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One of the questions that readers have on the topic of refueling combat aircraft aviation in the air, deals with the theme of a thunderstorm. Can aircraft refueling in the air during a thunderstorm be carried out with numerous discharges of atmospheric electricity - lightning?
This kind of refueling is not a frequent phenomenon, but the air forces of different countries do not refuse it - in cases of emergency. Thus, in the United States, during a night thunderstorm, the F / A-18 tanks were refilled with fuel using the KC-130 air tanker.
The corresponding video was posted on Instagram on the Combat_Learjet page. Such refueling is actively discussed on the net.
In the American information sources, during the discussion, it is assumed that refueling a carrier-based fighter-bomber in such conditions was a necessary measure. The planes were in the air and tried to bypass the thunderstorm front, but in the end the bad weather overtook the aviation facilities during that very refueling.
In fact, the planes could be at a completely safe distance from the storm front.
What do domestic standards say about this?
For example, the Manual on the Technical Operation and Repair of Aviation Equipment in Civil Aviation of Russia (order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation of 1994) prescribes:
5.1.10. Open refueling of an aircraft during rain and strong wind with dust, during a thunderstorm (during atmospheric electricity discharges) and closed refueling during lightning discharges is prohibited.
Western regulations: "When observing a thunderstorm front and flashes from atmospheric electrical discharges within a radius of 10 miles (about 16 km) from the immediate place of refueling, the refueling procedure must be stopped."
However, all these are "airfield" standards, and for civil aircraft and precisely for refueling. The conditions for the operation of combat aircraft are different. Although it is quite obvious that refueling in the air during a thunderstorm and discharges of atmospheric electricity is an extremely dangerous action that can lead to negative consequences for both sides - the fuel donor and the acceptor.


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FRC IDC Box Male Header Straight (5x2,10 Pins)
PCB Mounted box header, dual row shrouded header with polarity notch,triangle denotes pin 1, Use with IDC Feale Socket Connectors for interconnection through Flat Ribbon Cable.IDC socket connector used to make physical connections in a variety of applications. They are common in industrial applications, where the accuracy of connections, the ability to make them reliable and where there may be many wires that need to be connected at once are all vital considerations.
This IDC product technology allows cost-effective connections between circuit boards based on a permanent connection (using transition connector) or removable connection (using IDC flat cable connectors).
They are also ideally suited for environments where dust and other hazards may pose significant threats to electronic equipment
- Type : Male Straight
- Pins : 10
- Color : Black
- Flammability Rating :UL94V-0
- Pitch : 2.54mm
- Operating Temperature: -40 to 125 degrees
- Current Rating :3A max
- Working Voltage: 250 Vac

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Presentation on theme: "A Novel Framework of Message Scheduling in Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) with Buffer Limitation Dr. Pin-Han Ho Associate Professor University of Waterloo,"— Presentation transcript:
A Novel Framework of Message Scheduling in Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) with Buffer Limitation Dr. Pin-Han Ho Associate Professor University of Waterloo, Canada
Outline Delay Tolerant Networks – An overview SAURP – a self-adaptive utility based routing protocol for DTNs Bound Analysis of SAURP Performance Evaluation Conclusions
Motivation of DTNs The usability of the Internet depends on some important assumptions - Continuous and bidirectional e2e (end-to-end) path - Short round-trips: relatively consistent network delay in sending data packets and receiving corresponding ACK. - Symmetric data rates: relatively consistent data rates in both directions between source and destination. - Low error rates: relatively little loss or corruption of data on each link.
Solution: Delay-Tolerant Networks What happens if the above does not hold? - due to user mobility and device constraints - conventional Internet protocols do not work or become significantly ineffective. Refer to a wide range of challenged networks, where - End-to-End connection cannot be assumed to exist, and network partitioning and delay/disruption is frequent ex: ad hoc networks with high user mobility DTN is one of the solutions to confront the Internet's underlying assumptions.
Characteristics of DTN Unique connectivity concepts - can occur when a node is in power save mode/out-of-range due to mobility. - Scheduled link with a priori knowledge on nodes' schedule e.g., bus networks, periodic flights. - Opportunistic link, relies on a link 'by chance'. Very long or variable delay, or high BER - due to long propagation delay, variable queuing delay, and fragmented data transmission.
The Bundle/Message layer Bundle/message: Application-meaningful message – Contains all necessary info packed inside one "bundle" (atomic message) – Next hop has immediate knowledge of storage and capacity/service requirements of the message Store-and-forward message switching is implemented by overlaying a new protocol layer called the bundle layer, on top of heterogeneous region-specific lower layers. DTN routers form an overlay network with its own addressing, signaling, and routing protocol.
Store-and-Forward Message Switching Whole messages or pieces of such messages are forwarded from a storage place on one node to a storage place on another node, along a path that eventually reaches the destination. These storage places are persistent storage; necessary because: -A communication link to the next hop may not be available for a long time. -A message, once transmitted, may need to be retransmitted if an error occurs.
Custody Transfers (1/2) DTN supports node-to-node retransmission of lost or corrupted data at both the transport layer and the bundle layer. End-to-end reliability implemented at the bundle/message layer - source requests custody transfer and return receipt. The source must retain a copy of the message until receiving a return receipt.
Custody Transfers (2/2) A bundle/message custodian must store a bundle until either (1) another node accepts the custody, or (2) expiration of the bundle's time-to-live. time-to-live >> time-to-acknowledge When the current bundle layer custodian sends a bundle to the next node, it requests a custody transfer and starts a time-to-ack retransmission timer. If the next-hop bundle layer accepts custody, it returns an acknowledgement to the previous custodian. If no ack is returned before the sender's time-to-ack expires, the sender retransmits the bundle.
Types of Contacts Precise (Scheduled) contacts – E.g. satellite links, message ferry via public transits – All info known Opportunistic contacts – Not known before it occurs – E.g. a tourist car that happens to drive by the village Predicted contacts - Use the statistics about the nodal contacts for mobility exploitation - Those statistics could be: based on a mobility model, past observation + prediction via the history of encounters (# of encounters), time elapsed since last encounters, and inter-contact time.
Routing Solutions - Replication Single copy schemes: the source launches a single copy of each message Multi-copy schemes: distribute multiple and identical data copies to its contacts to increase delivery ratio (or delivery delay – Flooding (unlimited contacts) – Heuristics: random forwarding, history-based forwarding, predication-based forwarding, etc. – Routing performance (delivery rate, latency, etc.) heavily dependent on "deliverability" of these contacts (or predictability of heuristics)
Routing Solutions - Replication Eg. Spray and Focus (S&F) - A two-hop scheme - First stage: spray the L message tokens in the networks - Second stage: hand over the last token to an encountered node if it has a better utility - should be done intelligently to make the message delivery as fast as possible - Compromise between consumed network resources and performance
Introduction of SAURP (1/2) SAURP - Self Adaptive Contention Aware Routing Protocol for DTNs - based on spray and focus - design for rather dense ad hoc networks with miniature devices such as smart phones => resource contention becomes frequent => some nodes cannot accept a custody even if it stands a good chance to delivery the message - exchange contact history and nodal capacity dynamic information (such as buffer status and congestion) during each nodal contact - each node performs the two stages of tasks based on correlated utility
Introduction of SAURP (2/2) - aiming to optimize message delivery ratio or message delivery delay - The utility function is dynamically determined at each node via a window-based update rule -- collect the statistics during each time window -- Predicting inter-contact time of each pair of nodes via a novel transitivity update rule -- Determine the utility function for each buffered message jointly based on the inter-contact time, buffer status of nodes, and network congestion
- The SAURP Architecture Contact Statistics (CS (i) ): obtained between each node pair regarding their total nodal contact duration, channel condition, and buffer occupancy state. : the inter-contact time between any node pair. Utility-function Calculation and Update Module (UCUM): to perform smooth transfer between two consecutive time windows. Transitivity Update Module (TUM) Forwarding Strategy Module (FSM) : applied at the custodian node as a decision making process
Contact Statistics (CS): - regarding to each node T free : amount of time the channel is available during W T busy : amount of time the channel is busy or the buffer is full during W T total : total contact time between an node pair during W Utility-function Calculation and Update Module (UCUM) Calculation of inter-contact time: where T p is the time required to transmit at least one message Time-window Transfer Update : SAURP Architecture
The Transitivity Update Module (TUM) where The Forwarding Strategy Module (FSM) The Weighted Copy Rule for Spraying Node A hands over Msgs copies to B according to: where N A is the number of message tokens that node A has. SAURP Architecture
The Forwarding Strategy Module (FSM): when # token = 1, perform message forwarding in the second stage of Focus SAURP Architecture
Evaluating the expected message delay and delivery ratio Assumption: - Node mobility is independent and heterogeneous - Assume each node in the network maintains at least one forwarding path to every other node. - Each node follows a route of belongs to a single community at a time, and the residing time on a community is proportional to its physical size. Analytical Model
Analyzing message delivery ratio Analytical Model
where PR SD and PR l are random variables representing the delivery probability in case of direct message delivery between S and D, and through one of L − 1 paths, respectively.
Examination of the Proposed Analytical Model 50 nodes are launched according to communitybased mobility model in a 300x300 network area. The transmission range is set to 30 meters to enable moderate network connectivity with respect to the considered network size. The traffic load is varied from a low traffic load (i.e., 20 messages generated per node in 40,000 time units) to high traffic load (i.e., 80 messages generated per node in 40,000 time units). A source node randomly chosen a destination and generates messages to it. Sc1: no contention Sc2: with limited network resources
Simulation 110 nodes are launched according to the community-based mobility model in a 600 x 600 meter network. 40,000 time units are simulated, with the message inter-arrival time of each node pair uniformly distributed in such a way that the traffic can be varied from low (10 messages per node in 40,000 time units) to high (70 messages per node in 40,000 time units). TTL = 9,000 time units. Each source node selects a random destination node, begins generating messages to it during simulation time. The following schemes are used to compare the proposed SAURP - Epidemic routing (epidemic) - Spray and Focus (S&F) - Most mobile first (MMF) - Delegation forwarding (DF)
Effect of Buffer Size Traffic 70, Transmission Range = 30
Effect of Traffic Load Buffer Size = 2000, Transmission Range = 70, BW = 1
Effect of Traffic Load Buffer Size = 10, transmission range = 70
Effect of Connectivity Traffic = 60, Buffer = 10
Conclusive Remarks A DTN routing protocol SAURP is introduced. - Following the spray and forward approach, the best carrier is determined using a novel contact model by jointly considering wireless link condition and nodal buffer availability. - Analytical model for SAURP is


the query loop with an initial input.
V variable_name_or_ref
The next argument is the variable name or reference to receive the validated input as its value. This option, and its corresponding variable name, would normally be present on all entries used with query_table in order to retain to the values resulting from each query.
The value can either be a string representing the variable name, or a reference to a variable, eg: \$some_var.
The query processing proceeds basically in the same order as defined by the flags argument, with some exceptions. For example, the before subroutine is always performed prior to input.
There are implicit precedences in the ordering of some of the flag tests. Generally, flags have their corresponding tests performed in the same order as the given flags. Some flag tests, however, require that other flags' tests be performed beforehand in order to be effective. For example, when given the k flag and an s flag, stripping the input would only be effective if the strip were done on the input before testing the input against the keyword table. In other words, the s flag has precedence over the k flag. If the user supplies the flags string as "ks", the effective ordering would still be "sk".
The table below indicates the precedences of the flag tests:
 Given Flag Flags With Higher Precedence
 i (int) s (strip), d (default), h (help)
 k (key) s (strip), d (default), h (help)
 K (nonkey) s (strip), d (default), h (help)
 l (maxlen) d (default), h (help)
 m (match) d (default), h (help)
 n (numeric) s (strip), d (default), h (help)
 N (no) s (strip), d (default), h (help)
 r (required) d (default), h (help)
 s (strip) d (default), h (help)
 Y (yes) s (strip), d (default), h (help)
Except for the implied precedence indicated in the table above, the ordering of the flag tests proceeds in the same order as given in the flags argument.
Excepting the precedences above, query processing proceeds generally as described below.
The following are typical usage samples:
This variable is used to control the width of output when listing the keyword arrays. If not defined, 80 is used by default.
Used to produce usage error messages.
Used to produce displays of the keyword arrays.
Copyright (C) 1995 Alan K. Stebbens <>
Input is required.
Issued when an empty response is given, and there is no default input.
Please answer with 'yes' or 'no', or enter '?' for help.
Issued for Y or N flagged queries, and the input is not reconizeable.
Please enter an integer number.
Printed when non-integer input is given for i flagged queries.
Please enter a number, real or integer.
Printed when non-numeric input is given for n flagged queries.
The input '$input' is ambiguous; it matches the following:
Issued in response to k flagged queries with input which matches more than one of the allowed keywords.
The input '$input' fails to match any of the allowed keywords:
Printed when input to a k flagged query does not match any of the keywords.
The input '%s' matches a disallowed keyword '%s'.
Printed when the input matches one of the unacceptable keywords given on a K flagged query.
'%s' fails to match '%s'
This results from input failing to match the regular expression given on a m flagged query.
Input is %d characters too long; cannot exceed %d characters.
The length of the input exceeded the maximum length given with the l flag argument.
Please try again, or enter '?' for help.
query: The k flag needs an array reference.
The next argument in the argument list to query wasn't an array reference.
query: The K flag needs an array reference.
The next argument in the argumentlist to query wasn't an array reference.
syntax highlighting:


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Skippy at the Kimbell: Where's the Cross?02/20/2008
By Skippy R
The first Christian "art" must have been the fish symbol that believers could trace in the sand to covertly identify themselves and then immediately erase. (This reminds me of the intricate sand drawings by Tibetan monks, which are also eventually erased. Both show the transitory nature of this world).
Over the centuries Christian art evolved into mysterious icons, then magnificent cathedrals, and currently has exploded into a variety of media including Contemporary Christian Rock, Veggie Tales, fish bumper stickers and Thomas Kinkade.
One question grew as I walked through the Kimbell Art Museum's excellent exhibit Picturing the Bible: The Earliest Christian Art. Where was the cross?
You have to navigate through several rooms filled with early Christian art before you find what has become the dominant symbol of Christianity. The earliest Christians apparently were still freaked out by crucifixion. After all, it was a death that could happen to any of them, and it was horrible, excruciatingly painful and usually reserved only for political rebels and the basest criminals. The cross evoked shame. Using the cross as a public symbol would have been a public relations disaster for the earliest believers.
Still, the cross was used by early Christians occasionally in seals and certain manuscripts. Tertullian mentions marking the cross on the forehead as a talisman against evil, but this also could have been taken from Ezekiel Chapter 9, in which a "mark" (the Hebrew letter tau or a cross) is written on believers' foreheads as protection against God's wrath.
Constantine had seen a "cross of light" in his vision before the battle of the Milvian Bridge—the chi-rho symbol of a cross with the top bent round. He put the sign on all his soldiers' shields. After he became emperor, he ordered construction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, where his mother Helena "discovered" the true cross under some rubble. In 341 A.D Constantine outlawed crucifixion as a means of execution. The horror of the cross began to fade in the popular imagination. Soon, it was off to the races. Only a few years later, manuscripts begin to record the veneration of the cross.
By the end of the fourth century the paradoxical "jeweled cross" became popular among those who could afford it. This contradiction would have boggled the mind of a first-century follower of Jesus.
Christ hanging on the cross was not depicted until the end of the fifth century, but even then he was triumphant, with eyes open and no sign of suffering. It wasn't until the ninth century that Byzantine art began to show Christ with eyes closed, possibly reflecting a theological focus on the mystery of his death.
One of the last pieces displayed in the Kimbell's exhibit is the Reliquary Cross of Justin II dating from about 570 A.D. Made with gilded silver over a bronze core, with inlaid gems, this is veritable amusement park of religious symbolism. Precious gems dangle from the arms of the cross. On the back are engraved images of the Emperor Justin and his wife Sophia with arms raised in praise.
Why all the razzle-dazzle? According to the accompanying notes on the piece, "Under threat from barbarian invaders, the emperor was sending a message that he would provide protection with Christ's own authority."
Thus a new art form was born that in future centuries would be honed to perfection—rulers using Christian symbols to send political messages.
All I could think of when I saw this jeweled cross in the center of the room was the Trinity Broadcasting set of Paul and Jan Crouch and the phrase "over the top."
This piece is described as "reliquary" because inside is a compartment meant to contain a piece of the true cross. The compartment is now empty.
Could the Kimbell exhibit's centerpiece be a comment on the state of modern Christianity—all razzle-dazzle and no cross?
Let's hope not.
Picturing the Bible: The Earliest Christian Art runs through the end of March.
Editor's note: Skippy R discusses the exhibit further in a previous blog entry.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Model to Download
Timber panel for the master thesis about traditional craftsmanship with decorative timber framed structures
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- Updated 30 December 2020
In this article, the adequacy of a 2x4 dimension lumber subject to combined bi-axial bending and axial compression is verified using RF-/TIMBER AWC add-on module. The beam-column properties and loading are based on example E1.8 of AWC Structural Wood Design Examples 2015/2018.
RFEM/RSTAB add-on module RF-/TIMBER SANS | Design of members made of timber according to SANS 10163 (South African standard)
RFEM/RSTAB add-on module RF-/TIMBER CSA | Design of members made of timber according to CSA 086 (Canadian standard)
The cross-section resistance design analyzes tension and compression along the grain, bending, bending and tension/compression as well as the strength in shear due to shear force.
The design of structural components at risk of buckling or lateral-torsional buckling is performed according to the Equivalent Member Method and considers the systematic axial compression, bending with and without compressive force as well as bending and tension. Deflection of inner spans and cantilevers is compared to the maximal allowable deflection.
Separate design cases allow for a flexible and stability analysis of members, sets of members, and loads.
Design-relevant parameters such as the stability analysis type, member slendernesses, and limit deflections can be freely adjusted.
- How do I display some results of all load cases in the printout report, but other results of the selected load cases only?
- Is it possible to set user-defined values when viewing solid stress results?
- Which add-on modules and programs do I need for laminate and sandwich structures as well as cross-laminated timber (CLT)?
- "During the calculation of material non-linearity, the material with a decreasing branch of the diagram can be calculated with one load increment only." Why do I get this error?
- The calculation of my model results in unrealistically high stresses at many locations. What is the reason?
- Is it also possible to enter the temperature for a surface in the XZ plane by using the height (variable in Z)?
- Are the models and presentations from Info Day 2019 freely available, and can you send them to me?
- Which stiffnesses does RFEM use for orthotropic hollow core slabs with rectangular cavities?
- I would like to carry out the flexural buckling design for timber components with imperfections and internal forces according to the second-order analysis. Is it sufficient to activate this in Details of the RF‑/TIMBER Pro add-on module or is it necessary to make additional settings?
- Can I design laminated veneer lumber with RFEM/RSTAB?


person who ever believed either of these claims—not even once. If you have trouble understanding why anyone would want to offer food to a god, all you really need to grasp is the historical importance of sharing meals. Food is just as important today as it was in ancient times, and having enough of it is often a struggle for many people. Hence why sharing your food with someone else is considered a HUGE sign of compassion and respect in virtually every culture across the globe. Even today, inviting people to breakfast, lunch, and/or dinner is still a prominent form of social bonding. And that right there is the true purpose of offering food to deities: to bond with them socially. By invoking gods into images and offering them food, polytheists are inviting these cosmic forces over to dinner and treating them as distinguished houseguests. This is not just some wacky superstition, but a deeply affectionate form of religious worship that is every bit as authentic, legitimate, and passionate as anything that Christians, Muslims, or Jews practice.
Different polytheists make offerings in different ways. The Egyptians ingested their offerings, believing their gods would consume the spiritual energy of the food while the worshipers consumed its physical substance. I have always liked this way of doing it best, because it feels more like one is sharing with the deity than simply giving them things. When we treat people to dinner, we don't just pay for them to eat and not eat anything ourselves; we eat with them. And if the gods truly consume anything during this process, it is the love and good will we express to them through such demonstrations of faith. But food and drink are not the only things we can offer; we can also offer actions, like helping a deity's sacred animals, or writing literature and/or creating art for the god(s). We can participate in our communities in ways that honor them, like donating to a library for Thoth, picking up trash in a park for Geb, or visiting a dairy farm and feeding the baby milk cows for Hathor. There are all kinds of things we can offer to the gods and share with them and others that will make our souls and spirits glow with love and good vibes.
Another stigma against polytheists is the belief that we commit human sacrifices. It is true that certain civilizations engaged in this practice, but the Egyptians do not seem to have done so for any theological purpose. In those cases where a Pharaoh's servants were ceremonially killed and buried with the deceased king, it was to appease the king, not the gods. As a polytheist, I think killing anyone except in self-defense is a barbaric offense against the gods, and most other polytheists will tell you the same. If a person kills someone in the name of a polytheist god, they are in the exact same category as monotheists who bomb abortion clinics or fly airplanes into skyscrapers because "God told me to."
As for animal sacrifice, most polytheists do not engage in this practice today, but those who do usually live in rural areas and are accustomed to killing their own food. They are not cat-slashing sociopaths, but regular hunters or farmers; all that's different is that they dedicate the animals to their gods and thank the animals for their lives before killing them and eating them. It's not that different in principle from butchers preparing kosher or halal meat products. Suffice it to say that polytheists who live in urban or suburban areas have no reason to kill any animals, since we are just as accustomed to buying our food from local supermarkets as everyone else. Many of us are also vegetarians, vegans, and/or animal rights activists, so the idea that we run around bathing ourselves in goat's blood is total bullshit.
Get Right With Godzilla!
A Setian look at Ishiro Honda's Gojira (1954) and how Big G parallels Set in Egyptian mythology.
Prior to the 1950s, creature features were dominated by gothic characters like vampires, werewolves, and Frankenstein's monster. This all changed after the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. At the height of the Cold War, Count Dracula and the Wolf Man just didn't seem that frightening anymore. Now people were worried about the effects of atomic radiation. Would it cause terrible mutations to plague the earth (like in 1954's Them)? Would it awaken prehistoric monsters and drive them to seek revenge (like in 1953's The Beast From 20,000 Fathoms)? Would it attract the attention of aliens who could easily conquer or even destroy us (like in 1951's The Thing From Another World)? This was the age of the "atomic horrors," when people wrestled with the dark side of science. In many of these films, the horrific events result from unethical scientists who overstep the boundaries between mortals and the gods. By upsetting the cosmic balance in this way, these anti-heroes enable the Chaos Serpent to wreak havoc upon the earth in any number of forms. They are, in fact, the direct progeny of Dr. Victor Frankenstein, who had a much easier time adapting to the atomic era than either of his more supernatural colleagues.
The tropes of the "mad science" subgenre came into much clearer focus during the aftermath of World War II. It was absolutely horrible that the United States dropped not one but two atomic bombs on Japan during the war. But lest we forget, the Japanese committed some truly ghoulish atrocities as well. Kamikaze suicide flights; the attacks on Pearl HarborMalayaSingapore, and Hong Kong; the systematic extermination of 30 million Filipinos, Malays, Vietnamese, Cambodians, Indonesians, and Burmese; the Nanking, Manila, and Kalagong massacres of civilians; the use of chemical weaponsbiological warfare, and human experimentation on civilians and prisoners of war; the list goes on and on. The atrocities of Imperial Japan rival those of Nazi Germany, and for better or worse, the A-Bomb was the only thing that stopped them. And though Japan and the United States have been peaceful allies ever since, Japan continues to be haunted by the experience of being bombed with nuclear weapons.
When the U.S. started testing hydrogen bombs on the Marshall Islands during the 1950s, a Japanese fishing boat called The Lucky Dragon 5 was accidentally exposed to fallout from one of the exploded bombs. The entire crew was contaminated and suffered nausea, headaches, and bleeding gums. The chief radio operator, Aikichi Kuboyama, died in terrible agony and pain, praying that he would be the last victim of such terrible weaponry. Next thing anyone knew, the whole country of Japan was plunged into a panic, and that's when the guys at Toho Studios decided to make a film about nuclear chaos as a living thing. Pulling together the creative team of director Ishiro Honda and special effects wizard Eiji Tsuburaya, it wasn't long before Japanese movie screens were showcasing everyone's favorite Iguanadon/Stegosaurus/Tyrannosaurus hybrid, the one and only Godzilla (or, as he is known in Japan, Gojira).
The original Godzilla, released in 1954, begins with a re-creation of the Lucky Dragon 5 incident, wherein the crew of a Japanese fishing boat notice that the ocean is glowing around them. Something roars from beneath the surface of the water, and the boat burns and sinks. A few of the men survive, but by the time the Japanese coast guard rescues them, the survivors are all suffering from radiation sickness. Not long after that, a fishing village on Odo Island is destroyed during a storm. A scientist named Kyohei Yamane (played by Takashi Shimura) leads a detailed investigation of the island, only to learn that it's experiencing nuclear fallout. All the wells are poisoned, and the place is riddled with giant radioactive footprints. Then Godzilla shows up, and everyone gets a real good look at him. Lucky for them, Big G is just going for a walk, not seeking to cause any trouble, and he soon returns to the sea. Dr. Yamane and his team then return to Japan and report what they've found to the government, which promptly divides itself between those who think the story should be kept under wraps (and who are mostly men) and those who think they should be warning everybody in the country about what's really happening (and who are mostly women).
Now Dr. Yamane has a lovely daughter named Emiko (played by Momoko Kochi), and she is caught in a tragic love triangle. She's engaged to marry a scientist named Dr. Daisuke Serizawa (Akihiko Hirata), who is a World War II veteran. He was injured in the war, now wears an eyepatch, and seems to be alienated from everyone else around him. Unfortunately for Dr. Serizawa, Emiko has fallen in love with another dude named Hideto Ogata (Akira Takarada), a salvage ship captain who's involved in the investigation of Godzilla. But before Emiko can break off their engagement, Serizawa shows her why he's become so alienated from everybody. He takes her to the basement of his house and shows her a new invention he's been working on. We can't really see what the device does just yet, but whatever it is, it makes Emiko scream


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Introduction to containers
To me, container classes are one of the most powerful tools for raw development because they significantly increase your programming muscle. The Java 2 containers represent a thorough redesign of the rather poor showings in Java 1.0 and 1.1. Some of the redesign makes things tighter and more sensible. It also fills out the functionality of the containers library, providing the behavior of linked lists, queues, and deques (double-ended queues, pronounced decks).
The design of a containers library is difficult (true of most library design problems). In C++, the container classes covered the bases with many different classes. This was better than what was available prior to the C++ container classes (nothing), but it didnt translate well into Java. At the other extreme, Ive seen a containers library that consists of a single class, container, which acts like both a linear sequence and an associative array at the same time. The Java 2 container library strikes a balance: the full functionality that you expect from a mature container library, but easier to learn and use than the C++ container classes and other similar container libraries. The result can seem a bit odd in places. Unlike some of the decisions made in the early Java libraries, these oddities were not accidents, but carefully considered decisions based on trade-offs in complexity. It might take you a little while to get comfortable with some aspects of the library, but I think youll find yourself rapidly acquiring and using these new tools.
The Java 2 container library takes the issue of holding your objects and divides it into two distinct concepts:
a group of individual elements, often with some rule applied to them. A
List must hold the elements in a particular sequence, and a Set
cannot have any duplicate elements. (A bag, which is not implemented in
the Java container librarysince Lists provide you with enough of
that functionalityhas no such rules.)
- Map: a group of key-value object pairs. At first glance, this might
seem like it ought to be a Collection of pairs, but when you try to
implement it that way the design gets awkward, so its clearer to make it
a separate concept. On the other hand, its convenient to look at portions
of a Map by creating a Collection to represent that portion. Thus,
a Map can return a Set of its keys, a Collection of its
values, or a Set of its pairs. Maps, like arrays, can easily be
expanded to multiple dimensions without adding new concepts; you simply make a
Map whose values are Maps (and the values of those
Maps can be Maps, etc.).


Sunny Art Studio New Course 25/06/2012
 In order to meet the increasing demand, Sunny Art Studio has designed a set of academic art classes for the students at beginning, intermediate to advanced levels. There are also Hobby classes designed for art lovers who are focusing more on the experience of trying different kinds of arts and themes. Student can choose 4-24 sessions from our Beginning classes, Intermediate-advanced classes, or Hobby classes according to your personal needs
 For the Beginning classes we start from the most fundamental and yet important techniques. In essence, geometry shapes are the fundamental shapes an artist must learn in order to achieve a deeper understanding of all forms, when learning to draw. This drawing tutorial offers step by step drawing lessons for beginners, easy drawing exercises for all, and a great way to improve student's technique. Additionally, we ensure that all students are able to grasp the learning materials and have motivation, awareness and understanding of the arts.
 For the Intermediate classes, besides the aforementioned skills which students could gain, these classes further expand student's understanding of composition, perspective, tone and colour through the practice and guidance from our teachers in these classes.
 In the Advanced classes, students are enabled to engage with more complex media and technique, allowing the students to expand their understanding and consciousness of the art world through exposing and engaging them to various artists and artworks, in an innovative, questioning and multidisciplinary studio environment.
 In the Hobby classes, students are provided with the opportunity to try different kinds of art, from regular drawing and painting, to human figure drawing; from Western art to Asian art, from still life to creation. Students will be able to experience various art styles and develop their interests and skills in art creations.
 Our aim is that each student will ultimately develop a unique artistic sensibility which they can call their own.
 The Stages of Beginner Course, Intermediate/advanced Course and the learning objectives
 *Student can choose a fitted stage to progress after comprehensive stage. Tutor may adjust above contents of classes according to student's situation. *Student can try life drawing class instead of regular class.
 Stage 1: 1-2 Classes—Comprehensive stage
 A comprehensive stage which aims to build up an understanding of art and colour, find out students' abilities and difficulties through general drawing or painting.
 >>>Progress to a fitted stage according to needs
 Stage 2: 2 Classes
 -Introduction to the materials and basic techniques through copying geometry shapes cast.
 Stage 3: 2 Classes
 -Introduction to acrylic painting materials and basic techniques through copying simple art works.
 Stage 4: 2-4 Classes
 -Focusing on techniques, these classes guide students to develop their ability to draw and paint single objects in still life.
 Stage 5: 2-4 Classes
 -Based on previous classes, students are required to manage multiple objects through a group of still life drawing/painting.
 Stage 6: 4-6 Classes
 -Through the practices of different art materials and themes, students are required to apply what they learnt into their work.
 Stage 7: 6 Classes
 -Focused on details and the application of various techniques, these classes further develop students' ability to finish works in advanced level.
 Stage 1: 1-2 Classes–Comprehensive stage
 A comprehensive stage with general drawing or painting in which tutor will find out student's characteristics, give feedbacks on areas to improve in later stages.
 >>>Progress to a fitted stage according to needs
 Stage 2: 2 Classes
 Focused on details and basics, these classes train students to strengthen their skills through cast drawing and copying from the old masters.
 Stage 3: 2-4 Classes
 Strengthen painting skills through acrylic painting with single object/a group of still life, and more complex structure.
 Stage 4: 2-4 Classes
 Develop higher level of drawing skills through the practices of single object/ a group of still life, and more complex structure.
 Stage 5: 4 Classes
 The application of higher level skills in landscape
 Stage 6: 4 Classes
 The application of higher level skills in human drawing
 Stage 7: 4 Classes
 Oil painting techniques and application
 Stage 8: 4 Classes
 Creation and completion of art works in an advanced level
 ————————Programme of Hobby Course————————————————
 Options:4 Classes /6 Classes/8 Classes/12 Classes/16 Classes/24 Classes
 *Try drawing or painting with different themes of contents or art materials (mix and match from the following classes):
 Still life group: Cast drawing/painting, Still life drawing/painting (glassware/ metal ware/ porcelain/ ect); Still life drawing/painting: Food (Tropical Fruit/Vegtable); Art works drawing/painting: antique/venetian carnival masks; How to draw/ paint flowers (different kinds of flower).
 Landscape group: How to draw/paint forest; how to paint mountains; How to draw/paint animal; Landscape paintingfrom photography.
 Human drawing group: Cast drawing/painting: ear, nose; Cast drawing/painting: eye, lip; Self portrait (Tip: bring your own mirror); How to draw human hand; How to draw human feet; Life drawing/painting: Family/friends portrait; Life drawing: Sketching the classmate in movement; *Life drawing/painting Male nude; *Life drawing/painting female nude.
 The application of different materials: Charcoal drawing tutorial; Watercolour painting tutorial; Acrylic painting tutorial; Chinese painting tutorial; Oil painting tutorial.
 Art and creation: Copying from old masters; Drawing from memory: without reference; How to paint your thoughts using dots, lines and of colour;


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The Meat Products Regulations 2003 - Summary guidance for butchers
Friday 5 September 2003
These Guidance Notes are designed for butchers and similar small businesses that make and sell meat products. Comprehensive Guidance Notes covering all aspects of the new Regulations are available from the Food Standards Agency.
Although the Meat Products and Spreadable Fish Products Regulations 1984 have been the basis for meat product labelling for some time, there have been several changes in labelling laws which make it necessary to have new regulations. The main change has been a new European definition of meat for labelling purposes, which is different from the definition currently used in the UK. The new definition defines meat as'skeletal muscle with naturally included or attached tissue', and sets specific limits for the amount of fat and connective tissue (i.e., rind, tendon, sinew, skin etc.) allowed (see table below). The definition specifically excludes MRM, feet and trotters, tail, and head meat but includes cheeks (Masseters). It also excludes non-muscle cuts such as liver, kidney, heart etc. Products are still allowed to contain all of these ingredients - they will just need to be described differently, and they cannot count towards the declared meat content.
|Pork||Birds and Rabbits||Beef, Lamb and other species|
Throughout this Guidance, the phrase 'EC meat' is used to mean'meat according to the new European definition'.
There are already limits on fat in the existing Regulations, but the new EC meat definition now has lower limits. There are also limits on connective tissue, which are new. Products are still allowed to contain ingredients that do not meet these limits. However, where meat ingredients have more fat or connective tissue than allowed, the excess must be deducted from the meat content, and must be declared separately in the list of ingredients (if there is one).
The other two main changes that will affect you are:
- The minimum meat contents required for sausages, burgers, pies etc. are now based on the new EC definition. Because the new definition has lower limits for fat, this means that the actual minimums are lower. However, the amount of lean meat required stays the same (provided the connective tissue is within the limits).
- The way the meat content is declared is now different: Instead of giving a'minimum meat content (%)', you will have to give the actual meat content (%) of each species.


Universiteit Leiden
nl en
A History of Dutch Corruption and Public Morality (_PHONE_)
A History of Dutch Corruption and Morality showcases 300 years of change, continuity, and diversity in the history of Dutch political corruption and public morality. It analyses a series of corruption scandals and shows how the following debates were connected to the big changes of that time: from the Dutch Republic, to the Age of Enlightenment and the Batavian Revolution into the era of the modern parliamentary democracy.
Toon Kerkhoff, Ronald Kroeze, Pieter Wagenaar & Michel Hoenderboom
04 August 2020
The book showcases a large variety in what was considered to be corruption: bailiffs accepting personal payment to buy off a prosecution; tax gatherers withholding money; mayors dividing jobs between themselves; money from the war chest disappearing into private pockets journalists receiving bribes; preventing political friends from being prosecuted. These matters were not incidents and preventative measures were taken, ranging from a ban on gifts to laws on official bribery. Even democracy and modern bureaucracy in itself were seen as corruption prevention measures. Yet many forms of corruption were tolerated, often as a result of political administrative circumstances. This book addressing good and bad governance and corrupt public officers provides insight into a fascinating history as well as the foundations on which the current political administrative system and its morality have been built. It shows, for instance, the strengths and weaknesses of the current Dutch approach on corruption. The book also offers a concise comparison with other European countries.
- Contrary to popular images of the corrupt regents of the Ancien Regime; there were in fact limits to what administrators were allowed to keep for themselves during the period of the Dutch Republic (_PHONE_).
- A shift can be detected from co-existing moral systems in early modern times to a more commonly shared single moral system in modern times;
- Corruption and public morale were continuously given meaning in a complex context of state formation, democratisation and the constantly shifting dividing line between public and private;
- Corruption prevention benefits most from the voicing popular grievances and protests of those who are left behind - often in the context of a scandal - against particularism (a small elite claiming power and means) and pro-universalism (towards a government based on justice and equality before the law);
- The modern democracy, that has been shaped by the constitutional amendment of 1848, is not free from corruption scandals, serious or otherwise;
- Prominent names from Dutch political history have been subject op corruption debates; from Stadtholder William V to Minister Van Maanen (King William I's most important minister); and from Thorbecke to Kuyper;
- What is perceived as corruption changes continuously. Even though many existing studies and corruption prevention organisations claim otherwise by emphasising the timeless and universal definitions of corruptions. This study challenges the reader to take a fresh look at the ingrained assumptions claiming unjustly that through the ages corruption in the 'Northern' Netherlands can be seen as isolated incidents.
- The administration of the colonies and the actions of the Dutch trade and industry were also frequently cause for intense corruption debates in Dutch politics.
Current affairs
- President Trump preventing an ally to go to jail due to political reasons; the former Dutch ambassador to Nigeria being forced to resign for passing on sensitive information to private companies such as Shell, despite of his public function; customs inspectors at the Port of Rotterdam allowing drugs to pass in exchange for money; tax privileges and rulings for those people with the right contacts and enough money to be able to afford lawyers; politicians and civil servants making the wrong choices; this study helps to understand how corruption comes into being and what can be done to prevent it;
- The study shows why certain behaviours are considered problematic today by demonstrating that thinking about present-day good governance is based on public values and morals that have a long history in continuity, change, and diversity. The current meaning and appreciation of, for instance, representation, neutrality, or legitimacy did not come from nowhere;
- The study is relevant and on trend because it shows that over the centuries corruption keeps re-emerging in different forms. Making the need for corruption prevention an ongoing cause for concern. Which is why politicians and the public should remain vigilant in what they perceive as legitimate use of public offices and means. Corruption prevention is never 'finished', because the context of good and bad behaviour will continue to change;
- The study shows that so-called 'one-size-fits-all' assumptions about corruption prevention and integrity are historically incorrect and provide poor advice for today's situation. In order to understand corruption, the specific political and socio-economical context of the moment should be analysed carefully. Only then can you create an understanding of effective preventative measures, which can also be applied within a European or global context. Stereotypes about the integrity of the 'North' and the corruption in the 'South' are clouding the real issues 'here' and 'there'. What has proven to be successful in one country can easily lead to failure in the next.
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Exhibition October 16, 2020 − January 17, 2021
Caravaggio. Human and divine
Dresden Picture Gallery of Old Masters holds an exhibition "Caravaggio. Human and Divine ".
Visitors will see more than 50 works from the museum's collection. Among the exhibits is the painting "John the Baptist" from the collection of the Capitoline Museum, Rome.
The works of Caravaggio's immediate successors, such as Leonello Spada (_PHONE_) or the Genoese Bernardo Strozzi (_PHONE_), illustrate how Italian contemporaries adopted his visual language. In Rome, the creative center of Europe, Caravaggio was a major attraction for foreign artists. Nicolas Tournier (_PHONE_), Peter Paul Rubens (_PHONE_) and Gerard van Honthorst (_PHONE_) spread the Caravaggio style to Northern Europe. Spanish artists saw his work mainly in Naples, then ruled by Spain. Paintings by Giusepe de Ribera (_PHONE_) and Francisco de Zurbaran (_PHONE_) bear witness to these visits.
Based on site materialsPicture gallery of Old Masters.
Galleries at the exhibition


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FDR and Housing Legislation
75th Anniversary of the Wagner-Steagall Housing Act of 1937
September 1, 2012 is the 75th anniversary of the Wagner-Steagall Housing Act, a piece of late-New Deal legislation that reflected the government's recognition of adequate housing as an important societal need.
Franklin Roosevelt had been interested in housing issues as Governor of New York, and he brought his support for housing reforms to the federal level when he became President in 1932. The Home Owner's Loan Corporation (HOLC) was created in 1933 to provide mortgage relief to home owners at risk of losing their homes through foreclosure. The HOLC also developed a comprehensive housing plan that served as the basis for the National Housing Act of 1934. This law created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) that insured banks, mortgage companies, and other lenders, thereby encouraging the construction of new homes and the repair of existing structures.
It was FDR's hope that the law would also spur employment in the construction industry. Although the 1934 National Housing Act and the FHA met the needs of existing home owners and those Americans financially able to purchase homes, it did little to address the housing needs of the poor, including many African-Americans living in slums.
But there was fierce political opposition to low-cost public housing for low-income Americans. Landlords and the real estate industry believed that rental and sales markets would be undercut by cheaper public housing. Fiscal conservatives in Congress were afraid of the budgetary impact of a costly public housing program. And many Congressman from more rural parts of the country feared that such a program would help cities instead of smaller communities.
Senator Robert Wagner of New York thought differently, and he became the driving force behind the Wagner-Steagall Housing Act of 1937. Wagner introduced public housing bills in three successive Congresses, 1934, 1935, and 1936. The latter two bills were never even reported out of the House banking committee because its chairman, Rep. Henry Steagall of Alabama, believed public housing initiatives were socialistic and favored big cities.
President Roosevelt lent his full support to Wagner's efforts and made adequate and affordable housing a priority in his second term. In his State of the Union Message of January 6, 1937, President Roosevelt spoke of the urgent need for the new Congress to address the housing situation:
"There are far-reaching problems still with us for which democracy must find solutions if it is to consider itself successful. For example, many millions of Americans still live in habitations which not only fail to provide the physical benefits of modern civilization but breed disease and impair the health of future generations. The menace exists not only in the slum areas of the very large cities, but in many smaller cities as well. It exists on tens of thousands of farms, in varying degrees, in every part of the country."
Two weeks later, Roosevelt made the point more succinctly in his Second Inaugural Address:
"I see one-third of a nation ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished.... The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much; it is whether we provide enough for those who have too little."
FDR then worked behind the scenes with lawmakers and administration officials on the housing bill. Issues such as financing of projects, caps on costs per unit, and the staffing and governance of the proposed housing authority were sorted out in conferences held at the White House. With the major concerns of various Congressmen—including Rep. Steagall—resolved, the bill finally went to a vote. President Roosevelt signed the Wagner-Steagall Housing Act into law on September 1, 1937.
The new law established the United States Housing Authority (USHA) that provided $500 million in loans for low-cost housing projects across the country. Under the new law, the USHA acted as a loan granting agency to state and local housing authorities to build low-cost housing in both small and large urban areas. The USHA was empowered to advance loans amounting to 90% of project costs, at low-interest and on 60-year terms. By the end of 1940, over 500 USHA projects were in progress or had been completed, with loan contracts of $691 million. The goal was to make the program self-sustainable through the collection of rents: one-half of rent from the tenants themselves, one-third paid by contributions from the Federal government; and one-sixth paid by annual contributions made by the localities themselves. During World War II, the USHA was instrumental in planning and constructing housing for defense workers.
To Franklin Roosevelt, adequate housing was not just a need, but a right. The Wagner-Steagall Housing Act of 1937, along with other New Deal housing and mortgage initiatives, brought greater economic security to hundreds of thousands of Americans. In his January 11, 1944 State of the Union address, FDR declared a "second Bill of Rights" that included "the right of every family to a decent home."
Silent footage (right) of FDR's campaign trip to Pittsburgh, PA, during which he dedicated the Terrace Village housing project on October 11, 1940. MP07-1
Photographs (below) of the same dedication event in Pittsburgh, October 11, 1940.


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This climate climate zone covers from about 44°N to 50°N latitude mostly east of the 100th meridian in North America. However, it can be found as far north as 54°N, and further west in the Canadian Prairie Provinces and below 40°N in the high Appalachians. In Europe this subtype reaches its most northerly latitude at nearly 61° N. Areas featuring this subtype of the continental climate have an average temperature in the warmest month below 22°C (22°F). Summer high temperatures in this zone typically average between 21-28°C (70-82°F) during the daytime and the average temperatures in the coldest month are generally far below the -3 °C (27°F) mark.
The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Dfb". (Warm Summer Continental Climate).
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Shickshinny is 45.4" (1153.2 mm). The month with the most precipitation on average is June with 4.8" (121.9 mm) of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of 2.4" (61 mm). There are an average of 127.0 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in May with 12.0 days and the least precipitation occurring in February with 9.0 days.
In Shickshinny, there's an average of 37.6" of snow (95.5 cm). The month with the most snow is January, with 12.1" of snow (30.7 cm).


Parents weighing options on opting children out of state testing
By Joleen Ferris
(WKTV) - As state testing approaches, Central New York parents continue to struggle with whether or not to allow their children to take the tests or opt-out on their behalf.
BOCES District Superintendent Mark Vivacqua says if his now-adult son were back in school, he'd be taking the state tests.
"If students don't take the test, we won't have a measure of their growth toward these common core standards," Vivacqua said. "It's just one measure. It's not as though the world will end, but it's less information. If enough students don't take the tests, we're going to be mismeasuring schools and school districts."
New Hartford mom Jessica McNair says can't see any good reason to opt in for the standardized test.
"Parents found out that they didn't get feedback from the tests and the scores that came back; they just got a number," McNair said. "It's very vague, ambiguous and they thought, 'Why put my kid through a minimum of 400 minutes of testing just so my kid can be reduced to a number and instruction can be reduced to test prep in the months leading up to the test?' " said McNair.
As for your child's school district losing Title I funding if fewer than 95 percent of students take the state tests, both McNair nor Vivacqua say that's not going to happen.
"Theoretically, it could, but no, that won't happen," Vivacqua said. "But I think the idea that schools will lose money -- the federal government isn't in the practice of subtracting federal aid from schools because participation is low. I wouldn't expect that to happen."
Vivacqua says that there is no protocol for opting out of the test.
"The state hasn't given any guidance to school districts about what to do about opting out because technically there's no such thing. There's no provision for opting out," said Vivacqua.
The short answer on how to go about opting out if you choose to: Send a written communication to your child's school.
"All the state has done in terms of guidance is remind superintendents that they're not obligated to make any alternate provisions for children who are refusing to take the tests," said Vivacqua, adding that individual districts are deciding what, based on their test-day resources, to do with children who opt out.
Anyone contemplating refusing the state tests on their child's behalf should act quickly; state testing begins April 2.
What's On


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DSpace at IIT Bombay >
IITB Publications >
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Title: ||A hybrid intelligent systems approach for die design in sheet metal forming|
|Authors: ||PILANI, R|
|Issue Date: ||2000|
|Publisher: ||SPRINGER LONDON LTD|
|Citation: ||INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY, 16(5), 370-375|
|Abstract: ||Die design is heavily experience based and the die design process is an iterative procedure of trial and error in order to obtain a final die design for the successful manufacture of stampings. Most automotive industries use internal guidelines and past experience for die design. Even though powerful computer-aided design systems are being used in automotive industry, the lack of adequate analysis tools at the initial die geometry design stage hinders the die manufacturing process, and also necessitates lead times of the order of 5-30 weeks. At the concept design stage, and during the initial die development process, the variations in geometry and process conditions are so large that it is prohibitively expensive to use 3D finite element analysis. The complexity of die design heuristic knowledge hinders the development and application of knowledge-based systems. Hybrid intelligent systems are computer programs in which at least one of the constituent models simulates intelligent behaviour. These models could be knowledge-based systems, artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic systems, etc. In this approach both artificial neural networks, knowledge-based systems and finite-element analysis (FEA) for modelling the design process are used. A simulation-based design approach for the die design process is followed. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are preliminary design tools which indicate the formability of the component geometry, for the selected process and material conditions. The ANN module is trained from FEA results for a generic set of component geometries, process conditions, and material properties. The final die design validation is carried out by FEA. The intelligent framework incorporates rules for material selection, process parameter selection and their modification. Component geometry is a critical parameter which affects the manufacturability of the given part. Hence, an intelligent geometry handling module, which automatically modifies and optimises the geometry of the designed die, is implemented in the present system. Knowledge-based blackboard architecture is used for the integration of various analysis models such as CAD, FEA, and ANN, as an intelligent framework for die design. The hybrid intelligent system provides an integrated decision support environment for simulation and analysis of the forming process, both during the initial die design phase and during the die tryout phase. The hybrid intelligent systems approach supports the capability for automatic evaluation of prospective die design for manufacturability, and performs automatic modification of design inputs. Application of the hybrid intelligent system for die design are described together with a comparison with shop floor data.|
|Appears in Collections:||Article|
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Georgia RoadEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
The 1805 Treaty of Tellico allowed the construction of roads through Cherokee Indian lands. The Middle Cherokee Trading Path was used for much of the route of the Georgia Road. It entered Cherokee land at Vann's Ferry and headed toward present-day Ramhurst, where it forked, one trail went north to Knoxville and the other west to Chattanooga (Ross Landing) and Nashville. Another fork started at South Pittsburg, Tennessee and followed the northwest side of the Tennesse River toward Huntsville, Alabama.
Indians, postal workers, settlers, slaves, miners, ministers, soldiers of the War of 1812 (_PHONE_) and the Seminole War, and stagecoaches used the Georgia Road. Pioneers frequently squatted on Indian land next to road, and the Indians were soon forced to withdraw, or forcibly removed. The road was improved in 1819, and was then called the "Old Federal Road."
In 1828 gold was discovered in Georgia. The Georgia Road became the main route to the gold fields, many of them on Cherokee land. The miners demanded protection from Cherokee Indians. Soldiers were called in and by 1835 removed the Indians and their land was given away to whites in land lotteries.
The development of steamboats and railroads in the 1830s resulted in declining use of the Georgia Road. By 1845 many parts of the road had been abandoned.
- Athens, Clarke, Georgia
- Vann's Ferry, Hall, Georgia
- Ramhurst, Murray, Georgia
- Conasauga, Polk, Tennessee
- west of Etowah, McMinn, Tennessee
- Old Tellico, Monroe, Tennessee
- Niles Ferry, Monroe, Tennessee
- follow the old Marysville road to Knoxville, Knox, Tennessee
- Ramhurst, Murray, Georgia
- Chattanooga (Ross Landing), Hamilton, Tennessee
- Monteagle, Marion, Tennessee
- Murfreesboro, Rutherford, Tennessee
- Nashville, Davidson, Tennessee
- South Pittsburg, Marion, Tennessee
- follow the northside of the Tennessee River to
- Huntsville, Madison, Alabama
Settlers and Records
There is no known list of settlers who travelled the Georgia Road. However, some of the early residents of Tennessee may have used the Georgia Road to reach their destination, as well as several other routes like the Great Valley Road, Natchez Trace, Wilderness Road, Kentucky Road, or Avery's Trace.
For early Tennessee settlers see:
- East Tennessee Historical Society, First families of Tennessee: a register of early settlers and their present-day descendants (Knoxville, Tenn.: East Tennessee Historical Society, c2000) [FHL 976.8 H2ff].
For early Alabama settlers see:
- Census, 1809, Madison County and Huntsville prior to 1819 (Microfilm made in 1978 of a photocopy in the Madison County Public Library, Huntsville, Alabama) [FHL _PHONE_].
- MariLee Beatty Hageness, Residents, _PHONE_, Madison county, Alabama, Mississippi Territory (Anniston, AL : MLH Research, ©1998).
- Edward Chambers Betts, Early history of Huntsville, Alabama: 1804 to 1870 (Montgomery, Ala.: Brown Print., c1916). FamilySearch Books Online
- Federal Road in New Georgia Encyclopedia describes both the Georgia Road and Federal Horse Path.
- Old Federal Road in About North Georgia details about the time before the road, its origins, details about the route, and history, the Georgia gold rush, Trail of Tears, and the road's declining use.
- Allen Parke Swayne, and James Parke Swayne, Old Federal Road in Rootsweb details about road locations in Georgia.
- ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Federal Road (Cherokee lands)," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia at _URL_ (accessed 31 July 2010).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Old Federal Road" in About North Georgia at _URL_ (accessed 31 July 2010).
- ↑ "Federal Road" in New Georgia Encyclopedia at _URL_ (accessed 31 July 2010).
- ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Georgia Gold Rush" in Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia at _URL_ (accessed 5 August 2010).
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In the FamilySearch Research Wiki, you can learn how to do genealogical research or share your knowledge with others.Learn More


Statement 5.3
 - Section 5
"Hospital pharmacists should ensure their hospitals seek review of their medicines use processes by an external quality assessment accreditation programme, and act on reports to improve the quality and safety of these processes."
What does it mean for patients? The safety of patients is the primary goal of the hospital pharmacist. Hospitals that fulfil quality and safety criteria from external accreditation programs ensure that continuing improvement practices are implemented in order to minimise errors
What does it mean for healthcare professionals? The medication practice process is very complex and external assessment programs help to identify critical aspects of the organisation and initiate appropriate preventive/corrective measures to achieve patients' safety.
What does it mean for Hospital Pharmacists? Hospital pharmacists should conduct self-assessment activities to identify critical aspects in the medication process and communicate them internally to other healthcare professionals and hospital administrators
Hospital pharmacists should promote adherence to external quality assessment inspections/audits. Hospital pharmacists should be involved and lead projects to improve quality and safety of the medication practices as risk management process. Examples include projects in areas of patient safety protocols, active pharmacovigilance, therapeutic reconciliation, discharge counselling and follow up, and transition of care programs.
The Hospital Universitario Clinico San Carlos is SILCC Host providing training on this Statement. Please learn more about the SILCC programme here.


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Why is there no reactionary international theory?
MacKay, Joseph; LaRoche, Christopher David
Why is there no reactionary international theory? International relations has long drawn on a range of traditions in political thought. However, no current, or even recent, major school of international-relations theory embraces reactionary doctrine. This is more surprising than some might assume. Reaction was once common in the field and is now increasingly common in world politics. In this note, we define reaction and show that no active and influential school of international-relations...[Show more]
CollectionsANU Research Publications
Date published: 2018-06
Type: Journal article
Source: International Studies Quarterly
DOI: 10.1093/isq/sqx083
Access Rights: Open Access
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MacKay and LaRoche Why Is There 2018.pdf285.4 kBAdobe PDFThumbnail


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stay clear of this fruit and should not consume it at any time.
- Because of its rich oxalate content, some people may have an adverse effect to it. It is recommended to try a little of the fruit, at first, and wait for a day or 2 to see if there are any negative reactions.
- Too much consumption of starfruit can be very harmful. Being rich in oxalic acid, too much of the fruit can result in the formation of kidney stones
- Starfruit interferes with the metabolism and absorption of minerals like calcium and magnesium.
Myths and Facts
Myth: Juicing the pulp of star fruit takes away all the nutrients and have no fibre retained in it.
Fact: This is not at all true as there are two kinds of fibre, soluble and insoluble. Insoluble fibre is what that gets left behind when juicing the fruit, whereas most of the fibre content is soluble which is what is present in the juice. It has all its nutrients intact and is very healthy for consumption.
Myth: Only the pulp of the fruit is beneficial to us.
Fact: This is absolutely false. The starfruit is one of the rare fruits where not only the pulp, but the skin, leaves, flowers, every part of the plant is beneficial in one way or more. There are medicinal, along with beauty benefits that are provided.
Myth: Consuming and having star fruit is just a fad.
Fact: This is absolutely false. The only way one can know otherwise is when they try the fruit for a said period of time and notice the changes in their metabolism and overall health. This is one of the most natural sources for so many things that people usually take supplements for. There is no need for supplements, unless medically prescribed, if starfruit is included in a person's regular diet.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: Is the pulp safe for using on sensitive skin?
A: The pulp of the starfruit is safe to use for all skin types, including sensitive skin. This is one of the rare natural products that does not have a negative effect on any skin type.
Q: Is the starfruit safe for children?
A: Yes, starfruit is absolutely safe to be used by children. It is actually very good for treating cough for children.
Q: Is the skin edible?
A: Yes, the skin of the star fruit is edible and adds onto the nutritional benefits with the fruit itself.
Q: How does one store starfruit?
A: Once a firm starfruit is bought, it can be stored in the refrigerator without any hassles. It has a shelf life of 2 weeks at least when kept in the fridge which is really good if it is being consumed on a regular basis.


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Monkeys Understand Basic Counting Skills
A team of researchers studying Old World monkeys have found that the primates have better numerical skills than previously believed, BBC News reports.
They found, using a basic numeracy test, that long-tail macaques were able to determine which of two plates had more raisins. However, in strange fashion, the macaques only excelled in the basic test if they were not allowed to eat the raisins used in the experiment.
The results of the experiments show that the animals have the ability to understand the concept of relative quantities.
The researchers, from the German Primate Center in Goettingen, Germany, first tested the macaques by showing them two different amounts of raisins. The primates were then fed the raisins that they pointed to. But the researchers noted that in this test, the monkeys usually got it wrong — choosing the smaller pile of raisins.
Vanessa Schmidt, lead researcher on the study, said that instead of thinking about the quantities, the monkeys were thinking more about how much they wanted to eat the raisins.
"This impulsiveness impaired their judgment," Schmidt told BBC News. "But when we repeated the test, this time showing them two plates of inedible objects – pebbles – they did much better."
To find out if the monkeys could actually distinguish quantities, the team decided to try another experiment.
"We wanted to know if they could simultaneously maintain two mental representations of the food items, first as choice, and second as food reward," said Schmidt.
In the new experiment, which was a little more complex than the original, the macaques were shown plates of raisins, but the reward for pointing to the correct plate was to be fed raisins that were actually hidden underneath.
"They perform as well in this task as they do when choosing the pebbles," said Schmidt. "This seems to show that they see the raisins as signifiers – representations of the food rewards they're going to receive."
Professor Julia Fischer, the study's co-researcher, said that young children displayed the same difficulty in suppressing their impulses. "There's a well-known experiment called the reverse reward paradigm," she said.
"You have two heaps of candies – one big, and one small. The child obviously points at the big heap – which is then given to another child, while the [first] child itself gets the small heap," Fischer explained.
"Young children have trouble comprehending that they should point at the small heap to get the big one, but if you replace the candies with numerals or other symbols, they can do it," she added.
Other studies of primates in the past, that have used food to test numeracy skills, may have had inconclusive results because of this effect, and therefore didn't really understand the real abilities of these types of animals.
The study is published in the journal Nature Communications.
On the Net:


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Templates for reporting pre-hospital major incident medical management : systematic literature review
ForfatterFattah, Sabina; Rehn, Marius; Reierth, Eirik; Wisborg, Torben
Introduction In 2010, a total of 385 natural disasters killed more than 297 000 people worldwide and affected over 217 million others. More standardised reporting of major incident management have been advocated in the previous years. Prevention, mitigation, preparedness and major incident response may be improved through collection and analysis of high-quality standardised data on medical management of major incidents. Standardised data may elevate the level of scientific evidence within disaster medicine research. Methods and analysis A systematic literature review will be conducted to identify templates for reporting pre-hospital major incident medical management. The first set of entry terms aims to describe major incidents published during the last 20 years. The second set aims to focus the number of search results from the first set to those publications that describe templates based on data collections from these major incidents. Predefined free search phases will be combined with the first two sets.
SiteringBMJ Open 2(2012) nr. 3:e001082
Følgende lisensfil er knyttet til denne innførselen:


Tag: Water
July 23, 2016 /
In principle, water ATMs had been proposed for areas that did not benefit from piped water supply. Even this was controversial because the underlying message was that only basic drinking needs would be taken care of, rather than all basic household/domestic needs. In practice, there has been slippage. In the first place, the Delhi Government was meant to be installing water kiosks providing free water in 'underdeveloped' areas. Yet, the first water kiosk installed was near a metro station for the convenience of the travelling public. Further, alongside the free water distributed in those kiosks, the Delhi Jal Board (DJB) agreed in late 2015 to a proposal for setting up water ATMs in various parts of Delhi at a price of Rs 5 per 20 litres. Supply through water ATMs is probably an excellent option to fill specific gaps where there is no water supply, preferably on a temporary basis. There are, however, various reasons why water ATMs should not become a permanent tool for accessing drinking water.


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Fulton County, Kentucky
From Ancestry.com Wiki
|This article is a stub. Help us to expand it by contributing your knowledge. For county page guidelines, visit U.S. County Page Content Suggestions.|
Fulton is a county in Kentucky. It was formed in 1845 from the following county/ies: Hickman. Fulton began keeping birth records in 1852, marriage records in 1845, and death records in 1852. It began keeping land records in 1845, probate records in 1845, and court records in 1845. For more information, contact the county at P.O. Box 126, Hickman 42050-0126. On the attached map, Fulton is located at A4.
For information about the state of Kentucky see Kentucky Family History Research.


Honors English is equivalent to Hell.
This Honors English is equivalent to Hell.
by The Smiley Impaler May 12, 2005
A course in which supposed honorsworthy students are placed in, when in reality half the students are just "good kids." An overwhelming amount of reading is assigned, followed by a lot of essay-writing. It doesn't matter whether the students read the books, or used sparknotes to finish the reading assignments. All that matters is that it can be stated that the students read "x" amount of books during the school year.
Honors Student A: Yo, you did the homework for English?!
Honors Student B: No, I don't think anybody did. Nobody even bothered to do sparknotes.
by kick ass Liz May 22, 2005
Free Daily Email


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Create distributed search groups
You can group your search peers to facilitate searching on a subset of them. Groups of search peers are known as "distributed search groups." You specify distributed search groups in the
For example, say you have a set of search peers in New York and another set in San Francisco, and you want to perform searches across peers in just a single location. You can do this by creating two search groups, NYC and SF. You can then specify the search groups in searches.
Distributed search groups are particularly useful when configuring the monitoring console. See Monitoring Splunk Enterprise.
Configure distributed search groups
You define distributed search groups in
For example, to create the two search groups NYC and SF, create stanzas like these:
[distributedSearch] # This stanza lists the full set of search peers. servers = 192.168.1.1:8089, 192.168.1.2:8089, 220.127.116.11:8089, 18.104.22.168:8089, 22.214.171.124:8089 [distributedSearch:NYC] # This stanza lists the set of search peers in New York. default = false servers = 192.168.1.1:8089, 192.168.1.2:8089 [distributedSearch:SF] # This stanza lists the set of search peers in San Francisco. default = false servers = 126.96.36.199:8089, 188.8.131.52:8089, 184.108.40.206:8089
Note the following:
serversattribute lists groups of search peers by IP address and management port.
- The servers list for each search group must be a subset of the list in the general
- The group lists can overlap. For example, you can add a third group named "Primary_Indexers" that contains some peers from each location.
- If you set a group's
defaultattribute to "true," the peers in that group will be the ones queried when the search does not specify a search group. Otherwise, if you set all groups to "false," the full set of search peers in the
[distributedSearch]stanza will be queried when the search does not specify a search group.
Use distributed search groups
To use a search group in a search, specify the search group like this:
sourcetype=access_combined status=200 action=purchase splunk_server_group=NYC | stats count by product
This search runs against only the peers in the NYC location.
Distributed search groups and indexer clusters
This feature is not valid for indexer clustering, except for limited use cases in certain complex topologies.
In indexer clustering, the cluster replicates the data buckets arbitrarily across the set of search peers, or "cluster peer nodes". It then assigns one copy of each bucket to be the primary copy, which participates in searches. There is no guarantee that a specific peer or subset of peers will contain the primary bucket copies for a particular search. Therefore, if you put peers into distributed search groups and then run searches based on those groups, the searches might contain incomplete results.
For details of bucket replication in indexer clusters, see Buckets and indexer clusters in Managing Indexers and Clusters of Indexers.
These are some examples of indexer cluster deployments where distributed search groups might be of value:
- Multiple indexer clusters, where you need to identify the peer nodes for a specific cluster.
- Search heads that run searches across both an indexer cluster and standalone indexers. You might want to put the standalone indexers into their own group.
Manage distributed server names
Remove a search peer
This documentation applies to the following versions of Splunk® Enterprise: 6.5.7, 7.0.0, 7.0.1, 7.0.2, 7.0.3, 7.0.4, 7.0.5, 7.0.6, 7.0.7, 7.0.8, 7.0.9, 7.0.10, 7.0.11, 7.0.13, 7.1.0, 7.1.1, 7.1.2, 7.1.3, 7.1.4, 7.1.5, 7.1.6, 7.1.7, 7.1.8, 7.1.9, 7.1.10, 7.2.0, 7.2.1, 7.2.2, 7.2.3, 7.2.4, 7.2.5, 7.2.6, 7.2.7, 7.2.8, 7.2.9, 7.2.10, 7.3.0, 7.3.1, 7.3.2, 7.3.3, 7.3.4, 7.3.5, 7.3.6, 7.3.7, 7.3.8, 7.3.9, 8.0.0, 8.0.1, 8.0.2, 8.0.3, 8.0.4, 8.0.5, 8.0.6, 8.0.7, 8.0.8, 8.0.9, 8.0.10, 8.1.0, 8.1.1, 8.1.2, 8.1.3, 8.1.4, 8.1.5, 8.1.6, 8.1.7, 8.1.8, 8.1.9, 8.1.10, 8.1.11, 8.1.12, 8.2.0, 8.2.1, 8.2.2, 8.2.3, 8.2.4, 8.2.5, 8.2.6, 8.2.7, 8.2.8, 8.2.9, 9.0.0, 9.0.1, 9.0.2


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No lecture on technique or the substantive law prepares you for writing bar exam essays like reading and critiquing actual scored essays — both the good essays and the bad ones. All of the sample essays in WHAT NOT TO WRITE have been written by bar candidates. Nothing, not even grammar or spelling, has been changed. Through step-by-step instruction, examples, and critiques, WHAT NOT TO WRITE gives you insight into and practice writing consistently strong bar exam answers in the allotted amount of time. Authored by the founder and the vice president of LawTutors, a highly respected bar exam preparation program, WHAT NOT TO WRITE features:
- Real essay answers to real bar exam questions, including PT questions
- Step-by-step guidance on how to successfully write the answer to a bar exam essay or PT question
- Opportunities to practice writing bar exam answers in essay form
- Exercises in critiquing sample essays — both good and bad ones
- Self-critiquing exercises
- The authors' critical analysis of both highscoring and low-scoring essays
- Exam-taking advice and suggestions
- Rules of law are signposted and explained where applicable
Most Helpful Customer Reviews
What NOT to Write: Real Essays, Real Scores, Real Feedback (Massachusetts Edition) based on 0 ratings. 1 reviews.
This book was not very helpful at all. Simply reviewing old test answers would have the same benefits. The authors clearly think very highly of themselves and find themselves amusing. In one answer they berated the answer author for missing an important point regarding whether both individuals in the hypothetical would be considered merchants. The answer author had addressed it, the book authors were just too busy listening to themselves talk to notice. Many of the points would be helpful, "it is important that the author give a definition for offer", if they followed it up with the definition for offer. I bought this book because I am poor, and working full time and don't have time or money for Barbri or Kaplan. When they are critiquing an answer, I want to know the right answer and the substance of what is missing, not simply that the answer author was wrong followed by some lame pun the book authors find hilarious.


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Wednesday, March 25, 2009
Next year's census will be unlike any other done before because it will use handheld computers with GPS tracking devices to take home and address information. Philadelphia Regional Census Center Deputy Regional Director Ted Roman says the 2000 census was taken on all paper, including paper forms and paper maps. Pittsburgh is a part of the Philadelphia Regional Census Center. The computers are being used in order to create the most accurate data possible. Roman says the information entered will be transmitted on an hourly basis to the control database as encrypted files to ensure security and anonymity. Keeping information security is a primary goal for the Census Bureau. The questionnaires, which will be sent to all valid addresses in March 2010, will list seven simple topics that include name, race and age.


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Summary of risk factors and learning for improved practice around culture and faith
Published case reviews highlight that professionals sometimes lack the knowledge and confidence to work with families from different cultures and religions. A lack of understanding of the religions and cultural context of families can lead to professionals overlooking situations that may put family members at risk; whilst the desire to be culturally-sensitive can result in professionals accepting lower standards of care.
The learning from these reviews highlights that professionals need to take into account families' cultural and religious context when undertaking assessments and offering support. The rights and needs of the child need to remain the focus of interventions at all times, regardless of this context.
Published: June 2014


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possible to find a pay-layer associated with the clay. Clays make dry-washing procedure more difficult, because they must be thoroughly dried out and broken up before being processed effectively by dry methods.
Sometimes this means the material needs to be set out in the sun to dry for a full day or more before anything further can be done with it. Sometimes it is necessary to dig clay a couple of days ahead of the processing stage. You can alternate spending a day digging and laying out material to dry, and then a day processing dried material. Sometimes, the dried clay can harden into clumps, which then must be broken down into dust and sand before you can recover the gold out of it. When necessary, all of these requirements require more time and energy. But if a good pay-streak is involved, you will find yourself doing whatever is necessary to recover the gold out of it.
It may be necessary to use rock-crushing machinery to break up hardened clay-like material and crush it down on any kind of a production -scale.
The clean-up of concentrates from a dry-washing plant is accomplished best by wet-processing methods. Usually, if you have room-enough to haul around a dry-washing plant in your vehicle, you will also have room for enough water to pan down your final concentrates, too. The following video sequence demonstrates how and when to perform a final clean-up during dry-washing:
If water is not available to you out in the field, the clean-up of your dry concentrates can sometimes be accomplished quite effectively by running them through your dry-washing plant several times. Final cleanup procedures can then be done to separate the gold from the last bit of remaining valueless material.
DESERT PLACER GEOLOGY
The chances of finding a hotspot out in the desert, or in some other dry region, are probably just as good or as your chances of finding a hotspot in the watersheds of the gold-bearing mountainous areas. These chances are pretty good, providing that you are willing to spend the time, study and work that is necessary to implement a good sampling plan.
Probably your best bet is to start off with a "Where to Find Gold" book and study the geological reports which apply to the area(s) of your interest. There has been some small-scale mining activity out in the dry regions. Much of it was lode mining, but some placer activity took place, as well. A good portion of prior activity is recorded information today. It can be of great value to you to know where gold has already been found. It is almost a sure thing that the areas which were once worked for gold at a profit were not entirely worked out. They might be worked again with today's modern equipment at a profit. Any area which has once proven to pay in gold values is a good generalized area to do some sampling activity to see if additional pay-dirt can be found.
The desert areas were pretty-much left alone by the large-scale mining activities of earlier times because of the accessibility problem. Often, during earlier times, there was not enough water to sustain life, much less to process gold-bearing material.
But desert prospector should not limit him or herself to only the once-proven areas. Most of the desert regions have gone pretty-much untouched by past (effective) sampling activity because of accessibility problems, lack of water, and not having adequate equipment to do the job up until recent years. So the desert prospector has access to a lot of ground, and there are not that many competitors to worry about.
A single large rain or wind storm can change the entire face of the desert in just a few hours. There is very little undergrowth in these areas to prevent a good-sized rain storm from causing an incredible amount of erosion. And so you hear all the old-timers' stories of finding bonanza-sized gold deposits, marking their position, going out after tools and supplies, and then returning to find the desert entirely changed and the bonanza apparently gone. Undoubtedly, some of these treasure stories are true. After all, many of those old-timers had gold to go along with their stories. Many of them spent the rest of their lives looking for their "lost gold mine."
All of the placer geology concerning wet areas also applies to desert placer deposits (most which were developed during wet storm events). The same remains true of eluvial deposits-which is the gold that has weathered from a lode and been swept some distance away by the forces of nature. Eluvial deposits in the deserts (called "Bajada placers") tend to spread out much more widely, and in different directions. This is because they are usually not eroding down the side of a steep mountainous slope. Therefore, they are sometimes a little more difficult to trace back to their original lodes. But it can be done. The answer is to do lots of sampling.
History has shown that one of the best locations to look for gold is where the hills meet the desert and fan out. This is where the water slows down during flood storms and drops gold in the gullies and washes. There also are likely to be more gold traps further up the hillside.
When doing generalized sampling in the desert, concentrate much of your activities in the washed-out areas, where natural erosion has cut through the sediments and created a concentration of heavier materials. Dry-washes, dry streambeds and canyons are good for this. Get an eye for the terrain, looking over the high points and the low points to get an idea of where the water flows during large flood storms. Areas where the greatest amount of erosion has taken place are areas where the highest concentration of gold values might be found. Remember that we are looking at many thousands of years of erosive impacts.
Bedrock will be exposed in some low areas, as in canyons and dry washes. These are ideal places for you to get into the lowest stratum of material-where the largest concentrations of gold values are often found. Large and small canyons have been formed by many years of erosion and are likely spots to find paying quantities of gold.
Caliche is cement-like false bedrock which is commonly found in desert placer areas.(photo USGS)
The desert and dry areas also commonly have a "false bedrock" layer specifically called "caliche." Sometimes (often), this caliche layer is only a foot or two thick. In some areas, gold is concentrated along the caliche, just like on top of bedrock.
After a storm in the desert, in some places you can find small pockets of gold in the gravel traps, under rocks and under boulders which rest on top of the caliche. Sometimes the gold is pounded directly into the caliche and needs to be removed with a pick or crevice tool. Caliche layers which are close to the surface allow small-scale dry-washing operations to be economically feasible, because of the lesser amount of gravel and material which needs to be shoveled off the gold deposits.
Streambed material can be recognized by the smooth water-worn rocks. Anywhere in gold country, where streambed material is present, is a prime area to be doing some preliminary sampling. Such material indicates that it has been exposed to a substantial amount of running water. This means concentrating activity took place with those same materials. It is possible that the material was once washed out of an ancient river.
However, gravel and material does not need to be water-worn to carry gold in the desert areas. Rough and angular gravel, which has not been greatly affected by water, also sometimes carries gold in volume amounts. Testing is the key.
Sometimes it can be worthwhile to do some sampling in the different layers of desert material when they are present and exposed. Gold concentrations in and between flood layers can happen even more in the desert. This is because of the flash floods which can occur there.
Sometimes substantial gold concentrations can be found just beneath boulders which rest upon bedrock, or up in a layer above bedrock.
When you find a gold deposit in a dry area, whether on bedrock or the caliche, you will want to thoroughly clean the underlying surface upon which the gold is resting. Seldom will you visually see gold in dry placer material-even when there is a lot of gold present. Use a whisk broom or vack machine to clean all of the loose material. Sometimes, it is also productive to break up the surface of the caliche or bedrock with a pick or other crevicing tool.
Occasionally, in dry washes, you can actually see stringers of black sand along the bedrock or caliche-especially directly after a storm. You can sometimes do exceptionally well by following these stringers and digging out the concentrated gravel traps. Do not forget to test the roots from trees and other vegetation in such areas. Vegetation requires a certain amount of mineralization to grow. Roots can grow in and around high-grade gold deposits. I have heard of single roots which have been dug up and produced as much as three ounces of gold!
Some electronic prospectors use their metal detectors to trace concentrations of black sand. Then they follow up by testing the areas which produce the strongest reads from their detectors.
Some desert areas, like Quartzsite, Arizona, also have gold just lying around anywhere-even on top of the ground. Such places are excellent for electronic prospecting and dry-washing. The deserts of Australia are famous for this. I have a number of friends who have been very successful in the Nevada deserts, using metal detectors to recover large numbers of nuggets, some very large, directly off the surface of dry desert ground.
If you find a piece of gold on the surface of a dry placer area, it is likely that there are more pieces of gold in the immediate area. Electronic prospectors call


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Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia'
Wikipedia is loaded with articles on space. And now Wikipedia is in space, too — specifically, as an asteroid newly named "Wikipedia." The Committee for Small Body Nomenclature has renamed a main belt asteroid, previously labeled number 274301, with an official moniker: Henceforth, it's known as Wikipedia.
Astronomers at the Audrushivka Astronomical Observatory in Ukraine first spotted the asteroid in August 2008. Observatories in Caussols-ODAS in France and Mt. Lemmon Survey and Steward Observatory in Arizona also observed the asteroid. The Committee handed down the official name on Jan. 27, based on a suggestion from a member of the Wikimedia Foundation in Ukraine.
Researchers also posted some scientific facts about Wikipedia (the asteroid), including its measurement of one to two kilometers (about a mile) in diameter and its orbit, which takes it around the sun every 3.68 Earth years. And it won't collide with Earth, so no need to call Bruce Willis.
Astronomers around the world, and at NASA, regularly scan the night sky in order to search for near-Earth asteroids and other objects that could potentially pose an impact threat to Earth. (The latest, with the less-elegant name "2012 DA14," is due to pass within 17,200 miles of the Earth on Feb. 15.)