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Level: intermediate
Mitigators are the opposite of intensifiers. When we want to make an adjective less strong we use these words: fairly, rather, quite
By the end of the day, we were rather tired.
The film wasn't great, but it was quite exciting.
and in informal English: pretty
We had a pretty good time at the party.
Be careful!
Level: advanced
When we use quite with a normal adjective, it makes the adjective less strong:
The food was quite bad.
(= The food was bad but not very bad.)
My nephew is quite clever.
(= My nephew is clever but not very clever.)
But when we use quite with a strong adjective, it means the same as absolutely:
The food was quite awful.
(= The food was absolutely awful.)
As a child he was quite brilliant.
(= As a child he was absolutely brilliant.)
Level: intermediate
Mitigators with comparatives
We use these words and phrases as mitigators:
a bit
just a bit
a little
a little bit
just a little bit
She's a bit younger than I am.
It takes two hours on the train but it is a little bit longer by road.
This one is rather bigger.
We use slightly and rather as mitigators with comparative adjectives in front of a noun:
This is a slightly more expensive model than that.
This is a rather bigger one than that.
Mitigators 1
Mitigators 2
Question 7 is worded differently in Tasks 1 and 2.
Is the wording in Task 1 correct?
Hello kaniraj,
The wording in question 7 is Task 1 was incorrect. I've now corrected it so that it's the same as in Task 2.
Thanks very much for pointing this out to us and helping us improve LearnEnglish!
Best wishes,
The LearnEnglish Team
Hello Sir,
Can I use "rather a (/ a rather) + adjective + noun"? For example: I think it is rather a (/a rather bad behavior.
Or isn't it possible and do we have to use "rather" only with adjective?
Thank you in advance.
Hello Uyanga3,
Yes, you can use 'rather' in this way - yours is a rather fine question. Please note, however, that 'behaviour' is an uncount noun in English, so it's not grammatical to speak of 'a behaviour'. You could say instead 'a rather bad attitude' or 'rather bad behaviour', for example.
Best wishes,
The LearnEnglish Team
Hi team,
Is it possible to use the "updation"(update), I've had saw this kind of usage in some places but don't think this is a right one, if then what else can be used instead of it.
Thanks in advance
Hi Sanover,
The correct term would be 'update', and there is no real alternative which is in common use. This is a flexible term: it can be a noun (an update) or a verb (to update something).
Best wishes,
The LearnEnglish Team
Hi, thanks for your help in advance,is this sentence correct?
I think nino's restaurant is slightly better than Belini's.
Hello Sir,
Can you please explain the radical concept of phrase and help me to learn deeply.
Thanks and Regards,
Hari prasath.T
Hello colonyhari,
We're very happy to help you learn but I'm not quite sure what you mean by 'the radical concept of phrase'. Could you explain or - better still - provide an example so we can understand exactly what you mean? In general when asking questions on LearnEnglish, the more specific and concrete the question is, the more we will be able to help you with our answers.
Best wishes,
The LearnEnglish Team
Hello peter,
Thanks for reply. For example
(Phrase error)
The yoga session "is most likelihood to start at" 6.00 a.m
The yoga session "is mostly liked to start at" 6.00 a.m
The yoga session "is most likely to start at" 6.00 a.m
which one is correct
(Error spotting)
Martin would attempt (1)/ to open the umbrella (2)/when her spectacles slipped off (3)/ and fell down(4).
which one is wrong
To identify these error what should I learn. Please give me your valuable suggestions.
Hari prasath.T


der Waals equation. The comparative equations are:
The acentric factor,, used as a parameter in the Soave-Redlich-Kwong and the Peng-Robinson equations was first introduced by Pitzer et al in 1955.[22] It can be expressed as:[23][24]
where is the saturated vapor pressure of the gas at a temperature of.
Virial equation of state
The most fundamental equation of state, in that it has the most sound theoretical foundation, is the virial equation of state:[1][2][3]
It was first proposed on an empirical basis by Thiesen in 1885[25] and further developed in 1901 by Kamerlingh-Onnes.[26] A statistical-mechanical expression for B was first derived by Ornstein in his Ph.D Thesis.[27] The equation was subsequently re-developed by H.D. Ursell in 1927 on a theoretical basis derived from a statistical-mechanical (cluster) analysis of intermolecular forces.[28]
The parameters, and are referred to as the second, third and fourth virial coefficients, respectively. The coefficients are not constants since they vary from one gas to another as well as the temperature of the gas under consideration. They are sometimes written as, and to denote that they are functions of temperature. The numerical value of the coefficients must be determined experimentally.
The second virial coefficient provides the largest part of the correction for the non-ideal behavior of a gas. For that reason, the virial equation is sometimes truncated after the term containing the second coefficient. However, when the third coefficient is available, the equation is usually truncated after the term containing the third coefficient. The fourth coefficient is rarely available.
An extensive compilation of virial coefficients for pure gases and gas mixtures was prepared from the virial coefficient database at the Thermodynamics Research Center, formerly at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas and now located at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, Colorado. The latest version of that compilation was published in 2003.[29] NIST also offers for purchase a software program, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties Database (REFPROP), that includes second and third virial coefficients as well as a host of other thermodynamic properties.[30]
Other equations of state
There are a number of other equations of state for predicting the behavior of real gases. Perhaps, the best known are the Beattie-Bridgeman equation developed in 1929[31] and the Benedict-Rubin-Webb equation developed in 1940.[32] In general, they are more complex than the equations discussed above.
Notation for the gas constant
The gas constant used in this article is the universal gas constant,, that applies to any gas. There is also a specific gas constant, which can be denoted as, and is defined as where is the molecular weight.
Unfortunately, many authors in the technical literature sometimes use as the specific gas constant without denoting it as such or stating that it is the specific gas constant. This can and does lead to confusion.
 1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 McQuarrie, Donald A. and Simon, John D. (1999). Molecular Thermodynamics. University Science Books. ISBN 1-891389-05-X.
 2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Yunus A. Çengal and Robert H. Turner (2004). Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences, 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-07-245426-1.
 3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Smith, J.M. et al. (2005). Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Seventh Edition. McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-310445-0.
 4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Y.V.C. Rao (1997). Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics. Universities Press (India). ISBN 81-7371-048-1.
 5. 5.0 5.1 Gas Laws (Lecture by Professor M.J. Mombourquette at Queens University, Canada)
 6. Hong Wei Xiang (2005). The Corresponding States Principle and Its Practice: Thermodynamic, Transport and Surface Properties of Fluids. Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-52062-7.
 7. IUPAC Goldbook
 8. Gouq-Jen Su (1946). "Modified Law of Corresponding States". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 38 (8): 803-806. ISSN 0096-4484.
 9. 9.0 9.1 Equations of State (Professor Lyes Kadem, Concordia University, Canada)
 10. 10.0 10.1 Equations of State (Lecture material used by Professor Sanford Klein at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, U.S.)
 11. Richard W. Miller (1996). Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook, 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-042366-0. (See Figure G-1 on page G.145)
 12. Kai-Fui Vincent Wong (2000). Thermodynamics for Engineers, 1st Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0232-3. (See Figure A-2, Page 278}
 13. Nelson-Obert Generalized Compressibility Charts (Charts available on the Internet, from the website of San Diego State University, U.S.)
 14. W.B.Kay (1936). "Gases and Vapors At High Temperature and Pressure - Density of Hydrocarbon". Industrial Engineering & Chemistry 28:1014. ISSN 0096-4484.
 15. Yunus A. Çengal and Michael A. Bowes (2005). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th Edition. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-_PHONE_.
 16. Real Gases (Lecture material used by Professor R.M. Price at Christian Brothers University, U.S.A.)
 17. Properties of Natural Gases (Professor Jon Steiner Gudmandsson, Norwegian University of Science and Technology)
 18. Robert C. Weast (Editor) (1975). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 56th Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 0-87819-455-X.
 19. 19.0 19.1 19.2 Chapter 3: Equations of State (pages 6-8 of 65 pdf pages) (Part of PhD thesis by Ji Lin Wang, 2002, Swinbourne University of Technology, Australia)
 20. 20.0 20.1 20.2 Jean Vidal (2003). Thermodynamics: Applications in Chemical Engineering and the Petroleum Industry. Editions Technip. ISBN 2-7108-0800-5.
 21. Zakia Nasri and Housam Binous (2007). "Applications of the Soave-Redlich-Kwong Equation of State Using Mathematica". Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan 40 (6): 534-538. Retrieved from here.
 22. K.S. Pitzer et al (1955). "The Volumetric and Thermodynamic Properties of Fluids". Journal of the American Chemical Society 77: 3427-3440.
 23. Francis S. Manning and Richard E. Thompson (1991). Oilfield Processing of Petroleum. Pennwell Books. ISBN 0-87814-343-2.
 24. Acentric Factor Definition (Physical Property Sources Index, PPSI, of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich)
 25. Max F. Thiesen (1885). "Investigations of the Equation of State". Annalen der Physik und Chemie (24): 467-492.
 26. Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes (1901). "Expression of the Equation of State of Gases and Liquids by Means of Series". Commun. Phys. Lab. Leiden (71).
 27. S. L. Ornstein (1908) Toepassing der statistische mechanica van Gibbs op molekulair-theoretische vraagstukken (Application of the statistical mechanics of Gibbs on molecular-theoretical problems), Leiden
 28. H. D. Ursell (1927). "The Evaluation of Gibbs' Phase Integral for Imperfect Gases" (23): 685.
 29. J.D. Dymond and R.C. Wilhoit (Authors), K.N. Marsch and M. Fenkel (Editors) (2003). Virial Coefficients of Pure gases and Mixtures, 1st Edition. Springer. ISBN 3-540-44340-1.
 30. NIST Standard Reference Database 23
 31. J.A. Beattie and O.C. Bridgeman (1929). "A New Equation of State for Fluids". Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. (63): 229-305.


Education Equity Fund
Why does Philadelphia need an Education Equity Fund?
PILOTs aren't taxes–they're voluntary payments. There's no requirement for where the funds are directed. This means that it's up to us to make sure that when our city's wealthiest institutions pay their fair share, that money directly meets the needs of our students, not the priorities of outside institutions.
In other cities, mega-nonprofits have tried to "dictate what their money goes toward." Here in Philly, we know what it looks like when mega-nonprofits call the shots. In our May 5th Speak Out, we heard from Philadelphians who have been directly impacted by our School District's funding crisis. Nonprofit-driven initiatives never make up for a lack of basic necessities–teachers, textbooks, nurses, counselors, libraries, and safe and healthy school buildings.
As we fight for a more equitably funded public education system in Philadelphia, the last thing we need is a closed-door deal that gives the wealthiest institutions total control over funding for our schools.
Philadelphia needs a PILOT agreement that meets the most essential needs of our most vulnerable public school students. This means that we need Mayor Kenney to establish an Education Equity Fund for our city's mega-nonprofits to pay into via PILOTs. A publicly administered fund that directly serves the School District will be the best way to establish accountability and transparency for a stable, sustainable PILOT agreement.


text:
How to find out that a NIC is in promiscuous mode on a LAN?
DNS test - many packet sniffing tools perform IP address to name lookups to provide DNS names in place of IP addresses. To test this, you must place your network card into promiscuous mode and sends packets out onto the network aimed to bogus hosts. If any name lookups from the bogus hosts are seen, a sniffer might be in action on the host performing the lookups.
ARP Test - When in promiscuous mode the driver for the network card checks for the MAC address being that of the network card for unicast packets, but only checks the first octet of the MAC address against the value 0xff to determine if the packet is broadcast or not. Note that the address for a broadcast packet is ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff. To test for this flaw, if you send a packet with a MAC address of ff:00:00:00:00:00 and the correct destination IP address of the host. After receiving a packet, the Microsoft OS using the flawed driver will respond while in promiscuous mode. Probably it happens just with the default MS driver.
Ether Ping test - In older Linux kernels when a network card is placed in promiscuous mode every packet is passed on to the OS. Some Linux kernels looked only at the IP address in the packets to determine whether they should be processed or not. To test for this flaw, you have to send a packet with a bogus MAC address and a valid IP address. Vulnerable Linux kernels with their network cards in promiscuous mode only look at the valid IP address. To get a response, an ICMP echo request message is sent within the bogus packet leading to vulnerable hosts in promiscuous mode to respond.
Maybe there are more, the DNS test for me is the most reliable
VP01 gave the theory, I will give some tools.
For use in linux systems:
SniffDet: This one employs 4 different tests: ICMP test, ARP test; DNS test and also a LATENCY test (which VP01 didn't mention). The tool is recently updated and I recommend it.
NMAP : There is an NSE script for nmap called sniffer-detect.nse which does just that.
NAST: - it detects other PC's in promiscuous mode by doing the ARP test.
PTOOL - does ARP and ICMP test
For windows systems: Cain & Abel can do a promiscuous scan using many types of ARP tests.
Microsoft has tools for this purpose too. Promqry and PromqryUI - but I'm not really sure how they work.
As for general detection techniques, there's also another one, called honeypot detect. Details about the latency test and the honeypot technique can be found in sniffdet's documentation.
You can't guarantee that you'll be able to detect it.
For example, you can easily make a read-only ethernet cable by looping the TX+ (pin 1) and TX- (pin 2) of the sniffing computer, then set TX+ (pin 1) to RX+ (pin 3 of the sniffer) and TX- (pin 2) to RX- (pin 6 of the sniffer). It will then be impossible for the sniffing computer to affect any data traffic on the network.
It may be possible to detect a voltage drop or RF emissions (along the lines of Van Eck phreaking), but I'm not aware of any COTS hardware that will detect it.
While it may not always be possible to identify if the local network is promiscuously sniffing the local network traffic -- it may be possible to crash most or all packet capture applications doing so.
Check out Samy's _URL_ script for a starting point. Realize that most applications working in 2011 are vulnerable to at least a DoS crash attack, even if the crash isn't vulnerable as a memory access violation (or a read/write exception that leads to a buffer overflow).
I believe there is a tool that reliably detects this by looking at the difference in ping response times. The tool sends pings and at the same time send a large number of pings to the same IP address but with a different MAC addresses.
The tool works because cards in promiscuous mode will be returning all traffic to the CPU thus when there is a lot of packets hitting the CPU this will slow the response to genuine pings. A card in normal mode would be ignoring all packets with different MAC addresses so there would be no difference in the response time.
Someone insert the name of the tool

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
While perhaps far from mainstream science, biological surfaces have received a lot of attention in recent decades, especially by the biomimetic community. In fact, many studies surrounding surfaces have become the prime examples of Bionics/Biomimetics, such as the self-cleaning lotus leaves, the super adhesive gecko pads, etc.
In this post, I will be focusing on the sandfish (Scincus scincus), which has become known for its "almost frictionless" and "anti-abrasive" skin. Scincus scincus is, obviously, a member of the skink family (Scincidae), and inhabits the sandy deserts of Northern Africa and the Middle East [2, 3]. Its streamlined body and undulatory movement allow it to move in loose sand, resembling that of a fish – hence its common name. Being constantly exposed to the rough sand, one should assume very frequent moulting (shedding) due to damage to the epidermis. However, the skin turns out to be extraordinarily resilient to abrasion by the coarse sand particles and even once shed, remains intact for quite some time [3, 4].
The first in-depth studies of this effect were performed by Rechenberg & Khyari (2004), which quantified the friction and abrasion between sand and epidermis and analysed the surface topography. Interestingly, sandfish skin showed very low friction angles towards sand – approximately 20° – when compared to other materials. Additionally, comb-like microstructures were discovered, which are transversally aligned along the scales, with the ‚teeth' facing the posterior end of the body. Interesting surface effects are often synonymous with micro and nanoscale structures, thus, naturally the found structures were assumed to be responsible for friction and abrasion reduction. Also, other sand-swimming reptiles were also shown to have such microstructures, supporting this idea. Synthetic surfaces resembling the sandfish epidermis were fabricated and indeed showed a slight friction reduction when compared to untreated smooth surfaces.
Comparison to the relatives
With new data, however, the microstructure hypothesis was challenged as being the only reason for the friction reduction. For one, the sandfish's body is not necessarily uniformly covered with such microstructures (for example, they are absent on the ventral side [3, 6, 7]), but does uniformly show low abrasion and friction angles towards sand. Also, a close relative of the Sandfish – the Berber skink (Eumeces schneiderii) has been shown to have the same microstructures, but shows significantly higher friction angles [3, 6].
The structure of epidermis
Thus, further research of the sandfish skin has been initiated, investigating the epidermal ultrastructure and biochemical composition. From a structural point of view, the epidermis of S. scincus is constructed by the same general blueprint as in other lizards, or even tetrapods in general for that matter. From the innermost (basal) to the outermost (apikal) part, the epidermis is composed from: alive keratinocytes which multiply and produce keratin, are then slowly pushed upwards, become compacted and flat before they die and leave a more-or-less, homogenous layer of fibrous keratin. Keratins are structural proteins which give the epidermis, as well as other skin formations, such as hair, claws, hooves, etc. their chemical and mechanical properties [8, 9]. In lizards, we often see an additional lipid layer and typically separate keratin layers, which are distinguished into the α layers and β layers.
Analytical methods, SDS-PAGE and Western blots, have shown that both α and β keratins are present in the Sandfish skin, however, the surprising finding was that these also contain glycans — oligosaccharides, which are linked to proteins during synthesis in the endoplasmatic reticulum and the golgi apparatus [3, 6, 10, 11]. Keratins are rarely found to contain such modifications, thus, they were given more attention. When isolated from shed sandfish skin and covalently linked to artificial materials, such as glass or acrylics, the friction angles of these materials were significantly reduced [6, 12].
Mass spectrometry of the purified glycans showed structures high in Mannose, which are typically branched [11, 12]. It is still unclear whether all these are present in the native keratins, or are actually residues of larger structures that were broken down during purification. Whatever the case, these purified structures seem to be capable of reducing the adhesion between a modified surface and sand.
On a molecular level, the reasons for this are still open for speculation, but it will likely be something to do with van der Waals forces [6, 12]. Currently the branched spatial structure of the glycans is considered as a possible answer. By reducing the absolute atom density in the upper layers of the skin, these oligohydrates could possibly reduce the overall number of possible interactions with close objects – thus functioning as some kind of molecular spacers.
While the concept seems possible from current data, it remains to be verified. In addition, there are still many unknowns, such as the number and location of the glycans on the keratins, the atomic structure of the sandfish epidermis, etc. Also, adhesion and friction reduction does not completely explain abrasion resistance, as for this we also need to consider mechanical properties.
The sandfish skin has been on the radar of biomimeticists for almost two decades and many discoveries have been made to describe its properties. However, there are still many more to follow.
- Storch V, Welsch U (2003) Systematische Zoologie (6th Ed), Spektrum, München, pp. 652-667
- Arnold EN, Leviton AE (1977) A revision of the lizard genus Scincus (Reptilia: Scincidae). Bull. Mus. nat. Hist. Zool., 31: 189–248
- Baumgartner W, Saxe F, Weth A, Hajas D, Sigumonrong D, Emmerlich J, Singheiser M, Böhme W, Schneider JM (2007) The Sandfish's Skin: Morphology, Chemistry and Reconstruction. J. Bionic Eng., 4:1-9
- Rechenberg I, El Khyari AR (2004) Reibung und Verschleiß am Sandfisch der Sahara, available at: _URL_ accessed 15 January 2015
- Rechenberg I, Zwanzig M, Zimmermann S, El Khyari AR (2009)Tribologie im Dünensand – Sandfisch, Sandboa und Sandschleiche als Vorbild f¨ur die Reibungsund Verschleißminderung, available at: _URL_ accessed 13 February 2015
- Schmied H (2007) Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Analyse der Oberflächenstruktur der Schuppen verschiedener Arten von Glattechsen (Scincidae) der Gattungen Scincus, Scincopus, Eumeces und Acontias. Blockpraktikum, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig
- Staudt K (2012) PhD thesis: Comparative surface and molecular investigations of the sandfish's epidermis (Squamata: Scincidae: Scincus scincus). LuFG Zelluläre Neurobionik, RWTH Aachen
- Vitt LJ, Caldwell JP (2014) Herpetology (4th Ed). Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp. 68
- Toni M, Dalla Valle L, Alibardi L (2007) Hard (Beta-)Keratins in the Epidermis of Reptiles: Composition, Sequence, and Molecular Organization. Journal of proteome research reviews, 6(9):3377-92
- Saxe FPM (2008) Diploma Thesis: Functional and morphological investigation of the epidermis of the sandfish. LuFG Zelluläre Neurobionik, RWTH Aachen
- Varki A, Cummings RD, Esko JD, Freeze HH, Stanley P, Bertozzi CR, Hart GW, Etzler ME (2009) Essentials of Glycobiology (2nd Ed), Cold Spring Harbor, New York, pp. 101-280
- Vihar B, Hanisch FG, Baumgartner W (2016) Neutral glycans from sandfish skin can reduce friction of polymers. J R Soc Interface, 13(116):1-

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Cooking food by using high temperatures and low humidity can produce chemical compounds called advanced glaciation products (AGEs). In fact, according to a recent study from the University of Illinois at Urbana, USA, AGEs may increase the risk of heart disease.
When sugars and proteins cooked at high temperatures and low humidity, both of which can interact to form a crust known as caramelization. This is why foods like grilled chicken or crisp bread has a crunchy outer layer, savory and tastes delicious.
The process of scaling these foods can lead in the formation of AGEs. This is potentially harmful to health, due to higher exposure to AGEs contributes to the risk of heart disease.
"People with diabetes have blood-glucose levels higher, so the body produces more AGEs naturally," said Claudia Luevano Contreras, author to the study as reported by prevention, Monday (29/10/2012).
This is the reason why people with diabetes are more likely to develop vascular damage than people who do not have diabetes. However, you can still enjoy the food crisp by modifying the method of cooking.
AGEs in the diet depend on the nutrient composition and method of cooking. So needed right way to cook foods containing protein or high sugar so as not to harm your heart.
Here are four methods of cooking crunchy food safer for the heart:
This method is done by cooking meat at low heat in a long time. Cooking meat at a low temperatures over a long time can increase humidity and reduce AGEs.
Enabling stewing is a cooking technique or food that has been cut to small pieces using a liquid that is not too much in the pot slowly. This method can also increase humidity and reduce AGEs, and the smell of cooking more out perfectly.
3. Cooking at lower temperatures
Cooking at lower temperatures would require more time, but this way can maintain nutrition, especially on the greens.
This method would not apply to meet, because the bacteria contained in the meat will not die if cooked medium, rare and dangerous to health. Cooking vegetables can retain their half-cooked protein and vitamins.
other: best pdf search engine free


text:
Hydrolysisgreenspun.com : LUSENET : Introductory Geology, Oswego State : One Thread
In class Monday we talked about Hydrolysis. I was wondering why potassium feldspar leaves a solid of clay minerals and doesn't dissolve completely like a calcite mineral would.
-- Sandra Feocco (DOMINICK F @ Prodigy.NET), February 27, 2001
I found this information on the internet in Encarta.msn.com under Calcite. I hope this helps a little. Calcite group - Group of minerals belonging to the carbonate group that are isomorphous with one another and have the same properties. Minerals in this group can partially or fully replace one another. For example, iron may take the place of magnesium in Magnesite Calcite is only slightly soluble in pure cold water. However, rainwater or other water in contact with air will absorb carbon dioxide from the air. Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid. Calcite reacts with carbonic acid to form calcium bicarbonate. Calcium bicarbonate is quite soluble in water. Thus, the solubility of calcite is sensitive to the acidity of the water. The solubility of calcite is also sensitive to the temperature of the water, being quite soluble in hot water but not in cold water. Calcite frequently dissolves in one location and precipitates in another location when the water becomes less acidic or cools.
(MgCO3), transforming it to Siderite (FeCO3). This information was found in the Encyclopedia under Potassium. Potassium is found in nature in large quantities, ranking eighth in order of abundance of the elements in the crust of the earth, in various minerals such as carnallite, feldspar, saltpeter, greensand, and sylvite. Potassium is a constituent of all plant and animal tissue as well as a vital constituent of fertile soil.
My guess is that because calcite is a dissolvable and potassium feldspar is a mettalic which is undissolvable are the reasons you are looking for. I hope I am right or on the right track for you.
-- Tina Miller (_EMAIL_), February 27, 2001.


text:
WPA3-Personal brings better protections to individual users by providing more robust password-based authentication, even when users choose passwords that fall short of typical complexity recommendations. This capability is enabled through Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE), which replaces Pre-shared Key (PSK) in WPA2-Personal.
The technology is resistant to offline dictionary attacks where an adversary attempts to determine a network password by trying possible passwords without further network interaction.
- Natural password selection: Allows users to choose passwords that are easier to remember
- Ease of use: Delivers enhanced protections with no change to the way users connect to a network
- Forward secrecy: Protects data traffic even if a password is compromised after the data was transmitted
Enterprise, governments, and financial institutions have greater security with WPA3-Enterprise. WPA3-Enterprise builds upon WPA2 and ensures the consistent application of security protocols across the network.
WPA3-Enterprise also offers an optional mode using 192-bit minimum-strength security protocols and cryptographic tools to better protect sensitive data:
- Authenticated encryption: 256-bit Galois/Counter Mode Protocol (GCMP-256)
- Key derivation and confirmation: 384-bit Hashed Message Authentication Mode (HMAC) with Secure Hash Algorithm (HMAC-SHA384)
- Key establishment and authentication: Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) exchange and Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) using a 384-bit elliptic curve
- Robust management frame protection: 256-bit Broadcast/Multicast Integrity Protocol Galois Message Authentication Code (BIP-GMAC-256)
The 192-bit security mode offered by WPA3-Enterprise ensures the right combination of cryptographic tools are used and sets a consistent baseline of security within a WPA3 network.
reference – _URL_


text:
Fisheries managers need to understand herring stock genetics in order to set management objectives that aid herring recovery in PWS. The purpose of this study is to use the genetic makeup of herring populations to determine if one or multiple stocks exist in Prince William Sound. For example, are the fish that spawn on Montague different than those that spawn in Port Gravina or are they different portions of one large population.
Researchers from NOAA are coordinating with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG) and other researchers to collect herring samples from different spawning locations in and around Prince William Sound. Genetic markers (genes or DNA-sequences that identify the relatedness of individuals) will be used to identify the genetic identity of each herring sample, which will then be evaluated to determine how related the various spawning populations are.
Evaluation of stock genetics will allow researchers to determine if sub-populations exist in Prince William Sound. This valuable herring life history information will be used to determine if the models need to treat the spawning locations as independent or a single model for Prince William Sound herring can be used.


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Scientists link ancient Arctic camel to modern breed
OTTAWA (AP) — Ancient, mummified camel bones dug from the tundra confirm that the animals now synonymous with the arid sands of Arabia actually developed in subfreezing forests in what is now Canada's High Arctic, a scientist said Tuesday.
About 3.5 million years ago, Strathcona Fiord on Ellesmere Island's west-central coast would have looked more like a northern forest than an Arctic landscape, said paleobotanist Natalia Rybczynski of the Canadian Museum of Nature in Ottawa.
"Larch-dominated, lots of wetlands, peat," said Rybczynski, lead author of a study published Tuesday in the journal Nature Communications. Nearby fossil sites have yielded evidence of ancient bears, horses, deer, badgers and frogs. The average yearly temperature would have been about 0 Celsius (32 Fahrenheit).
"If you were standing in it and watching the camel, it would have the feel of a boreal-type forest."
The Arctic camel was 30 percent larger than modern camels, she said. Her best guess is it was one-humped.
Although native camels are now only found in Africa and Asia, scientists have long believed the species actually developed in North America and later died out. Camel remains have been previously found in the Yukon.
What makes Rybczynski's find special is not only how far north it was found, but its state of preservation.
The 30 fragments found in the sand and pebbles of the tundra were mummified, not fossilized. So despite their age, the pieces preserved tiny fragments of collagen within them, a common type of protein found in bones.
Analyzing that protein not only proved the fragments were from camels, but from a type of camel that is much more closely related to the modern version than the Yukon camel. Out of the dozens of camel species that once roamed North America, the type Rybczynski found was one of the most likely to have crossed the Bering land bridge and colonized the deserts.
"This is the one that's tied to the ancestry of modern camels," she said.


Pet Care. Pet Training. Pet Stories.
Pet Care. Pet Training. Pet Stories.
Can Cats Eat Peanut Butter?
02/24/2021 by Stacy Painter
February 24th, 2021 by Stacy Painter
The quick answer: Technically yes, but it's best to avoid.
Though peanut butter isn't unsafe or toxic for cats, it is not beneficial to their diet and could (in rare cases) prove dangerous.
Benefits of peanut butter
Humans and dogs can benefit from the nut-based proteins and fats from peanut butter. All-natural peanut butter without any added sugar or other ingredients also contains magnesium, fiber, potassium, and vitamin E. Many dog parents know that an additional perk is to use peanut butter to disguise medications that are given orally.
That said, those same benefits do not translate to cats, unfortunately. A cat's diet is ideally comprised of mostly protein, which should come from animal sources. Cats' bodies do not process other types of food very well, such as plant-based proteins from peanut butter, because it does not contain all the amino acids that animal proteins do, according to an article by Chewy. In fact, peanut butter does not offer any nutritional value at all to cats.
Hazards of peanut butter for cats
Peanut butter contains many different types of fats, which can affect cats' small bodies quite a bit and lead to obesity or diabetes. Ingesting too much peanut butter can cause vomiting or diarrhea in some cats. Additionally, because of its sticky consistency, peanut butter could be a choking hazard. (Or, just a huge mess.)
Some peanut butter brands contain added sweeteners, xylitol which is toxic to cats, or other ingredients that could make your cat sick.
In many homes and residential neighborhoods, peanut butter is often used in pest catching devices and traps. Regularly sharing peanut butter with your cat may train him to enjoy it and seek it out. If your cat is trained to enjoy peanut butter, he might end up following the trace of one of these rodent traps and end up far from home and/or getting hurt. For this reason, it's best to avoid exposing your cat to peanut butter.


text:
1.Vinegar: Using vinegar on hardwood floors, natural tiles, and granite countertops can damage the finish causing them to appear dull.
_URL_ Using soaps and detergents can be harsh and damage rugs and leather—it can also leave behind residue.
3.Bleach: The chlorine in bleach is aggressive, perfect for cleaning the bathroom but extremely damaging to stainless steel appliances and cookware. Beware—mixing bleach with other bathroom cleaners can create a toxic gas!
4.Ammonia: A common go-to for its stain fighting power, ammonia can be quite damaging and should never be used to clean upholstery—it can leave upholstered furniture discolored.
5.Steel Wool: Because of its strength, steel wool is great for getting off dried-on gunk and grime, but it's equally as damaging when used on surfaces softer than it, like stainless steel appliances and cast iron cookware.
6.Hot Water: Cleaning metals like brass and silver with hot water can remove the tarnish but can cause the surface to discolor again quickly. It leaves nothing to protect the raw metal. To keep this from happening a polish should be used.
7.Straw Broom: A household staple, this type of broom could be causing more damage than good. A straw broom should never be used when sweeping tile—the straw will cause tiny scratches. Instead, use a dust mop or vacuum.
This article originally appeared on Elle Decor.
More from Elle Decor:


text: The Sally Lightfoot crab, sometimes called the red rock crab, is a common sight on rocky beaches on the Atlantic and Pacific coastlines of the Americas, from Florida down to Brazil. Adults, which have carapace widths of around 5-8 centimeters, are generally bright red, brown, or orange with various patterns, while young Sally Lightfoot crabs are darker-colored. Sally Lightfoot crabs spend most of their time hiding away in rock crevices, but when they come out to feed they move with the remarkable agility and speed that give them their common name. While they feed, powerful waves often crash over them, but they are able to withstand these by flattening themselves against rocks and holding on tightly. Although these crabs mainly eat red and green algae, they will eat practically anything they can get, including mussels, barnacles, other crabs, young sea turtles, dead fish. The sketch is direct to watercolor without ink. Holbein and Daniel Smith watercolors in a Stillman and Birn sketchbook.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Consider the sentence:
You didn't leave the dog in the car, did you?
In spoken English, this statement may be spoken with a rising intonation or a falling one. If the former, it suggests that leaving the dog in the car is a bad thing, and might even suggest incredulity and consternation on the part of the person asking.
In the latter case, when the sentence ends with a falling intonation, the speaker probably believes that the dog should have been left in the car, and that the person being addressed fell short. It amounts to an accusation.
Now, given that question tags are always questions, it seems they ought to be punctuated with a question mark. But in written form, especially dialogue, it feels to me that question tags meant to be spoken with a falling intonation might get by with just a period:
You didn't leave the dog in the car, did you.
I've tried Web searches but haven't gotten close to a set of search terms that point me toward an appropriate source. Anybody know of a definitive answer to this question?
Further Reflection
One of the reasons I ask this is that any declarative statement may be changed into a question by means of a rising intonation at the end.
You left the dog in the car.
becomes a question if your voice modulates upward at the end. In written English, it is customary to show that by means of a question mark:
You left the dog in the car?
I include this information because _USER_ asserts that "punctuation may not be used to differentiate [someone's] two intonations." Yet clearly there are cases in which punctuation is used in precisely that way (though in this case involving the opposite modulation from what I'm suggesting). So I wonder if it might not be possible to move the needle in the other direction.
If not, why not?
Note: I almost accepted my own answer to this question, but retracted it. If someone comes up with a better one I'll certainly consider awarding that one the checkmark. I think this question touches on an important concept, despite the scant attention it has received.
share|improve this question
Traditional punctuation prescribes a question mark even if the tone does not go up; it is not a direct representation of tone, but of the grammatical status of the sentence (direct question or no). See Fowler. – Cerberus Jun 15 '12 at 15:24
Possible duplicate: english.stackexchange.com/questions/67355/… – Elberich Schneider Jun 15 '12 at 15:47
_USER_ they're not asking about the same things. – Matt Эллен Jun 15 '12 at 15:48
_USER_: They are not even remotely similar, except that both concern question tags. – Robusto Jun 15 '12 at 15:48
I might punctuate #2 like this: "You didn't leave the dog in the car – did you." (BTW, your question has me wondering if you should have ended the title of your question with a question mark... A question mark is always required – isn't it.) – J.R. Jun 15 '12 at 15:50
6 Answers 6
up vote 20 down vote accepted
The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th Edition (2003) has this entry under "Exclamation Point":
6.77 Exclamation rather than question. A question that is essentially an exclamation usually ends with an exclamation point.
How could you possibly believe that!
When will I ever learn!
If we take this guidance seriously, it seems to me, then for like reasons we ought to find it acceptable for a question that is essentially a statement to end with a period.
Consider this lyric from Lisa Germano's song "Bad Attitude": "But if life was easy, you wouldn't learn anything, now would you." I certainly wouldn't criticize a writer for complying with the standard approach of ending that statement with a question mark—and in fact I believe that Ms. Germano does use that punctuation. Nevertheless, given that her more-speaking-than-singing voice drops by more than an octave between "now" and "would you," I wouldn't think it misleading to end the sentence with a period.
In addition, Chicago 15 has an entry under "Question Mark" for what it calls "courtesy questions":
6.74 Courtesy question. A request courteously disguised as a question does not require a question mark.
Would you kindly respond by March 1.
Will the audience please rise.
That gives us two instances in which a widely influential U.S. reference work endorses using punctuation other than a question mark to end a phrase otherwise structured as a question.
I tend to agree with Robusto that strict adherence to the rule requiring all statements that are laid out in a form that would normally identify them as questions to end in question marks prevents writers from indicating, as they otherwise might, whether the intonation of the speaker's voice is rising or falling. The bad aspect of any widespread effort to differentiate intonation by punctuation is that it invites countless instances where authors choose punctuation mismatched to their intended intonation, and readers—newly alert for clues to intonation in the punctuation—consequently misinterpret the sentence.
share|improve this answer
Good answer. +1. – Robusto Feb 20 '13 at 12:50
By "mismatched to their intention," I mean "mismatched to their intended intonation." – Sven Yargs Feb 21 '13 at 2:49
I edited that for you, but you could have done that yourself by clicking the edit link underneath your text. – Robusto Feb 21 '13 at 3:02
I basically agree with FumbleFingers, I say you should always use a question mark, but you can't derive the intonation from the text so written.
But why would you restrict yourself when using the written word? Something like:
"You didn't leave the dog in the car, did you?", she asked incredulously...
or a slight rephrasal:
"You left the dog in the car, didn't you?", she asked incredulously...
would provide further context, which would then inform the reader regarding intonation (were they to read the written text aloud for instance).
Short answer - the written word requires more context, what stops you from providing it?
share|improve this answer
I won't downvote, because it's a sensible answer, but I must disagree. You are sacrificing economy of expression because you can't bring yourself to punctuate sensibly. – Pitarou Feb 20 '13 at 4:08
Sorry, but in what way can you punctuate this to unambiguously delineate all the possible meanings spoken inflection could convey? I don't think it is possible - but why would you try? Punctuation isn't the correct tool for the job in this case. – Kyudos Feb 20 '13 at 21:09
Of course punctuation can't convey EVERY nuance, but in the case of tag questions, there are clearly two distinct types, with distinct meanings and distinct intonations, and it seems that punctuation is the perfect tool for distinguishing them. – Pitarou Feb 21 '13 at 12:41
One punctuation mark is enough, and the comma after the quotation mark is incorrect. Also, incredulously is spelled wrong. – shipr Feb 21 '13 at 22:13
There are more than two types of tag questions; punctuation could never represent them all. And by the way, regarding the question mark followed by a comma, we already have an "interrobang" (question mark combined with exclamation point) although it is almost never used. Why not create a combination question mark and comma (replacing the period under the squiggle)? I think it would be wonderfully useful, and graphically easy to understand, in exactly such cases as the example sentences Kyudos gives here. – John M. Landsberg Feb 24 '13 at 8:45
I think there's no way for punctuation alone to represent with absolute fidelity what the speaker's tone, intention, and exact meaning are in such a case. That would be expecting far too much of a simple graphical dot or squiggle.
The writer must decide just how important it is to convey one and only one particular precise tone and intention. The more important it is to convey the exact intended meaning, the more important it becomes to use contextual clues to get that meaning across to the reader.
Creative writing gives you license to describe the setting, the demeanor of the participants in the scene, the exact circumstances surrounding the statement at the moment it is spoken, and much more, in order to give a clear sense of how the statement and its tag question are being delivered. You could even explicitly describe the tone of the person's voice if necessary.
So, no, you are not required to use a question mark, but you are free to utilize all a writer's tools to make the sentence work the way you want it to.
share|improve this answer
I really hate it when people downvote without explaining why. – Pitarou Feb 24 '13 at 23:10
+1 You basically said what I was thinking, John - that with all the writing tools at one's disposal, why box the dialog into needing to depend on the question mark. However, if one is reporting, not creating, it becomes slightly more difficult since the actual quoted words are limited to what was


text:
Keeping a tree watered is the best way to ensure a long life, but it can be difficult to see the water level sometimes, which is why blogger Eric Ayars created a reminder system with an Arduino.
Using a small sensor, an Arduino Pro Mini, a relay, transformer, and an outlet box, he created a system that can detect the amount of water in the tree's tray and blink a morse code message when it's in need of water. Sure, it's probably easier to set up an alarm every couple days to remind you, but this is a clever way to ensure you'll never forget. There's no reason you wouldn't be able to apply it to any other plants you might keep in water, so it could be used year round. You can find the full guide, with schematics and code on Hardware Hacks.


Why your business should publish a corporate sustainability report
Corporate Sustainability: Why your business should publish a report
Corporate sustainability is becoming a significant factor for consumers when they consider purchasing from a business. More than ever, companies are developing reports to monitor and publish their sustainability efforts.
There is a wide range of reasons to create and publish a sustainability report. Often these reports are lacking their full potential to aid their business, however, so we've generated the top reasons to create a report on your corporate sustainability, and the benefits it can provide your business.
1. Appealing to your consumer's interests
As more insights into our environmental impact are released, shoppers are becoming more conscious about their eco-activities. Consumers in all industry sectors are taking more time and consideration into who they are buying from and how they are impacting our planet.
'With more and more consumer interest in sustainability and transparency, it's up to companies to share what they are doing.' – Green Bouy Consulting
Creating a corporate sustainability report lets your business showcase your developments and achievements. When published, this report can serve as a useful resource for potential customers when they are making to decision to purchase.
2. Providing the wider picture to investors
Outside of appealing to potential consumers, your business will also need to appeal to investors and stakeholders. Financial reports do help to provide an overview of how successful your business is at making profits, but a report on your corporate sustainability helps to provide a wider picture
Company culture is becoming ever more important to investors, as they are looking to support businesses which are likely to improve their reputation, not risk it. By physically presenting your goals to be more eco-conscious and help the planet, you can set up your business as a worth-while investment.
3. Alternative marketing angles
Creating a corporate sustainability report is not an easy task. It takes time and careful consideration to develop a report which accurately reflects your company's goals and environmental impact. With developing a report, however, comes opportunities to shout about the work your business is doing.
As mentioned above, consumer interests are shifting as company responsibility to protect our planet is becoming more significant. Once you've done the work to gather information, set goals, and write a report, there many different ways in which you can use it to generate positive interest in your business.
Keep your audience up to date with your corporate sustainability journey throughout every goal and development. By doing this, you can generate interest over time and get potential leads invested in the commitment your business is taking to help protect the environment.
Marketing your corporate sustainability report shouldn't only target new leads, however. When your business meets a goal, inform your customers and thank them for their support in making it happen. Focusing on how they have helped the environment by using your business will provide greater reasons for them to continue purchasing from you in the future.
4. Partnership opportunities
There are many examples of how businesses have used their environmental and societal positive impact to promote themselves. Some businesses even use their goals as incentives to generate partnerships between other businesses.
Teaming up to help increase their eco-initiatives, and build a strong relationship which can be promoted across different channels. Partnering with other businesses can help to advance your corporate sustainability efforts and make goals easier to achieve.
Along with easing the difficulty to meet higher goals, partnerships also allow for another audience to see your eco-friendly activities. By developing a partnership, you increase the platforms at your disposal for raising awareness about your report.
The opportunities and benefits available to businesses who invest in creating a corporate sustainability report are vast. By developing ways to reduce your environmental impact, you can also improve your business reputation.
View our S2S Sustainability Report.
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Log in
Getting Started
A basic example will help us to get started with WORHP. First of all, we need an optimisation problem to be solved.
Problem Formulation
Let the optimisation variables be. The objective function of interest is with respect to the nonlinear constraint and the linear constraints and. Furthermore, the optimisation variables must satisfy the box constraints and.
WORHP Specific Formulation
The WORHP specific formulation requires to mark constraints or variables without upper bound with infinity and without lower bounds with minus infinity respectively.
Definition of Derivatives
WORHP uses derivative based optimisation to minimise the given problem. Thus, in order to improve the performance of the solver analytic derivatives should be given. In this section we explain the resulting derivatives of our example. The implementations in the different programming languages can be found in the next section. Remember to take care of the indexing of your programming language of choice (i.e. FORTRAN 1-based, C/C++ 0-based). We will use FORTRAN 1-based vectors within this section. Please have a look at the section "Sparse Matrices" within our manual for further information on sorting requirements for the matrix entries within WORHP. Additionally, WORHP uses a scaling factor for the objective function (wsp%ScaleObj), which must be used when computing the objective function value, the value of the gradient of the objective and within the computation of the Hessian of the Lagrangian.
The gradient of the objective function for our example is given by The implementation uses sparse matrices for the derivatives. Therefore, this gradient leads to the row vector DFrow = [1, 2, 3] and the value vector DFval = [wsp%ScaleObj * 2.0 * x(1), wsp%ScaleObj * 4.0 * x(2), wsp%ScaleObj * (-1.0)]. If you do not provide an implementation of the objective gradient, you must set the parameter UserDF = False.
The jacobian of the constraint function is given by The row vector is DGrow = [1, 3, 1, 2, 2, 3], the column vector is DGcol = [1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4] and the value vector is DGval = [2.0*x(1) + x(3), 1.0, 2.0*x(3)+x(1), 1.0, -1.0, 1.0]. If you do not provide an implementation of the jacobian of the constraints, you must set the parameter UserDG = False.
The implemented algorithms require the use of the Lagrangian function, with the scaling factor (wsp%ScaleObj) for the objective part within the Lagrangian. One advantage of the used Sequential Quadratic Programming and Interior-Point approach is, that theoretically local quadratic convergence is achievable. To reach this order of convergence second order derivatives of the Lagrangian must be used. Due to symmetry only the lower triangular part of the matrix must be stored. Additionally, WORHP requires a special sorting of the sparse entries. All entries on the diagonal must be given, even structural zeros. Furthermore, the non-diagonal entries must be given first. To get a deeper insight, please have a look at the WORHP manual. The row vector is HMrow = [3, 1, 2, 3, 4], the column vector is HMcol = [1, 1, 2, 3, 4] and the value vector is HMval = [wsp%ScaleObj * Mu(1), 2.0 + 2.0*Mu(1), wsp%ScaleObj * 4.0, 0.0, 0.0]. If you do not provide an implementation of the Lagrangian of the Hessian, you must set the parameter UserHM = False.
Source Code
Please check out the source code of the language of your choice to get further insights:
The_C_Programming_Language_logo C cpp_logo C++ Fortran FORTRAN python-logo Python
After running the example, the output looks like this:
 ReadParamsNoInit: Used parameter file worhp.xml
 * Read 268/268 parameters.
 This is WORHP 1.13-0, the European NLP-solver.
 Use of WORHP is subject to terms and conditions.
 Visit _URL_ for more information.
 fixed variables 0
 variables with lower bound only 2
 variables with lower and upper bound 2
 variables with upper bound only 0
 Total number of box constraints.................. 6
 Total number of other constraints................ 4
 equality constraints 1
 inequality constraints with lower bound only 0
 inequality constraints with lower and upper bound 1
 inequality constraints with upper bound only 1
 Gradient (user) 3/4 = 75.000%
 Jacobian (user) 6/12 = 50.000%
 Hessian (user) 5/10 = 50.000%
 Algorithm Sequential Quadratic Programming
 NLP MaxIter 10000 Line Search Method Filter
 QP MaxIter 500
 LA solver MA97 (tol 1.0E-09, ref 10, ord METIS/AMD, scl none)
 Optimality (sKKT) 1.00E-06 (1.0E-03) IP ComTol 2.00E-07
 Feasibility 1.00E-06 (1.0E-03) IP ResTol 4.00E-08
 Complementarity 1.00E-06
 Timeout 1800.000 seconds
 ITER OBJ CON OPTI/COMPL FLAGS ALPHA |DX| REL PEN REG TIME
 [ 0| 6] +1.10000000E+01 6.00000000E+00 6.62989673E+00 sc Uin 0.000E+00 2.77E+00 - - - 9.20E-04
 [ 1| 3] +1.38081440E-01 1.43688144E+00 8.28496615E-01 c Uin 1.000E+00 2.77E+00 - - -2.90 1.25E-03
 [ 2| 9] -4.39931123E-01 3.05158405E-01 1.32548214E-01 c Uin 1.000E+00 5.54E-01 - - -3.12 1.81E-03
 [ 3| 1] -4.98391574E-01 4.17134806E-02 2.19258787E-02 so Uin 1.000E+00 2.05E-01 - - -3.45 2.01E-03
 [ 4| 8] -4.99997835E-01 1.47366536E-03 4.71936920E-04 so Uia 1.000E+00 3.86E-02 - - -3.89 2.51E-03
 [ 5| 2] -5.00000000E-01 2.15886338E-06 6.49481731E-08 so Uao 1.000E+00 1.47E-03 - - -4.32 2.76E-03
 [ 6| 1] -5.00000000E-01 4.96989561E-10 2.53618587E-15 so Ufo 1.000E+00 2.16E-06 0.00 - -4.59 2.97E-03
 Final values after iteration 6:
 Final objective value............. -5.0000000000E-01
 Final constraint violation........ 4.9698956062E-10
 Final complementarity............. 0.0000000000E+00 (0.0000000000E+00)
 Final KKT conditions.............. 2.5361858705E-15 (1.1745104643E-09)
 Successful termination: Optimal Solution Found.
A detailed description of the output can be found in the Users' Guide.


text:
South Africa since the liberation in 1994 has faced a lot of changes. The changes include being a member of the international community. As part of the international community, South Africa is finding itself largely faced by the challenges associated with this position. Looking at other countries South Africa is realizing that the world is looking at better ways of educating their people and organizing their education and training systems so that they might gain the edge in an increasingly competitive economic global environment. Success and survival in such a world demands that South Africa has a national education and training system that provides quality learning and promotes the development of a nation that is committed to life-long learning. Institutions of higher education in South Africa are currently changing their present education system to conform to a Competency-Based Training (CBT) system. This system has only been planned but not implemented yet and it is not clear how CBT will be implemented, especially how the learners are going to be assessed. Competency-Based Assessment (CBA) is an integral part of CBT that needs particular attention if the new system is to succeed. The key aims of this thesis are to investigate the current assessment policy and practice at the Canberra Institute of Technology (CIT) underpinned by CompetencyBased Training system. The project will describe and analyze the Competency-Based Assessment system used within CIT's CBT system. The project will focus on: Observing classroom practice of CBA, analyzing students' and teachers' perceptions of their involvement with CBA, and analyzing employers' perceptions of the effectiveness of CBA. The main aim of this thesis is to suggest recommendations for an assessment model that will be suitable to implement within hospitality training institutions in South Africa.
|Date of Award||2002|
|Supervisor||Francesco Sofo (Supervisor)|


in Technology
Class naming convention, Reverse domain
Well, there are still questions that we consider understood and took no further discussion. Today, a friend asked me why most people use the reverse domain name for class package naming convention; com.oinam.util.MyClass.
Well, it is because of the fact that this naming convention is very unique. This becomes more prominent if we are to distribute our codes, work within a team of developers.
Following the defined convention, the prefix of our packages should always be written in all lowercase plain ASCII letters (well, we still don't have a domain names with $, # or * yet), and they should be of the top-level domain names viz: com, edu, gov, mil, net, org (you are also allowed to use one of the English two-letter codes identifying countries as specified in ISO Standard 3166, 1981).
The other part of the package name is usually the project name or a company's division, department, machine, login names or commonly used packages like "util", "arcade".
Thus, a typical class, say "MyClass" with the class definition "com.oinam.util.MyClass" would have been in the folder "util" which is inside "oinam" which resides on the top folder "com". Structurily, com > oinam > util >


text:
Includes bibliographical references (p. 359-380) and index.
Introduction 1. Thinking About Photography: Debates, Historically and Now 2. Surveyors and Surveyed: Photography Out and About 3. 'Sweet it is to Scan...': Personal Photographs and Popular Photography 4. The Subject as Object: Photography and the Human Body 5. Spectacles and Illusions: Photography and Commodity Culture 6. On and Beyond the White Walls: Photography as Art 7. Photography in the Age of Electronic Imaging.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)
Making photography theory accessible to students for the first time when originally published just over ten years ago, "Photography: A Critical Introduction" was the first introductory textbook to examine key debates in photographic theory and place them in their social and political contexts. Written especially for students in further and higher education and for introductory college courses, it provides a coherent introduction to the nature of photographic seeing. This revised and updated fourth edition includes: key concepts, biographies of major thinkers, seminal references; a full glossary of terms, comprehensive bibliographies and new chapter abstracts; updated resource information, including guides to public archives and useful web sites.Individual chapters cover: key debates in photographic theory and history; documentary photography and photojournalism; personal and popular photography; photography and commodity culture; photography and the human body; photography as art; and, photography in the age of electronic imaging. This lavishly illustrated fourth edition includes over one hundred photographs and images, of huge diversity, in full colour throughout. (source: Nielsen Book Data)


Sec. Definitions
Latest version.
 - A. In this chapter, the following words have the meanings indicated.
 B. Terms Defined.
 (1) "Party" means an employee filing a complaint or the head of the principal unit which employs the complainant.
 (2) "Personnel action" includes an appointment, promotion, disciplinary or corrective action, acting capacity, reassignment, reclassification, reinstatement, performance appraisal, decision affecting compensation, benefits, training, or any other matter which significantly affects an individual's compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment.


text:
Hot answers tagged vikings
In short: no. Culturally, the Vikings are well-documented to be part of the Norse culture of the Dark Ages, which in turn is clearly descended from an earlier common Germanic culture. Linguistically, the Vikings spoke Old Norse, which is part of the North Germanic branch of Indo-European. The Israelites spoke Ancient Hebrew, which is part of the Semitic...
I believe that the scene is 13 Warriors is taken from the account of Ahmad ibn Fadlān ibn al-Abbās ibn Rāšid ibn Hammād (Arabic: أحمد بن فضلان بن العباس بن راشد بن حماد) detailing his dealing with Northmen. This was a inspiration for Michael Crichton's Eaters Of The Dead which was a source for 13 Warriors.
The Jewish diaspora did manage to make its way to some fairly far off lands - India, Ethiopia, Spain... there is a written historical record, and also strong archaeological evidence to document their migration to these places. Unfortunately, there is no such record or body of evidence to support Scandinavia as one of those far off lands. 15th century...
Only top voted, non community-wiki answers of a minimum length are eligible


A battery with an emf of 11.0 V and internal resistance of 1.10 O carries a positive current of 0.475 A from its negative terminal to its positive terminal.
(a) How long is required for 1.03 C of charge to pass through the battery?
(b) By how much will the electrical potential energy of 1.03 C of charge increase in crossing the battery terminals?
(c) By how much will the chemical energy decrease?
(d) How much electrical power is supplied by the battery?
(e) At what rate is chemical energy used?
Want an answer?
No answer yet. Submit this
question to the community.


text:
A Cyclic Stress-Strain Constitutive Model for Polycrystalline Magnesium Alloy and its Application
The stress-strain behavior of cast magnesium alloy (AM60) was investigated by strain-controlled cyclic testing carried out on MTS. In order to describe the cyclic stress and strain properties of AM60 by means of the energy storing characteristics of microstructure during irreversible deformation, a plastic constitutive model with no yielding surface was developed for single crystal by adopting a spring-dashpot mechanical system. Plastic dashpots reflecting the material transient response were introduced to describe the plasticity of slip systems. By utilizing the KBW self-consistent theory, a polycrystalline plastic constitutive model for Magnesium alloy was formed. The numerical analysis in the corresponding algorithm is greatly simplified as no process of searching for the activation of the slip systems and slip directions is required. The cyclic stress-strain behavior, based on this model, is discussed. The simulation results show good agreement with the experimental data for AM60.
Yafang Han et al.
X. G. Zeng et al., "A Cyclic Stress-Strain Constitutive Model for Polycrystalline Magnesium Alloy and its Application", Materials Science Forum, Vols. 546-549, pp. 81-88, 2007


Letters to the editor
Curriculum, extracurricular: drawing the line Editor: I would like to express my concerns about the budget cuts that have affected my junior year, and now my senior year. I find it very disconcerting that every member of the Wooster High School marching band must pay $100 to participate in this class offered by Wooster High School. Webster's Dictionary defines extracurricular as, "relating to officially or semi-officially approved organized student activities connected with school carrying no academic credit." The dictionary defines curriculum as, " the courses offered by an educational institution." According to these definitions, band is curricular, not extracurricular, due to the fact that it is a class " offered by an educational institution " and students receive a class credit. It is ludicrous to charge the band members $100 to participate in this class, which I previously established as an academic course. In addition to the $100 class fee, band members must pay for uniform cleaning, instrument rental and money for band T-shirts. Why should band members continue this class when their pay to participate money is obviously not beneficial? Furthermore, why should band members continue to attend WHS? The school apparently does not support the band as an equal to sports, so why continue to support the school? According to the WHS Agenda, " students are encouraged to participate in activities to create a balance in their educational program." Why should students participate in band when all district sponsored activities/clubs, including band, pay the same amount of money to attend all games, while the band pays the same amount, yet does not attend away games? Furthermore, performance during the halftime of a football game, by definition can be considered a concert ("a public performance as of music or dancing"). In addition, since band is a designated academic course, traveling to the away games can be defined as a field trip ("a visit made as by students and a teacher for purposes of firsthand observation"). What better way to experience "firsthand" than to travel to away games and perform? Not only does traveling to away games provide new audiences and different fields, but an opportunity to serve as goodwill ambassadors to other schools. Traveling forces students to develop organizational skills that will be utilized in future education endeavors. This not only promotes versatility, but also responsibility. Katie Mykrantz Wooster Extra pool time appreciated Editor: I want to thank the YMCA and the City of Wooster for keeping Christmas Run Pool open the month of August while the pool at the high school was being repainted. Since my husband is disabled, this is the most accessible pool. I'm sure other older adults and disabled people, as well as children, appreciated the pool being open as well. It would be great if all three city pools could be kept open the month of August instead of closing the end of July. Why wouldn't we want these pools to be open until the time the schools open? Phyllis Kudika Wooster
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A video taken by a drone flying over a wooded park in Manchester, England, shows what appear to be bright tiny orbs traveling at high speeds out of the trees. While orb sightings in the night sky are more common, this interesting event occurred in the daytime, prompting some interesting speculation as to what they might be. Moving past the skeptical suggestions of dandelion seeds (orbs were too fast), bugs (orbs were too white), balloons (orbs flew too straight) or birds (orbs had no wings), one intriguing idea was tree spirits. As someone who lives near a heavily wooded national park and has a tree-filled yard, I wondered if this might be a request from the trees' spirits for more root feeding or less dogs.
There's not much more info than what's in the short video. The anonymous uploader says the orbs over Heaton Park became more visible when it was slowed to 1/8 speed. It's tough to tell what they are or aren't. The one common element is that they seem to be rising from or flying out of trees.
Trees are huge visible signs of birth, growth, changing seasons and death – both by natural causes and by humans. As a result, many cultures have deified them or treated them as homes to spirits and trees play important roles in many religions. Examples include the biblical Tree of Knowledge, the Peepal (Ficus religiosa) where Buddha attained enlightenment, the Yule tree that crosses from pagan to Christianity and the sycamores where ancient Egyptians believed souls found peace. The word "druid" may have its roots in a phrase that means "oak-knower." In modern times, one of the most popular children's books is Shel Silverstein's The Giving Tree.
Trees are some of the oldest living things on Earth. Humans find peace when sitting under them and often grieve when they fall. It's not hard to believe that there's some essence in them that could be described as a spirit that can connect with our own.
But by orbs flying at drones?
That's where the needle rating on the Heaton Park orbs starts moving away from tree spirits back towards bugs or camera anomalies. They're definitely UFOs (at least for now) and our own human scientists are planning to send laser-pushed microchips into space, so micro aliens in tiny spaceships is always an option, although why only in Heaton Park?
The spiritual side of me wants them to be tree spirits. Perhaps I'll spend some time under one of my oaks and see if I get a confirmation.


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This curriculum is an interactive and evolving project. It is sturctured to integrate input from its users into continually adapted print and digital versions. It is thus designed as a toolbox that helps formal and informal educators, facilitators, counselors and community leaders, start discussions about the conceptual and practical questions facing the future of the Jewish People
:and the State of Israel.This curriculum accomplishes its goals via four educational modules
1. the first module explores the conceptual foundations that led to the adaptation of the national homeland as the solution to the Jewish problem.
2. The second module tells the tale of how the Jewish People mobilized to turn the dream into a reality, by using stories of individuals who made history ahppen.
3. The third module focuses on sixty years of collaboration between Israel and Jews around the world.
4. The fourth puts in a frame some of the challenges and dilemmas facing the Jewish People and the Jewish State as we look into the future.


Why is Mixer A More Expensive than Mixer B?
Why and When to Use a Stereo Mic on a Camera
A typical human being sees the world through two eyes, smells the world through two nostrils, and hears the world through two ears. Why we only have one mouth is a mystery, but it likely has something to do with noise pollution. Since we hear the world through two separate ears, recording audio in stereo for video work seems like a natural choice, but it isn't always the best choice. Even so, there are many situations where using a stereo mic on a camera yields really nice results. In this article I'll tell you about the times when you should use a stereo mic on a video camera, and make it clear when you should use a different kind of microphone. Plus I'll share some mission critical tips for getting good sound when shooting outdoors.
Subscribe to RSS - Azden


Discipline Determines Destiny
1Cor9 23-27
Scripture: 1 Corinthians 9:23-27
I. Introduction: As followers of Jesus Christ, it's only right that you and I want to fulfill His purpose for our lives. But without discipline, the distractions of life interfere with our God-given destiny. Like athletes in training, we must exercise self-control and restraint—living with a specific goal in mind (1 Cor. 9:23-27). Simply wanting to fulfill God's will for our lives is not enough. It is discipline, not just desire, which determines your destiny and mine.
II. Clarifying Terms
 1. Self-discipline is personal training that develops self-control and character, resulting in an orderly and efficient life. You and I must practice self-discipline in the power of the Holy Spirit.
 2. Divine discipline is God's correction when we step out of His will or disobey Him (Heb. 12:5).
III. Why is Self-Discipline Necessary?
 1. Self-discipline is essential to godliness (1 Pet. 1:15; 1Tim. 4:7-8).
 2. Unless we submit our natural desires to the control of the Spirit, they will dominate our lives. Food, rest, companionship, and sexual intimacy are good things, but they must be surrendered to the Lordship of Christ.
IV. What can we expect when we fail to practice self-control?
And undisciplined life causes us to...
 1. Indulge our fleshly, carnal desires. Usually, we will find ourselves stepping out of God's will if we fail to practice self-discipline.
 2. Become defensive about our sinful lifestyles.
 3. Hinder our health.
 4. Harm our finances and get into debt. Credit card companies thrive on undisciplined people.
 5. Perform poorly on the job. In extreme forms, a lack of discipline can result in job loss.
 6. Be overlooked for promotion. In contrast, discipline often prepares you for the next opportunity.
 7. Develop slothful habits.
 8. Speak recklessly.
 9. Arrive late.
 10. Waste time and energy. Live by a schedule, setting your priorities for each day and following through with them.
 11. Have a poor testimony. An undisciplined life compromises a believer's witness (1 Cor. 9:27).
V. What is required for a disciplined life?
 1. Have a definite purpose. Goals clarify what disciplines are needed for achievement.
 2. Detach from things that draw you away from your goals.
 3. Pursue your objectives with diligence. Reflecting on the worthiness of your goals will help keep you on course.
 4. Be consistent. The full benefits of a self-controlled life can be found only through regular practice.
 5. Practice self-control. Even if you fail sometimes, continue to work on self-discipline.
 6. Say "no" in the strength of the Holy Spirit. Remember, the indwelling presence of the Spirit is available to empower you.
VI. Rewards of Discipline
 1. A more orderly and less stressful life. Self-discipline can increase your peace, joy, and confidence.
 2. Improved self-esteem. Setting and achieving goals will give you a sense of accomplishment.
 3. Increased productivity. A well-planned day is generally more fruitful.
 4. Better health. By eating right, exercising, avoiding drug and alcohol abuse, and getting proper rest, many illnesses can be avoided.
 5. Positive impact on others. When we live disciplined lives, we often inspire others to do the same. To this day, the foundation my mother laid in my life helps motivate me to work with excellence at whatever I do. In turn, I taught my son and daughter to be disciplined, which has helped them succeed as adults.
 6. Eternal reward. The most significant benefit of discipline will come from Jesus the day we stand before Him.
VII. How to Begin a Life of Discipline
 1. Spend time each day reading God's Word.
 2. Make time for prayer. Wake up earlier or limit other activities in order to give God priority in your life.
 3. Tithe your income. By being disciplined and obedient with finances, we give the Lord the opportunity to build our faith.
 4. Attend worship every Sunday. Meeting with fellow believers to fellowship and study His Word deepens our relationships with Him.
VIII. Conclusion
The Lord designed you for a special purpose, one that will satisfy you like no other. Don't allow your natural desires to hinder your ability to reach His purpose for you. The sacrifices of a well-disciplined life are nothing in comparison to the rewards of fulfilling your God-given destiny. It's a prize well worth the training.
By Dr. Charles F. Stanley. Copyright 2011 In Touch Ministries, Inc. All rights reserved. _URL_. In Touch grants permission to print for personal use only.


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Why in Gods name would you use this material? asks former Pentagon analyst Edward Block. Hes referring to Kapton, a plastic film often used to insulate wire. Its like having dynamite in your suitcase.
Block is a wiring expert who is among those responsible for banning Kapton in most military aircraft because of its propensity to erupt into flames. That was in the 1980s. In the 1990s, the Coast Guard eliminated Kapton from its helicopter fleet, NASA grounded the shuttle fleet for five months while inspecting damaged Kapton wire, and the Clinton administration called aging Kapton wiring an issue of national concern. The Australian, Israeli, and Canadian governments have all investigated and in many cases prohibited its use in their planes.
So why is Kapton still in millions of Ford cars, trucks, and SUVs?
Since the early 1990s, the company has used this DuPont-manufactured material in the hydraulic pressure switch that shuts off cruise control when drivers hit the brakes. Coated with Teflon, Kapton serves as a barrier between the flammable brake fluid and the electric current just millimeters away. Yet years of use can cause cracking in the Teflon, leaving the Kapton membrane and the switch itself vulnerable to ignition from the currentwhich, in Ford vehicles, continues even when the engine is off. Imagine your insulating material, Block says, which is designed to hold in or contain current, acting like a sparkler.
In the past seven years, the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) has investigated the role of these switches in more than 500 blazes that have ravaged cars, houses, and garages, and reportedly killed at least one person. The agency analyzed 260 cases of fires in Ford sedansCrown Victorias, Lincoln Town Cars, and Mercury Grand Marquiseswith model years between 1992 and 1997. In 1999, the company recalled nearly 300,000 of those vehicles. And by March of last year, the NHTSA had received more than 200 complaints of fires in Ford trucksF-150 pickups, Expeditions, and Lincoln Navigatorswith model years from 1995 to 2002. But Ford maintains that the root cause of the fires is too complex to fault a single component.
Although the automaker acknowledges evidence of overheating in the cruise-control components in some modelsattributing it to a systems interaction of leaking brake fluid, Teflon corrosion, age and mileage, plus the location of the switchit has recalled less than a third of the vehicles with the Kapton switches. Gail Chandler, a spokeswoman for Texas Instruments, which manufactures the switches, insists theyre safe. We dont think theres anything wrong with the switch itself or with Kapton, she says. Weve thoroughly tested these products and have not found there to be a problem.
Ford spokeswoman Kristen Kinley agrees. We do not believe the switch is the root cause of these under-hood fires, she says. Therefore, the Kapton also is not the issue.
Last September, the NHTSA made some headway, as Ford contacted owners of 3.8 million of its vehicles, asking them to go to local dealerships to have their cruise controls disconnected. Eventually, they could have the feature restored with a new part installed that would act as a circuit breaker in case of overheating. The recall was the fifth largest in American automotive history, but it still leaves 11 million cars and trucks with Kapton switches on the road.
The investigation continues. A two-year NHTSA study of Ford sedans with switch fires stressed that cracking in the Kapton barrier was caused by wear and abnormal stresses during the manufacturing process. NHTSA spokesman Rae Tyson wont speculate on Kaptons role in the current investigation, maintaining that dozens of engineering and environmental variables are involved. We really do need to understand the root cause of failure, and we arent there yet, he says.
Nearly 30 years after the Ford Pinto fiasco was exposed by this magazine, consumer advocates are now confronting Ford for being slow to address this known fire threat. Ralph Nader chastised the automaker in early September: Ford Motor Companys sluggish and piecemeal approach to its automotive responsibilities betrays motorists safety. If this part has now been recalled on three separate occasions, why isnt it simply removed from the fleet? In an open letter to Ford CEO William Clay Ford Jr., Nader added: How much longer will you allow this $20 part to imperil the public?


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Old landfill sites promote biodiversity, study shows
Brownfield sites are often promoted as suitable locations for development on the perception that protecting the 'green belt' limits damage to biodiversity.
Yet a new study shows that such sites are in fact of great importance to wildlife, providing scarce and species-rich habitats with little or no disturbance.
The research, led by Callum Macgregor and colleagues at the University of Hull, UKCEH and Butterfly Conservation, investigated the species richness of birds, plants and insects in relation to historical landfill sites, combining data from three national-scale UK biological monitoring schemes, including the UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.
Brownfield land harbours a rich array of bird, insect and plant species, with its biodiversity often under-appreciated (Richard Croft / commons.wikimedia.org).
The results demonstrate that species richness is higher for all three groups in landscapes containing ex-landfill sites, with these figures increasing as the area of ex-landfill increases.
The team found that for birds and insects, the species richness declines over time once landfill sites have closed, while for plants species richness increases.
The research provides evidence that the repurposing or development of brownfield sites may have unintended negative consequences for biodiversity,and that this should only occur on smaller sites, or those in areas where a high density of such brownfield sites exists.
Macgregor C J, Bunting M J, Deutz P, Bourn N A, Roy D B & Mayes W M. 2022. Brownfield sites promote biodiversity at a landscape scale. Science of The Total Environment 804: 150162. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150162


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I made this pictures in bad weather, and I didn't liked sky without clouds and colors and I didn't want to make in black and white.
So I tried play with photoshop. Here is way how to make simple color efects like this.
1. open picture and make new empty layer and add mask
2. set layer blending mode on difference
3. fill new layer by color (red makes green effects, blue makes yellow..).
4. Set layer opacity between 5-20%
5. Use curves for set contrasts
6. You can use layer mask for hide some areas of color effect and repeat this steps for different color efect.


_USER_{StaatTranPham2008, author = {Staat, Manfred and Tran, Thanh Ngoc and Pham, Puh Tinh}, title = {Limit and shakedown reliability analysis by nonlinear programming}, year = {2008}, abstract = {7th International Conference on Reliability of Materials and Structures (RELMAS 2008). June 17 - 20, 2008 ; Saint Petersburg, Russia. pp 354-358. Reprint with corrections in red Introduction Analysis of advanced structures working under extreme heavy loading such as nuclear power plants and piping system should take into account the randomness of loading, geometrical and material parameters. The existing reliability are restricted mostly to the elastic working regime, e.g. allowable local stresses. Development of the limit and shakedown reliability-based analysis and design methods, exploiting potential of the shakedown working regime, is highly needed. In this paper the application of a new algorithm of probabilistic limit and shakedown analysis for shell structures is presented, in which the loading and strength of the material as well as the thickness of the shell are considered as random variables. The reliability analysis problems may be efficiently solved by using a system combining the available FE codes, a deterministic limit and shakedown analysis, and the First and Second Order Reliability Methods (FORM/SORM). Non-linear sensitivity analyses are obtained directly from the solution of the deterministic problem without extra computational costs.}, subject = {Finite-Elemente-Methode}, language = {en} } _USER_{TranPhamStaat2008, author = {Tran, Thanh Ngoc and Pham, Puh Tinh and Staat, Manfred}, title = {Reliability analysis of shells based on direct plasticity methods}, year = {2008}, abstract = {Abstracts der CD-Rom Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Computational Mechanics (WCCM8) and 5th Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering (ECCOMAS 2008) 30.06. - 04.07.2008 Venedig, Italien. 2 Seiten Zusammenfassung der Autoren mit graph. Darst. und Literaturverzeichnis}, subject = {Finite-Elemente-Methode}, language = {en} }


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- Defined in:
The types of stances an exploit can take, such as passive or aggressive. Stances indicate whether or not the exploit triggers the exploit without waiting for one or more conditions to be met (aggressive) or whether it must wait for certain conditions to be satisfied before the exploit can be initiated (passive)
Constant Summary collapse
- Aggressive =
Used to indicate that an exploit takes an aggressive stance. This means that the exploit proactively triggers a vulnerability.
- Passive =
Used to indicate that an exploit takes a passive stance. This means that the exploit waits for interaction from a client or other entity before being able to trigger the vulnerability.


Metals have a crystalline structure - this is not usually visible but can be seen on galvanized lamp posts for example.
When a metal solidifies from the molten state, millions of tiny crystals start to grow.
The longer the metal takes to cool the larger the crystals grow.
These crystals form the grains in the solid metal.
Each grain is a distinct crystal with its own orientation.
Grain structure
The areas between the grains are known as grain boundaries.
Within each grain, the individual atoms form a crystalline lattice. Each atom will have a certain number of close neighbors with which it shares loose bonds. (The number of neighboring atoms depends upon the structure of the lattice.) When stress is applied to the metal, the atoms will start to spread apart. The atomic bonds stretch, and the attractive forces between the atoms will oppose the applied stress, like millions of tiny springs. If the metal has not yielded, the interatomic forces will pull the metal back into its original shape when the stress is removed.
So it is behaving like a piece of rubber -it is elastic!
Crystalline lattice - under tension
When the metal is cold worked by forging, stamping or rolling its shape is permanently changed (DEFORMED) this is only possible because of defects (DISLOCATIONS) in the grain structure which move through the crystal structure. These dislocations or slips in the grain structure allow the overall change in shape of the metal. Each grain can have a very large number of dislocations (only visible under a powerful microscope).
Dislocations in the lattice
Of course if the metal is hot worked there is more energy to available for the dislocations to move. This is why the strenghth of most materials falls as the temperature goes up.
Strong materials are those that can slow down or stop the movement of the dislocations.
This can be achieved by increasing the number of dislocations by cold work or work hardening (together known as stress hardening). Alloying where the other metal interacts with the crystal lattice blocking the movement of the dislocation. (Brass is a good example of this where the small percentage of zinc makes the brass stronger than either copper or zinc.)
Cold working or work hardening generates many dislocations which pile up and entangle this will prevent the further movement of dislocations. Try this by bending a paper clip back and forth - it becomes hard to bend at the same point and will eventually break if you continue.
[TEMPER is the term used to describe the amount of cold working on a metal. e.g half hard, full hard, spring temper etc.]
Cold rolling - the strip of metal passes between two rollers which exert heavy pressure. The strip is compressed and becomes much longer and thinner. The grains in the metal also become elongated. This a permanent deformation so dislocations pile up and the strenghth goes up. The larger grain boundary in the elongated strip also helps to stop the formation of further dislocations so that it becomes harder to roll a second time. The metal also becomes more brittle and is more liable to fracture as the number of dislocations goes up.
Cold rolling adding dislocations and making it stronger but brittle
The metal actually becomes difficult to work as cold working continues. The only answer is annealling. This is a high temperature soak (keeping the metal at the same temperaure for some time). The grains recrystallise - old grains are obliterated and new new grains grow. The metal loses all the effects of cold working becoming ductle again but losing its strenghth. Annealling has to be carefully controlled sothat the grains do not become too large.
Annealing - new grains form
Hot Forging
While cold forging is very useful for increasing the strength of matals - hot forging is widely used in manufacturing. The advantage is that the part can be formed without annealling and the grain structure will follow the form of the object being forged. So for example a spanner would have a central part where the grain structure is elongated but with few dislocations then the grain flows around following the form of the ends. The spanner will of course have to be heat treated to give the right degree of hardness and toughness at the right points.
Grain Flow Comparison
Forged Bar:
Directional alignment through the forging process has been deliberately oriented in a direction requiring maximum strength. This also yields ductility and resistance to impact and fatigue.
Forged - stongest
Machined Bar:
Machined bar - ignores grain structure - weaker
Cast Bar: No grain flow or directional strength is achieved through the casting process. Cast bar - no advantage from grain structure flow


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Eq2baseobject (Data Type)¶
This DataType represents the object upon which all EverQuest 2 UI widget datatypes are derived.
All eq2widgets are derived from this object. Therefore, the members/methods below can be used with any ui widget in the game (e.g., buttons, icons, etc.)
- string GetProperty["PropertyName"]
- If the result of a GetProperty call is a boolean value, then it will return "TRUE" or "FALSE". Otherwise, it will return a string unless an additional argument is provided as follows:
- (Please note that due to how LavishScript works, generally speaking, it is probably unnecessary to worry about 'type' and simply have GetProperty return as a string; however, the functionality is there if needed or desired.)
- string Type
- eq2baseobject Parent
- SetProperty["PropertyName", "Value"]
- This method will populate a collection of strings with all of the current properties of the object.
- This is purely for convenience. It simply prints out the current properties into the console. (SpewProperties is not intended for use in scripts.)
When used with this datatype, the GetProperty member and SetProperty method will accept any of the following property names:


【Toshiba】 Rupo JW98UP
Toshiba began selling the Rupo JW98UP in 1991, a personal word processor with the same spreadsheet processing and advanced word processing capability as a computer because it came standard with Lotus 1-2-3 R2.2J, an integrated spreadsheet program. Lotus 1-2-3 was the most popular software title running on MS-DOS, which at the time was the most installed computer operating system in Japan. To counteract the eroding market for word processors caused by steadily improving word processing software for computers, dedicated word processing machines had to offer the leading software titles found on computers. The Rupo JW98UP was Toshiba's first word processor to come with Lotus 1-2-3.
The Lotus 1-2-3 program was supplied on floppy disks. The JW98UP featured a dedicated key for powering up the unit and a numeric keypad for fast input of numbers.
A special function was included to convert between Lotus 1-2-3 data and Rupo documents and vice versa. This meant Lotus 1-2-3 data could be converted, laid out, and edited in a Rupo document and entire or parts of Rupo documents could be converted into Lotus 1-2-3 data. In this way, users could freely combine data entered in Rupo and Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheets.
JW89UP users could create and edit documents as long as 48,000 characters, which was three times longer than previous models. The backlit white LCD screen was also easier to read because it was 20 percent larger than previous models.
Specifications of the Rupo JW98UP
External dimensions [mm] and weight 365 x 395 x 93 (w x d x h), 6.0 kg
Power supply 100 VAC, 50 / 60 Hz, 0.6 A
Keyboard Numeric keypad standard
Display device Backlit white LCD screen
40 Japanese characters x 20 lines (80 Japanese characters x 38 lines in condensed mode)
Entry modes Whole paragraph conversion (up to 60 characters)
Conversion Conversion dictionary: 150,000 words (basic dictionary: 78,000 words)
AI conversion: 400,000 candidate words
User-defined dictionary 2,000 words
Document length Long document: 48,000 characters, normal document: 16,000 characters
Print function Mincho outline font (ROM-based Gothic outline, Mouhitsu, and Kyokasho fonts available as options)
Lotus 1-2-3 Standard
Other functions MS-DOS text conversion, personal database
Rupo JW98UP


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this is a term i am hearing around more and more on the radio and in news and the first time i heard it i was like, wtf do they mean "fighting season"?..
apparently the season of spring is also the season of fighting in afghanistan. as the winter snow melts and our accepted idea of comfort within weather is stroked by warm sun and cool wind-- the appetite for fighting grows. in afghanistan 'fighting season' is as common as the summer season here in the united states. where all know its summer and our activities change to more summer-y things. the afghan people know its fighting season and their activities change to more fighting season-y things.
being surrounded by war constant does something to people. it allows for war to be within and as who people are. people will display quick anger and fighting and fear when exposed to this type of environment as "what is". its the same thing that happens when one is surrounded by anything constantly. it makes that thing "normal". it gets people "use to" it. fighting animals was banned and seen as un-islamic by the taliban when they were in rule from _PHONE_. but as mindsets and movement gradually changed to that of constant poverty, starvation, stress, fighting, war and accepted superiority/inferiority, so did movement. so the afghan people began to accept these things as "what is". and then adults who were children when this "what is" was made "what is" know nothing but war. and their "who i am" grows from that starting point..
animal fighting is alive and well currently in afghanistan. such excitement is generated from these animal fights. and the animals who win are seen as heroes as the dead "loser" animals is seen as lame and inferior. so then ones movement changes to incorporate that which one is being presented with constantly. < that which was made "what is". and then there is still the separation we do to ourselves because there are many who oppose animal fighting, but those will get together to fight -not flytheir kites as a family. there is no fun in the flying, they say. the fun is experienced in the fighting...
what we surround ourselves with we allow to shape who we are. what are we surrounding ourselves with?


Previous:, Up: Operating on characters [Contents][Index]
9.3 unexpand: Convert spaces to tabs
unexpand writes the contents of each given file, or standard input if none are given or for a file of '-', to standard output, converting blanks at the beginning of each line into as many tab characters as needed. In the default POSIX locale, a blank is a space or a tab; other locales may specify additional blank characters. Synopsis:
unexpand [option]… [file]…
By default, unexpand converts only initial blanks (those that precede all non-blank characters) on each line. It preserves backspace characters in the output; they decrement the column count for tab calculations. By default, tabs are set at every 8th column.
The program accepts the following options. Also see Common options.
-t tab1[,tab2]…
If only one tab stop is given, set the tabs tab1 columns apart instead of the default 8. Otherwise, set the tabs at columns tab1, tab2, … (numbered from 0), and leave blanks beyond the tab stops given unchanged. Tab stops can be separated by blanks as well as by commas. This option implies the -a option.
For compatibility, GNU unexpand supports the obsolete option syntax, -tab1[,tab2]…, where tab stops must be separated by commas. (Unlike -t, this obsolete option does not imply -a.) New scripts should use --first-only -t tab1[,tab2]… instead.
Also convert all sequences of two or more blanks just before a tab stop, even if they occur after non-blank characters in a line.