Admiralty Islands
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This article is about the Admiralty Islands of Papua New Guinea. For the Admiralty Island in Alaska, see Admiralty Island. For other uses, see Admiralty Island (disambiguation).
Admiralty Islands
Papua new guinea manus province.png
Map of Papua New Guinea. The Admiralty Islands are in the dark red area at the top of the map.
Coordinates 2°05′S 146°57′E / 2.083°S 146.950°E / -2.083; 146.950Coordinates: 2°05′S 146°57′E / 2.083°S 146.950°E / -2.083; 146.950
Province Manus Province
The Admiralty Islands are an archipelago group of eighteen islands in the Bismarck Archipelago, to the north of New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean. These are also sometimes called the Manus Islands, after the largest island.
These rainforest-covered islands form part of Manus Province, the smallest and least-populous province of Papua New Guinea, in its Islands Region. The total area is 2,100 km2 (810 sq mi). Many of the Admiralty Islands are atolls and uninhabited.
Manus is the largest of the Admiralty Islands.
The temperature of the Admiralty Islands varies little throughout the year, reaching daily highs of 30–32 °C (86–90 °F) and 20–24 °C (68–75 °F) at night. Average annual rainfall is 3,382 mm (133 in) and is somewhat seasonal, with June–August being the wettest months.
Manus reaches an elevation of 700 m (2,300 ft) and is volcanic in origin and probably broke through the ocean's surface in the late Miocene, 8–10 million years ago. The substrate of the island is either directly volcanic or from uplifted coral limestone.
The main town in the islands is Lorengau on Manus, connected by road to an airport on nearby Los Negros Island, otherwise transport around the islands is by boat. There is very little tourism although the seas are attractive to divers, including Jean-Michel Cousteau who spent time on nearby Wuvulu Island in the 1970s.
Due to the isolated location, the rain forests of the Admiralty Islands are home to rare and endemic species of birds, bats and other animals and are considered a separate ecoregion, the Admiralty Islands lowland rain forests. The majority of the forests on Manus still remain, but some of the smaller islands have been cleared for coconut farming. The typical tree species are various Calophyllum and Sararanga species.[1]
58.5 km2 (22.6 sq mi) Ndrolowa Wildlife Management Area was declared March 1985 south of Lorengau on Manus Island and contains both terrestrial and marine regions.[2] 240 km2 (93 sq mi) protected area has been established around the highest mountain on Manus, Mt. Dremsel, but the level of protection is still undetermined in UNEP World Database on Protected Areas.[3] Further study of this ecoregion is required.
Three of the bird species endemic to Admiralty Islands have been listed as vulnerable in the IUCN Red List: Manus fantail (Rhipidura semirubra), Superb pitta (Pitta superba) and Manus masked owl (Tyto manusi). Three other birds are endemic to Admiralty Islands but are classified as non-threatened or least concern: white-naped friarbird (Philemon albitorques), Manus monarch (Monarcha infelix) and Manus hawk owl (Ninox meeki). Birds found mainly but not exclusively on the Admiralty Islands include Melanesian megapode (Megapodius eremita), yellow-bibbed fruit-dove (Ptilinopus solomonensis), yellowish imperial-pigeon (Ducula subflavescens), pied cuckoo-dove (Reinwardtoena browni), Meek's pygmy parrot (Micropsitta meeki), black-headed white-eye (Zosterops hypoxanthus) and ebony myzomela (Myzomela pammelaena).
Mammals found only here or on nearby island groups include the large fruit bats, Admiralty flying-fox (Pteropus admiralitatum), Andersen's naked-backed fruit bat (Dobsonia anderseni) and Seri's sheathtail-bat (Emballonura serii) while the two pure-endemics are Admiralty Island cuscus (Spilocuscus kraemeri) and a local mosaic-tailed rat (Melomys matambuai).[1] The islands are home to two endemic Platymantis frogs (Platymantis admiraltiensis and Platymantis latro)[4] and four lizards, while the emerald green snail of Manus was the first terrestrial snail to be listed as vulnerable by the IUCN.
Along with New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands Archipelago, the Admiralty Islands were first inhabited approximately 40,000 years[citation needed] ago, in the initial wave of migration out of Southeast Asia that also populated Australia. This early society appears to have cultivated taro, and to have deliberately introduced wild animals from New Guinea such as bandicoots and large rats. Obsidian was gathered and traded throughout the Admiralty Islands archipelago.[5]
The Lapita culture arose around 3,500 years ago, and its extent ranged from the Admiralty Islands to Tonga and Samoa. Its origins are contested, but it may well have been a product of another wave of migration from Southeast Asia. Lapita society featured renowned pottery, stilt houses, the introduction of domestic animals such as pigs, dogs, and chickens, and substantial developments in agriculture and boat technology, allowing long distance trade to develop. Lapita society, as a distinct culture and extended trade network, collapsed around 2,000 years ago.[5]
European and Japanese periods[edit]
The first European to visit the islands was the Spanish navigator Álvaro de Saavedra when trying to return from Tidore to New Spain in the summer of 1528.[6] Saavedra charted Manus as Urays la Grande.[7] Its visit was also reported in 1616 by the Dutch navigator Willem Schouten. The name 'Admiralty Islands' was devised by Captain Philip Carteret of the British Royal Navy in 1767.[8]
Between 1884 and 1914 the area was administered as a German colony. In November 1914, the islands were occupied by troops of the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force landed from the SS Siar. A few shots fired from a machine gun on Siar over the heads of the tiny German garrison at Lorengau were the last shots fired in the battle. After the war, the islands were governed by the Commonwealth of Australia under a League of Nations mandate.[9]
Japanese troops landed on Manus Island on 7 April 1942.[10] In 1944, Japanese forces occupying the islands were attacked and defeated by Allied forces in Operation Brewer. Subsequently a large American airbase was built at Lombrum near Lorengau.[11]
Following Papuan independence in 1975, sovereignty of the Admiralty Islands was transferred from Australia to Papua New Guinea.
They became the Manus Province of the Islands Region in Papua New Guinea.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ a b "Admiralty Islands lowland rain forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
 2. ^ UNEP World Database on Protected Areas: Ndrolowa
 3. ^ UNEP World Database on Protected Areas: Mt. Dremsel
 4. ^
 5. ^ a b Spriggs, Matthew (1997). "Recent History (The Holocene)". In Denoon, Donald. The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 52–69.
 8. ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot (1958). Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier,. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II (Boston: Little, Brown and Company). p. 433. ISBN 0-7858-1307-1.
 9. ^ Mackenzie, S.S. (1927). Volume X – The Australians at Rabaul: The Capture and Administration of the German Possessions in the Southern Pacific. Australia in the War of _PHONE_ (Canberra: Australian War Memorial). pp. 2, 178, 345–366. ISBN 0-7022-1856-1.
 11. ^ Frierson, Major William C. (1990) [1946]. The Admiralties: Operations of the 1st Cavalry Division, 29 February - 18 May 1944. American Forces in Action. Washington, DC: United States Army Center of Military History.


text:
DNA testing has come a long way. Fans of the CSI television franchise tune in every week to see how forensic scientists use tiny tissue samples to unveil the culprit of a crime. DNA traceability could also be a valuable tool in tracing food back to its origins when needed.
Researchers from the Canadian Swine Health Board, the University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), and the Atlantic Veterinary College (AVC) are betting the technology can offer benefits to pork producers, too.
In the first phase of a research project, they analyzed DNA as a tool to breed healthier, better-performing hogs. DNA technology also shows great potential for unraveling the mysteries surrounding on-farm mortalities or disease outbreaks by providing an effective and rapid feedback loop for farmers.
Unless a producer is in the seedstock business, where every pig is given a unique identification, it is unlikely that a pig can be traced back to its birth parents, explains Daniel Hurnik, DVM, UPEI's industry chair for swine research and associate professor at the Atlantic Veterinary College.
"Pigs in weaner rooms or finishing barns all look the same and do not have unique identifiers," Hurnik notes. "If a pig has a genetic defect or a health problem, there is no way to prove it was caused by genetics or parentage."
That may change soon, as researchers successfully identified hogs' parentage by using IdentiGEN, Canada's DNA TraceBack system. If a sire's offspring consistently have problems, he can be crossed off the list of sires used in a commercial breeding program.
"We're not talking about the ability to influence the genetics of one individual, but rather the productivity of an entire herd by identifying the genetic cause of problems faster than it's been done in the past," he explains.
At the commercial level, this information could dramatically improve genetic selection, lower mortality rates and, quite possibly, reduce antibiotic use.
All health issues cannot be blamed on genetics, nor can the use of genetics guarantee optimal health. However, disease susceptibility has a genetic basis, Hurnik points out, and that is why the second part of their study will focus on how this can be factored into genetic selection.
Researchers will track genetically linked conditions like birth defects, hernias and retained testicles to determine if a genetic line is more prone to these problems. A parallel benefit is the ability to select sires that produce faster-growing, leaner offspring or other attributes they are interested in, he notes.
The biggest hurdle with genetic analysis is accuracy, since researchers tend to work with probabilities and not absolutes. While the current cost might put it beyond the reach of most producers, Hurnik expects DNA analysis will become more affordable with time.
"My goal as a veterinarian is to try and develop tools to reduce the prevalence of disease and help farmers be more competitive. This is one of many ways to do that," he assures.
Suzanne Deutsch is a freelance writer from Quebec, Canada.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Inkjet printing is a widely known technology to generate small droplets for accurate patterning of functional materials. The droplet generation is a complex interaction of the internal pump dimensions, the piezo electric driving conditions and the liquid properties. Standard drop formation is executed in the so-called slosh mode, all fluid in the pump moves against the surface tension spring. This slosh mode produces droplets with a diameter that is of the order of the nozzle diameter. As there is a need for smaller and smaller patterns, especially for non-graphical applications, while still maintaining a robust printing process, i.e. without clogging of the nozzle, it is very interesting to generate smaller size droplets than are made with the slosh model. In this paper it is shown theoretically and experimentally that such droplets can be made via higher order meniscus modes. In such a mode the fluid motion is confined to the very close environment of the meniscus. When the print head and pulse are designed such that an overtone of the waveguide coincides with a symmetric resonance mode of the meniscus it is possible to make stable droplets that are more than an order of magnitude smaller than the standard droplet.
|Title||Ultra small droplet generation in inkjet printing by higher order meniscus oscillations|
Philips Personal Health, Technical Expert Group, Drachten, The Netherlands
|Session||21. Bubbles and droplets IV|
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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I know what an ND filter does. I know what a polarizer does. I also know what two polarizers stacked together and rotated properly do.
So the question: why should I use an ND filter to achieve a darker image at the input, when I can use 2 polarizers instead and rotate them to exactly as dark an image at the input as I want?
Also asked by Julien Gagnet
Is it possible to use two polarised filters to create a variable ND filter?
I was reading that by attaching two polarised filter we could create a variable ND filter.
Has anyone done this? How was this done? Any drawback (colour cast, quality...)? What would be the strength in light filtering of such filter?
share|improve this question
9 Answers 9
up vote 22 down vote accepted
 - Polarizers are often more expensive than ND filters and you need two of them.
 - Stacking two filters can cause vignetting with wide lenses.
 - You have an extra glass surface with two polarizers which can cause flare and potentially loss of contrast/sharpness.
 - This arrangement can cause colour shift toward yellow (but so some ND filters).
 - Extreme wide angle lenses will exhibit uneven darkening due to the difference in incidence angle across the polarizers.
share|improve this answer
And stacking filters will decrease image quality, as it's another piece of glass light has to go through before reaching the sensor – t3mujin Jun 2 '11 at 11:47
Also the effect the polarisers has to create the darkness will not work evenly the wider the angle of your lens gets, in extreme cases causing a cross-like pattern of light and dark – Dreamager Jun 2 '11 at 12:01
The short answer is that yes, you can do this. Just stack two polarizers, and when you rotate them relative to one another, the transmission will vary.
Make sure that the polarizer in front is either:
 - linear, not circular, as the latter essentially un-polarizes the light as it exits the filter.
 - a reversed CPL (but now the threads won't line up).
The point is that the light exiting the first filter needs to be polarized. The second polarizer will need to be a circular polarizer if you want autofocus.
I just tried this (two CPLs, the one in front reversed) and the attenuation seems to vary between one CPL's worth (1.5-2 stops) to nearly black. I did get a strong purple tint when I was approaching max attenuation.
Be aware that you'll still get all the effects of a polarizer as well.
share|improve this answer
Normal unpolarized light rays have many different "orientations". A polarizing filter only lets through light with a certain "orientation" and proportionally filters out light rays with different orientations. The further the orientation is away from the orientation of the polarizer, the less light makes it through, up 90 degrees where no light makes it through.
If you stack two polarizing filters at right angles, there is no orientation of light that can make it through both filters so the result is zero light transmission. If you vary the angles (most camera polarizing filters rotate to allow this) so they're not quite at 90 degrees you'll let a very small amount of light through, and thus get an ND effect allowing long exposures ect.
The best thing about doing this is that you can vary the strength of your ND filter. The only thing you need to do is get two filters of the same size and make sure the front most polarizing filter is not a circular polarizer.
A non-circular polarizer doesn't mean it's square! Just that after filtering out all but a certain orientation of polarized light, the filter mixes up the orientations of the light coming out the other side. This is done because polarized light with only one orientation messes with the camera's AF.
The only downside of this is that stacking filters can cause vignetting with wideangle lenses.
share|improve this answer
In addition to what _USER_ Grum gave as reasons:
A polarizer will reduce reflections, while a Neutral Density filter will not. You might want to include reflections in your images.
A Neutral Density Filter optimally does not change the hue or color of the scene at all.
You may not want to darken the sky, and a circular polarizer turned the correct way will darken and emphasize the sky, while a ND filter will darken the entire scene.
Neutral density filters are offered in many different styles. Graduated Neutral Density filters are probably the most useful, where you only want to darken half of the image or a portion of the image. They also provide different transition amounts, with hard transitions or soft transitions.
ND Filters have various transmittance values. You could potentially have a ND filter that far exceeds the maximum light filtering ability of any two polarizing filters.
share|improve this answer
Your statement that "you could potentially have a ND filter that far exceeds the maximum light filtering ability of any two polarizing filters" is not true, but I won't down-vote your answer, because I appreciate your help. You should fix your answer though. – Richard Rodriguez Jun 2 '11 at 16:07
_USER_ Polarizing filters don't work perfectly, even when turned at 90 degrees to each other some light will pass. You could view a sheet of steel as a very strong ND filter. This filter will far exceed the maximum light filtering ability of any two polarizing filters. – Matt Grum Jun 2 '11 at 16:41
_USER_ - I stand with my original answer :-) – dpollitt Jun 2 '11 at 18:40
_USER_ - I have used both a stacked polarizer, and really strong ND (ND400, allows 0.25% of the incoming light to pass) filters - the ND filter blocks FAR more light. – Fake Name Jul 1 '11 at 3:13
Maybe machine vision polarisers are much more efficient than photographic ones, but two of my linear filters crossed will pass 0.0045% light. Much closer to the steel sheet than the most effective ND filter you can find. This is not a recommendation from my part to use the filter stacking instead of ND filters btw :) – Michael Nielsen Feb 22 '13 at 18:25
Speaking from my own experience, I would rather carry different ND filters that combine two polarisers. I stopped using polarisers as I didn't like the way they affect the colours and saturation. I guess two polarisers together will affect the colours even more. Anyway, good luck with your experiment
share|improve this answer
I just got a Singh-Ray Vari-ND filter for taking longer duration images. It is essentially what you want to do in a commercial setup. The paperwork with it clearly warns of the color effects mentioned above that you may see on some lenses.
share|improve this answer
Yea, beware color casts when stacking dense filters. – Shizam Oct 31 '10 at 4:29
A properly rotated polarizer can reduce reflection, but two polarizers with perpendicular axis just reduce the amount of light passes, despite the polarization of the light. This is because light, as a transverse wave, has only two axis of polarization. If both directions are reduced by the same fraction, the result is just a reduction of the overall intensity.
So two such polarizers in theory is identical to a ND filter. But because of the practical reasons mentions by others, you may want to choose just a ND filter.
EDIT: Well, the real reason that light only has two direction of polarization is that photons are massless. If photons are massive, it will have an extra massive polarization. Just so you know~~ :-)
share|improve this answer
My experiment with crossed polarizers (2 cpl, one reversed) has convinced me that they are not the solution I was looking for. Crossed as dark as I could get them worked about to about 16 stops -- so I was shooting 5 minutes at F22 at ISO 200 in daylight. The vertical and horizontal banding was worse than I expected, and the purple color cast was unfixable (by me, at least) in Photoshop.
share|improve this answer
I guess this is an old thread, but I do have some experience with double polarizers. I first came across the idea while attempting to attenuate the IR signal getting to my Cybershot F717's sensor, so that I could take infrared pictures in broad daylight. For that, they do an excellent job.
I have 4 polarizers here, 2 circular and 2 linear, which I have tried in varies combinations; resulting in considerable variation in their abilities to block light, and considerable differences in the hue that they cast on the images (I'm speaking of non-IR here). However, I did find one set that seems to have very little effect on colour.
But there is a difference between using double polarizers and ND filters. The ND filters seem to simply reduce the amount of light getting in; but I sense something different going on with the polarizers, especially near the extinction point, if I can call it that. I notice this especially when taking picture of landscapes with cloudy horizons. The polarizers seem to make the clouds pop out of the sky, more than the ND filters. I can't


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This paper presents a novel design for broadband zero-order half-wave plates to eliminate the first-order or up to second-order wavelength-dependent birefringent phase retardation (BPR) with 2 or 3 different birefringent materials. The residual BPRs of the plates increase monotonously with the wavelength deviation from a selected wavelength, so the plates are applicable to the broadband light pulses which gather most of the light energy around their central wavelengths. The model chooses the materials by the birefringent dispersion coefficient and evaluates the performances of the plates by the weighted average of the absolute value of residual BPR in order to emphasize the contributions of the incident spectral components whose possess higher energies.
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Latency Analysis
The Latency visualization lets you analyze latent customer behavior within a set number of days before or after an event occurred after a campaign or other type of event or period of time.
The Latency visualization allows you to set a metric to identify behavior before, during, or after an event occurred to determine its effect on customer behavior. For example, you can identify the effectiveness of a marketing campaign by viewing the revenue a week after an event occurred. Or you can show customer behavior a week previous to the event as a baseline to see an event's effect on behavior.
Using the Latency visualization, you can change the Time dimension from day, hour, week, or other time period, to visit, click through, hit, or other countable dimension.
Setting up Latency Analysis
 1. Open a workspace and right-click Visualization > Latency.
 2. From the menu, select the number of days to analyze for latency events.
 3. Right-click on the Latency label to open menu.
 - Using the Set Countable option, set a countable dimension such as visit, clickthrough, hit, and others.
 - Using the Set Countable (Time) option, set a time dimension such as day, hour, week, day of week, and hour of day.
 4. Modify the Latency visualization.
 Right-click on the Latency header to select menu options to change countables, dimensions, to re-label, or to select or change other settings.
On this page


text:
The fifth-grade students used their knowledge of reflectional symmetry to create beautiful cursive art designs. The students first reviewed how to write their name in cursive. For many, this was their first time learning how to write in this manner. After they felt comfortable writing their names in cursive, students applied it to their final art piece. For color, the fifth graders used oil pastel and a blending technique to create a wide range of value and gradation in their work.
Bateman Art Department


Where did universalism originally come from?—Robin Parry
Patristics is the study of the early church fathers, not in the very first century—strictly speaking, that's the earliest church—but normally patristic scholars look from the second century (although they're interested in the first) up to the ninth century. It's particularly what the early church fathers taught, what the church was like, etc.
In particular, the debate has been looking at these leaders in the early church. "Gosh, some of them actually were Universalists!" Everyone knew that Origen was and so Origen tended to have a bad rap. He was generally looked down on—including by patristic scholars because they just inherited that way of looking at him—but as people began to study the text more, there's been a real revival in Origen's reputation. In the church too, I mean, the past few popes have really loved him—"He's a dude!" There's been a lot of work that has been sort of trying to revive his reputation.
There are lots of debates about Origen and you'd really want to ask Ilaria Ramelli about this because she is like a super expert on Origen—she's a super expert on everything, it just blows your mind. There are lots and lots of things people say that Origen said that arguably he probably didn't say. In fact, oftentimes he said the opposite of what people say he said. So there are ongoing debates about how you interpret specific church fathers and what they taught. This debate has been growing with Ilaria's work. She's arguing that lots more church fathers were universalists—or at least had inclinations that way—than people have often thought. I think there's a growing consensus or trajectory within patristic studies that would go in that direction. There are still questions about, "Well, this guy, it's not so clear—Ilaria thinks he was, so-and-so thinks he wasn't." You get these debates about those kinds of things.
Another debate—and this is one that has revived again very recently—is, "What are the origins of Apokatastasis?" Apokatastasis is just the Greek word that is usually used when we talk about patristic universalism—it's just to do with the restoration of all things at the end—the final restoration. I just used the word now because that's the word the patristic folks tend to use—I'm talking about universalism.
One of the issues is, granted that Origen, Gregory of Nyssa, and so on, were universalists—or believed in the Apokatastasis—where did they get that idea from? One school of thought is, "Actually, it's a pagan idea. Maybe it originates in Gnosticism and they kind of gullibly imported it into Christianity and baptized it?" In effect, infected the theology of the Church with this alien idea that didn't really belong within the Christian theological world. Those on the other side, like Ilaria, argue, "No, that's ridiculous! In fact, the very first universalists were Christians. Gnostic universalism was a very different kind of 'universalism', it wasn't even universalism proper as not everybody got saved in Gnostic universalism." Also, Origen was ferociously opposed to Gnostics, he thought they were really terrible and dodgy theological characters.
Origen got his ideas, Ilaria argues, from Scripture. Scripture was really important for Origen, he was a massive scriptural commentator, he wrote masses and masses of stuff on the Bible, he was perhaps the most erudite scholar of the early church—perhaps even more than Augustine, who was a super amazing scholar. So she says he gets it from the Bible. He also gets it from various strands of Christian tradition that precedes him. He draws on Irenaeus a lot. Origen systematizes key ideas in Irenaeus—very Christian ideas—and developed them in ways that go in Apokatastasis.
Also, a very interesting tradition (that you find in lots of 2nd and 3rd-century Christian texts within proto-Orthodox Christian circles—churches that later developed into what we now know as Orthodoxy) where the Saints are praying for those in the lake of fire. Jesus's invitation in some cases is to pray for those in the lake of fire and Jesus draws them out of the lake of fire. So this idea that the lake of fire or death is the point of no return once you died—"You can't change your destiny"—wasn't at all clear to a lot of Christians in the early church. It wasn't incomprehensible or nonsensical to them to imagine somebody going into the lake fire and coming out of it. Origen takes these kinds of traditions and synthesizes them into his more systematic account of universalism or Apokatastasis. This is then passed down in that tradition through many fathers, including she argues—and I'm persuaded—Athanasius, who was a really important guy in terms of who was Jesus, Christology, Jesus's divinity, and so on.
Above is my transcript—edited for readability—of an excerpt from the video below (for more transcripts see Robin's Hope & Hell videos).
Prof. Dr Ilaria Ramelli, Sacred Heart Major Seminary
2 thoughts on "Where did universalism originally come from?—Robin Parry"
 1. Amen.. It comes from the Bible.. Amazing it's been so overlooked.. And prayers for those in the lake of fire may of course be the lake as metaphor.. I'm VERY convinced it's not a place at all. Also Jude 7 says the example of hellfire was that which occurred to Sodom and cities. Not a place, but event...And did John see a mushroom of fire at the Lord's return? Then notice this mention.. "At the end" when the Son hands the kingdom to the Father who is a consuming/purifying fire.. and death dies.. all things are made new.. the elements melting in a furious heat.. a new heavens and a new Earth.. that God be all in all. 1Cor.15:24-28; 1Pet.3:12-13; & of course Rev.21:3-5
 I've heard Origen was very much into metaphor(ing) the Scripture.. Which I don't disagree with if it's not presented as trumping or canceling the literal. Though of course some (very? few) things are strictly metaphor. Very good interview!
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< cpp | types
Utilities library
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(C++11)(until C++20)(C++17)
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_TAG_ offsetof(type, member) /*implementation-defined*/
The macro offsetof expands to an integral constant expression of type std::size_t, the value of which is the offset, in bytes, from the beginning of an object of specified type to its specified subobject, including padding if any.
Given an object o of type type and static storage duration, o.member shall be an lvalue constant expression that refers to a subobject of o. Otherwise, the behavior is undefined. Particularly, if member is a static data member, a bit-field, or a member function, the behavior is undefined.
If type is not a PODType (until C++11)standard layout type (since C++11), the behavior is undefined (until C++17)use of the offsetof macro is conditionally-supported (since C++17).
The expression offsetof(type, member) is never type-dependent and it is value-dependent if and only if type is dependent.
[edit] Exceptions
offsetof throws no exceptions.
The expression noexcept(offsetof(type, member)) always evaluates to true.
(since C++11)
[edit] Notes
The offset of the first member of a standard-layout type is always zero (empty-base optimization is mandatory).
(since C++11)
offsetof cannot be implemented in standard C++ and requires compiler support: GCC, LLVM.
member is not restricted to a direct member. It can denote a subobject of a given member, such as an element of an array member. This is specified by C DR 496.
It is specified in C23 that defining a new type in offsetof is undefined behavior, and such usage is only partially supported by some implementations in C++ modes: offsetof(struct Foo { int a; }, a) is supported by ICC and some old versions of GCC, while offsetof(struct Foo { int a, b; }, a) is rejected by all known implementations because of the comma in the definition of Foo.
[edit] Example
_TAG_
_TAG_
struct S {
 char m0;
 double m1;
 short m2;
 char m3;
// private: int z; // warning: 'S' is a non-standard-layout type
int main()
 << "offset of char m0 = " << offsetof(S, m0) << '\n'
 << "offset of double m1 = " << offsetof(S, m1) << '\n'
 << "offset of short m2 = " << offsetof(S, m2) << '\n'
 << "offset of char m3 = " << offsetof(S, m3) << '\n';
Possible output:
offset of char m0 = 0
offset of double m1 = 8
offset of short m2 = 16
offset of char m3 = 18
[edit] Defect reports
DR Applied to Behavior as published Correct behavior
CWG 273 C++98 offsetof may not work if unary operator& is overloaded required to work correctly even if operator& is overloaded
[edit] See also
unsigned integer type returned by the sizeof operator
(typedef) [edit]
checks if a type is a standard-layout type
(class template) [edit]
C documentation for offsetof


text:
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Used in the context of general equities. Sizable block of securities or commodities contracts that, if released on the market, would put downward pressure on prices; prohibits buying activity that would otherwise translate into upward price movement. Examples include shares held in a dealer's inventory, a large institutional holding, a secondary distribution still in registration, and a large commodity position about to be liquidated.
Shares in a security or commodity contracts that are likely to be sold in certain circumstances, creating downward pressure on the price. That is, the market overhang supply is a block that investors are holding but will likely attempt to sell. For example, if a security hits its resistance level, more investors are likely to sell their shares which increases the number of shares available on the market and, assuming demand does not increase, will lead to a decline in the price. Market overhang is also called the overhanging supply or simply the overhang.


text:
I'm looking for a way to say that something it is really difficult, like when you start learning a new language, or reading something that you are not familiar with and there are terms that you never heard before. I found this "double Dutch", but not sure if it is still used or substituted by doublespeak or double talk.
The sentence is
[...]better understand all the "technical" terms that sometimes sound double Dutch.
I'm wondering if I should add like:
sound like double Dutch.
From the comment (thanks _USER_ Healey): Adding 'like' would make it a literal statement, and thus mean something that had the same phonics as 'double Dutch' So for example 'bubble hutch' would "sound like" 'double Dutch' as opposed to something which is not-understood.
edit: Do the words gobbledygook OR gibberish make more sense for what I want to say?


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InfoQ Homepage News Microsoft Announces Public Preview of IoT Edge
Microsoft Announces Public Preview of IoT Edge
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During the recent Connect(); conference, Microsoft announced a new version of the IoT Gateway Software Development Kit (SDK) called IoT Edge to provide edge computing in IoT scenarios.
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IoT Edge adds several capabilities to the previous SDK including:
The AI Toolkit is a set of scripts, code and tutorials provided to help understand how to apply machine learning at the edge. Azure Stream Analytics uses the same SQL language used in the cloud-based solution, and Azure Functions leverages the same Azure Functions development process that is then containerized for deployment to IoT Edge. By keeping the development processes for each module compatible with the cloud-based version, code and solutions can be reused.
Custom IoT Edge modules can be created in several languages, currently limited to C#, C and Python with more promised in future, and Visual Studio Code can be used to develop, debug and deploy this code in containers for deployment to the edge.
In device scenarios, IoT solutions provide access to a device twin, or device shadow as Amazon in AWS IoT Core call it, which stores the latest device configuration information. In IoT Edge, Microsoft extends this concept with a module twin to provide the same style of cloud-based configuration of the modules that form part of the processing pipeline on the edge device. This can be used to update and reconfigure an edge device or gateway when required as part of normal lifecycle management.
IoT Edge configuration and containers can be deployed from Microsoft Azure IoT Hub and leverage the same security processes.
Many IoT scenarios can benefit from edge computing, for example, image processing to look for defects in manufacturing processes, pre-aggregating sensor data before sending to the cloud or running machine learning algorithms to provide intelligence at the edge.
This is particularly useful where latency or bandwidth is a problem, or where local processing can provide warnings and alerts in cases where an internet connection cannot be guaranteed.
Several customers have used IoT Edge in private preview. In the announcement, Matt Boujonnier, analytics application architect for Schneider Electric, said:
IoT Edge can run or x64 or ARM hardware architectures and allows Microsoft to compete with other edge computing solutions such as AWS GreengrassIBM Watson Edge Analytics and SAP Leonardo IoT Edge.
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Community comments
 - like an app server locally?
 by Floyd Marinescu,
 So this is kind of like a locally deployed application server?
 - Re: like an app server locally?
 by Martin Abbott,
 Very similar yes, essentially IoT Edge runs Docker than helps to modularize a set of application components that make up the processing pipeline.
 These application components, or modules, can be managed and configured within the Azure Portal for the IoT Hub using the Module Twin, which is really functionally equivalent to a Device Twin (or Shadow) in a normal IoT scenario.
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How Zella Got Her Name
Kimberly Maynor
Zella is named after her grandmother, Zenaren Zimmarue Blevins. Zella's mother, Sarahann Susie Sulvanus (spelling? ) Day, was forcibly kidnapped from her mother, Zimmarue, by Catherine'Caty' Harris and Ambrose Day because Zimmarue was a Cherokee. Zella wrote a letter detailing how the Day's plotted the kidnapping since Myron Sulvanus Day, Zella's grandfather, died 3 months before Susie was born. The excuse, they didnt want Susie "raised indian". Zella was given her grandmother's middle name.
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text:
(The source of funds used…)
1) The source of funds used by a non-resident Indian (NRI) should be identified at the time of investing in order to decide if the money can be taken outside the country on sale or redemption.
2) If the source of funds is foreign currency, it can be sent without any restriction. If, however, it is Indian rupees, it cannot be remitted. These two sources cannot be clubbed together.
3) The bank account through which the investment is routed is used to determine the source of funds. The funds that are remitted from abroad into the NRE or FCNR accounts and invested can be freely sent back.
4) The income earned in India on investments is repatriable, irrespective of the source of funds. This includes interest from bonds and bank accounts, rental income, dividends from shares and mutual funds.
5) The income earned on an investment is freely repatriable once the taxes have been paid according to the Indian laws.
6) The income in the form of sale proceeds from capital assets, such as property, land, shares, bonds, and mutual funds held in India, are repatriable to the extent of funds remitted from abroad for buying these capital assets.
(The content on this page is courtesy Centre for Investment Education and Learning (CIEL). Contributions by Sunita Abraham, Girija Gadre and Arti Bhargava.)


text:
Submitted to: Weed Science
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: February 15, 2005
Publication Date: September 1, 2005
Repository URL: _URL_
Citation: Rinella, M.J., Sheley, R.L. 2005. Models that predict invasive weed and grass dynamics: 1. Model development. Weed Science 53:586-593. Interpretive Summary: In order to select effective methods for controlling invasive weeds, managers must be able to predict how weeds, and the plants that they grow with, will respond to herbicides, reseeding, grazing, biological control, and other management strategies. We used field experiments to develop mathematical models that predict how various plants respond to weed control strategies.
Technical Abstract: Invasive weed managers are presented with a complicated and ever-enlarging set of management alternatives. Sifting through these alternatives and identifying the optimal weed management strategy for a given set of conditions requires predicting how the alternatives will affect plant community composition. Field experiments have advanced our predictive capability in this regard, but several extrapolation problems impose limits on the prediction accuracy that can be achieved by simply interpreting treatment means and variances as predictions. These and other extrapolation problems also cause experiments to mischaracterize prediction confidence. Examples of the extrapolation problems include nonlinear relationships between competing plants, site-to-site variation in equilibrium biomass production of desired species and weeds and varying random error variances. Our objective was to develop models that alleviate a subset of these problems. We developed the models using data from two experiments in which four Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) densities and six western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii) and leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) densities were combined in field plots. Predicted versus observed graphs indicate that the models predict our data accurately, which suggests models might predict plant community response to weed management actions more accurately than do means and variances from experiments that are not adjusted to reflect local conditions. However, truly rigorous tests of prediction accuracy will require testing the models on data not used in model development. Such independent tests are the focus of the companion to thi


The Big Debate
The Big Debate
Debate: How can you break through the internal barriers derailing your transformation?
Two titans of industry will debate the effectiveness of proven tactics and tools to overcome internal barriers to ensure the success of large-scale transformation.
Why join this debate?
 1. Transform your transformation
 How do you reinvent a business while remaining a market leader? What role must the C-suite play? Explore how these deep challenges have been successfully addressed and overcome.
 2. See how to integrate disparate parts of your business
 How do you align everyone across the organisation and drive collaboration so that you're truly working as a single entity?
 3. Discover how different thinking leads to high growth
 A transformational culture can future-proof a company, and make it more innovative, productive and profitable. But how does a large organisation change its way of working? Explore the theory and practice with highly experienced speakers and attendees.
Adam Salzer OAM - Executive Chair, Whitewatertx & EMEA Advisory Board Chair, Teradata
Sir Richard Shirreff - Co-Founder and Managing Partner, Strategia Worldwide
Debate Chair:
Winfried Schultz - Vice President of EMEA Marketing, Teradata


text:
Postdoctoral Research Fellow
Indigenous Visual Culture Research Centre
Over a two year period the Postdoctoral Fellow will collect data on the topic of Indigenous views of Europeans from primary and secondary sources. They will approach visual primary source material using standard historical and art historical methods of document analysis, stylistic and formal analysis, as well as literary and ethnographic analysis. Primary sources will include, but will not be limited to, historical Indigenous visual and material culture in Canadian and international collections such as paintings, illustrations, carvings, voice and visual recordings, and contemporary Canadian and international Indigenous visual art, material culture and performance. Due to the diverse character of these materials, research will be approached from different and interdisciplinary perspectives. Indigenous research methodologies will privilege a wider range of sensorial experiences over just the visual.
This research, and where appropriate, records of the primary source materials used in the research, will be deposited with the Indigenous Visual Culture Research Centre (INVC/RC), and managed through an online commons. This commons, a research resource, is now being developed by a web designer, and will be managed by Dr. McMaster, the postdoctoral researcher, and a web designer. The commons will serve the Centre's primary audiences, including the international scholarly and professional community in the field, and in Canada, Indigenous originating communities, the education sector and the general public. The team will work together to ensure that the content uploaded onto the website is accessible and socially and culturally responsible to its various audiences. By generating content for the online commons, and for scholarly and public-oriented print and online publications, this research will make an original and sustained contribution to its audiences, all of whom will benefit from increased understanding of the roles of Indigenous people in shaping Canadian culture and society.
OCAD University's promotion of interdisciplinary research methodologies and conceptual orientations renders it the most appropriate intellectual environment to support postdoctoral research.
The Postdoctoral Fellow will play a leadership role in the INVC/RC, reporting directly to Dr. Gerald McMaster (Professor and Director of the INVC/RC). Bringing a skill-based knowledge, the Postdoctoral Fellow will also have theoretical/conceptual understanding and/or lived experienced of Indigenous epistemologies in visual culture.
Summary of Responsibilities:
- Lead the development of "Indigenous views of the other" project
- Provide knowledge of ways to evaluate the art and material culture of "others" and how this changes over time
- Develop new methods for analyzing, interpreting, and compiling data on gaze theory, the central concept that guides this research and which will significantly develop our understanding of Indigenous representations of "others"
- Engage with Indigenous voices to decolonize Indigenous history through a rigorous deconstruction of general interpretations and to re-evaluate Canadian and US history "through Native eyes"
- Conduct literature reviews and keep abreast of newest developments in the field by collecting data on the topic of Indigenous views of Europeans from primary and secondary sources
- Manage and supervise graduate and undergraduate research assistants
- Present results at academic conferences, prepare and publish peer-reviewed articles, and participate in the preparation of grant application packages
- PhD degree in Art History or Canadian Studies (graduated with a PhD on or after January, 2018 or will graduate with PhD by December, 2018). Exceptions will be considered.
- A solid theoretical/conceptual understanding and/or lived experienced of Indigenous epistemologies in visual culture.
- Experience with historic and contemporary Indigenous art
- Research skills that draw from the disciplines of history and art history, cultural studies, museum anthropology and contemporary art practice
- demonstrated ability or potential to teach at the post-secondary level and show an aptitude for innovative curriculum development and delivery
- Proven ability to multi-task in a deadline oriented environment with minimal supervision
- Effective oral and written communication, analytical, and interpersonal skills
- Excellent organizational skills and the ability to learn new skills quickly
- Demonstrated ability to work independently and participate collaboratively in a team environment
- Accuracy and attention to detail
- Works independently under direction of principle investigator, Dr. Gerald McMaster
- Opportunities to work collaboratively on and with other researchers at OCAD University
About the Indigenous Visual Culture Research centre (INVC/RC):
The Indigenous Visual Culture Research Centre's (INVC/RC) primary objective is to map – on a local, national and international scale – the cultural translations that occur when Indigenous and historical settler cultures come into contact. To that end, the plan has been to focus on the ways in which such interactions reflect, stimulate, and produce original artistic expressions among Indigenous peoples in colonial and post-colonial contexts, and the influence of those expressions on mainstream society. Working primarily in the context of visual culture as an interdisciplinary practice that assumes broad contextual understanding of objects, the INVC/RC will be principally concerned with the visual art-related historical and contemporary consequences of contact and interaction between Indigenous/non-Indigenous as well as Indigenous/Indigenous artists.
INVC/RC research and development activities focus on four main areas:
- Research: on gaze theory and contact zones; building of research and knowledge-exchange links with Indigenous communities, scholars, and national/international collecting institutions
- Collaboration: Development of an international network of Indigenous visual culture scholars, art historians, anthropologists, and artists to collaborate and generate innovative ideas related to history, theory and practice; creation of a website that will provide a hub for the research centre's work in the digital humanities and that will be dedicated to raising public awareness about the issues being explored
- Exhibition development: Production of major exhibitions, publications, and symposia that encourages scholarly, curatorial and public debate
Hours of Work: Full-time; Grant funded, Monday to Friday for a total of 35 hours per week. The expected duration of this contract is 24 months, beginning October, 2018 or when post is filled.
Application Deadline: The position will remain open until filled (review of applications will commence on receipt.)
Applicants should provide a one page covering letter indicating their research interests and highlighting their strengths, an academic C.V. and three references.
As an institution committed to art, design, digital media and related scholarship, OCAD University recognizes the profound and essential value that diversity brings to the creation, reception and circulation of creative practices and discourse. OCAD University understands that valuing diverse creative practices and forms of knowledge are essential to, and enrich the institution's core mission and vision as an art and design university with a local and global scope.
As an employer committed to employment equity, we encourage applications from members of equity-seeking communities including women, racialized and Indigenous persons, persons with disabilities, and persons of all sexual orientations and gender identities/expressions. We encourage members of equity-seeking groups to self-identify within the voluntary Applicant Questionnaire.
OCAD University is committed to providing an inclusive and barrier free experience to applicants with accessibility needs. Requests for accommodation can be made at any stage during the recruitment process. Please contact Human Resources for more information or refer to OCAD U's Policy of Accommodation in Employment for Persons with Disabilities
All qualified persons are encouraged to apply; however, Canadians and permanent residents of Canada will be given priority. While we thank all candidates for their interest, only those short-listed will be contacted.


text:
Authors: CATALINA CIOBOTARU, GEAVIT MUSA
Abstract: The monochromatization effect (M-effect), which consists in the reduction of an electronegative-electropositive gas mixtures discharge emission spectrum to only a few or a single line, was largely explained in our previous published papers together with their generation mechanisms, namely the polar ion-ion recombination and the energy resonance condition. This paper presents a kinetic model for the M-effect based on the radiative and collisional processes which appear between 1s_2, 1s_3, 1s_4 and 1s_5 Paschen levels, in Penning gas mixtures, where this effect was observed to be the most powerful.
Keywords: Monochromatization-effect, kinetic model, collisional processes
Full Text: PDF


text:
Winter Dunes on Mars
Dunes within a crater on Mars are visible in this image. This crater is located in the Southern hemisphere where it was winter at the time this image was taken.
This observation documents new seasonal processes occurring on dunes at this latitude, as well as other interesting phenomena. The bright tones are interpreted as carbon dioxide or water frost. This is generally concentrated on the east-facing slopes of the dunes, which are in shadow and therefore cooler. Some dark spots on the dunes may be areas that have defrosted more than surrounding terrain.
Landslides and dark-toned streaks are seen on many of the west-facing dune slopes. The general dune morphology indicates formation by westerly winds. However, zooming in on the image shows smaller scale ripples that appear to have been formed by winds blowing from the south and north.
Image: ESA/Hubble & NASA [high-resolution]
Caption: Nathan Bridges & Kelly Kolb


text:
After our blog post on Sunday regarding the WannaCry malware breakout, LogPoint today is excited to announce our turn-key application to detect and respond to WannaCry.
The application works on LogPoint and LogPoint Free, it works for all types of devices (firewalls, content security appliances, file-shares etc) and provides a simple effective tool to monitor and contain any further spread of the malware.
In addition, as research moves forward with different samples of the WannaCry, we can provide easy and fast updates to the application.
The technical details of the application are covered below:
- Monitoring the network for unusual connections to the SMB services between workstations. As the worm propagates by infecting and spreading, we will see unusual access patterns; clients should only connect to servers – in this case, we will see clients connecting to other clients.
- The malware has a very easy-to-spot pattern: encrypting files. Detecting when this happens is carried out through the use of the LogPoint agent. By monitoring for WCRY extensions we can easily detect if an infection takes place.
- The malware exploits the vulnerability identified in MS17-010. This vulnerability is detected through Qualys and by importing all Qualys scans in LogPoint, alerts will fire immediately as vulnerable hosts are discovered by Qualys.
- Certain variations of the worm will attempt to connect to a domain, which is now sinkholed. This connection is easy to detect and our analytics application will alert the second this takes place.
1. Check for SMB connections
source_address IN HOMENET destination_port= 445 | chart distinct_count(destination_address) as DC by source_address | search DC>200
This is the case where the hosts in your infrastructure are already compromised and the malware is in the process of spreading. The first measure you should take is to apply the Microsoft security patches and disabling SMBv1 services (Guide here).
2. Identify encrypted files
norm_id=IntegrityScanner new_file IN WANNACRY_EXTENSION | chart count() by file_path, new_file order by count() desc
You can configure the LogPoint agent to monitor the integrity of your critical documents and then, if any of the hosts in your infrastructure show an evidence of change in the file formats, particularly to WCRY or similar, you might need to start looking for a quick response.
3. Check for the vulnerability
col_type=qualys* qualys_id IN [91345, 91357, 91359, 91360, 70077, 91360, 91345] | chart count() by source_address, title order by count() desc
If the vulnerability MS17-010 – Critical for SMB exists in the Windows systems, apply the following patch (here)
4. Check for sinkhole connections
norm_id=* url IN WANNACRY_DOMAIN or domain IN WANNACRY_DOMAIN | chart count() by source_address order by count() desc
You can see a connection to a kill switch, which seems to speed down the infection rate. You can update the WANNACRY_DOMAIN list if a new sinkhole is observed. Nevertheless, this does not mean that the attack has stopped, but the latest update on the ransomware seems to have left out the kill switch. If any connection variants from the infected hosts are identified, the list can be updated to check for such activity.
Supported Log Sources
- SMB Connections: Firewall sources
- Encrypted Files: File Integrity scanners, LogPoint Agent in this case.
- Vulnerable Sources: Penetration testing tools for a security vulnerability, Qualys in this case.
- Sinkhole Domain: Internet and Email activities identifying the visited URLs or domains, PaloAlto, Sophos UTM, IronPort, Juniper Secure Access etc.


text:
Education technology startup Desire2Learn just acquired Knowillage for an undisclosed sum.
Desire2Learn has raised the second largest venture round for a Canadian startup, only recently beat by Hootsuite. What this means is that the company has the resources to make strategic acquisitions, and grow its team quickly.
This acquisition is intended to augment Desire2Learn's existing suite of cloud-based teaching tools. It'a also an excuse for Desire2Learn to open a Vancouver office, as the Knowillage team is based in the heart of British Columbia.
Knowillage is best known for its adaptive learning technology, meaning that it helps teachers tweak lessons plans for each individual student — and not just teach to the middle.
"Schools are struggling with high dropout rates," said Desire2Learn chief executive John Baker, in an interview. Baker identified Knowillage as an acquisition target, as he says the software can make teachers "be more successful in their jobs."
Baker doesn't plan to shutter the product post-acquistition. Instead, he'll hire about 20 more engineers to build out core offering, and integrate it into Desire2Learn.
Knowillage is best known in the ed-tech market for its Leap product. Leap is an analytics toolset that teachers use to identify gaps in students' knowledge and understanding.
For instance, a fifth-grade math teacher could use Leap to find out which students have mastered a set of geometry problems — and those who need a bit more help.
Desire2Learn competes with education technology giants like Blackboard and Canvas by Instructure, an open source learning management platform. The company claims its tools are used by 750 clients, primarily school districts, and 10 million learners.


text:
Masonic Temple (old)
As the 19th century was winding to a close, the Masonic fraternity in Detroit was starting to build a growing membership. There were many Masonic branches spread out throughout Detroit at the time, and in 1891, they agreed to consolidate their groups into one home, united in solidarity and in base of operations.
On Aug. 11, 1892, Masonic groups bought land on Lafayette Boulevard and First Street, just outside of the heart of downtown, for a little more than $50,000 (about $1.2 million today, when adjusted for inflation). To pay for the $344,198 building (about $8.75 million today), the individual members were asked to chip in about $80 each, the equivalent of $1,800 today. The Ashlar, Oriental and Palestine lodges, the Monroe chapter and the Damascus Commandery gave $1,000 each ($23,500 today); Corinthian gave $1,400 ($33,000 today); the Peninsular Chapter and Detroit and Union responded with $1,500 each ($35,000 today); Zion forked over $3,000 ($70,000 today); and the Monroe Council gave $500 ($11,800 today). The groups then united to form what would become the Masonic Temple Association of Detroit, which still exists today. The association was formally formed March 19, 1894.
To build their new home, the Masons turned to another Mason, George D. Mason and his firm, Mason & Rice. The plans and specifications for the building were formally adopted on Dec. 3, 1892. Excavation began Oct. 1, 1894, and the cornerstone was laid Jan. 23, 1895. The dedication ceremonies were held with much fanfare and celebrated by thousands of Masons and their families on St. John the Baptist Day, June 24, 1895. The Masonic groups moved in over the next several months. Among the city leaders active in getting the temple built were future Mayor William C. Maybury, a past master who served as chairman of the Masonic Relations Committee. Just under two years after the new temple opened, Maybury would be elected mayor of Detroit.
The Masons' new home would tower seven stories over the street, a 140-foot-tall red brick building. The building quickly became a landmark downtown as one of the city's tallest buildings, at least for a few years. The Free Press called the temple "one of the showplaces of the era" before the automobile made Detroit king, the paper noted in 1935. Its auditorium had room for 750 people - 400 on the main floor and 350 in the balcony - but that would soon prove to be not nearly enough space. At the time it was built, the temple's membership numbered only 3,200. By 1908, the building was crowded to capacity as the rise in Detroit's industrial might flooded the organization with new members. Concessions had to be made, such as putting restrictions on the use of the dining room and assembly halls.
"We thought the old temple would care for our needs for 50 years, but we outgrew it in 12 years," Frank Fisher, secretary of the Masonic Temple Association, told the Christian Science Monitor in February 1926.
The Masonic Temple Association decided to add onto the building, and bought another 50 feet of land along Lafayette Boulevard from the Newland Estate and 16 more feet from the Benevolent Order of Elks. Architect George D. Mason, who had originally designed the building, was brought back on board to explore enlarging the temple. Postcards were printed up touting the plan to extend the building east, along Lafayette Boulevard. But the temple's rolls continued to grow, and the plan was abandoned in 1913: The association decided even the addition wouldn't be enough room. It was time to look for a new home where the still booming membership could continue to grow. The association settled on a parcel of land north of downtown on Second Avenue and Bagg Street (now known as Temple Avenue). The cornerstone of the new temple was laid in 1922, and the building opened four years later.
After the Masons moved to comfier confines in their new temple, the building housed the Cadillac Athletic Club. But when the club went under in the 1930s, the building fell back into the Masonic Temple Association's hands. The Masons were paying more than $10,000 a year (nearly $160,000 today) in taxes and maintenance on the empty building. In November 1935, it was announced that the landmark would be leveled. Clarence W. Videan, the group's president, told the Free Press at the time that by leveling the building and turning it into a parking lot, the land could make the group money instead of cost it money. Because the old temple was across from the Fort Shelby Hotel, it's assumed the Masons did quite well on their parking lot. Demolition began in late December 1935 and was finished in early 1936.
Today, the site is home to the 411 Building, a Comerica Bank office tower built in 1971 for Manufacturers Bank, which merged with Comerica in 1992.


Posted in | Nanomaterials
Ferrofluids - Nano-Ferromagnetic Particles in Carrier Fluid and their Potential Applications
A video demonstrating ferrofluids and its potential applications. Ferrofluids are composed of nanoscale ferromagnetic, or ferrimagnetic, particles suspended in a carrier fluid, usually an organic solvent or water. The ferromagnetic nano-particles are coated with a surfactant to prevent their agglomeration
Run time 2:40 mins
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echo the world of artisans you've just visited, as well as something more. They are also Jacqueline and Fabrice's unwitting self-portrait, the mirror of devoted craftspeople determined to keep passing on their own singular gift.
Road Kit
Spring, summer, and fall are all delightful times to visit Provence. For general information, see and For driving maps, see See for local weather conditions. The full 224-mile (360-kilometer) loop described above begins in Avignon, heads east through the villages of L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue, Roussillon, and Moustiers-Ste-Marie, then circles back west through Les Baux-de-Provence to Avignon again.
—Text by Raphael Kadushin, adapted from National Geographic Traveler
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text:
The use of radiotelemetry in small laboratory animals: recent advances.
Kramer, K., Kinter, L., Brockway, B.P., Voss, H.P., Remie, R. and Van Zutphen, B.L.M.
Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science, 40(1), 8-16 (2001).
Radiotelemetry provides an alternative means of obtaining physiological measurements from awake and freely moving laboratory animals, without introducing stress artifacts. For researchers, especially those in the fields of pharmacology and toxicology, the technique may provide a valuable tool for predicting the effectiveness and safety of new compounds in humans. In light of studies described in the literature, it is concluded that there is ample evidence that the use of radiotelemetry for measuring blood pressure, cardiac activity, heart rate, body temperature, and locomotor activity in rodents has been validated sufficiently. Today, this technology is an important tool for the stress-free collection of these physiologic data in small rodents, including mice.


text:
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- v. To reduce the volume or compass of.
- v. To make more concise; abridge or shorten.
- v. Physics To cause (a gas or vapor) to change to a liquid.
- v. Physics To remove water from (milk, for example).
- v. To become more compact.
- v. To undergo condensation.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- To make more dense or compact; reduce the volume or compass of; bring into closer union of parts; consolidate; compress: used both literally and figuratively.
- In chem. and physical, to reduce to another and denser form, as a gas or vapor to the condition of a liquid or of a solid, as by pressure or abstraction of heat.
- Synonyms To concentrate, contract, crowd together, inspissate; to abridge, shorten, reduce, epitomize, abbreviate; to solidify.
- To become denser or more compact, as the particles of a body; become liquid or solid, as a gas or vapor.
- Close in texture or composition; compact; dense.
- v. transitive To decrease size or volume by concentration toward the essence.
- v. intransitive, chemistry To transform from a gaseous state into a liquid state via condensation.
- adj. archaic Condensed; compact; dense.
GNU Webster's 1913
- v. To make more close, compact, or dense; to compress or concentrate into a smaller compass; to consolidate; to abridge; to epitomize.
- v. (Chem. & Physics) To reduce into another and denser form, as by cold or pressure.
- v. To become more compact; to be reduced into a denser form.
- v. To combine or unite (as two chemical substances) with or without separation of some unimportant side products.
- v. To undergo polymerization.
- adj. rare Condensed; compact; dense.
- v. undergo condensation; change from a gaseous to a liquid state and fall in drops
- v. remove water from
- v. cause a gas or vapor to change into a liquid
- v. make more concise
- v. become more compact or concentrated
- v. develop due to condensation
- v. compress or concentrate
- From Latin condensare. (Wiktionary)
- Middle English condensen, from Old French condenser, from Latin condēnsāre : com-, intensive pref.; see com- + dēnsāre, to thicken (from dēnsus, thick). (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
"How do small grains of dust which condense from the nebula gas manifest into planet-sized-objects that contain an inventory of so many different elements and materials?"
"BUT if, after a seeming Tendency to Rain, there follow several Days of fine Weather, it is a certain Indication that the Temper of the Air is altered, and that these Vapours had been driven off before they had time to condense, which is confirmed by the Change of the Wind on such"
"So what this does is kind of condense the calendar."
"And this is exactly the purpose for the great amount of repetition in the Bible and is the reason why it is so evil for someone like Reader's Digest to "condense" the Scriptures by removing the supposedly unnecessary and boring repetition."
"She won't see the quarks and gluons directly, but will watch the process as they "condense" into more familiar protons neutrons. detectors will hunt for the Higgs."
"Viz - 4-5 players 'condense' or close on the back 4 and midfielders, hoping to force an error, the back line pushing up with them, or else this leaves room between the lines..."
"A large collection of bosons at high temperatures will occupy many different energy states, but at a temperature close to absolute zero, all of the particles will "condense" into the lowest-energy state available."
"The IRS also said it would allow businesses to "condense" data—or reduce the detail—for years not under audit."
"Great novel, great movie, and the astonishing thing is how perfectly the director figured out how to condense a loooong novel into 2.5 hours without losing anything crucial either to the plot or to the emotional impact."
"Kim Bauer learned to condense long, hand-written lists into a single page like her list above."
These user-created lists contain the word 'condense'.
includes words of the "Prodcom list"
U Gotta Know These.......
Verbs meaning shorten
List? What list?
This is the list that makes up the world.
Vocabulary for developing objectives and test items
Blooms Taxonomy Level: Comprehension, Application, Analysis
Words related to shrink.
Looking for tweets for condense.


text:
When you do the exact same boring tasks at your job every single day, this is an example of monotony.
- sameness of tone or pitch, or continuance of the same tone without variation
- lack of variation or variety
- tiresome sameness or uniformity
Origin of monotonyFrench monotonie ; from Classical Greek monotonia: see monotonous
- Uniformity or lack of variation in pitch, intonation, or inflection.
- Tedious sameness or repetitiousness: the monotony of daily routine.
Origin of monotonyGreek monotoni&amacron;, from monotonos, monotonous; see monotonous.


text:
Identification of Lanius species and subspecies using tandem repeats in the mitochondrial DNA control region
Abstract:The number of tandem repeats in the mitochondrial control region were used to differentiate the Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio, Woodchat Shrike Lanius senator, Great Grey Shrike (subspecies Lanius excubitor excubitor) and the Southern Grey Shrike (subspecies L. meridionalis meridionalis, L. m. koenigi, L. m. pallidirostris and L. m. aucheri). The Red-backed and Woodchat Shrikes lacked repeats whereas the Great Grey and Southern Grey had two, three and 2 + 3 repeats. A subspecies of Southern Grey (L. m. koenigi) had 2 + 3 + 4 repeats. These findings are discussed in terms of the taxonomy of the Lanius genus, especially with respect to the Great Grey and Southern Grey Shrikes.
Document Type: Research Article
Affiliations: Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, E-31080 Pamplona, Spain
Publication date: April 1, 2004


text:
As everyone along the East Coast of the U.S. waits to learn more about the path of Hurricane Sandy, a small craft advisory has been issued on October 27, 2012 from Montauk Point, New York to Sandy Hook, New Jersey. Long Island Sound, Long Island bays and New York harbor are also areas affected by this advisory.
New York Governor Andrew M. Cuomo has declared a state of emergency in preparation for the potential severe impact of Hurricane Sandy, which may possible hit New York on Monday. A state of emergency helps to mobilize needed resources to local governments that would otherwise be retracted to state use. The governor has also requested that president Barack Obama declare a pre-landfall disaster declaration. This would allow New York State access to funds and FEMA resources to prepare.
The New York State Department of Health has issued the following tips for New Yorkers to prepare for the storm:
- Keep plenty of non-perishable food and water on hand. Have a battery-operated radio and flashlight and enough batteries. You may also consider hand-cranked radios and flashlights, which do not need batteries. Keep a first aid kit and make sure that there is an adequate supply of medicine for those who need it.
- Identify a friend or family member who lives outside of New York and designate them as an emergency family contact. Also, designate a family emergency meeting place in the event that you can't go home.
- Know where you can relocate your pets during a storm because many shelters will not accept pets.
- Have an emergency phone list of people and organizations including your children's schools, your doctors, insurance agents, etc.
- Be aware of the hurricane risks in your area.
- Have cash in small bills, your checkbook, and your credit and ATM cards readily available. Store nyour important documents including insurance policies, bank account numbers, social security cards and medical records in waterproof containers.


Denotation vs. Connotation
actual cautery
actual cautery in Medicine
actual cautery ac·tu·al cautery (āk'chōō-əl)
An agent or process, such as electrocautery or a hot iron, that cauterizes tissue using heat and not a chemical means.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
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Examples from the Web for actual cautery
Historical Examples
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text:
SyncBack is a program for directory synchronization. It can be used:
- To make backups of files.
- To synchronize directories between computers.
- To synchronize USB keys or removable disks.
It is capable of making differential savings, and only transfers the modified files.
Although SyncBack is the free version of SyncBack, it is full feature freeware :
- United or bi-directional synchronization.
- Filters file and directory names.
- Filters the file types (compressed NTFS, coded or not, etc.)
- File compression
- Can make synchronizations between several files at the same time.
- Manual or planned synchronization (in thorough task)
- Simulations of synchronization (to see what would be transferred)
- Option of integrated restoration (with simulation)
- Comparison of file by date / hour, size or sum of control (as you prefer)
- Synchronization with a directory or a local disk, a network reader or a FTP server
- Automatic ejection of the support at the end of synchronization
- Automatic closure of certain programs before launching synchronization (that is practical to avoid locked files)
- Sends automatic email for the follow-up of synchronization progress.
All that makes SyncBack a powerful software of synchronization, as functional as its commercial counterparts.
You can use one of the predefined parameter setting, or customise :
SyncBack supports synchronization with a FTP server, very practical to publish one's Web site :
You can also synchronize with a network reader by specifying different logins /pass words :
Note that if you wish to synchronize a very large volume of data, it can be more useful to use tools such as Unison and rsync: these tools transfer only the modified parts of files (SyncBack always transfers the entire file when a modification has been detected).


text:
Nappies and the environment
Both reusable and disposable nappies have some environmental impact stemming from the production, cleaning and disposal of the both nappy products.
- Many cloth nappies are made from cotton, which is a crop that uses large amounts of pesticides and water in its production. Two other choices are hemp and bamboo which are slowly becoming more popular choices.
- The soaking, rinsing and washing of cloth nappies uses water and energy in the heating of the water. This process also releases detergents into the environment.
You can educe the environmental impact of cloth nappies by:
- Choosing to use biodegradable, phosphate-free detergents
- Using a cold water cycle and then using solar power (on the washing line) to dry the nappies
- Only wash your nappies when you have a full load, thereby avoiding wasting water
- Choosing not to use a fabric softener
- Buying affront-loading washing machine which uses less water than a top-loader
- Considerably add to the world's landfill each year
- use chemicals in their manufacture and disposal
- can cause fecal pollution on disposal.
- 1. Best pregnancy books and DVDs
- 2. Bathing your toddler
- 3. Your diet and healthy teeth and gums
- 4. Best baby car seat guide
- 5. Toy safety
- 6. Water safety
- 7. First aid and emergencies
- 8. Your baby and immunisation
- 9. Baby cold and cough
- 10. Your baby and hot weather
- 11. Teething
- 12. Personal fitness for mums
- 13. 10 benefits of exercise during pregnancy


text:
The optical methods for flow visualization in wind tunnels provide an interesting means of analysis. In order to extend their use, in transonic and supersonic flows, it is necessary to obtain photographs and high-speed pictures and a quantitative interpretation must be possible.
Two types of utilized equipment are described.
One of them is an interferometer of the horizontal Mach type. The other, called "interferential schlieren" apparatus, is the result of the application of the interferential contrast methods developed by Françon and Nomarski at the Institut d'Optique in Paris. In this paper, we describe two optical setups, the first for an over-all study of the flow over a model, the second for a detailed analysis of a small region.
Photographs obtained with these devices can be seen. They show how interesting is the interferential schlieren apparatus which permits, in certain cases, a quantitative analysis as precise as that provided by separated beams interferometry, but with a simpler equipment which is easier to handle, less sensitive to external vibrations, and less expensive.
R. CHEVALERIAS, Y. LATRON, and C. VERET, "Methods of Interferometry Applied to the Visualization of Flows in Wind Tunnels," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 47, 703-704 (1957)


Jacques-Yves Cousteau
Jacques-Yves Cousteau.Stock Connection/Superstock
Jacques-Yves Cousteau, (born June 11, 1910, Saint-André-de-Cubzac, France—died June 25, 1997Paris), French naval officer and ocean explorer, known for his extensive underseas investigations. He also was involved with the development of equipment used in underwater diving.
Cousteau served in World War II as a gunnery officer in France and later was a member of the French Resistance against the German occupation of the country. He subsequently was awarded the Legion of Honour for his espionage work. Cousteau's experiments with underwater filmmaking began during the war. Cousteau helped found the French navy's Undersea Research Group in 1945. He also was involved in conducting oceanographic research at a centre in Marseille, France. When the war ended, he continued working for the French navy, heading the Undersea Research Group at Toulon.


text:
We have a number 'Alert' scenarios where we want to send out user alerts, and also retain the body of a message (or part thereof) for resubmission, to replay the orchestration once appropriate remedial action has been taken. I thought we could be clever, and define an envelope schema that would contain details of the alert, in human-readable form, together with an element that could contain the message, for resubmission. By defining the parent of this element as the BodyXPath of the envelope, the alert message itself could be resubmitted, at which point the inner message would be stripped out and re-processed.
+ - Message
+ - Resubmit
+ -
It was the first time I'd used the Mass Copy functoid, and was annoyed to find that it copies the children and attributes of the node selected, rather than the node itself - meaning that you lose the root node name if it isn't already in the output schema. The xsl generated is thus:
(where the element is the parent of the , and our body xpath node.)
This didn't work for us, as we needed the name of the root element copied over, so I replaced the Mass Copy functoid with a Scripting functoid, selected Inline XSLT as the script type, and used the following:
I'm surprised that there isn't a property of the Mass Copy functoid that allows you to do this, as it seems relatively obvious (and easy to implement). Has anyone else had to do this?


What's the difference between a bathhouse and a sauna – Brief and simple Regarding the Gaps
Classic Variations
Among the most crucial differences is the steam. Russian bathing entails wet steam, but in the Finnish it's dry. What is it for? Steam, packed with moisture, permits you to utilize non-metallic atmosphere. Since the humidity is almost maximum, then from the body almost does not evaporate sweat. As a result, the body warms up considerably more efficiently, and the degree of dehydration is practically minimal.
Dry steam won't allow sudden overheating. Since perspiration is the major method of cooling the human body, the reduction of its evaporation in high humidity nearly entirely eliminates the chance of normal thermoregulation. In saunas, this hazard is greatly reduced. Historical outline
It's mistaken to think that the ancestor of the bath is historical Russia. History proves that in the remote past steam rooms have been among different peoples. Each nationality modified, additional new elements in the creation of their steam rooms.
By Turkey was inherited the bath called"Hamam", which in Arabic means heat supply. The forefathers of the eastern"hot" places are considered to be the Roman thermae. Muslims believed that in the steam rooms sinners are washed in the evil that consumes the entire body, mind and soul.
The Finnish sauna has been famous for many decades. Since its roots, the steam space has undergone few changes. The key characteristics and characteristics have been maintained to the day. In Finland, visiting the steam space is regarded as an obligatory ritual, a centuries-old tradition that can not be ignored.
In Russia, the building of the house long started with the building of the sweat lodge. In most European towns there were cases when seeing the baths was put under a ban, however the Russian sweat lodge was in honour and people didn't stop seeing it.
Features of this steam space
Frequently the structure is located individually. Usually, the bathhouse is erected from wood, more frequently coniferous species. Obligatorily the Russian bathroom includes two rooms. These are steam room and pre-bath, and it is also an anteroom, dressing room and rest room. All rooms always have a window. It is essential for greater ventilation.
From the pre-bath there is a sauna stove, which can be heated with wood. The principal element that generates heat are the stones – hence the title of the furnace, which is normally built in the partition between the rooms. The most important portion of it, in addition to the stones are from the steam space.
Stoves can be open and shut. Open solutions are considered practical, especially when the sauna is currently used as planned several times a day. Such a stove warms up the room faster. But because of the frequent watering of the rocks, it melts fast. Stones for all these structures are placed within the firebox. The furnace is able to heat up to 300 degrees.
Closed-type apparatus for improved heat transfer has a unique steam doorway. After the wood is burned and the door is closed, no more smoke enters the steam room. The furnace can heat the rocks to very severe temperatures. Before visiting the steam space, the door is ajar and the space is warmed up. Closed furnace has to be heated in advance – approximately two to five hours before the beginning of the procedure. As a result of properties of the stones, such a style can maintain heat for 2 days.
The gap between the bath and sauna will be from the design attributes, and more exactly in the arrangement of these stones. In the first case, they are put inside the furnace, so they're heated more sturdy and cool down very slowly. In the sauna that the stones are placed on the top layer of the furnace.
The warmth in Russian baths is prohibitive. In a temperature of 50-70 ° C humidity reaches 80%. Russians believe a broom to be the main accessory for the steam space. Just take into consideration the steam procedures, as immediately remembered twig patting physically. Someone utilizes tied bars for immediate use, others cooked the product and revel in the pleasant odor that spreads round the room.
In the Russian bathhouse you can not just lie on a plate and rest peacefully. Each steam session means walking behind the gangplank, raising up to distribute the air accumulation, and jumping sharply into the icy ice-hole. Russian bathhouse attendants are noteworthy for the fact that they like to shock their own bodies harshly. Besides high air temperature, which increases stress on the heart and blood vessels, and continuous motion forces the heart to work at an accelerated rate.
High humidity can help normalize the respiratory system. Many doctors prescribe a course of treatment in the steam room. The use of aromatic oils enhances the effect of hot steam in the body, reducing the chance of gout, osteochondrosis.


text:
Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum, syn. Eugenia aromaticum or Eugenia caryophyllata) are the aromatic dried flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae. It is native to Indonesia and used as a spice in cuisine all over the world. The name derives from French clou, a nail, as the buds vaguely resemble small irregular nails in shape. Cloves are harvested primarily in Zanzibar, Indonesia and Madagascar; it is also grown in India, and Sri Lanka. The clove tree is an evergreen which grows to a height ranging from 10-20 m, having large oval leaves and crimson flowers in numerous groups of terminal clusters. The flower buds are at first of a pale color and gradually become green, after which they develop into a bright red, when they are ready for collecting. Cloves are harvested when 1.5-2 cm long, and consist of a long calyx, terminating in four spreading sepals, and four unopened petals which form a small ball in the centre.
Clove, small, reddish-brown flower bud of the tropical evergreen tree Syzygium aromaticum of the family Myrtaceae, was important in the earliest spice trade and believed in indigenous to the Moluccas or Spice Islands (now Maluka), of Indonesia. The people of the Moluccas used to plant a clove tree to celebrate the birth of a child and would wear a necklace of cloves as a protection from evil spirit and illness. Strong in aroma and hot and pungent in taste, cloves are used to flavour many foods, particularly meats and bakery products; in Europe and the USA the spice is a characteristic flavouring in Christmas holiday fare, such as wassail and mincemeat. The name clove is believed to be derived from the French word clou meaning nail due to the appearance of this spice. As early as 200 BC, envoys from Java to the Han-dynasty court of China brought cloves that were customarily held in the mouth to perfume the breath during audiences with the emperor. During the late Middle ages, cloves were used in Europe to preserve, flavour, and garnish food. Clove cultivation was almost entirely confined to Indonesia, and in the early 17th century the Dutch eradicated cloves on all islands except Amboina and Ternate in order to create scarcity and sustain high prices. In the latter half of the 18th century the French smuggled cloves from the East Indies to Indian Ocean islands and the New World, breaking the Dutch monopoly.


The Military Health System wants to know, how do we further the MHS's strategic goals by innovating around the Quadruple Aim?
In 2012 the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Health Affairs), Dr. Jonathan Woodson, announced a renewed strategy for Military Health System (MHS) Innovation. This strategy will help to continuously improve the care and service provided to our Service men and women, while also supporting responses to the budget questions that the Department faces.
The MHS Innovation Strategy recognizes that success will be achieved by supporting the development and sustainment of a culture of innovation within the MHS. While developing the culture of innovation will take time, the MHS has several tools ready now to identify and fund innovations that support the MHS's strategic goals and Quadruple Aim.
MHS Innovation Challenges are a new part of the MHS Innovation Strategy, aimed at identifying innovations that should be piloted and tested in the MHS, for possible diffusion across the entire system. These challenges are designed to be broad reaching and to identify ideas that support furthering the MHS Quadruple Aim.
The MHS is using to support this process to enable crowd-sourcing and knowledge sharing on innovation. Ideas submitted through are made available for public review; the MHS Innovation team will incorporate public feedback in the review process. Crowd-sourcing tools also enable connections among our diverse MHS community.
In this first challenge, we are looking for ideas that support the Quadruple Aim:
 - Readiness: How do we ensure the total military force is ready to deploy? How do we ensure that the medical forces are ready to deliver health care at any time?
 - Population Health: How do we encourage healthy behaviors among all beneficiaries? How do we use preventative medicine to reduce the incidence of illness?
 - Experience of Care: How do we provide the highest quality care that is patient and family centered?
 - Per Capita Cost: How do we bend the cost curve by reducing cost and removing inefficiencies?
View full rules
MHS Innovation Award (3)
Winners of the Military Health System Innovation Challenge will be announced in mid-February. Winners will work with the Innovation Team to develop presentations that will be bought to Health Affairs/TRICARE Management senior leadership and the services Senior Generals, for potential pilot approval. winners will also participate in a virtual showcase of other SMMAC approved initiatives, where initiative owners will share experiences and progress on their pilots. This is a unique opportunity to learn about innovation accomplishments within the MHS Community and how winners can encourage this culture of innovation in their local communities.
Devpost Achievements
Submitting to this hackathon could earn you:
How to enter
Submit ideas through To submit an idea through, create an account and then click the "Accept this Challenge" button.
Complete the submission form, keeping the following guidelines in mind:
 - What is the title for your idea?
 - How does the idea work?
 - How does it support the readiness of our troops and medical force?
 - What would a small pilot look like? How many pilot locations would be needed? What resources would be used?
 - Cost estimates?
 - What does the implementation timeline look like for your pilot?
If you have any supporting documents/models, please include them with the submission.
Please note:
 - The submission must not contain material that violates or infringes upon another's rights, including but not limited to privacy, publicity, or intellectual property rights; or material that constitutes copyright or license infringement.
 - The submission must not contain any personal health information or personally identifiable information, aside from the submitter.
MHS Innovation Council
MHS Innovation Council
Judging Criteria
 - "Innovativeness"
 How innovative is the idea?
 - Cost Effectiveness
 How cost effective is the idea? Will it yield a return on investment?
 - Ease of Implementation
 How complex will the implementation be? Will several policy/law exceptions need to be made? Will buy-in from the organization be required before implementation?
 - Scalability
 If the idea is proven to be successful, will it be scalable to the entire Military Health System?
 - Tri-Service
 Is the idea Tri-Service, or is it Service specific? If it is Service specific can it be modified to support all Services?


text:
Dynamical Systems and Nonlinear Control Theory
Loire, Sophie, Fonoberov, Vladimir and Mezic, Igor (2009), "Combustion of methane in microchannels", ASME Conference Proceedings.
The interest in micropower generation using the high energy density provided by hydrocarbon fuels as a portable power and heat source has stimulated research on combustion in microdevices. As the length scale of a combustion channel is decreased, the surface area-to-volume ratio increases approximately inversely with the critical dimension. As a result, the influence of interfacial phenomena is amplified. The resulting high surface heat loss is a limiting factor to the size of microcombustor but using arrays of micro-combustors some of the surface heat loss in one channel is becoming heat source for its neighbors. Combustion of methane/air mixture can be described using simple heat and mass transport equations where the reaction rate of combustion depends on premixed gas concentration and gas temperature. In our model gas temperature depends on heat from reaction and heat gain or loss through the channel walls and channel wall temperature depends on energy released during combustion and/or external heating. The array of micro-combustors is modeled as combustion in thermally coupled channels. Using this model, combustion in an array of channels is studied as a function of gas velocity and distance between channels and is compared to the case of a single channel. Arrays of channels are shown to have self-sustained combustion when no such combustion is possible in a single channel.


text: International co-operation is required to combat stratospheric ozone depletion, climate change and other adverse environmental changes. International environmental institutions (IEIs) are the most significant manifestation of such co-operation. The creation and effectiveness of IEIs are promoted when they contain provisions for international equity, which can be defined as the fair and just distribution among countries of benefits, burdens and decision-making authority, usually with special consideration given to poor developing countries. Examples of equity provisions in IEIs include new and additional funds and technology transfers on preferential terms to developing countries, as well as changes to international environmental funding mechanisms that allow developing recipient countries to participate in decisions regarding allocation of funds. Considerations of international equity were prominent in the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development agreements and suggest that provisions for international equity ought to be a part of future IEIs. While traditional theories of international relations are helpful in explaining and understanding this process, future research should also look at the important role that ideas such as international equity play in the creation, evolution and implementation of IEIs. The practical results may be simultaneously less global pollution and less suffering among the world's poor. Copyright © 2007 Taylor & Francis.


text:
A-to-Z Vegetable Guide:
How to Grow Vegetables»
Brassica oleracea italica
Italian immigrants brought broccoli to America in the early 1800s, and gardens haven't been the same since. And that's a good thing. Mangia!
Hardiness: Grown as an annual.
Planting advice: Plant seeds 1/4 to 1/2 inch deep and 18 inches apart; plant seedlings a little deeper than they were set indoors. Space rows 36 inches apart.
Harvest tips: Ready to harvest in about 55 to 60 days, when the central head is 4 to 6 inches in diameter. Don't wait too long, or the florets will flower.
Broccoli keeps in the fridge for a couple of weeks in airtight plastic bags. To freeze, cut the head into bite-sized chunks; leave a little stem on each piece. Cut stems into 1-inch lengths. Blanch for three minutes in boiling water, then dunk in ice-cold water for three minutes. Drain; store in airtight freezer bags for up to six months.
Recommendations: Cruiser (drought-tolerant), Green Comet, Green Goliath.
Source: Birds & Blooms "Grow Veggies for Less"


Fly the Vegan Skies
airline vegan meal
A vegan airline meal
Vegan options are showing up in a wide variety of places these days, from prisons to hospitals to public schools. Now a new initiative by the Vegan Society and Humane Society International seeks to make sure airlines have vegan meals available in commercial airliners.
While air travel is blamed for significant greenhouse gas emissions, meat is actually much worse. It's also a culprit in other environmental problems. "A vegan diet is probably the single biggest way to reduce your impact on planet Earth, not just greenhouse gases, but global acidification, eutrophication, land use and water use," said Joseph Poore, at Oxford University, England. "It is far bigger than cutting down on your flights or buying an electric car."
Airlines serve an estimated one billion inflight meals every year, so actively encouraging passengers to choose plant-based options could help reduce the industry's carbon emissions, while at the same addressing a number of other environmental problems caused by meat and other animal-derived foods.
If you fly long distance, be sure to order a vegan meal when you book your flight. While you're waiting for your flight at Seatac airport, why not check out the new restaurant "Floret" by Café Flora? The sister restaurant of our much beloved vegetarian restaurant Café Flora offers both sit down and grab-and-go food.