How to generate the point cloud classification
This process computes a point cloud classification using the densified point cloud that is generated during step 2.Point Cloud and Mesh. Each point is automatically classified in one of the following predefined groups:
 - Ground
 - Road Surface
 - High Vegetation
 - Building
 - Human Made Object
The point cloud classification can be performed:
During processing step 2. Point Cloud and Mesh
After processing step 2. Point Cloud and Mesh
In order to perform the point cloud classification while processing step 2. Point Cloud and Mesh:
 1. On the menu bar, click Process > Processing Options...
 2. Select the processing step 2. Point Cloud and Mesh.
 3. Select the tab Point Cloud.
 4. In the section Point Cloud Classification, select the box Classify Point Cloudclassify_process_options.jpg
 5. Click OK.
 6. Process step 2. Point Cloud and Mesh.
In order to perform the point cloud classification after processing step 2. Point Cloud and Mesh:
 1. On the menu bar, click Process > Run Point Cloud Classification.
Warning: When reprocessing step 2. Point Cloud and Mesh, the existing outputs and all edits will be deleted and overwritten.
The generated point groups can be visualized in the rayCloud and exported in several file formats:
Visualize the point cloud groups
Export the point cloud groups
Visualize the point cloud groups
The Point Groups layer has a Display Properties sub-layer that can be used to select the point groups to be displayed in the rayCloud. To visualize the point groups using the predefined classification colors the Show Class Color option should be enabled from the drop-down list. When the Show Class Color option is not enabled, the selected point groups are displayed with their original colors.
Note: Preselected colors are applied to the predefined point groups. User defined point groups are displayed as white points.
Export the point cloud groups
To export the point groups:
1. On the Menu bar, click View > rayCloud.
2. On the left sidebar, in the Layers section expand the Point Clouds list and right click on the densified point cloud's name to be exported.
3. Click Export Point Cloud...
4. In the Export Point Cloud pop-up that appears, select the point group to be exported.
5. Select the desired format between the following options: LAS, LAZ, PLY, XYZ.
Note: The classification labels are only exported for the LAS and LAZ file formats.
6. On Save As, type the desired file name.
Note: By default, the file is exported in the results folder with the same name as the original point cloud. To avoid overwriting the original point cloud, the name or the destination folder should be changed.
7. Click Browse... to navigate to the path where the point group is saved.
8. Click OK.
The point cloud classification is based on machine learning techniques which require training on labelled data. Both the geometry and the color information are used to assign the points of the densified point cloud in one of the predefined groups. The process performs well for environments similar to the ones of the datasets used for training the algorithm, such as rural, construction and vegetation areas. High vegetation and buildings are well-detected and classified. To learn more about the classification algorithm: Advanced knowledge - Scientific papers.
Depending on the quality of the dataset and the type of terrain, there are areas where the classification is not expected to perform perfectly and there is a need for manual intervention. Mountains, quarries and concrete buildings might need further editing. In the future, more training data will be used to improve the algorithm and give more reliable classification results for different types of projects.
Important: The classification algorithm performs better in projects with a GSD less than 5 cm.
It is possible to edit the point groups to improve the results of the classification. Points can be reallocated among point groups. The points that are erroneously assigned to a point group can be moved to the correct point group using the Edit Densified Point Cloud option: How to edit the point cloud in the rayCloud.
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Article feedback (for troubleshooting, post here)
 - yang li
 In my cloud point classification,I can get classification.
 i find error in ipx4d note,how to solve it?
 Error loading boosting model file C:/Users/李阳/AppData/Local/Temp/pix4d.P1XkOA/model.lightgbm
 [Error]: Could not load LightGBM model from file: C:/Users/李阳/AppData/Local/Temp/pix4d.P1XkOA/model.lightgbm
 [Error]: Error classifying pointcloud: Error classifying point cloud
 [Error]: Failed to run classification
 By the way,in other time,after run classification,my all points in pointGroups 'Unclassified'，What should i do if I want get right point cloud.
 - Blaž (Pix4D)
 Hi Yang,
 This issue is related to the project path.
 It seems that the 李阳 name in the path creates the problem. Could you please try to create another project using a different path that does not contain folders having special characters or spaces, such as 李阳?
 I expect the classification to work this way. If not, please let me know to further investigate the issue.
 - yang li
 Hi Blaž,
 Thanks,I have solved this problem.However, the results of point cloud classification are not ideal.If I use point cloud editing in the Raycloud, the workload will be huge. Can I export the original point cloud file of pix4d and try to use other software to classify it?
 Li yang
 - Blaž (Pix4D)
 It is possible to export the point cloud and classify it in a third party software. Then you can import external point clouds back into Pix4D and use them for the generation of your DSM, orthomosaic, and all other outputs that are generated in step 3. Read here to learn more about importing an external point cloud into Pix4D for processing.
 - James Scheideler
 Hi, what is the purpose of classifying the point cloud? My end goal is to generate contour lines that accurately represent my job site. When I classify the point cloud I notice that it tries to distinguish between man made and natural features among other things. Sometimes it is correct and other times it gets things wrong, but does it affect the contours? Is it worth fixing? What is the purpose of this? Thanks
 - Blaž (Pix4D)
 Keep in mind that the contour lines can be generated based on the DTM or DSM and in case that you want the contour lines to represent the "ground level", we recommend using the point cloud classification.
 The results of the point cloud classification are used for the DTM generation during step 3.DSM, Orthomosaic and Index.
 This means that the purpose of point cloud classification is to automatically assign points to predetermined groups. Out of these groups (Ground, Road Surface, High Vegetation, Building, Human Made Object), only the Ground and Road Surface groups are preserved in the DTM. To improve the DTM, all the terrain points should be assigned to one of these point groups. To manually move points between the automatically generated point groups, the Edit Densified Point Cloud option can be used: How to edit the point cloud in the rayCloud.
 - Aaron Meyer
 Thank you for the helpful videos and instructions. I have some questions regarding the processing the point cloud classification:
 The help article discusses the machine-learning to better classify the point clouds.
 1. Is this something that is learned by my computer as I reclassify points in the ray cloud?
 2. Is it possible to fine tune using pixel color? I have a lot of areas that are dirt (light brown) and it is classifying these points as roads (light grey).
 3. Is there a way to save the changes made to the classification of points? I had changed a lot of points, but then it was necessary (because of another issue) to re-run step 2 processing which removed all of the work done to the point cloud.
 - Blaž (Pix4D)
 Hi Arron, I am glad you were able to find information in the videos and instructions.
 As for the question:
 1. At the moment, the local reclassification is not used for learning the model and it will not influence further classifications.
 2. As mentioned in the Classification of aerial photogrammetric 3D point clouds scientific paper, our approach exploits both geometric and color information to classify individual points.
 3. The results of the classification will be lost when running Step 2. A workaround would be to export a classified point cloud prior to rerunning Step 2.
 - Corey Passlow
 Good Afternoon,
 Is it possible to create a Grid DSM of only the "Ground" and "Road" point classifications?
 - Blaž (Pix4D)
 Hi Corey,
 When generating Grid DSM all points are taken into account regardless of which point class they belong to.
 We find your need very relevant and will investigate further what could be done to cover the workflow you mention. We are


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Split-FX Analysis Service
Work with the engineers at Split Engineering to process your pointclouds, run slope stability simulations and write a short report regarding your rock mass. We will consult with you regarding best practices for approaching the LIDAR scanning in the field so that the best possible scan for processing and analysis is obtained.
Pointcloud processing is conducted using the Split-FX® software. This software is designed specifically to extract geotechnical information from point clouds.
For rock mass characterization, important attributes of the geologic structure are extracted from the point clouds, including discontinuity orientation and spacing. The orientation results are plotted on a stereonet and the primary joint sets are determined.
The geologic structure is analyzed using the following steps in the Split-FX program:
- For each section, a meshing direction is identified which is roughly perpendicular to the surface in that section.
- A triangulated surface is created from the point cloud.
- Fracture "patches" are automatically found by finding collections of triangles that conform to a flatness criterion.
- Fractures that appear as traces and not surfaces on the rock slope are extracted by manually delineating the fracture traces on the point cloud.
- The orientation of the fracture patches and traces are plotted on a stereonet, and joint sets are determined. On the FX stereonet, larger fractures are plotted as a larger circle to be able to identify the most persistent discontinuities.
- Data is exported to the modeling software programs for slope stability analysis including plane or wedge failure.
Contact Split Engineering to discuss your project further.
Some key information in order for us to understand your project and formulate a scope of work includes:
- Location to be scanned (state, nearest city, mine or highway mile marker, etc.) and history of the site (old highway being widened, for example).
- Purpose of the scan project (was there a slope failure that we are investigating, for example) and how will this data be used.
- Surface area to be scanned (approximate square meters or square feet of surface area to be scanned).
- Is the scan complete, or does this need to be done? If the scan was already conducted we need information on the type of scanner used, scan point spacing, number of scan positions, among other information.
- What information do you want from the scan:
- Processed point clouds for viewing.
- Rock mass characterization information (fracture orientations, stereonets, fracture spacing, fracture roughness, GSI, etc.).
- Cross sections.
- Slope stability information (factor of safety, probability of failure, for plane wedge and toppling failure).
- Rockfall trajectory analysis.
- Change detection. Note: for this there will need to be "before" and "after" scanning or ongoing periodic scanning.
- Finite element numerical modeling for surface or underground stability analyses.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The season you are born in influences a wide range of things, from lifespan, to height, and even risk of allergic disease. But little is known about how a one-time exposure like the season of birth has such lasting effects.
Now, researchers at the University of Southampton have found specific markers on DNA that link the season of birth to risk of allergy in later life.
Their study did epigenetic scanning on DNA samples from a group of people born on the Isle of Wight. They found that particular epigenetic marks of DNA methylation were associated with season of birth and were still present 18 years later.
The research team was also able to link these birth season epigenetic marks to allergic disease, for example people born in autumn had an increased risk of eczema compared to those born in spring. The results were validated in a cohort of Dutch children.
Influence on Gene Expression
John Holloway, Professor of Allergy and Respiratory Genetics at the University and one of the study's authors, says:
"These are really interesting results. We know that season of birth has an effect on people throughout their lives. For example generally, people born in autumn and winter are at increased risk for allergic diseases such as asthma. However, until now, we did not know how the effects can be so long lasting.
Epigenetic marks are attached onto DNA, and can influence gene expression (the process by which specific genes are activated to produce a required protein) for years, maybe even into the next generation. Our study has linked specific epigenetic marks with season of birth and risk of allergy. However, while these results have clinical implications in mediating against allergy risk, we are not advising altering pregnancy timing."
The team says that further research is needed to understand what it is about the different seasons of the year that leads to altered disease risk, and whether specific differences in the seasons including temperature, sunlight levels and diets play a part.
First author Dr Gabrielle Lockett, of the University of Southampton, adds:
"It might sound like a horoscope by the seasons, but now we have scientific evidence for how that horoscope could work. Because season of birth influences so many things, the epigenetic marks discovered in this study could also potentially be the mechanism for other seasonally influenced diseases and traits too, not just allergy."
More study is also needed on the relationship between DNA methylation and allergic disease, and whether other environmental exposures also alter the epigenome, with potential disease implications.
Gabrielle A. Lockett, et al. Association of Season of Birth with DNA Methylation and Allergic Disease Allergy, 2016; DOI: 10.1111/all.12882
Image: Taylor Schwartz, Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health


Is baby food unhealthy?
Is it bad to eat baby food?
Why is the baby food diet unhealthy?
The baby food diet lacks the calories and nutrients you need to properly fuel your body. Not filling. Most baby foods are low in protein and fiber. You may find that you feel hungry even when consuming adequate calories.
What happens if I eat baby food?
IT IS INTERESTING: You asked: Why is my newborn not drinking much?
Is it better to make baby food or buy?
Is premade baby food bad?
Can I eat baby food as a snack?
Can you lose weight by eating pureed food?
They measured calories and macronutrients on three different days and found that meals from the puréed diet had 31% fewer calories, 45% less protein, and 41% less fat than the regular diet. If you have to be on a puréed diet for any length of time, make sure you monitor your weight.
What is the best baby food?
Best baby food
 - Best organic baby food pouches: Plum Organics Stage 1.
IT IS INTERESTING: How do you say I love you to a baby?
22 сент. 2020 г.
What is the daily intake of fiber for the baby food diet?
There are several concerns about the Baby Food Diet: Fiber shortfall. Women should get about 25 grams of fiber a day for optimal health. Baby food is processed and often strained, so your choices are likely lacking in fiber.
Are baby food pouches healthy?
Limit the Use of Pouches
Pouches are unquestionably a better choice than cookies or chips or other low-nutrient foods that are high in calories and salt or sugar, and they can be left in a backpack or car for much longer than fresh foods like carrots or apples. But many experts say you should limit their use.
When can baby eat adults food?
Baby Milestone 1: When They Can Start Solids
How do you eat baby food?
Baby cereal basics.
What is the healthiest baby food?
 - Best Overall: Happy Baby Organic Baby Food. …
 - Best Budget: Plum Organics Baby Food. …
 - Most Widely Available: Ella's Kitchen Organic Baby Food. …
 - Most Creative Names: Once Upon a Farm Organic Baby Food. …
 - Best Flavor Combos: Sprout Organic Baby Food. …
 - Best for Older Babies: Peter Rabbit Organics Baby Food.
IT IS INTERESTING: How common is a 10 pound baby?
Is jar food bad for babies?
How long do babies eat purees?


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Is there any documentation or evidence of anyone finding gold in California before the discovery at Sutter's Mill in 1848?
The Spanish DID come to the New World to find Gold, and other things, but while I always thought they came across it much earlier than they did it looks like that was not so. At least in the province of California:
When James Wilson Marshall found gold in the tailrace of Sutter's mill on January 24, 1848, he was not the first to come across this much sought mineral in California. As early as 1816, there were reports of gold in the Spanish province of California. Reports and rumors of gold persisted, but it was not until 1842 that there was a real gold rush in the future Golden State. Either late in 1841 or early in 1842, Francisco Lopez, majordomo of the San Fernando Rancho, and a companion were in search of some stray cattle in the mountains near the ranch. Becoming tired they dismounted to rest in San Feliciano Canyon. Here Lopez whipped out his knife to dig some wild onions to eat, and in the earth clinging to them he found particles of what appeared to him to be gold. Using his knife he continued to mine in the vicinity and found additional alluvial gold deposits.
The original source is from the California Department of Conservation, learn something new every day..


Question: Which Type Of Missile Is Nag?
How does an anti tank missile work?
A rocket boosts the Kornet out of its sealed tube and follows the laser beam to the target.
The missile contains high explosives specially arranged within the warhead.
Just before the missile impacts a tank's armor, the "shaped charge" explodes and produces a jet of heat that burns through the tank's metal skin..
Can a T 72 destroy an Abrams?
How accurate are Hellfire missiles?
If two missiles are needed for each kill then each Hellfire is at most only 50% reliable, which is not how this system has been described to Congress. … If that CEP was properly formulated, it means that in 50% of the cases the Hellfire will strike within five meters of its target.
What is Sant missile?
SANT Missile. India successfully test-fired SANT (Stand-off Anti-tank) missile off the coast of Odisha. The missile is being developed by Imarat (DRDO's research centre) in collaboration with the IAF. The missile is reported to be the upgraded version of India's Helina (Helicopter Launched Nag) missile.
What is the name of the short range missile that a soldier can launch over the shoulder?
Bazooka, shoulder-type rocket launcher adopted by the U.S. Army in World War II.
What is the range of Nag missile?
It has a minimum range of 500 metres and maximum range of 4 km. As a third-generation 'fire and forget' category system, NAG uses an imaging infra-red seeker to lock on to the target before launch.
Can RPG 7 destroy an Abrams?
How much does a TOW missile cost?
BGM-71 TOWUnit cost$93,640 (2B Aero), $54,956 (Bunker Buster) FY2021 £8,500 (1984)SpecificationsLength1.16–1.17 m – probe folded 1.41–1.51 m – probe extended (some variants have no probe)Diameter152 mm17 more rows
What killed the most tanks in World War 2?
What was the most lethal tank of World War II? Originally Answered: What is the most lethal tank of World war II? In terms of killing power it would be the German Tiger Tank or the later King Tiger. Both had some reliability issues and the King was underpowered but equipped with the deadly 88mm (3 1/2″) gun.
What is Dhruvastra?
Dhruvastra is the helicopter version of 'Nag Helina' with several new features and meant to be fired from air to destroy enemy bunkers, armoured vehicles and main battle tanks.
How many Nag missile India have?
300 Nag missilesThe army is currently using second-generation Milan 2T and Konkur ATGMs and has been looking for about third-generation missiles, which are important for stopping advancing enemy tanks. The Defence Ministry in 2018 had cleared the acquisition of 300 Nag missiles and 25 NAMICAs for the Indian Army.
Can a missile destroy a tank?
Can a javelin shoot down aircraft?
The Javelin was developed and is being produced by the Javelin Joint Venture between Lockheed Martin and Raytheon. These missiles are shoulder-fired intended to take down tanks, armored vehicles and low flying aircraft.
Which of the following Organisation has developed Anti Tank Guided Missile named Dhruvastra?
Defence Research and Development OrganisationDeveloped by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), the anti-tank guided missile meant to be launched from a helicopter was flight-tested from a static launcher positioned at Integrated Test Range (ITR) under simulated conditions on July 15 and 16.
Is Akash missile a failure?
Significantly, three squadrons of Akash Missiles of IAF (commissioned between 2013-2015) reported in February 2019 that that the missile system remained down or simply broken and sometimes even out of order during 90 per cent of the time since their commissioning. …
Who manufactures the Javelin missile?
Lockheed MartinWith its soft launch design, Javelin can be safely fired from inside buildings or bunkers. Javelin was developed and produced for the U.S. Army and Marine Corps by the Javelin Joint Venture between Lockheed Martin in Orlando, Florida and Raytheon in Tucson, Arizona.
How does a Javelin missile work?
A soft launch ejects the missile from the launch tube to give a low-recoil shoulder launch. The soft launch enables firing from inside buildings or covered positions. Once the missile is clear, the larger propellant in the second stage is ignited and the missile is propelled towards the target.
Which is the helicopter variant of Nag missile?
HeliNaHeliNa (7-10km): It is a helicopter-launched version of NAG with an extended range. The launch system is mounted on HAL "Rudra" helicopter using "Rudrastra" twin-launcher system and HAL Light Combat Helicopters. The launch system is used by both Indian Army and Air Force.
Can mortars destroy tanks?
Depends on the hit location and type of ammunition, but in general tanks are not meant to survive mortar hits. … Fragments from the explosion of a mortar round could also damage optics, antennas, radios and the main gun. Most likely a mortar crew wouldn't use a dumb HE round to engage a main battle tank.
Which of the following is anti tank missile?
Shikha Goyal. Anti-Tank Guided Missile: On 1 October 2020, Laser Guided Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) was successfully test-fired defeating a target located at a longer range. It is indigenously developed.
How good is Nag missile?
The Nag missile was successfully tested 12 times between 7 and 18 July 2019. It was tested under extreme weather conditions during day and night, in indirect attack mode as well as in top attack mode, and achieved a direct hit on each target.
Can a Hellfire missile destroy a tank?
Is an example of anti tank missile?
Examples are the Russian 9M133 Kornet, Israeli LAHAT and the NLOS version of Spike and the American Hellfire I missiles.
What is the name of the famous Anti Tank Guided Missile?
Javelin antitank guided missileAntitank guided missile, medium or long-range missile whose primary purpose is to destroy tanks and other armoured vehicles. U.S. soldiers firing an FGM-148 Javelin antitank guided missile during training in Grafenwöhr, Ger., 2006.
Can a bazooka destroy a tank?
What is the best anti tank missile?
Currently Top 10 man-portable anti-tank guided missiles in the the world are these:Nr.3 Spike LR2 (Israel) … Nr.4 Javelin (United States) … Nr.5 HJ-12 (China) … Nr.6 MAPATS (Israel) … Nr.7 Shershen (Belarus) … Nr.8 Kornet-M (Russia) … Nr.9 TOW 2 (United States) … Nr.10 MILAN ER (France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom)More items…


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- Conference date: 8−10 Jun 1989
- Location: Newark, Delaware (USA)
We show how the spectral analysis code ROBFIT has been used in analyzing gamma‐rays output from Supernova 1987A. The observations were performed using the GRAD detector which was on‐board a balloon launched from McMurdo Station, Antarctica on January 8 1986. A spectral analysis code, ROBFIT, capable of distinguishing peak at the noise level used to analyze the data. ROBFIT is a general purpose spectral analysis package which as been developed at the University of Florida.
ROBFIT represents gamma‐ray peak shapes and background continuum as combinations of spline functions. The background is fitted over the entire spectrum using a robust fitting technique. This removes the need to independently fit small regions of a spectrum which can lead to mis‐representation of the background under certain conditions. The code has the ability to model any peak shape as a combination of spline functions. Both background and peaks are adjusted simultaneously until χ2 is minimized. Then the background can be modified and new peaks searched for a new minimum found. This iterative procedure is carried out until a user supplied limit is reached. ROBFIT then outputs peak positions, widths strengths and their associated errors.
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Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles
"Efficient Implementation of QRD-RLS Algorithm using Hardware-Software Co-design"
by Napur Lodha, Nivesh Rai, Aarthy Krishnamurthy, Hrishikesh Venkataraman
in the 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Parallel & Distributed Processing (IPDPS 2009), 2009, pp. 1 - 4.
After careful and considered review of the content and authorship of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.
This paper contains significant portions of original text from the paper cited below. The original text was reused with insufficient attribution (including appropriate references to the original author(s) and/or paper title) and without permission from all coauthors.
Due to the nature of this violation, reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper, and future references should be made to the following article:
"Hardware-Software Co-design of QRD-RLS Algorithm with Microblaze Soft Core Processor"
by Napur Lodha, Nivesh Rai, Rahul Dubey, Hrishikesh Venkataraman
in the Third International Conference on Information Systems, Technology and Management (ICISTM-09), 2009, pp. 197 - 207.
This paper presents the implementation of QR Decomposition based Recursive Least Square (QRD-RLS) algorithm on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) using hardware-software co-design. The system has been implemented on Xilinx Spartan 3E FPGA with Microblaze soft core processor. The hardware part consists of a custom peripheral that solves the part of the algorithm with higher computational costs and the software part consists of an embedded soft core processor that manages the control functions and rest of the algorithm. The speed and flexibility of FPGAs render them viable for such computationally intensive application. This paper also presents the implementation results and their anlysis.
Date of Conference: 23-29 May 2009


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Mollisols (from Latin mollis, "soft") are the soils of grassland ecosystems. They are characterized by a thick, dark surface horizon. This fertile surface horizon, known as a mollic epipedon, results from the long-term addition of organic materials derived from plant roots. Mollisols are among some of the most important and productive agricultural soils in the world and are extensively used for this purpose. They are divided into eight suborders: Albolls, Aquolls, Rendolls, Gelolls, Cryolls, Xerolls, Ustolls and Udolls.
Mollisols primarily occur in the middle latitudes and are extensive in prairie regions such as the Great Plains of the U.S. Globally, they occupy approximately 7.0 percent of the ice-free land area. In the U.S., they are the most extensive soil order, accounting for approximately 21.5 percent of the land area.


Moorlands Primary School
Healthy animals!
This week in science we want you to;
Watch this clip:
 - Stranded! - Imagine being stranded on a desert island. The desert island has nothing from home on it. It has sun, sea, sand and a bit of shelter, but nothing else. What would you really miss from home if you were stuck on this island for a long time? What would make you happy? What would your needs be? You could even try and create your own desert island!
 - Survival list - Write a list with two headings 'Things I need to survive', 'Things I need for happiness'. Explain your reason for each item on your list. You could even put your list inside a plastic bottle and add it to your desert island!
 - Pet survival kit - If you had your pet on the island, how would your list change? What would your pet need to survive? Could it survive on the same things as you? You could even create a pet survival list too.
 Beside the Seaside
Use the 'Features of a seaside' powerpoint to learn about human(man-made) and physical (natural) features of a seaside.
 - Seaside sort – sort seaside features into Physical and Human. You could write, draw or use pictures to show what the different features are.
 - Seaside glossary – write an explanation for each feature in your list,
e.g. Cliffs – the edge of land that drops steeply down to the sea.
Happy V Sad Mind
During lockdown you might have had different feelings going on in your mind. Sometimes you will have felt sad and sometimes you will have felt happy.
 - Use the activity sheet to draw or write words inside them to describe what is happening in our mind when you feel happy and sad. Is there something or someone that helps you feel happy again?
 - Create a happiness box and put a note inside with something that makes you feel happy. You could even decorate it with the things that make you happy!


A guide to deposit protection schemes
As a landlord there are plenty of different rules and regulations that you need to think about in order to rent out your property. One of the biggest of these are Deposit Protection Schemes (DPS) but what are these schemes and why is it so vital that you have an awareness and understanding of how they work?
What is DPS?
When you rent a property, whether privately or through a letting agent, then you will have most likely been asked to pay a deposit. This deposit will depend on the property that you are renting as well as the agreement that you have with the landlord or agent. The important thing is the way the deposit is handled.
Any property that has been rented after the 6th April 2007 requires the landlord to place the paid deposit it a tenancy deposit scheme which is government backed.
There are a variety of different schemes out there that the landlord can decide to use, however, it has to be recognised and backed by the Government. As a landlord, you are also responsible for advising the tenant where their deposit is held and how they can raise a dispute should they require it later on in the process.
Why do you need it?
The idea behind a deposit is that it is a sum of money paid by the tenant to ensure that they look after and maintain the property whilst they rent it from you. If there are any problems when they leave the property such as overdue rent or damage, then the deposit can be withheld in order to meet the costs paid out by the landlord or the letting agent.
Without a deposit being paid into a DPS the landlord is liable, not the tenant. A tenant can seek legal advice as to whether or not their landlord has acted correctly, and if they haven't then regardless of the situation the landlord will need to either repay the deposit back to the tenant or find a DPS that they can place it into.
In some circumstances, a landlord may also find that the court order them to pay out as much as three times the deposit that the tenant paid, back to the tenant, all within 14 days of them making the order.
If this wasn't enough to convince you, then it is important to remember that you always want to be seen in a good light. Whilst being a landlord isn't a job as such, it is something that you should approach seriously and want to do properly. Not only will this help you along the way but will also ensure that your tenants see you as a landlord that they want to continue to rent with.
As you can see, DPS is an incredibly important part of letting out a property and is a part of the process that you should never ignore. Not only does it protect you, but also your tenants too, making sure that you are taking the first steps towards being the very best landlord that you can be.
Need further info on this or any letting related matter? Please contact Cooper Adams


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The world's oldest Auschwitz survivor, Antoni Dobrowolski defied the Nazis to teach Polish children.
The world's oldest survivor of the Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland is dead at 108.
More from GlobalPost: Auschwitz documents surface, then vanish
A teacher by trade, he was imprisoned at the death camp for giving lessons to Polish children in defiance of his Nazi occupiers.
After the Germans invaded Poland, sparking World War II, the Nazis banned Poles from anything beyond four years of elementary education in a bid to crush the country's people and its culture, according to the AP.
More from GlobalPost: Auschwitz survivor and museum director dies on 60th anniversary of liberation
But an underground movement known as the Secret Teaching Organization sought to keep the country's education system alive and well.
Dobrowolski and other Polish teachers engaged in the effort were arrested by the Gestapo and sent to Auschwitz in June 1942, according to Poland's Gazeta Wyborcza.
Dobrowolski later spent time at the concentration camps of Gross-Rosen and then Sachsenhausen, where he was liberated in 1945 at the war's end, the AP reported.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Save the Moonflowers
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Margaret Mee (_PHONE_) was a botanical artist who often traveled up the Amazon River alone in search of rare flowers to collect and paint. Even at the age of 79, she planned to return to the Amazon for another excursion. On Thanksgiving Day in 1988, Ms. Mee was interviewed on the MacNeil-Lehrer NewsHour; she fascinated the television audience with her accounts of her travels. Tragically, she was killed in an auto accident less than a week later. Even after her death, however, she is still having a profound impact on the preservation of rare flowers in the rainforests. In this lesson, you will learn how Mee's activities are helping markets save the rare moonflower.
(image courtesy of Margaret Mee's
Amazon by Antique Collector's Club)
In this lesson you will describe how markets can be used to preserve rare flora and fauna. Also, given a resource, identify its alternative uses.
Go to the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation for a complete transcript of Margaret Mee's final interview:
Answer these questions based upon the interview above:
Ms. Mee is best known for her paintings. Besides creating beautiful images for people to enjoy, what purpose did her activity serve?
What was the urgency behind her work?
According to Mee, what percent of the Atlantic Forest remains today?
Describe some of the rare flowers that attracted Mee to the rainforest.
What flower did Mee seek in the spring before her death?
What was special about that flower?
What did she fear more than poisonous insects and snakes? Do you agree? Why or why not?
- What did Mee expect to see on her next visit?
View satellite images of deforestation around Santa Cruz, Bolivia at:
Make general observations about the satellite images of the region for 1984 and 1998. The forests are indicated by green regions; deforested areas are indicated by reddish-brown areas. (Note: It is not necessary to click on the links to the other image files or the Quicktime movie. They take a long time to download.)
What activities are leading to deforestation in the depicted region?
Why do you suppose this land is being changed from its natural condition in favor of alternative uses?
Make a list of ten possible uses (products) of this land. HINT: Visit _URL_
. Scroll down to review the "Economy" section to see the products exported from Bolivia.
How many of these ten products pass through markets (i.e. can be purchased)?
- Many products from the environment (such as pure air, rare plants, scenic vistas) are provided directly to people and do not pass through markets. Do you think the Bolivian government would support regulation to control deforestation? Why or why not?
Use the Amazon Boat Trip article to complete this Activity.
What is being marketed at this site?
If the organization selling trips could purchase the land where these tours are conducted, do you think it would be more or less likely to preserve the rare flora on that land?
How was Margaret Mee helping to preserve the rare moonflower?
- How are markets helping to preserve the rare moonflower?
- What do you know about endangered plants and animals? Is there one that particularly interests you? Create a travel brochure for a tour of the habitat that sustains that plant or animal.
- Can you think of any situation in which tourists cannot help preserve an area by paying to visit it? How can the area be preserved?
This lesson outlined the concepts of markets and natural resources while discussing the experiences of Margaret Mee. Rare flowers, such as the moonflower, have benefited from the activities provided by markets which are helping preserve their existence.


- Dr. Giugi Carminati, Esq.
ESI Item Tracking Sheet Part 2: Unique Numerical Identifiers
As we've discussed before, each ESI Item should receive either a unique numerical identifier. In the case of documents in.pdf format, bates labeling is usually employed. (For more about bates labeling check out our bates labeling article).
Depending on whether your office chooses to use unique numerical identifiers or bates labels, the ESI Item Tracking Sheet will look a little different, The point, though, is the same: provide a unique identity to each ESI Item.
Decide Whether to Use Unique ID Nos. or Bates Labels
Commentators disagree as to whether using bates labeling or unique identifiers is best. As a practicing attorney, there is nothing like bates labels. I have been saved numerous times by bates labels when faced with large numbers, inconsistent page-numbering, no page-numbering, and sets of various documents collected into a single document. In the middle of an examination, whether via deposition or trial, being able to refer to a Bates Label is an immediate lifeline.
However, if your firm prefers unique identifiers those can work too. We would advise they come with a prefix. The prefix should provide information regarding source or custodian of the document.
Here is what it looks like:
The bates prefix and bates numbers are either those placed on ESI Items by producing parties or your own firm. Bates Beg is the first number on the ESI Item and Bates End is the last number on the ESI Item. If the ESI Item only has one number, the BatesBeg and BatesEnd are the same.
You can also arrange the numbers and prefixes vertically, as shown below:
This format makes it easier to fit the spreadsheet onto Letter or, if necessary, Legal, which are standard printing formats.
Note also that neither BatesBeg nor BatesEnd needs to include all the zeros you would see printed on an ESI Item. (For reference, bates numbers are reflected as follows on each of the pages MachineLLC000045-000047, BanksBank000064-BanksBank000084). The number does not actually include the zeros and the zeros do not need to be included in the spreadsheet.
The Numbers Don't Have to be in Order
Spreadsheets can be sorted and re-ordered. As a result, the entries don't have to be put "in order" because they can be re-ordered at the end. See below different ways the data can then be sorted, including alphabetically:
It can also be ordered alphabetically and numerically if the ESI Items were inserted in the spreadsheet out order (which they often are). The spreadsheet can also be ordered by date (more on this in another post).
Using Bates Labels for Non.PDF ESI Items
If an ESI Item is not a.pdf but, rather, an item that cannot be bates labeled page-by-page, you can still assign a bates number to the file and insert it in the file name. For instance, an excel spreadsheet in native format would just be given MachineLLC_000100, An audio file could be labeled Widget_000034 and Widget_000035. The same would be true of an audio file. This way, each time would still get a unique identifier within the bates labeling system.
Unique Numeric Identifiers
If your firm would rather not use bates labels, you can still organize and label ESI Items with Identification Nos. This number should be reflected in the file name itself so it can be matched up to the spreadsheet.
The above spreadsheet has both an ID No. and the bates labels for clarity. You can see that the ID Nos. are not in order. However, sorting them by ID No. takes a few seconds.
You've reached the end of the ESI Tracking Sheet tutorial section regarding using and recording bates numbers. Our next section will discuss drafting and inserting titles for ESI Items.
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WILDLIFE organisations have issued a reminder about the impact of recent hot waves on native birds.
With sweltering conditions, and temperatures in the 40s predicted again over the coming weeks, head of research at Bird Life Australia James O'Connor is encouraging people to fill their birdbaths and leave water out.
Mr O'Connor said over the past few weeks, thousands of native birds had felt the effects of the heat wave, both in the city and in the country.
"Hot weather always takes its toll, but if it only lasts for a day or two, birds can usually survive until the weather cools down again," he said.
"However, when it's hot for day after day, like the rest of us they start to feel the effects."
He said, like everyone else, birds needed to drink lots of water and shelter from the heat during the hot weather.
"Unlike the rest of us, they can't turn on a tap for some cold water, or switch on an air-conditioner to cool down," he said.
"Just a few months ago, wetlands were brimming with water, but now many are just parched expanses of cracked mud.
"Birds need water to drink every day, and when the wetlands dry out, they need to find water somewhere else or they will die."
Mr O'Connor suggested the best thing people could do to lend the birds a hand was to place a dish of water in the shade.
"So that the birds can have a drink or cool off in it," he said.
"And make sure it's not too deep so that birds won't drown in it!
"Also, if you have a birdbath in your garden, make sure it's topped up regularly and placed in the shade so the water doesn't heat up too much."
He added it was important to keep the water out of the reach of the neighbourhood cats.
"Heat-stressed birds are easy prey for them," he said.


Broken Bones in Long Island Pedestrian Accident Cases
Due to pedestrians not having protection, it is common for a pedestrian to suffer a broken bone in an accident. This is especially true when it comes to pedestrians who have been hit by a car. If you have suffered a broken bone injury in a pedestrian accident, contact a compassionate lawyer who is experienced handling broken bones in Long Island pedestrian accident cases. Call today to schedule a consultation to see what options you may have going forward.
Boken Bones Impact a Person's Life
A broken bone can impact a person's life in a number of ways. No matter how much it heals, that bone will never be same. Most bones, when they heal, are arthritic and those types of symptoms may not appear for many years. The more significant the fracture, the more likely it is that there will be other types of permanent injuries, and those may also stay with the person for the rest of their life.
Disabilities as a Result of Boken Bones
A broken bone typically means that that part of the body is going to have some functional loss, whether that is temporary or permanent. If somebody breaks a bone in their hand, they may experience permanent lack of function in that hand. A person who suffered a broken bone in their hand may not be able close their fist the same way, hold an object the same way, or use their fingers the way that they did before. A disability can be applied to broken bones in any area of the body. While some bones heal well enough for the person to function, many do not. This is why it is essential for the injured person to contact an attorney who is knowledgeable in broken bones in Long Island pedestrian accident cases. An attorney could ensure that the individual is able to recover from the unfortunate incident by assigning liability.
Loss of Income During Recovery
If a person breaks a bone in their leg, they are likely to lose income because they are unable to get to work or accomplish tasks. Their fractured leg or fractured arm will make it difficult to drive a car. Also, many people have a job in which they have to use our arms or legs, therefore, it becomes very difficult to go on with everyday life after suffering a broken bone.
Surgery and Therapy Costs
The most significant cost associated with a broken bone is surgery. If the break is significant, it might require surgical intervention in which the doctors or surgeons use screws, plates, and rods to help re-align the bone so that it heals properly. Surgeries can often cost high amounts of money. The second area of great concern is the expense of therapy. The rehab involved in a broken bone injury is extremely significant because it can last from six months to several years.
Pain from Broken Bones
Pain is subjective and everyone has a different pain threshold, but broken bones cause significant pain. Some bones are much more painful than other bones when they break. A fractured rib is not fatal, but it is a very painful break. Every time a person breathes or sneezes, it hurts.
If a person fractures their foot, taking any steps will be extremely difficult. If an individual fractures their jaw, it can be painful to open the mouth to talk, sneeze, or eat. Not all broken bones have the same level of pain, but they will always cause some kind of pain.
Range of Severity of Broken Bones
There is a range of severity of bone breaks. Fractures come in all shapes and sizes, so there are differences between a compound fracture and a simple fracture. A fractured pinky finger is one type of bone that can break, but it will have significant differences in pain and the value of the case than a break in the femur. Although it is not always the case, usually larger bone breaks cause a more difficult time for the injured person. Larger bone breaks are more painful and take longer to do rehab. The specifics of the breaks are important to consider as well. Some bones can break cleanly, others can be partial breaks, and others can come all the way through the skin.
Broken bones in Long Island pedestrian accident cases cause significant pain and costs, this is why it may be essential to contact a well-trained lawyer. An attorney could help you recover from your injuries by pursuing compensation with a claim.


Hear It!
Which Means:
When you ask a person to do something to show they are brave; a challenge.
As In:
Image On a dare, Freddy put his head in the mouth of a lion.
Heads Up!
The letter 'A' always sounds like Ay before a consonant plus a silent E, like 'ate', 'came', and this word. It sounds like Ah when there is just a consonant, like "at" or "cab."
Back to Clubroom


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The International Boiling Point Project
Ever Wonder What Causes a Pot of Water to Boil?
If you have, this project is for you!
We have people all over the world boiling water. In the past we've had climbers on Mt. Everest, school children in La Paz, Bolivia and college professors in Cheyenne, Wyoming all participating in the project. The purpose of this project is to discover which factor in the experiment (room temperature, elevation, volume of water, or heating device) has the greatest influence on boiling point. Anyone can participate in this year's project. All you have to do is boil a bit of water, record a bit of information, and send it along to us to include in the database of results. Then, students can analyze all of the data to reach an answer to the question: What causes a pot of water to boil
This project is developed and managed by the Center for Innovation in Engineering and Science Education (CIESE) which is located at Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey. You can learn more about this project and many other CIESE sponsored Internet-based educational activities by visiting _URL_


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For School Boards
For personnel in regular schools
For School Boards:
How can our school board access services for a child with hearing loss?
MOSD has a supraregional mandate from the Quebec Ministry of Education, Leisure and Sports (MELS) to provide services to the English School Boards for their children with hearing loss. A child who is entering a school board at age 4 or 5 is usually already diagnosed with a hearing loss, though some children may have a loss which is only diagnosed later, for example in the case of a child with a progressive hearing loss or an acquired loss due to illness or trauma. Children suspected of having hearing loss can sometimes be tested in the audiology department at MOSD, depending on the indicators in the particular case. Children are also tested at hospitals and private clinics.
MOSD offers an array of services depending on the needs of the child and the distances involved. Boards at a distance are more likely to be offered Indirect services (link). Students attending schools closer to Montreal may receive the services of a specialist teacher of the hearing impaired as well as audiological, psychosocial and technological services through our mainstream programs ( link)
Some children with more severe losses or with more needs may benefit from attending a specialized class at the MOSD. These classes are located within a regular public school so that partial mainstreaming may occur. At MOSD, the goal is for children to attend their neighborhood school, as soon as they are ready and with appropriate support. The MOSD classes serve as a bridge to the mainstream. Academic programs link
How are services funded?
MOSD services are offered through yearly contracts with school boards. A child who had been recently diagnosed can receive services for part of a year if the board is in agreement. A child who is classified as having a hearing impairment ("44") may require a little support or a great deal of support and specialized teaching. Discussions between the board, the school, the family and MOSD can ensure that the appropriate program and services are made available. Contact the MOSD for further information at
For personnel in regular schools:
What are some possible signs of hearing loss in children?
- Often does not respond when spoken to or is surprised when he finally does hear
- Needs people to be closer to him in order to understand
- Often asks "what?" or seems puzzled
- May have some pronunciation problems;
- May give inappropriate answers to basic questions; responses may seem off topic
- May not participate well in class
- May have trouble paying attention or staying on topic
- May seem to depend a lot on visual cues
I have a child in my class who may have a hearing loss. What should I do?
If you suspect that a child may have a hearing loss it is essential to pursue this. An undiagnosed hearing loss can cause a child serious problems. Usually a general practitioner, family doctor or pediatrician will refer a child for a hearing test at a hospital or clinic. Children with many risk factors can occasionally be tested at the MOSD.
I have a child who wears hearing aids (or a cochlear implant) in my class. What can I do to help him in the class?
The classroom situation is a noisy one for the child with hearing loss who needs the best acoustic environment possible in order to use his residual hearing and make use of his amplification. Students may also use an FM system to help them hear better in noise and over distance. FM link here. A specialist teacher of the hearing impaired or a speech/language pathologist or audiologist can help you to determine adaptations that can be made in your classroom to improve the listening environment. Even with these adaptations, there will likely still be challenges to listening and learning in a regular classroom. For specific suggestions, click here.
I might like to volunteer at the MOSD; what could I do?
We'd love to hear from you! There are a number of ways that a volunteer can help.
Some volunteers work in the classes or nursery with a particular group or teacher with tasks such as helping with science themes, listening to children read, helping with 1-1 tutoring, leading a lunch activity, playing games for social support.
Some volunteers offer after-school help with homework, perhaps in French or math. Others serve a more social role, helping the student learn more about their neighborhood, visiting the library, going to movies etc.
Other volunteers may choose to help the MOSD as an organization by working on events, fundraising, or doing clerical work.
If you have a skill that you'd like to share please let us know.
How are volunteers matched?
Potential volunteers come to an intake session at MOSD and are interviewed. Their availability and preferences in relation to ages of students and types of activities are taken into consideration in making a match.
What is the time commitment?
This can be variable depending on the tasks, however in general we ask for a minimum commitment of 90 minutes a week for the school year, though we recognize that some university students may need to finish in April.


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Indiana DNR Smartphone Apps
Mobile apps for Android and Apple devices
The Indiana Department of Natural Resources offers free smartphone app for both Android and Apple iOS. The official application is called "Indiana DNR." Whether you are visiting, hunting, fishing or staying at a campground or state park inn, we hope you will find this portable guide to DNR properties and services to be useful. Among some of the features:
- A directional map to help you find a DNR property
- Links to camping and trail maps in PDF format for storing and viewing offline
- A listing of DNR events and press releases
- Fishing regulations, species guide, reports
- Hunting regulations, seasons, check-in stations
- Ability to report polluters and poachers and contact conservation officers
- Information to help with nuisance and orphaned wildlife
The application requires Internet access through WiFi or a cellular wireless connection. Have a suggestion for the apps? Drop us a line at _EMAIL_.
Having trouble with the app? Try these steps:
- Restart your phone.
- Delete and reinstall the app.
Still a problem? Contact _EMAIL_ with the following information, and we will be in touch.
- Name, email or phone number.
- Type of device.
- Operating system and version.
- Wireless carrier.
- The steps that cause the problem.


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San Miguel de TucumánArticle Free Pass
San Miguel de Tucumán, also called Tucumán, city, capital of Tucumán provincia(province), northwestern Argentina. It lies along the Salí River, at the foot of the scenic Aconquija Mountains. It was founded in 1565 by the Spanish colonial governor Diego de Villarroel at Ibatín on the Tejar River (now Pueblo Viejo on the Pueblo Viejo River, a tributary of the Salí). After several floods, one disastrous, in 1850, the capital was moved to its present location some 60 miles (96 km) northeast, upstream on the Salí and away from its banks. The city occupied a key position on the route from Córdoba to the Spanish silver mines in Bolivia and conducted a thriving wagon and harness trade; it was also a centre of a livestock industry that supplied draft animals for the mines of Peru. In 1776, with the creation of the viceroyalty of La Plata, control of Tucumán passed from Peru to Buenos Aires. On Sept. 24, 1812, Gen. Manuel Belgrano's forces decisively defeated Spanish royalist troops just north of the city. On July 9, 1816, a convention of delegates from the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata met at San Miguel de Tucumán and signed the declaration of independence from Spain.
The arrival of railways (1876) and the introduction of sugarcane cultivation in the early 19th century stimulated the city's commercial growth. Sugar has remained the economic mainstay, but, in an effort to diversify the economy, the government of Pres. Juan Carlos Onganía (1966–70) closed several of the sugar mills and constructed new industries. Because of its strong labour unions, Tucumán province was the scene of severe repression during Argentina's Guerra Sucia ("Dirty War") from 1976 to 1983.
The city is known as the "garden of the republic" because of its mild climate and rich flora, and tourism has become an important source of income. Notable landmarks include the house of Bishop Colombres (who introduced sugarcane to the area), the colonial cathedral, the Casa de Gobierno (Government House, site of the independence convention), and various museums. The National University of Tucumán was established in 1914. Pop. (2001) 527,150.
What made you want to look up "San Miguel de Tucuman"? Please share what surprised you most...


Musicians tend to write chords with regular characters. They use # instead of a genuine sharp, they use b instead of a genuine flat and dim instead of a small circle. With the Chord Symbols font, your chords will be better looking, more easily readable and more efficiently notated. This font helps you to write the chords the way you like it. Whether you prefer maj7 or m7 or a small triangle for a major seventh, whether you want m, mi, min or a horizontal line for a minor chord, this font will suit you.
The Chord Symbols font is originally created out of the need to write chords above pop song lyrics. It is designed to also work smoothly in music notation software, like Sibelius, Finale and Encore. Here is a list of the most important keystrokes used in the font:
Roots and chord quality
A…G AG @ @
M M # #
I I [ [
N N ] ]
_ _ / /
Alterations and additions
a…z az < <
0…9 09 > >
^ ^ & &
o o * *
\ \ + +
( (
) ) % %
Here are some examples of what characters to use:
F#M F#M B@9 B@9
 E7sus4 E7sus4 F/G F/G
C^ C^ D7<5 D7<5
A\ A\ Cdim Cdim
The Chord Symbols font is available at MyFonts for 24 USD or 20 euro.
If you have any questions concerning the font, please contact me at _EMAIL_.


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Washington, Aug 9 (IANS) The formation in the air of sulphuric acid, which smells like rotten eggs, is significantly impacting our climate and health, says a study.
The study led by Roy Lee Mauldin III, research associate at the University of Colorado-Boulder's atmospheric and oceanic sciences department, charts a previously unknown chemical pathway for the formation of sulphuric acid, which can trigger both increased acid rain and cloud formation as well as harmful respiratory effects on humans.
Sulphuric acid plays an essential role in the Earth's atmosphere, from the ecological impacts of acid precipitation to the formation of new aerosol particles, which have significant climatic and health effects. Our findings demonstrate a newly observed connection between the biosphere and atmospheric chemistry, Mauldin was quoted as saying in the journal Nature.
More than 90 percent of sulphur dioxide emissions are from fossil fuel combustion at power plants and other industrial facilities, says the US Environmental Protection Agency, according to a university statement.
Other sulphur sources include volcanoes and even ocean phytoplankton. Sulphur dioxide reacts with hydroxide to produce sulphuric acid that can form acid rain, harmful to terrestrial and aquatic life on Earth.
Airborne sulphuric acid particles, which form in a wide variety of sizes, play the main role in the formation of clouds, which can have a cooling effect on the atmosphere, Mauldin said.
Most of the lab experiments for the study were conducted at the Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research in Leipzig, Germany.


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How long can a dog go without pooping? Some of you will claim that this is a completely irrelevant question. Others will say it is the most important of them all. Regarded of your opinion, we had to provide a proper answer. Also, we believe it is an important question. You will know when your dog has constipation and what to do about it.
How long can a dog go without pooping?
Most dogs can withstand up to 2 days without pooping. This is not an issue and it is normal. On the other side, we can see that a healthy dog with a proper diet will poop once or 2 times per day. Yes, dogs poop more than humans. How long can a dog go without pooping also depends on several factors. Dog's age, diet, and also genes (believe it or not) affect the answer.
Some dog breeds poop more frequently than others. Diet has a huge role in all of this as well. Dogs with an unhealthy diet will poop 2-3 times per day or they will poop much less frequently.
There is one thing we must mention here. It is the issue dog owners who don't need to know the answer to this question commonly suffer from. If your dog doesn't poop for more than 48 hours there might be an issue. Constipation is the most common problem here and it can cause more issues that need to be treated as soon as possible. In most cases constipation is harmless and there won't be any complications. But, in severe cases, it can cause:
- UTI (urinary tract infection)
- Bladder obstruction
These are just a few of the conditions and disorders constipation can cause in your dog. In reality, there are many more issues and each one can be severe. There is no need to add that you need to take your pet to a vet as soon as you notice constipation and you need to find the cause of it and also start with the treatment.
Constipation in dogs
Yes, dogs can have constipation as well. It is the same issue we have sometimes and it can be unpleasant and annoying in the lack of a better word. Constipation is the main reason why you should answer the following question. How long can a dog go without pooping and when this can get serious? In general, this issue will affect all dogs at least once in their life and this is the sad truth. Most dogs will be affected many times throughout their life.
Constipation is defined as the inability to pass stool and it is quite obvious when it comes to the end result. It can occur due to numerous reasons and it can be severe in some cases. Luckily your dog doesn't have it and you don't have to worry about it.
Luckily, constipation in dogs is easy to diagnose. There are a few symptoms and all of them are easy to notice. Your dog may suffer from constipation if:
- You notice mucus or blood
- Lethargy is present
- Lack of appetite
- Your dog dint poop for 48+ hours
- Discomfort (might be followed by shaking)
- Crouching and crying symptoms when your dog wants to poop
- Dry or very hard stool
One of the reasons why detecting constipation in dogs is easy is the fact your pet will have almost all of these symptoms. Don't forget that it is possible for your pet to have a few of the symptoms as well. Even in the worst-case scenario, these symptoms will affect the behavior of your pet significantly which will help you deduce that something is wrong with him.
Reasons for constipation
Constipation can occur in all dogs at any given moment. There is no way to predict when this will. However, we were able to find a few common reasons why constipation will occur in your dog. All you have to do after you detected constipation and you know what caused it is to solve that issue. Anyway, constipation can occur due to:
- Low fiber count in the diet of your dog
- Huge inactivity or lack of any physical work
- Larger prostate glands
- Medicines your dog takes
It is almost unlikely that a dog will suffer from constipation due to all reasons mentioned above. However, it is possible that 2 or 3 are present and each one is contributing to constipation. In that case, the treatment can be more time-consuming, more expensive, and more complicated.
You can treat constipation at home
Most dog owners would like to know can they treat constipation at home or they must take a dog to a veterinarian. Yes, you can treat constipation at home but you must make sure the larger prostate glands are not the cause. You cannot treat this condition at home which causes constipation! Also, makes sure that your dog has developed constipation recently. If he has it for a few days, take him to a vet.
If you want to treat constipation at home, you need to try a few options. These are:
- Feed your pet with canned pumpkin
- Add fiber to the diet
- Give him more water to drink
- Walk and play with your dog more
- Add mineral oil to the food before you feed your dog
Dogs are unable to tell you what they ate and how they feel so you will need to discover this by yourself. Using all of the methods above, you can treat constipation successfully and the risk of other issues is almost completely eliminated.
How long can a dog go without pooping is an important question. Now you know the answer and you know that something wrong may be present. In other words, you can detect constipation easily and you can provide proper treatment. Constipation in dogs usually is a minor problem that will be solved within days and there is no need to worry about it.
Also, yuou can read Why Do Dogs Sneeze: All Different Reasons Explained.


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Levels(clip clip[, float min_in, float max_in, float gamma=1.0, float min_out, float max_out, int planes=[0, 1, 2]])¶
Adjusts brightness, contrast, and gamma.
The range [min_in, max_in] is remapped into [min_out, max_out].
For example, to convert from limited range YUV to full range (8 bit):
clip = std.Levels(clip, min_in=16, max_in=235, min_out=0, max_out=255, planes=0) clip = std.Levels(clip, min_in=16, max_in=240, min_out=0, max_out=255, planes=[1,2])
The default value of max_in and max_out is the format's minimum and maximum allowed values repsectively. Can be specified for each plane individually.
- Clip to process.
- Controls the degree of non-linearity of the conversion. Values greater than 1.0 brighten the output, while values less than 1.0 darken it.
- Specifies which planes will be processed. Any unprocessed planes will be simply copied.


text: The genus Populus consists of dioecious woody species with largely unknown genetic mechanisms for gender determination. We have discovered genetic and genomic features in the peritelomeric region of chromosome XIX that suggest this region of the Populus genome is in the process of developing characteristics of a sex chromosome. We have identified a gender-associated locus that consistently maps to this region. Furthermore, comparison of genetic maps across multiple Populus families reveals consistently distorted segregation within this region. We have intensively characterized this region using an F(1) interspecific cross involving the female genotype that was used for genome sequencing. This region shows suppressed recombination and high divergence between the alternate haplotypes, as revealed by dense map-based genome assembly using microsatellite markers. The suppressed recombination, distorted segregation, and haplotype divergence were observed only for the maternal parent in this cross. Furthermore, the progeny of this cross showed a strongly male-biased sex ratio, in agreement with Haldane's rule that postulates that the heterogametic sex is more likely to be absent, rare, or sterile in interspecific crosses. Together, these results support the role of chromosome XIX in sex determination and suggest that sex determination in Populus occurs through a ZW system in which the female is the heterogametic gender.


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Thus, the degradation condition can be represented by the MQE as follows:
where is the test input data vector and stands for the weight vector of BMU.
3.3. Failure threshold
The bearing health state during the whole bearing life is divided into three stages as normal, degradation and failure. After sampling from bearing vibration data, we calculate the three features into MQE value and then compare the incipient failure thresholds. The normal value of MQE is in range of 0-0.3. Therefore, the incipient threshold is set as 0.3 and the failure threshold is set as 1.0. If the features exceed the incipient threshold and enter the degradation area, an incipient fault will occur. And then the prediction model will be activated to continually track and record the vibration data. Once the failure threshold is exceeded, bearing suffers from a severe degradation and must be replaced.
A multistep prediction method is used in this paper. The initial time step is a very important element in bearing remaining life prediction. In order to realize the bearing remaining life prediction, the initial time step should be a point whose MQE is below the failure threshold. Generally, we choose the initial time step with a MQE value between the incipient failure threshold (the value is 0.3 in thise paper) and the final failure threshold (the value is 1 in thise paper). However, different initial time step result in different prediction accuracy.
3.4. GPR prediction
GPR is used to predict the failure time of bearings by assessing the features of bearings. The hyper-parameters are obtained by maximizing the marginal likelihood algorithm. The model outputs the predicted MQE value and confidence interval for the next steps. The latest (in this paper, 10) MQEs are took as input vector of GPR to predict the next several periods. The RUL of the bearing can be obtained based on the predicted MQE and failure threshold.
Covariance function is a key factor in GPR. Three standard covariance functions are used in this paper (i.e. squared exponential (SE) covariance function, rational quadratic (RQ) covariance function and Matern class of covariance functions). If,,…, are independent random GP, is also a GP. Therefore, a composite covariance function can be described as:
Fig. 2. Bearing test rig sensor placement illustration
4. Case studies
In this section, we used the test data of bearing to validate the effectiveness of the proposed bearing failure prediction model. The bearing test dataset was generated from the run-to-failure test performed under a constant load condition by the national science foundation industry and university corporative research program (NSF I/UCR) center on Intelligent Maintenance Systems (IMS). The test rig is shown in Fig. 2.
Four bearings were installed on one shaft for the run-to-failure test [18, 19]. The rotation speed was maintained at 2000 rpm. A radial load of 2730 kg was placed onto the shaft and the bearings by a spring mechanism. Vibration data were collected every 20 minutes, with a sampling rate of 20 kHz. Three tests were carried out and all tests were terminated when some failure occurred.
In order to give a brief demonstration of the proposed method, a part of MQEs were shown in Fig. 3. Three time domain features are applied to construct the input vector of SOM. After training SOM, the MQE of each test dataset can be calculated by Eq. (13)-(15).
Fig. 3. MQE of test bearing
4.1. Prediction based on GPR
Several degradation datasets are extracted from Bearing 3 of Test 1 and used to make predictions. Performance degradation causes fluctuation of bearing vibration and the increase of MQE. When MQE exceeds the incipient threshold, the prediction model are activated. If MQE exceeds 1.0, bearing enters the failure stage and should be replaced.
The evolution of MQE of the vibration signal of bearing 3 with threshold setting and prediction is shown in Fig. 4. The prediction is trigged at the 40th time step, where the MQE is about 0.7. The dotted line is the actual MQE and the solid line indicates the prediction result of GPR with composite covariance function. The actual failure time is 55.3 and the predicted one is 56.6. The prediction is overestimated with an accuracy of 97.7 %, which is acceptable.
Fig. 4. Remaining life prediction for bearing MQE
The prediction model based on GPR (CK) with 95 % confidence interval is used, as depicted in Fig. 5. Three prediction processes were triggered at the 30th, 40th and 52th time step, respectively. The corresponding MQEs of the bearing are approximately equal to 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9, respectively. The lines represent the predicted MQEs and the colored areas are the uncertainty areas of the predicted results. Among these lines, the black dot one indicates the actual MQE. It can be found that the predictions at 30 failed to follow the actual trend. Thus, prediction at the early stage faces a larger deviation. While, with more new data being added, the predictions become better as illustrated by the predictions at 40 and 52.
Fig. 5. Prediction of MQE based on GPR (CK) with 95 % confidence interval at 30, 40 and 52
4.2. Comparisons between different kernels
Covariance function is crucial for GPR, and can determine the efficiency of prediction. In this case, 60 points were used to make a comparison between different kernels. The length of the training data are 10. Six covariance functions are applied to the prediction model for training and validation. As shown in Fig. 6, most of kernels can suit the actual data well for one-step prediction. The RMS error (RMSE) and output variance are used to estimate the accuracy. Although, composite covariance functions consumed more time, they exhibited better performance (smaller RMSE and variance) than the single kernels. As listed in Table 1, the RMSE of the composite kernel of SE and Matern is smaller than others. Variance also reduces significantly. The composite kernel spent additional 60 % computing time in exchange for 30 % performance enhancement, which is valuable.
Fig. 6. Predictions with different covariance functions
For an -steps prediction, the dynamic of PDF predictions with single and composite covariance functions is shown in Fig. 7. The RUL distributions of both kernels cover the real RULs well. However, the distributions of RUL obtained from the single kernel have a larger PDF at early time, which means the variance of prediction is higher than the composite covariance functions. More accurate prediction with higher confidence can be obtained at the end life. This probabilistic implement help us make a correct judgment and provide an uncertainty management.
Fig. 7. PDF of prediction with different covariance functions
Table 1. Comparison of different kernels
4.3. Comparison with particle filter
PF is a kind of Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods that are coupled with the recursive Bayesian estimation. The principle of PF is to utilize a set of weighted particles to represent the probability densities. 120 points degradation data are used to make a comparison. The failure threshold of the MQE is set as 1.0. The predictions are started at 100th time step. Both PF and GPR prediction model are run ten times and the average results are calculated. Fig. 8(a) is the prediction result using PF, and Fig. 8(b) is the prediction using GPR with the composite kernel.
Fig. 8. Comparison of MQE prediction between composite kernel GPR and PF method
The actual failure time as shown in the Fig. 8 is 116.2. While the mean value of the predicted failure time by GPR and PF are 117.8 and 119.1 respectively. Both results are acceptable. Compared with PF, GPR has a better accuracy and the predicted curve of GPR is more stable. That is to say GPR is superior to PF in maintenance decision.
This paper proposes a bearing remaining life prediction model based on GPR with composite kernel. Dynamic of PDF is illustrated in the experiment. The PDF of model outputs is essential for risk analysis and maintenance decision. From this paper, following conclusions can be drawn:
1) This paper proposes a creative application of GPR in bearing prediction field. The GPR model can simplify the prediction process with a satisfactory performance.
2) GPR with composite kernels can improve the prediction accuracy and reduce the variance of the RUL in comparison with single kernel.
3) Compared with PF algorithm, GPR model is better in terms of prediction accuracy.
The authors are highly thankful for the financial support of National Natural Science Foundation of China (61304111), Beijing Natural Science Foundation (_PHONE_), National Program on Key Basic Research Program of China under Grant 2014CB744904, and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No. YWF-14-KKX-001, China.
- Heng A., Zhang S., Tan A. C. C. Rotating machinery prognostics: State of the art, challenges and opportunities. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, Vol. 23, Issue 3, 2009, p. 724-739. [Search CrossRef]
- Qiu H., Lee J., Lin J. Robust performance degradation assessment methods for enhanced rolling element bearing prognostics. Advanced Engineering Informatics, Vol. 17, Issue 3, 2003, p. 127-140


text:
Lobelia commonly called cardinal flower is an orchid-like red wildflower that is native to the woodland areas in North America.
I first discovered this woodland flower while hiking in the valley just bellow the ridge where our home resides. The flower was growing close to the banks of a stream and I noted that it attracted butterflies and the red throat hummingbirds. I used a spoon to loosen the soil around the stem. The roots were close to the soil surface and the plant was easy to dig up. I quickly returned home so that I could transplant the Lobelia cardinal flower to my garden. I planted the cardinal flowers to the back border of my part sun to shade garden. The following year I had many cardinal flowers blooming in my garden. The one plant self seeded and I also planted additional seeds in spring.
Cardinal flower looks good growing in the back border of your garden as the stems can reach the height of 3 to 4 feet. You can also grow it with assorted wildflowers in a woodland setting. Flowers bloom in late summer and will continue to bloom well into autumn or until the end of season frost.
|Cardinal flower growing along stream: Wikipedia commons|
Where to Grow
Grow cardinal flower in zones 3 to 8. Choose a garden site that has sun to part shade. Also select an area where the soil is evenly moist but not wet.
When to Plant
Plant the seeds outside in May or June when the ground warms to 74 degrees.
Get the garden site ready for planting. Remove the sod, weeds and all debris. Loosen the soil to one foot. Break up the clumps of soil so that soil is fine.
Planting Seed in Masses:
Mix the seeds with compost or manure. Place the compost in a wheelbarrow and add water. The compost should be moist, not wet. Mix the seeds into the compost. Add other wildflower seeds to the compost if you are planting a prairie garden.
Scoop up the compost and place it on the soil. Rake the compost into the fine soil. Cover the seeds with soil to the depth of a half inch.
Planting Seeds for Small Gardens:
Use the eraser end of a pencil to dig holes in the soil that are a half inch deep. Space the seeds a foot apart. Set the seed in the center of the hole and cover the hole with the soil.
Care for Lobelia Cardinal Flowers:
Apply a thin layer of grass clippings or mulch around the plant stems. This organic mulch will aid in retaining moisture and will deter weed growth. Water the cardinal flower every morning with a dripline irrigation or with a soaker hose.
- Keep the soil evenly moist. Water the cardinal flowers twice a day in the morning and late afternoon when the temperature exceeds 90 degrees. Keeping the soil evenly moist will ensure that your flowers are healthy.
- Do not allow the ground to dry out.
- When seeds start to sprout, and are three to four inches in height you can transplant them by spacing eighteen inches apart, or leave them to grow in masses.
- Refrain from weeding during growing season, as you may remove new growth.
- Companion plants that I like grown with the cardinal flower: Blue Lobelia and Golden Ragwort. I like the contrast of the colors blue, yellow and red.
Introduction Image Credit by US Fish and Wildlife Services


text:
Coordination and integration
Early childhood care and education is often the concern of several government sectors and usually these are education, social affairs and health. The multi-faceted nature of early childhood care and education gives rise to the challenge of effectively coordinating provision of policy development and implementation across the different sectors.
Coordination issues include coherent regulation, funding and staffing schemes and a common vision of care and education. Effective coordination must exist among sectors at both national and local level, and also between public and private establishments.
Cross-sectoral coordination is difficult, especially at the national level. It is one of the main challenges facing governments of both developed and developing countries trying to promote a holistic approach to early childhood. Responses vary and some countries have sought to remove the problem by integrating sectoral responsibilities into a single ministry.
Other countries divide sectoral responsibilities according to age range and services. For countries where the responsibility for early childhood is divided, policy and administration coherence are sought through coordination mechanisms (COMs). Generally, COMs are effective when they focus on a particular early childhood programme, target population or specific task but their role is limited in promoting a coherent overall policy and administrative framework across different sectors.


coming through at the center of the base than at the ski edges ("edge high"). This will be very obvious.
If the ski is convex so that the base in the center of the ski is higher than the edges ("base high"), the light band will be more narrow at the center of the base, wider over the edges. The Ruby Stone Blade is used to correct the convexity.
Keep in mind that you can also observe your base flatness just by the structure pattern. If it is consistent the entire base, it is flat. Inconsistencies disclose high or low spots and are generally easy to see.
Advanced Techniques:
It is common for ski bases to have waves on them, and stone grinding will not remove them because the stone rides up and down with the waves. The waves have to be cut off from an angle. Also, they cannot be seen. If you use the Base Flattener at an angle as shown in the picture, you will find there is more drag in certain spots than others. Those spots with extra drag are base waves. As you continue to make additional passes on the base you will find the drag at that point becomes progressively less and that finally it disappears, the wave is removed.
Skip marks can ONLY be put in the base with the steel blades, NEVER the Ruby Stone Blades. Skip marks are caused by
 - pushing the tool down the base with too much speed
 - pushing on the tool with excessive pressure
 - using a blade that is too dull, it needs sharpening
 - The base is too smooth and slick, roughen it with the Ruby Stone
 - Trying to do too much work too quickly
 - you have a rock hardened/damaged edge section next to the mark
You won't put in skip marks if you keep the blade nice and sharp and use the tool with a lighter touch, letting the tool do the job rather than over-muscling it. If you have a rock hardened/damaged section it needs to be polished out with the Ski Sharp Stones before flattening with the steel blade.
If you do put in skip marks, they won't damage the performance of your skis. They just don't look very good. To remove, angle the Base Flattener and use the Ruby Stones, the angle used coming from the opposite angle as the skip marks in the base, they have to be cut off from a cross-angle.
Due to the curvature of the ski at tip and sometimes at tail (flip tail skis) using the Ruby Stone Blade by hand can sometime work better than in the Base Flattener. Just keep the blade up on edge and follow the contour of the base to get a uniform structure across the width.
If your ski is very concave it is best to use the File Base Flattener, the steel blade is best kept for fine detail work rather than using it for heavy work.
It is VERY IMPORTANT to polish off the burr that is left whenever you work on metal ski edges, a burr makes the skis over-sharp and dangerous. We recommend the SkiVisions Ski Sharp for such purpose, or you can polish the edges by hand with a stone.
The steel blade falls from the tool when the retaining screws are loosened. It is sharp and heavy and should be done over your bench carefully.
Maintain a firm grip on the tool when running it off the tail of the ski so you don't drop it.
Keep your fingers on the tool and out of the way of the sharp metal ski edges. Your ski must be held in a ski vise when using the Base Flattener.
(Note: reprinted from SkiVisions with permission.)
The following videos relate to using the Base Flattener and maintaining the cutting inserts:
SkiVisions Flattening bases with the Base Flattener Part 1
SkiVisions Flattening bases with the Base Flattener Part 2
SkiVisions Maintaining Cutting Inserts, Base Flattener Stones, HS Steel Bar & Files
Tips & Info Sections:
Ski & Snowboard Tuning Overview


text:
What superstition about the Christmas season does Marcellus relate?
This excerpt can be found in Act I, Scene 1 of Hamlet. Marcellus says that when Christmastime nears, cocks crow all night long, and during that time, evil spirits do not haunt the earth, because it is such a sacred time:
And then, they say, no spirit dare stir abroad,
The nights are wholesome, then no planets strike,
No fairy takes, nor witch hath power to charm,
So hallow'd and so gracious is the time.
This statement comes in the context of the sentries' encounter with the ghost of King Hamlet. The ghost vanished with the crowing of the rooster, and the coming of the dawn, and Horatio says that he has heard this is a frequent characteristic of ghosts. Marcellus agrees, and tells the story about Christmas to support Horatio's theory.


text:
When using TurboGears, your controller methods get their arguments built from the various GET, POST, and URL mechanisms provided by CherryPy. The only downside is that all the arguments will be strings and you'd like them converted to their normal Python datatype: numbers to int, dates to datetime, etc.
This conversion functionality is provided by the FormEncode package and is applied to your methods using the _USER_() decorator. FormEncode provides both validation and conversion as a single step, reasoning that you frequently need to validate something before you can convert it or that you'll need to convert something before you can really validate it.
The _USER_() decorator can evaluate both widget-based forms and the standard CherryPy arguments. The _USER_() decorator is not required in order to use TurboGears. If you don't put a _USER_() decorator on your method, you'll simply have to do the string validation and conversion yourself.
The simplest way to use _USER_() is to pass in a reference to a widgets-based form instance:
_USER_('yourpkg.templates.aform') _USER_(yourpkg.forms.my_form) def show_form(self, field1, field2,...):... return dict(form=yourpkg.forms.a_form)
where yourpkg.forms.a_form is an instance of a turbogears.widgets.Form sub-class or a callable that returns such an instance. The callable will be called for each request, so you can dynamically build forms depending on the request context.
The widgets system will take care of building a schema to handle the data conversions and you'll wind up with the int or datetime objects you specified when building the form. When paired with the error handling decorators, you can handle the common case of building a form, validating it, re-displaying the form if there are errors, and converting a valid form into the proper arguments in only a few lines of Python.
See Widget Form Validation with Schemas for more information.
When not using forms, the story gets a bit more complex. Basically, you need to specify which validator goes with which argument using the validators keyword argument for the validate decorator. Here's a simple example:
from turbogears import controllers, expose, validate, validators class Root(controllers.RootController): _USER_('yourpkg.templates.someform') _USER_(validators = dict( # Only letters/numbers/underscores/dashes item=validators.PlainText(), # Default value 'M' size=validators.OneOf(['S', 'M', 'L'], if_empty='M'), # Required field price=validators.Money(not_empty=True))) def storeitem(self, tg_errors=None, **kwargs): if tg_errors: pass # handle the error however you want! return dict(newvalue=value*2)
As you can see FormEncode and TurboGears provide a number of useful validators that are available in the turbogears.validators module.
For most validators, you can pass keyword arguments for more specific constraints. For the list of available validators, check both the FormEncode validators and TurboGears validators (source) modules. You can also create your own validators or build on existing validators by inheriting from one of the defaults. See the FormEncode documentation for how this is done.
The dictionary passed to the validators argument of the validate decorator maps the incoming field names to the appropriate FormEncode validators - in this example, we used PlainText, OneOf and Money. If all values pass validation, tg_errors won't change from it's default value of None and you are assured that value will be an int. Wait a minute! What's this tg_errors?
If there's a validation error, a dictionary named tg_errors will be passed to the function, with keys for the field names that failed validation. If you look up the keys, such as tg_errors['value'], you'll find an Invalid exception object. Invalid exception objects can be str()'d if you'd like to use them as user-friendly error messages or you can use the information contained in them to handle the error as you like:
_USER_('yourpkg.templates.someform') _USER_(validators=dict(value=validators.Int())) def index(self, value=0, tg_errors=None): if tg_errors: message = ', '.join(str(item) for item in tg_errors.values()) else: message = "Success!" return dict(message=message)
If you use form-based validation or if you pass a validation schema to the validators argument (see below), the values in the tg_errors will already be coerced into strings for your convenience. If you still need access to the Invalid exception object thrown by the validation schema, you can access it through cherrypy.request.validation_exception and retrieve the Invalid exceptions for the individual fields that failed validation through its error_dict attribute.
If you omit the tg_errors=None keyword from the controller method's arguments, you get told that there is no error handler function. This is a bit misleading as you don't really need an error handler if you handle things on your own, as explained here. See the documentation on Error Handling for learning more about error handlers.
If you want to do multiple-field validation, reuse validators or just clean up your code, validation Schema''s are the way to go. You create a validation schema by inheriting from ''turbogears.validators.Schema and pass the newly created Schema as the validators argument instead of passing a dictionary:
class MySchema(validators.Schema): pwd1 = validators.String(not_empty=True) pwd2 = validators.String(not_empty=True) chained_validators = [validators.FieldsMatch('pwd1', 'pwd2')] _USER_() _USER_(validators=MySchema()) def password(self, pwd1, pwd2, tg_errors=None): if tg_errors: return "There was an error" return "Password ok!"
Besides noticing our brilliant security strategy, please notice the chained_validators part of the schema that guarantees a pair of matching fields.
Again, for information about Invalid exception objects, creating your own validators, schema and FormEncode in general, refer to the FormEncode Validator documentation and don't be afraid to check the formencode.validators source. It's often more clear than the docs.
You can always use e.g. Python's int() method to convert a string to an integer and use a try/except block to catch errors in the conversion process:
from turbogears import controllers, expose class Root(controllers.RootController): _USER_() def addnum(self, x, y): """Return the result of x+y.""" try: return str(int(x) + int(y)) except ValueError: return "Input is not valid!"
This isn't that hard, but it quickly becomes unwieldy when you start converting large numbers of arguments. Moreover, you still have the problem of propagating the errors back to your users. In the end, it's usually far simpler to use the validation framework.
Sometimes you need access to external and possibly dynamic information in your validators, for example to change the outcome of the validation depending on this information. The validate_python and _to_python methods of all validators take an optional argument called state which is exactly for this purpose. The value of this argument should be a turbogears.util.Bunch-like object (i.e. just a simple data class that has arbitrary attributes) which provides the state information for the validator (schema). See the FormEncode documentation about 'state' for more information.
The validate decorator function takes a keyword argument named state_factory which expects a callable, which should return a Bunch object suitable to be passed as the state parameter to the validator schema of the form widget.
Here's a small example of how you can provide a validator with access to information about the current request:
from turbogears import util, expose, validate from myproject.forms import myform def state_provider(): return util.Bunch(request=cherrypy.request) _USER_() _USER_(form=myform, state_factory=state_provider) def mymethod(self,...)...
When the arguments, for whatever reason, fail validation, you will receive no values for the failing arguments.
If you would rather not get a tg_errors dict when this occurs, simply provide the validator with a value for its if_invalid keyword argument.
If you'd like to get both a tg_errors dict (so you can do some error handling) and a default value, supply a dictionary to the failsafe_values keyword argument containing the parameter/value pairs:
_USER_() _USER_(validators=MySchema(), failsafe_values=dict(pwd1='swordfish')) def password(self, pwd1, pwd2, tg_errors=None): if tg_errors: return "There was an error" return "Password ok!"
The validate decorator has a built-in "recursion guard" which should prevent unwanted recursions. Unfortunately, the current implementation (1.0.x) causes some side effects which may affect you:
1) Parameters for methods named "validate" won't get validated despite a correctly placed validate decorator. The only workaround is to choose a different name.
The following example code demonstrates this:
## BAD, DOES NOT WORK AS EXPECTED! _USER_() _USER_(validators=dict(userid=validators.Int())) def validate(self, userid=None, tg_errors=None): if not isinstance(userid, int): if tg_errors is None: return "No validation, userid=%s (type %s)" % ( userid, type(userid)) else: return "Validation failed, userid=%s (type %s)" % ( userid, type(userid)) else: return "Validation passed, userid=%d" % userid
2) The validate decorator will only be called once per request. This can be a problem if you call other exposed methods from another method.
The latter can be demonstrated with the following controller example snippet:
## BAD, DOES NOT WORK AS EXPECTED! _USER_() _USER_(validators=dict(userid=validators.String())) def foo(self