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|SQL Server Interview Questions and Answers|
|Print Book Available (207 Pages) | Sample Chapters|
How can we rewrite sub-queries into simple select statements or with joins?
Yes we can write using Common Table Expression (CTE). A Common Table Expression (CTE) is an expression that can be thought of as a temporary result set which is defined within the execution of a single SQL statement. A CTE is similar to a derived table in that it is not stored as an object and lasts only for the duration of the query.
WITH EmployeeDepartment_CTE AS (
SELECT ecte.EmployeeId,ed.DepartmentID, ed.Name,ecte.ShiftID
FROM HumanResources.Department ed
INNER JOIN EmployeeDepartment_CTE ecte ON ecte.DepartmentID = ed.DepartmentID
What is CLR?
In SQL Server 2008, SQL Server objects such as user-defined functions can be created using such CLR languages. This CLR language support extends not only to user-defined functions, but also to stored procedures and triggers. You can develop such CLR add-ons to SQL Server using Visual Studio 2008. (Read More Here)
What are synonyms?
Synonyms give you the ability to provide alternate names for database objects. You can alias object names; for example, using the Employee table as Emp. You can also shorten names. This is especially useful when dealing with three and four part names; for example, shortening server.database.owner.object to object. (Read More Here)
What is LINQ?
Language Integrated Query (LINQ) adds the ability to query objects using.NET languages. The LINQ to SQL object/relational mapping (O/RM) framework provides the following basic features:
- Tools to create classes (usually called entities) mapped to database tables
- Compatibility with LINQ's standard query operations
- The DataContext class, with features such as entity record monitoring, automatic SQL statement generation, record concurrency detection, and much more
What is Isolation Levels?
Transactions specify an isolation level that defines the degree to which one transaction must be isolated from resource or data modifications made by other transactions. Isolation levels are described in terms of which concurrency side-effects, such as dirty reads or phantom reads, are allowed.
Transaction isolation levels control:
- Whether locks are taken when data is read, and what type of locks are requested.
- How long the read locks are held.
- Whether a read operation referencing rows modified by another transaction:
- Blocks until the exclusive lock on the row is freed.
- Retrieves the committed version of the row that existed at the time the statement or transaction started.
- Reads the uncommitted data modification. (Read More Here)
What is use of EXCEPT Clause?
EXCEPT clause is similar to MINUS operation in Oracle. The EXCEPT query and MINUS query returns all rows in the first query that are not returned in the second query. Each SQL statement within the EXCEPT query and MINUS query must have the same number of fields in the result sets with similar data types. (Read More Here)
What is XPath?
XPath uses a set of expressions to select nodes to be processed. The most common expression that you'll use is the location path expression, which returns back a set of nodes called a node set. XPath can use both an unabbreviated and an abbreviated syntax. The following is the unabbreviated syntax for a location path:
What is NOLOCK?
Using the NOLOCK query optimizer hint is generally considered good practice in order to improve concurrency on a busy system. When the NOLOCK hint is included in a SELECT statement, no locks are taken when data is read. The result is a Dirty Read, which means that another process could be updating the data at the exact time you are reading it. There are no guarantees that your query will retrieve the most recent data. The advantage to performance is that your reading of data will not block updates from taking place, and updates will not block your reading of data. SELECT statements take Shared (Read) locks. This means that multiple SELECT statements are allowed simultaneous access, but other processes are blocked from modifying the data. The updates will queue until all the reads have completed, and reads requested after the update will wait for the updates to complete. The result to your system is delay (blocking). (Read More Here)
How would you handle error in SQL SERVER 2008?
SQL Server now supports the use of TRY…CATCH constructs for providing rich error handling. TRY…CATCH lets us build error handling at the level we need, in the way we need to, by setting a region where if any error occurs, it will break out of the region and head to an error handler. The basic structure is as follows:
So if any error occurs in the TRY block, execution is diverted to the CATCH block, and the error can be dealt.
What is RAISEERROR?
RaiseError generates an error message and initiates error processing for the session. RAISERROR can either reference a user-defined message stored in the sys.messages catalog view or build a message dynamically. The message is returned as a server error message to the calling application or to an associated CATCH block of a TRY…CATCH construct. (Read More Here)
How to rebuild Master Databse?
Master database is system database and it contains information about running server's configuration. When SQL Server 2005 is installed it usually creates master, model, msdb, tempdb resource and distribution system database by default. Only Master database is the one which is absolutely must have database. Without Master database SQL Server cannot be started. This is the reason it is extremely important to backup Master database.
To rebuild the Master database, Run Setup.exe, verify, and repair a SQL Server instance, and rebuild the system databases. This procedure is most often used to rebuild the master database for a corrupted installation of SQL Server.
What is XML Datatype?
The xml data type lets you store XML documents and fragments in a SQL Server database. An XML fragment is an XML instance that is missing a single top-level element. You can create columns and variables of the xml type and store XML instances in them. The xml data type and associated methods help integrate XML into the relational framework of SQL Server.
Reference : Pinal Dave (_URL_)


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The Ecological Society of America (ESA) will present societal awards to five distinguished ecologists at its 94rd Annual Meeting on Monday, August 3, in Albuquerque, New Mexico. More than 3,500 attendees are expected at this year's meeting.
Eminent Ecologist Award: Steven Hubbell
Steven Hubbell of the University of California, Los Angeles and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute will receive this year's Eminent Ecologist Award, given to a senior ecologist in recognition of an outstanding body of ecological work or sustained ecological contributions of extraordinary merit. Most widely known for his neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography, Hubbell's wide-ranging research career has investigated tropical biodiversity, sexual selection and resource competition through the lens of theoretical ecology. He has written three books and more than 160 scientific papers, and his work has received more than 60 National Science Foundation grants. In 1990 he founded the National Council for Science and the Environment, a nonprofit organization to improve scientific rigor of environmental decision-making that now has 10,000 members.
Cooper Award: Jerry Jenkins, Glenn Motzkin and Kirsten Ward
Jerry Jenkins of the Wildlife Conservation Society and his coauthors Glenn Motzkin and Kirsten Ward will receive this year's William Skinner Cooper Award for their paper, "Harvard Forest Flora: An Inventory, Analysis and Ecological History," published in 2008 in the Harvard Forest paper series. The Cooper Award is given to honor an outstanding contribution to the fields of geobotany, physiographic ecology, plant succession or the distribution of plants along environmental gradients. In the paper, the authors survey the plants of a central New England woodland, describing biological variation within species and the diversity among them. The contribution illustrates the many ecological changes that occurred in this typical woodland throughout the 20th century.
Mercer Award: Richard Lankau and Sharon Strauss
This year's George Mercer Award is given to Richard Lankau of the University of Illinois and coauthor Sharon Strauss for their paper, "Mutual feedbacks maintain both genetic and species diversity in a plant community," published in Science in 2007. The Mercer Award is given for an outstanding recently-published ecological research paper by a young scientist. The authors show that changes in a physical trait of a plant can affect overall plant community structure, which in turn drives the evolution of the trait. The paper uses a combination of theory, experiment and observation to bridge the fields of community ecology and quantitative genetics.
Odum Education Award: Christine Flanagan
Christine Flanagan of the U.S. Botanic Garden will receive this year's Eugene P. Odum award, which recognizes an ecologist for outstanding work in ecology education. Through teaching, outreach, and mentoring activities, recipients of this award have demonstrated their ability to relate basic ecological principles to human affairs. As public programs manager at the U.S. Botanic Garden, Flanagan develops programs that are viewed by nearly a million visitors each year, including many U.S. legislators. Her interdisciplinary NSF-funded traveling exhibit, titled "sLowlife," draws from science, art and literature to explain plant movements. Flanagan's other activities involve educating the public about genetically engineered plants and the importance of pollinator conservation.
Sustainability Science Award: B.L. Turner and coauthors
The recipients of the Sustainability Science Award are B.L. Turner of Arizona State University and his 25 coauthors on the Special Feature on Land Change Science, published in 2007 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The award recognizes research results that provide scientific foundations for sustainable management, link human and ecological systems and advance sustainability science. In a synthesis paper and five original research papers, the special feature explores central factors that contribute to global change, including deforestation, land fragmentation, ecological regime shifts and the loss of ecosystem services. Turner's synthesis lays out the advances and challenges in the field of land change science.
For more information about the awards session and the 2009 ESA Annual Meeting, _URL_.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Translation of "evidence" - English-Turkish dictionary
noun [ U ] uk us /ˈevɪdəns/
B2 something that makes you believe that something is true or exists
evidence of global warming
[ + that ] There is no scientific evidence that the drug is addictive.
information that is given or objects that are shown in a court of law to help to prove if someone has committed a crime
He was arrested despite the lack of evidence against him.
give evidence UK
to give information and answer questions in a court of law
delil göstermek, kanıt vermek
She was called to give evidence at his trial.
be in evidence formal
to be noticeable
gözönünde/görünürde/meydanda olmak
(Translation of "evidence" from the Cambridge Learner's Dictionary English-Turkish © Cambridge University Press)


How to Fix: No Audio Output Device is Installed [2021]
How To Fix No Audio Output Device Is Installed
No Audio Output Device Is Installed – One of the messages that usually appears on a computer or laptop running Windows 7, Windows 8, to Windows 10.
As the message reads, the cause of this problem is due to an error in the audio.
The effect is also quite diverse. But most often, the computer sound doesn't come out, or what we usually call mute.
Well, for those of you who often play music on PC, then this problem must be fixed. The goal is none other than so that the sound on your computer can return to normal.
How to Fix the Message " No Audio Output Device is Installed " in Windows 7, 8, 10
To solve this error message, sometimes it can be easy, and sometimes it can be difficult. This is because the error itself can come from the system and it can also come from components.
Well, I myself have experienced this in Windows 7, and thankfully it was fixed successfully.
For that, instead of saying "can't", it's better to try the following tips first, to overcome the " no audio " message you are experiencing.
1. Check Connected Speaker
Check Connected Speaker
For computer users, this message can be caused because the speakers are not properly connected.
So the first solution is simple. Please first check the condition of the audio cable, as well as the speaker power cable (whether it's USB or a cable that goes straight to the mains). Try unplugging all the cables too.
This is with a note, the condition of the speakers must still be okay.
Now, if you are sure, the speakers are still good and connected properly, but this problem still arises, then we are continuing the next discussion.
2. Perform Automatic Troubleshooting
Perform Automatic Troubleshooting
When it appeared the error – error specified, Windows actually has features troubleshooter (fixers) that we can use to make improvements automatically.
For audio, we can also take advantage of this feature. The method is as follows:
 1. Right-click on audio.
 2. Then click Troubleshoot Sounds Problem.
 3. After that, you just have to follow the instructions from the Troubleshoot window.
The process is easy, really. And remember, if the process is complete, restart it so that the results are more optimal.
3. Install or Reinstall Audio Driver
Install or Reinstall Audio Driver
If you have ever reinstalled Windows, then you will know that the audio on your computer is running immediately without having to install the driver.
However, you also need to know that for some types of laptops and motherboards, this driver still needs to be installed, you know. Especially when we want to run certain applications.
Because if not, then several errors may appear, one of which includes the message " no audio output device installed ".
The solution to this condition is simple. Try to make sure the computer audio driver is installed properly. Meanwhile, if so, try reinstalling the driver only.
4. Uninstall Driver in Device Manager
Uninstall Driver in Device Manager
The driver in question here is the default Windows driver, which automatically detects sound devices on the computer.
If you are confused and are wondering "why do you have to delete the driver?", Then you can rest assured.
Because when deleted, Windows will automatically reinstall the drivers, so if there is an error in the old driver, the error will automatically disappear.
This is how:
 1. Please type " Device Manager " in the search taskbar field.
 2. Open the Sound, Video, and Game Controllers section.
 3. Then look for the main speaker driver you are using.
 4. Right-click the speaker driver, then click Uninstall.
After that, restart your PC or laptop as usual, and check the sound again.
Oh yes, if it does not work, you can also try to choose the option update software driver in step 3 earlier.
5. Adding Hardware Audio in Device Manager
No Audio Output Device is Installed
Still in Device Manager. For this one, the goal is to manually reset the audio hardware.
This method has been widely applied and can be said to be quite effective, you know.
The method is like this:
 1. Open Device Manager via the Windows search field.
 2. In the top menu, click Action, then click Add Legacy Hardware.
 3. A new window will appear. Just click Next.
 4. Next, select the option to Install Hardware Manually (Advanced), then click Next.
 5. In the next window, please scroll down, then find and select the option Sound, Video and Game Controllers, then click Next again.
 6. Please select the appropriate audio driver you are using. For example Realtek or others.
 7. The rest, just click Next again until Finish.
If so, try restarting again.
6. Using USB Sounds
No Audio Output Device is Installed
USB Sounds is a device that looks like a flash. Its function is to replace the main audio components found on the computer motherboard.
So, because the input sources are different, we can fix the message " no audio device installed ".
For those who are curious about how much it costs, the answer depends. Some are only Rs.20 thousand, up to hundreds of thousands of rupees there.
Meanwhile, to get it, you can buy it at the nearest computer store, or buy it online through marketplaces such as Amazon and Flipkart.
The Final Word
This discussion is aimed at two device users, namely PCs and laptops. So, for some options, you will have to readjust them.
Well, if you have tried the methods above, but have not succeeded, then the last option, you can take him to the service shop. Especially for laptops, this option is more recommended.
If you have questions that you want to ask, please send them via the comment box below.
May be useful.
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The interfascicular matrix enables fascicle sliding and recovery in tendon, and behaves more elastically in energy storing tendons
- Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials
- Published almost 4 years ago
While the predominant function of all tendons is to transfer force from muscle to bone and position the limbs, some tendons additionally function as energy stores, reducing the cost of locomotion. Energy storing tendons experience extremely high strains and need to be able to recoil efficiently for maximum energy storage and return. In the equine forelimb, the energy storing superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) has much higher failure strains than the positional common digital extensor tendon (CDET). However, we have previously shown that this is not due to differences in the properties of the SDFT and CDET fascicles (the largest tendon subunits). Instead, there is a greater capacity for interfascicular sliding in the SDFT which facilitates the greater extensions in this particular tendon (Thorpe et al., 2012). In the current study, we exposed fascicles and interfascicular matrix (IFM) from the SDFT and CDET to cyclic loading followed by a test to failure. The results show that IFM mechanical behaviour is not a result of irreversible deformation, but the IFM is able to withstand cyclic loading, and is more elastic in the SDFT than in the CDET. We also assessed the effect of ageing on IFM properties, demonstrating that the IFM is less able to resist repetitive loading as it ages, becoming stiffer with increasing age in the SDFT. These results provide further indications that the IFM is important for efficient function in energy storing tendons, and age-related alterations to the IFM may compromise function and predispose older tendons to injury.
BackgroundLess invasive percutaneous acute Achilles tendon rupture repair techniques gain popularity because of lower risk of surgical wound complications. But these approaches have an increased risk of sural nerve iatrogenic injury as this sensory nerve is usually not visualized during minimally invasive operative procedures. We compared standard percutaneous Bunnell type and our proposed modified-medialized percutaneous technique in a cadaver study to evaluate potential advantages. Methods10 pairs of fresh frozen specimens were divided into two groups for comparative anatomical study. Tenotomies of Achilles tendons were made and wounds sutured. 10 standard and 10 modified-medialized repairs were applied for artificially performed ruptures. All sutured tendons were dissected meticulously. We carefully looked at repaired Achilles tendon end-to-end contact and adaptation, distance from Achilles insertion in calcaneal tubercle to place where sural nerve crosses lateral border of the Achilles tendon and possible sural nerve and vein entrapment. Groups were compared using Fisher's exact and Student-T tests.ResultsAll ends of sharply dissected tendons in both groups were in sufficient contact. No measurable diastasis between tendon ends was found in all cases. No entrapment of sural nerve or vein was found in modified percutaneous Bunnell suture technique group. Whereas 7 of 10 sural nerves and 9 small saphenous veins were entrapped when using standard percutaneous Bunnell type technique. Average distance from Achilles tendon insertion in tuber calcanei to sural nerve crossing the lateral border of Achilles was 93 mm.ConclusionMedialization of percutaneous suture in acute Achilles tendon rupture repair show clear advantages compared to standard non medialized technique ensuring a possible lower incidence of sural nerve entrapment injury. Our modified percutaneous Bunnell type technique allows sufficient adaptation of ruptured Achilles tendon.
Autologous adipose stromal vascular fractions (SVFs) containing adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) are currently being used in clinical settings for various orthopedic applications for human patients. Due to its potential capability of regenerating cartilage, bone, and tendons, autologous adipose SVFs are being tried in treating patients with osteoarthritis (OA), chondromalacia, meniscus tear, osteonecrosis of the femoral head, and tendon injuries. Here, we have reviewed available human clinical studies with regard to patient applications of autologous adipose SVF containing ASCs, specifically assessing effectiveness and safety in the field of orthopedic disorders. All studies reviewed in this article presents potential benefits of autologous adipose SVF in various orthopedic applications without any serious side effects.
With efficiencies derived from evolution, growth and learning, humans are very well-tuned for locomotion. Metabolic energy used during walking can be partly replaced by power input from an exoskeleton, but is it possible to reduce metabolic rate without providing an additional energy source? This would require an improvement in the efficiency of the human-machine system as a whole, and would be remarkable given the apparent optimality of human gait. Here we show that the metabolic rate of human walking can be reduced by an unpowered ankle exoskeleton. We built a lightweight elastic device that acts in parallel with the user's calf muscles, off-loading muscle force and thereby reducing the metabolic energy consumed in contractions. The device uses a mechanical clutch to hold a spring as it is stretched and relaxed by ankle movements when the foot is on the ground, helping to fulfil one function of the calf muscles and Achilles tendon. Unlike muscles, however, the clutch sustains force passively. The exoskeleton consumes no chemical or electrical energy and delivers no net positive mechanical work, yet reduces the metabolic cost of walking by 7.2 ± 2.6% for healthy human users under natural conditions, comparable to savings with powered devices. Improving upon walking economy in this way is analogous to altering the structure of the body such that it is more energy-effective at walking. While strong natural pressures have already shaped human locomotion, improvements in efficiency are still possible. Much remains to be learned about this seemingly simple behaviour.
Muscles are the actuators that drive human movement. However, despite many decades of work, we still cannot readily assess the forces that muscles transmit during human movement. Direct measurements of muscle-tendon loads are invasive and modeling approaches require many assumptions. Here, we introduce a non-invasive approach to assess tendon loads by tracking vibrational behavior. We first show that the speed of shear wave propagation in tendon increases with the square root of axial stress. We then introduce a remarkably simple shear wave tensiometer that uses micron-scale taps and skin-mounted accelerometers to track tendon wave speeds in vivo. Tendon wave speeds are shown to modulate in phase with active joint torques during isometric exertions, walking, and running. The capacity to non-invasively assess muscle-tendon loading can provide new insights into the motor control and biomechanics underlying movement, and could lead to enhanced clinical treatment of musculoskeletal injuries and diseases.
- FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
- Published about 6 years ago
Tendons are often injured and heal poorly. Whether this is caused by a slow tissue turnover is unknown, since existing data provide diverging estimates of tendon protein half-life that range from 2 mo to 200 yr. With the purpose of determining life-long turnover of human tendon tissue, we used the (14)C bomb-pulse method. This method takes advantage of the dramatic increase in atmospheric levels of (14)C, produced by nuclear bomb tests in _PHONE_, which is reflected in all living organisms. Levels of (14)C were measured in 28 forensic samples of Achilles tendon core and 4 skeletal muscle samples (donor birth years _PHONE_) with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and compared to known atmospheric levels to estimate tissue turnover. We found that Achilles tendon tissue retained levels of (14)C corresponding to atmospheric levels several decades before tissue sampling, demonstrating a very limited tissue turnover. The tendon concentrations of (14)C approximately reflected the atmospheric levels present during the first 17 yr of life, indicating that the tendon core is formed during height growth and is essentially not renewed thereafter. In contrast, (14)C levels in muscle indicated continuous turnover. Our observation provides a fundamental premise for understanding tendon function and pathology, and likely explains the poor regenerative capacity of tendon tissue.-Heinemeier, K. M., Schjerling, P., Heinemeier, J., Magnusson, S. P., Kjaer, M. Lack of tissue renewal in human adult Achilles tendon is revealed by nuclear bomb (14)C.
Recent investigation of human tissue and cells from positional tendons such as the rotator cuff has clarified the importance of inflammation in the development and progression of tendon disease. These mechanisms remain poorly understood in disease of energy-storing tendons such as the Achilles. Using tissue biopsies from patients, we investigated if inflammation is a feature of Achilles tendinopathy and rupture.
- The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness
- Published about 5 years ago
Aim: The purpose of this study was to clarify training-related risk factors for overuse injuries. Methods: This was twelve-month retrospective study which was done by self-reported postal questionnaire. The study group consisted of 446 men and women top-level Finnish athletes representing three different endurance sports (cross-country skiing, swimming, long-distance running) between the ages of 15-35. Self-reported anthropometric and training-related variables (such as starting age of training, years of active training, hours trained yearly, competition hours and weekly resting days) and occurrence of overuse injuries. Results: Athletes with less than 2 rest days per week during the training season had 5.2-fold risk (95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.89-14.


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Type 1 Diabetes Tied to Thinner Bones
Study: Women With Type 1 Diabetes May Need Early Bone Density Test
Jan. 27, 2006 -- Women with type 1 diabetes may want to consider getting their bone density checked before menopause, researchers report.
The scientists studied bone density in women with and without type 1 diabetes. Their finding: Women with type 1 diabetes tended to have thinner bone and more bone fractures.
Thinner bone is at higher risk to break and can be a sign of developing osteoporosis, in which bone density dips dangerously low. Think of the difference between a thin, brittle twig and a thick, firm tree branch -- denser is better to avoid a sudden snap.
The University of Pittsburgh's Elsa Strotmeyer, PhD, and colleagues conducted the study, which appears in Diabetes Care.
Osteoporosis usually strikes later in life. In women, it's typically seen after menopause. Men can also develop osteoporosis, but Strotmeyer's study only included women.
Participants were 67 women with type 1 diabetes and 237 women without diabetes. The women were 33-55 years old and had not gone through menopause.
The researchers checked the women's height, weight, and bone density. The women also completed surveys about health habits that can help bones (such as weight-bearing exercise) or hurt bones (such as smoking, heavy drinking, use of certain medications, and skimping on calcium and vitamin D).
Weaker Bones With Type 1 Diabetes
Even after adjusting for those factors, women with type 1 diabetes had lower bone density than those without diabetes.
In addition, a third of women with type 1 diabetes reported having a bone fracture after age 20, compared with less than a quarter of those without diabetes.
It's not known if the results apply to men or to people with type 2 diabetes, since they weren't included in the study.
Most people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes, which usually starts later in life than type 1 diabetes. For instance, in Strotmeyer's study, women with type 1 diabetes had been diagnosed at age 10, on average, and had had type 1 diabetes for more than 30 years.
Bone Density Tests
To measure the women's bone density, the researchers used a DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) machine. The machine checked the women's overall bone density as well as the density of their hips, neck, and spine.
Bone density peaks in the 30s. After that, bones gradually lose density over time. Bone density tests usually aren't done until after menopause, since that's when bone density starts to decline at a greater rate.
If the study's findings are correct, type 1 diabetes could join the list of other osteoporosis risk factors, which include:
- Being postmenopausal
- Having a family history of osteoporosis
- Being of European or Asian ancestry
- Having a medical condition such as hyperthyroidism that makes it hard to absorb enough calcium
- Having a small frame
- Being a smoker
Treating osteoporosis can mean taking prescription drugs, boosting intake of calcium, vitamin D, and other bone-friendly nutrients, and getting weight-bearing exercise. Walking, jogging, hiking, dancing, and lifting weights are some examples of weight-bearing exercise. Biking and swimming aren't in that group, since the bike or water carries your weight.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Modeling of spatio-temporal processes has received considerable attention in recent statistical research. However, due to high dimensionality of the data, joint modeling of the spatial and temporal processes presents great computational challenge in both likelihood-based and Bayesian approaches. In this talk, I will present a composite joint estimating function (CJEF) approach to estimating spatio-temporal covariance structures, which substantially reduces the dimensionality and computational complexity and is more efficient than existing composite likelihood methods in spatial/temporal applications. The novelty of the proposed CJEF lies in the construction of three sets of estimating functions from spatial, temporal and cross pairs respectively. To deal with the issue that the resulting set of estimating functions contains more equations than the number of parameters, we form a quadratic inference function in a similar spirit to Hansen's generalized method of moments for estimation. We show that the proposed method yields consistent estimation and the estimator is asymptotically normal under practical scenarios. Simulations prove that our method performs very well in finite samples. Finally, we apply our method to study the spatio-temporal dependence structure of PM10 particles in northeastern United States. This is the joint work with Yun Bai and T.E. Raghunathan.
Groupe d'études et de recherche en analyse des décisions


Archive for July, 2014
The Tech, Logistical and Business Innovations of Internet 3.0
July 31, 2014
Throughout our age-of-personalization series, we reported on the evolution of the internet, with the 60s which brought on the decade of semiconductors, the 70s which was the era of the personal computer, the 80s, the with the prominence of networks, the 90s, the with the rise of the modern internet, and the 00s with the prominence of social networks, and asked the question 'what will the next decade bring'?
As we pondered the question, while blogging, researching, interviewing and curating data through our series, we find ourselves focusing on identifying and supporting successful companies who are leveraging technology – networks, databases, aggregated information, sensors and processes – people – stakeholders and communities representing the voice of the customer – and processes – operations, logistics, methods and transactions, in order to more efficiently serve an ever more selective and discerning customer base, demanding the delivery of personalized solutions. This direction is both inevitable and pervasive, impacting industries ranging from retail to financial services, clean energy to healthcare IT, affecting all of us in every part of our day-to-day life, establishing a new reality. The macro conclusions, observations and learnings to date are summarized below, with opportunity questions and comments.
Tech Innovations in the Age of Personalization
The key to adding value through data is to first capture and integrate data from multiple sources, generate an actionable report for targeted users, measure outcomes and impact, and correct as you go. Engaging a community will be key to generating data that is relevant and connect stakeholders who can work collaboratively to serve members of the community.
2. Sensors will become even more pervasive, not just in what-we-already see for everything from home energy monitoring to health diagnostic tools, but the integration of sensors between each other, and the embedding of sensors even within the body will change the way we live, work, play and think.
The standardization of sensor technology and the data generated from it will generate integration opportunities. The winners will be companies that can integrate multiple data input from sensors, sift out the noise of the data, and provide an actionable dashboard for paying users.
Logistical Innovations in the Age of Personalization
3. Companies that can efficiently deliver personalized orders to the door will reign supreme. Thank you Dell for revolutionizing the supply chain process, making it on-demand. Thank you Google and Amazon for raising the bar beyond that, and aggregating the delivery of products to the door so efficiently and conveniently.
The key to profitability is to aggregate standard, off-the-shelf products and deliver them in concentration urban areas, in relative frequency to ensure efficient and excellent on-demand customized orders are fulfilled with sufficient margins to command profitability for the organization.
4. With that said, there will be an opportunity for those who serve niche audiences and even rural locations. It will be difficult without the fulfillment centers of Amazon, the retailer relationships of Google, and the brand of both.
Perhaps SnapDeal, the largest ecommerce marketplace in India, can compete while focusing on another tech-philic and concentrated market. Perhaps other organizations can focus on high-volume, specialized, high-margin needs for another affluent niche market. Perhaps another successful company can focus on efficiently serving the specific needs for rural populations.
Business Innovations in the Age of Personalization
5. The way we look at revenues will change, and the lines will blur between transaction, membership, advertising, and subscription revenue models. The successful companies will find synergistic opportunities that will leverage the success of one revenue stream to fuel the momentum of another, while providing wins for all stakeholders. The key is not around the revenue opportunities, but about the way to better understand and serve the customer, the ability to build a community serving your customers, and creating that virtuous circle where serving communities and customers provides increasingly more value.
What can we all learn from the Amazon example: a $299 annual fee for Amazon prime, which includes free same-day and early morning delivery on grocery orders over $35 as well as free two-day delivery on select Amazon.com-ordered items, a free Kindle e-book lending library, and an unlimited video streaming through its FireTV solution.
6. The way we sell will be forever changed. No longer are we in an age of buying-what-you-don't-need, with money-you-don't-have, to impress people-who-don't-care. Successful sales people will be more customer-oriented, more tech-savvy, more proficient with social media and communications in order to create communities and distribute information efficiently, more collaborative, working with other stakeholders internally and externally and more proactive, with a clear view of their value-add: understanding the specific needs of customers, and working to tailor solutions to address these needs.
What if we selected for people with this techno-philic, progressive mindset to lead our sales efforts? What if we successfully partnered these sales stars with marketing leaders to help them communicate the message to targeted audiences? What if we all sold, not matter what our title was? What will happen to those who can't embrace this mentality?
7. Relationship management solutions will help people connect with each other, remember each other, and communicate with each other – for the benefit of both parties. Savvy professionals will also use these relationship management tools as communication platforms for their message and brand and target prospect and customer bases as well.
How are you using LinkedIn to grow your network and stay in touch with your network? How can Newsle help you keep tabs of members of your network who make headlines? How can LinkSV give you a bottom-up view of who's who whether your target companies? How can each be integrated into your content curation and creation efforts? What new relationship management solutions and processes would be helpful to you?
The Needs of the Customer
8. Companies and people will find to elegantly navigate regulations and policies, making it seamless for the customer throughout the prospecting, sales, integration and support periods. In addition, savvy organizations will make it easier for customers to work with them, while remaining in compliance with their own regulations.
Navigating policies and regulations are inherently a part of local and infrastructure solutions, whether it's related to city, state, national or international requirements. Making it easier for companies to provide and deliver service locally will drive the economic development for these regions. And leaders who welcome simplified procedures and processes leveraging technology to remain in compliance will support the development of regions and organizations alike.
9. Deputizing passionate customers to deliver products and services is an interesting new trend which may take off. Whether you are enlisting vetted passengers to become drivers as in the case of UBER or Lyft, or whether it's creating pre-ordered, recipe-d, nutritious, customized meals through services like Blue Apron, the key is that local, talented people with time and desire are blurring the lines between customer and provider.
What if we brought this concept to healthcare... if doctors or nurses offered concierge services and even made house calls to check in on you or your aging parents?
What if you had an on-call tech support person to fix or configure your home network and entertainment systems?
10. Delegating the small stuff will get BIG. If we're all so busy between work and play and life, who will do the essential little stuff for us, from feeding the family to walking the dogs? We need not just a Siri on your phone who may answer your questions or add to your task list, but someone who might actually pick up a few items at the store, get the oil changed on your car, and make sure that the kids get from school to activities and back.
Technology can help calendar and coordinate and find the best resources, but it takes physical bodies to get things done, and competent, reliable ones to get them done well and efficiently, and business acumen to scale concierge services that would be attractive for busy professionals.
Couple this need with the concept above of deputizing passionate customers and where's the win-for-all business? How will it scale and continue to serve all?
In conclusion, as we emerge into the Age of Personalization, the leaders will be those who can cost-effectively deliver customized products and services to the door of discerning users, leveraging technology to collect and analyze data, and to optimize the distribution of same. Tech, logistical and business innovations will be core to that successful solution, and the focus on the customer will remain more important than ever.
E-mail us at _EMAIL_ with your thoughts.
Embracing Change
July 31, 2014
Change is a way of life, as inevitable as it gets. Sometimes it's change you want and have pushed for. Sometimes it's sudden, sometimes it's welcome. Sometimes it's long-overdue, sometimes it's for the better. Regardless of what the change is and how it takes place, embracing and welcoming the change is a growth opportunity in general. Below are some suggestions for how to accept and integrate the changes in front of you, and integrate them into the next leg of your journey.
 1. Accept that nothing is permanent, that everything will pass, no matter how good or not-so-good it is.
 2. Push yourself to grow and evolve and change. Explore the uncomfortable, go for stretch goals. Consciously welcoming change will help you accept the changes that happen, regardless of whether you had a role in making them come about.
 3. Surround yourself with people that aren't quite like you. Do things that stretch your horizons.
 4. Fondly remember highlights and accomplishments and think of current changes and challenges as a stepping stone to what's next.
 5


It should be noted that maps of offenders may not show all offenders in a given area. This is because home, work, school, and temporary address information may not be adequate to map. It also is important to recognize that not all institutions such as schools or day care centers may be located on offender maps. The MSHP receives mapped institutional data from different state agencies, and has no control over the completeness or accuracy of these data. Discrepancies in mapped data when found can be reported to the MSHP for correction.
If the address searched is mapped on the wrong map location, use below button to add the correct location and it will recalculate the distance search.
Take a screen shot of the address correct location, include the GPS coordinates and send it in an email to


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TUCSON, Ariz. — Environmental scientists from around the world are supporting a plan for the U.S. Department of Energy to team with Columbia University to use Biosphere 2 for climate research, its director said.
Government and academic scientists from countries including Russia, Japan, Italy, Australia and Israel met at the sealed giant terrarium to determine whether it would be a suitable site for such research. No specific plan has been devised.
The conference, which ended Tuesday, was viewed as one that will guide the future of the Biosphere 2 Center, which now is an arm of Columbia University, managed by Columbia's Earth Institute.
University officials see the controlled-environment facility as critical to learning how the earth responds to changes in climate. Biosphere 2 has distinct ecological sectors, or biomes, that were built to mimic the earth's: a rainforest, desert, savannah and its own miniature ocean.
In addition, there is an area for growing crops or other plants which is now being used to test how cottonwood trees respond to different levels of carbon dioxide. Scientists say the research will provide insight into the effects of global warming.
"Before the Department of Energy would reprogram funds to invest in Biosphere 2 or provide new funds for research projects, they require the scientific community to identify compelling scientific questions that can't be addressed without a facility like Biosphere 2," said Barry Osmond, president and executive director of the center, a 3.15-acre glass-and-steel domed complex northeast of Tucson.
DOE officials also want to see a clear demonstration that the scientific community would use the facility if it was supported by the department, he said.
"I think we got an abundant definition of those questions and indication that the community will participate," Osmond said.
Biosphere 2 has "considerable potential as a major facility at the frontier of global change science," said Paul Rich of New Mexico's Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Scientists who attended the conference will put together a report for the DOE. The paper will suggest how studies at the facility would help the department in its objectives.
Osmond said the likeliest outcome would be some kind of partnership between DOE and Columbia, "because there's no doubt that Columbia wants this to be a university campus."
It might be modeled after projects that support oceanographic research, he said. There also were discussions about construction of additional facilities for researchers at the complex, Osmond said.
"We would use Biosphere 2 as the sort of controlled experimental device but would like to put it into the context of all the outdoor real-world experiments that one can do in this region."
On the Net:
Biosphere 2: _URL_
Energy Department: _URL_


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January 12, 2012
Research Methods and Writing Course
Research Methods and Writing Course is a course designed for approximately ages 15 and up and is being offered by Dr. Brian Ray from the National Home Education Research Institute (NHERI). You would learn how to understand different types of research projects, how to design a research project, and much more. Click here for more information.
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Everything is working except for hello.php.
In the load function I try to obtain the length of the file passed to it as shown, but when hello.php is interpreted and the load function is called, it returns a length of zero for the generated file and thus a 500 Internal Server error when the content is read in the interpret function.
 // get file size
 int fileref = fileno(file);
 struct stat st;
 fstat(fileref, &st);
 *length = st.st_size;
 //make space for file content
 *content = malloc(sizeof(BYTE) * *length);
 //reading file into content
 fread(*content, sizeof(BYTE), *length, file);
 if (*content!= NULL)
 return true;
 return false;
This seems particularly strange because when I check the file that gets passed into it via the interpret function by printing its characters, I see the following:
X-Powered-By: PHP/5.5.9-1ubuntu4.14
Content-type: text/html
 hello, Bob
How could this return a length of zero?
That was my initial approach too. Sweet! Or so I thought.....See the section on "interpret" (around page 8) of the instructions.
Odds are you're unfamiliar with popen. That function opens a "pipe" to a process (php-cgi in our case), which provides us with a FILE pointer via which we can read that process's standard output (as though it were an actual file).
You cannot use fstat on a pipe (or ftell, fseek etc). It always returns 0. To be more specific, I spent a couple of hours with Mr. Google and couldn't find any way to do it. This post is an interesting discussion on the topic. (And this post too!)
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged.


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NGFS Scenarios Phase III
The NGFS scenarios provide a framework to assess and manage climate-related risks, by exploring the transition and physical impacts of climate change. In this third vintage, the NGFS scenarios have been brought up to date with an updated set of climate scenarios, including the most recent country-level climate commitments made at the COP26 in 2021, and the latest GDP and population pathways. NiGEM is used to convert the IAM output into macro-economic impacts.
Summary & aims
The climate scenarios were originally designed to provide policymakers with advice on the risks from climate change and identify possible solutions. They form a key part of scientific assessments such as those conducted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Since 2020, they have been adapted by the NGFS to help central banks and supervisors explore the possible impacts on the economy and the financial system. They are regularly made available as a public good and have a number of useful applications.
NIESR joined the consortium in 2019 and have used NiGEM to bridge the gap between Integrated Assessment Models (IAM) and macro-economic impacts of climate risks, both physical and transition.
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)
- University of Maryland (UMD)
- Climate Analytics (CA)
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETHZ)
This project directly links IAM data with the expanded version of NiGEM which deals with climate channels in a macro model to provide the impacts of various NGFS scenarios.
In order to match IAM starting points, a forecast base is created within NiGEM for each IAM, referred to as a climate neutral base as no transition or physical effects from climate are used in this forecast.
The transition shock consists of both a carbon price shock and a recycling shock. The IAM scenario data is imported exogenously into NiGEM for the carbon pricing scenarion which then executes under standard rational expectations to provide final macro economic impacts. The revenue generated from the carbon price is then used to provide the effects of the government use of this revenue, for example through tax relief etc.
Finally, the GDP damage for each temperature profile in the various scenarios is considered. In NiGEM, physical damages are modelled as both demand and supply (where the productive capacity of an economy is affected) shocks. The combination of these shocks must mimic the GDP effects supplied by the damage functions.


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You know the saying about looking a gift horse in the mouth. Just be careful you don't end up looking like the other end of the horse.
This comes from the folks at the Emily Post Institute. As you might imagine, they specialize in, among other things, the etiquette of gift-giving at work — what's appropriate, inappropriate and disastrous. So, here's a test to see if you're up on the latest from the Institute (answers at the bottom):
1. Which of the following is considered an inappropriate gift to someone at work?
e. All of the above
2. You're invited to an after-work holiday party at your boss' home. An inappropriate gift to bring would be –
c. A poinsettia plant
d. All of the above are appropriate.
3. True or false: Giving your boss a gift in the workplace is appropriate.
4. You're a man in a workplace in which everyone exchanges gifts. It's OK to give a woman a gift certificate to Victoria's Secret. True or false.
5. In a workplace in which everyone exchanges gifts, it's inappropriate to give a dictionary to a new employee whose first language is not English. True or false.
1. e. Just about any gift of that type is considered too personal for someone who's a work colleague.
2. b. Generally, alcohol is considered an inappropriate gift, especially for the boss.
3. False. Workplace gifts for the boss, given individually, are considered inappropriate, since such gift-giving can appear to be an attempt to curry favoritism. However, it's OK for a group to chip in for a gift for the boss.
4. False. Again, gifts that are of a personal nature generally are out of bounds. Plus, they might send the wrong message.
5. True. Any gift that potentially serves to underscore a worker's fault or shortcoming is inappropriate — even if given in the spirit of trying to help.


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Columbus Water System
Why Water Is Important To Our Health?
- 70% of our body is water!
- Water flushes out toxins and wastes from our body
- Water hydrates our organs, increases metabolism to burn more fats
What is Columbus Nano Silver Alkaline Water System?
A breakthrough invention using a proprietary hydrogen alkaline mineral (similar to mountain water) to produce highly hydrolyzed alkaline water that is rich in minerals.
Why are we different?
Double Protection – Nano Silver protection at entry and exit points to prevent bacteria from breeding.
Double Function – Vege wash and natural alkaline drinking water twin functions.
- Natural alkaline water – helps to restore body's pH balance.
- Provides minerals for body health.
- Anti-aging - powerful and natural antioxidant that can neutralize harmful free radicals.
- Detoxify body naturally - micro clustered water which is easily absorbed by body cells and flushes out toxin, preventing constipation.
- High purity – eliminates over 99.99% bacteria, toxins, chlorine, pesticides and pollutants.100% chlorine filtration.
- No Cleaning Required
- No Electricity Required
- No need to boil
- Easy Installation
- Easy to change filters
- Easy to use
- Low Maintenance
- Vege Wash
|Filter A||12 Months||10,000 litres|
|Filter B||12 Months||10,000 litres|
|Filter C||12 Months||10,000 litres|
|Filter D||24 Months||20,000 litres|
|Filter E||6 Months||5,000 litres|
1. What is Columbus Nano Silver Alkaline Water System?It is a breakthrough invention that uses proprietary hydrogen alkaline minerals (similar to mountain water) to produce highly hydrolyzed alkaline water and rich in minerals.
2. What is the uniqueness of Columbus Nano Silver Alkaline Water System?
- Double Protections
Nano Silver protection at both entry and exit points to prevent bacteria from breeding.
- Double Functions
Vege wash and natural alkaline drinking water twin functions.
3. How does Columbus Nano Silver Alkaline Water System work?It comes with 4 filters with a 10-stage filtration processes for better antibacterial and higher absorption functions, plus a vege wash filter.
4. What is the meaning of pH?pH is the quantitative measurement of acidity or alkalinity of a substance or solution. The pH scale is based on the number of hydrogen ions (H+) in the solution and runs from 0 to 14.
5. What is alkaline mineral water?
- Alkaline mineral water is a type of water that consists of higher amount of hydroxyl (OH-) ions than hydrogen ions (H+).
- When both ions are in equal proportion, the pH value will be a neutral pH7.
- When there are more OHions than H+ ions, pH value will be higher than 7 and it is alkaline.
6. What are antioxidants and why do we need them?
- Free radicals in our body will damage the cell's DNA by snatching an electron from the cell.
- Columbus Nano Silver Alkaline Water System contains Negative Oxidation Reduction Potential (-ORP) ions Ball to produce natural alkaline mineral water that has a –ORP. Therefore, Columbus water can offset the free radicals that can ravage our body as we are age.
7. Why should I drink alkaline water?
- The water contains an abundance of ionic minerals such as calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium that are essential for cellular function.
- It provides antioxidant properties to slow the aging process; smaller water molecule clusters to energize and restore our body pH balance; neutralize uric acids and acidic toxic wastes then flushes them out from the body.
8. How long can I store the Columbus Alkaline Water in the jug?
- There is no harm storing for 1-2 days like normal water.
- For best effect, we recommend drink directly from the water system.
9. Will the quality of Columbus Alkaline Water deteriorate after boiled?Its alkaline properties will not alter under any conditions.
10. Why is it important for water to be more easily absorbed by our body?
- Columbus Nano Silver Alkaline Water System is able to restructure water molecules into smaller clusters for better absorption and eases ion exchange between the body's cells and interstitial fluid.
- It can enhance the absorption of vitamins and minerals into our body and help to regulate our digestive system.
11. How does Columbus Nano Silver Alkaline Water compare to reverse osmosis water, distillers and other filtering or energizing water systems in the market?
|Reverse Osmosis system||Its membrane filters out minerals.
|Distillation||It is the process in which water is boiled, evaporated and the vapour condensed.
energizing water filters
|Basic filters found in the market, but some of them cannot kill bacteria.|
|Columbus Nano Silver Alkaline Water System||
12. What is the lifespan for each filter? How many liters of water can be filtered within the lifespan?
|Filter A||12 Months||10,000 liters|
|Filter B||12 Months||10,000 liters|
|Filter C||12 Months||10,000 liters|
|Filter D||24 Months||20,000 liters|
|Filter E||6 Months||5,000 liters|
Columbus Nano Silver Alkaline Water System
Insaan Columbus Demo: Combined Demo
Insaan Columbus Demo: Chlorine Test
Insaan Columbus Demo: Oil Test
Insaan Columbus Demo: pH Test
Insaan Columbus Demo: Solubility Test
Insaan Columbus Demo: Vege Wash Test for Grapes
Insaan Columbus Demo: Vege Wash Test for Rice


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Why are resources tied to ThreadGroups?
Every thread of execution on any given platform has its own context, which contains an execution state, and a set of access rights (among other things). A thread's access rights are equal to that of the parent thread, minus rights denied by the parent. In Java, all threads of execution, and thread groups within an applet (or application) belong to a parent ThreadGroup object. A thread's access to Java resources is therefore determined by its parent ThreadGroup object (including the thread of execution that passes through init(), start(), stop(), processEvent( ), bla,bla,bla).
Some of the resources on older servers (ie:X11-R5) are single threaded, complicating access further.


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Get involved on an Archaeological Dig –
Archaeology Live! 2019
York Archaeological Trust for Excavation and Research Limited
Registered Office: 47 Aldwark, York, YO1 7BX
Benefits of Vert Shock Program For Increasing Vertical Jump
This time I decided to do an article about a fresh training program I'm currently looking at for increasing an athlete's vertical jump. In this article, I intend to reveal some information about the new Vert Shock program to help people who are interested in increasing their vertical jump and decide whether this training program will suit for them.
The purpose of this post is to offer accurate and helpful facts for those who are interested in the program and are considering purchasing it. It's also recommended to watch some reviews of Vert Shock and see what other people have done in the course of just 8 weeks with the program.
There are plenty of ways for improving and working on your vertical jump. Many trainers and coaches claim to be experts on this field, but the truth is, most of them have a poor understanding of jumping mechanics, and they simply lack the knowledge of basic jump principles.
Therefore, if you're a basketball player, there's a good chance that your coach is training you wrong, and you might need to consider using a jump program instead.
The Vert Shock program
Vert Shock is a new training system that dares to claim it can help players gain 10 inches on their vertical jump in the course of just 8 weeks. This is not just a mere claim though, this is a real guarantee. This alone speaks volumes about the amount of confidence Adam Folker, creator of the program, has in his product.
Electronic Resource
Vert Shock is unique in plenty of other ways, particularly in advocating the significance of mastering and understanding the nine aspects of vertical jump. Rather than discouraging athletes from considering every option, the program aims to enhance on existing methods by small-to-digest guides such as how to eat to improve your metabolism and how to train right, while also emphasizing the necessity of hard work and commitment.
Vert Shock is an electronic resource, a digital software system which can be downloaded to your mobile device as well as installed on your PC or MAC. It provides relevant and helpful information about physiology and also principles behind improving your vertical leap.
What Makes The Vert Shock System Unique?
The Vert Shock training program also offers an array of extra resources such as optimization guides, workout structuring, and interactive training. For athletes who are serious about getting high-level conditioning, Vert Shock is a great solution, and it must be considered as an addition to their training library.
Most athletes nowadays rely on coaches or colleagues for guidance and information about jump training. Vert Shock offers the most up to date information and allows people to take responsibility and ownership on their personal developments.
Adam Folker (middle) honored at the UC Irvine annual salute
It's no secret that one of the key points to achieving a high vertical leap is commitment and dedication. However according to Adam Folker, founder and creator of Vert Shock, too much hard work can be harmful as it can lead to over-training, and if you're not structuring you're training properly then you're setting yourself to fail.
Raising the Bar for Vertical Jump Programs
The comprehensive and detailed information along with the constant support provided by Vert Shock ensures that anyone who uses the program will get significant gains from it. If any confusion arises, they even offer a one-on-one consultation and tips through email by Adam Folker himself.
The program also gives you access to a members forum where you can post videos, comment and ask other people to critique your vertical jump.
Finally, Vert Shock is also very famous and has gained large publicity with a huge number of testimonials that speak only good of it.
I think this only proves that this system is extremely powerful. For this reason, if you're playing basketball, it's worth considering using this training program for improving your vertical jump.
Can You Influence Your Metabolism?
It is not uncommon to hear people blame the excess weight they are gaining on a slow metabolism, because even after cutting calories and performing regular exercise they don't lose weight. For my first post I would like to clarify myths and truths about the effect of weight metabolism, including if it's possible to accelerate it and how to lose weight effectively.
The Harris-Benedict formula
Metabolism is a term that describes all the chemical processes that occur regularly in the body and allow the proper functioning of all the organs. Among the processes we are talking about are breath, renewal of cells, food digestion and muscle activity. Carrying out these processes requires an energy input that comes from the food we consume.
The minimum amount of energy which is necessary to carry out the metabolic activity is called BMR – basic metabolism rate. Compared to the base rate there's the overall rate, which is the recommended amount of total energy consumption for us every day. Both of these values are measured in calories.
Harris Benedict
The basic metabolism rate ranges from 40% to 70% of the total energy consumption of the body, depending on the age, sex and lifestyle. The lower the percentage is, the slower the basic metabolism rate (BMR).
There are many calculators that calculate the mandatory minimum energy consumption (BMR) and the total energy consumption required for the body daily, but only those based on the Harris-Benedict formula are considered to be relatively accurate. You can find one by visiting the medical school of Cornell University.
Harris-Benedict formula takes into account sex (male or female), height, weight, age, comorbidities or physical conditions that is not right and the amount of daily activities (active or sedentary activity).
Applying the formula (Once you have entered your personal data) provides two numerical values - the minimum amount of calories that is essential for maintaining the body (BMR) and overall calories recommended for us.
For example, a man who is 50 years old, height 170, weighs 160lbs (72 kg), has no comorbidities and works at a desk job will receive a BMR value of 1568 calories per day and a general amount of 1882 calories.
In contrast, when the same person works while involved in physical activity he will receive the values of 1568 (not variable) and 1980 calories. Thus it is clear, a person with the same characteristics who is less active and still consumes the same amount and composition of food, will gain weight eventually.
The key takeaway I'd like to highlight with this post is that what's currently recommended today as the average caloric intake (approximately 2,500 calories per day for men and 2,000 calories for women) is absolutely not accurate and only assisting the Harris-Benedict formula will yield accurate personal values that can serve those who want to maintain weight or reduce it.
The Name Is Tyler
Hope to see you again soon.
Tyler Dig Hungate


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It looks like a simple text area, but the Sequel Ace Query view is as powerful as your favorite text editor. Write queries like a boss!
The Query Favourites are a powerful feature that makes it easy to rerun saved queries or to write dynamic and customizable reusable queries. Learn more about Query Favorites …
A tab trigger is used as keyboard shortcut to insert the corresponding query favorite into the Custom Query Editor. It can contain any alphanumeric character but no spaces or punctuation signs.
A tab snippet represents an insertion point of the cursor within a query favorite. To navigate through defined tab snippets use


Do you abuse your keyboard and mouse when stressed? Microsoft researcher says you aren't alone
Keyboards and mice definitely take abuse. I have witnessed some horrific keyboard conditions -- full of crumbs, dust and lord-knows-what. Not to mention, have you looked in the seams of your mouse lately? There may be a build-up of grime -- yuck! Gamers in particular are known to severely beat the crap out of their input devices when playing a stressful game. Even if it isn't intentional, as a game of Quake 4 heats up, people are known to smash the keys on the keyboard and the buttons on their mouse.
If gamers are known to beat the crap out of their input devices when stressed, what is to say we all don't? In other words, whether writing a paper or editing a spreadsheet under a deadline, maybe the amount of pressure that the person uses can detect stress. Well, Microsoft researcher Mary Czerwinski and her team decided to prove that theory through experimentation. The findings are eye-opening.
But what was found in the study? "During a 30-minute session, 24 participants performed several computerized tasks consisting of expressive writing, text transcription, and mouse clicking. During the stressful conditions, the large majority of the participants showed significantly increased typing pressure (>79 percent of the participants) and more contact with the surface of the mouse (75 percent of the participants). We discuss the potential implications of this work and provide recommendations for future work".
By analyzing the data, the research team makes the following observations:
 - Mondays are typically challenging for workers, in that they may have difficulty diving immediately into work tasks.
 - Mornings are less productive than afternoons.
 - Workers are happiest when they're completing work that is easy, and that doesn't require much concentration or focus.
 - When it comes to mood and productivity, breaks are actually good for employees.
While all of this is well and good, a great study not only tells a story and reveals observations, but provides solutions too. In other words, they have identified that people react physically to input devices when stressed and which tasks and times of day are the most stressful. Now what?
Microsoft researcher Mary Czerwinski says, "there are ways you can design software that would alleviate stress. If you're a software designer or a tech designer, and you're trying to figure out what makes people frustrated and what makes people happy, you're obviously going to design better tools. With pressure-sensitive keyboards, we could harness the signal and make great use of it. I get super excited about increasing users' happiness and the positivity we can bring to design".
Overall, the study is not earth-shattering -- the fact that people react negatively to stress and take it out on their keyboard and mouse is nothing new. However, the concept of utilizing pressure-sensitive devices to detect and track stress has many positive implications for workplace health; both physical and mental.
Do you pound or type harder on your keyboard when stressed? Tell me in the comments.
Photo Credit: CREATISTA / Shutterstock


corporation that has an estate or trust as an owner to include depreciation in the calculation of a single net number for ordinary business income. Although this difference in taxation occurs only if the trust or estate makes a distribution to the beneficiary, tax practitioners who are preparing tax returns for businesses that have estates and trusts as owners should err on the side of caution and always separately state the depreciation or depletion expense for an estate or trust. While this technique might not significantly affect the overall taxation in some scenarios, it is nearly impossible for the practitioner preparing the business return to know whether it will have an impact. Trusts are ever-changing entities, and what is true for a trust one year might not be true the next year.
When trusts own entities that hold depreciable assets, tax practitioners should proceed with caution. With distinct and tricky tax nuances at play, anyone preparing trust tax returns or business tax returns needs to think critically about otherwise simple depreciation. A partnership or S corporation tax return might need to be prepared differently simply because the entity has a trust or estate as an owner.
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text: In this study, the performance of a biotrickling filter (BTF) treating complex mixtures of VOCs from pharmaceutical industries was evaluated. Effects of inlet loading rate (ILR) and empty bed residence time (EBRT) on elimination capacity (EC) and removal efficiency (RE) were evaluated. Methanol, ethanol, acetone and toluene were taken as model pollutants. The net inlet concentration was varied from 1 to 4g/m3 to achieve an ILR variation from 52 to 419g/m3/h, while the EBRT was varied from 25 to 69s. The BTF was able to completely degrade the VOCs up to an ILR of 240g/m3/h, while treating mixed pollutants. On the other hand, 100% RE was achieved for ILRs up to 320g/m3/h in case of single pollutants and the corresponding maximum elimination capacity (ECmax) for ethanol and acetone was 380g/m3/h. However, the ECmax was only 320g/m3/h for the BTF treating mixed pollutants. Competitive interactions between different pollutants resulted in significantly lower ECmax for individual pollutants in a mixed pollutant system than those in a single pollutant system. Toluene was the most resistant to degradation, followed by acetone, among the four pollutants studied. It was found that much of the degradation of ethanol and methanol occurred in the first 30cm of BTF. It was also observed that the ILR and nature of the pollutants significantly affected the RE achieved at different EBRTs. Results from this study help in selecting the operational parameters for optimal performance of a BTF treating complex mixtures of VOCs emitted from pharmaceutical industries. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.


text:
Challenging traditional assumptions of secondary science through the PET curriculum Documents
Michael J. Ross and
Valerie K. Otero
This study seeks to illustrate aspects of a physics classroom experience in an underserved high school through the perspective of the students. This context was chosen with the intent of determining factors that lead to successful secondary physics education outcomes for populations historically underrepresented in STEM. Two class periods of physics were observed and interviewed in an urban high school while using the Physics and Everyday Thinking (PET) curriculum. Findings indicate that students came to value and positively identify with the activities of physics through instruction that fosters a more dignified student experience than traditional approaches. Specifically, this experience was characterized by the valuing of students' naïve and developing understandings and shifting the authority for validating science knowledge from the instructor to laboratory evidence and social consensus.
- Download PERC2012_Ross.pdf - 152kb Adobe PDF Document
Published January 24, 2013
Last Modified July 1, 2013


text:
As you might have known, the flash tube is filled with gas. While the flash is being charged, the charge current is limited and the gas becomes deionized. At the charging voltage, the internal resistance of the gas in the flash tube is high enough to prevent any flow of current from the main capacitor. However, by applying a trigger voltage, the gas will be ionized and becomes conducting, allowing the main capacitor to discharge rapidly through the gas. As a result, a brief flash of light is generated. The FZ-10 has an ISO hotshoe and uses the ISO 10330 based standard (i.e., less than 24 volts). See page 85 of your manual.
A trigger voltage is frequently generated by a spark coil mechanism which is usually triggered by the shutter contacts in the camera. This voltage is positioned on the low-voltage side of the spark coil so that it only appears on the flash contact. In this way, the user will not be injured accidentally, and the camera will not be damaged. This is especially important because digital cameras have circuits very sensitive to high voltage and strong current.
Some older flashes are known to have very high trigger voltage that may damage the circuits of a digital camera. Fortunately, most modern flashes have low to very low trigger voltages that can be safely used on digital cameras. Click here for a rather complete list of the trigger voltage of many flashes, studio strobes included. If you suspect your flash may have a very high trigger voltage, you may consider to use a simple device called safe sync. Click here for the details. Keep in mind that safe sync devices do not preserve the TTL capability of your flash. It does not matter because the FZ-10 does not do TTL flash metering.


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Specific political and cultural events combined to form a setting when Jesus lived, which can be described as the "fullness of time." In the founding and development of the early church, Pentecost, the fall of Jerusalem in a.d. 70 and the persecution of Christians were significant.
The Early Church
3. Early Christianity to Constantine
a. Fullness of time
1. Political empires
2. Different parties in Judaism
3. Diaspora of Jews
4. Greco-Roman world
c. Question about how much the Gentiles should be bound by Jewish Law
d. The message of the early church
e. The fall of Jerusalem
h. Early heresies
i. Lessons we learn from the early church
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Launching more than one satellite at a time is common practice these days, but what about packing thousands of satellites into a rocket and shooting them at the Moon? As part of a Kickstarter campaign, Pocket Spacecraft is offering the public the chance to send small disc satellites into space. These will then either flutter back to Earth from orbit or impact on the lunar surface. Based in Bristol, UK, Pocket Spacecraft plans to create thousands of tiny customized "Scout" satellites to be launched in a cubesat as a way of promoting low cost, mass space exploration.
Read the full article: Pocket Spacecraft wants to send thousands of personalized satellites to the Moon


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Who would ever think that building something to function deep in Antarctica in the middle of winter would be the cheap option?
New Scientist reports that astronomers at the University of New South Wales, Australia, have proposed building a new telescope (an "Extremely Large Telescope," no less, with at least a 30 meter mirror) at Dome C, an Antarctic plateau at 75° south and over three kilometers above sea level. Preliminary tests of the location, using an 85 milllimeter scope, showed that the plateau had extremely low atmospheric "jitter" because the location has very low wind speeds and little turbulence in the air. The researchers claim a two-meter telescope in that location -- a moderate size for a professional device -- would be able to image galactic phenomena with a clarity comparable to Hubble. A larger scope would be far better. Dome C could be home to the first serious Earth-based terrestrial planet-finder scope.
According to PhysOrg, the UNSW proposal has another interesting feature: much of it would be built of "icecrete" -- snow compressed to concrete-hardness.
Although a Dome C telescope would be inaccessible during use -- the temperatures that deep in the Antarctic during winter plunge as low as -86° C (-122° F) -- it could be serviced during the summer for far less expense than a trip to an orbital telescope.
here's a neat story about "icecrete" nee 'pykrete' :D
"Pykrete is a super-ice, strengthened tremendously by mixing in wood pulp as it freezes. By freezing a slurry of 14 percent wood pulp, the mechanical strength of ice rockets up to a fairly consistent 70 kg/sq cm. A 7.69 mm rifle bullet, when fired into pure ice, will penetrate to a depth of about 36 cm. Fired into pykrete, it will penetrate less than half as far about the same distance as a bullet fired into brickwork. Yet you can mold pykrete into blocks from the simplest materials and then plane it, just like wood. And it has tremendous crush resistance: a one-inch column of the stuff will support an automobile. Moreover, it takes much longer to melt than pure ice. But as strong and eco-friendly as it is, pykrete remains forgotten today save among glaciologists, who express bafflement over why no one has made use of it. "I don't really know why it has languished in obscurity," admits Professor Erland Schulson, director of the Ice Research Laboratory at Dartmouth College."
That's very cool, glory -- thanks for that info!


AI & Higher Ed
by Taylor Johnson
This new story from Marketplace Tech is based on the development of artificial intelligence (AI) and how it may change higher education and the workforce in the near future. This subject is now receiving attention after a small liberal arts school called Colby College has chosen to incorporate AI into subjects/ majors their school already offers. The president of the university, David Greene, argues that artificial intelligence will become the norm in the near future and that it should be incorporated into more liberal arts universities. While he brings up many interesting examles of how AI is going to be important in each field of study, one of the main reasons he feels AI needs to be incorporated into higher education now is so students can lead AI instead of it leading them. He argues that if AI is kept to only being used in the narrow scope of technology and the defense industry, and continues to not be incorporated into higher education, it will never be able to grow into the powerful resource it has the potential to be. Greene argues the importance of AI's incorporation in higher education stating:
"one of the beauties of people who are trained in the liberal arts is that they understand how to come at a problem from multiple, different angles… the more that we have people who are coming from liberal arts backgrounds, who are raising the kind of questions that will ultimately shape AI in more positive ways, the better off we'll be."
While the advancement of artificial intelligence may seem like a great idea on the surface, many are still apprehensive about incorporating it into higher education. This is usually due to costs and the fear that it may render certain positions useless, potentially positions that colleges are training their students for.
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In reading Nancy Duarte's HBR Guide to Persuasive Presentations, Duarte refers to messages having STAR moments. The acronym STAR referring to "Something They Always Remember."
When preparing and delivering talks to young adult and teenage audiences, this piece of advice is even more crucial. Whether the STAR quality is an unforgettable visual, a story, or even a token they take home, it is vitally important for the "stickiness" of your message.
Recently, we did a message called "What's in Your Box?" where we focused on all of the various "stuff" that each of us carries around inside our little "box" and try to keep hidden from others. The message closed with James 5:16 (confess your sins and pray for each other) and the students were encouraged to come to the front, grab a small box, and find someone to open their box to and share what is hidden inside (sin, failure, mistakes, suffering, etc). Afterward, the students took their boxes home and were encouraged to put them in a prominent place in their room where they would be reminded to continue to live their lives "open" with one another.
Whereas many students (and most adults for that matter) walk away from a message and forget what they have heard fifteen minutes later, you want to leave them with something they will never forget. Not only will it reinforce the principle or scripture that you are trying to teach, but will be a STAR that they (or the Holy Spirit) can draw upon months, years, or even decades later.
Matt Maiberger is the High School Pastor at Southeast Christian Church. This is his first guest post of hopefully many more to come.


Everything You Need to Know About Fulbright Creative and Performing Arts Awards
Jun 29, 2017 • Views -
When applying for a Fulbright U.S. Student Award for Study/Research, it can be difficult to determine if your proposal is an "Academic" or "Creative and Performing Arts" project. While there are many similarities between academic and arts-related awards, there are several key differences that make it critical to understand which category your proposed project best fits. Fulbright Program staff recently recorded a webinar to help explain some commonly misunderstood aspects of the Creative and Performing Arts application process. Here are some of the top questions asked by applicants and their answers. Visit the Fulbright Webinar page to access the full recorded seminar on the 2018-19 Arts Awards.
1. How do I know if I should apply as a Creative and Performing Arts candidate?
When determining whether your project proposal is academic or artistic in nature, you should ask yourself whether or not the project hinges on your artistic abilities and background. Arts-related projects should develop your craft while interacting with a larger question. Academic projects can have artistic themes but don't necessary depend on your abilities as an artist. For example, if you propose an independent study project on murals in Mexico where you'd be analyzing pieces and writing about art theory/history, you would apply as an academic candidate. If you proposed this same project but focused on learning local techniques and incorporating new skills into your personal murals/paintings, you would apply as an arts candidate.
2. Are there any different application components needed if applying for an Arts award?
When applying for a U.S. Student Program Study/Research award, you will have the option to select either "Academic" or "Creative and Performing Arts" as your award type. Creative and Performing Arts applicants are required to submit supplementary materials related to their field such as an artistic portfolio or previous work examples. Arts awards are accepted in the same countries and regions as academic study/research awards, although some countries haven't had as many arts applicants in the past.
3. Are arts-related Fulbright applications generally successful?
There is no definitive answer regarding the overall success rate of arts applications, although Fulbright has had a growing interest in supporting arts candidates. The number of arts applicants has decreased in the last few years. Even if a country hasn't supported any arts applicants in the past, it might not be because that country isn't interested in the arts; some countries might not have previously received strong arts applications.
 4. Are there any countries or regions that specifically need more arts-related candidates?
Yes! Many regions see a surplus of academic study/research applicants or English Teaching Assistant applicants. The East Asia/Pacific region is specifically looking for more arts-related study/research applicants.
5. If I'm applying for a Study/Research award for a graduate program abroad, how do I know if I might be considered an arts candidate?
Look at the materials that the university requires in your application. If you're applying for a graduate program that requires a portfolio or audition, then you should most likely apply as a Creative and Performing Arts candidate for your Fulbright Study/Research award.
6. Is creative writing a supported art form?
Yes, absolutely. A list of supported arts-related disciplines can be found on the Fulbright website.
7. What are the biggest mistakes that applicants make when applying for an arts award?
Fulbright sees two major flaws in many arts applications. The first is proposing to replicate the same projects or work that you're doing in the United States. For example, if an artist makes small pottery in the U.S. and proposes to make the exact same type of pottery in Morocco, Fulbright will want to see a greater challenge or transformational aspect to the proposal. Conversely, the other major flaw that Fulbright sees is related to feasibility. Many applicants propose projects that are completely different from their artistic backgrounds and fail to make strong cases about how they have sufficient training and experience to complete their projects. For example, Fulbright typically wouldn't find it feasible for an artist with a background in pottery to choreograph and direct a community dance showcase if the applicant has expressed no prior experience or training in dance or the performing arts. Fulbright is looking for applicants who have the solid foundation in their field needed to complete a project, but the intent to build upon their craft in a meaningful and logical way.
8. Can I apply to a country where I have limited language skills?
Every country has different language requirements. Some require fluency or intermediate skills while some countries have no language requirements. Even if a country has no formal language requirements, it's important for you to keep the feasibility of your project in mind. If you're doing a project where you need to interview many people, for example, you might need a more advanced set of language skills.
9. If I'm applying for the second time, am I obligated to provide new portfolio materials?
It depends on how your portfolio materials relate to the current project you're proposing. If you're applying for the second time, the committee might wonder about the projects that you've been working on in the year since you last applied. Strong applications show growth and development in artistic ability.
10. If I propose a project that affiliates with a specific university in a specific city, am I still able to explore my proposed topic in other regions of the host country?
While Fulbright wants you to have a "home base" within your proposed host country, most applicants travel within the country as needed to conduct other aspects of their projects. Fulbright wouldn't want you moving around every week, but in-country travel both related to your project and for cultural exchange purposes is highly encouraged.
Interested in applying? Bookmark the Fulbright U.S. Student Program for Study/Research to your ProFellow account.
Also see our articles on Fulbright Application Tips for more insights on developing a strong Fulbright application.
© Victoria Johnson 2017, all rights reserved.
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What is a Chairperson and what is their role?
In this article, we touch on the subject of What is a chairperson and his/her role in a community scheme.
The Chairperson: A common question in community schemes is "What is a Chairperson and what role do they fulfill?" While it sounds "prestigious", it can be a thankless job. The main roles of the Chairperson are to chair meetings and to ensure that the rest of the committee members are doing what they are supposed to do. This person thus needs to have strong skills in commanding meetings and being able to act impartially.
Going forward we will be explaining What a chairperson is and the role they play in more detail.
How is a Chairperson Elected?
Depending on your Scheme's Rules, a chairperson can generally be elected in one of two ways:
 - At the AGM (Annual General Meeting) of the Scheme when the new committee members are decided on.
 - At a Board meeting (committee meeting for a Scheme), which is normally held shortly after the AGM (Annual General Meeting).
What voting rights does the Chairperson have?
The Chairperson has an ordinary and a casting vote. The ordinary vote, which is used in the person's capacity as a committee member/ owner, and a casting vote, which is a vote that only the Chairperson can use in a meeting when having to break a deadlock. After all the votes have been cast, if the votes are tied, the casting vote will fall to the Chairperson.
Can the Chairperson be removed and how?
Depending on your Scheme's Rules, the Chairperson of Scheme can be removed in one of two ways, either:
 - by ordinary resolution (majority vote) of owners at a general meeting of the Scheme – provided that the intention to vote upon this removal has been disclosed in the notice calling the meeting, or;
 - by majority vote of the committee members at a committee meeting.
Removal of the Chairperson from the office of Chairperson does not automatically remove him/her from the office as a committee member. The intention to vote upon the removal of the Chairperson from both offices would have to be disclosed in the notice calling the SGM (Special General Meeting) for the removal to be valid.
Does the Chairperson have to be present at the meeting? No, but then the Trustees must choose a temporary Chairperson for the duration of that meeting. The temporary Chairperson has the same voting rights as a normal Chairperson.
Does the Chairperson chair every meeting held with the committee members or the owners? The Chairperson is entitled to chair every committee meeting or owners' general meeting unless otherwise decided at such meeting.
Does the Chairperson make all the decisions? It is a common misconception that the Chairperson has carte blanche over decisions of the Scheme. This is not the case as no committee members have the power to make sole decisions. All decisions pertaining to the Scheme are to be discussed amongst the committee members and then decided upon by majority resolution, unless, a specific committee member has been given a mandate on a particular portfolio to make decisions on their own within certain pre-agreed parameters.
As briefly outlined earlier in this newsletter, each committee member, including the chairman, is entitled to one vote. The only instance where the chairman will have one additional vote is if the votes cast by all the committee members result in a deadlock. Therefore, the chairman has no veto right. He does not have the ability to overrule his fellow committee members. The only power he does have is that of tie-breaker and this power is strictly reserved for committee members' resolutions. When it comes to votes cast by the members to pass ordinary, special or unanimous resolutions the chairman's vote carries the exact same weight in number as that of any other member.
This article forms part of Solvers comprehensive service provided to you – by keeping you informed and up to date with important news, including any changes to the Community Schemes industry.
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There are essentially two classes of delegation.
It is defined as follows: If an authentication mechanism provides an effective identity different from the validated identity of the user then it is called identity delegation at the authentication level, provided the owner of the effective identity has previously authorized the owner of the validated identity to use his identity.
The existing techniques of identity delegation using sudo or su commands of UNIX are very popular. To use sudo command, a person first has to start his session with his own original identity. It requires the delegated account password or explicit authorizations granted by the system administrator. The user login delegation described in the patent of Mercredi and Frey is also an identity delegation.
The most common way of ensuring computer security is access control mechanisms provided by operating systems such as UNIX, Linux, Windows, Mac OS, etc. If the delegation is fine grained, like Role-based access control (RBAC) delegation, then there is always a risk of under-delegation, i.e., the delegator does not delegate all the necessary permissions to perform a delegated job. This may cause the denial of service, which is very undesirable in some environments, such as in safety critical systems or in health care. In RBAC based delegation, one option to achieve delegation is by reassigning a set of permissions to the role of a delegatee, however, finding the relevant permissions for a particular job is not an easy task for large and complex systems. Moreover, by assigning these permissions to a delegatee role, all other users who are associated with that particular role get the delegated rights. If the delegation is achieved by assigning the roles of a delegator to a delegatee then it would not only be a case of over-delegation but also the problem that the delegator has to figure out what roles, in the complex hierarchy of RBAC, are necessary to perform a particular job. These types of problems are not present in identity delegation mechanism and normally the user interface is simpler. More details can be found in the literature of RBAC.


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See Fig 2 in The Secrets of Electric Guitar Pickups located at _URL_
Fig 2 shows that the pickup is a signal source filtered by a low-pass filter composed of the inductor, resistor, and capacitor.
The capacitor is in parallel with the load resistance that is hooked up to the pickup. When the pickup is heavily loaded, the load resistance is very small in comparison to the impedance of the capacitor. This effectively removes the capacitor from the circuit.
What you have left is a series circuit consisting or the inductor, resistor, and load resistor.
The impedance of the inductor is higher at higher frequencies, so it drops more voltage at the higher frequencies which leaves less for the load resistor.