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Path Analysis in Visio
The well-commented VBA code (provided by guest-poster Al Edlund) which accompanies this article will help you make programmatic sense of the elemental stuff of connected Visio diagrams: connectors, connection points, OneD shapes, Connect and FromConnect.
You'll also see how to produce connected diagrams, find out which shape is connected to which, and more importantly, do some path analysis to find the deeper meaning behind it all!
This guest post was developed and written by Al Edlund. Al is a fellow Microsoft Visio Most Valuable Professional (MVP), and is a networking expert, and a big fan of Visio. He's also told me that networking is also his hobby, so when he's working he's playing, and when he's playing he's working!
Thanks Al for a great effort, now take it away!
Connectors, Connections and Paths
I have seen a couple of recent requests that have focused on how to understand what is connected in a Visio drawing. What is sometimes missed is that there is a difference between connected and a path, which is a series of connections. This path deconstruction is sometimes referred to as graph analysis and is the study of how nodes (vertexes) attach to each other via "edges".
What is sometimes overlooked by the user who wants to analyze the drawing via automation is that there are two levels of domain specific knowledge that are needed. The first is what is being represented by the shapes on the page and the second is how the underlying add-in portrayed that information.
This led me to a put together a two-part project which you can read about in these pages, and download when you're done with the words. The project focuses on these two items:
- Demonstrates some concepts in analyzing a drawing's connections
- Analyzes the path information
Using the Path Analysis Application
Once you've OK'd the VBA macros in the Visio file and clicked the StartTest button on page one, you'll be presented with the project's main form:
Figure 1 Example Menu layout
The path analysis form has two groups. The left one is for demonstrating path analysis and the right one is for drawing (connection) analysis.
The path analysis has three sections: the analysis algorithm, the view layers, and the open Excel button. The analysis algorithms create topology pages to demonstrate search techniques. The edge information and path search information are drawn on different layers which can be turned on/off by the layer buttons. The Open Excel feature is included to allow the user to pull in external data. The description of the workbook/worksheets is included in the code module: modDrawData.
The ConnectionsSearch section has four buttons. Flowchart draws the modified Visio 2007 SDK navigation example. The Drawing button uses the included page connection search to capture the active page connections. The Network button discovers the data from the network page, and the PFD button discovers the data from the pipes/flow/diagram. Lastly, the Save2Excel8 button takes the data from the last analysis and exports it to an Excel2003 format.
The Visio SDK has an example of analyzing a drawing (DemoNavigatingDrawing) which combines both of these concepts (connection analysis and path analysis).
I've included a modified version of this flowchart analysis in the drawing.
Figure 2 Flowchart Example used
The modifications include:
- Adding an additional data entry function
- Including a control transfer shape.
I added these to demonstrate that:
- In a drawing that is aware of the 'directionality' of dynamic connectors the developer may have to adopt a strategy that verifies that all shapes have been included
- Shape.Type = OneD shapes which are not 'Dynamic connectors' may be in the information path.
I've included a network detail drawing as well which brings out a couple of other exposures. In this case the points that require attention include (once again) that OneD shapes may not necessarily be part of an information flow and (to make it a little more interesting) we have to track connector end-points based on their component and connection point.
Finally in the network connections the paths are assumed to be capable of 'full duplex' communications which removes the directionality aspect.
Figure 3 Network Detail Drawing used
Piping Flow (PFD)
The example of a piping flow drawing (provided by another user) as starting points has three sets of objects we want to track. These are equipment (vertices), piping (edges), and instrumentation (probes). The interesting point here is that a probe attaches to a OneD shape (pipes) in the example drawing.
Figure 4 Piping-Flow diagram used
Both the network detail and PFD drawings also demonstrate that you have to be aware of the underlying add-in that created the drawing. In the case of the PFD drawing shape text is stored in a user field.
The captured data from the connection analysis can be saved to an Excel spreadsheet. Excel in this code is 2007 Excel and doesn't do a lot of checking or error catching. It is there for convenience.
Figure 5 Excel Output (PFD drawing)
Path Analysis (Depth-first)
The second part of the project was to demonstrate some of the common methods for analyzing path information. The basic flows are excerpts from Data Structures and Algorithms Using Visual Basic.NET, a Michael McMillan book that was written for VB.NET.
I thought it would be fun to convert the concepts to VBA and then use Visio to draw the constructs and use layering to show how the algorithms worked. The data is based on two mandatory arrays (vertex and edge) and an optional array that allowed me to force some of the shapes to specific places on the page. A tutorial on this material goes well beyond what an article can cover. Mr. McMillan's book is also referenced in the code.
Figure 6 Path Analysis (depth first)
This code should not be considered as anything beyond demo code of some advanced concepts. When you open Visio's VBA integrated development environment, you'll see the following forms, modulas and classes:
Figure 7 Application objects
Here's a quick description of what each code file is about:
- frmPath user interface
- modDrawData the information used to initialize the three main arrays used to create the drawings used in the path analysis section
- modFlowchartNavigator the basic code used in the v2007 sdk that demonstrates an approach to moving through a visio flowchart
- modNavEnhanced an example of how analyzing a drawing might be enhanced using the two examples provided (Network Detail and PFD)
- clsDistOriginal object storage
- clsItemEdge object storage
- clsItemPoint object storage
- clsItempProbe object storage
- clsVertex object storage
- clsShapePos object storage
- clsMyCollection string / array manipulation
- clsMyGraph path analysis code


NTK/GP Models of Neural Nets Can't Learn Features
Since people are talking about the NTK/GP hypothesis of neural nets again, I thought it might be worth bringing up some recent research in the area that casts doubt on their explanatory power. The upshot is: NTK/GP models of neural networks can't learn features. By 'feature learning' I mean the process where intermediate neurons come to represent task-relevant features such as curves, elements of grammar, or cats. Closely related to feature learning is transfer learning, the typical practice whereby a neural net is trained on one task, then 'fine-tuned' with a lower learning to rate to fit another task, usually with less data than the first. This is often a powerful way to approach learning in the low-data regime, but NTK/GP models can't do it at all.
The reason for this is pretty simple. During training on the 'old task', NTK stays in the 'tangent space' of the network's initialization. This means that, to first order, none of the functions/derivatives computed by the individual neurons change at all; only the output function does.[1] Feature learning requires the intermediate neurons to adapt to structures in the data that are relevant to the task being learned, but in the NTK limit the intermediate neurons' functions don't change at all. Any meaningful function like a 'car detector' would need to be there at initialization—extremely unlikely for functions of any complexity. This lack of feature learning implies a lack of meaningful transfer learning as well: since the NTK is just doing linear regression using an (infinite) fixed set of functions, the only 'transfer' that can occur is shifting where the regression starts in this space. This could potentially speed up convergence, but it wouldn't provide any benefits in terms of representation efficiency for tasks with few data points[2]. This property holds for the GP limit as well—the distribution of functions computed by intermediate neurons doesn't change after conditioning on the outputs, so networks sampled from the GP posterior wouldn't be useful for transfer learning either.
This also makes me skeptical of the Mingard et al. result about SGD being equivalent to picking a random neural net with given performance, given that picking a random net is equivalent to running a GP regression in the wide-width limit. In particular, it makes me skeptical that this result will generalize to the complex models and tasks we care about. 'GP/NTK performs similarly to SGD on simple tasks' has been found before, but it tends to break down as the tasks become more complex.[3]
So are there any theoretical models of neural nets which are able to incorporate feature learning? Yes. In fact, there are a few candidate theories, of which I think Greg Yang's Tensor Programs is the best. I got all the above anti-NTK/GP talking points from him, specifically his paper Feature Learning in Infinite Width Neural Networks. The basic idea of this paper is pretty neat—he derives a general framework for taking the 'infinite-width-limit' of 'tensor programs', general computation graphs containing tensors with a width parameter. He then applies this framework to SGD itself—the successive iterates of SGD can be represented as just another type of computation graph, so the limit can be taken straightforwardly, leading to a infinite-width limit distinct from the NTK/GP one, and one in which the features computed by intermediate neurons can change. He also shows that this limit outperforms both finite-width nets and NTK/GP., and learns non-trivial feature embeddings. Two caveats: this 'tensor program limit' is much more difficult to compute than NTK/GP, so he's only actually able to run experiments on networks with very few layers and/or linear activations. And the scaling used to take the limit is actually different from that used in practice. Nevertheless, I think this represents the best theoretical attempt yet to capture the non-kernel learning that seems to be going on in neural nets.
To be clear, I think that the NTK/GP models have been a great advance in our understanding of neural networks, and it's good to see people on LW discussing them. However, there are some important phenomena they fail to explain. They're a good first step, but a comprehensive theoretical account of neural nets has yet to be written.[4]
 1. You might be wondering how it's possible for the output function to change if none of the individual neurons' functions change. Basically, since the output is the sum of N things, each of them only needs to change by O(1/N) to change the output by O(1), so they don't change at all in the wide-width limit(See also my discussion with johnswentworth in the comments) ↩
 2. Sort of. A more exact statement might be that the NTK can technically do transfer learning, but only trivially so, i.e. it can only 'transfer' to tasks to the extent that they are exactly the same as its original task. See this comment. ↩
 3. In fairness to the NTK/GP, they also haven't been tried as much on more difficult problems because they scale worse than neural nets in terms of data(D^2*(kernel eval cost) in number of data points, since you need to compute the kernel between all points). So it's possible that they could do better if people had the chance to try them out more, iterate improved versions, and so on. ↩
 4. I'll confess that I would personally find it kind of disappointing if neural nets were mostly just an efficient way to implement some fixed kernels, when it seems possible that they could be doing something much more interesting—perhaps even implementing something like a simplicity prior over a large class of functions, which I'm pretty sure NTK/GP can't be ↩


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It is done carefully. Lots of other rotating machinery has the same problem, and whole systems exist just to deal with it.
For example, jet engines are usually smaller, but also usually spin much faster. Balancing a jet engine is something that gets lots of attention at manufacturing, and again any time when it is put back together after having been sufficiently disassembled. I have worked on metrology systems designed to measure a few µm non-roundness of circular parts a meter or more in diameter. Large maintenance facilities have such systems, in addition to the manufacturers.
One method of balancing I saw used a stackup of multiple "plates". These plates were ring-like structures that would be part of the spinning system. No plate could be manufactured exactly right. The metrology system would accurately measure the asymmetries of each plate, then calculate what orientation the multiple plates have to be mounted together to make one larger object that was balanced to high precision.
There are also other techniques, like build it best you can, then balance afterwards. Actually in practise multiple techniques are employed, with final assembly balancing always one of them. This works a lot like dynamic balancing of tires. The turbine is spun slowly, and the vibrations measured synchronous to the rotations. From that a computer system calculates how much weight to add or remove where.
The most common scheme I've seen is drilling holes or indentations in a certain area of metal left available for that purpose. The computer will tell you where to drill and what diameter based on the analysis of the vibrations. In another case we has a electronic product that spun as part of its normal operation. In this case we left a few thru-hole solder pads at different angles from the shaft. The vibration analyzer then suggested which pads to fill in with solder, which was done manually by a technician in this case.
This overall process of measure and adjust is repeated until the vibrations are below some specified level. Despite the best measurements and algorithms, any one adjustment doesn't ever seem to null out the vibrations quite as much as it should in theory.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Importing External Models in a Rotary Project
This section will present the process of importing the Full-3D STL model into rotary project, using a table leg as an example.
There are two basic use cases when importing an external model into the rotary job. The first case involves bringing a model designed for this particular job in another software. Thus the dimensions of the imported piece may already be correct and it can be desired to use them for the size of project. The second use case is when importing a stock model that would have to be scaled to fit on particular machine.
Aspire uses following workflow that covers both of those cases:
- Setting-up rotary project
- Choosing file for import
- Orientating the model in material block
- Scaling the model
- Finishing the import
Create a new job using the Job Setup form. It is important to set the job type as rotary to ensure a proper import tool is used in the next step.
If the dimensions of the project are already known, they could be specified directly.
If it is desired to fit the model to a given machine or stock available, set both the diameter and length to maximum. During import the model will be scaled to those limits.
If it is desired to use the imported model size, any size can be specified at this time. During the model import the project can be automatically resized to match the model dimensions.
In this example it was desired to fit the model into a specific stock size with a Diameter of 4 inches and a Length of 12 inches. XY origin was set to centre.
To start the importing process, use Import a Component or 3D Model tool from the Modelling tab
Make sure that the Imported model type is set to Full 3D model.
The first step is to position the imported model within the material. This step is necessary as this information is not present in the imported file. When the model was opened, the import tool chose the initial orientation, as can be seen below.
To help with orientating the model, the software displays a blue bounding cylinder. This cylinder has the rotation axis aligned with that defined for the material block and thus can be used as a reference. Its size is just big enough to contain the imported model at the current orientation. When the model orientation is changed, this blue cylinder will shrink or grow so it always contains the model. At this stage its exact dimensions are not important, as we are only interested in positioning the model correctly.
The software also highlights the rotation axis in red. This is particularly important when importing bended models. It is currently not possible to represent areas of model that are entirely below or above the rotation axis. This is the case in the example shown here. If the model was imported as is, the distortion would be created as can be seen below. Therefore it is important to position the model in a way such that the rotation axis is contained within the model.
The last guiding element displayed by the software is the red half arrow on the side of the cylinder. This arrow is indicating the position that corresponds to the center of the wrapped dimension in the 2D view. In this example the model is orientated in such a way, that front of the leg would be placed on side of the 2D view, rather than centre. Thus it is better to rotate model so this arrow points to the front of the imported model.
The import tool provides a few ways of adjusting the model orientation. The most basic one is the Initial Orientation. This can be used to roughly align the model with the rotation axis. This can also be combined with the Rotation about Z Axis.In this example the tool chose Left with no rotation. In order to align the front of the leg with the red arrow, one could use the Front and -90 as the Rotation about Z Axis.
Once the initial orientation is decided, further adjustments can be made using the Interactive Rotation. The default option - XYZ View - disables the interactive rotation. That means that the 3D view can be twiddled with a mouse. Selecting other options enables the rotation around the specified axis.
In this example, instead of changing the initial orientation to align the front of the leg with the red arrow, one could select X Model option and rotate the piece manually. When selecting single axis rotation, the 3D view will be adjusted to show that axis pointing towards the screen. If any mistake is made, it is possible to undo rotation using Ctrl+ Z
Notice that whenever the part is rotated, it is always centered in the cylinder. In this example it is not desired, since we need the rotation axis to be contained within the model. In order to move the model in relation to the rotation axis, one can use the Rotation Axis Movement
Similarly to the previously described tool, when Rotation Axis Movement is set to Off, the 3D view can be panned
Correctly positioning the model for importing may require a combination of the Rotation Axis Movement and the Interactive Rotation to achieve desired results with models that bend. It is important to make sure that rotation axis is hidden in order to avoid distortion. However it is also desirable to have the rotation axis being in the center of each segment of the piece to ensure tool has angle close to the optimal during machining. Usually it is also useful to rotate the model in view around the axis after the adjustment, as this allows us to inspect the model from each side without the need to disable the Interactive Rotation before changing the viewing angle.
It is important to understand that Aspire does not support 4-axis machining. That means that while the machined piece can be rotated and tool moves along the rotation axis and in the Z direction, it is not possible to move the tool in the wrapped dimension and thus the tool is always above the rotation axis and cannot be moved to the side.
This limitation is shown below. The first picture presents correct machining of the point. If the tool moves to another location though, the angle will be incorrect and even worse, the tool side will be touching the stock.
Once model has been positioned as desired, its size can be taken into account.
By default the tool will assume that imported model is using the same units as the project. If that is not the case, model units can be switched. In this example project was set-up in inches, while imported model was designed in mm. After switching model becomes considerably smaller and a red cylinder, representing current material block is shown, as can be seen below.
At this point it is possible to specify the model size, in terms of diameter and length. This can be done manually by typing desired dimensions, or by fitting to material. If Lock ratio option is selected, the ratio between diameter and length is kept. One can also tick Resize material block option. If it is selected, the material block will be scaled to match current size of the model, after OK is clicked.
If it is desired to use model size as material block size, one can just make sure units are correct, then tick Resize material block option and press OK.
If it is desired for the model to fit material, one could click Scale model to fit material and tick Resize material block.
In this example model was fitted to material. Since in this case length of the piece is limiting factor and lock ratio is maintained, this results in model having considerably smaller diameter than material block. Hence Resize material block option was ticked.
After pressing OK the model will be imported as a component. It is possible to modify it as any other component or add pieces of decorative clipart onto its surface if desired.
It is important to keep in mind the distortion caused by the wrapping process. That means that wrapped toolpaths will match flat toolpaths only at the surface of the blank. The closer to the rotation axis (i.e. deeper) the toolpath is, the more it will be 'compressed'. This fact have a profound implication for 3D toolpaths. Consider the example shown below.
As can be seen if there is substantial difference in diameter in different parts of model, generating one 3D toolpath for whole model will result in wrapped toolpath being overly compressed. Thus it is usually better to create boundaries of regions with significantly different diameter and generate separate toolpaths using correct settings for each diameter.
This section will present a process of importing Flat STL model into rotary project. Flat models are similar to decorative clipart pieces provided with Aspire and are supposed to be placed on the surface of modelled shape.
To start the importing process, use Import a Component or 3D Model tool from the Modelling tab
Make sure that Imported model type is set to Flat model
Again the first step is to select proper orientation of model. The tool will chose initial orientation and display model in the red material box. This box corresponds to the 'unwrapped' material block and its thickness is equal to half of the specified diameter of the blank.
If model is not oriented correctly, that is, does not lie flat on the bottom of the material box, as can be seen above, orientation have to be adjusted. To do that one can change Initial Orientation option and/or Rotation about Z Axis.
If imported model is not aligned with any of the axes, it may be necessary to use Interactive Rotation.The default option - XYZ View - disables interactive rotation. That means that 3D view can be twiddled with a mouse. Selecting other options enables rotation around specified axis.
Each rotation can be undone by pressing Ctrl+ Z.
Once model is properly orientated, units conversion can be performed. By default the tool will assume that imported model is using the same units as the project. If that is not the case, model units can be switched.
There is also model scaling option included. When Lock ratio option is selected, the ratio between X, Y and Z lengths are kept. Note that once model is imported, it


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Welcome to Bank Street College This login is for Staff only to access
Work Orders Management, Room Reservation, and E-Timesheets.
This course is designed to introduce key elements of music and movement, such as rhythm, melody, and spatial awareness, in a context of learning theory; cross-cultural perspectives; and widely used methodologies including Dalcroze, Orff/Kodaly, and Laban. Students learn to make and use musical instruments; explore use of materials such as hoops and climbing equipment; and learn to integrate skills and repertoire with ongoing classroom curriculum. Songs, rhythms, poetry and games from a range of folk traditions are included to address children's diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Applications and strategies for children with special needs are incorporated through readings, discussion and guided activities. Also covered are the selection and use of music and movement in relation to art forms such as storytelling, visual media, and dance-drama. Music, athletic, or dance background are not required.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Gerrard Winstanley (1609 – 10 September 1676) was an English Protestant religious reformer and political activist during The Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell. Winstanley was one of the founders of the English group known as the True Levellers for their beliefs, based upon Christian communism, and as the Diggers for their actions because they took over public lands that had been privatized by enclosures and dug them over, pulling down hedges and filling in ditches, to plant crops. They called themselves True Levellers, whereas the Digger name was coined by their contemporaries.
Gerrard Winstanley's early life is unknown, however it is known that he was baptised in 1609 in the parish of Wigan, then part of the West Derby hundred of Lancashire, and that he was the son of an Edward Winstanley, mercer. His mother's identity remains unknown and he could have been born anywhere in the parish of Wigan. The parish of Wigan contained the townships of Abram, Aspull, Billinge-and-Winstanley, Dalton, Haigh, Hindley, Ince-in-Makerfield, Orrell, Pemberton, and Upholland, as well as Wigan itself.
He moved in 1630 to London, where he became an apprentice and ultimately, in 1638, a freeman of the Merchant Tailors' Company or guild. He married Susan King, the daughter of London surgeon William King, in 1639. The English Civil War, however, disrupted his business, and in 1643 he was made bankrupt. His father-in-law helped Winstanley move to Cobham, Surrey, where he initially worked as a cowherd.
English Civil Wars
There were many factions at work during the period of the three related English civil wars. They included the Royalists who supported King Charles I; the Parliamentary forces led by Sir Thomas Fairfax who would later emerge under the name of the New Model Army; the Fifth Monarchy Men, who believed in the establishment of a heavenly theocracy on earth to be led by a returning Jesus as king of kings and lord of lords; the Agitators for political egalitarian reform of government, who were branded "Levellers" by their foes and who were led by John Lilburne; and the True Levellers were branded "Diggers" because of their actions. The latter were led by Gerrard Winstanley. Whereas Lilburne sought to level the laws and maintain the right to the ownership of real property, Winstanley sought to level the ownership of real property itself, which is why Winstanley's followers called themselves "True Levellers".
The New Law of Righteousness
Gerrard Winstanley published a pamphlet called The New Law of Righteousness. The basis of this work came from the Book of Acts, chapter two, verses 44 and 45: "All who believed were together and had all things in common; they would sell their possessions and goods and distribute the proceeds to all, as any had need." Winstanley argued that "in the beginning of time God made the earth. Not one word was spoken at the beginning that one branch of mankind should rule over another, but selfish imaginations did set up one man to teach and rule over another."
Winstanley took as his basic texts the Biblical sacred history, with its affirmation that all men were descended from a common stock, and with its scepticism about the rulership of kings, voiced in the Books of Samuel; and the New Testament's affirmations that God was no respecter of persons, that there were no masters or slaves under the New Covenant. From these and similar texts, he interpreted Christian teaching as calling for the abolition of property and aristocracy.
Winstanley wrote: "Seeing the common people of England by joynt consent of person and purse have caste out Charles our Norman oppressour, wee have by this victory recovered ourselves from under his Norman yoake."
His theme was rooted in ancient English radical thought. It went back at least to the days of the Peasants' Revolt (1381) led by Wat Tyler, because that is when a verse of the Lollard priest John Ball was circulated:
In 1649, Winstanley and his followers took over vacant or common lands in Surrey, Buckinghamshire, Kent, and Northamptonshire and began cultivating the land and distributing the crops without charge to their followers. Local landowners took fright from the Diggers' activities and in 1650 sent hired thugs to beat the Diggers and destroy their colony. Winstanley protested to the government, but to no avail, and the colony was abandoned.
After the failure of the Digger experiment in Surrey in 1650 Winstanley temporarily fled to Pirton, Hertfordshire, where he took up employment as an estate steward for the mystic aristocrat Lady Eleanor Davies. This employment lasted less than a year after Davies accused Winstanley of mismanaging her property and Winstanley returned to Cobham.
Winstanley continued to advocate the redistribution of land. In 1652 he published another pamphlet called The Law of Freedom in a Platform, in which he argued that the Christian basis for society is where property and wages are abolished. In keeping with Winstanley's adherence to biblical models, the tract envisages a communistic society structured on patriarchal lines.
By 1654 Winstanley was possibly assisting Edward Burrough, an early leader of the Quakers, later called the Society of Friends. It is apparent that Winstanley remained a Quaker for the rest of his life as his death was noted in Quaker records. However, his Quakerism may not have been very strong as he was involved in the government of his local parish church from 1659 onwards - though it should be noted that it is not unknown for committed Quakers to retain strong ties to other religious traditions, even including priesthood. He may have been buried in a Quaker cemetery.
Winstanley believed in Christian Universalism, the doctrine that everyone, however sinful, would eventually be saved; he wrote that "in the end every man shall be saved, though some at the last hour." His book The Mysterie of God was probably the first theological work in the English language to argue for universalism.
In 1657 Winstanley and his wife Susan received a gift of property in Ham Manor, near Cobham from his father-in-law William King. This marked Winstanley's renovation in social status in his local community and he became waywarden of the parish of Cobham in 1659, overseer for the poor in 1660 and churchwarden in 1667–68. He was elected Chief Constable of Elmbridge in October 1671. Although these offices conflicted with Winstanley's apparent Quakerism, the Quakers had not yet become the quietist religion of later centuries.
When Susan died in around 1664 Winstanley was paid £50 for the land in Cobham by King. Winstanley returned to London trade, whilst retaining his connections in Surrey. In about 1665 he married his second wife Elizabeth Stanley and re-entered commerce as a corn chandler. Winstanley died in 1676 vexed by legal disputes concerning a small legacy owed to him in a will.
In 1999, the British activist group The Land is Ours celebrated the Digger movement's 350th anniversary with a march and reoccupation of Saint George's Hill, the site of the first Digger colony. Like the original colony, this settlement was quickly disbanded.
The Complete Works of Gerrard Winstanley, edited jointly by Thomas N. Corns, Ann Hughes and David Loewenstein, were published by the Oxford University Press in December 2009 at £229 (ISBN 978-0-19-957606-7).
A shorter and less comprehensive volume containing all the major works, Gerrard Winstanley: A Common Treasury edited by Andrew Hopton, was published in 1989 by Aporia (ISBN 978-0-948518-45-4) and reprinted several times since, most recently in 2011 (paperback) by Verso Books (UK) with an introduction by Tony Benn (ISBN 978-1-84467-595-1).
1975 saw the release of Kevin Brownlow and Andrew Mollo's film Winstanley. As with the duo's previous film, It Happened Here, it had taken several years to produce with a very low budget. Winstanley was based on a book by David Caute entitled "Comrade Jacob" and was produced in a quasi-documentary style, with great attention to period detail—even to the point of only using breeds of animals which were known to exist at the time.
From A Declaration from the Poor Oppressed People of England:
- "The power of enclosing land and owning property was brought into the creation by your ancestors by the sword; which first did murder their fellow creatures, men, and after plunder or steal away their land, and left this land successively to you, their children. And therefore, though you did not kill or thieve, yet you hold that cursed thing in your hand by the power of the sword; and so you justify the wicked deeds of your fathers, and that sin of your fathers shall be visited upon the head of you and your children to the third and fourth generation, and longer too, till your bloody and thieving power be rooted out of the land."
From


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DSS will offer an option of Zoom and in-person proctoring for all students with testing accommodations whose professors are also Zoom/in-person proctoring their classmates (who do not have accommodations). If students without accommodations are not being proctored, DSS cannot proctor students with accommodations.
DSS Zoom Proctoring Schedule:
 - Monday: 2-5pm
 - Tuesday: 9am-12pm, 2-5pm
 - Wednesday: 9am-12pm, 2-5pm
 - Thursday: 2-5pm
 - Friday: 9am-12pm, 2-5pm
Please note the following regarding proctoring sessions:
 1. Each test proctoring session will take place via Zoom/in person; each proctored test session will have a limited capacity, likely including students from different classes.
 2. All students will be required to begin at the same time in order to minimize distractions during testing time.
 3. Some students may not be taking their exam proctored by DSS at the same time as their classmates. DSS will work to place students in a proctored time slot as close to their classmates as possible without missing other classes.
 4. DSS cannot guarantee student placement in a given test slot.
 5. DSS will assist with Comps/Hesi proctoring on a limited basis this semester. Any request for DSS proctoring for Comps/Hesi must submit a request at least 30 days in advance for consideration. DSS will work with the faculty and/or dean to determine whether DSS can provide proctoring.
Please note the following regarding proctoring scheduling:
 1. For the proctoring option to be successful, DSS will require professors to communicate their proctoring needs well in advance of the testing date, in order to coordinate student scheduling with proctoring times.
 2. When DSS emails faculty regarding a student's accommodated test request, it is imperative that professors respond as soon as possible, especially if they wish to request proctoring.
 1. Specific deadlines will be included in the student accommodated test emails sent to faculty.
 2. Faculty who do not adhere to these deadlines will no longer be able to engage DSS for proctoring and will need to proctor their own exams.
 3. DSS is not able to provide technical support for any lockdown browser issues.
 4. DSS is not able to control student submission of tests when they finish.
Please email DSS at _EMAIL_ if you have any questions.


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PLC always overrides SRG which always overrides MFG constant. So the short answer is that you can't over ride the PLC directly. However, there are ways to use the program without using your PLC.
Are you sure you want to? Keep in mind that the STATISTICS that determine the PLC are extensive, take into account outliers, make multiple passes on the data and weigh the most recent data as the most important. But if for some reason you don't want to use it then any of the following approaches will work.
- Use a different PROCEDURE like STD PHACO2
- create a new Surgeon
- delete enough POST-OP data so that a PLC can no longer be calculated
- start over with an empty database.


Osanyin known in Afro-cuban practice as Osain, is the Orisa in charge of the knowledge of all herbs, more than any other deity and, therefore, carries the knowledge of all the medicines used to cure any type of disease. He is an Orisa very close to Orunmila and is the husband of Oriseje.
Who is Osanyin?
Osanyin is often described by the Yoruba as a cruel, impatient, and smug Orisa. Osanyin owns the omiero (Omi Ero or holy water), and is so powerful that he is in charge of activating the initiation of all the Orisa. In addition, it is responsible for approving any type of curse that is done to a person.
In the past people used to go to a babalawo who had herbal knowledge started in Osanyin for not only spiritual but also health improvements. They were the healers and they knew the medicines that allowed to alleviate from a headache to much more important health problems. And this is because each herb, trunk or root has its virtue and when these plants are mixed with other herbs, they form medicines that can be used for different purposes.
Osanyin is an Orisa with an eye, a leg, and an arm missing. This is said to have happened because of a war he had with Orunmila, where Orunmila sacrificed Sango and he sent thunder to punish Osanyin.
How to get initiated in Osanyin
Osanyin is a delicate Orisa, so not everyone should acquire his initiation. Only if Orunmila determines that his initiation will be favorable to him, does the learning continue. After the person who wishes to be initiated into Osanyin acquires the basic knowledge of this Orisa and is able to take care of it by himself, he can begin his initiation with the babalawo who is carrying out his learning. Divinations must be carried out to know what sacrifices are necessary before their initiation.
We must remember that in Traditional Yoruba practice the person interested in initiation must acquire knowledge before doing it. At Ilé Awo we help you check your knowledge of Ifá and the Orisa with the exclusive tests that you can find in Ojú Odù.
How to feed Osain
The purpose for which Osanyin is served can be both good and bad. It can be taken care of to cure a disease to a person, to obtain good luck, riches or even to achieve the destruction of an enemy. The preparation of medicines is done with powerful enchantments that have the name of Ofo Ase.
It can be served with guinea pepper, Obi abata (kola nut), roasted corn, and alcoholic beverages. Usually the person making the offering to Osain kneels on one leg at the time of propitiation. Once these medicines are prepared, they are placed in the Osun de Osanyin, for the Orisa to approve.
Some taboo
In many rituals the participation of women is prohibited, especially when they are menstruating. As well as, on many occasions, there are herbs that cannot be united since they can cause a detrimental effect. Should not be attended without the minimum knowledge so that care is not harmful.
Osanyin types in traditional practice
There is only one type of Osanyin, usually called "Eepa Osanyin". He is known as Elese Kan ti or le elese meji sare (The one-legged man who makes the two-legged man run).
However, the herbs used with this Orisa are classified into four groups, which correspond to the four elements of nature: water, air, earth and fire. These are: ewe afeefe (air – wind blades); ewe inon (blades of fire); ewe omi (water leaves); and ewe ile or ewe igbo (leaves from the ground or from the forest).
Aplicación descargada


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- Seigniorage derived from specie—metal coins—is a tax, added to the total price of a coin (metal content and production costs), that a customer of the mint had to pay to the mint, and that was sent to the sovereign of the political area.
- Seigniorage derived from notes is more indirect, being the difference between interest earned on securities acquired in exchange for bank notes and the costs of producing and distributing those notes.
Seigniorage is a convenient source of revenue for some governments.
Scenario A
A person has one ounce of gold, trades it for a government-issued gold certificate (providing for redemption in one ounce of gold), keeps that certificate for a year, and then redeems it in gold. That person ends up with exactly one ounce of gold again. No seigniorage occurs.
Scenario B
Instead of issuing gold certificates, a government converts gold into currency at the market rate by printing paper notes. A person exchanges one ounce of gold for its value in currency. She keeps the currency for one year, and then exchanges it all for an amount of gold at the new market value. If the value of the currency relative to gold has changed during the interim this second exchange may yield more or less than one ounce of gold. (Assume that the value or direct purchasing power of one ounce of gold remains constant through the year.)
If the value of the currency relative to gold has decreased, then the person receives less than one ounce of gold. Seigniorage occurred.
If the value of the currency relative to gold has increased, the redeemer receives more than one ounce of gold. Seigniorage did not occur.
Seigniorage, therefore, is the positive return on issuing notes and coins, or "carry" on money in circulation.
The opposite, "cost of carry", is not regarded as a form of seigniorage.
Ordinary seigniorage
Ordinarily seigniorage is only an interest-free loan (for instance of gold) to the issuer of the coin or paper money. When the currency is worn out, the issuer buys it back at face value, thereby balancing exactly the revenue received when it was put into circulation, without any additional amount for the interest value of what the issuer received.
Historically, seigniorage was the profit resulting from producing coins. Silver and gold were mixed with base metals to make durable coins. Thus the British "sterling" was 92.5% pure silver; the base metal added (and thus the pure silver retained by the government mint) was (less costs) the profit, the seigniorage. USA gold coins were made from 90% gold, 7% silver, and 3% copper; one can easily see the seigniorage.
Currently, under the rules governing monetary operations of major central banks (including the central bank of the USA), seigniorage on bank notes is simply defined as the interest payments received by central banks on the total amount of currency issued. This usually takes the form of interest payments on treasury bonds purchased by central banks, putting more dollars into circulation. However, if the currency is collected, or is otherwise taken permanently out of circulation, the back end of the deal never occurs (that is, the currency is never returned to the central bank). Thus the issuer of the currency keeps the whole seigniorage profit, by not having to buy worn out issued currency back at face value.
Solvency constraints of central banks
The solvency constraint of the standard central bank only requires that the present discounted value of its net non-monetary liabilities (separate from its monetary liabilities accrued through seigniorage attempts) be zero or negative in the long run. Its monetary liabilities are liabilities only in name, as they are irredeemable: the holder of base money cannot insist at any time on the redemption of a given amount of base money into anything else other than the same amount of itself (base money) – unless, of course, the holder of said base money is another central bank reclaiming the value of its original interest-free loan.
Seigniorage as a tax
Some economists regarded seigniorage as a form of inflation tax, redistributing real resources to the currency issuer. Issuing new currency, rather than collecting taxes paid out of the existing money stock, is then considered in effect a tax that falls on those who hold the existing currency. The expansion of the money supply may cause inflation in the long run.
This is one reason offered in support of free banking, a gold standard, or at a minimum the reduction of political control over central banks. The latter could then take as their primary objective ensuring a stable value of currency by controlling monetary expansion and thus limiting inflation. Independence from government is required to reach this aim – indeed, it is well known in economic literature that governments face a conflict of interest in this regard. In fact, "hard money" advocates argue that central banks have utterly failed to obtain the objective of a stable currency. Under the gold standard, for example, the price level in both England and the US remained relatively stable over literally hundreds of years, though with some protracted periods of deflation. Since the US Federal Reserve was formed in 1913, however, the US dollar has fallen to barely a twentieth of its former value through the consistently inflationary policies of the bank. Economists counter that deflation is hard to control once it sets in and its effects are much more damaging than modest, consistent inflation.
Banks or governments relying heavily on seigniorage and fractional reserve sources of revenue can find it counterproductive. Rational expectations of inflation take into account a bank's seigniorage strategy, and inflationary expectations can maintain high inflation. Instead of accruing seigniorage from fiat money and credit most governments opt to raise revenue primarily through taxation and other means.
Seigniorage today
The "50 State" series of quarters (25-cent coins) was launched in the U.S. in 1999. The U.S. government planned on a large number of people collecting each new quarter as it rolled out of the U.S. Mint, thus taking the pieces out of circulation. Each set of quarters is worth $14.00 (a complete set includes quarters for all fifty states, the five U.S. territories, and the District of Columbia). Since it costs the Mint about five cents for each 25-cent piece it produces, the government made a profit whenever someone "bought" a coin. The U.S. Treasury estimates that it has earned about US$6.3 billion in seigniorage from the quarters over the course of the entire program.
In some cases, national mints report the amount of seigniorage provided to their respective governments; for example, the Royal Canadian Mint reported that in 2006 it generated $C93 million in seigniorage for the Government of Canada. The U.S. government, the largest beneficiary of seignorage, earned approximately $25 billion annually as of 2000. For coinage only, seigniorage accruing to the U.S. Treasury per dollar issued for the fiscal year 2011 was 45 cents.
Occasionally, central banks have introduced limited quantities of higher-valued banknotes in unusual denominations, with the intention of these notes being collected. The denomination chosen will usually coincide with an anniversary of national significance. However, the potential seigniorage that can be earned from such printings has proven to be limited, since the unusual denomination makes the notes more difficult to circulate and only a relatively small number of people are willing to collect higher-valued notes.
According to some reports, over half of Zimbabwe governmental revenue in 2008 was seigniorage. Zimbabwe has experienced hyperinflation (see Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe), with the annualized rate at about 24,000% in July 2008 (prices doubling every 46 days).
Overseas circulation
A very profitable type of seignorage is from the international circulation of banknotes. While the cost of printing banknotes is minimal, the foreign entity must provide goods and services at the face value of the note to obtain it. The banknote is retained because the entity values it as a store of value because of mistrust of the local currency.
Overseas circulation is intimately tied in with large value banknotes. One purpose of using foreign currency is for store of value, but another is efficiency of private transactions, many of which are illegal.
American currency has been circulating globally for most of the 20th century. Certainly in World War II, the amount of currency in circulation was increased several fold. However, the modern era of huge printings of the United States one hundred-dollar bill started with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. Production was quadrupled with the first ever trillion dollar printing of this bill. As of the end of 2008, U.S. currency in circulation with the public amounted to $824 billion and 76% of the currency supply was in the form of $100 denomination banknotes, amounting to twenty $100 bills per U.S. citizen. Over the past decade there has been considerable controversy concerning the amount of U.S. currency circulating abroad. Porter and Judson have claimed that in the mid nineties between 53 and 67 percent of U.S. currency was overseas, whereas Feige's estimates suggested a figure closer to 40 percent abroad. Most recently, Goldberg writing in a New York Federal Reserve publication asserted that "about 65 percent ($580 billion) of all banknotes are in circulation outside of the country. However, these assertions are contradicted by the Federal Reserve Board of Governors Flow of Funds statistics which show that at the end of March


text:
Honeyd can be used effectively to battle spam. Since June 2003,
Honeyd has been deployed to instrument several networks with spam
traps. We observe how spammers detect open mail relays and so forth.
The diagram on the right shows the overall architecture of the system.
The networks are instrumented with open relays and open proxies. We
intercept all spam email and analyze why we received it. A single
Honeyd machine is capable of simultaneously instrumenting several
C-class networks. It simulates machines running mail servers, proxies
and web servers. Captured email is sent to a collaborative spam
filter that allows other users to avoid reading known spam.
Curiously, this setup has also been very successful in identifying
hosts infected with worms.
Our findings are going to be made available as research paper in the
near future. For questions, please contact Niels Provos.
Honeyd Spam Research Overview
Operating System Distribution and Spam Frequency
An interesting question for understanding how spammers operate
is what operating system do they use.
Using the support for passive fingerprinting in Honeyd 0.7, it is
possible to identify the operating system that opens a connection to
our spam traps. For each such connection, we try to identify the
remote operating system on the TCP SYN segment. To determine the
distribution of operating systems used to send spam, we count the
number of times that an operating system connects to one of the spam
trap systems and attempts to relay spam email.
Even though we can not identify the operating system for 53% of the
connections, Linux is being used for at least 43% of all spammy
connections. Solaris, Windows and FreeBSD are used infrequently.
In summary, most machines that submit spam are running or compromising
either Linux or Solaris. It seems
that Unix is the favorite operating system flavor used to send spam.
Operating System Distribution Across Spammers
When looking at the number of spam emails intercepted by the
honeypots, we see a noticeable increase in spam email in
This can be explained for several reasons. Spammers have
become more aggressive in probing for open mail relays
and some of the honeypots have been published in MX records
for mail domains.
We also see that the number of IP addresses submitting spam
has increased over the months, too.
Number of spam emails and IP addresses
If you have suggestions on how to improve catching spam or would like
to make resources available, please let me know.


Conference presentations
Session 1: The future of higher education: challenges and policy directions
Session 2: The future of access and attainment: some findings from the CERI project on the future of higher education
Session 3: New vehicles for enhancing access and achievement in higher education
Session 4: The future of access and attainment: challenges and opportunities
A: How might new technologies and pedagogies contribute to quality access in the future?
B: Sector differentiation, student achievement and quality in higher education
C: Diverse equity challenges for the future
Session 7: Impact of globalisation on higher education: towards convergence or sustained diversity?
Session 8: Quality higher education in the era of globalisation
A: Quality assurance and learning outcomes: what next?
B: International mobility and innovation: future prospects
C: Labour market changes and the future of higher education
Session 9: Best future scenarios for higher education?
Session 10: Concluding remarks and next steps
Documents connexes
Also AvailableEgalement disponible(s)


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First of all, you must save your PowerPoint Document on a Sharepoint Server. Then:
Co-author a presentation
- In PowerPoint 2010, open the presentation that is stored on the server.
Note When one or more other authors does the same, a notification appears in the status bar at the bottom of PowerPoint, together with the total number of co-authors currently working on the presentation. To see the names of the co-authors, click the number in the status bar.
- On the View tab, in the Presentation Views group, click Normal to view your presentation in Normal view.
- In the left pane that contains the Outline and Slides tabs, on the Slides tab, a small icon appears on the lower-right corner of the slide thumbnail that indicates that a co-author is making changes to that slide. Click the icon to see the name of the co-author.
- Another way to see the names of the co-authors of the presentation is to click the File tab, and then click Info on the left side of the screen. The names of the co-authors appear in the middle pane.
- To send an e-mail message or instant message to your co-authors, click Send a Message, and then click Send an E-mail Message or Send an Instant Message.
- When another author saves their changes, PowerPoint notifies you, the original author of the presentation, that changes have been made. On the pane that contains the Outline and Slides tabs, on the Slides tab, an icon appears in the lower-right corner of the slide thumbnail that was changed.
- To see whether other authors have changed your presentation, click the File tab and then click Info. Then, next to Document Updates Available, click Save, and then click Save and Review.
- Then, to see the changes that other authors made, click Review Changes.
- When you click Review Changes, PowerPoint opens a new tab, which is named the Merge tab, on the ribbon and a Revisions pane on the right side of the PowerPoint window. The Revisions pane contains a Slides tab that lists the slides that other authors changed, and a Details tab that lists the changes to the currently displayed slide.
On the Merge tab, you can use the buttons in the Resolutions group to show next and previous changes made by other authors, and accept or reject those changes. To exit Merge view, click Close Merge View.
Note While in Merge view, you cannot merge in new updates from other authors or upload changes to the server. You must complete your review by clicking Close Merge View, which then automatically uploads your changes to the server.
If you always want to review (and then accept or reject) changes that other authors make to all PowerPoint 2010 presentations that you work on, instead of having changes merged with your presentations without notification, do the following:
- Click Options on the left side of the screen, and then in the PowerPoint Options dialog box, click Save.
- Under File merge options for shared document collaboration server files, select the Show detailed merge changes when a merge occurs check box.


text:
It is estimated that at least 15% of power quality problems are related to grounding. Lightning strikes on equipment with poorly maintained protection system destroying millions of dollars of equipment & lost production every year. Ensuring good grounding by testing can make certain that these problems don't escalate.
As there is no soil available in new constructions it is not possible to measure earth resistance using Three Pin Method. Online Earth Tester enables us to measure earth resistance without disconnecting earth strips and also without taking any shutdown.
While designing of new earth pits, nature and resistivity of the soil plays an important role. To calculate number of parallel earthings required to achieve a particular value of earth resistance, soil resistivity checkup needs to be conducted at the location where new earthings are to be made. After a series of calculations, suggestions on size & material of earth rod, depth of earthing and quantity of earth pits can be provided.


Working Paper 09/224
Parental choice of primary school in England: what 'type' of school do parents choose? (PDF, 226kB)
Simon Burgess, Ellen Greaves, Anna Vignoles and Deborah Wilson
We investigate the central premise of the theory of markets in education, namely that parents value academic standards.We ask what parents really want from schools and whether different types of parents have similar preferences. We examine parents' stated preferences and revealed preferences for schools (their actual choice of school as opposed to what they say they value in a school). More educated and higher socio-economic status (SES) parents are more likely to cite academic standards, whilst less educated and lower SES parents are more likely to cite proximity. More advantaged parents choose better performing schools, particularly in areas with many schools and therefore a lot of potential school choice. More advantaged parents also choose schools with much lower proportions of pupils eligible for free school meals, relative to other schools available to them. Hence whilst parents do not admit to choosing schools on the basis of their social composition, this happens in practice. Most parents get their first choice of school (94%) and this holds both for more and less advantaged parents, though this is partially because poorer parents make more 'realistic', i.e. less ambitious, choices. If, in areas where there is a lot of potential competition between schools, more advantaged families have a higher chance of achieving their more ambitious choices that do poorer parents, this could tend to exacerbate social segregation in our schools.
CMPO Public Service Reform podcast: School choice


The Motley Fool Discussion Boards
Previous Page
Family Life / Parents and Expecting Parents
Subject: Re: The Perils of Texting While Parenting Date: 10/1/2012 10:58 AM
Author: GardenStateFool Number: 41952 of 42265
How is this different than a parent who is reading a book, a magazine, or watching television? Or having a conversation? Or simply not paying attention?
Why is this so much more interesting because someone is pointing at a device?


The Guardener Deer Repeller
The Guardner, a new DEER REPELLING DEVICE, has features designed to make it one of the best product on the market today. The Guardener™ A201 uses two proven deer repelling technologies (ultrasound and water spraying) in a package that is environmentally "green" and solves many of the shortcomings of other water sprayers or ultrasonic repelling devices. The product uses BOTH repelling technologies (water and ultrasound), is solar powered, and has a strong battery operated pump to produce a very effective water pattern over a large area.
The A201 Guardener does not require a water hose connection, electrical wiring,or stakes to hold it in place. It contains its own water supply and battery power. This makes it easily portable. It does not create wet or muddy areas, and because there are no hoses it does not interfere with lawn mowing or produce tripping hazards as other products do. Our product can easily be placed far from water supplies or in areas where it would be impractical to run a water hose. Since it uses NO chemicals or irritants is compatible with organic gardening and does anger animal rights activists. We never want our products to harm animals in any way! Satisfaction guarantees and warranties apply.
Watch This Great Video Showing How It Works
There are other similar devices, such as the Scarecrow device. To review all types of mechanical deer controls, check out our mechanical deer control main page Mechanical Deer Repellent
Not sure if your damaged is caused by deer, or need help making a decision about repellent? Check out our Deer Damage, and Deer Control Tips pages. Deer Damage Explained
Deer Repellent Tips
My items on eBay
More Questions About The Guardener?
What is the Guardener? The Guardener is an intelligent device aimed to stop deer and other animals from invading garden crops or precious flowers. It is a solar powered, maintenance free device--- aside from filling the tank with water as needed. It provides an independent water pressure system so your garden is clear of additional water pipes.
How does the Guardener deter animals? The device is equipped with 2 effective yet non-harming weapons to deter animals. First, it issues an ultrasonic alarm which can only be heard by the animals when they approach to a specific area set by the sensitivity. If the animals are not deterred by the alarm, the second weapon—a pressurized water jet will physically scare them away.
How does the device know animals are approaching? The device uses a motion sensor to detect the presence of nearby animals. You can set the detecting area by adjusting the sensitivity knob.
What is the effective range of the motion sensor? The range can be adjusted from a minimum of 15 feet to a maximum of 25 feet. Different weather conditions may slightly alter ranges.
How much area can the the Guardener cover? The sprinkler can rotate up to 170 degrees and shooting pressurized water as far as 17 to 22 feet.
Can I adjust the distance range for the sprinkler? No. The sprinkler is customized for simplicity and cannot be adjusted.
How do I avoid accidentally setting off the device? As long as you approach the device from behind, you will not set it off. Should you accidentally activate the sensor from the front; you still have time to walk away during the buzzing period which signals activation of the ultrasound alarm. If you intend to work around the detecting area for a time period, you can simply press the off button to deactivate the system. Just remember to switch it back on when done.
How I install my Guardener to avoid aiming to other people? In general, the sensor should only face the garden. People working behind the sensor will not activate the sensor.
My garden is near a street. Will the vehicles driving by activate my Guardener? As long as your sensor is not facing the street, it will be fine. In addition, there is a delay time sensor activation such that a fast moving object will not cause the sensor to respond.
What is the advantage of the Guardener compared to other animal repelling system? A unique feature of The Guardener is that it uses both ultrasound and water blast to repel animals. Consequently, it is more effective and reliable than products which use only one feature to deter animals.
Is the water system by the Guardener better than other water blast repelling systems? Another unique and important feature of the Guardener water system is that it does not connect to a water resource through water pipe ensuring the cleanliness and beauty of your yard. the Guardener only needs water refilled into its tank on average of once every 10-14 days.
Then how the water is pressurized? A high pressure, self-operating submersible water pump delivers water pressure of 2 bars to the sprinkler. The sprinkler then rotates to spray the water toward unwanted animals.
How much water is stored in the tank and how many times does a full tank last? The tank itself can hold about 3.5 gallons of water which is enough for 30 to 40 times of pumping.
How long does the sprinkler work in a cycle? Each blast lasts about 4 seconds back and forth when the angle is set to 120 degrees.
Under normal use, how often you need to fill up the water tank? On average, if a deer visits 2 times a day, it would take about 10 days to 2 weeks to empty a full tank. We anticipate you will need to water your garden much more frequently than refilling your Guardener. On the same note, we found that when deer come close enough to be sprayed by the water after hearing the ultrasound, they learn to stay away from the area just from ultrasound alone. This results in less water use over time.
What could be the reason for the water tank to empty unusually fast? Unless you have animals visiting more than 30 times a day, the most probable cause is false triggering from pointing the Guardener at moving water or vehicles or severe wind. You may need to adjust your location if you have false triggering issues.
Except occasionally filling the water tank, is the Guardener a maintenance free system? Yes. The system uses a solar energy panel to recharge the battery power.
What sunshine exposure is sufficient for normal use? For an average use of 3-4 times of triggering the water pump each day, around 2 hours of exposure will be plenty.
What if my location does not provide enough sunlight to power the Guardener? You may need to try alternative locations. If you cannot find an ideal location, you can purchase an additional solar panel from AimerGard which can be easily connected to the Guardener though an existing spare connector.
Will the Guardener be damaged if the water runs out? The pump is capable of running dry for longer than 5 minutes. Since every pumping cycle only lasts 4 seconds, there will be no immediate damage.
Can the Guardener be used the whole year long? The Guardener is designed to operate in conditions that support plant life. The Guardener is not designed to pump frozen water, therefore, it is mandatory to move the Guardener to shelter in freezing conditions.
How do I store the Guardener? The water tank should be emptied. We also recommend charging the solar panel for 1-2 days before storage.
Are the products available in different colors? The products are only available in the green color; this was chosen to both blend in with the natural environment and to allow the customer to easily view the water level in the tank. If you wish to change the color of the product to blend in with your house, etc., you may paint it with any commercial spray paint.
Is there any factor I should consider if I choose to paint the product? The green color of the product allows the water level to be easily seen. If you choose to paint the product & wish to be able to easily view the water level in your tank, then you should consider either 1) leaving an unpainted vertical strip on the product, or 2) choosing a paint color that is light enough or translucent enough to be able to view the water level.
Can I use any paint to change the color of the product? Yes, you can use any commercial outdoor paint available from home improvement stores, etc.


text:
Published by Hatje Cantz. Text by Reinhard Ermen, Petra Kipphoff, Maura Lynch, Andrew Moore, Petra Oelschlägel, Elizabeth A. Pergam, et al.
Berlin-based installation artist Monika Grzymala (born 1970) generally describes her work as "spatial drawing," which she sees as thought carried out manually, a sort of "physical thinking." This monograph presents her impressive three-dimensional sculptures, architectural pieces that evoke the lines of a drawing.
Published by Hatje Cantz. Edited by Elena Winkel. Text by Petra Kipphoff, Catherine de Zegher. Interview by Elena Winkel.
Polish artist Monika Grzymala (born 1970) expands the practice of drawing to include paper itself: in her latest works, the drawing is the paper, from which Grzymala elicits line-like properties that in turn closely respond to the site of their production. This monographs examines this and other transformations of drawing by Grzymala, such as works using strips of colored tape.


Webinar: Air Technical Modeling predicting System Performance.
Using Air Technical Simulations for Better Balanced dust and vapor extraction Systems. Data-driven air technical modeling, lab results and factory measurements contribute to building economical dust & vapor extraction systems that are reliable over the long term with a truly meaningful process guarantee.
Why air technical (GCM) Modeling?
Industrial dust collection and ventilation systems are relatively easy to build but very hard to operate in a stable, reliable, and efficient manner. That is, if the system has not been modeled beforehand and pressure drop measurements and optimal extraction velocities/ piping diameters are not calculated or simulated properly.
Read more on JOA GCM-Modeling here.
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FLASHBACK: How TV Portrays AIDS 1988
How TV portrays AIDS // Soaps misconstrue facts about disease
By Deborah Rogers
The New York Times
September 6, 1988
Genoa City, Pine Valley and Bay City, the fictional sites of three popular daytime soap operas, have finally witnessed the arrival of AIDS, accompanied by accolades for addressing a significant social issue. CBS' YOUNG AN THE RESTLESS, ABC's ALL MY CHILDREN and NBC's ANOTHER WORLD have each woven the topic of AIDS into their story lines. Each depicts the disease differently; yet, they have in common one disconcerting element: All three AIDS plots on these television serials feature patients who are women - and women with no history of drug abuse.
This dramatic license flies in the face of the latest statistics from the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, which indicate that as of Aug. 15, 1988, of the 69,577 individuals diagnosed as having AIDS, the overwhelming majority are homosexual and bisexual males and intravenous drug addicts. Women, including drug abusers and those have had sexual relations with infected men or who have received transfusions of contaminated blood, constitute only 8 percent of the total.
Illness, of course, has always provided dramatic grist for novelists, playwrights, filmmakers and, not least, writers of TV scripts. The disease-of-the-week syndrome is an affliction common to many made-for-TV films. And it is true that soap operas have never been known for dispensing accurate medical information. Recently, for example, a character on ABC's One Life to Live donated type ''G'' blood.
But some soap-opera writers think that by weaving into their story lines the subject of a serious illness such as AIDS they are performing a civic duty in that they are disseminating vital information about the mysterious disease. For instance, Kay Alden, co-head writer of THE YOUNG AN THE RESTLESS, describes the AIDS plot on the CBS soap as an attempt to dispel ''a great many misconceptions about people who are unfortunate enough to have contracted the disease.''
Alden justifies the female AIDS patient in the script as a service to the show's fans: ''We have a primarily female audience, so our most viable format was to involve a woman. A great deal can be done in using a woman because a lot of people don't view this as a disease women can get or don't realize that heterosexuals are at risk.''
Yet the depictions of AIDS on these three soaps are so distorted for dramatic effect that viewers of the series, estimated at 60-million each weekday, may form misleading impressions of the disease.
Two of these soap-opera characters contracted the virus through prostitution, in one case indirectly. ANOTHER WORLD's recently deceased AIDS patient, Dawn Rollo, was a virgin who got the disease from a transfusion - remotely possible but statistically unlikely. The blood donor - a prostitute - turns out to be her mother, who in effect kills her own daughter. Reversing traditional assumptions about motherhood and nurturing, the resolution here, which spells death for the daughter, is almost sadistic, given that most soap-opera viewers, 80 percent of whom are women, are by definition daughters, if not mothers.
Setting an AIDS plot line against a backdrop of a mother-daughter relationship and prostitution is not unique to ANOTHER WORLD. On THE YOUNG AND THE RESTLESS, Jessica Blair, a former prostitute, is another mother with AIDS. Having deserted her virginal daughter years ago to pursue her ''career,'' Jessica returns to establish a relationship with her daughter before her own untimely death.
The use of AIDS as a plot device is more than a vehicle for working out the complexities of the mother-daughter relationship. It provides a pretext for reinforcing female stereotypes and conservative sexual behavior by punishing promiscuity in women.
As Susan Sontag and Allan Brandt have noted, illnesses have unfortunately had a long history of being used metaphorically as moralistic punishments for corruption. Since violations of moral codes are generally punished on soap operas - and since Jessica had been a prostitute - her contracting the disease can hardly be coincidental.
Although soaps are often criticized for condoning immorality - and it is true that premarital and extramarital sex is rampant on the soaps - sexual transgressions are invariably punished in the end. In THE YOUNG AN THE RESTLESS, AIDS, primarily a disease associated with male homosexuality and with drug abuse, has become a disease of female heterosexuality, and one that, surrounded as it is by the rhetoric of plagues and scourges, evokes punitive notions.
Another troubling question raised by the depiction of AIDS on the soaps is not simply philosophical. So firmly are soap operas, in general, rooted in traditional heterosexual romance that the three female characters with AIDS on THE YOUNG AN THE RESTLESS, ANOTHER WORLD and ALL MY CHILDREN are involved in ongoing romantic relationships. While I am not suggesting that people with AIDS should be denied love and understanding, AIDS might seem inappropriate for a character in romantic fiction, especially since the implications could be dangerously misleading for viewers.
This kind of inappropriateness, to my mind, is the difficulty with the AIDS story line on ALL MY CHILDREN in particular. While it involves neither prostitution nor the mother-daughter relationship, this representation is the most offensive, if not the most potentially harmful. This plot revolves around Cindy Chandler, the mother of a young son, who contracted the disease from her ex-husband, an intravenous drug user. After being diagnosed, Cindy marries Stuart, who is mentally ''slow'' in an idyllic sort of way: Beloved by all, Stuart is handsome, gentle, generous, kind, understanding, fun - and rich.
The marriage of Cindy and Stuart, who is aware of his bride's illness, serves to depict negatively both AIDS patients and the mentally disabled. It either implies that only the mentally disabled would get involved with an AIDS patient or denies that the mentally disabled have normal human emotional and sexual desires.
And there is another possibility that is far more distressing. I think it is fair to assume - unless we are explicitly told otherwise - that marriages are consummated. If the message here does not endorse sexual intercourse for people with AIDS, what does it convey?
The portrayals of people with AIDS on these soap operas project onto women a disease that is primarily confined to men and drug abusers. A tragic and complex medical problem has been popularized to the point of dangerous oversimplification.
But, not to worry. The Pine Valleys of this world are fictions, existing nowhere - except in our living rooms and in our minds.
Deborah Rogers is a professor of English at the University of Maine, and is writing a book about the depiction of women on TV soap operas.
 1. What a horribly offensive article. I realize it was written 22 years ago, but it basically calls AIDS a gay man's disease and admonishes the soap writers of the day for making it more accessible to the viewers (heterosexual females).
 2. Yeah, this was pretty offensive. And I see that the Times was still not printing the word "gay." I too was a young child when this article was printed, and certainly did not know what "gay" meant (or that it applied to me), but articles like this certainly explain why I had a definite awareness that AIDS was a dreadful thing to have even for reasons beyond the fact that it was a death sentence at the time.
 That said, from what I know in hindsight, I kind of think the author did get at some flaws in those early AIDS stories on soaps. The only problem is, she drew all of the wrong conclusions from many of them, and cloaked her observations in her own homophobia and lack of compassion for people struggling with addiction. I actually agree that it seems like it would have stuck out like a sore thumb that these first three people with AIDS depicted on daytime were all women, but I don't think the writers were doing it to punish women for sexuality. I think they were so freaked out about viewers having homophobic reactions that they not only insisted on telling the audience ad nauseum that these characters were completely heterosexual, but they also couldn't trust the audience even to believe that the characters didn't get it from male-male sex unless they were women.
 It almost seemed like the message was, "Well, yes, the vast majority of people who have died from this disease are not even worthy of being acknowledged on our show, but just on the off chance that some virgin who will never actually be part of your social circle - but she's a really nice girl - could get AIDS through a series of highly melodramatic circumstances, maybe we should do something about it or at least not automatically be cruel to people who have it." Then again, if that's what viewers took away from the AW story, maybe it would have been some sort of progress at that time in history. That's actually a more enlightened viewpoint than this author seemed to have.
 The Y&R story just sounds so bizarre, but I don't know anything about it so I won't say any more.
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 4. On a more progressive note, though, didn't ATWT do the Hank Eliot story around the time that this article ran? I know the character was short-lived and the partner who had AIDS never appeared on-screen. But just that one scene I came across on YouTube where Hank was talking to his dying partner's father on the phone, pleading in vain to let him visit him in the hospital, was so


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Become an Athlete
More than 20,000 athletes from 56 area and county programs across Pennsylvania train and compete in Special Olympics Pennsylvania (SOPA) each year. Participation in Special Olympics training and competitive events is open to all people with intellectual disabilities regardless of their degree of challenge. Athletes age 8 and older may participate in Special Olympics training programs and competitions. Athletes can continue to compete for the rest of their lives.
To be eligible to participate in Special Olympics, athletes must have an intellectual disability; a cognitive delay, or a development disability, that is, functional limitations in both general learning and adaptive skills. Participation in Special Olympics starts at age 8 years, and there's no maximum age limit. Children with intellectual disabilities ages 2 through 7 can take part in the Young Athletes program, either at home or through a nearby Special Olympics program. People without intellectual disabilities can take part in Unified Sports, teams that mix people with and without intellectual disabilities.
IIf you are interested in becoming an athlete, please complete the online registration form. Please note that you will need to complete an Athlete Medical Application.
Please note that before an athlete can begin Special Olympics sports training, the athlete's parent/guardian and a medical professional must complete an Athlete Medical Application for participation. The form must be updated every three years.
Submit the completed athlete participation form to your local program coordinator.
By participating in Special Olympics, athletes:
- Gain self-confidence and self-esteem
- Experience friendship on and off the field
- Are perceived as competent by their families, coaches and event spectators
- Enjoy being part of the large Special Olympics social network
- Receive much needed health screenings
- Are more physically active even outside SO activities
- Are more likely to hold jobs in the community
- Are more likely to socialize with non-disabled peers


text: This paper describes the creation of a hypothetical virtual art exhibit using a virtual environment task analysis tool. The Virtual Environment Task Analysis Tool (VETAT-ART) is a paper-and-pencil tool developed to provide structure and guidance to the needs-analysis process that is essential to the development of lifelike virtual exhibits. To illustrate its potential usefulness, VETAT-ART is applied to the design of a historical art exhibit. The first part of the article draws a general profile of our sample application. It introduces organizational-, user-, and task-related factors typically collected when designing or modifying most computer-based systems. The second part of the paper presents the user and task requirements unique to the creation of a virtual environment. Task requirements determine the contents of various storyboards and draw the architecture of the environment. Storyboards describe the images, sounds, sensations, and scents to be found in individual galleries. The architecture establishes a sensible order in which the galleries may be accessed. User requirements determine the human sensory, cognitive, and ergonomic needs relevant to the key activities museum visitors are expected to perform. Activities include visualization and inspection, exploration, and the manipulation of virtual artifacts. Eight goal-categories define user requirements. Visual, auditory, and haptic requirements are determined by humansensory issues. Features relevant to memory capacity, information load, and mental models describe cognitive issues. Physical and physiological considerations are determined by human ergonomics. The third section of the paper suggests usability goals and possible measures of success. In conclusion, limitations and potential extensions of the tool are discussed.


Supervisor: Ron Wright - _PHONE_ The Chemistry Laboratory is AASHTO accredited for cement analysis and participates in the nationwide AMRL testing program for paints. The Laboratory conducts Quality Assurance analysis on materials used in the construction and maintenance of Idaho highways. These chemical or physical analyses are conducted on materials such as cement, fly ash, bridge coatings, traffic line paint and glass beads, curing compounds, thermoplastics, fencing, wood products, steel, and chemical deicers. The laboratory conducts over 250 different kinds of tests, and utilizes automated instrumentation such as XRAY Fluorescence, Atomic Absorption or Emission, Rotating Carbon Arc, and Infra-Red Spectroscopy. The laboratory conducts research and develops specifications for bridge coatings, chemical deicers, pavement markings, and wood preservatives.
The Chemistry Laboratory also serves as the department's technical experts for chemical evaluations, forensic investigations, and research pool fund studies. The laboratory supports the Pacific Northwest Snowfighters for Snow and Ice Control Chemical Products. The Pacific Northwest Snowfighters (PNS) Association strives to serve the traveling public by evaluating and establishing specifications for products used in winter maintenance that emphasize safety, environmental preservation, infrastructure protection, cost-effectiveness and performance. The laboratory is responsible for the chemical deicer specifications, product testing and evaluating, and acceptance of products to the Approved Products List. Manage the Departments Preventative Maintenance Engine Oil Analysis Program. The laboratory analyzes used oil samples from ITD's rolling stock based on mileage or hours on the equipment. The samples are analyzed for viscosity, flash point, metal concentrations and contaminants such as fuel, water, soot and glycol. The data from each sample is entered into a computer program that maintains a historical profile of the equipment and laboratory data. A trend analysis of this equipment profile can then be evaluated and determine if the equipment needs to have preventative maintenance conducted on it prior to equipment failure in the field. By scheduling repairs prior to breakdown both time and money are presented as a savings to the department.


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Creating a brilliant future
for all of us...
Crude Impact uncovers some harsh realities about our world and our relationship to fossil fuels. Yet as discussed in the film, there is cause for hope. Crude Impact is meant to inspire us to take action, because as Dr. William Rees says in the film, "this new knowledge gives us the possibility of creating a brilliant future for all us."
In this section, Make an Impact, you will find organizations that are creating positive change in the world – through working to transform private and public institutions, and creating a new world view through both action and thought.
Here you can learn more about the issues, and groups that are addressing them, under Discover the Issues. In Inspire Change, you will see what communities and individuals are doing to meet the various challenges raised in the film, including new and exciting technologies that address issues around energy consumption. Some of the individual stories you will find there are from people who were inspired by Crude Impact.
In Build Your Library, you will find out about books and other films on the many topics related to energy consumption and its impact.
Tag, you're it!


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If you have ever studied American history, you are sure to have heard about the flintlock. The flintlock mechanism was the first reliable and relatively inexpensive system for firing a gun, and was hugely popular in colonial America. It was first developed in the mid-1500s and spread until, by 1660, the English Army adopted the flintlock system for its "Brown Bess" guns. The Brown Bess became famous because of its widespread use during the American Revolution. The flintlock remained popular until the mid-1800s, when it was replaced by the percussion-cap lock. By the time of the civil war, nearly all guns manufactured used the percussion cap. That means that the flintlock, as a technology, lasted about 300 years!
The flintlock gun and the flintlock itself are fascinating devices. There are at least four things that make them so interesting:
- Next to the pendulum clock, the flintlock gun was probably the most technologically advanced device that anyone commonly owned at the time.
- The flintlock is incredibly important historically. Colonial America depended on it for food, protection and warfare.
- The flintlock itself is amazing from a mechanical standpoint.
- The flintlock is the foundation of all modern guns. If you want to understand how modern guns work, you get the best view by understanding the flintlock. A flintlock gun is the simplest reliable gun possible, and it can teach you a great deal about the technology behind guns in general.
In this edition of HowStuffWorks, we will look at the flintlock itself as well as the guns that used it so that you can completely understand how it works. In the process, you will learn some amazing things about this important device!


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In 10 years, 86% of students will study more efficiently with tablets
OpenColleges, an online educator based in Australia, has created a new infographic on schools of the future. Entitled "Components of a 21st Century Classroom" the graphic depicts tidbits on information that predict the educational experience in the future.
In this scenario, the following facts emerge for education in 10 years:
- 86% of students will believe they study more efficiently with tablets.
- 6 in 10 students have used a digital text book
-59% of students would like to use their own mobile devices for learning.
See more in the graphic:
Components of a 21st Century Classroom - An infographic by the team at Open Colleges


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One of the Mayo brothers' major contributions to medicine was the development of the private group practice concept. In a 1910 address, Dr. William J. Mayo detailed some of the circumstances that fostered this movement:
"As we grow in learning, we more justly appreciate our dependence upon each other. The sum-total of medical knowledge is now so great and wide-spreading that it would be futile for one man to attempt to acquire, or for any one man to assume that he has, even a good working knowledge of any large part of the whole. The very necessities of the case are driving practitioners into cooperation. The best interest of the patient is the only interest to be considered, and in order that the sick may have the benefit of advancing knowledge, union of forces is necessary."
The Mayo founders believed that the combined wisdom of one's peers is greater than any individual. Today's core principle for the practice of medicine at Mayo Clinic is an integrated team of compassionate, multi-disciplinary physicians, scientists and allied health professionals who are focused on the needs of patients.
The group practice of medicine evolved naturally as physicians, medical professionals and administrators worked together to solve practical problems. What was significant is that the Mayos believed in collaboration and provided the resources and time required to foster what was then a revolutionary way to practice medicine.


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There is a proverb in English that goes like this : "Birds of a feather flock together". It means that people or things of the same kind tend to do things together.
I was inspired by this proverb when writing this post. We will be looking at verbs that all mean to LOOK. Let's say that words of a feather should be studied together!
- I looked at her when she spoke to me. (i.e. direct eyes in a particular direction)
- I watched TV last night.(i.e. to look at something with attention for a period of time)
- I glanced over at my boyfriend who was chopping a carrot. (i.e. to look at someone very quickly)
- My child gleamed when he saw his new bike.(i.e. positive emotion that can be seen in someone's eyes)
- His supervisor glared at her when she accidentally told the secret.(i.e. to look directly at someone angrily)
- I was staring out the window when they came in.(i.e. to look at someone or something for a long time with wide eyes)
- The young guy gazed at his teacher. (i.e. to look at someone for a long time with admiration, love or interest)
- I took a peek to see what they were doing in the room.(i.e. to look at something secretly from a hidden place.)
Listen to the pronunciation of the words in bold. Try to repeat. You can even use the recording as a dictation if you need extra listening practice.
Fluency Builder: Answer the following questions in class or with a friend. Speak a little English today.
- How much TV do you watch? What's your favorite show?
- Have you glared at anyone recently? Why?
- What was the most special gift you received as a child?
- Do you daydream a lot?
- Have you ever had a crush on a friend's older brother or sister?
- Do you take a peek at the Christmas gift tags under the tree a few days before Christmas?
p.s. Thank you MM for inspiring me this morning during our lesson.