Posted by Sandra Hickey on
Smudging is an ancient ritual with it's roots in Native American culture. For thousands of years the burning of herbs has been used to dispell negativity and evoke positive energy all over the world.
Smudging is closely related to the Egyptian burning of incense, and the Catholic burning of benzoin, frankincense & myrrh especially at funerals, where the smoke depicts prayers of the faithful rising to heaven.
In France, rosemary and thyme were burned in hospitals in an effort to keep the air clean and prevent contagion. The ancient Gaelic ritual of Saining involved burning of Juniper in another smoke purification ritual.
Smudging is, in simplest terms, the burning of natural botanicals for a specific reason or intention. The most common herbs used are;
🌿Sage: for purification and clearing negative energy
🌿Lavender : for tranquility, balance and peace
🌿Rosemary: for strengthening memory, protecting space.
Use your smduge sticks to cleanse a space, person, object or your own self. Remember it is a sacred ritual, not be rushed. You can add Smudging to a meditation or bathing ritual to amplify your intentions. Some people smudge weekly, some monthly or whenever they feel energy needs to be cleared. You decide what works for you.
 Suggested Smudge Ceremony
~ Open doors and windows to allow negativity to flow out and positivity in. Don't include infants, elderly, pregnant people or anyone with respiratory issues when burning herbs.
~Focus on your specific goal, your intention. This can be anything you feel you need. Blessing a new home, clearing bad vibes, releasing your own negativity, overcoming a challenge or becoming more motivated and focused.
~Notice your breathing.
~Light your smudge stick at one end and holding over a ceramic or heat proof bowl, blow out the flame. It should smolder and smoke not flame.
~Encircle the smoke around yourself first, carefully.
~Start at the door of the space you want to cleanse and move around the perimeter paying attention to corners, open wardrobes and waft smoke carefully over any objects you would like purified.
~As the smoke rises into the air and out of the window, visualise it carrying the negativity with it.
~Repeat your intentions as you do this.
~When you are finished, extinguish your smudge stick fully, by pressing into sand or dry soil, make sure it is completely snuffed out before you leave unattended.
~Now is a good time for some journalling. Your goals are manifesting and your space is cleared of negativity.
Hand Tied Milk Bath Smudge Sticks are now available.


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In Sri Lanka today, as in many other developing countries, there is a growing urgency to come up with creative and sustainable solutions to tackle the twin pressures of infrastructure needs and the interests of communities who are affected by such projects, often losing their homes, land and livelihood in the process.
Rapid industrialization has catapulted Colombo, Sri Lankass commercial capital, into an economic hub. However, this has also severely damaged the environment, especially the cityss peripheral areas abounding in factories. One of the worst victims of industrial wastewater pollution is the Lunawa Lake, south of Colombo. The lake straddles two adjoining Municipal Councils: Dehiwala-Mt. Lavinia and Moratuwa. Barely a decade ago, it was surrounded by a thriving fisheries industry. Continued discharge of waste water into its waters over the years played havoc, killing most of the fish. Moreover, the catchment area suffers from frequent flooding, due to an inadequate drainage system.
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ISBN Series Number:- Not available - ISBN: 978-92-1-132173-9 HS Number: HS/1204/09E Series Title:- Not available - Pages: 55 Year: 2010 Publisher: UN-HABITAT Co-Publisher :- Not available - Languages:
Themes: Water Sanitation and Infrastructure, Risk and Disaster Management Countries: Asia & Pacific, Sri Lanka

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Troubleshooting irrigation valves
"An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure."
Nowhere is this truer than with irrigation valves. They are highly reliable and will last for years if you properly care for them. But valves can be difficult to troubleshoot because many of the parts that could be causing the problems are hidden. By learning how irrigation valves work, you can troubleshoot almost any problem.
Proper valve troubleshooting starts with a few basic questions: * Is the irrigation controller plugged in and properly programmed? * Is the master water supply turned on? * Is water present to the valve? * Is the flow-control handle open? * Is sufficient water pressure and flow available? * Is the pump working?
Valves 101 Before troubleshooting begins, you must understand how irrigation valves work. Valves control the flow of water to sprinklers and can be mechanical, hydraulic, electric or a hybrid-know what kind you're dealing with.
A valve stays closed because the surface area above the diaphragm is about two-and-half times larger than the pressurized surface area below the diaphragm. The difference causes a greater force above the diaphragm than below it. The valve traps the water, which fills the upper chamber. The valve will open only when the force above the diaphragm has been relieved. This will happen electrically when the controller energizes the solenoid or manually when you use the manual bleed.
The solenoid is a coil of electrical wire that, when charged with an electrical current from the controller, creates a magnetic force and pulls up a small, metal plunger inside the valve. As the plunger rises, it dumps water from the chamber above the diaphragm to a lower (downstream) pressure area. This reduces the force above the diaphragm and the valve opens.
To close a valve, the irrigation controller stops sending an electrical current to the solenoid. As the current terminates, the solenoid drops the plunger and stops the flow of water from above the diaphragm. The pressure above the diaphragm builds to a force greater than the pressure below the diaphragm, and the valve closes.
This also occurs when you operate the valve manually. When you open the manual bleed screw, you relieve the force above the diaphragm either to the atmosphere or to the downstream side of the valve.
Electricity and Water A variety of conditions can cause an irrigation valve to malfunction. But don't overlook the obvious. If the valve will not open, make sure you have turned on the water supply. You can check to make sure you have a water supply by manually opening or "bleeding" the valve.
There are two types of manual-bleed devices. The most common is an external manual bleed. It usually consists of a small knob on top of the valve bonnet that bleeds-or relieves-the water above the diaphragm. The second type of manual-bleed device is an internal manual bleed. It is usually a lever on the solenoid or the solenoid itself. When you turn on the lever or activate the solenoid, water pressure above the diaphragm bleeds to the downstream side of the valve. Turn the external manual-bleed screw or operate the internal manual bleed and check for water flow. Be aware that some valves incorporate both external and internal manual-bleed systems. If there is still no water flow to the valve, check the PVC line for breaks.
Another common problem is lack of electrical signal (voltage) to the valve. To determine if the valve is receiving power, use a volt-ohm meter. From the irrigation controller, manually turn on the station you are troubleshooting. With the volt-ohm meter, check the voltage between the ground and the controller-station terminal. Your reading should be 24 volts AC (VAC). If it is not 24 VAC, you need to determine the cause-which is usually a blown fuse in the controller or in the controller's transformer.
While you are at the controller, check the entire irrigation program. In many cases, a valve will not operate properly because of faulty controller programming.
If your meter reads 24 VAC at the controller station wires, check the zone in question to make sure it's operating. Make sure that the controller has a programmed start time and run time and that the "days-to-run" setting is programmed. Though this may seem elementary, an improperly programmed controller is one of the most common causes of valve malfunction-and usually the largest source of customer complaints.
If the controller is working properly, check the voltage to the solenoid. With the controller turned off, skin the insulation off the two wires running from the valve solenoid to the splice. Make these cuts as close to the splice as possible. Attach a voltmeter to the wire running from the splice-the voltage should read zero.
Manually operate the irrigation controller, and check that you are receiving 24 VAC. It is normal to experience some voltage loss at the valve, but if the volt-ohm meter reads less than 20 VAC, the field wires have a problem. You need to find the source of this problem or replace the wires.
After completing this test, cut out the original splice, and reconnect the wires. It's important to leave enough wire to make the splice.
Contamination Because of its direct connection to piping from the main water line, a valve is susceptible to contamination from dirt and debris, especially if you use non-potable or effluent water. To reduce the risk of contamination, most irrigation valves have a filter or screen to keep dirt out of the area above the diaphragm and the solenoid area.
Dirt and debris trapped in the valve may cause it to "weep." The telltale sign of a weeping valve is excessive puddling at the lowest sprinkler after the valves have shut off.
To check for excessive dirt, debris or algae buildup, turn the water off, remove the valve bonnet, and check the screens for contamination. Some valves have filter screens directly below the solenoid, which can be removed with a small screwdriver or coin. Flush the screens with water to remove any debris.
This is also a good time to check the diaphragm and valve seat for debris, wear or deterioration (note that some valves have these two components molded into one piece). The diaphragm, which is a large, rubber-like, flexible disc, is subject to deterioration. It can be nicked or torn by a trapped pebble or a build-up of grit.
The valve seat is the lower sealing surface in the valve body. Inspect it for nicks by running your finger over the lip of the valve seat. Replace the valve body if the valve seat is damaged. Check the diaphragm and the valve seat for cracks and wear. Replace them if they show signs of wear or deterioration. Reassemble the valve, turn on the water, and manually operate the irrigation controller to make sure everything is working properly.
Solenoids If you have checked the water supply, the power supply and the diaphragm and valve seat, and the valve is still malfunctioning, usually the only possibility left is a faulty solenoid.
With the water turned off, unscrew the solenoid from the bonnet of the valve. Be careful not to lose the plunger or the small spring, which helps force the solenoid plunger downward.
Inspect the solenoid plunger. The plunger is the small, metal piston with a rubber base inside the solenoid housing. The plunger must be clean and free of any debris.
To check the operation of the solenoid, manually turn on the valve or zone from the irrigation controller. If it's working, the solenoid plunger will be pulled into the solenoid body.
Some irrigation-equipment manufacturers have designed "captive" solenoid plungers. A small piece of plastic holds these types of plungers in the solenoid housing. If the valve has a captured solenoid, you will hear a sharp clicking sound when the solenoid energizes. If the solenoid is not working properly or if the solenoid plunger does not move freely in the solenoid housing, clean and retest it. If it is still not working, replace the solenoid.
Also, with the solenoid removed, check the small hole in the bonnet that allows water to pass from above the diaphragm to the downstream side of the valve. Check the opening with a paper clip or small piece of wire. It is important not to enlarge this hole because it controls the opening and closing speed of the valve.
By following these suggestions, you'll be able to save time and quickly get to the root of the problem when valve troubles occur.
Laurie Berry is valve product manager with Rain Bird Sales Inc. (Azusa, Calif.).
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© 2013 Penton Media Inc.


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What are they?
Commonly worn by competitive powerlifters and bodybuilders, knee wraps are made of the same elastic material that is typically found in wrist wraps. They are designed to be wrapped around the knee in a spiral or diagonal method for use in squats.
The reason knee wraps are so highly valued by powerlifters is that they allow more weight to be lifted in the squat. How? During the eccentric (downwards) phase of the squat, the tightness of the wraps allows for a high amount of elastic energy to be stored, which can subsequently be released during the concentric (upwards) phase-resulting in heavier and faster squats. Furthermore, knee wraps are believed to reduce stress and pulling forces on the quadriceps tendon, which is attached to the quadriceps and the patella (the kneecap). When you squat, the tendon pulls on the patella. Reducing the stress on the tendon helps to avoid detaching your tendon from the patella, or tearing your quads altogether, which are both quite nasty injuries. Considering the monster weights that competitive powerlifters move around in the squat, it seems sensible why powerlifters choose to squat with leg wraps. Knee wraps make it possible for you to teach through some accidental injuries. I experienced an interval where any squat harm my legs, and wraps allowed me to teach pain-free. Actually, hook them up to from 145 on up. Obviously they didn't heal the root problem, however, they did let me keep training as I had fashioned a laser concentrate on hitting 615+ covered comp squat.
- Training exclusively in wraps will hinder hip flexor development. There is no free lunch, so even if you use them to successfully train through an injury, you are probably setting yourself up for a different set of problems when it's all said and done.
- A hypothesis is that for certain body geometries, wraps will improve your squat technique. More vertical torso, perfect ankle/knee/hip alignment, etc. Part of this is storing energy in the wraps, part of it is probably proprioceptive feedback from the wraps.
- Sleeves aren't going to "protect" the knee in the same sense a belt protects the core; they are for keeping the joint warm. We'll say that a warm joint provides a favorable environment for the tendons and whatnot so they might protect against a rushed warm-up or cold room or something.
- Wraps also won't protect the knee, unless you are utterly lacking in depth control, in which case they will prevent you from going too deep and pushing something into a bad position. That being said, you will probably hurt yourself if you force extreme depth while wearing wraps.
- Found that wrapped wide box squats have carryover to off-the-floor strength in sumo deadlift. Might get similar carryover from high box squats without the wraps but then you'd be labeled a high squatter and who wants that.
If you're not going to compete in the wrapped squat, it might not be worth the effort to learn them. But if you are injured for some other reason, wraps could allow you to continue training (if you already know how to use them).
Anything that is substantial enough to mechanically support the knee joint is fundamentally the same. The only difference is the degree of support.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Lesson: Language Hotspots
Students will explore a Web map showing language hotspots; areas where languages are at risk of disappearing and discover the factors involved in language loss. They will have an opportunity to modify their maps to include dominant language information and answer questions that will help them understand the importance of language. At the end of this lesson, students can choose to compile a report and presentation on a regional hotspot of their choice.
Content provided by Esri Canada
sociology history geography language loss map world earth human history communication esri canada


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Interferon type I
Human type I interferons comprise a vast and growing group of IFN proteins.
Mammalian types
The IFN-α proteins are produced by leukocytes. They are mainly involved in innate immune response against viral infection. They come in 13 subtypes that are called IFNA1, IFNA2, IFNA4, IFNA5, IFNA6, IFNA7, IFNA8, IFNA10, IFNA13, IFNA14, IFNA16, IFNA17, IFNA21. These genes for these IFN-α molecules are found together in a cluster on chromosome 9.
IFN-α is also made synthetically as medication. Types are:
The IFN-β proteins are produced in large quantities by fibroblasts. They have antiviral activity which is mainly involved in innate immune response. Two types of IFN-β have been described, IFN-β1 (IFNB1) and IFN-β3 (IFNB3) (a gene designated IFN-β2 is actually IL-6). IFN-β1 is used as a treatment for multiple sclerosis as it reduces the relapse rate.
IFN-ε, –κ, -τ, -δ, and –ζ
IFN-ε, –κ, -τ, and –ζ appear, at this time, to come in a single isoform in humans, IFNK. Only ruminants encode IFN-τ, a variant of IFN-ω. So far, IFN-ζ is found only in mice, while a structural homolog, IFN-δ is found in a diverse array of non-primate and non-rodent placental mammals. Most but not all placental mammals encode functional IFN-ε and IFN-κ genes.
IFN-ω, although having only one functional form described to date (IFNW1), has several pseudogenes: IFNWP2, IFNWP4, IFNWP5, IFNWP9, IFNWP15, IFNWP18, and IFNWP19 in humans. Many non-primate placental mammals express multiple IFN-ω subtypes
This subtype of Type I IFN was recently described as a pseudogene in human, but potentially functional in the domestic cat genome. In all other genomes of non-feline placental mammals, IFN-ν is a pseudogene; in some species, the pseudogene is well preserved, while in others, it is badly mutilated or is undetectable. Moreover, in the cat genome, the IFN-ν promoter is deleteriously mutated. It is likely that the IFN-ν gene family was rendered useless prior to mammalian diversification. Its presence on the edge of the Type I IFN locus in mammals may have shielded it from obliteration, allowing its detection.
Sources and functions
IFN-α and IFN-β are secreted by many cell types including lymphocytes (NK cells, B-cells and T-cells), macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, osteoblasts and others. They stimulate both macrophages and NK cells to elicit an anti-viral response, and are also active against tumors. Recently, plasmacytoid dendritic cells have been identified as being the most potent producers of type I IFNs in response to antigen, and have thus been coined natural IFN producing cells.
IFN-ω is released by leukocytes at the site of viral infection or tumors.
IFN-α acts as a pyrogenic factor by altering the activity of thermosensitive neurons in the hypothalamus thus causing fever. It does this by binding to opioid receptors and eliciting the release of prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2).
Non-mammalian types
Avian Type I IFNs have been characterized and preliminarily assigned to subtypes (IFN I, IFN II, and IFN III), but their classification into subtypes should await a more extensive characterization of avian genomes.
Functional lizard Type I IFNs can be found in lizard genome databases.
Turtle Type I IFNs have been purified (references from 1970s needed). They resemble mammalian homologs.
The existence of amphibian Type I IFNs have been inferred by the discovery of the genes encoding their receptor chains. They have not yet been purified, or their genes cloned.
Piscine (bony fish) Type I IFN has been cloned in several teleost species. With few exceptions, and in stark contrast to avian and especially mammalian IFNs, they are present as single genes (multiple genes are however seen in polyploid fish genomes, possibly arising from whole-genome duplication). Unlike amniote IFN genes, piscine Type I IFN genes contain introns, in similar positions as do their orthologs, certain interleukins.
- Schultz et al., The interferon system of non-mammalian vertebrates. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, Volume 28, pages 499-508.
- Samarajiwa et al., Type I interferons: genetics and structure. The Interferons: Characterization and Application, 2006 Wiley-VCH, pages 3-34.
- Oritani and Tomiyama, Interferon-ζ/limitin: Novel type I Interferon that displays a narrow range of biological activity. International journal of hematology, 2004, Volume 80, pages 325-331.
- Hardy et al., Characterization of the type I interferon locus and identification of novel genes. Genomics, 2004, Volume 84 pages 331-345.
- Todd and Naylor, New chromosomal mapping assignments for argininosuccinate synthetase pseudogene 1, interferon-beta 3 gene, and the diazepam binding inhibitor gene. Somat. Cell. Mol. Genet. 1992 Volume 18, pages 381-5.
- Wang et al., Fever of recombinant human interferon-alpha is mediated by opioid domain interaction with opioid receptor inducing prostaglandin E2. J Neuroimmunol. 2004 Nov;156(1-2):107-12.


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Dictionary Results for hollow|
1. hollow - noun
· a cavity or space in something; "hunger had caused the hollows in their cheeks"
Hypernym(s): cavity, enclosed_space
2. hollow - noun
· a small valley between mountains; "he built himself a cabin in a hollow high up in the Appalachians"
Hypernym(s): valley, vale
3. hollow - noun
· a depression hollowed out of solid matter
Hypernym(s): natural_depression, depression
4. hollow - verb
· remove the inner part or the core of; "the mining company wants to excavate the hillside"
Synonym(s): excavate, dig
Hypernym(s): remove, take, take_away, withdraw
5. hollow - verb
· remove the interior of; "hollow out a tree trunk"
Synonym(s): hollow_out, core_out
6. hollow - adjective
· not solid; having a space or gap or cavity; "a hollow wall"; "a hollow tree"; "hollow cheeks"; "his face became gaunter and more hollow with each year"
7. hollow - adjective
· as if echoing in a hollow space; "the hollow sound of footsteps in the empty ballroom"
8. hollow - adjective
· devoid of significance or force; "empty promises"; "a hollow victory"; "vacuous comments"
Synonym(s): empty, vacuous
9. hollow - adjective
· lacking in substance or character; "a hollow person"
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ASL Literature and Art
This section is a collection of ASL storytelling, poetry, works of art, and other creative works. It also consists of posts on literary aspects of ASL.
Speech language can convey sound effects in storytelling, whereas sign language can convey cinematic effects in storytelling.
Poetry in sign language has its own poetic features such as rhymes, rhythms, meters, and other features that charactierize poetry which is not limited to speech.
Explore ASL literary arts in this section including some visual-linguistic literary works in ASL and discussion.
Selected works of interest
Deconstruct W.O.R.D.: an original poetry performance.
Knowing Fish: poetic narrative video.
Compare three versions of the poem "Spring Dawn" originally written by Meng Hao-jan. The poem is translated by the literary artist Jolanta Lapiak into ASL in video and unique one-of-a-kind photograph print. Watch how ASL rhymes arise in this signed poem.


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By definition, pterygium forms if there is scar tissue in the nail matrix. Since the nail matrix at that particular site cannot manufacture nail plate, the proximal nail fold skin grows out with the skin of the nail bed, giving rise to the triangular formation known as pterygium.
Scarring of the proximal nail fold region involving the matrix (nail growth center) is referred to as pterygium. This disorder is actually an overgrowth of the proximal nail fold onto the nail bed. Pterygium is derived from a Greek word, pterygion, which means "little wing" or "fin." It is also referred to as wing-like. By definition, pterygium forms if there is scar tissue in the nail matrix. Since the nail matrix at that particular site cannot manufacture nail plate, the proximal nail fold skin grows out with the skin of the nail bed, giving rise to the triangular formation known as pterygium.
A number of skin and nail disorders may cause pterygium to form. One skin disorder citedmost frequently is lichen planus, which occurs in the nails in approximately 100% of people who have this disorder. Severe destruction of the matrix with subsequent scar formation (pterygium) indicates the presence of lichen planus. Lichen planus of the nail may be very destructive to the nail plate in the adult form as a result of nail matrix destruction. Interestingly enough, when it occurs in children it is not destruction and it usually does not produce permanent scarring as it doe in adults.
Another disorder that can give rise to pterygium formation is pemphigus vulgaris, which usually affects the skin but can affect the nail as well. It is characterized by huge blisters called bullae and small blisters called vesicles. When this condition involves the nail matrix, it can result in permanent scar formation. There are some hereditary disorders of the skin which are characterized by bullous changes, such as epidermolysis bullosa, which is a severely deforming condition that occurs at birth, or shortly thereafter, and manifests itself in childhood with destruction of the nails and pterygium formation.
Pterygium formation may also occur secondary to injury such as from a severe blow from a hammer or a car door, which results in destruction of the nail matrix.
Some patients who have impaired circulation to the fingers, such as a condition known as Buerger's Disease, can also develop permanent destruction of the nail matrix and pterygium formation.
Another disorder, a collagen vascular disease known as systemic scleroderma, may give rise to pterygium formation if the nail matrix is scarred and or destroyed. In addition to the characteristic pterygium that forms in scleroderma cases, inverse pterygium can also occur. This condition causes scarring in the tip of the finger rather than in the cuticle area, resulting in destruction at that site. Its appearance is very different than the usual wing-like pterygium that is generally seen with scleroderma.
Raynaud's phenomenon, the condition that may occur after exposure to cold and causes the fingers to turn red, white, or blue, is a precursor to some patients with scleroderma. Severe Raynaud's, where the nail matrix is affected and scarred, can give rise to pterygium.
Clients who severely and extensively bite their cuticle (a psychologically induced nail disorder) risk infection and destruction of the nail matrix, which may cause pterygium formation.
There are two approaches to treat pterygium. The first is used if the pterygium is now permanent due to scarring, but the primary disease is now inactive. Under some circumstances, these clients may be helped by surgical reconstruction with removal of the pterygium and the scar tissue in the matrix, which results in a nail more cosmetically acceptable than it was before. In patients whose pterygium formation is due to pemphigus of lichen planus and is still is an active stage, then the treatment would be directed at the primary disorder. Once the disorder is brought under control, further scarring will not occur and pterygium can be reduced or even prevented. This is also true in patients with circulatory problems in the fingers that give rise to vasospasm (sharp and often persistent contraction of a blood vessel reducing its caliber and blood flow) and permanent destruction of the nail matrix. If these disorders are treated with medications that open up the blood supply to the fingers, then the condition will not progress to further damage and more extensive pterygium formation.


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Delineation of Abandonment Procedures for the Bunker Hill and Crescent Mines, Shoshone County, Idaho.
The Bunker Hill and Crescent Mines are located in similar physical, geohydrologic, and geographic settings. The mines are only 3 miles apart and are connected physically by a crosscut drift. Flooding of the lower levels of both mines is expected to significantly reduce acid water production in those areas of the mines, although the mines are expected to fill with acid water because of the dissolution of oxidation products during the filling process. At least one mine pool volume of water is expected to require treatment after flooding. The levels of the Crescent Mine that are above the elevation of flooding are not expected to require the application of any special abandonment techniques upon mine closure because the drainage from the upper mine workings is good quality water. The presence of acid water in the upper workings of the Bunker Hill Mine does require the use of abandonment techniques to reduce water treatment costs after mine closure. Infiltration control, water diversion procedures, and partial flooding of the upper mine workings may be used to reduce acid water production in the upper mine levels.


Curtain walls and claddings, more generally called facades or building envelops, can be considered as the third layer of protection against the environment. One does not need to venture to Moon or Mars to understand and appreciate the importance of a well designed and executed barrier between us and a freezing winter day, a stormy rainy night or blistering summer heat.
So what are curtain wall designers doing: clients or developers provide land and the funds, architects develop the building design by providing architectural drawings and specifications, building engineers provide structural calculation based on internal and external forces such as wind load or seismic load and facade designers develop a facade system by combining the multitude of requirements into a functional and economical wall system. Finally, facade contractors then use this approved facade design, source materials such as aluminum, steel and glass and fabricate, assemble and install the facade system.


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This article is
- freely available
Food Sources of Energy and Nutrients among Adults in the US: NHANES 2003–2006
School of Human Ecology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
Food & Nutrition Database Research, Inc., Shadywood Lane, Okemos, MI 48864, USA
Nutrition Impact, LLC, Battle Creek, MI 49014, USA
USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 22 October 2012; in revised form: 28 November 2012 / Accepted: 6 December 2012 / Published: 19 December 2012
Abstract: Identification of current food sources of energy and nutrients among US adults is needed to help with public health efforts to implement feasible and appropriate dietary recommendations. To determine the food sources of energy and 26 nutrients consumed by US adults the 2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 24-h recall (Day 1) dietary intake data from a nationally representative sample of adults 19+ years of age (y) (n = 9490) were analyzed. An updated USDA Dietary Source Nutrient Database was developed for NHANES 2003–2006 using current food composition databases. Food grouping included ingredients from disaggregated mixtures. Mean energy and nutrient intakes from food sources were sample-weighted. Percentages of total dietary intake contributed from food sources were ranked. The highest ranked sources of energy and nutrients among adults more than 19 years old were: energy — yeast bread/rolls (7.2%) and cake/cookies/quick bread/pastry/pie (7.2%); protein—poultry (14.4%) and beef (14.0%); total fat — other fats and oils (9.8%); saturated fatty acids — cheese (16.5%) and beef (9.1%); carbohydrate — soft drinks/soda (11.4%) and yeast breads/rolls (10.9%); dietary fiber — yeast breads/rolls (10.9%) and fruit (10.2%); calcium — milk (22.5%) and cheese (21.6%); vitamin D — milk (45.1%) and fish/shellfish (14.4%); and potassium — milk (9.6%) and coffee/tea/other non-alcoholic beverages (8.4%). Knowledge of primary food sources of energy and nutrients can help health professionals design effective strategies to reduce excess energy consumed by US adults and increase the nutrient adequacy of their diets.
Keywords: NHANES; energy intake; nutrients; nutrient intakes adults; food sources
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
O'Neil, C.E.; Keast, D.R.; Fulgoni, V.L.; Nicklas, T.A. Food Sources of Energy and Nutrients among Adults in the US: NHANES 2003–2006. Nutrients 2012, 4, 2097-2120.
O'Neil CE, Keast DR, Fulgoni VL, Nicklas TA. Food Sources of Energy and Nutrients among Adults in the US: NHANES 2003–2006. Nutrients. 2012; 4(12):2097-2120.
O'Neil, Carol E.; Keast, Debra R.; Fulgoni, Victor L.; Nicklas, Theresa A. 2012. "Food Sources of Energy and Nutrients among Adults in the US: NHANES 2003–2006." Nutrients 4, no. 12: 2097-2120.


Rethinking your social media strategy
Business has become more competitive than it ever war. People are venturing into all areas to fight for their share of pie.
There are businesses that have benefited immensely by using social media to sell their products and services and there are businesses that have failed terribly in their social media strategy. The reason, they plunged into it just because everyone else was!
Does it mean that organisations should step back if social media is not working for them? Yes, they should if they are not operating with a strategy. Even if they have one in place that is not yielding them the expected results, they need to rethink!
Success in social media revolves around two values – patience and persistence.
Most of the companies who fail in their social media strategy expect quick results and give up very soon.
Here are some tips on rethinking your social media strategy. Where do you start from? Re-do the groundwork!
Go the website and make a query on the basis of your products / services, the industry and check out what results. Is your competition scoring ahead of you? What is the kind of content people like? What results when you search for your own brand name? Record your observations and re-do the content.
Cut Paste Post
Many of the posts on the social media sites are with the intent of just posting something. If you are just focussing on posting links here and there and not looking into how it will result into customer engagement, your readers will stop following you soon.
The trick is to post valuable content and ask for customer feedback. When they respond it means they are listening and for you it means start listening!
Post timing
Persistence is the key. Posting irregularly means that not all will read your posts. Establish routines for posting such that your followers on the social media websites actually look forward to reading it at that hour.
Choose the timing right and plan your posts in advance to ensure the content is meaningful and not just posted for the heck of it.
Focus of keeping the posts easy to read and follow. Many of us try complicating it unnecessarily. Remember your followers are battling something in their life; give them something on a lighter note which makes them feel good.
All text and no pictures makes for a lazy post
Remember to keep posting some interesting support pictures and videos wherever possible. Too much of text is a big no, especially on a platform where your customers expect you to keep is short and simple.
Social media will result into nothing if it is not planned well and taken non-seriously. For success, organisations need to plan it and plan it really well.


text:
"Evolution" ter A.M. MacLeod and L.S. Cobley, eds., Evolution te Contemporary Botanical Thought, Chicago, IL: Quadrangle Books, 1961, at 95, 97 from Bird, I, p. 234)
This is a powerfully edited version of something that Corner wrote te a chapter he contributed to Contemporary Botanical Thought. (MacLeod, A.M. and Cobley, L.S. (eds) 1961. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, pagina 97).
Ter order to appreciate and understand Corner, wij need two things: 1) an understanding of who Corner wasgoed (he died te 1996), and what wasgoed the total unedited setting of the chopped bit used by creationists.
Very first of all, Corner wasgoed a botanist who specialized te tropical plants. His entire career wasgoed dedicated to the explore of tropical plants and ecology. Evolutionary theory wasgoed to him spil visible and spil natural spil breathing. Consider his remark spil to the origin of seaweed:
"Living seaweeds are the modern actors of the old schouwspel. Two or three thousand million years ago, crowded plankton cells were shoved against bedrock and coerced to switch or diegene. They switched and became seaweeds."
Corner, E. J. H. 1964. The Life of Plants.
Corner also seemed to be a man who liked to have a good time:
He (Ahmad Abid Munir (1936 – )) remembers the rollicking terugwedstrijd from Britain plus route to Borneo of the famous E.J.H. Corner, the former Director of the Gardens and a global pro on figs, fungi, seeds and just about everything else. He is infamous for the monkeys that he trained to climb trees and throw down herbarium material. A good party wasgoed had. Munir describes him spil "charismatic, jolly, friendly, knowledgeable".
"Ahmad Abid Munir, on the occasion of his retirement from the Australian National Botanic Gardens." W.R.(Bill) Barker, Plant Biodiversity Centre, Adelaide. Munir, Ahmad Abid (1936 – )
Strafgevangenis wasgoed he someone to be lightly intimidated spil he had survived the Japanese occupation of the Malay Peninsula during World War II.
Te addition to his life long allegiance to tropical ecology, Corner is best known for his 'Durian Theory':
which placed tropical plants te the center of importance to plant evolution. It is this last voorwerp that permits the fair interpretation of the utter and decent quote from Contemporary Botanical Thought. [From Carl Drews: Internet References]:
"The theory of evolution is not merely the theory of the origin of species, but the only explanation of the fact that organisms can be classified into this hierarchy of natural affinity. Much evidence can be adduced ter favour of the theory of evolution – from biology, bio-geography and palaeontology, but I still think that, to the unprejudiced, the fossil record of plants is ter favour of special creation. If, however, another explanation could be found for this hierarchy of classification, it would be the knell of the theory of evolution. Can you imagine how an orchid, a duckweed, and a palm have come from the same ancestry, and have wij any evidence for this assumption? The evolutionist vereiste be ready with an reaction, but I think that most would pauze down before an inquisition.
Textbooks hoodwink. A series of more and more complicated plants is introduced – the alga, the fungus, the bryophyte, and so on, and examples are added eclectically te support of one or another theory – and that is held to be a presentation of evolution. If the world of plants consisted only of thesis few textbook types of standard botany, the idea of evolution might never have dawned, and the backgrounds of thesis textbooks are the temperate countries which, at best, are poor places to probe world vegetation. The point, of course, is that there are thousands and thousands of living plants, predominantly tropical, which have never entered general botany, yet they are the bricks with which the taxonomist has built his temple of evolution, and where else have wij to idolize?"
Prof. E. J. H. Corner (Professor of Tropical Botany, Cambridge University, UK), 'Evolution' ter Contemporary Botanical Thought", Anna M. Macleod and L. S. Cobley (editors), Oliver and Boyd, for the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 1961, p. 97.
The very first sentence, and the very first part of the typically chopped up 2nd sentence clearly concentrates us on the truth of evolution. The 2nd half of the 2nd sentence (the part most often quoted by creationists) is obviously a criticism of the plant fossil record. And from what wij know about Corner's career, and from his next paragraph, wij know that his criticism is particularly directed at the fossil tropical record. This is not the understanding that professional creationists attempt to force on us. The 2nd paragraph completes Corner's criticism and makes his meaning crystal clear: the Botanical establishment's concentrate on European plants and paleontology can not provide the answers to the (then) significant issues ter plant evolution. Corner's reaction is that the tropical ecologies, and paleontology where the answers were and that textbooks and field work should be revised accordingly.
There are two truly irritating things about this manhandle of Corner's work. Very first, the professional creationists waited until near Corner's death before they began to misuse his then 35 year old book chapter, which denied him the chance to defend his work. Just think about it, te 1961 not even one gene had bot sequenced. 2nd is the way that the professional creationists habitually misrepresent the facts ter their effort to bail out their burying literalist ship.
"The more one studies paleontology, the more certain one becomes that evolution is based on faith alone, exactly the same sort of faith which it is necessary to have when one encounters the excellent mysteries of religion." (More, Louis T., "The Dogma of Evolution," Princeton University Press: Princeton NJ, 1925, 2nd Printing, p.160)
1925? Do wij indeed have to say more?
More wasgoed evidently a professor of physics at the University of Cincinnati. He seems to have bot most famous spil a Newton biographer, and I have found reference to a biography of Robert Boyle spil well. I found a used copy of Dogma of Evolution available for a trivial price via an online book search. Since it wasgoed so cheap, I determined to go ahead and order it. Perhaps I'll have an interesting update when it arrives [See below].
Some informatie on Dr. More from The Creationists by Ronald Numbers [Numbers, Ronald L., The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism, Fresh York: Knoph, 1992].
... Louis T. More (_PHONE_), a physicist and dean at the University of Cincinnati who had just written a book, The Dogma of Evolution (1925), protesting the extension of evolution from biology to philosophy, replied that he accepted evolution spil a working hypothesis.[Two]...
That endnote [Two] is on pagina 370:
... According to Slosson, L.T. More "admits evolution of a sort and is identically persona non grata to the fundamentalists spil he is to the evolutionists."...
Of course it does not seem to mij very kosher to be quoting a non-biologist from 1925 — it amazes mij that anyone would have the nerve to do this. That is before the development of the Modern Synthesis and before a fine many fossils were found.
I judge this one to be te setting. But wij still have some problems. Spil has bot already stated this man's field is not relevant and he lived a long time ago. Thumbing through the book one very quickly detects that Dr. More wasgoed a fan of Lamarck and believed te the inheritance of acquired traits. Such a belief te soft inheritance wasgoed when Dr. More wrote his book wasgoed dying and yet he clearly thought it wasgoed the wave of the future. This is the "authority" on the strength of his say-so the creationist would want us to reject evolution?
Let mij quote the final paragraph of chapter five on pagina 184:
Owing to the reverence for Darwin and the vensterluik subjugation to his views which prevailed for so many years, it wasgoed a difficult task to live down Darwin's contempt. Only after facts had multiplied, demonstrating the inadequacy of natural selection, did biologists start timidly to take Lamarck's doctrine gravely. If one can read the signs aright, wij may expect to have an enhancing attempt to explain the cause of evolution by the inheritance of aquired traits. The reluctance of the biologists to accept this doctrine does not surplus so much on the lack of experimental verification spil it does on the fact that Lamarck's cause of variation is fundamentally vitalistic ter so far spil it acknowledges the influence of the will or desire. To admit such a cause is contrary to scientific and mechanistic monism.
This sound a lotsbestemming like Phillip Johnson and his "slim vormgeving" cronies. An examination of this 1925 book might be profitable for critics of the ID movement today.
Dr. More seems to have a


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Below you can browse through a list of 245 images included in Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. The largest number are political cartoons. But we also include paintings and images of artifacts such as fans and buttons. The images are drawn from many repositories, but particularly from the Museum of the French Revolution in Vizille in southwest France and Olin Library at Cornell University. An essay on how to read images provides useful background. You can search for particular documents by keyword or topic on the search page.
There are 245 matching records.
"Celebrating Napoleons Birthday on the Island of St. Helena"
In this cartoon, Napoleon is portrayed as a buffoon, riding a goat in a charge against rodents, mocking his warlike instincts.
"His Monument": Napoleons Past and Future Are Filled with Dead Bodies
This Januslike figuration of Napoleon haunts the viewer as it suggests a future filled with skulls. Indeed, the unprecedented deaths from war and conquest of the last two centuries make this image seem predictive.
"The Exorcism": Ridding France of the Devil Napoleon
The seal in the foreground, with its fleurdelys, indicates a return to royalism after Frances liberation from Napoleon. In addition, the secularism associated with the Revolution is countered with the images reference to the religious practice of exorcism.
"The Great Heroism of the Nineteenth Century"
As in other caricatures, foreigners tried to humiliate Napoleon, once again using mice to represent those who would now attend him.
"The Great Man"
German cartoonists tried to reduce Napoleon down to size, in this case, the size of mice! Here the mice serve as courtiers.
"The Little Cartesian Devil": German Peasants Capturing the Little Devil Napoleon
The reversal of circumstances that German cartoonists emphasized seemed generally to exercise considerable sway over this use of symbols. Here, Napoleon, who strode so large over Europe, is bottled and examined. Obsessed with his small stature, Napoleon might have been particularly displeased with this image.
"The Song of the End": the Whole World Now Chases Him
Where Napoleon was once the conqueror, the world now avenges itself. This sense of reversal, felt widely outside of France, characterized a number of the caricatures of Napoleon, and indeed of the entire Revolution.
"This Is My Dear Son": Napoleon as Child of the Devil
Linking Napoleon with Hell represents a far cry from his own propaganda.
10 August 1792
This print shows the attack on the Tuileries Palace, which housed the royal family. Although the place was welldefended, many troops simply defected. When the artillery quit, the King and his family hastened across to the nearby meeting hall of the Legislative Assembly for protection. But the battle continued when a number of the defendersparticularly the Swiss guardresisted. A fullscale engagement ensued with some 600 Swiss killed and about double the number of insurgents dead. Casualties notwithstanding, the attackers won. The victory sealed the demise of the monarchy and ensured that it would be replaced by a republic.
20 June 1791, Anonymous Drawing
In this depiction of the Kings arrest, the Queen risks her body to save her son, the crown prince.
A Democrat, or Reason and Philosophy
This cartoon by the popular British caricaturist James Gillray depicts the British politician Charles James Fox as a sansculotte. Wearing a cockade in his wig and a bandage on his forehead, the unshaven Fox raises his bloody left hand as he lifts his left leg to break wind. Notice his torn shirt, the bloody dagger in his belt, and the fact that he wears no pants. He sings the popular revolutionary song, "Ça ira!" ["Itll be okay."]
A Foreign Tree
These painted engravings ridicule the unrest wrought by French revolutionaries by contrasting French subversion with British stability. The "British Liberty Tree" (depicted in the preceding image) is assigned to the mock Latin genus of "Stabilissimus," while the more sickly looking "Foreign Tree" in this image is put in the genus "Subitarius." Notice in the background of the latter, a guillotine, symbol of all that is wrong with France.
A French Gentleman of the Court of Louis XVI. A French Gentleman of the Court of Egalité, 1799
A sarcastic treatment from England of French manners that contrasts the weakness of the old regime with revolutionary arrogance. The engraver also seems to be pointing toward two entirely different views of masculinity.
A Grateful France Proclaims Napoleon the First Emperor of the French
In this engraving, Roman and contemporary themes are combined to glorify the new emperor. The absence of any clear representation of revolutionary liberty shows Napoleon moving away from the events of the preceding decade.
A Positive View?
This composition of the scene, in which a helpless Louis seems to be looking upward to heaven with his confessor, communicates humility. The executioners are relatively passive, leaving the King and confessor center stage. This reveals that in mortal death, the King had a chance to look better than his tormentors. Although this print was undoubtedly produced significantly after the fact, contemporary spectators also might have felt this moment of moral superiority available to the victim. As sentimentality became more prevalent in the eighteenth century, sympathy for the accused on the scaffold had grown, so that authorities had increasingly taken executions out of the public eye. Perhaps, it is likely that Louis at least realized a measure of this same concern. And possibly Sansons exuberance after the execution when he eagerly held aloft the Kings head, as well as a prior decision to call for a drum roll to drown out the Kings attempts to address the crowd, were meant to erase any empathy for his condition.
A Second Joan of Arc
To those who considered Marat insincere and dangerous in his unrelenting populism, the true martyr was Charlotte Corday, who had come to Paris from Caena city then serving as a base for the federalist insurgencyapparently with the express intent of killing Marat. In this engraving by the English caricaturist Cruikshank, Corday is depicted as "A Second Joan of Arc," saving her country by ridding it of oppressive rulers.
A Ship Named after Lafayette
A twentieth century ship reminds voyagers of a revolutionary past.
Abstention Rate in Napoleonic Plebiscites
All regions of France did not support Napoleon equally. His rule aroused most enthusiasm in the east (a prerevolutionary border region crucial in the Napoleonic wars) and the center of the country, least in the west, which had long provided a home to royalist counterrevolution.
Abstension rate in Napoleonic plebiscites (shaded areas = those where the abstention rate exceeded 80 percent)
Abuses to Suppress
This print depicts the Third Estaterepresented by the peasant at the rear of the chariot, the worker leading the horse, and the merchant drivingdelivering to the National Assembly a petition listing "abuses" to be remedied.
Act of Justice
Here Robespierres death is depicted as divine retribution, as in a classical myth. Numerous heads, presumably of those who had perished at the guillotine, watch two male figures (bearing a strong resemblance to Hercules, who had been an early symbol of the Revolution) carry the freshly severed heads of Robespierre and his followers toward the mythological river Styx, guarded by the threeheaded dog Cerberus.
Active Citizen/Passive Citizen
This cartoon mocks the distinction between active and passive citizens. Many revolutionaries hated this difference, essentially dividing those with property from those without. The propertied (active) were the only ones who could participate in the political process.
Ah! Monsignor! It seems that they want us to give everything back, yet while in the game I had advised you to play trumps.
Not uncommonly, revolutionary prints invoked excretory humor directed toward those priests who would not swear allegiance to the Revolution. Revolutionaries eliminated on their enemies; the latter might also receive enemas. Of course, in a world of chamber pots everyone got the message loudly and clearly.
Allegory of Truth
Female revolutionary figures stood for all kinds of qualities and virtues, in this case, "Truth." Women figures appeared so prominently in paintings and engravings because French nouns for the qualities and virtues were usually feminine (Truth = La Vérité). In other words, paintings such as this one did not represent real women; they used allegorical figures to make a more abstract point.
An Emblematical View of the Constitutions of England and France
Similar to the two engravings of trees, this engraving contrasts English order with French anarchy. On the left, a lion (representing England) sits at the foot of a chiseled rock, part of which is labeled "Unanimity." A crown appears over the rock; a unicorn lies behind it. To the right, a multiheaded serpent representing France writhes around a broken flag reading "Anarchy."
An Example of Heroic Courage
In this rendition of an incident from the Vendée rebellion, an ordinary woman is shown standing up to the rebels. It comes from a series of heroic images of the Revolution and shows that women could be heroines for the Republic.
An Exuberant Executioner
As 80,000 crowded into the square to watch the execution of Louis XVI, they cannot have been unaware that the guillotine sat where a statue of Louis XV had been. Here Sanson, the executioner, snatches the detached head of Louis XVI to show to the crowd. He leans forward with approving eagerness. If the head of the King was the


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Some fruits such as pumpkins can grow to be 100 lbs. Under different conditions, the same variety of pumpkin can produce a 15 lb. fruit. Both plants are healthy, and look the same except for their size difference. If I took two red apple trees and planted them in extreme opposite conditions, the fruit size would be nearly the same. The fruit quantity would be lowered in the tree grown under poor conditions. Why do fruits have such a variable range of acceptable sizes?
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Very interesting question, but this can be likened to asking "why are there more than one different animal species?". I hope someone can come up with a nice and specific answer, other than "evolution". – CHM Apr 3 '12 at 2:35
_USER_ maybe a good answer could address "R vs K selected species" – David Apr 3 '12 at 5:54
Some kinds of apples also have wide range of fruit size. The tree in my grandparents garden have fruits varying from 3 to 12 cm in diameter (when they are ripe). – Marta Cz-C Apr 3 '12 at 18:46
This is also essentially two questions in one. We could be asking "What can explain the size difference in pumpkins", and "Why are all apples of similar size". – LanceLafontaine Apr 6 '12 at 16:16
It's fine as one question. Each aspect of jmusser poses here informs the other. It's all related. – Larry_Parnell Apr 6 '12 at 17:25
3 Answers 3
up vote 8 down vote accepted
Pumpkins, squashes in general, grow on vines, while apples grow on trees. Vines are fast growing and trees are not. Zucchini can be quite large; cucumbers, too. Pears, plums, peaches and other tree fruits do have a reduced variation in fruit size. While I do not know the answer to your question, my background in plant biology tells me that this is an important part of the reason. For example, a watermelon or pumpkin rests on the earth, but a tree fruit hangs. If that fruit is too heavy it falls from the ground before it is ripe - before the seeds are fully differentiated that is. So, while "evolution" might be an answer, it is important to discuss what aspects are at play.
I think it has to do with vine vs tree, and how the fruit is attached and hangs/lays.
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If you grow a melon on a trellis, it will grow and fall off under its own weight. – J. Musser Apr 4 '12 at 13:30
grapes grow on vines, but they are closer to apples in acceptable fruit sizes. – J. Musser Apr 18 '12 at 1:16
but grape bunches come in a wide variety of sizes. – futurebird Jun 21 '13 at 17:26
Does that mean if some external support is provided to say an apple, will it grow to a bigger size? Has there any such experiment done? – san1646 Oct 2 '14 at 21:25
Bigger pumpkins have more seeds than smaller pumpkins. When they get ideal nutrition the plant tries to make as many seeds as it can to take advantage of the windfall. Many of these vines with big fruit potential grow in compost and rotting material. So they are more opportunistic a pumpkin seed "in the wild" could land in a barren area or in a heap of rotting material-- if it hits the jackpot it meeds to quickly use those nutrients to make more seeds.
PLants with more consistent fruit sizes don't respond as well to "jack pot" levels of rotting material-- they like more consistent nourishment. I think this is another difference.
Also one large pumpkin is a more efficient way to enclose seeds than lots of little pumpkins.
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I suspect the answer to this, is that in looking at agricultural fruits you are looking at plants that have been the subject of artificial selection, and the tree vs vine thing is a practical limit, but not the driving factor... for instance a jack fruit grows on tree and is watermelon sized...
I think if you look at something like a pumpkin, you will likely see that pumpkins have 3 traits:
 1. Indeterminate growth... they will produce as many fruit as the season will let them.
 2. Individual fruit will try to complete growth and ripen before winter
 3. Vines with fewer fruit can devote more resources per fruit, and therefor larger fruit.
Even in apples; if all of the blooms go to fruit the apples will be smaller (commercially apples are thinned to make market acceptable sized fruit): _URL_
So I think the real issue is less tree vs vine, and more about growth patterns... it may be possible to have a watermelon sized apple, but the tree will have to be sturdy enough to support the fruit: so it isn't a non-issue, but support is a limiting factor.
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Well... If I support an apple, it will still mature at the same size. – J. Musser Jul 23 '14 at 2:00
that is a non sequitur... if an apple were to grow very much larger it would require more support. – Grady Player Jul 23 '14 at 3:52
Yes, but is that the only restriction on size variability within a species? – J. Musser Jul 23 '14 at 3:53
No it is only a limiting factor... apples are highly variable, there is a good segment on them on "The Botany of Desire" (TV show, probably book)... I think you can sort of generalize it as a distance = Rate * Time problem (it really isn't linear, I assume)... Rate is made up of how the plant responds to the level of growth hormones that it produces with the amount of nutrients it can provide, and the time is the time that it is in the part of the growth cycle that it is actually growing. – Grady Player Jul 23 '14 at 14:21
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- Canary Islands (1) (remove)
- The evolution of Saharan dust input on Lanzarote (Canary Islands) – influenced by human activity in the Northwest Sahara during the early Holocene? (2009)
- An overall Holocene increase of Saharan dust input to the Canary Islands and to the North Canary Basin is accompanied by a strong coarsening of Saharan dust in loess-like sediments deposited on Lanzarote from ~7–8 ka. No similar coarsening events are indicated in investigations of the sedimentological record for the last 180 ka, a period showing several dramatic climate changes. Therefore a mobilisation of Holocene dust by anthropogenic activity in the northwest Sahara east of the Canary Islands is assumed. Although scarce archaeological data from the coastal area of that region does not point to strong anthropogenic activity during the early Holocene, a high density of unexplored archaeological remains is reported from the coastal hinterlands in the Western Sahara. Thus, the hypothesis of early anthropogenic activity cannot be excluded.


text:
The advent and increasing use of smartphones has changed the way people access and consume their information, prompting changes in the way learning and training is delivered in organizations.
Training and learning content is increasingly being designed in the form of bite-sized nuggets that can be accessed and consumed by people on the move, anytime and anywhere on their smartphones or any other platform of their choice.
Here are the advantages of delivering bite-sized learning for enterprise training and learning and development (L&D).
1. To-the-Point Learning: Bite-sized learning is also known as micro-learning. Each nugget is around 3 to 5 minutes long which means that you can't cram it with a lot of information. The bite-sized learning content answers a specific question, for example, how to remove passwords from your PDF file.
The nugget will not provide any contextual information about the subject like what are PDF files and why they are password-protected. Rather it will dive right into the topic and take you through the steps involved in permanently unlocking your file. As is it clear from the example, bite-sized content is a specific answer to a specific question.
There is no meandering away from the subject under discussion. Bite-sized content is of particular use to the decision-makers, sales personnel and other such employees who need immediate access to a specific query to support their decision-making.
2. More in Tune with the Modern Pedagogical Practices: The millennial generation is spoilt for information. With so many distractions claiming attention, it becomes imperative to provide learning in small bite-sized packages which attention-challenged and time-challenged learners can consume and assimilate in a short time frame.
3. Multisensory Learning Experience: Since bite-sized learning is very specific and focussed on providing very condensed information on a subject, multimedia elements are liberally used to reinforce the concepts.
So, taking forward the example of removing password from a PDF file, bite-sized learning in this case can be in the form of video demonstrating the process, an audio in the background explaining how it is done, and then a list of the steps to reinforce the process. So, with bite-sized content, you can actually see learning in action, and this makes for better grasping and retention.
4. Reinforcing Learning: It is generally observed that people tend to forget 80% of what they have learnt over 30 days if that information is not revisited or put to use again and again. Bite-sized learning simplifies revisiting the concepts and thus is a great way to address the challenges of the forgetting curve.
Also, since these bite-sized nuggets are specific and in formats that include graphics, audio, video, infographics etc., they are less intimidating to the learners than long lessons in the text-only format.
5. Personalized Learning: Bite-sized learning nuggets are focused on answering specific queries, implying that organizations can harness them to provide personalized learning experiences. This will create more interest in the learning, enabling employees upgrade their skills.
Besides, this form of learning also helps to provide a more level playing field to all team members, who may otherwise not be able to follow lessons in traditional settings at the same pace or with the same level of understanding.
6. Empowering Learners: Micro-learning or bite-sized content nuggets are empowering for the learners as they can learn at their own pace and gain answers to their specific queries at the time when they want the answers or information. Thus, bite-sized learning makes for a great performance support tool, allowing learners to better perform their jobs, convert a lead into a sale or take the right decision at the right time.
7. Exploring New horizons: Mobile technology is very empowering as users can access a sea of information with a few clicks of a mouse. As mentioned earlier, bite-sized learning is very content-specific in that each nugget encapsulates very condensed information about a particular subject.
And while this may hold good for the learner who is challenged for time, there might be other moments when the users have time at hand, and they may want to further increase their knowledge on the subject. Micro-learning makes full use of technology, linking bite-sized learning content to various digital networks, communities and content resources which the learners can use to further build on their knowledge.
Creating and Delivering Bite-sized Learning for Enterprise Training
How to Guide:
How to Choose the Right LMS for Your Business
- Identify your Learning Goals: Since bite-sized learning is personalized, it is important that you first understand the learning goals – Do you want the modules to provide performance support, supplement classroom, online or ILT learning, or enable informed decision-making? You may also wish to take your employees on board to understand their knowledge gap areas and create nuggets more suited to their needs.
- Keep it Short: Bite-sized learning content should be very concise, not more than 3 to 5 minutes. Focus on one idea at a time and ensure that the information you provide is complete in itself such that it answers all learner's queries and they don't have to wade through unnecessary information to find what they are looking for. This holds true for performance support and decision-making. The other reason to keep it short is so that the learners can go through these nuggets during their free time – between meetings, during coffee breaks or while commuting. Provide links to social media, online communities and other content resources so that they can look for additional information if they require or connect with other members for discussions.
- Understand your End-learners' Learning Styles: Once again, take your employees into confidence to understand what type of technology they are most comfortable with to deliver bite-sized learning. There are various media types you can harness to create your micro-nuggets, for example, audio, video, graphics, infographics and the more advanced ones like animations and simulations.
- Study your Design Options: It is a good idea to match the format with the type of content and also with your budget. You may also talk to your in-house content developers or if you are outsourcing, to the eLearning content developers on the best formats for your content type.
- Ensure Usability Across Platforms: People consume their content on all types of platforms – laptops, PCs, tablets and mobiles, so make sure that your content is easy to access on all platforms and is available both offline and online.
- Use an LMS to Create your Bite-sized Learning Content: Instead of investing in an LMS, you can use third-party LMS solutions to create small bite-sized content and enrich it with various media types. You can also add evaluation tools to understand if your modules are meeting their requirements, and accordingly modify your content for better outcomes. For the best returns on your investment, do a thorough research on the LMS vendors and choose one with a wide experience and more specifically in your area of specialization.


UK population sees sharpest rise in nearly 70 years
The UK population has registered its sharpest annual rise in almost 70 years, new official figures have shown.
A total of 65.6 million were thought to be living in Britain at the end of June 2016, according to latest data released by the Office for National Statistics.
The number of inhabitants rose by 0.8%, equating to 538,000 people, the largest increase in population since the year to mid-1947.
Officials at the ONS said that net immigration into the UK remained the main driver of population growth.
There was also a rise in births and fewer deaths.


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Department of Education Issues Third Letter on Title IV Changes
May 2, 2006
Several revisions to the statutory language governing the return of Title IV funds rules are addressed in the latest Department of Education Dear Colleague letter. The letter (GEN-06-05), the final in a series of three detailing changes to the Title IV student aid programs enacted as part of the Higher Education Reconciliation Act, covers changes to student and institutional eligibility and the Student Assistance General Provisions.
Although Congress has not completed the long-delayed reauthorization of the Higher Education Act, a number of amendments to the HEA were included in the budget reconciliation bill that was enacted in early February. Several changes were made to the return of Title IV funds, or R2T4 as the rules governing the treatment of federal student aid when students withdraw during a term have come to be known. These include:
- easing the timely repayment requirements to allow institutions 45 days rather than 30 days to return unearned funds,
- limiting student repayments to the amount by which the overpayment exceeds one-half of the original grant amount,
- forgiving repayment obligations by students of $50 or less,
- requiring institutions to contact students who have withdrawn before making a post-withdrawal disbursement of a loan, and
- restricting applicability of the R2T4 requirements to the Pell, FSEOG, Federal Direct Loan, FFEL, and Perkins Loan programs, as well as the two new grant programs (Academic Competitiveness and SMART grants).
Other topics covered in the letter include a clarification of the restrictions on Title IV aid for students convicted of drug offenses, changes to needs analysis, and modification of the 50 percent rule relating to distance education.
The NACUBO contact for student aid issues is Anne Gross, vice president, regulatory affairs.
- Task Force Urges Regulatory Reform
- Legislators Take Action on Education, Charitable and Research Incentives
- Associations Comment on College Ratings System
- ON-DEMAND: How to Build, Develop, and Support a Compliance Program at Your Institution
- ON-DEMAND: Strategic Tuition Assessment and Tuition Restructuring
- ON-DEMAND: Are Shared Services Right for Your Organization – The KU Journey
- ON-DEMAND: VIRTUAL: 2014 Annual Meeting
- ON-DEMAND: VIRTUAL: Student Financial Services Conference
- ON-DEMAND: VIRTUAL: Higher Education Accounting Forum
- A Guide to College and University Budgeting: Foundations for Institutional Effectiveness, 4th ed. - by Larry Goldstein
- NACUBO's Guide to Unitizing Investment Pools - by Mary S. Wheeler
- Managing and Collecting Student Accounts and Loans - by David R. Glezerman and Dennis DeSantis


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||Changes for the Visual Representation of the World - Transfer from the Analogical to the Digital [Cambios para la representación visual del mundo - transferencia de lo analógico a lo digital]
||Schanz, Javier A. and Garcia, Claudia V.
||This research work deals with the changes of paradigms as treated by architecture. These changes result from the loss of values of ontological dimensions accepted so far. The analysis addresses the understanding of these changes pushing our logic towards an attempt to apprehend the new dynamics and parameters that have invaded our disciplinary field. In the design process, different logical projections derived from a combination of traditional representational methods and updated technical resources (analogic and digital) have been tried. Technical resources have always conditioned the ways of conceiving, practicing and experiencing art and architecture, it is on this basis that we seek to find out how different modeling techniques have modified the relationship between reality and its representations. Thus the central topic of our thesis is "transfer from the analogic to the digital". We have developed a chronological analysis of the evolution of images and we have seen how each period depends on the main material vector of transmission, which modifies the perception of space and time. Within this iconographic analysis, we reflected on which the rules that connect architecture and the different ways of representation and production are and we were able to show how new technological resources condition the way we conceive architecture today. In our opinion, the best way to understand the nature of digital means is the implementation of a methodology that ranges between direct and critical dialogue and manual and digital ways of production. The designed was applied on a "centre of contemporary art". This allowed experimentation in the treatment of general and particular issues arising from the process of means interaction.
|Year of publication:
Schanz, Javier A. and Garcia, Claudia V. (1999).
Changes for the Visual Representation of the World - Transfer from the Analogical to the Digital [Cambios para la representación visual del mundo - transferencia de lo analógico a lo digital]. III Congreso Iberoamericano de Grafico Digital [SIGRADI Conference Proceedings] Montevideo (Uruguay) September 29th - October 1st 1999, pp. 45-51,


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|Email Page / Jump to:|
Complete List of Links for the Hospitality Topic Hub -
Total Number of Links: 41
Sorted by Resource Type
NOTE: [PDF] links require the Acrobat Reader from Adobe.
Abstract: Becoming a Green Hotel
California Integrated Waste Management Board
Abstract: Waste Reduction in Hotels and Motels
Environmentally Benefical Landscaping [PDF]
Abstract: a sustainable land management technique that is cost effective, environmentally-sound and reduces adverse impacts to the natural environment.
EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing
Abstract: EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing - Cleaning Products Update
EPA Wave program for management of waste water [PDF]
Abstract: WAVE (Water Alliances for Voluntary Efficiency) is a non-regulatory water-efficiency partnership created and supported by U.S. EPA. WAVE's mission is to encourage commercial businesses and institutions to reduce water consumption while increasing efficien
FOG Programs [PDF]
Abstract: The measure of a successful FOG program (Fats, Oils & Grease) is prevention of blockages and sanitary sewer overflows (SSO's) at reasonable cost. Prevention requires advance warning of problems. Automated monitoring, inspection, and reporting.
Georgia Department of Natural Resources - Pollution Prevention Assistance Division - Hospitality Program
Abstract: P2AD provides the Hospitality industry in Georgia with waste management and source reduction assistance. This industry sector includes hotels, restaurants and other food service providers, theme parks/amusement sites, state parks, and convention centers.
Abstract: California Integrated Waste Management Board - Green Building Design and Construction
Abstract: Recommended Environmental Standards for Lodging Properties
NYC Wastele$$ Tips
Abstract: Review the waste prevention tutorial, waste prevention tips, and identify opportunities to reduce the quantity and toxicity of waste generated by your Agency.
Pennsylvania - Department of Environmental Protection
Abstract: Pennsylvania - Department of Environmental Protection - Green Hotels & Motels - Greening Hotel Lobbies
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection [PDF]
Abstract: Fact Sheet - Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection - The Tourism and Hospitality Industry Goes Green
Pennsylvania Green Hotels & Motels - Tourism and the Environment
Abstract: Greening the Guestroom
School of Hotel Administration - Cornell University
Abstract: Cornell Hotel School focuses on hospitality service-oriented management
The Green Plan for the Food Service Industry
Abstract: This website and program were created to help food service providers reduce waste generation and decrease amounts of oil and grease discharged into drains. The site has links to fact sheets on managing oil and grease and food.
The Tourism and Hospitality Industry Goes Green [PDF]
Abstract: This fact sheet about pollution prevention for hotels is a good source of waste reduction ideas, not just for the guest room, but also for the front desk, banquet areas,and Maintenance.
Waste Reduction and Recycling [PDF]
Abstract: This report covers the results of a waste audit and answers the following questions: (1) What waste materials are being generated in each department of the hotel?, (3) How are waste materials being handled currently from the point of generation to disposa
Waste Reduction Opportunity Assessment [PDF]
Abstract: This brochure covers observations and waste stream opportunities in all major departments of the facility. In addition, (1) opportunities are summarized by commodity, (2) potential utility saving are discussed, and (3) Public Relations and Education ideas
Case study/success story
Abstract: This waste reduction fact sheet is one of a series that assist the lodging industry in reducing waste and realize cost savings and an improved public image. The focus here is on the key elements of a successful environmental program. The Washington Duke I
Waste Reduction in Hotels and Motels - A Guide for Hotel and Motel [PDF]
Abstract: This guidebook was developed to assist hotel, motel and restaurant managers in organizing their waste reduction initiatives
Abstract: Fact sheet - Managing food waste. Great resource for hotel industry.
Green Business Standards Checklist
Abstract: Green Business Standards Checklist For Hotels and Motels
Green Business Standards Checklist
Abstract: Green Business Standards Checklist For Restaurants & The Food Service Industry
Less Garbage Overnight: A Waste Prevention Guide for the Lodging Industry [PDF]
Abstract: A guide for hotels and motels to use to identify strategies that can be implemented to prevent waste generation, reduce the burden on the natural environment, and save money. Purchasing, housekeeping, operations, and property improvements are included, as
Pennsylvania Green Hotels & Motels
Abstract: Pennsylvania Green Hotels & Motels - Tourism and the Environment - the following site will cover all subjects; a number of the subjects will also appear in the appropriate categories under Operations.
Abstract: This guide provides a step-by-step approach to developing a waste reduction campaign.
Abstract: Hospitality Related Associations - National Organizations and State Associations
Abstract: AH&LA provides assistance in operations, education, and communications, and lobbies on Capitol Hill.
Best Practice Ecotourism
Abstract: This energy and waste minimization guide was developed to assist Ecotourism and nature-based tourism operators move further down the track to achieving best practice.
Canada's Environmental Choice Program
Abstract: Includes a copy of the specifications for earning Environment Canada's EcoLogo for industrial and commercial cleaners.
Don't Throw Away That Food [PDF]
Abstract: Overview of EPA's Waste Reduction Record Setters Project, focusing on commercial and institutional food discard generators, which fosters development of exceptional waste reduction programs by documenting successful ones.
EPA Hospitality Site
Abstract: The hospitality industry spends $5 billion dollars every year on energy. Explore and use the tools and resources on this site to help your company improve its energy performance.
EPA's One-Stop Information Source for Green Meetings
Abstract: Green meetings help meet your meetings planning needs while minimizing negative impacts on the environment.
Hotel/Motel Waste Reduction - Guest Rooms/Housekeeping [PDF]
Abstract: Waste reduction fact sheet part of a series intended to assist the lodging industry in their efforts to reducing waste. The focus here is on guest room and housekeeping waste reduction practices, energy and water conservation and staff education.
IPM-Based Landscape Design
Abstract: A series of information pages with photos, illustrations, and text that detail specific design and construction practices that can be utilized to help minimize the reliance on pesticides for long-term landscape maintenance.
Janitorial Products Pollution Prevention Project
Abstract: WHAT CLEANERS HAVE THE MOST PROBLEMS Contains a series of helpful tools including information on the risks associated with more than 100 cleaning product ingredients, a list of high risk products, and risk evaluation forms. The site also includes a serie
Linens & Towels Reuse Program
Abstract: Project Planet Corp. - Linens & Towels Reuse Program
P2Pays' new industry Sector hub on Food Service
Abstract: A guide to P2 information on Food Service, as well as a compilation of pertinent on-line resources. This site contains information on activities that occur at commercial/institutional food service establishments.
Ski Green - Food and beverage services [PDF]
Abstract: P2 opportunites for the resturant besiness sector.
Transportation Project Addresses Impacts of Tourism
Abstract: Santa Barbara Car Free, also known as the Take a Vacation from Your Car Project, is a cooperative project led by the Santa Barbara County Air Pollution Control District. A group of agencies, organizations and businesses has been meeting since 1998 to disc
University of Nevada Las Vegas
Abstract: University of Nevada Las Vegas Hospitality site.


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You are here
Emergency Operations Plan
To respond effectively to any emergency of a size or complexity beyond routine responsibilities, it is critical that all City of Lynchburg employees, public officials, departments, agencies, non-governmental emergency organizations and the public understand their roles and responsibilities. These non-routine responsibilities begin as the incident is recognized and response ensues, and become particularly important as command organizes beyond the initial reactive phase of "first-due" responders.
The foundation for this coordinated response is established through the City of Lynchburg Comprehensive Emergency Management Program and its component Emergency Operations Plan (EOP). The Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) identifies the departments and agencies that are responsible for providing command and coordination capabilities for large-scale or unusual events, and describes how the multiple command and response components are organized and managed. It provides the framework to mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from any emergency or disaster.


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RIVERSIDE, Calif. – Biologists at the University of California, Riverside have found that voluntary activity, such as daily exercise, is a highly heritable trait that can be passed down genetically to successive generations.
Working on mice in the lab, they found that activity level can be enhanced with "selective breeding" – the process of breeding plants and animals for particular genetic traits. Their experiments showed that mice that were bred to be high runners produced high-running offspring, indicating that the offspring had inherited the trait for activity.
"Our findings have implications for human health," said Theodore Garland Jr., a professor of biology, whose laboratory conducted the multi-year research. "Down the road people could be treated pharmacologically for low activity levels through drugs that targeted specific genes that promote activity. Pharmacological interventions in the future could make it more pleasurable for people to engage in voluntary exercise. Such interventions could also make it less comfortable for people to sit still for long periods of time."
In humans, activity levels vary widely from couch-potato-style inactivity to highly active athletic endeavors.
"We have a huge epidemic of obesity in Western society, and yet we have little understanding of what determines variation among individuals for voluntary exercise levels," Garland said.
Study results appear online Sept. 1 in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
The researchers began their experiments in 1993 with 224 mice whose levels of genetic variation bore similarity to those seen in wild mouse populations. The researchers randomly divided the base population of mice into eight separate lines – four lines bred for high levels of daily running, with the remaining four used as controls – and measured how much distance the mice voluntarily ran per day on wheels attached to their cages.
With a thousand mice born every generation and four generations of mice each year, the researchers were able to breed highly active mice in the four high-runner lines by selecting the highest running males and females from every generation to be the parents of the next generation. In the control lines, breeders were chosen with no selection imposed, meaning that the mice either changed or did not change over time purely as a result of random genetic drift.
By studying the differences among the replicate lines, the researchers found that mice in the four high-runner lines ran 2.5-3-fold more revolutions per day as compared with mice in the four control lines. They also found that female and male mice evolved differently: females increased their daily running distance almost entirely by speed; males, on the other hand, increased speed but they also ran more minutes per day.
The study is an example of an "experimental evolution" approach applied rigorously to a problem of biomedical relevance. Although this approach is common with microbial systems and fruit flies, it has rarely been applied to vertebrates due to their longer generation times and greater costs of maintenance. The results of such studies can inform biologists about fundamental evolutionary processes as well as "how organisms work" in a way that may lead to new therapeutic strategies.
"This study of experimental evolution confirms some previous observations and raises new questions," said Douglas Futuyma, a distinguished professor of ecology and evolution at Stony Brook University, New York, who was not involved in the research. "It shows that 'there are many ways to skin a cat': different ways in which a species may evolve a similar adaptive characteristic – running activity, in this case. Garland and coauthors go further by beginning to explore the detailed ways in which an adaptive feature, such as muscle size or metabolic rate, may be realized and by showing sex differences in the response to selection. It would be fascinating to know, and challenging to find out, if any one of these different responses is adaptively better than others."
Garland was joined in the research by Scott Kelly, Jessica Malisch, Erik Kolb, Robert Hannon, Brooke Keeney, Shana Van Cleave and Kevin Middleton, all of whom work in his lab.
The study was supported primarily by a grant to Garland from the National Science Foundation.
Details of the experimental set-up
The mice run on wheels attached to their cages. Wheel running is a completely voluntary behavior for the mice. They can sit in their cages and not run at all. If they do run, they can get off the wheels at any time. For the experiments, each mouse was given access to the wheels for only six days of their lives. A computer recorded every minute how much distance (revolutions) the mice ran for the six days. The researchers selected breeders depending on how much distance the mice ran on days 5 and 6.
About Theodore Garland Jr.
Garland received his doctoral degree in biological sciences from UC Irvine. Before joining UCR in 2001, he was a faculty member at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is trained in comparative physiology and evolutionary biology, as well as quantitative genetics with emphasis on exercise physiology. He is co-editor of Experimental evolution: concepts, methods, and applications of selection experiments (University of California Press, 2009). On the editorial boards of several scientific journals, he is the author/coauthor of nearly 200 peer-reviewed publications.
The University of California, Riverside (_URL_) is a doctoral research university, a living laboratory for groundbreaking exploration of issues critical to Inland Southern California, the state and communities around the world. Reflecting California's diverse culture, UCR's enrollment of about 18,000 is expected to grow to 21,000 students by 2020. The campus is planning a medical school and has reached the heart of the Coachella Valley by way of the UCR Palm Desert Graduate Center. The campus has an annual statewide economic impact of more than $1 billion.
A broadcast studio with fiber cable to the AT&T Hollywood hub is available for live or taped interviews. To learn more, call (951) UCR-NEWS.
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


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Australian Collection Councils
Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria and Council of Heads of Australian Fauna Collections
The Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (CHAH) and Council of Heads of Australian Fauna Collections (CHAFC) represent the major faunal and flora collection institutions of each state and territory, as well as CSIRO collections. The councils aim to promote all matters of interest to faunal and flora collections in Australia and to increase cooperation and understanding between institutions.
The collections have a key role in Bush Blitz through:
- contributing to the selection of animal and plant groups for study
- carrying out field work
- undertaking taxonomy
- databasing and curating collected specimens
The collections are supplying scientific staff for surveys, as well as contributing over five million records of supporting data for analysis.
Atlas of Living Australia
National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy
The Atlas of Living Australia is a project funded under the Australian Government's National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS). Its mission is to develop an online, freely accessible biodiversity data management system to link Australia's distributed network of biological knowledge custodians.
Bush Blitz is a priority project for the ALA, which will develop supporting tools and infrastructure for Bush Blitz.


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||This article needs more links to other articles to help integrate it into the encyclopedia. (December 2012)|
In the context of software or information modeling, a happy path is a default scenario featuring no exceptional or error conditions, and comprises the sequence of activities executed if everything goes as expected. For example, the "happy path" for a function validating credit card numbers would be where none of the validation rules raise an error, thus letting execution continue successfully to the end, generating a positive response.
Process steps for a happy path are also used in the context of a use case. In contrast to the happy path, process steps for alternate paths and exception paths may also be documented.
Happy path testing is a well-defined test case using known input, which executes without exception and produces an expected output.
Happy day scenario and Golden path are synonyms for happy path.
|This computer programming-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


25 April 2011
Paper: Ion Beam Shepherd for Asteroid Deflection
Ion Beam Shepherd for Asteroid Deflection
C. Bombardelli, J. Pelaez
We present a novel concept to impart a continuous thrust to an Earth threatening asteroid from a hovering spacecraft without need for physical attachment nor gravitational interaction with the asteroid. The concept involves an ion thruster placed at a distance of a few asteroid diameters directing a stream of quasi-neutral plasma against the asteroid surface resulting into a net transferred momentum. As the transmitted force is independent of the asteroid mass and size the method allows deflecting subkilometer asteroids with a spacecraft much lighter when compared to a gravity tractor spacecraft of equal deflection capability. The finding could make low-cost asteroid deflection missions possible in the coming years.
Cite as: arXiv:1102.1276v1 []
Link: Citation
Link: Paper


How do you separate long video into parts?
How do I split a video into two parts online?
Split Video Online
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 2. 02. Split Video Online. Click the «Select Parts» button to set the start and end point of the parts that you want to split.
 3. 03. Save Video. Click the «Download» button and the selected clips of your video will be preparing for download.
How do you break MP4 into parts?
To Split an MP4 file, please follow the steps below:
 1. Download the free version of Bandicut, start Bandicut, click the 'Split' button and then open an MP4 file.
 2. Choose the split method, and click the 'Apply' button.
 3. Click the 'Start' button to initiate the video splitting.
28 янв. 2019 г.
How do you split a large video into small parts?
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Efficient Video Similarity Measurement and Search
CALIFORNIA UNIV BERKELEY DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCES
Pagination or Media Count:
The amount of information on the world wide web has grown enormously since its creation in 1990. Duplication of content is inevitable because there is no central management on the web. Studies have shown that many similar versions of the same text documents can be found throughout the web. This redundancy problem is more severe for multimedia content such as web video sequences, as they are often stored in multiple locations and di erent formats to facilitate downloading and streaming. Similar versions of the same video can also be found, unknown to content creators, when web users modify and republish original content using video editing tools. Identifying similar content can bene t many web applications and content owners. For example, it will reduce the number of similar answers to a web search and identify inappropriate use of copyright content. In this dissertation, we present a system architecture and corresponding algorithms to e ciently measure, search, and organize similar video sequences found on any large database such as the web. We rst introduce a class of randomized algorithms, called ViSig, to estimate video similarity. The basic idea is to summarize each video sequence into a small set of video frames, or a signature, that is most similar to a set of prede ned random images. Theoretical and experimental results show that video similarity can be reliably estimated by the ViSig method. Even though a small signature is su cient to estimate similarity, each frame in the signature is represented by a high-dimensional vector. Similarity search on a large database of high-dimensional vectors is a challenging problem from a computational viewpoint. To solve this problem, we propose a novel non-linear feature extraction technique that can be used in a fast similarity search system.
- Computer Systems
- Radio Communications


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|Title||Realization of a super waveguide for high-power-density generation and transmission using rightand left-handed transmission-line circuits|
|Publication Type||Journal Article|
|Year of Publication||2007|
|Authors||Y..H. Yao, T..J. Cui, Q.. Cheng, R..P. Liu, D. Huang, D.R. Smith|
|Journal||Physical Review E|
In an earlier work [Cheng and Cui, Phys. Rev. B 72, 113112 (2005)], we have shown theoretically that extremely high power densities can be generated and transmitted in a super waveguide which is filled with homogeneous bilayers of rightand left-handed materials. In this paper, we realize such a super waveguide using right-handed transmission-line (RHTL) and left-handed transmission-line (LHTL) circuits. After a rigorous design of the RHTL-LHTL structure, we observe the generation and transmission of high-power densities in the super circuit waveguide from accurate simulation results. Both lossless and lossy cases have been studied for the LHTL circuit. From the simulation results and the rigorous analysis of energy speeds, we show that high-power flows with opposite directions are excited in the RHTL and LHTL parts of the super waveguide, which form the energy vortices in the waveguide cross section.