(click here for plain-text source):
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from pylab import *
 sample_rate = 1000.0
 cf = 16 # carrier frequency
 mf = 2 # modulation frequency
 mod_index =.5 # modulation index
 fm_int = 0 # FM integral
 dt = []
 dfm = []
 for n in range(int(sample_rate)):
 t = n / sample_rate # time seconds
 mod = cos(2 * pi * mf * t) # modulation
 fm_int += mod * mod_index / sample_rate # modulation integral
 fm = cos(2 * pi * cf * (t + fm_int)) # generate FM signal
 In just a few lines, this listing produces what would be the most difficult part of a conventional (non-software) PLL design — a well-defined, controllable reference oscillator with few practical limitations. It also shows the advantage of the software design approach over the analog and integrated-circuit approaches — using the older methods, achieving the above result would lie somewhere between difficult and impossible.
 Also, because it's the model for all subsequent programs in this article, note the details of the program listing. The basic idea is that a counter represents small slices of time and governs the conversion process. This arrangement is fundamental to modern signal processing, where (in a practical software radio) an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter is the signal source, delivering signal samples on a regular time schedule, and the "sample rate" referenced in the above listing is the A/D converter's clock rate.
 - Output low-pass filter
 See Figure 2, yellow square. As mentioned earlier, it is often desirable to treat the feedback loop dynamics and the output differently. For example, one may wish to adjust the loop low-pass filter (Figure 2, green box) to allow the PLL to aggressively track a fast-changing video signal, but filter the output signal using a different profile, one that might prevent the PLL from successfully tracking the input signal if there was just one filter. The output low-pass filter isn't essential to the operation of the PLL, but it often produces a more acceptable result.
Software PLL I
Figure 6: PLL medium sweep-frequency test
In this section we will evaluate a typical software PLL with medium bandwidth, using an example written in Python.
 - Click here for a plain-text Python source file for this section's program.
 - Click here for a required additional module used to create the biquadratic filters.
This example generates a frequency-sweep test signal, mixes in some noise for realism, then applies the test signal to a phase-locked loop. (The horizontal scale of Figure 6 is the frequency of the test signal.) With respect to Figure 6:
 - The blue trace is the PLL transfer function, the PLL loop control signal that represents the demodulated FM signal. Note that within the lock range (from 1950 to 2050 Hz) it is perfectly straight, showing that it essentially duplicates the original modulation.
 - The green trace is a quadrature reference (a derivative of the PLL reference oscillator shifted by 90°) multiplied by the input signal. Unlike the PLL loop control signal, the quadrature result is at a maximum at the free-running frequency (2000 Hz). In this example, the quadrature result is used to detect the signal's presence and the lock state of the PLL.
 - The red trace is a logical level derived from the quadrature reference. This signal is used to unambiguously indicate the PLL lock state.
When the incoming signal's frequency equals the PLL free-running frequency, the PLL will be in lock, and there will be a 90° difference between the signal and the PLL reference oscillator. This in turn means the loop control average level is zero. If we need to detect the signal's presence and level, we need to produce a derivative of the PLL reference oscillator, shifted by 90° (a "quadrature reference") and perform another phase detection with this derived reference. The quadrature reference can be acquired with a difference equation:
$r_q = (r[n] - r[n-1]) \frac{\text{sample rate}}{2 \pi f}$
 - rq = Quadrature reference
 - r[n] = Present reference oscillator sample
 - r[n - 1] = Prior sample
 - f = Reference oscillator free-running frequency
This isn't the only way to get a quadrature reference — in a case where there are no speed or resource limitations, one can simply generate two parallel trigonometric reference signals (sin() and cos()) instead of one. That approach is easier to create and understand, but it requires more computer power.
Notice that the green trace in Figure 6 has a dome shape within the lock region. This results from the fact that the phase relationship between the signal and quadrature reference is -90° at the left border of the lock region, 0° at 2000 Hz, and +90° at the right border of the lock region.
Here is a short excerpt from the full source listing, showing the details of the PLL and quadrature code:
 pll_loop_control = test_sig * ref_sig * pll_loop_gain # phase detector
 pll_loop_control = loop_lowpass(pll_loop_control) # loop low-pass filter
 output = output_lowpass(pll_loop_control) # output low-pass filter
 pll_integral += pll_loop_control / sample_rate # FM integral
 ref_sig = cos(2 * pi * pll_cf * (t + pll_integral)) # reference signal
 quad_ref = (ref_sig-old_ref) * sample_rate / (2 * pi * pll_cf) # quadrature reference
 old_ref = ref_sig
 pll_lock = lock_lowpass(-quad_ref * test_sig) # lock sensor
 logic_lock = (0,1)[pll_lock > 0.1] # logical lock
In this excerpt, the "output" variable produces the blue trace in Figure 6, "pll_lock" produces the green trace, and "logic_lock" produces the red trace.
This example has shown a typical PLL application — a relatively narrow, well-defined lock range, a low-pass filter set up to minimize the effect of noise, and an essentially perfect linear response in the lock range.
Software PLL II
Figure 7: PLL wide sweep-frequency test
In this section we will evaluate a software PLL with very wide bandwidth.
This example is meant to show that a PLL can be configured to have very wide lock bandwidth, if the communications channel has little noise and the signal has consistent amplitude. Figure 7 shows the transfer function for this example. The test signal (frequency on the horizontal axis) is swept from 0 Hz to 4,000 Hz, and the PLL remains locked to the input signal in the range 100 — 4000 Hz.
Notice in Figure 7 that the PLL loop control signal is perfectly linear over the entire lock range. This is expected in a PLL, but it may come as a surprise to those who have wrestled with other kinds of FM detectors.
An examination of the Python source reveals some surprising things about this example, for example there is no loop lowpass filter, only an output lowpass filter, and the loop gain is set to 8.0. One might expect such a high loop gain to cause instability, but the absence of a loop filter and its associated phase shift prevents this.
This example represents one extreme of possible PLL configurations, meant to maximize lock bandwidth. It also shows how little code is required to create a PLL — in this case, only four lines.
Software PLL III
Figure 8: PLL -40db S/N signal-detection test
In this section we will evaluate a software PLL with very narrow bandwidth, meant to recover a signal buried in noise.
This represents the opposite extreme of the prior example. In this example we intentionally use a very narrow acceptance bandwidth and monitor the quadrature detector's output, using a test signal with a -40 db (amplitude) signal/noise ratio. Expressed another way, in this test the noise level is 100 times the signal level.
This experiment is meant to show that a PLL can reliably detect weak signals in the presence of high noise levels. The tradeoff is that the bandwidth is restricted and the required detection time can be long. If the detected signal carries information, the data rate must be very low to avoid being overwhelmed by noise.
To get a sense of the difficulty involved in successfully detecting a signal with a -40 db signal/noise ratio, go to my signal generator page (create a separate browser tab if you can) and make the following settings:
 - Signal: sine, 1000 Hz, level 1%.
 - Modulation: disabled.
 - Noise: level 10%.
Notice about the signal generator that you can position your mouse cursor over the controls and spin your mouse wheel to change settings — there's no need to type in numbers. And it may be necessary to increase your computer sound system's volume level to hear the generated signal.
At a signal/noise ratio of 1/10 (-20 db), a person with normal hearing can just make out the signal in the noise. Now leave the signal level at 1% and increase the noise level — increase it to 20%, then 30%. At 30% with great care, a person with excellent hearing can just make out the 1000 Hz signal. Now consider that this section's PLL example can reliably detect the signal with a 1/100 signal/noise ratio (i.e. -40


text:
Classification of Vegetation Communities of Maryland: First Iteration
A Subset of the International Classification of Ecological
AMORPHA FRUTICOSA TIDAL SHRUBLAND
Tall Indigobush Tidal Shrubland
Tall Indigobush Tidal Shrubland G?
Summary: This freshwater tidal shrubland occurs on tidal rivers bordering the Chesapeake Bay on sandy levees and shorelines above mean high tide. Microtopography is variable, from pronounced hummock-and-hollow to essentially flat. Soils are well-drained sands and gravel to poorly drained peat in lower-lying depressions. The shrub canopy is relatively open and characterized by Amorpha fruticosa. Other associates may include Acer rubrum, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Decodon verticillata, Ilex verticillata, and Rosa palustris. The herbaceous layer is diverse and comprised of a mixture of Osmunda regalis, Hibiscus moscheutos, Thelypteris palustris, Boehmeria cylindrica, Leersia oryzoides, Peltandra virginica, Polygonum sagittatum, Sium suave, and Typha angustifolia.
Range: This vegetation occurs central Atlantic coast at the headwaters of the Chesapeake Bay.
TNC Ecoregions: 58:C
USFS Ecoregions: 232Ad:CCC
References: Harrison 2003
Authors: J. Harrison / L. Sneddon Confidence: 3 Identifier: CEGL006844
- Maryland Vegetation Classification Subset Report III. Shrubland
|Return to Table of Contents|
This Page Up-dated on February 09, 2010

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Some annoying facts
We're all assailed by daily petty irritations – but why do certain things get under our skin? Now, there's a research project
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Scruffy man speaking on a Nokia mobile phone.
We find overheard conversations on mobile phones especially annoying because our brains are hardwired to construct the full dialogue, yet in this case, we can only hear half – which is more distracting. Photograph:
It's a condition for which you are always at risk – at work, at school, even in your own home. Perhaps especially in your own home. Annoyances: trivial insults that prompt an out-of-proportion reaction. By definition, an annoyance is minor, which makes your blood-boiling reaction that much more uncomfortable.
While you're never safe from annoyances, you're also not alone. No one is immune. Indeed, our susceptibility to petty irritations may be biologically encoded. Mice with a mutation in the gene Nr2e1 have been dubbed "fierce" because they are easily agitated and want to bite their keepers. On the other hand, humans with damage to a brain region called the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex seem to become less easily annoyed. Although no scientific discipline focuses exclusively on annoyance, many disciplines offer insight into the emotion, from from physics (magnets get "frustrated"!) to psychiatry (irritability is a symptom of depression and some brain disease).
So we, two science journalists, tried to pull together the various scientific threads and come up with a set of rules for what makes something annoying. Our preliminary findings suggest three key components.
First, annoyances are unpleasant. This is the catch-all category because there's no accounting for taste. In fact, even our own tastes are subject to change. Research on relationships found that often the thing that attracts us initially to a mate repels us later. Agreeable becomes passive. Strong-willed becomes stubborn. Laidback becomes lazy. You get the idea.
Second, annoyances are unpredictable – a dripping faucet, stop-start traffic, a persistent sniffle. A study suggests unpredictability is at the heart of why we don't like listening to someone on a mobile phone. When you listen to speech, your brain is programmed to try to predict the next words out of the talker's mouth. But when you hear only one half of a conversation, you have to work harder to predict; you become more distracted; irritation rises.
Third, annoyances are of uncertain duration. They feed on our optimism. We have hope that the annoyance will end, we just don't know when. New York City recently installed displays in subways, as some London Underground stations have, to tell passengers when the next train was arriving. Anecdotal evidence suggests that annoyance on subway platforms has declined, at least in the stations where the displays function.
Do these three factors accurate capture what makes something, or someone, annoying? You tell us. This is a field of scientific research in its infancy. Your thoughts could propel us to a world where the scourge of routine, petty annoyances would be a thing of the past.
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Is an "institution offering fraudulent or substandard degrees" the same as a diploma mill?
The Texas legislature chose to use the phrase "institution offering fraudulent or substandard degrees" to describe the institutions from which consumers need protection. The phrase covers both institutions that intend to defraud the public and those who may not intend fraud but, by their substandard operations, accomplish the same bad result. In either case, they offer degrees with little or no serious work. Some sell the degrees through a web site or by sending money to a mailbox, often claiming to "assess your life experiences." Others require some nominal amount of work from the student, often in a traditional classroom setting, but do not require coursework as rigorous as that required by legitimate colleges.
Webster's Third New International Dictionary defines "diploma mill" as "an institution of higher education operating without supervision of a state or professional agency and granting diplomas which are either fraudulent or because of the lack of proper standards worthless." Another term often used to describe these institutions is "degree mill."
Are institutions offering fraudulent or substandard degrees really a problem?
Defrauding the public by offering fraudulent or substandard degrees is a crime. Worldwide the problem is huge but, being an illegal activity, its cost to the public is difficult to determine. It has been estimated that this industry generates a half billion dollars a year. That figure does not include the loss of money and time by employers deceived when fraudulent degree holders are hired, promoted, or given raises; by state licensing agencies and employers, both public and private, to screen out fraudulent degrees; and by the public depending on the false claims of the fraudulent degree-holders when purchasing goods and services. In addition, the public is endangered when fraudulent degree-holders obtain employment in criminal justice agencies, or in public and private schools or health fields, such as medicine, nursing, or public health.
What are some of the warning signs that an institution may be offering fraudulent or substandard degree?
The number one warning sign:
Other warning signs:
Does an ".edu" extension of an Internet web address mean that a school is legitimate?
No. Some institutions offering fraudulent or substandard degrees and some unaccredited schools have been able to obtain ".edu" extensions. There is currently no action underway to make these institutions cease using such extensions. An ".edu" extension means nothing regarding a school's quality, legitimacy, or accreditation status. However, the lack of an ".edu" extension is a warning sign that the institution may not be legitimate and warrants further investigation before enrolling.
What is accreditation and why is it important?
Accreditation is a system of institutional self-regulation to assure educational quality. The review is conducted by an accrediting association consisting of institutions that have met or exceeded agreed upon educational standards. Accreditation is a system that has been in use for over 100 years to assure that colleges and universities meet the minimal expectations of educational quality. This self regulation assures that higher education professionals determine educational practices. Accreditation has been an essential part of the reputation the United States has earned for having the finest higher education system in the world.
Accreditation is "voluntary", so doesn't that mean it is optional and not necessary?
Accreditation is voluntary in that the process of accreditation requires the full cooperation with and complete participation in the process of accreditation by the college or university seeking accreditation. At the heart of the accreditation process is a self-study prepared by the college or university demonstrating its commitment to the standards of accreditation.
Since accreditation is the primary means of determining the legitimacy and quality of colleges and universities in the United States, to describe the process as "voluntary" is not to describe it as "optional" or "unnecessary."
Isn't accreditation an unnecessary means of assuring educational quality? After all, Harvard is not accredited.
Though the story is much older than the term "urban legend," that is what the Harvard story is. Not only is Harvard University accredited, it has been accredited for over seven decades. The New England Association of Schools and Colleges first accredited Harvard in 1929. In addition, Harvard Divinity School has been accredited by the Association of Theological Schools since 1940.
What is the difference between accreditation and state certification?
Accreditation is a quality review conducted by private associations of colleges and universities to assure educational standards are met. Certification is a quality review conducted by the state of Texas to assure that the public is protected from institutions offering fraudulent or substandard degrees.
Why does the state regulate private post secondary schools if there is accreditation?
The certification process establishes legal authority to operate, a requirement of all accreditors. The certification process also protects the public while colleges are seeking accreditation and protects the public from those institutions avoiding accreditation in order to offer fraudulent or substandard degrees.
Foreign institutions generally do not have accreditation, so how are foreign institutions evaluated?
The National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Academic Credentials created standards for interpreting foreign educational credentials and degrees from institutions located outside the United States. That Council consists of several associations, including the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers (AACRAO), who understand the various educational systems around the world.
Colleges and universities as well as private foreign credential evaluation services use these standards to assess the degrees held by individuals who wish to use the degrees for employment or admission to colleges or universities in the United States.
There is no governmental oversight of foreign credential evaluation services, nor does the Coordinating Board recommend any particular foreign credential evaluation service. However, we suggest that individuals seeking to have a foreign degree evaluated seek a reputable evaluator. The Board notes that AACRAO has an evaluation service. Information about that service can be found at _URL_ Also, the National Association of Credential Evaluation Services (NACES), a professional association of private foreign educational credential evaluation services, may be of help in finding a reputable evaluator. Information about that association can be found at _URL_.
Are religiously affiliated institutions exempt from state oversight under the First Amendment of the US Constitution?No. The provisions of the Texas Education Code narrowly regulate certain activities that are academic only, and since these provisions do not regulate any religious practice, there is no conflict between the state's oversight of degree-granting and the First Amendment of the US Constitution.
Does the Texas Religious Freedom Restoration Act exempt religiously affiliated institutions from state regulation?No, the Attorney General issued an opinion (JC-0200) that the Religious Freedom Restoration Act does not exempt religiously-affiliated institutions from the requirements under the Texas Education Code (Chapter 61, Subchapter G). That opinion further states that a court would likely rule that the statute and the Coordinating Board rules implementing the statute "are the least restrictive means of achieving the state's interest in maintaining the integrity of the post secondary degrees and protecting its citizens from fraud and misleading representations."
Is the Texas Education Code interfering with religious practices?
The statute does not regulate any religious practice. Institutions that have a religious affiliation are free to exercise their religious beliefs. The law is written to regulate very narrowly those activities that are academic only, such as representations that the instruction is college level or that the student can receive a degree, and not to impinge on any religious practice or belief.
In addition, institutions that do not wish to meet the academic standards of a higher educational institution are free to teach and prepare students for ministry positions as long as they do not assert that the level of their education is collegiate, either by offering degrees or calling the institution a college, university, or seminary.
Doesn't accreditation force religious institutions to compromise their religious beliefs?
No. Accreditation standards address only educational quality. Accrediting associations are member organizations and it is from the membership of the various schools that the standards are created. The member institutions of the legitimate accrediting associations consist of schools affiliated with every kind of religious denomination. There are even specialized accreditors for Bible colleges and for seminaries. No legitimate accreditor enforces any particular theological understanding, doctrine, or theology. Not only would that go beyond the scope of their purpose of assuring educational quality, their member institutions would not tolerate it.


How To Become A Micro-Influencer
How To Become A Micro-Influencer
Photo by Andre Sebastian on Unsplash
Trying to become a full-time content creator can be exhausting. You need to hone your skills, cultivate an audience, and make money, all while navigating the murky waters of being an influencer.
As an aspiring or new content creator, you've probably heard of the term micro-influencer. The term micro-influencer is used to describe all sorts of influencers, with audiences larger and smaller than your own. Therefore, what is a micro-influencer and why does it matter if you're one or not?
Being A Micro-Influencer is Key To Making Money Online
When you're trying to become a full-time content creator or digital entrepreneur, understanding how you can make money online is critical. The most reliable means of earning income online is to grow your audience on all your social platforms, whether that's a blog, Instagram account, Facebook group, or YouTube channel.
Becoming a micro-influencer should be one of your primary objectives, as it is one of the only long term methods to 'making it' as a digital entrepreneur.
What Is A Micro-Influencer?
The term micro-influencer is used to describe someone with a 'small audience', someone who is an expert in their niche or authority on a subject as determined by their community.
Unlike celebrities or general influencers, micro-influencers have a specific area of expertise or an area of interest that they share with their community. That can be anything from photography to fitness.
But, the most defining characteristic of a micro-influencer is the size of their audience. Depending on who you ask, a micro-influencer is anyone with between 1,000 and 1,000,000 followers or audience members. However, being a micro-influencer depends on many other components that aren't related to the number of followers or audience members you have.
Firstly, a more accurate depiction of a micro-influencer is someone with between 3,000 and 150,000 followers or audience members. But, to be considered a micro-influencer you'll need to adhere to specific criteria, including:
Audience Trust:
Your audience needs to trust what you're posting online. Micro-influencers aren't followed by random accounts online, but rather people who find their work or opinions fascinating.
To be considered a micro-influencer you need to have a niche. A niche is something (products, services, or interests) that appeals to a select group of a population.
Micro-influencers have far more engagement than regular users on social media. That means they get more likes and comments on posts than the average user, and people want to interact with them and their content.
Every micro-influencer has a community of people who rely on their content, ideas, and products to make decisions. This community will regularly seek their opinion on matters and rely on their recommendations and advice to shape their views. Because micro-influencers are seen as thought leaders and experts in their niche.
Why Is Being A Micro-Influencer Important?
Now that you know what a micro-influencer is, understanding the importance of your role as a micro-influencer will aid you in monetizing your community.
Because being a micro-influencer is a long term method of generating income online.
As an established micro-influencer, you determine your income. Micro-influencers can demand more money for sponsored posts, can get greater recognition online through guest appearances on podcasts, guest posts on blogs, and collaboration with brands and other businesses. Micro-influencers can also directly monetize their audience by charging for services that relate to their influence, for example, consultation services, webinars, courses, etc. Because their audience trusts their advice and expertise. These are just some of the ways you can monetize your influence. But, more than that, being a micro-influencer means you have a greater opportunity for growth, expansion, and success.
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Weapons and Warfare
Combat in the Middle Ages was up close and personal.
Early in the Middle Ages, popular weapons were double-edged swords, axes, spears, and short bows. These weapons remained popular in one form or another throughout the medieval period.
The crossbow was used in medieval Europe from about 1000AD until about 1500AD. It was so vicious and destructive that the Church banned its use in 1139AD.
Peasants couldn't afford good weapons, because they were expensive, so they typically used hayforks, sickles, axes, or other tools available to them.
Because of the defensive power of castles, seige weapons were also very important. Catapults, trebuches, battering rams, ballistas, and mangonels were all seen on the field of battle.
Once gunpowder was developed, most of these weapons became obsolete.


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The DataPortal Query module allows querying of data in a Composable DataPortal using Entity SQL. It takes a DataPortal ID, an SQL query, and a list of objects as parameters and returns a Composable Table.
See below for a complete discussion of inputs and options.
The following example DataFlow demonstrates many of the possible ways to use the DataPortal Query module. This DataFlow uses the DataPortal Query sample DataPortal model, which creates a DataPortal called
DataPortalQuery by default. WARNING: this DataFlow deletes all existing data in the DataPortal, so only run it against a test DataPortal. You can change the name in the Excel file if you already have a
DataPortalQuery DataPortal, just be sure to select the right DataPortal when configuring the DataFlow.
Adding New Data
This DataFlow uses the DataPortal Sync module to add entries to the DataPortal we can query from. These will create 5 entries, each having two FamilyHistoryEntries.
Querying Data Using Entity SQL
To ensure the proper types are returned if the query produces no data, it is usually best practice to not use the VALUE keyword. The module will provide a warning if the user attempts to use it and no data is returned. The recommended way of returning all data from a table is as shown below:
There is no '*' selector in Entity SQL. If you want all the rows to be returned in a query you must manually specify them. For a full list of the differences between Transactional SQL queries and Entity SQL queries refer to the official documentation.
The output of the DataPortal Query module is a Composable Table. If the object is a one-to-one relationship such as Double, the value will simply be returned as it exists in the database. If the object is a one-to-many relationship in the case of FamHistoryEntries which is a Table, an error will be thrown. To reference these write a SQL query like the one shown here that joins the tables:
This is the Id for the DataPortal you wish to query. Simply click on it and select the DataPortal from the list that appears.
This is the SQL query you wish to execute on the DataPortal. Specific formatting can be found in the example.
This takes in a list of KeyValuePairs of type
Cases AS c
FamilyHistories AS h
ON c.Id = h.CaseId
WHERE h.HasFamilyHistory = _USER_

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Definition of figwort
- a widely distributed herbaceous plant with purplish-brown two-lobed flowers. It was formerly considered to be effective in the treatment of scrofula.
- Genus Scrophularia, family Scrophulariaceae (the figwort family): several species. Plants of this family have distinctive two-lobed flowers and include the snapdragons, toadflaxes, foxgloves, mulleins, monkey flowers, and speedwells
mid 16th century: from obsolete fig 'piles' + wort. The word originally denoted the pilewort or lesser celandine, which was used as a treatment for piles; the current sense dates from the late 16th century


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ERIC Number: ED165508
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1977-Oct
Reference Count: 0
Mature Age Students in Tertiary Education.
West, Leo; And Others
Information about the mature student in tertiary institutions in Australia was obtained in a 1976 survey. Responses from 98 institutions provided information on whether there were special entry schemes or other methods of entry for mature aged applicants, the selection procedures, the number of mature aged entrants in 1976, and the courses in which they were enrolled. Nearly all institutions have some relaxed entry provisions for mature aged students. Some have used existing provisions within their regulations to allow mature aged students to enter while others have introduced special schemes. A number of institutions have set separate quotas for these students. This action has removed them from competition with normal aged students and therefore made their entry independent of the supply of normal aged students. Selection methods usually involve multiple procedures, such as special tests, interviews, work references or experience, and academic background. Although institutions were not asked specifically about performance, 27 percent offered such information. Fourteen institutions stated that mature aged students performed better than normal aged students, and 12 stated that they performed just as well, and one stated that they had a higher dropout rate. (SW)
Publication Type: Reports - Research
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: Monash Univ., Clayton, Victoria (Australia).
Note: Tables 4 to 7 (Summaries of Responses from 98 Tertiary Institutions) are not reproducible due to marginal legibility of original ; Research prepared by the Higher Education Advisory and Research Unit


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Duwamish Estuary Subwatershed
Duwamish Estuary Subwatershed Facts
Human population: 61,086 (2009 estimate)
Primary land uses: industrial (43%), residential (39%)
Mean annual discharge: tidally influenced reach with more than 2,000 cubic feet per second of freshwater
Salmon species currently present:
Chinook, coho, chum, pink, sockeye, steelhead, coastal cutthroat trout, bull trout
Why is the Duwamish Estuary Important to Salmon?
The Duwamish estuary plays a key role in the life history of salmon. Young fish migrate from freshwater streams and the river higher in the watershed to the estuary. In the estuary, they feed and their bodies adapt to salt water. Estuary habitat is particularly important for Chinook salmon, which are listed as "threatened" under the federal Endangered Species Act.
Subwatershed Salmon Habitat Overview
The Duwamish River is that portion of the Green River downstream of the historic confluence with the Black River. It consists of the river between River Mile 0 and River Mile 11. The entire stretch of the river is influenced by tides.
The map at right shows the Duwamish Estuary subwatershed. View a map showing this subwatershed in relation to the rest of the watershed.The Duwamish used to be a larger and longer river. Prior to 1916, it was defined at its upper point by the joining of the Black River and the White River at what is today Fort Dent Park in Tukwila. The Black River drained Lake Washington and also was fed by the Cedar River. The White River flowed from the slopes of Mt. Rainier and met the Green River in modern-day Auburn. From the junction of the Black and the White, the Duwamish meandered 15 miles to reach Elliott Bay, where it spread out in large estuary characterized by mud flats, marshes, and swamps. Since the area the Duwamish then drained was three times larger than it is today -- about 1600 square miles versus 500 square miles -- the river carried much more water, sediment, and large woody debris into Elliott Bay than it does now.
In the last 150 years, the Duwamish has been transformed more than any other part of the watershed. Over 97% of the historic estuarine mudflats, marshes, and forested streamside swamps have been eliminated by channel straightening, draining, dredging, and filling. All of the tidal swamps bordering the Duwamish were filled by 1940. The straightening of the river and filling in of the winding channel reduced its length by four miles. The remaining shortened channel suffers from polluted sediments along with on-going contamination due to stormwater discharges. So severe is the contamination that the lower five miles of the estuary has been declared a federal "Superfund" site, a designation given to the most contaminated sites in the country.
Currently all salmon species migrate, rear, and acclimate in this transitional area between river and marine waters. Juvenile Chinook and chum salmon are most dependent on this type of habitat. Small numbers of char (bull trout/Dolly Varden char) have been documented as using this reach.
There are numerous small and medium sized tributary streams that drain into the Duwamish. All have experienced significant development that in turn has made many of them inaccessible and inhospitable for salmon. Many of these stream basins have high levels of impervious surfaces (pavement, roofs) that have degraded and altered the historic hydrologic regime. Stream flows are too high when it rains and too low when it doesn't. Most of the small patches of remaining marginal habitat are disconnected and heavily impacted by stormwater-associated flows and poor water quality. Functional riparian areas have been eliminated or fragmented to a few undeveloped areas often in the high gradient reaches associated where the creeks cascade down the valley walls. The potential salmonid production of these creeks is expected to continue to be limited due to current land use practices.
Where the Fish Are in the Duwamish Estuary Subwatershed
Fish distribution maps show where anadromous salmon and trout have been found or should be present.
Problems on the Mainstem Duwamish
- Urban and industrial land use practices that have:
- Dredged, channelized, and filled 97 percent of the estuarine mudflats, marshes, and forested riparian swamps that formerly characterized the estuary;
- Simplified the remaining channel and severely reduced riparian function; and
- Polluted the remnant, shortened channel with stormwater and wastewater effluent.
Problems on Tributary Streams
- Development that is:
- Creating fish passage barriers;
- Leaving small patches of disconnected marginal habitat;
- Altering hydrology and channel stability due to stormwater-associated flows; and
- Reducing water quality.
Additional information on the quality of habitat along the Duwamish River and use by salmonids is available in the following reports:
- 2005 Juvenile Chinook Duwamish River Studies (May 2006) (Adobe Acrobat 4.5 MB)
- Lower Green River Baseline Habitat Survey Report (January 2004) - includes the Duwamish from River Mile 5.7 (just south of Turning Basin #3) to River Mile 11.2 (Fort Dent Park)
- Lower Duwamish Inventory Report (May 2004)(Adobe Acrobat 6.1 MB) - includes the Duwamish from Elliott Bay to River Mile 5.7 (just south of Turning Basin #3)
Habitat historically found in the Duwamish Estuary Subwatershed (Adobe Acrobat 1.5 MB) has been researched to inform decisions about future restoration.
Water quality information on the Duwamish is available in two reports:
More recent water quality data are available at the King County stream monitoring page.
Project Solutions to These ProblemsProjects funded by the Salmon Recovery Funding Board and other grantors are listed here. The projects listed below are only a few of the various projects of governments and volunteer groups in this subwatershed.
- North Wind's Weir (Site 1) on the Duwamish in Tukwila
- Habitat Inventory and Utilization Assessment of the Lower Green, Duwamish, and Nearshore Subwatersheds
- Duwamish Gardens Acquisition and Restoration in Tukwila
- Riverton Flap Gate Removal in Tukwila
Information on the status of individual projects also is tracked on the state's Lead Entity Habitat Work Schedule.
Local Governments in the Duwamish Estuary Subwatershed
Follow the external links to learn more about these communities and what they are doing to improve habitat for salmon.
Other Organizations/Efforts in the Duwamish Estuary Subwatershed
Lower Duwamish Superfund Site - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
The lower (northern) five miles of the Duwamish have been listed as a "Superfund" site under federal law. This is because of high levels of pollutants in the sediments of the river. These pollutants pose a risk to human health and aquatic creatures such as fish. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Washington State Department of Ecology are in charge of cleanup of the site. This web page lists a variety of both technical and reader-friendly documents to help explain the problems and the process that EPA and Ecology are using to figure out how to solve them.
Lower Duwamish Waterway Source Control Investigation - Washington State Department of Ecology
The state Department of Ecology is leading the efforts to control sources of sediment pollution in the Lower Duwamish Waterway in cooperation with the City of Seattle, the Port of Seattle, King County, the City of Tukwila, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Source control is the process of finding and controlling releases of pollution to waterway sediments to prepare for cleanup and prevent sediment recontamination.
Duwamish River Cleanup Coalition
The Duwamish River Cleanup Coalition is an alliance of community, environmental, and small business groups affected by on-going pollution and cleanup plans for the Duwamish River under the federal "Superfund" law. The Coalition helps people learn about and get involved in decisions regarding cleanup. Activities include tours of the river.
Lower Duwamish Waterway Group
The Lower Duwamish Waterway Group (LDWG) is a public-private partnership working together to address environmental concerns and issues in the Lower Duwamish. Its primary focus is cleanup up polluted sediments in the river as part of the federal "Superfund" listing of the Lower Duwamish. The four LDWG partners are City of Seattle, Port of Seattle, King County, and the Boeing Company.
King County Duwamish Waterway Programs
King County is working on a variety of programs to clean up and help restore the Duwamish. This page lists some of the recent clean up accomplishments by King County, the City of Seattle, Port of Seattle, and other partners. A related page on Duwamish community events lists opportunities to learn about and help the river.
Port of Seattle
The Port of Seattle manages large areas of the waterfront on Elliott Bay and the Duwamish. The natural areas of these properties are managed to provide fish and wildlife habitat as well as public access to water. In addition, piers and other shoreline facilities are designed and operated to minimize harmful impacts to salmon and other aquatic resources. In


Back to where
you came from
Tawa, Kembang Tahu, Dofu Hua:
Soy Custard by any name
In Asian communities around the world, people enjoy a soy-based treat called "taho" or "kembang tahu" in Indonesia. Known as "tofu fa", "dohua", "dofu nao", or "dofu hwa (tender tofu blossom)" in Chinese restaurants, it is also billed as "tawa" or "Dau hu", as you travel toward Saigon. This soft, sweet, creamy soy custard is a popular street food or snack. In the Philippines it's served with a sweet, thick caramel sauce, while the Cantonese version has a thin syrup laced with ginger. As you migrate toward Indonesia and Vietnam, it may be served mixed with fruit syrup or sugar syrup and chunks of gulaman (coconut jelly). Sweetened tapioca pearls just like those used in bubble tea can also be found stirred into taho. It may be sold from tubs on the street or in shops, sometimes with a separate container of sweetener, refrigerated or hot. It is also ladled up fresh in cafes and dim sum houses, served in soups or as a dessert (hot or cold).
There is a natural sweetness to taho, which has the fragile consistency similar to panna cotta. If you allow the dish to become more watery (this happens naturally as it sits), you can serve it as a soup.
This sweet treat is soy milk either jelled with agar or thickened with the same coagulant used for tofu. The texture varies from sippable to spoonable. Both taho and regular tofu are sometimes translated as tofu pudding, soy bean custard or soy bean pudding, leading to considerable confusion among recipes. In addition, Chinese cuisine includes several desserts that are made from regular tofu and sugar syrups, so it is easy to be misled. The recipes that follow are collected from local cooks in several countries; if you try one and it is not exactly what you remember, try another.
Taho/ tawa is usually unflavored, depending on its syrups and add-ins for flavor and texture. Modern cooks may add other flavors like chocolate, sesame or peanut to the made from scratch recipes, just by adding the desired flavoring as an extract or powder and cooking it with the soy milk before adding the jelling ingredient.
Taho/ tawa is served hot, warm, or cold, depending on the weather. The flavoring syrup is usually packaged on the side, allowing the happy eater to sweeten to taste. Since it is hard to find outside large oriental communities, here are four alternative methods for making it at home. Always handle the dofu hua very gently, with a big shallow ladle, or it will break into a hundred tiny pieces.
Almost Instant Taho/ tawa
Taho/ tawa from soy flour
Taho/ tawa from soymilk
Tofu-fa (Chinese style) from soybeans or soymilk
Syrups for Taho/ Tawa
Almost Instant Taho/ tawa
The easiest recipe is to purchase a powdered Tofu mixture (comes in a small box) from any Asian grocery store. This will be labeled "soy bean custard" or "soy bean pudding" or "tofu pudding" and occasionally "soy cheese mix". It is found where the Jello is. Buy 3 boxes, use extra water in the mixture, then follow the instructions at the back of the box. You will need about 4 1/2 cups water, depending on your thickness preference. Chill to achieve the desired thickness.
Taho or TawaSoy milk base with agar
1/2 gallon unsweetened soy milk
1/2 packet agar-agar
In a pot, scald soy milk. Do NOT not stir at this time. Dissolve agar-agar in a 1/4 cup of cool water. Add to hot soy milk and stir till mixed. Pour to a bowl and leave it completely alone until it jells. Let it cool without moving or jiggling the bowl.
Serve tofu pudding either hot or cold with an ounce or two of sweet syrup for each serving.
Taho/ Tawabean curd in syrupSoy Flour Base, Knox (beef) gelatine
1 cup soy bean powder or flour
4 cups water
1/4 cup lemon juice
1 envelope (1 tablespoon) Knox unflavored gelatine
2 cups brown sugar syrup, for topping
Mix soy bean powder/water and let stand 1 hour or overnight stirring often. Bring to a boil stirring constantly and reduce heat and simmer 8 minutes. Stir in gelatine until dissolved and not lumpy. Remove from heat and add lemon juice while stirring. Transfer to desired bowl and chill. To serve slice thin layers and top with hot syrup to cover.
Note: Agar, vegetable gelatin, is more traditional. This recipe was probably developed by the immigrant community.
Chinese Tofu-Fa from scratch or soy milk, with calcium sulfate
2 cups (about 1 pound) soy beans, preferably large low oil type
water for soaking beans
7 cups water, divided
1 teaspoon calcium sulfate, also called food grade gypsum, or edible terra alba
1 tablespoon cornstarch
Rinse the soybeans until the water runs clear and measure. Put the beans in a pot and add three times as much water.Soak the beans until they expand to 2 or 2 1/2 times their original size.
Drain the beans and discard the soaking water. Add 6 more cups of water. Blend the soy bean and water mixture (if using a small blender you will have to do this step in batches). Pour this slurry into a colander lined with a few layers of gauze or cheesecloth, let the liquid drain through to your cooking pot, gathering the okara up into a bag-like shape to squeeze out the remaining liquid. Retain the liquid and remove the fiberous portion or okara from the processed soybean/water mixture. You will have about 3-4 quarts of raw soy milk. Note: the raw okara is a nutritious food, but must be cooked before use. Here is the link to some of my
okara recipes. More are indexed in the "Clear Light" section.
Pour the liquid (raw soy milk) into a 6-8 quart pot at least twice as big as the amount of liquid. Stir in 1/2 cup water and cook on low heat until it comes to a boil and is foaming nicely. Remove from the heat and skim, filter out any scum, using the gauze again if necessary.
Return to the pot and bring to a boil again. Stir the dissolved edible terra alba and cornstarch again. When the soy milk boils again, pour it over the milk and cut into the liquid with a cutting motionrather rapidly, don't whip or beat it.
Turn off the heat but do not move the potnever move the soy milk until it has jelled. Cover with a towel for about thirty minutes. It may form a slightly scummy liquid layer on top, this is normal, drain this off when the taho is set.
Dish up and serve warm or chill. Use that big shallow ladle mentioned above. Pass the ginger syrup, to be added to taste by the diner.
Notes: 1)Terra Alba is the dihydrate form of calcium sulfate containing 23% calcium with neutral pH. Ultra pure gypsum is commonly referred to as "Terra Alba," and is used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. 2)If you have made regular tofu, you will notice that tawa does NOT separate the soy whey from the solids, drain or press. Regular tofu is the dairy equivalent of cottage cheese, while tawa is the dairy equivalent of junket custard.
Taho/ Tawa syrups
1 cup brown sugar
1 cup water
10 ounces (1 1/4 cup) sugar or brown sugar
1 cup water
1-2 tablespoons lemon juice OR vinegar OR 1/2 lemon
Boil sugar and water. Add lemon or vinegar and set aside. (Note: some Cantonese recipes call for a bit of ginger; you can also add a pinch of white pepper).
OR For a thin, strong ginger syrup:
8 ounces fresh ginger
2 cups water
1/4 cup granulated sugar OR to taste
Grate ginger. In a sauce pan, combine ginger, water and sugar. On low heat, simmer and sugar to dissolve. Strain before serving.
OR Alternative for ginger syrup: In Asian grocery stores, there is an instant ginger powder on the tea/coffee aisle. Make it about 4-8 times normal strength, add sugar to taste and simmer until the sugar is dissolved.
Here is a quickie when you don't have time to make Tawa. It is very pretty and light tasting but has a fine protein content.
Tropical Tofu Custard
1 1/2 cups water
1/2 cup cruushed rock sugar or honey
2 1/2 tablespoons lemon juice
1/2 cup jackfruit chunks
1/2 cup each longans and loquats
1/2 cup each raspberries or blueberries
1/2 cup diced cantaloupe
2 pounds soft silken tofu, or regular soft tofu, drained
Combine water, rock sugar and lemon juice in a nonaluminum saucepan. Cook over low heat


The Visions of the Pylons: A Magical Record of Exploration in the Starry Abode
This Summer, noted occult author J. Daniel Gunther published his latest book, The Visions of the Pylons: A Magical Record of Exploration in the Starry Abode. The description posted at Amazon sez:
"Here is a modern grimoire and record of a vision quest utilizing Aleister Crowley's instructions for astral exploration as given in "Notes on the Astral Plane," published in Magick in Theory and Practice.
"Daniel Gunther provides a detailed account and interpretation of a series of visions exploring the Pylons of the Duat, or "Starry Abode." To the ancient Egyptians, the Duat was the place where the sun god Ra made his 12-hour nocturnal journey through the underworld.
"The Visions of the Pylons describes a perilous journey where the gate of each hour is protected by a fearful guardian or "watcher." In modern Jungian psychology terms, the Duat is a representation of the unconscious of mankind, inhabited by gods and daemons, the living symbols called primordial images or archetypes.
"The author's study of the ancient texts led him to suspect that these Pylons were also hidden gateways to the higher planes of the Tree of Life, possibly including secret entrances to the thirty Aethyrs as described by Elizabethan magician John Dee."
One place you can order your copy is Amazon – we do hope that if you use Amazon that you've registered for the Amazon Smile program and designated Ordo Templi Orientis USA or your chartered Local Body to receive the donations your purchases then generate.
Frater Lux Ad Mundi
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text:
On Thursday, doctors warn the heat wave this week will likely send more people to the emergency room.
Temperatures are expected to climb to 107 degrees by the weekend.
Kaiser Roseville emergency room doctor Joseph Morris told KCRA 3 it's important for everyone to stay hydrated with water and not sugary drinks.
People are encouraged to take plenty of breaks in the shade.
Children and the elderly are most at risk for heat exhaustion.
Dr. Morris said if a person stops sweating, it's a sign they are in serious trouble, and their kidneys can fail.
Every year a handful of people die of heat exhaustion or heat stroke in the Sacramento area.
Doctors said even people in swimming pools need to stay hydrated by drinking water because water doesn't penetrate into the skin.
People experiencing heat exhaustion symptoms like cramping, nausea,and vomiting should call 911 immediately.


Is 'laughing gas' a security concern?
September 26, 2014 − by SFS Ltd − in News − Comments Off on Is 'laughing gas' a security concern?
proof-of-age-cardNitrous oxide, also known as 'laughing gas' is a legal drug that becomes popular amongst young people, due to its effects similar to those of hard drugs such as heroin and crack cocaine. Inhaled from party balloons, 'laughing gas' creates hallucinations and a sense of short time euphoria.
According to medical professionals, inhaling 'laughing gas' can have the effect of fainting, regular use of this party drug could be even fatal.
Home Office statistics showed that 'laughing gas' is, after cannabis, the second most popular drug among people aged 16 to 24.
But despite of health warnings and even Home Office recommendations that festivals should crack down on 'laughing gas', the drug remains legal to inhale.
In a BBC investigation, security was criticised that they stood by and did nothing, allowing consumption of laughing gas at one of the UK's top dance festivals.
So, is 'laughing gas' a security concern?
Obviously, even though this is a legal drug, the risk of having customers passing out due to nitrous oxide is a security concern. This can be controlled by conducting searches, not allowing entry to or ejecting those who are expected to inhale the gas.
A "zero tolerance" attitude to drugs is always a good practice, regardless of whether the substance was illegal or not.
Comments are closed.


Curiosity rover spies colourful iridescent clouds on Mars
Curiosity imaged these clouds just after sunset on March 19. (NASA/CNN)
The Curiosity rover has witnessed a colourful marvel on Mars: Shining clouds.
Colour is rare in this frozen desert, apart from the predominant red. But in the skies above Curiosity, the clouds appear to almost sparkle with colour.
Unlike Earth, Mars doesn't have many overcast, cloudy days. The red planet has a thin, dry atmosphere, so clouds tend to appear in the skies over the Martian equator when the planet is cold and farthest from the sun in its oval-shaped orbit every two Earth years.
That changed two Earth years, or one Martian year, ago when Curiosity spotted clouds that arrived earlier and formed higher in the atmosphere than expected.
Preparing for this event in case it happened again, Curiosity's human team on Earth sent instructions to the rover to look for early clouds in late January.
Curiosity's camera captured the wispy clouds, which are filled with ice crystals. These ice crystals appear to shimmer because they scatter sunlight. In addition to being a dazzling sight, these images are helping scientists understand more about Martian cloud formation.
These clouds that arrive earlier form at a higher, colder altitude, so they're essentially made of dry ice (frozen carbon dioxide). Scientists are still studying them to figure out why this happens.
Images taken in March by the rover's navigation cameras, which capture photos in black and white, show off the ripples in the clouds. But color images taken by the camera on the rover's mast after sunset reveal shiny, glowing clouds.
As the sun sets, these high clouds grow almost incandescent, filling with ice crystals and reflecting the fading sunlight. Then they darken as the sunlight disappears.
"If you see a cloud with a shimmery pastel set of colours in it, that's because the cloud particles are all nearly identical in size," said Mark Lemmon, an atmospheric scientist with the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colorado, in a statement. "That's usually happening just after the clouds have formed and have all grown at the same rate.
"I always marvel at the colours that show up: reds and greens and blues and purples," Lemmon said. "It's really cool to see something shining with lots of colour on Mars."


opaque logical equivalent to 'the square root of two is rational'], it is easy to derive a contradiction.
(iii) The statement that snow is white involves no semantic concepts. Therefore, the statement that snow is white and "grass" either refers to grass or does not refer to grass, involves no semantic concepts.
(In classical formal logic, the range of possibilities for sentential embedding is far narrower than in natural languages, and therefore no analogous counterexamples arise.)
How about (2)? For a start, can we even understand '(the x such that x is identical with Diogenes and snow is white) is identical with (the x such that x is identical with Diogenes)'? The use of the variables and brackets is, in itself, not a deal-breaker, since we can understand '(the x such that x is identical with grass) is green'. But now: on this understanding, what is the role of that which comes after'such that' in the bracketed construction? Intuitively, the construction as a whole is a referring term, and after the'such that' ought to go conditions relating to the variable which are met by exactly one of its possible values, thus determining a unique referent.
But then what happens if, as well as conditions involving 'x', we insert closed sentences like'snow is white'? Well, on the intuitive idea behind the bracketed construction, this just doesn't make sense. Nevertheless, "appropriate" reference-conditions come to mind: a bracketed 'the' construction refers iff the conditions relating to the variable are met by exactly one object and all constituent closed sentences are true. To complete the semantics, we can stipulate that if such a construction refers, it refers (of course) to the condition-meeting value of the variable.
Thus we can define a new kind of referring construction, albeit a strange one. Also, it does appear that our complicated identity sentence, in light of this definition, is logically equivalent (in some sense) to'snow is white'. Of course, this is of no use to us, since the principle whose application we wanted the equivalence for is invalid.
Before we move on: the addition of this new referring construction to our language may render previously valid principles invalid, so we must now be extra careful. (If, earlier, we had decided that (1) was true - that the unrestricted substitution of logical equivalents was valid - we would now have to go back and reconsider.)
Now, despite the fact that things aren't going very well for our argument, let us press on. We have gotten as far as:
And now, citing the principle that we may substitute coextensive singular terms, Davidson has us substitute some true sentence - let us pick 'grass is green' - for'snow is white'. (This then yields a new'singular term', '(the x such that x is identical with Diogenes and grass is green)'.) Thus we get:
The statement that snow is white corresponds to the fact that (the x such that x is identical with Diogenes and grass is green) is identical with (the x such that x is identical with Diogenes).
And now we must ask: does the principle of substitution of coextensive singular terms hold in natural language? Notoriously, and as anyone familiar with twentieth-century philosophy of language will know, it (very arguably) does not; there are numerous contexts where such substitutions (strongly seem to) fail. (Witness the existence of intensional logics.) Here is an example of one kind of invalid instance:
Lois Lane knows that Clark Kent is Clark Kent. Therefore, Lois Lane knows that Clark Kent is Superman.
There are also well-known problems with substitution into modal contexts. Furthermore, and closer to our current context: 'the fact that Clark Kent is Clark Kent' does not obviously have the same reference as 'the fact that Clark Kent is Superman', even though the differing embedded singular terms are coextensive. And certainly the statement that Clark Kent is Clark Kent is not identical to the statement that Clark Kent is Superman. For all these reasons, we can not accept an unrestricted principle of substitution of co-extensive singular terms. Thus our last inference was invalid.
Since the final inference is a reversal of the first substitution, that concludes our step-by-step evaluation.
If there be any residual doubt about the invalidity of Davidson's argument (recipe): note that no special properties of the sentence 'The statement that snow is white corresponds to the fact that snow is white', beyond its embedding'snow is white', are drawn upon in the derivation of 'The statement that snow is white corresponds to the fact that grass is green'. If this were really a valid way of arguing, we would also have to accept the following:
Suppose there is a chameleon, Euclid, who lives in a field of grass. Suppose further that Euclid is green because grass is green. Using Davidson's form of argument. we can infer from this supposition first:
Euclid is green because (the x such that x is identical with Diogenes and Davidson is the author of 'True to the facts') is identical with (the x such that x is identical with Diogenes).
And finally:
Euclid is green because Davidson is the author of 'True to the facts'.
Tristan Haze
Donald Davidson. True to the facts. The Journal of Philosophy, 66(21):74864, November 1969.
Thursday, 8 September 2011
Vote Sprachlogik at 3quarksdaily
Please consider voting for the Sprachlogik post 'Sketch of a Way of Thinking about Modality, pt. 1' at the 3quarksdaily philosophy blog prize.
Vote here.
UPDATE: Voting is now closed. The post got through the voting round and has been selected by the editors for the finals.
Saturday, 13 August 2011
Essence, Belief and Epistemic Modality (Part 2 of Sketch)
This is part 2 of a Sketch of a Way of Thinking about Modality. In this part we shall consider:
- Essences and the de re/de dicto distinction,
- The indefiniteness of necessity,
- Intentional contexts ("propositional attitudes"), and
- Epistemic modality.
The first topic is really the main one. What I say about the remaining topics will be very scant - a rough indication of how these issues are to be approached according to the way of thinking being sketched out here, rather than an attempt to really deal with them. (I hope to really deal with them in my book.) They fit quite naturally here, since intentional contexts come into the more substantial discussion of the first topic. If nothing else, the brief discussion here should prevent readers from thinking that I have given no consideration to such issues, or that my account of modality is straightforwardly unable to deal with them.
Three Interpretations of Modal Claims about Individuals
As a preliminary, it should be noted that epistemic modal claims are not counted in this taxonomy. Consider, to begin with, sentences of the form 'a is necessarily F'. I distinguish the following three interpretations of such statements:
(1) The contextual interpretation. The locus classicus for this interpretation is Lewis in On the Plurality of Worlds, who expresses it better than I can:
I suggest that those philosophers who preach that origins are essential are absolutely right - in the context of their own preaching. They make themselves right: their preaching constitutes a context in which de re modality is governed by a way of representing (as I think, by a counterpart relation) that requires match of origins. But if I ask how things would be if Saul Kripke had come from no sperm and egg but had been brought by a stork, that makes equally good sense. I create a context that makes my question make sense, and to do so it has to be a context that makes origins not be essential.' (p. 252)
There is one ruffle here: Lewis (who is notorious for playing fast and loose with ordinary modal language) talks of 'how things would be if Saul Kripke had...', rather than how things would have been. This might suggest a kind of epistemic reading, concerning what it would be like if it turned out that Saul Kripke actually had such-and-such an origin. But the range of possibilities in this sense - the things which could turn out to be true of an individual, for all we know (or all we know a priori) - is something quite different from what we are discussing here. In two-dimensional semantics, this corresponds roughly to the difference between A- and C-intensions.
(2) The "unrestricted" interpretation. In contrast to the above, we are now beginning to enter the realm of what could more legitimately be called 'essence'1, and are looking at proper metaphysical (or subjunctive) modality. On this interpretation, something like the following holds: 'a is necessarily F' is true iff 'a is F' is satisfied by all configurations of the host system of these propositions, and the concepts involved are adequate to their objects with respect to 'a is F'. (This form of account is introduced more generally in part 1.)
Thus, in this case, we might say that the necessity, as opposed to contingent truth, of 'a is F' stems from the nature of the individual concept of a, rather than any contextual restrictions placed on our representations. Why, then, are there scare-quotes around 'unrestricted'? This is because the present way of looking at things may over-dramatize the difference between the contextual restrictions of Lewis's account, and the constitution of concepts in the relevant fine-grained sense.


text:
Significance and Use
Uranyl nitrate solution is used as a feed material for conversion to the hexafluoride as well as for direct conversion to the oxide. In order to be suitable for this purpose, the material must meet certain criteria for uranium content, isotopic composition, acidity, radioactivity, and impurity content. These methods are designed to show whether a given material meets the specifications for these items described in Specification C788.
An assay is performed to determine whether the material has the specified uranium content.
Determination of the isotopic content of the uranium is made to establish whether the effective fissile content is in accordance with the purchaser's specifications.
Acidity, organic content, and alpha, beta, and gamma activity are measured to establish that they do not exceed their maximum limits.
Impurity content is determined to ensure that the maximum concentration limit of certain impurity elements is not exceeded. Impurity concentrations are also required for calculation of the equivalent boron content (EBC), and the total equivalent boron content (TEBC).
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the chemical, mass spectrometric, spectrochemical, nuclear, and radiochemical analysis of nuclear-grade uranyl nitrate solution to determine compliance with specifications.
1.2 The analytical procedures appear in the following order:
|Determination of Uranium|| 7|
|Specific Gravity by Pycnometry|| 15-20|
|Free Acid by Oxalate Complexation|| 21-27|
|Determination of Thorium||28|
|Determination of Chromium||29|
|Determination of Molybdenum||30|
|Halogens Separation by Steam Distillation|| 31-35|
|Fluoride by Specific Ion Electrode|| 36-42|
|Halogen Distillate Analysis: Chloride, Bromide, and Iodide by|
|Determination of Chloride and Bromide||44|
|Determination of Sulfur by X-Ray Fluorescence||45|
|Sulfate Sulfur by (Photometric) Turbidimetry||46|
|Phosphorus by the Molybdenum Blue (Photometric) Method|| 54-61|
|Silicon by the Molybdenum Blue (Photometric) Method||62-69|
|Carbon by Persulfate Oxidation-Acid Titrimetry||70|
|Conversion to U3O8||71-74|
|Boron by Emission Spectrography||75-81|
|Impurity Elements by Spark Source Mass Spectrography||82|
|Isotopic Composition by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry||83|
|Uranium-232 by Alpha Spectrometry||84-90|
|Total Alpha Activity by Direct Alpha Counting||91-97|
|Fission Product Activity by Beta Counting||98-104|
|Entrained Organic Matter by Infrared Spectrophotometry||105|
|Fission Product Activity by Gamma Counting||106|
|Determination of Arsenic||107|
|Determination of Impurities for the EBC Calculation||108|
|Determination of Technetium 99||109|
|Determination of Plutonium and Neptunium||110|
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 5.
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
C696 Test Methods for Chemical, Mass Spectrometric, and Spectrochemical Analysis of Nuclear-Grade Uranium Dioxide Powders and Pellets
C761 Test Methods for Chemical, Mass Spectrometric, Spectrochemical, Nuclear, and Radiochemical Analysis of Uranium Hexafluoride
C788 Specification for Nuclear-Grade Uranyl Nitrate Solution or Crystals
C1219 Test Methods for Arsenic in Uranium Hexafluoride
C1233 Practice for Determining Equivalent Boron Contents of Nuclear Materials
C1254 Test Method for Determination of Uranium in Mineral Acids by X-Ray Fluorescence
C1267 Test Method for Uranium by Iron (II) Reduction in Phosphoric Acid Followed by Chromium (VI) Titration in the Presence of Vanadium
C1287 Test Method for Determination of Impurities in Nuclear Grade Uranium Compounds by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
C1295 Test Method for Gamma Energy Emission from Fission Products in Uranium Hexafluoride and Uranyl Nitrate Solution
C1296 Test Method for Determination of Sulfur in Uranium Oxides and Uranyl Nitrate Solutions by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)
C1380 Test Method for the Determination of Uranium Content and Isotopic Composition by Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry
C1413 Test Method for Isotopic Analysis of Hydrolyzed Uranium Hexafluoride and Uranyl Nitrate Solutions by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry
C1561 Guide for Determination of Plutonium and Neptunium in Uranium Hexafluoride and U-Rich Matrix by Alpha Spectrometry
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
E12 Terminology Relating to Density and Specific Gravity of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
E60 Practice for Analysis of Metals, Ores, and Related Materials by Spectrophotometry
American Chemical Society Specification
Reagent Chemicals Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, MD.
ISO7097 Determination of Uranium in Uranium Product Solutions and Solids with Cerium IV Oxidation Titrimetric Method Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, _URL_.
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The Alabama School of Math and Science (ASMS) launched the school's STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) Ambassador program during the 2014-2015 school year.
Through this program, ASMS students and staff spread awareness across Alabama about the importance of STEM education. STEM Ambassadors visit elementary and middle schools to conduct science experiments, such as helping students build and launch model rockets. Schools can also schedule to tour ASMS and perform lab demonstrations alongside STEM Ambassadors in ASMS classrooms.
"Our mission at ASMS is to provide academically motivated Alabama students with exceptional preparation in the fields of math and science, empowering them to improve their community, state, and nation," ASMS President Dr. Monica Motley says. "The ASMS STEM Ambassador program is another step in that direction. Our students get to inspire other students across the state about the importance of STEM education and show students that hands-on learning can be fun."
For information, please contact ASMS Public Relations Coordinator Amber Day at _EMAIL_ or _PHONE_.
Below are photos from recent STEM Ambassador demonstrations.


text:
Including School Breakfast in Wellness Policies
As part of the 2004 Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act, Congress required school districts participating in the National School Lunch Program to develop and implement a local school wellness policy. The wellness policy must contain the following elements:
- Goals for nutrition education, physical activity, and other school-based activities designed to promote student wellness in a manner that the local educational agency determines appropriate;
Nutrition guidelines for all foods available on the school campus during the school day;
Assurances that guidelines for school meals are not less restrictive than those set by USDA;
A plan for measuring implementation of the local wellness policy; and,
Parents, students, and representatives of the school food authority, the school board, school administrators, and the public are involved in developing the local wellness policy.
Re-visiting a district's wellness policy can open up a dialogue to help schools make breakfast a priority as part of the overall school nutrition environment. Each of the five required components listed above is an opportunity to help your school district improve access, participation and quality of school breakfast. By getting involved as the policy is developed, you can help strengthen school breakfast so that more kids, families and schools benefit!
Wellness committees can use this chart [PDF] to examine key questions about the current school breakfast program, and what areas may need further exploration to support breakfast as a part of student health.


text:
The county was formed in 1779 from Guilford County. It was named for Peyton Randolph, first president of the Continental Congress.
Some of the first settlers of what would become the county were English Quakers, who settled along the Haw River, Deep River, and Eno River.
Randolph County was the original location of what became Duke University.
The county is home to one of the last remaining covered bridges in the state. The Pisgah Covered Bridge, in Union Township, is in the southwestern part of the county and was destroyed by a flood in 2003, but has been completely restored and is still standing.


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Sarthaks Test
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what is wye delta configuration? Explain with example.
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In many circuits, resistors are neither in series nor in parallel, so the rules for series or parallel circuits cannot be applied. For these circuits, it may be necessary to convert from one circuit form to another to simplify the solution. Two typical circuit configurations that often have these difficulties are the wye (Y) and delta ( D ) circuits. They are also referred to as tee (T) and pi ( P ) circuits, respectively.
Delta to wye conversion
It is easy to work with wye network. If we get delta network, we convert it to wye to work easily. To obtain the equivalent resistance in the wye network from delta network we compare the two networks and we confirm that they are same. Now we will convert figure 3 (a) delta network to figure 2 (a) wye network.
From figure 3 (a) for terminals 1 and 2 we get,
R12 (∆) = Rb || (Ra + Rb)
From figure 2 (a) for terminals 1 and 2 we get,
R12(Y) = R1 + R3
Setting wye and delta equal,
R12(Y) = R12 (∆) we get,
Equations (v), (vi) and (vii) are the equivalent resistances for transforming delta to wye conversion. We do not need to memorize these equations. Now we create an extra node shown in figure 4 and follow the conversion rule,
Each resistor in the Y network is the product of the resistors in the two adjacent Del branches, divided by the sum of the three Del resistors.
delta wye conversion
Wye to delta conversion
For conversion to wye network to delta network adding equations (v), (vi) and (vii) we get,
 R1R2 + R2R3 + R3R1 = RaRbRc(Ra +Rb + Rc)/(Ra + Rb + Rc)2
 = RaRbRc/(Ra + Rb + Rc) —————— (ix)
Dividing equation (ix) by each of the equations (v), (vi) and (vii) we get,
Ra = R1R2 + R2R3 + R3R1/ R1
Rb = R1R2 + R2R3 + R3R1/ R2
Rc = R1R2 + R2R3 + R3R1/ R3
For Y to delta conversion the rule is followed below,
Each resistor in the delta network is the sum of all possible products of Y resistors taken two at a time, divided by the opposite Y resistor.
Delta and Y are said to be equal or balanced when
R1 = R2 = R3 = RY, Ra = Rb = Rc = R∆
For these condition conversion formulas become,
 RY = R∆/3
Or R∆ = 3RY
Here Y connection is like series connection. And Del is like parallel connection.


text:
Trees Provide Health Boost to Humans
By Sam Lehman | Jan 17, 2013 12:03 PM EST
A new study reinforces the belief that exposure to a natural environment with lots of trees keeps a person healthy.
A study conducted by Geoffrey Donovan, a research forester at the Forest Service's Pacific Northwest Research Station, and his colleagues found how the presence of tress affects a person's health in a good way.
The loss of 100 million trees in the eastern and mid-western parts of the United States provided a good opportunity to study the impact of a major change in the natural environment on human health. After collecting and analyzing data from 15 countries of 18 years, it was found that Americans who live in areas that were infected by insects that kills trees saw 15,000 deaths from cardiovascular diseases and 6,000 more from respiratory illness compared to people who lived in places that had trees.
"There's a natural tendency to see our findings and conclude that, surely, the higher mortality rates are because of some confounding variable, like income or education, and not the loss of trees," said Donovan in a report published by Science Daily. "But we saw the same pattern repeated over and over in counties with very different demographic makeups."
Through the study a direct link between human mortality and loss of trees were found. It has also been determined that loss of trees cause cardiovascular diseases and respiratory illness. However, the reason and mechanism behind this link is yet to be discovered.
The study was conducted in collaboration with David Butry, with the National Institute of Standards and Technology; Yvonne Michael, with Drexel University; and Jeffrey Prestemon, Andrew Liebhold, Demetrios Gatziolis, and Megan Mao, with the Forest Service's Southern, Northern, and Pacific Northwest Research Stations.


Long-term impact of breastmilk on preterm babies
June 29, 2016
What are the long-term benefits of breastmilk for preterm babies? Also, a first-of-its-kind study looks at maternal folate levels and BMI and the role they play in the child's risk of obesity. Plus: What are the adverse neonatal outcomes of untreated depression in the mother?
Breastfeeding of preterm neonates may provide cardiac benefits long after infancy, according to results of a British study published in Pediatrics.
The researcher was a follow up to a randomized controlled trial, in which postnatal milk-feeding regimens were assessed across 5 UK centers between 1982 and 1985. In that study 926 preterm infants studied were randomly assigned to receive either nutrient-rich formula or breastmilk donated by unrelated women who were lactating.
For the new study, the researchers followed 102 people from the original cohort: 16 who had exclusively been fed formula and 30 who had exclusively been fed human milk. They recruited 102 individuals who had been born at term following uncomplicated pregnancy. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess cardiac morphology and function.
More: Why not induce everyone at 39 weeks?
When compared with preterm-born individuals who were exclusively fed with formula, those who had been exclusively given breastmilk as infants had increased left and right ventricular end-diastolic volume index (+9.73%, P =.04 and +18.2%, P <.001) and stroke volume index (+9.79%, P =.05 and +22.1%, P =.01).
The researchers concluded that there appears to a beneficial association between cardiac morphology and function in adult life and breast milk, the first evidence of such an association.
NEXT: Maternal folate and BMI impact on childhood obesity
Maternal folate and BMI impacts childhood obesity
Results of a first-of-its-kind study underscore the need for optimal folate intake in pregnancy because deficiencyâespecially in obese womenâcan lead to childhood obesity. The data, published in JAMA Pediatrics, are from a low-income urban cohort.
For the report, the authors hypothesized that maternal folate concentrations can significantly affect child metabolic health and that sufficient maternal folate concentrations can mitigate prepregnancy obesity-induced child metabolic risk. Several previous studies have shown such a linkage, but according to the researchers, theirs is the first prospective birth cohort in which it has been assessed.
Conducted at Boston Medical Center, the study included 1517 mother-child dyads recruited at birth from 1998 to 2012 who were followed up prospectively for up to 9 years between 2003 and 2014. The researchers calculated child body mass index (BMI) and the metabolic markers leptin, insulin, and adiponectin.
Recommended: Maternal obesity and the fetal brain
An L-shaped association was found between maternal folate concentrations and child overweight or obesity (OWO). Children whose mothers were obese and had folate concentrations in the second through fourth quintiles had a 43% lower likelihood of OWO than did those whose mothers had the lowest levels of folate (odds ratio [OR] 0.57; 95% CI, 0.34-0.95). The highest risk for OWO (after accounting for multiple variables) was among children of obese mothers with low folate concentrations (OR 1.45; 95% CI, 1.13-1.87) compared with those whose mothers were normal weight but had folate concentrations in quartiles 2 through 4.
The researchers noted that the threshold folate concentration identified in their study exceeded the clinical definition of deficiency and that their results demonstrate the benefit of sufficient intake of the vitamin, particularly in obese mothers.
NEXT: Does untreated maternaal depression led to adverse events?
Does untreated maternal depression lead to adverse neonatal outcomes?
According to a new meta-analysis published in JAMA Psychiatry, women with untreated depression may have an increased risk of delivering infants who are born preterm or at low birth weight.
The researchers included randomized and nonrandomized studies that looked at the neonatal outcomes of infants born to women with depression who were receiving neither pharmacological nor nonpharmacological treatments in comparison to women without depression. Two reviewers looked at titles and abstracts independently of one another. They assessed full-text articles, extracted data, and assessed their quality using a version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. They pooled data using random-effect meta-analyses.
Next: Management of adolescents with gender dysphoria
Twenty-three studies from a pool of 6646 initially identified met inclusion criteria. All 23 of the studies were observational and covered 25,663 women. Depression that was untreated was significantly tied to low birth weight (odds ratio [OR], 1.96; 95% CI, 1.24-3.10; 8 studies; I2, 48%) and preterm birth rate (PTB) (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.25-1.94; 14 studies; I2, 39%). Studies that reported a conflict of interest had more than double the odds of PTB (OR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.70-3.67; 5 studies; I2, 0%). Moderate results were seen in studies that showed no conflicts (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.08-1.66; 9 studies; I2, 30%).
The authors concluded that untreated depression carries significant risks of 2 perinatal outcomes: PTB and low birth weight. This contrasts with another previous systematic review on the impact of untreated depression in pregnancy. They believe that these results should help inform the decision-making process regarding depression treatment.


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Does anyone know if the T7 phage promoter is efficient in mammalian systems?
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Amazingly, yes.
See High level gene expression in mammalian cells by a nuclear T7-phage RNA polymerase. The authors recognize that the T7 RNA polymerase tends to work only in the cytoplasm thus is unable to transcribe genes in the nucleus. To remedy this limitation, the T7 polymerase was fused to a nuclear location signal peptide to localize the polymerase correctly.
Promega sells a T7 expression system for RNAi production.
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Thanks for the answer! – Andrei Kucharavy Nov 27 '12 at 9:23
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text:
5.2. Running the ServerOrdinarily, an SSH server is invoked when the host computer is booted, and it is left running as a daemon. This works fine for most purposes. Alternatively, you can invoke the server manually. This is advantageous when you're debugging a server, experimenting with server options, or running a server as a nonsuperuser. Manual invocation requires a bit more work and forethought but might be the only alternative for some situations. Most commonly, a computer has just one SSH server running on it. It handles multiple connections by spawning child processes, one per connection. You can run multiple servers if you like, however. For example, you might run both sshd1 and sshd2, or several versions of a server, each listening on a different TCP port.
Or sshd can be invoked by inetd, creating one sshd process per connection. [Section 126.96.36.199, "Invocation by inetd"]
5.2.1. Running as the SuperuserThe SSH server is invoked by simply typing its name:
The server automatically runs in the background, so no ampersand is required at the end of the line. To invoke the server when the host computer boots, add appropriate lines to /etc/rc.local or the appropriate startup file on your system. For example:# SSH1, SSH2, OpenSSH $ sshd
SSH2 comes with a sample SysV-style init control script, named sshd2.startup.# Specify the path to sshd. SSHD=/usr/local/bin/sshd # If sshd exists, run it and echo success to the system console. if [ -x "$SSHD" ] then $SSHD && echo 'Starting sshd' fi
5.2.2. Running as an Ordinary UserAny user can run sshd, provided that several steps are completed beforehand:
This command generates the files hostkey and hostkey.pub in the directory ~/myserver (so make sure the directory exists). Here's the analogous command for SSH2:# SSH1, OpenSSH $ ssh-keygen -N '' -b 1024 -f ~/myserver/hostkey
The -P and -N cause the generated key to be saved in plaintext, because sshd expects to read it without prompting someone for a passphrase. Third, you must select a port number on which the SSH server listens for connections. The port number is set with the -p command-line option of sshd or the Port keyword in the configuration file, as we discuss later. Your server can't listen on port 22, the default, because only the superuser may run processes to listen on that port. Your port number must be greater than or equal to 1024, as lower port numbers are reserved by the operating system for use by privileged programs. [Section 188.8.131.52, "Trusted-host authentication (Rhosts and RhostsRSA)"] The port number also must not conflict with those in use by other programs on the server computer; if it does, you get an error message when you try to start the server:# SSH2 only $ ssh-keygen2 -P -b 1024 ~/myserver/hostkey
If you receive this error, try another integer in the free range (above 1024). Avoid numbers mentioned in the computer's services map (usually /etc/services or the Network Information Service (NIS) "services" map, which you can view with the Unix command ypcat -k services). These numbers have been designated by the system administrator for use with particular programs or protocols, so you might be causing trouble if you steal one. Finally, you must create your own SSH server configuration file. Otherwise, the server uses built-in defaults or a systemwide configuration file (if one exists) and might not operate as you intend. Assuming you have generated a host key in ~/myserver/hostkey, selected the port number 2345, and created a configuration file in ~/myserver/config, the server is invoked with the command:error: bind: Address already in use
A server run by an ordinary user has some disadvantages:# SSH1, SSH2, OpenSSH $ sshd -h ~/myserver/hostkey -p 2345 -f ~/myserver/config
Copyright © 2002 O'Reilly & Associates. All rights reserved.


Office 365 - Suggested Meetings add-in
Suggested Meetings add-in scans emails for meeting dates/times and allows you to create the meeting invitation from that email. It will send an invitation to all those involved on the email thread (sender and recipients). There is no way to "force" it to scan an email, and it does sometimes miss obvious events or highlights obvious non-events.
How does the Suggested Meetings add-in work?
The Suggested Meetings add-in is a contextual add-in that detects requested keywords or entities, such as meeting suggestions or addresses, that are in your message, and it underlines them. Please note that this add-in doesn't attempt to read or comprehend your message. Even though you might see underlined text, no information is sent to the add-in. Remember, the add-in can run only after you have given your consent to activate it, and you've selected the text underlined by the add-in.
 1. If you see text underlined like in the screenshot below, you can click on it to bring up a Suggested Meeting.
 underlined text
 2. This will bring up the Suggested Meetings pop-up window to create the event.
 Suggested Meetings pop-up
Managing add-ins
 1. You can manage the add-ins available to you by selecting the Settings | Manage Integrations.
 2. To turn off an add-in, simply uncheck the box. There are some add-ins you may not be able to turn off.
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Indigenomics is a phrase coined by Carol Anne Hilton. Transformation exclusively offers Indigenomics.
Indigenomics is about understanding indigenous ways of being and worldview. Indigenomics draws on ancient principles that have supported indigenous economies for thousands of years, and works to implement them as modern practices. Indigenomics welcomes you to an Indigenous worldview. It brings to the forefront human values and practice. Indigenomics converges upon the Canadian context and the shifting influence of First Nations. It invites dialogue, and thought provoking insight into possibility of the Indigenous relationship both in Canada and beyond. It explores the pathway of the threshold of the indigenous relationship and modern economics. Indigenomicsis about honoring the powerful thinking of Indigenous wisdom of local economy, relationship and human values in the modern context.
Indigenomics is about:
- a platform for local changemakers to explore indigenous economic development and economies
- understanding and exploring the Indigenous ways of being
- contrasts with modern economics
- traditional systems while outlining characteristics of emerging ecological business models
Tension plays out daily through the legal and business relationship between First Nations, government and corporations. Indigenomics outlines the current and historical context, the shifting influences, the continuum of thought processes and lays out the invitation to participate in a new economy that includes Indigenous ways of being.
Through Indigenomicsparticipants understand:
- The current socio-economic state of First Nations, including statehood and governance
- Building local relationships with First Nations to support indigenous economies and/or
- Applying indigenous economic principles to achieve sustainable, effective, and inclusive local economic development
- First Nations world view and approach to economic development, including key components of a First Nations economy
- The relevance to local economic development, including the role of government and corporations
- The complexity of Aboriginal economic development decision making
- Economic benefits analysis
- Economic reconciliation frameworks for governments, regions, corporations, municipalities
- Industry relations
- Regional Economic strategies
- Economic frameworks
For speaking engagements, please contact:


text:
Playworks is helping schools continue to reimagine recess.
For the past 24 years, Playworks has partnered with elementary schools to help kids stay active and build valuable social-emotional skills through play. As schools prepare re-opening plans, we want to help provide resources for implementing both in-school and virtual play or recess experiences. We developed Recess Guidelines to include options for what recess could look like based on CDC and state guidelines as of July 2020. We know states, districts, and individual schools are developing many plans for reopening, and no matter what variation of online or in-person experiences they offer next school year, Playworks is here to help.
COVID-19 is changing the way we move, interact, and play on or off the playground.
As we move toward a new school year that will be impacted by COVID-19, we need to approach play differently. This game guide will help with transitioning to safe and healthy play and is appropriate for adaptations of the school experience for kids. It uses the Playworks SEL Game Guide and The Aspen Institute's Return to Play Guidelines to break down the return to play into three phases by using a stoplight system to define risk categories. The recommendations below will help you understand how games can safely be integrated as kids, teachers, and school staff go back to school.
Risk categories are assigned relative to other ways of participating in that game or activity, based on the public health and scientific understandings of COVID-19 and how it can be transmitted as of July 2020. Activities are segmented into three types of risk posed both to participants and others.
For more information about Playworks or any of our programs please contact _EMAIL_.


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Compensating for the Initialization and Sampling of EWMA Run-to-Run Controlled Processes
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3 Author(s)
Good, R.P. ; GLOBALFOUNDRIES, Austin, TX, USA ; Pabst, D. ; Stirton, J.B.
The exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) filter is commonly used for state estimation of run-to-run controllers in semiconductor manufacturing. It is widely known that, when at steady state, the EWMA filter provides the minimum mean square error (MSE) forecast for an integrated moving average (IMA) process. The forecast, however, is optimal if and only if every output of the IMA process is measured. If an EWMA controller is implemented utilizing sampled process data, then it is necessary to retune the controller to maintain optimal performance. Furthermore, in practice, the complex interacting selection criteria of advanced sampling applications often cause measurement frequency to be highly irregular. In this paper, a sampling compensation algorithm (SCA) is derived based on the minimum-norm IMA (MNIMA) forecast. The algorithm provides the minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) forecast of an IMA process for irregularly sampled processes and is robust to initialization.
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Semiconductor Manufacturing, IEEE Transactions on (Volume:23, Issue: 2 )