Stages of Flower Seeds
Germination and Growth
All flower seeds follow the same stages, or life cycle. There are six main stages in the flower seed life cycle: germination, growth, flowering, fruit or seed pod production, seed dispersion and death. The main difference between flower seeds is how long they take to complete each stage. Annual flowers like marigolds, calendulas and poppies take about a year. Perennial flower seeds such as lavender, astilbe and hollyhocks have longer cycles. If you have a flower seed large enough to split open with your fingernail, you will notice three main divisions. The protective coat covers the exterior. Inside, the endosperm occupies most of the space, and the smallest part is the embryo. A flower seed depends on two factors to germinate, humidity and warmth. Once damp and warm enough, the flower embryo inside the protective seed coat absorbs water and swells. The growing embryo depends on the endosperm for nourishment until it sends out roots and cotyledons. Embryonic leaves make their appearance a few days after the cotyledon emerges from the soil, and the plant starts its process of photosynthesis. The seedling now enters into its second stage, plant growth. The cotyledon thickens into a stalk, and more leaves appear. Once a bud is produced, the flowering and fruit stages come next.
Flowering and Fruits
The original seed, now a mature plant, enters into the flowering and fruiting stages. This is the reproductive stage that produces new flower seeds. The flower gets pollinated, which starts the process of fertilization. A zygote is produced, which becomes a growing embryo. This will eventually become a new seed, but first the flower produces a fruit. You may not think of flowers as having fruit. If you carefully observe your plant once it has lost its petals, you will notice a bulbous growth, which is the fruit. It may look more like a pod. The growing fruit or pod has seeds inside it. Depending on the flower variety, it can take days or months to complete the flowering and fruiting stages.
New Seed Production
Lastly, the mature fruit bursts open and disperses new flower seeds. Having almost completed its life cycle, the last stage a flower seed goes through is death. The original flower seed has gone through many transformations as it goes through its life cycle, eventually leaving behind more flower seeds. It can be a fascinating experience to follow a flower seed through its different stages, for adults and children alike.
Keywords: stages of flower seeds, seed life cycle, flower seeds
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Transportation crews to begin treating for noxious weeds
Nuisance plants can interfere with driving, damage infrastructure
FRANKFORT, Ky. (March 2, 2011) — Kentucky Transportation Cabinet crews will begin treating for noxious and nuisance weeds throughout the state this month. The treatments aid in controlling the spread of undesirable plants along state highway rights of way.
The cabinet, in accordance with KRS 176.051, targets Johnson grass, giant foxtail, Canada thistle, nodding thistle, multiflora rose, black nightshade, wild cucumber and kudzu.
Property owners can learn more about specific treatments in their areas by contacting their district highway office.
Left uncontrolled, noxious weeds can grow so large that they interfere with a driver's line of vision on highways. They can also damage pavement and embankments and clog ditches, causing drainage problems.
Noxious weeds often invade and destroy the roadside turf grass, leaving these areas vulnerable to erosion. They can also smother native plants through rapid reproduction and long-term persistence.
Motorists are reminded to use extra caution when crews spraying for weeds are out on the roadways.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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IF comets share the same birthplace and if that birthplace is homogeneous, they should be as smoothly uniform as well-mixed cake batter. Those assumptions underlie the prevailing theories of comets' origins, but a recent study has turned up what appears to be a lump in the batter.
In an analysis of the spectra, or chemical fingerprints, of nearly a score of comets, one called Yanaka (1988r) turned out to be drastically depleted in two charged carbon molecules: C2 and cyanide. "The comet is really totally different from the others," said Dr. Uwe Fink of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory of the University of Arizona in Tucson. He reported the study in the current issue of the journal Science.
Dr. Fink's findings may modify the prevailing theories of the origin of comets. One theory is that comets formed at the same time as the planets of the solar system. Another hypothesis is that they formed from interstellar clouds and were captured by the solar system as it moved through space. Both theories assume that the comets coalesced from a uniform molecular milieu.


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The Process of Feeling
Antonio Damasio Keynotes - In his presentations, Antonio Damasio draws extensively on his distinguished career as a leading...
Analyzing the importance of neurology in emotion, he reveals that feeling an emotion is a process that is distinct from having that emotion in the first place. He defines an emotion as consisting of "a very well orchestrated set of alterations in the body." He argues that feelings have the set purpose of making life more survivable. The brain processes emotions in order to take advantage of opportunities or to recognize and avoid danger.
Offering a more evolutionary explanation of the way humans experience emotions, Antonio Damasio and his speech lead us to question the real reasons behind a frown or smile.


A short video tutorial demonstrating the power of Gann analysis.
Artificial Ignorance is a term that relates to machine learning and anomaly analysis, but as a concept, it can remind us to put in a process that ignores the noise of data overload and to focus on solving a problem, winning an opportunity, or opptimizing a business. In this post, we tie this to an important risk management concept: Identify, Measure, Monitor, and Report.
Initially, Artificial Ignorance sounded like a parody that expressed a blissful retreat from the hype and fears of Artificial Intelligence. Synonyms for ignorance includes bewilderment and unlearned, portraying Artificial Ignorance is an automated way to do nothing.
It is not. In this case, ignorance is the act of ignoring unimportant data, allowing you to focus on what is important and necessary in order to create value.
Artificial Ignorance is a type of machine learning. It is mostly associated with monitoring log files and network traffic to spot security intrusions, identify root cause of system crashes, and other issues.
See the animated diagram below for this quick explanation:
 - In the normal course of business, your organization generates data activity.
 - A machine drops in and monitors the activity over time in order to learn what is normal.
 - If something new enters and affects your environment, the machine identifies what is not normal, or anomalies, at very fine detail.
 - It brings to your attention potential problems or perhaps, opportunities.
Since it is machine learning, issues are picked up that have not already been documented, mitigating risk against the unknown.
The expression, "Can't see the forest for the trees" is used to describe someone who is overcome by detail and fails to see the big picture. In this post, we consider the opposite, where value is derived by seeing specific trees for the forest. Depending on the business challenge, you may be looking for opportunites (trees with nuts) or problems to be fixed (diseased trees).
Mobile computing, real time analytics, and financial transactions from the edges of your world generates huge amounts of data in an instant. Depending on the situation, it may be optimal to ignore most of it (the forest) and focus on key events (some of the trees), optimizing the decision process.
Outside of the network infrastructure scenarios described above, the concept of Artificial Ignorance can be applied closer to the decision making process if you can get creative with the right tools and data assets in order to identify what is not normal (or what is special).
A deviation in consumer behavior could flag a new business opportunity. Deviation of compliance based events could contribute key facts to a fraud examination and provide a compelling example to auditors of compliance monitoring and controls. Here are two examples:
 - A trader action that deviates from what is considered normal trade activity could trigger a red flag. It may be worth monitoring that trader by additional and more descriptive means (chat, voice, review trade history, etc.).
 - For trading strategy, the "something new" described in the animated diagram above, could be non traditional data like weather or location intelligence that puts a particular risk measure out of normal limits.
A standard process in Risk Management is to identify, measure, monitor and report. Measuring, monitoring, and reporting comes to naught if relevant issues can't be identified. There is often the desire to bring in more and more data but the tools need to be put that identifies what is important.
There is a lot of excitement and hype that comes with big data, real time analytics, artificial intelligence, the fintech revolution, and so forth. However, there is still a fundamental need to focus on business strategy (conceptualize and act on what is important) and data strategy (capture and identify what is important).
Depending on your business drivers, you probably don't need all of the data that is being created. This is a good concept to keep in mind. As it relates to Artificial Intelligence, there could be very good reason to apply Artificial Ignorance first.
"Use Location Intelligence to Combat Financial Crime"
Fraud Examination and Forensic Audit
Location Intelligence Is Context
Back to Evidential Matter
A Scenario
Location Intelligence - How it works [Graphic by Paul Lashmet]
Location Intelligence – How it works [Graphic by Paul Lashmet]
China's Exchange Rate Regime: A Crawling Managed Float
For most professionals in the financial industry, July 21, 2005, was a historic day. On this day, the "People's Bank of China" (PBOC), with the authorization of the State Council (1), announced China's new exchange rate regime from a peg to the U.S. dollar to a basket of currencies based on market supply and demand. In essence, the Renminbi (RMB) would be re-valued by about 2 percent to 8.11 yuan per U.S. dollar(2). Moreover, the closing rate at the end of each trading day would become the central rate for a trading band on the following day. Nevertheless, the daily trading price of the U.S. dollar against the RMB in the inter-bank foreign exchange market would continue to float within a 0.3 percent band around the official parity published by the PBOC. The trading prices of the non-U.S. dollar currencies against the RMB would be allowed to move within a certain band announced by the PBOC. The PBOC would also make adjustments to the RMB exchange rate band, when necessary, according to market developments as well as the economic and financial situation.
Is the new currency exchange regime more flexible? Was there really ever a deviation in the structure of the exchange rate regime to a managed float system?
At first glance, it could be reasoned that the new currency rate regime is not as flexible as the previous one, but is instead a combination of two currency exchange rate methods with similar structures. In fact, Chinese authorities have never abandoned the previous exchange rate regime of the peg but instead, maintained the current managed float system while making minor changes to certain variables. Thus, this combined system could be termed a "crawling managed float" which consists of the managed float system and a "basket band crawling system" (BBC). In both methods, all variables(3) remain the same except for the change in the target currency from the U.S. dollar to a basket of currencies. In order to better understand the crawling managed float, it would be beneficial to explore examples of both currency methods: the managed float regime and BBC system.
A managed float currency exchange rate regime involves the following steps:
- First, the PBOC agrees to an objective in stabilizing the effective exchange rate.
- Second, the PBOC assigns a weighting scheme to selected foreign currencies involved in the basket. Typically, the countries' major trading partners are selected. If we were to factor just on the balance of trade, heavier weights would more than likely be assigned to the U.S dollar, Japanese yen and Hong Kong dollar in that order. In the short-term, the impact on Japan and the U.S. balance of trade would be minimal at least. Nonetheless, in the long-term, Japan and the U.S. trade gap imbalances with China may widen further as variables in the currency regime are changed.
- Third, the PBOC selects the main currency and assigns the highest percentage weight.
- Fourth, the PBOC stabilizes the effective exchange rate by intervening the rate of the domestic currency against the main currency in the foreign exchange market.
- Fifth, if the main currency appreciates against other currencies in the basket, the central bank would intervene to stabilize the effective rate and ensure that the domestic currency depreciates against the main currency. Conversely, if the main currency depreciates against other currencies in the basket, the domestic currency is revalued against the main currency to maintain a stable effective exchange rate.
In a "basket band crawl" (BBC), the effective exchange rate is also based on a basket of currencies of major trading partners. The difference lies with allowing for greater fluctuations in the short-term. This system maintains a country's export competitiveness while tracking the currency trends of its major trading partners. Moreover, the system prevents speculators from knowing how authorities would react to movements in market exchange rates, thus reducing the likelihood of currency attacks. Singapore and Thailand are often cited as examples of countries in Asia that have exchange rates systems similar to a BBC.
It appears that Chinese officials favor maintaining a high growth rate in GDP terms while risking inflationary price pressures over the long-term. If so, targeting and maintaining a stable effective rate over the short-term will provide ample time to build on country-specific fundamentals such as increasing domestic demand and improving financial infrastructures while protecting gains on the export side. Moreover, if timing is what the Chinese authorities are seeking, then implementing a "crawling managed float" is the most appropriate currency rate regime. Nonetheless, the risk associated with this currency method requires a sustainability and further expansion of the current GDP level. This is economically impractical and non-beneficial. In the case of China, GDP growth has mainly been export driven and maintained by elements of capital controls and a favorable currency regime. Since export demand is not a constant variable, maintaining the current level of high GDP growth would require increases in either domestic demand and/or foreign direct investment. The PBOC has made some efforts to increase foreign direct investment and is encouraging more domestic consumption. Nonetheless, domestic inflationary price pressures may impede the PBOC's efforts. In short, "all good things come to an end" and unforeseen market forces, once they subside, can hinder the objectives of the Chinese


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If you've ever watched a drop of water form into a bead or a water strider scoot across a pond, you are familiar with a property of liquids called surface tension.
The interior molecules of a liquid are pushed and pulled by neighboring molecules in every direction, but those at the surface have only half as many neighbors to interact with. The resulting density change of molecules arranged near the surface causes a drop of water to form a sphere and prevents the insect from sinking even though its density is greater than the water's.
The surface tension of liquids is well-established, says Anand Jagota
, but the same property in solid materials has seemed a moot point. Technically, it exists, but its force is usually too weak to deform a solid by more than an angstrom.
Jagota, professor of chemical engineering and director of Lehigh's bioengineering program
, has pondered for more than a decade the possibility that some solids, especially soft biomaterials and geometrically altered materials, might also exhibit surface tension.
Over the last two years, at the Leibniz Institute for New Materials (INM) in Saarbruecken, Germany, and then at Cornell University, Jagota and his collaborators have experimented with two classes of solids: rubber-like elastomers and a more compliant gelatin similar in stiffness to human tissue.A faithful, but attenuated replica
The researchers patterned the elastomer with ripples measuring microns in depth and then covered it with a gel and exposed it to air. Dark-field optical microscopy of a cross-section of the elastomer and gel revealed that the gel faithfully replicated the surface topography of the elastomer.
When the researchers removed the gel from the elastomer, however, the gel flattened almost instantaneously. It continued to match the peaks and valleys of the elastomer's ripples, but with significantly diminished features.
"We wondered if the gel would be an exact replica of the elastomer when we removed it," he says. "Instead, we saw an attenuated replica. The gel had filled all the undulations in the elastomer, but as soon as we removed it, a pent-up force acted immediately to flatten it."
The group reported their results in Physical Review E
in an article titled "Surface-tension-induced flattening of a nearly plane elastic solid
." Jagota's coauthors were Animangsu Ghatak '03 Ph.D., associate professor of chemical engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology at Kanpur, and Dadhichi Paretkar, formerly of INM and now a postdoctoral research associate at Lehigh.
"Our results show that surface tension of soft solids drives significant deformation, and that the latter can be used to determine the former," the researchers wrote."A basic mechanical force"
The discovery, says Jagota, should motivate scientists and engineers to rethink many of their assumptions.
"It has generally been agreed that surface tension in solids was felt only at the atomic scale. We have shown that surface tension in these compliant solids is a real thing and that it manifests itself at relatively large scales.
"As a basic mechanical force, surface tension in compliant solids will play a role in all mechanical phenomena involving compliant materials, especially biomaterials. How do things fracture, stick, slide, have friction, deform? What are the elastic forces that resist a cell when it spreads on a gel? How strongly do dust particles stick to the inside of a lung?
"We're going to have to rethink many of the questions involving compliant materials."
After experimenting on the elastomer and gel, Jagota asked a second question: Could surface tension be observed in a stiff material made compliant by geometry, such as a thin sheet of paper?
From an elastomeric material, Jagota and his colleagues made an annulus, or ring-shaped object. Across its hole, they suspended a thin film of the same material and deposited a 1-mm drop of water on top of the film. As expected, the drop beaded on the elastomer.
"When we placed the drop of water on the bottom of the thin film," says Jagota, "the drop bulged up. This was counterintuitive, as it bulged in an opposite direction to gravitational pull.
"We expected to see a sagging as the water drop beaded. Instead, it appeared to defy gravity. The explanation for this is surface tension."
The researchers, Jagota says, had replicated the phenomenon of Neumann's triangle, which describes the surface tensions of three immiscible liquids—such as an oil, water and a hydrophobic liquid that doesn't mix with oil—that are in equilibrium.
"In our case, we replaced one of the three liquids with a solid—the thin film elastomer—which behaved like the third liquid in Neumann's triangle."
The group published their results in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
. Their article, titled "Solid surface tension measured by a liquid drop under a solid film
," was coauthored by Jagota; Nichole Nadermann, former research scientist at Lehigh and now a postdoctoral fellow at the National Institute for Standards and Technology; and Chung-Yuen Hui, professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at Cornell.
The research was supported by the Division of Materials Science and Engineering in the Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the U.S. Department of Energy.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Diagnosing diseases like MacGyver
If you ever watched MacGyver as a kid, you know that given any number of random objects, he could craft the exact tool he would need to get out of a sticky situation. If he ever made his way into the medical research field, you could be sure that this test for Acute Pancreatitis would be among his list of accomplishments.
Designed by University of Texas grad student [Brian Zaccheo], the Acute Pancreatitis test seen in the image above looks as unassuming as it is effective. Crafted out of little more than foil, jello, and milk, the test takes under an hour to diagnose patients while costing less than a dollar.
The test works by checking the patient's blood for trypsin, an enzyme present in high concentrations if they are suffering from pancreatitis. Once a few drops of the patient's blood is placed on the gelatin layer of the test, it is left to sit for a bit, after which sodium hydroxide is added. If elevated trypsin levels are present, it will have eaten through the gelatin and milk protein, creating a pathway for the sodium hydroxide to reach the foil layer. If the foil is dissolved within an hour, a circuit is formed and a small LED lights up, indicating that the patient has acute pancreatitis.
The test really is ingenious when you think about it, and will be a huge help to doctors practicing in developing countries, under less than ideal working conditions.
[via PopSci via Gizmodo]
28 thoughts on "Diagnosing diseases like MacGyver
 1. Awww… I was waiting for the second half of the post to explain how the half dollar coin was then used to cut out the patient's pancreas. :(
 Even in my disappointed state I tip my hat to Brian for this little device.
 2. reading the article its difficult not to think that a lot of the device is superfluous, there must be a much simpler way to detect the jelly has been eaten through than passing another chemical through to remove another barrier to light an led.
 if your worried about cost then surely an easier way is possible?
 less chance of component failure too.
 3. For those of us that suffer from Chronic Pancreatitis when a acute attack is occurring, we know. Yet, having a test that will diagnose it is nice and that is inexpensive is awesome.
 4. Very clever.
 If it was really going to be rolled out en masse as 'cheap as possible' then I'd have the same concerns as pff.
 But as an example piece, it's very clever :)
 5. It would be better if the LED was normally on and went off if there was a problem detected.
 As it stands, you could wait and wait and not know when the test was finished (maybe you would leave it early), or maybe there could have been a battery / circuit failure – which is effectively saying "all ok".
 Just a small point really.
 6. This is very cool but fairly useless in the sense of doctors. trypsin tips in at about 65% for both sensitive/specific to pancratitis the traditional test amylase comes in at about 95-90% and these are lab tests.
 Compounded with the sensitivity/speficity of this test makes it useful even in light of a good history
 7. someone should bring back the Mac, only this time, he isn't limited to 80's electronics, but he also isn't allowed to purchase an Arduino or anything like that. The pure of heart, never banging the hotties, character MacGyver would construct a test like this on one of his travels to third-world countries. Maybe he could battle MacGruber as well.
 8. Just pour a layer of gelatin with some phenolphthalein into the plastic box, then pour the milk protein gel on top. The trypsin eats a channel down to the bottom layer, then the sodium hydroxide penetrates and stains the phenolphthalein red. Red color in an hour = positive test.
 9. people seem to be missing that the lye makes this into a battery that lights the led. as in no external power. and it is faster than the 90 percent effective tests and cheaper. so you could easily run this one and follow up with a second.
 10. _USER_, even if it was the other way, if the test is negative, you would still end up waiting not knowing if the test is complete or if the result is negative.
 So, there's no win-win here.
 11. MacGyver doesn't have time to wait for jello to set…he'd just dive into the ocean and rip a chunk of blubber off the nearest whale. Or was that Chuck Norris? I seem to forget…
 12. Serum trypsin falls in chronic pancratitis also. Certainly enough that renders this test useless in that case when considered along with the sensi/specif.
 13. My mother almost dies due to an acute attack of pancreatitis.While I am thankful she had the US foremost experts on the condition i think the tests were about $8k to confirm something they already knew was occurring…For less than $1 each run 10 tests concurrently to be more accurate it would still be a huge savings.
 14. Remember, the creator of this diagnostic device was thinking of practicing medicine in 3rd world countries, not in a fully equipped hospital lab. So stop with the hatin'.
 That said, this is the first iteration of the device. He should find a temperature stable substitute for the jelatin as refrigeration is often limited in rural clinics.
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W T E C I I I E L E C T R O N I C C O N T R O L S T R O U B L E S H O O T I N G M A N U A L
The World Transmission Electronic Controls (WTEC III) system features closed-loop clutch control to provide
superior shift quality over a wide range of operating conditions. MD 3000, HD 4000, and B Series configurations
can be programmed to have up to six forward ranges, neutral, and one reverse range. The MD 3070 and HD4070
have up to seven forward ranges and one reverse range.
Figure 11 is a block diagram of the basic system inputs and outputs.
Figure 11. Electronic Control Unit Block Diagram
Figure 12 shows WTEC III electronic control components.
WTEC III Electronic Controls consist of the following elements:
Remote 12/24V Max Feature Sealed Electronic Control Unit (ECU)
Remote Pushbutton or Lever Shift Selector
Optional Secondary Shift Selector
Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) (or electronic engine throttle data or PWM signal)
Engine, Turbine, and Output Speed Sensors
Control Module (Electro-Hydraulic Valve Body)
Vehicle Interface Module (VIM)
Optional Retarder Controls
Optional Engine Coolant Temperature Input
All external harnesses are OEM supplied
Some OEMs may supply their own shift selector
The VIM is an OEM option
SECTION 1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION


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PictureBox.LoadAsync Method (String)
Loads the image at the specified location, asynchronously.
Assembly: System.Windows.Forms (in System.Windows.Forms.dll)
If the url parameter indicates a local file, the recommended format is a local file path. For example, an image file named myPicture.jpglocated atc:\ would be accessed by passing c:\myPicture.jpg for the url parameter. A full path, such as _URL_ or a relative path, such as./images/image.jpg, can be used. If a relative path is used, it will be considered relative to the working directory. A call to the Load method sets the ImageLocation property to the value of url.
A call to the LoadAsync method sets the ImageLocation property to the value of url. Besides calling the LoadAsync method, you must set the WaitOnLoad property to false to load an image asynchronously. When you load an image asynchronously, you can handle the LoadProgressChanged event to determine the progress of an image load or the LoadCompleted event to determine when an image load has completed. If an error occurs during an asynchronous image-loading operation, it will be caught and reported by the Error property of the AsyncCompletedEventArgs.
The following code example demonstrates how to use the LoadAsync method. To run this example, paste the following code into a Windows Form that contains a PictureBox named pictureBox1 and a Button named startLoadButton. Make sure that the Click event for the button is associated with the startLoadButton_Click method in this example. You must change the image file path to a path that is valid on your system.


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Frequently Asked Questions:
May I have a "children at play" sign on my street?
National standards and City of Northport policy do not recognize the "Children at Play" signs for these reasons: warning signs are designed and intended to advise motorists of an unusual or unexpected physical roadway condition ahead. Signs such as this give the wrong message to both children and parents, fostering a false sense of security. There is no evidence to show that these signs help reduce the number of pedestrian accidents or lower travel speeds.
The Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) does not support these signs because the signs are suggesting that it is acceptable behavior for children to play in the streets.
May I have a speed limit sign on my street?
In accordance with City Ordinances, unless posted otherwise, the speed limit in a residential or business district is 25 MPH with or without the presence of a speed limit sign. Although not required, 25 MPH speed limit signs may be posted at entrances to residential or business areas. Multiple postings of 25 MPH speed limit signs on residential streets not only detract from a neighborhood's curb appeal, but it often fails to achieve the desired result of reducing the speed of motorists.
The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) published by the United States Department of Transportation and the Federal Administration Highway is the national set of standards for traffic engineering. The MUTCD recommends that the following five (5) factors be evaluated to establish safe and reasonable speed zones:
- Roadway characteristics such as shoulder condition, grade, alignment, and sight distances.
- Speed characteristics such as the 85th percentile speed.
- Roadside development and friction.
- Roadway curves and hazardous locations on and along the roadway.
- Parking and pedestrian activity.
How does a traffic signal know if a car is present?
There is a wire in the pavement behind the crosswalk/stop bar called a loop detector. The wire creates an electric field in the air above the pavement. When a large object interrupts the electric field, the signal knows that a vehicle is present and will provide a green light at the proper time in the established traffic signal cycle. During peak travel times, the wait should be a maximum of two minutes. During non-peak travel times, the wait should be a maximum of 90 seconds.
Some people think that if they back up and drive forward again, they will make the signal change quicker. This does not work. The mechanism does not count the number of vehicles waiting.
At some locations, motorcycles or "high-rider" vehicles will not be able to interrupt the electrical field. If this occurs, please note the street, the intersection, the lane, and the time of day and report this to the Traffic Engineering Division. Some people feel that if they get out of their car and push the pedestrian button, they will get the green light quicker. They will not. The pedestrian push-button does not make the green light come on sooner. It does make the green light longer. It takes longer for a person to walk across a street than it takes for a car to drive across a street.


Two COVID-19 patients discharged from hospital in Tobabo
Two COVID-19 patients discharged from hospital in Tobabo
Two (2) persons have been discharged, reducing the total number of active COVID-19 cases on the island to twenty-six (26).
The following is the clinical update for Tobago as at 10thDecember 2020, 10:00pm:
Number of new cases = 0
Number of discharges = 2
Number of samples submitted to the Tobago Regional Health Authority (TRHA) and other local sites to test for COVID-19 = 2043
Number of samples that tested positive for COVID-19 = 135
Number of active COVID-19 cases = 26
Number of deaths = 2
The public is reminded to practice all preventative and safety measures, which include:
Cover your cough or sneeze with your flexed elbow, or with a tissue, then throw the tissue in the trash and wash your hands.
Stay at home when you are sick and call the hotline at 800-HEAL (4325).
Practice physical distancing (6 feet away from persons).
Clean and disinfect frequently touched


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The ruin, its fragments, and the wheel of reproduction ad infinitum correspond in the carpet drawings of Berlin based Sebastian Hammwöhner. He is an artist who employs appropriation with the forensic methods of cultural anthropology and the contextual chess games of contemporary art. As conjurer of deceptive material images he uses pastel to draw representations of real carpets through trompe l'oeil illusionism. Referenced from photographic book reproductions on textiles and rugs, and Internet databases, the carpets appropriated by Hammwöhner have either an archaic history or are contemporary rugs produced in the present era still using the old hand loom methods with repurposed fabrics.
Much as the loom operator interlaces long threads into knots, Hammwöhner uses pastel to build up an image suspended within a black monochromatic field. This use of pure pigment conjures brilliantly rich colors into indelible simulacra. In the contemporary art context of the present they are both appropriations of an original source and partial fabrications that extract elements from traditional design motifs. These archived images become newly animate objects with their embedded cultural history.
In responding to our digital culture at-large Hammwöhner responds to the impressions of the surrounding media platforms by creating a new surrealism. He extracts the narratives knotted by the carpet weaver and in his own style combines these built-in geometric abstract and figurative motifs found in the carpets, altering and playing with its scale right down to the frayed edges. Methodically he plays with viewer perception by turning a photographic representation of an artifact into a hyperrealist drawing of a representative object, the carpet.
Sebastian Hammwöhner's most recent carpet drawings are abstract forms based on contemporary Moroccan Boucherrouite rugs that are hand produced using recycled fabrics. Pushing the boundaries of the carpet-drawings he scans the image then alters them in the computer, deconstructing, rearranging, and painting them digitally. The newly restructured virtual "carpet" then becomes the template pattern for the pastel drawings. Original artifact, virtual representation, appropriation, and copy are intertwined and mirrored. Real space becomes virtual space and vice versa. Old textiles, get new life as carpets and thereafter feats of trompe l'oeil illusionism through color and pattern.


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Indian and Himalayan Art
Pilgrimage to the Jain Temples at Shatrunjaya, near Palitana, GujaratMade in Rajasthan, Kota Region, India, Asia
Artist/maker unknown, India
Opaque watercolor and gold on paper
Currently not on view
1972-258-3Purchased with the Edgar Viguers Seeler Fund, the Marie Josephine Rozet Fund, and the Gertrude Schemm Binder Fund, 1972
Pilgrimage—particularly to places associated with the lives of jinas (enlightened beings)—is a crucial part of Jain worship. This wonderfully detailed painting depicts various aspects of a pilgrimage. Large groups, including both lay worshipers and white-robed monks and nuns, travel together through the landscape to visit a large temple of the twenty-third jina-Parshvanatha—who is the central figure of the three images. Parshvanatha is identifiable by the cobra hoods above his head and the snake below him. To his left and right are the sixteenth jina, Shantinatha (shown with an antelope below), and the first jina, Rishabhanatha (with a bull below). The images have been garlanded, and in front of the shrine lay worshipers celebrate the jinas with dance and music.
Many smaller temples dot the landscape, a number of them enshrining the footprints of jinas and other enlightened beings. The concentration of shrines indicates that this painting represents one of the main pilgrimage sites of Jainism, although the lack of an inscription makes exact identification impossible. Along the lower margin marches a festive procession, with those on the right focusing on a monk-teacher (acharya) whose importance is emphasized by the umbrella-like standard held above his head.


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This post is a follow-up to the Assembly Automation Tutorial for Inventor iLogic post where we added the fifty-some odd lines of iLogic code to our Inventor Assembly. Today's post will attempt to explain that code.
This post was supposed to be published yesterday, but I spent most of the day screwing around with a plugin that will eventually allow me to post Inventor iLogic code with the proper syntax highlighting that can be copy & pasted right from the webpage into your iLogic Code Editor without intermediate programs adding special characters that screw up the code. I'll be posting a bit more on that in the next post. Until that is up-and-running, I'll use images…
The first two lines of code (above) are creating variables. The Nut_Offset variable gets its value by reading the Nut_Offset parameter in the Hanger Bolt:1 part. The second variable, Overall_Size is reading two local parameters (Blue) and multiplying them against each other to get its value.
The next snippet of code (above) creates a new variable called Largest_Overall_Size, and has a static value that I created by dividing the largest possible width * the largest possible length. The line after that creates a variable based on a division of the Largest_Overall_Size. There are 8 sizes of hanger bolts, so the overall size was divided by 8.
The If – Then statement at the end of the above chunk catches an error where the user enters a number larger than the max size and returns the size to the max. This is there because the code that corrects oversized parts (the min/max code in the table part) has not yet run at this point, so that info cannot be pulled in at this point, and a static value was used. In the real world, I would likely have moved the code from the part to the top level, but decided not to for the tutorial. If anyone wants to know how to do it, let me know and I may do a post on it.
The Hole variable above sets the size of the holes in the bracket and leg at ¼". A small If – Then statement below the code block below changes the value to 5/16" if the hanger bolt is 4" or longer. The Clearance variable is where a shop standard hole clearance is added to the formula. Both values are sent to the parts in code below. This could be built upon to have the bolt hole change size depending on the type of wood to eliminate splitting.
The above block of code simply divides the model into eight units, and assigns one of the eight possible hanger bolt assemblies to the model based on its overall size. In the real world, you would likely have only a couple sizes of hanger bolts –or maybe cheap stapled in plastic corners for that matter. This exercise is not meant to provide you with a RTM solution, just the bits to cobble together your own.
The above code is the little snippet mentioned above that uses the final Hanger_Bolt_Length determined by the big block of code above, and if it is 4" or longer, changes the Hole variable to 5/16".
The first line of the code above makes sure the hanger bolt (in all cases were the bolt is long enough) is only into the leg the depth of its screw portion. To get a better idea how that is accomplished you need to refresh your memory as to the formula we used for the thread lengths on the hanger bolt.
All of the above lines of code send info to a parameter in a part. Some of the values are what we will enter into the form, and some are the final value of variables created earlier in the code.
With new values sent to the parts, the snippet of iLogic code above forces the parts to run their own rules (which in some cases changes the input).
The above code returns the corrected (if necessary) numbers outputted by the Min/Max rule to the actual dimensions section of the form so that the person entering the two can compare the two. If we get rid of the Adj_ prefix on all three, we can simply overwrite the user's input with the corrected values, and get rid of the adjusted section of the form…
But for this exercise, we will leave the adjusting version intact.
The first one updates the document (the Layout Part in this case) immediately after running the rule, and the second outputs the parameters to the model –where I am grabbing them at the assembly level to display true driven dimensions. The model should do both of these automatically, and indeed, mine is again doing so. I have since commented the snippets out and everything is working just peachy…..humpf. Use it if you need it.
And that's it for today's Inventor iLogic Tutorial. In the next installment I'll add the pixy dust that will allow automatic parts lists later. It would be a good time to modify the top so that it not only gives the number of boards needed and their respective sizes, but changes that amount and size information based on the overall size of the table. But I'll likely press on towards the drawings and go back later. It's a piece of cake to modify a model like that, and indeed it is part of the design process and should be a part of the learning experience. Only the most simplistic of designs can be 'seen' from beginning to end. Usually there is a good idea as to the path that needs to be taken, and adjustments are made along the way to match the realities encountered.
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Redlands, California—Esri, the global leader in spatial analytics, today announced that it is releasing the Intelligence Configuration for ArcGIS Pro (ICAP), a workstation for intelligence analysts. ICAP leverages ArcGIS Pro SDK to provide a custom managed configuration and add-ins, offering streamlined user experiences and specialized tools to aid analysts in examining relationships and patterns and determining probabilities relating to the target's most likely course of action.The scale, complexity, nature, and pace of modern conflicts require a new approach to delivering intelligence capabilities. For instance, when tracking smugglers who are crossing borders, an intelligence analyst has a mass of point locations—received through observations, sensors, and reports—and can use a spatial query in ICAP to filter for the relevant data and identify the smugglers' possible routes. The analyst can visualize the relationships between the people, groups, and objects, and determine the threat's likely course of action.
The capabilities in this new configuration include the following:
- Link charts—Intelligence Configuration for ArcGIS Pro provides the ability to visualize entities and their relationships. This capability allows analysts to easily see, edit, and manipulate link diagrams of people, groups, and events that would otherwise be viewed in a table or on a map. In one single interface, analysts can see the complex relationships between different assets, with minimal data and little or no learning curve. The link chart is created dynamically based on the source data, which can be manipulated via the chart or the map.
- Conditions and alerts—To ease the burden of filtering and querying data to discover its value, ICAP provides a way for analysts to designate conditions based on a set of queries and then be alerted when these conditions are met. For instance, when a mortar activity is within 7 kilometers of a reported location, an alert notifies the analyst, and the activity is logged for further analysis.
- Data management—ArcGIS Pro already has many robust data management tools and workflows. To better support intelligence analysts, ICAP will bring the most commonly used data management tools to the forefront, placing widely used tools in a custom data management ribbon. In addition, ICAP introduces a tool that grabs files commonly used by the intelligence analyst (such as.shp,.kml, and.kmz) and adds them to the map with the right symbology, including standard 2525 military symbology.
"Esri is very pleased to be making ArcGIS Pro customized for the needs of the intelligence community," said Phil Suarez, intelligence support to operations at Esri. "Intelligence analysts have a specific set of needs, and they all contain the component of location. The unique configuration that ICAP brings to the intelligence community enables a more efficient and streamlined workflow for data gathering and analysis than has ever been possible."
To learn more about the new Intelligence Configuration for ArcGIS Pro, visit go.esri.com/GEOINT2018_PR.
# # #
Karen Richardson, Esri
E-mail (press only): _EMAIL_
General Information: _EMAIL_


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izer.
Mainly, the honeycomb helps me see which notes are family rather than just neighbours. I can see (for example) that stationary, placid chords tend to fit into a maximum of two adjacent vertical columns. More exciting chords tend to spread out sideways. The tonic of any group is usually the bottom note in the shape. Chords with two bottom notes often sound curious.
HH3: A descending order of harmonicity exists which removes most of ET's ambiguities. A chord which can be traced on the 3f_5f honeycomb counts as more harmonic than a chord derived from the higher multiples of f.
And further, by making other honeycombs, I can get a picture of how many dimensions a chord is in. Some chords (a 4 2 4 2 for example) refuse to fit inside a single bubble on the 3f_5f honeycomb yet are elemental in the 5f_7f honeycomb.
HH4: Tones which are not adjacent to the nucleus of the chord on the 3f_5f honeycomb do not belong to that honeycomb at all, but belong to other dimensions (7f, 11f, 13f etc) and their intersections; the criterion being the lowest dimension wherein they can be found adjacent to the chord nucleus. (See the next section)
If I get an unusual scale I can draw it out on the honeycomb and see at a glance all the types of chords that could go with it. But I am careful about using it to generate composing ideas. For the moment I prefer to let the ideas come naturally and then trace them out on the honeycomb to see if there is some hidden symmetry. I expect to spend years seeing what sort of theorems it throws up, before putting any of them into practice.
The Eleventh Sinewave and Quarter Tone ComposingDespite the wide errors in the 7_5 honeycomb plane, a range of ET chords will serve as tokens to evoke that plane unambiguously. The main requirement is that they contain only notes belonging to one whole tone scale, such as seventh or ninth flatted five chords. If we wish to introduce the eleventh harmonic however, the 12 tone ET system has simply not enough resolution to do the job. The problem is that the 11th harmonic is 48 cents flat to ET, nearly a full quartertone. The trick usually used to indicate the 11f harmonic of say C is to have an A (as 6th or 13th) somewhere in the chord. This links the C to the blue F#-- in the shruti table, which would cause the first violins to play the note slightly flat, and get a bit closer to the desired frequency. The limitation of this system is obvious: we are obliged to have a four or more part root position chord to simulate the fourth dimension.
The alternative, which is gaining ever wider acceptance among composers, is to attack the resolution problem by composing in quartertones.
Why can't we just use natural tuning?
Because of drift. Watch what happens if we use Just Tuning on a chord sequence like Giant Steps (by John Coltrane). Assuming that at least one common note is held from each chord to the next one, you will see that the tuning drifts downwards by nearly six commas (well over a halftone) per cycle. This kind of chord sequence is just not safe with unaccompanied choir, unless the singers have perfect pitch.
So are we doomed to suffer the crude ET system if we want harmony? Not necessarily. It is no longer beyond the bounds of human ingenuity to write realtime Just Tuning programs with microtone portamento to correct drift imperceptibly and give us the best of both worlds on a synthesiser. I have used the honeycomb to create chord analysis routines which I will send to anyone who wants to write the code.


text: In March of 2013, what started as a minor dispute between Spamhaus and Cyberbunker quickly escalated to a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack that was so massive, it was claimed to have slowed internet speeds around the globe. The attack clogged servers with dummy internet traffic at a rate of about 300 gigabits per second. By comparison, the largest observed DDoS attacks typically against banks had thus far registered only 50 gigabits per second. The record breaking Spamhaus/Cyberbunker conflict arose 13 years after the publication of best practices on preventing DDoS attacks, and it was not an isolated event. Recently, NYU's Courant Institute and Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute have collaboratively devised a game-theoretic approaches to address various cyber security problems involving exchange of information (asymmetrically). This research aims to discover and understand complex structures of malicious use cases within the context of secure systems with the goal of developing an incentives-based measurement system that ensures a high level of resilience to attack.


What is sailing?
Sailing is a sport that uses wind to power sails and propel the sailing boat forward. There are two types of sailing – racing and cruising. Racing is a type of yachting you will identify from the Olympics, however cruising is more of a recreational activity.
How can I sail?
Sailability is a national program developed through the Royal Yachting Association that enables people with disabilities to try sailing and take part regularly. You don't need to be able-bodied, or even a strong swimmer to get into sailing. The variety of approved Sailability sites will have boats and facilities to cater for everyone.
 Further Information
For more information view the RYA Sailability webpage or email:
Alternatively for more information on Sailing specific to your visual impairment, email


Breaking Barriers
Spratlens gift to ensure opportunities for students of color
THADDEUS SPRATLEN AND LOIS PRICE SPRATLEN, '76, UW emeritus professors who broke barriers and raised the bar for women and people of color in higher education, have presented the UW with a $1 million lifetime gift to ensure that students of color will have the opportunity to benefit from a UW education.
Thad, professor of marketing from 1972 to 2006, was the first African American faculty member at the UW Foster School of Business, the first to receive tenure and the first to receive emeritus status. He worked to establish the Business and Economic Development Center (BEDC) that supports small businesses owned by minorities and women.
Lois, who earned her Ph.D. in urban planning from the UW in 1976 and was a nursing professor from 1976 until 2010, wrote an influential book on how women are treated in university settings. She also was the first female UW ombudsman.
Their gift will ensure that BEDC will flourish. Since 1995, the BEDC has helped generate millions in revenue and more than 6,000 jobs.
What Do You Think?


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1. Test of English Language
2. Test of Quantitative Aptitude
3. Test of Reasoning
Unlike Banking and other Competitive Exams, there are no General Awareness and Computer Knowledge sections in this exam.
They syllabus for these three sections will be similar to the normal bank PO exams. But the difficulty level will be low.
Test of Quantitative Aptitude : In the notification they clearly mentioned that the main intention of this test is to find out how fast and accurate you are in dealing with numbers. So focus more on simplification and Data Interpretation.
- Simplification (BODMAS / Squares / Roots etc)
Data Interpretation / Analysis
LCM / HCF
Simple & Compound Interest
Profit, Loss and Discounts
Time and Work
Time, Distance & Speed
Mixture and Allegation
Test of English Language :
Grammar & Vocabulary
Reading Comprehension of a passage
Filling the sentences with appropriate words.
Test of Reasoning :
Classification / Odd man Out
Directions & Distance
Input – Output Arrangements
Statements and Conclusions
Seating Arrangement (High Level)
Analytical Reasoning (High Level)
Non verbal Reasoning
Click here to get more details about Catholic Syrian Bank Probationary Assistant Managers Exam Pattern and Syllabus.


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Pound Cake Fun Facts
The internet is full of fabulous facts about everything from current events to the history basket weaving. Because of this, as we research for our daily content on food trucks, food carts and street food, we stumble upon some items of knowledge that we just did not know. We have decided when these fun facts pop up, that we would share them with our readers in our section titled "Did You Know?"
For today's Did You Know fun facts we will look at the Pound Cake.
The Facts: Pound cake refers to a type of cake traditionally made with a pound of each of four ingredients: flour, butter, eggs, and sugar. The traditional recipe makes a cake much larger than most families can consume, and so the quantity is often changed to suit the size of the cake that is desired. As long as the ratio is preserved, the resulting cake will be identical to that using the traditional recipe. Hence, any cake made with a 1:1:1:1 ratio of flour, butter, eggs, and sugar is also called a pound cake.
- The Pound Cake is a British creation that dates back to the early 1700s.
- In the 1796 cookbook American Cookery: or, The Art of Dressing Viands, Fish, Poultry and Vegetables, and the Best Modes of Making Puff-pastes, Pies, Tarts, Puddings, Custards and Preserves, and all kinds of Cakes, from the Imperial Plumb to plain Cake by Amelia Simmons, she includes two recipes. This was the first cookbook authored by an American and published in the United States.
- Pound cakes are generally baked in either a loaf pan or a Bundt mold, and served either dusted with powdered sugar, lightly glazed, or sometimes with a coat of icing.
- In Britain pound cake is more commonly known as 'Sponge cake' or 'Madeira cake'.
- March 4th is National Pound Cake Day.
- The German Eischwerkuchen is a recipe very similar to the pound cake.
- In France pound cake (named "quatre-quarts", which means four-quarters) is a traditional and popular cake of the French region of Brittany, and as its name implies, uses the same quantity of the four ingredients, but with no added fruit of any kind.
Pound Cake Facts We Missed
Please feel free to let us know if we may have missed some in the comment section below. We always love to add to these lists. If we can verify that the facts is just that, a fact, we will give the reader credit in the article.
Reference: Wikipedia: Fun Facts about Pound Cake


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Summary: Load balancing of temporary tasks in the # p norm
Yossi Azar # Amir Epstein + Leah Epstein #
We consider the online load balancing problem where there are m identical machines (servers).
Jobs arrive at arbitrary times, where each job has a weight and a duration. A job has to be as
signed upon its arrival to exactly one of the machines. The duration of each job becomes known
only upon its termination (this is called temporary tasks of unknown durations). Once a job has
been assigned to a machine it cannot be reassigned to another machine. The goal is to minimize
the maximum over time of the sum (over all machines) of the squares of the loads, instead of the
traditional maximum load.
We show that for the sum of the squares the greedy algorithm performs within at most 2.23 of
the optimum. We show (an asymptotic) lower bound of 1.79 on the competitive ratio of the greedy
algorithm. We also show a lower bound of 1.44 on the competitive ratio of any deterministic
Minimizing the sum of the squares is equivalent to minimizing the load vector with respect to
the # 2 norm. We extend our techniques and analyze the competitive ratio of greedy with respect
to the # p norm. We show that the greedy algorithm performs within at most 2 - # /p) of the
optimum. We also show a lower bound of 2 - O(ln p/p) on the competitive ratio of any online


Get a Printable Download of Molybdenum
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What is the Boiling Point of Molybdenum?
The Boiling Point of Molybdenum is 4612°F
What is the Melting Point of Molybdenum?
The Melting Point of Molybdenum is 2617°F
What is the Ionic Radius of Molybdenum?
The Ionic Radius of Molybdenum is.59 (+6) Å
Who discovered Molybdenum?
Molybdenum was discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele.
What period is Molybdenum located?
Molybdenum is in the Period 5.
What block is Molybdenum located?
Molybdenum is located in the D Block block.
What does the name Molybdenum come from?
Greek: molybdos (lead).
What is the electronegativity of Molybdenum?
Molybdenum has an electronegativity of 2.16.
What are the orbitals of Molybdenum?
The orbitals of Molybdenum are [Kr] 4d5 5s1.


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The term 'expert patient' describes patients who manage their own long-term health conditions.
David Tucket and colleagues at the University of Cambridge coined the term in 1985. Tucket studied thousands of doctor-patient consultations. He argued medical care could improve if doctors accepted patients as experts of their own medical disorders. Doctors were an important authority on medicine, but patients could also be knowledgeable in managing their condition.
Though not a new phenomenon, health self-management became increasingly popular in the 1960s and 1970s. Psychologists such as Albert Bandura developed theories of self-efficacy. These were ways to help people realise they could manage aspects of their life such as health. Patients with long-term conditions such as diabetes took more control of their health and relied less on the medical profession.
The rise of the expert patient went hand in hand with the growth of the internet in the 1990s. Patients with access to online medical information could discover more about their conditions, and understand and control the medical treatment they received. By taking control of their illness, expert patients often need fewer visits to doctors. They are considered to have a better quality of life.
Since the 1990s, patient experience has been given greater significance within medical training. State health-care systems have adopted education programmes to train more patients with chronic illnesses to become expert patients.
Related Themes and Topics
N Fox, K Ward and A O'Rourke, 'The 'expert patient': empowerment or medical dominance? The case of weight loss, pharmaceutical drugs and the Internet', Social Science & Medicine, 60 (2005), pp _PHONE_
A Rogers, 'Advancing the Expert Patient?' Primary Health Care Research & Development, 10 (Jul 2009), pp 167-76
D Tuckett et al., Meetings Between Experts: An Approach to Sharing Ideas in Medical Consultations (New York: Taylor & Francis, 1985)
Department of Health, The Expert Patient - A New Approach to Chronic Disease Management for the 21st Century (London: Department of Health, 2001)J Shaw, and M Baker, 'Expert patient: dream or nightmare?', British Medical Journal, 328 (2004), pp 723–724


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Sir Arthur Charles Clarke, CBE, FRAS, Sri Lankabhimanya, was a British science fiction writer and inventor, and futurist. He is famous for his short stories and novels, including 2001: A Space Odyssey, and as a host and commentator in the British television series Mysterious World. For many years Robert A. Heinlein, Isaac Asimov, and Clarke were known as the "Big Three" of science fiction.
Clarke served in the Royal Air Force as a radar instructor and technician from 1941 to 1946. In 1945, he proposed a satellite communication system—an idea that, in 1963, won him the Franklin Institute's Stuart Ballantine Medal. He was the chairman of the British Interplanetary Society from 1947–1950 and again in 1953.
In 1956, Clarke emigrated to Sri Lanka, largely to pursue his interest in scuba diving. That year, he discovered the underwater ruins of the ancient Koneswaram temple in Trincomalee. He lived in Sri Lanka until his death. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1998 and was awarded Sri Lanka's highest civil honour, Sri Lankabhimanya, in 2005.


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The five chapters of this book collect and illustrate techniques that have been applied to the prediction of reliability and availability of the various specific segments of an electric power system. The text emphasizes the numerical procedures employed in making these reliability and availability predictions. Other related criteria that have been put forward in the literature, such as adequacy, dependability, and security, are also introduced and defined as needed and as applied in specific contexts.
The book opens with a discussion of reliability and availability applications to transmission and distribution systems, treating independent component outages and their effects on the continuity of supply. It then takes up models for generation planning and proceeds to the area of bulk power supply system reliability evaluation, offering methods for prediction of composite reliability of the generation and transmission systems. A final chapter extends the study into operating reliability assessments concerned with reserve problems: It considers the adequacy of the generating system to meet forecasted loads a short period ahead.
Professor Billinton is in the Electrical Engineering Department at the University of Saskatchewan. Drs. Ringlee and Wood are with Power Technologies Inc. Their book is the sixth in the Modern Electrical Technology series, edited by Alexander Kusko.


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What Is Color Tuning?
White Color Tuning
White color tuning refers to the ability of a light fixture to adjust its color temperature to the color temperature preference (2700K-5500K) of the occupant anytime after the installation.
RGB+W and Full-Color Tuning
Full-color tuning refers to the same ability but additionally to produce a color output anywhere within the visible color spectrum, and is most commonly accomplished through the mixing of several base-color LEDs, most commonly RGB (Red, Green, Blue) and RGBW (Red, Green, Blue, White).


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Tarok Cerr is a Tarok-class Starbase constructed by the Trayn as both a defense platform, docking station for freighters and military vessels, and control center for Tiren's Orbital Defense Grid. It orbits Tiren, and sits only 10,000 kilometers from the Tiren-Alpha shipyard cluster.
There is a large central cylinder section, which is only 280 meters in radius. There are large plates attached to small "arms" (the "arms" are quite thick and are mostly solid metal, and extend 19.5 meters), which serve as armor for the fragile central cylinder. The armor plates are 0.5 meters in thickness.
The docking arms extend out from the central cylinder section, and end in triangle-like shapes. The tip of the triangle is pointing inward, towards the central cylinder. The triangles are quite elongated, and the edges are smooth. At the widest point, the triangles are 30 meters across and 20 meters tall. The docking arms themselves are octagonal and are 15 meters wide and tall. The triangles have a large airlock on their ends. About 15 meters inwards from the triangles, there is an octagonal ring which connects all four docking arms. In between the docking arms, located on the docking ring itself, are four smaller docking ports for frigate-sized ships.
At the very bottom-center of the central cylinder, there is a smaller cylinder which extends 70 meters downwards. The cylinder has a radius of 30 meters. At the bottom of the cylinder is an octagon, which is 20 meters tall and has a radius of 30 meters. Four arms extend from the sides of the octagon. The arms are each 30 meters long, and are octagonal in shape. They are 15 meters wide and tall, and end in triangles, similar to those of the docking arms. At the widest point the triangles are 20 meters across and 15 meters tall. They have smaller airlocks on their ends.
At the top of the central cylinder there is a smaller cylinder, with a radius of 100 meters. The cylinder extends upwards for 50 meters. It has armor plates similar to the ones on the central cylinder, which form a cone. The bottom ends of the top cylinder's armor plates pretty much connect to the top ones of the central cylinder's plates, with a 2 meter gap. Inside the arms that support the plating are conduits for the Plasma Beams, which are located on the plating. There is a 30 meter gap at the top of the cone, between all of the armor plates. Located on the top of the upper cylinder is a small observation tower, which goes up for about 30 meters. The tower is octagonal in shape and is 15 meters wide. At the top of the tower, which is pretty much a ladder shaft, there is an octagonal room with glass floors and walls. The roof is solid titanium, with communications and sensor equipment located on top. Numerous point defense platforms cover the tower.
Tarok Cerr has numerous systems, from weapons to communications.
Tarok Cerr is heavily armed, due to one of its primary roles being the defense of Tiren. It is armed with 80 Gatling Railguns, 40 Heavy Gatling Railguns, 6 Plasma Beams, 10 Javelin Missile Launchers, and 20 Plasma Core Cannons. It is also equipped with
Tarok Cerr is equipped with four Mk. II Fusion Reactors. There is an additional fifth Mk. I Reactor to provide extra power in case of emergencies. The station is also equipped with a large number of batteries for storing emergency power, if all reactors fail. The batteries can sustain life support and power the short-range sensors and communications, and if needed the micro-railguns, but are unable to generate plasma or enough power to run any other systems, including shields.
Tarok Cerr is equipped with powerful short and long range sensors. The short range sensors have a range of 2.2 AU, while the long range sensors have a range of 4.2 light years.


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Not as trivial as one might think: the standard error of the mean
Usually the standard error of a climatological mean is calculated as the standard deviation divided by the square root of the number of observations. This standard recipe is, however, only valid for random samples of uncorrelated measurements. Regular measurements from a satellite orbit never are random, and atmospheric states at various locations are usually correlated. It could be shown that in the case of MIPAS monthly ozone climatologies, the standard formula typically overestimates the standard error of the mean. The figure shows the applicable correction factor, which is less than one for most cases.
A method has been developed by which the standard errors of the monthly means of satellite measurements are estimated on the basis of global fields provided by a model, which are sampled according to the satellite instrument's sampling pattern. For more information, see _URL_


Silicon Is So 20th Century: Let's Compute With Slime
 By News Staff | March 30th 2014 10:00 AM | Print | E-mail | Track Comments
 Silicon has been very good to us. It has given us Angry Birds and virtual protests we can participate in from the comfort of our home, but it may be time to enter the Age of the Biological Computer.
 Writing in the journal Materials Today,researchers reveal details of logic units built using living slime molds, which might act as the building blocks for computing devices and sensors.
 You're more likely to find the slime mold Physarum polycephalum living somewhere dark and damp rather than in a computer science lab. In its "plasmodium" or vegetative state, the organism spans its environment with a network of tubes that absorb nutrients. The tubes also allow the organism to respond to light and changing environmental conditions that trigger the release of reproductive spores.
 But the researchers have previously found that such a tube network could absorb and transport different colored dyes. They then fed it edible nutrients - oat flakes - to attract tube growth and common salt to repel them, so that they could grow a network with a particular structure. They then demonstrated how this system could mix two dyes to make a third color as an "output".
 Using the dyes with magnetic nanoparticles and tiny fluorescent beads allowed them to use the slime mold network as a biological "lab-on-a-chip" device. This represents a new way to build microfluidic devices for processing environmental or medical samples on the very small scale for testing and diagnostics, the work suggests.
 Andrew Adamatzky of the University of the West of England, and Theresa Schubert of Bauhaus-University Weimar have constructed logical circuits that exploit networks of interconnected slime mold tubes to process information.
 Silicon is not dead just yet. Stewart Bland, Editor of Materials Today, notes instead that "although more traditional electronic materials are here to stay, research such as this is helping to push and blur the boundaries of materials science, computer science and biology, and represents an exciting prospect for the future."


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Definitions for rift valley fever virus
U.S. National Library of Medicine
Rift Valley fever virus
A mosquito-borne species of the PHLEBOVIRUS genus found in eastern, central, and southern Africa, producing massive hepatitis, abortion, and death in sheep, goats, cattle, and other animals. It also has caused disease in humans.
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"rift valley fever virus." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2013. Web. 19 Jun 2013. .


Childhood adversity is the sum of a variety of factors that significantly influence a child's development. Much research has been conducted on childhood adversity but defining this construct is still tricky. McLaughlin (2016) suggests that the definition of childhood adversity is "experiences that require significant adaptation by an average child and that represent a deviation from the expectable environment"1. In addition, these experiences refer to an event or ongoing events in the environment that requires significant psychological, social, or neurobiological adaptation by an average child. In other words, they are experiences that could fundamentally alter the emotional, cognitive, social, or neurobiological domains in relation to childhood development. Childhood adversity is associated with poor adult health. When working with health promotion at school, it is important to be aware of childhood adversity and their potential impact on your intervention, program or initiative
1. McLaughlin, K. A. (2016). Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 45(3), 361-382. doi: 10.1080/_PHONE_.2015._PHONE_
Search the SHE glossary


text:
Check your Input level
The Input slider to the bottom left lets you attenuate or boost your signals' input level into Finisher. Use this control if your signal comes in too low or too hot, as most effect modes need the signal to be at a certain level to work optimally (e.g. distortion, compression).
The Input level is optimal if the signal peaks stay just under the top end of the meter. If the Input sliders range isn't enough, try adjusting the channel volume or find a Gain plug-in in your DAW and plug it in before Finisher MICRO.


Is Sanskrit the Best Language for Artificial Intelligence?
The 0's and 1's are only understood by machines that are their language we use compiler, algorithms and logical operations that convert our language into the language(0's and 1's ) which is only understood by computers. And the English has much more complicated grammar and sometimes not even much logical
the characteristics of Sanskrit that attracted the attention of computer scientists are:
(1) Well knit syntactic and semantic structure of Sanskrit
(2) Positional independence of words in a sentence
(3) Low phonetic transcription for audio input and binary phonetic classification (0,1) of poetic meter
(4) Well defined rules of grammar, phrasing and synthesis
There is no need for a particular sentence structure for Sanskrit.
Like, In English:- Subject +Verb + Object
Ex:- I am writing an answer.
But in Sanskrit, there is no need for a particular structure.
अहं उत्तरम् लिखामि (I am writing an Answer.)
लिखामि अहं उत्तरम् (I am writing an Answer.)
अहं लिखामि उत्तरम् (I am writing an Answer.).
That's why Sanskrit is best.


text:
On 28 June Artsakh Republic President Bako Sahakyan sent an address in connection with the opening of the "Education without Discrimination within the framework of the Bologne Process" international conference. The address runs as follows:
"Respected participants of the conference,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
I welcome cordially the participants of the international conference "Education without Discrimination within the framework of the Bologne Process".
Holding such events in Artsakh with the participation of renowned Armenian and foreign scientists and experts, representatives of the educational sector is demanded and significant. Discussions held in this format will enable to form a more extensive and in-depth vision of various issues related to the development of education in the world and leading countries, possible solution to them and the prospects of applying successful patterns in our republic.
In Artsakh we put special emphasize to these very crucial issues, especially taking into consideration the significance of education and science for our country and nation. The field of education is considered to be among the key strategic directions for the progress of our state. Intellectual potential is the biggest wealth Artsakh possesses and its development and continuous improvement to a great extent depends on the establishment and maintenance of firm ties and practical interactions with the civilized world in the sphere of education. This vision is also in full correspondence with international norms, as high quality education promoting all-round development of an individual is among the most significant components securing the development of a state, fundamental human rights and democracy.
I am confident that the conference will solve efficiently the tasks set before it and will have a useful contribution to the development of education in our republic.
I wish everybody success and all the best".


text:
A bicornuate uterus or bicornate uterus, commonly referred to as a "heart-shaped" uterus, is a type of uterine malformation where two "horns" form at the upper part of the uterus. (from wikipedia)
Congenital uterine anomalies occur in 0.1 to 3% of women and are due to abnormal development of the paramesonephric ducts. Failure of fusion of these ducts results in division of the uterus into two horns (bicornuate uterus) if there is partial failure of fusion, and complete duplication of the uterus, cervix and vagina (uterine didelphys) if there is total failure of fusion. It is associated with pregnancy complications such as spontaneous abortion, malpresentation and premature labour. Infertility is not usually aproblem with this type of malformation because implantation of the embryo is not impaired. Associated renal tract anomalies are common. The preferred methods of imaging uterine anomalies are ultrasound, hysterosalpingogram or MRI.
1. Dahnert W. Radiology Review Manual, 5th edition. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins 2003
2. Reuter KL, Babagbemi TK Obstetric and Gynaecological Ultrasound Case Review Series, 2nd edition. Mosby Elsevier 2007
Credit: Dr Donna D'Souza in (From Radiology Picture of the Day)Other similar posts


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Your Fund Facts risk rating is not…
Fund Facts are extremely helpful. Investors should review them clearly, as they spell out key information about your mutual fund (or exchange-traded fund – ETF), including a brief discussion of how the fund invests, what are its top holdings, performance history, as well as how much you pay in fees each year to own the fund.
In Canada, a Fund Facts (or ETF Facts) is required before you purchase any of these investment vehicles. In the case of discount brokerages, this document is given to you immediately after your purchase.
Another important piece of information in the document is the fund's risk measurement. This is what this section of the fund fact sheet looks like:
The intention of this rating is to give the investor a very broad idea of a fund's historical risk level. Behind the scenes is a reasonably simple calculation, as stipulated by the Canadian Securities Administrators in their 2016 guidelines. indeed a standard deviation of returns over 10 years with a table that translates into an investment risk level or a risk rating:
Funds that have regular returns (such as money market funds) will have very little variation in returns, which translates to a lower level of risk, while equity funds move a lot more and will therefore have higher levels of risk. Although on paper it would seem like a good measure that investors should rely on when making investment decisions, it is not true. here's why
Why the Fund Facts risk rating is not working
The calculation treats volatility in the positive direction (for example, if a fund rises 50% in one day) as it does in the negative direction (if a fund loses 50% in one day). This is no longer how most investors think about risk. Most investors would probably accept a fund's value rising rapidly. They would like do not agree with the value of a fund fall rapidly. Standard deviation treats both sides of this coin equally.
The rating uses 10 years of monthly returns. Given that we are now in 2022, the calculation now excludes returns during the 2008-2009 financial crisis, which would be a litmus test for understanding how a fund manager endured a systemic market correction. Additionally, if we had calculated the risk rating using 15 years of data instead of 10, the results would be very different, as seen below:
The table above compares what a conceptual "risk rating" would be if we had used 15 years of monthly returns instead of 10 for all Canadian-domiciled mutual funds and ETFs with an inception date prior to the 1st April 2007. Here we can see that there are 451 funds that would today be classified as 'low to medium' risk in a Fund Facts. If we use 15 years of data instead, 156 of those funds would actually be rated "average." In other words, using less data makes these funds less risky.
When a fund's 10-year standard deviation crosses a threshold (say, 5.9 to 6.1), the rating itself changes (from "low" to "low to medium"). For the unaware investor, this could result in a pause when in reality the actual historical volatility has not materially changed. It happens more often than you might think. In a comment letter to IIROC and the MFDA last year, Morningstar also urged advisers not to rely on the risk rating for the same reason.
What our research revealed about Canadian mutual fund risk ratings
To create this study, we took the oldest share class of every mutual fund and ETF with at least 10 years of history in our Canadian database and calculated the risk rating as it would appear each July from 2015 to 2021. We then counted the number of times a risk rating changed according to CSA methodology.
Of the 62 money market funds that had a 10-year history, none of them changed risk ratings, which is intuitive.
However, when you look at allocation (i.e. balanced) funds, a good portion of them have changed their risk rating twice in the space of six years, which is concerning because the majority of Canadian assets are invested in balanced funds. It is very unlikely that 17% (69 out of 252) of balanced funds have changed their investment mandate twice in six years. It is also unlikely that 17% of balanced funds have actually become materially more or less risky in the space of six years. The concern also spills over to equity funds, which naturally show more volatility, but the fact that the majority of these funds change their risk rating frequently is not necessarily helpful for the investor.
How should investors view their risk levels?
Although the risk rating is flawed in many ways, it is still an objectively calculated measure, which in its own way is useful to some extent as long as investors understand the limitations.
That said, there are other financial measures of risk that may be useful to use in place of the risk rating, one of which is shown directly in the Fund Facts:
A measure of the best/worst 3-month returns provides a much more relevant measure of the level of risk inherent in a fund. An investor may not know what an "average" level of risk is, but they can easily understand that they have lost 24% of their assets in the space of three months. That said, like the measure of risk, this 10-year retrospective of best/worst returns now rules out the financial crisis.
Related to this but do not shown in the Fund Facts is a metric called peak loss, which measures over a period of time how much a fund declines in value from its peak to its valley before a period of recovery. This is useful because it removes the time constraint. A fund can continue to fall for more than 3 months at a time.
That said, remember that if you own more than one mutual fund or ETF (which most investors do), the risk rating displayed on a fund fact sheet becomes less relevant because it what matters is the globally risk in your portfolio. In other words, the performance (and risk) of your portfolio is not simply an "average" of the individual risk levels of the component funds. Instead, overall risk is calculated by taking into account correlations between funds, which are not considered when looking at individual fund risk ratings. Your advisors' primary responsibility when making investment recommendations is to ensure that a fund (in the context of your overall portfolio) is within your risk tolerance and risk capacity.
Pro Tip: Investors looking to dig deeper can look at metrics such as the Sortino and Treynor ratios, which are performance metrics per unit of risk.
Questions to ask your advisor:
- I understand that you are recommending this fund to me. What are 2 comparable funds, and why did you recommend this one rather than the other two?
- How did this fund perform during the financial crisis of 2008-2009?


The Oxford English Dictionary defines a post as (1) a support or column of timber, (2) a stand for displaying notices, and (3) a vehicle or vessel used to carry letters and other postal matter. In this essay, I will elaborate the significance of the digital post in relation to these definitions. I argue that the digital post connotes these meanings in a variety of ways, but is ultimately distinct. Thus, an understanding of the digital post necessitates an understanding of its roots. The OED definition implies that a post is a foundation upon which more complex systems are built and maintained. As a stand for displaying notices, the post is a mass address and a social practice. Likened to the postal system, digital posts make up a networked medium that redefines spatial and temporal limitations in the transportation of information.
As an act of publication, the post's purpose is to convey ideas by mediating the mind into a form that is movable, comprehensible, and capable of reaching others. It forms relationships between individuals and disseminates information over spatial and temporal boundaries, forming a network. Through an examination of its etymology, the post is revealed as representing two disparate network structures: the centralized network of the post for displaying public messages, and the linear network of the postal system. The critical differentiating factor between these two network forms is the intended audience of address.
The post of the public notice attempts to address all of the members of the network. It does so from a centralized position of prominence, and is incorporated into the systems of power of the network. Access to the ability to publish, whether limited to a particular group, or available to all members of the network has no bearing on access to the posted publications. The centralization of the system ensures that all members of the network have equal access to it.
The post of the postal system, though, directs a distinct and singular message to an intended and specified addressee, ensuring adherence "to certain established standards of regularity, speed, and security." The network shape of any postal message is linear and unidirectional, with the information moving from sender to addressee. It is important to note that an examination of the postal system as a network, as opposed to the postal message, would reveal a distributed structure. However, this network is irrelevant to this discussion, as it addresses the shape of a system of aggregated and unrelated posts, and does not address the post itself.
In stark contrast, the digital post is capable of simultaneously embodying both network forms, resulting in an unprecedented structure. In this network, the post has a specific addressee, but is differentiated in that these connections are accessible to the entire network. Unlike the publication of an "open letter," which does not ensure that the intended recipient obtains the letter, the digital post is delivered directly to the addressee. However, the digital post is no less private than the posting of a public notice. The resulting network shape of a singular digital post is entirely distributed, while simultaneously being uniquely linear. It is best understood as a system of connected nodes, where all the nodes and connections are available to every other node in the network.
Hence, the digital post is the dominant communicative form connecting the digital social network, as compared to "messaging" and "friending." "Post" spans the spectrum of digital platforms and networks that serve to connect individuals via networked computers. The content or message of the post can encompass a wide range of media, with little preference given to any particular medium. Some of these media are more traditional forms, including text, picture, and video, while others are more particular to the social networking environment, such as "liking," "linking," and "poking." The important distinction is that the post as a medium creates value independent of its content.
Due to its complexity, I believe it beneficial to approach the post as an environment through which the personas and avatars represented by "profiles" live, grow, and interact. Doing so, advances us past the materialistic conception of a medium, and allows us to understand the post as a social practice of "digital identities," embodied forms represented in a digital space. I would like to suggest that it is the post, and not the profile, that forms the basis for the digital identity, as it is the post that confirms the "life" of the profile. Once set up, the profile can exist without a sender or a receiver, and as such only confirms the existence of a data pattern on a server. If the profile is not generating posts, it becomes, in way, dead. Without posting, there is no way to confirm the existence of the inferred embodiment implied by the profile. Alternatively, the post is the pulse of the digital identity. Not only does it substantiate the digital identity, but it can also tell us how the identity lives, its state of health, level of activity, and relation to other identities. As such, it is the post and not the profile that links the digital identity to its embodied, analog, user.
As the representation of a social practice, the post can be understood in Peirce's terms of icon (a physical resemblance), index (a corollary sensory indication), and symbol (an arbitrary representation). The post operates as an index on the basis of its objectness, pointing to the existence of a specific digital identity and its relative placement in a network. A symbolic understanding exposes the post as content that can be interpreted to reveal aspects of the identity it represents. However, the post cannot serve as an icon because the abstract nature of the digital identity resists iconic representation. Furthermore, the post itself opposes iconic representation by not being consistently grounded in a particular physical shape, format, or form.
When identity exists without iconic representation, there is no representation of the identity as form. In her book on post-humanism, Katherine Hayles raises that when an identity becomes heavily dissociated from its surface representation and heavily mediated by technology, the identity becomes dependent on that technology. For Hayles, the human becomes post-human when engaged in an extensive form of heavily mediated representation. I believe the digital post is a condition of possibility for the formation of post-human identities, as it transforms the identity of an embodied presence into an aggregate of patterned information contingent on its mediated production. To build upon Hayles, I argue that the digital identity conferred by the post is a post-human identity, and that the post-human and posting human are undifferentiated.
On the basis of these singular qualities, the digital post has established a precedent by which the commodity can enter into the digital social network to represent itself. This expansion of capitalism may be the most exceptional effect of the post, as older mediums limited commodities to mediated forms of representation, like the logo or spokesperson. These forms cannot embody the commodity, but only serve to represent it in the abstract. Conversely, the adoption of the post by companies and products bestows commodities with a digital embodiment free from iconic representation. This allows an intensification of commodity fetishism, as commodities are able to represent themselves in digital space and engage in new relations with markets and individual consumers. Through the post, the commodity and the person are reduced to the same pattern of representation. Their capacity to interact with the network becomes analogous, forming indistinguishable expressions of identity.
In many ways the post has produced the ultimate self-amputation by means of technology, allowing for the complete externalization of the self. I can look at a computer screen and observe my own digital identity. This is not akin to looking in a mirror. The identity that is established by the post is distinct, and although reflective, it is not a reflection. Currently, this digital identity requires a physical embodiment to provide the keystrokes that massage the medium of the post into the correct shape. However, it would be folly to assume the post is imperatively dependent on a physical embodiment. It need not be so. The post is many things; foundational, representative, informational, and has become the medium in which the digital identity communicates. But above all the post gives life to the digital identity, thereby substantiating it. Constituo, ergo sum: I post, therefore I am.
Tom Hehir
"_URL_" Oxford English Dictionary Online. 29 October 2010.
McLuhan, Marshall. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. Boston: MIT Press, 1994.
Mitchell, WJT. What Do Pictures Want? Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2005.
Dunston, Bryan. "Postal system" in The Chicago School of Media Keywords Glossary. [_URL_ cited on 29 October 2010.
Galloway, Alexander. "Networks" in Critical Terms for Media Studies. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2010.
Dunston, Bryan. Postal system in The Chicago School of Media Keywords Glossary. [_URL_ cited on 29 October 2010.


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A preliminary statement at the beginning of a book, usually written by the author, which states its origin, scope, purpose, plan, and intended audience, and which sometimes includes afterthoughts and acknowledgments of assistance. When written by a person other than the author, it is called a foreword. The preface or foreword is distinct from the introduction which deals with the subject of the work. When a new edition is published, the preface or foreword may be rewritten to alert the reader to changes and additions. In the front matter, the preface or foreword usually follows the dedication and precedes the introduction.
See also the Wikipedia article on:


Licensed in Mississippi, Tennessee, and Arkansas, we install access control systems in Horn Lake, Walls, Southaven, Olive Branch, Hernando, and the greater Memphis area. Call today for a free consultation _PHONE_.
Access Control – The control of persons, vehicles and materials through entrances and exits of a controlled area or premises. (Security Industry Dictionary, NTS)
It is a system or process to grant or deny an individual access to a specific area or object based upon their possession of an item, code or physical characteristic. (Electronic Access Control, NTS)
With Electronic Access Control a variety of key methods can be used, including key-codes and swipe or proximity cards or tags, and even bio-metrics. Electronic keys are extremely difficult to duplicate, making duplication a rare occurrence.
The same access credentials can grant access to wherever one needs to go. The system can be customized for each user including access level, time, and location. Systems can also be managed from a computer and terminated users can be deleted immediately.
***Watch the following video to see how an integrated security system with electronic access control has helped these customers***


at what you get.
Let's say you wanted to find all of the actors who directed the movie they acted in. What change would you make to the query? Give it a try and see what happens.
Here's a solution:
MATCH (a:Person)-[:ACTED_IN]->(m)<-[:DIRECTED]-(a)
RETURN, m.title;
We want to say that whoever ACTED_IN the movie, i.e. person (a) also DIRECTED the movie. By putting the same variable name for the far end of the DIRECTED relationship, what we're saying is that the same person must both have acted in and directed that same movie to match the pattern and be included in the record set. I also removed the from the RETURN clause as it wouldn't be a valid reference as there is no "d" in the query any more. Run the query and you'll see it returns a lot less results.
Starting Somewhere
Sometimes you'll want to run a full graph search for use cases like graph wide migrations or exporting all of your data, but most of your queries are likely to be much more constrained. In the case of the movie database, maybe we want to see all of the movies that Tom Hanks has acted in (within the data set). To do that, we need to constrain the property on the actor bind an actor node.
MATCH (tom:Person)-[:ACTED_IN]->(movie)
WHERE = "Tom Hanks"
RETURN movie.title;
In a production environment, you'd create indexes for looking up a nodes by their key properties. Eg. user by their email address or a product by its inventory number, we're creating one index and one constraint for our dataset. With those in place the bound queries are sped up and uniqueness is guaranteed for movies by title (might not reflect reality).
CREATE INDEX ON :Person(name);
CREATE CONSTRAINT ON (m:Movie) ASSERT m.title IS unique;
So if you now run the same query again, it will use the index on :Person(name) to quickly look up the starting point and only traverse in the local neighbourhood. There is also a shortcut notation for these lookups without a WHERE clause.
MATCH (tom:Person {name:"Tom Hanks"})-[:ACTED_IN]->(movie)
RETURN movie.title;
More Complex Queries
There are lots of other things that can be done in Cypher. Aggregate functions allow you to return distinct records, a sum, average, min, max, count or even a collect (which aggregates values into an array or list). For example:
MATCH (a)-[:ACTED_IN]->(m:Movie)<-[:DIRECTED]-(d)
RETURN,, collect(m.title);
This query returns every pair of actors and directors who worked together on a movie and for each pair it returns an array containing all of the titles of the movies that they worked together on.
Figure 5: Tabular Results from a Cypher Query
We can also constrain queries. For example, we can constrain a query by a property of a node or relationship. For example:
MATCH (tom {name:"Tom Hanks"})-[:ACTED_IN]->(movie)
WHERE movie.released < 1992
RETURN movie.title;
This returns all of the titles of the movies that Tom Hanks acted in that were released before 1992. We can also constrain based on comparisons. An example would be:
MATCH (tom {name:"Tom Hanks"})-[:ACTED_IN]->(movie)<-[:ACTED_IN]-(a)
WHERE a.born < tom.born
This returns the names of all of the actor colleagues older than Tom Hanks who have acted in at least one movie with him.
It's even possible to constrain based on patterns. For example:
MATCH (gene {name:"Gene Hackman"})-[:ACTED_IN]->(movie)<-[:ACTED_IN]-(n)
This query returns the names of all of the people who have acted in at least one movie with Gene Hackman but who have also directed at least one movie. Hint. It's "Clint Eastwood"
We've barely scratched the surface of Cypher, but hopefully you're starting to see just how powerful it can be for writing sophisticated graph queries. Cypher also allows you to create and update data in the graph, which we haven't covered here.
If you'd like to find out more, head on over to where there are a range of resources for learning more about implementing graph solutions using Neo4j.
This article covers the first part of the Neo4j online course. For the graph epiphany, read the comprehensive Graph Databases book by Jim Webber and Ian Robinson, which is also available as a free PDF on And last but not least check out how other companies are using Neo4j to create innovative systems.
Peter Bell
CTO/Founder of Speak Geek
Peter is a contract member of the Github training team, and provides enterprise corporate training on a range of NoSQL data stores including Neo4j, as well as lean startup/product and mobile training and consulting to enterprises. He's also the CTO and founder of Speak Geek, which trains business people to more effectively hire and manage development teams.
Updated to Neo4j 2.0 by Michael Hunger
Peter Bell & Michael Hunger
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