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Swat (princely state)
||This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2012)|
|State of Swat|
|Province of the Mughal Empire (1802–1858)
Princely state of the British Raj (1858–1947)
Princely state of Pakistan (1947–1955)
|Wāli of Swat||His Highness Sultan Faghal (first)|
|His Highness Miangul Jahan Zeb, Wāli of Swat (last)|
|Historical era||Mughal Empire (1802–1858) Indian British Empire (22 February _PHONE_) Princely state of Pakistan (_PHONE_) Part of West Pakistan (_PHONE_) Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (1970-present) Dividing between the Swat, Buner and Shangla|
|-||Merged into West Pakistan||14 October 1955|
|Currency||Rupee, Pakistan Rupee (after 1947)|
This article is part of the series
The Yousufzai State of Swat (Urdu: ریاست سوات) was a province of the Mughal Empire ruled by local rulers known as the Akhunds, then until 1947 a princely state of the British Indian Empire, which was dissolved in 1947, when the Akhwand acceded to Pakistan. The state lay to the north of the modern Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan and continued within its 1947 borders until 1969, when it was dissolved. The area it covered is now divided between the present-day states of Swat, Buner and Shangla.
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (October 2012)|
- See also History of Swat
The Swat region has been inhabited for more than two thousand years and was known in ancient times as Udyana. The location of Swat made it an important stopping point for many invaders, including Alexander the Great and Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. The second century BCE saw Swat forming part of the Buddhist civilisation of Gandhara.
Swat was a center of Hinayana Buddhism and of the Mahayana school that developed from it. The Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hsien, who visited the valley around 403 CE, mentions 500 monasteries. After him, Sun Yun (519 CE), Hsuan-tsang (630 CE), and Wu-kung (752 CE) visited Swat as well and praised the richness of the region, its favourable climate, the abundance of forest, flowers and fruit-trees and the respect in which Buddhism was held.
The Kushan dynasty ruled for four centuries until it was overrun by the White Huns in the 5th century CE and the glory of the Gandhara era came to an end. Hsuan-tsang recorded the decline of Buddhism. According to him, of the 1400 monasteries that had supposedly been there, most were in ruins or had been abandoned. The monks still quoted from the scriptures but no longer understood them. There were grapes in abundance but cultivation of the fields was sparse.
From the 8th century CE onwards, Muslim Arabs started to exert pressure from the west in the most eastern-Iranian lands where the Hindu Shahi Dynasty still ruled. At the beginning of the 8th century, the Gabari Royal Tajik tribe advanced through Laghmanat, Ningarhar, and Dir to invade Swat, defeating the Bhudists and the Hindus. This war was headed by Sultan Pakhal Gabari and later on by Sultan Behram Gabari, both Jahangirian sultans. Rulers of Kuner Pich and cousin of Rulers of Balkh and Kashmir. Later some Dilazak encroached on the area and settled among the Gabaris, who in 1519 and 1520 were ousted in their turn by the Yusufzais backed by the Mughal Badshah Zahiruddin Muhammad Baber,the fierce super power. It is a historical paradox that the Yusufzais were ousted from Kabul by Mirza Ullegh Beg, the uncle of Baber, and killed 600 Malak of Yusufzai, whereas the Gabaris warmly welcomed Yousofzai refugees and settled them within Gabari sultanate areas of Bajour, Dir and Swat. The Yusofzais forgot the generosity of the Gabaris and encroached on their state with the plotted help of Zahiruddin Muhammad Babar.And thus, In 1519 they demolished the Gabar-Kot fortress in Bajour killed the Sultans including Sultan Mir Haider Ali Gabari.Further advanced into Swat, forcing the last Gabari ruler, Sultan Awais Gabari Manglaware Fort, to Retire to Upper Dir. He established his rule in Upper Dir, Chitral Wakhan, Badakhshan and other petty states of the Upper Oxus.
The modern area of Swat was ruled sporadically by religious leaders, who took the title of Akhoond, also spelt Akhund or Akond. The Akhund of Swat who died in 1877 was particularly famous as the subject of a well known humorist poem by Edward Lear, The Akond of Swat. The nonsensical poem suggests a far away place and a mystical person, at least through the eyes of a Victorian poet and painter.
The Islamic State of Swat was established in 1849 under Sayyid Akbar Shah with Sharia law remaining in force, but the state was in abeyance from 1863 to 1915. Sayyid Abdul-Jabbar Khan was made ruler by a local Jirga and had trouble exercising power. In 1917 another Jirga appointed Miangul Golshahzada Abdul-Wadud. The British recognised the state as a princely state in 1926. Following the Partition of India in 1947, the ruler acceded the state to Pakistan, while retaining considerable autonomy. The ruler of Swat was accorded a 15-gun hereditary salute in 1966, but this was followed by the abolition of the state in 1969 due to the policy of Government of Pakistan.
The people of Swat are mainly Pashtuns, Kohistanis and Gujars. Some have very distinctive physical characteristics, including blonde hair and blue eyes. They may be of Dardic extraction, as found in other parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the surrounding area.
The rulers of Swat held the title Amir-e Shariyat and from 1918 were known as Badshah; the title changed to Wali in 1926 when it became a Princely State of the British Raj. Since 1969 the former princely state has been under a civil administration as part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Miangul family is still prominent in Pakistan and has held a variety of appointed and elective posts.
|Tenure||Rulers of Swat||Honorary|
|Sultan Faghal or Sultan Pakhal|
|Sultan Behram Jahangeeri|
|Sultan Ghiyasunddin Abdullah Khan|
|Sultan Owais Jahangeeri|
|1849 - 11 May 1857||Sayyid Akbar Shah|
|11 May 1857 - 1863||Sayyid Mubarak Shah Sahib|
|1863–1915||State in abeyance|
|1915 - September 1917||Sayyid Abdul-Jabbar Khan|
|September 1917 - 12 December 1949||Miangul Golshahzada Abdul-Wadud Badshah Sahib|
|12 December 1949 - 28 July 1969||Miangul Abdul-Haqq Jahan Zeb|
|28 July 1969||(civil administration)||Miangul Abdul-Haqq Jahan Zeb|
|1987 to date||(civil administration)||Miangul Aurangzeb|
See also
- Ben Cahoon, WorldStatesmen.org. "Pakistan Princely States". Retrieved 2007-10-03.
Further reading
- The Last Wali of Swat: An Autobiography as Told by Fredrik Barth (Asian Portraits), by Fredrik Barth
- Sack, John (2000). Report from Practically Nowhere. ISBN 0-595-08918-6.
- Sultan-i-Rome, Swat State, 1915–1969, From Genesis to Merger: An Analysis of Political, Administrative, Socio-Political, and Economic Development, Karachi: Oxford University Press (2008), ISBN 0-19-547113-X
- Sultan-i-Rome. Forestry in the Princely State of Swat and Kalam (North-West Pakistan): A Historical Perspective on Norms and Practices, NCCR IP6 Working Paper No. 6. Zurich: Department of Geography, University of Zurich (2005)
- Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
- RoyalArk website on general and dynastic history
- Details on the ruling family of Swat
- Daily Times: NWFP Religious Background
- Geographic Journal article on Swat


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When we released our report on community solar power last month, we expected a few comments on the grades we gave to the nine featured community solar projects. We also generated a really robust conversation about the location (on buildings or on the ground) of community solar PV projects and made a disheartening discovery about the cost of roof repairs when a solar PV array is present.
In the report, our criteria for solar PV location gave high marks for rooftop solar PV systems because of their use of existing infrastructure, lower marks for ground-mounted systems in brownfields, and the lowest grades for greenfield systems. In one particular case, we gave a 'C' grade to the Clean Energy Collective's project because while it used otherwise unusable land near a sewage treatment plant, it was still ground-mounted.
The response to their 'C' grade made us re-evaluate our grading system. On reflection, there are three major considerations for the location of a community solar (or any distributed renewable energy) project.
Location Criteria for Community Solar
- Preservation of Open Space
- Use of Existing Grid Infrastructure
- Lifetime Cost for Participants
The open space issue cannot be ignored, as demonstrated by the opposition to centralized concentrating solar thermal power and solar PV power plants in the Mojave Desert and San Luis Valley in Colorado. Projects that use rooftops will rarely encounter resistance on environmental grounds (although there can be issues with historic districts). From the perspective of open space, there is still a higher value in a rooftop project than a ground-mounted one.
Existing Grid Infrastructure
The issue of existing grid infrastructure is not as clear cut. In general, distributed solar PV projects minimize the need for new grid infrastructure by plugging into the grid at low voltages and in a variety of places.
Rooftop solar would seem to have an advantage in this. With few exceptions, a rooftop solar PV system can easily interconnect through the building's grid connection. A rooftop solar PV system doesn't change the capacity required by the local grid connection because net metering limits typically mean that no one installs a system that produces more than the building consumers.
But our error was to assume that ground-mounted systems would not take advantage of existing infrastructure, as well. In fact, the Clean Energy Collective solar project connects to existing infrastructure at an adjacent sewage treatment plant. Several other community solar projects in the report were constructed by utilities and presumably built next to existing substations where the new generation could easily be absorbed into the local grid. In other words, we should have graded this location criteria separately from the open space issue.
The third issue – and one we'd never considered – is that rooftop PV systems may have to be removed and reinstalled if the roof needs replacement or repairs. While PV systems typically lose a small portion of their potential output (< 1%) each year, the systems can operate for decades, far longer than the typical residential or commercial roof (20-25 years in Minnesota). In other words, there's likely to be one roof replacement during the life of a PV system.
Reinstalling a residential rooftop PV system could cost $6,250 or 25% of the installed cost of the system
In our investigation, we found that moving residential PV systems to accommodate a roof replacement could cost as much as 25% of the initial system cost (and over 35% of the net cost after the application of the 30% federal tax credit). Moving systems on a commercial roof was less expensive, on the order of 15% of initial installed cost (around 25% of the system cost after the tax credit).
The following chart illustrates the range of costs we found relative to an initial installed cost of $5.00 per Watt for commercial and residential PV systems.
But this chart is somewhat disingenuous, because solar PV owners never pay the full installed cost. Instead, there are a slew of tax credits and rebates that reduce this initial price. The next chart shows these roof repair reinstallation costs relative to the net cost after the 30% federal tax credit.
The cost issue is also complicated by various ownership arrangements. If the building owner also owns the array, the cost of moving the PV system is their responsibility. But what if they lease the solar array? Does the leasing company bear the cost of system safety when the roof is repaired or replaced or is it still the responsibility of the building owner? Will that cost be assessed when the roof is repaired or escrowed from the start of the project?
A CEC representative noted, "I guarantee you that a building owner (lessee) will never sign a long term lease that requires them to pay the costs of reinstalling a system after roof repairs, etc." If CEC's recently completed 77 kW community solar array had been built on a rooftop and required a move, the cost to its individual investors would likely be around $2,000, increasing the upfront cost for those individuals by nearly 30%. In addition, CEC couldn't have offered the utility or its customers a 50-year service level agreement.
Conclusion: Location is Complicated
Obviously, there's much more to the ground v. rooftop issue than meets the eye, from interconnections to roof repairs. Look for a transformation in our Community Solar Report in the next few weeks reflecting on this complex issue.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Vietnam's spectacular Cat Ba archipelago could be in line for Unesco status as the country bids to have it recognised as a world heritage site.
Situated in the south of Ha Long Bay, the archipelago is made up of 367 different islands of which Cat Ba is the biggest. The islands are home to unique biodiversity, with hundreds of species of flowers and plants and unspoilt, tropical forests. Rare animals include the Cat Ba Langur monkey, which is thought to be one of the 25 most endangered primates in the world.
In addition to the beaches, caves, waterfalls and lakes on the islands, Unesco also praised the variety of cultural life on Cat Ba, which includes monuments, cultural festivals and traditions and neolithic archaeological site, Cai Beo.
The Unesco application has been made amid preparations for the 2013 National Tourism Year, which focuses on the Red River Delta, Vietnam's distinctive red-brown river, which is coloured by silt water.
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Key Opinion Leaders
A opinion leader is an active speaker, communicator or commentator who interprets often complex messages for other people. Oftentimes an opinion leader is held in high esteem, meaning that his / her messages are considered as reliable and factual. Key opinion leaders (KOL) are those people who are recognized and followed by a large number of other people. Good examples are:
- Industry analysts from Gartner, Forrester, IDC...or other market research organizations
- key journalists covering your field of activity working for large media (the national press, key websites)
- key politicians showing an active interest in your business
Whichever sector you are working in, keeping an eye on what your industry specific KOL are talking about can help you to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.
How to track what KOL are talking about
The first step is to create a list (or lists) of the KOL for your sector or area of interest.
Using this and a query you can create a bar chart that shows the number of articles citing them or written by them.
Here is an example based on KOL for diabetes.
If you want to go a step further, you can combine the KOL list with a list of key subjects that you would like to focus on.
You can then create Digimind analysis based on these two lists.
Here is one created using a list of diabetes KOL and important diabetic healthcare themes:
You can run this type of analysis on any type of Digimind graph that uses two lists (for more details please follow this link).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
|frivolously disrespectful, shallow, or lacking in seriousness; characterized by levity:|
|1.||having or involving two sides|
|2.||affecting or undertaken by two parties; mutual: a bilateral treaty|
|3.||denoting or relating to bilateral symmetry|
|4.||having identical sides or parts on each side of an axis; symmetrical|
|5.||sociol Compare unilateral relating to descent through both maternal and paternal lineage|
|6.||(Brit) relating to an education that combines academic and technical courses|
|7.||a bilateral meeting|
bilateral bi·lat·er·al (bī-lāt'ər-əl)
Having or formed of two sides; two-sided.
Having or marked by bilateral symmetry.


Unravelling Code Injection in Binaries
It seems pretty surreal going through old lab notes again. It's like a time capsule – an opportunity to laugh at your previous stupid self and your desperate attempts at trying to rectify that situation. My previous post on GDB's fast tracepoints and their clever use of jump-pads longs for a more in-depth explanation on what goes on when you inject your own code in binaries.
Binary Instrumentation
The ability to inject code dynamically in a binary – either executing or on disk gives huge power to the developer. It basically eliminates the need of source code and re-compilation in most of the cases where you want to have your own small code run in a function and which may change the flow of program. For example, a tiny tracer that counts the number of time a certain variable was assigned a value of 42 in a target function. Through binary instrumentation, it becomes easy to insert such tiny code snippets for inexpensive tracing even in production system and then safely remove them once we are done – making sure that the overhead of static tracepoints is avoided as well. Though a very common task in security domain, binary instrumentation also forms a basis for debuggers and tracing tools. I think one of the most interesting study material to read from an academic perspective is Nethercote's PhD Thesis. Through this, I learnt about the magic of Valgrind (screams for a separate blog post), the techniques beyond breakpoints and trampolines. In reality, most of us may not usually look beyond ptrace() when we hear about playing with code instrumentation. GDB's backbone and some of my early experiments for binary fun have been with ptrace() only. While Eli Bendersky explains some of the debugger magic and the role of ptrace() in sufficient detail, I explore more on what happens when the code is injected and it modifies the process while it executes.
The techniques for binary instrumentation are numerous. The base of all the approaches is the ability to halt the process,identify an instrumentation point (a function, an offset from function start, an address etc.), modify its memory at that point, execute code and rewrite/restore registers. For on-disk dynamic instrumentation, the ability to load the binary, parse, disassemble and patch it with instrumentation code is required. There are then multiple ways to insert/patch the binary. In all these ways, there is always a tradeoff between overhead (size and the added time due to extra code added), control over the binary (how much and where can we modify) and robustness (what if the added code makes the actual execution unreliable – for example, loops etc.). From what I have understood from my notes, I basically classify ways to go about code patching. There may be more crazy ones (such as those used in viruses) but for tracing/debugging tools most of them are as follows :
 - TRAP Based : I already discussed this in the last post with GDB's normal tracepoints. Such a technique is also used in older non-optimized Kprobes. An exception causing instruction (such as int 3) is inserted at the desired point and its handler calls the code which you want to execute. Pretty standard stuff.
 - JIT Recompilatin Based : This is something more interesting and is used by Valgrind. The binary is first disassembled, and converted to an intermediate representation (IR). Then IR is instrumented with the analysis code from the desired Valgrind tool (such as memcheck). The code is recompiled, stored in a code-cache and executed on a 'synthetic CPU'. This is like JIT compilation but applied to analysis tools. The control over the information that can be gathered in such cases is very high, but so is the overhead (can go from 4x-50x slower in various cases).
 - Trampoline Based : Boing! Basically, we just patch the location with a jump to a jump-pad or trampoline (different name for same thing). This trampoline can execute the displaced instructions and then prepare another jump to the instrumented code and then back to the actual code. This out-of-line execution maintains sufficient speed, reduced overhead as no TRAP, context switch or handler call is involved. Many binary instrumentation frameworks such as Dyninst are built upon this. We will explain this one in further detail.
Dyninst's Trampoline
Dyninst's userspace-only trampoline approach is quite robust and fast. It has been used in performance analysis tools such as SystemTap, Vampir and Tau and hence a candidate for my scrutiny. To get a feel of what happens under the hood, lets have a look at what Dyninst does to our code when it patches it.
Dyninst provides some really easy to use APIs to do the heavy lifting for you. Most of them are very well documented as well. Dyninst introduces the concept of mutator which is the program that is supposed to modify the target or mutatee. This mutatee can either be a running application or a binary residing on disk. The process attaching or creating a new target process allows the mutator to control the execution of the mutatee. This can be achieved by either processCreate() or processAttach(). The mutator then gets the program image using the object, which is a static representation of the mutatee. Using the program image, the mutator can identify all possible instrumentation points
in the mutatee. The next step is creating a snippet (or the code you want to insert) for insertion at the identified point. The mutator can then create a snippet, to be inserted into the mutatee. Building small snippets can be trivial. For example, small snippets can be defined using the BPatch arithExpr and BPatch varExp types. Here is a small sample. The snippet is compiled into machine language and copied into the application's address space. This is easier said than done though. For now, we just care about how the snippet affects our target process.
Program Execution flow
The Dyninst API inserts this compiled snippet at the instrumentation points. Underneath is the familiar ptrace() technique of pausing and poking memory. The instruction at the instrumentation point is replaced by a jump to a base trampoline. The base trampoline then jumps to a mini-trampoline that starts by saving any registers that will be modified. Next, the instrumentation is executed. The mini-trampoline then restores the necessary registers, and jumps back to the base trampoline. Finally, the base trampoline executes the replaced instruction and jumps back to the instruction after the instrumentation point. Here is a relevant figure taken from this paper :
As part of some trials, I took a tiny piece of code and inserted a snippet at the end of the function foo(). Dyninst changed it to the following :
Hmm.. interesting. So the trampoline starts at 0x10000 (relative to PC). Our instrumentation point was intended to be function exit. It means Dyninst just replaces the whole function in this case. Probably it is safer this way rather than replacing a single or a small set of instructions mid function. Dynisnt's API check for many other things when building the snippet. For example, we need to see if the snippet contains code that recursively calls itself causing the target program to stop going further. More like a verifier of code being inserted (similar to eBPF's verifier in Linux kernel which checks for loops etc before allowing the eBPF bytecode execution). So what is the trampoline doing? I used GDB to hook onto what is going on and here is a reconstruction of the flow :
Clearly, the first thing the trampoline does is execute the remaining function out of line, but before returning, it start preparing the snippet's execution. The snippet was a pre-compiled LTTng tracepoint (this is a story for another day perhaps) but you don't have to bother much. Just think of it as a function call to my own function from within the target process. First the stack is grown and the machine registers are pushed on to the stack so that we can return to the state where we were after we have executed the instrumented code. Then it is grown further for snippet's use. Next, the snippet gets executed (the gray box) and the stack is shrunk back again to the same amount. The registers pushed on the stack are restored along with the original stack pointer and we return as if nothing happened. There is no interrupt, no context-switch, no lengthy diversions. Just simple userspace code 🙂
So now we know! You can use Dyninst and other such frameworks like DynamoRIO or PIN to build your own tools for tracing and debugging. Playing with such tools can be insane fun as well. If you have any great ideas or want me to add something in this post, leave a comment!
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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Alternative forms
- epidemick (obsolete)
epidemic (plural epidemics)
- A widespread disease that affects many individuals in a population.
- (epidemiology) An occurrence of a disease or disorder in a population at a frequency higher than that expected in a given time period.
occurrence of such disease
- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Help:How to check translations.
- Like or having to do with an epidemic; widespread
- Epidemic hysteria occurred upon the incumbent's reelection.
like an epidemic


Documentation Center
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Manipulate Entity Attributes
Access Entity Attributes
The table describes some ways that you can use data that you have attached to an entity.
Use Attribute Values To...Technique
Create a signal
Use the Get Attribute block.
For example, see the subsystem of the model described in Lesson 3: Add Event-Based Behavior.
Create a plot
Use the Attribute Scope block and name the attribute in the Y attribute name parameter of the block.
Alternatively, use the X-Y Attribute Scope block and name two attributes in the X attribute name and Y attribute name parameters of the block.
For example, see the reference page for the X-Y Attribute Scope block.
Compute a different attribute value
Use the Attribute Function block.
For example, see Unique and Accessible Attribute Names in Composite Entity.
Help specify behavior of a block that supports the use of attribute values for block parameters. Examples are the service time for a server and the selected port for an output switch.
Name the attribute in the block dialog box as applicable.
For example, see Use an Attribute to Select an Output Port.
 Tip Suppose that your entity possesses an attribute with one of these quantities:
 - Service time to be used by a downstream server block
 - Switching criterion to be used by a downstream switch block
 When an entity with one of these attribute quantities arrives at a server or switch block, you can directly reference the attribute using an option on the server or switch block dialog box. This approach is better than creating a signal with the attribute value and ensuring that the signal is up-to-date when the entity arrives. For a comparison of the two approaches, see Use a Signal or an Attribute.
Options for Manipulating Attributes
The table compares options for manipulating attributes of entities.
Use the Get Attribute, Set Attribute, and Single Server blocks to structure the computation correctly. Use blocks inside the subsystem to perform the specific computation.
 - Computation can use signal data that is not in an attribute.
Use Block Diagrams to Manipulate Attributes
Write a function that uses MATLAB® code to modify an attribute or define a new attribute. Use the Attribute Function block to invoke your function for each entity that arrives at the block.
 - Setup requires only one block.
 - Many computations are simpler to express in code than in blocks.
Write Functions to Manipulate Attributes
Use Block Diagrams to Manipulate Attributes
To manipulate attributes using blocks to perform the computation, use an arrangement as in the following figure.
Top-Level Model
Subsystem Contents
In your own model, you can vary:
 - The number of outputs of the Get Attribute block
 - The number of inputs of the Set Attribute block
 - The connections or contents of the subsystem, where all input signals of the subsystem are event-based signals
The key components are in the table.
Get AttributeQueries the entity for its attribute value.
Atomic SubsystemEnsures that the computation executes as an atomic unit. To learn more, see Perform Computations in Atomic Subsystems.
Content of Atomic Subsystem
Models your specific computation.
The earlier figure shows one example: 5|Attr+x|, where Attr is an attribute value and x is a time-based signal converted into an event-based signal. The subsystem executes if and only if Attr has a sample time hit.
Single Server with Service time set to 0Ensures that the Set Attribute block uses the up-to-date results of the computation. For details, see Interleaving of Block Operations.
Set AttributeAssigns new value to the attribute.
Write Functions to Manipulate Attributes
To manipulate attributes using code, use the Attribute Function block. The block lets you access existing attributes of the arriving entity, modify the values of existing attributes, or create new attributes.
For examples that use the Attribute Function block, see
Procedure for Using the Attribute Function Block
The Attribute Function block has one entity input port and one entity output port. The block manipulates attributes of each arriving entity. See Attribute Value Support for the characteristics of attribute values. To edit the computation, use this procedure:
 1. Display the block's associated function in an editor window by double-clicking the Attribute Function block.
 2. Write the first line of the function using arguments that reflect the attributes that the function manipulates. The arguments do not reflect input or output signals.
 Argument-Naming Rules
 - Input argument names must match the entity's attribute names.
 - Output argument names must be out_ followed by the names of attributes to assign to the departing entity.
 The entity must possess any attributes named as input arguments of the function. If the entity does not possess an attribute named using an output argument of the function, then the block creates the attribute.
 The default function definition, below, indicates that the function called fcn uses the value of the attribute called Attribute1 to compute values of the attributes called Attribute1 and Attribute2.
 function [out_Attribute1, out_Attribute2] = fcn(Attribute1)
 3. Write the function to implement your specific computation. The value of each attribute can be a realor complex-valued array of any fixed dimension and double data type, but cannot be a structure. For each attribute, the dimensions and complexity must be consistent throughout the model. Also, the function must use only those MATLAB functions and operators that are suitable for code generation. For more information, see MATLAB Language Features Supported for C/C++ Code Generation in the Simulink® documentation.
 Note: If you try to update the diagram or run the simulation for a model that contains the Attribute Function block, then you must have write access to the current folder because the software creates files there.
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Help & Support » Guides » User Guide » Activities & Tasks » Tasks » Using Checklists
Using Checklists
Task management slowing you down?
Checklists for your Tasks
When creating a task in Accelo, you may want to cleanly lay out all of the key to-do items to ensure the task is completed properly.
Using the Checklist feature, these key to-dos can be easily listed, marked and tracked to ensure your tasks stay on track. When a checklist item is marked as completed, Accelo will record which user completed it.
Using this guide, you can:
Adding a Checklist when Creating Tasks
 1. On the task creation dialog box, scroll down to the Checklist option. To add an item, click Add Item.
 Checklist Create a Task 3
 2. To add a checklist item, type the item name in the Enter an item name field. Hit Enter when complete.
 3. When the checklist has been created, click OK to finish creating the task.
Adding Checklists to Pre-Existing Tasks
 1. Navigate to a task in Accelo. Click on the task to open the Task Details dialog box.
 2. On the right side of the dialog box, you will find the Checklists section.
 Activity Card 2
 3. To add items to the checklist, type the item name in the Enter an item name field.
 4. To save the checklist, click the Save checklist button.
 Save Checklist button3
 5. To remove a checklist item, click the X on the right side of the item name.
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Patients with multimorbidity suffer from two or more (concurring) diseases. These diseases have to be chronic, meaning that they are prolonged in duration, do not resolve spontaneously, and are rarely cured completely. Multimorbidity increases with age. Compared to people with one or no chronic diseases, people with multimorbidity face a higher risk of functional decline, poorer quality of life, greater health care use and increased mortality.
How common is multimorbidity?
The number of people with multimorbidity is high and increases with age, affecting more than 60% of people aged 65+ in Belgium. Multimorbidity is associated with numerous negative consequences, including mortality, disability and poor quality of life. It has also a major impact on health care use and the associated costs. Multimorbidity occurs more often among socially disadvantaged population groups, and thus failure to provide appropriate care for multimorbid patients is likely to also have a negative effect on equity in health care.
Why is multimorbidity a cause of concern?
Although multimorbid patients have complex health needs, the current focus is still too much on traditional disease-oriented approaches. Consequently, multimorbid patients often receive fragmented care, leading to inefficient, ineffective, and possibly harmful clinical interventions. They often receive complex drug regimens, which increase the risk of inappropriate prescription, drug-drug interactions, adverse drug reactions and poor adherence to medications. In addition, compared to persons with one chronic disease, multimorbid patients more often have problems related to mobility, self-care, day-to-day functioning, quality of life, and they also have more pain and cognitive problems, which makes care and treatment challenging.
How should patients with multimorbity be managed?
Multimorbidity challenges the "single-disease" viewpoint currently assumed in health care, prescription behaviour, medical research and medical education. Models of care for patients with multimorbidity will have to focus on the idea of 'treating people, not disease'. This will require a more coordinated approach between different health professionals, also taking into account social needs.
As multimorbidity is one of the most important and challenging aspects in public health, monitoring this phenomenon in the general population is important. Unfortunately, few population-based data sources exist that provide information on the occurrence (prevalence) of multimorbidity. However, based on data from the national health interview survey, Sciensano measures an indicator on multimorbidity in the Belgian population since 1997.
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EDITORIAL: Historical Museum displays importance of city's past
The Detroit Historical Society, the nonprofit organization which funds and operates the Historical Museum, took several gambles in the years since the city shed most of its support.
Detroit and suburban residents will be glad it did.
The museum, located on Woodward north of the main Detroit Public Library and across from the Detroit Institute of Arts, reopened after being closed for half a year for extensive renovation.
It has several major new exhibits, including some nostalgia.
Exhibits include a 20th century history of the city's culture, its musical heritage, the Underground Railroad and the city's importance to the Allied effort during World War II as the Arsenal of Democracy.
The neon Detroit Tigers sign from the demolished stadium is there. So is a Little Caesar's mascot, a machine gun from the Prohibition era and a bronze drinking fountain from the downtown J.L. Hudson's store.
Museums should provide "aha!" moments for visitors. There are many of them here.
The Historical Society several years ago took over operation of the museum much as the Detroit Zoological Society took over operation of the zoo, after support dried up from the city, which owned both institutions. It might have been a gamble, but in retrospect, it was a safe bet.
The Historical Society currently almost all of a $2.8-million budget from donations.
Some of the rest comes from sales. But museum admission fees have been eliminated.
In another gamble, it mounted a $20 million campaign three years ago for the new exhibits, renovations, digitizing much of its collection and paying for operating expenses. Two-thirds of the amount has been raised.
Many suburban residents, we gather, washed their hands of the central city years ago or avoid it if they never had an earlier connection. That's unfortunate, given Detroit's important place in the development
of the region and the likelihood that it will take on greater importance in years to come.
We hope the Museum with its new exhibits will make that clear to all who visit.


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Join us for a fun, family friendly opportunity to learn more about bees!
James Nieh, Professor of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution at UC San Diego, whose research focuses on the evolution of foraging communication and behavior in social bees, as well as honey bee health, will give us some insight into the inner workings of these busy critters.
This learning opportunity in collaboration with the San Diego Festival of Science & Engineering is all about the senses—not only will you learn about bees, you'll probably see and hear a few buzz by during your visit to Wild Willow Farm & Education Center in South Bay San Diego. This sustainable farm and education center is home to 20 buzzing honeybee hives, which you'll be able to take a peek at during 15-minute guided tours of the hives at 2:30 and 2:45 p.m.
Last but not least, you can taste what honey production is all about with some delectable treats featuring honey and pollen produced on-site at Wild Willow Farm.
Useful Links and Special Parking Information:
Wild Willow Farm & Education Center
San Diego Festival of Science & Engineering


text: Figure 5: Impact of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) on lipid packing of membrane domains in bovine aortic endothelial cells. (a) Typical general polarization (GP) images of control cells (Ctrl), MβCD-treated cells, oxLDL-treated cells (oxLDL), or cells exposed to oxLDL and MβCD-cholesterol sequentially (oxLDLChol). Scale bar is 5.6 μm. (b) zoom-in representative regions of the GP images shown in (a) (the zoomed regions are ). Scale bar is 1 μm. (c) GP histograms for the four experimental cell populations (dots) fitted by a two-Gaussian distribution with the curve representing ordered domains (red) and the curve representing fluid domains (green). The sum of the Gaussians is shown in black. Adapted from.


Accepted Papers:
Non-State policing; does it warrant support or closure?
Bruce Baker (Coventry University)
Paper Short Abstract:
Paper long abstract:
Nonstate agencies are the primary providers of protection; deterrence; investigation; resolution; and punishment for most Africans in most circumstances. For this reason alone, states should be evaluating what if anything should be the contribution of the nonstate sector in the future and how it might fit into any national security policy. The paper begins by considering some of the definitional problems with the term 'nonstate' policing and suggests, despite the diversity, certain commonalties. It then proceeds to examine the arguments for and against the state supporting its activities. Though, in conclusion, it argues the case for the construction of new alliances and the strengthening of existing ones between nonstate and state policing, it doubts whether there is yet the political will to formally abandon the claim to be the sole provider of policing. Ultimately the question of who delivers justice and security services is a political and normative one.
panel H1
The State


Texas Arboretum: Hall of Texas Heroes
Welcome to the Hall of Texas Heroes where Texas history comes alive and the past is celebrated through the propagation of historically significant trees. Because of their iconic nature and long life, live oaks are often identified with historic places and events.
Scientific Name Common Name Duration Habit Sun Water
Quercus fusiformis Escarpment live oak, Plateau live oak, Texas live oak, Scrub live oak, Hill country live oak, Plateau oak Perennial Tree Sun, Part-shade Dry
Quercus virginiana Coastal live oak, Southern live oak, Live oak Perennial Tree Sun, Part-shade Moist


PhilSci Archive
Can Cumulative Selection Explain Adaptation?
Nanay, Bence (2005) Can Cumulative Selection Explain Adaptation? [Preprint]
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 Two strong arguments have been given in favour of the claim that no selection process can play a role in explaining adaptations. According to the first one, selection is a negative force; it may explain why the eliminated individuals are eliminated, but it does not explain why the ones that survived (or their offspring) have the traits they have. The second argument points out that the explanandum and the explanans are phenomena at different levels: selection is a population-level phenomenon, whereas adaptation occurs on the individual level. Thus, selection can explain why individuals in a certain population have a certain trait, but it cannot explain why a certain individual has this trait. After pointing out that both arguments ignore the significance of the limitation of environmental resources, I will construe a positive argument for the claim that cumulative selection processes can indeed play a role in explaining adaptations.
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 Item Type: Preprint
 Keywords: Selection, Cumulative selection, adaptation, adaptation explanation, environmental constraints
 Subjects: Specific Sciences > Biology > Evolutionary Theory
 Depositing User: Bence Nanay
 Date Deposited: 07 Nov 2005
 Last Modified: 07 Oct 2010 11:13
 Item ID: 2514
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- The Christian mystical tradition continually asserts that any man-made means or techniques cannot attain true contemplation, which is a pure gift of God.
- The gift of contemplation is only given after years of practising prayer in the context of an ascetical life-style. There is no such thing as instant mysticism in the Christian tradition. Techniques that purport to lead to the same are bogus.
- Authentic Christian prayer never begins by introducing mantras to teach people how to pray, but by introducing them to a loving person to teach them how to love. It is only when first love leads them on, that words or phrases are taught, not to generate or maintain states of inner peace but to maintain the heart's attention on the love that radiates from God. They should not be repeated, come what may, but should be discarded the moment this love begins to make itself felt, so that it can be savoured in silent contemplation.
- The experience of contemplation then, is not due to the recitation of mantras calming the mind, but to the tangible experience of the love of God drawing the heart to ever more absorbing degrees of intensity. The use of words or phrases is merely a means to this end.
- The ultimate aim of Christian contemplation is not to search for an experience of inner peace, but to search for God whose love eventually leads them into experiences that infinitely transcend any form of man-made mysticism, gradually transforming them into Christ.
David: I know of one person who travelled from the UK to John Maine's monastery, and after a year of endlessly being told to 'Keep saying your mantra', she was in despair. Her prayer life came to a halt, until she discarded his method and returned to praying in the Christian way. We now have Fr Freeman in England promoting the John Main method and sadly he has a following…. All my writings try to promote the Christian way of prayer, and I consider it my life's work.


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Current methods for topology optimization primarily represent the interface between solid and void implicitly on fixed grids. In contrast, shape optimization methods represent the interface explicitly, but do not allow for any topological changes to the structure. Using an explicit interface representation has a number of advantages as described below. Consequently, we propose to use the Deformable Simplicial Complex (DSC) method which represents the interface explicitly as one or more closed piecewise linear curves in 2D. As opposed to pure shape optimization methods, the DSC method is able to handle topology changes. It does so by discretizing the entire design domain into an irregular adaptive triangle mesh and thereby explicitly representing both the structure and the embedding space. In other words, the entire design domain is divided into triangles, where the interface is represented as piecewise linear curves between void and non-void triangles. Another advantage of the DSC method is that we can exploit the triangle mesh for the FEM computations used in the optimization procedure. The non-void elements define the structure and their deformation is described by second order shape functions. To increase performance, degrees of freedom associated with void triangles are eliminated from the FE equation. Using the triangle mesh for computations is possible since the DSC method ensures a mesh with no degenerate elements. If the mesh contained degenerate or close to degenerate elements the FEM computations would break down and the results would no longer be valid. The DSC method solves this issue by a series of mesh operations which keeps the mesh ever well-formed. Put another way, the consequence of using a well-formed adaptive mesh is that the representation for the FEM calculations and the shape of the structure can be one and the same. In addition to unifying calculations and representation of the structure, the approach also unifies shape and topology optimization into a single framework. Furthermore, it combines the two in a simultaneous optimization strategy. Here, the shape is optimized on the basis of the gradient based optimization algorithm Method of Moving Asymptotes whereas holes are introduced using topological derivatives. Since we combine these methods, and since FEM calculations are performed only on non-void triangles and gradients are calculated only for the interface nodes, the presented approach is efficient. An explicit representation is not just useful when considering simplicity and performance. In many cases, the explicitly represented interface is necessary to be able to model a problem. For example for ow or electromagnetic problems with localized boundary effects. Furthermore, control of boundary smoothness is simple to implement and can e.g. be used to control fillet radius at corners. The method also opens up for the opportunity to apply other local constraints, such as min/max length scale of the structure. Finally, the explicit interface is in all cases necessary when interpreting the final design. The status of the work is that the method has been developed and is showing promising results. For instance, the cantilever beam problem has been solved to a high precision using a fine discretization by evaluating the objective function approximately 500 times. This took around 100 seconds on an ordinary laptop utilizing a single thread. In addition, a coarse solution to the same problem has been obtained in approximately 10 seconds.
Main Research Area:
10th World Congress on Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 2013


text:
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Detailed SolutionDownload Solution PDF
The correct answer is 'carefully'.
- The word 'carefully' means in a way that deliberately avoids harm or errors (एक तरह से जो जानबूझकर नुकसान या त्रुटियों से बचा जाता है)
- Example - They must be carefully handled and stored.
- In the given sentence, the word 'carefully' is used to show that the report must be read in a way that avoids errors so that the performance can be improved.
- Thus, the correct option to fill in the blank is 'carefully'.
Hence, the correct answer is option (4).
- Mischievously: in a way that causes or intends to cause harm or trouble (एक तरह से जो नुकसान या परेशानी का कारण बनता है या इरादा करता है)
- Example - I believe he has mischievously misled the Committee.
- Sorrowfully: in a very sad way (बहुत ही दुखद तरीके से)
- Example - Soldiers marched in groups and sorrowfully discussed the situation and its causes.
- Awfully: very badly or unpleasantly (बहुत बुरी तरह या अप्रिय ढंग से)
- Example - we played awfully.
Last updated on Dec 29, 2022
The HTET Additional Results released on 29th December 2022 on the official website. Earlier, the results were released on 19th December 2022. The HTET exam was conducted on the 3rd and 4th of December 2022. This exam was an MCQ based on a total of 150 marks for each level with no negative marking. The exam is conducted by the Board of School Education, Haryana to shortlist eligible candidates for PGT and TGT posts in Government schools across Haryana.


Social Spaces and Urban Development
Song Yi, Alessandro Ronaldi and Lijie Wang
Moderator: Helle Siljeholm
This public discussion uses research undertaken by Beijing based writer and editor Lijie Wang, specifically her contribution to the publication 'Bajia House 2. Social Spaces', as a starting point for exploration into the disappearance of grassroots and artist-led social spaces in Beijing. As part of the discussion, Bejing based social artists Song Yi, and Alessandro Ronaldi speak about their artistic practice and contributions to the book. The artworks and texts presented by the panel will be used as a reference to discuss the development of urban areas and the processes of gentrification, both positively and negatively.
«In an urban environment that increasingly demands precision and optimization, how do we reconcile the ambiguous nature of constantly transforming, nebulous, and messy relationships that comprise the social? How do we build meaningful relationships that sit at the foundation of «healthy» and «sustainable» communities, and how do we equip them to evolve in the wake of external forces?
Forward from 'Bajia House 2. Social Spaces'. Co-edited by: Zandie Brockett and Lijie Wang.
Produced in collaboration with Fotogalleriet, Oslo
Thank you to Fotogalleriet 's artistic director: Antonio Cataldo.
Fri 15. Feb


text:
As an electromagnetic wave intersects the interface between two dielectrics, it is the boundary conditions on the electromagnetic field that determine the properties of the reflected and trans-mitted waves. In the dielectric where the incident wave is present, the electric and magnetic fields are the vector sums of those of the incident and reflected waves. The boundary conditions that need satisfying can be derived from Maxwell's equations in integral form and are the same as were derived in "Essential Electromagnetism". The relevant geometry is shown in below Figure together with the Gaussian pillbox and Amperian loops to be used.
Figure: Gaussian pillbox and Amperian loops straddling the interface to be used in determining the boundary conditions on the EM wave fields.
The Gaussian pillbox is to be used with Gauss' law ʃ D • dS = qf, encl and the no-magnetic-charge law ʃ B • dS = 0. The pillbox is infinitesimally thin and so we are only concerned with free surface charge, but in our case, we have σf = 0. Hence,
The Amperian loops are to be used with Ampere's law (as modified) ʃ H * dr = ʃ (Jf + δD/δt) • dS and Faraday's law ʃ E • dr = — ʃ δD/δt • dS. The Amperian loops are infinitesimally thin such that the contributions of δD/δt and δB/δt are negligible, and so we are only concerned with free surface currents but in our case Kf = 0, so,
For the equations involving the magnetic field, we can substitute B = (n/c)E. Thus, for a monochromatic plane EM wave in a non-magnetic material, for which µ ≈ μ0 such that Ԑ ≈ n2 Ԑ0, we have a set of six simultaneous equations for Er and Et to be solved in terms of the (known) amplitude the electric field of the incident wave Ei, its angle of incidence O and the refractive indices of the two dielectrics. For the cases of polarisation perpendicular to, or parallel to, the plane of incidence, three of the six equations are identity equations leaving three equations (one of these three being redundant) which we will solve in the following sections.


text:
Works of Lev Vygotsky
Written: c. 1930;
Source: Ape, Primitive Man, and Child: Essays in the History of Behaviour. A. R. Luria and L. S. Vygotsky.
Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 are by Vygotsky; Ch. 3 is by Luria. Only Chapter two is reproduced below in HTML, the Preface and Chapter 1 are in image-pdf;
Published: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992. Translated by Evelyn Rossiter;
Transcribed: Andy Blunden.
NB: "Primitive man", in the sense in which Vygotsky uses the term, does not exist anywhere at the present time. The term refers to the starting point for the historical development of human behavior. Material for the psychology of primitive man is provided by data concerning prehistoric man, the peoples situated at earlier forms of cultural development and the comparative psychology of peoples of different cultures. "Man" is used throughout in the manner common until the 1960s, to refer to both male and female people, and the text has not been corrected.
Three Planes of Psychological Development
Three Theories of Psycho-Cultural Development
Primitive Man as a Biological Type
The Memory of Primitive Man
Connection between Thought and development of Language
Numerical Operations of Primitive Man


text:
On the very edge of Europe lies a SMALL ISLAND DOWNWIND of A mighty OCEAN. Every element of everything that exists on this island does so because of the sea that surrounds it.
When those who were brave enough to cross it first landed on our shores, they immediately turned back to the sea to sustain them during their first days.
As visitors slowly turned to inhabitants, the bond between them and the sea grew even stronger. For more than 6,000 years the sea has provided for generation after generation, without asking for anything in return. Until now.
Every island native knows that when you are surrounded by the sea, you can't help but be shaped by it yet you can help how you shape it.
As a proud product of Ireland, GROWN are deeply involved in changing ocean awareness in order to make people aware of the role the ocean plays in all our lives and the role our lives are playing in destroying it.
Everything we make, every action we take and every system we have, goes through rigorous life cycle and sustainability auditing because we strongly believe that clothes shouldn't cost the earth. That's why we are committed to make it better.


text:
Malawi's Green Belt Initiative aims to offer land to local and international investors, in order to increase agricultural production, productivity, incomes and food security. But it may also be facilitating 'land grabs' from smallholder farmers.
This new Policy Brief (pdf) looks at the political economy of the GBI in Malawi, and finds some important concerns about the way it is organised and its effects.
These include a lack of clarity in rules for land transfers; top-down decision making about which land to allocate; and a lack of participation, accountability, and transparency. There is even the potential that the GBI might undermine instead of enhancing food security.
The authors, Blessings Chinsinga and Michael Chasukwa, explain the concerns and suggest a list of policy considerations, including on transparency, clarity and legislation.
Photo: Sweet Potato by IFPRI-IMAGES on Flickr


text:
S: Hannah D.
FC: Virginia's Regions, Natural Ecosystems, and Natural Resources By Hannah Dunie
1: The Regions
2: Coastal Plain The Coastal Plain is located 76 through 77.3 longitude and it is near water. This region has a lot of people who travel there or work there.
3: Piedmont The name Piedmont comes from the phrase "foot of the mountain." This region is good for farming. Farmers grow crops like hay, wheat, apples, corn, soy beans, and last but not least peaches. Animals are important too. When Piedmont's people sell their animals they get a lot of money. Piedmont is located near mountains.
4: Blue Ridge Mountains This region is located in mostly mountains very high up. In some parts of this region people grow potatoes, wheat, hay, corn and rye. They get money by selling their animals. The animals they sell are chickens, hogs, and cattle.
5: Valley and ridge Valley and Ridge has some of the most fertile land. That means it has some of the best land for growing food. This region has over 10 valleys. They grow a lot of apples.
6: The Appalachian Plateau is the smallest region we have. The Appalachian Mountains is a huge mountain range. Part of the Appalachian Plateau is the Appalachian Mountains. It is located with a lot of mountains that have a lot of rocks.
7: The Natural Ecosystems
8: Forests A long time ago forests covered Virginia. We don't have as many today because the Native Americans used the trees to build homes. That means animals are loosing their habitats.
9: Freshwater Ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, and creeks all belonged to the Freshwater ecosystem. Animals and plants that come from different regions harm our Freshwater ecosystem by polluting them.
10: Caves and Caverns Some animals live in caves and caverns. The animals are flatworms, spiders, beetles, millipedes, pack rats, and salamanders. Some caves have cave bears and bates that visit caves but don't live there.
11: Beaches and Wetlands When there is heavy rain or melting snow wetlands and beaches help prevent flooding. Rare animals fish and birds live in beaches and wetlands.
12: Natural Resources
13: Our Natural resources are important to us because if we did not have them we would not be able to do anything. For example if we didn't have timber we could not breath and if we did not have any other resources we would be dead. We can take better care of our resources by not using them as much and by listening to mother nature. For example if we use less minerals and timber we could have longer and better lives.
14: I like soil because we can grow food in it. I also like it because we grow timber in it that allows us to build houses.I believe that soil is the most important natural resource.


also supplies lecture outlines at the unit level. These outlines summarize the main concepts for each module within the unit.
5. Simulated Exams
Each full Becker CPA course also comes with 12 simulated exams.
These simulated exams replicate the format and functionality of the exam down to the smallest detail. For instance, when you enter a simulated exam, you'll see the CPA Exam interface, and your exam will start with the information for that exam section. The prompts that lead you through the simulated exam also look exactly like they do on exam day.
The 12 simulated exams break down to 3 exams for each of the 4 CPA Exam sections. Two of the 3 simulated exams for a section are weighted just like the CPA Exam is, and the other simulated exam serves as a comprehensive review that helps you discover all the areas in which you can further increase your knowledge to maximize your exam score.
All of the questions within the simulated exams are new to you; they have not been recycled from other practice exams.
Finally, all of the questions within the simulated exams are new to you; they are not questions you would have seen on the other practice tests within the course.
6. Unlimited Practice Tests
All of the Becker courses also come with unlimited practice tests. These tests differ from the simulated exams in that the practice tests randomly pull from all of the questions within the course. These tests allow you to get even more practice in before you take the simulated exams.
One new addition is that Becker added the Adapt2U technology into unlimited practice tests so they can be more personalized to really focus on areas of weakness. This targeted, personalized feature can help candidates save time and effort when practicing for the exam.
The practice tests supply a mini CPA Exam experience by featuring 2 testlets. By working through these testlets, you can develop your familiarity with the look and feel of the exam while reinforcing your retention of the exam content.
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The number of practice questions Becker supplies varies according to the course package you purchase.
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Additionally, Becker constantly compares the quality of their questions against the most recent version of the CPA Exam to ensure that their questions remain up to date and effective for helping candidates pass.
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Becker's final review is a cram course that you complete closer to your exam date. Most candidates start their final review 1-2 weeks prior to their actual exam date.
Becker is only 1 of 2 CPA review companies to provide candidates with a fully comprehensive final review. So, what does this mean?
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In contrast to CPA review providers that don't include this level of final review, Becker gives you everything you need in the end to wrap up your studies in an efficient way. An effective final review stage could be the difference between passing or failing the CPA Exam, so this is a truly important feature.
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Becker is the only CPA course provider that has a live classroom teaching experience.
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text:
Kathy Lynn Copeland and husband Joe brought and explained artifacts which gave us insight into the lifestyles of members of the Cherokee nations in the 18th and 19th Century at the November society meeting. Mixed in was history of the Cherokees from arrival in the Americas to their southeastern United States lives and then their forced removal to the Indian Territory.
Especially interesting were the stories passed down from their ancestors including how the coyote, blue birds, and red birds got their colors. Also, Kathy related the tale of how the poor old rabbit lost its long, beautiful tail.
Minutes and the Treasurer's Report of the November 16, 2009 meeting are posted in the File Archive in the right column.


text:
Tracing of airborne dust
Airborne particulates have a negative impact on human health and there are European directives aimed at controlling their levels. It is foreseen that there will be continuing demands for reductions in emissions of particulates by the steel industry, and there is a need to ensure that these demands are in proportion to contributions by the steel plants to the level of particulates in the environment. This project examined two main approaches to estimation of this contribution at five steel plants. One used mathematical modelling of the dispersion of emissions to predict the levels present in the environment. The other approach used sampling of the dust in the environment, chemical analysis of the samples, followed by mathematical analysis. Mathematical modelling requires good knowledge of the emissions, and some emissions can be difficult to model. Modelling can be accurate to within 50 % for annual averages, but is less accurate for shorter periods. Modelling is relatively low cost, and can be completed in a short time. Sampling in the environment is usually continued for several months and so is more costly and slower. Time is also needed for the chemical analysis of samples and the mathematical analysis of the data. The work showed that the conclusions obtained were influenced by the methods of chemical analysis used - bulk or single particle. Analysis of single particles, using SEM/EDA, gave the most information on sources of particulates, and required fewer samples. Both mathematical modelling and sampling in the environment can yield useful results.
Bibliographic Reference: EUR 22457 EN (2007), 127 pp. Euro: 25
Availability: Katalogue Number: KI-NA-22457-EN-S The paper version can be ordered online and the PDF version downloaded at: _URL_
ISBN: ISBN: 978-92-79-04995-8
Record Number: 200719256 / Last updated on: 2007-07-05
Original language: en
Available languages: en


Wołogór the Dreamer and the Ancient Spirit of Ox Mountain – Elder Mountain Dreaming
Budniki Poland
Wołogór, Mountain Spirit's helper
(via Lamus Dworski)
Legends about the Mountain Spirit of Karkonosze is shared in Polish, Czech and German folk legends, where he is usually called Liczyrzepa, Krakonoš or Rübezahl respectively. In the Polish legends apart from the popular name of Liczyrzepa, also names of Duch Gór (Mountain Spirit), Karkonosz, Rzepiór or Rzepolicz are used in various Silesian regions.
Wołogór has a task of guarding the small region near Wołowa Góra (which according to local tales was named after him), and reporting the situation to the Mountain Spirit. Wołogór is depicted with an ox head, and carries a decorative staff that gives him magical powers. He makes sure that everything works in order and the people living nearby stay safe and respect the local nature. Sometimes he can help the locals or show a way to lost tourists.
Local stories tell about occasions where he helped the inhabitants to hide from bandits raiding the villages by covering an entrance to a cave with his magic, or when he used his staff to melt snow and make safe passages through the woods during harsh winters. He was appearing only in the locals' dreams to let them know who gave them a helping hand.
One local legend says that Wołogór fell in love with a girl named Maria and started seducing her in her dreams. However, she already had a man she loved and was always rejecting Wołogór's advances in the dreams. He didn't want to give her up and one night decided to appear in her home in person.
He came burning so much with love, that a spark fell out of his heart and it set Maria's house on fire. Everyone thankfully survived, and Wołogór understood his great mistake. He helped to rebuild the house and decided not to intervene human lives. Maria got married to her beloved man and had lots of kids.
Years were passing by and the surroundings of the mountain were changing. The village Wołogór was always protecting started declining when people began moving to bigger cities for a better lifestyle, and Wołogór's staff was slowly loosing its powers. Eventually, he understood it's time for him to go and there's no one left for him to take care of.
He went up a spring called Malina towards waterfalls, and there he pushed his staff and his right foot against a huge boulder leaving the shapes in the stone. He was never seen in the dreams again, but locals believe he might return when they will be in need. (end)
The Karkonosze Mountains by Rajmund67
Phoenix of Elder Mountain – What I find the most interesting about this entire legend is that Wołogór is a Dreamer, who experiences Love and has a Magical Staff. These are three really great symbols of the sacred masculine and in some ways, the legends show the transformation from the sacred masculine of love, into the struggle of unrequited love in a changing time of cultures around the world (from shamanic cultures into pagan and then into the patriarch).
The symbol of Wołogór's staff is etched into a stone near the Ponura Cascade near the waterfall. This area is made of natural forms and cascades of rocks covered with diverse mountain vegetation. This is where the start of one of the ravine branches of Malina. The image on the stone looks like a maiden with the symbol of a bird upon her head with wings on her body, which is in the shape of a dress (which some Slavic symbols have this similarity).
Cultural symbolism of a Maiden with Ox legend are also found in "Ox Heard Boy & Weaver Girl" which are ancient legends of the Chinese, based on the symbolism of the Magpie Bridge and Ursa Major (but in modern times, its their Valentines love story). Its also symbolically similar in symbolism to the Cretan myths of the Minos Bull and the Maidens which dance upon him:
The story in Crete is that Minos competed with his brothers to rule. Minos prayed to Poseidon, the Sea God, to send him a snow-white bull, as a sign of support (the Cretan Bull). He was to kill the bull to show honor to the deity, but decided to keep it instead because of its beauty. He thought Poseidon would not care if he kept the white bull and sacrificed one of his own. To punish Minos, Poseidon made Pasiphaë, Minos's wife, fall deeply in love with the Bull.
budnikach staffPasiphaë had craftsman Daedalus make a hollow wooden cow, and climbed inside it in order to mate with the white bull. The offspring was the monstrous Minotaur. Pasiphaë nursed him, but he grew and became ferocious, being the unnatural offspring of a woman and a mythical oxen; Minos, after getting advice from the Seers and Oracle at Delphi, had Daedalus construct a gigantic labyrinth to hold the Minotaur. Its location was near Minos' palace in Knossos.
I find these remarkably similar in the the language of symbolisms, except that the Slavic tradition includes the folklore of the "Dreamer" which is so wonderful. The legend it says that he leaves because the times have changed (shamanism to paganism to patriarchy) as well. Just as Ox Heard Boy and Weaver girl are separated and can only unite at a certain time of the natural year which is the 7th day of the 7th month. The festival has been celebrated since the Han Dynasty (206 BCE).
Links to old shamanic ways can be found in legends and folklore (what Slavic people call paganism), Wołogór most likely has much earlier beginnings as an ancient oxen (bull) which had roamed free in the mountains and probably goes back to the same times of the Cretans. As a folk legend Wołogór is a good spirit, and one of helpers of the Mountain Spirits and that puts him fully into the shamanic category.
The other Ox Polish pagan folk tradition includes Kolęda; Old Polish Kolenda and Kolędowanie (caroling) at the Winter Solstice (Christmas for the Catholics). Ukraine and Poland both both have strong caroling rituals associated with animals, the (goat, associated with pagans) and the ox (associated with shamanism). They walk around the week of Christmas visiting homes with someone dressed as one of these two animals and carrying elaborate Christmas Stars. (See article on Elder called the "Midnight Sun", the Koliada Star).
During the magical period of the winter solstice time in Poland (now called christmas) pagan rituals were to foretell fertility for the coming year, and people would dress as animals, in particular the spirit of the Ox called the Turoń. Two more kolędowanie festivals emerged from this — Szopki and Herody. Where a boy would wear a wooden Ox head, complete with movable jaws, horns, and a sheepskin covering. In pagan terms, Turoń is an older tradition that the pagan Dionysus Goat who appeared in cultures, but that cult had arrived very late in the Slavic lands, making Ox still seen in modern rituals. The older oxen had greater meaning from a more archaic time of indigenous rituals than the newer goat symbolism.
Turoń, typically has two boys "walk" the Ox on a leash from door to door and upon entering a home, the Turoń would begin dancing and acting festive in the hopes of bringing on a fertile year. Just like the Russians walk the bear in ritual.
Legends like the Mountain Spirit of Karkonosze help us reclaim we have forgotten when we fell asleep from what religion had forbidden during the changing of cultural rituals. Now we can return them without persecution, maybe harsh judgment, but times are changing for the better.
Potencjałka - Zdrowie w Tobie 2
Sources: Lamus Dworski _URL_ and her sources: budniki.pl, karpacz.pl, karawanier.pl; Images from: _URL_ _URL_; _URL_
Source: Wołogór the Dreamer and the Ancient Spirit of Ox Mountain – Elder Mountain Dreaming
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text:
Wavelength and resolution explained
Things with long wavelengths are analogous to the basketball in the cave
story because neither can provide too much detail about what they hit.
Things with short wavelengths are like the marbles in that
they can provide you with fairly
detailed information about what they hit.
The shorter the probe's wavelength is,
the more information you can get about the target.
A good example of the wavelength
vs. resolution issue is a swimming pool. If you have a swimming pool
with waves which are 1 meter apart (a 1 meter wavelength) and push a stick
into the water, the pool's waves
just pass around the stick because the
1 meter wavelength means that the
pool's waves won't be affected by such a tiny target.
All particles have wave properties.
So, when using a particle as a probe,
we need to use particles with short wavelengths to get detailed information
about small things. As a rough rule of thumb, a
particle can only probe down to distances
equal to the particle's wavelength.
To probe down to smaller scales, the
probe's wavelength has to be made smaller.
This is all a very hand-wavy explanation of a very
To explain it completely would involve
more math than we have space to get into.


text:
in the UK
The royal string band at the English Court had its origins in a six-man consort from Italy, brought to England by Henry VIII in the spring of 1540. Peter Holman's book charts the history of this institution from its beginnings to the time of Purcell. He considers the previous history of instrumentalists at court, the role of the court band in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and its influence on the dance music of the period. The establishment of the band at the English court is set in the context of the violin's place in Europe in the sixteenth century, as the author considers the origins of the instrument and discusses contemporary references to violin bands in court, town, and church. The development of the violin band is traced by reference to an immense amount of documentary information, much of it new. The first thorough treatment of this subject, Peter Holman's book will be welcomed for the new light it sheds on large areas of musical history.
Other books by this author See all titles
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text: Time to lay your food consumption cards on the Sustainable Table. The site wants us to be aware of where our food comes from, and it provides information about companies that create sustainable products, as well as where these companies are located in the United States and Canada. A section called The Issues walks you through the ABC's of why the sustainable movement is important and what the movement's concerns are. The award-winning "Meatrix" films, parodies of the "Matrix" trilogy, help to explain these issues. The cartoons' stars — Leo (a pig), Moofious (a cow), and Chickadee (a hen) — explore the dangers of factory farms as opposed to family farms in a way that is both understandable and enjoyable. Sustainable Table is passionate about its cause, but not preachy. The Daily Table blog has articles and suggestions for those involved in the sustainable food movement, while recipes, shopping guides, and locations of local educational centers provide support for novices. Pull up a chair at the Sustainable Table and get ready to dig in!


English Français
Decision : 35 COM 8B.11
Natural Properties - Ogasawara Islands (Japan)
The World Heritage Committee,
2. Inscribes the Ogasawara Islands, Japan, on the World Heritage List under criterion (ix);
3. Adopts the following Statement of Outstanding Universal Value:
Brief synthesis
The Ogasawara Islands are located in the North-Western Pacific Ocean roughly 1,000 km south of the main Japanese Archipelago. The serial property is comprised of five components within an extension of about 400 km from north to south and includes more than 30 islands, clustered within three island groups of the Ogasawara Archipelago: Mukojima, Chichijima and Hahajima, plus an additional three individual islands: Kita-iwoto and Minami-iwoto of the Kazan group and the isolated Nishinoshima Island. These islands rest along the Izu-Ogasawara Arc Trench System. The property totals 7,939 ha comprising a terrestrial area of 6,358 ha and a marine area of 1,581 ha. Today only two of the islands within the property are inhabited, Chichijima and Hahajima.
The landscape is dominated by subtropical forest types and sclerophyllous shrublands surrounded by steep cliffs. There are more than 440 species of native vascular plants with exceptionally concentrated rates of endemism as high as 70% in woody plants. The islands are the habitat for more than 100 recorded native land snail species, over 90% of which are endemic to the islands.
The islands serve as an outstanding example of the ongoing evolutionary processes in oceanic island ecosystems, as evidenced by the high levels of endemism; speciation through adaptive radiation; evolution of marine species into terrestrial species; and their importance for the scientific study of such processes.
Criterion (ix): The property's ecosystems reflect a range of evolutionary processes illustrated through its rich assemblage of plant species from both a Southeast Asian and a Northeast Asian origin. There is also a very high percentage of endemic species in selected taxonomic groups, resulting from these evolutionary processes. Within the flora it is an important centre for active, ongoing speciation.
The Ogasawara Islands provide valuable evidence of evolutionary processes through their significant on-going ecological processes of adaptive radiation in the evolution of the land snail fauna as well as in their endemic plant species. The examples of fine-scale adaptive radiation between and sometimes within the different islands of the archipelago are central to the study and understanding of speciation and ecological diversification. This is further enhanced by the relatively low extinction rates in taxa such as the land snails.
It is the combination of both the concentration of endemism and extent of adaptive radiation evident in the Ogasawara Islands which sets the property apart from other places illustrating evolutionary processes. When taking into account their small area, the Ogasawara Islands show exceptionally high levels of endemism in land snails and vascular plants.
The boundaries of the serial property cover the key values of the property and are well designed. The zonation and the legal protection provide an appropriate framework, while the boundaries of Ogasawara National Park serve as a functional overall buffer zone. Marine protected areas are partly included, contributing to more effective management of the terrestrial-marine interface and thus integrity. Integrity issues are mostly related to external threats, most importantly invasive alien species. The effects of invasive alien species and historic logging have already altered many of the archipelago's habitats. Future invasions have the potential to compromise the very values the Ogasawara Islands have been recognized for and therefore need careful and continuous attention. Possible future air access, as well as increased visitation and corresponding development potentially have strong and even irreversible effects in a fragile island environment. Control of access to the islands and of alien invasive species, two in part overlapping issues, is of critical importance for the conservation of the archipelago.
Protection and management requirements
The majority of the property is state-owned and under the authority of various agencies. Some land is owned by Ogasawara Village with some other areas privately owned. The property contains five legally designated categories of protected area managed by three national Government agencies and is surrounded by the much larger Ogasawara National Park serving as a functional buffer zone. The property is protected through seven pieces of national legislation which overlap in jurisdiction and objectives specifying the mandate of the Ministry of the Environment, the Forestry Agency and the Cultural Agency. Any jurisdictional conflicts are resolved through an interagency Regional Liaison Committee structure.
The 2010 multi-agency Ogasawara Islands Management Plan and companion Ogasawara Islands Ecosystem Conservation Action Plan cover a wide area of 129,360 ha and include controls beyond the property such as ship navigation routes. The plans deal with critical issues such as access to the islands and control of alien invasive species. Management activities are detailed for the different island groups within the property with clear coordination mechanisms and monitoring plans prescribed. The plan is based on scientific knowledge and includes timetabled and prioritized actions.
The property benefits from strong links and dialogue between researchers, managers and community. Particularly commendable is the role of the Scientific Council and the approach to research which is adaptive and management-oriented. Local involvement and the maintenance of community benefits are crucial elements in the management of this remote archipelago.
4. Commends the State Party on the major and increasing conservation investments evident in the nomination, a high level of community participation, the multi-agency approach taken and the decision to increase the marine area of the property during the nomination process;
 5. Requests the State Party to:
a) Continue its efforts to address invasive alien species;
b) Ensure all significant infrastructure development, including for tourism and access to the islands, is subject to rigorous prior environmental impact assessment;
6. Strongly encourages the State Party to:
a) Consider further expansion of the property's Marine Park Zones to facilitate more effective management and thereby enhance the integrity of the marine-terrestrial ecosystem dynamic,
b) Develop and implement a research and monitoring programme to assess and adapt to the impacts of climate change on the property,
c) Ensure careful tourism management in anticipation of increased future visitation and, in particular, to strengthen the Ogasawara Ecotourism Council integrating the Scientific Council as a member of the Ogasawara Ecotourism Council and advising on appropriate tourism policies that protect the island's values,
d) Ensure careful regulation and incentivization of commercial operators to manage visitor impacts, including through mandatory requirements and certification incentives for tourism operators.
Themes: Inscriptions on the World Heritage List
States Parties: Japan
Properties: Ogasawara Islands
Year: 2011
Decision Code: 35 COM 8B.11


text:
Preparing hypervisor devices
- Verify that you are running a supported version of the software.
- Obtain the user name and password of an account on the server that is authorized to use the vSphere API.
- Determine whether to use SSL.
Resource Manager uses WinRM to monitor the following Microsoft Hyper-V systems:
- Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2016
- Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2012 and 2012 R2
- Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2008 and 2008 R2
To prepare a Hyper-V system for WinRM monitoring, refer to the support article that describes the options and provides the procedures for configuring your systems.


text:
As title described, what's the resistance marked in below picture? information is for external loop compensation. thank you!
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If you have a related question, please click the "Ask a related question" button in the top right corner. The newly created question will be automatically linked to this question.
As you can see from the block diagram FB feeds into the voltage-controlled error amplifier and the output of the error amp is the COMP pin voltage. the Resistors in question are only used as a resistor divider to scale the COMP pin voltage for the following current-controller error amp which regulates the PWM pulses.
Since the COMP pin is generated internal to the silicon, I do not see why any external comp network would impact it. Hence knowing those resistor values is not of any value for design purposes.
The external compensation will be connected between FB and COMP pin of the controller. I hope this answers your question.


to discover lessons worth teaching to help agents progress and learn from each other.
To-Do List
A to-do list is a simple one-and-done check-off list designed to remind you to do basic tasks. Everyday examples include: take out the trash, cancel my gym membership, & renew my driver's license.
Think of your Nowcerts' to-do list as a long term wish list (e.g. "I need to change the oil in my Maserati"). This to-do list is not commonly used for daily workflow management.
Opportunities are a commonly used tool in CRM systems. Opportunities are designed to manage sales and track production. These are new sales opportunities, cross-sell, and even renewals.
You may ask: "how do opportunities relate to prospects?" and "wouldn't they be opportunities as well?"
Well, a prospect can have multiple opportunities. Think of a prospect as the insured and the opportunity as the prospect's policy. (Opportunity --> Quote --> Policy)
An insured can have an opportunity, too--- a cross-sell. Some agencies consider renewals as opportunities as well (especially in commercial lines).
Opportunities can also be a valuable tool for tracking quote-to-bind ratios for agents and to determine the value of a certain referral source. It is good to know if a referral is valuable and worth paying for.
Activity Reminders
Often used alongside "Tasks," "Activity Reminders" are the most popular tool for managing workflow.
You may be pondering: "how do 'Activity Reminders' differ from 'To-Do's'?"
Instead of a long term list of tasks to complete, Activity Reminders are calendar events. Users often think of the Activity Reminders list as their daily "to-do list." Activity Reminders are also called "Suspenses" in other systems. This page should be the first one users view when they log in every morning.
When properly used, Activity Reminders will notify the user what they need to be working on that day. When creating reminders, you are able to select to receive an email as an additional method of being notified that you have something to do or work on.
The "To-Do List" is designed to be more of a "wish list" while "Activity Reminders" is a list of work items that need to be completed. Unlike "To-Do's," "Activity Reminders" are date sensitive.
Important Dates
"Important Dates" is a user-defined checklist of items that need to be completed with each new policy (or renewal). You can define templates for "New Personal Auto," "Renewal BOP", etc. and have a checklist of things that need to be completed.
1. Collect e-signed application
2. Collect down-payment
3. Collect finance agreement
4. Send welcome email (or, trigger drip campaign)
5. etc.
"Important Dates" can be an invaluable tool to manage new policies and cut back E&O exposure.
On your navigation menu, go to "Miscellaneous" --> "Agency Customization" --> "Important Dates" to define your "Important Dates" templates.
Endorsement Status
"Endorsement Status" is a powerful tool designed to help keep track of endorsements and ensure that nothing "falls through the cracks."
On your navigation menu, go to "Miscellaneous" --> "Endorsements" --> "Endorsements/Fees/Taxes"
As you enter "Endorsements," there is an option to choose a stage or a status. You can also select a follow-up date and a follow-up person.
Then, you can use the "Endorsements" table and its filters to keep track of the status of various endorsements.
The Nowcerts staff hopes that this brief overview of workflow management tools has provided enough information to encourage you to explore these options and decide which ones match your work responsibilities and preferences.
Please keep in mind that with several options to customize and combine elements of these tools, you have the potential to create powerful workflow management processes.


text:
Mapp v. Ohio
What is Mapp v. Ohio (1961)?
Mapp v. Ohio is considered to be amongst the most famous Supreme Court cases to have taken place within the 20th century; this case was an appeal to the prior arrest of Dollree Mapp by the Cleveland Police Department. Prior to Mapp v. Ohio, Dollree Mapp – the plaintiff – was arrested after police officers had entered her home in order to search for a fugitive whom Mapp was believed to be harboring; the Cleveland Police Department – following several denials for entry on the part of Mapp – were reported to have falsified a search warrant and forcibly enter the residence of Dollree Mapp.
Subsequent to their entry, the police were unable to locate the alleged fugitive; however, they discovered material within the Mapp household that was determined to be "lewd and lascivious" according to police reports – these items were described as books
Dollree Mapp was arrested upon this discovery, but was not charged; however, she maintained that not only did the police lack the grounds to arrest her, but her 4th Amendment rights had been violated, as well
The 4th Amendment prohibits the unlawful search and seizure of resident belonging to citizens of the United States of America; this amendment also defines the rights of privacy awarded to citizens of the United States
The Case Profile of Mapp v. Ohio
The following is a case profile of the legal trial eponymously titled 'Mapp v. Ohio':
Date of the Trial: 1961
Legal Classification: Administrative Law; this legal field associated with events and circumstances in which the Federal Government of the United States engages its citizens, including the administration of government programs, the creation of agencies, and the establishment of a legal, regulatory federal standard
United States Reports Case Number: 367 U.S. 643
Legal Venue: The Supreme Court of the State of Ohio
Judicial Officer Responsible for Ruling: Chief Justice Earl Warren
Involved Parties: The following are the parties named with regard to their involvement in the Mapp v. Ohio case:
Dollree Mapp – the plaintiff
The State of Ohio – the defendant
Verdict Delivered: The verdict ruled that Ms. Mapp's rights were indeed violated as a result of the failure of the Cleveland Police Departments failure to adhere to the tenets of the 4th Amendment of the Constitution of the United States
Associated Legislation with regard to Mapp v. Ohio: The following statutory regulations were employed with regard to the Mapp v. Ohio trial:
Subsequent to the delivery of the verdict in Mapp v. Ohio, a system of due process was outlined with regard to the search and seizure procedure undertaken within an investigation of a private residence
Due process is defined as the government's obligation to respect, maintain, and uphold the legal rights of its citizen in the event of an arrest; the government must retain an individual's human rights and liberties – this includes fair, respectful, and ethical treatment devoid of undue violence and harm. If you need legal advice and assistance, contact Ohio lawyers.
NEXT: Massachusetts v. EPA