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WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SUSHUMNA NADI IN MEDITATION?PART--01...INNER YOGA-08
WHAT IS NADI?--
1-The word "Nadi" does not mean nerve. Nadis are pathways or channels of prana in the system. These 72,000 nadis don't have a physical manifestation. In the sense, if you cut the body and look in, you will not find them. But as you become more aware, you will notice the energy is not moving at random, it is moving in established pathways.
2-There are 72,000 different ways in which the energy or prana moves.In the Pranamayakosha or the energy body,
there are 72,000 nadis. The 72,000 nadis spring from three basic nadis – the left, the right and the central – the Ida, Pingala, and Sushumna.
THE NAME OF NADIS;--
02 FACTS;- 1-The process of merging the prana of the being into Brahma prana is accomplished by the Nadies therefore it is essential to have knowledge regarding the Nadies. There are seventy thousand nadies and these influence the yogic points and chakras individually and collectively.
2-The knowledge regarding all these Nadies cannot be completely obtained even in many births. Here we will describe Nadies which carry the flow of Prana towards Brahamanda and it is given below :-- 1. Ida.
3. Sushumna :----ITS DIVIDED IN THREE PARTS;-
3-3- Brahma Nadi
SIGNIFICANCE OF NADIS ;---
1-It is known that the kundalini energy should be passed through the Sushumna Nadi. In ordinary person, the Sushumna Nadi is mostly inactive. The Ida and Pingala Nadi alternatively takes control of the circulation of the prana throughout the body. 2-The Sushumna Nadi becomes potent at the time of early morning and in the evening where day and night intersect. This time is approximately around 4:00 am to 6:00 am in the morning and 6:30 pm to 8:30 pm in the evening. That is the approximately the period of two hours before sunrise and after the sunset in the near-equatorial zone. 3-The morning is considered as the most appropriate time for meditation and the period is termed as the Brahma-muhurta. The beginners of the meditation practitioners are advised to practice meditation at this time where the flow of prana through the Sushumna Nadi becomes active. This makes the aspirant concentrate with ease, free from distractions of the mind results in better progress in the practices.
4-The yogis or advanced practitioners can meditate at any time as they are consciously able to control the flow of the prana in the Sushumna Nadi. 5-When the Sushumna Nadi becomes active the concentration of the mind becomes stronger and thus results in the powerful meditation. Any blockages present in the Sushumna Nadi can be noticed at the time of meditation as the power of meditation becomes feeble or greatly lesser.
HOW CAN WE ACTIVATE SUSHUMNA NADI?---
05 FACTS;--- 1-The seventy thousand nadies of the body gather their flow of prana from different parts of the body and meet Sushumna at different places. Few of their activities are increasing strength, increasing Knowledge, bestower of light nectar and the knowledge regarding Brahman.
2-These are activated by satwik actions and they are a pointer to the Satwik modifications of mind. These are in constant struggle with the inspire the being to perform similar activities.
3-Contemplation may result in bondage or emancipation, therefore emancipation depends upon one's own will. Before one acquires the knowledge of nadies it is essential to know the following :--- 3-1. To activate the five tatwas. 3-2. The knowledge of Ida and Pingla before the knowledge of sushumna. 3-3. Observance of celibacy. 3-4. Satwik food : The food is absorbed in the body and produces atoms according to its own attributes. These atoms mix up with the atoms of prana and produce the results. The Satwik food also should be eaten in small quantities so that pranayam practices can be carried out nicely and at the same time body should not become weak in any way. 3-5. Keep the modification of the mind pure. 4-The subtle nadies become very fine and it become difficult to recognize them in thousand petalled lotus. Subtle Nadies are visualized by inner eyes.
5-Ultra subtle nadies are visualized by divine eyes. The way the physical body embraces the subtle body, seed alphabets, and the divine powers the subtle ultra subtle are also hidden like wise. All these can be visualized by closely studying body. This is a fact. WHAT IS THE ROLE OF IDA & PINGLA NADIS?--- THE PLACE OF NADIS :-
1-From the middle line of body towards the clavicle bone at a distance of two fingers and then two fingers above on both the sides are the points of lda and pingla. They are on the left and right sides of Sushumna respectively. These collect the prana from different sources of their respective sites and merge into the sushumna.
2-These also protect Sushuman from un-called-for damages and maintain the balance of the flow of prana through it.
3-Within the spine, if you know its physical construction, you will know there are two holes on either side of the spine which are like conduit pipes for all the nerves to pass. This is the Ida and the Pingala, the left and the right channels.
4-The Ida and Pingala represent the basic duality in the existence. It is this duality which we traditionally personify as Shiva and Shakti. Or you can simply call it masculine and feminine.It is based on this that life is created. Without these two dualities, life wouldn't exist as it does right now.
5-In the beginning, everything is primordial, there is no duality. But once creation happens, there is duality.
6-Masculine and feminine can't be considered about being male or female – but in terms of certain qualities in nature. Certain qualities in nature have been identified as masculine. Certain other qualities have been identified as feminine.
7-You may be a man, but if your Ida is more pronounced, the feminine may be dominant in you. You may be a woman, but if your Pingala is more pronounced, the masculine may be dominant in you.
CAN WE MAKE BALANCE OF IDA & PINGLA?-- 06 FACTS;--- 1-Bringing a balance between the Ida and Pingala will make you effective in the world, it will make you handle life aspects well.
2-Most people live and die in Ida and Pingala,,, Sushumna, the central space, remains dormant. But Sushumna is the most significant aspect of human physiology. Only when energies enter into Sushumna, life really begins. 3-Actually, Sushumna is attribute-less, it has no quality of its own. It is like empty space. If there is empty space, you can create anything you want. Once energies enter into Sushumna, we say you attain to Vairagya.
4-WHAT IS VAIRAGYA ---"Raga," means color. "Vairag," means no color,Means; you have become transparent.
Wherever you are, you become a part of that, but nothing sticks to you. Only if you are like this, only if you are in a state of Vairag, then you will dare to explore all dimensions of life when you live here.
5- you are reasonably balanced or not,---analyze yourself. For some reason the outside situation goes crazy, & you also go crazy in reaction to that, THEN IT IS THE NATURE OF IDA & PINGLA.. It is reactive to what is outside.
6-But once the energies enter into Sushumna, you attain to a new kind of balance, an inner balance where whatever happens outside, there is a certain space within you which never gets disturbed, which is never in any kind of turmoil, which cannot be touched by the outside situations.
Only if you create this stable situation within yourself, you can dare to scale the peaks of consciousness.CONTD,.....SHIVOHAM.......


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In this article, I will be discussing the pros and cons of using globally unique identifiers (GUIDs) as the datatype for primary keys in SQL Server 2000. You will see concrete test results that give a hint of the performance characteristics. Along the way, I will also discuss a special type of GUID that I "invented," called COMBs. Before we start discussing GUIDs, though, I'd like to say a few words about natural and surrogate keys.
Natural or Surrogate Keys
When you do the physical design of a relational database, it's very important to decide upon which style to use for the primary keys. Some people prefer to use natural keysthat is, keys that are found in the domain that the database models. Others prefer to use surrogate keys, which are constructed keys with no other purpose than to be just keys (and which are not found in the domain). An example of a natural key is a Social Security number. A value incrementing by 1 for each row is a typical example of a surrogate key.
Using natural keys is the traditional approach, in line with Codd's original relational model. When you use them, you have only natural data that means something to users. This is good if users will ask ad hoc queries directly to the database in raw SQL. You can also often reduce the numbers of joins when using natural keys because you don't have to go to a lookup table to convert an ID to a description. One more advantage is that you get the minimum number of constraints because you don't have to protect the uniqueness of the natural keys separately. You already did this when you used them as primary keys.
Surrogate keys can be seen as a newer approach. This approach does not conflict with the relational model, but, in a way, it is a step closer to a more object-based approach in which each object has an ID and the structure of all IDs is of the same type. When you use surrogate keys, you often get smaller foreign keys, which reduces the size of the database. There is no risk of users changing the values of the primary keys, and the programming can be more consistent because all keys are of the same format.
With cascading updates/deletes in SQL Server 2000, the problem of users changing the values of primary keys is not so great anymore because you don't have to program the UPDATE of dependent rows manually.
That was a brief description of the different kinds of keys. Now let's assume that we choose to use surrogate keys when we design a new database.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


I have to find error in the sentence--
The aroma of the invigorate morning cup of tea comes (1)/ wafting up the stairway and soon I am (2)/ sipping it slowly and reverentially without rushing. (3)/ No error (4)
They say there is an error in the first part but I don't think so. There is a similar sentence in oxford dictionary
'The aroma of the fresh coffee could be smelled half way down the street, says Muriel.'
Please help me....
 - 1
 "(to) invigorate" is a verb, but it is used here as an adjective. The adjective form is invigorating. – TypeIA May 29 '19 at 8:53
 - _USER_ This is an answer to the question. Please use the "answer" option for this, instead of commenting. – Ryan Jensen May 30 '19 at 22:07
 - 1
 _USER_ I'm familiar with the answer button; this was indeed meant to be a passing comment (trom my smartphone) rather than a complete answer. If it does happen to be the correct and complete answer, feel free to post it. (I see that you did exactly that and I will +1) – TypeIA May 31 '19 at 8:34
As TypeIA pointed out, the wrong form of "invigorate" is used here. Invigorate is a verb, and in this sentence it is used as if it were an adjective. Changing the word to "invigorating" gives us this sentence, which is grammatically correct:
The aroma of the invigorating morning cup of tea comes wafting up the stairway and soon I am sipping it slowly and reverentially without rushing.
It should be noted that, while this new sentence is grammatically valid, it still has what is almost certainly an error; "it," the object of "sipping" in the second clause, refers to the subject of the first clause, "aroma." It is very likely the author meant they were sipping the tea, but the sentence states that they are sipping its aroma.
Your Answer


"The chapels of Antinous and his temples"
During the latter part of Hadrian's reign, the cult of his deified male lover, Antinous, came briefly to rival the cults of Mithras, Isis and Christ for importance within the religious life of the Roman Empire. It is known that chapels or temples dedicated to him existed in his native Bithynia (modern Turkey), at Mantineia in Greece, and in Athens, but none of these survived into the modern era. In 2002 a temple complex of Antinous was discovered on the site of Hadrian's estate at Tivoli, and details of this can be found at: _URL_


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New workforce, practice, and payment reforms essential for improving access to pediatric subspecialty care within the medical home
Department of Pediatrics; Meyers Primary Care Institute
Medical Subject Headings
Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Medicaid; Pediatrics; Primary Health Care; United States
Health Services Research | Pediatrics | Primary Care
The availability of pediatric subspecialty care is critically important to the health and well-being of infants, children, and adolescents. Moreover, timely collaboration with pediatric subspecialists is an essential element of the standard of care for children: the community-based medical home. In this model, primary care practice teams coordinate all care for a patient, including subspecialty care. Unfortunately, lack of access to pediatric subspecialty care within the medical home has reached crisis proportions in the United States owing to several interrelated factors: an insufficient number of pediatric subspecialists, dramatically increasing demand for pediatric subspecialty care, a fragmented system of pediatric primary and specialty care, and inadequate financing of medical education and collaborative primary and specialty pediatric care through the medical home. Recognizing the serious and widespread problems regarding access to pediatric subspecialty care, in 2004 the federal Maternal and Child Health Bureau convened the Expert Work Group on Pediatric Subspecialty Capacity. Its charge was to define the scope of the problem, identify promising approaches for extending pediatric subspecialty capacity, and develop recommendations. The group met 4 times between 2004 and 2007 and, through a series of key informant interviews, literature reviews, and analyses of pediatric subspecialty workforce data, prepared a series of reports and recommendations. This commentary is based on the deliberations of the Expert Work Group.
Rights and Permissions
Citation: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009 Mar;163(3):200-2. Link to article on publisher's site


technician to record operating temperatures at the condenser inlet and outlet, ambient and a/c center vent. Optional are high-pressure and low-pressure transducers that connect to the service valve ports, an infrared printer and a module for output to a PC printer. The tester analyzes the readings and displays a PASS or codes 2, 3, 4 or 5, with a list of possible causes for each number.
A/C Diagnostic Tool (Neutronics). This unit also has a built-in humidity gauge, but its $1500 tag includes a single temperature probe and a pair of service valve connectors (on refrigerant hoses that go to the tester, for pressure readings by built-in transducers). The temperature probe is on a long flexible neck, for reaching into tight quarters. Although the probe is an infrared type, it has an air temperature-sensing slide screen in the tip for both ambient and airflow temperature readings (to go with the ambient sensor built into the tester itself). A PDA (personal data assistant, such as Palm Pilot) is the computer; one is available as an option if you don't have your own. The tester has an output terminal so you can add a printer; a Neutronics refrigerant identifier is an option (naturally). The software produces step-by-step guidance and diagnostic displays on the PDA screen, including percentage estimates for each diagnostic possibility (for example, 97% likelihood of a sticking blend-air door).
A/C Investigator (Bright Solutions). At $2500 list (the street price being somewhat closer to $2000), it's the most expensive hand-held tester. But the price includes three temperature probes, high-side and low-side pressure transducers that attach to the service valves, a wiring connector for the a/c clutch circuit, a built-in printer and an output terminal for connection to a modem. The printer produces a strip sheet with all the readings, charts of the pressure readings, a list of each possible problem and step-by-step service procedures recommended. The tester is in the Ford equipment program and was developed with Ford engineering.
Find the Root Cause of the Problem
As has been said over and over, you've got to find the root cause of the problem if you expect the fix to last. Panelist Burnette was blunt about this. And Mazda tech specialist Ken Kraemer gave the following example to back him up: Say the fan on a 1995-97 Millenia either doesn't work or runs slowly. You hot-wire it and it's still bad, with a clearly excessive current draw. Installing a replacement may seem like the obvious repair. However, the root cause of the fan not working properly is rainwater getting past the motor seal onto the shaft, causing rust. There's an improved blower motor, but if you purchase the original design that's been sitting on a dealer's parts shelf, the problem will reoccur.
Okay, so you get the new motor with the better seal and install it. Are you done? Maybe not, because if you didn't read the service bulletin on this problem, you may not realize that the high current draw of the old motor may have burned the power transistor in the blower control, so the blower may work poorly or not at all, even with the new motor.
There are two lessons to be learned here: 1. Root causes (just like tree roots) sometimes go deep, so don't stop until it all makes sense. 2. You need up-to-date service information, including bulletins, to effect a lasting repair.
Low Refrigerant or Too Much Refrigerant
How can you get an incorrect charge with a digital-display recovery/recycle/recharge machine that seems to be working normally? Well, if the machines or the technicians operating them were so foolproof, General Motors wouldn't have forced its dealers to change over to the ACR2000. Fact is, GM's old ACR4 was state-of-the-art when it was introduced at the start of the R-134a era, but it was possible to bypass the air purge, and the tolerance on refrigerant charge accuracy could result in a system up to 6 ounces off.
That level of inaccuracy is just not acceptable with R-134a, particularly when system charges usually are under 24 ounces, and often as low as 16 to 18 ounces. An R-134a system with today's smaller capacities should be charged within 2 to 3 ounces of specs...and closer is better, of course. DaimlerChrysler changed the assembly-line charge on one of its models by just half an ounce to get better performance.
You're sure such gross inaccuracy can't happen with your machine because its display is calibrated to.1 pound? There's a big difference between that display calibration and charging precision. Reports received by MACS indicate that an incorrect charge or air contamination are two of the most common causes of poor a/c cooling. You need real precision, which means performing periodic calibration checks using a calibration weight and the manufacturer's recommended procedure. And take care of your machine, mounting the tank carefully and installing new O-rings and seals to keep out air. Most of the new premium machines, such as GM's ACR2000, have a built-in vessel on the scale, so the scale stays in calibration longer.
What if your machine doesn't have a calibration procedure, or the manufacturer is no longer producing service parts? MACS panelist Burnette has seen lots of cheap machines that are no longer being made, and for which service parts are not available. If you're trying to charge today's systems with that kind of equipment, you shouldn't be surprised if you get comebacks.
You even can make a mistake if you have a decent machine but charge systems with refrigerant incorrectly. Honda/Acura's Keith Johnson gave examples with two R-134a recovery/recycle/recharge machines used by Honda and Acura dealers-Robinair's No. 34700 and White's No. 1090XL. He explained that the dial-in procedures for charging are different and not necessarily obvious, compared with the way the specs are written.
With the White machine, which uses a pressure-temperature flow-control instead of a scale (its long-time "signature" approach), it's 1 ounce per click of the dial, so 22 ounces is 22 clicks. If the spec is in pounds, convert to ounces-1.38 pounds is 22 ounces (1.38 times 16 equals 22). If it's in grams, divide by 30 and round upward to get ounces; so 650 grams equals 22 ounces. To convert ounces to grams, multiply by 30 and round downward. With the Robinair unit, you can dial in pounds or grams, but... To get 650 grams, dial in.65 kilogram (there are 1000 grams in a kilogram, which is about 2.2 pounds). To use the pounds scale, convert from ounces to pounds (22 divided by 16 equals 1.375, rounded to 1.38 pounds) and dial in that number.
How about small cans? If you have a 24-ounce system, it would seem that emptying two 12-ounce cans would do the job. Sorry, but tests have shown that a surprising amount of refrigerant remains in the can even when you shake it and you can't hear liquid sloshing around.
What about charging the system until the bubbles disappear from the sight glass? Toyota/Lexus' Greg Ball killed that idea by showing that the bubbles disappear long before there's a correct charge in the system. As a result, he said, Denso is dropping sight glasses from its systems.
Have you gotten the idea that a/c service is in the same high-tech class as driveability diagnostics? We hope so.


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In part one of this two-part story, the authors review the basics of intercept point specifications and linearity. For an expanded view of the equations, click here. Part two will discuss how to actually evaluate and interpret IPn.
For a variety of electronic devices ranging from RF mixers to low-noise amplifiers (LNAs), linearity is an essential performance attribute. The degree of linearity demonstrated by a component can make the difference between a successful device and a unit that fails to operate as designed. Intercept point (IP) specifications provide a useful tool for determining the degree of linearity exhibited by electronic devices.
IPn, which stands for intercept points of order n
for some integer n
≥2, consists of "virtual" parameters (i.e., the values are actually defined from other specifications). As a result, their values and extrapolations often remain vague. Admittedly, many electronic books or tutorials give some description of how IPn specifications are linked with input/output powers, power gain, and compression point. However, those reference works offer minimal, none, or incomplete explanations about IPn specifications and their origin.
Today, integrated functions such as an LNA, mixers, and a VCO (voltage controlled oscillator) can be built with the highest linearity (thus superior IP3) with advanced design techniques, and with proven RF processes. The design aim is to obtain the highest IP3 without sacrificing current consumption (bias circuit), gain, and size. Practically speaking, describing IPn orders up to 5, and eventually 7, can be significant. Today, however, the "order 3" (IP3) dominates when describing the normal operation of sensitive devices.
This article will use basic math and graphics to explain how IPn, and especially IP3, is generated and how its values are linked to essential quantities such as the input and output powers of a device. It will explain why high IP3 (thus, high linearity) is so important when evaluating performance. Finally, it will discuss some high-performance analog ICs in which linearity, high IP3, is a fundamental measurement of their good operation.Why is linearity so important?
A principal objective for many electronic devices has been always to replicate simple, easy-to-reproduce, ideal mathematical functions. A simple illustration is the resistor which is designed to reproduce a linear relationship between voltage and current (VI). The resistor is simply the slope of the VI response.
We all know that the ideal relationship of V = R × I cannot be realized 100% of the time. One can approach it, but the inherent imperfections and limitations of the devices cause deviations in the ideal curve. This is particularly true when signals (I, V) are large and/or other conditions like temperature, humidity, and pressure vary. To compensate for these inherent deviations, we want the resistor, R, to be as linear as possible and remain so over wide ranges of signals and conditions. In reality, however, resistors have more complex curves in the (VI) characteristics (red dotted line in Figure 1).
Figure 1. Dotted red line shows the real (imperfect) resistor. Linearity is corrupted when I and V curves become large.
Other IC components that require well-controlled linearity include amplifiers, data converters, VCOs, mixers, and PAs. With these ICs, deviations from the ideal VI relationship lead to instabilities, failure to meet specs, and interference. They can even cause malfunctions or destroy the device and/or entire system.Measuring linearity
Depending on the class of signals and their dynamic ranges, different parameters and methods are defined to visualize, evaluate, measure, and compare the linear characteristic of an actual device.
Resistor linearity is typically measured in % of a nominal value of R. This is usually enough to appreciate the error that one introduces in current and voltage on the device.
The RF functions in an LNA, mixers, filters, PA, and other components can generate very large signal dynamics and introduce harmonics, interference, and saturation as critical effects of nonlinearities. Several parameters have been defined to characterize this nonideal relationship between input and output:
- 1dB compression point (CP-1dB)
- Compression dynamic range (CDR)
- Spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR)
- Desensitization dynamic range (DDR)
- Intercept points (IPn)
Since all the above terms indicate how good (or bad) the linearity of a device is, relations do exist between them. While this examination acknowledges the above class of parameters, it focuses exclusively on the intercept points, or how IPn (n) can be 2, 3, 4, etc. It will become clear that IPn (especially IP3) reveals the most about how nonlinearity negatively affects useful signals. It causes interference to be directly injected in the desired signal bandwidth. For this reason, one can focus here only on IP3 performance, regardless of the other parameters. Thus, in a few words, the higher the IPn, the more linear is the device.


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|Product #: GYBGDY591E_TQ|
Just Pretend! Creating Dramatic Play Centers With Young Children (Resource Bo eBookKindergarten|Grade 1
Please Note: This ebook is a digital download, NOT a physical product. After purchase, you will be provided a one time link to download ebooks to your computer. Orders paid by PayPal require up to 8 business hours to verify payment and release electronic media. For immediate downloads, payment with credit card is required.
By Judy Nyberg. Pretending is learning in this innovative curriculum for young children. Students play school, house, bakery, pet store, museum, and more - all the while reinforcing and expanding their knowledge of the real world. They also practice literacy-related behaviors and develop interpersonal-communication skills. Teachers may choose from 24 fully developed ideas for dramatic play centers, complete with directions, materials needed, reproducible handouts, activities to perform, and lists of picture books.
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How much control do you have over your mental health?
How does Samsung Health measure distance walked?
In this guide, we will discuss "How does Samsung Health measure distance walked" and additional considerations to keep in mind when using the Samsung Health app.
How does Samsung Health measure distance walked?
If you are wondering 'How does Samsung Health measure distance walked?' could be because you probably have noticed an incorrect amount of steps. If we check the comments from users, we can find that there seems to be a problem with certain phones in terms of measuring distance. This means running or working out can become problematic when Samsung Health is trying to track the real distance.
Moreover, the exercise section for the Samsung health app doesn't seem to help track movements but the app can provide rich information about your exercise routine history and will even encourage you as you are working out.
When you use this feature, simply tap on 'Exercise' and choose an option from the workout styles available. Some of the styles include hiking, running, or walking. Finally, tap on 'set workout goal' and select the time, goal, distance goal or calories burned. Remember that the app's audio guide is on by default so with the audio guide, you can hear your progress which may be useful for some users.
Interestingly, as indicated on, "It will tell you your pace and distance. You can also listen to your favourite music with the app as you work out…You can also take pictures from the app screen if you find anything that inspires you along a new route".
Customize your step count goal
Samsung Health's step count goal is optimized to fit your fitness goals and profile. If you find that a goal is too easy or too hard then you can change it by tapping on the 'Step count' tile within the app. From there, tap on the menu button and then 'set target'. When you're there, swipe either left or right on the number bar to increase or decrease your goal.
Pause your step count
You may find it very useful and important to track the steps you take throughout your day, so you can stay fit. However, the app can count 'steps' even if you are riding a bike or a car at slow speeds. Because of it, it is recommended to disable your Samsung health app under those specific situations.
Subsequently, you can temporarily stop your Samsung health from counting steps by heading to the steps page within your app and tapping on the menu icon. Select the option 'Pause counting steps and after doing so, you will see a notification informing you that the feature has been paused. To unpause it when you have finished your bike or car ride, just repeat the same steps to enable it again.
Steps on your phone's notification panel
As indicated by Amboy Manalo, "You don't need to be a race-walking champion to appreciate the ability to quickly view your current step count without having to open Samsung Health. To display your step counts in your phone's notification panel, open Samsung Health, then tap the menu button in the upper-right and select "Settings." From there, tap on "Show steps on noti. panel" and you're all set".
Step count duel
Yes, Samsung health will allow you to challenge a friend to a Step Duel. As you may know, staying fit needs motivation and having a friendly competition between friends or relatives can contribute to having a positive mindset and keeping yourself motivated. Moreover, Samsung has thought about this and it has a feature that lets you challenge friends, family or even strangers to a one-on-one step count competition.
You may wonder, how can I do it? Well, it is fairly easy. You just need to add a new challenge within the 'Together' page of the Samsung Health app, name the challenge and invite a friend to join the match.
Participating in global challenges
Additional to the one-on-one step count matches, we can find another option or feature as Global Challenges regularly. You can join to see how well other fitness enthusiasts across the world are doing. To enter a Global Challenge, simply hit the 'Together' tab at the button of your app and then hit 'join' on any of the available challenges.
What if I have a Galaxy Watch?
If you have a Galaxy Watch then you need to know that those devices count the number of steps you have taken and measure the distance travelled.
As indicated on the official Samsung website, "To measure your step count and the distance you walk, tap the Samsung Health icon on the Apps screen, swipe upwards or downwards on the screen, and then open the Step Tracker screen. To view weekly records with a graph, swipe upwards or downwards on the screen".
When measuring your steps, the step tracker will monitor your steps and display the step count after a brief delay because your watch (i.e. Galaxy Watch Active) can accurately recognise your movement after you walk for a while. Additionally, for an accurate step count, you may experience a brief delay before the pop-up window indicates that a certain goal has been reached.
However, consider that the use of the step tracker may be influenced by travelling by car or train and even the vibration may affect your step count.
Tracking your workouts
You may have started to consider improving your health by increasing your physical activity or perhaps you are already used to it but just want to track it down. Samsung Health was created to facilitate the tracking of physical activities where you can even log your workout routines.
The Samsung Health or the Health app, has become one of the most comprehensive health apps that exist in the market. "It sports advanced features like one-on-one challenges and heart rate monitoring, but its basic functionality is perhaps even more important — like any good fitness app, Samsung Health lets you record your exercises with ease, so you spend less time finagling with your device and more time working out (Manalo, 2018)".
Selecting a workout
To select a workout, simply tap on the 'exercise' tile and then choose the type of exercise you prefer from the list of options provided. From there, just tap the 'Basic Workout' drop-down menu and choose a recording method.
In addition to selecting your workout, you can also choose a method to record it. There are three basics modes to record your exercise:
 - Duration target: this mode challenges you to exercise within a set amount of time while recording all the calories that you are burning.
 - Burned calorie target: this mode pushes you to burn a set amount of calories while taking into consideration the time spent.
 - Basic workout: this mode simply records the time and the calories burned.
Why is this blog about How does Samsung Health measure distance walked important?
Samsung Health measures distance but as we have mentioned, the exercise section for the Samsung health app doesn't seem to help track movements but the app can provide rich information about your exercise routine history and will even encourage you as you are working out.
Additionally, it will tell you your pace and distance while you can also have the option to listen to your favourite music with the app as you work out.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about How does Samsung Health measure distance walked
Is Samsung health walking accurate?
Samsung Health will track your walking distance and the accuracy will depend on the sensitivity of the sensor or pedometer, along with other built-in sensors that will help to detect your pace, elevation and determine the calories burned. The pedometer for Samsung Health is said to have +/- 5 steps out of 200 steps accurate.
Does Samsung health use GPS?
The Samsung Health app can work without a GPS, so it doesn't use it for step counting but it could be needed for other features such as displaying on the map the distance followed for running or working out.
How does Samsung health track steps?
Samsung health track steps by displaying them in your notification panel. Simply open your app and tap the menu button that appears in the upper-right and select the option 'settings'. From there, just tap on 'Show steps on notification panel' and that will be all.
Does Samsung health automatically track steps?
Samsung phones are capable of tracking a user's steps through the S Health app with OS Android 5.0 Kit Kat or higher. Non-Samsung phones are capable of tracking a user's steps through the Google Fit app.
How many miles are 10000 steps?
A 10000 steps count is believed to be around 5 miles calculated if we consider that the average person has a stride length of approx. 2.1 to 2.5 feet. This means that an average person takes over 2.000 steps to walk one mile and 10.000 steps would be almost 5 miles.
Manalo, A. (2018, Dec.) 15 Tips to Help You Get the Most Out of Samsung Health. Retrieved from
Manalo, A. (2018, Dec.) Track Your Workouts with Samsung Health. Retrieved from "How do I use the Samsung Health features?"
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text: I Am Not Inarticulate is a documentary project that seeks to shed light on a community of beings that are often misunderstood and misheard. Unable to excel or even participate in the most necessary of human traits, their shared disability of stuttering places them in a stagnant position. Though the knowledge of communication exists and has potential, it is disclosed in fragments that leaves the result in a state of alteration. All with varying degrees of stuttering, they all exist as constructions of how their struggle has shaped and identified them, in terms of how they view themselves and how others perceive them. Constricted by their limitations, many of them experience moments in time where all control is lost. Their interest in participating as a member of a stuttering association comes as a result of this loss of control, with a desire to take it back. This body of work utilizes the stillness and silence of the photographic medium in an attempt to display the banality of the issue based on what can only be seen, allowing the viewer to make assumptions and connections based on thematic context.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Yes, lush is a Scrabble word!
Lush is a valid Scrabble word.
Table of Contents
Dictionary definitions of the word 'lush'
The meaning of lush
4 definitions of the word 'lush'.
 1. Produced or growing in extreme abundance
 2. Characterized by extravagance and profusion
 3. Full of juice
 1. A person who drinks alcohol to excess habitually
What Scrabble words can I make with the letters in lush?
4 Letter Words
2 Letter Words
1 Anagram of Lush
Anagrams are sometimes called a Word Unscramble
Words that can be created with an extra letter added to lush:
Unscramble the letters in lush
There are 11 words that can be made by adding another letter to 'lush'.
More words that can be made using the letters in lush


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Norwich Cathedral and its Close are of such immense historic importance that in addition to normal controls the buildings and below-ground archaeology have additional protection. This page summarises some of the key aspects of the historic environment designations.
The Cathedral Measure, as introduced in 1990 and amended in 2005, has the same weight as an Act of Parliament, and makes numerous provisions for, and requirements of, the Anglican cathedrals of England. The Measure applies to the area within the designated precinct – the boundary often known as the 'green line' – and requires the approval from the Cathedrals Fabric Commission for works than have an impact on the fabric of the cathedral, its setting, or archaeological remains within the designated precinct; and for sale, loan or disposal of objects. The role of the Cathedrals Fabric Commission is especially important for the Cathedral church and cloisters at Norwich since these lie within an area of Ecclesiastical Exemption and, as such, are exempt from secular historic building controls. Of course, some works are minor and are better decided at local level: for this reason the Measure provided for a Fabric Advisory Committee of more local experts at each cathedral. Amongst its provisions the Measure also requires that each cathedral appoint a Cathedral Archaeologist – that is, an external consultant with expertise in the historic buildings and below-ground archaeology of the Cathedral and its precinct.
Norwich Cathedral has three buildings within the designated precinct that are scheduled under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. These Scheduled Monuments comprise the Erpringham gate, the Ethelbert gate and the water gate (or Pull's Ferry). The approval of English Heritage is required for works that affect these gatehouses.
Many of the buildings and monuments in the Close are formally listed as being of architectural importance, and protected under the Planning (Conservation Areas and Listed Buildings) Act 1990. There are sixty-five listed buildings or groups of buildings ('buildings' here includes statues and lengths of the precinct wall) of which five are Grade I, forty-three are Grade II* and seventeen are Grade II. Works to listed buildings in the Close often require consent from Norwich City Council and the Department of Culture, Media and Sport/English Heritage.
The entire designated precinct of Norwich Cathedral falls within the City Centre conservation area, established by Norwich City Council under the Planning (Conservation Areas and Listed Buildings) Act 1990. Due to the other designations for and in the Close – especially the presence of so many listed buildings and the designation of the precinct under the Cathedral Measure – conservation area status has perhaps less importance than elsewhere, but, for example, its provisions with regard to trees and alterations to unlisted buildings do apply.


To discuss how innovation systems can help achieve sustainability, we wish to bring together people from different communities and hopefully go beyond the usual confrontations to make a global review of the current situation.
To facilitate exchange, the symposium will be organized in such a way as to:
 - Encourage dialogue between researchers of Northern and Southern countries,
 - Develop linkages between life sciences, technical sciences and social sciences,
 - Create an interface between science and society to get different actors involved in the scientific debate.
The symposium thus intends to provide an arena to reflect upon future choices, design appropriate scientific agendas, and help renew actions and policies.


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Fascination on Poinsettia
During the production of potted plants, various growth-regulating chemicals are used to manage plant height. Fascination (cytokinin/gibberellic acid, Valent USA Corp.) is a product that can be used to increase stem elongation on a wide range of crops and to prevent lower leaf yellowing during the production of lilies. The active ingredients in Fascination are gibberellins (A4+A7) and cytokinins, both of which are natural plant hormones.
Fascination can be used by poinsettia growers to increase plant height and bract size. This tool is especially useful to overcome stunted growth following an excessive application of a plant growth retarding chemical. For example, Bonzi (paclobutrazol, Syngenta Professional Products) is often used as a drench during poinsettia production to reduce unwanted stem elongation late in the crop. If Bonzi (or another growth-retarding chemical) is applied too early in the crop schedule, or at an excessive rate, bract size can be reduced.
For the past two years, we have conducted trials to determine the best application rate and timing to apply Fascination during poinsettia production. We also evaluated if Fascination could be used to increase bract size. This article presents research-based information on how to use Fascination on poinsettias treated with or without an early Bonzi drench. Results were similar in both years, so data from the second year are presented for simplicity.
'Freedom Red' poinsettia plants were delivered from Henry Mast Greenhouses, Byron Center, Mich., to Michigan State University (MSU) floriculture research greenhouses in September 2004. Plants were grown in 6-inch-round plastic containers filled with a commercial soilless medium (Suremix; Michigan Grower Products, Inc.) and were pinched to the sixth node from the soil level at Henry Mast Greenhouses. At MSU, plants were grown in a glass-glazed greenhouse with a constant temperature setpoint of 68¡ F. The photoperiod was maintained at nine hours throughout the experiment by pulling opaque black cloth from 5 p.m. to 8 a.m. We performed two experiments to determine the effects of Fascination on poinsettias with and without a Bonzi drench application. In both experiments, a single foliar spray of Fascination (2 quarts per 100 sq.ft.) was made on varying dates for ç each treatment. A surfactant (Capsil, The Scotts Company LLC) was included in all spray applications at a rate of 16 oz. per 100 gal.
In our first experiment, Fascination was applied on one of five application dates (from 10 days before first color to 30 days after first color) and at 3 or 6 ppm, according to the experimental protocol (see Figure 1, page 66). In the second experiment, plants received a drench application of Bonzi at 2 ppm at bract color (October 14). The drench rate was high, and the timing was late in the crop cycle to intentionally elicit a decrease in bract size. For comparison, some plants were not treated with Bonzi and are referred to as "control, without Bonzi drench." Following the Bonzi drench, Fascination was applied at one of three application times (10-30 days after bract color) and at 3, 5 or 10 ppm, according to the experimental protocol (see Figure 2, page 66). There were 10 plants in each treatment.
For each treatment, plant height was measured on the day preceding the Fascination application and seven days after the application. Plant height was measured for each plant from the base of the pot to the apex of the shoot. Plant height measurements of the control treatment were taken on Oct. 14 and Nov. 20, 2004 (37 days apart).
At anthesis, the three largest branches were removed from each plant, and the five largest bracts per branch were detached (15 bracts per plant). The area of each bract was measured using a leaf area meter, and the total surface area of the selected bracts was calculated for each plant.
Increasing plant height. In both experiments, the timing of the Fascination application influenced the magnitude of stem elongation of 'Freedom Red'. Fascination applied 10 days after bract color or 10 days after a Bonzi drench resulted in the largest height increase. For example, Fascination applied 10 days following the Bonzi drench increased the average plant height by 1.7, 1.4 and 2.2 inches when used at 3, 5 and 10 ppm, respectively (see Figure 3, page 68). Fascination applied 20 days after a Bonzi drench had a smaller promotion of stem extension (less than 0.9 inches), and an application 30 days after a Bonzi drench had little or no effect on increasing plant height. Higher application rates of Fascination generally produced a similar or greater increase in stem elongation compared to lower rates.
Increasing bract area. The timing of the Fascination application influenced the final bract size of poinsettia in our study. A single application of Fascination 20-30 days after bract color or after a Bonzi drench resulted in the largest bract area. For example, in our first experiment, Fascination applied 30 days after bract color at a rate of 6 ppm increased bract area by about 15 percent compared to nontreated plants (see Figure 4A, left). Fascination applied at first bract color at rates of 3 or 6 ppm had the smallest effect on final bract area.
In our second experiment, the application of Fascination 20 days after a Bonzi drench increased bract area by 29 percent compared to control plants treated with the Bonzi drench alone (see Figure 5A, page 70). There was not a significant difference in bract area between plants treated 20 days after a Bonzi drench and control plants that did not receive a Bonzi application (see Figure 6, page 71). Bract size was similar or slightly larger at higher ç Fascination application rates compared to lower rates.
Increasing bract size relative to plant height. An objective of a Fascination application, with or without a Bonzi drench, is to increase bract size with little or no increase in plant height. Therefore, we calculated the ratio of bract area to height increase for each plant. A high ratio indicates a greater increase in bract size relative to the increase in plant height (usually desirable). A low ratio indicates a greater effect on plant height relative to bract size (usually undesirable).
The timing of the Fascination application influenced the ratio of bract area to height increase. In both experiments, the largest ratio (most desirable) occurred when Fascination was applied 30 days after bract color at 3 or 6 ppm (see Figures 4B and 5B, pages 69 and 70). An earlier application (10 days after bract color) had a smaller effect on bract size relative to the increase in plant height.
Our results indicate that Fascination can be used by poinsettia growers to increase plant height and promote bract expansion, especially on plants that have reduced bract size from an excessive or late growth retardant application. When warranted, we suggest applying Fascination as a spray at a rate of 3-5 ppm using a volume of 2 quarts per 100 sq.ft.
The amount of stem elongation and bract expansion from a Fascination spray depended on the time of application. If an increase in plant height is desired, then Fascination could be used before or soon after first color. During this time, a single spray application at 3-5 ppm increased plant height by 1-2 inches. A later application (20 or 30 days after bract color) produced little or no increase in plant height.
If an increase in bract size is desired, our results indicate that the best time to apply Fascination is 20-30 days after bract color. This late application will also have a smaller effect on increasing plant height. In addition, we noticed that late applications of Fascination made bract surfaces appear smoother and reduced bract crinkling. We did not observe any effect on bract color, although growers have reported that Fascination can slightly lighten the bract color.
In some cases, a second Fascination spray may be required to achieve the desired elongation effects. We suggest waiting at least 10 days between spray applications. Frequent applications and high rates can produce an undesirable spacing between the bracts. As with all plant growth regulators, we encourage growers to perform their own trials on a small scale to determine desirable rates for their growing conditions and for each poinsettia variety.
Matthew Blanchard is a graduate assistant, Mike Olrich is a greenhouse technician and Erik Runkle is an assistant professor and floriculture extension specialist in the Department of Horticulture at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich. Runkle can be reached by phone at _PHONE_ or E-mail at _EMAIL_.


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Home > News > Disentangling thin polymer films
April 6th, 2005
Disentangling thin polymer films
Richard Jones: Many of the most characteristic properties of polymer materials like plastics come from the fact that their long chain molecules get tangled up. Entanglements between different polymer chains behave like knots, which make a polymer liquid behave like a solid over quite perceptible time scales, just like silly putty. The results of a new experiment show that when you make the polymer film very thin - thinner than an individual polymer molecule - the chains become less entangled with each other, with significant effects on their mechanical properties.
Lifeboat publishes its first book: The Lifeboat Foundation has published its first book, "The Human Race to the Future: What Could Happen -- and What to Do" May 14th, 2013
UC Santa Barbara History Professor's Book Elucidates, Celebrates 'Visioneers' May 14th, 2013
Conceptual Nanomedical Lipofuscin Removal Strategy April 29th, 2013
The Global Desalination Market 2013-2023 April 24th, 2013


Article ID : S500024724 / Last Modified : 11/04/2018
How do I use Share Charm in Windows 8?
How do I use Share Charm in Windows 8?
 The Share Charm allows you to quickly share files and information with people you know or send info to another app, without having to exit to the App you are currently using. Examples of using the Share Charm are emailing photos to someone or posting an article to Facebook.
 The share Charm is available from anywhere in the system, but it can only be used to the Apps that supports Sharing.
 To use the Share Charm:
 1. Open a file or information you want to Share. For example, using the Photos App, select one of the Photos you have.
 Note: If you have not selected any item, Windows 8 will display a message that there's nothing to share and asks you to select an app and try again.
 2. Move your mouse from the top or bottom-right corner of the screen, and then click on Share charm from the Charms bar.
 3. Choose which app to share with, and then follow the on-screen instructions. For example, choose Email app if you want to email the photo you've selected.


The study of rhythmic electrical activity in slice preparations has generated important insights into neural network function. While the synaptic mechanisms involved in the generation of in vitro network oscillations have been studied widely, little is known about the modulatory influence exerted on rhythmic activity in neuronal networks by neuropeptides and biogenic amines. Gamma oscillations play an important role in cognitive processes and are altered or disrupted in disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia. Given the importance of gamma oscillations for learning, memory and cognition processes as well as the recent interest in histamine H3 receptors in the development of pro-cognitive drugs to treat disorders such as AD and schizophrenia, it is relevant to study the impact of histaminergic mechanisms on network gamma oscillations. Here we show for the first time a modulation of gamma oscillation by histaminergic mechanisms. Selective activation of the H3 receptor by R-α-methylhistamine significantly reduces the power of kainate-induced gamma oscillations, but not carbachol-induced gamma oscillations, in the rat hippocampal slice preparation without affecting oscillation frequency. This effect is neither caused by a decrease in excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic currents, nor a decrease in cellular excitability. Instead, we find that the decrease in oscillation power following H3 receptor activation results from a desynchronization of pyramidal neuron action potential firing with regard to the local field potential oscillation cycle. Our data provide a possible mechanism of action for histamine in regulating gamma oscillations in the hippocampal network.


Mercedes-Benz Museum in Baden-Württemberg, Germany - get details, & find more attractions to visit nearby
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Mercedes-Benz Museum
Mercedesstraße 100, 70372 Stuttgart, Germany
Notable Architectures
About Mercedes-Benz Museum
Covers the history of the Mercedes-Benz brand and the brands associated with it. The museum contains more than 160 vehicles, some dating back to the very earliest days of the motorcar engine.
Attractions near Mercedes-Benz Museum
Wilhelma2.61km from Mercedes-Benz Museum
Spread in an area of about 30 hectares (0.30 km2), it houses around 11,500 animals from around the world composed of roughly 1,200 species and roughly 6000 plants from all climates. Wilhelma receives gorilla juveniles rejected by their mother and reared by the zookeepers. At age 2-3, the gorillas are sent back to their original zoo(s).
Built by King William I of Württemberg to house the remains his second wife, Catherine Pavlovna of Russia. The remains of William I, Catherine, and their daughter Maria Friederike Charlotte, are housed in the mausoleum.
New Palace3.98km from Mercedes-Benz Museum
18th-century Baroque palace and is one of the last large city palaces built in Southern Germany. Public tours of the building are only permitted by special arrangement, as the building contains some government offices. The palace is located in Schlossplatz, the largest square in Stuttgart.
Old Castle4.16km from Mercedes-Benz Museum
The castle, dating back to the 10th century was originally surrounded by water. It was the residence of the Counts and later some Dukes of Württemberg. King Charles I of Württemberg and his wife Olga are buried beneath the castle church.
Fernsehturm Stuttgart4.82km from Mercedes-Benz Museum
A 216.61 m (710.7 ft) telecommunications tower. It is the first telecommunications tower in the world constructed from reinforced concrete, and it is the prototype for many such towers worldwide.
Porsche Museum7.86km from Mercedes-Benz Museum
With a display area covers 5600 square metres, it features over 80 exhibits, many rare cars and a variety of historical models.
Where is Mercedes-Benz Museum
Discover more attractions in Baden-Württemberg, where Mercedes-Benz Museum is located
Baden-Württemberg50 attractions
Germany's third largest state. Most of the major cities of Baden-Württemberg straddle the banks of the Neckar River, which runs downstream (from southwest to the center, then northwest) through the state past Tübingen, Stuttgart, Heilbronn, Heidelberg, and Mannheim.


text:
About these proceedings
Nonlinearity and stochastic structural dynamics is of common interest to engineers and applied scientists belonging to many disciplines. Recent research in this area has been concentrated on the response and stability of nonlinear mechanical and structural systems subjected to random escitation. Simultaneously the focus of research has also been directed towards understanding intrinsic nonlinear phenomena like bifurcation and chaos in deterministic systems. These problems demand a high degree of sophistication in the analytical and numerical approaches. At the same time they arise from considerations of nonlinear system response to turbulence, earthquacke, wind, wave and guidancy excitations. The topic thus attracts votaries of both analytical rigour and practical applications.
This books gives important and latest developments in the field presenting in a coherent fashion the research findings of leading international groups working in the area of nonlinear random vibration and chaos.
Fokker-Planck equation LDA friction stability stochastic process torsion vibration


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It's rare that scientists see the good in invasive species. But at Washington University's Tyson Research Center, researchers have discovered something positive about a non-native mosquito.
Tyson's 2,000 acres allow faculty, staff, and students from all over the globe to study a variety of environmental disciplines, including sustainable operations,
They discovered that the native mosquitoes were susceptible to a species-specific type of parasite that greatly impaired their development. But when the non-native species was present, it reduced the prevalence of the parasite in the native mosquitoes from 72-90% to 13-27%. This occurred through something called "encounter reduction." Simply put, the non-native species ingests the parasite before it reaches the native species.
Kim Medley, director of the Tyson Research Center and a leading expert on mosquito research, notes that studies like these can broadly inform how infectious disease manifests and changes along with changes in biodiversity. The concepts can then be applied to numerous systems, including infectious disease in humans.


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Causes Of Dog Vomit
You could have introduced a new dog food to your dog which as certain chemicals which may trigger negative effects on your dog. Naturally the dog's body will try to dispense this foreign substance from the system by vomiting.
This is normally caused by the rota virus in dogs. Symptoms of this will include; inflammation of the intestines and in severe cases, dysfunction in the intestinal walls and vomiting. The rotavirus is transmitted through contact with contaminated fecal matter. Some dogs will eat other dogs feces as well as their own.
Eating Rotting Food or Garbage
Not because the animal is a dog means that it's body is immune to disgusting things. Dogs that eat rotten food and garbage may develop viral infections in the stomach, this will also trigger your dog to vomit.
Many other illness are contributing factors to your dog vomiting, illnesses such as pancreatitis, liver and kidney disease, ulcers, inflammation of the animals bowel. Your dog will also throw up bile if he/she has not been fed for a good while and the stomach is filled with bile, it may be upsetting to the dog and hence trigger vomiting.
Types Of Dog Vomit
- I noticed one of my dogs was eating grass one day and that was nothing usual. Dogs will eat grass when they sometimes have an unsettled stomach. The next day she was on the porch and she began to throw up green vomit. It was filled with grass and green plant material. Although green vomit is often caused by mucous in the pet's body. but if your dog has eaten green houseplants or grass, he is likely to throw up green vomit.
- If you check and see a yellow foamy type of vomit, it may be a sign that the dog is vomiting bile. Bile can become irritating to the dog's stomach if the dog has been hungry for a long time. It will dispense this bile..
Dog Vomit White Foamy
- This could be a result of your dog eating what he/she should not have eaten in the first place. This may include things like, rotting food, or ingesting a foreign object or dangerous toxins such as poison or insect sprays.
What To Do When Your Dog Vomits
- Ensure that the dog is given cool fresh water.
- Collect the vomit and have it tested.
- If the vomit is green, keep the animal away from household plants and trim your lawn.
- examine the dogs stomach area for any sort of swelling. If found, bring the animal to the vet immediately.
- If the dog is vomiting bile, provide the animal with small portions of food.
- Provide non-allergic food for your dog. (try raw food or semi-cooked meat for your dog)
- If the animal vomits 3 days in a row. Take it to the vet.
For simple cases, the vet may put the animal on a couple days of antibiotics and probably prescribe a change in diet for a while. If there are serious cases, it may require other actions to be undertaken by the vet.


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What are the risks of connecting to a hidden network?
A hidden network is a wireless network that is set to not broadcast its name (or service set identifier (SSID)). Normally, wireless networks broadcast their name, and your computer "listens" for the name of the network that it wants to connect to. Since a hidden network doesn't broadcast, your computer can't find it, so the network has to find your computer. For this to happen, your computer must broadcast both the name of the network it's looking for and its own name. In this situation, other computers "listening" for networks will know the name of your computer as well as the network you're connected to, which increases the risk of your computer being attacked.
Whenever possible, always connect to wireless networks that are set to broadcast and have some form of security. For more information, see How do I know if a wireless network is secure?.


Advantages & Disadvantages Of Mechanical Keyboard: Explained
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Mechanical Keyboard
Whether it is about their precision-engineered keycaps or their high-end switches, mechanical gaming keyboards have turned the spotlight towards them lately.
The market is witnessing new varieties of space-saving designs from this keyboard niche to take the gaming experience to an elite level.
Some brands even go one step forward to offer durable metal construction coupled with crystal clear uniform backlighting to dominate their presence in the gaming market.
However, amongst all these hypes, intelligent users don't forget to question the real worth of these mechanical keyboards.
The forums are getting flooded with queries on these keyboards durability under tough gaming conditions.
Indeed mechanical keyboards cost way more than standard keyboardsthat put first-time buyers even in more difficult situations while choosing the right one.
So, let's ease this out. Let's have a basic understanding of what these keyboards are, and some pros and cons further to address your concerns.
What is a Mechanical Keyboard?
Mechanical keyboards use physical mechanisms to operate. While membrane keyboards use rubber-domes beneath the keys, mechanical keyboards include spring-attached mechanical switches.
When you press a key, the spring touches the circuit, which signals the circuit to register a keystroke.
Alternatively, in membrane keyboards, you will find a rubber dome beneath the keys.
Since both keyboards consist of the same type of keycaps, you might not recognize the difference with bare eyes.
However, if you use them, you can clearly feel the immaculate difference between them both.
Mechanical keyboards come with varieties, all targeted to the specific use of the user.
Linear Switches
Linear Switche
Keyboard with linear switches simply goes up and down, without generating any clicky noise or feedback.
It allows you to reach faster actuation with smooth keystrokes with each keypress. For gaming, you can go for them.
Tactile Switches
Tactile Switche
Keyboard with tactile switches makes you feel a noticeable bump on your finger when you press a key.
The bumpy feeling helps you get the idea that your device has registered a key. Moreover, it also helps in limiting bottoms out.
For examplewhen you use membrane keys, you have to press more to register a key. Pressing a key too hard makes them bottom out, leading to technical issues.
Since tactile switches register keystrokes faster, such issues never usually occur in mechanical keyboards.
Clicky Switches
Clicky Switche
Such switches offer the same benefits as tactile switches plus offering a unique clicky sound when activated. The click sound is an extra addition to the tactile feedback.
Meaning, you get more response to a keypress, leading to more accuracy in typing and gaming.
Apart from technical differences, you will have other variances in mechanical keyboards like wired/wireless, tenkeyless, detachable wrist rests, and many more.
Advantages of Mechanical Keyboard
1. Better typing and gaming performance
Any professional programmer or gamer will surely prefer mechanical keyboards in terms of speed and precision.
Usually, in a membrane keyboard, you need to reach at least 4mm of actuation point to register a keypress.
However, in mechanical keyboards, the number goes down to less than 2 mm. With such advantages of a mechanical keyboard, you have to apply less pressure to achieve accuracy.
Therefore, once you get familiar with the new mechanism of a mechanical keyboard, you can type twice as fast in the long run.
The actuation force used to register a key in membrane keyboards is usually lower than mechanical keyboards.
However, as we mentioned earlier, the actuation point in the membrane remains twice as higher as mechanical ones.
As a result, in membrane keyboards, you have to apply more pressure to register a key, which messes up the whole ergonomics.
Therefore, people working with rubber dome keyboards often end up with finger fatigue within a small duration.
2. Customizable
Typing style of a person varies from person to person. For examplePeople with big fingers tend to make typing errors compare to people with smaller hands.
However, this rule does not apply to everyone. Therefore, manufacturers of mechanical keyboards allow you to customize your keyboard according to your typing style, hand size, and force you utilize while typing.
i. Scenario 1: Big hands – Many Misclicks
If you have big hands and often make typing mistakes, then you can go for keyboards with activation points higher than 2mm. Actually, the farther you keep the activation point, the more you have to press to activate the key.
Also, make sure the operation force of the keyboard remains 55cN or higher. This works great if you tend to apply more pressure while typing.
In other words, you have to put slightly more pressure to activate a key, which helps you avoid misclicks.
You might be thinkingwhy not go for membrane keyboards as they provide higher actuation points. In reality, a higher activation point alone cannot help you reduce your misclicks, you also need a keyboard that accommodates heavy operating force.
Since membrane keyboards contain rubber domes and lightweight bodies, they simply cannot withstand heavy operating force in the long run.
ii. Scenario 2: Big hands – light typing habit
If you have large hands but type lighter, then you can enhance your typing speed and accuracy by switching to mechanical keyboards with activation points around 1.4 or higher.
Considering your light typing skills, we can assume that you have already learned how to control the strength of your fingers. Therefore, you can restrict the operating force from 55 to 75 cN.
Also, as a light typing, the chance of the key's bottom out remains minimal. You have the natural tendency to identify the bump during keypress and move to the next key. Therefore, you can go for tactile or clicky switches.
iii. Scenario 3: Small to medium size hands – Bottoms out
If you have small to medium-size hands, but still face bottoms out issues, then consider buying speed switches. These switches are great for gaming as well as for typing. These switches come with a short activation point, enabling the device to register keypress faster than ever.
iv. Scenario 4: Heavy smashers
If you love or can't help but put excessive pressure on keyboards, then simply go for mechanical keyboards with an operating force higher than 75cN.
3. Economical In The Long Run
With membrane keyboards, you cannot make such critical customization. However, with mechanical keyboards you can remove your key switches and replace them with other switches in the future.
For exampleif a key of your mechanical keyboard stops working after a few years, then you don't have to throw the whole thing away. You just have to buy a new key, pull the old key, and replace it with the new key. This is also beneficial in cases where you want to upgrade the tactile force and actuation force of your keyboard.
4. Durable
Apart from offering a 50 – 100 keystrokes lifecycle, mechanical keyboards come with a highly durable build and superior technology.
Most mechanical keyboards feature heavy-duty materials like ABS and aircraft-grade anodized aluminum. In addition to that, mechanical keyboards also include advanced dust-proof and spill-resistant features that add a few more years to it.
5. Anti-Ghosting property
The Anti-ghosting technology is among the top advantages of mechanical keyboards you will receive as a programmer/gamer. If you do not know, ghosting refers to the process when your keyboard fails to recognize a few keys when you press them together.
Such circumstances often occur when you type faster. With anti-ghosting, you get more precision with typing, leading to fewer typing errors. Besides, mechanical keyboards offer super durability as they often come with a hard metal, dust-proof and spill-resistant body.
Disadvantages of Mechanical Keyboard
Every product comes with some downside and mechanical keyboards are no exception.
1. A bit loud
If you are using a mechanical keyboard for the first time, then you might feel distracted by the noise. Most mechanical keyboards such as tactile and clicky switches often can be a bit louder than other keyboards. If you cannot bear the noise, you can go for silent models or use O-rings to decrease the sound.
2. Heavy
Any keyboard with a durable body and mechanical key switches will feel heavy on the hands. However, considering its lightning-fast response, you would hardly feel the weight, unless you decide to keep the keyboard on your lap instead.
3. Expensive
Mechanical keyboards are usually expensive when compared to membrane keyboards. Any good quality keyboard with a durable body, RGB lighting, and genuine MX switches will cost you $100 at a minimum. Meanwhile, you will also find some quality mechanical keyboards under $40.
How long do mechanical keyboards last?
A mechanical keyboard lasts around 10 years on average. However, the longevity of a mechanical keyboard completely depends upon your usage rate and maintenance. Generally, a mechanical keyboard comes with a life of around 50-100 million keystrokes, which counts as 10-20 times a regular membrane keyboard.
Several factors come to play while deciding the lifecycle of a mechanical keyboard. However, the major factor behind a long-lasting mechanical keyboard remains its strong key switches. For exampleeach key switch stays independent of each other, unlike the rubber dome from the membrane keyboard.
Most mechanical keyboards are repairable & upgradable, which means, with regular maintenance you can enhance its lifecycle even further.
Is a mechanical keyboard better for programming?
In one word, yes, mechanical keyboards offer the best programming experience you will ever have. Whether it's due to lack of marketing or too much focus on the gaming industry, most people consider mechanical keyboards as a gaming device. However, to bust the myth


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I have a point at which there are (at least) two different forces (gravity to be precise) working. How do I combine those so that the force acting on the point are as realistic as possible?
To put the question into context: I have a small object which is attracted by two other large objects (that's the only direction I look at the problem, the large objects are not attracted by the small object). The force from that attraction is calculated by Newton's law of universal gravitation. So basically I have two vectors which represent those two gravitational forces. Currently I just sum those vectors up, but that seems kind of wrong.
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Assuming that when you say I just sum those vectors up you mean vector addition ( you are calculating the total force correctly. – John Rennie Aug 30 '13 at 15:09
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Why is your intuition telling you this is wrong? If it's just because it is "too easy", consider that often the simplest solution is the most correct - unless you have some physical argument against a simple solution that seems to work, don't dismiss it.
More specifically about your particular example, if I pull you to the left with a 100N force and someone else pulls you to the right with a 100N force, what do you expect will happen?
As John Rennie mentions in his comment, vector addition is exactly the way you should combine forces.
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That comes as a surprise. Then there seems to be something wrong in the way I display or store those vectors(it's only in part a physics problem). I really thought the underlying physics would be faulty. Thanks for the kind words of advice! – Brewer Gorge Aug 30 '13 at 16:27
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In today's world, almost everything is powered using electricity. Power can be generated from renewable and non-renewable resources, but the generation of electricity from a renewable resource is more reliable and less harmful than the non-renewable resource. Harmful gases like carbon-di-oxide and methane are emitted into the atmosphere in the process of electricity generation using non-renewable resources.
The generation of electricity from the sun using solar panels is the most promising way to fulfill the global energy need. Solar power is a renewable source of energy which is abundantly available in nature thus it can be utilized in a good way for power generation. Solar panels turn the light(photons) from the sun to electricity.
But the efficiency of solar panels is affected by environmental effects like dust accumulation, temperature, and humidity. The cleaning of these panels is done manually. The manual cleaning has the following drawbacks like damage of panels, injuries to people and movement difficulties. By using an Automated robot for cleaning the solar panel increases efficiency when compared to conventional cleaning methods without any major drawbacks.
In this project, Arduino UNO microcontroller board is used to program the robot. The following are the components used to build the setup.
Arduino UNO: It is a microcontroller board based on ATmega328P. It is an open-source electronics prototyping platform that allows the user to generate interactive electronic projects. It is programmed using Arduino IDE by connecting it to a computer through a cable.
DC motor: It converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. DC motor is used to move the robot and to rotate the wiper.
Frame: The frame is designed based on the solar panel dimension and all the other components are attached to this frame.
Motor Driver: It is a current amplifier used to convert low-current signal to high-current signal.
The frame is build based on the solar panel dimension. Cleaning brush or wiper is attached to the motor that moves along the length of the solar panel in the vertical direction results in mopping action, which cleans the panel. The frame also consists of another motor which helps in the linear motion of the robot. So that all the surface of the solar panel is covered. The movement of the robot is achieved with the help of DC motors coupled with Gears and wheels. Arduino board is used to control the rotation of wiper and the movement of the robot.
By using robots to clean the panel reduces the threat to human life and it can be installed for rooftop solar panels as well thus it is difficult to access for cleaning.Kit required to develop Solar panel cleaning robot:


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*Foot Note 1
The former punishment is little heard of today, due to the fact it proved to be an ineffective deterrent to offenders. The reasons for this inefficiency are still hotly debated amongst historians today. One groups argues that people were not afraid to have their checkers boards removed due to the more than adequate supply on the black market. Another group argues that the reason for the Cheka's reluctance to confiscate playing boards was that they themselves considered it such a heinous crime that they were unable to bring themselves to enact this punishment. Both schools of thought do acknowledge, however, that the Cheka did carry out this punishment at least several times and it was enough for the people of Russia created a solution: they used leftover junk lying around the factories and famrs to create improvised checkers sets. Due to the varying sizes of objects that could be acquired, often larger than a standard droughts set, this game became known as гигантские контролеры (giant checkers). These 'giant' playing boards would later spread to Germany post World War One, where it would be developed into riesiges Schach (giant chess). Come 1939 this would sweep through Europe.
A third small (yet vocal) minority, argue that this is just a load of s%&#.
edit **Foot Note 2
André De Voulin, the reigning French champion, had been in a bad position against the up-and-coming American David Lee Smith. Suddenly, after a half-hour considering his position De Voulin stormed out of the room, declaring "c'est connerie". Unfortunately, due to the ruling of 1462 (where Vlad 'the crusher' Isengorph had won the championship by stabbing his opponent and claiming he had forfeited), it was necessary to have the opponent's agreement to officially count a forfeit. This then became one of only eleven drawn checkers world championships recorded.


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Women's eyes are regularly exposed to potential irritants through the use of cosmetics. As eye shadow, mascara and eye liner can breed unseen dirt and bacteria, it is vital to ensure that the products you use to apply and remove your makeup are hygienic to prevent irritation that can cause redness, discomfort and the potential development of an eye infection.
Here are a few tips to help ensure that your beauty routine is safe and hygienic:
- Wash your hands with soap and water before you start and make sure that any applicator you use near your eyes is clean.
- Make sure that the containers housing your products are dirt free and that you don't leave brushes or applicators on a surface where they can pick up germs.
- Avoid dampening or adding saliva to your makeup as this can introduce bacteria and reduce its shelf life.
- Discard any product that you know was exposed to germs or dirty surfaces.
- Steer clear of sharing eye cosmetics, whether it is with family or friends. It is likely to transfer bacteria to your eyes.
- Stay away from testers in stores unless they use single-use applicators or brushes.
- If you wear contact lenses, insert the lenses before applying eye makeup to avoid getting makeup underneath the lens.
It's also important to be aware of injuries that can be caused by applying and removing eye makeup.
- Never apply mascara or eye shadow in a moving vehicle or in a location where a sudden bump will cause the applicator or cosmetic brush to jab your eye and scratch the eye surface. In addition to scratching or injuring your eye, this could allow chemicals to enter the eye and can cause burning and inflammation.
- Don't use your fingers to put on eye makeup as they might accidentally touch the surface of your eye in the process, leading to irritation.
As many cosmetics contain chemicals, it is likely that they will cause irritation if they come into close contact with your eye. This is especially true if a product you use is not intended for use on your eyes (make sure to use your lip liner on your lips and not on your eyes)!
If you do experience redness, irritation, discharge or itching of your eyes, speak to your eye doctor to find out the best way to get relief from your symptoms. Do not apply makeup if your eyes are infected as this will only make the infection worse. If you were diagnosed with an eye infection, dispose the eye makeup previously used as it is contaminated and the infection could recur.
Lastly, follow the manufacturer's recommendations for discarding products such as mascara (which should be changed every few months) and throw away any dried up products. Even though cosmetics can be expensive, it is not worth risking damage to your eyes.


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# Web Application Scenario
This package monitors a Web server Response Time via a scenario (a series of web requests).
This package automatically configures the ServicePilot Agent to collect statistics from a Web Application Scenario using the ServicePilot Agent by checking Server Response Time for a series of web requests.
Network Flows - It is is necessary to ensure network connectivity between ServicePilot and the monitored device. In case of a network infrastructure using a firewall, all the ports below must be opened:
- TCP/80 (Default) (HTTP): Between ServicePilot Agent and Web Server
- ServicePilot Manager minimum version: 8.5
- ServicePilot Agent minimum version: 8.5 installed and configured
Before adding a resource to monitor, make certain that all pre-requisites are in place and that ServicePilot Agent is communicating correctly with the ServicePilot Manager.
Add resource using Views Configuration web interface
- As an administrative user of ServicePilot, open the ServicePilot web interface.
- Navigate to Administration. The Configuration > Views web page will open.
- Click on the view in which to place the new resource in the Views hierarchy on the left of the interface. The View editor section will show the existing view contents.
- From the Packages list on the right of the interface, click and drag the application-web-scenario package into the View editor and let go.
- The Resource properties dialog box will open to allow resource configuration.
- Click OK to close the Resource properties dialog box. Note that the dialog box will not close if required parameters are not set.
- Click Save to apply the new resource to ServicePilot configuration.
- Check if the object has been created in your map and that indicators are populated after a few minutes.
|Object Type||License object Consumed||Condition|
Key field notes
In the Monitoring Policies tab, specify the policy or policies to apply to the resource
Basic Parameters tab:
Scenario Condition: Select if one page or all pages are OK
First URL Parameters: tab:
- First URL: Specify the first URL of the Web site
- HTTPS?: Set it on to use HTTPS instead of HTTP
- HTTP Login: Specify the username
- HTTP Password: Specify the password
- HTTP Mode: Select between GET or POST from the drop down menu
- POST Parameters: (only for POST mode) Specify the required post parameters
Second URL Parameters tab is completed using the same guidelines as for First URL Parameters tab


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We deal with high quality Sillimanite, with the lowest percentage of impurities. Sillimanite or Aluminium Silicate is used as a raw material for high alumina refractories, which are extensively used in Iron and Steel, petrochemicals, Electrical, Cement, Zinc and Glass Industries.
The overall use and demand for Sillimanite group minerals has increased steadily throughout the world over the past few decades.
|A1 Sillimanite – Premium||300 (Grade Sil)|
|A1 Sillimanite – Super||GRADE A1-Sil-T|
Sillimanite is used In:
Refractory products: It is stable in all temperatures up to 1550oC after which it gets converted to mullite.
- High melting point and low coefficient of thermal expansion.
- Low expansion in conversion to mullite: Between the temperatures of 1545oC to 1550oC, as it changes over to mullite there is a permanent expansion of 2-3%. The maximum expansion (rarely observed) by volume noted in sillimanite is 4%, while the linear expansion is less than 1%. As it shows negligible expansion while changing over to mullite, the mineral can be used without pre-calcination.
- There is minimal increase in porosity upon heating, as the volume porosity of grains hardly exceeds 6% after heating. If heating is prolonged, it tends to decrease due to vitrification, and this is a great advantage in all applications in which problems of corrosion and abrasion arise.
- Mechanical strength and toughness, resistance to mechanical shock
- Low electrical conductivity
- It gives a neutral reaction and is resistive to corrosive slags and to oxidizing and reducing conditions. As it is very resistant to glass slag, it has wide application as lining material in glass melting furnace. It is not suitable in iron smelting, however, as iron corrodes it rapidly. As it is also not highly resistant to molten metallic oxides, it is not suitable for metallurgical operations.
Sillimanite in Electrical Components: Sillimanite powder mixed with high-grade china-clay is commonly used in the manufacture of spark plugs and other insulating materials required at high voltages. This combination works well due to its low electrical conductivity and high thermal stability.
Maxworth Minerals produces high purity sillimanite powder containing minimum quantities of iron oxide, which would otherwise alter the electrical conductivity of the product.
Sillimanite in Ceramics: Sillimanite gets calcined into mullite during the firing and this is used in ceramic products. Mullite has two common forms of morphology which are significant for its application. The first is a platelet shape with low aspect ratio and the second form is a needle shape with high aspect ratio. The needle shape mullite can form in the ceramic body during sintering and offers tremendous benefits as the mullite needles interlock to increase the mechanical strength and thermal shock resistance of the ceramic product.
Maxworth Minerals offers high purity sillimanite powder, with minimum basic impurities like sodium and calcium that cause the formation of this needle shape mullite in ceramic manufacture.


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We are currently smack in the middle of the world-famous beer festival that is the Oktoberfest. It runs from late September to early October, a continuous drinkathon of between 16 to 18 days. It was once set at a standard 16 days and finished on the 1st Sunday in October but following the introduction of Unity Day (October 3rd), it can now last until then.
It's the world's largest fair, attracts around 5 million people every year and only beer
produced within Munich's borders is allowed to be sold here. Between 7 and 8 million litres are consumed at the Oktoberfest annually along with a prodigious amount of sausages, sauerkraut and other traditional German food. Bavarian beer is served in the famous 1 litre glass jugs.
The Oktoberfest began as a celebration of the marriage of Crown Prince Ludwig to Prince Therese in Oktober, 1810 which took place outside the City gates of Munich, where the Oktoberfest is still held. The celebration was repeated the next year with the traditional horse race to close the festival. For the next sixty years or so, the festival was more of a traditional fair than a beer drinking celebration – until the late 19th century when breweries began to sponsor the event and take part in the various competitions. Huge beer tents were also erected and the first glass beer mugs were used in 1892. Stats from the 1910 centenary show that 120,000 litres of beer were consumed and the fair gradually became a celebration of Bavarian beer.
The German diaspora ensures that Oktoberfests are held in many countries around the
world containing citizens of German ancestry. The largest is in Canada, attracting up to 1 million visitors every year but Brazil, the United States and Argentina also host huge festivals.
Tourists make up a significant minority of the Oktoberfest's visitors but many (especially foreigners) are caught out by the strength of the beer. While Germany beer averages 5.2%, Oktoberfest beer is usually brewed between 5.8% and 6.3%, ensuring that the various 'recovery' areas are always well populated.


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In his article, "Bakhtin, Genre Formation, and the Cognitive Turn: Chronotopes as Memory Schemata," Bart Keunen proposes a new reading of Bakhtin's notion of the chronotope. Bakhtin is widely taken to be a pioneer of genological thinking, but one of his key concepts -- the chronotope -- is still subject to highly divergent interpretations. Moreover, the epistemological implications of his genology have not yet been fully realized. In this article, a methodological grounding in schema theory is proposed. Bakhtin's concept can be used to study the way in which literary communication functions through what the psychologist Frederic Bartlett first called memory schemata. These schemata can be seen to operate on two levels: The level of textual motifs (the thematological dimension of texts) and that of fictional world models (the genological dimension). The development of Bakhtin's writings shows that genre distinctions are to be considered a fundamental instrument for literary communication and that this instrument is to be understood as working implicitly by means of mnemonic associations made by text producers and readers. The distinction between the thematological and genological aspects of the construction of fictional worlds can be clarified by linking them respectively to the concept of action schemata and to that of textual superstructures. Such an adaptation of the chronotope concept can be further linked to methodological tendencies within current interpretation theory, genology, and literary historiography.
"Bakhtin, Genre Formation, and the Cognitive Turn: Chronotopes as Memory Schemata."
CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture
This text has been double-blind peer reviewed by 2+1 experts in the field.
The above text, published by Purdue University Press ©Purdue University, has been downloaded 7260 times as of 08/02/20. Note: the download counts of the journal's material are since Issue 9.1 (March 2007), since the journal's format in pdf (instead of in html _PHONE_).


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Table of contents
About these proceedings
Terahertz frequency sensing has a unique part to play in the detection and identification of materials and objects. This frequency range, corresponding to a wavelength of around 0.1 mm, can be used to identify materials from their molecular spectra and to produce images of concealed objects. Terahertz spectra of drugs of abuse and explosives presented by a number of the contributing authors show that the presence of these materials can be detected in envelopes, packages and through clothing.
The technology of terahertz detection has largely been developed around expensive and bulky femtosecond laser systems but, as described in this book, advances in semiconductor superlattice technology are leading to compact "electronic" sources such as the quantum cascade laser, two-terminal "Gunn" type oscillators and even a THz frequency amplifier. These advances towards electronic (as opposed to optical) THz systems mean that the technology will become portable and much less costly.
Terahertz remote sensing is also discussed with the possibility of detection over distances of up to 30m using existing technology or even through the use THz waves generated locally in the vicinity of a target using only air as the transducer.


Willow warbler migration
Most of our willow warblers will have left by now; they will be on their way to sub-Saharan Africa where they will spend their winter. Theirs is the longest journey undertaken by any of the park's migratory birds. Why do such tiny birds fly so far and take such risks to do it?
Willow warblers are insectivores and during our British winters most insects spend the winter in hibernation, either underground or hidden away from the cold, in some inactive phase of their life cycle. Willow warblers migrate to avoid starvation.
They will arrive in west Africa as the monsoon rains end in October. The violent monsoon storms will be over, the climate will be warm and wet and there will be more than enough insects to go round. Recent research has shown that European warblers of all kinds favour the coastal mangrove swamps of the Gulf of Guinea and spend our winter months there.
Why do willow warblers come all the way back to Britain in the spring to breed? Firstly, our insect populations wake up from their hibernation, sometimes with an explosion of larvae numbers; then our warm wet summers supply ample insect food, and the long summer days, when the sun sets much later than it would in west Africa, provide extra daylight hours in which to feed growing chicks.
The longest recorded lifespan of a willow warbler is almost eleven years but a typical lifespan is rarely more than two breeding seasons. While their migration might have maximised the chances of this year's nestlings surviving to adulthood, it is obviously a costly strategy for the parental generation.
Britain's invertebrate numbers are plummeting though; because we don't know why, we are unable to either prevent it from happening or reverse it. This will trigger behaviour changes in migratory insectivorous birds that come to the park to breed. If we can't or won't change the things that are costing us our invertebrate species, there will come a time when the willow warblers won't return from west Africa.
Conservation status : Classified in the UK as Amber under the Birds of Conservation Concern 4: the Red List for Birds (2015)
Header picture by DKG.
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text: Tak has just returned from the Models in Population Dynamics and Ecology (MPDE) conference in Marseille, which was held over 5th-9th September at the Centre International de Rencontres Mathématiques (CIRM) at Aix-Marseille University. During the conference, Tak presented two new Markov Chain models describing how species abundances fluctuate under environmental variation. The models are novel in that they can be analysed to derive exact expressions for species richness and community abundance, allowing investigation of how these quantities change with increasing environmental variation, for example due to global climate change. Determining changes in richness and abundance is important because they are fundamental drivers of ecosystem functioning. In addition to presenting this work, Tak also took the opportunity to learn more about some of the latest developments in theoretical population biology and ecology, and connect with other researchers in this area.


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Cart Ruts Mystery Solved
From The Portsmouth News:
Researchers at the University of Portsmouth believe they have solved an ancient Mediterranean mystery.
The mystery of how 2ft deep tracks were cut into the rock of Malta has been a puzzle for years.
Now Professor Derek Mottershead, of the university's geography department, has followed generations of scholars to unravel the mysteries of the Maltese landscape.
The tracks, or ruts, were almost certainly caused by carts because the rock was not strong enough to support the wooden wheels of loaded carts.
They are up to 2ft deep and more than 30km of them run in pairs criss-crossing the island.
Professor Mottershead's team came up with a design of a cart to fit the field evidence, estimated its weight and calculated the stresses involved.
They discovered that in some places the rock was so soft that after heavy rain a single passage of a cart could cause the rock to fail.
Professor Mottershead said: 'The ruts have been studied and talked about for centuries and though it is obvious they are related to vehicles nobody understood how they were made or even when.
'The underlying rock in Malta is weak and when it's wet it loses about 80 per cent of its strength.
'What is unique to Malta is the sheer number of ruts. For years they have attracted the attention of archaeologists but until now we didn't have a convincing explanation of the mechanics of how they could have been formed.'
The team included Dr Alastair Pearson and Martin Schaefer, also of the University of Portsmouth. Their research was published in the journal Antiquity.
Posted by baza
28th April 2009ce