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DNA Elements (ENCODE) Project Consortium, with analysis of 1% of the human genome recently reported.18 A dominant mutation in the histone gene could provide heritability of this epigenetic effect.19 Such a mechanism originating in our ancestors would account for non-human magical creatures with some magical abilities (for example, house elves, goblins, centaurs). The basic human genetic structure still develops, making wizards and witches in most ways phenotypically similar to muggles. Squibs may result from an as yet unidentified compensatory epigenetic phenomenon, which returns the chromatin to near normal (muggle) function.
If DNA sequence variants arise on this background then the capacity for magical expression of genes may differ between wizards. For example, given the reported association between genes and speech and language, further mutations at the FOXP2 gene20 could account for the rare magical ability to speak to snakes (parseltongue), whereas variants at the MC1R gene may explain Nymphadora Tonks's ability to change her hair colour. The MC1R gene encodes the melanocortin-1 receptor, which is involved in regulation of pigmentation.21 This gene is known to be highly polymorphic and variants have been associated with differences in hair colour.21 NF2 is another candidate gene for magic. NF2 encodes Merlin, the moesin ezrin radixin related protein, and mutations within this gene could lead to magical effects consistent with the known role of Merlin in coordinating multiple cellular signalling events.22 However anything acting upstream of Hippo and Warts kinases would not, we feel, meet with the approval of such magical luminaries as Albus Dumbledore, the headmaster of Hogwarts school.
Without population based studies to confirm these findings our points should be treated with caution, but using the information available we can be certain that some aspects of magical ability are heritable. We await with bated breath the results of a genome wide association study for magic.
What is already known on this topic
Magical abilities may be heritable
Complete family lineages to study this topic have only recently become available
What this study adds
Some components of magical ability clearly have a genetic basis
This is not a simple single gene effect and may be related to "magical enhancer" elements
We thank the three underage witches who gave specialist advice on more technical aspects of the Harry Potter novels and David Dyment, Blanca Herrera, Emma Walton, and Claire Vandiedonck for helpful comments.
Contributors: JCK and MK conceived the study. JCK designed the study and is the guarantor. All authors analysed and interpreted the data and wrote the paper.
Funding: SVR is funded by the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom. MK is funded by a postdoctoral award from the Department of Health National Coordinating Centre for Research Capacity Development. GCE is the action research professor of clinical neurology at the University of Oxford. JCK is a Wellcome Trust senior research fellow in clinical science. The National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit is funded by the Department of Health in England. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Health.
Competing interests: None declared.
Ethical approval: Not required.
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.


text:
'Missing link' misconceptions
Published: 27 October 2013 (GMT+10)
What does the term 'missing link' mean? Is it helpful, or misleading? Do evolutionists need to find multiple fossils of both sexes to establish an evolutionary link? What about 'minimum breeding sizes'? CMI's Dr Carl Wieland clears up these and other questions in today's feedback.
Peter L. from Canada writes:
Firstly, I want to say that I love Creation Magazine. But I am curious about this whole "missing link" thing. Shouldn't they be talking about the missing links? After all, don't they need one male and one female? And not only just two but, if I recall my old biology, isn't the minimum breeding group 12 pairs? So we are really talking about 24 "missing links"?
Yours in. Christ
CMI's Dr Carl Wieland responds:
Dear Mr L.
Thanks for your email and the opportunity to clear up what seem to be some misunderstandings/misconceptions. First, it is in any case a lay/journalistic term that has just 'developed' to have certain connotations. Some leading evolutionists themselves often decry others, including other evolutionists, for using the term 'missing link' in any case; and for a number of reasons.
One is that there are many links in a chain, so to imply that only one is missing means that once one is found between A and B, call it C, now there is a 'missing link' between A and C, and another between C and B.
In any case, what we are talking about is usually fossil evidence. And when such a fossil is found, even though it might only be one fossil, it is reasonable to assume that it represents a whole population. So just because a specimen is labelled e.g. 'Java Man', and might be hailed as the (or a) 'missing link', it would not be fair to evolutionists, really, to say that their use of the singular means that they believe or are implying that there was only the one, let alone only that gender. Far from it. So I trust that you can see from this that the whole question your email raises about one male and female is, really, beside the point, as is the question of a minimum breeding population.
While on the issue of a minimum breeding population, however, note that this can be a bit misleading too without further explanation. One can start a population with a male and female of any animal or human group today, so the minimum breeding population is two, regardless. How many problems that population encounters due to the close inbreeding in the first few generations, giving rise to many recessive mutations matching up, depends on such things as the mutational load in that population (which increases with time the further one gets from creation, hence the reason why Adam and Eve's offspring would not have that problem in those early generations, despite the inevitable intermarriage of close relatives—see our Creation Answers Book chapter on Cain's Wife (from _URL_ or see the Free Resources section on the front page of creation.com for free chapter downloads). Note also that the genetic flexibility/resilience of any population, (i.e. its ability to adapt to changing conditions and hence to resist or forestall extinction in the face of environmental challenges) will be decreased by a decrease in the variability contained in its gene pool. Thus mongrel dogs, compared to the varieties which have been bred from them, are more genetically diverse and more flexible/resilient. Thus, taking two of any animal population X today and breeding a new population from them means one is starting with a subset of that gene pool of X (call it X') and so the new population X' will be less flexible/resilient than its ancestors. And remember that X itself may already be a genetically thinned out version of some earlier group. For example, dingoes, coyotes, wolves etc. would have descended from a more genetically rich ancestral group on the Ark. They are the same created kind, as can easily be shown by the fact that they still interbreed today.
I hope this has been helpful. Thank you for your kind comment about the magazine.
Sincerely in Christ,

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Gosport is a town, district and borough situated on the south coast of England, within the county of Hampshire. It has approximately 80,000 permanent residents with a further 5,000–10,000 during the summer months. It is part of the South Hampshire conurbation and lies on a peninsula on the western side of Portsmouth Harbour opposite the City of Portsmouth, to which it is linked by a pedestrian ferry.
Up until the last quarter of the 20th century, Gosport was a major naval and military town associated with the defence and supply infrastructure of Her Majesty's Naval Base (HMNB) Portsmouth. As a result of a decline in these activities, many of its fortifications and installations, such as Fort Brockhurst, have been opened to the public as tourism and heritage sites, with extensive redevelopment of the harbour area as a marina.
The Rowner area of the peninsula was known to have been settled in Saxon times, mentioned in the Anglo Saxon Chronicles as Rughenor (Rough bank or slope). Both Rowner and Alverstoke (a village now within the boundaries of Gosport), the name coming from the original point where the River Alver entered the Solent at Stokes Bay, were included in the Domesday Book. Settlements in the wider region date back much earlier.Rowner is recorded as being the earliest settlement of the peninsula with many Mesolithic finds and a hunting camp (presently sealed under the reclamation site) being found, tumuli are located on the peninsula (all investigated). Bronze Age items found during a 1960s construction in HMS Sultan included a hoard of axe heads and torcs (now stored by Portsmouth museum services). A three-celled dwelling unearthed during construction of the Rowner Estate in the 1970s points to a settled landscape. Adjacent to the River Alver which passes the southern and western edges of Rowner can be found a Norman motte and bailey, the first fortification of the peninsula, giving a high vantage point over the Solent, Stokes Bay, Lee-on-the-Solent and the Isle of Wight. The Rowner estate and HMS Sultan are situated upon the former Royal Naval air station, first known as RAF Gosport and later as HMS Siskin and gives its name to the local infant and junior schools. The barracks at Browndown (Stokes Bay) were used in the first series of Bad Lads Army.
There are several theories of how the borough got its name including from the early name of Goseport which is believed to derive from "goose". An alternative etymology "gorse" (from the bushes growing on local heath land) is not supported by the regional name for the plant, "furze". The third theory which was found in the Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales and used in the town's motto, "God's Port Our Haven", claims a derivation from "God's Port", King Stephen's thanks in 1144 for safe landing in a storm. This, however, is a 19th century invention.
Royal Hospital Haslar, formally the last military hospital of the U.K. was closed as a military site in March 2007. It was opened in 1753, serving military personnel and their families, later also serving the community of Gosport. The hospital was then used by the NHS until 2009. The hospital closed as NHS services were relocated to The Queen Alexandra Hospital in Cosham, Portsmouth.
Graves of Turkish Sailors - _PHONE_ In November 1850, two ships of the Turkish Navy, the Mirat-ı Zafer and Sirag-i Bahri Birik anchored off the Hardway - Gosport. The visit lasted several months and during this time some of the members of the crew contracted Cholera (see Gosport Cholera epidemic in 1848) and were admitted to Haslar Hospital for treatment, from those who were admitted most of them died and other sailors died because of training accidents. In total 26 died and were laid to rest in the grounds of Haslar. At the turn of the 19th Century the bodies were exhumed and transferred to Clayhall Cemetery where they now lie in peace.
"They set sail for eternity and met their creator, and here they are laid to eternal rest."
These graves have led to the nickname of Gosport people being referred to as "Turkers" and Gosport as "Turktown".

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
A fried egg is a food made from an egg fried whole with minimal accompaniment. They are traditionally eaten for breakfast, lunch or tea in English-speaking countries, but may be eaten at other times of the day in other cultures. Fried eggs are distinguished from other forms of eggs cooked in a frying pan, such as scrambled eggs and omelettes, in that the white and yolk are kept distinct rather than beaten or mixed together.
In 1991, Harry Potter was in charge of frying the eggs for Dudley Dursleys birthday. In 1992, Vernon Dursley had remains of fried eggs in his moustache while he was yelling at Harry. Later that year, Ron commented "You could have fried an egg on your face. You'd better hope Creevey doesn't meet Ginny, or they'll be starting a Harry Potter Fan Club," after seeing Harry's reaction to his singing Valentine from Ginny.


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Python Package Management
Package Installation
RStudio Connect installs the Python package dependencies of Python-based content when that content is deployed. This includes Flask APIs, Jupyter notebooks, and R projects that include Python.
Package dependencies are captured in one of two ways:
 1. If a requirements.txt file exists in the directory containing the project being deployed, then the contents of that file specify the dependencies. See the pip documentation for details. If you provide a requirements.txt file, you must ensure that the listed dependencies are correct for the content you are deploying.
 2. Otherwise, the pip freeze command is used to produce a full specification of the current Python environment including all installed packages and their version numbers. In a Jupyter notebook, pip freeze will be run with the version of Python being used by the active Jupyter notebook kernel. In the RStudio IDE, the environment variable RETICULATE_PYTHON will be used to determine which Python environment to inspect.
The resulting package list is included in the bundle archive file, which is uploaded to RStudio Connect. RStudio Connect receives the bundle archive file, unpacks it, and uses virtualenv and pip to install the identified package dependencies. In addition to the specified dependencies, RStudio Connect will also install packages that it uses to deploy and render your content.
The execution environment created by RStudio Connect contains the same package versions you are using in your development environment. The use of virtualenv isolates environments from one another to avoid package version conflicts.
Environment Caching
RStudio Connect maintains a cache of Python environments to enable faster deployments. New environments are created as needed, based on the list of package dependencies received in the bundle and the python version in use.
Subsequent deployments that have the same list of dependencies will reuse the previously-built environment. If any dependencies are different, a new environment will be created. This enables published content to make use of different versions of dependent packages without conflict.
Providing a requirements.txt file which is the same across multiple projects is one way to facilitate environment reuse and enable faster deployments. A similar benefit is achieved in the automatic (pip freeze) case if the Python environment on the publishing computer remains the same between deployments.
External Package Installation
You can indicate that a system-wide installation of a package should be used instead of one fetched by pip. The Python.External configuration setting can be used to enumerate each system-provided package.
For example, to make numpy and scipy external packages:
Install these packages in every Python installation that RStudio Connect will be using, e.g.:
/opt/Python/3.8.1/bin/python -m pip install numpy scipy
Then configure RStudio Connect to treat those packages as external:
; /etc/rstudio-connect/rstudio-connect.gcfg
External = numpy
External = scipy
If any configured Python installation is missing one of the external packages, RStudio Connect will treat this as an error at startup. If this is a required configuration (for example, because an external package is not compatible with one of the installed Python versions), you can set Python.ExternalsCheckIsFatal to false.
External Package Version Matching
By default, RStudio Connect attempts to match external packages by name. In the example above, if an uploaded bundle requests numpy==1.15 and the Python installation in RStudio Connect has numpy 1.18.1 installed, the external version will be used even though the version number does not match. This is similar to how external R packages are handled. Effectively, the version number specified in the incoming requirements.txt file is ignored for external pacakges.
To require strict version matching, honoring exactly what is specified in the bundle's requirements.txt file, you can set Python.ExternalVersionMatching to true. In this case, the version requested in the bundle's requirements.txt file will be installed if needed, and the external version will only be used if it's the correct version.
Excluding Python Packages
To exclude a certain Python package from being utilized, set Python.ProhibitedPackage to the name of the package. Specify this property once for each Python packge that is to be excluded.
This may be used, for example, when deploying Python-enabled content that utilizes OS-specific packages which are unavailable on the OS that RStudio Connect runs on.
RStudio Connect excludes certain Python packages by default. For a list of these packages please see the Python configuration appendix.
Configuring pip
Configuration options for pip may be set in /etc/pip.conf. These options will be read by pip when installing Python packages. This may be used, for example, to add additional package indexes or to control connection timeouts.
Refer to the pip documentation for further information.


text:
Edna Lynn Simms' original photo caption accompanying her portrait of him reads simply: "George D. Barnes, collector of Indian relics, Dayton, Tenn." Sounds straightforward enough. But it leaves out the shadings about what KIND of collector — how the man was viewed ethically in the world of archaeologists, collectors, museums, and relic hunters. Collectors of all eras often skirt the edges of the legitimate in their single-minded pursuit of building their collections. Barnes had his admirers, and he had his detractors on that topic.
The University of Tennessee Special Collections Library in Knoxville, TN houses one of Barnes' collections: the Barnes Collection of Rhea County, which contains marriage bonds, legal documents, and signatures of prominent Tennesseans and North Carolinians documenting the history of Rhea County from 1785 to 1891.
Their website tells us: "George D. Barnes was born in about 1879 in Pennsylvania. His father collected Native American artifacts, and Barnes began accompanying him on his expeditions at a young age. Through these adventures, Barnes discovered his own love of collecting.
"He quickly became a notable collector in his own right, and sold a number of highly regarded collections to private collectors and to such prestigious institutions as the Smithsonian. He also maintained a private collection in Dayton, Tennessee, where he lived for many years."
And Wesleyan University's Arachaelogy Laboratory holds in its collection several items thought to be Cherokee, collected by Barnes "with the permission of landowner" in the late 1800's and sold to A.R. Crittenden in 1899, who in turn donated them to Wesleyan, say the accession papers.
Nor was Barnes a stranger to the professional archaeology world. The TVA began an archaeological survey of Tennessee's Norris Basin on January 8, 1934. William S. Webb, director of archaeology for TVA, selected Thomas M. N. Lewis as supervisor for the Norris project with George D. Barnes and A. E. Wilkie as field supervisors. The 1934–1936 projects in the Norris Basin identified and excavated twenty-three archaeological sites. The resulting archaeological report (Webb 1938) involved several individuals that would go on to make their mark on archaeology.
Archaeologist Mark Williams of the LAMAR Institute/Univ of GA views Barnes quite differently: "George D. Barnes was a professional artifact looter and dealer from Dayton, Tennessee, who was in business in the 1920s and later. He made a trip to the Shinholser site sometime in 1932 and apparently excavated a huge trench about 200 feet south of Mound A (Patterson n.d.:156).
"This trench was supposedly 150 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 2.5 feet deep. Patterson adds that the work "revealed fourteen human skeletons in fairly good shape; some large pottery urns were also found and the bones and teeth of animals" (ibid). I do not know what else he recovered from this trench.
"There apparently is still a small collection of items at the McClung Museum in Knoxville, Tennessee (Richard Polhemus, Personal Communication) from his work, but I have not examined this collection [ed: The George D. Barnes, Jr. collection].
"This area of the site is now in young pine trees. Although we placed three of our small excavation units in this area in 1987, no visible remains of Barnes' trench were noted then nor was any visible in old aerial photos from the late 1930s. It presumably was backfilled. It is possible that Barnes was responsible for the open trench on top of Mound A."
"Archaeological Excavations at Shinholser
(9BL1): 1985 & 1987″
by Mark Williams
LAMAR Institute/Univ of GA
A History of Archaeology in Tennessee
by Bobby R. Braly and Shannon Koerner
Paper published as part of a synthesis of Tennessee Archaeology, in a graduate seminar at Univ of TN (2008) sponsored by members of the Tennessee Council for Professional Archaeology


text:
Simulation of Magnetic Flux Distribution of Stator and Rotor Coil of Superconducting Air Cored Wind Turbine Generator using COMSOL MultiphysicsA. Hazra, G. Konar
Power Engineering Department, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Wind energy is one of the fastest growing renewable energy sources for electricity generation over the past decade. The offshore installation of large-scale wind farms draws huge attention because of better wind profile. Direct drive synchronous wind turbine generators are now a global demand for light weight, compact, large scale wind turbine generators. Among various approaches in designing direct drive superconducting wind turbine generators, a comparatively new design (Figure 1) having both axial and radial air gaps between stator and superconducting rotor winding is selected for simulation work. It has the advantages of uniform stress and magnetic force around the circular coil. Elimination of gear box leads to light weight of the wind turbine generator. This paper deals with the simulation of magnetic flux distribution of stator and rotor coil of the same using the sliding mesh tool of COMSOL Multiphysics. The model geometry of the wind turbine generator mentioned earlier was drawn using 3D CAD tool of COMSOL Multiphysics. After declaring the global and local parameters, the magnetic and electric fields (mef) is chosen for setting the physics of the model in AC/DC module. It is followed by the proper assignment of material properties of the coils and core. To implement the rotational effect of the rotor coil on the stator magnetic field, sliding mesh concept is used. Parametric sweep is incorporated in study portal, which evaluates field distribution of the model for every angular position of the rotor with respect to the stationary axis and stores the results. Time dependent study was performed thereafter. Physics controlled mesh was directed with extra fine setting (figure 2,3). Total number of elements was found to be _PHONE_. Flux distribution in the rotor coil is realized here using volume plot of magnetic flux density (normal). The simulated magnetic field is distributed almost uniformly throughout the outer part of the stator and the same varies gradually with the distance from the centre in each coil (figure 4) of the rotor. Some animations from different angle are captured in the post processing. The simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics has been used to simulate a parametric model of a circular superconducting air core coil of direct drive off sore wind turbine generator. The solution has been efficiently computed using the built-in tools and solvers of COMSOL Multiphysics. Sliding mesh technique incorporating parametric sweep gave the realistic effect of rotation of the rotor with respect to the stator on flux distribution. In summary, 3D model geometry has been efficiently constructed in 3D CAD tool of COMSOL Multiphysics and it is found to be a very flexible and efficient tool for numerical field computations.


The new and improved defender of RPGs!
Friday, 21 February 2014
Arrows of Indra: Alignment
One common subject for debate in RPGs relates to the very notion of Alignment and how to approach it. Significant numbers of people, even old-school gamers, find alignment as presented in D&D less than useful. I've always liked the alignment system, but even I admit that alignment in standard D&D can seem more restrictive than useful if misused, and a lot of this informed my take on Alignment in Arrows of Indra. I knew that in a game set in a world where interaction with religion and gods was so important, I was all but obliged to use an alignment system, and I wanted to keep it (like everything else in the game) in some form recognizable to Old-school gamers. This ruled out creating any kind of complex systems involving Karma or anything like that. Never mind that there's so many different notions and ideas about karma (a concept that underwent considerable evolution and change over the centuries, and which in the modern day is viewed very differently by different schools in Hinduism and Buddhism, not to mention by all manner of woo-woo new agers in the west), that I didn't really want to open up that can of worms anyways.
So here, copied directly from my manuscript of AoI, is how alignment is handled in Arrows of Indra:
There are three possible alignments in the campaign: Holy, Neutral, or Unholy. Alignment is not a strict reflection of one's acts but of one's favor with the gods. A Holy person is someone who is well-looked upon by the gods, has faithfully conducted the religious practices needed for his caste and class (including any alignment strictures placed upon him by a particular class, like a Virakshatriya or a Yogi), and avoiding sinfulness. Acts that remove Holy status are all the sinful acts: murder, lying, stealing, contact with taboo substances (unclean animals, feces, dead bodies, consuming human flesh or blood, or contact with untouchables), intoxication, and sex outside of marriage (or formal concubinage). There may be a few exceptions to this in certain cases (for example, a Thugee committing an assassination in devotion to Kali-ma does not lose his Holy status; nor will anyone who is Holy lose their holy status for killing a dangerous animal, monstrosity, or demonic creature, or any creature or being who is Unholy). Someone who is not Holy can achieve Holy status by performing purification rituals upon their person (usually requiring donations at a temple at a cost of 10000 rupya, or owning a household priest), or by ritual bathing at a "Mela" ceremony held at one of the sacred rivers (the Sindhu, Suraya, or Ganga river) once every 12 years, and in either case by renouncing all previous sinful actions. A character can also achieve Holy status through direct divine intervention, usually if he performs some great act of devotion to a particular deity.
Most human individuals are neutral. They are not spiritual enough to be Holy, but not wicked enough to be Unholy.
Unholy characters are actively disfavored by the Gods, but have the favor of the Asura demons. To become Unholy one must intentionally and willingly commit grossly sinful acts (small-scale lying, stealing, drunkenness or fornication do not cut it) on more than one occasion. Any character who offers sacrifice or prayers of devotion to a demon will instantly become Unholy.
Alignment can affect characters in various ways, as certain spells and items have different effects on Holy, Neutral or Unholy characters. Additionally, in encounters with divine beings or the servants of divine beings, as well as with demonic beings or their servants, one's alignment will have a very significant effect on their reactions to you. Deities will never look favorably upon anyone who is Unholy. On the other hand, Asuras or unholy creatures will not necessarily react favorably toward Unholy characters, but will always be particularly aggressive toward Holy characters.
Finally, please note when it comes to alignment that "Holy" and "Unholy" do not equate directly with "good" or "evil" from the perspective of modern morality. They are measurements of how well one sits with the gods (or demons) of Jagat, how well one obeys the religious laws and taboos; and while certainly many of these connect to moral concepts, a character who is "Holy" can certainly do all kinds of things that wouldn't in any way be "nice" by modern conceptions. Consider that the avataras, Shiva, Rama, and (in the present time of the setting) Krishna, are all the epitome of Holiness, living incarnations of divinity, and they did or do all kinds of things that modern western perspectives would consider questionable (for starters, they had a tendency to leave trails of bodies in their wake). Holy alignment does not require that the person who has it be particularly "nice", and likewise someone who is Unholy will not necessarily be a mustache-twirling villain.
 So there you have it. The other part of this is that in the rest of the game, the alignment mechanic in AoI plays a higher role than it does in D&D, although it takes its cues from that game in terms of how the mechanics work. Magical items are heavily oriented toward the alignment system, so that different items have particular alignment limits, or different effects on characters of different alignment; spells and magic affect alignment, and creatures (particularly supernatural creatures) will react differently to characters of different alignment. And of course, the rules for divine intervention are directly tied to whether the character seeking such intervention has the favor of the Gods.
Its one of the things I'm extremely satisfied with in Arrows of Indra: an alignment system that's a bit more fluid, a bit more relevant, that is based more strongly on the actions characters take, and that has real relevancy to how the game feels. All this, and still very old-school.
Currently Smoking: Neerup Burlington Poker + Brebbia no. 7
 1. As I suspected when I started to read this, you've adapted the traditional D&D alignment system to another, almost-as-old approach to the whole issue - allegiance. RuneQuest, Stormbringer, Pendragon etc have all encouraged the concept of playing an "ethically-dedicated" character according to the particular set of ethics that that character would follow, instead of having a "one size fits all" approach which has always been the issue people had with alignment. Having rewards for so doing is a part of these systems, and having those allegiances/relationships detectable by opposing forces go with both approaches.
 I am glad your game effectively adapts D&D to the fascinating area of Indian myth, it's just interesting to note that, again, the RuneQuest family of games appear to have got their first.
 2. Given that I don't play runequest and would not have been able to name that mechanic (and haven't read a runequest book in something like 20 years), that's not what I did. Maybe they have something very similar there, but this is not just me copying it. I think on the whole Runequest doesn't do a very good job of really capturing the historical feel of religion.
 Its like I once said "people who like Runequest think it does religion the way ancient peoples did it, when in fact it does religion the way Cultural Anthropology Majors think about it". Those are not the same thing.
 3. Parallel evolution. RuneQuest does religion in a way that creates player characters who behave in an apparently religiously devout way. It's difficult to be an atheist or backslider in a classic RQ setting. Much easier in RQ6. Very easy in Pendragon or Stormbringer.


On Sunday Jan. 12th, the Ontario Emergency Measures Office issued and then withdrew an emergency alert for the Pickering Nuclear Station. This alert was a reminder that the Pickering Nuclear Station has a long history of serious accidents.
The 8-reactor Pickering Nuclear Station is surrounded by twice as many people (2.2 million within 30 km.) as any other nuclear plant on the continent. It is also one of the oldest and biggest nuclear stations in the world.
Environmental groups have long raised concerns about the inadequacy of emergency plans for this almost 50-year-old nuclear station, including the failure to plan for a Fukushima-scale accident.
Assuming that millions of people will not try to flee in the event of a major accident or won't be caught transiting through an area bisected by Canada's busiest highway and a busy commuter rail corridor seems largely to be based on wishful thinking rather than a realistic assessment of the wisdom of operating a nuclear plant in the heart of our largest urban area. If Sunday's event had turned out to not be a false alarm, chaos could well have resulted.
The Pickering Nuclear Station was built at a time when the future explosive growth in the region was never considered. Keeping this old nuclear plant and massive piles of radioactive waste next to the source of drinking water for tens of millions of people is not only dangerous, but completely unnecessary.
Ontario has safer, cleaner and less costly options for keeping its lights on, including conservation and water power from Quebec.
Send a message to Premier Ford and Minister Bethlenfalvy to buy Quebec power and immediately dismantle the Pickering Nuclear Station after shutdown.
Please share this with your friends.
– Angela Bischoff, Director


Black Rain
Graham Brown, Author
Graham Brown, Author. Dell $7.99 (515p) ISBN 978-0-553-59241-2
Reviewed on: 12/07/2009
Release date: 01/01/2010
Mayan myth, including the much-ballyhooed 2012 doomsday theory, forms the backbone of this action-packed debut. Danielle Laidlaw, an investigator for a covert branch of the National Research Institute, sets off into the Amazon with a small group of mercenaries, renegades, rogues, and scholars to uncover the source of mysterious radioactive crystals, hoping to find an ancient Mayan city and a possible source for clean energy. Ruthless billionaire Richard Kaufman has his own plans for the technology and will stop at nothing to get it, even if it means killing Danielle and her team. There are other dangers lurking in the rain forests, including a cartoonishly savage tribe of natives called the Chollokwan and a mysterious man-eating creature. A few sections seem unnecessarily padded, but the fast pace and nonstop violence will keep readers forging ahead. (Feb.)
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MCQ: Pipeline overhead arises from the combination of pipeline register delay and
 1. Hit rate
 2. Clock cycle
 3. Cycle rate
 4. Clock skew
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 1. Pipe stage
 2. Previous stage
 3. Stall
 4. Processor cycle
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 1. Variable-field decoding
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MCQ: Pipelining increases the CPU instruction
 1. Size
 2. Through put
 3. Cycle rate
 4. Time
MCQ: The sum of the contents of the base register and the sign-extended offset is used as a memory address, the sum is known as
 1. ALU instructions
 2. Through put
 3. Effective address
 4. Load and store instructions


Scientists are investigating and if confirmed would be the first recorded death by falling space debris in nearly 200 years.
Suspected meteorite
Image: The deadly impact left a large crater and shattered nearby windows
A bus driver was killed and three others injured by a meteorite in India, according to the authorities.
If confirmed it would be the first recorded death by falling space debris in nearly 200 years.
Scientists are now investigating the blast at the engineering college in the southeast state of Tamil Nadu, which left a small crater and broken windows.
Suspected meteorite
Image: Samples from the scene of the impact are to be analysed by experts
Chief minister Jayalalithaa Jayaram said: "A meteorite fell within the college premises."
The man "sustained serious injuries and died while on the way to the hospital," she added.
Video: Hundreds Hurt As Huge Meteorite Hits Russian Town
The victim's family has been awarded 100,000 rupees (£1,018) in compensation.
The bus driver was standing on a patch of grass near the college canteen when he was killed, while two gardeners and a student were also hurt, officials said.
Government officials initially thought the blast was caused by explosives leftover after building work, but no evidence of this was found at the site.
A district official said: "When no evidence of explosive material was found, we moved to the theory that it might be a meteorite.
"It is not confirmed yet as samples need to be analysed."
A team from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics is expected to visit the scene to collect samples.
The principal of the college in Vellore district, said: "It was a sound like nothing I've ever heard before.
The last reported death from a meteorite strike was in 1825, records show.
Simon Goodwin, an astrophysics expert at the University of Sheffield, said meteorite deaths are rare because the rocks usually burn up when passing through the Earth's atmosphere or land in the ocean or remote areas.
"When you look at the fraction of the Earth's surface that is heavily populated, it's not very much," he said.


text:
During a recent visit to Kilosa District, Morogoro Region, Correspondent PROSPER MAKENE interviewed Sustainable Charcoal Project advocacy officer SISTY BASIL on how villagers can benefit from forestry management in their quest to protect the environment. Excerpts:
QUESTION: Why do we need sustainable charcoal in the country?
ANSWER: Tanzania's charcoal industry is one of the country's largest industries. The World Bank estimated that the industry is worth US$ 650 million and employs several hundred thousand people in rural and urban areas. Over one million tons of charcoal is consumed each year in the country. Millions of urban consumers also depend upon charcoal for the energy required to prepare their meals. Over 90 percent of urban Tanzanians uses charcoal as either their primary or secondary source of domestic energy. Alternatives – such as electricity, LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) or biomass briquettes – are either perceived as too expensive or hampered by undeveloped distribution and marketing networks.
The charcoal industry is characterized by weak governance. National and local governments lose an estimated US$ 100 million per year due to their failure to effectively regulate the industry. Little value accrues to the producers and to the villages on whose land, most charcoal is produced.
Currently, charcoal production in Tanzania is a major cause of deforestation and forest degradation. It has depleted forests and woodlands in forest reserves and on village land including biologically irreplaceable forest
Over the last decade, communities in Tanzania have established 814 village forest reserves covering 2.3 million hectares of forest and woodland. Sustainable charcoal production could offer a much-needed revenue stream for these reserves as well as providing rural employment. To achieve this new model of charcoal production and marketing is needed.
Q: What is sustainably produced charcoal?
A: Sustainably produced charcoal is charcoal produced from wood from woodlands under participatory forest management that applies ecologically sound harvesting principles. Charcoal is produced using efficient kiln technology and is transported and sold in accordance with national regulations.
Q: Why have you planned to establish a sustainable charcoal project?
A: Well, first of all the Sustainable Charcoal project is a partnership project that aims to establish a commercially viable value chain for legal, sustainably produced charcoal. The overall goal is to improve climate change adaptation and mitigation; to enhance environmental sustainability and to leverage returns on biomass resources; thereby delivering sustainable development to Tanzania and its people.
Q: What will the charcoal project do?
A: The project will work with communities and local government to establish sustainable and energy efficient charcoal production from woodland in village forest reserves. This will include training to village leaders and village natural resources committees; training to charcoal producers on improved charcoal production techniques; agreement on good practice in terms of harvesting, production techniques and governance; and integration of sustainable charcoal production into village forest reserve management plans. The project will also be linking the sustainable charcoal production with ongoing REDD (Reducing greenhouse gas Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in developing countries) initiatives. Also the project will train communities on the principles of conservation agriculture so as to increase their yield and decreasing dependency on the forest
Working with community networks, the project will support advocacy initiatives for improved governance of the charcoal sector. The project will also conduct an assessment of the environmental and social impacts of different charcoal value chains as well as life cycle assessment of the charcoal produced in Kilosa
However, the eco-conscious charcoal buyers in Dar es Salaam and other urban centres will be presented with the option to buy sustainably produced charcoal.
Q: Where is the sustainable charcoal project operating?
A: The project started operating in Kilosa District, Morogoro Region in June this year, where Tanzania Forest Conservation Group (TFCG) and Tanzania Community Forest Conservation Network (MJUMITA) has been supporting a community-oriented REDD project since 2009.
The project has focused on woodland adjacent to the high biodiversity forests of the Rubeho and Ukaguru Mountains, part of the Eastern Arc Mountains biodiversity hotspot.
Q: How long would this project exists and who are project partners supporting the project?
A: The proposed project lifetime is six years, comprising a two-year inception and design phase and a four year period of expanded implementation.
The project is financed by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). SDC is Switzerland's international cooperation agency within the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA).
The project will work with two Swiss Research institutions: The Centre for Development and Environment (CDE) of which is the University of Bern's centre for sustainable development research with the aim of fostering sustainable development-oriented research and the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA) which is also is an interdisciplinary research and services institution for material sciences and technology development oriented to meet the requirements of industry and the needs of our society.
Meanwhile, Tanzania Traditional Energy Development Organisation ( TaTEDO) will provide expertise on charcoal production techniques.
While, TFCG a national non-governmental organization whose mission is to conserve and restore the biodiversity of globally important forests in Tanzania, is providing advocacy, participatory forest management, environmental education, community development and research to ensure that there sustainable charcoal production in the country.
TFCG has succeeded in rolling out innovative and high-impact solutions to the challenges facing Tanzania's forests and the people that depend on them.
Other partner is the Tanzania Community Forest Conservation Network (MJUMITA) of which MJUMITA play its role as a national network of community groups involved in participatory forest management.
The network provides a forum for capacity building, advocacy and communication for these groups to make sure that there is sustainable charcoal production that will ensure forest and environment protection.
Q: Who are the project beneficiaries?
A: The project aims to benefit rural communities in Kilosa District, particularly in areas where participatory forest management (PFM) processes already forms part of the pilot REDD programme. Sustainably charcoal production and support for climate smart, small-scale agriculture will be introduced in eight villages in Kilosa District.
Q: Are there any challenges that face the project since started in June this year?
A: Currently at the national level there is no dedicated policy which deals with charcoal sector in the country, this makes it easy for people to harvest charcoal in an unsustainable manners hence leading to increasing deforestation in the country.
However, the project plans to mark charcoal bags with a specifically designed log to show that the product was prepared according to the required environmental standards; the system will control the packaging of the commodity
We want to reduce degradation of our forests by insuring that charcoal is produced sustainably from identified sources


text:
Love and Learn is a collection of short, poignant children's stories and animal fables. Each tale portrays a child's confusion when encountering a challenge, and illustrates their... More > understanding and growth. The lessons learned are an important part of growing up, and make an entertaining read.
Recommended Age group # 5-7 years< Less
The Mango Tree and Other Stories is an original collection of children's stories that emphasizes
life lessons and morals. Each tale discusses an important aspect of childhood and how a child... More > might
come to understand it. Young readers will be able to easily relate to the honest and innocent characters,
and enjoy the situations those characters find themselves in. The lessons they will learn comprise an
important part of growing up< Less


text:
words like "facile" and "facility".
- ¡Español es fácil! – "Spanish is easy!"
- No hay soluciones fáciles – "There aren't easy answers"
12. Difícil (Difficult)
It's not difícil to guess what this word means – it's "difficult":
- ¡Español no es difícil! – "Spanish isn't difficult"
- Es difícil dar otro ejemplo – "It's difficult to give another example"
Remember that accent: unlike the English word "difficult", the stress in difícil falls on the second syllable, not the first.
13. Joven (Young)
Joven means "young". In the plural form, you need to add an accent on the o:
- Ella es muy joven – "She's very young"
- Ellos son muy jóvenes – "They're very young"
14. Viejo (Old)
Viejo means "old". Use it for people or things:
- Soy un hombre viejo – "I'm an old man"
- Tengo que comprar un nuevo ordenador; el mío es demasiado viejo. – "I have to buy a new computer; mine is too old"
Viejo can subtly change its meaning depending on whether it goes before or after the noun:
- un viejo amigo – "an old friend" (you've known each other for a long time)
- un amigo viejo – "an old friend" (he or she is advanced in age)
15. Nuevo (New)
Nuevo means new. Like viejo, its meaning changes subtly depending on the word order. When it goes after the noun, it means "new" in the sense of "brand new" – it's just been made. When it's before the noun, it means "new" in the sense of "newly acquired":
- Ella compró un nuevo carro – "She bought a new car" (The car may be used, but it's newly in her possession)
- El carro nuevo tiene aire acondicionado – "The new car has air-conditioning (The car is brand new)
16. Alto (High/Tall)
Alto means "high" or "tall":
- Un edificio alto – "A tall building"
- Una tasa alta – "A high rate"
- Es un hombre alto – "He's a tall man"
- Subir una montaña alta – "To climb a high mountain"
Bonus fact: alto is written on stop signs in Mexico and most other Spanish-speaking countries in Central America. It comes from the German word halt, which means "stop" (or "halt", obviously!) in English.
17. Bajo (Low)
- Los Países Bajos – "The Low Countries (i.e. the Netherlands)"
- Tocar las notas bajas – "To play the low notes"
It also means "short", in the sense of someone's height:
- Bruno Mars es muy bajo – "Bruno Mars is very short"
18. Corto (Short)
Corto is the more general word for "short". While bajo is used when talking about height, corto is used for distances.
- Un viaje corto – "A short trip "
- Una historia corta – "A short story"
19. Largo (Long)
Watch out – this word is a false cognate. It doesn't mean "large", it means "long"! It can be used for lengths of measurement, time or distance:
- Ese es un cuchillo largo – "That is a long knife"
- La reunión fue demasiado larga – "The meeting was too long"
- La Carretera Transcanadiense es una de las autopistas más largas del mundo – "The Trans-Canada Highway is one of the longest highways in the world"
20. Aburrido (Bored/Boring)
I hope you're not aburrido with this list. This adjective means bored – or it can mean boring, depending on whether you use ser or estar.
- Juan es una persona muy aburrida – "Juan is a very boring person"
- Estoy muy aburrido – "I'm very bored"
21. Vivo (alive)
Vivo can mean "alive" or "living":
- El rey está vivo – "The king is alive"
- Ella es la persona viva más vieja del mundo – "She is the oldest living person in the world"
Use the term en vivo to refer to a TV programme being broadcast "live".
22. Muerto (Dead)
Muerto means "dead":
- Zed está muerto, chica – "Zed's dead, baby"
Notice that I didn't write Zed es muerto. This adjective uses estar, not ser. Estar is supposed to be used for temporary states, but if you ask me, being dead is pretty permanent! I'm afraid that this is just one of those exceptions to the ser/estar rule that you'll have to learn. A good way to remember it is to note that both vivo and muerto use the same verb – and vivo (alive) is definitely a temporary state, so it uses estar. Meaning muerto does too.
23. Listo (Ready/Smart)
Listo is another example of an adjective that changes its meaning when you use ser vs estar. With estar, it means ready:
- Estoy listo para firmar el contrato – "I'm ready to sign the contract"
But with ser, it means "smart":
- Ella es muy lista – "She's very smart!"
24. Inteligente (Intelligent)
If you're inteligente, you can figure out that this word means "intelligent". It's an alternative to listo.
- Eres la persona más inteligente que he conocido – "You're the smartest person I've ever met"
25. Pobre (poor)
Pobre means "poor". When it's after the noun, it means "financially poor". When it's before the noun, it means unfortunate or disadvantaged, such as in the English sentence "you poor thing!":
- Bolivia es un país pobre – "Bolivia is a poor country"
- ¡Deja de asustar a este pobre niño! – "Stop scaring this poor child!"
26. Rico (Rich)
- Bill Gates es muy rico – "Bill Gates is very rich"
You can also use it to describe food:
- ¡Que rica es esta comida! – "This food is so rich/tasty/great!"
27. Común (Common)
Can you guess what this común word means? That's right: "common". It can also mean "shared".
- Es una enfermedad común – "It's a common illness"
- Tenemos una responsabilidad común – "We have a common/shared responsibility"
In the plural form, drop the accent from the "u":
- Tenemos valores comunes – "We have shared/common values"
28. Raro (Rare)
This word means what you'd guess it means: "rare". It can also mean "strange" or "weird".
- En raras ocasiones – "On rare occasions"
- Es raro conducir por la izquierda – "It's weird to drive on the left"
29. Útil (Useful)
This word has some útil-ity – it means "useful":
- Es una herramienta útil – "It's a useful tool"
- Esta opción es útil – "This option is useful"
30. Guapo (Beautiful)
An important word if you want to flirt! This adjective means "beautiful" or "good-looking", and can be applied to men or women.
- Podría ser muy guapo si quisiera – "He/she could be very beautiful if he/she wanted"
- ¡Qué guapa estás! – "You're so beautiful!"
31. Feo (Ugly)
The opposite of guapo, this word means "ugly".
- Él es feo – "He's ugly"
- Cinderella tiene dos hermanastras feas – "Cinderella has two ugly step-sisters"
32. Feliz (Happy)
Feliz is related to the English word (and girl's name) "Felicity".
- Tú me haces feliz – "You make me happy"
- Los animales no parecen felices – "The animals don't look happy"
33. Triste (Sad)
- Cuando estoy triste, lloro – "When I'm sad, I cry"
- Estaba pensando de cosas tristes – "I was thinking about sad things."
34. Pesado (Heavy)
Pesado means "heavy". If you're talking about weight, it's more common to use the verb pesar, "to weigh":
- El piano pesa mucho – "The piano weighs a lot"
- El piano es pesado – "The piano is heavy" (not wrong, but uncommon)
You can also describe a person as pesado. This means the person is boring, gloomy, or annoying. Think of Marvin the Paranoid Android from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy:
- Marvin es pesado – "Marvin is gloomy/a downer."
35. Tranquilo (Calm)
Are you in a tranquil situation? This word means calm or quiet:
- Estaba tranquilo en la casa – "It was quiet in the house"
Tranquilo can also be used as an interjection. It's like saying "


The Elastic Bed Syndrome
Pornography creates the false sense that the marital bed has room for a destructive fantasy.
Laurie Hall's husband, Jack, began an "innocent" fascination with softcore pornography that later led to frequent attendance at strip clubs and visits to prostitutes. After more than 18 years of marriage, Laurie discovered Jack's behavior and wrote a book telling her story and exploring how infidelity of the mind is linked to infidelity of the body.
Excerpted with permission from "An Affair of the Mind."
Running rampant in our society is one of the greatest causative agents of the alienation of affections ever devised--pornography. Pornography says the marriage bed is elastic enough to stretch to accommodate more than two people. The whole purpose of pornography is to elicit a sexual response. Whether it's a video, a magazine, or "adult" entertainment, the goal is to arouse the sexual passions of the viewers.
When our sexual passions are aroused by someone other than our spouse, it's only human nature to compare our spouse's "sexiness" to the "sexiness" of the one we're attracted to. So, what happens to our view of our spouse when we can "enjoy" a firm, beautifully made-up, air-brushed centerfold? Studies show the spouse loses.
A case in point is a study done by Dolf Zillman of the University of Indiana and Jennings Bryant of the University of Houston. For six weeks, Zillman and Bryant had college students spend one hour each week viewing either nonviolent pornography or inoffensive situation comedies. They found that exposure to pornography strongly impacted how the students felt about their sexual experiences. The study further revealed that repeated exposure to pornography results in a decreased satisfaction with one's sexual partner, with the partner's sexuality, and with the partner's sexual curiosity. There was a decrease in the valuation of faithfulness and a major increase in the importance of sex without attachment.
The startling thing about Zillman and Bryant's study is that it shows that just six hours of exposure to softcore pornography is enough to destroy the viewer's satisfaction with his or her spouse. Interesting, isn't it, how modern social scientists have confirmed by research what the ancients knew by common sense: The best way to destroy a marriage is to excite the sexual passions of one of the spouses.
Did you like this? Share with your family and friends.
Laurie Hall
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White Pelicans, Mississippi
Photograph by Annie Griffiths, National Geographic
White pelicans are among the largest Mississippi Flyway migrants. At an average weight of 16 pounds (7 kilograms), they rely on a nine-foot (three-meter) wingspan to enable flight at very high altitudes. They use a unique fishing technique, cooperatively herding fish into small areas on the surface where the pickings are easy.


text:
GM cotton for Africa
Hillocks, R.J. (2009) GM cotton for Africa. Outlook on Agriculture, 38 (4). pp. 311-316. ISSN 0030-7270Full text not available from this repository.
Cotton is the most important cash crop for smallholders in many countries of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Although GM cotton has been grown in South Africa for more than 10 years, most of the other SSA countries are only now enacting the biosafety legislation, with the supporting biotechnology policy, to enable them to acquire GM cotton technology from the biotechnology companies that hold the intellectual property rights. Burkina Faso, now the largest cotton producer in SSA, will be the first to make GM cotton available to smallholders. GM cotton is being promoted in the rest of SSA on the basis of its apparent success in improving the profitability of cotton growing as a smallholder enterprise in South Africa, India and China. With several other African countries soon to follow Burkina Faso in adopting GM cotton technology, this paper examines the potential benefits for Africa in the light of evidence from smallholder adoption elsewhere in the world.
|Uncontrolled Keywords:||GM cotton, Bt cotton, Sub-Saharan Africa|
|Subjects:||S Agriculture > S Agriculture (General)|
S Agriculture > SB Plant culture
|School / Department / Research Groups:||Natural Resources Institute|
Natural Resources Institute > Agriculture, Health & Environment
|Last Modified:||12 Mar 2012 17:41|
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I'm trying to plot an implicit function satisfying a complex transcendental equation. The code is the following:
ContourPlot[(e (-1 + e^2) l (-3 + 2 e^2 - l^2) Cosh[2 Sqrt[1 - e^2]] +
 (-1 + e^2) (-1 + l^2) (e l Cos[2] - I (1 + l^2) Sin[2]) + Sqrt[1 - e^2]
 (I - I l^4 - 2 e (-2 + e^2) l Sqrt[-e^2 + l^2]) Sinh[2 Sqrt[1 - e^2]]) == 0,
 {l, 1, 2}, {e, -2, 2}]
I need a real solution of e as a function of l and also e<=Min{1,l}. I don't know why it's empty in the plot. I don't think it's because the solution is out of the range since I tried l=1, and there are several solutions, one of which is e = 0. Thus I think there must be something wrong with the plot.
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
Your expression is not real, but complex. Think about how you want to turn your expression real. The documentation states
At positions where f does not evaluate to a real number, holes are left so that the background to the contour plot shows through.
So what you probably want is to test Abs[f[..]]==0 which gives you the lines where the whole left side vanishes. Unfortunately, they are not in your plot region. Therefore, take a look at this and hover with the mouse over the region borders to see the iso-value.
f[l_, e_] := (e (-1 + e^2) l (-3 + 2 e^2 - l^2) Cosh[
 2 Sqrt[1 - e^2]] + (-1 + e^2) (-1 + l^2) (e l Cos[2] -
 Sqrt[1 - e^2] (I - I l^4 - 2 e (-2 + e^2) l Sqrt[-e^2 + l^2]) Sinh[
 2 Sqrt[1 - e^2]]);
ContourPlot[Abs[f[l, e]], {l, 1, 2}, {e, -2, 2}]
Mathematica graphics
share|improve this answer
Thanks for answering. I don't quite understand why only the real part of function is zero. The equation is complex does not mean the solution of e has to be complex, right? – Knightq Oct 18 '13 at 4:18
I see what you mean, but this does not equivalent to the original equation anymore. I try Im[f]==0, the solution is different. Seems like my equation is problematic.. – Knightq Oct 18 '13 at 4:24
I just wanted to point out where the issue lies. You don't have to (and probably shouldn't) use Re. What you want is probably Abs[f[l,e]] but this is for you to decide. – halirutan Oct 18 '13 at 4:26
Thanks a lot, I see where I got wrong. And it seems to me that ContourPlot ignores isolated solution, doesn't it? – Knightq Oct 18 '13 at 6:52
Your Answer


text:
LANDSCAPE STUDIES IN UPPER MESOPOTAMIA
1992-93 Annual Report
At first sight the Jazira region of Upper Mesopotamia with its bare rolling uplands and semi-arid plains seems a bleak prospect for studies of the archaeological landscape. Although broken by numerous tells of ancient settlements the terrain is otherwise apparently featureless. It has therefore been my mission over the last decade or so to try to describe and to analyze this landscape in a manner that is useful not only to archaeologists but also to anyone interested in the ancient Near East.
Figure 1. Map showing the main mound, lower town, outer town, and suburbs of Titris Höyük.
The archaeological landscape of the Jazira can be broken down into the following basic components:
(a) Archaeological sites, best represented by mounds or tells, but also present as low or flat scatters of occupation debris.
(b) Extensive scatters of pottery, slag from kilns, and other debris that probably resulted from the use of trash and organic refuse hauled from neighboring settlements and applied to fields as fertilizer.
(c) Linear hollows, soil marks, or vegetation lines that appear to represent the lines of ancient roads.
Together these give us the basic components of the ancient geography of an area: settlements, fields, and road systems. In addition, detailed surveys can reveal traces of pits for extracting soil for mudbrick, salt sources (again represented by pits), and where hard rock is exposed, wine presses and ancient quarries (for building stone). In drier parts of the Jazira, traces of canals become more evident. Therefore simply as a descriptive device, landscape archaeology is of considerable value.
My interest however extends beyond this, so that once the landscape has been described, my objective is to analyze it in a way that will throw light on the development of towns, how they were sustained by food production, to what extent there was interaction between them, and ultimately how and why they collapsed.
Figure 2. General landscape map of the northern Jazira, Iraq, showing inferred ancient route systems.
For decades archaeologists have concentrated their efforts on tells and either ignored or failed to notice the important lower towns. Hence it is often my first objective during fieldwork to define the size of the main site under investigation. This is best illustrated by the site of Titri^ Höyük, currently being excavated by Guillermo Algaze, formerly of the Oriental Institute. The extent of settlement as it appeared at the end of the 1992 field season is shown in figure 1. The main tell or höyük is obvious, as are the shoulders to the east and west designated here the lower town. However, until the site was surveyed in 1984 by the Kurban Höyük team (from the Oriental Institute), the extensive outer town had gone unrecognized. In addition, much more detailed surveys conducted by the writer in 1991 and 1992 demonstrated the existence of extensive flat or virtually flat scatters of debris which represented outer "suburbs." All these components of the archaeological site were occupied around the mid-third millennium b.c. or slightly later (i.e., corresponding to Kurban Höyük period V, contemporaneous with the Akkadian period of southern Mesopotamia). Together, these cover a total of some 38 ha and were capable of accommodating some 3,000 to 8,000 people. In addition it is possible to recognize a hollow way road leading off to the northwest as well as the town's stone quarries (off map to north).
Figure 3. Detailed map showing the topography and linear hollows around Tell al-Hawa, the largest site in the northern Jazira.
Unfortunately, we did not have access to aerial photographs for the work at Titri^, but if they were available, the richness of the archaeological landscape of this region would become readily apparent. The results of surveys conducted when the writer was employed by the British School of Archaeology in Iraq are shown in figures 2 and 3. These maps show general and detailed views of part of northern Iraq, with patterns of ancient hollow way routes radiating from numerous sites onto the surrounding plains. In addition, interrupted features that cross the terrain for many kilometers appear to form the remains of hollow ways, in this case probably representing former long-distance roads. The detailed map of the area around the massive 66 ha mound of Tell al-Hawa shows the hollows to the north of the site (to the south they appear to have been obscured by sedimentation from wadis) together with part of a longer inter-regional feature that ultimately led from the vicinity of Mosul (Nineveh) towards Syria and Anatolia (see A, B, E on fig. 3).
Whereas the Titri^ and Tell al-Hawa areas fall within the moist and intermediate steppes of Upper Mesopotamia, Tell es-Sweyhat lies at the very margin of viable rain-fed cultivation. This makes the area of considerable interest because it is vulnerable to climatic fluctuations that can result in runs of dry years. These in turn trigger famines that can perhaps ultimately result in the collapse of city states. Recent fieldwork by the Oriental Institute/University of Pennsylvania project (see Thomas Holland's article on Tell es-Sweyhat, below, pp. 63-70) has shown that this settlement, located 3 to 4 km from the Euphrates River in northern Syria, must have been surrounded by cultivated land that received considerable quantities of manure and refuse from the adjacent town. This activity resulted in the landscape becoming littered with a carpet of millions of potsherds that extended some 3 to 4 km from the main site. Such an area, if intensively cultivated with cereals, would have provided sufficient food to just, but only just, sustain a population of 3,000 to 4,000 people, which is the approximate estimated population of Sweyhat and its lower town combined. Other aspects of the landscape that flesh out the geographical context of this late third millennium b.c. town are linear hollows, again probably of ancient roads across the steppe, quarries for building stone, and wine presses. The last named, of probably late Roman/Byzantine date, were for processing grapes presumably grown on the adjacent flood plain. Together, the above features point to a prosperous land, well served by communications and agriculture within what is now a marginal semi-arid environment. Although there has not necessarily been a major climatic change during the last few thousand years, the field evidence does suggest that the area has become heavily degraded by human activities to a point where, although it is still possible to farm, towns the size of Sweyhat probably cannot be sustained for long periods without some importation of food.
Related studies undertaken in the summer of 1992 in the nearby Balikh Valley are starting to reveal a similar pattern of route systems and cultivation in another area of marginal semi-arid steppe. This project, conducted by the Oriental Institute jointly with a team directed by Peter Akkermans of the National Museum at Leiden, Netherlands, is seeking to show how the ancient landscape has changed in response to changing patterns of human population, economics, and environment over the last 10,000 years. After only a brief field season in the summer of 1992, Clemens Reichel, graduate student in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, and myself were able to pinpoint areas of the landscape that had become buried by sedimentation (thereby obscuring archaeological remains), as well as a major late Roman or early Islamic irrigation system and a number of north-south hollow way routes. Although frequently little more than faint marks when viewed on the ground, on aerial photographs these features can be seen to run parallel to the Balikh River, presumably linking the ancient town of Raqqa (Islamic al-Rafikah) with towns such as Harran in southern Turkey. One route even had a well-preserved early Islamic caravanserai or khan alongside. Ultimately it is hoped that this project will provide information to complement that gathered from around Tell es-Sweyhat, on the ancient limits of rain-fed cultivation. Such a result will be of interest not only to archaeologists but should also shed light on the ancient climate of the Jazira, a region that has hitherto failed to yield much data of value to palaeoclimatologists.


text:
Doing a tenant background check is not an assurance that you can pick the good apples and absolutely avoid the rotten ones. Depending on how you do your probe, some undesirable applicants may successfully find a way into your property due to loopholes in the way you weed out applicants. Here are some common things that newbie landlords should take care of while doing a tenant background check.
Make sure to run a background check on every prospective tenant without discrimination to keep yourself safe at the hands of law.
2. Know your rights as a landlord
The legal battles you may fight as a landlord doing a background check is not limited to the one mentioned above. That's why it is important for you to know your rights, such as your right to choose tenant who has the financial capacity to pay rent on time and who can meet the requirements and terms of the rental agreement.
3. Ask the right questions
Most landlords do the tenant background check themselves, and if they are not too experienced with the process, they miss covering all the bases. Newbie landlords may not know how to ask the right questions to get the pertinent details of the applicant and to fish out any signs of trouble before it's too late.
4. Don't miss any of the essentials in a tenant background check
You run a tenant background check to ensure that the person you welcome into your property is not a threat to society or, at least to the neighborhood, responsible enough to take care of your property and has the financial capacity to pay rent. Hence, your tenant background check process must include a credit check, a probe into prior rental or home ownership, an employment inquiry, and a criminal history check.
5. Verify the applicants' words
Doing a background check does not stop at asking the right questions. You have to make sure that the answers are true so you need to verify these. You can do the verification yourself but it would require some time and effort on your part. You can save yourself the hassle by hiring a tenant verification service
Source : tenantscreening


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Step 4: Glueing
Step 1. Fist of all we'll make one of the points of our ball. Take 5 sheets from the inside color ( blue) and glue them like this (see the first 6 pictures). Put some glue on the insertion and put it in the pocket.
Make 6 like this! Let's call them "little stars".
Step 2. Then take 5 sheets from the outside color (pink) and glue them with one blue "little star" (see pictures 7 and 8). This will be "star".
Then connect the 5 blue "little stars" with the "star" (see pictures 9-13)
Step 3. Then take 5 pink sheets and connect the blue "little stars" together. When you connecting them carefully try to close the stars. And when you finish you'll have half of our ball. (see pictures 14-18)
Step 4. Then add pink sheets on every corner of the "little stars" which don't have one. You must glue 2 pink sheets on every "little star".( see pictures 19-24)
Step 5. When you finish you'll have one half from the ball and you have to make the other one. Make it with the same way but without step 4 (you won't have pink sheet left).see picture 25
Step 6. When you're ready you have to connect the two halfs.
Step 7. This is easy just glue the left pink sheets from the first half with the blue sheets on the second half. Glue to the same way. see pictures 26-30


Body-worn cameras (BWCs), how effective are they? In 2016, research by Cambridge University detailed its plentiful benefits for many sectorsespecially the police. Sir Bernard Hogan-Howe, London Metropolitan Police (Met) Commissioner, claimed the number of guilty pleas from criminals would rise "when they know we have captured the incident."
Since then, BWC and its popularity have soared. The large public and political support have led to wide-ranging use elsewhere. For example, schools and universities started trialling BWCs to help safety measures and monitor behaviour. And BWC-equipped rail employees are now able to record assaults.
The education sector, UK law enforcement agencies, and politicians continuously advocate for it. Body-worn cameras are more prevalent than ever. Here are four body-worn camera facts you need to know:
 The placement of the camera on your body is vitalas it affects the point of view recorded on the footage. For security agents and police officers of the like, the best locations for placing a bodycam should mimic the actual line of sight to capture clear evidence. Depending on what you will use the footage for, there are different types of devices and mounting options, which is why proper bodycam installation is crucial.
 BWC comes equipped with pre-recording and one-button record capabilities for ideal use whilst on the field. As such, you should be able to swiftly activate the camera during an emergency. The convenience of the device reigns supreme as it enables users to download, manage and store the videos with ease.
 Weight is a significant factor in regards to long-term comfort and usage. The balance between the weight against features, size, and durability is critical. After all, no one wants to buy a camera that breaks easily, and the device should have the essential hardware and software you require.
 Heavy cameras can negatively affect user performance. Although you want your recorder to be rugged and durable, too much extra weight proves a burden when on duty. It can't be understatedbalance is the key here.
 Additionally, Body-worn cameras own weather-resistant abilities, withstanding any harsh weather and environmental factors in your operation area. Rain, snow, and other conditions, greatly affect the quality of recordings, so buying a video recorder that operates clearly under such circumstances is huge.
 Managing the data recorded by the camera is vital. Due to the large footage size, it is imperative that retrieving, storing, and sharing this data is a low stress-inducing affair. These recordings are often relied on to prove the user acted out of necessity or as evidence to perpetrators. Thus, you must have a device that is convenient, reliable, high-quality, and secure.
 Centerprise International provides the full range of Getac's Video Solutions product throughout the UK, delivering a fully integrated method of capturing, recording, and storing digital evidence crucial to a case.
 For more information on the incredible Getac Video portfolio, contact us now! Benefit from a variety of ground-breaking technologies, and state of the art software, primed to help civil enforcement officers, police forces, military, and various other industries, acquire and manage essential evidentiary details.


Sherlock Holmes' Most Difficult Math Problem: Bicycle Tracks
A bicycle leaves two different types of tracks behind, belonging to two different types of tires. One must belong to the front tire, and the other to the rear.
The tires of a bicycle are independent of each other. Due to a bicycle's design, the front and rear tires are always in tandem with each other at a fixed distance and move in conjunction with each other. | Source: Mathematical Impressions: Bicycle Tracks by Simon Foundations
When you laterally move the chain to which the watch was attached in either direction, the watch follow the path of the chain and get ever closer but never quite reach where the chain is.
Asymptotic | Louie Zong's love song, with math puns!
*** The Latin root word "trac" means to pull, as in the word "tractor." [Source]
Newton's tractrix formula.
The distance from the top point of the tractrix to the asymptote and the length of any tangent line from any point on the tractrix to the asymptote are always the same.
The wheelbase is the horizontal distance between the centers of the front and rear wheels. | Wikipedia
The tire with the smaller amplitude would have to belong to the rear tire. Source: Mathematical Impressions: Bicycle Tracks by Simon Foundations
Upon selecting a few random points from the rear tire's tracks and drawing tangent lines in a particular direction that reached those of the front tire, all tangent lines had to be of equal length. That would show that the bicycle had taken the direction of the tangent lines. However, if the tangent lines were of unequal length, it would mean that the bicycle had taken a direction opposite of the tangent lines drawn from the rear tire to the front.
If someone were skilled enough to turn a bicycle in a perfect circle, then the bike would leave tracks of two perfect circles on the ground. But of course, the smaller of the two circles would undoubtedly belong to the rear tire. However, because the circle is perfectly symmetrical, it would be impossible to distinguish whether the bicycle was turning clockwise or counterclockwise.
Drawing tangent lines to decide the direction of a bicycle.
*** When you apply this method in the real world, you may notice that the rear tire does not always precisely follow the tractrix. This is because bicycles do not always have the same wheelbase. There are many types of bicycles; some are for racing, and some are for leisure. That results in differences in the design of their frames.Designers usually emplace the front fork and axle on a bicycle with great care and precision regarding its angle. The slightest change in the design can result in apparent differences in the bicycle's continuity and wheelbase when turning or leaning.Though simple mathematical models such as this one often omit such real-world factors and considerations, they still offer us greater insight into how such principles work
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Did you know?
cisgender - definition and synonyms
What are red words?
or cissexual
or cis
 1. From our crowdsourced Open Dictionary
 when someone's gender identity is the same as the one they were assigned at birth
 If a doctor announces, "It's a girl!" in the delivery room based on the child's body and that baby grows up to identify as a woman, that person is cisgender.
 Following is a list of cisgender identity privileges.
 Submitted from United Kingdom on 06/02/2013
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Coffee cans are made from aluminum or plastic, both of which can be easily recycled. The problem is the lids. Many recycling companies don't allow plastic lids or plastic bottle caps to be recycled because they're too small and can jam equipment during the recycling process. Instead of throwing them away, you can make them into tiny wreaths to hang around the house or on your Christmas tree.
Start by gathering some decorative materials, such as ribbons, yarn, cotton balls, sewing materials, buttons or stickers. You can also use pipe cleaners or any other small trinkets you have around the house.
Begin by cutting out the center of the coffee can lid. You'll want to think of the final product as a skinny donut. Once you have the base of the wreath ready, there are many decorating options:
- Take cotton balls, pom-poms or buttons and glue them to the base.
- Tie one end of the ribbon, yarn or chenille stem to the base and twist it around the wreath until you get back to the beginning.
- Take extra sewing material and cut it into thin strips. Glue the end to the coffee can lid, and allow it to dry. Then continue to wrap the material around the lid, gluing as you go.
When you've finished the base of the wreath, you can tie a ribbon or string to the top to hang it, or you can place it directly on your tree.


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The Integrated Sample Survey Scheme was introduced in the state veterinary department of Assam in 1968-69 along with the state veterinary department of the other states of India for ascertain uniform pattern in the estimation of milk, egg and meat and livestock keeping practices in the state. This has been an essential survey to estimate the quantum of livestock products produced by the state annually and most importantly the extent of contribution being made by the livestock sector to the state domestic products and for the preparation of future plans of the department.
Coverage and period of the survey: The Integrated Sample Survey is carried out in the entire state covering 26 numbers of districts both in rural and urban areas. The entire survey is carried out in three seasons of the year to study the fluctuations of livestock products. Each of the seasons consists of four months. The periods of the seasons are as follows:
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In 2011-12 (April-March) India produced around 540 million tonnes (mt) of coal. This was 1.36% more than the that produced in 2010-11 (April-March).
Of the 540 mt, Coal India accounted for around 436 mt or a little over 80%. The balance was produced by Singareni Collieries Company and a host of other small companies.
This wasn't enough to meet the demand for coal in India. Hence, 99 mt of coal was imported, primarily from countries such as Australia, Indonesia and South Africa.
India's coal import has been growing significantly over the years (as can be seen from the table here). What also comes out clearly is that during 2003-09, the cost of the import grew at a much faster rate than the quantity. This was the period when the international prices of coal were rallying and touched $190 per tonne in mid-2008.
Why this was not par for the course
This would have been par for the course if India did not have enough coal reserves, as in the case of oil. (We don't have enough known reserves of oil and hence we don't produce enough to meet the demand. So we import oil).
But as numbers from the Geological Survey of India (as on April 1, 2012) indicate, India has 293.5 billion tonnes (bt) of coal reserves. These reserves are referred to as geological reserves and are for valid for a depth between 0.9 metres and 1,200 metres.
Not all of these reserves can be mined. Open cast mining of coal typically goes to a depth of around 250 metres below the ground whereas underground mining goes to a depth of around 600-700 metres.
The quantity of coal that can be extracted is referred to as extractable reserves. P.C. Parekh, a retired IAS officer in a presentation, puts the extractable reserves at around 60 bt. (You can access the presentation here). Another expert this writer spoke to said this number could be significantly higher.
But that's beside the point. What this clearly tells us is, unlike oil, India has enough coal to mine.
Given this, India should not be importing the nearly 100 mt of coal that it did during the last financial year.
So, why is India not able to mine enough coal?
The simple answer is that Coal India, which is the biggest producer of coal in the country, is not able to produce enough. One look at the table clearly proves that. Click here for table.
Why coal blocks were given away for free
During 2004-12, the total coal produced by Coal India increased by 17.5%, or at a minuscule rate of 2.3% per year. The slow increase in the production fell short of the demand growth, as during the period energy needs surged with India becoming the second fastest growing country in the world. A study published in 2011 shows that coal is used to meet 40% of India's energy needs against the global average of 27%.
Adding to the import cost was the spurt in global commodity prices during 2004-09 as China expanded at a breakneck speed. Global coal prices shot up as China gobbled up commodities from all over the world.
The international price of coal, which was at a little over $20 per metric tonne in mid-2003, rose to around $40 per metric tonne in mid-2005 and then to around $190 per tonne in mid 2008.
Given these reasons, the government felt that there was a need to look beyond Coal India. In fact, the inability of Coal India to produce enough coal was the main reason why The Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act 1973 was amended with effect from June 9, 1993, to allow the government to give away coal blocks for free.
The Economic Survey for 1994-95 points out the reason behind the decision. "In order to encourage private sector investment in the coal sector, the Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act, 1973, was amended with effect from June 9, 1993, for operation of captive coal mines by companies engaged in the production of iron and steel, power generation and washing of coal in the private sector."
The total coal production in the country in 1993-94 was 246.04 mt, up 3.3% from 1992-93. The government understood the production growth was not going to gain greater momentum anytime soon because newer projects were hit by delays and cost over-runs.
"As on December 31, 1994, out of 71 projects under implementation in the coal sector, 22 projects are bedevilled by time and cost over-runs. On an average, the time over-run per project is about 38 months. There is urgent need to improve project implementation in the coal sector," the economic survey of the government noted in 1994-95.
Even though the decision to give away coal blocks for free came into effect in 1993, nothing much happened until 2004. But after that the government went into an overdrive to give away coal blocks for free.
Between 2005 and 2009, the government gave away 149 coal blocks for free. For Indian companies, which were scrambling for the fuel to meet their growth aspirations, it also made sense to have direct access to domestic coal during the period as the international prices were ruling high.
But, as it has become clear now, giving away the coal blocks for free did not solve the problem. As per the audit report by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, as many as 86 blocks were supposed to produce around 73 mt of coal as on March 31, 2011. In reality, however, only 28 blocks started production and their total output was just around 34.6 mt.
Why Coal India output is capped
Coal India has probable reserves of around 18.9 billion tonnes, but is still unable to expand production at a higher rate. Why, seems to be the question nobody is asking.
Had I been a television journalist, I would simply attribute it to Coal India's inefficiency, as is the case with most public sector companies.
But the truth is a lot more complicated than that, and, to a large extent, explains why the government's decision of giving away coal blocks for free hasn't worked.
India's coal reserves are largely concentrated in the middle of the country in the states of Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh and Maharashtra. There are some reserves in the Northeast as well but they are, at the best, minuscule.
The trouble is that the states with the biggest coal reserves are also dealing with the Naxalite problem. Hence, operating in these regions is not very easy.
A lot of the coal reserves are also in regions categorised as forest areas and getting clearances from the state governments is not easy. What also has not helped is that the Ministry of Environment and Forests, which gives the overall environment clearance, is not known to be very efficient.
"Our 168 projects are pending environment and forest clearances at the Centre and State levels. Sixty-seven of these projects are greenfield and we are unable to make any investment in these. Remaining are ongoing expansion schemes, which too have been stalled," NC Jha, then Chairman of Coal India, had told The Times of India at the beginning of the year.
But these are small issues. The biggest problem facing Coal India is the acquisition of land. The right to property is not a fundamental right in India. And over the years, the government has acquired land forcibly from the citizens of this country at rock bottom prices.
In Ranchi, where this writer grew up, original landholders have still not been paid after their land was acquired to set up what was then one of the biggest public sector units in the country. Attempts are rarely made to rehabilitate those who gave up the land. The homes built for them are not livable, to say the least, in most of the cases. Hence, people are reluctant to hand over their land, their only source of income.
The government's attitude has only politicised the issue. Hence, the state governments are not interested as they are likely to lose votes if they use force to acquire land.
Due to these same reasons for giving away coal blocks for free has not worked and will not work. Of the 195 coal blocks that the government has given away for free, 193 are in Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra.
All these states have a Naxalite problem and that will affect the private and other government players as much as it has been impacting Coal India. The government's environmental policy and the land acquisition policy continue to remain in a mess.
What also does not help is the fact that the expertise required to get a coal mine up and running is largely limited to Coal India. Mining coal is not exactly as easy as digging a tube-well.
In order to get a block up and running, companies need to prepare a mine plan, carry out the environmental impact study (EIS) of the area etc. The EIS essentially looks at what the current environment of the area is like, how mining coal will change that and what can be done to ensure that the current environment can be maintained.
For Coal India, this planning is done by its subsidiary Central Mine Planning and Design Institute (CMPDI). Such expertise is very difficult to find in the private sector.
Coalgate is not a problem that emerged overnight. It is a problem created


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How To Store Grapes
Food4me.anytime's picture
Tips on how to store grapes for a weekI learnt how to store grapes from my grandma when I was just 8. We had planned a kidâs party in our lawn during our vacation and it was my responsibility to make fruit salad and juices. Being crazy about grapes I could not think anything beyond grapes for our party â but this was where I got stuck. Dad bought the grapes 6 days ahead of the party since he had to return for an urgent assignment â the supermarket was miles away â how would I keep the grapes fresh? I couldnât imagine my fruit salad without grapes â this was when Grandma taught me the process of storing grapes.
You will just need freezer bags for storing grapes which is available in all homes. The process of storing grapes is easy and can be done by an 8 year old too. Here is how it goes.
1. If you are looking forward to storing grapes, you shouldnât wash them. This can moisten them and Storing grapes in plastic bag in the freezerwill cause them to retain dampness which can spoil grapes.
2. Check if there are any spoiled grapes. If you find even one grape soiled you can completely remove it.
3. Now, put all these grapes into a plastic bag and in your refrigerator.
4. Your grapes shall stay fresh for a week.
Isnât that simple? This was exactly what I did and had fresh grapes after 6 days â my fruit salad turned out to be the best item in the party. This is truly one of the most nostalgic memories I have of my childhood â learning while enjoying!
Image courtesy: img4.realsimple ; mrbigben.
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How To Store Grapes