 10 hit the ice about 40 miles off Cape Ray. The vessel did not arrive in Quebec until June 4, 1847!
Even knowing that they were to receive more emigrants than in former years did not prepare the agents in the ports of New York, Boston, Philadelphia, New Orleans, Saint John, Quebec, and others for what was to come. By May 5, New York stated that they had already received 17,668 emigrants since the 1st of April. Boston had turned away a vessel, the Mary, carrying 46 passengers from Cork, Ireland because, "the city authorities would not suffer them to be landed, owing to their destitute condition, unless the master gave bonds that they should not become a burthen to the city." Quarantine stations in various US ports were running out of space. In New Orleans they reported they were, "doing all in their power to make them [the emigrants] comfortable."
Quebec began to receive emigrants in May as the ice finally left the St. Lawrence river and ships were able to make their way up to the city. Grosse Isle, the quarantine station, began to feel the strain within the first few weeks of May. On May 11, Mr. Buchanan, the Chief Emigrant Agent at Quebec, reported that "From the above statement it appears there are now on their way to this port, 31 vessels, having on board 10,636 passengers." Before the year was out Grosse Isle would be completely overwhelmed.
The Virginius, from Liverpool on May 28, had 476 passengers on board but, by the time she reached Grosse Isle, "...106 were ill of fever, including nine of the crew, and the large number of 158 had died on the passage, including the first and second officers and seven of the crew, and the master and the steward dying, the few that were able to come on deck were ghastly yellow looking spectres, unshaven and hollow checked, and without exception, the worst looking passengers I have ever seen..." wrote Dr. Douglas, Medical Superintendent at Grosse Isle, in the 1847 Immigration Report.
The fever they spoke of was Typhus Fever, more commonly known as "ships fever." Typhus was spread by body louse and within ten days of a person being bitten they would start to show symptoms of high fever, pain in muscles and joints, cerebral disorders, and headache. By the fifth day, a dark-red rash with elevated spots would appear on the trunk and shoulders, spreading to the rest of the body. Delirium would often set in by the second week. If the patients survived to the third week, they would often recover but would soon have a relapse with high fever, from which they would recover very quickly. The death rate was often as high as 50-70 percent of those infected.
The Irish were in the worst condition upon arrival at Grosse Isle. "An eye-witness called it the Isle of Death, and found a strange contrast of beauty and suffering, of levity and sorrow", wrote Guillet, in his book The Great Migration. One cabin passenger described the difference between the Irish and German immigrants:
...all of them, without a single exception, comfortably and neatly clad, clean and happy. There was no sickness amongst them, and each comely fair-haired girl laughed as she passed the doctor, to join the group of robust young men who had undergone the ordeal...As the emigrants continued to cross the ocean the US ports began to reject vessels thus forcing them to make their way to Quebec or New Brunswick ports. It was not just the passengers who suffered as Boston reported the arrival of the Jas. H. Shepherd from Liverpool with 228 passenger of which 26 died on the voyage and 105 were ill upon arrival. They also reported that, "...part of crew sick and for the last 10 days has had but 6 men all to do duty." In the end, Grosse Isle reported 9,572 deaths for the 1847 season and New York 703. (from Immigration Report of 1847)
With the terrible conditions on board ship some children arrived in Canada orphans. Others lost their parents, or remaining parent, at the quarantine station or on the way inland. Due to conditions on Grosse Isle, those in good health were removed by steamboats to Quebec and Montreal as quickly as possible, often leaving behind sick members of the family. This became such a problem that the emigrants began to remain at Montreal and Quebec instead of moving on to their destination. Mr. Buchanan, the Emigrant Agent at Quebec, took over some facilities to house these emigrants as they awaited word from Grosse Isle about loved ones and ads, such as this one, began to appear in the newspapers. Some of the orphans remained in the province of Quebec (partial lists) but some were sent on to Upper Canada. A list of 197 orphans and widows was kept by the Asylum in Toronto, set up specifically to care for the widows and orphans of 1847.
Quebec immigration increased from 32,153 in 1846 to 97,953 in 1847; New Brunswick reported 9,765 immigrants in 1846 and 16,251 in 1847; while that to New York increased from 97,843 in 1846 to 145,890 in 1847. Boston's increase was 6,666 souls while Philadelphia doubled the number of emigrants. New Orleans went from 22,148 emigrants in 1846 to 40,442 in 1847. (The Ocean Plague, published in 1848) Between 1846 and 1847 the number of emigrants to America from the British Isles increased fom 125,678 to 251,834. (Carrothers, Emigration From The British Isles, p. 305.)
THE IRISH EMIGRANTS IN CANADA
It can hardly be believed that affairs in Liverpool are conducted, as to the shipment of emigrants, as represented. The imputation is boldly made, and if untrue, an immediate contradiction is necessary. The report from the office of her Majesty's chief superintendent of emigration to Canada, dated Quebec, 24th July, states the numbers of emigrants who had arrived this year there, were 56,855. In the same period of last year, 24,576 settlers reached the port, showing an increase this year of no less than 32,279. August 18, 1847 Cork Examiner
THE FEVER IN CANADA
On the following pages you will find the daily shipping reports from several papers. Items on the events of the time have been added to these reports to help keep things in perspective.
TheShipsList®™ - (Swiggum) All Rights Reserved - Copyright

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Full Text Search
In this post, we are going to discuss a little about database searches and how to do a full text search on your SQL Azure database.
Explaining about the Properties of a SQL Azure Database
Entities in a database table usually have atomic attributes, like nvarchar, datetime or decimal. This means that they cannot be divided into smaller distinct pieces. Some consider this a requirement in order for the data model to be normalised. There some cases however where the existence and properties of a certain attribute can be dependant on another value of the entity or on a value of a related entity. In order to avoid over-granularization of the data (e.g. by creating an arbitrarily large number of distinct and somewhat dynamic tables) one can encapsulate these values into an object model. This object model can be stored in an nvarchar, JSON (see PostgreSQL) or XML format column.
There are some benefits to this technique:
 - The data will be stored in a semantic manner
 - Any two entities can not only have different values, but also different set of attributes, with different types
 - The structure of the data can easily accommodate even significant changes
 - The hierarchy can be represented between the attributes
Using This Model are there Limitations Running Full Text Search with SQL Azure?
Of course, there are a number of limitations when we use a model like this:
 - Increased query complexity
 - Simple SQL functions will be denied to execute on them
 - No sorting or grouping is possible (at least for now in SQL Azure).
Because of these reasons, running generic SQL queries in this column type can really grind even powerful machines to a halt. Even such small operations as a SELECT with a simple LIKE statement means that the server has to parse thousands of XML files, and do string interpolation on them. This is an operation that is fairly expensive and time-consuming in every scenario as well.
In one solution we have a number of business processes that share a large amount of generic information on their respective records. These are reference numbers, specific dates, and permissions.
There are some significant differences however in the details. Therefore, we decided on using an XML entity to represent these values. Over time the users wanted to be able to run queries on the data contained in these attributes as well. With Full-Text Search (FTS) made available on SQL Azure, we could fulfill their request.
Step by Step How to Run a Full Text Search on SQL Azure
In the case of Full-text Search, an engine examines all the words in every document.It returns only those that match the given search criteria.
To achieve this:
Firstly, create indexes for keywords on the given column in the given data table. These indexes are stored in objects called Catalogs. They are built based on the string terms found in the XML documents.
Secondly, build and populate these catalogs. For this, the server needs to index every row it already has in the given column. Processing them may take some time. Fortunately, it will automatically run as a background task. This means it should not interfere with the actual performance of the database.
FTS can be set up on views as well as tables. The only restriction is that the view must be schema-bound.
CREATE VIEW [dbo].[FullTextSearchView] WITH SCHEMABINDING AS (SELECT Id, Data FROM dbo.FullTextSearchTable)
Thirdly, create the catalog, and wire it up to the Data field. Please notice that these DDL statements can not be run in a transactional scope. Pay extra care setting up!
CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX ON [dbo].[FullTextSearchView](Data) KEY INDEX id_FullTextDataView ON dataViewCatalog;
From here there are only 2 steps left. These are to start the population of the catalog, and enable the FTS index.
Now the time is up for a cup of tea while the server is applying the indexes. The following query gives some insight on the status of the population process:
OBJECTPROPERTYEX(object_id(N'dbo.FullTextSearchView'), N'TableFulltextCatalogId') AS [Catalog Id],
OBJECTPROPERTYEX(object_id(N'dbo.FullTextSearchView'), N'TableHasActiveFulltextIndex') AS [Active],
CASE OBJECTPROPERTYEX(object_id(N'dbo.FullTextSearchView'), N'TableFulltextPopulateStatus')
 WHEN 0 THEN 'Idle'
 WHEN 1 THEN 'Full population in progress'
 WHEN 2 THEN 'Incremental population is in progress'
 WHEN 3 THEN 'Propagation of tracked changes is in progress'
 WHEN 4 THEN 'Background update index is in progress'
 WHEN 5 THEN 'Paused or throttled'
 WHEN 6 THEN 'Error'
 END AS [Populate status],
OBJECTPROPERTYEX(object_id(N'dbo.FullTextSearchView'), N'TableFullTextBackgroundUpdateIndexOn') AS [Background update index is on],
OBJECTPROPERTYEX(object_id(N'dbo.FullTextSearchView'), N'TableFullTextChangeTrackingOn') AS [Change tracking on],
OBJECTPROPERTYEX(object_id(N'dbo.FullTextSearchView'), N'TableFulltextDocsProcessed') AS [Docs processed],
OBJECTPROPERTYEX(object_id(N'dbo.FullTextSearchView'), N'TableFulltextFailCount') AS [Failure count],
OBJECTPROPERTYEX(object_id(N'dbo.FullTextSearchView'), N'TableFulltextItemCount') AS [Item count]
The number of successfully indexed documents can be found in the item count column.
The Completed Full Text Search SQL Azure Database
Once the population has finished, we can start querying the data. The two main functions that can be used with FTS (Full Text Search) are CONTAINS and FREETEXT. They serve different purposes and are capable of doing different tasks.
To extend our searching features we use CONTAINS. This is because we are interested in looking up some exact values that are contained in the documents. NHibernate does not support FTS natively so we have to format our queries as SQL statements. We then add them as extra criteria when needed to our underlying query engine.
It was at this time that the following problem came up. If we had more than one phrase to search for (and the result set should consist of elements containing all of them in the given order) the query discarded results where the phrases were glued together.
For example, if our input is "AAA BBB CCC", then the
clause will not return any row that has "AAABBBCCC".
This might be a problem if a search is directed to getting any combination back, and should disregard any whitespace. Also, it did not return any rows where we had any other strings between our terms, e.g. "AAA free BBB pizza CCC".
How to Search For Possible Solutions
To search for all the possible solutions we realized that we must search the following clauses:
 - Exact search "AAA BBB CCC"
 - Disregard whitespaces "AAABBBCCC*"
 - Proximity search "NEAR((AAA*, BBB*, CCC*))"
Fortunately, logical operators are allowed inside the CONTAINS function call. This means that these three options can be translated into just one statement:
Furthermore, let's assume that we are only interested in records where "AAA BBB CCC" appears as the value of the attribute called "name" under "items". If we have that information then we can chain the FTS query with some clever XPath, resulting in:
 AND Data.exist('/Record/items/name') > 0
 AND (Data.value('(/Record/items/name)[1]', 'nvarchar(255)') LIKE '%AAA%'
 OR Data.value('(/Record/items/name)[1]', 'nvarchar(255)') LIKE '%BBB%'
 OR Data.value('(/Record/items/name)[1]', 'nvarchar(255)') LIKE '%CCC%')
Get Coding!
Azure Licks: How to Run a Full-Text Search on SQL Azure is the second in 3 ( so far ) of our Azure Licks posts. In them, we try to improve your understanding of working with Azure and its many features. At Greenfinch Technologies we are well known for our expertise in working with Azure, especially (though not limited) with.NET Software Development.
If you have enjoyed this post about working with SQL Azure you might enjoy our other 2 Azure Licks posts. These are:
.Net Software Development
Greenfinch Technology
Greenfinch Technology


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Working with Data Types in Expressions (Reporting Services)
Data types represent different kinds of data so that it can be stored and processed efficiently. Typical data types include text (also known as strings), numbers with and without decimal places, dates and times, and images. Data can be stored using one data type for efficiency but formatted according to your preference when the data is displayed in the report. For example, a field that represents currency can be stored as a floating point number, but can be displayed in a variety of formats depending on the format property you choose. For more information about display formats, see Formatting Reports and Report Items.
It is important to understand data types when you write expressions to compare or combine values, for example, when you define group or filter expressions, or calculate aggregates. Comparisons and calculations are valid only between items of the same data type. If the data types do not match, you must explicitly convert the data type in the report item by using an expression. The following list describes cases when you may need to convert data to a different data type:
Comparing the value of a report parameter of one data type to a dataset field of a different data type.
Writing filter expressions that compare values of different data types.
Writing sort expressions that combine fields of different data types.
Writing group expressions that combine fields of different data types.
Converting a value retrieved from the data source from one data type to a different data type.
To determine the data type of a report item, you can write an expression that returns its data type. For example, to show the data type for the field MyField, add the following expression to a table cell: =Fields!MyField.Value.GetDataType().ToString(). The result displays the CLR data type used to represent MyField, for example, System.String or System.DateTime.
You can also convert dataset fields before you use them in a report. The following list describes ways that you can convert an existing dataset field:
Modify the dataset query to add a new query field with the converted data. For relational or multidimensional data sources, this uses data source resources to perform the conversion.
Create a calculated field based on an existing report dataset field by writing an expression that converts all the data in one result set column to a new column with a different data type. For example, the following expression converts the field Year from an integer value to a string value: =CStr(Fields!Year.Value). For more information, see How to: Add, Edit, or Delete a Field in the Report Data Pane.
Check whether the data processing extension you are using includes metadata for retrieving preformatted data. For example, a SQL Server Analysis Services MDX query includes a FORMATTED_VALUE extended property for cube values that have already been formatted when processing the cube. For more information, see Using Extended Field Properties for an Analysis Services Dataset.
Report parameters must be one of five data types: Boolean, DateTime, Integer, Float, or Text (also known as String). When a dataset query includes query parameters, report parameters are automatically created and linked to the query parameters. The default data type for a report parameter is String. To change the default data type of a report parameter, select the correct value from the Data type drop-down list on the General page of the Report Parameter Properties dialog box.
Report parameters that are DateTime data types do not support milliseconds. Although you can create a parameter based on values that include milliseconds, you cannot select a value from an available values drop-down list that includes Date or Time values that include milliseconds.
When you combine text and dataset fields using the concatenation operator (&), the common language runtime (CLR) generally provides default formats. When you need to explicitly convert a dataset field or parameter to a specific data type, you must use a CLR method or a Visual Basic runtime library function to convert the data.
The following table shows examples of converting data types.
Type of conversion
DateTime to String
String to DateTime
String to DateTimeOffset
Extracting the Year
-- or --
Boolean to Integer
-1 is True and 0 is False.
Boolean to Integer
1 is True and 0 is False.
Just the DateTime part of a DateTimeOffset value
Just the Offset part of a DateTimeOffset value
You can also use the Format function to control the display format for value. For more information, see Functions (Visual Basic).
When you connect to a data source with a data provider that does not provide conversion support for all the data types on the data source, the default data type for unsupported data source types is String. The following examples provide solutions to specific data types that are returned as a string.
Concatenating a String and a CLR DateTimeOffset Data Type
For most data types, the CLR provides default conversions so that you can concatenate values that are different data types into one string by using the & operator. For example, the following expression concatenates the text "The date and time are: " with a dataset field StartDate, which is a System.DateTime value: ="The date and time are: " & Fields!StartDate.Value.
For some data types, you may need to include the ToString function. For example, the following expression shows the same example using the CLR data type System.DateTimeOffset, which include the date, the time, and a time-zone offset relative to the UTC time zone: ="The time is: " & Fields!StartDate.Value.ToString().
Converting a String Data Type to a CLR DateTime Data Type
If a data processing extension does not support all data types defined on a data source, the data may be retrieved as text. For example, a datetimeoffset(7) data type value may be retrieved as a String data type. In Perth, Australia, the string value for July 1, 2008, at 6:05:07._PHONE_ A.M. would resemble:
2008-07-01 06:05:07._PHONE_ +08:00
This example shows the date (July 1, 2008), followed by the time to a 7-digit precision (6:05:07._PHONE_ A.M.), followed by a UTC time zone offset in hours and minutes (plus 8 hours, 0 minutes). For the following examples, this value has been placed in a String field called MyDateTime.Value.
You can use one of the following strategies to convert this data to one or more CLR values:
In a text box, use an expression to extract parts of the string. For example:
The following expression extracts just the hour part of the UTC time zone offset and converts it to minutes: =CInt(Fields!MyDateTime.Value.Substring(Fields!MyDateTime.Value.Length-5,2)) * 60
The result is 480.
The following expression converts the string to a date and time value: =DateTime.Parse(Fields!MyDateTime.Value)
If the MyDateTime.Value string has a UTC offset, the DateTime.Parse function first adjusts for the UTC offset (7 A.M. - [+08:00] to the UTC time of 11 P.M. the night before). The DateTime.Parse function then applies the local report server UTC offset and, if necessary, adjusts the time again for Daylight Saving Time. For example, in Redmond, Washington, the local time offset adjusted for Daylight Saving Time is [-07:00], or 7 hours earlier than 11 PM. The result is the following DateTime value: 2007-07-06 04:07:07 PM (July 6, 2007 at 4:07 P.M).
Add a new calculated field to the report dataset that uses an expression to extract parts of the string. For more information, see How to: Add, Edit, or Delete a Field in the Report Data Pane.
Change the report dataset query to use Transact-SQL functions to extract the date and time values independently to create separate columns. The following example shows how to use the function DatePart to add a column for the year and a column for the UTC time zone converted to minutes:
DATEPART(year, MyDateTime) AS Year,
DATEPART(tz, MyDateTime) AS OffsetinMinutes
The result set has three columns. The first column is the date and time, the second column is the year, and the third column is the UTC offset in minutes. The following row shows example data:
2008-07-01 06:05:07 2008 480
For more information about SQL Server database types, see Data Types (Database Engine) and Date and Time Data Types and Functions (Transact-SQL).


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Compatibility After Effects Please check exact version compatibility under the "COMPATIBILITY" tab below
Add Your tagsClose
Create 2D and 3D geo located markers on an equirectangular map or projected onto a sphere. In other words, add map location data to your After Effects comp quickly and easily!
1. 3D Checkbox:
If you enable the 3D option the markers you create will be created using cartesian coordiantes. That allows you to place them on a sphere. These markers are bound to an center layer that has aslider for the radius of that sphere. If this is unchecked your comp needs to be in an 2:1 ratio.
2. bake Checkbox:
If you enable this the script will use the AE positions. The expression that calculates the position based on lat lon is still there but disabled.
3. Cogwheel Button:
Opens the settings panel. There you can set if you use comma or tab separated values. Add a prefix and suffix for the text and change the layer name prefix.
4.? Button:
Opens the help. Duh.
5. Read Locations Button:
This button opens a file chooser dialogue. Select an.tsv or.csv file. The Script only can handle tab or comma separated values. It will parse the content of the file and try to fill your latitude, longitude and text dropdown.
6. Marker Type Dropdown:
0 --> nothing
1 --> nullObject
2 --> LightLayer
3 --> TextLayer
4 --> SolidLayer
5 --> Marker Precomp
There are different type of markers. LightLayers will be handled different than the rest due to the fact that lights can't have effects. So the script will calculate the real position and not, like the rest, add 2 angle controllers that can be used to change the lat long degrees. If you choose the Marker Precomp option the script will create a tiny comp that will be used as marker.
7. Lat Dropdown:
Select the latitude row of your csv after reading it in. If your row is named lat/latitude/Latitude/LAT/Lat the script will find them end set them for you.
8. Lon Dropdown:
Select the longitude row of your csv after reading it in. If your row is named lon/longitude/Longitude/LON/Lon the script will find them end set them for you.
9. Name Dropdown:
Select the row that should be used as text. This text will always be the layername and if you use textlayers it also will be its content. If your row is named name/Name/NAME/city Name/etc the script will find them end set them for you.
10. Build Locations Button:
This will create your markers.
11. NEW By id Ceckbox:
This allows you to sort the layers by the given id in the layers name.
12. NEW Sort Button:
Hit the button and the script will try to sort by the give field in the name dropdown (9) or by the id the script creates in the layers name.
Get and Create Geo Data
But there is more going on. For example has twitter an API that gives you geolocations. With this url:
You get all the recent tweets that are geo referenced within an one mile radius around that location.
Or maybe NA weather stations? You just need to find some way to turn these datasets into.csv or.tsv. Geocommons can be helpfull with that. Have a quick look into this tutorial on creating geodata with geocommons.
|After Effects||CC 2015, CC 2014, CC, CS6, CS5.5, CS5, CS4|


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This is an excerpt from the HTML5 Solutions: Essential Techniques for HTML5 Developers book by Apress (where I'm one of the author).
It was already possible to send any kind of file from your computer to a remote server with the older
versions of HTML by using the form, and the in particular.
This form control, however, had the limit of being able to send only one file at a time. If the user wanted to
upload a photo album and thus send several photos, the developer had to use other technologies, such as
Now, with HTML5 and with the addition of an attribute, it is possible to manage everything without using
any external language.
HTML5 introduces a new attribute to the file input type, multiple, to improve file upload usability. Multiple
is a Boolean attribute that indicates whether the user should be allowed to specify more than one value.
It's specified inline to the markup input tag:
This attribute is supported by the latest versions of Safari, Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, and Opera.
The input control will be rendered according to the browser, with a simple text input with a button on the
side to select the files (e.g., Opera), or with only a button (e.g., Chrome and Safari).
Other browsers, such as Chrome, use the same button label used for a simple file input type. However,
they specify the number of selected files for the user (but not their file names, as Opera and Firefox do).
To carry out a multiple selection, the user will use the SHIFT or CTRL or CMD keys after having clicked on
the Choose Files or Add Files button.
How to build it
From a technical point of view, the only thing you need to be aware of to allow the user to upload multiple
files is to add the multiple attribute in the declaration of the tag file input type.
Here is a complete example:
Solution 4-5: Sending multiple files
Solution 4-5: Sending multiple files
Upload one or more files:
The files that the user selects will have to be sent to the server and processed using server-side language.
Some programming languages, such as PHP, require you to add brackets to the name attribute of the tag
to send multiple files:
By doing so, PHP will construct an array data type, which will contain the uploaded files on the server. If
you don't specify the brackets, the programming language will process the files in order and only provide
the last file in your script.


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Getting a criminal record in Ontario can have serious consequences, affecting your ability to find a job, travel abroad, and even get a loan. Fortunately, there are several ways to prevent criminal charges and maintain a clean record. In this article, we will discuss some effective strategies for preventing a criminal record in Ontario.
Understand the Law
One of the most important steps to preventing a criminal record is to educate yourself about the law. Knowing the different laws and regulations in Ontario will help you to avoid actions that could lead to criminal charges. The Criminal Code of Canada is the primary law governing criminal offences in the country. It defines various criminal offences and outlines the punishments for each. Understanding the law can help you to make better decisions and avoid situations that could lead to criminal charges. To ensure a well-rounded educational experience, we suggest this external source packed with supplementary and pertinent data. Delve into this valuable article, discover new viewpoints on the topic covered.
Seek Legal Advice
If you are unsure about the legality of any activity or have been charged with a crime, seeking legal advice can be immensely helpful. A lawyer can help you to understand the charges against you and guide you through the legal process. They can also negotiate plea deals or work to have charges reduced or dropped altogether. Even if you cannot afford a lawyer, you may be eligible for legal aid or other types of free legal assistance. It's important to know your rights and options when facing potential criminal charges.
If you have been charged with a crime, taking responsibility for your actions can go a long way in preventing a criminal record. Showing remorse, making amends, and taking steps to ensure you do not repeat the offence may help to reduce the severity of your charges or even have them withdrawn. It's important to be honest and forthcoming with authorities, as lying or attempting to cover up your actions can make the situation worse.
Avoid Problematic Behaviours
Some behaviours are more likely to result in criminal charges than others. Avoiding these behaviours can help you to maintain a clean record. Some of the most common actions that can lead to criminal charges include drug use or possession, impaired driving, assault, theft, and fraud. If you are struggling with any of these issues, seeking help from a professional or community organization can help you to avoid criminal charges and get the support you need. Interested in further exploring the topic discussed in this article? Learn more from this external source, packed with supplementary and useful information to enhance your reading.
Preventing a criminal record in Ontario is an important goal for anyone who wants to protect their future opportunities and freedoms. By understanding the law, seeking legal advice, taking responsibility for your actions, and avoiding problematic behaviours, you can reduce your risk of criminal charges and maintain a clean record.
Deepen your research with the related links below:


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The genus Isoetes is easy to recognize, but the distinctions
between species are more challenging. Fortunately we have only
two species in Wisconsin, of the 24 species reported for North
America. The most reliable means of identifying the species of
Isoetes requires observation of the megaspores with a microscope.
Megaspores of I. echinospora are covered with numerous
spines, and are easily distinguished from the curving ridges of
I. lacustris megaspores.
I. lacustris grows on lake beds, usually completely submersed
in the water and often overlooked. The water must be reasonably
clear to allow Isoetes to grow on the lake bed and most
known locations are of oligotrophic lakes (i.e. of low productivity)
with slightly acid water.


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Take the mini Mensa quiz and find out...
1. What letter should appear next in this sequence?
C – H – K – P – S –?
2. If RM = 5, XK = 13 and JC = 7, what does SP=?
3. Rearrange the letters of TINSEL to give four other words. What are they?
4. Which number is the odd one out?
72 36 93 18 54
5. What have the following words got in common?
YARN HURT LONE ARMY
6. In a supermarket, the first 25 customers of the day purchased an average of two items each. After a further 15 customers, the average number of items purchased by each customer had


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Bedroom Dresser And Mirror was posted at September 7, 2017 at 7:15 am. It is posted in the Dresser category. Bedroom Dresser And Mirror is tagged with Bedroom Dresser And Mirror, Bedroom, Dresser, And, Mirror..
Bedroombed•room (bed′ro̅o̅m′, -rŏŏm′),USA pronunciation n.
- a room furnished and used for sleeping.
- concerned mainly with love affairs or sex: The movie is a typical bedroom comedy.
- sexually inviting;
amorous: bedroom eyes.
- inhabited largely by commuters: a bedroom community.
Dresserdress•er1 (dres′ər),USA pronunciation n.
- a person who dresses.
- a person employed to dress actors, care for costumes, etc., at a theater, television studio, or the like.
- [Chiefly Brit.]a surgeon's assistant.
- a person who dresses in a particular manner, as specified: a fancy dresser; a careful and distinctive dresser.
- any of several tools or devices used in dressing materials.
- a block, fitting into an anvil, on which pieces are forged.
- a mallet for shaping sheet metal.
- a tool for truing the surfaces of grinding wheels.
Andand (and; unstressed ənd, ən, or, esp. after a homorganic consonant, n),USA pronunciation conj.
- (used to connect grammatically coordinate words, phrases, or clauses) along or together with;
as well as;
in addition to;
moreover: pens and pencils.
- added to;
plus: 2 and 2 are 4.
- then: He read for an hour and went to bed.
- also, at the same time: to sleep and dream.
- then again;
repeatedly: He coughed and coughed.
- (used to imply different qualities in things having the same name): There are bargains and bargains, so watch out.
- (used to introduce a sentence, implying continuation) also;
then: And then it happened.
- [Informal.]to (used between two finite verbs): Try and do it. Call and see if she's home yet.
- (used to introduce a consequence or conditional result): He felt sick and decided to lie down for a while. Say one more word about it and I'll scream.
on the contrary: He tried to run five miles and couldn't. They said they were about to leave and then stayed for two more hours.
- (used to connect alternatives): He felt that he was being forced to choose between his career and his family.
- (used to introduce a comment on the preceding clause): They don't like each other--and with good reason.
- [Archaic.]if: and you please.Cf. an2.
- and so forth, and the like;
et cetera: We discussed traveling, sightseeing, and so forth.
- and so on, and more things or others of a similar kind;
and the like: It was a summer filled with parties, picnics, and so on.
- an added condition, stipulation, detail, or particular: He accepted the job, no ands or buts about it.
- conjunction (def. 5b).
Mirrormir•ror (mir′ər),USA pronunciation n.
- a reflecting surface, originally of polished metal but now usually of glass with a silvery, metallic, or amalgam backing.
- such a surface set into a frame, attached to a handle, etc., for use in viewing oneself or as an ornament.
- any reflecting surface, as the surface of calm water under certain lighting conditions.
- a surface that is either plane, concave, or convex and that reflects rays of light.
- something that gives a minutely faithful representation, image, or idea of something else: Gershwin's music was a mirror of its time.
- a pattern for imitation;
exemplar: a man who was the mirror of fashion.
- a glass, crystal, or the like, used by magicians, diviners, etc.
- with mirrors, by or as if by magic.
- to reflect in or as if in a mirror.
- to reflect as a mirror does.
- to mimic or imitate (something) accurately.
- to be or give a faithful representation, image, or idea of: Her views on politics mirror mine completely.
- (of a canon or fugue) capable of being played in retrograde or in inversion, as though read in a mirror placed beside or below the music.
This blog post about Bedroom Dresser And Mirror have 10 pictures it's including +Master Bedroom - Ashby Park Dresser With 7 Drawers And Beveled Vertical Mirror By American, Catalina 5 Pc. Bedroom - Dresser, Mirror & Queen Poster Bed, Renaissance - Triple Dresser & Mirror - B697-31,36, Dreamur 4 Pc Bedroom - Dresser, Mirror & Queen Panel Bed, Shay - Bedroom Mirror, Art Deco Guest Bedroom With Feiss Scott 31\, Homelegance Cinderella Bedroom Collection - Ecru, Tips On Choosing A Dresser Mirror Small Dresser With Mirror, If You're Going To Buy One Thing For Your Walls. White DressersBedroom., Full Size Of Bedroom:fancy Sleek Mirrored Bedroom Dresser This Mirrored Dresser Adds A Glamorous Large Size Of Bedroom:fancy Sleek Mirrored Bedroom Dresser.. Following are the pictures:
The Bedroom Dresser And Mirror issue you must contemplate is always to set a budget that is good, typically, kitchen cabinets' price is approximately 1 / 2 of the entire budget for your kitchen. Decide on a manufacturer that is reliable or a store and offer guarantee time. Subsequently arrived alone to choose the quality of at this stage you should know that choosing units with high quality timber content is actually a lifetime expenditure, lumber and other materials.
Consequently choose the timber products that are best that provide top and design quality regardless of the value is marginally more costly. Choose colors and finishes that you want to your kitchen cupboards, should you book Bedroom Dresser And Mirror on companies, remember to set your personal touch. In concluding dull glossy or matte finish you're able to select the shade of black white, or brown. Pick a style to accommodate you or fit in with the overall design of one's residence, you are able to choose the style of place (rural), contemporary or traditional-style.
There happen to be types and various sorts of Bedroom Dresser And Mirror which are distributed soon industry. However, in the event your needs are not matched by the cupboards inside the kitchen inside the form so that has been out there, guide yourself from artists or the makers would be the simplest way. You need to be sure to pay focus on the budget that you simply have designed. If you discover a budget meets the control, you're able to choose cupboards while in the home that may be assembled to cut back the budget.
For example, handle made of dime to the gates of the home units will give a classic look, whilst the handle bronze offer a contemporary effect, and handle opera is the greatest choice for a gleaming look, or you can choose an elegant model utilizing crystal content so as to make your kitchen in your house will look more desirable and sophisticated feel.
Your kitchen cabinets are built will give exactly the same result from the assembly seed that is wardrobe but using a price that is cheaper, be sure to prepare every one of the essential gear along with a guide book to show how to construct kitchen units. it provides a component that is very helpful to produce Bedroom Dresser And Mirror, although the final details may appear simple. Choose button and the handle is best for design and the style of cupboards in your home. You have many different supplies to select from.
Decide the sort of design you need before the particulars like fat and the form of the drawers of your kitchen units from the type of wood racks. Then offer a design that is clear details and choose the style you want to be the wardrobe door's shape and appearance you desire. It is possible to pick an overlay panel (the address panel), flat panel (flat panel), or increased panel model (increased panel). Choose also the method that you desire to deploy your dresser door, you've many options, for example overlay regular (common cover), totally overlay (full cover) or inset (inset) that is not popular.


Quick, clean, and to the point
Excel BITRSHIFT Function
Excel BITRSHIFT function
The Excel BITRSHIFT function shifts a number by the specified number of bits, effectively halving or doubling the number a specified number of times.
Returns a number shifted right by some number of bits
Return value
Decimal Number
=BITRSHIFT (number, shift_amount)
 - number - The number to be bit shifted.
 - shift_amount - The amount of bits to shift to the right, if negative shifts bits to the left instead.
Usage notes
Integer underflow results in loss of the least significant bits. For example, if the number 3 is shifted right by one, then the right-most binary bit is truncated and lost. For any bit shift that results in integer overflow, where the result is larger than 2^48 -1, the function returns the _TAG_! error.
How It Works
The shift_amount can either be positive or negative. If a negative number is provided, the bits are shifted to the left instead.
BITRSHIFT Internal Binary Representation
Download 100+ Important Excel Functions


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Waterlogger Poems | Examples of Waterlogger Poetry
Waterlogger Poems. Below are examples of poems about waterlogger. This list of poetry about waterlogger is made of PoetrySoup member poems. Read short, long, best, famous, and modern examples of waterlogger poetry. This list of works about waterlogger is a great resource for examples of waterlogger poems and show how to write poems about waterlogger. Definitions may be included where appropriate.
List of New Waterlogger Poems
Note: The forms for these poems were selected by the poet. Often poems are assigned the wrong form. Please confirm the accuracy of the poetic form before referencing the poem.


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Unless you're independently wealthy, acting as the family bank and personal lender could do serious damage to your financial health, even leading you to bankruptcy. Below are three reasons why becoming the personal lender of your family and friends could lead to bankruptcy:
- Personal loans are often not repaid and if they are particularly large or numerous the lack of repayment could lead to bankruptcy. It may be the shadow side of human nature but many of us feel entitled to the personal resources of those closest to us, this is why many loans made by family or friends are never repaid. This lack of repayment can become the first step of your journey into bankruptcy.
- Personal loans made by family or friends are dischargeable in bankruptcy like other forms of unsecured debt. If a personal loan is discharged in bankruptcy you will not be able to pursue that borrower for repayment-not ever.
- When an individual loans money to a friend or family member that is money taken away from savings or paying bills. Even if you are not in bankruptcy, lending your scarce money to others insures that that money is not available when you have an emergency that requires an influx of cash. This is another sure way to end up with more debt and facing bankruptcy.
A final note on lending money to family and friends...Although this is becoming more common, it is never wise to borrow money from a credit card so that you can lend it to a family member or friend. No matter how dire their situation, understand that when you borrow money from a credit card you are making yourself vulnerable to financial decline that can lead to bankruptcy.


2. A type of such substance: organic matter.
5. The substance of thought or expression as opposed to the manner in which it is stated or conveyed.
6. A subject of concern, feeling, or action: matters of foreign policy; a personal matter. See Synonyms at subject.
7. Trouble or difficulty: What's the matter with your car?
8. An approximated quantity, amount, or extent: The construction will last a matter of years.
9. Something printed or otherwise set down in writing: reading matter.
intr.v. mat·tered, mat·ter·ing, mat·ters
To be of importance: "Love is most nearly itself / When here and now cease to matter" (T.S. Eliot).
as a matter of fact
In fact; actually.
for that matter
So far as that is concerned; as for that.
no matter
Regardless of: "Yet there isn't a train I wouldn't take, / No matter where it's going" (Edna St. Vincent Millay).
[Middle English mater, from Old French matere, from Latin māteria, wood, timber, matter, from māter, mother (because the woody part was seen as the source of growth); see māterin the Appendix of Indo-European roots.]
pl n
the situation in question: matters took an unexpected turn.
References in classic literature?
Madame Ratignolle came down to discover what was the matter.
After arranging matters to her satisfaction, Phoebe emerged from her chamber, with a purpose to descend again into the garden.
To me they have always been matters of riddle and admiration.


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Craft a Dramatic Vector Landscape Environment
This tutorial will show the intermediate Adobe Illustrator artist how to make a dramatic landscape environment. You should have a basic understanding of Adobe Illustrator tools before you begin this tutorial, as the tutorial moves at a rapid pace.
Every few weeks, we revisit some of our reader's favorite posts from throughout the history of the site. This tutorial was first published in July of 2008.
Start by drawing a matte that will cover the edges of the artwork. Put this artwork on its own layer and move it to the top of the Layers Palette.
Easily make smooth grass using this technique. Using the Pen Tool, draw a slightly curved line. The trick to getting your lines flowing nicely is once you draw point 2 you have to click on that same point once more. In the "Wrong" diagram point 2 wasn't clicked after it was drawn. In the "Right" diagram, point 2 was clicked after it was drawn.
You simply click using the Pen Tool, you don't have to switch tools or anything. The reason you click twice on the same point is because the next point drawn will be directed back toward the top near point 1.
It's better to draw a 3rd point instead of just going from point 1 to point 2 and back to the top (unless you're fairly handy with the Pen Tool).
Now close the shape by going from point 3 to point 1.
Fill the grass with a gradient.
Draw several more grass shapes that are slightly varied.
We achieve the curvy or windy effect by using the Warp tool.
Select all of your grass shapes. Then click and drag over your grass to distort it. It's like painting, the further you drag the mouse, the more distorted the grass will become. The blue lines indicate how the grass will look once distorted.
Power Tip: Change the size and pressure of the distortion ring by double clicking on the icon in the palette.
This is what the distorted grass looks like. You can distort the grass as many times as you like. However, the more distortion you do, the more likely the grass will become jagged and rough. So, adjust your pressure and size instead of distorting multiple times.
Select a few blades of grass and vary the colors. Then copy and paste your grass shapes to quickly build up large areas.
Notice how there are subtle color differences in the grass. This adds to the interest and realism of the grass.
Draw a rectangle and select a moody green color. This rectangle will become the sky so it needs to have a gradient. The secret to making gradients transition smoothly from one color to the next is to start by making two of the same color points in the gradient palette (colors 1 and 2 are identical.)
Select color 2 and change the slider shown at number 3 to achieve a smooth color shift.
This is what your sky should look like.
Copy and paste a blade of grass.
Use the grass to make wispy shapes in the sky. Adjust the Opacity so that the shapes blend into the background.
Copy and paste a few more grass shapes and vary their placement.
To make the stars we'll draw a narrow oval to start.
Use the Convert Anchor Point tool and click on the top and bottom points of the oval to make them pointy.
Compress the oval, duplicate it, and rotate it to make a star.
Copy and paste the star making sure to vary the size.
Draw a circle, which will become the moon. Using the Pencil tool draw arbitrary shapes that mimic the Moon's craters. It's OK to draw outside the Moon's edges as we'll eliminate the overlapping areas next.
Using the Pathfinder Palette click the Add to Shape option to merge your individual Moon craters (1). After you merge them, click Expand (2). Select both the Moon and the newly merged craters then click Divide (3). Delete the unnecessary extra shapes from the edges.
Make rocks by using the Pencil tool and drawing rough shapes like below.
Then add a gradient.
Give your rock more detail by using the Artistic Ink palette (Window > Brush Libraries > Artistic > Artistic_Ink). For the example below, I've used Fire Ash Ink. Simply select the Pen tool, select the ink type, from the palette. Then draw a line (curved or straight). In order to see what you've drawn, make sure you have a stroke color specified.
In order to make the ink spots the color of your choice you need to do two things. First, expand the ink spot by selecting Object (from the top) then Expand Appearance.
Next go to Object (at the top) then select Ungroup. Keep Ungrouping the object until you cannot ungroup it any more (about 5 or 6 times.) Once you cannot ungroup it any more then you will be able to change the color of the ink.
Duplicate the ink and arrange it to cover the rock.
Move the rock behind the grass by copying and pasting the rock. Then vary the size shape to give the impression of different rocks.
Your dramatic landscape environment is complete!


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Montana Noxious Weeds
Over the past 100 years, noxious weeds have been spreading at an alarming rate. For example, spotted knapweed arrived on the west coast of the United States in 1893. By 1920, this weed had established itself in over 24 counties in three Northwestern states, with several large infestations near Missoula, Montana. Now, spotted knapweed is established in every county in the western United States and has invaded 5 million acres in Montana alone. Large infestations continue to expand, especially along waterways and major transportation routes. Many other knapweeds, such as yellow starthisle, diffuse knapweed, Russian knapweed, and square rose knapweed have similar invasion rates throughout the western United States. Leafy spurge and many other noxious weeds are invading from the east, rather than the west. If these weeds continue to spread at their current rate for the next 100 years, they will probably dominate most western rangelands.
Currently in Montana and throughout the West a war is ongoing on noxious weeds. Noxious weeds are plants that have been imported from other areas, so they have no natural biological controls. As a result, they are spreading like wildfire, outcompeting and displacing many native plants. It is estimated that we are losing about 5,000 acres per day across the west to weeds. Their seeds are spread by wild animals, domestic livestock, pets, people and vehicles. In Montana alone spotted knapweed is estimated to cost $42 million dollars each year in control efforts, crop and forage losses, land rehabilitation, and loss of wildlife habitat. Control efforts consist of the following: educating the public to the consequences of noxious weed infestations and how they might control the spread of weeds, mapping and inventorying infestations to plan control efforts, and treating weeds using herbicides and biological means (insects). Public land users are asked to wash undercarriages of vehicles to remove weed seeds and also to feed their horses weed free hay when they are riding onto public lands.
Damage caused by noxious weeds
Noxious weeds cause the loss of wildlife habitat. Dense infestations of noxious weeds reduce wildlife forage, alter thermal and escape cover and change water flow and availability to wildlife. Areas dominated by leafy spurge have been found to receive less use by deer (3 times less use) and bison (4 times less use) compared with similar uninfested areas. Elk use in some areas has increased about 4 times after controlling the dense spotted knapweed infestation on study sites. Noxious weeds alter the functioning of Riparian (wet land) areas. These weeds often lower water tables and, in some areas, has eliminated surface water and native vegetation needed by wildlife.
Noxious weeds displace native plant species. Noxious weeds outcompete most native plants for soil nutrients and soil. The invasion of our range land by noxious weeds poses a serious threat to the conservation of native plant communities. Noxious weeds lower plant diversity. Plant diversity is needed to maintain healthy plant communities that resist weed invasion. Many noxious weeds such as Russian knapweed, leafy spurge, and spotted knapweed, reduce plant diversity of native range land. Noxious weeds change the way a plant community works. Each plant community has evolved certain ways to cycle nutrients, cycle water, capture energy from sunlight, and store energy in a form usable by animals. Noxious weeds alter the way these processes work. By increasing surface erosion, noxious weeds cause a loss of organic matter and nutrients that are normally concentrated in soil surface layers. The removal of organic matter also reduces infiltration capacity, thereby making water less available for plants. Because many noxious weeds have relatively sparse plant canopies, more water evaporates from the soil surface, which makes even less moisture available for plant growth.
Noxious weeds reduce forage production for livestock and crop production. For example, leafy spurge and spotted knapweed can render many range sites useless for cattle production by displacing valuable forage. Grazing capacities for livestock can be reduced 65% to 90% from the original productivity. Noxious weeds increase soil erosion and soil sedimentation. Protecting and conserving the surface soil are critical to the long-term sustain ability of healthy, functioning ecosystems. Soil provides nutrients and moisture necessary for plant growth and is fundamental to all life. When spotted knapweed invades range land dominated by native bunch grass, protection of soil and water resources is compromised.
Noxious weeds affect recreational value and uses. For most recreationists, the enjoyment of being outdoors is diminished in areas dominated by noxious weeds. Riding horseback through houndstongue promotes husbandry problems for horses when seeds attach to the hide. The invasion of spiny weeds, such as Canada thistle and musk thistle, limits river access and the sharp spines make walking difficult. Noxious weeds that displace non-game wildlife lower the quality of the outdoor experience for many recreationalists. Loss of habitat for game animals and fish decreases success of hunters and anglers. This reduces the value to and the use of noxious weeds infested areas recreationists.
Noxious weeds cost many Montanans and people from other states millions of dollars every year. It has been estimated that the economic impact of leafy spurge in Montana, North and south Dakota, and Wyoming totals $129.5 million each year and may result in the loss of 1,433 jobs. In Montana alone, spotted knapweed is estimated to cost $42 million each year. If this weed is allowed to expand to its fullest range, it could cost Montanans over $155 million each year. Noxious weeds reduce the value of land. Realtors are seeing more potential buyers scrutinize weed infestation and management practices before closing. On production-oriented land, noxious weeds are usually considered in land appraisals.
Why are many weeds difficult to eliminate?
- They produce many seeds and thus spread rapidly.
- They have deep roots thus they are hard to kill.
- They are not palatable to livestock and wildlife therefore, these grazers eat the other desirable plants first, leaving the weeds to flourish.
- They are invader species. They are adapted to rapidly colonize disturbed areas.
- They have allelopathythey give off chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants.
- They have waxy leaves so herbicides don't stick to the plant and can't kill it.
Efforts to control and reduce noxious weeds
To prevent weeds spreading via vehicles, driving should take place exclusively on well-established roads and trails, and driving through weed infested areas should be avoided. If driving has to be done through weeds, the undercarriage, tires, and body of the vehicle should be thoroughly washed and sprayed with water as soon as possible.
To prevent weeds spreading through animals, horses and pack animals should be fed animal certified weed free food for four days before riding or moving it to a new weed free area. Coats and hooves should be brushed and cleaned thoroughly before the trip and only weed free feed should be carried on a trip. Also, weed free hay or straw should be used for bedding in animal trailers.
To prevent weeds spreading by humans, wild flowers that may be noxious weeds should not be picked. Everyone can do their part in weed prevention by recognizing noxious weeds and knowing what to do when they are found. Weed identification can be done in many ways on this web site, either from the main Weed Index, the gallery page with Weed Pictures, or from the Plant Identification Key page. Weeds found that lack flowers and seeds can simply be pulled up and left there. However, if the weeds do have flowers and seeds, they should be put in a plastic bag and burned or disposed of in a landfill. If a weed infestation is found, the owner or land managing agency should be contacted so they can take measures to control the infestation and spread of the weed.
To help maintain weed free crops, lawns, or pastures should be well irrigated, fertilized, and not overgrazed. Strong, healthy grass, alfalfa, and other kinds of plants are more likely to stop weed development. Weeds spread much faster in thin, stringy grass. The best lawn weed prevention is a thick, healthy, and well-cultivated turf. Poor fertilizing, mowing, irrigation, watering, drainage, insect or disease outbreaks, and bad soil compaction can all lead to a thin, unhealthy turf. Using correct mowing height, fertilization and irrigation methods, soil drainage, and other cultural methods will develop a dense, healthy turf that will naturally ward off weeds. Keeping lawnmower blades and other lawn management equipment clean is another prevention measure. If the lawn or field must be seeded or reseeded, only high quality seeds should be bought, so there is a less chance of also planting some weed seeds. Certified weed free seed will ensure that the seeds are of very high quality.
Pastures should not be overgrazed because permanent damage to the grass can occur and weeds will then easily spread. Probably the most important step of prevention is early detection. Weeds are far easier to control in the early stages of development. If the weeds do get a strong foothold, they will grow extremely deep roots that make it very hard to control and remove.
Preemergence herbicidal weed control is a weed control and prevention method that is used for annual grasses and annual broadleaf weeds. There are several different herbicides that are specific to different weeds. The weed should be correctly identified, and then the correct herbicide bought. The herbicide is applied a few weeks before seed germination. For summer annuals it is


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Is there are some references to algorithms that generate the set of prime numbers located between two given numbers n1 and n2?
I would like to consider the cases when n1 is large while n2-n1 is small or while n2-n1 is large.
If we consider these cases:
[1] n1=$2^{10}$ & n2=$2^{11}$;
[2] n1=$2^{40}$ & n2=$2^{45}$, (modified to [2a]);
[3] n1=$2^{100}$ & n2=$2^{101}$, (modified to [3a]);
[4] n1=$2^{1000}$ & n2=$2^{1001}$, (modified to [4a]);
Is there is a well known algorithm to generate the set of all primes p ∈ [n1,n2] without generating all primes p < n1?
By considering for example these cases:
[2a] n1=$2^{40}$ & n2=$2^{40}+2^{20}$;
[3a] n1=$2^{100}$ & n2=$2^{100}+2^{20}$;
[4a] n1=$2^{1000}$ & n2=$2^{1000}+2^{20}$.
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How do $n_1$ and $n_2$ compare? I think the answers below are assuming that $n_1$ is significantly larger than $n_2-n_1$. – David Speyer Jul 25 '10 at 18:35
_USER_: Without this assumption he could just generate all primes less $n_1$ using Atkin's sieve (_URL_.html) if $n_2$ is around $10^{15}$ or simply forget about it if $n_2$ is much bigger. – j.p. Jul 25 '10 at 20:48
What do you consider large and what small? E.g., is $n_1$ around 1000 bit long? And does the "large" for $n_1$ mean the same as the "large" for $n_2−n_1$? (I wouldn't try to find all primes in an interval of length $2^{1000}$, but finding primes of size $2^{1000}$ is no problem.) – Someone Jul 26 '10 at 8:44
Is there any reason why you don't want to generate the primes $8\cdot10^8$. Only about 12 kB of memory are needed to store all the primes up to the square root of that limit, so the fourth power trick doesn't seem viable here at all -- by the time you run out of primary memory you shouldn't be sieving at all.
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_USER_: may be your example is correct and valid when the interval $[n_1,n_2]$ is small compared with $n_2$, but when the interval is relatively wide, (for example when $n_1=n_2/2$), the same demonstration can be used to prove the contrary. – Mohammed Marey Jul 27 '10 at 18:57
I used the width you used. For any fixed interval width it can be shown that beyond some fixed point, standard sieving (Eratosthenes/Atkin) is less efficient than testing each member in the range. (If you implement the algorithms yourself, it's obvious.) But of course I intend for the argument to go both ways: when the interval is wide compared to its height, sieving is better -- often vastly better. – Charles Jul 27 '10 at 19:36
_USER_: Yes, you are true, the efficiency of the used algorithm depends on the value of $n_1$ and $n_2$. – Mohammed Marey Jul 28 '10 at 21:16
If $n_1$ and $n_2$ are not too big you can use Eratosthenes sieve (see wikipedia for this). If they are big enought you can use sieve to cross out numbers which have small prime divisors and after that check every number that wasn't crossed out and check if it is prime using any primality test (see _URL_
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Unless you have very specialized needs, you can


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Kauri gum
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A 19th-century carving of a tattooed Maori from kauri gum. The carving is owned and displayed by the Dargaville Museum, New Zealand.
Kauri gum (/kˈri/)[1] is a fossilised resin extracted from kauri trees (Agathis australis), which is made into crafts such as jewellery. Kauri forests once covered much of the North Island of New Zealand, before the arrival of people caused deforestation, causing several areas to revert to sand dunes, scrubs, and swamps. Even afterward, ancient kauri fields continued to provide a source for the gum and the remaining forests.[2][3]
A dark gold transparent smooth lump of resin
Kauri gum, polished
A dark gold transparent rough lump of resin
Kauri gum, unpolished
The Māori had many uses for the gum, which they called kapia. Fresh gum was used as a type of chewing gum (older gum was softened by soaking and mixing with juice of the puha thistle). Highly flammable, the gum was also used as a fire-starter, or bound in flax to act as a torch. Burnt and mixed with animal fat, it made a dark pigment for moko tattooing.[5] Kauri gum was also crafted into jewellery, keepsakes, and small decorative items. Like amber, kauri gum sometimes includes insects and plant material.[6]
Kauri gum was used commercially in varnish, and can be considered a type of copal (the name given to resin used in such a way). Kauri gum was found to be particularly good for this, and from the mid-1840s was exported to London and America. Tentative exports had begun a few years earlier, however, for use in marine glue and as fire-kindlers;[7] gum had even made up part of an export cargo to Australia in 1814.[8]
Since the kauri gum was found to mix more easily with linseed oil, at lower temperatures, than other resins, by the 1890s, 70 percent of all oil varnishes made in England used kauri gum.[9] It was used to a limited extent in paints during the late 19th century, and from 1910 was used extensively in the manufacture of linoleum. From the 1930s, the market for gum dropped as synthetic alternatives were found, but there remained niche uses for the gum in jewellery and specialist high-grade varnish for violins.[9]
Kauri gum was Auckland's main export in the second half of the 19th century, sustaining much of the early growth of the city. Between 1850 and 1950, 450,000 tons of gum were exported.[10] The peak in the gum market was 1899, with 11,116 tons exported that year, with a value of £600,000 ($989,700).[8][11] The average annual export was over 5,000 tons, with the average price gained £63 ($103.91) per ton.[12]
The gum varied in color depending on the condition of the original tree. It also depended on where the gum had formed and how long it had been buried. Colors ranged from chalky-white, through red-brown to black; the most prized was a pale gold, as it was hard and translucent.[4][13] The size of each lump also varied greatly. Swamps tended to yield the small nuggets known as "chips", whereas the hillsides tended to produce larger lumps. The majority were the size of acorns, although some were found which weighed a few pounds; the largest (and rarest) were reported to weigh half a hundredweight.[14] Kauri gum shares a few characteristics with amber, another fossilised resin found in the Northern Hemisphere, but where amber can be dated as millions of years old, carbon-dating suggests the age of most kauri gum is a few thousand years.[7]
A very large grey tree in a jungle-like setting
Kauri tree in Waipoua Forest
Most of the gumfields were in Northland, Coromandel and Auckland, the site of the original kauri forests. Initially, the gum was readily accessible, commonly found lying on the ground. Captain Cook reported the presence of resinous lumps on the beach at Mercury Bay, Coromandel, in 1769, although he suspected it came from the mangroves, and missionary Samuel Marsden spoke of their presence in Northland in 1819.[13]
By 1850, most of the surface-lying gum had been picked up, and people began digging for it. The hillsides yielded shallow-buried gum (about 1 m), but in the swamps and beaches, it was buried much further down (4 m or below).[2]
Stone statue of a middle aged-man with a beard, a shovel, and some other similar instrument
Gum-digger statue at Dargaville
Gum-diggers were men and women who dug for kauri gum, a fossilised resin, in the old kauri fields of New Zealand at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The gum was used mainly for varnish. The term may be a source for the nickname "Digger" given to New Zealand soldiers in World War I.[15] In 1898, a gum-digger described "the life of a gum-digger" as "wretched, and one of the last [occupations] a man would take to."[16]
Gum-diggers worked in the old kauri fields, most of which were then covered by swamp or scrub, digging for the gum. Much of the population was transient, moving from field to field, and they lived in rough huts or tents (which were called "whares", after the Maori for 'house'). It was extremely hard work and not very well paid, but it attracted many Maori and European settlers, including women and children.[17] There were many Dalmatians, who had first come to work the South Island goldfields in the 1860s.[18] They were transient workers, rather than settlers, and much of their income was sent out of the country, resulting in much resentment from the local workforce. In 1898, the "Kauri Gum Industry Act" was passed, which reserved gum-grounds for British subjects, and requiring all other diggers to be licensed. By 1910, only British subjects could hold gum-digging licences.[19]
Gum-digging was the major source of income for settlers in Northland, and farmers often worked the gumfields in the winter months to subsidise the poor income from their unbroken land. By the 1890s, 20,000 people were engaged in gum-digging, of which 7000 worked full-time.[20] Gum-digging was not restricted to settlers or workers in the rural areas; Auckland families would cross the Waitematā Harbour by ferry at weekends to dig in the fields around Birkenhead, causing damage to public roads and private farms, and leading to local council management of the problem.[21]
Large group of men filling a picture of a mining field.
Group of gum-diggers in gumfield (1908)
North Auckland Kauri Forest c1890 - c1910
Most gum was dug from the ground using gum-spears (pointed rods to probe for gum) and "skeltons", defined as blade-edged spades for cutting through old wood and roots as well as soil. Once the gum was retrieved it would need to be scraped and cleaned.[22]
Digging in swamps was more complicated; a longer spear (up to 8m) was often used, often fitted with a hooked end to scoop out the lumps. Scrub was often cleared first with fire; some got out of control and swamp fires could burn for weeks.[23] Holes were often dug by teams in both hills and swamps—often up to 12m deep—and some wetlands were drained to aid in the excavation of gum.[24] As field gum became scarce, "bush gum" was obtained by purposely cutting the bark of kauri trees and returning months later to retrieve the hardened resin. Due to the damage caused to the trees by the cutting the practice was banned in state forests in 1905.[22] Gum chips, small lumps useful for the manufacture of linoleum, were difficult to find, and by 1910, the process of washing and sieving to retrieve the chips became common. The process was later mechanised.[25]
Gum merchants[edit]
Gumdiggers generally sold their gum to local gumbuyers, who transported it to Auckland (generally by sea) for sale to merchants and exporters.[26] There were six major export firms in Auckland who dealt in gum, employing several hundred workers who graded and rescraped the gum for export, packing them in cases made from kauri timber.[27]
As early as the 1830s and 1840s, merchants, including Gilbert Mair and Logan Campbell, were buying gum from local Māori for £5 ($8.25) a ton, or trading it for goods.[8] The majority of the gum was exported to America and London (from whence it was distributed throughout Europe),


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Grades 3-6 Student Printables
Download the following worksheets to help you reinforce the lessons created for the LIVESTRONG at School program.
LIVESTRONG Worksheet 1: What is Cancer?
In this writing and vocabulary exercise, help your students understand cancer by discussing its treatment, how people live with it, and addressing important terminology associated with cancer. Use this worksheet with Lesson 1.
LIVESTRONG Worksheet 2: Myths About Cancer
Help your students understand the difference between the truth about cancer and the various myths they may have heard with this true/false exercise. Use this worksheet with Lesson 2.
LIVESTRONG Worksheet 3: Reducing the Risk
These multiple-choice questions will help reinforce a classroom discussion about the things people can do to reduce the risk of getting cancer. Use this worksheet with Lesson 3.
LIVESTRONG Worksheet 4: What Can I Do?
Encourage your students to work together to create a project that can help increase awareness about cancer, support those who have the disease, or raise money for cancer research. Use this worksheet with Lesson 4.
The LIVESTRONG at School program aligns with national academic standards in health and language arts.


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Pediatrician and co-founder of Sainte-Justine's Children's Hospital in Montreal
Who was Dr. Irma LeVasseur? Little has been written about this woman, who changed the history of medicine in Quebec. Born to a family of artists in Quebec City in 1878, her mother (Fedora Venner) was a professional singer and her father (Louis-Nazaire LeVasseur) a writer and journalist.
LeVasseur was educated in the manner of all young girls at the time. There is nothing to indicate that she was encouraged or discouraged from taking up her chosen profession, simply that when her basic studies ended, young Irma was faced with a choice, and she decided to pursue a career in medicine. At the time, no Canadian university accepted women in medicine; to continue her studies, she was forced to move to the United States.
LeVasseur studied in Minnesota for about six years, where she became a Doctor of Medicine. Returning to Quebec in 1900, she would wait three years for the right to practise her profession. In April 1903, a private bill finally granted her admittance to the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Province of Quebec and the right to practise medicine. In the meantime, she worked as a doctor in the United States.
Upon returning to her native Quebec, LeVasseur was touched and saddened by the lack of care given to sick children. This prompted her to travel to Europe in order to learn more about early childhood diseases. In 1908, after her time abroad, she met Madame De Gaspé-Beaubien. Together they founded Hôpital Saint-Justine, where she applied her new knowledge of pediatrics. In 1915, she responded to a request for help from Canadian physicians and travelled to Serbia, where she devoted two years of her life, combating fatigue, bombings and disease.
Nothing could stop this pioneer of Quebec medicine: in 1918, LeVasseur worked in New York for the Red Cross; in 1922, back in Quebec, she invested her savings to help found the Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus; and in 1927, dissatisfied with the hospital's administration, she left and opened her own clinic for handicapped children in the faubourg of Saint-Jean-Baptiste. She also opened a school for the young disabled, which later became École Cardinal-Villeneuve.
In addition to her passion for medicine, LeVasseur was a talented painter and among the first to attend classes at the École des Beaux-Arts when it opened in 1920.
But all of this was achieved in obscurity. It was 1950 before LeVasseur's accomplishments, courage and perseverance were celebrated — by the Cercle des femmes universitaires at her golden jubilee.
Dr. Irma LeVasseur died in January 1964, without the praise and acknowledgement of the press or her peers. She spent her last days alone in poverty, a sad end for a pioneer who sacrificed everything for her province and country, as well as for children. All her life she fought for her dream: to help others and to practise the profession she loved. We undoubtedly owe women's access to Quebec medical schools and the existence of the pediatric hospitals to Dr. LeVasseur.
Hacker, Carlotta. — The indomitable lady doctors. — Toronto : Clarke, Irwin & Company Limited, c1974. — 259 p. — Also available in braille
Hacker, Carlotta. — The indomitable lady doctors [braille]. — Toronto : CNIB, [197-?]. — 7 vol. of braille]
Cinq-Mars, Alonzo. — "Une Québécoise à l'honneur". — La Patrie. — (9 juillet, 1950). P. 72
"Doctor given honor for half century in job". — Montreal gazette. — (June 22, 1950). P. 4
Michaud, Francine. — "Irma LeVassseur : pionnière, femme d'action and fondatrice méconnue". — Cap-aux-Diamants. — Vol. 1, no 2 (été 1985). — P. 3-6