Can Dogs Eat Corn? The Truth About this Common Ingredient
There is a lot of controversy about corn and canines. So much so, in fact, that you may be wondering if your pup is going to get sick after stealing that cob off your plate.
In this article, we will discuss whether or not corn is safe for dogs to eat, whether it is a good thing or bad to feed your dog kibble containing this common grain, and what you can do to make sure your pooch is eating what they should.
pic 1 colorful maize
Popular, delicious, and sometimes colorful, this grain is a staple in American cuisine. But should your pooch chow down on it too? We'll answer this question and more below.
Is It Safe for Dogs to Eat Corn?
The short answer here is yes, dogs can eat corn.
This fleshy grain is filled with a lot of nutrients your dog needs. It is brimming with B vitamins, magnesium, and calcium. It also has a lot of fiber which may or may not help your dog form better stools.
Assuming your dog is not allergic to it (more on this later), there is little harm in feeding this grain as a treat every once in a while. Just make sure you are feeding only corn and not all the butter and salt that usually accompanies it.
Unflavored, salt-free popcorn makes a tasty treat. Even cooked or raw kernels off the cob can be eaten by dogs, just don't be surprised when it comes out the other end looking exactly how it did going in.
You should not let your dog eat whole cobs, however. These highly fibrous stalks are very difficult to digest and could cause an impaction in your dog's gut. Always keep cobs–even those you've picked clean–out of your dog's reach.
pic 2 dog with corn cobWhile the kernels may be safe in the raw form, letting your dog scavenge through the garden to pick their own corn isn't recommended. The husk and cob both present potential choking hazards.
The Problem with Corn as an Ingredient In Dog Food
While corn is fine to feed as a treat in moderation, it is much less desirable as a dog food ingredient.
There are plenty of people out there who would disagree with this statement. Most of them have some connection with dog food companies who routinely turn out corn-filled pet foods. And the rest have either been educated by or unknowingly swayed by these same people.
The reason for this controversy is easy to see. After all, if a dog can eat this grain and it is full of nutrients, why shouldn't it be included in their daily diet?
To understand why it is worth avoiding dog foods filled with corn, we need to take a deeper look at how this ingredient is used in creating dog food and what it does and does not bring to the table.
A Cheap Filler
The most widely used argument against corn in dog food is that it is used simply because it is cheap.
Packing pet food with cheap ingredients lowers the overall cost of production which means more profits for the company in the end. And corn, especially varieties that are GMO and pesticide-laden, is very cheap.
pic 3 dog food in bowl
What's in your dog's bowl? Many companies use filler ingredients to save money. This practice leaves less room for the nutritious ingredients your dog really needs.
When manufacturers include a lot of fillers in their food, they don't have to pay for higher-priced ingredients like meat, vegetables, and fruit. And since grains are full of carbs, fiber, and some protein, producers can get away with adding a lot of it without completely changing the macronutrient makeup of the food itself.
If your dog's food is filled with corn, then it is lacking in the two things they really need: animal-sourced protein and quality fats.
Plant Protein vs Animal Protein
It is true that corn has protein in it–all grains do. The magic of GMO foods and the refining process has even allowed manufacturers the ability to separate out the high protein parts of the kernel and isolate them. This allows them to up the total protein of the dog food without having to step away from their favorite cheap filler ingredient or add more meat.
But the protein found in plants is not created equal to the protein found in meats. And, equally important, dogs' systems struggle to digest plant-sourced proteins.
All protein is broken down into amino acids in the body. These amino acids are used for everything from cell communication to energy production. Some amino acids can be created within the body using others absorbed from food while "essential" amino acids can only be gained through diet.
pic 4 weimeranar eating carcassDogs have evolved sharp, serrated molars, a short gut, and an incredibly acidic stomach to help them properly digest and use the nutrients found in meat. Their systems are poorly constructed to digest and absorb plant material.
Animal-based protein contains all amino acids in fairly equal amounts. Plant-based protein, on the other hand, contains varying amounts of aminos and most sources do not contain all of them in significant quantities.
Because dogs are carnivores, their bodies evolved to utilize the amino acids available in meat. Feeding dogs largely plant-sourced proteins naturally leaves them lacking in certain essential amino acids.
Furthermore, dogs have a relatively short gut compared to humans and other animals that rely primarily on plants for nutrition. This means they struggle to properly digest plant protein which, in turn, means they absorb even fewer amino acids than the meager amount available.
But this inability to digest food doesn't just affect how canines absorb plant proteins.
Nutritional Availability
Corn is full of nutrients and makes a healthy–although higher calorie–snack for humans. But canines are not privy to the same nutrients that we long-gut humans are.
Dogs evolved a short gut in order to move meat, which has a tendency to rot quickly, out of the body as soon as possible once digestion in the stomach is complete. Omnivores and herbivores, on the other hand, have a long gut because it takes a significant amount of time to break down and absorb the nutrients in fiber-heavy plant foods.
pic 5 done looking at bones
You have a lot of choices when it comes to purchasing food for your pup. Before you make a split decision based on price alone, remember that what your dog eats largely determines how healthy they will be. Cheap food may save you money upfront, but you are likely to pay more in vet bills in the long run.
When a dog eats food filled with grains, they struggle to break down the kibble to extract the nutrients inside. This doesn't just affect those vitamins and minerals in the plant ingredients, but all of the nutrients in the food.
Dogs who eat kibble made primarily of plant ingredients are more likely to be nutritionally deficient and lacking in certain amino acids. They are also much more likely to produce large or frequent stools.
In order to provide enough available nutrients to your pup, you have to feed more corn-based food than you would need to if you fed a quality animal-protein based food. But feeding more food to balance certain nutritional deficiencies often leads to dogs consuming too many calories, which can lead to weight gain and other health complications.
Corn Allergies
It is not just a lack of available nutrients and protein that makes feeding a corn-heavy diet risky. Many dogs, when fed the same low-quality food for years, will develop allergies to this common grain.
Dogs can develop a food allergy to any type of food they have been exposed to. The longer a dog eats a certain ingredient, the greater the chances they will develop an allergy to it.
Because corn is such a common ingredient in a wide variety of cheap dog foods, many dogs eventually develop an allergy to it.
Unfortunately, food allergies are not always easy to identify. And many dogs struggle for years with seemingly unrelated health issues before their owner realizes it is their food causing the problem.
Some common signs of a food allergy include:
 - Itchy skin
 - Hair loss
 - Hot spots
 - Ear infections
 - Diarrhea
 - Excess gas
 - Chronic illness
 - Joint pain
 - Sneezing
 - Bacterial infections
Once your dog develops a food allergy, they will not be able to eat food containing that ingredient any longer.
To determine what your dog is allergic to, you will need to perform an elimination diet. If they are on a low-quality food, it is a good idea to switch to a higher-quality diet regardless of whether corn turns out to be the allergen or not.
pic 6 puppy drinking milk
While grain allergies are common, dairy and chicken allergies are the most prevalent in the canine community. This is because these ingredients are the most common high-protein foods in dog diets and treats.
How to Choose a Quality Corn-Free Dog Food
Despite the prevalence of corn-filled dog diets on the market, there are plenty of alternatives available.
If your dog suffers from a grain allergy or you are interested in providing a more nutritionally-dense, protein-optimized food, you have some options to consider.
Dry kibble is the most popular type of dog food out there. When choosing a bag of this type of diet, look for quality meat ingredients listed first in the ingredients list. And be aware of other grains and plant-based ingredients listed too high or split into multiple types (i.e. "peas, pea protein, ground peas").
We recommend Wellness, Zignature, and Orijen dry kibble diets. To learn more about the quality options available, check out our list of the best dog food brands.
Canned diets are another option that includes many corn-free varieties. This type of food


Initial conditions in quantum mechanics
 - Thread starter springwave
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 - #1
I'm doing an undergraduate introductory course in quantum mechanics, and I'm having a hard time understanding the interpretation. I've recently learned about the famous "Particle in a box" problem, in which we solve the time-independent schrodinger wave equation to get the energy eigenvalues.
After solving we find that the particle can only have definite and discrete energy levels. (via an expression in terms of the quantum number n). Now my question is, how do we know which energy level the particle will occupy? Does it depend on initial conditions, if yes then how? or is it that it exists in a superposition of the various states, if yes then how do we calculate the probability factors of each state?
I have understood how the general form of the wave function for a particular situation describes a given system, but am not able to understand how to incorporate the initial conditions of the system.
For example, in classical mechanics, we solve the differential equation of motion, which gives us the general form of all solutions, and then we substitute the initial conditions (like initial position, initial velocity etc.) to get the right solution. In the same way how do we do this in QM. How do we take into consideration things like initial position and velocity of the particle. How do we interpret initial conditions.
I would love to gain a further insight into this concept.
Answers and Replies
 - #2
You are probably solving the free particle wave function, that is the Schroedinger equation without any potential energy (except for the walls which are modeled by some boundary condition). Without interactions your particle has no way to jump between states so you have to stipulate by hand which state it is in as an initial condition and the state evolves after that according with the Schroedinger equation.
 - #3
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You are on the right track. The Schrödinger equation (setting [itex]\hbar=1[/itex] for convenience) reads
[tex]\mathrm{i} \partial_t \psi(t,x)=\hat{H} \psi(t,x).[/tex]
Now supposed you solved the eigen-value problem for [itex]\hat{H}[/itex] (i.e., the time-independent Schrödinger Equation)
[tex]\hat{H} \phi_E(x)=E \phi(x).[/tex]
Since [itex]\hat{H}[/itex] is a self-adjoint operator the eigenvalues are real. We further assume that there are only discrete eigenvalues (the case where the Hamiltonian has also continuous "eigenvalues" or even only continuous "eigenvalues" is only slightly more complicated, if treated in the usual physicist's sloppy way to do mathematics ;-))). Then we have eigenvalues [itex]E_{n}[/itex] and the corresponding eigensolutions [itex]\phi_{n}(x)[/itex]. The eigenfunctions for different eigenvalues are automatically orthogonal to each other, again because of the self-adjointness of [itex]\hat{H}[/itex], and in the case that one or more eigenvalues are equal, we can choose a set of orthogonal vectors spanning the corresponding suspace of eigenvectors for this "degenerate" eigenvalue(s). Further we can assume that the eigenfunctions are normalized, i.e., we have
[tex]\int \mathrm{d} x \phi_n^*(x) \phi_{m}(x)=\delta_{nm}.[/tex]
What's not so easy to prove is that for physically reasonable problems these set of solutions are also complete in the sense that we can expand any square-integrable wave function in a series of the energy eigenfunction. So let's assume that.
Thus we can write the solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation as a series expansion wrt. to the energy eigenfunctions,
[tex]\psi(t,x)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} c_n(t) \phi_n(x).[/tex]
Plugging this into the Schrödinger equation we get
[tex]\mathrm{i} \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \dot{c}_n(t) \phi_n(x)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} E_n c_n(t) \phi_n(x),[/tex]
where on the right-hand side we have used the eigenfunction property
[tex]\hat{H}\phi_n(x)=E_n \phi_n(x).[/tex]
Now since the [itex]\phi_n[/itex] are orthonormal to each other, the above equation can only be true if the coefficients fulfull the ordinary equations
[tex]\mathrm{i} \dot{c}_n(t)=E_n c_n(t).[/tex]
These equations are very simply solved by
[tex]c_n(t)=c_n(0) \exp(-\mathrm{i} E_n t).[/tex]
As you see there are infinitely many constants left to be determined. So far our solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation reads
[tex]\psi(t,x)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} c_n(0) \exp(-\mathrm{i} E_n t) \phi_n(x).[/tex]
To uniquely specify the wave function as a solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, we need to know all the coefficients [itex]c_n(0)[/itex].
Now these coefficients themselves are uniquely defined by the initial condition of the wave function, i.e., we have to specify the wave function at [itex]t=0[/itex]:
[tex]\psi(t=0,x)=\psi_0(x)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} c_n(0) \phi_n(x).[/tex]
Physically this makes perfect sense, since to know the state of the particle, represented by the wave function, at time [itex]t[/itex] you need to know, in which state this particle was prepared at [itex]t=0[/itex]!
To find the coefficients we again use the orthonormality of the energy eigenfunctions. Multiply the last equation with [itex]\phi_m^*[/itex] and integrate over [itex]x[/itex], you get
[tex]\int \mathrm{d}x \phi_m^*(x) \psi_0(x) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} c_n(0) \int \mathrm{d} x \phi_m^*(x) \phi_n(x) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} c_n \delta_{nm}=c_m(0).[/tex]
So we have found all the coefficients [itex]c_m(0)[/itex] from the initial wave function, and that solves the Schrödinger equation as an initial-value problem in terms of a "generalized" Fourier series.
Consider your example of a particle in a potential pot with infinitely large walls. There you had the boundary conditions that the wave function had to vanish at [itex]x=\pm L/2[/itex]. Here the energy eigenvalues are
[tex]E_n=\frac{n^2 \pi^2}{8 m L^2} \quad \text{with} \quad n \in \mathbb{N}=\{1,\ldots\}.[/tex]
The eigenfunctions are
[tex]\phi_n(x)=N_n \times \begin{cases}
\cos \left (\frac{n \pi x}{L} \right ) & \text{for} \quad n \quad \text{odd},\\
The [itex]N_n[/itex] are normalization factors.
Here, your series expansion is a usual Fourier series for functions, vanishing at [itex]x=\pm L/2[/itex], i.e., a complete Fourier series with the constant function omitted from the full set of Fourier series. This is so, because of the boundary condition that the wavefunction has to vanisch at [itex]x \pm 1/2[/itex]. It's clear from the general theorems about Fourier series that indeed any sufficiently friendly function with these boundary conditions can be expanded in this way.
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How do we interpret initial conditions.
The initial condition for the time-dependent Schrödinger equation is the wave function at t = 0: ##\Psi(x,0)##.
As an analogy to the "particle in a box", consider a stretched string whose ends are held fixed, e.g. a violin string. The initial condition for the differential wave equation in this case is the configuration of the string at t = 0, produced e.g. by grabbing the string at some point and pulling it away from equilibrium, stretching it into a shape described by some function y(x,0) whose form depends on exactly where you grab the string. When you let go, the string starts to vibrate in a superposition of its allowed modes (harmonics), with different amplitudes for different modes.
Similarly with the "particle in a box", you start by "stretching" the wave function into some initial shape, then "let go". The time-dependent wave function is a super


text:
Early Learning Center
SPRINGFIELD? The Illinois State Board of Education (ISBE) encourages families to establish and maintain good health and study habits as schools across the state open doors for the start of a new academic year. The onset of the school year provides a prime opportunity to review academic skills and implement positive habits and routines.
"Students need to arrive at school ready for new challenges and experiences," said State Board of Education Chairman Gery J. Chico. "Families can help their children excel by developing habits that ensure children get enough sleep, a good breakfast and a dedicated study time and place. Most importantly, they can pass on a positive attitude about education. Learning doesn't just happen during the school day but every moment adults spend with children."
As students approach the new school year, families might start new bedtime hours for an easier transition during the first week of school. Setting aside a quiet dedicated study space, with good light and appropriate supplies, may help children focus as they do homework.
A review of academic skills before the start of the school year may also help students succeed in the classroom. Some ideas include:

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
mFisheries wins CTA Grant!!
The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) will fund the next round of mFisheries action research: ICT Integration in Small Scale Fisheries Vertical Value Chain through itsBuilding viable delivery models (BVDM) for ICT for Agriculture in ACP countries initiative. A coordinated and interdependent set of activities will be executed as a structured framework for integrating ICT interventions into the vertical small scale fisheries value chain from fisher to policy maker, with an emphasis on the fisher.
The CTA-funded mFisheries: ICT Integration in Small Scale Fisheries Vertical Value Chain is motivated by the pressing challenges faced by a sector which lies at the intersection of highly-vested, competing interests including subsistence livelihoods; enterprise commerce; extractive and other industries; the environment and marine resources; as well as a broad spectrum of criminal activity, both small and large scale. The planned activities recognize that small scale marine fisheries is generally fraught with significant operational, organizational and capability challenges; and features one of the highest risks to personal safety of all livelihoods.
ICT interventions can yield systemic gains in the sector. This is particularly so for the vertical value chain from operations to policy and the planned activities seek to implement the missing link through the extension, customization and deployment of the existing mFisheries suite in a strategically-significant selection of Caribbean jurisdictions. It seeks to do so within the framework of a novel delivery model; and to report through a set of practical briefs to guide sector managers, policy makers and the development community in the replication, customization and scaling of ICTs in general, and mFisheries in particular, across ACP countries.
The Caribbean ICT Research Programme (CIRP) seeks to draw on the findings of first cycle mFisheries design, field trial and assessment to achieve the following results over a period of 1 year:
- Customization of multi-agent mFisheries@sea for, and strategic deployment within, select Caribbean territories;
- Proof of concept of a multi-agent engagement platform;
- Viability assessment of a novel delivery model;
- Creation of practical briefs for meaningful and sustainable application of ICTs in fisheries.
The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-operation (CTA) is an international organization established in 1983 under the Lomé Convention between the ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific) group of states and the European Union member states. CTA's mission is to advance food security, increase prosperity and support sound natural resource management through information, communication and knowledge management, facilitation, capacity-building and empowerment of agricultural and rural development organisations and networks in ACP countries. CTA's strategic goals and key priorities focus on supporting conducive agricultural policies in ACP regions; promoting profitable smallholder value chains; and strengthening information, communication, and knowledge management (ICKM) capacity of ACP organisations. CTA investments and interventions are spread over 79 countries in Africa, Caribbean and the Pacific and organized across five thematic programmes, namely, policy, trade and value chains, ICTs and innovations, communication and information dissemination and knowledge management, with cross-cutting issues including gender and youth. Learn more about CTA and the BVDM initiative at _URL_

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I'm new to the world of sound recording, and one of my questions is: What are some good ways to develop "critical listening skills"?
While I realize that "listening" is highly subjective, I'd like to learn to discern the more subtle characteristics of various sounds and become conversant in the "language" of audio professionals in order to adequately communicate about the things that I hear.
Are there any book/cd combos out there that would walk you through the differences in sounds? Or perhaps any educational websites? What about other methods? How did you personally "train your ears" and how would you recommend that someone else go about it?
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6 Answers 6
Listening is like any other skill: Reading about it helps, but practicing it is everything.
Another well-regarded technique is sitting somewhere and writing down every sound you hear. I take that a step further create a description for each sound, both on a technical and emotional level. This can be done in a wooded forest glen, a concert, a coffee shop, the bus...anywhere. Personally, I keep a journal with me at all times to practice this skill (a smartphone with a note-taking app is good, too). On the technical side, I make guesses as to the frequency ranges of certain sounds, and check them against a sonogram or spectrograph when I get home (assuming I'm recording what I'm listening to). On the emotional side, it's just a personal heuristics thing, but forcing yourself to assign emotive descriptors to everything you hear can be challenging...and then figuring out why certain sounds make you feel a certain way is another introspective challenge unto itself.
A recent workshop also reinforced a zen-like koan that I think is essential for all creative endeavors: Don't be disappointed if what you're hearing isn't what you're after. Bend your mind around the circumstances and embrace all sound. If you do that, everything is music and nothing is merely noise, and no recording outing will be disappointing (or at least every recording session will teach you something).
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Nice entry Nathan! I'm with you 100% on that! Interesting point about embracing all sound. I guess like all sensory experiences it comes down to interpretation and how positively or negatively you perceive what you've experienced. – Colin Hunter Jun 29 '10 at 18:28
Nice thoughts...very much John Cage's approach. I professor of mine in college used to refer to this as "simplified hearing." – Justin P Jun 29 '10 at 20:38
Great stuff. Check out "33 Short Films About Glen Gould". He does exactly this in a scene in a dinercomposing a piece by simply listening to the world around him. – oinkaudio Jun 30 '10 at 14:51
Id highly recommend F.Alton Everest's book - Critical Listening Skills for Audio Professionals
It gives a very focused approach to developing your hearing, i have been using it for the last year in uni, and i have noticed a significant improvement in my own ability to perceive some more of the subtle aspects of audio and also my ability to communicate effectively.
Also ive found setting yourself a task for listening every week if you can, for example exploring the effects of various reverb parameters on a sound, then finding recordings with interesting use of reverb and analyzing them. Then research the theory behind what you are hearing and why. Ive found this has helped me tremendously over the past year. I am nowhere near where i want to be in my listening skills, but i think it probably take many many more years!
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I use this book as well, it makes for a good 'tune-up'. – Iain McGregor Jun 30 '10 at 15:53
Well a good place to start is becoming familiar with the spectrum of frequencies perceived by the human ear. A chart like this is a good visual representation:
At the bottom is a list of typical adjectives used by sound people, and a way to communicate with them.
I like to use a parametric EQ plug-in to train my ear and reinforce a chart like this; sweeping it over different sounds/music to hear what different frequencies sound like isolated, boosted, or cut.
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That's a super-concise chart, Justin, nice find! – NoiseJockey Jun 29 '10 at 16:28
I often use the parametric EQ on voice because I find it the most complex sound to get right. The presence spot in the 6-10kHz area is the one I enjoy most looking for, don't ask me why. Once you find it, you can add so much definition to the words... – Justin Huss Jun 29 '10 at 17:13
That is the coolest chart ever! – ianjpalmer Jun 29 '10 at 19:07
Cool chart. But, most voice talents I work with go well down to 60 Hz!!! – Utopia Jun 29 '10 at 20:09
Nice. I teach as well as work in the industry and I think they break things down very well and explain the sublties. I am going to get the students on to this. Thanks. – oinkaudio Jun 30 '10 at 14:55
In IAV school we would raise and low at the maximum each of the graphic EQ filters so that we could hear what which region would affect in the instruments. We did it with percussive, strings, voices... and it totally helps you to understand where, as for an example, you will usually bring the kick out of the bass drum and lower the undesired plastic sound. Pretty cool!
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I can recommend to find and buy a bunch of CDs of Golden Ears Audiotraining program. This is very useful training where each cd dedicated to one of several audition and spectrum recognition exersises and contains audiotracks with differently EQsed materials and also calibration tests and prepairing listening. With those disks, attached test sheet on a back of the cover - so u can copy it and easily use for writing test answers suchwise learn critical listening.
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I also suggest listening to film. Blind fold yourself and just listen to it. Then watch it with the sound after you have made some notes. Great stuff.
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text: When GM (genetically modified) and non-GM crops coexist, not all of the latter can be sold as GM-free crops as some of them will likely be contaminated by GM crops. The choice of producing non-GM crops will consequently depend on the surrounding crops. We therefore analyze the spatial distribution of GM and non-GM crops. When producers follow individual strategies, many spatial configurations arise in equilibrium, some of which are more efficient than others. We examine how coordination among producers impacts the spatial distribution of crop varieties, and show that coordination among only a small number of producers can greatly improve efficiency. In particular, a non-GM producer neighboring two GM producers needs to coordinate with only one of them to eliminate any spatial inefficiency from variety choices.


text:
Here you can see some of the most beautiful one-of-a-kind, freeform sculptures, vessels, bowls, dishes, and trays available anywhere, all hand carved by Jim Denker. Each of these works of art begins simply as a piece of wood, often just a log, split firewood, or a crotch from a windfallen tree, selected for its natural shape or some interesting feature that catches the eye of the artisan.
You also can see the amazing DENKER Carving Shave, used for both roughing and finishing, which Jim has developed to improve the hand carving process. By making carving easier, faster, safer, and far more pleasurable, these tools enable anyone to generate perfectly faired contours without having to be highly skilled in the use of dangerous chisels. Using this shave is so intuitive that a beginner can quickly learn how to carve by following these three basic rules:
1. Press the conical bevel firmly against the work piece surface while making a cut.
2. If the tool is hard to pull, change the direction of cut until it becomes easy to pull.
3. To shave end grain, wild grain, or knots, use a side of the circular edge to skew-cut.
Once you learn these basic techniques, you can easily carve the toughest hardwoods!


text:
Principle of least privilege
In information security, computer science, and other fields, the principle of least privilege (also known as the principle of minimal privilege or the principle of least authority) requires that in a particular abstraction layer of a computing environment, every module (such as a process, a user or a program depending on the subject) must be able to access only the information and resources that are necessary for its legitimate purpose.
The principle means giving a user account only those privileges which are essential to that user's work. For example, a backup user does not need to install software: hence, the backup user has rights only to run backup and backup-related applications. Any other privileges, such as installing new software, are blocked. The principle applies also to a personal computer user who usually does work in a normal user account, and opens a privileged, password protected account (that is, a superuser) only when the situation absolutely demands it.
When applied to users, the terms least user access or least-privileged user account (LUA) are also used, referring to the concept that all user accounts at all times should run with as few privileges as possible, and also launch applications with as few privileges as possible. Software bugs may be exposed when applications do not work correctly without elevated privileges.
The principle of least privilege is widely recognized as an important design consideration in enhancing the protection of data and functionality from faults (fault tolerance) and malicious behavior (computer security).
Benefits of the principle include:
- Better system stability. When code is limited in the scope of changes it can make to a system, it is easier to test its possible actions and interactions with other applications. In practice for example, applications running with restricted rights will not have access to perform operations that could crash a machine, or adversely affect other applications running on the same system.
- Better system security. When code is limited in the system-wide actions it may perform, vulnerabilities in one application cannot be used to exploit the rest of the machine. For example, Microsoft states "Running in standard user mode gives customers increased protection against inadvertent system-level damage caused by "shatter attacks" and malware, such as root kits, spyware, and undetectable viruses".
- Ease of deployment. In general, the fewer privileges an application requires the easier it is to deploy within a larger environment. This usually results from the first two benefits, applications that install device drivers or require elevated security privileges typically have additional steps involved in their deployment, for example on Windows a solution with no device drivers can be run directly with no installation, while device drivers must be installed separately using the Windows installer service in order to grant the driver elevated privileges.
In practice, true least privilege is neither definable nor possible to enforce. Currently, there is no method that allows evaluation of a process to define the least amount of privileges it will need to perform its function. This is because it is not possible to know all the values of variables it may process, addresses it will need, or the precise time such things will be required. Currently, the closest practical approach is to eliminate privileges that can be manually evaluated as unnecessary. The resulting set of privileges still exceeds the true minimum required privileges for the process.
Another limitation is the granularity of control that the operating environment has over privileges for an individual process. In practice, it is rarely possible to control a process's access to memory, processing time, I/O device addresses or modes with the precision needed to facilitate only the precise set of privileges a process will require.
The original formulation is from Jerome Saltzer:
Every program and every privileged user of the system should operate using the least amount of privilege necessary to complete the job.—
Peter J. Denning, in his paper "Fault Tolerant Operating Systems", set it in a broader perspective among four fundamental principles of fault tolerance.
Historically, the oldest instance of least privilege is probably the source code of login.c, which begins execution with super-user permissions and—the instant they are no longer necessary—dismisses them via setuid() with a non-zero argument.[original research?]
The kernel always runs with maximum privileges since it is the operating system core and has hardware access. One of the principal responsibilities of an operating system, particularly a multi-user operating system, is management of the hardware's availability and requests to access it from running processes. When the kernel crashes, the mechanisms by which it maintains state also fail. Even if there is a way for the CPU to recover without a hard reset, the code that resumes execution is not always what it should be. Security continues to be enforced, but the operating system cannot respond to the failure properly because detection of the failure was not possible. This is because kernel execution either halted or the program counter resumed execution from somewhere in endless, and—usually—non-functional loop.
If execution picks up, after the crash, by loading and running trojan code, the author of the trojan code can usurp control of all processes. The principle of least privilege forces code to run with the lowest privilege/permission level possible so that, in the event this occurs—or even if execution picks up from an unexpected location—what resumes execution does not have the ability to do bad things. One method used to accomplish this can be implemented in the microprocessor hardware. In the Intel x86 architecture, the manufacturer designed four (ring 0 through ring 3) running "modes".
As implemented in some operating systems, processes execute with a potential privilege set and an active privilege set. Such privilege sets are inherited from the parent as determined by the semantics of fork(). An executable file that performs a privileged function—thereby technically constituting a component of the TCB, and concomitantly termed a trusted program or trusted process—may also be marked with a set of privileges, a logical extension of the notions of set user ID and set group ID. The inheritance of file privileges by a process are determined by the semantics of the exec() family of system calls. The precise manner in which potential process privileges, actual process privileges, and file privileges interact can become complex. In practice, least privilege is practiced by forcing a process to run with only those privileges required by the task. Adherence to this model is quite complex as well as error-prone.
Similar principles
The Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) concept of trusted computing base (TCB) minimization is a far more stringent requirement that is only applicable to the functionally strongest assurance classes, viz., B3 and A1 (which are evidentiarily different but functionally identical).
Least privilege is often associated with privilege bracketing: that is, assuming necessary privileges at the last possible moment and dismissing them as soon as no longer strictly necessary, therefore ostensibly avoiding fallout from erroneous code that unintentionally exploits more privilege than is merited. Least privilege has also been interpreted in the context of distribution of discretionary access control (DAC) permissions, for example asserting that giving user U read/write access to file F violates least privilege if U can complete his authorized tasks with only read permission.
See also
- User Account Control
- Capability-based security
- Compartmentalization (intelligence)
- Confused deputy problem
- Encapsulation (object-oriented programming)
- Need to know
- Privilege escalation
- Privilege revocation
- Privilege separation
- Saltzer 75
- Denning 76
- Jonathan, Clark. "Virtualization Guru Writes "User-mode is a Good Thing - Deployment to Locked-down Accounts without Security Elevation"". Retrieved 15 Mar 2013. More than one of
- Aaron Margosis (August 2006). "Problems of Privilege: Find and Fix LUA Bugs". Microsoft.
- Matt Bishop, Computer Security: Art and Science, Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley, 2003. pp. 343-344 cited Barnum & Gegick 2005
- Saltzer, Jerome H. (1974). "Protection and the control of information sharing in multics". Communications of the ACM 17 (7): 389. doi:10.1145/361011.361067. ISSN 00010782.
- Roger Needham, Protection systems and protection implementations, Proc. 1972 Fall Joint Computer Conference, AFIPS Conf. Proc., vol. 41, pt. 1, pp. 571-578
- Schneider, Least Privilege and More
- Ben Mankin, The Formalisation of Protection Systems, Ph. D thesis, University of Bath, 2004
- P. J. Denning (December 1976). "Fault tolerant operating systems". ACM Computing Surveys 8 (4): 359–389. doi:10.1145/356678.356680.
- Jerry H. Saltzer, Mike D. Schroeder (September 1975). "The protection of information in computer systems". Proceedings of the IEEE 63 (9): 1278–1308. doi:10.1109/PROC._PHONE_.
- Deitel, Harvey M. An introduction to operating systems (revisited first ed.). Addison-Wesley. p. 673. ISBN 0-201-14502-2. page 31.
- Sean Martin (April 2012). "Are security basics getting lost under the cover of cloud and mobile?". SC Magazine.
- Managing least privileges from the cloud by Monique Sendze
- The Saltzer and Schroeder paper cited in the references.
- NSA (the one that implemented SELinux) talks about the principle of least privilege
- A discussion of the implementation of the principle of least privilege in Solaris
- "Proof that LUA makes you safer" by Dana Epp
- Applying the Principle of Least Privilege to User Accounts on Windows XP, by Microsoft
- Priv


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The number of people aged 65 and over living with cancer in the UK is set to treble by 2040, Macmillan Cancer Support is warning today.
According to new research funded by Macmillan and carried out by King's College London, the number of older people with cancer will increase to 4.1 million by 2040, up from 1.3 million in 2010, due to a number of factors including the ageing population and increasing survival rates.
The figures are almost four times higher than for people in the 45-64 age bracket.
The greatest increase in incidence is expected to be seen in lung cancer in older women.
This is forecast to more than double between 2010 and 2040, from 319 people per 100,000 to 831.
On the other hand, lung cancer prevalence in older men is expected to fall, due to a dramatic decline in smoking among men since the 1970s.
Professor Henrik Møller, one of the study's authors at King's College London, said the large increases expected to be seen in the oldest age groups in the coming decades will bring with them increasing pressures upon health services.
Ciarán Devane, chief executive at Macmillan Cancer Support, described the care of older cancer patients as a "ticking time bomb" for society.
He said: "These stark predictions should act as a warning to the NHS and social care providers of the problems ahead if older cancer patients are not offered the best treatment and support.
"We have a moral duty to give people the best chance of beating cancer, regardless of their age. For cancer survival to improve, older people must be given the right treatment at the correct level of intensity, together with the practical support to enable them to take it up."
Macmillan says that older cancer patients currently face a multitude of barriers to getting the best care and treatment, which include a lack of practical support at home and poor management of non-cancer related health problems.
Macmillan is calling for a more effective way of assessing older people for treatment, more short-term practical support to enable them to take up recommended treatment and training for professionals working with older people within the NHS to promote age equality.
Macmillan, in partnership with Age UK and the Department of Health, has set up five pilots to test new models of older people's care. They will report in December 2012.
Would you like to know more about affordable cashplans including worldwide cover without obligation? Contact Private Healthcare Bureau NOW


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The Power of Instructor Presence
What do we mean when we say "Instructor Presence?"
"Instructor Presence" has become another buzzword in both popular articles on online education and student critiques of their online courses. How might we define it? A good working definition for this term comes from Kassinger (2004): "[instructor presence is] the instructor's interaction and communication style and the frequency of the instructor's input into the class discussions and communications." [Read more about what students say are important indicators of instructor presence in this article from the Journal of Online Learning and Teaching]
Many other definitions of instructor presence highlight specific actions and interactions that all fall within the realm of humanization and connection. In talking about "instructor presence" in our online courses, we aren't just trying to replicate some of the humanizing interactions in face-to-face courses (such as: eye contact, nodding, and casual banter). We're also talking about intentionally creating moments of exchange, feedback, and personal framing for the learning that our students experience.
Why should we work to build this in our online courses?
Simply put, building your presence in your online course helps your students perform better. Students in online courses, especially asynchronous ones, can express frustration and dismay at having to "teach themselves." Researchers at Teachers College at Columbia University have shown that in online courses with relatively low interaction between instructors and students, students earn nearly an entire letter grade below those in courses with high interpersonal interaction.
So what can I do, QUICKLY?
- Clear, consistent communication about your course is one of the things that students value the most in their end-of-semester evaluations, and it goes a long way towards building a sense of presence. What things do students need to know about your course prior to starting it? What things do students need to be reminded of at regular intervals? Where in a unit or module do you often need to send small bits of encouragement? Creating a plan for this communication at the beginning of the semester can be hugely beneficial for your students, both to help keep them on track with deadlines and to remind them that you, their instructor, are there for them if they need support. Review your syllabus, and the UD academic calendar, and make some reminders to send emails or make announcements at regular intervals and key moments in your courses.
- Reflect on your own capacity for connection and engagement during stressful times. Some instructors have found that incorporating mindfulness practices into their courses has improved their connection with students, as well as their own wellbeing. For others, intentional flexibility in either course structure or assignments significantly reduces anxiety for both instructors and students. These considerations are part of being intentional about your connection with students, and will create a sense of meaningful, authentic, and honest instructor presence in your course. Read more about the value of "slowing down" and being present in your courses here.
- Plan ahead for student feedback. With multiple courses and hundreds of students, plus research and service loads, it can be extremely challenging to offer all of your students detailed feedback. But not providing feedback at all, or offering it too late, can leave students feeling alienated and hinder their ability to improve their skills in future assignments. As you plan your courses with student workloads in mind, also consider when you can block off regular intervals of time to keep on track with student feedback. Consider engaging the teaching support services offered by the library, as librarians can help provide feedback to students on research topics or questions about information resources.
- Make sure your materials are current. In some cases, there are good pedagogical reasons to use previous classroom recordings of lectures, or older articles or course resources, and these can be contextualized for students. But if your course materials are largely made up of older classroom recordings, students will be less responsive to it, less engaged in the class, and may feel more distanced from you.
- Kassinger, F. D. (2004). Examination of the relationship between instructor presence and the learning experience in an asynchronous online environment (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from _URL_
- Sheridan and Kelly (2010). The Indicators of Instructor Presence that are Important to Students in Online Courses. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching 6:4, 767-779.
- Venet and Casimir (2021). Slowing Down for Ourselves and Our Students. Retrieved from _URL_


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|This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2010)|
Failure causes are defects in design, process, quality, or part application, which are the underlying cause of a failure or which initiate a process which leads to failure. Where failure depends on the user of the product or process, then human error must be considered.
A part failure mode is the way in which a component fails "functionally" on component level. Often a part has only a few failure modes. Thus a relay may fail to open or close contacts on demand. The failure mechanism that caused this can be of many different kinds, and often multiple factors play a role at the same time. They include corrosion, welding of contacts due to an abnormal electric current, return spring fatigue failure, unintended command failure, dust accumulation and blockage of mechanism, etc. Seldom only one cause (hazard) can be identified that creates system failures. The real root causes can in theory in most cases be traced back to some kind of human error, e.g. design failure, operational errors, management failures, maintenance induced failures, specification failures, etc.
The (end) or immediate effects of failures can also be diverse depending on the function in the system. So the relay failure might result in a failure (actually a fault) to activate a locking actuator. This is called the sub system effect or sub system functional failure mode. And finally this might result in severe damage to system (the end effect) due to the loss of a protection device. When dealing with causes -> mechanisms -> failure modes -> effects, then it should be realised that all this depends on what system level is looked at. An effect from lower level can be a cause on a higher level. It all depends on the scope of scenario of interest.
A scenario is the complete identified possible sequence and combination of events, failures (failure modes), conditions, system states, leading to an end (failure)system state. It starts from causes (if known) leading to one particular end effect (the system failure condition). A failure scenario is for a system the same as the failure mechanism is for a component. Both result in a failure mode (state) of the system / component.
Rather than the simple description of symptoms that many product users or process participants might use, the term failure scenario / mechanism refers to a rather complete description, including the preconditions under which failure occurs, how the thing was being used, proximate and ultimate/final causes (if known), and any subsidiary or resulting failures that result.
The term is part of the engineering lexicon, especially of engineers working to test and debug products or processes. Carefully observing and describing failure conditions, identifying whether failures are reproducible or transient, and hypothesizing what combination of conditions and sequence of events led to failure is part of the process of fixing design flaws or improving future iterations. The term may be applied to mechanical systems failure.
Some types of mechanical failure mechanisms are: excessive deflection, buckling, ductile fracture, brittle fracture, impact, creep, relaxation, thermal shock, wear, corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and various types of fatigue. Each produces a different type of fracture surface, and other indicators near the fracture surface(s). The way the product is loaded, and the loading history are also important factors which determine the outcome. Of critical importance is design geometry because stress concentrations can magnify the applied load locally to very high levels, and from which cracks usually grow.
Over time, as more is understood about a failure, the failure cause evolves from a description of symptoms and outcomes (that is, effects) to a systematic and relatively abstract model of how, when, and why the failure comes about (that is, causes).
The more complex the product or situation, the more necessary a good understanding of its failure cause is to ensuring its proper operation (or repair). Cascading failures, for example, are particularly complex failure causes. Edge cases and corner cases are situations in which complex, unexpected, and difficult-to-debug problems often occur.
Failure by corrosion
Materials can be degraded by their environment by corrosion processes, such as rusting in the case of iron and steel. Such processes can also be affected by load in the mechanisms of stress corrosion cracking and environmental stress cracking.
- Failure analysis
- Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)
- Failure rate
- Forensic electrical engineering
- Forensic engineering
- Hazard analysis
- Ultimate failure
- While corrosion is not technically a mechanical failure mode, it is usually included in mechanical failure modes because it leads directly to mechanical failures.


transactions: if a snoop transaction returns data, the same data must be returned to the master that requested the data through its read data channel.
 - Sequencing transactions: transactions that access the same location have specific sequencing requirements by the Interconnect. This will be dealt with in detail in the next post in this series.
In this post, we have described the testing strategy and the key aspects of coherent transaction testing. In the next post, we will focus on some of the details of the specification relative to accesses to overlapping addresses.
Authored by Ray Varghese


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In Rautenberg's book (A Concise Introduction to Mathematical Logic, Universitext, Springer 2006), Gödel's second incompleteness theorem is stated:
Theorem 3.2 (Second incompleteness theorem). PA satisfies alongside the fixed-point lemma also D1–D3. For every theory T with these properties,
(1) $\nvdash_T Con_T$ provided T is consistent,
(2) $\vdash_T Con_T \to \neg\square Con_T$
where, at the beginning of the chapter, he defines:
Let ${\bf bew_T} (y, x)$ be a formula that is assumed to represent the recursive predicate ${\it bew_T}$ in T, exactly as in 6.4. For ${\bf bwb_T} (x) = ∃y {\bf bew_T} (y, x)$ we write $ \square (x)$, and $\square α$ is to mean ${\bf bwb_T} (\ulcorner α \urcorner )$.
and also:
D1: $\vdash_T \alpha \implies \space \vdash_T \square \alpha $
D2: $\vdash_T \square \alpha \wedge \square (\alpha \rightarrow \beta )\rightarrow \square \beta $
D3: $\vdash_T \square \alpha \rightarrow \square \square \alpha $
T = ZFC also satisfies these conditions (and indeed he mentions it).
from this it seems that the theorem is true for every representing formula for the theory T and for every representing formula for the predicate ${\it bew_T}$. on the other hand, there is this:
Formalize logic inside ZFC in the usual way, and for every relevand object o (term, formula, proof, etc) assign the corresponding object $\ulcorner o \urcorner $ in the usual way (so if $\phi$ is a formula in the metatheory, $\ulcorner \phi \urcorner $ is indeed a formula in the logic inside ZFC). Order formulas by their internal Gödel number (which, for formulas that come from the metatheory, it is equal to their real Gödel number...). let $t_1(x)$ be arbitrary representing formula for ZFC (e.g the most natural one, arising when formalizing first order logic inside ZFC and then formalizing the axioms of ZFC inside ZFC). let ${\bf bew_1}(y,x)$ be the formula for "y is a proof of x in ZFC" the theorem should indeed work for these. now, let ${\bf bew}(y,x,z) $ be the formula for "y is a proof of x in the theory z" and let ${\bf bwb}(x,z) $ and ${\bf Con}(z) $ be "x is provable from z" and "z is consistent" as formalized in ZFC. define:
$t_2(x) = t_1(x) \wedge {\bf Con}(\{y : t_1(y) \wedge G(y) \leq G(x)\})$. where G(x) is the Gödel number of x inside ZFC.
for every model of ZFC, the internal formulas x for which G(x) is standard are exactly those x which are $\ulcorner \phi \urcorner $ for some $\phi$ in the metatheory, and so, by the reflection theorem for ZFC, ${\bf Con}(\{y : t_1(y) \wedge G(y) \leq G(\ulcorner \phi \urcorner)\})$ for every $\phi$ in the metatheory.
therefore, since $t_1$ is representable, so is $t_2$.
on the other hand, if we let $ZFC_2 := \{x : t_2(x) \}$, clearly $ \vdash_{ZFC} {\bf Con}(ZFC_2) $ but ${\bf Con}(ZFC_2) $ is exactly the same as ${\bf Con}_{ZFC} $ if we use $t_2(x)$ and the corresponding (naturally defined) ${\bf bew} (y, x)$!
it may indeed be that I messed up my argument some, but I'm quite sure it works, i.e that the "incompleteness property" depends on the choice of representing formulas for the theory in question and/or the ${ \it bew}$ predicate, and that one can chose them to yield $\vdash_{ZFC} Con_{ZFC}$.
thus, my questions: first: am I right (in the last paragraph at least)?
second: if so, why and where exactly does the proof of the second incompleteness theorem fail in these cases?
third: how exactly does these dependencies work? specifiaclly : in my argument I have used a different representation for ZFC. does the same can happen if one uses the natural representation for ZFC, but a different representation for ${ \it bew}$, or, given a representation for ZFC, all representations for ${ \it bew}$ are equal in a way?
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So on the one hand, we have the usual assertion $\Con(\ZFC)$, which asserts that $\ZFC$ is consistent using a straightforward representation of the $\ZFC$ axioms, and then on the other hand, we have as with your $t_2$ the alternative assertion $\Con(\ZFC_2)$, using a representation of the $\ZFC$ that only continues to add axioms provided that the resulting theory remains consistent. So we can easily prove in a very weak theory that $\Con(\ZFC_2)$ holds, and this seems paradoxical because our two different theories seem both to be representing the same theory $\ZFC$.
This way of thinking goes back to S. Feferman, Arithmetization of metamathematics, Fundamenta Mathematicae, 1960, who discussed intensional and extensional consistency statements, and it was discussed previously here on MO on Sergei Tropanets question Clarification of Gödel's second incompleteness theorem, and also Marc Alcobé García's question Feferman's extensional and intensional applications of the method of arithmetization, which you may find helpful.
Part of the resolution of the paradox is to realizing that $\ZFC$ does not prove the equivalence of the two different consistency statements, and in particular, $\ZFC$ does not prove that the two representations of $\ZFC$ represent the same theory. Although a weak theory such as $\text{PA}$ can prove $\Con(\ZFC_2)$, it cannot prove that the theory as represented in $\ZFC_2$ includes much of substance at all.
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text:
It is possible to add information into a HTML element in order to convey additional information. We can use this for various reasons, such as:
id) so we can locate it at a later point (for example to add some styling to it)
class) so we can apply styling to all elements that share that class
Attributes are added to the opening tag of a pair of tags, or to a self closing tag
Paragraph Text
The next example shows how it works in practice, firstly specifying an id, then a class, and then an element with both a class and an id.
Opening paragraph Some paragraph text Text for the last paragraph
When you set a value for
id on an element, ensure it is not used by any other tag on the page, as it is designed to be a unique reference
It is possible to create a link to an
id on a page (so the browser scrolls to that section) simply create a link that references the
id prefixed by a hash (#), e.g.
Later section
Alternatively you can link to a section on a seperate page by appending a hash and the div's id to the URL, e.g.
Education section on my webpage
It is possible for an HTML element to hgave multiple classes, simply seperate them with spacing, e.g.:
Some paragraph text


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Information Risk Management Group - Terms of Reference
Approved by the Board: January 2020; Next Review: January 2021
The Terms of Reference for the Information Risk Management Group (IRMG) were agreed by the Medical Sciences Divisional Board as follows:
The Membership of the IRMG should remain small and multi-disciplinary. The Group's tasks include operational and coordinating activities as well as strategic advice. The initial membership of the Group is as set out below. Membership may be changed from time to time by approval of MSD Board.
- Head of Commercial Strategy and Risk, MSD (Chair)
- Data Privacy Coordinator, MSD (Secretary)
- Head of MSD IT Services
- NDM Compliance Manager
- Security, Governance, Risk and Compliance Officer, IT Services
2. Interaction with other Committees and Groups
- The IRMG will report to MSD Board on its activities and on the current Risk Analysis status twice in each academic year
- The Information Risk Advisory Group (IRAG) will report to the IRMG on a termly basis, following each of IRAG's meetings, to provide input from across the Division on emerging risks relating to information governance and relevant proposals for improvement.
- Represent the Division at the University Joint Information Security Advisory Group (JISAG). Refer critical issues to and receive advice from JISAG for formal or informal guidance.
- To raise and maintain awareness of information governance as a fundamental element of good organisational governance and integrity in research;
- To provide assessments, advice, guidance and recommendations to the MSD Board on managing information governance risks;
- To embed information governance policy, procedure and processes across the Division, achieving consistency unless this is incompatible with local requirements;
- To encourage a culture of information governance across the Division that enables compliance with regulatory and procedural obligations to be clearly demonstrated;
- To support work towards a higher level of information governance maturity to enable proactive use of information for strategic planning purposes;
- To review the processes used across MSD for the delivery of training and advice on information governance requirements and risks;
- To provide assurance, through audit and other review activities, on the satisfactory maintenance of information governance standards across the Division; and
- To foster a culture of continuous improvement through 'lessons learned' and other appropriate means.
- To compile, review and maintain an information governance risk analysis relevant to the Division on behalf of the Board;
- To identify priority projects to mitigate information governance risks in the Division and scope, seek approval for and undertake such projects;
- To identify gaps in information governance which require central University action and support central functions to deliver solutions;
- To create and support a community of information governance professionals across the Division;
- To plan training programmes for relevant staff groups and seek appropriate resource to implement training programmes where not centrally provided;
- To plan and implement audit and review activities to test the effectiveness of information governance and selected projects; and
- To assess the Division's business continuity plans and advise the Board on their adequacy with regard to information governance requirements.


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Sonnenschein, C., and Soto, A.M. Over a century of cancer research: Inconvenient truths and promising leads. PLoS Biol 18(4): e3000670, 2020.
Abstract: Despite over a century of intensive efforts, the great gains promised by the War on Cancer nearly 50 years ago have not materialized. Since 1999, we have analyzed the lack of progress in explaining and "curing" cancer by examining the merits of the premises that determine how cancer is understood and treated. Our ongoing critical analyses have aimed at clarifying the sources of misunderstandings at the root of the cancer puzzle while providing a plausible and comprehensive biomedical perspective as well as a new theory of carcinogenesis that is compatible with evolutionary theory. In this essay, we explain how this new theory, the tissue organization field theory (TOFT), can help chart a path to progress for cancer researchers by explaining features of cancer that remain unexplainable from the perspective of the still hegemonic somatic mutation theory (SMT) and its variants. Of equal significance, the premises underlying the TOFT offer new perspectives on basic biological phenomena.


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We built the BMI calculator all inside one function: main(). As apps scale, we don't want main() to grow. We need an organized pattern where each function focuses on doing one thing. This lesson shows how we can easily refactor the main() function into three parts: Intent, Model, and View.
If we continue to build our applications in the same manner we built the BMI calculator, we will start seeing the main function growing. I prefer usually small functions that do only one thing. Now that we have this rather big main function that does more than one thing, how do we refactor this? Notice that we have three distinct parts, we have the read effects from the DOM, we have state and logic management, and we have the write effect. Plus everything is just class declarations.
So it turns out we can extract each of these parts and put them in functions, like this part can go into a function let's say called part1, and then we can return an object to contain both of these streams. Then we have part2 which will return the state stream, that part. Then we have finally part3 to return the virtual DOM tree of elements as stream, like that. Each of these three functions expect parameters like this one wants sources.dom.
So let's give it there, let's call it DOMSource, it's just an object that we can give and replace these. Part1 seems to need no other parameters, so let's look at part2, it wants changeweight stream and changeheight stream, and part3 needs the statestream. So now we can use those three functions in main, we can remove this old parts, we want an object with changeweight stream and changeheight stream when we call part1 given sources.dom.
Then we get the statestream by calling part2 given changeweight stream and changeheight stream. Then we get a stream of virtual DOM trees that's what you call a vTree stream, we call part3 given statestream. Then we just give the vTree stream as the DOM sync and our app still works. But part1, and part2, and part3 are quite bad names, let's try renaming this starting from the easiest one. While this one takes state and it returns these elements, so this really looks like what we commonly understand as view.
Then part2 is just handling state management, so this is called model because it's not really related to any effects, right it's just state and logic. Part1, well, is handling read effects from the DOM, it's essentially getting raw events from the DOM, and it's interpreting what the user wants to do. I'm going to call this one intent, so we just need to rename down there as intent, model, and view.
Our app still works, and this is what we call the model view intent pattern, which is meant to organize this type of sandwich interaction. Now our main does one thing, it converts from sources to syncs and it does that by calling these three functions in succession.


Japan's 1909 "Korean Fisheries Guide"
The following are some pages from Japan's 1909 "Korean Fisheries Guide," which were posted HERE by Mr. Tanaka Kunitaka. If I can get a translation of the Ulleungdo section, I will add it to the post.
Map of Ulleungdo (1909 Korean Fisheries Guide)
Uldo (Ulleungdo) County (1909 Korean Fisheries Guide)
Another Page Describing Ulleungdo
 1. The map is called 「鬱陵島全図」 and there are Jukdo(竹嶼)and Kwannundo(鼠頂島 Sokouto=観音島) on the map.
 On the first page, it clearly states that eastern limit of Ulleundo is 130°54′.
 And on p708-709, there are place name like 石門洞 (Sok-Mun) and 石亭浦(Chon-Sok-Po). You can see that the word 石 was pronounced as "Sok", not Tok or Dok on Ulleundo in those days.
 It also states that Japanese found many squids around the island and started Squid fishery in 1903. Korean on Ulleundo mainly used to do only farming and all they did was collecting seaweeds for marine product, but Koreans under middle class learned from Japanese and started fishing squids three years ago (1906?).
 2. Correction
 3. Thank you, Kaneganese. I had been wondering when squid fishing started on Ulleungdo. Also, notice that it said that Koreans did not start fishing for squid until 1906, three years after the Japanese started. Why did the Koreans wait so long? I think it was because Koreans on Ulleungdo at the time were not equipped to do that kind of fishing, or any kind of deep-sea fishing, which would explain why they were working on Japanese fishing boats, instead of their own, at the beginning of the 20th century.
 As other documents have shown, Koreans on Ulleungdo at the beginning of the 20th century were farmers, not fishermen, and, therefore, they had little reason and probably no means to travel beyond Ulleungdo to Liancourt Rocks (Dokdo/Takeshima). Even the Korean ships from the Cholla region, which visited Ulleungdo about once a year, apparently did not go there to fish. From what I have read, they went there to trade and to gather seaweed.
 Documents like Japan's fishing guides are a great source of clues for understanding the situation on Ulleungdo at the turn of the 20th century. By the way, the fact that Korea did not publish such fishing guides is another clue telling us that Koreans were not deep-sea fishermen at the turn of the 20th century.
 4. When one of my friends from kindergarten was a teacher of the school in coastal city of Hokkaido, she told me that she was very interested in the huge difference between the family of fishing industry and farming one. The family member who engage in fishing outer sea always prepare the worst every time their dads leave the house for work. If you are lucky, you could make a killing, but if you are not, you could lose everything, even their lives sometimes. It is always a gamble. On the other hand, farmers always have to plan what they are going to do next, or next year and so on. They are well-organized. Chosen dynasty disdained the fisheries because of the principle of basing a country's economy on agriculture by Confucianism. It is not surprising that Korean on Ulleundo didn't engage in "real" fishing since Chosen dynasty made them to immigrate from mainland to do farming, not fishing. Even in 1906 when they learned fishery from Japanese and finally started fishing squids around Ulleundo, but only "under the middle class" of them were engaged in fishing. Apparently, there must have been some sort of discrimination even among Korean residents on Ulleundo. Japanese fishermen testified that Japanese were hiring Korean women diver from Chejudo, not Ulleundo even in 1930's.
 5. I found some easy misleadings about the Korean website(I cannt find the original pages).
 韓国水産誌 江原道 島嶼
 第二章 江原道 (…) 本道の地は 北緯三十?度三十九分乃至三十九度十分, 東經百二十?度四十一分乃至百二十九度二十九分 間に位しで(…)東方一帶日本海に沿へり. (…)
 島嶼は 國島, 牛島, 猪島, 荒島, 松島, 竹島 ※, 無路島, 德山島, 卵島等ありで就中國島大なり. 竹島及無路島は箭竹の産地どしで名あり.｣
 This original text from 方輿総誌(_PHONE_ c.a.)
 also this is introduced in the 皇城新聞 1906.06.14 as old famous places.
 and this seven small island is on the 大東方輿圖(See:nearby 歙谷
 Map of 歙谷Hup-gok on 韓国水産誌 江原道's 歙谷郡


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All > Technology > Parallel Computing > Grid Computing
- Adding a layer onto some entity so that the new entity exhibits the interface properties of the original. This layer hides the true implementation of the virtualized object so that the original can be changed or replaced without fundamentally impacting the interaction of entities that have a dependency on it. An example is disk LUNs, which present the interface of a disk, yet may be implemented as a whole disk, a partition of a disk or perhaps an aggregation such as a RAID stripe.
Open Grid Forum - Cite This Source - This Definition
- Allows interacting with a resource using an abstract mechanism so that the underlying physical resource can be replaced with another one of similar capability without affecting the resource consumer. Virtualization balances supply and demand by providing a transparent, aggregated computing resource.
Oracle - Cite This Source - This Definition
- Abstraction, GASS (Global Access to Secondary Storage), GRAM (Grid Resource Allocation and Management), Policy-based Management, VMM (Virtual Machine Monitor), VO (Virtual Organization)


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Q. We use ion exchange treatment for wastewater from our nickel, hexavalent chrome and zinc plating rinses. We have been trying to reuse this "clean water" but have found that it is attacking the finish from our bright zinc plating. What kind of characterization should we do to identify the pollutants that are affecting our products, and what steps are needed to reuse this water? H.S.
A. The very likely issue is not that there is some kind of pollutant in your "clean water" that is causing the problem but that your ion exchange effluent is too clean and is very "aggressive" towards metals. Since your ion exchange system has essentially removed all ions, including metals, from the wastewater, the wastewater wants to restore its ion balance and will attack metals to replenish its ions. Also, if you check the ion exchange effluent's pH, you will likely find it below 5 and perhaps as low as 3. If you are using this water in your nickel and chrome plating rinses and not experiencing the same issue, the reason is that these metals are able to resist the water's aggressiveness during the relatively short rinsing time.
Here are several alternatives for you to consider:
- Do not use this de-ionized water for zinc rinsing,
- Supplement potable water for a portion of the rinse water flow, thereby reducing the rinse water's aggressiveness. Once you have established the desirable ratio of potable water to deionized water, you can use a conductivity sensor and controller that adds potable water when the water's conductivity (a gross measure of the water's dissolved solids) reaches a low set point.
- Adjust the deionized water's pH with sodium hydroxide to maintain a pH of 7.0–7.5. (We like to use 10–25 percent sodium hydroxide because of its rapid reaction rate and low freezing temperature.) Be careful not to raise pH above 8, since this may tend to dull your desired bright zinc finish.


Reducing the cost of veterinary care
Dog with money
Why do vet bills cost more than human medical bills?
When humans are sick or injured, our medical bills are mostly covered by the government through Medicare. We know that we can get any of the medical care we need without having to worry about the cost.
When animals get sick or injured, the government does not subsidise any medical treatments and it is the responsibility of the pet's owner to cover any medical bills. This is why a lot of people spend more on their pet's medical bills than their own! Surgery or intensive hospitalisation for a sick dog or cat can add up to thousands of dollars, especially if you want your pet to have high quality care.
Here are our top tips for managing the cost of veterinary care without compromising on the health and happiness of your loved one!
The old saying, "it is better to prevent than to cure!" is very true when it comes to veterinary care.
- Keep your pets up to date with simple things like vaccines, worming, and flea treatment. This is a lot less expensive than if they were to pick up a horrible bug (such as parvovirus) and need to be in intensive care for days.
- Desex your pets. This is a one-off cost that saves you a lifetime of worrying about the potential for uterine infections, testicular cancers, fighting between dogs, unwanted pregnancies or even emergency caesarians.
- Take good care of their teeth. Dental disease affects almost every adult dog and cat. Good dental hygiene includes tooth brushing, special diet, and regular "Scale & Polish" procedures to remove tartar. Without this, dogs and cats often get painful tooth infections that require surgical removal and this can be a major cost. It's much better to keep their teeth healthy!
- Keep dogs safe from traffic and be careful around strange dogs at the park. We see a lot of vehicle accidents and nasty dog fight wounds that require major surgery. Dogs should be kept on a leash at all times while near roads, even if they are very well trained.
- Keep cats indoors. This avoids motor vehicle accidents, being injured while fighting other cats, or picking up nasty viruses from the neighbours.
Pet insurance works a bit like human medical insurance. You pay a small amount each month as a premium, and then if your pet falls ill the insurance company covers their medical or surgical bills. We recommend pet insurance to all our clients because it means you will never have to make the tough decision: Should I do what is best for my pet, or can I not afford it?
There are many different companies that offer different plans, and you can shop around and decide which one plan is best for your situation.
It's best to sign up as soon as you get a new puppy or kitten, BEFORE any problems develop. Otherwise, that problem may be considered a "pre-existing condition" and not be covered by the insurance company. However, if you have an older dog or cat you can still sign up. Call the insurance companies directly to discuss your situation and see what they can offer you.
If you have any concerns about your pet's health, don't wait for it to get worse before getting help from your vet! Most problems are much easier (and therefore less costly) to treat if they are detected early. Plus, it gives us the best chance of a cure.
We hope this has been useful! If you have any questions about preventive heath or pet insurance, please feel free to contact us.
Dr Grace Woodward BVSc (Hons 1)


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Data Compilation, Selection, and Derivation of PNEC Values for the Soil Compartment
The Existing Substances Risk Assessment of Nickel was completed in 2008. The straightforward explanation of the goal of this exercise was to determine if the ongoing production and use of nickel in the European Union (EU) causes risks to humans or the environment. The European Union launched the Existing Substances regulation in 2001 to comply with Council Regulation (EEC) 793/93. "Existing" substances were defined as chemical substances in use within the European Community before September 1981 and listed in the European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances. Council Regulation (EEC) 793/931 provides a systematic framework for the evaluation of the risks of existing substances to human health and the environment.
| Field trials for nickel ecotoxicity testing in soil.
The conceptual approach to conducting the environment section of the EU Risk Assessment of Nickel included the following steps (Figure 1):
- Emissions of nickel and nickel compounds to the environment were quantified for the whole life cycle, i.e., from production, use, and disposal;
- Concentrations of nickel resulting from these emissions were determined in relevant environmental media (water, sediment, soil, tissue) at local and regional scales (PECs);
- Critical effects concentrations (PNECs) were determined for each of the relevant environmental media;
- Exposure concentrations were compared to critical effects concentrations for each of the relevant environmental media (risk characterization); and
- Appropriate corrective actions (also described as risk management) were identified for situations where exposure concentrations were greater than critical effects concentrations. Where exposure concentrations were below critical effects concentrations, there was no need for concern or action.
The EU Risk Assessments for Nickel and Nickel Compounds were developed over the period from 2002 to 2008. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency (DEPA) acted as the Rapporteur in this process, in close collaboration with the international nickel industry. EU Risk Assessment Reports (RARs) for the environment for nickel substances (metallic nickel, nickel carbonate, nickel chloride, nickel nitrate, and nickel sulfate) were submitted in the spring of 2008 after thorough review by the Technical Committee on New and Existing Substances (TCNES), which was comprised of technical representatives from the EU Member States. A final peer review was provided by the Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER) (see Section Links to Ni EU Risk Assessment Documents). The European Commission's Institute for Health and Consumer Protection published the final Risk Assessment Reports for nickel and nickel compounds in November 2009.
After the EU RARs received approval within Europe, the data sets were discussed at the international level within the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The nickel ecotoxicity data sets used in the EU RARs were accepted at the OECD's SIDS (Screening Level Information Data Set) Initial Assessment Meeting (SIAM 28, October 2008), as was the use of nickel bioavailability models to normalize the nickel ecotoxicity data.


COMP_ENG 395, 495: Advanced Digital System Design with FPGAS
Quarter Offered
None : MW 3:30-4:50 ; Zaretsky
COMP_ENG 303, 355 or equivalent HDL experience.
This course covers the systematic design of advanced digital systems using field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The emphasis is on top-down design starting with a software application, and translating it to high-level models using a hardware description language (such as VHDL or Verilog). The course will focus on design for high-performance computing applications using streaming architectures. We will first review in detail the basic building blocks of FPGA programming. Second, we focus on architecture, design methodologies, best design practices, and optimization techniques for performance (frequency, latency, area, power, etc). Finally, we will cover testbench development, simulation for bit-true design verification, and synthesis of complete digital systems.
INSTRUCTOR: David C. Zaretsky (
RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS: The Designer's Guide to VHDL, Peter J. Ashenden; HDL Chip Design, Douglas J. Smith; Advanced FPGA Design Architecture, Implementation, and Optimization, Steve Kilts
REFERENCE TEXTS: Online material and examples
COURSE GOALS: To introduce students to advanced design methodologies and practical design approaches for high-performance FPGA applications. Students will design and implement a complete sophisticated digital system application on an FPGA, simulating and verifying the design with testbenches, and synthesizing and implementing these designs with FPGA development boards including interfacing to external devices. The course will focus on translating software models of digital signal processing applications, such as filters, radios, and image processing algorithms into optimized streaming architectures in hardware. Students will also learn sophisticated optimization techniques for streaming applications, FIFO and memory architectures, finite state machines, and various optimizations to drive performance. In the end, students will understand how to design and compare performance results between different design implementations.
Week 1: System-level architecture design for FPGAs. Review VHDL programming basics.
Week 2: Synthesizable VHDL, synchronous and asynchronous processes, finite state machines, and memory.
Week 3: Practical testbench design, performance testing
Week 4: Design optimizations and performance comparison
Week 5: FIFOs and streaming architectures
Week 6-8: Design, optimize, simulate, and analyze performance for a digital application
Week 9-10: FPGA synthesis and iterative performance optimizations
COMPUTER USAGE: Students may be expected to be comfortable with Sun/UNIX platform to run and manage Computer Aided Design projects with simulation and synthesis tools. Students can download Xilinx and Altera tools for free online.
LABORATORY PROJECTS: Course is project oriented. Students will gain experience writing hardware designs in VHDL and optimizing them through various techniques. Each component will be independently tested through simulation and pieced together to create an entire hardware application.
GRADES: Grades will be based on with weekly programming assignments, final project, and final report.
 1. Translate a software application into hardware logic for FPGA architectures
 2. Design synthesizable VHDL systems based on industry-standard coding methods.
 3. Optimize logic for various performance goals (timing, frequency, area, and power).
 4. Build testbenches and create data models to verify bit-true accurate designs.
 5. Design streaming architectures for high-performance computing applications.
 6. Calculate throughput, resource allocation, and other performance metrics.
 7. Simulate and compare performance results between different optimizations.
 8. Utilize commercial FPGA development tools for compilation, simulation, and synthesis.


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Adad was the god of weather in the Babylonian and Assyrian cultures of Mesopotamia * in the ancient Near East. Other cultures in the region called the god Ishkur, Rimmon, Addu, Hadad, or Baal-Hadad.
The son of the sky god Anu, Adad was believed to control storms and rain. He was often portrayed as a warrior holding a forked lightning bolt or a club, and his animal was the bull, whose bellowing and roar were like the sound of thunder.
Like the weather itself, Adad had two sides—one beneficial and the other destructive. As the bringer of rain, Adad was hailed as the Lord of Abundance whose gift made the land fertile and nourished crops. People in many arid Mesopotamian lands worshiped him for this reason. As the bringer of drought or fearful storms, however, Adad could strike his enemies with famine, flood, darkness, and death.


How to Keep Air Mattress from Deflating Overnight
How To
How to Keep Air Mattress from Deflating Overnight
You probably enjoy sleeping on an air mattress, but the popular phenomenon that most people experience with an air mattress is how it deflates overnight. This phenomenon continues to be a mystery for most people all over the globe. Most of the time you go to sleep on a mattress that is inflated to the full only to wake up in the morning with a deflated unit. Consumers become alarmed when this happens. You wonder if the air mattress is not of good quality, what you did wrong or if it was somehow punctured. After people trying almost all the methods on how to keep air mattress from deflating overnight with little or no success, here are tips you can use to keep your mattress from collapsing overnight.
Looking for the best camping air mattress, check out our previous review here.
How to Keep Air Mattress from Deflating Overnight
How to Keep Air Mattress from Deflating OvernightMake sure your surrounding is clean and checked before laying your mattress
Checking your surrounding is the most basic advice you will ever get. If you own an air mattress, before blowing it up, make sure the area or the surrounding is clean and free from objects. Ignore this, and you will be among the many who ignore and end up facing the consequences. To start with, follow these basic rules:
 - Make sure the room is big enough to accommodate your mattress after it's blown up.
 - Look for sharp objects that might be lying around. These objects can puncture your mattress if it is placed on them.
 - Check for sharp-edged pieces of furniture like sharp edge tables or cabinets. The Sharpe edges can puncture your mattress. If you get a puncture, you'll need to know how to repair an air mattress
 - The material used to construct the air mattress. If it's made of thin gauge materials, you need to be extra careful
Knowing what you need to check for before blowing up your mattress is the best way to avoid deflation. Make sure to avoid blowing your mattress over stones and anything that might puncture it. This is one of the first tips to consider from how to keep air mattress from deflating.
Let your air mattress stretch out
It is natural for an air mattress to stretch after it is fully inflated. It will stretch which will make you with a feeling like it has lost air after you sleep on it. In reality, it is just the expansion of the material and not that fact that it has lost air. It is natural. Other beds will stretch out a lot than others, so depending on your mattress, it can expand more or less.
For the first few nights, the material will naturally stretch. The reason behind this is the facts that the mattress only blew enough to make the bed firmer. If you wake up and find yourself not sunken or sunken slightly, you should not worry because of it naturally. A good thing to do is to inflate the mattress and leave it for a day or two without sleeping or adding any weight on it. This way you will allow the air bed to stretch and avoid any deflation.
Your mattress should be adjusted to the room temperature
An air mattress will always lose a bit of air every time the temperature in your room changes. Turning your heater off or on before you sleep or even opening or closing the window or door will lead to change in the room temperature and eventually affect the air mattress. When the air bed gets colder, it will most certainly lose air.
To help you prevent this, make sure your mattress is adjusted to the room temperature. Since temperature change is a source of air mattress leakage, make sure the temperature is best. If you don't want to keep your heating system running all night, you should consider getting a portable heater, which you can place near the mattress to keep it warm and avoid deflation. Another trick that might help you is blowing up the mattress hours before your bedtime. This way it will get used to the room temperature of your room.
Don't ignore the capacity of the mattress
Every air mattress has its maximum weight capacity. The weight capacity is usually available in the manual and other paperwork's that comes with the air bed. If you are in doubt, the manufacturer will always be happy to help you instead of overloading it. Once you know the capacity, always make sure you stick by them. Don't overload your mattress to avoid deflation.
While it seems like a simple rule to follow, most people flout this rule only to suffer the consequences. You should know that there is always a reason why their weight capacity is there.
Stop your kid from bouncing on the air mattress
Allowing your kids to bounce on the air mattress might be fun for most people, but turn out to be a costly fun. Kids bouncing will create a bubble and lumps on different areas. The bed will also experience consistent air loss in the process, which is something you want to avoid.
Deflate after use
Our last tip on how to keep air mattress from deflating would be deflating after use. If you are planning a camping trip and an air mattress is what you will use to sleep, then it's an idea to allow make sure you let the air out after use. Depending on your preferences, you can fully deflate or deflate a little bit after each night. Deflating help relieves pressure on the material and seams. The mattress will experience minimal pressure, which will help it be in tip-top shape when you use it next. Once you want to use it, you can always inflate it again to its maximum.
Final thoughts
Many people panic when they notice their air mattress deflated overnight. You should always remember that the cause of deflation is not only because of the puncture, but also a few things named above like overloading, allowing kids to bounce on it and much more. If there is no any faulty reason why your air mattress loses air, the above tips on how to keep air mattress from deflating will help you keep your air bed inflated overnight. However, if you notice your air mattress keeps deflating even after taking the precautions above, then check for what caused the leakage. Check for a tear or puncture and fix it to avoid deflating.
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Creating wait for approval tasks#
A Wait for approval task pauses a deployment until a designated user provides approval. Email notifications are sent to users when the task starts.
Before using email tasks in your deployments, setup an email server.
To create a wait for approval task, complete the following steps:
 1. On the Deployment plan detail page, click Create Task.
 If you want to insert a task at a specific position in the plan, select a task before using the Create Task. The new task is inserted above the selected task.
 2. On the Create Task dialog box, in the Type list, select Wait for approval.
 3. In the Name field, enter a name for the task.
 4. In the Approval prompt field, enter the text that you want to include in the email message.
 The text is displayed in the Task Details section of the email.
 5. In the Approvers list, select the users or groups designated to approve the task.
 Team members and groups are available to choose.
 6. In the Required approverarea, specify whether all the approvers must approve the task, or a single approver is sufficient.
 7. Click Save.
 The task is inserted into the deployment plan.
When the task runs, email notifications are sent to the selected approvers. The deployment plan cannot progress until the task is approved or skipped. Approval is granted by completing the task in the deployment plan.
Parent topic: Tasks


E 1: Energy Flow (HS), E 1: Energy, Mass, & Speed (MS), E 2: Energy & Motion (HS), E 2: Potential Energy (MS), E 5: Kinetic Energy Transfer (MS), Energy, F&I 1: Newton's 2nd Law (HS), F&I 1: Newton's 3rd Law (MS), F&I 2: Newton's 1st Law (MS), F&I 2: Newton's 3rd Law (HS), F&I 4: Gravity & Electrostatic Forces (HS), F&I 4: Gravity & Mass (MS), Forces & Interactions, Physical Science
The meaning of blood pressure
The meaning of blood pressure
SUMMARY: This article talks about all the physical aspects of blood pressure. The first few sections talks about the 3 forces that affect blood pressure: elastic, kinetic, and gravitational. The author also talks about how kinetic energy can be converted to elastic energy in the case of an aneurysm in the vein. The following few sections break down other aspects of blood pressure, such as resistance and the pressure at which arterioles close (critical closing pressure).
LESSON COMMENTS: This is a great article (especially the first few sections) for a physics class. The paper explains the concept of pressure as well as forces and energy. Conservation of energy would be a good topic to cover before having students read and analyze this article. Of course, given the jargon and the length, this article would be best read in sections.
Magder S. (2018). The meaning of blood pressure. Critical care (London, England), 22(1), 257. doi:10.1186/s13054-_PHONE_-1


Hawaii FAC Assignments
Pre-Program Assignments
Greetings Facilitators, We are looking forward to an exciting Playshop of facilitating rhythm and community. Here are your assignments, should you choose to do them. They are optional, but doing them will augment the Playshop's activities for you. I look forward to sharing our knowledge and spirit with each other when we meet in the circle. Get plenty of sleep before the program starts.
See you there!... Arthur
The following are the Playshop assignments for reading, writing and drum circle lists...
Reading Assignment
READ the book: Drum Circle Facilitation – Building Community Through Rhythm by Arthur Hull. Pay special attention to Chapters 4, 5, and 9.
Writing Assignment
All of the following writing assignments are due at the beginning of the program and will be shared with the group unless you put the word "Private" on the top of each page submitted.
 1. Write a one-page biographical essay with a photo of you attached to it.
 2. Do the 'Mission Statement' writing assignment on page 78 of the book: Drum Circle Facilitation. This should be one-page long and handed in at the start of the Playshop.
 If you are not yet facilitating rhythm-based events, then skip the following writing assignments. If you are currently facilitating rhythm-based events:
 3. Write one-page or less on the subject "my best drum circle" using the critique technique on page 108 of the book. Include your biggest learning.
 4. Write one-page or less on the subject "my worst drum circle" using the critique technique on page 108 of the book. Include your biggest learning.
By doing these assignments, you will turn your training into a launch pad for community service through rhythm...
Drum Circle List Assignment
SUBSCRIBE to the list and "learn" (read without responding) for a day or two. This will help you get in touch with the vast international facilitators' community.
To join the International Drum Circle List, email a blank message to:
Percussion Equipment
BRING a bell, a shaker, and a wood block or clave. Bring other "sound" percussion if you have them (Tibetan bells, rain sticks, gong, ankle bells, etc.).
BRING at least one drum. Bring more than one type of drum if possible. Example: one large hand drum like a Djembe, Conga, or Ashiko, and one small drum such as a Talking drum, bongo, or dun beck. We also will need Dun Duns, surdos, and base drums.
Please let us know in advance if you need a drum. We only have a few we can provide.
For the Closing Ceremony
STRING... Please bring 3 feet of colored string, or ribbon for the closing ceremonies, "thicker than thread but thinner than rope". As you select your string, imagine it being connected to all of the other facilitators' intentions and work in our drumming community as we continue to serve our growing "rhythmaculture".


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Hundreds Chart - Print and keep a copy handy
A mathematics curriculum based activity that teaches Hundreds Chart - Print and keep a copy handy which are part of Numbers mathematics.
Number line is an online mathematics game that helps inspire children learn, motivates them with fun and allows them to achieve higher in Numbers mathematics.
Create A FREE account To
This is a sample screenshot only!
Used by over 70,000 teachers and 1,000,000+ students.
Keywords and information on Number line mathematics activity
The online mathematics activity Number line is in the bility group Orange. This activity is part of the lesson group Numbers and in the focused subgroup of Hundreds Chart - Print and keep a copy handy
This mathematics Numbers activity is 1 of 1000's of online games, worsheets and videos available to members.


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The Open qPCR provides data on the fluorescence value, background subtracted value, and baseline subtracted value for each channel of each PCR well. These values are included in the amplification_data.csv file included in your individual experiment exports.
Fluorescence values are raw fluorescence measurements taken by the Open qPCR before taking calibration into account.
Background subtracted values take the calibrated values (post calibration for water, HEX, and FAM) into account to adjust for well-to-well variation. This is dependent on the data generated from the calibration that you perform. The values here have not gone through baseline subtraction.
Baseline subtracted values are the fluorescence values after the software performs baseline alignment of the amplification curves. Baseline refers to the background signal level prior to any significant product amplification. By turning baseline subtraction on, the software takes the baseline portion of each curve and brings it to 0. Baseline subtraction has no impact on Cq for the Cy0 and cpD2 methods.