text:
8.1 Irreducible (Minimal) Realizations
The internal structure of a system may allow some of the integrators (or delay elements) to be shared by several input-output pairs and still result in the same transfer matrix. The system that realizes the maximum possible degree of sharing (and, consequently, the smallest possible dimension of the associated state space) is called the irreducible (or minimal) realization (see, e.g., Brogan (1991), Section 12.4). The function MinimalRealization tries to find such a realization.
Finding the irreducible (minimal) realization.
The input system for MinimalRealization can be in either state-space or transfer function form; the resultant system is always a state-space one. For SISO transfer function systems, MinimalRealization constructs a state-space realization after an attempt to cancel common pole-zero pairs (the underlying function, PoleZeroCancel, can also be accessed directly, see Section 8.6). Otherwise, MinimalRealization constructs a state-space realization first and then uses the functions ControllableSubsystem and ObservableSubsystem consecutively to select first the controllable and then the observable subspaces. The result is therefore a subsystem that is both completely observable and controllable. See Section 8.2 for more on the definitions of the controllable and observable subspaces. In contrast, DominantSubsystem eliminates weakly controllable and observable modes (see Section 8.5).
Selecting controllable and observable subspaces.
Load the application.
Consider a third-order state-space system with two inputs and two outputs. The first mode is uncontrollable, and the second one is unobservable. These modes, then, have no effect on the input-output relations and so can be dropped without changing the transfer function matrix.
We can verify that this system is not controllable.
Neither is it observable.
This selects the controllable subspace.
This selects the observable subspace.
By selecting the observable subspace of the controllable subspace, we arrive at a minimal realization.
The same result can be obtained directly.
The minimal realization is both controllable and observable.
The method that ControllableSubsystem and ObservableSubsystem use to reduce the dimension of the system can be chosen through the option ReductionMethod. ReductionMethod Kalman specifies that the Kalman decomposition is to be used. With the default option value Automatic, the functions first try to use the structural information about the input system that might be already available. Additionally, ControllableSubsystem takes, and passes along, the options specific to the method it employs. ObservableSubsystem takes both the options for ControllableSubsystem and DualSystem. MinimalRealization, as an interface function, inherits options from its constituents ControllableSubsystem and ObservableSubsystem or PoleZeroCancel, whichever is applicable.
Specifying the reduction method.


Picture krockenmitte/photocase
Bhojpuri speaking countries
Bhojpuri is no official language in any country, but is spoken as mother tongue in 2 countries by a minor part of the population.
With a share of around 6%, it is most widespread in Nepal. A total of about 1.8 million people worldwide speak Bhojpuri as their mother tongue.
CountryRegionOfficial languageDistributionTotal
NepalSouth Asiano6.0 %1,717,000
MauritiusEastern Africano5.3 %67,000


Most Shared Stories Tagged: West Africa
Health & Medicine
This catchy West African dance tune carries a public health message about Ebola
When you hear a catchy dance tune and find out it's called "Ebola's in Town," you might assume the song is about some cool person named Ebola. But no, it's about the deadly virus that's currently taking lives in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. The song was recorded by three musicians from Liberia and the lyrics are about how to avoid contracting the Ebola virus but along the way it over-reaches and feeds into the stigma against the disease.


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4/8/2015 | Trends in Specifications for Industrial Linear Actuators
Co-written by Chad Carlberg & Anders Karlsson
Product Specialist & Product Specialist
Thomson Industries, Inc.
Thomson Industries is seeing an increasing customer demand for higher ingress protection (IP) ratings within their industrial linear actuator product portfolio. At the same time there is also a greater interest in more advanced controls for this type of linear motion. What is driving these trends and how manufacturers are adapting their products in response?
Industrial actuators have been operating in harsh environments for many years. Recently, the minimum environmental requirements have become more rigorous for applications in agriculture, construction, garden, health and fitness, medical and industrial. The IP rating system remains the same: so what is changing and why?
The IP rating specifies the degree of environmental protection an electrical enclosure has against intrusion by foreign bodies and moisture. The first digit indicates the level of protection against solid objects and the second digit indicates the level of protection against liquids. Table 1 defines what each rating number means.
IP Rating
First Digit
Ingress of solid objects
Second Digit
Ingress of Liquids
No Protection
No Protection
Protected against solid objects over 50mm
Protected against vertically falling drops of water or condensation
Protected against solid objects over 12.5mm
Protected against falling drops of water, if the case is disposed up to 15 degrees from vertical
Protected against solid objects over 2.5mm
Protected against sprays of water from any direction, even if the case is disposed up to 60 degrees from vertical
Protected against solid objects over 1.0mm
Protected against splash water from any direction
Limited protection against dust ingress (no harmful deposit)
Protected against low pressure water jets from any direction. Limited ingress permitted
Totally protected against dust ingress
Protected against high pressure water jets from any direction. Limited ingress permitted
Protected against short periods of immersion in water
Protected against long, durable periods of immersion in water
Protected against close-range high pressure, high temperature spray downs
For dusty applications IP5X is usually the minimum rating as it offers limited protection against dust. However, in areas with more substantial detritus, such as woodworking or paper manufacture, IP6X may be suitable as it allows for complete protection against ingress of solid objects. For an outdoor application, IPX6 may be required to withstand heavy rain. However, if an actuator is going to see momentary immersion in water, IPX7 is required.
For applications where liquid ingress is more of a concern, an IPX9k rating may be appropriate. One good example would be the mobile off-highway vehicle industry. Many large farm and construction equipment manufacturers actually require IPX9k as their equipment is often subjected to high pressure, high temperature wash-downs.
A common misconception with IP ratings is that a higher IP rating number is automatically better. This is not necessarily the case as a device rated to IP69K does not automatically meet IP67. Equally, IP67 does not necessarily meet IP66. Each rating is designated by unique tests that are not cumulative. For example, an IPX6 test is carried out on a static product where water is sprayed directly on it, but it does not get tested for submersion like a test for IPX7 or IPX8 would. The intensity of the direct spray for liquid ingress tests can range from falling drops of water up to the equivalent of a fire hose directed at the product from specific angles. Tests for IPX7 and IPX8 involve complete immersion in water, which is unlike an IPX6 test that only test for direct spray.
One factor that is driving this enhanced environmental requirement is the fact that more intelligence is also being added locally to actuators and there is greater risk of exposing the electronic components to moisture.
More intelligent actuators
Actuators used to be controlled by changing the current direction to run the actuator in and out. Although simple, this method of control leaves a number of process difficulties such as: what happens if you do not switch the actuator at end of stroke; how do you know the position of the actuator, and the need to accommodate thick cables between the control and the actuator in heavy duty applications. Over the years these problems have been addressed with solutions such as limit switches, overload clutches and overcurrent trip mechanisms to save the actuator at the end of stroke. Positioning can further be controlled using a potentiometer or with encoder feedback for an absolute or calculated position. High current switching is also moved inside the actuator with low level switching outside.
Modern actuators are available with sophisticated control circuitry enabling optimized motion that is verified and safer. The intelligence within the actuator means it can provide features such as load monitoring, mid-stroke overload sensing, soft start and accurate positioning.
These intelligent actuators can be programmed internally to solve tasks, similar to a traditional actuator, or can be controlled over a communications bus by a central control system. A central control system gives great versatility and meets different application needs within the machine or machine range that may be driven by mechanically identical actuators.
Actuators connected to a communications bus provide the means for a control system to monitor position, status, speed and force. Diagnostic and error information is fed back to the control which can identify problems and warn the operator if the actuator needs replacing in the near future. The internal intelligence within the actuator also replaces ancillary items such as limit switches and removes the need for large cables to be routed through the machine. There is no need for relays and MOSFETs in the external control, no high current spikes, lower power demand and this results in lower energy used. This makes the installation more compact and gives engineers a greater freedom in design to improve areas such as ergonomics and add richer sets of features.
Having an actuator carefully controlled via a communications bus also means that it can be installed further away from the operator. This enables advanced control in harsh environments without exposing people to potentially hazardous conditions.
Manufacturing the modern actuator
As markets specify higher protection levels for actuators and require greater intelligence, what challenges does this present to manufacturers? Space is needed within the actuator to house electronics and moisture levels need to be considered with cycling temperatures, requiring a vent and seal system that can withstand necessary IP testing.
Actuators are most vulnerable when they are extended and the integrity of the seal between the housing and the rod must be tested to the most extreme scenario. A wiper cleans as the rod moves back and forth to prevent ingress of dirt into the housing and seals prevent from water ingress. Many specifications also call for wider temperature ranges and this impacts the choice of materials for the wiper and seal. It is difficult for manufacturers to achieve IP67 or IP69K, thus most products on the market place have a rating of IP65.
As well as tougher IP ratings, many OEMs in areas such as agriculture also require resistance to chemicals such as fertilisers, hydraulic fluids and brake fluids. These can be aggressive to plastics and metals and make the choice of seal material critical.
Manufactures like Thomson Industries offer actuators that meet IP66, IP67 and IP69K to suit such application needs. The Thomson product engineering team use extreme test conditions to verify the robustness of products such as their Max Jac® and Electrak® Throttle actuators that are designed to handle some of the harshest environments. They tests against the most commonly used chemicals to ensure seal and enclosure integrity and, especially for mobile applications; tests combine vibration, temperature cycling and chemical exposure. Thomson actuators may be customised to exact application needs, including the use of special paints or coatings to meet specific environment specifications.
Actuator manufacturers are challenged to respond to the modern requirements for more intelligent machinery and improved safety. Other trends that Thomson engineers see in combination with intelligent control and higher IP rating include requests for higher load capacities and more compact designs. These greater efficiencies further enable designers to offer more value within their machine design and a differentiated position in the market place.
Thomson actuator engineers have a 40 plus year track record of listening to customers and identifying important trends. Their response to customer needs is a continuous program of research and development focused on providing machine manufacturers with products optimised for modern market needs, without compromise on machine performance.
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Courtesy of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris; photograph, J.P. Ziolo
(1740–1826). A Lutheran pastor and philanthropist, Johann Friedrich Oberlin dedicated his life to improving living conditions in his poor parishes in what is now the Alsatian region of France. He provided his parishioners with educational and economic opportunities in addition to spiritual guidance.
Oberlin was born into a middle-class family on Aug. 31, 1740, in Strasbourg, France. He studied theology and graduated from the University of Strasbourg in 1758. He was a teacher until he became a pastor in 1767 in the village of Walderbach, which became the center of his life's work.
Oberlin provided village schools and thus began one of the first systems for supervising and instructing very young children while their parents were working. His teaching methods tied instruction closely to practical needs. In many ways his work foreshadowed that of the German educator Friedrich Froebel, the originator of the kindergarten.
Oberlin's methods won him the respect of adults, who also came to him for instruction. Among them he found men to build roads and bridges to end the isolation of their region. To promote better crop production, Oberlin encouraged experiments in improving crops and started meetings for the exchange of agricultural information. He also made possible the purchase of modern farm implements, bought in bulk and sold at cost, and financed their purchase through a bank that he founded. After subsidizing young men to learn crafts in Strasbourg, he established factories for local industries.
Though a Lutheran, Oberlin welcomed Calvinists and Roman Catholics to his communion services. In the 1780s he enthusiastically supported the French Revolution, and he was honored by both revolutionary and imperial governments of France. He died in Walderbach, Bavaria, on June 1, 1826. Oberlin's name was given to the town and college in the U.S. state of Ohio as well as to the Oberlinhaus, a German center for treatment of the deaf and blind.


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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Mahilyow, or Mahileu (Belarusian: Магілёў; Russian: Могилёв (Mogilyov), Polish Mohylew or Mogilew) is a city in the eastern Belarus, close to the border to Russia with about 300,000 inhabitants. It is the centre of Mahilyow voblast and the third largest city in Belarus.
The city was founded in 1267. Since 14th century a part of Lithuania, after the Union of Lublin transferred to Poland. The city flourished as one of the main nodes of the east-west and north-south trading routes. In 1577 king Stefan Batory granted it with city rights. After the First Partition of Poland it was annexed by Imperial Russia and was the center of the Mogilev guberniya. In years _PHONE_, during WWI, the headquarters of the Russian army functioned in the city. In 1918 occupied by Germany and transferred to the short-lived Belarusian National Republic. In 1919 captured by the forces of Bolshevist Russia and incorporated into Byelorussian SSR. Between 1941 and 1944 under German occupation. Since Belarus gaining its independence in 1991 Mahilyow remains one of its principal cities.
Mahilyov is one of the main economical and industrial centres of Belarus. After World War II a huge metallurgy centre with several major steel mills was built. Also, there are several major factories of cranes, cars, tractors and a chemical plant. The city is home to a major inland port at the Dnieper river and a domestic airport.
- Population: 356,500 (census of 02/14/1999)
Sites of interest
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Volume 92, Issue 3
November 1983, pages 217-310
pp 217-222 November 1983
Diurnal variations of occurrence hours and the period of Pi2 pulsations at Choutuppal (India) for nearly half a solar cycle are presented. Maximum occurrence is noticed to be around local midnight in all the seasons. Shorter periods are observed in the late afternoon hours in E-and J-seasons. Lunar influence on the occurrence of Pi2 pulsations at this station is inferred with the occurrence due to this influence peaking in the vicinity of the lunar phase4.
pp 223-237 November 1983
Whether the earthquake occurrences follow a Poisson process model is a widely debated issue. The Poisson process model has great conceptual appeal and those who rejected it under pressure of empirical evidence have tried to restore it by trying to identify main events and suppressing foreshocks and aftershocks. The approach here is to estimate the density functions for the waiting times of the future earthquakes. For this purpose, the notion of Gram-Charlier series which is a standard method for the estimation of density functions has been extended based on the orthogonality properties of certain polynomials such as Laguerre and Legendre. It is argued that it is best to estimate density functions in the context of a particular null hypothesis. Using the results of estimation a simple test has been designed to establish that earthquakes do not occur as independent events, thus violating one of the postulates of a Poisson process model. Both methodological and utilitarian aspects are dealt with.
pp 239-245 November 1983
The paper presents the first results on the behaviour of solar quiet-day variations of the geomagnetic field components at Gulmarg. Combining the data from Russian stations in the same longitude belt, the annual average daily variations are calculated which show, in the horizontal component (H), a reversal of phase between Gulmarg and Tashkent. Studying the Sq-variations at Gulmarg separately for the three seasons, the daily variation of H duringd-months is predominantly diurnal in character with the maximum before noon. Duringe-months, and more so inj-months, daily variation of the H field is predominantly semidiurnal in character with minimum around 08–09 hr LT and maximum around 14 hr LT consistently during 1978, 1979 and 1980. These features of the Sq at Gulmarg are suggested to be due to the deformations of the current loops caused by the changing latitude of focus during the course of the day.
pp 247-253 November 1983
Tropical airglow work during the last few years is reviewed. Airglow instrumentation is becoming more complex. Some of these sophisticated airglow experiments giving important information about the upper atmosphere such as ionospheric F region electron density, height of maximum electron density, dynamics of and irregularities in the F region, mesospheric neutral temperature and its variation, dynamics of mesospheric, etc. are mentioned. At the end some problems which could be tackled in near future with airglow techniques have been suggested.
pp 255-260 November 1983
Vertical profiles of137Cs and210Pb have been determined in a 9 m column of ice from accumulation zone of Changme-Khangpu glacier in north Sikkim valley.137Cs activity varies from 4 to 22 dpm/ L. In many samples210Pb occurs at a level of 20 to 65 dpm/ L which is much higher than the expected fallout value.137Cs and210Pb activities correlate well with each other but not with the dust content. Possibility of210Pb production in the nuclear explosions is discussed. Several peaks appear in the depth profile of137Cs and210Pb which can be matched with Chinese atmospheric nuclear explosions with some phase difference if a uniform ice accumulation rate of 0.7 m per year is assumed since 1969.
pp 261-281 November 1983
Very little work has been done in generating alternatives to the Poisson process model. The work reported here deals with alternatives to the Poisson process model for the earthquakes and checks them using empirical data and the statistical hypothesis testing apparatus. The strategy used here for generating hypotheses is to compound the Poisson process. The parameter of the Poisson process is replaced by a random variable having prescribed density function. The density functions used are gamma, chi and extended (gamma/chi). The original distribution is then averaged out with respect to these density functions. For the compound Poisson processes the waiting time distributions for the future events are derived. As the parameters for the various statistical models for earthquake occurrences are not known, the problem is basically of composite hypothesis testing. One way of designing a test is to estimate these parameters and use them as true values. Momentmatching is used here to estimate the parameters. The results of hypothesis testing using data from Hindukush and North East India are presented.
pp 283-295 November 1983
Electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) of unusual olivine (Fo = 88) crystals, with perfect (010) cleavages, from Chalk Hills, Salem, Tamil Nadu has been carried out. SEM studies reveal the effect of compressive stress. Microstructures by TEM showed the abundance of curved dislocations with jogs, kinks and dipoles, indicative of the dominant climb, characteristic of high temperature deformation. The stacking fault fringes observed in olivine are due to mechanical weakening caused by nonstructural chemical constituents. The evidences for this come from fiuid-microinclusions observed and higher amount of K, Na, Rb and Sr in the olivine. Hydrolytic weakening through dislocation glide motion, assisted by H2O containing incompatible elements, may break the metal-oxygen bonds. This leads to perfect parting of crystallographic planes under deformational stress, during solid emplacement of the dunite. The easily cleavable planes are those with the largest interplanar spacings.
pp 297-310 November 1983
Two molybdenite-bearing granites from the Kerala region, namely, the Chengannoor and the Ambalavayal granites are discussed here in terms of their salient geochemical characters. The geochemistry of the host rocks indicates a peraluminous, calc-alkaline to alkali-calcic nature and the element levels show good fit with the proposed 'finger-prints' for granite-molybdenite systems. Fluid inclusion studies suggest that Mo was probably partitioned in vapour phase, which subsequently combined with available sulphur. Regional distribution of molybdenite strongly favours the view of a molybdenum province in the southern part of the Indian shield. Associations of rare metal mineralization with the riftcontrolled acid magmatic phase in the Kerala region are suggestive of a late Precambrian —Early Palaeozoic taphrogenic metallogeny.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
additional risk of endocarditis.
Teens who have a heart defect should avoid getting body piercings, since piercing increases the possibility that bacteria can get into the bloodstream, infect the heart, and damage heart valves. If you're considering a piercing and you have a heart defect, talk to your doctor first.
Teens who have surgery for larger VSDs usually leave the hospital within 4 to 5 days after surgery if there are no problems. After the VSD has been repaired, a person will have a scar in the middle of the chest. The scar may be tender and sore, so the doctor may tell patients to take a pain reliever if they feel a lot of pain. It takes about 6 weeks for a chest incision to heal.
The first few days at home after VSD surgery, people who are recovering will be advised to hang out in bed or on the couch doing quiet activities such as reading, sleeping, and watching TV. Within 2 to 3 weeks, a person will probably feel better, but it's still important to take it easy until about 6 weeks after the surgery. Everyone heals differently, so a doctor will advise a VSD patient when it's best to go back to school and return to normal activities.
Sometimes there can be numbness, itchiness, tightness, and burning around the incision, but these feelings shouldn't be severe. The appearance of the scar after the initial healing process depends on the skin type, and some people heal differently than others. It is natural to feel a little self-conscious about the way the scar looks. Remember, you can talk about this with your doctor, parents, or friends.
In most cases, teens who have had VSD surgery recover quickly without problems. But some signs and symptoms may indicate a problem. If you have trouble breathing, tell a parent or another adult so you can get medical treatment right away. Also, if you don't feel like eating, if you've lost weight, if you have a fever, or if you have increasing pain, tenderness, or pus oozing from your incision, get medical help.
These days, having a VSD is usually nothing to worry about. Your pediatric cardiologist is very familiar with this common heart problem and understands how to best take care of it. Most people who have had a VSD can enjoy the same activities as their friends, and live long, healthy, active lives.


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This course is focused on developing the student's skills in an integrated coordinate geometry and drafting environment with an emphasis on MicroSurvey (2008) software. When possible, we will use field data from the concurrent Field Survey course. Students will become familiar with electronic data uploading and downloading and data processing. The student will learn traverse data entry and adjustment, importing and exporting routines, creation of drawing templates, Land title drafting standards, creation of symbols and parts. Creation of basic legal survey plans, subdivision and area calculations, fitting house layout to lots with set back requirements and an introduction to 3D modeling and contour plans.
Upon completion of this course the student should be confident in using Microsurvey for standard coordinate geometry calculations and be able to draft basic legal survey plans to industry standards.
Date First Offered:
Total Hours: 40
Laboratory Hours: 2
This course is offered online:
SURV 101 Surveying CAD 1
- Review of scales, layers, line configuration, menu structure, defaults
Coordinate Input Traversing
- Field note entry, ASCII input and export, data collector interface, traverse and side shots
- Compass rule adjustment
- Inversing, Brg-Brg, Dist-Dist, Brg-Dist intersections, area computations
- Linework, symbols, block creation and insertion, labeling
- Area computations and subdivision of polygons
- Building layout calculations, embedding drawing commands into field surveys, creation of drawing templates
- Subdivision design project in class
3 D Capabilities
- Creation of TIN model and contouring
Upon successful completion, the student will be able to:
- Import and export ASCII data files
- Import and export microsurvey, AutoCAD and DXF drawing files
- Enter traverse and adjust traverse data
- Fit objects within defined setbacks (house foundation setbacks)
- Create drawing templates with standard line types and text heights
- Utilize COGO capabilities of Microsurvey
- Utilize the 2D drawing capabilities of Microsurvey
- Demonstrate understanding of the potential of Microsurvey's 3D capabilities
- Demonstrate field to finish surveying by importing data collected with embedded drawing codes
- Produce a basic legal survey plan to Land Title Office Standards
Final Exam: 30 %
Quizzes and Tests: 30 %
Assignments: 20 %
Project: 20 %
Number of Assignments:
Percentage of Individual Work:
Course Offered in Other Programs:
Comments - This course has 5 evaluated components:
- All assignments completed in class time or at due time
- All term tests (written) completed in class time
- Final exam (written) completed within exam time
- An individual CAD project must be successfully completed
Assignments: Late assignments, lab reports or projects will not be accepted for marking. Assignments must be done on an individual basis unless otherwise specified by the instructor.
Makeup Tests, Exams or Quizzes: There will be no makeup tests, exams or quizzes. If you miss a test, exam or quiz, you will receive zero marks. Exceptions may be made for documented medical reasons or extenuating circumstances. In such a case, it is the responsibility of the student to inform the instructor immediately.
Ethics: NLC assumes that all students attending the institution will follow a high standard of ethics. Incidents of cheating or plagiarism may, therefore, result in a grade of zero for the assignment, quiz, test, exam, or project for all parties involved and/or expulsion from the course.
Illness: A doctor's note is required for any illness causing you to miss assignments, quizzes, tests, projects, or exam. At the discretion of the instructor, you may complete the work missed or have the work prorated.
Attempts: Students must successfully complete a course within a maximum of three attempts at the course. Students with two attempts in a single course will be allowed to repeat the course only upon special written permission from the Dean. Students who have not successfully completed a course within three attempts will not be eligible to graduate from the appropriate program.
Course Outline Changes: The material or schedule specified in this course outline may be changed by the instructor. If changes are required, they will be announced in class.
-"Introduction to MSCAD 2008" will be provided by instructor
-Metric triangular scale, memory stick (flash drive)


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Total petroleum hydrocarbon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) is a term used for any mixture of hydrocarbons that are found in crude oil. There are several hundred of these compounds, but not all occur in any one sample. Crude oil is used to make petroleum products which can contaminate the environment. Because there are so many different chemicals in crude oil and in other petroleum products, it is not practical to measure each one separately. However, it is useful to measure the total amount of TPH at a site. Chemicals that occur in TPH include hexane, benzene, toluene, xylenes, naphthalene, and fluorene, other constituents of gasoline, of jet fuels, of mineral oils, and of other petroleum products.[1] Petroleum Hydrocarbon Ranges are monitored at various levels depending on the state and testing site.[2] TPH is the sum of VPH and EPH. VPH refers to volatile petroleum hydrocarbons (VPH) also known as petrol range organics (PRO) and includes hydrocarbons from C2-C5. EPH refers to extractable petroleum hydrocarbons (EPH)also known as Diesel range organics (DRO) and includes hydrocarbons from C6-C40. Various methods to analyze the components of TPH are introduced in a Nordic report.[3] The report evaluates critically various new methods replacing the old ones using banned ozone depleting substances.
 1. ^ Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons at Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry,. CDC
 2. ^ [1] Petroleum Hydrocarbon Ranges
 3. ^ Use of Ozone Depleting Substances in Laboratories. TemaNord 516/2003
External links[edit]


text:
AWARENESS ABOUT INDOOR AIR POLLUTION IN GENERAL POPULATION OF RAWALPINDI AND ISLAMABAD
Background: Indoor air pollutants are increasingly being associated with respiratory illnesses leading to high degree of morbidity and mortality. There are not sufficient epidemiological studies from Pakistan which assess level of awareness of indoor air pollution resulting in respiratory diseases in population.
Methods: This cross sectional survey was carried out on general population of Rawalpindi/Islamabad. Sample size was 223 study subjects selected by non-probability convenient sampling. Knowledge of the study subjects was determined with regard to indoor air pollution, its effects on health and different sources of indoor air pollution with the help of a questionnaire. The influence of age, gender, educational status and socio economic status on the level of awareness was also analyzed.
Results: Out of total 223 participants, 115 were males and108 females. Participants aware of indoor air pollution were 91.5% and adequate awareness about its sources was 80.7%. Those who knew indoor air pollution is detrimental to health were 95.1%. Awareness about building construction dust as source of indoor air pollution was maximum (84.8%). There was significant difference in awareness among participants with different monthly incomes and educational status and also between males and females.
Conclusion: This study concludes that general population of Rawalpindi/Islamabad has fairly good awareness about sources of indoor air pollution. Use of harmful material causing indoor air pollution should be limited or substituted with better ones where possible.
Copyright (c) 2018 Pakistan Journal of Public Health
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.


8th grade
1 methods of controlling fullness.
2 what is fastening.
3 uses of fastening.
4 pictures of methods of controlling fullness.
5 what is controlling fullness.
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 1. What School Subject IS this? We need to know that - clothing?
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 3. darts,tucks,pleats
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text:
CHORIORETINAL INFLAMMATORY DISEASES - Noninfectious Causes
Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy
Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy (AZOOR) is a rare condition of unknown etiology that typically manifests itself by asymmetrical visual field loss, persistent photopsia projected in the visual loss zone, acuity reduction and often, with widespread photoreceptor dysfunction on the electroretinogram (ERG).
This disease affects young to middle aged patients, and woman are more affected that men. Some patients have antecedent viral-like illness.
In the majority of patients, the retina recovers over a period of one to three years, but in some cases, permanent vision impairment may occur.


text: The desire to explore the unknown has been a driving force in human history since the dawn of time. From the earliestdocumented accounts, ancient civilizations have explored the earth by sea. Early adventurers were motivated by religious beliefs, the desire forconquest, the need to establish trade routes, and hunger for gold. Modern history books begin the age of exploration with the fourteenth century, but there is evidence that exploration between Europe and Asia began much earlier. Travel between Greece and India, for instance, was common in Alexander the Great's time because his vast empire included territories of both countries. The Han Dynasty of China and the Roman Empire, likewise, had regular trade relations and even exchanged a few diplomats.


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Exotic combinations of quarks - A journey of fifty years
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Duration: 1:05:24 | Added: 17 Nov 2016
Physics Colloquium 11 November 2016 delivered by Professor Jon Rosner
The early 1960s witnessed a wealth of elementary particles described in terms of simple combinations of a few more elementary units, dubbed quarks. The known mesons and baryons could all be described as states of quark-antiquark or three quarks. However, it was not understood why certain more elaborate combinations, such as (two quarks + two antiquarks) or (four quarks + one antiquark) had not been observed. It has taken nearly half a century, but these "exotic" particles are now beginning to be seen and understood. This colloquium will trace their discovery and interpretation, with an eye to their future study.
Oxford Unit:


This letter investigates chemical polishing with a hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, and acetic acid (HNA) mixture as an alternative to chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) to produce smooth surfaces on both slurryand diamond-cut silicon solar wafers. With 30 µm of silicon etched from each side, as-cut wafers appear mirror-like to the naked eye. A quantitative analysis of the specularity of HNA-polished wafers indicates that 97 % of light reflected from slurry-cut wafers falls within ±10 mrad of the specular beam and is isotropically distributed. Conversely, HNA-polished diamond-cut wafers retain a history of the wafer-sawing process: the reflected light is anisotropic with 99.4 % of light within ±10 mrad of the specular beam in the sawing direction but only 89.1 % within ±10 mrad in the perpendicular direction. Topographical characterization by optical profilometry and atomic force microscopy measurements reveals that HNA-polished slurry-cut wafers are spatially uniform with a surface roughness of 45 nm. Diamond-cut wafers have a roughness of only 18 nm but also have residual sawing grooves tens of micrometers across—these are responsible for the anisotropic scattering of light. The HNA-polished wafers are appropriate alternatives to CMP wafers for high-efficiency solar cells, including interdigitated-back-contact and tandem cells that require single-side polished wafers, as well as for other optical applications such as process monitoring with characterization techniques that require planar substrates.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)10270-10275
Number of pages6
JournalJournal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics
Issue number10
StatePublished - Oct 1 2016
ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
 - Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
 - Condensed Matter Physics
 - Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Dive into the research topics of 'Silicon wafers with optically specular surfaces formed by chemical polishing'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
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text:
Keratomalacia can be linked to lower socioeconomic status, poor maternal nutrition, and inadequate breastfeeding, according to a paper in the journal Cornea.
Dr Noopur Gupta et al., Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, studied the case records of children under 6 months of aged suffering from keratomalacia from June 2007 to April 2010.
Parameters assessed included age, sex, anthropometry, nutritional status, socioeconomic status, antenatal history, maternal nutrition, systemic associations, immunization and dietary history. Comprehensive ocular examination was completed and consisted of ocular adnexa, conjunctiva, cornea and anterior chamber.
Of the children included in the study, 88% had protein energy-associated malnutrition, 94% belonged to poor families and 75% were not sufficiently immunized. In 100% of keratomalacia patients, inadequate breastfeeding was the main cause.


text:
The bacterium Micavibrio aeruginosavorus (yellow), leeching
on a Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium (purple).
What's the news: If bacteria had blood, the predatory microbe Micavibrio aeruginosavorus would essentially be a vampire: it subsists by hunting down other bugs, attaching to them, and sucking their life out. For the first time, researchers have sequenced the genome of this strange microorganism, which was first identified decades ago in sewage water. The sequence will help better understand the unique bacterium, which has potential to be used as a "living antibiotic" due to its ability to attack drug-resistant biofilms and its apparent fondness for dining on pathogens.
Anatomy of a Vampire:
- The bacterium has an interesting multi-stage life history. During its migratory phase it sprouts a single flagellum and goes hunting for prey. Once it find a delectable morsel of bacterium, it attacks and irreversibly attaches to the surface, and sucks out all of the good stuff: carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, DNA, etc.
- Sated, the cell divides in two via binary fission, and the now-depleted host is left for dead.
Hungry for Pathogens:
- M. aeruginosavorus cannot be grown by itself; it must be cultured along with another bacteria to feed upon. A 2006 study found that it only grew upon three bacterial species, all of which can cause pneumonia-like disease in humans. A more recent study showed that it can prey upon a wider variety of microbes, most of them potentially pathogenic, like E. coli.
- These studies also found that M. aeruginosavorus has a knack for disrupting biofilms, the dense collection of bacteria that cause harmful plaques on teeth and medical implants alike, and can be up to 1,000 more resistant to antibiotics than free-swimming bugs.
- The bacteria can also swim through viscous fluids like mucous and kills Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the bacterium that can colonize lungs of cystic fibrosis patients and form a glue-like film.
- These qualities have caught the eye of researchers who think it could be used as a living antibiotic to treat biofilms and various types of drug-resistant bacteria, which are a growing problem in medicine. Sequencing the organism's genome is an important step in understanding its biochemistry and how it preys on other microbes.
Clues From the Vampire Code:
- The new study found that each phase of life involves the use (or expression) of different sets of genes. The migratory/hunting phase involves many segments that code for flagellum formation and genes involved in quorum sensing. The attachment phase involves a wide variety of secreted chemicals and enzymes that facilitate the flow of materials from the host.
- Micavibrio aeruginosavorus possesses no genes for amino acid transporters, a rather rare trait only seen in a few other bacterial species that depend heavily upon their host to help them shuttle these vital protein building-blocks. This absence helps explain the bacterium's dependence on a narrow range of prey, from which it directly steals amino acids. Although it remains unclear exactly how the microbe attaches to and infiltrates other cells.
The Future Holds:
- The range of microbes upon which Micavibrio aeruginosavorus can survive is expanding; after being kept in laboratory conditions for years it has apparently evolved a more diverse diet. If this expansion continues, that could be a real problem for its use as an antibiotic; it could begin to eat beneficial gut bacteria, for example.
- Researchers claim it is harmless to friendly gut microbes, but it hasn't been tested on all the varieties of bacteria present in humans.
- Several important steps must be taken before testing in people, like learning more about what traits makes another bacteria tasty to Micavibrio aeruginosavorus. Researchers speculate the bacterium may need to be genetically altered in order to go after specific pathogens, or to reduce the risk of it causing unforeseen complications.
Reference: Zhang Wang, Daniel E Kadouri, Martin Wu. Genomic insights into an obligate epibiotic bacterial predator: Micavibrio aeruginosavorus ARL-13. BMC Genomics, 2011; 12 (1): 453 DOI: 10.1186/_PHONE_-453
Image credit: University of Virginia


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Curtin Teaches Students Real-World Application of Forensic Computing and Cryptography
On November 16, Interhack founder Matt Curtin goes to Edison Community College in Piqua, Ohio, to conduct three sessions with students on topics dealing with forensic computing and cryptography.
Sometimes known as digital forensics, forensic computing is the process of analyzing data to answer specific questions for legal proceedings. In some cases, these lines of inquiry can be used to establish facts, to reconstruct information that might otherwise have been destroyed, or to offer expert opinion to the court about how to interpret certain technical facts. Matt will introduce students to an investigation conducted under his direction that identified how one company had critical information about its business stolen by an employee who was leaving the company to go to work for a competitor.
Cryptography is the practice of converting information in human readable form, called "cleartext," into unreadable coded format, called "ciphertext." Cryptography also concerns itself with the protection of of such information.
Since ancient Egypt, cryptography has been used by diplomats and armies to protect secrets. The twentieth century saw tremendous upheaval in the technology, moving away from mechanical to mathematical systems. Today, cryptography is used by organizations of all types to protect trade secrets, customer records, and other important information. In this session, Matt Curtin will walk students through the process of helping a large retailing company to identify sensitive customer information, and how to use cryptography to protect customers from identity theft and related fraud.
Based in Columbus, Ohio, Interhack Corporation is a professional services firm with clients all over North America. Founded in 1997 by a team of information security researchers, Interhack accepted the mission to make global computing and communications infrastructures worthy of trust. Interhack's two practice areas, Information Assurance and Forensic Computing, support that mission. The company is a supporting member of The Usenix Association. Additional information about Interhack is available at web.interhack.com.


A. In PowerShell, you can run
 help about_functions_advanced
to learn more about what some folks call "script cmdlets," which use the CmdletBinding() attribute. Essentially, this attribute tells the shell to attach various attributes to the parameters of a function, such as making the parameter mandatory, tagging it for pipeline parameter binding, or specifying various input validation rules for the parameter's values. By using CmdletBinding() in your function, you can also declare support for the -whatif and -confirm switches, among other capabilities.


The capacity of the neocortex to process sensory stimuli relies on interactions of different cell types in dedicated networks consisting of millions of neurons and trillions of synaptic connections. These overwhelmingly complex interactions give rise to the selectivity of individual neurons for different sensory features and to a dynamic population code that can distinguish a myriad of sensory stimuli. We use a combination of imaging, electrophysiological and genetic methods in the mouse visual cortex to investigate how different neurons embedded in cortical circuits interact to represent sensory stimuli.
Welcome to the official website of the Mrsic-Flogel Lab, a visual neuroscience group based at UCL
Calcium transients in layer 2/3 neurons in the primary visual cortex during visual stimulation (3x real time)
Latest News:


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text:
We have investigated local element distributions in a Dy-doped Nd2Fe14B hot-deformed magnet by atomic-column resolution chemical mapping using an X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometer (XEDS) attached to an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (Cscorrected STEM). The positions of the Nd and Dy atomic columns were visualized in the XEDS maps. The substitution of Dy was limited to a surface layer 2-3 unit cells thick in the Nd2Fe14B grains, and the Dy atoms preferentially occupied the 4f-Nd sites of Nd2Fe14B. These results provide further insights into the principal mechanism governing the coercivity enhancement due to Dy doping.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Physics and Astronomy(all)


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Emotional well-being of tsunami survivors, especially children, is key for Japan's recovery efforts to be successful, says child rights organisation Plan International.
In a robust response, Japan is rolling out the world's costliest disaster recovery plan in history and is rapidly reconstructing and rebuilding in the areas ravaged by 2011 tsunami.
Plan is urging the Japanese government to more vigorously integrate emotional care support for survivors in its recovery plan. The organisation is supported by eminent psychologists and mental health professionals in its assessment that psychosocial care assistance is vital to prevent affected people from advancing into stages where they will need specialist psychological care.
"In addition to reconstruction, the success of Japan's great recovery effort also rests on the emotional well-being of tsunami survivors. A significant population has been affected by the tsunami and there is still an overwhelming need of emotional support for the survivors," said Gabriel Kazuo Tsurumi, Executive Managing and National Director of Plan Japan.
The earthquake and tsunami which hit the north-east region of Japan on March 11 left nearly 16,000 people dead, over 3,000 missing and more than 6,000 injured. Over 340,000 people are still living in temporary accommodation.
Given the unprecedented scale of the disaster, Plan, for the first time, launched an emergency response in Japan which otherwise raises funds and implements programmes in developing countries. The emotional needs of children and communities and their ability to cope with emotional effects of the disaster have been at the centre of Plan's targeted response in Miyagi prefecture which suffered the worst damage and highest casualties.
One year on, tsunami survivors are still experiencing the emotional impact of the disaster. Psychologists and staff working with Plan Japan have come across of cases of children and adults who are going through acute distress coming to terms with their changed circumstances.
"There are children who are scared to flush the toilet as the sound of running water reminds them of the tsunami. Teachers have also reported cases of children playing tsunami games, showing anxiety or losing interest in studies," said Mie Kashiwade who is leading Plan Japan's emergency aid response unit in Sendai.
"Among adults, issues like depression and addiction to gambling and alcohol have come to light. There are also concerns about adults, especially elderly people living in temporary accommodation, who are experiencing loneliness and isolation."
Plan Japan through its aid response so far has reached 25000 affected people, mostly children. The organisation has worked very closely with schools, teachers and communities making them aware how they can address children's emotional needs and their own.
"Plan's experience in dealing with natural disasters such as the 2004 Asian tsunami and more recently the Haiti earthquake in 2010, has been instrumental in steering the organisation's response in Japan which fills in a particular gap in wider recovery efforts," said Mr Tsurumi.
- Founded 75 years ago, Plan is one of the oldest and largest children's development organisations in the world with programmes in 50 developing countries across Asia, Africa and the Americas to promote child rights and lift millions of children out of poverty.
- The organisation works with more than 58,000 communities, covering a population of 56 million children.
- Plan started its operations in Japan in 1983.


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Hops are great, but they aren't the only tasty thing out there. And having beer can be a matter of life and death.
In honor of the upcoming Vancouver Craft Beer Week, I'd like to talk about plants used in beer. Well really, about plants which aren't used in beer that much.
The basic ingredients of beer are water, yeast, a cereal grain (often barley, but also wheat, rye, rice, or corn), and hops. But throughout beer making history, people who wanted to make beer didn't always have access to hops. Like coffee, hops only grows in certain regions of the world, which can make it expensive to obtain, or even impossible, if supply lines are disrupted by war. And people need their beer. Literally, need it to survive – in places where water sanitation is not a guarantee, it can be healthier by far to drink beer, because the alcoholic environment is hostile to many pathogenic microorganisms. A major foundation of the field of epidemiology was laid by physician John Snow after the London cholera epidemic of 1854, when he realized that brewers (who largely drank their own beer) fared far better than their neighbors who drank the local water supply. Their lives depended on beer.
So what to do when you can't grow or buy hops? You come up with something else to flavor your beer. Several plants have been used in place of hops when conditions weren't right – for example, the history/mythology around heather beer in the British Isles is astounding. Among colonizing peoples of North America, the fruits of Ptelea trifoliata, commonly known as Hoptree, have reportedly been used. This glossy leafed, small tree species is the northern most member of the Citrus family (Rutaceae) in the New World, and is also known charmingly as Stinking Ash or Wafer Ash. Pretty much all the parts of this plant have a bitter, citrusy, scent, which is perhaps why people first thought to use it to make beer. Unlike many citruses, its fruits are samaras, or dry, winged fruit, like maples, elms, or ashes, with the seed in the center. What it tastes like in beer, I am very curious to find out.


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Modifying only certain consituents of a mesh
If I have developed a fluid tetrahedral mesh surrounding a solid cylinder, is there a way to observe the average number of elements spanning the mesh axially? If so, is it possible to preserve that average number of elements axially, while coarsening the mesh in the radial direction? I understand that the tetrahedral mesh discrete locations will not be as well defined as a grid that's why I am only attempting to obtain average values.
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Gebby (3.5e Race)
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Gebby behavior is almost a strange parody of human behavior, as well as the behavior of humanoids in general; like humans greatly exaggerated. For this reason, gebbys are often viewed as a people of extremes,and this is true; compared to humans, gebbys are far more likely to be pious worshipers of a deity, whether that deity is in favor of good or ill. Likewise, gebbys are also far more likely to be consummate blasphemers, yelling curses at the gods, be they good or ill, and challenging their power. This does not mean that that all gebbys fall one one extreme of the spectrum or the other; the majority of gebbys still fall between the extremes.
Physical Description[edit]
Gebbys are humanoid in shape, typically 5 to 6 feet tall, weigh about 125-250 pounds, men and women are about the same weight. gebby have dark gray skin, and sunken eyes with orange scleras and black Irises. Their hair easily keeps a shape, and is almost always black and strait, but may, extremely rarely, be white and curly, with no variation in between. Each has a number of horns (usually 2), that vary widely in shape and size. They are Red near the skull, yellow near the tip, and orange in between, and grow steadily with age. Their teeth are usually pointed and conical, but may be similar to a humans; some may be longer than others and resemble tusks or fangs. Their teeth and horns are usually useless in battle. Piercings, tattoos and other body art are just as varied and common as they are among humans. The royalty have gills and fin shaped ears.
The gebby are a people of extremes; they may either trade with or seek total destruction with anyone they come in contact with. While usually either one or the other, there may be gebby civilizations that will trade with some and go with all out war with others ignoring very few, usually for arbitrary reasons. Far more common are gebby civilizations that simply wish to be left alone, and will kill anyone who insist on bothering them. It all depends on the morals and ethics of the ruler.
Morally, most gebby are neutral. Many of those that are not tend towards the extremes of alignment. Ethically, their alignment tendencies depend on their blood color; the higher the blood, the more likely to be lawful. The exception to all this is fuchsia blooded trolls, who are equally likely to be of any alignment other than true neutral, which is almost unheard of.
An individual gebby can live almost anywhere, but large gebby colonies are almost Invariably near inhabitable water, since the rulers of a large colony will likely be aquatic. Gebby are usually nocturnal by nature, and have a difficult time adjusting to a diurnal life style; they are therefore more likely to live in an area that is unaffected by a solar cycle, such as limbo, the elemental plane of water, or the underdark.
Most gebbys practice a kind of ancestor worship where a gebby will use the idea of a unusually genetically similar ancestor as a standard to emulate and measure up to. If a gebby worships a deity, it is often Gebbyblybyb. Gebbys do not bury their dead, are duogamous, and never know who their parents are.
All gebby speak Common. They will often learn other languages as well, depending on where they live; on the Elemental Plane of Water, they will most likely learn Aquan, in the Abyss, Abyssal, in forests Sylvan and/or Elven, etc.
Gebby will often Assimilate a language by mixing the languages that they know with each other, using their own alphabet when writing in any language, and applying their own slang to the languages they speak. Gebby slang, which is most often used by the lower castes in the hemospectrum, consists of omitting the name of a creature or object, and instead using a short, accurate description of the object; e.g. a war axe may be referred to as a "Short-bladed-large-chopping-weapon" a Rapier may be referred to as a "Elegant-long-bladed-weapon".
Gebby names are chosen by their lusus after they emerge from the trials endured by every gebby grub Before they are allowed their own hive. They are in two parts, each usually six letters long and are based, at least loosely, on what sound their lusus made after they emerged from the cave they hatched in (after passing the trials). Sometime after becoming an adult a gebby will usually earn or choose a tittle, that can have several parts one of which is usually eight letters long.
Racial Traits[edit]
 - Varies: Hemospectrum, Mutations, and Racial powers are all variables
 - Aberration (Psionic): Gebbys are not subject to spells or effects that affect humanoids only, such as charm person or dominate person.
 - Medium:As Medium creatures, gebby have no special bonuses or penalties due to their size.
 - Gebby base land speed is 30 feet.
 - Weapon and armor Proficiency: Sickle, War Sickle, Morningstar, Light Crossbow, Medium armor and Shields; Indigo:Long bow (Instead of crossbow), STRONG: Unarmed Strike, Crossbow as a club (or Broken Long Bow); Fuchsia: only Double Trident
 - Naturally Psionic: Gebby (Except Fuchsia) Gain 2 bonus power points at 1st level, powers are manifested using a chosen ability; Int, Wis, or Cha.
 - Psionics (Ps): Each gebby (Except Fuchsia) may choose 1 psionic power from the gebby racial power list at character creation.
 - Mutations (Ex): Each gebby may choose 1 favorable mutation at character creation, except those that are aquatic. A gebby may also pick any number of neutral mutations
 - Darkvision (Ex): out to 60ft. Nauseated in sunlight.
 - Hemospectrum: gebby have multiple blood colors chosen at Character creation. Certain blood colors have specific characteristics.
 - Timeless Body (Ex):After reaching adulthood, fuchsia blooded gebbys do not take ability score penalties for aging, and cannot be magically aged.
 - Aquatic (Ex): An Aquatic gebby (one with violet or fuchsia blood) has a +8 racial bonus on any Swim check to perform some special action or avoid a hazard. It can always choose to take 10 on a Swim check, even if distracted or endangered. It can use the run action while swimming, provided it swims in a straight line. It can breathe under water, and on land.
 - Lusus: Each gebby is bonded with a creature during what is best described as a coming of age ceremony that kills most of the grubs. The creature they are bonded to usually has low to mid range intellect, and may or may not be magical in nature. The lusus (selected from the racial lusus list at character creation) may take the place of a gebby's animal companion, familiar, and/or psicrystal. A Lusus that is killed does not incur an experience penalty, and may be revived.
 - Automatic Languages: Common. Bonus Languages: Any.
 - Favored Class: Most: Psion, Non-Psionic: Any, Cerulian: Cerulian Imitatior, Fuchsia/Violet: Aristocrat, STRONG: Barbarian.
 - Level Adjustment: +1, can be lowered to 0. Fuchsia: 0
 - Day Walker: No dark vision, not nauseated in Sunlight.
 - Versatile: Instead of gaining racial Weapon Proficiency, gain an extra skill point at each level.
 - Non-Psionic: Gain neither a Power nor Power Points, lose the (Psionic) Subtype, -1 LA
 - Average: Bonus Feat
 - Bio-Luminescence: Can emit light as bright as a torch from a chosen body part as a move action, and cease emitting light as a free action.
 - Hard Teeth and Horns: Bite and Gore attacks (1d6)
 - STRONG: +4 Str, -2: Wis, -2 Cha.
 - Speedy: +10 Base Land Speed
 - Smell Color: Blind sense 30 Ft. in Lit Conditions
 - Vision Twofold: gain 4 additional power points, gain psionic subtype if absent.
 - None: -1LA
Racial Feats[edit]
 - Vision Eight Fold: Permanent see invisibility effect. (Prerequisites: must be taken at character creation)
 - Vision Fourteen Fold: Permanent true seeing effect. (Prerequisites: Vision Eight Fold, must have 15 or more HD.)
Each power uses 1 power point
Vital Statistics[edit]
Table: Gebby Random Starting Ages
Adulthood Simple Moderate Complex
15 years +1d4 +1d6 +1d12
Table: Gebby Aging Effects By Caste
Blood Color Middle Age1 Old2 Venerable3 Maximum Age
Burgundy 30 years 45 years 60 years +1d10 years
Umber 35 years 53 years 70 years +2d10 years
Or


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The Long-Term Economic Impact of Reducing Migration in the UK
This paper uses an OLG-CGE model for the UK to illustrate the long-term effect of migration on the economy. We use the current Conservative Party migration target to reduce net migration "from hundreds of thousands to tens of thousands" as an illustration. Achieving this target would require reducing recent net migration numbers by a factor of about 2. We undertake a simulation exercise to compare a baseline scenario, which incorporates the principal 2010-based ONS population projections, with a lower migration scenario, which assumes that net migration is reduced by around 50 per cent. The results show that such a significant reduction in net migration has strong negative effects on the economy. By 2060 the levels of both GDP and GDP per person fall by 11.0 per cent and 2.7 per cent respectively. Moreover, this policy has a significant impact on public finances. To keep the government budget balanced, the effective labour income tax rate has to be increased by 2.2 percentage points in the lower migration scenario.
A subscription to the National Institute Economic Review is required to view this article


text: An epigram is a short, succinct poem, often with witty (or even vicious) content. Coleridge wrote an epigram to define an epigram: "What is an epigram? A dwarfish whole, / Its body brevity and wit its soul." It is worth noting that this is a stricter definition than epigrams seem to have had in classical Greece and Rome, where the form originates; it is probably the eighteenth-century fondness for a smart wit and the epigrams of Martial that tightened the definition thus. The preference in contemporary poetry for exploring an issue rather than summing it up means epigrams are not as popular as they were then, but Anne Stevenson's 'On Going Deaf', with its wit, rhyme and definite opinion, is probably the closest example within the Archive.


text:
by Vladimir V. Lytkin
KONSTANTIN TSIOLKOVSKY - THE PIONEER OF SPACE TRAVEL
Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky ( 1857 - 1935 ) is typically portrayed as a lone genius who worked largely in isolation from centres of higher learning and industry. An attack of scarlet fever at age ten ruined his hearing and cut off Tsiolkovsky from a normal education and social development.
However, by reading all the books in the library of his father, a forester, Tsiolkovsky managed to partially self-educate himself. In 1873, when he was 16, he went to Moscow to continue this process. In Moscow he started to dream about the possibility of space travel and interplanetary flight.
After coming back to his father's home in 1876, he worked for three years as an apprentice teacher of mathematics, physics, and chemistry. In 1879 he passed his examinations to qualify as a schoolteacher. He lived in Borovsk, Kaluga Province (1880 - 1892 ) and then in Kaluga ( 1892 - 1935 ). He continued working as as a teacher until 1921.
While living in Ryazan with his father's family, he published his first known scientific work "Astronomical Drawings" in 1879. It schematically depicted the Solar System and the distances between planets. This, his first work, already reflected his interest in the problems of space studies.
Later, in Borovsk, Tsiolkovsky wrote "Free Space" (1883). Here he considered the possibility of living in outer space and the effects of zero gravity. For the first time Tsiolkovsky included a drawing of a spacecraft that could orient itself in space with the help of reactive jets (but not change its position by propulsive rockets). It was very important for Tsiolkovsky to prove the possibility of controlled motion of an artificial vehicle in free space.
In 1903 he published an article "The Investigation of Space by Means of Reactive Devices". Here he first outlined his theory of spaceflight and published the basic equation for reaching space by rocket that is still known to students as the "Tsiolkovsky Equation". It was the first theoretical proof of the possibility of spaceflight. Over the next three decades he further developed his ideas on rocketry and space travel, publishing, along with numerous papers and monographs, a science fiction novel, for popularisation of his ideas.
In his articles he describes how space rockets would be built, and the main future principles of rocketry and space exploration. Let us mention some of them :
1. Space rockets have to use liquid engines using two components: fuel and oxidiser. The best combination would be hydrogen and oxygen, but the most useful combination would be kerosene and oxygen. It would eventually be possible to design a nuclear engine.
2. Different ways of guiding space rockets would be developed. Easiest would be to use a graphite rudder in the rocket's propulsive jet. Another possibility would be to correct the direction of the space rocket by moving all of the engine or it nozzle.
3. Gyroscope systems would be used to control the orientation of the rocket in space.
4. It would be possible to regulate the temperature inside of space rockets with the help of special outer coverings with differing the solar reflectivity.
5. For making spacewalks, extra vehicular activity would require the design of special pressure suits and air locks. Outside the space rocket, cosmonauts would work tethered to the rockets with the cords.
6. Tsiolkovsky described the effects of living under zero gravity in space rockets, and considered possible ways of protecting cosmonauts from the high gravity forces of powered flight and return to earth.
7. Among the most interesting ideas of Tsiolkovsky was the construction of long duration near-Earth (and than interplanetary) space stations. Later it would be possible to design and build "Space Islands" - huge habitats for thousands of people.
8. In 1926 Tsiolkovsky wrote his well known "Plan Of Space Exploration" (this saw manned colonization of the universe in 16 stages).
9. Tsiolkovsky suggested design of special launch ramps for space rockets - using a special ramp booster as the first stage of space rocket.
10. In 1929 Tsiolkovsky wrote and published his work "Rocket Space Trains". He suggested a method of reaching of escape velocity using a multistage booster, consisting of separate rockets joined together and launched simultaneously. These very last calculations about multistage boosters pushed Tsiolkovsky to the conclusion that the first space flights would take place within 20 to 30 years. He made this prediction during his last radiio speech from Moscow on May 1, 1932.
These were the tremendous visions of the great thinker and scientist Tsiolkovsky, who called himself "The Citizen of the Universe".
Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky's 16 Stages of Space Exploration.
( 1926 )
1. Design of rocket-propelled airplanes with wings.
2. Progressively increasing the speeds and altitudes reached with these airplanes.
3. Designing of a pure rocket without wings.
4. Developing the ability to land on the ocean surface by rocket.
5. Reaching of escape velocity and first flight into space.
6. Lengthening of the rocket flight time into space.
7. Experimental use of plants to make an artificial atmosphere in spacecraft.
8. Using of pressurised space suits for activity outside spacecraft.
9. Making of orbital greenhouses for plants.
10. Building of the large orbital habitats around the earth.
11. Using solar radiation to grow food, to heat space quarters, and for transport needs throughout the solar system.
12. Colonization of the asteroid belt.
13. Colonisation of the entire solar system and beyond.
14. Achievement of individual and social perfection.
15. Overcrowding of the solar system and galaxy colonisation.
16. The sun begins to die and the people remaining in the solar system's population move to other solar systems.
1. Bainbridge, William S.,1983. The Spaceflight Revolution. Krieger, Malabar, Florida.
2. Kosmodemyansky, Arkady A., 1987. Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (in Russian). Nauka,Moscow.
3. Rynin, Nikolay A., 1931. K.E.Tsiolkovsky : Life, Writings and Rockets. Vol.3, No.7 of Interplanetary Flight and Communication. Leningrad. Translated in Jerusalem, 1971.
4. Rynin, Nikolay A., 1932. Theory of Space Flight. Vol.3, No.8. (the same ed.)
5. Samoilovitch, Sergei I., 1969. Citizen of the Universe (in Russian), Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics, Kaluga.
6. Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E., 1995. Exploration of the Universe with Reaction Machines : Exploring the Unknoun. The NASA History Series. NASA SP 4407, Washington, D.C.


Explore BrainMass
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 International Management Prospective for Renmin University
 Research Project work Overview
 2. What Challenges do you foresee in terms of management and leadership due to cross-cultural differences at Renmin Universtiy?
 3.What are your recommendations to manage these challenges at Renmin University?
 4. What strategy for going global at Renmin University would work for China?
 Question for your research: What is the strategy to make Renmin University Global and make it work to China's benefit?
 5.What form of business for going global would work for China?
 Question for reseach, What form could be adopted by Renmin University?
 6. Management in China
 Question for research: What approach could be adopted by Renmin University in managing its employees?
 7. Staffing the MNC in the international Location
 Question for your research; How is staffing done in Renmin University.
 Answers should discuss economic, societal, political, and cultural factors?
 © BrainMass Inc. brainmass.com October 2, 2020, 2:50 am ad1c9bdddf
 Solution Preview
 Cultural Differences for students entering Renmin University
 Whenever a student moves from his home country to study in a different country he or she is expected to experience a cultural shock. It is due to the fact that every country has its own language, behavior, ideas and ways of thinking. In particular, the research involves different cultural aspects of Renmin University in Beijing, China.
 ? Cultural Factors: Chinese are relationship oriented. They like to think in the shades of grey rather than in white or black. In a discussion even after several hours there could be no direction. Different cultural factors can be summarized as below:
 ? Everything in China happens slowly.
 ? Everything in China is difficult.
 ? Everything in China is possible.
 ? Everything in China is negotiable.
 ? Everything in China is flexible
 ? Social Factors:
 ? Collectivism: Chinese are group focused. In the classroom of Renmin University it is expected that there are desk mates. Students from other parts of the world may rebel against being tied to another desk. Chinese would have a small number of close and lifelong friends. In contrast western world students would have a large set of friends which change over time.
 Married students are not permitted in college except in graduate schools. No married housing or dormitory is provided. Women can visit men's room but no man is allowed to visit women's. In many schools water and electricity is cut off at a certain time in the night until early morning.
 ? Social Relationships: Chinese relationships are more formal and hierarchical; they feel more comfortable in a hierarchical set up where they know their position and the custom and rules for behavior in the situation. In contrast students from United States would be more comfortable with their social equals.
 ? Language: Unlike in most other developed and developing countries Chinese communicate in their local language. This can be a barrier for effective communication for foreign students.
 ? Political Factors: In education system, political indoctrination has been incorporated in the curricula. For example, all university students must take several political inculcation classes such as "General Introduction to Mao Zedong's Thoughts." All university freshmen are also expected to participate in military training program in which they are taught different behaviors.
 ? Economic Factors: Chinese believe in saving and...
 Solution Summary
 International management prospective for Renmin University is examined. The cultural differences are determined.


Ulrich Pfeifer > WAIT-1.800 > WAIT::Table
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WAIT::Table -- Module for maintaining Tables / Relations
 require WAIT::Table;
Creating a Table.
The constructor WAIT::Table->new is normally called via the create_table method of a database handle. This is not enforced, but creating a table does not make any sense unless the table is registered by the database because the latter implements persistence of the meta data. Registering is done automatically by letting the database handle the creation of a table.
 my $db = WAIT::Database->create(name =>'sample');
 my $tb = $db->create_table(name => 'test',
 access => $access,
 layout => $layout,
 attr => ['docid', 'headline'],
The constructor returns a handle for the table. This handle is hidden by the table module, to prevent direct access if called via Table.
access => accessobj
A reference to an access object for the external parts (attributes) of tuples. As you may remember, the WAIT System does not enforce that objects are completely stored inside the system to avoid duplication. There is no (strong) point in storing all your HTML documents inside the system when indexing your WWW-Server.
The access object is designed to work like as a tied hash. You pass the refernce to the object, not the tied hash though. An example implementation of an access class that works for manpages is WAIT::Document::Nroff.
The implementation needs to take into account that WAIT will keep this object in a Data::Dumper or Storable database and re-use it when sman is run. So it is not good enough if we can produce the index with it now, when we create or actively access the table, WAIT also must be able to retrieve documents on its own, when we are in a different context. This happens specifically in a retrieval. To get this working seemlessly, the access-defining class must implement a close method. This method will be called before the Data::Dumper dump takes place. In that moment the access-defining class must get rid of all data structures that cannot be reconstructed via the Data::Dumper dump, such as database handles or C pointers.
file => fname
The filename of the records file. Files for indexes will have fname as prefix. Mandatory, but usually taken care of by the WAIT::Database handle when the constructor is called via WAIT::Database::create_table().
name => name
The name of this table. Mandatory
attr => [ attr... ]
A reference to an array of attribute names. WAIT will keep the contents of these attributes in its table. Mandatory
djk => [ attr... ]
A reference to an array of attribute names which make up the disjointness key. Don't think about it - it's of no use yet;
layout => layoutobj
A reference to an external parser object. Defaults to a new instance of WAIT::Parse::Base. For an example implementation see WAIT::Parse::Nroff. A layout class can be implemented as a singleton class if you so like.
keyset => keyset
The set of attributes needed to identify a record. Defaults to all attributes.
invindex => inverted index
A reference to an anon array defining attributes of each record that need to be indexed. See the source of smakewhatis for how to set this up.
Creating an index
must be called with a list of attributes. This must be a subset of the attributes specified when the table was created. Currently this method must be called before the first tuple is inserted in the table!
Creating an inverted index
 (attribute => 'au',
 pipeline => ['detex', 'isotr', 'isolc','split2','stop'],
 predicate => 'plain',
The attribute to build the index on. This attribute may not be in the set attributes specified when the table was created.
A piplines specification is a reference to an array of method names (from package WAIT::Filter) which are to be applied in sequence to the contents of the named attribute. The attribute name may not be in the attribute list.
An indication which predicate the index implements. This may be e.g. 'plain','stemming' or'soundex'. The indicator will be used for query processing. Currently there is no standard set of predicate names. The predicate defaults to the last member of the pipeline if omitted.
Returns the reference to the associated parser object.
Returns the array of attribute names.
Must be called via WAIT::Database::drop_table
syntax highlighting:


text:
Klamath County was established on October 17, 1882. It was created from the western part of Lake County and named after a tribe of Indians which white travelers called the Klamath, also spelled Clammite.
Klamath County is situated in south central Oregon. The county is bounded on the south by California, on the east by Lake County, on the north by Deschutes County, and on the west by Jackson and Douglas Counties. The county, Oregon's fourth largest, has 6,135 square miles.
When the Legislative Assembly created Klamath County in 1882, it designated Linkville as the county seat, although it gave the voters the chance to select another site at the 1884 general election. Linkville was renamed Klamath Falls in 1893.
In 1888 the county acquired its first courthouse for $3,500. Previously a school or rented commercial premises housed county offices. By 1912 the need for a new courthouse was pressing. However, for the next thirteen years a dispute raged over its location and which of the two courthouses being built would be accepted. The first courthouse, known as the Hot Springs Courthouse, was designed along Grecian architectural lines, but, due to law suits and recall elections only the exterior was finished. When construction stopped, $112,000 had been spent, with an additional $60,000 needed to complete the project. It was torn down in 1927 to make way for the Klamath Union High School. In 1918 construction began on another courthouse, known as the Main Street Courthouse which was built next to the existing one. In spite of injunctions to halt construction, the work was completed within a year, but the building was not fully occupied until 1923, when all legal questions were settled. The structure cost about $122,000. Earthquakes in 1992 severely damaged the building, and county offices were relocated to temporary quarters. Construction of a new courthouse and administrative center began in 1997.
The government of Klamath County consisted originally of a county judge, two county commissioners, clerk, treasurer, coroner, surveyor, and sheriff. The judge's position was abolished in 1965, and the number of county commissioners increased from two to three.
The 1890 census cited a population of 2,444. Since then the county has experienced steady growth. The 2000 population of 63,775 represented a 10.52% increase from 1990.
Historically, Klamath County's economy has been based on timber and agriculture. Three-fourths of the county is forested; however, over half of it is publicly owned. The large stands of timber have resulted in the development of wood products industries in the county. In spite of the altitude, short growing season, low rainfall, and cold winters, agricultural plays an important role in the local economy. Excellent soil, adequate water for irrigation, extensive sunshine, and the introduction of cash crops such as potatoes and feed barley contribute to the agricultural industry. There is the potential to develop geothermal energy through the exploitation of the geothermal water found in many parts of the county. The many lakes and mountains, including Crater Lake National Park, attract tourists and recreational visitors to the county.
The Klamath Indian Tribe and Reservation add to the county's history. The Klamath Reservation was established in 1864 by treaty and covered about fifty square miles of land east and northeast of Klamath Falls. The federal government's policy of termination and assimilation resulted in the tribe being abolished in 1961. However, in 1975 a fully functioning tribal government was reestablished, and the Klamath Tribe was recognized by the federal government in 1986. The 1990 census showed the tribe to consist of 2,370 members.
Did You Know?
The Collier Logging Museum in Klamath County highlights the colorful history of logging in Oregon with one of the largest collections of antique equipment in the country. Dozens of artifacts help visitors interpret the evolution of the industry from oxen and axes to Caterpillars and chain saws.
For example, the museum describes the effort involved in moving giant old growth logs through the woods in the 1860s. Large teams of oxen pulled the skinned logs over skid roads. The first job for many boys in logging was to swab whale oil on the skids to help the logs slid easier. In this tough and practical environment, an accident prone oxen would sometimes serve as dinner for the crew.


text:
PROCEEDINGS OF PARLIAMENT
Marginal note:Official languages of Parliament
4. (1) English and French are the official languages of Parliament, and everyone has the right to use either of those languages in any debates and other proceedings of Parliament.
Marginal note:Simultaneous interpretation
(2) Facilities shall be made available for the simultaneous interpretation of the debates and other proceedings of Parliament from one official language into the other.
Marginal note:Official reports
(3) Everything reported in official reports of debates or other proceedings of Parliament shall be reported in the official language in which it was said and a translation thereof into the other official language shall be included therewith.
LEGISLATIVE AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS
Marginal note:Journals and other records
5. The journals and other records of Parliament shall be made and kept, and shall be printed and published, in both official languages.
Marginal note:Acts of Parliament
6. All Acts of Parliament shall be enacted, printed and published in both official languages.
Marginal note:Legislative instruments
7. (1) Any instrument made in the execution of a legislative power conferred by or under an Act of Parliament that
(a) is made by, or with the approval of, the Governor in Council or one or more ministers of the Crown,
(b) is required by or pursuant to an Act of Parliament to be published in the Canada Gazette, or
(c) is of a public and general nature
shall be made in both official languages and, if printed and published, shall be printed and published in both official languages.
Marginal note:Instruments under prerogative or other executive power
(2) All instruments made in the exercise of a prerogative or other executive power that are of a public and general nature shall be made in both official languages and, if printed and published, shall be printed and published in both official languages.
(3) Subsection (1) does not apply to
(a) an ordinance of the Northwest Territories or a law made by the Legislature of Yukon or the Legislature for Nunavut, or any instrument made under any such ordinance or law, or
(b) a by-law, law or other instrument of an Indian band, band council or other body established to perform a governmental function in relation to an Indian band or other group of aboriginal people,
by reason only that the ordinance, by-law, law or other instrument is of a public and general nature.
- R.S., 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.), s. 7;
- 1993, c. 28, s. 78;
- 2002, c. 7, s. 225.
- Date modified:


Problem Solving: Decision tables
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UNIT 1 - ⇑ Problem Solving ⇑
← Structure charts Decision tables Finite state machines →
Decision tables are compact and precise ways of modelling complicated logic, such as that which you might use in a computer program. They do this by mapping the different states of a program to an action that a program should perform. Decision tables take on the following format:
The four quadrants
Conditions Condition alternatives
Actions Action entries
A technical support company writes a decision table to diagnose printer problems based upon symptoms described to them over the phone from their clients. They type the following data into the advice program:
 1. Printer does print
 2. Red light is flashing
 3. Printer is recognised
The program then uses the decision table to find the correct actions to perform, namely that of Check / Replace ink.
Printer troubleshooter
Conditions Printer does not print Y Y Y Y N N N N
A red light is flashing Y Y N N Y Y N N
Printer is unrecognised Y N Y N Y N Y N
Actions Check the power cable X
Check the printer-computer cable X X
Ensure printer software is installed X X X X
Check/replace ink X X X X
Check for paper jam X X
Example: Decision Tables
Let's take a look at a computer game example, for a football simulation the following rules are set up.
Conditions 90 minutes Y Y Y
Team A Winning Y
Team B Winning Y Y
Draw Y
Actions Game Over X X
Team A Wins X
Team B Wins X
Extra Time X
Keep Playing X X
What happens when:
 1. 90 minutes up
 2. the game is a draw
Answer: Keep Playing and give them some extra time
Exercise: Decision Tables
Create a decision table for the following program in an office email system
 - Send email when Recipient address present, subject present, before 5:30pm
 - If after 5:30pm then put in pending folder
 - If Recipient address missing or subject message, give warning message
Answer :
This question is open to interpretation, but you should have something resembling this:
Conditions Address Present Y Y Y
Subject Present Y Y Y
Before 5:30 Y Y Y
Actions Send Mail X
Error Message X X
Make pending X
Describe the use of Decision Tables
Answer :
Determine logical conditions and consequential actions.
UNIT 1 - ⇑ Problem Solving ⇑
← Structure charts Decision tables Finite state machines →


text:
Implementation of functional languages vol:1595 pages:169-185
When programs communicate with other programs, flexibility is demanded. Programs do not necessarily have information about each other. When assigning types to these communications a certain amount of dynamic typing is unavoidable. But we do not want our entire language to become dynamically typed, and consequently an interface between the statically and dynamically typed parts of the program has to be defined. Such an interface, using dynamics,has been introduced by Abadi et al. Leroy and Mauni extended the system of dynamics to allow the inclusion of polymorphic objects in dynamics. In this paper we extend the system even further with a restricted form of type dependent functions, which allow us to abstract over the types of the dynamics on functional level. In CLEAN, these type dependent functions will be implemented by overloading.


Social Media, Revolution, and Enforcement
The cultural economy of South Africa under apartheid was marked by illicit flows of many kinds, including books, video cassettes, and audio cassettes. The economic boycotts of South Africa in the 1980s and early 1990s made cultural goods expensive and often unavailable, leading to widespread and widely tolerated copying—perhaps most prominently of school textbooks. Government censorship and book bans made illegal copying an act of political resistance and gave rise to an array of clandestine distribution networks that enabled the circulation of dissident views. Apartheid's restrictions on the movement of blacks and the geographical concentration of services in white communities further skewed media access, ensuring that the majority black population had almost no access to legal cultural markets. Vastly unequal purchasing power between blacks and whites meant that geographical barriers to access were, in most cases, redundant. (MPEE, pg.99) Continue reading "Social Media, Revolution, and Enforcement"