text:
-term.
Upper Extremity Pain
Patients often seek out chiropractic for painful conditions affecting their upper extremities (eg, shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, hand). A recent search and analysis of all published studies examining the effectiveness of chiropractic for these conditions revealed mostly case studies, an unreliable source of evidence.
The few uncovered controlled trials were of insufficient quality to draw any reliable conclusions about the effectiveness of chiropractic for painful conditions of the upper extremity.
Tension Headaches and Cervicogenic Headaches
Many people experience headaches caused by muscle tension, neck problems, or a combination of the two. Because these so-called
and cervicogenic headaches (caused by neck problems) overlap, we discuss them together here. Chiropractic spinal manipulation has shown some promise for these conditions, but the evidence remains incomplete and somewhat contradictory. In a controlled trial of 150 people, investigators compared spinal manipulation to the drug amitriptyline for the treatment of chronic tension-type headaches.
By the end of the 6-week treatment period, participants in both groups had improved similarly. However, 4 weeks after treatment was stopped, people who had received spinal manipulation showed greater reduction in headache intensity and frequency and over-the-counter medication usage than those who used the medication. The difference in the amount of improvement between the groups was statistically significant.
In another positive trial, 53 people with cervicogenic headaches received chiropractic spinal manipulation or laser acupuncture plus massage.
Chiropractic manipulation was more effective. However, a similar study of 75 people with recurrent tension headaches found no difference between the two groups.
Other, smaller studies of spinal manipulation have been reported as well, with mixed results.
In a controlled trial, 200 people with cervicogenic headaches were randomly assigned to receive one of four therapies: manipulation, a special exercise technique, exercise plus manipulation, or no therapy.
Each participant received at least 8 to 12 treatments over a period of 6 weeks. All three treatment approaches produced better results than no treatment, and approximately the same effect as each other. However, these results prove little because, as noted earlier, any treatment whatsoever will generally produce better results than no treatment.
A review of 5 randomized trials with 348 patients found that spinal manipulation was more effective than medication (amitriptyline), manipulation with placebo, sham manipulation with placebo, standard treatment, or no treatment. However, there was no significant difference in headache pain or intensity when comparing spinal manipulation to soft tissue therapy with placebo laser.83
There is some evidence that chiropractic manipulation may provide both longand short-term benefits for
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 123 participants suffering from migraine headaches were treated for 2 months with chiropractic manipulations or fake electrical therapy (electrodes placed on the body without electrical current sent between them) as placebo.
The study lasted a total of 6 months: 2 months pre-treatment, 2 months of treatment, and 2 months post-treatment.
After 2 months of treatment, those receiving chiropractic manipulation showed
improvement in headache severity and frequency compared to the control group. Furthermore, these benefits persisted to a 2-month follow-up evaluation.
Chiropractic manipulation also produced relatively prolonged benefits in another trial as well. In this study, 218 people with migraine headaches were divided into three groups: manipulation, medication (amitriptyline), or manipulation plus medication.
During the 4 weeks of treatment, all three groups experienced comparable benefits. During the follow-up 4-week period, however, people who had received manipulation alone experienced more benefit than those who had been in the other two groups.
However, a study of 85 people with migraines compared spinal manipulation against two other treatments: manipulation performed by a non-chiropractor and mobilization.
The results showed no difference between groups.
Chiropractic has been evaluated for many other conditions as well, but the results as yet provide little evidence of benefit.
is a common and frustrating problem. Although chiropractic manipulation has been promoted as a treatment for this condition, there is as yet little evidence that it offers specific benefits.
In a single-blind, placebo-controlled trial, a total of 86 infants either received three chiropractic treatments or were held for 10 minutes by a nurse.
While a high percentage of infants improved, there was no significant difference between the two groups.
Another trial compared spinal manipulation to the drug dimethicone.
While chiropractic proved more effective than the medication, dimethicone itself has never been proven effective for infantile colic, and the study did not use a placebo group. For this reason, the results of this study indicate little about the effectiveness of chiropractic treatment for infantile colic.
A small crossover trial of chiropractic for
found equivocal results.
A small trial compared real and sham Activator-style chiropractic treatment in people with phobias and found some evidence of benefit.
In two controlled studies comparing spinal manipulation to sham manipulation for treatment of people with
, the results showed equal improvement for participants in the two groups.
These results suggest that the benefits were most likely caused by the attention given by the chiropractor, and not due to the spinal manipulation itself. However, one of these studies has been sharply criticized for using as a sham treatment a chiropractic method perfectly capable of producing a therapeutic effect.
This could hide real benefits of the tested form of chiropractic. (If the "placebo" treatment used in a study is actually better than placebo, and the tested treatment does no better than this "placebo," the results would appear to indicate that the tested treatment is no better than placebo, and, hence, ineffective.)
Dysmenorrhea (Menstrual Pain)
A single-blind, placebo-controlled study of 138 women complaining of
compared spinal manipulation to sham manipulation for four menstrual cycles and found no differences between the two groups.
High Blood Pressure
In a study of 148 people with mild
high blood pressure
, use of chiropractic spinal manipulation plus dietary changes failed to prove more effective for reducing blood pressure than dietary changes alone.
A single-blind, placebo-controlled trial compared real and sham chiropractic (Activator technique) in 46 children with
problems, but failed to find a statistically significant difference between the groups.
Weak evidence hints that chiropractic could be somewhat helpful for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (curvature of the spine that occurs for no clear reason in adolescents).
Chiropractic manipulation appears to be generally safe—rarely causing serious side effects.
However, a temporary increase of symptoms may occur relatively frequently.
Other side effects include temporary headache, tiredness, and discomfort radiating from the site of the adjustment.
More serious complications may occur on rare occasions. These are primarily associated with manipulation of the neck. Articles have been published that document a total of almost 200 cases of more serious complications associated with neck manipulation, including stroke, vertebral fracture, disc herniation, severely increased sensation of nerve pinching, and rupture of the windpipe.
More than half of these reports involve some form of stroke, often due to a tear in a major blood vessel at the base of the neck (the vertebral artery).
Although attempts have been made to determine in advance who will experience strokes following chiropractic, they have not been successful.
Thus, stroke must be considered an unpredictable, though rare, side effect of chiropractic manipulation of the neck. To put this in perspective, however, the rate of complications from chiropractic is extremely low. According to one estimate, only one complication per million individual sessions occurs.
Among people receiving a course of treatment involving manipulation of the neck, the rate of stroke is perhaps one per 100,000 people; the rate of death is one per 400,000.
By comparison, serious medical complications involving common drugs in the ibuprofen family (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs) are far more common. Among people using them for arthritis, NSAIDs result in hospitalizations at a rate of about four in 1,000 people, and death at a rate of four in 10,000.
To put it another way, the rate of complications with these common over-the-counter drugs is perhaps 100 to 400 times greater than with chiropractic.
Certain health conditions preclude spinal manipulation, such as nerve impingement causing severe nerve damage, or significant disease of the spinal bones.


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Chilled, from the farm to the factory
During milking the milk still has the same temperature as the cow. In many countries the milk is then chilled as quickly as possible and disappears directly into a milk cooling tank.
Some dairy farmers transport the warm milk to the milk cooling tank through pipes that lie against pipes filled with cold water. In this way, the milk already cools down en route and the water is warmed up. The warmed water is heated further and used to clean the milking equipment.
The milk cooling tank stirs the milk and keeps it chilled at about 4 °C.
In many countries working with milk cooling tanks is subject to regulations. All milk cooling tanks are fitted with monitoring equipment. If the cooling or cleaning system is not working properly, an alarm goes off.
Immediately after the milk truck has collected the milk from the dairy farmer, the inside of the milk cooling tank is thoroughly cleaned.
The tank of the milk truck is insulated, ensuring that the milk is still chilled when it reaches the dairy plant. There, the raw milk is processed further and its shelf life is extended, for instance by heating.
Read more about the shelf life of milk and dairy products

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Node:About Environments, Next:Local Variables, Up:About Closure
We said earlier that a variable name in a Scheme program is associated with a location in which any kind of Scheme value may be stored. (Incidentally, the term "vcell" is often used in Lisp and Scheme circles as an alternative to "location".) Thus part of what we mean when we talk about "creating a variable" is in fact establishing an association between a name, or identifier, that is used by the Scheme program code, and the variable location to which that name refers. Although the value that is stored in that location may change, the location to which a given name refers is always the same.
We can illustrate this by breaking down the operation of the
define syntax into three parts:
A collection of associations between names and locations is called an
environment. When you create a top level variable in a program
define, the name-location association for that variable is
added to the "top level" environment. The "top level" environment
also includes name-location associations for all the procedures that are
supplied by standard Scheme.
It is also possible to create environments other than the top level one, and to create variable bindings, or name-location associations, in those environments. This ability is a key ingredient in the concept of closure; the next subsection shows how it is done.


Indirect evidence for the presence of non-specific anion channels in rabbit mandibular salivary gland acinar cells.
1. Intracellular pH (pHi) was measured using the fluorescent pH-sensitive dye 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein in acini isolated from the rabbit mandibular salivary gland. 2. Stimulation of the acinar cells with acetylcholine (ACh) evoked an intracellular acidosis, the size of which was dependent on the HCO3-concentration in the bathing medium. A half-maximal acidosis was observed at approximately 10 mM-HCO3-. ACh also evoked an acidosis in HCO3(-)-free solutions containing acetate; a half-maximal acidosis was observed at about 10 mM-acetate. 3. Propionate, lactate and butyrate were also able to support the ACh-evoked acidosis to varying extents. In contrast, formate, pyruvate and salicylate did not support the ACh-induced acidosis to any great extent. 4. Acetazolamide greatly reduced the size of the acidosis in HCO3(-)-buffered medium, but had no effect in acetate-buffered medium, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of acetazolamide was due to a specific inhibition of carbonic anhydrase activity. 5. The Clchannel blockers diphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (DPC, 1 mM) and 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid (0.5 mM) abolished the ACh-evoked acidosis in both HCO3(-) -and acetate-buffered media. 6. The data are consistent with the presence in the acinar cell of relatively non-specific anion channels sensitive to DPC and its derivatives. Such channels, activated on stimulation with ACh, would allow HCO3- and other weak acid ions to leave the cell, leading to the observed acidosis. The existence of such channels, located in the apical membrane, could explain why HCO3- or acetate can sustain fluid secretion in the intact perfused rabbit mandibular gland in the absence of Cl-.[1]
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A Metamorphmagus
Remus Lupin on his infant son's Metamorphic abilities[src]
Difference between Animagi and Metamorphagi
"Metamorphmagi are born, not made."
—Tonks explaining to Harry about Metamorphmagi[src]
Using Metamorphic abilities
—Tonks regarding her Metamorphmagus abilities[src]
Nymphadora Tonks changing her facial features at will and with ease
It is unknown whether Metamorphmagi receive any training in developing their innate skill, or if they learn through trial and error; given their rarity, it is unlikely that much training is available. However, Tonks has shown that she only needs to concentrate a little to change her appearance, so it may be simply a matter of the Metamorphmagi wanting to change. While it has been debated whether Animagi transformations and Disapparition require a wand, it seems Metamorphmagi do not need theirs to utilise their abilities, as Tonks has claimed that other wizards need a wand or potions to transform, meaning Metamorphmagi such as herself are not restricted as such.
Tonks angry
Tonks' hair changing colour under the influence of her emotion
It is unknown if Metamorphmagi must register with the Ministry of Magic like Animagi must, as Metamorphmagi did not choose to become what they are, while Animagi did. Although unlike Animagi, Metamorphmagi do not possess any distinct markings that come with their transformation, so it would be far more difficult to keep track of them for any signs of ability abuse.
Like many other types of magic, a Metamorphmagus' abilities are affected by his or her emotional state. The person's appearance at any moment will often reflect the emotion the person is feeling at the time. Strong emotions, such as shock or sadness, can affect their abilities to the point of having trouble using them at all. For example, Nymphadora Tonks had difficulty using her abilities following Sirius Black's death, when she was depressed over her feelings for Remus Lupin.[3]
Metamorphic abilities can be very helpful when it comes to disguises. For example, Nymphadora Tonks was able to put her abilities to use in performing espionage for the Order of the Phoenix. She also got full marks in Concealment and Disguise of her Auror training, implying that this ability can be used for official examinations and competitions.[1]
Albus Dumbledore wrote an article examining whether it was possible for Metamorphmagi to use their transformational abilities to disappear without a trace in a 1926 issue of Transfiguration Today.[4]
Known Metamorphmagi
Behind the scenes
 - In latin, the female form of Magus is Maga. However, female Metamorphmagi are never refered to as "Metamorphmaga" or "Metamorphmagae", which would be the female plural, in canon.
Notes and references
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orbs that we originally discovered in what we called an orb galaxy?
You may remember us describing a galaxy containing a large number of orbs that did not, at first glance, seem alive but later we realised did contain a form of life or at least of consciousness and that were under the control of a God.
Further, we conjectured that there were a large number of these galaxies, each one with its overseeing God and each Galaxy containing orbs, if not of living things, at least containing things that contained conscious objects.
Now, in order to advance this book we are going to ask you to accept that each one of these galaxies was there to promote a particular aspect of personality just as our galaxy promotes the aspect of love and just as our galaxy has a God to oversee that aspect of personality, so each one of these other galaxies has a God that oversees and promotes an aspect of personality.
But we told you that personalities are DNA and are stored in the akashic record.
So, have we not a problem here?
We have just said that personality is DNA and is stored in the akashic record under the control of an angel and now we are saying personality is a series of orbs contained in galaxies under the control of various Gods.
This sounds very much like a serious contradiction. How can we resolve this problem?
Once again we ask you to take a leap of faith with us and ask you to accept what we are going to explain because we do not have the facts at our disposal to back up our claims. This evidence will be revealed one day but is not yet available.
We can only describe events and leave you to accept or reject them.
What happens is this.
The DNA stored in the akashic record corresponds to personality. In fact we could say that DNA is personality, or the aspects we are talking about are.
DNA contains a huge number of different aspects and helps control a huge amount of different parts of us, some physical and some non-physical.
DNA is amazing.
It is deeply involved with virtually every aspect of life and, although it is not actually alive, we can say that it has awareness, a form of consciousness.
So, in the case of personality, we can say that the DNA that is stored in the akashic record is the end result of education given to it by the galaxy orbs.
By which we mean that for every type of personality aspect, angelic or archangelic beings calculate how many aspects of each personality are required. Then, that exact number of orbs are created, one for each person, animal, plant or mineral that will eventually require that type of personality.
We should say that each orb – which is a portion of that God – is given varying degrees of that personality aspect according to its need to have that aspect.
Then, once that is done, the orb is passed to the angel in charge of DNA and that orb is linked to a piece of DNA and it is placed in the akashic record.
This implies that the DNA of the orb and the DNA of the stored object is actually two pieces of DNA.
Now, we have explained this very important manner in which personality is created in a very quick and throwaway manner and we are sure that there are many of you that did not fully comprehend so please forgive us if we explain all this again in a more expanded fashion and at a more leisurely pace.
As you know, personality is very important and we all have one main personality trait and a number of lesser traits that go to make up who we are from a personality point of view.
Then we explained that personality is part of our DNA.
We also went on to say that the DNA that makes up our personality – each separate part of it – is actually divided into two parts. One part is the actual personality trait and the second part is the degree or intensity of that personality any person or object has.
It must be obvious that, as all is one, every object whether it is mineral, animal, vegetable or human must have the same emotions or personality. But it must also be obvious that a grain of sand does not require any personality trait to be present or developed to the same degree that many humans have.
For instance, we imagine that a stone would not have the same emotion of love, or indeed, hate developed where as we know that humans are capable of extremes of these two emotions.
So this is where the two parts of personality come in.
One part gives all life the concept of all the possible personality aspects as a concept and the second part tells the personality aspect what degree of intensity of those emotions are required.
To repeat, if we may, just to clarify the point.
Everything, no matter what it is has all the personality aspects present but each individual object or being has these personality aspects present in varying degrees according to the type of object they might be and according to the depth of development that any object might have.
So, as we have said before, a stone requires a less developed personality than a plant and a plant requires less than some animals.
But, for instance, some animals are capable of projecting love more than others.
At the top of the tree, of course, is man who is capable of demonstrating extremes of emotion.
So, emotions or personalities are in two parts: the basic personality concepts and the personal degree of development of these personality traits.
All this is then stocked in the akashic record.
However, there is much more to the story than what we have so far mentioned.
We must go on to delve into the way the personality traits are connected to our auras and how our auras affect us in our daily lives, no matter what dimension we happen to live in.
There are also other aspects that we must touch on because personality is an essential part of our make-up and, if it were not for personalities, we would all be like robots.
So, we will end this chapter here and turn our attention to other aspects of personality.
Click here to return to the CHAPTER 10
Click here to continue on to CHAPTER 12


the ability to do this since it is the exact same manuscripts and sources that transmit the words you need in order to claim to know what Yeshua taught about apostasy (according to your interpretation)?
Lest you think I misrepresenting Surah 3:50, refer here to Tafsir Ibn Abbas where he says Allah allowed Yeshua to abolish portions of the Torah. Why are you making a claim that contradicts Islamic theology in order to try to co-opt Yeshua as a source of defending killing of all apostates, everywhere on earth, in Islam? To me this looks intellectually deceptive.


text:
April 20, 2010, 4:30-6:30 p.m., Biddle Rare Book Room, Perkins Library
Guest Speakers: Professor Eric Meyers and Professor Kalman Bland
The place of art in the Jewish tradition has been debated for centuries. Scholars and Jewish Rabbis deliberated and argued over the meaning of the second commandment in the Decalogue*:
"You shall not make for yourself a sculptured image, or any likeness of what is in the heavens above, or on the earth below, or in the waters under the earth"
Frequently interpreted as a restriction against creating art for idolatrous purposes, the commandment was also understood as a prohibition against crafting images, and consequently, as the reason for absence of art from Jewish culture and tradition.
Nonetheless, Jews have created and used adorned ritual artifacts for generations, and visual images continued to find their way into Jewish homes and synagogues.
The twentieth century brought forth a flourish of Jewish artistic depictions of Biblical figures, scenes and stories, in a variety of forms and styles. This exhibit, curated by the Librarian for Jewish Studies, Rachel Ariel, presents a sample of the abundance of art work done by Jewish artists illustrating the Hebrew Bible.
*Decalogue: The Ten Commandments given to Moses on Mount Sinai
RETURN TO INDEX
Some material on this page may be protected by copyrights not held by the Duke University Libraries, all other material is copyright 2009 by Duke University Libraries.
For complete information about use and reproduction of Duke materials,
please read our Use and Reproduction Policy.


text:
Model 1840 Cavalry Saber
||This article needs attention from an expert in weapons. (November 2008)|
The Model 1840 Cavalry Saber was based on the 1822 French hussar's sabre. Unlike its replacement the Model 1860 Light Cavalry Saber the M1840 has a ridge around its quillon, a leather grip wrapped in wire (rather than grooves cut into the wooden handle) and a flat, slotted throat. It is 44in long with a 35in blade and weighs roughly 2.5 lbs.
The M1840 was designed for slashing and because of its heavy flat-backed blade was given the nickname "Old Wristbreaker." It was adopted due to the army's dissatisfaction with its predecessor the model 1833 dragoon saber, the first cavalry sword adopted by the US Army. The iron-hilted M1833 was based on a Napoleonic-era British sword used by heavy cavalry and reputed to wrap "rubber like around a man's head and was only good for cutting butter" An ornate gilded version of this earlier sword was used by General Philip Sheridan during the Civil War; Sheridan had its sheath engraved with the battles he participated in. It was evident a replacement was needed so in 1838 the US Ordnance Dept bought British, French and Prussian swords and field-tested them. The troopers overwhelmingly preferred the French saber, and a copy of it was put into production in 1844. A total of 2000 was ordered and by 1846, 600 were in frontline service.
The 1840 saber was used during the U.S.-Mexican War by US Cavalry. The main contractors were Ames of Cabotville, Horstmann, and Tiffany but due to the large number of swords required at least 1000 were made in Germany by S&K and imported. Some troopers used Prussian sabers as an alternative, which in contrast to the M1840 had straight blades.
When production ceased in 1858 over 23700 were made. During the US Civil War it continued to be issued to Union Cavalry as in the early years it was more readily available than the M1860. George B McClellan carried one at the front, keeping his regulation officer's sword for full dress occasions. Many were also used by the Confederacy including General Nathan Bedford Forrest who had both edges of his sword sharpened to increase combat effectiveness.
 See also
- The Horse Soldier
- Article on M1840 on relicman website
- US M1833 Dragoon Sword
- First Dragoons: Dragoons at Fort Tejon
- Sheridan's 1833 Saber at the Smithsonian
- Brown, B, Model 1840 Heavy Cavalry (Dragoon) Saber: _PHONE_
- The ceremonial saber issued to the modern US cavalry
- McClellan's 1840 saber at the Smithsonian
- General George Brinton McClellan biography on NPS website


TAG | Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
27 Stories
DEP pointed feds to whistleblower complaints about Shell pipeline
"Our staff was alarmed by the whistleblower's allegations and concerned for the safety of people living along the pathway of the Falcon Pipeline," the DEP said in a letter to regulators and others.
By Reid Frazier
New federal pipeline safety rules draw praise from industry, scorn from critics
Opponents of Mariner East say PHMSA standards are too little, too late
By Jon Hurdle
Federal pipeline safety regulators issue warning on floods and subsidence
The PHMSA advisory bulletin says pipeline incidents caused by erosion have increased in the eastern U.S.
By Susan Phillips
Mariner East 2: What are natural gas liquids, and what happens if they leak?
The pipeline will carry volatile propane, ethane and butane, which has raised fears of many who live near it — even though explosions are rare. As part of StateImpact Pennsylvania's "Mariner East 2: At what risk?" series, we put together this video to explain what those substances are and how they act both inside the pipeline and if they got out, and how you should respond if there's a leak.
By Susan Phillips and Tom Downing


text:
, cytoscopy, and kidney imaging tests.
- Hematuria is treated by treating its underlying cause.
Hope through Research
In recent years, researchers have learned a great deal about kidney disease. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) sponsors several programs aimed at understanding kidney and urologic problems that can lead to hematuria. The NIDDK's Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases supports basic research into normal kidney function and the diseases that impair normal function at the cellular and molecular levels, including diabetes, high blood pressure, glomerulonephritis, and cystic kidney diseases.
Participants in clinical trials can play a more active role in their own health care, gain access to new research treatments before they are widely available, and help others by contributing to medical research. For information about current studies, visit _URL_.
For More Information
National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
30 East 33rd Street
New York, NY 10016
Phone: _PHONE_ or _PHONE_
Publications produced by the Clearinghouse are carefully reviewed by both NIDDK scientists and outside experts. This publication was reviewed by Jeanne Charleston, R.N., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse
The National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC) is a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). The NIDDK is part of the National Institutes of Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Established in 1987, the Clearinghouse provides information about diseases of the kidneys and urologic system to people with kidney and urologic disorders and to their families, health care professionals, and the public. The NKUDIC answers inquiries, develops and distributes publications, and works closely with professional and patient organizations and Government agencies to coordinate resources about kidney and urologic diseases.
This publication is not copyrighted. The Clearinghouse encourages users of this publication to duplicate and distribute as many copies as desired.
NIH Publication No. 12–4559
Page last updated: April 16, 2012


What Will Be When I Die? When a process dies, a CHLD signal is sent to its parent. The parent then needs to use the 'wait' system call to clean-up after its child. Until the parent issues this 'wait' call, the child's process table entry is NOT freed, and the child is placed into a state called 'zombie'. In the output of 'ps' the child's command will appear as ''. Normally, when a process exits, all the resources it uses are automatically cleaned up by the OS - memory pages are freed, open files are closed, etc. Note that data written to buffer output channels (e.g. stdout) does NOT necessarily get written out, and might be lost.


text:
Seizure Rescue Medications
What types of medicines can be used as a rescue treatment?
The most common type of rescue medicines are from a group of medicines called benzodiazepines. These are generally fast-acting, which means they will start to work quickly once they get into the bloodstream.
- Some benzodiazepines can be swallowed in pill form, some can be placed under the tongue or placed between the cheek and the gum, and some can be given rectally or by a nasal spray. They are only given by an injection directly into the blood stream vein in hospital settings.
- The names of benzodiazepines that are most commonly used as rescue medications include: diazepam (Valium®), lorazepam (Ativan®), and midazolam (Versed®).
- The availability of these medicines in different forms and how they are used may vary from country to country.
- In the United States, only rectal diazepam gel, commonly known by the brand name Diastat®, has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for out-of-hospital use for the treatment of acute repetitive seizures or clusters.
- The other ones have been used in out-of-hospital treatment but have not yet been approved by the FDA.
- The main points to consider in using these medicines is how fast they will act, what forms may be available, who can give it, and how easy it may be to use. Other factors such as cost, possible side effects, and everyone's comfort level in using the medicines must be talked about with your doctor.
- People who may need a fast-acting medicine at specific times for breakthrough seizures and who are alert and able to swallow may use one of the pill forms of lorazepam or diazepam.
- People who are not able to swallow for some reason may be given a form that can be given under the tongue (sublingual), between the cheek and gum (buccally), or sprayed into a nostril (nasal spray).
- People who are not able to take an oral form can use the rectal form of diazepam. This is most often prescribed for children.
How can I learn more about these?
Glad you asked! Everyone who is given a prescription for a rescue treatment should receive training on what to do, when and how often. Usually your first teaching should come from the health care professional who gave the prescription. However, you can learn more about the treatments and how to give them right here. Once you feel you have this conquered, make sure to teach your family, friends or whoever else may help you during a seizure. They'll want to know what to do too!
A key point to consider: It often helps to try the first dose of a rescue medicine when you are at home or in the doctor's or nurse's office. This gives you a chance to practice how to use it and see how the medicine affects you. If you plan on doing it in your doctor's or nurse's office, you'll need to bring a dose of medicine with you.
Some people worry that this will 'waste' a dose of medicine. However, learning your response to a medicine is not a waste. It's an important part of knowing what to expect. And of course, practice makes perfect! You want to know ahead of time how to give the medicine quickly when you really need it.
Epilepsy centers provide you with a team of specialists to help you diagnose your epilepsy and explore treatment options.
Find in-depth information on anti-seizure medications so you know what to ask your doctor.
Epilepsy and Seizures 24/7 Helpline
Call our Epilepsy and Seizures 24/7 Helpline and talk with an epilepsy information specialist or submit a question online.
Tools & Forms
Download our seizure tracking app, print out seizure action plans, or explore other educational materials.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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A celestial body that is present in orbit around the Sun, having sufficient mass for its own gravity to deal with complex body forces for retaining its shape, is called dwarf planet. Dwarf Planet is not exactly a satellite. In the latest research about them the scientists have revealed the Ceres' surface features to get some information about the dwarf planet's interior advancements. They are trying to understand the series of pits and small, that is the secondary craters that are very common on Ceres.
The latest findings is based on the idea that, hundreds of millions years ago, materials beneath Ceres' surface pushed toward the exterior surface. It created fractures in the crust. While doing that the outer layer was pulled apart, causing the fractures. The indication of outburst material under Ceres' surface helps in anticipating how the dwarf planet may have evolved with time. A map of over 2,000 linear features on Ceres greater than 0.6 mile in length was located outside of craters. The biggest challenge that the scientist faced was differentiating between secondary crater chains and pit chains.
Secondary crater chains are the most common of the linear features. They are long strings of circular depressions made by fragments thrown out of large impact craters. But Pit chains, are expressions of subsurface fractures. There is a possibility that freezing of a global subsurface ocean or stresses from a large impact might have formed the fractures.
ByAnita Aishvarya


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From Ohio History Central
Mineral specimens are not so nearly widespread in Ohio as are fossil specimens, but many areas of the state produce interesting minerals. Many of the best specimens of mineral crystals from Ohio have come from limestone and dolomite quarries in northwestern Ohio. Unfortunately for the collector, most of these quarries are now closed to collectors because of safety and legal considerations. Always OBTAIN PERMISSION before collecting on private property. The book, Minerals of Ohio, available from the Division of Geological Survey of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, is an excellent guide to identification, occurrence, and collecting information on minerals in Ohio.


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The café wall illusion is an optical illusion, first described
by Doctor Richard Gregory. He observed this curious effect in the tiles of the
wall of a café at the bottom of St Michael's Hill, Bristol.
This optical illusion makes the parallel straight horizontal lines appear to be bent.
To construct the illusion, alternating light and dark "bricks" are laid in staggered rows. It is essential for the illusion that each "brick" is surrounded by a layer of "mortar" (the grey in the image). This should ideally be of a colour in between the dark and light colour of the "bricks".


Our Scope
 - With the goal to create bigger and more lasting impact on the targeted communities, TKT focuses on small numbers to ensure consistency, control, monitoring and evaluation of its programs.
 - The TKT beneficiaries are partly or completely orphaned children and youth between the ages of 4 to 20 years and are drawn from Kibera, Ngong, Mukuru, Kawangware and Dagoretti.
 - In the spirit of our founding principles, upon enrolment into the TKT program, the beneficiaries are taken systematically through social, emotional, physical, and professional development.
 - In TKT's effort to develop a holistic approach to ensure their ability to reintegrate into their communities in their adulthood, TKT not only provides a formal education, but each beneficiary is provided with a curriculum on basic life skills, home skills and other extra curriculum activities such as art.
 - At the end of each beneficiary's journey with TKT, they are supported in their vertical integration into the community as adults, where they will be contributing citizens who can engage and build as actors of change in their respective communities, widening TKT's impact.


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Gorilla Permit Fees Increase To Us$500 From 1st July 2007
Gorilla Permit Fees Increase To Us$500 From 1st July 2007
Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) wishes to inform the public that in line with efforts to harmonise management of gorilla tourism in the region, the three countries of Uganda, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo have agreed to work towards harmonisation of the gorilla tracking fees in all the 3 countries. Based on the prevailing socio-political environment in the respective countries as a first step Uganda and Rwanda have agreed to charge US$500 per permit for foreign non-residents effective July 1, 2007. East Africans and foreign residents will pay US$475 per permit, while Ugandans will now pay Ush150,000. Bookings with the new rates already started as permits can be booked up to 2 years in advance.
Although it is only four months since UWA increased the gorilla permits from US$360 to US$375, recent regional events have necessitated that the fees be reviewed after only a brief span of three months. Tariffs for other tourist activities and services will remain unchanged as per the 2006-2008 tariff rates.
Uniform pricing for gorilla tourism will help to strengthen the already existing collaborative management arrangements between the three countries especially in the areas of research, monitoring, eco-tourism, and community-based conservation.
It will also help facilitate the sharing of resources in cases where tourism activities are undertaken by a host country using the migratory gorilla groups such as the Nyakagezi group, which migrated from Mgahinga Gorilla National Park in Uganda into Rwanda.
In a May 2006 Memorandum of Understanding that was signed between Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA)-Uganda, Office of Tourism and National Parks (ORTPN)-Rwanda and Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN)-Democratic Republic of Congo, it was agreed that migratory gorilla groups such as the Nyakagezi group could be utilised for tourism activities by the host country, which would then share the accruing revenue with the country of origin at a 50-50 ratio.
(NB: The country of origin is the one that habituated the gorillas, while the host county is the one where they migrated to.)
All three countries offer gorilla trekking as one of the main tourism activity, and various tour companies operate in all three countries, which necessitated harmonising the procedures for booking gorilla permits, giving refunds, giving incentives to the private sector, as well as the general gorilla rules.
In October 2005, the Ministers of Tourism in the three countries signed a declaration of support for formalising the transboundary collaborative management of the gorilla national parks especially in the areas of research, monitoring and tourism.
The three countries of Uganda, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo have the only remaining mountain gorillas in the world, about 700 in total. Over half of these are found in Uganda.
Civil and political conflicts, poaching, illegal trade and habitat destruction contributed to the decline in the population of gorillas over the past decades, but increased vigilance in law enforcement as well as a stronger working relationship with the local communities have helped stem the decline in recent years and now the gorilla population is actually increasing.
Uganda has four habituated gorilla groups, each of which is allowed 8 a maximum of visitors per day. UWA provides gorilla trekking services on a daily basis, and trekking can last between a few hours to a whole day.
Tourist visitors to Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga Gorilla National Parks, 1994 – 2005
1. _PHONE_ 404
2. _PHONE_ 869
3. _PHONE_ 1663
4. _PHONE_ 2454
5. _PHONE_ 2698
6. _PHONE_ 1718
7. 2000 3983 2518
8. 2001 4517 2205
9. 2002 5057 2598
10. 2003 4902 2722
11. 2004 5768 3337
12. 2005 6500 2501
.NB: It should be noted that not all the visitors to the park actually tracked gorillas. Many others did nature walks, bird watching and hiking.
Uganda Wildlife Authority welcomes Ugandans to visit the gorillas at a small fee of Ush150,000.
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Summary Stage Literature (429) Attributions Wiki
Name: NF stage 8
XAO Id: _PHONE_
Definition: "Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 8 (128-cell stage), corresponding to an embryo of age 5 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Medium-cell blastula stage. Surface not yet entirely smooth. Border of animal pigment cap more diffuse at dorsal than at lateral and ventral sides. Gradual transition in cell size from animal to vegetative pole. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm."
Preceded By: NF stage 7 Succeeded By: NF stage 9


- Arizona Diamondbacks official laser eye doctors Team Ophthalmologist Since 2002
 - Phoenix Suns official laser eye doctors Team Ophthalmologist Since 2000
 - Arizona Coyotes official laser eye doctors Team Lasik Ophthalmologist Since 2002
Risks of Rubbing Your Eyes
Posted on September 12, 2020 by - Eye Health
Preserving healthy eyes in Phoenix
Rubbing the eyes is a reflex for most of us, a natural response to itches, irritation and allergies. We rub our eyes because it works. By rubbing the eyes, we stimulate tear flow and wash away whatever is irritating them. This applied pressure also has the unexpected effect of relaxing the vagus nerve, which can reduce stress.
But routinely rubbing your eyes can have negative consequences. Below, experienced ophthalmologist Dr. Jay Schwartz of Phoenix-area Schwartz Laser Eye Center reviews some of the risks.
Wear and Tear
Because the eye is so fragile, even a moderate amount of rubbing can result in damage. When rubbing causes small blood vessels to break, the eyes appear blood-shot. Leakage from capillaries can even help create dark circles under the eyes.
In the process of rubbing the eyes, your hand may transfer germs to the area, which can cause conjunctivitis or other infections. If there is dirt, debris or a grain of sand in the eye, it can scratch the cornea when you rub your eyes. The effect is even greater if you wear contact lenses.
Too much rubbing can affect your vision, changing your prescription by shortening or lengthening the distance between lens and retina. It can also cause an increase in intraocular eye pressure, which is especially dangerous for those already suffering from elevated eye pressure.
Safer Options
Refraining from rubbing your eyes is easier said than done. Eye rubbing is a natural response that we need to make a conscious effort to unlearn. The best way to address dryness and irritation is to wash the eye with sterile saline, eye drops or water. Flushing away dust and debris is the safest way to restore comfort and protect your delicate eyes.
If you would like to learn more about eye health, we invite you to schedule a personal consultation with skilled ophthalmologist Dr. Jay Schwartz at his Phoenix, Glendale or Scottsdale office by calling or emailing Schwartz Laser Eye Center today.


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View your list of saved words. (You can log in using Facebook.)
About Our Definitions: All forms of a word (noun, verb, etc.) are now displayed on one page.
biographical name\ˈbri-jət, ˈbrē-yit\
Definition of BRIGIT
Saint d ca 524–528 Bride of Kildare or Bride of Ireland a patron saint of Ireland
Variants of BRIGIT
Brig·it also Brid·get\ˈbri-jət\ or Brig·id\ˈbri-jəd, ˈbrē-yid\ or Brighid\ˈbrēd\
In Celtic religion, the goddess of poetry, crafts, prophecy, and divination. She was equivalent to the Roman Minerva and the Greek Athena and substantially the same as the northern British goddess Brigantia. In Ireland she was worshiped by the filid, a poetic and priestly class. She was one of three daughters of Dagda, all named Brigit, the others being associated with healing and the craft of the smith. Some of the lore surrounding Brigit was transferred to the 5th-century Irish abbess St. Brigid. Her feast day, February 1, is the date of the pagan festival Imbolc, when the ewes came into milk. Her great monastery at Kildare was probably founded on a pagan sanctuary, and many holy wells in the British Isles are dedicated to her.


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Open-File Report 98-755
Online version 1.0
In the mid 1980s, the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP), in cooperation with the National Park Service (NPS) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), initiated a Materials Research Program (MRP) that included a series of field and laboratory studies with the broad objective of providing scientific information on acid rain effects on calcareous building stone. Among the several effects investigated, the chemical dissolution of limestone and marble by rainfall was given particular attention because of the pervasive appearance of erosion effects on cultural materials situated outdoors.
In order to track the chemical erosion of stone objects in the field and in the laboratory, the Ca 2+ ion concentration was monitored in the runoff solution from a variety of test objects located both outdoors and under more controlled conditions in the laboratory. This report provides a graphical and statistical overview of the Ca 2+ chemistry in the runoff solutions from (1) five urban and rural sites (DC, NY, NJ, NC, and OH) established by the MRP for materials studies over the period 1984 to 1989, (2) subevent study at the New York MRP site, (3) in situ study of limestone and marble monuments at Gettysburg, (4) laboratory experiments on calcite dissolution conducted by Baedecker, (5) laboratory simulations by Schmiermund, and (6) laboratory investigation of the surface reactivity of calcareous stone conducted by Fries and Mossotti.
The graphical representations provided a means for identifying erroneous data that can randomly appear in a database when field operations are semi-automated; a purged database suitable for the evaluation of quantitative models of stone erosion is appended to this report. An analysis of the sources of statistical variability in the data revealed that the rate of stone erosion is weakly dependent on the type of calcareous stone, the ambient temperature, and the H + concentration delivered in the incident rain. The analysis also showed that the rate of stone erosion is strongly dependent on the rain-delivery conditions and on the surface morphology and orientation.
Download the complete report as a PDF document (16.6 MB)
Download the NAPAP Statistical Analysis Data
For questions about the content of this report, contact Vic Mossotti
is only available on the web
statement -- General
URL of this page: _URL_
Maintained by: Carolyn Donlin
Last modified: 1/31/01 (cad)


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Combat Water Survival Training
The combat water survival training (CWST) is a requirement of all ROTC cadets. Cadets are required to conduct a 3-meter drop into water, blind folded and carrying a mock M-16 rifle. They are also required to swim 15 meters in uniform with gear while keeping a mock M-16 rifle out of the water. Additionally, cadets must demonstrate removal techniques of their equipment while submerged. For this requirement, cadets must jump into deep water wearing load bearing equipment. While underwater, they must release the equipment, swim to the surface and reach the edge. The last task cadets must perform is creating a floatation device with their BDU or ACU trousers.


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Study wrongly implies LED to blame for van Gogh masterpiece damage
16 January 2013 09.30 GMT
(Netherlands) - Scientists use old LED data to highlight why some yellow colours in Vincent van Gogh's paintings are turning brown due to lighting exposure. Findings sensationalised by mainstream press.
It has been known for some time that the light yellow tones in Vincent van Gogh's paintings are particularly prone to darkening, but now an international team of scientists have produced a report which suggests that the blue bandwidth in lighting could be to blame.
The experiments were apparently carried out using a Xenon lamp high in UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C wavelengths. Unfortunately the research group, which included scientists from the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam amongst others, chose to highlight the danger of LED lighting by publishing a spectral distribution chart from a six year old LED system with a particularly high blue bandwidth. The chart is labelled 'Emission spectrum of a typical "white" LED, containing a substantial portion of harmful blue light'.
Even more unfortunately, the report was jumped on by media all over the world printing misleading headlines that LEDs were harmful to van Gogh paintings. Articles quickly appeared in the Daily Mail and The Independent in the UK and the Huffington Post in the USA.
In the report they suggest that all LEDs have a high amount of blue. However, recent developments in museum grade warm white LEDs with high CRI have greatly reduced the amount of blue wavelength present meaning that the bandwidth is now much closer to the black body curve locus.
The paint changes have been blamed on a chemical reduction of chromium, the principle element found in the chrome yellow paint favoured by van Gogh to depict sunshine. However scientists' were left baffled as to the cause of the changes and as to why the darkening was more apparent on some canvases rather than others.
Using synchrotron X-rays to better understand the problem, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) in Germany and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in France examined an extensive series of van Gogh paintings belonging to three museums in the Netherlands (including the Van Gogh Museum) and France. Speck-sized paint fragments taken from the masterworks were examined at the two synchrotron facilities and two heritage labs in Italy and Holland.
It was concluded that the artist did not always use the same type of chrome yellow paint in his work. Van Gogh liked to use a standard lead chromate paint named 'middle yellow' but also, due to his poverty, utilised a cheaper 'lemon yellow' and 'primrose yellow' from time to time. It was these non regular types of paint that were found to be reactive to light in the lab.
The paints affected, which have been found in Van Gogh's famous 'Vase with Sunflowers' and the 'Portrait of Gauguin', tended to have a higher sulfate content, with the paint becoming unstable the higher the sulphate levels rose. When exposed to green-blue light those paints containing unstable levels of sulfate turned a brownish/yellow, while 'middle yellow' remained unaffected.
Claus Habfast of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in France, told the Independent newspaper in London: "LED lights appear to have many advantages but museums should carefully consider that paintings from the Van Gogh era could be affected by them."
Ella Hendriks, Head of Conservation at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam also commented: "Studies like these are very important to make museum curators aware that, even under ambient light conditions, the degradation of some sensitive materials proceeds continuously. Musea should carefully consider the potential impact of, for example, the new, LED-based, lighting systems that are now being installed in collections."
However, Rogier van der Heide of Philips Lighting, who acts as a lighting consultant at the Van Gogh Museum and Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, states: "The use of LED in museums is safe. It is regrettable that the research was published in such a way. The research was correct but the interpretation was wrong."
Martin Krautter of ERCO, who also manufacture LED lighting for museums, commented: "Paintings using very unstable pigments have to be treated with extreme caution. But to believe that there is a 'less dangerous' light source available for these paintings than modern warm white LED is quite ridiculous. If you want to stop degrading, put the paintings away into the dark!"
There is no evidence that LED light damages artwork across the board. Museums that hold works by Van Gogh and Paul Cezanne, who are known to have used the paint in question, are being asked to consider their use of lighting systems with high blue bandwidths when lighting works by Cezanne or Van Gogh and to check masterpieces with infra-red light for the presence of the paint.


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In this learning unit we will study what the customs are and their functions. We will also analyse various customs procedures and how to pay customs duties. The role of the customs agent, classification of goods and many other customs-related issues will be discussed.
In this unit you will:
- Learn about the various Customs procedures in International Trade.
This will be achieved by:
- Outlining what customs are, the customs procedure and the functions of customs.
- Learning about customs valuation and the classification of goods with particular attention to the harmonized system.
- Learning the role and functions of the customs agent.
Completing this course will confer 5 CPD Credits towards internationally recognised Continuous Professional Development Requirements within organisations operating this kind of staff development methodology.
1.1 What are the Customs?
1.2 What are the Functions of the Customs?
1.3 Economic Customs Procedures
1.4 Customs Pre-Alert
1.5 Customs Procedure
1.6 Customs Treatment or Use of Goods
1.7 Summary Declaration
1.8 Temporary Storage
1.9 Customs Treatment or Use of Goods
1.10 Customs Procedures
1.11 Customs Unions
1.12 Generalized System of Preferences
1.13 Trade Embargos
2. ORIGIN OF GOODS
2.1 Customs Status of Goods
3. CUSTOMS VALUATION
4. CLASSIFICATION OF GOODS
4.1 Customs Valuation of Imported Goods
4.2 Valuation Methods
4.3 Foreign Currency Exchange
4.4 Technical Barriers
4.5 Harmonized System
4.6 Combined Nomenclature of the EU
4.7 TARIC of the EU
4.9 Binding Tariff Information (BTI) and Rulings (BTR)
4.10 Trade Policy
5. CUSTOMS AGENT
5.1 Customs Agent
5.2 Export Clearance
5.3 Payment of Expenses (Import or Export)
5.4 Other Charges
5.5 Single Administrative Document (SAD)
1- EU Community Customs Code
2- WCO-UPU Postal Customs Guide
3- Customs Manual India
4- NAFTA Customs Guide
5- Importing into the USA


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10 things you need to live in the Arctic
Boots are vital in the Arctic for keeping feet warm in cold temperatures and for allowing you to traverse ice and snow.
These beautiful boots are from the Gwich'in People of northern Canada and Alaska. They are made from beaver fur and caribou hide and decorated with beading. The boot soles are made from moose hide that has been smoked over a fire to create a soft velvety leather, smelling of wood smoke.
2. Snow goggles
The intense sunlight reflecting off snow and ice, particularly in spring, can be very harmful and even cause blindness. To protect their eyes, Arctic Peoples have long fashioned their own snow spectacles. This Dolgan example from north-central Russia is made of reindeer skin. Decorated with beads, they were worn when riding reindeer across the taiga, the forests of the Arctic.
3. A winter parka
Warm clothing is essential to cope with the blistering cold during Arctic winters. This Inupiat coat, for a small child, was made by Nancy Myers of Kivalina, Alaska. She chose a number of different materials to make it both beautiful and cosy, showing her skill and knowledge of animal fur and materials. The hood, for example, is trimmed with wolverine fur, which doesn't freeze against the face as it doesn't absorb moisture.
4. A sled
Sleds enable people to travel easily and for long distances. These hard-working vehicles need to be flexible enough to withstand the constant jostling of travelling across rough terrain.
This sled was made in the early 1800s by the Inughuit people of northern Greenland. The sled is made of narwhal and caribou bone, willow and spruce driftwood, and sealskin. It is an excellent example of the technological innovation of Arctic Peoples, despite limited materials, as they scavenge wood and waste nothing from the animals they hunt.
5. Needles and a needle case
In the Arctic, warm tailored clothing is essential for survival. The earliest Arctic innovations came with the needle 30,000 years ago. This enabled people to sew and mend well-fitted clothing that allowed the wearer to stay warm and to move around easily.
This needle case from the mid-19th century secured a woman's precious needles so they would not get lost or broken. Such cases were attached to a belt along with other sewing tools.
6. An ulu
Ulus are multipurpose tools, used for slicing meat, skinning animals and even cutting fabrics. While regional styles and materials vary, all ulus share the elegant crescent shape designed to reduce wrist fatigue during long hours of processing food and hides. This ulu has a copper blade and musk ox horn handle.
Waterproofs, like this parka made from seal gut, help the wearer stay dry. They serve various functional, decorative and ceremonial purposes. In the past, gut parkas were used for kayaking, so that even in bad weather or in the event of capsizing, the wearer would stay dry.
This parka from western Alaska, was made and used by its owner, Flora Nanuk, for berry picking, keeping her dry when it rained and protecting her from being bitten by the mosquitos of the summer tundra.
8. Knife and pouch
Knives are one of the most important tools for reindeer herders. Men use them to castrate and slaughter reindeer and, in the past, to score their unique ownership marks onto their reindeer's ears. This knife from Russia hangs from a belt, which also held bags containing personal amulets, fire starters and tobacco.
9. Cooking equipment
Animals continue to be the main source of food and materials for many Arctic Peoples. Fish and meat are prepared in a variety of ways in the Arctic. Before propane stoves were used, Inuit boiled food in soapstone kettles, like this one, over a flame. But kettles and other vessels were also essential for melting ice into drinking water.
10. Guardian spirit figure
Along with practical items, spiritual help has also been called on by Arctic Peoples to help survive in the Arctic. This wooden figure embellished with beaded eyes and mouth and ermine or sable hide clothing was a personal guardian spirit that protected households. It was made and used by Evenki People of north-central Siberia.
Discover other blogs on the Citi exhibition Arctic: culture and climate webpage.
Lead supporter Citi
Julie and Stephen Fitzgerald
Buy the beautifully illustrated book accompanying the exhibition here.
Included in The Times' Best Art Books of the Year 2020.


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Some individuals commence bargaining encounters with modest proposals hoping to generate reciprocal behavior by their opponents that will generate pleasant and cooperative win-win interactions. Opening offers that are overly generous to adversaries are likely to have the opposite effect due to the impact of anchoring. When people receive more generous offers than they anticipated, they question their own preliminary assessments and increase their own aspirations. They begin to think that they will be able to obtain more beneficial results than they initially thought possible, and they move psychologically away from the other side. They thus make opening offers that are more favorable to their own side. It is thus important for parties commencing bargaining encounters to plan opening offers that favor their own side, but which can be logically explained to provide them with credibility.
In my Legal Negotiating class, I give my students identical fact patterns pertaining to a tort claim. I indicate that the students all represent the defendant and ask them two questions. What is the first offer you plan to make in response to the plaintiff's initial demand? How much do you think you will finally have to pay to resolve this claim? Half of the students are told the plaintiff has demanded $100,000, and half are told the plaintiff has demanded $50,000. The half facing the initial $100,000 demand plan higher opening offers and think they will have to pay more to resolve the claim than the students facing the $50,000 demand.


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I posted this on Less Wrong 10 days ago. At the end, I summarize the answer they gave.
What counts as a hypothesis for Solomonoff induction? The general impression I've gotten in various places is "a hypothesis can be anything (that you could write down)". But I don't think that's quite it. E.g. evidence can be written down but is treated separately. I think a hypothesis is more like a computer program that outputs predictions about what evidence will or will not be observed.
If X and Y are hypotheses, then is "X and Y" a hypothesis? "not X"? "X or Y?" If not, why not, and where can I read a clear explanation of the rules and exclusions for Solomonoff hypotheses?
If using logic operators with hypotheses does yield other hypotheses, then I'm curious about a potential problem. When hypotheses are related, we can consider what their probabilities should be in more than one way. The results should always be consistent.
For example, suppose you have no evidence yet. And suppose X and Y are independent. Then you can calculate the probability of P(X or Y) in terms of the probability of P(X) and P(Y). You can also calculate the probability of all three based on their length (that's the Solomonoff prior). These should always match but I don't think they do.
The non-normalized probability of X is 1/2^len(X).
So you get:
P(X or Y) = 1/2^len(X) + 1/2^len(Y) - 1/2^(len(X)+len(Y))
and we also know:
P(X or Y) = 1/2^len(X or Y)
since the left hand sides are the same, that means the right hand sides should be equal, by simple substitution:
1/2^len(X or Y) = 1/2^len(X) + 1/2^len(Y) - 1/2^(len(X)+len(Y))
Which has to hold for any X and Y.
We can select X and Y to be the same length and to minimize compression gains when they're both present, so len(X or Y) should be approximately 2len(X). I'm assuming a basis, or choice of X and Y, such that "or" is very cheap relative to X and Y, hence I approximated it to zero. Then we have:
1/2^2len(X) = 1/2^len(X) + 1/2^len(X) - 1/2^2len(X)
which simplifies to:
1/2^2len(X) = 1/2^len(X)
Which is false (since len(X) isn't 0). And using a different approximation of len(X or Y) like 1.5len(X), 2.5len(X) or even len(X) wouldn't make the math work.
So Solomonoff induction is inconsistent. So I assume there's something I don't know. What? (My best guess so far, mentioned above, is limits on what is a hypothesis.)
Also here's a quick intuitive explanation to help explain what's going on with the math: P(X) is both shorter and less probable than P(X or Y). Think about what you're doing when you craft a hypotheses. You can add bits (length) to a hypothesis to exclude stuff. In that case, more bits (more length) means lower prior probability, and that makes sense, because the hypothesis is compatible with fewer things from the set of all logically possible things. But you can also add bits (length) to a hypothesis to add alternatives. It could be this or that or a third thing. That makes hypotheses longer but more likely rather than less likely. Also, speaking more generally, the Solomonoff prior probabilities are assigned according to length with no regard for consistency amongst themselves, so its unsurprising that they're inconsistent unless the hypotheses are limited in such a way that they have no significant relationships with each other that would have to be consistent, which sounds hard to achieve and I haven't seen any rules specified for achieving that (note that there are other ways to find relationships between hypotheses besides the one I used above, e.g. looking for subsets).
Less Wrong's answer, in my understanding, is that in Solomonoff Induction a "hypothesis" must make positive predictions like "X will happen". Probabilistic positive predictions – assigning probabilities to different specific outcomes – can also work. Saying X or Y will happen is not a valid hypothesis, nor is saying X won't happen.
This is a very standard trick by so-called scholars. They take a regular English word (here "hypothesis") and define it as a technical term with a drastically different meaning. This isn't clearly explained anywhere and lots of people are misled. It's also done with e.g. "heritability".
Solomonoff Induction is just sequence prediction. Take a data sequence as input, then predict the next thing in the sequence via some algorithm. (And do it with all the algorithms and see which do better and are shorter.) It's aspiring to be the oracle in The Fabric of Reality but worse.


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Tropospheric Spectrum Estimations Comparing Maximum Likelihood with Expectation Maximization Solutions and Fast Fourier Transforms
The FIRST program (Far Infrared Spectroscopy in the Troposphere) was created as an Instrument Incubator Program (IIP) by NASA Langley to demonstrate improved technology readiness levels (TRLs) for two technologies needed in the design of new imaging Fourier transform spectrometers (IFTS). The IIP IFTS was developed at the Space Dynamics Laboratory and?own to an altitude of 103,000 feet on an instrumented NASA balloon payload. The sensor collected approximately 15,000 interferograms during its 6-hour?ight. Fourier transforms (FFT) produced acceptable results except for noise equivalent temperature di?erences (NETD) that were?ve times higher than goal and inconclusive transforms at seven strong absorption features. An alternate transform technique, maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), was implemented to improve spectral estimations at the absorptions and to improve the NETD for the sensor. Iterative expectation-maximization (EM) algorithms provide numerical solutions for the MLE. Four combinatorial forms of the EM algorithm were developed. Forms of the EM algorithm were developed to optimize amplitude estimations as a function of assumed noise distributions. "Direct" and "indirect" EM forms were developed to process the asymmetrical interferograms recorded by the FIRST sensor. The direct method extends the standard even (cosine) EM algorithm to simultaneously transform both the sine and cosine components of the interferogram. The indirect method, uses Fourier and inverse Fourier transforms as pre-processors to convert the measured asymmetrical interferograms to even (cosine) interferograms. Using the indirect Gaussian EM form improved the measured NETD by approximately twenty percent between 100 and 700 wavenumbers. For wavenumbers less than 100 or greater than 700, the improvement increased to a factor of at least two out to 1500 wavenumbers. The indirect Gaussian produced inconclusive results in the areas of high absorption because of large bias errors introduced by the FFT/IFFT pre-processing. The indirect method was found to be inadequate for estimating spectra at the deep absorptions. The direct EM method, on the other hand, has the potential to produce improved amplitude estimations at the absorptions since there are no inherent biases in the algorithm's initial conditions at a cost in computer resources and execution times that are four times those needed for the indirect method.
School:Utah State University
School Location:USA - Utah
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:tropospheric fast fourier transforms
Date of Publication:05/01/2007


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Whether or not it's lucky, Varsity team member Sven likes the number seven, so he is playing with patterns created by seven points lying on the perimeter of a circle.
The first thing that Sven does is draw the heptagon inside the circle whose vertices are the seven points. Then he starts to think about drawing in all the diagonals of that heptagon (line segments that join two non-adjacent vertices). It seems like it might take a long time…
How many diagonals does this heptagon have?
In the end Sven decides to draw all the diagonals, and he notices that between the heptagon itself and the diagonals, the original circle is broken up into many regions. (He also notices that for the seven points he's chosen, there is no point through which three or more diagonals pass.) He wonders how many regions there are, and begins thinking about it by noticing that drawing all the lines between 2, 3, or 4 points on a circle splits the circle up into either 2, 4, or 8 regions (as shown in the diagram).
Into how many regions do Sven's heptagon and all its diagonals split the original circle?
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Solutions to week 54
Watch for Falling Nuts. The second nut falls twice as far away from the tree as the second one, and it is critical to remember that the difference in distance means that it falls for twice as much time but it does not necessarily mean that it falls from twice the height. In fact, it has to fall from considerably higher than that in order to take twice the time to fall, since it is constantly speeding up due to the influence of gravity as it falls. In particular, the fact that the acceleration due to gravity is constant means that for any fall, the average speed of the nut is equal to the speed at the midpoint of the trip. So imagine that the first nut takes s seconds to fall, so that it has average speed 6/s meters per second. Then the second nut takes 2s seconds to fall, and its average speed is the same as its speed after s seconds, which has to the be the same as the first nut's speed after s seconds, which is its final speed. But since the first nut is constantly accelerating, its final speed is twice its average speed. Hence, its final speed is 12/s meters per second. Therefore, the second nut's average speed is 12/s meters per second, and it falls for 2s seconds, so it must have started from 24 meters up.
Fall Out of Line. This problem really led to a lot of creativity on the part of the Varsity Math team; there are lots of different possible ways to arrange the dominoes so that pushing A will make B fall but not the other way around. The conceptually simplest way is to simply rotate one of the middle dominoes 90 degrees so that it is lying on its long edge, and move it farther away from its neighbor toward A and closer to its neighbor toward B, so that when the dominoes are falling from A to B, the neigbor toward A will reach and tip over the sideways one, which is then close enough to tip over its neighbor toward B, but if it is tipped over from the other direction, its falling over will not reach the neighbor toward A. Another team member, wanting to know if it could be done with all of the dominoes vertical, made an extra-large gap and stacked dominoes three high vertically, so that falling from B to A can't possibly reach A, but falling from A sends the top of the stack flying to knock over the dominoes toward B. A third team member, not satisfied with stacking dominoes, got them all standing in the ordinary way by creating a big chain reaction that would only be triggered in the falling direction from B which would knock away some intermediate tiles on the route from B to A before the chain could get there. And finally, a fourth member, concerned about the somewhat unpredictable dynamics of the "right-angle" knockout in the third solution, devised a way (using two forks of the type near B in that layout) so that when B is tipped over, the path to A is cancelled out by dominoes falling in the opposite direction, for the most reliable "one-way fall" of all. Photos of all four layouts, as actually tested by the Varsity Math team members, are below (the second two layouts are accompanied by pictures of what they look like after B is pushed over). In every photo, A is the leftmost domino and B the rightmost.
Links to all of the puzzles and solutions are on the Complete Varsity Math page.
Come back next week for answers and more puzzles.


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This Briefing Note (BN) takes a look at how a psychological phenomenon called press-on-itis is related to incidents and accidents. Press-on-itis is simply the decision to continue to the planned destination or toward the planned goal even when significantly less risky alternatives exist. Press-on-itis is also known as "get-home-itis," "hurry syndrome," "plan continuation" and "goal fixation." No matter what it is called, press-on-itis can present a serious problem to flight safety. It is important for a pilot to understand the causes of press-on-itis and to recognize when he or she is suffering from the condition. Knowing the causes and recognizing the symptoms will allow a pilot to recover before anything goes terribly wrong.
Press-on-itis is really the result of a decision-making error that involves continuing toward the destination (objective) despite a lack of readiness of the airplane or crew and the availability of reasonable lower-risk alternatives. Press-on-itis often occurs when there is an unsuitable environment such as bad weather at the destination. The pilot may continue on despite warnings from ATC or other crew members.
Examples of press-on-itis include:
The Flight Safety Foundation's (FSF) Approach-and-landing Accident Reduction (ALAR) Tool Kit study examined 76 approach and landing accidents and serious incidents and showed the most-frequent causal factor (74 percent) was "poor professional judgment/airmanship" (e.g., poor decision making). Press-on-itis accounted for 42 percent of all occurrences in which the crew continued an approach and landing when conditions warranted other action.
Omission of action/inappropriate action (inadvertent deviation from Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)) was the second most listed causal factor (72 percent. The deliberate non-adherence to procedures was involved in 40 percent of the cases reviewed.
When pilots intentionally deviate from SOPs, it is seldom malicious. In interviews after an accident, they almost always say, "It seemed like the right thing to do based on the information we had at the time." Assuming that no aircrew deliberately crashes an aircraft, possibly killing themselves and their passengers, why do well-intentioned people make decisions that in hindsight appear grossly inappropriate? The statement, "It would not have happened if they had just followed the rules" is often true, and sometimes the rule that needed to be followed was simply common sense and good airmanship.
4 Discussion of Issues and Concepts
Aircrew must abide by many laws, rules and SOPs. They are required to choose the safest strategies that still allow their airline to operate at reasonable efficiency. These decisions are easier to make when the options are limited to "yes/no" or "go/stop." However, real-life aviation decisions can get complicated when several options exist, and each decision and action lead to another decision that needs to be made.
In one example of press-on-itis, an aircraft sustained major damage to the tail area, but fortunately no one was killed. The accident occurred when the aircraft struck the ground to the right of the runway when attempting to land from a low-level visual circuit after making two unsuccessful instrument approaches in poor weather. The accident investigation report said, among other things, that there were numerous deviations from SOPs by the flight crew and that such actions precluded the establishment of a stabilized approach and increased the workload of the captain. Following the two unsuccessful attempts at an instrument approach, the captain flew a visual circuit that required aggressive maneuvering. He was still unable to place the aircraft on the runway, and a go-around was called too late by the first officer. As a result, the underside of the aircraft's tail struck the ground, causing substantial damage to the aircraft.
On the subject of SOP deviation, the accident investigation report stated:
- The captain's motivation in deviating from SOPs probably derived from professional pride in his ability and concern to provide superior service for the company and its customers.
- The captain understood the relative importance of commercial and safety considerations and had previously diverted aircraft when the situation demanded it.
- The captain did not appear to be exceptionally prone to reckless behavior.
- It seemed likely that the captain relished the challenge of completing this flight as planned under difficult conditions and allowed himself to be deceived into pursuing that challenge in a gradually increasingly risky manner.
- The insidious acceptance of increasing risk in pursuit of a goal is best averted by means of clear planning, considering all the relevant options, and decisive adherence to the plan by all crewmembers.
These comments from the investigation report identify a classic example of press-on-itis in which a pilot deviates from SOPs with the best of intentions, but nevertheless presses on in an increasingly risky manner to achieve a goal.
The report also mentions that there was a disruptive passenger, resulting in the captain having to deal with this issue until approximately 20 minutes prior to the top of descent. After this disruptive event, the captain still allowed a short flight-deck visit by one of the passengers. The condensed pre-descent briefing that was completed by the crew after the flight-deck visit did not include some details of how the crew would conduct the approach.
According to the investigation report, the aims of the pre-descent briefing were not achieved because the first officer was unaware of any proposed deviation from the SOP and that there was no cohesive plan for the approach. Clearly, attempting to achieve the objective of landing the aircraft at the destination without carefully considering the situation and a lack of understanding between the crew can present a significant danger.
While no one was injured in this accident, it could have been much worse. This accident highlights the importance of planning, avoidance of rushing, SOP adherence, briefing and agreeing on planned actions, workload management, good crew resource management (Crew Resource Management) and, above all, not becoming fixated on landing regardless of the ongoing/forthcoming conditions. Much of aviation safety comes from managing risks, and press-on-itis is one of the risks that can be managed through awareness, understanding and institutionalizing defenses and response strategies.
5 Press-on-itis Causal Factors
Aircrews may succumb to press-on-itis for the following reasons:
- They want to "just get the job done" (excessive commitment to task accomplishment) and are influenced by organizational goals such as on-time arrival, fuel savings and passenger convenience
- They may be competitive - "if XXX airline made it, so can we!"
- Personal ego that makes the crew reluctant not to achieve their objective of landing at the original destination
- "We are almost there, let's just do it and get it over with"
- "We do not want to divert, with all the associated additional work"
- They may have diverted once when everyone else landed safely and felt somewhat embarrassed about it or were questioned about their decision
- "Not getting in" may be deemed to be a loss of face
- They are over-confident that nothing will go wrong
- They welcome a chance to demonstrate their skills in challenging situations
- They have a personal commitment/appointment at the completion of the flight, or they may simply want to get to the destination
- They are fatigued
- They become task-saturated
- They focus solely on aircraft flight path control due to turbulence and other distractions
- They miss the significance of ATC calls of changing winds and runway conditions
- They lose situational awareness and are not fully aware of the potentially perilous situation
- They have not set performance limits and trigger gates that require a go-around
- They may have poor CRM skills, and, even if one of the crew members feels uncomfortable about continuing, he or she may therefore not speak up
- They do not conduct a risk assessment based on current and developing (possibly deteriorating) conditions
- They do not anticipate and plan for things that may go wrong
- They are not fully aware of their own limitations and/or the aircraft's limitations
- They feel nothing matters if they can just get it on the runway and get it stopped.
6 Press-on-itis Prevention Methods
Knowing how press-on-itis can negatively affect aircrew decision making can help lead to recognition of its hazards and, hence, reduced decision errors. The following are ways to prevent press-on-itis:
- The company should commit to safety as a priority and act in such a way that does not contradict that commitment. A company's safety culture is defined by how it rewards its employees whether it be with words of praise, a pat on the back, a promotion or a pay increase for their effort to improve safety standards. Even if there is a "Safety is Job Number 1" sign on the wall, excessive pressure for potentially risky actions such as on-time arrivals, fuel savings and passenger convenience can result in press-on-itis.
- The company should have a sound training program about the dangers of press-on-itis and other matters relating to safety and human factors. The company should also emphasize the importance of observing the minima and procedures.
- Crews should be indoctrinated in the error-reducing benefits of proper planning. A crew should use "what if?" scenarios that are related to the mission. Preplanning among captain, first officer and dispatcher allows everyone a chance to comment and gain a shared mental model of possible alternate plans.
- Crews should be taught to ask "why?" when they select the more risky of two alternatives.
- Company policy and crew training should emphasize carrying enough fuel for diversion and/or holding.
- Crews should be trained concerning how to select a suitable alternate. This should include not choosing a "close-in alternate" that will be affected by the same weather system.
- Crews should be trained in how to carry out a risk assessment based on crew fatigue level and type of approach (precision, non-precision, etc.). For example, a circling approach at night


Algorithm for determining if a graph is possible?
Suppose that we have n vertices and m edges, and that the possible degrees of vertices are a or b. If a and b are nonnegative integers less than n, and the system of Diophantine equations, consisting of ax+by=2m and x+y=n, has a nonnegative solution, then does the set of conditions necessary require the existence of such a graph?


The Budgerigar, also known as the Common Pet Parakeet, Shell Parakeet or by its nickname the Budgie, is native to Australia. It inhabits scrublands, open woodlands and grasslands. Under favourable conditions these birds form flocks of thousands of individuals. Since they eat seeds and therefore will predate on farm crops such as wheat they are considered by many farmers to be pests.
In the wild the Budgerigar is green and yellow. Captive breeding has produced individuals that are blue, white, yellow or grey.
Budgerigar @ Safari Niagara
 - A large number of these birds call Safari Niagara home. You can visit them in their summer home and get up close and personal by feeding them.
Scientific Classification
Species:Melopsittacus undulatos
Did you know?
 - A feral population of Budgies has been recorded since the 1940's in St. Petersburg, Florida. The birds are now less common due to competition from introduced starlings and English house sparrows.


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Mirrored from Sudopedia, the Free Sudoku Reference Guide
A horizontal line containing 9 cells.
Together, the rows form one of the 3 main divisions of the grid.
Rows are usually numbered from 1 to 9 from top to bottom. Alternatively, rows can be identified by letters A through I. To avoid confusion with digit 1, letter J or K are used for the bottom row. The row and column identifications are also used in naming cells.
In solving techniques which affect either rows or columns, the term line is used to represent a house that can either be a row or a column.


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To Add Box Branches to Your Map:
The box branch style gives greater emphasis to your text and allows you to quickly add ideas to your mind map. Your box branches will be automatically organised to ensure your map is lain out in an even way. To find out how to style your branches when using the organic mind map style, please click here
1. There are 3 ways you can add branches to your map. Let's start from the Central Idea:
- Click or hover your mouse over the central idea and a green + icon will appear on either side of the central idea. Click on one of these + icons depending on which direction you want your branch to go in.
- Click on one of these arrows and drag-drop into a space on your map.
- Or you can use our handy shortcut. Use your keyboard arrow keys to move around the branches and hit Tab to create a new branch.
2. When your branch has appeared, type away and hit enter when done.
3. Click on the pencil icon to bring out the branch editor. You will see the text you have just typed into the branch under 'Title'.
Adding a Sibling Branch
1. When you hover over a branch, you will get the option to make a sibling branch. A sibling branch is where two branches share the same parent branch.
2. Click on the green arrow to add the sibling branch. A new branch will appear next to it off the same parent branch. Type in your branch text and hit Enter when done.
3. To edit the text, double click on the text to bring up the text editor. The text will be automatically highlighted to allow you to make changes to the style. The text must be highlighted before changes will take effect.
4. The text editor will allow you to change the style, size and color of the text.
5. To create a carriage return hold SHIFT and Enter on the keyboard. Click back on the canvas to close the menu.


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This reconstruction shows how the Ivory Bangle Lady may have looked
Archaeologists have revealed the remains of what they say was a "high status" woman of African origin who lived in York during Roman times.
Academics say the discovery goes against the common assumption that all Africans in Roman Britain were low status male slaves.
Remains of the Ivory Bangle Lady, as she has been named, were studied in Reading using forensic techniques.
She was first discovered in the Bootham area of York in August 1901.
Her remains were in a stone coffin near Sycamore Terrace in the city.
Her grave dates back to the second half of the 4th Century. She was buried with items including jet and elephant ivory bracelets, earrings, beads and a blue glass jug.
She also had a rectangular piece of bone, which is thought to have originally been mounted in a wooden box, which was carved to read, "Hail, sister, may you live in God'.
Bracelets of ivory and jet were among the woman's grave goods
The grave goods and skeletal remains of the Ivory Bangle Lady were studied by the archaeology department of the University of Reading.
The university's Dr Hella Eckardt said a study of the skull's size and facial features along with analysis of the chemical signature of the food and drink she had consumed led to their conclusion that she was of high status and of African origin.
Dr Eckardt said: "Multi-cultural Britain is not just a phenomenon of more modern times.
"Analysis of the 'Ivory Bangle Lady' and others like her, contradicts common popular assumptions about the make up of Roman-British populations as well as the view that African immigrants in Roman Britain were of low status, male and likely to have been slaves."
The Ivory Bangle Lady will feature in an exhibition about the diversity of the population of Roman York at the Yorkshire Museum in August.


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Gigahertz Single-Electron Pumping Mediated by Parasitic States
© Maciej Frolow/Getty
A single-electron pump has moved the world another step closer towards achieving rapid and reliable quantum computing.
Scientists have been controlling electrons ever since electricity was discovered, but the same physics cannot be applied at the quantum scale necessary for realizing quantum computers. In particular, a reliable flow of electrons that is continuous and consistent is vital for such technology.
Now, a team that included researchers from the University of Adelaide has fabricated a single-electron pump from a silicon-based aluminium-oxide quantum dot just 30 nanometres wide. The device could be tuned to produce a billion single electrons per second and control them one by one when a high frequency electrical current was applied.
Such fast and accurate manipulation and measurement of electrons at the nanoscale brings quantum computing, and the related benefits for cybersecurity and information processing, closer to reality.
- Nano Letters 18, 4141−4147 (2018). doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00874


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Bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion jels (bijels) are new multiphase soft materials in which two interpenetrating regions of immiscible liquids are stabilized by a jammed monolayer of colloidal particles, sitting at the interface between the two liquids. Such materials were first predicted via (Lattice-Boltzmann) computer simulation and subsequently realized in the lab, with mixtures of water and lutidine (W/L) stabilized via silica colloids with near-equal affinity to both species. Bijels properties are predicted to be highly tunable in terms of the size and volume fraction of the solid particles and perhaps also their shape, say ellipsoids versus spheres, over a broad range of scales.
We plan to perform systematic studies of the morphological and mechanical properties of the bijel metastable structure, i.e. pore size and elasticity as a function of colloidal size and volume fraction. More specifically, we shall investigate the effects of the particle radius and volume fraction on the morphology, pore size distribution and resulting mechanical properties of the bijels for different types of motifs.
For many applications, say tissue engineering, it is imperative to access pore sizes above 100 µm, which appears problematic with standard bijels. This can be achieved by a variant of bijels, known as bridged bijels, in which one phase contains a network of colloidal-bridged droplets. This dual morphology results from combined spinodal decomposition and nucleation and growth in a binary mixture containing neutrally wetting colloids with selective affinity for one liquid phase. Likewise bijels, the mechanical and morphological properties of bridged-bijels are highly sensitive to the physical-chemical properties and volume fractions of the colloidal particles.


ANTECH Segmented Gamma Scanner (SGS)
The ANTECH segmented gamma scanner (or SGS) is a robust and comprehensive radioactive waste assay system for measuring waste in drums. It retains all of the capabilities of the original segmented gamma scanner developed by Parker, Riley and Martin at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in the USA, equipment that is widely used for radioactive waste assay around the world. The ANTECH Model G3200 also incorporates enhancements to the measurement capability of the original SGS.