NKN Testnet Preview: _URL_
In the recently concluded DoraHacks "Blockchain For Future" hackathon, the first and third winners used NKN's just-released SDK! To our surprise, 9-year-old girl, Shiry Sree Ju, and her father won the first place with her gun management and personal information security monitoring system based on the NKN testnet. The purpose of the open source community is to encourage community members to participate and co-build the Internet. This is the original intention of the NKN project. Based on blockchain technology, NKN will establish a new Internet infrastructure and ecosystem that is open, decentralized, and shared by the community by enabling digital assetization through micropayments of network resource.
9-year-old girl, Shiry Sree Ju, and her father won the first place in DoraHacks Hackthon 2018 with NKN SDK
Blockchain technology, after experiencing two important development stages of Bitcoin and Ethereum, is accelerating its integration with the real economy and thus creating new industries and opportunities with its unique token economy. The Internet and networking industry is the field that NKN wants to disrupt. The proliferation of the Internet has made information exchange and transfer ubiquitous and effortless. And once combined with blockchain,, it will make the exchange of value and digital assets as part of people's daily lives. We call it the future of Value Exchange Internet concept.
What is NKN?
NKN is an open, decentralized, community-built new Internet infrastructure and ecosystem driven by public blockchain. Following that the Ethereum blockchainized computing power, Filecoin/IPFS blockchainized storage, NKN is targeting to blockchainize the third pillar of information infrastructure (network transport) thus creating a new Internet ecosystem. Intuitively, NKN digitally capitalizes network resources and combines the consumption and production of network infrastructure through a unique model of the token economy. Therefore, it can be said that NKN is the first decentralized data transmission exchange, capable of handling large-scale micropayment based on network traffic and serving billions of users. In addition, some shortcomings of traditional telecom industry technologies can be improved. For example, NKN blockchainizes SDN （Software Defined Network), which not only prevents SPOF (single point of failure), but also enables network operators and enterprises to dynamically route based on real-time performance and cost, reducing the cost of data transmission and enhance the efficiency of the entire network.
Figure 1 The third pillar of the blockchain infrastructure
Through its unique solutions, NKN enables Internet devices in different regions to be interconnected, enabling independent and collaborative construction of decentralized Internet to scale and expand. This new kind of Internet is not constrained by the limitations of computing power, storage, etc., and gives the Internet a powerful capability to expand, achieve true decentralization, openness, self-incentive, privacy and security.
How NKN Empowers the New Internet
At the core of NKN are many connected nodes. The nodes form a logical topology on top of the physical network infrastructure. Each node is only connected to and aware of a few other nodes called neighbors. The topology of the network is verifiable. The network is dynamic such that any node can join and leave the network at any time without causing system failures. Packets can be transmitted from any node to any other node in an efficient and verifiable route. Data can also be sent from and to a client (which only sends and receives data but does not relay data or participate in consensus) without public or static IP address. Instead, permanent NKN address is used with end-to-end encryption.
The relay workload can be verified using our Proof of Relay (PoR) algorithm. A small and fixed portion of the packets will be randomly selected as proof. The random selection can be verified and cannot be predicted or controlled. Proof will be sent to other nodes for payment and rewards.
A node in our network is both relayer and consensus participant. Consensus among massive amount of nodes can be reached efficiently by only communicating with neighbors using our consensus algorithm based on Cellular Automata (CA) and Ising Model. Consensus is reached for every block to prevent fork.
Overview of Design Principles
NKN wants to build a public blockchain platform based on data transmission, to provide services for the entire Internet ecosystem, to power a variety of dApps (decentralized applications), transform traditional telecom business models, design decentralized SDN, empower the IoT (Internet of Things) and vertical industry services. To sum up, NKN intend to become the networking backbone of the Internet to solve decentralization and scalability problems. Therefore, NKN proposed the following design principles:
 - Truly decentralized. Use the Cellular Automata methodology to create a peer-to-peer, truly decentralized Internet. No super nodes or root nodes.
 - Open and scalable. Any device can easily access NKN whenever and wherever. Scale to millions and billions of smartphones and IoT devices.
 - Share network resources. Participants receive rewards from the NKN system by sharing idle network resources with others.
 - Co-build network facilities together. NKN encourages individuals and organizations to deploy new nodes and new network infrastructure to serve other nodes and benefit from token rewardt while enhancing network connectivity and throughput.
Figure 2 Decentralized, open, scalable, community-shared network infrastructure
Design Architecture Overview
The four core elements of NKN technology are decentralized data transmission network (DDTN), proof of relay (PoR), blockchain consensus and incentive allocation mechanism. These elements correspond to the network layer, consensus layer, and incentive layer of the blockchain infrastructure stack, respectively. NKN's careful design provides a highly reliable, secure and scalable network-oriented blockchain platform.
Figure 3 Four elements of NKN technology
At the implementation level, the four elements can be extended to seven parts respectively as,
 1. Decentralized data transmission network (DDTN)；
 2. Proof of relay (PoR)；
 3. Consensus and blockchain；
 4. Relay path verification (RPV)；
 5. Verifiable random function (VRF)；
 6. NKN address scheme；
 7. Mining economic model.
Here we will introduce these seven parts in turn.
Decentralized Data Transmission Network (DDTN)
The DDTN corresponds to the network layer of the NKN blockchain platform. Its function is to transfer any data to any node/client without any central server.
As a data transmission network, NKN may contain millions of nodes or more. Moreover, the network is dynamic as every node could join or leave the network at any time. At such scale, it is unrealistic for every node to maintain an up-to-date list of all nodes in the network. Instead, every node in the network is only connected to and aware of a few other nodes in the network which are called neighbors.
Network topology, determined by the choice of neighbors, is crucial to performance and security. To be scalable and secure, we need to choose a proper topology that has the following properties: (1) network should be connected and has small diameter; (2) efficient routing algorithms exist between any node pairs using only information about neighbors; (3) load is balanced among nodes given random traffic with uniformly distributed source and destination; (4) choice of neighbors should be unpredictable but verifiable to prevent attacks.
We use the network topology of Chord Distributed Hash Table (DHT). Each node has an m-bit random address on the ring. A node is connected to a set of other O(logN) nodes that have specific distance from it such that the choice of neighbors can be verified. Routing between any node pair is up to O(logN) and is deterministic and verifiable given the topology.
Chord DHT is not the most popular DHT in industry. Kademlia DHT, for example, has been used in more systems. The reason we choose Chord DHT is its verifiability. Chord DHT, despite having a more complex protocol, has the unique advantage that the choice of neighbors and route is deterministic given all nodes addressed on the ring. Both are verifiable to any other nodes. However, in Kademlia DHT, each node is supposed to choose neighbors that have a specific address prefix and are most recently seen, which is not verifiable to other nodes. Thus, a node effectively has freedom to choose its neighbors in each bucket as long as the prefix is the same, and it's very hard to prevent a node in a malicious party from choosing other nodes in the party as a neighbor or next hop in route. By doing so, the malicious party can gain unfair economic rewards, and can even control the election of mining nodes. This is not a problem in other (non-incentive) distributed systems, but is a disaster in (public) blockchain.
There are two major types of devices in NKN: nodes and clients. A node is a device that sends, receives, and most importantly, relays data. A client is a device that only sends and receives data, but not relays data. Clients interact with the rest of the NKN through nodes.
Nodes are the maintainers and contributors of the NKN network and thus receive token rewards. A node needs to have a public IP address to receive messages from nodes that have not yet established connections with it.
Clients are consumers in the NKN that pay nodes to relay data or receive data through nodes. A client does not need to have an public IP address as it will establish connections with nodes and then send and receive data through them.
Every node and client in NKN has a unique m-bit NKN address between 0 and 2^m — 1. Nodes and clients share the same address space. Once a node or client joins NKN and has a NKN address, an IP address


Special Names for Multiple Births
name for different sets of multiple babies
Illustration by Hugo Lin. © Verywell, 2018.
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Even though multiple births are rare, the public fascination with them persists. Thanks to reality TV, we've heard of quintuplets (five babies at once), sextuplets (six babies at once), and other higher-order multiples.
A Simple Chart of Multiple Birth Terms
This quick reference can help you know what to call sets of multiples.
Number of Babies Term Used
1 Singleton
2 Twins
3 Triplets
4 Quadruplets (quads)
5 Quintuplets (quints)
6 Sextuplets
7 Septuplets
8 Octuplets
9 Nonuplets
The prefixes for the numbers four through nine come from the Latin words for those numbers. "Single," "twin," and "triplet" come from Middle English.
Twin Statistics
According to the United States National Vital Statistics Report, there are approximately 33.4 sets of twins born for every 1,000 live births and 101.4 sets of triplets or more per 100,000 births.
In other words, twins are a lot more common (they account for about 3% of all live births) than triplets or other so-called "super twins" (which account for about 0.1% of all live births).
Trends in High-Order Multiple Births
The rate of twin, triplet, and high-order births began to climb in the 1980s, especially among non-Hispanic white women age 25 and over, because of the use of fertility drugs and assisted reproduction techniques. While the rate of twin births increased by over 50%, the rate of triplet and higher-order multiples increased by over 400%.
The rate peaked for triplets and higher multiples from 1998 to 2004 and has since been dropping, again in the same demographic group associated with the rise. This is due to a change in assisted reproduction treatments, especially the transfer of fewer embryos. The rates are still three times what they were in the early 1980s.
Increasing rates of multiple births is a concern because the risks of mortality and long-term morbidity continue to be far higher for triplets and higher-order multiples than for singletons.
Multiple Birth Variations
Multiple births can occur naturally, surprising many parents-to-be, especially if they don't run in their family. They may also be a predicted possible outcome of efforts made to get pregnant.
Every month, a woman releases an egg from her ovary (ovulation), which can then be fertilized by a sperm to form an embryo and, eventually, a developing fetus.
If an embryo happens to split into two or more embryos, identical twins (or more) may result. Due to the splitting of the embryo, identical twins share the same DNA. This is why they are always of the same gender.
On the other hand, some women release more than one egg during ovulation; they "hyperovulate," so to speak. Experts are not quite sure why some women hyperovulate and others do not, but there is believed to be a genetic component to it. In addition, age plays a role, as women older than 35 are more likely to release more than one egg during each menstrual cycle.
If a woman releases two or more eggs during ovulation, each may be fertilized by a different sperm, forming unique embryos. In this case, twins would be fraternal, not identical; they can be of different genders or the same gender. Similarly, two (or more) embryos may be formed through assisted reproduction techniques and then transferred to the uterus.
Interestingly, sometimes a combination of the above processes occur. For example, a woman could hyperovulate, releasing multiple eggs during the middle of her menstrual cycle. These eggs are each fertilized by a sperm, and then one or more of these embryo splits. In this instance, a woman could have multiple births (such as quadruplets) with two of the babies being fraternal twins and two being identical.
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Article Sources
 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Vital Statistics Reports Volume 67, Number 1, January 31, 2018.
 2. Martin JA, Osterman MJK, Thoma ME. Declines in Triplet and Higher-order Multiple Births in the United States, 1998–2014. NCHS Data Brief No. 243, April 2016.
 3. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Multiple Pregnancy.
Additional Reading


Smithsonian National Zoological Park l Friends of the National Zoo
by Terry Dunn
Monkeys are always popular animals to watch at the Zoo. Here are some special things about monkeys to look for during your visit to the howler monkey exhibit:
Monkey or Ape?
There are several differences between monkeys and apes, but the most obvious difference is that, in general, monkeys have tails and apes don't (all New World monkeys have tails).
Both have relatively long arms and legs, but the limbs of monkeys are similar in size while apes have long arms relative to their legs. When you watch the howler monkeys, look at how many ways they can use their limbs. When is the last time you could hang from a bar with one hand or put your foot in your mouth?
Male or Female?
The male of the black howler monkey species is black, the female is brown in color. Females are about 80 percent the size of males.
Opposable Thumbs
Monkeys and apes have thumbs that are higher up on the palm than the rest of the fingers so the thumb can work with the other four digits to grasp branches or food. Howler monkeys also have five-toed grasping feet, including an opposable thumb. To gain a new appreciation for opposable thumbs, try writing with a pencil without using your thumb.
Prehensile Tail
Take a look at the underside of a howler monkey's tail and you will find a long, bare section towards the end. This is because they use their tail like a hand, grabbing branches as they move through the forest. The lack of fur helps them to grip better. As an enrichment exercise, Zoo-keepers will provide the howler monkeys with special feeders that make them use their grasping tail.
Forward-facing Eyes
Part of the reason monkeys look so much like us is because their eyes face forward like ours. This means that they have binocular vision, which helps monkeys judge distance better than animals with eyes on the sides of their heads. Forward facing eyes are a real advantage when navigating through an intricate web of forest branches.
Howling at the Rain
Howler monkeys have a curious reaction to heavy rain. As a rainstorm approaches or begins, they often start an excited chorus of howls. During the brunt of the rain though, they hunch over and look miserable.
Ready to hear a howl?
Check out the Small Mammal House to see the howler monkeys with your own two forward-facing eyes.


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News items regarding dubious testing practices of educators abound in the national press. Often educators respond to external pressure to increase student scores by engaging students in test-preparation activities. Because some of these activities can result in inaccurate scores and produce negative consequences for students, teachers, schools, parents, and the community, it is important that teachers and administrators be able to make educationally and ethically defensible decisions about what types of activities can be used and in what contexts. Additional information to assist Iowa educators in making sound decisions regarding activities associated with preparing students to take the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITBS) or Iowa Tests of Educational Development (ITED) is now available.
This program, designed by Dr. Kris Waltman of The University of Iowa Center for Evaluation and Assessment, is accessible for use by Iowa educators. The lessons are best delivered in group settings with opportunities for discussion, however individuals can also access and complete the curriculum. At the conclusion of the program, educators should have greater understanding of how criteria related to academic ethics, score meaning and use, and educational value are connected to test-preparation activities.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Select the Drive that you wish to use, such as J: and type your server name (always starts with \\; i.e. \\nas\home\john.doe) into the Folder field. Be sure Reconnect at logon is checked so you will be reconnected to this drive back whenever you restart your computer. Click on Finish.
In the User name field, type GALLAUDET\ then your username. In the Password field, type your password. The user name and password should be based on your Bison account. Click on OK.
You can access your folders and files by opening Computer (same as step #1) and selecting the J: drive (or the drive letter you picked).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Many birds follow a seasonal reproductive cycle — they mate, nest, and raise chicks during specific seasons in a year. While birds that reproduce in spring and summer, like the Japanese quail, activate their sexual organs in response to long days (photoperiods), birds which reproduce in autumn or winter become sexually active in response to long nights (scotoperiods).
Seasonal breeders activate their sexual organs when environmental signals herald the approach of plentiful resources ideal for birthing and raising young ones. Between these bouts of amour and family time, seasonal breeders' reproductive organs regress and remain inactive. To reactivate sexual organs during breeding season, a neurological and hormonal signaling cascade between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and sexual organs comes into play.
In birds whose reproduction is sensitive to long photoperiods, the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) in the brain measures photoperiod length. In the MBH, light activates the gene expression of Dio2 (type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase), an enzyme that converts thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3). This MBH-produced T3 allows the hypothalamus to release gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to produce gonadotropins — hormones that eventually activate the sexual organs. This system is called the 'deiodinase-mediated pathway'.
But how does a non-photosensitive bird like the spotted munia control its seasonal reproductive cycle? In an effort to answer this question, Vinod Kumar's group at the University of Delhi and Sangeeta Rani's group from the University of Lucknow teamed up to investigate if the hypothalamic deiodinase pathway was a general mediator of seasonal reproductive responses, or whether it operated specifically in birds responsive to long photoperiods.
"We found a perfect model system in spotted munia, which, although an autumn breeding bird in nature, has been known to show gonadal stimulation under ultra-short days," says Ila Mishra, first author of the publication that reports the team's results.
When the researchers exposed male and female munias to ultra-short days (3 hours of light and 21 hours of dark) for four weeks, they found that the birds' reproductive cycle was stimulated — sexual organs showed clear signs of revival with the female birds' ovaries and male birds' testes growing larger. Munias exposed to ultra-long days (21 hours of light and 3 hours of dark), however, showed no activation of neurological or hormonal pathways connected to reproduction, and their gonads remained shrunken and inactive.
Molecular tests revealed that GnRH levels were elevated in the hypothalamus of birds exposed to ultra-short days but not in those of birds exposed to ultra-long days. This indicated that sexual organ activation in the spotted munia followed the typical neurological and hormonal pathways known till date in photosensitive birds.
However, what came as a surprise, was that hypothalamic levels of Dio2 in these birds did not increase. Unlike birds which respond to long photoperiods, the hypothalamic deiodinase pathway did not seem to be involved in regulating seasonal reproduction in spotted munias.
The team's work demonstrates that the hypothalamic deiodinase pathway can no longer be considered a universal mediator of reproductive seasonality, as was assumed until now. This raises a plethora of new questions on how scotosensitive birds use day/night lengths to time their reproductive seasons.
"This systematic study points towards an unknown mechanism in the avian neuroendocrine gonadal axis, and that there is much that is yet to be explored and unknown so far in this field," says C. M. Chaturvedi, an avian neurobiologist from Banaras Hindu University, who is unconnected to this study.
Did you enjoy this article? Let us know in the comments below.


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Africa; HSHM; ethnobotany; oral history; gender; Indian Ocean slave trade networks; traditional medicine and healing systems in Madagascar and Tanzania
Breeanna is a fourth-year doctoral student in the History of Science and Medicine Program. She specializes in African history and studies transformations in healing cultures born from migrations and environmental change. Her broad focus is on the history of East Africa and the Western Indian Ocean, specifically that of Madagascar and Tanzania. Her doctoral research emphasizes the role of ancestral spirits in histories of regional pharmacopeia and bioprospecting by recognizing them as active and independent political agents in the cross-cultural negotiations of health, healing, and illness in the Western Indian Ocean. Her methodologies include ethnography, archival research, oral history, and ethnobotany, and she works across the disciplines of anthropology, history, and science and technology studies. Her primary research languages are French, Malagasy, and Swahili.
Prior to Yale, Breeanna received her A.B. in History and African and African American Studies from Harvard College. She wrote her undergraduate thesis on the legal precarity of enslaved women's lives during the 19th and 20th century British-led abolition along the Swahili Coast.
She is passionate about education and also earned her teacher licensure from the Harvard Graduate School of Education in 2015. She currently works as a Writing Fellow at the Graduate Writing Lab and a McDougal Teaching Fellow at the Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning.
Since arriving at Yale, her research and language studies have been generously funded by the Yale Center for the Study of Race, Indigeneity, and Transnational Migration, the MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies, the Critical Language Scholarship Program, and the Social Science Research Council.


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DVDs & Videos
What is NTSC or PAL?
World TV, VHS Video, and DVD Formats
Both VHS videos and DVDs are produced in either NTSC or PAL format. Only dual-standard video and DVD players will handle both formats. Therefore you must order the correct format for your country.
Many DVD players for sale now are dual-standard, and will play both formats, providing a suitable television set is used. Dual-standard VCR's are also available, they are much more expensise than a standard VCR. You will know if you have this type of VCR.
All of our DVDs are region free.
If you live in North American, you want to order NTSC format. For all other countries, please check the listing below.
NTSC stands for National Television System Committee, which devised the NTSC television broadcast system in 1953. NTSC is also commonly used to refer to one type of television signal that can be recorded on various tape formats such as VHS, 3/4" U-matic and Betacam.
NTSC countries are: USA, Antigua, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, Burma, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Greenland, Guam, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, St. Kitts, Saipan, Samoa, Surinam, Taiwan, Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela, Virgin Islands.
PAL is the most widely used standard for video and is used in the following countries: United Kingdom, Europe (except France), Australia, New Zealand, and some countries of South America. For more countries that use the PAL format see the list blow.
PAL stands for Phase Alternation by Line, and was adopted in 1967. It has 625 horizontal lines making up the vertical resolution. 50 fields are displayed and interlaced per second, making for a 25 frame per second system. An advantage of this system is a more stable and consistent hue (tint). PAL-M is used only in Brazil. It has 525 lines, at 30 frames per second.
PAL countries include: Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina (PAL-N), Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brunei, Cameroon, Canary Islands, China, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Gibralter, Greece, Hong Kong, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, Kuwait, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madeira, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Paraguay (PAL-N), Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Siera Leone, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Uruguay (PAL-N), Yeman (the former Yeman Arab Republic was PAL, and the former People's Democratic Republic of Yeman was NTSC ), Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
SECAM stands for Systeme Electronique Couleur Avec Memoire, which was adopted in 1967. It has 625 lines and 25 frames per second.
SECAM Countries include: Albania, Benin, Bulgaria, Congo, former Czechosolvakia, Djibouti, Egypt, France, French Guiana, Gabon, Greece (also PAL), Guadeloupe, Haiti, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Lebanon, Libya, Luxembourg (also PAL), Madagascar, Martinique, Mauritius, Monaco (also PAL), Mongolia, Morocco, New Caledonia, Niger, Poland, Reunion, Romania, Saudi Arabia (also PAL), Senegal, Syria, Tahiti, Togo, Tunisia, former USSR, Viet Nam, Zaire. The above was gathered from various older sources, so discrepencies in spelling or political changes are unintentional.


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Originally Posted by jzbm3
Well I've had it both ways on the same car, and my experience differs from what you are saying.
It's likely a trained eye will see the scratches no matter what the condition of the paint, but for the average enthusiast they will appear less visible when orange peel is present.
Trained eye or not, there's no technical explanation for what you're saying. Orange peel texture is like the picture below. With orange peel, swirls follow the curvature of the ridge lines, but there's no masking effect in this instance. Miniscule variances in height of the clear coat have no effect on the appearance of surface defects. If the surface was flat (no orange peel), the scratches would still follow the same pattern, only without the slight variances in height. Either way, there's no masking effect like what you're suggesting.
On the other hand, orange peel DOES have an effect on the way light is refracted against the surface. That's a whole other topic though. The image reflected by the orange peel-laden surface is distorted by the variances in the paint's height, whereas a flat surface evenly reflects light and thus no distortion. Think of a mirror's reflection vs. the reflection of rippling water.


How to deliver a node.js website to clients
Hello! So I've been learning website development for a while, and I thought it would be nice to finally put it to use. I've been offered to develop a website, but I have no idea what to do to deliver the website.
It is a node.js website so I'm not even sure how to show them the website either.
I've heard things about zipping files, hosting websites, and other things along those lines, but I don't really know how to or which is the right way.
What is the professional way of delivering a website to a client (and how do you do it?)
Thank you!
It depends on how you have things set up. "Node" isn't usually a website, unless you are doing server side rendering. There are different ways to do a web site.
 1. A static frontend - you host the files somewhere and they are accessed by the client computers. But it's a static server - no computations - it just sends back files. These are the kind of sites you build on codepen. The file structure will be a little different, but basically you have server somewhere with a file like index.html and that is what the internet grabs and all your information is there. You may have other html files in other directories that hyperlink together.
 2. Server side rendering - you host a server somewhere and when it gets a request for a page it does some calculations, builds the page, and sends it back. Often they use templating languages like ejs or handelbars or jade. There are ways to SSR things like React too.
 3. Separate server and client. Here you do the client (front end) like in example one but you have a server (backend) running that it can call for information or make updates to databases, etc.
This is a simplified explanation. Which is best will depend on what you are doing.
There are a lot of places to host the frontend, too many to list. Hosting a node server will take something more specific. For option three, those could be on the same or different hosts.


FormEditor with usage
With a large number of forms, it's important to know how often a form has been used, on which pages it's used and when has the form be used. The following report includes the regular FormEditor as well:
# Form
# a) List of forms: {{form:S}}='', {{formIdHistory:S}}=''
# b) Edit Form: {{form:S}} - Open form {{form:S}} with record {{r:S}} - typically the FormEditor
# c) Use history of a given form: {{formIdHistory:S}}
# {{form:S}}
# {{formIdHistory:S0}} - usage history of form '{{formIdHistory:S}}'
10 {
 # List of Forms: Do not show this list of forms if there is a form given by SIP.
 # Table header.
 sql = SELECT ''
 , CONCAT('p:{{pageAlias:T}}&form=Form&') as _pagen
 , 'Name'
 , 'Title'
 , 'Table'
 , '#'
 , 'First'
 , 'Last'
 , 'PageId'
 FROM (SELECT '') AS fake
 WHERE {{formIdHistory:S0}}=0
 head =
 rbeg =
 rend =
 tail =
 20 {
 # All forms
 sql = SELECT CONCAT('p:{{pageAlias:T}}&form=Form&r=', as _pagee
 , CONCAT(,'(',, ')')
 , QMORE(strip_tags(f.title),50)
 , f.tableName
 , CONCAT('p:{{pageAlias:T}}&formIdHistory=',, '|s|b|t:', COUNT(, ''
 , IF(COUNT(, '|r:3','') ) as _link
 , CONCAT( '', DATE_FORMAT( MIN( fsl.created), '%d.%m.%Y'), '')
 , CONCAT( '', DATE_FORMAT( MAX( fsl.created), '%d.%m.%Y'), '')
 , CONCAT('', GROUP_CONCAT(DISTINCT fsl.pageId ORDER BY fsl.pageId), '')
 FROM Form AS f
 LEFT JOIN FormSubmitLog AS fsl
 WHERE {{formIdHistory:S0}}=0
 GROUP BY
 ORDER BY
 rbeg =
 rend =
 fbeg =
 fend =
30 {
 # History of a Form {{formIdHistory:S0}}
 sql = SELECT
 , fsl.feUser
 , fsl.recordId
 , fsl.pageId
 , fsl.created
 FROM FormSubmitLog AS fsl, Form AS f
 WHERE fsl.formId={{formIdHistory:S0}}
 ORDER BY fsl.created DESC
 FormfeUserrecordIdpageIdSubmit
 tail =
 rbeg =
 rend =
 fbeg =
 fend =
 altsql = SELECT IF('{{formIdHistory:S0}}'='0', '', 'History is empty')
The AutoCron service fires periodically jobs like open a webpage (typically a QFQ page which does some database actions) or send mail.
 - AutoCron will be triggered via system cron. Minimal time distance therefore is 1 minute. If this is not sufficient, any process who starts …/typo3conf/ext/qfq/Classes/External/autocron.php via /usr/bin/php frequently might be used.
 - Custom start time and frequency.
 - Per job:
 - If a job still runs and receives the next trigger, the running job will be completed first.
 - If more than one trigger arrives during a run, only one trigger will be processed.
 - If the system misses a run, it will be played as soon as the system is online again.
 - If multiple runs are missed, only one run is fired as soon as the system is online again.
 - Running and processed jobs can easily be monitored via lastRun, lastStatus, nextRun, inProgress.
 - Setup a system cron entry, typically as the webserver user ('www-data' on debian).
 - Necessary privileges:
 - Read for …/typo3conf/ext/qfq/*
 - Write, if a logfile should be written (specified per cron job) in the custom specified directory.
Cron task (user cron tab):
* * * * * /usr/bin/php /var/www/html/typo3conf/ext/qfq/Classes/External/autocron.php
AutoCron Jobs of type 'website' needs the php.ini setting:
allow_url_fopen = On
Remember: if a cron job fails for whatever reason, the cron daemon will send a mail to the userid who started the cron job. E.g. www-data. Setup a email forward of such account to a frequently read email account.
Create / edit AutoCron jobs
Create a T3 page with a QFQ record (similar to the formeditor). Such page should be access restricted and is only needed to edit AutoCron jobs:
10 {
 # Table header.
 sql = SELECT CONCAT('p:{{pageAlias:T}}&form=cron') AS _pagen, 'id', 'Next run','Frequency','Comment'
 , 'Last run','In progress', 'Status', 'Auto generated'
 head =
 tail =
 rbeg =
 rend =
 fbeg =
 fend =
 10 {
 # All Cron Jobs
 sql = SELECT CONCAT('')
 , '', CONCAT('p:{{pageAlias:T}}&form=cron&r=', AS _pagee, ''
 ,, ''
 , IF( c.nextrun=0,"", DATE_FORMAT(c.nextrun, "%d.%m.%y %H:%i:%s")), ''
 , c.frequency, ''
 , c.comment, ''
 , IF(c.lastrun=0,"", DATE_FORMAT(c.lastrun,"%d.%m.%y %H:%i:%s")), ''
 , IF(c.inProgress=0,"", DATE_FORMAT(c.inProgress,"%d.%m.%y %H:%i:%s")), ''
 , LEFT(c.laststatus,40) AS '_+pre', ''
 , c.autoGenerated
 , CONCAT('U:form=cron&r=', AS _paged, ''
 FROM Cron AS c
The system cron service will call the QFQ AutoCron every minute. QFQ AutoCron checks if there is a pending job, by looking for jobs with nextRun <= NOW(). All found jobs will be fired - depending on their type, such jobs will send mail(s) or open a webpage. A webpage will mostly be a local T3 page with at least one QFQ record on it. Such a QFQ record might do some manipulation on the database or any other task.
A job with nextRun'=0 or 'inProgress!=0 won't never be started.
Due to checking inProgress, jobs will never run in parallel, even if a job needs more than 1 minute (interval system cron).
Job: repeating
 - frequency: '1 MINUTE', '2 DAY', '3 MONTH', ….
After finishing a job, nextRun will be increased by frequency. If nextRun still points in the past, it will be increased by frequency again, until it points to the future.
Job: asynchronous
 - frequency:
An 'AutoCron' job becomes 'asynchronous' if frequency is empty. Then, auto repeating is switched off.
If nextRun is > 0 and in the past, the job will be fired. After the job has been done,


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Where did the convention of using single dashes for letters and doubles dashes for words come from and why is continued to be used?
For example if I type in ls --help, you see:
 -b, --escape print octal escapes for nongraphic characters
 --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks
 -B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~
I tried googling - and -- convention even with quotes with little success.
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up vote 26 down vote accepted
In The Art of Unix Programming Eric Steven Raymond describes how this practice evolved:
In the original Unix tradition, command-line options are single letters preceded by a single hyphen... The original Unix style evolved on slow ASR-33 teletypes that made terseness a virtue; thus the single-letter options. Holding down the shift key required actual effort; thus the preference for lower case, and the use of "-" (rather than the perhaps more logical "+") to enable options.
The GNU style uses option keywords (rather than keyword letters) preceded by two hyphens. It evolved years later when some of the rather elaborate GNU utilities began to run out of single-letter option keys (this constituted a patch for the symptom, not a cure for the underlying disease). It remains popular because GNU options are easier to read than the alphabet soup of older styles. 1
[1] _URL_
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One reason for continuing to use the single letter options is because they can be strung together: ls -ltr is a lot easier to type than ls --sort=time --reverse --format=long. There are a number of times when both are good to use. As for searching for this topic, try "unix command line options convention".
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+1 for answering the question about searching. – rahmu Oct 1 '11 at 22:20
+1 Thanks this really does help with the logic behind the implementation. – Larry Oct 1 '11 at 23:29
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In wikipedia Command-line interface it is reported:
In Unix-like systems, the ASCII hyphen–minus is commonly used to specify options. The character is usually followed by one or more letters. An argument that is a single hyphen–minus by itself without any letters usually specifies that a program should handle data coming from the standard input or send data to the standard output. Two hyphen–minus characters ( -- ) are used on some programs to specify "long options" where more descriptive option names are used. This is a common feature of GNU software.
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There are probably a few reasons that the two methods are used. One, of course, is tradition. Programmers and users are humans, and humans expect things to work in a certain way. If there's no reason to change (and really, for a command line, there's not much reason to change), then don't.
That being said, I know that there are tools out there that use the single hyphen for a long option, or even get rid of the hyphens altogether. These tools can be difficult at first, and tend to stick out as warts in an otherwise-unified system.
When I was learning the difference between the two (and before it became second nature), I would always remember that the "short" hyphen matches the "short" options, while the "long" (or double) hyphen matches the "long" options. I don't know if that reasoning was used in the development of the double-hyphen style, but it's a possiblity.
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Alarm fatigue, data integrity, patient violence top list of patient safety hazards
The 2015 edition of the ECRI Institute's top 10 patient safety concerns for healthcare organizations includes many of the usual suspects, but also highlights recent headline-grabbing hazards such as patient violence and inadequate reprocessing of endoscopes.
The ECRI report lists alarm hazards as its top concern and data integrity as No. 2, both of which also have held top spots in the nonprofit organization's health technology hazards list in 2013 and 2014. But in its most recent general hazards list, the institute says providers should look beyond the issue of alarm fatigue. "In addition to missed alarms that can result from excessive alarm activations, hospitals also have to be concerned about alarms that don't activate when a patient is in distress," Rob Schluth, senior project officer at ECRI Institute, said in an announcement, adding that this is often due to improperly configured alarm systems.
Patient violence moved up from No. 5 on the 2014 list to No. 3, because "the range and impact of patient violence across the hospital is not limited to incidents that make the headlines," leaving clinical staff to feel abandoned and unable to do their jobs safely, according to the report. Indeed, the issue of healthcare workplace violence has gained significant attention in recent months, even spurring the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to update its guidance to protect healthcare workers from workplace violence.
The inadequate reprocessing of endoscopes also moved up the list in 2015, and though it has made the top 10 health technology hazards for six years in a row, recent events have made the issue more relevant than ever, according to ECRI. The problem stems from the fact that reusable surgical devices often require multiple, difficult steps to clean that leave plenty of room for error. Nowhere was this more apparent than in hospitals that recently reported deadly outbreaks of the superbug carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae tied to the use of a hard-to-clean device known as a duodenoscope.
Opioid-related events also made the list for the first time in two years, which reflects that fact that prescriptions and use of these powerful painkillers are on the rise, the report states. The issue has led some hospitals to tighten regulations on use of opioids, FierceHealthcare has reported.
Here's a full list of the top 10 patient safety concerns for 2015:
 1. Alarm hazards: inadequate alarm configuration policies and practices
 3. Managing patient violence
 5. Care coordination events related to medication reconciliation
 6. Failure to conduct double checks independently
 7. Opioid-related events
 8. Inadequate reprocessing of endoscopes and surgical instruments
 9. Inadequate patient handoffs related to patient transport
 10. Medication errors related to pounds and kilograms
To learn more:
- read the report (.pdf)
- here's the announcement


- Back dimples are a current trend made popular by celebrities and fashion influencers.
 - They're a genetic feature that not everyone has, although certain exercises can help make back dimples appear more pronounced.
 - Alternatively, cosmetic surgery to remove lower back fat can create back dimples.
Back dimples are a popular trend right now. Whether it's an aesthetic that speaks to you or not, you'll probably be tempted to check your back in the nearest mirror after reading this article.
What are back dimples, exactly?
Back dimples, also known as dimples of Venus, are the two small indents that reside on the lower back just above the glutes. These striking dimples are formed by the sacrum and the two hip bones attached to either side.
According to Miami plastic surgeon Dr. Jacob Freiman, "Back dimples, or 'dimples of Venus,' are caused by a skin attachment to the part of the pelvis called the posterior superior iliac spine. While other areas of the skin can sag a little, since the skin is attached to the bone here, it doesn't and therefore causes dimpling. You can find examples of back dimples in paintings from hundreds of years ago, but recently they have become aesthetically popular."
Why are they considered attractive?
You may be wondering what all the fuss is about. The lower back has always been considered one of the most attractive parts of the female figure. As such, it makes sense that recent trends in buttock lifts and sculpting would lead to a focus on improving the look of the lower back.
By that logic, dimples can be seen as aesthetically pleasing since they draw the eye to the curves of the lower back and waist. With popular celebrities and models like Kendall Jenner flaunting their dimples on Instagram, dimples of Venus have come to be seen by some as a sign of a fit body.
According to Dr. Freiman, "There is nothing innately beautiful about back dimples. Aesthetics is based on trends and your geographical location. In some parts of the world, large buttocks and small breasts are popular and in other parts, the opposite. Currently, back dimples are trending in the United States and some parts of Europe."
While back dimples are considered a genetic feature, it does appear anecdotally that a large percentage of lean athletes are blessed with them as well. This would suggest that body fat reduction can help enhance the appearance of back dimples.
While it's not possible to reduce body fat in a specific area, a combination of diet, lower back exercises and cardiovascular conditioning could help you achieve the dimples of Venus look.
Dieting and the back dimple workout
According to Scientific American, lean athletes typically have a body fat percentage of 6 for men and 12 for women. These are the sculpted bodies that we see in the media with back dimples. The average body fat percentage in the U.S. is 22% to 32%, so a layer of adipose tissue might be covering many potential dimples.
As back dimples are located on a part of the body which doesn't have very many muscles, it can be difficult to make these indentations appear more prominent through muscle building alone. A better way to naturally achieve the look is through diet and fat loss.
Lose weight the right way
If there is a thick layer of fat covering the lower back, these dimples won't show. Since there is no way to lose fat from a specific place on the body, an overall reduction in body fat percentage is necessary to make these indentations more pronounced.
A safe rate of body fat to lose is 1-2 pounds a week, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This can be achieved simply by cutting your daily calorie intake.
There are 3,500 calories in a pound of fat, so if you trim 500 calories from your daily calorie intake, you will lose about a pound of fat per week. It's important to not cut calories too drastically as this can lead to muscle loss instead of fat loss, which won't help you develop more pronounced dimples.
Developing new habits like replacing juice, soda or alcoholic beverages with water or no-calorie drinks is a simple step you can take to reduce caloric intake and cut body fat.
Exercise your way to a leaner back
If dieting isn't your thing, regular exercise can also help burn calories and drop body fat. A simple increase in your daily activity level can help burn calories while allowing you to eat more regularly.
Although fat loss is the most effective way to achieve back dimples, you can enhance these indentations with certain exercises. There are no muscles directly below the dimples themselves but building the muscles in the area can help Venus dimples stand out.
Here are three specific gym exercises that help target the muscles around your lower back:
 - Back extensions
This exercise targets the spinal erectors and other muscles throughout the lower back. These gym machines utilize weight blocks that can be adjusted to fit your strength level.
For this move, sit on the machine and rest the padded rollers on your shoulders. Starting in the upright position, use your lower back muscles to push against the rollers until you are in a horizontal position. By repeating this movement, you effectively target many muscles in your lower back to enhance your back dimples.
 - Rowing machine
This is a classic back strengthener and a great way to target and develop the lower back muscles while burning a ton of calories. Not only does it provide a full body aerobic workout, but it also targets the erector spinae and the glutes, enhancing the curves of your backside for a lifted butt and sculpted lower back.
 - The Roman chair
Although the Roman chair is a popular core machine, it also targets the muscles in the lower back. This machine provides a similar workout to the back extension but with more weight
Sit on the machine and position your thighs and feet under the padded bars. Use your lower back and core muscles to lift the torso up and parallel with the knees. Keep your hands behind your head while performing the motions to isolate the muscles in your lower back.
Back dimple surgery
At the end of day, back dimples are thought to be a genetic feature so reducing body fat and developing lower back muscles may not help you achieve them.
Although there are some surgical procedures available to create back dimples, not all surgeons agree on the effectiveness of these procedures in producing the desired results.
Vaser liposuction
The most popular procedure for producing back dimples is Vaser liposuction. This minimally invasive procedure, known as the "V-Spot" treatment, uses an ultrasound probe to remove fat from very specific areas of the lower back, creating crevasses for back dimples.
This trendy new procedure, also known as liposculpturing, isn't used for back dimples alone. Its main objective is to shape any part of the body to the client's desired look.
Liposuction used to involve breaking up and separating fat before extracting it, which caused a lot of pain for the patient and entailed a long recovery time. Vaser liposuction is less invasive and has a much quicker recovery time. The targeted area is numbed while the ultrasound probe dissolves the fat as it's extracted. The fat turns to a butter-like consistency, making it easy to remove. The process is far less painful as a result.
What about injectables?
Injectable options do exist for back dimples, but the safety and effectiveness of these procedures are debatable.
These procedures are typically done with steroid injections like Kenalog 40, which is known to cause fat atrophy but may also cause thinning of the overlying skin. Alternatively, injections of deoxycholic acid can act more selectively to dissolve targeted fat without causing adverse effects to the skin.
The FDA, however, has not approved these injectables for the use of fat dissolution so these uses are considered "off label." While off-label usage of injectables can be safe, it's important to do your research on the skills and qualifications of the physician performing the procedure.
Before buying into back dimples
If you've decided that back dimples are a must-have to complete your look, try diet and exercise first. If that doesn't work or if you are looking for a shortcut, then consult a reputable surgeon with experience creating these dimples before you take the plunge.
» To find out more about surgical and non-invasive body contouring procedures, use Zwivel's online consultation tool to contact a cosmetic doctor in your area.
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text:
This Comment urges that under California law, both adoptees and birthparents should have recognized constitutional rights to privacy in the information contained in court adoption files and original birth certificates. Part I examines the history of sealed adoption records in the United States and in California and how the social forces of the time contributed to the sealing of previously open records. Part II discusses the need for legislative reform by examining policy arguments supporting open records. Part III examines constitutional rights of privacy under the United States and California Constitutions respecting both birthparents and adoptees. Part IV argues that the California legislature should declare privacy rights in sealed adoption records for both adoptees and birthparents. Part V analyzes AB 1349 and concludes that in both versions the privacy rights of birthmothers who do not desire disclosure are not adequately protected by the inclusion of a contact preference option. In addition, the failure of the amended bill to allow access to the court adoption files ensures that the informational privacy rights of both birthparents and adoptees in these records will continue to go unrecognized and unprotected. Finally, Part VI recommends statutory changes in the California adoption records law that will sufficiently protect the competing privacy rights of adoptees and birthparents. To rectify the current situation, there should be a presumption of openness in all adoption records, as well as a shift in the burden of persuasion to show why the records should not be opened.
Opening The Door To The Past: Recognizing The Privacy Rights Of Adult Adoptees And Birthparents In California's Sealed Adoption Records While Facilitating The Quest For Personal Origin And Belonging, 32 Golden Gate U. L. Rev.


5 Teams Compete for "Most Transformative Idea" at Climathon Awards
GA (1)
Over 4,500 citizens worldwide engaged in more than 100 Climathons last year that generated thousands of innovative solutions to local climate problems. After a grueling selection process, just five solutions will compete for the "Most Transformative Idea of 2020" at the Climathon Awards on 21 January.
This edition of the Awards marks the 5-year anniversary of Climathon and the culmination of the inspiring efforts by citizens, cities, and Climathon organisers that joined the year-long programme to raise awareness, collaborate and rethink the future of our cities.
A public vote will determine what teams advance to the Climathon Awards. Take a closer look at the top five teams competing:
MATE, Climathon Zurich 2020
Climate challenge: Sustainable food education
Team: Aline Herzog, Chiara Schnoz, Lakshman Teja Lattipally, Laura Neufeldt-Schoeller, Rahel Reinhard
Solution: Mate is a Sustainable Food Ambassador Network for Swiss high schools to raise awareness, transmit knowledge and foster behavioral change through competitive incentives such as food consumption challenges. This brings out a competitive spirit in city schools and encourages school mensas to transition towards offering more planet-friendly meals. Each time a student chooses a planet-friendly meal, it will be registered and compared with other participating high schools. The solution can also be implemented in other contexts such as company challenges, enabling large-scale impact.
Impact potential: Overall, food consumption accounts for one-third of the environmental impact of consumption in Switzerland. Therefore, if Switzerland's people eat more sustainably, they would reduce the environmental footprint and make Switzerland more sustainable while improving its population's general health. By providing healthy and sustainable menus in the mensa and the necessary knowledge, MATE can empower society to make this behavioral change, starting with young people that influence many around them and who are in their formative years.
No Appetite for Waste, Climathon London 2020
Climate challenge: Food waste
Team: Benedicte de Gelder, Michelle (Ming Hui) Chok, Sepideh Noohi, Sophie Mosselmans
Solution: No Appetite for Waste is a 4-week programme designed to inspire, excite and equip primary schoolchildren and their parents with the knowledge and skills to tackle food waste. The yearly competition will run in April with the aim to reach 1 million people in London by 2023. The programme provides template activities anchored to key curriculum themes to make it compelling for teachers to embed food waste education in their teaching. Success will be measured by: the number of participants, tons of food waste and emissions saved, and overall cost savings.
Impact potential: UK schools produce 100k tons for food waste per year, generating 155K tons of CO2. London has 700K pupils in primary schools, so assuming each pupil can influence another 2 people (school staff, parents, siblings), that is a total of 2.1 million people that can be engaged in food waste reduction. No Appetite for Waste targets a younger generation who can bring knowledge and best practices home to their families, and grow up to live more sustainably as adults. Children are ultimately very impressionable at this young age, so the more aware they are about food waste, the higher the chance for making a real impact.
Green Penguin, Climathon Ljubljana, 2020
Climate challenge: Energy
Team: Mojca Markizeti, Thorsteinn Svanur Jónsson, Anton Birkir Sigfússon, Nuno Soares, Hossam Zaimi, Robi Zorman, Vladimir Milošević, Lara Šarabon Štojs, Mariia Iglova Andreuzz
Solution: Green Penguin is an environmental competition between Ljubljana schools that calculates CO2 reduction into something tangible that kids can easily grasp: penguins! If all schools and kindergartens of the Ljubljana municipality reduced their CO2 footprint by 15%, they could save 1,086 tons of CO2, which converts to 3,259 m³ of ice not melted or 3,259 penguins saved. The idea uses smart digital technologies to engage schoolchildren through gamification, achieving environmental and digital literacy for younger generations and a substantial reduction the city's carbon footprint.
Impact potential: By targeting primary schools and kindergartens who are truly motivated by environmental impacts, the game can produce positive effects on the households of every participant. However, Green Penguin can be easily adapted for other organisations such as universities, public buildings, and even the private sector, such as hotels, retail stores, and others. Buildings are the largest contributors of CO2 emissions in the European Cities. Therefore, any impactful action on this sector has a tangible effect on the path towards net-zero emissions.
Ecopolis, Climathon Pasig 2020
Climate challenge: Food security
Team: Marie Sapuay, Rene Francis Dimalanta, Jaymee Ann Manguerra Alon, Gianina R. Custodio, Joni Galeste
Solution: Ecopolis is a holistic food security solution with two components: A mobile application (EcoLink) and a physical component (Floating Farms). The EcoLink mobile app aims to conveniently connect people to nearby compost sites and urban farms. This is considered the primary solution to address food insecurity, making fresh food locally available to Pasig communities. The Floating Farms utilise the city's rivers to compensate for the lack of available land and offer more space to grow edible crops and to compost food waste.
Impact potential: The EcoLink app will make composting sites and urban farms visible to localities. This will lessen the travel of fresh food to consumers. It will promote composting to lessen food waste and will help increase crop yield and health and will help sequester carbon emissions in the soil. The Floating Farm will help educate dwellers near the riverbanks on how to manage the urban farm to have plentiful harvest and gain livelihood from it. It will be able to accommodate organic waste that can be used as organic compost for the urban farms within the city.
Green Invest, Climathon Stuggart 2020
Climate challenge: Sustainable investment
Team: David Müller, Klemens Witte, Nicolas Maiwald, Karolina Stuhec-Meglic, Norbert Krain, Ulrich Botzenhardt
Solution: The transition to a low-carbon economy is slow. One of the major reasons: Investors are struggling to locate and assess sustainable projects while the willingness to invest is at an all-time high. To address that challenge, a community-driven investment platform like Green Invest will benefit everyone by facilitating the growth of sustainable projects. Users can quickly search for sustainable investment opportunities in their local area such as a new solar roof on a tennis court or building refurbishments. Investing starts as low as 10 EUR, making the energy transition accessible and catalyzing change at a large scale.
Impact potential: The global energy transition is not aligned with the Paris Agreement and funding is the No. 1 reason CO2-saving projects are not being realised. By creating a fun-to-use app and building a community of green investors our app can make investing in sustainable projects easy, safe, and accessible to everyone thus creating the change we need now. Our platform aims to rapidly reduce C02-emissions. Citizens who invest will be able to make a sustainable profit and grow their investments.
Public voting is live
Be sure to cast your vote for the "Most Transformative Idea of 2020". The public will determine the top three finalists that will be assessed by an international jury panel in the lead-up to the Climathon Awards.
We welcome all citizens and changemakers worldwide who want to learn more about Climathon's citizen-led climate action to join us on 21 January to celebrate the impact of the global Climathon community.
Cast your vote now
Thanks to our global partners


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Reference.Name Property (Access)
You can use the Name property to determine the string expression that identifies the name of an object. Read-only String.
expression.Name
expression A variable that represents a Reference object.
A valid name must conform to the standard naming conventions for Microsoft Access. For Microsoft Access objects, the name may be up to 64 characters long. For controls, the name may be as long as 255 characters.
The default name for new objects is the object name plus a unique integer. For example, the first new form is Form1, the second new form is Form2, and so on. A form can't have the same name as another system object, such as the Screen object.
For an unbound control, the default name is the type of control plus a unique integer. For example, if the first control you add to a form is a text box, its Name property setting is Text1
For a bound control, the default name is the name of the field in the underlying source of data. If you create a control by dragging a field from the field list, the field's FieldName property setting is copied to the control's Name property box.
You can't use "Form" or "Report" to name a control or section.
Controls on the same form, report, or data access page can't have the same name, but controls on different forms, reports or data access pages can have the same name. A control and a section on the same form can't share the same name.
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Tracking down immigration attorneys after hours is often tricky. However, a large number of law firms now use personal answering services. These services help assist the immigration attorney's clients after hours. The following are a few tips regarding how to work with answering services to locate immigration attorneys after the business day is done.
Immigrants must work through the process of gaining residence or citizenship through their immigration attorney. Usually, simply calling an attorney to make an appointment for help with your legal matter starts the process of protecting yourself. If you need help after normal business hours, you can still contact your attorney's answering service who can both provide you with the needed assistance at that time and place.
For answering services used by immigration attorneys, the following requirements are vital to ensure both the attorney and answering service can assist the client. The answering service should be bilingual, English and Spanish, to ensure clients for whom English is a second language can communicate clearly. Also, the answering service should operate 24/7 to ensure no call is missed. With a bilingual answering service, the staff there can work with the immigration attorneys to translate a client's communications, whether it be over the phone or in print.
When calling an immigration attorney after hours, it is important to understand you are more likely to speak with the immigration attorney's answering service, and not the actual attorney. The receptionist taking the call will collect your contact information and provide everything to an employee working at the firm. This person will then contact you and discuss how the immigration attorneys at their office can assist you.
Clients must be comfortable working with the remote answering service to provide all of the necessary details within your message. Avoid giving away personal information, but still ensure you give the remote receptionists how urgent the current situation is, and how quickly you need the immigration attorney to return your call. If you cannot receive a call (for example, you are in jail), you must tell the answering service this so they understand you need help immediately. Top-quality answering services working alongside immigration attorneys understand the best way to make sure the immigration attorneys are best able to assist you.


Fig Leaf Extract to Accelerate Wound Healing
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Illustration: Liputan 6
Injury is an abnormal damage to the skin cells followed by disruption of normal tissue structure and function as a result of bruising, swelling, tearing, or abrasions. Wounds in the oral cavity occur when a tooth is extracted, gingivectomy or flap surgery (wound excision) was done. Innovations on the use of herbal or traditional medicines are done a lot because they are easier to obtain, economical, and have low side effects.
Recently, a lot of research have been done to plants used as medicines to accelerate wound healing. One of the medicinal plants that can be utilized is fig leaf ( Ficus carica Linn.). The fig tree is widely cultivated in Indonesia, especially in East Java. Fig leaves contain flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. These compounds in tin leaves are known to have biological activity as antioxidants, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial.
The wound healing process consists of several phases, the inflammatory phase, the proliferation phase, and the remodeling phase. This study looked at the number of macrophages, fibroblasts and collagen in the wound healing process on day 3 and day 7, wound healing process is still in the inflammatory and proliferation phase. Macrophages have an important role in wound healing, and have the ability to produce factors stimulating angiogenesis and fibroplasias.
Fibroblast cells are the most common cells found in connective tissue and synthesize several extracellular matrix (collagen) components.
This study used lab mice, divided into control groups that were not given tin leaf extract and treatment groups were given tin leaf extract. The experimental animals were incised and not given tin leaf extracts, observed on day 3 and 7 as a control group. The other group were incised with tin leaf extract, and were observed on day 3 and 7 as a treatment group. Tin leaf extract was done once every day. Before an incision was made, the animal was injected with a combination of ketamine HCl and diazepam. All incision wounds in experimental animals were covered with wound plaster (hypafix) to prevent infection and contamination.
The tissue is removed and put in a hygienic tube of 10% formalin buffer solution, the tissue is put in liquid paraffin for 2 × 24 hours. Paraffin blocks were cut by rotary microtome with a thickness of 4 µm. Haematoxylin eosin (HE) staining is done on the tissue to count the number of fibroblasts and macrophages. Staining using Masson's Trichome (MT) was performed to observe the thickness of collagen.
The administration of tin leaf extract to incision wounds increases the number of macrophage and fibroblast cells. It indicates an acceleration of macrophage activation and infiltration in the injured tissue and accelerates the inflammatory phase. In addition to macrophage cells, there was also an increase in fibroblast cell proliferation due to release and a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages thereby accelerating wound healing. The extract contains various active compounds such as flavonoids, terpenoids, and tannins which have anti-inflammatory activity. (*)
Author : Intan Nirwana
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Media komunikasi dan informasi seputar kampus Universitas Airlangga (Unair).
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Prepositions Spatial Diagram « Previous • Next » Square of Stops
The Eight Noun Rules (BBG, p. 346)
 1. Stems ending in α,η are 1st declension, stems ending in o are 2nd, consonantal stems are 3rd
 2. Neuters are always the same in Nominative and Accusative
 3. Almost all neuter plurals end in -α in the Nominative and Accusative Plural
 4. Iota always subscripts in Dative singular, if possible (not possible in 3rd declension, since iota only subscripts under vowels)
 5. Vowels often change their length (Ablaut)
 6. Masculine and Neuter always the same in Genitive and Dative
 7. The Square of Stops
 8. Tau cannot stand at the end of a word, and will drop off (ντ + ς = ς)


Can You Use A Paper Towel As A Coffee Filter Substitute?
This article answers an unusual question: Can you use a paper towel as a coffee filter substitute? We propose some ideas for improving the taste if you're out of options.
paper towel as a coffee filter - two rolls of paper towel on a wooden table
Paper towel is the closest coffee filter substitute you can find at home
You lazily walk into the kitchen with disheveled hair and eyes half-open to brew an aromatic pot of Java only to realize that you are out of coffee filters. OMG! What will you do?
This may spark feelings of anxiety and my true condolences are with you. But, you are not alone! Almost every coffee enthusiast or others faces this predicament when there is not enough time to rush to a store to get filters and you also don't want to go to the coffee shop.
So, what's the other alternative? A paper towel, because this is the closest substitute you can get for a filter. Just make sure you do not make it a habit to use paper towels frequently, and you will not have to worry about any health hazards.
Can You Use a Paper Towel As A Coffee Filter?
Yes, you can. When you have run out of coffee filters and you badly need your morning fix, you can try your old college roommate's method for a quick fix. As you put that paper towel in the filter cup, you may wonder if you are doing the right thing.
What about chemicals in the paper towel? Will they leach into your cuppa? Is this method harmful to your health? Let's find out.
Your coffee filter has a lot in common with paper towels. Other than the thickness and ability to absorb, they are few differences between the two. However, if you thought a paper is only made of wood pulp then you are mistaken.
You need to keep a few things in mind when using a paper towel as a substitute filter and I have mentioned them below:
Are The Papers Towels Bleached?
When the thought of using a paper towel in the place of filters crosses the mind, the first thing or concern is chemicals used for bleaching paper towels. Paper bleaching is certainly an issue and it can allow unwanted chemicals to leach into your cup.
However, in most cases, the contaminants are not severe and the health risks are negligible (unless you make it a habit to use paper towels every day).
When you pour hot water over the grounds placed inside the paper towel, water acts as an extracting agent for any industrial chemical used in the manufacturing process. As most paper towels are bleached using chlorine, the chlorinated dioxins present in the product may pose some health risks.
pouring hot drink to the mug
Water acts as an extracting agent for any industrial chemical
Surprisingly, a study in the '80s revealed that one in every ten thousand cases of cancer among coffee drinkers was due to dioxins leaching from the paper filters. While the chemicals leaching from coffee filters are low, the number of dioxins extracted from paper towels may certainly be harmful to your health in the long run.
While the recent improvements in the paper bleaching industry have reduced this risk to a large extent, some traces of dioxins may still be present in the bleached paper. If you wish to completely eliminate the risk of dioxin intake, switch to natural paper instead!
Are The Paper Towels Recycled?
Well, let's not forget that the paper towels were not designed to be used as a coffee filter. It is meant for wiping, but of course, you may use it as a makeshift paper filter when you badly need coffee and the box is empty. Everyone does. I have done it too.
However, the paper contains contaminants that it gets during the manufacturing process. These contaminants like strengthening agents, fillers, and dyes have rarely gone through toxicity testing. Some papers may even contain phthalates, Bisphenol-A (BPA), and other hormone imitating chemicals.
Food regulators approve these products because they believe that the papers will not come in contact with the food we consume. When the paper is recycled, contaminants also get recycled with the wood pulp, resulting in traces of chemicals in recycled paper towels.
That does not mean that you should not buy recycled paper towels because they have a myriad of environmental benefits. Just that using them for filtering your coffee is not the ideal way to start your mornings.
How To Use A Paper Towel As A Makeshift Coffee Filter？
Running out of coffee filters on a cold winter morning may feel like a big deal. You certainly don't want to go out of the house without something filling your grumpy stomach. This is when paper towels can come to your rescue.
Almost every household has paper towels so when you are in a situation like this, just grab a towel and make a temporary filter out of it. While your coffee may not taste as great, it is certainly better than no coffee at all!
Step 1: To make a temporary coffee filter, always use a full-sized paper towel and lay it flat over a table
Step 2: Now fold the paper towel vertically into half
Step 3: Again fold the paper towel into another half (you will now get an almost square shape)
Step 4: Now take the folded paper towel and use the open ends to create a pocket to put your coffee grinds and keep it back into the filter cup
Step 5: Put your favorite coffee grounds inside the pocket
Step 6: Remember to fold the outer edges to ensure that the pot lid closes completely
Step 7: Now add hot water (not boiling hot) slowly into the filter cup and let the coffee drip into the pot
Step 8: Now enjoy your morning coffee. This may not taste as great as the coffee flavor you are used to, but you can still manage to have coffee without any filters
What Are Other Alternatives To Paper Towel？
Many coffee enthusiasts may not approve of paper towels as the right substitute for paper filters. If you have similar feelings, here are some alternatives that you may try. Each method has its own set of pros and cons, but as I said these come in handy as a quick-fix solution when you suddenly run out of coffee filters.
Cheesecloth is a cotton cloth used in the making of cheese and it resembles a gauze used for separating liquids from solids. They come in different grades ranging from very fine to open ones. You may use a fine cheesecloth to brew when you have run out of coffee filters.
Use in the same method as mentioned for the paper towels. Fold or cut it into halves to fit your brewing equipment. The biggest advantage of using cheesecloth as a substitute is that the fabric is stronger than paper towels and it will not tear at the time of brewing.
On the downside, not many people have cheesecloth as easily available as paper towels. Even if you do, you will need to cut it and discard it after one use.
Cloth Napkin
kitchen napkin laid on top of a table
Set a cloth napkin on the automatic drip or pour over the basket
If you have no paper towels at hand, you may use a dishtowel or a clean cloth napkin to brew your coffee. To use a cloth napkin as a filter, set it on the automatic drip or pour over the basket (you may use a rubber band to secure the cloth on the top while letting it slightly droop inside).
Now, put two tablespoons of freshly ground coffee inside the napkin and slowly pour hot water (again not boiling hot) into it. Carefully remove the cloth napkin from the mug to prevent the grounds from dropping into the mug and rinse the cloth.
The advantage of using this method is that almost everyone has a clean towel somewhere in the house and this is a reliable method. The cons include the probability of staining the cloth napkin, puddles on the sides of the mug, and your coffee tasting a lot like laundry detergent.
Mesh Sieve
Another way to save your mornings when you run out of coffee filters is using a mesh sieve. To use this option, put two tablespoons of coffee grounds in a measuring cup and pour not-very-hot water into the cup and stir it using a spoon. Let it sit for 5 minutes or more if you prefer a really strong coffee.
Now you can pour out the coffee into a mug using a fine mesh sieve.
The advantage of using this substitute is that it is extremely scalable and you may brew a whole pot of coffee using this method. You can also control how strong you want your coffee to be.
On the downside, a mesh sieve cannot hold the finest coffee grounds that drip into the mug and does not retain the oils that are usually absorbed by the filters. Your coffee may taste different using a mesh sieve, but this certainly better than no coffee!
Can You Use A Paper Towel As A Coffee Filter: The Final Word
Just because you ran out of coffee filters or you don't have access to one while traveling does not mean you have to give up the joy of treating yourself to a delicious cup of Joe. Using paper towels instead is a quick and reliable substitute that can save your mornings.
While coffee purists may disapprove of this method citing various reasons, I feel this is the most sustainable solution. After all, who doesn't have paper towels?
You may also try the other methods mentioned in this post to see what works best for you!
See Also:


text:
New Cape Henry Lighthouse
in Our Lighthouses
July 25, 2011
Today, the old Cape Henry Lighthouse silently guards the entry way into the Chesapeake Bay. Standing near the spot where in 1607 Captain Newport raised a cross to offer thanks for their safe crossing of the Atlantic, the Lighthouse is opened to the public on a seasonal schedule.
The architectural integrity of the tower is representative of one of John McComb's best and most important constructions. The Light also symbolizes the first bold steps the nation's new government took to fulfill its obligations to its people. With the construction of the Cape Henry Lighthouse, the waters of the Chesapeake Bay became navigable and safe ensuring steady trade and commerce on the Virginia and Maryland coasts.
Department: Museums & Historic Resources


Gary: Book Review
Meet Gary.
Gary lives with a bunch of racing pigeons who get to see the world...So why doesn't he?
Title: Gary
Author: Leila Rudge
ISBN: 9781925081695 Language: English
Classification: Fiction
Themes: mapping, adventure, same but different
What's it about?
Meet Gary. Gary lives with a bunch of racing pigeons who get to see the world. However, when the other pigeons race Gary stays at home because he can't fly. Instead he creates a scrapbook based on everything the other pigeons discuss when they get home. Then one day Gary falls into the basket...and has to find his way home.
The illustrations are engaging and interesting for the most part. The story is well paced without a bunch of unnecessary wordiness or side stories.
Logical reasoning will perhaps annoy some of the more advanced thinkers in your can overthink the story.
My Thoughts
How could the other pigeons not notice Gary was in the basket? And who in their right mind leaves the basket in the city for the pigeons to fly home? Sadly they were the first two thoughts I had when I finished the book. As I wrote above this book may not be the best for logical thinkers but if you are looking to create discussion - then this might just be the perfect book.
On the surface this is just a book about a pigeon going on an adventure but after I read it a few times I started seeing the possibility for other teachable moments. Gary is different from the other pigeons because he can not fly. Despite this though he does the same thing the other pigeons do - just in a different way. I think this is a really good concept to look at. Sometimes kids get focused on the "right way" when really there are many "right ways" that something can be done. Gary demonstrates that just because you are limited by something physically doesn't mean you can't do just go about it in a different way. I would be interested in posing this concept to the students to write about. Eg. substitute pigeons for themselves and inability to fly with the inability to walk, or see, or taste and see how they would work around the limitation.
I like that Gary used his scrapbook of knowledge to apply it to finding his way home. A great example of problem solving and life skills. Again, I could see challenging the kids with the question of how would they get from A to B without someone to drive them. This could then be extended into basic mapping skills - such as drawing a map from the school to their house or other A to B activity. My mind is racing with ideas...better start the activity page!
Overall I think I would be tempted to use this book paired with something such as Me on the Map by Joan Sweeney or other similar map/directional books.
Get to know the author
Click the banner above to visit Leila Rudge's official website.
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Books tagged: astrophysics
Found 21 results
Indigo Mad
Price: $1.99 USD. Words: 100,720. Language: English. Published: February 25, 2011 by Transmedia Books. Category: Fiction » Science fiction » General
Indigo Mad is the first in a series of sci-fi novels centered on the mysteries of dark matter and dark energy, introducing Delikat, a rapidly evolving alien cyborg who accelerates her growth at a faster fate than others around her, including her human brethren, Indigo and Jake.
The Ether Dispute: Revisiting Einstein's Argument That Space is a Physical Substance
This book is about an unresolved dispute over the physical nature of space. On one hand, space appears empty. This led biblical and modern cosmologists to conclude space is an empty vacuum. But when astrophysicists from Newton to Einstein studied space, they found it exhibits physical behaviors. This led astrophysicists to conclude space is a physical substance.
Conversations avec l'au-delà
Price: $1.99 USD. Words: 58,100. Language: French. Published: August 22, 2011 by Le signe bleu. Category: Fiction » Science fiction » High tech
Que se passerait-il si vous rencontriez le personnage de roman de vos rêves; si vous pouviez dialoguer avec l'auteur, disparu depuis des siècles, qui a transformé votre vie; si vous pouviez savoir ce qu'aurait été votre vie si vous aviez fait d'autres choix? Notre réalité recèle de multiples niveaux. Nos idées y prennent vie et peuplent notre existence, tout comme les âmes des disparus.
NASA Astrophysics Missions: Reviews of Operating Missions - Hubble Space Telescope, Chandra X-ray Observatory, Fermi Gamma-ray Telescope, Kepler, Planck, Suzaku, Swift, Spitzer, XMM-Newton
Price: $6.99 USD. Words: 35,580. Language: English. Published: April 8, 2012. Category: Nonfiction » Science and Nature » Astronomy
This is a compilation of the reports of the NASA Senior Review Committee (SRC) for 2012, 2010, and 2008 evaluating the scientific productivity of major astrophysics missions with recommendations for continued funding.
Expanded Maxwellian Geometry of Space
Series: Our Neocortex and Objective Physical Reality, Book 3. Price: $5.99 USD. Words: 130,570. Language: English. Published: May 18, 2012. Category: Nonfiction » Science and Nature » Physics / Electromagnetism
Beyond Hubble's Shadows, the Daemon Darkness Lies
Price: $2.99 USD. Words: 10,960. Language: English. Published: June 20, 2012 by Rapid-Dynamix Publishing. Category: Fiction » Science fiction » High tech
The twenty-second century, Perlmutter Transantarctic Array, Antarctica. Dr. Alexei Zotov peers into the eyepiece of the observatory, into the deepest abyss of the cosmos. What is really out there? What fate does the universe have in store for us? What cosmic horrors brood in that daemon darkness, staring back at us-- seething, ravenous, remorseless-- and who shall be their scribe?
Anomaly at Fortune Lake
Series: Science Fiction for Astronomers. Price: $5.99 USD. Words: 39,230. Language: English. Published: September 30, 2012. Category: Fiction » Science fiction » Hard sci-fi
On a remote lake in Canada, Ashley and Justin seek an off-the-grid lifestyle, while two anomalies merge into one. A distant galaxy exhibits unusual characteristics in Justin's amateur telescope, and something under the lake is stirring. Soon military submarine chaser aircraft from two countries are involved, and so are astronomers from around the world. It's a race to understand the anomaly.
Seaton's War
Price: $2.99 USD. Words: 82,960. Language: English (New Zealand dialect). Published: September 11, 2013. Category: Fiction » Romance » General
War comes to Seaton when a Japanese submarine beaches on its shore. When the prisoners are incarcerated Kitty sees her chance to do something for the war effort. She meets Dr. Robert Anderson who is engaged in secretive work and with whom she falls in love. But who's side is he on? Pacific war, secret liaisons, the spy game and the quest for liberation in Europe weave through Kitty's story.
Wormholes Young Adult Edition
Price: $3.95 USD. Words: 107,440. Language: English. Published: September 30, 2013. Category: Fiction » Science fiction » Hard sci-fi
Exotic "wormholes" threaten Earth! Can their secrets be discovered, their power even harnessed? Or will they spawn a cosmic monster that will annihilate the planet? (This edition has been edited to eliminate adult language and situations.)


What are some SaaS Enterprise Selling Techniques
Sales methods: These are the 11 most successful at a glance (Update 2020)
You don't have to develop the right sales method yourself. Instead, you can conveniently choose one of many proven sales methods and go entirely to your taste.
We have even made a small preselection for you. These are the 11 most successful sales methods.
1. SPIN Selling
SPIN Selling is a sales method developed by Neil Rackham, which he explains in detail in his book SPIN Selling. In summary, the method works like this:
In the acronym SPIN, each letter stands for a specific category of questions. Questions play the most important role in SPIN Selling, because the method is based on the assumption that successful sales people ask a particularly large number of questions.
Of course, this is not about simply asking questions. After SPIN Selling, these questions should have a specific content and should also be asked in a specific order:
S for situation questions:
With the situation questions, the initial situation of the customer should be understood.
P like problem questions:
The problem questions are useful for working with the conversation partner to develop awareness of the problem among all those involved.
I like implication questions:
The implication questions make it clear to the customer that his problem has been recognized, become more and more specific and thus approach a problem solution.
N for need payoff questions:
At this point, the customer is shown in a dialogue which advantages the purchase has for him and how exactly it pays off for him.
The specific questions could be in the correct order, for example:
 - How does the sales cycle of product X work?
 - At which points could the process still be optimized?
 - If communication is stuck at point X, what effects does that have on your quota?
 - If instead the process were shortened by X intermediate steps, how would that affect you?
The order and content of the questions give the customer the impression that they are in control of the conversation, that they are in responsible hands and that they are understood and taken seriously.
2. N.E.A.T. Selling
Also at the N.E.A.T. Selling is the name an acronym. This sales method, which was developed by the Harris Consulting Group and Sales Hacker, is based, for example, on the very well-known BANT method and brings it into the present day.
The N is the first letter of the word "need" in English. This means that the first thing that matters is to concentrate on the customer's core needs instead of looking at their problems on the surface.
How will the product you are selling really matter to the customer as an individual and to their company?
For a successful collaboration, you should come up with a meaningful answer to these questions.
E is representative of economic issues. You shouldn't just present the RoI of your product. Instead, try to convey specifically what impact the purchase would have on the customer financially and, conversely, what the consequences will be if he does not buy.
A stands for access to authority. This can be facilitated, for example, by existing contacts or simply good research.
T stands for timeline and refers to the deadline that you should set the customer in order to make a decision. You shouldn't apply too much pressure while doing this. Nevertheless, it is important to convey that it can have negative consequences for him if your potential customer takes too much time.
3. Miller-Heimann method
The Miller-Heimann Method, also known as Strategic Selling, was developed by Robert Miller and Stephen Heiman. It is based on the idea that customers do not primarily buy a product or service, but rather the solution concept behind it. In this context, this sales method does not recommend a classic sales pitch as a presentation. Rather, the focus should be placed on precisely understanding the product concept and the customer's decision-making process.
It is essential to ask the right questions. These can be divided into five categories:
 - Confirmation questions to be sure of information.
 - Asking for new information in order to better understand the customer's product concept and to develop a feeling for where the journey should go.
 - Questions about the customer's personal point of view contribute on the one hand to good rapport. On the other hand, they provide insights that the customer may only provide from their personal perspective - but not as a representative of the company
 - Budget issues shed light on the financial resources available.
 - Questions about the customer's fundamental challenges create awareness of the problem.
Strategic selling places great importance on attentive listening.
The sales cycle is divided into three steps:
 1. get information
 2. to give information
 3. Decision to work together
The Miller-Heimann method assumes that the business relationship will only be successful if the salesperson is convinced down to the last point (and beyond) that it is a win-win situation for both parties.
4. SNAP Selling
SNAP is also an acronym: Keep it Simple, be iNvaluable, always Align, raise priorities. That means in German that it depends
 - Keep process simple,
 - to make yourself indispensable
 - to always be flexible
 - and set priorities.
These principles should be followed throughout the sales cycle. Jill Konrath, developer of this method, assumes that salespeople will do better with it
 - to reach the right contact person,
 - understand their challenges
 - and make the buying process as easy as possible for them.
SNAP Selling not only identifies one major purchase decision as a decisive moment, but three:
The first decisive decision is to give an external sales representative access to their own processes at all by speaking to them.
The second important decision is to want to change the status quo.
The third important decision is ultimately the purchase decision, namely to make specific resources available.
If you look at these three mini-milestones, it will be easier for you to classify in the process where you stand and thus which steps are important next.
5. Challenger Sale
The Challenger Sale is a sales method developed by Matthew Dixon and Brent Adamson. She initially divides B2B sales people into five categories:
The relationship manager, the tackle, the lonely wolf, the waiting and the challenger.
The authors' studies showed that all types occur roughly equally, but one is by far the most successful - the Challenger. This personality type alone made up 40% of the top performers.
The following approach and characteristics distinguish the Challenger: As the name suggests, this sales person challenges the customer. He gets into the process by teaching his potential customer something and not about the product or service that is at stake. Rather, he talks about larger contexts, forward-looking ideas or interesting inside information.
The Challenger adapts its way of communicating to the customer, their habits and expectations. At the same time, the most important quality of this salesperson is not to be afraid of disagreeing with the customer. He relies on his expertise, his specialist knowledge and problem solving rather than prioritizing harmonious cooperation.
6. The Sandler Selling System
The Sandler Selling System questions the classic distribution of roles in sales: Traditionally, the salesperson has the task of convincing customers of themselves and their own product. In contrast, this method assumes that both parties should work equally to ensure that a deal is reached and developed positively.
The background to this is as follows: Discrepancies in fundamental issues such as time planning or budget can complicate the sales process or even let the deal fall through. In the worst case, this happens late, when all parties have already invested a lot of time and work. For this reason, according to the Sadler Selling System, salespeople are encouraged to address and negotiate possible obstacles or pain points that could prevent the smooth process at an early stage. This makes it possible for both parties to seriously assess whether a collaboration makes sense and ultimately no more resources are wasted.
7. Customer Centric Selling
So-called CustomerCentric Selling is focused on developing salespeople from simple salespeople to competent consultants.
The method is based on these 8 principles of conduct:
 - Enter into a dialogue with the customer instead of giving them a presentation as a monologue.
 - Ask relevant questions rather than discussing each option.
 - Focus on solving the problem, not what the client might want to hear.
 - Advertise not just the product itself but its specific uses and benefits.
 - Strive for quality over quantity.
 - Timing the sales cycle for the buyer as the seller.
 - Advise your customers in depth so that they can make a qualified decision about a cooperation instead of persuading them.
MEDDIC is a method for the qualification of complex degrees, especially in large customer sales.
The abbreviation stands for
 - M: Metrics - numbers
 - E: Economic buyer - decision maker
 - D: Decision criteria
 - D: Decision process
 - I: Identify pain - pain points
 - C: Champion
For each of these topics, there are specific questions that you can stick to during the sales process:
 - Metrics
 - What are the economic consequences of the possible purchase decision?
 - How will the customer measure the business case or economic success of the solution?
 - Economic buyer
 - Which contact person decides on the financing?
 - What budget does the payment come from and who signs the purchase order / order?
 - Decision criteria
 - What are the customer's formal decision-making criteria?
 - Are there checklists that can be worked through before making a purchase?
 - Decision process
 - How exactly will the decision-making process work?
 - Which people are involved in which order?
 - Identify pain
 - Which specific "problem