text:
The nature of urban economic design in Kumasi, Ghana, is often reflective of neoliberal economic policies prescribed by Bretton Woods institutions during the economic reforms of the 1980s. The economic structure, which is characterized by uncertainties of formal jobs, has triggered people's ingenuity to engage in novel occupations. One economic activity that has gained popularity in Kumasi is vending of roasted traditional food (RTF) by women. This chapter explores how women have used vending of RTF to overcome years of acute austerity in the "paid" job market. It concentrates on the economic, spatial, and social networks that sustain this informal activity. Drawing on multiple data sources, the results confirm how the structure of the city space has consigned RTF vendors to obscurity, yet their activities are responding to the economic realities of time—increasing urbanization, limited job opportunities, and accumulation of poverty. As a survival strategy, the vendors have developed social connections with clients and made their place comfortable in order to claim their rightful place in the urban space economy. We conclude that given their contributions, the vendors must be appreciated as agents of change and part of the urban system.
Part of the book: Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design


Akamatsu Norihide (赤松則英)
Norihide AKAMATSU (year of birth unknown - November 6, 1600) was a person in the Azuchi-Momoyama period and he was believed to be the last family head of the Akamatsu clan, a distinguished family in Harima Province. He was a ryoshu (feudal lord) with 10,000 koku (approximately 1.8 million liters of crop yield) in Awa Province, Sumiyoshi region (Itano-gun 23 villages). He was a child (the second son) of Norifusa AKAMATSU. He was Kazusa no suke (Assistant Governor of Kazusa Province). However, the presence of Norihide was not confirmed by historical materials.
In 1598, he took over as head of the family upon the death of his father, Norifusa. In the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, he took sides with the West squad and took charge of guarding Hirano-guchi gateway from Tennoji, Osaka. Before decisive battles, he holed up in Honmaru (the keep of a castle) of the Sawayama-jo Castle, which was the residential castle of Mitsunari ISHIDA. However, the Sawayama-jo Castle was attacked by Hideaki KOBAYAKAWA and others who switched to the East squad and it fell. Norihide was believed to run away just before the fall of the castle.
After his runaway, he asked Masanori FUKUSHIMA for help, but he was not pardoned and he was forced to kill himself at Kaiko-ji Temple in Kyoto.


text:
Paid revision courses: time for a boycott
- By: Grant S Nolan
They message me more than my girlfriend does, I see their shiny leaflets plastered on the student union's walls, and one plucky company representative even had the audacity to give a quick sales pitch after a lecture. Exam season is looming, and paid revision courses are everywhere.
Medical schools have been around for centuries, educating bright eyed students. They teach us everything from approaching an unconscious patient in the street, to explaining the stomach ache one gets after being kicked in the balls.* Medical societies often provide revision events and proactive students have long formed their own revision groups; testing each other and working together through indecipherable lecture notes. So what gap are these revision courses plugging?
That question becomes even more relevant when you consider the staggering cost of these courses. With recent tuition fee changes to £9000 a year, medicine can already be unaffordable for those without substantial

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The Mudcat Café TM
Thread #156666 Message _TAG_
Posted By: BrendanB
06-Apr-15 - 07:02 AM
Thread Name: BS: BBC v. Jeremy Clarkson.
Subject: RE: BS: BBC v. Jeremy Clarkson.
The claim that Britain is a Christian country is not based on the idea that people are Christians but upon the fact that the social and moral principles upon which British society is based, drew upon primarily Christian traditions. Obviously these have evolved over time, it could be argued that the secular, liberal tradition that has its roots in the Enlightenment has drawn society away from its Christian roots although some basic values remain.


text:
medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) attaches to the inner edge of the patella
to help keep the patella from slipping toward the outer side of the knee.
A damaged MPFL can be repaired
arthroscopically. Surgical repair of this ligament may
be appropriate if it is:
- Torn by injury to the knee.
and damaged by patellar
In more than 8 out of 10 people, repairing the MPFL makes the knee
joint more stable.1 Some people whose dislocation
problem is surgically repaired will have another dislocation. And many people
continue to have pain and swelling, which may be due to cartilage damage on the
underside of the patella.2
Some surgeons think it best to repair MPFL damage immediately after a
first patellar dislocation. Other surgeons will wait until they see a recurrent

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Backpropagation of prediction errors explains ramping activity. (a) The TD prediction error across each of six consecutive trials (top to bottom) from the simulation in Figure 1b, with pr = 0.5. Highlighted in red is the error at the time of the reward in the first of the trials, and its gradual back-propagation towards the time of the stimulus in subsequent trials. Block letters indicate the outcome of each specific trial (R = rewarded; N = not rewarded). The sequence of rewards preceding these trials is given on the top right. (b) The TD error from these six trials, and four more following them, superimposed. The red and green lines illustrate the envelope of the errors in these trials. Summing over these trials results in no above-baseline activity on average (black line), as positive and negative errors occur at random 50% of the time, and so cancel each other. (c) However, when the prediction errors are asymmetrically represented above and below the baseline firing rate (here negative errors were asymmetrically scaled by d = 1/6 to simulate the asymmetric encoding of prediction errors by DA neurons), an average ramping of activity emerges when averaging over trials, as is illustrated by the black line. All simulation parameters are the same as in Figure 1b,d.
Niv et al. Behavioral and Brain Functions 2005 1:6 doi:10.1186/_PHONE_-1-6


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To modern ears, "cruciferous" is all about vegetables. But the word's rich history shows that it was formerly used in a much broader sense.
By Eric Rumsey, Janna Lawrence and Xiaomei Gu
In a Google search for the word "cruciferous," 9 out of the top 10 retrievals contain the phrase "cruciferous vegetables." This certainly does fit the predominant modern usage of the word. As a game show host might say, "what do you think of when I say 'cruciferous'?" Well, of course, "vegetables"! But it hasn't always been this way. As the Google Ngram chart below shows, the phrase "cruciferous vegetables" only came into prominent use about 1980. Before that, the word "cruciferous" was widely used in other contexts.
To understand the real meaning of the word, it's important to understand what these other contexts are. This is important for more than simply historic reasons; it's also important to understand the meaning of the word to understand its connections to nutrition, and because it helps to search for the subject in databases such as PubMed (as we've discussed in a companion article). Additionally, it's a surprisingly interesting story.
The key to understanding "cruciferous" is a knowledge of its rich botanical history. The chart below gives a hint of this. The chart is a comparison of the use of the words Cruciferae and Brassicaceae. These are names that have been assigned to the plant family that contains "cruciferous vegetables" and many other plants as well. As the chart indicates, Cruciferae was the name of the family until the early 20th century, when it was officially changed to Brassicaceae. Since then, botanists have gradually been switching the word they use, with continuing widespread use of the older name Cruciferae.
This seemingly arcane naming distinction is important because when the family name was Cruciferae, the word cruciferous was used to include all plants in the family, not just the edible species that we call "cruciferous vegetables," which helps explain the common use of the word in the chart above. (Examples from Google Books of the broad botanical use of the word "cruciferous" in the 19th century are here, here, and here.) The significance of this is magnified by the fact that the family is very large, containing 372 genera and 4060 species, making it one of the largest flowering plant families. This and other details of the family are well-covered by a Wikipedia article on it. Another detail that gives an idea of the size and variety of the family and helps explain the widespread use of "cruciferous" is that, in addition to cruciferous vegetables, it also includes decorative flowers, weeds, and Arabidopsis thaliana ("a very important model organism in the study of the flowering plants").
Relating to the image of three flowers at the top of the article, another help in understanding "cruciferous" is the etymology of the word itself. The word comes from the word "cross," because the 4-petaled flowers have the appearance of a cross. The flowers in the image above are (from left) Raphanus sativus (Wild radish weed), Brassica oleracea (Broccoli) and Arabidopsis thaliana. (Images are from Wikipedia).
In conclusion, the word "cruciferous" is confusing because the word has its origins in a time when the large family Brassicaceae was called Cruciferae, which meant that all of the plants in the family (most of which are not edible) were referred to as "cruciferous." In the last generation, as botanists have switched to calling the family Brassicaceae instead of Crucuferae, and as people have become more aware of nutrition, the word "cruciferous" has gradually come to be used most commonly in the context of "cruciferous vegetables." As we'll discuss in a companion article, it's important to know about this history and the taxonomic relationships of cruciferous vegetables in order to do successful searches in research databases like PubMed.


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Justice and Grace:Private Petitioning and the English Parliament in the Late Middle Ages: Private Petitioning and the English Parliament in the Late Middle Ages
Focussing on the key role of the English medieval parliament in hearing and determining the requests of the king's subjects, this ground-breaking new study examines the private petition and its place in the late medieval English parliament (c._PHONE_). Until now, historians have focussed on the political and financial significance of the English medieval parliament; this book offers an important re-evaluation placing the emphasis on parliament as a crucial element in the provisionof royal government and justice. It looks at the nature of medieval petitioning, how requests were written and how and why petitioners sought redress specifically in parliament. It also sheds new light on the concept of royal grace and its practical application to parliamentary petitions thatrequired the king's personal intervention.The book traces the development of private petitioning over a period of almost two hundred years, from a point when parliament was essentially an instrument of royal administration, to one where it was self-consciously dispatching petitions as the highest court of the land. Gwilym Dodd considers not only the detail of the petitionary process, but also broader questions about the government of late medieval England. His conclusions contribute to our understanding of the nature of medievalmonarchy, and its ability (or willingness) to address local difficulties, as well as the nature of local society, and the problems that faced individuals and communities in medieval society.
What people are saying - Write a review
LibraryThing ReviewUser Review - antiquary - LibraryThing
Very good indeed in terms of opening up hitherto little-known material in the British National Archives SC collection (now available online!) Read full review
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Justice and Grace: Private Petitioning and the English Parliament in the...
Limited preview - 2007


Dyadic (DYAI) | TiiCKER
The rich history of Dyadic represents a microcosm of how modern biotechnology is revolutionizing science, medicine, agriculture, and engineering to improve how we feed, fuel, and heal the world.
For Dyadic, the journey can be described as going from "Jeans to Genes": pioneering the use of pumice stones to stonewash blue jeans in the early 1980s, shifting along with the industry to enzymes in the middle of the decade, then beginning a new journey with the discovery of a filamentous fungal strain, nicknamed C1, suitable for producing cellulase and other enzymes in the early 1990s. Over the next two decades, Dyadic has built the knowledge, expertise, molecular tools, and technology needed to create and commercialize one of the world's premiere gene expression systems, the C1 Technology Platform. During C1's development, we identified two serendipitous mutations: the first changed the morphology of our organism, resulting in high productivity and better growth conditions; the second created our C1 White StrainTM, which allows for the production of purer enzymes and other proteins at high productivity.
Secondary 1
Secondary 1Secondary 2Secondary 3
Visit Dyadic
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text:
How do I download the assessment summary for HealthCheck for Azure?
An email notification with a link to the assessment dashboard in HealthCheck for Azure is sent soon after the 14-day on-premises agent analysis (called the Physical Infrastructure Analytics report) is completed. You can view the assessment through the dashboard, or you can download the assessment summary in PDF format.
Follow the steps below to access the assessment summary for HealthCheck for Azure:
- Go to the assessment dashboard page listed in the confirmation email.
- Enter your username and password, and click Login.
- Click View Details to view the full scope of Microsoft Azure pricing plans and the customer's infrastructure performance assessment.
- Click on one of the mapping configurations from the left navigation pane.
- Click on the Reports tab at the top of the page.
- Click on one of the following options:
Email to have a PDF copy of the assessment summary emailed to you.
Download to download a PDF copy of the assessment summary.
Note: The mapping configuration selected from the left navigation pane defines the assessment summary emailed or downloaded.
The assessment summary is organized into the following sections:
Infrastructure Overview, a summary of findings for the assessment
Approach, the definitions of the mapping configurations and pricing plans covered in the assessment
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), the cost overview for compute, storage, and network based on mapping configuration
Hardware, Pay-as-you-go, the cost overview for compute, storage, and network for the hardware, pay-as-you-go mapping configuration.
Workload, Pay-as-you-go, the cost overview for compute, storage, and network for the workload, pay-as-you-go mapping configuration
Workload, 12-month pre-pay, the cost overview for compute, storage, and network for the workload, 12-month pre-pay mapping configuration
Mapping Design, provides more in-depth breakdown of how the selected mapping configuration maps to Azure and the associated costs


text:
It's possible to type in the Tifinagh alphabet without installing any additional software. This alphabet is used for several languages, and the layout is the same for all of them.
This virtual keyboard layout emulates a layout developed by the Moroccan Royal Institute of the Amazigh Culture (IRCAM, ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⴻⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ).
To make this layout work, follow these instructions:
- Click the search box at the top of the page.
- Click the little keyboard icon that appears near the search box.
- If the little keyboard icon doesn't appear, do the following: Click the gear icon near the "Languages" list in the sidebar, click "Input", click "Enable input tools", and click "Apply settings".
- If the name of your language appears at the top of the list, select "Tifinagh".
- If the name of your language doesn't appear at the top of the list, do the following:
- Click "..." at the bottom of the list. A panel will appear.
- Find your language in the panel and click it. The currently supported languages for this keyboard are (if you want to add a language, please contact the developers):
- Tamaziɣt / ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (Central Atlas Tamazight, tzm)
- Taqbaylit / ⵜⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ (Kabyle, kab)
- Tarifit / ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵜ (Rifian, rif)
- Taclḥiyt / ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ (Shilha, shi)
- Click the little keyboard icon again, and select "Tifinagh".
To disable this special keyboard and go back to type usually, click the little keyboard icon and then click "Use native keyboard", or press Ctrl-M. To re-enable the keyboard, press Ctrl-M, or repeat the steps above.
The full list of keys and characters:
|Latin letter||Tifinagh letter|


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Will Your Child Be Safe At School If A Pandemic Strikes?
September 25, 2012 by Kellye Copas
These days, everyone from your neighbor to your employer and, hopefully, you may be developing preparedness plans in the event of bioterrorist attacks or flu pandemics. Unfortunately, your child's school is likely to be very unprepared.
Despite warnings from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention about the dire consequences that faced the Nation in 2009 during the H1N1 influenza pandemic-that-wasn't resulted in 18,000 deaths worldwide, many U.S. schools are not prepared for bioterrorism attacks, outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases or pandemics, according to a study by researchers at Saint Louis University's Institute for Biosecurity.
The study, led by Terri Rebmann, Ph.D., surveyed about 2,000 nurses working in elementary, middle and high schools across 26 States. Findings revealed that only 48 percent of schools address pandemic preparedness and only 40 percent of schools have updated their plans since the 2009 H1N1 scare that affected 214 countries.
"There is a lot of research that shows influenza spreads quickly in schools because it's a communicable disease and kids interact closely," Professor Rebmann said. "Schools need to have a written pandemic plan in order to be prepared to put interventions into place quickly when an event occurs."
Published in the American Journal of Infection Control, the study also found that 44 percent of schools do not participate in community surveillance that tracks the presence of a disease based upon symptoms reported by area residents. These efforts are coordinated through local public health departments that assess indicators of biological threats.
"Health care professionals can best inform school administrators about unique aspects of pandemic planning that need to be included in school disaster plans," Rebmann said. "Results from this study indicate that better prepared schools were ones that involved their nurses in the disaster planning committee. The school nurse is the best person in a school district to know about infection control and be able to make recommendations about the best interventions to implement during a biological event."


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In this post, AP teacher Carl Herman shares his teaching assignments on critical thinking for California 12th grade students in "US Government" and "Economics."
The following are my teaching assignments on critical thinking for California 12th grade students in the semester-long courses, "US Government" and "Economics." I offer them for non-profit use:
- Information and recommendations for your child's success (and overall introduction to this article series) 1 of 6
- Heart of social science (2 of 6)
- Critical thinking skills in government and economics (3 of 6)
- Case Study: Economics and policy of ending poverty (4 of 6)
- Critical thinking skills in action: policy analysis of 'current events,' past and present (US Government: 5 of 6)
- Critical thinking skills in action: economic analysis of 'current events,' past and present (Economics: 6 of 6)
This is the final action: students explore their interests with research, writing, and presentation to the class. At this point of the course, the previous sections from this article and my sharing of current events have opened students' minds that the world they thought existed in government and economics was a fairy tale believed by the ignorant. This conclusion is justified from the objective and independently verifiable facts, and young-adult confidence that they really do know some things more powerfully than adults (please recall this fact from when we were their ages).
This last project for student research, writing, and class presentation is divided into four parts:
This is 5.1:
Critical thinking skills in action: policy analysis of 'current events,' past and present
Instructions: In order to understand current events, people may have to discern among competing statements regarding facts, meaning, and policy opinions. This assignment has you:
- Read a history of US government "current events" that are typically omitted from high school US History texts, included in many AP texts, and always included in comprehensive college courses. These accounts are not contested to my knowledge; that is, non-controversial for factual accuracy. Current events of our present cannot be understood without this history to place the present into context.
- Research one current, important issue of interest for you. Compare different sources of reports in good faith effort to receive comprehensive facts.
- Use critical thinking skills to determine the key facts as you best see them, reflect and communicate what the facts mean for you, and state your best policy response from your current understanding in writing.
- Use your written information as notes and create a visual to report your findings to the class.
To begin, read the sections below by the due dates. Prepare to discuss the section questions listed below. Each reading section will have the short-response questions due at the start of the next class period (details below). As you read, research the documentation at your interest. Please do independent research at your interest.
At the end of all the reading, select one current event from the list provided, or propose your own for my approval. Consider the questions and resources for each topic, do your own research, and answer all twelve questions at the end of the assignment. I suggest that you access the electronic version. This activates the numerous Internet links, and allows you to cut and paste the questions for your word processing program.
Print a copy of your answers to help present your findings to the class.
This assignment is 67 points:
- 23 for written responses to questions: 1 point per question (10 for #3, a brief), 2 for grammar and spelling.
- 22 for your oral brief to the class (3-12 only): 1 point per question (5 for #3), 5 for visual element (Prezi, Animoto, video, etc. (up to five extra for great work), 2 for clarity.
- 22 for reading comprehension short-responses: 2 points per 11 sections.
- Purpose of Social Science, challenge to get the facts: pages 5-9
- Competent citizenry: three of history's greatest voices: 10-13
- Reviewing California Content Standards and critical thinking skills: 14-18
- A revealing current event of our United States: MCA: 19-25
- Revealing current event: waterboarding and its reporting by corporate media: 26-34
- Past "current events": Native American treaties, Mexican-American War: 35-38
- Past "current events": US overthrow of Hawaii, Spanish-American War: 39-44
- Past "current events": World War 1, CIA wars, Vietnam War: 45-50
- King family's civil trial for the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.: 51-56
- Critical thinking skills in action: policy analysis of current events assignment: 57-64
- Great voices in history offer insights for effective citizenry: 65-74
Reading comprehension short-responses instructions: This assignment will help your learning (and grade). "Short-responses" can be brief; they can be bullet points. They must clearly demonstrate your understanding of the ideas. Please note: do not directly copy your responses with classmates: you are welcome to benefit from class discussions to improve your ideas, but plagiarized work results in zero grades for giver and receiver, plus school policy consequences.
1. Purpose of Social Science, challenge to get the facts: pages 5-9:
- The History-Social Science Framework for California Public Schools articulates the context or reason to learn US history, government and economics. Explain briefly what this document says about the focus of these classes. Include the skills we want students to master from them, how to teach controversial topics, and the importance of critical thinking skills.
- Expert testimony is from someone with academic training and/or professional experience to walk an audience through facts of a complex issue. Explain why clear explanation and independently verifiable comprehensive data are the two ways to evaluate the effectiveness of expert testimony.
- Explain why a person of reasonable intelligence can determine for him or herself when a basic law is being outrageously violated when the person knows the law; that is, the explanation of an alleged expert or the president of the US is not needed to verify the outrageous violation. Invent or explain an example with a rule or law to show your understanding of this idea.
2. Competent citizenry: three of history's greatest voices: 10-13:
- Explain Cicero's admonition against people who avoid a really big responsibility (Cicero was a leader to defend Rome's constitutional government from those who would subvert it for dictatorial power unlimited by the rules of a constitution).
- Gandhi wrote that he wanted to serve the British Constitution and God in communicating to the public the gap between British law and what the British were actually doing with grossly unequal treatment. Explain Gandhi's strategy to remove this "misunderstanding."
- Explain what Dr. King meant that "silence is betrayal." Explain if this is what J.K. Rowling also meant in her remarks to Harvard graduates in 2008.
3. Reviewing California Content Standards and critical thinking skills: 14-18:
- Explain why understanding and applying the fundamental principles and moral values (inalienable rights) of American democracy is a big deal.
- Explain the three components of critical thinking and civic competence that this section reviews.
- Explain how Lincoln's advice of "unimpassioned reason" can overcome cognitive dissonance.
4. A revealing current events of our United States: MCA: 19-25:
- Explain what the Military Commissions Act of 2006 allows.
- Explain US Constitution Bill of Rights guarantees that MCA violates.
- Explain how the Mexican-American War of 1846 was a clear violation of a treaty by the US, or how the US could legally avoid the Adams-Onís Treaty.
5. Revealing current event: waterboarding and its reporting by corporate media: 26-34:
- Explain what case law is, and its use to determine if a specific act already decided by the courts is a lawful or unlawful act in the present.
- Explain what Harvard's Kennedy School of Government published about their review of the US' four most-read newspapers about labeling waterboarding as torture.
- Explain what the polling data says about Americans' trust of US corporate media reporting. Given the examples of NY Times coverage of the UN Summit for Children, Occupy Wall Street, and your personal experience of corporate media, explain the degree that you trust US corporate media reporting.
6. Past "current events": Native American treaties, Mexican-American War: 35-38:
- Explain what a treaty means under Article Six of the US Constitution; that is, when a US president signs a legal agreement and it's ratified by at least 2/3 of the Senate, how obligated is the US to follow what it says?
- Explain your analysis (what you see when you take something apart and study it) of the 1869 Board of Indian Commissioners' report.
- If a person knows what a treaty means under the US Constitution, knows the basic ideas of the Adams-Onís Treaty, and knows the "spot" where President Polk claimed that Mexico invaded the US, explain if that person needs anybody's help to know if the president is telling the truth or not about who invaded whom, and on whose soil blood was shed.
7. Past "current events": US overthrow of Hawaii, Spanish-American War: 39-44:
- Explain how the US overthrow of Hawaii's government was unlawful or lawful.
- Explain whether the US takeover of the Philippines was an expression of spreading democracy, or imperialism to control strategic resources (like a naval base) and make corporate profits.
- Explain whether US support of a vicious dictator in Cuba is an expression of spreading democracy,


Second Annual Cora Weiss Fellowship for Young Women Peacebuilders
Second Annual Cora Weiss Fellowship for Young Women Peacebuilders
The Global Network of Women Peacebuilders is pleased to announce its second annual Cora Weiss Fellowship for Young Women Peacebuilders. The Fellowship aims to support the development of young women peacebuilders and ensure that more young people share Cora's vision for sustainable peace and gender equality as strong and integral parts of our global culture. Applications must be submitted in English, and emailed to .
Eligibility requirements
 To be eligible for the Cora Weiss Fellowship, applicants must meet the following criteria:
1. At least one year experience of volunteering or employment in a women's rights/human rights/peace advocacy organization;
2. One year experience in policy advocacy on women's rights, human rights, peace and other social justice issues, including understanding of the UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security, and related laws and policies;
3. A Bachelor's degree in international relations, women/gender studies or the social sciences; and
4. Has lived or worked in a developing country for at least one year.
5. Since the fellowship will take place in New York where the international community is mainly congregated, proficiency in the English language is a must.
 Selection criteria
 Applicants will be evaluated based on the following criteria:
1. Ability to use the skills and networking opportunities gained from this Fellowship in a similar undertaking, such as working with a civil society organization that advocates for women, peace and security, for at least 2 years after completion of the Fellowship;
2. Ability to communicate effectively on women, peace and security issues; and
3. Ability and willingness to travel to conflict-affected countries.
 (Note: GNWP closely monitors the security situation in all the countries it works in to ensure that it is safe for its staff and members and partners to travel. However, some of the countries where GNWP implements its work are still experiencing violent conflicts or are still impacted by the aftermath of conflict. The Cora Weiss Fellow will have to sign a contract agreeing to travel.)
 The successful applicant will have the opportunity to work with GNWP for one year on its global advocacy in the UN to promote the implementation of the UN Security Council Resolutions (UNSCR) 1325 and 1820 on Women, Peace and Security, and related laws and policies. In addition, the applicant will also have the opportunity to participate in GNWP's national and local initiatives such as the Localization of UNSCR 1325 and 1820, and Girl Ambassadors for Peace.
The Fellowship year will commence in May 2017 and end in May 2018. It will cover roundtrip airfare from the country of origin to New York, room and board, health insurance, local transportation, and other personal expenses of the fellow.
 Checklist of required documents
1. Completed application form in English. Please note that while GNWP has released this advertisement in different languages, submission of a completed application in English is essential. The application form is available here.
2. An essay of no more than 3 pages that explains why you are applying for the Cora Weiss Fellowship
3. Two letters of reference. Reference letters should include how long the writer has known the applicant and in what capacity, comments on the applicant's potential to make an impact in the field of women, peace and security, and any relevant prior experience.
Applications may be sent to: All required application materials should be complete and submitted together in one e-mail. Documents sent separately will not be reviewed and application will be considered incomplete. Deadline for application is November 1, 2016.
Focus areas:


text:
for k-12 teachers and students
river basins of georgia
COOSA-TALLAPOOSA and TENNESSEE RIVER BASINS
By Gretchen Loeffler and Judy L. Meyer
The Coosa and Tallapoosa River Basins originate in northern Georgia and
continue across the border into Alabama. The Tennessee River Basin flows
through portions of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia.
The Tallapoosa River originates in Paulding County, which is west of
Atlanta. The Tallapoosa River basin occupies 4,680 square miles of which
720 square miles (15%) lie in Georgia and 3,960 square miles (85%) lie
in Alabama. This river supports cold and warm water fisheries as well
as a rich diversity of species unique to this river. Species important
to anglers include largemouth, spotted and redeye bass, rainbow trout,
black crappie, and channel catfish. The Tallapoosa is free flowing in
Georgia with no major impoundments until it reaches the Harris Reservoir
in Alabama. The Coosa River begins in downtown Rome and is formed by the
convergence of the Etowah and Oostanaula Rivers. The Coosa River is the
major eastern tributary of the Mobile Basin and empties into the Gulf
of Mexico in southwest Alabama. The Coosa River is a significant striper
fishery with one of the few populations of striped bass that naturally
reproduce in the state. The Tennessee River Basin is most notable for
its abundance and diversity of freshwater fishes. Recognized as one of
the most diverse rivers in North America, the Tennessee River supports
about 240 fish species.
The following table lists the stream flow data for the portions of the
Tallapoosa, Coosa, and Tennessee Rivers that flow through Georgia. The
locations of the USGS gauging stations from which the data was collected
are denoted within the parentheses. The Upper Tennessee River drainage,
seen in Figure 3 below, is much larger than the portion that flows through
Table 1. Stream flow data. Stream flow is measured in units of cubic feet
per second (cfs) flowing past a point.
(below Tallapoosa, GA)
(below Rome, GA)
(Lookout Creek near New England, GA)
|Drainage Area (square miles)
|Min Daily Flow (cfs)
|Mean Daily (cfs)
|Max Daily (cfs)
|Years of Collection
Figure 3. Upper Tennessee River Basin. Source: USGS
Land cover and land use patterns
Table 2 lists the 1998 land cover percentages for the Chattahoochee and
Flint River basins. The Natural Resources Spatial Analysis Laboratory
(NARSAL) at the University of Georgia provided the tabular data.
Table 2. 1998 land cover statistics.
|Mines, rock outcrops
The Coosa, Tallapoosa, and Tennessee Rivers are home to many threatened
and endangered aquatic species. The Coosa River is home to more than 147
species of fish and has the largest diversity worldwide of freshwater
snails and mussels, despite the documented disappearance of numerous molluscan
species. For example, it is estimated that 35 of the 50 freshwater mussel
species that once probably inhabited the Coosa River basin have been extirpated;
several of these species are now considered extinct. According to estimates
by the Nature Conservancy, the Etowah River has more imperiled species
than any other river system of its size in the southeastern United States
(17 fish species and 16 invertebrate species). The U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service currently lists 51 aquatic species as either threatened or endangered
in the Tennessee River basin.
Two of the endangered species in these river basins are the Conasauga
logperch, Percina jenkinsi, (Figure 4) and the Amber darter, Percina antesella
(Figure 5). These species were once found throughout the Coosa, Tallapoosa,
and Tennessee river basins and have been federally listed as endangered
since 1985. The Conasauga logperch grows to approximately 6 inches in
length and is characterized by having many tiger-like vertical stripes
over a yellow background and a pig-like conical snout. Like other logperches,
the Conasauga logperch feeds by flipping stones over with its snout and
consuming aquatic invertebrates, which live beneath. The Amber darter
is a short, slender-bodied fish that is generally less than 2.5 inches
in length. The fish's upper body is golden brown with dark saddle-like
markings, and its belly is a yellow-to-cream color. The throats of breeding
males are blue in color. The amber darter feeds primarily on snails and
4. Conasauga logperch.
5. Amber darter.
Additional sources and literature
Hampson P.S., M.W. Treece, Jr., G.C. Johnson, S.A. Ahlstedt, and J.F.
Connell. Water Quality in the Upper Tennessee River Basin, Tennessee,
North Carolina, Virginia, and Georgia 1994-98. Water Resources Circular
1205. USGS Publication. Also found here.
Endangered and Threatened Species of the Southeastern United States (The
Red Book) FWS Region 4.
River Management Plan
River basin characteristics
Environmental, Educational, and Community Action Organizations
Georgia River Network
Conservancy of Georgia
Trust for Public Land
Tallapoosa River Basin Clean Water Partnership


text:
The National Day of Finland is on the 6th December (Independence Day, declaration of independence from Russia 1917). The day is a public holiday in Finland. This is usually celebrated with parades, flag-raising ceremonies, concerts, and other cultural events.
National Day of Finland
Accordingly Finland was once part of the Russian Empire (National Day of Russia). This lasted for more than a century. This from 1809 until 1917 when it gained its independence. During World War II, Finland fought two wars against the Soviet Union, known as the Winter War and the Continuation War. This resulted in territorial losses for Finland. See also the National Day of Sweden for more history.
The Independence Day celebrations typically begin on the eve of the 6th December with a torchlight procession through the streets of Helsinki. Likewise this procession is usually led by the Finish President with thousands of followers also carrying torches as well as flags. On the day itself, there is a formal flag-raising ceremony at the Presidential Palace in Helsinki. See also other European National Days on this website.
Public Holidays in Finland
Firstly here are the public holidays in Finland:
- New Year's Day: January 1st
- Epiphany: January 6th
- Good Friday: April 14th
- Easter Sunday: April 16th
- Easter Monday: April 17th
- May Day: May 1st
- Ascension Day: May 25th
- Whit Sunday: June 4th
- Midsummer Day: June 24th
- All Saints' Day: November 4th
- Independence Day: December 6th
- Christmas Day: December 25th
- Boxing Day: December 26th
Please note that public holidays in Finland may vary slightly from year to year.


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Marketing Nutrition
Soy, Functional Foods, Biotechnology, and Obesity
Brian Wansink
Publication Year: 2005
Although encouraging people to eat more nutritiously can promote better health, most efforts by companies, health professionals, and even parents are disappointingly ineffective. Brian Wansinks Marketing Nutrition focuses on why people eat the foods they do, and what can be done to improve their nutrition. Wansink argues that the true challenge in marketing nutrition lies in leveraging new tools of consumer psychology (which he specifically demonstrates) and by applying lessons from other products failures and successes. The key problem with marketing nutrition remains, after all, marketing.
Published by: University of Illinois Press
Series: The Food Series
Title Page
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pp. iii
Copyright Page
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pp. iv
Table of Contents
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pp. vii-viii
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pp. ix
Many of the insights in this book emerged from research projects by farsighted funding groups such as the National Soybean Research Lab (NSRL) and the Soy Foods Center at the University of Illinois, the Council for Agricultural Research (C-FAR), the Illinois-Missouri Biotechnology Alliance (IMBA), the Illinois Attorney General, and the Illinois Soybean Program...
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pp. xi-xii
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pp. 1-10
Marketing is not simply a clever "Got Milk" advertising campaign, a fiftycent coupon on a soy burger, or a convenient combination pack of precut vegetables. In the context of nutrition, marketing is much broader. It focuses on all efforts to encourage and enable people to eat more nutritiously. Many people involved in marketing might call it education...
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1. Nutrition Knowledge That Matters
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pp. 13-20
Many people want to believe that nutritional knowledge is power. That is, they believe that if we can simply educate people so that they can pass a nutrition quiz, they will all eat better. Almost everyone knows that fruit is better for them than cookies, that a salad is better for them than french fries, and that broiled fish is better for them than a deep-fried pork chop. Despite this knowledge, cookie...
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2. Classified World War II Food Secrets
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pp. 21-32
How can we get people to eat better? Many programs and campaigns to change eating habits, such as the "Five-a-Day" fruit and vegetable campaign, have met with costly, disappointing short-term results. Most recently, the adoption of healthful or functional foods has been slow because consumers are wary to try unfamiliar, initially unappealing foods such as...
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3. If It Sounds Good, It Tatsts Good
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pp. 33-44
To what extent do labels influence our taste of a product? Can a label actually make us think a food tastes good or bad? Although this general issue of taste suggestibility is not often academically studied, it has a rich anecdotal history. Studies during World War II examined the feasibility of serving organ meats (such as brains, kidneys, tongue, and liver) as...
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4. Profiling the Perfect Consumer
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pp. 47-60
At least some part of the population will adopt an unfamiliar but nutritious food simply because it's more healthful, but a larger portion will do so only if the taste of this food is preferable to alternatives. To better understand the types of people who have adopted a healthful unfamiliar food, it could be beneficial to profile those who did so because they like...
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5. Mental Maps That Lead to Consumer Insights
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pp. 61-72
We know that people have different attitudes about food, but how are these attitudes influenced? Several factors, such as food preferences, beliefs, values, socioeconomic status, and knowledge of nutrition, influence the formation of food attitudes. Understanding why and how people choose the foods they do will help us develop a more targeted marketing communication...
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6. Targeting Nutritional Gatekeepers
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pp. 73-82
The biggest single driver of consumption is the availability of a particular food. In most households, what is eaten for breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks is determined by what the primary grocery shopper—the food gatekeeper—has purchased. If a teenager wants to eat Pop-Tarts but they are not in the house, he or she will probably not eat Pop-Tarts. The teenager...
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7. The De-marketing of Obesity
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pp. 85-99
People want a variety of high-value, tasty foods that they can have in large quantities whenever they want. Years of evolution and learned behavior have led people away from eating foods that are less palatable and less convenient to obtain. This is one reason overeating at McDonald's is so much easier to do than convincing children to eat broccoli....
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8. Why Five-a-Day Programs Often Fail
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pp. 100-107
"Eat five servings of fruits and vegetables a day." Much research has been done on why some consumers follow this food guideline while others agree it is a good idea and then eat potato chips. Although much effort and money have been invested in programs such as the "Five-a-Day" program, there is no evidence that these programs are cost-effective, and many...
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9. Winning the Biotechnology Battle
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pp. 108-120
Functional foods and biotechnology often are wrongly perceived as interconnected in many consumers' minds. New foods, enhanced with added nutritional characteristics, can be intimidating. Some consumers are afraid to try functional foods such as soy, fermented dairy products, and yogurt because they have preconceived notions about the risks involved...
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10. Managing Consumer Reactions to Food Crises
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pp. 121-135
Marketing nutrition is a process of encouraging people to make healthful choices that improve their well-being. What happens when contamination, terrorism, or disease is thought to threaten a part of the food supply? Some crises have influenced the recall, redesign, and communication efforts of individual companies (such as Tylenol, Perrier, Ford, Goodyear, and Shell)....
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11. Leveraging Food and Drug Administration Health Claims
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pp. 139-149
"Reduce the risk of heart disease." "Prevent osteoporosis." Health claims such as these might influence our knowledge, but do they motivate us to change our behavior? When do health claims motivate us to eat better? Although effective food labeling and nutritional health claims can have an important impact on consumers, such efforts are not always successful....
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12. Health Claims: When Less Equals More
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pp. 150-158
Should we make health claims lengthy and complete or catchy and quick? A longer, more complete health claim is most accurate, but a shorter one can be more easily processed and more persuasive. The concerns over Food and Drug Administration (FDA) claims being accurate but misunderstood are well founded. Although the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act was...
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13. Introducing Unfamiliar Foods to Unfamiliar Lands
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pp. 161-171
If we look at food consumption patterns, we see that they are greatly affected by cultural differences. How do we encourage people to alter their consumption patterns and consume an unfamiliar food that could meet a key nutritional need? When developing a marketing strategy around a functional food, it is important to consider the cultural context and perceptions...
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14. Global Best Practices
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pp. 172-184
Many programs and campaigns to change eating habits have met with costly, disappointing, short-lived results. Most recently, even the adoption of functional foods has been slow because consumers are hesitant to try unfamiliar, initially unappealing foods. The earlier chapters of this book have focused on the insights that have resulted from a stream of research...
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Conclusion: Looking Backward and Speeding Forward
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pp. 185-196
As the Introduction to this book emphasized, marketing nutrition is not simply a clever "Got Milk" ad, a fifty-cent coupon on a soy burger, or a convenient combination pack of precut carrots. In the context of nutrition, marketing is much broader because it focuses on all efforts to persuade, encourage, and enable people to eat more nutritiously. Call it education...
References and Suggested Readings
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pp. 197-204
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pp. 205-206
E-ISBN-13: 9780252092794
Print-ISBN-13: 9780252029424
Page Count: 224
Publication Year: 2005
Series Title: The Food Series


text:
A spin doctor is a PR (public relations) officer who is in charge of putting an angle (or spin) on news. By using a variety of tricks and techniques, the goal of the spin is to divert or draw attention to something in particular; a policy, a person, an event, or anything else.
The job title of a person who is a spin doctor will often be "press associate", "media advisor", "public relations officer", "public information officer" or something similar. Spin doctors are most frequently used in the world of politics, but in the widest sense of the word, anyone trying to manipulate the media in one way or another can be said to be a spin doctor.
How spin doctors work:
The current UK government, with Blair as its symbol and spokesperson, are becoming infamous in the media world for their extensive use of spin. Using various techniques, the news landscape and the media in general is carefully manipulated to the advantage of Blair & co.
Burying news / diverting attention
The most famous type of spin work is probably burying news. The term was relatively unfamiliar to the public until Jo Moore suggested burying news under the events of September 11, 2001.
The act of burying news is quite sneaky; Governments have to tell the people about what they are doing. The problem is that the government might not want to tell the people, despite their obligation to do so. When something big happens, the media will automatically home in on the big news, trying to get the big stories. So when big news breaks, the spin doctors time their press releases to coincide with a different event. That way, they have fulfilled their obligatory information, but because nobody notices, they haven't jeopardised the governments position.
Another way to bury news is to include more information in a single press brief. A famous example from a few years back was when a former British prime minister tried to bury the news of a NHS (national health service) cut in a press brief about a military budget cut. Because it was suspected that the budget cut in the military (just a symbolic sum) would be received well, the expectation was that the NHS cut would be completely overlooked.
This practice is also known as firefighting - when something goes horribly wrong (say, legionaire's disease breaks out), the PR consultants (i.e spin doctors) have to make statements. Next time something big happens that is at least partially the politicians fault; Keep looking in the media. It'll be the top case for about 2 days, before something completely different happens, knocking the crisis out of the top-spot of attention. Coincidence? Think again.
Big things happen outside of the world of politics – but because everything is politics, the politicians can turn pretty much any event to their advantage. If a bomb threat is called in to an airport, for example, a politician might release a press release about how great the security is on the airport, and how undramatic all of this is. Another politician might release a press release about how scandalous the event is, and how it illustrates how bad security at the airport is. While none of these two have actually lied, the two press briefs are based on the same facts, and are examples of spin; more often than not, press releases will be based on part of the facts – just the parts that are beneficial to the cause in question, of course. Other events that are frequently exploited are rape cases, abduction cases, football hooliganism cases, traffic statistics, etc.
This is in close relation with the two previous methods of spin. Drawing attention to one thing might at the same time remove the attention from something else, often through exploiting a particular event or announcement.
Stick / Carrot approach
The last way of manipulating the media is the so-called stick and carrot approach. What happens is that a journalist contacts a PR officer. The officer gives the journalist some info, and sees what happens. If the journalist uses the information to write positively about the cause / government / political party, the journalist will get more information the next time. This way, a journalist can build up a close relationship to a certain PR office, and will get all the exclusive news...
... until the stick approach is applied; If the journalist gets critical or asks questions s/he shouldn't have, the carrot is revoked, and the journalists will suddenly find themselves out in the cold, without any information.
The current UK government has been particularly cynical in their use of the Stick/Carrot approach to dealing with the press, resulting in a heavy distinction between the journalists who get lots of information (but write exclusively positive stories, from the politicians' standpoint) and the journalists who don't have info at all.
What do spin doctors do to the democratic process?
IMHO, the spin doctors are a liability to the process of democracy, because democracy builds on voters. Uninformed voters are completely useless to this process, because their decisions will be built on biased information, rather than having the option to base their voting choice on neutral sources.
This is, of course, the irony behind all democracies; The people in power have the power to bring out information. However, the people in power have two agendas when giving information: Their primary agenda will often be trying to stay in power, and the secondary agenda will be trying to keep the country running. If the division is made like this (and it is indeed, in many cases), it becomes obvious that the information that goes out to the population of a country suffers in the wake of the power-hunger of the politicians.
Are spin doctors bad people?
I am not sure, actually. Good spin doctors are extremely well-versed in the media world, and their skills to manipulate the media (and thereby the public opinion) are a true feat of psychology and media insight. Despite the skills involved, spin doctors are often cynical and ruthless in their approach, and there are many examples of information being suppressed and/or distorted. Spin doctors have also been known to effectively (either through loopholes in the laws, through exploiting the market economy, or through straight threats) shut down independent media.
All in all, I think it is safe to say that spin doctors should – in an ideal world – not have a place in a democratic society.


text:
Congress of Racial Equality
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), founded in Chicago in 1942, crusaded for equality through nonviolence and integration. It came to North Carolina on a 1947 southern bus during a "Journey of Reconciliation," when an interracial group that included North Carolinians faced arrest for not riding in segregated seats. By 1963 CORE had nine chapters in the state, hundreds of members (many of them student activists), and leaders such as black attorney Floyd B. McKissick (1922-91), who became chairman and later national director of CORE. Like its 1961 Freedom Ride, CORE's voter education projects and sit-in campaigns helped energize the struggle for civil rights in North Carolina. In 1966 the organization embraced Black Power, emphasizing self-determination over nonviolent direct action.
Jeffrey J. Crow, Paul D. Escott, and Flora J. Hatley, A History of African Americans in North Carolina (2002).
Floyd B. McKissick, Three-Fifths of a Man (1969).
August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, CORE: A Study in the Civil Rights Movement, _PHONE_ (1975).
Capus M. Waynick, John C. Brooks, and Elsie W. Pitts, eds., North Carolina and the Negro (1964).
Congress of Racial Equality: _URL_
Freedom Rides, 1961: Traveling to promote civil rights. Image courtesy of CORE. Available from _URL_ (accessed November 11, 2012).
1 January 2006 | Gavins, Raymond


Skip to definition.
Noun: traveling wave
Usage: US (elsewhere: travelling wave)
 1. A wave in which the medium moves in the direction of propagation of the wave
 - travelling wave [Brit, Cdn]
Derived forms: traveling waves
Type of: undulation, wave
Encyclopedia: Traveling wave


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Why do shocks form?
by fayaazhussain
Tags: form, shocks
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Jan26-12, 05:57 AM
P: 12
I have completed my undergraduation in aerospace engineering. Inspite of studying all subjects there is one basic question which is left unanswered for me..Why do shocks form? Can anyone answer it please?
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Jan26-12, 06:27 AM
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The short answer is that the speed of sound is the fastest the air can get out of its own way, so if you try to move air faster, it builds up and gets out of the way at the fastest speed it can: the speed of sound.
Slightly longer: An airplane (or anything else moving through air) is continuously disturbing the air all around it - building a pressure profile - and this disturbance propagates and creates itself at the speed of sound. When the airplane reaches the speed of sound, the air in front of it can no longer get away from the plane to build that pressure profile because to do that, it would have to move faster than the speed of sound. So it piles-up at the leading edge and propagates away along a straight line, who'se angle is determined by the speed of the object vs the speed of sound. That's the shock wave.
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Unofficial Holiday of October 30th: National Candy Corn Day
It's known for its tri-color appearance and dominating retail shelves on Halloween: candy corn!
Candy Corn dates back to the late 19th century, where each piece was originally made by hand. Candy Corn is mostly made of sugar, corn syrup, wax, artificial coloring and various other ingredients.
The confection is commonly sold on Halloween, although there are other variants such as "Reindeer Corn" and "Bunny Corn" made for other major holidays.
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Report workshop "Critical Making of Frictional Urban Interfaces"
On March 6 and 7 2018, the workshop "Critical Making of Frictional Urban Interfaces" took place. The workshop was a collaboration between Utrecht University's Media & Culture Studies department (research group [urban interfaces] + research master program Media, Arts & Performance), and Creative Coding Utrecht, artists Ruben van de Ven (_URL_) & Cristina Cochior (_URL_), in partnership with Het Nieuwe Instituut (_URL_), and HKU (_URL_).
ABOUT THE WORKSHOP
During the workshop, mixed teams worked with urban data in order to explore the growing influence of data in our current urban societies, and raise questions about focussing on frictions. The pervasive presence of media technologies in, and datafication of urban space is connected with various urban frictions. Examples of these frictions include urban data giving rise to new processes of social sorting (think of crime maps), the further encroachment of commercial interests onto urban public space (e.g. customer loyalty cards, personalized marketing, tracking), and the militarization of urban space (e.g. surveillance, facial recognition, risk analysis). We tend to think of frictions as problematic obstacles to be overcome or minimized. However, frictions can also be productive. Artists, designers, and academics have used these very frictions as starting points to make publicly visible and raise questions about the role we want technologies to play in our cities. In this workshop we will use Friction as a central design principle. For this, we aim to bring togesther the worlds of creative making and critical reflection, through an approach called 'critical making'. Critical making is a term coined by Matt Ratto "to describe the combination of critical thinking with handson-making: a kind pedagogical practice that uses material engagements with technologies to open and extend critical social reflection" (Hertz).
Assignment: During this workshop, teams will develop a dramatized data interface for a public location, that explores and elucidates urban frictions in technologically mediated cities.
Day 1 – 6th March 2018
10:00 Welcome to "Workshop Critical Making of Frictional Urban Interfaces" by Nanna Verhoeff, Michiel de Lange, Sigrid Merx, Hira Sheikh
Day 2 – 7th March 2018
The workshops was built around a series of 5 steps, which we described in a briefing sent in advance:
Step 1 – Imagining the story of an urban dataset
We understand datasets as frozen stories, snapshots that we can imaginatively reconstruct. Teams analyze a given dataset from _URL_. Questions to consider: Who are the 'characters', the people who collected and selected these data? What aims did they have? What hangups, issues, emotions did they have producing this data? What frictions can you identify in the making of the data? What do the data say, what do they not speak about, what are the limitations and biases, what could be the embedded politics?
Output: This step is meant to get the creative juices flowing, and to begin the critical process. The outcome is a list of at least 3 initial intuitions about possible dramatizations of data, beyond its apparent intention. Sketch this on a poster for presentation.
Step 2 – Urban friction as plotting device
We consider friction as a way to bring drama into the reconstruction of the dataset. Teams formulate at least five possible frictions arising from step 1. Next, teams identify one specific friction that you will work with. The aim is to change the way we think of data as saying something about the world.
Output: a defined urban friction to work with, that acts as a plotting mechanism. Sketch this on a poster for presentation.
Step 3 – Situating the urban friction
In his step you will develop the narrative setting of the friction. Each team will determine a location and time that situates, and offers the context of this friction. Where and when does the story take place?
Output: storyboard for a dramatized narrative in a particular urban setting.
Step 4 – Urban interface
From the dramatization of data developed in step 1-3, we now move to the design of a critical interface. How can your interface mediate the frictions imagined in the dataset, and how can people engage with this? Briefly review the existing visual aesthetics of datavisualization on urban dashboards. Think not only about what interfaces represent but also about how they produce, 'perform' a specific type of narrative. How can you subvert this logics and aesthetics? How can you make friction a guiding design principle for datavis and dashboards? How can your interface produce certain meanings and affects in people?
Output: a mockup or sketch of a tangible, material interface.
Step 5 – Urban Intervention
In the final step you locate this interface in the urban context. Re-connect the dramatized data (steps 1-3) and the interface (step 4) to the city: Where and when will you place your story as a localized urban intervention? How can you engage an audience with your story? How is this a way of making your data narrative truly "public"?
Output: present your design in the form of your choosing – including a statement about the critical aim of this intervention.
Day 1 kicked off by a series of inspirational talks by the workshop organizers, Klaas Kuitenbrouwer (Het Nieuwe Instituut – who is involved in a multi-year Critical Making project), Fabian van Sluijs (Creative Coding Utrecht), Daan Krijnen (Ngage Media), Ruben van de Ven (Affective Interfaces), Cristina Cochior (Data Dramatization).
After that, teams were formed and participants started to work on the assignment.
Day one was devoted to fictionalize and dramatize data. Through this approach we aimed to better understand how data are produced by people and organizations with certain aims in mind, but also with certain subjective moods, quirks and so on. At the end of day 1 teams briefly presented their work in progress. It appeared that it was very hard to go beyond the initial reflex to parody and mock the data, by ridiculing the categorizations, and spurious correlations suggested by these data.
On day two we begun by pressing the participations a little to step up their game, and focus on one or more of the following issues: what urban friction are you addressing, can you dig deeper into the data and come up with interesting dramatizations, and can you situate your intervention in such a way that it actually allows for engagement and people's voices to be heard, possibly by testing out your prototype outside on the city streets? Teams worked very hard that day and came up with a great number of concepts, which they presented at the end of the day.
As a very brief reflection, the approach itself seems a great way of combining critical thinking and creative making processes. Instead of seeing these as mutually exclusive or belonging to different disciplines (humanities=critical; arts=creative) but actually reinforcing one another. The making part still remained relatively underdeveloped, which is not surprising considering this was a 2-day workshop, and that working with data often involved a steep learning curve for the uninitiated. Also, the dramatizations and stories could acquire more depth and texture through more sustained involvement. The organizers see this as the first step in a hopefully longer-running collaboration.
Briefing of Workshop Critical Making of Frictional Urban Interfaces >>
Call for Workshop Critical Making of Frictional Urban Interfaces >>
Below a series of photos of the workshop, courtesy of Cristina Cochior.


JavaScript Interaction between Iframe and Parent
On this page, a document in an iframe uses JavaScript to interact with its parent document. First we show how the document in the iframe can get references to the iframe element containing it and to the containing document and its properties and objects. Then we provide an example below which demonstrates how to access variables and invoke functions in the parent document, and reference and modify its elements.
A document in an iframe can obtain a reference to the iframe element containing it through the frameElement property of the window object. The frameElement property provides access to a variety of other properties, including offsetHeight, parentNode, ownerDocument, and much more. You could use it to access any object or property in the containing document. Here are a few examples:
var ifrm = window.frameElement; // reference to iframe element container
var doc = ifrm.ownerDocument; // reference to container's document
var form = doc.forms[0]; // reference to first form in container document
However, unless you are trying to access specific properties of the iframe element itself, it is simpler to use the parent property to access the containing document. For example, you can reference a form in the containing document as follows:
// reference to first form in parent document
var form = parent.document.forms[0];
// or, using form id instead
var form = parent.document.getElementById('myForm');
The parent keyword can also be used to access global variables or invoke functions in the main document from the document inside the iframe, as the example below demonstrates.
Note: These cross-document interactions are only possible if the documents have the same origin. The postMessage method provides the means of interacting cross-domain.
Demonstrating Access to Parent from Iframe
Click the buttons in the iframe below to interact with the containing document as described. The JavaScript for the example is displayed below the iframe. You can right-click on the iframe to view its document's source code.
JavaScript for the Example
The JavaScript displayed here is included in the iframed document above to perform the tasks demonstrated. Code comments provide some explanation.
// get reference to form to attach button onclick handlers
var form = document.getElementById('iframeDemoForm');
// display offsetHeight of frameElement containing iframed document
form.elements.button1.onclick = function() {
 this.form.elements.display.value = window.frameElement.offsetHeight;
// increment and display counter variable contained in parent document
form.elements['button2'].onclick = function() {
 this.form.elements['display'].value =
 'counter in parent document is:'+ parent.counter;
form.elements.button3.onclick = function() {
 var re = /[^-a-zA-Z!,'?\s]/g; // to filter out unwanted characters
 // get reference to greeting text box in containing document
 var fld = parent.document.forms['demoForm'].elements['greeting'];
 var val = fld.value.replace(re, '');
 // display value in iframed document's text box
 this.form.elements.display.value = 'The greeting is:'+ val;
form.elements.button4.onclick = function() {
 parent.clearGreeting(); // call function in parent document
More examples of cross-document referencing are listed in the upper right.


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In peacetime the rank of Full General is reserved for the Commander of Finnish Defence Forces. Sometimes a General's branch of service is indicated in the rank. So far Finland has had seventeen of jalkaväenkenraali (General of Infantry), a few of jääkärikenraali (Jägergeneral), two of ratsuväenkenraali (General of Cavalry) and one tykistönkenraali (General of Artillery). Marshal Mannerheim himself was the other one of the two Generals of Cavalry before his promotion to Field Marshal.
The General was inaugurated in 1937, and carried coaches and Pullmans. It received some new lightweight equipment in 1938 as part of the fleet of modernism, but it was mostly heavyweight until 1940. It was the only "Fleet of Modernism" train to be streamlined without an observation car. It lost its coaches when the Advance General was inaugurated in 1940. It was re-equipped with lightweight sleeping cars from both the pre-war Broadway, and new cars from post-war orders. At this time, it also carried the Broadway's pre-war observation cars. In 1951 the General lost its all-Pullman status when it was combined with the all-coach Trail Blazer for non-peak travel periods only. In 1952 this consolidation became permanent, and by 1960, the Trail Blazer name was dropped. In 1967 the General was renamed the Broadway Limited when that train lost its numbers and all-Pullman status.


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Vuong, Ba-Quy; He, Yulan and Hui, Siu Cheung
Towards a web-based progressive handwriting recognition environment for mathematical problem solving.
Expert Systems with Applications, 37(1) pp. 886–893.
The emergence of pen-based mobile devices such as PDAs and tablet PCs provides a new way to input mathematical expressions to computer by using handwriting which is much more natural and efficient for entering mathematics. This paper proposes a web-based handwriting mathematics system, called WebMath, for supporting mathematical problem solving. The proposed WebMath system is based on client-server architecture. It comprises four major components: a standard web server, handwriting mathematical expression editor, computation engine and web browser with Ajax-based communicator. The handwriting mathematical expression editor adopts a progressive recognition approach for dynamic recognition of handwritten mathematical expressions. The computation engine supports mathematical functions such as algebraic simplification and factorization, and integration and differentiation. The web browser provides a user-friendly interface for accessing the system using advanced Ajax-based communication. In this paper, we describe the different components of the WebMath system and its performance analysis.
||2009 Elsevier Ltd
||progressive handwriting recognition; progressive structural analysis; web-based handwriting mathematics system; WebMath; client–server architecture with Ajax-based communication
||Knowledge Media Institute
|Interdisciplinary Research Centre:
||Centre for Research in Computing (CRC)
||19 Oct 2010 09:37
||23 Oct 2012 14:33
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What do frogs, newts, toads and salamanders all have in common? They are all amphibians! How many kinds of amphibians do you think there are in the world? On Monday, July 31, the 7000th known species of amphibian was discovered in South America. Centrolene sabini is a type of glass frog living in the high elevations of Manu National Park in Peru.
The Wiggly Tendrils have written a song to celebrate the 7000th amphibian. Click below to listen to this fun song. And if you'd like to read more about these interesting creatures, you can find many books about amphibians at the library.


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Open Education Week is taking place from 11-15 March 2013 online and in locally hosted events around the world. The purpose of Open Education Week is to raise awareness of the open education movement and opportunities it creates in teaching and learning worldwide. Participation in all events and use of all resources are free an open to everyone.
If you are new to open education, we recommend you start with the ABOUT OPEN EDUCATION section for introductory documents and videos.
Once you have a feel for what open education is, there are many ways you can participate in Open Education Week:
CONNECT ~ Check out the EVENTS AND WEBINARS schedule and join in – participation is open to everyone. Join a study group and register to earn a certificate by studying open courses if you like.
COLLECT ~ Find out about the diversity of open education efforts around the world. Visit the PROJECTS area and learn about open educational resources and open learning opportunities available to you now. Check out the RESOURCES tab for links to even more information.
CREATE ~ The "open" in open education means that you are free to modify resources, mix them together in new ways, add your own perspectives and share them back to the world. Find out how through some of the video PRESENTATIONS and WEBINARS. Put your thoughts down in a tweet or blog, create a video, or post a research paper.
SHARE ~ Tell people about your discoveries via Twitter using the hashtag _TAG_. You will be able to see the live Twitter feed on the Open Education Week HOMEPAGE. Let people know that there's a world of free and open educational opportunities available to them right now.
CONNECT ~ COLLECT ~ CREATE ~ SHARE


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Yankee Doodle America (Spirit Of 1776 From A To Z) : If you traveled the roads of colonial America, colorful hand-painted signs would greet you when you came across an inn or tavern, and inside, folks would be gathered who would be eager to share the news of the day. Wendell Minor invites us on just such a journey through America in the days of its struggle for independence. Each striking illustration, painted on hand-carved replicas of these signs, introduces readers to the people, places and events that gave birth to our nation.
|Niños y Jóvenes||Concepts|
|Niños y Jóvenes||Historia|


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Synonyms for incumbent
1. incumbent, officeholder, official, functionary, holder
usage: the official who holds an office
1. incumbent, superjacent (vs. subjacent)
usage: lying or leaning on something else; "an incumbent geological formation"
2. incumbent, necessary (vs. unnecessary)
usage: necessary (for someone) as a duty or responsibility; morally binding; "it is incumbent on them to pay their own debts"
3. incumbent, current (vs. noncurrent)
usage: currently holding an office; "the incumbent governor"
See also: incumbent (Dictionary)
Related Content
Synonyms Index


Police Evidence Technician
The department has two civilian employees who are police evidence technicians. They are responsible for assisting officers with processing crime scenes and handling evidence. Duties include, but are not limited to:
 - Photograph crime scenes with digital, analog, or video equipment as part of processing the scene;
 - Conducts searches and preserves physical evidence such as hair, fibers, dirt, body fluids, etc.
 - Completes written reports as required to document crime scenes and the collection and preservation of evidence;
 - Receives and stores physical evidence to maintain proper security and chain of custody of evidence until released for use in court proceedings;
 - Makes appointments with attorneys and law enforcement personnel to review physical evidence in preparation for upcoming trials.
 - Assists the Violent/Sex Offender Detective with assuring violent/sex offenders are registered.


LANology's Network Monitor
Network monitoring is an important aspect of any well-run network. With the Internet's increasing popularity, TCP/IP-based monitoring systems are becoming more valuable and necessary every day. LANWARE, an affiliate of LANology, offers Windows NT users a new product, NTManage, to monitor systems. With such a product, you can improve the security and increase service uptime for most enterprise networks. Both these improvements lead to monetary savings.
How can a network monitor increase your security effectiveness? Well, most network break-ins occur on inadequately monitored networks, and a monitoring service can help you discover intrusion attempts when they begin instead of after it's too late to stop them. Denial-of-service attacks, in which hackers bombard services with traffic and requests until the services can no longer handle the load, are common on the Internet. NTManage can detect an overloaded, nonresponsive service, and take offensive action toward remedying the situation. Suppose an intruder accesses a service at a command level and simply issues commands to bring the service down. A good network monitor can restart non-responsive or stopped services automatically, hindering an intruder from keeping them down or offline.
Service uptime is a huge concern in any network environment. One area to watch is preventing services from crashing and locking up a server on a weekend or after hours. Downtime at the wrong time means your network administrators spend their off hours working on your network, which costs your firm money in overtime expenses.
Service uptime and availability is often a direct reflection of your business. With so many businesses adopting Internet technologies such as email and Web servers as tools of commerce, people expect those services to be available when they need to use them. You don't want a hot prospect sending your sales staff important email, only to have that email bounce back to the prospect because your mail server was down all night or all weekend. And likewise, you don't want to spend money advertising your Web address only to find your Web server was down during the ad campaign. NTManage can help eliminate these possible fiascos. Let's look at NTManage and what it can do for you and your network environment.
NTManage is a TCP/IP and Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)-based monitoring system that notifies administrators about network problems through onscreen, email, and paging interfaces. The product also includes rules-based error reporting and notification that can spawn an application, run a separate Visual Basic script per device monitored, page or email an administrator, and write the errors to a log file.
NTManage supports SNMP 1 Management Information Bases (MIBs), and fortunately, most major software and hardware manufacturers support SNMP 1. SNMP 2 support is expected in NTManage's next update. The SNMP protocol requires a MIB for each device it manages to understand what management features and functionality the particular device supports. The software ships with several generic MIB types for monitoring and controlling devices and NT services, largely without requiring a product-specific MIB. NTManage has a built-in MIB manager and a MIB compiler and ships with several MIBs for common network services, including Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), FTP, Gopher, HTTP, Windows Internet Name Service (WINS), Gateway, Systems Management Interface (SMI), Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) MIB, LAN Manager MIB-2, and MIB-2.
The product sports a nifty split-screen, graphics-based network-monitoring display that looks like a cross between NT's Perfmon and Network Monitor. The difference is that the monitor is built into NTManage for quick access and can graph data from remote SNMP devices. You can view total bandwidth utilization, network traffic errors, and various packet counts for a given remote device.
NTManage includes configurable menu entries for quick access to external TCP/IP utilities such as whois, ping, traceroute, telnet, FTP, and command scheduler. Also, the product has a built-in IP address-assignment database for tracking enterprisewide IP usage.
Four features in particular make this product shine. First, if your network services, such as a SQL server or a mail server, run on an NT server or NT workstation, NTManage can attempt to restart a failed service across the network. NT servers monitored on the network map (created using NTManage to monitor your network devices) export all services to NTManage so that if a service fails, NTManage can attempt to restart it. If NTManage cannot restart the service, it generates an error condition that follows the rules-based error reporting you've defined. For example, if your SMTP mail server runs as an NT service and fails, NTManage will try to restart the NT service automatically. If the restart fails, NTManage will report the error using the methods and rules specified in the configuration for that device.
Second, you can instruct NTManage to cleanly shut down and reboot an NT server or NT workstation from a remote monitoring location. NTManage runs as a desktop application, which means it inherits the security policies of the user who is currently logged on to the system. For the remote service restart and system reboot features to work, the user must have Administrator rights.
Third, NTManage has an auto discovery feature that can scan ranges of IP addresses to locate all listening devices and their associated services. Auto discovery works across routers and into subnets.
Fourth, NTManage has an auto mapping feature. It builds a network map based on the information collected by the auto discovery feature.
Installation and Configuration
The installation process was smooth and straightforward. Once I installed the version 1.0 software, I easily launched it from the NT 4.0 Start menu, where the installation program placed the software's folder. The software runs on Windows NT 3.51 and 4.0, if you've installed the SNMP networking components.
The user interface for NTManage is similar to NT Explorer's, with a split-screen view that shows devices in a tree structure in the left pane and the graphical network map in the right pane. The tree structure keeps everything highly organized, so you can design a network map with an unlimited number of hierarchies or submaps. To navigate to maps, submaps, and devices, scroll through the tree structure in the left window pane and select the item from the list.
You can monitor any TCP/IPor SNMP-enabled device. NTManage's interface makes manually building a network map easy, or you can use auto discovery and auto mapping to complete the task. I built my map manually during this evaluation, but I tested the automatic features and found them to be quick and accurate. When you build a map manually, drag-and-drop procedures let you create the network map quickly. To add items to the map, select the item icon type from the toolbar's speed buttons; then point and click on a blank spot on the map where you want the icon placed. If you decide to move the icon later, drag it to its new location. You can quickly link objects with representational lines by clicking on the first object, holding down Shift while clicking on the second device, and selecting Link Objects from the pop-up menu. If you reposition an object on the map, the connecting lines also will move automatically.
NTManage classifies nine basic categories of network map and submap objects: bridges, computers, hubs, printers, repeaters, routers, submaps, switches, and terminal servers. For each category, you can define numerous icons to represent the network device, and the user can add icons. NTManage ships with numerous icons in place for most popular brands and types of network devices, from Cisco routers to Windows 95 machines.
Each network map object has a set of adjustable properties: Device Info, SNMP/NT, Notes, Image, and Error Management. Device Info, shown in Screen 1, includes device name, IP address, type, person to contact, contact's email address, device serial number, and device location. SNMP/NT includes SNMP community names for Get, GetNext, Set, and Trap, and NT machine name for restarting system services. Notes is a text-based device description and associated notes. Image covers icon category type and icon file name. Error Management, shown in Screen 2, offers switch setting to play a sound to signal a device error, write an entry to the NTManage's status log, run a specified program when an error occurs, and perform a traceroute to the device with logging.
To display a device's properties sheet, double click an object on the map. Once you place a device icon on the map, you have the options of no device monitoring, basic device monitoring using a simple ping routine, or extended device monitoring if you select the services to monitor: If a device on the map has no IP address assigned, NTManage will not monitor it; if a device on the map has an IP address defined, but no services selected, NTManage will monitor only by pinging. And if a device on the map has services selected to monitor, NTManage will monitor those services at the port level or with SNMP.
You can selectively define the type of services to monitor for a network device by right-clicking the device's icon and selecting Configuration Management from the pop-up menu. The dialog in Screen 3 appears, and you can enable and disable the list of services by clicking the associated check boxes. Monitorable services include ping, SNMP, Post Office Protocol (POP) 3, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), HTTP, FTP, Domain Name System (DNS), Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP), and Windows NT Services.
Once you place several icons on the map and set their associated properties and monitoring types, you can manually draw lines to visually represent their interconnectivity, or you can use the auto-linking feature. The lines enhance the visual representation of your network map, letting you easily see what


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Holocaust survivors, descendants of victims, activists and lawmakers marked Holocaust Remembrance Day Friday at the State Capitol.
Alpharetta Rabbi Michael Bernstein sang a memorial chant as the crowd honored Georgia leaders who teach the lessons of the World War Two tragedy.
Two metro Atlanta teachers received awards for their lesson plans, and about 25 middle and high school students accepted medals for winning Holocaust art and essay contests.
One of the winners, DeKalb County 10th grader Oscar Acevedo, says one lesson is the need to act against all injustice.
ACEVEDO: "Bullying is a very serious thing in school, and it doesn't just happen in schools it happens anywhere any time and as modern people as modern youth we should strive toward minimizing the actions of hatred such as bullying."
Acevedo says if Georgians don't continue to study the Holocaust and its lessons, history could repeat itself. But he does feel that young people today are informed about it.
Five Holocaust survivors and survivors' descendants lit candles in memory of victims.
The ceremony and contest are sponsored by the Georgia Commission on the Holocaust.
Click on this page's link to hear Rickey Bevington's complete interview with essay winner Oscar Acevedo.


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California Science CenterEcosystems
Discover how environment affects living things—and vice versa—in a new immersive exhibit. Ecosystems
is divided into eight zones, each of which demonstrates a different ecological principle. In Extreme Zone, visitors feel the heat of a desert ecosystem and the chill of an "ice wall" in a polar ecosystem. Forest Zone includes an underwater kelp forest inhabited by such California coastal creatures as leopard sharks and moray eels. Island Zone, home to lizards and tropical fish, shows the workings of evolution in isolated habitats. Ecosystems
also features a Discovery Room especially designed for children seven and younger.Permanent ExhibitVisit the exhibit website
Credit information can be found on the museum website.


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How to install an Intel CPU.
1 solved thread
This Tutorial addresses:
How to install a CPU might appear to be a simple task but it is far from that.[/b]
There are many models and socket versions of CPUs and years ago there actually were pins on the CPU itself and the socket had holes for those pins.
It took a good deal of patience to insert the CPU into the socket and line up those pins so that there was not one or many out of line and potentially getting bent as the CPU was lowered into the socket.
Tat has changed over the years to what is now a better method and less chance for bent pinsbut it has not completely been eliminated and you can still bend some pin type connections.
This picture is of a CPU socket that has some bent pins and it is most definitely not something that you want to see as there is no way to straighten out these bent pins. They are specially folded pieces of metal that line up with the metal points on the CPU and once bent the motherboard is no longer able to be a functioning board. The metal points on the bottom of the CPU are not actually pins and while they can't be bent you still should handle the CPU by the sides of the pcb.
How the CPU should be installed.
Step 1. The first thing that you do after attaching your antistatic wrist strap is to remove the CPU socket cover that comes with the Motherboard and is for the protection of the socket pins.
To remove the cover you need to locate the lid lever located on the side of the socket and by pressing down and moving slightly to the side you can then raise the lever and free the locking lid and by raising the lid you can remove the socket cover.
Step 2. Now that the cover has been removed you can look closely at the socket and locate the two notches on opposite sides of the socket. You will notice that the CPU also has notches on the sides and a gold triangle on the corner.
When you line up these two notches and the gold triangle you have the right orientation of the CPU as it should be placed in the socket.
Step 3.[/b] Now that the CPU has the correct orientation you can place it in the socket and by holding it firmly by the sides lower it into the socket. This should be done gently and in such a manor that it does not touch the sides of the socket and it is a straight process.
Once the CPU has been lowered into the socket and fits snuggly with the notches and gold triangle lined up you can now close the lockdown mechanism. Lower the cover and by making sure that the lever bar is placed on the edge of the lid you can lock the handle under the latch.
Now that the CPU has been installed and locked down it is ready for the Heat Sink.
Can't find your answer? Ask!


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Brain Imaging in Behavioral Neuroscience
This volume highlights the remarkable new developments in brain imaging, including those that apply magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET), that allow us to non invasively study the living human brain in health and in disease. These technological advances have allowed us to obtain new and powerful insights into the structure and function of the healthy brain as it develops across the life cycle, as well as the molecular make up of brain systems and circuits as they develop and change with age. New brain imaging technologies have also given us new insights into the causes of many common brain disorders, including ADHD, schizophrenia, depression and Alzheimer's disease, which collectively affect a large segment of the population. These new insights have major implications for understanding and treating these brain disorders, and are providing clinicians with the first ever set of biomarkers that can be used to guide diagnosis and monitor treatment effects. The advances in brain imaging over the last 20 years, summarized in this volume, represent a major advance in modern biomedical sciences.
The Authors of this volume are leaders in the development of PET and MRI methods as well as clinical and translational researchers skilled in their use in patients with brain disorders. Individual chapters of this volume focus on the use of specific methodologies, covering the full range of PET chemistry based approaches as well as MRI methods from structural and diffusion tensor based imaging, to functional MRI of functional brain circuitry, to pharmacological MRI and MRI spectroscopic molecular imaging.
An up-to-date and comprehensive survey of brain imaging studies in health and disease Contributions from world leading authorities on magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography Strong focus on recent conceptual and methodological advances in neuroimaging research


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Ongoing activities and strategies
Under natural conditions, beaches are constantly changing. Beach replenishment is required when the natural process of sand movement is inhibited due to foreshore development or to address erosion caused by storms. It involves taking sand from beaches where it is building up and placing it at beaches that would otherwise erode. If action isn't taken, ongoing erosion could result in extensive damage to reserves, roads and buildings built on the foreshore. The state government and many coastal councils undertake beach replenishment activities by sand carting or pumping using specialised infrastructure. Find out more about how we are replenishing Adelaide's metropolitan beaches.
Sand dunes play a vital role in protecting our beaches, coastline and infrastructure from the destructive forces of coastal storms, wind and waves. They also provide a future supply of sand to our beaches and an environment for many coastal plants and animals. Dune rehabilitation is carried out by councils and volunteer groups across South Australia.
Structures like groynes, breakwaters and seawalls can be used where appropriate to help trap sand and protect infrastructure:
- Groynes are structures built across a beach, usually from dry land out into the water, to trap sand on the updrift side in what is called a fillet. Small groynes are useful for raising beach levels on a small scale.
- Breakwaters are usually built parallel to the beach to interrupt the alongshore movement of sand. At Semaphore Park, a trial geo-textile sand bag breakwater was built in 2004. The trial proved so successful at trapping sand that the breakwater was armoured with heavy rocks in 2009. This area provides a source of beach replenishment sand to beaches further south.
- Seawalls act as a last line of defence and protect coastal infrastructure and property from storms. Since the 1960s most seawalls have been built and repaired using large boulders and rocks to absorb wave energy. Ongoing beach replenishment along Adelaide's metropolitan coast has slowed the damage to local seawalls, however many of the older structures will need repair in the future.
Harbours, marinas and boat ramps are valuable tourism and commercial assets. Their presence can also impact on local coastal processes. These impacts are considered during the planning stages of a project and minimised. Management of harbours and marinas includes:
- Sand bypassing using various methods such as trucks, pumping infrastructure and dredging.
- Dredging to remove built-up sand and sea grass wrack and to prepare the harbour for winter storms. This is frequently required at some marinas and boat launches, such as Glenelg and West Beach.
Ensuring new and proposed development is sustainable is an important aspect of coastal management. In 1991, the South Australian Government adopted the Coast Protection Board's Policy on coast protection and new coastal development. The components of the policy relevant to coastal development and land use were then incorporated into South Australia's planning system in 1994. Any new development proposal or substantial changes to coastal land is referred to the Coast Protection Board for comment. Find out more about coastal planning and development.
Coastal climate change adaptation
The Coast Protection Board factors in the need to adapt to a changing climate into every aspect of its work. A key aspect of the Board's coastal development policy is the requirement for new coastal developments to allow for sea level rise. New developments must now be protected against 0.3m of sea level rise (projected for 2050), and be capable of being protected against a further 0.7m of sea level rise (projected for 2100).


Skip to definition.
Noun: cleanup 'kleen,úp
 1. The act of making something clean
 "he gave his shoes a good cleanup";
 - cleaning, cleansing
 2. A very large profit
 - killing
 3. (baseball) the fourth position in the batting order (usually filled by the best batter on the team)
 - cleanup position, cleanup spot
Verb: clean up
 1. Put (things or places) in order
 - tidy, tidy up, neaten, straighten, straighten out, square away [N. Amer], declutter
 2. Make a big profit; often in a short period of time
 3. Dispose of
 4. Make oneself clean, presentable or neat
 "Clean up before you go to the party"
Derived forms: cleans up, cleaning up, cleanups, cleaned up
Type of: earnings, groom, improvement, lucre, neaten, net, net income, net profit, order, position, profit, profits, settle, turn a profit
Part of: batting order, card, lineup
Encyclopedia: Cleanup
Clean up