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I have heard various persons refer to different 'kinds' of sins on this site and in other places.
I have heard of
 - mortal sin
 - grave sin
 - venial sin
Are there others? What is a basic definition of each? If all sins are bad and have the potential to damn why are they classified?
Let me know if this is too broad
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2 Answers
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The most authoritative answers can be found in Article 8: Sin of the Catechism of the Catholic Church. It is carefully worded and addresses the questions asked. The following is an attempt at a supplement. Other sources include the Catholic Encyclopedia and the Baltimore Catechism.
This is about actual sin (as in "act-ual", from Latin actus) having to do with acts, and not Original Sin. Acts include willful deeds, failures to act (omissions), utterances (speech), desires, and thoughts.
The major distinction is between venial and mortal sins: something very serious accompanies every mortal sin, so mortal sins are set apart.
 - Sin is any act contrary to the eternal law. A sin is a willful act contrary to reason and the moral law inscribed into the conscience of every person.
 The object of a sin has to do with the objective (object-ive) elements of the sin, circumstances, etc.
 Grave matter is specified by the Ten Commandments. Grave sin is sin whose object is grave matter
 - Mortal sin is sin whose object is grave matter (a grave sin), and which is committed with full knowledge (on the part of the intellect) and deliberate consent (on the part of the will).
 - Venial sin is any sin that is not a mortal sin:
The reason we talk about grave sins is that we cannot know if another person truly committed a moral sin without knowing if they acted with knowledge and consent. But we can know on the basis of certain objective qualities that it was a grave sin, so we are able to call it that. There isn't always a clear distinction between grave and light matter. Objectively, some sins "admit of no lightness of matter", such as blasphemy or hatred of God. Other sins admit lightness. For example, intentional theft is sometimes only venial, such as when one wilfully steals paperclips from the office. It is especially difficult for a person to self-evaluate the gravity of one's own sins, which is why the Church trains priests to recognize the gravity of sins during Confession.
 SIN: Matter
 ┌─ ─ ─ ─ ┴ ─ ─ ─ ─┐
 │ venial │
 ┤ ╔ ═ ═ ═ ═╗
 Knowledge │ venial ║ Mortal ║ ⬅"deliberate
 & Consent └─ ─ ─ ──╚═ ═ ═ ═ ╝ sins"
 "Grave sins"
In other words:
knowledge and consent + grave matter = Mortal Sin
From the Catechism of the Catholic Church:
Mortal sin destroys charity in the heart of man by a grave violation of God's law; it turns man away from God, who is his ultimate end and his beatitude, by preferring an inferior good to him. [... Mortal sin] necessitates a new initiative of God's mercy and a conversion of heart which is normally accomplished within the setting of the sacrament of reconciliation. [...] Unrepented, it brings eternal death.
Venial sin allows charity to subsist, even though it offends and wounds it. [...] Venial sin constitutes a moral disorder that is reparable by charity, which it allows to subsist in us.
From the Baltimore Catechism:
The effects of venial sin are the lessening of the love of God in our heart, the making us less worthy of His help, and the weakening of the power to resist mortal sin.
There are also capital sins (vices), material and formal sins, and internal sins. For example, mortal or venial sins might be internal. But all that's another question. The major distinction is between mortal and venial sins.
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A grave matter is a grave sin? Why the classifications, though. Maybe that is a different question. I also notice 'capital sins' in there. What is that? I envisioned a nice bullet list with basic definitions then an explanation of why there are types in the first place. – fredsbend Mar 17 '13 at 7:29
Ok. Tell me if I got this. There are two kinds of sin: Mortal and Venial. There are three types of Mortal sin: Regular, Grave Matters, and Capital Sins. – fredsbend Mar 17 '13 at 19:15
Gravity designates the inherent seriousness of the action. Mortal versus Venial essentially designates the consequence of a sin -- thus the designations take deliberateness and knowledge into consideration. Only grave sins can carry the "mortal consequence." But, the "mortal consequence" isn't assumed in all cases of a grave sin. – svidgen Mar 18 '13 at 2:10
And the classifications are there, we would say, because they're real. Sins vary widely in severity and culpability, and therefore consequence. In Catholic theology, a venial sin will buy you some time in purgatory (not fun, by any means). But, a mortal sin is effectively a commitment to hell until a full repentance is made -- the expression of which Catholicism would say is the sacrament of confession. (Sacraments are the physical revelations/reflections/incarnations of spiritual realities.) – svidgen Mar 18 '13 at 2:17
(Specific dispensation is not an actual requirement for Sundays. If there is a genuine emergency or a inability to attend (say you are stranded on some desert island) you are not expected to go (though you should still pray)) – Ignatius Theophorus Mar 18 '13 at 3:03
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Mortal Sin and Grave Sin are the same thing. A mortal sin requires sufficient reflection, grave matter and consent of the will. A mortal sin merits Eternal Damnation and must be absolved by a valid priest in the sacrament of confession or absolved by perfect contrition to restore Justification. A venial sin offends God but does not merit Damnation just some time in Purgatory.
Some mortal sins include: murder, fornication, lying, drunkenness, consenting to impure thoughts, masturbation, looking at pornography, adultery, cheating, taking God's name in vain, birth control or artificial contraception, assisting the propagation of heresy, funding heretics, dishonoring the Sabbath, breaking the commandments.
Baltimore Catechism:
A. To make a sin mortal, three things are necessary: 1.a grievous matter, sufficient reflection, and full consent of the will.
Q. 283. What do we mean by "grievous matter" with regard to sin?
Q. 284. What does "sufficient reflection and full consent of the will" mean?
A. "Sufficient reflection" means that we must know the thought, word or deed to be sinful at the time we are guilty of it; and "full consent of the will" means that we must fully and willfully yield to it.
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This answer is gravely incorrect. You do not need "sufficient reflection" to perform a mortal sin. You simply have to know (in some cases, merely suspect) that it is a mortal sin. Your list of mortal sins indiscriminately mixes mortal with non-mortal sins. For example, lying is not always mortal sin (CCC 2484). Mortal sin and grave sin are not the same: mortal sin requires knowledge and consent of will, while grave sin can be committed without those. – Alypius Mar 17 '13 at 16:31
You are wrong again. You do not need to know its a mortal sin to commit a mortal sin. This is absurd. I've updated my answer to illustrate how wrong you are. – apocalypse_info_click_here Mar 17 '13 at 16:43
My post is not incorrect. You are. Especially on this point "You simply have to know (in some cases, merely suspect) that it is a mortal sin" No you don't. A pagan is quite capable of committing and being condemned for a mortal sin. – apocalypse_info_click_here Mar 17 '13 at 17:17
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text:
Media art installations can exist in a multiplicity of forms, from a two-channel video projection to a large-scale environment that incorporates digital media, sculptural objects, interactive computer devices, and ephemeral materials. These variable and complex conditions can pose challenges even for the most seasoned exhibitor. Evolving technologies and the range of artistic practices incorporated in media installations require exhibitors to look at each work's requirements on a case-by-case basis. However, certain questions specific to the conditions and attributes of media-based installations are useful to clarify. What is a multi-channel installation? What is a synchronizer? What equipment is provided with an installation?
The following questions provide a starting point for understanding the basics of exhibiting media art installations. The Single-channel Video and Computer-based Art sections of this Guide also feature information relevant to exhibiting media art installations.
What is a media art installation?
Media installations are works of art that situate moving-image media within specific scenarios, built structures, sites, or viewing environments. Since the 1960s, artists have been integrating media such as film, video, and slides with objects and sculptural elements. More recent installations incorporate digital moving images and computer-based interactive devices.
What is a multi-channel video installation?
A multi-channel video installation consists of two or more display devices, such as monitors or projectors, used in the same work of art, in the same viewing space. The viewing space may be expanded to multiple monitors throughout an entire museum, or two projections situated side-by-side or overlapping. Multi-channel works range from classic early video pieces, such as Vito Acconci's Remote Control (1971), which includes two monitors and two video sources, to more recent works, such as Christian Marclay's Video Quartet (2002), a four-channel video projection.
What is a synchronizer or control system?
It is typical for installations with two or more
devices to be linked with a synchronizer, which ensures
that all the programs begin, end, and repeat at appropriate
intervals, prescribed by the artist. Synchronizers can also
be incorporated into control systems, which are either stand-alone
devices or computers that send the same pre-programmed commands
a synchronizer can send, but can also be used to control lights,
motorized screens, and other electronic elements depending on
the installation. It is possible with some installations to
have all of the video programs stored on a hard disc or computer-based
device that also acts as the synchronizer. Audio for multi-channel
installations ranges from mono, stereo, or multi-channel to
5.1 surround sound or a combination of configurations.
What equipment is provided with an installation? What additional equipment will I need to acquire?
When exhibiting a media installation, it is important to obtain an equipment list that outlines what devices, if any, are supplied as part of the work. Display and/or playback devices may not be included. The specific playback and display equipment will depend on the media format provided with the installation. Equipment choices have an impact beyond the purely technical and should agree with the artists' intentions, as they impact the meaning and perception of the work. It is important to obtain equipment recommendations from the artist, gallery, or artist's representative in as much detail as possible in order to understand the equipment's function and how it applies to the installation. Proper selection, installation, and maintenance of video and audio equipment are critical, and exhibitors should consult qualified technicians where possible.
Visit Equipment & Technical Issues for more information
How much space is needed for an installation?
It is important to determine what the minimum space requirements are and the specifications with regard to viewing conditions. Confirm that the space in which you plan to present the work is large enough for the intended scale, and that lighting conditions, walls, floors, ceilings, and other environmental factors are discussed with the artist prior to the acquisition and installation. Ambient light typically washes out projected images, and is usually of greatest concern at the entrance of the space. Light lock entrances or other solutions may be necessary. Painting, carpeting, and building-out of spaces may be necessary depending on the work. The lighting, carpet, paint and other elements are considered elements of the installation, and should be considered carefully and meet the specifications outlined by the artist or artist's representative.
Does the installation have sound? If so, what are the specifications?
Sound, while extremely important, is often the forgotten variable of media-based work. When exhibiting a media installation with a sound component, be sure to ask detailed questions regarding the presentation of the sound element. (How loud it is expected to be? What kind of equipment is required?) It is also important to consider how the sound will affect other works in the exhibition space, how it might distract from viewing other work, and how two or more works containing sound will interact with one another. When installing, sound absorption materials and carpeting might be necessary. Careful execution when building presentation spaces can help to create a well separated space. Headphones are not a common practice in media installation designs, but might be suitable in some instances.
How do I delineate between media-based installation and the other categories of single-channel video and computerbased arts?
The lines between these categories are becoming increasingly blurred. Single-channel video is more and more often being presented in installation environments and recent computer-based installations echo many characteristics of video installation. While these categories have some specificity, it is advisable to visit the Single-channel Video and Computer-based Arts sections of this guide as each contains relevant information to the other.
What are the recommended media formats for exhibiting multi-channel works?
The media format one chooses for presenting multi-channel video works depends on a range of variables, including viewing context, exhibition environment, and the work itself. For example, a well-authored DVD is suitable for exhibition in a gallery or museum, primarily because of its ability to loop (that is, to continuously repeat content). DVDs should be made from source material on archival formats or uncompressed video files and authored by a knowledgeable professional.
Please visit "Equipment & Technical Issues" for more detailed information.
What is a "loan agreement" and when does it apply?
Typically, exhibitors must enter into specific agreements or licenses that outline the terms, conditions and rights that are being extended for the use of a media art installation in an exhibition. Such agreements vary depending on the source of the installation (gallery or artist) and a range of factors such as venue, duration of exhibition, and whether the exhibition will tour to additional venues.
Visit "Agreements and Contracts" for samples of these documents.
Can I tour my exhibition?
If you wish to tour your exhibition, you must negotiate a specific advance agreement with the artist or gallery, which outlines the terms and conditions of the tour.
Visit "Agreements and Contracts" for samples of these documents.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


London dispersion force
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London dispersion forces (LDF, also known as dispersion forces, London forces, instantaneous dipole–induced dipole forces, or loosely van der Waals forces) are a type of force acting between atoms and molecules.[1] They are part of the van der Waals forces. The LDF is named after the German-American physicist Fritz London.
The LDF is a weak intermolecular force arising from quantum-induced instantaneous polarization multipoles in molecules. They can therefore act between molecules without permanent multipole moments.
London forces are exhibited by nonpolar molecules because of the correlated movements of the electrons in interacting molecules. Because the electrons in adjacent molecules "flee" as they repel each other, electron density in a molecule becomes redistributed in proximity to another molecule (see quantum mechanical theory of dispersion forces). This is frequently described as the formation of instantaneous dipoles that attract each other. London forces are present between all chemical groups, and usually represent the main part of the total interaction force in condensed matter, even though they are generally weaker than ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds.
London forces become stronger as the atom in question becomes larger, and to a smaller degree for large molecules. This is due to the increased polarizability of molecules with larger, more dispersed electron clouds. This trend is exemplified by the halogens (from smallest to largest: F2, Cl2, Br2, I2). Fluorine and chlorine are gases at room temperature, bromine is a liquid, and iodine is a solid. The London forces also become stronger with larger amounts of surface contact. Greater surface area means closer interaction between different molecules.
Quantum mechanical theory of dispersion forces[edit]
The first explanation of the attraction between noble gas atoms was given by Fritz London in 1930.[2][3][4] He used a quantum-mechanical theory based on second-order perturbation theory. The perturbation is the Coulomb interaction V between the electrons and nuclei of the two monomers (atoms or molecules) that constitute the dimer. The second-order perturbation expression of the interaction energy contains a sum over states. The states appearing in this sum are simple products of the stimulated electronic states of the monomers. Thus, no intermolecular antisymmetrization of the electronic states is included and the Pauli exclusion principle is only partially satisfied.
London developed the method perturbation V in a Taylor series in \frac{1}{R}, where R is the distance between the nuclear centers of mass of the monomers.
This Taylor expansion is known as the multipole expansion of V because the terms in this series can be regarded as energies of two interacting multipoles, one on each monomer. Substitution of the multipole-expanded form of V into the second-order energy yields an expression that resembles somewhat an expression describing the interaction between instantaneous multipoles (see the qualitative description above). Additionally, an approximation, named after Albrecht Unsöld, must be introduced in order to obtain a description of London dispersion in terms of dipole polarizabilities and ionization potentials.
In this manner, the following approximation is obtained for the dispersion interaction E_{AB}^{\rm disp} between two atoms A and B. Here \alpha^A and \alpha^B are the dipole polarizabilities of the respective atoms. The quantities I_A and I_B are the first ionization potentials of the atoms, and R is the intermolecular distance.
E_{AB}^{\rm disp} \approx -{3 \over 2} { I_A I_B\over I_A + I_B} { \alpha^A \alpha^B \over { R^6 } }
Note that this final London equation does not contain instantaneous dipoles (see molecular dipoles). The "explanation" of the dispersion force as the interaction between two such dipoles was invented after London arrived at the proper quantum mechanical theory. See the authoritative work[5] for a criticism of the instantaneous dipole model and[6] for a modern and thorough exposition of the theory of intermolecular forces.
The London theory has much similarity to the quantum mechanical theory of light dispersion, which is why London coined the phrase "dispersion effect." In physics, the term "dispersion" describes the variation of a quantity with frequency, which is the fluctuation of the electrons in the case of the London dispersion.
For endohedral fullerene, such as He@C60, the inside atom typically locates at the center of the outer shell. In this case, the intermolecular distance R is zero if the multipole expansion centers are set at the centers of the two subsystems, and the London equation is not applicable. Another formula has been derived in literature:[7][8]
E_{AB}^{\rm disp} \approx -{3 \over 4} {I_A I_B \over {I_A + I_B}} \alpha^A \alpha^{\dagger B}
Here \alpha^{\dagger B} is an irregular polarizability.
Relative magnitude[edit]
Dispersion forces are usually dominant of the three van der Waals forces (orientation, induction, dispersion) between atoms and molecules, with the exception of molecules that are small and highly polar, such as water. The following contribution of the dispersion to the total intermolecular interaction energy has been given:[9]
Contribution of the dispersion to the total intermolecular interaction energy
Molecule pair % of the total energy of interaction
Ne-Ne 100
CH4-CH4 100
HCl-HCl 86
HBr-HBr 96
HI-HI 99
CH3Cl-CH3Cl 68
NH3-NH3 57
H2O-H2O 24
HCl-HI 96
H2O-CH4 87
 1. ^ "Chemguy Chemistry P5T8S9". YouTube. Retrieved 2013-04-01.
 2. ^ R. Eisenschitz and F. London (1930), "Über das Verhältnis der van der Waalsschen Kräfte zu den homöopolaren Bindungskräften", Zeitschrift für Physik 60 (7–8): 491–527, Bibcode:1930ZPhy...60..491E, doi:10.1007/BF01341258
 3. ^ London, F. (1930), "Zur Theorie und Systematik der Molekularkräfte", Zeitschrift für Physik 63 (3–4): 245, Bibcode:1930ZPhy...63..245L, doi:10.1007/BF01421741 and London, F. (1937), Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 33: 8–26 Missing or empty |title= (help). English translations in Parr, Robert G. (2000), H. Hettema, ed., "Quantum Chemistry, Classic Scientific Papers", Physics Today (Singapore: World Scientific) 54 (6): 63, Bibcode:2001PhT....54f..63H, doi:10.1063/_PHONE_
 4. ^ F. London (1937), "The general theory of molecular forces", Transactions of the Faraday Society 33: 8–26, doi:10.1039/tf937330008b
 5. ^ J. O. Hirschfelder, C. F. Curtiss, and R. B. Bird (1954), Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids, New York: Wiley
 6. ^ A. J. Stone (1996), The Theory of Intermolecular Forces, Oxford: Clarendon Press
 7. ^ P. Pyykkö, C. Wang, M. Straka, and J. Vaara (2007), "A London-type formula for the dispersion interactions of endohedral A@B systems", Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 9 (23): 2954–2958, Bibcode:2007PCCP....9.2954P, doi:10.1039/b704695b, PMID _PHONE_
 8. ^ C. Wang, P. Pyykkö, and M. Straka (2010), "Formulations of the closed-shell interactions in endohedral systems", Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12 (23): 6187–6203, Bibcode:2010PCCP...12.6187W, doi:10.1039/b922808j, PMID 20464010
 9. ^ Jacob Israelachvili (1992), Intermolecular and Surface Forces (2nd ed.), Academic Press


text:
June 21, 2010 Water runoff from cropped farm fields can contain large amounts of eroded soil as well as some of the fertilizer and herbicide. Expanding on existing conservation practices, a team of scientists has tested whether compost filters socks in grassed waterways would reduce sediment flow and retain dissolved chemicals in runoff. The researchers observed reduced sediment in a non-tilled field and reduced concentrations of two herbicides.
Compost filter socks are mesh tubes filled with composted bark and wood chips. These devices have been approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for use at construction sites as an alternative to silt fences and bales of straw, but have not been tested in agricultural fields.
The two year field study was conducted by USDA-ARS soil scientists Martin Shipitalo and Lloyd Owens, along with hydraulic engineer Jim Bonta and Ohio State University collaborator Libby Dayton. They found that filter socks reduced sediment concentration by 49% in runoff from the tilled field, but had no effect for the no-till field, where sediment concentrations were already 1/5 of that from the tilled field. The filter socks also reduced the concentrations of the herbicide alachlor by 18% and the herbicide glyphosate (Roundup) by 5% in runoff from the tilled field. The filter socks had a negligible effect on nutrient concentrations in the runoff.
Their report was published in the May-June 2010 issue of the Journal of Environmental Quality, published by the American Society of Agronomy, the Crop Science Society of America, and the Soil Science Society of America. It was conducted at the USDA-ARS's North Appalachian Experimental Watershed near Coshocton, OH.
Conservation tillage practices, sometimes referred to as "no-till," leave some of the residue from the previous crop on the soil surface, help reduce the amount of sediment lost in runoff, but do little to reduce the concentrations of surface-applied nutrients and herbicides that can be readily dissolved and transported in runoff.
Similarly, conservation buffers, such as filter strips, riparian forest buffers, and grassed waterways, can further reduce chemical and nutrient transport as runoff moves from crop fields to streams. They are also generally more effective in retaining sediment than dissolved chemicals and work best when runoff is uniformly distributed across the entire area of the buffer.
Unfortunately, uniform distribution is often difficult to achieve and maintain due to soil and topographic conditions. Runoff can naturally concentrate in small areas as it passes through buffers. In fact, the USDA-NRCS has referred to concentrated flow as the 'nemesis' of pesticide trapping in conservation buffers.
This study demonstrates that filter socks can enhance the effectiveness of grassed waterways in reducing sediment transport. Investigations in which materials will be mixed with the compost to improve the removal of nutrients and herbicides are being conducted in collaboration with filter sock manufacturer Filtrexx International, LLC. If these results are promising, filter socks may become another tool that can be used by farmers and conservationists to reduce the impact of crop production on surface water quality.
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Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
- M. J. Shipitalo, J. V. Bonta, E. A. Dayton, L. B. Owens. Impact of Grassed Waterways and Compost Filter Socks on the Quality of Surface Runoff from Corn Fields. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2010; 39 (3): 1009 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2009.0291
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


text:
Trevor Hugh James Marchand. The Masons of Djenné. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009. xvi + 352 pp. $75.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-253-31368-3; $29.95 (paper), ISBN 978-0-253-22072-1.
Susan Vogel. The Future of Mud: A Tale of Houses and Lives in Djenne. Video. Brooklyn: Icarus Films, 2007. Presented by the Musée National du Mali.
Reviewed by Elisabeth den Otter
Published on H-AfrArts (November, 2009)
Commissioned by Jean M. Borgatti
Building Mud Houses in Djenné (Mali): An Anthropologist as Apprentice
Djenné, a town on the Bani River in central Mali, is famous for its mud architecture, and is a UNESCO World Heritage site. It is a favorite town for tourists, because of its mosque, the beautiful traditional mud buildings, and the Monday market. Trevor Marchand, an architect as well as an anthropologist, worked for two winters (2001 and 2002) as an apprentice with established masons, went back every year after that, and co-produced a documentary film in 2005.
Marchand cooperated with Dutch projects, the first year (comprising chapters 1-4 of his book) constructing a new traditional Tukolor-style house for a Dutchman, Ton van der Lee, under mason Bayeré Kouroumansé. Van der Lee, who used to be a documentary filmmaker, is an author as well: he wrote a book about the building of his house, The Sand Castle, A Home in West Africa (2005). During the second year (chapters 5-10) Marchand was an apprentice in a Dutch government project of reconstructing the Moroccan-style house belonging to a French scholar, Brunet-Jailly, and the house of a marabout, both under mason al-Hajji Kouroumansé, "the Michelangelo of Djenné." His objective was to understand the training and transmission of knowledge and expertise to younger generations in the trade, through what anthropologists call participant observation. An outline of the book can be found in pages 23-27.
Marchand describes the principles of building and the social structure of the trade. The building process is minutely described: brick-making, the basics (the walls), the more complicated aspects (the arched openings and decorative elements), the proportions (measured by body measurements such as finger width, hand span, arm, stride). The masons are organized in a guild-like association called barey ton (barey means officially validated mason). Meetings are convened to organize the division of labor, to mediate conflicts between masons and clients, to settle disputes between masons, and to organize the annual replastering of Djenné's mosque. The masons' traditional education remains entirely practice-based, and their transmission of knowledge relies on an apprenticeship system which they control and reproduce. Technologies and secrets are transferred and transformed in the confluence of generations. The majority of the masons are Bozo, an ethnic group who are traditionally fishermen. They work together with apprentices (often Koranic students, and young men from other ethnic groups) and laborers. Interaction often takes place in the form of bantering, a common form of expression, often in the form of insults. The drawings and photos are welcome additions to the text.
Being a mason requires more than mere technical competence. The masons of Djenné demonstrate a keen ability to innovatively configure building plans and details, communicate their ideas and knowledge with words and actions, negotiate their positions and status, and perform secret knowledge. Or, as Marchand puts it, morals, muscles and mind are integrated, and his argument is that the traditions most worthy of support and conservation are part of the apprenticeship system itself.
Of course, the masons function in a changing world, and act accordingly. Some of them opt for working in other Malian cities or abroad, and work with modern materials such as cement. Marchand mentions "the interface between local building traditions and foreign intervention" (p. 25). An example is mason Bayeré Kouroumansé, who worked closely with several European researchers, had an integral role in the Mali-Dutch restoration projects, built houses for Europeans, traveled to Europe on several occasions, and participated in the Smithsonian Folklife Festival in Washington DC in 2003. Another is the annual replastering of the mosque, which is now specially staged during a festival in February, in hopes of attracting tourists. This raises a question: what would have happened to Djenné if there had not been outside intervention?
In 2005 Marchand returned to co-produce a "constructed" documentary film on Djenné's masons, with Susan Vogel (director) and Samuel Sidibé (director of the National Museum in Bamako). Mason Konmoussa Tennepo is the central figure in the film. He was chosen because he had excellent camera presence and an effervescent personality. Moreover, he had not been part of Marchand's field research, a fact which precluded conflict between the masons with whom he had already established relations.
The film reveals the interdependence between masons, buildings, and lives lived in them. It examines the tenuous survival of the inherited learning of masons, and the hard work that sustain this style of architecture. It shows daily life in Djenné's mud buildings: courtyards, a blacksmiths' workshop, the construction site, and Friday prayers at the great mosque.
The main characters are Konmoussa and those who surround him: his apprentice Amadou, a Koranic student from Timbuktu; his father, who taught him the trade; his wife; and his teenage son. His sister is a business woman who lives in Bamako, an example of the modern Malian woman: enterprising and outspoken. Some actors are real persons (Konmoussa, his father, his wife, Amadou), and some are acted ("invented"), like his "sister" who in real life runs a cybercafé in Djenné, and his "son." Interviews in Bamana are subtitled, and Mme Diallo, an official of the Cultural Heritage Center, narrates the English voice-over. The music is by Issa Bagayogo and the editing was done by Henry Kafka. An invented story line is that of Konmoussa's childless sister taking his son with her to Bamako. I imagine it was put in the film to show the dilemma between keeping a son in Djenné to be a mason, or sending him off to Bamako for a formal education. The discussion between Konmoussa and his sister, about the future of his son, takes place in public: she is in the street below, he on top of a building. This does feel a bit staged.
The resurfacing of the great mosque, at the end of the film, is quite exciting to watch: one sees Konmoussa and Amadou clinging dangerously to slippery ladders and working feverishly, accompanied by drumming and rattles. The last shot, of the two of them leaving, holding hands, is quite touching. For me, this could have been the last shot of the film. In my opinion, the filmmakers succumbed to the temptation to say too much, and there are too many people and subjects in the film. It might have been a stronger film, if less pedagogically useful, had the Koranic scholar, the blacksmiths, and the epilogue ("Two Years Later") been left out and replaced by longer shots showing more of the actual work of the masons, and the interaction between them. Still, to have a film accompany a book is a wonderful thing, and I can only hope that it will be done more often in the future!
If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the list discussion logs at: _URL_
Elisabeth den Otter. Review of Marchand, Trevor Hugh James, The Masons of Djenné and
Susan Vogel, The Future of Mud: A Tale of Houses and Lives in Djenne.
H-AfrArts, H-Net Reviews.
|This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License.|


text:
Book Review: If Our Bodies Could Talk
A Guide to Operating and Maintaining a Human Body
by James Hamblin
Any reader who might have stumbled across the YouTube videos made by senior Atlantic editor and media-savvy MD James Hamblin will flinch a bit at the thought of those videos being transformed into a book. The problem isn't that Hamblin is freakishly young-looking (he was born in 1983 but looks like he was born in 2013), since there's only the one dust jacket photo of him included with the book. No, the problem is made obvious by watching even a handful of those Atlantic videos: he's a numbingly bad on-camera presence, a halting, mumbling, disorganized thinker when in front of an unseen audience. The idea of reading the written equivalent of those instructional videos might turn even the most open-minded reader in the general direction of the nearest zombie-vampire rom-com.
And the book in question, If Our Bodies Could Talk, doesn't at first allay any of those worries. The opening notes warble with qualifications of all kinds. Right there at the beginning of a book whose sole purpose is to provide page after page of answers to basic and not-so-basic biological questions, the very idea of answers is nudged and dribbled all over the page:
Many of the answers are, rather, stories about why we don't have concrete answers. Sometimes the most interesting thing is knowing why we don't know, and the point is in the considering, and being comfortable in not knowing. Health is a balance between acceptance and control.
And perhaps inescapably, given this penchant for 21st century quibbling, the very heart of a book like If Our Bodies Could Talk, the baseline of what is "normal" against which all discussions of human biology take place is likewise quibbled to a standstill:
In that tendency to seek order and control, an abiding theme among bodily questions and concerns is the concept of normal. The word tends to mean different things to scientists, who use it in every other sentence, with statistical deviation in mind, and nonscientists, who are more likely to hear it in judgment.
But somehow, the book recovers from these kinds of open invitations to avoid reading it. In large part this is the result of the extremely bright, inviting physical presentation of the thing, designed by Iris Weinstein and copiously illustrated by Hallie Bateman. And, to be grudgingly fair, Hamblin himself chips in; he provides clear, friendly discussions of everything from sunburns to hair to eyeballs. He examines the range and nature of human senses, human eating and drinking and sleeping habits (and needs), and the human maladies that bring every party to a close. And even when Hamblin delves into biochemical detail, as he does refreshingly often, he keeps things readable:
Like many of the compounds known as vitamins, ascorbic acid is a coenzyme that assists enzymes in speeding up chemical reactions inside our bodies. Like the other vitamins, its presence is vital, lest we suffer horrific disease. The role of ascorbic acid is to help with the reaction that converts a precursor molecule into collagen; with just a microscopic dose every week, there will be plenty of the coenzyme to facilitate the reaction that produces collagen. Take additional vitamin C and you will not make extra collagen. Your kidneys will excrete the excess, usually without complication.
If Our Bodies Could Talk is a heavy, handy thing, and it's amazing to think about the enormous changes it would make in millions of lives if it were the book on the bedside shelf, ready within arm's reach to answer – comprehensively and not condescendingly – the host of common questions people have always had about their bodies. If James Hamblin can publish a book that leverages his platform and popularity into raising the quality of that general medical awareness, it would be worth any amount of garbled delivery and lifeless halibut eyes. This is a nifty book for your curiosity about sweating, farting, burping, stretching, retching, walking, running, sitting, and ailing – and it will teach you plenty of other things in the process.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Complex number has two parts; one is real part and second is imaginary part. Combined form of real part and imaginary part makes a Complex Number. Complex conjugate of a complex number is same as complex number. Difference in complex number and Complex Conjugate is that real parts are equal in both Numbers but imaginary part of complex conjugate has different sign than Imaginary Number of complex number. Let us see how to solve a complex numbers to complex conjugate.
Magnitude of complex number and complex conjugate are equal as they have same real and imaginary parts. If there is a complex number like 2 + 3i then complex conjugate of this number will be 2 – 3i. Here 'i' stands for imaginary number. We denote complex conjugate by '*' sign. If complex number is 'z' then complex conjugate will be z*.
There are some properties which are used to solve a complex number to a complex conjugate:
Property 1: Complex number 'z' and complex conjugate z* will be equal if and only if 'z' is real.
Property 2: Magnitude of complex number |z| and complex conjugate |z*| is always equal.
Property 3: Square of magnitude of complex number is equals to multiplication of complex number and complex conjugate. We can write it as:
|z|2 = zz* = z*z.
This will give same result.
Property 4: If we find complex conjugate z* of complex number 'z' then other complex conjugate of z* will give complex number 'z' again. We can write it as z** = z.
Property 5: Inverse of complex number can be calculated by division of z* and |z|2.


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Observations on Clinical and Immunofluorescent Diagnosis of Parainfluenza Virus InfectionsBr Med J 1971; 2 doi: _URL_ (Published 03 April 1971) Cite this as: Br Med J 1971;2:7
- P. S. Gardner,
- J. McQuillin,
- R. McGuckin,
- R. K. Ditchburn
Immunofluorescent techniques have been applied to nasopharyngeal secretions for the rapid diagnosis of parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3 infections. Seventy-five infections were found by isolation techniques; 55 of these had nasopharyngeal secretions taken and 53 were positive by direct examination. A comparison of the results of 60 neutralization tests with immunofluorescence applied to monkey kidney isolations showed complete agreement. Immunofluorescence appeared to be a satisfactory method for differentiating the various haemadsorption viruses. The importance of parainfluenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus in croup was noted and the association of the parainfluenza viruses with acute respiratory virus infection was confirmed. The clinical relationship between respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus type 3 is discussed.


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The Golden Age of the Moor
Brand Name: Ivan Van Sertima
Over the years I have both read and heard many different theories about the racial and ethnic identity of the people that history refers to as the Moors. According to history, the Moors are the people who invaded and then occupied southern Spain for some 400 years and made their presence felt thoughout Europe. However, the historians who give us there theories on the racial and ethnic identity of the Moors give very little, and in many cases, no credible evidence at all to support them.
In his book The Golden Age Of The Moor, Ivan Van Sertima takes an entirely different approach to identifing the Moors.
He dosen't atempt to explain the theories of others nor does he offer a theory of his own.
Instead Van Sertima presents a compilation of historical information taken from the museums of Europe that describe the Moors.
In his book Van Sertima presents paintings, sculptures, coats of arms, and written records about the Moors, that date back to the period that the Moors were in Europe.
Van Sertima's approach is based upon his premis that the most accurate information about the Moors would be the information recorded by the European historians and the European people that lived during the period of time that Moors were in Europe.
I wholeheartly agree with Van Sertima. I feel that his book, The Golden Age Of The Moor is an excellent work, highly recomended for anyone looking for factual information on the racial and ethnic identity of the Moors
Dimensions (in inches): 1.10 x 9.11 x 6.16
Publisher: Transaction Pub
ISBN: _PHONE_; (November 1991)
This book is currently out of print


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HOW NKRUMAH EMPOWERED GHANAIAN WOMEN
By: SALOME DONKOR
THE role of Ghanaian women in politics and other public offices is one the burning governance issues, largely because of the perceived and acknowledged potential and contribution of women to governance.
A recent study by Dr. Beatrix Allah–Mensah of the Political Science Department of the University of Ghana, Legon, on Women in Politics and Public Life indicated that there was ample evidence to substantiate the indispensable role women played in the prelude to independence and immediately after it.
The study revealed that the role of women was evident in the support they gave to the main political party of the time, the Convention People's Party (CPP), and it is also on record that women traders were keen supporters of the CPP government and also offered financial assistance and supportive services.
Soon after the formation of the CPP in 1949, for instance, some of them, notably Akua Asabea, stood shoulder to shoulder with their male counterparts like Kofi Baako and Sacki Scheck as they toured the country and addressed large rallies to spread the message of ' Independence Now' for Ghana.
Hanna Cudjoe, for instance did not only heroically rally the people behind the independent struggle, but also went a step ahead in establishing day care centres and day nurseries.
She worked extensively in the Northern Ghana under the direction of Dr. Nkrumah, who gave her the task of convincing women in certain parts of the northern Ghana to discard some outmoded culture in the area.
During the early period of the struggle in May 1951, the CPP appointed Hanna Cudjoe, Ama Nkrumah, Letitia Quaye and Sophia Doku as propaganda secretaries with the responsibility of organizing the CPP Women League.
Under the league, the women were divided into subsections at branch and ward levels. They organized rallies, dances and picnics as strategies to mobilize more people for early independence delayed by the colonialists for about a century.
Hanna Cudjoe was the Head of Ghana Women's League, and in 1960, the Women's League and the Ghana Federation of Women, led by Evelyn Amarteifio, were merged to form the National Council of Ghana Women (NCGW) to replace the women's section of the CPP.
The Women's Movement was inaugurated by Dr. Nkrumah on September 10, 1960 as the only organization under which all Ghanaian women were to be organized to help achieve government postindependent political, social, economic and educational development of Ghana.
The party leadership, therefore, institutionalized the initiative by making constitutional provisions for women's league at the branch and ward levels as the main organizing framework for women in the party. It was therefore not surprising that the party gave credit to women for internal solidarity, cohesion and success of the CPP.
Mention could also be made of the role of Dr. Mrs. Letitia Obeng, an educationalist and other women who were nurses, broadcasters, judges, and lawyers who became part and parcel of the independence struggle.
Though not very visible like their male counterparts in the frontline, the female politicians, nonetheless, provided a vanguard force, rallying their families, communities, trade and various interest groups to join the struggle for national independence.
AllahMensah's writing on ' Women and politics in Ghana, _PHONE_' cited in a book titled One Decade of the Liberal State, and edited by Kwame Boafo-Arthur (2007), states that the action was largely responsible for the development of the women's wing of the party and also for the youth organization.
She records that women were efficient organizers who could bring thousands of people together for a rally at very short notice.
Indeed, it is noted that the NCGW and other groups were systematically strategically co-opted into the CPP and given party membership cards as the only valid membership cards.
A paper written by Ms. Joyce Rosalind Aryee, the Chief Executive Officer of the Ghana Chamber of Mines, on the Contributions of Women to Ghana's Independence and Democratic Governance, dated March, 2007 and quoted in the study by Dr. AllahMensah, pointed out that Kwame Nkrumah's political success was based on the foundation set for women by the CPP.
It said in 1949, many benevolent and mutual associations, credit unions and market women's voluntary groups sprang up and became staunch supporters of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah and the CPP in general. It said those associations, though were not at the forefront of the independence struggle, were involved in activities which were politically significant.
In spite of the role of women in the political struggle, there was no woman in Cabinet when Ghana attained republican status, but the contribution of women to Ghanaian politics after independence, resulted in the introduction of the Representation of the People (Women Members) Bill in 1960. The bill was passed and it received the GovernorGeneral's assent on June 16, 1960.
Through that act, 10 women were elected unopposed as Members of Parliament (MPs) in June 1960. They were Susana AlHassan, Ayanori Bukari and Victoria Nyarko, all representing the Northern Region, Sophia Doku and Mary Koranteng, Eastern Region and Regina Asamany, Volta Region.
The rest were Grace Ayensu and Christiana Wilmot, Western Region, Comfort Asamaoh, Ashanti Region, and Lucy Anim, Brong Ahafo. That made Ghana one of the first African countries to introduce a quota system for women.
In 1965, Dr. Nkrumah appointed Madam Susan AlHassan as the Minister of Social Welfare and Community Development, while others were appointed as district commissioners.
Over the past five decades after Ghana's independence, the representation of women in local and national level politics, as well as in other areas of decision – making indicated that there was still much more to be done to ensure an effective representation of women in politics and other equally important sectors of our development.
Daily Graphic Page: 21 Friday, September 18, 2009.


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I've gained valuable insight into the process for amending a Maine Certificate of Formation, and I'm excited to share it with you.
amend maine certificate of formation is extremely useful to know, many guides online will appear in you not quite amend maine certificate of formation, however i recommend you checking this amend maine certificate of formation. I used this a couple of months ago taking into consideration i was searching on google for amend maine certificate of formation
Understanding the importance of this procedure is crucial for maintaining control and staying compliant with state regulations. Before diving in, there are key considerations to keep in mind.
Gaining Insight into the Procedure for Amending a Maine Certificate of Formation is unconditionally useful to know, many guides online will pretense you not quite Gaining Insight into the Procedure for Amending a Maine Certificate of Formation, however i suggest you checking this Gaining Insight into the Procedure for Amending a Maine Certificate of Formation. I used this a couple of months ago in the same way as i was searching upon google for Gaining Insight into the Procedure for Amending a Maine Certificate of Formation
In this article, I'll provide a step-by-step guide that will help you navigate through the amendment process smoothly and successfully.
Let's get started!
- 1 Understanding the Importance of Amending a Maine Certificate of Formation
- 2 Key Considerations Before Initiating the Amendment Process
- 3 Step-by-Step Guide to Amending a Maine Certificate of Formation
- 4 Common Challenges and Pitfalls in the Amendment Process
- 5 Best Practices for a Smooth and Successful Certificate of Formation Amendment
- 6 Conclusion
Understanding the Importance of Amending a Maine Certificate of Formation
Understanding the importance of amending a Maine Certificate of Formation is crucial for maintaining accurate and up-to-date business records.
As a business owner, it is essential to recognize that changes in your company's structure or operations may require updates to your certificate.
By amending the certificate, you ensure that all relevant information about your business is properly documented and reflected in official records. This not only helps maintain compliance with state regulations but also provides transparency and credibility to stakeholders such as investors, lenders, and potential partners.
Moreover, amending your certificate can bring several benefits, including protecting personal assets from business liabilities, enhancing tax planning strategies, and facilitating future growth opportunities.
Taking control over the amendment process allows you to adapt and evolve your business while safeguarding its legal standing and long-term success.
Key Considerations Before Initiating the Amendment Process
Before you initiate the amendment process, there are several key considerations you should be aware of.
First and foremost, carefully evaluate the need for an amendment. Is it necessary to update or change any information in your Maine Certificate of Formation?
Next, familiarize yourself with the specific steps involved in amending the certificate. This will help ensure a smooth and efficient process.
Additionally, take into account any potential legal implications that may arise from the amendment. It is crucial to thoroughly review all relevant laws and regulations to avoid any complications down the line.
Lastly, consider consulting with legal counsel or professionals who specialize in business formation and amendments. Their expertise can provide valuable guidance throughout the entire amendment process, making sure everything is done correctly and according to state regulations.
Step-by-Step Guide to Amending a Maine Certificate of Formation
To start the process of amending your Maine Certificate of Formation, you'll need to gather all necessary information and documents. Here is a step-by-step guide to help you navigate through the amendment process:
- Review your existing Maine certificate: Carefully examine your current certificate to identify the specific provisions or information that needs to be amended.
- Draft the proposed changes: Clearly articulate the desired amendments in a precise and concise manner. Be sure to include any required language or legal references.
- Prepare the necessary documentation: Compile all required supporting documents, such as resolutions from members or managers, and any additional forms or filings that may be needed.
By following these steps, you can ensure a smooth and efficient amendment process for your Maine certificate.
Now let's explore some common challenges and pitfalls that you may encounter during this process.
Moving forward with amending a Maine Certificate of Formation can present various challenges and pitfalls. It is important to be aware of these potential roadblocks in order to navigate them effectively and achieve a successful outcome.
Common Challenges and Pitfalls in the Amendment Process
Navigating the amendment process for a Maine Certificate of Formation can come with its fair share of challenges and potential pitfalls. Ensuring compliance with all legal requirements is crucial, as failure to meet these obligations can result in delays or even rejection of the amendment.
It is important to carefully review the specific timelines and deadlines set by the state for submitting amendments. Missing these deadlines can cause unnecessary complications and hinder the progress of your business.
Additionally, understanding the intricacies of the process, such as required documentation and fees, is essential to avoid any setbacks.
By being diligent and proactive in meeting these legal requirements and adhering to timelines, you can mitigate potential issues that may arise during your certificate of formation amendment.
Transitioning into best practices for a smooth and successful amendment, it is vital to follow a systematic approach that ensures accuracy and efficiency in this process.
Best Practices for a Smooth and Successful Certificate of Formation Amendment
When preparing for a smooth and successful amendment to your Maine Certificate of Formation, it's crucial to follow best practices that ensure accuracy and efficiency throughout the process. Here are three key steps to help you achieve a successful amendment:
- Conduct thorough research: Before initiating the amendment process, it's essential to thoroughly research the requirements set forth by the Maine Secretary of State. This includes familiarizing yourself with any specific forms or documentation needed, as well as understanding any applicable fees or deadlines.
- Prepare accurate and complete documentation: To ensure a seamless amendment, it's vital to prepare all necessary documents accurately and completely. This includes providing updated information, such as changes in company name or address, along with any supporting evidence required.
- Submit your amendment promptly: Time is of the essence when amending your Certificate of Formation. Make sure to submit your completed application and accompanying documents promptly to avoid unnecessary delays in processing.
In conclusion, amending a Maine Certificate of Formation is an essential process that requires careful consideration and attention to detail. By following the step-by-step guide provided and being aware of potential challenges, businesses can ensure a smooth and successful amendment.
It is crucial to understand the importance of this procedure in maintaining accurate and up-to-date information about the company. By adhering to best practices, businesses can navigate the amendment process efficiently, ensuring compliance with state regulations and avoiding any potential pitfalls along the way.
Thanks for reading, If you want to read more blog posts about Gaining Insight into the Procedure for Amending a Maine Certificate of Formation do check our site – PlanItNow We try to write our blog every day


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The Abbey Library of Saint Gall was founded by Saint Othmar, the founder of the Abbey of St. Gall. The library collection is the oldest in Switzerland, and is one of earliest and most important monastic libraries in the world. It holds 2,100 manuscripts dating back to the 8th through the 15th centuries, 1,650 incunabula (printed before 1500), and old printed books. The library holds almost 160,000 volumes. The manuscript B of the Nibelungenlied is kept here.
Photo and description found at TwistedSifter(dot)com.


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- System Process: Yes
- Background Process: Yes
- Application Process:Yes
- Common Path:
C:\ Windows\ system32\ wmiexe.exe
- Uses Network:Yes
- Uses Internet:No
In technical terms, the wmiexe.exe process executes the Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI), an infrastructure on Windows through which instrumented components provides management data and operations. It is part of Microsofts Web-Based Enterprise Management (WBEM) and an implementation of the Common Information Model (CIM) standards.
Programmers can use the wmiexe.exe file to write applications automating administrative tasks on remote computers and control in an enterprise environment. It also supplies management data to those parts of the operating system that needs Windows Remote Management (WinRM) or Microsoft Operations Manager (MOM) functions. Managers can use this file to query and set information on applications, desktop systems, networks, and other enterprise components. Similarly, developers can use it to create event monitoring applications alerting users when unexpected incidents happen.
In simple terms, the wmiexe.exe process automatically loads the appropriate drivers it needs to load a plug-and-play device plugged into the computer. It is that cursor that tends to stay for 20-30 seconds just after the startup of Windows has finished. After that, it stays in the background and seemed to have been loaded by the systray.exe file, the background task for taskbar volume control, battery meter, etc. The wmiexe.exe process cannot be
Users are given access to basic system information, performance information, event monitors, and application monitors by the wmiexe.exe file. If, for example, you want to find out how much space is left on your hard disk or if you need the detailed information of your motherboard, you could use the wmiexe.exe process to retrieve information from your computer.
This is a safe process. There is no necessity to remove this process from your system or change it in any way.


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or more of these together, and then twisting them again. Tram is made by twisting two or more threads in only one direction. Thrown singles are individual threads that are twisted in only one direction. Organzine is a thread made by giving the raw silk a preliminary twist in one direction and then twisting two of these threads together in the opposite direction. In general, organzine thread is used for the warp threads of materials, tram threads for the weft or filling, crepe thread for weaving crinkly fabrics and a single thread for sheer fabrics.
Broken or waste filaments and damaged cocoons are retained, treated to remove the sericin, and combed. This is then processed into yarn, marketed as spun silk, which is inferior in character to the reeled product and much cheaper. Low grade silk is made from damaged cocoons that were spoiled by emerging moths used for breeding stock. Filaments from the coarse outer portion of the cocoon, which is removed by brushing before reeling, and the inner portion of the cocoon, which remains after reeling the raw silk, are mixed with silk from damaged cocoons to make low grade silk.
In common with all other animal production systems, nothing is wasted if it can be sold.
After the silk is harvested from the cocoons it is brought to the weavers for dyeing and preparation for weaving. Today most dyes are chemical although a lac (insect) dye was once used as well as plant dyes.
Another product of sericulture is silkworm gut. Immediately before the cocoon stage, pupae are killed by immersion in an acid bath. Their bodies are opened and the fluid, which hardens upon contact with the air and would otherwise be used to build the cocoon, is removed from their silk glands. This 'gut' was once favoured by surgeons for stitching and by anglers for lines, but has now been almost entirely replaced by nylon, although it still figures in some surgical and contraceptive applications.
World silk production has more than doubled during the last 30 years in spite of the availability of man-made fibres. China and Japan have been the main silk producers, together manufacturing more than half of the world production each year. Chinese silk is highly prized throughout the world. Since 1949 silk making methods have been modernized and silk is of better quality.


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QUIZ: Can You Identify These Paintings? (Part 2)
A few weeks ago we presented you with an art challenge: A quiz asking you to identify masterpieces! Well, today we have the second part of this test, to see if you can identify 10 more masterpieces!
Quiz: Can You Identify a Painting By Its Part?
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A Masterpiece With Glue In 1 Minute - Incredible!
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This 18th-Century Automaton Is a True Art Masterpiece!
We were always under the impression that automatons are mysterious mechanical creations dancing on the verge of science and art. David Roentgen, an 18th-century German artisan, was one of the greatest and most famous masters of this fascinating art form.
QUIZ: Can You Identify the Spice?
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QUIZ: Identify the Country By a Single Photo!
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Artist Turns Old Pocket Watches to Art Masterpieces
Gifted Greek artist Gregory Grozos (say THAT 3 times fast) is going to prove to you that throwing an old pocket watch away is a serious crime against the art world. Instead, Grozos turns them into miniature worlds, with little masterpieces inside them.
Quiz: Can You Identify the Language?
Can you identify the following languages from just one sentence? Give it a try! Choose the language you think the sentence is in. Polish German Finnish Swedish Choose the language you think the sentence is in. French Spanish Portuguese Italian Choose the language you think the sentence is in.
Test Yourself: Can You Identify These Famous Works of Art?
You don't need to be an art student to have picked up some knowledge about the big artists and painters who have shaped the world. Lets see how much you've learned!
QUIZ: Will You Identify the Species of Animal?
Content Animal Trivia: Can You Identify the Species? quiz Can you identify the animals just by the partial photos we have?
QUIZ: Can You Identify the Color?
Content QUIZ: Can You Identify the Color? quiz We've circled some of the colored areas in these photos, and all you need to do is choose the correct shade and color of that area in the circle.
Breakfast Art: Edible Masterpieces Made Out of WHAT?
Artists rely on a wide variety of tools to create their masterpieces, but would you ever picture a toaster being one of them.You won't believe the length these talented artists went through to capture each precise detail, right down to the very last crumb. 1) The Mona Lisa source When Da Vinci created
QUIZ: Can You Identify the Country?
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QUIZ: Identify These Languages Just By Looking!
How Many Languages Can You Identify at a Glance? fun, quiz, game, test, world, baba recommends, languages, identify, foreign, recognize Only 3% of the population can identify at least 12 out of these 15 world languages. Are you one of them?
QUIZ: Can You Identify These Dog Breeds?
QUIZ: Can You Identify These Dog Breeds? animals, dogs, interactive, quiz, test, trivia Before you are 10 dog breeds, can you guess which ones are which?
QUIZ: Can You Identify These Animals By Their Skulls?
QUIZ: Identify These Animals Posthumously! quiz, test, trivia, animal skulls, identify the animal by its skull Can you identify these 19 animals purely by their skulls?
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In this quiz we ask you to work out your historical knowledge, your memory, and your eyes! Are you able to correctly identify the person in each of these photos and paintings? Prove it! Who is this dachshund lover?
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Take Our Quiz: Can You Identify These Famous Statues?
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Quiz: Can You Identify the Animal From the Image?
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Can you identify some of the basic (to advanced) shapes that we use in geometry? Let's put you to the test! Quiz: Can You Identify All These Shapes? science, math, quiz, test, shapes, trivia, geometry To ace this quiz, you must identify all the shapes we present you with.
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English Quiz: Can You Identify the Correct Plurals?
Content Quiz: Can You Identify the Correct Plurals? English grammar quiz, vocabulary quiz, plural quiz, find the plural, what is the plural Can you pick the right plural 15 times?


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Moral Re-Armament (MRA) was an international moral and spiritual movement that, in 1938, developed from the American minister Frank Buchman's Oxford Group. Buchman headed MRA for 23 years until his death in 1961. In 2001 the movement was renamed Initiatives of Change.
In 1938 Europe was rearming militarily. Frank Buchman, initiator of the work which became known as the Oxford Group, was convinced that military rearmament alone would not resolve the crisis. At a meeting of 3,000 in East Ham Town Hall, London, on 29 May 1938, he launched a campaign for Moral Re-Armament. "The crisis is fundamentally a moral one," he said. "The nations must re-arm morally. Moral recovery is essentially the forerunner of economic recovery. Moral recovery creates not crisis but confidence and unity in every phase of life."
The phrase caught the mood of the time,and many public figures in Britain spoke and wrote in support. British tennis star H. W. Austin edited the book, Moral Rearmament (The Battle for Peace), which sold half a million copies. Bunny Austin remained committed to MRA but had very little contact in the 1980s sensing that the movement had drifted away from its roots.
Two years later the novelist Daphne du Maurier published Come Wind, Come Weather, stories of ordinary Britons who had found hope and new life through MRA. She dedicated it to "Frank Buchman, whose initial vision made possible the world of the living characters in these stories," and added, "What they are doing up and down the country in helping men and women solve their problems, and prepare them for whatever lies ahead, will prove to be of national importance in the days to come." The book sold 650,000 copies in Britain alone.
When war broke out, many of those active in the campaign for Moral Re-Armament joined the Allied forces. Others worked to heighten morale and overcome bottlenecks, particularly in war-related industries. Senator (later President) Harry Truman, Chair of the Senate's Truman Committee investigating war contracts, told a Washington press conference in 1943: "Suspicions, rivalries, apathy, greed lie behind most of the bottlenecks. This is where the Moral Re-Armament group comes in. Where others have stood back and criticised, they have rolled up their sleeves and gone to work. They have already achieved remarkable results in bringing teamwork into industry, on the principles not of "who's right" but of "what's right"."
In Britain about 30 MRA workers were exempted from military service to continue this work. But, when Ernest Bevin became Minister of Labour in 1940, he decided to conscript them. Over 2,500 clergy and ministers signed a petition opposing this, and 174 Members of Parliament put down a motion stating the same. Bevin made clear that he would resign from the Government if he was defeated, and the Government put a three-line whip upon its supporters. As a result, the Oxford Group workers were excluded from the Exemption from Military Service bill.
At the end of the war, the MRA workers returned to the task of establishing a lasting peace. In 1946, 50 Swiss families active in the work of MRA bought and restored a large, derelict hotel at Caux, Switzerland. This became a centre of European reconciliation, attended by thousands in the following years, including German Chancellor Adenauer and French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman. Buchman was awarded the Croix de Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur by the French Government, and also the German Grand Cross of the Order of Merit. The historians Douglas Johnston and Cynthia Sampson described the work as an "important contribution to one of the greatest achievements in the entire record of modern statecraft: the astonishingly rapid Franco-German reconciliation after 1945."
In Britain hundreds donated towards the purchase of the Westminster Theatre in London, as a living memorial to the men and women of Moral Re-Armament who had died in war service. Many servicemen gave their gratuities. For the next 50 years the Theatre presented a host of plays and musicals focusing on the moral and spiritual base on which a just and democratic society depends. One of the best-known was the pantomime 'Give a Dog a Bone', which ran every Christmas for many years, to the delight of thousands of children.
In France the well-known philosopher Gabriel Marcel edited a book, 'Un Changement d'Espérance à la Rencontre du Réarmament Moral', which brings together the stories of a French socialist leader, Brazilian docker, an African chief, a Buddhist abbot, a Canadian industrialist and many others who found a new approach through MRA. The English edition, published by Longmans, was titled 'Fresh Hope for the World'.
MRA began holding conferences on Mackinac Island, Michigan in 1942, first in a leased hotel and then at the island's Grand Hotel. By the early 1950s they acquired considerable land holdings on the island. Between 1954 and 1960 constructed an extensive training center including a theatre and soundstage. The soundstage was used for the production of motion pictures, including The Crowning Experience, Voice of the Hurricane, and Decision at Midnight.
In 1966 MRA deeded much of the property on the island to Mackinac College. Several new facilities, including a classroom building and library were constructed. This independent and non-sectarian institution of higher education operated from 1966 until 1970. It developed programs in statesmanship and leadership, as well as more traditional curricula.
In the 1950s and 1960s, MRA's work expanded across the globe. Buchman was a pioneer of multi-faith initiatives. As he said, "MRA is the good road of an ideology inspired by God upon which all can unite. Catholic, Jew and Protestant, Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist and Confucianist – all find they can change, where needed, and travel along this good road together.".
These ideas appealed to many in the African and Asian countries moving toward independence from colonial rule. Leaders of these independence struggles have paid tribute to MRA's contribution to bringing unity between groups in conflict, and helping ease the transition into independence. In 1956 King Mohammed V of Morocco sent a message to Buchman: "I thank you for all you have done for Morocco in the course of these last testing years. Moral Re-Armament must become for us Muslims as much an incentive as it is for you Christians and for all nations." In 1960 Archbishop Makarios and Dr Kucuk, President and Vice-President of Cyprus, jointly sent the first flag of independent Cyprus to Frank Buchman at Caux in recognition of MRA's help.
Some attacked the movement. In the 1950s MRA was regularly attacked by Radio Moscow overseas service. In November 1952 it said, "Moral Re-Armament supplants the inevitable class war by the 'permanent struggle between good and evil'," and "has the power to attract radical revolutionary minds."
The Catholic theologian John Hardon claimed that the movement's political ideas were naive, since they appeared to assume that moral awakening would solve "social problems that have vexed humanity since the dawn of history". Other Catholics took a different view. In 1993 Cardinal Franz Koenig, Archbishop of Vienna, wrote that "Buchman was a turning-point in the history of the modern world through his ideas."
MRA has always been active in industry and business. In Buchman's view, management and labour could 'work together like the fingers on the hand,' and in order to make that possible he aimed to answer 'the self-will in management and labour who are both so right, and so wrong.' MRA's role was to offer the experience which would free those people's hearts and minds from the motivations or prejudices which prevent just solutions.
William Grogan, an International Vice-President of the American Transport Workers' Union, said that 'between 1946 and 1953 national union leaders, local union officials, shop stewards and rank and file union members from 75 countries had received training' in MRA principles. Evert Kupers, for 20 years President of the Dutch Confederation of Trades Unions, stated that 'the thousands who have visited Caux have been deeply impressed by its message for our age and by the real comradeship they found there.' In France Maurice Mercier, Secretary-General of the textile workers within the Force Ouvriere, said: 'Class war today means one half of humanity against the other half, each possessing a powerful arsenal of destruction... Not one cry of hatred, not one hour of work lost, one one drop of blood shed - that is the revolution to which MRA calls bosses and workers.'
Today the Caux Round Table Principles for Business are being implemented by businesses in many countries.
The movement had Christian roots, but grew into an informal, international network of people of all faiths and backgrounds. It was based around what it called 'The Four Absolutes' (absolute honesty, absolute purity, absolute unselfishness and absolute love) and encouraged its members to be actively involved in political and social issues. One of the movement's core ideas was that changing the world starts with seeking change in oneself.
Rename to "Initiatives of Change"
In 2001 the MRA movement changed its name to Initiatives of Change (IofC). A non-governmental organization based in Caux, Switzerland, Initiatives of Change International serves as the legal and administrative entity to feder


text:
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The unique method of WordPIN guarantees optimal security for your codes. Explaining the unique method of WordPIN can sometimes be confusing, but after users have entered their first code they are amazed at the simplicity of using WordPIN and convinced of the safety of WordPIN. That's why we present a free test version of WordPIN to experience the magic."
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Probabilistic Models for Tissue Characterization in Ultrasonic and Magnetic Resonance Medical Images and Applications
Tissue characterization in medical images is of paramount importance for diagnostic purposes, since it permits physicians to differentiate between healthy and diseased tissues. Several techniques exist for providing such a characterization. Most common ones make use of pattern recognition algorithms, which learn features from textures and their capability of extrapolation allows them to provide a classification of tissues. Other approaches make use of the underlying physical processes of the acquisition and try to characterize the mechanisms that produced the received signals. The main advantage of these techniques is that their performance is not limited by their capability to learn patterns from training sets. Conversely, they depend on the accuracy of the assumed physical models. The Thesis here proposed studies tissue characterization from this perspective. Specifically, it focuses on the probabilistic characterization of tissues in ultrasonic (US) and magnetic resonance images (MRI), since their underlying physical models give rise to probabilistic models describing the resulting patterns. The statistical description of US provides an important information of the backscattered echo from tissues, which exhibits a characteristic pattern known as speckle. The parameters of the statistical models allow identifying the features of tissues and provide important descriptors for classification. Many segmentation, filtering, or classification algorithms rely on a Bayesian approach where an accurate statistical model becomes necessary. As a consequence, modeling the statistics of US envelop signals has been a very active area. However, the complex composition of tissues that may show combinations of different kinds of speckle in the resolution cell, and the transformations of data during the acquisition process, make it difficult to provide a proper probabilistic description of signals. This results in the absence of agreement on the probabilistic distributions that characterize tissues in US. Though the underlying physics that govern the acquisition of MRI and US are completely different, the distributions that model noise in MRI are similar to those of the ultrasonic speckle. In the case of MRI, the presence of noise affects the performance of post-processing techniques such as segmentation, registration, or estimation and, thus, the application of techniques to remove the noise in MRI are of great interest. Hence, tissue characterization techniques used in US can be potentially used for denoising purposes in MRI. This Thesis aims at characterizing the random nature of tissues in US imaging at different steps of the acquisition process. For this purpose, the main assumptions of the probabilistic models for speckle are revisited, as well as how they are influenced by the different acquisition stages. As a result, new models for the probability distributions of interpolated, filtered, and log-compressed speckle are proposed. The heterogeneity of tissues is also studied and modeled along with other probabilistic distributions that consider the highly impulsive response of speckle. Additionally, new mathematical tools are developed to characterize probability distributions. The proposed models provide the bases for four new applications within the scope of US and MRI processing: the probabilistic classification of tissues in US; the reduction of speckle via anisotropic filtering; the estimation of the parameters of log-compressing in US acquisition; and the denoising of MRI as an extension of the probabilistic models devised for US.


What would you like to do?
What happens when a molecule of DNA unzips?
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DNA splits, and mRNA and tRNA are there to create new strands for the new replicated DNA strand. This is what happens prior to mitosis in cell division.
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What happens after DNA is unzipped?
This method is called " Semi-conservative " which replicates the DNA so it begins with unzipping, unwinding the DNA by breaking down the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenou
How is a DNA molecule unzipped?
The original strand of DNA is unzipped by an enzyme that breaks the  hydrogen bonds between the bases. This process continues until the  entire strand of DNA has been unzipp
What is the enzyme that unzips DNA?
There are several enzymes that 'unzip' DNA. These enzymes are  collectively known as DNA helicases. DNA helicases are  helix-destabilizing enzymes that bind to DNA at the or
What occurs when a molecule of Dna is unzipped?
One double stranded Dna molecule is separated into two single stranded Dna molecules. A large multitude of bioprocess possibilities subsequentially present themselves!
In Biology
At the beginning of DNA replication what two processes unzip the two strands of a DNA molecule?
Transcription and replication. According to evolution that is. Is this question asking at the begininning of time, or an overall in-body DNA question? Life as we know it canno
In Biology
What enzyme unzips DNA and RNA?
The enzyme used to unzip human DNA (and RNA) is called helicase. There are a few types of helicase such as DNA helicase, RNA helicase, etc. Each type has its own specific role


Merced County California
What services does CCS provide?
If your child is eligible, CCS may pay for or provide:
Treatment, such as doctor services, hospital and surgical care, physical therapy and occupational therapy, laboratory tests, X-rays, orthopedic appliances and medical equipment; Medical case management to help get special doctors and care for your child when medically necessary, and referral to other agencies, including public health nursing and regional centers; or a Medical Therapy Program (MTP), which can provide physical therapy and/or occupational therapy in public schools for children
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Define and visualize the social media strategy through topics of conversation. Each petal is a topic and its size depends on the amount of posts you publish about it. Each color represents a category. Customize your flower according to your brand!
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The Census Has Revealed A More Multiracial U.S. One Reason? Cheaper DNA Tests
Many at-home DNA ancestry testing kits require participants to mail in a sample of saliva.
For about 1 in 10 people counted for last year's U.S. census, a single check box was not enough to report their racial identities.
Their multifaceted responses to the race question for the 2020 head count helped produce the data released this month for redrawing voting maps, enforcing civil rights laws and guiding federal funds to local communities.
Now, demographers and other researchers are trying to figure out what caused the number of people who identified with more than one racial group to jump over the past decade by an eye-popping 276%.
Kids, census changes and DNA tests
As experts look at the changing numbers, three main factors have emerged as drivers of this boom.
A growing share of children in the U.S. have been born to parents who identify with racial groups that are different from one another.
For the 2020 count, the Census Bureau changed how it asked about race and how it categorized the answers. (If you wrote in a response that federal standards consider to be "Hispanic or Latino," for example, that answer was sorted into the "Some Other Race" category.)
And more people may be rethinking what they tell the government about their identities. Some demographers are wondering how much a relatively new trend may have contributed to that growth — the rise of at-home DNA ancestry testing.
Exactly how big of an effect these tests had on census results is difficult to pin down. But many researchers agree that as the cost of at-home kits fell in recent years, they have helped shape an increasing share of the country's ever-changing ideas about the social construct that is race.
Genetic markers vs. social experience
Although DNA ancestry test takers likely make up a sliver of the U.S. population — 16%, according to a 2019 estimate by the Pew Research Center — the wide reach of the marketing efforts of companies such as 23andMe and Ancestry.com, which operates the AncestryDNA service, should not be underestimated, warns Jenifer Bratter, a sociologist at Rice University who studies multiracial identity.
"The public has kind of taken in the notion that you can find out 'who you are' with a test that's supposed to analyze your genes," Bratter says. "What that does for anyone who does work in racial identity and racial demography is cause us to think through how genetic ideas of race are in public circulation."
"These genetic ancestry tests may be pushing the concept of race to match genetic ancestry more, including information about very distant ancestors, rather than sort of the more contemporary family history or personal social experience," says Sasha Shen Johfre, a Ph.D. candidate in sociology at Stanford University who co-authored a study recently published in the academic journal Demography.
Its findings suggest adults 50 and up are most likely to self-identify as multiracial on surveys after receiving a report about the potential roots of their family tree based on a DNA analysis of their saliva. The study of more than 100,000 adults registered as potential bone marrow donors in the U.S. also found that DNA test takers were especially likely to identify with three or more racial groups.
Many people who identify as white but not Latino often buy these test kits for themselves wanting to claim a different identity and use the results as proof of a specific ancestry, according to research by Wendy Roth, a sociologist at the University of Pennsylvania who has looked into how genetic ancestry testing influences the identities of different racial and ethnic groups in the U.S.
"Native American was the one identity people really wanted to have and really wanted to prove," Roth says, adding that she has also found that some people stopped claiming Native American identity after the results of a test did not show any genetic ancestry.
"In and of itself, it doesn't tell you your race or ethnicity," Roth says. "What these companies are telling you is that you have a likelihood of having a certain amount of your genetic markers associated with certain populations more often than others."
Roth is concerned about the potential implications of genetic ancestry test results shaping how some people report their race for the census, which produces data the government relies on to enforce civil rights protections and researchers use to measure the racial disparities in health care, housing access and education.
"You're going to have a lot more people who are not part of marginalized groups in terms of their social experiences claiming to be part of marginalized groups," Roth says about a likely effect of ancestry tests on the census. "When it comes to understanding discrimination or inequality, we're going to have very inaccurate estimates."
From a DNA swab to the census form
Still, some people who participated in last year's census say DNA ancestry tests were a useful tool for better understanding the complexities of their family histories and how they have shaped their racial identities.
With grandparents from Barbados, Spain and the U.K., Jonathan Marshall of Fort Myers, Fla., says he grew up in Trinidad never "singularly" identifying with one racial group.
"I'm just a product of all of that mixing. From a very young age, we were always taught this is what makes you," Marshall says. "My mom's mom, she's of Asian descent, which previously I thought was Japanese."
But after taking a genetic ancestry test, Marshall says he now thinks his family's Asian heritage stems from China. On the 2020 census form (which did not include an "Asian" box but provided options for specific Asian groups), his wife checked off for him the "Black," "White" and "Chinese" boxes. Without the test results, Marshall says, "I would have probably gone with another Asian country."
At Jelmarie Maldonado's home in Manchester, Conn., DNA test results helped fuel a family fight last year.
Both Maldonado and her mother agreed on checking the "Puerto Rican" box to answer the census question about "Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin." But there was no consensus on how to respond to the race question at first.
"When I was growing up, we were all white," says Maribel Rodríguez, Maldonado's mother.
"I refused to just check the 'White' box," says Maldonado, whose test results, like her mother's, showed an "ethnicity estimate" that included percentages for "Indigenous Puerto Rico" as well as regions in Europe and Africa. "It would deny that culture, that ancestry, those people that came here to the island and survived all the odds against them for me to be here."
Maldonado says she might have checked off just the "Some Other Race" box, but based on the DNA test results, marked the categories for "White," "Black" and "American Indian or Alaska Native," in addition to writing in "Taíno" for the Indigenous people of Puerto Rico.
And Maldonado did the same for Rodríguez, who says she eventually came to share her daughter's perspective after reflecting on the test results and conversations about racial inequity in the U.S. that the Black Lives Matter movement has sparked in recent years.
"The fact that people are really embracing who they are," says Maldonado, who works as a digital strategist for Define American, an immigrant advocacy group, "I think it's a bigger sign of the awakening that's happening in society and that we're moving towards not race utopia, but a society that actually takes in consideration the differences and celebrates them, rather than judge them or oppress them."
The limits of DNA tests and race data
While the rise in the numbers of people reporting multiracial identities for the 2020 census may help paint a more thorough portrait of the country's diversity, there's also a lot this new race data does not reveal.
"Five people who tick the same two or three boxes on the census can have very, very different lives," says Miri Song, a sociologist at the University of Kent who is co-writing a book about multiracial people of white ancestry in the U.S. "Some of them may have white spouses. Some of them may have non-white spouses. Some may have co-ethnic spouses with whom they share an ethnic heritage. Some may be racially politicized. Others may not."
For Aliya Saperstein, a sociologist and demographer at Stanford University who co-authored the study recently published in Demography, it all underscores the ongoing challenge of how to measure race with an ancestry-test effect joining the list of complications.
"There is no question this is a development that demographers will be following closely over the next decade," Saperstein says.
Editor's note: Ancestry.com is one of NPR's financial supporters.