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How to reset your Apple ID password
It can be very frustrating to get locked out of your account when you are attempting to download any new app or carry out some other important task. Passwords serve the purpose of protecting privacy but if you get locked, then it will be really annoying. Especially if you are an Apple user, you will know the feeling of being locked out of your Apple ID, which is important when downloading apps or confirming software updates.
Source: _URL_
However, Apple provides its users with an option to reset their Apple ID password in several ways so that you can reset it and carry on with your task easily without encountering too many problems. Here is a guide on the easy ways to reset your password easily and quickly.
 1. Head to appleid.apple.com and click on Forgot Apple ID or password, which can be seen at the centre of the page. Keep in mind that your password can automatically pre-fill the sign-in screen by using a drop-down menu. Therefore, check the Remember Me box so that you can look for it first and understand how it functions.
 2. By clicking on the aforementioned ou will be redirected to a page where you need to type in your Apple ID, which will act as the primary email address that you set for your Apple account.
 3. You will be taken to a new webpage where you have to type in your name and the email address associated with the account.
 4. Click on Continue and then press on the option that reads 'I need to reset my password'. Keep in mind that if you have set up two-factor authentication, then you will be asked to confirm your phone number to authenticate your attempt to sign in to your account.
 5. You will now be able to choose how to reset your password, with your available options being either by email or by answering the given security questions. Select the option depending on what is more convenient for you.
 6. If you choose the use email method, you will be prompted to send instructions to the primary email address that you provided to Apple. You can also choose to have another secondary email ID. If you are unable to see the email in your inbox, check in your Trash, Spam, and Junk folders, or follow the previously mentioned steps again.
 7. If you choose the option with the security questions, you will be required to authenticate your date of birth and answer specific questions to create a new password.
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Adrian Rockertsen Falkener
Approximately _PHONE_
Historians would have liked to have known much more about the life of this somewhat mythical character, a man who many genealogists can trace their family back to. Some believe that he was born a decade or two before 1500, and that he was at least 125 years old!
One certain fact is that Adrian was Dutch, and that he initially came to Bergen as a crewman on a merchant ship. Later he settled there, and married a widow. Whether he was an accomplished falconer (training falcons for hunting, in Norwegian his last name suggests this) is quite unclear. What is known about his life is his connection to trade and shipping.
During the 1540s (if not before) he arrived in Trondheim and stayed in the city for the rest of his long life. For the second time he married a widow, and some sources suggest that he had 18 sons and six daughters!
Over time it became common that merchants from abroad acquired central positions in Trondheim. In this respect Adrian was one of the pioneers. The position of mayor was fairly new. While it is not certain that it was a lucrative station, it must undoubtedly have given him influence. Adrian was the mayor of Trondheim from around 1547, first together with Nils Lauritzen, and later with Peder Bartskjær and Peder Småsvenn. In addition to this he was an export and import trader, using his own ships.
He lived in Ila, where Arilds gate [street] is today. Earlier the country retreat Arildsløkken was situated there, and this name is said to be a derivation of Adrians løkke [meadow].
Towards the end of his life it may appear that Adrian fell on harder times. He landed in a dispute with some of his descendants. Adrian had been appointed trustee and had problems with a sum of money that had been left for them.
Rockertsen lived longer than most of his generation, and must have been active in leading the town for 50 years. His time of death is reasonably clear, as he stepped down as mayor in 1594, "due to age and infirmity". The next year, his wife Margrethe is referred to as "widow".
Recommended reading: Henry Ofstad: Glimt: fra borgermester Adrian Rockertzsen Falkeners liv [Glimpses from the life of mayor Adrian Rockertzsen Falkener]. Eget forlag, 2008.
Author: Einar Rædergård


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Film looks at Italian Catholics' conversion to Judaism
Can a people's history be lost over time or can it live on in the soil of the land and the blood of the people?
This is the question that the documentary film The Mystery of San Nicandro, airing Nov. 18 at 8 p.m. on CBC's documentary channel, attempts to answer.
The "mystery" in question is the fairly well documented story of a group of Italian Catholic peasants in a small, isolated community in southern Italy who converted to Judaism in the 1920s without ever having laid eyes on a Jew.
These converts were under the spell of a Rasputin-like charismatic healer, Donato Manduzio. Returning home to San Nicandro crippled after World War 1, Manduzio claimed to have visions from God and that he had been called like Moses to revive a faith that had long since disappeared.
Manduzio introduced dietary laws and worship of the Sabbath to his community. At the time, because of its isolation, they weren't even aware that other Jews existed anywhere else in the world. And other Jews weren't aware of them.
When Manduzio did eventually make contact with the rabbis in Rome, they considered him a crank and his community essentially rogue Catholics.
But Manduzio persisted, and in 1946, 80 people were formally converted to Judaism. A couple of years later, most of them immigrated to the new State of Israel, but not Manduzio, who had just died.
Several hundred Jews in Israel today are there because of Manduzio's visions.
The San Nicandro story is an interesting enough one for a documentary, but this film takes it a step further by connecting this to the history of southern Italy's Jewish conversos.
The film implies that the reason San Nicandro's Jews were so quick to convert is that, perhaps without knowing it, they were Spanish Jews whose ancestors had converted to Catholicism during the Inquisition. Judaism was in their blood.
One person who makes this claim is Hamilton, Ont.'s Laura Cattari. A Canadian of Italian descent, Laura was educated in a Catholic school but never made a spiritual connection to those roots.
She also believes that Judaism was in her blood. One day when she entered a synagogue, she felt as though she had returned home and started to search out her family's origins.
The documentary follows her journey to her ancestral hometown in Sicily, where a historian admits that her family surnames are of Jewish origin.
In a somewhat humorous scene, she takes this knowledge to distant relatives in the town whom she'd never seen before. These old Catholics don't take too kindly to her wild assertions. There never were any Jews there, they claim.
The Mystery of San Nicandro is not just about the San Nicandro Jews, but also about the renaissance of Judaism in southern Italy. Directed by Roger Pyke, it is a documentary well worth watching.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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THE BATTLE OF PLOWCE - 1331
The Battle of Płowce took place on 27 September 1331
between Poland and the Teutonic Order. The Teutonic Order attempted to take Brześć Kujawski after standing all day
in the sun. The German army from the Teutonic Order had 7,000 men, and was opposed by a Polish army of 5,000 men. On September
27, 1331 one-third of the Teutonic Order's force of knights under Dietrich von Altenburg left the blockaded peasant town of
The Poles, under Władyslaw Łokietek
(Władysław I the Elbow-high) and his son Casimir, immediately attacked in a frontal assault. They were immediately joined by Polish detachments hiding in a forest to the left of the
town. Reportedly, during the first phase of the battle Prince Casimir was ordered to depart so as not to deprive the Polish
Kingdom of the presumptive heir. Despite this, in three hours the Teutonic knights had been defeated and their leader captured.
The Polish forces were victorious in this phase of the battle, took prisoner 56 knights, and freed many Polish captives.
However, upon hearing the
sounds of battle from Płowce, rear elements of the German formations rushed to aid their fellow knights, and soon another
third of the Teutonic Order's forces arrived. The long and bloody battle resumed and continued until dark, with high casualties
on both sides. Poland scored a clear victory, with Reuss von Plauen, commander of the German army, and another 40 knights
taken prisoner by the Poles. After fleeing Płowce, the knights withdrew to Toruń. Despite the Polish victory on the field, the battle is traditionally regarded as inconclusive
given that the Teutonic Order was not destroyed. Nevertheless, it was an important battle for Poland, which was just regaining
its stature as a country on the international scene, and held its own against a powerful military force.
An estimated over 4,000 men (combined)
were said to have fallen on the field of the battle. Of these, 73 were Knight Brothers of the Teutonic Order (the highest
ranking members of the Order). Over one half of the dead were Germans, who had to retreat back to Toruń, their death
toll climbing to one third of all their knights taking part in the war. The Polish armies, also suffering heavy casualties,
did not follow the retreating Germans.


The 101 On Malaysia's Orang Asli & Native Community. They're More Diverse Than We Think!
More than just "lain-lain".
Cover image via LRGS Evolutionary Genomics Orang Asli
The indigenous people of Malaysia are some of the oldest inhabitants of the land. Their historically-rich, mysterious lifestyles, and cultures have been the subject of fascination to many.
An undated photo of a Kenyah native man testing the bore of his blowpipe.
Image via Wikimedia Commons
From the more popular Orang Asli, Iban, and Dusun community, to the lesser known Lun Bawang people, they are usually just referred to as 'dan lain-lain' (others).
Our history textbooks don't exactly go into details about them either.
Temuan people in Kampung Orang Asli Bukit Jenuk in Dengkil, Selangor.
Image via flickr/tian yake
So, who are these people? What is their history and where are they now?
A Penan lady in Sarawak.
Image via Julien Coquentin/Daily Mail UK
The indigenous community in Malaysia is mainly divided by the Orang Asli who are native to Peninsular Malaysia, and the other native tribes that live in Sabah and Sarawak.
There are about 3,652,096 indigenous people in Malaysia and they make up 11.8% of the local population.
The Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia
An orang asli mother and child.
Image via Nicole Cultraro/Red Bubble
The literal translation of the Malay term 'Orang Asli' is 'original people'. The Orang Asli are generally classified under three main groups - Negrito (Semang), Senoi, and Proto-Malay (aboriginal Malay), with about 18 ethnic groups under them, collectively.
The three main groups of Orang Asli mostly live in different parts of Peninsular Malaysia, namely:
1. Negrito - northern region.
2. Senoi - central region.
3. Proto-Malay - southern region.
Bateq, Jahai, Kensiu, Kintaq, Lanoh, and Mendriq are some of the ethnic groups under Negrito Orang Asli, while the Senoi group is made up of a few other ethnic divisions including the Mah Meri, Jah Hut, Chewong, Temiar, Semai, and Semaq Beri people. As for the Proto-Malay group, there's Orang Kanaq, Orang Kuala, Orang Seletar, Semelai, Jakun, Temoq, and the Temuan people.
Altogether, there are about 205,000 Orang Asli living in various parts of Peninsular Malaysia now, representing about 0.84% of the national population.
What languages do they speak?
Despite the fact that the Orang Asli are grouped together, they are not a homogenous group. Linguistically, the Orang Asli are divided into two groups, one that speaks Austroasiatic languages and the other that's made up of Austronesian-speaking people.
Most of the Senoi and Negrito groups speak Aslian languages, which is a subdivision of Austroasiatic languages. The Austroasiatic language family has around 169 languages that are spoken mainly in Southeast Asia.
The Proto-Malay people speak Austronesian languages, except for Semelai and Temoq people who speak dialects which are Austroasiatic. Austronesian is the largest language family in the world. There are about 1,200 languages that fall under this language group including Malay, with speakers spread from Madagascar all the way to Hawaii in the north, and Southeast Asia.
Where do most of the Orang Asli community live at and what kind of lifestyles do they lead?
A group of orang asli children in Royal Belum, Perak.
Image via flickr/Muhammad Adzha
A large chunk of the Orang Asli people live in or close to forests, with about 60% of them living in the forest-fringe or rural areas in the country, while about 30% live in the forest interiors. Only about 1% of the Orang Asli community lives in settlements or areas close to urban centres.
The Semai, Temiar, Chewong, Jah Hut, Semelai, and Semoq Beri people mainly live very close to or within the forest areas, with most of them involved in hill paddy cultivation, hunting, and fishing. They also engage in trading activities for petai, durian, rattan, and resins.
Meanwhile, the Orang Laut, Orang Seletar, and Mah Meri typically live close to the coast and are skilled seafarers.
Here's a brief explanation on where these Orang Asli groups live at and how they earn a living:
Image via amrufm/flickr
The Negritos of Malaysia, also known as the Semang people, can mostly be found in Perak, Pahang, and Kedah, where they are also known as'sakai'. Sakai means 'debt slaves' and it is a derogatory term used to refer to the Orang Asli people in these areas. In the 18th and 19th century, quite a number of Orang Asli people were used as slaves, with many regarding them as "savages" and "jungle-beasts".
The Negritos from Kelantan and Terengganu are usually referred to as 'Pangan', which means forest people.
Ethnologically described as nomadic hunter-gatherers, most Semang still opt to lead semi-nomadic lifestyle, mostly relying on the bounties of the forests and seas.
The Senoi community can be found in the central region of Peninsular Malaysia but quite a number of them have moved to Cameron Highlands, Pahang.
They can usually be found living in long community houses, constructed of bamboo, rattan, and thatch, held away from the ground on poles. They grow, among other things, rice, bananas, bread-fruit trees and pumpkins. They are mainly vegetarians, but fish and certain forest animals are also on the menu.
With Cameron Highlands being a popular tourist spot, the Senoi people make use of their talents and expertise to carve blowpipes, weave baskets, and other souvenirs to sell it at the markets there. Some of the Senoi people also work in the plantations in Cameron Highlands.
This group of Orang Asli people can mostly be found along the Strait of Melaka and in southern Johor. Said to be similar in appearance to the Malay people, parts of the Proto-Malay community have assimilated into the local Malay community through interracial marriages.
However, people from the Jakun and Temuan community are still mainly involved in agriculture, with some even managing their own rubber, oil palm, or cocoa farms.
What kind of religions do the Orang Asli subscribe to?
Almost 70% of the Orang Asli community are traditionally animists, while 20% of them are Muslims (the numbers are growing slowly, especially among the Proto-Malay community), and the remaining 10% are Christians.
Animism is the religious belief that objects, places, and creatures all have a distinct spiritual essence. It attributes living souls to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomenon and it said to be oldest known type of belief system that even predates paganism.
The information above on the Orang Asli community was obtained from the Center For Orang Asli Concerns (COAC) website and the World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples.
What about the indigenous community in Sarawak?
Iban women from Rejang, Sarawak, wearing rattan corsets decorated with brass rings and filigree adornments, circa 1910.
Image via Charles Hose/Pinterest
The indigenous people make up the majority of the state's population at around 1,899,600 people or 70.1%
With its highly diverse demographics, Sarawak has around 40 sub-ethnic groups and each has its own unique culture, lifestyle, and language. These native tribes are informally referred to as the Dayak people and the biggest ethnic group within the Dayak community is Iban - they constitute about 30% of the population.
There's also Bidayuh, Orang Ulu, Kayan, Lun Bawang, Kelabit, Kenyah, Penan, Sebup, Bisaya, Melanau, Murut, Penan, Punan Bah, Berawan, and other minor ethnic groups that are part of the Sarawak indigenous population. Dayak languages are categorised under Austronesian languages.
Let's take a look at the brief history of four of the largest indigenous tribes in Sarawak.
1. Iban - the largest ethnic group in the Land of the Hornbills
Iban headhunting warriors.
Image via scribol
Also known as Sea Dayaks during the British colonial days, the Iban community are historically renowned for their ancient headhunting practices and for being a fiercely loyal warring tribe during the olden days.
Their excellent headhunting and tracking skills also came in handy during the Japanese occupation in the 1940s. Many Iban warriors fought against Japanese soldiers during military operations, and 14 of them were awarded with medals for helping to liberate the nation from communists.
Traditionally, Ibans live in communal structures referred to as longhouses (rumah panjai) but today many of these longhouses are equipped with modern facilities


How do I respond to a PayPal dispute filed by my buyer?
You can communicate directly with your buyer through a message board in the dispute case. Here's how to respond to a dispute:
 1. Go to Resolution Center.
 2. Click View under "Action" next to your case.
 3. Respond to the buyer and enter any relevant information (such as tracking information), and then click Send.
What's Next?
You have 20 days from the date that the dispute was opened to communicate with your buyer.
If you can't come to a resolution within 20 days, you or the buyer can escalate the dispute to a claim to let PayPal investigate the case. If the dispute isn't escalated within 20 days, the case will be automatically closed on the 21st day and the held payment will be released to you. PayPal may escalate a dispute to a claim at any time.
After a dispute is escalated to a claim, you must respond to the case within 10 days. Then, PayPal will review the case and decide the outcome, usually within 10-14 days. You can view the case status and provide additional information in the Resolution Center. PayPal may determine the outcome of your claim in a shorter timeframe. PayPal may also take action based on coverage and eligibility requirements set forth in the User Agreement, any additional information provided during the online dispute resolution process, or any other information PayPal deems relevant and appropriate under the circumstances, such as your claim history.


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This article is dedicated to a very important aspect from Backend Certification – How to use blocks in Magento 2, which is the part of one large topic 3 "Customizing the Magento UI". Today we will consider the following questions:
What is block architecture and how is it used in development
What is the typical block's role?
Separation block-template allows you to separate business logic from design..Blocks are usually (but not always) connected to PHTML template files. Blocks can be thought of as a data container for a template, which represents a piece of the HTML on the page. In layouts XML, you can manage blocks on the page and add new ones, set templates to move and delete.
Which objects are accessible from the block?
All block extends \Magento\Framework\View\Element\Template, so by default blocks are injected with a \Magento\Framework\View\ Element\Template\Context object and support getters and setters for returning and storage any objects or data. This object contains a number of other objects that are loaded into the instance:
- $this->validator: \Magento\Framework\View\Element\Template\File\Validator
- $this->resolver: \Magento\Framework\View\Element\Template\File\Resolver
- $this->_filesystem: \Magento\Framework\Filesystem
- $this->templateEnginePool: \Magento\Framework\View\TemplateEnginePool
- $this->_storeManager: \Magento\Store\Model\StoreManagerInterface
- $this->_appState: \Magento\Framework\App\State
- $this->pageConfig: \Magento\Framework\View\Page\Config
What are the stages in lifecycle of a block?
There are two phases of the block life cycle: generating blocks and rendering blocks. Blocks are instantiated at the moment the layout is created. They are not executed at that time, just instantiated. Also during this phase, the structure is built, the children of blocks are set, and for each block, the prepareLayout() method is called.
However, nothing is rendered, as that happens in the later rendering phase.
GeneratePool goes through all generators and generate all scheduled elements. It has generators with the following elements:
At this moment, we already have all the layout xml for the page generated, and all block classes are created.
In this method we check type of rendered elements. It creates them and returns html using toHtml() method. This method is not recommended to override. If you want to change block rendering override _toHtml() method.
In what cases would you put your code in the _prepareLayout(), _beforeToHtml(), and _toHtml() methods?
_prepareLayout() – most often used for:
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- adding child's Magento\Eav\Block\Adminhtml\Attribute\Edit\Options\AbstractOptions::_prepareLayout()
- adding tabs on backend Magento\Backend\Block\System\Design\Edit\Tabs::_prepareLayout()
- set title Magento\Wishlist\Block\Customer\Sharing::_prepareLayout()
- adding pager, breadcrumbs and so on Magento\Sales\Block\Order\History::_prepareLayout()
- set renderer Magento\Catalog\Block\Adminhtml\Form::_prepareLayout()
- data preparing Magento\Catalog\Block\Product\ProductList\Related::_beforeToHtml()
- assign values Magento\Backend\Block\Widget\Form\Element::_beforeToHtml()
- adding child's Magento\Shipping\Block\Adminhtml\Create\Items::_beforeToHtml()
Using this method, you can manipulate the rendering of the block, complement the condition, make wrappers for html, change the template for the block etc. Magento\GroupedProduct\Block\Order\Email\Items\Order\Grouped::_toHtml(), Magento\Sales\Block\Reorder\Sidebar::_toHtml()
How would you use events fired in the abstract block?
view_block_abstract_to_html_before – use for editing params:
view_block_abstract_to_html_after – use for html manipulation – editing,add conditions, wrappers.
How are blocks rendered and cached?
The most important method for rendering a block is Magento\Framework\View\Element\AbstractBlock::toHtml(). He first run _loadCache(), if the cache is missing then it run _beforeToHtml() after the block is rendered by the method_toHtml() after which the cache is saved _saveCache($html) and run _afterToHtml($html).
Method _loadCache() uses cache_key return by getCacheKey() and _saveCache($html) – cache_tags obtained by the method getCacheTags(). Cache_key each block is added up like BLOCK_$cache_key, if this property not defined – BLOCK_sha1($name_in_layout). Cache_tags is array and consists of a property $cache_tags, if it defined in block and if block instanceof Magento\Framework\DataObject\IdentityInterface values returned by the method getIdentities() are added to the array. We can manage $cache_lifetime variable. Value will be in seconds, if you want to disable cache you can set value to 0 or not set the value because all blocks are non-cacheable by default.
What are different types of blocks used for?
- Magento\Framework\View\Element\AbstractBlock – parent block for all custom blocks;
- Magento\Framework\View\Element\Template – block with template;
- Magento\Framework\View\Element\Text – just rendering text;
- Magento\Framework\View\Element\FormKey – return hidden input with form key;
- Magento\Framework\View\Element\Messages – rendering notification message by type.
When would you use non-template block types?
When we use simple renderers. When block content is dynamic generated or stored in a database or in containers. For example, if you want form_key in template, you can insert block Magento\Framework\View\Element\FormKey.
In what situation should you use a template block or other block types?
When we use complicate renderers. When we want to customize themes or add new blocks. А prime example is a breadcrumb block Magento\Catalog\Block\Breadcrumbs. If you want to customize breadcrumbs, you can set the template in layout.
This is all to the topic of use of blocks in Magento 2. If you have any questions left or comments, please leave them down below.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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What is Fracking?
Fracking is another method used to extract oil and gas, using the process of injecting high pressure into subterranean rocks and boreholes so as to force open existing fissures and extract the oil or gas.
Why is process measurement important?
Fracking can be a precarious business, so it's important to ensure that the measurement of flow and level of oil and gas in the system is monitored closely. Further to this, sand in oil detection devices helps to monitor the level of problematic sand in the pumped oil. Using non-contacting solutions allows operators to safely monitor the flow of the matter without having to interrupt the process.
How can Pulsar Measurement help?
Pulsar Measurement provides a wide range of various flow and level solutions to this market, from flow monitoring to level monitoring, pump control, and sand in oil detection. There is plenty of choice within our portfolio for a measurement solution perfectly suited to your application.
You can select from a range of suggested Pulsar Measurement products below:
If you require help or any assistance please get in touch today.


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Cambodian Refugees Suffer from Psychiatric Illness at High Rates Two Decades After Escaping Homeland Terror
Aug 2, 2005
Published in: JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association, v. 294, no. 5, Aug. 3, 2005, p. 571-579
Posted on RAND.org on January 01, 2005
CONTEXT: Little is known about the long-term mental health of trauma-exposed refugees years after permanent resettlement in host countries. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence, comorbidity, and correlates of psychiatric disorders in the US Cambodian refugee community. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A cross-sectional, face-to-face interview conducted in Khmer language on a random sample of households from the Cambodian community in Long Beach, Calif, the largest such community in the United States, between October 2003 and February 2005. A total of 586 adults aged 35 to 75 years who lived in Cambodia during the Khmer Rouge reign and immigrated to the United States prior to 1993 were selected. One eligible individual was randomly sampled from each household, with an overall response rate (eligibility screening and interview) of 87% (n = 490). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Exposure to trauma and violence before and after immigration (using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and Survey of Exposure to Community Violence); weighted past-year prevalence rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression (using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview version 2.1); and alcohol use disorder (by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test). RESULTS: All participants had been exposed to trauma before immigration. Ninety-nine percent (n = 483) experienced near-death due to starvation and 90% (n=437) had a family member or friend murdered. Seventy percent (n=338) reported exposure to violence after settlement in the United States. High rates of PTSD (62%, weighted), major depression (51%, weighted), and low rates of alcohol use disorder were found (4%, weighted). PTSD and major depression were highly comorbid in this population (n=209; 42%, weighted) and each showed a strong dose-response relationship with measures of traumatic exposure. In bivariate analyses, older age, having poor English-speaking proficiency, unemployment, being retired or disabled, and living in poverty were also associated with higher rates of PTSD and major depression. Following multivariate analyses, premigration trauma remained associated with PTSD (odds ratio [OR], 2.08; 95% CI, 1.37-3.16) and major depression (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.24-1.97); postmigration trauma with PTSD (OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.21-2.26) and major depression (OR, 1.45: 95% CI, 1.12-1.86); and older age with PTSD (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.46-2.13) and major depression (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.15-1.89). CONCLUSION: More than 2 decades have passed since the end of the Cambodian civil war and the subsequent resettlement of refugees in the United States; however, this population continues to have high rates of psychiatric disorders associated with trauma.


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In 2001, the Global Pertussis Initiative was established as a scientific forum to analyze the status of pertussis globally and to evaluate various immunization strategies to improve disease control. Thirty-seven multidisciplinary experts from 17 countries participated.
The initiative was conducted in 3 stages: assessment of the international epidemiology, diagnosis, health and economic burden, and prevention and treatment of pertussis; evaluation and prioritization of 7 immunization strategies to address the problems; and identification of solutions to surmount potential barriers to the implementation of these strategies. A health-economic model, created for the Initiative, analyzed the cost-effectiveness of the selected immunization strategies. Discussion, debate, and consensus were facilitated via a roundtable meeting, teleconferences and use of a closed, interactive website, allowing the participants to share data, knowledge, experience, and opinion. This article describes the processes undertaken to conduct the Initiative.


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A cryopreservation protocol for ex situ conservation of terrestrial orchids using asymbiotic primary and secondary (adventitious) protocorms
MetadataShow full item record
© 2015, The Society for In Vitro Biology. In a bid to better conserve endangered terrestrial orchids, we detail cryogenic research using a widely distributed terrestrial orchid, Caladenia latifolia, as a model species for development of cryopreservation for primary (seed generated) and secondary (adventitious) protocorms. Primary protocorm cryopreservation (using droplet vitrification) involved a number of experimental lines of inquiry: investigation of a suitable plant vitrification solution (PVS) by comparing three variants of a standard PVS (2, 3 and 4), determining the most suitable primary protocorm developmental stage for successful cryopreservation, testing the effectiveness of a preculture medium treatment prior to cryopreservation, and investigating temperature preconditioning at the preculture stage as well as different components of the recovery medium. Primary protocorms were generated using asymbiotic in vitro germination media developed by the authors specifically for the test species (half-strength MS macroelements and microelements with 5% (v/v) fresh filter sterilized coconut water). Secondary protocorms were propagated using an in vitro proliferation medium (½ MS with 5 µM a-naphthaleneacetic acid + 2 µM 6-benzylaminopurine). A modified preconditioning step was developed, involving incubation on ½ MS with 0.2 M raffinose for 48 h at 15°C instead of 20°C. The standard recovery medium (½ MS 1 µM zeatin + 0.5 µM gibberellic acid) was replaced after the first week following warming from liquid nitrogen (LN), with asymbiotic germination medium (½ MS + 5% (v/v) coconut water) for the remainder of the recovery phase. This new step increased the survival of primary protocorms from 68 to 85%. The average post-cryostorage regeneration of plants from primary protocorms increased from 17 to 48% after a 6-wk incubation. A similar protocol increased the survival of secondary protocorms from 63 to 84%. Regeneration of plants from secondary cryostored protocorms increased from 11 to 26% after 14 wk. The protocols developed here provide a useful template for advancing cryoconservation of other orchid taxa, particularly rare and threatened species.
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Ex situ germplasm preservation and plant regeneration of a threatened terrestrial orchid, caladenia huegelii, through micropropagation and cryopreservationBustam, B.; Dixon, Kingsley; Bunn, E. (2016)Caladenia huegelii Rchb.f. is a threatened obligate mycotrophic orchid species with limited distribution in its remaining habitat, hence, this study to develop ex situ conservation protocols. An asymbiotic seed germination...
Ex situ germplasm preservation and plant regeneration of a threatened terrestrial orchid, Caladenia huegelii, through micropropagation and cryopreservationBustam, B.; Dixon, Kingsley; Bunn, E. (2016)Caladenia huegelii Rchb.f. is a threatened obligate mycotrophic orchid species with limited distribution in its remaining habitat, hence, this study to develop ex situ conservation protocols. An asymbiotic seed germination...
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Louise Farrenc (31 May 1804 – 15 September 1875) was a French composer, virtuosa pianist and teacher. Born Jeanne-Louise Dumont in Paris, she was the daughter of Jacques-Edme Dumont, a successful sculptor, and sister to Auguste Dumont.
Louise Farrenc enjoyed a considerable reputation during her own lifetime, as a composer, a performer and a teacher. She began piano studies at an early age with someone called "señora (Mrs) Soria", a former student of Muzio Clementi, but when it became clear she had the talent of a professional pianist, she was also given lessons by such masters as Ignaz Moscheles and Johann Nepomuk Hummel. Because she also showed great promise as a composer, her parents decided to let her study composition with Anton Reicha, at the time composition teacher at the Conservatoire. it is not yet clear if Louise Farrenc followed his classes there, as the composition class was at the time one of the classes opened only to men. She met Aristide Farrenc, a flute student ten years her senior, who performed at some of the concerts regularly given at the artists' colony of the Sorbonne, where Louise's family lived. She married him in 1821. She then interrupted her studies to concertize throughout France with her husband. He soon grew tired of the concert life and decided to open a publishing house in Paris, which as Éditions Farrenc, was one of France's leading music publishers for nearly 40 years.
Farrenc returned to her studies with Reicha. After completing her studies, she reembarked on a concert career and gained considerable fame as a performer during the 1830s. By the early 1840s, her reputation was such that in 1842 she was appointed to the permanent position of Professor of Piano at the Paris Conservatory, a position she held for thirty years and one which was among the most prestigious in Europe. Despite this, Farrenc was paid less than her male counterparts for nearly a decade. Only after the triumphant premiere of her nonet, at which the famous violinist Joseph Joachim took part, did she demand and receive equal pay. Beside her teaching and performing career, she also produced and edited an influential book about early music performance style.
Farrenc died in Paris. For several decades after her death, her reputation as a performer survived and her name continued to appear in such books as Antoine François Marmontel's Pianistes célèbres. Her nonet had achieved around 1850 some popularity, as did her two piano quintets and her trios. But, despite some new editions of her chamber music after her death, her works fell into oblivion.
At first, during the 1820s and 1830s, she composed exclusively for the piano. Several of these pieces drew high praise from critics, including Schumann. In the 1830s, she tried her hand at larger compositions for both chamber ensemble and orchestra. It was during the 1840s that much of her chamber music was written. While the great bulk of Farrenc's compositions were for the piano alone, her chamber music is generally regarded as her best work. The claim can be made that Farrenc's chamber music works are on a par with most of her well-known male contemporaries.
Throughout her life, chamber music remained of great interest. She wrote works for various combinations of winds and or strings and piano. These include two piano quintets Opp.30 & 31, a sextet for piano and winds Op.40, which later appeared in an arrangement for piano quintet, two piano trios Opp.33 & 34, the nonet for winds and strings Op.38, a trio for clarinet (or violin), cello and piano Op.44, a trio for flute (or violin), cello and piano Op.45, and several instrumental sonatas (a string quartet sometimes attributed to her is regarded by specialists as the work of another composer, not yet identified).
In addition to chamber music and works for solo piano, she wrote two overtures and three symphonies. She had the great honour to hear her third symphony Op.36 performed at the Société des concerts du Conservatoire in 1849. The one area which is conspicuously missing from her output is opera, an important lacuna as opera was at the time the central musical form in France. Several sources, however, indicate that she was also ambitious in that field, but did not succeed in being given a libretto to set to music by the Théâtre de l'Opéra or the Théâtre de l'Opéra-Comique, for reasons still to be discovered.
Why did Farrenc remain unknown as a composer?
||This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2008)|
For nearly the entire 19th century, French musical opinion was completely dominated by opera, be it lyrique, comique or grand opera. A French composer could not gain any reputation without having first had a success at the opera. Indeed, commenting on this sorry state of affairs, Saint-Saëns lamented, "The composer who was bold enough to venture out into the field of instrumental music had only one forum for the performance of his works: a concert which he had to organize himself and to which he invited his friends and the press. One could not even think of attracting the public, the general public; the very mention of the name of a French composer on a placard—especially that of a living French composer—was enough to send everyone running." Saint-Saëns found himself forced to create an organization whose sole purpose was to remedy this problem, but it was not until the 20th century that the general public began to frequent the concerts of the Société Nationale de Musique in any number.
François-Joseph Fétis, perhaps France's greatest 19th century music biographer and critic, wrote in his new edition of the Biographie universelle des musiciens of Louise Farrenc, only three years after her death, as follows: "Unfortunately, the genre of large scale instrumental music to which Madame Farrenc, by nature and formation, felt herself called involves performance resources which a composer can acquire for herself or himself only with enormous effort. Another factor here is the public, as a rule not a very knowledgeable one, whose only standard for measuring the quality of a work is the name of its author. If the composer is unknown, the audience remains unreceptive, and the publishers, especially in France, close their ears anyway when someone offers them a halfway decent work...Such were the obstacles that Madame Farrenc met along the way and which caused her to despair. This is the reason why her work has fallen into oblivion today, when at any other epoch her works would have brought her great esteem."
Her works were recognized by the savants and connoisseurs of the time as first rate, but this was not enough to gain her any lasting fame as a composer. Similar oblivion obscures the career of George Onslow, another important 19th-century French composer, primarily of chamber music. Unlike Onslow, Louise Farrenc never tried her hand at opera. This sealed her fate. If one looks at those French composers who were known during most of the 19th century, they are all opera composers to a man.
List of compositions
Louise Farrenc wrote exclusively for the piano from 1820 to 1830, expanding her range to include works for orchestra beginning in 1834. Her work includes 49 compositions with opus numbers.
Orchestral works
- Symphony in C minor, op. 32 (1842)
- Symphony in D, op. 35 (1845)
- Symphony in G minor, op. 36 (1847)
- Overture in E minor, op. 23 (1834)
- Overture in E♭, op. 24 (1834)
- Grand variations on the song Le premier pas, for piano and orchestra, op. 4
- Grand variations on a theme by Count Gallenberg, for piano and orchestra, op. 25
Vocal works
- Andréa la folle, Ballade
- Je me taisais, Romance
- La tourterelle, Romance
- La madone
- Le berger fidèle, Romance
- Le prisonnier de guerre, Scène dramatique
- Le suicide, scène et air (Composition identique au prisonnier de guerre)
- Toi que j'appelle
Choral works
- O père qu'adore mon père (Hymne de Lamartine), (unaccompanied choir)
- O père qu'adore mon père (Hymne de Lamartine), (choir and piano)
- O salutaris hostia, (soprano, alto and tenor)
Chamber music
- Nonet in E♭, op. 38 (1849; string quartet and wind)
- Sextet in C minor, op. 40 (1852; piano, flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn)
- Quintet No. 1 in A minor, op. 30 (1839; piano, violin, viola, cello and double bass)
- Quintet No. 2 in E, op. 31 (1840; piano, violin, viola, cello and double bass)
- Trio in E♭, op. 33 (1841-


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Betsy Ross Day - January 2
- Wednesday, January 02, 2013
JANUARY 2nd is Betsy Ross Day. Born a day earlier, January 1, 1752, into the Quaker "Griscom" family in Philadelphia, she was 8th of 17 children. Apprenticed as a seamstress, Betsy fell in love with upholsterer John Ross, son of an Episcopal rector at Christ Church and nephew of George Ross, signer of the Declaration of Independence. As Quakers forbade interdenominational marriage, John and Betsy eloped, being married by New Jersey Governor William Franklin, Ben Franklin's son. Attending Christ's Church with Jefferson, Hamilton and Franklin, the Ross' pew number 12 was near George Washington's. During the Revolution, John Ross died when a munitions depot he was guarding blew up. Shortly after, in June 1776, General Washington reportedly asked Betsy Ross to sew the American Flag. In 1777, Betsy married sea captain Joseph Ashburn at the Old Swedes Church. That winter, the British forcibly quartered in their home. Joseph Ashburn sailed to the West Indies for war supplies but was captured and sent to Old Mill Prison, where he died in 1782. Another prisoner, John Claypoole, brought news of his death to Betsy, and in May of 1783, John Claypoole married Betsy at Christ Church and together they had 5 children.
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Benchmark experimental gas-phase intermolecular dissociation energies by the SEP-R2PI method
Annual Review of Physical Chemistry
The gas-phase ground-state dissociation energy D (S ) of an isolated and cold bimolecular complex is a fundamental measure of the intermolecular interaction strength between its constituents. Accurate D values are important for the understanding of intermolecular bonding, for benchmarking high-level theoretical calculations, and for the parameterization of dispersion-corrected density functionals or force-field models that are used in fields ranging from crystallography to biochemistry. We review experimental measurements of the gas-phase D (S ) and D (S ) values of 55 different M⋅S complexes, where M is a (hetero)aromatic molecule and S is a closed-shell solvent atom or molecule. The experiments employ the triply resonant SEP-R2PI laser method, which involves M-centered (S → S ) electronic excitation, followed by S → S stimulated emission spanning a range of S state vibrational levels. At sufficiently high vibrational energy, vibrational predissociation of the M⋅S complex occurs. A total of 49 dissociation energies were bracketed to within ≤1.0 kJ/mol, providing a large experimental database of accurate noncovalent interactions. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
Knochenmuss, Richard; Sinha, Rajeev K.; and Leutwyler, Samuel, "Benchmark experimental gas-phase intermolecular dissociation energies by the SEP-R2PI method" (2020). Open Access Archive. 253.


Saving your garden after one of the wettest winters
Large areas of the UK have been recently been hit with flooding. We know the damage flooding can have on homes, but its effects on your garden can be just as devastating.
As flood water covers grass and plants it enters spaces between the soil where oxygen is stored. As the water enters these spaces in the soil the oxygen escapes so there is none available for the microbes in the soil, or the plant roots to encourage growth. This in essence drowns the plants.
Before you begin clearing up after the flooding take a few some photos of the damage the flooding has caused. Some insurance companies may request this as proof of damage, and some may even cover the cost of replacing any damaged plants.
Recovering your lawn
Your grass can usually last up to a week underwater without too much trouble however this varies on a case by case basis. Your first job after the water has drained away is to remove any debris. It is recommended that you wear a pair of gloves and waterproof clothing to do this and start with the larger objects first.
Try and avoid walking on your lawn if possible, to prevent the soil from compacting. Compacted soil stops oxygen from reaching the roots of the grass which is required for growth. Walking on the lawn may also tear up the grass and create a muddy mess where your grass once was. If you have to walk across your lawn, try and spread your weight as much as possible by walking on wooden boards.
If the rain or flood water has left a layer of silt on your lawn 20mm thick or greater, you need to remove this as soon as possible using a flat spade and running water. If your lawn was flooded with salt water you need to use the same process as if it is covered in silt. The sodium in salt will crystallise on top of the lawn and prevent oxygen and sunlight reaching the soil.
When the grass is debris, silt and salt free use a garden fork and spike the ground to a depth of around 10mm to allow air to get to the roots and aid further drainage.
Once the grass is clear you then need to think about replacing any nutrients the grass may have lost. Large amounts of water can wash away the nutrients in the soil which are needed by the grass to grow. If the lawn has been submerged for a few days it is a good idea, to add a heavy nitrogen filled fertiliser to the lawn to encourage the grass to grow.
Note: if you lawn was flooded with salt water do not add fertiliser. Many fertilisers include sodium which is found in salt water. Too much sodium is a bad thing for your grass and may cause more harm than good.
Remember never to mow the lawn when it is wet whatever state it is in. This is likely to damage your grass and to damage your lawnmower as well.
Saving plants from flooding
Unlike your grass your plants are likely to be the real victims of flooding. They will begin to wilt and die within a couple of days. Obvious signs that your plants are drowning include them turning yellow or brown and the leaves curling. Unfortunately there is not a great deal you can do for them if the water is still around, however once the water has drained away you can go to work to save them.
Once the water has resided, begin by gently removing any mud or silt from the leaves of the plant. Remember to wash both sides of the leaves with running water. This will ensure sunlight can be absorbed by the leaf which is required for them to grow.
Once the soil is beginning to dry out around the plants, turn the soil. This will add air into the soil aiding the growth of the plants and help dry the soil out further. Trim off any branches or flowers that look like they are dead or dying with a pair of sharp secateurs – Gardena's are highly recommended. This will allow the plant to focus on saving the rest of the plant rather than the part that is dying. It is also recommended that you take some cuttings of any plants you like. This is recommended as it maybe weeks later before the plant dies due to the flooding.
Finally add a nitrogen rich fertiliser to the plants to give them a kick start and encourage growth if they were flooded with fresh water.
Fences and buildings
After a flood you will need to wash down any greenhouses, fences and brickwork. It is advisable to use hot soapy water where possible. Brickwork and fences will eventually dry out however it may take some time. When dry, you should re-point the brickwork to make sure it's watertight once again, and paint fences with weather-proof paint.
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Bulk Email
Here is one of the best ways that a bulk emailing is accomplished:
The spreadsheet containing all the email addresses should be saved as a.csv file.
The spreadsheet should have a header row at the top of the spreadsheet, with recipients first name, last name, and email address, each as one word all lower case.
Sample Spreadsheet For Bulk Emailing
The above spreadsheet could be used to send 3 emails to me all at once.
Create a new email in your email program. I use Mozilla Thunderbird with Mail Merge add-on.
Copy & Paste the HTML code of the HTML email into the body of the email that you want to send to people listed in the spreadsheet. In Thunderbird, click Insert, choose HTML, then paste code into dialogue box.
In the To: entry, type {{email}}
(Enclose the column headings in 2 sets of curly braces.)
The Thunderbird program will automatically generate emails in the Outbox addressed to everyone in the "email" column of the spreadsheet.
If you type Dear {{firstname}} in the body of the mail, each email will have the first name of each person associated with the corresponding email address.
Choose Send Unsent Messages.
Leave a Reply


Ramesh T A
Rookie - 294 Points (28th August 1950 / Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India)
Who has really the boon of freedom in the world?
Plants, animals, men or birds want freedom forever;
Peace and happiness everybody loves to enjoy here.
The joy everyone enjoys is not ready to sacrifice ever;
The strongest dominates to maintain its freedom ever.
Survival depends upon the favourable situation only;
Life goes on for all living beings big or small somehow.
Living on land, swimming on sea and flying in air there's
Survival of many beings in the world striving for satiation.
Land survivors cannot live in the sea and fly in the air;
Survivors of both on land and sea cannot fly in the sky;
Living on land man can survive on sea but not in the sky;
Of all the creatures only sea gulls and albatross survive
On land, sea and sky as they only have boon of freedom!
Submitted: Wednesday, March 10, 2010
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 - Rookie - 31 Points Leonard Dabydeen (3/10/2010 10:31:00 AM)
 This prosaic read certainly invites discussion, Ramesh. If we were to juxtapose creatures for survival in the triangle of land, sea and sky - are we to feel satiated that only the'strong' shall survive? Or is it that'survival depends upon the favourable'? If'sea gulls and albatross survive/On land, sea and sky as they only have boon of freedom! ', what makes other 'creatures' less favourable to obtain this position?
 A thoughful write, indeed. Thanx for sharing.
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Edition: U.S. / Global
Published: March 20, 1998
Ellen Gallagher
Gagosian Gallery
136 Wooster Street, SoHo
Through April 11
In the beginning of her still short career, Ellen Gallagher insinuated political commentary into abstraction: punctuating beautiful, Agnes Martinish patchworks of blue-lined paper with tiny renditions of stereotypical blackface. Rows and clusters of free-floating bugging eyes and thick lips ambushed a closer look with nasty little secrets, unconscious fears, taboo cliches and emblems of racial hatred, both of the self and of the other.
In her second New York show, Ms. Gallagher, who is black, expands her rather simple strategy to include differences of gender and culture as well as race, yet also seems to chafe at its limits. Her surfaces continue to bubble with tiny details that like radioactive particles have big, uncontrollable implications. Sometimes the details look increasingly vestigial, like the lurking eyes, now blue, at the margins of ''Conglimpscious'' and ''Fronts'' where larger geometric shapes in yellow and red suggesting a fusion of Philip Taaffe and Ellsworth Kelly dominate. Still, the title of the first painting -- ''glimpse'' dividing ''conscious'' -- neatly sums up her penchant for subliminal messages and emotions.
Elsewhere, especially in two big shiny black monochromes titled ''Eleganza'' and ''Mobb Deep,'' the radioactivity only increases, and Ms. Gallagher extends her emblems into a kind of Morse code of otherness, a decorative language reminiscent of Mayan hieroglyphics (which also involve caricature) or Arabic script. Distilled into strange letters and rendered in slight relief, the eyes and mouths now drift randomly or form bands, spheres, arcs or even silhouettes of Balinese-type dancers.
Other signs join the mix: a stemmed heart shape that is suggestively phallic and spadelike, and a fat, curvy S-shape. Like a key, ''Drexciya'' suggests that the S-shape symbolizes female hair: the painting's gray field swarms with molecular female heads, both black and white. All are blue-eyed and have lasciviously extended tongues, white nurse caps and a generous dollop of red or blond hair, an S-shaped wiglike flip that is ideal in its straightness, lightness and bigness.
The problem in these works is that the close reading is often more exciting than the big picture, but they lay an important foundation in Ms. Gallagher's attempt to bridge the gap between the abstract and the social. ROBERTA SMITH
Photo: A corner detail from ''Drexciya'' (1997), by Ellen Gallagher, part of an exhibition of her new work at the Gagosian Gallery in SoHo. (Beth Phillips/Gagosian Gallery)


text: Welcome to your homework activities for this week! Please complete the following: 1. Practice your spelling words using the SISTER strategy - Record yourself saying each word and spelling it out loud. - Use Pic Collage to complete your SISTER strategy lists (syllables, little words, tricky bits) - Choose 5 spelling words and write 5 interesting sentences on the attached template. Upload your recording,Pic Collage and your sentences to Murray River Homework. 2. Complete the 9 times table activities on the attached link.


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Sure, it can be annoying when your man steals the covers or snores his head off, but there's an upside to putting up with that: Research has found that sleeping with a partner can make you healthier.
Scientists at the University of Pittsburgh discovered that women in LTRs fall asleep more quickly and wake up less during the night than single women. They also tend to be healthier and live longer.
Researchers aren't exactly sure why this happens, but one theory is that sleeping with someone else may lower your bod's production of the stress hormone cortisol, and boost production of the cuddle hormone oxytocin. They point out that oxytocin is created in the same area of your brain that is responsible for your sleep cycle, so more of the hormone could possibly help you catch better ZZZs.
So next time you're ticked when your man insists on keeping your bedroom at freezing temps, just know that it's good for you (and grab yourself an extra blanket).
What do you think?


text:
Plate-wide deformation before the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake
Crampin, Stuart; Gao, Yuan. 2012 Plate-wide deformation before the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 46. 61-69. 10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.10.015Full text not available from this repository. (Request a copy)
Rock is weak to shear-stress and the energy released by the 26th December, 2004, M ≈ 9.2 Sumatra–Andaman Earthquake, the largest earthquake for four decades, must have accumulated over enormous volumes of crust and mantle, certainly plate-wide, possibly world-wide. Here we report evidence for plate-wide stress accumulation. Changes in seismic shear-wave splitting monitor stress-induced changes in the geometry of the microcrack distributions in almost all rocks in the Earth's crust. Such changes observed in Iceland show stress-accumulation beginning at least four years before the Sumatra–Andaman Earthquake. These changes were recognised as monitoring stress-accumulation before an impending large earthquake and 10 'stress-forecasts' were emailed to Iceland Meteorological Office for some 29 months forecasting an impending large earthquake. The remarkable sensitivity of critical-systems of microcrack geometry to miniscule changes of stress had not been recognised at that time and the stress-accumulation was expected to lead to a M ⩾ 7 earthquake somewhere in Iceland. Only now is it recognised that the changes in shear-wave splitting were monitoring stress-accumulation which would eventually lead to the Sumatra–Andaman Earthquake at a distance of some 10,500 km on the opposite side of the Eurasian Plate. This extreme sensitivity confirms the critical nature of fluid-saturated stress-aligned microcracks in the Earth's crust.
|Programmes:||BGS Programmes 2010 > Earth hazards and systems|
|Date made live:||10 May 2012 15:14|
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text:
Our motion concerns US-UK extradition terms and follows the conclusions of Sir Menzies Campbell's report on the treaty recommending the introduction of the 'forum bar' to allow judges a greater role in deciding on extradition, and a minor amendment in the actual treaty to afford those arrested in the UK the same legal standard as those arrested in the USA, when it comes to extradition.
There is a growing consensus among both politicians and the public that the current treaty is flawed and we beleive that these small changes will go a long way towards improving our extradition system.
We urgently need signatories, so if you're a voting rep and are interested in supporting our motion to get to Conference, please email me with your membership number, local party and full name at [email protected]
The full text of the motion follows below:
1. The Extradition Treaty between the UK Government and the Government of the USA was signed at Washington in March 2003 and passed into UK law with the Extradition Act 2003, providing for "more effective cooperation between the two States in the suppression of crime" and a framework for either state to request the extradition of an individual of any nationality.
2. In both the USA and the UK, a judge must be satisfied that there is an objective reason for a suspect's arrest before issuing a warrant and thus before extradition. In the USA, prosecutors must demonstrate 'probable cause', defined as "a reasonable ground for belief of guilt". In the UK, prosecutors must demonstrate 'reasonable suspicion' in order to arrest and extradite an individual.
3. The 'Forum Bar', a provision in the Police and Justice Act 2006, would allow a judge to refuse extradition where "a significant part of the conduct alleged to constitute the extradition offence" took place in the UK and it would "not be in the interests of justice for the person to be tried for the offence in the requesting territory". Despite being passed by Parliament, the Forum Bar has yet to be implemented legally.
4. A report ordered by Nick Clegg and carried out by Sir Menzies Campbell QC in 2012 deals specifically with these issues.
Sir Menzies Campbell QC's 2012 report concluded that:
1. Implementing the 'Forum Bar' would fulfil the responsibility of the British Government to protect the human rights of its citizens at home and abroad.
2. The disparity between US-UK extradition requiring 'probable cause' and UK-US extradition requiring 'reasonable suspicion' equates to the disadvantaging of UK citizens and the standard required for an extradition by the United Kingdom to the USA should be raised to the same level as the reverse.
3. A change in the Treaty in line with the above terms is necessary for the Government to fulfil its duty to UK citizens, and to restore public confidence in the UK's extradition arrangements.
1. That the difference in terms of arrest mean that it is easier for a UK citizen to be extradited from the UK to the USA than it is for a USA citizen to be extradited from the USA to the UK.
2. The current Government has an opportunity to review the extradition treaty.
3. Implementing the 'Forum Bar' would afford British judges a greater ability to decide what is in the interests of justice and would not equate to the UK undermining international cooperation.
Conference calls for:
1. The UK-US Extradition Treaty to be amended, raising the standard required for a UK-US extradition to require 'probable cause' in line with the US-UK extradition requirement.
2. The implementation of the 'Forum Bar' provision in the Police and Justice Act 2006.
* Rich Clare is president of Sheffield Hallam University Lib Dems and writes on the blog 'A brief history of liberty'. He is standing for England Convenor in the Liberal Youth elections.


text:
Newborn Consultation $150
We do not begin actual sleep training with babies until they are 4 months old +. However, we can begin to put into place healthy sleep practices and create a healthy sleep environment for babies as soon as we bring them home! Ensuring a good start to sleep practices will create fertile grounds for sleep training once baby is old enough.
This package includes:
Initial Consultation via telephone/Skype/Facetime (60 minutes)
Newborn Guide PDF
1 follow-up telephone call within 1-week of initial telephone consultation (20 minutes)
1 follow-up telephone call within 2 months of initial telephone consultation (20 minutes)


Giving life. Meaning.
Minyan Shelanu returns hundreds of teens and
young adults to a life worth living WATCH OUR VIDEO
It takes a village to save a child. Minyan Shelanu is that village.
Minyan Shelanu was born in response to Lakewood's growing community of disenchanted and troubled teenagers. After dropping out of school, many would deteriorate socially, emotionally and spiritually, engaging in negative behaviors such as substance abuse, promiscuity and crime, sometimes culminating in juvenile detention.
Since inception, Minyan Shelanu has always been about life after the street. As a low-profile yet highly effective synagogue and social center, we have achieved remarkable, lifesaving results. It began as a warm, nonjudgmental haven for those underserved by the rigid community model, and soon turned into a rallying point for troubled teens desperate for a bit of love, a kind word and a surrogate home.
Rabbinical luminaries and crisis professionals have come to revere Minyan Shelanu for the monumental power to save lives. Thanks to the organic connections our members form with our Rav and mentors, our minyan has corrected course for hundreds of kids, setting them on path of Yeshiva, career, marriage and lifelong wellness.
1,271 lives made worth living.
Safety first, at last
Our primary focus is to provide a nonjudgmental, supportive safe haven for on-the-street kids, where they can always feel at home, physically and emotionally.
Gainful activity and laid back recreation is provided, particularly during evening hours, creating informal opportunities for individualized connection.
as it happens
Our model has proved to organically administer guidance and support that eventually weans kids away from emptiness towards meaningful living.
Rabbi Chaim Abadi:Foundations first
A successful real estate developer and ordained Rabbi, Chaim's appeal lies in his unpretentiousness and unconditional love for every person. He feels the pain of these troubled teens, many of which are victims of abuse. His heart is open to them, and they instinctively recognize him as a trustworthy father figure. Chaim is also extraordinarily perceptive to youths' emotional, social and spiritual needs.
Need a safe space?
You need Minyan


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Lempa RiverArticle Free Pass
Lempa River, Spanish Río Lempa, river in Central America. It rises in Guatemala near Esquipulas, crosses a corner of Honduras, and enters El Salvador at Citalá. After cutting across El Salvador's northern mountain range, it flows eastward for over 80 miles (130 km) and then southward for 65 miles (105 km) across the southern mountain range to enter the Pacific Ocean after a total course of about 200 miles (320 km). It is El Salvador's largest and only navigable one. Its northern valley has hydroelectric projects that supply power to much of El Salvador. Its southern basin has been developed agriculturally, sisal (a cordage fibre) being the major crop.
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Freshwater Drum - (Aplodinotus grunniens)
Length: up to about 14 inches, although it may become quite large in rivers
Weight: 5-15 pounds, world record is 54 1/2 pounds
Coloring: Gray or silvery in turbid waters, bronze-colored in clearer waters. The head is somewhat darker than the rest of the body; the ventral portion of the fish is white. The pectoral and pelvic fins are white, but the rest of the fins are dusky.
Common Names: sheepshead, croaker, thunder pumper, lake drum, grunt, bubbler, grinder
Found in Lakes: all Great Lakes
The freshwater drum is the only member of its family that lives entirely in freshwater habitats, and it has the largest native range of any sport fish in the region. Drum are an important commercial crop on the Mississippi River but constitute only a small portion of the commercial perch catch in Lake Michigan.
The drum earned part of its Latin name, "grunniens" (meaning "grunting"), by its odd grunting noises, which are produced by a special set of muscles located in the body cavity that vibrates against the swim bladder. The purpose of the noise is unknown, but only mature males develop the structure (by the time they reach three years of age), suggesting that it is most likely related to spawning. Drums also may croak like bullfrogs when removed from the water, and scientists still don't know if the croaking noise is generated in the same way.
Identification of this fish is fairly easy. Drum have two dorsal fins that are joined by a narrow membrane. The anterior fin is spiny, and the posterior fin has soft rays. The are the only fish found in Wisconsin with a lateral line that extends through the caudal fin.
The drum's otoliths are exceptionally large and look a great deal like ivory. In times past they have been worn as protective amulets, made into jewelry, and traded into areas far from the fish's native range (such as Utah and California).
Drum are a bottom-dwelling species found in lakes and rivers; they tolerate both clear and turbid conditions. Their diet consists mainly of immature insects, crayfish, and minnows, although they may also feed on mollusks.
The white, flaky flesh of the drum is tasty and has a low oil content. (nutritional information) When cooking, be sure that the fish doesn't dry out and become hard. The low oil content means that fillets dry out much more quickly than other, more oily, fish. Recommended cooking methods include pan frying (in batter) or deep fat frying. Smoking also works well, as long as you're careful not to heat them for too long.
Freshwater drum are good fighters and will take bait such as crayfish, minnows, and worms. In warm weather they move in schools to shallow waters to feed and possibly spawn (spawning has not been witnessed by scientists). By winter their activity levels and feeding activity are sharply reduced.
copyright 2001 University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute
This page is Bobby Approved.


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The activity consists of a guided tour through the different educational sections that aim to introduce the Olympic Movement and the concept of Olympism. The visitor can fully take part through interactive activities. Objectives
To give an overall view of the different aspects of Olympism, its ideals and its principles. Approach
The exhibition is subdivided into 12 sections, which address successively, all the aspects of Olympism:
- The visit to five gardens - representing the five continents - is an introduction to the symbols of Olympism
- Twelve works of art each represent an aspect of sport, making the visitors aware of the Olympic values through art
- The detailed presentation of the sports federations and the different sports found in Cyprus aiming to encourage young people to practise a sporting activity
- The discovery of ancient Olympia - the birthplace of Olympism - allows the visitor to understand the rituals respected during the Ancient Games
- The presentation of the revival of the Olympic Games and the circumstances that led to the creation of the modern Olympic Games enables the visitor to understand the historical evolution of the Movement
- Through photo and memorabilia exhibitions and presentations, the visitors become familiar with the functioning of the modern Games and their philosophy
- Activities adapted to the age of the different groups of visitors are proposed to facilitate memorisation and assimilation of the notions learnt during the visit.
The Olympic House Guided Tour regularly welcomes groups of 20-60 people. More than 10.000 visitors have taken part in the tour since September 2006.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Is it possible to write double inequalities in an if-statement?
ex: if (x <= y <= z) do stuff;
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Well, you can write them, they just don't mean what you probably expect. Your example would be parsed as if ((x <= y) <= z) do stuff;, and depending on whether x <= y would evaluate to if (1 <= z) or if (0 <= z). – Daniel Fischer Dec 4 '12 at 1:04
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Nope - Objective-C is a superset of the C language, and uses the same syntax as C for if statements. You'll have to split that up into two inequalities: if (x <= y && y <= z).
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I'm unsure
{absolute_results} not working properly
Hi Low
I'm getting some strange behaviour when using the {absolute_results} variable in Low Alphabet with pagination.
What seems to happen is that when a paginated alpha group is first loaded it shows the correct number of entries... but at some stage when clicking up and down through the result pages, the tag stops working and displays the count of entries on the current page, rather than the total number of results across the entire paginated set.
So it starts off working okay, but then at some point stops working. Instead of {absolute_results} it starts to show {total_results} instead.
I hope that makes some kind of sense. It's a bit hard to explain... but I'd be interested to see if you can replicate this issue on your own system.
1 person has
this problem
 - Low (Official Rep) July 19, 2011 14:58
 Hey Andrew,
 That's pretty strange indeed. Let's narrow this down a bit.
 1. When it happens, does it happen at the same URL all the time? Or is it intermittent?
 2. What version of EE are you using?
 3. Can you replicate this behaviour with a regular channel:entries tag?
 Low Alphabet simply collects the entry_ids of the entries to display and then passes them on to the Channel module, which takes care of the parsing of variables etc. Including the {absolute_results} and {total_results} vars. So in theory, Low Alphabet shouldn't affect it...
 - (some HTML allowed)
 How does this make you feel?
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Historic buildings helping to cut carbon emissions
25 September 2007
Historic buildings are already helping to reduce Scotland's carbon emissions. That is one of the key messages delivered by Culture Minister Linda Fabiani MSP at the opening of the annual conference of the Historic Environment Advisory Council for Scotland today (Tuesday).
Speaking in Stirling, Ms Fabiani said: "Sustainability is about much more than the energy measured on an electricity meter. We have to think about the energy usage of the whole life of a building and the materials it is constructed from and make sure that the actions we take to control our carbon emissions are sustainable in the long term.
"Recent research shows that older buildings perform very well in energy terms because they have thick walls, smaller windows and passive ventilation systems - all of which contribute to the reduction of emissions."
The Historic Environment Advisory Council for Scotland provides independent strategic advice to Scottish Ministers on issues affecting the historic environment.
Ms Fabiani continued: "Climate change is a reality we can no longer ignore. The Scottish Government is committed to taking action to enforce reductions in carbon emissions. We are also determined to think creatively about the small changes that can make a big difference."
The Minister also set out the areas that the advisory council would be reviewing in the coming year. It will provide advice on:
·the economic impact of the historic environment;
·the conservation of the ecclesiastical heritage;
·engaging young adults with the historic environment;
·and the infrastructure of the historic environment
Notes to Editors
- Historic Scotland is an executive agency of the Scottish Government charged with safeguarding the nation's historic environment. The agency is fully accountable to Scottish Ministers and through them to the Scottish Parliament.
- The Historic Environment Advisory Council for Scotland provides independent strategic advice to Scottish Ministers on issues affecting the historic environment. More information can be found at _URL_.
- Members of the Historic Environment Advisory Council are appointed by the Culture Minister.


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Understand includes a PERL API which allows you to directly query the Understand database. If you want to create your own report, or gather information in a manner that we didn't foresee in Understand, you can access the information yourself via the API. The API can be accessed in several different ways: most of the scripts are designed to be run from Understand's GUI on the currently opened database. They can also be run from the command line, and some plugins are designed to interact directly with Understand.
To run a script from inside of Understand, use Tools->Run a Command, configure any necessary parameters, and hit run. The resulting output can then be double-clicked to visit the referenced source.
Scripts can be run from the command line using uperl, a special PERL executable included in Understand's bin directory. To run a script from the command line, specify the script, the database and any options:
uperl scriptName.pl -db myproject.udb [Options]
So to run this same script from the command line, you could use the following command:
If you would rather access the Understand API from your own customized Perl installation, just add /bin/pc-win32/Perl/STI/Maintain to your Perl include path. On non-Windows systems, you will also need to create an STIHOME environment variable that points to the directory.
Plugins are special Perl scripts written specifically to interact with the Understand GUI. You can quickly tell them apart by the file extension: regular scripts use.pl while plugin scripts use.upl. Plugins give you the power to interact with specific entities inside of Understand, for example you can right click on an entity and run a custom (interactive) report on it, or generate your own graph.
Plugins are installed by placing them in the appropriate folder. Once installed they will show up in the context menu or in the main menu depending on the type of plugin.
Several of the graphs included in Understand are actually plugin scripts as well, including the control flow graph and the butterfly graph. They can be customized, or used as a starting point for creating your own graphs.
The documentation includes some samples. More detailed example scripts are shipped with Understand in the SciTools/scripts/perl folder.


COMP 621 Program Analysis and Transformations
Assignment #1
Profiling and Traditional Flow Analysis
Due: Thursday Oct 6th, beginning of class
Milestone update (via e-mail) due on Monday, Sept 26
The purpose of this assignment is two-fold. The first purpose is to participate in the collection or creation of benchmarks that will be used later in the course for testing our optimization, parallelization, and analysis methods. The second purpose is to give you some experience with stating and solving dataflow problems.
Question 1: Benchmark Programs
Benchmark programs form an important part of the development of new optimization, analysis, and parallelization techniques. Without some sort of quantitative measurement, we cannot really evaluate how well the new techniques work. In order to build up a comprehensive benchmark suite, each person will provide one program that can be incorporated into the suite.
This year, you will be using MATLAB and AspectMatlab. You learned about MATLAB in Assignment #0, and you will be given an introduction to AspectMatlab in class. The web page for AspectMatlab is If you get stuck using the tools, please consult with the TAs and share your expertise with other class mates.
When choosing your benchmark, consider the following:
We created a template for MATLAB benchmarks that satisfies most of these criterias, except it does not compute something interesting:
You may use it as a starting point for organizing your benchmark code.
Recommended: following the Wu-Wei conventions to leverage existing tools and facilitate reuse
Moreover, the previous template is compatible with the Wu-Wei Benchmarking Toolkit that you were invited to try in assignment #0. By modifying the template to add your code and keeping to the Wu-Wei conventions, you will be able to use the tools to automate some of the manipulations and make your life easier in addition to allowing other students to reuse your benchmark for their course project (and inversely). If the benchmark is sufficiently good, we might even include it into one of our suite and give you credit for the work!
Although the toolkit has been used for two publications and a Master thesis and has proven quite a time-saver, there may still be limitations or bugs that make it unsuitable to the kind of benchmark you would want to choose or requires you to read some extra documentation. Since it is the first year we try it with COMP 621 students and we are calibrating the workload required, it is optional. However, we will be very impressed if the benchmark you hand-in is compatible with the toolkit and therefore easy to reuse.
If you decide to use the toolkit, follow the Wu-Wei specific instructions, indicated with the -ww suffix. If you are part of the Sable lab, it is highly recommended that you use the tools as they will probably become handy as part of your research project. In any case if you get stuck with the tools more than 20 min. after reading the relevant sections in the handbook (, preferably write your questions in the Gitter chat room or otherwise send an email to the TA at
Where to look for a benchmark
There are many places to look. Here are a few possibilities:
If you plan to use Wu-Wei, it is much easier if the input data is generated from a random number generator before being passed to the computation kernel, as done in the MATLAB template provided. The convention for reading input files are still being determined.
Steps you must do
Give a brief description of your benchmark which highlights the important or interesting characteristics of the program. Describe it both from the scientist/engineering point of view (why this is an interesting/important problem) and from the compiler optimizer point of view (what features make it interesting to optimize).
Do step (a). Then, read the handbook "Overview" and then the "Create a new implementation" guide
Once you are done, modify the benchmark template and the Matlab implementation template to add your source code and make sure they work with the Wu-Wei tools. wu list should list your benchmark. Then install the required compiler and execution environments with wu install Test your benchmark with wu run matlab-2016a-jit -v to test on the latest version of MATLAB. Then test your benchmark with all the versions of MATLAB and Octave with wu run -v. Make sure it runs to completion and you see no errors.
Describe how to run the benchmark, and describe the required formats for inputs and which different inputs you have provided.
You can skip this part, the Wu-Wei conventions are doing it for you (Yay!).
Run your benchmark using a Mathworks production version of MATLAB. Run the benchmark 10 times, then report the min, max, average and standard deviation of the 10 runs. You will probably want to write a script to do this task.
Report the version of MATLAB that you used.
Report the architecture and OS on which you did the experiments.
Run the experiments 10 times by typing wu run -n 10. Consult the results with wu report. Report the min, max, average, and standard-deviation that are computed automatically for you (Yay!).
Report the information that is given you by wu platform it should include the OS and architecture and some additional information. The same information is present in the 'runs/latest/run.json' which also include the performance measurements you made.
Define an aspect using AspectMatlab which can be used to count or profile some feature of your benchmark. This could be a very simple aspect which counts the total number of array accesses and/or the total number of function calls. However, it could also be something more interesting. Give the source code for your aspect and explain its purpose.
Compile your original benchmark, along with your aspect using the AspectMatlab compiler. Report on any problems which could be improved by better static checks or better error messages.
Install the AspectMatlab compiler with wu install Test that the default aspect used by the compiler correctly compiles your benchmark with wu build aspect-matlab -v. Replace the default aspect with your own by:
copying your file into compilers/aspect-matlab directory in your Wu-Wei repository;
modifying the compiler.json file to replace the examples/grow.m file with the path to your file. Test the compilation of your benchmark with the newer aspect with wu build aspect-matlab -v.
Run the compiled/woven Matlab code using Mathworks MATLAB and report on run-times as in (c). You may have problems executing the compiled/woven code on newer versions of MATLAB so use the 2013a (SOCS: /usr/local/pkgs/matlab/R2013a/bin/matlab) and 2014b (SOCS: /usr/local/pkgs/matlab/R2014b/bin/matlab) versions for your tests.
Run the compiled/woven code on these two versions by doing wu run aspect-matlab matlab-2013a-jit matlab-2014b-jit -v. Compare the results with the previous ones with wu report. To report the profiling performed with the aspect, you have at least two options:
Modify the 'runner.m' script to print the information before displaying the timing results. Be careful that your runner still works when the aspect is not woven. The printing should therefore be conditional on the presence of the global object that holds the profiling information;
Start MATLAB from the build directory obtained when doing wu build -v. Manually call the runner from the interpreter with the proper parameter(s). Manually print the profiling information;
Anything else you may think of.
Discuss the results of (f). Did introducing your aspect slow down the program substantially? If so, why? Did your aspect provide you with interesting profiling results. If so, what?
Starting with the original benchmark code, profile the execution using the Matlab profile function as documented at, or the IDE profiler as documented
Summarize your profile results. Based on this profile discuss which are the most important parts of the program to optimize?
There is no support in Wu-Wei at the moment. You may simply start MATLAB from the benchmark implementation directory and call the runner function directly after activating the profiler.
Based on your observations from (h), find some part of your program that you can optimize by hand (i.e. rewrite the Matlab code for that part to be faster). Perform the rewriting and explain why you think it will improve performance. Using your hand-optimized code, rerun your timings for Mathworks MATLAB and report on the results and the speedup/slowdown as compared to the unoptimized version. Discuss your results.
Follow the instructions in the guide (first case) to add your optimized implementation to your benchmark. Call your optimized version'matlab-optimized'.
Give feedback on your experience with the tools, both positive and negative. What was easy? What was complicated/hard to understand? Which step(s) took the most time?
What to hand in
Question 2: Putting analysis to practice
Assume the following simplified C-like language which also has some Matlab-like features.
 ::= |
 ::= ; |
 if ( ) else |
 while ( ) do |
 do while ( ) ; |
 { }
 ::= = |
 = |
 = read_int() |
 = read_double() |
 = read_array( , ) |


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World Health: the intellectual history of a twentieth century idea
World health is currently understood in a commonsense way as an objective pursued by the World Health Organization. Yet world health is also an idea with a complicated and unexpected twentieth century history.
- How and why did the idea of world health arise? How did nineteenth century public health framed nationally become twentieth century population health, framed globally?
- What were the intellectual traditions formulating 'world health' and 'global population' as problems, projects and possibilities in the twentieth century?
These are the research questions driving this intellectual history of the contested and changing concept of world health. The project focuses on the period between the establishment of the League of Nations Health Organization in 1923 and the Bucharest World Population Conference in 1974, which was designated World Population Year.
The overarching aim is to establish and explore the biopolitical nature of world health as a crucial aspect of twentieth century globalisation.
ARC Discovery Grant 2005-2008


Techniques, Basically, How-To, Bon_Appetit
Techniques, Basically
Steam, Boil, Fry: The Many Ways to Cook a Dumpling, Explained
Pick your mood—chewy, crispy, soupy, fancy—then pick your method.
4/12/2021 7:50:00 PM
."Of all the cooking methods, boiling applies the most pressure to the dumpling, which can cause them to burst and disintegrate in the water. I have personally experienced much dumpling loss. Most store-bought dumpling wrappersshouldhold up to boiling but they are delicate, so tread carefully. The key is to expel as much air as possible—after spooning the filling onto the wrapper and folding it over to seal, press out any extra air around the filling.
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Reducing the cooking temperature slightly can help too—the dumplings should be gently boiled rather than tossed around aggressively.If you are making homemade wrappers for boiled dumplings, use cold water (water straight from the tap is fine) as this will give you a thicker skin that's more suitable for the pressures of boiling.
Frozen dumplings can usually be boiled, but check packet instructions to make sure they are robust enough for this cooking method.Steam-frying (potsticker method)Steam-frying, or the potsticker method, is employed for dumplings like gyoza and gow gee (also known as jiaozi or guo tie). The dumplings are seared on their base to create a golden, crispy bottom, and then water is added, and they are covered to steam through. When the water evaporates, lift the lid and let them cook a moment longer. This method of double-frying is what gives potstickers their signature crispy crust.
Most recipeswill ask you to use a nonstick pan for steam-frying, as the dumplings have a tendency to stick. When you are starting out, this is definitely a good idea, but I most often use my well-seasoned cast-iron pan or my stainless steel skillet. The key is to heat your pan, especially if it's stainless steel or cast iron, until it's smoking (like, you can literally see the smoke coming off it) before adding the oil.
To steam-fry, heat a large frying pan over medium-high and, when hot, drizzle with vegetable oil. Working in batches, add the dumplings, flat-side down, and cook until the bottoms of the dumplings are lightly browned—this should take 1–2 minutes (if there is too much heat, reduce to medium). Take care with this next step, as the water will bubble and splutter vigorously. It's best to have your lid ready: Immediately add about 3 tablespoons of water to the pan, just enough to cover the base of the dumplings, then cover and cook for 3–4 minutes, or until the water has evaporated. Lift the lid and allow the dumpling to cook for another 30 seconds, to allow the bottoms to get extra crispy.
Frozen dumplings are perfect for potstickers.Feeling fancy? Add a lacy skirtTo add a touch of fancy to your dumplings, add a crispy, lacy skirt. This is a simple process where the water that is normally added to steam potstickers is replaced by a cornstarch slurry. A nonstick pan is best for this cooking method.
The most stylish skirt of the season!Photo and Food Styling by Sohla El-WayllyThis slurry recipe makes enough for one skillet of dumplings, usually 10–12. In a measuring jug (a liquid measurer will provide you with the most control when pouring the slurry into the pan), add the ¼ cup water, 1 tsp. cornstarch, 1 tsp. flour, ¼ tsp. white or apple cider vinegar, a small pinch of salt, and whisk to combine.
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Heat a 10–12 inch nonstick skillet on medium-high. Get a lid ready. When hot, add 2 Tbsp. neutral oil and place your dumplings into the skillet, lining them up in a circular pattern around the pan, making sure they are not touching one another. Whisk the batter again and pour straight into the skillet, making sure to distribute the slurry evenly to fill all the gaps between the dumplings. Cover with a lid, reduce heat to medium, and cook 4–5 minutes to allow slurry to evaporate. Remove lid—there will likely be parts of the slurry that haven't cooked yet and still look pale so move the pan around over the heat to cook until the entire base is golden. Turn off heat. Carefully place a plate over the frypan and flip the dumplings onto the plate. Lift the pan and the dumplings should release easily.
Read more: Bon Appétit »
Top Stars Talk Funny Business in 'Lifetime Presents Variety's Power of Women: The Comedians'
Top female stars reflect on the "secret weapon" of being funny, their path to fame and their heroes in "Lifetime Presents Variety's Power of Women: The Comedians," whi…


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East India Company's Capture of Ceylon Medal, 1807Image["Capture of Ceylon Medal, 1807"]
Obverse, English inscriptionImage["Capture of Ceylon Medal, 1807"]
Reverse, Persian inscription
East India Company's Capture of Ceylon Medal, 1807
The island of Ceylon, now Sri Lanka, was first taken over from its inhabitants by the Portuguese in 1505; the Dutch replaced them during the seventeenth century. In a campaign from 1795 to 1796 the British East India Company ousted Dutch rule and took the island over.
This medal was issued by the Company to a force of 123 Indian gunners from the Bengal Artillery who served in the campaign. It is unnamed, and the recipient's identity unknown. Lester Watson bought it from the dealer Gifford in 1927.


text: Crowdsourcing is a specific sourcing model in which individuals or organizations use contributions from Internet users to obtain needed services or ideas. Crowdsourcing was coined in 2005 as a portmanteau of crowd and outsourcing. This mode of sourcing to divide work between participants to achieve a cumulative result was already successful before the digital age (i.e., "offline"). Crowdsourcing is distinguished from outsourcing in that the work can come from an undefined public (instead of being commissioned from a specific, named group) and in that crowdsourcing includes a mix of bottom-up and top-down processes. Advantages of using crowdsourcing may include improved costs, speed, quality, flexibility, scalability, or diversity. Crowdsourcing in the form of idea competitions or innovation contests provides a way for organizations to learn beyond what their "base of minds" of employees provides (e.g., LEGO Ideas). Crowdsourcing can also involve rather tedious "microtasks" that are performed in parallel by large, paid crowds (e.g., Amazon Mechanical Turk). Crowdsourcing has also been used for noncommercial work and to develop common goods (e.g., Wikipedia). Arguably the best-known example of crowdsourcing as of 2015 is crowdfunding, the collection of funds from the crowd (e.g., Kickstarter).