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High-Powered Blending FAQ
Here are some of the top Frequently Asked Questions about High Powered Blending. If you have a question not listed here, please contact us.
- What is the difference between a high-powered blender and a regular blender?
Technically a high-power blender has more power and speed to rotate its blade compared to other blender appliances. Most household blenders are typically 500 to 750 watts, anything greater could be referred to as high powered. However, most blenders that are marketed as high-powered blenders, have power specifications more than 1000 watts, and higher values are marketed as better with more capabilities than an ordinary blender.
Examples of premium high-powered / high-speed blender models
- Blendtec Blenders: Motor: 1560 to 1800 watts
- Vitamix Ascent Series: Motor: 1440 watts
- Ninja Professional, Motor: 1100-Watts.
- How does a high-powered blending benefit me?
The higher power and RPMs make blending Easier, Faster, and can blend more types of challenging blend ingredients than an average powered kitchen blender or immersion blender. The higher power and speed enable doing blend tasks that are simply too difficult or impossible for lower powered blending equipment. For example, one of the most challenging ingredients for a blender to do is ice, frozen fruit & vegetables. These ingredients are common to making the most popular blended food: SMOOTHIES! Bottom line, if you want to make smoothies and or other challenging ingredient blends and it is important to have it done well (smooth), with ease and efficiency, then you will appreciate the difference and experience you'd get with high powered blending.
- Why is high powered blending easier?
It is easier, because there is less need for food prep time and strategizing how to make it lower power / lower speed blender friendly. Consider for example a lowered powered blender with a task to blend the challenging ingredients in a collard green smoothie with some frozen mango, banana and berries. To attempt this, you may need to cut ingredients like the frozen mango cubes into smaller pieces, cut the frozen banana small slices and dice your collard greens, to help it blend and /or modify the recipe by adding more liquid as well. All this prepping adds up to less ease and more work to get the blend done.
- Why is high powered blending faster?
It is faster, for two reasons.
- Reason One: Less time required to prepare foods for blending. I know we just covered this with ease, but it applies to the fastness as well. With a high-powered blender, ingredients can be put in larger and often whole (skin, seeds and all if you like) with much less food prep time.
- Reason Two: The high-powered motor can rotate its blade in tougher blends, and at a faster rotation, also referred to as: Rotations Per Minute (RPM). This means it gets the blending work done faster.
- What does a high-powered blender do that your average blender cannot?
Typically, a high-powered blender is a premium product and will be designed with better quality materials, technology, features, functions as well as blade and blending jar that are superior to the lesser powered / lower speed types. These other components of the blender play a part in overall performance. However just from the perspective of the higher power and higher speed technical specification, it can blend more challenging ingredients and recipes.
Consider the following examples.
- Blend Hot Soups without a stove – High power + high speed = hot smooth blends like soups, sauces and gravies made right in the blender jar. No need to transfer to a stove top. Although preprogrammed buttons are not needed, some high powered / high speed blending models offer extra functionality such as preprogrammed cycles, which may include a soup blend cycle so that you can blend your hot soups while attending to other things in your kitchen. So, if your yearning to enjoy some fresh hot blender soup recipes, or other hot blends that you can make completely in your blender, a high-powered blending appliance may be a better choice for you.
- Blend Cold Frozen Treats in Seconds – With a high-powered blender you can make ice cream, fruit sorbet and other frozen recipes. Frozen ingredients are one of the most challenging ingredients that requires power to blend and speed to get it done fast. This means it gives you the option of a soft serve ice cream straight from your blender and you are not limited to the type that is made with less challenging ingredients, that is a liquid blend which must be transferred to your freezer for a few hours or so to set.
- Takes the role of other kitchen appliances by doing things like: Grind Coffee, Seeds and Spices, aswell as mill grains into flours, powders and more.
- Blends the extra thick and challenging smooth - There are tasks that require more power and speed to get the blend recipe done. If you want a blend done super fast and smooth and it has challenging ingredients, then high powered blending may be the only option, or at least if it is to be done well. Think extra thick blends like nut butters, humus, batters and dough or even just that smoothie bowl recipe loaded thick with tasty healthy goodness. Bottom line, if you want to be blending anything challenging, done better, smoother and faster, a high speed / high powered blender is the appliance of choice.
- Can I get a high-powered blender with glass jar?
No. Premium manufacturers of high speed / high power blender manufacturers like Blendtec and Vitamix, choose not to offer glass jar containers. And show no intention to offer it in the future. Instead both use a strong, light, poly material called Eastman Tritan copolyester – a clear, durable plastic. The safety of the blender jar material has been reviewed independently and approved safe by regulatory agencies such as: Health Canada, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, European Food Safety Authority, China's Ministry of Health and Japan's Hygienic Olefin and Styrene Plastics Association.
- What is the best high-powered blender for 2018?
The answer is it depends. Simply put, the best blender for you may not be the same as your friends or family. Why? This is because among the top premium quality brands and latest models there are differences in design, features, function, colour finish (to suit your kitchen and or personal style) and price that will make one more suitable for your needs and preferences.
- To quickly see top differences in design and realize what your preferences are, check out this Blender Buyers Guide.
- Also, if you seek only the best in the blender industry leaders are the Blendtec and Vitamix blenders.


How to drain an inground pool with a hose
Remove the hose from the pool or raise the drain end higher than the water level. Before emptying an in-ground pool, open all hydrostatic relief valves, if your . Just follow the steps listed below.
This picture shows how the discharge valves would be set while draining your pool. This procedure involves completely draining an in ground swimming pool, something. You just turn off the pool pump, chuck the suction hose over in the pool, . Some of the reasons for draining an inground swimming pool include:.
Waste, and drain the water out of the backwash hose. Swimming pool water can get bad over the years — so bad that chemicals lose their effectiveness. Is it safe to drain an inground pool using the main drain? Next, attach the hose to the sump pump and lower the pump into the . Emptying an In-ground Swimming Pool. Put one end of the hose in the pool water and position it so the hose lays on the . If in-ground pool, offer its use to local skakeboarders if they will drain it.
Most above ground pools usually have one hose coming out of the pool and another hose that returns to the pool. Since there is no main drain.
French drains in gravel around the pool deck, . Inground pools are obviously much more difficult than above ground when it comes to finding leaks. Why Draining Your Inground Swimming Pool Could Be Dangerous. Attach the drainage hose to the pump according to the directions and set it . Those roll up hoses can also have small holes in them to drain as . This hose will need to be long enough to reach a. How To Drain Water Off Swimming Pool Cover With Garden Hose. For Draining excess water from your pool or back-washing and cleaning your pool.
Commercial Grade Inground Backwash Discharge Swimming Pool Hose.


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Poplar Tree was recognized as a 2020 National Blue Ribbon School!
Poplar Tree Elementary is incredibly proud of receiving this award, and know that this recognition is not the result of one or two individuals. This award is a result of outstanding teamwork. Our team consists of our fabulous staff who work hard and are committed to the students; our students who show perseverance when things are hard; and our parents who help support the learning at home. We firmly believe you can not achieve success in isolation and by working together great things happen for kids. So whether we are dealing with a Pandemic, technology issues, or a challenging math problem - we are all in this together and when we support each other great things happen!
Poplar Tree Elementary was one of the first schools in Fairfax County Public Schools (FCPS) to participate in the FCPSon program, assigning personal devices to all students and engaging instructional staff in professional development to help them weave technology into their classes. This technology—along with Project-Based Learning—resulted in a shift to a student-centered learning environment along with offering student leadership opportunities, such as the Paw Tech Squad, whose members support teachers and students with technology and even offer professional development. Teachers engage students in a balanced literacy framework for Language Arts, a workshop model for math, and a hands-on approach for science and social studies. Creative and critical thinking skills and problem-solving skills are encouraged by teachers across the curriculum. Learn more!
What are National Blue Ribbon Schools?
U.S. Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos today recognized 367 schools as National Blue Ribbon Schools for 2020. The recognition is based on a school's overall academic performance or progress in closing achievement gaps among student subgroups.
"Congratulations to this year's National Blue Ribbon School awardees," said Secretary DeVos. "It's a privilege to recognize the extraordinary work you do to meet students' needs and prepare them for successful careers and meaningful lives."
The coveted National Blue Ribbon Schools award affirms the hard work of educators, families, and communities in creating safe and welcoming schools where students master challenging and engaging content. Now in its 38th year, the National Blue Ribbon Schools Program has bestowed almost 10,000 awards to more than 9,000 schools, with some schools winning multiple awards. Schools are eligible for nomination after five years.
The Education Department recognizes all schools in one of two performance categories, based on all student scores, student subgroup scores and graduation rates:
- Exemplary High Performing Schools – These are among their state's highest performing schools as measured by state assessments or nationally normed tests.
- Exemplary Achievement Gap Closing Schools – These are among their state's highest performing in closing achievement gaps between a school's student groups and all students.
Up to 420 schools may be nominated each year. The U.S. Education Department invites National Blue Ribbon School nominations from the top education official in all states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, the Department of Defense Education Activity, and the Bureau of Indian Education. Private schools are nominated by the Council for American Private Education (CAPE).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Saturday, November 25, 2006
Solution to the general cubic equation
Girolamo Cardano was able to find a general solution to the cubic equation based on Nicolo Fontana Tartaglia's solution to the depressed cubic equation.
For an equation of the form x3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, Cardano did this by setting x = y - b/3.
The solution is complicated. Still, this solution was a very important step forward past the mathematics of Ancient Greece. Additionally, it would lead eventually to the acceptance of imaginary numbers and the establishment of group theory.
Lemma 1: Cardano's simplification of general cubic equation
x3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0
Then there exists y,p,q such that:
y3 + py + q = 0
(1) x3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0
(2) Let y = x + b/3
(3) Then, x = y - b/3
(4) x3 = (y - b/3)3 = y3 - 3by2/3 + 3b2y/9 - b3/27 =
= y3 - by2 + b2y/3 - b3/27
(5) bx2 = b(y - b/3)2 = by2 - 2b2y/3 + b3/9
(6) x3 + bx2 = y3 - b2y/3 + 2b3/27
(7) x3 + bx2 + cx + d =
= y3 - b2y/3 + 2b3/27 + c(y - b/3) + d =
= y3 + (c - b2/3)y + (2b3/27 - bc/3 + d)
(8) Let:
p = c - b2/3
q = 2b3/27 - bc/3 + d
Theorem: Solution to General Cubic Equation
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0
(1) ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0
(2) If we divide all sides by a, we get:
x3 + (b/a)x2 + (c/a)x + (d/a) = 0
(3) Then using Lemma 1 above, if we set:
y = x - (b/a)/3
p = (c/a) - (b/a)2/3
q = -2(b/a)3/27 + (b/a)(c/a)/3 - (d/a)
Then we have:
y3 + py - q = 0
y3 + py = q
(4) Now, using the solution for the depressed cubic (see Theorem, here),
we have:
(5) Finally, adjusting for step #3, if we let:
r = (b/a)/3
Then we have:
Proof of Solution to Depressed Cubic
In today's blog, I will show a proof of the solution to the depressed cubic equation. Using Girolamo Cardano's trick (next blog), it is possible to use the solution to the depressed cubic equation to solve the general cubic equation.
Lemma 1: x3 = bx + c → ∃ u,v such that: b=3uv, c=u3 + v3, x = u + v
(1) Let x3 = bx + c.
(2) Let x = u + v
(3) (u + v)3 = u3 + 3u2v + 3uv2 + v3 = 3uv(u + v) + (u3 + v3)
(4) 3uv(u + v) + (u3 + v3) = b(u + v) + c
(5) So that b = 3uv and c = u3 + v3
Lemma 2: if b=3uv and c=u3 + v3, then:
we can assume:
u3 = c/2 + √(c/2)2 - (b/3)3
v3 = c/2 - √(c/2)2 - (b/3)3
(1) b=3uv → v = b/3u
(2) u3 + v3 = u3 + (b/3u)3 =
= u3 + b3/(27u3) = c
(3) So that we have:
u3 + b3/(27u3) - c = 0
(4) Multiplying both sides by u3 gives us:
u6 + b3/27 - cu3 = 0
(5) Using the solution for quadratic equations (see here) gives us:
u3 = (c/2) ± √(c/2)2 - (b/3)3
(6) Since u3 + v3 = c, we can assume that:
u3 = (c/2) + √(c/2)2 - (b/3)3
v3 = (c/2) - √(c/2)2 - (b/3)3
Theorem: Solution of the Depressed Cubic
x3 + bx = c
(1) x3 + bx = c
(2) So that we have:
x3 = (-b)x + c
(3) Using Lemma 1 above, we see that there exists u,v such that:
x = u + v
(-b) = 3uv
c = u3 + v3
(4) Using Lemma 2 above, we see that:
u3 = (c/2) + √(c/2)2 - (-b/3)3 = (c/2) + √(c/2)2 + (b/3)3
v3 = (c/2) - √(c/2)2 - (-b/3)3 = (c/2) - √(c/2)2 + (b/3)3
(5) Since x = u+v, we have:
Friday, November 24, 2006
Depressed Cubic
Scipione del Ferro's great discovery which eventually led to the general solution of the cubic equation was the solution of the depressed cubic equation: x3 + bx = c In today's blog, I will show how del Ferro solved this equation. The content is taken from Paul J. Nahin's The Story of √-1 (1) Let x = u+v (2) Then: x3 + bx = (u + v)3 + b(u + v) = = u3 + 3u2v + 3uv2 + v3 + b(u + v) = = u3 + v3 + (3uv + b)(u + v) = c (3) Now, if: (3uv + b) = 0 then: u3 + v3 = c (4) Now, (3uv + b) = 0 → 3uv = -b and further: v = -b/(3u) (5) So if: u3 + v3 = c, then: u3 + [-b/(3u)]3 - c = u3 + (-b3)/(27u3) - c = u6 + (-b3/27 - cu3 = 0 (6) But this is an example of a quadratic equation since if: z = u3, then we have: u6 + (-b3/27) - cu3 = = z2 - cz -(b3/27) (7) Using the solution for the quadratic equation (see here), we have: z = (c/2) ± √c2 - 4(-b3/27)/2 = =(c/2) ± √c2/4 + b3/27 = u3 (8) Considering only the positive form, we have: (9) Since v3 = c - u3, we have: v3 = c - (c/2 + √c2/4 + b3/27 = = c/2 - √c2/4 + b3/27 (10) This then gives us: (11) Since x = u + v, this gives us that: (12) Since (-1)3 = (-1) (13) This tells us that we can restate (11) as the following: In another blog, I present a proof that this really is the solution of the depressed cubic. References
Wednesday, November 22, 2006
Nicolo Fontana Tartaglia
Nicolo Fontana "Tartaglia" was born around 1500 in Venice. His father was a "mail rider", a person who would ride from town to town, to make deliveries. When Tartaglia was six years old, his father was murdered during one of these trips.
When Tartaglia was 12, the French took over his town of Brescia. There had been fierce fighting and in retaliation, there was a great slaughter of the Brescian townfolks. It is said that 46,000 inhabitants were killed in the fighting and the revenge killings. Tartaglia, his mother, and his sister hid away in a cathedral. In the course of the fighting, Tartaglia was attacked and left for dead.
Somehow, he survived but for the rest of his


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suddenly appear in our 3-Space,continualy > change shape and then dissapear.We > can get even stranger effects if we intersect irregular shaped geometric > objects from higher spaces into lower spaces.Of course the flatlander can't > visualize our sphere due to his restriction of being confined to his 2D > universe,however he can construct > the laws of 3D-Space Geometry based on the cross sections that he seen of > our 3D objects Similerly we can construct the laws of 4D-Space and > N-Dimensional Spaces and their Geometries. > Keepin > g this in mind let's get to rotation or spin properties of 2D space and 3D > space,then apply this to higher spaces.If we rotate the Flander's circle or > if HE rotates what he considers to be his SPHERE it can only rotate in TWO > directions(CC or CCW) or if y > ou like it can rotate one way or the other[for the terms CC & CCW can > interchange depending on where you view the rotation from in space].Now if > we in 3-Space take the circle(----- his sphere)and rotate it down- > ward(around it's dia) into the plane of his > 2-Space and perpendicular to it we can rotate it in two more directions in > our 3-space!!He would observe two points seperated by the dia of his sphere > that would be stationary.Again he would not be able to visualize that the > circle(his sphere) had TWO mo > re modes of rotation or spin in 3D-Space!From this it follows that a sphere > in our 3D-Space which has only 2 directions of spin would have MORE than 2 > directions of spin in 4Space and even more in higher dimensional > spaces.Like the Flander this goes again > st our common sense(common sense being that layer of predudice layed down > prior to the age of 16---I could'nt resist getting that in).Also we would > not be able to mentaly visualize this.(unless we were Charles Hinton who > claimed he could visualize 4D obj > ects such as Hypercubes and so on). > > George Penney > > > >
one particular theory with more than 4 physical dimensions
From: Mitchell Porter Subject: >H designer universes, spin networks, and string theory Transhuman Mailing List [Eugene Leitl] > if we can tweak our spacetime to cause > precipitation of an edge-of-chaos high-dimensional CA universe and > stabilize the access channel long enough to bootstrap, then we can > fabricate our own Eden. I've thought a bit about what this would require. Assume that you're doing this by causing inflation to occur in a very small region of space, where (somehow) you've controlled the state of the Higgs and other fundamental fields so as to determine the effective physics of the new universe. Since we're used to thinking in terms of atoms - relatively pointlike nuclei surrounded by fuzzed-out electrons - let's suppose that the quanta of the new universe will form atom-like structures, although the electron orbitals will be hyperspheres rather than 3D. (I'll keep speaking of electrons, nuclei and atoms, although it should be understood that these are particles in the new universe which behave somewhat like those in existing matter.) Hyper-atoms might form as they did in our universe, either shortly after inflation, or in stars. Either way, what you will want to do is to tweak their properties so that they have tendencies to form a very regular crystalline lattice (of d dimensions). The hyper-atoms in this crystal then form the cells of your cellular automaton, and the spin states of some electrons can form the cell states. The most difficult thing is to keep the "access channel" (which is, I presume, an umbilical wormhole connecting the baby universe to ours) open, since the baby universe is, by hypothesis, of a different effective dimensionality. I guess it just takes more of that "exotic matter" which you build wormhole rigging out of. As you pass down the wormhole throat, some of the space dimensions which are Planck-size in our universe would acquire a wider and wider radius, until they were on an equal footing with our three large dimensions. What sort of intermediate structures this would entail, I have no idea yet. There's actually a preprint out there on d-dimensional atoms: The Periodic Table in Flatland It focuses on the two-dimensional case. I think there's also something in the appendices to A.K. Dewdney's _Planivese_. [text lost, but Eugene was saying that in some current string theories space has "27 (?) dimensions"] > dimension, but most are curled up real small so that we can't see > them at our scale. The original string theory (before supersymmetry) had 26 dimensions - 25 space, 1 time. It's not really current (post-1984 superstring theory has ten spacetime dimensions, and there are some lower-dimensional models), although it's been suggested that you can get superstrings out of 26-dimensional string theory. [Anders Sandberg] > On Wed, 17 Apr 1996, Eugene Leitl wrote: > > If fact, if we can tweak our spacetime to cause > > precipitation of an edge-of-chaos high-dimensional CA universe and > > stabilize the access channel long enough to bootstrap, then we can > > fabricate our own Eden. > > I had a similar idea for how life near the Omega Point could create a > state in a Penrose spin lattice to evolve towards the Omega Point, even > if the time direction would become ambigious. I'd like to hear more about this. [Eugene Leitl] > Can one understand Penrose spin lattice, I mean is it physics fit for a > mere human? Have you a ref handy? week 46 week 55 abstract gr-qc/_PHONE_ The first two should be expository posts by John Baez from sci.physics.research, touching on spin networks, while the latter is a paper in which gravity theorists Carlo Rovelli and Lee Smolin actually calculate something that might be real using spin networks. [Anders Sandberg] > I think Kaufmann wrote about them in a book about knot theory, they > didn't look that absurd to me. I'm not sure it is physics yet, and most > people seems to have moved to string theory instead (a pity, I really > like the idea of the universe as a kind of random graph with a cellular > automaton rule). That would be in _Knots and Physics_ (1993). The paper by R&S, cited above, might be the first time that an actual physical quantity was computed using spin networks. (The quantity in question was the quantum of surface area, in their theory of quantum gravity.) [Eugene Leitl] > > > Can one understand Penrose spin lattice, I mean is it physics fit for a > > > mere human? Have you a ref handy? > > > > Well, theoretical physicists seem to handle them, but if they are human > > is still an open question... :-) > > I also, wonder. I once bought a string theory book from Kaku, just for > the fun of it -- I didn't really expected to understand anything. But > I didn't understand not a single line of it: not contents, of course > not the chapters, nothing. Only the conclusion, because there was no tech > speak in it. This was a really scary experience, this book could > have been written by an alien. I wish I could do physics properly, . Is this _Introduction to Superstrings_? I tried to teach myself string theory from that. I didn't quite succeed, but I learnt a lot. You'd need some idea of quantum field theory to start with though (recomendation: Feynman's _QED_). > String theory is not very aesthetical, > unless one happens to be a musician, may be ;) Or a mathematician... The sum over topologies, and the way that strings in 10 dimensions can be described as 10 fields in 2 dimensions, are the two ideas which stick in my mind as elegant. One of the hot topics right now is membrane theory (or, as people insist on calling them, p-branes, p-dimensional membranes) - a membrane being an entity of 2 or more dimensions (point particles are zero-branes, strings are one-branes). Some people think that the superstring theories are all approximations to an 11-D membrane theory, dubbed "M theory". -mitch _URL_
see also computer_graphics_tools.html#writing
"Quaternions are not a well known mathematical concept; but... are the primary choice for representing spacecraft orientation. " "the NPS aeronautical model uses quaternions." -- unknown
the Quaternians can be defined without too much trouble. There are three Quaternians which, together with the Real numbers, generate all of the others. They are given the names i, j, and k. A typical example of a Quaternian is 1 + 3.3i + 9j - 1.5k.
Addition is defined as you would define addition on a polynomial with variables i, j, and k. For example, the sum of 1 + 5j


text: Drool may be gross, but it's a powerful fungus fighter, according to new research. Biologists collected saliva samples from sedated moose (Alces alces) and European reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). They also grew red fescue, a grass that the two animals commonly munch on in Sweden. The scientists then conducted two experiments. They added the saliva to test tubes teeming with colonies of the fungus Epichloë festucae, which often lives within the grass and helps produce toxic chemicals to ward off ravenous grazers like livestock, and also to recently trimmed grass infected with the fungus. The latter simulated how grass gets ripped and doused with slobber when it's been chomped on by a herbivore. Compared with fungi samples treated with water, moose and reindeer saliva slowed the growth of the fungi. When applied to clipped grass, moose drool reduced the production of the toxic chemicals between 41% and 70%, whereas grass that was not treated with saliva actually doubled in its release of toxic chemicals, according to a study published online today in Biology Letters. The results suggest that large mammalian herbivores have evolved the ability to fight back against plant defenses to either detoxify their greens or curb venomous chemical production.


text:
- THE MAGAZINE
Principles of OperationIn contrast to other methods, air jet sieving is usually carried out with only one sieve. The sieve is placed on the unit with the sample material and covered with a lid. A powerful industrial vacuum cleaner generates a strong jet of air, which disperses the particles on the sieve through the slotted nozzle rotating below the sieve mesh. With each rotation, the particles are dispersed and distributed over the complete sieve surface.
The jet of air causes a continuous new orientation of the particles on the sieve surface. Particles with sizes smaller than the sieve apertures are sucked in by the vacuum cleaner or-if the optional cyclone is used-collected in a laboratory bottle. When using sieves 25 mm high, the inflowing air causes the particles to impact on the lid, which helps to destroy agglomerates.
The nozzle rotating below the sieve usually has a fixed speed, but varying this speed can be helpful. Sensitive sample materials, for example, should be sieved with a low speed to minimize stress on the material. This stress can be further reduced by using a 50-mm-high sieve so that the impact of the sample against the lid is less forceful.
For samples that tend to agglomerate, sieving with high speed is more effective. The impact frequency of the particles against the lid is substantially increased, and even strong agglomerates are dissolved after short sieving times.
Application ExampleTwo identical samples of ZrO2 powder were sieved at different speeds (see Figures 1 and 2).* Parameters included:
- sieve-203 mm diameter, 25 mm height according to ISO 3310-1, 63 µm aperture size
- material-20 g of ZrO2 powder with agglomerates
- speed-20 rpm (sample 1) and 55 rpm (sample 2)
- sieving time-10 seconds and 2 minutes
- negative pressure-approximately 35 kPa
Reproducibility and PerformanceFine-meshed sieves are particularly susceptible to so-called near-mesh particles, which block the sieve gauze. This has a negative effect on the sieve results and can also lead to premature wear of the sieve.
An open mesh function (OMF) can help maintain the performance of the sieve and subsequently improve the reproducibility of results while minimizing time and effort for cleaning. This function enables the nozzle to move according to the principle "two steps forward, one step back," which means the nozzle first moves forward by 20° and then backward by 10°, instead of rotating uniformly (see Figure 3). Near-mesh particles are therefore blown very effectively from the gauze, as no material lying on the sieve surface obstructs the air jet.
Figure 4 shows the gauze of a 45-micron sieve after sieving quartz sand with and without the OMF. Some sieve apertures are blocked with particles where the sieving was done without the OMF, while the sieve apertures where the OMF was activated are completely free. By gently cleaning the sieve, this special feature helps to improve the reproducibility of the sieve analysis and increase the lifetime of the sieves.
Particle Size DistributionsAlthough only one sieve can be used with the air jet sieving unit, it is still possible to determine particle size distributions. Two different methods can be used (see Figure 5). In the standard method, the complete amount of material to be sieved is placed on the sieve with the finest mesh size. After sieving and weighing the fraction, the oversize is placed on the next larger sieve and sieved again. This procedure is continued until the complete sample is separated into fractions.
Alternatively, the "Swiss" method requires that the sample is first divided into the number of size classes to be determined. Each part is then sieved individually with the corresponding sieve. This method can only provide reliable results if the sample division is carried out representatively to keep the particle size distribution in all part samples identical. The best results are obtained by rotary sample dividers, which divide the initial material into six, eight or 10 identical part samples.
For the standard method, less sample material is required, whereas the Swiss method is more exact. Software-based evaluation not only facilitates and accelerates the data processing, but also eliminates user errors during data transfer and calculation. The software guides the user through the entire sieving process. It controls the sieve shaker and reads the weighing data to generate a protocol in accordance with standards.
Field ExperienceThe German company Alpha Ceramics GmbH uses the air jet sieving machine AS 200 for the production of spray-granulated pressed powders from technical ceramics. Alpha Ceramics develops and produces well-engineered materials and products for spray granulation, pressing and fast-firing technologies.
When pressed granules are compacted to components, it is crucial that the particle size distribution of the molding compound contains as little dust as possible. Therefore, spherical granules are produced from one or several raw materials with a particle size of below 2 microns by spray granulation. These granules allow the air to escape during the compaction process and can be automatically filled into the mold due to their flowability (i.e., they are "pourable").
Insufficient venting during compacting causes compression of the enclosed air, which expands when the pressed product is ejected from the mold and causes fissures in the product. Although Alpha Ceramics has been conducting particle size analyses of the finished spray granules for years, the interpretation of the ascertained particle size range has repeatedly caused the company to consider alternative methods to determine the "dust content" of the pressed granules.
The operation of the analysis instrument was simplified, along with the interpretation of the results, with the introduction of the air jet sieving machine for quality control. If 50 g of material is sieved with a 45 µm sieve for 8 minutes with open mesh function, at least 49 g must remain on the sieve (which corresponds to a maximum of 2% dust content). If the percentage of fine particles is higher, the spray drying process parameters need to be corrected.
"The introduction of this quality control measure proved to be uncomplicated and effective and, not least due to the easy handling of the instrument, was immediately accepted by all employees," said Robert Kremer, Alpha Ceramics' technical director.
Ensuring QualityAir jet sieving is an important method of quality control for fine bulk goods. Modern technologies and the possible variations of sieving parameters, in combination with reliable evaluation software, ensure reproducible sieving results over a long period of time.
For additional information, contact Retsch Inc. at 74 Walker Lane, Newtown, PA 18940; call _PHONE_; fax _PHONE_; email _EMAIL_; or visit _URL_.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
SkyScan 1172 Micro-CT
Micro-CT Scanner with Adaptive Geometry
The SkyScan 1172 represents a new generation in high-resolution desktop X-ray microtomography (Micro-CT) systems for in vitro scanning. The combined ability of the sample stage and the x-ray camera to move is a novel architecture which allows for an unprecedented combination of image resolution, sample size accommodation, scan speed and sample throughput. The innovative scanning geometry of the SkyScan 1172 Micro-CT is particularly advantageous at intermediate resolution levels, where scans are completed up to ten times faster with the same resolution and image quality, compared to previous Micro-CTs with a fixed source-detector design.
To request a brochure that introduces micro-CT and the Skyscan products
Call Ben at _PHONE_ or email: _EMAIL_
Adaptive Geometry - A bright idea in microtomography
Using Adaptive Geometry, the Skyscan 1172 Micro-CT adjusts the distance between the X-ray detector and source for the optimum position for a given scan. A majority of scans can be performed with the detector closer to the source for higher intensities on the detector which means faster scan times and more throughput for you. When you need higher resolution (below 4 microns) or a larger field of view, the Skyscan 1172 Micro-CT moves the detector to the far position. Adaptive Geometry gives you the flexibility to manage workflow without compromising resolution.
Introduction to X-ray Microtomography (Micro-CT)
Microtomography uses a similar technique as X-ray tomography systems used in medicine (CT Scans) but with much finer resolution. Multiple 2D X-ray images are stored while either the sample or the source / detector pair is rotated. Internal structures are reconstructed as a series of 2D cross sections (up to 2600 in a single scan) which are then used to analyze the two and three dimensional morphological parameters of the object. The process is non destructive and requires no special preparation of the specimen. For comparison, medical CT systems have pixel sizes in the range of 1mm, the Skyscan 1172 Microtomograph can acquire images with 0.5 micron pixel size.
The powerful imaging capabilities of X-ray tomography are now available in a range of desktop instruments suitable for microscopic imaging of small objects with a wide range of applications: 3D bone analysis, food studies, soft tissue research, insects, microelectronics, materials, geological studies and more. Specialized software (CTAn) has been developed for the analysis of Micro-CT images including bone morphometry, porosity, fractal analysis and more (see related pages).
- Dynamically variable acquisition geometry for shortest scan at any magnification
- Fully distortion corrected 11 Mp X-ray camera
- Up to 8000 x 8000 pixels in every slice
- Down to 0.5 micron isotropic detail detection
- Single computer or cluster (optional) 3D reconstruction
- Software for 2D/3D image analysis, bone morphology and realistic visualization
- Scanning during compression, tension, cooling, heating with optional stages
- X-ray source
20-100kV, 10W, <5µm spot size or 20-80kV, 8W, <8µm spot size
- X-ray detector
11Mp, 12-bit cooled CCD fiber-optically coupled to scintillator
- Maximum object size
27mm in diameter (single scan) or 50mm in diameter (offset scan)
- Detail detectability
<0.5µm at highest resolution
single PC or cluster volumetric reconstruction
- Optional stages
micropositioning, cooling, heating, compression / tension
- Radiation safety
<1µSv / h at any point on the instrument surface


text:
1. Why does Edna say she is a wicked woman?
2. Why does she think at the same time that she is not?
3. What is Alcee's response to Edna's question?
4. What is significant about Alcee's response?
5. What does Mademoiselle Reisz tell Edna about courage?
6. How does Edna feel after kissing Alcee?
7. What is the significance of the reproach Edna imagines from Robert?
8. What does Edna understand about life after being with Alcee?
9. What specifically does Edna not feel?
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text: The Spiritual History of Oil November 5, 2019 Essays & Reviews, Features Review by Dane Neufeld Anointed with Oil: How Christianity and Crude Made Modern America By Darren Dochuk Basic Books, pp. 688, $35. Oil is a powerful substance that has generated philosophical, moral and spiritual upheaval in our societies for centuries. Present fears and concerns over a climate crisis and ecological destruction have created a circumstance in which oil itself has become symbolically inflamed and controverted. Just as fossil fuel has radically transformed our society it is now being blamed for our alleged ruin, and though our present discourse around oil development is often frenzied and divisive, we might all agree that there are few substances with such potential to create and destroy. It is hard to think of a better time for Darren Dochuk's Anointed with Oil. Far from providing yet another thin account of Christianity's environmental failures, Dochuk explores the deep connections between oil, faith and providence in modern American and the global network American oilers established around the world. The book is beautifully written with clarity, sanity, and sympathy for an enormously complex and controversial subject. Beginning with the early discoveries of oil in 19th century Pennsylvania, Dochuk traces the expanding universe of oil exploration from California to Texas, Canada, Saudi Arabia and around the world. Each step of the way he identifies key figures, people of deep faith who were leaders in their Churches, and often connected to the global missionary enterprise and who saw in oil extraction a means of doing God's work in the world. Central to the narrative are the Rockefeller and Pew families, who form a symbolic and theological polarity in the spiritual history of oil. The Rockefellers represent what Dochuk calls the "civil religion of crude," a vision that drove Standard Oil's global business and philanthropic models. For the Rockefellers, oil was a means of bringing prosperity, modernization and unity in a divided and unequal world, a vision that fit well with the social gospel of the early 20th century and the ecumenical movement that gained momentum out of the chaos of the First World War. Dochuk observes that John D. Rockefeller's "embrace of a postmillennial, progressive gospel and concomitant humanitarianism reflected his comfortable standing in the world and confidence in man's ability to transform it." Howard Pew's Sun Oil, or Lyman Stewart's Union Oil, on the other hand, represented a contrasting theological order, what Dochuk calls "wildcat" Christianity. These smaller, independent operators saw in oil a deep metaphor for the instability of the world, and the need to rely on a God who gives and takes a way. Wildcat oilers "shouldered the insecurities of the a volatile social and economic system and the conviction that Christians had neither time, need nor ability to restructure the world." Unlike the postmillennial theology of Rockefellers, the wildcat oil entrepreneurs were most often premillenialists, who were not at all certain about the world's future, which way history was tending, and when the present order would pass away. It is fascinating though to read about how oil development both motivated and funded these contrasting divisions, two theological poles that are very much with us today. Rockefeller was a close friend of the famed modernist theologian Harry Emerson Fosdick and one of the foundational supporters of the World Council of Churches, while a wildcatter like Lyman Stewart supported and financed the still legendary tracts, The Fundamentals. Howard Pew had close friendships with Billy Graham and the growing revivalist network in North America which extended its reach deep into the Canadian oil patch as well. Dochuk pursues these vying trajectories throughout the 20th century and into the present era and in so doing creates a deep, complicated and nuanced context for our present unrest. The easy narrative that a Christian dualism, concealing a more primal greed, led to the despoliation of the earth is unsettled in this book. The early entrepreneurs, modernists and fundamentalists, saw in oil a very earthly force that could potentially change the world for the better and usher in God's kingdom purposes. We may disagree with their vision but we can hardly deny the practical and theological influence these visions have had on North American Christianity in particular. However, Dochuk also documents the disappointments of Rockefeller's vision of "boundless spiritual, human and material uplift" through petroleum, and how it began to crumble under the profound environmental and cultural opposition that emerged in the mid to late 20th century. Likewise, Dochuck poignantly describes the pain and volatility of wildcat boomtowns and the extraordinary human cost of oil extraction, even as communities grew and prospered rapidly as a result of oil development. The question of whether oil has been a blessing or a curse for American society and Christianity in particular, is left open by Dochuk, though the reader will struggle to reach any simple conclusions. Anointed With Oil also contains, perhaps, an implicit warning about our hopes for our energy future. While it seems an energy transition of some kind is needed, the reader may recognize the idealistic and spiritual hopes that American oilman and Christian leaders placed in oil, in the current optimism around alternative energies. We seldom reflect on the nature and purposes of energy itself and the kind of people and societies we need it to create. Dochuk has skillfully and subtly raised a number of questions for our contemporary society, and for Christians in particular, with respect to spiritual and aspirational character of energy. Anointed with Oil is essential reading for anyone hoping to grapple with these deeper matters of our current vexation over the future of energy. Dane Neufeld is rector of All Saints Anglican Church in the oil sands boomtown of Fort McMurry, Alberta.


The Ultimate Science Street Fair is Coming
If you missed the AWESOME Rockefeller University Science Saturday family event earlier this month, with hands-on learning stations and real science in action, The Ultimate Science Street Fair on Sunday, JUNE 1 in Washington Square Park is probably the next best thing. The event is the anchor of the 2014 World Science Festival with numerous programs starting May 28 for adults and families.
Games, performances, interactive experiments, and the great outdoors combine for a full-day science extravaganza at the seventh annual World Science Festival Street Fair. Installations and activities from more than 50 organizations will focus on three themes: space, weather, and robots.
The Ultimate Science Street Fair – FREE
MARK YOUR CALENDAR: JUNE 1, 2014 from 10 am-6pm at Washington Square Park
There's so much to explore: cutting-edge science experiments on the International Space Station, Mars rovers, extreme weather simulations, and robots that might someday live in your house, to name a few! We'll also have science celebrities on hand, so you can learn from the pros – and snag a photo.
Aspiring scientists of all ages can find entertainment both inside the buildings and outside at performances and demonstrations. Start planning your day by looking through our list of activities – and check back often to see what we've added!
Register for the World Science Festival's free outdoor events to receive early notification of special events, learn where you can have your photo taken with astronauts, and be the first to see the schedule of stage performances.
Visit the International Space Station: Experience the next best thing to being on the ISS with the help of NASA's Johnson Space Center. Step into the newly renovated NASA Mobile Exhibit for liftoff to the orbiting home and learn about research in microgravity from a team of NASA scientists.
Create Microgravity on Earth with the NASA Glenn Research Center: Step up to the miniature drop tower and test the effects of reduced gravity on physical and chemical phenomena. You'll be amazed by things that are normally hidden by Earth's gravity—from plants and water to cells and fire.
Search for Exoplanets: Scientists at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory are looking for planets that are often hidden by the bright lights of the stars they orbit. Hundreds of planets have already been found. Visit The Hidden Light, an installation that helps you see what is invisible to the naked eye. Then head to the StarShade Petal, a real technology being designed to block interfering light and help photograph other planets.
Study Humans In Space: Meet the NASA Johnson Space Center team that studies humans in space. How does microgravity affect everything from bones and blood to muscle and memory? Let the team tell you how they figure it all out.
Control Next-Generation Satellites: Take command of SPHERES (Synchronized Position Hold Engage and Reorient Experimental Satellites) just like those currently aboard the International Space Station. MIT's Alvar Saenz-Otero, of Zero Robotics, will teach you about this next generation of autonomous, interactive robot satellites.
Command the Rovers: Robots take over Washington Square Park at your control. Meet the New York Hall of Science's Mars-style rover robot, created by Robert Beatty and his daughters. Check out the suspension system, solar panels, infrared camera, thermal array sensor, and eight sonar sensors. Interact with a scale version of the real Curiosity rover currently on Mars,and meet Jupiter Joe's Rovers.
Blast Off with Aerospace Simulators: Ride in one of the many full-scale and fully functional space simulators, including the Orion CRV Flight Simulator, BD-5J Micro Jet, and a hovercraft. See what a space toilet looks like, inspect the Pluto Probe, and try on a pair of anti-gravity boots. Brought to you by the Traveling Space Museum.
Work in a Space Laboratory: Step into the Odyssey IV Mobile SpaceLab Module, a mock-up of the International Space Station. You'll learn to live and work in space in this simulation with interactive workstations.
Build Air Cannons: Make an air cannon with Carmelo the Science Fellow to learn more about wind and gravity.
Launch Your Own Balloon Rocket Racer: Transform recycled materials into a rocket ship and use air propulsion power to race down a fishing line. Then try your hand at building and launching space gliders with Scrapkins.
3D Space Printer: Astronauts run out of tools on the International Space Station and must wait until the next resupply mission to restock. With the aid of 3D printing technology, immediate re-stock is just around the corner. Come see the first 3D printer that will head to space.
Science on a Sphere®: See our home planet as you've never seen it before: projected and animated on a giant suspended globe from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Gather around massive sphere to watch historic storms unfold as dramatic weather unleashes its fury, and see special spherical movies about tsunamis and waterfalls (without getting all wet). When you're done exploring Earth, travel to other planets in our solar system and beyond and get a glimpse of conditions far from home. Finally, meet the scientists and journalists who study space, climate, and the often only marginally predictable atmosphere. 10:00 AM-06:00 PM, at Gould Plaza, NYU
Get Caught in a Hurricane: Step into the hurricane simulator and experience winds up to 78 mph. Suitable for storm chasers of all ages.
Control Your Own Tornado: Prepare to be blown away by a vortex of swirling vapor as you control the speed of four-foot tall tornadoes.
Explore the Arctic of the Future with the PoLAR Climate Project: Play games to learn how animals (from plankton all the way to polar bears) are impacted by humans. Then go through interactive displays with Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory to learn how climate and weather impact sea ice loss and change the sea level. Don't miss the Polar Explorer app!
Investigate the New York Hall of Science: Watch dueling pressure systems create spinning clouds of air when we fire our Air Cannon. Use your cell phone to make small images appear large using forced perspective photography at Stick Pics. You can make images with your favorite astronomers, astrophysicists, astronauts, and spaceships. Finally, make your hair stand on end as lighting forms before your very eyes at the Van de Graaf Generator.
Battle Earthquakes with Engineering: Join Mueser Rutledge Consulting Engineers to make your own earthquake-proof structures. How will your building stand up to the seismic waves?
Ride the Coriolis and Forecast Weather: Join CUNY's NOAA-CRESTto take a spin aboard the Coriolis ride, showing how hurricanes form and gain massive amounts of power. Then use real mathematical equations to predict tomorrow's weather.
Discover Fossils and Facts at the Liberty Science Center: Excavate for fossils (including shark teeth and small bones) that you can take home with you, and learn how weather affects fossil formation. Compare natural disasters and weather conditions on home at Earth to those on other planets.
Monkey Around at the Central Park Zoo: Discover how weather affects the animal kingdom, wildlife conservation and our own lives. Join the Central Park Zoo for performances and activities that help explain how we can make our world more livable for ourselves and other unique creatures.
Crustacean Exploration: Hop onto a solar-powered, state-of-the-art mobile microscope lab that was once a 1974 transit bus. There, use high-powered microscopes to examine the cells and organs of tiny transparent crustaceans called daphnia. These strange creatures have reproductive systems that change with the weather.
Laboratory: Pop Bottle Science: Join author Lynn Brunelle to create different kinds of weather and tracking equipment, from barometers and thermometers to rain and tornadoes. You'll build up the atmospheric pressure of a storm in a crushable bottle.
Vision: The first step to understanding how robots sense the world is by learning how they see. Unlike humans, they don't have peripheral vision – meaning they see only what is directly in front of them. Move an object in front of a digital camera and watch how objects are tracked on a screen. Try sharing a toy with iCub, a robot that mimics a human two-year-old, and see how iCub sees.
Hearing: Robot ears take in sounds and turn them into a language that robots can understand. Speak into a microphone and watch a computer translate your voice into waveforms. It will try to repeat what you said back to you.
Depth Perception: Our eyes and brain quickly calculate depth perception for us. Learn how robots tackle this crucial task by stepping up to a Microsoft Kinect and getting a strange 3D view of the world and yourself. Then have your photo taken and emailed to you.
Touch: Close your eyes and put your hand in a box – then try to decipher what you're grabbing. Or see if you can find the object you are searching for without using your eyes. Robots have it tough! Get another sense of how a child robot would interact with the world by tickling iCub, the robot who mimics a human two-year-old. He's covered in touch sensors and gets ticklish when you poke him. Eventually, he'll even learn to dodge your fingers!
INSIDE THE ROBOT BRAIN: How do robots Sense, Decide, and Act?
Tame the Robot: Teach a robot how to behave by playing Tetris on a computer. In this


text:
Mini-Encyclopedia of Papermaking Wet-End
Part Two: Definitions and Concepts
The word "polyelectrolytes" is a general term for water-soluble molecules comprised of many repeating units. As the name implies, most such materials of interest to papermakers have a significant level of electical charge. In other words, small ions dissociate from the macromolecule, leaving a net charge associated with the chain. Many polyelectrolytes of interest to papermakers are linear, as in the case of cationic amylose starch. This compound makes up 28% of dent corn starch and 21% of potato starch. These starches are used to make cationic starch for wet-end addition. Many other polyelectrolytes are branched, as in the case of polyethyleneimine (PEI). Also, most starch products contain a majority of branched molecules called amypolypecin. Cationic starch produced from waxy maize is about 100% branched molecules. Soluble aluminum products such as alum and PAC are often considered to be polymeric because of the formation of oxygen bridges between the aluminum ions (olation) during use.
Request from the webmaster: Our goals include brevity and accuracy. Hopefully we have succeeded with the first goal without sacrificing the second. Please let us know right away if you find an error or omition. Also, please indicate points that need a clearer description.
RETURN TO INDEX PAGE OF ENCYCLOPEDIA
This page is maintained by Martin hubbe, Associate Professor of Wood and Paper Science, NC State University, _EMAIL_.


Should We Tax Swearing?
An important principle in economics is the idea of taxing goods with negative externalities (goods which impose external costs on the rest of society)
Usually, in a free market, we ignore the external costs of our consumption. We only face the private costs. But, this leads to overconsumption of these goods and a deadweight welfare loss to society.
More detail at: Negative Externality
For example, if we decide to drive a car to work at peak rush hour, then we face private costs, such as the cost of petrol and the time taken. However, our decision to drive to work, imposes an external cost on the rest of society
 - Congestion is increased. Increasing the journey time for everyone
 - More pollution from standing in traffic jams causing pollution.
The economic solution is to make people pay the full social cost of driving into a city centre. If we face the true social cost (private cost + external cost) some will reduce their demand and we will get a more socially efficient level of driving into the city centre. This tax (congestion charge) may be politically unpopular but it makes economic sense:
 - It raises revenue
 - Journey times are increased. Business costs are reduced.
 - It attains a more socially efficient level of driving.
If you seek to maximise economic welfare, it makes more sense to impose taxes on goods with negative externalities rather than just general taxation. If it makes sense to tax driving into city centres, why not tax everything that has a negative externality?
Tax on Swearing
When I started teaching at a rather laissez-faire style tutorial college in Oxford, I was shocked that students would frequently swear in lessons. So I instituted my own tax. 10p fine for every swear word. It was to illustrate that in my economic class, swear words were a demerit good with negative externalities (it caused me pain to hear them), and I was the government intervention.
Generally, this proved a very good policy. Demand was generally very inelastic, and rather than pay 10p, the quantity of swearing fell dramatically.
The only failure was with the son of a Russian Oligarch, who thought this was tremendously funny, and actually increased his swearing so he could pay more fines. (I suppose, this is a very unusual example of a Veblen good) He once gave a £20 note in advance credit for swearing throughout the next week. At this point, I decided I needed a bit of price discrimination and students, with more money than sense, would have to pay a higher rate of swear tax.
You might say, I should just have banned swearing, but it was more fun to raise revenue and illustrate the concepts of negative externalities and taxation. At 10p I was indifferent to the pain of hearing a swear word versus the increased income. (At the end of the week, my swear money could often buy a mug of tea, that my paltry wage failed to do…. the things economic teachers will do to increase their income..)
Does this mean the government should tax every annoying behaviour?
Why should we stop at swear words, why not tax people who have irritating ring tones going off on trains? or tax people who don't have a shower everyday?
Obviously, we need a degree of common sense. It has to be borne in mind, imposing taxes on goods incur
 - Costs of administration
 - Cost of feeling we are living in an intrusive society.
 - Debate about how bad the external cost is.
A tax on an irritating ring tone would be more hassle than it's worth. It would not increase economic welfare to have armies of policy handing out 10p tickets every time you let go of an exclamation.
However, in the case of congestion, people can see the social costs – the traffic jams e.t.c. In this case, a congestion charge can have a big enough improvement in economic welfare to compensate for the administration costs and interference of imposing a tax.
So Pigovian taxes should not extend as far as fines for swearing (except in my economic lessons). But, social welfare could definitely be extended by being more willing to impose taxes on goods with significant external costs.
2 Responses to Should We Tax Swearing?
 1. Ralph Musgrave January 24, 2013 at 10:35 am #
 Should we tax swearing? That's less of a joke than you might think: it's actually illegal in Britain to insult anyone under Section 5 of the Public Order Act. "Reform of Section 5" are currently campaigning to abolish this absurdity. See:
 Now why would politicians / police want the right to arrest anyone for an "offence" which is almost impossible to define? Well it gives them the power of arbitrary arrest. To put it bluntely, there are plenty of little Hitlers in Westminster.
 Moreover, twice as many Labour MPs want section 5 retained as Tory MPs. (See the survey done at the above link.) Makes you wonder where the closet fascists are nowadays: the political left or the political right.
 1. 4 Approaches to Boost Your Skills | Liskog - February 7, 2013
 [...] the moment, I'm very lucky that there is enough cash to max out retirement accounts and save yourself for some other items, too. That's not necessarily been the case. The majority of the time, we [...]
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text:
Figuring out which mobile approach to take can be complicated. Fortunately, Mutual Mobile has created an infographic that guides you to your destination through the process of elimination, so you know what you want (and what you don't).
For example, depending on how you answer the first question (How heavily will you rely on 3-D and animation?), you will jump to either question 2 or 5.
The answer to the best mobile approach for you won't necessarily be in the seventh question, but the final answer you land on.
These are the seven questions in the infographic:
1. How heavily will you rely on 3-D and animation?
2. How will users interact with audio and video?
3. Which devices are important to you?
4. Will you need to update regularly?
5. How closely do you want to interact with the device's OS?
6. Do you want your content indexed by search engines?
7. Do you need to use hardware features like GPS?
Check out the answers to the above questions in the following infographic and find out which mobile approach would work best for your company's needs:


gallein likely represent less energetically favorable Gβγ-gallein complexes and thus are less predominant in the spectrum. Since these complexes were formed at 100 μM gallein (100 times the Kd for gallein-Gβγ interactions), the presence of weaker binders is not unexpected. This data indicates that stoichiometries as high as 3:1 gallein: βγ are possible at high concentration (ie > 30 μM gallein) but the most energetically stable form is the 1:1 complex that is likely to be found at concentrations 10 μM or less which is the biologically relevant concentration of gallein.
To provide additional evidence that gallein binding is reversible, we increased the collision cell voltage to disrupt non-covalent interactions but leave covalent interactions intact. In Figure 6A is the spectrum at low collision energy showing three multiply charged Gβγ-gallein ions (+13, +12 and +11) with peaks corresponding to bound gallein. At higher collision energy (Figure 6B) the peaks corresponding to different Gβγ-bound species of gallein are absent while peaks corresponding to +11, +12 and +13 Gβγ ions remained. Additional peaks corresponding to free β subunits were also observed (4144.39, 3730.16). Thus at collision energies that maintain some non-covalent Gβ-Gγ interactions, gallein binding is fully reversed. These data are in stark contrast with what we reported for covalent modifiers of Gβγ subunits where incubation with compound completely depletes the free Gβγ pool and only species corresponding to covalently modified β subunits are observed at higher collision energies [8]. These data strongly support the notion that the most energetically favorable binding of gallein to Gβγ is in a 1:1 stoichiometry, and that the binding is non-covalent and fully reversible.
Figure 6
Collision induced dissociation reverses gallein binding to intact Gβγ. A) Mass spectrum of Gβγ -gallein complex measured at low collision cell voltage. B) Mass spectrum of Gβγ-gallein complex measured at...
Radioactive ligand binding to assess binding stoichiometry
As another approach to assess gallein:Gβγ binding stoichiometry we carried out a simple binding experiment using 3H labeled gallein as a tracer and a spin-through size exclusion column to separate bound from free gallein. In the absence of Gβγ there is a small leak of gallein in the Gβγ fraction (Fig 7A column 1). In the presence of Gβγ the binding in this fraction is significantly increased in a manner that is eliminated by inclusion of excess of unlabeled "cold" gallein (Fig. 7A columns 2 and 3). Thus, this assay detects [3H]-gallein specifically bound to Gβγ. Several gallein concentrations were tested by this method and molar binding stoichiometries were calculated. The amount of binding increased with increasing concentrations to a maximum of 1.6 moles of gallein to 1 mole of Gβγ. This 1.6:1 stoichiometry only occurred at concentrations of 100 μM gallein or greater and at 30 μM or less the binding stoichiometry was 1:1 or less. As stated earlier, gallein is saturating in most biological assays at 10 μM so the relevant binding stoichiometry that achieves complete inhibition of Gβγ functions is close to 1:1.
Figure 7
[3H]-Gallein binding to Gβγ. A) 1 μM Gβ1γ2 was mixed with 10 μM gallein (containing [3H]-gallein, 24,000 cpm) followed by incubation and gel filtration to remove unbound gallein as described in methods....
4. Discussion
We previously identified multiple small molecules that bind to G protein βγ subunits and inhibit Gβγ subunit functions. One class of these molecules in particular, gallein/M119, has been extensively tested by us and others in various in vitro and in vivo experiments that suggest specificity and efficacy of these molecules [1,2,5,10,19,22,25]. Despite this extensive data, detailed analysis of the biophysical mechanism for action of these compounds has not been reported. This is important because there are potential artifactual and non-specific mechanisms for small molecule inhibition of protein function and for this to be considered as a viable approach to therapeutics, non-specific reactivity or binding mechanisms have to be avoided. These non-specific mechanisms include reversible and irreversible covalent modification of the protein target by the small molecule, small molecule aggregation resulting in non-specific coating and inhibition of the protein target, redox modification of the protein as well as others. In fact we have reported that some small molecules reversibly modify Gβγ by formation of disulfides or mixed disulfides with a specific cysteine residue in the Gβγ hot spot [8]. Our previous data indicating selectivity of gallein and other small molecules for inhibition of different G protein effectors suggests the binding of gallein to Gβγ is not via these non-specific mechanisms [2]. Nevertheless, to further consider small molecule inhibition of Gβγ as a viable direction for drug development it is important that these issues be resolved with direct methods.
In this report we use several biophysical methods to show that gallein/M119 and two other classes of molecules bind directly to Gβγ. A surprising result from direct binding analysis of the different classes of Gβγ hot spot-binding small molecules was the remarkably slow kinetics of binding and dissociation of these compounds compared to the much faster kinetics of Gβγ hot spot-binding peptides (i.e. SIGK. Fig. 1.). The reason for this slow binding is not understood. One possibility is that the compounds bind to a single conformation explored by the Gβγ binding surface. It is widely thought that Gβγ does not undergo major conformational changes but recent NMR data suggests that the Gβγ hot spot is highly dynamic [37]. If the binding surface is exploring multiple conformations it could be that a specific minor conformation is required for small molecule binding. If adopting such a conformation were rate limiting for complex formation this could underlie a slow on-rate constant.
The slow dissociation of gallein and 372 from Gβγ in the SPR experiments suggested possible covalent interactions. The observation of binding in the presence of reducing agent and EDTA suggested that the molecules were not binding in a redox or metal ion-dependent manner. Analysis by intact protein mass spectrometry demonstrated that gallein could be completely dissociated from Gβγ at collision energies that maintain some intact Gβγ heterotrimer, and gallein and 372 could be completely stripped from Gβγ with a mixture of low concentration chaotropic agents. This strongly suggests that gallein and M119 bind in a reversible non-covalent manner.
The SPR binding data agree very closely with a simple bimolecular binding interaction model, and the major binding mode assessed by non-covalent mass spectrometry and [3H]-gallein binding at relevant concentrations was close to 1:1. Potential formation of ordered aggregates was tested by Dynamic Light Scattering analysis (DLS). None of the small molecules tested showed aggregate formation at levels measurable by DLS (data not shown). These compounds also do not appear as promiscuous hits for aggregators in commonly carried out screening experiments. Additionally the experiments were done in detergent conditions which have been shown to disrupt aggregates [9].
5. Conclusion
The key goal of this study was to establish that the various small molecules of interest directly interact with Gβγ in a reversible, specific and stoichiometric manner. The data presented strongly support this conclusion and along with recent studies in animal models suggest [5,25] that use of molecules such as those shown here represent viable starting points for development of lead molecules for therapeutics.
 - An SPR method is presented for examining small molecule binding to G protein βγ subunits.
 - SPR analysis demonstrates direct reversible binding of small molecules to Gβγ.
 - Rate constants for small molecule binding and dissociation are surprisingly slow.
 - mass spectrometry demonstrates a predominantly 1 :1, non-covalent binding mode for gallein
 - Radioligand binding supports a 1:1 binding mode of gallein to Gβγ.
Supplementary Material
This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health Institute of General Medicine [Grant 5R01GM081772]. The authors would like to thank Thomas Ryan, Chief Scientist Reichert Inc (Depew, NY) for his help in the preparation of Figure 2 and also guidance in carrying out SPR experiments in this text.
1Non standard abbreviations: GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor; SIGK, peptide with sequence SIGKAFKILGYPDYD; Gβγ, Heterotrimeric G protein βγ subunits; DTT, Dithiothreitol; SPR, Surface Plasmon Resonance; ELISA, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay; PLC, Phospholipase C; GRK2, G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2; TBS, Tris-buffered Saline
1. Bianchi E, Norcini M, Smrcka


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By Matt Walker
Editor, Earth News
A unique ability to soak up the sun
The Oriental hornet has a unique ability to harvest solar energy, scientists have discovered.
The large wasp species has a special structure in its abdomen that traps the sun's rays, and a special pigment that harvests the energy they contain.
The discovery helps explain why these hornets have a large yellow stripe across their body and why they become more active as the day gets hotter.
It also changes our understanding of how insect metabolism can work.
Xanthopterin works as a light harvesting molecule transforming light into electrical energy
Entomologist Dr Marian Plotkin
The discovery, reported in the journal Naturwissenschaften, was made by a team of researchers working in Israel and the UK, led by Dr Marian Plotkin of Tel-Aviv University.
Wasps are usually most active in the early morning, when they are around twice as active as at any other point in the day.
Oriental hornets (Vespa orientalis), which range from the Near East to India, are most active in the middle of the day.
Scientists have also long observed that Oriental hornet workers, which dig out nests underground, correlate their digging activity with the intensity of sunlight.
However, it was unclear why these Oriental hornets behave in this way.
That was until one biologist, the late Professor Jacob S Ishay, proposed that the insects may somehow be capable of harvesting solar radiation.
The sheet-like cuticle structure
Dr Plotkin's team has now tested this hypothesis, with remarkable results.
Using an atomic force microscope, they examined the fine structure of the hornet's cuticle, hard layers of which form the insect's outer body, or exoskeleton.
The part of the cuticle coloured brown is made from an array of grooves, with a height of just 160 nanometres.
The structure of the yellow part of the hornet's body is different.
This is made from a series of oval-shaped protrusions, each containing a pinhole-sized depression. Each protrusion is just 50nm tall and interlocks with another.
Further tests revealed what these structures do.
Essentially, say the researchers, they stop light being reflected off the hornet's body. Instead the light is trapped, and harvested for energy.
The yellow pigment harvests light
The brown part of the insect's body has the best anti-reflectance properties, helping to split any sunlight that falls upon it into several beams travelling in different directions.
The cuticle also contains a second thin sheet-like structure, with a series of sheets stacked on top of each other, with decreasing thickness from top to bottom.
Stacked together in every layer are rod-like structures composed of chains of a polymer called chitin. These rods are embedded in a protein matrix.
This intricate structure further serves to trap light within the cuticle, forcing it to bounce between different layers.
Capturing the sun
But the ability of the hornets to harvest solar energy does not stop there.
Within this cuticle is a pigment that actually captures the energy of the sun's rays.
"The pigment melanin gives the hornet its dominant brown colour. The pigment xanthopterin, in the head and abdomen in a form of stripes and bands, gives the Oriental hornet its bright yellow colour," explains Dr Plotkin.
Highly magnified view of the wasp cuticle
"Xanthopterin works as a light harvesting molecule transforming light into electrical energy."
The hornets' ability to convert sunlight in this way could explain why they become more active during the middle of the day, when the light intensity is highest.
"We assume that some of the energy is transformed in a photo-biochemical process which aids the hornets with their energy demanding digging activity," Dr Plotkin told the BBC.
The solar-powered hornets have one further unique claim.
Until now, insects were thought to perform metabolism in an organ known as the fat body, which performs a similar function to the human liver.
Most of the fat body is in an insect's abdomen surrounding the gut, where it can quickly take up absorbed nutrients, though some is scattered elsewhere.
"We have found that the main metabolic activity in the Oriental hornet is actually in the yellow pigment layer," says Dr Plotkin.


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Table of Contents
Once you have built and installed a package, you can create a binary package which can be installed on another system with pkg_add(1). This saves having to build the same package on a group of hosts and wasting CPU time. It also provides a simple means for others to install your package, should you distribute it.
To create a binary package, change into the appropriate directory in pkgsrc, and run make package:
This will build and install your package (if not already done),
and then build a binary package from what was installed. You can
then use the pkg_* tools to manipulate
it. Binary packages are created by default in
/usr/pkgsrc/packages, in the form of a
gzipped tar file. See Section B.2, "Packaging figlet" for a
continuation of the above
See Chapter 21, Submitting and Committing for information on how to submit such a binary package.


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random.sample() samples without replacement. I find this piece of code by Sean Ross which samples with replacement.
# credit author(s) of random.py
def sample_wr(population, k):
"Chooses k random elements (with replacement) from a population"
n = len(population)
_random, _int = random.random, int # speed hack
return [population[_int(_random() * n)] for i in itertools.repeat(None, k)]
from matplotlib.ticker import LogLocator
This is for a loglog plot. There is another function for regular plot called MaxNLocator.
Why not using set_ticks? The situation is that I do not know where the ticks are and python does a good job in determining the location of ticks.
for i in range(10):
The trick is to use pylab.pause() instead of time.sleep. So the figure will update in each iteration instead of showing all plots when the loop finishes. This works for me, but no everyone, as far as I can tell from googling.
Suppose I have a big for loop to run (big in the sense of many iterations):
for i in range(10000)
for j in range(10000)
After hours of search I arrived at the solution using "multiprocessing" module, as the following:
x=pool.imap(f,((i,j) for i in xrange(10000) for j in xrange(10000)]))
Remark: pool.map would generate a list of arguments first and then feed the list to the function. Hence if I have a big for loop, it spends a lot of time generating the list of arguments using only 1 cpu. In contrast, imap would generate the arguments on the fly, therefore parallelizing the for loop as I wish.
by Mark Lutz
by Alex Martelli, Anna Ravenscroft, David Ascher
Python Essential Reference
by David M. Beazley
Convert a numeric vector (must be a column vector) to a cell array of strings


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Based on data below, which acide is like to have the highest conductivity?
ACID Bond strength
1 Answer | Add Yours
The strength of an acid is proportional to the number of molecules and ions that are present in the acid solution. The stronger the acid the more ions that are present and the weaker the acid the more molecules that are present. Because there are more ions present in a strong acid, stronger acids are better conductors of electricity. But what does acid strength have to do with bond strength. In a strong acid molecules are easily broken apart into ions, and therefore, the bond strength is weak. However, in a weak acid molecules are not easily broken apart into ions, and therefore, the bong strength is strong. Consequently:
Strong acid = more ions = weak bonds = better conductivity
Weak acid = less ions = strong bonds = poorer conductivity
Therefore, because HCl has the weaker bonds, it is more conductive than HF.
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Cutback Bitumen
Bitumen is "cutback" by adding controlled amounts of petroleum distillates, such as kerosene. Type and quality of Cutback depends on type and amount of solvent in the pure bitumen. The more solvent in Cutback bitumen, leads to the more viscosity in bitumen. Cutback bitumen is used when there is limited access to heating equipment, bitumen decomposition in high temperature, bitumen cooling throughout working, workers safety, fire and time consuming. This type of bitumen is used in road operations for surfacing and pavement. Medium-Curing (MC) bitumen is achieved from solving pure bitumen into kerosene. In Britain and most European countries, new standards about bitumen cutbacks have not been renewed while this country is a leading producer and consumer of cutbacks. The reason for non-renewal of standards for cutbacks in England is environmental concerns and growing oil prices which have raised the price of kerosene and gasoline. Meantime, a new generation of environment-friendly emulsions is emerging. In Iran, bitumen emulsions have not yet become common, but MC250 is widely produced. Cutback bitumen is classified based on viscosity grade. It is divided into three categories :
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Managing excipients for Quality-by-Design projects
In order to develop the enhanced understanding necessary to demonstrate an acceptable Design Space and Control Strategy required for Quality by Design (QbD) marketing applications, it will be necessary to incorporate the variability in potentially critical excipient parameters into the Design of Experiments (DoE). Methods are described that allow samples to be engineered such that potentially critical excipient parameters can be included in the DoE. However, it must be acknowledged that not all such excipient parameters will be amenable to sample engineering. The excipient manufacturer may be able to provide non-GMP samples which help define the necessary limits for the formulation. The nature of QbD as it relates to excipients is such that communication under a confidentiality agreement between excipient users and excipient makers will be necessary. The necessity for good communication between the excipient user and manufacturer is also emphasized.
According to ICH Q8 (1) Quality by Design (QbD) is "A systematic approach to development that begins with predefined objectives and emphasizes product and process understanding and process control, based on sound science and quality risk management." In short, QbD requires enhanced understanding of how critical materials attributes (CMAs) and critical process parameters (CPPs) impact critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the pharmaceutical finished product. In exchange for demonstrating this enhanced understanding, the pharmaceutical manufacturer may obtain some regulatory relief post-launch. QbD has changed the excipient and pharmaceutical formulation design and development fields irrevocably.
Excipients are essential components of a


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Midtown Manhattan's Lever House marked a watershed in U.S. architecture when completed in 1952. Located on the west side of Park Avenue between 53rd and 54th Streets, the corporate headquarters, with its facade made of blue-green glass and stainless steel mullions, was one of the first glass-walled International Style office buildings in the country. Within a decade of its construction, the initial enthusiasm for Lever House gave way to a universal recognition of its pivotal importance to American architecture. In 1982, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Lever House an official landmark.
The structure consists of two intersecting masses, balanced in their proportions but contrasting in shape. A two-story horizontal block containing an open court occupies the entire site with a 21-story tower located on the north. The columns and the ground floor court create a large open plaza allowing entrances to the lobby to be located away from pedestrian traffic. Inside, the typical floor is characterized by large, open office areas with easy access to individual offices, and service cores at the western end.


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A: Concepts and Projects are both ideas - just in different stages. Here's how they're different:
When a new idea is published, they come in at a stage called "concept." A concept is an idea where the creator or team members are still in the process of building the idea. Simply put, a concept is an idea that you're thinking about. Once a concept is submitted, campaign administrators will review the idea to determine whether or not to move the concept forward.
Because many ideas tend to reach a higher level of maturity in a portfolio, administrators often choose to convert idea concepts into idea projects. Projects are ideas that are well built, fully grown, and may have been awarded resources to continue their advancement. In other words, projects are ideas that are being worked on. Once a concept becomes a project, the idea can continue to mature in the tool through the idea review cycle of requesting updates, evaluations, and assigning milestones.


「FVWM」 – 控制虚拟桌面
Desk arg1 [arg2] [minmax]
This command has been renamed. Please see GotoDesk command.
DesktopName desk name
Defines the name of the desktop number desk to name. This name is used in the WindowList command and in the FvwmPager where it override the Label configuration option. Moreover, if consecutive names starting from desktop 0 are defined, then these names can be used by any EWMH compliant application (as a pager).
DesktopSize HorizontalxVertical
Defines the virtual desktop size in units of the physical screen size.
EdgeResistance delayEdgeResistance scrolling moving [xinerama-scrolling]
Tells how hard it should be to change the desktop viewport by moving the mouse over the edge of the screen. The parameter tells how many milliseconds the pointer must spend on the screen edge before fvwm moves the viewport. This is intended for people who use
EdgeScroll 100 100
but find themselves accidentally flipping pages when they do not want to. If -1 is given as the delay, scrolling is disabled completely.
The second form of invocation with two or three arguments is obsolete and should be replaced with the following three commands as needed:
EdgeResistance scrolling
Style * EdgeMoveDelay scrolling
Style * EdgeMoveResistance moving
Style * EdgeMoveResistance moving xinerama-scrolling
Fvwm does this substitution automatically and prints a warning.
EdgeScroll horizontal[p] vertical[p] [wrap | wrapx | wrapy]
Specifies the percentage of a page to scroll when the cursor hits the edge of a page. A trailing 'p' changes the interpretation to mean pixels. If you do not want any paging or scrolling when you hit the edge of a page include
EdgeScroll 0 0
in your config file, or possibly better, set the EdgeThickness to zero. See the EdgeThickness command. If you want whole pages, use
EdgeScroll 100 100
Both horizontal and vertical should be positive numbers.
If the horizontal and vertical percentages are multiplied by 1000 or one of the keywords wrap, wrapx and wrapy is given then scrolling wraps around at the edge of the desktop. If
EdgeScroll 100000 100000
is used fvwm scrolls by whole pages, wrapping around at the edge of the desktop.
EdgeThickness 0 | 1 | 2
This is the width or height of the invisible window that fvwm creates on the edges of the screen that are used for the edge scrolling feature.
In order to enable page scrolling via the mouse, four windows called the "pan frames" are placed at the very edge of the screen. This is how fvwm detects the mouse's presence at the window edge. Because of the way this works, they need to be at the top of the stack and eat mouse events, so if you have any kind of error along the lines of: "mouse clicks at the edge of the screen do the wrong thing" you're having trouble with the pan frames and (assuming you do not use the mouse to flip between pages) should set the EdgeThickness to 0.
A value of 0 completely disables mouse edge scrolling, even while dragging a window. 1 gives the smallest pan frames, which seem to work best except on some servers.
2 is the default.
Pan frames of 1 or 2 pixels can sometimes be confusing, for example, if you drag a window over the edge of the screen, so that it straddles a pan frame, clicks on the window, near the edge of the screen are treated as clicks on the root window.
EwmhBaseStruts left right top bottom
Where left, right, top and bottom are positive or null integers which define bands at the edge of the screen. left defines a band on the left of your screen of width left, right defines a band on the right of your screen of width right, top defines a band on the top of your screen of height top and bottom defines a band on the bottom of your screen of height bottom. The unit is the pixel and the default is 0 0 0 0. These areas define additional reserved space to the reserved space defined by some ewmh compliant applications. This is used to compute the Working Area. See the Extended Window Manager Hints section for a definition of the Working Area.
EwmhNumberOfDesktops num [max]
This command is useful only for an ewmh compliant pager or taskbar (as kpager or kicker taskbar) and not for fvwm modules ( FvwmPager or FvwmIconMan). It causes a compliant application to consider at least num desktops (desktop 0 to desktop num-1). The optional argument max causes a compliant application to never consider more than max desktops. If max is 0 (the default) there is no limitation. The actual number of desktops is determined dynamically. It is at least num, but it can be d if there is a window on desktop d-1 (or if the current desktop is desktop d-1) and d is less or equal to max or max is null. Moreover, a compliant pager can ask to change num itself. This is accepted by fvwm only if this number is less than or equal to max or if max is null. Note that negative desktops are not supported by the ewmh specification. The default is 4 0.
GotoDesk [prev | arg1[arg2][minmax]]
Switches the current viewport to another desktop (workspace, room).
The command takes 1, 2, 3, or 4 arguments. A single argument is interpreted as a relative desk number. Two arguments are understood as a relative and an absolute desk number. Three arguments specify a relative desk and the minimum and maximum of the allowable range. Four arguments specify the relative, absolute, minimum and maximum values. (Desktop numbers can be negative). If a literal prev is given as the single argument, the last visited desk number is used.
If arg1 is non zero then the next desktop number is the current desktop number plus arg1.
If arg1 is zero then the new desktop number is arg2. (If arg2 is not present, then the command has no effect.)
If min and max are given, the new desktop number is no smaller than min and no bigger than max. Values out of this range are truncated (if you gave an absolute desk number) or wrapped around (if you gave a relative desk number).
The syntax is the same as for MoveToDesk, which moves a window to a different desktop.
The number of active desktops is determined dynamically. Only desktops which contain windows or are currently being displayed are active. Desktop numbers must be between _PHONE_ and -_PHONE_ (is that enough?).
GotoDeskAndPage prev | deskxpageypage
Switches the current viewport to another desktop and page, similar to the GotoDesk and GotoPage commands. The new desk is desk and the new page is (xpage,ypage).
GotoPage prev | [options]x[p]y[p]
Moves the desktop viewport to page (x,y). The upper left page is (0,0), the upper right is (M,0), where M is one less than the current number of horizontal pages specified in the DesktopSize command. The lower left page is (0,N), and the lower right page is (M,N), where N is the desktop's vertical size as specified in the DesktopSize command. To switch to a page relative to the current one add a trailing 'p' after any or both numerical arguments.
Possible options are wrapx and wrapy to wrap around the x or y coordinate when the viewport is moved beyond the border of the desktop.
To go to the last visited page use prev as the first argument. The GotoPage function should not be used in a pop-up menu.
# Go to page (2,3)
GotoPage 2 3
# Go to lowest and rightmost page
GotoPage -1 -1
# Go to last page visited
GotoPage prev
# Go two pages to the right and one page up
GotoPage +2p -1p
Scroll [horizonal[p]vertical[p] | reverse]
Scrolls the virtual desktop's viewport by horizontal pages in the x-direction and vertical pages in the y-direction or starts interactive scrolling of the viewport. Either or both entries may be negative. Both horizontal and vertical values are expressed in percent of pages, so
Scroll 100 100
means to scroll down and right by one full page.
Scroll 50 25
means to scroll right half a page and down a quarter of a page. The Scroll function should not be called from pop-up menus. Normally, scrolling stops at the edge of the desktop.
If the horizontal and vertical percentages are 100 or more and are multiplied by 1000 then scrolling wraps around at the edge of the desktop. If
Scroll 100000 0
is executed over and over fvwm moves to the next desktop page on each execution and wraps around at the edge of the desktop, so that every page is hit in turn.
If the letter 'p' is appended to each coordinate (horizontal and/or vertical), then the scroll amount is measured in pixels.
Without arguments or if the option reverse is given interactive scrolling takes place. The viewport scrolls as the mouse is moved. With the reverse option scrolling is done in opposite direction of the mouse movement, and without it scrolling in the same direction as the mouse.
The binding
Mouse 1 A CM Scroll reverse
gives an effect of grabbing and dragging the viewport with button 1 if Control and Meta is pressed.


Justice of God
Justice of God :
One fine day, during a conversation, King Akbar asked Birbal a question. He said, "Birbal, we all say that God is just and merciful. But I see that this is not true. In this world, we see so many different people. Some are very poor and others are wealthy. If God is our Father, we must all be treated equally by Him. Why does He show this prejudice?"
Birbal grew thoughtful and then replied, "Your Majesty, if the God does not do this, no one would pray to Him. You are our King and like a father to all the people in the kingdom. You yourself employ many people and to some of them you give rewards at times. Some receive five gold coins, some a hundred and some thousands. Why do you do that?"
King Akbar was perplexed at this question. He started thinking but did not get a suitable answer.
Then Birbal continued, "Your Majesty, you pay your servants or reward someone according to the work they do. One who works hard and long gets more than the one who does light work. Would it be right to call you unjust? At times when someone does wrong, you deduct some money from the pay or scold him hard. If everyone was paid equally then no task would be done well. The God helps those who work hard and always pray to Him. He does not let troubles hurt them. Those who do not toil enough are punished by Him. One gets the reward according to the work put in. One who works very hard eventually becomes rich and others stay as poor as they are. It is man's own doing and God can do nothing about this."
King Akbar understood the logic of Birbal's explanation. He thought deeply for a while. Then he praised Birbal for his clever answer.
Justice of God
Moral Stories
Akbar and Birbal Stories
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6.5" Fossil Belemnite (Paxillosus) Mortality Plate - Germany
This is a 6.5" wide mortality plate of fossil Belemnites of the species Belemnites paxillosus, that are Jurassic in age and were collected from Mistelgau, Germany. The largest specimen on this plate is about 3.2" long.
Comes with an acrylic display stand.
Belemnites are probably the most well known extinct cephalopod after the ammonites. They lived during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods and are fairly common fossils found throughout the world. They had a hard, internal, cone shaped structure that is often preserved as a fossil though it is not technically a shell. They had 10 arms but unlike modern squid these arms had small hooks instead of suckers.
Belemnites paxillosus
Mistelgau, Germany
3.2" Largest Belemnite. Entire specimen 6.5 x 3.5"
We guarantee the authenticity of all of our
specimens. Read more about our
Authenticity Guarantee.


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NDSU Associate Professor Researches how North Dakota Crops Can Be Used by Food Manufacturers
January 30, 2012, Fargo, N.D. – If you have ever been curious about where the idea for your breakfast cereal or snack food originated, it may have been in a lab like the one at Harris Hall where Clifford Hall conducts his research.
Hall, associate professor in the School of Food Systems and interim technical director of the Northern Crops Institute, researches how North Dakota crops, such as beans, peas and flax, can be used in nontraditional ways.
Grinding dried beans, puffing them and coating them with cheese, for example, produces a food similar to Cheetos, which are made from corn, he explained. And protein from peas can replace eggs in baked goods such as cakes, cookies and muffins. "Most people don't think of peas and eggs functioning the same way, but they can in baking applications," Hall said.
The advantage of using dried beans in snack food is the high fiber, micronutrient and protein content that starchy snacks lack, Hall said. He sees commercial potential for bean-based snacks in Southeast Asia where consumers prefer natural foods. "Products made from beans and peas are of interest because these commodities are currently produced using traditional agricultural methods," Hall said.
People who have egg allergies and vegans are possible consumers for products that replace eggs with pea protein. If a product doesn't contain eggs, the food manufacturer can leave the egg allergen warning off the food label, Hall said. Pea protein is also less expensive than eggs.
But does pea-protein cake taste good? "The sensory evaluations have been positive," Hall said. "They are comparable to egg cake." In November 2011, Hall invited people on campus to taste test cookies and cake made with the pea protein instead of eggs. In physical measurements, products made from eggs fared better; however, taste testers liked the baked goods made from pea protein more than the cakes made with eggs. "The moist texture was one reason why panelists liked the cakes containing pea protein," Hall said.
Hall, who has a sensitivity to eggs, uses pea protein in his own kitchen for pancakes, waffles and muffins. "I'm a guinea pig to my own research," he said.
The goal of Hall's research isn't to produce a commercial product, but to prove that the ingredients can be made into an affordable food that looks and tastes good. Food manufacturers then use the research to develop the products consumers see in stores. About a decade ago, for example, Hall and Frank Manthey researched using flax in pasta. Since then, food manufacturers have developed flax-enriched pasta.
His research on bean-based snack foods and pea-protein as egg replacer bodes well for North Dakota farmers. North Dakota is the No. 1 producer of dried peas and several types of dried beans.