Execution van
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This article is about execution vans in China. For mobile gas chamber execution vans, see Gas van.
The execution van, also called a mobile execution unit, was developed by the government of the People's Republic of China and was first used in 1997. There is evidence that mobile execution chambers existed before 1997: the state of Delaware in the United States of America purchased a mobile lethal-injection chamber in 1986.[1] The prisoner is strapped to a stretcher and killed inside the van. The van allows death sentences to be carried out without moving the prisoner to an execution ground. The vans also require less manpower per execution, requiring four persons to assist with the injection.[2] The PRC states that the vans are more humane than previous forms of execution. Human-rights groups predict that the execution rate in China will increase because of mobile capital punishment.[3]
People's Republic of China[edit]
After the 1997 decision to legalize lethal injection as a form of execution, PRC officials began using execution vans across China. Becoming popular in 2006, these officials state that the vans are cost-effective by allowing communities without the money to build dedicated death rows to kill prisoners without the costs associated with sending prisoners away for death. Former Chinese judge and current lawyer Qiu Xingsheng argues that "some places can't afford the cost of sending a person to Beijing—perhaps $250—plus $125 more for the drug."[4] Because Beijing is the only place where the drug is manufactured, the vans have allowed localities to administer the death sentence where the crime took place. Estimates place the number of execution vans in operation at around 40; the PRC has not confirmed this number.
A converted 24-seat bus, the execution van keeps the appearance of a normal police van on the outside with no markings indicating its purpose. The rear of the vehicle houses a windowless chamber where the execution takes place. Several cameras are present and feed closed-circuit televisions in the front of the van; a recording can be made if desired. The bed itself slides out of the wall under its own power, on which the convicted person is strapped down. A syringe is put into the arm by a technician and a police official administers the injection by pressing a button.[citation needed]
The PRC government claims that this is a more humane form of killing people, being far less painful than firing squad executions. Zhao Shijie, president of the Yunnan Provincial High Court, was quoted as praising the new system: "The use of lethal injection shows that China's death penalty system is becoming more civilized and humane."[3] While the vans have moved China away from previous days of large public executions, human rights activists counter that they are "like government-sanctioned death squads", and allow for an increased number and a higher efficiency of executions.
There is concern that mobile execution units have made organ harvesting much easier and more profitable, as lethal injection does not damage the body. In March 2006 the Ministry of Health banned the sale of organs.[4] It is believed that this has had no effect. Activists claim that the bodies are quickly cremated, which makes it impossible for family members to determine if organs have in fact been removed.[2]
Notable executions[edit]
On December 22, 2003, organized crime leader Liu Yong was executed in an execution van in a controversial ruling. Liu was convicted of 32 charges and sentenced to death in 2000, but was granted a reprieve after appealing the case on the grounds that his confession was forced. Liu had been given a retrial by the Supreme Court on December 17. It was the first time the Supreme Court had bypassed China's two-trial system in which two trials are permitted and the verdict of the second trial may be appealed by either side.[5][6]
On March 17, 2006, billionaire Yuan Baojing was executed in a van for the arranged murder of a blackmailer.[4]
Director of the State Food and Drug Administration of the People's Republic of China, Zheng Xiaoyu was executed in an execution van on July 10, 2007, for corruption. Zheng tried to appeal the sentence, but the court ruled that he was a "great danger" to the country and its reputation.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ "State of Delaware - Department of Correction - Death Row - History".
 2. ^ a b Antoaneta Bezlova (2006-07-21). "China's Mobile Death Fleet". Asia Times Online.
 3. ^ a b "Undermining Global Security: the European Union's arms exports". IANSA (NGO)IANSA.
 4. ^ a b c MacLeod, Calum (2006-06-15). "China makes ultimate punishment mobile". USA Today. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
 5. ^ "Mafia kingpin dies in execution van". Taipei Times. 2003-12-23.
 6. ^ China's Criminal Justice System - Yale Law School - Yale University (PDF). Retrieved 1 October 2011.


text:
- Increase yields 10%-30%
- Increase water absorption in soil
- Increase bio-availability of water and nutrients to plants
- Increase oxygen concentration
- Improve soil pH
- Increase flow
- Increase weight and size of product
- Increase shelf life of produce
- Increase seed germination
- Reduce water use up to 30%
- Remove salinity in soil within first year
- Prevent and remove scaling
- Reduce total dissolved solids (TDS)
- Reduce fertilizer and pesticide needs
- Reduce disease in livestock and animal breeding
- Reduce disease in aquaculture industry
- Reduce electrical bills
- Reduce energy and wear on pumps that move the water
Listen to radio interview discussing Omni's benefits for Farmers.
Interviewed at the Kansas 3i Show, May 2011
Why You Get the Benefits
The Magnetic field created by the H2O ENERGIZER, when applied to normal water, restructures the water molecules into very small water molecule clusters, each made up of six symmetrically organized molecules. This hexagonal cluster is recognized by the cell as "bio-friendly" due to its hexagonal structure and inability to transport toxins, and easily enters the passageways in plant and animal cell membranes. The result provides maximum, healthy hydration with less water.
Magnetic field further breaks down minerals into smaller particles making them more bio-available to the plant cells. The bottom line results are dramatic: maximum hydration of healthy water with greater uptake of minerals results in greater yields, larger and better end product, earlier maturation, longer shelf life, and healthier plants. It allows a reduction of amount of water needed, fertilzer and pesticides.
Since the magnetic structuring breaks all minerals into smaller particles, salt in the soil is broken down by the structured water, causing it to sink deep into the soil, away from plant roots, and wash away. The desalinization happens quickly over a season, creating much healthier plants, greater yields, and better final product.
Since the hexagonal water molecule cluster won't allow the bonding of minerals to it, magnetically structured water removes scaling from pipes and won't allow new scaling to take effect.
The Omni Enviro H2O ENERGIZER is a simple flange containing powerful, specific magnetic inductions that restructure the water and minerals passing through them into a more fulfilling and productive bio-available form.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Digital continues to have impact on pharma says study
"How Digital is Shaping the Future of Pharmaceutical Marketing," reported that the trend of shifting to digital channels is expected to continue, as physicians expect to increase their use of online resources.Data from the white paper indicate that professional content that have been feeling "the shift" the most are clinical textbooks/references, journals, conferences, news and CME.
Mobile technology, according to Manhattan Research, has played a significant role in increasing doctors' dependency on online resources. Sixty-four percent of doctors own smart phones and are using them to supplement their computer usage to be "always on."
In addition, mobile devices help physicians to access clinical resources at multiple points throughout their day, even at point-of-care. As a group, physicians have acclimated themselves to advanced online activities, such as watching streaming video and listening to podcasts, at a faster rate than consumers.
Doctors are collaborating in online communities designed specifically for healthcare professionals; participation in these networks doubled between 2008 and 2009. According to Manhattan Research, just as the professional channel mix is evolving, so is the traditional physician-sales rep relationship.As a result, pharmas are offering physician's online customer services such as customer service portals, live video reps, interactive detailing and e-sampling.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: [en] A long deformation record (16.5 ka) showing nonsteady earthquake recurrence is established for the Aksu thrust (Tianshan, China) on the basis of cosmogenic 10Be dating of faulted surfaces. Topographic leveling across the Aksu fault scarp indicates up to 10 m uplift across a moraine abandoned 16.5 ka and similar uplift of 6 m across two inset surfaces yielding ages of 12.5 and 5 ka. Successively smaller uplifts of terraces younger than 5 ka indicate that three or more major earthquakes occurred during this period. These data show that the Aksu thrust fault was quiet for at least 7500 years and active in the last 5000 years and probably in the interval 16.5–12.5 ka. The seismic cycle along the Aksu thrust fault over the last 16,500 years was thus strongly irregular showing long quiescence and clustering, which is a challenge for paleoseismology and hazard assessment. This irregularity also makes it more difficult to estimate long-term shortening rates. Nevertheless, we are able to constrain a minimum total shortening rate (>7 mm/yr) across the southern Tianshan front for the last 12,500 years that is about a third of the total geodetic rate for the western Tianshan (20 mm/yr).


'Precondition' your blood pressure to lower risk of stroke and heart attack
Do you know my least favorite moment during doctor's visits? When the doctor inflates the blood pressure cuff around my arm and it squeezes my arm super tight.
It's uncomfortable and I can't wait until it's over. It turns out, though, that moment of pain is worth what I gain in my brain (I'm a poet and I didn't even know it).
You see, healthy organs need healthy blood flow. Blood brings oxygen, and without enough oxygen, vital organs like your heart and brain don't do well. In fact, dramatic decreases in blood (and oxygen) is what triggers heart attacks and strokes.
But there is a way to make organs like your heart and brain more resilient to changes in blood flow and decreases in oxygen (and consequently, more resilient against strokes and heart attacks) … by training them to get used to changes in blood and oxygen levels.
That's exactly what happens when your doctor inflates that blood pressure cuff. For a moment, it reduces the blood flow (and oxygen) to your heart and brain. And there's evidence that if you did this consistently it could "train" your heart and brain to resist heart attacks and strokes…
What remote ischemic preconditioning can do for your heart and brain
You've probably never heard of remote ischemic preconditioning. I hadn't until recently, so let me explain…
Remote ischemic preconditioning is the process of applying compression to your arms and legs to restrict blood flow and oxygen to organs like your heart and brain. The goal is to get them used to changes in blood flow and oxygen, so these changes are less likely to trigger a heart attack or stroke.
Previous research shows that remote ischemic preconditioning can, in fact, make the heart less vulnerable to serious heart attack-related damage. And now, a new study shows it can benefit the brain too…
In a small study of 50 people, researchers from Jilin University in China tested the effect ischemic preconditioning on the brain.
Participants were an average age of 35, and each of them went through a remote ischemic preconditioning process. Blood pressure cuffs were placed on one upper arm and one thigh and inflated for five minutes. Then they were deflated for five minutes. This process was repeated four times.
Next, researchers used an ultrasound to measure blood flow to two main brain arteries. They also measured blood flow regulation. All this was measured before participants went through remote ischemic preconditioning too. And guess what?
Six hours after preconditioning, participants had improved blood flow regulation to the brain that lasted 24 hours. They also had an increase in two blood biomarkers that are known to protect the nervous system and an increase in biomarkers that improve inflammation and immunity. In fact, one of these biomarkers (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor) not only protects against stroke but other neurological disorders like Parkinson's and epilepsy too.
Don't try this at home, folks… at least not yet
Before you start slapping on blood pressure cuffs daily, there's something you should know…
You shouldn't try restricting blood flow on your own because it can be dangerous. This should only be done under a doctor's supervision. Besides, we need more research on remote ischemic preconditioning before the benefits are set in stone. But maybe one day, you'll be able to use remote ischemic preconditioning to protect yourself from heart attacks and strokes. Here's hoping.
In the meantime, there are other ways you can improve blood flow regulation in your brain. Blood flow regulation throughout your whole body (brain included) is controlled by your circulatory system (i.e. heart, blood vessels, and heart). And you can strengthen your circulatory system through regular exercise… especially cardio.
You can also encourage healthy blood flow to your brain (and elsewhere) through deep breathing exercises. There are many deep breathing methods to choose from. You can try yogic pranayama, which has been practiced for centuries. Or something newer, like the Wim Hof Method, which comes with some promising testimonials so far. Whatever you do, act now to keep your blood flow in tip-top shape, so your brain stays stroke-free.
Editor's note: If this health issue really matters for you or a loved one… if you want to discover how to slash you risk of stroke… stop sudden cardiac death — and drop heart disease risk by 400 percent, click here to keep reading!
 1. Could repeated squeezes to the arms, legs protect the brain? — EurekAlert!
 2. Remote Ischemic Preconditioning and Renoprotection: From Myth to a Novel Therapeutic Option?Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
 3. How to improve circulation — Medical News Today
Margaret Cantwell
By Margaret Cantwell
Margaret Cantwell began her paleo diet in 2010 in an effort to lose weight. Since then, the diet has been instrumental in helping her overcome a number of other health problems. Thanks to the benefits she has enjoyed from her paleo diet and lifestyle, she dedicates her time as managing editor of Easy Health Digest™, researching and writing about a broad range of health and wellness topics, including diet, exercise, nutrition and supplementation, so that readers can also be empowered to experience their best health possible.


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Difference between revisions of "Perl lib/EPrints/"
m (EPrints Directory Structure/eprints3/perl lib/EPrints moved to Perl lib/EPrints/)
|Line 1:||Line 1:|
Revision as of 12:17, 15 January 2007
This is a list of almost all the EPrints perl modules. We've not expanded the Plugins and MetaField directories as these are pretty big.
- AnApache.pm - Abstracts differences between apache and mod_perl versions.
- Auth.pm - Handles authentication
- LogHandler.pm - Logs accesses as Access Objects
- Login.pm - Handles the login screen
- Rewrite.pm - Redirects and rewrites URLs in requests, as appropriate
- Template.pm - Handles applying the template to pages
- VLit.pm - Handles the vlit feature.
- BackCompatibility.pm - defines EPrints 2.3 function calls which call their 3.0 equivalents.
- Config.pm - Handles the configuration of the EPrints system itself
- DataObj/ - all classes in this dir are a subclass of EPrints::DataObj
- DataObj.pm - Base class for Data Objects
- DataSet.pm - Has one instance per repository for each type of Data Object
- Database.pm - Object connecting the Session to the database. Provides most database calls.
- Email.pm - Handles sending email messages.
- Extras.pm - Handy functions. Nearly obselete.
- Index.pm - Handles text indexing and the indexer.
- Language.pm - Provides access to phrases.
- Latex.pm - Latex rendering tools for functions and equations.
- List.pm - A search result, or other list of Data Objects within a single Dataset
- MetaField/ - Contains classes representing each type of metadatat field.
- MetaField.pm - Base class for field objects. An instance of a metafield represents a single field in a Dataset, not a field + a value.
- OpenArchives.pm - Handles OAI stuff.
- Columns.pm - Subclass of EPrints::Paginate which renders the results as a spread sheet style list, and allows sorting by clicking titles.
- Paginate.pm - Paginate search results (eg. 20 items per page) in HTML
- Paracite.pm - Paracite interface
- Unix.pm - UNIX specific functions
- Platform.pm - Allows abstraction of methods which are operating system specific.
- Plugin/ - The plugins directory.
- Plugin.pm - The base class (and loader) for all plugins.
- Probity.pm - Handles producing checksum files for documents.
- Profiler.pm -?
- Repository.pm - An instance of this represents a single repository and has access to the configuration of that repository.
- ScreenProcessor.pm - Handles the Screen plugin interface
- Script.pm - Processes expressions in the mini-scripting language used in citation and workflows.
- Condition.pm - Represents a single search condition (used internally)
- Field.pm - Represents a single search field (a row in the search interface). Has a value and a list of metadata fields to search.
- Search.pm - Represents a single search. Returns a List object when executed.
- Session.pm - A link between a web request (or command line script), a language, a database connection and a repository.
- StyleGuide.pm - Notes on how to write EPrints code.
- SystemSettings.pm - Created by the installation. Contains information on your apache version, where commands are to be found and where EPrints is installed.
- TempDir.pm - Creates and removes tmp directories.
- Time.pm - Functions related to time and date processing.
- Utils.pm - Misc. functions.
- Processor.pm -
- Stage.pm -
- Workflow.pm -
- DOM.pm -
- EPC.pm - Code to handle processing the epc namespace: eg.
- GDOME.pm -
- LibXML.pm -
- XML.pm - Abstraction to handle diferent XML libraries. (DOM, GDOME, LibXML)


text:
Although there have been relatively few major incidents – such as a blade flying off in North Dakota last year –a lot more come under the category of falls and electric shocks such as those caused by arc flashes. According to Wally Tinsley, lead power systems engineer at diversified power management company Eaton Corp, OSHA investigated over 30 arc flash accidents in US wind farms in one year.
Understandably, the industry is giving far more attention to safety. OSHA and the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) have formed an alliance to improve safety standards. Its purpose is to develop consensus on standardising safety practices, to ensure compliance and to establish training programmes. AWEA has agreed to help OSHA inspect US wind facilities region by region.
Most wind turbine OEMs have joined the AWEA Safety Committee. And with good reason – a rise in accidents could lead to soaring insurance costs and expensive worker's compensation claims. And a poor safety record would fan the fire of the anti-wind lobby.
"The safe operation of wind turbines will be a significant factor in promoting the wind industry," says Grayling Vander Velde an environmental health and safety expert at US utility Duke Energy's wind energy production division in Charlotte, North Carolina. "As companies recognize hazards, they have worked together to reduce or eliminate that hazard. This has allowed the overall safety of the wind industry to continue to improve."
While OHSA efforts will cover the spectrum of possible safety issues, two issues attracting attention are minimising arc flash and at-height rescue procedures.
An arc flash is essentially the release of electrical energy due to an electric arc. It has the potential to cause serious injury or even death.
"Arc flash is a concern for wind turbines due to the limited area in the base of the tower and nacelle, as well as when operating pad mount transformers," says Vander Velde. "For example, the restricted area within the tower would confine any energy produced to that area and to any individuals within the tower."
What is to be done about arc flash? Tinsley highlights the importance of an arc flash hazard assessment to isolate trouble spots so mitigation measures can be instituted. Possible areas of high risk include squirrel cage induction generators, doubly fed induction generators and direct-drive turbines.
"A smart way to mitigate arc flash hazard is through remote access and remote switching," says Tinsley.
Vander Velde concurs. His company has adopted a remote operator design for some of its wind-related electrical equipment to allow the employees to reduce the need to go inside the tower.
"We have also developed computer access that allows the switches to be operated remotely," says Vander Velde. Training is another important facet of any safety programme related to arc flash. Duke Energy, for instance, requires National Fire Protection Association's NFPA 70E training, a standard to promote electrical safety in the workplace, to along with an employee qualification programme.
There is also plenty of arc-flash rated equipment around including headgear, coveralls, gloves, rainwear and even beard nets. But it takes training for employees to recognize the need for it.
By the very nature of the business, most accidents are likely to happen off the ground. So what do you do when a worker is injured a hundred metres up?
"OSHA requires that employers not only protect works from fall hazards, but also have a rescue plan in place for workers who may be suspended from a fall arrest system," says Kevin Denis, training manager at Gravitec Systems Inc. of Poulsbo, Washington, a company that provides fall protection equipment and equipment. "Although there is a regulatory requirement for the employer to provide rescue, there are no specific guidelines for wind industry rescue programmes."
Denis explained that a well-designed fall protection programme would go a long way towards preventing the need for rescue. This begins with personal protective equipment such as hard hats, gloves and safety harnesses and continues into good housekeeping practices like not cluttering up the nacelle with tools, replacement parts or personal items.
Another step in at-height safety is teaching workers to evacuate dangerous areas under their own power. There are many situations where use of the ladder is not an option. For example, a worker may already be suspended below the hub to do blade repair/inspection when high winds make a rapid descent imperative. In those cases, competence is called for in using the various descent control devices available on the market.
Standards are also evolving concerning what is known as high-angle rescue, defined as terrain that has a slope angle of 60 and higher where rescuers are dependent upon ropes. This might involve other wind technicians or emergency personnel and a variety of safety systems. Denis stresses the need for the writing of proper procedures for every wind farm including a fall protection code that clearly outlines the required action for all possible events.
Currently, OSHA rule 1910:66 (f) is fairly general: "The employer shall provide for prompt rescue of employees in the event of a fall or shall assure the self-rescue capability of employees."
The only way to ensure this is by establishing effective training programmes for new and existing employees. "Even though the incidents are infrequent, the potential for high angle rescue is a concern for everyone," says Vander Velde. "Most sites now require all their employees to be trained in a high angle rescue system."
Medical help at height
Some go beyond high angle rescue training and require additional emergency management training such as support for injuries that occur in remote areas. Duke Energy reports great success with the implementation of an Elevated Emergency Management (EMM) programme.
Each year, the company holds an emergency response drill that involves all site personnel and may include off site personnel. This drill is to practice emergency response skills as well as assess existing levels of knowledge. During one of the first such drills, several wind technicians said they felt they needed more emergency medical treatment training. That led to a new safety programme involving one of Duke's wind site managers who was an Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) and a company called Tech Safety Lines of Carrollton, Texas that supplies rescue training and equipment. This team worked together to develop training to address a range of injuries.
The company now provides annual EMM retraining for all employees. This programme deals with such situations as victims being suspended in their harness and needing relief before being lowered to the ground. It is all very well to call a medic. But what if you are 50 miles from the nearest doctor and in a location that can only be accessed along a dirt track? And in any case, rural emergency response teams do not typically have the training or tools to reach a patient dangling from a rotor.
"Emergencies involving a post-fall suspended victim get most of the attention but the larger percentage of up-tower injuries involve soft-tissue or bone and joint injuries," says Brent Wise, a partner at Tech Safety Lines. "Victims suspended in their harness need relief and lowering as quickly as possible, however many up-tower accidents would benefit greatly from medical care before being assisted to ground."
He says that some wind industry safety programmes failed to achieve adequate patient assessment in their procedures for responding to an emergency aloft. A fellow worker might overlook what might be indistinct signs of a serious internal injury such as a broken arm.
"The fractured bone could potentially puncture an artery in the process of a haphazard evacuation attempt — making a relatively serious but manageable injury into a critical if not fatal event," says Wise.
Those completing the EMM programme are able to: ensure scene safety for both the rescuer and the victim; prioritise care for life-threatening injuries; recognize and care for traumatic injures including burns, severe bleeding, electrocution, and amputation; apply moldable splints for injured bones and joints; apply patient packaging and stabilisation; and evacuate a victim with minimal disruption of care.
"Best practices would include an understanding that trained medical help is most likely remote if not altogether unavailable up-tower," says Wise. "Each climber should be capable of assessing a medical event, providing appropriate treatment, and stabilising the injured member until turned over to a medical professional."
The subject of "packaging" was continually stressed by Duke and Tech Safety Lines. What they mean is how to safely harness the person to be lowered to the ground. Tech Safety Lines recommends a device known as a Spec-Pak, which is a combination of a Class III harness and a backboard. It is designed to immobilise a victim and facilitate evacuation with minimal disruption of care.
Wind turbine design
Worker comfort is not necessarily a priority in wind turbine design. Consequently, the wind turbine technician spends much of his or her day in tight spaces. Additionally, many of the components are heavy and have to be lifted in awkward positions. This is added to the repetitive motion of climbing ladders.
"Ergonomics is a very prominent issue within wind turbines," says Vander Velde. "Further studies need to be done in order to determine what action should be taken."
With OSHA scrutinising wind farms all around the US, expect that the next generation of wind turbines will be called upon to improve ergonomics and provide greater built-in safety mechanisms and practices. And older models will probably be required to retrofit improvements or risk being phased out.
Having a wind safety programme is one thing, but it is quite another to get it used by personnel. After all, it is often easier and quicker to do without a harness or don the required electrical gear to avoid arc flash. So how do you get around the urge to cut corners or ignore safety rules for a quick trip up top to perform a two-minute maintenance task?
Todd Karasek, Vice President of EHS at Suzlon Wind Energy Corp, sums it up nicely. "The overwhelming numbers of policies are procedures can sometimes cause staff to ignore the rules or be slow with compliance," he says. "In many cases, complying


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If you're planning to create an online course and you don't know where to begin, you can easily get started with Teachable. It's easy and quick to create and publish courses, and you can even make them available for sale. Teachable is completely free, so why not give it a try? You can create a fully functioning course with the free plan. If you are unsure how to create a course, they have a tutorial that will help you.
When you create your online course, the platform allows you to add as many or as few modules as you'd like. This helps you to manage the course and sell it to your audience. The platform was originally created by Ankur Nagpal and it was known as Fedora when it was first created. Since then, the company has grown from one employee to fifteen. Its features include selling online courses, facilitating membership sites, and helping you communicate with your students.
Each Survivor has its own Teachable Survivor Perk. By acquiring shards, players can learn the perks of their Survivor. Teachable Survivor Perks spawn at Level 30 or 35. They appear only in the Bloodweb of the corresponding Survivor, but you can unlock a teachable perks for any Survivor. You can then use your shards for more Teachables.
Email can be used to communicate with individuals, students in a course or all school contacts. Before you send your messages, you can preview them and make changes. You can even view the history of emails sent since you first created your account. You can also create filters for students and authors. This helps you make sure you're sending out the right emails to your recipients. But beware: you can send more than one email at once.
There are many ways to create a Teachable Moment. The best teachable moment is one that happens by accident. An event may happen that will spark curiosity in your students, and if you can catch it before it happens, you can use it to teach your students something. You can also plan it so you have the time. If you're planning a class party, invite parents to share their stories and learn more about the culture.


Computer case
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
ATX desktop case
An ATX case. The motherboard (MicroATX) is in a horizontal position at the top, and the peripheral connectors go at the panel located at the rear of the case and USB ports at the top. The fans are also at the rear and front. The power supply is on the bottom rear.
A computer case, also known as a computer chassis, tower, system unit, or cabinet, is the enclosure that contains most of the components of a personal computer (usually excluding the display, keyboard, and mouse).
Cases are usually constructed from steel (often SECC—steel, electrogalvanized, cold-rolled, coil), aluminium and plastic. Other materials such as glass, wood, acrylic and even Lego bricks have appeared in home-built cases.
Sizes and terminology[edit]
Inside a Gaming-Case during gameplay. 360°-photograph
(view as a 360° interactive panorama)
Full tower cases.
Cases can come in many different sizes (known as form factors). The size and shape of a computer case are usually determined by the form factor of the motherboard since it is the largest component of most computers. Cases are also referred to by their size (such as ATX case, Mini ITX case, etc.) Consequently, personal computer form factors typically specify only the internal dimensions and layout of the case. Form factors for rack-mounted and blade servers may include precise external dimensions as well since these cases must themselves fit in specific enclosures.
For example, a case designed for an ATX motherboard and power supply may take on several external forms such as a vertical tower (designed to sit on the floor, height > width), a flat desktop (height < width) or pizza box (height ≤ 5 cm (2 in) designed to sit on the desk under the computer's monitor). Full-size tower cases are typically larger in volume than desktop cases, with more room for drive bays, expansion slots, and custom or all-in-one (AIO) water cooling solutions. Desktop cases—and mini-tower cases under about 46 cm (18 in) high—are popular in business environments where space is at a premium.[1]
Currently, the most popular form factor for desktop computers is ATX,[citation needed] although microATX and small form factors have also become very popular for a variety of uses. In the high-end segment, the unofficial and loosely defined XL-ATX specification appeared around 2009. It extends the length of the mainboard to accommodate four graphics cards with dual-slot coolers. Some XL-ATX mainboards increase the mainboard's width as well, to allow more space for the CPU, Memory PWM, and in some cases, a second CPU socket. While the market share of these exotic high-end mainboards is very low, almost all high-end cases and many mainstream cases support XL-ATX (10 expansion slots). As of 2018, no major motherboard manufacturer has made an XL-ATX board for several years. E-ATX is similar to XL-ATX in that it is larger than ATX and is also loosely defined. Unlike XL-ATX, E-ATX motherboards and cases are still in production (as of 2020), and support quad-channel memory across 8 slots of ram, up to 4 PCI-e expansion slots for up to 4 double slot graphics cards and a single CPU such as the AMD Ryzen Threadripper 3990X.[2][3][4][5][6] Companies like In Win Development, Shuttle Inc. and AOpen originally popularized small cases, for which FlexATX was the most common[dubious ] motherboard size. As of 2010 Mini ITX has widely replaced FlexATX as the most common small form factor mainboard standard. The latest mini ITX mainboards from Asus, Gigabyte, MSI, ASRock, Zotac and Foxconn offer the same feature set as full size mainboards. High-end mini ITX mainboards support standard desktop CPUs, use standard memory DIMM sockets, and mostly feature a full-size PCI-E 16× slot with support for the fastest graphics cards, although some instead use a PCI, or PCIe slot of fewer than 16 lanes. This allows customers to build a fully-fledged high-end computer in a significantly smaller case. Apple Inc. has also produced the Mac Mini computer, which is similar in size to a standard CD-ROM drive, and many manufacturers offer mini-ITX cases of similar size for low-wattage CPUs with integrated graphics.
Tower cases are often categorized as mini-tower, midi-tower, mid-tower, or full-tower. The terms are subjective and inconsistently defined by different manufacturers.
Full tower cases are typically 56 cm (22 in) or more in height and intended to stand on the floor. They can have anywhere from six to ten externally accessible drive bays. However as computing technology moves from floppy disks and CD-ROMs to large capacity hard drives, USB flash drives, and network-based solutions, today's full tower cases typically have only no, one, or two external bays for CD drives, with the internal bays moved elsewhere in the case to improve airflow. The full tower case was developed to house file servers which would typically be tasked with serving data from expensive CD-ROM databases that held more data than the hard drives commonly available. Hence many full tower cases include locking doors and other physical security features to prevent theft of the discs. Today, full tower cases are commonly used by enthusiasts as showpiece display cases with custom water cooling, lighting, and tempered glass (replacing acrylic).[7][8][9] They may also hold two computers (as is the case with the Corsair 1000D) and dual power supplies (Corsair 900D).[10][11]
Mid-tower cases are smaller, about 46 cm (18 in) high with two to four external bays. They may also hold two computers.[12]
A mini-tower case will typically have only one or two external bays.[13]
Recently the marketing term midi-tower has come into use, seemingly referring to (based on anecdotal evidence) cases smaller than mid-tower but larger than mini-tower, typically with two to three external bays. Outside of the United States, the term is often used interchangeably with mid-tower
Computer cases usually include sheet metal enclosures for a power supply unit and drive bays, as well as a rear panel that can accommodate peripheral connectors protruding from the motherboard and expansion slots. Most cases also have a power button or switch, a reset button, and LEDs to indicate power, hard drive activity, and network activity in some models. Some cases include built-in I/O ports (such as USB and headphone ports) on the front of the case. Such a case will also (normally) include the wires needed to connect these ports, switches, and indicators to the motherboard.
Major component locations[edit]
 - The top of the case, usually allowing the PSU's built-in fan to act as an auxiliary exhaust fan but causes the PSU to be fed air heated by the internal components of the case, thus causing PSU efficiency and lifespan degradation.
 - The bottom of the case, with an (often filtered) vent in the bottom of the case allowing the PSU to draw cool air from the outside.
 - Most cases include drive bays on the front of the case; a typical ATX case includes 5.25", 3.5" and 2.5" bays. In modern computers, the 5.25" bays are used for optical drives, the 3.5" bays are used for hard drives and card readers, and the 2.5" bays are used for solid-state drives.
 - Buttons and LEDs are typically located on the front of the case; some cases include additional I/O ports, temperature, and processor speed monitors in the same area.
 - Vents are often found on the front, back, top, left side panel, and sometimes on the right-side panel of the case. Regardless of their placement, their purpose is either to let cool air into the case or to let hot air out. Larger vents usually allow cooling fans to be mounted via surrounding threaded screw holes. Newer cases include mountings for larger 120mm or 140mm cooling fans for quieter operation than the 80mm fans formerly common.
 - An I/O template, or I/O plate, fits around the motherboard's back panel of external ports. Sometimes provided by the case manufacturer, it is often replaced by the one that comes with the motherboard.
Internal access[edit]
Accessing the interior components of a modern ATX tower case is done by removing the side panels. Looking front-to-back, accessing the motherboard, PSU, drive bays, and most case fan installation points are done by removing the left side panel. Removing the right-side panel is done less often to access the space behind the motherboard mounting plate. This space is devoted to cable management, as cables routed in front of the motherboard may disrupt the flow of air within the case causing increased temperatures.[14] BTX, an uncontemporary standard, has the main side panel on the right side as opposed to the left. Some upside-down designed ATX cases are also accessed by removing the right-side panel door.
Alternatively, the case may have a single large U-shaped cover that saddles the chassis. This was ubiquitous in AT tower cases.
Through the 1990s, most computer cases had simple rectangular shapes, and were often painted beige or white with little attention given to the visual design. Beige box designs are still found on a


Nate Nate - 8 months ago 80
SQL Question
Error when inserting row into MySQL database from Python
I'm trying to update an empty mySQL database using Python.
This is the error I receive:
pymysql.err.InternalError: (1416, 'Cannot get geometry object from data you send to the GEOMETRY field')
Here's the problematic code:
with connection.cursor() as cursor:
# Create a new record
sql = "INSERT INTO 'projects' ('name', 'country', 'activation_date', 'active') VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s)"
cursor.execute(sql, ('Nate', 'USA', '2016-06-23 09:11:32', '1'))
Here is what the table looks like in the database (it's empty):
enter image description here
enter image description here
It looks like you're using the MySQL type linestring to represent a string, while in MySQL the correct type to represent a string of characters would be text or varchar(). linestring is a representation of a geometric line, as you can see here:
To fix this, simply change the column types of name and country to varchar() or text. See:


text:
Everything area health teachers need to know about AIDS to instruct their sixthto 12th-grade students is contained in a new guide written and distributed by the Lehigh Valley Task Force on AIDS.
The 34-page booklet begins with a definition and history of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. It details the cause, method of diagnosis and means of transmission, and discusses treatment and area support services as well as social, ethical and legal issues involved.
Primarily a technical manual, the booklet is not sexually explicit.
For example, the booklet advises "caution to avoid the exchange of body fluids," such as blood and semen, but does not describe sexual acts that can transmit the disease.
Nor does the guide pass judgment on the groups at high risk for contracting AIDS. It names the high-risk groups and offers that, "By understanding how the disease is transmitted and who is at greatest risk, the public can take the proper precautions to prevent infection."
Task force members mailed the booklets to all 146 public and parochial schools in Lehigh, Northampton, Berks, Carbon and Schuylkill counties Dec. 12.
But although the guide fulfills a recent recommendation by U.S. Surgeon General C. Everett Koop to begin AIDS sex education as early as possible in elementary grades, the local task force has no guarantee it will be used.
"We hope it will be used," task force vice chairwoman Kathy Alpaugh said Friday during a press conference at Bethlehem City Hall. "Education is the first line of defense against AIDS and the only way to get a handle on the spread of the infectious agent.
"Our basic goal is not to present moral values, but to present the facts about AIDS and how it is spread so an individual can make his own choice," Alpaugh said. "We hope that through the use of this booklet, the myths and any fears, sensationalism and perhaps the spread of the disease itself can be lessened."
She said schools requested the guide when surveyed last spring, but the task force cannot force them to develop policy or curriculum from it.
Mark S. Walker, chairman of the task force, said follow-up letters would be sent to the schools next week to find out how they plan to use the booklets.
If more detailed information is requested, he said, the task force is ready with speakers and additional written materials.
At least one Lehigh County school official in charge of district-wide AIDS education had yet to see the document, however.
Lillian Kerns, director of pupil personnel services for the Allentown School District, was awaiting a copy, adding the publication sounded like a useful tool for the city schools.
In Allentown, AIDS education is taught during ninth-grade health classes but could be expanded to other levels, she said.
The school district adopted an AIDS policy for employees as well as students in April. Kerns added the schools also have assembled teachers, administrators and students for several lectures by medical professionals, including infectious disease specialist Dr. Luther Rhodes, medical residents from Allentown Hospital and officials of the Allentown Health Bureau.
Schools were targeted as the top priority for community education by a task force committee last May. Members with backgrounds in medicine, education and counseling began writing the booklet in June and finished the publication in November, when it was printed. Costs were covered by a grant from the Pennsylvania Department of Health.
Authors are Nancy Adams, chaplain at St. Luke's Hospital; Alpaugh, scientific director at Miller Memorial Blood Center; Dr. David G. Beckwith, clinical microbiologist at St. Luke's; Bethlehem Health Director Glen Cooper; JoAnn M. Frey, health service director for the Lehigh County Chapter of the American Red Cross.
Also, Barbara Stader, associate director of the Allentown Health Bureau; Cheryl Stoker, psychologist; Ed Verba, AIDS service center; William Vogler, addictions counselor for the Northeast Ministry; and Joseph Yelo, administrative director of Miller Memorial.
Alpaugh, who edited the work with Beckwith, anticipated the booklet would be updated annually because of continuing research and new data about AIDS.
The Lehigh Valley Task Force, formed in April 1985, was the first created in eastern Pennsylvania to address the problems associated with AIDS, according to Alpaugh. A Philadelphia task force was created six months later, she said.
Members include the Allentown and Bethlehem health bureaus, local Red Cross chapters, Lehigh Valley AIDS Service Center, Miller Memorial Blood Center, the Northeast Ministry, pastoral care and infection control departments of all seven Lehigh Valley hospitals.
Besides its community education committee, the all-volunteer association has committees working on professional education; technology and epidemiology; social, legal and ethical issues; and service to patients and family. Further educational programs and materials are planned for business and industry as well as drug and alcohol counseling centers, Walker said.


Hi, the manual says (_URL_ "classpath Databases are treated as read-only databases, and all databaseNames must begin with at least a slash, because you specify them "relative" to the classpath directory." Now I wonder why that is so? Is there a particular reason to treat these always as read-only? If the classpath points to a local directory (as opposed to, say, a jar), Derby could easily resolve this to a real path and work with this. This would allow web applications to be created with an initial, embedded Derby database without having to hard-code the absolute database path (no assumption can be made as to where the current working directory is when running in a servlet container, so the path must be absolute). Tom


text:
This paper introduces a univariate interpolation scheme using a binary parameter called signature such that the graph of the interpolant—which we refer to as affine zipper fractal interpolation function—is obtained as an attractor of a suitable affine zipper. The scaling vector function is identified so that the graph of the corresponding affine zipper fractal interpolation function can be inscribed within a prescribed rectangle. Convergence analysis of the proposed affine zipper fractal interpolant is carried out. It is observed that for a fixed choice of discrete scaling factors, the box counting dimension of the graph of an affine zipper fractal interpolant is independent of the choice of a signature. Several examples of affine zipper fractal interpolants are presented to supplement our theory.
- 27 МАТЕМАТИКА


Drone to probe Sellafield silos
'Hexacopter' being developed to map the inside of radioactive silos as part of the decommissioning and cleaning process
 - theguardian.com,
 - Jump to comments ()
A view of the Sellafield nuclear reprocessing site
A small 'hexacopter' drone is being developed for use at some of the oldest radioactive silos at the Sellafield nuclear reprocessing site. Photograph: David Moir/Reuters
A small drone is being developed for use at some of the oldest radioactive silos at the Sellafield nuclear reprocessing site because scientists are not sure what is inside them, the Guardian can reveal.
The hope is that an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) could use laser profiling to map the inside of the chambers and make work easier for experts who are trying to make them safe as part of a decommissioning and cleaning process.
The company responsible for Sellafield asked the University of Warwick to develop a UAV for the task and is funding the programme.
"We were told not to expect it to come back out," said Richard Seager, the university's business development manager.
There are more than 1,000 installations at Sellafield, a 6 sq km site in Cumbria that has been the hub of the UK's nuclear industry for decades.
A multibillion-pound clean-up operation is under way at the plant where a number of old ponds and silos, many dating back to the 1950s and 60s, have been causing greatest concern.
Some of the ponds contain highly radioactive waste that has been stored in water. Cladding and fuel rods were often thrown into the ponds and the sludge that remains is toxic.
"Sellafield doesn't have a huge amount of confidence about what they have inside some of these buildings," said Seager. "They want to send some kind of craft into these places to do a detailed survey and they approached us to develop a UAV."
The university has built a "hexacopter", which has six separate rotary engines. It is also equipped with lidar (light detection and ranging), remote-sensing technology that uses lasers to create detailed three-dimensional images which can be viewed from any angle.
"The hexacopter can scan the interior surface. It is can be autonomous and it will fly for about 20 minutes," said Seager.
"The craft was designed for the mapping of the interiors of buildings. Its USP is mapping inside buildings that may have been contaminated, or are difficult to access by other means. The model has potential military spin-offs. In Afghanistan, you could send it into an building and do a survey so you'd know who and what was inside."
The government committed £73bn to clean up Britain's nuclear sites and most of this has gone to Sellafield, which includes the nuclear facilities previously known as Windscale and Calder Hall. The area was first used for the production of plutonium for atomic weapons after the second world war, and the UK's first full-scale nuclear power station opened close by in 1956.
Buildings that have been cause for anxiety include one named B30, which was once described by a Sellafield executive as "the most hazardous industrial building in western Europe."
Sellafield Ltd, the company responsible for waste management on the site, admitted it was looking at using a UAV and blamed "poor record-keeping during the 1950s" for the fact the contents of some buildings remained a mystery.
Last week scientists at Sellafield were given a demonstration of the hexacopter and suggested some modifications. However, the company refused to go into details about the work.
In a statement, it said: "Sellafield Ltd has sponsored the development work at Warwick University of a hexacopter, because we are interested in the potential for the technology to be used as part of our decommissioning mission.
"No decision has yet been taken as to how useful the hexacopter could potentially be and we are some way from making a decision on whether this could or would be deployed at Sellafield Ltd. Our research and development team within the technical directorate often funds work by academics and scientists that it thinks has the potential to be of use to us in the future. Often ideas and projects go no further than the development stage."
Drones are now being considered for use in a number of civilian and military fields. The US military research agency, Darpa, has commissioned a hummingbird-size drone, equipped with a camera, from the firm AER.
A Dutch firm, Green X, builds drones that fly by flapping wings and are disguised as falcons or hawks. They have been used to patrol at low levels around Schiphol Airport to scare away geese, preventing planes sucking birds into their engines on take-off or landing. Green X is now working on multiple drones to simulate and redirect bird flocks.
Drone research is even using sophisticated biotechnology. Darpa has implanted gold-plated electrodes into the pupae of tobacco hawkmoths with the intention of learning how to control animals remotely.
There is also interest in such work in the UK. The Ministry of Defence's Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL), which works out of Porton Down in Wiltshire and at other locations, this summer produced a briefing on current research "to stimulate new lines of thought". The review references a US patent on an 'animal sensor network". The US study, it said, aimed to develop a "method for the remote guidance and training of free-roaming animal sensor networks".
It continued: "Electrodes implanted into the nervous systems of animals are used to provide clues and rewards by stimulating specific regions of the the brain to induce desired behaviours such as the direction and speed of movement. Each animal carries a backpack containing wireless networking equipment, sensors, and data storage and processing equipment." Animals, it suggests, could be trained in odour detection.
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PM Narendra Modi takes stock of conversion of nitrogen plants to make oxygen
By Express News Service
NEW DELHI: Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Sunday reviewed the progress of conversion of existing nitrogen plants to generate oxygen whose requirement has shot up across the country in the ongoing wave of the pandemic.
Modi also took stock of various measures taken to augment human resources for effective management of the COVID-19 situation as well as discussed measures such as incentivising students and pass-outs of medical and nursing courses to join the pandemic duty.
"Decisions may include delaying NEET and incentivizing MBBS pass-outs studying for it to join the Covid-19 duty. The decisions may also include utilising services of final-year MBBS and nursing students," a government source was quoted as saying by a news agency.
"In order to ramp up oxygen supplies, the government is working on converting nitrogen plants into oxygen plants. Potential industries where current nitrogen plants could be spared are being identified and converted," the PM tweeted after the review meeting.
India is hit by a devastating wave of Covid infections with the daily new cases crossed the four-lakh mark on Saturday and 3,92,488 new Covid-19 cases were reported on Sunday morning.
The surge in cases has left hospitals overwhelmed, doctors traumatised, and resources like beds, medicines, and oxygen in perilously short supply.
The Centre has identified more than two dozen nitrogen generation plants for the production of medical oxygen.
The process of converting the existing Pressure Swing Absorption (PSA) nitrogen plants for the production of oxygen was discussed in the meeting, the PMO said in a statement.
"On deliberation with the industries, so far 14 industries have been identified where conversion of plants is under progress.


text:
Saga: A Novel of Medieval Iceland
Though this first novel is saddled with an unimaginative title and a host of similarly named and motivated characters, it is a compelling narrative. The setting is the so-called Free State, a harsh land where weakness begets trouble and men struggle to fight off hunger. Before the arrival of Christianity, Iceland is haunted by ghosts, elves, and the ancient pagan gods. People there are "always negotiating, wheedling, gossiping, forever immersed in their neighbor's business, never happy until they had all your wealth in their pocket." The island's most envied possession is the Crowess, a lonely stand of wood.
Besides being a teacher, Jeff Janoda is an outdoorsman who has spent ten years researching medieval Northern Europe. His writing shows it. He makes us smell the smoke, the peat, and the half-rotten beef, and feel the terrible cold. His images are distinctive. He says of a character nicknamed Lamefoot: "He threw a vast leg over the saddle and slid down onto the tub like a walrus sliding down a wet rock into the sea." His characters baffle and incense. How can Thorolf the Viking (Lamefoot) rob his own son of his inheritance? Still, his son, Arnkel, is no innocent bystander; he sets out to recover what is his, the Crowess, by any means necessary. In the bloody feud that ensues, the weak are trampled. Chieftains, who are supposed to uphold the law and resolve disputes in a democratic assembly, are involved in the quarrel. It is a savage land, an alien landscape that Janoda describes brilliantly and unsparingly.


text:
Apple is once again pushing the boundaries of health technology, planning to introduce cutting-edge features to its Apple Watch in 2024. As revealed by Bloomberg's Mark Gurman, the tech giant is on the verge of launching an innovative blood pressure monitoring system alongside a much-anticipated sleep apnea detection feature.
The upcoming blood pressure sensor technology marks a significant milestone in Apple's health-related endeavors. This novel system is meticulously designed to notify users of upward trends in their blood pressure, accompanied by a journal feature for tracking potential triggers of hypertension. Conscious of the risks of misdiagnosis, Apple has strategically designed this feature to encourage users to seek professional medical advice or use a traditional blood pressure cuff for precise systolic and diastolic measurements.
Aiming for excellence, Apple is already working on future iterations of the system, with aspirations to provide exact blood pressure readings and diagnose related conditions. However, Gurman notes that these advanced capabilities are still a relatively distant prospect.
2024 will also reportedly see the introduction of a sleep apnea detection feature on the Apple Watch. Utilizing sleep and breathing patterns, this innovative feature aims to estimate the likelihood of sleep apnea, subsequently advising users to consult a physician.
In parallel, Apple continues its ambitious pursuit of non-invasive blood glucose monitoring. The system, relying on a silicon photonics chip, leverages laser technology to analyze glucose concentration beneath the skin. Similar to the blood pressure feature, this system focuses on monitoring blood sugar trends and alerting users to potential pre-diabetes, rather than providing direct blood sugar readings. Despite its potential, Gurman's sources indicate that this technology might not materialize in consumer products for several more years.
Beyond the Apple Watch, 2024 is poised to bring groundbreaking features to Apple's AirPods, transforming them into over-the-counter hearing aids with the ability to conduct hearing tests, which are typically performed in audiologists' offices.
Furthermore, Apple is delving into the realm of virtual reality with the upcoming Apple Vision Pro headset. The device is being designed with an array of health-centric features, including anti-anxiety tools, meditation enhancements, and cognitive health monitoring through eye scans.
Gurman's report not only sheds light on these impending technological advancements, but also provides a fascinating glimpse into Apple's evolving journey in health and healthcare initiatives over recent years.


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Romney Rhymes, Mobile Maps, and Convicts' Calls: Today's TNR Reader
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text:
W J A P Beuckelaers, University of Oxford. This paper was first published in GE's June 2015 edition.
A better assessment of the fatigue life for offshore wind turbines requires more realistic foundation response models, particularly incorporating a better representation of damping. This paper provides a description of how a kinematic hardening model can be applied to the current design method for wind turbine monopiles, installed in sand, to provide improved predictions of the amplitudedependent material damping derived from the pilesoil response. The proposed method forms a suitable engineering tool for fatigue life calculation of offshore wind turbines.


text:
Before June 1998, California's trial courts consisted of superior and municipal courts, each with its own jurisdiction and number of judges fixed by the Legislature. In June 1998, California voters approved Proposition 220, a constitutional amendment that permitted the judges in each county to merge their superior and municipal courts into a "unified," or single, superior court. As of February 2001, all of California's 58 counties have voted to unify their trial courts.
Superior courts now have trial jurisdiction over all criminal cases including felonies, misdemeanors, and traffic matters. They also have jurisdiction over all civil cases including family law, probate, juvenile, and general civil matters. Nearly 8.8. million cases were filed in the trial courts at some 400 court locations throughout the state during _PHONE_.
Appeals in limited civil cases (where $25,000 or less is at issue) and misdemeanors are heard by the appellate division of the superior court. When a small claims case is appealed, a superior court judge decides the case.


text:
Question by Alexis: chemistry reaction problem?? about mass? please help! thanks!?
An experiment that led to the formation of the new field of organic chemistry involved the synthesis of urea, CN2H4O, by the controlled reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide.
2 NH3(g) + CO2(g) CN2H4O(s) + H2O(l)
What is the mass of urea when ammonia is reacted with 100. g of carbon dioxide?
Answer by jreut
Use dimensional analysis and stoichiometry:
100 g CO2 x 1 mole CO2 / 44 g CO2 x 1 mol urea / 1 mole CO2 x 60 g urea / 1 mole urea =
100/44*60= 136. grams of urea produced.
The first term, 100 g CO2, is your starting amount.
The second fraction, 1 mol CO2 / 44 g CO2, is a conversion factor that equals 1, since there are 44 g CO2 in a mole of CO2.
The third fraction is the stoichiometric ratio in the chemical equation: for every one mole of CO2 consumed, 1 mol of urea is formed.
The fourth fraction is the conversion factor back to grams.
Add your own answer in the comments!
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
Are there any tutorials on how to create animated 'coding', where it looks like code is being typed in? I want to do something similar to this: _URL_ In that video about half way through it pans to a section where it looks like code is being typed in.
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3 Answers
There's some text animation effects you can use to automate it. This tutorial _URL_ uses the text animation blur, one of the others is text typing.
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This may not be exactly what you are after, but the simplest way could be to use a screen recording tool to record you typing the code. Have a look at this question for guidance - it is very easy to do, and you can time it as you like, rather than have to worry about setting animation schedules etc.
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I dont know of any tutorials off hand (you will need to do a google) but to animate text to make it look as if its typing on isnt too hard:
 1. Create your text layer
 2. Expand the later (clicking the white triangle next to the name)
 3. Click on the animate button > select Opacity
 4. Now you can use the range selectors to animate what is changed.
There is also a typewriter preset in the Effects and Presets panel which does the same thing.
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text:
The main difference between a drama and theatre is that dramas are written versions of plays, while theatres are animated renditions of play texts. Dramas and theatres both tell the story of plays, but the story exists only on paper in dramas, and only onstage during theatrical performances. Although they may cover the same topic, there are some fundamental differences between play versions that exist in plain text and those that are acted.
As with novels and works of art, people reading a drama or enjoying a theatrical performance may have different interpretations of the play being described. As with films and movies based on books, there are often different interpretations of plays expressed through theatre performances instead of plain text.
Shows are intended to be engaging and expressive and include several factors, such as lighting, characters, directors and designers. All involved in the theatre production process have different views of the play being transformed, and vary in their visions of how the written work translates to action.
Dramas are typically longer than theatrical performances and contain considerably more detail. Another key difference between dramas and theatre is that dramas involve the direct interaction between author and readers, while theatre performances require people to interpret original works and describe them to audiences.


text:
Training resource for HIV and AIDS
Caption: education is key to stopping the spread of HIV and stigma
"The manual Pastoral Training and Responding to HIV and AIDS is the cornerstone of our work," said Tsielo Mpeqa, Director of Caritas Lesotho.
Caritas developed the manual to provide insights and guidelines to people of faith who are striving to develop a compassionate, effective and non-judgmental response to the pandemic.
Caritas Lesotho and Caritas USA (CRS) ran training courses in Lesotho using the manual, providing training first for 15 priests, who went out and trained another 180 Church leaders on HIV prevention, care and comfort.
Lesotho is a constitutional monarchy of about 12,000 square miles and two million people that is surrounded by South Africa. An estimated 30 percent or more of its people have HIV/AIDS.
The manual covers topics such as prevention, spread, social impact, emotional impact, response of the Church, and what activities parishes and ministries can carry out in response to the pandemic. It integrates factual, scientifically-based information and guidelines provided by such organisations as UNAIDS and World Health Organization with Catholic Church doctrine and pastoral reflection.
Mr Mpeqa said, "This has changed following the training. Priests visit people with HIV in their homes and talk about the virus in sermons. People living with HIV are encouraged to take part in services."
Christian Church leaders signed a declaration in front of the King and Prime Minister saying that they were committed to supporting people with HIV and AIDS. John Shumlansky, Caritas USA(CRS) representative in Lesotho, said, "Putting HIV in the pulpit every week has got people involved. It's really made a positive difference."
In countries like Lesotho with 90 percent Christians, the Church – and particularly local parishes and charitable organisations such as parish and diocesan Caritas – play a unique role in responding to HIV and AIDS.
One of the issues in the kingdom is multiple partnerships and the manual helps people address this issue and think about family values.
Caritas Lesotho and CRS now have plans to translate the manual to the local language and distribute it more widely. The ground work that has been laid so far has impressed donors to help fund the scheme.
"The manual has been a fantastic resource in the field," said Caritas Internationalis Secretary General Lesley-Anne Knight, "The manual provides church workers with comprehensible materials so they can educate believers at grassroots level to prevent the further spread of the virus and comfort and care for those support those affected by HIV."
FEATURES HIV and Aids: A Global Picture A Catholic Response Caritas AIDS response around the world Catholic Networking: Networking in South Africa and beyond Caritas networking around the world Faith-Based networking Caritas and the United Nations Special Advisor on HIV and AIDS for Caritas Internationalis Stigma and Exclusion Training resource for HIV and AIDS Bishop's Documents Resources from the Vatican


Mancini sisters
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Mancini sisters, family of Italian noblewomen noted for their great beauty. Nieces of Jules, Cardinal Mazarin, they moved to France at an early age. Laure Mancini (1636–57) married Louis de Vendôme, duke de Mercoeur and grandson of King Henry IV. Olympe Mancini, countess de Soissons (1639–1708), was a mistress of Louis XIV. She was involved with her sister Marie Anne in the notorious Affair of the Poisons and was also accused of poisoning her husband; she was the mother of Prince Eugene of Savoy. Marie Mancini, princess de Colonna (1640–1715), was also a mistress of Louis XIV; Mazarin intrigued to prevent their marriage, and she spent most of her life in Spain. Hortense Mancini, duchess de Mazarin (1646–99), married Armand Charles de la Porté, who assumed the Mazarin title. After leaving her husband, she became a famous beauty at the English court of Charles II. Marie Anne Mancini, duchess de Bouillon (1649–1714), was known for her literary salon but was banished in 1680 for the alleged poisoning of the sorceress La Voisin (Catherine Monvoisin).
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text:
- General information
Azerbaijan adopted the robust strategy to fight the COVID-19 and to minimize the impact of the pandemic on the population. The national authorities have implemented several containment measures to halt the spread of COVID-19 with people-centered approach.
On 30 January 2020, the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan issued the Action Plan to prevent the spread of novel coronavirus in the country. The Government established the Task Force under the Cabinet of Ministers on 27 February 2020, consisting of senior officials of the relevant authorities to coordinate the measures taken by the Government in response to the spread of the coronavirus in the country.
On 19 March 2020, the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan signed the Executive Order on measures to protect public health in Azerbaijan and strengthen the counter measures against the coronavirus infection. According to the Decree, Special Coronavirus Response Fund was established to provide financial assistance to the country's response measures. Around 12 million US dollars were allocated to the Fund from the President's Contingency Fund.
Presidential Executive Order, dated 19 March 2020 regulates a number of measures to reduce the negative impact of coronavirus pandemic on the economy of Azerbaijan, macroeconomic stability, employment, and entrepreneurship. The Action Plan aimed at implementing the Presidential Order includes large-scale, effective, and efficient measures. 2 billion US dollars have been allocated for these purposes.
Today, over 20 state-owned hospitals serve COVID-19 patients in Azerbaijan. One of the largest and most modern hospitals in the country - the New Clinic - was inaugurated shortly after the outbreak of the COVID-19.
According to the Executive Order signed by the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan on 7 April 2020, four modular hospitals for COVID patients have been constructed within a short period of time in and around capital city Baku as a part of additional measures. It is planned to build six additional modular hospitals in the regions of Azerbaijan. These modular hospitals will provide additional 2000 hospital beds.
The local production of face masks has been launched in Azerbaijan as the next step to fight the global coronavirus pandemic. Along with medical masks, disposable protective clothing, disinfectants, sanitizers, etc. are also produced locally.
In its global efforts to fight COVID-19 pandemic and expressing its solidarity with states affected by the virus, the Government of Azerbaijan has donated 5 million US dollars to the World Health Organization (WHO). Additional 5 million US dollars were donated by Azerbaijan in its capacity of current Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement to WHO to support the most affected NAM countries. In his letter of 23 March 2020, the WHO Director-General expressed appreciation to the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan for his country's contribution to the global response to COVID-19 and for the measures taken in Azerbaijan to combat the pandemic. Azerbaijan has also provided urgent humanitarian aid to 29 affected countries on a bilateral basis, including technical and medical supplies, financial assistance, providing transport airplanes, etc.
The virtual Summit of the Cooperation Council of the Turkic-Speaking States of 10 April 2020 and the virtual Summit of the NAM Member States of 4 May 2020 dedicated to the fight against COVID-19 were held at the initiative of Azerbaijan, which currently serves as a Chair of the Council and of the Movement. The UN Secretary General, the President of the UN General Assembly, the WHO Director-General, the Chairman of the African Union, and for the first time the Vice-President of the European Commission addressed the NAM Summit.
- Measures across different areas
- Social protection
- Prevention of unjustified dismissals or reductions in the number of jobs;
- Continuation of paying salaries to employees working from home;
- Creation of additional 50,000 paid public jobs in 2020;
- Provision of a lump-sum payment for 600,000 unemployed persons;
- Simplification of the application procedure for a lump-sum payment on the web portal of the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection;
- Involvement to a self-employment programme;
- Expansion of the unemployment insurance coverage to 20,000 persons;
- Scholarships for those who have had breaks in vocational training courses;
- Use of reserves of 2019 of the State Social Protection Fund for the period from April until December 2020 to ensure the sustainability of social payments (pensions and benefits) to the population;
- Extension of the payment of targeted state social assistance to low-income families until the 1st day of the month following the end of the quarantine regime;
- Expansion of the coverage of targeted state social assistance program;
- Payment of annual tuition fees from the state budget (24 million US dollars) for students from socially vulnerable families;
- Allocation of funds from the state budget to meet the needs of citizens for medical masks (2,7 million US dollars);
- Temporary increase of existing discount limits on electricity use (5,9 million US dollars).
- Adoption and successful implementation of a comprehensive Action Plan to ensure sustainable development, including reducing the negative impact of the pandemic on the country's economy and employment;
- Increase in the economic growth rate (0,2%) due to the economic reforms implemented in the past years and the created potential, despite the impact of COVID-19 on national economy;
- The support program (estimated at 1,47 billion US dollars – 3,1 % of GDP), which is not only an anti-crisis measure, but also a program of economic expansion, credit expansion, and stimulation of aggregate demand. This wide-range support package adopted by the Government serves sustainable development goals, including the preservation of social balance and economic development in the post-pandemic period;
- Direct financial support to 300,000 individual entrepreneurs in the affected sectors of economy (47 million US dollars);
- Partial payment of salaries to 300,000 employees in these sectors (127 million US dollars);
- Temporary exemptions from taxes, insurance, and customs payments in affected sectors of economy (68 million US dollars);
- Providing financial support to vital passenger transportation systems (165 million US dollars);
- Issuance of state guarantees and subsidizing interest rates on bank loans to businesses operating in pandemic-affected areas (0,3 billion US dollars);
- Subsidizing part of the interest rate on existing bank loans without state guarantees (0,6 billion US dollars);
- Non-periodic calculation of rents on state property and State Land Fund;
- Exemptions from temporary customs duties for food and medical products necessary for the needs of population;
- Continuation of state support measures and promotion of private investments in the areas identified as the main priorities of the state's economic policy in mid-term period;
- Salary increase by 3 times for first-line medical staff during the period of the pandemic.
- Temporary closure of all educational institutions in Azerbaijan since 2 March 2020 to reduce the spread of the COVID-19;
- Broadcasting TV classes on national TV channels,which enables all students to have a continued access to education. All recorded TV programs are also available online on a learning platform of the Ministry of Education;
- Weekly broadcasting live interactive sessionsin addition to TV classes;
- Launch of the National Platform for Tasks for school students aimed at providing feedback and monitoring students' engagement across the country;
- Supporting local teachers, as well as local educational authorities in launching online classes for different student groups and providing trainings for teachers;
- Provision of technical support and guidance for all local educational authorities in terms of capacity building for teachers, adjusting content, increasing student motivation. More than 1000 teachers are covered by online trainings on distant education;
- Launch of the campaign "Stay at home, create at home" which is a virtual competition (STEAM classes) among school students aiming to keep students motivated, while promoting creativity among them;
- Broadcasting TV classes on national TV channels for children enrolled in various types of pre-school institutions;
- Providing various online extracurricular activities for schoolchildren, such as online chess tournament, online arts competitions (painting, singing, playing musical instruments), as well as "Scientist of the Day" in cooperation with NASA;
- Preparation of video content for vocational educationby the State Agency on Vocational Education (SAVE) and with the support of UNDP and GIZ (Germany);
- Providing distant educationfor higher education Most of the universities are using Microsoft TEAMS platform provided by the Ministry of Education free of charge for online teaching process, as well as through other virtual platforms. Students who are not able to follow online lectures, have the opportunity to watch the uploaded video recordings of those lectures, as well as to access to the reading materials via online tool of their respective university.
- Women and children
- Women-centered programs to address socio-economic impact of COVID-19;
- Strengthening the work of 11 Child and Family Support Centres by the State Committee for Family, Women and Children Affairs (SCFWCA);
- Prevention by the staff of the Child and Family Support Centres of cases of domestic violence during special quarantine period and provision of psychological assistance to the victims. In total, 7000 families from the regions received necessary assistance;
- Provision of online psychological assistance to women, children and older persons by Child and Family Support Centres and launch of "Online Psychological Assistance" project which has already benefited 2300 people;
- Visits to vulnerable families for the assessment of their needs, as well as provision of food, psychological assistance, and medical masks;
- Launch of "From Family to Family" campaign to decrease the impact of the pandemic on social isolation. As part of this campaign, 75 families provided assistance to 594 vulnerable families;
- Focus of Women Resource Centres on vulnerable and socially excluded group of women, providing them with necessary support, and launch of local campaigns to help low-income families to cope with the pandemic. During this period, over 100 women from remote


text:
The emancipation of consciousness in nineteenth-century America
Author: Schmit D.
Source: Journal of Consciousness Studies, Volume 7, Number 10, 2000, pp. 41-60(20)
Publisher: Imprint Academic
Amidst the current profusion of research on consciousness, discussions of the historic origins of the topic are frequently overlooked. At the beginning of the nineteenth century in the West, the nature of consciousness was barely understood, nor differentiated from its esoteric and religious contexts. By the end of the century, however, novel ideas about the structure of consciousness were proposed by Janet, James, and the Society for Psychical Research. This article proposes that these discoveries were intrinsically linked to popular nineteenth-century explorations of unorthodox religious experiences and trance states. Operating outside mainstream religious, medical, and academic settings, alternative spiritual and medical sub-cultures such as Mesmerism, Mind Cure, Spiritualism, Transcendentalism and Orientalism provoked scientific discourse about consciousness that advanced the field. Examining these developments sheds light on the current renaissance in consciousness research and its relation to popular interest in states of consciousness, meditation and powers of mind.
Document Type: Research article
Affiliations: Box 4096, College of St. Catherine, 2004 Randolph Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA. Email:_EMAIL_
Publication date: 2000-01-01


) should be used. This option cannot be used with -+.
-Cr, --read causes the generated scanner to bypass use of the standard I/O library (stdio) for input. Instead of calling fread() or getc(), the scanner will use the read() system call, resulting in a performance gain which varies from system to system, but in general is probably negligible unless you are also using -Cf or -CF. Using -Cr can cause strange behavior if, for example, you read from yyin using stdio prior to calling the scanner (because the scanner will miss whatever text your previous reads left in the stdio input buffer).
-Cr has no effect if you define YY_INPUT (see The Generated Scanner above).
slowest & smallest -Cem -Cm -Ce -C -C{f,F}e -C{f,F} -C{f,F}a fastest & largest
-ooutput, --outputfile=FILE
 directs flex to write the scanner to the file output instead of lex.yy.c. If you combine -o with the -t option, then the scanner is written to stdout but its _TAG_ directives (see the \-L option above) refer to the file output.
-Pprefix, --prefix=STRING
 changes the default yy prefix used by flex for all globally-visible variable and function names to instead be prefix. For example, -Pfoo changes the name of yytext to footext. It also changes the name of the default output file from lex.yy.c to lex.foo.c. Here are all of the names affected:
yy_create_buffer yy_delete_buffer yy_flex_debug yy_init_buffer yy_flush_buffer yy_load_buffer_state yy_switch_to_buffer yyin yyleng yylex yylineno yyout yyrestart yytext yywrap
This option lets you easily link together multiple flex programs into the same executable. Note, though, that using this option also renames yywrap(), so you now must either provide your own (appropriately-named) version of the routine for your scanner, or use %option noyywrap, as linking with -ll no longer provides one for you by default.
-Sskeleton_file, --skel=FILE
-X, --posix-compat
 maximal compatibility with POSIX lex.
 track line count in yylineno.
 name of C++ class.
 create a C header file in addition to the scanner.
 write tables to FILE.
-R, --reentrant
 generate a reentrant C scanner
 scanner for bison pure parser.
 include yylloc support.
 initialize yyin/yyout to stdin/stdout.
--noansi-definitions old-style function definitions.
 empty parameter list in prototypes.
 do not include .
 do not generate a particular FUNCTION.
flex also provides a mechanism for controlling options within the scanner specification itself, rather than from the flex command-line. This is done by including %option directives in the first section of the scanner specification. You can specify multiple options with a single %option directive, and multiple directives in the first section of your flex input file.
7bit -7 option 8bit -8 option align -Ca option backup -b option batch -B option c++ -+ option
caseful or case-sensitive opposite of -i (default)
case-insensitive or caseless -i option
debug -d option default opposite of -s option ecs -Ce option fast -F option full -f option interactive -I option lex-compat -l option meta-ecs -Cm option perf-report -p option read -Cr option stdout -t option verbose -v option warn opposite of -w option (use "%option nowarn" for -w)
array equivalent to "%array" pointer equivalent to "%pointer" (default)
Some %option's provide features otherwise not available:
main directs flex to provide a default main() program for the scanner, which simply calls yylex(). This option implies noyywrap (see below).
stack enables the use of start condition stacks (see Start Conditions above).
 if set (i.e., %option stdinit) initializes yyin and yyout to stdin and stdout, instead of the default of nil. Some existing lex programs depend on this behavior, even though it is not compliant with ANSI C, which does not require stdin and stdout to be compile-time constant.
flex scans your rule actions to determine whether you use the REJECT or yymore() features. The reject and yymore options are available to override its decision as to whether you use the options, either by setting them (e.g., %option reject) to indicate the feature is indeed used, or unsetting them to indicate it actually is not used (e.g., %option noyymore).
%option outfile="ABC"
is equivalent to -oABC, and
%option prefix="XYZ"
is equivalent to -PXYZ. Finally,
%option yyclass="foo"
only applies when generating a C++ scanner ( -+ option). It informs flex that you have derived foo as a subclass of yyFlexLexer, so flex will place your actions in the member function foo::yylex() instead of yyFlexLexer::yylex(). It also generates a yyFlexLexer::yylex() member function that emits a run-time error (by invoking yyFlexLexer::LexerError()) if called. See Generating C++ Scanners, below, for additional information.
A number of options are available for lint purists who want to suppress the appearance of unneeded routines in the generated scanner. Each of the following, if unset (e.g., %option nounput ), results in the corresponding routine not appearing in the generated scanner:
input, unput yy_push_state, yy_pop_state, yy_top_state yy_scan_buffer, yy_scan_bytes, yy_scan_string
(though yy_push_state() and friends won't appear anyway unless you use %option stack).
REJECT %option yylineno arbitrary trailing context
pattern sets that require backing up %array %option interactive %option always-interactive
'^' beginning-of-line operator yymore()
%% foo return TOK_KEYWORD; foobar return TOK_KEYWORD;
the file looks like:
State #6 is non-accepting - associated rule line numbers: 2 3 out-transitions: [ o ] jam-transitions: EOF [ \001-n p-\177 ]
State #8 is non-accepting - associated rule line numbers: 3 out-transitions: [ a ] jam-transitions: EOF [ \001-' b-\177 ]
State #9 is non-accepting - associated rule line numbers: 3 out-transitions: [ r ] jam-transitions: EOF [ \001-q s-\177 ]
Compressed tables always back up.
%% foo return TOK_KEYWORD; foobar return TOK_KEYWORD;
fooba | foob | fo { /* false alarm, not really a keyword */ return TOK_ID; }
%% foo return TOK_KEYWORD; foobar return TOK_KEYWORD;
[a-z]+ return TOK_ID;
This is usually the best solution when appropriate.
%% mouse|rat/(cat|dog) run();
is better written:
%% mouse/cat|dog run(); rat/cat|dog run();
or as
%% mouse|rat/cat run(); mouse|rat/dog run();
%x comment %% int line_num = 1;
"/*" BEGIN(comment);
[^* * "*"+[^*/ * ++line_num; "*"+"/" BEGIN(INITIAL);
This could be sped up by writing it as:
%x comment %% int line_num = 1;
"/*" BEGIN(comment);
[^* * [^* * ++line_num; "*"+[^*/ * "*"+[^*/ * ++line_num; "*"+"/" BEGIN(INITIAL);
%% asm | auto | break |... etc... volatile | while /* it's a keyword */
.| /* it's not a keyword */
[a-z]+ |.| /* it's not a keyword */
[a-z]+ | [a-z]+ |.| /* it's not a keyword */
const char* YYText()
int YYLeng()
int lineno() const
void set_debug( int flag )
int debug() const
 returns the current setting of the debugging flag.
yyFlexLexer( std::istream* arg_yyin = 0, std::ostream* arg_yyout = 0 ) constructs a yyFlexLexer object using the given streams for input and output. If not specified, the streams default to cin and cout, respectively.
virtual int yylex()
int yylex( std::istream* new_in, std::ostream* new_out = 0 ) first switches the input streams via switch_streams( new_in, new_out ) and then returns the value of yylex().
virtual void LexerOutput( const char* buf, int size ) writes out size characters from the buffer buf, which, while NUL-terminated, may also contain "internal" NUL's if the scanner's rules can match text with NUL's in them.
virtual void LexerError( const char* msg ) reports a fatal error message. The default version of this function writes the message to the stream cerr and exits.
Here is an example of a simple C++ scanner:
%{ int mylineno = 0; %}
string \"[^ ]+\"
ws [ \t]+
alpha [A-Za-z] dig [0-9] name ({alpha}|{dig}|\$)({alpha}|{dig}|[_.\-/$])* num1 [-+]?{dig}+\.?([eE


text:
I've inherited a database that wasn't designed exactly optimally, and I need to manipulate some data. Let me give a more common analogy of the kind of thing I have to do:
Let's say we have a
Student table, a
StudentClass table keeping record of all the classes he attended, and a
StudentTeacher table that stores all the teachers who taught this student. Yes, I know it's a dumb design and it would make more sense to store the teacher on the Class table - but that's what we're working with.
I now want to clean up the data, and I want to find all the places where a student has a teacher but no classes, or a class but no teachers. SQL thus:
select * from StudentClass sc full outer join StudentTeacher st on st.StudentID = sc.StudentID where st.id is null or sc.id is null
How do you do that in Linq?


text:
Étienne François Geoffroy
Geoffroy, Étienne François (ātyĕnˈ fräNswäˈ zhôfrwäˈ) [key], 1672–1731, French physician and chemist, also known as Geoffroy the Elder. He became a pharmacist in 1694 and received an M.D. at Paris in 1704. He was professor of medicine at the Collège Royal from 1709 until his death and dean of the Paris Faculty of Medicine from 1726 to 1729. In 1718 he advanced the general proposition that if two substances in combination encounter a third with which one of the two has a greater affinity, that one will leave the original combination and unite with the third substance to form a new compound. He gave a 16-column table showing the order of many such displacements, the first of many "Tables of Affinity." Geoffroy was also largely responsible for a pharmacopoeia published by the Paris Faculty of Medicine in 1732.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Chemistry: Biographies


text:
Why is a Squirrel Belly White?
You may wonder why is a squirrel's belly white. This article will explain the reasons for this characteristic. Tree squirrels' pale belly balances the amount of light that reflects off of their bodies, and their black back stabilizes them while they move. Additionally, tree squirrels are clumsy walkers. They have pale chests and dark backs to protect their nestlings and other young. To conclude, the white belly of a squirrel is an evolutionary adaptation that makes them less vulnerable to predators.
Dark back stabilizes their bodies
Squirrels are aerodynamic creatures with a little flap on the patagium, just like aircraft wing tips. These flaps reduce drag near the end of the wing and stabilize the body during flight. Unlike airplane wing tips, however, squirrel winglets are located far from the center of gravity, increasing flight efficiency. The flaps also help stabilize the glide, as they are located far from the center of gravity.
Females protect nestlings from predators
In their first few months of life, female squirrels protect their nestlings from predators. The babies are usually born naked, weigh fifteen grams, and develop their first few features such as a tail and a hairy head. During the next four weeks, they will also open their eyes and ears. By eight weeks of age, they will start venturing out of the nest. They are nearly adult-sized by this time. Male squirrels reach sexual maturity at fifteen to 18 months, while females reach sexual maturity at eleven to twelve months.
Red squirrels are abundant and of low conservation concern. Their population tends to fluctuate in response to periods of cone and seed production. Large cone masts can increase their population. However, high squirrel populations can reduce nestling survival in several songbird species. Red squirrels are a particular threat to Bicknell's thrush, a species with high conservation concern. The red squirrel also attacks the eggs of the titmouse, another endangered species.
Tree squirrels are clumsy walkers
Flying squirrels are among the most recognizable wildlife of the northern hemisphere. Although these animals are clumsy walkers, they are very elegant when flying. They often flutter along tree trunks and tops, and have large eyes that make them a target for predators. Flying squirrels feed mainly on nuts and fruit from deciduous trees, but they also eat insects, buds, and mushroom stems. Domestic cats and owls are also known to eat them.
When threatened by a predator, squirrels will quickly run off to the other side of the tree trunk. This behavior allows them to hide and escape from a predator. However, if they are threatened on the ground, they will choose to hide. If you're wondering how to protect your pet from a squirrel, follow these tips:
They glide from branch to branch
You might be wondering why a squirrel's belly is white. Gray squirrels are notoriously clumsy walkers. Most of the time, they live in trees, gliding between the tree branches. Their flight can reach distances of up to 82 feet, which is about five to twenty-five meters. This white belly is a sign of the squirrel's gliding abilities.
The southern flying squirrel is a small, nocturnal creature found in several eastern states. It has a white belly and flattened tail. It weighs about 1.5 to three ounces and is completely nocturnal. Their wings are made of a thin wing-like membrane called a patagium. This membrane provides the squirrel with a smooth, gliding surface and allows it to glide from branch to branch.
What is the function of a squirrel's belly?
The squirrel's belly is used to store food.
Why is a squirrel's belly white?
The squirrel's belly is white to better camouflage it in the snow.
When do squirrels need to use their belly storage?
Squirrels need to use their belly storage in the winter when food is scarce.
How does a white belly help a squirrel survive?
A white belly helps a squirrel survive by camouflage.
What type of environment is a squirrel's belly best suited for?
A squirrel's belly is best suited for a snowy environment.
What other function does a squirrel's belly serve?
A squirrel's belly also serves as a place to keep its young warm.
How big is a typical squirrel's belly?
A typical squirrel's belly is about the size of its head.
What is the average weight of a squirrel's belly?
The average weight of a squirrel's belly is 4-5 ounces.
What is the average lifespan of a squirrel?
The average lifespan of a squirrel is 6-10 years.
How many offspring does a squirrel have per year?
A squirrel has 1-8 offspring per year.
How often do squirrels have to eat?
Squirrels have to eat every day.
What do squirrels eat?
Squirrels eat a variety of things including nuts seeds fruits and insects.
Do all squirrels have white bellies?
No not all squirrels have white bellies.
Some squirrels have brown or gray bellies.
How do you tell a male squirrel from a female squirrel?
Male and female squirrels can usually be told apart by their size.
Male squirrels are usually larger than female squirrels.
Do all squirrels live in trees?
No not all squirrels live in trees.
Some squirrels live in burrows underground.
Jessica Watson is a PHD holder from the University of Washington. She studied behavior and interaction between squirrels and has presented her research in several wildlife conferences including TWS Annual Conference in Winnipeg.


text:
Subaltern Urbanisation in India
This volume decentres the view of urbanisation in India from large agglomerations towards smaller urban settlements. It presents the outcomes of original research conducted over three years on subaltern processes of urbanisation. The volume is organised in four sections. A first one deals with urbanisation dynamics and systems of cities with chapters on the new census towns, demographic and economic trajectories of cities and employment transformation. The interrelations of land transformation, social and cultural changes form the topic of the "land, society, belonging" section based on ethnographic work in various parts of India (Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh and Tamil Nadu). A third section focuses on public policies, governance and urban services with a set of macro-analysis based papers and specific case studies. Understanding the nature of production and innovation in non-metropolitan contexts closes this volume. Finally, though focused on India, this research raises larger questions with regard to the study of urbanisation and development worldwide.