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Regardless of whether your backcountry adventure is short or long in duration, it's essential to always be prepared. You never know when the unexpected might become a reality. Below is a list of The Ten Essentials every backcountry traveler should carry.
- Navigation – Be sure to carry a map of the area you intend to travel, a compass, and the knowledge of how to use them. If you use a GPS unit, be sure you are familar with the unit. Bring a map and compass as a backup as electronics can malfuntion unexpectedly.
- Sun Protection – Sunglasses and sunblock should be carried, even on cloudy days. Eye protection should be worn during snow travel to prevent snowblindness which is a painful and dibilitating condition.
- Insulation – Weather can change suddenly. Be prepared for the worst possible weather you could encounter. Items you should include are a waterproof jacket, an extra layer of warmth (such as a fleece sweater), extra socks, gloves, and a warm hat.
- Illumination – In the event your trip lasts longer than anticipated, you could find yourself on trail in the dark. Having a flashlight or headlamp could be the difference between getting off the mountain tonight or having to wait until the next day.
- First Aid Supplies – There is no exact list of what a person should carry for a particular trip, but here are some suggestions that would be appropriate. Band aids, adhesive tape, gauze pads, tweezers, over-the-counter pain reliever and antihistimine, compression bandage (such as an Ace bandage), any personal medications that you are required to take (prescriptions, etc.), and a triangle bandage to act as an arm sling.
- Fire – It can become very cold at night and an emergency fire could be a lifesaver. Some suggestions would be a lighter, firestarter, matches, chemical heat tabs, etc.
- Repair Kit & Tools – Items can and will break. Build yourself an emergency repair kit to deal with backpacks that won't zip, tears in clothing, tent poles that snap, etc. Some suggestions are duct tape, knife, safety pin, fabric patches, safety pins, etc.
- Nutrition – Besides bringing a regular amount for the expected duration of your trip, be sure to bring extra in case you are out longer than planned. Foods that require no cooking such as nuts, bars, etc will be best.
- Hydration – Remember that we drink more when we are expending extra energy so account for that when you are deciding how much water to bring. If you plan on filtering or treating water on the way, verify that water will be available and that your filtering system is working correctly before you go.
- Emergency Shelter – For day hikers, this doesn't have to be a full tent, but something that will provide some warmth and help protect from the elements. Even an emergency space blanket or bivy will provide additional protection.


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Accession Number : ADP003857
Title : Pathophysiology of Combined Injury and Trauma: An Overview,
Corporate Author : ARMED FORCES RADIOBIOLOGY RESEARCH INST BETHESDA MD
Personal Author(s) : Conklin,J. J. ; MacVittie,T. J. ; Walker,R. I.
Report Date : 29 APR 1983
Pagination or Media Count : 14
Abstract : It has been 15 years since the problem of combined injuries has been reviewed. Since then a great deal has been learned about the pathophysiology of combined injuries. This proceedings will review the mechanisms in combined injuries, sepsis, immunological and inflammatory responses, surgery and wound healing, and therapy. This paper will briefly review experimental data on combined injury, and try to provide an overview of the primary pathologic processes causing death in trauma, radiation, and combined injuries. Other papers in this proceedings will definitively describe specific aspects in pathogenesis.
Descriptors : *Trauma, *Wounds and injuries, *Radiation injuries, Pathology, Physiology, Surgery, Healing, Therapy, Symposia
Distribution Statement : APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


- Rattle Definition & Synonyms
 3. (v. t.) Hence, to disconcert; to confuse; as, to rattle ones judgment; to rattle a player in a game.
 4. (n.) A scolding; a sharp rebuke.
 8. (n.) Any organ of an animal having a structure adapted to produce a rattling sound.
 9. (n.) Noisy, rapid talk.
 10. (n.) A noisy, senseless talker; a jabberer.
 11. (v. t.) To assail, annoy, or stun with a rattling noise.
 12. (v. t.) To scold; to rail at.
 14. (n.) An instrument with which a rattling sound is made; especially, a childs toy that rattles when shaken.
Rale, Rattling,
- Rattletrap Definition & Synonyms
 1. (n.) Any machine or vehicle that does not run smoothly.


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- Plesk for Linux
When creating a directory via Plesk File Manager, the operation fails with:
PLESK_ERROR: Error occurred during /bin/mkdir command
PLESK_ERROR: filemng failed: filemng: Error occurred during /bin/cp command.
The following error appears in
CONFIG_TEXT: Disk quota exceeded
- On creating a file with Plesk File Manager, the following error is shown:
CONFIG_TEXT: Unable to create /httpdocs/file.html: Failed to copy files storage to destination path. stderr: filemng: Cannot open destination file '/var/www/vhosts/example.com/httpdocs/file.html.l3J8rf' System error 122: Disk quota exceeded stdout: filemng: Cannot open destination file '/var/www/vhosts/example.com/httpdocs/plesktest.html.l3J8rf' System error 122: Disk quota exceeded
Hard disk quota of the subscription's system user has been reached.
Go to Domains > example.com > Web Hosting Access.
Increase the value of hard disk quota in the Hard quota on disk space section.
Apply the changes.


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Abstract : Results are presented from a search for a fourth generation of quarks produced singly or in pairs in a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 inverse femtobarns recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2011. A novel strategy has been developed for a combined search for quarks of the upand down-type in decay channels with at least one isolated muon or electron. Limits on the mass of the fourth-generation quarks and the relevant CKM matrix elements are derived in the context of a simple extension of the standard model with a sequential fourth generation of fermions. The existence of mass-degenerate fourth-generation quarks with masses below 685 GeV is excluded at 95% confidence level for minimal off-diagonal mixing between the thirdand the fourth-generation quarks. With a mass difference of 25 GeV between the quark masses, the obtained limit on the masses of the fourth-generation quarks shifts by about +/- 20 GeV. This result significantly reduces the allowed parameter space for a fourth generation of fermions.
S. Chatrchyan, M. Besancon, S. Choudhury, M. Dejardin, D. Denegri, et al.. Combined search for the quarks of a sequential fourth generation. Physical Review D, American Physical Society, 2012, 86, pp.112003. <10.1103/PhysRevD.86.112003>.


BioShock Infinite Language Settings FAQ
Does BioShock Infinite have full language packs?
Yes, BioShock Infinite is available with full language audio support and subtitles in several languages. The audio dialogue and subtitles will both play in your preferred language, as determined by your platform settings.
What languages can I play BioShock Infinite in?
Copies of BioShock Infinite in most territories will have access to English, French, Italian, German, and Spanish localizations.
Russian, Polish, and Japanese are only available in their respective territories.
I live in a CIS country, will EFIGS localization be available for me?
Yes, Russian and CIS copies will also have English, French, German, Italian and Spanish localization. The same goes for Polish and Japanese copies.
For more information about the Russian and Polish-language versions of BioShock Infinite, please contact 1C Support:
Are save files in BioShock Infinite bound to one specific language?
No, you are free to change your system's language at any time. Save files are compatible with any language pack.
How do I change the language that my game plays in?
In general, BioShock Infinite will play in the language detected by the platform's system settings. On PC, it will play in its detected Steam settings.
Change your Xbox 360 console language
To change the language setting on your Xbox 360 console, follow these steps:
 1. Press the button on your controller, go to , and then select .
 GuideSettingsSystem Settings
 2. Select Console Settings.
 3. Select Language and Locale.
 4. Select Language.
 5. Select the language that you want to use.
 6. The game should now launch in your selected language
 7. More information can be found at the following: _URL_
Change your PS3 console language
To change the language setting on your PlayStation 3 console, follow these steps:
 1. From the XMB (Playstation dashboard), select Settings and press X
 2. Select System Settings and press X
 3. Select System Language and press X
 4. The menu will present a list of available languages to choose from. Select the language of your choice and press the X button to confirm.
 5. The game should now launch in your selected language
 6. More information can be found at the following: _URL_
Change your Steam language (PC)
In Steam, the language setting can be changed by either changing the global language settings for your Steam Client, or by changing the properties for just this game. To change the language settings specific to BioShock Infinite in Steam, follow these steps:
 1. Log into your Steam account
 2. Right click on BioShock Infinite from the Steam game library and choose Properties.
 3. Go to the Language tab
 5. Click OK
 6. Upon launching the game, Steam will download and install the required language files.
 7. Once the language files are installed, you should be able to launch the game in your preferred language.
 8. More information can be found on the following page:
Have more questions? Submit a request
Article is closed for comments.


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Science & Engineering Research Center
The goal of Potomac's Science and Engineering Research Center program is to provide our students with the opportunity to do high-level, independent research projects.
Students conduct in-depth study and research of an original topic and address a question previously unanswered in science or engineering. Students work one-on-one with our faculty and with an outside mentor, typically a professional scientist. A summer internship at a research facility or university for 4-8 weeks is a requirement and an important component of the program. Our students have had mentors and internships at a variety of labs including The National Institutes of Health, the J. Craig Ventor Institute, Georgetown University, Yale University, the University of Minnesota, the University of Maryland, and John Hopkins University among others.
In tenth grade, the students who are selected into the program are enrolled in two courses:
1) The Topics in Science and Engineering course begins the program by having the students explore various fields of research and engage in projects that allow them to examine the steps required to properly structure an experiment or project in order to adequately test a hypothesis. When students are reasonably sure of their direction, they contact professionals working within their area of interest and then read current research papers in order to refine their topics. Visits to MIT and also local universities and research facilities expose the students to a range of research fields and provide contacts with possible mentors. The students will complete a formal project proposal for the research they will conduct in their junior and senior years.
2) The Accelerated Integrated Chemistry and Physics course provides students with an integrated, quantitative overview of chemistry and physics. Through problemsolving, mathematical modeling, and laboratory work, the students will learn the core, critical concepts of chemistry and physics and the key features that unify the two disciplines. The central role of mathematics as a universal language of science is emphasized. Upon successful completion of the course, students in the SERC track will be prepared to take Advanced Placement Chemistry and Advanced Placement Physics in their future years at Potomac.
In eleventh grade, students will again take two courses:
1) AP Biology or AP Chemistry or AP Physics
2) Advanced Science Research, which provides the students with an individualized opportunity to pursue the research question they proposed at the end of their tenth grade year. The students have a class period each day dedicated to working on their projects. Ideally, students will have both a Potomac science teacher and an outside mentor advising them during the school year. Students are expected to spend time in the summer after eleventh grade working with their outside mentor or taking part in a science research internship program. The time commitment for the summer work or internship is usually six weeks.
In twelfth grade, students will take one or two AP science courses and finish their research by documenting and presenting their work. Some students will elect to submit their research findings to national competitions including the Siemens Competition, the Intel Talent Search, and the Georgetown Symposium. The SERC program is selective. Interested students may apply in the spring of their ninth grade year.
Recent SERC Projects
Polyurethane digestion by fungi
The discovery of microorganisms that can efficiently degrade polyester polyurethane (PUR) has become a pivotal goal in promoting bioremediation as an applicable solution to plastic waste. Endophytic fungi were isolated from a variety of plants on campus and tested on their ability to digest polyurethane (PUR) in soluble or insoluble form. Members of the Glomerella and Cladosporium genera were found to grow on PUR as sole carbon source in both conditions. Current experiments are underway to characterize the activity of the enzyme responsible for this digestion, as well as the transcriptional differences in the fungi grown under varied environmental conditions.
Protein 3D modeling to explain cytoplasmic sequestration of nuclear proteins
This project focused on the cytoplasmic protein 14-3-3 s and the nuclear regulator fox-o1, two are known regulators of cellular pathways. The goal was to generate visual models of the interactions between foxo1 and 14-3-3σ. The main software used were I-TASSER modeling to generated full-length 3d conformations of foxo1, and Rosetta dock to model the interactions between the two proteins. The simulations suggested that the prongs of 14-3-3σ attract the foxo1 consensus binding site revealed by phosphorylation, in a manner similar to a horseshoe magnet attracting a dipole.
Effect of the plastic additive BHT on the growth and development of drosophila melanogaster Additives to plastic have become essential to achieve specific properties. Some of these additives include heat stabilizers, antioxidants, lubricants, and anti-static agents. These chemicals can leach in the environment and become toxic, questioning their safety. This project focuses on testing the effect of one such additive on the growth and development of the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster.
PCR test for Lyme disease
Lyme disease is an infectious, vector-born disease that affects the lives of over 300,000 people in the United States every year. The current testing works well under ideal conditions - sufficient, measurable quantities of the antibodies after an incubation period after the initial infection. However, it also leads to both false-positives and false-negative diagnosis and the need for a new diagnostic test that is more efficient, effective, and reliable is high. This project aims at developing a PCR test for Lyme disease with high sensitivity and specificity to target strands of Borrelia burgdorferi in a patient's blood sample.
Encapsulating islet cells in a hydrogel matrix with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, heparin, and
Type 1 diabetes (t1d) is a chronic illness that is caused by an autoimmune reaction resulting in the loss of insulin-producing β-cells in pancreatic islets. This project focuses on the encapsulation of pancreatic islet cells within a hydrogel capsule bonded with heparin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-a), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ-1), and components from the extracellular matrix (ECM), such as collagen and laminin.
Mangrove based water filtration system
Clean water is an essential resource, being a prerequisite for human life. As the human population continues to grow, the demand for clean water will increase accordingly, aggravating the problem of fresh water availability throughout the world. Aquaporins are membrane proteins that regulate water transport through cells and they promote permeability orders of magnitude higher than commercial membranes when embedded in synthetic polymers. The incorporation of these proteins into a proven system, a biomimetic mangrove structure, could yield higher efficiency in water desalination.
Chloroplast symbiosis has been described as the mechanism by which how the sea slug, Elysia chlorotica lives photosynthetically. Like sea slugs use photosynthesis to create energy, yeast uses fermentation to make ethanol. Yeast is a unique organism because they choose fermentation even in the presence of oxygen, and they react in a variety of environmental settings. It is also the main organism used in biofuel production as carbohydrate sources are fed to the yeast for ethanol production. The goal of this project is to implant a photosynthetic system into a fermentative organism.
Improving the efficiency of solar cells
Using phosphorescent algae, solar cells electrical output will be measured to evaluate its efficiency. The goal of this study is to expand the time solar cells can be used, since phosphorescent algae emit light at night.
Improving tactile sensitivity in prosthetic hands and robotic systems
The current technology for robotic and prosthetic hands in terms of tactile sensitivity is developing but not widely accessible. Will mimicking the ridges of a human fingerprint improve tactile sensitivity in prosthetic fingers? This project researches what type of sensors are ideal for gaining tactile sensitivity in prosthetic fingers (capacitive, piezoelectric, force sensitive) and what design of the artificial fingerprint will provide the best tactile sensitivity in the prosthetic fingers.
Optimizing photocatalysts for solar-fuel production by altering nanostructures
Solar energy is one of the most promising renewable energy technologies for its potential to provide carbon-free energy on the terawatt scale. However, one of the most significant problems facing the integration of solar energy is efficiently converting it into chemical fuels for storage. This project analyzes the effects of different nanoarchitectures on a basic cobalt catalyst in a photoelectrochemical cell and their relation to the photocatalytic properties of a certain material?
Effect of short wavelengths of light on ab-42 fibril formation
Alzheimer's disease is known to be caused by plaque deposition in the brain. These plaques are fibrils that polymerize from short peptides known as ab-42 and resemble fibrils that have been characterized in prion disorders. Prion fibril formation has been shown to be sensitive to UV light. This study analyzes the effect of UV light on the formation of fibrils from the ab-42 peptide.
Hyaluronic Acid Promotes
Chondrogenesis In Human Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells Derived From
War-Traumatized Muscle Tissue Within A Fibrin Hydrogel Scaffold
Regeneration of cartilage in the clinical treatment of traumatic extremity wounds aims at implanting engineered tissue at the site of injury. The most promising technique currently involves combining cells of stem cell lineage with biocompatible scaffolds in order to promote reliable differentiation of the cells in the patient. The purpose of this study is to analyze whether the presence of hyaluronic acid (ha) promotes chondrocyte differentiation from human mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) in an engineered fibrin matrix supplemented with increasing concentration of ha.
S1p/S1P1 signaling pathway is necessary for


Adding Object to the Hierarchy
Once you have configured the hierarchy (set up where in the hierarchy each object type will go), you can start adding the actual objects. To do that, you must create a new root object type, which represents the beginning of the hierarchy.
 1. On the toolbar, click New and select your root object type. In our example it will be Production.
 2. In the Create a new… section, enter the details.
 3. Click Save to finalise.
 4. Now you will be able to add the next level of objects to the hierarchy. In our example the next level of objects will be 'Series'. In order to add the next level of objects, there will be a button as shown below. In our example the button will be an Add Series button, as we have specified that the 'Series' object type is always a child of the 'Production' object type. Your button may read something like "Add Episode" or "Add Media Asset" depending on the object type you have chosen.
 5. Once you have clicked the Add… button, you will be taken to the Create a new… screen, where you can add the details for that specific object. So in our case, we will add the details for a Series.
 6. Click Save.
 7. The object, (in this case, a new Series) is added to the hierarchy.
 8. If you click on the object you have just added (in this case 'Series') you will see an Add… button which allows you to add an object to the next level of the hierarchy.


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cables enough headroom
You must make sure there's enough clearance (C) between the uppermost cable and the inside top of the raceway to ensure a safe and easy pull. For a straight pull, the clearance can be as small as 1/4 in. and still be adequate. For more complex pulls, however, you'll need between 1/2 in. and 1 in.
Use the equations noted in Table 5, based on worst-case configurations, to find out the clearance distance for a given cable/raceway configuration. To compensate for variations in cable and raceway diameters, and the oval shape of raceway sections at bends, the nominal diameters are increased by 5% (by a factor of 1.05).
Don't pull too hard on the conductor
Maximum allowable pulling tension depends on three limiting factors; it cannot exceed the smaller of any of the following:
- Maximum tension on the cable's copper or aluminum conductor;
- Maximum tension on the pulling device (pulling eye or cable grip); or
- Maximum cable SWBP.
The maximum tension you can place on a cable's conductor is 0.008 times the circular mil (cmil) area of the conductor for copper and 0.006 for aluminum. Base these values on the tensile or yield strength of the respective metals and a 2.4 safety factor. In other words, you divide the respective material yield strength by 2.4 to find out the resulting maximum tension you can apply directly to the conductor material. This gives you a built-in safety cushion.
Use the equations noted in the SIDEBAR: How Much Tension Is Too Much For A Conductor Material? to calculate the maximum conductor material pulling tension.
Don't kill the pulling eye or cable grip
If you're pulling large kcmil conductors, their allowable maximum pulling tension is in the thousands of lbs. This large amount of tension can exceed the capability of your pulling equipment. Consider the capability of the pulling device along with the conductor's performance characteristics.
Obviously, the pulling device manufacturer's recommendations are important. As such, you should follow recommended maximum pulling tensions on cable conductors with pulling eyes, as shown in Table 6.
Conventional pulling eyes. These devices, whether compression or epoxy filled, have a maximum capability of 14,000 lbs. If you need additional capacity, you can use soldered pulling eyes, which allow a maximum of 16,000 lbs.
Basket grips. Here again, you should follow the manufacturer's recommendations. Table 7 lists the recommended maximum pulling tensions on cable grips with copper and aluminum single and multiconductor cables.
To calculate how much tension you can apply on a cable grip when pulling a lead sheath cable, see the SIDEBAR: Using A Cable Grip On Lead Sheathed Cable.
SIDEBAR: How Much Tension Is Too Much For A Conductor Material?
Yes, there is a limit as to how much tension you can place directly on aluminum or copper - as defined by the following equations:
Copper: Tm = 0.008 x n x cm
Aluminum: Tm = 0.006 x n x cm
"Tm" is the maximum allowable tension applied to the cable conductor, "n" is the number of cables, and "cm" is the individual conductor area in circular mils.
You'll have to adjust these equations to reflect the number of cables taking the tension. For example, if you're pulling three single-conductor cables (either cradle or triangular configured), n=2, since two of the cables may sustain the total pulling tension. If you're pulling more than three cables of equal size, the maximum tension you can directly apply to the conductor material is 60% of the total value.
SIDEBAR: Using a Cable Grip on Lead Sheathed Cable
You can find the maximum pulling tension on lead-sheathed cable when using a cable grip by using the following equation: TsubM = (4712) x (t) x (d - t), where t is the sheath thickness (inches) and d is the overall diameter of the cable (inches).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Successfully complete the game to unlock Challenge mode.New Game+ mode
Successfully complete the game. You can now start a second playthrough with all your original upgrades; however, they will not be active until the Sand Army is released.Sarcophagus locations
Search the following locations to find all ten Sarcophaguses. Note When you get near a Sarcophagus, you will hear a sound and can identify them by their blue orb glow.
1. Near the exit of "The Stables", climb to the top of the octagonal-shaped room, to find the first Sarcophagus.
2. In "The Fortress Courtyard", jump to the platform beneath the circular switch you have to activate to progress.
3. After the spiked floors in "The Fortress Courtyard", drop off the main path, and slide along a series of ledges to reach the Sarcophagus.
4. Near the exit of "The Prison", activate the switch to open the gate. As you quickly run past the traps to roll under the closing door, before you exit the prison, go right to climb the wall, then go right again to find the Sarcophagus.
5. At the start of "The Sewer" when you are climbing the frozen water spout, jump towards the beam. Use the frozen water spout again to reach a second beam above the first one. Then, you will be able to jump over a gap to reach the Sarcophagus.
6. Near the exit of "The Sewer", walk along the side-path on the left. Then, freeze the water to swing across the gap and reach the Sarcophagus on the other end.
7. When you enter a room in "The Royal Chambers" with a water spout on the left with switches to its sides, freeze the water, and use it to jump towards each switch. The Sarcophagus is behind a door that opens after activating both switches.
8. In the middle of "The Royal Chambers", you will reach a room with a waterfall on both sides, and two accompanying water spouts. Freeze the water, jump up to the second water spout, and use it to jump towards the waterfall. While in mid-air, quickly unfreeze your ability so you will go straight through the waterfall and land on a ledge. Then, climb up to find the Sarcophagus.
9. Near the exit of "The Royal Chambers", jump on a ledge to the right of the water wheel room, and continue on the ledge without freezing the water. Then, perform a wall run up from the ledge to reach the wall. Jump off the wall to reach a pole. Jump off the pole to another ledge, and move left across it to find the Sarcophagus.
10. At the beginning of "The Throne Room", climb the wall on the left until you reach the balcony to find the last Sarcophagus.
When you reach Rekem, there will be an area where you fight three Glowing Sand Creatures (the ones that spawn other Sand Creatures). Use your power slash to kill the Sand Creatures they spawn. After you have a few hits, run around the area and repeat the process until you unlock the "Sand Nemesis" achievement.Achievements
Accomplish the indicated achievement to get the corresponding number of Gamerscore points:
- Memories of Azad (20 points): Reach the thick of the battle.
- A Warm Welcome (20 points): Catch up to Malik.
- Solomon's Army (30 points): Release Solomon's Army.
- Just us and them (50 points): Close the fortress gates.
- Not what it looks like (50 points): Defeat Ratash.
- Eye of the Storm (30 points): Reach the final fight.
- Prince of Tides (50 points): Complete the Enemy Tides Challenge.
- Power Boost (20 points): Find and break a sarcophagus.
- Got Walkthrough? (50 points): Find and break every sarcophagus.
- Completist (50 points): Purchase every item in the upgrade menu.
- Anger Management (15 points): Break 100 vases and sarcophagi.
- Sand Nemesis (30 points): Kill 50 enemies in a row without being hit and without using upgrade powers or the Power of Time.
- And King of Blades (20 points): Kill 500 enemies with the sword.
- Acrobat (30 points): Jump on enemies 30 times in a row without falling or using the Power of Time.
- Like Dominoes (15 points): Knock down 5 enemies with one kick.
- Floors are for losers (15 points): Wall run for a total of 1/2 mile (805 meters).
- Stay Dry (30 points): Move on solidified water for 1 minute without using the Power of Time.
- Untouchable (30 points): Defeat Ratash in the Throne Room wihout taking any damage.
- Death from Above (30 points): Finish off 10 enemies in a row using only the Aerial Slash.
- Invincible (20 points): Finish the final battle against Ratash without taking any damage.
- And stay down! (15 points): Use the finishing lunge 20 times.
- Air Time (15 points): Perform 20 Aerial Slash attacks.
- David and Goliath (15 points): Finish 5 titans with the Aerial Slash.
- This is Persia! (20 points): Kick 20 enemies off of ledges.
- Attack from all angles (15 points): Knock down 15 enemies using the aerial kick.
- Swift as the Wind (15 points): Defeat 30 enemies using the Power of Flight.
- Big Finish (10 points): Defeat an enemy by doing a power attack on the fifth hit in a combo.
- Elemental Control (20 points): Upgrade one power to level 4.
- Ding! Level Up! (15 points): Purchase your first upgrade.
- Close Call (15 points): Save the Prince's life by using the Power of Time.
- Not how it Happened (15 points): Use the Power of Time 20 times.
- Prince of Fire (15 points): Defeat 50 enemies using the Flame Trail.
- Prince of Earth (15 points): Defeat 50 enemies while using the Stone Armor.
- Prince of Water (15 points): Defeat 50 enemies using the Ice Blast.
- Prince of Wind (15 points): Defeat 50 enemies using the Whirlwind.
Additionally, there are five secret achievements:
- No longer human (50 points): Suffered defeat at Malik's hands.
- Welcome to Rekem (30 points): Arrived in Razia's city.
- Power of the Djinn (30 points): Razia becomes part of sword.
- End of the Army (50 points): Complete the game.
- Our Little Secret (5 points): Start the game on the Normal difficulty. Then, switch to the Easy difficulty at the very beginning, and play through the game.


Measuring a tree's carbon footprint
The economic cost of the Forest Pansy's lifecycle was calculated at roughly $98, while its carbon footprint was measured at negative 63 kg CO2e.
By Brooks Hays | June 30, 2014 at 2:21 PM
| License Photo
WASHINGTON, June 30 (UPI) -- More and more people are aware of their daily carbon footprint. Humans have calculated the carbon footprint of train travel, transatlantic jets, TVs, washing machines, presidential campaigns and more. But what is the carbon footprint of a newly planted tree?
Planting a tree is largely regarded as an environmentally friendly act. But when it comes to absorbing and emitting CO2, some landscaping trees are friendlier than others. Now, thanks to researchers at the American Society for Horticultural Science, we know the carbon footprint of the flowering Forest Pansy, or redbud tree.
As part of a new study on the positive economic and environmental benefits of landscaped trees, researchers Charles R. Hall and Dewayne Ingram demonstrated how the carbon and economic footprints of a variety of plants can be calculated -- so everyone from farmers to backyard gardeners to urban planners can make more intelligent purchasing and planting decisions.
Expressed in units of tons (or kilograms) of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e), a tree's carbon footprint is the measure of all greenhouse gases emitted during its life cycle -- that means its planting and care at its original nursery or farm, its transportation from birthplace to new home, and its maturing days lived out in yard, park, garden or forest.
"Knowing the carbon footprint of production and distribution components of field-grown trees will help nursery managers understand the environmental costs associated with their respective systems and evaluate potential system modifications to reduce greenhouse gas emissions," explained Ingram and Hall.
The researchers also monetized the different costs involved in raising and planting trees, including labor, equipment and transportation. The economic cost of the redbud's lifecycle was calculated at roughly $98, and its carbon footprint was measured at negative 63 kg CO2e.
"Our findings validate those of previous studies that found that input costs of production processes (machinery, water, fertilizers, pesticides, and energy) are a significant portion of the nursery variable operation costs," the authors wrote. "Thus, a more efficient use of these environmentally sensitive inputs cannot only reduce production costs for the nursery, but reduce their environmental risks or impacts as well."
The study was published in the journal HortScience.
Related UPI Stories
Topics: Charles R.


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Two new EU reports show just how serious soil degradation has become in Europe. The reports show that between 1990 and 2006 at least 680 acres (275ha) of soil per day were permanently lost through soil sealing – the covering of fertile land by impermeable material – amounting to an area the size of Leinster. Soil erosion by water is now estimated to affect 1.3 million sq km in Europe, an area equivalent to 2.5 times the size of France. Soil degradation affects our capacity to produce food, prevent droughts and flooding, stop biodiversity loss, and tackle climate change.
The reports underline the need for action to prevent the ongoing deterioration of Europe's soils. Erosion, soil sealing and acidification have all increased in the past decade, and the trend is likely to continue unless challenges such as rising land-use, the inefficient use of natural resources and the preservation of organic matter in soil are addressed. According to the policy report, five years after the adoption of a Soil Thematic Strategy, there is still no systematic monitoring and protection of soil quality across Europe. This means that existing actions are not sufficient to ensure an adequate level of protection for all soil in Europe.
In preparation for action at EU level, the Commission has been working to support soil awareness initiatives, research and monitoring projects, such as LUCAS, a survey on land cover, land use and agro-environmental indicators run by Eurostat. The Commission has also continued to integrate the objective of soil protection into other EU policies, including agriculture and rural development. Around Eur3.1 billion has been allocated to the rehabilitation of industrial sites and contaminated land as part of the Cohesion Policy for the period 2007-2013.
In addition to ongoing actions aimed at addressing soil degradation, the Commission intends to support research and soil monitoring, finalise guidelines on soil sealing and integrate further soil considerations in the upcoming review of the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive. The Commission will also propose accounting for land use, land use change and forestry emissions (LULUCF) as part of the EU's climate change commitment for 2020, as well as work at the international level to promote soil-related initiatives.


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This workshop for K-12 educators uncovers the reasons why teaching science is so difficult and offers practical advice to help teach more effectively. Each program focuses on one theme (e.g., Hands on Learning) and one content area and uses specific examples to show how students' preconceived ideas can create critical barriers to learning. Education experts review teaching strategies and their results and recommend ways to involve students and approach difficult topics.
This video workshop for grade consists of nine 90-minute video programs, an online workshop guide. Review the course work requirements and the supporting website for more information.
Annenberg Learner (formerly Annenberg Media) funds and distributes multimedia professional development courses and resources to advance excellent teaching in American schools. These educational video programs with coordinated web and text materials help teachers enhance their expertise in their fields and refine their teaching methods. The School of Education at Colorado State University offers graduate credit for teachers enrolled in these professional development courses. Educational video programs with coordinated interactive web and text resources form the basis for these courses and can be accessed at the Annenberg Learner website.


2.4. Blockade Interaction in a Magnetic Field
The interaction between Rydberg atoms is strongly influenced by external electric and magnetic fields. A small magnetic field for instance lifts the Zeeman degeneracy and thus strengthens the Rydberg blockade, especially if there is a non-zero angle between the interatomic and the quantization axis. This has been discussed in M. Saffman, T. G. Walker, and K. Mølmer, "Quantum information with Rydberg atoms", Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 2313 (2010). Here we show how to reproduce Fig. 13 using pairinteraction. This Jupyter notebook and the final Python script are available on GitHub.
As described in the introduction, we start our code with some preparations. We will make use of pairinteraction's parallel capacities which is why we load the multiprocessing module if supported by the operating system (in Windows, the module only works with methods defined outside an IPython notebook).
%matplotlib inline
# Arrays
import numpy as np
# Plotting
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Operating system interfaces
import os, sys
# Parallel computing
if sys.platform!= "win32": from multiprocessing import Pool
from functools import partial
# pairinteraction :-)
from pairinteraction import pireal as pi
# Create cache for matrix elements
if not os.path.exists("./cache"):
cache = pi.MatrixElementCache("./cache")
We begin by defining some constants of our calculation: the spatial separation of the Rydberg atoms and a range of magnetic field we want to iterate over. The units of the respective quantities are given as comments.
distance = 10 # µm
bfields = np.linspace(0, 20, 200) # Gauss
Now, we use pairinteraction's StateOne class to define the single-atom state \(\left|43d_{5/2},m_j=1/2\right\rangle\) of a Rubudium atom.
state_one = pi.StateOne("Rb", 43, 2, 2.5, 0.5)
Next, we define how to set up the single atom system. We do this using a function, so we can easily create systems with the magnetic field as a parameter. Inside the function we create a new system by passing the state_one and the cache directory we created to SystemOne.
To limit the size of the basis, we have to choose cutoffs on states which can couple to state_one. This is done by means of the restrict... functions in SystemOne.
Finally, we set the magnetic field to point in \(z\)-direction with the magnitude given by the argument.
def setup_system_one(bfield):
 system_one = pi.SystemOne(state_one.getSpecies(), cache)
 system_one.restrictEnergy(state_one.getEnergy()-100, state_one.getEnergy()+100)
 system_one.restrictN(state_one.getN()-2, state_one.getN()+2)
 system_one.restrictL(state_one.getL()-2, state_one.getL()+2)
 system_one.setBfield([0, 0, bfield])
 return system_one
To investigate the \(\left|43d_{5/2},m_j=1/2;43d_{5/2},m_j=1/2\right\rangle\) pair state, we easily combine the same single-atom state twice into a pair state using StateTwo.
state_two = pi.StateTwo(state_one, state_one)
Akin to the single atom system, we now define how to create a two atom system. We want to parametrize this in terms of the single atom system and the interaction angle.
We compose a SystemTwo from two system_one because we are looking at two identical atoms. Again we have to restrict the energy range for coupling. Then we proceed to set the distance between the two atoms and the interaction angle.
To speed up the calculation, we can tell pairinteraction that this system will have some symmetries.
def setup_system_two(system_one, angle):
 system_two = pi.SystemTwo(system_one, system_one, cache)
 system_two.restrictEnergy(state_two.getEnergy()-5, state_two.getEnergy()+5)
 if angle == 0: system_two.setConservedMomentaUnderRotation([int(2*state_one.getM())])
 return system_two
Now, we can use the definitions from above to compose our calculation.
def getEnergies(bfield, angle):
 # Set up one atom system
 system_one = setup_system_one(bfield)
 # Calculate Zeeman shift
 zeemanshift = 2*system_one.getHamiltonian().diagonal()[system_one.getBasisvectorIndex(state_one)] # GHz
 # Set up two atom system
 system_two = setup_system_two(system_one,angle)
 # Calculate blockade interaction
 eigenenergies = (system_two.getHamiltonian().diagonal()-zeemanshift)*1e3 # MHz
 overlaps = system_two.getOverlap(state_two)
 blockade = 1/np.sqrt(np.sum(overlaps/eigenenergies**2))
 return blockade
With a little boiler-plate, we can then calculate and plot the result with matplotlib.
plt.xlabel(r"$B$ (Gauss)")
plt.ylabel(r"Blockade (MHz)")
if sys.platform!= "win32":
 with Pool() as pool:
 energies1 = pool.map(partial(getEnergies, angle=0), bfields)
 energies2 = pool.map(partial(getEnergies, angle=_URL_, bfields)
 energies1 = list(map(partial(getEnergies, angle=0), bfields))
 energies2 = list(map(partial(getEnergies, angle=_URL_, bfields))
plt.plot(bfields, energies1, 'b-', label=r"$\theta = 0$")
plt.plot(bfields, energies2, 'g-', label=r"$\theta = \pi/2$")
plt.legend(loc=2, bbox_to_anchor=(1.02, 1), borderaxespad=0);


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by Mary Anne Hitt and Justin Guay, via the Sierra Club
While no new coal plants have broken ground here in the US since 2008, the US government is backing a huge, polluting new coal plant oversees. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and World Bank are pushing a heavily polluting, costly, and controversial new coal plant in Kosovo.
As if that weren't bad enough, new documents obtained by the Sierra Club under the Freedom of Information Act reveal they are using inaccurate and unreliable data in order to ensure the plant is fast-tracked. They are cutting corners and recklessly endangering the health of Kosovar citizens and it's time this controversial project was stopped.
According to the documents, the USAID contractor PA Government Services Inc. (now Tetra Tech Inc.) warned the agency that an existing plant — called Kosovo 'B' — had an emissions monitoring system that was deficient as early as 2010. The contractor warned unequivocally that "the Kosova B plant is not equipped with continuous emission monitoring apparatus…. It is strongly recommended that a complete continuous emission monitoring system be installed and emission data be collected annually."
The documents express grave concerns about the accuracy of the intermittent emissions data that they were able to collect, calling it "questionable." The data USAID was collecting was erratic and unreliable, featuring major discrepancies between units within the same year as well as within the same unit from one year to the next.
Even worse, the reported climate pollution vastly exceeded limits set by the European Union, sometimes by as much as 900%. This shows that building another highly polluting coal plant right next door would only make air quality worse, no matter how 'clean' it is promised to be.
Based on similar information obtained by the Sierra Club, a letter was sent in 2012 that again warned both USAID and the World Bank that:
"The cost of a proper monitoring and modeling program is insignificant compared to the hundreds of billions of euro that the proponents of the new plant recommend be spent and passed on to ratepayers. This cost is also insignificant to the adverse public health impact (and associated cost) that would be created."
These warnings fell on deaf ears. Two years later the existing coal plant is still operating without continuous monitoring systems. What's worse, the World Bank is now relying on the faulty Kosovo 'B' emissions data to move forward with the new coal project — called KRPP — to be funded by the World Bank which is right next door to the Kosovo 'B' plant.
In a draft environmental impact statement for the KRPP plant released earlier this year, the World Bank states that the "(impact statement) for rehabilitation of Kosovo B has been prepared by USAID in 2010," and that "it can be assumed that all baseline data required for the assessment of the quality and impacts on air, surface water, groundwater and soil are already available or will be made available." Not included: the inconvenient fact that this baseline data is either unreliable or doesn't even exist.
The saddest part is that obtaining this information is not expensive. PA Government Services estimated in 2010 that proper emissions monitoring and pollution reduction equipment to bring the existing plant in line with EU standards would cost €187 million, compared with an estimated €500 million being spent on refurbishment of the 'B' units through 2040 and €1.33 billion for the World Bank's controversial new one-gigawatt KRPP coal project.
The negligence on behalf of USAID and the World Bank in failing to ensure that their projects meet international air quality and pollution standards is bad enough, but the clear desire to ignore warnings and red flags appears to be an intentional attempt to quietly fast-track a dirty, dangerous, and increasingly controversial project.
From ignoring strident calls from Kosovar civil society, to ignoring the data and recommendations of the World Bank's own former chief clean energy czar Dan Kammen, USAID and the World Bank are playing fast and loose with the health of the Kosovar public to ensure a costly and heavily polluting project is built as quickly as possible.
The only way to demonstrate that this assessment is wrong would be to conduct a new, comprehensive environmental impact assessment of the air quality around the Kosovo 'B' plant and proposed KRPP site (as the contractor recommended in 2010). Kosovars deserve this basic modicum of transparency. Without it, the project, and the data upon which it is justified, can't stand up to scrutiny in the light of day.
Mary Anne Hitt is Director of the Sierra Club Beyond Coal Campaign and Justin Guay is with the Sierra Club International Program. This piece was originally published at the Sierra Club and was reprinted with permission.


text:
Hardness and Conductivity of Die Forged ZYK530 Magnesium Alloy
Keywords:heat treatment, die forged ZYK530 Mg alloy, hardness, conductivity
The relationship among the microstructure, hardness and electrical conductivity of the as-forged ZYK530 Mg alloy after heat treatment was analyzed and studied using a microscope, X-Ray Diffractometer, eddy current conductivity meter, and Vickers microhardness tester, to explore optimum heat treatment process of ZYK530 Mg alloy. The results show that: with the prolongation of holding time, the electrical conductivity and microhardness show the same change trend, both of which show an oscillatory upward trend, and then decrease in an oscillatory downward trend after reaching the peak value. There is a linear positive correlation between the conductivity and the hardness, and the fitting results of the conductivity and hardness are in good agreement with the measured results; combined with the actual production, when the heat-treatment is 480 ℃ × 8 h + 220 ℃ × 3 h, the highest hardness is 79.2 HV, the electroconductivity is 36.2%IACS, and the comprehensive performance is the best, which is the best heat treatment process.
The copyrights for articles in this journal are retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. By virtue of their appearance in this open-access journal, articles are free to use with proper attribution in educational and other non-commercial settings.


Rules: Jail
Thieves land in jail when they are caught by one or more detectives at the castle. However, the previously stolen collection cards are not returned to the original owners.
The thief card is laid in cell number 1. When more than one thief is caught those with lower numbers are placed in jail first. Whenever a new thief arrives in jail, any other thieves already in jail are moved up one cell.
The thieves are released from jail when they move out of the last jail cell (the number of jail cells equals the number of players in the game). Released thief cards are returned to the thief's owner and can again be played.


Child Abuse
New Pa. law requires more school clearances
New Pa. law requires more school clearances
If parents want to help out at their child's holiday party at school, do they need to undergo a criminal background check first? This question and others about the line between volunteer and visitor might become more difficult to answer starting Wednesday, when a new state child protective services law takes effect. The law, among other things, expands background checks for school volunteers and requires school employees, independent school contractors and volunteers in direct contact with children to update clearances every 36 months. It also spells out the duties of teachers and other "mandated reporters" in reporting suspected child abuse and the criminal penalties if...


text:
a wide energy range of 11.5–18.0 keV defined by a double Si(111) monochromator, placed in the middle of two conjugate Pt mirrors for higher harmonic rejection, and no pre-focusing optics to characterize the waveguides. The beam size was controlled by motorized entrance slits placed at a sub-15 cm distance to the waveguide and set to maximal 0.04 mm (vertical) × 2 mm (horizontal) with 1–3 × 107 photons s−1 impinging on the waveguide in this configuration. Fig. 5(a) shows an example of the measured integrated far-field intensity with wide-opened detector slits as a function of the waveguide translation. The resulting width is a precise measure of the impinging beam, since the guiding layer d is vanishingly small. The width of the impinging beam in z along with its intensity is needed to calculate the transmission efficiency of the waveguides. As expected for the alloy In52Sn48, the same scans at different energies for a l = 300 µm-long waveguide show no beam leakage at energies up to 15.5 keV (transmission of In and Ge: TIn = 2.6 × 10−4, TGe = 1.2 × 10−6) but contributions of the primary beam in the far-field intensity at 18.0 keV (TIn = 4.3 × 10−3, TGe = 1.1 × 10−4).
The angular acceptance of the waveguides is in the range = 0.13–0.19° at energies between 11.5 and 15.0 keV (averaged over several measurements), determined by measuring the integrated far-field intensity as a function of the waveguide rotation; see Fig. 5(c). The results are summarized in Table 1. According to the theory, we would have expected a stronger decrease of the angular acceptance with higher energy and a slightly increased angular acceptance with larger guiding layer thicknesses, but such correlations are not clearly shown by the measurements. After careful alignment of the waveguide translation z, the angle of incidence and the rotation around the optical axis χ (not shown), the transmission T of the waveguides was measured (see Table 1). It depends on the waveguide length as well as on the thickness of the guiding layer C. It is defined as T = (I/I0)(db/d), where I0 is the intensity impinging on the waveguide, I is the intensity exiting the waveguide, db is the beam size of the incoming beam, and d is the guiding layer thickness of the waveguide. The transmissions of the 35 nm and 18 nm C layer waveguide at 15.0 keV and 13.5 keV with waveguide lengths of 460 m and 300 m, respectively, are above 0.5 whereas the measured transmission of the 9 nm guiding layer waveguide is maximally T = 0.256 (at l = 200 µm). The transmission T as a function of the waveguide length l at E = 13.5 keV is shown in Fig. 6(a), indicating the significant transmission dependence of the 9 nm C guiding layer waveguide with l. Likewise, Fig. 6(b) illustrates the strong dependence of the two-component waveguide transmission to the energy of the incoming synchrotron beam. The experimental results are in good agreement with the calculations of the FD simulations.
Fig. 7 shows the far-field intensity distributions of the waveguides of different guiding layer thickness as a function of at varied angles of incidence. As expected for waveguide properties, by tilting the waveguide the maximum of the far-field intensity shifts by a corresponding angle. In principle, the FWHM of the far-field pattern increases with decreasing guiding layer thickness. Thus, the divergence of the waveguide exiting beam, i.e. the numerical aperture of a waveguide-based X-ray microscope, is enhanced. Fig. 8 shows the measured far-field distributions as a function of the wavelength-independent momentum transfer q along with FD simulations. The FWHM obtained by Gaussian fits are larger than expected from simulations. In the case of the 35 nm C guiding layer waveguide = 0.0185 Å−1 is 14% larger than the simulated value at l = 690 m. As described before, a 35 nm WG supports multiple modes, leading to a periodically alternating field distribution in the simulation. Depending on the exact length of the waveguide slice, varying exit fields and thus far-field patterns of different FWHM are obtained. This effect is less pronounced if the wavefield is more damped out in the cladding, i.e. at longer WG length and/or lower energy. At E = 11.5 keV the simulated FWHM values are in the range 0.0155–0.0160 Å−1 for l = 690 ± 15 m, and hence smaller than the measured value by at least 14%. Accordingly, the width of the near-field distribution must be lower than the simulated FWHM = 23.2 nm, i.e. = 20.0 nm. The far-field width of the 18 nm C guiding layer waveguide = 0.0257 Å−1 was measured 9% higher than calculated in the simulation = 0.0233 Å−1 which leads to a near-field width of = 11.3 nm. The experimentally obtained divergence of the 9 nm C guiding layer waveguide differs by 2% from the expected value of the simulation with = 0.0254 Å−1 and = 0.0248 Å−1. The corresponding width of the near-field distribution is = 8.4 nm. In summary, the measured divergence of the WG beam increases substantially from a two-modal to a mono-modal WG, but the FWHM of the 9 nm WG is not larger than for the 18 nm WG. However, comparing the far-field distributions on a logarithmic scale, the measured algebraic tails decay much slower with smaller guiding layer thickness which may increase the effective numerical aperture and thus resolution in waveguide-based imaging.
Two crossed waveguides (2DWG) were measured at the new endstation GINIX for coherent nano-focus imaging (Kalbfleisch et al., 2010, 2011) installed at the P10 coherence beamline, Petra III (DESY, Hamburg, Germany). The endstation uses elliptically figured Pd-coated silicon and Pd-coated silica Kirkpatrick–Baez (KB) mirrors for vertical and horizontal focusing, respectively. The photon energy is defined by a fixed-exit double-crystal Si(111) monochromator, and can easily be changed without much re-alignment of the nano-focus. Some of the imaging experiments during the commissioning phase have been carried out at 7.9 keV, others at 13.8 keV, some at 15 keV. The parameters of the KB focus vary with energy, storage ring operation, and alignment status. During the 13.8 keV alignment, the focal spot size was measured to Dhorz = 370 nm in the horizontal and Dvert = 120 nm in the vertical direction, as measured by scanning the planar WG through the KB beam. The maximum integrated intensity in the focal spot of the KB beam was I = 2.4 × 1011 photons s−1, as measured by a pixel detector (Pilatus 300K, Dectris). The waveguide was positioned in the focal spot of the KB system using a goniometer mounted upside down on a vibration-reduced extension arm with three miniaturized translations and two miniaturized rotations (Attocube Systems), along two directions, orthogonal to the optical axis z. A more detailed description of the endstation can be found by Kalbfleisch et al. (2010). A noise-free single-photon-counting detector [Pilatus 300K, Dectris (Kraft et al., 2009)] with a pixel size of 172 µm and an active area of 487 × 619 pixels was used to measure the far-field pattern of the WG at a distance of z2 = 5.29 m.
Fig. 9(a) shows the measured far-field pattern of a crossed waveguide system (2DWG-1) where the individual WG slices, denoted WG1-1 and WG2-1, have a guiding layer thickness of 35 nm each. The length of WG1-1 and WG2-1 are l1 = 400 m and l2 = 207 m, respectively, leading to a combined thickness of l = 607 m. The incoming KB beam subsequently illuminated WG1 which was placed horizontally and WG2 which was placed vertically.
As described by Krüger et al. (2010), the 2DWG near-field was reconstructed using the iterative error-reduction (ER) algorithm. Fig. 9(b) shows the exit wavefield reconstruction after ten iterations of the ER algorithm. Note that the reconstructed near-field must be associated with an effective confocal plane of the 2DWG. Fig. 9(c) shows the line profile of the reconstruction in the horizontal (top) and vertical (bottom) direction along with Gaussian fits. The FWHM obtained from the fits are 10.0 nm and 9.8 nm in the horizontal and vertical direction, respectively. The high beam confinement is in agreement with the autocorrelation,


Beachcombing: A new generation of spearfishermen hunts conservatively (photos)
66763 full
Divers of a certain age will tell you that "Sea Hunt," the television show filmed off of Palos Verdes, whetted their appetite for the ocean. That includes spearfishermen like Skip Hellen.
As a 14-year-old Inglewood boy, Hellen used to hang out at a Bellflower dive shop in the early 1960s, flipping through the Pacific Underwater News. A chance encounter at that shop brought him face-to-face with one of his heroes, straight from the pages of his favorite magazine. Al Schneppershoff became his mentor, and showed him how to spear a big target fish.
"It was a 390 pound black sea bass," Hellen remembers, noting that black sea bass are protected now. "I just could not believe I was sitting on the deck looking a fish that weighed three times more than I did."
Nearly five decades (and a few career changes) later, he's an unofficial historian for the sport of spearfishing.
"It was pretty primitive at the beginning, of course — most sports are," Hellen says.
Spearfishing is millennia old. Two developments boosted its popularity dramatically in the early 20th century. One was the popularization of goggles, particularly along the Mediterranean Sea. Another was World War II. Italy's Uomini Rana, and frogmen in Southern California, brought weaponry and tactics into the ocean, and soon enough, to underwater hunting.
"Before that, spearfishing, there wasn't any spear guns. They just used a stick with a fork on the end and they would try to stab things on the bottom," he says with a laugh. Hellen's fascination with undersea diving and spearfishing's unprecedented popularity converged at the perfect time.
"Today we use scientific stuff like satellite imagery and water temperature variations," he says. "And tides and currents and how that affects fish behavior, and we do weather analysis."
Now Skip Hellen is the big dog: a mentor to guys like Joe Farlo, a Manhattan Beach father of four, who came west from New York to practice medicine.
The tenacity of the apprentice
The wilderness Joe Farlo knew back home was on land. The Pacific Ocean has offered him new opportunities.
"I realized that I don't have to travel six hours. I could come down here and be in a wilderness that is far superior to any land wilderness, in my opinion," Farlo says. "With no people."
Farlo started as a SCUBA diver; the weights, and the rolling sea, gave him back troubles. He found the Los Angeles Fathomiers, his club of spearos, on the Internet a dozen years ago.
Now he hunts underwater in a wetsuit streaked with brownish green to mimic the kelp forest. On his feet are high-tech carbon fiber blades, fancy Italian fins that outclass the "duck fins" guys like Hellen once used.
"You don't want to do anything to reduce your chances of opportunity out here," says Farlo.
Changes to his hunting grounds don't escape his notice, like how kelp forests swell and ebb offshore.
"This kelp bed has produced some nice white sea bass this year," he says, "whereas it never did in the past few years." Its canopy, he says, was unusually thick. He tracks the health of the ecosystem to hunt better. "Unfortunately for me, my good spots didn't produce as many last year," he says.
Farlo slips into the water, while Hellen shouts encouragement. "All right, get a good one," Skip says.
"You want to be with the sea," Hellen explains, with an appreciative eye toward Farlo's technique. "You don't want to disturb the environment. You want to be with it. And generally the guys who do that are the guys who get better fish."
Underwater, Farlo nestles his wooden spear gun along his body; he doesn't want it to throw more shadow than he already does. With no tanks, he holds his breath for as long as a minute and a half and clings to kelp, to get as close as possible to his target fish.
Hellen applauds Farlo's tenacity. At the same time, he says, some of the strategies haven't changed since he was a kid still seeking advice.
"You get in the water. You swim around. You go to the furthest offshore habitat — normally either kelp or rock formation — and you look at the fish there," he says, repeating advice from Al Schneppershoff. "They'll normally be pointing into the current. Then you turn into the current like they do and keep swimming till you run out of fish. So you're basically offshore, up current."
Simple as that.
Conservation and hunting
Good spearfishermen are competitive: Skip held the record for spearing the biggest white sea bass, more than 80 pounds. He says Farlo's coming along; Joe's looking for his first 60-pounder.
But they're also conservationists.
Spearfishermen had an active voice in the state's process for creating marine protected areas. Some, like Farlo, are concerned with stormwater runoff, which they see as a poison that falls into coastal waters. And, perhaps most intriguingly, they want to see sustainable populations of fish they hunt.
The two men, members of the board of directors for the International Underwater Spearfishing Association, voted to stop awarding records to divers who hunt sheepshead, a large black and pink fish.
Some spearos objected. They point out that California Sheepshead aren't endangered. But the fish are predators to urchins and can keep them in check, which helps kelp forests. The largest ones are rare, Farlo says.
"It's just making the right ethical decision. We're making a statement by making them ineligible. It'll make more spearfishermen conscious of the fact that they're very, very important animals."
Farlo says he spends about 10 days on the water in Palos Verdes for every white sea bass he spears. On this gray day, slightly out of season for sea bass, he takes nothing home. What he always finds hunting is a state of mind. A flow state.
"Diving — the whole process of holding your breath and becoming a marine mammal — that's pretty much how I see most of the animals in the planet living in that kind of connected flow state," he says.
For Farlo, neither chase — for the feeling, or for the next big fish — is likely to end any time soon. Two of his four sons have joined him in the hunt. He wants to pass on what he knows about spearfishing with them.
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text:
You have prepared a Word Document it might be anything a proposal, quotation, or any writeup for your company and sent it to your seniors for review. They review it and send the updated one to you but now you want to findout the changes or modification they have made OR you are running a Software development company and Business Analyists keep updating documents and you need to find the changes or modification they have made.
Every person who use word documents face such situation when he/she want to compare two documents to check the changes, deletion or modification made. There are many tools available on internet to do the comparision but Micorsoft Word 2007 provides a "compare" feature which will allow the users to compare the two documents and check the modifications.
Following are the steps to compare two documents using MS Word 2007
1) Open MS Word 2007 and go to "Review" Tab >> Click on "Compare" >> "Compare…" (Compare two version of a document)
2) A window asking "Original document" and "Revised Document" (like below)
Browse the Orignal File and Modified file in respective Text boxes and Press "OK"
3) Microsoft Word will show something like
Following windows will be shown
- Revisions Window: This will show total number of revisions made (including font, alginment, header footer etc.
- Compared Document: This window will show compared document which will include the changes (dependind upon changes) in different color.
- Original Document: It will preview the document you have written or prepared
- Revised Document: This will show the modified or revised document.


- Community groups or institutions
When should you honor colleagues?
Although any time is a good time to honor colleagues, there are some occasions when it's particularly appropriate.
Special occasions
These may have to do with the life of the organization, the life of the person being honored, or both. Some examples:
 - Retirement. Unfortunately, the reality is that most organizations and groups seldom honor colleagues until they leave.
If it is worth honoring a colleague, it is worth doing it before she is about to move on. It's great to have support for your work after it's done, but it's a lot better to have that support while the work is going on.
 - A significant anniversary. A number of years on the job, for instance, or a particular anniversary of the organization itself.
The staff members of an organization decided to honor their director, who had been in his position for ten years. To thank him for his leadership, his support and mentoring of staff, and his activism in the field, they held a reception to which they invited not only everyone in the organization, but directors of many other similar organizations, funders, and state bureaucrats - colleagues from several different contexts. The staff and others presented him with gifts, and many of the guests spoke of his contributions to the field and to their lives.
 - A personal milestone - a birthday, a wedding, the birth of a child.
We tend to think of pleasant occasions as the appropriate ones to honor colleagues, but others may provide a truer test of our respect for them. To have the support of colleagues at a funeral or while going through a difficult divorce may be honor of a different kind, but it's the kind that isn't forgotten.
 - The attainment of a personal or professional goal - a long-sought degree, a promotion, a certification.
The conclusion of something successful, or the achievement of a goal
The opening of a new facility, the culmination of a fundraising campaign, the passage of a favorable town ordinance - all might be good times to honor the colleagues who made them possible.
Regularly scheduled occasions
The annual meetings of coalitions, organizations, community groups, and professional associations are often times when colleagues are recognized or given awards for the work they've done in the past year. The adult education coalition mentioned earlier is a prime example, but the Human Resource Center and the North Quabbin Community Coalition, just to cite organizations that appear in other sections in this chapter, did or do the same thing. When reviewing a year's accomplishments, people often find it fitting to honor those responsible for them.
To say thank-you for a job well done or for support and mentoring
Despite the fact that there are particularly appropriate times to honor colleagues, sometimes it's right to honor colleagues simply because you want to. The realization that a particular colleague has been working effectively for a long time with no acknowledgement, or that she has been consistently helpful and supportive to others over a long period, might lead to a gift, or to some formal ceremony. This sort of appreciation is often the most powerful, because it is so obviously sincere.
Honoring colleagues doesn't have to be formal. It can happen every day in small ways. One coalition director used to send "thank-you" postcards to people to let them know she had appreciated something they did, or their ongoing work. A spoken word of praise, an acknowledgement of someone's hard work - perhaps most prized when that work hasn't yielded much - can make someone's day or week or year. Everyone needs to know she's valued, and it's important, both to an organization and the individuals who work in it, to remember and act on that as much as possible.
How do you honor colleagues?
There are a variety of ways to honor colleagues, but there are some general guidelines that apply to all of them.
General guidelines
Make it personal
Unless this is an award presented by a national or statewide organization to someone most of the members don't know personally, honoring colleagues is, in fact, highly personal. By honoring her, people in an organization or field are telling a colleague, someone they work with closely, that they appreciate her and consider her worthy of special recognition. Feelings of affection, gratitude, mutual dependence, and respect all come into play to varying degrees.
That being the case, any ceremony, gift, or simple recognition should be tied to the person receiving it as closely as possible. It's often a good idea to involve those closest to the honoree - close family, colleagues, mentors - and to make sure that the occasion includes stories about the person's significant accomplishments, about her personality, and about her as a human being. A gift should be something that fits both the person and the occasion. Every effort should be made to show that you're honoring this particular person, not just her achievements.
Give the honoree something
It may be a meaningful or significant gift (a photo of her with participants, a beautiful book or print, a super-light backpacking tent, etc.), a plaque or certificate, or a humorous gift with a personal story behind it. Whatever it is, there should be something material that the honoree can keep and look at later to remember the occasion.
A gift like this can be almost anything. At one celebration, the director of an organization was given a number of hats - a chef's hat, a baseball cap, a football helmet, etc. - to represent the different hats he had to wear to do his job. Another director, who collected them, was presented with a number of small, inexpensive wind-up toys that did silly things (a walking building, a tiny Godzilla that lurched and breathed sparks, a marching band of gorillas).
Obviously, whatever you give will be limited by your resources. Organizations sometimes collect from each staff member to buy a gift for an honoree, where that's appropriate (more common for a personal occasion - retirement, birthday, etc. - than for an organizational or professional award). Resources also have to be considered when deciding what kind of ceremony or celebration to have.
Record the occasion
Not only is this an important part of the work life of the person honored, but it's important in the life of the organization as well. Make sure to take photographs, or make a video or audiotape of the occasion, and give the honoree a copy, as well as keeping copies for the organization. If you have a digital camera or digital video camera, you can easily put photos or video on computer disks or CD's.
Think about the guest list
Whom will you invite? Who are the important people in the honoree's life? Will you invite dignitaries - politicians, people important in the field - or will you restrict the list to those who have real personal and/or professional connections to your colleague? Will you invite people he doesn't like because they "should" be there?
Consider inviting the media
If you want to publicize this occasion or award, if you want to use it to draw attention to your work or your organization, then the media should definitely be there. If honoring your colleague is a more private issue, and you feel that using the occasion for publicity would be exploitation, then you probably would not invite the media to be present. That doesn't mean, however, that you shouldn't issue a press release or try to get a media story about the honor after the fact. It's both a further honor to your colleague and a chance to let people know more about what you do.
Specific ideas
There are as many ways to honor colleagues as there are those who deserve to be honored and organizations or groups to do the honoring. Your options are really limited only by your budget and your imagination (and some considerations of taste: mud wrestling is probably out).
Make a personal gesture to show your colleague you appreciate him or her
A mention at a staff meeting and in the newsletter, a small gift left on a desk or chair, or an e-card are all ways to say "thank you" to a valued colleague. Small, personal gestures - especially if they're sincere, and not just a means to keep people satisfied - are an important way to let colleagues know you appreciate the work they do.
Present an award. There are really two choices here:
 - An award presented at regular intervals (usually annually) for a general purpose - Teacher of the Year, Innovation in Youth Work, etc.
 - A special award presented to the specific person for his unique contributions to the organization or the field
An annual award is usually more formal, more competitive (in that only one person a year gets it, although many may be worthy), and more prestigious. The other type may be more meaningful to the honoree, however, because it recognizes his personal talents, skills, and value to the presenting group.
Sometimes, a group may combine the two by occasionally presenting, along with its "regular" awards, a special recognition award to someone whose accomplishments don't necessarily fit into any category, or who has achieved something extraordinary. One coalition, at its annual awards ceremony, always presented several personalized awards to unsung colleagues who had made a difference that year in the life of the community.
Give a gift
We discussed gifts above, and the possibilities here are almost limitless.
In addition to the expected or ordinary, there are gifts you may not have considered:
 - Name something for them. A room, a program, a scholarship, a grant, an award - any of these and a host of other prospects might be fitting candidates to be named for an honoree.
 - Have a day in their honor proclaimed by the legislature, the county or city council, the Board of Health. In many states, the governor, if asked by the legislature, or the legislature itself, can proclaim a single day to be named


text: The objectives of the paper are to first develop a measurement scale for Islamic attributes of destination and then to investigate the influence of Islamic attributes on overall tourist satisfaction. This study followed the sequence of steps that should be performed in developing measures of constructs. The measurement was tested and found to be both reliable and valid. The study found positive relationship between Islamic attributes of destination and overall tourist satisfaction. Important marketing implications are also presented. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


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Qanats and surangams are examples of water accessing systems which have similar technologies. Qanat technology originated in Iran and was used extensively in the dry, arid desert regions of the Middle East and surangam technologyis used in the hilly terrains of the Western Ghats. Both systems essentially consist of underground tunnels that source the aquifer and use gravity to convey the water to groundlevel.
In both systems, construction is undertaken by hand by labourers or farmers. The most important aspect of building these structures is identifying the source of water. The traditional Qanat builders, called muqannis, follow the water courses coming down the mountains and identify subsurface water sources. They dig a trial well to test the quantum and flow of water before beginning work on the Qanat. Similarly, in India, workmen who traditionally undertook the digging of surangas, were people who were familiar with the slopes, soil structure, catchment areas and used their knowledge of local flora and fauna to identify water sources.
Arid, desert region with high surface evaporation rates. Absence of rivers
Coastal hill areas underlain by lateritic and weathered rocks with high rainfall. Rapid discharge of river water due to steep slopes
Type of structure
A series of wells connected by a tunnel
Tapping groundwater directly
Length of tunnel
30 – 150 m sometimes as long as 6000 m to 8000m
3 - 300 m
1m - 1.5 m
0.9 -15 m
0.5 – 1m
0.5 – 0.8 m
At intervals of 20 – 35m
Generally no shafts unless tunnels are very long
Style of construction
Began from where water was to be delivered and worked its way up the slope to mother well
Began from the source of water
Qanats: Originating in Armenia 2,500 years ago, Qanats have reemerged into the international spotlight as "rational irrigation systems," says Dr. Ali A. Semsar Yazdi the Director of the newly formed International Centre on Qanat and Historic Hydraulic Structures (ICQHS) in Yazd, Iran.
Today in Iran, more than 34,355 of the structures are still functioning. Sophisticated, self-regulating, and structurally sound, Qanat systems were an integral part of Iranian cotton production in the ninth and tenth centuries AD, and have since been found in 35 countries including China, India, Egypt, and even as far westward as Spain and Peru.
Qanats (also called kariz, lyoun, aflaj) use underground water channels to drive the natural flow of aquifers to the earth's surface for irrigation and domestic use. An intricate series of vertical shafts run from a point source near a hill or mountaintop and continue downhill to a field or village extending between one kilometer (km) and 70 km in length.The Qanat system was used widely across Persia and the Middle East for many reasons. First, the system requires no energy, reliant on the force of gravity alone. Second, the system can carry water across long distances through subterranean chambers avoiding leakage, evaporation, or pollution. And lastly, the discharge is fixed by nature, producing only the amount of water that is distributed naturally from a spring or mountain, ensuring the water table is not depleted. More importantly, it allows access to a reliable and plentiful source of water to those living in otherwise marginal landscapes.
Anthony Smith, a well known author covering the social importance of Qanats in Iran, explains the system as "the life of the village, without it, the village would be dust. The systems can deliver water at a rate between one liter per second and 500 liters per second, and a single Qanat can irrigate hundreds of hectares.The well is horizontal, instead of vertical, relying on gravity and pressure from upland shafts to channel water up to the surface.
Over the centuries, the abundance of Qanats has varied amidst shifting dynasties and new landowners. More recently, the resurgence of Qanats is fighting years of inevitable modernization in which wells and piped water systems were constructed for growing populations under new land arrangements. Variable and decreasing rainfall have also hindered development efforts. In Syria, 92% of all Qanats have run dry since the introduction of pumped tube-wells in the mid-1970s. In both Syria and Iran, Qanats were constructed in areas that received 100-300 millimeters (mm) of precipitation each year. According to Professor Dale Lightfoot at the University of Colorado, these areas have received more variable rainfall in recent decades, compromising the efficacy of Qanats. Time and money is also a serious obstacle to new construction. New systems take anywhere between 25 and 75 years to construct with traditional materials and strategies.Thus, ICQHS focuses its resources in village-level education, training users how to revitalize and repair existing Qanats. Since 2008, ICQHS has taken on six projects to restore Qanat systems in villages surrounding the Center in Yazd, successfully increasing drinking water and irrigation supplies.
Similar to the technology of quanats is the surangam technology that was in vogue in Dakshin Kannada district of Karnataka and Kasaragod district of Kerala. A Surangam is basically a tunnel dug through a laterite hillock through which water seeps out and into the tunnel. Water is then collected at the end of the tunnel in a storage pit. A surangam is also known as thurangam, thorapu, mala in different parts of Kasaragod. The only cost of the a surangam is the initial cost of digging which was done by local workmen who were familiar with the geology, soil, slope etc.
Generally a surangam was about 0.45–0.70 m wide and about 1.8-2.0 m in height. The length of the tunnel varied between 3 m to 300 m. For long tunnels, air shafts were provided to ensure atmospheric pressure. Surangams are dug in places where the hydrogeological profile consists of is lateritic and weathered rocks. Surangams are used to provide water for drinking, domestic use and sometimes even for irrigation. According to Harish Halemane of Kasaragod, there are about 2000 surangams in Bayar village in Kasaragod. In Sheni village in Kasaragod, there is a 90-year old, 250 m long surangam with seven air events.
In Manila village in Dakshin Kannada district, Achyut Bhat's family dug nearly 20 surangams, of which 14 are still functional. The family's 15 acre property lies in a rocky area, where it digging a well is not economical. Today, the plot has areca nut and cocoanut gardens. Achyut Bhat is passionately committed to the idea of surangams and has propagated the idea in his village. He says that there are about 300 surangams in the village.
1. Surangam providing irrigation water in Padre village. 2. Surangam being constructed.
3. A century old surangam in Sheni village. 4. Construction material being taken out.
5. Surangam water for drinking water Pix: Shree Padre, India together.org
Anthony Smith: Explorations in Persia: Blind White Fish in Persia. Richmond, Virginia: William Byrd Press, 1953, pp. 16-17
Gunther Garbrecht, "Ancient Water Works - Lessons from history".Impact of Science on Society, UNESCO 1983 No.1; p.10.
Lightfoot, Dale R. Syrian Qanat Romani. Water History.
Salih, Abdin, Qanats a Unique Groundwater Management Tool in Arid Regions: The Case of Bam Region in Iran, International Symposium on Groundwater Sustainability (ISGWAS)
Boustani Fardin, Sustainable Water Utilization in Arid Region ofIran by Qanats, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 43 2008
Padre, Shree, Surangas, manmade caves to tap underground water, India Together, _URL_
Padre, Shree The unique water tunnel of Sheni, India Together.http://www.indiatogether.com/2009/jan/env-suranga.htm.
Harish Halemane,Suranga - a sustainabale water resource, June 2007, National seminar on water & cultureHampi, Karnataka
Anon, Dying Wisdom, Rise, fall and potential of India's traditional water harvesting systems, Centre for Science and Environment, 1998, pp 220-222


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I am trying to convert UTM to a latlong point. To get that done I need to know the zone where the UTM coordinates are. how can I find the zone from UTM?. the place coordinates that I work on lay on zone 39 and 40.
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In general, you cannot determine the zone from the coordinates: that's why the zone is needed!
In your case, though, it sounds like you are looking within a small area that straddles neighboring zones. In that case, locations in zone 39 will have large positive x-values and locations in zone 40 will have negative or small positive x-values: that's how you can tell them apart. This approach will work provided your area does not extend more than six degrees in longitude from east to west (the width of one zone). (In general, compute the longitude using both zone options and choose the one that falls within your area of interest.)
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On a matter of pedantry, UTM zones have a false easting big enough to cover quite a lot of the westward neighbour, so it is unlikely x-values will be negative, just nearer zero. But your assertion still stands. – MerseyViking Apr 13 '12 at 15:04
Thanks _USER_, I had forgotten about that. I had better edit the reply. – whuber Apr 13 '12 at 15:05
sounds nice to work out the LatLong boundaries for the place and try 39 and check the result if it lands in the specified boundaries. if not try 40. thanks a lot. – Sami Al-Subhi Apr 13 '12 at 15:30
You can identify the zone on this map: _URL_
Once you find your zone, then you can easily convert the UTM coordinates to any coordinates using _URL_.
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Graphene in loudspeakers and earphones
Loudspeakers and earphones are used with portable devices such as smart phones, laptops, notebooks and tablets. Inside a speaker a flexible material such as paper or plastic forming a thin diaphragm vibrates and amplifies these vibrations, pumping sound waves into the surrounding air and towards the ears producing different sounds depending on their frequency.
Sound device
The quality of a loudspeaker depends on how flat its frequency response is – that is, on the ability of the design to deliver a constant sound pressure level from 20 Hz to 20 kHz in the audible range. Presently they employ conventional type of speakers which have limitations in their operation in respect of size, frequency response and power consumption.
Graphene loudspeaker
Researchers at the University of California at Berkeley have made a graphene loudspeaker that, while of no specific design, is already as good as, or even better than, certain commercial speakers and earphones.
graphene loudspeaker have ultralow mass, has a fairly flat frequency response in the human audible region and very strong so that it can be used to make very large, extremely thin film membranes that efficiently generate sound. This also means that the speaker does not need to be artificially damped (unlike commercial devices) to prevent unwanted frequency responses, but is simply damped by surrounding air. Such device can operate at just a few nano-amps and so uses much less power than conventional speakers.
The researchers claim that they made loudspeaker from a 30 nm thick, 7 mm wide sheet of graphene grown by chemical vapour deposition process. The diaphragm is sandwiched between two actuating perforated silicon electrodes coated with silicon dioxide to prevent the graphene from accidentally shorting to the electrodes at very large drive amplitudes. When power is applied to the electrodes, an electrostatic force is created that makes the graphene sheet vibrate, creating sound. By changing the level of power applied, different sounds can be produced. These sounds can easily be heard by the human ear and also have high fidelity.
The Berkeley researchers claim that the technique adopted for fabricating the speaker is very straightforward and could easily be scaled up to produce even larger area diaphragms and thus bigger speakers.
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Many colors, one rainbow; many cultures, one family.
The Brooks Global Studies Extended Year Magnet is the only school in the Guilford County school system without a specific attendance zone. Parents and students from throughout the system may choose to attend Brooks -- and more of them are choosing it. Opening in 1991 with 80 students, more than 300 students enrolled at the start of the 1993 school year, and more remained on a waiting list.
Three distinctive features make Brooks stand out:
Preliminary investigations by two psychologists from Loyola University of Chicago provide encouraging evidence that the longer instructional year pays off. Children receive an additional six weeks of instruction, with breaks provided periodically throughout the year and the school closed for two weeks during the summer. Field trips, guest speakers, and weekly foreign language instruction are emphasized during the program.
According to Loyola researchers Julie Frazier and Frederick Morrison:
Although these findings are encouraging, it is difficult to disentangle them from the school's unique curriculum which emphasizes, in the words of school principal Tony Meachum, that "just as many colors make one rainbow, many cultures make one national family."
School officials believe that rapid improvements in technology and communications make learning about the world and human cultures essential for today's young people.
The global studies program emphasizes the five major geography themes developed by the National Geographic Society: location (exactly where on the earth's surface places are found); place (the physical and human characteristics of specific places that set them apart from others); relationships within places (how humans interact with their environment, for both good and bad); movement (how people, products, information, and ideas within and among countries change); and regions (how regions form and develop).
Brooks officials stress that their after-school programs are not merely custodial care. After-School Enrichment Services (ACES) are available for a fee to interested parents and offer an impressive structured balance of academic, physical education, and recreation programs. Academic work includes homework time, work on basic skills, curriculum-related games, critical thinking skills, and silent reading time. The remainder of the time is devoted to physical education, games and other recreational activities such as movies, arts, crafts, and music.
For additional information:
Brooks Global Studies Extended Year Magnet
1215 Westover Terrace
Greensboro, NC 27408


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Each zone on the map represents the approximate date (to the nearest week) when walleyes begin to spawn. Actual dates in your immediate area may vary due to local water temperatures and weather conditions. Note that the dates listed apply to large, public waters, and remember that walleyes will spawn earlier in smaller or shallower water bodies.
In many states, walleyes are protected by closed fishing seasons during the spawn, though border waters between states often remain open. Make sure you know the regulations where you fish, and if you do have the opportunity to target early-season 'eyes, this map will help you zero in on them.
Spawning activity in rivers is dependent on the weather conditions upstream, and the spawn may occur earlier or later than in nearby lakes. Expect walleyes to spawn earlier in rivers with high input of water from springs. For example, in the Current River in southeast Missouri, the spawn usually happens two to three weeks earlier than in nearby rivers and reservoirs lacking substantial spring flows.
Walleye fisheries have been established throughout much of the West, and elevation will strongly affect the spawn. In Wyoming, for example, walleyes spawn in early April in Glendo Lake (elev. 4,600 ft.), but not until late April in nearby Alcova Lake (elev. 5,500 ft.), and as late as early May in Seminoe Lake (elev. 6,300 ft.). Obviously, many factors can affect the spawn, but the timing for walleyes is all about water temperature. And 45 degrees is the magic number. In the North, waters can warm to 45 degrees within a week or two of ice-out.
Male walleyes begin moving to the spawning shores or shoals about one week before the females. If you are catching a lot of males in a particular area, come back in three to five days to target the females.
The circle in Mississippi and Alabama represents the current, naturally-reproducing population of the Gulf Coast strain of walleyes.


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Question:Would learning Discrete Mathematics, or rather - Set Theory - in particular, help me learn Modern/Abstract Algebra? I've gotten Fraleigh's Abstract Algebra and find it a bit too obscure due to the heavy set notation and wonder, have all readers of this book learned set theory beforehand or do they struggle but eventually pick up on it? Thanks :) _______________________________
Answers:Set theory is used, but is not that important, for abstract algebra. My suggestion: start with an easier book. Your university library should have some. IMHO the most important thing for learning abstract algebra is "mathematical maturity". This comes from taking classes such as calculus and linear algebra in which you get exposed to abstract thinking and proofs, especially proofs.
From Youtube
Photoshop CS5 - Abstract Shapes Effect - Tutorial :Photoshop Difficulty Level : 3.8/10.00 In this tutorial you will be learning how to create a abstract effect, out of shapes. Easy to follow High Definition I'm pretty sure this tutorial will work for previous versions of Adobe Photoshop too. Rate + Comment + Subscribe = More Tutorials
ABSTRACT/REALISM DEFINITION :what does abstract art and realism have in common


text:
For a portion of my code, I need to either input a date from user or capture the system date. From there onwards I have to add 7 more days to the actual date and store it as the variable 'DueDate'. The format for the stored DueDate is DDMMYY. I am very confused as I am facing a lot of problems.
System time, seems very confusing and I cant get it to work, so I decided to stick to the traditional - "Let the user input the date" method.
Problems I need to tackle:
1. Output the DueDate in the correct format. Even if I meddle around with the input values as integers, I cant output in the correct format, for example - if the user enters "1" for month, I can not display it as "01" (and i need it to be 01 since that is the required format). How can i do that?
2. The logic I have applied for the date (like, incrementing month, if the due date exceeds number of days in month, or incrementing the year if month in duedate exceeds number of months in a year) is very troublesome.
I wouldn't mind altering my code to use system time if it is less troublesome. I prefer neat coding in my programs.
Problem with dates! Please help.
You might find it's easier to manipulate dates as strings. However you can display 1 as 01 by displaying leading zeroes, e.g.
You will also need functions to convert dates to and from integers. This is by far the easiest way of doing date arithmetic, and you will probably need these functions anyway. Decide on a zero date - many programs use 01-Jan-1970 as zero, then any date can be stored as an offset in days from that date, e.g. 03-Jan-1970 would be 2, and 01-Jan-1971 would be 365. Or maybe you're prefer to use 01-Jan-2000 as zero; it doesn't really matter as long as you're consistent. Then if you want to add 7 to 27-dec-1999 it's a simple case of converting that to an int, adding 7, then converting back, and you won't need to mess about with carrying the excess days into the month, then the month into the year, which will get horrendously complicated when you have to take leap years into account.
With conversion functions your DueDate calculation for the above example could be as simple as
shabbir like this


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ListenAndReadAlong: US Citizenship Study Booklet - Q86 to Q100 - EZ Civics Lessons _URL_
This is a continuation of the US Citizenship Booklet 2014: Learn about the United States.
The Civics Test.
This rovie concludes American History: Part B: 1800s and start of Part C: 1900s.. and includes
An understanding of America's geography, symbols, and holidays is important. They provide background and more meaning to historical events and other landmark moments in U.S. history. The following section offers short lessons on our country's geography, national symbols, and national holidays. The geography of the United States is unusual because of the size of the country and the fact that it is bordered by two oceans that create natural boundaries to the east and west. Through visual symbols such as our flag and the Statue of Liberty, the values and history of the United States are often expressed. Finally, you will also learn about our national holidays and why we celebrate them. Most of our holidays honor people who have contributed to our history and to the development of our nation. By learning this information, you will develop a deeper understanding of
the United States and its geographical boundaries, principles, and freedoms.
Parts A(Geography), B(Symbols) and C(holidays)
This concludes the Civics Portion of the Booklet


text:
What it is:
A leadership grid, also known as a management grid, is a tool for determining leadership style. The idea dates to the 1960s and was developed by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton.
How it works (Example):
Leadership behavior, as it relates to the leadership grid, has two types: task orientation and relationship orientation. Task behavior involves monitoring and rewarding achievement of certain tasks; it involves more organizing and scheduling. Relationship behavior involves making employees feel good, building trust and monitoring working conditions.
The leadership grid, below, plots the task orientation as the X axis and the relationship orientation as the Y axis.
Why it Matters:
Leadership grids don't just illustrate how leaders lead -- they show how companies get things done and achieve goals. They can also detect which leaders need to place more focus on getting things done as opposed to making people happy, and vice versa.