41 CFR 105-64.407 - How do I file a Statement of Disagreement?
§ 105-64.407 How do I file a Statement of Disagreement?
You may file a Statement of Disagreement with the system manager within 30 days of the denial to amend a record. The statement should explain why you believe the record to be inaccurate, irrelevant, untimely, or incomplete. The system manager will file the statement with your record, provide a copy to anyone who had previously received the record, and include a copy of it in any future disclosure.
Title 41 published on 2013-07-01
no entries appear in the Federal Register after this date.
United States Code


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I am a first year A-level student and I am doing a project about the possibility of storing electrical energy in a superconductor. I have researched and I am aware of the critical current density and the critical magnetic field of different superconductors, where the magnetic field created by the wire (Ampere's law) interacts with the magnetic field of the superconductor (Meissner effect). But, if I had a loop of superconductor and I cool it down enough (with that I mean enough so its resistance becomes completely 0) then could I use a huge voltage and a relatively small current (not big enough to reach its critical current) in order to store electrical energy in the superconductor?
If it is not possible I would like to know why not and if it is possible I would like to know why we are not using it nowadays as a form of storing electrical energy (is it only the practical issues of cooling it down)?
Thank you very much
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Because of the zero resistivity, you can not apply a huge voltage on a superconductor. – Everett You Apr 17 '13 at 1:19
1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
As Everett says in his comment, you can't apply a huge voltage, or indeed any voltage, across a superconductor. Because the resistance is zero the potential difference between any two points in the superconductor is also zero.
If you have a superconducting loop/coil, when you put energy into it you are basically storing the energy in the magnetic field generated by the loop. This is just like any inductor, except that in a superconductor the energy isn't dissipated by resistive losses. The energy stored is proportional to the current squared, and there isn't any way around this. See this Wikipedia article for more details.
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Forgive me but that is one of the problems that I don't understand why I cannot put a huge voltage on a superconductor? Making first clear that by voltage in this question I am talking about the e.m.f. and not about the p.d. which would be 0. Because from my point of view if you put a huge e.m.f. on the superconductor, understanding by e.m.f. the potential of a coulomb to do work, this potential (regardless of the amount of e.m.f.) should stay the same since it haven't got to do work against the resistance of the superconductor. So why couldn't I put a great e.m.f. through the superconductor? – Josep Mondaca Apr 17 '13 at 8:44
I think you're getting mixed up with the power dissipated in a circuit. For some (resisitive) circuit the power dissipated is given by $W = IV$, so for the same power dissipation you can have large $I$ and small $V$ or small $I$ and large $V$. But we aren't talking about power dissipation: we are talking about power storage. The only circuit elements that store power are capacitors or inductors, that store power as electric and magnetic fields respectively. – John Rennie Apr 17 '13 at 9:18
Thank you very much for your help and time. It was really helpfull for my project and helped me to understand how energy storage works. – Josep Mondaca Apr 26 '13 at 11:32
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Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for Nausea and Morning Sickness
Morning sickness affects well over half of all pregnant women, and often it is the first sign of pregnancy. Symptoms of morning sickness include nausea and vomiting, usually beginning around the sixth week of pregnancy and abating sometime after the twelfth week of pregnancy. Morning sickness is a normal reaction by the body to the increased hormone levels of pregnancy. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) can help alleviate the discomfort of morning sickness and encourage a healthier pregnancy.
How Can Traditional Chinese Medicine Help Nausea and Morning Sickness?
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) includes a well-developed system of diagnosis and pathology based upon several thousand years of observation and study. From this foundational knowledge of Oriental Medicine comes the theory of Qi (vital energy) and the pathways through which Qi flows, called meridians. Good health is based upon the proper flow of Qi throughout all the meridians in the body. Several treatment methods to balance the body and alleviate symptoms of nausea and morning sickness are used by Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), including acupuncture, Chinese herbal medicine, and acupressure. Often, a combination of these treatments provides the most effective relief of nausea and morning sickness.
What Causes Nausea and Morning Sickness According to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)?
When a woman becomes pregnant, the vital substances of her body, including the Essence, Blood and Kidney Qi, collect together to form the new life within her body. Often, this change causes an obstruction within the Penetrating Vessel (Chong Mai) meridian of the body, leading to rebellious Qi of the Stomach rising up and causing nausea. From this pathological sequence, several patterns of disharmony can result within the body, Liver Qi Stagnation attacking the Stomach causes severe nausea and Spleen and Stomach Qi Deficiency are the cause of mild nausea. Depending on which pattern the practitioner observes within the body will determine the course of treatment.
Acupuncture for Nausea and Morning Sickness
Acupuncture is considered the most useful form of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) treatment for nausea and morning sickness. Depending on your specific presentation of symptoms, the acupuncturist will select the most effective points to relieve the nausea.
The most commonly used points for nausea and morning sicknes include the following:
- Pericardium 6 (P6) – Neiguan - is located in the first depression that falls between the two tendons running from your wrist to your elbow, approximately three fingerbreaths from the wrist crease. Numerous studies have been conducted to show the effectiveness of this point for nausea of all causes, and it is commonly used for self-treatment with acupressure. A consumer product made of wristbands that apply pressure to these points are available and commonly marketed for sea sickness prevention; however, the bands' usefulness for morning sickness has been reported in numerous placebo-controlled studies.
- Stomach 36 (St 36) – Zusanli - is also another acupuncture point commonly used to calm the stomach and relieve nausea. This point is located four fingerbreaths beneath the kneecap, one fingerbreath beside the edge of the tibia bone on the shin. This point is effective for all disorders of the stomach and is useful to strengthen digestion and promote the generation of Qi within the body. One of the St 36's functions is to descend the stomach Qi, which is the primary cause of nausea.
- GallBladder 34 (GB 34) – Yanglingquan – is an effective acupuncture point for alleviate patterns of morning sickness related to Liver Qi Stagnation invading the Stomach. The acupuncture point is located on the lateral side of the lower leg, just below and in front of the head of the fibula bone. The point strongly moves stagnation in the abdomen and calms rebellious qi affecting the stomach, relieving nausea.
- Ren 12 (Rn 12) – Zhongwan – is another useful points for treating nausea. Located on the midline along the abdomen, midway between the meeting point of the ribs and the navel. Ren 12 is effective for deficient conditions of the Stomach and is commonly treated with moxibustion, a form of warming therapy.
While there are several acupuncture points that are contraindicated during pregnancy, licensed acupuncturists are properly trained to avoid the use of these points. Always inform your practitioner if you think you are pregnant. Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine have a long history and success rate in treatment a variety of woman's disorders, including morning sickness.
Chinese Herbal Medicine for Nausea and Morning Sickness
Chinese herbal medicine is one of the most popular forms of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) treatment used today. Several hundred herbs are part of the Chinese pharmacopeia and are used to create thousands of different formulas for the treatment of disease. However, when treating morning sickness, many of these formulas are difficult to use. This is not due to endangering the pregnancy, but primarily due to the fact that during morning sickness many of the herbal decoctions are too unpleasant to drink. That said, several Chinese herbs and formulas are contra-indicted or cautioned during pregnancy; so always inform your practitioner if you are pregnant and only consume herbal medicine prescribed by an experienced practitioner.
Several Chinese herbs can be safely used during pregnancy, commonly used as food, widely available, and thankfully are more acceptable to the palate:
- Ginger – Sheng Jiang – Fresh ginger is a common herb used in Chinese medicine to help digestion, though it functions of warming the stomach, and reducing the toxicity of other herbs. It is commonly used in cooking throughout the world and it can help alleviate symptoms of morning sickness. Ginger can be drunk as a tea or taken in concentrated capsule form. Readily available are ginger snap cookies or biscuits and ginger ale that contain ginger and may help with the nausea of morning sickness.
- Cardamon Seed – Sha Ren – Cardamon is a very effective herb for treating morning sickness due to its function of calming the stomach, transforming phlegm, circulating the Qi, and stopping vomiting. Sha Ren is an ideal herb for morning sickness due to the additional function of "calming the fetus", which means it is used for the prevention of miscarriage. Cardamon can also be ground and made into a tea, along with ginger, to alleviate nausea.
What is Morning Sickness?
Well over half of all women experience morning sickness during pregnancy, usually beginning around the 6th week and ending after the twelfth week of pregnancy. Hyperemesis gravidarum is an extreme form of morning sickness that occurs in about 1% of all pregnancies and is marked by excessive vomiting that can lead to dehydration. If you are experiencing significant nausea, always inform you primarily care physician immediately.
What is Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)?
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been in practice for over 5,000 years and includes herbal medicine, acupuncture, acupressure, dietary therapy, shiatsu massage, and other practices such as qigong. TCM is highly complex and based upon theories devised through observation of nature, the human body, and the cosmos. According to traditional Chinese medicine, all phenomena in the world are related by the opposing concepts of yin and yang. Yin and yang must be in a harmonious, dynamic balance to achieve optimal health. Yang refers to maleness, the bowels, heat, light, upward/outward movement, surface, and agitation. Yin refers to the opposite—femaleness, bones, organs, coldness, darkness, heaviness, downward/inward movement, and calmness. Both are necessary for life, yet the relationship between the two is in a constant state of flux.
The vital substances of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) physiology that affect the yin and yang include:
- Blood: Blood underlies the nourishment of the functions of qi and is the physical manifestation of the woman.
- Bodily fluids: This includes all fluids in the body. They moisten the skin, hair, tissues, joints, and organs, and allow for smooth movement of joints and other body parts. Yin fluids are thick, lining the internal organs and cushioning the brain and spinal cord. Yang fluids are thinner, such as sweat, saliva and urine.
- Essence: This is the vital physical presence or spirit of the body and all physical elements that are responsible for determining physical growth and development.
- Qi: This refers to energy that propels all bodily functions and is responsible for the movement, transformation, warmth, and restraint of the blood.
What Risks are Associated with Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)?
Patients should be aware that Chinese herbs are not without possible side effects, including allergic reactions, direct toxic reactions, and interactions with other medicines. While there have recently been efforts to regulate dosages and use of Chinese herbs by some governments, the active ingredients of these medicines often have not been measured precisely. This can lead to variations among formulations and adds to the difficulties in evaluating and comparing trial results of these medicines. Consult a physician and/or a Chinese herbalist before taking any herbal formula.
"Morning Sickness and Chinese Medicine." Askanase, Aaron, M.Ac., Lic. Ac.
"Gynecological and Obstetric Disorders." Traditional Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture Health Information Organization. 2005.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


The archaeology of Film
The subject of this archeological research is the 16mm copy of the documentary WERNER HERZOG EATS HIS SHOE (USA 1980, R: Les Blank) that is in the Arsenal archive. The film shows director Werner Herzog cooking and eating his Clarks desert boots at a public performance in an American cinema. The archeological work involves examining the film's different contexts, as well as preparing a public presentation of the project results.
As opposed to films that are thought to have disappeared or have been found unexpectedly, where the opening of rusty film canisters, the rescuing from damp basements or the snatching from oblivion play a role and thus anticipate an archeological perspective, WERNER HERZOG EATS HIS SHOE is a typical "bonus film". Instead of disappearing, the film made a career as an add-on. In film seasons as well as on the DVD market, the film was predominantly relegated to the status of footnote. It effectively disappeared into the role of "add-on".
What happens if a film is removed from its cocoon of add-on and put in the spotlight? How does one reach it? What does one dig out? Which details of the history of film and cinema come to the surface? Which connections (from philosophy to art history to the world of consumers) reveal themselves?
The sub-project involves students taking part in the "Archeology of film and cinema: Theories and projects" course at the Freie Universität Berlin. A public presentation of the results could take place in January 2012. A continuation of the project, with the goal of publishing a book (e.g. a small reader about the archaeology of film without a DVD), would be feasible depending on the results. One could also think about purchasing a new film copy if this made sense and was financially feasible as part of the project.
Biography of Sabine Nessel


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Role Play Worlds is a free to play, massive multiplayer online role play game. Built by the people of the community who are also the role players, and led and directed by the RPW Core in order to keep the organization and themes in line and for future expansion.
RPW Residents, is a term used to identify the active users that make use of the virtual world, they usually explore the lands on their own or join groups defined by a specific role depending on the theme, for example: Example City Warrior, where the role is to protect the city against other group attacks or make use of the weapons into a political dispute.
The world is divided by themes, called Realms, to suit the residents interest, so if a group decide to start an American Wild West theme, for example, they can purchase a virtual land (See Virtual Lands) and build over it, while other users can get another plot of land and place it near it and expand it and so on. This way each theme is self-developed by the same community. At this moment, the most active theme is the Gorean one (from the books of John Norman) a General Fantasy one and emerging futuristic themes like Star Trek.
Role Play Worlds makes use of an "in game" economy system based on PayPal. Each resident avatar is linked to a user specified email address that's used for the PayPal transaction. Any user can create an object inside the game, or design it on a professional 3D modeling software like Maya, etc, and sell it inside the game for other users to use it. Basically the system works as a shopping cart, when the buyer buys from the creator, the system reads the creator's email and sends the buyer to PayPal to place a payment to the creator's avatar email address for that article, and once the payment is done, Paypal sends a message back to the game with the success or failed information, and the system delivers the item to the buyer if successful.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Should psychologists abide by the Goldwater Rule?
By Jennifer A. Cohen, Ph.D.
July 25, 2018 - Last updated: July 24, 2018
trump mental healthI started my work on this article with a Google search using "Donald Trump's mental health." There were about 8.8 million results, ranging from articles in academic journals such as the New England Journal of Medicine to magazine commentaries, including one in the Marie Clair UK edition.
Everybody had an opinion about the president's mental health, and that does not exclude psychiatrists and psychologists. The ethical part of me said, "Stop this madness of diagnosing the president," but at the same time, I thought about the immigrants and the LGBT communities. Who will speak for them in this political climate?
After more research and thought about the issues, I began to ask one question: As the field of psychology bridges into other academic disciplines, what information can be shared and what professional trade should remain within the profession of psychology?
Monumental events in political psychology
To understand the impact psychologists can have on politics, we should examine history. One of the most renowned political psychologists, Harold Lasswell, published his book, Propaganda Technique in the World War, in 1927. He suggested using psychological theories to enhance propaganda techniques.
Years later, the U.S. government planted cultural propaganda in Western Europe during the height of the Cold War, and it is now often referred to as "psychological warfare." It is not just psychological theory.
Psychiatrists/mental health providers have gotten involved in politics before. In 1964, Fact magazine published a survey noting that 1,189 psychiatrists would consider Republican candidate Sen. Barry Goldwater unfit to assume the presidency. Goldwater subsequently lost the presidency but won a lawsuit against the magazine.
The Goldwater rule then originated as a guiding ethics standard of the American Psychiatric Association, which was supported by the American Psychological Association, to ensure that psychiatrists and psychologists do not give professional opinions on public figures they have not examined.
In the recent past, psychologists participated in the Central Intelligence Agency's interrogation programs, which once again challenged our ethics in the political arena.The psychologists who designed the abusive interrogation techniques were, in retrospect, wrong, but in the "right" political atmosphere I can see many psychologists justifying that work as patriotic. Maybe I am pushing too far, but I do not believe that we have learned our lesson.
Despite the Goldwater rule, many psychologists participated in the "duty to warn" movement in 2017 by organizing and fundraising with the aim of removing the president on grounds that he is psychologically unfit.
Ethics in political psychology
I have used biased historical and current events in portraying political psychology and psychologists in a negative light, but the lesson is real: Psychologists, like other professionals, can do "evil." The earlier we recognize what we are capable of, the better we can focus on developing and reinforcing a code of conduct to ensure our first and foremost ethical principle: that we do no harm.
In my opinion, in terms of diagnosing world leaders or any prominent political figures, the Goldwater Rule should stay. We, as psychologists, are professionally and ethically responsible for what we say. Psychologists know the difference between mental disorders and personality disorders and their associated features. However, the public may not be clear on that issue. When a psychologist says there is a "duty to warn," the public could hear it as "the president has a mental problem and he is dangerous."
We should be more aware of the unspoken messages that our profession shows the public. Also, when we make an alliance with or condemn a specific public figure, political party or fanatic organization, we are more easily pulled into in-group-out-group biases.
Moreover, psychological diagnoses and interventions could reinforce unjust social conditions and make some individuals reluctant to seek help or to feel comfortable with their therapists, supervisors or professors.
A systematic review of the symptoms of mental illness among 37 presidents from 1776 to 1974 concluded that about eighteen (49 percent) met criteria suggesting psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, no direct studies link a president's mental health with evidence that the individual is unfit for an office.
Questions to ask ourselves
What about immigrants and LGBT communities that have been impacted by the current political climate? As psychologists, we continue to have an ethical obligation to protect and serve these vulnerable populations, not necessarily specific organizations.
In clinical settings, we should continue talking about racism, sexism and other "isms" that our patients experience and the patients' underlying psychological difficulties. Within the research and educational arena, psychologists should focus on evidenced-based psychological research and theories to address these social disparity issues. Given our professional capacity, psychologists also should advocate and support policies that are not simply politically pleasing, but also are based on empirical evidence.
In our personal lives, we also need to be thoughtful of our actions. If we decide to take a public position, we should take time to determine how this will affect our professional roles as psychologists.
I began this article by asking one question: What information can be shared and what professional trade should remain within the field of psychology?
My stand is that the focus of our political discussion in public should not be directed at an individual, but to illuminate societal issues. We are less likely to do harm if we do not affiliate ourselves with a political party or a public figure.
As we establish our footing in other academic fields, we also should check our egos. Many of us have a "savior complex," in that we feel responsible to save the world by telling people what we know. That is when boundaries and ethics become blurred. Psychologists can help people the most by listening and not by judging what we think is right and wrong.
References available from author
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Jennifer A. Cohen, Ph.D., HSP, is a clinical psychologist in El Paso Texas. Her email address is:
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We find ourselves at a crossroads. We can continue to follow the path that has us going further and further to extract and burn fossil fuels, all the while wreaking havoc on our communities and fueling the climate crisis. Or, together, we can choose another path. We can move swiftly away from fossil fuels in a just transition that empowers our communities in deciding our future.
In our region this choice is present first and foremost in the dozens of proposals for new fossil fuel terminals, major expansions, new pipelines and fossil fuel rail traffic. These projects not only constitute an enormous contribution to the climate crisis and endanger communities near the projects, they also facilitate the continued devastation of communities at the source of extraction near the tar sands, the fracking fields and the coal seams. Instead, we can choose to build movements for climate justice and defeat these projects. If we stop these projects then they can't ship, sell or burn the fuels. That will leave them in the ground, which is the only place for fossil fuels compatible with a just and livable future.
Rising Tide has created a regional network along the North Pacific coast and in the inland Northwest to address these issues. Learn more and join the movement for climate justice!


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Paris - The ExoMars programme will see two missions travel to Mars in a joint ESA–NASA undertaking.
In 2016 an ESA-led mission will consist of an orbiter to study methane and trace gases in the Martian atmosphere and an Entry, Descent and Landing Demonstrator Module (EDM) to test key technologies for future missions.
In 2018 a NASA-led mission will carry two rovers to Mars, one from NASA and the other from ESA. The rovers will travel together in the same aeroshell to land at the same destination on Mars.
Astrium is developing the first European Mars rover and it will demonstrate flight and in-situ qualification of key exploration enabling technologies to support the European ambitions for future robotic and human exploration missions. The main technology demonstration objectives are:
-Entry, Descent and Landing (EDL) of a large payload on the surface of Mars,
-surface mobility using a rover with a mobility range of several kilometres,
-access to sub-surface using a drill to acquire samples at depths of down to two metres,
-autonomous navigation using stereo cameras to map a 3D image of the surrounding terrain,
-automatic sample preparation and distribution for analyses of scientific experiments.
In parallel, important scientific objectives will be accomplished through a state-of-the art scientific payload.
Astrium Satellites in the UK is taking the lead in developing the rover vehicle. The rover's primary task will be to search for evidence of life, past or present, beneath the surface of the Red Planet. It will also collect data to identify potential risk factors for future manned missions, determine water distribution on Mars, and analyse the chemical composition of the planet's surface.
To carry out its scientific mission, the robot will carry the Pasteur payload, packed with a wide variety of scientific instruments and tools for collecting, processing and analysing samples of Martian soil.
Astrium in Germany is responsible for the development of the landing platform with specific sub-contractors SENER (support and egress system) and AEROSEKUR (airbags). Astrium in France is responsible for the development of the ExoMars heat shields and also involved in the aerothermodynamics for the entry phase of the DMC.
| The ExoMars prototype is seen here undergoing testing Photo Credit: Astrium|
||European Space Agency/Thales Alenia Space Italy|
||The rover vehicle supports mobile surface science acquisition and on-board sample analysis, including both chemical composition evaluation and life element detection (ie bio-markers)|
||Martian surface operations only|
- Vehicle mass: 163kg (excluding Payload)
- Payload mass: 56kg
- Power generation: 450 watts
- Dimensions: 1.2m x 1.1m x 2m
||• Panoramic Cameras (PanCam)|
- Infrared Borehole Spectrometer (MA_MISS)
- Mars Oxidant and Organics Detector (UREY)
- Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer (MOMA)
- Raman/LIBS spectrometer
- Shallow Ground Penetrating Radar (WisDOM)
- Mossbauer Spectrometer (MIMOS II)
- Visible and Infrared Microscope (MicrOmega)
- Close-up Imager (CLUPI)
- X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD)
- IR Fourier Interferometer (MIMA)
Autonomous Navigation system, based on a stereoscopic vision system
Significant on-board processing capability (>230Mips)
6 wheel locomotion with full 21 Degree of Freedom (DoF) capability
| Launch Mass
||1.2m x 1.1m x 2m|
| Launch Date
| Mission Duration
| Astrium Responsibilities
||Rover Vehicle Industrial Lead|
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adjective di·verse \dī-ˈvərs, də-ˈ, ˈdī-ˌ\
: different from each other
Full Definition of DIVERSE
di·verse·ly adverb
di·verse·ness noun
Examples of DIVERSE
 1. His message appealed to a diverse audience.
 2. a diverse group of subjects
Origin of DIVERSE
First Known Use: 14th century
Synonym Discussion of DIVERSE
different, diverse, divergent, disparate, various mean unlike in kind or character. different may imply little more than separateness but it may also imply contrast or contrariness . diverse implies both distinctness and marked contrast . divergent implies movement away from each other and unlikelihood of ultimate meeting or reconciliation . disparate emphasizes incongruity or incompatibility . various stresses the number of sorts or kinds .
DIVERSELY Defined for Kids
adjective di·verse \dī-ˈvərs, də-\
Definition of DIVERSE for Kids
: different from each other : unlike
: made up of people or things that are different from each other
Next Word in the Dictionary: diversi-Previous Word in the Dictionary: divers All Words Near: diverse
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Ailurophobia, and 9 other unusual fears


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Do Dogs React to Tears?
The jury's out on whether your dog can understand your rants and confessions, but researchers at the University of London Department of Psychology have found that dogs do react to tears according to a LiveScience report.
In the experiment published in Animal Journal, researcher Jennifer Mayer visited the subjects in their homes. She and each dog owner took turns talking, pretending to cry, and humming. She and her colleague, Deborah Custance, repeated this method with 18 owners. They found that dogs were much more likely to approach the person crying, whether it was Mayer or the owner.
The study certainly complicates our understanding of human-animal relationships. We have to wonder what other domestic animals and even wildlife can connect on some level to human emotions. While the researchers hesitate to conclude that dogs feel empathy or understand emotions, anyone whose spent a significant amount of time with a dog (or on YouTube) probably has something else to say. Wait to form your opinion until after watching this video (below) of a hilarious hound comforting a crying baby.
--by Krislyn Placide / Image by iStockphoto/cynoclub
Krislyn Placide is an editorial intern at Sierra going into her fourth year of journalism school at Northwestern University. When she's not updating the blog, she likes running through parks and eating her weight in watermelon.


This document is part of your ASTM Compass® subscription.
 A Coulomb-Mohr Type Criterion for Matrix Mode Failure in a Lamina
 Published: Jan 1997
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 Failure of laminated composites under in-plane and/or through the thickness stresses is a complex phenomenon. Ply failure is often predicted based on the maximum value (or values) of one or more functionals, such as the maximum stress (strain) or polynomials involving the stress components. Some researchers have pointed out that it is necessary to distinguish between two types of failure, namely, (1) fiber-dominated mechanisms (tension or compression in the fiber direction), and (2) matrix mode failures. Failures in the second mode are expected to occur on planes parallel to fibers, and they can be predicted by seeking a plane on which a functional involving the normal and two shear stress components acting on the plane attain a maximum value. Two such functionals are chosen, one for tensile and the other for compressive matrix failure, and they involve three matrix-dominated strengths, namely, the transverse tensile and shear strengths and the longitudinal shear strength of the ply.
 In this work, it is shown that a Coulomb-Mohr type criterion or a combination of such pyramidal failure surfaces, which is physically appealing and is widely used for many brittle materials, such as rock and concrete, can be utilized for predicting matrix mode compressive failures in a lamina. A simple modification is introduced to account for the fact that the transverse shear strength of a ply may be different from its longitudinal shear strength. Predictions are compared with results from other failure theories as well as test data from tension and compression tests on angle ply (± θ)ns and off-axis unidirectional coupons reported in literature. For tensile failure, the criterion has to be modified by introduction of tension cutoffs, which are usually needed for all brittle materials. Use of the criterion under more complex conditions, such as thick composites under three-dimensional stress states is explored and advantages and disadvantages of the criterion are discussed.
 unidirectional composite, matrix mode compression failure, tension cutoffs, damage surface, failure surface, multiaxial stress state, interaction, pyramidal failure surfaces
 Author Information:
 Chatterjee, SN
 Staff scientist, Material Sciences Corporation, Fort Washington, PA
 Committee/Subcommittee: D30.04
 DOI: 10.1520/STP18279S
 CrossRef ASTM International is a member of CrossRef.


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Ivry-sur-Seine, France, December 10, 2012 - EyeBrain, a company that develops brain function markers for neurological and psychiatric conditions, today announces the launch of a new application to measure eye movement disorders in children when reading. This new medical software, known as "Reading Application", enables specialists to automatically and quickly assess eye movement parameters in their patients when reading and in particular pinpoint disorders affecting the control of both eyes. This application could also be used to track the progression of eye movement disorders, guide orthoptic visual therapy and monitor the effects of this therapy.
Under normal circumstances, children should be capable of reading after two years in primary school. To have a disability, a child must have a reading age of at least 18 months behind his/her chronological age. Therefore, in theory, a reading disability cannot be diagnosed until year four of primary school.
With this application, EyeBrain provides medical professionals specializing in reading disabilities, including ophthalmologists, neurologists, psychiatrists, orthoptists, neuropsychologists and speech-language pathologists, with new brain function markers for reading. The two-minute eye movement examination can be used to accurately measure certain eye movement parameters during the reading process and thus help to detect these disabilities earlier.
Functional markers are analyzed during the examination by means of reading tasks and visual searching. This involves evaluating the time taken to complete tasks and measuring prosaccades, antisaccades and fixations, as well as the coordination of both eyes during saccades and fixations. A lack of coordination between both eyes is known as a disconjugate gaze. The capacity for coordination of both eyes is linked to convergence and divergence of eye movements and enables a stable gaze. The results are automatically analyzed and then presented in a medical report, which compares each of the markers analyzed to norms for children of the same age.
"Reading disabilities affect between 1 per cent and 15 per cent of children worldwide, depending on the study and the language spoken. Using the software developed by EyeBrain, we can introduce treatment at an earlier stage, therefore increasing its efficacy," explained Maria-Pia Bucci, research manager at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). "We recently published a study conducted with the Mobile EyeBrain Tracker (EBT) on the detection of disconjugate gazes in dyslexic children in PLoS ONE(1)."
The research that has led to the development of this new product was conducted as part of a collaboration between EyeBrain, the CNRS and the Paris Descartes University, within the Robert-Debre Hospital, which is part of the Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris (the public hospital system in Paris). The research was co-funded by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund.
"With this new patent-protected medical software unique to our company, EyeBrain has further increased its lead over its competitors in the field of clinical functional markers," said Serge Kinkingnehun, CEO of EyeBrain. "Thanks to our unique eye-tracking platforms for medical applications, we are able to offer brain function markers which can help in the early diagnosis and monitoring of many conditions."
(1) M. P. Bucci, N. Nassibi, C.-L. Gerard, E. Bui-Quoc and M. Seassau, 'Immaturity of the oculomotor saccade and vergence interaction in dyslexic children: evidence from a reading and visual search study', PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no 3, p. e33458, 2012.
EyeBrain is developing brain function markers for neurological and psychiatric diseases utilizing devices based on eye motricity. They make it possible to test specific regions of the brain by recording and analyzing eye movements using very sophisticated algorithms developed by the company. The devices developed by EyeBrain have filled a void in the devices used in neurology; they complete a standard clinical examination within 20 minutes and at a lower cost than imaging techniques (MRI, scanners). They are also non-invasive relative to other types of examination in standard use (lumbar punctures, blood tests).
The Mobile EyeBrain Tracker (Mobile EBT) comes as a complete package that includes an eye-tracker, a chin rest, two screens and a computer, together with stimulation and analysis software. When used routinely in hospital, it already provides the doctor with information for the early characterization of Parkinsonian syndromes (AMS, PSP, CBD, etc.) and for monitoring multiple sclerosis. The EBT is the only device of this type to have obtained CE marking, while EyeBrain also has ISO 9001 and ISO 13485 certification. Eye motricity testing (eye tracking) is paid for by the French social security system.
EyeBrain, which was founded in 2008, is based in the Paris suburb of Ivry-sur-Seine and currently employs 12 people. The company raised EUR 1.2 million from CapDecisif Management and G1JIDF in an initial funding round in 2009 and EUR 3.3 million from Octalfa, Sudinnova and CM-CIC Capital Innovation in a second round in 2012. EyeBrain generates revenues from the sale of its tracker device. It is engaged in collaborations with the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm), the French National Scientific Research Center (CNRS), the Paris Public Hospital Authority (AP-HP) and the University of Paris-Descartes. EyeBrain also has premises within the Brain and Spinal Cord Institute of the Pitie-Salpetriere hospital in Paris, which is a world-class research center.
For further information, please go to: _URL_ _URL_
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY MARKETS, STRATEGY & COMMUNICATION


This wire study focused on simple geometry and repetition, causing an unknown final product. Creating simple rules for creating and combining shapes shifted focus from final product onto the creation of base units and their interaction with one another. When pieces were exponentially duplicated and combined, new geometries abounded, primarily spiraling for any triangular base units.
Wire Monster
Deconstructed Pyramids | First Year


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Feb. 11, 2011 When you've got to go, you've got to go -- upstream, that is, if you are a male swordtail fish seeking a mate, according to research from Texas A&M University. A recent study led by Texas A&M biologists Dr. Gil Rosenthal and Dr. Heidi Fisher in collaboration with scientists at Centro de Investigaciones Cientificas de las Huastecas in Hidalgo, Mexico, and Boston University has determined that the fish use chemical cues in their urine to elicit sexual responses from their downstream female counterparts.
In a study funded by the National Science Foundation and the American Livebearer Association, Rosenthal and his team found that male swordtail fish strategically release pheromone-packed urine in the presence of females as a display of courtship, indicating that they have evolved a temporal and spatial control of their pheromone release. The findings, which are featured in the current issue of the journal Public Library of Science (PLoS) ONE, contradict previous assumptions that male pheromones in fish are passively released, given that most fish lack specialized scent glands or scent-marking behavior.
"We showed that male swordtail fish use chemicals in the urine as mating signals," Rosenthal says. "There's been relatively little work on how pheromones shape the lives of aquatic creatures."
The team studied wild-caught swordtail adults from the Rio Atempa in Huitznopala, Mexico, to determine whether females were attracted by passively produced cues or to pheromones as a form of communication. Using fluorescein dye injections to visualize urine release inside an aquarium, the researchers were able to determine that male swordtails relieved themselves more frequently in the presence and proximity of females than when females were absent altogether. In the wild, males court females in much the same way, but by swimming further upstream to ensure their scent is detected in the current by the females downstream.
"Our findings show that aquatic species and vertebrates, in particular, can have fine control over their release of chemical cues in the same manner as mammals that mark their territories or advertise their reproductive state, for example," says Fisher, a former postdoctoral researcher in Rosenthal's laboratory who is now with the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University.
Rosenthal notes that swordtail fish are considered an important model system in animal communication and are widely used in female mate-choice research. While numerous studies have addressed the role of cues in swordtails -- from olfactory to visual -- he says none previously have addressed exactly how and when chemical cues are released.
Rosenthal adds that studying the chemical signals of swordtails is vital not only to understanding how they and similar species communicate, but also because the information could be indicative of several environmental factors that could prove useful in the future. For example, he says, any amount of pollution might disrupt the communication within a species, thereby interfering with the courting and mating process and ultimately affecting the population.
To scientists like Rosenthal, these underwater chemical cues can serve as the proverbial "canary in the coal mine."
"Because these chemicals are rich in information and because they're transmitted through the water at very low concentrations, any change in the environment has the potential to shut down communication," he explains. "The silver lining is that we might be able to use communication behavior as a bioassay that local communities can use to detect pollutants in the water."
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
- Gil G Rosenthal, Jessica N Fitzsimmons, Kristina U Woods, Gabriele Gerlach, Heidi S Fisher. Tactical Release of a Sexually-Selected Pheromone in a Swordtail Fish. PLoS One, 21 9 2010 18 1 2011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone._PHONE_
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


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Now that you have your breeding pair, all you have to do is introduce them.
Gerbils are very territorial creatures and will not tolerate being put together without any sort of introduction. Improper introduction will usually result in fighting and your gerbils can get severely hurt.
In the wild, one gerbil would chase the intruder away, but in a tank there is nowhere to go and so they will fight to the death.
There are some instances, however, where an introduction period may not be necessary. If both gerbils are under the age of 8 weeks, or if one is a lone adult male gerbil and the other is a female gerbil under the age of 8 weeks, a split cage may not be needed. In both these cases, the gerbils may take to each other immediately, but if you see any hostility, you will need to use one of the two methods below.
Main methods of introducing gerbils
Split cage method
For this method you will need a tank and a piece of wire mesh (hardware cloth) that is cut to fit diagonally across the tank, from top to bottom.
You want to use wire mesh with small holes, no larger than 1/2 inch, otherwise the gerbils can harm each other through the divider.
I personally use 1/4 inch wire mesh and have had no problems with biting injuries.
You also want to make sure that there is no space that a gerbil can squeeze through to get at the other gerbil.
I place a heavy object, such as a dictionary, on top of the tank to weigh down the lid. This prevents the gerbils from sneaking over top of the divider. Make sure the tank has been thoroughly cleaned with regular soap, rinsed with water and dried completely. Then you should add fresh bedding. I like to keep the tank empty except for shavings, a toilet paper roll and some tissue for bedding on each side of the split. I find the introduction process takes longer if there is additional toys and housing in the tank that could distract the gerbils from the introduction.
Now that your tank is ready, place one gerbil on each side of the split cage. The gerbils may exhibit aggressive behaviour such as chewing at the divider or they may just calmly sniff each other through the holes. Don't be worried that they are acting aggressively, it just means they will likely need to be split for a longer period of time. You want to switch the gerbils to each other's side of the tank about 4 times a day. This allows them to learn each other's scent and eventually no longer recognize the other gerbil as a threat. The split cage can take anywhere between 2 days and 2 weeks. Even if it takes longer than that, it is okay, just have patience. I have never had a split cage fail yet!
This method is very similar to the split-cage method, except you use a small wire cage to split the gerbils rather than a divider.
Just like the split-cage method, you want to clean the tank and the cage very well with soap and water and dry them completely.
Then you can add shavings, some cardboard and some facial tissue in both the tank and cage.
Place one gerbil in the tank and the other in the cage. Switch them about 4 times a day until they are ready to introduce.
I don't like the cage-within-cage method as much because the cage bars tend to be spaced more far apart than the holes in the wire mesh. A very determined gerbil could manage to bite the other gerbil through the cage bars. Some people have had great luck with the cage-within-cage method, but I've always used the split-cage method instead.
Putting your gerbils together
The best indicator that your gerbils are ready to have the split removed, is if you seem them sleeping next to each other through the divider.
Another great sign is if you observe them grooming each other.
Some gerbils never exhibit this sort of behaviour, however. In that case, you may just need to introduce them when they stop marking everything frantically when you switch their sides.
If they seem to be nonchalant about the existance of the gerbil on the other side of the split, then it may be time to try removing the barrier.
When you do remove the split, make sure to wear thick leather gloves and have an extra container to put the other gerbil in if they fight. If the gerbils do decide to fight, you don't want to stick your bare hand in there, because they will bite you. I can tell you from experience that it really hurts!
It is perfectly normal for gerbils that have been introduced to sniff each other's rear ends a lot. There may be some thumping and often the gerbils will try to mark each other with their scent gland (looks kind of like mating, but isn't). Boxing behaviour is pretty normal too, where they stand on their hind legs and swat each other with their paws. These behaviours are quite harmless unless they get out of hand. You need to watch the gerbils for at least 2 hours to make sure that they are going to get along. If they start grooming each other or you see them sleeping in a nest together, then they probably will be fine.
If you see any overly aggressive behaviour, you will need to resplit your gerbils and try again. Please don't lose hope, these things happen. With patience, you should see your gerbils together eventually. I have never had a split-cage fail before. The general rule is to try split-caging your gerbils for 2 full weeks. If they fight, then split cage them again. If the third time fails, then they will probably never live together. I cannot stress enough that you need lots of patience.
Aggressive behaviour includes actual fighting, where the two gerbils roll into a ball and are biting each other's throats. If they roll into a ball, you must seperate them immediately! This is a fight to the death! Another warning sign is if you see one gerbil chasing the other gerbil crazily, and the gerbil being chased is squeaking wildly. These gerbils would need to be resplit. Other things to watch for are aggressive marking where one gerbil won't leave the other alone and overgrooming where the gerbil being groomed is squeaking a lot.


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Welcome to the Bamberton Historical Society
Video #1 Introduction
Video #2 Ideas for making figures
Video #3 Construct a figure
Bamberton Museum & Bus Tours
Step back in time to the early 1900s and relive life at Bamberton, one of the most important industrial sites in BC's history.
Bambertonís Mystery History
This site traces the history of the cement industry at Bamberton, located on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. An industry that changed and shaped the skyline of BC's cities, the shoreline of its harbours, and even the flow of its rivers with the millions of tons of cement that poured forth from the Bamberton plant. It illustrates the strong role the company played in the lives of the thousands of workers and their families who lived in the village over the years. People whose lives were shaped by the fortunes of the cement industry from 1904 to 1982.
Using photos, maps, actual memories and informative text we hope to acquaint the viewer with the compelling story of Bamberton, a community that went from "Dust to Bust".
DUST TO BUST AND BACK
The history of Bamberton - first time in print! Order your copy using this form.


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Forests and other natural resources are crucial to the livelihoods of millions of poor people worldwide. But just how important are forests for poverty alleviation? To what extent do forests help lift people out of poverty, or are they mainly useful as gap-fillers and safety nets preventing extreme hardship? How do different management regimes and policies affect the benefits poor people derive from forests? By answering these questions, PEN can provide well-researched advice for enhancing the way natural resource and poverty-related policies and projects are designed and implemented.
No one would claim forests are the ultimate panacea for poverty. But they play an important role for millions of people by providing a safety net during economic downturns, by supporting current consumption and sometimes by being a direct pathway out of poverty.
PEN aims to fill the gap in knowledge through the systematic collection of socio-economic data in a variety of tropical ecosystems, using similar data definitions and methodologies. This will make PEN the world's first global comparative and quantitative review of the role of tropical forests in poverty alleviation.
PEN also represents a new and innovative way of doing research. The core of PEN is the individual field studies, in most cases done by PhD students. The best field studies are often done as part of a PhD thesis. At the same time the value-added of the individual studies can be substantially enhanced by using standardized definitions and methods, which permit comparative analysis. Thus, in addition to their own specific research questions and methodologies, each PhD student/researcher will contribute to the common data set on forests and poverty.


Letter sent to Simon Hoggart of the Guardian in response to a request for opinions as to the correctness or otherwise of "he is taller than me".
 Dear Simon Hoggart,
 You ask for comments on the usage 'he is taller than me'.
 Since Saussure established modern linguistics on the theory that the sign is arbitrary, no serious analysis of language can use terms like correct or incorrect. All that grammar does is to provide the description of normal usage (which is, of course, in a process of constant change).
 Thus when I used to teach French I told students to say 'je suis' rather than 'je sommes', not because the latter is 'wrong' but because it would make them sound like nineteenth-century peasants.
 The problem is complicated by the fact that teachers and other pedants have attempted to base English grammar on the principles of Latin, despite the fact that the two languages have totally different structures. (The reason, I suspect, is that Latin grammar is difficult and hard to acquire, so those who had learned it felt they must be rewarded by having some sort of universal key to language.) Hence that great myth of the semi-educated, that there is something wrong with the 'split infinitive'. In Latin the infinitive is a single word and cannot be split; therefore, allegedly, it is wrong to write 'to boldly go'.
 Latin has a complex case system, in which words change form according to their place in the sentence. English has no such thing; meaning is determined by word order, which is thus much less free than in Latin. The difference between 'the dog bit Jim' and 'Jim bit the dog' is established by word order; to call Jim and dog 'nominative' or 'accusative' is a nonsense since the words do not change.
 The only remnant of a case system in English is in the pronouns, which have different subject and object forms – I/me, he/him etc. However, this is merely a hangover from an earlier form of the language and is quite unnecessary; thus the pronoun 'you' does not have different subject and object forms, but we have no difficulty in distinguishing 'the dog bit you' from 'you bit the dog'.
 The simple answer to your question is that most people say 'he is bigger than me' and that it is therefore wholly acceptable. If you want to develop a grammatical explanation appropriate to English rather than Latin, you can argue that when a pronoun stands alone, not immediately linked to a verb, a separate form is required. Thus in French one says 'Il est plus grand que moi', not '… que je', since je is used only immediately before a verb. My French grammar calls this the 'disjunctive'. If you think it useful, it is perfectly possible to argue that 'me' is an English disjunctive. (An alternative would be to argue that in this sentence 'than' is functioning as a preposition rather than as a conjunction.)
 Personally I see nothing wrong with 'Me and Doug went to the pub'. It is common colloquial usage, and will probably be standard within fifty years. Again it can be rationalised by comparison with the French 'Pierre et moi, nous allons au café'.
 The bigger problem is 'between you and I'. Like the avoidance of the split infinitive, this is the mark of the semi-educated middle-class snob. Standard English always uses the object form of a pronoun after a preposition (nobody says 'he bumped into I' except lower-class characters on the Archers.) But the toffee-nosed elements who use 'between you and I' are too stupid or idle to grasp the principle on which the Latinising grammarians reject 'Me and Doug went to the pub'; they simple have a vague recollection that 'I' is somehow posher than 'me'.
 The basic principle must be that whatever is clearly intelligible is acceptable; the grammarians' job is to retrospectively invent rules to explain usage.
 I hope this is of some interest.
 Yours sincerely,
 Ian Birchall


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Preschool Printable Lined Paper – Lined paper is a type of writing paper which contains horizontal lines that are utilized as a guides for a more consistent and clear writing. In the United States the three most common standard formats are: college ruled, wide ruled paper and narrow ruled paper
Developing a lined paper template doesn't appear difficult. The printable templates on this page could plainly attest to that. It is basic to develop lined paper design templates, though this depends mostly on how how basic it looks.


DRAWING BY DEBORAH DERR McCLINTOCK
Q. My visiting aunt became concerned that the kids on the swingset were going too high and might swing all the way around... like she did as a kid. We don't believe her story. She insists she did a complete 360 around the top bar. Would it be possible for a kid to gain the momentum to do that? –R. L. Stevenson
Q. If alcohol can turn a man into a beast, what does it do to the beasts? –J. Daniels
A. Insects feeding on wine grapes in vineyards can become intoxicated on the fermentations, reports Ronald K. Siegel in Intoxication: Life in Pursuit of Artificial Paradise.
* Bumblebees, hornets and wasps will lose their coordination and become temporarily grounded after ingesting fermented fruits.
* In earlier times, illegal stills were sometimes traced by the trail of tipsy livestock that had sniffed out the mash.
* African villagers have been known to rid themselves of rodents by leaving out bowls of milk and beer, then rounding up the woozy pests in the morning.
* Parrots are said to become more talkative after eating fermented fruits or sipping alcoholic beverages. "The birds stop talking and drinking only after they fall over," says Siegel. One dealer in rare birds overdosed his parrots on tequila to quiet them for smuggling across the Mexican border.
* Herd-feeding elephants, afraid they won't get their fair share of fermented fruit, will at times gorge themselves into swaying inebriation.
* One dog that lived near a brewery got to where it would often drink beer instead of eating.
* If an experimental "bar" is opened for monkeys on a 24-hour basis, they'll go into binge and abstinence cycles, much like addicted people.
Send Strange questions to brothers Bill and Rich at


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Have you ever found that when editing existing text, sometimes the wrapping in the output changes unexpectedly?
The following screenshots depict what I mean:
This will occur if the zoom scale is different than what it was when the text was first created. So to prevent the issue, make sure the zoom is comparable to the original scale. You might want to try to standardize by using a tool like Zoom Sheet Size on the Navigation Bar before editing.
If you do find yourself in the scenario above, you should be able to undo the change by either using the Undo button or zooming in/out closer to the original scale and editing the text again, as shown in the following video:


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Oxygen in the Ocean
The concentration of dissolved oxygen in seawater is one of the classical chemical parameters in oceanography. Facilitated by the invention of an elegant and precise wet-chemical method by Winkler (1888), which has remained essentially unchanged until today, reliable and comparable oxygen measurements have been made during innumerable research cruises to all parts of world ocean such that a detailed picture of the distribution of oxygen has emerged long since. So why is there such a renaissance of oxygen in oceanography? As sub-surface oxygen concentrations in the ocean everywhere reflect a balance between supply through circulation and ventilation and consumption by respiratory processes, the absolute amount of oxygen in a given location is therefore very sensitive to changes in either process, more sensitive perhaps as other physical and chemical parameters. Oceanic oxygen has therefore been proposed as the oceanographer's canary bird of climate change. In fact, declining oxygen concentrations in the ocean's interior are currently found to be a near-ubiquitous phenomenon for which the term ocean deoxygenation has been proposed. As one example of this the major oxygen minimum zones of the tropical oceans are expanding which may have significant implications for future nutrient cycles and hence ocean productivity. This evidence calls for a dedicated global observational approach for oxygen and other biogeochemical parameters which goes significantly beyond the classical hydrographic surveys performed by research vessels. The global ARGO float observatory and a recent breakthrough in oxygen sensor technology have opened a way forward. A few science showcases of float-based oxygen observations will be used to illustrate this status and the scientific potential of this new approach. Without doubt the detailed and concerted look at oceanic oxygen possible by an ARGO-O2 program will provide much more detailed knowledge about internal natural variability and anthropogenic trends in the ocean's oxygen and carbon cycles, and hence its entire biogeochemical system.


Does 3÷3=0?
Well, what's the opposite of division?
[blink blink]
You can do it. The opposite of division?
[blink blink blink] Multiplication?
So that means if 3÷3=0 then – STOP THAT! Put that calculator away. You don't have to run crazy equations in your head and there's plenty of times to double check your answers but this isn't one of them.
[sigh] But we're allowed to use our calculators.
They didn't mean for this kind of math. I know, I'm a monster. What's the opposite of division?
Right. So if 3÷3=0 then that means 0×3=3. Is that right?
One! It's one!
Ah. So if 3÷3=1 then does 1×3=3? Yes? That's the kind of math you can double check yourself on. You don't need no stinkin' calculator.
Linda hosts Stream of Consciousness Saturday. This week's prompt is "starts with cal." Use a word starting with the letters "cal" as your prompt word. Have fun!


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City of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
The City of Saskatoon is located in western Canada, and has a population of approximately 200,000. The City continues to be anchored by a lush natural river valley as it was when it was founded in 1881.
As with most other North American towns and cities, Saskatoon faces many challenges in dealing with worn-out infrastructure. Prior to 1996, some reinvestment had occurred on high-volume collector and arterial roads, but virtually no major works had occurred on residential streets. Citizens had to wait for sewer and/or water system replacement projects before they could expect any major reconstruction of their street.
In 1995, City staff prepared a report for council that addressed the need for reinvestment in residential streets. The report, based on the findings of a comprehensive condition study and pavement management analysis, concluded that a significant investment was required in order to keep residential streets in a reasonable condition.
The report went on to discuss the potential for introducing micro-surfacing as a treatment for residential streets. Micro-surfacing is a mixture of emulsion, aggregate, water, and mineral filler which is cold-placed in a thin layer on the road surface, thus sealing surface irregularities and reducing moisture infiltration into the road structure. Micro-surfacing was invented in the 1930s in Germany, and has been used successfully by many agencies throughout the world as a pavement preservation treatment.
Based on a life-cycle cost analysis, the report concluded that should micro-surfacing be introduced as a treatment in Saskatoon, the five-year funding requirements for the network would be approximately $3.9 million.
If only "traditional" methods of treatment were used, the average annual investment required to keep streets in a similar overall condition would be $8.1 million. In Saskatoon, "traditional" meant to perform routine maintenance until the road failed; then reconstruct.
City council accepted the report, including administration's recommendation to introduce micro-surfacing as a treatment, and dedicated $1.25 million dollars for the 1996 construction season.
In 1996 and every year since, the City has tendered a yearly micro-surfacing program for residential streets. The objectives of the program are to repair road failures, ensure that there is positive drainage from the pavement surface, and resurface the pavement with micro-surfacing. Road repairs and leveling are performed by City crews using hot-mix asphalt for fills and road profilers for cuts. All micro-surfacing is carried out through publicly-tendered contracts.
One key to the success of the micro-surfacing program was convincing council, City staff, and the public that the City needed to spend money on roads that, from a driver's perspective, were performing fine. Preventive maintenance treatments, such as micro-surfacing, would prevent these roads from failing prematurely. The City could not dedicate sufficient funds at that time to both rehabilitate streets that had failed as well as perform micro-surfacing on streets requiring preventive maintenance.
City council accepted administration's recommendation to focus efforts on the preventive maintenance approach. Statements such as "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure," or "think of it like changing oil in your carâ€"a small cost now will save you huge costs down the road" were often used to calm down taxpayers who didn't understand why we were fixing up other roads while their road was in need of reconstruction.
Council, administration, and the general public have raved about the program ever since its introduction. To date, approximately 24 percent of the City's residential streets have been micro-surfaced.
In 2000, City administration reviewed the condition of micro-surfaced streets in order to determine whether the treatment was meeting the desired intent. Failures were measured and categorized as either "delamination" failures (micro-surface had peeled off) or "thinness" failures (micro-surface had worn through).
Of the 461,886 square metres that were rated, only 1.1 percent (4,968) square metres had failed. Further analysis showed that, on average, micro-surfacing on residential streets was failing at a rate of 0.4 percent per year (4 square metres failed for every 1,000 square metres placed). This failure rate exceeded administration's expectations and confirmed observations that the treatment was performing extremely well. Success of the program is attributed to the skill and commitment of both the City crews who perform the preparatory work as well as the contractors who carry out the micro-surfacing itself.
The report also made two major recommendations for further work to be undertaken. The first recommendation was based on quantifying the overall cost effectiveness of the program. Although administration believes that the program is extremely cost effective, a comprehensive study, including life-cycle cost comparisons, needs to be done in order to ensure that the funding being dedicated to micro-surfacing is in fact the most appropriate way to preserve pavements.
The second recommendation is based on ensuring that life expectancy of the micro-surfacing treatment is maximized. "Influence factors," such as emulsion source, relative humidity during construction, mix design results, aggregate quality, application rate, and other factors will be tracked in detail during construction to help enable the City to develop correlations between these factors and actual performance. This type of analysis, combined with keeping on top of industry research and best practices, will help ensure that the City of Saskatoon is getting the maximum life out of our micro-surfacing treatment.
Due in large part to the success of the leveling/micro-surfacing initiative, the City of Saskatoon's residential streets are now in much better overall condition than they were in 1996. In 2000, council began phasing in an annual program of $1.5 million annually which is dedicated to the rehabilitation of residential streets that have failed completely.
The City is now reaping the benefits of a preventive maintenance approach. Had the City maintained our "fix it when it fails" approach rather than the micro-surfacing approach, we would be facing a much different residential street condition than we are now. The micro-surfacing program has allowed us to get the most out of our existing pavements, resulting in surplus funds that can now be used to rehabilitate roads that have reached the end of their service life.
To reach Jeff Jorgenson, call _PHONE_ or send a Fax to _PHONE_.


Book Review: Small Elephant's Bathtime by Tatyana Feeney
Ages: Preschool 3-5, Toddler age 2
(I do not get paid to review books. The opinions I express in the post are mine. If you click the link it takes you to Amazon, where if you make a purchase I do receive a percentage of the sale.)
Small Elephant loves to play with water unless it is bathtime! His mother finds different ways to get Small Elephant into the tub but she only succeeds in making him more mad. When Small Elephant disappears his mother brings in reinforcements in the form of his Dad who finds a way to make bathtime funny.
Children will identify with the routine of bath and not always enjoying the process. It is a familiar situation for them which will engage the young reader in PRINT MOTIVATION. The pictures are simple drawings but drive the story helping a child to retell on their own building NARRATIVE SKILLS. The unique VOCABULARY and emphasis on feelings will introduce the child to new words and ideas. The simple text and colorful print will highlight LETTER KNOWLEDGE. This is a great book to demonstrate PRINT AWARENESS by using your finger to follow along with the text, point out the different parts of the book and the pages are sturdy to allow little fingers to turn the pages.
Interact with the Book:
 1. Why do you think Small Elephant likes to play with water but not take a bath?
 2. What happens when you have to do something you don't want to do? How does it make you feel? What picture in the book looks like the face you make?
 3. What face would Small Elephant make while jumping in puddles? What face does he make when his mom asks him to take a bath? How does he look when he sees his Dad in the bathtub? How do you think he feels at the end of the story?
Take it further:
Go outside on a rainy day and jump in puddles just like Small Elephant. Put on some rainboots and a rain coat and explore the different splashes that the puddles make. Have your child guess which puddles will make the BIGGEST splashes. Shake tree branches and see what happens.
Put on some of your child's favorite music and blow bubbles! Sing along and have them join in. Singing is a great way to build PHONOLOGICAL AWARENESS which helps your child learn to pull apart the sounds of words as they begin to read.
Go to the library or bookstore and find other books that explore feelings. Classics such as:
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Data from: RUNX2 tandem repeats and the evolution of facial length in placental mammals
Cite this dataset
Pointer, Marie A. et al. (2012). Data from: RUNX2 tandem repeats and the evolution of facial length in placental mammals [Dataset]. Dryad. _URL_
BACKGROUND: When simple sequence repeats are integrated into functional genes, they can potentially act as evolutionary 'tuning knobs', supplying abundant genetic variation with minimal risk of pleiotropic deleterious effects. The genetic basis of variation in facial shape and length represents a possible example of this phenomenon. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) which is involved in osteoblast differentiation, contains a functionally-important tandem repeat of glutamine and alanine amino acids. The ratio of glutamines to alanines (the QA ratio) in this protein seemingly influences the regulation of bone development. Notably, in domestic breeds of dog, and in carnivorans in general, the ratio of glutamines to alanines is strongly correlated with facial length. RESULTS: In this study we examine whether this correlation holds true across placental mammals, particularly those mammals for which facial length is highly variable and related to adaptive behavior and lifestyle (e.g., primates, afrotherians, xenarthrans). We obtained relative facial length measurements and RUNX2 sequences for 41 mammalian species representing 12 orders. Using both a phylogenetic generalized least squares model and recently-developed Bayesian comparative method, we tested for a correlation between genetic and morphometric data while controlling for phylogeny, evolutionary rates, and divergence times. Non-carnivoran taxa generally had substantially lower glutamine-alanine ratios than carnivorans (primates and xenarthrans with means of 1.34 and 1.25, respectively, compared to a mean of 3.1 for carnivorans), and we found no correlation between RUNX2 sequence and face length across placental mammals. CONCLUSIONS: Results of our diverse comparative phylogenetic analyses indicate that QA ratio does not consistently correlate with face length across the 41 mammalian taxa considered. Thus, although RUNX2 might function as a 'tuning knob' modifying face length in carnivorans, this relationship is not conserved across mammals in general.


text: (1)Cutting function of oscillation tool It can cut many different materials (such as corrugated paper, cardboard, offset paper, grey board, rubber,honeycomb board, PP,PE,PVC, gasket, leather,carpet and mat ) (2)Folding function: It can fold corrugated paper, card paper and offset board into perfect folding line. (3)Function of dotted line: It is used to fold them after half cutting corrugated paper and grey card paper, and to cut dotted line. (4)Location: Location with laser. (5)Drawing function It can draw various high precision drawing cutting materials: corrugated board, foam, PVC, styrene, Coroplast, Celtec, magnetic film, adhesive vinyl, leather, rubber, fabrics, high intensity reflective films, paper, cardboard, polystyrene, magnetic films, vinyl etc. (6)Punching function: It can punch hole on the material, such as leather,carton, pvc, carpet and mat,etc.


text:
(Zivilprozessordnung [ZPO]) and the judicature act (Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz [GVG]).13 In addition to the regulation of the administrative procedure, the VwVfG also constitutes the legal protection in administrative law beyond the court procedure. §68 VwVGO rules the preliminary proceeding, called "Vorverfahren" or "Widerspruchsverfahren",14 which is a stringent prerequisite for the administrative procedure, if an action for rescission or a writ of mandamus against an authority is aimed.15 The preliminary proceeding gives each citizen, feeling unlawfully mistreated by an authority, the possibility to object and to force a review of an administrative act without going to court. The prerequisites to open the public law remedy are listed in § 40 I VwGO. Therefore, it is necessary to have the existence of a conflict in public law16 without any constitutional aspects17 and no assignment to another jurisdiction.18
The social security code (Sozialgesetzbuch [SGB]) and the general fiscal law are less important for the administrative law. They supplement the VwVfG and the VwGO in the fields of taxation and social legislation, such as social welfare or financial support for students (BaFÖG) etc.
The special administrative law consists of various laws. Each special sector has its own law. The most important ones are the
- Town and Country Planning Code (Baugesetzbuch [BauGB])
- Federal Control of Pollution Act (Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz [BImSchG])
- Industrial Code (Gewerbeordnung [GewO])
- Police Law (Polizeiund Ordnungsrecht)
- Statute Governing Restaurants (Gaststättenrecht [GastG]).19
In Germany, the highest administrative court for most matters is the federal administrative court Bundesverwaltungsgericht. There are federal courts with special jurisdiction in the fields of social security law (Bundessozialgericht) and tax law (Bundesfinanzhof).
|This section requires expansion. (June 2008)|
In The Netherlands, administrative law provisions are usually contained in separate laws. There is however a single General Administrative Law Act ("Algemene wet bestuursrecht" or Awb) that applies both to the making of administrative decisions and the judicial review of these decisions in courts. On the basis of the Awb, citizens can oppose a decision ('besluit') made by a public body ('bestuursorgaan') within the administration and apply for judicial review in courts if unsuccessful.
Unlike France or Germany, there are no special administrative courts of first instance in the Netherlands, but regular courts have an administrative "chamber" which specializes in administrative appeals. The courts of appeal in administrative cases however are specialized depending on the case, but most administrative appeals end up in the judicial section of the Council of State (Raad van State).
In addition to the system described above there is another part of administrative law which is called "administratief beroep" (administrative appeal). This procedure is available only if the law on which the primary decision is based specifically provides for it and involves an appeal to a higher ranking administrative body. If administrative appeal is available, no appeal to the judicial system may be made.
In Sweden, there is a system of administrative courts that considers only administrative law cases, and is completely separate from the system of general courts.20 This system has three tiers, with 12 county administrative courts (förvaltningsrätt) as the first tier, four administrative courts of appeal (kammarrätt) as the second tier, and the Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden (Högsta Förvaltningsdomstolen) as the third tier.
Migration cases are handled in a two-tier system, effectively within the system general administrative courts. Three of the administrative courts serve as migration courts (migrationsdomstol) with the Administrative Court of Appeal in Stockholm serving as the Migration Court of Appeal (Migrationsöverdomstolen).
In Brazil, unlike most Civil-law jurisdictions, there is no specialized court or section to deal with administrative cases. In 1998, a constitutional reform, led by the government of the President Fernando Henrique Cardoso, introduced regulatory agencies as a part of the executive branch. Since 1988, Brazilian administrative law has been strongly influenced by the judicial interpretations of the constitutional principles of public administration (art. 37 of Federal Constitution): legality, impersonality, publicity of administrative acts, morality and efficiency.
The President of the Republic exercises the administrative function, in collaboration with several Ministries or other authorities with ministerial rank. Each Ministry has one or more under-secretary that performs through public services the actual satisfaction of public needs. There is not a single specialized court to deal with actions against the Administrative entities, but instead there are several specialized courts and procedures of review.
Administrative law in the People's Republic of China was virtually non-existent before the economic reform era initiated by Deng Xiaoping. Since the 1980s, the People's Republic of China has constructed a new legal framework for administrative law, establishing control mechanisms for overseeing the bureaucracy and disciplinary committees for the Communist Party of China. However, many have argued that the usefulness of these laws is vastly inadequate in terms of controlling government actions, largely because of institutional and systemic obstacles like a weak judiciary, poorly trained judges and lawyers, and corruption.
In 1990, the Administrative Supervision Regulations (行政检查条例) and the Administrative Reconsideration Regulations (行政复议条例) were passed. Both regulations have since been amended and upgraded into laws. The 1993 State Civil Servant Provisional Regulations (国家公务员暂行条例) changed the way government officials were selected and promoted, requiring that they pass exams and yearly appraisals, and introduced a rotation system. In 1994, the State Compensation Law (国家赔偿法) was passed, followed by the Administrative Penalties Law (行政处罚法) in 1996.
As a homogeneous legal substance isolated in a system of jurisprudence, the administrative law of Ukraine is characterized as: (1) a branch of law; (2) a science; (3) a discipline.21
- Administrative Law Review
- Constitutional law
- Rule of law
- Civil society
- Garner, James W. (April 1924). "French Administrative Law". The Yale Law Journal: 597–627.
- Oberath, öffentliches Wirtschaftsrecht pp. 12–14
- Oberath, öffentliches Wirtschaftsrecht p. 148
- Kopp / Rammsauer Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz Kommentar No. 1 and 26
- Kopp / Rammsauer Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz Kommentar §35 No.59
- Kopp / Rammsauer Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz Kommentar §35 No.65
- Kopp / Rammsauer Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz Kommentar §35 No.70
- Kopp / Rammsauer Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz Kommentar §35 No. 118
- Kopp / Rammsauer Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz Kommentar §35 No. 124
- Oberath, öffentliches Wirtschaftsrecht 161–163
- Kopp / Rammsauer Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung Kommentar pp. 1–94
- Kopp / Rammsauer Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung Kommentar p. 605,1517,1760,1882
- Kopp / Rammsauer Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung Kommentar §173 No. 1
- Oberath, öffentliches Wirtschaftsrecht p. 211
- Kopp / Rammsauer Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung Kommentar §68 No.1
- Kopp / Rammsauer Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung Kommentar §40 No. 6
- Kopp / Rammsauer Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung Kommentar $40 No. 31
- Kopp / Rammsauer Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung Kommentar § 40 No. 48
- Oberath, öffentliches Wirtschaftsrecht
- The Swedish courts, accessed on February 20, 2009
- Administrative law of Ukraine nowadays (the beginning of the 21st century): monograph. Edited by Valentyn Galunko. – Kherson, 2010.
|About Administrative law|
- Davis, Kenneth Culp (1975). Administrative Law and Government. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing.


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All that he surveys
All that he surveys
This surveyor's plane table frame belonged to Captain James Cook. The frame held paper firmly on the top of the plane table, a level surface used for surveying with an alidade (sighting rule) and compass. Cook adapted this land surveying method to rapidly chart Pacific coastlines as a continuous running survey from the deck of a moving ship.
Before leaving for the Pacific in 1768, Cook wrote to the British Admiralty requesting a set of instruments, including a plane table, that would enable him to survey lands touched on during the voyage. Cook's charts of the coasts of New Zealand and New Holland (Australia) were drawn up in sections using the plane table method, which required Cook to sail the Endeavour close to shore.
A honey-coloured wooden folding frame used in map-making and geographical surveys. The frame is seen being folded in four images in a horizontal strip. The far left image shows the frame fully unfolded; it forms a rectangle with the horizontal sides slightly longer than the vertical sides. The next image to the right shows the frame starting to fold. Hinges halfway along the vertical sides allow these sides to fold inwardly. The next image to the right shows the folding still in progress. The last image to the right shows the frame fully folded. The vertical sides have collapsed upon themselves and the horizontal sides sit above and below them. A small space is left in the middle between the horizontal sides. In all four images, the frame is seen against a plain white background.
Demonstration of how the plane table folds down for easy storage and transport.
Photo: George Serras.
Related link
Find out more about Captain Cook's navigational instruments


text:
THE XÈTÁN ANGELS
The Xètán Angels are a magnificent group of human beings who reside in the Kingdom of Xètá situated in the outer regions of the Universe. The Kingdom of Xètá is a very large planet that is home to multiple groups of Angels known as 'Angels of Light'. They are an ancient civilization that pre-dates the Universe who are known for their magical abilities and for their enchanting history.
The Xètán Angels are responsible for the introduction of several children's fables to this planet and these are Aladdin, Alice in Wonderland, Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, Snow White and the Seven Dwarves all of which are loosely based on actual events that took place on Xètá over a thousand millennia ago. The Xètán Angels are also responsible for introducing several breeds of cats to our planet and they are Persian, Siamese and Egyptian Mau.
There are several Xètán Angels who will soon be acknowledged for their significant contributions to this planet and they are Xètán Angels Zé, Jorat and Phillyda.
The Xètán Angels have a pivotal role in our planet's enlightenment transition alongside the Andromeda Angels, the Árian Angels, the Fárian Angels and the Ômega Angels.
Reference: The Age of Enlightenment
Copyright © Cynthia A. Silk 2018. All Rights Reserved.


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Strategies for Developing Granular Cost Analysis
by Tom McKinney | Mar 04, 2020
Documenting the true cost of production for any product is a key step in understanding profitability, but in facilities producing a high mix of product can be hard to associate costs with a specific production run. As a result, averaging is commonly used to associate electrical costs, machine costs and labor with a specific product. Moving from averaging to a more accurate cost analysis gives product management better insight into costs which allows for better pricing models and long term a better understanding of the business.
Automation is key to developing any KPI
KPI's based on manual entry are prone to errors and the possibility of abandoning the manual tasks. Automated measurements eliminate any impact on the work force. Creating a database of periodic measurements allows for historical analysis which can lead to insights only visible over a longer measurement cycle. The top four challenges to developing an automated product production cost analysis are:
 1. Documenting the amount of consumable product used during the manufacturing of a specific product and documenting any scrap of raw material
 2. Mapping power usage to the specific product being run at the time of measurement
 3. Documenting any product scrapped during production
 4. Documenting the total number of shipable units produced for a specific product batch
All manufacturing processes start with raw materials
These materials include anything the manufacturing facility uses as an input. Ingredients for a specific batch can be pulled together in a manual or automated process but at some point a machine is used to combine the ingredients. This machine represents the start of the process and can be used to document the use of consumable product. The current state of the machine can be read automatically from either a PLC or an HMI. Additionally, any weighing of ingredients with electronic scales can easily be captured automatically. HMS can convert virtually any machine with a Ethernet port, Serial port or an HMS into a data source.
 koss industrial mixer
Weight scale image and a mixer image. (Source: _URL_
The Koss Industrial mixer is can easily be connected to a monitoring system to count the number of jobs executed each day. Batch info can be used to associate the mix with a specific product being produced.
The number of machines that can be integrated into a automated process monitoring system is almost unlimited. Here is a list of vendors leveraging PLC's to create food production systems. All of these systems can be monitored automatically using the HMS Networks Flexy gateway.
 Oven Drying
 FPEC Corp.
 Tetra Pak
 Eirich Machines
 Sveba Dahlen
 Buhler AG
 Ross Syscon
 Frain Industries
 Revent International
 DST Seibu Giken
 Marel HF
 Sterling Systems & Controls
 Readco Kurimoto
 Middleby Corp.
 Specialty Food
 Process Technologies
 Haas Food Equipment
 JBT Corp
Investing in your data
Manufacturers producing 1000 or 10,000 units per month may struggle to justify an investment in a quality improvement program. Bring in a consulting company to analyze operations is an option, but the costs are typically beyond the reach of most relatively low margin food and beverage production facilities.
HMS Networks and Altizon have developed a path to manufacturing optimization that pays for itself. The solution is an incremental approach to process improvement that produces results based on a very limited investment and then can be easily scaled to achieve further benefits. The solution is based on three key tenets:
 1. Process Visibility leads to process improvement across the organization
 2. Measurable KPIs shall be based on machine/sensor data to eliminate ambiguity
 3. Granular cost analysis vs daily or monthly cost averaging leads to lower production costs
Manufacturing Optimization Solution
Altizon and HMS Networks both recognize that small to mid-size manufactures do not have the time or budget to completely overhaul their manufacturing processes. HMS and Altizon have developed a system called First Line Analysis. The outcome of this First Line Analysis is a fully functional process optimization system for a single line.
This solution involves instrumenting a single line with data collection gateways from HMS Networks. Then passing that data to Altizon for organization, storage and visualization. The solution offers the end user all of the benefits of a complete manufacturing optimization solution on a single line. The manufacturer can expose the platform to their entire team and measure the results of the solution by fully optimizing the line. The results can then be used to justify further investment across the organization.
Time is money so Altizon and HMS Networks have developed an engagement model for our First Line Analysis that limits the time investment required on the manufacturer side less than 40 hours (including all planning meetings, gateway installation and training). A typical First Line Project can be completed in less than 30 days.
Lets get started with a free manufacturing optimization evaluation!
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