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Principles Of International Environmental Law And Effects Of Electric Vehicle
I. Introduction
Until recently, the automotive industry's primary focus has been to reduce road transport's contribution to urban air pollution and move towards carbon neutrality through hybrid and alternative fuel vehicles, with electric vehicles having taken the lead. When it comes to climate change and air quality, electric cars are clearly preferable to petrol or diesel cars. In this article, it is examined the international principles of environmental law briefly and the impact and benefits of electric vehicles on environmental law.
II. General Principles of Environmental Law
1. Sovereignty and Responsibility Principle
International environmental law has developed between two (2) contradicting principles. First principle is that states' have sovereign rights over their natural resources. Second, states should not damage to the environment. However, the concept of sovereignty is not absolute, and state's general duty is not to cause environmental damage to the environment of other states. 1992 Rio Declaration stated that: "states have, in accordance with principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other states or areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction."1 Therefore, In those areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, such as the high seas, the applicable concept is not one of sovereignty, but is one of common heritage of humanity. In the other words, global property is open and its wealth cannot be appropriated by states.
2. The Precautionary Principle
Since scientific certainty often comes later for politicians and lawyers to protect against environmental danger, the burden of proof is switched. To wait for scientific proof regarding the impact of pollutants discharged into the environment may result in irreversible damage to the environment and human suffering. The precautionary principle requires that, if there is a strong suspicion that a certain activity may have environmentally harmful consequences, it is better to control that activity now rather than to wait for incontrovertible scientific evidence. This principle is expressed in the Rio Declaration, which stipulates in principle 15 Rio Declaration, where there are "threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation."2
3.The Prevention Principle
The pollution prevention principle should be differentiated from the duty to avoid environmental harm. Under this new rule, a state is under the obligation to prevent damage within its own jurisdiction. Preventing environmental harm is cheaper, easier, and less environmentally dangerous than reacting to environmental harm that already has taken place. The prevention principle is the fundamental notion behind laws regulating the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste and laws regulating the use of pesticides.
4. The "Polluter Pays" Principle
The "polluter pays" principle has been a dominant concept in environmental law. A state responsible for a violation of international law has to stop the injurious conduct which may be a cause for damage environment and revised the condition that existed prior to the wrongful conduct. According to this principle if the state cannot to re-establish the condition due to its impossibility, the state should pay compensation.
It is a common opinion that international law lacks absolute or strict liability as a general rule. There is no single basis of international responsibility applicable in all circumstances. Therefore, international environmental law is not conclusive and definite on the standard of care to environmental obligations. Such treaties may regulate the absolute liability for these activities. However, strict or absolute liability is challenging to impute for activities that are not ultrahazardous.3
5. Sustainable Development Principle
The principle of sustainable development has been defined by the 1987 Brundtland Report4 as a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
The concept of sustainable development difficult to apply in many cases, primarily because the results of long-term sustainability analyses depend on the particular resources focused upon. For instance, a forest that will provide a sustained yield of timber in perpetuity may not support native bird populations. However, sustainable development, as reflected in international agreements, encompasses at least three elements: (i) intergenerational equity (ii) sustainable use of natural resources (iii) integration of environment and development.
III. Electric Vehicles in the context of Environmental Law
1. What are the environmental benefits by using electric vehicles?
There are several great benefits to electric vehicles than conventional petrol/diesel cars:
i. Less Pollution: Driving an electric car provide to reduce harmful air pollution from exhaust emissions since an electric car has zero exhaust emissions.
ii. Renewable energy: An electric car is recharge with renewable energy and it supports to reduce your greenhouse gas emissions even further. It is recharged by solar energy system during the day. Another idea is to purchase Green Power from the electricity retailer. Then, even it is recharged from the grid, the greenhouse gas emissions are reduced.
iii. Eco-friendly materials: Not only is the operation of electric vehicles more environmentally friendly, it is also observed that a trend towards more eco-friendly production and materials of the cars. For instance, a car company considered the most fuel-efficient compact car with savings of up to $9,000 in 5 years. It is not only reducing greenhouse gas emissions but is also made up of recycled materials and the padding is made out of bio-based material.5
1. How the make electric vehicles more sustainable and environmental?
European Environment Agency has been published the Transport and Environment Reporting Mechanism report ("Report")6 regarding the progress of EU transport sector towards its environment and climate objectives. This Report brings a circular economy perspective to the electric car discussion, giving a lot attention to reuse, remanufacturing and recycling.
Firstly, it is necessary that make sure the electricity supply used for making and running electric cars comes from renewable sources and this is the significant influence factor on their environmental and health performance. Secondly, according to Report, these cars should last. In other words, squeezing the mileage out of every electric car that is being produced is vital. Therefore, if they are just driven for 70.000 kilometres and then scrapped, their overall environmental performance does not look good compared to conventional cars due to the extra energy used for their production. However, they are driven for 150.000 kilometres or more, the comparison strongly favours electric cars. This issue may help to increase the sustainability of electric cars and reducing the gas emissions.
Environmental law includes several significant principles which should be applied by countries and governments. These principles are (i) sovereignty and responsibility principle, (ii) the precautionary principle, (iii) the prevention principle, (iv) the "polluter pays" principle and (iv) sustainable development principle. The conventional car which run with petrol or diesel may be considered the biggest hazard for environment and air. Therefore, to provide environmental sustainability, to prevent environmental pollution, it is significant that crate awareness for using and manufacturing electric car and provide the continuance of this car.
1. United Nations Convention on the Rio Declaration of Environment and Development, June 15, 1992, principle 2, 31.
2. United Nations Convention on the Rio Declaration of Environment and Development, June 15, 1992, principle 15.
4. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (the Brundtland Report).
5. AU?vgroup1=PKB&c=PKB%3ABasics&vcategory2=Selling_and_Buying_Guides&s=


Stavronikita Tower (Sani)
Stavronikita Tower (Sani)
The Tower of Stavronikitas, also known as the Tower of Sani was built to protect the "metochi" (dependency) of the Stavronikita Monastery. The tower is in an excellent state of repair; it is 8 meters high, but the archaeologists believe that an upper floor is missing, and the original tower was much taller.
The Tower of Agios Georgios also called Stavronikita, or Sani Tower is located on an elevated position where historians assume the former area of the ancient Sani's acropolis stood. The historic city was built by settlers from Eretria and was said to be one of the most prosperous coastal cities of Halkidiki until the rise of the Roman era.
According to records found in the monastery, this whole area went by the name
'Pyrgos (gr. 'tower') as was mentioned in 1346 on an official document written by
the Serbian King Stefan Susan.
The Stavronikita Tower was probably built as a consequence of the looting of
Kassandra by Catalan mercenaries in _PHONE_. At that time the tower was called Agios Georgios and it was surrounded by a small village of monks. It was used to protect the Metochi Pinakas of the Mount Athos Monastery of Stavronikita, which had been purchased in 1543 by Patriarch Jeremiah I on behalf of the monastery. The monk's village was located 1km from the coast to prevent pirate attacks.
It is assumed that the tower must have been built at the Acropolis of ancient Sani, a city flourished until the Roman Empire. Others believe that the tower was used in the past as an observation post, where local people kept watch for approaching pirates.
The tower of Sani is characteristic of the Byzantine fortification art of the 13th-14th century, dominating the low coastal surface protrusion of the area.
Set on a low hill, which forms a natural amphitheater, the Tower provides also, the backdrop for the famous Sani festival which brings together artists from around the world during the summer.
Did you know?
It is said that Stavronikita tower is connected secretly, through an underground network, with Nea Fokea Tower. The guardians of the 2 towers exchanged messages of fire when they saw enemies coming through the sea and residents of the 2 cities managed to find shelter.
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History of Science Museum
The History of Science Museum covers the highlights of the historical aspect of science in Egypt during the Pharaonic and Hellenistic eras, as well as, during the golden age of the Arab Islamic world.
Press play for a virtual tour of the History of Science Musuem.
Back to History
Click on the presentations to view samples from the Museum content.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Planets and Stars - Poster - Bedroom
Space Maps
Having a universal theme as your focal point can be of great advantage, not just in terms of visual appeal, but also as talking point and reflection of your ideals. As children, we weRead morere told about how we should always reach for the stars and follow our dreams! Photowall's first-rate collection of space maps posters allows you to retain or strengthen that feeling. Stars have always been linked with inspiration, peace and meditation. Our array of space maps posters can bring these traits straight into your home, office or recreational space. You can look up to the sky and dream, but also onto your walls where these motifs can generate maximum visual interest, weight and impact. Alter your selected space maps posters to suit your interior design, colour schemes and any other decorative elements you want to mix or match with.
The stars of space maps posters
Ever since the beginning of human history, people have looked up at the sky for the presence of the sun, the stars or moon, with various cultures interpreting these celestial bodies in different connotations. They have acted as the link between civilizations and their gods, as well as a working calendar. This ancient obsession is already part of man's nature, which is why space maps posters are the ideal tool to capture that allure and the beauty of the sky up above us. Whether or not you are feeling inspired to learn about the wonders of the sky, the solar system, and all the science behind it, space maps posters is the decoration tool you have been searching for. The collection contains works of art that shine a more creative light on these wonders of the natural world. Just check out something like Planets and Stars. This space maps poster might look simple but the detail is so intricate that will discover something new every time you lay your eyes upon it.
To galaxies far, far, away
Space is incredibly mysterious and beautiful, but its marvels are so far away that we often neglect and forget they are even there. Bring some of the most fantastic galaxies and constellations in the universe right into your home with our collection of space maps posters, which include not only the famous Andromeda galaxy and the Orion nebula, but so many more. We have all learned about the order of the planets in school and thus our enchantment with the interstellar began at a very young age, but the learning does not need to stop there. You can always learn more with space maps posters! An example is the item titled Solar System - Explore, a perfect educational tool that teaches you exactly how big each planet is relative to the others and how they orbit the sun, amongst other things. Acquiring knowledge can be fun and with Photowall's space maps posters, it can all be done from the comfort of your armchair!
The essence of space maps posters
If you are looking for a reason to put up space maps posters in your home, office or any other space you are looking to spruce up and beautify, just think of one thing that has bewildered mankind since the beginning of time. No matter where you are from, where you grew up, we all have looked up to the stars and wondered what is up there. We have dreamed of strange civilizations and wondrous sights in the vast cosmos. You can bring that sense of astonishment home with amazing items from our space maps posters collection. Your children will be thankful in particular as we have plenty of child-friendly and affable space maps posters on hand. Take a look at Solar System Planets, which can be the perfect decor in your child's bed or study room.
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Source: Gopher Protocol, Inc.
Gopher Protocol Launches Web Development of its Avant! Artificial Intelligence Platform
SAN DIEGO, CA, May 22, 2018 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Gopher Protocol Inc. (OTCQB: GOPH) ("Gopher"), a company specializing in the creation of Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence enabled mobile technologies, announced that it is developing a new web interface for Avant!, its Artificial Intelligence Platform.
Avant! is Gopher's software that incorporates artificial intelligence, which it intends to use to control its GEO MESH system when fully developed. It is based on mathematical algorithms in the domain of machine, deep learning. Avant! uses natural language processing and cognitive computing to identify data objects during our MESH communication. When fully developed, it is intended to be used to control the system's nodes, that may be used in a wide variety of applications, for example, navigating a self-driving car. It is expected that Avant! will have the ability to harness vast amounts of data and computing power, learning GEO conditions, analyzing the data and making decisions in real time.
Gopher intends to provide access to the site once the interface is completed.
Gopher is currently laying the infrastructure for Avant! AI web application to enable access to its knowledge and advice in the GEO tracking domain and other applications.
"We take pride in our Avant! AI system and we are working to expand its capabilities. Its machine, deep learning and neural network technologies are its systems of intelligence that allow it to derive meaning from information and applying judgment. Avant! is capable of vast data processing enabling it to accelerate decisions and provide solutions in real time, which may be especially useful for our unstructured MESH technology," said Danny Rittman, Gopher's CTO. "Avant! AI utilizes advanced computing and knowledge representation and we are currently building a web interface to introduce it to the public in the future. Upon full development, it will be capable of analyzing and advising in other topics outside of our GEO tracking technology," added Dr. Rittman.
About Gopher Protocol Inc.
Gopher Protocol Inc. (OTCQB: GOPH) ("Gopher") ( is a development-stage company which consider itself Native IoT creator, developing Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence enabled mobile technology. Gopher has a portfolio of Intellectual Property that when commercialized will include smart microchips, mobile application software and supporting cloud software. The system contemplates the creation of a global network. The core of the system will be its advanced microchip technology that can be installed in any mobile device worldwide. Gopher envisions this system as an internal, private network between all enabled mobile devices providing shared processing, advanced mobile database management/sharing and enhanced mobile features.
Corporate Site:
Press page/ press kit -
Consumer and product website for Guardian Patch:
About Guardian Pet Tracker
GOPH disclosure: More info: SEC link /technology abstract:
Forward-Looking Statements
Dr. Danny Rittman, CTO
Gopher Protocol Inc.
VM Only _PHONE_


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Humans are pushing wild mammals all over the globe to increasingly become creatures of the night, moving their daytime activities toward the darker hours, a new study finds.
This day-to-night shift, described in the journal Science, could have a host of implications for the health and survival of these species — and the structure of their ecosystems as a whole.
Roughly 75% of the world's land surface has been impacted by humans, researchers say. As animals have found themselves trapped in shrinking parcels of pristine land, they've had to adapt to living in the presence of cities or near human activity.
For instance, some birds have had to change the frequency of their songs to communicate in loud urban environments, scientists have found. Others have discovered that blackbirds become more sedentary.
Kaitlyn Gaynor, a wildlife ecologist and PhD candidate at UC Berkeley, wondered if mammals were not just being displaced in space, but also in time — that is, if they were changing their routines to avoid humans, who primarily operate during daylight hours.
"In recent decades, the advent of technologies, such as satellite and GPS telemetry or camera traps, has made it possible to monitor wildlife activity more accurately," wrote Benítez-López, who wasn't involved in the study.
Using these methods, researchers have published a number of studies documenting changes in wildlife activity at the regional level. But Gaynor wanted to see if she could find a global pattern. So she and her colleagues conducted a meta-analysis of 76 papers about 62 different species spanning six continents.
The researchers focused on mediumand large-sized mammals. These animals need a lot of space, have more potential to interact with humans, and are behaviorally very flexible. Also, there was more data on their 24-hour activity patterns.
The team compared the "nocturnality" — the share of an animal's activity that was conducted at night — of animals that lived in places with low and high levels of human disturbance.
They found that animals that lived in areas with high human activity were indeed shifting to more nocturnal activity, by a factor of 1.36. (For example, this meant that an animal that used to spend 50% of its active time at night would see that share rise to 68%.) The trend held across continents, habitats, types of animals and even types of human activity.
"We expected to find a trend towards increased wildlife nocturnality [across] species, but we were surprised by just how consistent the results were," Gaynor said.
Whether that human activity was lethal (such as hunting) or largely harmless didn't seem to matter.
"The response is of equal magnitude to activities that don't actually pose a risk to animals, like hiking through the woods — activities that we think of leaving no trace," she said.
The phenomenon was widespread — 83% of the 141 case studies in the analysis saw an increase in nocturnality. Larger mammals appeared to shift more strongly, the scientists wrote, "either because they are more likely to be hunted or as a result of an increased chance of human encounter."
This shift could have a broad range of impacts that could ripple through an ecosystem, both the study authors and Benítez-López said. Among them:
- If apex predators can't hunt as well at night as they can during the day, they may lose their ability to regulate the populations of prey species.
- A nighttime shift by one species could force it into competition with other animals who use the same resources but at different times.
- As some animals move into the nighttime, competitors might take over their daytime niches.
- Animals that are sensitive to human presence might start to lose out to those that are not.
- Seed sizes may have to evolve if the large mammals that usually disperse them during the daytime are no longer doing so.
- Even animals that remain active mostly in the daytime could see their stress levels go up — which could have long-term physiological consequences that affect their survival or reproduction rates but would be more difficult to observe.
"Holistic approaches that take into account behavioral, physiological, population, and evolutionary responses to human disturbance across taxa are urgently needed to fully understand the consequences of human encroachment for the persistence of wildlife populations," Benítez-López wrote.
It's unclear whether the changes stop at the behavioral level, or whether having humans nearby is influencing deeper, more permanent changes.
"That's the next frontier in research," Gaynor said. "We don't really know whether these behavioral adaptations are accompanied by morphological or physiological adaptations in which animals are developing traits through natural selection that facilitate improved success at night."
Ultimately, the scientists said, the findings could be used to create protected times of day for wildlife, just as we create protected spaces.
In some ways, that's already happening during certain times of the year, like breeding seasons, the authors pointed out. But more could be done.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Meal patterns consist of breakfast, lunch, dinner, and occasional snacks. Rice is typically the base of each meal and is accompanied by a clear or a vegetable soup, fish, or meat and vegetables (fresh and dried). Most families eat all three meals together in Southeast Asia (Story and Harris, 1989).
Local Cambodians usually do not have a place to grow vegetables or raise livestock and rely on shops in their neighborhood run by other Southeast Asians. The bulk of their food is bought at these stores with only an occasional visit to chain stores such as Safeway. White rice continues as a main staple with accompanying soup. Brown rice is not typically eaten with some local Cambodians stating that it is for birds and prisoners. Some additional favorites include: fish, shrimp, stir fried vegetables and the following vegetables: eggplant, cauliflower, broccoli, string beans, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, Thai okra, and watercress. Fruit is often included in a meal and may include: coconut, mango, pineapple, pomegranate, tamarind, mangostein, watermelon, orange, rambutan, durian, jackfruit or guava. Sweets are a rare addition and may include imported cupcakes, cookies, or candies. Family meals are still valued, however, daily life takes family members away from home at all hours (working, ESL, and school) making communal mealtime often difficult.
Cambodian families in Seattle shop for food at a mix of stores. Nowadays, the larger chain grocery stores tend to have more Asian foods available to be purchased. The older generation may still shop primarily at local Asian groceries, while families with children who grew up in the U.S. may shop more at grocery stores like Safeway and also at Asian groceries. Young Cambodians who grew up in the United States may not like to eat traditional foods cooked by parents.
Update 2009: the following is excerpted from Cambodian Shop Around Program
Cambodian Americans now live in a culture with easy access to unhealthy foods. The American culture of a sedentary lifestyle and a surplus of convenient high fat, high calorie, low-cost foods may contribute to weight gain and disease. In 2002, a report by the Lowell Community Center (Lowell, Massachusetts) suggested that an estimated 26% of approximately 10,000 Cambodians in Lowell ate American meals at least once a day (Cambodian Community Health 2010, 2002). Adjusting to a Western lifestyle may result in increased risk for diabetes and adverse health outcomes for many Cambodian Americans.
Many of the issues that Cambodian Americans face when trying to eat healthily in the U.S. are similar to those faced by many other Americans but with higher incidence. Rising food costs, unfamiliar foods, busy schedules and lack of nutrition education are some of the challenges Cambodians face when trying to improve dietary habits.
Vegetables that are familiar to Cambodians because of their common use and availability in Cambodia may be unavailable in the U.S. When they are imported, they may not be fresh or affordable. There is lack of knowledge about how to prepare vegetables that are available in the U.S. but which were not eaten in Cambodia. Consequently, people consume a reduced number of vegetables.
Busy schedules constrain the time people can spend on food preparation and meal planning. Many people choose less healthy alternatives that are ready to eat or quicker to prepare, such as Vietnamese sandwiches and Ramen noodles. Traditionally, at least one meal a day would be prepared to be eaten as a family meal. Nowadays this may not occur as regularly.
See related Nutrition and Fasting in Cambodian Culture.
See: Cambodian Foods that Affect Blood Sugar: A Guide for Cambodian Patients - narrated video presentation (also available as a PDF without audio narration). This presentation is intended to be used by clinicians during discussion with patients about carbohydrates and blood glucose. It is culturally tailored to reflect foods commonly consumed by Cambodian Americans.
Drinks, Drugs and Indulgences
This section has been written by Keo Mony, Seattle, WA, Community Contributor to EthnoMed
In Cambodia may people drink locally brewed rice wine that is relatively inexpensive. It often has herbs, tree bark and/or wild animal parts added and it believed to have medicinal properties. Because of the demand for higher alcohol content, recently some brewers started to spike the wine with insecticides which caused death, blindness and other illnesses. Consequently the Cambodian Ministry of Health appealed to the people to quit drinking the locally brewed rice wine.
Traditionally Cambodians smoked and gave cigarettes as offerings and gifts. Most men and some women smoke. Multinational cigarette companies have successfully encouraged Cambodians to smoke more.
Drug abuse problems are new in Cambodia. Currently methamphetamine use has the most severe impact on the culture, but marijuana is smoked throughout the country. Various pharmaceuticals, opium and heroin are occasionally abused.
In the US Cambodians most commonly used alcohol and tobacco; some use crack cocaine. Low income Cambodians are at greatest risk for substance abuse.
Most Cambodians consume locally brewed rice wine. Foreign beers and liquors are abundant but tend to be expensive.
The rice wine is usually consumed after herbs, tree bark and/or wild animal parts have been added to it. The concoction is believed to help sustain good health, have medicinal properties and improve energy levels. It is popular with laborers and the poor. Women also use it after giving birth.
Rice wine is becoming very dangerous because brewers, responding to the strong demand for higher alcohol content, spike their product with insecticide. In 1996, for example, more than 50 people, and in 1998 more than 44 people, died from consuming the poisonous wine. The Cambodian Health Ministry appealed to the population to stop consuming the potentially poisonous rice wine because which was causing death, blindness and other serious ailments.
Smoking is not a new phenomenon to Cambodians. It is part of the culture. Cigarettes, among other items, are usually included with the offerings made to a monk, given to guests at wedding receptions and provided to houseguests. In the rural areas, smoking is even used to keep away insects.
The recent influx of multinational cigarette companies into Cambodia and the success of their aggressive advertising campaigns have increased smoking drastically. According to figures from Indochina Research, a private research firm, 69 percent of men and 10 percent of women in Cambodia smoke. The numbers are even higher in rural areas, where it is reported that 85 percent of men smoke. (Phnom Penh Post, Jan. 18-31, 2002, Vol.11, No.2)
Cambodia had been spared from drug abuse problems for many years. However, in the past few years drug abuse, especially related to methamphetamine use, has become a major national concern.
Known as yaba (crazy medicine), methamphetamine is smuggled in from neighboring Thailand. It is widely used by diverse groups such as garment factory workers, soldiers, manual laborers, sex workers, street children and middle class teenagers. According to a program officer for the UN Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention, the abuse "has reached levels which are quite horrific, especially amongst young people." (The Cambodia Daily, Aug. 21-22, 2002) Because of the heavy use of methamphetamine by many young Cambodians from various socioeconomic classes, there is great concern that drug abuse will grow to become as even bigger problem in the future and will be associated with increasing crime and a greater variety of substances of abuse.
According to a DEA Drug Intelligence Brief for Dec. 2001, marijuana is used throughout Cambodia. Other drugs that are abused to a much lesser extent are various pharmaceuticals, opium, and heroin.
There are currently no estimates available on the number of Cambodian drug addicts.
In the United States
In the US, according to U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Cambodians most commonly use alcohol and tobacco. Crack cocaine is used to a lesser extent. The Cambodians most at risk of substance abuse are low-income individuals of all ages and of either gender.
Khmer weddings in the U.S. always "require" that some form of hard liquor, such as whiskey, be served. It is considered offensive not to provide alcohol to wedding guests.
Recent studies in California among three Asian American immigrant groups found the highest cigarette smoking rate is among Cambodian men at 71% (compared to 65% for Vietnamese and 55% for Chinese-Vietnamese). The rate is far higher than the state or national average for males. (Facts on Asians and Pacific Islanders and Tobacco [website] _URL_)
A survey conducted by the Washington State Health Department in 1989 found that 32.8% of Cambodian men smoke. (Washington state, 1989 - MMWR 41(45); 854-855,861) This statistic seems to be very low when compared to other data from Cambodia and California. The editor notes that the actual smoking prevalence may be underestimated because of family advice to deny smoking because of possible penalties and unreliable recording of smoking habits by interviewers.
Alcohol and Gambling
Over the last decades in the United States, people have worked so hard that there is a sense now among some Cambodians that it is finally time after so much hardship, to enjoy life. Overall, consumption of alcohol is increasing in the Cambodian community in Seattle. Many people drink every week. People will drink at every social and community gathering whereas in the past that was not always the case. Stress relief, especially for single or divorced women, may be a factor leading to more drinking. Tolls are taken on marriages and families, with some families splitting up, and some


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In linguistics, fillers
are sounds or words that are spoken to fill up gaps in utterances. Different languages have different characteristic filler sounds; in English, the most common filler sounds are "uh" "er" and "um". "Like", "y'know", and "basically" are more prevalent among youths.
Filler words in different languages
- In Danish, 'Øh' is one of the most common fillers.
- In Filipino, ah, eh, ay, am are the most common fillers.
- In French, euh is most common; other words used as fillers include quoi ("what"), bah (or ben), tu vois ("you see"), and eh bien (roughly "well", as in "well, I'm not sure")
- In Hungarian, a common filler word is Izé.
- In Italian, e is one of the most common fillers
- In Japanese, common fillers include ehto, ano and nto.
- In Korean, eung, eo, ge, and eum are commonly used as fillers.
- in Lithuanian, ten (there) and čia (here) are common fillers.
- In Mandarin Chinese speakers often say zhege ("this"), or "neige" ("that").
- In Norwegian, common fillers are på en måte ("in a way"), ikke sant (literally "not true": "isn't it?" / "no kidding", "exactly"), and liksom ("like").
- In Romanian, deci ("therefore") is common, especially in school. î (lengthened accordingly to the pause in speaking) is also very common, whereas păi ("hm, well") is widely used by almost anyone.
- In Russian, fillers are called слова-паразиты (vermin words); the most common are "Э-э" (eh), "это" (this), "того" (that), "ну" (well), "значит" (it means), "как его" (what's it [called]), "типа" (like).
- In Spanish, fillers are called muletillas; some of the most common in American Spanish are e, este ("this") and o sea ("that is").
- In Swedish, fillers are called utfyllningsord; some of the most common are "öhm", "ja" ("yes"), "alltså" ("therefore", "thus"), "va", "liksom" and "typ" (both similar to the English "like").
- In Urdu, 'yani' (meaning..), 'falan falan' (this and that; blah blah), 'umm' and 'aaa' are common fillers.
- In Welsh, de or ynde is used as a filler (loosely the equivalent of "you know?" or "innit"). Ym... and Y... are used similarly to the English "Erm...".
A common pitfall among language learners is using fillers from their native tongue. For example, "Quiero una umm.... quesadilla". While less of a shibboleth, knowing the placeholder names (sometimes called kadigans) of a language (e.g. the equivalent of "thingy") can also be useful to attain fluency, such as the French "truc": Je cherche le truc qu'on utilise pour ouvrir une boîte ("I'm looking for the thingy that you use to open up a can").


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DROP DEFAULT (Transact-SQL)
Removes one or more user-defined defaults from the current database.
DROP DEFAULT will be removed in the next version of Microsoft SQL Server. Do not use DROP DEFAULT in new development work, and plan to modify applications that currently use them. Instead, use default definitions that you can create by using the DEFAULT keyword of ALTER TABLE or CREATE TABLE.
Before dropping a default, unbind the default by executing sp_unbindefault if the default is currently bound to a column or an alias data type.
After a default is dropped from a column that allows for null values, NULL is inserted in that position when rows are added and no value is explicitly supplied. After a default is dropped from a NOT NULL column, an error message is returned when rows are added and no value is explicitly supplied. These rows are added later as part of the typical INSERT statement behavior.
A. Dropping a default
If a default has not been bound to a column or to an alias data type, it can just be dropped using DROP DEFAULT. The following example removes the user-created default named datedflt.
USE AdventureWorks2012; GO IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sys.objects WHERE name = 'datedflt' AND type = 'D') DROP DEFAULT datedflt GO
B. Dropping a default that has been bound to a column
The following example unbinds the default associated with the EmergencyContactPhone column of the Contact table and then drops the default named phonedflt.
USE AdventureWorks2012; GO IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sys.objects WHERE name = 'phonedflt' AND type = 'D') BEGIN EXEC sp_unbindefault 'Person.Contact.Phone' DROP DEFAULT phonedflt END GO


Lugaru's Epsilon
Epsilon User's Manual and Reference
 Primitives and EEL Subroutines
 ...
 Display Primitives
 Creating & Destroying Windows
 Window Resizing Primitives
 Preserving Window Arrangements
 ...
 File Primitives
 ...
 Low-level File Primitives
 Manipulating File Names
 Internet Primitives
 Tagging Internals
 Operating System Primitives
 System Primitives
 Window System Primitives
 Calling Windows DLLs
 Running a Process
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Dired Subroutines Primitives and EEL Subroutines Internet Primitives
Manipulating File Names
absolute(char *file, ?char *dir)
relative(char *abs, char *rel, ?char *dir)
int is_relative(char *fname)
Because the current directory can change, through use of the chdir( ) primitive described above, Epsilon normally keeps file names in absolute pathname form, with all the defaults in the name made explicit. It converts a file name to the appropriate relative pathname whenever it displays the name (for example, in the mode line).
The absolute( ) primitive takes a pointer to a character array containing a file name. It makes the file name be an absolute pathname, with all the defaults made explicit. For example, if the default drive is B:, the current directory is /harold/papers, the path_sep variable is "\" and the 80 character array fname contains "proposal"; calling absolute( ) with the argument fname makes fname contain "B:\harold\papers\proposal".
The primitive relative( ) does the reverse. It takes a file name in absolute form and puts an equivalent relative file name in a character array. Unlike absolute( ), which modifies its argument in place, relative( ) makes a copy of the argument with the changes. If the default drive is B:, the current directory is \harold and the 80 character array abs contains B:\harold\papers\proposal, calling relative(abs, rel); puts "papers\proposal" in the string array rel. You can also get a relative file name by using the %r format specifier in any Epsilon primitive that accepts a printf-style format string.
The relative( ) and absolute( ) primitives each take an optional additional argument, which names a directory. The absolute( ) primitive assumes that any relative file names in its first argument are relative to the directory named by the second argument. (If the second argument is missing or null, the primitive assumes that relative file names are relative to the current directory.) Similarly, if you provide a third argument to the relative( ) primitive, it makes file names relative to the specified directory, instead of the current directory.
Note that in EEL string or character constants, the \ character begins an escape sequence, and you must double it if the character \ is to appear in a string. Thus the Windows file name \harold\papers must appear in an EEL program as the string "\\harold\\papers".
The is_relative( ) primitive returns nonzero if the file name looks like a relative pathname, not an absolute pathname. (It's not intended for use with URLs.)
char *get_tail(char *file, ?int dirok)
The get_tail( ) primitive takes a string containing a file name and returns a pointer to a position in the string after the name of the last directory. For example, suppose that file is the string "/harold/papers/proposal". Then
get_tail(file, 0)
would return a pointer to "proposal". Since the pointer returned is to the original string, you can use this primitive to modify that string. Using the above example, a subsequent
strcpy(get_tail(file, 0), "sample");
would make file contain the string "/harold/papers/sample". The dirok argument says what to do with a file name ending with a separator character "\" or "/". If dirok is nonzero the primitive returns a pointer to right after the final separator character. If dirok is zero, however, the primitive returns a pointer to the first character of the final directory name. (If file contains no directory name, the primitive returns a pointer to its first character when dirok is zero.)
char *get_extension(char *file)
The get_extension( ) primitive returns a pointer to the final extension of the file name given as its argument. For example, an invocation of
would return a pointer to the ".c" part, and get_extension("text") would return a pointer to the null character at the end of the string. Like get_tail( ), you can use this primitive to modify the string.
int is_path_separator(int ch)
The is_path_separator( ) primitive tells if a character is one of the characters that separate directory or drive names in a file name. It returns 1 if the character is "\" or "/", 2 if the character is ":", otherwise 0. Under Unix, it returns 1 if the character is "/", otherwise 0.
user char path_sep;
The path_sep variable contains the character for separating directory names. It is "\" under Windows, "/" under Unix.
add_final_slash(char *fname)
drop_final_slash(char *fname)
The add_final_slash( ) primitive adds a path separator character like / or \ to the end of fname, if there isn't one already. The drop_final_slash( ) primitive removes the last character of fname if it's a path separator. These primitives never count : as a path separator.
abbreviate_file_name(char *file, int room)
The abbreviate_file_name( ) subroutine defined in disp.e modifies the filename file so it's no more than room characters long, by replacing sections of it with an ellipsis (...). If file is no more than room characters long to begin with, it won't be changed. Values of room less than 10 will be treated as 10.
int is_remote_file(char *fname)
char url_services[50] = "ftp|http|telnet|scp|ssh";
int remote_file_type(char *fname)
The is_remote_file( ) primitive tells whether fname looks like a valid URL. It returns 1 if fname starts with a service name like ftp://, http://, or telnet://, or 2 if fname appears to be an Emacs-style remote file name like /hostname:filename. It uses the url_services variable to determine which service names are valid; this must be a series of |-separated names.
The remote_file_type( ) subroutine is somewhat similar; it tries to determine if a file fname refers to a remote directory, a file pattern, or some other sort of thing. It returns 1 if fname doesn't have the format of a remote file (so it might be a local file), 2 if its syntax is invalid, 3 if it's a remote file that specifies a service other than ftp or scp, 4 if there's no file name after its host name, 5 if it uses wildcards, 6 if it ends in a path separator, or 7 if it uses ~ to name a user's home directory and has no file name following that.
If none of these cases apply, the subroutine contacts the remote system to test whether fname refers to a directory or a file, and returns 8 if it's a directory, otherwise 0. (A value of 0 doesn't indicate there's necessarily a file by that name, just that there is no directory by that name.)
get_executable_directory(char *dir)
get_executable_file(char *dest, char *prog, int quoted)
The get_executable_directory( ) function stores the full pathname of the directory containing the Epsilon executable into dir. The get_executable_file( ) function uses this; it writes into dest the full pathname of a file prog in the same directory as Epsilon's executable. If quoted is nonzero, the file name is inside a pair of quote characters, for use in a command line.
look_up_tree(char *res, char *file, char *dir, char *stop)
int is_in_tree(char *file, char *tree) /* files.e subr. */
The look_up_tree( ) subroutine searches for file in the given directory dir, its parent directory, and so forth, until it finds a file named file or reaches the root directory. If it finds such a file, it returns nonzero and puts the absolute pathname of the file into the character array res. If it doesn't find a file with the given name, it returns zero and leaves res set to the last file it looked for. If file is an absolute pathname to begin with, it puts the same file name in res, and returns nonzero if that file exists. If dir is a null pointer, look_up_tree( ) begins at the current directory. If stop is non-null, the function only examines child directories of the directory stop. The function stops as soon as it reaches a directory other than stop or one of its subdirectories. This function assumes that all its parameters are in absolute pathname form.
The is_in_tree( ) subroutine returns nonzero if the pathname file is in the directory specified by dir or one of its subdirectories. Both of its parameters must be in absolute pathname form.
user char path_list_char;
The path_list_char variable contains the character separating


Reader Level:
Translate Driving Directions from Google Maps in XML Format
By Syed Ahmed on Jan 29, 2010
In this example, It has been demonstrated on how you can integrate the Keyhole Markup Language KML document in using C Sharp.
Figure 1
In this example, It has been demonstrated on how you can integrate the Keyhole Markup Language KML document in using C Sharp. The Google maps return this document in result of Http request sent by the user which contains the data for direction and distance. You will see the implementation and translation when you walk in to the code. I have use Linq allows XML data to be queried by using the standard query operators as well as tree-specific operators that provide XPath-like navigation through descendants, ancestors, and siblings. It simplifies working with XML data without having to resort to using additional language syntax like XPath or XQuery. You can use LINQ to XML to perform LINQ queries over XML that you retrieve from the file system, from a remote web service, or from in-memory XML content.
Using the code
The first thing we will do is add the namespaces we will be using. Our code-behind will look something like this:
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Configuration;
using System.Data;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Security;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.HtmlControls;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls.WebParts;
using System.Xml.Linq;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Xml;
Figure 2
Line 1:
XNamespace obj_XNameSpace = XNamespace.Get("");
Line 2:
string Des_Source_URL = " " + from_text + " to " +
to_text + "&output=kml&view=text";
Before going into detail there are some points to keep in mind.
 1. XNamespace ("") this will works as a namespace for which we will use to parse the KML for the specified Uniform Resource Identifier
 3. Browser Qurey "from_address" to "to_address" "&output=kml&view=text"; (where "from" and "to" are the keywords).
 4. The "output" parameter retrieves the result in the given format which will be KML in this case.
Figure 3
Hint : If you type the Query above in step 2 in the brower url window after a filedownload dialog will apprear and asked you to save the file.
The code is really simple and straight forward. If you are familiar with the Linq then i bet you can do more inquisitive things. Right now it's just a basic example where i have created a user control which mainly consists of two Text boxes, Button and a Grid view. I am using the ScriptManager for AJAX functionality in order to improve the performance and less postback.
In the following Linq query i am loading all the decendants elements of "Placemark".in IEnumerable object as shown in Figure 2.And I need to get just Placemark(name,description) WITHOUT StyleMap, Point, LookAt (PlaceMark) I'm using the following code, but due to the fact that all nodes are "Node" I get all levels of Descendants. I would like to limit it to only one level.
"IEnumerablenodes = from n in Des_Source_document.Descendants(obj_XNameSpace + "Placemark")select n;"
The Xdocument.Descendants() Returns a collection of the descendant elements for this document or element, in document order.
 var Select_Name_Doc = from n in nodes
 where ((from x in n.Descendants(obj_XNameSpace + "name")
 select x).Count() > 0) && ((from y in n.Descendant(obj_XNameSpace
 + "description")
 select y).Count() > 0
 select n;
Inside this Linq query i am getting the value of required nodes value. Which are "name" and "description". Please make sure that XML is case sensitive so the Xname should be precisely in the same format as shown in Figure 2.
 foreach (var node in Select_Name_Doc)
 DataRow dr = obj_datatble.NewRow();
 dr["Value"] = node.Descendants(obj_XNameSpace + "name").First().Value;
 dr["Distance"] = node.Descendants(obj_XNameSpace + "description").First().Value;
 GridView1.DataSource = obj_datatble;
After getting all the vlaues in Select_Name_Doc I declare a cusom DataTable with two rows "value" and "distance" and then storing vlaue of each node in these rows and then add in to a DataTable inside foreach loop. After it's done adding the rows, I assigned the DataTable to GridView as DataSource and then bind the datagrid.
Syed Ahmed
Syed Ahmed
I am an Application developer for more than 5 years now. I am currently working for the Title Company. My experties are mainly in Web application but i am also getting myself in Desktop applications.
JetBrains ReSharper Ultimate
Infragistics jQuery Controls
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text:
Disruptive Behavior in the Classroom
(UNC-GA Policies for Students-Adopted by BOG October 26, 1970)
The instructor may withdraw a student from a course for behavior he deems to be disruptive to the class. The grade assigned will be "W" if the behavior occurs before the deadline for dropping a course without academic penalty, and the instructor has the option of giving a "W" or a "F" if the behavior occurs after the deadline.
I. Binding Procedures for Instructors
The instructor must provide an opportunity for the student to be heard. In providing this opportunity, the instructor must follow the procedure described below:
- The student should be notified in writing at the next class attended that the instructor proposes to drop the student from the course for disruption of the class, and the instructor should provide the student with written instructions regarding the time and place for a meeting with the instructor. A copy of this written notification must be sent to the instructor's department head at the same time.
- A time limit of five working days (M-F) from the time written notification is given for the student's opportunity to be heard by the instructor.
- The date of notification establishes whether the withdrawn student will be given a "W"or "F." "W" is appropriate before the published withdrawal deadline and either "W" or "F" is appropriate after that date, at the instructor's discretion.
- The instructor may suspend the student from class until the instructor takes final action to withdraw the student from class or to allow the student to continue in the class. The final decision to withdraw or continue the student is the instructor's.
- Either party in the resolution of this dispute may invite one other person of the university community to be present as an observer.
II. Students' Right to Appeal
If the student wishes to appeal the instructor's decision to withdraw the student from class, he/she should follow the academic appeal procedures outlined in the section on grading in the Undergraduate Bulletin.


PTA Home > Archive >
Ronald McDonald Houses
Sunflower is collecting...
POP TABS for Ronald McDonald Houses
Collecting pop tabs helps Ronald McDonald House Charities (RMHC) pay the bills so moms and dads need not worry about where to stay while their children are in the hospital. The program is an easy way for people of all ages to support RMHC and make a difference for families and children.
Why pop tabs?
Pop tabs are small, making them easy to collect and store. It's amazing how something so small can make a difference. Last year, friends of RMHC pulled pop tabs and raised thousands of dollars to help children and their families.
Why not the entire can?
Ronald McDonald Houses collect pop tabs instead of entire aluminum cans because it's more hygenic to store tabs than cans, and collection and storage is easier. The pop tab is pure aluminum, but the can contains paint and other residue.
Pop tabs remind us of an important lesson: even little things make a big difference.
Where do I deposit the pop tabs?
Deposit collected pop tabs in the collection container outside the front office at Sunflower.
Fun Facts
Pop Tab Measurement Equivalents
1 inch = 1 pop tab
1 foot = 12 pop tabs
1 pound = 1,267 pop tabs


text: Model updating of dynamical systems has been attracting much attention because it has a very wide range of applications in aerospace, civil, and mechanical engineering, etc. Many methods were developed and there has been substantial development in Bayesian methods for this purpose in the recent decade. This article introduces some state-of-the-art work. It consists of two main streams of model updating, namely model updating using response time history and model updating using modal measurements. The former one utilizes directly response time histories for the identification of uncertain parameters. In particular, the Bayesian time-domain approach, Bayesian spectral density approach and Bayesian fast Fourier transform approach will be introduced. The latter stream utilizes modal measurements of a dynamical system. The method introduced here does not require a mode matching process that is common in other existing methods. Afterwards, discussion will be given about the relationship among model complexity, data fitting capability and robustness. An application of a 22-story building will be presented. Its acceleration response time histories were recorded during a severe typhoon and they are utilized to identify the fundamental frequency of the building. Furthermore, three methods are used for analysis on this same set of measurements and comparison will be made.


,000 bond and a $150,000 bond all at one time.
Supply Bond A Supply Bond guarantees the performance of a contract which requires the delivery and/or furnishing of supplies for a project. An example would be a company requires a supply bond to furnish cement for a project that will last 12 months. The company does not mix or lay the concrete, only supplies the materials to the job site.
Surety A person or company that guarantees the acts (or performance) of another.
Surety Bond Surety Bonds are three-party agreements, unlike an insurance policy where there are only two parties (insured and insurer). The issuer of the bond is the surety (first party) who insures or guarantees the contractor (second party) will perform according to the contract terms to the obligee (third party). The obligee is the company, person, or government agency that receives the bond and is protected against any loss by the surety company.
Treasury Listing A Treasury listing is a financial rating by the federal government.
Work in Progress This is a type of schedule that lists the current projects that a contractor has at any given time. Details about each contract include the Contract Price, costs incurred to date, estimated profits, estimated completion dates, etc. This is also called a WIP Schedule. Sample WIP Schedule (Word Format), Sample WIP Schedule (Excel Format).


text:
Besides more people, what else did Alaska get from the gold rush? In just a few decades the gold rush created towns, transportation and communications systems. Trails were turned into roadways. Railway lines were being laid to improve the efficiency of moving goods around the state. More people meant a growing interest in better governance. Prospecting continued for gold, but it expanded to an interest in other valuable minerals and resources.
The need for better communications continues to be an enduring legacy from the gold rush. From miners trying to stay in touch with families, to a distant government trying to maintain order in a huge territory, everyone felt the need to improve the communication systems.
Look at the photograph of the men commemorating the Juneau-Skaguay cable in 1901.
If a photograph were taken today for a vital communication link, describe the picture. What would be different? What would be the same?
During the gold rush new towns learned that government officials could be persuaded to help them get important things. The need for government to be responsive to the needs of their people continues today.
Read the story told through a series of telegrams about a group of businessmen who helped Seward keep their post office.
What were their reasons for the continuation of the post office? How long did it take for this flurry of telegrams to achieve the desired effect? Estimate the length of time it takes to receive a reply to a message on email today. How do you think the speed of the telegrams compares with email?


text:
Extrusion is the process of creating three-dimensional geometry out of flat, two-dimensional shapes by drawing the 2-D shape along a path in 3-D space. The extrusion path may be a straight line or any kind of curve. If the path is linear, it may be normal to, or at any other angle to the extruded shape.
Extrusion may be used to both build a 3-D object to begin with, or to add additional geometry to an existing 3-D polygon mesh object. In the latter case, a polygon (or group of polygons) comprising part of the surface of the object are extruded. This extrusion can be either outward or inward on the 3-D object, creating positive or negative surface detail. Extrusion of polygons on 3-D objects is often associated with a beveling type of effect.
Comments are welcome
Created: May 5, 1997
Revised: May 5, 1997


list of items-the type and display of each item in a list was fixed unless you practically rewrote the control.
With WPF, the ItemsControl allows you to present a list of items that can have any visual representation you choose and can be bound to any list-based data you want. Finally we have both the flexibility we have always wanted and the power we have always needed.
Frequently used derivations of the ItemsControl class include the ListBox, ListView, and TreeView. The ItemsControl class exposes a wide variety of properties for customizing the look of the control and also of its contained items. Because these properties are exposed as DependencyProperties, they can be data-bound to other properties. These properties include the following:
 - ItemsPanel-The ItemsControl needs a panel to lay out its children. We specify the panel using an ItemsPanelTemplate. The ItemsPanelTemplate is then applied to an ItemsPresenter.
 - ItemTemplate-The ItemTemplate is the DataTemplate for the items being displayed. This template may be applied to a ContentPresenter or a ContentControl.
 - ItemContainerStyle-This property indicates the style for the UI container for each individual item. Note that an ItemControl wraps each data item within a UI container such as a ContentPresenter or a ContentControl-derived class.
 - Template-This defines the ControlTemplate for the ItemsControl itself.
If this seems like a lot to take in, don't worry. The concepts behind content controls, presenters, and data templates can seem daunting at first, but we use them so extensively throughout this book that their use will quickly become second nature to you. We cover the ItemsControl in greater detail in Chapter 5, "Using Existing Controls," and Chapter 8, "Virtualization."
The UserControl Class
The UserControl class is a container class that acts as a "black box" container for a collection of related controls. If you need a set of three controls to always appear together and be allowed to easily talk to each other, then a likely candidate for making that happen is the UserControl class.
Creating your own UserControl is an easy first start at creating your own custom controls. It provides the familiar XAML + Code-Behind paradigm that you can use to define your control's appearance and associated logic. The UserControl class derives from ContentControl and makes a few additions to ContentControl's stock dependency properties.
The first thing you may notice about a user control is that the control itself cannot receive keyboard focus nor can it act as a Tab stop. This is because in the static constructor for UserControl, the UIElement.Focusable DependencyProperty and the KeyboardNavigation.IsTabStop property have been set to false.
This makes complete sense when you think about the idea that the primary function of a UserControl is to wrap a set of related controls and not act as an interactive control on its own.
To make things more clear, let's take a look at an example. Suppose that you have to create a search bar for your application that looks something like the one in Figure 2.4.
Figure 2.4 A sample interactive search bar for a WPF application.
The search bar in Figure 2.4 is comprised of a TextBox and a Button. When a user types a keyword or set of keywords and then presses the Enter key, the search functionality is invoked. The same functionality is invoked if the user types in a keyword and clicks the Search button.
While you can place these two controls individually in your window, their purpose and functionality are so interconnected that you would never really use them separately. This makes them ideal candidates for being placed inside a UserControl.
To further enhance the encapsulation, you could write your UserControl such that it doesn't tell the hosting container when the user presses Enter or when the user clicks the Search button; it simply exposes a single event called SearchInvoked. Your window could listen for that event and, in an ideal Model-View-Controller world, pass the search request on to a search controller for processing.
Customizing UserControls
A UserControl doesn't allow customization of its look and feel because it does not expose properties for templates, styles, or triggers. You will have the best luck with UserControls if you think of them as faceless containers for logically and functionally related controls.
Within the UserControl, you have the ability to improve the look and feel of that single element without affecting the UI definition of the window and enabling your control for reuse in multiple locations throughout your application. Additionally, wrapping a set of related controls and giving them a purpose-driven name such as SearchBar makes your XAML and your code easier to read, maintain, and debug.
Similar to the way refactoring allows you to incrementally improve your C# code to make it more understandable, maintainable, and testable, refactoring the UI provides the same benefits and is much easier to do within the bounds of a UserControl. This is often called view refactoring.
The Panel Class
The Panel class is an element that exists solely to provide the core layout functionality in WPF. Powerful, dynamic layout capability has always been something that was missing in Windows Forms, and now that WPF has dynamic layout features, the world is a much happier place.
Think of the Panel as a "layout brain" rather than something that actually produces its own UI. Its job is to size the child elements and arrange them in the allocated space, but it has no UI of its own. WPF ships with a powerful set of panels that handle many of the common layout scenarios that developers run into on a daily basis. These include the Grid, StackPanel, DockPanel, and the WrapPanel. The following is a brief description of each layout pattern (don't worry, you see plenty more of these classes in the code samples throughout the book):
 - Grid-Provides a row/column paradigm for laying out child controls.
 - StackPanel-Child controls are laid out in horizontal or vertical stacks.
 - DockPanel-Child controls are docked within the container according to the preferences specified by each child control.
 - WrapPanel-Child controls in this panel wrap according to the specified wrapping preferences.
Another panel called the Canvas provides static, absolute coordinate-based layout. Panels can be nested within each other to create more complex layouts. Layout in WPF is handled using the two-phased approach of measure and arrange.
During the measure phase, the parent requests that each of its children supply their minimum-required dimensions. The parent then applies additional requirements such as margins, alignment, and padding.
Once each child has been measured, the parent panel then performs the arrange phase. During this phase, the parent panel places each child control in its actual position in the final dimensions. The final position and size of the child element may not be what the child element requested. In these scenarios, the parent panel is the final authority on where the child controls are and how much space they take up.
Panels also have some extra functionality that you might not want to supersede, such as built-in ability to work with ItemsControls and the ability to dynamically change the z-order of a child element with the Panel.SetZIndex method.
The Decorator Class
A Decorator class is responsible for wrapping a UI element to support additional behavior. It has a single Child property of type UIElement, which contains the content to be wrapped. A Decorator can be used to add simple visual decoration, such as a Border, or more complex behavior such as a ViewBox, AdornerDecorator, or the InkPresenter.
When you subclass a Decorator, you can expose some useful DependencyProperties to customize it. For example, the Border class exposes properties like BorderBrush, BorderThickness, and CornerRadius that all affect how the border is drawn around its child content.
The Adorner Class
If we already have an additive decoration class in the form of the Decorator, why do we need an Adorner class? As mentioned earlier, every single class in the class hierarchy that makes up WPF has a specific purpose. While a Decorator is responsible for drawing decoration around the outside of a piece of child content, the Adorner class allows you to overlay visuals on top of existing visual elements. An easy way to think of adorners is that they are secondary interactive visuals that provide additional means to interact with the primary visual. That might seem complex, but think about widgets such as resizing grips that appear on elements in a typical diagramming program. Those are a secondary visual that sit on top of the elements that they are adorning and provide additional functionality and interaction. By clicking and dragging the resizing-handles, the user can resize the underlying control.
Adorner classes work in conjunction with the AdornerDecorator, which is an invisible surface on which the adorners rest. To be part of the visual tree, adorners have to have a container. The AdornerDecorator acts as this container.
AdornerDecorators are generally defined at the top of the visual tree (such as the ControlTemplate for the Window control). This makes all adorners sit on top of all of the Window content. We explore the use of adorners throughout the book, but you see them specifically in Chapter 6, "The Power of Attached Properties," and Chapter 9, "Creating Advanced Controls and Visual Effects."
The Image Class
You might be a little surprised to see the Image class mentioned here among all of the other highly interactive visual controls. In most frameworks, images contain just enough functionality to display rasterized (nonvector) images and maybe support reading and writing streams of image data, but that's about it.
Image classes can actually provide control-like capabilities for some specific scenarios. Image derives from FrameworkElement, so it can be composed in logical trees and has rich support for event handling and layout. It encapsulates the functionality to render an instance of an ImageSource, specified via the Source property.


Intro to Surface Supplied Diving
Course Description
Instruction on basic skills of surface supply lightweight diving, fundamental concepts, terminology, and practical skills of seamanship, line handling, rigging, and underwater work procedures and the fundamentals of line (rope) and wire rope classification, composition, and use. Proper tying and use of knots and their practical application by divers, working load limit (WLL) for rope, wire, and rigging hardware, as well as to calculation of the ratio and mechanical advantage of block and tackle are covered.
Learning Outcomes
 - Identify the following line types: manila, nylon, polypropylene, describe the physical characteristics: stretch, durability, advantages, disadvantages, and UV resistance.
 - Explain the use of the following rigging and seamanship concepts for using slings, block and tackles, and lifts; and how to determine the safe working load limits of rigging equipment.
 - Explain the use of the common knots and demonstrate the ability to tie each.
 - Describe the proper inspection procedure when given a length of wire rope, and be able to discuss critical elements and discontinuities associated with wire rope.
 - Calculate the work load limit for stainless steel, galvanized, plow steel wire rope, and line.
 - List and identify the components of a vessel.
 - Identify and draw a schematic of the components of an air system: air compressors, volume tanks, valves, piping, hoses, and associated components.
 - Demonstrate the ability to set up a dive station, start a compressor and diesel engine, fill a bailout cylinder, dress a diver, and tend a diver using a checklist operating procedure.
 - Explain the minimum requirements of diving equipment (personal and system) required for a surface supply diver and safety regulations for surface supply diving.
 - Demonstrate the ability to perform all diving station positions: communications, rack operator, diver, standby diver, and diving supervisor.
 - Properly document dives in a personal dive log and keep diving log records on the dive station.
 - Demonstrate the use of surface supplied dive equipment.
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Does market volatility affect your pension choices?
Published: September 1, 2020 by Jennifer Armstrong
If you're retiring this year, you may be worried about what the market volatility caused by Covid-19 means for your options.
The good news is that Pension Freedoms, introduced in 2015, means you can choose how and when you access your retirement savings.
Market volatility may have affected the value of your pension but that doesn't mean your overall plans have to be adjusted. However, it's important that you understand the impact it could have.
The impact will depend on how you intend to access your pension.
1. Taking a lump sum
Once you reach retirement age, it is possible to take your pension through lump-sum withdrawals. You can even choose to withdraw the entire amount, though this isn't appropriate for most retirees.
Usually, you can withdraw up to 25% tax-free. If you've intended to take a lump sum out of your pension to take advantage of this, it's worth assessing if your pension value has fallen. Withdrawals that exceed the 25% tax-free lump sum will be taxed as income and could push you into a higher Income Tax bracket. As a result, taking a lump sum may not be the most efficient way to access money.
2. Purchasing an Annuity
An Annuity is a product you buy with your pension savings that delivers a lifetime income. As a result, if the value of your pension has fallen, you may find that the income you can purchase is now lower. But it is an option that can provide financial security throughout retirement.
The amount paid out will depend on the Annuity rate. For example, a 5% Annuity rate would pay out £5,000 every year for every £100,000 initially paid.
The Annuity rate you're offered varies depending on a range of factors, including your age and health. You can also choose to purchase a joint Annuity, ensuring your partner would continue to receive an income if you passed away first, or one that rises alongside inflation to maintain spending power. These options would typically mean a lower level of income to begin with.
If you'd like to use an Annuity to fund retirement, you'll need to assess how recent volatility has affected your overall pension value. This means you're able to see what Annuity rates mean in terms of income. Take some time to shop around, different providers will offer varying rates. The good news is that with a guaranteed income, you won't have to worry about market volatility affecting income in retirement.
3. Using Flexi-Access Drawdown
Flexi-Access Drawdown allows you to take a flexible income that suits you, usually, the remainder will stay invested until you make another withdrawal.
This is the option where investment volatility can have the biggest impact. As your savings remain invested, you need to be aware of how your investments have performed. Continuing to take the same level of income during a downturn, as you did previously, will mean you need to sell more units to receive the same amount. This can deplete your pension quicker than expected if you haven't considered it beforehand.
As you're responsible for how and when you access your pension, you also need to ensure it lasts throughout your life, which will undoubtedly include some periods of short-term volatility. Therefore, you must consider downturns as part of your retirement plan.
Remaining exposed to the markets isn't all negative though. Historically, markets have recovered in the long term. Keeping your pension invested means you have an opportunity to benefit from a recovery as well as long-term gains.
Creating a retirement plan
How and when is the 'right' time to access your pension will vary between retirees. It's a decision that should focus on your retirement goals and long-term plans.
Remember, you don't have to access your pension as soon as it becomes available. If you don't need the savings yet, leaving your pension invested can give your investments a chance to recover in the long term and perhaps grow further.
You also don't have to choose one of the above options exclusively. You can mix and match the options to suit you. For instance, you could withdraw your 25% tax-free lump sum at the start of retirement, use a portion to create a base income with an Annuity, and use Flexi-Access Drawdown to access the remainder at different points.
If you'd like to discuss your retirement plans, whether this is how current circumstances have affected your initial plans or you're starting from scratch, please get in touch.


Paul Jobling's NewPGen
(This page and the program NewPGen are both written by Paul Jobling).
If you want to quickly find a large prime of the form or; a large pair of twin primes, Sophie Germain primes, or a Cunningham Chain of length two; a large BiTwin chain; or a large and long Cunningham Chain, then the last thing that you should use is Yves Gallot's Proth.exe! I say the last thing because before that you ought to quickly sieve out any k, n values that are divisible by small primes. If n is fixed then this can be done very efficiently, reducing the overall search time. Another advantage of fixing n is that you can have a good idea of the overall probability of a successful search.
This program, NewPGen, performs this type of sieving. NewPGen should be used to throw out candidate k's until the rate at which it is removing them exceeds the rate at which Proth.exe can perform a power test. At that point Proth.exe should be used to complete the search, with PMax=0 (as trial factoring has already been performed by NewPGen).
To use NewPGen, simply start it up. You can obtain help from the Help menu item, though it ought to be fairly self-explanatory. Simple enter the name of the file to generate, the values of the base and n to use, the range of k to use, the type of sieve to perform, and press the Start button.
The number of k's that can be sieved is dependent upon available memory. The more k's that you sieve, the greater the overall time saved, as more k's are available to be thrown out.
Technical Specifications
NewPGen can currently sieve for the following types of search:
NewPGen can also be used to generate an output file to use with some Primeform searches. These are basically the same as the above, save that a primorial is used:
The maximum candidate divisor for the k.2n sieves is: 1,152,921,504,606,846,976.
The maximum candidate divisor for the other sieves is: 140,737,488,355,327.
The maximum value of n that can be used in a primorial sieve is: 274,579.
To download, choose one of the following:
Printed from the PrimePages <> © Chris Caldwell.


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Are you interested in getting your GED in Renick MO? The GED examination is for adults who do not have their high school diploma. The certification that you receive upon completion of the Missouri GED examination is accepted as an equivalent credential to a high school diploma by employers and colleges throughout the United States.
The General Education Development (GED) exam covers basic skills that students learn about in high school. Topics reviewed in GED classes include math, science, writing, reading, and social studies. These are the subject areas that make up the GED exam in Missouri.
Typically GED programs in Renick MO are offered at:
- Renick Literacy Centers
- Renick Libraries
- Renick Colleges
- Renick Workforce Learning Centers


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NSMC carries out activities of theoretical and experimental researches on radiation transmission in the atmosphere, the algorithm for meteorological satellite data processing as well as the application of meteorological satellite data. These researches have in turn supported the development of NSMC, promoted the meteorological satellite data application in China and also the international cooperation. The main functions of NSMC include:
NSMC has facilities of satellite meteorology research, system design, computer system, satellite, operation control, and operational and service system support. The three ground stations of Beijing, Guangzhou, Urumqi are also under the supervision of NSMC. The ground system consisted of three receiving stations and a data processing center has fulfilled the tasks of data receiving and processing. By using the ground system, NSMC receives and processes meteorological satellite data from both Chinese and foreign satellites. These data have played an important role in the fields of weather forecasting, natural disaster monitoring and national economy. To help weather stations and various users to receive and use the meteorological satellite data directly, the NSMC is engaged in the researches of satellite data receiving and communication techniques and manufacture of both hardware and software for various meteorological satellite data applications systems.
Meteorological satellite operators coordinate their activities on a global scale through participation in the Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites (CGMS) which meets once a year. The China Meteorological Administration has participated in the CGMS since 1989. Other members include Japan, Russia, the USA and EUMETSAT. The World Meteorological Organization is also a member, representing the key user community.


noun, Golf.
a lie in which the ball is situated on a slope having a downward incline in the direction that the ball is to be played.
Read Also:
 - Hanging-post
 noun 1. a post from which a door, gate, etc., is hung.
 - Hanging-scroll
 noun 1. See under (def 5). [skrohl] /skroʊl/ noun 1. a roll of parchment, paper, copper, or other material, especially one with writing on it: a scroll containing the entire Old Testament. 2. something, especially an ornament, resembling a partly unrolled sheet of paper or having a spiral or coiled form. 3. a list, roll, […]
 - Hanging-step
 noun 1. a step projecting from a wall with no real or apparent support at its outer end.
 - Hanging-stile
 noun 1. the stile of a door, shutter, etc., by which it is hung. 2. the stile of a window frame from which a casement sash is hung. 3..


1939 Taylorcraft BL-65
After Clarence Gilbert (C.G.) Taylor was ousted from the Taylor Aircraft by William Piper in 1935, C.G. Taylor founded a new aircraft company in Ohio. The mission of the Taylor Aircraft Company (later renamed the Taylorcraft Aviation Corporation) was to build a better small plane than the renamed Piper J-3 Cub. The BL-65 was part of C.G. Taylor's goal to outperform the Cub. It was called the BL-65 because it was the second model the company produced (the first was the A) and it had a Lycoming 65hp engine. Although the Cub and the Taylorcraft look very similar, there are some differences.
1939 Taylorcraft BL-65
Both airplanes have seats for 2 people, but in the Cub the passenger sits behind the pilot, while they sit side-by-side in the Taylorcraft. Additionally, Cub pilots used the standard control stick to fly the plane while Taylor used the then new idea of a control wheel, like a car's steering wheel, for aileron and elevator control. In the air, the two aircraft performed very similarly. Despite the similarities, more than twice as many Cubs were produced than Taylorcrafts.
 - Wingspan: 36 feet, 0 inches
 - Length: 22 feet, 0 inches
 - Empty Weight: 640 lbs.
 - Gross Weight: 1150 lbs.
 - Powerplant: 65 hp Lycoming O-145
 - Maximum Speed: 102 mph
 - Range: 250 miles


California Outdoors Q&As
Carrie Wilson is a marine environmental scientist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. While she cannot personally answer everyones questions, she will select a few to answer each week in this column. Please contact her at
Collecting Roadkill Raptors
Question: What are the rules concerning the use of birds of prey, such as owls, which have been killed by vehicles? I have found several in the local area which seemed to be dead along the side of the road but without evidence of damage to the body. My guess based on where they fell is they are "indirect roadkills." If I wanted to save these animals for taxidermy or another use, would I need some kind of documentation? If so, what sort of permit would I need? It would be simple to document the finds I have made photographically at the site, but preserving them for inspection later by California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) would be harder. Thanks for your help with this. (Ken Z., Visalia)
Answer: Under both state and federal law, it is not legal to collect or possess any species of bird that is protected under the U.S. Migratory Bird Treaty Act. This would include all raptors that have been killed by vehicles. There are permits available, under very specific circumstances that allow scientific or educational facilities to salvage these birds. Organizations that believe they may qualify for these permits would be required to obtain both a federal Salvage Permit and state Scientific Collecting Permit. More information on these permits can be found at and
Fishing license and second rod stamp
Question: I have a California sport fishing license but did not pay for the second rod stamp. When I am out ocean fishing on my boat, am I only allowed one rod? I thought since it was the ocean I can have two rods out, even if I did not pay for a second rod stamp. (Anonymous)
Answer: The second rod stamp is only required when fishing in freshwater with two poles. In the ocean, any number of poles and lines generally can be used, with some exceptions. For example, fishing for lingcod, rockfish, greenlings or cabezon is limited to one line with no more than two hooks. Also, when fishing in San Francisco Bay or when fishing for salmon north of Pt. Conception, only one rod/line may be used per person.
Other exceptions exist, such as when pier fishing - only two methods may be used. There are only a few exceptions like these, but I'd recommend reviewing the Gear Restrictions section of the Ocean Sport Fishing Regulations booklet and any regulations for the species you're pursuing to ensure you're following the law.
Legal to collect moon jellyfish for personal use?
Question: I am interested in collecting some moon jellyfish just for my personal use but want to be sure its legal. They would not be sold or traded. If legal, can I collect them under a basic fishing license or would I be required to have a marine collectors permit? (Tucker M.)
Answer: Moon jellyfish occurring outside the tide pool zone (1,000 ft. seaward from mean high tide) may be legally taken with a fishing license and the bag limit is 35 (California Code of Regulations Title 14, section 29.05 & 29.05(a)).
Crab pot dimensions?
Question: My son wants to build his own crab pot. I think it's a great project but I can't find any official size regulations. He already has line, buoys and bait containers. I found a web page that described a circular pot as measuring 42 inches in diameter, 14 inches deep and weighing 90 pounds. Are those the required dimensions? Can they be bigger/smaller? Any help is appreciated. (Anonymous)
Answer: As long as the trap has at least two rigid circular openings of not less than four and one-quarter inches inside diameter so constructed that the lowest portion of each opening is no lower than five inches from the top of the trap (CCR, Title 14, section 29.80 (c)), your son is free to construct a pot using any dimensions!
Santa Barbara Jr. High School Theater: The Beatles Slept Here


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Honor Orchestra Mission Statement: The Honor Orchestra selection process seeks to recognize and honor quality musicianship in the performance of advanced literature at the highest level. Showcasing the quality teaching these exemplars represent promotes the growth and development of orchestra programs throughout Texas.
In 1960, Austin High School (El Paso), under the leadership of George Webber, became the first "Honor Orchestra" selected through competitive process. The purpose of Honor Band/Honor Orchestra was two-fold. Many educators believed that through the process of hearing and observing the results of quality teaching, directors could develop their own instructional skills to a higher level. In addition, selection of an honor orchestra recognized communities and school systems that successfully supported music in education through their instrumental music programs.
Through the years participation has been active and the recognition of exemplary programs through the honor orchestra selection process has become a highly sought after goal by many directors. As a result, the quality of honor groups has remained high and the original purpose of growth and development through observation of superior teaching and performance has been addressed annually and maintains its validity. Teachers throughout the state have had the opportunity to learn from master teachers by attending honor orchestra adjudication, performances, and director clinics.
While the original rules and regulations for the selection of honor orchestras have been refined on several occasions, the intent of those policies has remained intact. Ultimately, it is the responsibility of the participating director and administration of the school involved to maintain the integrity of the honor orchestra process. In order for the selection system to accomplish its purpose, all involved must honestly adhere to the established procedures and share responsibility for maintaining high ethical standards. Furthermore, to remain educationally sound, preparation and participation must be consistent with worthwhile educational goals that do not exploit students or the system.
- Divisions & Regions
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- Texas Music Education Research
- TMEA Policies


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Suwannee River Water Management District
The Suwannee River Water Management District (SRWMD) is the smallest of five Florida water management districts that is responsible for managing groundwater and surface water resources in a 15-county region in north-central Florida. SRWMD employs 68 people at the district headquarters in Live Oak, Florida.
The five water management districts were established in 1972 by Chapter 373, Florida Statutes, and were empowered by the electorate in 1976 to assess ad valorem taxes to fund the management of the state's water resources, and related land resources, to benefit the citizens and the environment. Each water management district is controlled by a Governing Board composed of citizens appointed by the Governor and approved by the Florida Senate. The Florida Department of Environmental Protection has oversight responsibility for the five water management districts.
SRWMD's hydrological activities include regulating the consumptive use of water, regulating the construction and maintenance of stormwater management systems that serve developed properties in order to protect water quality and prevent flooding, regulating the construction of water wells and the licensure of water well contractors, conducting water supply planning, conducting research on water resource issues, buying and managing environmentally sensitive land, and the operation of flood control structures.
The Florida counties which are entirely within the SRWMD are: Columbia, Dixie, Gilchrist, Hamilton, Lafayette, Madison, Suwannee, Taylor, and Union. Partial counties include: Alachua, Baker, Bradford, Jefferson, Levy and Putnam.
The major river under the district's control is (obviously) the Suwannee. The major tributaries are the: Santa Fe, Alapaha and Ichetucknee. Other rivers include the Withlacoochee, Fenholloway, Aucilla, Steinhatchee, Econfina, Waccasassa and Wacissa.
See also
- Northwest Florida Water Management District
- St. Johns River Water Management District
- South Florida Water Management District
- Southwest Florida Water Management District
- Florida Statutes Section 373.069
- Florida Statutes Section 373.503
- Florida Statutes Section 373.073
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection website: Water Management Districts
- Part II of Chapter 373, Florida Statutes
- Part III of Chapter 373, Florida Statutes
- Part IV of Chapter 373, Florida Statutes


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Link Between Racial Discrimination and Cardiovascular Health
Racial discrimination isn't just harmful as it happens—its effects can linger for years. Tufts researchers recently found that people exposed to racial discrimination during early childhood were more likely to develop cardiovascular health issues compared to those who never experience discrimination, or who experienced discrimination later in life.
Being the victim of racial discrimination is a traumatic experience that can cause lasting psychological effects. A 2015 study found that those who self reported experiencing racism had poorer mental and physical health compared to others.
Researchers think this is partially due to overactive stress responses. In response to a stressor or threating event, your brain primes your body for a "fight-or-flight" response by releasing stress hormones that increase your heart rate and cause other metabolic changes.
Exposure to severe or chronic stress is linked to disorders such as depression, anxiety, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, substance abuse, and overall increases in tissue inflammation and damage. Trauma from discrimination can also lead victims to unhealthy coping mechanisms like smoking or alcohol consumption.
Adolfo Cuevas, an assistant professor of community health and director of the Psychosocial Determinants of Health Lab at Tufts, and Thao Ho, A20, wanted to find out if the developmental timing of an individual's initial exposure to racial discrimination is an important determinant of the future health, and specifically cardiovascular health.
At a very young age, children can distinguish different racial groups and recognize when they are being treated unfairly because of their race. This experience of racial discrimination during childhood has been linked to increased juvenile delinquency and stress-related disorders.
To determine if timing of initial exposure to discrimination affects adult health, Cuevas used data collected from the 1995 Detroit Area Study that surveyed 1,000 primarily white and black adults. Participants reported whether they had ever been treated unfairly due to their race, and if so, at what age.
Cuevas divided age groups that experienced discrimination into early childhood (to age seven), childhood (ages eight to twelve), adolescence (ages thirteen to nineteen), and adult (nineteen and up). He and Ho then correlated that with participants who reported they had experienced a negative cardiovascular health event, such as high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, artery hardening, heart attack, or stroke.
The results, published recently in the journal Ethnicity & Health, were striking. Individuals initially exposed to racial discrimination during early childhood had a greater probability of developing cardiovascular health issues in adulthood than those who never experienced discrimination. In addition, discrimination during either early childhood or adolescence was also found to be associated with an increase in the overall number of adverse cardiovascular events a person experienced in adulthood.
These results suggest that early childhood and adolescence are critical periods during development that are especially susceptible to discrimination-related trauma.
"We were initially surprised that we only found effects within early childhood and adolescence, but not during childhood," Cuevas said, "but it makes sense—these two periods are quite critical for brain and physical development."
Indeed, during early childhood the brain is still growing, forming vital connections. Adolescence is an important time for cognitive and higher order brain development, and a time where individuals can begin to understand and interpret traumatic events. "During these periods where there's actually both a change biologically and socially, if they're interrupted by trauma, it has a cascading effect on our health and adult life," Cuevas said.
Cuevas hopes this work will inform further research into effective interventions for those who are victims of discrimination and lead medical providers to treat childhood trauma related to racism as a risk factor for adult health.
While the observed association between racial discrimination during childhood on adult cardiovascular health did not differ between white and black participants, a significantly higher portion of black participants self reported experiencing racial discrimination overall. In fact, of the thirty-nine individuals who reported experiencing racism in early childhood, thirty-four were black.
Cuevas hopes that these findings will reach those able to influence race relations and believes that "if policymakers recognize the health effects of racism across the lifecourse, they can develop effective policy interventions that can improve the health of populations."
Dominique Ameroso can be reached at _EMAIL_.