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I am the published author of a series of children's books, four of which are currently available on amazon.com and other sources:
Dirkle Smat Inside Mount Flatbottom
Dirkle Smat and the Flying Statue
Dirkle Smat and the Viking Shield
Dirkle Smat Meets a Time Traveler
Come along with me as I research and write my next project – a non-fiction book intended to tell the interesting story of how our states got their jigsaw puzzle shapes. It turns out that when you look into the reason for those borders, you accidentally learn a little American History!
UPDATE: The book is finished! Look for "Our States Have Crazy Shapes" on amazon.com and Blue Spectrum Books. If you've every been curious about why the Upper Peninsula is a part of Michigan instead of Wisconsin, it turns out the answer is pretty quirky and involves Toledo, OH. Why does Missouri have a bootheel? Because a 23 year old man rode to Washington D.C. on his horse and lobbied for it. How did Minnesota end up with a topknot on it's northern border, and what happened to the state called Franklin? All of these and much more in this book written for all ages.


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Related ItemsAnalysis Worksheet: U.S. Imperialism Cartoon
Lessons in Looking: Imperialism Cartoons
"Uncle Sam Watches over Cuba and the Philippines" Analysis Worksheet
The Spanish-American War ended in December, 1898, when Spain surrendered to the U.S. and negotiated a peace treaty that sold Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the U.S. Cuba remained independent, but firmly under the influence of the United States. The Philippine Republic went to war against the U.S. to defend its independence. The brutal war lasted three years, and was followed by a half-century of U.S. occupation of the Philippines. This political cartoon appeared in the conservative Judge magazine in 1902.
Now, Will You Be Good? Uncle Sam (to Filipino) — "See what I do for a good little boy?"
How does the cartoonist portray Uncle Sam?
How does the cartoonist portray Cuba and the Philippines? What are the similarities and differences?
What message or ideas about U.S. imperialism does the cartoon convey?

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Testing Medicinal Plants at Dilston Physic Garden
Would you like to volunteer for Medicinal Plant Trials?
We are investigating if plants have the effects indicated by traditional use and focus on plants for the mind, since so much of well-being depends an optimal state of mind. Rather than major multicentre trials involving objective measures, we plan to conduct small (but statistically valid) trials involving self-assessment i.e. using, as an outcome, individual subjective experience.
Such studies would involve volunteers of all ages (over 18) with normal mental health, taking a safe herbal preparation, once or twice a day for a week or two, and completing a self assessment form before and at the end of the trial period. According to best clinical practice, volunteers would be randomly divided into 2 groups, one taking the active agent and the other an inactive (placebo-like) with no one knowing which they are on ('blind'). The results would be published in a peer reviewed scientific journal.
We would be most grateful if you would kindly complete this online questionnaire to help us design a useful and meaningful study:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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BY JULIE FINZEL Contributing writer
The presence of poisonous plants in (or around) your home could affect anyone, at any time. Many of the plants that are poisonous to humans are also poisonous to pets and livestock. According to the California Poison Control System, exposure and consumption of poisonous plants is ranked as the No. 5 most common incidence of poisoning. The CPCS also reports that 51 percent of all poison exposures involve children 5 years and younger, and that 94 percent of poison exposures occur in the home.
A very commonly planted shrub here in Bakersfield, which is considered one of the most poisonous plants in the Southwest, is oleander (nerium oleander). The toxic compound in oleander is a cardiac glycoside that, when consumed in relatively small amounts can cause dizziness, irregular heartbeat, nausea, convulsions and death. Oleander is toxic to humans, pets and livestock and as few as five to 10 medium-sized leaves can be lethal for a horse or cow.
All are welcome at the UC Cooperative Extension's annual fruit tree pruning demonstrations, taking place Wednesday and Thursday at the orchard adjacent to the UCCE office, 1031 S. Mt. Vernon Ave.
Demonstrations will begin at noon each day, led by the extension's Mario Viveros. Trees include apple, apricot, cherry and almond, and Viveros will also show how to prune grapevines.
The beneficial climate of Kern County allows residential planting of many deciduous fruit tree species. Unlike shade trees, deciduous fruit trees should be pruned every year before bud swell for optimum growth and yield.
Pruning need not be complicated, but fruit trees are less forgiving than most shade tree species, and if pruned incorrectly the yield of fruit will be reduced or eliminated, and the life of the tree will be shortened. Pruning diagrams or photographs in books or on the Internet may be helpful, but demonstrations offer the advantage of seeing pruning in person and being able to ask questions.
To reach the UCCE office and orchard, take Highway 58 and exit at Mt. Vernon, then proceed south for about three-quarters of a mile.
Publications on pruning, fertilizer for fruit trees, and fruit tree varieties for the valley portion of Kern County will be available. There is no charge for attendance, nor is preregistration required.
-- John Karlik, adviser with the UC Cooperative Extension
Other common poisonous plants include poinsettias, lilies, sago palms, morning glories, some hydrangeas, and impatiens. This is by no means a complete list. The CPCS has a very thorough listing of poisonous plants at _URL_.html. The report, titled "Know Your Plants," can be downloaded for free. A number of toxic plant resources are also posted on my website at cekern.ucdavis.edu/Livestock/info.
There are a number of substances produced by plants that can cause them to be poisonous. Some of the most common compound classes are oxalates, glycosides and alkaloids. Some plants even contain well-known poisons, like cyanide. The toxicity of a plant can vary from the leaves to the stem to the roots and it can also vary by season.
The toxicity of a plant also varies by species. Some species are more poisonous than others, meaning small amounts can be dangerous, while others are less poisonous, meaning that it takes a greater quantity for the plant to have an effect. The toxicity of the plant also depends on the weight of the individual consuming it. A lighterweight person may be more susceptible than someone who weighs more.
In case of accidental exposure to a potentially poisonous substance, the CPCS recommends that you remain calm. If a patient is unconscious, having convulsions or any difficulty breathing, call 911. Otherwise, the CPCS can be reached toll free, 24 hours a day, seven days a week at _PHONE_. For further information and first aid recommendations visit the CPCS website at calpoison.org.
Tips to avoid poison exposure
Preventing exposure to poisonous plants is the best way to prevent potential poisonings and can be accomplished by following a few basic tips:
Consider removing toxic plants from your home or garden.
Know the common and scientific name of every plant you buy and own and keep a list for reference. This is best accomplished by labeling each plant. Show all caretakers where the labels and list are kept.
House plants should not be within reach of young children.
Store labeled bulbs and seeds out of reach of children and pets.
Do not eat plants or mushrooms collected outdoors unless you are certain they are safe.
Teach children not to put any part of a plant in their mouth.
Don't let children chew on jewelry made from seeds or beans.
Dispose of plant clippings in a safe manner. Do not allow children and pets access.
The smoke from poisonous plants can also be toxic; don't burn plant clippings unless you are certain they are safe.
In general, plants toxic to humans are also toxic to pets.
One of the tips above mentions mushrooms. Some species of mushrooms are edible, however, some species of mushrooms are quite poisonous and there is no easy way to tell the difference.
Eating any mushrooms collected outside should be considered dangerous and avoided.
Some symptoms of severe mushroom poisoning can include intense diarrhea and can lead to liver failure and death.
Call the CPCS if you believe someone has been poisoned. Do not wait until symptoms appear, as symptoms are sometimes delayed many hours, even in cases of severe poisoning.
Some plants and plant parts that are not poisonous to humans are poisonous to pets.
These include: grapes, raisins, macadamia nuts, onions and chocolate. A partial listing of human food that is poisonous to pets can be found at vetmed.ucdavis.edu/ccah/health_information/plants_pets.cfm and petinsurance.com/healthzone/pet-articles/pet-health-toxins/Toxic-Food-Guide-for-Pets.aspx.
Be sure to talk to your vet to receive a more complete list and before feeding any human food to your pet as serious side effects can result.
Julie Finzel is the livestock and natural resources adviser with the UC Cooperative Extension in Bakersfield.


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As an illustration, the solution may indicate for an aggregation that 63.5% of the aggregation's members should receive a first treatment, 31.2% receive a second treatment, and the remainder receive a third treatment (or no treatment).
 This allows that instead of a 0-1 integer variable identifying whether a specific offer is given to a specific customer, a continuous variable identifies the number of members of an aggregation that should be given a specific offer. Then, the identification of a specific offer 42 for each customer can be specified using a disaggregation program. It should be noted that the specifics of this example can be changed and generalized.
 FIGS. 2-5 describe an example of a system in determining offers for customers. With reference to FIG. 2, the raw data 34 is input to the aggregation module 38 so that it may be used to generate aggregation data 60. In this example, the following raw data is used:
 A unique customer id κ.
 The probability of selling product i over channel j to customer κ.
 The expected return from selling product i to customer κ.
 The cost of selling product i over channel j to customer κ.
 The segment of customer κ.
 The method of the aggregation module 38 is to aggregate the data so that it can be made ready for use in the linear program optimization model. Because of the aggregation method, the system allows problems with large numbers of customers (e.g., 10,000,000 customers or some other relatively large number) to be solved. Different aggregation factors may be used to form the aggregations. For example, an aggregation factor may be based on the cost of offering a customer a particular product and the expected profit of offering the customer the particular product.
FIG. 3 depicts an example data structure 62 for the customer aggregation data 60. The data structure 62 stores which customers belong to which aggregations. Aggregation centroids can be used as representative of the data for all the customers within a single aggregation. For example, an aggregation's centroid may define what offer cost is indicative of a customer within the aggregation as well as what expected profit is indicative of a customer within the aggregation. Also, the aggregation's centroid may define probability that customers in the aggregation will accept a product over a channel and a segment. Once in this model-ready data form, it is ready to be used in the linear program optimization model.
 With reference to FIG. 4, the aggregation data 60 is used by the linear program solution module 40 to optimize an objective function 70 that identifies proportions within each aggregation for each product offer that maximizes expected profit subject to model constraints 72. The linear program solution module 40 considers aggregate groups of customers as indistinguishable. As shown by the following, the linear program solution module 40 uses constraint input data 74 in addition to aggregation data 60 to form the model:
 xijkl=number of aggregation k customers to offer product i over channel j and segment l.
 Pijkl=probability that customers in aggregation k will accept product i over channel j and segment l.
 cij=cost to offer product i over channel j.
 Wij=budget for all offers of product i over channel j.
 Tkl=number of customers in aggregation k and segment l.
 Sl=target number of customers to include within segment l.
 Vi=target number of offers of product i to include.
 rikl=expected return from applying product i aggregation k and segment l.
 Model constraints 72 are constructed using the input constraints 74. The objective function 70 used by the linear program solution module 40 are subject to the model constraints 72 as shown by the following:
 Subject to:
 The solution of the objective function 70 results in the generation of the aggregation proportion solution data 76. The aggregation proportion solution data 76 specifies the proportion of customers within an aggregation that is to receive a specified treatment (e.g., what product offer on which channel to provide to an aggregation's customer proportion).
 As shown in FIG. 5, the aggregation proportion solution data 76 is then processed by module 78 in order to generate offer data 42 that identifies specified offer treatments on a per customer basis. A greedy algorithm 80 may be used to determine the offer data 42 that disaggregates the aggregated solution of the linear program. The identification of the specific offer data 42 for each customer may also be accomplished using other approaches such as some random assignment technique 82.
 The disaggregation process may also utilize integer programming techniques 84 or linear programming techniques 86. The disaggregation process takes the optimal proportions for each aggregate and assigns offers to the customers within the aggregate according to those proportions. This can be done with a linear program that does this assignment optimally and uses the proportions as constraints. If there are additional constraints that must be met by the aggregate, an integer program can be used in place of the linear program. These approaches may improve the final solution over the greedy or random approaches to disaggregation. It is also noted that other techniques known in the art may be used in the disaggregation process.
 To illustrate this approach, an example with two products, two channels, three segments, and 1000 customers is presented. In this example, it is noted that customers are individuals who belong to a segment and have some likelihood of buying products over channels. Products are assumed to be available for cross-sell to an existing customer base. A channel is a fixed capacity vehicle for making cross-selling offers of products to customers. It should be understood that these terms may be broadly construed. For example, customers may broadly include actual or potential customers as well as individual people, businesses or other types of entities that may receive offers. As another example, the system may handle more than products, such as services or other items that may be the subject of an offer.
 For the example, the customer raw data was randomly generated by the program shown at 100 in FIG. 6. For each customer in the dataset the pij are the probability of accepting offer i from channel j, the cij are the costs of making the offer, the ri are the expected return given that the offer is accepted, and seg is the segment. Because there are two products and two channels, there are four probabilities of accepting offer i from channel j variables p11, p12, p21, and p22 (shown respectively at 102A, 102B, 102C, and 102D). Similarly because there are two products and two channels, there are four costs associated with making the offer variable c11, c12, c21, and c22 (shown respectively at 104A, 104B, 104C, and 104D). Because there are two products, there are two expected return variables r1 and r2 (shown respectively at 106A and 106B). The variable to hold the segment information is shown at 108. Each customer is uniquely identified by a customer id (shown at 110).
 Note that the computer program 100 generates the pij at 120 such that they have a beta distribution. Also note that at 122 the returns are a function of customer position in the dataset. Customers at the beginning of the dataset have a larger return from product 1 in contrast to customers at the end of the dataset having a larger return from product 2. The cost variables are assigned constant values as shown at 124, and the segment variable is calculated at computer instruction 126 so that it may be assigned one of three values. These calculations are within a do loop 128 that increments the customer identifier from 1 to a predetermined maximum customer number (e.g., 1000). It must be understood that this is an example, and the numbers can be modified to fit the situation at hand.
 It is noted that the aggregation process may use many different aggregation techniques to form the aggregations based upon the offer acceptance-related data. For this example, the aggregation process uses a clustering technique. The example clusters the customers to aggregate for the linear programming approximation of the integer program. The program shown at 200 in FIG. 7 performs the clustering and uses the centers of the clusters, saved in the dataset named processd (shown at 202), for the parameters pijkl, cij, and rikl in the linear program formulation. This program 200 also prepares for the capture of the Tkl parameters in the cluCap dataset 204 for the cluster constraints. The maximum number of clusters is specified to the program 200 at 206 and may vary based upon such factors as variability of the data and computing resources. Typically the larger the number of clusters used within the system the better the solution. It should be understood that although the programs and data shown herein were constructed using the statistical programming system (available from SAS Institute Inc. of North Carolina), any computer system capable of aggregation and executing linear programs may be used.
FIG. 8 shows the raw customer dataset 250 with cluster information (264, 266) appended including the cluster 264 in which each customer 254 was placed. This information is used to assign offers to customers 254 after the optimal solution identifies the product and channel treatment for each of the clusters 264.
 The following columns are shown in FIG. 8: column 252 contains an integer observation value for uniquely identifying each entry; column 254 contains an identifier for each customer involved in the analysis; columns 256 contain the pij parameters for each customer; columns 258 contain the ri parameters for each customer; columns 260 contain the cij parameters for each customer; column 262 contains in what segment each customer is located; column 264 contains the cluster in which a customer is assigned; and column 266 contains a distance value which signifies the distance the customer is from the cluster centroid.
 As shown in FIG. 9,


Food for Fort: On soya cream and Freedom Food
Can I use soya cream instead of double cream in a quiche? Plus what, exactly, is Freedom Food?
Can you really make a decent quiche without using double cream? Photograph: Colin Campbell for the Guardian
I made my first quiche the other night. Next time, can I substitute soya cream or something similar for the double cream in most recipes? I know it sounds awful, but I want to have my quiche and eat it, too.
It's not something I'd do myself, but having consulted several authorities on the subject, there's no reason you can't substitute soya cream for double cream (or a mixture of tofu and soya cream, to produce the fluffy effect you get from cream). It won't have the same taste or texture of a classic quiche but, yes, you can have your quiche and eat it.
What, exactly, is Freedom Food? It's an increasingly popular label, yet seems to be shy of being free-range.
Freedom Food is a scheme introduced by the RSPCA in 1994. The five basic criteria are: freedom from hunger and thirst; freedom from discomfort; freedom from pain, injury or disease; freedom to express normal behaviour; freedom from fear and distress. It is designed to ensure that animals reared for food are treated to specified welfare standards. Free-range and organic practices are not part of the criteria. For some animal rights organisations, those standards do not go far enough; others say they tacitly endorse meat consumption. There have been criticisms, too, that the scheme has cost implications for the foods labelled, and that there may be a gap between the rules and their enforcement. On the other hand, you could say that it shines like a beacon in a world fed through dubious farming practices.
Got a culinary query for Matthew? Email Visit Matthew's blog, Fort on Food


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Our students spend a lot of their time outdoors. Although many of these hours involve exploration and imaginaitive play, I often see them playing more organized, pickup games of ultimate frisbee, basketball, and soccer. It never ceases to amaze me that our students play in all sorts of weather (notice football in the snow, below). Games at Fairhaven can be like the weather, in a way: they materialize instantly like summer storms often do, out of nowhere, then at some point they scatter, only to return another day.
Becka Miller, Staff


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|ADDRESS AT THE
CENTENNIAL OF THE CONCORD FIGHT, 1875
63. Ralph Waldo Emerson. "Address," pages 79-81
Proceedings at the Centennial Celebration of Concord Fight,
April 19, 1875 (Concord: Published by the Town, 1876). Letterpress
on paper; bound in maroon cloth. Myerson D98. From the Emerson
collection of William Taylor Newton, presented by Edith Emerson Forbes
and Edward Waldo Emerson, 1918.
Aware that the centennial of the Concord Fight on April 19, 1875 would draw national attention, Concord had carefully planned its grand celebration of the event. Invitations were sent to numerous towns, to representatives of state and national government, to historical organizations, and to many individuals. President Ulysses S. Grant, Vice President Henry Wilson, Secretary of War William Worth Belknap, Secretary of State Hamilton Fish, and Massachusetts Governor William Gaston were among the dignitaries who attended. President Grant and his entourage arrived by train on April 17th and went by carriage to the Main Street home of Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar.
Monday, April 19, 1875 dawned cold and clear, later turned blustery and snowed. As huge crowds arrived by train, it became apparent that the anticipated number of visitors had been seriously underestimated. The formation of the parade was complicated by the sheer volume of the crowd. Moreover, provisions were insufficient to feed the incoming people. Despite considerable advance preparation, Concord was taken by surprise.
The ceremonies began with a 100-round sunrise salute from Nashawtuc Hill. The parade proceeded to the battleground, crossing the new Victorian bridge constructed for the celebration. John Shepard Keyes unveiled Daniel Chester French's Minute Man statue. The parade then continued to the meadow beyond, where the oration and dinner tents were located. In the oration tent, two hundred dignitaries gathered on the speakers' platform, which collapsed twice during the program. E.R. Hoar—"President of the Day"—called the crowd to order, the Reverend Grindall Reynolds of the First Parish said a prayer, Ralph Waldo Emerson gave a short address, James Russell Lowell read a poem, and George William Curtis delivered a lengthy oration. (As Curtis spoke, President Grant and other officials left for Lexington's celebration.) Invited guests then adjourned to the dinner tent.
Emerson had served on the Committee on General Invitations for the 1875 celebration. He had also supported young Concord sculptor Daniel Chester French in obtaining the commission to design a statue to honor the colonial soldiers who fought on April 19, 1775. French's bronze Minute Man was the first of many pieces of public sculpture that he created throughout his long, successful career. The first verse of Emerson's "Concord Hymn" was inscribed on its base.
Emerson's brief speech at the centennial celebration in 1875 was the last public address that he prepared for delivery in Concord. The speech was printed in the New York Herald for April 19, 1875 ("Revolutionary Extra Edition"; Myerson E183) and reprinted several times. In 1876, it appeared in Concord's printed record of the proceedings at its celebration.
No image in this online display may be reproduced in any form, including electronic, without permission from the Curator of Special Collections of the Concord Free Public Library.


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In a recent post, Herbdoc mentioned how her Purpletop Verbena (Verbena Bonariensis) attracts butterflies. I've been touting the virtues of this plant for years.
- It's a pollinator magnet – loved by bees, butterflies and hummingbirds
- It's tallish, but airy, so it can go almost anywhere
- It does well in dry conditions
- Its strong stems don't require staking
- It self-seeds reliably, but is also easy to control *
- It makes a good cut flower – a nice accent in bouquets
I started mine from seeds that my aunt sent me in the mail. Do yourself a favor and just buy some plants. It's much easier and if you leave the seedlings every spring, you'll have the plant forever. I often wait until the seedlings are about four inches tall, and then I move them where I want them to grow. They transplant well.
*A word of caution: this plant is not as easy to control in southern climates, and is considered invasive in California and Texas.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Location of the province of Pisa
Pipework for geothermal power generation in Valle del Diavolo (Devil's Valley), Larderello.
Larderello is a frazione of the comune of Pomarance, in Tuscany in central Italy. It is a volcanically active area, renowned for its geothermal productivity.
The region has experienced occasional phreatic volcanic eruptions, caused by explosive outbursts of steam trapped below the surface. It possesses a dozen explosion craters 30-250 m in diameter. The largest is the Lago Vecchienna crater, now filled by a lake, which last erupted around 1282.
Larderello now produces 10% of the world's entire supply of geothermal electricity, amounting to 4,800 GWh per year and powering about a million Italian households. Its geology makes it uniquely conducive to geothermal power production, with hot granite rocks lying unusually close to the surface, producing steam as hot as 202 °C (396 °F).
The region was known from ancient times for its volcanic nature and exceptionally hot springs. The Romans used its sulphur springs for bathing.
Known as Montecerboli until the 19th century, it became one of the first places in the world where geothermal energy was exploited to support industry. In 1827 François de Larderel, a Frenchman, invented a way of extracting boric acid from the volcanic mud by using steam to heat cauldrons to separate the two. Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany was an enthusiastic supporter of Larderel's scheme and awarded him the title of Count of Montecerboli a decade later. A town, named Larderello in honour of Larderel's work, was founded to house the workers in the boric acid production factory. [1]
The region was the site of a pioneering experiment in the production of energy from geothermal sources in 1904, when five light bulbs were lit by electricity produced through steam emerging from vents in the ground - the first ever practical demonstration of geothermal power.
Prince Piero Ginori Conti tested the first geothermal power generator on 4 July 1904, at the Larderello dry steam field in Italy. It was a small generator that lit four light bulbs.[1] In 1911, the world's first geothermal power plant was built in the Valle del Diavolo ("Devil's Valley"), named for the boiling water that rises there. It was the world's only industrial producer of geothermal electricity until 1958, when New Zealand built a plant of its own in Wairakei. In recent years concerns have been expressed about the sustainability of its steam supply, as a 30% drop in steam pressure levels has been recorded from the maximum levels of the 1950s.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Tiwari, G. N.; Ghosal, M. K. Renewable Energy Resources: Basic Principles and Applications. Alpha Science Int'l Ltd., 2005 ISBN 1-84265-125-0
Coordinates: 43°15′N 10°52′E / 43.25°N 10.87°E / 43.25; 10.87


hangover in a sentence
How to use hangover in a sentence. 0. Yeah they make sense :) other sentences can be.. How to use hangover in a sentence. Hangover definition: If someone wakes up with a hangover, they feel sick and have a headache because they... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples 0. Click here to see a translation instead. I'm writing a story for a project and i have to describe my character waking up with a hangover in one scene. This will prove painful to your privates in the hungover morning. Another word for hangover. Find more ways to say hangover, along with related words, antonyms and example phrases at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. Did You Know? The hangover list of example sentences with hangover. The noises echoed in his hungover head. He's so going to have a hangover tomorrow. 0. hungover Sentence Examples. If only I knew the cure for a hangover. A hangover â¦ I've never had a hangover, so i don't know how to describe it as i've got nothing to relate from; like, how it would feel, how the person would feel, would they remember anything from the previous night, etc. Can be identified by the ashtray in ones mouth,the vomit on last nights clothes,the want to never drink or eat again,the great dislike of sunlight, the undesirealbe urge to apologise to all the people you spent the night with, the stranger in your bed and need for a glass of water and many many asprin Hangover definition is - something (such as a surviving custom) that remains from what is past. âThe internal one is a hangover from the Soviet times and is their only valid form of I.d.â âMr Mahony blames a hangover from the Honeyford affair on the failure to establish real dialogue on race issues.â âThere's a hangover from that which has made people reluctant to chase after the big money.â Did You Know? Learn more. He just couldn't cure his hangover. 0. Katzenjammer definition is - hangover. 0. hangover meaning: 1. a feeling of illness after drinking too much alcohol: 2. something that continues from anâ¦. How to use katzenjammer in a sentence. 0. Nausea and headaches often caused by way too much fucking alcohol. She looks hungover. hangover definition: The definition of a hangover is defined as something left over, or feeling badly the morning after you consume too much alcohol. I was very hungover, I just felt dreadful. We do not have example sentences for hangover.Please check your spelling or try searching for similar words or phrases. She was hungover and tired, with a roiling stomach and headache, yet she managed to make it to work before the breakfast rush. I havnt been this hungover before.
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1. A CE amplifier has a load power of 10mW and the dc power is 215 mW. The efficiency is:
15. If an emitter-follower has r'e=5 O and re=150 O, the voltage gain, AV is:
17. Two transistors are connected as a Darlington pair. If each transistor has a beta of 175, then the overall current gain of the two equals:
Want an answer?


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Why build the Dubai Audiobook Library?
More than 7 million people are visually-impaired in the Arab world. This motivated us to create an online library with more than 300,000 books in Arabic that will illuminate their path to knowledge through the contribution of 10,000 volunteers and inviting participation from all over the region.The Dubai Audiobook Library provides access to books for any person of determination who cannot read printed material, such as those with visual or physical disabilities.
Reading provides innumerable benefits, including increased success in education, and development of job skills, reduction in poverty, and it contributes to economic growth. Individuals who can read also experience increases in self-esteem, knowledge, and independence.
The Library is dedicated to people of determination, and empowers them to read books of their choice in a way that works for them, when and where you want, on the devices they already own.
Members must have a qualifying disability to join Dubai Audio Book Library. Examples include:
- Visual impairments, whether low-vision, tracking issues, or blindness
- Learning disabilities, such as Dyslexia
- Physical disabilities that impact the ability to read a traditional book
These stakeholder members have access to the entire collection of more than 400,000 titles from Bookshare plus all titles added by the Dubai Audiobook Library. Those without qualifying disabilities may access books that are freely-available.
How Dubai Audiobook Library helps
Dubai Audiobook Library helps people customise their reading experience in the most convenient way for them. It is easy to use and accessible. Member can choose to listen to books, follow along with highlighted text and read in braille or large text.
- Alternative formats: e-books in audio, audio and highlighted text, large text, braille
- Huge collection: books for school, career and pleasure reading
- Read on your device of choice: computers, tablets, smartphones, braille devices and more
How volunteers can participate
The Dubai Audiobook Library offers the largest e-volunteering opportunity, which is open to anyone, anywhere. Some ways to help include:
- Converting Arabic books to digital books through OCR scanners that will be provided to them
- Proofreading books that have been converted into digital files before uploading them to the website
- Approving digital books that have been checked on the website


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Figure 3: k1 and E95
Now, let's discuss about the relationship between E95 and the k1 factor. The k1 factor indicates the difficulty of the lithography process; it is determined by the target design rule, numerical aperture (NA), and laser exposure wavelength according to the following formula:
k1 = Design Rule * NA of Lithography Tool/Laser Exposure Wavelength
In general, to achieve a higher yield in the mass-production process of semiconductors, k1 is set to near 0.4 while the NA and laser exposure wavelength of the lithography tool are determined based on the set k1 value. However, as the target design rule continues to become finer, the k1 value needs to be reduced to near 0.3 due to the NA limit of the lithography tool and the difficulty in shortening of the exposure wavelength. For example, achieving 90 nm in a KrF process or 65 nm in an ArF process requires reduction of the k1 value. From the viewpoint of cost, reducing k1 allows use of the laser with a fairly low NA and longer wavelength, thus reducing the equipment cost to subsequently lowering the manufacturing cost of semiconductor devices. Use of a KrF laser instead of an ArF laser for the 90-nm technology node is a typical example of this trend.
On the other hand, reducing the k1 value may cause the yield to be lowered because it limits the process margin. To enhance the yield, the resolution needs to be increased by improving the reticle while immersion lithography technology needs to be introduced to increase the NA of lithography tool in pseudo manner.
E95 makes a great contribution to reduction of the k1 factor. Figure 3 shows the upper limit required for each k1 factor. As this figure indicates, a narrower E95 is required as the k1 factor becomes smaller. The reason is that a smaller distribution of spectrums is required to reduce the impact of the chromatic aberration generated in a lithography tool as the target design rule becomes smaller. For example, the maximum E95 was approx. 1.8 pm for the target design rule of 150 nm in a KrF process with a k1 factor of 0.4. On the other hand, the E95 must be reduced to 0.8 pm for the target design rule of 90 nm in a KrF process with a k1 factor of 0.3 to reduce the impact of chromatic aberration for better resolution. The E95 corresponding to each k1 factor shown in figure 3 becomes the requirement for achieving the resolution required for imaging the target design pattern.
Figure 4: Impact of E95 Stability on CD Uniformit
For the generation with a k1 factor of 0.4 or more, it was considered that there was no problem if the E95 varies within its set upper limit. As the k1 factor becomes smaller than 0.4, however, fluctuation of the E95 directly impacts on the CD.
Figure 4 shows the estimated variance of the CD (variance per 1 pm) caused by fluctuation of the E95 for each k1 factor. While it varies slightly depending on the illumination condition and the characteristics of the photoresist used, it plots an almost average result. The data shown in this figure indicates that the CD varies by 7 to 8 nm as the E95 varies only 1 pm even if the k1 factor becomes 0.3 for the KrF process. This variation is four times greater than that for the KrF process with the k1 factor of 0.4. For the ArF process, meanwhile, it has been confirmed that the variation produces an impact twice as large as that for the KrF process. That is, if the k1 factor is reduced to 0.3 for the ArF process, the CD will vary 14 to 16 nm. Such a CD error at this level cannot be ignored, and represents a big difficulty. Therefore, it is apparent that improvement of the stabilization of the E95 is a big challenge for the next-generation lithography process.
As proved in this survey, the E95 produces an especially large impact on isolated lines but a small impact on dense lines. That is, bias generated in a pattern with a mixture of isolated and dense lines is closely related to the E95. This will be studied in detail in the following lectures.
We have discussed the factor that causes fluctuation of the E95, and have quantitatively indicated the impact of the E95 upon the CD. The next lecture will introduce a technology for stabilizing the E95, which is developed by Gigaphoton to stabilize the CD.


text:
Red-listing crops as a tool in adaptation strategies
21 December 2011 | News story
CEC member Maria-Mihaela Antofie of Romania was involved in developing a methodology based on IUCN categories to preserve food security under climate change.
A Red List of crops varieties should be a proactive tool that may be deployed in climate change adaptation strategies through adaptation measures covering crops management, associated knowledge in our efforts of supporting food security. Such a red list was developed for Romania based on the IUCN modified methodology.
Three key elements are of outmost importance in preserving our food security under climate change:
- crops species including their varieties as genetic resources for food and agriculture;
- associated knowledge to crops genetic erosion (e.g. traditional and scientific knowledge) and
- crops' agro-ecosystems.
If a crop's associated knowledge is at risk of extinction once a crop's genetic erosion is installed, changing in climate or political regime will negatively impact the crops' diversity and a Red List for crops should act as one of the missing links in our attempts for halting biodiversity loss under the Convention on Biological Diversity.
In our book are described case studies in Sibiu county, a Romanian region covered by 49.11% protected areas and we underline the importance of landraces conservation on farm – in traditional communities long time established in these ecosystems which today are resident into protected areas.
As it is not possible to apply the IUCN methodology as such we propose some changes for the nine categories. Thus, we propose to use the on farm concept instead of in situ concept to avoid confusion for in the wild taking into consideration that crops may survive only because of the human care. Traditional knowledge assessment should be assessed in local communities based on their socio-economic vulnerabilities. This methodology proposes to Romania the year 1989 – on one hand as the base year for climate change under Kyoto Protocol and on the one hand as the year of political regime changes. For crops species it is very important to refer to official and scientific documents. But on the other hand we need to cover the range between landraces – not officially recognized and crops varieties – protected by the official legislation. Moreover, crops varieties may be either officially placed on the market, erased or under conservation. Actually old crops varieties may become vulnerable for being removed from the market due to new crop varieties pushing on the market.
Considering all above mentioned issued in 21 years a total of 338 varieties belonging to 31 species listed in the Plant Treaty and registered for 1989 have been officially cancelled in Romania among which 191 varieties have been created by public research institutes. Thus, 56, 5% of the Romanian varieties have been cancelled and no conservation strategy is in place for supporting the official political commitments regarding the conservation of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture under the Plant Treaty. We registered at least 5 shifting period of time for crops diversity in our country: before communism, during the communism, after communism, before entering into the EU and after entering into the EU – all associated with massive official corps erosion.
Moreover, in the country side – local communities still preserve very old landraces, especially in traditional agriculture ecosystems into protected areas or in buffering zones. These plant genetic resources are not protected today and their including into a Red List may help their adaptation capacity – in line to the Plant Treaty requirements and supporting food security for rural population.
For more information, contact Antofie Maria Mihaela, _EMAIL_


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Manual Pages — FLEX
flex, lex - fast lexical analyzer generator
flex [-bcdfhilnpstvwBFILTV78+? -C[aefFmr] -ooutput -Pprefix -Sskeleton] [--help --version] [filename...]
Description a brief overview of the tool
Some Simple Examples
Format Of The Input File
Patterns the extended regular expressions used by flex
How The Input Is Matched the rules for determining what has been matched
Actions how to specify what to do when a pattern is matched
The Generated Scanner details regarding the scanner that flex produces; how to control the input source
Start Conditions introducing context into your scanners, and managing "mini-scanners"
Multiple Input Buffers how to manipulate multiple input sources; how to scan from strings instead of files
End-of-file Rules special rules for matching the end of the input
Miscellaneous Macros a summary of macros available to the actions
Values Available To The User a summary of values available to the actions
Interfacing With Yacc connecting flex scanners together with yacc parsers
Options flex command-line options, and the "%option" directive
Performance Considerations how to make your scanner go as fast as possible
Generating C++ Scanners the (experimental) facility for generating C++ scanner classes
Incompatibilities With Lex And POSIX how flex differs from AT&T lex and the POSIX lex standard
Diagnostics those error messages produced by flex (or scanners it generates) whose meanings might not be apparent
Files files used by flex
Deficiencies / Bugs known problems with flex
See Also other documentation, related tools
Author includes contact information
%% username printf( "%s", getlogin() );
Here's another simple example:
%{ int num_lines = 0, num_chars = 0; %}
%% ++num_lines; ++num_chars;. ++num_chars;
%% main() { yylex(); printf( "# of lines = %d, # of chars = %d , num_lines, num_chars ); }
This scanner counts the number of characters and the number of lines in its input (it produces no output other than the final report on the counts). The first line declares two globals, "num_lines" and "num_chars", which are accessible both inside yylex() and in the main() routine declared after the second "%%". There are two rules, one which matches a newline (" ) and increments both the line count and the character count, and one which matches any character other than a newline (indicated by the "." regular expression).
A somewhat more complicated example:
/* scanner for a toy Pascal-like language */
%{ /* need this for the call to atof() below */ _TAG_ %}
DIGIT [0-9] ID [a-z][a-z0-9]*
{DIGIT}+ { printf( "An integer: %s (%d) , yytext, atoi( yytext ) ); }
{DIGIT}+"."{DIGIT}* { printf( "A float: %s (%g) , yytext, atof( yytext ) ); }
if|then|begin|end|procedure|function { printf( "A keyword: %s , yytext ); }
{ID} printf( "An identifier: %s , yytext );
"+"|"-"|"*"|"/" printf( "An operator: %s , yytext );
"{"[^} *"}" /* eat up one-line comments */
[ \t + /* eat up whitespace */
. printf( "Unrecognized character: %s , yytext );
main( argc, argv ) int argc; char **argv; { ++argv, --argc; /* skip over program name */ if ( argc > 0 ) yyin = fopen( argv[0], "r" ); else yyin = stdin;
yylex(); }
The flex input file consists of three sections, separated by a line with just %% in it:
definitions %% rules %% user code
Name definitions have the form:
name definition
is identical to
pattern action
See below for a further description of patterns and actions.
Finally, the user code section is simply copied to lex.yy.c verbatim. It is used for companion routines which call or are called by the scanner. The presence of this section is optional; if it is missing, the second %% in the input file may be skipped, too.
In the definitions and rules sections, any indented text or text enclosed in %{ and %} is copied verbatim to the output (with the %{}'s removed). The %{}'s must appear unindented on lines by themselves.
x match the character 'x'. any character (byte) except newline [xyz] a "character class"; in this case, the pattern matches either an 'x', a 'y', or a 'z' [abj-oZ] a "character class" with a range in it; matches an 'a', a 'b', any letter from 'j' through 'o', or a 'Z' [^A-Z] a "negated character class", i.e., any character but those in the class. In this case, any character EXCEPT an uppercase letter. [^A-Z any character EXCEPT an uppercase letter or a newline r* zero or more r's, where r is any regular expression r+ one or more r's r? zero or one r's (that is, "an optional r") r{2,5} anywhere from two to five r's r{2,} two or more r's r{4} exactly 4 r's {name} the expansion of the "name" definition (see above) "[xyz]\"foo" the literal string: [xyz]"foo \X if X is an 'a', 'b', 'f', 'n', 'r', 't', or 'v', then the ANSI-C interpretation of \x. Otherwise, a literal 'X' (used to escape operators such as '*') \0 a NUL character (ASCII code 0) \123 the character with octal value 123 \x2a the character with hexadecimal value 2a (r) match an r; parentheses are used to override precedence (see below)
rs the regular expression r followed by the regular expression s; called "concatenation"
r|s either an r or an s
r/s an r but only if it is followed by an s. The text matched by s is included when determining whether this rule is the "longest match", but is then returned to the input before the action is executed. So the action only sees the text matched by r. This type of pattern is called trailing context". (There are some combinations of r/s that flex cannot match correctly; see notes in the Deficiencies / Bugs section below regarding "dangerous trailing context".) ^r an r, but only at the beginning of a line (i.e., when just starting to scan, or right after a newline has been scanned). r$ an r, but only at the end of a line (i.e., just before a newline). Equivalent to "r/ .
Note that flex's notion of "newline" is exactly whatever the C compiler used to compile flex interprets ' as; in particular, on some DOS systems you must either filter out \r's in the input yourself, or explicitly use r/\r for "r$".
r an r, but only in start condition s (see below for discussion of start conditions) r same, but in any of start conditions s1, s2, or s3 <*>r an r in any start condition, even an exclusive one.
<> an end-of-file <> an end-of-file when in start condition s1 or s2
is the same as
In addition to characters and ranges of characters, character classes can also contain character class expressions. These are expressions enclosed inside [: and :] delimiters (which themselves must appear between the '[' and ']' of the character class; other elements may occur inside the character class, too). The valid expressions are:
[:alnum:] [:alpha:] [:blank:] [:cntrl:] [:digit:] [:graph:] [:lower:] [:print:] [:punct:] [:space:] [:upper:] [:xdigit:]
These expressions all designate a set of characters equivalent to the corresponding standard C isXXX function. For example, [:alnum:] designates those characters for which isalnum() returns true - i.e., any alphabetic or numeric. Some systems don't provide isblank(), so flex defines [:blank:] as a blank or a tab.
For example, the following character classes are all equivalent:
[[:alnum:]] [[:alpha:][:digit:]] [[:alpha:]0-9] [a-zA-Z0-9]
Some notes on patterns:
- A negated character class such as the example "[^A-Z]" above will match a newline unless " (or an equivalent escape sequence) is one of the characters explicitly present in the negated character class (e.g., "[^A-Z "). This is unlike how many other regular expression tools treat negated character classes, but unfortunately the inconsistency is historically entrenched. Matching newlines means that a pattern like [^"]* can match the entire input unless there's another quote in the input.
- A rule can have at most one instance of trailing context (the '/' operator or the '$' operator). The start condition, '^', and "<>" patterns can only occur at the


text:
Serra da Canastra National Park was created in April 1972 during the Brazilian dictatorship, with the initial aim of protecting the River São Francisco, which, apart from being a historical symbol, is one of the most important rivers and hydrographical basins of the country. Its limits were established of approximately 200,000 hectares, but only 71,525 hectares are under park's management. Today, the park is under the conservation control of the Chico Mendes Institute, which manages the park, and IBAMA, who polices it – both are part of the Federal Ministry of the Environment. The territory of the reserve as it stands today is located within three municipalities: São Roque de Minas, Sacramento and Delfinópolis, in the state of Minas Gerais.
The Cerrado ecosystem covers 23% of Brazilian territory, equalling 200 million hectares. The reserve represents 3.8% of the Cerrado area that is protected by federal legislation under the title of Federal Conservation Unity. The Management Plan document (2005) of the park states that in 1999 International Conservation published a document – "Priority Actions to the Conservation of the Biodiversity of Cerrado and Pantanal" – where Serra da Canastra National Park was considered of great conservation priority. _URL_


Answer :
The answer is no. This is because in a gamma decay, neither the proton number nor the neutron number changes. Only the quantum numbers of nucleons changes.
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throughput does not degrade because the forwarder is waiting on the indexer for acknowledgment, you should ordinarily retain the default setting of maxQueueSize=auto. In rare cases, you might need to increase the wait queue size, so that the forwarder has sufficient space to maintain all blocks in memory while waiting for acknowledgments to arrive. On the other hand, if you have many forwarders feeding a single indexer and a moderate number of data sources per forwarder, you might be able to conserve a few megabytes of memory by using a smaller size.
When the receiver is a forwarder, not an indexer
You can also use indexer acknowledgment when the data transmission occurs via an intermediate forwarder; that is, where an originating forwarder sends the data to an intermediate forwarder, which then forwards it to the indexer. For this scenario, if you want to use indexer acknowledgment, it is recommended that you enable it along all segments of the data transmission. That way, you can ensure that the data gets delivered along the entire path from originating forwarder to indexer.
Assume you have an originating forwarder that sends data to an intermediate forwarder, which in turn forwards that data to an indexer. To enable indexer acknowledgment along the entire line of transmission, you must enable it twice: first for the segment between originating forwarder and intermediate forwarder, and again for the segment between intermediate forwarder and indexer.
If you enable both segments of the transmission, the intermediate forwarder waits until it receives acknowledgment from the indexer and then it sends acknowledgment back to the originating forwarder.
However, if you enable just one of the segments, you only get indexer acknowledgment over that part of the transmission. For example, say indexer acknowledgment is enabled for the segment from originating forwarder to intermediate forwarder but not for the segment from intermediate forwarder to indexer. In this case, the intermediate forwarder sends acknowledgment back to the originating forwarder as soon as it sends the data on to the indexer. It then relies on TCP to safely deliver the data to the indexer. Because indexer acknowledgment is not enabled for this second segment, the intermediate forwarder cannot verify delivery of the data to the indexer. This second case has limited value and is not recommended.
Last modified on 18 December, 2018
Configure an intermediate forwarder
Route and filter data
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text:
B. de la Iglesia, J. C. W. Debuse, V. J. Rayward-Smth
In this paper we describe our experiences of using simulated annealing and genetic algorithms to perform data mining for a large financial service sector company. We first explore the requirements that data mining systems must meet to be useful in most real commercial environments. We then look at some of the available data mining techniques, including our own heuristic techniques, and how they perform with respect to those requirements. The results of applying the techniques to two commercial databases are also shown and analyzed.


Question: Is Regular Corn Flour The Same As Whole Grain Flour
December 30, 2009
Anonymous's picture
Although corn (or maize) is considered a whole grain, when referred to in powder form, corn flour is not considered to be the same as whole grain flour. Whole grain flour typically refers to wheat flour derived from grinding whole grain into flour.


text:
Drilling for oil in Ohio began in 1860. Drillers opened the first oil well in Ohio history near Macksburg, in Washington County. Additional wells soon appeared in Washington County and Noble County as well. By 1950, various companies had drilled more than 175,000 wells in forty-five Ohio counties. These wells had produced approximately 615 millions of oil. Most of Ohio's oil reserves are located in northwestern and eastern parts of the state, with the largest concentrations being located south of Toledo. As of 1950, oil companies guessed that the equivalent of another twenty-eight million barrels of oil remained under Ohio's surface.
During the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, numerous Ohio companies amassed fortunes from the oil industry. The Standard Oil Company came to dominate oil refining during this era, having a virtual monopoly. As the federal government sought to prohibit monopolies during the late 1800s and the early 1900s, Standard Oil lost its stranglehold over the industry. By the start of the twentieth century, oil drilling in the United States had shifted from states like Ohio to locations in the American Southwest. Ohio companies also moved westward. The Ohio Oil Company began to drill for oil in the Rocky Mountains during the early 1900s, although it also continued to extract oil from Ohio's soil. At the start of the twenty-first century, Ohio still produces some oil. In 1981, more than six thousand new wells appeared in the state, although companies drilled fewer than seven hundred new wells in 1993.


text:
Extending around a circular loop within the fortified walls of Paris is an abandoned railway that once connected the city's five main lines. Completed in 1852, the Chemin de fer de Petite Ceinture has been partially abandoned since 1934 and completely silent for the last few years. The tracks and several stations remain intact, though its future is the subject of ongoing debate.
Meaning "Little Belt Railway", the Chemin de fer de Petite Ceinture was conceived in 1848 as a means of transporting and dispersing troops swifty around the city's major fortifications. At a time of revolution in France and across Europe, the military became increasingly reliant on the expanding railway network.
France's railways initially extended outwards from Paris like the spokes of a wheel. Five competing companies monopolized the routes, each reluctant to build connections to rival lines. As a result, passengers had to ride into Paris to change trains before heading to their final destinations.
This was particularly frustrating for the French military, and the Chemin de fer de Petite Ceinture sought to counter the problem within Paris itself. Deals were eventually struck and the line was contructed to connect the city's main stations, with a junction to Gare de l'Ouest, which was not physically on the route.
But despite its obvious utility, traffic gradually declined and the line was largely closed between 1924 and 1934. Only one branch – Ligne d'Auteuil – remained open and was electrified in 1925. It finally closed 60 years later. The line was seldom used thereafter and is now completely abandoned.
The future of Chemin de fer de Petite Ceinture remains uncertain. Proposals to repurpose the abandoned railway as part of a tramway (known as Line 3) didn't come to fruition, and railway enthusiasts have lobbied to protect the line and its remaining stations as part of France's national heritage.
Unlike other countries – such as Britain – where thousands of miles of railway infrastructure were torn-up shortsightedly in the 1960s, France's abandoned railways have often been replaced with improved lines. So the reality is that Chemin de fer de Petite Ceinture might not be needed, but it's an important part of Parisian history that appeals to a broader audience than merely urban explorers.
Let us know your thoughts on the repurposing of this historic railway – perhaps a public park like the New York City High Line?
Keep reading – visit another abandoned Paris Railway turned pretty urban green space – the Promenade Plantée – and explore the city subway's mysterious ghost stations.


text:
Black patients with type 2 diabetes experience more heart attacks, strokes, and end-stage kidney disease, compared with whites. Yet, blacks appear to have considerably lower rates of clinical coronary artery disease, compared with whites, according to study reported in Diabetologia (December 2005). The study involved >1100 patients with type 2 diabetes participating in a diabetes heart study.
For the study, the researchers investigated whether there were ethnic differences in the amount of calcified plaque found in the coronary and carotid arteries. The researchers determined that calcified plaque in the arteries was significantly lower in blacks than whites. The black participants, however, had a more negative risk factor profile and dramatically thicker walls of the carotid artery.


Villains Wikia
Planner (Sgt. Fury)
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(Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos#119 (fb, BTS)) - Heindrich Von Wilhelm Innsbruck was born in the early 1800's. In 1840, he oversaw the construction of Hawk Eyrie in Switzerland, which became his personal castle. With his great intellect, he was able to create devices to prolong his life, and served as an aide to Count Otto Von Bismarck for most of Bismarck's life. By the 1940's, Innsbruck was in the service of Nazi Germany, and served as the head of all German military strategy.
(Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos#119) - On October 10, 1944, the Howling Commandos were sent to Hawk Eyrie to kill the reclusive Innsbruck, but Innsbruck's guards, led by Rudolph Kruuger, were able to defeat the Howlers. Kruuger brought the Howling Commandos before Innsbruck, who revealed to them the devices he had been using to prolong his life. Sgt. Fury attacked the Planner and his men, but the Planner brought him down with his laser gun, and ordered his men to imprison the Commandos so that he could use their bodies in his experiments.
However, the Howlers managed to escape their guards and returned to the Planner. While Sgt. Fury kept a gun on Innsbruck, "Izzy" Cohen was able to rewire the Planner's devices, and set his laboratory to explode. Unable to move, Innsbruck was apparently slain when Hawk Eyrie was blown apart by the explosion.
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text:
Version 5 Manual
PingPlotter's web interface allows administrators to create custom user profiles to prevent users from editing PingPlotter targets and summaries.
Enabling multi-user management
To enable multi-user management, you must first create an admin login. In the PingPlotter program, under Edit → Options → Web Server, select Require Login and enter your preferred username and password.
To create a new user profile for PingPlotter's web interface, log into the web interface using your admin credentials. In the upper navbar, you will see the option to Manage Users.
On this screen, you can create a new user by selecting Create User. You will be asked to enter an email address (which will be used as the new username), a new password, and user permissions.
Defining user permissions
Each user permission enables specific management privileges for a section of the web interface:
- Trace Management — The user may:
- Add new targets to the All Targets summary and New Target windows
- Pause active traces
- Resume paused traces
- Reset and restart traces
- Stop and remove traces
- Summary Management — The user may:
- Create new summaries
- Rename summaries
- Delete summaries
- Add traces to summaries
- Remove traces from summaries
- Create Live Shares of summaries
- Edit Live Share link expiration dates
- Enable Live Share links
- Disable Live Share links
- Delete Live Share links
- Access all Live Share URLs
- User Management — The user may:
- Create new users
- Delete users
- Edit user passwords
- Edit user permissions
A user may also be given none of these permissions, essentially creating a read-only user login. In that case, the user will only be able to:
- View targets and summaries
- See live data
- Download data
- Open timegraphs
- View historical data
- Edit browser-specific views (Columns, column-width, focus, etc.)
Once a user is created, the login and permissions can be modified or deleted by the admin or anyone with User Management privileges.
**The feature in this topic is exclusive to PingPlotter Pro. See our product comparison page for more details**


text:
Curated by Katherine Isham
The Medical Historical Library announces a new exhibition in our reading room: "The Enduring Appeal of 'The Doctor'" featuring recent gifts from medical historian Bert Hansen, Ph.D. "The Doctor," painted by Sir Luke Fildes in 1891, has been a popular and influential image in the history of medicine for more than a century. The painting of a Victorian doctor attending a sick child in a poor workman's cottage held great appeal for the general public, who responded to the sympathetic portrayal. Members of the medical profession embraced the painting as a depiction of the ideal physician firmly rooted in the humanitarian traditions of medicine and not defined by the pristine clinical coldness of laboratory science which was redefining modern medicine at the end of the 19th century. By 1900, over one million prints of "The Doctor" were sold in the United States alone.


text:
lbs to kilogrammes
The following utility will enable you to convert mass/weight expressed in lbs to kilogrammes
To convert lbs to kilogrammes divide by 2.204622. I've generated some hopefully helpful examples randomly below, as with most random sentences please excuse the repetitive and occasionally comic outcomes.
How many kilogrammes of lentils are there in 520 lbs? Just divide by 2.204622 to get the answer of _PHONE_ kilogrammes.
You've got 380 lbs of flour but someone only wants to buy that in units of kilogrammes, to change the units divide by 2.204622. Now you have _PHONE_ kilogrammes.
To convert 550 lbs into kilogrammes divide by 2.204622 giving _PHONE_ kilogrammes.
You have 220 lbs of butter but you need to know how many kilogrammes that is. To get the answer divide by 2.204622 which gives you 99.79035 kilogrammes.


PALL MALL MILITARY SERIES CAVALRY ON SERVICE Illustrated by the advance of the German cavalry across the Mosel in 1870
This is a well written and accurate account of a large mass of German cavalry on service patrol, based on events during the The Battle of Spicheren during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. With good coloured maps comprehensively showing the German cavalry on every second day,and a very full index that gives the most important duties and the amount of instruction that can be gained. An detailed and scholarly work that is rare in it's original 1908 edition.


Pre - Test
This is the same pre-test that sent out when you first join the dragonpalm101 yahoogroup
Dragon Palm Circle
Wicca 101
This is not really a test, but answer every question as best you can. This will help us in teaching the class this year. Many of the questions have no right or wrong answers -
 1. What is a Witch
 2. What is Wicca
 3. How long have you been on this path?
 4. What do you expect to get out of Wicca 101.
 5. What books have you read.
 6. What percentage of your current knowledge of Wicca come from.
 1. Books
 2. Movies
 3. Internet
 4. Friends
 5. Another Wicca class
 6. Coven
 1. Who is Gerald Gardner
 2. What is a Book Of Shadows
 3. What is the difference between Magick and magic
 4. Who is Raymond Buckland?
 5. What is your main reason for taking Wicca 101
 6. Do you know how to cast circle
 7. In what direction to you start when you are casting circle
 8. What is the importance of the Year and a Day.
 9. What candles on an Alter represent the God and Goddess and why
 10. Give a list of all Craft tools that you know of and what they are used for.
 11. What is a Warlock
 12. Who is Silver RavenWolf
 13. What is a Coven
 14. What is an elder?


text:
Have you ever wondered if there's an easy way to swap cells in Excel?
Well, you're in luck!
This article is all about swapping cells in Excel without any hassle or complicated methods.
We'll walk you through the process step-by-step, making it as simple as a drag and drop.
This tutorial shows three methods for swapping cells in Excel.
Method #1: Use Drag and Drop to Swap Adjacent Cells in Excel
This is the best way to swap two cells (especially if you're trying to swap two adjacent cells)
In the below dataset, values in cells A4 and B4 have been interchanged due to a data entry error.
We can use the drag and drop to swap cells A4 and B4 and correct the data entry error.
Below are the steps to do this:
- Select cell A4, point to the cell's right border, and notice the four-headed arrow.
- Press and hold down the "Shift" key, drag to the right border of cell B4, and notice a display of a thick green bracket icon ( 工). While holding the "Shift" key, release the mouse button.
The cells A4 and B4 are swapped as shown below:
Note: You can also use this method to swap adjacent rows or columns.
Also read: How to Select Visible Cells Only in Excel?
Method #2: Use Cut and Insert Cut Cells to Swap Adjacent Cells in Excel
Let's consider the below dataset where values in cells A4 and B4 have been interchanged due to a data entry error.
We can use the "Cut" and "Insert Cut Cells" commands to swap cells A4 and B4 and correct the data entry error.
Below are the steps to do this:
- Right-click cell B4 and choose "Cut" on the context menu.
Alternatively, select cell B4 and press Ctrl + X.
- Right-click cell A4 and choose "Insert Cut Cells" on the shortcut menu.
Alternatively, select cell A4 and press the Ctrl + Shift + "+" shortcut.
Cells A4 and B4 are swapped as shown below:
Note: You can also use this method to swap only adjacent columns or rows.
Also read: How to Rearrange Rows In Excel
Method #3: Use Excel VBA Code to Swap Non-Adjacent Cells in Excel
Suppose we want to swap the columns for "Capital City" and "State" in the dataset below to arrange the data in a more logical order.
We can use Excel VBA code to accomplish the task.
Below are the steps to do this:
- Press Alt + F11 to open the Visual Basic Editor.
- Open the "Insert" menu and choose "Module" to insert a module.
- Copy the following code and paste it into the module:
Sub Swap2NonAdjacentRanges() Dim Rng1 As Range Dim Rng2 As Range Dim arr1 As Variant Dim arr2 As Variant Set Rng1 = Application.Selection Set Rng1 = Application.InputBox("Range1:",, Rng1.Address, Type:=8) Set Rng2 = Application.InputBox("Range2:",, Type:=8) Application.ScreenUpdating = False arr1 = Rng1.Value arr2 = Rng2.Value Rng1.Value = arr2 Rng2.Value = arr1 Application.ScreenUpdating = True End Sub
- Save the file as an Excel Macro-Enabled Workbook.
- Press Alt + F11 to switch to the active worksheet containing the dataset.
- Select the first cell range that you want to be swapped. In this example, we select the cell range A1:A6.
- Press Alt + F8 to activate the "Macro" dialog box, select the "Swap2NonAdjacentRanges" macro on the "Macro name" list box, and click "Run."
- Click "OK" on the first "Input" dialog box, displaying the reference of the first cell range we want to be swapped.
- Select the second cell range that you want to be swapped. In this example, we select the cell range C1:C6. Notice that the cell reference is entered in the second "Input" dialog box.
- Click "OK" on the second "Input" dialog box.
The "Capital City" and "State" cell ranges are interchanged as shown below:
Note: Always keep the target ranges equal in size when using this method.
Explanation of the Code
Let's go over the code step by step to understand how it performs the swap operation:
1. Variable Declarations:
- 'Dim Rng1 As Range' and 'Dim Rng2 As Range': Declare two variables, "Rng1" for the first data range and "Rng2" for the second cell range.
- 'Dim arr1 As Variant' and 'Dim arr2 As Variant': Declare two array variables named "arr1" and "arr2" to store values from their respective ranges. The variables are of "Variant" data type, so they can handle data of unknown or mixed types.
2. Range Selection:
- 'Set Rng1 = Application.Selection': Sets the "Rng1" variable to the currently selected range, allowing the user to choose a range before running the macro.
- 'Set Rng1 = Application.InputBox("Range1:",, Rng1.Address, Type:=8)': Displays an input box to the user with the prompt "Range1:" and initially sets the input value to the address of "Rng1." This line allows the user to change or specify the first range by manually entering or selecting it. The "Type:=8" parameter indicates that the input should be treated as a range.
- 'Set Rng2 = Application.InputBox("Range2:",, Type:=8)': Displays another input box to the user with the prompt "Range2:" and allows the user to specify the second range by manually entering or selecting it. The "Type:=8" parameter indicates that the input should be treated as a range.
3. Turning off Screen Updating:
- 'Application.ScreenUpdating = False': Disables screen updating to prevent flickering and improve performance while the macro executes.
4. Value Assignment:
- 'arr1 = Rng1.Value': Stores the values from the first range ("Rng1") in the "arr1" array variable.
- 'arr2 = Rng2.Value': Stores the values from the second range ("Rng2") in the "arr2" array variable.
5. Swapping Values:
- 'Rng1.Value = arr2': Assigns the values from "arr2" (second range) to the cells in "Rng1" (first range), effectively swapping the values.
- 'Rng2.Value = arr1': Assigns the values from "arr1" (first range) to the cells in "Rng2" (second range), completing the swap operation.
6. Turning on Screen Updating:
- 'Application.ScreenUpdating = True': Re-enables screen updating, allowing Excel to display changes made by the macro.
This tutorial showed three methods for swapping cells in Excel. We hope you found the tutorial helpful.
Also read: How to Swap Columns in Excel?
Situations where Swapping Cells in Excel is Useful
Swapping cells in Excel can be helpful when you need to rearrange or reorganize data.
Here are four scenarios where you may need to swap cells:
- To correct data entry errors: In case of data entry mistakes where you must interchange the content of two cells to rectify the error, swapping cells can be a convenient solution that saves time and effort.
- To put data in desired or more logical order: When importing data from external sources, the structure or order may not be as expected. Swapping columns or rows can help you to match your needs.
- To change priorities or categories: In the case of managing projects or analyzing data, you can modify the priority level of a task by switching cells from "High" to "Low." You can also delegate a project to a different team or category or rearrange the items on a to-do list according to changing priorities.
- Comparing Data: If you want to compare two sets of data side by side, you may need to swap rows or columns to align corresponding data points. This process is often necessary when reconciling data.
Instead of cutting and pasting or retyping the values, various methods for swapping cells can save you time and make the process more efficient.
Other articles you may also like:


text:
A SeaLaunch Zenit launch vehicle experienced an 'unusual' event during the 31 May launch of Intelsat 19. Despite reaching its assigned transfer orbit, the Space Systems Loral LS-1300-based satellite fully deployed only one of its two solar arrays.
"Boeing engineers did note an unexpected, isolated event around 72sec after launch, which registered on microphones and pressure sensors," says Energia, which SeaLaunch contracts to deliver and launch the vehicles. "We have only seen this one other time out of the 31 flights and while it is premature to speculate on its origin until further analysis is complete, it bears a striking resemblance to a prior Space Systems/Loral mission."
Boeing builds the Zenit's payload adaptor, which is heavily instrumented to monitor the health of the spacecraft and satellite.
"The data available on Intelsat-19 very clearly indicates that this is not the same issue that we had last year," says Intelsat. "Not including Intelsat 19, five more 1300 satellites have been launched with ten successful solar array wing deployments."
The prior mission referenced by Energia is the Telstar/Estrela do Sul 1 satellite, another LS-1300 bus which suffered a similar anomaly during liftoff, resulting in non-deployment of one of its solar arrays. According to the Flightglobal/Ascend database, "Sound sensors picked up an explosive sound during that part of flight and it is thought that the array broke then. Although the exact cause of the event could not be determined, telemetry data indicated that the fairing was not a cause or contributing factor to the event on the spacecraft."
Estrela do Sul 1 was declared a partial loss, and due to limited power and fuel it was retired after only five years of operation. The follow-on satellite, referenced by Intelsat, called Estrela do Sul 2, also deployed only a single solar array due to an unrelated problem.
Observers began to suspect a launch vehicle malfunction when SES elected to continue with the 20 June launch of SES 5, an LS-1300-based communications satellite. Were the satellite to blame, SES would likely have canceled the launch.


text:
For the purposes of my developing this argument, let's take my expression-apprehension model of interpretation as read. On this account, now, we can explain a great many problems that the standard "subsistent meaning" account generates. For instance, the standard account gets into great headaches about "the difference between what it meant and what it means today" (Krister Stendahl); on the expression-apprehension model, there is no static "meant" or "means" to diverge. Under particular circumstances two millennia ago, people apprehended a particular expression in several identifiable and explicable ways; today, people apprehend the words of that expression (usually in translation, in this example) in several identifiable and explicable ways, and that's just what we would expect. Is there an interesting, convincing vector of continuity among these apprehensions? My best answer to that sort of question involves the next paragraph.
A second persistent toothache for the standard account involves the question of how one gets from "meaning" to "application". It's all very well, we are told, to develop a technical argument that some biblical passage "means" X, but how do we apply that in the lifeworld? I answer that an argument about a text's "meaning" that does not already (or imminently) correspond to a manner of living can be correct only in the most narrow of senses. In other words, "application" is not a problem to be solved in theory; ethos is itself a primary commentary on any purported textual application.


Decision : 29 COM 7B.62
Historic Centre of Shakhrisyabz (Uzbekistan)
The World Heritage Committee,
2. Recalling its Decision 28 COM 15B.68 adopted at its 28th session (Suzhou, 2004),
3. Congratulates the State Party of Uzbekistan for the advances made in the management and protection of the property;
4. Notes, however, that a real management plan for the property would still need to be prepared, based on the principles set out in the Operational Guidelines;
5. Requests the State Party, with assistance from the World Heritage Centre and the Advisory Bodies, to develop a comprehensive Management Plan specifically targeted at the situation in Shakhrisyabz, clearly based on the outstanding universal value of the property as recognized by the World Heritage Committee and in accordance with the principles set out in the Operational Guidelines (paragraphs 96-119). This should include a description of the physical attributes that it aims to conserve, specific activities to protect these attributes and provisions for a monitoring their state of conservation, as well as details on how the management system operates in aspects such as decision-making structure, budgeting, monitoring, specific conservation/restoration projects, etc.;
6. Further requests the State Party to submit, to the World Heritage Centre a report, by 1 February 2006, on the progress achieved on the implementation of the above recommendation, for examination by the Committee at its 30th session (Vilnius, 2006).
Themes: Conservation
Focal Point: APA
States Parties: Uzbekistan
Year: 2005
Decision Code: 29 COM 7B.62


text:
During the 1600′s, European colonies were founded in the New World. Among the earliest families to arrive in New England were the Daniels who settled in Dorchester and Milton, Massachusetts, and the Blisses who settled in Springfield, Massachusetts.
The first Winegar in our records was Ulrich who was born in Switzerland in 1668 and by the end of the century was living in southern Germany under extremely harsh conditions.
Our earliest record of the Stephensons was Henry who was married in 1691. The Stephensons lived in Lincolnshire on the east coast of England.


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Athletic Head Coach, Spring Girls Softball - Edison (Marcy and Northeast)
Date: Apr 13, 2021
Location: Minneapolis, MN, US
Company: Minneapolis Public Schools
Below is specific information for you to consider about this position.
Job Title: Athletic Head Coach, Spring Girls Softball - Edison (Marcy and Northeast) and Requisition ID number: 70712
Close Date: No established closing date; open until filled
Organizational Unit: Edison High (_PHONE_)
Site: Edison (0352)
Union: Misc(40)
Functional Area: Athletic Coach
Minneapolis Public Schools Coaches are teachers of athletic activities. In this role, they have specific duties and responsibilities. Some of these duties and responsibilities include the following:
* Monitor and support the academic progress of the athletes in the program. Aid athletes in meeting the academic eligibility requirements and maximizing their academic potential.
* Be responsible for the instruction and supervision of the fundamentals and specific direction of the program so that each and every athlete has the equal opportunity to improve.
* Abide by the rules of the game in letter and spirit.
* Know, understand, support and adhere to school, district, state and national policies and philosophies.
* Keep an up-to-date list of team members by grade and ID number.
* Provide an environment free of safety hazards.
* Constantly and consistently maintain exemplary conduct at practices and games that reflect an attitude of respect and courtesy toward teammates, opponents, officials and spectators and require team members to do the same.
* Plan, organize and supervise regular practice sessions to include an effective conditioning program and provide an opportunity for every athlete to improve.
* Understand and practice the proper care and prevention of injuries.
* Attend rules interpretation meetings yearly to stay currently informed of the rules of the sport or activity and hold preseason meetings with parents and athletes.
* Know, understand, support and adhere to the state, district and school eligibility rules. In addition, aid the Building Athletic Director in counseling students on these rules so they will not participate in any activity that will jeopardize their eligibility.
* Assist the Building Athletic Director with the collection and maintenance of required records including physical exam forms, eligibility bulletins, parent permission form, insurance disclaimer form, participation fees, transportation requests and award winners.
* Assist the Building Athletic Director in establishing a non-conference schedule.
* Request and schedule district-arranged transportation whenever needed.
* Establish and implement an awards (lettering) policy for the sport or activity.
* Provide each athlete and Building Athletic Director with written expectations with regard to attendance, attitude, procedure for communicating with coaches when students cannot attend games or practices, squad size and procedures for selecting the squad, bus procedures, etc. These rules should be distributed at the initial team meeting and to any student who may join the team after the initial meeting.
* Submit a statement concerning how you will promote multicultural, gender fair and students with disabilities in your program
* Responsible for supervision of all student athletes during practices, games and on buses. This is to include making sure students get on and off buses before and after each game. Coaches are responsible for clearing and securing areas (field, gyms, and locker rooms) BEFORE LEAVING THE BUILDING. All athletes and at least one coach must use transportation provided by the school district.
Minneapolis Public Schools strongly encourages diverse candidates to apply.
Posting Notes: | [No Established Closing Date] | Edison High (_PHONE_) | Edison (0352) | Athletic Coach
Nearest Major Market: Minneapolis
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cal H^n$ and $\mathcal H^{n+1}$. The $n$-ball has positive $\mathcal H^n$-volume, while its $\mathcal H^{n+1}$-volume vanishes, since there is really no $(n+1)$-dimensional interior in an $n$-ball. To compare the volumes $\mathcal H^{n}(B^n)$ and $\mathcal H^{n+1}(B^{n+1})$ under a common measure, we make use of $\mathcal H^{n}(A)=\mathcal H^{n+1}(A\times[0,1])$. – Christoph Aug 22 '13 at 11:08
Could you explain why are you working with a cylinder of height two instead of height one? Shouldn't we compare $B^{n+1}$ with $B^n \times [\textrm{something with length one}]$? Otherwise we do double the volume. Everything else makes sense to me. I just don't understand "but it is a matter of radius as already discussed". – Fixed Point Aug 23 '13 at 8:53
_USER_ Just because "height" (diameter) of the unit-ball is $2$. If our default ball has radius $1/2$, then I would work with some unit interval. The difference between those cases is a factor proportional to the radius and dependence radius ~ volume was discussed in the first paragraph. – savick01 Aug 23 '13 at 9:36
Your Answer


text:
Also found in: Medical.
a color reaction used for the qualitative and quantitative identification of amino acids, imino acids, and amines. Upon heating in an alkaline medium with substances containing primary amino groups (— NH2), ninhydrin (triketohydrindene hydrate, C9H6O4) yields a product with a stable deep blue-violet color, with maximum absorption at about 570 nanometers. Since absorption at this wavelength is a linear function of the number of free amino groups, the ninhydrin reaction is the primary means of quantitative identification of amino groups in colorimetry and spectrophotometry. The ninhydrin reaction is also used to detect secondary amino groups (> NH) in imino acids (proline and hydroxyproline); a bright yellow product is obtained as a result of the test.
The sensitivity of the ninhydrin reaction is up to 0.01 percent. Modern automatic amino-acid analysis is carried out by combining the ion-exchange separation of amino acids and their quantitative identification using the ninhydrin reaction. The reaction is also used to detect each type of amino acid present in quantities no smaller than 2–5 micrograms when techniques of paper chromatography are used to separate mixtures of amino acids.
E. N. SAFONOVA


text:
The Tec Trimix 65 Course with DIVE KAWARTHA
This course opens up the advantages of trimix to the diver, and divers are qualified to make multi-stop decompression dives that employ EANx and oxygen for accelerated decompression, and any trimix with an oxygen content of 18% or more.
They can dive to a maximum depth of 65 metres/210 feet.
What You'll Learn
The PADI Tec Trimix 65 course is intended to extend the depth range of technical divers already trained and qualified to use air, enriched air and oxygen for technical decompression dives beyond 50 metres /165 feet.
This course is for Tec 50 divers (or those holding a qualifying certification from another training organization). The course extends your depth range capabilities by training you to use trimix (a blend of helium, oxygen and nitrogen).
- Plan and execute at least five dives using EANx and trimix blends
- Use decompression software to create custom dive tables and dive plans
- Make training dives as deep as 65 metres/210 feet
Scuba Gear You'll Use
- Double cylinders (minimum 12 litre/70 cubic feet each, with larger preferred) with isolator manifold
- Primary and secondary regulators, one with two metre/seven foot hose (approximately) for gas sharing, and one with SPG
- Stage/decompression cylinders with regulator, SPG, mounting hardware and proper labeling/markings. Two per diver will be required
- Backup decompression cylinders as appropriate and required for the environment
- BCD and harness – redundant buoyancy control is required (double bladder BCD or dry suit if suitable for weight of equipment worn)
- Depth gauge/computer and backup depth gauge/computer
- Timing device and backup timing device
- Trimix decompression information (tables/trimix computer) and backup decompression information
- Exposure suit appropriate for environment and dive duration. (If you use a dry suit, you should be trained/experienced with its use in recreational and technical diving prior to using it for trimix training or diving.)
- Argon dry suit inflation or other inflation system as needed
- Weight system (if needed)
- Jon line (if needed for current diving environments)
- Inflatable signal tube
- Lift bag (bright yellow or per local community practice preferred)
- Dive knife / cutting device and backup slate, backup mask (optional)
- Compass, lights (optional)
- Drift kit (if drift decompressing)
Learning Materials You'll Need
Tec Trimix Diver Crew-Pak which includes all required materials, including: manual, deep stop calculation table, trimix decal and emergency procedures slate.
Topics covered include:
- Trimix diving depth ranges
- Exposure planning
- Selecting a mix
- Argon inflation systems
- Handling three or four decompression cylinders
- Decompression models
- Emergency procedures
- Face masks and multi-gas computers.
To purchase this product, contact us.
- Be a PADI Rescue Diver (or hold a qualifying certification from another organization and having proof of CPR and first aid training with the previous two years).
- Be certified as a Tec 50 (or hold a qualifying certification from another organization)
- Be at least 18 years old
- Have logged at least 100 dives
- Have a medical form signed by your physician.
- Contact us to take the Discover Tec Diving experience.
- Ask a Scuba Expert
- Download a scuba medical questionnaire (PDF)
No Courses Found


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Whenever there is an interaction between a PC and hardware, most of the time, we are communicating either through a serial port or a parallel port. Here we will see how serial communication is done in.NET 2003 using the Microsoft Communication control (MSComm). There are of course many ways by which we can communicate serially without using the MSComm control.
Communication in PCs happens through COM ports. We choose a COM port open it. Before we open the COM port, we set the COM properties like baud rate, parity bit, handshaking, input mode, etc.
The MSComm control allows you to establish a connection to a serial port and connect to another computer or modem, issue commands, and respond to various events.
Adding the MSComm control in.NET
Note: MSCOMM32.OCX is a registered Microsoft component that comes with Visual Basic 6.0.
- Go to Tools -> Add/Remove Items.
- Click on the COM Components tab.
- Click on Browse, then go to Windows - > System32 folder.
- Choose file type as COM components, choose MSCOMM32.OCX, click on Open.
- Click on the OK button of Customize Toolbox.
Setting MSComm properties before opening a COM port
Select and add the "Microsoft Communications Control, version 6.0" control (the Telephone control) onto your form. Set its name property to COM. Here is how we use the control:
private void InitComPort()
com.CommPort = 1;
com.RThreshold = 1;
com.Settings = "9600, n, 8, 1";
com.Handshaking = MSCommLib.HandshakeConstants.comNone;
com.InputMode = MSCommLib.InputModeConstants.comInputModeText;
com.InputLen = 0;
com.NullDiscard = false;
com.OnComm += new System.EventHandler(this.OnComm);
InitComPort() method in form load or in the form's constructor after
InitializeComponent(). Note: We can set the
InputMode property to text mode or binary mode.
OnComm event is used to handle the communication events.
OnComm also handles communication errors.
In order to call the
OnComm event of the MSComm component, we have to set the
Rthreshold property to 1 and attach an event handler. We can either loop through the input buffer if input buffer count is greater than 0 and read data until some specified time is elapsed and then process the data, or you can use the
OnComm events to receive output data from a hardware.
You can wait for characters to be received:
while com.InputBufferCount >= 5
Wait for five characters to receive and then you process the read data.
Properties of MSComm
Break: If the
Break property is set to
true the transmission of characters is suspended until you set it to
false. If you want, you can place a timer where you can set some delay and set the
Break property to
CTS: This is the clear-to-send property usually sent from the modem to the computer to indicate that the transmission can proceed. If the
CTS property returns
true when polled, you can send a command.
Comport: You can set the COM port value between 1 to 16. If the port doesn't exist, MSComm generates device error 68.
InBufferCount: Refers to the number of characters waiting in the buffer that you can read; if
InBufferCount > 0, you can read the data.
CommEvent: Returns the most recent error or event occurred; to determine the actual event or error occurred, you must reference the
comEventBreak - A break signal is received.
comEventFrame - Hardware detected a framing error.
comEventOverrun - A character was not read from the hardware before the next character arrived and was lost.
comEventRxOver - Received buffer overflow.
comEventRxParity - Hardware detected a parity error.
comEventTxFull - Transmit buffer full.
comEventDCB - Unexpected error retrieving device control block for the port.
comEvSend: There is fewer than
SThreshold number of characters in the transmitting buffer.
RThreshold number of characters. This event is generated continuously until you read the data from the receiving buffer.
comEvCTS: Change is clear to send line.
comEvDSR: Change in data set ready line; this event is generated only when DSR changes from 1 to 0.
comEvCD: Changes in carrier detect line.
comEvRing: Ring detected; note: some UARTs may not support this.
comEvEOF: End of file character received.
Syntax: object.Setting =
The calue is composed of "BBBB, P, D, S", where:
- BBBB -> baud rate
- P -> parity bit
- D -> number of data bits
- S -> number of stop bits
The default value is "9600, N, 8, 1".
OutBufferCount: Returns the number of characters currently waiting in the transmitting buffer. You can also use this to clear the transmitting buffer by setting the
OutBufferCount property to 0.
OutBufferSize: Returns the total size of the transmitting buffer; the default value is 512 bytes.
NullDiscard: If set to false, null characters are transferred from the port to the receiving buffer.
Handshaking: This property ensures that data is not lost due to buffer overrun. When the data from the hardware is received and directly read without moving into the receiving buffer, there may be chances of losing some characters because the characters may arrive too quickly. You can use this property and synchronize the communication.
InputMode: It determines how the data will be retrieved through the input property; you can read the data either as string or binary data in a byte array.
Using the code
Here we will see how you can serially communicate between two systems using GSM modems. The following things are done: Dial the GSM number from one system by clicking the Dial button. From the other system, send a command to accept the call (data). You will get a response CONNET 9600 when the connection is established between the two modems connected to the different systems. Once the data call is established, you can send data and it's received on the other end. Similarly, you can send data from another system. To send a message, type the message and click on the Send button. To disconnect, you can disconnect at any end just by closing the COM port. In the GUI, you should click on the Disconnect button.
Note: after connecting the GSM modem, dial from one system by clicking the Dial button; on the other system, you will get the response as a RING, RING. Now you can connect by specifying the command ATA\n and then send CONNECT 9600\n which will establish the connection.
Initialize the COM port by calling
OnComm event shown below receives whenever there is a response from the hardware. Note: the input mode of the COM port is set to Text so that you can process the text read. Sleep for a while until you receive the full response, then read the response using
ProcessResponseText is used to display the response in a RichTextBox.
private void OnComm(object sender, EventArgs e)
if (com.InBufferCount > 0)
The input string contains CONNECT 9600 when the connection is established from a GSM Modem. Note: while you communicate between two systems using GSM modems, say for example by using a WaveComm modem, the SIM must be enabled for making data calls. In such cases, after the connection is established, you can send data across the system.
If you receive text data as response:
private void ProcessResponseText(string input)
if( input.Trim().Equals("CONNECT 9600"))
rtfTerminal.AppendText(input + "\n");
When the user clicks on the Dial button, send the AT command to dial the other modem. The command for dialing is ATD\n.
private void btn_dial_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
MessageBox.Show("Please Specify Phone Number", this.Text,
if(! com.PortOpen )
string command1=gsm_command + phone_number + "\n";
To disconnect, the Disconnect button needs to be clicked which will set
private void btn_disconnect_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
if( com.PortOpen )
To send messages, click on the Send Button after typing some messages. If you are communicating using a GSM modem by sending commands, then you have to send a byte array. Or else you can send messages as plain text.
private void btn_sendmessage_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
MessageBox.Show("Please Specify Command", this.Text,
if(! com.PortOpen )
msg=txt_sendmessage.Text.Trim() + "\n";
com.Output = System.Text.ASCIIEncoding.Default.GetBytes(msg);
Points of interest
Communicating through a serial port is a very interesting topic, that too using GSM modems. You can do a lot many things like you can programmatically send SMS, do remote communication etc.
It was nice playing with a serial port. This serial demo project wouldn't have been possible without the work by Noah Coad (_EMAIL_). I learnt about serial communication from his article, and worked on and modified his sample code to communicate with GSM modems.