text:
Print this page.
Home / Browse / Category / Land and Resources / Cherokee Boundary Line
The Old Cherokee Boundary Line served as the eastern border of the first land set aside for Native Americans in Arkansas. The Treaty of the Cherokee Agency of 1817 created the definition for the line as beginning at the confluence of Point Remove Creek and the Arkansas River near present-day Morrilton (Conway County). The line was then to be marked in a northeasterly direction to Shields Ferry on the White River. General William Rector, along with commissioners appointed by the Cherokee, conducted the original survey and filed a report with the Government Land Office in 1819. Rector reported a distance of seventy-one miles and fifty-five chains.
Rector's survey and report were intended to satisfy both some Cherokee residents and some residents of Arkansas Territory who did not accept the language of the treaty and sought adjustments to the line. In 1819, a second treaty was intended to meet concerns of both parties. A part of the problem involved the removal of white settlers from the described Cherokee lands.
The term "Old Cherokee Boundary Line" reflects the eastern line that remains in the U.S. Geological Quadrangle maps and other prominent maps. The counties and their approximate miles of boundary line are: Conway (twenty), Faulkner (six), Van Buren (nine), Cleburne (thirty-one), and Independence (five). The line lies diagonally across Greers Ferry Lake in Cleburne County. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers developed a campground and park on the northeastern portion of the lake to commemorate the significance of the boundary line and the lake. It also developed and operates a large RV park on the Arkansas River that recognizes the beginning point near Point Remove Creek.
While the surveys for sections and townships were completed after the Cherokee had given up their land in Arkansas in 1828, the boundary was a prominent marker and was frequently used in early land descriptions. The marker has shown continued and even increased significance over the years. Surveyors in the counties that the boundary line impacts have long encountered language about the line in legal descriptions and have worked to resolve disputes that relate to the "exact" location of the line. These incidences have increased as the area experienced the Fayetteville Shale natural gas development beginning in 2004. The boundary line aligns, in part, with this important economic development. Thus, a new generation of surveyors was required to cope with the peculiarities associated with the Old Cherokee Boundary Line.
While the Treaty of 1817 gave specific points of origin and termination, those persons involved in marking the boundary line faced obstacles associated with uncharted wilderness terrains. Surveying techniques of the time were rudimentary and certainly inadequate by modern standards. They predated full understanding of the concept of magnetic variation (declination). These included the effects caused by local soils that contain notable amounts of iron and other magnetic compounds. It is now recognized that even the original surveyors' metal surveying equipment may have had significantly impacted the magnetic behavior of their compass readings as reported by General Rector.
Numerous mile markers and other monuments have been placed along the line. Over the years, many of these markers have been identified by surveyors and recognized by historical groups. Representative of the confusion that has surrounded this important boundary, the Arkansas History Commission, during the state's centennial celebration in 1936, placed a monument on Cherokee Street in Morrilton that, in an elaborate inscription, erroneously states that the line runs "in a Northwesterly direction."
For additional information:Bolton, S. Charles. Arkansas, 1800–1860: Remote and Restless. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1998.
Shinn, Josiah H. Pioneers and Makers of Arkansas. Chicago: Genealogical and Historical Publishing Company, 1908.
"Treaty with the Cherokee: July 8, 1817." _URL_ (accessed December 8, 2010).
Larry TaylorSpringfield, Arkansas
Last Updated 1/21/2011
About this Entry: Contact the Encyclopedia / Submit a Comment / Submit a Narrative


text:
Conditions of Use
What if trees could be used as batteries?
According to Professor Olle Inganäs at Linköping University in Sweden, a biomass of trees and a by-product of paper manufacturing called lignin can be used to create a battery cathode.
His proposal may begin a new industrial development, but it may also contribute to deforestation. Regardless I feel it is important to remain open minded to new organic energy sources to limit our consumption of fossil fuels.
Sakr, S. (2012, March 23). What if trees could be used as batteries? [Web log message]. Retrieved from _URL_
Article posted March 24, 2012 at 02:10 PM •
comment • Reads 1193
see all articles
About the Blogger
My favorite sports include football, basketball, and tennis. During the summer I compete in skateboarding and wakeboarding competitions.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Creating Sustainable Solutions in Central America
RISD students have been traveling to Earth U's La Flor campus in Costa Rica to explore sustainable solutions to global problems.
For many children who grow up in developing countries in Central America, their classrooms are little more than cement buildings. Indoor plumbing doesn't exist, clean drinking water is scarce during the dry season and on sunny days, schoolhouses can turn into sweltering sweatboxes due to poor ventilation. Given these conditions, it's common for students to become distracted – even dizzy – while attempting to concentrate.
To help tackle this ongoing problem, RISD students enrolled in the interdisciplinary Innovation Studio: A High-Tech, Low-Tech School, a studio that's offered by the Industrial Design and Landscape Architecture departments, have developed a prototype off-the-grid schoolhouse for rural Costa Rica in collaboration with Earth University – the world's foremost research institute for sustainable agriculture. Since 2008 RISD students have been traveling to Earth U's La Flor campus in Costa Rica's Guanacaste Province to explore sustainable solutions to complex global problems such as poverty, food production and waste management.
"As the world becomes more connected, problems that affect human life become more complicated," notes Associate Professor Charlie Cannon, who taught the fall 2012 studio and has been involved in RISD's ongoing collaborations with Earth University. "It was incredibly valuable for students to learn how to develop comprehensive solutions to critical issues. I believe these challenges will truly define the 21st century."
As part of their preliminary research, students were introduced to the local environment through a brief trip to Earth University's tropical campus, which is situated in the midst of a banana plantation. During their visit in October, they started work on theoretical projects for potential incorporation into the prototype design. Students explored eco-progressive concepts for rooftop gardens, tree latrines and clever plumbing configurations, among other ideas hatched in the design studio.
Mickey Rockafellar MLA 13 quickly focused on the issue of water. "There isn't a problem with water availability during the rainy season," he explains. "But it becomes scarce during the dry months." So, after returning to RISD, the landscape architect designed an ingenious water collection system that makes use of discarded water bottles, which are both cheap and easy to find in Costa Rica. The design also includes a sand filtration system that rids water of bacteria. He envisions that the structure can be attached to a schoolhouse – or any other type of building – in order to provide clean drinking water.
"It's efficient and cost effective," Rockafellar notes. "Plus, community members can easily build this themselves."
This month, during Wintersession, Professor Colgate Searle BLA 71 is leading a small team of adventuresome students who are building a prototype of the schoolhouse in Costa Rica – using a blueprint developed from selected student designs proposed during the fall studio which was funded by the Fund for Sustainable Education. It will be unveiled at an international climate change conference Earth University is hosting in April.
The project is a noble one. According to Searle, the participating students are part of a larger philanthropic effort lead by Earth University that attempts to radically improve academic facilities throughout Costa Rica. The hope, says Searle, is that the prototype will inspire local populations to build their own low-cost schoolhouses to support active learning.
"Students actually have the potential to change a community's standard of living," notes Searle, adding: "Now that's a real reason to design."
Among the key features of the prototype is a roof designed to collect rainwater that will be processed by an on-site filtration system. The rainwater collected will be used for hand washing and to flush indoor toilets. And to make sure students aren't sweating at their desks during the warm months, the building will offer an open ventilation system.
Sturdy materials that are indigenous to the area – including teak and bamboo – are being used for the building's frame and roof. "We want to make sure that the community is able to replicate this building using the resources available to them," Searle explains.
Abigail Foster 13 ID, one of the students helping to build the prototype in Costa Rica, was asked to photograph the process. The materials will then be added to a book she's creating with Rawan Alsaffar MArch 13 that chronicles the students' final projects and offers instruction in sustainable design. The publication will eventually be turned into an online document available to everyone.
"The book is a means of communication," Foster explains. "We want the knowledge we cultivated in the Innovation Studio can be shared with people in many different locations. It's about making connections and then building from there" –Abigail Crocker
tags: academic collaborations
, Industrial Design
, social responsibility


text:
Sacred chants are Ada Franklin's power and her medicine. By saying them, she can remove warts, stanch bleeding, and draw the fire from burns. At age twenty, her reputation as a faith healer defines her in her rural Pennsylvania community. But on the day in 1953 that her family's barn is consumed by flame, her identity as a healer is upended. The heat, the roar of the blaze, and the bellows of the trapped cows change Ada. For the first time, she fears death and—for the first time—she doubts God. With her belief goes her power to heal. Then Ada meets an agnostic named Will Burk and his pet raven, Cicero.
Fire Is Your Water is acclaimed memoirist Jim Minick's first novel. Built on magical realism and social observation in equal measure, it never gives way to sentimentality and provides an insider's glimpse into the culture of Appalachia. A jealous raven, a Greek chorus of one, punctuates the story with its judgments on the characters and their actions, until a tragic accident brings Ada and Will together in a deeper connection.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
When you open any loan on MYC4, on the first page, you will find an item called total cost for business (APR). Ever wondered what that means, is it the same as interest rate, why MYC4 prefers using it, why it seems to differ across countries, its limitations, and/ or any other question? This blog post seeks to help on this, and highlight this measure of cost.
APR in full refers to Annual Percentage Rate. It is one among many measures of the cost of a loan, which include interest rate, total cost of capital etc. APR is quite often confused with interest rate, or mistaken to be the same. The two are quite different. For example on this loan for Grace Waruguru Mwangi, the APR is 54.23%, but the interest rate is 33.83%.
APR as a measure of cost ideally takes into account all costs of a loan including interest, insurance fees, legal fees, processing/ closing fees, forced savings, and any other fees paid upfront on a loan: It then expresses all these costs as a single annual rate. The APR computation assumes that all these costs run across the life of the loan, and thus spreads the costs across the entire loan term (thus the longer the loan period, the lower the APR). In the absence of upfront fees, the APR value would equal the interest rate value.
APR's usefulness is that it offers a level playing ground for comparing loan pricing by different players. It basically helps us compare apples to apples when it comes to pricing. Microfinance institutions, during product design and marketing, usually vary the various items of costs so as to appeal to a target market; emphasizing strongly on the item of cost that could interest the target borrower more. For example one MFI might offer a one year loan at 16% interest rate plus 3% processing fee; and another offers 18% interest rate plus 2% processing fee; APR will help evaluate which of the two is a cheaper loan. In this example, the loan with 18% interest is a cheaper/ better loan than the one with 16% as it has a lower APR.
MYC4 endeavors to promote and ensure transparency in the cost of borrowing. The end beneficiary of transparency in costs is ultimately the borrower. On each loan on MYC4 in the "Costs for Business" segment, we give both APR and an indicative guideline of the total cost in absolute amounts that a borrower will pay. Many financial institutions have been known to lower their interest as a result of disclosure requirements. The financial industry has historically been held in suspicion by consumers due to the many hidden charges associated with their transactions. Many borrowers have suffered from costs that are revealed after signing the loan contract (essentially after buying the goods). To counteract this some countries have resorted to legislate how cost of borrowing is revealed to borrowers; established regimes such as those in the US, UK, Canada and the EU all use the APR measure. The use of APR in Africa is not widespread, but there is concerted effort to ensure its legislated use.
The APR levels on loans on MYC4 differ from loan to loan but vary within a reasonable range. The APRs on MYC4 loans are very competitive in the microfinance industry across all countries we operate in. Ghana is currently the country with the highest APR on MYC4 platform; however, their APR is competitive in the Ghanaian market even compared to banks (who rely on cheap customer deposits to lend). We have numerous instances where borrowers prefer to wait longer (bidding period) for a MYC4 loan than get a provider's other loan products immediately. MYC4 does not seek to undercut the markets on cost, but focuses on providing fair priced loans to marginalized segments and SMEs.


text:
|Home > World News > Article|
The theory has Incan scholars abuzz. The discovery of true Incan writing would revolutionise their field in the same way as deciphering the Egyptian hieroglyphics or Mayan glyphs lifted a veil from those civilisations. But it also has broader interest because the khipus could constitute what is, to Western eyes, a very unorthodox writing system, using knots and strings in three dimensions instead of markings on a flat expanse of paper, clay, or stone.
"What makes this work so interesting is that what is being expressed is being conceptualised in such a different way than we conceptualise," said Sabine MacCormack, a historian who teaches at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana.
"This is about an expression of the human mind, the likes of which we don't have elsewhere."
In a new book, Signs of the Inka Khipu, Dr Urton proposes a new method for transcribing the knotted strings that he believes could lead to breakthroughs. And his work has helped fuel a resurgence of scholarly interest in khipus. This month the Chilean Museum of Pre-Columbian Art in Santiago is opening the world's first exhibit dedicated to the khipu.
"We are on the cusp of a very hot period," said Frank Salomon, an anthropologist at the University of Wisconsin who has studied khipus extensively.
The khipu mystery dates to the early 16th century, when the Incas were conquered by Francisco Pizarro and the Spanish set about destroying their culture. The missionaries sent to South America tried to eliminate all touches of the old gods, including the strange stringed textiles that the Incas said held their histories.
In 1923 a researcher, L. Leland Locke, showed that many khipus recorded numbers like an abacus, with knots in positions representing the hundred's, ten's, or one's place. He concluded that khipus were an accounting tool, and scholars largely lost interest.
Not all scholars share Dr Urton's views. "I don't see that this proposal arises from the actuality of the khipus," said Marcia Ascher, an emerita professor of mathematics at Ithaca College, New York state. "I don't see it being shown to fit or explain any of them."
Dr Urton has undertaken a project to record as many khipus as possible in great detail, including the binary information he says could be so important. He plans to place it all in a single computer database in the hope somebody will crack the code.
The Boston Globe
Printer friendly version Email to a friend
Also in World
PM told of doubts on Iraqi arms: US official
US military wants to increase its presence in Africa
Homosexual bishop will not take up post
Villagers tell of beatings after AIDS plea
Bombing won't delay Chechnya poll: Russia
Israel to release 350 Palestinian prisoners
Pressure continues to build on Hong Kong's discredited rulers
Secret to Incan civilisation is all tied up in knots, says anthropologist
US complains about brothel called The White House
Schoolboy gunman studied Satanic Bible: classmate
|text | handheld (how to)||
Copyright © 2003. The Sydney Morning Herald.
|advertise | contact us|


Monday, 4 May 2009
More PC BBC crap - The Human Journey
Image - The BBC Homo Sapiens Nelson Mandela. You can just imagine the BBC commissioning editor on the line to the scientist that made the model,'Oh for fucks sake mate, cant you make it more black? We are paying good money for this. Make it look more like Nelson Mandela. Stop laughing or we will cancel the cheque '.
The BBC are about to launch a new pseudo-science series, The Human Journey, presented by some pretty airhead presenter called Alice Roberts (who got her degree in anthropology during an era when racial science was perverted by marxist politics and therefore knows only what lies she has been taught - though she is very easy on the eyes ) and so they commission a forensic skull expert to reproduce what some skull found in Romania would look like if it were alive today.
The problem is that the skull they have made is simply pure BBC propaganda.
Even though scientists debate whether the individual skull was EVEN HUMAN,as it has archaic features that suggest it was a Human-Neanderthal Hybrid - they make it look like Nelson Mandela with a skinhead.
Even in the article in The Independent they state, 'we dont know what skin colour it would have had' so they go and give it one that most resembles a modern sub-Saharan indigenous modern African - even though the modern sub-saharan skin tone is itself a result of thousands of years of human racial evolution.
Just because sub-saharan have dark black skin today, does not mean the ancestors of sub-saharan Africans, or all humans, had dark black skin tones 35,000 years ago.
But the cruncher comes here when the airhead Roberts says " He said the skull doesn't actually look European, or Asian, or African " - therefore in order for the good doctor to have made such a statement there have to differences between the skull shapes of modern Africans, Asians and Europeans, which therefore means RACIAL DIFFERENCES DO EXIST.
Its good to know that even when they are indulging in pseudo-science the BBC and its airheads are unable to even understand the trite and facile logical inconsistencies in their own ideological nonsense.
Milford Wolpoff of the University of Michigan and his colleagues maintain that the principal human races-Negroids, Caucasoids, Mongoloids, Australian aboriginal peoples and southern African Bushmen-began to evolve well before the appearance of anatomically modern humans, Homo sapiens. Contrary to mainstream thinking, races did not evolve as a result of modern humans leaving Africa to colonise the rest of the world some 100 000 to 200 000 years ago. Or so Wolpoff argues
If you try and research from a scientific standpoint the origin and periods of racial diversification from the Homo Sapiens line, you find that the internet is swamped with pseudo-christian bullshit about the issue of race with all sorts of crap about Adam and Eve and Creationism.
Yet the irony is that both the Creationists and Multi-culturalists in their utter ignorance agree on a similar pseudo-scientific propaganda model, that posits the theory that all humans come from some 'ancestral Eve' and that we 'all come from Africa re the Garden of Eden'.
Both are bullshit.
The 'Eve theory' is flawed simply as the modern human populations of the planet have experienced massive evolution since any point of commonality, and therefore the idea that we today are IN ANY WAY like the 'ancestral eve' of hundreds of thousands of years ago is utter nonsense.
This is why modern racial groups exist with the vast physical and genetic differences between them.
We may share fundamental traits with some fictious 'human ancestral Eve' but we also share plenty of similar traits with Cheetah the chimp in the Tarzan movies.
The fact is though that just because we share some traits with chimps, and with an 'eve', does not mean we are chimps or eve.
We may share genetic traits with early humans, but we also share many more traits with Chimpanzees.
Therefore to say because we share traits with chimpanzee's that we today are 'Chimps from Africa' is total nonsense and simplistic drivel.
That also doesnt mean we should give human being drugs that are given to chimps because we share DNA with chimps.
In regards to the molecular composition of chlorophyll and hemoglobin, the substance in human blood that carries oxygen from the lungs to the other tissues and organs in the body, they are actually quite similar. The only difference between the two molecules is that hemoglobin has iron as the center atom while chlorophyll has magnesium at its center.
Therefore minute differences in DNA, as between the gene codes for chlorophyll in plants and hemoglobin in blood, creates vast changes in the nature of the organism that carries those DNA codes.
Therefore the most minute differences in DNA,as between humans and chimps and as between human racial groups, create vast differences in the biological nature of the creatures that carry that DNA.
The many thousands of DNA differences between modern racial groups create a vast amount of genetic and physical differences between racial groups, though this science has been neglected and dominated over recent decades by Marxists who have sought to surpress it - resulting in the deaths of millions upon millions of people who have been forced to endure generic medicines instead of race based medicines.
If modern races do not exist - then how come the proffessor in the article is able to tell the difference between modern African, Asian and European skulls?
The fact that recent DNA research proves that the Cro-Magnon people of Europe and modern European are gentically exactly the same, eg they share the same racial characteristics as they do today as they did 35,000 years ago, should have meant the forensic skull modeller did his research and ensured the model had WHITE SKIN, not black skin.
The REAL science is here as opposed to this facile and asinine BBC bullshit ;
If the modern European people of today and the Cro-Magnons of 35,000 years ago are genetically identical then how come the idiot used black clay to make the model.
Modern Europeans are not black - they are white.
Therefore the model should have been white and not black.
And why did they use a model of a weird, hybrid skull to make their model instead of the many other Cro-Magnon skulls in Europe that display the same racial characteristics as modern Europeans?
Instead they use this freak skull to make a freak model to try and sell their facile multi-cultural bollocks to the idiot masses who will watch this TV show and then go about spreading and believing the BBC bullshit.
Of course race exists - and the BBC are simply fighting a pathetic rearguard propaganda action to try and bolster their pseudo-science to support the failed Marxist model of'one race '.
This refusal to accept reality is the basis of the Liberal Genocide - in that by refusing to accept the reality of racial differences the liberals have consigned generation after generation of peoples of all races to death as a result of forcing them to use generic drugs for health treatments as opposed to pharmacogenomic drugs tailored to treat specific racial and ethnic groups.
The hand of the liberals are sticky with the blood of millions.
Therefore the propaganda the BBC pumps out is the same sort of sick, racist propaganda that the Nazis once pumped out - in that the result of the propaganda has been genocide.
The intent of the liberals may have been to avert genocide, but as William Blake wrote - The road to hell is paved with good intentions.
Article in The Independent here ;
( Please note that thankfully The Independent is about to go bankrupt and we will no longer have to endure their bullshit and bullshit from Steve connor, Johan Hari and Alibi Brown as they will all be sacked )
Revealed: the face of the first European
235,000-year-old skull fragments found in Romania are made flesh by scientists
By Steve Connor, Science Editor
Monday, 4 May 2009
Forensic artist Richard Neave used skull and jawbone fragments found in a cave to build this likeness of an early European
This is the face of the first anatomically-modern human to live in Europe. It belonged to a man – or woman – who inhabited the ancient forests of the Carpathian Mountains in what is now Romania about 35,000 years ago.
The artist's reconstruction – a face that could be male or female – is based on the partial skull and jawbone found in a cave where bears were known to hibernate. The facial features indicate the close affinity of these early Europeans to their immediate African ancestors, although it was still not possible to determine the person's sex.
Richard Neave, the forensic artist who reconstructed the facial features in this clay model, based his assessment on a careful measurement of the bone fragments and his long experience of how the soft tissues of the face are built around the bones of the skull.
The reconstruction was made for the forthcoming BBC 2 series The Incredible Human Journey which documents human origins and evolution, from our birthplace in Africa to the long migratory routes that led us to populate the most distant parts of the globe. It is impossible from the bones to determine the skin colour of the individual, although scientists speculate it was probably darker than modern-day Europeans, reflecting a more recent African origin.
Mr Neave's clay head of the "first modern European" now sits on the desk of Alice Roberts, the Bristol University anthropologist who will introduce the BBC series, which is scheduled for screening next Sunday evening on BBC 2. "It's really quite bizarre. I'm a scientist and objective, but I look at that face and think 'Gosh, I'm actually looking at the face of somebody from 40,000 years ago', and there's something weirdly moving


text:
I haven't lost much weight yet, is the Cleanse not working?
Instead of using weight loss as the main measure of success, ask yourself the following questions. The answers to these questions will be a better indication of how the Cleanse is working.
1. How are you sleeping?
2. How are your bowel movements?
3. Have digestive issues or bloating been reduced?
4. Do you have sustained energy throughout the day?
5. Are you more thoughtful and conscious about your food and lifestyle choices?
6. How's your mental clarity and mood?
Take a moment to answer these questions. If you feel inspired, share your answers on My Clean Program and allow the community to be part of your experience. If you feel you're not getting the most out of the Cleanse, the Wellness Coaches are here to help you shake things up and get results.


129,772pages on
this wiki
Han1 edited
Sorry about the mess.
Created by a Jedi Consular in the days of the Old Republic to compensate weaknesses with lightsaber, Tràkata was a form of lightsaber combat developed for taking advantage of a lightsaber blade's ability to be turned on and off, a unique quality in a melee weapon. Quickly shutting off then re-igniting the blade could cause confusion in one's opponents, allowing for diversionary feints in combat. Mixed with Jar'Kai, Tràkata was extremely effective, even against multiple opponents. Sith Lords would occasionally use this form to free their blade hand, allowing greater control of some force powers, such as Force lightning.
Philosophically, Tràkata involved practical combat and deception, rather than single minded determination or endless patience. It was rarely used by the Sith, since the power of the Sith came from passion rather than practicality, and neither was it commonly used by the Jedi, because of their unwillingness to rely on deception. The latter may, however, have utilized this technique on occasion, their purpose usually being to exert greater influence over the Force.
Known moves and maneuversEdit
Pass the Blade
The duelist deactivated his blade as he attacks, bypassing the opponent's block before igniting it into the helpless foe.[1]
Unbalancing Block
Jedi Master Kao Cen Darach employed this or a similar technique to great effect during the lightsaber duel in which he, too, lost his life, with Sith Lord Vindican and his apprentice, Malgus.
Members of the New Jedi Order known to employ this technique include Jedi Master Mara Jade Skywalker.[2] Jedi Master Corran Horn used a variant of this technique during the Yuuzhan Vong War, one notable occurrence being while he was battling Shedao Shai on Ithor. During the battle, Horn and Shai were locked in combat, and Horn deactivated his lightsaber, then reignited it into Shedao Shai, killing the temporary Supreme Commander.[3] During her duel with Ben Skywalker, Sith apprentice Tahiri Veila used this technique to great effect. Skywalker forced her lightsaber aside, so Tahiri switched her lightsaber off and on so fast Skywalker barely had time to react, allowing her to extend the blade to where his throat had been just moments before.[4]
Behind the scenesEdit
Tràkata was a fanon creation that was brought into continuity by the Star Wars Roleplaying Game Saga Edition Core Rulebook.
Although not an official form in Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy, turning off Jaden Korr's lightsaber increased the potency of Force lightning, Force Grip, and Force Push, which can be seen as use of Tràkata. Additionally, in Star Wars: Battlefront II, Darth Sidious turns off his blade to free his hand when using Force lightning.
Notes and referencesEdit
External linksEdit
Lightsaber-resistant materials:
In other languages
Around Wikia's network
Random Wiki


text:
When small bits make a big difference: Fertilizer microdosing in drylands
ICRISAT-HOPE project scientists are promoting the use of microdosing techniques to farmers in the semi-arid areas where most soils are deficient in nitrogen and phosphorous. This soil deficiency results in very low crop productivity and food insecurity due to the soil infertility and unreliable rains.
Microdosing is a method of fertilizer application that involves the use of small amounts of fertilizers at planting or after emergence of the crop to boost nutrient uptake and productivity.
"It involves the use of small doses of fertilizer, normally one sixth or less of the quantities used in the developed world," says Dr Said Silim, Principal Investigator, ICRISAT-HOPE project. The technique allows resource poor farmers to apply small, affordable and efficient amounts of fertilizer to their impoverished land for improved soil health and crop production. The fertilizer is placed next to the crop resulting in better utilization.
Majority of farmers is the drylands are poor, risk averse and cannot afford to purchase the conventional recommended fertilizer quantities. "In the drylands, the likelihood of crop failure is high and the people in those areas are poor. Using small quantities of fertilizer or microdosing is affordable to poor farmers and gives crops a quick start," adds Dr Silim.
The microdosing techniques will therefore drastically reduce the amount and cost of fertilizer used by the dryland farmers and at the same time increase soil fertility. "ICRISAT has tested this technique in a number of countries in Africa to determine which type of fertilizer and quantities to use, and then tested them on-farm," says Dr Silim.
In Kenya, a system was initiated to supply small packs of fertilizer to small-scale farmers so as to create fertilizer demand. "We started working with agro-dealers and fertilizer companies to pack the right type of fertilizer in 1-10 kg packs," adds Dr Silim. The initiative has yielded good results because demand for fertilizer was created.
Micro-dosed crops perform better under drought conditions, especially with early season moisture availability. They develop a large root system capable of absorbing water and required nutrients contained in the fertilizer that help to hasten crop maturity and escape late season drought.
Picture courtesy ICRISAT


Predicting Beer Color Based on Formulation
From pale yellow pilsners and amber ales to rich English browns and pitch-black stouts, our favorite beverage can certainly occupy a wide range of colors. But why don't we see blue or green beer (except on St. Patrick's Day)? It's because of the malt! In the process of kilning or roasting malt, reactions between carbohydrates or carbohydrates and amino compounds create substances capable of absorbing visible light.
These substances have a strong preference for absorbing shorter wavelengths of light perceived as blue/violet rather than longer red/orange/yellow wavelengths—and we perceive the light not absorbed by the beer. The following image shows an amber ale in front of various colors of light. Notice that the blue line appears almost black, while green is slightly gray. In comparison, the red, orange, and yellow lines remain almost unchanged.
Lighter beers are great at removing blue light but as more or darker malts are used, you notice that green…then yellow…then orange…and finally red light will no longer pass through the glass; eventually appearing as black (the absence of light). You may have observed that red beer is darker than yellow or orange beer, which is evidence that the last light type absorbed by beer as it gets darker is red.
This simplified way of looking at beer color gets more complicated when you also consider that darkly roasted malts have a different effect on visible light than kilned or caramel malts. These extremely dark malts have a more dramatic effect on the red-orange-yellow types of light and produce a color that is more brown than red.
The following graph illustrates how color type (hue) is impacted by using two different malt types. Find the SRM contribution on the horizontal axis from kilned or caramel malt, and the SRM contribution on the vertical axis from dark roasted malt; follow these lines down and across respectively to see an estimation of the beer color in a pint glass of a moderately-lighted room.
The two columns broken out on the right side of the chart show the side-by-side estimated colors in the red and black ranges. The black colors appear darker… because they are darker, even though they have the same SRM. This is due to the fact that SRM is measured in the blue region of the color spectrum, so two beer colors standardized to the same SRM made from different malts will have the same effect on blue light. But, beer made with dark roasted malts will have a greater effect on the red-orange-yellow types, which means less total light passes through the glass and it appears darker at the same SRM (same amount of blue light absorbed).
Just for fun here are some additional beer color simulations…
10-SRM, 100%-SRM from Kilned and Caramel Malts in a vase
10-SRM, 50%-SRM from Black Malt in a Vase
35-SRM, 75%-SRM from Black Malt in an Imperial Pint
For additional technical information on malt, please visit:
About Dan Bies
Dan BiesPrior to joining Briess, Dan gained experience as a chemist and lab leader in several industries. At Briess, Dan is responsible for performing malt analysis, microbiological testing, brewing and R&D projects, including new product development and process improvement. Dan manages the pilot brewing and pilot plant operations and commercialization of new products in the extract plant. Recent projects include gluten free beer, malta, fermented malt beverage base and downstream beer color and flavor adjustment products. He regularly helps formulate recipes for home and craft brewers and has published articles, posters and given presentations in support of the craft brewing industry. Prior to joining the technical service staff, Dan was an analyst in the malting lab.
Posted in Technical & QC | Tagged,,,,,.
 - Subscribe to Blog
 * Are you a:
 Fields with an asterisk(*) are required
 - Stay Connected


yourself what exactly you want to do with your air rifle. The size of the animals you will be shooting matters. The smaller game like squirrels and rabbits requires very low calibers and they will be effective enough while the opposite is also true. Most buyers want a multi purpose gun that they will use in a variety of situations and this probably gives value for money. Its also worth keeping in mind that there are so many different types of pellets guns available that you can choose from so its worth it to read pellet airgun reviews to learn more about the different features available to you.
Still, one has to ask themselves what they will use it most on and lean towards that choice more when choosing a particular type of rifle. Air guns are designed differently and they are geared towards certain functions more than others like hunting or pest control. Most air guns are multi purpose but if you want to seriously hunt, then you need to choose an appropriate rifle for that.
Make Of The Gun
There are different types of guns and they all have different advantages and disadvantages and one should weigh them and decide if they can handle the consequences that come with them. The most common gun types are the pre-charged pneumatic type and the spring piston. Most air rifle owners debate on the benefits of having one or the other because these are the most recognized gun types.
The spring piston gun has a coiled spring that is compressed during cocking; it is this tension that propels the pellets forward during firing. One disadvantage of this is that the spring gets worn out over the years and loses a bit of the stored power if kept in a state of tension for a while. The same concept has been used to make gas ram which is a variation of the spring piston but the gas ram is lighter and reacts faster when fired. They have disadvantages too including their recoil which is powerful and the effort that is required to cock them.
Pre-charged pneumatic air rifles are powered by air that is fully released under pressure from the attached cylinder and the pellet is thus moved through the valve and the barrel to the target. Pre-charged pneumatic is the air rifle of choice for many shooters because it is highly accurate in its shooting and, as opposed to the gas ram, is very easy to cock. Another advantage is that this type of gun has no recoil which is viewed as an advantage by most air gun users. The disadvantage of using a pre-charged pneumatic air rifle is that it needs recharging and all the equipment for charging makes it expensive to begin with. They also require to be sent to the original manufacturers for servicing which can be inconvenient and expensive.
The range which you intend to shoot is also very important because it determines the type of activity you will be using your gun for. There are the light, medium, high and super magnum rifles, all of which have different ranges from thirty five yards for the light to eighty yards for the super magnum. The light is good for pest control while the super magnum is better suited for heavier game and for shooting objects that are located far away.
How To Choose The Best Rifle Scope For Your Hunting Rifle
air-rifle-scope-aimWhen one buys a rifle, they most likely ask for the type of scope they will attach to their rifle and the different benefits and functions of the various scopes. You will have to ask yourself what you intend to use the rifle for in order to fix an appropriate scope.
Once one ascertains the scope fit for their rifle and its intention, the next question has to be the type of game that will be shot with the rifle. From small game like Rabbits and the distance that they will be shot at to big game like deer, every intended game has a specific scope that is appropriate for its use.
The following factors should be highly considered when choosing a rifle scope for hunting but make sure to read about the best rifle scope available for each type of hunting you intend on doing to make sure you end up with the best possible rifle for your needs:
One has to carefully consider the ruggedness when choosing a scope for their rifle since this is a very important factor. When you fire your rifle at a target you want your scope to be able to handle the recoil that comes with it otherwise that is a fairly useless scope. Even when the shot is fired or it is dropped, it should be able to withstand impacts many times the force of gravity.
Also, the tough nature of the material used to make it should be considered because one hunts in a variety of circumstances. The temperatures one endures when hunting can range from very hot to freezing and the scope chosen has to be able to withstand these extreme temperatures comfortably without being damaged.
They therefore should be waterproofed and there are some that are fog proof and if one anticipates freezing temperatures, it is advisable to obtain a scope that is appropriate.
Favorable Optical Quality
Of course the scope involves vision and this means that the better the vision it can provide over a certain distance, the better it is suited for use. The quality of the scope is directly proportional to the accuracy of the shot. Once the scope has good optical quality, the accuracy is improved automatically, making the hunting experience more enjoyable. Flawless glass combined with internal clarity enhances the light quality and this improves on the optical quality of the scope.
The optical glass has very little distortion and brings the target into focus. This precision is what leads to accurate shots and a good hunting experience from a distance.
In addition to the clarity and non distortion, make sure that the scope has a multi coated lens which directly impacts on light transmission. Light transmission is increased by multi coated lenses and the very best quality lenses have light transmission rates of over ninety percent which is excellent for hunting.
Parallax And Errors
There are various errors that naturally occur when looking through a scope like parallax and this can be adjusted. You choose whether you want it adjusted or not. Parallax error occurs when you move your eye and the aim also changes and is directly related with the distance the target is from your rifle.
Most modern rifles are made to be parallax error free for distances that are up to one hundred yards away. It is therefore very important to test the parallax error and determine the distance from which it starts occurring.
One can obtain a scope that is parallax adjustable and as such one can set the distances from which the parallax error occurs. Parallax error is very important when considering the type and size of game that one is going to hunt; the smaller game with a huge parallax error can affect accuracy in a big way. The bigger game with a parallax error means that you might not hit the exact spot you intended but you will still hit the animal.
There are also various aspects to look at that are not too important though. This includes factors such as adjustable magnification which means that one can zoom in or out as appropriate so as to locate their target. The magnification means that the accuracy is also increased over certain distances and this is a positive aspect. The type of scope you choose will determine the type of experience you have when hunting. Choose wisely.
Portable Water Softener And Shower Heads For RV Campers
RVWhen going RV camping, one wants to have a water supply that is fresh and not hard water that makes washing clothes and showering a great challenge.
Minerals naturally gather in the water system and the way to soften the water is by using a portable water softener to make sure that the minerals are prevented from passing into the water.
When in an RV that has hard water as its primary source of water, everyday activities that involve water become struggles and very uncomfortable. Soap does not lather as easily and one uses more than they ordinarily have to to a lesser effect.
Water Softener Benefits
water softenerThe next benefit of having soft water is the avoidance of damage to your systems and saving money for replacement. Deposits of minerals usually gather on the surfaces that conduct water and destroy them or make them ineffective. Pipes, faucets and the general plumbing in the RV is a better place when softener is used because then they are more durable (see comparison and water softener reviews here).
The water softeners installed in RVs usually use the same mechanism that normal water softeners which utilizes ion exchange that takes care of the removal of minerals that make the water hard. To make it more accessible and easier to use, when camping, most use table soft and don't require any special softener.
This makes it very convenient for use because even if one runs out of softener, salt is easily obtained and incorporated. A portable water softener is more important than thought because of its preservation qualities more than anything.
The water softeners are also very easy to regenerate and do not require frequent regeneration which is a huge bonus for campers who move around often. The regeneration also takes a very short time, maybe thirty minutes at most. They are portable but there are different capacities depending on the size of the RV and the preference of the buyer. The ranges are from one to two thousand gallon sizes which will last for approximately forty or so days. The various connections like the inlet hose are also very easy to do by yourself and as such, the system is easy to handle for anyone.
When buying a water softener for your RV it is important to read the best water softener reviews, one should consider the long term advantages of having one so choosing the best one is important. When the minerals that are most common in hard water do not pass through your water system then the deposits do not gather in any crevice and the efficiency is not affected.
Parts like pipes, the water heater and the ice maker are thus spared from the effects of the minerals in hard water. The benefit of this is that the long term repair or replacements of these parts is avoided and this saves you a great deal of money.
RV Shower Heads
rv shower headYou


text:
Definitions of condenser
n. - One who, or that which, condenses. 2
n. - An instrument for condensing air or other elastic fluids, consisting of a cylinder having a movable piston to force the air into a receiver, and a valve to prevent its escape. 2
n. - An instrument for concentrating electricity by the effect of induction between conducting plates separated by a nonconducting plate. 2
n. - A lens or mirror, usually of short focal distance, used to concentrate light upon an object. 2
n. - An apparatus for receiving and condensing the volatile products of distillation to a liquid or solid form, by cooling. 2
n. - An apparatus, separate from the cylinder, in which the exhaust steam is condensed by the action of cold water or air. See Illust. of Steam engine. 2
The word "condenser" uses 9 letters: C D E E N N O R S.
No direct anagrams for condenser found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after condenser (in bold), or to cdeennors in any order:
e - recondense i - endocrines m - condemners s - condensers t - contenders u - denouncers uncensored
All words formed from condenser by changing one letter
Browse words starting with condenser by next letter


What are the Differences?
There is often confusion about the differences among electric bicycles, mopeds, scooters, electric scooters, electric motorcycles, and motorcycles.
These are all two-wheeled vehicles but are very different on legal requirements, benefits, and riding style. Electric bikes are the only type that have functional pedals today, enabling the rider to get exercise while commuting. A brief summary of each is below, followed by the advantages of each.
Pictured E-Bike: Pioneer Allroad Limited
The Differences between an E-Bike, Moped, and Scooter
 3. While Mopeds can often travel on street bike lanes, they cannot travel on sidewalks and park in bicycle areas. An electric bicycle can travel on bike lanes and paths and park in bicycle areas. An electric bicycle is considered a bicycle.
Electric Bicycle
Electric Bicycle
Commonly referred to as an electric bike, electric bicycle or E-Bike. Defined by federal law to have pedals and an electric motor of less than 1 horsepower, with a battery and a maximum speed without pedaling of 20MPH. Weighing less than 100 pounds in weight. No insurance or registration required. Helmets requirements vary by state.
Electric Scooter
Electric Scooter
A electric scooter is another name for an electric moped. They do not have pedals. Insurance, license and registration is required. (Can vary by state).
Electric Motorcycle
Electric Motorcycle
A motorcycle with electric motor and battery instead of gas engine. No limit on speed or horsepower. License, registration and insurance required (helmets in many states)
Gas Motorcycle
Gas Motorcycle
Two wheeled vehicle without pedals. No limit on speed or horsepower. Can carry a passenger. License, registration and insurance required (helmets in many states). Historically have been gas engine powered.
Electric Moped
Electric Powered Moped
A moped with an electric motor and battery instead of a gas engine. Insurance, license and registration required. (Can vary by state) Very popular in China. More adoption in Europe over gas mopeds as pollution restrictions increase.
Gas Moped
Gas Powered Moped
Low speed two wheeled vehicle with less than 2 horsepower and not capable of speeds greater than 30 MPH. Generally have a step thru frame and no pedals. Insurance, license and registration required. (Can vary by state). This type is very popular in Europe.
Motorized Kick Scooter
Motorized Razor type Scooter
There can also be motorized types of kick scooters. The motorized types have an undefined legal status in most states.
Electric Mobility Scooter
Mobility Scooter
In some cases an electric scooter is used to define a mobility device used by handicapped persons. Mobility devices generally do not require a license or insurance and are exempt from regulations.
The Electric Bike Book, Read Before Buying an E-Bike
Free Download!
'The Electric Bike Book' by Jim Turner
This Free Book will teach you all the basics on Electric Bikes.
- How people lost 80 pounds and eliminated prescription drugs.
- The easy way to compare the range of electric bikes.
- Why all batteries are not created equal.
- And more important info!
Be informed before you buy an electric bike. Grab the free e-book download!
All set! Hang on...
Advantages of Electric Bicycles
A main advantage of electric bicycle over motorcycles or mopeds, including electric motorcycles, is that electric bike can use the bicycle infrastructure, park in bicycle areas, ride on sidewalks and bike paths. This allows for much faster movement in congested downtown areas. Electric bicycles also allow the rider to pedal and get exercise in time they normally spend commuting.
The Big Difference:
Electric Bikes let You get Fit
Both a Moped and Electric Scooter provide economical transportation, as does an Electric bike. The biggest difference is that an electric bicycle provides exercise while riding. The electric bike will allow you to get in better health while riding, a moped will not. In addition, mopeds require insurance and a driver's license in most states, an electric bicycle does not.
Advantages of an Electric Bike
The advantage an electric bicycle has over a motorcycle is similar to advantages over a moped. The electric bicycle gives the rider easy exercise and improves their health. A motorcycle can be faster and is better suited for riding on freeways, where the speeds are higher.
Electric Bicycles are Bicycles!
Federal laws makes an electric bicycle a bicycle for the vehicle code. Each state and municipality may have different regulations, but in general an electric bicycle can go anywhere a bicycle can go. Many electric bicycles are configured on mountain bike frames and are suitable for off road use (check with your local government to see if the electric mountain bike is allowed on your trials).
The Difference between an Electric Bike and an Electric Motorcycle
While an electric bike and an electric motorcycle both have electric motors and batteries, they are very different. Electric motorcycles are motorcycles and require a license, registration and insurance. An electric bicycle does not require any of these and can ride on bike paths and use bike infrastructure.


IMAGES: Dire Ike projections
As Hurricane Ike barrels towards the Texas Gulf Coast, the federal government has released computer-generated images to show how bad the storm surge could be for Galveston, the city closest to the projected path. The images illustrate why officials issued a mandatory evacuation order for the city. Federal authorities were blunt, warning Galveston residents: "Persons not heeding evacuation orders in single-family, oneor two-story homes will face certain death." The following images show the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency's projection for potential flooding in Galveston if the storm surge reaches various heights ranging from 3 feet to 15 feet, which have been superimposed over the normal sea levels for the city.
September 12, 2008 3:34:32 PM PDT


text:
Are "Stressed Out" Babies More Likely to Get Sick?
Are stressed out babies more vulnerable to disease later in life?
A new book contends that when babies experience "trauma" -- like being born prematurely, having a depressed mother and being neglected - they will be at risk for all kinds of bad things as they get older.
"Children raised in traumatic environments are more prone to cancer, chronic pain and even diabetes," said an article in Salon that quoted findings from the book, called Scared Sick: The Role of Childhood Trauma in Adult Disease.
One of its authors, Robin Karr-Morse told Salon that among the "traumas" they studied were "emotional trauma very early in life - in the prenatal months and the first three years. We talk about what happens to a fetus and an early developing brain when there is chronic emotional trauma."
What kinds of "trauma" experienced by pregnant women wind up affecting their offspring? Karr-Morse said anything from maternal malnutrition and ongoing maternal stress can have an impact. A child born to a mother who experienced "poverty and war," she said, "can have a tremendous influence on the nervous system of the fetus, so that baby, from birth, might be susceptible or hyper-vigilant or vulnerable to any form of stimulation, because their nervous system is set on high."


text:
The Engagement Equation: Leadership Strategies for an Inspired Workforce
December 17, 2012
Posted by on
In The Engagement Equation: Leadership Strategies for an Inspired Workforce, authors Christopher Rice, Fraser Marlow, and Mary Ann Masarech provide a thorough guide for organizational leaders interested in improving work engagement. At the outset, they establish that engagement is a unique construct that is distinguishable from satisfaction, motivation, and commitment. Furthermore, employee engagement is an individualized equation expressed as the combination of maximum satisfaction for the individual and maximum contribution for the organization. From there, they discuss particular industries (e.g., where there is a high degree of interaction with customers) in which employee engagement particularly impacts results. Additionally, the authors caution against assuming measures that have increased engagement in one geographic region would similarly increase engagement in another.
A discussion about building a culture that supports engagement follows. The importance of helping employees identify their strengths, weaknesses, and needs in order to ensure job-fit, culture-fit, and suitable working conditions is highlighted. Providing career coaching and development services also goes a long way to help employees envision a career that mutually addresses the needs of both individuals and the organization.
Finally, The Engagement Equation covers possible pitfalls of implementing strategies to increase engagement. First, the authors warn that maintaining a high engagement culture is an ongoing effort. In other words, sporadic interventions here and there will not create the results desired. Secondly, organizational leaders, managers, down to everyone in the organization must be on board and responsible for their own engagement level. It takes engaged individuals to foster a culture of engagement. Finally, leaders must be prepared to follow through with an action plan in a timely manner once the initial engagement level assessment is taken. The authors caution against utilizing an engagement survey and not following-up with action as the interest in increasing engagement may then come across as disingenuous leading to even higher levels of employee disengagement. Alternative means of making the initial engagement assessment are provided.
It is difficult to provide an adequate summary of all the useful points made in this book. It provides a clear, comprehensive, and practical guideline for beginning and continuing an action plan to foster a culture of engagement. Furthermore, it will dispel some preconceived notions of how implementation of such a program should proceed (e.g., the assumption that it is most beneficial to start assessment with an employee engagement survey).


kind of grew in our recovery together, watched our hair grow."
Jessica: "Facebook helped me make friendships[horizontal ellipsis] it took us only three days to build such a strong bond[horizontal ellipsis] because we've experienced the same thing; we're taking the same journey."
Christy: "I know they're not judging me based on my scars because they have scars, too."
Stephanie: "You actually have somebody finally that understands what you're going through."
The need to connect with family and friends stems in part from a need for belonging. Participants spoke about the positive feelings associated with knowing about social, religious, and family gatherings and events. Participants also indicated that social media helped family members and friends to convey their understanding of the effects of the trauma.
Making meaning is a process that involves seeking information that will help one to understand and make sense of a particular event or situation. Making meaning can then inspire action. For many participants, social media helped them to find and access such information and provided motivation for moving beyond the trauma. Several participants realized that they could help others who had had similar experiences. Making meaning out of their burn experiences put them on paths that included pursuing careers in health care, becoming motivational speakers, educating others about burn prevention, and raising money for burn survivor support groups.
Peter: "By typing stuff out, it gears more toward what I gained from it and why I'm a better person and why I wouldn't take anything back that happened and all of that. And I feel like, as a doctor I could[horizontal ellipsis] I feel like I could do something that somebody else could do. So, just that motivation and seeing the kind of pain people can be in, it kind of helps motivate me towards going down my career path and doing what I want to do."
For many, part of the healing experience included raising awareness about burn prevention or SJS. It was also important for participants to share insights into their reentry into society through chronicling the healing process, including physical, psychological, and social issues. Some participants did this by producing YouTube videos, posting updates on Facebook and Twitter and other social media networks, sharing their stories on burn and SJS support Web sites, and participating in fundraising activities.
Lauren: "It's kind of my link to the outside community. I volunteer with the SOAR [Phoenix Society's Survivors Offering Assistance in Recovery] program. My donations and a lot of my charity work go toward the burn survivor organizations."
Nicole: "I want to promote [SJS] to everyone and actually at the bottom of my Facebook page, I have a URL at the bottom of my album."
It was important for some participants to be available as mentors to others who have gone through similar experiences. They spoke about how using social media to do so helped them to accomplish this. They considered themselves to be motivational speakers, role models, and advocates for "the cause."
Andrew: "It allows me to put myself out there in a virtual sense[horizontal ellipsis] being a motivational speaker."
Jessica: "It motivates me [to help people], even people who aren't burn survivors, but who have emotional scars. I started YouTube videos[horizontal ellipsis] to show the world what you've been through is immense[horizontal ellipsis]. I feel like I'm kind of a motivator."
Privacy. Privacy-or the lack of it-often came up when young adult burn survivors described their experiences with social media. They realized that their posts were out there for all to see, and discussed the possible consequences of revealing too much about themselves. Some were cautious about what they wanted to share and with whom, especially when using public (as opposed to private) social media sites.
Andrew: "There is probably not a whole lot of privacy on there."
Lauren: "It's also a struggle of how much do I put out there and allow myself to go with and how do I connect with others."
Stephanie: "You can't keep it private. Everybody's going to know about it, no matter what, whether you want them to or not."
Others identified social media platforms as places where they could be transparent about who they really are. It was important to them not to hide.
Jessica: "I'm always open. I'm not a private person. I never hid my scars."
Christy: "I like to be truthful. Instead of trying to lie just to[horizontal ellipsis] make myself feel good, because I don't like to live a lie. I don't want them to think that I'm somebody I'm not."
The results of this study indicate that the use of social media can aid young adult burn survivors in the healing process by providing them with a safer means of reentry into social relationships. For the participants in this study, such use helped them to reestablish identity, connect with others for support, and make meaning out of the traumatic experience of burn injury. Social media helped them to negotiate a balance between privacy and openness when connecting both with other burn survivors and with people who weren't connected to the burn experience; and it facilitated networking to establish a flow of social support and information. Overall, participants reported their experiences with social media as motivating and encouraging.
The essential theme of identity is widely recognized as a developmental need of adolescents and young adults. Other studies of social media use, conducted among general populations in this age group26-28 and other illness populations,29, 30 have also found that it provides platforms for self-expression and construction of identity. Participants described social media as a means for connecting with others when they were physically or socially isolated. This is in keeping with other research that has found social media to be an important way for people to gain immediate access to other people, support, and information.31-34 Social media platforms may be particularly useful for people who are physically and socially isolated because of illness or disability. In a qualitative study of social media use by 101 people with various disabilities, survey respondents reported that social media helped them "feel like everyone else" and "be where the others are."35
Social media provided participants with global access to information, friends, and online patient communities. Participants described the social support as motivating and comforting. Social media are used by burn survivor organizations in bringing survivors together, both through online patient forums and by spreading the word about face-to-face events. Individual online efforts have also been shown to afford participants vital social support. In one ethnographic study, researchers examined the online narratives of 16 women ages 20 to 39 years who had been diagnosed with cancer and had started blogs about their illness experiences.29 The researchers found that these specialized forums facilitated the exchange of information and a broad range of emotions.
Participants reported that the use of social media helped them make meaning out of their traumatic burn experiences. It gave them a way to create something positive through connections with others who had experienced similar trauma, and to access resources that helped them find and pursue opportunities for personal and professional growth. The need to make meaning from a traumatic experience has been studied among diverse populations (though to my knowledge, not with young adult burn survivors). In a correlational study of 418 adolescents who'd experienced "turning point" events, Tavernier and Willoughby found that the ability to make meaning of such an event was associated with higher psychological well-being afterward.36 In another study, Hogan and colleagues surveyed 107 family members of people who were tissue donors postmortem.4 The researchers found that for these family members, knowing that some good came from a loved one's death helped them cope with the loss and gave it meaning.
With regard to privacy, researchers have investigated the implications of social media for children, adolescents, and young adults in the general population.37, 38 In 2011, the American Academy of Pediatrics released a clinical report on the impact of social media on children, adolescents, and their families.37 The report identified developmental factors, including limited self-regulatory ability and susceptibility to peer pressure, that increase a child's or teen's vulnerability to online privacy-related problems such as cyberbullying and sexting. Moreover, the ease of controlling one's posts may vary depending on the platform. On the other hand, emerging technologies also make it easier to post a variety of content with increasingly fast transmission.
Limitations. One limitation is that this study's results cannot be generalized to all young adult burn survivors. Some survivors may not use social media; and the experiences of those who do might not be representative of those who do not.
Although more research is needed, the findings of this study suggest that the use of social media by young adult burn survivors may be warranted as a way to further their healing processes. As these participants reported, social media can help such survivors (and anyone who is physically or socially isolated) to gain access to untapped resources, express themselves, and connect with a diverse range of other people. And given that making meaning out of traumatic experiences has been shown to enhance coping in other populations, it stands to reason that social media can also help young adult burn survivors to do so.
Nurses can promote the use of social media by encouraging survivors to participate in open and private online forums and platforms. It's important that nurses ask patients about their computer and social media literacy, and offer help with improving literacy as needed. Links to burn survivor organizations and specialized online communities can be provided. Nurses can also help to develop interactive health promotion programs specific to adolescent and young adult burn survivors that incorporate social media. Such programs might facilitate longer-term nurse-burn survivor relationships that support continued learning and offer ongoing help from nurses. In fostering social media use, such programs could also prevent or ameliorate social isolation.
One of the tasks of nurse educators is to incorporate social media-related knowledge into the educational curricula.34, 39 Based on my findings and


A traveller's guide to Eton
The playing fields of Britain's most famous public school are hosting some new guests - a group of travellers. But are they aware of the local customs? An old boy offers a few pointers
An Etonian takes his sport very seriously. A huge predominance of the most successful boys there find the route of their success is, indeed, on Wellington's famed "playing fields of Eton" - as well as on the river, where Matthew Pinsent learned his stuff. The travellers may crow that they have "thrashed" some Eton boys 3-1 in an informal football match, but I suspect they have been lulled into a false sense of superiority. It can only be a matter of time before they are challenged to Eton's two peculiar versions of football, and they are not for the faint-hearted.
The Field Game is not a pursuit that even the most widely travelled traveller will have encountered before, because it is played nowhere else in the world. A combination of soccer and rugby, it takes the more punishing aspects of both, and blends them into two halves of rasping lungs and vicious knocks. There is a scrum, but only one side's front row can have its heads down. There is a round ball, but you cannot pass it: you run with it until it is taken off you, or you are taken off it. And if you score, you are awarded a "ram": a hapless defendant stands in his goal mouth with the ball at his feet, buttressed by team mates who hold him and the ball in place, while the three fiercest members of the attacking team run frantically on the spot, one behind the other, until they have built up enough steam to charge at the ball, hoping to carry it and those around it over the goal line.
The Wall Game famously does not produce goals. Two sides flounder in the mud for half an afternoon, hoping that today is going to be the one which will produce a score, idly grinding their opponents' skulls against the wall, or treading it into the oozing quagmire that is the playing field. Play is rarely interrupted by the referee's whistle; although calling for air does result in a brief cessation in hostilities, while lungs are emptied of mortar and mud, and refilled with the air wafting over from neighbouring Slough.
If you have gained the impression that Eton likes its ball games idiosyncratic, then that is as nothing compared with its slang. Masters are "beaks", and the time that you have to be back in your boarding house is known as "lock up". This may not be reassuring to those travellers who have had run-ins with the law.
Any traveller hoping to have fun with the dual interpretation of being a "fag" will be disappointed to learn that the practice of servitude by junior members of the school is long past. I was in that unfortunate generation who fagged for a year, but who found the system was abolished before being able to get someone to disrupt their day for me, polishing shoes, take smutty jokes to my friends in other houses, or any number of other chores which were rewarded with £2 per half (Eton-speak for term).
In the unlikely circumstance that any of the travellers think in the language of Rat Pack musicals, it is as well to point out that the term "dame" does not generally signify a comely young good-time girl, but rather a formidable lady in her middling years, with sensible shoes, an iron will, and an understanding of how to instil terror or respect into her 50 boys.
She is half-matron, and half-sergeant-major. She is unlikely to have much truck with a traveller. Indeed, I imagine that these may be the shock troops that the Eton authorities are already considering unleashing on their unwelcome guests. Their King Charles Spaniels charging before them, their house-coloured umbrellas in their hands, these are modern Boadiceas, eager to drive out the Roman(y) invader.
By saying that the Etonians he had seen "look like a bunch of nancy boys in their tailcoats", one traveller has failed to see through the process that this most patriotic of schools has used over the past 182 years, to engender the martial spirit in its alumni. By insisting that the mourning clothes for the death of George III become the school uniform, Eton's authorities have instilled the sort of toughness in its old boys that the man who named his son Sue was striving for. If you can force your way into those clothes each day, then put up with the derision of outsiders for five years, the heat of battle will hold few fears.
From Wellington to Colonel "H" Jones, Old Etonians have distinguished themselves on the field of battle. Recently, there were more Old Etonians in the SAS than in any other army regiment, and the present and future commanding officers of that elite outfit were contemporaries of mine at Eton (Me? I dodged the Corps, and opted for social services; but please allow me a little reflected glory).
It may be that the travellers will need to be removed by legal process. However, having read this, there is a strong chance that they will quietly slip away, rather than allow themselves to be left at the mercy of an institution that is almost as old as the Romany tradition, and which is certainly as resilient. This may well be the sensible option. It is also clear that there is no shortage of sense in this roving community that has settled in Eton's fields: after all, they have camped a full 100 yards from the main school canteen, and if my memory serves me right, that is a very wise place to be.
· Earl Spencer was at Eton College from 1977 to 1982.


text:
There is complete lack of information on roosting behavior of the house swift, Apus affinis native to Chhattisgarh. Therefore, we studied the roosting behavior (exit and entry patterns from/to its roosting site) of the house swift. Attempts were also made to ascertain the modulatory role of environmental factors. We monitored the exit and entry timings of the house swift in the roosting site located on the busiest commercial area of Raipur city, India, for eight consecutive days, every month over a period of two years. The exit and entry timings showed positive relationship with the sunrise and sunset, respectively. The house swift exited tater and entered earlier in winter as compared with summer and monsoon seasons. A significant negative correlation between exit time and morning ambient temperature, and positive correlation between entry time and evening temperature was witnessed. Unlike exit time, the entry time was negatively associated with the humidity. The emry time was also associated with light intensity. In summary, we conclude that various environmental factors, viz., sunrise time, sunset time, temperature, humidity and light intensity are likely to produce statistically significant effect on roosting behavior of the house swift. This study is, however, inadequate to answer the following questions: (1) how the first bird of the colony determines that it is the time to fly out? (2) Is it the same individual that flies out first daily? Nonetheless, the findings of the present study may have important bearings on the safety of civil and military flights.
Cite this article:
Kankariya, Singh, Pati and Parganiha (2014). Temporal Pattern in Roosting Behavior of the House Swift, Apus a/finis with Reference to Environmental Factors - a Longitudinal Study. Journal of Ravishankar University (Part-B: Science), 27(1), pp. 41-50.


text:
My Leicester colleague Catherine Pashley has done a lot of work in this area, so I was interested in this recent minireview in PLOS Pathogens.
- What Is Asthma?
- Why Do Fungi Make Spores? And a Guide to Terminology
- Do Fungal Spores Cause Asthma?
- Which Species Are Associated with Asthma?
- If Identification to Species Matters, Will New Tools Provide Needed Data?
Asthma and the Diversity of Fungal Spores in Air. (2013) PLoS Pathog 9(6): e1003371. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat._PHONE_
The diversity of fungal spores in air is vast, but research on asthma focuses on a handful of easily identified, culturable species. Ecologists are developing new tools to probe communities and identify the full complement of fungi in habitats. These tools may enable identification of novel asthma triggers, but scientists involved in public health or medicine rarely interact with mycologists focused on ecology. With this primer, my aim is to facilitate communication by providing doctors with a basic, modern guide to spores, by teaching mycologists the essential facts of asthma, and by providing patients with a succinct summary of what is known about spores and asthma. By highlighting the use of emerging metagenomics technologies in ecology, I intend to illustrate how these tools might be used to more thoroughly understand the potential diversity of fungi involved in asthma.


text:
As recently acknowledged by the WHO, sepsis is the number one killer from infectious diseases, mostly bacterial infections, and as such has emerged as a major public health priority. Global estimates ascribe to sepsis 30 million cases annually and approximately 6 million deaths worldwide. The WHO thus urges member states to increasing efforts towards obtaining better knowledge of the syndrome through improved education, extending prevention, and research on diagnostics and therapeutic management of sepsis.
The INDUCE project aims at filling the knowledge gap on the epidemiology of sepsis in France, building on the PHIBRA program which aims to investigate the epidemiology of various infections as well as the impact of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, and will allow studying the incidence as well as the short and long-term outcomes of patients affected by bacterial sepsis in France.
Keywords: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics, Sepsis, SNDS
- DATAD of the Direction de la Stratégie, des Études et des Statistiques (DSES), Caisse Nationale de l'Assurance Maladie (Cnam)
- EDS, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)


text:
The Journal of American Medical Association did a study on "e-mobile technology", for example sending text messages on phones to try to increase immunization rates, in this case flu rates of children.
The research was done at the University of Rochester where about 8,000, mostly low-income kids, and parents got a series of text messages regarding flu shots starting at the beginning of the 2010-2011 flu season, and then received an additional reminder.
About half the parents got weekly text messages, educating them about the flu and the importance of immunizing their children. They also got weekly text messages reminding them about flu clinics that were being held.
Researchers found that about 44% of the kids and teens that were in the text message group were vaccinated and about 40% of those parents who did not receive texts were vaccinated.
Statistically, there's not much difference, but clinically this is important, and here's why. These authors pointed out that if these results were applied to the entire population you would have several million more kids getting vaccinated.
One of the concerns we should consider is cost and even potentially, some privacy issues. But despite the possible downsides, even if it's only a 4% difference, if you apply that, it could result in lives saved. I think we should continue to pursue this area of research of using text message reminders as a potential to make a difference from the public health perspective. In the meantime though, make sure your children are getting their flu shots every year!


text:
Martin Marietta Magnesia Specialties provides high purity, magnesium hydroxide and magnesium oxide for use in power generation.
UtiliMag® products are used to significantly reduce sulfur trioxide (SO3), opacity and acid plumes generated by boilers and SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) units.
UtiliMag® 40 can be injected downstream of the SCR to the air heater inlet for effective SO3 removal, corrosion control and opacity treatment. Backend treatment with UtiliMag® 40 can also reduce the formation of ammonium bisulfate in the air heater, resulting in less frequent, easier cleanup and elimination of corrosion.
UtiliMag® H is also effective in neutralizing acidic solutions generated from wet electrostatic precipitators (WESP) and SO2 from flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubbers.
- Backend boiler treatment for SOx treatment
- Flue Gas Desulfurization
- WESP effluent neutralization
- Reduce sulfur trioxide (SO3) generated by boilers and SCR units
- Reduce opacity emissions and acid plumes related to sulfur trioxide
- Neutralizes acidic solutions generated from wet electrostatic precipitators (WESP)
- Neutralizing acidic solutions generated from flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubbers
- Injected downstream for effective SO3 removal, corrosion control, and opacity treatment
- Reduce the formation of ammonium bisulfate in the air heater


text:
International league of associations for rheumatology recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis in resource-poor settings.
Elmamoun M., Eraso M., Anderson M., Maharaj A., Coates L., Chandran V., ILAR-PsA recommendations group None., Abogamal A., Adebajo AO., Ajibade A., Ayanlowo O., Azevedo V., Bautista-Molano W., Carneiro S., Goldenstein-Schainberg C., Hernandez-Velasco F., Ima-Edomwonyi U., Lima A., Medina-Rosas J., Mody GM., Narang T., Ortega-Loayza AG., Ranza R., Sharma A., Toloza S., Vega-Espinoza L., Vega-Hinojosa O.
BACKGROUND: Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a challenging heterogeneous disease. The European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) and the Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and PsA (GRAPPA) last published their respective recommendations for the management of PsA in 2015. However, these guidelines are primarily based on studies conducted in resource replete countries and may not be applicable in countries in the Americas (except Canada and USA) and Africa. We sought to adapt the existing recommendations for these regions under the auspices of the International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR). PROCESS: The ADAPTE Collaboration (2009) process for guideline adaptation was followed to adapt the EULAR and GRAPPA PsA treatment recommendations for the Americas and Africa. The process was conducted in three recommended phases: set-up phase; adaptation phase (defining health questions, assessing source recommendations, drafting report), and finalization phase (external review, aftercare planning, and final production). RESULT: ILAR recommendations have been derived principally by adapting the GRAPPA recommendations, additionally, EULAR recommendations where appropriate and supplemented by expert opinion and literature from these regions. A paucity of data relevant to resource-poor settings was found in PsA management literature. CONCLUSION: The ILAR Treatment Recommendations for PsA intends to serve as reference for the management of PsA in the Americas and Africa. This paper illustrates the experience of an international working group in adapting existing recommendations to a resource-poor setting. It highlights the need to conduct research on the management of PsA in these regions as data are currently lacking.Key Points• The paper presents adapted recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis in resource-poor settings.• The ADAPTE process was used to adapt existing GRAPPA and EULAR recommendations by collaboration with practicing clinicians from the Americas and Africa.• The evidence from resource-poor settings to answer clinically relevant questions was scant or non-existent; hence, a research agenda is proposed.


text:
come and learn how to make a piñata.
day one: learn the various pastes, types of molds, shapes of piñata, kinds of material/decorations
learn the lyrics to "the piñata song"
discuss the historical origins and cultural context of piñatas
create a small, individual piñata of your own and help build a large nine-pointed star piñata for the class
day two: pick-up finished personal piñata
participate in the piñata party where we will fill the class piñata with anything you'd like.
come get blindfolded, turned in circles and given a stick to break open the hanging piñata.
bring your own material.
scrap cardboard, newpaper, colored tissue paper, wire, paintbrushes, white glue, liquid starch
decorations and whatever you'd like to fill the piñata with.


Audiobook Review: Dragon School Books 1-5 by Sarah K.L. Wilson
'Dragon School' is outstanding YA fantasy adventure featuring Amel Leafbrought, a teenage girl beginning her career as a dragon rider.
Despite significant physical and social challenges, Amel demonstrates determination, integrity and resilience, presenting a really good role model for young people who often confront obstacles of one kind or another in achieving their goals. Her discovery of abilities that others do not have is a powerful element of Amel's narrative, and serves as a strong encouragement for others who experience physical disabilities or limitations.
Amel's experiences of other people, whether peers, teachers or dragons, demonstrate important lessons about the importance of careful discernment about who should be trusted, and about the true nature of friendship.
This series is highly original and well constructed. The story progresses at a very good pace, with plenty of adventure balanced by reflection and the development of friendships and connections between characters. The imagery is colourful and detailed, the characters diverse and varied, and the complications and problems they face are compelling.
The world building is unique and interesting, featuring complex and thought-provoking social systems, detailed and thoughtful architecture, and geography quite unique to this world.
The narration by Jigisha Patel, is clear and fluent, with excellent diction and expression, although there are a couple of minor errors. Her use of voice and tone to develop character and deliver the narrative results in a compelling story that is as engaging and enjoyable as Wilson's writing.
While there are more episodes to follow, this audiobook ends with sufficient resolution to satisfy the audience, and a tantalising promise of more adventure to come.
Audiobook Review: The Gold Dragon Caper. A Damien Dickens Mystery by Phyllis Entis
'The Gold Dragon Caper' is a the fourth of the Damien Dickens mystery novel/audiobook series.
The story is complex and full of intriguing twists, and progresses at a pace that keeps the reader hooked without feeling rushed. A number of the characters from previous books in the series return in this story, giving a pleasing sense of continuity and connection for those who have read or listened to them, but there are also enough new characters to keep things fresh and interesting.
The book does stand alone for readers who have not read the previous installments, but will deliver spoilers for anyone who might want to read the earlier books.
The narration by Tom Lennon is very easy to listen to, and very much suits the detective noir style and tone of the story.
Audiobook Review: 'Good Omens' by Terry Pratchett and Neil Gaiman
Dark, witty and ironic, 'Good Omens' is a brilliant read. This should come as no surprise, given that its authors are both creative geniuses.
This audiobook recording is brilliant. The casting is fabulous and the performances are outstanding, making this an excellent listening experience which is entertaining and thought-provoking at the same time.
'Good Omens' ticks all the boxes for the perfect dark comic fantasy.


text: E1 (or E-1) is a European digital transmission format devised by the ITU-TS and given the name by the Conference of European Postal and Telecommunication Administration (CEPT). It is the equivalent of the North American T-carrier system format. The E1 signal format carries data at a rate of 2.048 million bits per second and can carry 32 channels of 64 Kbps each. E1 carries at a somewhat higher data rate than T-1 (which carries 1.544 million bits per second) because, unlike T-1, it does not do bit-robbing and all eight bits per channel are used to code the signal. E1 and T-1 can be interconnected for international use.


Digital Recruitment In Nigeria
The digitization of the recruitment process in Nigeria is still in its infant stage.
Few of the businesses I have come across have not digitized their human resource system talk less of recruitment.
In many organizations, the only digitized platform you may see is the employee data management portal. Every other thing is manual.
For those who care to know, its
Digital recruitment also means recruiting via digital platforms or if you will, social media platforms which include:
1. Facebook.
2. LinkedIn.
3. Twitter.
4. Instagram
Other traditional methods are:
1. Newspapers.
2. Post cards/ bills
3. Radio, TV
4. emails.
In Europe, the use of digital recruitment is at an all time high, rising to an astounding 94% of recruiters using digital platforms to hire candidates over the last six years.
So are there any benefits of using these social media platforms for recruitment? The answer is yes, and the statistics remain impressive. I found the following very interesting
# 73% of job applications have been successfully filled through the uses of social media.
# 42% of companies say that the quality of their candidates has improved.
# 20% of companies say that it takes less time to hire their candidates when using social media.
# 31% of companies that used social media to recruit saw an increase of employee referrals.
# 65% of companies that used social media to recruit compensate employees for referrals.
Its difficult to get a hang of data in Nigeria
To make things clear, what is digital recruitment?
Digital recruitment is the process of recruiting, head-hunting and searching for a prospective candidate to match their skills and experience to a prospective employer through chats or calls about a new opportunity with the aid of a blend of social profiles like LinkedIn and HR software that work simultaneously to seek out these ideal candidates.
Typically, here is a simplified example of how a digital recruitment process would be:
1. Understand what you are looking for i.e
a) What role you want filled
b) What specifications the job entails
c) The description
d) The relevant skills and experience needed
e) The background you are looking for etc.
This is why its important that we use the right titles and descriptions for our profiles on LinkedIn
2. Head-hunt
Recruiters use any of the social media platform and its highly important that when you are registering or creating an account that you use the right description.
Keywords are typed in search engines or on those social media platforms and the results are perused for specific profiles.
People have also been warned to desist from posting things that could become a contradiction to the kind of image you are trying to show to your professional networks.
3. Connect.
Here you request for a chat with the prospect via;
a) Skype.
b) Call.
c) Other comfortable platform that is comfortable with both partners.
4. Decide to proceed.
After the chat you can decide to proceed by requesting for the CV which you store in the data bank which is automated. The data bank can have certain commands other to access the resume easily such as;
a) Prospect name
b) Job title
c) Medium CV was received.
If you will not be proceeding with prospect after the chat, it is better to use a style where the candidate is told immediately about the status. It may require experience to pull this through.
5. Interview, tests or simulations
We all know how this works.
6. If employed, employee profile is immediately created and stored in data management system such as PeopleHR, Workable, WhenIWork etc.
This helps to easily track, training requirements, profile, leave requests, attendance, promotions, PPR etc because its all automated.
The only department in 21st century Nigerian business environment which is setback on digitization is basically the HR department and you will agree with me that digitization makes work and our lives very efficient.
Written by Adetunji Bademosi
 1. The technological takeover ha come slowly but steadily to Nigeria. But with the way things are looking up, we can expect our lives to be ruled by technology. I, for one, am truly excited by the prospect.
 2. It really is so much complicated for me to understand that what you are actually trying to say.
 3. I like this post I really appreciate the kind of topics you post here.thank you
 Trading erp software in chennai


PFFI Introduces New Cancer Awareness and Prevention Resource
Understand your cancer risk, know the exposures to carcinogens on the job and reduce your risk of occupational cancer with the new IAFF fire fighter cancer awareness and prevention training course.
This new resource, developed in conjunction with the Fire Fighter Cancer Support Network, is designed to help members avoid and decrease individual risk factors for cancer.
In addition to understanding why fire fighters are at increased risk of cancer, this new training will:
 - Describe the most prominent types of cancer that affect fire fighters
 - Identify the top carcinogens in the fire fighting environment
 - Review the major routes of exposure to carcinogens for fire fighters
 - Encourage behavior changes that can reduce the risk of developing cancer
Start the cancer awareness and prevention training course.
Watch this video to learn more about the IAFF's efforts to ensure
our members have a better chance of staying cancer-free.


text:
Different Espresso Drinks and How They're Made
Cappuccinos, lattes, mochaccinos, macchiatos... it's hard enough keeping track of the names, let alone the different ways each drink is made. Let's break them down:
- Cappuccino: Equal parts espresso, steamed milk, and milk foam. The steamed milk and foam can be either poured on spooned on top of the espresso. Some cafes sprinkle cinnamon or chocolate powder on top for garnish. Cappuccinos are for people who like a medium-strong cup of milky coffee.
- Latte: Espresso and steamed milk served in a tall glass, often with a bit of foam on top. Because these are served in taller glasses, this drink contains more steamed milk than a flat white does. Lattes are for people who enjoy a smooth, milky coffee.
- Mochaccino: Hybrid between a mocha and a cappuccino. Basically, it's a cappuccino that's made with chocolate powder or sauce. Perfect for the chocoholic who likes a foamy mocha!
- Flat White: One-third espresso, two-thirds steamed milk, and a very thin, flat layer of foam on top. Flat whites are for people who like a standard white coffee.
- Long Black: Double shot of espresso poured over boiling water, forming a crema. This drink is popular in Australia and New Zealand. It is similar to the americano in the United States, although the preparation is different. For an americano, the espresso goes in first, and the boiling water is poured over it.
- Short Black: Single shot of espresso, often served with a small cup of hot water on the side.
- Macchiato: Single shot of espresso with a dollop of foam on top. Macchiato means "spotted" or "stained." For this drink, the foam is "staining" the espresso.
- Chai Latte: This drink doesn't actually involve any coffee at all. Instead, chai syrup is combined with steamed milk. Chai syrup is made by brewing black tea with spices like ginger, cinnamon, cloves, cardamom, and black pepper.
Frequently Asked Questions
What's the difference between a single shot and a double shot?
Cafes have different standards in terms of how many shots of espresso extract they use for their espresso drinks. Typically, they will use either a single shot (one ounce) or a double shot (two ounces). Ask the person at the counter when you order your coffee if they use a singleor double-shot standard. If you prefer a different number of shots in your drink, you can make that request.
- Single shot = 1 ounce = 30 mL
- Double shot = 2 ounces = 60 mL
What temperature should the steamed milk be?
If your drink contains steamed milk, the milk should be steamed to a temperature of 140–150 degrees. If the milk is under-heated, your coffee won't be hot enough—and you don't want to pay $4 for a tepid coffee! If you like the taste of the coffee at a cafe that doesn't serve it hot enough, ask them to make it hotter. If they refuse to, or if the cafe isn't that great anyway, try somewhere else.
How can I tell if my coffee is burnt?
If you ever detect a bitter, slightly caramelized taste to your coffee, the milk may be burnt. If this happens, you can ask for it to be made again. The cafe should be more than willing to make you a new drink; if not, I'd recommend that you don't return to that particular shop. I believe cafes should care about the quality of the drinks they make—and about providing good customer service.
What flavours are common for espresso drinks?
There are many tasty flavoured syrups that can be added to your coffee beverage. Some of the most common ones include caramel, chocolate, hazelnut, coconut, Irish cream, white chocolate, vanilla, and mint.
How do the baristas draw those beautiful designs in the foam?
I know, isn't it amazing what they can do? It's all in the technique of the pour, as the video below demonstrates.