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- Who We Are
- How We Work
- Our Science
- News & Events
- Find a Scientist
- Become a Member
Archetypes depict representative patterns, i.e. similarities and differences, in socio-ecological interactions. With this generalisation, archetype analysis supports the scaling and transfer of knowledge from one place to another in a systematic way. The underlying assumption is that similarities in social-ecological conditions link to similarities in sustainability interventions.
Archetype analysis in sustainability research has been used to understand factors and processes that repeatedly determine the (un)sustainability of social-ecological systems. This includes development drivers and outcomes related to livelihood vulnerability, land use, economic development, food security, and climate adaptation, among others. Archetypes are useful to understand functional similarities and differences in a broader perspective and inform decisions that need to be made across diverse spatial scales, linking local realities with global change processes.
This working group will advance two pillars of GLP's Science Plan 2016-2021. First, this working group will provide a platform to advance methodologies for analyzing and synthesizing recurrent patterns from contextualized case studies by using the archetype approach. Second, it will advance analysis on land governance including by building bridges to the research community of institutional analysis of the commons.
The specific objectives of this Working Group are:
to consolidate the archetype approach by taking stock of applications, methods, roots, opportunities and current limitations;
to push current methodological frontiers by encouraging methodological debate and cutting-edge applications;
to advance understanding of key sustainability challenges and opportunities by presenting new applications of archetype analysis;
to provide a platform to bridge land system science and institutional analysis/commons research communities to advance case study synthesis methods and analysis of land governance, and
to provide a platform for a next generation of archetype analysis.
Archetype analysis is a powerful approach to reveal recurrent patterns of factors and processes that shape the sustainability of social-ecological systems. Knowledge of archetypical patterns across cases has supported a better understanding of key sustainability challenges related to land use, climate change adaptation, vulnerability, large-scale land acquisition, ecological footprints, and regional development, among others. The approach featured prominently in UNEP's (2007) Global Environmental Outlook 4, and it has been applied to a growing range of topics in the past years. Archetypical patterns can be analyzed using diverse qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods (e.g. qualitative comparative analysis, cluster analysis, meta-analysis of case studies, scenario development). The choice of methods depends on the purpose and context of the research. However, best practices of archetype analysis and promising combinations of multiple methods are currently a prime frontier of innovation.
This workshop by the GLP Archetypes Working Group follow up on three successful workshops on archetypes held in Bern (2017), Berlin (2018) and Olomouc (2019). This time, the workshop will be held by the Stockholm Resilience Centre in Stockholm, Sweden, with the option of joining remotely. The workshop invites new as well as established members of the Archetypes of Sustainability network.


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A Hero Ain't Nothin' but a Sandwich examines questions of human relationships, self-image, racial identity, and personal commitment while telling the story of one boy's struggle against drug addiction. Filled with interesting, realistic characters, Childress's story deals honestly and believably with difficult questions.
From the first, the novel demands the reader's intelligent participation. Many characters present conflicting views of racial experiences, poverty, and drug use. The reader must evaluate each point of view, allowing for the personal bias of each. The...
(The entire page is 185 words.)
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United States Strategic Command
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history of Omaha
...local economy, the plant brought rapid growth to Bellevue. The plant closed in 1945, but in 1948 the advent of the Cold War led to the designation of the plant site as the Strategic Air Command (now U.S. Strategic Command) headquarters. The military presence at the base enhanced the economy of the Omaha area and boosted residential growth in the suburban Sarpy county communities of Gretna, La...
role in U. S. nuclear deterrent forces
The advent of nuclear weapons delivered by long-range bombers meant that the Air Force would play a decisive role in any future superpower conflict during the Cold War. To this end, the Strategic Air Command (SAC) was created in 1946 to launch nuclear-armed bombers from bases in the United States and elsewhere. In 1956 SAC was also made responsible for the United States' intermediate and...
What made you want to look up "United States Strategic Command"? Please share what surprised you most...


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Bellinzona (bĕl-lēntsōˈnä) [key], town (1993 pop. 17,100), capital of Ticino canton, S Switzerland, on the Ticino River, near the Italian border. It is a picturesque old town and a hub of transalpine traffic. Tourism is the main economic factor, but there are small industries. Possibly a Roman settlement, Bellinzona belonged at times to Lombardy, Como, Milan, France, and the Four Forest Cantons. In 1798 it became the capital of the Bellinzona canton under the Helvetic Republic and the capital of Ticino in 1803. The town is dominated by three castles (13th–15th cent.) of the dukes of Milan.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on Bellinzona from Infoplease:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Swiss Political Geography


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Index of Ohio Trees
The Discovery Forest
Guide for Healthy Trees
History of Ohio's Forests
Benefits of Planting & Growing Trees
All About Buckeyes
Celebrate Arbor Day
Project Learning Tree PLT
The Information and Education (I & E) section provides Ohio's citizens with opportunities to learn about and experience the best that Ohio's forests have to offer.
Division of Forestry
2045 Morse Rd.
Columbus, OH 43229
Visit the Farm Science Review at the Molly Caren Agricultural Center (September 18 - 20, 2012)
Paul Bunyan Show at Guernsey County Fairgrounds (October 5-7, 2012)
2012 Teacher Field Days educational program for graduate credit held June 12 & 13 at Vinton Furnace State Experimental Forest. Agenda (pdf) & Registration Form (pdf)
Tree Seed Collection & Storage (pdf) An August 2008 Ohio Woodland Journal article
Trees To Textbooksmp3
Prescribed Burns Improve Ohio Forestsmp3
MORE AUDIO and VIDEO
Through additional education, you can become informed stewards of the land. The Division of Forestry is committed to helping Ohioans and other visitors understand the full importance of well-managed woodlands.
To assist in educating Ohio's youth, the Information and Education section coordinates Project Learning Tree workshops so educators and youth leaders can incorporate quality environmental education into their lessons or programs.
What has a tree done for you lately?
Those short and tall, woody stemmed plants with leaves or needles are true wonders of nature. From the air we breathe, to a 2 X 4 in your home's wall, the tree has proven to be "humankind's best friend."
Foresters around the globe are trying to manage the world's forest so they are healthier, more plentiful and at the same time provide the many products we all need to survive.
Please take a moment to realize just how many things in your everyday lives can be attributed to trees.


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Novo, E.M., Hansom, J.D. and Curran, P., 1989. The effect of sediment type on the relationship between reflectance and suspended sediment concentration. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 10 (7), pp. _PHONE_.
Full text not available from this repository.
Official URL: _URL_
The use of remotely-sensed optical data to estimate the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) of water is dependent upon the correlation between SSC and reflectance. The strength of this relationship was hypothesized to vary with sediment type, as it is known that sediments, when dry, differ in their particle size distributions, colour and therefore reflectance properties. To test this, the reflectance of pure water with four concentrations of white clay and red silt were measured in the laboratory using a spectroradiometer. The correlation between SSC and reflectance varied with wavelength and sediment type. For white clay the correlations were very high (r0·98) in visible and near-infrared wavelengths but for the red silt it was lower (r0·8) in blue wavelengths increasing to much higher levels (r0·98) in blue/green and longer wavelengths. It was concluded that sediment type can affect the strength of the correlation between SSC and reflectance and that this will be most noticeable at shorter wavelengths.
|Subjects:||Geography and Environmental Studies|
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Detect Edge Chipping and Optimize Cutting Edges of Tools
Do not compromise when it comes to the quality assurance of your tools. In this webinar we present you the new features for automatic measurement and optimization of cutting edges.
Learn More About
- fully automatic chipping measurement
- tool roughness measurement with both profile and areal based parameters
- MultiEdgeMeasurement (Measure multiple edges in only one measurement cycle) and
- measurement of angles in respect to the tool axis, among them clearance angle, wedge angle and rake angle.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Financing your Education in the UK
If you're worried about the funds for pursuing higher education in the UK, don't be; read everything about financial aid for education in the UK.
Most international students who're planning to come to the United Kingdom for higher education have several questions about financial aid in the mind. Some questions that they might be seeking answers to include:
 1. Can I find scholarships to study in the UK?
 2. Where do I start to look for scholarships?
 3. What expenses will I have to pay?
 4. Can I get a loan to fund my education?
This is just a brief of the hundreds of questions that we receive from international students each day. This section is designed to inform and educate students who're looking for financial assistance to pursue their higher education in the UK.
Similar to some other countries in the world, if you're planning to study in the United Kingdom, you will have to show a certificate of financial support while you're there. This is to ensure that the Government of the United Kingdom won't have to support or pay for you while you're studying in the United Kingdom.
How much would you need to study in the UK might be the first question that comes to your mind? Let us tell you that the answer to this question is not simple. If you've gone through the other pages on our website, you may have understood that the United Kingdom is a small, but a diverse nation. The cost of living and studying is quite diverse too. The cost you may have to shell out for studying the south and in London would be quite different from what you'll need to study the northern part of the UK. The southern part, especially London, is quite expensive from other parts of the country.
However, here are a few rules of the thumb that you need to follow when you're planning financial aid for your education in the United Kingdom.
Once you've shortlisted a destination for your higher education, you would want to obtain as much knowledge and information about the University and the surrounding areas. Most universities will gladly help you with this information. You may also get in touch with the local information centre for that city to get additional information. This information will help you get an idea of the kind of money you'll need to study in that city in the UK.
Speak to fellow students
Try to get in touch with students who're already studying at the university of your choice. These students and general people living in that city will have a better understanding of the living and education costs. You can even start looking for fellow students on our message boards.
Typical cost when studying in UK
Tuition Costs
How much would I need to shell out for higher education in the UK? Can I afford getting educated in the UK? Learn more about tuition and fee range for different schools and universities in the United Kingdom.
Living Costs
Generally, students planning to relocate to the United Kingdom for education should know about their expenses they should plan for when in the UK. Here's an idea of the living costs.
One of the best ways to keep your finances on track when you're in the United Kingdom for higher education is to plan and stick to your budget. Learn more on how you should plan your budget and things you should consider when planning your budget.
Sources of funding
What are the best sources for international students who're coming to the United Kingdom for studies? Where can you obtain funding in the UK?
Most students plan and prepare for scholarships to help fund their higher education in the United Kingdom. Here is a good place to start your search for scholarships.
Studying in UK


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Rapid cooling doubles eggs' shelf lifeJune 12th, 2012 - 3:45 pm ICT by IANS
Washington, June 12 (IANS) Taking just a few seconds to cool, freshly-laid eggs would add weeks to their shelf life and also stave off salmonella illnesses, according to a new study.
The rapid-cooling process, developed by Kevin Keener, professor of food science at Purdue University, uses liquid carbon dioxide to stabilize the proteins in egg whites so much that they could be rated AA, the highest grade for eggs, for 12 weeks.
Previous research showed that the same cooling technology could significantly reduce occurrences of salmonella illnesses.
Its symptoms are diarrhoea, fever, vomiting, and abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after infection. Eggs cooled under current methods lose the AA grade in about six weeks, Keener said, the journal Poultry Science reports.
Such outbreaks are commonly linked with eggs, meat and poultry, but these bacteria can also contaminate other foods such as fruits and vegetables. The infection usually occurs when a person eats food contaminated with the faeces of animals or humans carrying the bacteria, according to a Purdue statement.
"There is no statistical difference in quality between eggs as measured by Haugh units just after laying and rapidly cooled eggs at 12 weeks," Keener said. "This rapid-cooling process can provide a significant extension in the shelf life of eggs compared to traditional processing." Haugh units measure an egg white's protein quality.
Keener's results also show that membranes surrounding the eggs' yolks were maintained for 12 weeks when eggs were rapidly cooled. That membrane is a barrier that keeps harmful bacteria from reaching the yolk, a nutrient-rich reservoir that bacteria could use as a food source.
- Scientists develop new salmonella test that makes food safer - Nov 23, 2010
- Symptoms Of Salmonella Being Scrupulously Studied By Anxious Citizens Of America - Aug 19, 2010
- Salmonella bugs could prevent food poisoning - Apr 13, 2012
- Intestinal cells activate defence against salmonella bug - May 29, 2011
- Plasma zaps can decontaminate chicken meat - Feb 05, 2012
- New antibiotic to treat adulterated food - Aug 07, 2011
- How salmonella bacteria spread in humans - Oct 01, 2010
- Deadly bugs lurk in raw vegetables - Aug 16, 2011
- Salmonella biggest food-borne threat to US - Jun 08, 2011
- Nitric oxide can ward off deadly infections - Jul 24, 2011
- Deadly tool in Salmonella's bag of tricks identified - Feb 04, 2011
- E.coli, salmonella target ripening fruits - Mar 26, 2012
- Del Monte announce a cantaloupe recall - Mar 25, 2011
- Eggs Recalled Owing To Salmonella Infection In Ohio Farm - Nov 09, 2010
- Dry Pet Food May Cause Salmonella Outbreak, Study Finds Out - Aug 10, 2010
Tags: abdominal cramps, cooling technology, diarrhoea, egg white, egg whites, faeces, food science, food source, fruits and vegetables, harmful bacteria, liquid carbon dioxide, meat and poultry, poultry science, previous research, protein quality, purdue university, rich reservoir, shelf life of eggs, statistical difference, yolk


text: We evaluated whether mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTE) and neocortical temporal lobe epilepsy (NTE) can be distinguished on electroclinical grounds. One hundred and twenty-two consecutive MTE (n = 86) and NTE (n = 36) patients were included in this prospective study. All patients underwent prolonged EEG-video monitoring and high resolution magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI). MTE was defined as epilepsy with purely mesial temporal lesion in the absence of extramesial temporal pathology, based on pre-operative MRI or post-operative histology. NTE was defined as neocortical temporal MRI lesions, depth recorded neocortical temporal seizure onset and lack of mesial temporal lesions on MRI or histology. One thousand two hundred and fourty-nine epileptic seizures were analyzed. Congenital malformation (NTE 19% versus MTE 3%, P < 0.01), nonspecific auras (NTE 25% versus MTE 8%, P < 0.001) and early clonic activity following automatisms (NTE 22% versus MTE 8%, P < 0.03) were more frequent in NTE. In contrast, a history of febrile seizures (MTE 29% versus NTE 3%, P < 0,001), abdominal auras (MTE 62% versus NTE 33%, P < 0.005) and contralateral hand dystonia (MTE 43% versus NTE 22%, P < 0.03) were more often documented in MTE. Interictal epileptiform discharges in MTE occurred predominantly (> 67%) over the ipsilateral mesial temporal regions (MTE 65% versus NTE 33%, P < 0.001). No MTE patient had lateral neocortical temporal spike predominance (NTE 22%, P < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression revealed that a history of febrile seizures, abdominal auras, contralateral dystonic posturing and predominance of ipsilateral mesial temporal spikes point to MTE, with an accuracy of 73% (PPV 81%, NPV 70%). Analyzing clinical and EEG features, particularly the distribution of interictal epileptiform discharges, helps to differentiate between MTE and NTE.


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High-speed winds during a thunderstorm may cause trees around an electric grid to crash into the distribution system feeders causing an outage in that area. Currently, most utility companies diminish such accidents by scheduling regular tree-trimming operations. This effort is costly and is based on a rotational approach to different service areas, which may take months and sometimes years before all trees are trimmed.
Texas A&M University researchers have developed an intelligent model that can predict a potential vulnerability to utility assets and present a map of where and when a possible outage may occur. The predictive feature allows the trees in the most critical areas with the highest risk to be trimmed first.
Dr. Mladen Kezunovic, Regents Professor and holder of the Eugene E. Webb professorship in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, along with graduate students Tatjana Dokic and Po-Chen Chen, have developed the framework for a model that can predict weather hazards, vulnerability of electric grids and the economic impact of the potential damage.
By analyzing the impact of a potential vulnerability and weather impacts on power system outages, the researchers can predict where and when outages can occur. Predicting an optimal tree trimming schedule that would minimize the risk of vegetation-related outages is only one of the applications.
"The utility grids and related assets are mostly located outdoors and are exposed to all kinds of weather hazards. Dealing with aging infrastructure assets adds another layer of complexity that utility companies face," said Kezunovic. "Any kind of environmental data that has some relevance to the power system can be fed into this prediction framework."
Data such as a utility company's operational records, weather forecasts, altitude and vegetation around the power systems can be used to customize the applications of the model.
The model is flexible and can process a variety of data despite differing formats and data sources. The researchers say processing such data is a demanding task they have been able to solve. Every source of data and its presentation is different and multifaceted. Based on the goals, they select a large amount of input data from several sources and perform a risk analysis.
Such comprehensive data analytics makes the power system and its operations more reliable.
"The first and foremost goal of utility companies is to assure uninterrupted service," said Chen. "By improving reliability, we can predict outages. If we can prevent outages with historical and close-to-real-time data, we can save millions of dollars since the outages may be mitigated."
The researchers describe their methodology for the framework as a three-part process. First, they investigate the probability of a potential hazard, such as severe weather. Next, they assess the vulnerability of the utility assets by taking the weather probability and predicting its impact on the assets. The last and most significant step is evaluating the impact of certain events and the calculation of costs of reliability indices and maintenance, replacement and repair.
The model analyzed historical and close-to-real-time weather data and successfully predicted future vulnerabilities enabling utility companies to have efficient mitigation measures, such as inspection, repair and maintenance processes.
"Overall the risk analysis helps predict the probability of events happening in the near future and then adds the financial impact allowing development of an optimal action plan for the utility operators to execute," said Chen.
"When outages happen, utility companies lose millions of dollars in just repairs," said Dokic. "The past has shown how certain outages have cost precious lives too."
The researchers used CenterPoint Energy's utility data in their framework and have presented a proof of concept to the company. Their next step is implementation of the model on CenterPoint's database and environment.
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1) In modern usage the PECL terminators would be tiny resistor networks.
1a) If the PECL signals are fairly static slow data these may not have to be terminated on a short on-board run. But that leads to the question, why did you convert them to PECL in the first place if they are slow unclocked data?
1b) If the PECL signals are clocks or latch enables etc. you probably want to terminate them.
1c) By Thevenin's Theorem most usual way to terminate PECL will end up being like figure 4 in _URL_
2) One terminator at far end. But it is unusual (see my note below 4) to fan out PECL. If necessary to split a signal multiple ways there are fanout buffers e.g. SY100EP11U, but this would be an unusual use of PECL.
3) Wrong. But note by Thevenin's theorem, a 50 ohm resistor to Vcc-2V, can be replaced by two resistors one to ground and one to Vcc. See 1c above.
Overall note: Today you are most likely to see PECL or LVDS used on board-to-board or assembly-to-assembly interconnect cables. It'll be translated to whatever's used on the board right at the terminator.


Testing methods to enhance longevity awareness
March 2021
Retirees need to have some idea of how long they will survive to make informed decisions about drawing down retirement savings, claiming Social Security and pension benefits, and purchasing annuities. This is not a trivial task for many people due to low financial literacy, cognitive shortcomings, and behavioral biases. This paper seeks to understand how individuals estimate and then use subjective survival probabilities when making long-term financial decisions.
Key Insights
Providing longevity-risk information impacts people's subjective survival probabilities, while simply describing average life expectancy does not.
Providing information on life expectancy or longevity significantly affects people's annuitization decisions.
Merely prompting people to think about financial decisions changes their perceptions of subjective survival probabilities.
To evaluate ways to enhance awareness of longevity risk while controlling for all other related variables, the authors developed, fielded, and analyzed a nationally representative online survey of Americans using the Prolific "crowd-working" platform.


Earth's Paradox: Greater complexity, more stability in an ecosystem
The third law of thermodynamics states (in effect) that "entropy in the universe is always increasing".
Entropy is the degree of randomness in any system. It's a concept in favor of simplicity. Everything in the universe is moving from complex to simple situations. For example, within a star, Hydrogen atoms collide to form Helium in a process called nuclear fusion and gives off energy. Helium is a more stable atom than Hydrogen, hence this situation is considered as one moving towards greater entropy.
This is the law of the universe. Yet, on Earth, we see something that is in direct contrast to this law. It is an accepted fact in ecological circles that greater diversity in nature leads to greater stability. It's the reason scientists everywhere are so concerned about extinction of species. Loss of biodiversity is a cause of concern because as this diversity decreases, that chances of ecological failure drastically increases.
One the one hand, the third law states that everything moves towards greater entropy, more simplicity. That's the stable situation. On the other hand, ecologically, simplicity is a big problem. We need more diversity and complexity to survive. Why does this paradox exist?
This was a question that was dealt with in great detail by scientists in the 1960s and 70s. There were a few scientists clearly in favor of what is visible in nature; greater complexity leads to more stability. This claim was not ill founded. The reason greater stability is found in complex ecosystems is that with more complex interactions, the ability of organisms to deal with disturbances increases. Let's take an example.
food web के लिए चित्र परिणाम
The above picture is an example of a common food web. A food web depicts various ways in which organisms eat other organisms and obtain energy for their survival. Let us assume that simplicity is a better option in this case. Let's do something about it.
I will remove two organisms from this food web, the grasshopper and the mouse. My action here can be termed as a "disturbance". Once I do this, the number of organisms decrease, and the entropy of this system increases. Does that mean this ecosystem is stable?
No. Now that I have taken out the grasshopper and mouse, the other organisms that feed on these are facing a crisis. How will they meet their energy needs? The rat, which feeds on both the grasshopper and the mouse, will have only the rabbit to eat. The snake, meanwhile has nothing to eat because it only feeds on mice! Since the snake and the rat are facing a shortage of food, they will compete for the rabbit, and rapidly decline the rapid population. Once their food decreases, they start to die. The owl, which was until now relying on only the snake and the rat (since the grasshopper and mouse was already gone), also dies as the snake and the rat disappears. The ecosystem will collapse.
This has been termed the "Insurance Hypothesis". It says that more diverse communities can express a greater range of responses to environmental disturbances. That's how they maintain their stability.
But a mathematician called Robert May decided, he doesn't believe this to be true. The very basis of Insurance Hypothesis is against a law of thermodynamics! How can that be?
Being a mathematician, he decided to disprove the hypothesis using maths. He ran multiple simulations on a computer software to determine if in fact, greater complexity meant greater stability.
Guess what? He disproved it! Mathematically, he was able to arrive at the conclusion that even in nature, like the universe, the law of entropy holds good. Greater complexity is unstable.
So what's the catch? Why does nature behave directly opposite to what maths and physics predict? The answer is quite simple.
What May didn't factor into his calculations was the conditional nature of an ecosystem. A mathematical simulation would not know what the food chain is, what the trophic levels are. It would not know that plants, which are producers, can be eaten only by herbivores and not carnivores. Likewise, carnivores, the top predators, cannot be eaten by herbivores. In the universe, such conditions do not exist. In the example of the Sun above, any two hydrogen atoms, given the right conditions will fuse to give helium. There is no condition that says that only particular hydrogen atoms with specific properties can combine.
That is the difference between nature and the universe. After his study, May concluded that even though his results stated that complexity leads to instability, he recognized that this is not true in nature because there is a certain way in which things work in the ecosystem. Natural ecosystems are "a special part of the universe", where greater complexity leads to stability.
This just reinforces how unique Earth is.
Author: Saurab Babu
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Goats no more —
USDA gives biotech company record fine for animal welfare violations
Santa Cruz Biotech will have to give up using goats and rabbits.
USDA gives biotech company record fine for animal welfare violations
The USDA will impose a record fine against a company that supplies life science researchers with critical materials. Santa Cruz Biotechnology had been facing a variety of animal welfare charges related to lapses in the care of the research animals it kept. The $3.5-million fine comes as part of a settlement that will end the company's issues with federal regulators. While the company won't admit any wrongdoing, the settlement calls for it to lose its license to keep two species of research animals.
Santa Cruz Biotechnology creates antibodies to specific proteins, which researchers then purchase in order to isolate and identify those proteins. The antibodies themselves are often created in furry little factories: research animals that have received immunizations against the protein in question. These animals then continue making useful antibodies for as long as they live; the antibodies can be isolated using blood samples.
After some initial inspections suggested that Santa Cruz was keeping some animals alive after the point that they should be euthanized due to things like tumors, further searches revealed that the company was being generally shifty about its animal records keeping. An entire herd of goats was never declared in any of the company's paperwork, and the company once cleared out almost 4,000 research animals in advance of some USDA hearings.
The $3.5 million fine is a record for the USDA; in a statement, the Animal Welfare Institute said the previous record was only $300,000. But some of the other terms of the settlement are likely to be much more problematic from the company's perspective, as it will lose its license to keep rabbits and goats, two species covered by the US Animal Welfare Act. "By losing its research registration this month, SCBT will not be able to extract blood from animals covered under the Animal Welfare Act," an Animal Welfare Institute spokesman told Ars. "The company's license is revoked December 31, 2016, which will prevent SCBT from ever selling antibodies derived from Animal Welfare Act covered species in the US."
The company can still use other sources of antibodies, such as mice, rats, and chickens. But goats and rabbits can often produce far more material over the course of their lives than other species, and their antibodies are useful in some contexts where those from mice are not.
You must to comment.
Channel Ars Technica


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Forests on the edge
In the William deBuys essay about controversy surrounding northern New Mexico's forests, he says "We need to create more small forest edges in order to promote species diversity" (HCN, 2/5/96). I am no expert on this matter, but it caught my eye because of research that's been done in Eastern forests. It shows that creation of edges and the disappearance of contiguous forest harms migratory songbird populations. I realize this research on Eastern forests and birds is not research on Western forests and birds, but the casual suggestion that we need to create "edge" in the forest makes me uneasy.
Too many times we have solved one problem in our ecosystem by creating another.


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Effect of Delays in Concordant Antibiotic Treatment on Mortality in Patients With Hospital-Acquired Acinetobacter Species Bacteremia: Emulating a Target Randomized Trial With a 13-Year Retrospective Cohort.
Lim C., Mo Y., Teparrukkul P., Hongsuwan M., Day NPJ., Limmathurotsakul D., Cooper BS.
Delays in treating bacteremias with antibiotics to which the causative organism is susceptible are expected to adversely affect patient outcomes. Quantifying the impact of such delays to concordant treatment is important for decision-making about interventions to reduce the delays and for quantifying the burden of disease due to antimicrobial resistance. There are, however, potentially important biases to be addressed, including immortal time bias. We aimed to estimate the impact of delays in appropriate antibiotic treatment of patients with Acinetobacter species hospital-acquired bacteremia in Thailand on 30-day mortality by emulating a target trial using retrospective cohort data from Sunpasitthiprasong Hospital in 2003-2015. For each day, we defined treatment as concordant if the isolated organism was susceptible to at least 1 antibiotic given. Among 1,203 patients with Acinetobacter species hospital-acquired bacteremia, 682 had 1 or more days of delays to concordant treatment. Surprisingly, crude 30-day mortality was lower in patients with delays of ≥3 days compared with those who had 1-2 days of delays. Accounting for confounders and immortal time bias resolved this paradox. Emulating a target trial, we found that these delays were associated with an absolute increase in expected 30-day mortality of 6.6% (95% confidence interval: 0.2, 13.0), from 33.8% to 40.4%.


ObamaCare Costs Hit School Districts, Employees
ObamaCare Costs Hit School Districts, Employees
June 14, 2013
Evelyn B. Stacey
School districts across the country are digging through the details to see how the Affordable Care Act, known as ObamaCare, will impact their budgets starting January 1, 2014. The law's mandates are causing schools to fire employees, reduce employee hours, and otherwise slash education spending.
"Since most of [school districts'] budget is people, it is likely that, absent special federal or state funding, there will be some cutbacks. The exact magnitude will be driven by the size of the cost increases—something that we will not know until they unfold over the next few years," said Michael Shires, a professor of public finance at Pepperdine University. "One of the lessons the current federal fiscal crisis and the deficits in most states has taught us is that there really are limits to the resources available to public budgets. So, as the costs per employee rise, that money has to come from somewhere. So whether it is through larger class sizes, a smaller number of aides and support staff, or fewer books and other materials, there will likely be a decline in resources in the classrooms."
By January, all districts with 50 or more full-time employees must provide government-approved healthcare benefits. One significant change for schools is the new definition for full-time employees: Those who work an average of 30 hours per week. Previously, part-time work meant less than 40 hours per week. School districts unable to afford healthcare benefits for part-time employees are reducing the number of hours they can work.
Several national organizations contacted for this article said they had no statistics indicating how widespread are ObamaCare's financial effects on schools, but news articles about the trend are surfacing nationwide, most indicating significant cuts resulting from the new law.
Case Studies
Ohio's Youngstown School District sent out letters notifying more than 300 part-time employees their hours will be cut. In Pennsylvania, part-time hours will be limited to 29.5 hours of work per week. Fort Wayne schools in Indiana recently notified all 610 part-timers they now must work no more than 25 hours a week.
Granite School District in Utah has estimated providing bigger healthcare insurance for all part-time employees in 2013-2014 will cost nearly $14 million. Its annual budget is about $500 million.
"The cost of benefits for individuals and families ranges from around $11,000 to $14,000. We currently have around 1,200 part-time hourly employees. That is how we came to the estimate of $14 million needed to provide them with benefits," said Ben Horsley, Granite's spokesman. To reduce these taxpayer costs, the district has sent letters to all 1,200 part-timers notifying them that in January their weekly hours must average of 29 or less.
'Such a Hardship'
Before ObamaCare, part-time employees typically did not receive medical insurance, but they were allowed to work and earn more money per week, with "some working 32-plus hours as they chose," said Susen Zobel, president of the Granite Education Association, a local union. "The only realistic choice our district, and other employers, is given for this employee group was to cut the number of hours they were able to work. This is such a hardship because they would like to work more hours and have offered to waive medical insurance because often they have it through the other spouse. But that is not allowed under ACA."
Most of these part-timers "are not career employees" like teachers, Horseley said. Instead, they are classroom aides or janitors.
Layoffs a Real Possibility
"All have the opportunity to apply for full-time contract positions, which turn over pretty regularly," he said. But if "we were required to provide them with benefits, services at schools would be impacted and the board would have to decide how to pay for those benefits. That situation would require some layoffs."
To temporarily ease these challenges, Utah state Rep. Melvin Brown (R-Coalville) sponsored a bill this year to provide a one-time school funding increase of $160 million for 2013-2014.
"The biggest problem facing all districts in our state is the fact that this also applies to substitute teachers," Zobel said. "Now they can only work three-and-a-half days a week. This causes us to split subs for long-term situations, such as my friend that was diagnosed with brain cancer in January. Instead of only having to worry about one sub covering her class, she had to work with two subs to have her classes covered."
Research shows use of more substitute teachers reduces student learning.
Higher Costs All Around
In addition to the cost of covering more employees, the ObamaCare law will increase health insurance premium costs by an estimated 13 to 23 percent, according to analyses by WellPoint Health Insurance Company, Hoover Institution Senior Fellow Daniel Kessler said.
"Employers have to pay a tax penalty because their policies do not carry sufficiently generous insurance," likely resulting in lower wages for employees, Kessler said.
ObamaCare creates additional confusion for districts in determining whether they count as a small or large employer. The IRS requires a count of full-time employees plus the cumulative number of hours part-time employees work, which could add more full-time employee equivalents.
Many school districts have yet to decide how to deal with the issue. In the coming months, school boards will be discussing the law's budget impacts in public meetings across the country.
Image by kptice.
Evelyn B. Stacey


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the fox is motionless before shooting. Accuracy is important to achieve a humane death. One shot to the head should ensure instantaneous loss of consciousness and rapid death without resumption of consciousness.
- Shots must be aimed to destroy the major centres at the back of the brain near the spinal cord. This can be achieved by one of the following methods (see Diagram 1):
Frontal position (front view)
The firearm is aimed at a point midway between the level of the eyes and the base of the ears, but slightly off to one side so as to miss the bony ridge that runs down the middle of the skull. The aim should be slightly across the centreline of the skull and towards the spine.
Temporal position (side view)
The firearm is aimed horizontally at the side of the head at a point midway between the eye and the base of the ear.
- Death of shot animals should always be confirmed by observing the following:
– absence of rhythmic, respiratory movements
– absence of eye protection reflex (corneal reflex) or 'blink'
– a fixed, glazed expression in the eyes
– loss of colour in mucous membranes (become mottled and pale without refill after pressure is applied).
If death cannot be verified, a second shot to the head should be taken immediately.
Head shot (frontal)
Side view (skeleton)
Recommended shot placements for foxes Note: Head shots (temporal or frontal) should be used for shooting foxes caught in traps.
- Baker PJ, Harris S, Robertson CPJ, Saunders G and White PCL (2001). Differences in the capture rate of cage-trapped red foxes Vulpes vulpes and an evaluation of rabies control measures in Britain. Journal of Applied Ecology 38:823-835.
- Canadian Council on Animal Care (2003). Guidelines on the care and use of wildlife. CCAC, Ottawa, Canada.
Kay B, Gifford E, Perry P and van de Ven R (2000). Trapping efficiency for foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in central New South Wales: age and sex biases and the effects of reduced fox abundance. Wildlife Research 27:547-552.
- Longair JA, Finley GG, Laniel MA, MacKay C, Mould K, Olfert ED, Roswell H and Preston A (1991). Guidelines for euthanasia of domestic animals by firearms. Canadian Veterinary Journal 32:724-726.
- Saunders G, Coman B, Kinnear J and Braysher M (1995). Managing vertebrate pests: foxes. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
- UFAW (1988). Humane killing of animals (4th Ed). Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, Potters Bar, England.
The Centre for Invasive Species Solutions manages these documents on behalf of the Environment and Invasives Committee (EIC). The authors of these documents have taken care to validate the accuracy of the information at the time of writing. This information has been prepared with care but it is provided "as is", without warranty of any kind, to the extent permitted by law.
Connect with government
It is important to contact the relevant federal, state or territory government agency before undertaking fox control to ensure you have the right permits in place


Karen's Knitting Site - History of knitting
Karen's Knitting Site
History of knitting
The actual origins of knitting are hard to trace. Historic evidence of knitted pieces have been found in several, diverse countries such as Egypt, England, Holland, Scotland, Spain, Germany, and so on. Apparently, the earliest evidence of knitted clothing found were fragments of socks that were made in Egypt sometime between 1000 and 1300 A.D. But, even this is disputed since some scholars say that these socks were not knitted but were the result of naalebinding (another fabric making technique).
The first trade union devoted to knitting professionals was founded in 1527 in Paris. It was originally a male-only occupation but soon became a household activity when knitted stockings became extremely popular. Apparently, by the lates 1600's between one and two million of these knitted stockings were exported from Britain to various parts of Europe.
Socks and stockings seem to be the earliest pieces of knitted clothing because this technique allowed for shaping the cloth to mold to the many angles of the foot. But this wasn't the only effective and creative use of hand knitting.
According to one source I checked, "Legend has it that sailors wore sweaters with their family pattern knit into them so that their bodies could be identified if they died at sea."4 While it's a morbid thing to think about, it is a notable application of the craft.
Whatever its true origins, knitting, crocheting, naalbinding and various other crafts of this nature have a long, rich history. As someone who has become a recent convert, I can easily see why these techniques have survived for so long.
1. "Knitting." Wikipedia, Retrieved March 2, 2005 from _URL_
2. Rutt, Richard (2003). A history of handknitting. Interweave Press, Loveland, CO.
3. "Knitting History." Apparel Search Company, Retrieved March 2, 2005 from _URL_
4. Thomas, Nancy J. (2004). Barnes & Noble Basics: Knitting and crocheting. Barnes & Noble Books, New York, NY.
5. "Naalbinding." Regia Anglorum, Retrieved March 2, 2005 from _URL_
6. photo © Kathleen Kinder/Bill Mitchell 1997 _URL_


by. Many of these pre-war trains operated by clockwork or battery power and were made of lithographed tin. The sizes of the cars varied widely, as the standard for O gauge was largely ignored. Dorfan went out of business in 1934, while Ives was bought by Lionel, and Hafner and Joy Line were bought by Marx. Hornby withdrew from the U.S. market in 1930 after selling its U.S. factory to the A. C. Gilbert Company.
As early as 1938, the survivors Lionel, Marx, and American Flyer faced competition from Sakai, a Tokyo-based Japanese toy company who sold trains priced at the low end of the market. The product designs most closely resembled Lionel, but with Märklin-like couplers and detail parts that appeared to be copied from Ives. "Seki", another Japanese company, was an entirely different and independent company.
Between 1946 and 1976, the primary U.S. manufacturers of O gauge trains were Lionel and Marx, with American Flyer switching to the more-realistic S scale and the rest of the companies out of business.
Toy maker Unique Art produced a line of inexpensive O gauge trains from 1949 to 1951, but found itself unable to compete with Marx. Marx continued to make clockwork and battery-powered trains and lithographed cars into the 1970s, along with more realistic offerings that were sometimes difficult to distinguish from Lionel.
Sakai re-entered the U.S. market after World War II, selling trains that were often nearly identical to Marx designs and sometimes undercutting Marx's prices, from 1946 to 1969.
A company called American Model Toys brought out a line of realistic, detailed cars beginning in 1948. In 1953 it released a budget line. It ran into financial difficulty, reorganized under the name Auburn Model Trains, and ended up selling its line to Nashville, Tennessee-based Kusan, a plastics company who continued its production until 1961. The tooling was then sold to a small company run by Andrew (Andy) Kriswalus in Endicott, New York, who operated as Kris Model Trains, or KMT. Andy Kriswalus only produced the box, stock, and refrigerator cars from the Kusan dies, and on some of these cars he mounted die-cast trucks from the Kusan tooling. After Kriswalus' death, the tooling was sold to K-Line and Williams Electric Trains, who continued to use it to produce parts of their budget lines.
From O gauge's beginnings up until the mid-1970s, the various manufacturers' trackside accessories would interoperate with one another, but the train cars themselves used couplers of differing designs, often making it difficult or impossible to use different manufacturers' cars together. The post-War consolidation did little to improve matters: Marx used three different standards, depending on the product line, and Lionel used two, so frequently the companies' own entry-level products were incompatible with their high-end products, let alone with the competition. Hobbyists who wanted differing standards to interoperate had to resort to replacing couplers.
After Marx went out of business in 1978, K-Line bought much of Marx's tooling and entered the marketplace. K-Line's early offerings changed little from the old Marx designs, other than a new brand name and a Lionel-compatible coupler, making K-Line's offerings completely interoperable with Lionel.
As O gauge regained popularity in the 1990s it also started to regain manufacturers, and as of late 2003, no fewer than six companies market O gauge locomotives and/or cars, all theoretically interoperable with one another.
Lionel equipment retains a large collector following. Equipment from shorter-lived manufacturers prior to World War II is also highly sought after, while American Flyer and Marx are less so. Post-War Marx is gaining in popularity after years of being derided by serious collectors. There is little collector interest in Sakai today, possibly because of difficulty identifying the equipment and because the brand is much less widely known than its U.S. counterparts.
In the recent years there has been a movement called 3-Rail Scale. It is three-rail trains on high-rail track, but with scale couplers and other more prototypical details, like fixed pilots and scale wheels. Most 3-Rail scale modelers use Kadee brand scale couplers.
The biggest makers of American O scale trains today are Lionel, LLC, MTH Electric Trains, Atlas O, and Weaver Models.
See also[edit]
 - On2 - A scale representing 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge
 - On3 - A scale representing 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge
 - On30 - Narrow gauge modeling in O Scale using HO scale track
 - Model railway scales
 - SE scale
 1. ^ a b Ian Middleditch. "What is 0 Gauge?". Gauge '0' Guild. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
 2. ^ a b "NMRA STANDARDS S-1.2 Standards for Scale Models" (pdf). National Model Railroad Association. July 2009. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
 3. ^ a b "Normes Européennes de Modélisme: Rapports de réduction, échelles, écartements" (in French). Union Européenne des Modélistes Ferroviaires et des Amis des Chemins de Fer. 2004. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
 4. ^ T.J. Klevar (2008-02-17). "Standards & Recommended Practices - Introduction". National Model Railroad Association. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
 5. ^ "The History of Proto48". Proto48 Modeler. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
External links[edit]


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Kahlo in a critically acclaimed touring exhibition titled Places of Their Own, Organized and circulated by the McMichael Canadian Art Collection, and more recently an exhibition of seven of her paintings from the permanent collection of the Vancouver Art Gallery's, were selected for display at dOCUMENTA (13), the prestigious international art showcase held every five years in Kassel, Germany.
Author DORIS SHADBOLT
Links to Other Sites
The website for the Historica-Dominion Institute, parent organization of The Canadian Encyclopedia and the Encyclopedia of Music in Canada. Check out their extensive online feature about the War of 1812, the "Heritage Minutes" video collection, and many other interactive resources concerning Canadian history, culture, and heritage.
Emily Carr At Home and At Work
Extensive site devoted to life, art, and writings of Canadian artist Emily Carr. Click on "New" for the online exhibit "To the Totem Forest." Excellent Canada's Digital Collections site
An extensive online exhibit of Emily Carr paintings depicting First Nations culture in the early 20th century. From Library and Archives Canada.
Watch the Emily Carr Heritage Minute from the Historica-Dominion Institute. See also related online learning resources.
Discover compelling stories about outstanding Canadian artists and some of their monumental works of art. From the McMichael Canadian Art Collection and the Virtual Museum of Canada Teachers' Centre.
This website honours Emily Carr and other exemplary Canadian women artists. Part of the "Celebrating Women's Achievements" series from Library and Archives Canada.
Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design
Vancouver's renowned Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design. View an online graduates' gallery and access information about the Centre for Art and Technology. Many links to resources for art students.
Emily Carr: Rebel Artist
This review of Kate Braid's book "Emily Carr: Rebel Artist" is from the "Canadian Review of Materials." For younger readers.
Click on the brief profiles of "extraordinary Canadians" and the authors who wrote about them in this Penguin Group (Canada) series. Also includes bios of artists who created the cover art for each book.
Glossary: Emily Carr
A glossary of terms relating to Emily Carr and her art. From the Vancouver Art Gallery and the Virtual Museum of Canada.
BC 150: Splendour without diminishment
The CBC Digital Archives celebrates B.C.'s sesquicentennial with a look at the people and the events that have shaped its history.
Winds of Heaven
The website for a film about extraordinary Canadian artist Emily Carr, who chronicled the art and culture of British Columbia's First Nations peoples. From White Pine Pictures.
View brief videos from a television series profiling some of Canada's most distinguished Canadians. Click on "Older Posts" at the bottom of the page to see additional videos.


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- Causes of Future Sea Level Rise
- Elevation Maps
- Will we really lose all that land?
- Sea Level Rise Planning Maps
Notice and inspection will be increasingly important as submergence becomes imminent.
As with all conservation easements, a key task for the rolling easement holder or local government will be to periodically remind landowners of the requirements. This is important both to prevent owners from violating the terms of the easement, and to discourage them from doing things that are inadvisable given those terms. A major renovation would increase the temptation to legally challenge (or cheat on) the requirement to refrain from shore protection; a decision to not renovate, by contrast, would help to settle the owners expectations of the eventual abandonment. Clear warnings from realtors (particularly buyers agents who discuss possible problems before the first visit) can discourage those unwilling to comply with the easement from even considering the property, making it more likely that the land will be bought by someone who is able to fit the eventual abandonment into his plans. No matter what the easement holder does, some people may take the chance of purchasing the land and then attempting to evade the terms of the easement. But most likely they would do so as a matter of economic speculation, which they would drop once there is no economic benefit from pursuing the matter. The purchaser who is never informed of the terms, by contrast, may come to oppose the rolling easement for more than economic reasons and thus be willing to take on legal costs (and impose legal costs on the holder) even when there is no economic benefit from doing so. Hence, ensuring that purchasers are truly aware of the terms of the easement will becomes increasingly important as the submerge date approaches.
In Section 8.1, we suggest that routine inspection might not be necessary for most of the duration of a rolling easement because shore protection is both unlikely and generally harmless several decades before submergence. Once submergence becomes imminent, however, inspection is important so that any violations can be cured before they matter. If a shoreline migration conservation easement is designed to ensure that wetlands migrate inland, then once submergence of part of the parcel is expected within about a decade, the holder should inspect the ground elevations to ensure that land grades have not been artificially elevated over the years. If grade elevation has taken place, the holder can require the owner to re-grade the land back to the original elevation so it will become submerged as originally agreed. Whether the parcel is along an eroding beach or a wetland shore, the inspection can also look for structures built for another purpose but likely to have an effect similar to a shore protection structure (e.g., retaining wall, paved elevated driveway).
The practical necessity of noticing violations before the submerge date is likely to create legal reasons for frequent inspections as well. Legal duties are often based on what a reasonable person should do. It is reasonable for a rolling easement holder to pay more attention to lands about to be submerged than to those that are on high ground and still some distance from the shore. Although periodic reminders should be sufficient to show that the easement holder has not abandoned the easement, more frequent inspections might help an easement holder to address a number of legal issues regarding specific violations:
- Statute of Limitations. The statute of limitations period to prove a specific violation is generally shorter than the prescriptive period necessary to prove abandonment, and is often based on the statute of limitations for breach of contract. In many states, an easement holder must go to court within three or four years of when the holder knows or should know about the violation. A periodic inspection schedule could clarify when the holder should know about violations. Thus frequent inspections can reduce the risk that a court will decline to order a remedy on grounds that the holder should have known about it sooner.
- Evidence to prove shore protection. Over time memories fade and witnesses move or die. A witness who has seen dump trucks bringing topsoil to the property could provide compelling testimony that the grade has been elevated. Yet a land trust will not generally look for such witnesses until a violation is noticed.
- Likelihood that a court orders a remedy. Even if a violation is proven, the doctrines of estoppel, waiver, and laches are sometimes advanced as reasons for a court to not order a remedy. The rationale for these doctrines is that enforcement is unfair if the landowner made an investment while reasonably relying on the easement holders apparent intent to not use the easement to block the project. Frequent notice should be sufficient to prove that it was unreasonable for an owner to assume that the land trust would not object if the land is elevated. Still, some types of notice are easy to overlook. An on-site inspection is strong evidence that the landowner had notice that the holder takes the restrictions seriously.
The decade before submergence may also be a good time to begin negotiations on the endgame for the easement, especially with a shoreline migration easement owned by a land trust. Although a rolling easement can outline the basic set of responsibilities, the actual transition may involve details that cannot all be anticipated when the instrument is originally negotiated. The parameters of any such negotiations would depend, most of all, on whether the rolling easement will terminate the landowners use of any buildings on the property.
If the rolling easement terminates use of any building once it is seaward of the rolling design boundary, it may be advantageous to both parties to set a specific transfer date. If it is clear (for example) that the land will be submerged over a period starting in 6 years and ending in about 20 years, and that the homes location will be submerged in 10–12 years, both parties may benefit by replacing restrictions based on the rolling design boundary, with specific language that will transfer title to the land (for example) 12 years hence. The landowners title could be converted to an estate for years with a duration of 12 years, with the rolling easement converted to a remainder interest that vests 12 years hence. Most landowners—particularly those residing on the property—would benefit from eliminating the uncertainty about their tenure; and both parties would be spared the time invested in annual inspections and protracted negotiations. If violations need to be cured, both parties may benefit by simply transferring the property on the date when it would have been submerged but for the violation, instead of re-grading the land down to the original elevation and then transferring it on that date anyway.
If a rolling easement allows continued occupation after the home is seaward of spring high water, then property owners will have little reason to convert their land title into an estate for years. But in most cases, the landowners right to occupy a home will end once the home is seaward of the public trust boundary—for example mean high water. At that point, the negotiations will be similar to the situation where a home must be abandoned as soon as it is within the wetlands, except that the negotiated transfer date (and possibly the negotiations) will be later.
Rolling easements are likely to allow continued occupation of homes in areas where the public trust boundary does not roll, and in areas where the comprehensive plan calls for an accommodation pathway. Negotiations would be very different. They might involve an inducement to abandon the home given the increasing costs of continued occupation, or they might simply focus on how the wetlands would be managed.
The likelihood of negotiating the details of the endgame depends on what happens to similar properties nearby. If adjacent properties have already been abandoned under similar arrangements, owners are likely to generally assume that the terms of the easement are binding, and negotiate the details in good faith. If other properties have been abandoned under different arrangements—or if this is the first parcel to be submerged—then some owners are likely to resist the requirement to abandon the property, or at least resist the timing specified in the rolling easement.
When the holder of a rolling easement is a government agency, then landowners can also make a political appeal against enforcing the easement. If the environmental, safety, and budgetary benefits of allowing the shore to retreat are generally accepted, then such appeals will generally fail. For example, Texas has generally declined to provide more than temporary relief in response to requests for exemptions from its rolling easement policy. A record of repeated reminders about the easement and efforts to negotiate in good faith may also help agencies resist such pressure. Nevertheless, to mitigate the perceived hardship, some sort of financial payment may be necessary.
 Under the doctrine of waste, the owner of a possibility of reverter may have the power to stop such grade elevation, if the title transfers upon a given rise in sea level. If title transfers upon shore protection, the holder will have to take precautions to find such violations or risk losing title to the land through adverse possession.
 See, e.g., supra Table 6 (suggesting an initial elevation survey).
 This paragraph draws upon a memo to EPA prepared by Leslie Ratley-Beach, Sylvia Bates, and Rush Shay of the Land Trust alliance concerning the importance of frequent inspections. See generally Ratley-Beach, Sylvia Bates & Rush Shay, RE: Review Request: Draft Primer on Rolling Easements (email from Leslie Ratley-Beach to Jeremy Martinich of EPA, November 1, 2010).
 See generally Lynn M LoPucki, Statute of Limitations in Warranty, 21 U. of Fla. L. Rev. 336 (1968). But cf. Cheever, supra note 215, at 1098 n.109 (noting that the statute of limitations in at least one state does not directly articulate the discovery rule, which tolls the statute of limitations from the time of a violation until the time when the injured party knows or should


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Hypertext Help with LaTeX
The \addtocontents command adds text (or formatting commands) directly
to the file that generates the table of contents or list of figures or
- file is the extension of the file on which information is to be
written: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot
(list of tables).
- text is the information to be written.
See also Table of Contents
Return to the LaTeX Table of Contents
Revised: Sheldon Green, 28 Jun 1995.


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File Code: Courts and Court Personnel - Statewide
- Sponsored By:
Senators Jacobs, Klausmeier, Mooney, Munson, and Stone
Courts - Evidence - Existence of or Membership in a Criminal Gang
Establishing that specified evidence is probative of the existence of
or membership in a criminal gang; and authorizing the admissibility of
specified evidence in a civil or criminal proceeding to prove the
existence of or membership in a criminal gang.
Legislative date is used to record
history occuring in the Chambers
otherwise Calendar date is used.
- First Reading Judicial Proceedings
- Hearing 3/11 at 1:00 p.m.
- No Action
- Senator Nancy Jacobs, District 34
- Senator Katherine Klausmeier, District 8
- Senator Alexander X. Mooney, District 3
- Senator Donald F. Munson, District 2
- Senator Norman R. Stone, Jr., District 6
Bill indexed under the following Subjects:
- Courts -see alsoCircuit; Appeals; District; Orphans'; etc.
- Crimes and Punishments -see alsoPenalties; Sentences; etc.
Bill affects the following Statutes:
- Courts and Judicial Proceedings
- Criminal Law
- Bill Text (Displayed in PDF Format):
Third Reading, Enrolled
- Fiscal and Policy Note (Displayed in PDF Format):


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Skip to Main Content
Voltage fluctuations on electric power systems sometimes give rise to noticeable illumination changes from lighting equipment. This phenomenon is often referred to as flicker, lamp flicker, and sometimes voltage flicker. This recommended practice provides specifications for measurement of this phenomenon and recommends acceptable levels for 120 V, 60 Hz and 230 V, 50 Hz AC electric power systems. It does not make any flicker emission specifications for certification of individual products manufactured for use on these systems.


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What is P3D? P3D is a collection of simple but efficient fortran 77 routines, which can be used with the PGPLOT graphics library to plot three-dimensional particle distributions. The plots can be easily made interactive and allow for manipulation, which could be an efficient tool for examining a distribution and finding the optimal rendering technique. Demo programs, available in the distribution, show how the routines can be used to create 3D plots, manipulate them via keys or with a mouse, and create sequences of frames that can be used to create a movie showing the 3D distribution in motion.
The programs are available for download as gzipped-tarred archive p3d.tar.gz.
|An example of output generated using the P3D routines: 3D view of the formation of structures in a simulation of CDM model with cosmological constant. The size of shown box is 30/h Mpc. 10% of the total number of particles (2,097,152) is shown. Particles are color-coded with local density at the position of the particle. Click in the image to get a still view of the final state (z=0.0). An example of a short fly-by movie made using P3D routines is available here (MPEG, 1.7Mb).|
If you have access to the OpenGL library, you may be interested in checking out fast interactive program called written by Michael Blanton.
|questions and comments|


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Ansys 2020 R2: Efficiently Managing Materials Data for Design and Simulation
Quickly finding and comparing materials for design and simulation is now easy with Ansys GRANTA MI Pro. This software solution helps CAD and simulation engineers to be more efficient and reduce the risk of using the wrong data by storing data in the right format and integrating it with existing systems. You can also easily incorporate your valuable in-house materials data in an accessible materials database. This webinar teaches you how to start building consistent material intelligence and benefit from it fast.
- Increase productivity by creating a single source of materials information, enabling your team to find data fast and avoid duplicated effort
- Increase design speed with and minimize data entry errors with no manual typing, no Excel files
- Access useful generic reference data to support the early phases of simulation
- Add your own in-house data in one place and format, creating a single source of approved materials for quick access and assignment, thereby minimizing errors
- Ensure materials consistency across your teams and between CAD and CAE
- Create this database and best practices with GRANTA MI Pro, from importing and compiling in-house materials data to assigning them directly in CAD and CAE


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Objective: The objective of this skill-based game of Ludo is to be the first player to move all the four game pieces from the starting area to the home area, which is typically located at the center of the board.
The game is either played between minimum 2 and maximum 4 players. Each player starts with equal number of tokens each (2 tokens/3 tokens/4 tokens) and they have to make highest number of points before the game ends.
How to Play:
- All the tokens start their journey inside the board and the player has the ability to release any of its tokens without rolling the die for a value of 6. The player must cautiously move the tokens with any dice value that they get within a limited period of time, they can move move any token to the value equal to the dice roll as per their convenience to ensure that their tokens reach the home area without being intercepted by their opponent's tokens. Tokens can be moved only in a clockwise direction and can't go backwards.
- By landing on the same cell as your opponent's token the player can capture it and get an extra turn if he eliminates the opponent's pawn
- Opponent token cannot be killed if it is lying in a safe point. Players may also cleverly utilize these safe points to improve their position in the game. There are a total of 8 safe zones on the board
- The player gets an extra turn when they roll a dice value of 6. Maximum two consecutive 6s are allowed
- 1 point is given to the player for each cell moved. All the points accumulated by a token are lost if it is eliminated by an opponent.
- No extra points are awarded to eliminate an opponent's token.
- 56 points are awarded for every token that reaches home.
Duration of the Play
- Game length is based on number of moves that can be played by each player ranging from 12 moves to 40 moves. The game continues till the number of moves in the game gets exhausted
The following information is provided to the players on the screen:
1. Score: Live score of all players playing the game
2. No. of moves left for the player
3. No. of moves missed by each player
Player getting the highest score at the end of the game wins
Fair play:- Players must play the game fairly, impartially, and as per its rules, without employing unfair means, cheating, or collusion.
Disclaimer:- The game's rules must be read in conjunction with WinZO's terms and conditions. Players are deemed to have read and accepted WinZO's terms and conditions if they play the game.


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Can ethograms be automatically generated using body acceleration data from free-ranging birds?
Sakamoto, Kentaro Q.; Sato, Katsufumi; Ishizuka, Mayumi; Watanuki, Yutaka; Takahashi, Akinori; Daunt, Francis; Wanless, Sarah. 2009 Can ethograms be automatically generated using body acceleration data from free-ranging birds? PLoS One, 4 (4), e5379. 10.1371/journal.pone.0005379Before downloading, please read NORA policies.
SakamotoN007665JA.pdf - Published Version
An ethogram is a catalogue of discrete behaviors typically employed by a species. Traditionally animal behavior has been recorded by observing study individuals directly. However, this approach is difficult, often impossible, in the case of behaviors which occur in remote areas and/or at great depth or altitude. The recent development of increasingly sophisticated, animal-borne data loggers, has started to overcome this problem. Accelerometers are particularly useful in this respect because they can record the dynamic motion of a body in e.g. flight, walking, or swimming. However, classifying behavior using body acceleration characteristics typically requires prior knowledge of the behavior of free-ranging animals. Here, we demonstrate an automated procedure to categorize behavior from body acceleration, together with the release of a user-friendly computer application, "Ethographer". We evaluated its performance using longitudinal acceleration data collected from a foot-propelled diving seabird, the European shag, Phalacrocorax aristotelis. The time series data were converted into a spectrum by continuous wavelet transformation. Then, each second of the spectrum was categorized into one of 20 behavior groups by unsupervised cluster analysis, using k-means methods. The typical behaviors extracted were characterized by the periodicities of body acceleration. Each categorized behavior was assumed to correspond to when the bird was on land, in flight, on the sea surface, diving and so on. The behaviors classified by the procedures accorded well with those independently defined from depth profiles. Because our approach is performed by unsupervised computation of the data, it has the potential to detect previously unknown types of behavior and unknown sequences of some behaviors.
|Programmes:||CEH Topics & Objectives 2009 onwards > Biodiversity > BD Topic 1 - Observations, Patterns, and Predictions for Biodiversity > BD - 1.4 - Quantify and model interactions to determine impacts...|
|Additional Information:||PLoS ONE (eISSN-_PHONE_) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access, online publication. The full text of this paper can be viewed on the journal website. _URL_
|NORA Subject Terms:||Zoology
Ecology and Environment
|Date made live:||12 Aug 2009 14:57|
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How to Create a Project Charter [Free Template]
How to create a project charter that everyone on your team will love. Plus a free template!
Lakshmi Venugopal
April 28, 2021
Main Illustration:
Krishna Kumar
One of the first charters was used in Canada, back in 1670. King Charles II signed it, formally authorizing the Hudson's Bay Company's existence and giving them the monopoly on trading rights in the entire Hudson Bay. The Royal Charter, as it is referred to today, defined key details pertaining to the establishment of the company, such as its purpose, objectives, resources, governance, and stakeholder expectations.
Project charters are used for essentially the same purpose even today. They are among the first documents created during the initial planning stages of a project. A project charter provides a high-level overview of all its important details and acts as a baseline for execution.
Here is a simple guide on how you can create a project charter for your project.
What is a project charter?
A project charter is a short and formal document that outlines all the essential details of the project: objectives, scope, stakeholders, etc. It is created at the start of a project's planning stage, after the Statement of Work, and just before the kick-off. Once approved, the charter gives the project manager the authority to use company resources to attain the project objectives and complete them.
The project charter document may seem like just another document in the list of documents you will be required to make for your project. However, it's one of the most important ones as it outlines the entirety of the project and ensures that everyone involved is held accountable and is on the same page about the details. Hence, it is best not to skip this step.
Why do you need a project charter?
The project charter typically serves the following purposes:
1. Laying out of the project scope and its objectives
A project charter is used to introduce team members to a new project that is in its early stages. It is also a great way to get new members up to speed about the project as they come in. All that they need to know about the project will be present in the charter.
2. Reaching an agreement with all stakeholders
Different members within the team can have different views about the project. The project charter ensures that everyone is on the same page regarding the most critical aspects of the project, such as the objective, scope, budget, etc., so you can avoid any confusion later.
3. Formalizing project approval
The final draft of the project charter is sent out to the authorized signatories to communicate the project's intent and give them an idea of how you and your team will achieve the objectives. After they approve it, the project manager is authorized for project kickoff.
How do project charters, SOWs, and project proposals differ from each other?
The project charter, statement of work (SOW), and project proposal are very similar yet different documents. They include similar topics and components, but their focus and content are different. A project proposal is a document created during the project's initiation phase and persuades stakeholders on its feasibility.
The SOW provides detailed information about all the deliverables that are part of the project and the organization's approach to completing them. The project charter is created during the planning phase and is based on the SOW. It authorizes the project manager to kick off the project and use the allocated budget and other resources to achieve project objectives.
What constitutes a project charter?
Here are some of the critical pieces of information that your project charter document must contain:
1. Project description
Typically one or two short paragraphs that explain the project, it needs to be concise and to the point.
2. Project Scope
It must describe, on a high level, all the attributes of the end product. It is also important to briefly explain define the project's boundaries and the actions that you and your project team will take. For example, whether your project team will carry out product testing, marketing, etc. should be defined.
At this point, to avoid any confusion in later stages, you can also detail out the actions that you and your team will not be taking—this could be a separate section titled "out of scope," or you could include it under the scope section of the document.
3. Objectives
Your objectives need to be clearly defined and measurable. Avoid being generic as you should prove that you have achieved the goals, and be accurate. Make sure to be detailed and give numbers. For example, "increase sales by 25% by 15th December 2021".
4. Key deliverables
It is good practice to list out the project team's key deliverables. This way, the team will know what to expect from the beginning and plan for it. You can also include information on how you plan on measuring the project's success and how you will determine if the project goals have been met.
5. Milestones
This is a schedule of events with tentative start and end dates. It shows when you expect to complete each stage of the project. This schedule can provide a general understanding of the timeline that the team is working with, which in turn will help them plan the execution of the deliverables.
6. Budget
This section needs to list out the one-time cost that needs to be paid out in addition to any other ongoing costs or maintenance that the organization must be aware of.
It gives the team an idea of the budget that they're working with.
7. Assumptions
List out the factors, conditions, or situations that you and your project team are depending on to achieve the objectives and goals of the project. This section primarily talks about resources and schedule, as you may have to make assumptions regarding the two and other forms of team member support available to you.
8. Risks & Constraints
This refers to anything that can get in the way of your team delivering on the project's objectives. It could be external or internal factors that impact certain aspects of the project. For example, integration with a new platform and timelines associated with it could be listed as a risk since it can potentially cause delays in delivering within the given timeline.
9. Governance/Team members
List the project manager, sponsor, and all team members along with their roles and responsibilities here. If your team is huge, you could limit the list to the names of team leads. This section should give enough information so that people know who to reach out to for their queries and dependencies.
10. Approvals
Finally, include a section for approvers to sign and authorize the project. Usually, the primary authorizer is the project sponsor. However, many organizations may include the approval of the project manager and other higher management officials. Once the project is approved, it authorizes the project manager to use the assigned budget and other resources to start the project.
These details are sufficient to create a comprehensive project charter that can fit any business.
Best Practices for Writing a Project Charter
Here are a few things to keep in mind while creating a project charter:
1. Create the project charter as early as possible
Different individuals in the team will have different perspectives, so it's best to set expectations and align everyone's views by avoiding delays and drafting the charter as soon as you have been assigned a project.
2. Keep it short
Since a project charter is created very early on in the project lifecycle, it is not meant to be a detailed document. Ideally, it should only briefly describe the project and the proposed solution. Think of it as a marketing tool that you will be using to sell the project and the proposed plan to its approvers.
Keep only the necessary information so that it is easy for people to read and understand the gist of the project. A charter must be only five pages or less—people should be able to read it in a few minutes.
3. Make it visually appealing
Since you want people to read your document quickly, having a wall of text and large paragraphs will not help. To make your document visually appealing, include different design elements such as images, boxes, sections, and tables to separate various components of the document. If you want to keep it simple, make sure to include clear, accented headings with concise points under each section so that it is easier for people to read and refer back to later.
4. Make the project charter planning process a team effort
The best way to create a charter is in collaboration with the entire team and the stakeholders. When the whole team gets together and discusses the various aspects of the project charter, they will bring different perspectives and approaches to the table and begin to align their thinking. The next time you need to draft a project charter, try not to do it by yourself and make it a team effort!
5. Use a template
To speed up drafting a project charter, it is a good idea to use a template but don't just copy-paste anything you find! Make sure that it fits your business or is in an editable format so that you can make the necessary changes.
Free Download: Project Charter Template
6. Collect your team's feedback
Once you have all the necessary information, send a rough draft to your team. Your team members could make suggestions or highlight things you need to include to make the project charter comprehensive. Once you have reviewed and accommodated this feedback, the completed document can be sent for approval.
Like every other project document, a project charter can also differ from business to business. But the most basic components remain the same across the board.
Mistakes to Avoid
Here are some common mistakes that you must avoid while creating your project charter template.
1. A project charter that is too detailed and in-depth
Giving too many and in-depth details is a common mistake that many organizations make.


Vassiliki/A class/M-W/12-10-2020
6th Lesson (2h)
- write a quiz
- introduce Unit 1
- practice "helping hands" voc
Remind Ss of SOTW (person talking in English the most)Check WB: pg. 3, ex. 6
Write the Quiz (give Ss 10')
Present NAV (Introduction to Unit 1 – Helping Hands)
Say The name of this Unit is 'A Helping Hand'. Hold out your hands and say These are my hands. Say Show me your hands. Ask Ss to hold out their hands. Say We can use our hands to help.
Show Ss the picture on SB: pg. 10 and elicit what they can see. Ask Ss how we can help other people. Guide Ss through the activity on pg. 10. Read each statement ad option aloud. For each option, ask Ss to say Yes or No. discuss each statement. Then confirm the correct answers.
Draw a word web with help in the middle. Ask Who are some people who help? (teachers, doctors, police, family). Model one answer, for example, doctors. Say Doctors are people who help. Record Ss' answers in the remaining outer circles. Next, point to each circle and ask How does this person help?
SB: pg. 12, listen and repeat, the words first, the sentences after that. Develop a hand gesture or motion for each phrase and ask them to find the phrase based on what they see. Ask them to perform with you.
Provide S with paper and coloured pencils. Say Think about how people care for others. Draw a picture to show caring for others. Ask Ss to draw pictures that show how someone cares for them, or how they care for another person or for a pet. When Ss have finished, ask them to share their drawings with the class. Invite Ss to explain their drawings. Encourage them to use voc words.
Role-play like the one on pg. 13.
Write 4 problems on different pieces of paper, such as Something fell on the floor; My cat is hungry; Your bed is messy; The dog is dirty. Put Ss into 4 groups. Give each group one of the pieces of paper. Say Read the sentence. Talk about how you can help and write it down. Give Ss 5' ask each group to read their problem and solution aloud. Ask What is the problem? What can you do?
GIU if there is extra time left
study NAV
1. One of our classroom's rules is to help each other.
2. I hug my mum every day before school.
3. Our teacher teaches us new things.
4. We hold hands when we cross the road.
5. I feed my pet twice a day.
6. I take care of my pet. I feed it and I play with it.
7. I often pick my little brother up.
8. I give my pet a bath every Saturday.
9. My mum and my dad want to protect me.
 - Draw the pictures from SB: pg. 12-13 and write the words/phrases next to them (in writing notebook)


Date of issue:
Calcium ions, and calcium binding proteins play a role in many cellular processes. Among the proteins bind Ca 2 + ions, with the EF-hand motifs, is distinguished group of proteins called S100 family of proteins. Most S100 proteins have been discovered in the last decade and this family now has 20 proteins. These are proteins with similar primary structure as have 30? 60% amino acid sequence identity. Individual S100 proteins are present in certain cells and tissues, and their function is not fully understood. However, the suggested involvement of S100 proteins in many processes, such as phosphorylation, regulation of enzyme activity, adhesion, neuronal survival and regeneration of nerve cells or apoptosis, indicating that these proteins may play an important role in the cell and intercellular communication.
Author of the article:
The Editorial Board
Editorial address:
PBK Postępby biologi komórki


text:
Study Co-authored by Robert Gegear Provides New Insight into the Sun Compass That Helps the Monarch Butterfly Navigate
Published in Nature Communications, the study, conducted at UMass Medical, looks at the role of clocks in the insect's antennae.
Published in the prestigious journal Nature Communications, the study, by Robert Gegear and scientists at UMass Medical School, focuses on the role of circadian clocks located in the insect's antennae
Each fall, monarch butterflies make a remarkable journey from the northern United States to central Mexico, where they overwinter. To successfully navigate to a target located up to 2,500 miles away, the butterflies employ a biological compass that makes use of the changing position of the sun in the sky.
Previous work, including a 2009 paper in Science* describing research led by Steven Reppert, MD, professor of neurobiology at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, showed that the butterfly's antennae are critical components of that compass. Circadian clocks located in these light-sensitive structures, the paper reported, enable the butterfly to determine where the sun should be at any particular hour.
A new study, published online this week by the prestigious journal Nature Communications, and co-authored by Reppert, Robert Gegear, PhD, assistant professor of biology and biotechnology at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), and Patrick Guerra, PhD, and Christine Merlin, PhD, postdoctoral researchers in neurobiology at UMass Medical School, has shed new light on how the butterfly's brain uses the information from those clocks and what happens when the clocks malfunction.
In the study, conducted at UMass Medical School, the researchers set out to determine whether monarch butterflies can orient themselves successfully in a southerly direction with only one antenna or when the two antennae send conflicting information to the brain. They found that the butterflies can, in fact, navigate successfully with a single antenna. However, when they painted one antenna black (to prevent it from sensing light), the butterflies oriented in the wrong direction. If the painted antenna was then removed, the butterflies reoriented themselves in the proper direction.
It appears, the authors note, that the timing information from the two antennae is integrated within the butterfly's brain. It also appears that the circadian clocks in the antennae work independently, and that the information from either clock is sufficient to properly calibrate the butterfly's sun compass. However, when both antennae are present but sending desynchronized timing information to the brain (as when one antenna is exposed to light but the other is blacked out), the brain attempts to integrate these conflicting signals and the result is an improper compass heading.
The scientists also conducted genetic tests aimed at determining whether the circadian clock in one of the butterfly's antennae can influence the operation of the clock in the other antenna. They found that the expression of genes linked to the operation of the circadian clock in a functioning antenna was unaffected when the other antenna was painted black. They also determined that circadian clock genes were expressed throughout the antenna, suggesting that the entire antenna, or any part of it, can function as a clock.
"This research is a great example of how an interdisciplinary approach can be used to better understand a complex biological system," Gegear said.
In his current research at WPI, Gegear is focusing on a different pollinating insect: the bumblebee. His work is exploring, broadly, the relationship between the bees and flowering plants. In work that encompasses biology, evolutionary ecology, cognitive psychology, and behavioral neuroscience, he is investigating how the bumblebee's simple brain is capable of remarkably complex cognition, and how the mental activity of bees and the decisions they make as they gather food and pollinate plants ultimately have profound consequences for the ecosystem and the human food supply.
Read the Nature Communications paper.
*"Antennal Circadian Clocks Coordinate Sun Compass Orientation in Migratory Monarch Butterflies," Christine Merlin, Robert J. Gegear, Steven M. Reppert, Science, Vol. 325, pp. _PHONE_, Sept. 25, 2009.
July 18, 2012


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A major step towards rational use of medicines was taken in 1977, when WHO established the 1st Model List of Essential Medicines to assist countries in formulating their own national lists. The present definition of rational use was agreed at an international conference in Kenya in 1985. In 1989, the International Network for the Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD) was formed to conduct multi-disciplinary intervention research projects to promote more rational use of medicines (email: _EMAIL_ website: _URL_ Following this, the WHO/INRUD indicators to investigate drug use in primary health care facilities were developed and many intervention studies conducted, A review of all the published intervention studies with adequate study design was presented at the 1st International Conference for Improving the Use of Medicines (ICIUM) in Thailand in 1997. Box 3 shows a summary of the magnitude of prescribing improvement by type of intervention, The effect varied with intervention type, printed materials alone having little impact compared to the greater effects associated with supervision, audit, group process and community case management. Furthermore, the effects of training were variable and often unsustained, possibly due to differences in training quality and the presence or absence of follow-up and supervision.
BOX 3 Review of 30 studies in developing countries size of drug use improvements with different interventions


text:
The International Education Centre offers Let's Talk sessions throughout the academic year to address topics pertinent to international students. Those topics include Health Insurance, Tax Information, Off-Campus Housing etc. These sessions will provide you with information to navigate Canadian systems as an international student, and give you a space to ask questions!
Benefits of joining this program:
- Learn about topics pertinent to your experience as an international student.
- Ask questions about those topics.
How do Let's Talk Sessions work?
- Sign-up through the form bellow.
- We'll send you a zoom link and password for the session you select.


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Module code: L3031
30 credits in spring teaching
Teaching method: Seminar, Lecture
Assessment modes: Coursework
The aim of this module is to give you direct experience of carrying out a small scale research project, from the initial stages of design to the final stages of presenting your findings. It is intended to consolidate and build upon the knowledge base gained from the DSR research methods module in the second year, as you will use these skills to research a topic of your choice. You will be assessed on how well you interpret and apply the relevant methodological issues to your research design, manage the practical side of the project, and reflect on the effectiveness of your chosen strategies. You work mainly through independent study, under the guidance of a supervisor. The assessment consists of a research proposal, presentation and 8,000 word written report.
Students must have taken Sociology Research Proposal (L4056)
Module learning outcomes
- Design and carry out a small-scale research project on a specific topic, to be completed through the Sociology Project course.
- Draw conclusions about the wider significance of their empirical data in relation to sociological theory and concepts.
- Critically reflect upon the effectiveness of her/his research design, in terms of its methodological rigour, ethical defensibility and contribution to a field of enquiry.
- Communicate research findings to an academic audience through a written report.


text:
Traumatic and Complicated Grief Among Children: One or Two Constructs?
The purpose of this study was to examine the concepts of traumatic and complicated grief among children. Some authors seemingly use the concepts interchangeably, whereas others make a distinction between the two. A sample of 240 mainly parentally bereaved children were administered the Extended Grief Inventory (EGI). Two confirmatory factor analyses were run to examine the EGI factor structure and to determine whether traumatic and complicated grief are one or two concepts. Goodness-of-fit tests for the two models was considered acceptable for both models, however, the two-factor model was a better fit. Multiple regression analyses found that children's age, gender, and ethnicity were important predictors of traumatic grief but only gender was a predictor of complicated grief. Violent death was a predictor of complicated grief in an unadjusted regression analysis.