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One of the most interesting introductions to the idea of statistical power is given in the 'OJ' Page which was created by Rob Becker to illustrate how the decision a jury has to reach (guilty vs. not guilt) is similar to the decision a researcher makes when assessing a relationship. The OJ Page uses the infamous OJ Simpson murder trial to introduce the idea of statistical power and illustrate how manipulating various factors (e.g., the amount of evidence, the "effect size", and the level of risk) affects the validity of the verdict.
There are four interrelated components that influence the conclusions you might reach from a statistical test in a research project. The logic of statistical inference with respect to these components is often difficult to understand and explain. This paper attempts to clarify the four components and describe their interrelationships.
The four components are:
- sample size, or the number of units (e.g., people) accessible to the study
- effect size, or the salience of the treatment relative to the noise in measurement
- alpha level (a, or significance level), or the odds that the observed result is due to chance
- power, or the odds that you will observe a treatment effect when it occurs
Given values for any three of these components, it is possible to compute the value of the fourth. For instance, you might want to determine what a reasonable sample size would be for a study. If you could make reasonable estimates of the effect size, alpha level and power, it would be simple to compute (or, more likely, look up in a table) the sample size.
Some of these components will be more manipulable than others depending on the circumstances of the project. For example, if the project is an evaluation of an educational program or counseling program with a specific number of available consumers, the sample size is set or predetermined. Or, if the drug dosage in a program has to be small due to its potential negative side effects, the effect size may consequently be small. The goal is to achieve a balance of the four components that allows the maximum level of power to detect an effect if one exists, given programmatic, logistical or financial constraints on the other components.
Figure 1 shows the basic decision matrix involved in a statistical conclusion. All statistical conclusions involve constructing two mutually exclusive hypotheses, termed the null (labeled H0) and alternative (labeled H1) hypothesis. Together, the hypotheses describe all possible outcomes with respect to the inference. The central decision involves determining which hypothesis to accept and which to reject. For instance, in the typical case, the null hypothesis might be:
H0: Program Effect = 0
while the alternative might be
H1: Program Effect <> 0
The null hypothesis is so termed because it usually refers to the "no difference" or "no effect" case. Usually in social research we expect that our treatments and programs will make a difference. So, typically, our theory is described in the alternative hypothesis.
Figure 1 below is a complex figure that you should take some time studying. First, look at the header row (the shaded area). This row depicts reality -- whether there really is a program effect, difference, or gain. Of course, the problem is that you never know for sure what is really happening (unless youre God). Nevertheless, because we have set up mutually exclusive hypotheses, one must be right and one must be wrong. Therefore, consider this the view from Gods position, knowing which hypothesis is correct. The first column of the 2x2 table shows the case where our program does not have an effect; the second column shows where it does have an effect or make a difference.
The left header column describes the world we mortals live in. Regardless of whats true, we have to make decisions about which of our hypotheses is correct. This header column describes the two decisions we can reach -- that our program had no effect (the first row of the 2x2 table) or that it did have an effect (the second row).
Now, lets examine the cells of the 2x2 table. Each cell shows the Greek symbol for that cell. Notice that the columns sum to 1 (i.e., a + (1-a) = 1 and b + (1-b) = 1). Why can we sum down the columns, but not across the rows? Because if one column is true, the other is irrelevant -- if the program has a real effect (the right column) it cant at the same time not have one. Therefore, the odds or probabilities have to sum to 1 for each column because the two rows in each column describe the only possible decisions (accept or reject the null/alternative) for each possible reality.
Below the Greek symbol is a typical value for that cell. You should especially note the values in the bottom two cells. The value of a is typically set at.05 in the social sciences. A newer, but growing, tradition is to try to achieve a statistical power of at least.80. Below the typical values is the name typically given for that cell (in caps). If you havent already, you should note that two of the cells describe errors -- you reach the wrong conclusion -- and in the other two you reach the correct conclusion. Sometimes its hard to remember which error is Type I and which is Type II. If you keep in mind that Type I is the same as the a or significance level, it might help you to remember that it is the odds of finding a difference or effect by chance alone. People are more likely to be susceptible to a Type I error, because they almost always want to conclude that their program works. If they find a statistical effect, they tend to advertise it loudly. On the other hand, people probably check more thoroughly for Type II errors because when you find that the program was not demonstrably effective, you immediately start looking for why (in this case, you might hope to show that you had low power and high b -- that the odds of saying there was no treatment effect even when there was were too high). Following the capitalized common name are several different ways of describing the value of each cell, one in terms of outcomes and one in terms of theory-testing. In italics, we give an example of how to express the numerical value in words.
To better understand the strange relationships between the two columns, think about what happens if you want to increase your power in a study. As you increase power, you increase the chances that you are going to find an effect if its there (wind up in the bottom row). But, if you increase the chances that you wind up in the bottom row, you must at the same time be increasing the chances of making a Type I error! Although we cant sum to 1 across rows, there is clearly a relationship. Since we usually want high power and low Type I Error, you should be able to appreciate that we have a built-in tension here.
H1 (alternative hypothesis) false
|H0 (null hypothesis)
H1 (alternative hypothesis) true
|We accept the null hypothesis (H0)
We reject the alternative hypothesis (H1)
THE CONFIDENCE LEVEL
The odds of saying there is no relationship, difference, gain, when in fact there is none
The odds of correctly not confirming our theory
95 times out of 100 when there is no effect, well say there is none
TYPE II ERROR
The odds of saying there is no relationship, difference, gain, when in fact there is one
The odds of not confirming our theory when its true
20 times out of 100, when there is an effect, well say there isnt
|We reject the null hypothesis (H0)
We accept the alternative hypothesis (H1)
TYPE I ERROR
The odds of saying there is an relationship, difference, gain, when in fact there is not
The odds of confirming our theory incorrectly
5 times out of 100, when there is no effect, well say there is on
We should keep this small when we cant afford/risk wrongly concluding that our program works
The odds of saying that there is an relationship, difference, gain, when in fact there is one
The odds of confirming our theory correctly
80 times out of 100, when there is an effect, well say there is
We generally want this to be as large as possible
Figure 1. The Statistical Inference Decision Matrix
We often talk about alpha (a) and beta (b) using the language of "higher" and "lower." For instance, we might talk about the advantages of a higher or lower a-level in a study. You have to be careful about interpreting the meaning of these terms. When we talk about higher a-levels, we mean that we are increasing the chance of a Type I Error. Therefore, a lower a-level actually means that you are conducting a more rigorous test. With all of this in mind, lets consider a few common associations evident in the table. You should convince yourself of the following:
- the lower the a, the lower the power; the higher the a, the higher the power
- the lower the a, the less likely it is that you will make a Type I Error (i.e., reject the null when its true)
- the lower the a, the more "rigorous" the test
- an a of.01 (compared with.05 or.10) means the researcher is being relatively careful, s/he is only willing to risk being wrong 1 in a 100 times in rejecting the null when its true (i.e., saying theres an effect when there really isnt)
- an a of.01 (compared with.05 or.10) limits ones chances of ending up in the bottom row, of concluding that


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Read the original article in Global Envision here.
International aid organizations are finding out if and how people are using their products, thanks to tiny sensors developed by Portland State University's SWEETLab.
A lack of reliable data makes it hard for aid organizations to know whether technologies actually improve the lives, health and prosperity of people in communities around the world. But SWEETLab (Sustainable Water, Energy and Environmental Technologies Laboratory) is looking to change that.
The lab has developed remote sensing technology to monitor the use of development infrastructure, such as latrines, cook stoves and water filters. The sensors send information about the frequency of use and behavior patterns back to partner organizations, such as Mercy Corps, The Gates Foundation, DelAgua and Vestergaard Frandsen, said lab director Evan Thomas.
The goal, Thomas says, is to "have better information about what's going on in the field, because monitoring projects is usually based on somewhat unreliable [paper] surveys." And, according to Thomas, "the sensors help us answer two questions: Does the product work, and do people use it?"
Thomas, a professor of engineering and faculty fellow in the Institute for Sustainable Solutions at Portland State University, is also the Program Director for DelAgua Health and Development Programs, a partner organization using the sensors on a large program in Rwanda. He sees the sensors as a way to better evaluate the effectiveness of aid projects and, by extension, donor dollars.
The project in Rwanda "demonstrates the potential to deploy and monitor international health programs like this on a very large scale," Thomas predicts.
The $50 million Rwanda project will distribute water filters and cook stoves to 600,000 homes throughout the country's western province over the next year to improve clean water access and reduce the demand for wood fuel for cooking, according to Thomas. SWEETLab's sensors will be installed on about 500 of the stoves and filters to monitor their use and tell DelAgua whether the products are being embraced by local residents.
The efforts in Rwanda are also unique because they use an innovative carbon credit financing scheme to generate revenue and fund the scaling-up of future projects. Information about the use of the technologies can now be accurately recorded and sent back to DelAgua.
SWEETLab's sensors are being used well beyond Rwanda, too. In Indonesia, SWEETLab's first partner, Mercy Corps, had been using spot surveys to determine whether people were using new latrines and hand-washing stations, Thomas told SmartPlanet. But only with remote data collection did Mercy Corps find that fewer people were using the hand-washing stations at night, and some people were just using them before prayer time.
"When the sensors are transmitting data, we're getting what we hoped for: frequent data on the use of water and sanitation infrastructure in our target communities," Laura Bruno, Mercy Corps' senior program officer for Southeast Asia, told Fast Company. Mercy Corps can use this information to adjust sanitation education programs.
Other SWEETLab partnerships include a project with the Gates Foundation that installed 60 sensors on sanitation stations in India, designed to assist in a study evaluating behavior change around open defecation, according to Thomas. Another partnership with Mercy Corps will put sensors on cookstoves in Haiti.
Data collected by the sensors is compiled by partner organizations, which use the information to understand behavior patterns of people they serve and to assess and improve the effectiveness of their projects.
Each sensor is powered by five AA batteries, and "cell phone networks send data to a web-based platform, where the results directly inform any adjustments to the technology or educational efforts on the ground," according to Portland State.
That's much faster and more reliable than relying on costly surveys and spot-checks, which can provide valuable qualitative information, but often fail to fully identify challenges to the success of projects.
Thomas is hopeful that outcomes of current projects will allow SWEETLab to continue to expand its partnerships and monitor the effectiveness of more aid project through remote access data.
And more accurate information about how well aid projects are working will let organizations tweak their approach to better meet local needs.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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If there was a woman photographer who arguably ruled over her contemporaries it was American shooter, Helen Levitt. Her jaw-dropping archive is about to be revisited in Helen Levitt at the Albertina Museum in Vienna, starting 12 October.
Levitt owned the New York streets. She started focusing on poor and marginalized neighborhoods such as the Lower East Side, Bronx, and Harlem — spending her days documenting the chronicle of the Big Apple. Her scope ranged from children playing on the streets, passersby engrossed in conversation and strangers on the mundane grind.
However, Levitt often added a twist to her supposedly'straight-photography'. Levitt valued the dynamics of elements at play in her images — always carefully and concisely composing her frames. Thus, her images would often have surrealist-influenced aesthetics. Chief Curator Walter Moser described her work to be "poetic and lyrical —an oversimplified reading, which has long obscured its tremendous complexity."
"Figures defamiliarized by masks or puzzling gestures bear the influence of Surrealism, for instance. Human interactions, which she represented as a kind of exceptionally dynamic stage performance, evidence her interest in the performative, including the expressive actions and themes that were extensively explored in the cinema at the time. Lastly, Levitt's focus on poor neighborhoods in New York can be understood as a critical response to a highly industrialized and profit-driven modernity, which was epitomized in the contemporaneous popular representations of clinical and technoid skyscrapers."
Street photographers revolutionized the use of color in straight photography and Levitt herself was a pioneer of the New Color Photography Movement, as she began using color film in 1959. Levitt was the first color photographer to be showcased in the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Moser further explained her legacy in color photography:
"Helen Levitt's pictures thus combine every day with the political, the theatrical with the authentic, and the humorous with the abysmal. These elements can be discerned in her later work, as well, when she turned first to film in 1948 and then returned—in color—to photography in 1959. Levitt invented in her color work a new pictorial language, which indeed shares the interest in street life found in her black-and-white photographs, yet nevertheless often represents people as secondary to abstract color fields."
The upcoming exhibition will be open until 27 January 2019.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Environmental SLAPPs in the UK: threat or opportunity?
Hilson, C. (2016) Environmental SLAPPs in the UK: threat or opportunity? Environmental Politics, 25 (2). pp. 248-267. ISSN _PHONE_
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To link to this item DOI: 10.1080/09644016.2015._PHONE_
Strategic lawsuits against public participation (SLAPPs) brought against the environmental movement in the UK since the 1990s are examined. SLAPPs, a form of Green backlash, have been mobilised across a wide range of policy areas that have seen vigorous campaigning and protest by the movement, including roads, GMOs and, more recently, climate change. SLAPPs are typically regarded as a threat, designed to close down democratic free speech and protest. However, in the UK, there are some notable cases where the environmental movement has been able to use agency to convert what may appear as a legal threat into a positive legal or media opportunity.
Item Type:Article
Divisions:Arts, Humanities and Social Science > School of Law
ID Code:44535
Publisher:Taylor and Francis
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Floor Bed Ikea
Floor Bed Ikea was published at October 5, 2017 at 5:52 am. This article is published on the Floor category. Floor Bed Ikea is tagged with Floor Bed Ikea, Floor, Bed, Ikea..
Floorfloor (flôr, flōr),USA pronunciation n.
- that part of a room, hallway, or the like, that forms its lower enclosing surface and upon which one walks.
- a continuous, supporting surface extending horizontally throughout a building, having a number of rooms, apartments, or the like, and constituting one level or stage in the structure;
- a level, supporting surface in any structure: the elevator floor.
- one of two or more layers of material composing a floor: rough floor; finish floor.
- a platform or prepared level area for a particular use: a threshing floor.
- the bottom of any more or less hollow place: the floor of a tunnel.
- a more or less flat extent of surface: the floor of the ocean.
- the part of a legislative chamber, meeting room, etc., where the members sit, and from which they speak.
- the right of one member to speak from such a place in preference to other members: The senator from Alaska has the floor.
- the area of a floor, as in a factory or retail store, where items are actually made or sold, as opposed to offices, supply areas, etc.: There are only two salesclerks on the floor.
- the main part of a stock or commodity exchange or the like, as distinguished from the galleries, platform, etc.
- the bottom, base, or minimum charged, demanded, or paid: The government avoided establishing a price or wage floor.
- an underlying stratum, as of ore, usually flat.
- the bottom of a hull.
- any of a number of deep, transverse framing members at the bottom of a steel or iron hull, generally interrupted by and joined to any vertical keel or keelsons.
- the lowermost member of a frame in a wooden vessel.
- mop or wipe the floor with, [Informal.]to overwhelm completely;
defeat: He expected to mop the floor with his opponents.
- take the floor, to arise to address a meeting.
- to cover or furnish with a floor.
- to bring down to the floor or ground;
knock down: He floored his opponent with one blow.
- to overwhelm;
- to confound or puzzle;
nonplus: I was floored by the problem.
- Also, floorboard. to push (a foot-operated accelerator pedal) all the way down to the floor of a vehicle, for maximum speed or power.
Bedbed (bed),USA pronunciation n., v., bed•ded, bed•ding.
- a piece of furniture upon which or within which a person sleeps, rests, or stays when not well.
- the mattress and bedclothes together with the bedstead of a bed.
- the bedstead alone.
- the act of or time for sleeping: Now for a cup of cocoa and then bed.
- the use of a bed for the night;
lodging: I reserved a bed at the old inn.
- the marital relationship.
- any resting place: making his bed under a tree.
- something resembling a bed in form or position.
- a piece or area of ground in a garden or lawn in which plants are grown.
- an area in a greenhouse in which plants are grown.
- the plants in such areas.
- the bottom of a lake, river, sea, or other body of water.
- a piece or part forming a foundation or base.
- a layer of rock;
- a foundation surface of earth or rock supporting a track, pavement, or the like: a gravel bed for the roadway.
- the underside of a stone, brick, slate, tile, etc., laid in position.
- the upper side of a stone laid in position.
- the layer of mortar in which a brick, stone, etc., is laid.
- the natural stratification of a stone: a stone laid on bed.
- skirt (def. 6b).
- the flat surface in a printing press on which the form of type is laid.
- the body or, sometimes, the floor or bottom of a truck or trailer.
- a compact mass of a substance functioning in a reaction as a catalyst or reactant.
- the canvas surface of a trampoline.
- the smooth, wooden floor of a bowling alley.
- the slate surface of a billiard table to which the cloth is fastened.
- flesh enveloping the base of a claw, esp. the germinative layer beneath the claw.
- Also called mock, mock mold. [Shipbuilding.]a shaped steel pattern upon which furnaced plates for the hull of a vessel are hammered to shape.
- See bed and board.
- get up on the wrong side of the bed, to be irritable or bad-tempered from the start of a day: Never try to reason with him when he's gotten up on the wrong side of the bed.
- go to bed:
- to retire, esp. for the night.
- to engage in sexual relations.
- go to bed with, to have sexual intercourse with.
- in bed:
- beneath the covers of a bed.
- engaged in sexual intercourse.
- jump or get into bed with, to form a close, often temporary, alliance, usually with an unlikely ally: Industry was charged with jumping into bed with labor on the issue.
- make a bed, to fit a bed with sheets and blankets.
- make one's bed, to be responsible for one's own actions and their results: You've made your bed--now lie in it.
- put to bed:
- to help (a child, invalid, etc.) go to bed.
- to lock up (forms) in a press in preparation for printing.
- to work on the preparation of (an edition of a newspaper, periodical, etc.) up to the time of going to press.
- to provide with a bed.
- to put to bed.
- [Hort.]to plant in or as in a bed.
- to lay flat.
- to place in a bed or layer: to bed oysters.
- to embed, as in a substance: bedding the flagstones in concrete.
- to take or accompany to bed for purposes of sexual intercourse.
- to have sleeping accommodations: He says we can bed there for the night.
- to form a compact layer or stratum.
- (of a metal structural part) to lie flat or close against another part.
- [Archaic.]to go to bed.
- bed down:
- to make a bed for (a person, animal, etc.).
- to retire to bed: They put out the fire and decided to bed down for the night.
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More Riverside County residents – adults and young people – smoke than in previous years, and residents eat fast food more often than the rest of California.
Those factors might help explain why Riverside County ranks near the bottom in overall health among California counties and why more than 60 percent of early deaths here are caused by heart disease, cancer, lung disease and stroke.
These nuggets and more detailed information can be found in the 2013 Community Health Profile, an 83-page snapshot of the health of county residents.
The report, released by the County of Riverside Department of Public Health, describes the health issues facing Riverside County residents. It illustrates the scope of the chronic disease problem, the behaviors that lead to disease, and suggests opportunities to change behaviors to improve health.
Recent studies ranked Riverside County 32nd among California's 58 counties in overall health.
"We're using data to tell a story; create a roadmap," said Wendy Hetherington, chief epidemiologist for the county. "The report will help guide our public health programs and policies."
The report is also the foundation for the Healthy Riverside County Initiative, an effort being launched in conjunction with the release of the health profile.
Using the findings of the report the initiative has four priority areas: Improving eating habits, increase daily physical activity, reduce tobacco rates and building healthier environments that support walking, biking and exercise.
"It's a new era of community involvement and population health improvement. The profile serves as starting point for community driven change. By making better food and drink choices, building exercise into our day and not smoking, we can make a difference not only for ourselves but for our friends and family," said Dr. Cameron Kaiser, Riverside County interim health officer.
The report, which includes data collected from local, state and federal sources, provides a resource for educational institutions, cities and other municipalities looking for ways to improve the health of their employees and residents.
The 2013 Community Health Profile is available for download at: _URL_


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Remember the man-eating plant in "Little Shop of Horrors?"
Fiction meets fact as the invasive kudzu plant advances from the southeastern U.S. to Canada. You've seen it smothering bushes, trees and even abandoned homes along highways. It might also be sneaking through local meadows, woods or climbing garden fences.
Kudzu can grow one foot per day and up to 90 feet in a single season. It throttles native species, including trees, which are girdled by the vine, broken by its weight or killed by lack of light.
Kudzu also produces isoprene and nitric oxide, which, when combined with nitrogen in the air, form ozone. Ozone irritates the eyes, nose and throat and can damage the lungs, sometimes causing asthma or worsening asthma symptoms. As a mutagen, it can cause lung cancer. Ozone also hinders the growth of many plants, including crops grown for food.
What should you do to save your property from being swallowed up? Here are several methods of control. Whatever you decide, do it right away. The longer kudzu occupies a piece of land, the harder it is to stamp it out.
You can't cut kudzu and expect it to go away. You have to kill or remove its root crown and all rooting runners. When you dig up crowns and nodes, wrap them in plastic before disposing of them. If dumped in soil, they'll start to grow again.
If you see kudzu on your lawn, you can mow it down. Continuous mowing depletes the plant's energy reserves, although killing it takes time. Strip vines from trees and bushes. In flower beds you may want to cover kudzu with heavy plastic to smother it.
If you have a large property with livestock, allow them to graze on the vines. Absent livestock, you can use a tractor with a rock rake to pull as much of the vine out of the ground, then hand-pull the rest.
Kudzu might succumb only to chemical attack. Only a few herbicides work – none of them "green." In non-crop lands or areas with little human or animal interaction, look for products containing Triclopyr. Cut the vine stem, then paint the herbicide directly on the new cut.
You can also kill kudzu with glyphosate-based products, which kill all plants they come in contact with, so apply them directly to the cut vine stem.
Kudzu is a threat to us, especially if we continue to experience mild winters. Learn to identify it and eradicate it. Report new appearances to county and state authorities so they can monitor its progress and stop its spread.


Barley Flour qt to fl-oz converter for culinary teaching and diet.
barley flour conversion
Breadcrumbs: main Flours menubarley flour menuUS quarts
Amount: 1 US quart (qt) of barley flour volume
Equals: 32.00 fluid ounces (fl-oz) in barley flour volume
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Convert barley flour culinary measuring units between US quart (qt) and fluid ounces (fl-oz) of barley flour but in the other direction from fluid ounces into US quarts.
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One US quart of barley flour converted to fluid ounce equals to 32.00 fl-oz
How many fluid ounces of barley flour are in 1 US quart? The answer is: The change of 1 qt ( US quart ) unit in a barley flour measure equals = into 32.00 fl-oz ( fluid ounce ) as per the equivalent measure and for the same barley flour type.
Professional people always ensure, and their success in fine cooking depends on, they get the most precise units conversion results in measuring their ingredients. In speciality cooking a measure of barley flour can be crucial. If there is an exact measure in qt - US quarts for barley flour, it's the rule in culinary career, that the US quart portion number gets converted into fl-oz - fluid ounces of barley flour absolutely exactly. It's like an insurance for the master chef for having always all the meals created perfectly.
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The link to this tool will appear as: Culinary barley flour from US quart (qt) into fluid ounces (fl-oz) conversion.


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Ordesa National Park is the enchanted mother of the Spanish national park system. Set aside in 1918 by royal decree, the park has been progressivly expanded to include more than 56,000 acres of lush valley forests and meadows, steep limestone slopes and delicate alpine reaches. Wildlife abounds, although some of the efforts to protect the more wary species have met with mixed success due to the popularity of the park.
Times to Vist
The park is open from May through mid-November, but if you plan to visit early or late in the season, double check snow conditions. Also, mid-July through August are the height of the Spanish vacation season -- not a good time of year to come if you want to avoid crowds. Besides, it's the hottest time of the year.
Ordesa Park actually comprises three separate valleys emanating out of Monte Perdido, "the lost mountain." The park's namesake, the Ordesa Valley, is renowned -- and deserves to be. Carved out by glaciers, the valley is outlined by limestone folds brilliantly marked with bands of gray, red and yellow ochre. Unlike most valleys in the Pyrenees, the Ordesa runs east/west. Since it is open to the west, the valley gets lots of cool, moist air from the Atlantic, making the plantlife lush and the climate moderate. The valley ends in the dramatic Circa Soasa, a glacial cirque.
The valley floor is home to forests of firs and beeches. On the slopes, tough dwarf mountain pine hold out up to the tree line. Above the treeline are beautiful alpine shrubs and meadows, with many seasonal wildflowers such as edelweiss, gentians, orchids, violets, belladonna, and anemones.
Ordesa National Park was set up specifically to protect the ibex, a wild goat. Ironically, the ibex is still in decline, along with the lammergeier, a type of bearded vulture. However, many other species are flourishing in this otherwise well preserved enclave. The valley shelters 171 species of birds -- including golden eagles, griffon vultures and alpine finches, 32 mammals -- including wild boar, otters and foxes, eight species of reptiles, including the asp (Vispera aspis) of Cleopatra's doom, and five amphibia. Especially notable are the only herds of Pyrenees mountain goats in existence and a healthy number of chamois deer, which in the nineteenth century were in danger of becoming extinct.
Hiking and Climbing
One of the great advantages of Ordesa is that if offers a variety of hiking opportunities, from the relatively short and easy to the very challenging. Your best bet is to land in the almost-too-charming village of Torla, frequently overran by tourists. But from Torla there are dozens of trailheads that will allow you to leave the tapas-munching hordes behind. (Tapas is like Spanish gorp, but with lots of olives instead of raisins.)
The most popular walk is the Circa Soasa, which takes 5 to 8 hours and offers a lot of beauty and interest without a lot of exertion. If you strike out towards the Circo de Cotatuero, you can pay a visit to the Brecha de Rolanda, where legend has it the heroic Roland struck a breach in the wall with his sword, Durandal.
Climbers have many choices. Two noteworthy are the Petit Vignemale, which reportedly offers almost every possible technical challenge, and for very experienced climbers, the Aqisclo Valley.
From three star luxury to tenting. The towns surrounding the park offer many hotel options. On the opposite extreme, although you can't sent up a base camp in the park, you can pitch a tent overnight, as long as you strike it first thing in the morning.
The park also has several refugi (plural for refugio). A refugio is an alpine shelters, sort of like a youth hostel, but unlike a hostel where you frequently need a special card to stay, a refugio is open to all comers. Price vary from 100 to 900 ptas. To ensure a spot, it's best to arrive by mid-afternoon, although you probably won't be admitted to the sleeping area until evening. Food is sometimes available, but because it frequently has to be packed in or dropped by helicopter, it can be pricey. So bring you own, but then you might want to spring for a carafe of wine to wash it down and relax your hike-weary muscles.
Details mentioned in this article were accurate at the time of publication


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Free Banking and Monetary Calculation
Posted By Steve Horwitz On June 16, 2012 @ 3:39 pm In Uncategorized | 14 Comments
In my Freeman column this week, I discussed the importance of monetary calculation in enabling entrepreneurs to know both what to produce and how to produce it. The ability to make use of money prices to formulate a forward-looking budget and to calculate backward-looking profits/losses is crucial to entrepreneurial planning and the learning process of the market. In that piece I didn't have the space to make an additional point that I'd like to note here.
For monetary calculation to be maximally effective, the monetary system matters. Specifically, the more sound that money is, the more reliable is monetary calculation. This is a point that Mises made in this 1920 article about economic calculation in the socialist commonwealth and one I developed in a HOPE paper in 1998. In an economy subject to periodic inflation and deflation, the reliability of money prices is reduced, and what we might call the "epistemic burden" on entrepreneurs is increased as they have to sort out whether a given price change is due to real or nominal factors. Where money is sound, price movements carry a less ambiguous message. They still require interpretation, but with one less major complicating factor than under inflation or deflation.
Given that different monetary regimes will be more or less likely to avoid inflation and deflation, the monetary system matters for the effectiveness of monetary calculation. If free banking is better than the alternatives at avoiding monetary disequilibria, then it is also better at creating a sound environment for monetary calculation. And, if so, it will be better at promoting economic growth.
Many of these ideas are at the core of my Microfoundations and Macroeconomics: An Austrian Perspective, which if you haven't read, you should!
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 HOPE paper: _URL_
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Copyright © 2013 Free Banking. All rights reserved.


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Recall issued for oysters harvested from Hood Canal
September 23, 2011 · 2:13 PM
OLYMPIA — Distributors, retailers, restaurants, and consumers have been advised not to eat, sell, or ship oysters harvested between Aug. 30 and Sept. 19 from Washington's Hood Canal growing area No. 4.
The state Department of Health made the recommendations, including contacting people who bought the oysters over the Internet, as part of a recall of oysters in the shell harvested in that growing area between those dates.
The agency closed oyster harvesting in the area after five people who ate raw oysters containing Vibrio parahaemolyticus, got sick with an illness called vibriosis.
The recall is a precautionary action to make sure that no oysters in the shell harvested from Hood Canal No. 4, in this time period, are still for sale or in the hands of consumers. State health officials order a recall when two or more unrelated cases of vibriosis are linked to the same source of oysters from the growing area. There have been several other vibriosis cases reported this summer, scattered around the state's growing areas. Typically, Washington sees about 50 cases of vibriosis a year.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteria are found naturally in the environment. When water temperature rises, the bacteria can quickly grow to a level that causes illness.
Symptoms of vibriosis include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, headache, fever, and chills. The symptoms usually appear about 12 hours after eating infected shellfish, but they can begin within two hours or as late as 48 hours after consumption. The illness is usually moderate and lasts for two to seven days; however, it can be more serious, even life threatening to people with weak immune systems or chronic liver disease. Taking certain medications may make vibriosis more likely to occur after eating shellfish.
Harvested shellfish should be kept cool. Thorough cooking kills the bacteria, making the shellfish safe to eat. Food safety specialists recommend oysters be cooked to an internal temperature of 145° F to kill the bacteria.
More information, including maps of the affected areas, is available on the agency's shellfish safety website (_URL_ Just because an area doesn't appear to be closed because of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, it may be closed for marine biotoxins.


6 Reasons Smoking Weed With Asthma Is a Bad Idea
One in five people with asthma use marijuana, but smoking weed can cause permanent lung damage and might make your asthma worse.
Clearing the air
Have you heard that vaping or smoking marijuana is good for asthma, supposedly helping to relax airways, slow breathing, and reduce asthma attacks? It's a popular myth—and a potentially dangerous one.
"This just isn't true, and standard asthma therapies are much more effective treatments than marijuana in any form," says pulmonologist Anthony Gerber, MD, a professor of pulmonary, critical care, and sleep medicine at National Jewish Health.
"As a lung doctor, I want to remind people that the healthiest option is always to not inhale anything other than air, whether you have asthma or not," says Dr. Gerber.
Of course, there are many reasons why people use marijuana aside from medicinal purposes, including fun and relaxation.
Asthma is one of the most common chronic conditions in the United States, and with recreational marijuana being legal for adults in 16 states and Washington, D.C., there are plenty of people with asthma who also happen to enjoy smoking marijuana (cannabis).
A survey of 489 adults, conducted by the Allergy & Asthma Network and published in the Annals of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, found that nearly one in five people with asthma said they use cannabis.
Of those who said they use it in some form, over half said they smoke it. The majority of participants were female and Caucasian.
If you have asthma, here's what you need to know before you consider using cannabis.
Hands of man and woman passing marijuana jointJamie Grill/Getty Images
How marijuana affects asthma
"Overall, smoking pot is not a good idea for someone with asthma, as it can cause excess inflammation in your lungs and is a known trigger for asthma attacks," says Purvi Parikh, MD, an allergist with the Allergy & Asthma Network.
It's an allergen
Pollen is one of the most common environmental allergens, and cannabis is a pollen-bearing plant.
This makes it a common yet surprisingly unknown trigger of allergic asthma, according to a 2015 study published in the Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Incidences of allergic reactions, hypersensitivity, and even anaphylaxis were reported.
It may also increase your sensitivity to other types of pollen, making your allergic asthma worse.
It can damage the blood vessels in your lungs
Inhaling marijuana smoke, even secondhand, may damage the capillaries, the thinnest and smallest type of blood vessels, which supply oxygen to tissues throughout the body, including the lungs.
Rats who inhaled secondhand marijuana smoke for just one minute experienced significant constriction in their capillaries, according to a 2016 study published in the Journal of the American Heart Association.
It took the rats' blood vessels longer to recover after each exposure. Over time, this could lead to permanent damage—and that's just from secondhand smoke.
In humans with asthma, smoking weed could cause similar constriction and damage, triggering an attack and/or making an attack more severe.
It can weaken your immune system
Certain immune cells found in your lungs are critical to keeping your lungs healthy by fighting off bacteria and viruses.
Smoking marijuana dampened the effect of these immune cells, according to a 2016 study published in Frontiers in Pharmacology. This may make pot smokers more vulnerable to infections.
People with asthma are already more likely to get respiratory illnesses, experience more severe symptoms, and take longer to recover.
It can make your asthma harder to control
People with asthma who used pot were more likely to need treatment at a hospital and more likely to need intensive care in the hospital, according to a study published in Respirology.
The researchers looked at admissions records from more than 400 patients with asthma and theorized that people who use marijuana are also less likely to stick to their asthma treatment plan, allowing their condition to get out of control.
It may affect medical treatment
Marijuana is one of the substances you need to tell your doctors about, particularly if you may need surgery.
Cannabis products affect the central nervous system and can interfere with the effectiveness of some medications that work on that system, including anesthesia.
It does not make it easier to breathe
Contrary to the myth, smoking or vaping pot does not relax the airways. That's what a 2018 study, published in Annals of the American Thoracic Society, found.
People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease—an illness that is different from asthma but also reduces lung function—showed no improvement in breathlessness after inhaling marijuana.
Vaping, smoking, and edibles
"It's a myth that vaping is safer for your lungs than smoking," says Dr. Gerber, who is also an associate professor of medicine at the University of Colorado Denver.
Both methods of inhaling marijuana come with chemical and physical risks.
"Vaping—pot or tobacco—damages your lungs irreversibly," says Dr. Parikh, who is also a clinical assistant professor in the departments of medicine and pediatrics at New York University School of Medicine.
Edibles may seem like a more sensible choice because they bypass the lungs. However, some of the harmful effects of cannabis, like allergy triggers, stem from the components of marijuana itself. This may mean that using pot in any form could worsen your asthma and cause long-lasting harm.
Smoking weed vs. a cigarette
Many people think marijuana is "healthier" than tobacco and that if you're going to smoke something, pot is the lesser of two evils.
There is some truth to this, Dr. Gerber says.
"Pot has fewer inhalants in it than tobacco," he says, adding that people tend to only take a few puffs off a blunt rather than chain smoke like tobacco users may do with cigarettes. This can lead to less product being inhaled over time.
On a cellular level, however, marijuana smoke may actually be more harmful than tobacco smoke.
In the Journal of the American Heart Association study, the rats' blood vessels took at least three times longer to recover function after only a minute of breathing secondhand marijuana smoke, compared with recovery after a minute of breathing secondhand tobacco smoke.
In addition, the researchers noted in the Frontiers in Pharmacology study that cannabis smoking caused harmful effects on lung function and inflammation that tobacco smoking did not.
Treat the real issues
All of our experts agree that if you have asthma, particularly if it's severe or uncontrolled, then you should avoid smoking pot or using marijuana in any form.
If you're considering smoking marijuana to help with a medical condition, like asthma or anxiety (which can trigger asthma attacks), you should instead get proper treatment for that condition specifically, Dr. Gerber says.
That may mean changing to a daily or different asthma medication and getting therapy and/or medication to control anxiety.
The bottom line is that no one wants lung damage, but because asthma already causes lung damage, people with asthma need to be even more careful with what they put in their lungs.
Charlotte Hilton Andersen


Workplace Wellness, Fatigue Prevention, Health Education
An Inspiring Educational Approach to Workplace Wellness
Education: 1. the act or process of educating; the imparting or acquisition of knowledge, skill, etc.; systematic instruction or training. 2. the result produced by instruction, training or study. 3. the science or art of teaching.
Inspire: 1. to infuse an animating, quickening or exalting influence into. 2. to produce or arouse a feeling, thought. 3. to effect with a specified feeling, thought, etc. 4. to influence or impel. 5. to animate; as am influence, feeling, thought, or the like does. 6. to communicate or suggest by a divine or supernatural influence. 7. to prompt or instigate by influence. 8. to give rise to, occasion, or cause. 9. to infuse, breathe life into. 10. to breathe into or upon.
An inspirational presentation does not simply motivate a person, it breathes life into them. It energises and generates forward momentum.
Our Philosophy on Education:
Education does not simply mean imparting a volume of information to a person or group. Effective education requires:
 1. A thorough understanding of the topic and materials by the teacher.
 2. Organisation of the material into a logical and clearly defined sequence.
 3. Clear and concise delivery from a teacher who participants easily warm to.
 4. Presentation of data in easily digestible bytes.
 5. Inclusion of practical solutions and strategies.
 6. Easy to use, take away tools and resources.
 7. Employment of a methodology of 'informing' as opposed to 'directing'.
John Toomey is a gifted educator and communicator. His capacity to take complex information, concepts and theories, break them down and present them in clear, easy to understand modules is quite unique. It is John's flair for effective, entertaining education that's created the success of his Wellness Education programs across Australia.
Expected Results from Our Seminars
Attendance at My Unique Seminars will generate, among other things:
 1. A recognizable shift in attitude
 2. A positive change in view point.
 3. Improved levels of personal responsibility and diligence
 4. Acceptance of greater self-responsibility for Health and Wellbeing.
 5. Abandonment of a range of destructive habits.
 6. Adoption of a significant range of health improvement habits.
 7. Greater openness to change
 8. Enhanced productivity, reduced labor related costs, and expanded profitability.
 9. Improved workplace culture.


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Birth on the Land
Memories of Inuit Elders and Traditional Midwives
In Birth on the Land, elders and traditional midwives from ten Nunavut communities share memories of traditional birth.
They share how they sometimes laboured and birthed quietly and alone, while other times they were surrounded by the love and support of their family or community. They describe, and even demonstrate, what they did to facilitate an easy birth and give newborns the best possible start in life.
The elders and traditional midwives also share memories about the transition from giving birth in igluit or tents to having to do so in the company of strangers in institutions introduced by southern colonizers. They remember a time when pregnancy, birth, and death were accepted as a part of life, and when elders, rather than southern caregivers, were the sources of wisdom and authority.
Birth on the Land reintroduces contemporary readers to the time-honoured midwifery practices that were used in Nunavut for generations, and provides invaluable insight for caregivers in contemporary Nunavut about caring for pregnant women and giving birth the "Inuit way."


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International Great Lakes Datum (IGLD) is the reference system by which Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin water levels are measured. It consists of benchmarks at various locations on the lakes and St. Lawrence River that roughly coincides with sea level. All water levels are measured in feet or meters above this point. Movements in the earth's crust necessitate updating this datum every 25-30 years. The first IGLD was based upon measurements and bench marks that centered on the year 1955, and it was called IGLD (1955). The most recently updated datum uses calculations that center on 1985, and it is called IGLD (1985). Measurements recorded in NGVD (1929) or IGLD (1955) need to be converted to IGLD (1985) measurements before they can be used in comparison situations. The table below displays the different readings for the OHWM in Indiana and how to convert NGVD (1929) and IGLD (1955) measurements to IGLD (1985) measurements. Conversion Equations


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Weed Seed: Linaria genistifolia (Broomleaf toadflax)
Canadian: Absent from Canada (Brouillet et al. 2016Footnote 1).
Worldwide: Native to central and eastern Europe and temperate Asia (USDA-ARS 2016Footnote 2). Introduced in France, Germany, Norway, and the United States, where it is present in Oregon, Minnesota, and some of the northeastern states (CABI 2016Footnote 3).
Duration of life cycle
Seed or fruit type
- Seed length: 0.6 - 0.8 mm
- Seed width: 0.4 - 0.5 mm
- Seed blocky, often with one tapered end
- Seed covered in ridges that form a wavy-wrinkled pattern
- Seed black with a bluish or silver sheen, immature seeds are greyish
- The seed edges are reticulated and winged, approximately 0.2 mm wide
Habitat and Crop Association
Pastures, roads and disturbed areas (Darbyshire 2003Footnote 4).
Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica)
- Dalmatian toadflax seeds are a similar size, blackish colour, rough surface and sharp winged edges as broomleaf toadflax.
- The shape tends to be more blocky without one tapered end and the winged edges do not have a strong microscopic pattern compared to broomleaf toadflax.
Striped toadflax (Linaria repens)
- Striped toadflax seeds are a similar size, dark colour and rough surface as broomleaf toadflax.
- Striped toadflax seeds lack a winged edge and have a dull brownish surface compared to broomleaf toadflax.
- Date modified:


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NARRATOR: Buoyant passages of red and fractured green-blue forms dominate this 1918 canvas by Stanton MacDonald-Wright. On the eve of World War I, Macdonald-Wright and fellow artist Morgan Russell produced some of the earliest abstract, nonobjective paintings in American Art. Their vanguard style, which Russell coined "Synchronism," correlated art and music, color and sound. Part of the vibrant community of American expatriates living in Paris before the outbreak of World War I, the two artists believed that colors were analogous to musical notes, and that a painterly composition was like a symphony of color and form. As Macdonald Wright explained, "Whenever man had a desire for heavenly intoxication, he turned to music. Yet color is just as capable as music of providing us with the highest ecstasies and delights."
The artist described the arrangement of forms in this painting as being inspired by and loosely based upon a group of figures smoking opium, including himself. In the prewar period, many artists were fascinated with the Orient and with what they perceived as exotic. Though not a widely known name today, Stanton Macdonald-Wright was a pioneer of Abstract American art.


Additional thoughts on IVPT
From Provenance WG Wiki
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Following are some personal notes that I would like to submit to the discussion as additional input (Paolo)
These notes are an attempt to reconcile a number of proposals on the concept of "Invariant view or perspective on thing (IVPT)".
As a baseline, I will use the most recent definition, found here which seems to summarize the preceding discussions. The proposal that follows is an attempt to consolidate, extend, and in part rephrase, the definition.
Note. I have replaced the term IVPT with just perspective, to make it more neutral wrt previous nomenclature, but one can see that they are very close. One key difference is that in this formulation "all perspectives are created equal", i.e., they are all perspectives on some abstract entity, rather than being subordinate to one another (whereas B is a view of A is anti-symmetric in the original formulation). This is up for discussion but is a core distinction.
Our goal is to define the subject of provenance, that is, a model for a universe of objects (in the sense of sets of property-value pairs) to which provenance can be meaningfully associated.
The over-arching principles that govern the model are as follows.
Abstract entities and their perspectives:
 - We assume a relativistic view of the world. In this view, abstract entities are primitive and have an ontological value, (in the original philosophical sense), but they can only be described through observations, and these observations are generally subjective and relative to an observer. Thus, the observer cannot describe the entity per se, but can only describe a perspective on it.
 - A perspective consists of a set of properties.
 - Observers are also known as asserters, as they are responsible for asserting the properties of a perspective.
 - Example: I see a tree in my garden. it is the manifestation of some "Tree", which I can describe in terms of colour, size, and shape of the leaves.
 - There may be multiple observers, each providing a (possibly) different perspectives on some entity.
 - Example: my botanist friend describes a tree in my garden, in terms of species and age, in addition to size.
Mappings acrosss perspectives:
 - Different observers may agree that their perspectives are different manifestations of the same abstract entity. Such agreement may be stipulated in terms of mappings, or correspondences, across sets of properties that characterize each of the different perspectives.
 - Example: The botanist and I agree that we are really describing two manifestations of the same tree, as we find there is sufficient evidence of that (ultimately, we trust our measuraments, or our sense). The botanist will even be able to describe my property "shape of leaves" in terms of her more appropriate "species" property (assuming that species determines shape of leaves!). We also agree on size, possibly by mapping across two different ways of measuring it, and within some tolerance.
 - Mappings can be partial.
 - Example: The botanist can tell the age of the tree, while I can't. This is not to say that age is not a plausible property for me, but I am unable to associate a value to it from my perspective.
Evolving state of perspectives:
 - The state of a perspective P at time t consists of the values of the properties that characterize P at time t.
 - The state of P may change over time. Sometimes changes can be ascribed to activities and events that some of the observers can perceive. This means that some events may cause a particular perspective to change. More commonly, events may result in changes in multiple perspectives, only some of which may be able to relate the event with the change.
 - When observers can make causal connections, they may use relations such as "derivation", "generation", and others, which are being discussed elsewhere, to characterize the change.
 - Example: the tree is pruned overnight. We both acknowledge the change, however in addition the botanist witnessed the process. From her perspective, there is a causal relation between the process and the fact that the tree has changed. I, on the other hand, can do no better than recording that some properties of the tree have changed. However, I may relay on the botanist's observations to conclude that the cause of the tree having a different shape is the process that she observed. This inference relies on our prior agreement that we have been observing the same tree.
Key known issues (leading to the nature of provenance)
It is not the goal of this section to define provenance. However, an intuitive notion of what provenance should be able to express has been driving the discussion on invariant properties, so it must be mentioned.
Identity, or: "The artist formerly known as Prince"...
Sometimes state changes are so drastic that one observer may no longer recognize the same underlying entity after the change.
 - Example: a block of ice is sculpted into the shape of a tree. One observer (the only one, for simplicity) agrees that it is no longer just a block of ice, and she also agrees on assertions that describe the provenance of the new shape (these include the raw block, the process of sculpting, and possibly more). Later, the ice melts, leaving a pool of water. The observer agrees that it is no longer a tree sculpture. The best she can do at this point is to acknowledge the new observable (the pool of water), possibly make additional causal assertions having to do with an increase in temperature, and make assertions that link it to the previous observable, the sculpture. So she has a new perspective, on something she describes as "a pool of water", and there is no expectation that this new perspective is "the same as" the sculpture, or the raw block. They are different, they have different properties, but they are part of one evolutionary process: provenance, as perceived by this observer, connects them.
Do we need invariant properties?<\u> I don't know. The previous note seems to indicate that we don't, but this is open to discussion.
Provenance of the state of a perspective, and across multiple perspectives: In this model, we have:
 - provenance of a perspective at a given point in time, which consists of a collection of assertions about that perspective, accumulated over time.
 - The provenance assertions of different perspectives may be related to one another. Such relationships are induced by (follow) the mappings across perspectives, that observers have agreed upon. Thus, provenance is not one single provenance graph, but rather it consists of multiple graphs, interconnected in principle at least, by correspondences that map across each other's properties.
The File/Document/Printout example.
Example found [here]
The are three observers (they may be the same, but logically they are distinct) and three perspectives:
 - a Document d
 - a File f
 - a Printout p
These perspectives have some corresponding properties, including Author (for Document), Owner (for Fileand Printout), Content (for all of them), Creator, etc. In each perspective the meaning may be different, but this is ok, as long as there is agreement on partial mappings across them (or agreement that mappings don't exist).
Each perspective may evolve along its own Events line (sort of a Timeline but with implicit time). Events are naturally interleaved, for instance:
 - d events: Paolo edits d, then Stian edits d
 - f events: Stian creates f, then Paolo writes f, then Stian reads f
 - p events: Stian prints p
Each events line leads to a perspective-specific provenance graph.
Not only are the events temporally interleaved, but a logical relationship may sometimes be detected. This is only really necessary when we attempt to link up the individual provenance graphs into a inter-perspective provenance. In this case, mappings provide "bridges" across the different provenance graphs. For instance, file f at time t corresponds to document d after Paolo's edits and before Stian's edits, etc.


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In addition to developing wearable sensors to measure and study human motion, we also study how the brain interprets information coming from biological sensors to perceive motion. We use unique experimental protocols to probe the brain's perception to different types of motion, and use these to drive the development of novel stochastic models to simulate how we think the brain's neural circuitry makes sense of sensory information. In the future, we will use these same approaches to also study how sensory information are utilized in feedback motor control for standing balance and locomotion tasks, and how our stochastic models might act as a framework for describing motor learning.
We are actively looking for students with a strong background in modeling dynamical systems, both with traditional methods (state space, linear time invariant control), and stochastic methods (Markov Decision Processes, Bayesian estimation).
The vestibular sense is often considered the human sixth sense. Located in the inner ear, the semicircular canals and otoliths that make up the vestibular organ are sensitive to both angular and linear accelerations respectively. Because they are sensitive to accelerations, the brain must integrate these to form perceptions of velocity and position. Thus, there is a clear central mechanism underlying this integration process that we can study.
One of the most commonly studied vestibular phenomenon is known as velocity storage. If we suddenly start to spin participants at a constant rotational speed, the semicircular canals will initially respond to the onset of motion (as it is a sudden and large rotational acceleration) before decaying back to a resting state. Perceptually, participants typically report a sensation of spinning for much longer than their semicircular canals remain activated. This prolongation of the spinning sensation is known as velocity storage, and in understanding how the neural circuits drive velocity storage, we can form a better understanding for how sensorimotor neural processing occurs throughout the brain.
Chen A, Khosravi-Hashemi N, Kuo C, Kramer JK, Blouin JS. Development of a conversion model between mechanical and electrical vestibular stimuli. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2020 Feb 4. Link. Resources.


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Definition of Abdominal cavity
Abdominal cavity: The cavity within the abdomen, the space between the abdominal wall and the spine.
The abdominal cavity is hardly an empty space. It contains a number of crucial organs including the lower part of the esophagus, the stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and bladder.
Last Editorial Review: 4/27/2011 5:27:15 PM
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How to Write an Anniversary Announcement?
To write an anniversary announcement, be sure to include the couple's names. Also state the date of their marriage and how many years they have been married. Include the details of any celebration that is occurring.
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A graduation of a loved one or yourself is an exciting time. To write an annoucement letting everyone know, you should include the name of the person graduating, place of the graduation
How to write a marriage announcement differs from other kinds of announcements, such as a wedding engagement announcement or a wedding invitation. A marriage announcement lets those
1 Write a list of wedding announcement recipients. Recipients should not have been invited to the wedding. Many couples send announcements to professional colleagues, especially when
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1. Grab a pencil and pad to write down a rough draft of the announcement. Write the name of the husband and wife that plan to have the anniversary celebration....


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B5 Does not explode on presence, proximity, or contact of a person (Ottawa)
0 = explodes on presence, proximity, or contact
1 = does not explode on presence, proximity, or contact; is strictly nonlethal
Overall Technical Risk
In assessing overall technical risk, the committee assigned the highest score to systems already in production and progressively lower scores to systems with technologies beyond the state of the art. This very simple scoring was helpful for assessing the more "futuristic" alternatives.
C0 0 = in production
−1 = capability has been demonstrated
−2 = capability not prototyped, but uses technology within the state of the art
−3 = technology is beyond the state of the art
Changes in Tactics and Doctrine
The consideration of tactics and operational concepts was specified in the Statement of Task. This criterion was given a simple yes or no on the score sheet to indicate whether changes in tactics or doctrine would be necessary to implement the alternative (see D0 on score sheet).
Because cost2 was not included in the Statement of Task and because the determinations by the committee were only estimates, scores for this criterion only indicate the committee's evaluation process. The following costs were considered for each alternative:
E1 Research and development
0 = weapon already exists
−1 = known, funded cost; relatively low cost; prototype exists or is technologically easy to achieve
−2 = no prototype, but elements of the system exist; technology appears to be straightforward
−3 = conceptual stage; requires a technology breakthrough
E2 Procurement cost
0 = production base exists/has been produced
−1 = production capability exists, anticipated product costs are low
−2 = requires complex manufacturing process and/or high product cost
−3 = manufacturing processes are conceptual, costs unknown
2 Despite the sponsor's admonition that cost not be considered a factor, it was included because the committee believed it might be a consideration for the future. However, cost estimates were rudimentary.
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- Karthik Balasundaram
Silicon's Superhero Cousin: Silicon Carbide
Updated: Nov 26, 2020
When choosing a semiconducting material for manufacturing electronic devices, silicon is by far the most popular option for several reasons. First and foremost, silicon forms high-quality silicon oxide, which provides insulation between various integrated circuit (IC) components. For this reason, silicon can be used to create a wide range of devices, from a simple diode to advanced microprocessors. Silicon is also used in ultra-low-power Bluetooth wireless connectivity devices and aids in switching power in industrial applications. While silicon has long been the semiconductor of choice in power electronics, it has its inherent limits as a power semiconductor due to its mechanical and electrical properties.
In the past ten years, demand for more energy-efficient chips has grown due to the emergence of a new computing era driven by the Internet of Things (IoT), big data, and artificial intelligence (AI). The general design philosophy is to reduce the size of transistors in such chips per Moore's Law. However, advances in power semiconductors are not governed by lowering the node size but by breakdown voltage rating, on-resistance (or current rating), and thermal resistance. Silicon power devices are designed to handle voltages ranging from tens to hundreds of volts and hundreds of amps of current. As you can imagine, this is a lot of power handled by these devices! However, such power devices' capabilities made using silicon have limits, and these limits are driving the development of new semiconducting materials that offer superior performance.
Silicon carbide (SiC) is a compound semiconductor material containing silicon and carbon. Compared to silicon, an electron in SiC needs three times more energy to begin moving freely within the material. This wider bandgap gives the material interesting characteristics like faster switching and higher power density. This blog will highlight two use cases where SiC devices can deliver significant benefits in automotive electronics.
1. SiC in Automotive Electronics: Traction Inverters
A traction inverter is a machine that converts a DC power supply (i.e., battery) to an AC output, which will feed an electric motor. Inverters can be bulky and heavy if they require heat sinks or air cooling. This is usually the case for traditional silicon inverters, as they require those additions to mitigate their operating temperature.
Electric vehicles generally have a main motor powering the wheels, and it is common for six power transistors and diodes to be used to turn that motor. Each transistor must be able to block several hundred volts and switch a few hundred amps. In power applications, a key design criterion is to switch the device as quickly as possible to minimize wasted power and achieve higher efficiency.
Using SiC in a high-voltage design offers faster switching performances and higher power efficiency, translating to smaller and easier-to-cool modules. It is worth noting that when dealing with lower voltage rails, traditional silicon devices still have better performances, and their ubiquity indicates that they will remain common in the lower voltage (e.g., 12 V and 48 V) power electronic systems present in our vehicles. However, when dealing with systems operating at large voltages (e.g., 400 V, 800 V, or 1,200 V), the inherent properties of SiC enable new possibilities such as higher breakdown voltage, lower on-resistance, and thermal resistance. In an electric vehicle, the traction inverter takes a high voltage (typically between 400 V and 800 V) from the battery. It produces the three AC phases for the electric motor that will drive the vehicle.
Consider a situation where a silicon carbide traction inverter replaces a traditional silicon Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) inverter. In Stockholm, a research group tested this replacement option on a local railway line to measure how a one-to-one replacement changes power efficiency. This configuration was performed twice to measure performance, first isolated in a laboratory and then on a Stockholm railway line. In the isolated laboratory test, the silicon carbide inverter replacement greatly reduced the increase of temperature over time by 63%. The laboratory test modeled the train application with a power source at 640 V, phase current 210 Arms, train speed 45 km/h, and the varying switching frequency at 1000 Hz. Although silicon carbide can operate beyond 1000 Hz, the laboratory test modeled a 1:1 replacement. At 1000 Hz, under identical conditions, the traditional silicon inverter switching losses were 88 Watts, and the silicon carbide inverter losses were 31 Watts. This tremendous improvement as the Silicon Carbide inverter reduced the switching losses by one-third, resulting in improved power conversion efficiency.
The field test increased the challenge. The train ran up to 70 km/h and needed up to 300 Arms in the field. The silicon carbide inverter replacement showed benefits in lower temperature rises and required a smaller protective case. The inverter varied between 10 and 20 degrees Celsius throughout the day, a variance of ~10-degrees. This is significant, considering that the traditional silicon inverter showed ~20-degree variance in the isolated laboratory test. The silicon carbide inverter in the field outperformed the silicon inverter even in an ideal laboratory situation.
This test helps understand the potential benefits in the electric vehicle industry since railway parallels the nature of start-and-stop traffic. Important takeaways of the improved traction inverter are the lighter physical weight and much-improved power efficiency.
The improvements showed a 22% weight reduction and a 51% volume reduction.
As an example, Tesla appears to be using silicon carbide in its inverter design. Tesla Model 3 is using silicon carbide MOSFET-based power modules from ST Microelectronics for its main inverter. They appear to operate at 650 Volts and 100 Amps, similar to the Stockholm railway test conditions.
The current trend in the industry indicates that SiC MOSFETs can help increase an electric vehicle's range. These devices can drive the electric vehicle's main motor with less power. Also, a higher switching frequency leads to higher power density and smaller, lighter motors. Furthermore, reducing wasted heat allows using smaller and lighter heat sinks, resulting in the optimization of the electric vehicle's weight and range.
As shown below, in the last ten years, China (371), Japan (354), and the US (351) appear to be the top three jurisdictions where major players in the automotive electronics industry have applied for patent protection on silicon carbide-based traction inverters. Mitsubishi Electric, Murata Manufacturing, and Hitachi have filed the highest number of patent families in this technology in terms of assignees. This indicates major Japanese players' business strategy in blocking competition in the US and Chinese markets, where Electric Vehicles are increasing in prominence.
Geographical Distribution of Patents for Traction Inverters - Top 10
(Source - Lumenci)
Top 10 Patent Assignees for Traction Inverters
(Source - Lumenci)
2. SiC in Automotive Electronics: Onboard and Offboard Chargers
SiC enables the size of the onboard charger and battery management solution of electric vehicles to shrink, which led to their integration onto the DC-DC converter and power distribution unit.
Currently, there are three standards of chargers: Level 1 (120 V), Level 2 (208 V Commercial, 240 V Residential), and DC Fast Charge (480 V, 3 phase), as shown below.
Three Standards of Chargers
The SiC switches are present in all level 1 – 3 charger types. However, only level 1 and level 2 switches are present onboard the car. The level 3 charger is an offboard converter since it is integrated with the charging station electric grid. Level 1 and 2 chargers are normally mounted within home garages or commercial spaces. These chargers function as safe extension cables to transmit power from the wall to the car. There is no power conversion performed on these wall units; instead, the power conversion from AC (Grid) to DC (Battery) is executed through the onboard charging unit residing within the vehicle. The onboard charger utilizes SiC switches to maintain high power efficiency and therefore fill the battery faster.
Level 3 charging units are large and add more cost to fit aboard the vehicle. Instead, charging station suppliers install the level 3 charging unit onto the station grid. Typically, the AC input is high voltage 480 V over 3-phases. The offboard unit uses SiC similar to that of level 1 and 2 chargers because it converts the AC input to a DC output. The difference is that the offboard unit circuit configuration is designed to accommodate a higher voltage and accepts all 3 phases.
As shown below, in the last ten years, major players in the automotive electronics industry appear to have filed patents related to silicon carbide-based onboard chargers in the CN (351), US (323), and EP (242) jurisdictions. Specifically, the top three assignees that filed the greatest number of patent families include Mitsubishi Electric, General Electric, and Witricity. It is interesting to note that Witricity is a relatively young company founded in 2007 by a team of scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Geographical Distribution of Patents for Onboard and Offboard Chargers - Top 10
(Source - Lumenci)
Top 10 Patent Assignees for Onboard and Offboard Chargers
(Source - Lumenci)
In conclusion, Silicon Carbide is an upcoming candidate to impact the Electric Vehicle industry. While we reviewed only a subset of Silicon Carbide applications in traction inverters, onboard chargers, and offboard chargers in this blog, the future looks very bullish for the impact of this technologically significant


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Identify Exhaustive Events
In this worksheet, students will practise identifying exhaustive events and look at the probability of an event not happening.
'Identify Exhaustive Events' worksheet
Key stage: KS 4
GCSE Subjects: Maths
GCSE Boards: AQA, Eduqas, Pearson Edexcel, OCR,
Curriculum topic: Probability
Curriculum subtopic: Probability Combined Events and Probability Diagrams
Difficulty level:
Worksheet Overview
In other activities, we have looked at finding a single probability. This time, we're going to look at exhaustive events.
What are exhaustive events?
Exhaustive events are two events that describe everything that could happen.
For example, if I throw a coin, getting a head and getting a tail are the only two things that could happen, so they are exhaustive.
If a roll a dice, getting a 2 and getting a 3 are not exhaustive as they don't describe everything that could happen.
If I roll a dice, getting a 2 and not getting a 2 are exhaustive as they describe everything that could happen.
Probabilities adding to 1
We know that if something is certain, it has a probability of 1.
We can use this fact to find the probability of something not happening.
Find the probability of rolling a dice and not getting a 2.
Let's look at the example from above with the dice.
The probability that I get a 2 and the probability that I don't get a 2 are exhaustive, this means that one of them is certain to happen. This means we can say that:
P(getting a 2) + P(not getting a 2) = 1
If we rearrange this...
P(not getting a 2) = 1 - P(getting a 2).
This means that if we know the probability of something happening, we can find the probability of it not happening.
P(not getting a 2) = 1 - 1/6 = 5/6
Time for some questions now.
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On My Radar: Three-Way Asset Strategy (Stocks, Bonds and Gold)
The concept here is simple and often simple is best. The red line shows the performance from 1968 to present when holding the asset classes (S&P 500, long-term bonds and gold) when the 3-month moving average is above its 10-month moving average. It shows how a simple three-way model can do well against the stock market as represented by the Standard and Poor's 500 Total Return Index.
Here is how it works:
- The concept is to stay fully invested in any of the three assets provided each asset's 3-month MA is above its 10-month MA.
- If, for example, gold is the only asset with its 3-month above its 10-month, then the model will be 100% long gold. If stocks and bonds, than 50% is positioned in each. If all three are in a positive up trend, than 1/3rd is allocated to each.
- It's that simple. The model's returns are better and much less volatile than the S&P itself.


Peace (Forum for Philosophy)
Peace is highly valued, but how is it achieved? Why are some periods in world history relatively peaceful compared to others? What, if anything, can be done to ensure peace now? Are there limits to what we are justified in doing to ensure peace? Is pacifism a justified response to war? We discuss the history, ethics, and politics of peace.
Louise Arimatsu
Distinguished Policy Fellow, LSE
Robin Dunford
Principal Lecturer, Centre for Spatial, Environmental and Cultural Politics, University of Brighton
Rachel Julian
Reader in Peace Studies, Leeds Beckett University
Michael Neu
Senior Lecturer, Centre for Applied Philosophy, Politics and Ethics, University of Brighton
Jonathan Birch
Fellow, Forum for Philosophy
Associate Professor of Philosophy, LSE
Co-sponsored by the Centre for Philosophy of the Natural and Social Sciences, LSE


Glossary definition
What is exempt?
An employment classification that refers to an individual who is usually salaried and exempt from overtime requirements.
See also: Non-exempt.
Your comprehensive A-Z guide to understanding payroll
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City pays millions for firefighter-caused blaze
While battling a warehouse fire, crews set off a second blaze that caused significant damage
MONTREAL — A Montreal suburb was fined $3.7 million after a judge declared firefighters made a warehouse fire worse by setting a second blaze.
120 firefighters responded to the September 2004 fire, which had broken out in the storage room of a foam plant, and used a chainsaw to cut a hole in the plant's ceiling across the hall from where the fire was spreading, according to the Sun News Network.
The sparks from the chainsaw ignited nearby polymers used in making Styrofoam, which caused another fire.
The resulting second blaze along with the first fire took firefighter 11 hours to extinguish, leaving significant damage to the warehouse.
Insurer's blamed the Laval Fire Department for its mistake and had sued for $9 million.
A judge agreed that the firefighters worsened the fire by using the chainsaw.
The city has not decided if it will appeal the decision.
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Ancient Connection Between Anunnaki and Ant People of Hopi
In case you didn't know already, the Hopi are a Native American Nation that lives on the 1.5 million-acre Hopi Reservation in northeastern Arizona. The Hopi usually refer to themselves as the Hopi or the Peaceful Ones.
For the longest time, the Hopiru's origins were all but a mystery, which is where Gary A. David comes in. He's spent the last 30 years of his life studying the Hopitu, releasing multiple books on them trying to explain this exact thing.
According to him, the Hopiru's genesis and survival must have had something to do with their legend of the mysterious Ant People.
This legend depicts two cataclysms which completely crippled the world as we know it. The First World was destroyed by fire, either volcanism, asteroid, or coronal mass ejection of the sun, while the Second World was destroyed by Ice.
The Hopi were completely destroyed and dying one by one, so the sky God came to their rescue. The sky God was known as Sotuknang and he took them to the Ant People who helped them by giving them shelter in Hopi and escorting them to safe subterranean caves.
Fun fact, according to the Hopi, ants have such thin waists because they used up all of their food to feed the Hopi instead of eating themselves.
But anyway, one of the theories that Gary A. David often refers to in his books imply that the Anunnaki and the Ant People are one and the same.
According to him, the term "Anu" means ants in Hopi, and "Naki" means friends, so Anunnaki might mean Ant Friends all along. If they are the same as the Sumerian Anunnaki then this would explain their genesis.
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What are the minimum requirements of SecuRe Pay that are most relevant for MIDAS Alliance
The full 42 page guidance is available at:
The changes to its definition of Strong Authentication are of the greatest relevance to the MIDAS Alliance:
Definition of Strong Authentication – SecuRe Pay mandates multi-factor authentication, but in addition it also brings in some interesting caveats as to how these factors are handled, so that one or both of these factors;
- Must be mutually independent, i.e. the breach of one does not compromise the other(s);
- Should be non-reusable and non-replicable (except for inherence);
- Designed in such a way as to protect the confidentiality of the authentication data;
- Not capable of being surreptitiously stolen via the internet.
SecuRe Pay in addition lays out the following requirements for every issuing bank to conform to based on the use of two or more of the following elements:
- Something only the user knows, e.g. static password, code, personal identification number;
- Something only the user possesses, e.g. token, smart card, mobile phone;
- Something the user is, e.g. biometric characteristic, such as a fingerprint or face recogniton.
In addition for SecuRe Pay, the elements selected must be mutually independent, i.e. the breach of one does not compromise the other.
"At least one of the elements should be non-reusable and non-replicable and not capable of being surreptitiously stolen via the internet. The strong authentication procedure should be designed in such a way as to protect the confidentiality of the authentication data."
The purpose of the SecuRe Pay guidelines is to define common minimum requirements for the internet payment services listed below, irrespective of the access device used:
- The execution of card payments on the internet, including virtual card payments, as well as the registration of card payment data for use in 'wallet solutions'
- The execution of credit transfers (CTs) on the internet
- The issuance and amendment of direct debit electronic mandates
- Transfers of electronic money between two e-money accounts via the internet.


Reset Chrome settings to default
You can restore your browser settings in Chrome at any time. You might need to do this if apps or extensions you installed changed your settings without your knowledge. Your saved bookmarks and passwords won't be cleared or changed.
 1. On your computer, open Chrome.
 3. At the bottom, click Advanced.
 - Chromebook, Linux, and Mac: Under "Reset Settings," click Restore settings to their original defaults and then Reset Settings.
 - Windows: Under "Reset and cleanup," click Reset Settings and then Reset Settings.
These steps won't provide a full reset. For example, some settings like fonts or accessibility won't be deleted. To create a new user profile, add a new user in Chrome.
What changes when you restore your settings
On your Chrome profile, the following settings will change to the default on all devices where you're signed in:
Troubleshoot reset problems
Settings menu missing or won't open
If the settings menu doesn't open or isn't there, Chrome might have a problem. To fix, uninstall Chrome then download Chrome again from and reinstall it.
If you're still having problems, you might have a program installed that is changing your Google Chrome settings. Learn more about programs that cause unwanted settings changes.
Chrome reset my browser settings
Sometimes, programs that you install can change your Chrome settings without you knowing. For your safety, the browser checks if your settings have been changed every time you launch Chrome. If Chrome notices that something's not right in your settings, it will automatically go back to the original settings.
Settings that might automatically get reset:
 - Default search engine
 - Homepage
 - Startup pages
 - Pinned tabs
 - Extensions
Chrome will still reset your settings if you're not signed in to Chrome. If you're signed in to Chrome, you'll still see your usual settings.
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Bridges and Structural Technology
Bridges and tunnels are key components of the road network system. These structures have to be stable, safe for traffic and long-lasting. The growth in traffic, particularly the increase in heavy goods vehicles and modified forms of vehicle stresses as a result of new tyre and axle systems, require a continual adaptation of the building materials and processes to enable the requirements of safety, efficiency and environmental friendliness to be met.
Civil engineering works should be able to safely withstand the stresses resulting from traffic and the weather and be as low-maintenance as possible. In order to continue to ensure the high requirements of the quality of both planning and performance with regard to stability and durability, building materials and construction methods undergo continual optimisation.
The BASt is developing procedures designed to improve durability and economy as well as undertaking research into identifying damage at an early stage and taking appropriate repair measures. It is essential to develop a sustainable maintenance system and draw up a holistic life-cycle management.
In order to maintain a reliable road network, new innovative approaches have to be integrated into maintenance management and there to undergo further development. In the future, "intelligent structures" are envisaged to provide real-time relevant information for holistic assessment.
Tunnels too have to sufficiently stable, durable and safe for traffic over their long useful life. At the BASt, the safety of tunnel users and thus the improvement in tunnel equipment enjoy the same high priorities as the concepts designed to raise civil security.
Alongside the safety of traffic users, an equal focus is on a high degree of availability of building structures, as far as research in civil security is concerned. Events that are by no means commonplace are taken into account, which can represent extreme stress both for structures and users.


What Are Swedish Showers?
You likely are familiar with the standard shower that uses one shower head to deliver a constant stream of water. Other types of showers are also available, including the Swedish shower. A Swedish shower is also called a Swiss Shower and use multiple water jets for hydrotherapy.
Swedish showers use multiple water jets.
A Swedish shower has a shower head at the top, similar to any other type of shower setup, but that's where the similarities come to an end. Swedish showers also have jets located all around the shower, usually four rows of four jets. These 16 jets provide the user with 360 degrees of shower jets.
True Swedish showers are designed to fluctuate between cold and hot water to assist in circulation. The two temperatures alternate for several seconds at a time. These types of showers are most often seen in spa environments. The temperatures in a Swedish shower range from 45 to 105 degrees Fahrenheit, which can be dangerous for people with high blood pressure or women who are pregnant.
Swedish showers are most often used for hydrotherapy in spas, using their pressure to relieve sore muscles and aid in circulation. In addition, the constant temperature fluctuations of the Swedish shower's water cause the capillaries in the skin to contract and dilate, which also increases blood circulation in the skin.
Many home shower manufacturers provide different shower models that resemble Swedish showers and include the 16 water jets along the walls of the shower. Homeowners can enjoy Swedish showers at home, but should discuss what they want out of their showers with their installers or the manufacturers. Not all Swedish showers will provide the same pressure and temperature benefits as the Swedish showers found in spas do, as some merely have extra jets and are not programmed to fluctuate in temperature or pressure.


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John Henry was a legendary African American folk hero. The historical accuracy of his life (and whether he existed at all) is debatable, but according to legend he was a railway worker renowned for his ability to drive spikes into railroad tracks, and he died after winning a race against a mechanized spike-driving machine. For Claude Steele, John Henry's hard, but ultimately self-destructive work ethic is a symbol for the "over-effort" often seen among highly talented, ambitious members of underrepresented groups—for example, black students at elite universities. In Steele's view, these people often push themselves too hard, determined to make up for centuries of prejudice, and as a result damage their own chances for success and happiness.
John Henry Quotes in Whistling Vivaldi
John Henryism sounds like the attitude of people who show stereotype threat effects—people who are identified with, and care a lot about succeeding in, an area where their group is negatively stereotyped.


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The Christian observances of Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and Easter, and the Jewish Passover are important religious holidays that fall in March or April. The Eastern Orthodox Easter, called Pascha, also falls into this time period.
Spring holy days provide many opportunities for you to discuss such concepts as tolerance and respect for each other's beliefs. Begin a discussion of tolerance by explaining to students that tolerance means to put up with practices and beliefs that are different from your own. Then ask them to find five items in the newspaper: stories, photos and comics that are examples of tolerance or intolerance. Conclude by asking them to describe the effects of the acts of tolerance or intolerance in each example.
Instruct students to find a newspaper photo that shows diversity among a group of people. Ask: What differences do you see between the people pictured? Have students discuss the level of tolerance or intolerance portrayed in the photo.


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When I Was Built Lesson Plan
- Grades: PreK–K, 1–2
About this book
- When I Was Built by Jennifer Thermes
- chart paper
- a marker
Set Up and Prepare
Try visiting _URL_ to learn more about colonial foodways.
Turn to the two page spread that features the Fairchilds in front of the fireplace. Have a discussion about how that room might look different today. Record students' ideas on the chart paper.
Some questions to keep in mind: What time of day is it? How is the room being lit? Do they have electricity? How is food prepared? (Note in the picture there is a bake oven, kettle, butter churn, wooden peel, herbs hanging from the ceiling, and frying pans.)
Have students create a new drawing of a modern kitchen and compare it to the picture in the book.