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During the Yemen War of 1963 through 1967, Egypt evidently used mustard bombs in support of South Yemen against royalist troops in North Yemen. Nasser's adventure in Yemen in 1963 on the side of a military coup began when the Egyptian army fought the Saudi Arabian backed royalist Yemeni tribes was the first time the Egyptian Army fights against Arabs since Ibrahim Pasha campaign against the Wahhabbie rebels in Arabia in the 1820's. The use of chemical weapons against the Yemeni tribesmen was the first use of chemical weapons in the Middle East. During the Yemeni civil war phosgene and mustard aerial bombs killed at least 1,400 people. Some reports claim that Egypt also used an organophosphate nerve agent against Yemeni Royalist forces.Prior to the 1967 war with Israel, the fact that the Egyptian army was equipped with chemical weapons reportedly led to the preparation in Israel of thousands of graves that were designated for victims of gas attacks. It is also reported that on the eve of the 1973 Yom Kippur war Egypt supplied Syria with chemical weapons. As of 1990 the Defense Intelligence Agency study "Offensive Chemical Warfare Programs in the Middle East" concluded that Egypt was continuing to conduct research related to chemical agents. For sevarl years prior to the 1991 Gulf War, Egypt was believed to have been working with Iraq on the production and stockpiling of chemical weapons. In September 1993 the London Times reported that Egypt had purchased "large quantities" of chemical weapons precursors from India, including about 90 tons of trimethyl phosphate, which is used in the production of mustard gas.
It is almost certain that the Egyptian chemical weapon stockpile continues to include mustard gas and phosgene, as were used in the 1960s in Yemen, and it is reported that the Egyptians also produce VX nerve gas. These agents are probably available for delivery in munitions such as mines, artillery shells, salvo bombs, rockets, air-to-surface bombs and missile warheads. It has been suggested, with some plausibility, that chemical agent warheads have been developed for the "Condor" missile project, which was abandoned, and for the Scud-C missile, which is operational.As part of the campaign against the Israeli nuclear weapons program, in 1993 Egypt instituted a policy against signing the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which bans the acquisition, development, stockpiling, transfer, retention and use of chemical weapons. Under the terms of the Convention, each State Party is also obligated to destroy chemical weapons it owns or possesses and any chemical weapons production facilities it owns or possesses. The formal negotiations which led to the Chemical Weapons Convention began in the early 1980s and concluded on 3 September 1992 when the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva adopted the text of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. The CWC will not be global because Iraq, Libya, Syria, North Korea and Egypt have not signed the treaty, while others who have a confirmed or suspected chemical weapons program have signed but may not ratify it. However, in May 2000, the CWC's automatic economic penalties will cut off these countries from the international market in a variety of commercial chemicals that have potential military utility.


- August 7, 2020
MA2760: Mathematical Investigations in Python Resit Assessment 2020 Rhyd Lewis [email protected] 1 Summary For this resit assessment you are required to work individually, writing code that allow the investigation of different methods of packing vehicles onto a ferry. Specifically, your program will read some input from a file and will produce a solution using some simple rules. This will allow us to compare different methods against one another and identify the most efficient strategies. Details of your methods, together with their results (including tables of results and charts), should be written-up in a formal report. Some Python code and an example input file has been sent to you. Please use these as a starting point for your work. Instructions and comments can be found within these files. 2 Problem Specification A large ferry is used to transport vehicles across an estuary. To load the ferry, the whole of one side of the boat is lowered, and each vehicle is instructed to drive into a particular lane. The ferry consists of 85 lanes in total (labelled 0 to 84) and each lane has a capacity (length) of 3,000 cm, as illustrated in the following diagram. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 … 84 Queue of vehicles 3000 cm … Currently the company that operates the ferry uses a very simple queueing system. Vehicles of varying lengths arrive at the port one-by-one and join a single queue. When the time comes to load the ferry, each vehicle is taken from the queue one at a time (in order) and is instructed to to drive into the lowest-indexed lane that currently has sufficient capacity for the vehicle. If there are no lanes with sufficient capacity, the vehicle is sent to an overspill car park and is not allowed to board the ferry. Once this vehicle has been dealt with, the next vehicle in the queue is considered in the same way. This continues until all vehicles have been considered. It is obviously in the ferry company's interest to minimise the amount of wasted lane-space in each ferry crossing. Hence our aim is to minimise the total length of the vehicles assigned to the overflow car park. This is equivalent to maximising the total length of all vehicles from the queue that are allowed to enter the ferry. 1 3 Problem Instances and Code You have been supplied with example instance of this problem in input.txt. The first two lines of this file contain the length of each lane (3,000 cm) and the number of lanes (85), respectively. This is then followed by the (integer) lengths of 500 vehicles (in cm), in the order that they have joined the queue. Sizes of vehicles in this instance have been generated randomly according to the numbers in the following table. In each case, the size of vehicles belonging to each class have been generated uniform randomly in the given ranges. Classification Size Range (cm) Quantity Small car 350 ≤ size < 400 100 Medium car 400 ≤ size < 450 200 Large car 450 ≤ size < 500 100 Van 500 ≤ size < 600 70 Lorry 600 ≤ size ≤ 2000 30 Sum = 500 You have also been supplied with some Python code that reads in this problem instance and assigns the vehicles to lanes using the process described above. In this code • The variables c and numlanes are used to store the lane capacity and number of lanes respectively; • The list L is used to hold the lengths and order of all vehicles in the queue • The list of lists S is used to hold the vehicle lengths assigned to each lane in the ferry (the total of each lane cannot exceed c); • The list O is used to store all vehicle lengths that have been assigned to the overflow car park. • The function getFirstLane is used to determine the lane for each vehicle. If no lane is suitable for a vehicle due to insufficient capacity, the function returns -1. Download the above files onto your com puter (putting them into the same folder) and get them running. Ensure that you understand what each line of code is doing. 4 Task 1 As noted, the current strategy for choosing a lane is to use the lowest-indexed lane that has sufficient capacity for the vehicle. However, it has been suggested that some other strategies might be more appropriate. These include, for each vehicle: 1. Choosing the emptiest lane with sufficient capacity for the vehicle; 2. Choosing the fullest lane with sufficient capacity for the vehicle; 3. Choosing any random lane with sufficient capacity for the vehicle; where "emptiest" and 'fullest" are determined using the total length of all vehicles currently assigned to a lane. Using the function getFirstLane in the supplied code as a guide, program the above rules (and perhaps others) and investigate their effects on the quality of your solution. • At the start of a run, you may wish to ask the user which of the above rules they want to use to load the ferry. • In addition to text output, you may also wish to use various graphical outputs (charts) to illustrate your solutions. These can also be included in your report, if desired. 2 5 Task 2 The ferry company has decided to invest some money at the port to try and further increase efficiencies. Suggestions include: 1. Using five separate queues, one for each vehicle type (as defined in the table earlier). The ferry is then loaded using the lorry queue first, then the vans queue, then large cars, then medium cars, and then small cars. 2. Keeping the current system of one queue but, in each step, taking the next k vehicles in the queue, reordering these k vehicles from longest to shortest, and then inserting each of these on to the ferry in turn. Using your best performing rule from Part 1, investigate the efficiency of these proposed strategies, and perhaps others, using input.txt. • The parameter k needs to be decided upon by the user and can range from 1 to n, where n is the total number of vehicles in the queue at the start of the boarding process. You may wish to experiment with different values here. • As before, you may also wish to use various graphical outputs (charts) to illustrate your solutions. 6 Task 3 One flaw in the tests conducted so far is that they only apply to the single problem instance given in input.txt. Indeed, if the vehicles had arrived in a different sequence, or were of different lengths then different conclusions might be drawn. In order to convince the ferry operator that your proposed methods will bring more efficiencies, you decide that wider tests are required. This should involve randomly generating multiple problem instances (using the same classifications and quantities as the table earlier), re-running your methods, and documenting your results. You may also want to widen your study to look at what might happen if a boat with a different number of lanes and/or different lane capacities are used. Conduct some investigations into this. 7 Extra Information • You will have noticed that some of these tasks are open ended. You are therefore free to choose your own directions for these parts. • Extra marks will be allocated to those who write neat, elegant, efficient code that is appropriately commented. It is desirable for the program to give the user prompts, allowing them to choose between different run options. • Marks are also allocated to reports that are written accurately and succinctly, with appropriate typesetting. (Please use the supplied LATEX code on Learning Central/Blackboard.) You may also wish to use various figures and tables in your report. • It is also acceptable to include small pieces of your Python code in your report if it helps to explain something. However, bear in mind that you are also required to submit your code in a separate file. 3 8 Assessment and Submission Marks will be allocated subject to the above tasks being carried out and documented appropriately. Note that it is usually preferable to have a less-advanced program that runs correctly rather than a more advanced program that does not run or that has bugs in it. • Your report (a single.pdf file) and program (a single.py file) should be emailed to me by the arranged deadline. • The recommended length of the report is five pages using the supplied LATEX template. Reports should not exceed six pages under any circumstances. Please note that according to university rules unauthorised late submissions must be allocated a mark of zero by default. Also according to university rules, instances of plagiarism are not tolerated and will also be allocated a mark of zero. 4


Guidelines on smoking in the peri-operative period
Guidelines on smoking in the peri-operative period
Smoking worsens surgical outcome. This has been demonstrated in over 300 studies.
People who smoke are at increased risk of peri-operative respiratory, cardiac and wound related complications. Quitting smoking reduces the risk of complications.
They have higher rates of infection, poor wound healing, heightened pain complaints and increased lung complications.
For gastric surgery, smoking increases the risk of an ulcer or leak. For laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, that risk remains for 6 weeks after surgery. For gastric bypass surgeries, that risk remains lifelong.
Many smokers try to quit on their own however in the absence of additional support, each quitting attempt will only have a success rate of 4-7 per cent. In the absence of any interventions to support quitting, longer term abstinence after surgery is low, although successful permanent quitting does occur.
Multi-session counselling delivered via telephone Quitlines increased smoking abstinence at 12 months by a significant 25-50 per cent.
Quitting smoking for as little as three weeks has shown to improve wound healing. Longer preoperative cessation periods also seem to correlate with reduced rates. At roughly 4 weeks of cessation prior to surgery, complication rates more closely reflect individuals without a smoking history
Quitting smoking for six to eight weeks results in sputum volumes that are not increased compared to non-smokers and improved pulmonary function.
Longer quitting is best.
Nicotine produces cutaneous vasoconstriction, decreased blood flow, delayed wound healing and an increased risk of gastric leaks or ulceration. Therefore, nicotine patches need to be avoided after surgery.
Therefore, if you currently smoke, you will have to demonstrate that you have been without cigarettes or nicotine replacement therapy for four weeks prior to surgery. You will need to remain without cigarettes or nicotine replacement therapy for:
At least 6 weeks after a laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy
Lifelong after Gastric Bypass Surgery


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Travel Vaccinations for Cuba
Yellow fever vaccination certificate required for travellers aged 9 months or over arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and for travellers having transited for more than 12 hours through the airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission.
- Yellow Fever vaccination £60 per dose
How much will it cost?
Per Dose £60 Doses per course 1 Price per course £60
- Hepatitis A vaccination £55 per dose
Hepatitis A is a viral infection which causes an inflammation of the liver. In countries where hep A is prominent, many people catch it as a child. The infection tends to be mild in children but can occasionally cause complications. In adults, however, it can lead to liver damage or even liver failure. Although infection rates appear to be on the decrease, hepatitis A is endemic to Sri Lanka and the vaccination is recommended for all travellers.
Per Dose £55 Doses per course 1 Price per course £55
- Hepatitis B vaccination £49 per dose
Hepatitis B is a blood borne disease. It is transmitted during sex as well as via contaminated needles (for example when undergoing a medical procedure or a cosmetic procedure involving equipment that hasn't been sterilised). The vaccine is usually recommended for travellers who are visiting a country where hepatitis B is endemic for a longer period of time as well as anyone likely to come in close contact with the local population (for example aid workers and volunteers). The nurse or pharmacist may also recommend it if you're planning any activities that put you at a higher risk of injury. Hepatitis B can cause a range of symptoms. It can become chronic and cause liver damage.
Per Dose £49 Doses per course 3 Price per course £147
Why do I need a consultation?
It is difficult to say which vaccines you need without asking a medical professional. Your itinerary, your medical history and the activities you have planned all affect which vaccinations you need. It is important that a trained travel nurse or pharmacist checks what you need.
Exactly the travel vaccinations you need - no more, no less.
During your consultation, our nurse or pharmacist will talk you through the health risks at your travel destinations to check which vaccines you need. If a vaccine is not essential, we will explain your options so you can decide whether you would like to have it.
Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease transmitted by mosquitoes. You cannot be vaccinated against malaria.
- Malaria not normally present unless the illness was contracted abroad.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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before?
Temples are build and rebuild and their age can only say about the age of the temple and the age of the personality whose worship is done in the temple.
We need to understand certain points here, modern Archeology and Science is far different than what used to exist in ancient India. For instance, old temples of India, yet existing, were built on a different technology than what we find in modern civil engineering.
This doesn't mean that ancient archeology was not having mathematics maturity – in fact, if we look at Temples of India, Jagannath Puri temple for instance, we do not find any iron or pillars used to build the temple – yet it stands from hundreds of years to a height of around 200 ft.
Assume that Puri temple would have been razed some 10000 years ago, what technology or archaeological proofs would be derived to conclude that the temple was 200 ft high?
Similarly, the Ram Setu bandh has seen ages, and that too not on land, but in sea – a turbulent sea. The major of the mass is already washed off – a question to be pondered is that what remains is just a trace of the actual bridge – not the whole bridge as it was.
Ramayan mentions that the bridge was built over the sea water, with support of Sea – this implies that there was no supporting archeology involved in constructing the bridge – this is easily supported by the failure of Archeology ground to trace such constructs under ground. Yet the presence of shoals below the bridge and their type indicate that they cannot be found in sea in the manner it exists at Ram Sethu.
Now, Mr. Dubey accepts that the age of Shoals found at Ram Sethu goes around 1 million years. He misguides people, as he is a literate of History written by British, that Ramayan was first written around 10000 years ago and not 1 million years ago. Mr. Dubey, here is a simple calculation for you to further investigate:
The age of the bridge as per scientific dating comes to around 1 million years. As per Hindu scriptures, Ramayan took place in 'Treta Yug'.
Calculating by Hindu scriptures (Treta Yug with a tenure of 12,96,000 years,
Dwapar Yug with a tenure of 8, 64,000 years,
Kali Yug has just seen 12,013 years):
We know that Treta Yug was before Dwapar Yug.
So, one thing is quite evident. The Bridge was constructed at least 8,64,000 years ago, i.e., 0.86 million years ago, which is pretty close to 1 million years.
Treta Yuga itself is 1.3 million years of age.
How is that scientific age of the shoals and the Hindu calendar age of Lord Rama matches exactly? Will Mr. Dubey and other historians dare to come out of the falsehood of our enemy teachings and try to explore some mathematics of Hindus before they say make such stupid comparison of scientific ages?
2. Analysis of Valmiki Ramayan over RAM SETHU
Now, let us go into the Valmiki Ramayan and dig out more history out of it. Let us be sure that if we want to dig history, we have to touch Valmiki Ramayan alone and not any other Ramayan, because all other Ramayan are written with purpose of promoting Ramayan and recording the event.
Here are certain points from Valmiki Ramayan to be considered:
1. There is no other book than Ramayan that has put into scriptures describing such geographical constructs.
2. Ramayan says that it was build under the supervision of an Architect Nala – son of the greatest Architect of all times 'Vishwakarma' (Note: 'Vishwakarma' is a designation given to the greatest archeologist and builder of the era in ancient Hindu society, a similar practice as we have in modern world of 'Nobel Prize'). Thus, the book makes sure that such a bridge can be constructed by only architect of highest skill.
Why do the politicians mislead the nation by saying that Lord Rama was a Superman who build the bridge, when Ramayan clearly says that it is not Lord Rama but the Architect Nala and Neela who build the bridge?
3. The bridge was (Ramayan mentions the bridge constructed in 5 days: 14 + 20 + 21 + 22 + 23 = 100 yojans) 100 Yojans long and 10 Yojans wide. Data to be considered here:
4. The data starts from 14 yojans as first day, which is less than other day's data, confirming a logic that first day as a beginning had taken time to gear up all Vanars. Second day it took momentum and rest of the days the distance of the bridge constructed is found to be nearly same. A logical conclusion of this sort is made only when the event have occurred in reality.
Why did Valmiki thrust his imagination to get the bridge completed only in 5 days? He could have well increased the number of days to help people of today understand it more logically. Or he could have even reduced the number of days to highlight the power of Lord Rama.
5. The data that more than a crore (10 million) Vanaras were involved in building it, seems to be logical to fit to support the volume of the bridge constructed. Now, the count may not be exact, but surely Valmiki wants to say that there was a huge task force working for the bridge.
Valmiki could have easily shown Lord Rama winning the battle with few hundred Vanars as his soldiers – why 10 million?
6. The width vs. length ratio also looks scientific and supportive to help carry such a huge mass across the bridge. The bridge is wide enough so as to withstand the weight of crores of Vanaras and allow passage to all of them.
7. The bridge is said to be built in 5 days, giving an idea that bridge had to be built in a very short period of time, failing which the Opponent King Ravana would have come to know about it and would have attacked never allowing the bridge to be constructed. Thus, the period fits the war logic.
8. The bridge is said to be constructed by around a crore Vanaras, the count fits the possibility of getting the bridge constructed in such a small time – a huge task force doing it. Though, the methodology of construction is not elaborated and shortened by mentioning that various 'Yantras' or Machinery were used to build the bridge, but it gives an indication that machinery were applied to do the task. It should be a subject to study about our past. Valmiki Ramayan: Yuddha Kanda, 22.60:
'Hastimatran Mahakayah Pashananshch Mahabalah
Parvatanshch Samutpatya Yantraiyah Parivahanti Cha'
What was the need to mention that certain Machineries were used for constructing the bridge? How did an ancient man imagine of machineries?
9. Very interestingly, Rama is not said to have built the bridge and the point clarifies that building it was the skill of an architect – Nala and not Rama or Hanuman, the hero of the book. Had Ramayan been a fantasy of Maharishi Valmiki, he would easily fantasized and written something like Rama built a bridge of Arrows as Rama was the hero in fantasy. But it is not so, making one think that it is not fantasy writing.
Why didn't he tell the world that it was Lord Rama who builds it and give the credit to someone else of this great happening? After all, Lord Rama was the hero of his imagination.
10. Ramayan also depicts the materials used in making the bridge clarifying that it was a possibility, but not under imagination of human capacity under technology support of today.
11. Seeing the time constraint, it looks logical to have Vanars who are brisk in their movement collecting materials and fitting it in place as directed.
12. The places mentioned in Ramayan exactly matches to the current location of the bridge, thus confirming that the book is not a story.
13. The length of the bridge matches to what is mentioned in Ramayan.
So, looking at Ramayan alone one can conclude that the Bridge is not a natural construct. Having proven on the point of Bridge alone that Ramayan is not a book of myth, but a book of History, it straight away brings the truth that Maharishi Valmiki was the first Historian known to man kind
3. Current Findings on RAM SETHU and their analysis
However, we need to further analyze current findings as well.
The first thing to consider is that under the current scientific evaluation, the bridge is proved to have a chain of shoals is 30 to 35 km long in Palk Street, and its unique curvature confirms that it is man made, and is not a Geographical Construct at all.
Archeological findings have proven that first signs of human inhabitants in Sri Lanka date back to primitive age of about 1,750,000 years of the same era as Ramayan ('Treta Yug', which lies exactly mid way to above number).
Sri Lankan Government has done Archeological Survey and found some very interesting data:
A mountain covered completely with herbal plants of same type that is found in Himalayas. There is no other mountain in whole Sri Lanka of that kind.
This stands as an evidence that the mountain was brought by Lord Hanuman to Sri Lanka – How was this done is subject to study

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Bachelor degree in Business Administration or Finance & Accounting from a recognized university, and an MBA is preferable.
Strategic& Operational Skills:
- Assist the General Manager in the development and implementation of QNCC's overall commercial strategy.
- Formulate the strategy, annual business plans, budgets, policies and procedures of the Commercial Department to support the organizational business strategy of QNCC.
- Ensure that the Department's plans are within agreed budgets and timescales.
- Set performance objectives and regularly review performance of the Commercial Department.
- Collaborate with the relevant Heads and Managers in order to ensure that the overall function within QNCC is operating effectively and efficiently towards achieving high operating standards and confirming implementation of efficient and effective processes, policies and procedures.
- Set, manage and control the budget to facilitate the delivery and execution of the Department strategy.
- Direct the preparation and justification of the budget to ensure all programs and activities are appropriately funded and provide guidance where necessary.
- Ensure that the Department's business plans are within agreed budgets and timescales. Provide timely, accurate and complete progress reports to the General Manager and management committees on the financial and operational progress of the Department.
- Create and evaluate Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for performance monitoring for the entire Department and monitor their achievements on a regular basis.
- Ensure maintenance of the highest standards of professional conduct, ethics and integrity in provision of the services in the Department.
- Develop a pro-active staff communications culture within the Commercial Department through enhancements of Commercial processes and systems to ensure all employees are fully aware of Commercial objectives, policies and procedures.
- Oversee that the annual Procurement planning is effectively carried out
- Handle, manage and report to the GM and T&PC, all procurement related complaints received
- Ensure the implementation of Commercial Department strategy in accordance with the overall strategy of QNCC.
- Ensure the implementation of objectives of the departments under the Commercial Department
- Review the performance of departments under the Commercial Department on a regular basis.
- Review and approve procurement activities and contracts as per the delegation of authority matrix
- Provide input in the vendor evaluation criteria and participate in vendor evaluation
- Ensure an effective internal communications structure to provide regular information to all staff on QNCC's strategy, business plans and performance.
- Provide expert knowledge and advice to the General Manager on Commercial related issues to optimize manpower utilization.
- Manage documentation and records to support all Commercial transactions and operations.
- Ensure the completion and submission of Statutory, Government and Industry requested statistical data.
- Monitor and review the budgets along with the business development of the company for various commercial issues.
- Ensure preparation of technical and financial proposals, prequalification documents and expression of interest (EOI) in accordance with different international formats for different engineering disciplines.
- Develop bold marketing, company structure, company policies, job descriptions, and coordinate with the Human Resources Department on providing training programme to develop the team.
- Analyze the market situation and competition and take timely decisions regarding marketing, advertising, pricing and inventory management.
- Manage price and margin control, product management and product development, and maintain excellent relations with the principals.
- Devise market strategies, market segmentation, pricing vs. product positioning; environment analysis, market analysis, positioning of products/services vis-à-vis strategic implications in the relevant markets.
- Advise and decide on the best methods to resolve contractual issues to manage finalization of accounts.
- Represent QNCC in dealings with employer groups, industry associations, unions and other relevant bodies as required.
- Ensure that adequate controls are in place for all activities within the Department and that all Sections within the Department are adequately geared to achieve the Company's Strategy.
About 9-11 years of related experience of which a minimum of 3-5 years should be in a similar position / responsibility, preferably in a similar Industry.
Responsible for developing QNCC's commercial strategy, handling daily activities and business issues, managing QNCC associations, and recognizing business opportunities. Oversee QNCC's Procurement Management, Store and Sales. Constantly communicate and negotiate with clients or business associates and continuously work to strategically expand, preserve or improve the Company's procedures, standards or policies while sticking to business ethics and regulatory guidelines.
Good communication skill. English is must, Arabic is an advantage


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A talent pipeline is a network of engaged passive candidates who can fill future roles in your company. Talent pipeline metrics help you measure the effectiveness of your sourcing strategies in finding and engaging those candidates. Here's a primer on five common talent pipeline metrics and how to calculate them:
Source of hire
Source of hire shows what percentage of your overall hires entered your pipeline from each recruiting source (e.g. referrals, social media sourcing.) This information helps you plan your recruiting budget and allocate resources for the most effective recruiting channels. For example, if employee referrals bring in a high percentage of hires, consider investing in a fully-fledged referral program.
It'd be a good idea to track candidate sources too. For example, a source that brings you a large number of high quality candidates is valuable, even if you end up hiring someone from another source. Use recruiting data from your Applicant Tracking System (ATS) to find out what percentage of your most qualified candidates each source brings in.
Candidate conversion rates
Candidate conversion rates show how effective recruiters are in enticing passive candidates and moving them further along in their pipeline. Imagine your talent pipeline model has the following main stages:
Measure conversion rates from each stage to the other. For example, let's assume that you send a sourcing email to 30 candidates in a week. Ask yourself:
- How many candidates reply? If five of them reply and agree to talk further, then your email conversion rate is 5/30*100% = 16.6%.
- How many candidates do you routinely follow-up with post-screening call? If you regularly check-in with one out of three candidates you speak with, then your conversion rate is 1/3 *100% = 33.3%.
- What percentage of your engaged candidates moved forward to an interview (or are hired)? For example, if you recommend five candidates from your talent pipeline per month, and hiring managers interview (or hire) three of those candidates, then your pipeline conversion rate that month is 3/5*100%, or 60%. The higher this rate is, the higher the quality of your pipeline.
Track these metrics across your recruiting pipeline and across time and calculate the average annual/ quarterly rates. Aim for the highest possible conversion rates.
Job offer acceptance rate
Your offer acceptance rate (OAR) shows what percentage of candidates accepted your job offer. Here's the formula to calculate OAR:
So, if you extended job offers to 10 candidates the past month, and six of those candidates accepted, your offer acceptance rate is 60%.
Track this metric per position and per hiring manager. Also, measure your OAR specifically for candidates you sourced and engaged with. This metric can indicate whether:
- Your candidates had positive experiences that compelled them to accept your job offer.
- You successfully matched candidates in your pipeline to open roles they were interested in.
- Your job offers are attractive enough for the best people in your talent pipeline.
Time to fill
Maintaining a talent pipeline helps you reduce the number of days it takes to fill an open position (your time to fill.) This is because you've already qualified and engaged candidates in your pipeline before a position opens. If you find that your talent pipeline doesn't significantly reduce your average time to fill, you may need to make your hiring process more efficient or rethink how you qualify candidates.
To calculate your time to fill, first define the time period you will be measuring. For example, your starting point could be the day HR or Finance approves a job opening. Then, count the days until your best candidate accepts your job offer.
Compare your time to fill across positions and departments to find out which teams or roles might need a stronger talent pipeline.
Candidate experience metrics
To build talent pipelines, recruiters should care about their candidates. This candidate-centric approach helps you build good relationships with candidates, boost your employer brand and even enhance your pipeline through referrals from your engaged candidates.
A good way to measure candidate experience is using online survey tools (e.g. Typeform) to ask for both qualitative and quantitative feedback. Here are example questions:
- How would you rate your overall experience communicating with our recruiter?
- What do you think we could improve in our hiring process?
Supplement this feedback by monitoring reviews on Glassdoor and social media.
These five talent pipeline metrics will help you assess the quality of your pipelines. Each company may choose to monitor additional recruitment metrics that fit specific needs. Always track cost per hire and quality of hire for a well-rounded view of your recruiting strategies.


Find link
Find link is a tool written by Edward Betts.
searching for Creb binding domain 1 found (2 total)
alternate case: creb binding domain
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (351 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article
chromosomal translocation resulting in a MECT1-MAML2 fusion gene. The CREB-binding domain of the CREB coactivator MECT1 (also known as CRTC1, TORC1 or WAMTP1)


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Living more sustainably usually means making personal sacrifices. If you drive an electric car you don't have the same range as gas-powered cars (because of a lack of changing infrastructure). Maybe you set the heater at a low temperature, even during cold winter days, to save energy. And using less water in the shower means low water pressure or shorter shower time. But a fascinating new shower head design uses 50 percent less water than a traditional shower head without feeling like you're making a sacrifice for sustainability.
Felton, a New Zealand-based company, collaborated with The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) — Australia's national science agency — to develop the Oxijet nozzle, or "air shower," which adds air to the water flow to make the shower feel like one with full water pressure.
"Traditional flow restrictors reduce flow and pressure, whereas Oxijet uses the flow energy to draw air into the water stream, making the water droplets hollow," said Jie Wu, a fluids specialist at CSIRO, in a statement. "This expands the volume of the shower stream, meaning you can save the same amount of water, while still enjoying your shower."
As with many innovations, this one came about through challenges faced by Australians. Currently all Australian states have are under water restrictions or permanent water efficiency measures. And the cost of water use is going up for residents.
Australian hotel Novotel Northbeach will be the first to use the shower nozzles on a large scale. After testing the product, the hotel expects to see big savings without sacrificing quality by making the switch.
"With over 200 rooms we go through over 10 million litres of water per year, so any saving we can make is very important," Walter Immoos, General Manager of Novotel Northbeach. "We've found our customers prefer Oxijet over other 'low flow' shower heads, because it gives the illusion of full water pressure."


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TAKS Revised Mathematics and Science Charts
Student Assessment Home | Contact Student Assessment | Printing PDFs
Use the revised Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) math and science charts. You can recognize these revised charts because they have the TAKS logo in the top left-hand corner.
In order to produce rulers that are consistent with the rulers printed on the state-supplied mathematics and science charts, follow these steps:
- Set the print menu to print the pages at 100% by selecting "None" under the Page Scaling option.
- Print on paper that is wider than 8 ½ inches, such as 11 by 17 inch paper.
- Trim the paper to 8 ½ by 11 inches so that the rulers will be on the edge of the paper.
The following links will open the revised TAKS math and science charts:
For additional information, contact:
Student Assessment Division
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text:
|How to obtain Swiss citizenship|
Home > Swiss Residency > Residence permits > FAQ > General questions > Citizenship
Swiss citizenship can be acquired through what is called naturalization.
To become naturalized, you need to have resided in Switzerland for at least twelve years, three of which occurred within the five years prior to the request. Time spent in Switzerland between the ages of 10 and 20 years counts double.
Phase one: federal authorization
The request is to be made to the Aliens Police in the municipality of residence. From there, it will then be sent to the Federal Department of Justice and Police, who will give a principle authorization if the following conditions are met:
- You are integrated in the Swiss community.
- You are accustomed to Swiss way of life and practices.
- You comply with the Swiss legal system.
- You in no way compromise the internal or external security of Switzerland.
Since Switzerland is a federal country, authorization must then be obtained from the canton and the municipality.
Phase two: cantonal and municipal decisions
The canton and municipality of residence can add further conditions and set the cost of acquiring citizenship before approving it. Conditions vary greatly from one region to the next. Some municipalities apply rather open policies, while others will go as far as granting nationality by means of a local population vote. Cost also varies according to municipality and canton.


text:
Bag-in-box wines are more likely than their bottled counterparts to develop unpleasant flavors, aromas and colors when stored at warm temperatures, a new study has found. Published in ACS' Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, it emphasizes the importance of storing these popular, economical vintages at cool temperatures.
Helene Hopfer and colleagues explain that compounds in wine react with oxygen in the air to change the way wine looks, tastes and smells. These reactions speed up with increasing temperature. Many winemakers are moving away from the traditional packaging for wine — glass bottles sealed with a natural cork stopper — and trying synthetic corks, screw caps or wine in a plastic bag inside a cardboard box. The scientists wanted to find out how this transition might affect the taste and aroma of wine under different storage conditions.
Using chemical analysis and a panel of trained tasters, the authors studied how storage at various temperatures affected unoaked California Chardonnay stored for three months in different wine packaging types: natural and synthetic corks, screw caps and two kinds of bag-in-box containers. Storage temperature had the biggest impact on all of the wines. Bag wine stored at 68 and 104 degrees Fahrenheit aged significantly faster than the bottled counterparts, becoming darker and developing vinegar notes. All the wines they tested aged better when stored at 50 degrees F.


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In this section of my Guides you will find current information on Amber. Topics will include:
What is Amber, Identifying Fakes and the Biggest Amber Scam No One Talks About, How was Amber Formed, Amber History, Inclusions, Powers, Testing Amber, & much more.
Please rate my review when your finished!!!
What is Amber
Amber, also know as "Liquid Gold Frozen in Time" is fossilized resin from ancient conifer trees from millions of years ago. Kings and Queens prized Amber to be more valuable than gold. Amber was formed from tree resin and not tree sap. When the tree resins dripped down the trees and to the ground trapping debris such as insects, flowers, mosses, leaves, seeds and all other like materials that were in its path and preserved them forever. There are even scorpions and small lizards that have been entrapped. Many extinct Species of flowers and insects have been discovered, that have been preserved in Amber. Amber also has inclusions called sun spots, which are small round or oblong disc shapes. The small sun spots, which are usually clustered together have a shiny & glittery appearance. The Gemstone Amber is one of the birthstones listed for the sun sign of Taurus, please do not confuse this with traditionally known Zodiac Birthstones. The resins became fossilized through a natural polymerization of the original organic compounds during the course of many millions of years. A Specific time period has not been established. Scientifically known to have been formed 30 to 90 million years ago during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods, even the Jurassic peroid. I have been fascinated with everything Amber since I was in school many years ago. Over the last 30 years, I have Acquired a very extensive collection from around the world.
Identifing Fakes & The Biggest Amber Scam No One Talks About
Ok, this is probably what most of you reading this want to know, right?! I am not going to talk about refractive indexes, density, gravity etc, because that will do you absolutely no good when trying to identify "Real Amber" when buying on Ebay or even after you have it at home. I will give easy ways and precautions to identify the real deal from the fraudsters and I will give some pictures to help. First and foremost, look at where the seller is located. China and India sell the most fake Amber on Ebay and in the big cities around the world I have ever seen and they will advertise it as "Real" "Authentic" "Genuine" "Grade A" "Natural" "Baltic Amber". What they do not say is that the item is an "Authentically Real & Natural Genuine Grade A piece of plastic!!!! For someone who knows what real Amber looks like, a picture is worth a thousand words, but for those who dont, it can and is very deceiving. The most common and easiest way to identify fakes are the ones with bugs and sun spots in them.
First, the Amber with bugs. When bugs/insects got caught up in the real Resin/Amber, their legs, antenna, and wings are caught in distressing character. The fake Amber bugs/insects look as if they were paid big bucks for their frozen pose in time, every part of there body is displayed perfectly. The same principle should be taken into concideration with flowers and scorpions.
Second, Amber with Sun Spots, also referred to as Sun Burst. Not all Genuine Amber have them, please keep that in mind. In real Amber, these inclusions are very small, too small in size and are irregular. In the fake Amber, this is hard to achieve. The fake Amber will have large disc shapes that are very uniform and perfect looking.
Third, This is the biggest worldwide Amber scam and no one talks about it!!!. Pendants, earrings, bracelets and rings that are stated to be red/cherry, blue, green and cognac. This is a more clever technique using real Amber. The real Amber used in this technique is usually lemon/yellow or light honey in colour. What is done to produce the fake red/cherry, blue green and cognac is: the back side of each piece is burned and/or has a jewellers colour paste that reflects through the light coloured Amber to give these colour effects and is used almost in all Amber jewellery that have a silver, gold or some other type setting. There are several ways to identify this. Look at the back of the piece, and you will see it is very different from the front side. You will see if it was burned or has a smooth dark coloured finish and that is what is giving the colour that is not real. The second way is, turn the piece sideways and view the Amber stones from side to side and you will see that the real Amber colour is lemon/yellow or light honey. This technique is widely used to reduce the cost of maufacturing the jewellery an is past on to the consumer as real red/cherry blue green and cognac, at higher prices and making it appear as if you are getting a great deal. Using these genuine colours would be very very expensive. If you already own Amber jewelry or are buying it in person, check using the method I just described and if you are purchasing this kind of jewellery online, on Ebay or any other aution/website, ask if it is "colour enhanced", because that is never stated. These pieces are still gorgeous, but your not getting what is advertised and you are being duped with real Amber with fake colours!!! The majority of this jewellery is manufactured in Poland and other New England states and Thailand. Sorry sellers, someone had to blow lid about this. I will be writing another review, dedicated specifically to this, to help consumers know what they are buying.
How Amber Was Formed
Amber is one of the few precious substances on earth we consider a gem which is not of mineral origin. There are a couple of scientific theories as to how Amber came to be. I will share the most popular and widely discussed theory here. When a tree is injured or is subjected to a radical climate change, it will produce resin. The radical climate change that took place millions of years ago, during different periods in time, produced large amounts of resin. Amber deposits and its availablity, scarcity and protection will be discussed later and that is some amazing information in itself. Many large Amber deposit are sea born, meaning that rivers and stream carried the Amber to seas and oceans. The most famous and sought after is Baltic Amber from the Baltic Sea and is considered the finest Amber in the world. There are Amber deposits worldwide that run in large veins underground similiar to that of minerals. It is widely known that Amber was produced from conifer trees, mainly the Pinus Succinifera because of its large secretions of resin, conifers are needle bearing trees. However it is known by certain colors that deciduous trees are included such as cherry and plum trees. Deciduous are leaf bearing trees. Sub tropical Amber came from a wide variety of conifer and deciduous trees.
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and since sa^3=constant, then s\propto T^3. Thus,
\dfrac{dY}{dt}=T^3\langle \sigma v\rangle \left( Y_{EQ}^2-Y^2\right)
Now, we can introduce a new time variable, say
Then, we calculate
For a radiation dominated (RD) Universe, \rho\propto T^4 implies that H\propto T^2 and H(x)=-\dfrac{H(m)}{x^2}
In this case, we obtain
with \lambda=\dfrac{m^3\langle \sigma v\rangle}{H(m)}
The final freeze out abundance is got in the limit Y_\infty=Y(x\longrightarrow \infty). Typically, \lambda >>1, and when Y_{EQ}\sim 1 and Y\approx Y_{EQ}, for x>>1, and there, the yield drops exponentially
\dfrac{dY}{dx}\approx \dfrac{\lambda Y^2}{x^2}
\dfrac{dY}{Y^2}\approx \dfrac{\lambda dx}{x^2}
Integrating this equation,
\displaystyle{\int_{Y_f}^{Y_\infty}\dfrac{dY}{Y^2}=\int_{x_f}^\infty \dfrac{\lambda}{dx}{x^2}}
and then
Generally, Y_f>>Y_\infty and the freeze out temperature for WIMPs is got with the aid of the following equation
Indeed, n\langle \sigma v\rangle= H\longrightarrow x_f\sim 10
A qualitative numerical solution of the "WIMP" miracle (and its freeze out) is given by the following sketch
DMyieldWIMPmiracleThe present abundance of heavy particle relics gives
\rho_X=mY_\infty T_0^3\left(\dfrac{a_1T_1}{a_0T_0}\right)^3\approx \dfrac{mY_\infty T_0^3}{30}
and where the effect of entrpy dumping after the freeze-out is encoded into the factor
\left(\dfrac{a_1T_1}{a_0T_0}\right)^3 with \left(\dfrac{g_\star (0)}{g_\star (f)}\right)^3\approx \dfrac{1}{30}
Moreover, the DM energy density can also be estimated:
\Omega_X=\Omega_{DM}=\dfrac{x_f}{\lambda}\dfrac{mT_0^3}{30\rho_c}=\dfrac{H (m) x_fT_0^3}{30m^2\langle \sigma v\rangle\rho_c}
\Omega_X=\left[\dfrac{4\pi^3Gg_\star (m)}{45}\right]^{1/2}\dfrac{x_fT_0^3}{30\langle \sigma v\rangle \rho_c}=0\mbox{.}3h^{-2}\left(\dfrac{x_f}{10}\right)\left(\dfrac{g_\star (m)}{100}\right)^{1/2}\dfrac{10^{-39}cm^2}{\langle \sigma v\rangle}
The main (current favourite) candidate for WIMP particles are the so called lightest supersymmetric particles (LSP). However, there are other possible elections. For instance, Majorana neutrinos (or other sterile neutrino species), Z prime bosons, and other exotic particles. We observe that here there is a deep connection between particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology when we talk about the energy density and its total composition, from a fundamental viewpoint.
Remark: there are also WISP particles (Weakly Interacting Slim Particles), like (superlight) axions and other exotics that could contribute to the DM energy density and/or the "dark energy"/vacum energy that we observe today. There are many experiments searching for these particles in laboratories, colliders, DM detection experiments and astrophysical/cosmological observations (cosmic rays and other HEP phenomena are also investigated to that goal).
See you in a next cosmological post!


"Synthesized Poetry" on the musical composition "Poème Électronique" by Edgar Varèse
Title: Synthesized Poetry
Edgar Varèse's musical composition "Poème Électronique" is the first musical piece that was composed solely with synthesized sounds. This piece caused quite a disturbance upon its debut in 1948 at a multimedia exhibition in conjunction with the debut of the Phillips Pavilion The audience either disliked the piece with a passion or stood in awe of its magnificence. After a half century of constant criticism and praise, this piece is now accepted as a masterpiece (Hoffer 289). One must ask what makes it aesthetically valuable. The music sounds like a random arrangement of sounds on the first listen. Few find it pleasant to the ears. The mood of the music is eerie and cold. It breaks away from the traditional notion of music, as it lacks the presence of beat, melody, harmony, and meter (Hoffer 289). It is, however, a brilliant piece of music. "Poème Électronique" fully reflects culture of its time. It also brought a wave of musical evolution and is still highly influential today.
The decades that followed World War II could be described as a continuous explosion of new ideas in the field of science. The rate of new discoveries and inventions accelerated exponentially following World War II. The new technology enabled artists to create a new variety of sounds through the new instruments invented during this period. Edgar Varèse had a vision. He set out on a journey to create a complete new sound of music as early as the 1930's (Schaefer 3). He failed miserably in the earlier part of his career as a composer because he lacked the necessary technology to create revolutionary sounds, and he was simply too ahead of his time to be welcomed by any critics or the public. He was the forgotten man for decades (Ewen 851). At the age of 75 the sonic technology and the audience finally caught up to the vision of Edgar Varèse with the invention and advancement of synthesizers, computers, and tape recorders (Ewen 851). He was invited to compose...
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text:
Texas Cooperative Extension
Text and images copyright © Richard Duble.
Buttonweed (Diodia virginiana) is becoming an increasingly troublesome
weed in lawns, golf courses and other turfgrass areas. Buttonweed is found
through the Southeastern states and is particularly well adapted to low,
wet areas. In Texas, it is a serious lawn problem in the eastern half of
Description. Buttonweed is a warm season perennial with a sprawling, widely branched growth habit. Leaves are opposite, margins slightly serrated, oblong or nearly linear, generally 2 to 3 inches long and leathery in texture. Leaves often develop a purplish color. The plant has an extensive root system and develops underground rhizomes.
The plant produces small, white flowers during the summer and fall. Fruit develop along the stolons, or stems, in summer and fall. Fruit are oval shaped with vertical ridges and usually 6 to 10 mm long. The fruit develops into leathery pods in rows along the stolons and give the plant its name, buttonweed.
Plants develop in early spring from dormant rhizomes and seed. Emergence occurs about the time St. Augustine grass begins growth and continues throughout the spring. The above ground part of the plant is killed in the fall by the first frost.
Control. Preemerge herbicides are not effective since buttonweed emerges from dormant rhizomes as well as seed. Postemerge contol requires repeated treatments in the spring and summer. In bermudagrass turf, MSMA at 3 lbs. per acre will provide temporary control. Combinations of MSMA with Trimec (or similar products) have provided good control with only two applications (spring and summer). MSMA at 2 lbs. per acre plus Sencor at 1/8 lb. has also demonstrated good control. Sencor alone has not demonstrated satisfactory control of buttonweed.
In St. Augustine grass lawns, dicamba (Banvel) or products containing dicamba (Trimec) provides some control with two or more applications in spring and summer. If some discoloration of St. Augustinegrass can be tolerated, Confront at 2 pints per acre and Scotts DMC at 1 ounce per acre have demonstrated good control of buttonweed.


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I have 8 javascript file in html,how can i check if js file is loaded or not and also handle error if any one of the file is not loaded in cross browser
Thanks in advance!
share|improve this question
You can also use firebug to analyse which files gets loaded and which doesn't and the reasons for the files as to why aren't they getting loaded... – Mahendra Apr 19 '11 at 6:54
i must check whether the js is loading in all broswer also.so i need to display success msg,once the js is loaded – Tarun Apr 19 '11 at 7:08
5 Answers 5
You could use "try catch" to avoid the errors when accessing non-existing function or data, and react as you want
share|improve this answer
You can try using the "try-catch" block in javascript.
To use it you can call any one function / refer a variable of the file you want to check inside the try block. If it does not enter the 'catch' block then it means that the file is loaded.
You can also use Firebug to check which files gets loaded and which aren't and the errors as to why aren't they getting loaded.
Hope this helps. And don't forget to mark it as an anwser if you find it helpful.
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Use firebug or equivalent to spot 404's.
If a script loads in one browser, it will load in another browser, no crossbrowser issues here.
To handle load errors, use a script loading framework like RequireJS and dynamically load scripts.
Sidenote: Accept good awnsers to boost your own reputation, people will awnser questions faster/more often when you have a good rep.
share|improve this answer
When adding a js file dynamically, have a line of script that adds an element to the DOM, with a certain unique ID... Then cHeck for existence of that element in the DOM. If that element exists, it means that the js file was loaded.
share|improve this answer
you could add namespaces/global variables to every file and check as follows:
in fileName.js:
 window.fileName = true;
then, to check:
 if (!window.fileName) {...}
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
The Origin of Life
During the _PHONE_ school year, BioPoint followed the action in one high school biology lab at Cheltenham High School. In this segment, consider the variety of scientific theories about the origin of life, and then read the students' own perspective on the matter.
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
Biological And Life Sciences, Biology
The Franklin Institute


Polyphase Systems 1 - Study Guide
Polyphase Systems 1 explains what polyphase systems are, and differences between wye and delta systems. Illustrates various transformer bank connections using phasor diagrams. Shows examples of polyphase transformer banks and their external connections.
5-1/2" x 8-1/2" 20 pages By Alexander Publications
Item Code: PP1-STU
$ 15.00


text:
| No Still Voice and Small
by Gideon O. Burton
The Spirit, so they say, comes still and small,
As though the voice of God Himself were stagnant;
Or that creation's Author scarce can call
Who sings into the winds that stroke his planet,
Who roars into the crashing waves alive,
Whose sprouting, greening plants do shake and stir,
Whose million moving species active thrive.
No quiet voice thus bids such life occur.
As Jesus summoned, "Lazarus, come forth!"
So beckons God to each our dying souls,
In resonance that echoes south to north,
In burning, hot as magma, bright as coals.
The Lord Almighty's voice is as a storm;
His Spirit shouts and suddenly we're born.
This poem won first place in the 1995 Literature and Belief Writing Contest for poetry and was subsequently published in Literature and Belief 17.1&2 (1997): 99.
Feel free to copy or distribute this poem as long as you give proper acknowledgement of authorship


text:
. )
Commutative property of multiplication[change | change source]
When the operator of two terms is an multiplication, the 'commutative property of multiplication' is applicable. In algebraic terms, this gives.
Note that this does not apply for division! (i.e., when )
Associative property of addition[change | change source]
'Associative' refers to the grouping of numbers. The associative property of addition implies that, when adding three or more terms, it doesn't matter how these terms are grouped. Algebraically, this gives. Note that this does not hold for subtraction, e.g. (see the distributive property).
Associative property of multiplication[change | change source]
The associative property of multiplication implies that, when multiplying three or more terms, it doesn't matter how these terms are grouped. Algebraically, this gives. Note that this does not hold for division, e.g..
Distributive property[change | change source]
The distributive property states that the multiplication of a number by another term can be distributed. For instance:. (Do not confuse this with the associative properties! For instance,.)
Additive identity property[change | change source]
'Identity' refers to the property of a number that it is equal to itself. In other words, there exists an operation of two numbers so that it equals the variable of the sum. The additive identity property states that the sum of any number and 0 is that number:. This also holds for subtraction:.
Multiplicative identity property[change | change source]
The multiplicative identity property states that the product of any number and 1 is that number:. This also holds for division:.
Additive inverse property[change | change source]
The additive inverse property is somewhat like the opposite of the additive identity property. When an operation is the sum of a number and its opposite, and it equals 0, that operation is a valid algebraic operation. Algebraically, it states the following:. Additive inverse of 1 is (-1).
Multiplicative inverse property[change | change source]
The multiplicative inverse property entails that when an operation is the product of a number and its reciprocal, and it equals 1, that operation is a valid algebraic operation. Algebraically, it states the following:. Multiplicative inverse of 2 is 1/2.
Advanced Algebra[change | change source]
In addition to "elementary algebra", or basic algebra, there are advanced forms of algebra, taught in colleges and universities, such as abstract algebra, linear algebra, and universal algebra. This includes how to use a matrix to solve many linear equations at once. Abstract algebra is the study of things that are found in equations, going beyond numbers to the more abstract with groups of numbers.
Many math problems are about physics and engineering. In many of these physics problems time is a variable. Time uses the letter t. Using the basic ideas in algebra can help reduce a math problem to its simplest form making it easier to solve difficult problems. Energy is e, force is f, mass is m, acceleration is a and speed of light is sometimes c. This is used in some famous equations, like f = ma and e=mc^2 (although more complex math beyond algebra was needed to come up with that last equation).
Related pages[change | change source]
References[change | change source]
- "Math or Maths". Wolfram.com. _URL_ Retrieved 11 April 2013.
- "Algebra Introduction". Math Is Fun. _URL_ Retrieved 11 April 2013.
- "History of Algebra". UCS Louisiana. _URL_ Retrieved 11 April 2013.
Other websites[change | change source]
|The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for: algebra.|
|The English Wikibooks has more information on:|


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Inferior Class of Jews?
When I contacted our rabbi regarding a Pidyon Ha'Ben, he informed me that his movement of Judaism does not do this anymore. The rabbi said it's ludicrous to redeem your son simply because his last name is not Levi. He explained that most rabbis are not from the tribe of Levi, and that a child with the last name Smith is no less important in God's eyes.
After speaking with the rabbi, I got the sense that performing a Pidyon Ha'Ben would be acknowledging that my son is an inferior class of Jew. Is this correct? I want to do right by God and my son.
The Aish Rabbi Replies:
It is very impressive that you are pursuing clarity on this issue, particularly with all the dissuasion you've had until now.
Let's start from square one: Pidyon Ha'Ben refers to the "redemption of the first born son," and is commanded in the Torah (Numbers 18:15-16).
The reason behind this mitzvah is to remind us how during the Exodus from Egypt, God killed the first-born Egyptians, yet miraculously spared the first-born Jews. And since one's first child brings so much happiness, it's a fitting time to acknowledge that everything we have belongs to God. (Numbers 3:13)
But what does the tribe of Levi have to do with all this? The background is a bit complex, so here goes:
Originally, God intended that the first-born of each Jewish family would be a Kohen – i.e. would serve as that family's representative to the Holy Temple. (Exodus 13:2, Exodus 24:5)
At that point, God decreed that each family's first-born had forfeited their "Kohen" status – and henceforth all the Kohanim would come from the tribe of Levi. (More specifically, the descendants of Aaron became the Kohanim, with the rest of the tribe of Levi taking on other responsibilities in the Temple.)
This created a situation where all Jewish first-borns are "potential" Kohanim, while the descendents of Aaron are the "actual" Kohanim.
Therefore, God gave us the commandment to redeem the first-born from a Kohen, who essentially is serving in place of the first-born.
Now for your question: Isn't all this discriminatory? Just by virtue of birth is a Kohen inherently "better" than a non-Kohen?
The answer is yes and no.
We all accept the idea that "status" can be passed down genealogically. Imagine someone born into the family of Rockefeller. He would automatically have vast financial resources and social status. Is this fair? After all, his only claim to fame is that some distant ancestor excelled!
So, too, a Kohen is a Kohen today by virtue of an exceedingly great act that his ancestor did in refusing to worship the Golden Calf.
Whether fair or not, it's a genealogical reality that applies to many aspects of life. Some people are born smarter, some prettier, and some more athletic. However this does not make one human being better than another. It just means that we all have different limitations, and a different potential to be fulfilled. (In fact, the tribe of Levi "lost out" in one regard, in that they were not assigned a tribal portion in the Land of Israel.)
Actually, the greater a person's potential, the greater degree of responsibility. One of the reasons why Esav (Esau) sold the birthright to Jacob is because Esav thought he would suffer grave consequences as a result of performing the Temple service improperly. Indeed, if a Rockefeller would squander his wealth and abuse his social status, he would be held culpable – much more than if a non-Rockefeller did so!
But in truth, we've missed a basic point. In Judaism there is a much higher value than one's status as a Kohen – the "Crown of Torah."
Torah learning is regarded as the most important of all mitzvot, because it opens the door for observance of the other mitzvot. As the Talmud says (Shabbat 127a): "The study of Torah is equal to the sum total of all other mitzvot."
The Talmud asks who deserves more honor: A non-learned Kohen Gadol (High Priest), or a Torah scholar with badly-tainted lineage (for example the product of an incestuous relationship)? The answer is that Torah scholarship supersedes simple Kohanic lineage.
So when we speak about fulfilling one's Jewish potential, there are no restrictions, no special classes of Jews. Torah is not the exclusive domain of some priestly class. Rather, it is open and available to all. And we are required at all times to involve ourselves personally in its study and practice.
Furthermore, while everyone may not be cut out to be a scholar, everyone can share in that merit by supporting Torah scholarship. The classic example of this is a partnership made between the two Jewish tribes of Yissachar and Zevulun. The people of Yissachar were professional scholars, while the people of Zevulun excelled in business and trade. The two group made a 50-50 partnership: Zevulun supplied Yissachar with funds, and in return Yissachar agreed to split the merit of their Torah learning. Indeed, this provision is used even today as the model for many similar, private arrangements.
Yet when all is said and done, aren't Kohanim still regarded as "special?"
The definition of peace is not that everyone is equal or that everyone has exactly the same needs as everyone else, but rather that everyone knows their place, knows what they're capable of, knows what their contribution is, and is accepting of themselves and that others' contributions as equally important and valuable. Everyone has a vital role to play, regardless of occupation or skill, and we are only expected to excel with the tools we have.
It is interesting that the Priestly Blessing set forth in the Torah (Numbers 6:22-27) is essentially a blessing for peace. The Kohanim are the prime example in Jewish life where we could be setting ourselves up for jealousy – "my position versus your position." Yet the Torah assigns them the specific role as messengers of peace!
And who was the quintessential master of peace? Moses' brother – Aaron the High Priest – who occupied the second-highest position in Jewish communal life. Yet Aaron was known as the master of peace. Despite his "special" status, Aaron brought harmony by teaching that no one's "package" is inherently better than another's. And that's the key to true peace – never treating others as less important.
One last point mentioned in your question: A person's last name does not determine whether or not they come from the tribe of Levi. While it is true that many families named Levi are Levites, this is far from an absolute rule. Imagine an Eskimo who converts to Judaism and legally changes his last name to Levi. That doesn't make him a Levite!
Nor are all Kohen's named Kohen. Many Kohanim are named Katz, which is an acronym for Kohen-Tzedek – "righteous Kohen." And the family today with the most verified lineage of Kohanic ancestry is named "Rappaport!"
The only valid method of being a Levite (or Kohen) is to have an unbroken tradition, passed from generation to generation, stretching back to the time of Moses. In many Jewish communities, meticulous records were kept throughout the generations to ensure that ancestral lines remain clear.
Finally, while a Pidyon Ha'Ben is usually done one month after birth, even if the opportunity was missed, the obligation still remains. My best advice is to contact a local rabbi with solid knowledge of the Talmud and Code of Jewish Law. There are many technical details regarding Pidyon Ha'Ben, and not all first-borns are obligated in the mitzvah.
I wish you the best success in raising your son in the Jewish tradition. With your honest approach in your relationship to God, he's got an excellent role model already.
Read more about Pidyon Ha'Ben at
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text: in terms of x and y. Let's try to look at this. In the y axis, I have this guy on the y axis and these two guys on the y axis. Notice how this one is 8 and these two here combine to be 16. The y axis is heavier towards the bottom. I'm going to predict that this thing will be somewhere like Ôround 1, not 3, not in the middle but closer to zero. On the x axis, you have these two here and this here. The center of mass will be somewhere in the middle. The left, I have 10 and 8, that's 18. To the right, I have 6 so this thing is much heavier towards the left. Instead of being in the middle between 0 and 4 which would be 2, I'm going to guess it's going to be to the left of 2. I'm going to guess that's going to be around 1. Again, I'm just doing rough estimates so that we can later see if it makes sense with what we expected. We're just going to plug it in and weÕre done. X center of mass is going to be the masses are 10, so IÕm gonna do this, 8 and 6 divided by 10+8+6. Then the Y center of mass is the same thing, 10, 8, and 6 divided by 10+8+6. The only difference is that here I'm going to add X values and then the other one I'm going to add Y values. What's the x value of the 10? Just look right here. It's 0. Of the 8 is 0 and of the 6 is 4. What about the Y value? The Y value of the A is 0, of B is 3 and of C is zero as well. When you do this, you get 6*4 = 24 / 24. ItÕs a coincidence that the numbers happen to divide so neatly, 1 meter. Then here, this cancels and this cancels. I get 8*3 = 24 as well. Again, a coincidence that this happens to be the same as that divided by 24, 1 meter. My rough estimate happened to be dead on. But usually you just know that it's roughly a number. It's (1,1). You can they say that the center of mass of the system is at position (1,1) meter. That's the final answer. That's it for center of mass. Let me know if you have any questions.


text:
Using ConceptMapper to trace the evolution of taxonomic perspectives
Nico Franz, _EMAIL_, Xianhua Liu, _EMAIL_, Robert Peet, _EMAIL_, and Laura Downey, _EMAIL_. (1) University of Puerto Rico - Mayaguez, Department of Biology, PO Box 9012, Mayaguez, PR, (2) Curriculum in Ecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, (3) LTER Network Office, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
Taxonomic perspectives evolve over time, as the definitions for taxonomic names become partially redefined in light of new observations and character interpretations. Many taxonomic redefinitions require concomitant adjustments in naming, yet other changes in taxonomic perspective, such as the shifting of a non-type genus from one tribe to another, are not translated into nomenclatural changes. The need for finer semantic resolution arises in various situations, including the integration of data in large-scale, long-term biodiversity studies and the development and periodical updating of taxonomic databases. Taxonomic concepts, i.e. the meanings of names as they are specified in a particular source (example: Diaprepes abbreviatus [Linnaeus 1758] sec. Pierce 1916), offer such resolution by allowing experts to use a precise ontology-like vocabulary to describe differences in name definitions between different taxonomic treatments. This presentation introduces ConceptMapper, a software tool that assists taxonomists in the process of importing, visualizing, and correlating the meanings of taxonomic names in two separate classifications. The tool is built upon an XML schema (see _URL_ that manages scientific names, concept references, character and specimen circumscriptions, hierarchical parent-child relationships within one classification, and concept relationship assertions among two classifications. Several real-life examples will show that ConceptMapper is valuable to anyone who intends to understand the evolution of taxonomic names and their meanings in a purely systematic or applied biological context.
Species 1: Coleoptera Curculionidae Diaprepesabbreviatus (citrus root weevil)


text:
A novel written through an artificial intelligence program has passed through the first round of judging for the Hoshi Shinichi Literary Award.
The book is called, The Day A Computer Writes A Novel, and is one of 11 books submitted to the prize that were written by robots (1,450 books were submitted in total). Digital Trends has more:
"I was surprised at the work because it was a well-structured novel. But there are still some problems [to overcome] to win the prize, such as character descriptions," said Satoshi Hase, a Japanese science fiction novelist who was part of the press conference surrounding the award.
These programs are not without some human intelligence. As The Los Angeles Times points out, there is about 80 percent human involvement, as the programmers created plot points, character details and words and phrases. The computer did construct the text.


Belfast Telegraph
Thursday 25 December 2014
Source of infection that killed three babies 'unlikely to be identified'
The source of a deadly infection at a hospital that has claimed the lives of three babies is unlikely to be identified, an expert said today.
Although staff are trying to establish how the pseudomonas bacteria entered a neonatal room at the Royal Maternity Hospital in Belfast, this could take some time and it may be eradicated before the origin has been found, according to Stephan Heeb, a senior research fellow at the School of Molecular Medical Sciences.
"The normal way to do it is to take swabs of surfaces," he said. "If they find it's heavily colonised in one area, that would be the source of the infection.
"But that takes some days to do and sometimes it's not even worth trying to find it because the urgency is to end the problem, so in practice what is likely to happen is they will disinfect without actually identifying what the source is."
The hospital's hygiene policy would stipulate that everyone washes their hands and equipment is kept clean, he said.
But it would only take one person failing to follow this to cause the kind of outbreak that has proved fatal on the Belfast hospital's ward, he added.
"The hygiene practice is very difficult to maintain and you just need one person not following that," he said. "It can be someone bringing something in on their shoes.
"What can be done is to try and improve the hygiene conditions but these things will always happen and sooner or later a bacterium slips in so it's a bit difficult.
"It's very hard to have zero risk so these things will happen occasionally. It's important it doesn't happen frequently."
The bacteria needs water to survive and proliferate so its source is likely to be an area where fluids are present, he explained.
Pseudomonas is common, he said, and the biggest cause of death among cystic fibrosis patients.
Burns victims and Aids sufferers are also susceptible to it, and babies at at risk because of their underdeveloped immune systems.
Babies in a neonatal unit who were not being breast-fed would not be receiving antibodies from their mother's milk and so would be even more susceptible, Mr Heeb added.
And he warned that while cleaning the affected room was an "excellent first measure", it was important that any equipment brought from one room to another was sterile and anyone handling suspect equipment washed their hands before entering another room.
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text:
In the weak interaction limit, behaviors of electrons can still be described by a 1-partitcle equation with a modified mass, where the change in mass can be understood as effects of other neighboring electrons as a single electron drags along. Since the cluster of electrons couples to gravity as usual, then the effective mass of a quasi-particle couples to gravity in the same way as that of a genuine electron. Moreover, the effective mass can be negative which is the case of holes which are "bubbles" in the electron liquid.
In graphene, there are massless Dirac electrons. Do they couple to the gravity?
I think what I intended to ask should be "How to incorporate effects of gravity in a many-electron system?"
(Originally I asked "do effective masses couple to gravity?")


text:
Better performance of slag concrete exposing to high temperatures
Concrete made with GGBS cement is much better than concrete made with 100% OPC at maintaining its compressive strength when exposed to high temperatures.
OPC specimens heated to 400 °C or above have been shown to exhibit severe cracking to the point of disintegration after a few days. However, it was found that concrete made with blends of 35%, 50% and 65% GGBS performed much better. In the GGBS specimens there was no visible cracking after exposure to the higher temperatures. The concrete with 100% OPC degraded to powder over the following year, while the concrete made with GGBS maintained its strength over the same period.
Further studies showed that after exposure to 900 °C concrete with 0% GGBS maintained 6% of its original strength, concrete with 30% GGBS maintained 54% of its original strength and concrete with 70% GGBS maintained 70% of its original strength.
How does slag improve the resistance to fire damage?
Why concrete made with GGBS has better resistance to fire damage? It is generally agreed that above 400 °C Ca(OH)2 which is the hydration products of OPC decomposes into CaO and H2O, then on cooling CaO and left H2O rehydrates into Ca(OH)2 which needs more space than CaO causing the concrete to crack and degrade. With the addition of GGBS into concrete, hydration product Ca(OH)2 is generally reduced compared with concrete made with 100% OPC, thus improving the performance of resisting fire damage.
Reference: Ecocem report–Technical Performance
- Sample Preparation for Quantitative X-Ray Diffraction (XRD/Rietveld)
- Determining the Amount of Reacted Slag in Blended Cement Using EDTA Method
- 3D printer to print a house, is it the future of cementitious materials?
- How GGBS is used and its typical substitution rates
- Does particle size of slag influence its reactivity?
- Published literature data on the reaction degree of slag
- Methods to measure the reaction degree of slag in blended cement
- Factors influence the reaction degree of slag in slag blended cement
- The activation theory of slag in blended cement
- Features of microstructure development in the inner product of reacting slag in blended cement


Portuguese EZ word boards
Item Number: ACU013
Language Word Boards -- for both Non-English and Non-Verbal Communication.
They come in 20 languages wheres one side is is for ackts a a body locator and the other side has wording. Their is also one in English that can be used to communicate with an English speaking person who cannot speak due to tubes, surgery or other reasons. And the 20 non-English boards will also provide non-verbal communication.


text:
Skip to 0 minutes and 1 second[Angela] Welcome to week two of using feedback to improve. I hope you enjoyed week one. I'll have hard time to reflect, how you might implement some of the ideas in your own volunteering. Now you've been introduced to range of tools and techniques for gathering feedback from young people and educators. We can begin to look at how feedback fits into the bigger picture of your own future development, and how to contribute to the evaluation of volunteering activities. This will include identifying sources to help you with your development, and collaborating with others to aid your development. We will also be examining the role of feedback in other environments, particularly the work environment.
Skip to 0 minutes and 47 secondsAnd linking feedback to evaluation of your volunteering, and organisational objectives which your employer may have. Finally, we'll look at how you plan your own future development.
Using feedback to improve
In Week 1 we concentrated on gathering feedback and the links between feedback and planning. Now it's time to think about how we put improvements into practice, wider development goals which you may have and how volunteering may link with organisational goals.
Let's start this week by thinking about what you currently do with the feedback you receive on your STEM Ambassador or volunteering activities.
Think about a time when you received some feedback on your volunteering. How did it make you feel? Did you take any action as a result?
Over the next few steps we'll look at self-reflection and how this contributes towards improving activities.


text:
Plotting expressions is important to visualize data, relationships between variables, and perform analysis. Mathcad plotting allows visualization of variable values, functions, and data points. Included in this demonstration is common calculus techniques such as symbolic or analytic solutions to differentiation or integration. Use the following worksheet to step through example problems related to using trending capabilities and calculus analysis in a Mathcad worksheet.
- Mathcad Plotting and Calculus Worksheet (xmcd)
- Mathcad Plotting and Calculus Worksheet (pdf)
- Mathcad Plotting and Calculus Worksheet Solution (pdf)
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text:
Mechanisms Which Underlie Face-vocalization Integration in VLPFC
The perception and integration of congruent communication stimuli is necessary for appropriate evaluation and comprehension of an audio-visual message. Our studies have shown that there are several types of multisensory interactions: linear and non-linear; enhanced and inhibitory (Sugihara et al., 2006). There are a number of factors that affect sensory integration including temporal coincidence and stimulus congruency, which are thought to underlie the successful merging of two intermodal stimuli into a coherent perceptual representation which is especially important in speech perception. We have begun to explore the role of the prefrontal cortex in encoding congruent face-vocalization stimuli in order to understand the essential components of face-vocalization integration. To this end we have examined changes in neural activity when face-vocalization pairs are mismatched and presented either during fixation or in an audio-visual non-match-to-sample task. Our data indicates that non-human primates can detect these mismatches and that single cells in VLPFC display changes in neuronal firing to incongruent and to temporally offset face-vocalization stimuli compared to congruent audiovisual stimuli. Continued analysis and recordings are aimed at further defining the role of the VLPFC in the integration of audio-visual face and vocalization information for the purpose of communication.
Types of Audio-Visual Interactions in Prefrontal Neurons. The raster/histogram responses from one cell (top) and a second cell (bottom) are shown with the corresponding bar graph of the response for each at the left. In the top row of the figure an example of a single cell which exhibited multisensory enhancement is shown where the response to the combined face+vocalization (AV) condition is increased above that of either the face or the voice conditions (A or V). When this enhancement is greater than the linear sum of the two unimodal conditions being combined it is said to be super additive. In the bottom row a different cell had a suppressed response to the combination (AV) condition where the face and vocalization stimuli were presented simultaneously.
Our work is aimed at determining if multimodal prefrontal neurons detect:
- Changes in semantic meaning
If prefrontal neurons are sensitive to the semantic congruence in a vocalization and corresponding facial gestutre we expect a difference in the neuronal response to a semantically congruent and a semantically incongruent AV pair.
- Changes in identity
By mismatching a vocalization made by caller A with the facial gesture from caller B issuing the same call type, we can test the sensitivity of prefrontal neurons for caller identity and subtle acoustic changes which accompany them. We expect that a neuron that is sensitive to such changes will be modulated by the acoustic differences between callers.
- Changes in auditory or visual features
If VLPFC neurons are sensitive to acoustic features, then alterations of these features in the vocalization of an AV pair will cause a significant change in neuronal response compared to the congruent audio-visual stimulus. We expect that this will occur in predominantly auditory/multisensory neurons. Similar alterations of the visual stimulus in an AV pair should evoke changes when compared to the response to the congruent AV pair for neurons that are predominantly visual.
- Temporal offset
A number of brain regions are sensitive to the temporal coincidence of cross-modal events including the superior colliculus and frontal lobe speech regions in the human brain. We expect that prefrontal neurons will exhibit a significant change to temporally offset stimuli.
Recording sites and distribution of the multisensory cells in one subject. a. An enlarged view of the prefrontal cortex indicating the location of the recording cylinder (dashed line). The electrode penetrations were confined to the region indicated by the grid. The locations of significantly responsive cells are plotted on the grid. Unimodal auditory (filled blue circles); unimodal visual neurons (filled yellow diamonds), and multisensory neurons (open red squares). b. An expanded view of the distribution of the unimodal and multisensory cells in the recording grid is shown, indicating that multisensory and unimodal neurons were found in overlapping locations in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. ps, Principal sulcus; as, arcuate sulcus; AP, anteroposterior; ML, mediolateral.


Translating reliably between XML and JSON (xml2json)
hingo's picture
(For the impatient reader: here's the Github link!)
Storing XML as a text field
For example:
{ _id : ObjectId(...),
 firstName : "Henrik",
 lastName : "Ingo",
 age : 36,
 originalXml : "
 183
 44
The above MongoDB document could be searched for firstName, lastName and age and can return the original XML document found. But you could not index or query for shoeSize or height because they exist only in the XML and MongoDB is completely ignorant of them.
Translating XML into equivalent JSON
In the project I was assigned to however, we wanted to go further. We decided to just translate all of the XML into a JSON document, then store it as it is into MongoDB. Also we want to translate that JSON back into XML. This will be implemented later, but it implies a requirement that the XML->JSON translation must clearly be lossless, so that we can later end up with the original XML document.
For a given programming language, you should be able to find a couple libraries that try to do exactly this. For Node/JavaScript I've found: X2JS by Abdulla Abdurakhmanov, xml2js node npm module by leonidas, XML-to-JSON by stsvilik, XML to JSON jquery plugin and xml2json by Stefan Gössner.
I fond that most of them approach the problem quite similarly. I chose the last one as basis for my work, as it was a simple yet robust code base.
The devil is in the details
XML and JSON do the same thing. You have a hierarchy of nodes, which ultimately contain data in leaf nodes. As such it is clearly possible to just transform from one syntax to an equivalent representation in the other syntax.
The fun part comes with the realization that XML is more convoluted than JSON. (Eliot would say it is "too expressive".) XML elements have attributes and child elements. Now, attributes too are children of their parent element, but they somehow live in their own dimension, separately from the actual child elements.
Historically, in the HTML language that is used to format text documents, this distinction did make sense. The content itself is "data" in the child elements. Things that relate to the structure or formatting of the document are "not data", so they are attributes. For example:
Hello World
But once we started to use XML as a generic serialization format for any programmatic data, this doesn't make any sense. Semanitcally all of the below XML snippets mean the same thing.
true
Which is the correct one you should use?
The existence of the attributes is problematic when translating into JSON. In JSON we only have one kind of children. So how can we distinguish between an attribute-child and a proper child?
Most of the libraries I looked into take the approach of making attributes available as children where the keyname is prefixed with an "@". For example the previous XML snippets would become:
{ item : { "_USER_" : "boolean", "_USER_" : "true" } }
{ item : { "_USER_" : "boolean", "_TAG_" : "true" } }
{ item : { "type" : "boolean", "value" : "true" } }
This actually works fine, because xml element names cannot contain a "@", so there's no risk for name collisions, rather attributes are easy to distinguish.
Below I will focus on improvements I made to the "state of the art". If you want to read about more details before that, this article by Stefan Gössner covers these things more broadly.
My 2 improvements
There were 2 things I had to improve on to achieve what we wanted to do.
All of the libraries I looked at, would have a similar trade-off between correctness and readability. As you can see above, an XML text node might be found under a _TAG_ under the equivalent JSON document. This actually comes directly from the libxml parser, which returns _TAG_ as the value of the.nodeName property. However, for most simple documents that is not very elegant, rather a stylistically more "correct" translation is to simply put the text as a string value:
Hello -> { "e" : "Hello" }
Otoh, should the XML element "e" also have some attributes, this is of course not possible, so we fall back to using _TAG_ as the key:
Hello -> { "e" : { "_USER_" : "123", "_TAG_" : "Hello" } }
The problem with this is the ambiguity. If we want to reference the string "Hello" in MongoDB, for example to retrieve it in a query, it's impossible to do if we cannot reliably know it's path. The first one can be found simply with { "e" : 1 } while the latter would be { "e.#text" : 1 }.
This is clearly a mess! In the real world this is gonna be a problem. Maybe the id attribute is optional, so some documents have it and some others don't. Or maybe it was introduced in a later version of the application, so that old documents don't have an id attribute but newer ones do. Such ambiguity would make our MongoDB database unusable.
To solve this problem I modified the xml2json translation so that attributes are output as siblings to their "parent" node:
Hello -> { "e@id" : "123", "e" : "Hello" }
 -> { "e@id" : "123", "e" : null }
My second change deals with ordering. In XML the children are ordered:
First paragraph.
Second paragpraph.
(Note that attributes, otoh, are not ordered.)
In JSON the keys in a document are not in any particular order and not even guaranteed to maintain the order you think they have. The only structure in JSON that maintains order is the list structure. So to translate the above XML into JSON, we'd need a list. Interestingly, the popular way to do this would render the following translation:
{ html : { p : ["First paragraph", "Second paragraph"] } }
That looks good. Except it's a fairly limited solution! For example the following caused problems for the libraries I looked at:
I feel fine today!
The Node/NPM library would happily translate this as:
{ p : { strong : "fine", "_TAG_" : "I feel today!" } }
Stefan Grössner's library at least acted robustly and detected such "mixed" children, and left them untranslated:
{ p : "I feel fine today!" }
Neither of the above were satisfactory for my purposes. The solution is to employ JSON list structures when needed:
{ p : ["I feel ", { strong : "fine" }, " today!" ] }
Note that again we maintain a style vs correctness tradeoff. Correct would be to always use a JSON list to always keep ordering of child elements intact. But in most cases the application probably doesn't care about the ordering, so we assume that it is ok to only use lists when it is actually needed. Most of the time the reason is that you have 2 children with the same nodeName, such as in this case there were 2 _TAG_ elements, or above we also had 2 p elements.
It's on Github!
I published my improved xml2json library on Github. It's designed to work in modern browsers, and uses the DOMParser for the XML, but I did successfully use it in Node.js together with the libxml parser. For Node.js you need to change the code a little bit to integrate with the module.exports system, and the libxml parser instead of window.DOMParser, other than that it works as is. I'll try to integrate those changes to the Github code one day too.
(Note that I did not yet do corresponding changes to json2xml, so you can't actually translate backwards and get your original XML document.)
Comment viewing options
EJ's picture
Encoding scheme increases json parser complexity
One drawback of the "sometimes use an array" approach is that parsers need to be able to handle both. If there is only one element in the set, it gets represented one way, and with two or more elements in the response set, the data types change from scalers to arrays.
hingo's picture
EJ, that's correct. Or to be
EJ, that's correct. Or to be precise, for json2xml conversion we would in any case want to support (almost) all possible json documents. But it did increase the complexity of the output phase of xml2json.
Still, it's not that bad and well worth the effort. For example, a MongoDB multi-key index is really cool, but it will only work with a single list, you cannot use it if you have multiple nested lists. So avoiding the list structure when not necessary is both useful and good style.
David Lee's picture
JSON to XML is quite subtle
You may be interested in this presentation I gave on the subject. Its a


Discover the Lost
There are 5.8 million lost people in North Carolina.
We've identified the top 100 areas of lostness in North Carolina. Of these 100, 97 are located within the top eight population centers of the state. Population centers include the cities and surrounding areas of Charlotte, the Research Triangle (Raleigh, Durham, Chapel Hill), the Triad (Greensboro, Winston-Salem, High Point), Fayetteville, Wilmington, Hickory, Asheville and Greenville.
Moreover, the unreached peoples of the world have come to our own communities. In reaching these people, contextual strategies based on ethnic and/or cultural contexts have proven to be the most effective approaches to impacting lostness.
How can I discover the lost?
 1. Local
 Start by prayerwalking or prayerdriving your community or neighborhood and observe the needs that exist.
 2. State
 Use the pockets of lostness map to identify how close your church is to a pocket. Contact a coordinator in your region to begin the process of discovery.
 3. World
 Discover how the world has begun to be displayed in your town. Then, find a people group on this map to learn more about them.
Select Language ^


text:
Are you looking for an interactive learning environment for students to show their learning? Do you need a way for students to publish their writing online? Book Creator is so much more than just creating traditional "books" as we know them. In this 2 credit graduate-level course, you will create a book on Book Creator to use as a mentor text for students to show their learning. You will also create a template for students to work from in order to produce their learning in an interactive and different way. We will cover purposeful technology, planning a book, creating a new book, adding media, interactive elements, accessibility features, and publishing books online for authentic audiences. This 30 hour course is hands-on and differentiated to allow you to walk away with a template and example for students to show their learning in a way that works best for them. Your kids will not be disappointed!
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
*Optional Adams State University credit after the class ends (additional $110).
Schoology course code is emailed after payment.