Looking into the future of robotics in the field of medical rehabilitation
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(Natural News) German researchers are developing robotic replacements for human medical therapists. The socially assistive robots (SARs) will be placed in charge of physical rehabilitation of human patients who are recovering from serious illnesses, an article in Science Daily stated.
The generally improving state of medical know-how will enable more patients to survive strokes and other serious diseases. However, these survivors will often be unable to resume their previous level of physical functioning, at least not immediately.
In order to recover at least some of that lost physical ability and independence, the patients will need medical rehabilitation. Hospitals must therefore come up with strategies to efficiently handle the increasing numbers of patients who will need assistance and physical therapy.
The researchers believe that a specialized form of social robot can help fill the need for more medical therapists. Early models of SARs are already being used as assistants for patients who have recovered from strokes. However, many humans find it difficult to put their trust in a machine, even when their lives rely on it. Researchers from the University of Freiburg (UF) and the Freiburg University Medical Center (FUMC) are looking for ways to improve the relationship between human patients and their social robot minders. (Related: Robot strawberry pickers better than humans?)
Social robots may one day take over medical rehabilitation for human patients
FUMC researcher Philipp Kellmeyer and his UF counterpart Oliver Müller examined ways of getting humans to trust and rely on social robots for medical therapy. They came up with modifications to the SARs so that the medical robots could be considered important and reliable assistants for rehabilitation.
The two German researchers stated that SARs did not just call for technological advances. The robots also need to socialize with humans so that the latter can learn to accept assistance from the former.
Patients who are undergoing rehabilitation are heavily reliant on good working relationships with their therapists. If they are not cooperative, they cannot get the most out of their workout therapy. They can even get injured or ill again.
In order to earn the trust of humans, a socially assistive robot has to behave in a very predictable manner. Robots and patients must also have the same goals during the entire therapy period.
Kellmeyer and Müller noted that the growing intelligence and autonomy of robots may either help or hinder the development of a healthy working relationship between them and human partners. On one hand, robots might eventually become smart enough to recognize the behavioral cues of humans. On the other hand, their increasing independence could lead them to make mistakes that their human equivalent would have caught in time.
Future socially assistive robots will be able to recognize the needs of their patients
When designing and developing socially assistive robots, engineers and programmers must remember to incorporate philosophy and developmental psychology into the machines. Their creations must be able to recognize the objective of the patient, which is to complete the physical therapy.
Future social robots must also be able to grasp the patient's reason for going through medical rehabilitation. If a SAR unit cannot identify the goal or the desire of the patient, the rehabilitation effort will come to naught. And each patient has his or her own unique needs and feelings.
To this end, Kellmeyer and Müller believed that any socially assistive robot should be able to adjust itself to the requirements and weaknesses of a patient. They believe patients will be encouraged to put more effort into their rehabilitation therapy if they feel they can rely on their therapist, be it human or robot.
Learn more about the human jobs that robots will eventually take over at Robots.news.
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Holistic Stress Reduction in the Era of COVID-19 through Multimodal Personal Chronicles in College Students
Jessica BorelliOther PIs/Investigators/PhD students:
Amir Hossein Aqajari
The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced a variety of challenging circumstances on college campuses, including the need for social distancing (resulting in the potential for social isolation and loneliness), anxiety regarding infection, and uncertainty regarding the future. Chronic stress exposure leads to long-term adverse mental health outcomes such as depression, anxiety, self-harm, suicidality, and addiction. Emerging adulthood is a risky period of development during which rates of mental disorders increase dramatically, changes which may in part be due to rapid shifts in roles, a lack of structure in daily routines, and relative immaturity of brain structures. Stress management and reduction are crucial capacities for young adults since they often experience high-intensity negative emotions and lack the maturity required to exert top-down control over these intense emotional experiences. This project builds capacity in a holistic stress reduction strategy combining emerging wearable Internet of Things (IoT) technologies with a multi-modal lifelogging framework.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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As a species we have always been interested in the flora around us; from the tulip craze in Holland in the 17th Century to botanical gardens of modernity. We use flowers now more than ever within social convention to celebrate, mourn, apologise or say what we can't. But due to the changes in their habitats and various other conditions some of the most beautiful flowers are so rare they are on the verge of extinction. Here are some of the rarest blooms found in the world today.
Jade Vine – Strongylodon Macrobotrys
As you may have guessed from its name, this breath taking flower stuns all that come across it with its signature aqua marine colour. It's indigenous to the tropical Filipino rain forests and is confusingly part of the pea and bean family and is closer related to a kidney bean than any bloom. The string of flowers can grow up to three meters in length.
Yellow and Purple Lady Slippers – Cypripedium Calceolus
Owning Lady Slipper blooms can make you the envy of flower enthusiast the world over. The only specimen still growing wild in Britain has been under constant police guard since 1917. It's part of the orchid family and has a very strange symbiotic relationship with a certain type of fungus which helps it grow. This precise process is what hinders the plant form flourishing and keeps it on the verge of extinction.
Ghost Orchid – Epipogium Aphyllum
Like the Lady Slippers, the Ghost Orchid also needs a certain fungus to live, making it just as rare. The Ghost Orchid was in fact thought extinct for twenty years until it was rediscovered recently. This may be due to the fact that this flower can live underground for years and only blooms at the optimum moment, hence its name.
Parrot's Beak – Lotus Berthelotii
This amazing flower has been classed as extremely rare since 1884 and is still going! It is extinct in the wild but is still being cultivated in botanist's labs in an attempt to keep the species alive. The reason for their rarity in their indigenous land, The Canary Islands, is due to the extinction of their pollinators, the sun birds. But as flower traders are still cultivating the bright orange bloom, they are available. Search online stores such as Interflora.co.uk for the rarer species as appose to your local garden centre.
Chocolate Cosmos – Cosmos Atrosanguineus
Like the Lady Slippers, the Ghost Orchid also needs a certain fungus to live, making it just as rare. The Ghost Orchid was in
This crimson crusader has been extinct in the wild for over 100 years. Before its extinction it grew only in Mexico but the reaming plants are nothing but infertile clones of the originals. Their vanilla scent make them perfect house plants but getting your hands on one may be somewhat of a task, its generally only botanists and flower enthusiast who are still in possession of these rare beauties.
The Top 5 Rare Flowers list was compiled by UK flower guru's Interflora

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Femininity and the Factory: Women's Labouring Bodies in the Moir's Candy Plant, _PHONE_
Mulrooney, Margaret Anne
MetadataShow full item record
In post-war Canada, married women's labour force participation rose dramatically. Labour historians have studied this trend with a primary focus on married women's disadvantaged position in the labour market. This thesis examines female factory workers as manual labourers and asks how their bodies affected and were affected by their jobs, and how specifically female embodiment shaped their experience of work. Using the framework of job-related, cultural, and reproductive body work developed by sociologist Chris Shilling, this case study examines the experiences of eleven women who worked at the Moir's candy plant in Halifax between 1949 and 1970. Semi-structured interviews are the main source of research data for this study. This case study explores working conditions at Moir's, such as work on conveyor belts, the gendered division of labour, piece-work, and breaks, and determines the ways the women responded to and also shaped these conditions. The women's testimonies reveal that their embodied experience as labourers was based both in workplace conditions (such as company regulations) and in family responsibilities. There are three main findings. First, I argue that in the context of the Moir's factory, women's acts of sabotage (in the form of breaking the conveyor belts), use of make-work, and development of other coping strategies were intended to create needed leisure time in the workplace. Second, I challenge the common assumption in labour sociology that factory work does not require that employees carry out true emotional labour. I argue that feelings of pride and shame had a strong influence over the women's workplace dress and behaviour; managing these feelings were an important part of the women's occupation. Finally, I argue that in the post-war era, women's reproductive body work was directly connected to their paid labour because of the lack of public childcare and other reproductive labour resources available to wives and working mothers.


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Introduction: Paraquat is a commonly ingested poison especially in Southern India. There is no antidote for paraquat poison and consumption is often fatal. The usual cause of death is either acute lung injury or multi-organ failure. Aim: To evaluate the role of early haemoperfusion as a therapy in paraquat poisoned patients. Materials and Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of patients admitted to a Tertiary Medical College Hospital between January 2012 and December 2015 with history of paraquat consumption, comparing outcomes in those who received only gastric lavage and symptomatic treatment with those who received haemoperfusion as a therapy. The role of early haemoperfusion (≤ 6 hours) vs late haemoperfusion (> 6 hours) in paraquat poisoned patients was also compared. The data of these patients was extracted and analysed with respect to age, sex, mode of treatment, the outcome in patients who received early and late haemoperfusion. results: A total of 101 patients were studied out of which 62 died. Deaths were more in those patients who received only gastric lavage with symptomatic treatment as therapy compared to those who received haemoperfusion i.e., 92.1% vs 42.9% respectively. We also found that, the survival rate was better in patients who received early haemoperfusion. conclusion: Early haemoperfusion was helpful in the management of severe paraquat poisoning and improved the survival rate in these patients.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Clinical Biochemistry


Definitions for bubbler
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word bubbler
Princeton's WordNet
 1. drinking fountain, water fountain, bubbler(noun)
 a public fountain to provide a jet of drinking water
 2. bubbler(noun)
 any of various devices in which air or some other gas is bubbled through a liquid
 1. bubbler(Noun)
 Something that emits bubbles.
 2. bubbler(Noun)
 A drinking fountain.
 3. bubbler(Noun)
 A device used for smoking marijuana, similar in appearance to a bowl (handheld pipe) but with a section that holds water, like a bong
 4. bubbler(Noun)
 One who cheats.
 All the Jews, jobbers, bubblers, subscribers, projectors, etc. uE000162072uE001 Alexander Pope.
 5. bubbler(Noun)
 A fish of the Ohio river; so called from the noise it makes.
Webster Dictionary
 1. Bubbler(verb)
 to cheat; to deceive
 2. Bubbler(noun)
 one who cheats
 3. Bubbler(noun)
 a fish of the Ohio river; -- so called from the noise it makes
 1. Bubbler
 A drinking fountain, also called a water fountain or bubbler, is a fountain designed to provide drinking water. It consists of a basin with either continuously running water or a tap. The drinker bends down to the stream of water and swallows water directly from the stream. Modern indoor drinking fountains may incorporate filters to remove impurities from the water and chillers to reduce its temperature. Water fountains are usually found in public places, like schools, rest areas, libraries, and grocery stores. Many jurisdictions require water fountains to be wheelchair accessible, and to include an additional unit of a lower height for children and short adults. The design that this replaced often had one spout atop a refrigeration unit. Bubbler is a trademarked name that refers to a drinking fountain.
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Integration tests with maven
Implementing unit tests with maven is something ordinary and most of us are familiar with the project structure and where the unit tests reside.
However Integration tests are a different case and most of times they have pretty different requirements.
For example it is ok to have your unit tests operate on a h2 in memory database but when it comes to integration tests and complex queries, it is best for them to be executed against an actual relational database like the one used in production.
Considering the above example, chances are that our integration tests might have different configurations and dependencies.
So our goals for our integration tests is to keep them separate from other tests and to execute them separately.
Regarding our maven structure within the source directory we have the main 'folder' and test 'folder'.
In the same fashion we will add an extra directory called 'it'.
The 'it' directory will contain a java directory for our java sources and a resources directory. Same structure with the test directory.
Then we should give instruction to maven on building our code and adding it to our test sources.
By using the build helper maven plugin we can instruct maven to add extra test source directories to our our build.
The next step is to instruct maven to run our unit tests. To do so we will use the maven failsafe plugin.
The Failsafe Plugin is designed to run integration tests while the Surefire Plugin is designed to run unit tests. The name (failsafe) was chosen both because it is a synonym of surefire and because it implies that when it fails, it does so in a safe way.
Then to execute the integration tests we should issue.
mvn verify
As expected our integration tests run separately.
To sum up, we want to have integration tests separated from our unit tests. Also we want them to run separately. This can be achieved by utilizing the maven failsafe plugin.
You can find an example project on github.
One thought on "Integration tests with maven
 1. Thank you for taking the time to put this content online, as it is the only useful DynamoDB posts that I have been able to find. Having these examples helped me to then better understand the AWS documentation which can sometimes be very difficult to work through. I hope that you continue doing this work as it is very helpful for those new to DynamoDB.
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Encryption Manager
Encryption Manager
1,000 - 5,000 downloads
Add this app to your lists
Encryption Manager is a file manager, that offers a comfortable and secure way to keep files with confidential data encrypted using AES or Twofish encryption on your storage (internal storage, external SD card, USB storage).
A master password is both used to access the application and to encrypt the encryption keys, that are generated randomly for each file. Confidential files are accessible directly after the login. With one click on the file, the file is decrypted to a user defined location and can be shown by an installed app for this file type. When you are finished working with the decrypted copy, the file is re-encrypted either automatically or with one confirmation click and the decrypted file is wiped from the storage. This wipe process will overwrite the data with random bytes before the file is deleted. So even if the device is lost or stolen, it is not possible to access your confidential data.
Encrypting new files is very simple: they can be chosen either with the built-in file manager or by simply using the Android "send/share" function from another app.
Keywords: file encryption, data encryption, file manager, crypto, SD card, encryption algorithm, AES, Twofish
* Access based on master pin or master text password.
* Encrypts all kind of files or folders.
* Base functionality of a file manager (view on click, send/share menu), but with automatic decryption before the action.
* Offers AES and Twofish encryption with 128 and 256 bit keys.
* Status tracking: Displays icons to indicate whether a file is currently decrypted or was changed.
* User setting for automatic re-encryption on exit.
* Secure overwrite of the orginal file after the encryption.
* Provides a special handling for images or office document to delete e.g. also gallery thumbnail images.
* Additional anti file recovery tool included.
* Two layout modes: flat list view or hierarchical folder view.
* Provides a backup and restore mechanism, e.g. for backup to cloud storage (Dropbox, Google Drive,...)
* Can be configured to delete all managed files the after 7 unsuccessful attempts.
* Has an "Exit" menu on all screens, that closes the app completely.
* App is locked (master password must be re-entered), when there is no user input for configurable period.
* Includes english help pages.
* English
* German
* French
* Russian
* The "lite" version is limited to 5 encrypted files!
* The full version has no limitations.
Tags: encryption manager, twofish, encryption, how to view files encrypted on droid x sd card, twofish encryption, encryption twofish, crypto, best encryption, encryption manager for anriod, enable twofish crypto algorithm.
Recently changed in this version
Version 4.2
* An additional option was added, to validate the encryption process.
* An additional option was added to show icon files for encrypted images and videos (to use the feature on existing files, you must re-encrypt them).
Comments and ratings for Encryption Manager
 - (78 stars)
 by nhoj htims on 22/11/2014
 If you have a lot (thousands) of files to encyrpt look elsewhere.
 - (78 stars)
 by Andrew Hodges on 20/09/2014
 Does job well.
 - (78 stars)
 by Kalin Aleksandrov on 16/07/2014
 Note3 -encryption manager v.4.1. Encrypted files remains for vewing by everybody.Nobody answers these questions!Why?
 - (78 stars)
 by Teodor Hadjiev on 02/06/2014
 This app is exactly what I was looking for. A manager to almost automatically manage sensitive files on my phone. Also many programs don't sport proper encryption for their databases (K-9 etc.) which is a shame, and this program can be used for this purpose. 5 stars for now.
 - (78 stars)
 by Ano Theruser on 17/03/2014
 UPDATE edit: does not work with FNAD kitkat 4.4.2 sg tw rom.
 - (78 stars)
 by Oscar Santos on 11/02/2014
 I encrypted a large portion of files in my sd card and when trying to open or unencrypt the file there was "error 20" message for some of the files and the file was gone! Could not get the file back and lost my information, Sent a message to the developers of the app and I am still waiting for their response
 - (78 stars)
 by Hir Oni on 21/12/2013
 I encrypted the pictures and video and it is fine, but when un-encrypted the file and see them from Gallery, I could see them. but after encrypted them again, all the files that supposed to delete, it shows in Gallery. I have Samsung 3S. It only hide them once and I have to delete them old one??


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A Unity College professor will use a $1,000 grant to help undergraduates investigate microscopic invertebrate organisms at Acadia National Park.
Dr. Emma Perry received $1,000 seed money as part of The Unity College Undergraduate Research Mentor Award for her 2015 project titled "Tardigrades of Acadia National Park." Dr. Perry and two student collaborators will investigate terrestrial and marine tardigrades throughout the park.
Tardigrades are tiny invertebrate organisms (.039 of an inch on average) that, despite their size, are big enough to be seen using a low-power microscope. They are found all across the globe and can thrive in some of the most hostile conditions on earth, from the deepest Maine lakes to the vacuum of outer space.
Scientific tardigrade research is important because, according to the Consortium of European Taxonomy Facilities, "biodiversity loss, global warming and other environmental issues need natural history collections and related expertise as sources of knowledge and for reference."
Under Dr. Perry's tutelage, students will conduct fundamental scientific research on the species, with specific objectives and a sound understanding of research techniques such as observing, measuring, sorting, codifying and discovering. Other students are studying tardigrades that live on apple trees on the campus as well as on samples from the Hemlock Ecosystem Management Study plots.
Graduates who have training and skills in taxonomy are crucial in the continuation of biodiversity research and conservation. According to the National Science Foundation, the information is particularly important "on large but poorly known groups such as bacteria, fungi, protists, and numerous marine and terrestrial invertebrates." Research on these species is essential because they "constitute critical elements of food chains and ecosystems and the high proportion of unrecognized species in these groups limit research and progress in many areas of biology and conservation."
Dr. Perry's winning grant proposal included clear research objectives, defined student involvement in all phases of the project, and outlined rigorous student learning outcomes. The annual award is presented by the Unity College Undergraduate Research Program.
Dr. Perry completed her undergraduate degree in zoology at Exeter University, Britain, where she was born and raised.


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- To seek new knowledge and understanding of factors affecting the human expression
and development of muscle-mechanical strength, power, work, and related variables.
- To apply this knowledge to health-related fitness, elite performance, or to task-specific
- To develop and evaluate various protocols for measuring muscle-mechanical performance.
- To examine the mechanics of human movement as pertains to responses and adaptations
to exercise training in athletic, healthy, and aging populations, as well as in individuals
with disabilities or neuromuscular disease.
- To understand the influence of the neuromuscular system on force development and time-dependent
variables of muscular strength.
- To utilize laboratory resources for protocol development and research training activities
as well as for the graduate and undergraduate academic programs.


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National PTA's Sherri Wilson shares resources to engage families in minimizing summer learning loss.
Using Electives to Get Struggling Students More Math
Story posted April, 2008
- Participants math benchmark assessment scores improved by 17% from 2004 to 2005 and 9% from 2005-2006
- Math Essentials students on average outperformed grade-level students as a whole on the first two benchmark assessments of 2006-2007
The high schools in the Walled Lake Consolidated School District had a problem. Some students were scoring below proficiency on their 8th grade standardized tests. Fueled by the conviction that all students can learn, and that high school is not too late to turn students' lives around, the district tried many strategies to address this challenge: It pulled students out of their grade level courses, subjected them to a computer-based intervention, and stretched a semester's worth of content into a year of instruction. Yet student performance data from these intervention programs showed no effect or, in some cases, even negative effects on student achievement.
But that changed when the district began Math Essentials. Math Essentials helps struggling students catch up with their peers by holding them to the same high expectations while offering them additional personal support for meeting those expectations.
Using district-wide benchmark assessments and state standardized test scores, schools identify students whose performance falls below grade-level expectations in math. These students have the opportunity to take a grade level math course together with an elective "Essentials" math course--two hours of math a day. For example, a struggling ninth-grade student may take both Algebra and Algebra Essentials in the same semester.
Math Essentials is not a study hall or a place to do homework. Instead, it is a course where teachers pre-teach and re-teach knowledge and skills covered in the grade level course, as well as study habits and other behaviors that promote academic success. Each enrolled student has at least two different mathematics teachers--one for Math Essentials and another for the grade-level course-so each student is exposed to multiple perspectives and teaching strategies. Extensive collaboration among staff ensures that both courses remain closely aligned. Before a teacher introduces a new concept in a grade-level class, for example, the Essentials course prepares students to understand critical vocabulary and avoid common misperceptions about that concept. The staff also works together to develop common formative assessments that complement the district-wide benchmark assessments.
The district keeps Math Essentials courses small, capping them at 15 students each. The small class sizes help teachers differentiate instruction to help each student master expectations. Teachers regularly monitor student learning through formative assessments whose results help them tailor instruction to individual student needs. Teachers enjoy the creative freedom to use strategies that work best for their students.
One of the most important aspects of this program: It maintains the same high expectations for Math Essentials students as for all other students, because it does not remove lower-performing students from grade-level classes with their peers. This strategy supports Math Essentials students' self-esteem while preventing them from falling farther behind.
The results of the Math Essentials program are clear: Students who formerly struggled in math do much better in standardized mathematics assessments. On district-wide benchmark assessments aligned with state standards, scores of students in Math Essentials improved by 17% from 2004 to 2005 and by 9% from 2005 to 2006. On the first two benchmark assessments of 2006-2007, the Math Essentials students on average outperformed grade-level students as a whole. At the end of the first semester, Math Essentials students' average benchmark score was within 3% of scores earned by students not receiving the intervention. When students demonstrate that they no longer need Math Essentials, school staff move them out of the program.
Data on students' perception of the program offer a strong testament to its success. Students receiving the intervention report feeling more connected with the staff and better supported to achieve learning expectations.
Encouraged by these results, Walled Lake is expanding the program. What began as a pilot program for about 75 students at a single high school now serves some 250 algebra and 120 geometry students in all three of the district's traditional high schools. The district has begun experimenting with the program in middle schools and in different high school subject areas, such as biology.
The Walled Lake Consolidated School District has learned that the key to helping struggling students is not to lower expectations. Instead, they must increase students' opportunities to succeed.
For additional information, please contact:
Walled Lake Consolidated Schools
A VISION FOR GREAT SCHOOLS
On this website, educators, parents and policymakers from coast to coast are sharing what's already working in public schools--and sparking a national conversation about how to make it work for children in every school. Join the conversation!


Moonwalk is a patented* software technology for the implementation and execution of data management policies that reflect the specific requirements of any organization.
Moonwalk allows file data to be managed by any attribute, making complex rules easier to express in simple business policies, allowing for easier archiving, faster retrieval, and most importantly, the ability to dramatically reduce the total cost of storage ownership.
Moonwalk is a sociable, non-disruptive technology with no introduced points of failure or scalability limitations. Moonwalk's architecture minimizes network congestion and computing and storage resource consumption.
* US patent no: US 9,671,976 B2
Key Features
 - Automates the process of archiving, moving, copying or deleting files
 - Schedules control to ensure operational activity does not compete with existing processes
 - Supports flexible rules that permit users to create policies that determine which files will be archived, moved, copied or deleted
 - Provides a single point from which the policies can be defined and executed
 - Implements a distributed execution framework
 - Runs on a wide variety of enterprise storage platforms
 - Requires a very small footprint in the environment
 - Simulates operations to help administrators fine-tune rules for optimum results and storage savings, and to confirm that policies will function as intended
 - Enables recovery of archived files in the event of a disaster
Centralized Management
AdminCenter, the Moonwalk management interface, is a light-weight web application.
As a single point of management, AdminCenter ensures that all policies, rules, tasks and storage definitions are centralized for simple administration.
When a task is executed, AdminCenter distributes instructions across the network such that each file server participating in the operation localizes its workload.
This distributed execution architecture enables Moonwalk to scale proportionally.
With no middleware, databases or centralized cache, file operations are source-to-target in a single operation.
Without the introduction of single points of failure or scalability limitations, Moonwalk is a unique file management technology for the Enterprise.


Workcred's research services include partnerships and grants to examine workforce credentialing issues
and needs, and are currently focused on several key areas.
Examining the relationship between quality, labor market value, and effectiveness of credentials
Exploring the relationship among different types of credentials (e.g., certifications, degrees, certificates) to improve credential holders' labor-market outcomes
In recent years there has been enormous growth in the number and variety of labor market credentials — college degrees, certificates, certifications, occupational licenses, and badges. It is important to understand the purpose of each credential and how credentials can be used in combination (e.g., earning a certification as part of a college degree) to improve individuals career and labor-market outcomes.
Mapping and integrating the credentialing landscape to create more defined credential pathways
Using data to identify credential values and outcomes
Individuals and employers struggle to discern high quality credentials from those of lesser quality. They do not know why or when they should choose one over another and how they relate. For example, information obtained by linking different administrative data sets, can be used to improve education decision making and measure the return on investment of certification attainment.
Learn more about our current work.
Research Highlights
Variable Impacts of New Credentials
for the Older Worker
Through the analysis, which is the first to use the Participant Individual Record Layout data files from the U.S. Department of Labor, this report examines the impact of new credentials on reemployment for older (50+ years) workers. Industry-recognized certificates and certifications were found to have the most value to older workers seeking employment after displacement with respect to reemployment and earnings.
This report, Understanding Certifications, is intended as a primer to help policymakers and practitioners navigate the complex and little understood "wild west" of certifications. Awarded by industry groups, professional associations, and companies, certifications have the potential to be useful tools in addressing re-employment, re-deployment, and re-education challenges that workers face in the current labor market.


text:
Cornell University Ergonomics Web
COMPUTER KEYBOARD DESIGN
What is the problem with the design of standard computer keyboards?
Alternative computer keyboard designs have been available for over 30 years. The main concern with the design of the conventional computer keyboard is that people bend their hands to the side when they are typing on the keyboard. This lateral bending of the hands is called ulnar deviation. We know that extremes of all our deviation increase pressure on the median nerve inside the wrist, and this can increase the risks of developing problems such as carpal tunnel syndrome. The original alternative keyboard designs split the keyboard laterally to allow people to type with the hands straight rather than bend to the side. A second problem with the design of the conventional computer keyboard is that the hands of in full pronation when typing on the keys. There is a suspicion that working with the hands fully pronated increases the risk of developing musculoskeletal injuries in the forearms. Consequently, alternative keyboard designs have been developed that allow the keyboard slant to be adjusted laterally, so that the keyboard can be tented up or lowered to be used in a flatter position. This tenting of the keyboard reduces wrist pronation. Some keyboards are completely split so that the left and right hand positions and the adjusted independently. What ever the keyboard design, ergonomists agree that the healthy way to type at a keyboard is to have the hands as straight and flat as possible in a posture that we called the neutral posture.
What injuries and they need to and why have their being so many interests? Before the advent of the personal computer, people who were professional typists were relatively few in number and they were properly trained in wrist posture. In the 1980s, with the widespread adoption of the personal computer in the workplace, suddenly a very large number of people began using keyboards in an intensive way. The vast majority of these people had no training in how to position the hands on the keyboard so that they could type in a healthy manner. These days, we have probably in excess of 100 million regular keyboard uses in the U. S. A. The result of this widespread use of keyboards is that, over time, people who work in suboptimal wrist postures are more likely to develop a variety of musculoskeletal injuries. This is why we have seen a rise in the number of injuries and a growing awareness of the importance of good ergonomic design.
What is the optimum arrangement for a standard keyboard?
Modern computer keyboards are much flatter than their predecessors. Research studies have shown that when people use these keyboards they often do not type with the hands in such extreme ulnar deviation as was found with the smaller keyboards used on earlier computer systems. There are two considerations that are particularly important with a standard keyboard. First, the keyboard is usually an asymmetrical design, with the alphabetic part of the keyboard to the left and a numeric keypad to the right. This means that if the user aligns the center of the whole keyboard with the center of their body they will be typing with the right hand more bent because the alphabetic part of the keyboard will be to the left of their body. So the first thing that a user, who types intensively, should do is to align the alphabetic part of the keyboard with their body, this means aligning the H key with the center of the body. The second consideration is the angle of the keyboard relative to the angle of the wrist. Most keyboards slope upwards from front to back, and this means that users bend their hands upwards when they are typing on the keyboard. This posture is called wrist extension, and we know that it is a source of injury risk for the wrist. Once the hand is extended beyond about a 15° upward angle, there is a very significant increase in the compression on the median nerve and other structures inside the wrist. So it is extremely important to type with the hands as flat as possible. The best way of achieving this with a standard keyboard is to place the keyboard on a height adjustable, downward tilting keyboard tray (often called a negative slope keyboard tray). This arrangement allows the keyboard to be positioned below the uses elbow height, and an ideal position is 1 to 2 inches above the users thighs. With the keyboard tray angled slightly downwards, following the angle of the thighs, the user can place his or her hands on the keyboard while keeping their wrists in a flatter position. In this position, it is also useful to have a board flat palm support on the keyboard tray so that the user can rest their hands in a flat, neutral posture, in between bursts of typing activity.
What are the advantages of alternative keyboards, split keyboards? There is a variety of different keyboard designs currently available in the market. The choice of an alternative keyboard depends on the needs of the user. Generally, we categorize alternative keyboards into the following types:
Is there any one keyboard alternative design and that is overruled the best from your point of view? No, the choice of a keyboard design depends on the needs of the user. Most people can use a standard keyboard design without any risk of injury, if this is correctly positioned in a negative slope arrangement. However, if this is not possible then an alternative design might work. For people with very broad shoulders or large individuals who may have difficulty in reaching the keyboard when this is placed in front of them, a split-angle keyboard can work well. For people with a specific injury or a specific in it, then one of the other types of alternative keyboard designs may be most appropriate.
Voice recognition as a supplement to keyboard input?
Recently, we have started to look at the benefits of using voice recognition software as another means to supplement information input to the computer. What we and others have found, is that the use of a combination of voice, keyboard, and mouse operations may be the most efficient and effective way of entering information into the computer. Up until now, most people have seen voice recognition as an alternative to keyboard or mouse input rather than as a supplementary tool, and trying to do everything by voice requires considerable skill. However, using voice as a way of entering a first draft of text information into the computer is a very efficient process. Subsequently, this first draft can be edited using the keyboard and mouse as would happen with any typed information. Together, this process really can speed a person's work performance, and also it rests the hands and wrists and reduces the chances of a musculoskeletal injury.
Note: inclusion on this page does not constitute any endorsement of the product.


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WinFACT offers various methods for the design of closed loop systems:
The module RESY allows the analysis, design and simulation of linear standard control loops in time domain as well as frequency domain. Controller and plant can be built-up stepwise from linear standard elements. For time domain as well as for frequency domain characteristic values can be determined to get an idea of the dynamic behaviour of the system. The frequency response can be represented as a Bode plot or a Nyquist plot. The following graphic is a typical screenshot during working with RESY.
The module SUSY serves for the analysis and synthesis of single-input single-output systems in the state space-representation. SUSY can display the time responses of the individual state variables for the analysis, draw trajectories and trajectory fields of state variables and calculate the eigenvalues of the system.For the synthesis two methods are at disposal:
After the synthesis of the state controller time responses, trajectories and eigenvalues of the closed loop can be displayed, if necessary the controller can be optimized or SUSY can generate a document file corresponding to the display. The following graphic is a typical screenshot during working with SUSY.
|WinFACT 2016-demo version, as at April 4th, 2017|
|WinFACT 2016-Product overview (German)|


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their gardens, and the packaging-design solution relates to
their concern about the Earth.
Package designers tend to have a strong background in
three-dimensional design, design and product management, and design
Environmental graphics establish a particular sense of place
through the use of twoand three-dimensional forms, graphics, and
signage. The 1984 Olympics is an interesting example of a project
requiring this kind of design treatment. The different
communication needs of the various Olympics participants—athletes,
officials, spectators, support crews, and television
viewers—together with the project's brief use, combined to create
an environmental-design problem of daunting dimension and
In the 1984 Los Angeles Games, the focus was on how a
multicultural American city could embrace and international event.
Arrangements were basic and low-budget. Events, planned to be
cost-conscious and inclusive, were integrated into Los Angeles
rather than isolated from it. Old athletic stadiums were
retrofitted rather than replaced with new ones. These ideas and
values, as well as the celebratory, international nature of the
Olympics, needed to be expressed in its environmental design.
One of the most important considerations was to design a visual
system that would provide identity and unity for individual events
that were scattered throughout an existing urban environment.
Through the use of color and light, the visual system highlighted
the geographic and climatic connection between Los Angeles and the
Mediterranean environment of the original Greek Games. The graphics
expressed celebration, while the three-dimensional physical forms
were a kind of "instant architecture"—sonotubes, scaffolding, and
existing surfaces were signed and painted with the visual system.
The clarity and exuberance of the system brought the pieces
together in a cohesive, immediately recognizable way.
Under the direction of Sussman/Prejza, the design took form in
workshops and warehouses all over the city. Logistics—the physical
scope of the design and the time required for its development and
installation—demanded that the designers exhibit not only skill
with images, symbols, signs, and model making but also considerable
Strategic design planners are interested in the big picture. They
help clients create innovation throughout an industry rather than
in one individually designed object or communication. First, the
strategic design planners develop a point of view about what the
client needs to do. Then they orchestrate the use of a wide variety
of design specialties. The end result integrates these specialties
into an entire vision for the client and the customer. This
approach unites business goals, such as customer satisfaction of
increasing market share, with specific design performance.
The scope of strategic design planning is illustrated by one
Doblin Group project. Customer satisfaction was the goal of the
Amoco Customer-Driven Facility. Larry Keeley, a strategic design
planner at the Doblin Group, relates that "the idea was to
reconceive the nature of the gas station. And like many design
programs, this one began with a rough sketch that suggested how gas
stations might function very differently." The design team needed
to go beyond giving Amoco a different "look." They needed to
consider customer behavior, the quality of the job for employees,
the kinds of fuel the car of the future might use, and thousands of
other details. Everything was to be built around the convenience
and comfort of customers.
Keeley and his team collaborated with other design and
engineering firms to analyze, prototype, and pilot-test the design.
The specific outcomes of the project include developments that are
not often associated with graphic design. For example, the project
developed new construction materials as well as station-operation
methods that are better for the environment and the customer. A gas
nozzle that integrated the display of dispensed gas with a
fume-containment system was also developed. This system was
designed to be particularly user-friendly to handicapped or elderly
customers. For Amoco itself, software-planning tools were developed
to help the company decide where to put gas stations so that they
become good neighbors. These new kinds of gas stations are now in
operation and are a success.
Creating a visual system is like designing a game. You need to ask:
What is the purpose? What are the key elements and relationships?
What are the rules? And where are the opportunities for surprise?
With over 350 national parks and millions of visitors, the United
States National Park Service (NPS) needed a publication system to
help visitors orient themselves no matter which park they were in,
to understand the geological or historical significance of the
park, and to better access its recreational opportunities. The
parts of the system had to work individually and as a whole.
Systems design involves considerations of user needs,
communication consistency, design processes, production
requirements, and economies of scale, including the standardization
of sizes. Rather than examining and designing an isolated piece,
the designer of a system considers the whole, abstracting its
requirements and essential elements to form a kind of game plan for
the creation of its parts. When Massimo Vignelli was hired to work
with the NPS design staff, they agreed on a publication system with
six elements: a limited set of formats; full-sheet presentations;
park names used as logotypes; horizontal organization for text,
maps, and images; standardized, open, asymmetric typographic
layout; and a master grid to coordinate design with printing. The
system supports simple, bold graphics like Liberty or
detailed information like Shenandoah Park, with its relief
map, text, and photographs.
A well-conceived system is not a straightjacket; it leaves room
for imaginative solutions. It releases the designer from solving
the same problem again and again and directs creative energy to the
unique aspects of a communication. To remain vital and current, the
system must anticipate problems and opportunities. Designers
working in this area need design-planning skills as well as
creativity with text, images, symbols, signs, diagrams, graphs, and
Educational publishing isn't just textbooks anymore. Traditional
materials are now joined by a number of new options. Because
children and teenagers grow up with television and computers, they
are accustomed to interactive experiences. This, plus the fact that
students learn best in different ways—some by eye and some by
ear—makes educational publishing an important challenge for
Ligature believes that combining visual and verbal learning
components in a cooperative, creative environment is or paramount
importance in developing educational materials. Ligature uses
considerate instructional design, incorporating fine art,
illustrations, and diagrams, to produce educational products that
are engaging, substantive, relevant, and effective.
A Ligature project for a middle school language arts curriculum
presents twelve thematic units in multiple ways: as a full-color
magazine, a paperback anthology, an audiotape, several videotapes,
a language arts survival guide giving instruction on writing,
software, fine art transparencies, and a teacher's guide containing
suggestions for integrating these materials. These rich learning
resources encourage creativity on the part of both teachers and
students and allow a more interactive approach to learning.
Middle school students are in transition from child to adult.
The central design issue was to create materials that look youthful
but not childish, that are fresh, fun, and lively, yet look "grown
up." The anthology has few illustrations and looks very adult,
while the magazine uses type and many lively images as design
In educational publishing, multidisciplinary creative teams use
prototype testing to explore new ideas. Materials are also
field-tested on teachers and students. Designers going into
instructional systems development need to be interested in
information, communication, planning, and teamwork.
What makes you pick up a particular magazine? What do you look at
first? What keeps you turning the pages? In general, your answers
probably involve some combinations of content (text) and design
(images, typography, and other graphic elements). Magazine
designers ask those same questions for every issue they work on;
then they try to imagine the answers of their own particular
audience-their slice of the magazine market.
At Rolling Stone, designers work in conjunction with the
art director, editors, and photo editors to add a "visual voice" to
the text. They think carefully about their audience and use a
variety of images and typefaces to keep readers interested. "We try
to pull the reader in with unique and lively opening pages and
follow through with turnpages that have a good balance of photos
and pullquotes to keep the reader interested," says deputy art
director Gail Anderson. Designers also select typefaces that
suggest the appropriate mood for each story.
The designers work on their features from conception to
execution, consulting with editors to help determine the amount of
space that each story needs. They also work with the copy and
production departments on text changes, letterspacing, type, and
the sizing of art. At the beginning of the two-week cycle,
designers start with printouts of feature stories. They select
photographs and design a headline. Over the course of the next two
to three days, they design the layouts. At the same time, each
Rolling Stone designer is responsible for one or more of the
magazine's departments and lays out those pages as well. Eventually
both editors and designers sign off on various stages of the
production process and examine final proofs.
Anderson is excited about how the new technology has changed the
role of magazine designers. "We now have the freedom to set


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— Nicole Scholet Share Your Story Flag as offensiveThe Alexander Hamilton Awareness Society had memorable visits to National Park sites for several events as part of our... read more
Christiansted National Historic Site
Christiansted National Historic Site was established in 1952 through the initiative of concerned local citizens. The park preserves the historic structure and grounds within its boundaries and interprets the Danish economy and way of life here between 1733 and 1917.The wharf area of Christiansted once played an important role in the mercantilist system that linked Europe, West Africa, the West Indies, and North America. From 1734 until 1803, it was part of the infamous Triangular Trade. Slaves were acquired for cheap manufactured goods at ìfactories,î or slaving forts, along the Guinea Cost of West Africa, and shipped to the West Indies via the inhuman ìMiddle Passage.î At Christiansted, the slaves were auctioned off, and the ships cargoes replenished with local exports bound for Europe and North America.Building materials, agricultural supplies, household furnishings, livestock, and foodstuffs were imported to help St. Croix meet the needs of its vigorous plantation economy. In turn, the island exported sugar, molasses, rum, cotton, and tropical hardwood. Especially between 1760 and 1820, wealth derived from sugar, rum, and slaves enabled an extravagant life style among the upper class of St. Croix society.The United States market accounted for approximately 75% of St. Croixís agricultural exports by 1830. The sale of the Danish West Indies to the United States in 1917 only formalized an economic relationship that had long existed between the Virgin Islands and the mainland.


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The Hawaiian ti plant, or good luck plant, is an evergreen shrub of the Agave family. This plant produces glossy, speared-shaped foliage that grows in colors from rich dark-greens to deep reddish purples and maroons. This showy plant produces colorful and fragrant blooms when matured. The good luck plant is a low-growing plant that can reach natural heights up to 10 feet with indoor heights about half the natural size.
Keep the good luck plant in a warm, sunny location. Choose a bright location that receives at least eight hours of partial shade to full sunlight each day. Select locations with full morning sun and afternoon and evening shade. Avoid locations with varying temperature conditions such as locations near heating vents and air conditioners.
Irrigate the good luck plant regularly. Water the ti plant regularly to maintain a moist soil environment without over watering. Allow the good luck plant to dry only slightly between watering. Irrigate the plant until the excess water flows evenly from the drainage system and allow it to rest.
Mist the foliage of the ti plant daily, according to the Floridata recommendations. Mist the good luck plant multiple times a day during the hot, dry summer months. Consider using a humidifier near the plant in place of the misting to maintain constant humidity levels.
Feed the good luck plant monthly using a slow-released fertilizer such as a 3-1-2 or 6-2-4 combination. Distribute the fertilizer evenly throughout the good luck plant's container or around its outdoor planting bed. Feed indoor plants at half strength. Irrigate the feed thoroughly into the soil.
Dust the indoor good luck plant regularly to reduce the potential of fungal and bacterial diseases. Inspect the plant regularly for signs of disease or insect infestation. Treat disease and infestations immediately to prevent permanent injury to the plant. Treat the plant with an insecticide to prevent disease.


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Chapter 5: Bone
Lining the innermost aspect of the joint capsule is lined by synovium. Synovium is thought to contain three distinct cell populations: phagocytic macrophages, antigen presenting cells, and fibroblast like cells that produce glycosaminoglycans. Synovial fluid is a filtrate of plasma enriched with proteoglycans. The synovial membrane is normally supported by a loose fibrovascular stroma admixed with adipose. The outermost layer, the joint capsule, is composed of dense collagen. Tendons and ligaments look histologically similar and are also composed of very dense collagen. The collagenous fibers in tendons insert directly into bone, and these are called 'Sharpey's fibers'. In doing so, the tendon is strongly anchored to the underlying bone. Sharpey's fibers can easily be visualized under a polarizing microscope.


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Accommodation, a word that transcends its literal meaning, embodies the essence of comfort, hospitality, and the art of making a temporary space feel like home. In an era where travel is a ubiquitous part of our lives, the significance of accommodation accommodation perisher goes beyond providing shelter; it shapes the way we experience and remember our journeys. This article delves into the multifaceted world of accommodation, exploring its evolution, trends, and the pivotal role it plays in enhancing the overall travel experience.
- The Evolution of Accommodation:
Accommodation has come a long way from the humble inns of yesteryears. Today, it spans a spectrum of options, ranging from traditional hotels and motels to boutique inns, vacation rentals, and futuristic pods. The evolution is not just in terms of aesthetics and amenities but also in the way accommodation providers adapt to the changing preferences of modern travelers.
- Hospitality as an Art Form:
At its core, accommodation is an art form mastered by those in the hospitality industry. The warmth of a welcoming smile, attention to detail, and personalized service can transform a place to stay into a memorable experience. Many establishments go beyond the basics, curating unique offerings such as themed rooms, local experiences, and culinary delights to leave a lasting impression on their guests.
- The Rise of Alternative Accommodations:
The advent of technology has given rise to the sharing economy, changing the landscape of accommodation. Platforms like Airbnb and Vrbo have empowered homeowners to share their spaces with travelers, offering a more personalized and often cost-effective alternative to traditional hotels. This shift has not only expanded options for travelers but also created opportunities for individuals to become hosts.
- Sustainability in Accommodation:
With an increasing awareness of environmental issues, the accommodation industry is embracing sustainability. Green building practices, energy-efficient technologies, and eco-friendly amenities are becoming standard in many accommodations. Travelers are now seeking stays that align with their values, prompting accommodations to implement sustainable practices and contribute to the global effort to reduce environmental impact.
- Technology and Smart Accommodations:
The integration of technology has transformed the way we book, experience, and interact with accommodations. Mobile check-ins, smart room controls, and virtual concierge services have become commonplace, providing convenience and enhancing the overall guest experience. Technology is not just a tool but a facilitator that enables accommodations to stay connected with their guests throughout their stay.
- Adapting to Changing Travel Trends:
The travel landscape is constantly evolving, and accommodations must adapt to changing trends. The rise of remote work has given birth to the concept of "workations," where accommodations cater to individuals seeking a blend of work and leisure. Flexible cancellation policies, wellness amenities, and enhanced hygiene protocols have become pivotal in accommodating the evolving needs of travelers.
Accommodation, once viewed merely as a place to rest, has evolved into a cornerstone of the travel experience. From the charm of boutique hotels to the coziness of vacation rentals, the choices available today cater to the diverse preferences of travelers. As the world continues to change, accommodation providers who understand and embrace the evolving needs of their guests will stand out in an industry that is as much about creating memories as it is about providing a place to stay. In the realm of accommodation, it's not just about four walls; it's about creating a home away from home.


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Mangos (Reasons #22), Guavas (#23), and Lost Memories of Home (#24)
We always ask the people we meet what they miss about Darfur. The refugees have given a diversity of answers that paint a beautiful picture of a calm and peaceful life of agrarians and villagers. They speak about their fields, the herds that the boys watched over during the day, and the marketplace where they traded what they grew. Many remember growing Millet or corn, tomatoes, okra, and watermelon.
This year Darfuris are able to grow a bit of these things outside the refugee camp. We have attempted to visit our friends Achta and Adef several times, but both are away at gardens. Achta leaves each morning to work a field that is close to the camp, taking Gabril, Guisma, and Abdelmouni with her, while Adef travels very far and won't be back for a while.
When we asked what they miss most about Darfur, the adults and older teenagers give the same answer mangoes (reason #22) and guavas (reason #23). They don't have fruit trees here and up until this year I hadn't seen any watermelon. Now it grows on their roofs and fences! From what they describe, Darfuris had both fields near their homes, and fruit trees littered through the villages. They were sustainable and what they did not use, they traded or sold in the market.
Unfortunately, one answer we are getting more and more often is that they don't remember what Darfur was like. This is mostly from teenagers who fled when they were seven, eight, or even ten. Their memories of Darfur, after seven long years of living in a camp, are lost (reason #24).
The camp is full of children under 10 who are too young to remember more than being tied to their mothers backs during the journey to Chad. What will their life be like in the future? Will they only learn to farm far from their homeland or will they have a chance to return and learn the traditional ways to survive sustainably in this harsh environment? For the sake of humanity, I hope its the latter.


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 - How do we compare to our competitors and aspiring peers?
 - Are we ahead of risks and can we see emerging threats on the horizon?
 - How are we measuring our success and does the wider organization know about it?
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4 Models of family Power
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FOUR MODELS OF FAMILY POWER Student's Name Course Title: Course Name Date Patriarchal Model This model is ubiquitous in most societies even to the present age. In most Christian homes, there is a belief that the Scripture commands man as the head of the family, which implies that the man should be the lord of his household and that submission means that the wife should kneel to his authority. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the scripture calls for shared deference and the servant role model developed by Jesus (Philippians 2:5-8 and Ephesians 5:21) should be used as a guide. God requires both the husband and the wife to keep the glory and fear of the Lord ever before them. The entire submission is made only to the Jesus who was acquired them by the priceless value of life. Democratic-Exchange Model This model is premised on a belief that authority and control dwells in the family entity in its entirety. Family strategies are derived from negotiations and bargains. The use of power gives room for say to every member of the family, but since parents are the ones with the resources, they often have the upper hand about the family power compared to the other members of the family. This implies that they have an ultimate say in most decisions made in the family. The Self-Interest Model Societies in the present age are full of materialistic and self-centered hedonistic individuals. They keep on making bargains with their interests first. This is a major concern for many. In this model, the personal interests become primal compared to the needs of the others. In this model, people compete for places of authority, which inadvertently leads to a chaotic
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A resistor ladder is an electrical circuit made from repeating units of resistors. Two configurations are discussed below, a string resistor ladder and an R–2R ladder.
An R–2R Ladder is a simple and inexpensive way to perform digital-to-analog conversion, using repetitive arrangements of precise resistor networks in a ladder-like configuration. A string resistor ladder implements the non-repetitive reference network.
String resistor ladder network (analog to digital conversion, or ADC)
A string of many, often equally dimensioned, resistors connected between two reference voltages is a resistor string ladder network. The resistors act as voltage dividers between the referenced voltages. Each tap of the string generates a different voltage, which can be compared with another voltage: this is the basic principle of a flash ADC (analog-to-digital converter). Often a voltage is converted to a current, enabling the possibility to use an R–2R ladder network.
- Disadvantage: for an n-bit ADC, the number of resistors grows exponentially, as resistors are required, while the R–2R resistor ladder only increases linearly with the number of bits, as it needs only resistors.
- Advantage: higher impedance values can be reached using the same number of components.
R–2R resistor ladder network (digital to analog conversion)
A basic R–2R resistor ladder network is shown in Figure 1. Bit an−1 (most significant bit, MSB) through bit a0 (least significant bit, LSB) are driven from digital logic gates. Ideally, the bit inputs are switched between V = 0 (logic 0) and V = Vref (logic 1). The R–2R network causes these digital bits to be weighted in their contribution to the output voltage Vout. Depending on which bits are set to 1 and which to 0, the output voltage (Vout) will have a corresponding stepped value between 0 and Vref minus the value of the minimal step, corresponding to bit 0. The actual value of Vref (and the voltage of logic 0) will depend on the type of technology used to generate the digital signals.
For a digital value VAL, of a R–2R DAC with N bits and 0 V/Vref logic levels, the output voltage Vout is:
- Vout = Vref × VAL / 2N.
For example, if N = 5 (hence 2N = 32) and Vref = 3.3 V (typical CMOS logic 1 voltage), then Vout will vary between 0 volts (VAL = 0 = 000002) and the maximum (VAL = 31 = 111112):
- max Vout = 3.3 × 31 / 25 = 3.196875 volts
with steps (corresponding to VAL = 1 = 000012)
- ΔVout = 3.3 × 1 / 32 = 0.103125 volts.
The R–2R ladder is inexpensive and relatively easy to manufacture, since only two resistor values are required (or even one, if R is made by placing a pair of 2R in parallel, or if 2R is made by placing a pair of R in series). It is fast and has fixed output impedance R. The R–2R ladder operates as a string of current dividers, whose output accuracy is solely dependent on how well each resistor is matched to the others. Small inaccuracies in the MSB resistors can entirely overwhelm the contribution of the LSB resistors. This may result in non-monotonic behavior at major crossings, such as from 011112 to 100002. Depending on the type of logic gates used and design of the logic circuits, there may be transitional voltage spikes at such major crossings even with perfect resistor values. These can be filtered with capacitance at the output node (the consequent reduction in bandwidth may be significant in some applications). Finally, the 2R resistance is in series with the digital-output impedance. High-output-impedance gates (e.g., LVDS) may be unsuitable in some cases. For all of the above reasons (and doubtless others), this type of DAC tends to be restricted to a relatively small number of bits; although integrated circuits may push the number of bits to 14 or even more, 8 bits or fewer is more typical.
Accuracy of R–2R resistor ladders
Resistors used with the more significant bits must be proportionally more accurate than those used with the less significant bits; for example, in the R–2R network discussed above, inaccuracies in the bit-4 (MSB) resistors must be insignificant compared to R/32 (i.e., much better than 3%). Further, to avoid problems at the 100002-to-011112 transition, the sum of the inaccuracies in the lower bits must be significantly less than R/32. The required accuracy doubles with each additional bit: for 8 bits, the accuracy required will be better than 1/256 (0.4%). Within integrated circuits, high-accuracy R–2R networks may be printed directly onto a single substrate using thin-film technology, ensuring the resistors share similar electrical characteristics. Even so, they must often be laser-trimmed to achieve the required precision. Such on-chip resistor ladders for digital-to-analog converters achieving 16-bit accuracy have been demonstrated. On a printed circuit board, using discrete components, resistors of 1% accuracy would suffice for a 5-bit circuit, however with bit counts beyond this the cost of ever increasing precision resistors becomes prohibitive. For a 10-bit converter, even using 0.1% precision resistors would not guarantee monotonicity of output. This being said, high resolution R-2R ladders formed from discrete components are sometimes used, the nonlinearity being corrected in software. One example of such approach can be seen in the Korad 3005 power supply.
Resistor ladder with unequal rungs
It is not necessary that each "rung" of the R–2R ladder use the same resistor values. It is only necessary that the "2R" value matches the sum of the "R" value plus the Thévenin-equivalent resistance of the lower-significance rungs. Figure 2 shows a linear 4-bit DAC with unequal resistors.
This allows a reasonably accurate DAC to be created from a heterogeneous collection of resistors by forming the DAC one bit at a time. At each stage, resistors for the "rung" and "leg" are chosen so that the rung value matches the leg value plus the equivalent resistance of the previous rungs. The rung and leg resistors can be formed by pairing other resistors in series or parallel in order to increase the number of available combinations. This process can be automated.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mixed analog and digital circuit diagrams.|
- ECE209: DAC Lecture Notes - Ohio State University
- EE247: D/A Converters - Berkeley University of California
- Simplified DAC/ADC Lecture Notes - University of Michigan
- Digital to Analog Converters (slides) - Georgia Tech
- Tutorial MT-014: String DACs and Fully-Decoded DACs - Analog Devices
- Tutorial MT-015: Binary DACs - Analog Devices
- Tutorial MT-016: Segmented DACs - Analog Devices
- Tutorial MT-018: Intentionally Nonlinear DACs - Analog Devices


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- Written by Sandra Lee
The Coxey Building Ruins, one of the centerpieces of Ariel-Foundation Park, were originally built to be a steel-casting plant. The building's namesake, Jacob Coxey, made waves when he built the huge factory complex in the early 1900s, but it never became the booming steel plant he envisioned. Instead, after Coxey's brief and failed attempt at steel casting, the building became the home of the Mount Vernon branch of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company. At its peak, the PPG factory was one of the area's major employers, with entire families, including many Belgian immigrants, working to shape and cut glass together.
Proximity to readily available natural gas and fine sand made the factory the perfect place for glassmaking, and it was here that a new process of glassmaking, called the Pennvernon process, was invented. This process, in which glassmakers pulled ribbons of molten glass through rollers up to three stories high, dominated glassmaking globally from its invention in 1925 until the 1970s. In the 1950s, a new and more efficient process of glassmaking, called "Float Glass," was invented and eventually replaced the Pennvernon process as the dominant way of making glass. Unable to adapt to this new glassmaking process, the factory was forced to close in 1976. What remains of the 89,250-square foot building today are a few crumbling walls and three elevator shafts, but the legacy of the industry it represents is alive and well in Ariel-Foundation Park.


Microgreens (*micro greens) are a tiny form of edible greens produced from the seeds of vegetables, herbs or other plants. They range in size from one to two inches long, including the stem and leaves. Microgreens can have surprisingly intense flavors considering their small size, though not as strong as mature greens and herbs.
A microgreen consists of a central stem having two fully developed cotyledon leaves, and usually one pair of the plant's true leaves. Differences in the size and leaf configuration are based upon the specific plant variety. For example, Micro Borage is a very large microgreen. At 1" in height, it has a pair of very large cotyledon leaves and no true leaves. By comparison, Micro Mint has extremely tiny cotyledon leaves and will have 3-4 sets of true leaves at about 1" in height. More typical in size and leaf configuration for microgreens is Micro Basil at about 1-1 1/2" in height, having the cotyledon leaves and one set of small true leaves.
Keep in mind that microgreens are not the same as sprouts. There are important differences especially in the way they are produced. For example, sprouts are gown in water, in very low light conditions and are consumed as a tangled mass of roots, stems and underdeveloped leaf buds. Microgreens have much more developed flavors, colors and textures than sprouts.
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ADeC, Babylon Gallery
The beauty and the power of the human voice were profoundly explored in an intriguing composition by Caroline Wright entitled Voice Human Action. Using the Lady Chapel in Ely Cathedral as one large sound box, the performers presented smoothly choreographed tableaux of actions that explored the complex nature of communication.
The performance began with a quiet gathering of the participants in response to a deep resonant and gradually emerging 'ohm'. This 'ohm' sound and its amazing resonance due to the structure of the Lady Chapel captured the essence of meaningful communication in sound, reminiscent of known practices used to inspire the inner person to communicate well beyond the restrictive self.
Heightened experiences developed as the sounds altered in tone and texture and as the performers increased or decreased their personal involvement with the communication, with the other communicators and with the listeners.
The text chosen to be woven into these amazing aural encounters was based on the nature of the rainbow, a suitable symbol of hopes and desires that are inextricably part of the human psyche.
This was a most moving experience which is being further explored with Caroline's scientific/art exhibition Lines of Communication in the Babylon Gallery. One of the most amazing exhibits is a video of the internal workings of the human voice in action as someone speaks.
The exhibition and documentary film of the performance Voice Human Action may be viewed for free at the Babylon Gallery, Waterside Ely Cambs. until Sunday 20 th November: Tues-Sat 10 am-4 pm ; Sun and Bank hols 11am-5pm (not Mon) Tel:616993


By looking at a previous real world example, Aleksandra Golat from our Employment law department answers the question, can an employee enforce payment of a discretionary bonus?
Show notes
00:43 When can employees enforce a discretionary bonus, what must they do?
01:00 Aleksandra discusses the case of Bluestone Medical Recruitment
03:05 What factors need to be considered by the employer and the employee?
03:45 What can we learn from this case? How should employers take this in practice?


BEGIN:VCALENDAR PRODID:-// VERSION:2.0 METHOD:PUBLISH BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART:20131106T190000Z DTEND:20131106T210000Z DTSTAMP:20131106T190000Z LOCATION:Enter at 77th Street SUMMARY:SciCafe: The Story of the Human Body with Daniel Lieberman DESCRIPTION:Evolutionary biologist Daniel Lieberman will examine the major evolutionary transformations that have shaped the human body since we diverged from the apes, and how our bodies have further evolved and changed—for the better and the worse—since the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions. URL: CLASS:PUBLIC END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR


Nuclear Bomb Accidentally Dropped on America
Their awesome power had been harnessed by the Americans ten years earlier to help bring about an end to the Second World War but a US Air Force crew nearly wrought similar destruction on its own people after accidentally dropping a nuclear bomb on south Carolina at the height of the Cold War.
Thanks to remarkable good fortune no one was killed in the incident on March 11, 1958. That afternoon sisters Helen and Frances Gregg, aged six and nine, and their nine-year-old cousin Ella Davies were in the playhouse their father had built for them in the woods behind their house in Mars Bluff, South Carolina.
At around four o'clock they decided to move from the playhouse to the side yard 200 yards away. It was a decision that kept them from becoming the first Americans killed by a nuclear weapon released on U.S. territory.
Minutes later the woods behind the playhouse were destroyed by a nuclear bomb.The high-explosive trigger in the bomb blew up on contact with the ground, leaving a crater 50 feet across and 35 feet deep.
The girls were all injured but it could have been much worse - all that remained of the playhouse were a few twisted shards of the corrugated metal roof.
As reported by American Heritage, the device had been dropped from an American B-47E bomber that was flying from Savannah, Georgia to England's Bruntingthorpe Air Base in Leicestershire for routine exercises. Specifically, it was carrying a Mark 6 30-kiloton fission bomb.
The captain of the bomber, Bruce Kulka, decided to go into the aircraft's bomb bay to look at the weapon after difficulties during the flight with its locking pin. But the unfortunate captain had no idea where to find the locking pin in the bomb release mechanism.
He searched for the pin for 12 minutes before rightly realising it was high up in the bomb bay. He jumped up to see where he thought the locking pin was but unfortunately chose the emergency bomb-release mechanism for his handhold.
The three-ton bomb broke the doors of the plane open and fell towards the earth. The captain somehow managed to grab onto something and haul himself to safety.
But shortly afterwards, the plane felt the shock of the nuclear bomb hitting the ground. Luckily, the nuclear core of the bomb had been stored elsewhere on the plane.
But, as also reported, Walter Gregg, 37, was not so lucky. The 7,600 pound bomb fell adjacent to his home in Mars Bluff, South Carolina.
The blast completely destroyed his vegetable garden and the playhouse of his two daughters and created a massive crater measuring 70-foot-wide and 35-foot-deep.
Remarkably, nobody was killed. However, six members of Mr Gregg's family were injured in the blast. The family went on to sue the Air Force and were given $54,000.
When the crew of the aircraft returned to their base they were met by armed guards and were all detained. The Air Force initially suspected the bombing was an act of sabotage but they managed to tell their story and eventually avoided reprimand. The bombing crew also went on to apologise to the Gregg family.
If one accidental dropping of a nuclear weapon on its own soil wasn't enough, the Air Force managed to do it again just a few years later. It happened on midnight on January 24, 1961, over Goldsboro, North Carolina. A B-52G bomber broke up when the crew onboard noticed a leak during mid-air refueling.
The wreckage of the aircraft fell over the town of Faro and five of the eight-strong crew managed to survive. But this was the least of the worries of the Air Force. The aircraft was carrying two Mark 39 thermonuclear weapons. One of them gently parachuted to the earth.
But the other flew into a farmers field at 700 miles per hour. The force of the impact led to it losing its uranium. Unlike the first incident, three years earlier, this crash could have had terrible consequences.As reported by, the deactivator of the bombs, Dr. Jack Revelle admitted, 'How close was it to exploding? My opinion is damn close.'
The then secretary of defense Robert McNamara, admitted that when the bomb was found its arming mechanism had gone through every step but one of the seven stages of detonation.
More worrying, it later emerged that the bomb had broken into several pieces, including one which was never found. This missing piece contained uranium and its believed to have sank deep into the earth.
Sensibly, the Air Force decided to purchase the land.


Mazda 2: Radar Sensors (Rear)
The radar sensors (rear) function by detecting the radio waves refl ected off a vehicle approaching from the rear or an obstruction sent from the radar sensor.
Radar Sensors (Rear)
The radar sensors (rear) are installed inside the rear bumper, one each on the left and right sides.
Always keep the surface of the rear bumper near the radar sensors (rear) clean so that the radar sensors (rear) operate normally. Also, do not apply items such as stickers.
Refer to Exterior Care on page 6-66.
If the rear bumper receives a severe impact, the system may no longer operate normally.
Stop the system immediately and have the vehicle inspected at an Authorised Mazda Dealer.
The detection ability of the radar sensors (rear) has limitations. In the following cases, the detection ability may lower and the system may not operate normally.
Under the following conditions, the radar sensors (rear) cannot detect target objects or it may be diffi cult to detect them.
Vehicles are shipped with the direction of the radar sensors (rear) adjusted for each vehicle to a loaded vehicle condition so that the radar sensors (rear) detect approaching vehicles correctly. If the direction of the radar sensors (rear) has deviated for some reason, have the vehicle inspected at an Authorised Mazda Dealer.
For repairs or replacement of the radar sensors (rear), or bumper repairs, paintwork, and replacement near the radar sensors, consult an Authorised Mazda Dealer
Turn off the system while pulling a trailer or while an accessory such as a bicycle carrier is installed to the rear of the vehicle. Otherwise, the radio waves emitted by the radar will be blocked causing the system to not operate normally.
The radar sensors are regulated by the relevant radio wave laws of the country in which the vehicle is driven. If the vehicle is driven abroad, authorization from the country in which the vehicle is driven may be required.
 Cruise Control
With cruise control, you can set and automatically maintain any speed of more than about 25 km/h (16 mph). WARNING Do not use the cruise control under the following conditions: Using the cruise
 Tyre Pressure Monitoring System
The Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) monitors the air pressure of all four tyres. If the air pressure of one or more tyres is too low, the system warns the driver by indicating the tyre pr
 Diesel Particulate Filter (SKYACTIV-D 1.5)
The diesel particulate fi lter collects and removes most of the particulate matter (PM) in the exhaust gas of a diesel engine. PM collected by the diesel particulate fi lter is cleared during no
 Parking in an Emergency
Parking in an Emergency The hazard warning lights should always be used when you stop on or near a roadway in an emergency. The hazard warning lights warn other drivers that your vehicle is a traffi c hazard and that they must take extreme caution when near it. Depress the hazard warni
 Refrigerant Line
REFRIGERANT LINE REMOVAL/INSTALLATION 1. Remove the battery. (See BATTERY REMOVAL/INSTALLATION] ). 2. Collect the refrigerant. (See REFRIGERANT CHARGING). 3. Remove the ground from the engine mount No.3. 4. Remove the air cleaner installation bolt and slide the air cleaner component aside. CAUTI
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How to cook rice in rice cooker
What is the ratio of rice to water in a rice cooker?
How do you cook white rice in a rice cooker?
Ingredient amounts in the recipe summary are for the default serving size. Wash rice. Wash 1 cup of rice in cold water. Add water. Add 1 cup of water. Cook. Place it in the rice cooker and select white rice (if there is an option). Serve. With a rice spatula, flip through the rice very gently.
How much water do I put in a rice cooker for 2 cups of rice?
Please note, I use the same measuring cup for BOTH rice and water in order for the ratios below to work. For any type of grain size (short, medium, or long) you can follow a 1:1 ratio of water to rice. If you want to add more rice, you can adjust the recipe in a similar way, 2 cups of rice to 2 cups of water.
How long does 1 cup of rice take to cook in a rice cooker?
Do you put rice or water first in rice cooker?
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How much rice do I need for 2 cups?
How long does a rice cooker Take for 2 cups of rice?
Why is my rice sticky?
How do you keep rice from sticking in a rice cooker?
Many ricemakers go into " keep warm" mode upon completion. When the rice is cooked, unplug the pot and let it sit without any additional heat added. Make sure you stir the rice and water before starting to cook. Just putting in rice and pouring in water (without stirring) tends to cause sticking.
How much water do I use for 3 cups of rice?
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How do I cook rice without a rice cooker?
What else can I cook in a rice cooker?
How does a rice cooker Know When rice is done?
A rice cooker cooks using a water to rice ratio that varies by type of rice. As the water gets absorbed, the temperature of the insert begins to rise. Once the water is gone, that increase speeds up. When it reaches a set point, it triggers to cooker to lower or turn off the heat, indicating the rice is done.
How long is rice good in a rice cooker?
11-12 hours
How long does rice need to cook?
18 minutes
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text:
"You are the result of the love of thousands" Linda Hogan (Chickasaw) _USER_ Cerrito Contemporary, Oakland, CA
During the month of July, people from the Bay Area and around the world participated into this project telling me:
-where they come from, or any place they feel more connected,
-poets/poems/writers from these places (or from anywhere around the world) that have touched them.
The above data was transformed into a drawing, a loose map, taking over the front gallery of Chandra Cerrito Contemporary. After research, coordinates of the given places along with poems/quotes from the authors were written on the walls. Numbers, letters, lines, and dots created a universe alongside with hanging sculptures which physically manifested the connections between places and people as diverse materials gathered from my trips around the world were used.
Seen here: part of the wall drawing with sculptures made of wires, found threads and strings.
Photo by Takako Matoba


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Mandatory Madness: Colonial Psychiatry and British Mandate Palestine, 1920-48
Contemporary concerns about pathologising and psychiatrising 'normal' emotions, clear in discussions of anxiety and depression, are hardly new. From the late nineteenth century onwards, European psychiatrists across the colonial world struggled to distinguish between the 'normal' beliefs or behaviours of colonised subjects, and those which were 'abnormal' – beyond the bounds of what could be considered typical or expected. In my talk, I want to explore how the normal and the abnormal mind were identified and used in the context of British Mandate Palestine between 1920 and 1948. While this was obviously a question of importance to psychiatrists and colonial medical officers, it also had a special urgency for legal officials. If a defendant committed a crime believing that the devil had possessed them, for instance, were they to be judged insane and therefore acquitted of legal responsibility for their actions, or were they to be deemed to have been acting in a way typical of their race, class, gender, religion – and therefore held to account? The question of separating the normal from the abnormal thus became quite literally a matter of life and death for defendants.


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Scotland's Battlefields Inventory completed
20 December 2012
The initial stage and development of Scotland's Inventory of Historic Battlefields has been completed.
A total of 39 sites have now been officially recognised since the Scottish Historic Environment Policy was amended to include battlefields in 2009 to help in their protection and management for the future.
The battlefields added to the Inventory in the most recent batch are: Blar-na-Leine (1544); Dunbar I (1296); Dunkeld (1689); Glen Livet (1594); Inverlochy I (1431); Langside (1568); Loudoun Hill (1307); Roslin (1303); Sauchieburn (1488); Skirmish Hill (1526) and Tippermuir (1644).
Battlefield sites which do not meet the criteria on the basis of current knowledge or which have not yet been considered, could be added in future if new evidence comes to light.
Research was carried out to determine the significance and location of the country's most famous battles and these were considered in three batches over the last three years.
Cabinet Secretary for Culture and External Affairs Fiona Hyslop said:
"It is a real achievement that we have managed to research so many of Scotland's most famous battles to the extent that we can provide a level of protection to 39 battlefield sites. This will ensure that their history and significance is considered in any planning application within an Inventory site.
"The interest in protecting battlefield sites from across the country has been immense and continues. The consultation in 2008 generated more responses from the public than any other Historic Scotland policy at that time.
"Introducing this first Inventory of Historic Battlefields acknowledged this high level of public interest and support for giving lasting recognition to places where lives have been lost, even where no other commemoration has existed.
"Our historic battlefields draw tourists from all over the world and also represent a huge educational resource. Through them we can understand the evolution of Scotland and learn about key historical figures and their role in shaping our culture."
Inclusion in the Inventory means that local authorities must take the site's significance into consideration when making planning decisions that might affect the battlefield.
A total of 50 sites have been researched and consulted on for inclusion in the Inventory. Historic Scotland commissioned the Centre for Battlefield Archaeology to carry out the work.
Dr Iain Banks and Dr Tony Pollard at the Centre for Battlefield Archaeology carried out the research and are in contact with some groups who had hoped their local site would be included but could not.
Dr Iain Banks said:
"The Inventory of Scottish Battlefields is the first time that Scotland's iconic battlefields have been given any protection, and it has been a privilege to be involved in the creation of the Inventory. These sites preserve the last traces of historical events that shaped the nation of Scotland through history, and there is no substitute for visiting the battlefields for understanding what happened in each battle.
"The battles of Scottish History have been preserved in legends, poems and songs, and they are a unique resource to get visitors to explore the Scottish landscape.
"What we have found when researching the battlefields is that there is never any difficulty in persuading people of the importance of a particular site; the most difficult job has been explaining why individual battlefields have not made it onto the Inventory. We have been really astonished at the high levels of enthusiasm for the preservation of battlefields at the local level – people are fascinated by them and want to see them preserved."
The Cabinet Secretary added:
"As the Inventory has legal weight the criteria for inclusion are very strict and there are some famous battles could not be included.
"The new research carried out by the Centre for Battlefield Archaeology and Historic Scotland means that there is now a better understanding of all the battles considered, even if they did not ultimately make it into the Inventory."
The Inventory was officially launched at Killiecrankie Battlefield in Perth on July 27th, 2009 following public consultation in 2008.
This identified potential sites for research which were considered in three phases. The first 17 to be put on the Inventory were announced in December 2010 and launched as the Inventory in March 2011; 11 more were added in December 2011 and the final 11 announced today.
For more information about the Battlefields Inventory visit _URL_
or view a full list of battlefields on Inventory
|Alford (1645)||Ancrum Moor (1545)||Auldearn (1645) ||Bannockburn (1314)
|Bothwell Bridge (1679)||Culloden (1746)||Dunbar II (1650)||Dupplin Moor (1332)
|Falkirk II (1746)||Glenshiel (1719)||Harlaw (1411)||Killiecrankie (1689)
|Kilsyth (1645)||Philiphaugh (1645) ||Pinkie (1547)||Prestonpans (1745)
|Sheriffmuir (1715) || || ||
|Barra (1308) ||Carbisdale (1650) ||Cromdale (1690) ||Drumclog (1679)
|Fyvie (1645)||Inverkeithing II (1651)||Inverlochy II (1645)||Linlithgow Bridge (1526)
|Mulroy (1688)||Rullion Green (1666)||Stirling Bridge (1297)||
Notes for editors:
|Blar-na-Leine (1544) ||Dunbar I (1296) ||Dunkeld (1689) ||Glen Livet (1594)
|Inverlochy I (1431)||Langside (1568)||Loudoun Hill (1307)||Roslin (1303)
|Sauchieburn (1488)||Skirmish Hill (1526)||Tippermuir (1644)||
- Research was carried out on 50 sites, 11 of those considered did not make it onto the Inventory because they failed to meet one of more criteria for inclusion. The sites were: Aberdeen II (1644), Athelstaneford (832), Bordie (1038), Carberry Hill (1567), Carrieblair (date unknown), Dun Nechtain (685), Glen Trool (1307), Largs (1263), Methven (1306), Mons Graupius (83) and Solway Moss (1542).
- Each inventory report describes the battlefield and the reasons for its inclusion. These include a summary of the battle and its historical context, and a brief indication of its importance in relation to historical association, physical remains, and archaeological potential. The inventory map indicates the extent of the battlefield, defining the overall area of interest. It includes the area where the main elements of the battle are believed to have taken place, where associated physical remains and archaeological evidence occur or may be expected, and where additional landscape components such as strategic viewpoints may lie.
- Historic Scotland is an executive agency of the Scottish Government charged with safeguarding the nation's historic environment. The agency is fully accountable to Scottish Ministers and through them to the Scottish Parliament. Follow us on Twitter _USER_ and Facebook _URL_
- The Year of Creative Scotland began on January 1, 2012 and will spotlight and celebrate Scotland's cultural and creative strengths on a world stage. Through a dynamic and exciting year-long programme of activity celebrating our world-class events, festivals, culture and heritage, the year puts Scotland's culture and creativity in the international spotlight with a focus on cultural tourism and developing the events industry and creative sector in Scotland. More information about the programme can be found at: _URL_
- The Year of Creative Scotland is a Scottish Government initiative led in partnership by EventScotland, VisitScotland, Creative Scotland and VOCAL. More information and resources to help businesses engage with Year of Creative Scotland are available at _URL_