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Spirulina Crunchies (90g) - RAW - Gourmet Spirulina
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*Out of stock with the supplier.* Discover UK's first and only raw spirulina! Gourmet Spirulina was founded by two passionate French entrepreneurs with a background in spirulina production. They offer three forms of culinary spirulina: spirulina crunchies, spirulina nibs and spirulina petals. All three of our formats of raw spirulina have an equivalent nutritional quality but the tastes and textures are different due to the application of specific post-harvest techniques and the differences in natural conditions between the production areas.
Fair trade production; free from pesticides and phytochemicals. Please read on..
"Gourmet Spirulina dehydrated spirulina petals/nibs/crunchies must be differentiated from non-culinary product given the wide differences in the manufacturing process, the final product and its possible uses. Our spirulina petals/nibs/crunchies are produced with 100% pure spirulina. Although they differ in shape and format, they are simply differentiated during the drying process and are fundamentally the exact same product, except for a slight variation in taste due to slightly different growing conditions, most notably humidity during the drying process, solar irradiation, and mineral content of the water (a terroir in the proper sense).
The process behind our culinary spirulinas is the same however: when the microscopic algae spirulina is harvested, the microsopic spiral-shaped organisms intertwine and form a purée of biomass which is then pressed to extract the water medium. This biomass is then extruded and, to obtain culinary spirulina, we then spread it as sheets before dehydration to produce petals, long twines to obtain nibs, and short twines to produce crunchies. To better preserve spirulina's natural good taste, we simply dry the spirulina at quasi-ambient temperatures (under 42°C) under low humidity levels, a process which takes a few hours.
Non-culinary spirulina is a completely different product altogether. Also generally produced with 100% pure spirulina (though anti-caking agents are sometimes added in powder and most tablets use binding agents), the biomass is spray-dried at temperatures of 80°C to 120°C: droplets of biomass are projected on a hot metal surface and instantly dried, falling in a collection tank in the form of very fine powder. All fine powders are produced this way.
The process is industrially extremely efficient, cut costs and makes it easier to control the bacteriological quality of the product without having exacting hygienic standards, but the high temperatures have a very strong impact on the palatability of the product due to enzymatic reactions as well as on the general composition (and therefore nutritional quality) of the product. For instance, the content of spirulina's blue pigment called phycocyanin falls from around 25% of dry weight in fresh spirulina to 18–25% in our spirulina products but 15% in the best non-culinary spirulina (Hawaiian spirulina: spray-dried at only 80°C and in an oxygen-deprived environment) and south of 1% in the case of the worst non-culinary spirulina (most Thai and Chinese spirulina).
Nutritional Information
Nutritional Informationper 100g
Energy -
Fat6 g
of which saturates -
Carbohydrate17 g
- of which sugars
Dietary Fiber -
Protein62 g
Salt -
Further Information
Why prepare genuinely raw spirulina?
For the outcome of course. Genuinely raw spirulina has the best taste, far from the "pond scum in a pouch" approach that dominates the market. It also better preserves the fragile nutrients of spirulina than the damaging techniques typically used – mainly spray-drying, which consists of spraying fresh spirulina in a flow of hot air exceeding 100°C.
When we first started, culinary spirulina was barely a thing. The core message was that spirulina was good for the health and nobody really cared about anything else than its benefits. We were different. We were passionate about spirulina and believed that spirulina was first and foremost a food. We were fascinated with the natural good taste of fresh spirulina and worked hard to find a way to share that good taste we get at the farm.
How is the raw spirulina processed?
Minimally processed would be a fairer term as we really do our best not to interfere with the product and we present a dehydrated form that is as close as possible to the fresh product.
First of all, the spirulina is harvested from our cultivation pools: when they are filtered, the microscopic spirals interwine and form a paste with the density of a smoothie. This paste is washed and then dewatered using a source of pressure or a vacuum (depending on our farm). When then extrude it, which is basically giving a fine shape that will make the drying happen in good conditions.
This stage is very much like what happens with pasta and before they are dried, our nibs actually look like spirulina spaghetti! Finally, the remaining moisture is then evacuated by applying a dry air flow.
As a result, our genuinely raw spirulina is presented in interesting sprinklable formats – nibs, crunchies, petals, flakes.
No powder here as fine powder is clearly an indicator of spray-drying and the only reason why you'll fine spirulina powder labelled as "raw" is that unfortunately there is no legislation on the subject and many marketers have understood the demand for raw products but aren't ready to put the effort and extra cost to set up a proper supply chain to actually get raw spirulina.
Unfortunately there is no "raw" certification agency which can help us prove our process is indeed raw. We have recently ordered some lab analyses to prove that the enzymatic profile is very different from industrial spirulinas, which should prove that the Maillard reaction which happens above 42°C hasn't occurred in our spirulinas. The use of this kind of analysis is very novel and should make it easier to control. Starting this end of year, we will also be testing sensors which will be placed with the spirulina along the whole process to track the temperature during the whole of the process and we will make this data publicly available.
In the absence of an official EU standard for organic spirulina, we have chosen to produce our spirulina in the spirit of the organic movement but with a source of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer.
 - Strict quality specifications for microbiological quality and heavy metals content.
 - Total traceability with systematic batch analysis.
 - Nutritional claims (all EFSA-compliant)
 - Rich in iron
 - Provitamin A β-carotene (normal function of the immune system)
 - Vitamin K2 (maintenance of normal bone)
 - Vitamin B12 (vegetarians, senior citizens)
 - Iron (fights against tiredness and fatigue).
GHG of international transport prior to carbon mitigation: 9.9 kg CO2 eq. per net kg of spirulina nibs or petals and 20.4 kg CO2 eq. per net kg of spirulina crunchies. As a result of our annual carbon compensation scheme, the final GHG emissions of our logistical chain and transportation are 0 kg CO2 eq. per net kg of spirulina.
Primary packaging analysis: laminated 147 μm-thick BOPP/ALU/LPDE pouches, BPAand phtalate-free, with no contact between the product and the aluminium layer.
Eco-certified labels and leaflets (French Imprim'vert standard).
Click HERE to listen to this podcast interview with Charly Margain of Gourmet Spirulina. He discusses the process of making truly raw spirulina, as well as the benefits of this incredible superfood, and how his company works to share the wonders of spirulina with as many people as possible.


text:
HANOVER, N.H. – Dartmouth researchers have developed an algorithm that might someday be used to analyze blood for diagnostic purposes. Using data from a mass spectrometer, a device that generates a molecular fingerprint of biological samples, the Dartmouth team's calculations can distinguish healthy blood from diseased blood.
This study by Ryan Lilien, a Dartmouth M.D./Ph.D. student, Hany Farid, Assistant Professor of Computer Science, and Bruce Donald, the Foley Professor of Computer Science, appeared in the Journal of Computational Biology in December 2003.
"Our algorithm, named Q5, works on the assumption that the molecular composition of the blood changes between healthy and disease states," says Donald, the senior researcher on the project. "The goal of our work is to develop minimally invasive diagnostic methods with high predictive accuracy, and this is a promising first step."
Mathematical computations are routinely developed, varied and refined to analyze mass spectrometry data. Q5 uses mathematical techniques called Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) to differentiate between the mass spectra of healthy and diseased blood samples. Q5 learns with each sample it tests, resulting in better accuracy. The algorithm compares the molecular fingerprint of each sample to identify features that differ between the healthy and disease states.
"Our algorithm detected ovarian cancer with virtually 100% accuracy and prostate cancer with approximately 95% accuracy," explains Lilien, the lead author on the paper. "Q5 analyzes the mass spec data and offers control over the threshold between healthy and disease classification. Although we only tested against ovarian and prostate cancer, we think it's possible that Q5 may be used to test for other cancers and diseases."
The researchers explain that there is much still to be learned from the different types of information within a sample of blood, and Q5 is one means of extracting new and important data.
"Most exciting to us, unlike previous mass spec disease diagnosis methods, Q5 provides clues about the molecular identities of abnormal proteins and peptides, which often cause disease. These altered proteins can serve as biomarkers, helping doctors make diagnosis and also helping researchers design better targeted drugs," says Donald.
Source: Eurekalert & othersLast reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity.
-- Albert Einstein

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Pre-service teachers' understanding and concern for sustainability issues: Implications for teacher education
Tomas, Louisa, and Mills, Reece (2011) Pre-service teachers' understanding and concern for sustainability issues: Implications for teacher education. Proceedings of the ATEA 2011 Conference. Valuing Teacher Education: Policy, Perspectives and Partnerships, 3-6 July, 2011, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-7.
|PDF (Published Version) - Repository staff only - Requires a PDF viewer such as GSview, Xpdf or Adobe Acrobat Reader|
View at Publisher Website: _URL_
Education for sustainability (EfS) represents an important educational agenda both nationally and internationally, with growing support for its inclusion in teacher education programs. Recently, EfS has been prioritised in the School of Education at James Cook University, which is reflected in the development of an undergraduate EfS subject for students studying early childhood and primary education. At the commencement of the teaching semester, a sample of 142 pre-service teachers undertaking this subject completed a Likert-style questionnaire that examined their perceived relevance of EfS in schools and pre-service teacher education, how informed they were about selected sustainability issues and their concern for these issues. While the data tells a 'good news story' about the pre-service teachers' perceptions of the importance of EfS, it tells a concerning one regarding knowledge. The percentage of respondents who indicated that they could not explain what the sustainability issues surveyed were really about ranged from 15%-45%, even though they thought they presented a serious concern for themselves and for other people in Australia. The implications of these findings for pre-service teacher education are also discussed.
|Item Type:||Conference Item (Refereed Research Paper - E1)|
|FoR Codes:||13 EDUCATION > 1303 Specialist Studies in Education > 130313 Teacher Education and Professional Development of Educators @ 100%|
|SEO Codes:||93 EDUCATION AND TRAINING > 9301 Learner and Learning > 930199 Learner and Learning not elsewhere classified @ 100%|
|Deposited On:||09 Dec 2011 08:59|
|Last Modified:||13 Jul 2012 12:25|
Last 12 Months: 1
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On Tenerife, the company has a processing factory and silos where it prepares and stores all the products, labelled with their own brands and devoted to each one of the stages of development of the animals (breeding, growth, finishing or adult). Graneros de Tenerife produces, stores and distributes food for the following livestock and pet-related activities:
 - Poultry for laying and fattening
 - Pigs
 - Dairy and meat cows
 - Sheep
 - Goats
 - Rabbits
 - Pigeons
 - Pets (dogs, cats, …)
Once prepared under strict quality controls, the animal foods are presented to the customer in different formats: flour, granules, crumble and natural grain (cereals and mixtures of whole cereals) to cover the entire spectrum of demand from agricultural professionals. On many occasions, it is the livestock professionals themselves or their vets who collaborate with the technical staff of Graneros de Tenerife requesting specific feed formulations for their animals, with made-to-measure feeds often being created. The total production of the factory is 65,000 metric tons a year in compound feeds (all made by ourselves), with a total movement of 80,000 tons a year, which is the current volume of the Company's cereal sales, although the number is in constant growth.


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BiblicalTraining.org provides a comprehensive biblical education from world-class professors
to encourage spiritual growth in the church, for free.
BARSABAS bär sə' bəs (KJV), BARSABBAS bär săb' əs (RSV) (Βαρσαββα̂ς, G984, son of Saba, or son of the sabbath, etc.). A patronymic of two early Jewish Christians, possibly brothers. 1. Joseph, surnamed Justus, one of the two men nominated to succeed Judas in the apostolic band (Acts 1:23). The qualifications required show that he had a close acquaintance with Jesus.
2. Judas, sent to Antioch with Silas with the decision of the Jerusalem conference (15:22). He was an esteemed member at Jerusalem and a prophet (15:32).
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (1915)
bar'-sa-bas, bar-sab'-as.
See Joseph Barsabbas; Judas Barsabbas.
Biblical Training


text:
Iamblichus (Īămˈblĭkəs) [key], d. c.330, Syrian philosopher, a leading exponent of Neoplatonism. A pupil of Porphyry, he was deeply impressed by the doctrines of Plotinus. In his own teachings he combined with Plato's ideas many of those of Pythagoras and much that was mystical and even magical, derived from Asia. His following was large and enthusiastic in his own time, and in the 15th and 16th cent. he was studied with admiring interest. Of his writings on mathematical and philosophical subjects there remain several parts of an extensive work on the philosophy of Pythagoras. His work On the Egyptian Mysteries survives, but his commentaries on Plato and Aristotle have disappeared.
See J. Finamore, Iamblichus and the Theory of the Vehicle of the Soul (1985); S. Gersh, Middle Platonism and Neoplatonism: The Latin Tradition (2 vol., 1986).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on Iamblichus from Infoplease:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Philosophy: Biographies


text:
The James River was the main waterway of Colonial Virginia, used for commerce and transportation. The influential planters built their stately homes near this river and her tributaries. The earliest towns were founded on her shores.
We have a map, at the right, (also found at _URL_ that shows the path of the James. When you view this map, you will instantly see why the tributaries of the James were called "curles" -- they scrolled and twisted across the landscape.
The legend on the map says 'Map of the Curles of the James in Henrico County, Virginia with Jordans, Cockes and Related Familes.' We will be collecting and researching the profiles belonging to these related famiies:
Families include (but not limited to)
Plantations include (but not limited to)
- Berkeley Hundred


text:
Crouzet-Pavan, Elisabeth. Venice Triumphant, The Horizon Of A Myth.
Translated by Lydia G. Cochrane (The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
and London, 1999, 2002). 386 pp, $24.95.
Elisabeth Crouzet-Pavan's Venice Triumphant,
The Horizon Of A Myth, is listed by its publisher as European History, and as such,
it is inappropriately labeled. Crouzet-Paven, who is a professor of medieval
history at the Sorbonne in France, has crafted a treatise on the development
of the city of Venice that cannot simply be categorized in terms of continental
history. The very nature of the city's geography ties its story to the sea.
A glance at some of the maps of this book, Venice and the Adriatic (59), and
Venice and the Aegean (68), confirm that this history of the city goes well
beyond continental Europe. While ample space is devoted to the construction
of the islands, the city and its infrastructure, much of the book is concerned
with the city's most influential factor, maritime commerce. So important was
this trade in Venice's development that related events and developments are
ever-present within the book. In acknowledging the role of maritime trade
in the city's internal politics, foreign policy, and economic growth, the
author has really created a book that would be better labeled as Mediterranean
Crouzet-Paven has published two other books on
this subject in recent years: Venise: Une invention de la ville
[Venice: The Invention of a City] and La mort lente de Torcello: Histoire
d'une cité disparue [The Slow Death of
Torcello: The History of a Vanished City]. Both were published in French and
have not been translated. As her first translated work, Venice Triumphant falls short of being a true World History book. To be sure,
the author writers a good history of the creation of the city's Latin Empire
in the Mediterranean Sea. She expertly describes a city that developed into
a maritime empire over the course of almost a millennium. In the wake of the
collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the author illustrates Venetian trade
links with the Byzantine Empire and the Dar al-Islam (61). Yet Crouzet-Pavan's
treatment of the acquisition, development and maintenance of the colonies
of the Latin Empire leaves something to be desired.
The author gives excellent examples of how the
major forces active in the world at the time played a dominant role in the
way the city grew. She traces the development of Venice, first as a city-state,
and then as an empire that had trading ports and colonies spanning three continents
and scores of islands in various seas (68). In the style of effective world
history that we have come to expect from contemporary historians, Crouzet-Pavan
links major events such as the Crusades, outbreaks of the plague, and the
capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks, to the city's fortunes. However,
these links are one-sided in favor of Venice and therefore are not fully developed.
Crouzet-Pavan makes only a cursory mention of the
role that Venetians played in the Fourth Crusade. This is unfortunate considering
how lucrative it was to the city, but it is indicative of the author's intent
to create a history of what Italians call Stato di mar. Venice obtained much
of its Latin Empire as a result of these actions. The city took control of
a sizeable portion of Romania, coastal holdings in the Ionian Sea, part of
the Peloponnese, Cyclades, and Sporades islands as well as trading stations
on Euboea, Gallipoli, and Rodosto in 1204 (67). The island of Crete became
a colony of Venice soon thereafter. While the acquisition of such a large
maritime empire is impressive and unrivaled to this point, the author makes
little attempt to analyze the impact this had on the region, but rather focuses
on the city itself. Because of this, this book falls a bit short of what we
have come to expect from World History.
| Equally impressive as the widespread ports of the
Latin Empire was the usage of the Venetian ducat as the coin of choice throughout
the region. By the mid-fourteenth century it had become the basic coin of
commerce and finance in the Mediterranean and just a century later it was
the most common coin of the markets of the near East (91). While financial
developments such as these and the Venetian banking system (a true innovation
that served only to facilitate large-scale transfers between accounts) are
fascinating, the author devotes less than a page to them. The author also
leaves underdeveloped the international politics that allowed Venetian merchants
to establish quarters in foreign cities, especially for their overseas employees.
Venetian quarters existed in the cities of Constantinople, Alexandria, and
a host of others throughout the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas but they are
barely mentioned. In addition, the multitude of wars and naval engagements
that Venetians fought (and usually won) in this era are left to footnotes.
As an outgrowth of trade, these conflicts could have proven useful to understanding
the city's foreign policy.
| The author's description of the trade routes that made the city into an international
power will, however, be quite useful to a World History class. The city developed
into a "silk port," serving as Europe's primary entrepôt for
the importation of luxury goods from China and the Far East (121). By 1317,
city merchants had set up regular maritime trade routes connecting Venice
with Flanders, London, Marseilles, and Bruges in the West and Constantinople,
Alexandria, and Kaffa in the East (78). Venetians had placed themselves at
the very center of major world trade routes and were profiting handsomely
as a result. As a geographical exercise alone, this chapter would be of good
use for students. Only an expert in Mediterranean geography would be able
to easily locate all of the islands that Venice claimed.
| The final chapters are devoted to the development
of the state and its internal politics. Crouzet-Pavan does an excellent job
in dealing with development of the city's complicated bureaucracy. She paints
an accurate picture of how officials managed such important issues as water
management, docking rights and fees, and duties on imports. The growth of
the city's governing body, however, is a story dominated by wealthy families
and complicated by the church. Although it is a fascinating story, Crouzet-Pavan's
approach makes it difficult to understand.
Spring Valley High School

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
What is a Non-Traditional Student?
There is no definitive definition of 'non-traditional student'. The term is generally used to refer to students who belong to groups who did not traditionally enter the higher education system in significant numbers.
Historically, most students who entered higher education in Ireland shared common characteristics. They were:
- from middle class backgrounds,
- of school leaving age (usually eighteen or nineteen),
- spoke English as their first language,
- had no disabilities,
- studied full time with no significant external responsibilities.
This is beginning to change as more students from 'non-traditional' backgrounds enter university.
Any student who does not share all the characteristics noted above can be considered a non-traditional student. For example:
- TAP students,
- Mature students,
- International Students,
- Students from ethnic minorities,
- Disabled Students,
- Students who are parents / carers,
- Part-time students.
The numbers of students entering Trinity from non-traditional backgrounds has increased greatly over the past decade.
Some non-traditional students enter Trinity College via specialist access routes:
- Access Initiatives (TAP),
- Mature Students' Dispensation Scheme,
- Supplementary Admissions Procedure for students with disabilities.
As non-traditional students come from diverse backgrounds, their needs are diverse. Specific needs arise for many different reasons. For example, students may have to balance academic study with external responsibilities, manage disabilities, or cope with studying within an unfamiliar educational culture or working through English, when is not their first language.
Higher level teaching and assessment methods have been developed to suit the needs of the traditional student body and often do not take account of the varied needs of a diverse student body.
TIC is designed to respond to the needs of the modern student population by enabling staff to embed inclusive practices within their teaching and assessment.


text:
The Art of the Metaobject Protocol
Jim des Rivieres
Daniel G. Bobrow
|July 30, 1991|
The Art of the Metaobject Protocol (AMOP) is a 1991 book by Gregor Kiczales, Jim des Rivieres, and Daniel G. Bobrow on metaobject protocol. It contains an explanation of what a metaobject protocol is, why it is desirable, and the de facto standard for the metaobject protocol supported by many Common Lisp implementations as an extension of the Common Lisp Object System, or CLOS.
It implements a simple CLOS interpreter for Lisp called "Closette".
- The Art of the Metaobject Protocol, Chapters 5 and 6 in Hypertext
- Keynote at OOPSLA 1997, The Computer Revolution hasn't happened yet. Alan Kay, October 1997
- Guzdial, Mark (January 30, 1998). "Report on OOPSLA97". Georgia Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
|This article about a computer book or series of books is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


text:
A 28,000-square-mile area of special-use airspace known as the Powder River Training Complex is now active. The airspace, which covers large areas of Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, and South Dakota was activated Sept. 17, the same date the new Billings Sectional Aeronautical chart, which covers the entire complex, was issued.
"The Powder River Training Complex covers an enormous area and AOPA is continuing to work with military and FAA officials to mitigate the impact it will have on GA airports and operations," said Rune Duke, AOPA director of air traffic and airspace. "And now that the airspace is available for military use, we urge pilots to be aware of the Powder River Training Complex boundaries and operating times so they can continue to traverse the area safely."
The Powder River Training Complex consists of four primary military operations areas (MOAs) connected by Gap MOAs, and affects 39 airports. In places, it covers altitudes from 500 feet agl up to the flight levels. Military officials estimate the Powder River Training Complex will be used for an estimated 2,882 training hours each year, or three-to-six hours per day, about 240 days per year. The primary purpose of the special-use airspace will be to train B-1 and B-52 bomber crews.
AOPA has been working since 2004 to minimize the impact of the expanded MOAs. Several of AOPA's recommendations were taken into account in the final design, including requests to modify the MOAs to better accommodate IFR procedures, subdividing some MOAs to limit the affected area, raising the floor of some MOAs to allow aircraft to fly underneath, and adjusting some MOA boundaries to accommodate commonly used VFR routes.
Although the airspace is now active, AOPA is continuing to work with the FAA to reduce charted times of use to more accurately reflect actual usage of the airspace. The association is also working with the Air Force and FAA to implement a Special-Use Airspace Information System that would provide real-time information regarding military flight operations to general aviation pilots 24 hours a day via telephone or radio. A similar system has been in use in Alaska since 1990.


text:
May 20 2013 Latest news:
By CHRIS HILL, Rural affairs correspondent
Friday, August 31, 2012
A population of "killer shrimps" has spread to Wroxham Broad, prompting an urgent plea for boat users to "check, clean and dry" any equipment which has been in contact with the water.
The invasive, non-native species dikerogammarus villosus had previously been recorded in Barton Broad, the associated River Ant system and a small area around the confluence of the Rivers Ant and Bure.
But on Thursday, the Environment Agency's monitoring programme found the shrimp at Wroxham – indicating the species is slowly spreading through Broadland.
The Environment Agency, Natural England and the Broads Authority are working together to monitor the spread and investigate the impact of the tiny 3cm shrimp.
If it becomes established and widespread, as other invasive species such as floating pennywort and signal crayfish have, conservationists warn it could threaten the native creatures which it feeds on, like damselfly nymphs, water boatmen and small fish.
Andrea Kelly, senior ecologist for the Broads Authority, said: "People checking, cleaning and drying their equipment after use is essential to help stop the spread of all non-native species and we would really appreciate their full cooperation in doing this.
"We are working with our partners to investigate the shrimps' current population and range in the Broads and to investigate and implement measures to limit its spread to and from other water courses. There is no risk to the public or their pets from it."
The Check Clean Dry campaign asks all water users to take simple steps to help prevent the spread of all non-native species between rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Clothing and equipment that has come in contact with the water should be checked for any living organisms and then thoroughly washed-down. Any organisms found should be returned to the water body they came from. Equipment and clothing should be dried as some species can survive for days in damp conditions.
Andrew Raine, from the environment monitoring team at the Environment Agency, said: "As human activity is the most likely cause of spreading killer shrimp between sites it's imperative that all water users consider their actions particularly if they are moving equipment between water bodies whether that be boats, canoes or fishing nets."
A service at a Sikh temple in Norwich spiralled out of control when police were called to break up a brawl.
max temp: 14°C
min temp: 10°C


text: Stellate Ganglion Blocks are used to treat headaches, recurring facial pain, complex regional pain syndrome, some types of cancer pain, and sympathetically mediated diseases, or for excessive sweating. The injections may be used as a diagnostic injection or in a series as therapeutic injections. The injection is always performed under x-ray fluoroscopic or ultrasound guidance, usually with local anesthesia given into the skin over the site of the injection. After skin preparation and placement of local anesthesia in the skin, a small needle is inserted at the base of the neck, and advanced to the C7 vertebrae. Injection of iodinated contrast (if done fluoroscopically) shows the needle tip is not in a blood vessel and therefore local anesthesia can safely be injected. Under ultrasound we can see the blood vessels to avoid them. Usually Lidocaine is injected and the local anesthetic will track down the sympathetic nerves to the stellate ganglion that lies just below. You will be sat up immediately after the needle is out. Onset of pain relief is nearly immediate if the sympathetic nervous system is carrying the painful signals through this ganglion. This procedure takes approximately 10 minutes to perform and are usually performed using a local anesthetic.


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Why High-Risk Encounters Require SWAT
SWAT officers should develop rapport within their agency to better serve the officers who may call on their services.
February 25, 2011 | by Robert O'Brien - Also by this author
Suspect searches consistently rank among the most dangerous, deadliest LE assignments. Recognizing this, SWAT is often utilized to conduct known high-risk, dangerous searches.
In his feature article, "Duty Dangers: Into the Hearts of Darkness," Dean Scoville nailed it, "Most tactical teams have the weaponry, shields, and sophisticated surveillance tools such as pole cameras to mitigate the hazards of such a search."
NTOA trainer Don Alwes puts it another way. "It comes back to the three Ts — time, tactics, and troops."
SWAT can't be everywhere, or handle everything. Every LE agency needs to determine the criteria for utilizing SWAT. Policies vary greatly among LE agencies. For example, some departments mandate SWAT for felony and drug searches. Others only call SWAT for the highest-risk searches. The majority of department's policies strike a middle ground.
Other factors for SWAT utilization include violent crime rate, size of LE agency, and the availability of a fullor part-time team. There's another seldom discussed factor that often determines SWAT requests. The reputation and rapport between patrol, detectives, and SWAT.
Simply put, some SWAT teams have poor reputations in their departments. These teams are usually viewed as arrogant, unapproachable, elitist, too slow to respond, and seldom requested. In contrast, teams with good reputations are respected, considered approachable, non-elitist, respond rapidly, and stay busy.
A SWAT unit's reputation is earned through experience. SWAT exists to protect and serve citizens and fellow officers. It's critical that every SWAT team has a good reputation. Any team that doesn't, needs to do whatever it takes to fix that immediately.
SWAT's reputation in its own agency is sometimes overlooked. However, there's no higher sign of respect for any SWAT team than to be respected by their fellow officers. That reputation needs to be mutual. Because we're all in this together.
There's an old saying from SWAT's early years, "When citizens are in trouble, they call the police. When police are in trouble, they call SWAT."
Just as citizens need to feel they can call police when they're in trouble or need help; police need to feel the same about counting on their SWAT teams when they're in trouble or need help. There should never be any bad blood or friction between SWAT and the rest of their agency. If any exists, it needs to be nipped in the bud immediately.
Whether we realize it or not, every SWAT officer is an ambassador for our teams, and also the entire SWAT profession. Just as LE agencies/departments have reputations, so do SWAT teams. A team's reputation begins in a team's own agency/department.
SWAT teams need to also develop a good rapport with other SWAT teams, especially those in their region.
Why is it so important for SWAT teams to have a good rapport with the rest of LE? For the very same reason SWAT was created in the 1960s, and continues to exist today, more than 40 years later. It's to save lives — citizens and police alike.
So much in LE involves judgment calls that are often made under the pressure of time and circumstances. Suspect and drug searches are prime examples. Searches that range from high to unknown risk — most falling somewhere in between — all having the potential to become high risk.
This gray area is where judgment calls are usually made, whether before the fact or at the last minute on the street. I'm a believer in calling and talking with SWAT when an assignment might be something better suited for them. You'll never know unless you ask. This is where a team's reputation comes into play.
And that's the point. SWAT has the duty and obligation not only to citizens, but also to their fellow officers.
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History of the University of Tübingen
The University, founded in 1477, builds on more than five centuries of tradition. Key dates:
Founding and naming
Count Eberhard the Bearded (gov. _PHONE_), later Duke of Württemberg and Teck, founded the University in 1477. In the foundation document, the Count set out the University's tasks:
[It shall] …help to dig the well of life, from which may be drawn constant consolatory and healing wisdom from all ends of the Earth to quench the ruinous fire of human stupidity and blindness…
Graf Eberhard im Bart
Where did the palm in the University logo come from?
After returning from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Count Eberhard the Bearded made the palm tree his personal symbol. Wooden pillars in the Burse, the University's oldest remaining building, have carved palm trees in them, as well as the Count's personal motto, which remains the University motto today:
"Attempto!" (Latin for: I dare!)
Great names
Many famous people have studied and worked at the University of Tübingen over the centuries:
Johannes Kepler (_PHONE_)
The philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer began his studies at the Evangelisches Stift seminary. Among his discoveries are Kepler's three laws of planetary motion, describing the orbit of planets around the sun.
Wilhelm Schickard (_PHONE_)
The astronomer and mathematician taught Hebrew and Astronomy at the University, and constructed the first mechanical computer. The Wilhelm Schickard Institute of Computer Science bears his name.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (_PHONE_)
The philosopher - once a student of Theology at the Evangelisches Stift - was one of the leading figures in the German Idealism movement. His works include "The Phenomenology of Spirit." The Hegelbau bears his name.
Friedrich Hölderlin (_PHONE_)
was a poet and scholarship holder at the Evangelisches Stift. The Friedrich Hölderlin Prize, awarded jointly by the University and the City of Tübingen, is named after him.
Friedrich Schelling (_PHONE_)
was the main founder of speculative Naturphilosophie; he entered the Evangelisches Stift in 1790 and stayed until the completion of his degree. He left his mark on nearly all the sciences of the time.
Ludwig Uhland (_PHONE_)
The poet had a scholarship to the Evangelisches Stift and later became a professor of German language and literature at the University of Tübingen. The Institute of Historical and Cultural Anthropology is named after him.
Friedrich List (_PHONE_)
was an economic theorist. He was a professor of government administration in Tübingen and is considered the first German representative of macroeconomics. His efforts led to the founding of a school of government in 1817.
Eduard Mörike (_PHONE_)
was a poet, storyteller, and translator. He studied Theology at the Evangelisches Stift and in 1852 received an honorary doctorate from the University of Tübingen.
Friedrich Miescher (_PHONE_)
was a medical researcher. He discovered nucleic acid - the stuff of DNA - in Tübingen. You can visit his laboratory in Hohentübingen Castle.
Ferdinand Braun (_PHONE_)
The electrotechnician, Physics professor, and Nobel Prize laureate is best known for the cathode ray tube, which he developed. He helped to establish the University of Tübingen's Institute of Physics.
Alois Alzheimer (_PHONE_)
The psychiatrist and neuropathologist spent part of his studies in Tübingen and later at a congress in Tübingen gave the first public description of the dementia which bears his name.
Ernst Bloch (_PHONE_)
was a neo-Marxist. He is considered one of Germany's most important 20th century philosophers. He taught at the University from 1961 and helped to shape the thinking behind the student protests of 1968.
Walter Jens (_PHONE_)
was initially a professor of Classical Philology in Tübingen; in 1963 he took up Germany's first Chair of Rhetoric, created especially for him.
Joseph Ratzinger (*1927)
The Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI was a professor of Catholic Dogma in Tübingen _PHONE_. He played a leading role in the Second Vatican Council and was elected pope in 2005.
Hans Küng (*1928)
is a Schwiss priest and religious critic, who was a professor of Theology at the University of Tübingen until 1996. As a co-founder of the Global Ethic Foundation, he established the Global Ethics lecture series.
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (*1942)
is a researcher; she studied Biochemistry in Tübingen and completed her doctorate on genetics here in 1973. In 1995 she received the Nobel Prize for Medicine.


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The 11,130m2 property, the first to be inscribed in the country, with its imposing stone walls is the best preserved of ten fortresses in the Lobi area and is part of a larger group of 100 stone enclosures that bear testimony to the power of the trans-Saharan gold trade. Situated near the borders of Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana and Togo, the ruins have recently been shown to be at least 1,000 years old. The settlement was occupied by the Lohron or Koulango peoples, who controlled the extraction and transformation of gold in the region when it reached its apogee from the 14th to the 17th century. Much mystery surrounds this site large parts of which have yet to be excavated. The settlement seems to have been abandoned during some periods during its long history. The property which was finally deserted in the early 19th century is expected to yield much more information.
The Ruins of Loropéni
© DGPC Burkina Faso
Outstanding Universal Value
The dramatic and memorable Ruins of Loropéni consist of imposing, tall, laterite stone perimeter walls, up to six metres in height, surrounding a large abandoned settlement. As the best preserved of ten similar fortresses in the Lobi area, part of a larger group of around a hundred stone-built enclosures, they are part of a network of settlements that flourished at the same time as the trans-Saharan gold trade and appear to reflect the power and influence of that trade and its links with the Atlantic coast. Recent excavations have provided radio-carbon dates suggesting the walled enclosure at Loropéni dates back at least to the 11th century AD and flourished between the 14th and 17th centuries, thus establishing it as an important part of a network of settlements.
Criterion (iii): Loropéni is the best preserved example of a type of fortified settlements in a wide part of West Africa, linked to the tradition of gold mining, which seems to have persisted through at least seven centuries. Loropéni, given its size and scope reflects a type of structure quite different from the walled towns of what is now Nigeria, or the cities of the upper reaches of the river Niger which flourished as part of the empires of Ghana, Mali and Songhai. It thus can be seen as an exceptional testimony to the settlement response generated by the gold trade.
Integrity and Authenticity
The authenticity of the fortified settlements as ruins is not in doubt. Although the precise history of Loropéni is only recently coming into focus through the recent research programme, and its function still remains in part speculative, the integrity of the monument in terms of its status as the largest and best preserved fortified settlement is satisfactory. In time as more evidence emerges, it may be necessary to consider whether a larger area could encompass more of the attributes that are linked to its use, function and history.
Management and protection requirements
The Committee of Protection and Management for the Ruins of Loropéni, the Scientific Council for the study, conservation and development of the Ruins of Loropéni and the Management Plan which has been implemented since 2005 form a good basis for management of the ruins as a focal point for sustainable development within the local community.
The recent inter-disciplinary project has allowed a reassessment of the history of Loropéni. This has pushed much further back the date of its construction from around the 17th century to at least the 11th century AD and disassociated it from the Gan people, mentioned in the previous evaluation report.
Indeed in spite of the many writings on these ruins since the beginning of the 20th century, no serious archaeological investigations have been undertaken to support information from oral traditions and the other documentary sources. The recent targeted excavations were to thus able to start to bridge this gap.
It is necessary to locate the construction of the Loropéni ruins in the geopolitical context of the sub-Saharan kingdoms. They appeared after the fall of the first empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai, when there were migrations of gold miners and goldsmiths into the Lobi area, and well before the development to the south of the Akan kingdoms, such as the powerful Ashanti kingdom, which caused migrations to the north as people fled slave hunters. Around Lobi country are the remains of many gold mines such as Werimitangna, close to Loropéni.
The gold bearing region was connected by caravans to the large commercial cites to the north on the river Niger, such as Djénné, Mopti and Timbuktu and from there across the Sahara to north Africa., It was probably later that the gold was traded south to the Atlantic coast. Lobi country is crossed by the north-south Mopti - Sore-Dioulasso - Kong route, and the east-southwest route from Ouagadougou, through Boromo, Diébougou, Gaoua, to Bondoukou.
The ruins have long been associated with the gold trade but the evidence for this is circumstantial. It is suggested that such large and fortified structures need to be associated with defending a high value product and the need to house labour. The southern enclose could have been used for slaves or miners at the gold mines. However no direct evidence for gold or for the use of the southern enclosure was forthcoming from the recent excavations.
Most oral traditions collected since the "discovery" of the ruins in 1902 indicate the Koulango people as builders of fortresses in the area, as well as in Burkina Faso in Ivory Coast. However, the most recent research shows that the Koulango were preceded by Lorhon and Nabé peoples who migrated south into the area and were known to be in the area of Kong, from the 10th century.
The Gan, who have been attributed as being the builders of the ruins, simply re-used them from the end of the 17th century when they left the territory of current Ghana to escape oppression from the Ashanti. At around the same time the focus of gold production moved south to the Ashanti area and the gold trade declined around the Lobi area. With its decline the fortified buildings were abandoned to be re-colonised by the Gan.
This is contrary to the work of Madeleine Père, recently published posthumously, who maintained that the Loropéni settlement would have been built by Tokpã Farma, ninth king of the dynasty of Gan, towards the end of his life with the aim of transferring the capital to it from Obiré. This project apparently did not meet with the approval of the ancestors and he died three years later. This explains the name 'Kpôkayâga', the house of the refusal, by which the site is known. In the previous report it was stated that not all local historians and archaeologists accept the attributions of the ruins to the Gan. It was suggested that archaeological excavations could provide evidence to help understand the genesis of the ruins and this indeed has been the case.
Certain versions of oral tradition record that the quadrangular ramparts were initially built, then the interior partitions and finally the buildings. Observation of the junction between the walls corroborates this assertion.
Recent studies and excavations have revealed evidence for use over a long duration and with possible discontinuities, or even periods of abandonment. Certain zones present several coats of plaster (up to five perfectly distinct layers), and the mortar in the external walls shows clearly several repairs. The higher levels from the excavation show a poverty of finds suggesting that the places could have been looted. Loropéni seems to have fallen out of use in the early to mid 19th century and before colonial times. The trees growing out of the ruins confirm this timescale.
The recent research has provided some enlightenment, but more work is needed. The conclusion of the archaeological report is that it is necessary to set up a research programme of a few years duration to elucidate better the function, use and historical context of the ruins.
Source: Advisory Body Evaluation


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Give to OBFS
Field stations are places where scientists, educators, and students have access to ecosystems dedicated to scientific study along with state-of-the-art research facilities, classrooms and exhibits. Collectively, field stations host thousands of individual scientists and represent a major investment in scientific infrastructure, from land and laboratories to DNA sequencers, sensors, and personnel.
Biological field stations are grappling with many of the same issues as their local communities. Therefore, it is imperative to have leadership that can create a direct bridge between science and the decision makers who are enabled to address these challenges. The Organization of Biological Field Stations (OBFS) brings assets from our nation's field stations, as well as from field stations around the world, together to solve our most pressing environmental issues.
Your donations to OBFS will help us:
- Develop research, management, and educational collaborations that target our most significant environmental challenges and engage under-represented groups; and
- Engage in national and international conversations to communicate scientific findings to policy makers and raise awareness of the value of these sentinel sites and their application to national, international, and regional issues.
Thank you for your generosity!


03 May 2017
House Depreciation vs. Unit Depreciation
Depreciation House or Unit
Houses or units; what does it mean for depreciation deductions?
When property investors are selecting an investment property, they are often faced with one crucial decision; whether to invest in a house or a unit. While considering their options, investors may also consider how the depreciation deductions differ between each of these different types of property investments.
The answer depends on a variety of factors. The purchase price, construction commencement date, settlement date, land value (where relevant) and the value of all fixtures and fittings within the property are all important determinants of the final depreciation claim. However, generally a depreciation claim for a unit will contain greater deductions than a claim for a house.
Units often contain more fixtures and fittings than a house. This allows the owner to claim against a greater number of depreciable items in the unit (e.g. carpets, light fittings and dishwashers). Additionally, owners of units may be able to claim depreciation deductions for common property; that is, assets shared by all property owners in the development. Examples of common property assets include pools, driveways, stairways and elevators. The deductions claimable for such assets are determined by the owner's ownership share, which is allocated by an Accountant. As common property cannot be claimed for in all states, property investors should also confirm with their Accountant whether common property deductions are available.
The example below demonstrates the difference in depreciation claimable between a house and a unit. After five years of ownership, depreciation deductions for the unit totalled $17,500 more than was claimable for the house. Both properties have the same purchase price, construction date and settlement date.
Note: When purchasing a strata unit there are other costs, such as strata fees, to consider as an ongoing cost of ownership.
Claimable Depreciation
How should this affect your purchasing decisions?
Depreciation deductions can have a significant effect on a property investor's cash flow. The $17,500 in additional deductions available to a property investor who chose to purchase the unit in the example scenario would receive an additional $25 per week in additional cash flow (assuming a 37 per cent marginal tax rate).
While the additional cash flow offered by depreciation should always be a significant factor affecting a purchase, multiple factors should be considered when making an investment decision. A property investor's personal circumstances and investment strategy should always be taken into account.
Regardless of the property type, property investors should always contact a qualified Quantity Surveyor specialising in tax depreciation, such as BMT Tax Depreciation, to assess the depreciation deductions available for an investment property. A BMT Tax Depreciation Schedule maximises the deductions that can be claimed for depreciation over the life of a property. By claiming their full depreciation deductions, property investors can greatly improve the cash flow of any investment property, regardless of whether it is a house or unit.
Article provided by BMT Tax Depreciation.
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Difference Between Trade or Non-Trade Cement
What is Cement?
Cement is a binding material called binding agent. We know cement is a main ingredient of building materials.
Cement is a commonly used binding material in the construction. The cement is obtained by burning a mixture of calcarious (calcium) and argillaceous (clay) material at a very high temperature and then grinding the clinker so produced to a fine powder. It was first produced by a mason Joseph Aspdin in England in 1924. He patented it as Portland cement.
Cement Marketing are two types
 1. Trade Cement marketing
 2. Non-Trade Cement Marketing
What is Trade Cement?
Trade cement is sold by the manufacture to the dealers and distributors, who in turn sell to the consumers.
 - Cement dealer, buy directly from cement company and sell also do retail sale from his shop.The dealer is incentive's to sell the product.
 - Trade cement are costly than non trade cement. All taxes to be paid at the time of delivery while in non trade cement taxes can paid in any month of financial year.
 - Selling Price involves share of dealers, retailers etc.
trade cement tutorials tips civil
Trade Cement BAG
What is Non-trade Cement?
Cement sold to direct customer like a construction company for self consumption (their project use), not to be resold to a third party falls under NonTrade Category.
non-trade cement
on Non-Trade cement bag written (Not for retail sale)Its Mean this type of cement bags is coming direct from plant.
 - Non-trade cement is that which sell by the manufacturer directly to the consumer (Builder, Contractor or and Institution involve in any project, NGO or Government). The dealer bypass.
 - Non-trade cements do not have heavy overheads and are cheaper as compared to trade cements. Consumers such as realtors, contractors, etc., purchase in bulk from the manufacturer.
 - In non trade the company can directly dispatch material from its factory to the destination of buyer without any doubt of middle men meddling with the product.
What is Water cement ratio?
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 1. kasimvali says:
 i want to do NON Trade Businesss how to apply for GST number and what are the rules
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Central campus (more or less the area around present day Curtiss Hall, Beardshear, Catt Hall, and the Campanile/Memorial Union)as it appears today.
Fall Semester classes began almost a month ago now! New Iowa State students have hopefully become more familiar with the campus and its buildings, and may have even established their favorite places to study, relax, or chat with friends. Most students have probably hurried mulitiple times through central campus on their way to a class, meeting or campus event.
As a new or long-time Iowa Stater you may or may not have taken the time to ask how and why our central campus was designed the way it is. If you did…and you are still wondering…or if you never did, and now would like to know…the Olmsted Brothers' recommendations for campus design and improvements has recently been made available online. The report might shed at least a little light on the history of central campus, and at least one impassioned controversy involved in its development!
Iowa State's central campus area in 1904. In the distance one can see Margaret Hall (girls' dormitory) to the left and Catt Hall (then Botany Hall) to the right.
The Olmsted Brothers (landscape architects and son and stepson of the famed Frederick Law Olmsted who designed New York City's Central Park – and not Iowa State's campus, as one century-old myth goes) were hired as consultants in 1906 to to give recommendations on the future plans for the campus design and layout. In A. T. Erwin's 1966 reminiscence (Professor of Horticulture, and member of the Public Grounds Committee) entitled "The Days of Yore at Iowa State", Erwin related that the passage of a mileage tax around 1900 had provided funds for major buildings of Iowa State's central campus (the reminiscence can be found in the Arthur Thomas Erwin Papers, RS 9/16/16).
According to Erwin, the number of students attending Iowa State had grown drastically from its beginnings almost fifty years ago, and even in just the previous ten years. He says that the student body was approaching the 1,000 mark in 1900, and had only been at 300 about ten years before. The campus needed additional buildings for the increased size. Erwin relates that the Buildings and Grounds Committee had discussed an overall landscape plan for an orderly development of campus, and an agreement had not been reached. Erwin then suggested to President Storms that an "outstanding landscape architect" be hired, and the Olmsted Brothers were chosen to provide recommendations.
Another view of central campus (a campus horse carriage can be seen in the foreground) in 1906, the year the Olmsted Brothers submitted their report.
Their report, which recommended that the proposed location for the Agricultural Hall be moved so that it lined up with Beardshear and recommended modifying the location of campus roads and the railway to create a more pleasing aesthetic, upset many in the campus community. In addition to the report itself, the University Archives holds the records of the Public Grounds Committee (RS 8/6/69) which contains reactions to the report, correspondence with the Olmsted brothers, and a summary of a conversation held with the Olmsted Brothers. Included is "An Appeal to the Alumni" from the Alumnus, which is the "bearer of unwelcome news" and decries the proposed changes and the destruction of the beautiful campus. The article states:
"Every graduate of the college must regret the radical change in plans for our loved, beautiful campus. This change from the natural or English-park style so carefully planned, and tried for nearly forty years on our grounds, to the formal or French style, so artificial and as we believe so unsuited to a room situation like our own, has been accepted by the authorities and the first ground was broken the latter part of September."
The controversy involved in the Olmsted brothers' report not only sheds light on people's love for the campus in the early part of the 20th century (which definitely continues today!), but is also an interesting window into one of many debates which probably occurred in this country when architectural and landscape changes were taking another major shift.
Above is a well-loved image of sheep on the central lawn near the Campanile. The photograph was taken around 1905, close to when the Olmsted Brothers wrote their report. Even though this photograph was taken over 100 years ago, when major changes were taking place on campus, one can almost picture a similar scene in the same place today. Despite all the changes, new buildings, and major increase in the number of students attending Iowa State, the central lawn has remained for students to enjoy!
In conclusion, I must point out one major misconception often stated about who designed Iowa State's early campus. Myths will inevitably start about an institution, and Iowa State is no exception! In the "Appeal to Alumni", the author mentions that the Iowa State campus was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. As stated above, this is in fact not the case. Iowa State's first president, Adonijah Welch, designed much of the original campus. It is interesting, however, to see the long-standing assertion in an article written over 100 years ago. This myth still continues to this day, but hopefully readers of this blog post can help straighten the record! It is just one example among many of how people need to double and triple check their facts, no matter how much closer a statement was written to when the supposed fact occurred!
Another view of central campus, this time from 1897. In the distance Old Main, which burned in 1902, can be seen to the left. Morrill Hall is to the right.
To find out more about the history of the Iowa State's central campus, please take a look at the Olmsted Brothers' report now available online. The University Archives has a variety of resources for finding out more about the history of this report and other campus plans including news clippings and articles about the campus located with the Public Grounds Committee Records (RS 8/6/69), minutes of the Public Grounds Committee, _PHONE_ (RS 8/6/69), K. A. Kirckpatrick's bachelor's thesis from 1909 entitled "A Landscape Plan for the Campus of Iowa State College," (call number C Ob 1909 Kirckpatrick) and reminiscences written by Public Grounds Committee member and Professor of Horticulture Arthur Thomas Erwin which can be found in his papers (RS 9/16/16). A wonderful resource on the history of the campus and its buildings prior to 1979, H. Summerfield Day's Iowa State University's Campus and Its Buildings, _PHONE_, can be found online. We also have a collection of articles, news clippings, and other publications on campus buildings (RS 4/8/4). Writings by Iowa State's first president, who had a significant role in planning Iowa State's original grounds, can be found in the Adonijah Strong Welch Papers (RS 2/1).


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Ofcom has published a consultation document detailing various approaches to the enforcement of TV advertising schedules. The consultation is designed to explore the options available to the UK regulator in securing "effective and consistent enforcement of rules on the extent to which television programmes can be interrupted by advertising."
The consultation also proposes changes to the current scheduling rules to make them clearer and easier to follow, as the document states. "Although European law specifies the number of advertising breaks permitted during certain programmes, it does not specify the approach that national regulators like Ofcom should take in enforcing these rules. Broadcasters have argued strongly in favour of different approaches. In this document, we set out our view of the advantages and disadvantages of each possible approach."
Patrick Mitchell, Legal Director at DLA Piper, explained to TVBEurope that while both Ofcom's own Code on the Scheduling of Television Advertising (COSTA) and the Audiovisual Media Services Directive place restrictions on the insertion of internal advertising breaks within programmes, based on factors including the "scheduled duration" of the programmes in question, neither actually define the term.
"The consultation primarily focuses on a choice between four different methods of calculating a programme's 'scheduled duration'," he writes. "Under the Electronic Programme Guide (EPG) Approach method, a programme's scheduled duration is based on the EPG listing – i.e. from the scheduled start time of that programme until the scheduled start time of the next. This means that both the programme's editorial content and any material broadcast during the breaks (e.g. advertising, programme trails, etc) are included in the scheduled duration. This is the traditional method for calculating a programme's scheduled duration.
"With the Broadcasters' Transmission (TX) Logs Approacha programme's scheduled duration is calculated on information obtained from the TX logs, which provide detailed records of the start and end times of each programme, along with the timings of internal breaks. This in turn provides three possible ways to calculate the scheduled duration:
"a) the programme slot – i.e. from the start of one programme until the start of the next, including all programme, advertising and promotional material transmitted in-between;
b) editorial content plus internal breaks – i.e. from the start to the end of the programme including editorial content and all material shown during internal breaks; or
c) editorial content alone – i.e. from the start of the programme to the end of the programme excluding advertising and promotional material broadcast in internal breaks."
The consultation is open until 10 October with Ofcom expected to issue a statement in early 2015. You can access the full consultation from Ofcom's website. To read more from Patrick Mitchell and the rest of the team at DLA Piper, you can visit DLA Piper's Media Sport and Entertainment blog.


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pcntl_exec — Executes specified program in current process space
Executes the program with the given arguments.
path must be the path to a binary executable or a script with a valid path pointing to an executable in the shebang ( #!/usr/local/bin/perl for example) as the first line. See your system's man execve(2) page for additional information.
args is an array of argument strings passed to the program.
envs is an array of strings which are passed as environment to the program. The array is in the format of name => value, the key being the name of the environmental variable and the value being the value of that variable.
Returns FALSE on error and does not return on success.


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The City and its interfaces: An Approach to Recover the Natural and Cultural Landscape at the Beachfront in St. Augustine Beach, Florida
Dazzini, Monica Mabel
MetadataShow full item record
The fast growth of the urban population affects city life by degrading natural and social resources. Urban developments modify resources such as forest, land, and water, but also modify the intimate relationship of people with the landscape. Many times, the damage of those resources is irreversible, and provokes dramatic changes in the natural landscape and the uniqueness of the place is missing. Despite the intense discussion that landscape architects and scientists worldwide hold about social and environmental aspects in urban environments, many questions about how to support natural and cultural landscapes, or why to keep them are not answered in the existing waterfronts and re-developments at the waterâ s edge. For this reason, the recovering of urban waterfronts is an opportunity to promote ecologically healthy environments, address sense of place, support human gatherings, and encourage economic revitalization. This thesis and its research analyzes the components of the natural regional landscape in recovering waterfronts in order to avoid the loss of the uniqueness of a place. A section of beachfront in St. Augustine Beach, Florida that has suffered beach erosion and development pressures was choosen for the study. The result is an alternative proposal to costly dredging and beach reclamation that includes a series of tools, interventions, and landscape modifications of this threatened site. This proposal aims to return the site to a balanced and friendly landscape. Waterfronts in cities are an opportunity to reconnect communities with their cultural and geographic landscape.
- Masters Theses


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Research Project Search
Engineering Students Win With Online Game
May 17, 2008 - A team of Ohio University engineering and technology students won an honorable mention from the Environmental Protection Agency for their online environmental game designed to improve public awareness of chemical exposure, the university announced.
The Russ College of Engineering and Technology students competed in the 4th Annual National Sustainable Design Expo from April 20-22 at the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Nearly 60 teams represented colleges and universities across America.
The Chemical Exposure Awareness Game, funded by a $10,000 EPA grant, is played in the online virtual world Second Life. Modeled on Monopoly, the game exposes players to various daily chemicals to teach positive and negative effects. Players also are encouraged to strive for more sustainable lifestyles.
The expo was the second phase of the EPA's People, Prosperity and the Planet, P3, competition.The first phase, for which the team won the grant, asked teams to demonstrate how they planned to research and develop innovative designs to address challenges to sustainability.
Associate Professor of Computer Science Chang Liu and Professor of Civil Engineering Tiao Chang led students Ying Zhong, Yanhui Fang, En Ye and Jourdan Siemer in developing the game.
"Our team was the only computer game to compete in the expo," Zhong said in an OU news release. "Our game was very popular at the expo, especially with children."
"Students waited in lines to play our P3 game," Liu said. "I think this was evidence that our team had made progress toward the goal of improving chemical awareness though engaging programming."


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Administrative Law in Europe: A Historical and Comparative Perspective
50 Pages Posted: 20 Sep 2013
Date Written: October 30, 2009
There is currently a growing interest in the question whether a convergence between the administrative laws of European countries is coming into being and, if so, whether this is desirable or otherwise, as well as whether and the extent to which this depends on broader process of European integration and globalization. This article addresses the question of the limited use of comparative analysis with regard to administrative law, by arguing that it depended on cultural prejudices, the underlying idea being that, unlike private law, administrative law was but a product of each State and its national culture. The article challenges this received idea, by pointing out the importance of transplants and cross-fertilization. It argues, secondly, that administrative law must be considered in a dynamic perspective, and thus focuses on some dynamics of change: the growing importance of public authorities within and outside the Nation-States; the emergence of a common core of general principles of law; the procedural principles that have emerged in national administrative law systems; and finally, the gradual erosion of the areas of immunity. The article expresses, however, a sceptical note with regard to any vision of administrative law that emphasizes progress, arguing that some techniques of administration often regarded as innovative are not at all new. It observes, moreover, that administrative law is still characterized by a fundamental ambivalence between different ideals and forces. The article ends with a brief analysis of some theoretical implications are considered, with specific regard to the importance of comparative analysis.
Keywords: administrative law, general principles, administrative law and democracy
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation


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COURSE NAME: Windows XP Professional - Level 1 (4060)
This course provides a broad foundation for students so that they will have a greater awareness and confidence using personal computers. Students will gain practical information and skills, such as what a computer is, how to manage personal files and folders that they create, and how to use many of the programs that come with Windows XP.
Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to:
- Use fundamental personal computing terminology.
- Use fundamental Windows XP skills.
- Use Windows Explorer to manage files and folders.
- Use common Windows XP program techniques by working with several programs at the same time.
Lesson 1: Getting Started with Personal Computers
- Uses of Personal Computers
- Types of Personal Computers
- Common Computer Components
- How Personal Computers Work
- Start the PC
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Wisconsin Fast Plants are a patented variety of rapid-cycling Brassica rapa developed by Dr. Paul Williams at the University of Wisconsin-Madison as a research model for studies in plant disease. Fast Plants live their whole lives in 35 to 45 days; perfect timing for science classes as well as plant geneticists. School children have used the little mustard relative for studies in biology for over 20 years.
Fast Plant seeds lie dormant until a combination of warmth, moisture and light activate hormones that trigger growth in the embryo. The growing plant, or cotyledon, breaks out of the moisture-weakened seed covering and sends a root growing down into the soil. Within one or two days, the Fast Plant cotyledon rises past the surface and opens into the first leaves of the plant which begin to photosynthesize light to produce food for the new plant.
Growth and Development
For the first 12 days of its life, the Fast Plant produces plant tissue; "true" leaves to gather the large amount of light that the adult plant needs, a stem up to 8 inches tall and branches. The plant's size, shape of its leaves, branching habits and other characteristics define the plant as a Brassica rapa.
At about two weeks of age, Fast Plants infloresce. They produce specialized leaves called sepals that provide shelters for flowers containing pistil and stamen--the sexual organs of an angiosperm. Fast Plants form flowers and bloom within only a few days. Fast Plants need temperatures below 80 degrees to produce viable flowers; hot temperatures produce sterile inflorescence.
Once the flowers are open, the pollen must be transported from the anthers on one plant to the stigma on another--Fast Plants do not self-pollinate. Most plants depend on insects, but Fast Plants have the added benefit of hand pollination by human students wielding "bee sticks." True to their fast life cycle, each Brassica rapa flower must be pollinated within a few days before it fades.
Fertilization and Seed Development
Stigma send pollen downward to the plants' ovary where, if it reaches and fertilizes the egg successfully, a zygote forms the beginning of a new plant embryo. Fertilization must take place within 24 hours of pollination and within five days, the flower's petals, designed to attract pollinators like bees, will fall away. The ovary forms a protective cover as a shell forms around each fertilized egg. Embryos are packed with food to carry them through their dormancy. The process, called embryogenesis takes approximately 20 days.
Seed Distribution and Death
Fast Plants are annuals, which means that the plant lives for one season and dies after it has set seed. As the plant dries, the plant ovary is pulled open by shrinking tissue, dropping ripe seeds on the ground and into the wind. Those that land where they have the right conditions will germinate and grow into new plants.


Step 4: More
Possible Adaptations:
1) Adjust R3 - You can easily produce a different current by changing the resistance of R3. The voltage drop over R3 will remain constant (due to the op amp), so the current can be calculated as before from ohms law: I = 1.36V/ R3. The upper limit of the current is determined by the power tolerance of R3. When R3 gets smaller, the current is larger, but you may burn out your resistor if you exceed the resistor's power rating. If you want to easily adjust the current out, R3 could be replaced by a potentiometer.
2) Adjust the voltage divider - Another way to change the current is to change the voltage from the voltage divider. Adjusting R1 and R2 augments the voltage in the Ohm's law calculation. However, the larger the voltage drop over R3, the smaller voltage drop is available over the load. Remember that your power supply a limited voltage (15 V in our circuit).
*Note that the transistor must have at least about 0.2 V drop from the collector to the emitter terminal (corresponding to the point that connects to the R3 and the point connected to the load). Without this drop, the transistor no longer functions properly and the current sags to almost 0 mA. One can see this sag begin around 1.4 k.
Possible Applications:
The current source can be useful in lighting up LEDs as they need only a small current and about a 0.6 V drop across.
Hi,can this be considered constant current and constant voltage?
Very interesting. I wonder if it could be possible to decouple the power source needed by the OA and R3 so R3 and R1 would not share the same power supply. Why? Because I have a power supply sourcing the load that may vary between 0.8V and 9V but I want to control the current going thru R3 (as in the schematic) to a constant current value, not limiting the current but keeping it constant. So one PS (stable) would source R1 for the OA and another one (could vary from 0.8V to 9V) would feed R3 for the load.
So is the op amp and the transistor mirroring the current the voltage divider does? I do not have any LF411 Operational Amplifiers but I do have a number of TL082 ICs that are used in the schematics. I may have to breadboard this circuit up using one of them to try to better understand what is happening here. If I do I'll be sure to use my dual adjustable supply. _URL_ Which I think works well for op amp experimenting.
The main purposes of the op amp are 1) to provide a stiff voltage (that is not effected by the load's resistance, as it would be if it were just a voltage divider). And 2) set the voltage drop over R3, so that the current is fixed. Using another power supply instead of a voltage divider for the purpose 1 would definitely work. I'm not sure how you could replicate the 2) purpose of the op amp without getting some current sag for large loads. Is that what you were asking?
No. I was asking if the op amps were using the divider as a voltage reference.
This current source has the nice feature of a grounded output. It has the disadvantage of being only as good as the 15 volt rail is regulated. Separate regulation for the input to the voltage divider might be a way to address this.
Thanks russ_hensel. That is a good augmentation idea.
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Is it possible to create periodic potentials that instead of creating a well for an atom to be trapped in, repulsed by that specific location?
If yes, can we use this as a means to make artificial objects that we can feel, with let's say our hands, by putting lots of these repulsive points together?
This is an idea that I have in order to make holograms that we can feel like the holodeck in Star Trek.
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...It's a periodic potential. The atoms are repelled from the peaks and fall into the valleys.. what is it that you to be different? Also if you want of holodecks I think you will find the forces involved in this sort of physics to be rather underwhelming. – BebopButUnsteady Aug 5 '11 at 0:18
1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Atoms in an optical lattice are attracted to high/low field states depending on the quantum state the atom is in. Atoms in states that would be shifted down in energy by the application of an electric field are drawn to low-field regions and repulsed from high-field regions, and vice versa for atoms in states that would be shifted up in energy by the application of an electric field.
The answer to part 1 is that this is possible, and in fact atoms are already "repulsed" by parts of the lattice anyway. Which part of the lattice is attractive/repulsive depends on the state the atom is in.
Because optical lattices are by definition periodic, these "repulsive" regions are surrounded by attractive regions, and the atoms in you hand tend to migrate from the repulsive to the attractive regions. I don't think you'd be able to make a macroscopic force you could feel with your hand.
share|improve this answer
what is the physical meaning of "trap"? Does only potential well trap particles? – Jeremy Sep 6 '13 at 16:02
_USER_: You usually have to cool (slow) the atoms down to be able to trap them. For an explanation of how this is done, see here – Dan Sep 6 '13 at 17:48
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Organizational Psychology of Mergers and Acquisitions book cover
1st Edition
Organizational Psychology of Mergers and Acquisitions
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ISBN 9780367523428
February 1, 2022 Forthcoming by Routledge
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Book Description
Organizational Psychology of Mergers and Acquisitions provides a comprehensive perspective that helps you understand, empathise and protect the wellbeing of employees who experience mergers and acquisitions. This book gives a state-of-the-art review that crosses different subjects within psychology including psychobiology, neuroscience, social psychology, interpersonal relationships, and organizational psychology.
This book discusses why many employees think of mergers or acquisitions as scary or threatening events, why negative emotions are prevalent, their psychobiological impact and how to assess employees' emotional responses using a new toolkit. It helps readers learn what counts as good leadership, considering the role of charisma, personality, context and information processing abilities. This book includes the issue of organizational learning, and the relevance of occupational health and safety to due diligence about mergers and acquisitions through case studies about organizations sued for cancer or cancer-related mortality after a merger or acquisition.
This book is mandatory reading for students, academics, and practitioners working with organizations experiencing a merger or an acquisition such as consultants, human resource professionals, psychologists, occupational health professionals, and employees involved in strategy, management, or people development.
Table of Contents
 1. Understanding and Classifying Different Types of Mergers and Acquisitions
 2. Historical Trends in Mergers and Acquisitions and Why Employees Think of Them as Scary events involving job losses and other negative outcomes
 3. Psychobiology of human emotions, why employees experiencing mergers or acquisitions feel fear, anger and other negative emotions, and a new assessment toolkit
 4. What makes employees support or resist a merger or acquisition and what makes them want to quit?
 5. Why employees experiencing mergers and acquisitions think and act in terms of group dynamics of "us versus them"
 6. Why cultural differences in nonverbal language and workplace interactions create problems among employees experiencing mergers and acquisitions
 7. Good leadership in mergers or acquisitions is about charisma, dynamics with employees, personality, context and information processing
 8. Organisational learning is a common goal in mergers and acquisitions but what psychological processes help or hinder it?
 9. Considering occupational health and safety in due diligence for mergers and acquisitions – learning from lawsuits about cancer mortality
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Camelia Oancea is a machine learning engineer at Airbus Defence and Space. She currently combines her career in artificial intelligence at Airbus with doctoral research at Birbeck University of London, UK.
Caroline Kamau is a Senior Lecturer in Organisational Psychology at Birkbeck, University of London, UK.


text:
Yesterday and Today
Print version ISSN 2223-0386
In a context of a continually widening range of disciplines and subjects available for learners to specialize in, it becomes increasingly critical for the value of particular subjects to be examined. Thus, while debates rage over the relevance and worth of school history, we contribute to the conceptualization of what school history is for. In other words, we examine what history learners acquire as a result of studying the subject. We argue that learners gain a certain form of historical literacy which cannot always be generalized to different contexts. As such, the historical literacy that learners gain varies according to context, place and time. In this article we specifically review literature related to the functional realm of History Education and, particularly, historical literacy. We then construct benchmarks of historical literacy as informed by the literature. This research thus avails a foundation for further empirical research on the purpose of school history.
Keywords : History; Historical literacy; Conceptual understanding; Historical consciousness; Historical language; History education.


text: ColerainTownship (ImagesofAmerica) (Frank Scholle) ColerainTownship, the largest township in the state of Ohio, was founded in 1794. The first settlement in the township was in 1790, where John Dunlap and a small band of settlers built a little fort on the Great Miami River and named it Fort Coleraine. Later the settlement became known as Dunlap's Station. The township was primarily a rural farming area until the 1950s, when builders began to develop subdivisions. Businesses sprang up and shopping areas followed. From 1950 to 1960, the population almost quadrupled. Today Colerain is a bustling community with several shopping centers, major businesses, and around 63,000 residents.


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Chemical and isotopic analyses and flow-meter measurements in pumped wells were used to determine the source, movement, and age of ground water along a section of the valley-fill aquifer from the San Jacinto Fault to the base of the San Bernardino Mountains near the Newmark area in the Bunker Hill Basin of southern California. Water samples were collected from four multiple-depth well sites, from different depths within three production wells, and from two nearby streams; these samples were analyzed for major ions, selected trace elements, stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen (delta oxygen-18 and delta deuterium), tritium, and carbon-14. Within the production wells, variations in vertical flowrate with depth were recorded during pumped conditions using a standard spinner tool. Where saturated, the upper 200 feet of unconsolidated deposits contributed as much as 60 percent of the well discharge; deposits at depths greater than 700 feet contributed less than 10 percent. Chemical analyses indicate that three general zones of ground-water quality are present along a north-south section--an oxygenated zone near the base of the San Bernardino Mountains, an oxygen-depleted zone near the San Jacinto Fault, and a deeper zone characterized by concentrations of fluoride greater than 1 mg/L and by a general water-quality composition similar to that of base flow in East Twin Creek. The presence of tritium in water from wells along the section indicates that post-1952 recharge has moved rapidly through the valley-fill aquifer to depths as great as 800 feet. Carbon-14 data indicate that the maximum age of ground water, sampled at depths ranging from 600 to 1,000 feet, is less than 5,000 years before present. Ground water along the study section is much younger than ground water from similar depths in other nearby basins. Delta oxygen-18 and delta deuterium data indicate that as much as 25 percent of the discharge from some wells near the base of the San Bernardino Mountains is water that was imported from northern California. Improved knowledge of depth-dependent ground-water flow along this section can aid in the design of an effective strategy for basin management, including remediation of the Newmark area, which is designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as a Superfund cleanup site.
Additional Publication Details
USGS Numbered Series
Chemistry and isotopic composition of ground water along a section near the Newmark area, San Bernardino County, California
Water-Resources Investigations Report
U.S. Geological Survey ;
Branch of Information Services [distributor],


text:
Publications: Peer-reviewed journal articles (by staff)
Novel technique for the short-term culture and laboratory study of Didymosphenia geminata
Kuhajek J, Wood SA 2014. Novel technique for the short-term culture and laboratory study of Didymosphenia geminata. Diatom Research – special issue on Didymo. Volume 29, Issue 3.
Techniques for assessing the freshwater diatom Didymosphenia geminata in the laboratory under controlled conditions are described. Two methods for harvesting free, unattached cells from mats, and two methods for assessing cells were developed. Free cells were harvested from mats up to 28 days old using either a static method or a shaking method.
Harvested cells were then assessed using two multi-well formats: a multiplefollowed by a single-cell method. The multiple-cell method was found to be a rapid screening tool for fine-tuning parameter ranges to be assessed in the single-cell assay. The single-cell method, through careful monitoring, allowed quantitative assessment of cell processes.
Attachment to a substratum was observed to be critical for survival and the division of free D. geminata cells. Although cells attached readily in the multiple-cell method, the inclusion of a hydrophobic substratum was essential for attachment to occur reliably when using the single-cell method. The improvement of the single-cell method through inclusion of a hydrophobic substratum was investigated, and results with and without the substratum were compared. A temperature of 18 degrees C was found to be more suitable than 12 degrees C for conducting the assay and the optimal pH range for the assay was found to be 7.6 to 8.2.


text:
Custom curriculum majors figure out how to show youngsters with particular needs, for example, outwardly impeded or listening to incapacitated understudies, understudies with learning or conduct disarranges, rationally disabled understudies, and/or understudies with a mix of moderate or extreme handicaps
Custom curriculum majors take exceptionally particular classes on inability and jumble appraisal, kid advancement, and classroom administration. They consolidate standard instructive practice into a specific system to address the issues of their understudies.
The Special Education major requires uncommon persistence and a huge craving to work with kids who have extremely exceptional necessities. You need to deal with the greater part of the exercises in the classroom while still successfully conveying your educational modules. With its numerous difficulties, majors who go ahead to show Special Education discover it exceptionally compensating.


Text::Pangram - utilities to find English pangrams
Version 0.01
use Text::Pangram;
my $text = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."; my $pangram = Text::Pangram->new( $text );
print "Pangram!\n" if $pangram->is_pangram;
if ($pangram->find_pangram_window) { print "Smallest window is ". $pangram->window_length " characters:\n"; print $pangram->window. "\n"; } else { print "Not a pangram!\n"; }
A pangram is a text that contains every letter of the alphabet. This module provides utilities for identifying pangrams.
Constructor. Receives the text that will be analyzed.
Returns true if the supplied text is a pangram.
Finds the shortest "pangrammatic window" in a text: the shortest span of text that contains a pangram. It is designed to be fast when scanning large texts.
The method will return false if the text does not contain a pangram at all. If the text is pangrammatic, $pangram will allow you to access three pieces of data:
The length of the shortest pangrammatic window.
The pangrammatic window from the original text.
The stripped text of the pangrammatic window. (That is, with all nonalphabetic characters stripped out.)
Jesse Sheidlower <>
Please report any bugs or feature requests to bug-text-pangram at, or through the web interface at I will be notified, and then you'll automatically be notified of progress on your bug as I make changes.
Extend to handle non-English text, other alphabets, etc.
Thanks to Adam Turoff, Ben Rosengart, and Perrin Harkins for help and suggestions.
Copyright (c) 2014 Jesse Sheidlower.


text:
Missouri University of Science and Technology
Founded in 1870 as Missouri School of Mines, Missouri University of Science and Technology primarily educated mining engineers and surveyors. The campus really started to grow right after World War II. As the need for engineers and scientists grew, so did the university. The campus evolved into a world-class technological research university, one that was making an impact beyond the state and nation.
In 1964, the institution's name was changed to the University of Missouri-Rolla. UMR was the technology flagship of the four-campus University of Missouri System.
Then, in 2008, the name officially became Missouri University of Science and Technology. As a technological research university, Missouri S&T is a member of a small but elite group of American institutions that distinguish themselves by having a mission-based commitment to improving the world through the study and application of advanced sciences and technology.
There are 16 technological research universities in the nation, including MIT, Caltech, Missouri S&T, Rensselaer, Georgia Tech and the Colorado School of Mines. Many of these institutions complement their technological strengths by offering good programs in humanities, liberal arts and social sciences. Missouri S&T is admired around the world for preparing students and creating research that solves the problems of a technological society.
Have a story to share? Submit your story here.


text:
This chapter elucidates the notion of a fact as a prelude to considering whether there can be future facts, and whether and when we can speak of a prediction as true. The consequences for fatalism of the arguments are noted. The use of 'true' in application to conditional propositions is discussed, and the differences in this context between present-tense and future-tense verbs is explained. This leads on to a consideration of the modal character of 'will' and of the behaviour distinctive of 'shall'. Questions involving precognition, freedom, and causation are then considered.
Oxford Scholarship Online requires a subscription or purchase to access the full text of books within the service. Public users can however freely search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter.
If you think you should have access to this title, please contact your librarian.


text:
Profile of Older Asian Americans 65 Plus
The older Asian, Hawaiian and Pacific Island population is living longer, following the general growth trend of older Americans. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, by 2050 the percentage of the older population that is Asian, Hawaiian and Pacific Island will increase to 8.6 percent of the American older population. In 2009 the Asian, Hawaiian and Pacific Island older population was 1.4 million (or 3.4 percent of the older population in the United States).
Characteristics of older Asian Americans include the following:
- In 2009, over 60% of Asian, Hawaiian and Pacific Island elders lived in four states: 39.6% in California; 9.2% in New York; 9.1% in Hawaii and 4.4% in Texas.
- The percent of older Asians in 2009 who had a bachelor's degree or higher was almost 31%.
- Households with families headed by Asian persons aged 65+ reported a median income in 2009 of $47, 319. The comparable figure for all older households was $43,702.
To learn more about older Asian Americans, visit the minority aging section on AoA.gov.
Resources on Older Americans
AoA collects and summarizes extensive data on older Americans. For more information on the characteristics of older Americans (including data on income, living arrangements, education, and health), visit these resources:
A Profile of Older Americans
AoA Census Data and Population Estimates
Aging Integrated Database
Last Modified: 12/31/1600