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Non-Clinical Medicine - Obstetrics - Public Health and Epidemiology - Respiratory Medicine
Quantifying the Impact of Deprivation on Preterm Births: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Published: Wednesday, August 03, 2011
Author: David Taylor-Robinson et al.
by David Taylor-Robinson, Umber Agarwal, Peter J. Diggle, Mary Jane Platt, Bill Yoxall, Zarko Alfirevic
Social deprivation is associated with higher rates of preterm birth and subsequent infant mortality. Our objective was to identify risk factors for preterm birth in the UK's largest maternity unit, with a particular focus on social deprivation, and related factors.
Methodology/Principal Findings
Retrospective cohort study of 39,873 women in Liverpool, UK, from 2002–2008. Singleton pregnancies were stratified into uncomplicated low risk pregnancies and a high risk group complicated by medical problems. Multiple logistic regression, and generalized additive models were used to explore the effect of covariates including area deprivation, smoking status, BMI, parity and ethnicity on the risk of preterm birth (34+0 weeks). In the low risk group, preterm birth rates increased with deprivation, reaching 1.6% (CI95 1.4 to 1.8) in the most deprived quintile; the unadjusted odds ratio comparing an individual in the most deprived quintile, to one in the least deprived quintile was 1.5 (CI95 1.2 to 1.9). Being underweight and smoking were both independently associated with preterm birth in the low risk group, and adjusting for these factors explained the association between deprivation and preterm birth. Preterm birth was five times more likely in the high risk group (RR 4.8 CI95 4.3 to 5.4), and there was no significant relationship with deprivation.
Deprivation has significant impact on preterm birth rates in low risk women. The relationship between low socio-economic status and preterm births appears to be related to low maternal weight and smoking in more deprived groups.


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What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 error in machine learning?
Basically, the Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is true and your ML model rejects it (false positive). The Type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is false and it does not reject it (false negative).
Why do we use 10 fold cross validation?
10-fold cross validation would perform the fitting procedure a total of ten times, with each fit being performed on a training set consisting of 90% of the total training set selected at random, with the remaining 10% used as a hold out set for validation.
How do I know if my ML is overfitting?
We can identify if a machine learning model has overfit by first evaluating the model on the training dataset and then evaluating the same model on a holdout test dataset.
What causes overfitting?
Overfitting happens when a model learns the detail and noise in the training data to the extent that it negatively impacts the performance of the model on new data. This means that the noise or random fluctuations in the training data is picked up and learned as concepts by the model.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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How Ho Chi Minh's Body Is Kept Preserved
How Ho Chi Minh's Body Is Kept Preserved
How Ho Chi Minh's Body Is Kept Preserved
Table of contentHide All
 Avid collectors of weird and unusual experiences need to make their way to the Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum in Hanoi to learn the fascinating story of how the beloved Vietnamese leader was embalmed following his death in September 1969.
 The grand tomb
 ho chi minh tomb hanoi
 The Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum in Hanoi, Vietnam © dronepicr/Flickr
 The Ho Chi Minh mausoleum was inaugurated in 1975 and was inspired by Lenin's Mausoleum in Russia. The columned exterior is made of grey granite while the eerily cold inside is constructed from red, black, and grey polished stone. The designers added distinctive Vietnamese architectural styles, such as the sloping roof, to differentiate it from the Russians'. One distinct element of each mausoleum is the same – and that is the preserved bodies of their respective leaders carefully looked after and centrally presented in a dimly lit glass case.
 The embalming process
 When Vietnam's beloved leader passed away of heart failure in 1969, officials began planning his preservation. They flew in a team of Russian scientists from the "Lenin Lab" who, as the nickname suggests, successfully preserved Lenin's body after his death in 1924. By the time Ho Chi Minh died the scientists had made significant strides in their experimental embalming routine.
 vietnam hanoi ho chi minh
 A commemorative statue in Ho Chi Minh City © dronepicr/Flickr
 The team of scientists were flown in to Vietnam during the height of the Vietnam war and were taken to a top-secret temporary tomb lying north of the capital. There they began the long process of embalming Ho Chi Minh. American troops were actively searching for the leader's body; if they had captured it, it would have been the best bargaining tool to force Vietnamese soldiers to release American POW's. The Vietnamese knew this and kept Ho's body hidden in an underground chamber deep in the jungle.
 Eventually, war hostilities escalated and Ho's body had to be moved to a safer location. His body was transported some 15 km down the Red River (also known as the Hồng Hà and Sông Cái) and placed inside an enormous cave outfitted with air conditioners, electricity, running water and a full laboratory where the scientists carried out the rest of the lengthy embalming process. It wasn't until peace agreements were signed in 1975 that the mausoleum was inaugurated and Ho Chi Minh's body was securely laid inside the grand tomb. It is a place for devoted Vietnamese to honour their cherished leader; but, ironically, at the cost of denying Ho Chi Minh's wishes to be cremated.
 Post-embalming maintenance
 Keeping a body preserved for decades requires routine maintenance. The team who regularly tend to Lenin's corpse pay excruciating attention to detail to preserve Ho Chi Minh's body as well. "Uncle Ho" is reportedly sent back to Russia around October/November each year for a twoto three-month upkeep routine involving washing and re-embalming the body as well as carefully maintaining his facial features. The result is the near-immaculate, albeit a little plastic-looking, preservation of Vietnam's revered leader. Please note that photos and videos inside the mausoleum are strictly forbidden.
 vietnam ho chi minh
 Ho Chi Minh's final resting place © David McKelvey/Flickr
 The Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum is open to tourists Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday, from 7:30 am to 10:30 am, as well as Saturday and Sunday from 7:30 am to 11:00 am. It is closed on Mondays and Fridays. The earlier in the day you go, the better – regular lines are enormous!
 Source: Katie Kalmusky - The Culture Trip
 07 Aug 2020
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BeefTalk: An evolving beef industryThe beef industry is evolving, and so are beef cattle. This is the time of year when producers buy bulls, and every bull that is turned out to cows contributes to the evolving beef industry.
By: Kris Ringwall, NDSU Extension Service
The beef industry is evolving, and so are beef cattle. This is the time of year when producers buy bulls, and every bull that is turned out to cows contributes to the evolving beef industry.
Why do beef cattle evolve? The process is long, but continuous, just like her selection. Selection, in the short term, ends with the purchase of a bull. In reality, the newly purchased bull will add genes to the breed and ultimately make a genetic contribution within the herd and very likely within the breed as a whole.
Genes do not stay put. As replacement cattle are moved around in the industry, their genes move, too. Cattle house their genes on 60 chromosomes. These 60 chromosomes carry the genetic materials that make cattle what they are. If one might be allowed to expand one's thinking, ironically, some types of buffalo, as well as goats and some other types of four-legged, grass-eating ruminants, also have 60 chromosomes.
The chromosome number is not unique, and what makes a chromosome certainly is not unique. In fact, although very few four-legged, grass-eating ruminants interbreed, some do. That would be the reason cattle may have some genes that came from buffalo and buffalo may have some genes that came from domestic cattle.
I am not trying to make the case for crossing cattle and buffalo. I'm only trying to expand our thinking as we view the concept of genes within living things, which, in this case, are cattle. If breeding cattle are maintained in the same herd or even in proximity, genes will migrate.
In previous times, the biggest inhibitors of roaming genes were physical barriers, which primarily were water and mountains or other obstacles that simply did not allow exposure to take place within breeding populations. However, as times changed and people brought their animals out of isolation, gene migration certainly became possible.
Although behavior and anatomical barriers between various types of similar four-legged, grasseating ruminants still restricted gene migration, with newer reproductive techniques, such as artificial insemination, genes continue to migrate.
The purpose of this discussion simply is to provide a broader picture of how genes can move and perhaps extend a better understanding as to what evaluating DNA means. DNA codes are in genes and genes determine the herd. Producers select for genes. Selected genes pull with them the appropriate DNA, and cattle evolve as products of the selected DNA.
For producers, no one ever questions that if cattle and buffalo are crossed, the obvious sharing of DNA is very evident. As bull producers, those same principles make up the genetic trend within a breed. The genetic trend lines are very revealing. If one made no effort at individual selection, the genetic trends of the breed still would be evident within a producer's herd.
For example, in many breeds, the genetic trend lines indicate that growth has increased within the breed. Expected progeny differences are meant to be indicative of the genes that are present for the particular trait that is being evaluated. As producers select for what they see or measure, they slowly concentrate those genes that are responsible for those traits.
The trends are slow, but with time, the genetic trend lines become very obvious for those traits that are easy to see or measure. However, even though every trait responds to producer selection, the trend is not always evident. If the trait is hard to measure, the trait still may be evolving to what the current environment wants, regardless of what the producer is doing. Cattle evolve.
With newer DNA technology, some difficult-to-measure traits actually may become measurable. As cattle evolve, producers will be able to better guide the genes that are present to fit their production environment.
However, in reality, good production programs already guide those genes that better fit their program. Being able to identify those genes earlier will allow for quicker adaptation. But producers must never forget that cattle are evolving constantly and always will favor those genes that make life simple and responsive to the environment.
Sometimes we can outthink Mother Nature. At other times, Mother Nature will outthink us. Either way, if we measure genetic trends, we will know where we are going. Producers need to use the tools available to them, which is not a bad thing. Just be careful and don't try to fool Mother Nature.
Editor's Note: Ringwall is a North Dakota State University Extension Service livestock specialist and the Dickinson (N.D.) Research Extension Center director.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Traveling Luck for Uvkusigssaqarfik, Østgrønland, Greenland
Where is Uvkusigssaqarfik?What's around Uvkusigssaqarfik?
Wikipedia near Uvkusigssaqarfik
Where to stay near Uvkusigssaqarfik
Also known as Uvkusigssagarfik Fjord
The timezone in Uvkusigssaqarfik is America/Danmarkshavn
Sunrise at 12:44 and Sunset at 16:28. It's light
Latitude. 65.0833°, Longitude. -40.5833°
Satellite map around Uvkusigssaqarfik
Loading map of Uvkusigssaqarfik and it's surroudings
Geographic features & Photographs around Uvkusigssaqarfik, in Østgrønland, Greenland
- a tract of land, smaller than a continent, surrounded by water at high water.
- Rømer Ø (5.1km)
- Ole Rømer Ø (17.2km)
- Putugua (25.8km)
- Aqitseq (26.4km)
- Nunârtik (28.1km)
- Takisêrajik (28.9km)
- Aaluit (29.7km)
- Nældebladet (32.4km)
- Qêrtartivaq (33.2km)
- Avqusiâjik (33.5km)
- Nuerniagkartôq (34km)
- Ørsted Ø (36km)
- Ikermiit (37.3km)
- Takiseeq (37.6km)
- Ukîverajik (38.3km)
- Ukîverajik (45.5km)
- Hornemann Ø (46.3km)
- Jens Munk Ø (48.6km)
- an area of permanent snow and ice forming the accumulation area of a glacier.
- Apuseeq (20km)
- a haven or space of deep water so sheltered by the adjacent land as to afford a safe anchorage for ships.
- Andræs Havn (44.6km)
- a mass of ice, usually at high latitudes or high elevations, with sufficient thickness to flow away from the source area in lobes, tongues, or masses.
- Lemon Bræ (42.7km)
- a break in a mountain range or other high obstruction, used for transportation from one side to the other [See also gap].
- Ilivte (18.8km)
Airports close to Uvkusigssaqarfik
Kulusuk(KUS), Kulusuk, Greenland (176.4km)


Arrested for Menacing in New York?
You just got into a loud, ugly screaming match with a neighbor. Incredibly, a few minutes later the police show up at your house to arrest you for Menacing. Although the crime of Menacing may sound ominous, the New York Penal Law defines it as "intentionally plac[ing] another person in "reasonable fear of physical injury, serious physical injury or death." Essentially, what this amounts to is the threatening of another individual by words and/or actions. The main difference between Menacing in the Second Degree (PL § 120.14) and Third Degree (PL § 120.15) is that Second Degree Menacing includes the display of a deadly weapon or other dangerous instrument and in the third degree it does not. A deadly weapon generally refers to a gun or a knife, whereas a dangerous instrument refers to any other object that can be used to cause harm to an individual. In addition, Menacing in the Second Degree is an A misdemeanor, punishable by up to a year in prison; in the Third Degree it is a B misdemeanor, with up to six months in jail as the maximum exposure.
A Few Exaggerated Threats Can Trigger a Criminal Charge
In our everyday lives, people often speak in hyperbolic or exaggerated speech, even more so when they become emotional or angry. Not to undermine the seriousness of these statements when intended literally, but phrases like "I'll kick your ass," "I could kill you," or "I'm gonna murder someone," are often thrown around as expressions of displeasure or frustration between family members, spouses, friends or even colleagues. The speaker may never have actually had any intent to cause bodily harm and certainly not death to whomever he is speaking with. However, often these statements can be taken out of context, especially if they escalate into a verbal or physical altercation, resulting in an arrest of one or both parties. Once the police are involved, whether there was a physical fight or not, these statements can be used against the speaker and can become the crux of the charge. Adding insult to injury, if the speaker is holding an object while making the threats, whether it is a cooking knife, a gardening rake, or simply pointing a pen or a key at another, even if there is no intention to use the object to harm another, that would be enough to legally make out both Menacing in the Second and Third Degrees.
The Credibility of the Accuser is Crucial
Menacing cases can be very easy to prove: the object used to threaten the alleged victim does not need to be recovered or even produced at trial. Witness testimony alone, if believed, could be sufficient to prove these charges. For example, if it is alleged that a victim was threatened with a gun, that gun does not need to test operable, it does not even need to be a real gun; it can be a toy gun and the charge would be the same nonetheless. Even if the gun was never recovered and produced at trial, if the witness testified credibly that she was threatened by the defendant with a gun, that would be sufficient to convict a person at trial of Menacing in the Second Degree.
Similarly, while Third Degree Menacing does not require a threat with any type of instrument, the prosecutor would only need the complaining witness to testify to the threatening statement and/or behavior of the defendant that placed them in "reasonable fear of physical injury, serious physical injury or death." As these cases are built largely upon witness testimony, it is of the utmost important that you hire one of the best New York criminal defense attorneys who can destroy the credibility of the prosecution's witnesses and provide you with the strongest possible defense – because while you may not go to jail if convicted of Menacing, you will still have a criminal conviction which could be seen by future employers, schools, etc. and can gravely impact your life. The attorneys at the Law Offices of Jeffrey Lichtman are known for aggressive cross examinations and can help you keep your record clean. Read our reviews and schedule an appointment to discuss your case today.


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The SPCK52X series uses capacitive technology to detect finger touch. Once the device is powered up, it calibrates to the environment in which it's located. This guide is intended for you to get the best performance from your system,
- Allow 1 minute for calibration after initial power up on SPCK52x unit.
Recommendations on how to best use the SPCK2x keypads
- To achieve the correct response from each button, we recommend when entering a code, only press one button per second.
- In between each press remove your finger at least 10 mm from the surface of the keypad before pressing the next button.
Other recommendations are to make sure that the surface of the keypad is kept clear of dust or grease.
Use a cloth and hot water only to remove any dirt. Do not use chemical cleaners or detergents.
- holding the whole hand over the buttons for a period on time
- holding a finger on one button for a prolonged period of time.
- hover a finger over a single button from a period of time, even 2 to 3 mm away from the button
- rapidly press the button, for example, press their 4,5,6,7,8-digit code in the space of < one second.
- Repeatedly keep pressing the same button fast.
- sliding your finger across the surface or 2 to 3 mm above the surface of the keypad to reach the next button.
All of these cases can cause a button or buttons not to react correctly by triggering the keypad to recalibrate the sensitivity of a button or buttons.
The unit by recalibration, now believes that holding a hand across the buttons is the normal or standby state and therefore they will not react to touch.
For the keypad to function correctly again, recalibration is required.
This is achieved by removing your hand away from the surface of the keypad (20mm min) for a minimum time of 10 seconds. Recommendation time 30 seconds.
For further information on the installation and use of the SPCK52x keypads, please click on the YouTube link provided.


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A Necessary Supplement for People Hoping to Lose Fat and Gain Muscle
CLA stands for Conjugated Linoleic Acid. When it comes to burning fat and gaining muscle, CLA is quickly becoming the most necessary supplement to help people achieve those goals. Every single softgel of Optimum Nutrition CLA contains 750 mg of CLA One. This equates to 750 mg of total CLA and 700 mg of active isomers.
Scientific studies have shown that by adding CLA into your supplement regime your body will react with a favorable composition that it may have lacked, otherwise. According to scientists, CLA enhances the metabolic activity at the cellular membrane levels. This means if a healthy diet and exercise are used in conjunction with CLA that you will lose fat and your muscles will become defined faster.


"Hard to maintain, easily break, easily rusted"
Have you ever wonder about that?
Therefore answer is NO. Because only the best know what is the best.
Here we will reveal the characteristic and uniqueness of Nambu Cast Iron which will reject all the myth of cast iron product
As well, tips of how to care and think for your own Nambu Iron Cast
What is Nambu cast iron?
Simple H1
Who made Nambu cast iron?
In other prefecture such as Kyoto and Yamagata, there are also many famous cast iron companies and artisans. However, what makes Nambu cast iron special than them are their history and unity. Nambu cast iron has built their own reputation not only through history but also through innovation and traditional cast iron making. In Iwate, the cast iron companies continue to unify under the same brand which is Nambu Tekki (cast iron) which what makes them very appealing. All are pioneer and have their own design for the cast iron. Every prefecture has their own design which is exclusive theirs.
A long history dating back to 400 years ago during the Edo period, in Iwate prefecture. Nambu cast iron was made by numerous artisans came from various places in Japan. Nambu was named after a Nambu feudal domain which now enclosed to where Morioka is located. From choosing types of iron sand, metals, design and color, everything is done conscientiously. In Asian, the cast iron begins to receive massive attention due to the cast iron kettle which was used for making tea. Drinking tea hold a significant place in the heart of the Japanese people from the aristocrat till the commoner. In 1975, Nambu cast iron kettle was chosen as the first place of national handicraft that is unique only to Japan.
Current Innovation
The traditional techniques and design have been well kept and passed down to the current generation. Many new artisans emerged making the design more contemporary and modern not only as kitchenware but also as a decoration for home. Recently, there are also makers who innovated the Nambu cast iron into non-sticky and anti-rusty cast iron while others still keep the traditional iron casting method.
Different between Nambu cast iron and other cast iron
From the perspective of science, cast iron contained of 2 to 4 percent of carbon in each of it alloy. In the process of ironware making, the metal was first melted and then put into a mold depending on the shape it will then hardened, and become an ironware such as cast iron pot and pan. In conclusion a cast ironware is made with a single piece of metal, through the process of melting, molding, hardened and seasoned. However some of the cast iron sell at the supermarket or online store, is made with combination of other compound such as steel or chemical. Nambu cast iron used natural resources from the Iwate prefecture such as iron sand, rock sand, river sand, along with lacquer, clay and coal. All of these are necessary for casting iron but usage depends on the types of ironware. Another important fact is that the iron from the Nambu cast iron consist of natural iron and were all handmade conscientious by the craftman without using any other chemical. Nambu cast iron is also notably for being able to recycle when it is no longer usable
The Process of Making Nambu Cast Iron
Details on the Process
 - designing
 - prototyping1
 - melting
 - melting1
 - hardening
 - seasoning
The exclusive Characteristics of Nambu Cast iron and its effect on foods
Do you ever ponder why famous chef bring their own cast iron pan into their TV shows or some even introduce themselves as cast iron chef? It is the characteristic of the iron that make it very appealing to the cookers around the world. Nambu cast iron is well-known across the globe due to its own characteristic and uniqueness which about to be peel here.
 - Rust-resistant
The cast iron has been seasoned well so that it will not rotten away that easily especially rusting.
 - Long-lasting
Made with strong durability so that it can be used for a long time.
 - Well-insulated
Once it is heated, the heat will stay even after turning off the stove.
 - A food stage of uniform circulation of heat
Compared with normal mainstream cast iron sell at the supermarket, Nambu cast iron is invented to evenly heat and maintain the heat throughout the cooking period.
The process of making Nambu cast iron required a skill which is inherited from generation to generation. One of the process is called Kanaketome, roughly means to prevent the metallic taste. This longtime traditional technique use pine tree for charcoaling. Through the process, the ironware is burned over the charcoal fire for about an hour in order to oxidize and coat its surface, which then prevent it from rusting and tasting like a metal. Due to the oxidization and coating, the changes on the taste can be felt after several usage. After a while, you can taste a sweeter water, or have a perfect, hard seared piece of meat.
Nambu Cast Iron promotes Healthy Lifestyle
It is crucial to know that taking enough iron for daily intake is important for a healthy lifestyle. Nambu cast iron not only helps in combating with anaemia but also promote healthy lifestyle. In general, this ironware will give a sufficient iron intakes for people regardless of their diet and health condition.
Health Benefit 1 Enjoy a Healthy Pregnancy period
During the pregnancy period, the production of red blood is needed to supply the growing fetus with oxygen and nutrients.
It is common that the mother undergoing iron deficiency due to the body maximizing the absorption of iron during the pregnancy. Using Nambu Cast iron, can help in increasing the production of red blood cell in the most natural way.
Health Benefit 2 Help combating Anaemia
Recent studies show that iron deficiency will eventually leads to anaemia. It usually happened to people who have lots of bleeding such as pregnant women and women who have heavy menstrual periods.
When anaemia occurs peoples tend to lose focus, feel drowsy and fatigue throughout the day. It is difficult for them to have a normal day. Nambu cast iron can give a natural iron intakes to all people regardless of their condition.
Health Benefit 3 Gives Energy
Daily consumption of iron is important to have a healthy lifestyle. Without iron, people will easily become fatigues and feeling weak throughout the day.
These people might not having a severe anaemia, but will eventually lead to eat due to the insufficient intake of iron.
Health Benefit 4 As a Food Substitution or Supplement for Vegetarian and Vegan
Studies shows that vegetarians undergoing the iron deficiency due to lack of iron intake in foods. Although spinach contain of iron, but food that rich in iron can be found in fish, meat and seafood.
In order to give enough iron on daily consumption, using Nambu cast iron is indirectly one of the way good way to combat with the iron deficiency. The iron contain in Nambu cast iron can help supplying iron regardless of the food diet
Types of Nambu Cast Iron
There are many types of Nambu Tekki depending on the use. From East, Asian Kitchen to the west, Western Kitchen. Variety of Nambu cast iron you can find in Japan.
Fish Pan
Use for grilling fish. Made in an oval pan to fit in the fish shape. Can be use for grilling other meat as well.
Sukiyaki Pan
A traditional round shape pan. Suitable for cookinng any types of foods such as sukiyaki, gratin and other types of food.
Fry Pan
Another traditional and most popular item. Fry Pan, a neverending item love by the constumer. Unlimited choise for cooking any types of food.
Made to support the cast iron ware. Very versatile and durable.
Available in many different design according to use. Suitable as table decoration as well.
Rice Pot
A traditional way of making rice. The water made from the iron help in enriching the flavour of the rice.
The rice taste sweeter and glutinous. Enjoy sweet and glutinous rice made with cast iron.
Kettle cast iron (Tetsubin)
According to the history. Ketlle cast iron (Tetsubin) is the first product of Nambu cast iron. Use for tea ceremony (Sadp).
Very great in value as not only it is stylish but also help in making the tea less astringent and naturally sweater.
How to care for your Nambu cast iron?
Let's start using Nambu cast iron with Backward Thinking for successful caring over it.
Have you ever wonder why there are so many artifact of old cast iron?
Why does people in those days choose to use it and how they actually managed to take care of it for a long time,
when there were no any soap invention or even detergent?
What to use for washing Nambu cast iron?
Hot Water
No soap? Then don't use soap. Instead, rinse it well with hot water.
It is proved by studies that Hot water will help remove the corrosiveness of fresh water,
which become the reason why we use hot water for rinsing the cast iron.
Will it ever become rusty, if we season it with oil, the most basic cooking item? A natural polisher.
Put oil in the pan and heat it over the stove, repeated action may have better result. It is as simple as that.
A "green" product that seemed need to have a lot of maintenance but most likely not at all.
It is all in our mind, the more advanced we


Harry Potter Wiki
Iris Pius
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Iris Pius
Biographical information
Before the 1990s (possibly)
Physical information
Iris Pius was a witch. She was depicted in a portrait, which presumably hung at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, along with many others.[1]
Behind the scenes
 - Pius may have died sometime prior to the 1990s, as many portraits hung at Hogwarts Castle depict deceased individuals.
The name "Iris" means "rainbow" in Greek. Iris was the name of the Greek goddess of the rainbow. This name can also be given in reference to the English word (which derives from the same Greek source) for the name of the iris flower or the coloured part of the eye.
Notes and references
Hogwarts Castle
Unknown locations
Portraits, statues and other artwork located in unknown locations
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Starting blocks are a device used in the sport of track and field by sprint athletes to hold their feet at the start of a race so they don't slip as they push out at the sound of the gun. For most levels of competition, including all high level International competition, starting blocks are now mandatory equipment for the start of sprint races.
Prior to their invention, runners would dig holes in the dirt track. Trowels were provided at the start of races. This was not the most consistent or stable system. It also was destructive to the track surface with the holes having to be filled for subsequent runners.
Wood was the first material used, with some tracks having permanently placed wooden starting blocks with golden structures at the start line. Portable blocks were held by long metal spikes that needed to be pounded into the ground. These devices evolved to metal blocks. The common blocks of the 1960s were heavy and adjusted by screws that were frequently broken or became rusted over the years. Lighter weight blocks were made of sheet metal.
The rubberized surfaces of new All-weather running tracks that became common starting in the 1970s, made the old blocks even less secure. Original Tartan tracks left long holes to secure the blocks but most tracks required blocks to be held by small spikes similar to the ones used in shoes. Block slippage was common enough, it is an allowable loophole in the rules to recall the start of a race, without calling a "false start" against an athlete. In some amateur settings, such as high school track, since block slippage is much more common due to lower quality track surface material and/or starting blocks' spike quality, it is a commonly accepted practice to allow another person (usually a teammate) to sit on the ground behind the starting block and place their feet behind each block, using their leg power to further reduce the chance for the blocks to slip back upon the runner launching out of them.
Modern blocks used for world records now must have sensors that detect the pressure from the athlete and can be used to time their reaction to the starting gun. Athletes who react faster than 100/1000ths of a second (one tenth of a second) can be charged with a false start and the race recalled. Many also carry electronic speakers so the sound of the gun arrives at the ears of the athletes at exactly the same time.


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American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- n. The brightest star in the constellation Cygnus, approximately 1,630 light-years from Earth.
- n. astronomy A blue giant star in the constellation Cygnus; Alpha (α) Cygni. It forms one corner of the Summer Triangle. Deneb is one of the brightest stars in the night sky, and one of the most luminous stars known.
- n. the brightest star in Cygnus
- From Arabic ذنب الدجاجة (dhanab ad-dajājah, "hen's tail"), from ذنب ("tail") + دجاجة ("hen"). (Wiktionary)
- Arabic ḏanab, tail; see ḏnb in Semitic roots. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
"Stars: Alpha Cygni, also known as Deneb, blue-white, first magnitude."
"The Phenom II X4 will be a part of the Dragon platform and is also known as the Deneb core."
"It looks so bright from Earth that it has a name of its own, Deneb Kaitos, but we never call it that because "Deneb" brings to mind the other Deneb, Alpha Cygni, which is a real giant in a different part of the sky almost sixteen hundred light-years away."
"I also misspelled "Deneb," but caught it too late."
"The architecture is "Deneb", the socket is AM3 and the CPU still features"
"Deneb" architecture and therefore features 6MB L3 cache, with each core receiving its own dedicated 512KB of L2 cache (2MB total L2 cache)."
"The whole event was designed to create interest in AMD's upcoming 45nm "Deneb" processors, namely the Phenom II."
"AMD SHOWED OFF its upcoming 45-nanometer 'Deneb' desktop chips for reviewers in Texas on Thursday, and overclocked it to what some observers said was 6. 3GHz."
"This processor has been known under the code name 'Deneb' for many months now, but Phenom II is what the processor will be launched as."
"Advanced Micro Devices demoed its upcoming 45-nanometer "Deneb" desktop chips -- now confirmed as Phenom II -- for reviewers in Austin, Texas, on Thursday, and reports are in that AMD overclockers were able to achieve clock speeds north of 6"
These user-created lists contain the word 'Deneb'.
The proper names of stars. Don't list people, people.
The stars in the sky often have poetic names. Those names are collected here
Looking for tweets for Deneb.


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I'm delighted to be working with state folklorist Maggie Holtzberg in Lowell this summer. On the summer solstice, Maggie and I went to visit Jonas Stundzia at his home in Lawrence to learn about Rasos Svente, the Dew Festival, and the ways Lithuanians celebrate the longest day of the year. He will be demonstrating how to make floral head garlands at this year's Lowell Folk Festival. Garlands, or wreaths, are an important part of this solstice festival, also known as the festival of Saint John.
Jonas is a wealth of folklore. When we got to his house, he welcomed us with a traditional Lithuanian greeting. From a decorative ceramic pitcher, he poured water over our hands, and held out a woven Lithuanian cloth to dry them. He then offered us cucumbers dipped in honey and small cups of samagonas (rye moonshine). He said that cucumbers dipped in honey are eaten as a summer treat only in the northeast area of Lithuania.
Jonas showed us his garden blooming with plants native to Lithuania, including wild sorrel, used in making soup; ruta (rue), the national flower; wild onions; and lavender. His garden also had winter rye, used for Christmas decorations; parsley; mint; wild straw; and wild dahlia. He showed us a large oak garland he had made. Oak is considered a male tree and oak garlands are usually reserved for men. We tried it on anyway, and it was heavy! In Lithuania, garlands made of wild flowers, healing herbs, and grasses are used in the solstice festival to adorn the head, decorate the homestead, float candles on the water, and burn in the bonfire.
Jonas had made another large circular garland with linden and yellow flowers which symbolize the sun. Lithuanians consider linden a female plant; this wreath could be worn by a woman, or decorated with lit candles to be floated on the water on the evening of the Rasos Svente festival. The points of light guide the sun back home to earth. Wreaths symbolize the circle of life. Circles and wheels are important in Lithuanian mythology. In one pre-Bronze age myth the sun travels across the sky pulled by a goat. Jonas told us that Lithuanian rituals and language go back to proto Indo-European times. They still survive today because Lithuania was geographically isolated far up north on swampy land that nobody else wanted. Lithuanian is an ancient language, but still living, unlike Sanskrit or Latin.
On the summer solstice, Lithuanians give kupole staffs to friends and neighbors to protect and bless their homes. Jonas showed us a kupole staff he had made with healing herbs: nettle (good for healing arthritis and a relaxation); wormwood (good for the nerves); southern wort (a nerve relaxant used to make absinthe liquor); mountain ash (considered a male plant, used in the celebration of St. John); and belladonna (a medicinal nightshade).
Next, he showed us decorative iron saule, which means "sun." One had a circle, which represents the sun; branches which represent the tree of life; jagged thunderbolts; curved snakes; and roots representing the earth. In Lithuania, snakes are symbols of life. Gyvate means snake; gyvas means life. The first animals to appear from Mother Earth in the spring are the toad and the snake. Thunderbolts allude to the god of thunder who creates rain, and therefore gives life.
Other saule he showed us had Christian crosses. He said that Roman Catholics had adopted and reinterpreted the form of the saule and used them in cemeteries to decorate gravestones. In the same way, the pre-Christian kupole staff transformed into a similar, but smaller and more compact staff used on Palm Sunday. The rituals of the Rasos Svente festival also were adopted into Saint John's Day celebrations. We look forward to hearing more of his stories at his demonstration tent at the folk festival in July.
All photos by Maggie Holtzberg.


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The people who care for you use your records to:
- Provide a good basis for all health decisions made by you and care professionals
- Allow you to work with those providing care
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- Work effectively with others providing you with care.
Others may also need to use records about you to:
- Check the quality of care (such as clinical audit)
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- Teach health workers, and
- Help with research.
Some information will be held centrally to be used for statistical purposes. In these circumstances we take strict measuresto ensure that individual patients cannot be identified.
We use anonymous information, wherever possible, but on occasions we may use personally identifiable information for essential NHS purposes such as research and auditing. However, this information will only be used with your consent, unless the law requires us to pass on the information.


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At Sydney Adventist College, a graduate teacher begins her lesson in science by asking her students to discuss whether a stream in a photograph is clean or dirty. She identifies students' responses as potential 'characteristics' of the water's quality, and organises these in a concept diagram. In the next lesson students undertake a practical investigation of a nearby creek's water quality using data sampling equipment. This data is collated in the following lesson.
The graduate teacher plans a lesson sequence in science, exploring and testing how students learn through practical inquiry, analysing data and sharing results. While the extracts selected for the video do not show the planning processes for the sequence or the individual lessons, she is confidently in control of the content and the teaching resources at her disposal at each stage of the learning activities. She introduces the language of scientific inquiry naturally and appropriately, she builds understanding through developing thinking strategies, and uses simple yet appropriate data logging technologies for the fieldwork.
 - How do you use your knowledge of student learning to plan, structure and sequence learning programs?
 - How do you draw upon your knowledge of curriculum content to plan, structure and sequence learning programs?
 - How do you use your knowledge of effective teaching strategies to plan, sequence and structure learning programs?
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Offline package - Investigating water quality


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Ghosts, Demons and Spirits in Japanese Lore
by Norman A. Rubin
June 26, 2000
(click on the small image for full screen image with caption)
Belief in ghosts, demons and spirits has been deep-rooted in Japanese folklore throughout history. It is entwined with mythology and superstition derived from Japanese Shinto, as well as Buddhism and Taoism brought to Japan from China and India. Stories and legends, combined with mythology, have been collected over the years by various cultures of the world, both past and present. Folklore has evolved in order to explain or rationalize various natural events. Inexplicable phenomena arouse a fear in humankind, because there is no way for us to anticipate them or to understand their origins.
The mystery of death is a phenomena that does not offer a rational explanation to various cultures. Death is an intruder. Death is the change from one state to another, the reunion of body with earth, of soul with spirit. Humans, throughout the ages, have seldom been able to believe or to understand the finality of death. For this reason fables and legends have evolved around the spirits of the dead.
The Japanese believe that they are surrounded by spirits all the time. According to the Japanese Shinto faith, after death a human being becomes a spirit, sometimes a deity. It is believed that eight million deities inhabit the heavens and the earth - the mountains, the forests, the seas, and the very air that is breathed. Traditions tell us that these deities have two souls: one gentle (nigi-mi-tama), and the other violent (ara-mi-tama).
Buddhism, which was introduced into Japan in the sixth century CE, added a new dimension to the belief in spirits and other supernatural forces. The Buddhist belief in the world of the living, the world of the dead, and the Pure Land of Buddha (Jodo)1 achieved a new meaning. The way a man behaved during his lifetime determined whether he would go to the world of the dead or the Pure Land. Those driven to the nether-world found it to be a hell in all its vileness.
The Japanese believe that after death a spirit is angry and impure. Many rituals are performed for seven years to purify and pacify the soul. In this way the person becomes a spirit. According to belief, a spirit wanders between the land of the living and the world of shadows. For this reason, prayers are offered to insure passage to the Land of the Dead.
If the soul of the dead is not purified, it can return to the land of the living in the guise of a ghost. Also, if a dead person is not delivered, through prayer, from personal emotions such as jealousy, envy or anger, the spirit can return in a ghostly guise. The ghost haunts the place where it lived and persecutes those responsible for his or her bitter fate. The ghost will remain until released from its suffering through the good offices of a living person who prays that the soul of the dead may ascend.
During the Heian era (_PHONE_) it was believed that ghostly spirits floated above the living causing disease, plague and hunger. In the Kamakura era (_PHONE_) a belief was reinforced that spirits turned into small animals, such as raccoons and foxes, that led people astray. Household objects, when a hundred years old, could become deities in the Muromachi period (_PHONE_). These venerable objects were thought to possess special powers and were treated with care and respect. And in the Momoyama (_PHONE_) and the Edo periods (_PHONE_) there was a belief that if a man died of disease or in an epidemic, he turned into a monstrous demon.
The despotic feudal regime which prevailed during the Edo period, combined with natural disasters that occurred at that time, added to the lore of evil and vengeful spirits and ghosts. At the close of the Edo era, edicts were passed forbidding the display of theatrical performances with the theme of frightening ghostly spirits, for fear of undermining the government.
Most creatures in stories of unfortunate spirits were women. They were vengeful ghosts, and the greater the misery endured by the woman during her lifetime, the more threatening her ghostly spirits would be after her death. Cruelty to women is a recurring theme in Japanese lore and legend.
Vengeful spirits became the central theme in the Kabuki theater at the end of the 18th century. Murder was presented on the stage in all its gory details, and female ghosts were distinctly portrayed. The scenes of crime and bloodshed presented were shocking and intended to arouse suspense and fear. Surprisingly, these plays were quite popular, and print artists reproduced many scenes of these Kabuki productions. An example of this theme is in one of the plays enacted at the Kabuki theater called the The Rock That Weeps at Night.
At Tokaido, on the road between Tokyo and Kyoto, there is a famous rock known as The Rocks that Weeps at Night. Lore tells of a pregnant woman travelling along this road at night to meet her husband. Bandits accosted her and she was barbarously murdered. Her blood spilled onto the rock, which became the habitation of her ghost. Legend has it that the rock weeps at night. 2
Demons in Japanese lore wander between the living and the dead. Sometimes demons do good deeds in the world, and sometimes they wreck havoc. Demons have supernatural powers; but they also have the magical ability to affect natural phenomena. According to Japanese belief, some demons are the root of all disasters, both natural and man-made.
Japanese demons are not altogether evil but are also tricksters and enjoy playing practical jokes. In the Edo period they began to depict the demons with humour, especially in Netsuke figures 3. This was a way in which the people equated the demons with the upper classes; also this was a way to mock the heavy-handed feudal rule.
Ceremonies, known as the Oni-Yari or Tsuina, are performed to exorcise demons. These rites are usually conducted at the last night of the year in the Emperors Palace: The ritual is comprised of people throwing roasted soy beans in the four directions and calling out, Enter, good fortune, demons depart! The fear of pain causes the demons to run away.
In folklore there are also tales of supernatural creatures called the Oni. Artists depict the Oni with horns and wearing tiger skins. They have no neck, but a crest of hair and a big mouth; their fingers are clawed, and their arms elevated to the shoulders. These artistic renditions of demons not only represent the supernatural, but also embodiments of the evil facets of human nature. The earth Oni, according to Buddhist belief, are responsible for disease and epidemics (they are dressed in red). The Oni of hell (red or green bodies) hunt for sinners and taking them by chariot to Emma-Hoo, the god of hell. There are invisible demons among the Oni whose presence can be detected because they sing or whistle. The Oni who are women are those transformed into demons after death by jealousy or violent grief. The Buddhist Oni demons did not always represent the forces of evil.In Buddhist lore there are tales of monks who after death became Oni in order to protect temples from potential disasters. The belief in the Oni, reached its zenith in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Tengu - The Mountain Demon
Another prominent demon in Japanese folklore is the Tengu, a mythological being living in mountain forests. Artistic depictions of the Tengu range from stumpy, bearded creatures to beings with great lumpy noses. According to lore, anyone entering the territory of the Tengu unwittingly can fall into strange and unpleasant situations. The Tengu can, in a flash, transform themselves into ugly little men, women and children; then they maliciously tease people with all sorts of nasty tricks. As quickly as they appear, just as quickly they vanish. Some ancient beliefs depicted the Tengu as creatures of war and conflict. Sometimes their actions in legends are hypocritical. Artists depicted them with a birds head on a human body with spreading wings and clawed feet. Until the 14th century, evil legends were told about the Tengu; but gradually they evolved into both good and bad beings. Many tales were told of the Tengu overcoming evil. In the Buddhist belief they became guides for monks in understanding the Dharma tenets and sacred rites, and also protected Buddhist shrines.In the 18th and 19th centuries they were revered as mountain deitiestributes were offered to them. The woodcutters and huntsmen offered tributes to the Tengu deities in order to receive success in their work.
Those that were less respectful found themselves in all sorts of trouble. The belief in the Tengu continued until the beginning of the 20th century. Today ceremonial festivals are held in their honour. Tales are still being told of them in modern Japan. In some areas, woodsmen still offer rice cakes to the Tengu before starting their work.
ANIMALS WITH SUPERNATURAL POWERS
According to legend certain animals are created with supernatural powers. They can transform themselves into anything they desire, and can even acquire other magical abilities. The Japanese raccoon (tanuki) and the fox (kitsune) are the most popular animals attributed with magical powers. They have similar roles in folklore. They are pictured as mischievous rogues who often get themselves into trouble. They can, at times,


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Rise and Shine Breakfast Dining Out Activity
- Download instantly
- Quality checked
Rise and Shine Breakfast Dining Out is a great addition for your classroom!
This activity is a life skill that shows dining out skills as well as serving and math skills. Activity includes colorful real images including 27 menu items and 4 different beverages along with 10 customer orders to follow.(meal tickets are word match only to menus as shown in sample thumbnail image) Students fill orders, add customer tickets, and use currency included to pay for meals.
This activity works well for classroom with special needs as well as dramatic play.
Given a menu with priced food items and a set budget, STUDENT write down the price of each item and add to choose items within the budget, with 80% accuracy, in 4 out of 5 opportunities, by MONTH, YEAR.
Given a real-life scenario of dining out and a combination of coins and paper money to equal a set amount, STUDENT will read the menu, order, pay the bill, and leave a tip, remaining within the budget 80% of the time, in 4 out of 5 trials, by MONTH, YEAR.
This item is recommended for the following grade levels:
3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade, 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, 12th Grade


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Quantitative network analysis offers a powerful way to explore correspondence networks to uncover the large-scale spatial and temporal characteristics of power structures, communication patterns, and recording practices. To support this, we will provide humanities scholars with improved tools and infrastructure to allow network analysis on large datasets.
This will be accomplished, first, by a locally installed, simple web-application that employs algorithms from the NetworkX library to allow users to easily perform a subset of network analysis techniques. The tool will serve as the primary means for introducing network analysis in the project's training schools. While the interface described above is a useful starting point, it cannot address the wide range of advanced research avenues that quantitative approaches enable. For this reason, the project will also develop a set of bespoke Python scripts to explore more complex tasks, such as the analysis of overlapping and temporal networks with arbitrary edge data.
To make it easier for researchers to access the curated meta-archive, Early Modern Letters Online (EMLO) will be enhanced to filter and search records based on basic quantitative network measures such as degree, strength and centrality. This will be coupled with new means for users to export on-demand entire catalogues or the results of custom search queries to simplify the reuse of this data in external tools. Additionally, developers will gain the ability to query and export EMLO data via a new REST API.
All software components and infrastructure developed during the project will be shared under open-source licenses, consolidated into standalone, Docker containers, and their build scripts shared on our GitHub repository.


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Using an Arduino, a PC and a lot of chemistry, instructables user 'ckrobi' has created from scrap an oxygen-injected miniature blast furnace. This is used for experimenting with ceramics and metal. Using a PC running python/GUi software they control an Arduino which takes care of the various furnace hardware. For control integrity they have created their own communication protocol over serial between the PC and Arduino. The system can also monitor various parameters and return the values back to the PC. Furthermore, heed the safety warnings if you're making your own.
Thinking of making your own blast-furnace with an Arduino? Consider using the Freetronics LeoStick:
Apart from being one of the smallest Arduino-compatibles on the market with USB, it also has an onboard RGB LED and piezo which can be used a knock sensor and various tune and sound effects. Plus you can add extra circuitry with the matching protostick! For more information and to order, click here.


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The bridge connecting the Monumenti peninsula and the island of Sv. Katarina (St. Catherine's island) is 233.95 m long. It consists of 21 spans, ranging from 6.95 m to 8.10 in length; total width of 4.50 m. The bridge reconstruction consisted of the construction of new piles, 50 cm in diameter, and a new hidden horizontal reinforced concrete structure within the dimensions of the existing bridge, including the complete fixing of the original reinforced concrete structure. New bridge deck has been made, 6.0 m wide, formed of a 5-m wide carriageway and the protective kerbstones from both sides of the bridge. During the performance of works, the access to the structure was difficult for the simple reason the structure was directly above the sea level and most reconstruction works had to be performed from pontoons.
Monumenti – sv. Katarina bridge


text:
Criminal Justice-coas | Urban Crime Patterns
P417 | 9758 | Leon Pettiway
The purpose of this course is to provide students with an
overview of the research devoted to crime in urban areas. The course
center on the arrangement and structure of urban places, the impact of
social, economic and demographic characteristics on crime production,
consequences of urban growth and decline on crime rates, the impact of
urban spatial structure and the effect of spatial structure on crime
and criminals, the prevention of crime through environmental design,
and the importance of situational crime prevention strategies. Some
issues that will be covered in this course include:
1. The role that segregation of the population (along income, age,
and race lines) plays in affecting the behavior of criminals and
non-criminals in space.
2. The significance of differentials in racial composition, age, sex,
and income on the incidence of crime in urban areas.
3. The distribution and the selection of targets of opportunity by
offenders in urban areas and factors that influence the mobility of
offenders in space.
4. Environmental design and its influence on the incidence of crime
in urban areas.
5. The impact of various spatial arrangements on our cognition of


text:
Skip to Main Content
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A highly sensitive gas sensor for detection and analytical identification of hazardous gases was developed, by depositing partially crystalline powder from an aqueous suspension of CdS powder on an alumina substrate. When the deposited layers were promoted with catalysts from Pt-group metals, they exhibited high sensitivity to different gas molecules upon modulation with light of certain frequency, depending on catalyst and impurity concentration. Dark resistance and photosensitivity of the sensors were monitored against gas concentration, sensor temperature, and frequency of the modulating light. Depending on the gas and its concentration, a change of up to 100% in sensor response was observed. Variation of photosensitivity with dark resistance showed different slopes for different molecules. Variation of the low frequency phase angle with photosensitivity at different concentrations also produced different slopes, depending on the type of molecule. This differentiation likely comes about by different interactions of gas molecules with surface recombination centers, depending on the nature of physisorption and/or chemisorption on the surface. Thus, in addition to detecting the gas, it can be identified from their slopes of variation with light frequency, and the sensor can be used as an analytical tool. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.


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Saqqara Geophysical Survey Project (SGSP)Supported by: Glasgow Museums
Directors: Dr. Campbell Price and Dr. Angela McDonald.
Area: the whole plateau of Saqqara
Click here to visit the website of this project.
The Scottish expedition, then directed by Ian Mathieson and Harry Smith, started in 1990 with a remote sensing programme of the Saqqara plateau. This employs techniques such as electricity resistivity-meter survey, magnometry, ground-penetrating radar, and sonic and thermal reflection, in combination with global positioning satellite equipment (GPS). The team has already mapped the whole of the area to the north and east of the Step Pyramid, plus the full length of the Wadi Abusir (stretching from the former lake of Abusir south to the Gisr el-Mudir). These geophysical maps show numerous hitherto unknown structures, as well as others which were seen during the 19th or early 20th centuries but have again disappeared under drift sand again. Among the latter is the avenue of sphinxes originally leading up to the entrance of the Serapeum. The former include several rows of Late Period temple platforms lining the Serapeum enclosure to the west of the Step Pyramid. Some of these were also excavated by the expedition, and limited sondages at the Gisr el-Mudir have been the first to show the impressive construction of its limestone perimeter walls. Among the most recent discoveries is a large mastaba suspected to date to Dynasty 3: could this be the long-lost tomb of the legendary Imhotep, architect of the Step Pyramid? The project continues on a yearly basis and is supposed to move gradually to the area south of the Step Pyramid, where it would cover the area of the Dutch concession.


Oldest dated rocks
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A sample of gneiss from the site of the Earth's oldest dated rocks (the Acasta River area of Canada). This sample has been dated at 4.03 billion years old.
The oldest dated rocks on Earth, as an aggregate of minerals that have not been subsequently broken down by erosion or melted, are more than 4 billion years old, formed during the Hadean Eon of Earth's geological history. Such rocks are exposed on the Earth's surface in very few places. (Some meteorites, such as the ALH84001 Mars meteorite found in the Allan Hills of Antarctica, are older but they were not formed on Earth).
Some of the oldest surface rock can be found in the Canadian Shield, Australia, Africa and in a few other old regions around the world. The ages of these felsic rocks are generally between 2.5 and 3.8 billion years. The approximate ages have a margin of error of millions of years. In 1999, the oldest known rock on Earth was dated to 4.031 ± 0.003 billion years, and is part of the Acasta Gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada.[1] Researchers at McGill University found a rock with a very old model age for extraction from the mantle (3.8 to 4.28 billion years ago) in the Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt on the coast of Hudson Bay, in northern Quebec;[2] the true age of these samples is still under debate, and they may actually be closer to 3.8 billion years old.[3] Older than these rocks are crystals of the mineral zircon, which can survive the disaggregation of their parent rock and be found and dated in younger rock formations.
Oldest rocks by category[edit]
Oldest terrestrial material[edit]
The oldest material of terrestrial origin that has been dated is a zircon mineral of 4.404 ± 0.008 Ga enclosed in a metamorphosed sandstone conglomerate in the Jack Hills of the Narryer Gneiss Terrane of Western Australia.[4] The 4.404 ± 0.008 Ga zircon is a slight outlier, with the oldest consistently-dated zircon falling closer to 4.35 Ga.[5] This zircon is part of a population of zircons within the metamorphosed conglomerate, which is believed to have been deposited about 3.060 Ga, which is the age of the youngest detrital zircon in the rock. Recent developments in atom-probe tomography have led to a further constraint on the age of the oldest continental zircon, with the most recent age quoted as 4.374 Ga ± 0.006.[6]
Earth's oldest rock formation[edit]
Fragment of Acasta Gneiss
The oldest rock formation is, depending on the latest research, either part of the Isua Greenstone Belt, Narryer Gneiss Terrane, Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt, or the Acasta Gneiss (on the Slave craton). The difficulty in assigning the title to one particular block of gneiss is that the gneisses are all extremely deformed, and the oldest rock may be represented by only one streak of minerals in a mylonite, representing a layer of sediment or an old dike. This may be difficult to find or map; hence, the oldest dates yet resolved are as much generated by luck in sampling as by understanding the rocks themselves.
It is thus premature to claim that any of these rocks, or indeed that of other formations of Hadean gneisses, is the oldest formations or rocks on Earth; doubtless, new analyses will continue to change our conceptions of the structure and nature of these ancient continental fragments.
Nevertheless, the oldest cratons on Earth include the Kaapvaal craton, the Western Gneiss Terrane of the Yilgarn craton (~2.9 - >3.2 Ga), the Pilbara Craton (~3.4 Ga), and portions of the Canadian Shield (~2.4 - >3.6 Ga). Parts of the poorly studied Dharwar craton in India are greater than 3.0 Ga. The oldest dated rocks of the Baltic Shield are 3.5 Ga old.[7]
Oldest rock on Earth[edit]
The Acasta Gneiss in the Canadian Shield in the Northwest Territories, Canada is composed of the Archaean igneous and gneissic cores of ancient mountain chains that have been exposed in a glacial peneplain. Analyses of zircons from a felsic orthogneiss with presumed granitic protolith returned an age of 4.031 ± 0.003 Ga.[1]
On September 25, 2008, researchers from McGill University, Carnegie Institution for Science and UQAM announced that a rock formation, the Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt, exposed on the eastern shore of Hudson Bay in northern Quebec had a Sm-Nd model age for extraction from the mantle of 4.28 billion years.[8][9][10][11] However, it is argued that the actual age of formation of this rock, as opposed to the extraction of its magma from the mantle, is likely closer to 3.8 billion years, according to Simon Wilde of the Institute for Geoscience Research in Australia.[3]
2008 microprobe research[edit]
The zircons from the Western Australian Jack Hills returned an age of 4.404 billion years, interpreted to be the age of crystallization. These zircons also show another interesting feature; their oxygen isotopic composition has been interpreted to indicate that more than 4.4 billion years ago there was already water on the surface of the Earth. The importance and accuracy of these interpretations is currently the subject of scientific debate. It may be that the oxygen isotopes, and other compositional features (the rare earth elements), record more recent hydrothermal alteration of the zircons rather than the composition of the magma at the time of their original crystallization.[citation needed] In a paper published in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters, a team of scientists suggest that rocky continents and liquid water existed at least 4.3 billion years ago and were subjected to heavy weathering by an acrid climate. Using an ion microprobe to analyze isotope ratios of the element lithium in zircons from the Jack Hills in Western Australia, and comparing these chemical fingerprints to lithium compositions in zircons from continental crust and primitive rocks similar to the Earth's mantle, they found evidence that the young planet already had the beginnings of continents, relatively cool temperatures and liquid water by the time the Australian zircons formed.[12]
Non-terrestrial rocks[edit]
The Genesis Rock, (Lunar sample 15415) obtained from the Moon by astronauts during Apollo 15 mission, has been dated at 4.08 billion years [_URL_ During Apollo 16, older rocks, including Lunar sample 67215, dated at 4.46 billion years, were brought back.[13] Lunar sample 67215 is the oldest known rock on Earth, even though it originated on the Moon.
See also[edit]
 2. ^ Thompson, Andrea (2008). "Oldest rocks on Earth found in northern Canada". Live Science. _URL_
 3. ^ a b Discovery of world's oldest rocks challenged
 4. ^ Simon A. Wilde, et al.: Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago, Nature Geoscience, 2001
 5. ^ Wilde, S. A., J. W. Valley, W. H. Peck and C. M. Graham (2001) Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago. Nature, v. 409, pp. 175-178. _URL_
 6. ^ John W. Valley, et al.:Hadean age for a post-magma-ocean zircon confirmed by atom-probe tomography, Nature Geoscience, 2014 _URL_
 7. ^ Mutanen & Huhma (2003): The 3.5 Ga Siurua trondhjemite gneiss in the Archaean Pudasjärvi Granulite Belt, northern Finland Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland,Vol. 75 (1–2) pp. 51–68
 8. ^ O'Neil, J; Carlson, Rw; Francis, D; Stevenson, Rk (Sep 2008). "Neodymium-142 evidence for Hadean mafic crust". Science. 321 (5897): 1828–31. Bibcode:2008Sci...321.1828O. doi:10.1126/science._PHONE_. PMID _PHONE_.
 9. ^ McGill University press release
 10. ^ Oldest rocks on Earth found
 11. ^ http://


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"Read this book and discover sex again, but from a scientific perspective, and see why it evolved. It's almost as much fun, and needs less energy."
— Peter Macinnis, author of 100 Discoveries: The Greatest Breakthroughs in History
"How Sex Works manages to inject science writing with the prurient thrill of a gossip rag."
Medical maverick and New York Times bestselling author of Survival of the Sickest Dr. Sharon Moalem presents an insightful and engaging voyage through the surprising history and evolution of sexual reproduction. Fans of Freakonomics, Blink, You: The Owner's Manual, and Why Do Men Have Nipples will find many engaging insights in How Sex Works.


Options for customizing web addresses
You can make it easy for users to find your Google services such as Gmail or Drive, or a web site you build with Google Sites, by customizing the web address (or URL) they type in their browser. That way, all they have to type is mail.example.com, or _URL_, or just plain old example.com (using, of course, your organization's actual domain name).
Customize a Google service address
Create easy-to-remember shortcuts to users' services such as Gmail, Drive, and Calendar. With a custom web address, for example, users can type simply mail.example.com to access their Gmail account instead of the longer default address _URL_.com.
See: Customize a Google Workspace service URL
Customize a Google Site address
Customize an address to a web site you build in Google Sites so it doesn't include sites.google.com/a at the beginning of the address. This is how you create the address _URL_ for your organization's public web site.
See: Map new URLs to your site
Enable your "naked" domain address
Allow the public to also access your _URL_ web site by typing simply example.com—that is, the "naked" address without the w's.
See: Set up the "naked" domain address for your site
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that the party taking or holding the property should also have the beneficial interest therein, and where the inference is not rebutted and the beneficial interest is not otherwise disposed of. Restatement § 404; accord Bassett v. Bassett, 110 N.M. 559, 566, 798 P.2d 160, 167 (1990). Since the person who holds title to the property is not entitled to the beneficial interest, the property "springs back or results," to the person who made the original disposition or to that person's estate. Watson Truck & Supply Co. v. Males, 111 N.M. 57, 59, 801 P.2d 639, 641 (1990). In the case of a resulting trust it is not necessary to show that the settlor manifested any intention to create a trust. It is necessary to show the absence of any intention to give the beneficial interest to the transferee. In that case the settlor presumably intends to retain the beneficial interest, or it may be inferred that the settlor would have formed such an intention had the settlor foreseen certain future events. See Restatement Ch. 12, Topic 4, Introductory Note at 392.
 Id. at 155, 812 P.2d at 1303. One reason for imposition of a resulting trust is the *785 failure of an express oral trust of land due to the statute of frauds. Id.
 Turning now to the facts of our case, the Court finds[6] that Debtors and Parents were in a confidential relationship. See Restatement (Second) of Trusts § 2 comment b (1959). Debtors paid nothing to Parents for the deed to the house. The parents did not intend that Debtors take the beneficial interest to the house; rather, they intended that Debtors take bare legal title for a short period of time to allow them to use the house as collateral. Had Debtors failed or refused to return the house, Debtors would have been unjustly enriched. A state court would have imposed a constructive trust in this case and ordered a return of the property to the Parents.
 A similar result is obtained by examining the McKim factors. Parents never relinquished possession. Teodoro immediately demanded a return of the Property in 2004 when he discovered it had not already been returned; he was not guilty of allowing a long period of time to elapse without asserting his ownership rights. Parents, paid the property taxes and insurance during the time title was in Becky. These factors demonstrate that the parties did not intend to convey beneficial title, but rather only to pass conditional ownership or "dry" legal title, leaving beneficial ownership in the hands of the Parents.
 Similarly, an application of Aragon to the facts of this case mandates the same result. The warranty deed to Debtors was executed under circumstances which raise an inference that Parents did not intend that the Debtors taking or holding the property should also have the beneficial interest therein. The facts demonstrate that Parents were "loaning" bare legal title to Debtors for a very limited period of time for a very limited purpose, with the expectation that the property would be" promptly deeded back.
 Parent's interest in the property is also not subject to attack under Section 544. They continuously lived on the property, which gave constructive notice of their claim. See Crowder v. Crowder (In re Crowder), 225 B.R. 794, 797 (Bankr. D.N.M.1998); Conway v. San Miguel County Board of Education, 59 N.M. 242, 249, 282 P.2d 719, 724 (1955); Nelms v. Miller, 56 N.M. 132, 156, 241 P.2d 333, 349 (1952). See also In re Keenan, 364 B.R. 786, 796-97 (Bankr.D.N.M.2007) (Section 544(a)(3) cannot be used to avoid interest of one in actual possession of a property.)
 In conclusion, the Court finds that Debtors did not have an equitable interest in the property. Under Bankruptcy Code Section 541(d)[7], had the property not been returned, Debtors would have had bare legal title only. Both Sections 547[8] and 548[9] require a transfer of a debtor's property *786 In this case, Debtors did not transfer an equitable interest in property, only bare legal title. Because the Court finds for the Defendants on the basis of constructive or resulting trust, the Court need not address the arguments relating to the validity of the warranty deed. Judgment will be entered for the Defendants.
 [1] Sic on the Debtor's petition (doc 1). Trial exhibits suggest the correct spelling is "Estevan". The Debtor signed the petition and schedules and his affidavit (doc 20) as "Steve".
 [2] Teodoro died on September 25, 2005. The record is silent as to whether there is or was a probate proceeding.
 [3] Among the closing costs was a charge for County taxes on the property in the amount of $291.82. These are the only taxes Debtors ever paid on the property. Parents paid all other taxes.
 [4] In Homes by Marilynn v. Robinson (Estate of McKim), 111 N.M. 517, 519, 807 P.2d 215, 217 (1991) the Supreme Court adhered to the "clear and convincing standard" but "confess[es] to some misgivings about the necessity for and appropriateness of this heightened standard of proof in cases such as this, where the basis for the imposition of a constructive trust does not involve fraud, duress, undue influence, or other form of wrongful conduct, but solely the prevention of unjust enrichment."
 [5] Plaintiff argues that Sholer v. Carmichael (In re PKR, P.C.), 220 B.R. 114, 118 (10th Cir. BAP 1998) requires "sufficient wrongdoing by the bankrupt in acquiring the property or a fiduciary relationship between the party and the bankrupt." The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel was quoting United States Dep't of Energy v. Seneca Oil Co. (In re Seneca Oil Co.), 906 F.2d 1445, 1449 (10th Cir.1990). That may have been the state of the law in 1990, but Estate of McKim was decided in 1991 and is binding on this Court. Also, the context of PKR, P.C. was different. In PKR, P.C. a creditor was attempting to establish a constructive trust over estate assets. In our case, we are looking to what a state court would have done if Ms. Garcia had refused to return the property to Parents.
 [6] The Court makes the following additional findings as proven by clear and convincing, uncontroverted, evidence.
 [7] That subsection provides:
 11 U.S.C. § 541(d).
 [8] Section 547(b) states, in part: "the trustee may avoid any transfer of an interest of the debtor in property..." (Emphasis added.)
 [9] Section 548(a)(1) states, in part: "The trustee may avoid any transfer... of an interest of the debtor in property..." (Emphasis added.)


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Abstract by Nancy Fulda
EVE: Emotive Adversarial Ensembles for Mixed Initiative Dialog
Machine learning researchers often represent dialog as a strict mapping from input text to output text, but psychological and cognitive science literature shows that humans consistently model each other during communicative processes. Building upon a dialogic view of conversation and working in conjunction with Amazon's Alexa Prize support team, we present EVE, a conversational AI architecture that treats communication as a cooperative effort between unique individuals. Rather than attempting to imitate a human, EVE embraces its identity as a synthetic being, actively seeking information to expand its world-view while still accessing live news streams, fact repositories, and other online APIs in response to user queries. By modeling the expectations of its conversation parter, EVE is able to respond to user utterances in meaningful ways. The completed system will compete against other university teams for a one million dollar grand prize.


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Together with agricultural enterprises in the Demmin Region of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, DLR's German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD) in Neustrelitz has been operating a long-term test site since 1999 to validate remote sensing methodologies and products. The common goal is to use satellite data as part of the agricultural routine, with the farms supplying relevant data for the purpose. Additional data is gathered during measurement campaigns on the fields, for example on biomass, ground moisture and vegetation height. These parameters can also be derived from satellite or aerial data, with their precision being ascertained by comparison with the ground measurements.
An international measurement campaign extending over several months, AgriSAR 2006 took place for the first time at the long-term test site DEMMIN. Its purpose was to use the data collected to verify the precision of algorithms which calculate such variables as ground moisture, biomass and chlorophyll content from remote sensing data. Other goals were to stimulate the development of new algorithms and to optimize the design of future satellite instruments, especially those associated with the European Sentinel missions, for agricultural applications.
The AgriSAR 2006 project was sponsored by the European Space Agency ESA and brought scientists from Italy (National Research Council, Naples University), Spain (Valencia University, Alicante University), Belgium (Gent University), the Netherlands (International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation), Denmark (Technical University of Denmark), Great Britain (Canfield University) and Germany (Kiel University, Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich, Jena University, Free University of Berlin) to the fields of the Görmin agricultural enterprise "Peenetal." Overall management of the AgriSAR 2006 project was assumed by the DLR Microwaves and Radar Institute in Oberpfaffenhofen.
In the first week of July the third intensive measurement campaign took place and marked the culmination of the flights and sampling that had been taking place weekly since April. During that week, teams from the universities and research institutions listed above were present, as were representatives from ESA, DLR, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), the German Weather Service (DWD) and the two flight teams. Two aircraft were used: DLR's DO228 carried a radar system (E-SAR) developed by the DLR Microwaves and Radar Institute in Oberpfaffenhofen, and the CASA-212-200 aircraft of the Spanish National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA) carried INTA's hyperspectral sensor AHS as well as the CASI hyperspectral sensor of the Canadian company ITRES Research. The planes took off from the Neubrandenburg Trollenhagen Airport. Together with the Neubrandenburg University of Applied Sciences and the NODIC company, a successful test flight also took place over Neubrandenburg to adjust the geometry of the CASI sensor.
Project work which has been going on since 2005 at the long-term test site DEMMIN by students of the Neustrelitz Gymnasium Carolinum was likewise incorporated in the weekly AgriSAR-survey conducted by DFD in Neustrelitz. Two students also had an opportunity to participate in the preliminary discussion about the third intensive measurement campaign and to join in the work of the various teams for a day.


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G. James and D. Pelinovsky
Gaussian solitary waves and compactons in FPU lattices with Hertzian potentials
Proceedings of Royal Society A 470, 20130465 (2014) (20 pages)
We consider a class of fully-nonlinear Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) lattices,
consisting of a chain of particles coupled by fractional power nonlinearities
of order a > 1. This class of systems
incorporates a classical Hertzian model describing acoustic wave propagation
in chains of touching beads in the absence of
precompression. We analyze the propagation of localized waves
when a is close to unity. Solutions varying
slowly in space and time are searched with an appropriate scaling,
and two asymptotic models of the chain of particles are derived consistently.
The first one is a logarithmic KdV equation, and possesses linearly orbitally stable
Gaussian solitary wave solutions. The second model consists of
a generalized KdV equation with Holder-continuous
fractional power nonlinearity and admits compacton solutions, i.e.
solitary waves with compact support. When a approaches 1, we numerically establish
the asymptotically Gaussian shape of exact FPU solitary waves with
near-sonic speed, and analytically check the
pointwise convergence of compactons towards the limiting Gaussian profile.
Discrete FPU lattice, granular crystals, log-KdV equation, Gaussian solitary waves, linear stability.


Sometimes when we put up hyperfeminine clothes and toys for girls, people argue that no one has to buy those clothes, so there is no point in critiquing their existence. The implication is that all conformity to gendered expectations is voluntary (on the part of both mothers and their daughters).
However, the recent furor over Shiloh Jolie-Pitts haircut and boyish outfit, sent in by Tara C., Cailin H., and Lindsay F., shows us that having a gender-consistent appearance isn't simply voluntary; when you don't perform gender, other people will police your choices. In this case, people are questioning whether she is harming her child by turning her "into A BOY?"
In this case, of course, it's mass media doing the policing (or inviting readers to do the policing). In the lives of non-celebrities, this same sort of policing is often done by family members, friends, and even strangers. For the non-conformist (parent), then, gender non-conformity can be a real drag.
Image borrowed from DListed.


Haldol Janssen Side Effects
Common Haldol Janssen Side Effects
➢ More
Haldol Janssen Side Effects Reported to FDA
Haldol Janssen Side Effect Report#_PHONE_-7
Menorrhagia, Intraocular Pressure Increased
This is a report of a 50-year-old female patient (weight: NA) from Germany, suffering from the following health symptoms/conditions: NA, who was treated with Haldol Janssen Decanoat (dosage: NA, start time: NS), combined with: NA. and developed a serious reaction and side effect(s): Menorrhagia, Intraocular Pressure Increased after the beginning of treatment. This case can indicate the possible existence of increased vulnerability to Haldol Janssen Decanoat treatment in female patients, resulting in Menorrhagia side effect.
Haldol Janssen Side Effect Report#_PHONE_-0
Alcohol Poisoning, Suicide Attempt
This report suggests a potential Haldol Janssen Forte Alcohol Poisoning side effect(s) that can have serious consequences. A male patient (weight: NA) from Germany was diagnosed with the following symptoms/conditions: ill-defined disorder and used Haldol Janssen Forte (dosage: NA) starting
Nov 09, 2010. After starting Haldol Janssen Forte the patient began experiencing various side effects, including: Alcohol Poisoning, Suicide AttemptAdditional drugs used concurrently:
 - Alcohol
Although Haldol Janssen Forte demonstrated significant improvements in a number of clinically relevant cases, troublesome symptoms, such as Alcohol Poisoning, may still occur.
Haldol Janssen Side Effect Report#_PHONE_-6
Coma, Miosis
This Coma problem was reported by a physician from Germany. A male patient (weight: NA) was diagnosed with the following symptoms/conditions: NA. On NS this consumer started treatment with Haldol Janssen Tropfen (dosage: NA). The following drugs were being taken at the same time:
 - Risperdal
 - Eunerpan
When using Haldol Janssen Tropfen, the patient experienced the following unwanted symptoms/side effects: Coma, MiosisAlthough all drugs are carefully tested before they are licensed for use, they carry side effect risks. Some side effects, such as Coma, may become evident only after a product is in use by the general population.
What are common Haldol Janssen Side Effects for Women?
Women Side EffectsReports
Intraocular Pressure Increased 1
Menorrhagia 1
What are common Haldol Janssen Side Effects for Men?
Men Side EffectsReports
Alcohol Poisoning 1
Coma 1
Miosis 1
Suicide Attempt 1
Track Your Side Effects
Note Your Observations
Why Your Notes are Important
Your notes could be helpful in several ways:
 - Log Form
 Medicine Name and Dosage:
 Scale: 1 = very mild to 10 = very bad
 Discuss Haldol Janssen Side Effects
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 How Effective is Haldol Janssen for You?
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 Haldol Janssen Safety Alerts, Active Ingredients, Usage Information
 More About Haldol janssen
 Side Effects reported to FDA: 3
 Haldol Janssen safety alerts: No
 Latest Haldol Janssen clinical trials
 Haldol Janssen Reviews


text:
What is an IR Sensor?
Principles of Operation
We have already discussed how a light sensor works. IR Sensors work by using a specific light sensor to detect a select light wavelength in the Infra-Red (IR) spectrum. By using an LED which produces light at the same wavelength as what the sensor is looking for, you can look at the intensity of the received light. When an object is close to the sensor, the light from the LED bounces off the object and into the light sensor. This results in a large jump in the intensity, which we already know can be detected using a threshold.
Since the sensor works by looking for reflected light, it is possible to have a sensor that can return the value of the reflected light. This type of sensor can then be used to measure how "bright" the object is. This is useful for tasks like line tracking.


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A delegation is the commission to another of jurisdiction, which is to be exercised in the name of the person delegating. Jurisdiction is defined as the power of anyone who has public authority and pre-eminence over others for their rule and government.
In ancient Roman law, delegation was the substitution of one debtor for another; the second debtor making payment in the name of the first. In modern civil law, the term delegations is used for committees of representatives or judges, who in the name of the parliament of the judiciary consider and determine the special matters confided to them. In canon law, delegation is the spiritual jurisdiction or power which a person exercises in virtue of a commission from one having ordinary jurisdiction (see JURISDICTION), with the understanding that such delegate must act in the name of the one delegating. The canons distinguish between delegation ab homine, and delegation a jure. The former is that which comes from a person in the strict sense of the word; while the latter may have its source in a juridical or moral person. Thus, it is through delegation a jure, that is in virtue of jurisdiction granted by the Council of Trent, that bishops have certain powers in regard to exempted regulars. Whenever the common law designates a person as having powers which belong to another by ordinary right, the one upon whom they are conferred is said to be a delegate a jure. If bishops exercise such powers "as delegates of the Apostolic See", an appeal against their actions would have to be made to the pope, for it is really his jurisdiction they are employing; while if the common law refers to them as acting "also as delegates of the Holy See", an appeal could be taken to the metropolitan, as in such a case the bishop acts in virtue of both ordinary and delegated jurisdiction. Historically, the origin of canonical delegation is to be sought most probably in the fifth (in the Latin version, the seventh) canon of the Council of Sardica (A.D. 347), which speaks of judges delegated for Roman appeals. From the fifth century onwards, instances of appointment of delegates by the popes are distinctly recorded, and such delegation became more frequent as time went on, particularly since the pontificate of Gregory I (590-604).
Anyone having ordinary jurisdiction may delegate another, unless such power be expressly withheld from him. It is necessary to mention this restriction, for although parish priests have ordinary jurisdiction for the tribunal of penance, yet they cannot strictly delegate another for that task, because the hearing of confessions belongs to the external forum and all confessions need episcopal approbation. The person delegated by the lawful superior must be a cleric well versed in the matter for which he receives delegation, and he must not be excommunicate. While the age of twenty years is prescribed by law for the delegate, it is also provided that the age of eighteen will suffice, if those concerned are satisfied. Several delegates may be appointed for the same matter. In this case each may receive such a commission that if he undertake the matter alone the other delegates may no longer interfere, unless the first be hindered from determining it (delegatus in solidum); or the power in a cause may be delegated to several persons so that they must act together to make the effect of their delegation valid (delegatus simpliciter). If the delegate be commissioned by the pope, he should ordinarily be an ecclesiastical dignitary or a cathedral canon, and the case should be heard in a city or place of some religious or civic distinction. It is evident, however, that the sovereign pontiff may, if he choose, derogate from these laws in all their aspects. General defects disqualifying a person to receive delegation are infamy, deafness, insanity, dumbness, slavery, and the like. It was stated that the person delegated should be a cleric; for neither bishops nor those inferior to them can delegate a layman for spiritual matters or for criminal causes of ecclesiastics. It is disputed whether a delegation made by them to lay judges to determine even civil causes of clerics would be valid. The pope, however, may delegate laymen for such cases when there is question of an individual instance. Reiffenstuel says that to commit in general all causes of ecclesiastics to laymen, would be to do away with the forensic privilege of clerics (privilegium fori) and therefore is outside the sphere of papal prerogatives, as the exemption of clerics is probably of Divine right. The granting of a delegation may be verbal, except in cases where the law expressly prescribes that it be in writing. The delegation must also be the free act of the superior, for delegated faculties obtained absolutely against the will of the donor would be invalid. If, however, they be extorted by fear, they will not be void, for then they would not be absolutely against the will of the superior.
Delegated powers are necessary, either for the liceity or validity of an act performed by the delegate. If there be question only of the liceity of an act, permission reasonably presumed is sufficient. This would be the case, for example, in the administration of the sacraments, except penance and possibly matrimony. If, however, it be a question of the validity of an act, the delegation must be express, or at least rest upon a presumption of outward signs indicating actual consent. Such, for example, would be the delegation requisite for valid absolution in the tribunal of penance. In general, a delegate may not proceed to the exercise of his power until it be formally notified to him, for, according to an axiom of law, jurisdiction is acquired only by one knowing and accepting. In certain cases, this knowledge and acceptance may be only implicitly implied, but it is then considered sufficient. The fact of delegation must be proved to those concerned in the matter at stake, either by showing them the written instrument or exhibiting unexceptionable testimony that the power has been received. The delegate must also carefully observe the form of procedure specified by the superior who has empowered him to act. In case of grievance, an appeal may be made against the delegate to the tribunal of the person who delegated him. This fact shows that the power of the vicar-general of a diocese is not delegated power, for there is no appeal from his tribunal to that of the bishop, because their tribunal is declared to be one and the same. The power of a vicar-general is most correctly characterized as quasi-ordinary, for on the one hand, he holds an office to which certain faculties are annexed, and on the other, he exercises his powers in the name of another. Some canonists, however, maintain that a vicar-general has delegated, and others that he has ordinary jurisdiction. Finally, no inferior ordinaries can delegate their entire authority to others in perpetuity without the license of the Roman pontiff, because such delegation would be equivalent to abdication, which is not permissible without the consent of the supreme authority. What has been said in this respect of inferior ordinaries, holds good also for those delegated to certain classes of cases in general (ad universitatem causarum). As the powers delegated by the Holy See are generally for very important matters, the Council of Trent (Sess. XXV, c. 10, de ref.) made an effort to provide by law for a certain number of qualified persons whom the pope could appoint as his delegates. The council ordered that several such ecclesiastics should be elected in provincial synods and that their names should be forwarded to Rome by the bishops. The decree, however, was seldom acted on and gradually became entirely obsolete.
Delegated jurisdiction can sometimes be subdelegated to others. If the delegate was appointed by the pope, even for a particular case, he has the power of subdelegation. The latter is prohibited only when the matter has been committed to his personal care in an especial manner, or when it is of unusual importance or of a merely executive nature. Hence, when a confessor has received by Apostolic privilege the faculty of absolving all the faithful from certain sins and censures, or of dispensing in certain irregularities and vows, he can not subdelegate this ministry. In like manner, one who has been charged with the execution of matrimonial dispensations may not subdelegate the ministry itself, yet he may employ others to assist him in matters connected with his delegated jurisdiction, provided their work be only supplementary, not principal. If the delegate was appointed by an ordinary other than the pope, he can not subdelegate, unless he has been commissioned ad universitatem causarum, or when the person delegating has given him the special authority to subdelegate. The subdelegate cannot make a new delegation, but he can call in the assistance of others for the details of his work. When a delegate has confided all his authority in a particular matter to a subdelegate an appeal from the decision of the latter does not lie to the delegate, but to the superior who had originally commissioned the delegate.
Delegation ceases if the work assigned to the delegate has been completed; if the delegate abdicates his power or declares the rescript of his appointment invalid; if the term fixed for the conduct of the matter has expired, unless in a contentious case both parties have agreed to a prorogation; if the delegation be revoked; if the delegate die, unless he was one of a number of delegates simpliciter and their commission had provided for its continuance in such an emergency; if the person delegating die, and the case had not yet begun; if the person die on whose account the delegation was constituted, unless some matter concerning the Church or a pre


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Stoicism is typically used for personal endeavours but it is so much more robust than that.
A critical examination of the environmental damage linked to our favourite items.
In this open access paper, we identify the role of material in providing societal services.
Sustainable development is an important concern of the 21st century. But what does Stoicism have to do with it?
In this open access paper, we proposed the addition of the "Earth" to Hierocles Circles of Concern.
In this Stoicon 2018 presentation we demonstrated the relevance of Stoicism when it comes to combating extreme nationalism, fake news, climate change and political apathy.