Browse Publications Technical Papers 2020-01-2057
Comparison and Evaluation of Performance, Combustion and Particle Emissions of Diesel and Gasoline in a Military Heavy Duty 720 kW CIDI Engine Applying EGR 2020-01-2057
Investigating the impact of Gasoline fuel on diesel engine performance and emission is very important for military heavyduty combat vehicles. Gasoline has great potential as alternative fuel due to rapid depletion of petroleum reserves and stringent emission legislations, under multi fuel strategy program for military heavyduty combat vehicle. There is a known torque, horsepower and fuel economy penalty associated with the operation of a diesel engine with Gasoline fuel. On the other hand, experimental studies have suggested that Gasoline fuel has the potential for lowering exhaust emissions, especially NOx, CO, CO2, HC and particulate matter as compared to diesel fuel. Recent emission legislations also restrict the total number of nano particles emitted in addition to particulate matter, which has adverse health impact. In this research study, the effect of using Gasoline fuel was evaluated, in a heavyduty diesel engine, for performance, combustion and emissions of CO, CO2, UHC, NOx, along with smoke opacity, including particle size-numbers distribution characteristics. These were compared for Gasoline and diesel fuels by applying EGR with turbo charging at different load condition, in a 12- cylinders, 720 kW, 38.8 liters CIDI military heavyduty diesel engine. The experimental test results showed that engine performance with Gasoline fuel, was slightly lower than with diesel fuel. Gasoline fuel, with 5 % EGR rate, has produced lower exhaust emissions including 32 % lower NOx emission along with lower nano particles emission, as compared to diesel fuel with 0 % EGR rate at different load condition.
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text:
Doctor of Philosophy
Aspiring entrepreneurs need and want ethics education. Authentic, robust educational resources and personalized instructional methods are not, however, available in professional or scholarly settings. Textbooks focus on large corporations and do not provide a framework to coordinate various ethical theories. Alternatively, some instructors use literary theory and real life exemplars to frame and teach ethics. In my dissertation, I expand on the characterization of the entrepreneur as a liberal artist and poet, isolate the ethical dilemmas presented by the entrepreneurial setting, summarize the strengths and limits of four major ethical theories, and identify current educational aims, resources and instructional methods. To address limitations, I introduce and demonstrate foundational, conceptual and teleological links between ethics, education, entrepreneurship, and the Humanities in general and Poetics in particular. I show the ways in which four major ethical theories, virtue ethics, deontology, utilitarianism, and moral ecology are subsumed in and can be respectively operationalized by Frye's (1957) notions of character, literary plot, literary genre, and his overall stance with regard to Poetics. I apply Frye's Poetic structure to four autobiographies written by exemplary entrepreneurs across four generations from 1867 to 2007 in the beauty industry in order to establish that Poetics provides a much needed, grounding foundation, a natural, instructional approach, and authoritative, comprehensive resources for ethics education for entrepreneurs. My exposition makes significant contributions to theory, pedagogy, and practice by explicating Poetics as a simple, authentic, iterative way for entrepreneurs and their educators find answers to the primary question in ethics, What is a good life?
O'Neil, Peggy M., "Ethics for Aspiring Entrepreneurs: Finding Education in Poetics" (2016). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 3720.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: I've been making pysanky for about 10 years now; I really consider them a poem on an egg. The word "pysanky" comes from the Ukrainian word "to write" and the designs, colors, and motifs all have special meanings and significance. Sometimes I've created pysanky inspired by poems -- it's like translating the poetry from English into the symbolic language of pysanky. Here are a few images of my pysanky, the pysanky process, and some suggestions for how to use pysanky in your everyday life. You can learn more about the art of pysanky here.


text:
- Who We Are
- Who We Work With
- What We Do
- News & Events
Organization:Institute for Water Technology (Spain)
As any other measuring device, a water meter is not an ideal instrument and is not capable of registering the exact amount of water consumed by a user. Every water meter, no matter its type, has considerable measuring limitations. Often, part of the water that is consumed is not registered and therefore not charged to the customer. Other times, depending on the water meter technology, some particular factors may lead to the opposite result, that is, to an over registration of the water consumption. In any of these two cases, since water meter inaccuracies are recognised as a critical component of apparent losses, it is important to be capable of quantifying the magnitude of these measuring errors.
Nowadays there is a general lack of information, based on real data, about the actual effect of different parameters in the performance of water meters. Hence, technical staff in the water utility has to evaluate or estimate water meter accuracy, and analyse the factors that may have any influence on it, without the help of bibliographic reference or external experience.
This paper presents real field and laboratory data on how several factors may affect the water meter accuracy for both, domestic and industrial type of meters, and different technologies, single jet, multiple jet, oscillating piston, Woltman and Tangential meters. Particularly the influence of the following parameters in the water meter metrology will be analysed: mounting position, velocity profile distortions, fatigue tests, depositions, partial blockage of the strainer or the water meter inlet, incorrect water meter sizing, water consumption patterns and the presence of user's storage tanks. As a result of the experiments it has been clearly shown that not every water meter has the same sensitivity to the previous parameters. Furthermore, diverse meter models of the same technology present very different behaviours depending on the specific construction characteristics of each instrument. Consequently, to reduce the magnitude of the apparent losses and to guaranty an accurate water measurement, it is not only important to select the adequate metering technology but also the right construction that suits the specific characteristics of the water supply system.
The paper is divided into two parts. The first dealing with factors that may affect domestic water meter accuracy and the second describing the most common problems in registering non-domestic water consumption.
|Key Factors Affecting Water Meter Accuracy.pdf||378.96 KB|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


_USER_{van Rooy_2019, title={A modal analysis of modal subordination}, volume={8}, url={_URL_ DOI={10.18148/sub/2004.v8i0.759}, abstractNote={In this paper I will give a modal two-dimensional analysis of presupposition and modal subordination. I will think of presupposition as a non-veridical propositional attitude. This allows me to evaluate what is presupposed and what is asserted at different dimensions without getting into the binding problem. What is presupposed will be represented by an accessibility relation between possible worlds. The major part of the paper consists of a proposal to account for the dependence of the interpretation of modal expressions, i.e. modal subordination, in terms of an accessibility relation as well. Moreover, I show how such an analysis can be extended from the propositional to the predicate logical level.


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There - It's repeatedly said to comfort one in that position There - Article on school subject that offers reassurance There - At that point, gathered's gathered There - Time short in this world? here's a word of sympathy (5) {5,1} There - In that place its three fold There - In the past he received many a present There - I told you so! you must get right inside There - 13 exchanging money for king's word of approval There - A word of comfort in further education? There - At that point, it's repeatedly said to provide comfort There - Beginning and end of a famous gertrude stein quote There - Word of comfort in that place There - Pointing remark There - A word of comfort leaving artist her easel There - When repeated, a comforting comment There - Consolingly, repeat this: i've done it! There - "who's ___?" There - 'finished!' There - 'that's the spot!' 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There - Part 1 of today's quote There - "... our flag was still ___" There - Consolation beginning and ending There - "where i'm pointing"


If you brine chicken in a high saline solution and and then cook it using a dry heat method it will come out salty. IF however you do the same thing and then cook it with a wet heat method e.g. soup it doesn't come out salty or seem affected by the brine. Why is this?
Salt dissolves in water. Brining is simply the process of soaking something in a saline solution so that either it absorbs saltwater, or the salinity of the pre-existing water approaches equilibrium with that of the brine. The end state is just a lot of water, some on/inside the meat and some outside, all with approximately the same salinity.
If you roast the result, you're evaporating most of the water but keeping the salt. If you boil it, then you're just reversing the brining process you followed in the first place, by diluting whatever salt (not to mention any other minerals/flavour) it has.
The salt in a brined chicken is not reacting with the meat, it's just dissolved in the water (which is in/on the meat). Give it a good enough "rinse" and the salt water will be gone.
In a Dry Heat method (such as smoking) the air around your meat is incredibly, well, dry. This dry air is therefore prone to absorb any moisture it comes in contact with, like the brine. The water is absorbed into the air and the salt remains. This results in a higher concentration of salt and is what is causing your bird to be'salty'.
If, however, the air is moist already or there is a'more available' source of moisture (wet method) then the humidity of the air surrounding your meat is already at (or near) it's capacity, that is the air is at it's maximum humidity or it's saturation point. The result is that the already moist air does not draw out the moisture leaving your dish moist and flavorful. In this case the broth will have a more balanced flavor.
Using a brine for a dry method is often a good thing, like a smoked turkey. But the remaining moisture and seasoning will be concentrated through the smoking process and so it requires the right balance of seasoning to get the desired result.
A good example you can look at to compare this is Pastrami vs. Corned Beef. They both start as a brined brisket, but pastrami is either dry roasted or smoked where corned beef is boiled.
Your Answer


Fallible Ideas Podcast
Episode: Sense of Life, Learning and Practicing
I explain sense of life, then explain how learning works, how the mind is organized, the hierarchy of knowledge, the role of practice, and what that means for changing your sense of life (or changing your emotions or any other intuitive, automatic or second-nature ideas). Link: _URL_
Listen (mp3). Duration 22:17. Date: 2019-09-28
Episode List | iTunes | RSS Feed


text:
Learn something new every day
More Info... by email
The square neck is a type of neckline that forms a square-shaped frame around the collarbone. Square necks are popular features on a wide variety of garments, including tank tops, bathing suits, fitted shirts, and dresses. Square necks are flattering on virtually every body shape and size, and also provide a sophisticated frame to the decolletage and face without revealing too much cleavage. The square neck has been featured on several different formal and informal styles of garments throughout the years. The formal or informal nature of these fashions depends largely on which type of sleeves, bodices, and fabrics are also featured on the garment.
During the late 18th century and early 19th century, the square neck was a popular feature on women's gowns, in combination with ruffled cap sleeves and shirred empire bodices. This style of square neck dress, sometimes referred to as a "Regency dress," is often depicted in artwork that captures the Regency era. Many of the female characters featured in the works of Jane Austen are depicted in this style of dress in illustrations and films based on her work. During the Regency era, square necks were often worn in combination with a "modesty panel," which is a piece of sheer fabric such as a scarf or shawl that was draped around the neck and tucked into the bust line, to avoid revealing too much skin. White Regency dresses were often crafted from fine muslin and worn as wedding dresses.
Since the Regency era, the square neck has remained a standard option for necklines, along with the boat neck, round neck, V-neck, sweetheart neck, and the slot neck, which is similar to the square neckline but features vertical edges that are closer to the collar bone and create a narrower, rectangular shape. In the 1990s, the square neck enjoyed a resurgence in popularity when the babydoll dress became fashionable, as it was often featured on dresses such as these which feature an empire waist. Also during the 1990s, the square neck was often featured on ribbed women's cotton shirts. Since the beginning of the new millennium, square neck tank tops have become a popular wardrobe staple in both men and women's fashions.


Just like all other lifestyle associated diseases, the worsening of the symptoms of piles like bleeding and discomfort, is definitely related to what you have had the day before. Hot and spicy food with loads of oil and meats, lack of greens and beans, as is common in most Indian kitchens, is more often than not an aggravating factor for an already brewing case of piles. If we take to eating healthy by incorporating plenty of fibres and salads, fruits, sensible amounts of meats, whole grains, and make our diet complete and balanced, the malady from piles can largely be avoided. To summate, what we take in healthy, gets out healthy!


text:
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
<< Back to GWCAES Homepage
In 1985 under the leadership of research scientists Clauzell Stevens and Victor Khan, the Station was instrumental in developing research programs that solved pest management problems and improved the health of vegetable crops through programs using low chemical input and biologically-based strategies such as soil solarization and agriplastic application, UV-C technology to control postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables especially sweetpotato and tomato. Plasticulture research activities centered on the transfer of new technologies such as plastic mulch systems, drip irrigation and soil solarization through field demonstrations, workshops and related outreach programs in partnership with the plastic industry and Auburn University.
Plasticulture scientists at Tuskegee were the first to use agriplastic mulch systems in Alabama to produce early spring watermelons, okra and tomato during the month of June so that Alabama farmers could be competitive with Florida growers. In recognition of the accomplishments of Stevens and Khan on a number of agriplastic research studies in plasticulture, the team was invited by the American Society of Plasticulture to lead a team of plasticulturists to write a chapter entitled: Plastic chemistry and technology as related to plasticulture in solar heating of the soil in Soil Solarization (1991) edited by J. Katan and J. DeVay for CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Stevens and Khan also demonstrated the use of agriplastic systems as a means to elicit induced foliage resistance to Alternaria leaf spot in vegetables. In a collaborative effort with scientists from Auburn University who pioneered the development of a biological control fungicide foliage spray, they demonstrated that, by integrating plasticulture techniques with the biofungicide foliage spray on tomatoes, there was another way to control early tomato blight with results comparable to a chemical fungicide. Scientists at Tuskegee were the first investigators in the U.S. and the third group of researchers to report that soil solarization induced resistance of several foliage diseases on crops. Furthermore, he and his colleagues used reflective agriplastic mulch to control mosaic viral diseases of squash in Alabama.
In 1984, Dr. Stevens and his colleagues were the first to introduce a new postharvest therapy on managing post-harvest diseases by inducing resistance in onions and sweetpotatoes to storage rots by UV-C elicitation. He proposed a hormesis model to explain this induced resistance phenomena. A collaborative link was established with scientists from the USDA/ARS, which further demonstrated UV-C elicited resistance to post-harvest decay in apples, peaches and tangerines. This in turn led to an international collaborative effort with scientists from the USDA/ARS and The ARO, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. This collaborative effort culminated with construction of pilot plants that will enable the future exploration of an "on-line" application of UVC technology on a semi-commercial scale with different fruits and vegetables.


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I'm doing good with calculus but I'm having trouble deciphering optimization problems. Two currently:
Find the area of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in a right triangle with legs of length 3cm and 4cm if two sides of the rectangle lie along the sides. (leg refers to a side that is not the hypotenuse) Here I dont even know what functions to use.. A = L*W (square) A= 1/2 * (x+3) * (y+4) (triangle)
Another one is: A box with square base and open top must have a volume of 32000 cm^3 Find the dimensions of the box that minimize the amount of material.
V = l*w*h here I assume square means l and w are equal. So 32000 = h * w^2
Basically I can't get past the wording and formula formation. I can get past the derivative and finding the critical points once I can create a formula.. Any help would be much appreciated.


Brazilian labour market amidst Coronavirus pandemic: Impact and way forward
Workers sit idle in front of Copacabana Palace, a hotel in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, facing Copacabana beach
By Dr Ian Prates*
The impact of the Coronavirus pandemic is diverse and every nation is combating it in its own fashion. It is important to note that the policy measures implemented during the pandemic are strongly related to the state of the economy before the pandemic. The state of the Brazilian labour market amid the pandemic cannot be seen in isolation from the pre-Covid times. Its story seen through the Gini Coefficient shows that in the 1980s to 1990s there was a period of great instability. As we entered the 21st century, there has been a significant decline in the Gini Coefficient. This hints at the improved labour market policies seen in the trend of formalization and a real increase in the minimum wage. But the 2014-2016 recession marks a reversal in the equalizing trend that Brazil had been on. In 2017, unemployment rose to 13.7% and the declining informality rate started increasing in 2016.
The household income, that has been rising steadily from the mid 2000's, has been strongly affected by the 2015-16 crisis, with a small recover after 2018. The coefficient of household income per capita follows a similar trend of increasing inequality from 2015 but a small decline in 2019. These suggest that the economy was on a recovery path since 2018. Having said that, the lives of the poorest 20% was downcast. While, between 2012-2014 the poorest ones increased their income relative to the richer ones, in 2015-2018, there was a significant drop in the income of the poor as compared to the richer.
The mercantilisation of social policies is one of the main reasons of the escalating inequality. The total budget of the Bolsa Família cash transfer program declined since 2014 and so did the number of families who were beneficiaries of the program – about 1.5 million families were excluded from the program. Additionally, the average benefit reduced in this period. At a time of crisis when the poorest were affected disproportionately, policies that hurt the affected section were implemented in the place of a recovery policy. During the time of the economic crisis, the government also decided to make the unemployment insurance coverage rules stricter causing an overall decline in the unemployment insurance coverage rate.
It is in such a setting that the pandemic hit Brazil, a moment when the bottom half of the population was in distress. Though the economic crisis had disappeared in 2018-2019, the lower half did not experience the same.
In the course of the pandemic, only 49.7% of the working-age population was in employment. Due to lockdown policies, labourers had to leave the labour market; about 10 million workers left the labour force during the pandemic. Although they were not officially considered unemployed, they were economically inactive and were outside the labour force. The improvement over the years in the size of the labour force reversed and in the second quarter of 2020, Brazil returned to the level it was before 2012. An additional 15.7% of the labour force chose to not seek employment due to the pandemic. The true expanded measure of unemployment stood at 27.7%.
The two important policy measures to fight the pandemic with regard to the labour market were the "Emergency Basic Income" and "Emergency Benefit for Preserving Employment and Income". The first was the Emergency Basic Income, the biggest welfare programme in Brazilian history, through which congress guaranteed income to the informal, unemployed, and poor families. The potential beneficiaries (over 60 million) received $110 as a cash transfer in the first three months and $55 in the next three months. Secondly, about 11 million beneficiaries in the formal labour market were benefited through the complementary benefit paid by the government to avoid lay-off of workers through the Emergency Benefit for Preserving Employment and Income.
The Emergency Basic Income policy was way too far from compensating for the negative effect of income lost due to unemployment. However, if it were not for the policy, the real income of the poorest families would not have improved. Since the value of the benefit was above the poverty line, those on the bottom 20% of the income distribution line were able to receive more income than they had before the pandemic. This change is temporary and the cause of joy to many will vanish as the new year begins. Brazil will be plunged into a new bitter reality where millions will be thrown into poverty. Brazil is bereft of the luxury to gradually reduce the value of the benefit because the public debt will overshoot 100% of the GDP, thus breaching the standard it set in 2016 to control rising debt.
Furthermore, the impact of the pandemic on the labour market has made racial and gender inequality evident. Blacks accounted for about two-thirds of those who lost their job, and more women were unemployed than men. Of the women who did not seek employment during the pandemic, 16.7% did so because of having to devote their time to care activities at home.
Moreover, the pandemic not only increased the existing inequality, but it also created new ones. One such is the rise in the digital and telework inequality. Only 10% of the people in Brazil worked from home. Analyzing the data across occupations shows that before the pandemic those who worked from home were mostly non-professionals like tailors, salesperson and bakers. Post the pandemic, professionals who previously did not work from home as much like lawyers, teachers, engineers, were the ones who worked mostly from home. This sheds light on the inequality that technology creates in jobs and reiterates that the future would also be shaped by the way digital inequalities are distributed among the Brazilian labour force.
There is a disproportionate effect between social groups and the way forward must take this element into consideration when redefining the social security system. The immediate future is bleak with regard to how the welfare scheme will be amended and then would follow a different scenario with greater crisis to face if the economy does not recover through other means.
*Researcher, Brazilian Centre of Analysis and Planning. Theses are excerpts from the lecture by Dr Dr Ian Prates at the Impact and Policy Research Institute (IMPRI), New Delhi.
Acknowledgements: Dr Arjun Kumar, Director, IMPRI; Gby Atee, Research Intern, IMPRI and undergraduate student from Ashoka University
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text:
Intellectual vs Logical
From UA Libraries Digital Services Planning and Documentation
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== Audio Reels ==
== Audio Reels ==
Please see [[Item_Numbering_Variations]] for information on file naming for the Emphasis and Working Lives audio collections.
Revision as of 22:30, 19 February 2010
There are times when the intellectual object does not correspond to the file division. This creates a problem in that the metadata file should be named for the intellectual object, and this is what should be presented to the user; however, the files which compose the intellectual object may not match up to the same boundaries.
We have two examples. One in which the preservation of the representation of the analog object requires retention of the logical representation (a letterbook), and one in which the logical representation is an unrelated artifact (audio reels).
The letterbooks we are digitizing have letters which may begin on one page and end on another, to be followed by another letter on the second page. Hence, the intellectual item is the letter, but it is also the book. The pages of the book do not correspond to the letters. Letter 12 may span pages 6 and part of page 7. How do we number the files and provide intellectual access?
The letters for which we have typed transcripts and/or specific descriptive metadata, have priority for delivery as intellectual items over the letters which do not.
Each letter to be delivered as an intellectual item with associated metadata and transcription or OCR, is considered an item in the collection.
If that letter spans more than 1 page, that letter will have multiple page images, one per page containing a portion of the letter. In the previous example where letter 12 spans pages 6 and part of page 7, those pages would be stored in the item as (assuming this is in the Jemison collection, and letter 12 is the 12th intellectual item scanned in this collection:
Letters for which we do NOT have transcripts or specific descriptive metadata need not be considered separate items. However, they will be included in the book as an intellectual item.
The entire book will be delivered as a separate item within the collection, with its own descriptive metadata. Thus we will be storing some of the same tiff images under more than one file name.
What this means:
Again, if letter 12 spans letterbook pages 6 and part of page 7, and letter 13 is on page 7, and we have transcripts for letters 12 and 13, then the tiff for page 6 will be stored as a part of letter 12, and will also be stored as a part of the book item.
(assuming the book is scanned as the 451st intellectual item and that the page count started with the cover:)
u0003_0000753_0000012_0001.tif (explained above)
u0003_0000753_0000451_0006.tif (the same tiff in the book item)
Page 7 will be stored 3 times: as part of letter 12, as part of letter 13, and as part of the book item.
u0003_0000753_0000012_0002.tif (explained above) u0003_0000753_0000013_0001.tif u0003_0000753_0000451_0007.tif
While this increases the storage cost, it disambiguates the situation while providing the best usability and representation of the intellectual item(s).
Please see Item_Numbering_Variations for information on file naming for the Emphasis and Working Lives audio collections.
Audio reels may or may not correspond to the intellectual object. The capture of the performance may in no way relate to the number of reels used, or where that performance capture began on a reel. That is to say, a performance may span multiple reels, and a reel may contain multiple performances, and a performance may span part of one reel and part of another.
We currently are considering a "performance" to be an intellectual item. That "performance" may simply be a home practice session, a lecture, or some other sensible division of an intellectual whole.
Currently we are creating one WAV file per side of a reel. Obviously, the file names used for these WAV files may not at all correspond to the web delivery file names of the intellectual item.
Case 1: Multiple WAV files per single performance
The performance is the intellectual item. Assuming this is the 14th performance identified in the Rohlig collection, the identifier for this performance is u0008_0000002_0000014. Let's say this performance spans one entire, 2-sided reel and one side of a second reel. Since we have 2 WAV files per reel (one per side) this is 3 WAV files. The numbering to use would be this:
Here we are following the file naming convention used previously for multiple batches of spreadsheets (for large or continuing collections), to indicate that each is only a portion of the whole; to recreate the whole, all these numbered parts would need to be concatenated in the order indicated by the number preceding the extension.
This clarifies that all these files are part of the same performance, but they may NOT have a one-to-one correspondence with the intellectual division of this performance into works.
Thus, if this performance contains 5 different works, to be presented online as 5 MP3 files each with a separate metadata record, those intellectual sub-parts would be represented by the following identifiers:
Documentation in the Admin folder (the Documentation folder of the archive) will contain information spelling out how the separate intellectual items are to be derived from the WAV files.
Case 2: Single WAV file containing multiple performances
Consider the situation where a WAV file spans multiple performances. Again, the performance is the intellectual item. In this case, the WAV file will be duplicated, named for each of the intellectual items it encompasses. If performance 16, 17, and 18 of this collection are on a single WAV file, the following files in storage will be identical:
Again, this increases storage cost but reduces ambiguity and confusion.
Case 3: Part of a performance on part of one WAV file, part of it on another
Let's assume that performance 21 begins on the last part of the 2nd side of reel A (we'll call this WAV X) and ends on the first portion of the 1st side of reel B (we'll call this WAV Y). 2 WAV files each contain a segment of performance 21.
This also implies that performance 20 (or part of it) is on WAV X, and performance 22 (or part of it) is on WAV Y. (This may not be true, but for argument's sake, let's say it is.)
WAV X will then have to be duplicated, once for performance 20 and once for performance 21; and WAV Y will also have to be duplicated, once for performance 21 and once for performance 22. (see previous case above)
The WAV files stored for performance 21 will be named:
This means that we cannot assume that a set of WAV files under an item number contain ONLY the intellectual item indicated; instead, we can only assume that the intellectual item is WITHIN the WAV files so numbered, and reconstruction of the intellectual item requires all the WAV files included in this set.
(updated 2/3/10, Jody DeRidder)


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Social Structure of Ancient China
Let's learn about China's social structure
Description: Peasants Of Ancient China
Image copyright: _URL_
A. Which groups made up China's Social structure?
*In first class were the kings and nobles; they were at the highest level.
*Then came the lords and warriors, they were in the second class.
*Lastly were the peasants, they were in the lowest class.
B. What were the rights and responsibilities of each group?
*The kings lead the government and gave land to different lords.
*The lords' responsibilities were to pay the taxes to the king and provided warriors to protect the land.
*Peasants farmed the nobles land and worked for the nobles and kings.
C. Why were some groups more powerful than others?
*They were more powerful because they were wealthy and known.
* They had a lot more resources than others.
D. Why were boy children highly valued in Ancient China's society?
*Boys were valued girls more because they were the ones that passed down the family names to their families.
*When their parents got old, the boys were the ones that took care of their parents.
E. Compare and contrast ancient China's social structure with the United States (our country)
*They are similar because the kings and president are in the highest class.
*In the second class in the U.S. are educated adults like lawyers and surgeons and people in the army like marines. While in china it is the warriors.
*In the lower class are the homeless and the citizens of
The U.S. In ancient China it is the servants and the slaves.


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A Beautiful Way to Communicate - Languages of Love and Understanding
Making English the official language, is exclusionary, elitist, and demeaning to hardworking, striving individuals. It is politically destructive to limit the use of languages. Sharing languages is a means of creating harmony and understanding between people of different cultures and a way to foster cooperation. It is a growth experience for individuals, an enhancement in strengthening communities, and eventually a benefit for government for languages to be recognized and shared, and for groups of people to be respected.
English will always be considered the first language of the United States. It should not have to be legislated as such. By recognizing the use and importance of other languages in the United States, English will take priority. In lieu of disenfranchising and discouraging others, the idea here would be to take the positive approach of recognizing the second most commonly used language, Spanish, as a second, or, sister language. English, therefore, remains 1


Rātā Moehau
Rare specimen forest tree. Reaches maximum of 30 metres. Smallish white flowers (the only white-flowered rata species) Oct-Nov. Distinctive whitish, spongy, flaking bark. Attractive dark green foliage with steeply curved crown. Endemic in the Far North. Prefers good sun, and well-drained soils. Hardy. Tolerates mild frost.
takana native trees takes the loss of our more rare native tree species seriously, and dedicates significant resources to increasing their presence and helping preserve New Zealand's natural heritage.


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Often when doing analyses in R you need to install and load many packages, and it can be tedious to type and a thousand times. The code below illustrates an efficient way of installing and opening up many packages instantly. You only need to change vector x and possibly comment out the second line of code if you have already installed the packages. Efficiency for installing packages could be improved by not reinstalling packages, but I have not checked into this yet.
_TAG_ packages you want to install and open in vector x
I was checking the function in R, and found out that by default it assumes unequal variances. This de facto implies that the assumption is violated, unless specified not to be the case. The main problem that this causes is that even when there is independence between groups, the test will correct for the correlation, even if it is tiny. This causes the degrees of freedom to deviate from round numbers, and might cause confusion for readers if copied directly into a paper (I have tried some things and it does not seem to affect the results).
To correct for this, the default argument should be set to true, i.e.. The code below shows the difference in degrees of freedom between the two (directly pastable into R).
_TAG_ that t.test function is correct for Independent samples t.test for two cases
t1<-t.test(x1,x2,paired=F,var.equal=T,digits=6) _TAG_ that default is var.equal=F
_TAG_ degrees of freedom between var.equal=T and var.equal=F


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Back to roots
Sukanya Vijayakumar's Gitanjali uses 72 Melakartha ragas
NEW Sukanya Vijaykumar
Venkatamukhi, the court musician of Tanjore king Vijaya Raghava in the 16th century is considered the original composer of 72 melakartha ragas. Sukanya Vijaya Kumar claims that Carnatic music exponents use 15-20 Melakartha ragas to compose, perform and teach. This led the musician to bring out a CD of Rabindranath Tagore's classical work "Gitanjali" having 18 songs using 72 Melakartha ragas. "Why is it that there is not a single female music composer/master in the history of Indian classical and western music? Why only "great masters" and not "great ladies". These were the questions that have tormented me from my student days and encouraged me to do this experiment," says Sukanya. She has also brought B.M. Shri's English songs.
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Chennai and Tamil Nadu


Porsche will build a new kind of battery cells for electric race cars
Some production cars will get the new silicon-anode technology, too
Racing is a significant part of Porsche's heritage, and gradually adopting electric technology isn't going to keep the firm away from the track. It announced a joint venture called Cellforce whose task will be to design and manufacture battery cells suitable for high-performance race cars and a handful of high-end, racing-inspired production vehicles.
Powering a race car with batteries is difficult because the technology adds weight and requires more time to charge than it takes to fill up a fuel tank. Porsche is out to solve these issues, and it believes it's on the brink of a breakthrough. It's working on battery cells that rely on silicon as the anode material, a solution which should allow its engineers to boost a battery's power density and in turn decrease its overall size and weight to benefit performance. And, the new chemistry reportedly reduces a battery's internal resistance, meaning the pack takes less time to charge. It can also withstand higher temperatures than the technology found in electric cars in 2021.
Porsche warned this new battery isn't the tipping point that will make EVs mainstream. It doesn't perform well in freezing temperatures, and it's not designed to withstand years of use and abuse. This is perfectly fine on the track — races are rarely held when it's 10 degrees below zero, and race car components are replaced on a regular basis in pursuit of reliability. But the technology would be problematic if put in the hands of, say, a police department in Michigan.
Michael Steiner, the head of the German carmaker's research and development department, also clarified this isn't an answer to Tesla's Gigafactories. It's considerably smaller because it's primarily a racing-oriented project.
"It will be a small plant compared to all of the Gigafactories. We are looking at around 100 megawatt-hours per year as a production capacity. It could be slightly more, but in terms of cars it should be about 1,000 units a year," he told Autoblog during a media roundtable. Many will be race cars, but the technology that Cellforce will design and manufacture will also end up in what Steiner described as "high-performance derivatives of existing cars." It sounds like something along the lines of a 911 GT2 RS with an electric drivetrain instead of a power-dense flat-six engine, though he declined to provide details, partly because production isn't scheduled to start until 2024 at the earliest.
Porsche selected Customcells, a German company formed in 2012 to develop cells for lithium-ion battery packs, as its partner in the project. It holds 83.75% of Cellforce, while Customcells owns the remaining 16.25%. Although neither party disclosed the financial terms of the deal, Porsche noted its investment lies in the middle-double-digit-millions range. German's federal government and the state of Baden-Württemberg contributed a total of 60 million euros (around $71 million) to the project. In exchange, the factory will be located somewhere in southern Germany.
Steiner explained Cellforce is still at the embryonic stage. "We have started with research and pre-development to build up knowledge about cell chemistry," he noted. Racing is very clearly the project's main focus, but Porsche is cautiously open to the idea of scaling up the project during the 2020s if everything goes according to plan.
"If this works, and if we see potential to come down with costs, there might be a chance for higher volume. But, this is not the task I gave to the team that has to start this new facility. They have a clear task: high-performance cells," he stressed. He added other brands in the Volkswagen Group will be able to use the cells if executives scale up.
Whether they will is up in the air. Transferring technology between the street and the track is often difficult.
"High performance and low costs do not go together very well in my experience," Steiner concluded.
Porsche Taycan Information
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IBS 10 letter Electric Geyser (Water Heater)
CAUTION The manufacturer cannot be responsible for the damages caused by improper installation or by failure to follow instruction in this pamphlet. Comply with the installation instructions before completing electric connection.
CAUTION The thermostat has been pre-set at the factory between 41°C (105° F) and 45° C (113° F).
CAUTION Hydrogen gas can be produced in a hot water system served by this heater that has not been used for a long period of time (generally 2 weeks or more). Hydrogen gas is extremely flammable. To reduce the risk of injury under these conditions, it is recommended that the hot water faucet be opened for several minutes at the kitchen sink before using any electrical appliance connected to the hot water system. If hydrogen gas is present, there will probably be an unusual sound such as air escaping through the pipe as the water begins to flow. There should be no smoking or open flame near the faucet at this time.
IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
When using electrical appliances, safety precautions to reduce the risk of fire, electric shock or injury to persons should be followed, including:
1. READ ALL INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE USING THIS WATER HEATER.
2. This water heater must be grounded. Connect only to properly grounded outlet. See "GROUNDING INSTRUCTIONS" found on "INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS".
3. Install or locate this water heater only in accordance with the provided installation instructions.
4. Use this water heater only for its intended use as described in this manual.
5. Do not use an extension cord set with this water heater. If no outlet is available adjacent to the water heater, contact a qualified electrician to have one properly installed.
6. As with any appliance, close supervision is necessary when used by children.
7. Do not operate this water heater if it is not working properly or if it has been damaged or dropped.
8. This water heater should be serviced only by qualified service personnel. Contact a service person for examination, repair or adjustment.
9. Failure to service the anode rod at least once a year could cause the tank to fail and leak. Any water heater should be installed in such a manner that if it should leak, the resulting flow of water will not cause damage to the area in which it is installed. National Plumbing codes require a drain pan for any water heater installation. Failure to install one is the sole responsibility of owner and/or installer. Reference UPC 2000 (Uniform Plumbing Code) Section 510 - Protection from Damage or IPC 200 (International Plumbing Code) Section 504- Safety Devices.


13 Ms Excel Formulas Overview
ms excel formulas overview Formulation and functions are the bread and butter of Excel. They drive virtually every part fascinating and useful you'll ever do in a spreadsheet. This text introduces the fundamental concepts it is advisable know to be proficient with formulas in Excel.


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Welcome back to the "7 Steps for Becoming a 21st Century School or District." In Step 1 you adopted your own 21st century education vision. In Step 2 you used communication and collaboration skills to bring your community together to adapt that vision. Now you need to reflect on whether your entire school or district's strategies are aligned to your new vision.
Let's say that your school or district's new vision is for each and every student to possess the 4C's:
- Critical thinking
The goal is to create a system that looks something like this:
- The district has a clearly defined set of student outcomes that includes the 4C's.
- The 4C's are integrated throughout curricula.
- Assessments measure student performance across the 4C's.
- Teachers have the support they need to teach and assess the 4C's.
- Education leaders are sharing their 4C's-related work through regular communications and collaboration opportunities with parents, community members and other stakeholders.
- Education leaders are monitoring and improving 4C's implementation over time.
The MILE Guide
One way you can determine whether your school or district is aligned to the new vision is through the MILE Guide, a self-assessment tool developed by the Partnership for 21st Century. The MILE Guide Self-Assessment Survey is a shortened version of the tool with a set of 14 questions that you can quickly answer. Your homework assignment for this week is to go online and take the MILE Guide Self-Assessment Survey. Answer the questions and print out the summary. The results page looks like this. (Please click the graphic to enlarge.)
What does your summary tell you about how aligned your school or district is to your 21st century vision? Use the MILE Guide to have an alignment conversation in your school or district. Ask your leadership team to take the online version a day or two before your next meeting. Have them bring the summary to the meeting prepared to discuss their answers. Facilitate a discussion around where your school or district is today with respect to alignment.
Virginia Beach City Public Schools is one district that has spent a lot of time reflecting on how their current education strategies are aligned to their vision. They adopted the following vision:
Their work focuses deeply on strategic plan alignment. Their strategic plan alignment involve five strategic objectives:
- Engaging every student
- Balanced assessments
- Improved achievement
- Creating opportunities
For example, the capacity-building involves developing essential leader, teacher and staff competencies. The development of professional learning communities (PLCs) was chosen as the key activity to support capacity-building. Each teacher receives Richard and Rebecca Dufour's book Learning by Doing, which establishes a shared definition for PLCs. District leaders also host a principals' collaborative meeting every month to keep everyone's work on "Compass 2015" connected. The collaborative now operates as a true PLC, and issues of alignment are kept "front and center" in everyone's work. This gives you a flavor of how hard Virginia Beach City Public Schools work to create alignment with their vision. It is not quick or easy, but it is essential if your vision is going to impact the students and classrooms of your school or district.
ConclusionI hope in this Step 3 blog we have given you a good sense of alignment and we also hope you will find the MILE Guide a useful tool. Come back next week and we'll focus on how to use the 4C's to align professional development with your vision. See you then!
In This Series
- Becoming a 21st Century School or District, Step 1: Adopt Your Vision
- Becoming a 21st Century School or District: Community Consensus Around the 4C's (Step 2 of 7)
- Becoming a 21st Century School or District: Align Your System to the 4C's (Step 3 of 7)
- Becoming a 21st Century School or District: Use the 4Cs to Build Professional Capacity (Step 4 of 7)
- Becoming a 21st Century School or District: Embed the 4Cs in Curriculum and Assessment (Step 5 of 7)
- Becoming a 21st Century School or District: Use the 4Cs to Support Teachers (6 of 7)
- Becoming a 21st Century School or District: Improve and Innovate (Step 7 of 7)


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TallyPrime Release 2.0 is available now!
Creating Salary Advance Deduction Pay Head (Payroll)
In Tally.ERP 9, you can create pay heads to account for deduct loans given to an employee from their salary.
To create the Salary Advance Deduction pay head
2. Enter pay head name in the Name field.
3. Select Loans and Advances as the Pay head type from the list of Pay head type.
4. Select Loans and Advances (Assets) from the List of Groups, in the Under field.
By default, Affect Net Salary is set to Yes. Type No, if you want to exclude this component from the pay slip.
By default, the Pay Head component name entered in the Name field appears in the Pay Slip. If you want to change this, enter the appropriate name in the Name to appear in Payslip field.
5. Set As User Defined Value as the Calculation type, from the List of Calculation.
6. Press Enter to accept.
Note: You may need to recover from the employee's salary, the interest towards the loan/advance given. In such cases, you can use the interest calculation feature to calculate the EMI for each month, and set the Calculation Type as Flat Rate to recover the amount.


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Land and Resource Classification -- Who Cares?
Increasingly complicated planning requirements have brought about a renewed interest in land and resource classification. While classification for a single purpose may be relatively easy, providing a system which is suited for several purposes is a complex undertaking. Before we can effectively address the dilemma of unifying classification systems, we must improve understanding of what is involved and provide for effective communication. Foresters, because of their multiple-use management responsibilities on wildlands, are in a strong position to take the lead in developing common approaches to the classification problem.
No Supplementary Data
No Article Media
Document Type: Journal Article
Affiliations: Group leader, Renewable Resources Evaluation, Forest Resources Economics Research, USDA Forest Service, Washington. D.C.
Publication date: 01 October 1978


Health Bulletin Alternative Health Using Foods Instead of Drugs
Vitamins Lost During Cooking
read more FAQsVitamins Lost During Cooking
On average, how many vitamins and nutrients are lost when spinach is cooked? Is it more than 50% or under?
This may surprise you. Spinach's value is enhanced by cooking. Or rather, the carotenoid in it, lutein, is locked in a fiber and released by cooking. This is similar to other carotenoids, lycopene and carotene. We don't know whether there are any vitamins in spinach. Its principal value is in its lutein, an anti-oxidant found in the eye. It is helpful in preventing macular degeneration, which can lead to blindness.
Website Design and Updates by Monica's Website Design


IBM MQ V8 Application Development (Linux Labs) (WM508G)
This course focuses on procedural application development for IBM MQ. It covers basic concepts applicable to most IBM MQ versions, new IBM MQ V8 capabilities, and V8.0.0.4 capabilities such as capped message expiry, redistributable clients, and URL support for client channel definition tables.
The course begins by describing IBM MQ, explaining the impact of design and development choices in the IBM MQ environment. It then describes IBM MQ application programming concepts, and provides programming topics and exercises to develop the skills necessary to implement various application requirements. These topics include methods of putting and getting messages, identifying code that creates queue manager affinities, and working with transactions. The course then provides lectures and hands-on experience with IBM MQ clients, and use of the publish/subscribe messaging style. Finally, the course describes the IBM MQ Light interface, introduces Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP), and explains how to set up an AMQP channel and how to interface with IBM MQ Light.
This course is designed for application developers and architects who are responsible for the development and design of IBM MQ applications.
 - Successful completion of Technical Introduction to IBM MQ (WM103G), or comparable experience with IBM MQ
 - Experience in business application design
 - Experience in C language development
 - Describe key IBM MQ components and processes
 - Explain the impact of design and development choices in the IBM MQ environment
 - Describe common queue attributes and how to control these attributes in an application
 - Differentiate between point-to-point and publish/subscribe messaging styles
 - Describe the calls, structures, and elementary data types that compose the message queue interface
 - Describe how IBM MQ determines the queue where messages are placed
 - Explain how to code a program to get messages by either browsing or removing the message from the queue
 - Describe how to handle data conversion across different platforms
 - Explain how to put messages that have sequencing or queue manager affinities
 - Explain how to commit or back out messages in a unit of work
 - Describe how to code programs that run in an IBM MQ Client
 - Explain the use of asynchronous messaging calls
 - Describe the basics of writing publish/subscribe applications
 - Describe the Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP)
 - Differentiate among the various IBM MQ Light AMQP implementations
 - Explain how to use IBM MQ applications to interface with IBM MQ Light
Show details
Course Outline
Course introduction
IBM MQ overview
Exercise: Working with IBM MQ to find your message
Basic design and development concepts
Exercise: Getting started with IBM MQ development
MQOPEN, queue name resolution, and MQPUT
Exercise: Working with MQOPEN and queue name resolution, MQPUT, and MQMD fields
Getting messages and retrieval considerations
Exercise: Correlating requests to replies
Data conversion
Bind and Message groups
Committing and backing out units of work
Exercise: Commit and back out review
Asynchronous messaging
Exercise: Asynchronous messaging review
IBM MQ clients
Exercise: Working with an IBM MQ client
Introduction to publish/subscribe
Exercise: Working with publish/subscribe basics
Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP), IBM MQ Light, and IBM MQ
Exercise: Connecting IBM MQ Light applications to IBM MQ applications
Course summary


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Mock Objects: From Concept to Code
Mock objects are simulated objects that mimic the behavior of real objects in controlled ways. Because many code modules interact with external entities-things like databases, networks, file systems, third-party frameworks, and even the clock-these entities often cause us big-time trouble during unit testing. These entities can slow down our unit tests, produce unpredictable results, and have dangerous side effects. The best unit tests are decoupled from these external entities. Rather than try to control the entities, you can create mock objects to simulate their functionality. With a tangible example in the form of a short play, Rob Myers introduces mock objects and provides a brief history of their "relatives"-stubs and fakes. Then, with an animated, nearly-worst-case example, Rob presents code he developed to "mock out" nasty dependencies and create safe, predictable unit tests. Learn how to mock out dependencies that will help you produce simpler, easier, and faster unit test suites.


Covid19: Choosing Digitization, Digitalisation or Digital Transformation?
Digitization, digitalization and digital transformation have been driving forces of innovation for small and medium-sized enterprises for the last two decades. In 2020, Covid19 forced many SMEs to shut down. Their business model did not fit this new situation, which is treatening the viability of SMEs worldwide.
SMEs play an important role for most countries: They account for 60% employment and 50%-60% in value added across OECD countries.
After the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, many SMEs experienced strong declines in revenue. Many of them don't have the reserves to survive under these conditions.
Therefore, policy makers responded by the establishment of different measures to save SMEs: Deferring payments, enhancing access to credit or providing grants and wage subsidies. Still, many SMEs are fighting to survive the crisis.
Which actions can small and medium-sized businesses take to ensure viability?
It needs sustainable actions to strenghten the resilience of a small or medium-sized business. This means adopting new technologies and work practices: Digitization, digitalisation and digital transformation are buzzwords, which are often used in this context.
It needs in-depth knowledge about digital concepts: "If business leaders think they can digitize a business or digitalize a process to digitally transform they are misunderstanding the terms and missing out opportunities to evolve, gain competitive advantage, respond to consumer and employee expectations and demands, and become agile businesses." (Colleen Chapco-Wade, 2018)
DigiCulTS Logo
To support SMEs not to miss out business opportunities and to stay competitive, the team of the ErasmusPlus project DigiCulTS, currently develops an online course and online resources to enable SMEs to find their individual approach to digitization, digitalization and digital transformation. The project team creates three core modules and more than 5 industry-specific modules. This is a sneak peek of the content and online activities, which we are currently developing for our course, which will be officially launched in April 2021.
The Difference between digitization, digitalizaton and digital transformation
Colleen Chapco-Wade (2018) and Bloomberg (2018) wrote brief articles about the differentiation between the three buzzwords. A quick summary:
 - Digitization: Transitioning from analog to digital
 - Digitalization: Making digitized information work for you
 - Digital Transformation: Developing innovative, customer-centred business models that integrate all this digitized data and digitalized applications.
Stopping at the transition from analog to digital (e.g. from paper-based letters to eMails) is not an option for SMEs nowadays.
Digital transformation it is!
Digital maturity is critical to organizational success. It is not enough just to digitize single processes without understanding the broader perspective of digital technology and cultural change. Digital transformation is about about people, not so much about digital technology: What needs do people have? How do they respond to technology? What are their expectations? How do they communicate online and what are their current habits?
The video below is about a desperate situation of the SME owner Joseph, which finally turns into a big success due to Joseph's agile way to respond to his customer's needs and reactions.
The development of an app, digitization and digitalization of processes is not enough to be successful
Joseph used technology to increase convenience for his customers. He did that by understandig trends, listening to complains and feedback of customers
This made his company resilient. Even during Covid19, he could easily ensure the viability of his company.
Reflect your practice: How did your industry struggle during Covid19?
How did digitization, digitalisation or even digital transformation mitigate the risks of closing down the business in your industry for good? Can you recall some examples? Leave a comment!
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Step 4. Texture
Daniel Shiffman shows how to put a texture (an image) on a 3D object.
Note that in this video he uses localhost and a local file rather than a hosting service. We are using the Ancient Brain server, where you can upload your own image. Go to "My uploads" in the menu and upload your own image and put it on the object.
The video also shows how a P5 World (which is a web page, remember) can use createCapture to access the webcam (if the user lets it).
Tutorial 18.4
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A pair of rival schools of martial arts, run by a pair of masters who have probably been at it for years before the series even started. If ''dojo'' is applied to non-Japanese martial arts, its use is an example of the FarEast trope.
Most often, but not always, the two masters were students of the same martial arts style before branching off to different styles: the protagonist usually (but not always) learning under the benevolent master who teaches wisdom and self defense, while the rival school is run by an EvilMentor and is characteristically ruthless, aggressive and brutal.
A subset of this trope comes in the form of "dojo busting," in which members of a rival school (or even an [[ArrogantKungFuGuy unaffiliated challenger looking to show his prowess]]) will sit in on lessons and challenge the sensei or top student to a match, usually as an excuse to completely ransack the dojo, maim everyone inside, and steal a memento of his victory (typically the dojo's marquee.)
Very often comes up in FightingSeries. This situation often involves or ends with the main students from both schools eventually becoming friends or at least allies, usually after [[DefeatMeansFriendship one of them defeats the other,]] effectively ending the feud, or turning it into a [[FriendlyEnemy friendly rivalry]] (if it wasn't already) instead.
See also FeudingFamilies.
* Being the quintessential FightingSeries (at least in Manga), DragonBall of course has this, with Goku learning the Turtle Style from Master Roshi, while his rival Crane Hermit's teaches his students styles of brutal assassination. Goku fights two members of the Crane School, Crane's brother Tao and his star pupil, Tien. Tien defeats Goku the first time, but, in a rare occurrence for this trope, his HeelFaceTurn begins even before Goku eventually bests him.
* Turned drastically UpToEleven in ''StarWars'' where the Jedi and the Sith teach opposing philosophical approaches to similar martial and magical skill, and have been at each others' throats for twenty-five thousand years.
* ''The Gone-Away World'' by Nick Harkaway has a rivalry between a ninja school and a mime school. (Yes, the mimes are martial artists. Don't ask.)
** Supported by Miyagi Dojo vs Kobra Kai in TheKarateKid 1 and 3.
* Inverted by ''Film/BestOfTheBest'', where the two schools are both honorable and have similar philosophies.
** ''[[_URL_ Ninja Academy]]''. Oddly enough, one of the students at the {{Hero}} ninja academy is a mime.
* RealLife: Count Dante's [[_URL_ Dojo Wars]]
* ''JadeEmpire'' naturally has a variant on this (It's technically the same school, but the two teachers use different styles)
* BambooBlade has rival Kendo schools.
* ''{{Pokemon}}'' did an episode about a pair of rival Gyms.
** The games also featured this with Saffron City's two Gyms, one for the Fighting-type and one for the Psychic-type. Only one got to be the official Gym of the city, and the Psychic-type Gym won due to ElementalRockPaperScissors.
* In ''Series/NinpuuSentaiHurricaneger'' and ''Series/PowerRangersNinjaStorm'', three Rangers are from the Hayate/Wind Ninja Academy and two are from the Ikazuchi/Thunder Academy. They clashed at first with the Thunder ninjas acting as PsychoRangers to the Wind trio, but eventually pulled together to fight the BigBad.
** Almost the entirety of ''Series/JukenSentaiGekiranger'' is about the battles between the heroic [=GekiJuken=] Beast Arts school and the evil [=RinJuken=] Akugata school.
* Bobby Wasabi's (whose local sensei is an AdultChild BigBrotherMentor) and the [[ThugDojo Black Dragons]] (a Cobra Kai {{Expy}}) in ''KickinIt''.
* Jackie Chan's first starring role, Snake in the Eagle's Shadow, is about two rival schools, Snake Hand and Eagle Claw. Eagle Claw has exterminated almost every student from Snake Hand. Jackie becomes the last student of the Snake Hand, and incidentally is able to fight the master of Eagle Claw without being killed, so he learns about his style and [[YinYangBomb combines both of them]] into the style that names the film.
* Wrestling/NewJapanProWrestling was notorious for shutting the doors to its dojo when someone came in to challenge any of the professional wrestlers and then giving out {{No Holds Barred Beatdown}}s.


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To ensure effective budgetary control, budgets must be effectively monitored and managed. Although the difference between monitoring and managing budgets is not clearly defined, there are certain characteristics that set them apart.
The two can be broadly distinguished as follows:
|Monitoring budgets||Managing budgets|
|Checking accuracy of actual income and expenditure reported; comparing "actuals" with budgets; calculating variances; identifying trends; highlighting variations to the person managing the budget.||Taking the necessary action, based on the monitoring results, to ensure the budget remains within control.|
The budgetary control process ensures funds are being utilised in accordance with the level and quality of output required from the allocated resources.
The process of controlling budgets can be broken down into several steps:
- Establishing actual position
- Comparing actual with budget
- Calculating variances
- Conducting variance analysis – establishing reasons for variances
- Taking action to exert control
Step 1 - Establish Actual Position
All organisations have some form of an accounting system which records their income and expenditure. Depending on the system, budgets will be identified by some form of budget code. Income and expenditure is then recorded against the budget code. This enables budget holders to identify their actual budget position at any point in time.
This information is normally provided in the financial management report. The style and content of the report will vary from one organisation to another and will be dependent on the financial system used.
To establish the actual position, the budget holder will need to examine and understand the financial information available. They will need to know how current the information is and adjust it for any outstanding transactions. These may include debtors and creditors. The budget holder will also need to know if any part of their budget has been "committed" – i.e. if goods and services have been ordered but not yet received.
Therefore, establishing the actual position may require information from several different sources depending on the organisation.
Step 2 - Compare Actual with Budget
After completing Step 1, the information gathered needs be compared to the budgeted figures set at the beginning of the financial year. This comparison should be simple if the actual income and expenditure headings match those of the set budgeted income and expenditure.
The difference between the actual income and expenditure and the budgeted income and expenditure is called a "variance". Variance analysis is an important technique in the budgetary control process.
Variance analysis is discussed in detail in some of our other resources, like our book "Managing the Devolved Budget". We also have a very good online course on the UDEMY platform called "Managing Budgets in the Public and Non Profit Sector" which explains variances clearly...


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The World Road Association (known as PIARC) was established in 1909 as a non-political, non-profit organization that aims to develop international cooperation and foster progress in the area of roads and road transport. PIARC brings together the road administrations of 121 governments and has members – individuals, companies, authorities and organizations – in more than 140 countries.
Principal PIARC activities include:
- Technical committees that pursue four-year work plans, conduct cooperative and joint studies, convene meetings, prepare reports and publications
- Major international events, such as World Road Congresses (every four years) and the Winter Road Congresses (also every four years, offset two years from the World Road Congresses.
The Transportation Association of Canada (TAC) serves as secretariat for the Canadian National Committee (CNC) of the World Road Association, while Transport Canada appoints the First Delegate to the PIARC Council.
Activities of the Canadian National Committee (CNC) include:
- disseminating communications and other information from PIARC and sharing Canadian information with PIARC for its dissemination to its other National Committees around the world
- organizing activities such as meetings, conferences and seminars
- assisting the First Delegate in identifying experts to participate in activities of PIARC technical committees and working groups
- promoting and administering CNC membership services in Canada
Membership on the Canadian National Committee is by individual, collective agency or regional authority. A Governing Task Force comprised of up to 22 CNC members reports to the TAC Board of Directors. The Governing Task Force typically meets in spring and fall, in conjunction with TAC's meeting cycle.
Create a PIARC account
Creating an account on the PIARC website is free, simple and without obligation. With an account, you can download some documents and subscribe to the PIARC newsletter.
By creating an account you gain access to:
- articles, publications (from sources such as the "Routes/Roads" magazine) and technical reports, all organized by knowledge base such as risk management;
- technical reports produced by one of the 20 PIARC technical committees;
- documents and proceedings from past international seminars and workshops;
- past Congress general reports; and
- a PIARC newsletter subscription.
Interested in gaining free access to a wealth of information on road transportation from an international perspective? Follow the steps outlined in the how-to guide.
While you are exploring the PIARC website, take note of these other useful resources that are available to everyone:
- Nine transportation dictionary resources including a dictionary of terms relating to roads and road safety as well as a lexicon.
- Links to other international transportation association websites.
- A manual of road tunnels.
- Descriptions and the option to purchase software related to: risk assessments for the transportation of dangerous goods through road tunnels (Quantitative Risk Assessment Model); and the analysis, planning, management and appraisal of road maintenance improvements and investment (HDM-4 from the International Study of Highway Development and Management).
If you have questions or comments, do not hesitate to contact us:
_PHONE_ Prince of Wales Drive, Ottawa, Ontario Canada K2C 3T2


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One man in Scotland is apparently building an underground bunker tourism empire. James Mitchell, who runs "Scotland's Secret Bunker," is planning to open another Cold War relic as a museum, according to the Scotsman. This one in Edinburgh, known as the Barnton Quarry Nuclear Bunker, was constructed in 1952 as a safe place to maintain power for the British government, with three stories of rooms to house the royal family, military and government officials, and even staff from the BBC.
Barnton Quarry hasn't been used since 1914, and before the bunker was built 100 feet below the earth there was an RAF fighter control center built on the land during WWII (it's still there, covered in graffiti). The bunker was completely a secret until 1963, when a group called Spies for Peace released the information to the public.
While it's long been popular for urban exploration (check out Secret Scotland for some great information), fires in 1991 and 1993 blamed on illegal raves caused it to be filled with asbestos. When the museum will open and how Mitchell will clean up the site remains to be announced, but for now you can glimpse the interior through the amazing photos of people who risked their health to plunge into the depths of the nuclear bunker fit for a Queen (warning, this video from an urban explorer has some kind of intense music):
Image via the Scotsman.
INTO THE ABYSS: BARNTON QUARRY NUCLEAR BUNKER, Edinburgh, Scotland


Please help!!!
As you are trying to move a heavy box of mass m, you realize that it is too heavy for you to lift by yourself.There is no one around to help, so you attach an ideal pulley tothe box and a massless rope to the ceiling, which you wrap aroundthe pulley. You pull up on the rope to lift the box. Use g or themagnitude of the acceleration due to gravity and neglect frictionforces.
Part A
What is the magnitude F of the upward force you must apply to the ropeto start raising the box with constant velocity?
Express the magnitude of the force in terms ofm, the mass of the box.


Question: I'm meeting with my divorce lawyer, what should I bring with me?
Answer: When meeting with an attorney, it is wise to bring with you any documentation that substantiates, or proves, your claim.
If you are meeting with your attorney to discuss property matters in your divorce, bring documents that demonstrate what assets you own. This could include deeds to real estate, titles to motor vehicles, financial statements for retirement accounts, bank statements, copies of insurance policies, and copies of appraisals. Also bring with you documents evidencing debts, such as mortgage statements, credit card statements, utility bills, and other loan documents.
Once your attorney establishes what assets and debts are involved, she will need to know whether these items are marital, separate, or mixed. Therefore, it is a good idea to bring with you any documentation affecting claims to the property. You should have your attorney review relevant prenuptial agreements, wills, trusts, powers of attorney, and liens.
Bring to your attorney copies of tax returns, w-2s, 1099s, and other income verification documents. These will be relevant for purposes of dividing debts and assets, and awards of spousal support and child support.
If child custody and parenting plans are contested, bring documents relevant to those issues. For example, medical and school records of the child, photographs, social media posts, and emails or texts between you and the other parent may all affect parenting-related claims.
LEGAL NOTICE: The above is not legal advice, and does not create an attorney-client relationship with Neyra, Mize & Associates. Your own situation should be reviewed and analyzed by an attorney.
Q&A: I'm meeting with my divorce lawyer. What should I bring with me?
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Virtual currencies are governed by the same economic principles of real money. If you don't closely monitor your virtual economy, inflation can erode the purchasing power of your currency—which can deter new users from playing your online game. Inflation is caused by an excessive growth of the money supply, which can drive up the prices of your virtual goods to the point where new players simply can't afford to play your game.
Some of the most common causes of inflation of virtual economies include:
- Misaligned payouts, or rewarding users with large amounts of currency for little effort
- Offering too many opportunities to earn currency, and too few ways to spend it
- Players gaming the system to fraudulently earn virtual currency
Here's a look at ways you can prevent virtual currency inflation:
Managing your offer completions
Offer completions are an effective way to monetize online games. But many game publishers use fixed exchange rates, which encourage users to actively seek out the highest paying offers rather than those they are genuinely interested in. As a result, exposing your exchange rates can significantly inflate your average user wealth. You can avoid this by grouping your offers as shown in the example below:
Monitoring your economy
Analytics can provide insight into the health of your virtual economy and help prevent inflation. Viral analytics platform Kontagent recommends that game publishers should:
- Monitor average net worth
- Track individual virtual good purchases
- Balance sources (ways your users can earn currency) and sinks (ways your users can spend currency)
If your analytics indicate that your currency is inflated, it's time to reduce the ways your users can earn currency and increase ways for them to spend. Implementing multiple currencies can also combat inflation by making some items available only with premium currency.
Implementing fraud detection
When users game the system and unfairly earn excessive amounts of currency, prices of your virtual goods will rise. With strong fraud detection, online game publishers can deter such behavior by deducting coins or banning the user from the game. Such monitoring can be done in house, or better yet, you can choose a payment platform that manages fraud for you.


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SD ID: ENVRI Radiative Forcing Integration
Organisations & Contacts:
Werner Kutsch, Alex Vermeulen, ICOS ERIC
Ari Asmi, ENVRIplus, Paolo Laj, ACTRIS
Stefan Kindermann, IS-ENES2 (DKRZ)
Sylvie Joussaume, Sébastien Denvil, IS-ENES2 (IPSL)
OVERVIEW: The environment-related disciplines provide many challenges around data management - both in terms of data size, data diversity and data distribution. The ENVRI Radiative Forcing Integration science demonstrator focuses on the interoperability between Observational and Climate Modeling Environmental Research Infrastructures. The scientific focus (redefined in the course of the project) addresses the generation of forcing fields for land surface/ecosystem models from climate models output (instead of the originally planned investigation of radiative forcing), while the technical objectives concentrate on:»the improvement of data integration services based on metadata ontologies»model-data integration by use of HPC»innovative services to compile and compare model output from different sources, especially on semi-automatic spatiotemporal scale conversion.
SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE DEMONSTRATOR:
On the practical side, the demonstrator estimated the capacity requirements to connect the IS-ENES2 climate data infrastructure with the in-situ data systems and land-surface modelling environment of ICOS.. The aim is to provide interactivity, i.e.land surface modelers can get relevant data from a number of climate simulations and generate forcing fields for their models from then, and int turn compare their simulation results with the experimental data collected by the ICOS Carbon portal. This demonstrator will also involve processing on spatiotemporal scale corrections.
- Improvement of data integration services based on metadata ontologies,
- Model-data integration by use of HPC,
- Petascale data movement,
- Innovative services to compile and compare model output from different sources, especially on semi-automatic spatiotemporal scale conversion
- Findability: Metadata ontologies matching between NETCDF-CF and in-situ metadata, data quality indicators.
- Accessibility: Automated access routines between the RI repositories. For fully open data, this is not immediately problematic, but might require analysis on needed resources and APIs.
- Interoperability: APIs, service integration, large data transfers, where to do processing (how to document?)
- Reusability: Citing and persistently identifying scale-changed data-sets? How to transfer knowledge of data versions used.
- MATURITY: All participating RIs have existing data systems, and their "act together"
- INTERDICIPLINARITY: The case provides direct interdisciplinary activity (even though inside the environmental domain)
- SYNERGY: This action directly uses the connections and needs of the existing RI actions within the cluster project ENVRIplus
- ENGAGING COMMUNITY: The case is actually useful for the scientist (and RIs) in the field! It is not just a demonstrator!
In EFRI scientific use case a virtual platform in EGI cloud was used to run land surface model using climate model data outputs from IS-ENES data infrastructure. Land surface model LPJ-GUESS was used to simulate water and carbon fluxes and simulation outputs were compared to in-situ measurements from ecosystem flux towers (Fluxnet 2015 data set).
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION
Solving technical problems related to building a virtual platform for the analysis consumed more time than expected. Therefore, improvements regarding the interoperability and data integration was not achieved to the desired extent. Experiences from this pilot might be valuable for future science demonstrators and save time if similar virtual platforms will be used in the future.


Published on: 02 Aug, 2017
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During your master's programme, you will also be stimulated to think about your future career. We will encourage you to think about your ambitions and your potential, to reflect on the skills you have learnt and still want to learn, the subjects you'd like to specialize in and how to do that (f.ex. by enrolling for specific courses or choosing a subject for your thesis), the type of job you would like to do and how to prepare for it.
We'll inform you by e-mail of events related to career orientation. It is advisable to keep an eye on the following activities that could be important for your orientation.
Seminar career orientation in November
Research abroad (in Latin America)
Humanities Career Event
Seminar career orientation in April
Research School Course Latin American Studies (ResMA)
Methods I: Research Seminar Latin American Modernities (ResMA)
Methods III: Writing Workshop (ResMA)
For future employers, not only the knowledge you have obtained during your studies is important, they might even pay more attention to 'soft skills', as they sometimes are called. These are different, behaviour-related skills that for example determine how you handle responsibilities, how good you are at planning and organizing, and how you solve problems.
This is why it is important that, during your studies, you focus both on obtaining as much knowledge as possible and on being conscious of which skills you have acquired and which skills you'd still like to learn. In the course descriptions of the master in Latin American Studies and the Research Master Latin American Studies you will encounter several of the following 'soft skills' that we will work on.
Problem solving (recognizing and analyzing problems, solution-oriented thinking)
Analytical skills (analytical thinking, abstraction, evidence)
Project management (planning, scope, boundaries, result-orientation)
Responsibility (ownership, self-discipline, bear mistakes, accountability)
Motivation (commitment, pro-active attitude, initiative)
Self-regulation (independence, self-esteem, aware of own goals, motives and capacities)
Verbal communication (presenting, speaking, listening)
Written communication (writing skills, reporting, summarizing)
Collaboration (teamwork, group support, loyalty, attendance)
Flexibility (adaptability, dealing with change, teachability, eagerness to learn)
Critical thinking (asking questions, check assumptions)
Creative thinking (resourcefulness, curiosity, thinking out of the box)
Integrity (honesty, moral, ethics, personal values)
Intercultural skills (communications between different cultures)
Questions about your (studie-related) career orientation? Make an appointment with the coordinator of Studies: A.C. Wapenaar MA
The programme has the following objectives:
1. to broaden and deepen the students' knowledge, understanding and skills, and train them in the use of scientific methods in the area of contemporary history, cultural and social analysis of Latin America;
2. to enable students to develop the following academic and professional skills: − the ability to solve academic problems independently, critically and creatively;
− the ability to analyse complex problems;
− the ability to clearly report academic results, both in writing and orally;
3. to prepare students for an academic career at a university for postgraduate programmes;
4. to prepare students for a non-academic career in the public or private sector for which advanced research skills and practical research experience are a prerequisite.
Theoretical Core Courses – 20 EC
In the first year of the programme you will take two core courses: 'Modernities in Latin America and the Caribbean' and 'Resistance, Revival and Change: Mechanisms and Expressions'. These courses mark the start of the programme and allows you to acquire knowledge on theoretical debates centered around the concept of modernity.
Thematic Electives – 20 EC
Throughout the programme you get three opportunities to select electives in your chosen theme of specialization. The themes are 'State-society relations', 'Literature, arts and media', and 'Culture and identity'.
The thematic electives combined with the core courses will help you to define your own research interest within the profile and expertise of the programme.
Research Seminar (Methodology 1) – 10 EC
In this Research Master the acquisition of research methodologies is of central importance. In the second semester of your first year, you start preparing for your research in the second year. The course will teach you the basics of writing a research proposal.
Graduate School – 10 EC
Research Schools courses offer training in both methodology and area specific knowledge. Research MA students choose courses at the Research Schools that relates most with their possible area of research.
Research in Latin America (Methodology 2) – 20 EC
Based on the prepared proposal from your first year, you will start your second year by carrying out the research project in Latin America or the Caribbean under local supervision and with guidance from your supervisor in Leiden.
Thematic Elective – 10 EC
In your second year you will also choose one thematic elective again. See description above.
Writing workshop (Methodology 3) – 5 EC
The writing workshop will provide support in how to present your findings in different academic writing formats (for example: PhD research project; article publication; funding proposal).
Thesis – 25 EC
Write your thesis based on the material you collected in Latin America or the Carribean.
Master thesis and requirements for graduation
The Research MA Latin American Studies is concluded by a 25 EC Research Master thesis.
The thesis is based on original research in primary sources and will be ca. 30.000 words in size (excluding footnotes, literature or appendices). The thesis has to meet a high scholarly standard; it should be possible to rework the results of the thesis in to an article for an academic journal. Students are guided in writing their thesis by thesis supervisors.
Requirements for graduation are:
Successful completion of all courses (75 EC)
Successful completion of a research project (20 EC)
Successful completion of MA Thesis (25 EC)
Please note that you are also asked to fulfill certain administrative procedures, as can be found on the website of Latin American Studies.


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There are no laws prohibiting the use of metal detectors in the public areas of provincial parks as long as the activity isn't interfering with the enjoyment of the other park visitors, breaking any of our other regulations, or in any way threatening any of the wildlife in the park.
Metal detectors can be used in the province's parks, provided that:
- They are only used on beaches and similar disturbed areas (where digging will not affect the natural ecosystem/habitat). In disturbed areas that are being excavated under a research permit, these areas are closed-off from the public to prevent recreational digging
- No historic resources are damaged or removed
- No items are removed from the park
- All items of value (historical or monetary) are turned over to the local park office
- They are used for recreation and not for commercial purposes
- Their use doesn't violate other laws, such as interfering with a person's quiet enjoyment in the park. People operating metal detectors are encouraged to use an earpiece/headphones to reduce the likelihood of the noise disturbing others.
As in the case of other park users, a person can expect to encounter officers who will inquire about the activities being conducted and require them to identify themselves and their occupation.
In order to dig for historical resources, a person requires an excavation permit issued by the Parks Division under the Historical Resources Act; this permit is associated with archeological or paleontological research permit. In some locations the excavated items are likely to remain in the park for research and storage; in situations where an excavated item is to be removed from the park, a collection permit is required.


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Until further notice, Waterfall Arts requires that all guests and artists registering for our classes and workshops are fully vaccinated for COVID-19. A digital or physical copy of your vaccine card can be presented at the door at the time of the class or emailed directly to our programming director. Masks must be worn throughout our building and during all programs.
** For youth programs, we ask for proof of vaccination of the household adults. If your child is vaccinated, you may submit the child's COVID-19 vaccination information, instead.**


Lastly, is it impolite?
In present Japanese, the usage is not limited to negative terms
ど根性'strong guts'
どん引き [Recent slang]
Here are some discussions on other sites:
And here's the definition from 大辞泉:
 - Re: 度忘れ, Shogakukan states: （「どうわすれ（胴忘）」の変化で、「度」は当て字） (A shift from dōwasure (胴忘), with 度 as ateji). Then, under 胴忘, we see: （「どう」は、ののしる意の接頭語を自嘲の意に転用したものという。「胴」は当て字） (The is apparently a pejorative prefix used to indicate self-deprecation. The 胴 is ateji). It might be useful to compare this Japanese and English pejoratives d'oh! or dur. I suspect this pejorative is cognate with both the Kabuki don and sense 2 of do from 大辞泉 above, and that the pejorative dō, don, do merged with a different do indicating emphasis as in sense 1 above. – Eiríkr Útlendi May 28 '14 at 17:22
Your Answer


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The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) recently released a new infographic that demonstrates how the country's medical schools and teaching hospitals work to improve patient care. The graphic can be downloaded and viewed here.
The graphic demonstrates how vital medical schools and teaching hospitals are to our country's health care system. For instance, the nation's nearly 400 major teaching hospitals train 80,000 residents in primary care and specialty areas each year. Nearly half of all external research funded by the National Institutes of Health is conducted at medical schools. And, AAMC teaching hospitals provide nearly 40 percent of hospital charity care.
UNC Health Care's status as a teaching hospital allows us to better train the next generation of doctors and better serve the patients we see each day. We are proud to be a part of a nationwide effort to improve care and better train medical students.