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Quantitative Aptitude – Arithmetic – Percentages
Ravi invests 50% of his monthly savings in fixed deposits. Thirty percent of the rest of hi√√s savings is invested in stocks and the rest goes into Ravi's savings bank account. If the total amount deposited by him in the bank (for savings account and fixed deposits) is Rs 59500, then Ravi's total monthly savings (in Rs) is
As per the question from CAT 2017 – Quantitative Aptitude – Arithmetic – Percentages, we can assume that,
Total amount of savings as 's'
Amount kept in FD = 0.5s
Savings left = 0.5s
Amount kept in stocks = (0.3) * (0.5) * s = 0.15s
Amount kept in Bank Account = (0.7) * (0.5) * s = 0.35s
Amount deposited in the bank = 0.5s + 0.35s = 0.85s = 59500. So, s = 70000.
CAT 2017 Questions from Quantitative Aptitude – Arithmetic
Quantitative Aptitude – Arithmetic – Percentages – Q1: In a village, the production of food grains increased by 40% and the per capita production of food grains increased by 27% during a certain period.
Quantitative Aptitude – Arithmetic – Percentages – Q2: Out of the shirts produced in a factory, 15% are defective, while 20% of the rest are sold in the domestic market. If the remaining 8840 shirts are left for export, then the number of shirts produced in the factory is
Quantitative Aptitude – Arithmetic – Percentages – Q3: The number of girls appearing for an admission test is twice the number of boys. If 30% of the girls and 45% of the boys get admission, the percentage of candidates who do not get admission is
Quantitative Aptitude – Arithmetic – Mixtures – Q1 : Consider three mixtures – the first having water and liquid A in the ratio 1 : 2, the second having water and liquid B in the ratio 1 : 3, and the third having water and liquid C in the ratio 1 : 4.
Quantitative Aptitude – Arithmetic – Mixtures – Q2: Bottle 1 contains a mixture of milk and water in 7 : 2 ratio and Bottle 2 contains a mixture of milk and water in 9 : 4 ratio.
Quantitative Aptitude – Arithmetic – Time and Work – Q1: Amal can complete a job in 10 days and Bimal can complete it in 8 days. Amal, Bimal and Kamal together complete the job in 4 days and are paid a total amount of Rs 1000 as remuneration.
Quantitative Aptitude – Arithmetic – Time and Work – Q2: A person can complete a job in 120 days. He works alone on Day 1. On Day 2, he is joined by another person who also can complete the job in exactly 120 days.
Quantitative Aptitude – Arithmetic – Time, Speed and Distance
Quantitative Aptitude – Arithmetic – Profit and Loss
Quantitative Aptitude – Arithmetic – Pipes and Cisterns – Ques: A tank has an inlet pipe and an outlet pipe. If the outlet pipe is closed then the inlet pipe fills the empty tank in 8 hours.
Quantitative Aptitude – Arithmetic – Averages
Quantitative Aptitude – Arithmetic – Ratios
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European Network of Migrant Women
Equal rights and fair treatment for migrant and refugee women and girls of different ethnic backgrounds living in Europe - free from violence, oppression and discrimination.
We strive to combat discrimination and promote the rights and interests of migrant and refugee women within the Europe through coordinated advocacy, exchange of information, capacity building activities, projects and events and representing ENoMW members at both the European and the National level.
To promote equal treatment, equal rights and better integration for migrant women in Europe. Provide regular input on all areas of EU policy development and implementation that have an impact on migrant women's lives. Help shape social policies and design action programmes addressing migrant women's specific needs. Represent member's organisations and lobby for and with migrant women to have a stronger voice at the international, European and state level. Support and empower migrant women organisations and movements through training, resources and collobarative actions.
The ENoMW adheres to human rights standards and international commitments. The ENoMW acknowledges the gendered dimension of immigration. The ENoMW believes that the migration and asylum policies and legislation should be gender sensitive and reflect the fact that migration affects women and men differently. The ENoMW acknowledges that migrant women are affected by Violence against Women in a way that exacerbates their negative experiences, due to racism, gender insensitive migration policies as well as lack of family support, cultural exclusion, legal, economic and communication barriers. The ENoMW believes that the protection of the dignity, integrity and privacy of migrant women throughout the process of immigration, asylum and integration are paramount in fulfilling full human rights of migrant women. The ENoMW recognises that migrant women organisations in Europe play a crucial role in facilitating integration of migrant women by providing information, education and counselling.
♀ ENOMW is a multi-ethnic secular umbrella organisation with the core values rooted in EQUALITY, JUSTICE AND FEMINISM.
♀ ENOMW is a female-only migrant women led organisation that recognises historic structural exclusion of women of colour, ethnic minorities women, migrant and refugee women in Europe.
♀ We recognise the unique and indispensable role of migrant women led organisations in creating safe spaces for the women of migrant descent. We are committed to strengthening migrant women's leadership, increasing their visibility and celebrating their contributions into European societies.
♀ ENOMW recognises that females are a universally and uniquely oppressed group. Discrimination against women is an outcome of globally manifest patriarchal norms and traditions that crosscut ethnic, cultural, economic and age differences.
♀ As a secular platform ENOMW affirms the importance of separation of religion and state. Practicing a religion is an individual freedom that should not interfere with other individual and collective freedoms. Being secular does not exclude having a religious conviction and/or practicing a religion.
♀ No cultural, ethnic or religious practices can or should justify infringement on or violation of universal human rights of women and girls. Any ideas of "cultural relativism" that naturalise inequalities between the sexes are incompatible with ENOMW core values and international human rights framework.
♀ ENOMW recognises that discrimination against women is historically entrenched in other patriarchal projects such as colonialism, imperialism, war-fare and exploitation of natural resources. The sex-based discrimination of women is intrinsically linked with and compounded by other forms of oppression based on race, ethnicity, class, age, legal status, disability and sexual orientation.
♀ ENOMW recognises that gender is a social construct imposed on individuals based on their sex through artificially designed patriarchal roles & stereotypes. Those are damaging to all and are particularly harmful for women. Eliminating gender stereotypes is paramount to fulfilling women's human rights.
♀ ENOMW acknowledges females' unique sexual-reproductive capacity. We recognise the control and violence the women have been subjected to historically on basis of this capacity (FGM, denial of abortion/contraception, forced marriage, sterilisation, rape, among others). ENOMW is committed to exposing, preventing and combating ALL forms of violence and discrimination aimed at limiting, controlling and exploiting female sexuality and female reproductive biology.
♀ ENOMW believes that sexual desire and consent can never be obtained through commercial transactions. We recognise that every woman, regardless of her economic or social status, has the right to sexual relationship based on equality, mutuality and respect, free from psychological, physical or material coercion, pressure or manipulation.
♀ ENOMW recognises that the sex trade, prostitution, pornography and other forms of exploitation of female sexuality are outcomes of unequal power relations between women and men, male economic privilege & sexual entitlement and sexual objectification & commodification of women. They constitute one of the most pervasive forms of violence and discrimination against women.
♀ ENOMW acknowledges that male violence is a pandemic problem affecting women across cultures, classes and ethnicities and manifest at inter-personal, familial, communal and institutional levels. We are committed to political goals of eliminating systemic root causes of this violence.


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The Importance of Barley to Brewing Beer
When you hear the words cereal grains, you might think of Rice Krispies, Corn Flakes, Wheat Chex, or Quaker Oatmeal. But you may be surprised to know that cereal grains (not the flakes — the grains) and many other grains can be used to make different kinds of beer. But the cereal grain that lends itself best to beer making is barley.
Before barley grain can be used to make beer, it must undergo a process known as malting, in which moisture stimulates the natural germination process inside the grain.
Malted barley gives beer its color, malty sweet flavor, dextrins to give the beer body, protein to form a good head, and perhaps most important, the natural sugars needed for fermentation. Barley's role in beer making is equivalent to grapes' role in winemaking: fundamental. Malted barley comes in a variety of colors, flavors, and degrees of roastiness that profoundly affect the color and taste of the beer.
Although barley is the most commonly used grain in beer making, many brewers use additional grains, such as wheat, oats, or rye, to imbue their beer with different flavors. These specialty grains all serve the purpose of creating different flavors and levels of complexity in the beer (and perplexity in the beer critic). The principal difference between these grains and cheaper, adjunct grains, like rice or corn, is that specialty grains are used to enhance the barley, not replace it.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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How to clean a keyboardLevel of difficulty: EASY
A keyboard is the primary input and control device. One can enter data and issue commands through the keyboard. There are many different keyboard layouts and of different size. The keyboard features typing information into the computer or input information. The standard keyboard has 101 keys. So that provides a clear picture about its importance. But the computer keyboards are also constantly exposed to dust and the germ full fingers. As a result, there is a probability of non-functioning of the keyboard. So, there comes the task of cleaning the keyboard and ensure that the sticky keys remain dust free and clean. Regarding cleaning of a keyboard, there are different levels of cleaning of the keyboard. The first one is moderate cleaning for every week while the second one is thorough cleaning for complete cleaning of the keyboard. Coming to moderate cleaning, the steps and requirements are very simple.
- some drops of cleaning solution
- DIRT FREE CLOTH.
- DIRT FREE CLOTH.
First the keyboard has to be unplugged and has to be held upside down to remove any waste particle lying in between the keys. Even we can use the hose of a vacuum cleaner to remove them.
Then some drops of cleaning solution have to be applied on a cotton bud and with its help, we have to clean the keys from the sides and for the sides of the keyboard, we can opt for a piece of cloth with the same cleaning solution applied on it. Now, speaking of thorough cleaning, it is also very easy but special care needs to be taken while executing the cleaning process.
Shutting down the PC, we can remove the keys and gently lift the key top.
While extracting the keys, we just need to make sure that we have made a note about the placement of the keys or we might face a problem in repositioning them.
An important mention is needed for the bigger keys like spacebar, shift or the backspace keys. It can difficult to put back those larger keys and that is why it is better not to remove them.
Then, take cotton applying a cleaning solution, we have to scrub out moist and dirt from the keyboard.
Finally position the keys as per their previous arrangement and we have a nice and clean keyboard at our service.
For proper running of the computer, cleaning the computer is a vital factor. The minimum debris can lead to disrupt functioning of the keyboard and ultimately creating disaster. So, why not take the proper preventive measure and avail ourselves a smooth service. Start cleaning the computer keyboard and go for a cleaner, germ-free keyboard.
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Despite being polar opposites conceptually, the two most fundamental grammatical classes—noun and verb—show extensive parallelism. One similarity is that both divide into two major subclasses: count vs. mass for nouns, perfective vs. imperfective for verbs. Allowing for the intrinsic conceptual difference between nouns and verbs, these oppositions are precisely the same. The essential feature of count nouns and perfective verbs is that the profiled thing or process is construed as being bounded within the immediate scope in a particular cognitive domain: the domain of instantiation, characterized as the domain where instances of a type are primarily conceived as residing and are distinguished from one another by their locations. For nouns, the domain of instantiation varies, although space is prototypical; for verbs, the relevant domain is always time. Correlated with bounding are other distinguishing properties: internal heterogeneity (for count and perfective) vs. homogeneity (for mass and imperfective); contractibility (the property of masses and imperfectives whereby any subpart of an instance is itself an instance of its type); and expansibility (whereby combining two mass or imperfective instances yields a single, larger instance). Count vs. mass and perfective vs. imperfective are not rigid lexical distinctions, but are malleable owing to alternate construals as well as systematic patterns of extension. The conceptual characterization of perfective and imperfective verbs explains their contrasting behavior with respect to the English progressive and present tense.
Keywords: bounding, construal, count noun, domain of instantiation, immediate scope, imperfective verb, mass noun, noun, perfective verb, present tense, progressive, semantic extension, type vs. instance, verb
Oxford Scholarship Online requires a subscription or purchase to access the full text of books within the service. Public users can however freely search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter.
If you think you should have access to this title, please contact your librarian.


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Every day we face situations that call for our spatial abilities. Locating yourself in the street, analysing diagrams and plans, playing video games or picturing how things might look from another angle all involve our spatial reasoning abilities.
As its most basic, spatial reasoning involves the ability to create, understand and differentiate spatial patterns, along with drawing conclusions and solving problems based on these visualizations.
REASONING - SPATIAL measures the spatial reasoning abilities of an individual and offers a reliable estimation of his ability to combine concepts based on projective skills.
These abilities are of most importance in the areas of STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics), but they can also useful in other professions, as spatial intelligence goes beyond cognitive skills providing a more comprehensive view of ideas and concepts.
REASONING - SPATIAL assessment is recommended for recruitment to positions in STEM domains in particular, but also for jobs that require mental manipulation of 2D and 3D objects. People with high spatial abilities would be more comfortable interpreting diagrams and graphs, or generating abstract and schematic mental images.
Selection for Universities / Business Schools
Nowadays, the student potential is evaluated mainly on the basis of verbal and numerical abilities, spatial skills being often ignored.
As a result, students with excellent spatial skills who do not perform well on verbal or numerical tests are at a disadvantage.
Thus, STEM courses such as those in the engineering and physical sciences are missing talented students during the admissions.
Recent studies have shown that spatial ability can play an important role in the development of creative thinking and innovation. By detecting and cultivating these skills, universities and business schools may offer better opportunities to improve student innovation potential.
Target groups: STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) and noSTEM professions such as marketing or design. Questionnaire: 8 questions Time: 16 minutes maximum (timed) Languages: English and French
Evaluates a candidate's general intelligence (IQ)
Uses original and varied questions
Provides detailed solutions to the questions (on demand)
Spatial intelligence includes different dimensions. REASONING - SPATIAL measures an essential dimension of spatial intelligence: mental rotation.
This ability requires very good skills in mental visualization skills since it is about to mentally represent a complex object and repositioning it in time and space.
Mental rotation is useful in everyday life and in many professional fields, for example in interior architecture, sculpture or pottery, even in haute couture.
General description of reasoning abilities
Comparison between STEM and no-STEM population
Test solutions (this feature is activated on demand)


UNCTAD joins hands with IMO urging collaborative action to designate seafarers as key workers to keep trade flowing
UNCTAD and IMO issue joint-statement calling for action by government states to facilitate crew changes.
To reinforce the call that seafarers play a vital role in ensuring the continuity of sustaining global trade during this critical COVID-19 pandemic, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the International Maritime Organization ( IMO) issued a joint statement urging government states to recognise them as key workers and support ship crew changeovers. This will enable shipping to continue to operate safely; allowing for ships to keep moving, ports open and cross-border trade to flow carrying essential goods needed and not be hampered by the pandemic and the associated containment measures. It is more crucial than ever that these activities remain viable during these extraordinary times so that some form of normality can be sustained taking into account the various COVID-19 measures undertaken by governments.
BIMCO applauds the call by UNCTAD and IMO and hopes that to keep trade flowing with transport of essential goods, governments will facilitate crew changes or continue to do so proactively as crew changes cannot be postponed indefinitely.
Read the full statement.
BIMCO COVID-19 related links:
Implementation page for detailed information on individual countries
Crew change challenges for overview on restrictions to crew change
For all COVID-19 pages, visit _URL_
Source: BIMCO
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Great Plains, _PHONE_
the time North Dakota was first settled, farmers disliked having to
deal with out-of-state banks, grain companies, and railroad companies.
They also disliked the power these businesses held in North Dakota
politics. Farmers felt that they were not being treated fairly. In
1915 farmers formed the Nonpartisan League (NPL) in North Dakota.
NPL members thought that state ownership of grain elevators, flour
mills, and banks would solve many of their problems. They trusted
their own state more than they did outsiders.
North Dakota began a state-owned bank in 1919 and built a state-owned
mill and elevator in 1922, both of which are still in operation today.
Through the election of 1916 they took control of state government
but lost much of their power beginning in 1920. The NPL did not solve
as many farm problems as they had hoped. By 1925, because of internal
disagreements and the economic depression of the early 1920s, the
NPL had lost much of its power.
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Photographs from the Fred Hultstrand and F.A. Pazandak

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The latest animated Pixar movie "Coco" follows the journey of a boy named Miguel and his adventure through the Land of the Dead. In his journey he meets a dead man who wants his daughter to remember him.
The only problem is that the dead man's daughter is elderly and suffers from dementia, making her unable to remember her father let alone the living members of her family around her. Upon returning from his adventure Miguel plays a song that the dead father wrote and it revives the memory of the elderly daughter.
While the degree and speed of this recovery is unrealistic, it hints at some truth regarding dementia and musical memories. Dementia affects over 47 million people around the world and is a severely traumatic experience for many families. Experts have discovered evidence that musical experiences are sometimes spared the degenerative effects of dementia.
There is debate in the medical community about how much music has the ability to treat victims of dementia. While it is commonly agreed that music can cue memory of experiences, it is less evident that it is able to bring back particular details of those experiences.
Studies into the effects of music on dementia sufferers have had mixed results but this could partly be because of flaws in methodology. For example some studies require subjects to name a song after hearing it and while they can follow the tune or remember lyrics the exact title of the song still escapes them.
There are also different kinds of music related memories. The ability for someone with dementia to remember an event or concert can be different from their memory of how to sing a song or play an instrument.
In the case of the Pixar film it is plausible that the performance of a certain song could bring back powerful memories of performing it with a parent. It is less likely that it would beat back the effects of degenerating brain tissue that causes the more widespread loss of memory.
Coco is definitely not a film grounded in scientific plausibility and it's not trying to be. What the film does right is demonstrate the potential power of music on human memory. Even though the plot of the film exaggerates the recovery possible, it highlights this power nevertheless.
This part of the film speaks as part of a broader message about dementia sufferers, where they can approach the end of their lives with dignity and surrounded by loved ones.
As our Managing Content Editor, James works hard to ensure that our readership gets a variety of engaging and accurate content every day. No matter what the subject matter is, he is eager to tackle the issue head on and give readers the information they desire. Having graduated with a Bachelor of Communications, James is well-equipped to cover today's most relevant topics. On Best in Australia, James writes about a wide variety of topics, but is primarily responsible for authoring our politics section.


innalzarsi a pinnacolo in Arabic
innalzarsi a pinnacolo
(Italian to Arabic translation)
 1+ w
 1+ w
Synonyms of : innalzarsi a pinnacolo
munire di guglie
innalzarsi a pinnacolo
Example sentences of : innalzarsi a pinnacolo
Antonyms of : innalzarsi a pinnacolo
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text:
GEMS Education has a global network of world class international schools. With 50 years of experience in education, GEMS provides high quality holistic education to over 100,000 students from 150 countries. It employs over 9,000 education professionals, specialists and staff from around the world.
The GEMS approach to learning focuses not only on academic excellence, but also in helping students develop their character and creativity so that they achieve their full potential as human beings.
GEMS Education also supports Governments' education reform agenda by working with Ministries of Education to lift school performance and improve the standards and expertise of government schools across the globe.
GEMS Education has offices in the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, India and Singapore.
The Post: Assistant Company Secretary
Reporting to the senior director of business operations this post will be responsible for the planning of committee meetings across the group ensuring the availability of attendees, facilities and required equipment, arranging conference calls and the attendance of required participants.
- Develop and manage a robust document library of minute's, agendas and supporting documents for the internal committees and manage the distribution and communication of information across internal committees.
- The production of committee packs including compiling and distribution of agendas prior to scheduled meetings.
- Attending and minuting of committee meetings, the distribution of minutes and liaison with the Chairman's office, Committee Executives and their respective assistants to ensure the delivery of agreed action points in a timely manner.
- Assisting the company secretary in matters relating to board meetings including the minuting and scheduling of meetings.
- Manage the escalation of issues arising from internal committee meetings ensuring their timely resolution and the provision of outcomes to respective committee members.
In order to be considered for this appointment you should have a minimum of 10 years experience as Assistant Company Secretary or Board level Executive PA within a Fortune 500/FTSE 250 or large publicly listed organisation and be used to managing confidential and time critical information.
ILEX/IQPS Qualified with Pitman/T–Line would be advantageous but not essential.
- Job Location:
- Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Company Industry:
- Education, Training, and Library; Administration; Legal
- Company Type:
- Employer (Private Sector)
- Job Role:
- Joining Date:
- Employment Status:
- Full time
- Employment Type:
- Monthly Salary Range:
- Manages Others:
- Number of Vacancies:
- Career Level:
- Mid Career
- Years of Experience:
- Min: 7
- Residence Location:
- United Arab Emirates


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This month Nature Climate Change published an article estimating the potential macroeconomic impact of stranded fossil fuel assets across countries and according to different scenarios. In their study, they found that a certain amount of stranded fossil fuel assets will already occur due to the ongoing technological trajectory. Moreover, if new 2°C-compliant policies are implemented, the loss in global wealth may range from USD 1 bn to USD 4 bn, the latter being comparable to the loss of the 2008 financial crisis.
Stranded fossil fuel asset losses and impacts across countries
According to the article, implementing new 2°C-aligned policies will create winners and losers. As these policies would result in a decline in fossil fuel demand, net importers (mainly the EU and China) could stand to gain from these policies. Producers with high marginal costs of fossil fuel production – like the United-States, Canada, and Russia – would be the losers in this scenario. Furthermore, a single producing country cannot alter the trajectory on its own. Only the decisions of the sum of the consuming countries determine the amount of wealth lost. This should be considered by policymakers willing to revive fossil fuel industries unless they are betting that we will not be able to limit the increase in global temperature at 2°C above pre-industrial levels.
Ruben Haalebos, Data Analyst – Sources: Beyond Ratings, Nature Climate Change


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We always recommend reviewing your dog's nutrition as part of the 4 Step Plan for managing your dogs skin disorder.
How can a raw diet help skin diseases?
The simple, fresh, nutritious nature of the raw diet, along with the flexibility to tailor diets to an individual, provides a useful tool in managing skin disease directly linked to nutrition, as well as aiding in a multi-modal approach to resolving other non-food related skin conditions.
1. Primary food intolerances
When a primary food intolerance is suspected a complete raw diet can provide a highly palatable, balanced, naturally hypoallergenic option. While some people find blood testing for food allergies useful they do not always accurately correlate with real life and exclusion diets which systematically eliminate potential allergens are the only way to reach a reliable diagnosis.
An exclusion/elimination diet should include a single protein source which is classed as 'novel', this means it has not been fed to the pet before (and so is unlikely to be the cause of the allergy). Ideally the carbohydrate source should also be novel, for example sweet potato, and it is recommended to avoid grain and gluten as there appears to be an increasing number of pets intolerant to these. This diet should be fed exclusively for at least 6 weeks with no access to any other treats/bones/human food. If symptoms subside during this time, a challenge may be undertaken whereby the pet is returned to its previous diet and monitored for recurrence of symptoms.
It is crucial to ensure the raw diet is complete and balanced with no deficiencies or excesses of nutrients as these can commonly manifest as skin problems and will complicate or delay diagnosis.
2. Skin conditions not directly caused by nutrition
A raw diet can still help support skin health and recovery even when the cause of disease is not directly related to nutrition. As the skin is continuously renewing it requires a supply of good quality building blocks as well as a range of vitamins and minerals to achieve this. The high quality protein in raw diets provides a plentiful and easily digestible supply, and the complete and balanced options will ensure the essential nutrients are appropriately balanced. The natural oils also help rejuvenate the recovering skin and coat with essential fatty acids present in the fresh frozen ingredients. These fats, such as the omega-3's, often degrade in dry foods as a result of oxidation and rancidity but can be locked in with a freshly frozen raw meal.
Maintaining a healthy weight is also essential in managing skin conditions as it enables adequate self-grooming, which is often hindering by obesity, and reduces the formation of skin folds which can predispose to more common skin disorders. An appropriate raw diet can help achieve this by promoting a lean body condition.
Most people have heard the saying 'you are what you eat' and this still holds true for our pets. The skin and coat are very visible indicators of health and with a fresh, natural, balanced raw diet our pets can avoid the junk food and support healthy skin with simple great nutrition.
Written by Natures Menu's very own vet Dr Claire Millar BVetMed CertAVP MRCVS


text:
American College of Sports Medicine honors Brett Wong's research as nation's best
EUGENE, Ore. -- Brett Wong is on a mission to help uncover the mechanism that regulates our ability to withstand heat stress. The goal is to help improve survival rates among those who suffer the most during heat waves: the elderly and people with conditions such as diabetes and heart disease.
The award-winning University of Oregon doctoral degree student's research is the first to identify histamine receptors as contributing to increased blood flow during heat stress. Skin blood flow is a key factor in compensating for exposure to prolonged heat waves.
"These are the same receptors that are involved in seasonal allergies for which people take antihistamines," says Wong, who is the lead author on an article describing his findings in the November issue of the Journal of Physiology. Co-authors are Brad W. Wilkins, research associate, and Christopher Minson, assistant professor of human physiology and co-director of the UO Exercise and Environmental Physiology Laboratories.
Theirs is the first study designed to examine a potential role for histamine receptors in skin blood flow in humans. They tested the H1 and H2 histamine receptors and found that only the H1 receptor was involved in skin blood flow changes. The National Institutes of Health (Heart, Lung and Blood Institute) funded the study.
"Many deaths in the Midwest have been associated with an inability to increase skin blood flow and regulate body temperature," Wong says. "If we can understand the basic science behind increasing skin blood flow in healthy young individuals, we'll be able to help at-risk populations."
Led by Wong, the UO research team outfitted 11 human subjects in water-perfused suits and increased their core body temperature to about 100 degrees Fahrenheit. He threaded four hollow microfibers into the skin on their forearms and used microdialysis to target doses of nitric oxide or two types of antihistamines. Laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) was used to monitor changes in skin blood flow during heat stress.
"I personally don't like needles but it's a very powerful technique to study skin blood flow," says Wong, who knows firsthand what the subjects will experience, having tested the technique on himself.
A water-perfused suit is designed to tightly control skin temperature. The subjects wore a plastic coverall over the water-perfused suit, and the feet were wrapped in towels and plastic bags to minimize heat loss.
Current evidence suggests that sweating and increased skin blood flow (cutaneous active vasodilation) is mediated by the co-release of a neurotransmitter with acetylcholine from cholinergic nerves in the skin. However, the precise mechanism of action, and even the neurotransmitter itself, is unknown.
Earlier this year, Wong's previous work in this area won the top national award for student research from the American College of Sports Medicine. The prize is given annually to only one student in the United States whose research is considered to be the most outstanding in the country.
Originally from Sierra Madre, Calif., Wong earned a bachelor's degree from the University of California at Davis. His master's degree is from the UO, and he expects to complete his doctoral degree in summer 2005. He plans to continue his research and eventually to teach in a university setting.
Source: Eurekalert & othersLast reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
I do not think there is any other quality so essential to success of any kind as the quality of perseverance. It overcomes almost everything, even nature.
-- John D. Rockefeller


=𝒩, for each order of 𝜖, we get0𝑤0=0,(91)0𝑤1+1𝑤0=𝒩0,(92)0𝑤2+1𝑤1+2𝑤0=𝒩1.(93) Here0=𝒟𝜙𝒟Pr1𝜕𝑄2𝜕𝑧2𝒟2𝑅𝑀𝜕2𝜕𝑥2𝒟𝜙,1=𝜕𝜕𝜏1𝜕+22𝜕𝑥𝑋2,2=𝜕1+𝜕𝜕𝑇4𝜕𝑥2𝑋2𝑀2𝒟𝜙𝒟+𝑀𝒟Pr1+Λ𝒟2Λ𝑀𝒟𝒟𝜙+Λ𝑀𝒟𝜙2𝜕+𝑄2𝜕𝑧2+𝜕+𝑅22𝜕𝑋2𝜕+22𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑋×𝒟𝜕𝜏𝜙𝒟Pr1𝑀+𝜙Pr2Pr1𝒟Pr12𝜙Pr2Pr1Λ𝑀+1𝑀𝜙Pr1𝒟2+1𝑀2𝜙Pr1𝒟𝒟𝜙+𝜙Pr2Pr1𝒟𝒟Pr1Λ𝑀+1𝑀2𝜙Pr1𝒟𝜙2𝜕𝑄2𝜕𝑧2𝜙𝑅Pr2𝑀Pr1+𝜕2𝜕𝜏2𝜙Pr2Pr1𝒟Pr12+Pr2𝑀2Pr21𝒟2+1𝑀2𝜙Pr1𝒟𝜙2𝑅𝑀2𝒟𝜙,(94) where1=𝒟𝜙𝒟Pr1+𝜙Pr2Pr1𝒟𝒟Pr1+1𝑀2𝜙Pr1𝒟𝒟𝜙2𝑄2𝜕2𝜕𝑧2𝜙𝑅Pr2𝑀Pr12,2=𝒟𝒟𝜙𝒟𝜙2𝑀𝒟2𝒟Pr1Λ𝑀𝒟𝒟𝜙2+𝑄2𝜕2𝜕𝑧2𝜕𝑄𝒟2𝜕𝑧2𝑅𝑀𝒟𝜙+𝑅2.(95) Equation (91) is linear problem. We get critical Rayleigh number for the onset of oscillatory convection by using the zeroth-order solution 𝑤0 in (91). At 𝑂(𝜖2),𝒩0=0 and 1𝑤0=0 gives𝜕𝐴1𝐿𝜕𝜏𝑣𝑔𝜕𝐴1𝐿𝜕𝑋=0,𝜕𝐴1𝑅𝜕𝜏𝑣𝑔𝜕𝐴1𝑅𝜕𝑋=0,(96) where 𝑣𝑔=(𝜕𝜔/𝜕𝑞)𝑞=𝑞oc is the group velocity and is real. Hence from (92), we get 𝑤1=0. From equation of continuity we find that 𝑢1=0. Substituting the zeroth-order and first-order approximation into (56) and (58) we get,𝜃1=𝜋𝑀2||𝐴1𝐿||2+||𝐴1𝑅||2𝑡1+2𝑒1𝑒4𝐽1+2𝑒1𝑒4𝐽1𝑣sin2𝜋𝑧,1𝐻=0,𝑦1𝐻=0,𝑥1=𝑖𝜋2𝑀𝑞ocPr2Pr11𝑒21𝑒2||𝐴1𝐿||2||𝐴1𝑅||2𝐻sin2𝜋𝑧,𝑧1=2𝜋2Pr2Pr11𝑒2𝑒5𝐴21𝐿𝑒2𝑖(𝑞oc𝑥+𝜔oc𝑡)+1𝑒2𝑒5𝐴21𝑅𝑒2𝑖(𝑞oc𝑥𝜔oc𝑡)+14𝑀𝑞2oc1𝑒2+1𝑒2𝐴1𝐿𝐴1𝑅𝑒2𝑖𝑞oc𝑥,+c.c.(97) where 𝑡1=(1/4𝜋2)(1/𝑒1+1/𝑒1), 𝐽1=𝐴1𝐿𝐴1𝑅𝑒2𝑖𝜔oc𝑡, 𝑒4=(4𝜋2+2𝑖𝜔oc), and 𝑒5=(4𝑀𝑞2oc+2𝑖𝜙𝜔ocPr2/Pr1) and 𝑒4, 𝑒5 and 𝐽1 are complex conjugate of 𝑒4,𝑒5 and 𝐽1, respectively.
Equation (93) is solvable when 0𝑤0=0, one requires that its right-hand side be orthogonal to 𝑤0, which is ensured that if the coefficients of sin𝜋𝑧 in 𝒩12𝑤0 are equal to zero. This implies thatΛ0𝜕𝐴1𝐿𝜕𝑇+Λ1𝜕𝜕𝜏𝑣𝑔𝜕𝐴𝜕𝑋2𝐿Λ2𝜕2𝐴1𝐿𝜕𝑋2Λ3𝐴1𝐿+Λ4||𝐴1𝐿||2𝐴1𝐿+Λ5||𝐴1𝑅||2𝐴1𝐿Λ=0,0𝜕𝐴1𝑅𝜕𝑇+Λ1𝜕𝜕𝜏𝑣𝑔𝜕𝐴𝜕𝑋2𝑅Λ2𝜕2𝐴1𝑅𝜕𝑋2Λ3𝐴1𝑅+Λ4||𝐴1𝑅||2𝐴1𝑅+Λ5||𝐴1𝐿||2𝐴1𝑅=0,(98) whereΛ0=1𝑀2𝜙Pr1𝑒1𝑒2+𝑒2𝑒3+𝜙Pr2Pr1𝑒1𝑒3+𝑄𝜋2𝛿2oc𝑅oc𝑞2oc𝜙Pr2𝑀Pr1,Λ1=𝛿2oc𝑒3𝜙Pr2Pr1+𝑒1Pr2𝑀2Pr21+𝑒2𝑀2𝜙Pr1,Λ2=4𝑞2oc𝑒2𝑒3+𝑀𝑒3𝛿2oc+Λ𝑒1𝛿2oc+Λ𝑀𝑒1𝑒2+𝑀𝑒1𝑒3+Λ𝑀𝑒2𝛿2oc+𝑄𝜋2,Λ𝑅3=𝑅𝑀𝑞2oc𝑒2,Λ4𝜋=𝑄4𝑀Pr22Pr21𝑒11𝑒21𝑒22𝑄𝜋4Pr22Pr21𝑒1𝑒51𝛿2oc+𝜋23𝑞2oc𝑒2+𝑅𝑀3𝜋2𝑞2


text:
2287 Scarce Dagger Acronicta auricoma
([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)Wingspan 36-42 mm.
Formerly resident in the south-east of England, it became extinct as a breeding species in the early 1900s. Since then, around a dozen immigrant examples have been found, mainly along the south and south-east coast.
It has two generations, flying in May and June, and again from mid-July to August, and occupies mainly wooded areas.
The larvae feed on a range of foodplants including oak (Quercus) and bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus).


text:
Courtesy of Jane Looney
Courtesy of Jane Looney
Teachers, bank tellers, certified nurse assistants and college students participate in it. Single parents, working families and growing children benefit from it. "It" is WIC – the Women, Infants and Children program at San Juan Basin Health Department.
Some people may know that WIC provides food for pregnant mothers and families with children younger than 5.
"A lot of folks are surprised that it's not just about food vouchers," said Jenny Harrison, WIC program director.
It is also about nutrition education; monitoring healthy development; providing resources such as WIC cookbooks; breast-feeding empowerment and referrals to other helpful programs.
"Families are really surprised how personalized their experience is with WIC based on their needs, assessments and goals," Harrison said.
Good nutrition is key to a healthy pregnancy. Through providing specific healthful foods and guidance from its counselors, WIC assists women through pregnancy and after. Exclusive breast-feeding is strongly encouraged because it helps decrease obesity in children along with many other benefits to mother and baby. San Juan Basin Health WIC, which has offices in Durango, Ignacio and Pagosa Springs, has a 95 percent breast-feeding rate at birth. Not only is breast-feeding encouraged for at least a year, it is supported with WIC peer counselors who are available to mothers for home visits and by phone.
"After birth, the quality of a child's nutrition is critical to brain growth," said Harrison, who is a registered dietitian.
There are other elements in ensuring healthy children, so WIC counselors also check in with their clients about whether the child's immunizations are current, if there are any dental-health issues and whether mother and child are following up with their primary-care physician.
During the first year, they also regularly monitor the baby's weight and height and explain what and when foods should be introduced.
"There are few extended families these days, especially here in Durango, and doctors' offices often don't have that type of time," Harrison said.
So, WIC provides those added services and referrals.
As the children get older, WIC continues providing money for specific foods along with education. A big push through the year has been on the My Plate program (choosemyplate.gov), which focuses on portion sizes and food variety. Getting enough fruits and vegetables is continually reinforced along with ideas for active play.
"We see a variety of hard-working people that are just trying to survive in this very expensive community," Harrison said, "and we are happy to provide these families with healthy foods like milk, peanut butter, whole grains, fruits and vegetables along with our other services."
At the end of each visit, the counselor works with the family to set a goal. A mother, for example, might choose having a vegetable at dinner every night.
"We check in at the next appointment," Harrison said. "These may be small baby steps, but small steps turn out to be big by the time the child reaches age 5."
WIC is free to Colorado residents who qualify. To learn more, visit _URL_ or call _PHONE_.
Jane Looney is the communications director for the San Juan Basin Health Department.


text:
Ancient Amber Preserves 52-Million-Year-Old Biological Partnership
Fossil provides evidence of early symbosis
between fungi and tropical trees
Preserved for 52 million years in a piece of Indian amber the size of a walnut, a rare fossil discovered by an international team of scientists from the United States, Germany, and India documents a biological partnership that makes the survival of most terrestrial plants possible.
This long-standing symbiotic relationship between soil fungi and plant roots is called mycorrhizae. With fine thread-like cells, the fungus increases the root surface for the plant, enabling the host plant to access more nutrients. In return, the fungus receives energy from the plant in the form of sugars. This symbiosis also has been shown to enhance a plant's resistance to pathogens and the effects of drought.
"Mycorrhizal relationships are believed to have arisen more than 400 million years ago, as plants began to colonize terrestrial habitats," said Paul Nascimbene of the American Museum of Natural History's Division of Invertebrate Zoology. "They are seen as a key innovation in the evolution of vascular plants."
There are two primary types of mycorrhizae: endomycorrhizae, found in more than 80 percent of all plant species studied, and ectomycorrhizae, which occurs in roughly 10 percent of plant species.
Nascimbene is part of a research team led by Alexander Schmidt from Göttingen University in Germany that has discovered the first fossil ectomycorrhizae associated with flowering plants. Details about the fossil, which was found in a piece of Indian amber and was formed just 13 million years after the demise of dinosaurs, are published in the December issue of the journal New Phytologist. The fossil inclusions show various stages of development and reveal a variety of morphological details.
"Mycorrhizae are extremely rare in the fossil record - in fact, only one other fossil ectomycorrhiza has ever been found," said Schmidt. "The Indian amber containing the fossil was produced by the dominant trees of an early tropical rain forest."
Based on the amber's very specific chemistry, as well as on analyses of pollen and fossil wood found in association with the amber, the researchers determined that the tree that produced the resin is likely a member of the dipterocarp family. These are the prevalent trees in Southeast Asia's rainforests today.
The collaboration between paleontologists from the University of Göttingen, the American Museum of Natural History, and the University of Lucknow (India) made detailed study of the fossils possible.
"Unlike most other ambers, the Indian amber's unique chemical properties allow it to be dissolved easily in organic solvents," said Christina Beimforde, a specialist in fossil fungi at Göttingen. "Thus, we were able to extract one of the ectomycorrhiza from the amber and perform ultra-structural analysis using a scanning electron microscope. In this way, we examined the fossil mycorrhizae in as much detail as we can examine living specimens today."
The researchers also detected melanin, a black pigment, in the ectomycorrhiza. It is the first time that melanin has been found in a fossil fungus or in amber.
The discovery of 52-million-year-old mycorrhizae illustrates the stability of terrestrial ecosystems, said Nascimbene, and "has important implications for the health and survival of today's forests and other continental biomes."
American Museum of Natural History (amnh.org)
The American Museum of Natural History, founded in 1869, is one of the world's preeminent scientific, educational, and cultural institutions. The Museum encompasses 45 permanent exhibition halls and galleries for temporary exhibitions, the Rose Center for Earth and Space with the Hayden Planetarium, state-of-the-art research laboratories and five active research divisions that support more than 200 scientists in addition to one of the largest natural history libraries in the Western Hemisphere and a permanent collection of more than 32 million specimens and cultural artifacts. Through its Richard Gilder Graduate School, it is the first American museum to grant the Ph.D. degree. In 2012, the Museum will begin offering a pilot Master of Arts in Teaching with a specialization in earth science. Approximately 5 million visitors from around the world came to the Museum last year, and its exhibitions and Space Shows can be seen in venues on five continents. The Museum's website and growing collection of apps for mobile devices extend its collections, exhibitions, and educational programs to millions more beyond its walls. Visit amnh.org for more information.
Media Inquiries: Department of Communications, _PHONE_


text:
Creating and Filling a Sustainable New Product Pipeline
Issue: $70M Consumer Packaged Goods business urgently needed a new product development process and pipeline to meet growth targets, and to quickly and regularly satisfy a major customer's demand for "new news."
- Created new product development process which incorporated needs and constraints of business.
- Identified way to incorporate all previously identified new product ideas into process.
- Created an ongoing Innovation Team, responsible for being the group's innovation "brain trust".
- Team tasked with developing an ongoing familiarity with food trends by utilizing readily available"leading edge indicators" such as the Food Network, food magazines, and gourmet food trends.
- Created worksheet for monitoring and tracking trends.
- Recommended ethnographic research to fill in gaps in consumer understanding.
- Assisted in supplier sourcing.
- Participated in ethnographic research.
- Created pre-work assignments for Brainstorming session.
- Created template for testing ideas using Tournament Testing methodology.
- GM of division attributes all of division's $15M in revenue growth in 2007 to Argentum Strategy Group's work on this project.
- Client pipeline is filled with enough early, middle and late-stage ideas to last them at least 2-3 years.
- Research identified 55 new, promising, consumer-approved ideas, 17 of which are moving into in-depth concept testing.


text:
Version 1.1 - Fixes:
- Fixed the bug that caused a crash if you had a companion during a save.
- A "Speed Slider" has been added that allows the user to select the speed that the game plays out between ranges of 70% to 100%. It is accessed by hitting the "escape" button.
- Many optimizations to the size and frequency of network packets. This will help lower bandwidth connections.
- Faster 3D rendering (making the game generally run faster).
- Fixed rendering error that occurred in some loaded saved games with dragons.
- Fixed a crash bug that could occur during map transitions (unrelated to companions).
- Added detection of corrupt save games file when trying to load.
- Other, smaller bug fixes (such as fixing the tool tips for buttons so that it doesn't show an extra blue dot when there is no tool tip, etc).


USGS - science for a changing world
South Atlantic Water Science Center - Georgia
 home information/data projects publications GWIN RiverCam drought flood about contact
Picture of flooding on Northside Drive at Peachtree Creek, Atlanta.
Peachtree Creek home page. Peachtree Creek home
USGS Water Science Centers are located in each state.
High-water marks and stream stage
Peachtree Creek WaterWatch
Stream stage at Peachtree Creek
High-tech instrumentation is not the only tool used to analyze flood-flow information. Something a simple as a "seed line" can help determine how high the water was (and the subsequent stream stage) during a flood at Peachtree Creek. Instruments that read stream stage can indicate how high the stream stage was during a storm, but cannot show how high water got in the surrounding land and how much land will flood when Peachtree Creek overflows its banks (unless detailed surveys are conducted). One way to determine this is to use high-water marks that occur during floods. If hydrologists can find a high-water mark on a tree or mailbox after a storm, then that information combined with the stream-stage data (from stream-stage records) can be used to estimate how much flooding will occur at different stream stages.
Take our quiz:
Find the high-water marks.
Pictures, from a distance, of plants next to Peachtree Creek - user is supposed to locate visible high water marks on the plants.
Here are a couple of pictures of Peachtree Creek at the Northside Drive bridge (notice the pipes in the background of the top picture). Both pictures were taken on the river bank next to Peachtree Creek a few days after high water occurred during a storm.
Did you find them?
Pictures of a line of dried mud on a plant, indicating high water points. Also picture of leaves stuck in a plant hanging over a stream, indicating where high water hit, but would not be a good indicator of high water.
Page Contact Information:


Economics Tuition – Video by Economics Focus
This e-learning video developed by JC Economics Tutor Simon Ng of Economics Focus is for the chapter of Foreign Exchange, focusing on the application of foreign exchange rate policy to achieve economic stability. The question also demands students to conduct an evaluation of the foreign exchange (forex) policy in achieving the above tasks in relation to other policies.
To what extent is the policy of gradual appreciation of the Singapore Dollar (SGD) always a desirable approach to maintain economic stability in Singapore? [25]
Analysis of The Question
For this question, the requirement of the question is to be able to understand that low inflation and unemployment are two main aims the Singapore government uses to attain sustainable economic growth, while explaining the policy of exchange rate management policy in its usefulness in achieving these aims.
Critically analyse the disadvantages of exchange rate system in achieving economics stability.
Source of Information
Part of knowledge needed for this question:
 - Explain what are price stability and low unemployment
 - Explain the exchange rate system in achieving low inflation
 - Explain, with aid of a diagram, the concept of sustainable growth
 - Explain the benefits of exchange rate policy in the context of Singapore
 - Explain the potential limitations of exchange rate policy in the context of Singapore


Lessons in Art - and Self-Esteem
After 25 years in Quebec's English school system, Christine Harvey still has a rookie's zest
AFTER Christine Harvey's art class had spent six weeks studying and making primitive masks, one eighth-grader was still puzzled: "Why did we spend all our time on this," he asked, "when I could have bought a rubber one at the corner store?"
Ms. Harvey recalls that story with a laugh. In the 25 years that she has taught art in Quebec's English schools, her sense of humor has kept her outlook lively.
Here at Centennial Regional High School just outside Montreal, Harvey is a veteran teacher with the energy and zeal of a rookie. She has a reputation for being difficult, but in a positive way. In the words of one of her ninth-grade students, "She's hard, but good-hard, you know?"
"The kids say I'm never satisfied," Harvey admitted in a Monitor interview. "My priority is in pushing them to be the best they can be. Through art I'm giving them empowerment and self-esteem." She describes herself as a "real directive, pushy teacher" but says it pays off in the long run. "I have had kids come back to me and say how they appreciated it, saying 'You gave me the sense I can do anything.' " That has made her feel successful as one who guides, educates, and motivates, she says.
Harvey came to Canada from England in 1968 and taught art at Lemoyne D'Iberville school until 1990. Over those 22 years, the English school's student body dwindled. So the school became bilingual (English/French). When the English-speaking population dwindled still more, the school became all French-speaking. (See adjoining article.) That brought Harvey to Centennial which, with 1,900 students, is the largest Anglophone school in Quebec.
Vice principal Bob Bennett calls Harvey dedicated, devoted, and a very caring person. "She's really encouraging kids to get into art and promoting fine efforts of kids.... She's been in the business a long time and she still treats the situation like a rookie, putting in the extra time, though she's better because she's had the years of experience."
Harvey says she delights in the high-ceilinged art room bedecked with dozens of students' works: "It used to be the old'shop'; they built an airplane here," she notes. Today the "ninths" are using patterns found in rocks and wood to make their own designs. Ethnically diverse
Centennial has always had a diverse ethnic population, which makes it special, says Harvey. Located in Greenfield Park, the school is known as racially harmonious, much like the surrounding South Shore.
"Because we've always been bilingual, it's allowed other cultures to flourish," says Harvey. The students' ethnicity is part of their identity, she says. "What is a Canadian? First you're Greek, then Canadian; first you're Haitian, then Canadian. That comes from: First you're Quebecois, then Canadian."
At around 12 percent, the drop-out rate here is much lower than Quebec's average of 36 percent. Although Harvey says she sees few students drop out, the reasons they leave school early today are different than years ago. In the 1960s, it was to "search for yourself," she remembers. These days she finds that youths seem to leave out of apathy - they're not going to get a job anyway, they say. (The drop-out rate is typically lower in English schools than French schools, Harvey notes.)
As for most students who stay in school, their attitude seems to be more conservative today. "They've incorporated more middle-class values. They are much more inclined to say 'Well, I hate school, but I have to do it,' " Harvey says. "They're almost like miniature adults." The socio-economic climate probably has a lot to do with their outlook, she reasons: "They're frightened of the recession." In a way, that makes them easier to teach, she says, because they're not as rebellious. In an "anti-teenager" way, she says, they are looking beyond the moment.
Behavior has changed, too, says Harvey. Pupils today have shorter attention spans. The "stick-with-it-ness" is harder to instill, especially in art. "They want immediate attention and immediate feedback. It's a challenge to really make them carry through." That comes from entertainment and the media, she figures. "Kids used to work hard because they made a personal decision to enjoy art and take it seriously. Now it's a case of 'I must succeed in school so I can succeed in life.' But at the same time the y want the quick fix which they get from TV and the movies, fast communications, working on computers.... Kids are also terribly materialistic. They want to get jobs, make money, and buy what they want."
Drugs are nearly nonexistent at Centennial, she finds, saying they are something "we never hear of." Sexual awareness starts much younger, she says, as does AIDS awareness.
A big problem is the "loose language," she says, laying some of the blame on films. If a teacher hears profanity in the hallways, a student is apt to remark casually: "Oh, you weren't supposed to hear that," says Harvey. Years ago, students would have apologized. Parents respect art
Different family structures have also brought on challenges. Single parenting is common. So are remarks such as "Well, my mother's boyfriend said...." Some students have to deal with a parent and "the other," Harvey says, meaning the parent's boyfriend or girlfriend. "That can be really hard on them."
As for the social status of teachers, "I think it's lowered," says Harvey. "Thirty years ago, it was a very elevated position. I think it's been dropping ever since." Most parents - though not all - are respectful and admiring and are very responsive, however.
Parental respect for the subject of art has grown, she notes happily. Before, parents weren't as encouraging about their children pursuing art ("They'll starve!" she mimics). But today, they recognize the possibilities, such as in computer graphics. Although Harvey says she suffers no teacher burnout, she sees it all around her, especially with teachers in their late 40s who are approaching retirement but aren't quite close enough to it.
"Older teachers need to feel needed - not only with kids, but with the administration," she says. Sometimes administration needs to give them "a little pat" once and a while. But often they just assume, "Oh, she's been teaching for years."
"It takes a lot of energy to be a teacher," Harvey says. "It's hard to be 'up' for every class.... Yet energy and enthusiasm are terribly important."
Does she feel successful?
"Yes. That's terribly important or I'd do something else. I think it has to do with the subject I teach and the fact that I'm a born optimist," she says with a smile. She credits her "other outlets" as part of her fuel.
On Saturdays, she prepares adults at Concordia University to be art teachers, for example. During the summers she travels and brings back many ideas and objects.
There's also a close relationship, she says, that often evolves with students and the shared feeling of accomplishment. In art, "there's a lot of talking through."
"I have a feeling of success when I see their pride in their own work," she says, as when students bring their friends in after school to show their work and announce: "This is what I did." Other articles in this series ran Nov. 4 and 18; Dec. 2, 16, and 30; Jan. 21; Feb. 3 and 18; March 2, 16, and 30.
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text:
This document describes fax error correction mode (ECM).
There are no specific requirements for this document.
This document is not restricted to specific software and hardware
Technical Tips Conventions for information on document
The ECM feature in fax communications is optional and is negotiated at
the beginning of a fax call during the Digital Information Signal (DIS)/Digital
Command Signal (DCS) message exchange. If both the sending and receiving fax
devices support ECM, ECM is typically used during the fax call. If either
device does not support or agree to ECM, the fax transaction proceeds as a
normal G3, non-ECM call. This process allows fax devices that support ECM to be
compatible with other fax devices that do not support the feature.
ECM is used to detect and correct errors in the fax page data. In order
to detect and correct errors in the fax page data, ECM divides each fax page
data into blocks, known as partial pages. These partial pages contain
high-level data link control (HDLC) frames that have a Frame Check Sequence
(FCS) value that can be checked to ensure the integrity of the data in that
partial page. The terminating fax machine will checksum the HDLC frames as an
error detection method, and it will request for a frame to be retransmitted if
it is corrupt (that is, contains errors). The retransmittion of errored frames
for a page that contains many errors can be very time consuming and
consequently greatly delay the delivery of a fax or even cause the fax to fail.
Most fax machines automatically redial if a fax transmission does not make it
through. ECM relies on this automatic redial to try again at another time when
there will be an opportunity for a better-quality connection.
The main advantage of ECM is that it guarantees error-free faxes. The
principal disadvantage for ECM is that its persistent error correcting behavior
can cause faxes to fail or take a long time to successfully deliver a fax when
line quality is poor or conditions where there are lots of errors. If this
problem is encountered, most fax devices can easily disable the ECM feature.
Consequently, another disadvantage of ECM when in an IP environment is that it
is less tolerant of packet loss than non-ECM calls.
Cisco gateways that use passthrough as their fax transport method
cannot alter the ECM setting as it is negotiated between the fax endpoints in
the DISC/DCS negotiation. This is because with passthrough the gateways do not
demodulate the T.30 messages, rather they are passed through transparently in a
G.711 codec across the IP network. However, if the gateway uses fax relay as
the fax transport method, then it does demodulate the T.30 messages and can
manipulate the ECM negotiation. On Cisco IOS® voice gateways, the default
behavior is to not manipulate or alter the ECM setting that is negotiated by
the end fax devices. If you need for ECM to be disabled for a fax call
(regardless of the ECM setting decided by the fax endpoints) on Cisco IOS voice
gateways, you can use the Cisco IOS fax-relay ecm disable
configuration command under the VoIP dial peer or, in the case of
MGCP, use the no mgcp fax t38 ecm command. (Note
that the no mgcp fax t38 ecm command also works for
Cisco fax relay.) In order to allow the gateway to override the ECM setting
(bit 27) in the DIS message from the answering fax machine, these commands
demodulate the DIS message and flip bit 27 (the bit that signals ECM support by
the answering fax machine) to indicate that it does not support ECM. As shown
in Figure 1, this process essentially tricks the originating fax machine to
think the answering fax machine does not support ECM, so it responds with a no
ECM support setting in the DCS message, and the call proceeds as a regular
non-ECM fax call.
Figure 1. ECM Feature Disabled by a Cisco
From a message flow perspective, ECM and non-ECM calls are similar. The
main difference is that with ECM the fax page data is broken into partial
pages. The partial pages are blocks of data of a fixed size. There might be one
or more partial pages that correspond to one physical page.
In Figure 2, the message exchange for a standard, two-page G3 fax
transaction using ECM is shown. As illustrated in the image, the first page is
broken into two partial pages while the second page is wholly transmitted by a
single partial page.
Figure 2. ECM Two-Page Fax
The different partial page messages that are used in the T.30 signaling
of an ECM call are:
A PPS-NULL message follows any partial page block that is not the
last block for a page.
The final page block for a particular page is followed by a PPS-MPS
A PPS-EOP is sent when the last block of the last page is transmitted
to indicate there is no more page data to be sent.
The reception of all three PPS messages above are acknowledged by a
Message Confirmation (MCF).
Since the whole point of ECM is to detect and correct any page errors,
it has a T.30 message to signal this. The Partial Page Request (PPR) is the
T.30 message used by the terminating device to indicate that some portion of
the partial page it received contained error(s) and that the originating fax
machine must retransmit that data block. The PPR tells the calling fax device
specifically where in the partial page errors were detected. This process
prevents the originating fax machine from resending the entire partial page
again but still maintains the data integrity of the whole page.
Figure 2 shows that the partial page, which makes up the second
physical page, contained errors. These errors are known because a PPR is sent
by the terminating fax machine to request a retransmission of the corrupted
portion of the partial page. The corrupted portion of the partial page is
retransmitted by the originating fax machine in another Partial Page Signal
(PPS)/End Of Procedure (EOP) message. There are no errors encountered, so the
corrected data block is acknowledged with an MCF, and the call disconnects
gracefully with a DCN (Disconnect) message.


text:
Longitudinal Patterns of Marital Quality: The Case of Divorce, Cohabitation and Race-Ethnicity
Spencer L. James, Brigham Young University
This paper looks for evidence of differences in marital quality across major axes of familial and social stratification, including divorce status, cohabitation experience, and race-ethnicity. Previous work has often compared the overall or average level of marital quality between cohabitors and non-cohabitors, people whose marriages are headed for divorce and people whose marriages are stable for long periods of time, and members of varying race-ethnicities, but no work to my knowledge has examined differences in trajectories between these groups. The multigroup growth curves employed here make it possible to examine changes in marital quality over time in addition to measuring differences in levels of reported marital quality among cohabitors, divorcés, and members of different racial-ethnic groups. The results move beyond traditional representations of divorcés, cohabitors, and racial and ethnic minorities experiencing lower levels of marital quality than their continuously married, non-cohabiting, and White counterparts.
Presented in Poster Session 8


text:
Hand-Phalanx Fracture-Dislocation (PIP Joint)
In case of fracture dislocation of proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP), the indication for surgery is a non-concentric PIP joint. If a concentric reduction can be achieved (flexing the joint), a dorsal block splint in flexion for several weeks can be advised. External fixation devices are available to maintain reduction whilst allowing early motion. If over 40–50% of the joint surface is involved, open surgery is mandatory to restore the joint congruity. We will present the ORIF technique for recent fracture and joint dislocation.
- 2.De Haseth KB, Ring D. Management of finger fractures. In: Bhandari M, editor. Evidence-based orthopedics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. p. 987–92.Google Scholar


text:
Null is a special marker used in Structured Query Language (SQL) to indicate that a
data value does not exist in the database. Introduced by the
creator of the relational database model, E. F. Codd, SQL Null serves to fulfill the
requirement that all true relational database management systems
(RDBMS) support a representation of "missing information
and inapplicable information". Codd also introduced the use of the
lowercase Greek omega (ω) symbol to represent Null in database
NULL is also an SQL reserved keyword
used to identify the Null special marker.
Null has been the focus of controversy and a source of debate because of its associated Three-Valued Logic (3VL), special requirements for its use in SQL joins, and the special handling required by aggregate functions and SQL grouping operators. Although special functions and predicates are provided to properly handle Nulls, opponents feel that resolving these issues introduces unnecessary complexity and inconsistency into the relational model of databases.
Null was introduced by E. F. Codd as a method of representing missing data in the relational model. Codd later reinforced his requirement that all RDBMS' support Null to indicate missing data in a two-part series published in ComputerWorld magazine. Codd also introduced a ternary (three-valued) logic, consisting of the truth values True, False, and Unknown, which is closely tied to the concept of Null. The Unknown truth value is generated whenever Null is compared with any data value, or with another Null.
Codd indicated in his 1990 book The Relational Model for Database Management, Version 2 that the single Null mandated by the SQL standard was inadequate, and should be replaced by two separate Null-type markers to indicate the reason why data is missing. These two Null-type markers are commonly referred to as 'A-Values' and 'I-Values', representing 'Missing But Applicable' and 'Missing But Inapplicable', respectively. Codd's recommendation would have required SQL's logic system be expanded to accommodate a four-valued logic system. Because of this additional complexity, the idea of multiple Null-type values has not gained widespread acceptance.
Since Null is not a member of any data domain, it is not considered a "value", but rather a marker (or placeholder) indicating the absence of value. Because of this, comparisons with Null can never result in either True or False, but always in a third logical result, Unknown. The logical result of the expression below, which compares the value 10 to Null, is Unknown:
10 = NULL -- Results in Unknown
However, certain operations on Null can return values if the value of Null is not relevant to the outcome of the operation. Consider the following example in which the OR statement is evaluated in short-circuited form:
TRUE OR NULL -- Results in True
In this case, the fact that the value on the right of OR is unknowable is irrelevant, because the outcome of the OR operation would be True regardless of the value on the right.
SQL implements three logical results, so SQL implementations must provide for a specialized three-valued logic (3VL). The rules governing SQL three-valued logic are shown in the tables below (p and q represent logical states)"
Basic SQL comparison operators always return Unknown when
comparing anything with Null, so the SQL standard provides for two
special Null-specific comparison predicates. The
IS NOT NULL predicates test whether
data is, or is not, Null.
Null is untyped in SQL, meaning that it is not designated as an integer, character, or any other specific data type. Because of this, it is sometimes mandatory (or desirable) to explicitly convert Nulls to a specific data type. For example, if overloaded functions are supported by the RDBMS, SQL might not be able to automatically resolve to the correct function without knowing the data types of all parameters, including those for which Null is passed.
SQL three-valued logic is encountered in Data Manipulation Language
(DML) in comparison predicates of DML statements and queries.
WHERE clause causes the DML statement to act on
only those rows for which the predicate evaluates to True. Rows for
which the predicate evaluates to either False or Unknown are not
acted on by
DELETE DML statements, and are
SELECT queries. Interpreting
Unknown and False as the same logical result is a common error
encountered while dealing with Nulls.
The following simple example demonstrates this fallacy:
SELECT * FROM t WHERE i = NULL;
The example query above logically always returns zero rows
because the comparison of the i column with Null always
returns Unknown, even for those rows where i is Null. The
Unknown result causes the
SELECT statement to
summarily discard each and every row. (However, in practice, some
SQL tools will retrieve rows using a comparison with Null.)
CASE expressions operate under the same rules
as the DML
WHERE clause rules for Null. Because it can
be evaluated as a series of equality comparison conditions, a
CASE expression cannot check for the
existence of Null directly. A check for Null in a simple
CASE expression always results in Unknown, as in the
SELECT CASE i WHEN NULL THEN 'Is Null' -- This will never be returned WHEN 0 THEN 'Is Zero' -- This will be returned when i = 0 WHEN 1 THEN 'Is One' -- This will be returned when i = 1 END FROM t;
Because the expression
i = NULL evaluates to
Unknown no matter what value column i contains (even if it
contains Null), the string
'Is Null' will never be
CASE expression also returns
the first value for which the result of the comparison predicate
evaluates to True, including comparisons using the
IS NOT NULL comparison predicates. The
following example shows how to use a searched
expression to properly check for Null:
SELECT CASE WHEN i IS NULL THEN 'Null Result' -- This will be returned when i is NULL WHEN i = 0 THEN 'Zero' -- This will be returned when i = 0 WHEN i = 1 THEN 'One' -- This will be returned when i = 1 END FROM t;
In the searched
CASE expression, the string
'Null Result' is returned for all rows in which
i is Null.
The primary place in which SQL three-valued logic intersects
with SQL Data Definition Language (DDL)
is in the form of check constraints.
A check constraint placed on a column operates under a slightly
different set of rules than those for the DML
clause. While a DML
WHERE clause must evaluate to True
for a row, a check constraint must not evaluate to False. This
means that a check constraint will succeed if the result of the
check is either True or Unknown. The following example table with a
check constraint will prohibit any integer values from being
inserted into column i, but will allow Null to be inserted
since the result of the check will always evaluate to Unknown for
CREATE TABLE t ( i INTEGER, CONSTRAINT ck_i CHECK ( i < 0 AND i = 0 AND i > 0 ) );
In order to constrain a column to reject Nulls, the
NULL constraint can be applied, as shown in the example
NOT NULL constraint is semantically
equivalent to a check constraint
IS NOT NULL predicate.
CREATE TABLE t ( i INTEGER NOT NULL );
SQL/PSM (SQL Persistent Stored Modules) defines procedural extensions for SQL,
such as the
IF statement. However,
the major SQL vendors have historically included their own
proprietary procedural extensions. Procedural extensions for
looping and comparisons operate under Null comparison rules similar
to those for DML statements and queries. The following code
fragment, in ISO SQL standard format, demonstrates the use of Null
3VL in an
IF i = NULL THEN SELECT 'Result is True' ELSEIF NOT(i = NULL) THEN SELECT 'Result is False' ELSE SELECT 'Result is Unknown';
IF statement performs actions only for those
comparisons that evaluate to True. For statements that evaluate to
False or Unknown, the
IF statement passes control to
ELSEIF clause, and
finally to the
ELSE clause. The
result of the code above will always be the message
is Unknown' since the comparisons with Null always evaluate
SQL outer joins,
including left outer joins, right outer joins, and full outer
joins, automatically produce Nulls as placeholders for missing
values in related tables. For left outer joins, for instance, Nulls
are produced in place of rows missing from the table appearing on
the right-hand side of the
LEFT OUTER JOIN operator.
The following simple example uses two tables to demonstrate Null
placeholder production in a left outer join.
The first table (Employee) contains employee ID numbers and names, while the second table (PhoneNumber) contains related employee ID numbers and phone numbers, as shown below.
The following sample SQL query performs a left outer join on these two tables.
SELECT e.ID, e.LastName, e.FirstName, pn.Number FROM Employee e LEFT OUTER JOIN PhoneNumber pn ON e.ID = pn.ID;
The result set generated by this query demonstrates how SQL uses Null as a placeholder for values missing from the right-hand (PhoneNumber) table, as shown below.
Inner joins and cross joins, also available in standard SQL, do not generate Null placeholders for missing values in related tables.
Care must be taken when using nullable columns in SQL join
criteria. Because a Null is not equal to any other Null, Nulls in a
column of one table will not join to Nulls in the related column of
another table using the standard equality comparison operators. The
COALESCE function or
can be used to "simulate" Null equality in join criteria, and the


text:
In a bid to make cyclists feel safer, one US town has installed motion sensor technology that can extend a green signal for a cyclist if he/she is approaching an intersection at speed.
The motion sensor technology, which is called The Intersector, uses microwave motion sensors on a mounted intersection pole to recognise a bicycle and then sends signals back to the traffic signal control box to prolong the green light so the cyclist can pass safely through.
Based on military technology, the town of Pleasanton in California is the only place in the world to use the system at the moment.
The motion sensors distinguish between bicycles and vehicles passing through street intersections by measuring the length and speed of an object approaching the intersection pole.
Extension for cyclists
When a traffic light is already green, a cyclist typically receives an extension pass-through time of about five seconds. For vehicles, the extension time is two additional seconds.
Bicycles stopped at a red light receive 14 seconds of green light time to pass through, whereas vehicles stopped at a red light receive only four seconds.
Pleasanton council officials has so far installed six Intersector devices on a selection of intersection poles in the town and plan to install four more in the next few months.
To see The Intersector in action, watch here.


text:
Towards a Work-Related Turnover Risk Management in Manufacturing SMEs
Authors: Svenja Korder, Dominik Breuherr, Gunther Reinhart
Abstract: The shortage of skilled workers in Germany caused by demographic change steadily increases. In the manufacturing sector, this situation leads to difficulties filling vacant positions and thus to extended vacancy periods of jobs in companies. Therefore, the turnover of skilled workers becomes a problem, especially in small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises, as individual positions are not filled redundantly. High costs due to temporary workers or the rejection of orders can be the consequences. Turnover research has been conducted for a long time, but there is a lack of a standardized method to capture the turnover risk of skilled workers. This paper presents an approach for the systematic assessment of turnover risk in manufacturing work. The method is based on an employee survey. The results are transferred into a risk matrix in order to derive the level of risk for work-related turnover of individual employees. To ensure a cost-, personneland time-efficient implementation in the operations of SMEs, the method will be transferred into a software application. In this way, the turnover risk can be made transparent. The user can select specific measures evaluated according to manufacturing-specific performance indicators. These measures should help SMEs prevent the turnover of critical specialists and avoid high costs caused by long vacancy periods of jobs.
Keywords: Risk assessment, Employee Turnover, Human-centric Manufacturing, Work system
Cite this paper:


Top 5 Superfoods for Sex and Healing
1. Cacao (raw chocolate) [In Shakeology]
2. Goji Berries (Wolfberries)
3. Maca [In Shakeology]
4. Camu Camu Berry [In Shakeology]
Is Shakeology safe while pregnant or nursing?
Is Shakeology safe while pregnant or nursing?A lot of people ask if it's safe to consume Shakeology while they are pregnant or nursing. While I appreciate when moms are careful about what they eat when they're eating for two. I can't help but wonder if they asked the same question about processed foods with preservatives and dyes. Or meat that includes the infamous "pink slime." Eeeeww! And although I'm not a nutritionist or medical professional, the short answer is: Yes! Shakeology is safe for pregnant and nursing moms and their babies–unless the mom has an allergy or sensitivity to an ingredient. So for those who just wanted the short answer, you don't have to read any further, but you should.
It's important to note that only 6% of all physicians in the US receive formal nutrition training (statistic quoted from the film "Food Matters") and many do not learn about breastfeeding, either. Women have told me that their doctor told them Shakeology is not safe for pregnancy due to the amount of vitamin A in it. This tells me that the doctor is only partially educated on the matter. It is true that high amounts of vitamin A in the form of retinol–which is preformed vitamin A from animal sources–have been correlated to birth defects. However, the vitamin A in Shakeology is in the form of plant-based beta carotene, which converts to vitamin A in the body. No studies at all have suggested that beta carotene has any correlation to birth defects. The rate of conversion of beta carotene to vitamin A is drastically reduced when higher amounts are ingested, preventing toxicity and teratogenicity. The Teratology Society concluded that beta carotene is not a teratogen (substance that causes birth defects) according to an excellent article by the Illinois Teratogen Information Service.
Shakeology is made from all natural ingredients, none of which are contraindicated for pregnancy or breastfeeding. Check out this video about where the ingredients come from.
You should always seek advice from a medical care provider, however–based on the fact that most have not had formal nutrition training, it is important to do your own research as well. Ask lots of questions and find out the reasons for any medical advice you receive. It is important to remember that doctors do not always agree on what's best, and they are advisors, not the ultimate decision maker. You are the only one in charge of your body, your baby and the health of both of you!


text:
Tens of thousands of swirling ocean currents were captured and presented by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in this animated map that creates a cinematic cartographic experience. These are surface currents that cover the period June 2005 to December 2007; the result of physical observation and modelling.
The simplicity of the final map belies the complexity and computing power required to generate the results but rather than creating a detailed and complex graphic to expose how much effort and work went into the map, the work is left to shine and to amaze the viewer.
NASA themselves describe the results as creating a 'visceral experience'. Indeed, if cartography is about connecting and generating an emotional response then they succeeded. One of the rare animated maps that uses a soundtrack to good effect.
Numerous versions of the animation can be found on NASA's web site here.


text:
stories left before being redirected to Clickshare to login or register.
Study analyzes Maine wind power benefits
Wednesday, November 28, 2012
PORTLAND, Maine (AP) — An environmental group says power generation from Maine wind farms is eliminating more than 400,000 metric tons of carbon pollution a year.
Environment Maine on Wednesday released a report that analyzes data from the U.S. Department of Energy and the wind industry to measure the environmental benefits from wind turbines operating in Maine.
The report says the turbines reduce carbon dioxide output by 403,000 metric tons a year, equivalent to the pollution from 79,000 vehicles. It further says the wind farms also reduce the output of smogand soot-forming pollutants, while saving 155 million gallons of water annually.
The group released the analysis to support its position in favor of extending federal tax credits for wind energy that are set to expire at the end of the year.


text: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are employed for the detection and quantification of antigens from biological sources such as serum and cell culture media. A sandwich ELISA is dependent on the immobilization of a capture antibody, or antibody fragment, and the effective presentation of its antigen binding sites. Immobilization to common microtitre plates relies on non-specific interactions of the capture protein with a surface that may result in unfavourable orientation and conformation, compromising ELISA signal strength and performance. We have developed a wet chemical surface activation method that utilizes a chromium (III) solution to immobilize native, non-tagged, capture antibodies on commercially available microtitre plates. Antibodies captured by this method had increased antigen binding, particularly from dilute antibody solutions, relative to antibodies adsorbed directly to the plate surface. A variety of monoclonal antibodies with complementary antigen systems were used to demonstrate improvements in ELISA signal and reproducibility. The simplicity and versatility of this method should enable ELISA enhancement in assays where chemiluminescence is used as the detection method.


text:
Based on the functions of the basic module PSIroads-OM provides functions for maintenance and fault management for telematic infrastructure as well as traffic management functions. The main functions are:
- Service Manual: In the service manuals all actions are defined to be performed during maintenance for each equipment or type of equipment. Each action has a cycle time and checklists to document the execution.
- Order Generator: Based on the defined service manuals maintenance orders can be generated for all equipment. The maintenance tasks are assigned to the service provider automatically according to their responsibilities.
- Planning and scheduling: Maintenance orders are scheduled and monitored annually and weekly on dispatching boards. In addition to the automatic generation and allocation maintenance orders can also be created and dispatched manually. Gantt diagrams, functions of determining responsibility and audits of resource bottlenecks are supporting the user.
- Availability check: The execution of maintenance orders is automatically checked and the equipment availability determined. This is the basis for strategic maintenance scheduling. Problems specific to equipment can be identified fast and can be reduced by appropriate maintenance strategies.
- Warehouse management: The availabilty of materials used for maintenance work. With PSIroad warehouses and warehouse positions can be managed. Material used in maintenence orders is updated automatically in the warehouse.
- Fault Management: Faults are detected automatically by events of the monitored telematic infrastructure or can be entered manually. Depending on the type of faults orders are created and assigned to the service provider. The status of fault clearing is monitored. Repairs over the agreed recovery times can be penalized.
- Performance Management: The operation states of monitored telematic infrastructure (such as accessibility, error counters, work load) can be monitored constantly. Deviations from the normal states are logged and forwarded according to theire severity as faults to the fault management.
- Help Desk: Hotlines are supported by parameterizable interviews. In interviews, answers to questions for isolatinge problems are logged. Depending on the answers context related follow-up questions are offered to the user. Recurring problems can be answered in this way, simply and effectively.


text:
Organic chickens and turkeys are able to behave naturally - grazing, pecking the ground, scratching and dust-bathing. Organic poultry must have continuous and easy daytime access to pasture or range covered with suitable vegetation, except in adverse weather conditions. Organic poultry cannot be permanently housed, though shelter and protection from predators must be provided at all times.
Pasture must be regularly rested from poultry to allow vegetation to recover and prevent the build up of parasites. Chickens being raised for meat (broilers) must be housed with room for a maximum of 10 birds per square metre. A flock must not contain more than 1,000 birds. (Intensively-reared broiler chickens are normally housed in groups of up to 40,000 in large shed.) For chickens raised to lay eggs, Soil Association organic rules do not allow more than six birds per square metre indoors, with a maximum flock size of 2,000 - layers spend at least a year in their accommodation and so need more space.
While intensively reared chickens live for around 42 days in cramped and stressful conditions, chickens raised to our standards cannot be slaughtered until they are at least 81 days old, unless they are defined as being a slow growing or traditional strain, when they can be slaughtered earlier.


text:
A hug isn't a solely human impulse – bonobos do it too, to comfort distressed peers or to make up after a fight. Now, a study at a Congolese sanctuary finds that young bonobos who could handle their own emotions were better at offering others a shoulder to lean on.
What's more, bonobos raised by their mothers were much better at these social and emotional skills than orphaned bonobos.
The research, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, highlights the importance of mother-child bonds in developing such social and emotional abilities.
Among human children, the ability to modulate negative emotions has been linked to their ability to reach out and comfort another person in distress. Even when humans are young, and their ability to empathize isn't yet fully developed, they have an urge to comfort others, with hugs, kisses and caresses.
And those children who are better at expressing this "sympathetic concern" are the ones who seem to be able to regulate their emotions – for example, to calm themselves down sooner when they're upset.
There's a reason that someone who can tamp down a bad reaction is better at expressing sympathy, the authors said.
"Infants without effective [emotion regulation] do not orient to others because they cannot overcome their own personal distress in the face of another's distress," the authors wrote.
Other primates seem to have the same urge to hug it out, or kiss and make up. So a pair of scientists from Emory University in Atlanta wondered whether the same would be true in apes like the bonobo, a primate that's as close to humans genetically as chimpanzees, but with a reputation as a more docile, agreeable species.
The researchers went to the Lola ya Bonobo Sanctuary in Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where many of the young rescues are orphans whose mothers were killed for bushmeat. They observed 373 different "post-distress" periods – 318 from right after a fight and 55 plain old tantrums – and watched to see how the others around them reacted.
Young bonobos raised by their mothers were almost three times more likely to reach out and comfort a distressed bonobo than orphaned bonobos were, the authors wrote. The orphans were more likely to cut and run, possibly because it's a good strategy to avoid tense scenes, the authors wrote. Where there's tension, trouble can often follow.
Bonobos with moms were also able to curb their negative emotional reactions more quickly, the authors said.
"Mother-reared juveniles were significantly less likely than orphans to recommence screaming once their vocalizations had stopped for 30 seconds or longer," they wrote.
All in all, the young bystanders who witnessed a fellow bonobo in distress were more likely to reach out and offer comfort than adolescents or adults.
"Juveniles react to the emotions of others but may not yet possess the cognitive filters, compared with adults, who evaluate the situation and are more inhibited and discriminating."
Perhaps it's not just humans and their primate relatives who possess this innate tendency, the authors wrote. Perhaps the larger mammalian family has it too.


text:
- Spider Resources
- Pest Resources
- Search this Site
- Find Your Extension Office
Helping Nebraskans enhance their lives through research-based education.
Wolf Spiders in Nebraska
by Barb Ogg, PhD, Extension Educator
Wolf spiders are among the largest spiders in Nebraska. They are common outdoors, and only accidentally find their way indoors by wandering into houses and buildings. Many people who find one of the larger species of wolf spiders think that they look like small tarantulas because they are quite hairy.
Even though some wolf spiders are large, there are also many smaller species. Regardless of their size, wolf spiders are distinguished by a distinctive eye pattern. Their eyes are arranged in two rows with four small eyes in the lower row. The upper row is recurved with a large pair of middle eyes directed forward and a smaller pair of lateral eyes located further back.
Wolf spiders do not build webs to catch their prey, but are active hunters–they either ambush or freely hunt their prey. They are appropriately named because they powerfully pounce on their victims. Wolf spiders use their eyesight to detect prey, but also react to vibrations.
Outdoors, wolf spiders are common in most terrestrial habitats, but are often found in areas of tall shrubs or dense grasses their insect prey is abundant. When they are not actively searching for food, they may be found hiding under rocks or other objects. Some species dig burrows into the soil.
The information on this Web site is valid for residents of southeastern Nebraska. It may or may not apply in your area. If you live outside southeastern Nebraska, visit your local Extension office
Contact InformationUniversity of Nebraska-Lincoln
in Lancaster County
Web site: lancaster.unl.edu
444 Cherrycreek Road, Suite A,
Lincoln, NE 68528
The mother wolf spider is notable in the arachnid world because she demonstrates a degree of maternal behavior. She attaches her large egg sac to her spinnerets (the organs at the tip of her abdomen that make silk) and carries it around with her until the spiderlings hatch. (photo right). If the egg sac is removed, she searches for it until she finds it and reattaches it. At hatching time, the mother wolf spider opens the rim of the cocoon with her mouthparts to help her spiderlings escape. After hatching, the spiderlings, which may number a hundred or more, immediately climb on their mother's abdomen and ride there for about a week. They gradually disperse and take in food for the first time.
Wolf spiders are not considered to be poisonous, although a bite may cause a reaction in certain individuals. The presence of wolf spiders in the house is particularly common in the late summer and fall of the year. Because there usually are only a few spiders at most, it usually isn't necessary to use an insecticide. Instead, put sticky traps (i.e., mouse glue boards) in the corners of rooms to passively trap unwanted spiders and other insects.
Outdoors, wolf spiders are beneficial because they feed on so many insects; if you catch a live one, returning it outside is a good thing to do.
Wolf Spiders as Pets. If you want to try an undemanding pet, try keeping a wolf spider. Wolf spiders like dark places so an upside down plastic margarine tub with a hole cut in the side makes a good shelter. Be sure to provide food and water. Water can be provided by soaking a small piece of sponge and keeping it free from mold.
We kept an adult female wolf spider in our office for several months. She readily ate crickets from the pet store and even laid an egg case. After her spiderlings hatched, we decided it was time to return her and her babies to the great outdoors.