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MELBOURNE researchers may have found a way to block a gene that fuels the growth of tumours in about a quarter of stomach cancer cases, paving the way for a new treatment for one of the world's deadliest cancers.
Researchers from the Monash Institute of Medical Research found a gene that produces a protein called toll-like receptor 2 was overactivated in about 25 per cent of cancer patients, after noticing a similar trend in animals.
In the study published today in the journal Cancer Cell, they found the protein was causing tumour cells to grow, and that antibodies could counteract it in mice.
Senior researcher Brendan Jenkins said: "It was quite remarkable, over a 10-week period the antibodies actually stopped these tumours from growing."
The antibody treatment is expected to move into human trials within the next couple of years, and would be offered in addition to existing treatments such as chemotherapy before and after surgery.
"We will identify patients who have increasing amounts of this protein, and treat them with the antibody together with the current standard treatment," Associate Professor Jenkins said.
"Our belief is that by doing that we can stop or slow down the growth of tumours, and reduce the chance they will spread to other parts of the body."
Associate Professor Jenkins said screening for the protein could also be used to capture stomach cancer in its early stages, allowing for more effective treatment.
He said the finding might be relevant to other cancers in which chronic inflammation could lead to the development of cancer, such as colon, liver and lung cancers.
"There is emerging evidence that this gene and genes like it may be playing an important role in other inflammation-type cancers," he said. "We are on the verge of a massive explosion in medical research throughout the world focusing on these toll-like receptors and their role in a number of diseases.
"We are really hitting the most critical, lethal cancers in the world with these findings."
About 2000 Australians are diagnosed with stomach cancer each year, and only a quarter of them survive beyond five years.
Researchers from the Monash institute collaborated with colleagues in Singapore and Japan on the study, as well as Dublin-based pharmaceutical company Opsona.
Publication of the study came as the institute yesterday opened a new centre for genomic medicine, funded by a $1.6 million grant from the Australian Cancer Research Foundation.


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The sod house or "soddy" was a corollary to the log cabin during frontier settlement of Canada and the United States. The prairie lacked standard building materials such as wood or stone; however, sod from thickly-rooted prairie grass was abundant. Prairie grass had a much thicker, tougher root structure than modern landscaping grass.
Construction of a sod house involved cutting patches of sod in rectangles, often 2'×1'×6" (600×300×150 mm) long, and piling them into walls. Builders employed a variety of roofing methods. Sod houses accommodate normal doors and windows. The resulting structure was a well-insulated but damp dwelling that was very inexpensive. Sod houses required frequent maintenance and were vulnerable to rain damage. Stucco or wood panels often protected the outer walls. Canvas or plaster often lined the interior walls.
L'Anse aux Meadows, the site of the pioneering 10th-11th century CE Norse settlement near the northern tip of Newfoundland, has reconstructions of eight sod houses in their original locations, used for various purposes when built by Norse settlers there a millennium ago

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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[Part 1 begins with an overview of the operation of thyristor-fed DC motor drives. Part 2 continues with a look at converter output impedance, four-quadrant operation, singleand double-converter reversing drives and power factor and supply effects. Part 3 examines the operation of a standard dc drive system with speed and current control.]
CHOPPER-FED D.C. MOTOR DRIVES
If the source of supply is d.c. (for example in a battery vehicle or a rapid transit system) a chopper-type converter is usually employed. The basic operation of a single-switch chopper was discussed in Chapter 2, where it was shown that the average output voltage could be varied by periodically switching the battery voltage on and off for varying intervals. The principal difference between the thyristor-controlled rectifier and the chopper is that in the former the motor current always flows through the supply, whereas in the latter, the motor current only flows from the supply terminals for part of each cycle.
A single-switch chopper using a transistor, MOSFET or IGBT can only supply positive voltage and current to a d.c. motor, and is therefore restricted to quadrant 1 motoring operation. When regenerative and/or rapid speed reversal is called for, more complex circuitry is required, involving two or more power switches, and consequently leading to increased cost.
Many different circuits are used and it is not possible to go into detail here, though it should be mentioned that the chopper circuit discussed in Chapter 2 only provides an output voltage in the range 0 < E, where E is the battery voltage, so this type of chopper is only suitable if the motor voltage is less than the battery voltage. Where the motor voltage is greater than the battery voltage, a'step-up' chopper using an additional inductance as an intermediate energy store is used.
Performance of chopper-fed d.c. motor drives
We saw earlier that the d.c. motor performed almost as well when fed from a phase-controlled rectifier as it does when supplied with pure d.c. The chopper-fed motor is, if anything, rather better than the phase-controlled, because the armature current ripple can be less if a high chopping frequency is used.
Typical waveforms of armature voltage and current are shown in Figure 4.13(c): these are drawn with the assumption that the switch is ideal. A chopping frequency of around 100 Hz, as shown in Figure 4.13, is typical of medium and large chopper drives, while small drives often use a much higher chopping frequency, and thus have lower ripple current. As usual, we have assumed that the speed remains constant despite the slightly pulsating torque, and that the armature current is continuous.
Figure 4.13 Chopper-fed d.c. motor. In (a) the transistor is 'on' and armature current is flowing through the voltage source; in (b) the transistor is 'off' and the armature current freewheels through the diode. Typical armature voltage and current waveforms are shown at (c), with the dotted line representing the current waveform when the load torque is reduced by half.
The shape of the armature voltage waveform reminds us that when the transistor is switched on, the battery voltage V is applied directly to the armature, and during this period the path of the armature current is indicated by the dotted line in Figure 4.13(a). For the remainder of the cycle the transistor is turned 'off'and the current freewheels through the diode, as shown by the dotted line in Figure 4.13(b). When the current is freewheeling through the diode, the armature voltage is clamped at (almost) zero.
The speed of the motor is determined by the average armature voltage, (Vdc), which in turn depends on the proportion of the total cycle time (T) for which the transistor is 'on'. If the on and off times are defined as Ton = kT and Toff = (1 - k)T, where 0 < k < 1, then the average voltage is simply given by
Vdc = kV (4:3)
from which we see that speed control is effected via the on time ratio, k.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Ethylene oxide sterilizer manufacturer
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Sterilizer instructions
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0086 _PHONE_
FAX: 0086 371 55951125
ADD: 51 Xiasha 22nd Street, Hangzhou, China
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 What sterilization method is used for surgical mask
 by: EtO sterilizer manufacturerview: 1998 time: 2020-04-10
 What sterilization method is used for surgical mask
 What sterilization method is used for personal protective equipment
 1. UV sterilization: UV sterilization. The mask is usually made of melt blown cloth. Polypropylene melt blown material is a thermoplastic polymer material with poor aging resistance and is very sensitive to UV. After the mask is exposed to ultraviolet light, the structure will be damaged, namely oxidation degradation, which will greatly reduce the filtering performance and reduce the filtering effect of the mask. UV sterilization is used in food, tea and beverage.
 2. EO sterilization: common medical sterilization, with better sterilization effect. At present, ethylene oxide is widely used for sterilization of medical devices, and it is widely used for sterilization of masks, personal protective equipment and medical supplies. Ethylene oxide can form toxic glycol when encountering water, so it can not be used for food sterilization. Ethylene oxide (EO) is a kind of alkylating agent with strong penetrability. It can use all kinds of packaging materials and can be sterilized in the packaging state. It can kill all kinds of microorganisms (including bacteria, spores, es, fungal spores, etc.) at room temperature. It is suitable for biomedical polymer materials that are not resistant to high temperature treatment, such as natural rubber, polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, etc.
 Therefore, the personal protective equipment is sterilized with EO, and the medical protective mask cannot be sterilized with UV.
 Sterilization process of mask
 Packaging → disinfection and sterilization (8-12 hours) → analysis (2-14 days) → marketing after passing the test
 Because the mask is sterilized by ethylene oxide, the residual ethylene oxide should be removed after sterilization, and the process of removing the residual ethylene oxide is resolution.
 What kind of packaging is more convenient for sterilization
 - 1. It is recommended to use dialysis bag for mask packaging, otherwise the sterilization cycle will be longer. Sterilization dialysis bag packaging for 8 hours (with preheating).
 - 2. Packaging is the first step. After packing, sterilize, analyze and test.
 The analysis depends on whether it is directly in the sterilization cabinet, placed in the analysis room or natural.
 It takes 12 hours to parse directly in the sterilizer. If there is an analysis room, it will take 5 days; if it is natural, it will take 14 days if it is well ventilated.
 How long does it take to resolve the mask after sterilization with ethylene oxide.
 - 1. If natural parsing is used, it will take about 14 days.
 - 2. If the analysis room is used, it will take about 5 days.
 - 3. If the sterilization cabinet is used for analysis, it will take 2.5 days. This requires that the sterilization cabinet has a forced resolution function, which is forced to resolve for 12 hours, and then placed naturally for 2 days.
 It only takes 12 hours to parse directly in the sterilizer. This kind of equipment adopts our new technology and greatly reduces the parsing time. Our products have advantages.
 It can be parsed directly in the sterilization cabinet, which has requirements for packaging. Dialysis packaging is needed, or small pieces of dialysis paper are left on the packaging. In order to save packaging cost, a dialysis window can be added to the packaging. Then the dialysis bag is analyzed for 12 hours, and taken out for natural analysis, that is, it is placed for 2 days.
 The whole plastic packaging can not be analyzed in the sterilization cabinet, because deep vacuum is needed, which will cause the packaging bag to burst.
 The time needed for the analysis is different due to the different process. As long as the content of ethylene oxide is below the standard, it is possible to use any analytical method, mainly depending on the choice of customers.
 Hangzhou Bocon Mechanical And Electrical Equipments Co., Ltd. is a professional enterprise with design, development and manufacture of sterilizing equipment.Focusing on the R & D and manufacturing of ethylene oxide sterilization equipment, it is located at No. 220, Zhangshan Road, Renhe street, Yuhang District, Hangzhou. The company has a history of more than 20 years (formerly known as Hangzhou Dianda disinfection equipment factory) and is in a leading position in market share, enterprise popularity, product quality and technical level in this field. The company mainly produces ethylene oxide sterilizer (HMQ series products), file (cultural relic) sterilization equipment, preheating, analysis, waste gas treatment and other supporting products, and provides technical services related to ethylene oxide sterilization. Unik is the first domestic certified manufacturer that has developed an ultra large 100 cubic meter ethylene oxide sterilizer. It has dozens of products of different sizes (HMQ-100 m3, 80 m3, 50 m3, 30 m3, 20 m3, 10 m3, 6 m3, 3 m3, 1 m3, etc.), which are exported to more than 30 countries and regions.
 Classification:Sterilizer instructions
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February 3, 2020 will be the start of the fourth grade's Artist in Residence. We will be welcoming Christina Delgado. During the residency, students will be asked to bring in an object that symbolizes something important in their life. They will be taking photos of this object and then writing a poem to tell it's story.
Using a concept called "literacy through photography," students take photographs of objects that represent who they are or something about themselves. In this residency, the experience of creating the photographic image along with the photograph itself helps students write descriptive short sentences about why the object represents them.
Day 1 (February 3rd): Camera Use
Day 2 (February 5th): Composition
Day 3 (February 7th): Symbolism
Day 4 (February 11th): Gallery Walk
At the end of the residency, we will have a culminating activity in the cafeteria. All parents of fourth graders are invited to take a gallery walk of the students work from 3pm to 3:40pm on Tuesday, February 11th.
This residency is made possible by the following:


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Goals: The student will|
- Learn to distinguish between weight and mass. Mass is really just another name for inertia. Both mass and weight are properties of matter, and all observations suggest that they are proportional to each other. Weight is the force by which an object is attracted by gravity. Mass is the extent to which it resists acceleration.
- Learn that in oscillations of a mass against an elastic spring--in the absence of gravity, or in horizontal motion--the length of the oscillation period is proportional to the square root of the mass. This makes it possible to compare masses without the use of gravity.
- Learn about space station Skylab and the measurement of astronaut mass conducted aboard it.
Terms: mass, weight, inertia, zero-g
Stories and extras: The story of Skylab and studies of weight-loss by its crew members.
Hands-on activities: A simple experiment with a clamped hacksaw blade, containing some elements of the Skylab measurements.
Notes to the teacher:
- These linked sections are relatively free of mathematics, because they stress the intuitive distinction between weight and mass, a subject on which many students and even some teachers are unclear. It is hoped that the distinction is made clear by approaching it in more than one way, and illustrating it by as many examples as possible.
- Some teachers still maintain that a two-pan balance measures weight, while a spring balance measures mass. This is misleading and should be avoided: both devices rely on gravity, and therefore both measure weight.
The way they do so differs. The two-pan balance compares the weight of the object being examined to that of a set of standard weights in the other pan. The spring balance, on the other hand, compares that weight to the pull of a calibrated spring.
Thus on the Moon, where gravity is only 1/6 of its value on Earth, the spring balance will record a smaller weight, but the two-pan balance will not. That is because on the Moon, the pull of the spring is unchanged, but the balancing weights in the other pan also weigh only 1/6 of what they weigh on Earth. In both cases, however, what is measured is weight, not mass, because gravity is involved.
Today we return to two concepts already discussed in a previous lesson--weight and mass. They often get confused! Since both are measured in kilograms or pounds, many students (even some teachers) feel both represent the same thing.
(Write the following on the board)
(End of words copied from the board)
Galileo showed by experiments that (disregarding air resistance) big stones fell no faster than small ones. Newton asked himself: why? If they were pulled down by a stronger force, why didn't they fall any faster?
He guessed the reason. All material also resists acceleration. A big stone with 10 times the weight of a small one also has 10 times the resistance, and therefore it does not fall any faster. Newton named the resistance to acceleration intertia. We call it mass.
If the only use of the concept of mass was for explaining why big and small stones, in free fall, accelerated at the same rate, it would not be very useful. However, there also exist many motions in which gravity plays no role--horizontal motions on Earth, and motions in "zero g" in space. Weight does not drive such motions, but inertia remains an important factor.
Continue with examples from the lesson, of a rolling bowling ball and a rolling wagon--both starting their motion and stopping it.
Examples already mentioned: we read about train locomotives hitting cars which stalled on railroad tracks, because those trains were too massive to stop quickly.
Supertankers (aka "large crude oil carriers"), ships of 200,000 tons and more, are even harder to stop when fully loaded, taking several miles to do so.
[This is probably no longer topical, relating to matrix printers, widely used in the 1980s, before laser printer and ink-jet printers entered wide use. They used tiny metal slugs which pushed an inked ribbon against the paper output from a computer. The slugs were arranged in an array (matrix) and depending on which of them were pushed (by magnets), letters and symbols were formed. They are still used in industry to mark boxes. The slugs had to be tiny and very light, so they could hit and rebound very rapidly.]
Then go over Skylab story. As a project, some students may prepare a presentation on Skylab, based on the October 1974 article about it in "National Geographic." All past issues of that magazine are available on compact disks, or in paper copies in libraries.
The hands-on experiment in section (17b) may be performed as the teacher chooses--together with the Skylab discussion, before it or afterwards.
Guiding questions and additional tidbits with suggested answers.
-- What is the difference between the mass and weight of a bowling ball?
The ball has both weight and mass. Its weight makes it hard to lift. Its mass makes it hard to get rolling, and also hard to stop.
--What do we mean by the ball's weight?
Its weight is the force by which gravity pulls the ball down.
-- What do we mean by the ball's mass?
The ball's mass is its inertia, its resistance to acceleration.
-- Suppose that some time, in the far future, a bowling alley is built on the Moon, where gravity is 1/6 of what it is on Earth. Would it be easier there to roll the ball down the alley?
It would be easier to lift the ball off the floor, but not any easier to get it rolling.
--An astronaut in a space suit, in the space shuttle bay, tries to push a one-ton scientific satellite out of the bay, but the satellite proves very hard to move. If it is weightless, why should it be so?
In the moving frame of reference of the space shuttle, it has no weight, but it has one ton of mass.
--Should the astronaut give up trying to push it?
Not necessarily. If he keeps pushing it will accelerate--it just does so very slowly. In a minute it might be moving fast enough to float out of the bay. At this point, however, the astronaut better be ready to let it float away--trying to stop it would be just as hard!
--On Earth we drop from a high point a bowling ball and a marble. The marble has only 1/1000 of the weight of the ball, but it falls just as fast. Why?
The marble also has only 1/1000 of the inertia or mass of the bowling ball. By Newton's law
a = F/m
Both F and m for the marble are 1/1000 times less, but their ratio is the same as with the bowling ball, and therefore the marble accelerates at the same rate.
--If the Earth's gravity reaches up to the Moon (which is held by it), how can we have a "zero gravity" environment aboard a space station that orbits a mere 300 miles above ground?
Gravity does act on the space station, too--that is what keeps it in its orbit. In fact, gravity is the
only external force acting on it and on the astronauts inside (same as it is in free fall).
That means that inside the station, no additional force pulls objects towards Earth. In the reference frame of the space station it feels like "zero g", because no outside force is evident. ["Stargazers" returns to this matter in a later section, where frames of reference are discussed.]
--Before electronic wrist-watches were introduced (around 1980), mechanical ones were used. How were they designed, to operate in any position?
They obviously could not depend on gravity, so they too used a spring and an oscillating mass. The mass was a balance wheel, which rotated back-and-forth against a spiral spring.
[It might be possible to show the class an old mechanical alarm clock with its back removed, provided the balance wheel is clearly visible, which often is not the case.]
(Questions about the "Skylab" section, #17a)
--How can mass be measured in "zero g"?
--How was astronaut mass measured aboard Skylab?
--What did measurements of astronaut mass aboard Skylab reveal?
(Question after the experiment in section #17b)
-- Suppose the same hacksaw blade described in the author's experiment in section #17b was also used in the mass-measuring device aboard Skylab. If the device carried an astronaut known to weigh about 70 kg, what would be its back-and-forth period?
In the notation of that section, for m1 = 50 gr., the blade gave a period T1 of 0.5 seconds. If m2 = 70 kg, m2/m1 = 1400, SQRT(m2/m1) = 37.42, multiply by T1 = 0.5 sec to give T2 ~ 18.7 seconds.


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Giraffoperiscopic Investigations
Giraffoperiscopic Investigations (2015) is a series of workshops held in relation to the exhibition We Are Reflected In Gazes Of Glass at Malmö Castle and is a part of the larger project How Do You See? During the workshop children build periscopes through which they can experience the stuffed and exhibited animals. Throughout the workshop a non-anthropocentric viewpoint is held, where the focus is on the experiences of different non-human animals and their life stories. Questions such as how and why the animals got here and how different animals, if visiting, could experience the same exhibition is asked.
The children are also leaving suggestions of names that could be given to Malmö's famous giraffe who has belonged to, and been on display at, Malmö Museum for over eight decades. The question is though: Can one name an animal that has been killed and capitalized by an institution without turning them into an even stronger brand and commodity?
Giraffoperiscopic Investigations was made in collaboration with Konstfrämjandet Skåne, Bästa Biennalen and Malmö Museer.
The project How Do You See? consists of three different chapters:
Slit, Scratch, Stuff, Stitch -an exhibition at Galleri S:t Gertrud
We are Reflected in Gazes of Glass -an exhibition at Malmö Castle
Giraffoperiscopic Investigations -a series of workshops at Malmö Castle


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How Can You Know If You Dislocated Your Hip
Yes: Absolutely.Get a more detailed answer ›
Go to the ER: These symptoms can only be adequately diagnosed only after a thorough evaluation by your doctor. This may include labs and other satudies. Once all of the information is in, your doctor can let you know what's going on, and what to do to help you....Read more
Go see: Your doctor.Get a more detailed answer ›
- Talk to a doctor live online for free
- Can you dislocate your hips by trying to do the splits?
- Can you walk on a dislocated hip?
- Can you dislocate your jaw?
- Ask a doctor a question free online
- How can you know if your finger is broken?
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Factors in Determining Child Support
Raising children is expensive – one estimate of costs necessary to raise a child through the age of 17 is $233,610 per child, or nearly $14,000 per year. Although most parents' primary concern is the well-being of their children, their own financial considerations are important as well, especially in a divorce situation.
Illinois recognizes the right of every child to expect financial support from both parents and has changed the law to better enable this to happen. On July 1, 2017, Public Act 99-764 went into effect that changed how the state calculates child support and what each parent is responsible for.
The compassionate and experienced Illinois family-law attorneys at Wolfe & Stec understand the stresses of divorce and recognize that changing child support laws can lead to confusion. If you have any concerns about how the new law affects you and your children, we offer a free initial consultation to examine your individual situation and help come up with solutions that are best for you and your family.
What the New Law Says
Previously in Illinois, only the parent who did not have custody had to provide child support, giving a percentage of their net income to the parent who had residential custody. Under the new law that amends the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (IMDMA), there will now be an "income-share" system, which is becoming more common in the United States.
This system means both parents contribute to child support based on how much they financially contributed to the combined household income while married. The incomes of both parents are reviewed to determine how much money each parent would spend on their children if they were still married and living together. Based on this evaluation and some additional factors, the courts determine what share of the total support amount each parent will be responsible for.
Factors in the Income-Shares Support Calculation
Child support obligations are calculated as follows:
 1. Basic Child Support Obligation – The combined value of child support owed by both parents together is calculated. This is then divided proportionally between the parents based on their individual contribution to the combined household net income that would have existed had they stayed married.
 So, the Basic General Child Support Formula is as follows:
 Total Child Support Obligation equals:
 (Basic child support obligation) multiplied by (Percent contributed to combined net income),
 (Additional expenses ordered by court) multiplied by (Percent contributed to combined net income).
 2. Additional Expenses — These are other costs, such as child care and medical costs, which are added on top of the basic child support obligation.
 3. Parenting Time – The amount of time and number of days per year the child spends with each parent affects the final total and varies for parents who share time.
Shared Parenting
Since parents increasingly share parenting time and responsibilities, the courts also consider the time the child spends with each parent. In Illinois, "shared parenting" occurs when each parent spends at least 146 overnights (or 40%) with their child each year.
In shared parenting situations, neither parent is considered custodial, so there is a different formula to determine the support obligations. The basic child support amount is multiplied by 1.5 to become the new amount parents must share, so each parent will have to pay more. This amount is prorated based on each parent's percentage of contribution to the combined net income.
Each parent's child support obligation is then multiplied with the other parent's percentage of parenting time to find the obligation amount for each parent. The parent who owes the greater amount of child support pays the difference to the parent who owes the lesser amount of child support.
For parents who spend more than 146 days with the child, the child support obligation may be reduced.
Additional factors to consider
In determining actual child support amounts, the courts may consider the following additional factors:
1. Best Interest of the Child
The courts review the child's educational, physical, and emotional needs in addition to the standard of living the child would have had if the couple was still together. Consideration is made for items such as health insurance, day care, education, and special needs. Both parents' financial resources, ability to pay, and needs are also taken into account to ensure that the child will have a healthy, stable, home.
2. Income considerations
Courts look at parents' income from all sources, less deductions such as taxes, social security, union dues, and health care expenses. Courts also consider prior support obligations from previous marriages.
In addition, even parents who don't have income could still be responsible for child support. If a court believes a parent is voluntarily unemployed or working at a lower-paying job than qualified for, or working fewer hours than able to, or leaves a job to attend school, the judge may order higher payments. Sometimes a judge might base support on "imputed" earning potential based on a parent's recent job or on available local job opportunities.
3. Cost of living (COLA)
Some judges may allow a COLA clause in a child support order that allows payments to increase annually based on the annual cost of living increase. This helps prevent constantly going back to court for support modifications. Parents who wish to modify an existing support order must show an ongoing material change in circumstances.
Contact Us for Help and a Free Consultation
Child support laws and their changes can be complicated, so if you have questions about how your child support obligation is calculated, you should contact an attorney to be sure your rights are protected. The skilled Illinois family-law attorneys at Wolfe & Stec, Ltd. know the laws, the courts and the system and can guide you through the process. We represent and advise clients in all types of child custody matters and have a long history of success.


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BACKGROUND: Internet addiction (IA) is considered as one of behavioral addictions. Although common neurobiological mechanisms have been suggested to underlie behavioral addiction and substance dependence, few studies have directly compared IA with substance dependence, such as alcohol dependence (AD).
METHODS: We compared patients with IA, AD, and healthy controls (HC) in terms of the Five Factor Model of personality and with regard to impulsiveness, anger expression, and mood to explore psychological factors that are linked to aggression. All patients were treatment-seeking and had moderate-to-severe symptoms.
RESULTS: The IA and AD groups showed a lower level of agreeableness and higher levels of neuroticism, impulsivity, and anger expression compared with the HC group, which are characteristics related to aggression. The addiction groups showed lower levels of extraversion, openness to experience, and conscientiousness and were more depressive and anxious than the HCs, and the severity of IA and AD symptoms was positively correlated with these types of psychopathology.
CONCLUSIONS: IA and AD are similar in terms of personality, temperament, and emotion, and they share common characteristics that may lead to aggression. Our findings suggest that strategies to reduce aggression in patients with IA are necessary and that IA and AD are closely related and should be dealt with as having a close nosological relationship.
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Yesterday it emerged that a pregnant woman who had been sprayed with pepper spray at a demonstration has lost her baby. This is a shocking claim but it isn't surprising when you consider the toxicity of pepper spray and the fact that it is banned for use in warfare under Article I.5 of the Chemical Weapons Convention (signed by the US, the UK and almost every other country on the planet).Police "pepper spray" is six hundred and sixty two times more powerful than jalapeño pepper and many hundreds of times stronger than the cans available to ordinary Americans.
There is no debate that being sprayed with pepper spray is extremely dangerous but few know that it is known to cause potentially lethal respiratory failure, especially for asthma sufferers. Most worryingly, the least informed appear to be the US police officers who are prepared to nonchalantly spray it directly in to the faces of peaceful protesters.
Even more worrying is the complete lack of interest by the authorities in the lethal impact that pepper spray has on individuals who have taken stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines. The active ingredient in pepper spray, capsaicin potentates the toxicity of cocaine astronomically, making cocaine and pepper spray a lethal combination. In the two years following California's 1992 adoption of capsaicin based pepper spray nineteen of the twenty-six deaths caused by pepper spay also involved the use of stimulants like cocaine (9 involved methamphetamine, 6 cocaine, 3 methamphetamine plus cocaine, and 1 pseudoephedrine), 79% of those deaths occured within one hour (Mendelson et al, 2009). This research is supported by animal research in which capsaicin pushed mortality levels through the roof in rats administered with cocaine (Mendelson et al, 2009).
"The lethal effects of capsaicin administered with cocaine (both compounds administered intraperitoneally) were assessed in 14 groups of 20–40 male mice. capsaicin at 10 mg/kg increased the lethality of cocaine in mice dosed at 60 mg/kg from 13% to 53% (P < 0.01) and for cocaine at 75 mg/kg from 53% to 90% (P < 0.001)." (Mendelson et al, 2009)
Footnote: If you think this is a situation that is unlikely to affect you because you aren't the sort of person to confront a police officer you should take a look at the "crowd management" pepper spray now being developed by a subsidary of BAE and the implementation of pepper spray for crowd management already occurring across the on US a grand scale.
Mendelson, J., Tolliver, B., Delucchi, K., Baggott, M., Flower, K., Harris, C., Galloway, G., & Berger, P. (2009). Capsaicin, an active ingredient in pepper sprays, increases the lethality of cocaine Forensic Toxicology, 28 (1), 33-37 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-_PHONE_-9
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Mythology holds that Lord Shiva once cut off the 5th head of Brahma. Thirumular's Thirumanthiram states that Lord Shiva holds the skull cap of Brahma as a begging bowl in order to save it from hitting the earth and perishing, for Brahma is the creator of the Universe and his head signifies all that lives and transitions to the next life after death. Lord Shiva is also known to wear a garland of skulls that belong to great celestials, as he protects them from falling to dust. Hence the idea of holding the skull cap and wearing a garland of skulls has a very profound meaning and is not as gory as perceived by many.
These are not just stories as they hold a great deal of truth and deeper significance and this brings us to the larger question of why is a skull cap a significant depiction of a begging bowl?
Lets take a few steps back and observe another ancient tradition, that of Buddhism. The idea of ahimsa as well as the idea of bhiksha started during the time of Buddha. There is great significance to the begging bowl in Buddhist tradition. When Sidhartha Gautama Buddha reached the end of his journey to enlightenment, he realized his emaciated state was of no help and that he would need food to gather the energy to go through to the other side. It was at this time that a young girl gave him grain in a golden bowl which he divided into 19 parts, one for each day till the day he reached his moment of enlightenment. One he crossed the threshold to the other side; he discarded the golden bowl into the river - a marked significance of detachment from any kind of materialism. The golden bowl marked the catalyst to Sidhartha's transition from one state to the next.
Ancient faith believes that the last segment to divine Nirvana is when the Kundalini energy reached the highest zone, that which is near the Kabala of the human skull. It is also believed that Jeeva enters the body through the Kabalam and if it exits the same way, one is blessed with superior transition at the time of death, it is the perfect death achieved.
Brahma, the creator symbolized the transition of life and death in the hands of the Lord of destruction. Hence the passage of the afterlife and the highest form of realization is depicted through his kabala which is held as a skull cap, a bowl that depicts the last state before one attains the highest form of spiritual bliss.
Both Buddhism and Hinduism tried to depict this great truth in their own ways. While Buddhist belief took a different turn and depicted this truth in a far less violent way, ancient Tantrik cults and Vajrayana Buddhism depicted the ferocity of Kala Bhairava, the Lord of time in their depictions by emphasizing on the skull cap which symbolizes the Bhramaranda zone of the skull, where the essence of Atman remains shrouded in this area and releases the soul upon death.
Such deep significance of life and transition to super death, such profound truth lies embedded in what we perceive as just a skull cap in the form of a begging bowl.
P.S. It would be interesting to note that the Tibetan Buddhist tradition has also devised a singing bowl which reverberates the sound of OM when one plays it while meditating. Could it possibly signify the highest state of bliss when the mind resonates the primordial sound of OM.


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Monthly Word / La palabra del mes
|July / August 2004 ~ Spanish that Works Review
from front page...
/ BWEH-noh (good, nice)
Forms of "bueno"
Bueno is an adjective, so it is used to describe a noun. Spanish adjectives
must agree with the gender and number of the noun they describe, so bueno
can take various forms.
Often you will use bueno and its related forms after es and
son to talk about how things really are.
El libro es bueno. - The book is good.
La clase es buena. - The class is good.
Los teléfonos son buenos. - The telephones are good.
Las computadoras son buenas. - The computers are good.
You can also use bueno and its forms after
está and están to talk about how things look, taste, or seem to you.
Los tacos están buenos. - The tacos taste good.
La niña está buena. - The girl is good looking.
El trabajo está bueno. - The job is seeming good to me.
More uses of "bueno"
Unlike English, Spanish descriptive adjectives usually follow the noun they
describe. So, instead of a "big house," you have a "house big" (casa
Similarly, you can use bueno and its related forms after a noun. For example:
Tengo una clase buena. - I have one class good = I have one good class.
Es un niño bueno. - He's a boy nice = He's a nice boy.
However, bueno is a bit special, because forms of it can often be
seen in front of the noun, especially when used in a greeting or social expression. For example:
Buenos días - Good morning, Good day
Buenas noches - Good night
Que pase un buen día - Have a nice day
¡Buen viaje! - Have a nice trip (Bon voyage)
Buena suerte – Good luck!
Buen trabajo – Good job
Buen provecho – Enjoy your meal (Bon appetit)
NOTE: When bueno comes before a masculine singular noun such as
día (day), viaje / bee-AH-hay (trip), or trabajo (job), you drop the final –O.
Remember, don't confuse buen (short form of the adjective bueno, which means
good) with bien (adverb meaning "well"). Bueno can sometimes translate
into English as "well," but bien does NOT translate into English as "good."
English speakers often confuse "good" and "well" anyway, so this can be a
More expressions with "bueno"
In Mexico, ¿Bueno? is said as a question to answer the phone. (Most
Latin American countries use ¿Aló? to answer the phone.)
Bueno is often used as a filler or pause word:
Bueno, pues... está
bien. - Well, then...okay.
Sometimes Spanish speakers will use bueno to mean "all right," or "okay,"
when they are in agreement with something.
¿Quiere ir al cine? - Do You* want to go to the movies?
Bueno. - All right.
*Capital letter used on "You" to indicate the polite, professional form of
Sometimes speakers will use buena idea / BWEH-nah ee-THEY-ah (or just
buena) to show that they like an idea.
¡Vamos a la playa! - Let's go to the beach!
¡Buena! - Good idea!
You can also use bueno to exclaim that something is good:
¡Qué bueno! - How nice! Great!
The opposite of bueno (good) is malo / MAH-loh (bad). Related forms are
mala, malos, malas, and the masculine short form mal.
(NOTE: There is also an adverb
mal, which means "badly" and a noun mal which means "evil" or
"Very good" is muy bueno.
The word mejor / may-HOHRR means "better" or
The word buenísimo / bweh-NEE-see-moh
(and related forms) means "super good."
A couple of common expressions are:
1) hacer algo
de buena gana / theh BWEH-nah GAH-nah
Literal translation: to do something of good desire
English equivalent: to do something willingly
estar de buen humor /
theh bwehn oo-MOHRR
Literal translation: to be of good humor
English equivalent: to be in a good mood
The word bueno / BWEH-noh is related to a number of Latin-based English
words which start with bon-.
One such word is "bonus," which is certainly nice and good!
So remember: A bonus is bueno.
bueno = good, nice
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COMSOL Multiphysics® version 5.5 includes several updates to meshing and mesh preparation, including surface mesh editing tools, support for PLY and 3MF files, and a new method for generating curved elements. View all of the mesh updates below.
Direct Meshing of Imported Surface Meshes
You can now generate a tetrahedral mesh directly from an imported surface mesh, that is, without creating an intermediate geometry in a separate component, as was necessary in previous versions of the COMSOL Multiphysics® software.
Create Meshes from Filter Datasets
The Import operation for mesh parts has a new option for creating a mesh based on mesh data defined by a Filter dataset. This option is particularly useful for defining the output geometry of a topology optimization study. You can see this new option in the Exporting and Importing a Topology Optimized Hook and Bracket — Topology Optimization models.
New Operations for Editing and Repairing Meshes
There are new editing tools available for imported surface meshes that allow you to create new faces to fill holes. Additionally, there are new operations for creating mesh vertices, edges, faces, and domains enabling manual editing of meshes at a lower level.
Import and Export of 3MF and PLY Files
In addition to the STL format, the 3MF and PLY formats, which are used for 3D printing and additive manufacturing, are now supported for import and export of mesh data in 3D. It is now also possible to import and export mesh data using the Sectionwise file format, which is a COMSOL format for defining interpolation functions.
Robust Generation of Curved Elements
There is a new method for generating curved elements that avoids bad-quality elements by curving interior domain elements as well. If you deselect this check box, inverted curved elements will instead be avoided by using linear geometry shapes for the corresponding elements.


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Intercultural and Interreligious Pastoral Caregiving: The SIPCC _PHONE_: 20 Years of International Practice and Reflection
Worldwide, in theory formation and the practice of pastoral caregiving, intercultural and interreligious aspects receive a growing attention. Since its formation in 1995, the "Society of Intercultural Pastoral Care and Counselling" (SIPCC) has been at the forefront of this development, providing initiative and space for learning and reflection. The essays collected in this publication are a result of this work. Written both by practitioners and by specialists, they reflect challenges and open perspectives for an inclusive ethics of caregiving in the 21st century.
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KingaroyArticle Free Pass
Kingaroy, town, southeastern Queensland, Australia, in the South Burnett area. It originated in 1886 as Kingaroy Paddock, deriving its name from the Aboriginal term kingerroy, meaning "red ant," and was proclaimed a shire in 1912. The area's rich, red soils yield an important peanut (groundnut) crop, and the state peanut-marketing board is in Kingaroy. Other local products are grains, soybeans, dairy foods, and beef cattle. Agricultural machinery is made in Kingaroy, which is linked to Brisbane (100 miles [160 km] southeast) by rail and air and by the Bunya Highway. The nearby Bunya Mountains, which rise to 3,727 feet (1,136 metres) at Mount Kiangarow, were important to the Aborigines as a source of bunya pine nuts and have now been included within Bunya Mountains National Park. Pop. (2006) local government area, 12,222.
What made you want to look up "Kingaroy"? Please share what surprised you most...


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Support Fabric Conservation Method.
This conservation method is used where areas of the textiles background are missing or fragile. It gives the textile stability and prevents further unraveling. After selecting and dying appropriate material, the fabric is attached to the back, and reinforced around the perimeter of the damaged area. When there are loose sections or threads of the textile, these too are secured to the patch.


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these areas "patches." Gold generally does not travel alone-unless it was dropped there by mistake.
Sand dunes in the desert are usually not very productive. This is because they mainly consist of lighter-weight sands that were deposited there by the wind. However, sometimes the wind can blow off the lighter-weight sands from a particular location, leaving the heavier materials exposed behind. This is similar to what happens after a big storm at the gold beaches. This is something that should be watched for.
When prospecting around in the dry areas, when you encounter tailing piles from past dry-washing operations, it might be worthwhile to do some raking of the tailings and scan around with a metal detector. Sometimes old tailing piles can be productive enough to run them through a modern dry-washer.


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Portis Gold Mine
The Portis Gold Mine, located in the northeastern corner of Franklin County, was the first mine in the Eastern Carolina Belt (composed of Warren, Halifax, Franklin, and Nash Counties) and operated intermittently from about 1835 to 1936. The Portis gold deposit was in the rocks of the Spring Hope Formation in the eastern slate belt. The primary mining method has been identified as "hydraulicking" 15 to 30 feet of surface material, but recovery was hampered by the region's sticky clay. The total amount of gold mined is unknown. In 1884 the estimate was more than $1 million, and in 1972 one geologist projected that up to $7 million worth of gold was mined in that area.
By the end of the nineteenth century, gold in the Portis mine was difficult to find and there were no profits to be had. The final attempts to extract gold were by the Norlina Mining Company, which brought in heavy mining equipment and constructed an assay lab, a main building for the crushing equipment, a dormitory, a superintendent's house, a blacksmith and machine shop, and a six-million-gallon reservoir for the water required by the gold recovery process. The cost of the mining operation exceeded by one-third the value of the gold recovered, and the mine was closed in 1936.
P. Albert Carpenter III, Gold Resources of North Carolina (1972).
Richard F. Knapp, North Carolina Gold: A Selected Bibliography of Mining History, Technology, and the Reed Gold Mine (1978).
Thilbert H. Pearce, "The Portis Diggings," The State (1 Apr. 1972).
Bruce Roberts, The Carolina Gold Rush (1971).
Sketch of Portis Mine, North Carolina Maps, North Carolina Collection, UNC Libraries: _URL_
Gold Mines, NC Historical Marker E-89: _URL_
1869, 1870 Act to incorporate Portis Gold Mine in Franklin County: _URL_
1876,77 Bill to extend Portis Gold Mine in Franklin County: _URL_
1 January 2006 | Willard, George-Anne


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5. Test Excavation at Site 25SF50 Scotts Bluff National
Griffin, Kristin L.
Archeological test excavations were conducted during June
and July of 1988 at Scotts Bluff National Monument in northwestern Nebraska.
Site 25SF50 is
located in an arroyo-cut valley at the base of the bluff. It was
discovered during a 1975 archeological survey of the Monument conducted by
the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The report of these investigations
described the site as having a "well-defined living surface...in a context
suitable for settlement and subsistence studies" (Kay 1975:48). At the
time of its discovery, the site was rapidly eroding and its expedient
salvage was recommended. In 1987, Scotts Bluff National Monument proposed,
under Development and Study Package 127, to sponsor archeological testing.
The 1988 test excavations confirmed the presence of intact deposits,
including hearth and midden features. Analysis of chipped stone and faunal
and macrofloral remains produced evidence that a primarya activity at the
site was the processing of bison kills. Radiocarbon dates indicate the
site was used sporadically between A.D. 1022 and 1635.
Due to the sensitive nature
of this subject this report is
available to professional
archeologists only. If you
order this manuscript we may
contact you for verification of


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Scientists Create Levitating Fruit Flies Suspended In Strong Magnetic Fields
Scientists have deployed Harry Potter-style powers to levitate fruit flies and watch them walk on air.
Researchers performed the seemingly magical feat by suspending fruit flies in a strong magnetic field.
The technique, known as "diamagnetic levitation", allows water and organic based materials to become weightless.
Floating freely inside a plastic tube, the flies were observed closely to spot any changes in their behaviour.
The scientists confirmed effects previously seen in similar experiments in Earth orbit. The flies walked more quickly and more frequently while floating in zero gravity than they did on the ground.
Previously it was not clear whether the changing G-forces associated with space flight may have affected the flies.
The research is published today in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface.
Author Dr Richard Hill, from the University of Nottingham, and colleagues wrote: "This study shows that the walking speed of fruit flies and their 'activity' is altered significantly by counteracting gravitational force.
"Diamagnetic levitation enabled us to maintain tight control over the experimental conditions of all the experimental subjects. This allowed us to identify, unambiguously, the alteration of effective gravity as the cause of the anomalous behaviour.
"Four billion years of evolution have equipped life on Earth to withstand the stresses generated by the ever-present pull of gravity. Here, we have shown that diamagnetic levitation can be used to investigate directly the influence of changing gravity on the locomotion of a complex multi-cellular organism, and that close comparison can be made with experiments performed in space."
Magnetic fields have been used in previous studies to levitate organic materials, as well as small living organisms and even a live frog.
"Diamagnetic material is weakly repelled from magnetic fields, compared with the more commonly known'magnetic'...materials such as iron, which are strongly attracted to a magnetic field," the scientists wrote. "The diamagnetic force, balancing the weight of the levitating object, acts at the molecular level throughout the body of the object, just as the centrifugal force balances the gravitational force on an object in Earth orbit."


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Printer Friendly Version Of
American Sociological Association: William I. Thomas
William Isaac Thomas
August 13, 1863 — December 5, 1947
William I. Thomas served as President of the American Sociological Society (later changed to Association) in 1927. His Presidential address delivered at the 1927 Annual Meeting was entitled "The Behavior Pattern and the Situation".
In his 1951 book, American Sociology: The Story of Sociology in the United States through 1950, Howard W. Odum provided the following biographical sketch of William I. Thomas (pages 141-144):
With F. H. Giddings, E. A. Ross, C. H. Cooley, C. A. Ellwood, and Ellsworth Faris, W. I. Thomas, the seventeenth president of the American Sociological Society in 1927, belonged to what was often called the earlier psychological school of sociologists. Faris received his Ph.D. degree at the University of Chicago in psychology. Ross's Social Psychology was the first text published anywhere under that title. Cooley has been commonly credited with much of the beginnings of social psychology in the sociological framework. As one index of how these men were credited with special psychological contributions, Harry Elmer Barnes' chapters on Cooley and Ellwood in his Introduction to the History of Sociology had the respective subtitles of "Pioneer in Psychosociology" and "Founder of Scientific Psychological Sociology." His subtitle for the W. I. Thomas chapter was "The Fusion of Psychological and Cultural Sociology."
Of the earlier pioneers with whom Thomas may be compared in his psychological emphasis, besides Giddings and his consciousness of kind and pluralistic behavior, William Graham Sumner in America and Wilhelm Wundt in Germany were pioneers in cultural psychology, a field long since neglected by the psychologists. Next to Sumner was Ward whose Psychic Factors of Civilization was, in its day, a pioneer work of distinction. Of the later presidents of the American Sociological Society, Emory S. Bogardus as early as 1917 had published his Social Psychology; Bernard in 1924 and 1926 had published his Instinct and his Introduction to Social Psychology, and Kimball Young brought out his Social Psychology in 1930. Thomas' presidential address was entitled "The Behavior Pattern and the Situation" in which, among other things, he discussed attitudes, values, forms of adaptation, together with the total situation and all their implications. This might well be compared with the development of Gestalt psychology in Germany and was one of the several contributions that led Barnes, in Chapter XI, to say that Thomas was "regarded by many students of sociological theory as the most erudite and creative of American social psychologists. In his later years Thomas extended his conceptions and methods to what might be called a 'psycho-cultural' approach to social phenomena. Certainly, no other sociologist excels Thomas in his mastery of the subject or in a firm command of the auxiliary sciences essential to the successful exploitation of the field of ethnic and psychological sociology. Unfortunately, Thomas confined his systematic exposition of psychological sociology to his university lectures, which were never published. His published contributions to the subject are relatively few and fragmentary, woven into extensive documentary studies. But his general position and method can be reconstructed and summarized with relative confidence and accuracy" (page 793).
Few sociologists had such long and varied experiences as did Thomas who, with George E. Vincent, received his doctor's degree in 1896, the second year in which Small's new Department of Sociology founded in 1893 had awarded the Ph.D. degree. So varied and different was his work that it was thirty-one years after receiving his Ph.D. that he was elected president of the American Sociological Society at a time when he was, even while living, almost revered by many of his younger sociologists, following the Chicago influence of both older and younger groups. A measure of the extraordinary esteem in which he was held may be seen from the tributes paid to him by his contemporaries: Faris in The American journal of Sociology for March, 1948, and Sociology and Social Research for the same date; Burgess in Sociology and Social Research for March–April, 1948; Kimball Young in the American Sociological Review for February, 1948; Florian Znaniecki in Sociology and Social Research, March–April, 1948; and others.
Thomas was a fellow at Chicago in 1895, received his degree in 1896, was assistant professor in 1897, associate professor in 1900, and professor from 1910 to 1918 when he went to New York to do research independently of a university. In the light of his Chicago experiences and his powerfully individualistic personality it was perhaps not surprising that he never became identified permanently with any university, although a number of universities were looking for such a distinguished sociologist to head their departments. He was lecturer at the New School for Social Research in New York from 1923 to 1928 and was a guest lecturer, holding a series of seminars, at Harvard in 1936–37. His marriage to Dorothy Swaine Thomas and his collaboration with her led him to spend his final years from 1940 to 1947 at Berkeley, California, where hedied on December 5.
Like many of his contemporary sociologists, Thomas' background and experiences were varied in closely related fields. He came to sociology from the field of language and philosophy, having spent a year at the universities of Berlin and Göttingen after which he taught English for three years at Oberlin. He was an associate editor of The American journal of Sociology from the first issue in 1895 until he left Chicago in 1917. He was later a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, was representative for sociology in the Social Science Research Council from 1928 to 1932. and later was secretary of the Committee on Personality and Culture of the Council. He also represented the American Sociological Society on the American Council of Learned Societies. He had visited Europe after receiving his Ph.D. at Chicago and became interested in folk psychology through Wilhelm Wundt and sought some new methodology of studying nationalities and culture. As early as January, 1896, Thomas had written an article in The American journal of Sociology, page 434 ff., on "The Scope and Method of Folk Psychology." In America it seemed likely that George Mead at Chicago, as well as Cooley, exerted some influence upon him although his was an independent way of doing whatever he did.
His own estimates of what he did and the primary emphasis of his work, prepared for American Sociology up to 1950, reflect a fair and modest appraisal. He reduced his main lines of interest to two: first, "The sociopsychological aspects of culture history, or otherwise stated, social psychology as examined in relation to races, nationalities, classes, interest groups, etc., in different cultural situations and historical epochs; and second, personality development in normal, criminal and psychopathic individuals in relation to cultural situations and particular trains of experience as seen through their life-histories, which may be in the form of autobiographies, case studies, continuous and organized inter-views, etc. (I do not say 'psychoanalysis' because of the meaning which this term has acquired)."
Thomas wrote further, "I do not feel that I have been greatly influenced by any of my teachers of sociology. My interests, as I have indicated, were in the marginal fields and not in sociology as it was organized and taught at that time, that is, the historical and methodological approach of Professor Small and the remedial and correctional interests of Professor Henderson."
His principal works were: The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, 1918–21 (with Florian Znaniecki); Primitive Behavior, 1936; Source Book for Social Origins, 1909; Sex and Society, 1907; The Child in America, 1928 (with Dorothy S. Thomas). He also contributed nearly a score of articles to The American Journal of Sociology, a half dozen to the American Magazine, and perhaps a dozen miscellaneous articles elsewhere.


Basis of the bargain test
Under section 2-313 of the Uniform Commercial Code, when determining whether an express warranty exists or is valid in a sale of goods between two parties, the court asks if any promise or affirmation, any description of the goods or any sample or model of the goods displayed by a seller "became a basis of the bargain" between a buyer and a seller thereby creating an express warranty on the goods.
Though this test is used by the courts to determine if an express warranty exists, it is unclear in the case law how precisely basis of the bargain is defined, if actual buyer reliance on the promise or description is required, or if the information is something that a reasonable buyer can rely on will suffice to meet the requirment.


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Ariyalur to Cuddalore distance, location, road map and direction
Ariyalur is located in India
at the longitude of 79.08 and latitude of 11.14. Cuddalore is located in India
at the longitude of 79.77 and latitude of 11.74.
- Driving Distance : 126 KM and 354 meters / 78.5 miles.
- Straight Line Distance : 100 KM and 900 meters / 62.7 miles.
- Travel time : 2 hours and 26 minutes.
- Direction and bearing : North East side, 48 degree.
Distance between Ariyalur and Cuddalore
The total straight line distance between Ariyalur and Cuddalore is 100 KM
(kilometers) and 900 meters. The miles based distance from Ariyalur to Cuddalore is 62.7
miles. This is a straight line distance and so most of the time the actual travel distance between Ariyalur and Cuddalore may be higher or vary due to curvature of the road.
The driving distance or the travel distance between Ariyalur to Cuddalore is 126 KM and 354 meters. The mile based, road distance between these two travel point is 78.5 miles.
Time Difference between Ariyalur and Cuddalore
The sun rise time difference or the actual time difference between Ariyalur and Cuddalore is 0 hours, 2 minutes and 45 seconds
Ariyalur and Cuddalore time calculation is based on UTC time of the particular city. It may vary from country standard time, local time etc.
Ariyalur To Cuddalore travel time
Ariyalur is located around 100 KM away from Cuddalore so if you travel at the consistent speed of 50 KM per hour you can reach Cuddalore in 2 hours and 26 minutes. Your Cuddalore travel time may vary due to your bus speed, train speed or depending upon the vehicle you use.
Ariyalur to Cuddalore Bus
Bus timings from Ariyalur to Cuddalore is around 2 hours and 26 minutes
when your bus maintains an average speed of sixty kilometer per hour over the course of your journey. The estimated travel time from Ariyalur to Cuddalore by bus may vary or it will take more time than the above mentioned time due to the road condition and different travel route. Travel time has been calculated based on crow fly distance so there may not be any road or bus connectivity also.
Bus fare from Ariyalur to Cuddalore
may be around Rs.95.
Midway point between Ariyalur To Cuddalore
Mid way point or halfway place is a center point between source and destination location. The mid way point between Ariyalur and Cuddalore is situated at the latitude of 11.442536817488 and the longitude of 79.423003773107. If you need refreshment you can stop around this midway place, after checking the safety,feasibility, etc.
Ariyalur To Cuddalore road map
Cuddalore is located nearly North East
side to Ariyalur. The bearing degree from Ariyalur To Cuddalore is 48 ° degree
. The given North East direction from Ariyalur is only approximate. The given google map shows the direction in which the blue color line indicates road connectivity to Cuddalore. In the travel map towards Cuddalore you may find en route hotels, tourist spots, picnic spots, petrol pumps and various religious places. The given google map is not comfortable to view all the places as per your expectation then to view street maps, local places see our detailed map here.
Ariyalur To Cuddalore driving direction
The following diriving direction guides you to reach Cuddalore from Ariyalur. Our straight line distance may vary from google distance.
Travel Distance from Ariyalur
The onward journey distance may vary from downward distance due to one way traffic road. This website gives the travel information and distance for all the cities in the globe. For example if you have any queries like what is the distance between Ariyalur and Cuddalore? and How far is Ariyalur from Cuddalore?. Driving distance between Ariyalur and Cuddalore. Ariyalur to Cuddalore distance by road. Distance between Ariyalur and Cuddalore is 100 KM / 62.3 miles. distance between Ariyalur and Cuddalore by road. It will answer those queires aslo. Some popular travel routes and their links are given here :-
Travelers and visitors are welcome to write more travel information about Ariyalur and Cuddalore.
- It can be your previous travel experience between Ariyalur and Cuddalore.
- Available transport routes to reach Cuddalore like train routes, bus routes, air routes and cruise routes.
- Tourist places or any other important places on the routes between Ariyalur and Cuddalore.
- Hotels, restaurant information on the way to Cuddalore.
- Photos related to Ariyalur and Cuddalore or en route.
- Travel queries and other relavent information related to this page.


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"The Dahlia is the official flower of San Francisco" is the proud by-line of the Dahlia Society of California Bulletin in 1926. Rightly so, because on October 4, 1926 the San Francisco Board of Supervisors under the leadership of the then Mayor Rolph, without a dissenting vote, adopted the following resolution.
WHEREAS, the Dahlia has reached its highest perfection in and about San Francisco, and because Dahlias originated in San Francisco are grown in gardens all over the world; and
WHEREAS, the Dahlia partakes essentially of the character of our beloved city, in birth, breeding and habit, for it was originally Mexican, carried thence to Spain, to France and England in turn, being changed in the process from a simple daisy-like wild flower to a cosmopolitan beauty. It has come back to San Francisco like the sophisticated world traveler it is, to find its favorite home here, where it thrives in the cool summers and the moist air of our fog-swept, sandy gardens by the sea;
WHEREAS, it is a robust flower, generous and able to thrive in any reasonable soil, so long as it is not too dry, and has the primitive strength of our pioneer ancestors, together with the gayety and color that no other city nor flower can hope to equal, going, like our artists and poets, to carry color and beauty into far climes, but blooming best in our own gardens out of doors in our cool even climates;
WHEREAS, in its versatility, its beauty, its infinite variety of color and form, it is the very symbol of San Francisco life and of the spirit of her people; therefore, be it
RESOLVED, That the Dahlia be and it is here designated the official flower of San Francisco.


Books for changing the world
Under the Blacklight
The Intersectional Vulnerabilities that the Twin Pandemics Lay Bare
Critical insights from artists, activists, and scholars on the frontlines of the fight against racism and Covid-19.
Coronavirus did not create the stark social, financial, and political inequalities that define life for so many people, but it has made them more strikingly visible than any moment in recent history.
This brilliant collection of the most important insights from the Under The Blacklight livestream event series and Intersectionality Matters podcast, hosted by Kimberlé Crenshaw and the African American Policy Forum, examines the intersectional dimensions of capitalism, patriarchy, racism, and nationalism have converged in the pandemic and its aftermath.
Together, these essential thinkers navigate the historical contours of the pandemic, and the pre-existing inequalities that shape its impact. They also examine the historic moment of social and political mobilization that the police murders of Breonna Taylor and George Floyd sparked, and unpack the central role that ideological whiteness continues to play in the US response to both Covid-19 and police violence.
These scholars shine a light on the stories and counter-stories that help us understand the past, illuminate the present, and shape the future.
The book features contributions from Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, Ibram X. Kendi, Arundhati Roy, Kiese Laymon, Viet Thanh Nguyen, Carol Anderson, Naomi Klein, V, formerly Eve Ensler, Eddie Glaude Jr., Ai-jen Poo, Dorothy Roberts, Alicia Garza, Keith Ellison, Marc Lamont Hill, Bree Newsome, David Blight, Robin D.G. Kelley, Josie Duffy Rice, Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Laura Flanders, Kate Manne, Kehinde Andrews, Barbara Arnwine, Paul Butler, Mab Segrest, Dallas Goldtooth, Rinku Sen, Dara Baldwin, Janine Jackson, Saru Jayaraman, and Devon Carbado, among others.
 - "Kimberlé Crenshaw is... a national treasure." --Kerry Washington
Other books Edited by Kimberlé Crenshaw and Daniel HoSang


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In an effort to bolster our ability to identify some of New Zealand's most widespread and commonly cultivated trees, Leon Perrie, Curator of Botany and I attended a workshop for identifying Eucalyptus, Corymbia and Pinus species this month.
The workshop was presented by Chris Ecroyd, a long standing member of New Zealand's botanical community who worked as Curator of New Zealand's Forest Research Institute Herbarium (NZFRI) at Scion NewZealand, before retiring last year. The workshop was also supported by Scion and Wellington City Council.
Eucalyptus and Corymbia are part of the family Myrtaceae. Commonly known members of this family native to New Zealand include rata and pohutukawa (Metrosideros species), kanuka (Kunzea species) and manuka (Leptospermum scoparium). However the Australian members of the Myrtaceae family are much more difficult to tell apart, principally because there are so many of them.Mallee is the term used to describe a gum that is a shrub or tree less than 10m in height and is multi-stemmed from ground level. We learnt that all mallees are in the Eucalyptus genus, like Eucalyptus stricta above, although these would be rare or non-existent outside gardens in New Zealand.
Chris presented tips for collecting good specimens, with mature seed capsules (for Eucalyptus and Corymbia) and mature cones (Pinus) being the best (but not only) material to collect to aid identification. New knowledge for us was that specimens of Pinus are best collected in mid-winter when winter resting buds are present. It's also important to collect open and closed pine cones, if possible, and note direction of growth on the branch and whether or not they are retained on the tree after maturing.
Discipline with note taking is important when collecting any specimen and these genera are no exception. It's important to try to remember to note bark colour, texture and the general tree habit, among other things.
We were also taught characteristics used to split each genera into sub-groups and introduced to computer-based, interactive keys for both Eucalyptus and Pinus. Interactive keys are becoming a more widespread tool for identifying a number of genera. See a demonstration of how the Eucalypt EUCLID key works.
The EUCLID software has to be purchased, but the key to cultivated pines in New Zealand is freely available at key to cultivated pines. Ensure that you have 'pop-ups' enabled on your computer and that you install version Java Virtual Machine v1.4.2 or later.
The identification skills we picked up at the workshop will enable us to develop the collection of these genera within Te Papa's herbarium (WELT). At WELT we are interested in collecting cultivated plants as well as native plants and have a responsibility, as part of New Zealand's herbaria community, to collect representatives of all known cultivated species within the central New Zealand region. This group still requires significant development at WELT.
Thanks to Jean-Claude Stahl, Te Papa for editing these images.


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Published in Vaccine Weekly, May 26th, 1997
Hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) incidence generally remained static from 1990 to 1994 with an average of 2,868 cases annually and average infection rate of 10.3 cases per 100,000 annually.
According to the Canada Communicable Disease Report (Tepper, "Acute Hepatitis B Incidence in Canada." 23;7) cases in men occurred at a higher crude rate (12.2 per 100,000) than in women (8.8 per 100,000) during this time period, and infection rates were...
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Yesterday I received an email from John Lewis inviting me to "be the perfect host this Christmas". This would apparently be facilitated by the purchase of "cookware" and "serveware" which would enable me to "cook with ease from morning to night."
The contemporary Christmas - a fusion of more than one mythic truth - may so easily draw us into the trap of indulgence without festival, says Jill Segger. She suggests that we celebrate best when we do so with the needy.
Concerns about young people have made the news this week. There are fears of "sexualisation" and "radicalisation". Both words imply that young people cannot make choices themselves, but only passively accept what is imposed on them. And they distract attention from the policies of a government which is set to wreck the opportunities of countless young people.
For some activists, resisting the government's cuts means abandoning other campaigns, such as the struggle for queer rights and same-sex marriage. But they are making a false distinction. Issues of marriage and sexuality are closely linked to questions of power and money.


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Health Idioms & Sayings! List of useful health and medicine idioms in English with meaning and examples. Learn these health idioms with ESL picture to improve your English.
Medical and Health Idioms
List of Medical, Medicine and Health Idioms
- Alive And Kicking
- An apple a day keeps the doctor away
- As fit as a fiddle
- As pale as a ghost
- As pale as death
- At death's door
- Back on one's feet
- Be on the Mend
- Bitter pill to swallow
- Break out in a cold sweat
- Catch one's death of cold
- Feel on top of the world
- Get a charley horse
- Go Under the Knife
- Go Viral
- Green around the gills
- Have foot-in-mouth disease
- Have one foot in the grave
- Just what the doctor ordered
- Kink in one's neck
- Laughter is the best medicine
- Poison pill (n)
- Run in the family
- Sick and Tired of
- Sick as a Dog
- Snake Oil
- Take your medicine
- Taste of your own medicine
- Under the weather
Health Idioms with Meaning and Examples
Learn list of health idioms, medical idioms, medicine idioms and doctor idioms with meaning and examples.
Alive And Kicking
- Meaning: In good health despite health problems
- Example: I had coronary bypass surgery last winter, but I'm alive and kicking!
An apple a day keeps the doctor away
- Meaning: Eating healthy foods will keep one from getting sick (and needing to see a doctor)
- Example: Have an apple for a snack, instead of those chips. An apple a day keeps the doctor away, after all.
As fit as a fiddle
- Meaning: To be healthy and physically fit
- Example: My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle.
As pale as a ghost
- Meaning: Extremely pale
- Example: My grandfather was as pale as a ghost when he entered the hospital.
As pale as death
- Meaning: Extremely pale
- Example: The woman in the hospital waiting room was as pale as death.
At death's door
- Meaning: Very near death
- Example: The sales manager was at death's door after his heart attack.
Back on one's feet
- Meaning: Physically healthy again
- Example: My mother is back on her feet after being sick for two weeks.
Be on the Mend
- Meaning: Be improving after an illness
- Example: I was in the hospital for a week after I contracted malaria, but now I'm back home, and I'm on the mend.
Bitter pill to swallow
- Meaning: An unpleasant fact that one must accept
- Example: Losing the election was a bitter pill to swallow for the candidate.
- Meaning: Bruised, showing signs of having been physically harmed
- Example: My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs.
Break out in a cold sweat
- Meaning: To perspire from fever or anxiety
- Example: I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech.
Catch one's death of cold
- Meaning: To become very ill (with a cold/flu etc.)
- Example: The little boy was told to be careful in the rain or he would catch his death of cold.
Feel on top of the world
- Meaning: To feel very healthy
- Example: I have been feeling on top of the world since I quit my job.
Get a charley horse
- Meaning: To develop a cramp in the arm or the leg
- Example: The swimmer got a charley horse while he was swimming.
Go Under the Knife
- Meaning: Undergo surgery
- Example: I'm going under the knife next month to try to solve my knee problems. Hope it helps!
- Meaning: Begin to spread rapidly on the Internet
- Example: My friend's satirical song about the Supreme Court decision has started to go viral.
Green around the gills
- Meaning: To look sick
- Example: My colleague was looking a little green around the gills when he came to work today.
Have foot-in-mouth disease
- Meaning: Tto embarrass oneself through a silly mistake
- Example: The man has foot-in-mouth disease and is always saying stupid things.
Have one foot in the grave
- Meaning: To be near death (usually because of old age or illness)
- Example: My uncle is very sick and has one foot in the grave.
Just what the doctor ordered
- Meaning: Exactly the thing that is or was needed to help improve something or make one feel better
- Example: A short nap is just what the doctor ordered.
Kink in one's neck
- Meaning: A cramp in one's neck that causes pain
- Example: I woke up this morning with a kink in my neck.
Laughter is the best medicine
- Meaning: Laughing a lot is a very effective means of recovering from physical or mental injury
- Example: I think the best thing for you right now would be to spend some time with people you can joke around with. Laughter is the best medicine, after all.
Poison pill (n)
- Meaning: An element introduced into the restructuring of a corporation so that it becomes undesirable for another corporation to take over.
- Example: Acme Corporation approved a poison pill to prevent a hostile takeover.
Run in the family
- Meaning: To be a common family characteristic
- Example: The serious illness runs in the family of my friend.
Sick and Tired of
- Meaning: Extremely annoyed by something that occurs repeatedly
- Example: I'm sick and tired of the way Neil always tries to get other people to do his work.
Sick as a Dog
- Meaning: Extremely ill.
- Example: Did you have a good vacation?" -""Not really. I was sick as a dog the whole time."
- Meaning: Medicine of unproven value; fraudulent medicine
- Example: The Internet is full of people who sell snake oil that won't help you at all with your medical problems.
Take your medicine
- Meaning: Accept something unpleasant, for example, punishment, without protesting or complaining
- Example: He really hates shopping, but he goes anyway and takes his medicine like a man.
Taste of your own medicine
- Meaning: The same unpleasant experience or treatment that one has given to others
- Example: This team likes to play rough, so let's go out there and give them a taste of their own medicine!
Under the weather
- Meaning: Not feeling well
- Example: My boss has been under the weather all week and has not come to work during that time.
Medical, Medicine and Health Idioms | Image
Useful Health and Medicine Idioms in English
… Health and Medicine Idioms in English …


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LYNCHES CHAPEL, TX
LYNCHES CHAPEL, TEXAS. Lynches Chapel was six miles west of Alto in southwestern Cherokee County. The site was first settled in the late 1840s or early 1850s by immigrants from the Old South. A Methodist Episcopal church, founded around 1860 and known as Lynches Chapel, became the focus of the community. A school, Hendrick School, operated in the community from 1884 to 1916. In the mid-1930s Lynches Chapel comprised the church, a sawmill, a cotton gin, a gristmill, a furniture shop, and a number of houses. After World War II many of the residents left the area, but in the 1990s the church and a few scattered dwellings still remained.
Cherokee County History (Jacksonville, Texas: Cherokee County Historical Commission, 1986). Marker Files, Texas Historical Commission, Austin.
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Christopher Long, "LYNCHES CHAPEL, TX," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed May 18, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


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- Are the benefits for Australian astronomers and industry restricted or will Australia be equally treated as a Member State?
- What is the financial contribution of Australia? Is it capped or does it vary with each year of collaboration?
- Will ESO use this money for the ELT?
- Does the Australian industry have access to contracts connected with the ELT?
- Does this affect ESO's name, will ESO continue to be called the European Southern Observatory?
Q: Are the benefits for Australian astronomers and industry restricted or will Australia be equally treated as a Member State?
A: Australian astronomers and industry will have access to the La Silla Paranal Observatory only — specifically, the Very Large Telescope, the Very Large Telescope Interferometer, VISTA, VST, the ESO 3.6-metre telescope, and the New Technology Telescope. They will also have the opportunity to collaborate with ESO Member State institutions on upcoming instruments at these observatories.
Q: What is the financial contribution of Australia? Is it capped or does it vary with each year of collaboration?
A: Australia will pay 7.8 million euros (2018 economic conditions) each year for the ten-year period. The annual amount of Australia's contribution for the La Silla Paranal operational costs in each calendar year can vary slightly, and are set relative to Australia's national share of the projected LPO operational budget, including instrumentation and overheads. This national share is calculated by a standard formula using OECD economic data.
A: The ELT is ESO's highest priority and specifically its Phase II. The Australian contribution will also help to bring this forward.
A: Under this arrangement, Australian industry will not have access to contracts for the ELT. This would change if Australia becomes an ESO Member State.
A: ESO will not change its name, which formally is the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere, or colloquially the European Southern Observatory.


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style hinges for commercial gates
Hinges. What do we know about them?
According to historical scholars, the first hinge dates back to 1600 B.C. and consisted of large stone sockets that acted as pivots to open/close doors. However, the Romans, developed the hinge in such a way, that ordinary people could use them for cabinets, drawers and doors in their own homes. The Romans also placed hinges on their armor for greater mobility. Stronger more powerful hinges were created by the English in the 16th and 17th centuries. These English techniques were brought over to the American colonies and blacksmithing became a popular trade since the need for stronger hardware was growing. In the 1850's Charles Hager, Hager Hardware, developed the wagon wheel and a hinge for wagon doors. The ball bearing hinge was developed in 1899, and the most common hinge, still used today, the butt hinge, in 1900.*


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In soccer a coin toss is used to decide who goes first in a penalty shootout and similarly in American football a coin decides who plays offence in overtime. But is this really fair? This article explores an alternative.
Space is the stage on which physics happens. It's unaffected what happens it and it would still be there if everything in it disappeared. This is how we learn to think about space at school. But the idea is as novel as it is out-dated.
The number pi can be expressed beautifully in terms of infinite sums. For practical purposes though, these sums are rather disappointing: they converge slowly, so you need to sum a large number of terms to get accurate estimates of pi. Here's a clever way to make them converge faster.
Would you stake your fortune on a 100 to 1 outsider? Probably not. But what if, somewhere in a parallel universe, the straggling nag does come in first? Would the pleasure you feel in that universe outweigh the pain you feel in the one in which you've lost? Questions not dissimilar to this one occupy physicists and for entirely respectable reasons.


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|First appearance||"A Taste of Freedom" (4ACV05)|
On Freedom Day, anyone is more or less allowed to do anything in order to express freedom. This includes nudity as well as ignoring and hurting others without the fear of facing the consequences. The line of acceptance was tested in 3002 when Dr. John Zoidberg ate and thus desecrated the Earthican flag in order to express his freedom. After being sentenced to death, he was helped by the Decapodians, leading to Earth declaring war against Decapod 10, a war that would give Freedom Day a whole new meaning.
The traditional Freedom Day chant is "Freedom, freedom, freedom, oy! Freedom, freedom, freedom, oy!" while performing a sort of Hopak dance.
The Earthican president generally gives a speech on the day.
- In the United States, there is an actual National Freedom Day on the 1st of February. However, it is celebrated differently than the 4th of July.


Swiss Bank Accountability: Mock Trial
Subject: Social Studies
Grade Levels: 9 through 12
By using a variety of sources to construct a case defending and prosecuting the Swiss government for their role in Nazi gold transactions during World War II, students will practice research techniques, persuasive writing and speaking, and critical reading and listening skills.
Sunshine State Standards:
View all Sunshine State Standards
 1. Read the charges against the Swiss banks aloud to the class. Explain that the class will be conducting a mock trial to determine an answer to this question.
 2. Students should volunteer or be assigned to either the prosecution or the defense. It is recommended that the teacher or other adult acts as judge and the jury be comprised of students from another class.
 3. Once sides have been established, clearly set the ground rules for pre-trial and trial.
 4. Once ground rules are established, give students the evidence research sheet and grading rubric.
 5. Begin research and trial preparation.
 6. Teams should have the chance to meet with the teacher on an ongoing basis to submit evidence, ask questions, and request materials or equipment.
 7. Secure a location for the trial, audio/visual equipment if needed, and invite a jury to attend. In some instances classes have also invited local judges or lawyers from the bar association to act as advisors or judge for the trial.
 8. Hold the trial using the trial procedures as a guideline. It may also be helpful to allow jurors to keep notes using paper and pen. Once both sides have rested, the jury is to go to another location to deliberate. Each juror is to receive a ballot.
 9. When the jury has reached a verdict the class will reassemble. This may be the same or next day, or a few days later. The foreperson will read the verdict.
 10. Once the verdict is delivered, if it is possible, it's useful to have a question and answer session between the jury, prosecution, and defense. This gives students an opportunity to learn about strategy, reasoning behind presenting or not presenting evidence, questioning techniques, and questions the jury felt were left unanswered. This is not a traditional step in the trial process, but it is useful in a classroom setting where different viewpoints and learning styles are encouraged.
 11. All jurors should turn in their ballots and the class should have the opportunity to review them.
 12. Students are to complete an evaluation of the pre-trial, trial, group participation, as well as, their own participation.
By using the rubric presented at the beginning of the activity students can be given a group grade as well as an individual grade. It is also helpful to meet with both sides and discuss the trial from their perspectives and to take into account the student evaluations.
Research Guidelines and Requirements
To prove your case to a jury you must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the Swiss banks should/should not be held accountable for their part in the Nazi gold transactions. To do this your team must compile evidence to support your claim. Evidence can be collected from a number of sources including books, newspaper and magazine articles, internet sites, video footage, primary sources, and witness testimony.
Your team needs to gather this evidence, organize it, determine the best way to present it (expert witness, display, audio/visual, etc.) prepare the appropriate witnesses, and gather rebuttal evidence.
Evidence Presentation:
Juror Ballot
Now that you have heard all the testimony and seen all the evidence you need to reach a verdict. The jury needs to elect a foreperson that is in charge of the group. The evidence and testimony can be discussed, evidence can be asked for and examined, and votes can be taken at any point and as often as needed. In the case of this trial the jury must only reach a majority for a verdict.
Based on the case presented, should the Swiss banks be held accountable for their participation in the Nazi gold transactions?
____YES ____NO
Was there one statement, piece of evidence, or witness that persuaded your decision one way or the other? If so, please share it.
Additional input or questions: ___________________________________________
Student Evaluation
Name ______________________ Team _________________________
Team Position ________________________
How did you specifically contribute to your team's work?
What do you believe was your team's strength?
What do you believe was your team's weakness?
What would you do differently next time?
Use the back for additional comments and information I should address.
Mock Trial Grading Rubric
Medium: ____ 0-2(0) ____3(1) ____4-6(2) ____7 or more(3)
Sources: ____0-9(0) ____10(1) ____11-15(2) ____16-20(3) ____21 or more(4)
Notecards: ____Format(0-2) ____Due date(0-2)
Bibliography: ____Format(0-2) ____Due date(0-2)
Testimony: ____Accuracy(0-5) ____Relevance(0-5) ____Preparation(0-5)
Evidence: ____Accuracy(0-5) ____Relevance(0-5)
Display: ____Relevance(0-3) ____Impact/use(0-3)
Preparation for trial: Was the team ready for trial? Were all team members prepared for their role and was evidence gathered? ____(0-10)
Cooperation and teamwork: Was the team able to mediate conflict, compromise, and work together to accomplish the common goal? ____(0-5)
Case presentation: Was a well organized and convincing case presented? ____(0-20)
Team contributor: Did the individual contribute to the team and work with other members to present the case? ____(0-5)
Role preparation: Did the individual have a clear understanding of their responsibilities and prepare adequately for them? Did the individual attend? ____(0-10)
Total: _____
Scale: 0-20 F
21-41 D
42-61 C
62-83 B
84-96 A
A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust
Produced by the Florida Center for Instructional Technology,
Timeline People Arts Activities Resources


The Grand Jury has been a part of the California justice system since 1872.
Historically, the Grand Jury was selected from the citizens of the county who volunteered for the position, were nominated by a superior court judge, and then selected at random from the group of nominated volunteers.
The Grand Jury, as an institution, dates back to the time of the Magna Carta in the thirteenth century, and is embodied in the United States Bill of Rights, ratified as amendments to the United States Constitution in 1789.


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Early Teaching Experiences at PhysTEC Sites
Ball State University
Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo
Florida International University
Seattle Pacific University
University of Arizona
University of Arkansas
University of Colorado at Boulder
University of Minnesota
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Western Michigan University
Give students an opportunity to teach their peers. Several PhysTEC schools have created successful Learning Assistant programs that allow students to collaborate with faculty to make physics and physical science classes more interactive and engaging. Students may find peer teaching to be less pressure and less of a commitment than practice classroom teaching, without sacrificing the rewarding experience of helping someone learn something new.
Expose student teachers to multiple grade levels. Students may not know what grade level they want to teach, or may think they know and then change their minds.
Use early teaching experiences to prepare your pre-service teachers for student teaching. According to the American Association for the Advancement of Science's "Project 2061," "first-hand experiences in schools, teaching and mentoring experiences, and fieldwork with scientists must come early in the teacher education program. These experiences prepare prospective teachers for the content of their education courses and serve as living laboratories for formal course work." Arizona faculty report that teacher preparation program provides pre-service teachers with "150 hours of classroom work (both targeted observations and teaching) prior to student teaching, [which makes] their transition to student teaching…much smoother. Our mentor teachers comment that our student teachers are much better prepared for student teaching than those from other programs."
Invite practicing teachers to participate in the design of your program. Who knows better than actual teachers what preservice teachers need? Arizona reports that "Involving secondary teachers in developing curricula for the field experiences has resulted in a rich set of classroom tasks that enhance the field experiences."
Use a Teacher in Residence or Master Teacher to coordinate early teaching experiences. Teachers In Residence are ideal early teaching experience coordinators, because they are exceptionally knowledgeable about the realities of the classroom and what preservice teachers need. In addition, they can mentor preservice teachers who are doing their student teaching, and they can sometimes use their connections with the local school district to secure excellent placements for student teachers in your program. A Ball State TIR, now back in the classroom, was able to do this for Ball State student teachers.