text:
Last September, we announced the Nirror session recording repurchase and integrated it with our platform. If it were placed in our navigation session capture technology, these small functions – that allows exploitation of the collected videos – would be missing. Yet, session recording is a tool that aids in the decision making process and is able to identify the stocking points of your site, the corrections to implement quickly or the aspects to test in the data-driven approach.
Thus, the rich functionality and the facilitation of use has been our priority. We have listened to the response of our first users and have made a lot of important improvements. In addition to the redesign of the interface, you will certainly be impressed by the number and quality of the modifications brought about, which make the feedback video more comprehensible and usable.
Overview of new features
- Automatic ranking of videos by level of activity. This indicator assembles the user interactions (clicks, scrolling, movement of the mouse, keystrokes) whilst considering their frequency. Filter the recordings using this criterion.
- Manual creation of tags. If you have not recorded automatic events, you can create it in the interface retrospectively and assign them to videos. Throughout our analysis, you can easily find these recordings by tag.
- Filter by pages visited. Only limit your analysis for navigation sessions that include a specific page. For example, identify the pages with a high bounce/exit rate, with the help of your web analytics solution, and then analyze the user navigation behavior on the pages to understand the sticking points.
- Filter by test and variation. Filter the videos in which the user was subject to a test and a given variation, directly. By analyzing the difference in navigation/ behavior you will gain a better understanding of the "why" of certain figures.
- Multiples filter options. Following your responses, we have added a number of filters: per navigation, per operating system, per device, per country, per recording date, and per recording period. If you, for example, experienced a technical problem during a specific period and for a given configuration, you can easily find the videos to the corresponding session.
- Saving and deleting videos. You can bookmark a video you find interesting. It will not be deleted for up to 30 days, as in the case of all videos. On the contrary, you can delete useless videos to avoid cluttering your account.


text:
Mysterious booming sounds are occasionally heard on the North Carolina coast, often powerful enough to rattle windows and doors. They cannot be explained by thunderstorms or any manmade sources — their source is a mystery.
Such dins are not unique to North Carolina or the modern age. People living near Seneca Lake in upstate New York have long known of similar booming sounds, which they called "Seneca guns." In coastal Belgium, they are known as "mistpouffers," or fog belches; in the Ganges delta and the Bay of Bengal, "Bansal guns;" in the Italian Apennines, "brontidi," or thunder-like; and by the Harami people of Shikoku, Japan, "yan."
"What's going on is an interesting challenge, whatever it might be," said seismologist David Hill, scientist emeritus at the U.S. Geological Survey office in Menlo Park, Calif.
Long list of explanations
A host of plausible explanations may now exist for these enigmas, including earthquakes, rock bursts, mud volcanoes, explosive venting of gas, storm-driven waves, tsunamis, meteors, distant thunder and so-called booming sands.
"It seems there is quite a range of processes in nature that might be responsible," Hill told OurAmazingPlanet.
"Earwitnesses" described sounds like booming cannons or falling stones accompanying small to moderate earthquakes in England from 1880 to 1916. In 1975, U.S. Geological Survey researchers managed to record both acoustic and seismic signals of an earthquake swarm in California, finding that three earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from 2.0 to 2.8 produced sounds that began within 0.02 seconds of the arrival of seismic waves at the scientists' station. Similar results were seen with quakes in the French Pyrenees in 2004.
All in all, audible sounds from earthquakes might be perceived even when shaking is not, Hill suggested. For instance, while earthquakes are rare in coastal North Carolina, they are relatively common in the Charleston area of South Carolina, the site of the 1886 magnitude 7.6 Charleston quake, and the area that Seneca Lake is located within do host low-level earthquake activity. Locals could be hearing an earthquake that is too small for them to feel.
Also, rock bursts, where long-buried rock can suddenly release stress, often because of mining removing confining material above it, can essentially be seen as a type of small, near-surface earthquake. Scientists have reported feeling perceptible jolts and hearing sharp booming sounds from such bursts, Hill said.
Giant waves might also be responsible for the mystery sounds, Hill suggested. Scientists have found that booming sounds are apparently familiar to big-wave surfers during extreme waves. In addition, after the catastrophic 2004 magnitude 9.1 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami, multiple witnesses said they heard loud, offshore booming sounds closely accompanying two or three of the largest waves that struck the coast at any given site.
"I was surprised to learn about the possibility that tsunamis produce these kinds of sounds," Hill said. "I don't think anyone understands that process."
Hill suggests the sounds heard off the coasts of North Carolina, Belgium and the Bay of Bengal might be large waves caused by distant storms that break well offshore, beyond outer banks or barrier beaches. Such waves might also disrupt offshore methane hydrate deposits, leading to explosive venting of high-pressure gas trapped deep within the Earth.
Booming sands and seismometers
Another possibility is meteors. Meteors can generate sonic booms and explode dramatically as they plummet from space. Given how long it can take a shockwave to reach the Earth's surface from the upper atmosphere, visible signs of the meteor can vanish before its sonic boom is heard, especially during the daytime, Hill noted.
Under the right circumstances, even sand dunes can generate a variety of sounds, including whispering, humming, whistling and squeaking. Booming sands, comparable to rumbling thunder, can be heard to distances of 6 miles (10 kilometers) and for as long as 15 minutes, are possible as well. They generally appear limited to large sand dunes in arid climates with steep faces pointing away from the wind, and seem to require loosely packed, very smooth, almost spherical sand grains.
"In the eastern desert in Egypt, the Bedouins have a long history of hearing booms and avoiding that area — after installing seismometers there, researchers were able to go back and see these sounds seem correlated with small earthquakes that caused booming sands," Hill said.
In the future, after potential artificial sources of mysterious booming sounds are ruled out, such as military exercises and quarry blasts, seismic networks could quickly reveal if earthquakes or volcanoes were responsible. For instance, the USArray, a mobile network of seismometers, is currently moving east across the United States and "it might help resolve the issue of what the sounds on the North Carolina coast are," Hill said.
Hill detailed this research in the September-October issue of the journal Seismological Research Letters.
This article was changed to reflect the correct location of Seneca Lake.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Create, Edit, or Remove PDF Annotations in UWP
Once PSPDFKit for Windows has loaded annotations from a PDF, these annotations will be made available via the Document API.
The API will return a List of IAnnotations. This interface allows you to determine the AnnotationType and several other properties and methods common to all annotations, such as BoundingBox, Id, PageIndex, and ToJson().
The BoundingBox describes the annotation's location and size on the page. This property is represented by a Rect, with X and Y describing the top-left coordinate of the annotation on the page, and the Width and Height describing the size of the annotation.
PSPDFKit for Windows and PSPDFKit for Web use Instant JSON coordinates. In other words, the origin of the page, "0,0," is at the top left, with the Y axis value increasing as you move down the page. If you need to convert between these coordinates and PDF coordinates — which have their origin, "0,0," at the bottom left, with the Y axis value increasing as you move up the page — you can use the conversion utility methods here.
Using the AnnotationType property, you can cast to a specific annotation type to work with its specific APIs:
if (annotation.AnnotationType == AnnotationType.Ink)
 var ink = annotation as AnnotationType.Ink;
 return ink.IsSignature;
Creating, Updating, and Deleting Annotations
To create an annotation on a page, instantiate the type you want:
var textAnnot = new Text
 Contents = "A new text annotation",
 HorizontalAlign = HorizontalAlign.Right,
 VerticalAlign = VerticalAlign.Center,
 BoundingBox = new Rect(10, 10, 300, 300),
 FontSize = 48,
 Bold = true,
 Italic = true,
 FontColor = Colors.Cyan
Then you can add it to a page like this:
var createdTextAnnotation = await pdfView.Document.CreateAnnotationAsync(textAnnot);
After it's added to a page, the new annotations will have a unique Id.
If you wish to update an existing annotation, this can be done like so:
createdTextAnnotation.VerticalAlign = VerticalAlign.Top;
createdTextAnnotation.Opacity = 0.5f;
await pdfView.Document.UpdateAnnotationAsync(createdTextAnnotation);
To delete an annotation, you only need its Id:
await pdfView.Document.DeleteAnnotationAsync(createdTextAnnotation.Id);


text:
Ore investigates the problem with red kites
Bird experts are asking the public to stop feeding red kites after reports of them swooping down to steal food off school pupils.
About 40 years ago there were only a few pairs of the birds of prey in the UK and special projects have reintroduced them to the wild.
But the red kites have tried to take food from students in Watlington, Oxfordshire.
Pupils have been told not to eat their lunches in the playing fields.
One student, Joe, said: "Red kites come and swarm around everyone when they're eating. They've swooped down to grab it out of our hand."
Red kites were reintroduced to the Chilterns area in the 1990s after becoming extinct in England.
Red kite facts
Became extinct in England in 1871
Typical diet of mice, moles, worms, small rabbits and carrion
Average wingspan 1.5m!
A 2011 RSPB survey recorded 2,000 breeding pairs, an increase of more than 130% from the year before.
Bird experts says that people need to stop feeding the red kites, which will encourage them to hunt - and their population will spread out as they find their own hunting ground.
Cathy Rose, from the Chilterns Conservation Board, said: "We should not encourage them to come down by putting additional food out.
"Then their numbers will actually become balanced with the amount of food that nature can provide for them.
"Let them survive naturally in the wild and they will control their own numbers that way."

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Existence Verbs Japanese Lesson
Now that we've got some experience with adjectives and questions, it's high time we learned a verb other than "desu". Let's start nice and gentle-like with the rather useful concept of existence. We'll be working up to more general verbs pretty quickly in a future lesson.
Here, There, and Everywhere
Before we get going, let's learn a new set of those ko-so-a-do words to go with places:
"koko" = here (place where the speaker is)
"soko" = there (place where the listener is)
"asoko" = over there (place near neither the speaker or listener)
"doko" = where
These words follow the same pattern as all the other ko-so-a-do words, and have nice useful English equivalents.
Only one little issue: using them isn't quite so simple. You'd think that, since "desu" is used in sentences with meanings like "I am supremely cool.", that it can be used to say something like "I am here." But no, we're going to need a whole new "to be" verb for that. Enter "imasu".
Your first non-desu verb: "imasu". Check out this sentence:
"Watashi wa koko ni imasu." ("I am here.")
Woah, that's longer that you'd think. Breaking it down, we've got the subject at the beginning, marked by the trusty particle "wa", then the location where the existing is done in the middle, marked by the new (to you) particle "ni", and a verb at the end, "imasu".
"Imasu" is a general-purpose "to be" verb, meaning "am" or "is" as they relate to the existence of something. That is, "I am.", as opposed to "I am cool."--the first one declares existence, while the second one declares some property of the person. It's a subtle difference, but you'll get the hang of it.
With some color coding, we thus have:
Watashi wa koko ni imasu. = I am here.
The Knights Who Say "ni"
Convenient Monty Python reference aside, "ni" is a particle that shows up all over the place. It gets used a few ways, but for the most part marks a location or direction that applies to the verb in the sentence. It covers some of the same ground as "in" and "at" in English, but keep in mind that is also required in places where you're not used to seeing either.
"Watashi wa koko ni imasu." ("I am here.")
"Watashi wa uchuu ni imasu." ("I am in space.")
"Watashi wa gakkou ni imasu." ("I am at school.")
The first step in making this more confusing is a second new particle, "ga". In general terms, it's the same as "wa"--it marks the subject of a sentence. Sometimes they're interchangeable, but in certain sentences you just gotta have "ga", such as this one:
"Nyan-chan ga imasu!" ("It's a kitty!")
This is a simple sentence declaring (literally speaking) that a cat exists. This comes out more like pointing out the existence of a particular cat, hence the more accurate English meaning of "It's a kitty." "Nyan-chan", if you didn't guess, combines "nyan", the sound Japanese cats make, and the affectionate "chan", to get the baby-talk word for "cat".
So how come "ga" in this case? Sadly, when exactly to use "wa" and when to use "ga" is a tricky proposition (more than you even want to think about), but in this case it's because the emphasis is on the existence of the thing, rather than its location. For the time being, just remember that "ga" is the particle of choice when you're pointing out the existence (as opposed to location) of something.
Being There and Being There
Confusion time. There are actually two words to describe the existence of something: "arimasu", which is used only with inanimate objects like TNT, trees, and stars, and "imasu", which is used for living, active things, like people, kittens, and 15-foot sharp-clawed demons. For those wondering about robots, that's your call, depending in part how close to alive the robot is.
Examples make everything clearer:
Neko ga imasu." ("There is a cat.")
Omocha ga arimasu." ("There is a toy.")
Neko no omocha ga arimasu." ("There is a cat's toy.")
Kyodai na bakemono ga Toukyo ni imasu." ("There is a giant monster in Tokyo.")
Tokorode, bakudan ga anata no kuruma no naka ni arimasu." ("By the way, there is a bomb in your car.")
As you can see, cats and giant monsters are living things, and hence need "imasu". Also note the na-adjective in there--"kyodai" ("giant"), which is modifying "bakemono" ("monster").
The other three are all inanimate objects, so must be paired with "arimasu"; "omocha" ("toy"), "neko no omocha" ("cat's toy"--recognize the possessive "no"?), and "bakudan" ("bomb"). The last two sentences also include locations, "Toukyou" (the proper way to pronounce Tokyo) getting visited by a giant monster, and "anata no kuruma no naka", which involves both another possessive phrase, "your car" and the specific location "naka" ("inside"), which we won't get into in detail until a bit later.
Here's a short conversation that, when you skim over the stuff we haven't covered yet, involves both "imasu" and "arimasu":
Mirai: "Ashita paati ga arimasu." ("There will be a party tomorrow.")
Ken: "Dare ga kimasu ka?" ("Who will be there?")
Mirai: "Watashi no tomodachi. Kawaii onnanoko ga ippai imasu yo!" ("My friends. There will be a lot of cute girls!")
Ken: "Yatta!" ("Score!")
Focusing on what Mirai is saying, she first comments that a party (which is not a living thing despite appearances) will be existing, so "arimasu" is required. "Ashita" ("tomorrow") is tacked on to the beginning to identify the time more specifically.
Mirai then points out that among her friends exist many cute girls, who, being living creatures, require "imasu". "Onna no ko" (literally "woman child") means "girl" (in the same sense as in English, so it covers both kids and young women if you're not being technical), "ippai" is a useful word meaning "lots"/"a lot", and you'd better know "kawaii" by now. This is a subtly different use of "imasu"--it isn't just pointing out that Mirai has cute friends (in which case she would have said it differently, perhaps using something along the lines of "Watashi no tomodachi wa kawaii desu.", which you can figure out if you remember the previous lesson). Rather, within the group of her friends, specifically, many cute girls exist. We don't say it like that in English, of course, but that's the way it goes.
If you're wondering about Ken, in his question you will see a different verb, which we'll be covering in lesson 4, and in his final comment you'll see the popular phrase "yatta", an all purpose expression of success made famous by Chun Li of Street Fighter fame.
Putting It All Together
Existence of living things:
"Watashi wa koko ni imasu." ("I am here.")
"Watashi wa [location] ni imasu." ("I am (in/at) [location].")
"[Living thing] wa [location] ni imasu." ("[Living thing] is (in/at) [location].")
"[Living thing] ga imasu." ("There is (a) [living thing].")
Existence of inanimate objects:
"[Thing] wa [location] ni arimasu." ("[Thing] is (in/at) [location].")
"[Thing] ga arimasu." ("There is (a) [thing].")
Have a shot at this sentence:
"Anata no kuruma wa Roshia ni arimasu."
If you've forgotten, "kuruma" means "car", and you can probably figure "Roshia" out if you say it out loud--"Russia". This means, therefore, "Your car is in Russia."
Let's try one that's a little more challenging:
"Ore no hiru-gohan wa soko ni imasu."
"Hiru-gohan" is a new word meaning simply "lunch" (literally, "afternoon-meal"), and "ore" is a masculine term for "me". As a result, the sentence in English means "My lunch is right there."...but did you catch the subtle hint? Notice that the word "imasu" is used instead of "arimasu". This would imply that lunch is still alive and kicking, so the speaker either is getting ready to turn that "imasu" into an "arimasu", or likes his food lively. Plus, since "soko


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I'm trying to wrap my head around shaders in GLSL, and I've found some useful resources and tutorials, but I keep running into a wall for something that ought to be fundamental and trivial: how does my fragment shader retrieve the color of the current fragment?
You set the final color by saying gl_FragColor = whatever, but apparently that's an output-only value. How do you get the original color of the input so you can perform calculations on it? That's got to be in a variable somewhere, but if anyone out there knows its name, they don't seem to have recorded it in any tutorial or documentation that I've run across so far, and it's driving me up the wall.
share|improve this question
"Original color of the input" : do you mean the material properties assigned to your fragment (texture, diffusecolor..)? – DamienD Apr 30 '10 at 11:49
7 Answers 7
up vote 13 down vote accepted
The fragment shader receives gl_Color and gl_SecondaryColor as vertex attributes. It also gets four varying variables: gl_FrontColor, gl_FrontSecondaryColor, gl_BackColor, and gl_BackSecondaryColor that it can write values to. If you want to pass the original colors straight through, you'd do something like:
gl_FrontColor = gl_Color;
gl_FrontSecondaryColor = gl_SecondaryColor;
gl_BackColor = gl_Color;
gl_BackSecondaryColor = gl_SecondaryColor;
Fixed functionality in the pipeline following the vertex shader will then clamp these to the range [0..1], and figure out whether the vertex is front-facing or back-facing. It will then interpolate the chosen (front or back) color like usual. The fragment shader will then receive the chosen, clamped, interpolated colors as gl_Color and gl_SecondaryColor.
For example, if you drew the standard "death triangle" like:
 glColor3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
 glVertex3f(-1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f);
 glColor3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
 glVertex3f(1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f);
 glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
 glVertex3d(0.0, -1.0, -1.0);
Then a vertex shader like this:
void main(void) {
 gl_Position = ftransform();
 gl_FrontColor = gl_Color;
with a fragment shader like this:
void main() {
 gl_FragColor = gl_Color;
will transmit the colors through, just like if you were using the fixed-functionality pipeline.
share|improve this answer
Most everything you are doing is deprecated after version 120. In fact, not only warnings, but errors. Also won't work with OpenGL ES 2.0 (also going away in 4.x?) – user697111 Apr 26 '11 at 2:54
If you want to do mult-pass rendering, i.e. if you have rendered to the framebuffer and want to to a second render pass where you use the previous rendering than the answer is:
 1. Render the first pass to a texture
 2. Bind this texture for the second pass
 3. Access the privously rendered pixel in the shader
Shader code for 3.2:
uniform sampler2D mytex; // texture with the previous render pass
layout(pixel_center_integer) in vec4 gl_FragCoord;
// will give the screen position of the current fragment
void main()
 // convert fragment position to integers
 ivec2 screenpos = ivec2(gl_FragCoord.xy);
 // look up result from previous render pass in the texture
 vec4 color = texelFetch(mytex, screenpos, 0);
 // now use the value from the previous render pass...
Another methods of processing a rendered image would be OpenCL with OpenGL -> OpenCL interop. This allows more CPU like computationing.
share|improve this answer
You need to sample texture at current pixel coordinates, something like this
vec4 pixel_color = texture2D(tex, gl_TexCoord[0].xy);
Note,- as i've seen texture2D is deprecated in GLSL 4.00 specification - just look for similar texture... fetch functions.
Also sometimes it is better to supply your own pixel coordinates instead of gl_TexCoord[0].xy - in that case write vertex shader something like:
varying vec2 texCoord;
void main(void)
 gl_Position = vec4(gl_Vertex.xy, 0.0, 1.0 );
 texCoord = 0.5 * gl_Position.xy + vec2(0.5);
And in fragment shader use that texCoord variable instead of gl_TexCoord[0].xy.
Good luck.
share|improve this answer
The entire point of your fragment shader is to decide what the output color is. How you do that depends on what you are trying to do.
You might choose to set things up so that you get an interpolated color based on the output of the vertex shader, but a more common approach would be to perform a texture lookup in the fragment shader using texture coordinates passed in the from the vertex shader interpolants. You would then modify the result of your texture lookup according to your chosen lighting calculations and whatever else your shader is meant to do and then write it into gl_FragColor.
share|improve this answer
If what you're calling "current value of the fragment" is the pixel color value that was in the render target before your fragment shader runs, then no, it is not available.
The main reason for that is that potentially, at the time your fragment shader runs, it is not known yet. Fragment shaders run in parallel, potentially (depending on which hardware) affecting the same pixel, and a separate block, reading from some sort of FIFO, is usually responsible to merge those together later on. That merging is called "Blending", and is not part of the programmable pipeline yet. It's fixed function, but it does have a number of different ways to combine what your fragment shader generated with the previous color value of the pixel.
share|improve this answer
The answer is... you always have access to the underlying pixel info after the shader runs. If your material is transparent the blending stage of the pipeline will combine the output all shaders.
Generally objects are blended in the order that they are added to a scene, unless they have been ordered by a z-buffering algo. If not, you must add your opaque objects first, then carefully add your transparent objects in the order to be blended.
Setting the SRC and DST blending functions for transparent objects gives you to access the previous blend in many different ways.
You can use the alpha property of your output color here to do really fancy blending!
share|improve this answer
Some say it cannot be done, but I say this works for me:
//Toggle blending in one sense, while always disabling it in the other.
void enableColorPassing(BOOL enable) {
 //This will toggle blending - and what gl_FragColor is set to upon shader execution
 enable? glEnable(GL_BLEND) : glDisable(GL_BLEND);
 //Tells gl - "When blending, change nothing"
 glBlendFunc(GL_ONE, GL_ZERO);
After that call, gl_FragColor will equal the color buffer's clear color the first time the shader runs on each pixel, and the output each run will be the new input upon each successive run.
Well, at least it works for me.
share|improve this answer
-1: For "it works for me" nonsense without even bothering to say what hardware you're actually using. Also, for endorsing undefined behavior without bothering to say what hardware you're using that does this. – Nicol Bolas Nov 9 '12 at 5:18
That must be an FSM* pipeline. *flying spaghetti monster – Dominic Cerisano Sep 24 '13 at 12:05
Your Answer


Fight Fear: Trust God's Timing
God Is Listening
Christians worldwide have been praying that God will be merciful and end the COVID-19 pandemic. But week after week, as the number of cases and deaths rise, you may be asking, "Is God ignoring the prayers of his people?"
Long ago, a priest named Zechariah and his wife, Elizabeth, may have wondered why God hadn't answered their prayers for a child. Luke records that "both of them were righteous in the sight of God, observing all the Lord's commands and decrees blamelessly. But they were childless because Elizabeth was not able to conceive, and they were both very old" (Luke 1:6–7).
Blameless but childless. Righteous but unrewarded. How many times had the couple begged God to answer their prayers? And, worse, how often had other people accused the couple of unrighteous behavior because they were childless? After all, the Mosaic law said that children were a blessing of obedience (Exodus 23:26; Deuteronomy 7:14).
When the angel Gabriel appeared in the temple, maybe Zechariah was fearful because he thought Gabriel brought word of God's judgment. Or maybe the angel's appearance was as frightening as the cherubim the prophet Ezekiel saw (see Ezekiel 1).
Gabriel attempted to calm Zechariah with the amazing news of Elizabeth's pregnancy. The elderly priest, however, responded with disbelief instead of joy (1:18). Because Zechariah doubted God's word, Gabriel said he would speechless until his son, John, was circumcised (vv. 20, 59–64).
John's birth reminds us that God's delays have purpose even when they seem inexplicable. God listened to every one of Zechariah's and Elizabeth's prayers, and he always intended to give the devout couple a child. The issue was timing, not their obedience. Their son would be the prophet who prepared the way for the Messiah, so John couldn't have been born until the time was right for Jesus to come.
The consequences Zechariah endured because of his doubt remind us to rely on God's faithfulness and goodness as we wait for his answers. We can depend on his word even if a situation seems impossible.
Just as God heard Zechariah's and Elizabeth's prayers, he hears yours. How can you demonstrate that you are trusting him, not doubting him, as you wait for his perfect timing?
Dig Deeper
According to Luke 1:17, God chose John to "make ready a people prepared for the Lord." That is also what Jesus commissioned us to do (Matthew 28: 19–20). How are you fulfilling that responsibility?
Read Jesus's words in Luke 11:5–13. What does this passage suggest about persistent prayer?
What promise is given in 1 John 5:14–15? What condition is given in verse 14? How do we know what is "according to his will"? Consider the counsel and Scriptures given in this article: Praying the Will of God
Denise K. Loock
This devotion is part of our series, "Do Not Be Afraid."
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Access JSTOR through your library or other institution:
Response of a Predator to Variation in Prey Density at Three Hierarchical Scales Lady Beetles Feeding on Aphids
Anthony R. Ives, Peter Kareiva and Renée Perry
Vol. 74, No. 7 (Oct., 1993), pp. _PHONE_
Stable URL: _URL_
Page Count: 10
You can always find the topics here!Topics: Beetles, Body temperature, Density, Insect ecology, Plants, Foraging, Predators, Species, Population density, Ecology
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We investigated the response of two species of lady beetles, Coccinella 7-punctata and Hippodamia variegata, to spatial variation in the density of aphids on fireweed, Epilobium angustifolium. Our approach involved experimental manipulations of aphid densities and field observations of lady beetle foraging at three different scales: (1) Individual lady beetles on individual fireweed stems (2) populations of lady beetles on individual fireweed stems, and (3) populations of lady beetles in populations of fireweed stems. At the finest scale, we found that individual lady beetles remained on single fireweed stems longer in the presence of larger aphid colonies. However, this behavioral response to aphid density was weak, explaining only 11 and 4% of the total variance in the length of time C. 7-punctata and H. variegata remained on the stems. To examine directly the population-level effects of this individual lady beetle behavior, we conducted a second series of experiments that focused on the response of populations of lady beetles; we released large numbers of lady beetles into field plots in which we had manipulated the number and size of aphid colonies. By sampling the distribution of lady beetles, we showed that the number of lady beetles found on fireweed stems depended significantly on the presence and size of aphid colonies. The average number of both C. 7-punctata and H. variegata found on a stem was 10-20 times greater when the stem contained a large aphid colony that when the stem contained no aphids. Finally, we examined the consequence of these patterns at the scale of populations of lady beetles and populations of fireweed in 25-m^2 field plots. We found that the number and size of aphid colonies within the plots explained 50 and 90% of the variation among plots in the average length of time that C. 7-punctata and H. variegata remained. Taken together, these results demonstrate that although individual lady beetle response to aphid density is extremely weak, the cumulative effect of many individuals can produce strong population-level aggregation of lady beetles in areas of high aphid density.
Ecology © 1993 Wiley


text:
Apache Kafka is widely used to enable a number of data intensive operations from collecting log data for analysis to acting as a storage layer for large scale real-time stream processing applications. In some of the largest deployments, Kafka powers on the order of hundreds of billions of messages per day, amounting to moving hundreds of terabytes of data. The ability to compress data is, therefore, paramount to Kafka. In this blog post, I outline how compression works in Kafka and how we improved its efficiency to optimize performance.
A quick overview of compression in Kafka
In Kafka compression, multiple messages are bundled and compressed. Then the compressed messages are turned into a special kind of message and appended to Kafka's log file. The reason to compress a batch of messages, rather than individual messages, is to increase compression efficiency, i.e., compressors work better with bigger data.
More details about Kafka compression can be found in this blog post.
There are tradeoffs with enabling compression that should be considered. Compression, of course, saves space needed for data storage. On the other hand, it consumes extra computing resources, namely CPU cycles and memory, to perform compression. The use of compression should be therefore decided with consideration of the balance of cost and benefit. To make the compression applicable to wider usages of Kafka, we set out to improve Kafka compression support by reducing the cost.
Lots of byte copies!
The cost reduction comes from two places. One is a compressor and the other is the handling of compressed data. We didn't change the compressors themselves because we would prefer to keep them as black boxes for Kafka. Instead, we tackled the handling of compressed data after we had noticed that there were a significant number of byte copies happening when a compression is turned on — byte copies which caused a noticeable load on Kafka servers.
Before examining each byte copy, let's take a look at how a Kafka message is formatted.
The CRC field is a hash value of everything after the CRC field. As its name suggests, we computed it using the CRC-32 algorithm. The attributes field is a fixed length field that has bit flags that Kafka internally uses. The contents of the message key and the message body are variable length sequence of bytes. They are prefixed with the length fields.
As described earlier, the compressed messages are turned into a special message. This special message has a compression flag on in the attributes to be distinguished from regular messages. The compressed messages are stored in message-content of the special message as a single chunk of bytes.
Now, let's review why we had so many byte copies.
When formatting the special message we must compress the bundle of messages first. Otherwise, we wouldn't be able to write message-length because it is not possible to predict the compressed size precisely before performing the compression. Similarly, we cannot write CRC before we know the value of message-content, compressed messages, because we need to know its value to compute CRC. The compression therefore has to be done first.
In the previous implementation, we used ByteArrayOutputStream to receive and hold the compressed data from the compressor. After compression was done, we created a byte array of its content using the ByteArrayOutputStream.toByteArray method, before we formatted the message. The message was then written to an IO buffer. How many times was a byte copied from the compressor to the IO buffer?
- compressor => ByteArrayOutputStream
- ByteArrayOutputStream => a byte array
- a byte array => Message (ByteBuffer)
- Message => IO buffer (ByteBuffer)
At least four times with the possibility of one more copy. The extra copy might come from the internal buffer management of ByteArrayOutputStream. ByteArrayOutputStream is a doubling buffer. It doubles the size of its internal buffer every time it runs out of space. It creates a new byte array twice as big and copies the entire buffered content over to the new byte array. The benefit of doubling the buffer is that the average number of copies per byte, due to buffer expansions, will not exceed one regardless of the number of buffer expansions. Hence, the total number of byte copies are four or five.
Copying data four or five times is a lot. In general, there is a large amount of data flow in and out of a Kafka server. Copying entire data five times in a server was not ideal and there was definitely room for improvement.
How we removed the extra byte copies
In the new implementation, we wrote a new output stream class named BufferingOutputStream, which works as a variable length buffer like ByteArrayOutputStream. It was aimed for eliminating a number of copies in a few places: formatting, buffer content access and buffer expansion.
#1 Formatting. BufferingOutputStream can create a nested output stream by calling BufferingOutputStream.reserve(int). The number of bytes specified by the argument are skipped from the current position. Basically it creates a hole in a byte stream. Write calls after the reserve call is continued immediately after skipped bytes. The method returns a new output stream which allows data to be written to the skipped bytes later.
The reserve method is used to allocate spaces for CRC and message-length. After compressed data is written, CRC and message-length are written to the internal buffer of BufferingOutputStream through output streams returned by the reserve method.
#2 Buffer content access. BufferingOutputStream does not have the toByteArray method. Instead, it has writeTo(ByteBuffer). It is not necessary to create a byte array object just to copy the buffer content to ByteBuffer. BufferingOutputStream.writeTo() directly writes the content to ByteBuffer and makes a byte array creation unnecessary.
#3 Buffer expansion. The internal buffer of BufferingOutputStream is not implemented as a single byte array but a list of byte arrays. Whenever the buffer space is exhausted, it allocates a new byte array and appends it to the list, so nocopying occurs. In addition to avoiding copying, this structure has a favorable effect on JVM memory management, whereas doubling buffer sometimes causes GC issues. Doubling buffer requires continuous free memory for a new buffer. JVM memory manager has to run a garbage collection when it fails to find a large enough continuous free space. It is most troublesome when many growing doubling buffers coexist in a system and compete for memory resources.
Now, how many times is a byte copied from the compressor to the IO buffer?
- compressor => BufferingOutputStream
- BufferingOutputStream => IO buffer (ByteBuffer)
Each byte is copied only twice as opposed to previous four or five times!
On my laptop, I tested the performance using a test program, kafka.TestLinearWriteSpeed, using Snappy compression. This is not an end-to-end performance test, but a kind of component benchmarking which measures the message writing performance. Previously the throughput was 26.65 MB/sec. With the change it is now 35.78 MB/sec. The improvement is about 34% better throughput. Just removing extra byte copies resulted in 34% improvement was more than I expected. One thing not covered by this benchmark was the effect on GC. In addition to the saving in CPU, we should see better GC behavior in a real production system, especially a large deployment.
We are happy with the result and hope to see more users try the compression feature.


Three of Earth (Pentacles)
Arcane Glyphs Tarot.
It is very difficult to learn and notice the parts of the Page of Earth (Pentacles). That is Two, Three and Four of Earth (Pentacles). These parts are fully active from the first day of man, unlike other functions, which the person must learn and develop.
Three of Earth (Pentacles) - Arcane Glyphs Tarot
Three of Earth (Pentacles) is active 24 hours a day, just like the Two of Earth (Pentacles). The difference is that the Three of Earth (Pentacles) is more busy with physical system maintenance.
It is a monotonous activity, not in-depth tests and treatments. That is, the Three of Earth (Pentacles) perform an automatic check and repair of the system.
In the event of a more unusual problem, the Three of Earth (Pentacles) do not know and can not handle.
In these cases, the problem is addressed by other parts responsible for it.
Because the operations of the Three of Earth (Pentacles) are entirely mechanical and do not require attention and intervention, intervention in this function, or an attempt to bring attention to this function, can cause damage. If a person succeeds for some reason to change something in this function, he should change all the other parts associated with this function. Otherwise, there will be damage.
The Three of Earth (Pentacles) also represent people, who usually focus on what is related to the physical world.
They will deal with what is related to their physical bodies, healthy food, healthy living, energy-saving, and so on. Usually, their lives will be filled with rutin and simplicity.
The Three of of Earth (Pentacles) enjoys health care, and may even try to persuade and influence others to act like him.
Sometimes the Three of Earth (Pentacles) tends to exaggerate his health pursuits, and it can manifest itself in various forms, sometimes even hypochondria.
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During World War II approximately thirty thousand Jews escaped ghettos and work camps and formed organized armed resistance groups to fight the Nazis. These groups were known as partisans.
Despite the odds, women were able to join the partisans. Their work in the partisan camps ranged from domestic duties such as cleaning cooking and nursing, to reconnaissance, weapons transport, as well as armed combat. Women made up approximately 10% of the partisans.
Explore the resources of JPEF to learn more.
Take our free E-Learning Course on
Four to six page downloadable guides with maps, photos, questions for students, and suggested readings:
Jewish Women in the Partisans
Sonia Orbuch: A Young Woman with Russian Partisans
Gertrude Boyarski: From Frail Girl to Partisan Fighter


text:
OverviewPrint this page
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract runs from the mouth through to the large intestine and anus, encompassing associated organs that are involved with the process of digestion such as the gallbladder and pancreas1.
Research into gastrointestinal conditions such as dyspepsia2-6, gastro oesophageal reflux disease7-16, peptic ulcers17,18, and gastritis18 suggests that coffee is not associated with the development of these disorders. Research also suggests that coffee consumption does not worsen symptoms in those who suffer these conditions when confounding factors, such as BMI and smoking status, are controlled for2,8,10, 13.
In the small intestine, studies suggest that coffee consumption does not increase the risk of duodenal ulcers19,20 and has no effect on fluid balance in this location21,22. Research also suggests that there is no association between coffee consumption and disorders of the large intestine, such as diarrhoea21-23, or irritable bowel syndrome3,24,25. Research on organs associated with the gastro intestinal tract suggests that coffee consumption is associated with a reduced risk of gallbladder disease26,-29, and with lower incidence and rates of progression of liver disease30.
In relation to cancers throughout the GI tract, in its 2016 report, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that there is inadequate research to suggest any link between coffee consumption and cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, stomach, oesophagus, or colorectum31. The review also suggests that coffee drinking is associated with a reduced occurrence of liver cancer31. Data reviewed by IARC also suggests that there is no association between coffee consumption and increased risk of pancreatic cancer31. However, IARC classified beverages consumed at very high temperatures, defined as drinks over 65°C, as "probably carcinogenic to the human oesophagus"31.
The content in this Overview was last edited in May 2018. Papers in the Latest Research section and further resources are added regularly.
This information is intended for Healthcare professional audiences.
Please consider the environment before printing.


Banner Day For Apple Patents Includes 3D Apple TV Remote Control
The latter patent is probably the star of the bunch. It describes an Apple TV that could detect a remote control using a motion sensor, which you could use to scale images, zoom in or out, navigate channels, and even navigate, change channels and lower and raise the volume. It sounds less like a Kinect (which in mind is what I usually think of when I think of 3D remote controls) and more like a Nintendo Wii. Perhaps it would open similar opportunities for gaming?
Apple's other patents are a little more mundane, mostly notable for the sheer volume which were granted. One describes the original MacBook Pro unibody design, while another lays claim to a method of integrating a camera window in glass, like on the back of the iPhone 5 or iPhone 4s.
The rest are even less understandable and more exotic, but are probably useful weaponry to have in case Samsung (or other competitors) come a-knocking. You can check them all out at the link below.
Source: Patently Apple


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If I got
Dim myRect As Rectangle = New Rectangle(0,0,100,100)
Is it necessary or just fine to later do this:
myRect = Nothing
Or it isn't necessary? Thank you.
IF it is necessary, are there other cases it isn't for my variables?
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2 Answers
up vote 5 down vote accepted
In general, as Joel said, it's unnecessary.
In your specific example, though, it is actually pointless. Rectangle is a value type, so setting it to Nothing is not even affecting an object's reference count; it's assigning a new value (the default value for Rectangle) to your myRect variable. This is analogous to having an Integer variable and setting it to 0 at the end of a method. Doesn't buy you anything.
I should point out that the claim "Setting any variable to Nothing [or null in C#] never accomplishes anything"* is a myth. It is entirely possible that you may have a field in a class which you might as well set to null if the object referenced is no longer needed but you still have a reference to the class instance itself.
As a simplistic example, suppose you had some container class which wraps a T[] array, and you give this container an Empty method. It might make sense to set the container's internal array to null in this method, which would result in zero references to the array object, qualifying it for garbage collection. (You would then create a new array when external code next tried to add a T to the collection.) If you did not set the field to null on Empty, then there would still be a reference to the array (i.e., the field), and so that would be a small amount of memory being used that you really don't need.
Like I said, that's a simplistic example. And honestly, it's rare that you ever need to consider scenarios like that. I just thought I would mention it so that you don't get the wrong impression that setting a field to Nothing literally never accomplishes anything.
*I'm not actually quoting anyone specific here; this is just an over-generalization I've heard stated more than once.
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What if it was an Image type variable? – Just Kidding Jan 27 '11 at 19:44
_USER_: Then Joel's answer applies (Image is a reference type). Setting it to null per se is not really valuable. On the other hand, Image implements IDisposable so you should take care to dispose of it properly (by calling Dispose or, better, wrapping the variable in a using block outside of which you no longer need it). – Dan Tao Jan 27 '11 at 19:46
Thanks then! :D – Just Kidding Jan 27 '11 at 19:50
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Don't do it. This was important to do in the vb6 days, but for.Net it's possible (though very unlikely) for it to actually throw the garbage collector off and have other unexpected side effects.
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About this font family
Display Explicit is a display font not intended for text use. It was designed specifically for display, headline, logotype, branding, and similar applications. Display Explicit has an uppercase alphabet located under the shift+character set keys with alternate characters for A, B, C, D, E, F, G, J, K, M, N, P, Q, R, and W located under the option+character and shift+option+character set keys. Under the character set keys are condensed uppercase characters. There are sets of numbers matching each of the uppercase sets, and punctuation.


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Since the 1970's, clinical courses at Cornell Law School have helped students move beyond the classroom into the world of practice. A variety of courses provide students with opportunities to assume the role of advocate on behalf of real clients with real legal problems. All of this is done under the supervision and mentoring of experienced faculty, who work closely with students to assist their development into excellent, ethical professionals.
To begin the transition from student to practitioner, some students elect to enroll in in-house clinics; others choose to participate in externships. Each clinic provides opportunities for developing skills that are crucial to the practice of law.
In-house Clinic students represent clients in real practice settings, through which they engage in the practical application of the skills being learned in non-clinical courses, and the development of an array of other critical lawyering skills. The variety of skills students develop includes:
- Fact investigation
- Client counseling
- Case management
- Use of discovery tools
- Development of legal theories and themes
- Drafting of various legal documents
- Identification and resolution of ethical challenges
- Trial and hearing skills
In some clinics, students will appear before administrative tribunals or courts, which will require them to employ pre-trial and trial skills. In nearly all clinics, students will engage in interviewing and client counseling; legal research and writing of documents and memoranda of law. Some students will argue before appellate courts. In whatever tasks they engage, all clinic students experience the unique learning that arises from performing legal work on behalf of an actual client, and seeing the impact of law and legal institutions on those clients.
Externship Students may also be involved in direct representation of individual, group, or institutional clients. In other settings, students may focus more on research and writing projects, and observe lawyers in their offices conducting an array of tasks such as negotiating, conducting depositions, and doing trials. In still others, students will act as law clerks to judges, performing research, writing draft opinions and sitting in on conferences and trials. In all externships, students are able to engage their supervising lawyers and judges in discussions about their work, their lives as practitioners, their understandings of the impact of their work, and numerous other topics that arise in the course of the externship.
Clinical students are enthusiastic about the opportunity to do real lawyering. They are challenged by their work, and often feel transformed by the experience. The development of professional skills is only a part of what they learn. Equally as important is the profound sense of service, of professional responsibility, and of accomplishment. Most clinic students identify their clinical course as one of the highlights of their law school education.
The numerous clinics offered at Cornell provide different opportunities, and engage the student in different areas of law and practice. Each clinic has a separate web page on which you will find detailed information about the nature of the legal work in which you would be engaged.
Please visit each clinic page, or review the clinical programs brochure, to explore the variety of opportunities that await you.


text:
- The orbiter structure
is divided into several major sections and is constructed mostly
- Consists of the upper
and lower fuselage, houses the crew compartment.
- The three-level crew
compartment includes the flight deck, middeck, and equipment bay.
- The middeck airlock
is large enough to accommodate two suited astronauts at once.
Forward Fuselage and Crew Compartment Windows
- The orbiter has 11 windows.
- An aerodynamic lifting
surface that provides conventional lift and control for the orbiter.
- Forms the payload bay
area, interfaces with the forward fuselage, aft fuselage and wings.
Payload Bay Doors
- Are opened shortly after
orbital insertion to provide for vehicle heat dissipation.
- Consists of an outer
shell, thrust structure and internal secondary structure.
Orbital Maneuvering System/Reaction Control System Pods
- Attached to the aft
fuselage, house the OMS/RCS propulsion components.
- Thermally shields the
main engines during entry, provides pitch control trim during
- Consists of a structural
fin surface, a rudder, a tip and a lower trailing edge.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Original author(s)Christian Schwarz
Developer(s)Itai Tzur, Pascal Hakim, Marcela Mašláňová (Red Hat)
Stable release
2.3 / July 16, 2009; 12 years ago (2009-07-16)
 - [cvs:// cvs://]
Edit this at Wikidata
Written inC
Operating systemLinux
TypeJob scheduler
anacron is a computer program that performs periodic command scheduling, which is traditionally done by cron, but without assuming that the system is running continuously. Thus, it can be used to control the execution of daily, weekly, and monthly jobs (or anything with a period of n days) on systems that don't run 24 hours a day. anacron was originally conceived and implemented by Christian Schwarz in Perl, for the Unix operating system. It was later rewritten in C by Itai Tzur; maintainers have included Sean 'Shaleh' Perry and Pascal Hakim.[1] It is a dependency of cronie which is maintained by Red Hat,[2][3] and Red Hat updates to cronie have included updates to anacron as well.[4]
Unix systems commonly run "housekeeping chores" such as log rotation, unused files deletion, indexing local files for the search engine, sending disk usage reports, etc. A program called cron may be used to schedule these tasks.
With cron, tasks are commonly scheduled to be executed when the system is expected to be idle. If the system is off at the moment a task should be run, it will not be executed. Anacron is different and moves tasks to different moments so they are run when the system is on and utilising cron.
anacron can run tasks only once a day (or less often such as weekly or monthly). In contrast, cron allows tasks to run as often as every minute (but does not guarantee their execution if the system goes down). In practice, this is not usually an issue, since it is rare to have a task that must be guaranteed to run more often than (at least) once a day — especially on a system that is not necessarily running at all times.
If the system is rebooted or started after midnight, the daily tasks are run after a user-specified delay in synchronized fashion (sequential order), so only one anacron-task is running at a time. When that task is finished, the next one starts and so on.
This behaviour can be overridden to allow concurrent (parallel) tasks, but can consume system resources that are needed by the user to do work. In contrast, cron will only run daily tasks at the time set (e.g. in the middle of the night, when presumably the machine is not being used).
fcron is another implementation of cron, which attempts to fulfill the roles of both Vixiecron and anacron.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ "anacron(8): runs commands periodically - Linux man page". 2018-01-25. Archived from the original on 2018-01-25. Retrieved 2018-03-31.
 2. ^ "7.33. cronie - Red Hat Customer Portal". 2018-03-31. Archived from the original on 2018-03-31. Retrieved 2018-03-31.
 3. ^ "Automate Linux with Cron and Anacron | TuxRadar Linux". 2017-09-14. Archived from the original on 2017-09-14. Retrieved 2018-03-31.
 4. ^ "cronie-crond/cronie - cronie-1.5.1 release". GitHub. Retrieved 2018-03-31.
External links[edit]


Ancient Greek History
Was There Beer in Ancient Greece?
Written by in Comments Off on Was There Beer in Ancient Greece?
Beer in Ancient GreeceThere is no doubt that wine was probably the most popular beverage in Ancient Greece. It was so important to the culture, in fact, that they had an official God of Wine, Dionysius. However, wine wasn't the only fermented beverage in existence during the time of the Ancient Greeks.
The ancient cultures in China, Iran, Egypt, and Northern Europe all had beer thousands of years ago. In fact, it is the Chinese who have the honor of being the first producers of beer and they've been brewing it since 7000 B.C. Given its prevalence throughout the world, why is it that the Ancient Greeks aren't really associated with beer?
What is beer?
Beer is an alcoholic beverage that is the result of fermenting various grains, such as malt and barley, with yeast. The end result is a beverage that has a distinct, yeasty flavor and has a noticeable carbonation. Some beer makers let the fermentation process create the carbonation while others add it in. This beverage wasn't that much different in ancient times because it still involved the fermentation of grains.
Beer Traveled Throughout the Ancient World
By 5000 B.C, the Ancient Egyptians were amongst those who brewed and drank beer. At this point, the beverage did travel to Greece. Some evidence does exist that suggests that people were brewing beer in Greece for thousands of years. It is highly possible that they drank beer produced by other countries. Despite this, it seems that wine was the more popular beverage.
The Goddess Demeter
Demeter is the Ancient Greek Goddess of the Harvest. Each year, around the time of the biggest harvest, the Greeks would hold a large festival. At this festival, there is evidence that shows that the Greeks did drink beer at occasions such as these. Imported blonde ale was a particular favorite at this particular festival.
Did Beer Ever Become Popular?
Yes, people did know about beer in Ancient Greece. However, it never really achieved the kind of popularity that it did in other places such as Northern Europe. In fact, Greeks much preferred wine and since beer was associated with Northern Europe, the place where "barbarians" lived, the Greek people had a difficult time enjoying a beverage created by these people.
An Inferior Beverage
Not only did the Ancient Greeks prefer their wine, they also considered beer to be an inferior beverage. Once beer traveled to Egypt, the knowledge of how to brew it was passed along to the Greeks, who then passed it along to the Romans. However, it was looked at as a "low-class" drink because it was fairly easy to make and a little bit too expensive.
Beer in Ancient Greek Literature
Even though there have been archaeological sites that have shown evidence of beer drinking and storage, proof of its existence in Greece also exists in literature. Xenophon, for example, mentioned beer in his Anabasis. Sophocles also mentioned beer but only in the context of staying away from it.
Yes, there was beer in Ancient Greece. However, it wasn't considered a high quality beverage in the same way that wine was.
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note BrowserUk What most the responses so far seem to have missed is that the cast of the in-ram [split]ing and [join]ing of records, pales into insignificance when compared to the time required for the read-a-record, write-a-record flip-flopping of the read head back and forth across the disk. There are two possible ways to speed up your processing: Overlap the [split]ing & [join]ing with either the reading or the writing (or both). This can be achieved by using two or more threads or processes. Read and write larger chunks of the file to minimise the number of seeks the read heads need to make. Interleaving 80GB/4k = 20 million reads, and (~) 200,000 write means (at least) 400,000 track to track seeks. If you increase the read & write chunk sizes to 1MB each, that can be reduced to ~1,500 track to track seeks. Try these: #! perl -sw use strict; our $B //= 64; $B *= 1024; my $ibuf = ''; while( sysread( *STDIN, $ibuf, $B, length $ibuf ) ) { my $p = 1+rindex( $ibuf, "\n" ); my $rem = substr( $ibuf, $p ); substr( $ibuf, $p ) = ''; open my $RAM, '<', \$ibuf; print while <$RAM>; $ibuf = $rem; } #! perl -sw use strict; our $B //= 64; $B *= 1024; my $obuf; while( <> ) { my _USER_ = split chr(9); $obuf.= join( chr(9), _USER_[2,0,5] ). "\n"; if( length( $obuf ) > $B ) { print $obuf; $obuf = ''; } } print $obuf; ## Corrected C&P error. See [lotus1]'s post below. Usage: ibuf -B=1024 < in.tsv | -B=1024 > out.tsv. Based on my experiments, it might be possible to more than halve your processing time, though YMMV. Experiment with adjusting the -B=nnn (in kbs) parameters up & down in unison and independently to find the sweet spot on your system. Be aware, bigger is not always better. 1024 for both seems to work quite well on my system, anything larger slows it down. With the rise and rise of 'Social' network sites: 'Computers are making people easier to use everyday' Examine what is said, not who speaks -- Silence betokens consent -- Love the truth but pardon error. "Science is about questioning the status quo. Questioning authority". In the absence of evidence, opinion is indistinguishable from prejudice. _PHONE_ _PHONE_


Cover Story
Why is it that married men are physically and mentally healthier than unmarried men, but for women in unhappy marriages, the reverse is true?
The answer may lie in differences in the way men and women process their spouses' and their own emotions, said University of California, Berkeley, psychologist Robert W. Levenson, PhD, at APA's 2001 Annual Convention.
Stressful, emotion-provoking situations, such as marital disagreements, can send people's hearts racing, among other physiological changes. But it's what men and women do once they're aroused that can affect their health, said Levenson. Researchers have found that those who have strategies to lower physiological arousal during stressful situations have better physical and mental health as well as higher marital satisfaction and stability.
Men are more likely to use such strategies, explained Levenson, because, "for husbands, the more physiologically aroused they are, the more negative they feel emotionally." However, "for wives, there's no significant relationship between how aroused they are and how badly they feel."
Such findings point to the possibility that men are in tune with their own emotions, while other research suggests women tune into their husbands' emotions.
For most husbands, when marital conflict produces negative emotion, "they experience higher autonomic arousal, they feel badly and they withdraw," Levenson said. When they remove themselves from the interaction, they down-grade their level of physiological arousal, and as a result, he believes, won't suffer any long-term harmful effects.
But when men don't withdraw from the situation and instead suppress their emotions, they become significantly more physiologically aroused--a less effective coping technique Levenson calls "stonewalling."
Because women's emotional experience doesn't always mirror their physiology, he explained, women may be physiologically aroused without actually experiencing negative emotions. If they aren't feeling bad, they attempt to stay engaged in the discussion while their husbands begin to withdraw or "stonewall"--leading wives to feel frustrated and even more stressed. In poor marriages, that continual heightened stress produces physiological responses in women than can lead to poorer health, Levenson theorized.
Another possible theory for unhappily married women's poorer health, said Levenson, takes into account how accurately married people can tell what their partner is feeling.
"Men and women are just as good at knowing what the other is feeling," he said. "However, there's a consequence of that that shows an interesting gender difference. When wives are accurately reading their husbands' emotions, they take on the physiology that their husbands are showing. Mean-while, husbands--who are just as good at knowing what their wives are feeling--don't show that kind of physiological activation."
These findings could mean that, in bad marriages where husbands are physiologically aroused, wives may take on their husbands' physiological arousal, resulting in additional long-term stress that can lead to women's poorer health.


text: Video projectors are useful for at least two things; enlarging the display of a computer and playing back video (like televisions-having nothing to do with computers). Video projectors in rural locations can be a window to the rest of the world. One of the original definitions a of tele-vision is LONG DISTANCE SIGHT. The ratio of financial cost compared to the number of learner hours is vastly superior to any other solution. Video stored on flash media requires 1 gigabyte for 10 hours. In mid 2010, an 8 GB SD card costs $16 and holds 80 hours of video. In the coming years, an SD card will hold 2 terabytes holding 20,000 hours of video. In the long run Haitz's Law will impact video projectors in two ways.


text:
April 29, 2012 by Andrew
If you have been looking for scrimshaw patterns, we will be hosting several of them at scrimshaw.com. It can be especially daunting for the beginner to find a pattern or template to scrimshaw, and a great place to start is the iconic lighthouse.
The lighthouse is an historic part of the maritime landscape from as far back as 260 B.C. with the lighthouse of Alexandria. Warning sailors of rocky shores, guiding them through fog as well as a beacon of civilization, lighthouses served the maritime community throughout history. Most modern lighthouses operate automatically. Some lighthouses are also run as bed and breakfasts or vacation houses (see _URL_ The only time a lighthouse can be less than romantic is when the fog rolls in, and the foghorn starts to blow. Those who used to run lighthouses say they would get used to it, talking in between the soundings, and even sleeping through a foggy night!
There is a non-profit organization, the Beacon Preservation, Inc. which is dedicated to the preservation of lighthouses and their environments for educational, cultural, recreational, and historical preservation purposes. Their mission is to ensure that communities, civic organizations, and educational and research institutions are able to enjoy access to these important icons of nautical history. You can find out more about them at _URL_
The lighthouse pictured is in New Haven, CT – Lighthouse Point Beach – January, 2007(photo credit: Chris Amelung -
_URL_ CC Creative Commons Attribution License. Chris' site is
Clicking on the Lighthouse-Template will bring up a pdf which you can download and print out. There will be several sizes of the traced template varying from 1/4″ high to a 2″x3″ with the background. You can use these templates on anything from piano key ivory (often used as bookmarks) to lightswitch plates or other materials.
Cut out the size that fits your material and secure it in place with tape.
Using a sharp tool, you can pierce the paper and make a dot on your ivory, making dots every 16th of an inch or so, creating a "dot-to-dot" (kids will sometimes use the school's compasses – the type used to make circles, not to find true north) to do this.
Once you have gotten most of the template pierced, remove the paper.
You can see the dots easier if you fill them in by wiping oil paint across the surface then wiping it away, this will leave the paint in the impressions you created.
From here, you can continue putting stippled dots between the dots already there, or scribe from dot-to-dot to get the initial picture. Fill in a small area with dots or scribed lines, then coat and wipe the area with oil paint (or India ink). Using the large original picture as a guide you can then create the shadows, or get creative and add a different shoreline, add a ship in the harbor, or anything else you desire.
Here's a link to another picture of the lighthouse from Tony Fischer Photography
Write to us at "_EMAIL_" and let us know what you are looking for, we'll be glad to get you started.
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Configure cross-platform settings
Important: Note the following important information for this feature:
- Cross-platform settings in Profile Management work with a set of supported operating systems (OSs) and applications. Configure this feature only in a production environment.
- Microsoft Office settings do not roam between versions of that application. For more information, see Operating systems and applications supported By cross-platform settings.
- This feature is suitable for registry and application settings. It is not for files or folders, or objects typically used with folder redirection (for example, browser favorites, and desktop and Start menu settings).
- If you use this feature to migrate user profiles between systems with different profile versions, disable it after the migration has been completed for all users. There is some performance impact, primarily to logoffs, when using this feature. So it is best to leave it disabled unless you support roaming between profile versions.
This topic contains an example of the steps you can take to configure cross-platform settings. For a more detailed case study, see Cross-platform settings - Case study.
Tip: Citrix recommends restricting this feature to a small, test set of users before putting it into production. Use the Cross-platform settings user groups option to achieve it. If this setting is configured, the cross-platform settings feature of Profile Management processes only members of these user groups. If this setting is disabled, the feature processes all of the users specified by the Processed groups setting. If Cross-platform settings user groups is not configured in Group Policy or the.ini file, all user groups are processed.
- For the settings that are common to all platforms, create a common Group Policy Object (common GPO), link it to the Profile Management.adm or.admx file, and configure the settings as required. This setup is best practice because it minimizes duplicate settings that can make any later troubleshooting awkward. Depending on your requirements, all Profile Management settings work on multiple platforms except Path to user store. Configure Path to user store separately for each platform due to the different user store structures of Version 1 and Version 2 profiles. In the common GPO, leave this setting unconfigured.
- Create separate OUs for your different platforms. For example, if you are migrating from Windows 7 to Windows 8, create separate OUs for these operating systems), and set Path to user store appropriately in each OU.
- Locate the definition (.xml) files for the supported applications whose personalizations you want to work across the platforms. These files are located in the CrossPlatform folder in the download package. You can create your own application definition files. For details, see Create a definition file.
- Copy the.xml files to a suitable location on your network.
- Edit the common GPO in Group Policy Management Editor. Under Profile Management open the Cross-platform settings folder and configure these settings:
- Cross-platform settings user groups. Restricts the users who experience cross-platform settings. This setting is optional. It is useful when testing this feature or rolling it out in stages.
- Path to cross-platform definitions. Identifies the network location of the definition files that you copied from the download package. This must be a UNC path. Users must have read access to this location, and administrators must have write access to it. The location must be a Server Message Block (SMB) or Common Internet File System (CIFS) file share.
- Path to cross-platform settings store. It is the common area of the user store where profile data shared by multiple platforms is located. Users must have write access to this area. The path can be an absolute UNC path or a path relative to the home directory. You can use the same variables as for Path to user store.
- Specify a base platform by ensuring Source for creating cross-platform settings is set to Enabled in that platform's OU. This setting migrates data from the base platform's profiles to the cross-platform settings store. In the other platforms' OUs, set this policy to Disabled or Unconfigured. Each platform's own set of profiles are stored in a separate OU. You must decide which platform's profile data to use to seed the cross-platform settings store. This is referred to as the base platform. If the cross-platform settings store contains a definition file with no data, or the cached data in a single-platform profile is newer than the definition's data in the store, Profile Management migrates the data from the single-platform profile to the store unless you disable this setting. Important: If Source for creating cross-platform settings is enabled in multiple OUs, the platform that the first user logs on to becomes the base profile.
- Set Enable cross-platform settings to Enabled. By default, to facilitate deployment, cross-platform settings is disabled until you turn on this setting.
- Run a Group Policy update.
- If you are migrating profiles across platforms but not supporting roaming of them, when the migration is complete, set Enable cross-platform settings to Disabled.
If Path to cross-platform definitions is not configured here, the value from the.ini file is used. If this setting is not configured here or in the.ini file, no cross-platform settings are applied.
If Path to cross-platform settings store is disabled, the default path Windows\PM_CP is used. If this setting is not configured here, the value from the.ini file is used. If this setting is not configured here or in the.ini file, the default path is used.
If Enable cross-platform settings is not configured here, the value from the.ini file is used. If this setting is not configured here or in the.ini file, no cross-platform settings are applied.
Example: Roaming Microsoft Office settings between Windows Server 2008 and Windows 7
This example describes the major steps involved in allowing users' application settings to roam between two operating systems that create Version 2 profiles. Microsoft Office 2010 is the example application, and roaming takes places between Citrix XenApp 6.5 on Windows Server 2008 and Windows 7. Both OSs are 64-bit.
- Users are accustomed to accessing Office 2010 and Internet Explorer 9 as published applications on Citrix Virtual Apps servers, and change several settings in these applications. For example, they modify their email signature in Office and choose a new home page in Internet Explorer.
- At a future date, virtual desktops (created with Citrix Virtual Desktops) are created but not yet released to users. The desktops run Windows 7 and are preconfigured with Office 2010 and Internet Explorer 9.
- The users expect their settings to be the same on their new desktops. You configure the cross-platform settings feature according to the procedure in this topic. It includes enabling Source for creating cross-platform settings in the OU for Windows Server 2008.
- When users next run the published versions of the applications (not the new, virtual desktops), their settings are copied to the cross-platform settings store.
- The new desktops are then released to users. When they log on and run the local versions of Office and Internet Explorer, the settings from the earlier Windows Server 2008 sessions are used. Users' modified email signatures and home pages are available on their Windows 7 machines.
- Users browse in Internet Explorer from their virtual desktop, and decide to change their home page again.
- Users log off and leave work. They don't have access to their virtual desktop at home, but they can run the published version of Internet Explorer 9 remotely. They find their most recent home page, created on Windows 7 in the previous step, has been preserved.


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What does square waves in the ocean mean?
Square waves are the result of two sets of wave systems blending with each other at differing angles. They usually form when two different weather systems meet up and their winds cause the wave grids to form. The resulting currents can wreck ships and pose a threat to people in the water.
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In class tomorrow I would like to have a discussion on a lack of diversity in the profession of architecture and reflect on challenges to achieving this.
As a point of reference, we can refer to this AIA 2016 study: _URL_
This paragraph is taken from the summary:
"Industry data show that, while improving, women and people of color are underrepresented in the field of architecture. In 2015, industry membership organizations worked together to create a study examining what architects believe is causing this underrepresentation, how significant they feel it is, and offering suggestions of what could be done to address it. The result was the study, Diversity in the Profession of Architecture." p. 3.
We will talk about this tomorrow and post a reflection during class. You are welcome to post a reflection in advance if you like.
See you tomorrow.
Prof. Montgomery


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Chargingcharge (chärj),USA pronunciation v., charged, charg•ing, n.
- to impose or ask as a price or fee: That store charges $25 for leather gloves.
- to impose on or ask of (someone) a price or fee: He didn't charge me for it.
- to defer payment for (a purchase) until a bill is rendered by the creditor: The store let me charge the coat.
- to hold liable for payment;
enter a debit against.
- to attack by rushing violently against: The cavalry charged the enemy.
- to accuse formally or explicitly (usually fol. by with): They charged him with theft.
- to impute;
ascribe the responsibility for: He charged the accident to his own carelessness.
- to instruct authoritatively, as a judge does a jury.
- to lay a command or injunction upon: He charged his secretary with the management of his correspondence.
- to fill or furnish (a thing) with the quantity, as of powder or fuel, that it is fitted to receive: to charge a musket.
- to supply with a quantity of electric charge or electrical energy: to charge a storage battery.
- to change the net amount of positive or negative electric charge of (a particle, body, or system).
- to suffuse, as with emotion: The air was charged with excitement.
- to fill (air, water, etc.) with other matter in a state of diffusion or solution: The air was charged with pollen.
- to load (materials) into a furnace, converter, etc.
- to load or burden (the mind, heart, etc.): His mind was charged with weighty matters.
- to put a load or burden on or in.
- to record the loan of, as books or other materials from a library (often fol. by out): The librarian will charge those books at the front desk.
- to borrow, as books or other materials from a library (often fol. by out): How many magazines may I charge at one time?
- to place charges on (an escutcheon).
- to make an onset;
rush, as to an attack.
- to place the price of a thing to one's debit.
- to require payment: to charge for a service.
- to make a debit, as in an account.
- (of dogs) to lie down at command.
- charge off:
- to write off as an expense or loss.
- to attribute to: I charged off the blunder to inexperience.
- charge up, [Informal.]
- to agitate, stimulate, or excite: a fiery speaker who can charge up an audience.
- to put or be under the influence of narcotic drugs.
- expense or cost: improvements made at a tenant's own charge.
- a fee or price charged: a charge of three dollars for admission.
- a pecuniary burden, encumbrance, tax, or lien;
liability to pay: After his death there were many charges on his estate.
- an entry in an account of something due.
- an impetuous onset or attack, as of soldiers.
- a signal by bugle, drum, etc., for a military charge.
- a duty or responsibility laid upon or entrusted to one.
- care, custody, or superintendence: The child was placed in her nurse's charge.
- anything or anybody committed to one's care or management: The nurse was careful to let no harm come to her charge.
- [Eccles.]a parish or congregation committed to the spiritual care of a pastor.
- a command or injunction;
- an accusation: He was arrested on a charge of theft.
- an address by a judge to a jury at the close of a trial, instructing it as to the legal points, the weight of evidence, etc., affecting the verdict in the case.
- the quantity of anything that an apparatus is fitted to hold, or holds, at one time: a charge of coal for a furnace.
- a quantity of explosive to be set off at one time.
- See electric charge.
- the process of charging a storage battery.
- a thrill;
- grains of a solid propellant, usually including an inhibitor.
- a load or burden.
- any distinctive mark upon an escutcheon, as an ordinary or device, not considered as belonging to the field;
- in charge:
- in command;
having supervisory power.
- under arrest;
in or into the custody of the police.
- in charge of:
- having the care or supervision of: She is in charge of two libraries.
- Also, in the charge of. under the care or supervision of: The books are in the charge of the accounting office.
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Mission: To observe, understand and model the hydrological cycle and energy fluxes in the Earth's atmosphere and at the surface.
The Global Energy and Water Cycle Exchanges Project (GEWEX) is an integrated
program of research, observations, and science activities that focuses on the atmospheric, terestrial, radiative, hydrological, coupled processes, and interactions that determine the global and regional hydrological cycle, radiation and energy transitions, and their involvement in climate change. The International
GEWEX Project Office (IGPO) is the focal point for the planning and implementation of
all GEWEX activities.
The goal of GEWEX is to reproduce and
predict, by means of suitable models, the variations of the global hydrological regime,
its impact on atmospheric and surface dynamics, and variations in regional hydrological
processes and water resources and their response to changes in the environment, such as
the increase in greenhouse gases. GEWEX will provide an order of magnitude improvement in
the ability to model global precipitation and evaporation, as well as accurate assessment
of the sensitivity of atmospheric radiation and clouds to climate change.
GEWEX is the core project in the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) concerned
with studying the dynamics and thermodynamics of the atmosphere and interactions with the
By virtue of this central role, GEWEX has links with all other WCRP
projects, in particular, the Climate Variability and
Predictablity (CLIVAR) Project, the Stratospheric
Processes and their Role in Climate (SPARC) Project, and the Climate and Cryosphere (CIiC) Project.
GEWEX plays a central role in the interaction
of WCRP with many international organizations and programs dealing with climate
observations. As part of WCRP's input to the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS), GEWEX brings its unique expertise in
two specific societal benefit areas, climate and water. GEWEX is leading in the
development of plans for the global data reprocessing effort and a observation strategy,
and serves as a demonstration project for future climate observational networks in GEOSS. GEWEX supports the Integrated Global
Water Cycle Observations (IGWCO) Theme developed under the Integrated Global Observing Strategy Partnership
(IGOS-P) and currently part of GEO (activities were merged in 2008).
GEWEX Research Foci
GEWEX also maintains close links to the International Land Ecosystem-Atmospheric Processes
Study (iLEAPs) of the International
Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP).
GEWEX is composed of several components designed to address
the elements of the scientific focus, the global energy and water cycle.
- Data and Assessment
- Determine atmospheric and surface radiation fluxes and heating with the precision needed
to predict transient climate variations and decadal-to-centennial climate trends.
- Demonstrate - in particular at the regional scale - skill in predicting changes in water resources and soil moisture on time
scales up to seasonal and annual as an integral part of the climate system.
and Prediction - Develop accurate global model formulation of the energy and water
budget and demonstrate predictability of their variability and response to climate
forcing. See the Global Atmospheric System Studies (GASS) Panel and the Global Land/Atmosphere System Study (GLASS) Panel.
GEWEX Cross-Cutting Themes:
In the implementation of GEWEX, priority continues to be
given to three main cross-cutting themes:
- Assembly of global climatological data sets based on merging
in situ measurement and satellite observations in order to determine the atmospheric and
surface fluxes that drive the climate system, to provide benchmark values for the present
climate, to document interannual variability and climate change, and to validate models.
- Atmospheric and land surface process studies to improve
understanding of the main thermodynamic forces driving the climate system of energy
exchanges in the atmosphere, characterizing the regional global and water energy budgets,
to evaluate the role of evaporation and precipitation processes in regional rainfall
anomalies, to examine changes in soil moisture and ground water balance, and to improve
paramertization of these processes in models.
- Application of GEWEX data and process studies in models as a
basis for developing extended range precipitation forecasts, studying water resource
variability, improving the realism of simulations of the climate response to anthropogenic
forcing and global warming assessments, and for providing input to other WCRP activities.


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Introduction The Wada test has been the gold standard for testing cerebral language localisation during presurgical investigation in the past decades. However, during the last few years a shift has occurred in epilepsy surgery programmes towards the use of non-invasive methods, predominantly functional MRI (fMRI). However, Wada tests are still performed, albeit in a considerably smaller number of patients at many epilepsy centres.
Methods A retrospective monocentric analysis of remaining clinical indications for performing a Wada procedure was undertaken. The clinical data of patients who participated in Wada tests (42 hemispheric and 8 superselective procedures) during recent years were retrospectively evaluated.
Results Reasons for conducting a Wada test were (1) a patient's inability to perform the fMRI task due to agitation, mental disablement, or perceptual impairment, (2) validation of atypical, inconclusive or not clearly lateralised language activation shown with fMRI, (3) evaluation of propagation of ongoing interictal bilateral epileptiform EEG activity, (4) region selective testing of language and other cognitive functions, or (5) assessment of motor localisation. Patients who were not able to perform the fMRI task or in whom fMRI did not provide interpretable results were significantly younger (p<0.05).
Conclusion It is argued that fMRI is eligible to replace Wada tests in the majority of patients who are compliant with clearly lateralised language localisation, but in patients who are agitated or mentally impaired as well as in the case of the above-mentioned specific clinical indications and bilateral fMRI activations, Wada tests still provide additional information. Additionally, non-invasive methods less sensitive to movement artefacts are discussed as possible alternatives for these patients.
- Wada test
- language lateralisation
- language dominance
- cognitive electrophysiology
- cognitive neuropsychology
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While working on a number of classifieds websites I have encountered an interesting phenomenon, which I would like to share with you. I have called it "landing page lifecycle", and in this case it concerns ad details pages on classifieds websites. However, I think that it applies to any landing page of temporary character (like news, articles, discussions).
Traffic patterns for date-sensitive landing pages
During the advanced analysis of the traffic sources and landing pages for one of the classifieds websites (Morusek.pl) I have noticed that the traffic once gathered around a single ad details page eventually decreases in time. It is even more visible, if you gather the traffic for a number of pages that were created in a short period of time. Below, you'll find some examples:
Non-paid search traffic through pages (ads) created between June the 13th and June the 21st, 2011:
Non-paid search traffic through pages (ads) created between May the 29th and June the 6st, 2011:
Non-paid search traffic through pages (ads) created between May the 13th and May the 21st, 2011:
As you can see, the behavior is very similar for different date intervals. In all the above-mentioned examples the traffic first sharply increases, reaches its maximum, and then gradually decreases to 15%-20% of the initial weekly numbers.
I have also combined the data for 10 different sets of dates to obtain more objective general trends:
And again, there's almost instantaneous traffic increase and just after a week it starts decreasing. Firstly very fast, then it slows down. After one month there's only 30%-40% traffic left. After two months it is only 20%. After 3-4 months the traffic decreases to ca. 10%-15% of the initial values.
Behavior analysis
Of course there is no mystery behind such a rapid traffic increase at the beginning. It takes Google up to 24 hours until an ad gets indexed and just after that time it can be ranked and gain the traffic. But why is the traffic decreasing?
If we analyse the traffic page by page and phrase by phrase, we can find the three following types of behavior for every time-sensitive landing page.
The survivors
As we can see from the above graphs, the traffic decreases down only to reach some value. Usually it is 10-15% within 4-6 months. It means that there must be some landing pages that somehow resist the decrease. Those are the pages that are either linked from external sources and manage to gain good link popularity, or those that are optimized for keywords of very low competition. Below there is an example of the traffic for 5 landing pages (above) and 5 corresponding groups of key phrases (below).
External competition
Some landing pages are not so fortunate. They are optimized for phrases that are quite competitive and it may appear that just after several days there are similar ads created on other websites. As a result old pages loose rankings because the other are more up-to-date. In this case both the traffic for selected landing pages and the number of visits for related keywords decrease to 0:
Internal keyword cannibalization
There is also a third type of landing pages. These ads are optimized for phrases that are competitive also in case of other pages within the website. If Google finds a new page that is optimized for the same phrase, it selects the more up-to-date page for SERPs. As a result the traffic for the old landing pages decreases, however the traffic for related phrases remains on the same level:
The above-mentioned data is a good example of how Google promotes fresh pages on SERPs and how that influences the turnover of landing pages and the traffic. However, it also shows how "fragile" the time-sensitive landing pages are. They can drive the traffic for 2-3 weeks, and then they are gone, substituted by fresh ones.


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The Thazkans were a species that were tall and beautiful and had wings.
The Thazkans invaded the Rentali planet and enslaved and killed the Rentali. They were eventually defeated by the Rentali and several other species who were acting to prevent the Thazkans from invading their planets next.
Nine hundred years later, the Thazkans and Rentali were still at peace, but an anti-alien movement had begun to arise in the Thazkan government and among its people. Professor Stamis tried to warn his people of the horrors of the holocaust, but he was ignored. He took the drastic step of leaving his family and began making speeches denying that the holocaust had taken place. The Rentali anger over his claims helped to convince the Thazkan government to change their anti-alien stance. (PROSE: Denial)
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On the afternoon of February 28, 1953, a regular at The Eagle made an announcement to the other patrons enjoying their lunch in the Cambridge pub. He, along with his colleague James Watson, had discovered "the secret of life."
The regular was Francis Crick, who worked at the nearby Cavendish laboratory, and the two scientists had cracked the double-helix structure of DNA. It marked a pivotal moment in science. Today, the pub has a plaque commemorating this momentous occasion and serves an ale called DNA.
The Eagle was opened in 1667 as the Eagle and Child and its proximity to the university made it a favorite for scientists and thinkers. It was also a favored haunt for soldiers and airmen. During World War II, RAF and American airmen used candles to burn graffiti of their names and nicknames on the pub's ceiling during their evenings out. The graffiti was preserved and tourists visit the pub to catch a glimpse of this wartime form of art.
Update: The plaque outside was recently updated with a hand-scrawled "+ Franklin" by an anonymous passerby to highlight Rosalind Franklin's key contributions to understanding DNA.


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With a range of exciting new features Kahootz 3.0 provides students with even more ways to create amazing stories, inventions, habitats, games, movies and soundtracks.
Product website: Click for the official Kahootz 3 website
Click for Product Description (or scroll down the page)
Click for System Requirements (or scroll down the page)
Kahootz 3.0 - Benefits to Schools
|Kahootz 3.0 will provide both primary and secondary schools with more enhanced functions that would enable a greater level of engagement for a broader age-range of students.
The key benefits would include:
- The introduction of authoring action variables will significantly advance the possibilities of Kahootz as a game-making tool and provide a far greater level of interactivity. This will enhance its potential in the areas of Mathematics, Science and ICT.
- The increased cultural diversity of the Kahootz 3D library of Objects will provide LOTE and SOSE teachers with greater opportunities to integrate Kahootz into the curriculum.
|• Addition of a greater range of historical Objects will allow students to recreate more History related scenarios. A greater range of food and health related Objects will also allow students to create various Health and SOSE related scenarios.
|• The ability to record a student's voice directly into Kahootz 3.0 and import various language sound files will enhance its use substantially in the LOTE area.
|• The ability for students in English activities to record their own narrative to match the actions of the Kahootz characters.
|• The ability for students to create and control 3D natural effects such as rain, snow, water, fire, and electricity will enhance its use in the Science, Environmental and SOSE areas.
Recommended requirements for Microsoft Windows Users
Pentium III or better
1 GHz or above
Windows 2000 or above
512 MB RAM, 5GB Disc, recommend 600MB free space on the Hard Drive, 20x CD-ROM drive
32 MB or more of video RAM compatible 3D graphics card
DirectX version 9 or newer with a compatible and current "second generation" 3D graphics card
16 bit graphics card 16 bit setting ( High Colour ) 1024 x 758 resolution
Direct X 9c Compatible Sound Card
Recommended requirements for Apple Macintosh Users
eMAC or better
800 MHz or above
OSX 10.2 or above
512 MB, 5 GB disk
Recommend 300MB free space on the Hard Drive
32 MB or more of video RAM
OpenGL 1.2.1 or newer
16 bit (Thousands of Colours ) setting, 1024 by 768 resolution)