text:
first class includes simple aggregation techniques like ranking, summation or average. Ranking is a very basic way to measure trustworthiness. In ranking algorithms, ratings are counted and organized in a descending order based on that value. This measure has no exact reputation score. Instead, it is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance/trustworthiness. Examples for systems using ranking algorithms are message boards like Slashdot or citation counts used to calculate the impact factor in academic literature. Other aggregation techniques that are well known due to the implementation on eBay or Amazon are the summation (adding up positive and negative ratings) or the average of ratings. Summation, though, can easily be misleading, since a value of 90 does not reveal the composition of positive and negative ratings (e.g. +100,-10 or +90,0). The average, on the other hand, is a very intuitive and easily understandable algorithm.
Statistic: Many of the prominent trust models proposed in the last years use a statistical approach to provide a solid mathematical basis for trust management. Applied techniques range from Bayesian probability over belief models to Hidden Markov Models. All models based on the beta probability density function (beta PDF) are examples for models simply using Bayesian probability. The beta PDF represents the probability distributions of binary events. The a priori reputation score is thereby gradually updated by new ratings. The result is a reputation score that is described in a beta PDF function parameter tuple (α, β), whereby α represents positive and β represents negative ratings. A well known model using the beta PDF is the Beta Reputation system. A weakness of Bayesian probabilistic models, however, is that they cannot handle uncertainty. Therefore, belief models extend the probabilistic approach by Dempster-Shafer theory (DST) or subjective logic to include the notion of uncertainty. Trust and reputation models involving a belief model were proposed by Jøsang or Yu and Singh. More complex solutions that are based on machine learning, use the Hidden Markov Model, a generalization of the beta model, to better cope with the dynamic behavior. An example was introduced by Malik et al..
Fuzzy: Aggregation techniques classified as fuzzy models use fuzzy logic to calculate a reputation value. In contrast to classical logic, fuzzy logic allows to model truth or falsity within an interval of [0,1]. Thus, it can describe the degree to which an agent/resource is trustworthy or not trustworthy. Fuzzy logic has been proven to deal well with uncertainty and mimic the human decision making process. Thereby, a linguistic approach is often applied. REGRET is one prominent example of a trust model making use of fuzzy logic.
Graph-based: A variety of trust models employ a graph-based approach. They rely on different measures describing the position of nodes in a network involving the flow of transitive trust along trust chains in network structures. As online social networks have become popular as a medium for disseminating information and connecting people, many models regarding trust in social networks have lately been proposed. Graph-based approaches use measures from the field of graph theory such as centrality (e.g. Eigenvector, betweenness), distance or node-degree. Reputation values, for instance, grow with the number of incoming edges (in-degree) and increase or decrease with the number of outgoing edges (out-degree). The impact of one edge on the overall reputation can depend on several factors like the reputation of the node an edge comes from or the distance of two nodes. Popular algorithms using graph-based flow model are Google's PageRank as well as the Eigentrust Algorithm. Other examples are the web-of-trust or trust models particularly designed for social networks as described in. As mentioned above, the weighting and aggregation phases are incrementally run through for several times due to the incremental nature of these algorithms.
The classification of the computation engine's components used in different trust models in this taxonomy is not limited to one component of each primary class. Depending on the computation process, several filtering, weighting and aggregation techniques can be combined and run through more than once. Malik et al., for instance, introduced a hybrid model combining heuristic and statistical approaches. However, our taxonomy can reveal the single logical components a computation engine is built on. Moreover, it serves as an overview of existing approaches. Since every currently known reputation system can find its position, to the best of our knowledge, this taxonomy can be seen as complete. Though, an extension by new classes driven by novel models and ideas is possible. Our hierarchical component taxonomy currently contains 3 primary component classes, 14 secondary component classes, 23 component terms and 29 subsets. Table 2 shows an excerpt of the hierarchical component taxonomy with building blocks of the primary class "weighting". The full taxonomy is provided in Additional file 1: Table S1.
The component taxonomy as a framework for design with reuse
The hierarchical component taxonomy introduced in the former section serves as a natural framework for the design of reputation systems with reuse. To support this process, we set up a component repository combining a knowledge and a service repository. Thus, it does not only contain information about software components on implementation level but also provides extensive descriptions of the ideas applied on a conceptual level. This comprehensive set of fundamental component concepts and ideas combined with the related implementation allows the reuse of both ideas and already implemented components.
In this section, we firstly describe the conceptual design of our component repository in detail. Then, we elaborate on the implementation of a web application employing our thorough repository to provide design knowledge for reuse on a conceptual and an implementation level.
Conceptual design of the component repository
Reuse-based software engineering can be implemented on different levels of abstraction, ranging from the reuse of ideas to the reuse of already implemented software components for a very specific application area. In this work, we want to apply our taxonomy for reuse on two levels – a conceptual level and an implementation level. Therefore, the developed repository provides design knowledge for reuse on two logical layers (see Figure 3).
Reuse on conceptual level
When reusing an implemented component, one is unavoidably constrained by design decisions that have been made by the developer. A way to prevent this is to conceive more abstract designs that do not specify the implementation. Thus, we provide an abstract solution to a problem by means of design pattern-like concepts. Design patterns are descriptions of commonly occurring problems and a generic solution to the problems that can be used in different settings. Our design pattern-like concepts consist of essential elements that are exemplary depicted in Table 3.
Reuse on implementation level
On implementation level, we provide fully implemented reusable components by means of web services in a service-orientated architecture. These services encapsulate the concepts' logic and functionality in independent and interchangeable modules to achieve the separation of concerns. The web services are incorporated via well-defined interfaces. All services provided are registered as artifacts in the service repository. An artifact contains essential information about one live reachable service such as ID, type (REST or ws), URL, description, parameters, example calls, example output, the design pattern that is implemented by the service, and tags describing the functionality. Table 4 shows an example artifact for the design pattern described above.
Implementation of the repository
To demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, we have prototypically implemented the repository as a web-based application in a three-tier client-server-architecture. To give an overview of the chosen architecture, we distinguish between server-side and client-side implementation.
On server-side, the logic is implemented in PHP on an Apache server (logic layer) connecting to a MySQL database (persistent layer). The MySQL database contains all data regarding the design patterns as described in Table 2. Each of these design patterns is also implemented in a web service. To enable a standardized realization of new web services and a flawless call via standardized interfaces, we employ an abstract class Component. All components (implemented as web services) must inherit from this class, which particularly requires overwriting the function calculate_values. To make the generic component independent of the input data, developers are advised to make use of the PHP function func_get_args(). In this way, distinct components can receive a variety of arguments. To consistently handle client calls, our architecture is extended by a WebserviceCallHandler. Figure 4 depicts the schematic layout.
All web services implementing the trust pattern currently described in our knowledge repository have been created and registered as artifacts in our service repository. Furthermore, these artifacts are described in detail including a definition of input, output and example calls as defined in Table 4.
Example call of a filtering component via the WebserviceCallHelper
To rigorously demonstrate the proper functioning and quality of our approach, we carry out a two-part evaluation of our artifact in this section. As there is currently no comparable framework, we firstly perform a descriptive scenario-based evaluation. According to Hevner et al., this is a standard approach for innovative artifacts like ours. To demonstrate the completeness of our taxonomy, we secondly conduct a static analysis, in which we match all components to the trust properties described in Section 'The notion of trust and its properties'.
Scenario analysis: Reputation system development
The fictitious web developer John Gray runs an electronic marketplace platform for philatelists and numismatics. The platform has been launched with his friends as the first users but has been growing fast. Meanwhile, most users do not know each other in person anymore. As a result, many of the initial users have stopped interacting with the newcomers as they do not trust them. After realizing this problem, John decides to introduce an online reputation system in order to establish trust among the strangers. In the following, we describe how our knowledge and service repository can help him to build a reputation system that perfectly meets his requirements.
Having read the basics on our component model, John concludes that he wants to build a computation engine that makes use of components of all three phases – filtering, weighting and


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MySQL has the advantage of containing several storage engines providing you with what is effectively several different types of databases in one software package. You install MySQL then choose MyISAM or InnoDB or one of the other storage engines. InnoDB became the default in MySQL 5.1.
InnoDB is now the default database engine and is benefiting from the extra focus. MySQL 5.5 includes InnoDB enhancements to make better use of storage technology coupled with multiple processor cores. The main change splits a workload into two separate streams to let the workloads run on separate cores. Input/Output requests should start faster, producing more requests per second. You then need faster disks to serve those extra requests.
There are several improvements to make better use of multiple core processors. You will not see a difference when you step up from 2 cores to 4 cores. The difference will be noticeable when you jump up to 12 cores, as provided in an AMD Operon chip.
The improvement is created by splitting workloads into multiple streams to let them run in parallel. Some of the workloads are controlled by parameters you can set to fit your hardware. There is more statistical information recorded to help you tune the workloads.
Benchmarks show there is little difference for 4 cores or less because there were already enough streams running in parallel. There is little benefit above 30 cores because there are not enough streams to service more cores.
This is a bit like backing up your data with RAID 1. You get at least two copies. The process works when you replicate from a master database to some slaves.
Think of a master database replicating updates to several slave databases to serve many Web servers. You commit a transaction on the master and the change is saved to the master before the transaction is completed. You have one safe copy. Then your master server dies and you have no safe copies.
Try that again with semisynchronous replication. You commit the transaction. MySQL updates the master but does not tell you the transaction is finished. Instead it waits for one slave to take a copy of the update. When the slave has secured a copy of the update and replied to the master, the master tells your program the transaction is complete. The master server dies. You simply switch the slave to become the master and carry on with 100 percent of your data.
This feature is definitely of value to people running transactions in a master/slave replication.
MySQL installs easily on Windows if you have administrative access. There are 32 bit and 64 bit versions for automatic installation.
Oracle own MySQL and Oracle sell a rebranded Red Hat Linux. MySQL is available for both. MySQL is also available in source code andgeneric forms for Linux and some Unixes.
MySQL is not available in Deb format for automatic installation in Debian or derivatives of Debian including Ubuntu and Linux Mint. Some applications are also available in a PPA library for automatic download bypassing the Debian and Ubuntu releases. MySQL is not available in PPA form.
There are promises to set up a PPA library and a Deb download and to fast track MySQL 5.5 into Debian.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Space sex - don't pretend you haven't thought about it. No one has investigated how human reproduction responds to changes in gravity, but new research on plant reproduction indicates that sex in space might not be as fun as you might imagine.
A Canadian study suggests that conception resulting from low-gravity reproduction could be dangerous to a developing fetus, possibly leading to growth retardation and health problems like brain disease.
The study, conducted by biologist Dr. Anja Geitmann of Montreal University and published in the journal PLOS One on March 13, found that plant cells growing in low gravity have damaged intracellular transport, which makes it difficult for them to communicate with each other and seriously hampers normal cell growth.
If human cells are affected in the same way, contraception might be necessary for astronauts attempting sex in spacefor more than just the usual reasons.
Why Study Plant Sex in Space?
The focus of the study was the pollen tube-the reproductive cell that makes plant sex possible. Plant reproduction involves transferring male sperm cells, or pollen, to the female sexual organ in plantsthe stigma. When a pollen grain lands on a stigma, it grows into a pollen tube that acts as a tunnel for sperm cells to reach the egg.
Since plant sperm cells are delivered to the egg by a "cylindrical tool," like in human reproduction, Geitmann figured that the growth of pollen tubes in microgravity might be analogous to human space fertilization. Pollen tubes are also the fastest-growing cells in the plant world, which made the effects of microgravity easy to observe in real time.
"Researchers already knew humans, animals and plants have evolved in response to Earth's gravity and they are able to sense it," Geitmann told the Daily Mail.
"What we are still discovering is how the processes occurring within the cells of the human and plant bodies are affected by the more intense gravity, or hypergravity, that would be found on a large planet, or the microgravity that resembles the conditions on a space craft."
"Intracellular transport processes are particularly sensitive to disturbance, with dramatic consequences for cell functioning. How these processes are affected by a change in gravity is poorly understood.'
Geitmann's team used spinning centrifuges in the European Space Agency to simulate the effects of microgravity and hypergravity in space on plant sex. They put pollen tubes in the centrifuges and stained specific structures in the cells to show how gravity changes affected the transport of materials within the cells, then used real-time microscopy to watch the samples develop.
The results showed that the pollen tubes in simulated microgravity were significantly smaller, while the pollen tubes in hypergravity grew wider as gravity exerted more force. They also showed that altered gravity compromised the complex and highly coordinated networks that carry messages and materials within and between cells to promote normal growth.
"This allows us not only to understand general principles of the reproductive mechanism in plants but, more importantly, how the intracellular transport machinery in eukaryotic cells responds to altered gravity conditions," said co-author Dr. Youssef Chebli.
What Does That Mean for Human Sex In Space?
The disruption of normal plant sexual reproduction suggests that changes in gravity could have dire implications for human reproduction in space as well.
Intracellular transport is key to the healthy development of many human cells, especially neurons in the brain. If the growth of developing human cells is similar to the plant cell growth observed in this study, microgravity could cause major complications for the outcome of human sex in space.
Geitmann suggests that her team's findings "are significant with regards to human health, as a traffic jam on these highways that also exist in human cells can cause cancer and illnesses such as Alzheimer's.'
According to Livescience, astronaut studies by NASA showed cognitive performance declines in space, though the effects were inconsistent. The declines could have been caused by radiation or sleep deprivation, and no one has yet investigated the actual functioning of neurons in zero gravity.
Many neuronal diseases, like Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease, involve deficits in trafficking between cells, and Geitmann speculates that microgravity could have some effect on their development.
It seems that human reproduction in space has great risksmuch more research needs to be done before conception via sex in space can be viable.
So... When Will Space Sex Happen?
Though mixed-gender crews have blasted off into orbit since 1983, no one has ever reported any instances of sex in space. NASA has denied any instances of space sex during previous missions.
The Daily Mail points out that NASA doesn't forbid sexual activity during space voyages, though high professional standards, rigorous schedules, tight quarters, and constant monitoring from ground control are likely to dampen any tension among astronauts.
Still, it's only a matter of time before space flight planners will have to account for spacefarers getting down to business. Space missions are long enough as it is, and professional boundaries may not prevent sexual interactions for much longer.
Virgin Galactic expects to launch private trips into orbit by next year, and space tourists are likely to be less restrained than the company's name implies. A space voyage manned by a married couple, projected to happen as soon as 2013, would ostensibly not require a strict separation of work and pleasure.
In a mission that has little to do with science, retired porn star Coco Brown is training to be the first adult performer in space in 2014. It's unclear whether the private flight will yield any evidence of space sexin public statements, Brown has been coy about the nature of her mission.
In the long run, self-sustaining colonies on the moon or Mars would depend on sex in space- a development that would require working around the kinks that microgravity might cause in human reproduction.
Listen to science writer Mary Roach talk about sex in space:
Published by Medicaldaily.com


text:
Machupuchare in the Annapurna Range of the Himalaya in central Nepal is a mountain influenced by monsoons.
Click on image for full size
Courtesy of Kip Hodges
Storms Shaped the Himalayan Mountains
News story originally written on November 9, 2008
Rain is important for many reasons. It waters plants and allows animals to drink. It fills rivers and lakes. But did you know that it can affect mountains too?
Scientists have found evidence that strong storms shaped the Himalayan Mountains over millions of years.
The Himalayan Mountains are in Asia, where winds blow that carry moist air. These moist winds make monsoons, big storms that have lots of rain. There's evidence that the monsoons have happened for at least 24 million years. But the storms have not always been the same. Sometimes monsoons were very big and other times they were smaller storms.
To figure out how the monsoons have changed high in the Himalayas, scientists looked to the bottom of the ocean. They studied layers of sediments from the seafloor. The sediments were weathered from mountains, then moved in rivers before settling down on the seafloor.
The seafloor sediments shows how much of the mountain rock weathered away over time. The scientists found that more monsoons cause more weathering of rocks.
The scientists concluded that the Asian monsoons became stronger from 23 to 10 million years ago, and then became weaker until about 4 million years ago. After that, monsoons became stronger again.
Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store!
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Raindrops form when tiny water droplets collide together in clouds to form bigger ones. When they get too heavy, rain falls out of the clouds. Rain is more than 5mm in diameter. The types of clouds that...more
Wind is moving air. Warm air rises, and cool air comes in to take its place. This movement creates the winds around the globe. Winds move at different speeds and have different names based on their speed....more
If you sneeze into a pile of dust the little particles fly everywhere, but if you sneeze into a pile of rocks, they will stay put. It takes more force than a sneeze to move those rocks. Winds and water...more
When water or wind slows down, sediment can no longer be carried in it. The particles of sediment fall through the water or air and form a blanket of sediment on the bottom of a river, a lake, ocean,...more
Scientists have learned that Mount Hood, Oregon's tallest mountain, has erupted in the past due to the mixing of two different types of magma. Adam Kent, a geologist at Oregon State University, says this...more
The Earth's mantle is a rocky, solid shell that is between the Earth's crust and the outer core. The mantle is made up of many different reservoirs that have different chemical compositions. Scientists...more
Some faults look strong and like they wouldn't cause an earthquake. But it turns out that they can slip and slide like weak faults causing earthquakes. Scientists have been looking at one of these faults...more


text:
This introduces techniques for taking shots of nature scenes such as spring greenery, autumn leaves, and flowers.
Switch the SteadyShot setting to On.
- When using a tripod, switch the setting to Off to prevent the SteadyShot function from reacting when not needed.
- Set the self timer to 2sec when using a tripod to prevent blurring when pressing the shutter button.
Shooting modes to use:
Landscape in SCN (Scene Selection) is recommended for shooting nature scenes during the day.
Setting to Landscape lets you shoot in bright and clear colors from foreground to background.
Choosing the composition:
Be aware of the position of the sun when shooting landscapes (scenery).
The impression the photograph portrays will differ depending on how light strikes the subject (direct light, side light, backlight).
 Shooting with direct light
 Shooting with side light
 Shooting with backlight
- "Direct light" is when light strikes the subject from the front with the sun behind the photographer. This lets you take vivid and natural photographs close to how the actual situation is seen by the eye, but they tend to be plain photographs with no feel of depth.
- "Side light" is when light strikes the subject from the side or at and angle. This creates shadows, allowing for photographs with scenery having a sense of depth.
- "Backlight" is when light strikes the subject from behind with the photographer facing the sun. This lets you take photographs of leaves where light is seen through them almost as if they were lit up.
When photographing flowers by the roadside, do you often end up shooting from above like when trying to capture the place in the red box below?
Photos from above are not bad, but trying something new such as shooting close up or changing the angle you shoot from will give you shots like never before.
Photographing with different camera settings:
Blurring the background:
Using the Background Defocus function adds more blur to the background.
NOTE: Some models are not equipped with the Background Defocus function.
Changing the white balance lets you shoot with different color tones. You cannot change the white balance in shooting modes such as Scene Selection or Intelligent Auto, so switch the shooting mode to P (Program Auto).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The Liberty Ship John Muir
by Harold Wood
According to Edwin Way Teale, in his otherwise excellent book
The Wilderness World of John Muir
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1954), "during the First World War, a liberty
ship was christened the SS John Muir." Teale had his wars mixed up.
In actuality, all "Liberty Ships" were built during and used in the
Second World War, not the first.
The Liberty Ship John Muir was built in 1942. It was one of approximately 2700 Liberty Ships built during Second World War. A "Liberty Ship" was an emergency cargo ship, mass-produced
using a common design. As German submarines kept sinking supply ships, it was important
to the war effort to mass-produce as many new ships as possible for transporting supplies. So Liberty Ships had to be constructed quickly - in under six months. Since many hundreds of Liberty Ships were sunk under enemy fire during World War II, new Liberty Ships had to be built to replace them over and over again. Remarkably, the Liberty Ship John Muir survived the war, and was finally scrapped in 1966.
Liberty Ships were to be named, quite simply, after outstanding Americans, heroes and leaders in American history. This was easy for the first 300 ships, but became increasingly more difficult as the ship-building program expanded into the thousands. The simple list of the founding fathers and patriots had to be expanded into some 60 name lists, including authors, athletes, abolitionists, painters, historians, political and social reformers, scientists, college presidents, feminists, merchant marine heroes, railroad builders, diplomats, explorers, Indians, and pioneers. And not only Americans were recognized. Interestingly, several people who were friends of John Muir also had Liberty Ships named after them:
John Bidwell, John Burroughs, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Asa Gray,
David Starr Jordan, William Keith, William Kent, Joseph LeConte, Enos A. Mills, Harriet Monroe, Theodore Roosevelt,
Josiah D. Whitney, and S. Hall Young.
Here's the data about the Liberty Ship John Muir:
- Hull Number: 1226
- Date Built: December, 1942
- Built by: Marinship Corp., Sausalito,California, Yard No. 4.
- Scrapped: Portland, Oregon, May 1966
- Named after: Naturalist, explorer, conservationist, responsible for the establishment of the Yosemite National Park
- Length: 441 ft. 6 inches
- Breadth: 56 ft 10 3/4 inches
- Depth: 37 feet 4 inches
- Gross Tons: 7176 DWT: 10,414 tons
- Speed: 10-11 knots
Information provided by:
Captain C.J. Carroll
U.S. Merchant Marine, Retired
Captain of a Liberty ship at age 22 during the WW2
Still looking fir Mermaids.
Captain Carroll kindly responded to our April, 1998 request for information on
Liberty Ships: The Ugly Ducklings of World War II
by John Gorley Bunker (Annapolis, Naval Institute Press, 1972),
The Liberty Ship
by L.A. Sawyer and W.H. Mitchell
(Cornell Maritime Press, 1973),
The Liberty Ships - The People behind the
by Captain Deschamps, P.O.Box 10156 Bainbridge Island, Washington 98110.
| Alphabetical Index
| What's New


An addition to the southern sky, introduced by Johann Bode in his Uranographia atlas of 1801. Lochium Funis represented a nautical log and line used for measuring speed and distance travelled at sea. It was coiled around Pyxis, the Compass, a previous invention by the Frenchman Nicolas Louis de Lacaille. The device consisted of a weighted piece of flat wood (the log), attached to a long rope with knots tied in it (the line); in operation, the sailors threw the log overboard and measured the number of knots that were paid out in half a minute, as timed by a sand glass.
Bode treated Pyxis and Lochium Funis as a combined figure; on his atlas he enclosed them both within the same constellation boundary and listed their stars together in his accompanying catalogue, Allgemeine Beschreibung und Nachweisung der Gestirne. As Bode put it, the log measured the speed of the ship while the compass gave the direction.
Lacaille's Pyxis still exists but Bode's Lochium Funis soon sank without trace.
Lochium Funis snakes around Pyxis, the compass, on Chart XVIII of
the Uranographia of Johann Bode, who invented this now-abandoned
© Ian Ridpath. All rights reserved


text:
|This article does not cite any references or sources. (December 2009)|
The barca-longa was a two or three-masted lugger found on the coasts of Spain and Portugal as well as more widely in the Mediterranean Sea. They were used in Spain and Portugal for fishing but were employed by the Royal Navy in Mediterranean waters, for shore raids or as dispatch boats. In general, they were not in Royal Navy ownership. The Oxford English Dictionary's earliest reference is from 1681. Others are 18th-century.
|This article about a type of ship or boat is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


Ein Sof
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ein Sof, or Ayn Sof, (/n sɒf/, Hebrew אין סוף), in Kabbalah, is understood as God prior to His self-manifestation in the production of any spiritual Realm, probably derived from Ibn Gabirol's term, "the Endless One" (she-en lo tiklah). Ein Sof may be translated as "no end", "unending", "there is no end", or infinite.
The Zohar explains the term "Ein Sof" as follows:
In other words, "Ein Sof" signifies "the nameless being." In another passage the Zohar reduces the term to "Ein" (non-existent), because God so transcends human understanding as to be practically non-existent.[2]
In addition to the Sefer Yetzirah and the Zohar, other well-known explications of the relation between Ein Sof and all other realities and levels of reality have been formulated by the Jewish mystical thinkers of the Middle Ages, such as Isaac the Blind and Azriel.[3] Judah Ḥayyaṭ, in his commentary Minḥat Yehudah on the Ma'areket Elahut, gives the following explanation of the term "Ein Sof":
The Ten Sefirot[edit]
According to Gershom Scholem, the Ein Sof is the emanator of the ten sefirot. Sefirot are energy emanations found on the Kabbalistic Tree of Life.[3] Ein Sof, the Atik Yomin ("Ancient of Days"), emanates the sefirot into the cosmic womb of the Ayin in a manner that results in the created universe. The three letters composing the word "Ayin," (אי״ן) indicate the first three purely intellectual sefirot, which precede any emotion or action.[4] The order of devolution can be described as:
000. Ayin (Nothing; אין)
00. Ein Sof (Limitlessness; אין סוף)
0. Ohr Ein Sof (Endless Light; אור אין סוף)
-.Tzimtzum (Contraction; צמצום)
 1. Keter (Crown; כתר)
 2. Chokhmah (Wisdom; חכמה)
 3. Binah (Understanding; בינה)
 4. Chesed or Gedulah (Loving Kindness or Mercy; חסד)
 5. Gevurah or Din (Power or Judgement; גבורה)
 6. Tiferet (Beauty or Compassion; תפארת)
 7. Netzach (Triumph or Endurance; נצח)
 8. Hod (Majesty or Splendor; הוד)
 9. Yesod (Foundation; יסוד)
 10. Malchut (Realm; מלכות)
The ten sefirot were preceded by a stage of concealment called tzimtzum, which "allows space" for creations to perceive themselves as separate existences from their Creator. The sefirot exhibit reflection in sets of triads between more exalted states of being (or "non-being," when "otherness" does not yet exist) and the lower, more mundane levels of existence:
 - Ayin, Ein Sof, Ohr Ein Sof
 - Keter, Chokhmah, Binah
 - Chesed, Gevurah, Tiferet
 - Netzach, Hod, Yesod
Water pouring into a glass
The sefirot consist of lights invested in vessels, similar to water poured into a glass. While taking on the shape of the glass, the water is essentially unchanged.
Concerned that misinterpretation could lead to the idolatrous belief of duality or multiplicity in God, the Kabbalists frequently stress that the sefirot are bound up in the Ein Sof, and that without the Ein Sof the sefirot have no existence. However, there is an apparent contradiction, since in Kabbalah, the sefirot are sometimes called Divine in themselves, despite the assertion that they are only vehicles to manifest God. Moshe Cordovero, who gave the first full systemization of Kabbalah in the 16th century, resolved the contradiction, explaining that the sefirot consist of lights invested in vessels. In detail, whereas the vessels are differentiated vehicles for creation, the light is the undifferentiated Light of the Ein Sof. This is similar to how water poured into differently-shaped vessels will take on the vessels' forms, or how light streaming through different colors of glass appears in different colors. Despite the change in appearance, the water and the light emanate from a single source and are essentially unchanged; the vessels merely serve to filter and veil the light to reveal different aspects of the Creator, and to permit creations to benefit from His Light. This explanation was accepted and expanded upon in later works of Kabbalah and Chassidut.[5][6]
Hasidic Judaism in the 18th century internalised the esoteric, transcendent emanations of Kabbalah into immanent, psychological perception and correspondence.[7] The term in Hasidic philosophy for the Divine source is "Atzmus" (Essence). While the Ein Sof of Kabbalah can only be infinite, Atzmus, rooted higher in the Godhead, is beyond finite/infinite duality. As the Etzem, it both transcends all levels, and permeates all levels. This is reflected in the paradoxical Acosmic Monism of Hasidic Panentheism, and relates to the essence of the Torah and the soul. In Hasidic thought, Kabbalah corresponds to the World of Atzilus, the sephirah of Chochmah and the transcendent soul level of Chayah; Hasidic philosophy corresponds to the World of Adam Kadmon, the sephirah of Keter and the soul essennce of Yechidah.[8] The Baal Shem Tov taught that the only reflection of Atzmus is the sincerity of the soul in performing the Jewish observances and prayer. Consequently, Hasidism gave new emphasis to the common folk, and to prayer and action over traditionally pre-eminent Torah study, as Atzmus is most reflected in the lowest levels, the purpose of Creation in making a "Dwelling Place" for God in the lowest Realms. In response, Chaim Volozhin, the main theological theorist of the Misnagdim, opposed Hasidic Panentheism and re-emphasised Talmudic study.[9]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Zohar, part ii., section "Bo," 42b
 2. ^ Zohar, ib. part iii. 288b
 3. ^ a b Scholem, Gershom (1974). Kabbalah. Jewish Publication Society. pp. 88 and ff.
 4. ^ Shoshan Sodot, 1b
 5. ^ Tanya, ch. 2, author's note.
 6. ^ Hemshech Samech Vov, pp. 3-4, 6.
 7. ^ Overview of Chassidut from inner.org
 8. ^ On the essence of Chassidus, Kehot publications, New York
 9. ^ Torah for Torah's sake in the works of Haim Volozhin and his contemporaries, Norman Lamm, Yeshivah University
 - This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain"En Sof". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1901–1906.
 - Ehrenpreis (1895). Die Entwickelung der Emanationslehre in der Kabbala des XIII. Jahrhunderts. Frankfort-on-the-Main. p. 26.
 - Franck (1889). La Kabbale. Paris. p. 136.
 - Ginsburg, Christian David (1865). The Ḳabbalah. London. p. 105.
 - Joël (1849). Die Religionsphilosophie des Sohar. Leipsic.
 - Karppe (1901). Etude sur les Origines et la Nature du Zohar. Paris. p. 344.
 - Myer (1888). Qabbalah. Philadelphia. pp. 251 et seq.
 - Scholem, Gershom (1974). Kabbalah. Jewish Publication Society.


NextPrevUpTopContentsIndex Root and Patterns searches
A Root and Patterns search is used to search for a particular regexp in all files whose names match one or more patterns within a directory. Enter the regexp in the Regexp Search String box, the starting directory in the Root Directory box, and a set of filename patterns in the Pattern List box.
You can press Up or Down in the Root Directory box to complete physical directory components, as described in Completion.
Figure 16.2 A Roots and Patterns search
You can search subdirectories by including directory components (including wild components) in the the Pattern List box.
Multiple filename patterns can be entered, separated by semicolons. Spaces before and after each pattern are ignored. Each filename pattern should be a complete filename and can use the following syntax to make it match multiple files:
Here are some examples of pattern lists:
images/*.* ; icons/*.* {images,icons}/*.*
Both of these patterns match all files in the root /images and the root /icons directories.
**/{images,icons}/sunrise.{bmp,jpg,jpeg} **/images/sunrise.{bmp,jpg,jpeg} ; **/icons/sunrise.{bmp,jpg,jpeg}
Both of these patterns match all files with the name sunrise.bmp, sunrise.jpg or sunrise.jpeg in a directory named icons or images, anywhere in the root directory.
{maj,min}or-events/{*-name,date}/*.txt major-events/{*-name,date}/.txt ; minor-events/{*-name,date}/.txt {maj,min}or-events/date/*.txt ; {maj,min}or-events/*-name/*.txt
Each of these three patterns matches all.txt files which are in a directory date or a directory that ends with -name in the major-events or minor-events directories.
Check Case sensitive to make the search match only the case of letters exactly as entered, as illustrated above.
LispWorks IDE User Guide (Windows version) - 22 Dec 2009


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Driving or piloting a powered vehicle on road, rail, water or in the air is an essential or usual requirement of these jobs. Vehicles include cars, buses, aeroplanes, trucks, forklifts, ships, boats, etc.
These jobs require you to be able to see clearly to examine items close-up. It covers jobs where poor vision e.g. tunnel vision, could make the work place unsafe or the job difficult to undertake, e.g. draftsperson working with detailed drawings; checkout operator reading dockets; work requiring good hand-eye co-ordination for working with precision or semi-precision tools.
These jobs require moderate or better reading and writing skills. Workers may be expected to prepare, understand or act on written materials, such as letters or reports. People may wish to avoid these jobs if their reading or writing English skills are limited to a small range of words or phrases and symbols. Jobs remaining may still require very basic reading or writing skills.
These jobs involve WORKING WITH PEOPLE, to help, inform, teach or treat them. Activities include discussing personal issues, listening to people's problems, and providing advice, instruction, information or treatment to meet their needs.


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Equity at 100: How Actors' Equity Played Its Part in Wartime
By Robert Simonson
Actors' Equity Association is celebrating its 100th anniversary this year. Here's a look at the union's efforts during American military conflicts in the past century.
On March 18, 1918, General John J. "Blackjack" Pershing sent a letter to the young Actors' Equity Association. It read: "A great service can be rendered by the American theatre in providing necessary diversion for our troops in France."
America was still at war at the time, and Equity did its part. Actors began sailing with the troops to Europe in 1918. Stateside, benefit shows went out on tour and actors sold war bonds through impassioned curtain speeches.
Still, those efforts were dwarfed by what Equity accomplished during World War II. Through Camp Shows, Inc. — funded to the tune of a half-million dollars by the USO — Equity created three performing units: one for legit plays, one for vaudeville and one for revues.
Captain Maurice Evans — a Broadway Shakespearean actor in the 1930s — came up with 55 separate shows that drew on the Bard, including the now famous G.I. Hamlet, a shortened, sped-up version of the play. Actors performed at military bases, in hospitals and the like.
Stateside, Lunchtime Follies — written by the likes of Kurt Weill, Moss Hart and George S. Kaufman — were enacted at wartime factories to keep up the morale of workers. And then there was the famous Stage Door Canteen, situated in the unoccupied Little Club under Manhattan's Forty-Fourth Street Theatre. To servicemen and women, the Canteen must have seemed a miracle — they were entertained by the cream of Broadway, got to dance with famous actresses, were served food by celebrities and were never handed a bill. It was so successful that Canteens sprouted in other American cities and abroad. (Read more about the American Theatre Wing's Stage Door Canteens in a recent Ask Playbill.com column.)
Equity continued its efforts during the Korean and Vietnam wars. And when, on Sept. 11, 2001, the front moved to the southern tip of Manhattan, Equity teamed up with other unions and producers to make certain that the city's stages — long a signal indicator of New York's economic and psychic health — did not stay dark for long.
An iconic theatre image of that time was the casts of all Broadway shows gathered in Times Square, singing the John Kander and Fred Ebb anthem "New York, New York." It was filmed for a commercial — not just for the theatre, but for New York itself.
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FAA set to plumb mid-air incidents
Responding to a spate of midair near-collisions in recent months, the Federal Aviation Administration wants to bring pilots and air-traffic controllers together to voluntarily share information after such events. The goal of the initiative is to obtain a more complete picture of what led up to such dangerous incidents and how to prevent them. UAL Corp.'s United Airlines is likely to be the initial participating carrier. The Wall Street Journal reports that the model program is intended to "more accurately identify potential hazards and develop more robust mitigation strategies" without seeking to punish either controllers or pilots, according to agency documents.


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Meissonier, ErnestBack to Artists
Ernest Meissonier (French, _PHONE_)
Oil on panel, 10 ¼ x 6 ¾ inches
Signed and dated lower left: E Meissonier 1851
Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier (born February 21, 1815, Lyon, France—died January 31, 1891, Paris), French painter and illustrator of military and historical subjects, especially of Napoleonic battles.
Meissonier studied first under Jules Potier, then in the studio of Léon Cogniet. In his early years Meissonier spent much time making illustrations for the publishers Curmer and Hetzel, but beginning in 1834 (at age 19) he exhibited regularly at the French Salon, and he received the highest official honours from the middle of the 1840s onward.
Most of Meissonier's paintings are on a small scale and are concerned with military subjects or with genre in a historical setting. Meissonier's minute and scrupulous technique was largely derived from the study of Dutch painters of the 17th century, but the documentary approach of his preparatory study of costume and armour and of his detailed observation of nature (such as his systematic analysis of the movements of horses) links him with the 19th century. Among his major works are Napoleon III at Solferino (1863) and 1814 (1864), both of which celebrate heroic military campaigns, but he also captured the horrors of conflict in works such as Remembrance of Civil War (1848–49), which depicts the moment when the Parisian insurgents of 1848 were slaughtered on barracades by the Republican Guard.


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Shotgun patterns are the most important thing to know before you go hunting.
There are many different types of shotgun patterns that can be utilized for hunting.
The first type of shotgun pattern is the "O" pattern, which is a circular pattern with a center point. The second type of shotgun pattern is the "X" pattern, which is a cross-shaped pattern.
The third type of shotgun pattern is the "W" pattern, which looks like an upside down letter "V" and it's usually used for shooting at waterfowl.
The fourth type of shotgun pattern is the "Y" Pattern, which looks like an upside down letter "Y" and it's usually used for shooting at small game animals or upland birds
Introduction: What are Shotgun Patterns?
Shotgun patterns are a type of design pattern that is used to create a map from the user's input data to the output data.
Shotgun patterns are designed for use-cases where one or more input parameters need to be mapped to one or more output parameters. It is also known as a "shotgun approach" because it can produce many different outputs when given different input parameters.
Shotgun Patterns are an example of Object-Oriented Design in which the parameters are objects with specific interfaces and behaviors, and the outputs are objects with specific interfaces and behaviors.
Shotgun Pattern Types and Why You Need to Know Them
Shotgun Patterns are a way to organize your code in a logical manner. This article will explore the various types of Shotgun Patterns, why you need to know them, and how they can help you write better code.
The article will cover the following topics:
- The three types of shotgun patterns
- Why it's important to use them
- How they can make your code more readable and easier to maintain
Patterns for Hunting Different Animal Types
Hunting is a sport that has been around for centuries. Hunting different animal types is a challenge that hunters are faced with every time they go out on a hunt. There are many patterns that hunters use to hunt different animals. They can be broken down into two categories - the type of animal and the environment in which the animal lives.
How to Choose the Right Shotgun Pattern for You?
A shotgun pattern is a type of ammunition that is used in shotguns. It spreads out, or "sprays", the pellets in a wide pattern. Shotguns with this type of ammunition are often used for hunting large groups of animals at close range or for shooting clays.
There are two types of shotgun patterns:
- Full choke: The shot has a tight spread that makes it best to use when shooting at medium ranges and when there are multiple targets.
- Improved cylinder: The shot has an average spread that makes it best to use when shooting at long ranges and when there is only one target.
Shotguns are one of the most versatile and powerful weapons in the game. They can be used to take down enemies at a distance, and they can also be used to take down enemies who are close by.
Shotguns are versatile weapons because they have a wide range of different types of ammunition that you can use with them. For example, slugs will do more damage to an enemy than buckshot, but buckshot will do more damage than birdshot. One thing that makes shotguns so powerful is that you don't need to be too accurate with them in order for them to work well for you.
Shotguns have been around for a long time and there's no sign of them going away any time soon. If you're looking for an effective weapon to add to your arsenal then
Introduction: What is a shotgun pattern, how do hunters pattern a shotgun, and what are the benefits of doing so?
Shotgun patterns are used to create a spread of shot in a cone shape. The pattern is created by the shooter's aim and the choke of the gun barrel.
There are two types of shotgun patterns: open and closed. The open pattern is created by an open choke, which means that it has no constrictions in the end of the barrel. A closed pattern is created by a fully constricted barrel with no gaps or holes.
The benefit of using shotgun patterns is that it allows hunters to hit their target from a longer distance than if they were using single shots, but it also has drawbacks because it can cause more collateral damage to nearby animals than if hunters were using single shots.
A shotgun pattern is an intentional distribution of lead pellets over an area, usually at close range,
What Kind of Pattern is Ideal for Hunting different Animals?
The patterns of animal hunting are not the same for every species. The pattern of hunting a deer is different from hunting a rabbit.
Different animals have different patterns when it comes to their habitat, behaviour, and diet. There are many factors that make up a pattern of animal hunting. Hunting patterns also vary depending on the time of day and season.
Conclusion: Valid Reasons To Practice With A Shotgun Ball Pattern Target
Valid reasons to practice with a shotgun ball pattern target
The conclusion is an important part of the essay. It is where you sum up everything you have said and offer your opinion on the topic at hand. The conclusion should be short and to the point. You want to leave your reader feeling satisfied and with a sense of closure.


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I check the temperature of my Hamilton Beach roaster oven with a thermometer And there was a difference of 45 degrees. I borrowed a roaster oven of a different brand it had a difference of 40 degrees. I set the dials to 225 degrees on both of them, added 2 and a half inches of water and measured the temperature with 2 different thermometers. Both thermometers read 175 in one oven and 170 in the other. I checked the temperature after 2 and half hours and immediately upon removing the lids. I did notice variance when the element would go on and off, the temperatures mentioned above are a rough estimate of the average temperatures. Can you tell me what I might be doing wrong? Thank you.
Taking a random stab here—and yes, this is a simplification of the physics involved—
If you measured the water temperature, this is expected, assuming you're talking about °F. Water will not get above boiling (212°F, at sea level) no matter how much heat you apply, unless you're using a pressure cooker. Every bit of heat you add once you get it to boiling just goes to boiling it off faster.
Now, as to why it isn't at 212°F, that's more complicated. The water is actually evaporating even below boiling; and this takes energy. (You've no doubt noticed a pot starts to steam before it boils, and that a lid on top will fog up too.) Energy is conserved, so that energy comes from somewhere—it turns out to lower the temperature of the water. How much water is evaporating depends on the humidity in the oven, which depends on the temperature of the air in the oven, how well-sealed it is,—i.e., is complicated. But at lower oven temperatures, it turns out that uncovered water will often be a fair bit below boiling.
The second possibility is that you are indeed measuring the air temperature, and you're seeing this, and there are a few things that could cause this:


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HD1527.O7 O74 2001
Although agricultural workers have played a significant role in Oregon's economic success for over 140 years, their contributions have gone largely unheralded. While farmworkers cannery workers, and tree planters are vital to the state's economy, few Oregonians know much about their occupations, their experiences, or the people themselves.
Combining extensive archival material with powerful personal accounts, scholarly commentary and an original sound track, The Oregon Story: Agricultural Workers relates the diverse history of agricultural work in this state from the late 1800s to the present day.
In the peak months, as many as 86,000 farmworkers and their families live in Oregon, often in substandard housing and with children struggling in school. This program explores how the issues of poverty, poor housing, and inadequate education affect agricultural workers, but with an optimistic, forward-looking spirit about the possibilities for change. Woven from the stories of individuals who have lived the farmworker's life, this program is, above all, about people. It is rich with wonderful characters who are likely to linger in viewers' memories for a long time.
Contact Us: _PHONE_,


University of Cambridge > Talks.cam > Inner Space, The Meditation Centre > A New Consciousness - An interactive series of talks
A New Consciousness - An interactive series of talks
What is the old consciousness and what is 'a new consciousness'? Can we improve the world without paying attention to our consciousness? In what ways would this new consciousness affect out lives and society? Does our present day society and education system address this subject of consciousness? Do they have understanding of this? How can this new consciousness be achieved? Is it easy?
Join series of interactive talks with Dr Prashant Kakoday to explore these answers and more on A New Consciousness.
Prashant is based in Cambridge and has a background in surgery and integrated health. His main interest is in the relationship between the psyche, emotions, behaviour and health. He has spoken on subjects such as these in many countries and institutions, including the W.H.O. and the Medical Teaching Program within the U.S.A.
All welcome, free of charge.
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Pendulums Draw Novel Designs (May, 1936)
Pendulums Draw Novel Designs
INTRICATE geometrical designs, many of striking beauty, are produced by a curious instrument constructed by Milan Fiske, junior student at Beloit College, Beloit, Wis., and known as a precision harmonograph. The unusual device, which its youthful builder believes may be the only one of its kind in the country operating on similar principles, aids in the mathematical study of compound harmonic motions. A platform, mounted on a universal joint, is rocked by a pendulum while a fountain pen at the end of a three-foot arm, also supported upon a universal joint, is given an independent motion by a second pendulum. This traces a design, called a harmonogram, upon a sheet of paper attached to the rocking platform. By swinging the pendulums in various ways, Fiske estimates, as many as 10.000,000 different patterns of curves may be produced.


Qiyue shares with you: the difference between nitrile gloves and medical latex gloves
As we all know, although the scope of nitrile gloves and latex gloves is somewhat similar, they are not the same. So what is the difference between medical nitrile gloves and medical latex gloves? Follow Qiyue editor to understand their differences.
 Latex gloves are also called rubber gloves. Latex is a natural material, derived from rubber tree sap. Natural latex is a biosynthetic product. Due to differences in tree species, geology, climate and other related conditions, its composition and colloidal structure will often appear huge difference. In the fresh latex without any substance, the rubber hydrocarbon only accounts for 20%-40% of the total, and the rest is a small amount of non-rubber components and water. Non-rubber components include proteins, lipids, sugars, and inorganic components. Some of them form a composite structure with rubber particles, and some are dissolved in whey or form non-rubber particles.
 Medical nitrile gloves are the popular name for nitrile gloves. Nitrile is a kind of rubber and is a key raw material for organic synthesis and pharmaceutical intermediates. Mainly synthesized from acrylonitrile and butadiene. Nitrile (jīng): A type of organic compound with a special odor that decomposes when exposed to acid or alkali.
 Latex gloves: Compared with nitrile gloves, the toughness and abrasion resistance are slightly inferior, but the elasticity is better. The abrasion resistance, acid and alkali resistance, and grease are slightly worse than nitrile, and the acid and alkali resistance is slightly better than nitrile. But it is not suitable for allergic skin and long-term wear.
 Nitrile gloves: The material is relatively hard, the elasticity is poor, the abrasion resistance is better, acid and alkali resistance (some nitrile gloves can not prevent acetone, strong alcohol), anti-static, and will not cause skin allergies, suitable People who are prone to allergies and wear it for a long time.


After a disaster, when the "normal" means to describe locations, such as street signs, are gone, the U.S. National Grid provide a standardized grid reference system that is seamless across jurisdictional boundaries and allows for pinpointing exact locations.
Since USNG is standardized, it can be understood and used as a common geographic framework for response. Learn more about how it works in USNG Overview articles.
Image Credit
Use USNG hard-copy maps or online maps that enable coordinates to be described exactly. Romer readers can be used to find the exact USNG coordinates to describe any place in a uniform, standardized manner.
Learn more about the USGS U.S. Topo products that include USNG.
Learn how to buy Romer Readers
Hard-copy maps of an area are an essential part of emergency management preparation.Several states and regions provide pre-made maps and atlases that include landmarks such as schools, hospitals and police stations on standardized USNG products.See if your area is covered in Map Books by State
You are walking along a forest trail and come across a seriously injured hiker. U.S. National Grid Emergency Location Markers (ELMs) could help deliver a speedy response!
ELMs are signs that provide the U.S. National Grid Coordinates and can be used to communicate an exact geographic location.
Learn more about Emergency Location Markers (ELMs):
Background on ELMs
The ELM System
ELM Mobile App
Print an ELM Marker
The USNG Information Center is dedicated to providing educational items and resources to support use of the U. S. National Grid.


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Anticipate: Supporting climate information services and the scaling up of forecast-based financing (FbF) approaches
Forecast-based Financing (FbF) is an innovative mechanism that allows early warning, through climate forecasts or observations, to mobilise resources in risk-prone areas before an event occurs, ultimately providing more effective reduction in climate and disaster risks. Given the promising results of pilot projects as well as lessons learned on barriers for wider uptake, the UN Climate Resilience Initiative supports Partners in scaling up forecast-based financing approaches in vulnerable countries and regions. The Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, one of the Initiative's Partners, has pioneered this approach. This priority is linked to the implementation of the Blueprint for Action under priority 3 and the Initiative will work with the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre to determine further actions.


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Ferocactus emoryi is spherical or cylindrical solitary barrel cactus, light green to glaucous, reaching a diameter of 60–100 centimetres (24–39 in) and a height of 2–2.5 metres (6 ft 7 in–8 ft 2 in). It has 15 to 30 ribs with tubercles, especially in the juvenile stage. The spines are white to reddish. The central spine is very strong, 4-10 cm long, while the seven to twelve radial spines reach lengths of up to 6 cm. The large and funnel-shaped flowers are usually red or yellow, reach lengths of up to 7.5 centimeters and have a diameter of 5 to 7 centimeters. The fruit is ovoidal, about 5 cm long.
Ferocactus emoryi grows in the desert scrubs, hillsides, rocky slopes and gravely rocky or sandy soils, at an elevation of about 0–1,200 metres (0–3,900 ft) above sea level.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 2003. Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. In Fl. N. Amer.. Oxford University Press, New York.
- The Plant List
- Desert Tropicals
|This Cactaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


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The state institution "Department of entrepreneurship and industrial and innovative development of the Kostanay region akimat" is a state body of the Republic of Kazakhstan that implements state regulation in the field of entrepreneurial, industrial and innovative and tourist activities.
Mission of the Department: participation in the formation and implementation of state policy aimed at the development of priority sectors of the economy, ensuring its diversification and growth of competitiveness in the territory of Kostanay region within its competence.
1) ensuring effective interaction between the state and business in the development of priority sectors of the economy (industry, small and medium-sized businesses, tourism);
2) promoting an enabling environment for industrialization;
3) assistance in the development and implementation of investment projects;
4) promoting innovation;
5) promote the development of foreign economic relations;
6) promotion of tourism activities;
6-1) formation of works on local content in the region;
6-2) analysis of the state of work on the local content of the region
7) implementation of other tasks stipulated by the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan.


_USER_ {2829, title = {Recovery of freshwater microbial communities after extreme rain events is mediated by cyclic succession.}, journal = {Nature Microbiolgy }, year = {2021}, doi = {10.1038/s41564-020-00852-1}, author = {T. Shabarova and M.M Salcher and P. Porcal and J. Nedoma and P. Znachor and H.-P. Grossart and J. Se{\v d}a and J. Hejzlar and K. {\v S}imek} } _USER_ {2424, title = {Effects of tree dieback on lake water acidity in the unmanaged catchment of Ple{\v s}n{\'e} Lake, Czech Republic}, journal = {Limnology and Oceanography}, volume = {64}, year = {2019}, pages = {1614{\textendash}1626}, doi = {10.1002/lno.11139}, author = {Jiri Kopacek and J. Ka{\v n}a and P. Porcal and Jaroslav Vrba and S.A. Norton} }


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From: Inman, Thomas (_PHONE_) Ancient pagan and modern Christian symbolism (1884)
Sri lantra [Yantra] is an ancient Hindoo [Hindu] emblem. The circle represents the world, in which the living exist; the triangle pointing upwards shows the male creator; and the triangle with the apex downwards the female; distinct, yet united. These have a world within themselves, in which the male is uppermost. In the central circle the image to be worshipped is placed. When used, the figure is placed on the ground, with Brahma to the east, and Laksmi to the west. Then a relic of any saint, or image of Buddha, like a modern papal crucifix, is added, and the shrine for worship is complete. It has now been adopted in Christian churches and Freemasons' lodges.


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Issue: Should restrict the webpage from submission and moving to the next, till the child window gets closed.
Technology: jsp
Browser: firefox.
Code used for Opening:
retValue = window.open(child_url,',',"Height=400px,Width=670px,status:no,top=190px,left=200px");
Clicked on one link in the page and opened up the child window from the firefox browser using the window.open command. But just after the click of the link, along with the opening up of the child window, the main page is also getting submitted and moved to the next page.
The same logic in ie works fine. In ie am using showModalDialog() which works without any issue.
NB: Hoping for an alternative way, which is something other than giving if conditions to the page submission line.
Could someone pls help... thanks in advance
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1 Answer 1
I would recommend that you move up to the jQuery modal dialog. It's browser-independent, and your user will understand that he is interacting with a modal dialog that must be closed before proceeding. With a separate window or tab (your current solution), it's too easy for the user to get lost and click away from the browser altogether.
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Body-color brake lamps are lamps that in their off state match the body color of the car. When energized, all body-color lamps, as well as conventional lamps, appear bright red. The speed of response to a body-color brake lamp may differ from the speed of response to a conventional lamp for two reasons. The first is that the difference between off-and on-state luminances varies primarily with off-state luminance. When the difference is larger than for the conventional lamp, the increased luminance contrast may speed reaction time. The other reason that responses for the two types of lamps may differ is the greater chromaticity contrast that body-color lamps have between their on and off states.
This study separately evaluated the effects of luminance contrast and chromaticity contrast for body-color brake lamps. One set of chromatically neutral lamps of varying lightness (from black to white) was tested, along with a set of chromatically varied lamps of equal lightness, and a conventional lamp. The lamps were tested pair-wise in a dual-task paradigm where one task involved simple compensatory tracking, and the other task was to respond to the onset of either of the two brake lamps. Reaction times were recorded.
The primary findings are statistically significant effects of both luminance contrast and chromaticity contrast on reaction time to brake lamps. Neither of these effects is large; the difference between fastest and slowest mean reaction times was 33 msec. The effect of luminance contrast is such that lamps that are light in their off state yield slower reaction times. Performance with the lightest lamp in this study was slightly worse than performance with the conventional lamp. None of the chromatic lamps degraded performance relative to the conventional lamp. The pattern of responses to the chromatic lamps suggests that for all lamps that are different from red in their off state, the effect of chromaticity contrast will be to speed up reaction time slightly compared to the conventional lamp.


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Simplifies working with very large binary data objects (often called BLOBs, or "binary large objects") in a database.
For example, a record field in a SQL table might contain a bitmap representing a picture. A CLongBinary object stores such an object and keeps track of its size.
In general, it is better practice now to use CByteArray in conjunction with the DFX_Binary function. You can still use CLongBinary, but in general CByteArray provides more functionality under Win32, since there is no longer the size limitation encountered with 16-bit CByteArray. This advice applies to programming with Data Access Objects (DAO) as well as Open Database Connectivity (ODBC).
To use a CLongBinary object, declare a field data member of type CLongBinary in your recordset class. This member will be an embedded member of the recordset class and will be constructed when the recordset is constructed. After the CLongBinary object is constructed, the record field exchange (RFX) mechanism loads the data object from a field in the current record on the data source and stores it back to the record when the record is updated. RFX queries the data source for the size of the binary large object, allocates storage for it (via the CLongBinary object's m_hData data member), and stores an HGLOBAL handle to the data in m_hData. RFX also stores the actual size of the data object in the m_dwDataLength data member. Work with the data in the object through m_hData, using the same techniques you would normally use to manipulate the data stored in a Windows HGLOBAL handle.
When you destroy your recordset, the embedded CLongBinary object is also destroyed, and its destructor deallocates the HGLOBAL data handle.


Down Guide
In the world of bedding products, down comforters and featherbeds are special. Down is not a fad and it has been around for a long time. Its appeal does not depend on fashion and its qualities have been proven for hundreds of years.
Even with all the synthetic products developed in the last few years, there is nothing as light and warm, nothing as luxuriously comfortable as down.
 What is Down?
Down and feathers are the natural materials produced by waterfowl (i.e. ducks, geese) to insulate them from cold air and water. Down is the undercoating, trapping warm air next to skin. From the bird's point of view, lightness is a critical quality of every part of its natural "equipment," including it insulation.
 Each down cluster is a spherical plume of thousands of soft fibers radiating in all directions from a central point. On the other hand, a feather has a hollow quill shaft with stiff filaments radiating in a flat, two-dimensional plane, the down plume is truly three dimensional and lacks the stiff quill.
 The feather is superbly adapted to let air and water slip over it, the better for flying and swimming. The down cluster is superbly adapted for holding air, the better for providing insulation – maintaining an even body temperature at both extremely cold temperatures and very hot climates – with minimum weight!
 Where does down come from?
Down and feathers are the by-products of the world-wide industry that raises geese and ducks for food. When a factory receives a shipment, it is a hodge-podge of feathers, down, bits of feather debris and a good deal of dirt and barnyard muck.
 The first thing that is done in a factory when the shipment is received, is to separate the down (about 15% of the total weight) from the feathers (the remaining 85%). The separating process takes advantage of down's lightness to "float" above the slightly heavier feathers. A machine called a separator is used, which is an arrangement of vertical baffles. The moving air carries the lightest material to the last baffle, while the heavier feathers drop out along the way. This process is not perfect: it is impossible to arrive at a complete separation of down and feathers. To get down in commercial quantities means accepting a minimum percentage of feathers, light enough to make the final cut. After being separated, the down is cleaned and sterilized.
Pure Down and Fill Power.
The U.S. Federal Trade Commission has set a labeling standard that requires filling labeled as "down" to contain 75% down clusters and fibers. (In other words, it can have up to 25% feathers and still be considered as down. Almost all down will have some feather mixed in.
It takes an expert with a microscope to tell the difference between goose and duck down, but by FTC regulations if a product is labeled "down", it is duck down. Only goose down can be labeled as such (i.e. white goose down comforter).
 The quality of a given batch of down is measured by its fill power, the amount of space a given weight will fill under pressure, and by the closely related qualities of resilience, compressibility, softness, and durability.
Generally speaking, down plumes from more mature geese are larger, with more resilient filaments and produce more insulation (fill power) for a given weight than those from younger birds. Goose down clusters are generally larger and supply more insulation for a given weight than down from ducks.
 The very best goose down, available in very limited quantities, has a fill power of 750. The lowest rated quality down will have a fill power of about 300.


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CPJ's Advocacy Toolkit / Table of Contents
Your Member of Parliament is more accessible than you think. If you are passionate about an issue, respectful of the MP's time, and willing to take the time for a meeting, your MP will likely be willing to meet with you.
Step 1 – Setting up a meeting
- Call, email, or visit the constituency office to set up a meeting with an MP. Provide your name, your postal code, and the reason that you would like to meet with the MP.
- If the MP is unavailable for a meeting, request a meeting with a member of their staff. MP staff have more time to meet with you and they can bring your particular concerns to the MP.
Step 2 – Preparation
- Stay informed on the issue (see "Doing Research").
- Write a list of questions that you have for the MP (and specific proposals for solutions).
- Bring materials that the MP can refer to later (such as a one-page brief). Provide a concise background on the issue, your concerns, and your proposed solutions.
- Ask staff how much information the MP has on your issue. Offer to send informational materials before the meeting.
- Be prepared to listen: In a typical meeting with an MP, the MP talks two-thirds of the time, you one-third.
- Focus on how you can help the MP do their job. Where are the gaps in information? Do you have information that will be of value?
- Get others involved! The more voices, the stronger the message.
Step 3 – At the meeting
- Present your case clearly and concisely. Focus on one or two issues.
- Insist on a straight answer to your questions. If the representative agrees with you, get it in writing so you can hold them accountable.
- Have a calm and respectful dialogue (even if the MP disagrees with you). Show that you are willing to work with them.
- Always thank the MP for their time and for the opportunity to meet.
- A meeting with an MP usually lasts no more than an hour. Respect any agreed-upon time limit.
Step 4 – After the meeting
- Follow up! Write a letter (or e-mail) thanking the MP for meeting with you. In your letter, summarize any commitments that were made, and ask for an update on what has been done.


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A ball-peen (also spelled ball-pein) hammer, also known as a machinist's hammer, is a type of peening hammer used in metalworking. It is distinguished from a cross-peen hammer, diagonal-peen hammer, point-peen hammer, or chisel-peen hammer by having a hemispherical head. It is commonly used as a tool for metalworking.
Though the process of peening (surface hardening by impact) has become rarer in metal fabrication, the ball-peen hammer remains useful for many tasks, such as striking punches and chisels (usually performed with the flat face of the hammer). The peening face is useful for rounding off edges of metal pins and fasteners, such as rivets.
Variants include the straight-peen, diagonal-peen, and cross-peen hammer. These hammers have a wedge-shaped head instead of a ball-shaped head. This wedge shape spreads the metal perpendicular to the edge of the head. The straight-peen hammer has the wedge oriented parallel to the hammer's handle, while the cross-peen hammer's wedge is oriented perpendicular. The diagonal-peen hammer's head, as the name implies, is at a 45° angle from the handle. They are commonly used by blacksmiths during the forging process to deliver blows for forging or to strike other forging tools.
Ball-peen hammers have two types of heads: hard-faced and soft-faced. The head of a hard-faced hammer is made of heat treated forged high-carbon steel or alloy steel; it is harder than the face of a claw hammer.
The soft-faced hammers have heads faced with brass, lead, tightly wound rawhide, or plastic. These hammers usually have replaceable heads or faces, because they will deform, wear out, or break over time. They are used to prevent damage to a struck surface, and are graded by the weight of the head and by hardness of the striking face.
- Audel, Theodore (1962), Audels new mechanical dictionary for technical trades, Theodore Audel, p. 54.
- Cavette, Chris, How hammer is made, retrieved 2008-12-19
- Benford, p. 36.
- Szykitka, p. 435.


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I often get asked what that "alphabet soup" behind my name is. More importantly, as a pet owner, why should you care?
Those extra letters behind a veterinarian's name means that they are a veterinary specialist (e.g., Justine Lee, DVM, DACVECC, DABT). These letters stand for something – for me, it's "Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Emergency Critical Care" (DACVECC) and "Diplomate of the American Board of Toxicology" (DABT). So, what does that mean? It means we went through a whole lot of extra advanced training to become an elite expert in the field. (I'm extra-geeky and am double-boarded.)
In the United States, there are appropriately 90,000 veterinarians, with approximately 11,000 of them being specialists. So, what's the difference between a veterinarian and a veterinary specialist? Veterinary specialists have advanced training beyond veterinary school – it's someone who has gone on to complete secondary training through a rigorous internship and further training in a residency or fellowship (typically 2-4 additional years). In order to be board-certified following your residency, you have to publish a scientific research paper (in a peer-reviewed, scientific, accredited research journal) and pass an intense 2-3 day exam (similar to a lawyer's bar exam). So, not easy at all!
Right now, there are numerous medically-related veterinary specialties including:
- Anesthesiology and Analgesia (DACVA)
- Behavior (DACVB)
- Cardiology (DACVIM – Cardiology)
- Dentistry (ADVC)
- Dermatology (DACVD)
- Emergency critical care (DAVECC)
- Internal medicine (DACVIM – Internal Medicine)
- Neurology (DACVIM – Neurology)
- Nutrition (ACVN)
- Ophthalmology (DAVCO)
- Pathology (DACVP)
- Radiology (DACVR)
- Surgery (DACVS)
- Wildlife/zoo medicine (DACZM)
- Veterinary Practitioners (DABVP)
That said, more recent "specialties" have been popping up, some less "rigorous" than others (e.g., some not even requiring additional training nor a publication). I worry about where this is going, so don't be deceived when you see alphabet soup behind your veterinarian's name. When in doubt, look for the initials starting with "American College" and ask your veterinarian for advice or how to find the best specialist who fits your needs… or more importantly, your pet's needs.
For routine care, you're in better hands with your family veterinarian (after all, I haven't spayed anything in years!). However, if your pet is really sick, a veterinary specialist may be the best option for the care for your pet. Specialists typically see referral cases that may are more complicated or critically ill, or need advanced procedures performed that your veterinarian doesn't routinely perform. For example, if your dog or cat requires advanced surgery (e.g., such as a total hip replacement) or an ultrasound of his heart, he may need to see a board-certified veterinary specialists in surgery or cardiology, respectively. If your pet is in advanced kidney failure, a consultation with an internal medicine specialist may be imperative. If your animal needs 24-hour care and is critically ill, he may need to be evaluated by an emergency critical care specialist. More information on specialists can be found on the AVMA American Board of Veterinary Specialties page, or specifically at the specialty's website.
If you have any questions or concerns, you should always visit or call your veterinarian – they are your best resource to ensure the health and well-being of your pets.


How are students engaging with their careers services?
Friday, March 29, 2019
Are your students engaging with your careers service? We've used responses from the 2019 Trendence UK Graduate Survey to show what students really think of their careers services and how they are engaging with the resources provided to them.
Here are some of our key findings:
Careers services' websites ARE a useful tool
The students who had engaged with their careers services' website found it to be a useful tool, with 69% stating that they had used the website to research and find information on their future career. This emphasises the importance of having a website that is functional, informative and easy to use. However, don't neglect the marketing of the resources available on your website – 11% of the students we surveyed didn't even know that there was a website for them to use!
University careers fairs lead to powerful engagement
In a previous article published on our insights blog, we stated the importance of engaging first-year students at freshers' fairs. The fairs are popular with first-years, with 63% of students reporting that they attended their freshers' fair. Nearly three-quarters (74%) of students also attended their university's careers fairs, with 62% stating that engaging with an employer at a careers fair would make it more likely they would apply for a role. This shows the importance of fairs as a promotional tool for employers as they seek students for placements and graduate roles. For careers services, fairs provide a platform to encourage students to engage with potential employers.
Digital channels are still important tools to engage students
Despite careers fairs being the preferred method of engagement for students with employers, digital platforms still play an important role. Half (50%) of the students surveyed said that receiving an email from their career services promoting roles would also make them apply to an employer, while 31% said that getting a personal message or seeing a post on social media (28%) would encourage them to apply. To emphasise the importance of a multi-channel approach to engagement, 20% of students said that seeing a video about a company on YouTube would increase the likelihood they would engage with an employer.
Most importantly, students are largely satisfied with their careers services
A clear majority of students surveyed were satisfied with their careers services – 65% of students were satisfied or very satisfied with careers fairs, 56% of students were satisfied or very satisfied with the employer fairs and 64% were satisfied or very satisfied with the availability of appointments. However, students were less satisfied with the scope of opportunities offered by their careers services in terms of part-time work and opportunities specific to their field of interest.
To conclude, students are engaging with the resources provided to them by their careers services. The combined approach of fairs and digital communications is successfully encouraging students to reach out and engage with employers. However, there is room for improvement, particularly in the scope of opportunities offered to students in terms of part-time work and for specific fields of interest.
Read the full survey here.
Trendence UK
The Trendence UK Graduate Survey is now its 12th year. In early 2019, 74,748 students took part, making this the most comprehensive assessment of how satisfied students are with the support provided by careers services. To find out in even more detail what your students think of your careers service offer, what uniquely motivates your student population when it comes to careers (and how this differs from other UK undergraduates) and how you can increase the level of participation and engagement amongst your users. For a demo of this type of in-depth analysis and an opportunity to use our data to help improve the outcomes of your graduates please contact or call _PHONE_ 7220.


Install NetQ as an On-premises Deployment
On-premises deployments of NetQ can use a single server or a server cluster. In either case, you can use either the Cumulus NetQ Appliance or your own server running a KVM or VMware Virtual Machine (VM). This topic walks you through the installation for each of these on-premises options.
The next installation step is to decide whether you are deploying a single server or a server cluster. Both options provide the same services and features. The biggest difference is in the number of servers to be deployed and in the continued availability of services running on those servers should hardware failures occur.
A single server is easier to set up, configure and manage, but can limit your ability to scale your network monitoring quickly. Multiple servers is a bit more complicated, but you limit potential downtime and increase availability by having more than one server that can run the software and store the data.
Select the standalone single-server arrangements for smaller, simpler deployments. Be sure to consider the capabilities and resources needed on this server to support the size of your final deployment.
Select the server cluster arrangement to obtain scalability and high availability for your network. You can configure one master node and up to nine worker nodes.
Click the server arrangement you want to use to begin installation:


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Maximum statutory redundancy rate is £464 per week from 1st Feb 2014.
If earnings less than the statutory maximum then the redundancy calculation would be based upon normal gross weeks pay.
- Employee redundancy entitlements (after having worked 2 complete years) are:
- 0.5 weeks pay for each year worked, under the age of 22.
- 1 weeks pay for each year worked between the ages of 22-41.
1.5 weeks pay for each year worked over the age of 41.


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They Had a Dream: The Civil Rights Struggle
Puffin Books / 1996 / Paperback
$6.29 (CBD Price)
Save: $1.70 (21%)
Availability: In Stock
CBD Stock No: WW49545
Four biographies are presented by award-winning historian Jules Archer as the encapsulation of the Civil Rights struggle. Frederick Douglass agitated for slaves' freedom; Marcus Garvey helped develop black nationalism and pride as black people struggled to overcome prejudice; Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcom X were both prominent during the 1960s Civil Rights struggle, though they advocated for rights in very different ways. All very unique men who advocated for various rights through time, these men provided the leadership and pride throughout the Civil Rights Movement. 258 pages, indexed, softcover.
Traces the progression of the civil rights movement and its effect on history through biographical sketches of four prominent and influential African Americans: Frederick Douglass, Marcus Garvey, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X.
Jules Archer lives in Scotts Valley, California.
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New Davis-Stirling Act & Reserve Funding — Updated Law Amounts to New Set of Civil Code References for Reserve Funding Matters
By Robert Nordlund, Association Reserves and David Swedelson, SwedelsonGottlieb
Reserve%20article.pngThe body of statutory law (as opposed to case law) governing California Community Associations, known as the Davis-Stirling Common Interest Development Act, went into effect on January 1, 1986. As the industry developed and matured over the last 27 years, approximately 50 changes and amendments were made to the Act. While those adjustments were well-intended, the net effect yielded a disorganized and confusing body of law. To address this problem, a multi-year effort was launched to rewrite the Davis-Stirling Act. This "new" Davis-Stirling Act, signed into law in 2012, becomes the guiding law for California residential community associations on January 1, 2014. So you are probably asking what are the major changes and how does the re-write affect reserve funding issues? The answer is no major changes have been made regarding reserve funding. For the most part, the new updated law amounts to new set of Civil Code references for reserve funding matters. Fortunately, the majority of the changes are just re-organization and renumbering. But there have been changes made to the Act as it applies to reserves.
To read the article prepared by David Swedelson and Robert Nordlund, follow this link.
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Spanish Dictionary
Translation of Germany in Spanish
Germany Alemania
Translation by Vocabulix
Sample sentences:
He went to Germany to study German.
Fue a Alemania a estudiar alemán.
The Netherlands have borders with Belgium and Germany. Los Países Bajos tienen fronteras con Bélgica y Alemania.
The invention of printing took place in Germany in the XV century. La invención de la imprenta tuvo lugar en Alemania en el siglo XV.
Germany la Alemania
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Developments in AI within the Chemical Process Industry
Rich data sets have accumulated within the chemical process industry (CPI) throughout many years of production, and now, because of this data, there is a push to start utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) in modeling, optimization, advanced control, debottlenecking, troubleshooting, and more. AI/CPI is being looked at if a first-principles-based approach cannot efficiently solve the problem.
However, it's not necessarily easy to interpret the AI data models, which hinders acceptance and adoption from most of the community. Developing an effective process is not an easy feat for the CPI. Budget constraints, time, human resources, and limited pilot tests are roadblocks for AI/CPI development.
Design engineers can use process simulation packages to run different scenarios or build in-house models; however, the process's inevitability becomes inefficient and suboptimal while also losing control of essential variables.
Additionally, workable issues may not be uncovered until the mature product development stage. As the AI/CPI market conditions change, the original design purpose may not fit the intended use-case for the final product, making it hard to forecast reliable system processes. These factors make the developing AI/CPI industry challenging to predict and indicates that it's only just developing.
To learn more about specific discoveries such as models and datasets, explainable AI, and case studies within the AI/CPI industry, read the article here
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"Ideally, identifying and documenting risk factors for serious or lethal intimate partner violence (IPV) should be incorporated into each step of the criminal justice intervention. While communities are often excited about developing an enhanced response to high risk cases, this effort will not be effective if current basic practices fail to address risk in general within an effective coordinated interagency response. A community's coordinating council or task force can spearhead an examination of current practices to uncover gaps that exist in identifying, documenting and transmitting risk information throughout the criminal justice intervention.
To assist such an assessment, BWJP has developed Accounting for Risk and Danger Practice Checklists for each practitioner in the intervention process. The checklists can help a jurisdiction ensure that its criminal justice response identifies and addresses potential risks to victims, based on sound research on risk factors associated with IPV. The Accounting for Risk and Danger Practice Checklists can guide communities in examining their current response to IPV and identify: "How well does the current response address risk?" and prompts the assessors to ask: "What more could be done to improve reduction of risk, especially for victims who may be at high risk of serious, repeated or lethal violence?"


Company school
Indian art
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c. 1750 - c. 1800
Company school, also called Patna painting, style of miniature painting that developed in India in the second half of the 18th century in response to the tastes of the British serving with the East India Company. The style first emerged in Murshidabad, West Bengal, and then spread to other centres of British trade: Benares (Varanasi), Delhi, Lucknow, and Patna.
The paintings were executed in watercolours on paper and on mica. Favourite subjects were scenes of Indian daily life, local rulers, and sets of festivals and ceremonies, in line with the "cult of the picturesque" then current in British artistic circles. Most successful were the studies of natural life, but the style was generally of a hybrid and undistinguished quality.


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Polish WWII massacre film causes shockwaves
Polish WWII massacre film causes shockwaves
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Polish film Poklosie or Aftermath is a dramatisation of the massacre of more than 340 Polish Jews at Jedwabne in 1941.
It has caused shockwaves and soul searching throughout the country.
It tells the story of a Polish man who returns to his home village and finds himself reluctantly drawn into uncovering what happened there during the Nazi occupation.
He discovers that, at the instigation of the Nazis, local people – including his own father – had herded Jewish villagers into a building, burned them to death, and then taken over their houses.
Opponents of the film argue it discredits Poland by creating the impression that such events were the norm in wartime. Some have accused the actors of slandering their country. One, Maciej Stuhr, has even received death threats.
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Word & Phrase Generators
Fake Language Generator
Lets face it writing your own language is hard, so why not use a fake instead?
Using this generator you'll be able to disguise and encode your native language into a new 'fake' language by using the sounds specified in the 'Translation Phoneme'. To get started; simply add the'sounds' you want your language to use in the settings panel, then click Translate. The generator will handle the rest by replacing the input language'sounds' with your new custom phonemes.
Text To Translate:
So so doh dohfa mee sodoh, so so doh meefa mee sodoh, so so doh sodoh mee somee, so so doh sodoh mee dohsodohdoh, so so doh dohmeeso mee dohmee, so so doh dohmeeso mee raymeerayso, so so doh lala mee Sotee, so so doh lala mee Sodoh, so so doh teetee mee meedoh, so so doh raymee mee dohdohfa...
Translation Phoneme
Behind The Science
Behind every generator is science: Word science. The language generator is no exception; dabbling in the science of linguistics. By using the principles of phonemes, diagraphs, and morphologies the language generator is able to capture the complex structure and orthography of the input language and encode a 'new' unique set of phonemes (sounds); creating a seemingly diverse and complex written language. Though the generator does not constitute a true unique language, it can assist in faking one!
Before we go into the details of the generator, we need a Wikipedia crash course in linguistics and orthography. The important parts are summarized below.
What is a phoneme?
Think of phonemes as'sounds', when a group of these phonemes are placed together they form morphemes or words.
What is a digraph?
Digraphs represent a pair of letters that from a single phoneme (a distinct sound). Such as 'ay' in way, or the 'th' in through.
What about trigraphs, etcetera?
Like digraphs, a Trigraph, Tetragraph, or Pentagraph is a set of letters that form a single phoneme (sound). Trigraph, meaning three letters; tetragraph four, and pentagraph five letters. Examples: 'tch' (Trigraph) in watch. Four plus letter combinations are almost nonexistent. Though the 'ough' (Tetragraph) in through would work for our purposes. 'tzsch' (Pentagraph) appears in the English word Nietzschean.


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SACRAMENTO, Calif. — California is the first state to introduce mandatory green building standards after a new policy was created to achieve a statewide goal of 33 percent renewable energy use by 2020 and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, and water use.
The building codes, which take effect Jan. 1, 2011, require all buildings to reduce water consumption by 20 percent compared to conventional structures. In addition, nonresidential buildings constructed in 2011 will need separate water meters for indoor and outdoor use, with a requirement for moisture-sensing irrigation systems for larger landscape projects and mandatory inspections of energy systems for nonresidential buildings over 10,000 square feet.
Upon passing a state building inspection, facilities can be labeled by their owners as Calgreen compliant.
Calgreen incorporates all code provisions related to health, safety, fire, energy and structural building requirements already in place, allowing state and local inspectors to easily transition to the new system.
The California Building Standards Commission and other California agencies have been collaborating since 2007 to develop green building standards for residential, commercial and public building construction. The agencies have worked closely with environmentalists, architects, builders, local officials and others to create the new standards.
"With this first-in-the-nation mandatory green building standards code, California continues to pave the way in energy efficiency and environmental protection," says Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger. "Today's action lays the foundation for the move to greener buildings constructed with environmentally advanced building practices that decrease waste, reduce energy use, and conserve resources."
California has a voluntary green building code that has been in effect since 2009. To date, more than 40 cities statewide have adopted green building ordinances.


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The aim of paper MA2 Managing Costs and Finance is to develop knowledge and understanding of how to prepare, process and present basic cost information to support management in planning and decision-making in a variety of business contexts.
MA2 is designed to help you to develop the knowledge and understanding of the principles and techniques used in recording, analysing and reporting costs and revenues for internal management purposes.
It will show you how to develop applicable cost concepts in making short-term decisions and explain how to measurement performance using spreadsheets.
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