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Fundamentals & Technology
of Raman Spectroscopy
_URL_ is a non-commercial website about Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy is based on the Raman effect which has been discovered by the Indian physicist Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman in 1928. In 1930 Sir Raman received the Nobel price for this discovery.
Raman spectroscopy is a contact-free analytical technique for the chemical and physical characterization of biological, chemical, and pharmaceutical samples, semiconductors, gems, catalysts, minerals, polymers, and other materials. It gets more and more important due to recent developments in laser technology, more sensitive detectors, robust spectrometer optics, and, last but not least, through its easy use.
Raman spectra are unique fingerprints of solid, liquid or gaseous materials and might answer to the questions:
What is it? can be answered by comparing a sample spectrum with reference spectra or spectral libraries. Analyzing Raman
band intensities provide the answer to the question: How much?
The Raman and the infrared (IR) spectrum of the same material complement each other. Whether a band is observed in a Raman or in an IR spectrum and with which intensity depends on selection rules.
Raman spectroscopy combines the advantages of infrared (IR) and near-IR (NIR) spectroscopy. Although Raman and infrared spectroscopy are based on different physical processes, both excite fundamental molecular vibrations and rotations. The analysis of NIR spectra is limited to specific analytical issues and needs often a time consuming method development. However, in the near infrared glass is transparent which reduces sample preparation and provides remote sampling by fiber probes.
|Raman Spectroscopy||Mid Infrared Spectroscopy||Near Infrared Spectroscopy|
|Information||Fundamental vibrations (down to low wavenumbers)||Fundamental vibrations||Overtone and combination bands|
|Type of sample analyzed||Organics and Inorganics||Organics and Inorganics||Organics|
|Sample Preparation||No||Normally required||Seldom|
|Sample State||Solids and liquids||Solids, liquids, and gases||Mainly solids|
|Water||Yes||Water has a strong spectrum||Yes|
Light which is inellastically scattered on molecules or crystal lattices is called Raman scattering due to the Indian physicist Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman.
Spectral analysis of light which was scattered on molecules or crystal lattices shows an intense spectral line matching the wavelength of the monochromatic light source (Rayleigh scattering) and much weaker lines at wavelengths which are shifted from the wavelength of the light source (Raman scattering).
The interaction between matter and light can be interpreted as a collision between a vibrating molecule or lattice and an incident photon. There are three possibilities:
The inelastic collision between a photon and a molecule is known as the Raman effect. The energy difference between the inelastic scattered photons and the incident photons is exactly the difference between two energy levels of a molecular vibration.
Raman scattering intensities are up to several orders of magnitudes lower than Rayleigh scattering, competing fluorescence and thermal emission. The intensity ratios of Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman bands are determined by Boltzmann's law and can be used for the temperature measurement.
Raman scattering can easily be covered by competing processes which makes it difficult or impossible to be detected. Resonance Raman scattering (RR) or surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) can enhance Raman scatter intensities by several orders of magnitude.
Non-resonant Raman scattering intensities mainly depend on:
Raman spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy provide a unique spectral fingerprint of a substance and complement each other. Using selection rules, it can be predicted whether a molecular vibration is Raman or infrared active.
As a consequence of the selection rules, infrared spectroscopy provides detailed information about functional groups and Raman spectroscopy especially contributes to the characterization of the carbon backbone of organic substances or polymers.
Infrared absorption can be detected if the dipole momentum µ in a molecule changes during the normal vibration. The intensity of an infrared absorption band IIR depends on the change of the dipole moment µ during this vibration:
where q is the normal coordinate.
A Raman active vibration can be detected if the polarizability α in a molecule changes during the normal vibration. The intensity of a Raman active band IRaman depends on the change of polarizability α during this vibration:
where q is the normal coordinate.
In general, molecular vibrations symmetric with regard to the centre of symmetry are forbidden in the infrared spectrum, whereas molecular vibrations which are antisymmetric to the centre of symmetry are forbidden in the Raman spectrum. This is known as the rule of mutual exclusion.
In Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy the wavelength of the exciting light source, typically a laser, coincides with the wavelength of an electronic transition of the sample. In this case, the Raman scattering intensities of totally symmetric vibrations of the molecular moiety involved in the electronic transition are enhanced by a factor of 102 to 106.
The Raman scattering intensity of molecules which are absorbed onto a roughen metal surface can be amplified up to 106x - 108x. This effect is named Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). SERS allows the detection of very low concentrations of analytes.
The strongest SERS enhancements are observed with gold, silver and copper. Roughness can be expressed as the diameter of a spherical shape. Typically, SERS needs sphere sizes about several nanometers, e.g. 40-300nm. SERS is a potential technique for the detection of single molecules.
Raman and Rayleigh scattering of molecules are substantially amplified if they are resonant with the radiation of a surface plasmon.
During the interaction of light and the molecule the Raman scattering enhancement is mediated by a surface plasmon. A surface plasmon is an oscillating electromagnetic field at a metal interface. It decays exponentially on both interface sides and its amplitude can be resonantly enhanced by radiation with a suitable wavelength.
Enhancement factors were observed that exceeds the factors that can be explained by the electromagnetic mechanism and the chemical mechanism. A special enhancement can be explained by as called electromagnetic hotspots.
A Raman spectrometer contains at least 4 units:
High sensitivity is obtained by using the intense light of a focused laser beam, a good collection efficiency for the Raman scattered light, high throughput optics and a sensitive detector unit. A computer controls the complete system and displays the Raman spectra or directly the result of a spectral analysis.
Raman spectra can be obtained by illuminating a sample with lasers emitting at almost any wavelength. The wavelength is chosen due to the availability of lasers and the required sensitivity for the analysis (the Raman scattering intensity is inversely proportional to 4th power of the excitation wavelength).
For a high sensitivity of the Raman spectrometer appropriate detectors have to be used. Silicon based CCD detectors typically are used for the UV and visible spectral range. In the NIR, Raman spectra are detected by Indium Gallium Arsenide (InGaAs) or Germanium (Ge) single point detectors.
The choice of the spectrometer type depends on the sample.
Usually, dispersive CCD/diode laser systems are preferred for dilute components of mixtures and solutions, weak scatterers and thermolabile samples.
NIR FT (Fourier Transformation) Raman systems offer a better wavelength accuracy, larger spectral range, higher resolution and generally they have an ultimately lower fluorescence interference, especially when excited at 1064 nm.
Laser beams can be focused to very small diameters down to the size of the diffraction limit of light. Highly focused energy of laser light onto micro samples results in high fluxes of Raman scattering. Thus, micro samples are ideal Raman samples.
For Raman spectroscopy of micro samples a laser perfectly illuminates the sample through an optical microscope. Utilizing a confocal microscope, only the back-scattered light of a diffraction limited volume is imaged into a Raman spectrometer. Core of a confocal microscope is either a pinhole or a slit that rejects back-scattered light, which is generated outside of the well-defined diffraction limited volume. Thus, confocal microscopes acquire Raman spectra only from a well-defined spatial volume.
Raman microscopy provides single spectra of small samples, but provides as well line scans along cross-sections of a sample. Distributions of single or multi components as 2D and 3D images can be derived from maps of their Raman spectra.
The diffraction limit of light is valid for far-field optics. This means that an optical detection system is located in a distance of at least multiple wavelengths from the sample. Near-field optics overcomes the diffraction limit of light. In this case the optical detection system is very close to the sample within the order of the wavelength of the light that is used for the illumination of the sample. Raman images with a spatial resolution of about 10 nm can be derived by combining near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) and a Raman spectrometer.
If Raman scattering is excited close to an electronic transition, it sometimes coincides with fluorescence. Since fluorescence is typically several orders of magnitude stronger than Raman scattering, already fluorescent traces of impurities may avoid the detection of the Raman spectrum of the major material.
Selecting an excitation wavelength far away from any electronic transition of the sample generally avoids fluorescence. Fluorescence can be avoided most effectively by NIR FT Raman spectroscopy.
This method is appropriate for samples where fluorescence originates from impurities.
Irradiating the sample with intense light for a few minutes, preferably by the Raman laser, decomposes fluorescent species. This method is applicable


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Normally when you see a student enter the class, he moves past the first bench without even giving it a glance. Why is that? What is so scary about seating in the first bench? Services such as college homework help believe that it is a way of conveying the message that they are much more than mere book worms. FIRSTBENCHER.COM wishes to enlighten seekers of the question of what has created a gap between the first bench and the student.
- When a student is in the seat of the first bench, the only view he is entitled to is that of the teacher and the board, which seems to let the class last longer than it is supposed to.
- The first benchers are the geeky group of the class, who are considered to be boring and honestly they are not invited to the cool parties and trips.
- When you come to the class with mischievous intentions then the first bench never forms the part of the plan.
- The last benchers do not receive much focus and are out of the monitoring zone of the teacher. They can sleep or just fool around and if there is a back door to the class, they can escape after the attendance.
- If you are one of those students who always fail to do their homework and are not very fond of the idea of taking down notes then the last bench is your area.
- The first bench students are treated like minions of the teacher; they are asked to collect the notes, erase the blackboard, announce notices and often asked to carry the stuff for her.
- The first benchers ought to be attentive all the time and if they are not they get in trouble such as detention.
- The last benchers have the best view of the class; they can draw peculiar pictures of the teachers, the geeky students and even pass around funny notes.
- The teachers generally know the care-free attitude of the last benchers and avoid asking questions from them because that would only put a dent in their duty of completing the course on time.
The most basic reason of avoiding the first bench is that students do not want to come across as a dork to their friends and classmates. The true experience of the class is enjoyed by the last benchers because they remember the class not just for the studies but also for the pranks and fun they did. The irony is last benchers achieve better in life than the first benchers because the easy way to get things done which involves entertainment as well. The students look for reliable sources of accounting homework help services that can help them with their complex homework and also search for professional essay writers to make their essay come across as insightful. The best of the class is enjoyed by the last benchers because they will be leaving the institution with memories and knowledge.
Contact FIRSTBENCHER.COM to make your educational life easier.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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As a general note because people tend to confuse this:
Obviously, many written texts use the Präteritum, even though one gets the impression that it is scarcely used in everyday life. Now, this does not imply that Präteritum is the past tense used in written form whereas Perfekt is the kind of informal spoken form of it. Nor does it mean that one needs to convert a spoken Perfekt to Präteritum when writing it or use Perfect when re-telling a scary novel at a campfire.
Obviously, there is a point to it or people wouldn't notice. However, it is of course not that Präteritum was so complicated that it could only be used at a desk with one hand in the conjugation table.
The reason is that the form and intention of texts which are written down and texts which are spoken differs:
Präteritum is the way of telling a story. Therefore, it is also used when writing a story. A story in that sense is anything which is remote. It may be in the past, it may be in the future, it may just not be of primary concern for the person who tells it.
Perfekt is the way of discussing something which happened in the past and is of primary and immediate relevance for the person who tells it. So, when a friend asks, why you look so happy and whether any of the events the other day are related to that, you may very well use Perfekt tense because it is not remote to you or him/her.
As an interesting read, I may suggest the book 'Tempus: Besprochene und erzählte Welt' written by Harald Weinrich which explains this difference for various European languages. (I think the belleslettres article makes similar arguments but I haven't had the time to fully read it.)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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"The Yellow Wallpaper" by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is a popular literary piece for critical analysis, especially in women's gender studies. It focuses on several inequalities in the relation between John and his wife. It was published for the first time in 1892 in a New England magazine and is considered to be one of the earliest and essential feminist literary pieces in America. The story illustrates the physical as well as the mental deterioration of women during the 19 century due to a medically prescribed treatment of being allowed to do nothing. Gilman created a very effective fictional narrative based on her personal experience with depression, and this had a strong impact on other women. This story was written to condemn the sexual politics which make the medical treatment prescribed possible.
The story is critically acclaimed because it brings into focus the unequal relationship the males and females in the society. The male gender is perceived to dominate society while the female gender is not given the space to make decisions independently of men. This is seen in the instances when John belittles his wife's creative endeavors. John does not respect his wife, and so he treats her like one of his children by calling her a little girl.
This makes the wife dislike her house. To her, the environment seems too isolated, making her unhappy. The story portrays women in Western society as deprived of their rights. Instead, they are treated like objects or men's possessions. They have nowhere to exercise their personal freedoms, and they feel belittled by the male counterparts. For instance, John keeps on dismissing his wife's thoughts and opinions. He believes that his wife should depend solely on him for almost everything. This is why this story has enjoyed such popularity, mostly by women who feel that they deserve a better place in the society, that they need space to exercise their creativity and productivity. Women feel they have strong potential and the ability to do anything, just like men do, and they should not depend on men for everything. Rather, they should depend on men as much as men depend on women.
Women should have their decisions respected, and no one should dismiss their ideas. Instead, ideas should be shared and debated, regardless of gender. Moreover, men should support women as equals rather than belittle them.
In Gilman's story "The Yellow Wallpaper," John acts as the mirror through which women are viewed negatively in the society, a society in which women are not perceived to be full citizens. They are not supposed to be anywhere near the political arena or in the public eye. Instead, they should remain in their homes. This view has led to women fighting for their rights through creating women movements to fight for their place in the society.
Tips on Writing a Critical Essay over a Literary Piece
First, it is important to understand that a critical essay is not a criticism of the literary piece or of its author. It is your reaction or response to the piece.
Begin by reading the piece several times, if possible. Highlight and make notes on anything that captures your attention. That could be a phrase, a character's thought or action, or an event. Then analyze why that interests you. What is the significance? What is the writer trying to achieve? Knowing the writer's background and the social or historical time period in which a story takes place is helpful in understanding the significance of characters or story events. Then, create a thesis statement that reflects your opinion about some aspect of the literary piece. Next, utilize evidence from the piece to support your opinion. Finally, organize your writing in a logical fashion. Do not retell the story or present details in chronological order. Assume your reader knows the literary piece being discussed and is interested in your opinion and how you support it.
Our custom essay writing service is ready to provide you with high-quality custom written essays. All you need is to contact our writing company and to fill in the order form.


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of this tool has been to scour the Internet for information about human trafficking, linking criminals to the temporary advertisements and peer-to-peer connections they use to lure victims and promote their sexual exploitation.46 DARPA has deployed this tool with policy enforcers, working with the New York County District Attorney's Office Human Trafficking Program and local law enforcement. By using Memex, these policy enforcers have generated 20 active trafficking investigations and have identified new evidence sources for eight open indictments.47 Dissecting this partnership among funders, researchers, businesses, and policy enforcers illuminates the anatomy of effective collective action.
By using Memex, these policy enforcers have generated 20 active trafficking investigations and have identified new evidence sources for eight open indictments.
- Align on common goals: Perhaps one of the Memex program's most remarkable aspects was the diversity of the actors that came together to create the program: 20 organizations from the federal government, local law enforcement, academia, and business partnered to develop, test, and use the technology. Each partner derived value from participation in the development of the technology: DARPA procured a valuable tool for the US defense community, researchers developed artificial-intelligence technology with crossover potential (for example, into the robotics space), and businesses used Memex to help inform new product development. That said, partners had a clear understanding of how their individual contributions fit into the broader initiative, understanding the utility and limits of the Memex program. This is particularly evident in their acknowledgement of how the technology fits into broader solutions for the space; Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance noted, "We've had the most success with this effort when we married traditional field intelligence with the information this provides."48
- Build mutual ownership: Each actor contributed different strengths to the Memex program. DARPA leveraged its expertise as a convener of researchers to contract the 17 academic and business researchers to develop and test Memex, while also serving as a funder, helping defray the costs of building this extensive research network. DARPA then brought in the New York attorney general to evaluate the viability of using Memex to catch traffickers. The partners neither became siloed nor swam into each other's lanes; each had a clear understanding of its responsibilities and unique expertise, particularly given the complexity of analyzing this data set. According to program manager Chris White, connecting online ads to real-world predators is incredibly difficult, requiring analysts getting "involved to do interpretation and make decisions. DARPA just creates the tech, and organizations adopt the technology to use it."49
- Create scalable solutions: The Memex program encouraged partners to build on ideas, leading to the development of more initiatives to address online trafficking. DARPA funding helped Carnegie Mellon enhance its research and provided a three-year, $3.6 million contract to Marinus Analytics, a spin-off company, to build Memex-based tools to help law enforcement combat sex trafficking.
No matter where you live, chances are that modern slavery is happening in your neighborhood. Although local organizations strive to identify and help victims, challenges in collaborating across state and organizational lines prevent victims from receiving the continuity of care needed to support their successful transition from victim to survivor.50 In response, Polaris, an anti-slavery nonprofit, developed the National Human Trafficking Resource Center (NHTRC). This national hotline allows witnesses and victims of trafficking to report tips, request help, and connect with anti-trafficking services. Between December 2007 and May 2015, Polaris has received nearly 90,000 calls about human trafficking and closely related issues and reported almost 6,000 cases of potential trafficking to local law enforcement, identifying nearly 20,000 victims of modern-day slavery.51 The complexity of cases and sheer volume of data make it difficult to immediately respond to those who are calling.
To help manage the flood of calls and data, Polaris partnered with Silicon Valley-based software company, Palantir Technologies, known for products that handle and connect large amounts of data. Palantir linked the NHTRC hotline to Polaris's national referral database, allowing for rapid responses to victims' urgent calls and providing nearby emergency-response resources.52 By using Palantir's geospatial analysis capabilities and custom-built Palantir applications, NHTRC call specialists are able to quickly locate resources to connect victims with emergency and long-term services. Additionally, Polaris's data analysts can harness the data collected on the calls to help identify trends and patterns and shed light on how human traffickers operate.
- Align on common goals: Polaris, a nonprofit focused on disrupting the conditions that allow human trafficking to thrive, and Palantir, a software development company whose central business is data analysis tools, were able to align on the importance of providing rapid support to victims of slavery, given the overlap in their organizational core missions. Establishing this end as "true north" helped pull these organizations together to create a unique initiative.
- Build mutual ownership: Polaris recognized that if it were to successfully scale a program as ambitious as the NHTRC, it would need to engage partners who could help connect, manage, and quickly analyze its data. Palantir was a natural fit, given its broad and advanced data tools, and it quickly married its technical expertise with Polaris's deep understanding of slavery and victim support. The principal partners—Polaris, Palantir, and Salesforce—invested the energy and staff time required to yield a successful outcome, while Google helped provide thought leadership around building the analytic capability. This symbiotic relationship drove the success of the NHTRC program.
- Create scalable solutions: Given the success of the NHTRC, Polaris began working to expand the solution beyond the United States. Partners have begun to export and share the data infrastructure they have built with other anti-slavery hotlines, "open-sourcing" tools and lessons to create solutions that reach beyond borders. This model also attracted the attention of Google, which contributed $3 million through the Global Impact Awards to expand this solution internationally.53 The partnership has started this process by advising and partnering with additional service provider NGOs, hotlines, and government agencies in North America, Central America, Europe, and Southeast Asia.54
Increasing resources to address slavery
Supporting victims and survivors is one of freedom ecosystem members' most critical roles. Two prevailing gaps must be closed to help prevent survivors from being dragged back into slavery: First, survivors need housing options, such as emergency shelters and short-term stays; once their shelter is secure, victims need long-term economic prospects to provide a path to independence. These solutions, like all those serving victims and survivors, should be evidence-based.55 Given the shortage of resources and difficulty identifying evidence-based solutions, activists tend to focus on the urgent task of sheltering victims rather than working toward developing new, innovative options.
For this reason, Humanity United, a nonprofit focused on advancing freedom, brought several US government agencies, including the Department of Justice, the Department of Health and Human Services, and the Department of Housing and Urban Development, into a public-private partnership focused on developing new initiatives to help support victims and survivors. The resulting Partnership for Freedom, funded in part by Goldman Sachs and the Righteous Persons Foundation, is in the process of launching three innovation challenges to help address victim support. By using a prize mechanism, the Partnership for Freedom is able to incentivize experts from diverse fields to enter the anti-slavery space and create new solutions to one of the most difficult problems the freedom ecosystem faces.
Given the shortage of resources and difficulty identifying evidence-based solutions, activists tend to focus on the urgent task of sheltering victims rather than working toward developing new, innovative options.
- Align on common goals: Humanity United's convening of experts across the field led to a clearly scoped problem definition in the first innovation challenge. The Partnership for Freedom agreed on the importance of strengthening critical services for trafficking survivors in their local communities and generating new information that allies can use to develop effective approaches to combating modern slavery. By establishing rules that prioritized new, measurable community-based approaches through the creation of partnerships, the Partnership for Freedom was able to incentivize the creation of effective solutions, receiving 162 ideas from organizations in 39 states to improve services for survivors. Through selection criteria that screened ideas for creativity, attainability, and sustainability, the partnership whittled these ideas down to 12 finalists.56 These teams were coached through a workshop and judged by luminaries in the field, resulting in the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Freedom Clinic and the Safe Shelter Collaborative taking home a total of $1.77 million in funding to pilot their solutions.57
- Build mutual ownership: Humanity United used its ability to convene key stakeholders around this problem, not only by creating a public-private partnership but by developing a competition that mobilized and aligned government and funders. These policy makers and funders let Humanity United take a leadership role in the design and execution of the challenge, lending their names, expertise, credibility, and finances at points where they would be most valuable. By providing the critical seed funds and incentives to both encourage innovation and foster partnership, Humanity United demonstrated a commitment to involved partners, who were then empowered to sustain the program after the competition ended.
- Create scalable solutions: This initiative was particularly effective because the innovation challenge required teams to create partnerships in order to compete. The program incentivized sustainable, long-term partnerships by allowing competing organizations to organically choose whom they wanted to team with, rather than actively playing a top-down role as a relationship broker. MGH will use the $600,000 it received to establish a pioneering model of comprehensive primary and preventative health care services for trafficking survivors, while the Safe Shelter Collaborative will receive $1.17 million to increase access to appropriate, supportive shelters for trafficking survivors.58 This is a collaborative effort between


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Like other complex-looking expressions, the conditional expression
beginning-of-buffer can be disentangled by looking at it
as parts of a template, in this case, the template for an if-then-else
expression. In skeletal form, the expression looks like this:
(if (buffer-is-large divide-buffer-size-by-10-and-multiply-by-arg else-use-alternate-calculation
The true-or-false-test of this inner
if expression checks the
size of the buffer. The reason for this is that the old version 18
Emacs used numbers that are no bigger than eight million or so and in
the computation that followed, the programmer feared that Emacs might
try to use over-large numbers if the buffer were large. The term
'overflow', mentioned in the comment, means numbers that are over
large. More recent versions of Emacs use larger numbers, but this
code has not been touched, if only because people now look at buffers
that are far, far larger than ever before.
There are two cases: if the buffer is large and if it is not.


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Researchers from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have demonstrated that they can make sensitive chemical analyses of minute samples of nanoparticles by, essentially, roasting them on top of a quartz crystal. The NIST-developed technique, "microscale thermogravimetric analysis," holds promise for studying nanomaterials in biology and the environment, where sample sizes often are quite small and larger-scale analysis won't work.*
Chemical analysis of nanoparticles is a challenging task, and not just because they're small. They're also complicated. They can become coated with other materials in their environment, and the question becomes, what materials? Or they might have been engineered with a coating, perhaps to provide anchor points for drug molecules, and then the question can be, how complete is the coating? In nanoelectronics, the question may be, how pure is the sample and just what are the impurities?
Researchers have an alphabetic array of tools for this, including scanning, transmission or atomic force microscopy (SEM/TEM/AFM); dynamic light scattering (DLS); nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR); and sundry spectrometry techniques, but they all have a variety of limitations, including complex sample preparation or the difficulty of analyzing enough particles to get a statistically significant result.
On the other hand, one technique, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is quite straight-forward. The sample is heated and monitored for changes in mass as the temperature increases. Sudden changes in mass correlate with the energies needed to decompose, oxidize, dehydrate or otherwise chemically change components in the sample. If you have some idea of what you start with, TGA can tell you much more, but it requires pretty substantial sample sizes.
NIST's technique is essentially the same except that a small piezoelectric quartz crystal is substituted for the mass scale. A tiny amount of a nanomaterial sample deposited on the crystal dampens the crystal's resonant frequency, and as the sample grows lighter, the frequency shifts. NIST researchers originally applied it to measure the purity of carbon nanotube samples.**
In this latest paper, the research team tested the utility of microTGA on typical nanomaterial analysis problems, including assessing the purity of carbon nanotubes, determining the amount of surface-bound ligands (i.e., molecular anchors) on gold nanoparticles, and testing for the presence of PEG, a polymer commonly used in medicine on silicon oxide nanoparticles.
"Our results are a pretty close match to other techniques," reports NIST analytical chemist Elisabeth Mansfield, "but using far less of a sample."
In fact, the team reports, microTGA gets results using samples a thousand times smaller than conventional techniques. It can work with one microgram of sample and detect mass changes of less than a nanogram. "That's important because you often don't have much of a sample.," Mansfield says," If you're pulling nanoparticles out of a water sample from the environment to measure how much exists in a real world sample, you're going to have very little to work with."
"In nanomedicine, the surface chemistry is oftentimes critically important to the performance of the nanomaterial," notes FDA chemist Katherine Tyner. "When working with real life samples, we may only have a very small sample amount. MicroTGA allows us to obtain information that we otherwise would not be able to get with conventional techniques."
Explore further: New technique could be used to search space dust for life's ingredients
More information: Anal. Chem., 2014, 86 (3), pp _PHONE_ DOI: 10.1021/ac402888v.


Localization and language
Staring with version 3.0, JupyterLab provides the ability to set the display language of the user interface.
Language packs
To be able to provide a new display language, you will need to install a language pack.
Visit the language packs repository for a list of available packs.
Language packs are identified by the four letter code of the language and variant they provide. For example, for Simplified Chinese the language pack code is zh-CN and you can install it with conda or pip.
If you use conda with conda-forge packages:
conda install -c conda-forge jupyterlab-language-pack-zh-CN
If you use Pip:
pip install jupyterlab-language-pack-zh-CN
Changing the display language
To change the interface language, select the Settings menu and then select the desired language in the Language submenu.
The Language submenu will only list any previously installed language packs.
Selecting the new language will prompt for confirmation.
Once you accept, the browser will refresh and the interface will now be shown, for this example in Simplified Chinese.


Orange Belt High-Level Stances
These are stances in which you will be standing erect or nearly erect during the time you hold the stance. Some of these stances require very little effort or skill, while others can be quite demanding. Of course, we start with perhaps the most demanding stance first.
Hangetsu Dachi
Hangetsu Dachi is very similar to Sanchin Dachi with the exception that Hangetsu Dachi has the feet a bit more separated (front to back). In Hangetsu Dachi there is roughly one foot-length distance between the heel of the front foot and the toes of the back foot, though this should not be considered an exact measurement. The stance maintains the twisting and tension aspects of Sanchin Dachi and is, therefore, a very stable stance.
Hangetsu Dachi is often called the Half Moon Stance and is sometimes referred to as the Inward Tension Stance.
While practicing this stance have a training partner try to move you in various directions. Have them press you toward every angle of the Octagon to see where the benefits and weaknesses of this stance can be found. Also, have your training partner try to pull you forward and at times downward in the direction of each Octagon angle to better appreciate where this stance is beneficial.
You might then elect to compare and contrast Hangetsu Dachi and Sanchin Dachi to understand where one stance may be more applicable than the other.
We should also note that Hangetsu Dachi is used extensively in the Hangetsu Kata practiced by Shotokan Karate and several other styles. Portions of the Kata are done slowly to stress the importance of Hangetsu Dachi in developing more effective breathing and energy generation.
Seisan Dachi
Seisan Dachi involves placing the front foot directly forward such that the heel of the front foot is aligned along the octagon 3-4 axis with the toes of the back leg. Your center is directed toward angle 1 and the knees are slightly flexed. Both feet point directly toward angle 1.
This stance is commonly called the Universal Stance because it embodies a natural forward movement. The stance might also be referred to as a front heel-toe stance or perhaps a walking stance (not necessarily a contradiction of terms as you will come to appreciate over time).
In some martial arts styles, the back knee is pushed back making the back leg rigidly straight. This would be generally equivalent to our Han Zenkutsu Dachi. So again this suggests that there are cultural differences between various martial arts styles regarding the naming and structure of various similar stances.
Musubi Dachi Heiko
There is very little difference between this stance and Heiko Dachi. The only real difference is that the stance is initiated from Musubi Dachi. From Musubi Dachi simply shift your weight to the balls of your feet and then push the heels outward until the outer edges of the feet are parallel.
So rather than this being a specific stance, this specifies a form of stance transition. It defines a transition from Musubi Dachi to Heiko Dachi. Similarly one might specify Heisoku Dachi Musubi or Heiko Dachi Hachiji or even Hachiji Dachi Heiko. These are less commonly used references, but you get the idea.
If you watch Internet videos of people performing Kata you may want to pay attention to their preparatory footwork. You will often see the following sequence as practitioners perform their opening salutation:
 - Heisoku Dachi
 - Heisoku Dachi Musubi
 - Musubi Dachi Heiko
 - Heiko Dachi Hachiji
This is by no means universal. The most common transition is Heisoku Dachi Heiko. The second most common is probably Musubi Dachi Heiko. But you will over time notice a significant number of practitioners performing the above sequence.
Close T-Stance
The Close T-Stance is a modified version of Teiji Dachi in which the instep of the back leg is in very close proximity to (or touching) the heel of the front leg. This stance is often utilized when working with a weapon.
Qi Xing Bu
This simple stance is initiated from Sochin Dachi by turning the front foot to face directly forward as the toes are raised and the heel is placed directly onto the floor. The torso then rises upward slightly and draws backward to pull the front foot inward. Your weight is predominantly on the back leg and your hips and shoulders are positioned over this leg. The back leg remains slightly bent. The heels of both feet should form a straight line leading in the direction of local angle 1.
This stance (with Chinese origins) is often referred to as the Seven Star Stance or Tai Chi Heel Stance, but you will also often see it referred to as Strumming (or Playing) the Lute. The latter name refers to a specific sequence of movements in Taichichuan (Tai Chi) in which Qi Xing Bu is prominently featured. So Strumming the Lute refers to a movement in Taichichuan and not to the specific stance.
A rough English equivalent pronunciation of Qi Xing Bu would be something like "Chi Shing Bu."
Parallel Cat Stance
This stance is similar to Neko Ashi Dachi except that the front foot is moved back and to the side so that it is beside and parallel to the foot of the weight-bearing (pedestal) leg. We will refer to the foot that bears little or no weight as the "cat-foot." The cat-foot should be positioned so it is in vertical alignment with the hip joint on the same side. Both feet are pointed toward local angle 1 and the toes of both feet are aligned along the local Octagon 3-4 axis. Like Neko Ashi Dachi, the ball of the cat-foot will rest on the floor and nearly all of the weight is placed over the pedestal leg.
Crane Stance
The Crane Stance is similar to the Ippon Dachi, except the thigh of the raised leg comes parallel to the floor and the front foot touches the inside of the thigh on the pedestal leg just above the knee. The toes of the raised leg point directly downward. The pedestal leg is bent slightly to aid with balance and to provide fluidity of movement.
While this is a simple variant of Ippon Dachi we point it out because you will see many references to the stance in martial arts literature and videos. We would consider this to be one of many possible raised leg variants one might adopt with Ippon Dachi.
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Bernard Knight
Bernard Henry Knight, (born 3 May 1931) is a British forensic pathologist and writer. He became a Home Office pathologist in 1965 and was appointed Professor of Forensic Pathology, University of Wales College of Medicine, in 1980.
He has been writing since before 1963, when his first crime novel was published. Since then, he has written about thirty books, including contemporary crime fiction, historical novels about Wales, biography, non-fiction popular works on forensic medicine, twelve medico-legal textbooks and the humorous Crowner John Mysteries series of 12th-century historical mysteries.
In addition, he has written scripts for radio and television dramas and documentaries, including the forensic series The Expert starring Marius Goring, in the 1970s. He has contributed to many other textbooks and has edited several medical journals - he was Managing Editor of Elsevier's Forensic Science International, the leading international publication in the field.
He is a founder member of The Medieval Murderers, a select group of historical crime-writers within the Crime Writers' Association, who give presentations at literary festivals, libraries and bookshops, to promote their work amongst the public. He is also one of the non-fiction judges for the annual 'Dagger' Awards of the Crime Writers' Association and a regular reviewer of crime books for the Internet site Tangled Web.


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Published on: December 6, 2016
Project NEVADA-S (Networking Educators' Visions Across Distances to Advance Science) was a Mathematics and Science Partnership grant designed to provide a professional development pathway to support over 120 K-3 and 6-8 grade science teachers from public, private, and charter schools in Clark, Esmeralda, Lincoln, Mineral, Nye, Storey and Washoe Counties. Project NEVADA-S was directed by a leadership team comprised of members from SNRPDP, CCSD, WCSD, SCSD, UNLV, and DRI.
Project NEVADA-S successfully achieved the following goals:
Goal I: NEVADA-S participants will show significant growth in content knowledge in their chosen subject areas;
Goal II: NEVADA-S will connect education professionals across Nevada to build communities of practice and collegial relationships; and
Goal III: NEVADA-S will create a virtual environment conducive to asynchronous distance education opportunities for teachers and a repository of lesson plans and materials.
Kris Carroll, the Project Co-Director and NSSTA Past President, described the project in 3 parts. Part 1 was intended to directly target teacher content knowledge as conceptual elements nested within the new Nevada Academic Content Standards for Science. Part 2 addressed the need for teachers to collaborate and participate in communities of practice where resource development could be freely discussed. Finally, Part 3 addressed the needed resources of planning time, peer review processes, implementation, review of student artifacts, reflection, and finally modification of classroom instruction to reflect the developed content knowledge. Based on the evidence (pre-, postand delayed post-assessments, in both content and teacher efficacy) this professional development was highly successful in achieving all three goals. Further, the research generated from this professional development and Project FOCCUS (a similar project based on the same professional development model) was accepted to be shared at the National Association for Research in Science Teaching (NARST) conference in 2017.
One of the goals of Project NEVADA-S was to develop resources for teachers, by teachers. These material resources were peer reviewed and are fully available to all educators in Nevada! Use the following information (developed during Project FOCCUS) to access the new units and lessons for middle school and elementary school students via the links on the left:


Daniel Kessler: Emergency pill
Last April, Governor Owens vetoed House Bill 1042, which required all hospitals to inform rape victims about emergency contraception. As it stands now, hospitals are not required to educate rape victims about this option to prevent unintended pregnancy.
On behalf of rape victims denied access to emergency contraception, Planned Parenthood is offering women one free pack of EC-to-go to keep at home -- just in case. The offer is for Friday, July 1 and is available at all of our Colorado health centers, including Steamboat's. Emergency contraception is the best way to prevent unintended pregnancy in cases of rape, incest or contraceptive failure. Planned Parenthood believes all women should have access to it.
Emergency contraception can be effective only if women are informed about it and have prompt access to it. If legislators want to reduce the number of abortions, they should support access to emergency contraception. Experts estimate that wider access to EC could prevent 1.7 million unintended pregnancies and 800,000 abortions every year.
Daniel Kessler
Planned Parenthood
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text:
- Definition " The nosodes are some Homoeopathic preparations obtained from microbe cultures, from viruses, fungi, pathological secretions and excretions.
- NOSODES - INFORMATION SHEET - AVMC Alternativevet
- Nosodes. ALTERNATIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE CENTRE.
- Self-nosodes in radionics
- Peter von Buengner. Self-nosodes in radionics. Only the spear that struck it heals the wound (from the opera "Parzival").
- BOWEL NOSODES
- Nosodes. They are not the morbid product of disease, but they are classified under nosodes.
- Nosodes in Homeopathy-draft-SMC.pmd
- In homeopathic prescribing nosodes play an indispensable role.
- Pseudo-scientific blather and star power a crazy mix
- "I don't get inoculations or take anti-malaria tablets, I take the homeopathic alternative called 'nosodes' and I'm the only one who never comes down with anything." Lucky Julia.
- Nosodes. So what is a Nosode?
- Nosodes: alternative to vaccines
- Nosodes for Disease Prevention. The frequency and severity of side-effects from routine vaccination in our pets has increased dramatically.
- Homeopathic Alternatives to Vaccines. Thinktwice!
- Some health practitioners recommend homeopathy as an alternative to vaccines. Learn about nosodes and homeopathic remedies to epidemic diseases.
- [Homoeopathic Online Education, David Little] Nosodes in
- The Development of Nosodes.
Nosodes is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Nosodes books and related discussion.
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From the journal Earth Sciences History (Vol. 28, No. 1, 2009):
Sandra Herbert, Sally Gibson, David Norman, Dennis Geist, Greg Estes, Thalia Grant, Andrew Miles
Abstract In 1835 Charles Darwin's geological observations on Isla Santiago (James Island) in the Galápagos Islands led him to important insights as to the process by which different varieties of igneous rock might be produced from the same volcanic vent. His work figured in a tradition of interpretation that began with the work of George Poulett Scrope and would end in the twentieth century with the theory of magmatic differentiation of igneous rocks through the process of crystal fractionation. This article reports on the findings of an expedition to Isla Santiago in July 2007 during which we were able to locate samples of igneous rocks similar to those collected by Darwin. We have used these, together with Darwin's original specimens and transcriptions of his field notes, to examine how his understanding of the separation of the trachytic and basaltic series of magmas developed from his initial field observations through to publication of Volcanic Islands in 1844.


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Recently, plateletpheresis donations using a widely used leukoreduction system (LRS) chamber have been associated with T‐cell lymphopenia. However, clinical health consequences of plateletpheresis‐associated lymphopenia are still unknown.
Study Design and Methods
A nationwide cohort study using the SCANDAT3‐S database was conducted with all platelet‐ and plasmapheresis donors in Sweden between 1996 and 2017. A Cox proportional hazards model, using donations as time‐dependent exposures, was used to assess the risk of infections associated with plateletpheresis donations using an LRS chamber.
A total of 74 408 apheresis donors were included. Among donors with the same donation frequency, plateletpheresis donors using an LRS chamber were at an increased risk of immunosuppression‐related infections and common bacterial infections in a dose‐dependent manner. While very frequent donors and infections were rare in absolute terms resulting in wide confidence intervals (CIs), the increased risk was significant starting at one‐third or less of the allowed donation frequency in a 10‐year exposure window, with hazard ratios reaching 10 or more. No plateletpheresis donors that used an LRS chamber experienced a Pneumocystis jirovecii, aspergillus, disseminated mycobacterial, or cryptococcal infection. In a subcohort (n = 42), donations with LRS were associated with low CD4+ T‐cell counts (Pearson's R = −0.41; 95% CI, − 0.63 to −0.12).
Frequent plateletpheresis donation using an LRS chamber was associated with CD4+ T‐cell lymphopenia and an increased risk of infections. These findings suggest a need to monitor T‐lymphocyte counts in frequent platelet donors and to conduct future investigations of long‐term donor health and for regulators to consider steps to mitigate lymphodepletion in donors.1
Dose-dependent increase in cause-specific hazard ratio for immunosuppression-related infections
Hazard ratio beyond 50 donations between 1-11 years previously was inestimable due to lack of events
Dose-dependent increase in cause-specific hazard ratio for common bacterial infections
Wide confidence intervals due to few donors with very many donations
Figure 2. Risk of infections comparing LRS donations to non‐LRS donations, in relation to number of past donations between 1 and 11 years previously modeled as a restricted cubic spline. A, Immunosuppression‐related infections. B, Common bacterial infections. The range of the y axes is restricted to 128 for legibility.
Zhao J, Gabriel E, Norda R, et al. Frequent platelet donation is associated with lymphopenia and risk of infections: A nationwide cohort study. Transfusion. Published online November 13, 2020. [PubMed]


text:
Mon, Oct 26, 2009
The deadline is fast-approaching for undergraduate students to
submit their team proposals to NASA's Reduced Gravity Education
Flight Program. Proposals must be received by 11:59 p.m. CDT,
Wednesday, Oct. 28.
NASA's Reduced Gravity Education Flight Program gives aspiring
explorers a chance to propose, design and fabricate a reduced
gravity experiment. Selected teams will get to test and evaluate
their experiment aboard a modified Boeing 727 jetliner provided by
the Zero-Gravity Corporation of Las Vegas. Zero-Gravity Corporation
will conduct the flights in cooperation with the Reduced Gravity
Office at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston.
The aircraft will fly approximately 30 roller-coaster-like
climbs and dips during experiment flights to produce periods of
weightlessness and hyper-gravity ranging from 0g to 2g.
"Today's students will be conducting tomorrow's space
exploration," said Douglas Goforth, the program manager at Johnson.
"Conducting a hands-on research and engineering project in a truly
reduced gravity laboratory gives students a head start in preparing
for those future ventures."
All applicants must be full-time students, U.S. citizens and at
least 18 years old. NASA will announce selected teams Dec. 9. Teams
will fly in the summer of 2010. Selected teams also may invite a
full-time, accredited journalist to fly with them and document the
team's experiment and experiences.
Through this program, NASA continues its tradition of investing
in the nation's education programs. It is directly tied to the
agency's education goal of strengthening NASA and the nation's
future workforce. Through this and other college and university
programs, NASA will identify and develop the critical science,
technology, engineering and mathematics skills and capabilities
needed to carry out its space exploration mission.
Stormbirds A confederation of Luftwaffe-related web sites, providing reference-grade coverage of the Messerschmidt 262 and other advanced combat aircraft of the Third Reich.>[...]
A safety alert issued by ATC to aircraft under their control if ATC is aware the aircraft is at an altitude which, in the controller's judgment, places the aircraft in unsafe proxi>[...]
"You have a huge job ahead of you. The challenges are many and the solutions are hard." Source: Senate Commerce Committee Chair Jay Rockefeller (D-WV).>[...]
Get A Customized ANN News Portal For YOUR Website! As we promised, the ever-so-busy software geeks at ANN have been working overtime on a number of cool new tools and toys... and t>[...]
Effort To Raise Funds And Awareness For The Special Operations Warrior Foundation A group of Airmen with the Air Force Seven Summits team reached the highest point of the world, Mo>[...]


text:
Image Ownership: Public Domain
Librarian Alma Smith Jacobs was the first African American to serve as the Montana State Librarian. She was a lifelong advocate of free access to library resources and was active in local and state civil rights causes.
Alma Victoria Smith Jacobs was born in Lewistown, Montana on November 21, 1916. She was one of five children born to Martin Luther Smith, a cook for the Great Northern Railroad, and Emma Louise Riley Smith, a prolific quilter whose work is registered with the Montana Historic Quilt Project. When she was six, her family moved to Great Falls, Montana. After high school, she received a scholarship to Talladega College in Alabama and graduated from there with a bachelor's degree in sociology and a minor in psychology in 1938.
While Alma Smith Jacobs aspired to become a social worker, she was offered a job as a clerical assistant in the Talladega College library. She remained there for eight years as assistant librarian. During that time she received a scholarship to Columbia University's prestigious library school, and she traveled back and forth to New York City during the summers to take courses, earning a B.A. in library science in 1942. In 1946 Jacobs returned to Great Falls as a catalog librarian and later served as library director for the city's public library from 1954 to 1973. During the 1960s, Jacobs was instrumental in the construction of the Great Falls Public Library building that opened in 1967.
In 1973 Jacobs moved to Helena to serve as the state's head librarian, a post she held until 1981. While there she led the effort to centralize the state's vast library collections. A leader in the library community across the country, she was the first African American president of the Montana Library Association, the first African American president of the Pacific Northwest Library Association, and the first African American on the Executive Board of the American Library Association.
In addition to her work on behalf of libraries, Jacobs was active in civil rights organizations and civic groups including the Montana Advisory Committee to the U.S. Civil Rights Commission and Humanities Montana, which she co-founded. She and her sister Lucille Smith Thompson, a reference librarian at Montana State University, developed a catalog of resources on Montana's black history which they titled The Negro in Montana: _PHONE_
On December 15, 1997, Alma Smith Jacobs died at the age of 81 in Bozeman. In 2009, the Great Falls Public Library dedicated a new outdoor plaza in her honor. The community also established the Alma Smith Jacobs Foundation to address social and economic issues.
Lelia Gaston Rhodes, A Critical Analysis of the Career Backgrounds of
Selected Black Female Librarians (Ph.D. dissertation, Florida State
University, 1975); Lucille Smith Thompson and Alma Smith Jacobs, The
Negro in Montana, _PHONE_ (Helena: Montana State Library, 1970);
Travis Coleman, "Great Falls Library dedicates arch to pioneering black
librarian, leader," Great Falls Tribune (June 21, 2009); Michele
Fenton, Little Known Black Librarian Facts _URL_


text: Background: Examining the distribution of variation has proven an extremely profitable technique in the effort to identify sequences of biological significance. Most approaches in the field, however, evaluate only the conserved portions of sequences - ignoring the biological significance of sequence differences. A suite of sophisticated likelihood based statistical models from the field of molecular evolution provides the basis for extracting the information from the full distribution of sequence variation. The number of different problems to which phylogeny-based maximum likelihood calculations can be applied is extensive. Available software packages that can perform likelihood calculations suffer from a lack of flexibility and scalability, or employ error-prone approaches to model parameterisation. Results: Here we describe the implementation of PyEvolve, a toolkit for the application of existing, and development of new, statistical methods for molecular evolution. We present the object architecture and design schema of PyEvolve, which includes an adaptable multi-level parallelisation schema. The approach for defining new methods is illustrated by implementing a novel dinucleotide model of substitution that includes a parameter for mutation of methylated CpG's, which required 8 lines of standard Python code to define. Benchmarking was performed using either a dinucleotide or codon substitution model applied to an alignment of BRCA1 sequences from 20 mammals, or a 10 species subset. Up to five-fold parallel performance gains over serial were recorded. Compared to leading alternative software, PyEvolve exhibited significantly better real world performance for parameter rich models with a large data set, reducing the time required for optimisation from?10 days to?6 hours. Conclusion: PyEvolve provides flexible functionality that can be used either for statistical modelling of molecular evolution, or the development of new methods in the field. The toolkit can be used interactively or by writing and executing scripts. The toolkit uses efficient processes for specifying the parameterisation of statistical models, and implements numerous optimisations that make highly parameter rich likelihood functions solvable within hours on multi-cpu hardware. PyEvolve can be readily adapted in response to changing computational demands ad hardware configurations to maximise performance.


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The conditions under which ordinary least squares (OLS) is an unbiased and consistent estimator of the linear probability model (LPM) are unlikely to hold in many instances. Yet the LPM still may be the correct model or a good approximation to the probability generating process. A sequential least squares (SLS) estimation procedure is introduced that may outperform OLS in terms of finite sample bias and yields a consistent estimator. Monte Carlo simulations reveal that SLS outperforms OLS, probit and logit in terms of mean squared error of the predicted probabilities.
linear probability model sequential least squares consistency Monte Carlo


text:
The 179,755-acre Kalmiopsis Wilderness, located in southwestern Oregon in the rugged Klamath/Siskiyou Mountains, is the third largest wilderness in the state. A portion of the current Kalmiopsis was originally protected by the U.S. Forest Service in the 1940s and subsequently was included in areas protected by the Wilderness Act of 1964.
Ranging in elevation from stream canyons barely 500 feet above sea level to its highest point—Pearsoll Peak, at 5,098 feet—Kalmiopsis is named for one of the unique plant species endemic to the area, the ancient heath plant Kalmiopsis leachiana. The delicate shrub produces five-petaled flowers that vary from pink to rose in hue and bloom through the transition from spring to summer.
Gold drew miners to the rivers and streams coursing out of these hills during the nineteenth century, and some small claims continue to be worked. The ultramafic soils in the eastern half of the Kalmiopsis region contain heavy metals such as chromium, magnesium, and nickel and are toxic to many plant species. These valuable ores were mined extensively during the middle decades of the twentieth century, prior to the designation of the area as wilderness. Some of the trails that now thread through the area overlay the beds of old mining roads, particularly in the Emily Cabin area. The rugged and remote Kalmiopsis offers visitors outstanding opportunities to experience solitude, but some areas fall shy of being pristine because of the region's history of resource extraction.
The Kalmiopsis Wilderness contains a singular level of rare endemic plants that only grow in niche environments. Some of this botanical variety can be traced to particular soil types. Many plants and shrubs in the area were named by botanist T.J. Howell, including Howell's mariposa lily, Howell's saxifrage, and Howell's manzanita. The Brewer spruce, identifiable by its distinctive drooping limbs, is a native to the Klamath Mountains in the Kalmiopsis. Fen and seep habitats feature a native variation on the fly-catching pitcher plant: Darlingtonia californica. The upper reaches of the Rough and Ready Creek Watershed—outside of the Kalmiopsis Wilderness but adjacent to its southeastern boundary—contain the greatest number of endemic species found anywhere in the state.
The Kalmiopsis and surrounding Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains support the broadest array of vertebrate species in Oregon. Black bear, elk, coyote, gray fox, cougar, black-tailed deer, and smaller mammals and rodents are relatively abundant throughout the region. The Siskiyou chipmunk makes its home in the area and nowhere else. Other species in the wilderness include the spotted owl, quail, grouse, pileated woodpecker, rattlesnake, and scarlet kingsnake.
Three Wild and Scenic rivers flow from or through the Kalmiopsis Wilderness: the North Fork of the Smith River; the Chetco River, in the southern range of the wilderness; and, bisecting the north lobe of the area, the fabled whitewater stretch of the Illinois River Canyon. These clear, swift streams represent some of the least disturbed salmon habitat in Oregon.
Another distinctive feature of the Kalmiopsis Wilderness are two small glacial cirque lakes that are a remnant of the ice age. The most accessible of these is Babyfoot Lake, a short hike from a trailhead on the eastern boundary of the wilderness. Another, Vulcan Lake, is a short trek from the western, coastward boundary of the wilderness.
The half-million acre Biscuit Fire in the summer of 2002 swept though the Kalmiopsis Wilderness and surrounding Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, burning vast stretches of its old-growth forests and charring some of the better known areas in the wilderness, including the slopes surrounding Babyfoot Lake. The changes this fire wrought on large expanses of unlogged forests have attracted the attention of ecologists and botanists eager to determine the impact of fire on the plant life and to evaluate whether these plants and animals would prosper or suffer while the ecosystem regenerated.Written by:William Cornett
"Kalmiopsis Wilderness." Wilderness.net. _URL_
Atzet, Tom, Diane E. White, Lisa A. McCrimmon, Patricia A. Martinez, Paula Reid Fong, and Vince D. Randall. "Field Guide to Forested Plant Associations of Southwestern Oregon," Technical Paper R6-NR-ECOL-TP-17-96. Portland, Ore.: U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region, Sep. 1996. _URL_
Wallace, David Rains. The Klamath Knot. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1983.
Wuerthner, George. Oregon's Wilderness Areas: The Complete Guide. Boulder, Colo.: Westcliffe Publishing, 2002.


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transmission of infectious diseases
...can be conveyed to the second child. Many such objects—a handkerchief or a towel, for example—may convey infection under favourable conditions, and, when they do so, they are known as fomites.
yellow fever research
During most of the 19th century it had been widely held that yellow fever was spread by fomites—i.e., articles such as bedding and clothing that had been used by a yellow-fever patient. As late as 1898, a U.S. official report ascribed the spread to this cause. Meanwhile, other methods of transmission had been suggested. In 1881 the Cuban physician and epidemiologist Carlos Juan...
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Evolving technologies have the potential to revolutionize how first responders do their jobs. Will heads-up-displays guide firefighters through smoke-filled buildings while smart glasses link EMS with doctors in real time? What if a vest that collects vital signs and provides haptic feedback could keep police officers safer?
These exciting new technologies can't be implemented without testing and verification. That is the genesis of this challenge. How do you test if a technology is helpful inside of a burning building without actually having a fire? Do smart glasses get in the way of responding to an emergency? Testing to collect this data must be performed in a way that is safe, controlled and repeatable.
The Virtual Public Safety Test Environment Challenge, sponsored by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Public Safety Innovation Accelerator, is crowdsourcing ideas and designs for measurement environments that use immersive virtual reality tools in conjunction with physical spaces to simulate first responder scenarios for accurate and repeatable testing of new first responder interfaces and technologies.
What is a Public Safety Virtual Test Environment?
A first responder can't safely enter a smoke-filled room with a live fire for testing, how do you simulate a realistic experience while maintaining safety? Is physical feedback, like a hot wall, needed? Can the smoke and flames be a part of a scene displayed in a virtual reality headset? Using NIST's scenarios and interfaces for testing, your great ideas are needed to construct the simulation. Imagine creating a physical space in which ideal components, technologies, and interfaces are used together to make the most optimal environment for providing first responders a scientifically repeatable, measurable space that takes public safety experiences into consideration.
The best answers to these problems could come from a range of specialties – which makes it all the more exciting. Wherever the winning design comes from, public safety will have taken a huge step into the future once it is made available.
What Can You Do Right Now?
- Click the "Follow" button above to be notified of any updates.
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Variational optimal control technique for the tracking of deformable objects Nicolas Papadakis and Etienne M'emin IRISA/INRIA Campus de Beaulieu 35042 Rennes Cedex, France npapadak,[email protected]
quite sensitive to noise [13] and exhibit inherent temporal
In this paper, a new framework for the tracking of closed
instabilities. Besides, it is difficult in such techniques to
curves is described. The proposed approach formalized
require the curve to obey to a specified dynamics and therethrough an optimal control technique, enables a continuous
fore to proceed to a real tracking.
tracking along an image sequence of a deformable curve.
In [22], an approach based on a group action mean shape
The associated minimization process consists in a forward
has been used in a moving average context. Contrary to preintegration of a dynamical model followed by a backward
vious methods, this approach introduces, through the movintegration of an adjoint dynamics. This latter pde includes
ing average technique, a kind of tracking process. This
a term related to the discrepancy between the state varitracking is restricted to simple motions and does not alables evolution law and discrete noisy measurements of the
low to introduce complex dynamical law defined through
system. The closed curves are represented through an imdifferential operators. The explicit introduction of a dyplicit surface.
namic law in the curve evolution law has been considered in [15]. However, the proposed technique needs a complex
1. Introduction
detection mechanism to cope with occlusions. Few works
Tracking the contours of an object is an essential task in
attempted to mix stochastic filtering and a level set repremany applications of computer vision. Due to the changsentation for curve tracking [7, 20]. As mentioned earlier,
ing shape of deformable or even rigid objects in image sethese works have to face a high dimensional sampling probquences such an issue appears to be very challenging in
lem and as a consequence rely on crude discretization of
the general case. Another serious difficulty comes from
the non linear curve dynamics which may be problematic in
the dimension of the space of closed curves in the general
some situations. In this paper, we propose a technique recase (infinite in theory). This context makes difficult the
lated to the optimal control theory [9, 11] for the tracking of
use of recursive Bayesian filters such as the particle filter
closed curves. This technique enables to estimate in batch
[3], since stochastic sampling in large state spaces is usumode the complete trajectory of the level set surface accordally completely inefficient. For such an issue, numerous
ing to a set of noisy measurements and a specified dynamapproaches based on the level set representation have been
ics. This method has the advantage to authorizes naturally
proposed [5, 6, 8, 12, 15, 16, 19, 21]. All these techniques
to cope with state spaces of high dimension.
describe the tracking as successive 2D segmentation pro-
2. Variational tracking
cesses sometimes enriched with a motion based propagation step. Segmentation techniques on spatio-temporal data have
In this section, we describe the general principles of the
also been proposed [1, 6]. Unless the introduction of knowltechnique proposed. This setup relies on control theory
edge on the shape of interest [10, 18], these approaches are
recipes [11, 9]. 1
Direct evolution model The state variable representing the feature of interest X, is assumed to live in a functional space W(t0, tf ) = {X|X ∈ L2 (t0, tf ; V), ∂t X ∈ L2 (t0, tf ; V)}, where V is an Hilbert space identified to its dual space. The evolution in time range [t0 ; tf ] of the state is described through a (non linear) differential operator M : V×]t0, tf [→ V, defined up to a control function ν ∈ W(t0, tf ), and an initial value defined up to another control variable η ∈ V: (
∂t X(t) + M(X(t), t) = ν(t)
∀t ∈]t0, tf [,
X(t0 ) = X0 + η.
Differential model In order to compute partial derivative of the cost function with respect to the control variables, system (1) is first differentiated with respect to (ν, η) in ∂X the direction (δν, δη). Noting dX = ∂X ∂ν δν + ∂η δη ∈ W(t0, tf ), we obtain the following problem: ˛˛ ˛˛ Given (ν, η)∈(W, V), X(t) solution of (1) ˛˛ ˛˛ ˛˛ ˛˛ and a perturbation (δν, δη)∈(W × V), ˛˛ ˛˛ ˛˛ dX = ∂X δν + ∂X δη ∈ W(t, t ), is defined such that: 0 f ˛˛ ∂ν ∂η ˛˛ ˛˛ ( ˛˛ ∂t dX(t) + (∂X M)dX(t) = δν(t) ∀t ∈]t0, tf [, ˛˛ ˛˛ ˛˛ dX(t0 ) = δη. (3)
We are facing an imperfect dynamical system which depends on the whole trajectory of the control variables, ν(t),
In this expression, the tangent linear operator ∂X M is defined as the Gˆateaux derivative of the operator M at point X:
and on the value of a control variable, η, modeling the uncertainty on the initial condition. This direct problem (1) will be assumed to be well
(∂X M)dX(t) = lim
posed, which means that we first assume that the application V × V → V : ν(t), η 7→ X(ν(t), η, t) is differentiable
M(X(t) + βdX(t)) − M(X(t)). β
The tangent linear operator (∂X H) associated to H may be defined similarly. The differentiation of cost function (2) with respect to (ν, η) in the direction (δν, δη) reads:
and continuous ∀t ∈]t0, tf [ and secondly that given η ∈ V, ν ∈ W(t0, tf ) and tf > t0, there exists a unique function X ∈ W(t0, tf ) solution of problem (1). Let us also assume that some observations Y ∈ O of the state variable components are available. These observations may live in a different space (a reduced space for instance) from the state
variable. We will nevertheless assume that there exists a (non linear) observation operator H : V → O, that goes from the variable space to the observation space.
∂J, δη ∂η
fl Z tffi ∂X =− δη dt Y − H(X), (∂X H) ∂η t0 V R
+ hX(t0 ) − X0, δηiB fl Z tffi ∂J ∂X Y − H(X), (∂X H), δν =− δν(t) dt ∂ν ∂ν t0 W R Z tf + h∂t X(t) + M(X(t)), δν(t)iQ dt. fl
Cost function We aim in that work at estimating the control variable of lower magnitude that minimizes a discrepancy measure between the state variable and the observations. This is expressed by the minimization of a cost function J : W × V → R defined as: J(ν, η) =
1 2
1 + 2
tf t0 tf
||Y − H(X(ν(t), η, t))||2R dt +
1 ||η||2B 2
These expressions can be rewritten as: fl Z tffi ∂X (∂X H)∗ R−1 (Y − H(X)), =− δη dt ∂η t0 V V ˙ −1 ¸ + B (X(t0 ) − X0 ), δη V. fi fl fl Z tffi ∂J ∂X, δν =− δν(t) dt (∂X H)∗ R−1 (Y −H(X)), ∂ν ∂ν t0 W V Z tf ˙ −1 ¸ + Q (∂t X(t)+M(X(t)), δν(t) V dt, fi
||ν(t)||2Q dt.
∂J, δη ∂η
Norms || · ||R, || · ||B and || · ||Q are induced associated to
the scalar products R−1 ·, · O, B −1 ·, · V and Q−1 ·, · V,
where (∂X H)∗, the adjoint operator of (∂X H), is defined by the scalar product:
where R, B and Q are symmetric positive defined endomorphisms of V. In our application, R, B and Q are respec-
∀X ∈ V, ∀Y ∈ O h(


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SPR-IDA (Suspended Particulate Reagent – Iminodiacetate) is a sample preparation material for preconcentration of trace elements and reduction of high alkali metal (e.g. Na) sample matrix levels. The reagent consists of 10 micron diameter polymer beads that have been chemically derivatized with the iminodiacetate chelating agent. Small aliquots of the reagent can be added via a batch mode to a sample and separated with bound metals by gravity or centrifugation.
Seawater Example: The determination of trace elements in liquid samples such as seawater presents a number of challenges for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The high dissolved solids content (approx. 3.5%) of seawater can suppress analyte signal, cause interelement interferences and clog the interface sampler and skimmer cones.
The seawater sample can be diluted, but at the expense of detectability, as some elements of interest are in the 5 to 50 ppt (ng/L) range. An alternative is a sample preparation technique that can selectively preconcentrate trace elements of interest while having much less affinity for major matrix components such as Na, K, Ca and Mg.
A chelating polymer resin called SPR-IDA (Suspended Particulate Reagent - Iminodiacetate) can be used for preconcentration/matrix elimination of seawater. The reagent consists of 10 micron diameter polymer beads derivatized with the chelating agent iminodiacetate. The beads are supplied as a 10% suspension in deionized water, and can be easily pipetted into a sample. The resin suspension aliquot is typically 0.1ml per 15mL of seawater sample.
Batch Mode Sample Preparation: After an aliquot of the resin suspension is added to the sample, the pH of the sample is adjusted to 8 and the resin is separated by gravity or centrifugation. The supernatant liquid is removed and the resin is washed to remove more of the remaining unbound sample matrix. Nitric acid is then added to the resin to release the bound analytes and the acid extract analyzed via conventional nebulization by ICP-MS. Important elements that are chelated by SPR-IDA include Al, Cd, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, U, and Zn.
Iminodiacetate (IDA) on SPR Bead
Off-Line Sample Preparation: Sample preparation can be done offline, saving valuable ICP-MS running time (Ar gas and electricity) that is lost during traditional column loading, washing, and elution steps.
Avoid Sample Memory Effects: The SPR-IDA bead aliquot is used only once, avoiding sample memory effects from incomplete column elution.
Simple and Economical: No additional complex, costly liquid handling hardware (e.g. injection and switching valves) are needed. Typically 15 to 50 mL test vials (ex. polypropylene) are used for sample preparation with bead separation by gravity.


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The Interactivity module provides the ability to add chapters to videos. Chapters make it easier for viewers to go to a specific point in a video. This is especially helpful for longer form videos. Rather than scrubbing through the video, the chapter menu can be used to jump to a specific point in the video. There are two elements needed to add chapters:
- Bookmarks - Identify specific times in the video
- Chapter Menu - lists all of the bookmarks
Before you get started
Before you can add interactivity to a player, you need an Interactivity-enabled Brightcove Player and you need to make sure an Interactivity project has been created. For information on how to do this, see Getting Started with Video Interactivity.
Adding a chapter menu
To add a chapter menu, follow these steps:
- Login to Video Cloud Studio.
- Open the Interactivity module.
- Create a new project or click on a project Title to open it.
- In the bottom toolbar, click on the chapter menu icon.
- To change the title of the Chapter Menu, click on it. If the chapter title is deleted, a hamburger menu will be displayed.
- Click Done.
There are several annotation options available that control the appearance of the chapter menu. Click Edit > More... to expand the menu.
The Styles setting controls how the chapter menu displays
- Fullscreen - The chapter list will fill the player
- Column - Displays the chapters in a single column
The Initial State setting controls how the chapter menu displays when it first appears:
- expanded - Menu appears expanded
- collapsed - Menu appears collapsed
The Position setting controls the cardinal corner of the chapters menu:
To add a new chapters, follow these steps:
- Play or scrub through the video. When you get to the point where a chapter needs to be added, click the chapter marker icon.
- Enter a chapter name and press enter. The name will be shown to the viewer in the chapter menu.
- Continue playing the video and add chapters at each major topic or section of the video.
- Click the chapter menu and confirm that all chapters appear in the chapter menu.
- Click.
- Click Preview. Confirm that when you click on a chapter, that part of the video plays.
Reviewing chapter data
The Chapter Summary in the Core reports can be used to view the number of views and clicks on chapters. For information, see the Core Reports Reference topic.


Quick Answer: What Is The Main Reason For Blanching Vegetables?
What vegetables can you freeze raw?
You can freeze almost anything.
Onions, peppers, celery and herbs can also be frozen..
What vegetables can be frozen without blanching?
Freezer Tips from the Test Kitchen You can freeze just about any fruit or vegetable except celery, watercress, endive, lettuce, cabbage, cucumbers and radishes. These foods have high water content and become soggy and water-logged when thawed.
Does blanching destroy nutrients?
And, it is important to follow the recommended times for specific vegetable because over-blanching leads to a loss of flavor, color and nutrients, whereas under-blanching can increase enzyme activity.
Do you salt water when blanching vegetables?
No, really salt the water; it should be saltier than pasta water. Think of the blanch water as a brine. You want about 1½ cups of kosher salt per gallon of water. … Plunging your hot veggies into a bath of ice water will stop the cooking process, preserve the texture, and lock in that bright, fresh color.
What vegetables can you not freeze?
Foods That Do Not Freeze WellFoodsUsual UseCabbage*, celery, cress, cucumbers*, endive, lettuce, parsley, radishesAs raw saladIrish potatoes, baked or boiledIn soups, salads, sauces or with butterCooked macaroni, spaghetti or riceWhen frozen alone for later use12 more rows
Does boiling kill nutrients?
Cooking can reduce the nutritional content of veg. It can be a particular problem with vitamin C and the B vitamins and minerals like potassium, because they are water-soluble and so leach out into cooking water.
What happens if you do not blanch a vegetable before freezing it?
What are the disadvantages of blanching?
One main disadvantage of Hot water blanching is the leaching of nutrients and other water soluble components into the water used for blanching. The lower TSS value of the hot water blanched sample could be attributed to the sugars leaching into the water used for blanching.
What happens when you blanch vegetables?
Blanching stops enzyme actions which otherwise cause loss of flavor, color and texture. In addition, blanching removes some surface dirt and microorganisms, brightens color and helps slow vitamin losses. It also wilts greens and softens some vegetables (broccoli, asparagus) and makes them easier to pack.
How many minutes do you blanch vegetables?
Most vegetables take between 2-5 minutes. When the vegetables are done, quickly remove them from the boiling water with a slotted spoon and plunge them into the ice bath to stop the cooking process. (This is called "shocking.")
Are boiled vegetables still healthy?
Is it bad to boil vegetables?
Researchers found steaming kept the highest level of nutrients. "Boiling vegetables causes water soluble vitamins like vitamin C, B1 and folate to leach into the water," Magee said. … But try to cook carrots whole, as cutting can reduce nutrients by 25%. Wait and wash veggies just before cooking to preserve nutrients.
Does blanching kill bacteria?
So what exactly is blanching? In short, it's the process of cooking a food in boiling water for a short period of time before plunging it into freezing water. Once the food is placed in boiling water, it naturally kills off 99.9% of bacteria and microbes; thereby greatly reducing the chance of food-borne illness.
What is the purpose of blanching vegetables?
Blanching is a must for most vegetables to be frozen. It slows or stops the enzyme action which can cause loss of flavor, color and texture. The blanching time is very important and varies with the vegetable and size. Underblanching stimulates the activity of enzymes and is worse than no blanching.
Is blanching vegetables good or bad?
If you cook vegetables gently — and without a great deal of water — you will help protect the water-soluble vitamins. Filardo recommends blanching your veggies, which is when you quickly cook vegetables in boiling water, and remove them when they're still very crisp, to help preserve the color and nutrients.
Does blanching vegetables make them last longer?
Sanitizes:: The heat kills some surface bacteria and removes some of the dirt from the vegetables. This is especially useful if you're planning to freeze the vegetables for later use as then it'll retain its freshness for longer.
How do I blanch carrots?
Boil (blanch) your carrots for three minutes if sliced or julienned or five minutes for whole baby carrots. Keep the water boiling for the next batch of carrots as you cool and drain the first batch. Immediately scoop out the carrots and cool them instantly in an ice water bath.
Why do you blanch meat?
The purpose of blanching meat is to remove the remaining liquid from the meat. Any liquid which wasn't absorbed by the meat's cells is going to be saturated in protein, and when this leaches out and comes into contact with heat, an egg white-like substance forms.


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Explore Now: How will a hurricane affect your home?
Our interactive impact map makes storm threats personal. Chuck Watson, a Savannah-based hurricane researcher and founder of Kinetic Analysis Corp., created the database by using computer models to predict maximum wind speed, water height, and average damage throughout the area in various hurricane scenarios. He paired the model results with Google Earth to allow easy access to the information.
You can use the impact map to see the risk to your house in a hurricane of any strength. The information includes predicted water levels, wind speed, and residential damage expected at specific locations.
Click here to get started.


Posted in Blog, Business Inspiration, Leadership Inspiration
December is a great time to start writing a Business Plan
I was asked these questions last week "What does a Business Plan really mean?" "Why should I have one?" "Aren't they a lot of work?" Let's explore these questions for the small business owner and entrepreneur.
What is a Business plan? ~ according to Wikipedia.
A business plan can be basic or complex, for these business plan questions I will keep it uncomplicated and achievable.
Why should I have a business plan?
A business plan helps you have a reason why for your business and keep you focused on your goals.
Here are some questions for a basic business plan:
 1. What is your business?
 2. What products and/or services are you going to provide next year?
 3. What are your values?
 4. How are you going to incorporate your values into your business?
 5. How are you going to accomplish this?
 6. What is your financial goal for next year?
 7. Who are your potential customers or clients?
 8. How are you going to market and network your business to successfully reach potential customers/clients and obtain your financial goal?
Aren't they a lot of work?
When reviewing, brainstorming and answering these few questions you have a simple and attainable business plan for the upcoming year. Feel free to share. ~ Patti 🙂
To contact me for a private confidential discovery business plan coaching session. Fill out the contact form below. In the comment section specify you would like a free 30 minute business plan discovery session.
Coaching sessions can be conducted in various methods.
 - By Phone
 - By Skype
 - In Person


Nov 19, 2012
Definite Atonement XV
Christ Died For All
The fact that the KJV says that Christ died "for every man" is no proof that "every man" means all men without exception.
John Owen wrote:
Owen clearly shows that the term "every man" does not always mean every man without exception, citing Col. 1: 28 as an example. I do not know of any advocate of general atonement who will insist that "every man" in Col. 1: 28 literally means every man without exception; And, if they admit that "every man" does not always mean every man without exception in certain passages, then how can they insist that "every man" means such in Hebrews 2: 9? All they can say is that the context determines whether "every man" means every person in the world. But, what is there in the context of Hebrews 2: 9 that forces us to interpret "every man" to mean every person without exception?
It would give weight to the general atonement view if "anthropos" (man) were actually used in the original Greek, as the KJV seems to imply. But, its absence takes away support from such a view. Christ tasted death "for each." But, each of what class? From the class of men in general? Does the context support that supposition? It seems to me that there is greater weight for supposing that the group alluded to is the elect and not mankind. Paul says that the purpose of Christ becoming incarnate was in order to "bring many sons unto glory," those who compose the "church" or "brethren" of Christ. Again, it would be absurd to think that Christ tasted death for Cain, Pharoah, Baalim, and Esau.
When Paul said that he preached to "every man," he did not mean that he did this to every person of the human race, but that he preached the Gospel to all men he met, without any restriction. Thus, as the advocates for special atonement aver, "every man" and "all men" are terms that often mean "all without distinction" and not "all without exception."
Died Once For All
"For Christ also died for sins once for all, the just for the unjust, so that He might bring us to God, having been put to death in the flesh, but made alive in the spirit." (I Peter 3: 18 NASB)
"For the death that He died, He died to sin once for all; but the life that He lives, He lives to God." (Rom. 6: 10 NASB)
These are a few of the verses that speak of Christ dying once for all. Some cite them as if they mean that Christ died once for all men, but the meaning is not "once for all" people, but "once for all" time.
Died For All The Dead?
"Then all were dead" is not the best translation but rather "then all died." It is aorist tense. Other translations have improved upon the KJV and have translated it correctly as "all died." However, some still cite the verse as the KJV has it and argue that Paul is affirming that Christ died for everyone who is spiritually dead. But, the text is saying that the "all" for whom Christ died also died when Christ died, and were also raised when Christ was raised, a truth stated in other new testament passages. All for whom Christ died not only died, but also rose with Christ and are therefore viewed as alive.
What is this death that all for whom Christ died experienced vicariously? It is death to sin. All men are dead in sin but not all men are dead to sin and alive to righteousness.
It seems clear that the context of the above words show that the "all" Paul has in mind are the all for whom Christ died, which are those who are actually saved in conversion. Paul concludes this chapter by saying "For he hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin; that we might be made the righteousness of God in him." (vs. 21) Clearly the "us" denotes believers. They are the "all" for whom Christ died. They died to sin when Christ died to sin.
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