1. L
 Working with zoo closed population - observation study - Which test?
 Our title: Investigating the anticipatory and aggressive behaviour of a captive group of Sulawesi Crested Macaques (Macaca nigra) during different feeding times and enclosure location. Confused as to what stats test to use as > we have 3 independent variables (explanatory as observation) 1)...
 2. I
 The Unexpected and Thrilling life of Grass - A Statistical Story
 Hi, I'm an aspiring Environmental Scientist and i've recently finished some data collection to do with Common Grassland Species. My hope was to match my findings against a Botany report done several years ago to see the change over time. However i can't figure out which tests to use as most...
 3. drtoddchang
 Similarity instead of differences in means b/w 2 groups
 Hi - long time lurker. First time poster. I'm hoping folks can provide guidance and opinions. I am looking at a small pilot study (n=16) of subjects whose heart rates are being measured as part of stress physiology. Heart rate is the continuous outcome variable (/min). The subjects go...
 4. T
 Best scenario: unpaired or paired situation?
 I have a few questions, but first let me give you some necessary background of the experiment and the underlying questions. Basically, the design is as follows: 3 independent repeated experiments across different days using different stocks of a cell lineage (clones); One factor called...
 5. W
 paired or unpaired?
 Hi, Need some advice, if I'm comparing species abundance in the same location across two different seasons is this paired or non-paired for Mann-Whitney-U? Thanks in advance
 6. O
 Paired or Unpaired T-test?
 If I have traps set to capture a certain animal at night vs. during the day, would I use a paired or unpaired T-test? I'd be comparing the mean number of species 1 collected during the day with the mean number of species 1 collected at night (using the same trap). Each individual animal is...
 7. E
 Paired data but unequal sample size
 Hi there, I'm not great with statistics so apologies if this is a really silly question. I'm conducting research on women who suffer third degree tears during childbirth. I'm currently looking to compare the rate of tear for women giving birth for the first time, and then the recurrence rate...
 8. M
 paired sample t-test for repeated measures in 1 subject
 I am conducting a psychology experiment. In my pilot study I analyze responses of one subject which ran through two conditions. The task is to predict outcomes based on previous outcomes. On every trial the subject tries to predict the outcome as good as possible and learns to adapt the...
 9. J
 Which paired test?
 Hi, I have a little slightly complicated analysis which I want do describe in form of another similar but clearer example: I have 15 different stones (different material, different size). Each stone can be identified (e.g. has a number). Now I have an experiment where I through each...
 10. C
 Paired or unpaired data: please help
 Hi all, I have this question and have been toiling on it for days. Am not sure if I'm tackling it correctly. A group of patients attending a particular program were assessed at the start of program and then at the end of the program. Some in the group were prescribed medications before end...
 11. C
 Paired or unpaired test?
 Forum experts, I'm doing some environmental data anlalysis and I'm struggling with the correct statistics approach. I have data from 4 3-week studies where a number of parameters were collection both upwind and downwind of an emissions site. I have 1-min data that I have also averaged into...
 12. J
 Paired or Independent?
 Dear all, For my thesis I have created 2 portfolios of 250 stocks each (randomly selected). I hypothetically buy them on the 1st of January and sell them back on the last trading day of the year. I have calculated the returns over the year and collected them in 2 groups of 250 each...


text:
June 12, 2009
The role of the skin on our fingertips, palm and soles of the feet is to grip other objects, and they all have characteristic "friction" ridges. Nevertheless, very little research has been carried out about how well fingers perform, how friction is achieved and why we have soft fingerpads with fingerprints at all. Recent research carried out in the laboratory of the University of Manchester suggests that finger skin has frictional properties rather like rubber.
|Why do we have fingerprints?
The most likely possible answers are:
1) Fingerprints may increase friction on rough materials;
New British research indicates that the first option can be deleted from the list. Researcher Dr. Roland Ennos explains his findings below:
"I have been thinking about this for years and, having played around with it for a bit, realised that skin is rubbery so the ridges in fingerprints might actually reduce grip.
Our experiments – using a plastic cup, weights and strips of Perspex (acrylic glass) to develop a simple machine in the lab – proved me right.
The experiment was so simple, this discovery could have been made 100 years ago; but scientists make assumptions and tend to look at complicated things instead.
We are now testing that theory and two others, that fingerprints improve grip on rough surfaces and that they increase sensitivity.
There are potential spin-offs for this work. For example some people who suffer nerve damage that prevents sweating have slippery fingers and cannot grip: we could develop something to treat that."
LEARN MORE ABOUT FINGERPRINTS:

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


- gerard van weyenbergh
BLM, where are the voices of Museums?
"Dear Museum, why don't you say anything? This is in essence the question put to museum institutions. An intense debate has opened on the reaction of museums to the "Black Lives Matter" movement, which in just a few weeks has become the universal slogan of equal lives.
Where does this interpellation come from? First of a principle that has been affirmed and reinforced in the digital age: the museum speaks. Conferences, debates but also video content, podcasts, and enhanced communication on social networks, a whole series of proposals and interactions have made the museum a talking institution. As such, the museum is today criticized for his silence or the timidity of his voice.
But, based on this criticism, the good news is that there is a social demand for museums, and it paves the way for a redefinition of their role in public debate. This is my theory.
To trace the thread of this request for commitment, we must take into account the differences in reactions between museums versus the "Black Lives Matter" movement.
Some, like the Louvre museum did not react, others in the United States quickly published messages of support and solidarity. The Tate in London put online resources around black artists. The Museum of Natural History and the Musée de l'Homme put up their podcast "We the others". Musée du Quai Branly in Paris set up a conference by African-American academic Cornel West at the time of the exhibition "The Color Line." In Bordeaux Musée d'Aquitaine has joined forces with the Foundation for the Memory of Slavery.
In contrast, others, such as the Center Pompidou, posted a black background during "Blackout Tuesday" on social networks.
There is thus emancipation of variable geometry with regard to the "neutrality" of museums. Neutrality, which is today called into question. The International Council of Museums notably recalled in a forum that museums are not neutral, that they are not separated from the social context, and that when they separate from it, this silence is not neutral, it is a choice, the bad".
The letter from a biracial student at the Louvre School, posted on her Instagram account, has also been widely used in the artistic network, blogs, and specialized journals.
It challenges "museum impartiality" and attacks the silence or the weakness of facade messages "between your potential social action in the public debate and that of L'Oréal, would there be no difference? »She asks.
In this letter, French museums are called upon to share massive amounts of content and resources within a single platform, to provide young people with "intellectual self-defense tools".
At a time of generalized mistrust, the museum, therefore, embodies a point of reference. This is the first lesson of this controversy. But between the responses deemed weak or opportunistic and the absence of responses labeled as disconnection, the museum's word has not yet found its voice. It must also be part of consistency between programming, internal functioning, and communication. It is an enthralling challenge which is launched to the institutions, one of these debates of the "after" which nobody had, it seems, not seen coming.
France Culture


text:
Growth And Reproduction Of Cells
1. Mitotic (division) stages in red bone marrow
2. Meiotic (maturation) stages in testis
3. Sea-urchin, cleavage stages of egg cells
4. Growing egg and yolk cells in ovary
5. Plant mitosis, onion root tips with mitosis in side view
6. Pin polar view
7. Growing tissue in stem apex of Asparagus
8. Growing leaf tissue in shoot apex of spruce
9. Plant meiosis, young Lilium anthers, meiotic divisions
10. Mature pollen grains of Lilium.
Includes an illustrated pamphlet with details for each specimen and instructions for working with prepared microscope slides.
LIEDER prepared microscope slides of highest quality are made in laboratories in Ludwigswburg, Germany under rigorous scientific controls. They are the product of 50 years experience combined with the most up to date techniques.
The prerequisite for excellent preparations is excellent material, well preserved and fixed so that the finer structures are retained in as life-like away as possible. Microtome sections are cut from this material by our highly skilled and experienced staff. They are of a thickness which will finally result in slides from which the maximum resolution of the structural components can be obtained.
Particular attention is paid to the staining technique and in each case the selected method for a particular specimen will ensure the best possible differentiation combined with clear definition and permanency of staining.
LIEDER prepared microscope slides are delivered on best glasses with fine ground edges of the size 26 x 76 mm (1'' x 3'').


text:
Research organizes a question or questions about patient characteristics, methods of treatment or materials, and processes used in treatment and produces accurate, valid answers to improve the quality of patient care (1). To be able to answer questions, we must first convert our observations into measurable quantities-also known as "properties" or "variables"(2). This article defines different types of variables and elaborates on their use and misuse in published research.
A variable, according to Webster, has several definitions: "... able to vary or alter, susceptible to change, having no fixed value... "(3). When applied to research, variables are classified as independent or dependent (4). Understanding variables, their definitions, and how they may be manipulated and measured is critical to making correct inferences (4).
The researcher has control over independent variables and can choose to alter or change them. Dependent variables change or react to the state of the independent variable (5,6). For example, to evaluate the effect a new residual limb sock has on reducing edema, the researcher first selects patients who have edematous residual limbs. Next, two commonly used residual limb socks and a new one to be evaluated are applied, and the circumferences or volumes of the residual limbs are measured.
In this case the independent variable is socks, and the circumference or volume of the residual limbs is the dependent variable. There is control over which sock is applied, but no control over how circumference or volume of the residual limb reacts to changes in pressure presented by the socks.
For another example, a prosthetic foot has been designed to be easier to walk with and to save energy. The measure of energy expenditure will be heart rate. To perform an evaluation, other commonly used prosthetic feet must be obtained, subject amputees should walk a measured distance at a defined speed (velocity) and their heart rates should be measured immediately before and after they walk.
This process should be repeated with each of the prosthetic feet. In this instance the prosthetic feet are the independent variables in that the researcher has chosen the feet, while heart rate (the subjects' reaction to walking with the various feet) is the dependent variable. The distance and speed are under the researcher's control, and the effect of the feet on the effort of walking is measured by heart rate alone.
Variables are usually denoted by X and Y. The independent variable is identified as the X-variable and is plotted on the X-axis or abscissa of a graph, and the dependent variable is defined as the Y-variable and is plotted on the Y-axis or ordinate.
A lack of understanding or awareness of classifying variables is a common cause of errors in scientific literature published by allied health professionals (1). The type of statistical test to be applied to a data set depends on classification of the variable.
Variables are classified into two major groups: discrete and continuous (1,2,4,7). Discrete variables have finite values, such as sex, blood type, race and manual muscle test grades, and allow subjects to be grouped into mutually exclusive categories. Discrete variables are often defined by alpha characters, such as blood type (A, B, 0, AB), or numerically as integers such as muscle grades (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
In both cases there are distances between the values that are neither equal or defined. If the dependent variable "pain" was graded as none 0, slight=1, moderate=2, severe=3, or unbearable=4, then values between the discrete values are undefined and meaningless.
However, continuous variables such as age, height, weight, blood pressure or force are infinitely divisible. Continuous variables are always numeric and are on a real scale with clearly defined subdivisions (4). The choice of what statistical test to apply to data depends on whether the variables are discrete or continuous. A judgment error on this point will result in flawed conclusions.
The ensuing discussion focuses on the differences and restrictions one must be aware of when defining the variables used to answer a research question.
Variables with the simplest characteristics are those in the nominal category. Webster defines nominal as: "... consisting of giving a name.., in name only, not in fact... very small compared to expectations.., hardly worth mention... "(3). In the context of research, nominal data commonly identifies groups of two members, e.g., male or female, left or right, yes or no, spasticity or no spasticity, young or old, normal or abnormal, etc. There is no rank or order, no better or worse, and no mathematical operations that can be applied to numbers used in grouping in this manner (2).
Because of the prolific use of computers in managing research data and because computers prefer numbers to alpha characters, it is common to code data as 1=male, 2=female or 1=yes, 2=no. One must remember that these numbers only reflect codes and that the item they represent is not arithmetic. There is no such thing as an "average sex" of 1.5 or an "average yes/no" of 1.5, which is what you would get if you derived the mean of "average sex" or "yes/no" responses. You can see the ridiculous conclusion that can be drawn by inappropriate operation with numbers that do not follow the laws of mathematics.
Grouping subjects in nominal categories is simply a way of separating subjects into two groups. It also facilitates record keeping and tallying by assigning arbitrary numbers to identify groups. This is the first level of measurement.
The next step in characterizing data is that of the ordinal scale (1,8,9). Webster defines ordinal as "... denoting order.., as, the ordinal numbers, first, second, third." This is probably the most misused of all levels of measurement (9). In an ordinal scale, a hierarchy is ascribed to data and listed from most to least, worst to best, highest to lowest, etc. The distance from group to group is not defined (2,8,9).
For example, in the previously described pain scale with 5 possible levels, it is not possible to equate the difference between "no" and "slight pain" to the difference between "severe" and "unbearable pain." These descriptors are subject to a wide range of interpretations.
Many researchers err by assigning numbers to parameters that fall on an ordinal scale. For example, if the variable of blood type is being measured it would be appropriate to group people according to blood type. Assume that the researcher, either for convenience or out of necessity for computer data entry, assigned numbers to those blood types.
It would not be appropriate to perform mathematical operations such as adding, subtracting and averaging of those numbers because it is meaningless to compute a blood-type group that is more or less than A. It is either type A, B, 0 or AB. There simply is no such thing as an average blood type, but there is a most common blood type. When numbers are assigned to discrete variables care must be taken not to forget the type of data.
How often have we read about the "average" spasticity score when the original data were mild, moderate or severe (with scores of 1, 2 or 3 assigned) or muscle grades when the tested data were zero, trace, poor, fair, good, normal (with scores of 0, 1,2,3, 4 or 5 assigned). In each case, numbers are assigned to discrete groups on an ordinal scale, leading to inappropriate data analysis, flawed logic and invalid inferences (9).
Unfortunately, average (incorrect) spasticity scores and muscle grades are too frequently reported. This mathematical limitation is especially important because most data are managed with statistical computer programs. Once the numerical representations of the ordinal scale groups are entered, the computer has no way of knowing the difference, and the results, however tempting, are invalid. While it would be correct to tally the counts in each group to arrive at the conclusion that "most patients had 3+ quadriceps," it is incorrect to arrive at the conclusion that "..... the average quadriceps grade was 3.7."
To visualize the correct variable type (discrete vs. continuous), draw a horizontal line. If you can use a ruler or some other scale to place the next value of the group, then it is continuous. If you have trouble with the exact placement of the next value on the line then it is discrete. For example, suppose the T under the line in Figure 1 represents the manual muscle test grade of "trace." How far away do you put the "F" (fair)?
Since there is no well-defined distance between manual muscle test grades, you cannot mathematically manipulate them as though they were on a continuous linear arithmetic scale. A strong warning about incorrect usage of ordinal scales was issued by Johnston et al. in discussing current methodology used to evaluate rehabilitation outcomes (10).
Often, ordinal data are summed, making them meaningless. Depending on the categories being evaluated, it is not uncommon to find a list such as bathing, feeding, catheter care, wheelchair skills and walking used to evaluate rehabilitation outcomes.
If an ordinal scale from 1 to 10 is used to evaluate or grade a list of patient skills, it is not difficult to see that a change from feeding with an orthosis to feeding with no orthosis has no linear relationship to a change from wheelchair to walking abilities. Worse yet, if such scores are summed there is great temptation to average them, which has no mathematical validity and leads to enormous and often unfortunate interpretation of results affecting factors such as rehabilitation strategies and reimbursement (8).
This is not to imply that nominal or ordinal scales cannot be used. While it is beyond the scope


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Welcome To
Willingham Primary School
Year 5: Ming vases
In Year 5, we have been looking at Chinese blue and white porcelain and have created paintings of Ming vases using a sgraffito technique.
We looked at traditional shapes of vases from the 14th Century onward and decided on a shape for our own vase. The children drew a vertical line to help keep their shape symmetrical. They then used oil pastel to colour in their design:
They painted over their design with white paint and while it was still wet, began to make intricate patterns with the other end of a small paintbrush.
Here are some finished examples:


9 Ghost Sightings From Reddit That Will Creep You Out
In a recent paranormal Reddit discussion, parents shared stories about their children maybe, possibly, almost undeniably seeing ghosts. Like cats and dogs, children just seem to be more in touch with the other side than adults. Horror movies may have planted that idea into our minds, but these anecdotes totally back it up.
While a few Redditors offered stories of their children encountering friendly or well-meaning ghosts, others shared stories that could be the premise for one of those aforementioned horror movies. From kids seeing red-eyed men to toddlers giggling at dark, seemingly empty corners, these eerie tales will surely keep you up at night. At the very least, they'll reignite your childhood urge to check under your bed before going to sleep.
Come to think of it, if these kids aren't seeing ghosts, we shudder to think what they are seeing.
Click through to read some seriously scary ghost stories, courtesy of the parents, siblings, and babysitters of Reddit. And if creepy kids aren't your thing, maybe these terrifying ghost stories from R29ers are more your style.


text:
While the athletes are flexing their muscles, why not train your brain with these two Olympic puzzles? There'll be another two tomorrow.
Given the following clues, can you work out the number of gold, silver and bronze medals that France, Italy and Japan got?
- Japan has 1 more gold medal, but 3 fewer silver medals, than Italy.
- France has the most bronze medals (18), but fewest gold medals (7).
- Each country has at least 6 medals of each type.
- Italy has 27 medals in total.
- Italy has 2 more bronze medals than gold medals.
- The three countries have 38 bronze medals in total.
- France has twice as many silver medals as Italy has gold medals.
Three teams A, B and C have each played two matches.
Three points are given for a win and one point to each team for a draw.
The table below gives the total number of points and goals scored for and against each team.
Fill in the table and find the scores in each match.
|Teams||Games Played||Won||Drawn||Lost||Goals For||Goals Against||Points|


The Weather Inside
What you need:
What you do:
 1. Ask, "What are some emotions or feelings you have had today?"
 2. Explain that emotions come and go all the time and that this is completely natural.
 3. Play the video "The Feelings Song."
 4. Ask, "What do you remember from the video? What were the different emotions the boy and the girl felt?"
 5. Ask, "What else comes and goes, like emotions?"
 6. Explain that the weather is something that changes, just like our emotions.
 7. Play the video "Kids Meditation: Bulldog Weathers the Storm."
 8. Ask, "What did you notice? How do you feel?"
 9. Review the Silly Stories: Mindfulness of Emotions worksheet with your child and work together to complete it! Then share your silly story with another family member.
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text:
SIS Seminar Series: "Digital Devices in Archive Reading Rooms: Assessing Regulations in the TARO Archives." Guest Speaker Dr. U. Karadkar
Join us for a McGill School of Information Studies (SIS) Seminar Series talk on archival device regulations and mobile applications to assist in archival research with guest speaker Dr. Unmil Karadkar, Assistant Professor in the School of Information at The University of Texas at Austin.
Doing research in the archive is the cornerstone of humanities scholarship. To protect their materials and to provide a welcoming environment for scholars, archives establish regulations regarding the use of technological devices, such as mobile phones, laptops, and cameras in their reading rooms. Such regulations directly affect the scholars as the devices mediate the nature of their interaction with the source materials in terms of capturing, organizing, note taking, and record keeping for future use of found materials. In this talk, I will present our evaluation of the device use regulations published by thirty archives. This evaluation, along with data from interviews of scholars and archivists, is intended to serve as a basis for developing mobile applications for assisting scholars in their research activities. In this paper we introduce early prototypes of two mobile applications—AMTracker for viewing archive regulations and STARDocMan for capturing documents and adding metadata in the reading rooms.
Unmil Karadkar is a tenure-track Assistant Professor in the School of Information at The University of Texas at Austin. He conducts research at the intersection of human-centered computing, digital collections, and information visualization, bridging the gap between the information needs and goals of a community by augmenting digital collections, designing software to use these collections, and evaluating the impact of the designed software on a community's practices. He collaborates with researchers from diverse areas such as the sciences, humanities, and nursing. He holds a PhD in Computer Science from Texas A&M University.
Everyone welcome. Please arrive early to secure a seat.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


How do I create a pivot table in a report
How do I create a multi-series chart?
The Maintenance Connection Reporter provides options to create multi-series charts (e.g., multi-bar, stacked, with trend line). These chart styles allow for a more complex graphical presentation of your data, displaying data along multiple dimensions. Multi-series charts are more complex to create and thus require more familiarity with this type of charting. The following is a general guide for creating a"Multi-Series" Bar Chart.
To create a multi-series bar chart:
 1. Open the report on which the chart is to be placed and access the Chart/KPI Tab from the Report Setup Window.
 2. Open the Chart Type Dropdown Control and select "Bar Chart (Multi)". The fields on the page will change to support the definition of this type of chart:
 1. In the Chart By field, select the field on which the charted data will be grouped into sections. For our example, the chart will have a series of bar charts for each type of work order, so "Work Order Type Description" should be specified as the Chart By Field.
 2. In the Chart Name field, enter a desired name, such as "Count and Hours by Type".
 3. Check the "Show Values" indicator if you wish to have the actual values corresponding to each bar displayed. The chart definition should appear as follows:
 1. In the Chart Function Data area, the calculations for the individual bars to be displayed (count, target hours, actual hours) will be defined.
 2. For the first calculation, select [WO] Target Hours for the Data Value, Target Hours for the Label, Sum for the Function and any desired color:
 1. Click Add to place these values into the Chart Function List:
 1. For the second calculation, select [WO] Actual Hours and enter the desired function and color. Click Add to place these values into the list.
 2. The third calculation will simply be a count. As such, any field can be used as all fields will return the same count of records. Select any field, enter "WO Count" for the Label, "Count" for the function and select any desired color. Click Add to place these values into the list.
 3. Your Chart Function List should look similar to the following.
 1. If desired, the arrows can be used to move the display order and the red x can be used to delete the field to enter a different value.
 2. Click Apply to preview your chart. You should have a series of bar charts for each type of work order included in your report:


text:
Contested Vulnerabilities: Refugees' Experiences of Humanitarian programs
This webinar draws on recent ethnographic research conducted in a refugee settlement in Uganda. It examines Humanitarian programs in the Global South and evaluates their capacity to address immediate needs of the "most vulnerable". The workshop is part of the European Union's Horizon 2020 funded Project "VULNER: Vulnerabilities Under the Global Protection Regime".
How do the vulnerability categories work in situations of resource limitations? What are refugees' concrete experiences of vulnerability in Uganda? How do migrants negotiate, resist, or contest vulnerabilities categories?
Find the list of speakers here.
- When: 27 April 2023, 1:00 PM - 2:30 PM CET
- Where: Online, Zoom


| "SUB" | "DOT3" | "DOT4" ::= "MAD" | "LERP" | "CND" | "CND0" | "DOT2ADD" The rule matches an integer constant. The integer consists of a sequence of one or more digits ("0" through "9"). The rule matches a floating-point constant in the range of 0.0 to 1.0, inclusive. If TEXT_FRAGMENT_SHADER_ATI is enabled, but the currently bound program is invalid, the results of drawing commands are undefined. A program may be invalid because it specifically violates the syntax of the above grammar or because the specified program violates one of the additional semantic restrictions given in summary below with details following: Summary of semantic restrictions: --------------------------------- 1. All "cX" constants used by a program must be declared in a constant block, and program constants can be bound at most once. 2. If an instruction refers to "cX" constants as arguments, at most 2 different constants can be used in a single instruction. 3. "color0" and "color1" may be used only in the output pass. 4. A preliminary pass must contain at least one ALU operation. 5. A maximum of 8 pairs or implicit pairs of color and alpha instructions (not including "PassTexCoord and" "SampleMap") can be used in a single pass. 6. A given destination register can only be written by a SampleMap or PassTexCoord instruction once in a given pass. 7. The second argument to "PassTexCoord" and "SampleMap" can not be an "rX" register in the first pass. 8. Once a texture coordinate source is specified with a particular choice for coordinate selection, (i.e "str" or "stq"), the program may not refer to that same texture coordinate with a different choice later on. The exception is that a different projection can be specified (i.e. using both "t2.str" and "t2.str_dr" on the same texture coordinate set is legal, but using "t2.str" and "t2.stq" is not) 9. The second argument to "PassTexCoord" and "SampleMap" in the output pass can not be a register that uses "stq" or "stq_dq" as a component choice selection. 10. Alpha destination masks for DOT2ADD, DOT3, and DOT4 instructions can only be specified in combination with color destination masks. 11. If a DOT4 is specified to not write the alpha channel of it's destination, then it is illegal to specify the next instruction to write *only* the alpha channel of it's destination. 12. A program can not issue an instruction which requires the use of the alpha component of a "color1" (secondary color) parameter. 13. A program may not refer to a register number greater than the number of supported texture units. 14. A program may not refer to a texture coordinate set greater than the number of supported texture units. The details of the above restrictions and usage guidelines are given below: There are three types of data that can be in a fragment program: registers, constants, and interpolators. The 6 "rX" registers can be used as source or destination in any instruction. The final result of the program is whatever value is in the register "r0". This value will be the final color of the output fragment passed by the programmable fragment processing unit to subsequent non-programmable fragment processing. There are 8 constant registers available, "c0" through "c7". To use these constants, a program must include a constant declaration block which indicates how the constants are to be bound. Constants can be bound to program local parameters, program global parameters, or literal string constants. Program locals represent per-program storage, while program environment parameters are global to all programs. See the ARB_vertex_program documentation for details on the use of ProgramLocalParameter4{d,dv,f,fv}ARB, and ProgramEnvParameter4{d,dv,f,fv}ARB to set these bound constants. Constants can also be bound to a constant floating point vector within the program text itself, such as "{ 1.0, 0.0, 0.2, 0.5 }". "cX" constants can be used as source in any instruction, but at most 2 different constants may be used as source arguments in any single instruction. Additionally, the primary and secondary color interpolators are available as source in any instruction, but only in the last pass of the program (i.e., the only pass of a one-pass program or the second pass of a two-pass program). Either one or two passes may be specified in a program. The passes can be thought of as an optional preliminary pass and a required final output pass. The passes are delineated by the occurence of the "StartPrelimPass" and "EndPass" tokens for the optional preliminary pass, and the "StartOutputPass" and "EndPass" tokens for the output pass. Note that in a two-pass shader, the preliminary pass must contain at least one match for the rule in the grammar. Or put another way, the preliminary pass can not consist solely of PassTexCoord and SampleMap operations. Each pass may use up to 8 pairs of instructions for a total of at most 16 pairs in the shader. A pair consists of one color instruction followed immediately by one alpha instruction. In ATI_fragment_shader, color and alpha instructions were specified independently through the use of ColorFragmentOp and AlphaFragmentOp. In ATI_text_fragment_shader color instructions are identified by the use of the "r", "g", or "b" write masks on the destination register of the instruction. Alpha instructions are identified by the use of the "a" write mask. If the "a" mask and at least one of "r", "g", or "b" masks are used, or if no mask is used at all, the instruction is considered to be an implicit pair that will apply the same operation to the color and the alpha channels. For instance, the following would be considered color operations "DOT3 r2.rgb, r0, r3;" "MUL r1.g, r0, r2;" The following would be considered alpha operations "MOV r2.a, r0;" "MUL r1.a, r0, r2;" The following would each be considered an implicit pair of color and alpha operations (i.e. three example pairs are given below) "DOT3 r2, r0, r3;" "MUL, r0, r2;" "MUL r1.rgba, r0, r2;" Therefore, the following examples indicate legal pairs of instructions, each of which would count against the limit of 8 instruction pairs per pass. # pair #1 "DOT3 r2.rgb, r0, r3;" "MUL r1.a, r0, r2;" # pair #2 "SUB r4.r, r0, r3;" "MUL r6.a, r0, r2;" # (implicit) pair #3 "SUB r4.rgba, r0, r3;" # (implicit) pair #4 "ADD, r0, r3;" # (implicit) pair #5 "DOT4 r5, r2, r3;" The color and alpha instructions of a pair are executed in parallel: the result of the color instruction cannot affect the source arguments of the alpha instruction. In other words, if an alpha instruction refers to a temporary register ("rX") that was written by it's paired color instruction, then the value of that register used by the alpha instruction will be the value before the color instruction was executed. For instance, consider the following color alpha pairing: "SUB r4.rgb, r0, r3;" "MUL r6.a, r4, r2;" # MUL instruction will use the value # in r4 that r4 had before SUB # instruction was issued. Both a color and an alpha instruction need not be specified for every pair; the necessary color or alpha no-op is automatically inserted by the GL to complete each instruction pair. Note that a given register can only be used as a destination at most once during the of each pass. In other words, a program may not initialize the same register twice in one pass using the PassTexCoord or SampleMap instructions. Writing to the same register by the instructions is quite legal, however. The first instructions specified in each pass of a program are "free" instructions in that they don't count against the 8 instructions available in each pass. They are routing instructions that specify from where the contents of the registers come. They are specified with the "SampleMap" and "PassTexCoord" tokens. The token sequence "PassTexCoord ;" specifies that the value present in is passed directly into the contents of (one of the registers "rX"). This value is then available for use as a source argument to subsequent color and alpha instructions following in the same pass. may either be the texture coordinates on a texture unit ("tX"), or in the case of a two-pass program's second pass, it may be the value of a register set in the first pass ("rX"). Note that in order to preserve the contents of a register from the first pass to the second, there must be a "PassTexCoord" instruction in the setup for the second pass that assigns that register to itself. For example: "StartOutputPass;" "PassTexCoord r1, r1.str;" etc. will preserve the first 3 components of "r1" for use in the second


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Solar dynamo evolution in the non-kinematic regime
CENTRA/IST, Univ. Evora, Portugal; UdeM/Physique
One of the most used tools to study the behavior and evolution of the large scale solar magnetic field is flux transport dynamo theory. Models based on this framework are very popular nowadays and have been used even for the prediction of upcoming solar cycles. Nevertheless, these models take into account the effect of solar meridional circulation mainly in the kinematic regime, i.e., the magnetic field does not affect the plasma velocity field. In this talk I'll address this problem by presenting evidence that the Lorentz force feedback of the magnetic fields in the meridional flow is important for the evolution of the solar cycle. We analyze the relation between magnetic field and flows in the Global large-eddy simulation of Ghizaru et al ApJ, 2010. Afterwards the preliminary results obtained are used to build a simplified dynamo model with which we study the long term dynamics caused by the Lorentz feedback.
Date: Jeudi, le 28 juillet 2011 Heure: 11:30 Lieu: Université de Montréal Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, local D-460 Contact: Paul Charbonneau


Remote inspection use cases
person sits at desk with coffee and laptop at work
Training employees while they are working increases the chance the learning will be fully assimilated. Using CloudVisit, a colleague or supervisor can guide an employee through the process of performing a task and explain the standards for performing that task. Then, the expert can observe the employee while he or she performs the job and provide feedback on how to improve performance.
What is the best way to determine if someone can complete a take successfully? Have them complete the task in a controlled environment where their work can be assessed, and they can receive immediate feedback. CloudVisit supports this approach by allowing an expert to see the work being done. The expert can capture the results, compare it to pre-defined criteria, and enter comments.
Surveys are used to gather information for a design or for an estimate of what is involved to complete the task. By using CloudVisit, the information that needs to be collected can be identified in a checklist, these items can be captured in the session recording, and the results can be found by searching for the item and jumping to that location in the playback.
A common task for deployment supervisors is to inspect a site and the personnel working on the site to ensure everything is ready for work to begin. CloudVisit gives deployment supervisors and others a way to complete inspections seamlessly and document the results for others to review if necessary.
Instead of waiting to see the results at the end of the project, users of CloudVisit can establish times when the crew will connect with an expert throughout the project to ensure timely and quality results. This approach also can be used to check on equipment, include engineering when needed, troubleshooting, and change requests.
Most jobs have a list of acceptance criteria to determine if the work has been completed successfully. CloudVisit users can import a site-specific checklist, capture the results for each checklist item in the session recording, and flag any items that need to be completed or corrected as part of the acceptance process. Although results may vary, we've seen 33% decrease in the number of defects found and 40% improvement in cycle time. In third-party audits, we've seen 62% more audits pass, 90% reduction in audit defects per site, and 67% reduction in return visits.
Typically, after work on a site has been completed, someone or a group of people must spend a lot of time preparing the handoff package (historically, this included 100s of pictures) to show the work was done properly. With CloudVisit, the handoff package is the session recording with some additional files uploaded into the session folder eliminating the need for hours and hours of post-processing.
Final approval
Ideally, the group doing the work, the company they are working for, and the customer participates in the same CloudVisit session so everyone is aligned and final approval is expedited. Given this isn't always feasible, customers can access the CloudVisit recording after the fact to capture their input and indicate if the site is approved or highlight what needs to be done for the site to be approved.


Clause 105 - Transit of prisoners
Part of Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders bill – in a Public Bill Committee at 10:15 am on 13th October 2011.
Alert me about debates like this
Photo of Crispin Blunt Crispin Blunt Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Ministry of Justice) (Prisons and Probation) 10:15 am, 13th October 2011
The purpose of the clause is to put in place powers to enable the United Kingdom to facilitate the transit of prisoners through its territory. Such prisoners will be transferring from another state to a third state where there is a treaty between those states for a prisoner to be repatriated. The prisoner will not have been prosecuted, convicted or sentenced in the UK. Transit arrangements would normally mean enabling a prisoner and escort to transfer from one aeroplane to another at one of our international airports.
We expect requests under this power to be few in number and only for the purpose of enforcing a sentence of imprisonment lawfully passed on a prisoner by an appropriate court in the sentencing state. In most cases the prisoner concerned will have given his consent to transfer and will be returning to his country of nationality, where he can serve his sentence close to his family and friends, aiding his rehabilitation back into society.
The amendment proposes an addition to clause 105 that would require Ministers to make a declaration that a prisoner subject to transit through the territory of the UK would not be at risk of execution, torture or persecution in the country to which they are being transferred, and to make arrangements for the publication of that declaration.
The Government's position on the death penalty is unequivocal and any request for transit for the purpose of carrying out the death penalty would be refused. Transit is provided for in all our existing prisoner transfer arrangements. With the exception of the EU framework decision on prisoner transfer, where there is a requirement to facilitate transit, transit is discretionary, and Ministers are able to refuse any request, and they will of course do so, if they have any concerns about an individual transit request or a particular state to which the prisoner is being transferred.
In those circumstances, I do not believe that it is necessary or appropriate for Ministers to make a declaration as proposed. In addition, I have mentioned the EU prisoner transfer agreement, which requires us to facilitate transfer if requested. However under that agreement transit involves the transit of a prisoner only from one EU member state to another. Each member state is bound by the European convention on human rights and we would expect each state fully to honour its commitments and obligations.
The UK will have no jurisdiction to interfere in international agreements made between two separate states where they are transferring a prisoner in accordance with those arrangements. The UK will expect other countries to facilitate transfers of foreign national prisoners repatriated from the UK; it plays its part in doing the same for other states. Those are all prisoners who have been convicted and sentenced. A declaration such as that sought by the amendment may give a prisoner on arrival in the UK the right to challenge the UK's decision to allow further transit. Furthermore, a Minister could not properly make such a declaration based on information given by the relevant state when, not being party to the arrangements or the prisoner's views, the Minister would have no means of verifying such information.
I hope, in the light of that information and the rather limited circumstances in which and to whom the provision would apply, that the hon. Lady will withdraw her amendment.
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Contents - Previous - Next
Two procedures are commonly used for determining flux rates. These have become known as the two-point and multi-point methods. It may often be supposed that these procedures are basically the same, the two-point procedure being an abbreviated multi-point method. This is not, however, the case for although the underlying assumptions outlined in Section 4.2 apply in each case, the two-point procedure is more tolerant of deviations from the model than the multi-point method, essentially because the two-point method measures total flux between two points several days apart whereas the multi-point method attempts to provide a mean value for daily flux rates over the same time interval.
4.4.1 Two-point method
If N remains constant during an experimental period total outflow r' is correctly calculated for a period between t1 and tt as:
where the subscripts refer to times 1 and t and pre-dose (p).
This is true even if the rate of outflow per unit time is not constant and varies in a random fashion or systematically. Imagine, for example, that r' measured over successive similar time intervals varies. In this case total flow for the period 1 to t is given by:
Cross-cancellation gives: on gives:
The two-point methodology is also resilient when N changes with time as a consequence of rin not equalling rout. Coward et al 7 have shown that if rin does not equal rout, but both are constant so that N changes linearly, or if rin(t)/N(t) and rout(t)/N(t) are unequal but constant and N thus changes exponentially, total outflow is given by:
(A full derivation of this Equation can be found in Coward et al 7 and an alternative version is presented in Appendix 3.)
Because daily variation in the slope of the line between the two points does not matter in the two-point method obtaining the correct answer for the overall slope is entirely a matter of analytical accuracy and precision.
4.4.2 Multi-point (slope-intercept) method
The multi-point method is fundamentally different from the two-point procedure because the basic intention is to obtain a mean value for flux rate with a standard deviation indicating the extent of random physiological variation.
Pool spaces (N) are measured from the zero-time intercept of a plot of isotopic enrichment versus time. The most important advantage of this manoeuvre is that it reduces the error on calculation of the products kONO and kDND because of the covariance of slopes and intercepts. For example, an error tending to make a slope steeper will increase the value of the intercept and consequently reduce N. Allowance can also be made for covariance between errors in the 2H and 18O data in the determination of the SE of the estimate. These aspects are covered more fully in Chapter 5. Additionally random analytical error becomes less important than it is in the two-point method. This aspect is also covered fully in Chapter 5.
There are many possible ways of handling multi-point data. Three of these were explored in detail during the workshop and in the data analysis exercise leading up to it. They are summarised below. A fourth variant (the Product-Ratio Method) was developed by Cole and Coward and introduced at the workshop. It gives the same answer as the simple log fit described below, but provides a better estimate of error and the most informative way of inspecting the raw data. It is described in full in Chapter 5.
4.4.2.i Curve fitting to multi-point data
In order to obtain values for rate constants and intercepts (or volumes) using multi-point: data it is necessary to fit an appropriate curve to the data which describes the mean decay over time. Different fitting procedures attach more or less importance to individual points and the choice of the most appropriate treatment should ideally be based on knowledge of the system's error structure. At extreme ends of a range of possibilities are: a) that errors are proportional to the level of enrichment; or b) that the errors have a constant absolute value and are not dependent on enrichment. The first case might be represented by physiological variations such as random changes in water turnover. The second case could arise from constant analytical errors. In practice however it could be suggested that an ideal fitting procedure would be one that was appropriate to an error structure lying somewhere between the two extremes. A detailed discussion of this problem is given in Appendix 4, and further coverage appears in Chapter 5. However a few general statements can be made at this juncture and the following sections give a simple summary of 3 different data-fitting techniques and guidance as to which one is appropriate under different error conditions.
4.4.2.ii Log transformation
This procedure is the simplest that can be used since any computer package or calculator programme will fit the best straight line through log transformed data. The method assumes that errors are proportional; that is to say that residuals (differences between observed points and the fitted enrichment curve) become smaller as enrichment decreases or, in other words, are constant in size relative to enrichment. This fitting procedure is thus appropriate for errors described in case (a) above and has been used by most groups 8, 12-15. The curve fitting procedure described by Feldman 16 is used by the Cambridge group.
4.4.2.iii Exponential fit
Haggarty et al 17 at the Rowett have estimated volumes and rate constants by fitting exponentials directly to untransformed data. This approach was developed after inspecting residual plots which indicated a constant error structure throughout the labelling period in the particular group of subjects studied 18. It was this process of scrutinising residual plots which alerted these authors to the need for alternative fitting methods under certain circumstances. In contrast to log transformation the exponential fit allows early points (higher enrichment) to have a greater effect on the outcome of the fitting than later points (lower enrichment). The curve fitting is not as readily available, but it is found in a number of more sophisticated statistical packages for computers. These workers use "Maximum Likelihood Program" (Numerical Algorithms Group, Oxford, UK) to fit models to data.
4.4.2.iv Poisson fit
Franklin, also from the Rowett, suggested a third "Poisson" model at the workshop which assumes that the error structure lies somewhere between the constant: CV and constant SD situations covered above. The simplest ways to achieve this are to use either a weighted linear regression method or a 'generalised linear model' 19 with a logarithmic link function and a Poisson error distribution coupled with a heterogeneity factor. Essentially this allows the fitting of the log or exponential models with the standard deviation at each point being proportional to the square root of the enrichment. "Maximum Likelihood Program" also provides the facilities to carry out this type of analysis.
4.4.2.v Choosing the appropriate model
Firstly, it should be re-emphasised
that with well-behaved data-sets it is virtually irrelevant as to which method of data
reduction is employed since they will yield very similar answers. The workshop therefore
recommended that users should adapt their software to calculate all data-sets in each of
the 3 possible ways. They can then predefine an acceptable level of agreement (say 3%). If
the 3 results agree to within this tolerance then the particular version favoured by that
laboratory can safely be used. If the results fail to satisfy this criteria then the data
must be carefully scrutinised.
1. Lifson N & McClintock R (1966) Theory of the use of the turnover rates of body water for measuring energy expenditure and material balance. J Theoret Biol; 12: 46-74
2. Shipley RA & Clark RE (1972) Tracer Methods for In Vivo Kinetics. Academic Press, New York.
3. Schoeller DA, Ravussin E, Schutz Y. Acheson KJ, Baertschi P & Jequier E. (1986) Energy expenditure by doubly-labelled water: validation in humans and proposed calculations. Am J Physiol; 250: R823-R830
4. Roberts SB, Coward WA & Lucas A (1987) Reply to letter by Wong, Butte, Garza and Klein. Am J Clin Nutr; 45: _PHONE_.
5. Culebras JM & Moore FD (1977) Total body water and the exchangeable hydrogen in man. Am J Physiol; 232: R54-R59.
6. Coward WA (1988) The doubly-labelled water (2H218O) method: principles and practice. Proc Nutr Soc; 47: 209-218.
7. Coward WA, Cole TJ, Gerber H. Roberts SB & Fleet, I (1982) Water turnover and the measurement of milk intake. Pfleugers Archiv; 393: 344-347.
8. Coward WA, Prentice AM, Murgatroyd PR et al (1984) Measurement of CO2 production rates in man using 2H, 18O-labelled H2O: comparisons between calorimeter and isotope values. In: Human energy metabolism: physical activity and energy expenditure measurements in epidemiological research based upon direct and indirect calorimetry. Euro-Nutr Report no. 5 (A.J.H. van Es, editor). Den Haag: CIP-gegevens koninklijke, pp 126-128.
9. Roberts SB, Coward WA, Schlingenseipen KH, Nohria VR & Lucas A (1986) Comparison of the doubly-labelled water (2H218O) method with indirect calorimetry and a nutrient balance study for simultaneous


The carbon sequestration dilemma in rice soils | MED-Amin network |
By Pauline Chivenge and Bjoern Ole Sander (Rice Today), 10/12/2018.
Is it possible to sequester carbon in rice soils while reducing greenhouse gas emissions? What are the trade-offs and synergies between soil organic carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions?
Soil organic carbon is an important component of the global carbon cycle as it constitutes the largest pool of terrestrial carbon, which is approximately two and three times that in the atmosphere and vegetation, respectively. Intensive cropping systems are typically depleted of soil organic carbon, containing 25-75% of that in natural ecosystems. Hence, there is vast potential and need to increase storage, i.e., the sequestration of carbon, in these systems through the implementation of best-fit management practices depending on local conditions.
The sequestration of carbon in soils is generally considered a win-win situation because it mitigates greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Additionally, soil organic carbon is a measure of soil quality and gives an indication of sustainability in cropping systems. Soil organic carbon is a major component of soil organic matter, which is important for the supply of plant nutrients.


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of the Global Properties from the job schedule or command name use the /A parameter. Here is an example:
/A ServerName:8="(local)" DatabaseName:8="pubs"
This tip reviewed various methods for debugging and promoting DTS packages. To promote a DTS package, all you need to do is save the DTS package to the production server. There are several options to use when you want to debug stored procedures. You can masquerade the production server name by creating an alias; export your package to a bas file and use the VB 6.0 IDE when rich debugging is called for; use the Dynamic Properties task with an INI file to configure a large number of properties at run time; or use Global Properties when working with a small number of properties or when you want your DTS packages self contained.
About the author: Hilary Cotter has been involved in IT for more than 20 years as a Web and database consultant. Microsoft first awarded Cotter the Microsoft SQL Server MVP award in 2001. Cotter received his bachelor of applied science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Toronto and subsequently studied both economics at the University of Calgary and computer science at UC Berkeley. He is the author of a book on SQL Server transactional replication and is currently working on books on merge replication and Microsoft search technologies.


ELL Classroom Observation Using SIOP
Chapter3 p.51 of attached text is the mentioned checklist. Attaching.
For this assignment, observe, and assess at least one lesson involving ELLs using the Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP) checklist in Sheltered Content Instruction: Teaching English Learners with Diverse Abilities.
Submit a copy of the checklist with a 250-word reflection on this experience. Address the following questions in your reflection:
1.Were the students aware of the class language and content objectives?
2.How did the teacher instruct the content and language objectives?
3.What type of student group configurations were used? How many different types of student configurations were used?
4.How did the teacher accommodate for different ELP levels?
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When was the military draft started
When was the draft created?
Sept. 16, 1940
When did the military draft start and end?
From 1948 until 1973, during both peacetime and periods of conflict, men were drafted to fill vacancies in the armed forces which could not be filled through voluntary means.
Was there a military draft in 1964?
The military draft brought the war to the American home front. During the Vietnam War era, between 1964 and 1973, the U.S. military drafted 2.2 million American men out of an eligible pool of 27 million. Ironically, as the draft continued to fuel the war effort, it also intensified the antiwar cause.
Can you be drafted at age 35?
Who was the first man drafted in WWII?
The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, also known as the Burke–Wadsworth Act, Pub. L. 76–783, 54 Stat. 885, enacted September 16, 1940, was the first peacetime conscription in United States history. Selective Training and Service Act of 1940.
Other short titlesBurke-Wadsworth Selective Training and Service Act Selective Service Act of 1940
Does the draft still exist?
You might be interested: How much does a private in the military make
When was the last person drafted?
June 30, 1973
When was the last US draft?
December 7, 1972
Will there be a draft 2020 military?
Overview. If Congress and the President were to reinstate a military draft, the Selective Service System would conduct a National Draft Lottery to determine the order in which young men would be drafted. For example, if a draft were held in 2020, those men born in 2000 would be considered first.
At what age can you no longer be drafted?
Can the only son be drafted?
Can a 30 year old be drafted?


Ontology developers MUST offer channels for community participation and SHOULD be responsive to requests.
This check is automatically validated.
Ontology development benefits from community input, which is strongly encouraged by the OBO Foundry. Accordingly, "responsiveness" is a key quality of our general collaborative spirit. This principle is intended to ensure that channels for community input are available and that responses to input are given swiftly.
Recommendations and Requirements
Ontology developers MUST set up a mechanism to track community requests and suggestions (collectively, "issues"),and SHOULD aim to respond within 2-5 working days. Optional: Establish a discussion forum for more general communication with and between users.
Expectations of responsiveness:
 1. Issues are contributions - and should be met by a thankful attitude. When receiving an item on your issue tracker, the first thing to do is thank the contributor, even if it cannot be addressed right away.
 2. If an issue cannot be addressed right away, explain when you plan to address the issue.
 3. Do not close issues without responding. If an issue is out of scope for a repository, recommend moving it to a different repository.
 4. It is recommended that one or more developers be designated to triage issues.
A discussion mailing list and issue tracker are required to obtain an OBO Foundry PURL. The OBO Foundry offers the following recommendations on the responsiveness in issue trackers (GitHub is recommended).
 1. Specify the URL for an issue tracker (GitHub is recommended) in the ontology configuration file (YAML) that is used to display ontology details on the OBO Foundry web site.
 2. Optional: Establish a discussion forum (For example, Google groups mailing list, Slack, Twitter).
 3. The issue tracker and (if any) discussion forum SHOULD be monitored and responded to within 2-5 working days.
Review Criteria
There is a functioning issue tracker for ontology requests specified on the OBO Foundry web site.
Issue tracker:
Discussion list:
Collaboration of this sort can be demonstrated by having an active discussion mailing list, or responsiveness to community requests on a GitHub tracker.


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Succeeding in Mobile Application Markets (From Development Point of View)
Mobile application (app) markets, such as Google Play Store, are immensely competitive for app developers. Receiving high star-ratings and achieving higher ranks are two important elements of success in the market. Therefore, developers continuously enhance their apps to survive and succeed in the competitive market of mobile apps. We investigate various artifacts, such as users' mobile devices and users' feedback, to identify the factors that are statistically significantly related to star-ratings and ranks. First, we determine app metrics, such as user-interface complexity, and device metrics, such as screen size, that share a significant relationship with star-ratings. Hence, developers would be able to prioritize their testing efforts with respect to certain devices. Second, we identify the topics of user-reviews (i.e.,~users' feedback) that are statistically significantly related to star-ratings. Therefore, developers can narrow down their activities to the user-reviews that are significantly related to star-ratings. Third, we propose a solution for mapping user-reviews (from Google Play Store) to issue reports (from GitHub). The proposed approach achieves a precision of $79\%$. Fourth, we identify the metrics of issue reports prioritization, such as issue report title, that share a significant relationship with star-ratings. Finally, we determine the rank trends in the market. We investigate the most important factors that are statistically significantly related to the changes in the ranks, such as release latency. The outcome of this thesis helps app developers to be more successful in the market. Having the knowledge of the factors that are statistically significantly related to star-ratings and ranks helps developers to make wiser decisions to develop a successful app.


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The following sections cover the prerequisites that should be completed in order to publish information relating to the processing carried out by WSO2 Identity Server (WSO2 IS) in the Analytics Dashboard of WSO2 Analytics - IS.
The binary distribution contains the binary files for both MS Windows, and Linux-based operating systems. You can also download, and build the source code.
- Go to the WSO2 IS product Identity Server previous releases page.To download WSO2 IS Analytics, click Analytics.
- Select Version 5.2.0.
Enter your email address and click Download as shown below:
Installing WSO2 IS Analytics


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rogation. Its main purpose is reimbursing the insurer from funds that should equitably come from the party at fault.
For example, subrogation enables an auto insurer to sue the careless driver who injured their policyholder. This prevents that driver from escaping liability. The insurer can then lower rates rather than spread costs to blameless policyholders.
Subrogation as a Right and a Duty
Subrogation rights automatically apply without being specified in insurance policies. This entitles the insurer to step into the shoes of its policyholder and pursue legal action in their name.
Most policies also obligate cooperation from the policyholder. This includes handing over documents needed to subrogate, not interfering with the action, and agreeing to have any recovery directed first to the insurer up the amount they paid out.
Limitations and Exceptions to Subrogation
Insurers cannot subrogate against certain protected parties even if they caused the loss:
- Additional insureds named in the same policy
- Family members living with the policyholder
- Employees of the policyholder
These restrictions prevent disrupting important relationships. Some states also prohibit subrogating against tenants who negligently damage rented dwellings.
Additionally, policyholders can contractually waive insurers' subrogation rights upfront. This waiver forecloses any subsequent attempt to recover.
How to Maximize the Benefits of Subrogation
To optimize subrogation's potential benefits:
- Give prompt notice to at-fault parties, before evidence disappears
- Thoroughly investigate fault and document findings
- File claims rapidly, before statutes of limitations expire
- Avoid conflicts of interest when pursuing joint representation
- Keep meticulous records of claim payments to prove damages
- Monitor the proceedings closely and participate where necessary
Timely, rigorous subrogation actions allow insurers to gain back a portion of claims paid, reducing pressure for higher premiums.
The contribution principle equitably distributes liability across multiple insurers covering the same loss. This avoids forcing just one insurer to bear the full burden.
Contribution and its Purpose
When concurrent policies cover the same claim, contribution allows allocating responsibility proportionately among all insurers involved. This prevents the policyholder from selectively claiming against just one insurer and maximizing recovery.
Contribution guards against such unfair outcomes by:
- Preventing windfall double recovery beyond actual losses
- Discouraging strategic claiming behavior by policyholders
- Ensuring insurers share large claims burden appropriately
By diffusing liability, contribution promotes sustainability, honesty, and due diligence across the industry.
B. Calculating Contribution in Insurance Claims
Two primary methods allocate contribution amounts:
- Equal shares: Each insurer contributes an equal portion, regardless of policy limits.
- Proportionate limits: Insurers pay percentages based on the ratio of their policy limit to the aggregated coverage limits.
The majority of states follow the proportionate approach. This aligns contributions most closely with the relative risks each insurer accepted.
Ensuring Fair Allocation of Responsibility
Certain measures ensure contribution arrangements are equitable:
- Clear coordination rules: Policies should specify contribution procedures and incorporate standard industry protocols.
- Subrogation rights: Insurers paying more than their share gain subrogation claims against the others.
- Arbitration clauses: These provide efficient dispute resolution for contribution conflicts.
- Cooperation requirements: Policies obligate coordination to prevent excess recovery.
By enshrining contribution in established protocols, insurers prevent the injustice of any party bearing a disproportionate loss burden.
Both insurers and policyholders share an interest in mitigating loss events. This cooperative approach to avoiding and reducing losses benefits all stakeholders.
Importance of Loss Mitigation in Insurance
Effective loss control provides several advantages:
- Lower claims costs: Preventing avoidable losses directly reduces insurers' payment obligations.
- Lower premiums: Savings from reduced claims translate into lower premium rates for policyholders.
- Reduced externalities: Containing losses prevents ancillary harms like business interruptions or liability costs.
- Social benefits: Loss mitigation promotes health, safety, and responsible resource management.
Proactively managing risks aligns with insurance's fundamental protective purpose. It enables extending coverage efficiently to more people and assets.
Strategies for Minimizing Loss in Insurance
Insurers and policyholders can work together to implement various loss mitigation strategies:
- Risk-based pricing: Charging higher premiums for higher-risk items or behaviors motivates reducing exposure.
- Deductibles: Requiring policyholders to cover some initial loss amount incentivizes prevention and care.
- Conditions: Requiring protective measures like alarms, sprinklers, or regular maintenance reduces hazard vulnerability.
- Loss control guidance: Insurers can provide loss prevention education, site inspections, and similar consulting.
- Premium discounts: Lower premiums reward policyholders who take proactive precautions.
Applying sticks and carrots gives both parties a stake in achieving mutually beneficial loss reduction outcomes.
Role of Insurance in Promoting Loss Minimization
Beyond financial incentives, insurance can promote loss prevention in other impactful ways:
- Aggregating data to identify patterns and target problem areas
- Advocating for protective infrastructure investments and policies
- Researching technological improvements like automated diagnostics or safety innovations
- Generating standardized metrics to track prevention program efficacy
Insurers' unique bird's-eye vantage point positions them to be leaders in researching, designing, and championing superior risk management practices. Their prevention initiatives multiply the social value insurance provides.
Harnessing insurance principles to align stakeholders around avoiding and minimizing harm unlocks enormous potential for advancing individual and collective welfare. The foundational doctrines examined in this article optimize insurers' ability to deliver on that worthy promise. While intricate in application, these tenets coalesce around delivering efficient, fair, and transparent risk transfer services to everyone insurance serves.


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Company managers enjoy a high degree of knowledge about the business activities they supervise. This creates a conflict of interest, with self-serving managers making decisions that benefit them rather than the company owners or shareholders. When managers use employer information for personal gain, the event is considered a case of managerial opportunism. Several theories try to explain what events entice managers to engage in this practice.
In "The Ethics of Executive Compensation," Robert W. Kolb presents a study that explains one of the reasons managerial opportunism occurs. Boston College and South Korea's Hanyang University researchers found that managers who are rewarded according to how the companies they run perform are more inclined to manipulate financial statements to increase their personal earnings. Thus, managerial opportunism is more likely to take place when a manager's employment contract includes stock options that fluctuate based on the company's gains and losses.
Too Many Stakeholders
The book "Stakeholder Theory: The State of the Art" defines stakeholders as everyone who benefits from a given company's financial activities. This includes customers, creditors, suppliers, staff, and owners -- or shareholders. According to the authors, some believe that the multiple groups of stakeholders make it easy for company managers to engage in activities that benefit their bank accounts. They hide the self-interest behind how challenging it is to provide gains to all the different categories of stakeholders. Thus, they will focus on boosting the coffers of one group, which happens to be the stakeholder class they also belong to.
Initial Public Offering
In a display of managerial opportunism, managers may sell company shares for the first time publicly when the stocks' value is inflated beyond their worth, say researchers from the University of Oregon College of Business. John Chalmers and colleagues tested this theory by looking at directors' and officers' liability insurance data. If managers know they are selling overpriced shares, it is natural for them to predict a future drop in value. The price change exposes them to lawsuits from shareholders who bought the overvalued stocks. The University of Oregon researchers found that the managers of IPOs they investigated bought higher-than-usual liability coverage just before their stock prices dropped. They admit this does not prove that all managers had engaged in managerial opportunism. The researchers argue, though, that at least some managers knew they had sold inflated stocks, and bought large liability insurance coverage because they expected a devaluation soon.
Managers of accounts such as mutual funds are responsible for selecting stocks and bonds for clients to invest their money in. These types of managers engage in managerial opportunism when they limit the offerings to investment products they are familiar with -- real estate stocks, for instance. The lack of diversification benefits the funds' managers by creating opportunities for them to do well in their roles without much effort, since they never venture outside of financial territory that is well-known to them. While such a strategy might strengthen a manager's reputation as financially savvy, it restricts the investors' choices, thus also limiting their potential sources of profit.
- Journal of Property Investment & Finance: Managerial Opportunism and the Capital Structure Decisions of Property Companies
- The Ethics of Executive Compensation; Robert W. Kolb
- Stakeholder Theory: The State of the Art; Edward Freeman, et al.
- University of Washington Foster School of Business: Managerial Opportunism?: Evidence from Directors' and Officers' Insurance Purchases
- Social Science Research Network: Managerial Opportunism, Cost of Debt Financing and Regulation Changes: Evidence from the Sarbanes-Oxley Act Adoption
- Digital Vision./Photodisc/Getty Images


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You can free download Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Applications in Everyday Life in pdf format.
Advanced Inorganic Chemistry: Applications in Everyday Life connects key topics on the subject with actual experiences in nature and everyday life. Differing from other foundational texts with this emphasis on applications and examples, the text uniquely begins with a focus on the shapes (geometry) dictating intermolecular forces of attractions, leading to reactivity between molecules of different shapes. From this foundation, the text explores more advanced topics, such as: Ligands and Ligand Substitution Processes with an emphasis on Square-Planar Substitution and Octahedral Substitution Reactions in Inorganic Chemistry and Transition Metal Complexes, with a particular focus on Crystal-Field and Ligand-Field Theories, Electronic States and Spectra and Organometallic, Bioinorganic Compounds, including Carboranes and Metallacarboranes and their applications in Catalysis, Medicine and Pollution Control. Throughout the book, illustrative examples bring inorganic chemistry to life. For instance, biochemists and students will be interested in how coordination chemistry between the transition metals and the ligands has a direct correlation with cyanide or carbon monoxide poisoning (strong-field Cyanide or CO ligand versus weak-field Oxygen molecule). Engaging discussion of key concepts with examples from the real world Valuable coverage from the foundations of chemical bonds and stereochemistry to advanced topics, such as organometallic, bioinorganic, carboranes and environmental chemistry Uniquely begins with a focus on the shapes (geometry) dictating intermolecular forces of attractions, leading to reactivity between molecules of different shapes


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Convert 165 Meters to Miles
To calculate 165 Meters to the corresponding value in Miles, multiply the quantity in Meters by 0.00062137119223733 (conversion factor). In this case we should multiply 165 Meters by 0.00062137119223733 to get the equivalent result in Miles:
165 Meters x 0.00062137119223733 = 0.10252624671916 Miles
165 Meters is equivalent to 0.10252624671916 Miles.
How to convert from Meters to Miles
The conversion factor from Meters to Miles is 0.00062137119223733. To find out how many Meters in Miles, multiply by the conversion factor or use the Length converter above. One hundred sixty-five Meters is equivalent to zero point one zero three Miles.
Definition of Meter
The meter (symbol: m) is the fundamental unit of length in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined as "the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second." In 1799, France start using the metric system, and that is the first country using the metric.
Definition of Mile
A mile is a most popular measurement unit of length, equal to most commonly 5,280 feet (1,760 yards, or about 1,609 meters). The mile of 5,280 feet is called land mile or the statute mile to distinguish it from the nautical mile (1,852 meters, about 6,076.1 feet). Use of the mile as a unit of measurement is now largely confined to the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada.
Using the Meters to Miles converter you can get answers to questions like the following:
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- 165 m is equal to how many mi?
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Goodwillie's calculus of functors
Location: MSRI: Simons Auditorium
The calculus of homotopy functors provides a systematic way to approximate a given functor (say from based spaces to spectra) by so-called 'polynomial' functors. Each functor F that preserves weak equivalences has a 'Taylor tower' (analogous to the Taylor series of ordinary calculus) which in turn is built from homogeneous pieces that are classified by certain 'derivatives' for F. I will review this material and consider the problem of how the Taylor tower of F can be reconstructed from its derivatives. We will discuss some important examples built from mapping spaces. Then. if time permits, I will us this approach to give a classification of analytic functors from based spaces to spectra and try to describe some connections to the Goodwillie-Weiss manifold calculus
If none of the options work for you, you can always buy the DVD of this lecture. The videos are sold at cost for $20USD (shipping included). Please Click Here to send an email to MSRI to purchase the DVD.
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How do you find the direction of electric field on the outer or inner surface of 2 parallel plate of a capacitor?
The direction of electric field is from the positive plate to negative plate.
The electric field outside the plates is zero as the electric field due to each plate (E=Q/2ε0A) cancel out being equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
In between the plates the two electric fields add up as they are in same direction. (From positive plate to negative plate).
The magnitude of electric field between the plates is twice the electric field due to either; i.e; E=2 x Q/2ε0A = Q/ε0A


Strategic Plan
ACS Strategic Plan Keeps Society Focused on Supporting Chemists' Aspirations
The ACS Strategic Plan for 2011 and Beyond incorporates ideas from a broad range of members and stakeholders to ensure that ACS remains the leading professional society in chemistry for our members and our science. The ACS Board of Directors conducted internal and external environmental scans of the evolving challenges and opportunities related to each goal, and specific strategies and metrics were revised accordingly. Some strategies represent ongoing work from last year, while others are new initiatives that remain a priority.
Our vision, mission, and core values continue to be the foundation of the plan. The centerpiece of the plan continues to be its aspirational goals, of which there are now five. What was formerly a goal of the ACS Strategic Plan, "ACS will be a financially sustainable organization that serves members, chemistry and related sciences," is the subject of a new Preamble to the plan. Maintaining financial sustainability has always been a critical focus of ACS, cutting across all of our activities. The goals, in brief, continue to be providing indispensable information, engaging the global community, addressing global challenges, communicating with the public, and advocating for the profession.


What To Do With Water Beads - 21 Ideas For Fun Sensory Play!
Child holding water beads before beginning sensory play
Water beads or Orbeez have become popular as a sensory toy for children. For those who are wondering 'What are Orbeez?' we take a closer look at this play material and list 21 fun activities for kids to do with these beads...
The non-edible balls are made of just two ingredients: Water and a water-absorbing polymer, and they were originally used by florists and gardeners to control the water levels and water absorption of plants and flowers. These beads are environmentally safe and non-toxic, and they are often delivered to the buyer dehydrated, so they look very, very small. However, add water and they will begin to grow and expand to the size of a marble, becoming slippery, squishy and bouncy - perfect for sensory play!
Kidadl answers what to do with water beads like these
How And When To Dispose Of Water Beads
Water beads can be purchased from many garden centres and florists, or there are several places online to buy water beads. Water beads will last for a couple of years if unused, but once you have added water, they tend to attract mould after a couple of weeks. If this happens, dispose of them immediately. To dispose of water beads simply crumble them up and add them to any potted plants you have, or to your compost or potting soil.
Do not dispose of them down the sink as they may clog the drain or continue to expand in the pipes - for this reason, they are not suitable in the bath.
It is worth knowing that smaller beads, around half an inch in diameter, last longer as they are more durable, whereas the larger ones absorb more water, getting heavier and more likely to fall apart.
Are Water Beads Reusable?
Water beads can be reused several times before they are disposed of, and there are a couple of different ways to store them. Either leave them on a tray to dehydrate, then, once completely dry they can be stored in a bag. Or, whilst still full of water you can store your water marbles in a Ziploc bag, a plastic container or a clear bottle (which make great sensory bottles for kids to play with).
What Happens If Your Child Ingests Water Beads?
Water beads are recommended for children aged 5+.
Although kids love playing with water beads and they are considered non-toxic, parents are advised to closely supervise their kids whilst they play with them as they can pose a choking hazard. They can also cause gastrointestinal issues if swallowed (especially in large numbers). Because they are small and colourful, kids are often tempted to put the beads in their mouths, so it is worth being extra cautious during playtime with these.
21 Fun Sensory Play Ideas
1. The first sensory experience with water beads for kids is to watch them grow and expand in the water. This requires a little patience, but kids are fascinated to see the small, hard balls become large, soft and squishy - and you can set up the container leaving it to one side, returning regularly over a couple of hours.
2. Shining light through the water beads makes them glow, so why not create an amazing and easy sensory experience for your kids by taping the beads to a window? Place the beads into a clear Ziploc bag and seal it. Next, use strong tape to stick the bag on a window that is accessible to your child or onto a patio door. As the daylight shines through the colourful beads they will glow and sparkle! This is a great sensory play set up, as kids can safely push the beads around in the bag.
3. Create a sensory bin for your children by mixing shaving cream and water beads in a container, and letting them discover the different textures and feelings. You can also mix water beads with mud in a container, then let the kids get messy - this one is best for a sunny day in the garden.
4. To engage another of the five senses, why not add a few drops of your favourite essential oil into the water bead mix? Adding scents that have a calming or relaxing effect may turn this activity into a moment of quiet play.
5. Develop your child's fine motor skills by getting them to feed water beads into a balloon. Once the balloon has a few handfuls of beads inside, simply top up with water and knot the end before putting in the freezer. Once fully frozen, cut the balloon away, and place the frozen water bead balls into their sensory bin, or a container with water and see what happens when the ice starts to melt away...
Clear water beads ready to play with
6. Water bead sensory painting is another great activity. Simply put some paints into pots or onto paper plates, lay some paper into a plastic tray and put some water beads into a container. Kids can use tools like tweezers or tongs, or they can use their hands for a more sensory play activity, moving the paint-covered water beads by tipping and turning the plastic tray, and watching as a painting appears on the paper at the bottom.
7. If your children enjoy making slime, then they will love water bead slime! Just add them into the slime mixture and get playing.
8. Why not use the beads as counters? The fun texture is sure to make maths more interesting for your young ones.
9. Try adding glow sticks to your container and let your kids play with water beads as they change colours and begin to glow.
10. Mix glass marbles with the water beads - this is a great way to explore the different textures, densities and properties of the two materials.
11. Make sensory bottles using dehydrated beads, simply adding water and food colouring and watching as the beads grow. Start with a small number of beads, as they often expand more than you'd imagine, and watch as the mixture changes, bubbles and becomes full of bright, colourful beads.
12. Make a sensory bin that is perfect for a hot summer's day. Combine different sizes and shapes of ice cubes with lots of water beads and let the kids explore. You could even freeze coconut water, or add herbs, like mint, into the ice cubes to engage their sense of smell.
13. If you're ready to dispose of your water beads, kids will have fun getting involved with this sensory game: Simply lay the beads on a sheet of plastic or a bin bag, and let them hammer the beads, crushing them with a child-friendly wooden mallet, or trying to squeeze and squash them until they break.
Ideas For Older Children
14. Try to thread the water beads onto a wooden skewer or metal kebab sticks without breaking them. Children who are comfortable using a needle and thread can also try to string beads together, designing different patterns and combining colours.
15. Make water bead seed-beds, by filling a jar with beads and placing a seed, such as a pumpkin seed or a bean, just under the surface. Place the jar in a sunny spot on the windowsill and wait to see if the seed will sprout and grow.
16. Make a stress ball by filling a drinking bottle with water beads, then placing a balloon over the bottle top and turning upside down so that the beads move from the bottle into the balloon. Simply tie the balloon off, and kids can get playing with the stress ball.
Ideas For Children with SEN
17. In a darkened room, shine a torch through the container of coloured beads. This looks beautiful and often has a calming effect on children.
18. Try separating the coloured beads into different buckets for a quick and easy sensory activity.
19. Fill a container with water beads, and lay out a selection of tools and toys, such as a bucket and spade, different sized spoons, salad servers, an ice cream scoop, a sieve or colander.
Potential Hazards
Water beads have the potential to cause serious damage if swallowed, particularly as they could continue to expand in the airways or along the gastrointestinal tract. Several children have required hospital treatment to remove water beads that they had swallowed.
As a rule, children under three should not play with any toy that has any part small enough to fit into a 35mm film canister - and so, water beads are not recommended for children under the age of 5.
For these reasons, water beads need to be treated with caution. However, if you would like to try them but are feeling concerned about the potential hazards, why not try making the safe, edible version? Simply cook tapioca pearls with water and gel food colouring - in a ratio of 10:1 water to tapioca pearls!
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This interesting and unusual surname is of Anglo-Saxon origin, and may be either an occupational name for a watchman, or a nickname for someone who was particularly keen and vigilant. The derivation is from the Olde English pre 7th Century "wacor" (Middle English "waker"), the watchful or vigilant one. It is interesting to note that the Olde English personal byname "Waca", cognate with the Old Norse "vakr", meant "vigilant, alert", and is found as the initial element in the placename Wakefield, near Stony Stratford, Northamptonshire, recorded as "Wacafeld" in the Domesday Book of 1086. The surname Waker first appears on record in the early part of the 13th Century (see below). Job descriptive surnames originally denoted the actual occupation of the namebearer, and later became hereditary. Nicknames were given with reference to a variety of personal characteristics, such as physical attributes, mental and moral characteristics, and to habits of dress and occupation. Richard le Waker, noted in the 1327 Subsidy Rolls of Sussex, may have been employed as a night-watchman. Sarah Waker, an early emigrant to the New World, was recorded on a Census of St. Michael's parish, the Barbados, in 1680. A Coat of Arms granted to the Waker family is a shield divided palewise in three, red, blue and silver, the blue is charged with three red demi roses, cojoined with three silver demi fleur-de-lis, two and one, in chief a gold ducal coronet. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of William Waker, which was dated 1230, in the "Pipe Rolls of Berkshire", during the reign of King Henry 111, known as "The Frenchman", 1216 - 1272. Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was known as Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to "develop" often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling.
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