From Computerworld, 1 April 1991. Typed in by The Bear... I have spoken with Randall Jackson of Computerworld's Wellington office, this story is NOT a hoax. PM'S TEAM GETS SET TO MOVE ON ID CARDS by Clive Mathew-Wilson The Government plans to introduce a National Identity Number scheme for all New Zealanders by the end of next year, Computerworld sources say. The numbering system is likely to involve the use of a "smart" ID card. A team working on the project with the Prime Minister's office has yet to announce its findings to Parliament, but it is understood it is the format of the ID scheme, not the scheme itself, that is being debated. Usually reliable sources within Parliament suggest the ID scheme - originally proposed by the International Monetary Fund - was already part of Treasury's economic reform plans before the election, and that it is being implemented virtually without change by the new Government. The first stage of implementation - data sharing between the Social Welfare department and the IRD - is expected to take place shortly. It is understood that in place of any new common identity numbering scheme, the issuing and control of IRD numbers will be tightened, and an IRD number used in all relevant transactions throughout various government departments. More than 1.7 million ID numbers are currently allocated to wage and salary earners, and recent changes to tax laws require every bank account to be tagged with an IRD number by 1992. This would, in effect, give every New Zealander a unique, computerised serial number. It is believed the only real problems facing the ID card scheme are those of computer power. Doubts have been raised over the ability of existing systems to cope with the information-handling and storage needs of a National ID Card. The most likely scenario at present, entails a gradual phasing-in of both the card and the information-matching based around it, starting with data-matching between the huge Social Welfare and IRD computer systems, which operate out of the same GCS installation at Trentham. One key target of the ID card is understood to be the public health system. The computerised "smart" card, with its instant reference to a person's income details, is to be used to target healthcare as the public health system is wound down. If Computerworld's source is correct, a number of politicians and civil servants appear to have been economical with the truth. Prime Minister Jim Bolger, while he was in opposition, undertook not to introduce a common identification number system, despite a confirmation by the IRD at the time that the IRD number was, in fact, such a system already. Similarly, shortly before the elections last year Inland Revenue Commissioner Dave Henry denied the IRD had plans to link its computer systems with those of Customs, Births, Deaths and Marriages, Social Welfare, Housing Corporation and ACC. Shortly after the election, plans to link the Social Welfare and IRD computers were announced. The Australian Government, which failed dismally in its plans to launch a national ID card, is understood to be watching the New Zealand experiment with interest, pending a possible re-introduction of the scheme in Australia in a somewhat different form. Civil liberties spokesperson Barry Wilson attacks what he terms a "conspiracy of silence" over the issue. "When has there been any informed public debate over whether New Zealanders need or want ID cards? The public, by and large, has been completely ignored," he says. "New Zealanders voted against the ID card scheme when they dumped Labour." Computerworld sought ministerial and IRD response on the issues, but neither had answered our calls by press time. EOF KIWICARD AND YOU ---------------- New Zealand Privacy Foundation PO BOX 3385 AUCKLAND, NZ Phone (011649) _PHONE_, (011649) 674-429 MEMBERSHIP $10 WAGED, $5 UNWAGED KIWICARD AND YOU... In a pre-election speech Ruth Richardson said, "ID cards have got all the trappings of Big Brother - I am a freedom loving New Zealander." Jim Bolger said "National absolutely rejected any proposal for a common numbering system between the two departments [Inland Revenue and Social Welfare] or for identity cards." BROKEN PROMISES! Soon the data matching between these departments is to commence, and the first Kiwicards, or Community Services Cards, as we are supposed to call them, are to be sent to beneficiaries. THE GOVERNMENT TELLS US THE CARDS ARE VOLUNTARY, yet they are automatically to be sent out to beneficiaries and pensioners. They are needed to obtain free or subsidised health care and many families are so hard pressed by job losses and benefit cuts that the card will be a necessity. Each card has the CARDHOLDER'S NAME AND IDENTIFICATION NUMBER. So much for that promise. THE CARDS HAVE A MAGNETIC STRIPE which Mrs Shipley states is never to be read by a machine. If that is the case, why is it on the card? THEY ESTABLISH ENTITLEMENT TO SUBSIDISED HEALTH CARE BUT ARE NOT SUFFICIENTLY SOPHISTICATED TO DO THIS ON THEIR OWN. The Minister of Health has said that "up to five cards may be involved." The obvious next step is to make the card "smart". How long do you think it will take for the Government to break its promise not to make it a "smart" card? Maybe they will keep that promise and give the "smart" card another name. "Dumb" or "smart", and whatever it is called, the Kiwicard still stinks. QUESTIONS WE NEED TO ASK - Why are new cards being devised for health care when we already have adequate existing systems? - Why was the legislation for the Kiwicard rushed through without consultation with the public or a Parliamentary Select Committee hearing? - Why are enormous amounts of money being spent on computer system when these funds could be targeted to health care users? - If the Kiwicard is not to be extended to other fields, why is the legislation authorising it worded to allow much more extensive use? - Why are there no safeguards against the misuse of the card by Government agencies, such as the police, or by private enterprise? - There has been no formal cost-benefit analysis to assess a need for data matching. It is likely to cost well in excess of half a billion dollars and will bring unproven and unknown financial return. How can this sort of expense be justified? - Although the card has been presented as a health entitlement card for low income earners, it has been stated to be inadequate for the task. A member of the Government "Change Team" told TV3 that a "smart" national ID card is being planned for all New Zealanders. The New Zealand Privacy Foundation believes that the Kiwicard is the thin end of the wedge, paving the way for the "smart" card. AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE NEW ZEALND PRIVACY FOUNDATION - To act as a watchdog on privacy issues. - To put a stop to the Kiwicard (now known as Community Services Card) and related erosions of personal privacy, including information swapping between Government departments and proposals to introduce "unique personal identifiers." - To oppose the development of surveillance systems that intrude upon the rights and privacy of the indiviual, especially systems of data matching, identification cards and unique numbering systems. - To campaign and lobby for the protection of the individual against privacy intrusion. - To educate New Zealanders and increase public awareness in relation to the right of personal privacy and privacy issues. - To conduct research into privacy related issues and technologies. JOIN THE NEW ZEALAND PRIVACY FOUNDATION: Send to : The Trustees NEW ZEALAND PRIVACY FOUNDATION PO BOX 3385 AUCKLAND CONTACT PHONE NUMBERS : (09) _PHONE_, (09) 674-429............................................................................... MEMBERSHIP FORM Please enrol me as a member of the New Zealand Privacy Foundation. Name.......................................................... Address.............................................................................................................................................................................. Phone................................... I enclose $.......................... annual membership/donation (MEMBERSHIP $10 WAGED, $5 UNWAGED)


Cracking (chemistry)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or long-chain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in the precursors. The rate of cracking and the end products are strongly dependent on the temperature and presence of catalysts. Cracking is the breakdown of a large alkane into smaller, more useful alkenes. Simply put, hydrocarbon cracking is the process of breaking a long chain of hydrocarbons into short ones. This process requires high temperatures.[1]
More loosely, outside the field of petroleum chemistry, the term "cracking" is used to describe any type of splitting of molecules under the influence of heat, catalysts and solvents, such as in processes of destructive distillation or pyrolysis.
Fluid catalytic cracking produces a high yield of petrol and LPG, while hydrocracking is a major source of jet fuel, Diesel fuel, naphtha, and again yields LPG.
Refinery using the Shukhov cracking process, Baku, Soviet Union, 1934.
History and patents[edit]
Among several variants of thermal cracking methods (variously known as the "Shukhov cracking process", "Burton cracking process", "Burton-Humphreys cracking process", and "Dubbs cracking process") Vladimir Shukhov, a Russian engineer, invented and patented the first in 1891 (Russian Empire, patent no. 12926, November 7, 1891).[2] One installation was used to a limited extent in Russia, but development was not followed up. In the first decade of the 20th century the American engineers William Merriam Burton and Robert E. Humphreys independently developed and patented a similar process as U.S. patent 1,049,667 on June 8, 1908. Among its advantages was the fact that both the condenser and the boiler were continuously kept under pressure.[3]
In its earlier versions it was a batch process, rather than continuous, and many patents were to follow in the US and Europe, though not all were practical.[2] In 1924, a delegation from the American Sinclair Oil Corporation visited Shukhov. Sinclair Oil apparently wished to suggest that the patent of Burton and Humphreys, in use by Standard Oil, was derived from Shukhov's patent for oil cracking, as described in the Russian patent. If that could be established, it could strengthen the hand of rival American companies wishing to invalidate the Burton-Humphreys patent. In the event Shukhov satisfied the Americans that in principle Burton's method closely resembled his 1891 patents, though his own interest in the matter was primarily to establish that "the Russian oil industry could easily build a cracking apparatus according to any of the described systems without being accused by the Americans of borrowing for free".[4]
At that time, just a few years after the Russian Revolution and brutal Russian Civil War, the Soviet Union was desperate to develop industry and earn foreign exchange, so their oil industry eventually did obtain much of their technology from foreign companies, largely American.[4] At about that time, fluid catalytic cracking was being explored and developed and soon replaced most of the purely thermal cracking processes in the fossil fuel processing industry. The replacement was not complete; many types of cracking, including pure thermal cracking, still are in use, depending on the nature of the feedstock and the products required to satisfy market demands. Thermal cracking remains important, for example in producing naphtha, gas oil, and coke, and more sophisticated forms of thermal cracking have been developed for various purposes. These include visbreaking, steam cracking, and coking.[5]
Cracking methodologies[edit]
Thermal cracking[edit]
Modern high-pressure thermal cracking operates at absolute pressures of about 7,000 kPa. An overall process of disproportionation can be observed, where "light", hydrogen-rich products are formed at the expense of heavier molecules which condense and are depleted of hydrogen. The actual reaction is known as homolytic fission and produces alkenes, which are the basis for the economically important production of polymers.[6]
Thermal cracking is currently used to "upgrade" very heavy fractions or to produce light fractions or distillates, burner fuel and/or petroleum coke. Two extremes of the thermal cracking in terms of product range are represented by the high-temperature process called "steam cracking" or pyrolysis (ca. 750 °C to 900 °C or higher) which produces valuable ethylene and other feedstocks for the petrochemical industry, and the milder-temperature delayed coking (ca. 500 °C) which can produce, under the right conditions, valuable needle coke, a highly crystalline petroleum coke used in the production of electrodes for the steel and aluminium industries.[citation needed]
William Merriam Burton developed one of the earliest thermal cracking processes in 1912 which operated at 700–750 °F (370–400 °C) and an absolute pressure of 90 psi (620 kPa) and was known as the Burton process. Shortly thereafter, in 1921, C.P. Dubbs, an employee of the Universal Oil Products Company, developed a somewhat more advanced thermal cracking process which operated at 750–860 °F (400–460 °C) and was known as the Dubbs process.[7] The Dubbs process was used extensively by many refineries until the early 1940s when catalytic cracking came into use.[1]
Steam cracking[edit]
Steam cracking is a petrochemical process in which saturated hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller, often unsaturated, hydrocarbons. It is the principal industrial method for producing the lighter alkenes (or commonly olefins), including ethene (or ethylene) and propene (or propylene). Steam cracker units are facilities in which a feedstock such as naphtha, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), ethane, propane or butane is thermally cracked through the use of steam in a bank of pyrolysis furnaces to produce lighter hydrocarbons.
In steam cracking, a gaseous or liquid hydrocarbon feed like naphtha, LPG or ethane is diluted with steam and briefly heated in a furnace without the presence of oxygen. Typically, the reaction temperature is very high, at around 850 °C, but the reaction is only allowed to take place very briefly. In modern cracking furnaces, the residence time is reduced to milliseconds to improve yield, resulting in gas velocities up to the speed of sound. After the cracking temperature has been reached, the gas is quickly quenched to stop the reaction in a transfer line heat exchanger or inside a quenching header using quench oil.[citation needed][8]
The products produced in the reaction depend on the composition of the feed, the hydrocarbon-to-steam ratio, and on the cracking temperature and furnace residence time. Light hydrocarbon feeds such as ethane, LPGs or light naphtha give product streams rich in the lighter alkenes, including ethylene, propylene, and butadiene. Heavier hydrocarbon (full range and heavy naphthas as well as other refinery products) feeds give some of these, but also give products rich in aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbons suitable for inclusion in gasoline or fuel oil. Typical product streams include pyrolysis gasoline (pygas) and BTX.
A higher cracking temperature (also referred to as severity) favors the production of ethylene and benzene, whereas lower severity produces higher amounts of propylene, C4-hydrocarbons and liquid products. The process also results in the slow deposition of coke, a form of carbon, on the reactor walls. Since coke degrades the efficiency of the reactor, great care is taken to design reaction conditions to minimize its formation. Nonetheless, a steam cracking furnace can usually only run for a few months between de-cokings. "Decokes" require the furnace to be isolated from the process and then a flow of steam or a steam/air mixture is passed through the furnace coils. This decoking is essentially combustion of the carbons, converting the hard solid carbon layer to carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
Fluid Catalytic cracking[edit]
Schematic flow diagram of a fluid catalytic cracker
The catalytic cracking process involves the presence of solid acid catalysts, usually silica-alumina and zeolites. The catalysts promote the formation of carbocations, which undergo processes of rearrangement and scission of C-C bonds. Relative to thermal cracking, cat cracking proceeds at milder temperatures, which saves energy. Furthermore, by operating at lower temperatures, the yield of alkenes is diminished. Alkenes cause instability of hydrocarbon fuels.[9]
Fluid catalytic cracking is a commonly used process, and a modern oil refinery will typically include a cat cracker, particularly at refineries in the US, due to the high demand for gasoline.[10][11][12] The process was first used around 1942 and employs a powdered catalyst. During WWII, the Allied Forces had plentiful supplies of the materials in contrast to the Axis Forces, which suffered severe shortages of gasoline and artificial rubber. Initial process implementations were based on low activity alumina catalyst and a reactor where the catalyst particles were suspended in a rising flow of feed hydrocarbons in a fluidized bed.[citation needed]
In newer designs, cracking takes place using a very active zeolite-based catalyst in a short-contact time vertical


text:
John Sirard, Assistant Professor with Youth-Nex and Kinesiology, published a new study in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine showing that teens influence each other when it comes to their physical activity levels. The results also showed different behaviors for girls and boys.
"Overall, boys engage in more moderate to vigorous physical activity and screen time than girls. Both the physical activity and screen time of boys was found to be more influenced by the behaviors of their female friends than their male friends. For girls, physical activity was associated with that of both their male and female friends'. However, females' screen time was associated with their male friends' screen time but not with their female friends' screen time." — medicalexpress.com
Read more at medicalexpress.com

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Conservation Science Division - The award-winning Sonoran Desert Conservation Plan, adopted by the Board in 2002, is Pima County's plan for balancing the conservation of our cultural and natural resources while maintaining an economically vigorous and fiscally responsible community. Conservation Science supports the biological goal of the SDCP, which is to ensure the long-term survival of the full spectrum of indigenous plants and animals, and administration of the County's Multi-species Conservation Plan (MSCP).
Cultural Resources & Historic Preservation Division - Pima County is rich in history, cultural diversity, living traditions, and regional character, all of which define our collective cultural heritage and community identity. Since the 1970s, the Board has actively sought to protect this heritage by working to preserve ancestral Native American sites, historic Spanish Colonial, Mexican, and American sites, historic neighborhoods and buildings, and traditional cultural places, and working landscapes.
Sustainability Programs Division - A sustainable and livable community requires investment in the environment, the economy, and the social fabric without jeopardizing the ability for future generations to do the same. In 2007, the Board adopted Sustainability Initiatives and approved the preparation and implementation of the Pima County Sustainable Action Plan for County Operations, resulting in considerable reduction in energy consumption and cost savings.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Trivial File Transfer Protocol, and you
There is nothing trivial about TFTP let me assure you. It is actually a pretty neat protocol with some distinctive features. This protocol also happens to be a favorite of malicious hackers for the purpose of sending over, or retrieving files. TFTP is also quite quick, but more on the speed of TFTP a little later on. Much like other application layer protocols this one is ferried about by IP, and in turn uses UDP for its transport protocol.
Now TFTP itself has five different message types that it can use. They are as follows;
- RRQ, which breaks out as Read Request
- WRQ, which breaks out as Write Request
- ACK, which breaks out as Acknowledgement
- ERROR, which breaks out as Error message
- DATA, which breaks out as, to read or write the next chunk of data
Now if you happen to capture any TFTP packets on the wire you will see these message types in the packet itself as noted in the packet further down below. (I have underlined it) TFTP also has a series of error codes, which can be found here. If you recall from our discussion of HTTP and SMTP these protocols also had status and error codes. These codes are required to build a coherent exchange of data, which will at times experience error conditions. Courtesy of these codes, whether they be status or error, are various conditions communicated between the client and server in question.
Typical usage of the TFTP protocol is for the storage and retrieval of Cisco IOS and Catalyst switch configuration files. I also alluded to earlier, that this protocol is heavily favored by hackers as a means of retrieving and storing files on compromised computers. You are not restricted to simply transferring ascii content either, you can also transfer binary files as well. Due to this use of TFTP by malicious hackers you should always be suspicious of any TFTP traffic on your network.
On with the show!
I have said it before, and I will say it again. There is nothing like "hands on practical" to cement lessons learned. With that in hand let's take a look at some TFTP traffic. You will see below a small snippet, and I shall comment directly beneath the packet in question.
10:43:20.926155 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 128, id 69, offset 0, flags [none], length:
44) 192.168._PHONE_ > 192.168.1.101.69: [udp sum ok] 16 RRQ "example"
0x0000: 4500 002c 0045 0000 8011 b660 c0a8 0166 E..,.E.....'...f
0x0010: c0a8 0165 0405 0045 0018 833b 0001 6578...e...E...;..ex
0x0020: 616d 706c 6500 6f63 7465 7400 0000 ample.octet...
This traffic was collected using a different version of windump, and has thereby resulted in a slightly different look than what you may be used to. In the packet directly above us we have a read request for the file "example". The read request is seen in the RRQ, which is underlined above. Following that, in brackets, is the file that is being requested from the TFTP server located at 192.168.1.101, on its port 69. Port 69 is the port associated with TFTP, and is also in the reserved port range of 0 to 1024. We can also see that "octet" follows the file name example.
Octet signifies that the data will be transferred in eight bit bytes, unlike the other transfer mode of "netascii". If it were netascii, then TFTP would interpret the file example as being lines of ascii text, and has slightly more overhead to it which I won't cover here. Lastly I will point out that the 16 seen before the RRQ relates to the amount of TFTP data that is sent in this packet. If we do the math it works out. We have an overall packet length of 44 as seen in the header. The IP header accounts for 20 bytes, while the UDP header accounts for 8 bytes. The remaining 16 bytes of TFTP data fill out the packet size to the noted overall size of 44 bytes. Now because of the size difference between TCP and UDP it is clear why UDP is faster ie: it has 12 bytes less of header information to send. That makes for some quick file transfers.
10:43:20.977012 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 8683, offset 0, flags [DF], length:
130) 192.168.1.101.32768 > 192.168._PHONE_: [bad udp cksum 424c!] UDP,
0x0000: 4500 0082 21eb 4000 4011 9464 c0a8 0165 E...!.@.@..d...e
0x0010: c0a8 0166 8000 0405 006e 849b 0003 0001...f.....n......
0x0020: 5468 6520 6265 7374 2077 6179 2074 6f20 The.best.way.to.
0x0030: 6c65 6172 6e20 6162 6f75 7420 7468 696e learn.about.thin
0x0040: 6773 2069 7320 746f 200a 6163 7475 616c gs.is.to..actual
0x0050: 6c79 2064 6f20 6974 2079 6f75 7273 656c ly.do.it.yoursel
0x0060: 662e 204d 7563 6820 6c69 6b65 2077 6861 f..Much.like.wha
0x0070: 740a 4920 616d 2064 6f69 6e67 206e 6f77 t.I.am.doing.now
0x0080: 210a!.
Now what we see above is the TFTP server located at 192.168.1.101 sending the requested file "example". We can see within the ascii portion of the packet, that the contents of the file example are simply me saying that the best way to learn is to actually do it yourself.
10:43:20.979434 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 128, id 70, offset 0, flags [none], length:
32) 192.168._PHONE_ > 192.168.1.101.32768: [udp sum ok] UDP, length: 4
0x0000: 4500 0020 0046 0000 8011 b66b c0a8 0166 E....F.....k...f
0x0010: c0a8 0165 0405 8000 000c f7af 0004 0001...e............
0x0020: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000..............
Note that this packet above is actually an acknowledgement packet. Rather odd isn't it as this is UDP and not TCP. Why are we seeing an acknowledgement packet then? Well this actually is part of the TFTP protocol itself, and the Opcodes that come with it. Where in the packet above is the Opcode you say? Good question! We know that our IP header ends at bytes 0165, as these are the last two octets of the destination IP address. Starting at bytes 0405 then is the UDP header, which in turn ends at bytes f7af.
We now know then that bytes 0004 are actually representing the Opcode for this packet. In this case the value is four, and that breaks out ACK, or Acknowledgement. After this Opcode value is the block number of 0001. This block number is also seen in the actual packet transferring the contents of the file "example". Pretty neat eh? So in a way you are getting a connection oriented session even though it is UDP based. That though is courtesy of the TFTP Opcodes.
If you would like to play with the TFTP protocol then I encourage you to download a freeware one located here. The good folks at Solarwinds have been good enough to offer up this excellent win32 based TFTP server for free. Kudos to them! Once you have this installed on your win32 operating system, start to experiment with ferrying files back and forth by using the "GET" and "PUT" commands. You should also be sniffing your connection while doing this, so that you can then look at the resulting traffic. Well that's it folks for our discussion of the TFTP protocol. I sincerely hope you enjoyed it. Till next time!


text:
The correct tutoring of plants in greenhouses is synonymous with efficiency, optimal management, yields and helps save time and labor. The latter is something that all agricultural entrepreneurs have introduced to their business processes. Not everyone, though, has had the chance to experiment the innovative tutoring system patented by SIA Sicilia Group.
It is an entirely reliable system that facilitates tying saving time and making the disposal of vegetation at the end of the production phase easier. The system is appreciated and demanded by the leading European countries.
"Producers have observed the technical soundness of our Ideal Tutor. The system reduces working hours guaranteeing a correct tying and favoring growth. Working conditions also improve, as operators are not forced to maintain difficult postures for hours," explained administrator Alessandro Avarino.
The tutoring system
"Tutoring in greenhouses is usually carried out via nylon strings to which plants are hooked. This practice, necessary to guarantee the regular development of plants, requires considerable labor with significant production costs. What is more, further stabilization and repeated operations are necessary over time."
Ideal Tutor is made up of a structure consisting of polyethylene strings used for the most popular crops: tomatoes, eggplants, bell peppers, etc. The system is very versatile and is supplied in various options when it comes to string size, distancing, etc. There is also a wide range of hooks available. The system is complete with coils to predetermine the total height and distances between strings. Only two work units are needed for installation.
The system being installed
"The new Ideal Tutor Dinamic system is essentially the same but features a modular truss system so crop height can be lowered between 30 and 60 cm per module. The operation can be carried out multiple times, so the crop can growth further. This way, the vegetative-productive life of the crop can be lengthened thus increasing its productivity without having to replant it at a higher cost."


text:
Hidden Operating Space: Your Car and Space Management
Hide and seek is fun game, right? Not so fun when there's a car involved. Not knowing what could be hiding in the area around your car is dangerous. That's why it's important to learn about Hidden Operating Space. Wait whaaa? Shhh. Calm yourself sweet child. We'll explain. Driver safety is one of our top concerns in our driving courses, after all.
Hidden Operating Space refers to the area around your car that's impossible to see while you're sitting in the driver's seat. When you're taking your driving lessons, take a moment to recognize the spaces around your car that you don't have visual access to. Think of it as an invisible bubble engulfing your car. Like this:
Hidden Operating Space can vary depending on the size of your car. A stretch limo has a biggggg operating space. A smart car has a teensy tiny operating space. Managing space around your car is crucial for defensive driving and for safe driving when you're behind the wheel.
Until we have super effective self driving cars, you'll have to be aware of this little space cushion around your car. It doesn't matter if you're in an SUV or Prius, you need to monitor your Hidden Operating Space while the car is in motion as well as when it's in park. Whether you're sitting still, backing up, turning left or right, changing lanes or simply driving forward, there's always a chance that something could be near your car's Hidden Operating Space. Here are some things that could be playing hide and seek in your vehicle's operating space.
- Pets and other animals. Don't hit Mittens! For the love of god don't hit Mittens.
- Children. Please don't hit the children. They lurk in the darkness, behind your parking spaces when you're out and about, in your nightmares. Nowhere is safe… Just kidding, kids are pretty cute. Which is why you need to be extra careful and keep an eye out for them.
- Bikes and toys. Less important, but running over a Super Soaker could do some serious damage to your car (and make your little brother cry).
That's why it's crucial to look around your car before you get in and start driving. You know ol' Mittens likes to take his naps in the shade.
Make sure to check out the rest of our safe driving videos for more tips to keep you in control on the road!


Zetas comment on the mysterious sounds at Costa Rica? _URL_ [and from another] _URL_ [and from another] Strange Sound Heard Throughout Costa Rica [Jan 11] _URL_ Is it the mysterious sound of the so-called coming Apocalypse? Some think that the mysterious sound heard in Costa Rica at around 12:30am this morning is exactly that. It is important to note that this is not the wind nor was it filmed anywhere near the ocean. The sound was heard throughout the entire country from Heredia to Perez Zeledon. The Costa Rica Volcanologist and Seismologist Organization is saying there is no Earth movements recorded at the time of the strange sound.
AUDIO of Costa Rica Drums
My question concerns how the river is very greatly increase the flood (sinking). Satellite view from November 1, 2011. We all remember the flood in Thailand and other countries. The fact is that if it were not for the river, flooding in Thailand would not affect two thirds of the country. The same thing happens in other countries: "Shifts in plates that caused major Himalayan rivers - Brahmaputra" _URL_ Can the Zetas tell how far should stay away from rivers? Mekong and Chao Phraya river so badly swollen that flooded vast territories. We do not know how much the river can swell and flooding vast areas.
Flooding inland in northern Thailand much preceded any sinking in Bangkok, as the inland river blockage was due to a sideways crush the Sunda Plate was experiencing. The pressure on the Sunda Plate is not only a push down, slipping under the curve of the Indo-Australian Plate that runs under Sumatra and Java, but also a push sideways, into accordion folds. This was apparent when the inland flooding in Thailand appeared at the same time a new island near Bali emerged.
We explained that the inland flooding in Thailand was due to blocked river drainage. Mankind is used to thinking of his rivers as though they have always flowed thus, but the meandering course of rivers, written in the landscape, shows this to be otherwise. Rivers flow today to the low land and thence to the sea. But water seeks its level and if the river bottoms heave, preventing draining along the established route, then what? In most cases, an alternate route is taken, but in many cases an inland lake forms until the water climbs high enough that an alternate outlet can be found. How else have inland lakes formed?
Such heaving river bottoms, blocking drainage, are most notable of late in Thailand, where a relaxation of the accordion fold there allowed the inland lakes to drain toward Bangkok - the great flood of Bangkok so much in the news of late. This type of blockage, and periodic release of trapped waters, is occurring in S America where mountain building in the North Andes is occurring, and in the Himalayan foothills. This cannot be accurately predicted, as to what river might be blocked, what alternate drainage might be taken, or the length of time the situation might endure. There are simply too many variables!


worn out files and ground to shape. See Figs. 112 and 113. The edges must be kept very sharp to do good work. The bull nose is used to scrape grooves smooth and to clean out bearings. The flat scraper is used for cleaning joints. The instructor will demonstrate the uses of these scrapers.
Fig. 112
Fig. 112
Fig. 113
Fig. 113
THE THREE CORNER SCRAPER is used for scraping the burrs from the edges of oil grooves, for cleaning out oil grooves, for chamfering sharp corners on small work, and other similar jobs. See Fig. 114. A worn out three square file makes a good three corner scraper. If the
scraper is bent at a slight curve it may be used to better advantage in many places. The instructor will demonstrate the use of the three corner scraper.
THE STRAIGHT SCRAPER is made from a discarded half round file, bent at a slight curve, and ground. See Fig. 115. This scraper is used for scraping out bearings while the bearings are being fitted to a shaft. The scraper is sometimes known as a "spoon" scraper. The edges are kept sharp by rubbing with an oil stone. The instructor will demonstrate the use of a straight, or spoon, scraper.
Fig. 114
Fig. 114
Fig. 115
Fig. 115
A STRAIGHT PACKING HOOK, see Fig. 116, is a very useful tool for digging packing out of a deep stuffing box. When the packing has become old and dry, it is very difficult to remove it with a straight hook. Then the SCREW PACKING HOOK is used. See Fig. 117. The screw hook may be used the same as a cork screw and the picking pulled out with very little trouble.
Some straight packing hooks have a bend at the point. See Fig. 118. This bend forms a foot which may be used to stuff the packing tightly into the stuffing box. This is a distinct advantage when loose packing is used. The bend also serves to pull the packing out of a stuffing box. The instructor will demonstrate the use of these packing hooks.
Fig. 116
Fig. 116
Fig. 117
Fig. 117
Fig. 118
Fig. 118
When it is necessary to remove a tightly fitted pin from a hole, never use a center punch to do the job. The point of the center punch will be ruined if the pin is hardened, and also there is a tendency to enlarge the end of the pin and thus make removal more difficult. Use a drift punch. See Fig. 119. A drift punch is made of good steel, not easily bent, and ground to a square point. The body of the punch is larger than the punch point.
When driving out a pin, use a punch that is only slightly smaller than the pin. If it is a tapered pin, be governed by the size of the small end. Drift punches are made with the drift end from 1/8" up to 3/8" and are long or short to suit the job.
Fig. 119
Fig. 119
Always use an approved type of goggles. These are equipped with shatter-proof glass and side shields. When the machinist is grinding or chipping, a good pair of goggles will prevent eye injury. Goggles may be secured from the tool crib. It is better to be safe than sorry. Obey safety rules.
Oil stones are furnished by the tool crib. They are usually fine on one side and coarse on the other. Use a little light oil on the stone when wetting a scraper or when sharpening dividers, trammel points, and scribers. The stone is also used to remove nicks and rust spots. Small stones are used to smooth gear teeth.
These wrenches are sometimes made in the shop by cutting off a piece of pipe and forming one end to fit a hexagon nut. Holes are drilled through the other end for a rod, to use as a handle. See Fig. 120. The length of the wrench makes it possible to reach into deep places not easily done with another type of wrench. While these wrenches are very useful, they will not withstand so heavy a strain as the socket wrenches mentioned in the next paragraph.
This end of the pipe has been heated and formed to shape over a piece of hexagon stock of the correct size.
Fig. 120
Fig. 120
These wrenches come in sets of six or more sockets, a ratchet handle, and an extension to reach into deep places. See Fig. 121. The wrench sockets are forged and will withstand a good, strong pull. The advantage of a socket wrench is that the nut is not damaged; neither will the wrench slip off easily. Never use a hammer on a ratchet handle.
Fig. 121
Fig. 121
This is much the same as a 12 point wrench but has only six points of contact with the nut. See Fig. 122. In a narrow space, the hexagon box wrench may be used to better advantage than a socket wrench. The socket wrench works well in a deep pocket. Allen wrenches are used where hexagon socket-type set screws are used. A special wrench must be used for turning this type set screw. See Fig. 123.
Fig. 122
Fig. 122
Fig. 123
Fig. 123
Fig. 124
Fig. 124
Trammels are used-in place of dividers where the scribing leg must stand at right angles to the work. See Fig. 124. There are several sizes and styles of trammels which make it possible to get into many different places that would ordinarily be hard to reach.
The beam is a good grade of steel. The points are tool steel, hardened and tempered. The points are kept sharp by using the oil stone. Large! unusually shaped trammels are kept on the job until the work is finished.
Trammels are useful in measuring distances that are pre-determined by marking the correct distances with prick punch marks. The trammel legs are then adjusted so that the points register exactly in the prick punch marks. The measurement thus obtained may be transferred to the job. These prick punch marks are known as "tram marks".
When fitting chocks, place tram marks on the base and foundation, directly in line, and as the fitting proceeds, use the trams in the prick punch marks to check the distance for accuracy. Any difference in the height of the base from the foundation, all around the job, is quickly noticeable. One leg trams are used for special jobs. The instructor will demonstrate many uses of trammels.
While a six-inch scale may be used as a straight edge on small jobs, there are many times when the scale will be unsuited to the job. A straight edge is true and level for the entire length. Because much depends on the accuracy of a straight edge, the tool is made of material that is not likely to spring or change shape. Cast iron, machined very accurately, has been found quite satisfactory. See Fig. 125.
Never drop a straight edge. Never pile other material on a straight edge. Keep the machined surfaces oiled to prevent rust.
Fig. 125
Fig. 125
Straight edges are usually kept in the tool crib, but some mechanics prefer to keep their own straight edges.
1. Explain the difference between the purposes for which dividers and calipers are used.
2. Name two measuring jobs performed with outside calipers.
3. What tool should be used to scribe a line at right angles to the edge of a steel plate?
4. Name the two types of files which are used mostly on outside machinist jobs.
5. Explain the difference between straight flute and spiral reamers and point out the principal uses for both reamers.
6. What type of wrench is used to the best advantage on general work?
7. For what purpose is a center head and blade used?
8. Explain the use of the tool which is generally employed to locate a point on the inner bottom of the ship directly below a point on the weather deck.
9. What is the name of the tool which is used to test a surface that is supposed to be vertical?
10. When the packing in a stuffing box has hardened and will not come out easily, what type of packing hook may be used to loosen it up?
11. Explain the advantage of a 12 point box wrench.
12. For what purposes are trammels used?
13. What size wrench opening is required for a 3/4" standard hexagon nut? Commercial? U. S. Navy?
14. Explain the difference between a stillson wrench and a monkey wrench.
15. State the way a fox wedge is made and the purpose for for which it is generally used.
16. What type of socket wrench is made in the shop?
Machinist Home Page
Machnist Home Page
Next Part
Next Part
Copyright © 2013, Maritime Park Association.
All Rights Reserved.
Legal Notices and Privacy Policy
Version 3.01


text:
Fri August 17, 2012
When Pronouncing A Case Is Harder Than 'Roe V. Wade'
Originally published on Fri August 17, 2012 4:03 pm
MELISSA BLOCK, HOST:
This is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED from NPR News. I'm Melissa Block. Now, a story about Supreme Court cases and how you pronounce their names. Some are easy enough, like Roe V. Wade, but others aren't so clear cut. Is it Bachy or Bachy, Padilla or Padilla? Many a case name has been mangled, so as we hear from NPR legal affairs correspondent Nina Totenberg, law professor Eugene Fidell set out to set the record straight.
NINA TOTENBERG, BYLINE: Fidell and his students at Yale Law School have published a pronunciation dictionary of Supreme Court cases. They've examined all of the case names going back to the beginning of the Republic and they've figured out - or tried to figure out - the correct pronunciations.
EUGENE FIDELL: It's been a marvelous sort of cook's tour of American legal history and also very reaffirming of the melting pot nature of our country because you see cases arise with American Indian names and every single ethnic group that's immigrated to our country.
TOTENBERG: In addition to Fidell, the project included six Yale law students and two linguistic experts. Their task combined all kinds of research skills. Take, for example, the 1916 case of Straus versus a company that spelled its name N-O-T-A-S-E-M-E. Notaseme, maybe? Italian? No. It was a hosiery company and the name was Notaseme, as in there are no seams in this hosiery.
Or how about N-O-F-I-R-E versus United States? No. It's not Spanish. It's Nofire versus United States. Mr. Nofire was a Cherokee Indian. The guiding principle for the Yale dictionary was the pronunciation used by the litigant if he or she were still alive. If not, in addition to other source material, the researchers would call up five people with the same name in the same region.
Take the name B-L-O-U-N-T. Was it Blount or Blount? Three pronounced it Blount, two Blount, so both pronunciations are listed. If the case was argued in the last half century, there's tape of the oral argument. The Supreme Court actually has forms that litigants are asked to fill out giving guidance as to how their name should be pronounced in court, but the forms are routinely destroyed and, in any event, the justices seemed to follow the guidance - shall we say - irregularly.
Here, for example, is Chief Justice Rehnquist introducing a major affirmative action case in 2003.
WILLIAM REHNQUIST: We'll hear argument now in number 02241, Barbara Grutter versus Lee Bollinger.
TOTENBERG: That's Barbara G-R-U-T-T-E-R. She actually pronounces it Grutter, but has long since accepted that the case name is known in the legal world as Grutter. And then there's the rare litigant who changes the pronunciation of his name. Accused terrorist Jose Padilla fit into that category. As far as can be determined, he was originally Padilla, then said his name should be pronounced Padilla and, by the end of his litigation, was back to Padilla.
Nina Totenberg - no, that's wrong. Nina Totenberg, NPR News, Washington. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


text:
There's no question. We are all different. We organize differently, we see things differently, we react differently and we care for each other differently. We have much in common, but we are created to be different. Differences even occur within our own minds and hearts. So why do differences pose real problems for many of us?
Many view differences as synonymous with being in conflict. But really, conflict is the result of not being able to reconcile differences. Some differences may never be bridged. However, many differences can be bridged if we want to be bridge builders. Bridge builders are those people who value the relationship between themselves and others as much as they do their own opinions and needs. Bridge builders only strengthen the bridges between themselves and others by trying to understand where the other is coming from. Obviously, this isn't an easy project for some of us.
Differences can actually lead to some synergy and creativity in getting things done. If differences are only seen as conflict then some of us will avoid them while others will push the differences creating more conflict for themselves and the relationship. We often consul people who are confusing differences with conflict. There's a reason for the saying: "Two heads are better then one." Black and white thinkers, hardheaded or hard-hearted people don't believe this axiom. They frown on accommodating normal variations in human nature.
Somehow we need to learn to live with differences not messing with our souls. Most differences we see actually aren't absolute differences at all, but rather misunderstandings of intentions or ways people have in stating their opinions, wants, and expectations. And so we create conflict while simply trying to deal with different opinions or approaches to mutual problems. Sometimes we create inner turmoil when we can't reconcile differences within our very own minds and hearts.
Differences are normal, even when they are uncomfortable. This knowledge is itself a tool in resolving the stresses with others and within ourselves. While not an easy task, it's done everyday by people who want it to happen. Be a bridge builder!


text:
The northeastern Iroquois weave many types of basketry including masks. Some masks are twined from corn husks but the majority use a braid foundation coiled and stitched together. The masks made of corn husks, also called bushy-heads or husk faces, are sometimes associated with the Husk Face Society. These masks usually embody, or are inhabited by spirits associated with the corn harvest or with growing grains.
The masks are often woven by women, but are worn only by men during curing ceremonies. During ceremonies or dances, tobacco bags are often sacrificed or tobacco is burned for the husk faces. Corn husk masks frequently appear in conjunction with the wooden False Face masks. Husk face dancers do not carry a rattle or staff like the False Faces, but they do dance with a mush stirring paddle or digging stick, with which they can beat out a rhythm. Corn husk mask dancers can deliver messages about the harvest, or prepare the people for the 'grandfathers' the False Faces.
Different sized corn husk masks are made for different reasons. The full sized masks are worn by dancers during rites of the Midwinter Ceremony in January, and also for the Green Corn Ceremonies in the spring. The full sized masks can be made to represent male or female spirits, the female often having corn husk and tobacco bags or 'medicine drops' hanging from the nose, cheeks or lips. Some masks have braided noses, while others use a stuffed nose. Some masks have puffed cheeks or protruding and drooping features, denoting great age. Slightly smaller, medium sized masks are used for calling spirits and asking them for favors.
Miniature corn husk masks are used to pacify spirits tormenting a person's dreams or visions. Dreams of this sort are generally associated with the Mask Image Spirits. The person who has the dream of the spirit borrows or makes a small corn husk mask in the form of the spirit and gives it a feast including sacrifices of tobacco. After the festivities this mask is put away and kept to deter any further imposition by the spirit.
Miniature masks are also used in the formal Dream Guessing Rite. This rite occurs during the Midwinter Ceremonies and is performed by the chief and his company for a person tormented by recurring dreams of evil or trouble. The content of the dream would have to be 'guessed' with the afflicted answering only yes or no to questions about the dream. The person who guesses the dream correctly then makes a small mask and gives it, along with wishes of good fortune, to the dreamer. As the mask is the 'medicine' it is kept at home to prevent recurrence of the dreams.
Unfortunately today, Cornhusk masks are often provided less religious veneration than their wooden relatives the False Faces, yet they are both still used in sacred curing rites and in the Husk Face Society dances. Presently some corn husk masks are made without ritual blessing for museums and tourists, but all these masks deserve respect as a religious object in their cultural context.
Cornhusk Bibliography and Books to Buy On-Line
Text and Graphics
© 1994 - Tara Prindle
unless otherwise cited.


Phrases contain exact "reaction synonym" from credible sources
Phrases contain similar "reaction synonym" from credible sources
Find 30 ways to say VINDICATION, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus.
Find 23 ways to say INTERPRETATION, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus.
Coulometry determines the amount of matter transformed during an electrolysis reaction by measuring the amount of electricity (in coulombs) consumed or produced.It can be used for precision measurements of charge, and the amperes even used to have a coulometric definition. However, today coulometry is mainly used for analytical applications. Coulometry is a group of techniques in analytical...
Human errors can be described as mistakes made during an experiment that can invalidate your data and conclusions. Scientists recognize that experimental findings may be imprecise due to variables difficult to control. However, scientists and professors have little tolerance for human errors.
The reaction that occurs, which is called oxidation, is what turns the fruits and vegetables brown. The bruising seen on some fruit, such as apples and pears, is caused by the same type of reaction. If an apple is damaged by being hit or dropped, the apple's cells in that area are damaged and the enzymes are exposed to the air inside the apple...
Hysteresis definition, the lag in response exhibited by a body in reacting to changes in the forces, especially magnetic forces, affecting it. See more.
Exothermic definition, noting or pertaining to a chemical change that is accompanied by a liberation of heat (opposed to endothermic). See more.
In people who have autoimmune disorders, myocarditis may result from an autoimmune reaction against heart tissues and not a viral infection. In this setting, myocarditis is a part of a more widespread process that may require treatment with medication to suppress the immune system.... Enter a disease name or synonym to search NORD's database...
It's sometimes used as if it was a distinct category of adverse reaction – it isn't – and it's sometimes used as a synonym for an allergic skin reaction. This second use of the word does make sense, but really "sensitization" describes the priming of the immune system that subsequently leads to an allergic reaction.
SIMATIC Program execution S7-1500, S7-1500R/H, ET 200SP, ET 200pro Cycle and response times Function Manual 05/2021 A5E03461504-AF Preface Function manuals
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the primary gene amplification technique that has revolutionized modern biochemistry. Polymerase chain reaction was developed by Kary Mullis in 1983. [34] There are four steps to a proper polymerase chain reaction: 1) denaturation 2) extension 3) insertion (of gene to be expressed) and finally 4) amplification...
reaction synonym
[riˈækʃən ˈsɪnəˌnɪm]


text:
Object. The goal of this study was to relate the degree of clinical improvement and that of energy consumption to the anatomical position of electrode poles used for long-term stimulation.
Methods. The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of 15 consecutive patients in whom targeting of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) had been performed using ventriculography, three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and 3D computerized tomography, together with macrostimulation and teleradiographic control of the electrode position. In these patients the follow-up period ranged from 6 to 12 months. Postoperative improvement in contralateral motor symptoms, which was assessed by assigning a lateralized motor subscore of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), and stimulus intensity required for optimal treatment results were correlated with the intracerebral position of the active electrode pole.
Bilateral high-frequency stimulation of the STN improved the UPDRS motor score during the medication-off period by an average of 60.5% compared with that at baseline. Repeated transfer of stereotactic coordinates from postoperative teleradiography to treatment-planning MR images documented the proper localization of the most distal electrode pole (pole 0) in the targeted STN. Nevertheless, in most cases the best clinical improvement was achieved using electrode poles that were located several millimeters above the electrode tip. If the relative improvement in motor symptoms was correlated with the required electrical energy for chronic stimulation, the best coefficient was observed for active electrode poles projecting onto white matter dorsal to the STN.
Conclusions. This observation makes blocking or activation of large fiber connections arising in the STN or running nearby more likely than electrical interference with cell bodies inside the STN. Anatomical correlates may be the pallidothalamic bundle (including Field H of Forel and the thalamic fascicle), the pallidosubthalamic tract, and/or the zona incerta.


text:
70% Smaller PNG Files
CodeKit can reduce PNG file sizes by about 70% with virtually no change in image quality—it's straight-up witchcraft.
To do this, CodeKit uses a tool called PNGQuant, which is written by Kornel Lesiński. Kornel also develops the industry-standard Mac App, ImageOptim. He was kind enough to license PNGQuant to me so that you get the same state-of-the-art optimizer in CodeKit.
The Image Inspector
Select one or more PNG images in CodeKit and you'll see the Image Inspector:
If you don't see this section of the Image Inspector, make sure you've selected only PNG images.
The primary option is which optimizer to run. CodeKit contains two:
- PNGQuant (default)
Which Optimizer Should I Use?
PNGQuant is the right choice 98% of the time. However, it may produce "banding" in images with subtle gradients like fog or clouds. For these images, consider OptiPNG.
OptiPNG is 100% lossless and works by deleting extra metadata and then recompressing your image file. However, since modern image-editing apps already write really efficient PNGs, you'll typically see only about 5% reductions with OptiPNG.
Below 85%, you may start to see "noise" in the optimized image. However, for images containing mostly solid blocks of colors (such as UI elements, screenshots, etc.) setting a lower value can reduce file sizes by 90% or more without any loss in visual quality. (Note: this value does not apply to OptiPNG, which is always 100% lossless.)
A Note About "Initial Size"
This is how large an image was the first time CodeKit ever saw it. The value never changes. So, if you start with a small image (say, 50x50 px) and then replace it with a bigger one (say, 5000x5000 px), it's possible that the current size may be larger than the initial size, even after optimization. In this case, the initial size isn't really accurate because it was set when a smaller file occupied the path.
Output Path & Action
These options apply to files of all types. They are explained in Setting Output Paths & Actions.
Normally, CodeKit will not copy or process a file if its output path is the same as its input path. The exception to this is images.


text:
Looking for an answer for one of today's clues in the daily crossword? Everyone is bound to encounter one that baffles them, no matter how smart they are (or at least think they are). When you find yourself unsure what to do, then you can always come to Gamer Journalist. If you're stuck on one of today's crossword clues and don't know the answer, we have the answer that you seek.
Check out the list of all known answers to the Knighted actor Michael crossword clue below. You might find more than one answer, and that means the clue was used in other puzzles. The most recent answer is usually shown first, but you can double-check the letter count to ensure it fits in the grid.
Knighted Actor Michael Crossword Answer
The answer to the Knighted actor Michael crossword clue is:
- CAINE (5 letters)
The clue and answer(s) above was last seen in the NYT. It can also appear across various crossword publications, including newspapers and websites around the world like the LA Times, New York Times, Wall Street Journal, and more.
Well here's the solution to that difficult crossword clue that gave you an irritating time, but you can also take a look at other puzzle clues that may be equally annoying as well. We put together a Crossword section just for crossword puzzle fans like yourself. Or perhaps you're more into Wordle or Heardle. There are plenty of word puzzle variants going around these days, so the options are limitless. You can always check out our Jumble answers, Wordle answers, or Heardle answers pages to find the solutions you need.


text:
The Benefits of a Nursery Through 8th Grade Education
Parents in New York City are fortunate to have many wonderful schools to consider during the application process. When children are young, parents have the role of deciding which school complements their values, meets the needs of their child, and provides a setting that matches their own views of education and learning.
By the eighth grade, children have grown to understand themselves both as students and as learners in terms of their learning style and temperament, so they are able to help make their own assessments. The size of the school, and its educational approach; whether it is single sex or co-ed, public or private; and the quality of its teacher-student relationships can all be important factors for adolescents when thinking about the school they want for their high school years. With a sense of who they are both as students and individuals, the eighth graders at Bank Street are able to take responsibility for their education, and part of that academic responsibility is to understand how to choose and shape a learning environment to their best advantage. It can be an empowering experience for a fourteen-year-old.
While Nursery or Kindergarten through Eighth Grade schools have the same academic standards as the comprehensive schools (Kindergarten through Twelfth Grade), the look and feel of a N/K-Eighth school is very different. With the oldest children in the school being just fourteen years old, there are few direct influences on them to act older than they are. There are no older adolescents to imitate. This, in turn, allows the child in a N/K-Eighth school to stay younger longer. In our fast-paced world with its high stakes and pressures, an environment that specializes in the intellectual, social, and emotional lives of children and early adolescents is an important consideration for parents.


text:
There are various environmental factors that can affect the performance of noise-measuring instruments and their
Sound-measuring equipment should perform within design specifications over a temperature range of -20 °F to 140 °F (-29 °C to 60 °C). If the
temperature at the measurement site is outside of this range, refer to the manufacturer's specifications to determine if the sound level
meter or dosimeter is capable of functioning properly.
Sound-measuring instruments should not be stored in automobiles during hot or cold weather because this may cause warm-up drift, moisture
condensation, and weakened batteries.
Most noise instruments will perform accurately as long as moisture does not condense or deposit on the microphone diaphragm. If excessive
moisture or rain is a problem in an exposure situation, refer to the manufacturer's instructions or other noise professionals for technical
- Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure affects the output of sound level calibrators. When checking an acoustical calibrator, always
apply the corrections for atmospheric pressure that are specified in the manufacturer's instruction manual.
- In general, if the altitude of the measurement site is less than 10,000 feet above sea level, no pressure correction is needed. If the
measurement site is at an altitude higher than 10,000 feet, or if the site is being maintained at a pressure greater that its surroundings
(for example, in underwater tunnel construction), use the following equation to correct the instrument reading:
Air Pressure Correction Equation
|C = 10 log
||correction, in decibels, to be added to or subtracted from the measured sound level
||temperature in degrees Fahrenheit
||barometric pressure in inches of mercury
For high altitude locations, C will be positive; in hyperbaric conditions (above atmospheric pressure), C will be negative.
Wind or Dust
Wind or dust blowing across the microphone of the dosimeter or sound level meter produces turbulence, which may cause a positive error in the
measurement. A wind screen should be used for all outdoor measurements and whenever there is significant air movement or dust inside a
building (for example, when cooling fans are in use or wind is gusting through open windows).
Certain equipment and operations, such as heat sealers, induction furnaces, generators, transformers, electromagnets, arc welding, and radio
transmitters generate electromagnetic fields that can induce current in the electronic circuitry of sound level meters and noise dosimeters
and cause erratic readings. If instruments must be used near such devices or operations, the extent of the field's interference
should be determined by consulting the manufacturer's instructions.
For sound level meters and noise dosimeters equipped with omnidirectional microphones, the effects of the microphone placement and orientation
are negligible in an environment that is typically reverberant.
If the measurement site is nonreverberant and the noise source is highly directional, consult the manufacturer's literature to determine
proper microphone placement and orientation.
For determining compliance with the impulse noise provision of 29 CFR 1910.95(b)(1) or
29 CFR 1926.52(e),
use the unweighted peak mode setting of the sound level meter or equivalent impulse precision sound level meter.


Towers of technology
Reda Sadki _TAG_, Learning strategy
Opencast Mine / Tagebau - Garzweiler / NRW / Germany
Opening workplace learning
Reda Sadki Thinking aloud, Writing
For organizations, the paradigm of workplace learning remains focused on internal development of staff, on the premise that staff need to be learning to improve, if only to keep their knowledge and competencies current. In the past, education advocates struggled to gain recognition for the need to continually learn in the workplace. Opening workplace learning was difficult to justify or finance due to the economy of effort required to deploy educational activities. In today's hyper-connected world, organizations can no longer afford to restrict their educational activities to their own staff. Nor can they rationally allow for such activities to be limited to ad hoc face-to-face 'trainings' that do not scale. They need to reach their target audiences through education if they want the knowledge they produce to have more than superficial impact. This is part and parcel of sustainability. Closed learning restricted to the workplace is the knowledge economy equivalent of strip-mining. Photo: Opencast Mine, Germany (TablinumCarlson/Flickr).


text:
What should I do when spring bulbs start to sprout in late winter?
—Barbara Richards, North Wales, PA
Bulbs usually aren't damaged much when they sprout early, but if you have some snow piled up on your property, it wouldn't hurt to shovel it on top of the bulbs to keep them cooler and slow their growth. The best way to approach this problem, however, lies in choosing your planting sites carefully. Avoid places that heat up early, such as south-facing slopes or areas near the foundation on the south side of your house or garage. Be sure, too, that you plant bulbs deeply enough. When they're too shallow, they warm earlier.
Put several inches of mulch over your bulb beds as soon as the soil freezes in late autumn. In addition to protecting the bulbs from extreme cold, mulch insulates the soil and helps keep it cool enough to discourage early sprouting. Bulb foliage that's pale and yellowish under the mulch will green up when it's exposed to sunlight.


text:
Date: ca. 1830
Dimensions: L. 70.9 cm (27-15/16 in.); Diam. ca. 4.2 cm (1-11/16 in.)
Classification: Aerophone-Blow Hole-nose flute
Credit Line: The Crosby Brown Collection of Musical Instruments, 1889
Accession Number: 89.4.795
Widely made and used in every region of the Pacific except Australia, nose flutes are played with the nose rather than the mouth. To do so, the musician generally holds one nostril shut with the thumb or a finger and sounds the flute by blowing into a small hole drilled near the top of the instrument with the other. Nose flutes are almost universally made, as here, from bamboo and, like other small bamboo flutes, are typically used in informal settings. This example is from Fiji where nose flutes were played by both sexes to provide soothing music when at rest or during courting. The melodies, composed of from two to four notes, were quiet and plaintive, providing a relaxing interlude or softly enticing a current or prospective lover.


Cookies on this website
Measurements derived from neuroimaging data can serve as markers of disease and/or healthy development, are largely heritable, and have been increasingly utilized as (intermediate) phenotypes in genetic association studies. To date, imaging genetic studies have mostly focused on discovering isolated genetic effects, typically ignoring potential interactions with non-genetic variables such as disease risk factors, environmental exposures, and epigenetic markers. However, identifying significant interaction effects is critical for revealing the true relationship between genetic and phenotypic variables, and shedding light on disease mechanisms. In this paper, we present a general kernel machine based method for detecting effects of the interaction between multidimensional variable sets. This method can model the joint and epistatic effect of a collection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), accommodate multiple factors that potentially moderate genetic influences, and test for nonlinear interactions between sets of variables in a flexible framework. As a demonstration of application, we applied the method to the data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) to detect the effects of the interactions between candidate Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk genes and a collection of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, on hippocampal volume measurements derived from structural brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Our method identified that two genes, CR1 and EPHA1, demonstrate significant interactions with CVD risk factors on hippocampal volume, suggesting that CR1 and EPHA1 may play a role in influencing AD-related neurodegeneration in the presence of CVD risks.
Original publication
Journal article
Publication Date
505 - 514
Alzheimer's disease, Cardiovascular disease, Imaging genetics, Interaction, Kernel machines, Alzheimer Disease, Biomarkers, Brain Diseases, Cardiovascular Diseases, Computer Simulation, Epistasis, Genetic, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Neuroimaging, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Risk Factors


text:
Since ancient times, spices have been considered as very powerful ingredients because of their numerous medicinal properties. Black pepper is one of those spices whose properties never cease to amaze us. Especially when used as an essential oil, this one-of-a-kind spice can do amazing things for your overall health and well-being.
THE BENEFITS OF BLACK PEPPER ESSENTIAL OIL
This essential oil has antibacterial, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, carminative, diuretic, laxative, stimulant, and antiseptic properties. These are only some of the advantages of consuming it on a regular basis:
- Fight off infectionsthe antibacterial properties of this oil can treat insect bites and infections. When regularly consumed, it will cleanse the arteries and decrease the risk of atherosclerosis.
- Prevent damage caused by free radicalsblack pepper is known to have the antioxidant properties that can prevent or treat free radical damage and thus, protect you from liver and heart disease, but cancer as well.
- Soothes the stomach– black pepper can increase the hydrochloric acid secretion and thus, better the digestion. Having a healthy digestive system is vital for prevention of colic, diarrhea, and constipation. It will also prevent intestinal gas and encourage sweating and urination, which will result in expelled toxins from the body.
- Benefits the neurological health– one of the main compounds of black pepper, piperine, can lower cognitive malfunction and memory problems.
- Brings respiratory relief– black pepper has the power to alleviate sinusitis and nasal congestion since it can dissolve mucus and phlegm stuck in the respiratory tract.
- Good for the skin– black pepper can treat vitiligo, a condition that causes certain areas of the skin to become white. This is because piperine encourages pigment production.
- Contributes to weight loss– the outer layer of peppercorn contributes to a breakdown of fat cells, which is great for shedding fat and losing weight in a completely natural way.
THE 3 DIFFERENT WAYS OF USING BLACK PEPPER ESSENTIAL OIL
The benefits of black pepper essential oil are conditioned by the way you consume it. Some of the ways for consumption are inhalation, topical application, or ingestion. When inhaled, it will relax the mind and body and lower mental stress and the stress associated with quitting smoking. If you take it orally, for example, by adding it to barbecues, steak sauces, etc. this essential oil will cause urination and sweating, which are great for the body because it removes toxins through these processes. Black pepper will also stimulate bile production in the stomach and result in healthy digestion. When applied topically, together with carrier oil, black pepper will relax the muscles and reduce cramps and pulls. It will also encourage the removal of uric acid from the blood which is great for people who suffer from rheumatism, gout, or arthritis.


text:
Bagrov, Vladislav G. / Gitman, Dmitry
The Dirac Equation and its Solutions
Aims and Scope
Dirac equations are of fundamental importance for relativistic quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. In relativistic quantum mechanics, the Dirac equation is referred to as one-particle wave equation of motion for electron in an external electromagnetic field. In quantum electrodynamics, exact solutions of this equation are needed to treat the interaction between the electron and the external field exactly.
In particular, all propagators of a particle, i.e., the various Green's functions, are constructed in a certain way by using exact solutions of the Dirac equation.
- Approx. 400 pages
- Type of Publication:
- Dirac Equation; Quantum Electrodynamics; Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
- Theoretical and mathematical physicists; libraries and research institutions


text:
How to connect tubing to an oxygen tank
Posted on 31st, May 2012
In hospitals, oxygen is supplied from a central oxygen supply facility via an outlet in the wall. A flow meter regulates the oxygen supply. The physician will prescribe oxygen levels to be administered to a patient. Elsewhere such as at home, oxygen tanks which contain the gas in its compressed form, are deployed.
Here's how you connect the cannula or tubing to the oxygen tank:
1. The oxygen tank or cylinder will have a plastic cap or plug covering the cylinder valve. These will be of different sizes in accordance with the cylinder size. Remove this cap or plug.
2. Place the regulator (which should have a flow meter attached to it) on the valve. Tighten the regulator.
3. Open the cylinder valve.
5. Attach humidifier to the flow meter. Ensure that this is mounted in an upright position.
6. Attach the cannula tube to the humidifier.
7. Open the valve in the flow meter in accordance with the doctor's orders. When the flow meter indicates low levels of oxygen, it's time to replace the oxygen tank.
As you can see it is not difficult to set up oxgen tank at home just that you have to pay attention to the flow meter at all times.


text:
- To get knowledge. Gaining research capabilities, experience through collaboration, cooperative networks and discussion forums in European perspective. To encourage shared innovative practice via collaboration with internationally recognised centres of excellence in the areas of Water and agriculture. To promote learning about technology/process. To develop critical thinking through the best ICT for logistics solutions and applicative practices.
- To link research, technology/process and education by building excellent research climate. As this project is targeted to address each side of the knowledge triangle, it is expected that the evidence from the project will assist in maximising future economic impact. Speeded up rate of adoption of ICT in order to modernize training and research of agriculture and water at MCAST: plan for transferring to MCAST the knowledge and competencies for excellent research in water use in agriculture.
- To promote research excellence-enabling international research community. Improved partnership and cooperation skills with the communities and strengthen capacity of linking with stakeholders like public entities, research institutions and business ecosystem in a field of water and agriculture through staff exchanges, join research activities. All deliverables will be disseminated through this website and plans are made to promote targeted analysis findings via transnational partners' websites, and through their local stakeholder networks.
- To enhance potential of Malta (namely MCAST) to run national and international scientific research projects in water use in agriculture:
- Research culture audit report and recommendation;
- Training materials about participation in H2020 and other programmes;
- Joint Summer School


text:
Can anybody help with these please?!
Solve this problem by writing an equation. The length of a rectanglar room is 6.2m and the width is 3.3m. What is its area?
Express this problem as an equation. The length of a rectangular car park is a 128m and the width is 63m. What is its area?
Write the rule for finding the area of a rectangle as an equation which will be true for all rectangles.
Express this problem as an equation. The radius of a circle is 6.3m. What is its diameter? Thanks


text:
Saturday 15 June
Eastern Cape dwarf cycad (Encephalartos caffer)
Eastern Cape dwarf cycad fact file
- Find out more
- Print factsheet
Eastern Cape dwarf cycad description
This rare plant typically has an underground stem, with a small portion on top, the stem is only very rarely branched and may be as much as 40 cm long (2). Emerging from the top are long, pinnate, dark green leaves up to a metre long. These often have a distinctive ruffled, feathery appearance, caused by the numerous, clustered leaflets being irregularly twisted from the central stalk and pointing out in different directions (2) (4). New leaves are brown and woolly at first but most of the hair is lost as they mature, although they never become completely smooth or glossy. Both male and female plants bear single reproductive cones made up of a series of spiraled scales, which become greenish-yellow when mature. In the female, two largish, glossy, scarlet-coloured seeds are formed on top of each cone scale (2).
- Stem length: up to 40 cm (2)
- Stem width: up to 25 cm (2)
- Leaf length: 40 – 100 cm (2)
- Cone length: up to 30 cm (2)
- Cone width: up to 15 cm (2)
- Seed length: up to 3.8 cm (2)
Eastern Cape dwarf cycad biology
Cycads are dioecious, meaning that there are separate male and female plants, and the female produces seeds while the male produces pollen. Plants of this taxon have generally been considered to be wind pollinated, but several recent studies suggest that insect pollination is more likely. The seeds produced are typically large with a hard, stony layer (sclerotesta) beneath a fleshy outer coat (sarcotesta), attracting animals such as birds, rodents and small mammals, which serve as dispersal agents. In most cases, the fleshy coat is eaten off the seed rather than the entire seed being consumed. Cycads are long-lived and slow-growing, with slow recruitment and population turnover (6).
All cycads posses 'coralloid' (meaning coral-like) roots. These roots contain symbiotic cyanobacteria that fix gaseous nitrogen from the atmosphere and provide essential nitrogenous compounds to the plant. This can be a great advantage, as many cycads grow in nutrient-poor habitats (6).Top
Eastern Cape dwarf cycad range
Approximately 10,000 mature individuals are confined to the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa (1).Top
Eastern Cape dwarf cycad habitatTop
Eastern Cape dwarf cycad status
Classified as Near Threatened (NT) on the IUCN Red List 2007, and listed on Appendix I of CITES (3).Top
Eastern Cape dwarf cycad threats
The Eastern Cape dwarf cycad was one of the first three Cape cycads to be declared endangered by the Cape provincial nature conservation authorities. Collectors have seriously depleted numbers in certain areas, particularly in easily-accessible terrain. Large numbers have also been destroyed by conversion of land to agriculture, such as in the Humansdorp and Albany districts (2).Top
Eastern Cape dwarf cycad conservation
A few viable colonies are protected on state-owned land, and a large colony occurs in the Cape provincial cycad reserve near Grahamstown, where plants are regularly inspected. Here, many seedlings can be seen amongst the mature plants, and the species therefore seems to be in no immediate danger of extinction (2).Top
Find out more
For more information on the Eastern Cape dwarf cycad see:
- Cycad Society of South Africa:
Authenticated (17/09/07) by Dr John Donaldson, Chief Director of Conservation Science, Head of Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute.Top
- A group of bacteria that is able to photosynthesise and contain the pigment chlorophyll. They used to be known as 'blue-green algae'. They are thought to have been the first organisms to produce oxygen; fossil cyanobacteria have been found in 3000 million year old rocks. As they are responsible for the oxygen in the atmosphere they have played an essential role in influencing the course of evolution on this planet.
- Male and female flowers are borne on separate plants.
- In plants, a compound leaf where the leaflets (individual 'leaves') are found on either side of the central stalk.
- Symbiotic relationship
- Relationship in which two organisms form a close association, the term is now usually used only for associations that benefit both organisms (a mutualism).
- An open grassy plain.
- IUCN Red List (September, 2007)
- Cycad Society of South Africa (December, 2006)
- CITES (October, 2006)
- Jurassic Garden (December, 2006)
- Donaldson, J. (2007) Pers. comm.
- Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney – The Cycad Pages (December, 2006)
MyARKive offers the scrapbook feature to signed-up members, allowing you to organize your favourite ARKive images and videos and share them with friends.
Terms and Conditions of Use of Materials
Copyright in this website and materials contained on this website (Material) belongs to Wildscreen or its licensors.
Visitors to this website (End Users) are entitled to:
- view the contents of, and Material on, the website;
- download and retain copies of the Material on their personal systems in digital form in low resolution for their own personal use;
- teachers, lecturers and students may incorporate the Material in their educational material (including, but not limited to, their lesson plans, presentations, worksheets and projects) in hard copy and digital format for use within a registered educational establishment, provided that the integrity of the Material is maintained and that copyright ownership and authorship is appropriately acknowledged by the End User.
End Users shall not copy or otherwise extract, alter or manipulate Material other than as permitted in these Terms and Conditions of Use of Materials.
Additional use of flagged material
Green flagged material
Certain Material on this website (Licence 4 Material) displays a green flag next to the Material and is available for not-for-profit conservation or educational use. This material may be used by End Users, who are individuals or organisations that are in our opinion not-for-profit, for their not-for-profit conservation or not-for-profit educational purposes. Low resolution, watermarked images may be copied from this website by such End Users for such purposes. If you require high resolution or non-watermarked versions of the Material, please contact Wildscreen with details of your proposed use.
Creative commons material
Certain Material on this website has been licensed to Wildscreen under a Creative Commons Licence. These images are clearly marked with the Creative Commons buttons and may be used by End Users only in the way allowed by the specific Creative Commons Licence under which they have been submitted. Please see _URL_ for details.
Any other use
Please contact the copyright owners directly (copyright and contact details are shown for each media item) to negotiate terms and conditions for any use of Material other than those expressly permitted above. Please note that many of the contributors to ARKive are commercial operators and may request a fee for such use.
Save as permitted above, no person or organisation is permitted to incorporate any copyright material from this website into any other work or publication in any format (this includes but is not limited to: websites, Apps, CDs, DVDs, intranets, extranets, signage, digital communications or on printed materials for external or other distribution). Use of the Material for promotional, administrative or for-profit purposes is not permitted.


Export (0) Print
Expand All
Debug Class
Namespace: System.Diagnostics
Assembly: System (in system.dll)
public sealed class Debug
public final class Debug
public final class Debug
Not applicable.
If you use methods in the Debug class to print debugging information and check your logic with assertions, you can make your code more robust without impacting the performance and code size of your shipping product.
This class provides methods to display an Assert dialog box, and to emit an assertion that will always fail. This class provides write methods in the following variations: Write, WriteLine, WriteIf and WriteLineIf.
The BooleanSwitch and TraceSwitch classes provide means to dynamically control the tracing output. You can modify the values of these switches without recompiling your application. For information on using the configuration file to set a switch, see the Switch class and the Trace Switches topic.
You can customize the tracing output's target by adding TraceListener instances to or removing instances from the Listeners collection. By default, the DefaultTraceListener class emits trace output.
You can modify the level of indentation using the Indent method or the IndentLevel property. To modify the indent spacing, use the IndentSize property. You can specify whether to automatically flush the output buffer after each write by setting the AutoFlush property to true.
To set the AutoFlush and IndentSize for Debug, you can edit the configuration file corresponding to the name of your application. The configuration file should be formatted like the following example:
The ConditionalAttribute attribute is applied to the methods of Debug. Compilers that support ConditionalAttribute ignore calls to these methods unless "DEBUG" is defined as a conditional compilation symbol. Refer to a compiler's documentation to determine whether ConditionalAttribute is supported and the syntax for defining a conditional compilation symbol.
To define the "DEBUG" conditional compilation symbol in C# and J#, add the /d:DEBUG option to the compiler command line when you compile your code or add _TAG_ DEBUG to the top of your file. In Visual Basic, add the /d:DEBUG=True option to the compiler command line or add _TAG_ DEBUG=True to the file.
ConditionalAttribute is not supported by the C++ compiler. To provide equivalent functionality, you must enclose calls to the methods of Debug in an _TAG_ defined(DEBUG)... _TAG_ block, and add the /DDEBUG option to the compiler command line or add _TAG_ DEBUG to the file.
In Visual Studio 2005 projects, by default, the "DEBUG" conditional compilation symbol is defined for debug builds, and the "TRACE" symbol is defined for both debug and release builds. For information on how to disable this behavior, see the Visual Studio 2005 documentation.
The following example uses Debug to indicate the beginning and end of a program's execution. The example also uses Indent and Unindent to distinguish the tracing output.
// Specify /d:DEBUG when compiling.
using System;
using System.Data;
using System.Diagnostics;
class Test
 static void Main()
 Debug.Listeners.Add(new TextWriterTraceListener(Console.Out));
 Debug.AutoFlush = true;
 Debug.WriteLine("Entering Main");
 Console.WriteLine("Hello World.");
 Debug.WriteLine("Exiting Main");
This type is thread safe.
.NET Framework
Supported in: 3.0, 2.0, 1.1, 1.0
.NET Compact Framework
Supported in: 2.0, 1.0
XNA Framework
Supported in: 1.0
Community Additions
© 2014 Microsoft


Agar plate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Blood agar)
Jump to: navigation, search
AGAR plate
Uses Culturing
Related items Petri dish
Growth medium
In 1881, Fannie Hesse, who was working as a technician for her husband Walther Hesse in the laboratory of Robert Koch, suggested agar as an effective setting agent, since it had been commonplace in jam making for some time.[2]
An agar plate being viewed in an electronic colony counter
An agar culture of E. coli colonies
Like other growth media, the formulations of agar used in plates may be classified as either "defined" or "undefined"; a defined medium is synthesized from individual chemicals required by the organism so the exact molecular composition is known, whereas an undefined medium is made from natural products such as yeast extract, where the precise composition is unknown.[3]
Some commonly used agar plate types are:
Blood agar[edit]
Blood agar plate (BAP)
Blood agar plates (BAPs) contain mammalian blood (usually sheep or horse), typically at a concentration of 5–10%. BAPs are enriched, differential media used to isolate fastidious organisms and detect hemolytic activity. β-hemolytic activity will show lysis and complete digestion of red blood cell contents surrounding colony. Examples include Streptococcus haemolyticus. α-hemolysis will only cause partial lysis of the red blood cells (the cell membrane is left intact) and will appear green or brown, due to the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin. An example of this would be Streptococcus viridans. γ-hemolysis (or nonhemolytic) is the term referring to a lack of hemolytic activity.[5] BAPs contain meat extract, tryptone, sodium chloride, and agar.
Chocolate agar
Chocolate agar (CHOC) is a type of blood agar plate in which the blood cells have been lysed by heating the cells to 56 °C. It is used for growing fastidious respiratory bacteria, such as Haemophilus influenzae. No chocolate is actually contained in the plate; it is named for the coloration only.
Horse blood agar
Horse blood agar (HBA) is a type of blood-enriched microbiological culture media. As it is enriched, it allows the growth of certain fastidious bacteria, and allows indication of haemolytic activity in these bacterial cultures.
Thayer-Martin agar
Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar
Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (TCBS) enhances growth of Vibrio spp., including Vibrio cholerae.[6]
General bacterial media[edit]
Four types of agar plate demonstrating differential growth depending on bacterial metabolism
BEA is used for the isolation of Enterococcus, as well as Group D Streptococcus species
Cysteine, lactose, electrolyte-deficient agar (CLED) agar is used to isolate and differentiate urinary tract bacteria, since it inhibits Proteus species swarming and can differentiate between lactose fermenters and nonfermenters.
HE agar is designed to isolate and recover fecal bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is particularly useful in isolating Salmonella and Shigella.
MAC is a selective and differential medium used to differentiate between Gram-negative bacteria while inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive bacteria. The addition of bile salts and crystal violet to the agar inhibits the growth of most Gram-positive bacteria, making MacConkey agar selective. Lactose and neutral red are added to differentiate the lactose fermenters, which form pink colonies, from lactose nonfermenters that form clear colonies. An alternative medium, eosin methylene blue (EMB) serves a similar purpose.
MSA is also a selective and differential medium. The mannitol indicates organisms that ferment mannitol: mannitol fermentation produces lactic acid, lowering the pH and turning the plate yellow. The salt is to select for halophiles; organisms that cannot withstand a high salt content are unable to grow well.
MHA contains beef infusion, peptone, and starch, and is used primarily for antibiotic susceptibility testing. It can be in a form of blood agar.
Aspergillus niger growing in potato dextrose agar
Nutrient agar is usually used for growth of nonfastidious organisms and observation of pigment production. It is safe to use in school science laboratories because it does not selectively grow pathogenic bacteria.
Önöz agar allows more rapid bacteriological diagnosis, as Salmonella and Shigella colonies can be clearly and reliably differentiated from other Enterobacteriaceae. The yields of Salmonella from stool samples obtained, when using this medium, are higher than those obtained with LEIFSON agar or Salmonella–Shigella agar (SSA).
A nonspecific agar, it imitates water, so is used for water analysis.
TSA is a general-purpose medium produced by enzymatic digestion of soybean meal and casein. TSA is frequently the base medium of other agar types; for example, blood agar plates are made by enriching TSA plates with blood.
TSA plates support growth of many semifastidious bacteria, including some species of Brucella, Corynebacterium, Listeria, Neisseria, and Vibrio.
It is also used to culture possible Salmonella that may be present in a food sample. Most Salmonella colonies produce a black centre on XLD.
Cetrimide agar is used for the selective isolation of the Gram-negative bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Fungal media[edit]
Moss media[edit]
See also[edit]
Different specific types of agar:
 5. ^
External links[edit]