Creation Science
Creation Science Book Review
Thousands...Not Billions
Chapter 5: Radiohalos in Granite
Review by Greg Neyman
© Old Earth Ministries
Published May 2006
 In this chapter, DeYoung summarizes the work of Andrew Snelling concerning radiohalos in granite.
 DeYoung explains that when decay of uranium, or another radioactive material occurs, it may leave a mark. These marks, or halos, form around the center point of radioactivity, or radiocenter. Since uranium and thorium concentrate in zircon crystals, the zircons tend to be the radiocenter. The alpha particles which form the halos come from the decay series from uranium-238 to lead-206. The radius of these halos is dependent upon the atom that is decaying. For instance, U-238 forms the smallest halo, followed by U-234, and so on. Scientists can tell from the halo what the parent isotope was that caused the halo.
 Because biotite forms in sheets, these halos are often preserved in three dimensions. However, these halos can be healed if the rock is heated sufficiently, to about 150 degrees centigrade. This temperature is called the annealing temperature.
 However, polonium halos appear all by themselves, with no imbedded uranium halos. This means that the polonium is the only radioactive decay present for that location (the radiocenter). Since the three polonium isotopes have such short half-lives, it is a mystery how they formed without any parent isotope decaying to Polonium.
 Interestingly, these polonium halos are found only a short distance away from other halos, which show the decay from uranium-238 and from polonium isotopes. In other words, halos from uranium have the entire sequence of halo rings, whereas these polonium-only halos only contain the polonium isotope rings.
 The original polonium halo research was conducted by young earth creationist Robert Gentry. His claims have been fully rebutted and shown to not be evidence of a young earth. However, RATE still thinks his claims are valid, and they decided to repeat, and expand upon, his original research. In this new research, they ask two questions. First, do these parentless polonium halos provide evidence for instant, supernatural creation or is there another explanation for their existence. Second, how does the distribution of polonium halos correspond to pre-Flood, Flood, and post-Flood rocks.
 To answer this question, the RATE group set out to collect rock samples from each of these three rock groups. Unfortunately, their divisions of what is a Flood rocks itself is an untenable scientific position, but that has been addressed elsewhere on this site (see the Noah's Flood articles). In short, they assumed the following divisions:
Youngest Cenozoic Era Lateand post-Flood deposits
 Mesozoic Era Midand late-Flood deposits
 Paleozoic Era Early-Flood deposits
Oldest Precambrian Era Creation week and pre-Flood deposits
 Of course no mention of this division being unworkable is made. For instance, Mesozoic rocks contain every single dinosaur fossil. Not only does it contain all the dinosaur fossils, it contains all the dinosaur trace fossils, such as fossil dung, nest sites, footprints, etc. Clearly the dinosaurs lived on these layers during the middle to late portion of the Flood! And, there is no evidence, footprint or otherwise, of dinosaur existence in what they consider "pre-flood" rocks. Also, most mammal fossils are in the Cenozoic rocks, therefore by the young earth model, most mammals survived until the very end of Noah's Flood!
 Using this arbitrary and unscientific division of rocks, they collected the samples, and prepared over 5,000 slides for examination.
 In this section DeYoung gives the total count of halos discovered in the samples, based on the supposed ages of the rocks. They noted a low number of halos in Precambrian rocks, which they attribute to heating/tectonic uplift during the Flood. However, DeYoung clearly states that some of the slides revealed no halos at all, which clearly indicates there are no radioactive isotopes in these samples. The statement about the Flood has no basis in fact.
 For the flood rocks, they had a great number of halos, which DeYoung claims is from the year of the Flood. Again, this is a wild guess, as there is no scientific basis for making this claim. And, of course, the post-flood rocks have very little halos.
 At this point, it is important to note that they found what they were looking for. In other words, if one wanted this pattern, one could easily seek out rocks during the Paleozoic/Mesozoic which are known to be high in radioactive isotopes. Also, one could easily seek out Precambrian and Cenozoic rocks which have little or no radioactive isotopes. Just on the basis of sample selection, you could prove your point. If RATE wants to be taken seriously they need to be more forthcoming in the locations of the samples taken, and also they need to show the levels of radioactive isotopes in the samples. With what DeYoung has presented here, it only makes one suspicious of the methods employed.
 Of course this is the real issue. How do you get polonium halos with no parent (uranium and thorium) halos? DeYoung mentions that the movement of polonium atoms away from their uranium source has been discussed and debated. To DeYoung's credit, he notes that Radon-222, the parent of polonium, is a gas, and it readily migrates outward. As DeYoung notes, these polonium halos are always found near uranium halos. He also notes that the polonium halos are located along cleavages, cracks, or crystal defects, which can serve as the conduit for moving the gas. However, he then makes an unfounded assumption. He says "The isotope transport activity would take place during the latter stages of crystallization and cooling of the granite magmas." Actually, one must cool the magma, then allow time for the parent Uranium 238 to decay into uranium-234, then allow it to decay into thorium-230, then allow that to decay into radium-226, and finally this decays into radon-222. Only then can this radon migrate, and after its short half-life of only 3.8 days, it decays into polonium-218. This is unworkable, as this model would seem to require the magma to have a cooling period of billions of years.
 In reality, the radon being a gas, as DeYoung noted earlier, freely migrates outward, even in a solid granite rock. There is no scientific evidence for DeYoung to claim that this happens during the cooling period.
 DeYoung suggests that the polonium formed in the newly-cooled magma, and then left the halos. This forces him to accept the unproved theory of accelerated nuclear decay. With this, the uranium halos are destroyed as the melt is still hot enough to be above the annealing temperature. After this rapid decay, the rock cools, and the polonium halos form. This all requires a very strict timeline. The rock must have accelerated decay, all the way from uranium-238 to polonium-218. With polonium-218's half life of 3.1 minutes, the rock must cool from a melt to below annealing temperature (~150 C) prior to polonium-218 decay.
 Look again at the pages describing this (pages 94-95). There is no hint of these strict timelines. DeYoung says that "the magma cooled to solid rock very rapidly." Given that it must cool in under three minutes, this is an extreme understatement! Readers are told bits and pieces, but not a coherent picture.
 Another problem exists. As previously discussed, the young earth scientist does not deny that this radiation occurred. Therefore, since you condense billions of years radiation into one week (or one year of the flood), you also condense billions of years of heat from this radiation into the same time frame, which essentially would melt the entire earth. Since you are reading this, your very existence testifies that this accelerated decay did not happen.
 In the final section, DeYoung correctly mentions that metamorphic rocks, which were essentially reheated, would destroy all evidences of prior halos. The RATE team examined 21 samples of metamorphic rocks, and they indeed showed large numbers of polonium halos. Unfortunately, DeYoung does not give us all the data. He fails to say if there are uranium-238 halos present, or if there are any halos at all present from any parent material of the polonium series. Why would he omit such information? If there were no halos from a parent, that would support his argument, yet he fails to even mention this. This leads me to believe that there were other halos present.
 But what if there are no parent halos present? His basic argument here is that there were hydrothermal fluids circulating the polonium atoms through the metamorphic rocks. Sure, this is a possibility


Patreon Microfiction: Reasonable Realignment of Resources.
'Reasonable Realignment of Resources' illustrates the great question of draconic-human interactions in medieval societies: why does the king particularly care if the burden of having a local dragon is merely that she eats a cow every week or so? He has plenty of cows. Of course, if the dragon is a wild beast otherwise, it's still a problem. But if she can demonstrate language and self-restraint, well… there are opportunities, there.


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Things you should know:
The Turks and the First Crusade
The modern nation of Turkey is named for its Turkish inhabitants, but the Turks were not originally from Turkey. The Turks were nomadic people from Central Asia. Many Turks remain in that area, in fact, there is a nation in Central Asia known as Turkmenistan ("land of the Turks").
One Turkish tribe, the Seljuks, began moving into the Anatolian peninsula, or what we now call Turkey. These Turks were Muslims, and a Christian emperor, Alexius I, controlled the peninsula. Alexius appealed to the Pope to help him rid Anatolia of "the unbelievers."
Pope Urban II received Alexius's call for assistance, but decided to use that call to advance a more ambitious plan. Jerusalem, on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the modern nation of Israel, is considered holy land to Christians, Jews and Muslims, but in 1095, the city was controlled by Muslims. The message from Alexius presented Urban with an opportunity to retake the holy lands from the Muslims. The pope called for a "War of the Cross," or Crusade, to retake the holy lands from the unbelievers.
Pope Urban persuaded the knights of Europe to join the Crusades
Dowling, Mike. "The Crusades at mrdowling.com." _URL_. Updated August 11, 2011. Web. Date of Access.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Call for papers
Deadline for Abstract Submission: CLOSED
Deadline for Paper Submission: CLOSED
We welcome submissions on our 2019 conference theme and encourage conference participants to propose papers and sessions that will be of interest to a diverse audience. Papers submitted prior to the deadline will be included in our books on Sudan and will also be reviewed for possible inclusion in the International Journal of Sudan Research (IJSR).
The academia are part of the multi-stakeholder approach promoted by the United Nations in recent years and in particular during the negotiation of the 2030 Agenda. Representatives of universities and think-tanks may bring the result of their own research on sustainable development (SD) in the context of the United Nations work, from a scientific and educational perspective, in an independent, objective and politically unbiased manner.
In order to have your abstract evaluated quickly and to ensure publication, you are required to follow SK's abstract submission guidelines carefully. The guidelines are designed to help you provide the most useful information about your paper. Abstracts that do not follow SK format will NOT be accepted.
Your abstract must include the following components:
 1. If you are not included in SK website (Sustainability Directory) already, you need to upload your details first before submitting your abstract.
 2. We have found using a restricted Whatsapp group for the conference is extremely useful for logistical information regarding the progress of the conference, so please send us your mobile umber to include you in the 2019 Whatsapp group.
 3. Abstracts should be submitted to the conference coordinator, Ms Janet Snow (">).
 4. Abstracts should contain no more than 150 words. Write concisely and clearly. The abstract should reflect only what will appear in the full paper.
 5. Title: Provide a simple and short title of your paper clearly describing your paper.
 6. Name and address: Names of author(s) and complete addresses with email address of each author.
 7. Biographical notes: Author(s) must provide a biographical note (one paragraph and not CV) of no more than 100 words for each author.
 8. There are four fields which are obligatory (purpose, design/methodology/approach, findings and originality/value); the other three (research limitations/implications, practical implications, and social implications) may be omitted if they are not applicable to your paper.
 - Purpose: What are the reason(s) for writing the paper or the aims of the research?
 - Design/methodology/approach: How are the objectives achieved? Include the main method(s) used for the research. What is the approach to the topic and what is the theoretical or subject scope of the paper?
 - Findings: What was found in the course of the work? This will refer to analysis, discussion, or results.
 - Research limitations/implications (if applicable): If research is reported on in the paper this section must be completed and should include suggestions for future research and any identified limitations in the research process.
 - Practical implications (if applicable): What outcomes and implications for practice, applications and consequences are identified? How will the research impact upon the business or enterprise? What changes to practice should be made as a result of this research? What is the commercial or economic impact? Not all papers will have practical implications.
 - Social implications (if applicable): What will be the impact on society of this research? How will it influence public attitudes? How will it influence (corporate) social responsibility or environmental issues? How could it inform public or industry policy? How might it affect quality of life? Not all papers will have social implications.
 - Originality/value: What is new in the paper? State the value of the paper and to whom.
 Using keywords is a vital part of abstract writing, because of the practice of retrieving information electronically:
 - Supply approximately 6-10 words or phrases which will be used for tagging the paper in SK's database. Keywords act as the search term.
 - Use keywords that are specific, and that reflect what is essential about the paper.
 - Put yourself in the position of someone researching in your field: what would you look for? Consider also whether you can use any of the current "buzzwords".
 - Researchers will be more likely to retrieve the paper when conducting a keyword search of our database if the paper is suitably tagged.
 - Pick keywords that reflect the specificity of the paper. Avoid overarching terms like "Management" unless the paper discusses the topic with such a wide focus. Use the most common term for a concept. Do not make up new terms for an old concept.
 - Try to think broadly: if the paper discusses performance appraisal in an electronics factory it may be worthwhile supplying the industry as a keyword. If an activity/research takes place in a particular country then supply the country's name as a keyword.
 Submit your paper
Submissions of papers (no more than ONE papers per author) are invited in any topic of the conference RESEARCH TRACKS. Please submit your paper directly to the Ms Janet Snow (">). Authors who are uncertain of the appropriate track for their papers should consult the conference coordinator Ms Janet Snow (">).


Uploaded by m_bence
Epic Journey Activity
Epic Journey Activity
The main character is
a hero who often
supernatural abilities
(Status quo)
The hero is charged
with a quest (Call to
"Crossing the
threshold" or moving
from the known to
the unknown
The hero is tested,
often to prove the
worthiness of himself
and his quest
(Physical, Mental,
Emotional Trials)
The presence of
numerous mythical
beings, magical and
helpful animals,
and/or human helpers
and companions (The
The hero's travels
take him to a
supernatural world,
often one that normal
human beings are
banned from entering
The cycle must reach
a low point, where
the hero nearly gives
up his quest or
appears defeated
(Approach, Crisis)
A resurrection
Achieving the goal or
"the boon" (Result)
Restitution. Often this
takes the form of the
hero regaining his
rightful place on the
throne. Return to the
ordinary world
(Return/New Life)
Applying "the boon"
(Resolution/Return to
Status Quo)


The purpose of this manual, "Write a Best Selling Novel", is to provide writers with valuable information and insight to enable them to create a better novel or screenplay in the genre of thriller, mystery, detective, spy, action and adventure. The difference between a good novel or script, and a great novel or script, can be a greatly enhanced income.
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This criminal investigation manual stands out from the rest for three reasons:
1) It applies to police investigation in all countries; It doesn't become bogged down with details of the law in one country or another.
2) This is a working manual designed for the field officer or street investigator. It can be carried on a smartphone or kindle and serve as a reference guide from the crime scene through to the eventual arrest of a suspect.
3) Most of all, this manual is "practical". Many police investigation books are so concerned with the law and court decisions that they forget to tell you how to actually solve a crime and apprehend the perpetrator. Others approach investigation from only a forensic application and forget that about ninety percent of crimes are solved using logic, deduction and human witnesses. This manual also does what most police colleges do not….teach you the often neglected art of recruiting confidential informants, gathering intelligence on organized crime, legally getting suspects to confess, and much more practical street detective work.
The author is a former member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police who has worked within Canada, the USA and even lived in China studying police training and operations in that country. In the RCMP he was assigned to the Major Crimes Section, Drug Section and Organized Crime Intelligence, as well as instructing at the Canadian Police College and later being Managing Director of a renowned Law Enforcement Academy.
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This book was written as an insider's view of China offering readers something different from that of an academic or business perspective, but beyond the usual travel guide information. This is a book about actually understanding China and its people, not just the usual tourist information. The author not only lived in China for many years, but is married into a Chinese family so he can provide a perspective that is missing in most books. Besides first hand information about the customs and culture, he explains exactly who the Chinese people are. They can be divided into three distinct groups, as different from one another as a Swede is from an Peruvian. These distinctions don't just apply to the the majority Han, but cross all ethnic backgrounds. The book also tells you about the Communist Party of China, the government of China, and how each relates to the average citizen and how the average citizen relates to them. The author is very clear when he says that almost everything you have read about China in the western media is wrong. This is modern China and having read this book, you will begin to understand the country and its people.
To purchase go to Amazon...http://amazon.com/dp/B01E2NFDLG


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Idaho State University researchers study newly discovered earthquake fault in Idaho's Sawtooth Mountains
Posted September 28, 2010
While looking at a highly detailed new topographic image of Idaho's Sawtooth Range, Idaho State University geosciences professor Glenn Thackray had an "eureka moment" when he discovered a previously unknown active earthquake fault about 65 miles, as the crow flies, from Boise.
The researchers examined a Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) image. LIDAR is a remote sensing system used to collect topographic data with aircraft-mounted lasers capable of recording elevation measurements at a rate of 25,000 pulses per second and can have a vertical precision of about six inches. The images can be displayed so they don't show an area's vegetation. Four years ago while doing some research on glaciers in the Sawtooth Range, Thackray was examining a high-resolution, "bare-earth" LIDAR image of the mountains: this is when he noticed a line running through the image in the vicinity of Redfish Lake.
"The black line stood out and I thought that it had to be an earthquake fault," Thackray said. "It was long suspected that there was an active fault in the Sawtooths, but without the LIDAR technology it would have been exceptionally hard to find."
Since that time, ISU researchers have been on the ground documenting the fault that is at least 25 miles long and could be as long as 40 miles. It is located on the eastern edge of the range and comes within about five miles from the town of Stanley. A portion of it runs through the upper end of Redfish Lake. It runs along the range approximately from near Stanley Lake to at least as far south as Petitt Lake.
"The reason this discovery is so important is that it is within the heavily visited areas of the Sawtooth National Recreation area, very close to the town of Stanley, and within 65 miles of Idaho's largest city, Boise, and the most populated area in the state," Thackray said. "We would like to know how big the earthquakes are along this fault and how active it is."
Thackray emphasized that the fault is cause for concern, but not alarm, for visitors to and residents of the Stanley-Sawtooth area, and to the residents of the Wood River or Boise valleys. The discovery may have implications for land-use and emergency planning, and perhaps building codes. Depending on the magnitude of a potential earthquake, it could do damage to surrounding areas.
There are few major, active faults in Idaho. Idaho's three other major faults run along the base of the Lost River Range (where the famous Borah Peak magnitude 7.3 earthquake, the largest ever recorded in Idaho, occurred in 1983), the Lemhi Range and the Beaverhead Range. Faults are break in the earth's crust, along which rocks and the earth move. Typically, the earth is moving up on one side of the fault, and moving down on the other.
"It's the movement of the rocks that are important. That is what creates an earthquake hazard," Thackray said.
After discovering the fault on the LIDAR image and then confirming its existence on the ground, ISU researchers had to determine whether it was an active fault, defined as a fault that has featured an earthquake within the last 10,000 years. Determining whether the fault was active was a challenge for the researchers because most of the fault is located within the Sawtooth Wilderness and Recreation Area.
"Normally, to test a fault you could take in a Cat or backhoe and dig up sediment and rock and use carbon dating to date the occurrence of previous activity," Thackray said. "But we couldn't do that because the fault is in a wilderness area."
This is where a little luck and scientific serendipity came into play. Other ISU researchers, biological sciences professor Bruce Finney, postdoctoral researcher Mark Shapley, and ISU geosciences graduate student Eric Johnson, were doing lake sediment core sampling of lakes in the Sawtooths, including Redfish Lake, to study the historical record of sockeye salmon returning to the area. While drilling through the sediment in the upper portion of Redfish Lake the researchers hit levels where there were landslide deposits interrupted the regular accumulation of sediment deposits.
"We were able to date the occurrence of the most recent fault activity by using those drilling samples from the large landslides in Redfish Lake," Thackray said.
"There is a lot that we still don't know about this fault, but our studies have revealed the outline of its history," he added.


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Addressing HIV/AIDS through agriculture and natural resource sectors: A guide for extension workers
MetadataShow full item record
This is a 2004 guide divided in three parts to explore the potential contribution of extension workers to help on the fight against HIV/AIDS pandemic. The first part focuses on understanding the diseasethe basics, the risks, vulnerabilities to the impacts, HIV and the community. Part 2- Responses of extension works based on community dialogue to identify impacts of HIV in the community, and reflection on the findings. Part 3- Is a reflection on the opportunities that extension workers have to address HIV/AIDS through agriculture and natural resources. The guide ends with some tools, tables, and examples of templates to help extension workers in the process.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Dr. Molefi Kete Asante, Professor and Chair of the Department of Africology and African American Studies at Temple University in Philadelphia,
We Are on YOUTUBE
Post African Futures Episodes
What is futurelab/africa?
It is a podcast series hopes to breed curiosity by inviting the you to use your imagination and think creatively with reckless abandon. The show is a call to explore African modes of science and technology outside of lab spaces and innovation labs. We seek to find what does technology, science, nature, the environment and the nature of experimentation really mean in the context of African people's lived realities.


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Make note that while the vast majority of winter weather occurs, naturally, during the winter months, some parts of Canada such as the prairie provinces and north and mountain regions may experience severe, if brief, winter-like conditions at any time during the year.
If you are touring on foot, it is best to bundle up as much as possible in layers with heavy socks, thermal underwear and gloves; winter storms can bring with them extreme winds alongside frigid temperatures and frostbite can occur in a matter of minutes.
Firearms and Weapons
Unlike the U.S., Canada's had no constitutional rights relating to gun ownership. Possession, purchase, and use of any firearms requires proper licenses for the weapons and the user, and is subject to federal laws. Firearms are classed (mainly based on barrel length) as non-restricted (subject to the least amount of training and licensing), restricted (more licensing and training required) and prohibited (not legally available). Most rifles and shotguns are non-restricted, as they are used extensively for hunting, on farms, or for protection in remote areas. Handguns or pistols are restricted weapons, but may be obtained and used legally with the proper licenses. Generally the only people who carry handguns are Federal, Provincial, and Municipal Police, Border Services Officers, Wildlife Officers in most provinces, Sheriff's Officers in some provinces, private security guards who transport money and people who work in remote "wilderness" areas who are properly licensed. It is possible to import non-prohibited firearms such as most types of rifle and shotgun for sporting purposes like target shooting and hunting, and non-prohibited handguns for target shooting may also be imported with the correct paperwork. Prohibited firearms will be seized at customs and destroyed. Travellers should check with the Canada Firearms Centre and the Canada Border Services Agency before importing firearms of any type before arrival.
Be aware that it is unusual for civilians to be seen openly carrying weapons in urban areas. While not illegal, openly carrying a weapon will likely be treated as suspicious by the police and civilians.
Switch blades, butterfly knives, spring loaded blades and any other knife that opens automatically are classified as Prohibited and are illegal in Canada. As are Nunchucks, Tasers and other electric stun guns, most devices concealing knives, such as belt buckle knives and knife combs, and articles of clothing or jewelry designed to be used as weapons. Mace and pepper spray is also illegal unless sold specifically for use against animals.
Forest fires usually occur in summer and are possible across a wide swath of the country, most frequently in the western Provinces. Always check the news for info on forest fires and if you must go through them, be very cautious. Often the roads are impassable; alter travel plans accordingly and be prepared for evacuation if forest fires are on your doorstep.
Fires in British Columbia are particularly vicious because of steep mountainous terrain. The combination of dry summers, dry lightning strikes and large forested sections are all factors. The province had serious issues with forest fires in the summer's of 2003 and 2009, with many thousands having to be evacuated.
Illicit Drug Use
Marijuana use is illegal in Canada (with exception to medical marijuana). Under the present Conservative government the tide is turning back toward stricter penalties for drug offenses.
Because of its popularity, easy availability and allowances for "medical purposes", many visitors believe that its use is legal, however being found in possession of marijuana or other controlled substances can result in deportation.
Driving while impaired by drugs (including marijuana and even legal "drowsy" drugs) is a criminal code offense and is treated in the same way as driving under the influence of alcohol, with severe penalties. Do not attempt to drive while high; visitors can expect to be deported after serving jail time or paying very large fines.
Be advised that unlike many other countries, Khat is illegal in Canada, and will get you arrested and deported if you try to pack it in your luggage and get caught by customs.
Needless to say, under no circumstances should you attempt to bring any amount of anything that even resembles a controlled substance into the United States from Canada. This includes marijuana. Penalties in the U.S. for drug smuggling are much more severe than in Canada, with prison sentences being 20 years to life for trafficking.
Canadians take drunk driving very seriously, and it is a social taboo in most circles to drink and drive. Driving while under the influence of alcohol is also punishable under the Criminal Code of Canada and can involve jail time, particularly for repeat offenses. If you "blow over" the legal limit of blood alcohol content (BAC) on a roadside Breathalyzer machine test, you will be arrested and spend at least a few hours in jail. Being convicted for driving under the influence (DUI) will almost certainly mean the end of your trip to Canada, a criminal record and you being barred from re-entering Canada for at least 5 years. 80mg of alcohol per 100ml of blood (0.08%) is the legal limit for a criminal conviction. Many jurisdictions call for fines, license suspension and vehicle impoundment at 40mg of alcohol per 100ml of blood (0.04%), or if the officer reasonably believes you are too intoxicated to drive. Note this difference; while having a BAC of 0.03% when tested at a police checkpoint ('Checkstop' or 'ride-stop', which is designed to catch drunk drivers) will not result in arrest, having the same BAC after being pulled over for driving erratically, or after getting involved in an accident may result in being charged with DUI.
Those crossing the land border into Canada from the USA while driving under the influence will get arrested by the Border Services Officers.
Refusing a Breathalyzer test is also a Criminal Code offense, and will result in the same penalties as had you blown over. If a police officer demands that you supply a breath sample, your best option is to take your chances with the machine.
Canada is a very multicultural society, and the vast majority of Canadians are open minded and accepting. Thus, it is very unlikely to meet ridicule in major urban centres on the basis of race, gender, religion or sexual orientation, as most Canadians (from major urban centres) have encountered every type of person imaginable.
Hate speech - communication that may incite violence toward an identifiable group - is illegal in Canada and can lead to prosecution, jail time and deportation.
You are unlikely to face health problems here that you wouldn't face in any other western industrialized country (despite claims of long waiting lists and inferior care, which often varies by hospital and is usually exaggerated). Furthermore, the health care system is one of the best on the planet, and is very effective and widely accessible. In the past two summers, Canadians in some provinces (Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta) have faced a few cases of West Nile virus, an occasionally fatal infection transmitted by mosquitoes. Also several diseases like whooping cough are common in rural and inner city Canada. Visitors should note that, while Canada has universal health care for residents, health care is not free for visitors, therefore it is important to make sure you are covered by your insurance while traveling in Canada. It should also be noted that, while large hospitals in major cities can be very good, hospitals in mid-sized cities without a large medical school tend to be chronically underfunded and understaffed; hospitals in working class neighbourhoods of large cities tend to suffer from the same problems.
Be aware that most Canadian provinces have banned all indoor smoking in public places and near entrances. Some bans include areas such as bus shelters and outdoor patios. See Smoking.
Canada has quite high standards for restaurant and grocer cleanliness and such if there is a problem with the food you have bought then talk with the manager to report it. You will usually be compensated for the meal, and many managers appreciate patrons who are willing to come forth as opposed to staying silent about it (as long as you aren't rude). Getting sick from contaminated food is unlikely.
Compared to the United States, medical care in Canada is available at about 30 to 60 percent savings, according to the Winnipeg Free Press newspaper. Medical tourism firms help visitors to obtain medical care such as cosmetic surgery and joint replacement in major cities including Vancouver and Montreal. After their treatments, patients can enjoy a vacation and relax in a cabin in the Canadian Rockies, explore colourful Montreal, or other activities.
As emphasized in many places Canada is a multicultural country - as such the paramount point of respect to embrace this attitude as much as possible. Outward displays of racism, sexism, or homophobia will be met with extreme hostility. Even slight preferences may be noticed and noted.
Of equal importance is to avoid assuming positions or cultures based on identifiable signs. For example the Chinese girl you might meet may not speak a word of Chinese and may never have been anywhere near China. This point is especially true for individuals from areas with ethnic strife - don't assume that anyone you meet is either personally connected to or shares the viewpoints of their ethnic-origin Nation.
Beyond that be aware of the complicated Canadian-American relationship. Canadians can wax and wane about the U.S. for hours but rarely invite opinions, or comparisons to the U.S. Mentions of "The 51st State" and "America's Hat" will be considered grave insults, as well as any derision of Canada's status as a distinct nation. Equal to that is references to British or (In Quebec) French relationships as those are either in decline or rife with potential faux pas.
Be aware of politics—there is a large degree of regionalism in Canada, and the learning curve is steep when you attempt to explore these differences. In particular, Quebec's somewhat strained relationship with the rest of Canada—the result of a still-active


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Loon is pioneering the commercial application of cutting-edge, stratospheric technologies. Together, these innovations are adding a new layer to the global connectivity ecosystem, making it possible to connect billions of people and things in places no one thought possible. After years of development, these technologies are in production at scale around the world.
Delivering Connectivity From the Stratosphere
The stratosphere can be a harsh, ever-changing place. Taking advantage of this seemingly inhospitable environment requires overcoming two key challenges:
Keep the platform in the stratosphere for hundreds of days
Get the system to stay over the people who need internet
These challenges require mastering pressure conditions, wind currents, the thermal environment, gravity waves, and solar radiation. As a consequence, the stratosphere has been largely underutilized.
The Loon Solution
Loon has overcome many of the challenges associated with utilizing the stratosphere. Today, our flight systems are operating in production and at scale around the world, achieving key operational milestones.
flight hours since 2013
flight hours since 2019
HAPS Alliance: Partnering with Industry Luminaries
Loon is a founding member of HAPS Alliance (HAPS stands for 'High Altitude Platform Station'). HAPS Alliance is working to advance commercial activity in the stratosphere, and to connect more people, places, and things around the globe. HAPS Alliance consists of some of the world's largest technology, aerospace, and telecommunications companies.


Tiny 3D Glasses Prove Too-Hip Praying Mantises Have 3D Vision
Researchers attached little 3D glasses to the bugs' eyes with beeswax and tempted them with 3D prey on a screen.
University of Newcastle
Researchers from the University of Newcastle have demonstrated that praying mantises see the world in 3D. To prove it, they made tiny 3D glasses that they affixed to the mantises' eyes using beeswax. Their findings were published today in Scientific Reports.
University of Newcastle
After receiving their glasses, the mantises were put into a little "insect cinema" where they were positioned out of reach of a computer screen. Researchers then played images of bugs moving around on the screen to see if the carnivorous insects would strike out. The mantises would strike at the prey only if the researches changed the image to 3D, similar to how we might reach out toward something in a 3D movie. This proved that the insects do use stereopsis, or depth perception, to navigate the world and hunt.
The 3D vision of praying mantises was first demonstrated in the 1980s by Samuel Rossel, who used prisms to confuse mantises into striking too shallow or to the side of their targets. His experiment left some doubt, however, because he didn't directly compare the mantises' reactions to 2D and 3D images.
At first, the researchers from Newcastle used the modern type of 3D glasses—the ones with clear lenses rather than the red and blue of 1950s movie theaters—which filter out certain types of circularly polarized light from each eye to create two distinct images. But the mantises would not strike out at the 3D bugs on the screen. The researchers soon discovered that the insects were too close to the screen for the modern style of glasses to work properly, so they switched to the older kind. In this case, green lenses were used instead of red because praying mantises have trouble seeing red light.
It worked! With the glasses on, the mantises would go for bugs they were shown in 3D. The research team hopes to use this information to learn more about how sight has evolved in different species, and even to create algorithms that would allow robots to see in 3D. For now, we just can't get enough of these bespectacled praying mantis photos.
University of Newcastle
Source: University of Newcastle via Gizmodo
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Should You Spell Resume With Accents?
When you're starting your job search, here's a basic question to ponder: Should you spell resume with accents or without?
Should you spell resume with the accents or without them? Should it be resume, resumé, or résumé?
First things first: what does the word mean?
Professor Paul Brians at Washington State University maintains a great writing website. He points out that résumé is a French word that means "summary." Your résumé, after all, is a summary. It lists your work history, your qualifications and your skills, among other things. That document usually serves as the first impression you make for a would-be employer.
But how should you spell the word if it comes up?
Purists will no doubt argue two salient points.
The first would be that spelling it without the accent marks makes it look a different word, resume, which means "to continue."
That's a valid point to an extent.
The second, and more likely argument, is that because it's a French word that carries two accents, our use should also include the two accents.
However, there are plenty of words the English language "borrows" from other languages. As a general rule, the accent marks accompany the words when they're brought into English.
We still use an accent mark in cliché, as Brians points out.
But more and more often, we drop the accent mark in the word cafe. (Of course, it used to be written always as café.)
Career expert Emilia Mucha, at the website, points out that the French don't use the term for the document in question. Instead, she says, they use CV or curriculum vitae.
I've seen quite a few people use that term over the years when they want to appear fancy. I would imagine that for most would-be employers who aren't looking to hire someone bilingual, it's probably not that impressive.
Merriam-Webster says two of the options are more common: resume and résumé. The third option, resumé, is listed as less common.
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language lists all three as valid options, listing the double-accent version first.
The Associated Press Style Book says resume is fine. But then AP avoids accent marks largely because different computer systems that work with AP feeds sometimes get confused by punctuation marks.
In a discussion at, Angela Copeland points out you'll most commonly use the word when naming the actual file of your résumé. You'll save and then upload or email. In that case, you'll name it resume since computers tend to dislike diacritical marks in filenames.
So which is more correct? Which is better?
If you're using AP Style, resume is better because AP says so. A survey of dictionaries seem to suggest that you're better off going with either two accents or none.
Resumé may seem more "foreign" because it's forcing that last vowel to be pronounced in a way the verb resume wouldn't be. But as a third choice, it's less common.
If you want to use résumé, go for it. If you're applying for a job, particularly one in which a knowledge of a foreign language may be part of your duties, it can't hurt.
I can tell you that having hired a few writers myself over the years in the real job, I've never once ruled out someone for spelling the word with no accents. (My real job does rely on AP Style, I note for the record.) I just don't think it's wrong to drop the accents as the word has become more and more "Americanized" over the years.
If you worry, however, take this hint. Look at the employer's website: if it asks for a cover letter and résumé, write resume with accents intact. If they don't, you should assume it's safe not to.


For example, you may need to define what a "claw hammer" is when speaking to a group of Cub Scouts learning about basic tools, but you would appear foolish—or even condescending—if you defined it in a speech to a group of carpenters who use claw hammers every day. On the other hand, just assuming that others know the terms you are using can lead to ineffective communication as well. Medical doctors are often criticized for using technical terms while talking to their patients without taking time to define those terms. Patients may then walk away not really understanding what their health situation is or what needs to be done about it.
 Another often-used type of support is examples. An example is a specific situation, problem, or story designed to help illustrate a principle, method, or phenomenon. Examples are useful because they can help make an abstract idea more concrete for an audience by providing a specific case. Let's examine four common types of examples used as support: positive, negative, nonexamples, and best examples.
 Positive Examples
 A positive example is used to clarify or clearly illustrate a principle, method, or phenomenon. A speaker discussing crisis management could talk about how a local politician handled herself when a local newspaper reported that her husband was having an affair or give an example of a professional baseball player who immediately came clean about steroid use. These examples would provide a positive model for how a corporation in the first instance, and an individual in the second instance, should behave in crisis management. The purpose of a positive example is to show a desirable solution, decision, or course of action.
 Negative Examples
 Negative examples, by contrast, are used to illustrate what not to do. On the same theme of crisis management, a speaker could discuss the lack of communication from Union Carbide during the 1984 tragedy in Bhopal, India, or the many problems with how the US government responded to Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The purpose of a negative example is to show an undesirable solution, decision, or course of action.
 A nonexample is used to explain what something is not. On the subject of crisis management, you might mention a press release for a new Adobe Acrobat software upgrade as an example of corporate communication that is not crisis management. The press release nonexample helps the audience differentiate between crisis management and other forms of corporate communication.
 Best Examples
 The final type of example is called the best example because it is held up as the "best" way someone should behave within a specific context. On the crisis management theme, a speaker could show a clip of an effective CEO speaking during a press conference to show how one should behave both verbally and nonverbally during a crisis. While positive examples show appropriate ways to behave, best examples illustrate the best way to behave in a specific context. Although examples can be very effective at helping an audience to understand abstract or unfamiliar concepts, they do have one major drawback: some audience members may dismiss them as unusual cases that do not represent what happens most of the time. For example, some opponents of wearing seat belts claim that not wearing your seat belt can help you be thrown from a car and save you from fire or other hazards in the wrecked automobile. Even if a speaker has a specific example of an accident where this was true, many audience members would see this example as a rare case and thus not view it as strong support.
 Simply finding an example to use, then, is not enough. An effective speaker needs to consider how the audience will respond to the example and how the example fits with what else the audience knows, as discussed under the heading of accuracy earlier in this chapter.
 A fourth form of support are narratives, or stories that help an audience understand the speaker's message. Narratives are similar to examples except that narratives are generally longer and take on the form of a story with a clear arc (beginning, middle, and end). People like stories. In fact, narratives are so important that communication scholar Walter Fisher believes humans are innately storytelling animals, so appealing to people through stories is a great way to support one's speech. [4]
 However, you have an ethical responsibility as a speaker to clearly identify whether the narrative you are sharing is real or hypothetical. In
 1981, Washington Post reporter Janet Cooke was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for her story of an eight-year-old heroin addict. [5]After acknowledging that her story was a fake, she lost her job and the prize was rescinded. [6] In 2009, Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal gave a nationally televised speech where he recounted a story of his interaction with a local sheriff in getting help for Hurricane Katrina victims. His story was later found to be false; Jindal admitted that he had heard the sheriff tell the story after it happened but he had not really been present at the time. [7]
 Obviously, we are advocating that you select narratives that are truthful when you use this form of support in a speech. Clella Jaffe explains that narratives are a fundamental part of public speaking and that narratives can be used for support in all three general purposes of speaking: informative, persuasive, and entertaining. [8]
 Informative Narratives
 Jaffe defines informative narratives as those that provide information or explanations about a speaker's topic. [9] Informative narratives can help audiences understand nature and natural phenomena, for example. Often the most complicated science and mathematical issues in our world can be understood through the use of story. While many people may not know all the mathematics behind gravity, most of us have grown up with the story of how Sir Isaac Newton was hit on the head by an apple and developed the theory of gravity. Even if the story is not precisely accurate, it serves as a way to help people grasp the basic concept of gravity.
 Persuasive Narratives
 Persuasive narratives are stories used to persuade people to accept or reject a specific attitude, value, belief, or behavior. Religious texts are filled with persuasive narratives designed to teach followers various attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors. Parables or fables are designed to teach people basic lessons about life. For example, read the following fable from Aesop ( "One winter a farmer found a snake stiff and frozen with cold. He had compassion on it, and taking it up, placed it in his bosom. The Snake was quickly revived by the warmth, and resuming its natural instincts, bit its benefactor, inflicting on him a mortal wound. 'Oh,' cried the Farmer with his last breath, 'I am rightly served for pitying a scoundrel.'" This persuasive narrative is designed to warn people that just because you help someone in need doesn't mean the other person will respond in kind.
 Entertaining Narratives
 Entertaining narratives are stories designed purely to delight an audience and transport them from their daily concerns. Some professional speakers make a very good career by telling their own stories of success or how they overcame life's adversities. Comedians such as Jeff Foxworthy tell stories that are ostensibly about their own lives in a manner designed to make the audience laugh. While entertaining narratives may be a lot of fun, people should use them sparingly as support for a more serious topic or for a traditional informative or persuasive speech.
 Another form of support you may employ during a speech is testimony. When we use the word "testimony" in this text, we are specifically referring to expert opinion or direct accounts of witnesses to provide support for your speech. Notice that within this definition, we refer to both expert and eyewitness testimony.
 Expert Testimony
 essence, expert testimony expresses the attitudes, values, beliefs, or behaviors recommended by someone who is an acknowledged expert on a topic. For example, imagine that you're going to give a speech on why physical education should be mandatory for all grades K–12 in public schools. During the course of your research, you come across The Surgeon General's Vision for a Fit and Healthy
 Nation ( 010.pdf). You might decide to cite information from within the report written by US Surgeon General Dr. Regina Benjamin about her strategies for combating the problem of childhood obesity within the United States. If so, you are using the words from Dr. Benjamin, as a noted expert on the subject, to support your speech's basic premise. Her expertise is being used to give credibility to your claims.
 Eyewitness Testimony
 Eyewitness testimony, on the other hand, is given by someone who has direct contact with the phenomenon of your speech topic. Imagine that you are giving a speech on the effects of the 2010 "Deepwater Horizon" disaster in the Gulf of Mexico. Perhaps one of your friends happened to be on a flight that passed over the Gulf of Mexico and the pilot pointed out where the platform was. You could tell your listeners about your friend's testimony of what she saw as she was flying over the spill.
 However, using eyewitness testimony as support can be a little tricky because you are relying on someone's firsthand account, and firsthand accounts may not always be reliable. As such, you evaluate the credibility of your witness and the recency of the testimony.
 To evaluate your witness's credibility, you should first consider how you received the testimony. Did you ask the person for the testimony, or did he or she give you the information without being asked? Second, consider whether your witness has anything to gain from his or her testimony. Basically, you want to know that your witness isn't biased.
 Second, consider whether your witness' account was recent or something that happened some time ago.


text:
DeWalt manufactures a wide range of cordless tools, including drills, powered by rechargeable battery packs. Most of the Dewalt batteries are lithium ion types which are lighter and last much longer than nickel-based batteries. However, every so often it's necessary to recharge your power tool battery pack, so you need to know how to operate the DeWalt drill battery charger.
Insert the plug on the end of the wire from the DeWalt drill battery charger into an electrical socket. It needs to be an electrical socket that produces 110/120 volts, which is the standard voltage in most household outlets.
Insert the battery into the Dewalt battery charger so it fits securely. It can only be inserted in one direction, so you can't get it wrong.
Turn on the DeWalt battery charger. The red LED flashes to confirm the battery charger is charging your battery. Wait until the red LED stops flashing and glows continuously, which means the battery is fully charged and ready for use.
Use the "Tune-up" button on your DeWalt battery charger to equalise the cells in the battery pack. Insert the battery into the charger as before and turn it on. Wait for the red LED to flash then press the "Tune-up" button. The LED stops flashing and then flashes quickly three times before it resumes flashing as before. Your battery is getting tuned.
Wait until the LED glows continuously to indicate the tune-up is complete. The cycle can take eight hours to complete, so only do this when you don't need to use your drill.
Your DeWalt battery charger automatically senses the condition of your batteries and charges them appropriately. For example, if your battery is too cold or too hot, it adjusts the way it is charged and the LED light flashes either quickly or slowly. If your battery needs replacing, the LED light flashes very quickly. If there is something wrong with your power supply the LED flashes twice quickly then pauses and repeats the two quick flashes, and so on.


The DJI Ryze Tello Toy Drone EDU is an impressive little drone for kids and adults that's a blast to fly and helps users learn about drones with coding education.
 - Precise hovering
 - Multiple flight modes
 - Program a swarm of drones
 - Mission Pads offer multiple fun uses
 - Learn coding with Swift, Scratch or Python
 - Control Tello Edu with the app on your iPhone or iPad
 - 5MP photos and 720p video with Electronic Image Stabilisation
 - Unlock more programming possibilities with the upgraded SDK 2.0
Drone Swarm
You can program multiples Tello EDUs simultaneously through one device. Use code to control a swarm of Tello EDUs, have them fly over Mission Pads, and perform flips and other acrobatic movements. Improve your programming skills while pushing the limits of your creativity!
Advanced Programming
Mission Pads are a fantastic asset for increased programming precision. They serve not only as guiding points, but as trigger mechanisms. Program with the specific information within each Mission Pad to expand your options and push the limits of Tello EDU. You can write code that will enable your aircraft to recognize each Missions Pad's unique ID, as well as perform aerial acrobatics. Control a swarm of Tello EDUs, and bring your imagination to life.
Discover More with AI
Access video stream data with Tello EDU, creating more possibilities for image processing and AI development. The new SDK 2.0 allows you to develop Tello EDU further, realizing more AI functions such as object recognition*, tracking, 3D reconstruction through programming, computer vision, and deep learning technologies.
Programming Simplified
Tello EDU supports block programming. Simply drag coding blocks on the screen to program Tello EDU and enable certain movements. Additionally, the Tello Space Travel tutorial teaches you how to use the Swift programming language to code on your iPad while following a fun storyline. This space adventure is available via the Swift Playgrounds app. Team up with Tello EDU to explore the universe!
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text:
07 December 2012
Analysis of a 'flying wing'
Aerodynamic analysis of a 'flying wing' or blended wing body; the colours indicate the pressure distribution.
DLR (CC-BY 3.0).
'Box wing' geometry
In the futuristic 'box wing' geometry, two wings unite above the fuselage.
Many disciplines are involved in the design and development of an aircraft. To obtain the best combination of wings, fuselage and engines, researchers must work closely together and share their expertise effectively. To support the cooperation of various aviation experts, scientists at the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt; DLR) have developed the software tools CPACS (Common Parametric Aircraft Configuration Schema) and RCE (Remote Component Environment). These bring together aircraft engineers from various disciplines at a virtual table. During a symposium held from the 4–6 December 2012, researchers gathered in Hamburg to deal with the design of future generations of aircraft.
NASA, Boeing, Airbus and Cassidian attended
"One goal of the three-day symposium in Hamburg was to present CPACS and RCE to a larger community of users," says Doreen Seider of DLR Simulation and Software Technology. After an initial meeting in March 2012, where the software was successfully presented to industry partners such as Airbus and Bauhaus Luftfahrt, the context was this time international – scientists from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as well as representatives of Boeing and Cassidian attended the meeting. In addition, numerous universities active in the field of aircraft design were present – including, among others, the Chinese Northwestern Polytechnical University.
"Within DLR, CPACS and RCE are already in use in many projects," says Daniel Böhnke of DLR Air Transportation Systems. "Often, more than ten institutions work hand in hand. Everyone brings their particular expertise; aerodynamics engineers calculate the flow around the wing, aeroelastics engineers evaluate the stability of its structure and our institute contributes to the economic assessment. Using the DLR software, a variety of knowledge is collected and combined to achieve a coordinated overall aircraft design." Some pioneering aircraft configurations have already been created using the software. An example of this is the unusual 'box wing' geometry, in which two wings unite above the fuselage.
The Key to Cooperation – a common data format
The software incorporates CPACS as common data format. This is the key to cooperation for aeronautical engineers. "Prior to the application of the data format, results of the various institutions were rarely compatible. The scientists had to make do with simplifying assumptions for the results of the other departments," says Böhnke. He is responsible for the coordination of CPACS and thus for the compatibility of the calculations.
The integration framework, RCE, provides the virtual collaboration environment for the experts from different to collaborate digitally. "The merging of expertise across institutional and national boundaries is very complex. RCE offers an ideal platform for engineers from, for example Europe, Asia and America, to jointly design an aircraft," says Seider, who is responsible for the development of RCE.
Aircraft designs for 2025
DLR provides CPACS and RCE as freely available open source software. Users can incorporate desired modifications directly into the software and adapt it to their individual needs. "This development is flexible," says Seider. Before the next meeting in September 2013, the symposium participants will work on the design of pioneering aircraft configurations for the year 2025. The results will be presented at the Council of European Aerospace Societies (CEAS) Air and Space Conference in Linköping, Sweden.
Last modified:20/12/2012 14:25:12


Nebraska DHHS Emergency Preparedness
Strategic National Stockpile
The Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) is a national resource of medical supplies ready and waiting to help states handle public health emergencies. It includes pharmaceuticals, medical supplies and medical equipment. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has these "stockpiles" located around the country so states can have access to the supplies they need within 12 hours of requesting them.
DHHS' Role Warehouse
Receiving, shipping and storing the stockpile is a complex operation involving a lot of people from DHHS, other state agencies and the federal government as well. At DHHS we've recruited approximately 40 people to help with the process and are always looking for more volunteers. Among other duties, our employees are responsible for unloading the shipment, managing inventory, maintaining quality control, and repackaging supplies for further distribution.
The SNS Program is an essential response component of CDC's larger Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Initiative. For more information, see the CDC Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Website.


text:
Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Bacteria, Cross Infection, England, Female, Humans, Ireland, Male, Middle Aged, Northern Ireland, Pneumonia, Bacterial, Prevalence, Respiratory Tract Infections, Sex Factors, Wales, Young Adult
In 2006, the Hospital Infection Society was funded by the respective health services in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland to conduct a prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infection (HCAI). Here, we report the prevalence of pneumonia and lower respiratory tract infection other than pneumonia (LRTIOP) in these four countries. The prevalence of all HCAIs was 7.59% (5743 out of 75 694). Nine hundred (15.7%) of these infections were pneumonia, and 402 (7.0%) were LRTIOP. The prevalence of both infections was higher for males than for females, and increased threefold from those aged <35 to those aged>85 years (P<0.001). At the time of the survey or in the preceding seven days, 23.7% and 18.2% of patients with pneumonia and LRTIOP, respectively, were mechanically ventilated compared to 5.2% of patients in the whole study population. Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was the cause of pneumonia and LRTIOP in 7.6% and 18.1% of patients, respectively (P<0.001). More patients with LRTIOP (4.2%) had concurrent diarrhoea due to Clostridium difficile compared to patients with pneumonia (2.4%), but this did not reach statistical significance. Other HCAIs were present in 137 (15.2%) of patients with pneumonia and 66 (16.4%) of those with LRTIOP. The results suggest that reducing instrumentation, such as mechanical ventilation where possible, should help reduce infection. The higher prevalence of MRSA as a cause of LRTIOP suggests a lack of specificity in identifying the microbial cause and the association with C. difficile emphasises the need for better use of antibiotics.
Medicine and Health Sciences
Humphreys H, Newcombe RG, Enstone J, Smyth ET, McIlvenny G, Davies E, Spencer R. Four country healthcare-associated infection prevalence survey: pneumonia and lower respiratory tract infections. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2010;74(3):266-270.


the bat, put the other end on the ground and spin around it 10 times (hence "dizzy bat").
Finally, they simply run back down the mat to their team and tag the next person. When done right it is almost impossible to run down the slide without falling down a bunch.
Added by Josh Sanderson
See Australian MegaSlide of Death, also on Outdoor page.
Back to Top The Potato Game
To play this game, you need an open field, several bags of potatoes, and 4 balls of yarn. Here's what you do.
PRIOR to the start of the game, spray paint 4 huge circles of EQUAL size that are also evenly spaced from one another in the form of a square. (In other words, make your field a really big "square" with a circle at each "corner" of it.) Then dump a couple of bags of potatoes inside each circle. The size of your field, and the number of potatoes you use depends on the size of your group. If you have a big group, paint a big field and use lots of potatoes. Just make sure every circle gets the same amount of potatoes!
When the students arrive, divide them up into 4 equal teams. Assign each team to a circle. Designate ONE player from each team to be the "Giver of the Lifey Band." That's right, the "Giver of the Lifey Band." His job will be to LOOSELY tie a piece of yarn around the waist of every single one of the players on his team, giving them life, hence his title. (Each person gets their own piece of yarn tied around them…think Flag Football.) He CANNOT move out of his team's circle during the game, at all! He will have to repeatedly tie yarn around his teammates waist as they get it ripped off during the game. (More on that in a moment.)
When your teams are even, and everyone has yarn tied around their waists, you are ready to play. The objective is simple. Players run around to the other three circles and snag as many potatoes as they can and take them back to their pile located in their circle.
The trouble is, if your yarn gets ripped off in the process, you MUST drop any potatoes you have in your possession RIGHT THERE (even if you're NOT in a circle) and go straight to your "Giver of the Lifey Band" for another piece of yarn. When the player has the new piece of yarn tied to his or her waist, only then can he/she re-enter the game. Though players can only have one piece of yarn tied to them at any given time, they can go back to their "Giver of the Lifey Band" as often as need be (there is not a cap).
Set a time limit on the game and start play. Give a 2 minute and a 1 minute warning towards the end of the game. The team with the most potatoes IN THEIR CIRCLE at the buzzer wins.
1. Absolutely NO THROWING potatoes. Too dangerous. Expel students who break this rule.
2. Players who decide to "defend" their circle can do so, BUT they must remain OUTSIDE their circle. They cannot stand in the circle, merely hovering over their potatoes. This will kill the game. The bigger the circle, the better the game, because it makes it that much harder….
3. The only player on the team to STAY in their circle is the "Giver of the Lifey Band." Other players can be in their own circle ONLY when depositing a potato.
4. No unnecessary roughness (tripping, eye gouging, body slams, etc.)
You will probably want a few adult volunteers roaming around as referees. Have fun!
Idea by Rocky
Back to Top Toilet Paper Firing Squad
Involves A LOT of clean up. You need several packs of toilet paper, depending on the number of students you have.
Line all but two players against an outside wall with side boundaries clearly marked. The two "marksmen" pull off a wad of toilet paper and dip in a bucket of water, making it really soggy. Then they try to hit the other players who are allowed to move side to side from about 15-20 feet away. The last person to be hit and the runner-up are the two "marksmen" in the next round. If the game is taking too long, put a 1-3 minute time limit on each " round, and pronounce the winner as the one who has the least amount of people left standing (and dry)!
Added by Rachel Tarr
Also see Snowball Fight on Anywhere page, Toilet Paper Bowling & Toilet Paper Blow, Toilet Paper Bride, both on Upfront page.
Back to Top Trashball
Divide into two teams. This game is basically basketball, with your own player as the basketholder (assists at getting the ball in).
Use a trashcan about the same size as your ball. Have each team choose a trash can holder (rotate regularly, its a fun place to be). Have each one stand up on a chair (they can't move from the chair or grab a balljust move the trash can). Make a boundry of about 10 feet around each holder with tape. Anyone caught inside the tape must sit there indefinately (at your discretion).
This is a fun game because, with the help of the can holder, almost anyone can make a full court shot, so we tell players the ball must touch a certain # of girls on their team before they can shoot.
NOTE: It's a good idea to play this game with a rule about not diving under the chairs the trash can holders are standing on. We recently received an email from a youth leader saying, "I broke my wrist when some overeager youth toppled over the chair I was standing on trying to get at the ball!" OUCH
Submitted by Jon Talley
Back to Top Tubal Bacon
Steal the Bacon with inner tubes. This is a physically exhausting game that can be lots of fun, but might be best if played with boys against boys and/or girls against girls.
Mark a large square in the field and place a stack of seven to ten inner tubes in the center of the square. Divide the group into four equal teams, each one lining up on their side of the square. Number the players on each team from one to however many players are on each team.
The object of the game is to get as many inner tubes as possible across your team's line. Call out several numbers. The players with those numbers run to the center and start dragging the inner tubes to their lines. There may be several players tugging on the same tube. Each tube successfully pulled across a team's line is a score (one point) for that team.
Variation 1: Once the kids get the hang of it, add a soccer ball to the game. Each team gets a point deducted from their score if the ball is kicked over their line. Team members along the team line act as goalies. Once the ball touches the ground in their territory the point is scored against them.
Variation 2: To further complicate the game, add a cage ball, or earth ball (4 to 8 ft. in diameter). The team that gets this ball across their own line gets three additional points.
Also see Steal the Bacon and Tubemania, both on Big Room page.
Back to Top Tubal Tug
Get 5 small to medium sized inner tubes. One of them serves as the middle ring. Tie 4 ropes (ropes should be 8 to 10 ft. in length) to this middle tube (you have to have your tubes tied for this game!) Tie the other ends of the ropes to the other 4 tubes - one rope to each tube. Next you will need 4 cones and 4 tennis balls.
Lay out the inner tube contraption, putting the center ring at the center (duh...) and the other 4 stretched out to the noon, 3, 6 and 9 o'clock positions. Then place the cones with the tennis balls on top about 10 feet out from the inner tubes. People then get in the inner tubes and on "Go!", they attempt to become the 1st person to get the tennis ball off their respective cones (thus a four way tug-o-war). Since they are essentially pulling against 3 other people, from different directions, it's not always the biggest/strongest that wins.
Safety Caution: Don't do this game on cement/asphalt - someone always slips or falls down and then gets drug across the ground by the other players.
For a total tube fest, see Tubemania on Outdoor page.
Back to Top TubeMania
Outdoor & Big room. Have a TUBEMANIA night playing the following tube games!
 (steal the bacon with innertubes): - This is a physically exhausting game that can be lots of fun, but might be best if played boys against boys and/or girls against girls.
 To further complicate the game, add a cage ball, or earth ball (four to eight feet in diameter). The team that gets this ball across their own line gets three additional points.
 Good name for this game. Be very carefulif you don't use good safety precautions this could result in injuries. Divide your crowd into two teams, each team in two groups for a relay. Line the teams up in four corners of the playing field, each team diagonal with it's partner team. Give each group 2 or 3 tubes (depending on size). The first team members must step into the tubes, pick them up (


Question: Is Black Coffee Alkaline Or Acidic?
What foods neutralize stomach acid?
Here are five foods to try.Bananas.
Like bananas, melons also are a highly alkaline fruit.
Green Vegetables..
Is coffee with milk less acidic?
The best combination for finding a stomach-friendly coffee brew then is going to be one that is lower in chlorogenic acids and higher in NMP. Adding milk to coffee may also help it to become more stomach-friendly, at least for those who are able to have milk.
Does adding salt to coffee reduce acidity?
Just like a pinch of salt can improve dessert recipes, a dash of it can upgrade your next pot of coffee. Salt can 'neutralize' some of the bitterness of coffee, leaving you with a smoother drink. Just pour a pinch (roughly 1/8 teaspoon) into your coffee grounds before brewing.
Is Black Coffee acidic?
A typical black coffee measures at a 5 which is similar to the pH of a banana, yup a banana. As you can see from the scale below, coffee is technically acidic, but not by much. You will find similar acidic levels in soda, orange juice, and even some beers.
Is Espresso easier on the stomach than coffee?
Ask for Espresso But espresso is known for being easier on the stomach for a couple of reasons. First, the combination of high pressure and short extraction time produces a different balance of chemical compounds than the same coffee would in a drip or pour over brew.
What is the cleanest coffee?
Best Organic Coffee Beans of 2020 – Top 12 PicksLifeboost Organic Coffee – Our Top Pick. … 2. Cafe Don Pablo: Subtle Earth Gourmet Coffee. … Java Planet Colombian Organic – Medium Dark Roast. … Kicking Horse Coffee: Smart Ass. … Death Wish Coffee, Dark Roast. … Jungle Coffee Gourmet Coffee Beans.More items…•
Which coffee is least acidic?
How do you make black coffee less acidic?
Is coffee alkaline or acidic?
How do I reduce the acidity in my body?
Eat vegetables such as spinach, broccoli and beans or fruits such as raisins, bananas and apples are appropriate choices for neutralizing body pH. 5. Acid imbalance can result from poorly controlled diabetes which is treated with insulin to prevent metabolic acidosis.
Is green tea alkaline or acidic?
Alkaline and acidity are determined by the pH scale. Neutral is around 7 and anything under a pH of 4 is considered very acidic. In general, chamomile and peppermint have a pH level between 6-7 and green tea is generally 7-9 on the scale.
Does boiling coffee make it less acidic?
Coffee can stain your teeth, make you jittery and unfocused, and coffee's high acidity can irritate sensitive stomachs. … Cold brewing is one of the most popular ways to lower acidity in coffee, but you can also boil coffee with crushed eggshells to help remove some of the acidity.
Is coffee too acidic?
How do you remove acid from coffee?
What foods can Alkalize your body?
Is Tea acidic as coffee?
Is Espresso less acidic than coffee?
The roasting process is also very influential. The darker the roast, the lower the level of acid. An Espresso or French roast will be lower in acidity than an American or Viennese roast, for instance.


What Yacon Syrup is Good For and Why Fitness Buffs Love It?
by Sam Marshall on April 10, 2015
What yacon syrup is good forIf you've been looking up what yacon syrup is good for, you're not the only one as it has come up frequently in health and wellness discussions. There's research which indicates the syrup does work, but some of the information on the web can be misleading, and that's what this article is for, explain what the syrup is and what it can do for you.
What is Yacon Anyway?
This syrup is best known as a sweetener obtained from the Yacon plant tuberous roots, and the plant can be found in Peru, Brazil and Bolivia. One of the reasons why it's preferred by health enthusiasts is because it has 50% Fructooligosacharides (FOS) which doesn't boost your blood glucose level, good news if you're a diabetic.
But more than that, the reason why it's become so popular is the research proving that it has a lot of health benefits, including the following.
Good for Losing Weight
Yacon syrup for weight loss has become the buzzword today and a lot of products market the syrup as such. The good news is that this isn't just hype as there's scientific evidence to prove it. This syrup has been used as such by ancient peoples but it's only now that science has been able to provide evidence for it.
What makes this very effective as a weight loss solution is it works on multiple levels. First, it's a natural appetite suppressant, with several studies proving that people who take the syrup on a regular basis lose more weight than those who don't. The less food you eat, the less calories and fats your body needs to burn, and the time comes when your body has to metabolize the calories in reserve.
Yacon syrup research also proves the syrup increases your body's metabolic rate so you'll burn double the carbohydrates and fat than you used to. Combined with its appetite suppressing properties, and you have the ingredients for a potent weight loss program.
If taken on a regular basis, it cleanses your body and to use computer lingo, "reboots" the system, improving the metabolic process and your digestion as well. Your body might need some time to get used to absorbing all the additional nutrients but it will, sooner than later.
Yacon root - natural source of wellnessRich in Fiber
The best yacon syrup is also rich in fiber, which might strike you as surprising as natural sweeteners and fiber aren't usually mentioned in the same sentence. But it's true as you'll receive all the health benefits of fiber when you take it. A fiber rich diet facilitates good bowel movement, improves digestion and provides relief from indigestion and other related problems.
Reduces Blood Sugar Levels and Cholesterol
The syrup is a great alternative to sugar because it's just as sweet but doesn't have any side effects. The syrup is flexible enough to be used in coffee or tea, and not only does it satisfy your cravings for something sweet, but it also lowers blood glucose levels, and it also reduces cholesterol.
Improves Bone Density
Organic yacon syrup also increases bone density, and contrary to popular belief, bone loss doesn't just affect old people but young ones as well. It's true calcium supplements and milk help, but there's only so much they can do in the long run. Yacon however, has unique properties that naturally strengthen your bones, in particular the spine. With regular intake of the syrup your bones are strengthened, delaying or outright preventing degenerative conditions such as osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and scoliosis.
Fortifies the Immune System
If you ask what yacon syrup is good for, you'll probably be told that it fortifies your immune system, and there is basis for this. It's impossible to overstate the importance of your immune system because it's your primary defense against disease and infection. Poor nutrition, lack of exercise and an unhealthy lifestyle all contribute to its decline, but with this syrup your body will be in a better position to defend itself against infection.
Boosts Energy Levels
100% pure yacon syrup also increases your energy levels as excess fat is burned. It's a known fact that overweight people tend to feel sluggish and slow, and the opposite is true for those in good physical condition. That's basically what will happen when you include this syrup in your diet.
As you lose weight, your body becomes more flexible and is more energetic, and you'll also need less time to recover and recuperate. At the same time, the extra energy allows you to do more workouts and still have the energy for the rest of the day.
What are the Other Benefits?
If you look up yacon syrup candida on the web you'll see there's plenty of evidence supporting the claims that it prevents yeast infection. This can be attributed to the fact that the syrup promotes the growth of good bacteria like bifidobacterium and doesn't negatively affect intestinal microflora the way other health supplements do. As it is, yacon is one of the richest natural sources of FOS, which is a prebiotic, and it's used by intestinal microflora as food.
In short, FOS improves the health status of your gastrointestinal tract by increasing the population of good bacteria. When people think of bacteria the first thing that comes to mind is disease, but good bacteria assists your digestive system the same way that yogurt, miso, sauerkraut and kefir do.
Is Yacon a Miracle?
No, this isn't a miracle cure and no one is claiming that it is. However, there is scientific evidence proving that it works if taken on a regular basis. But the health benefits won't be felt overnight and the efficiency varies on a case to case basis. In addition, you'll achieve better results if you combine it with regular exercise and a healthy diet. what are yacon syrup benefits
Who Should Take This Syrup?
The syrup is for you if:
 - You're serious about losing weight
 - Want to fortify your immune system
 - If you want more energy
 - Want to improve bone density
 - Manage blood sugar levels and cholesterol
However, this is not for you if:
 - You're under 18 (yacon isn't recommended for children)
 - Have loose stools or diarrhea (the syrup is a cure for constipation)
 - Allergic to sunflower seeds (have many properties similar to yacon)
 - Pregnant and / or breastfeeding
How Do You Take the Syrup?
A tablespoon a day of the syrup should be enough (that's about 3 teaspoons), and it's best to take them before your meal. You can take a tablespoon before breakfast or a single teaspoon prior to breakfast, lunch and dinner. You may consume the syrup as is or add it to your coffee or tea instead of sugar. Just make sure that you don't use the syrup in anything that involves high temperatures (i.e. baking).
That's all there is to it. Take the syrup daily and you'll notice changes in your appetite. Of course it will help if you go on a diet as well, and that will be easier to do since your hunger pangs are suppressed. As your weight drops and energy levels increase, you'll be able to do more workouts, lose even more weight and gain muscles in the process.
How to Make Yacon Syrup
If you're the DIY type and want to make the syrup, here's how you do it.
 1. Gather the roots and wash them with pressurized water. Make sure there aren't any soil residues left.
 2. Get a potato peeler or similar tool and take out the peels. Next, juice the peeled yacon and place the juice in a pot. Discard the pulp.
 3. Put the pot on a stove and set to moderate heat. Remove the substance you see coming up the surface and those on the sides. Let the pot boil and allow it to simmer overnight. Repeat this the following day and skim the sides and top again. By the second day you'll see that the juice has a darker hue and smells like molasses.
 4. Cool the pot and filter the juice out. What you get is thin syrup, but don't discard the thicker liquid as that can be used as sweetener for other dishes. You can now use the syrup or store it in a bottle and place in the fridge.
Where Can I Buy Yacon Syrup?
You can buy the syrup online, but make sure that it's 100% natural. Due to its immense popularity, numerous websites have popped up, so do some research first and make sure that it's the real thing. Also make sure that the syrup is manufactured in an FDA approved, cGMP certified facility. Aside from being 100% natural, the product must also have 50% Fructooligosaccharides (FOS).Yacon molasses high quality syrup
Should I Try This?
Now you know the answer to the question, what yacon syrup is good for, and as it turns out, it's good for a lot. It's 100% natural, clinically tested and doesn't have any side effects, so there's absolutely no reason why you shouldn't try one right now. With regular intake, it will lead to a new, healthier you!
>>Start losing weight with the best yacon syrup on the market<<
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text:
Déjà Viewed: Nation, Gender, and Genre in Bollywood Remakes of Hollywood Cinema
Date of Award
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Bollywood, Movies commercial aspects
Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies | Film and Media Studies | South and Southeast Asian Languages and Societies
Little has been written on transnational remakes. Most remake scholarship remains focused on Hollywood and explores issues of copyright and plagiarism or borrows from adaptation studies to interrogate concerns of homage, update, and anxiety of influence. On the other hand, while changes in the Bollywood film industry that have occurred since the 1990s--including its transnationalization, corporatization, and the related ideological mobilization of gender--have received a lot of critical attention, connections have yet to be made between these changes in the industry and the increase in and audience awareness of Bollywood remakes. "Déjà Viewed: Nation, Gender, and Genre in Bollywood Remakes of Hollywood Cinema" connects and contributes to both conversations: instead of deliberating on issues of imitation that recreate hierarchical binaries between Hollywood and Bollywood, this project approaches remakes as economic products thus shifting discussion on remakes within a context of industrial practices. Furthermore, the dissertation analyzes the Bollywood remake as a gendered response to changes brought about by globalization and the liberalization of India's economy.
"Déjà Viewed" looks closely at the intersection of cultural and industrial transformation in the remakes from 1990s onwards by analyzing the representation of gender in several genres. I argue that the Bollywood remakes in the post-liberalization decades try to fall back on (and update) the codes and conventions previously utilized by post-independence Hindi cinema in the 1950s. In films of that era, women were figured as the repositories of an imagined idea of "Indianness" so that the nation could be modernized through men. However, the borrowing from Western texts in the nineties and the later decades has resulted in hybridic treatments of codes and conventions that defamiliarize gender representations, a development which I argue is symptomatic of the changes wrought within the industry since the 1990s as it sought expansion into Western markets. The first chapter analyzes the Bollywood remake as a metaphor for the industry's simultaneous embrace and rejection of Westernization through the translation of the female protagonist. The next two chapters focus on gender and feminist debates but also explore the blurred boundaries between remakes and other economic categories like cycles, genres and sequels especially in a cross-cultural context. The last two chapters analyze masculinity and queerness in remakes that also indulge in auteurist homage and post-modern intertextuality. These chapters are also chronological, thus charting the changing process of remake from un-acknowledged imitation to self-reflexive pastiche, a process which is also reflective of Bollywood's trajectory from a decentralized industry run by a few producers to a government sanctioned and corporation-backed institution.
Surface provides description only. Full text is available to ProQuest subscribers. Ask your Librarian for assistance.
Siddiqui, Gohar, "Déjà Viewed: Nation, Gender, and Genre in Bollywood Remakes of Hollywood Cinema" (2013). Dissertations - ALL. 35.


text:
Faith-Rooted Organizing: Mobilizing the Church in Service to the World, Rev. Alexia Salvatierra and Peter Heltzel. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2014.
Summary: Most advocacy and activism efforts have been organized around secular principles. The authors explore what organizing and advocacy work that is deeply and thoroughly rooted in Christian principles would look like and illustrate this from their years of experience.
Many community advocacy efforts have been organized around principles first developed by Saul Alinsky in the 1930's. They hinge on an oppositional model that sees the other as "enemy" who needs to be forced or compelled to act justly by law or the pressure of a people movement.
Salvatierra and Heltzel do not deny the place of these efforts and in fact talk about both "serpent" and "dove" power as Christians make common cause with other activists. But they also contend that Christians have deep resources in their faith in which their organizing activities ought and may be rooted.
They begin with a historical survey of three justice movements: the civil rights movement, justice movements in Latin America and Cesar Chavez work in advocating for migrant crop workers. And one of the revelations of this book to me was to learn what a deeply spiritual man Chavez was, regularly fasting, and living at the level of those for whom he advocated.
The book then takes each step in the organizing process and re-roots it in faith-based practices:
- Goal setting as dreaming God's dreams.
- Starting place: hearing the call of the poor, which if done well results in a dance of solidarity between poor and privileged.
- Strategy: discerning the kairos issue at the root of the deep lies that perpetuate injustice and combating these with the truth. This also means addressing issues of power and hope and speaking prophetically.
- Recruitment: what does it mean to both practice and mobilize Christ-centered community, mobilizing all the gifts of that community.
- Leadership development: this not only involves discerning the gifts and calling of others but modeling the servant leadership crucial to organizing.
- Sustainability: the importance of cultivating the deep spiritual practices and rhythms that sustain hope and energy.
As mentioned in the summary the authors illustrate their principles with stories from their years of organizing. At the end of each chapter, Alexia addresses a "letter" to her daughter and another young woman that sums up the chapter in her hopes for their organizing work.
It has struck me increasingly that a significant form of gospel witness is when Christians come alongside others making common cause around matters of justice and human flourishing and thoughtfully and graciously contribute the distinctive perspective that is shaped by their faith. Salvatierra and Hetzel give us a marvelous example of what this looks like in the nitty-gritty of organizing.
Editor's Note: Thank-you to Bob Trube for sharing his reviews with Emerging Scholars! Bob first posted the above review on Bob on Books. As you may remember, Faith-Rooted Organizing is part of Campus Resources from InterVarsity Press: 2015-2016 Academic Year Edition. If you're still searching for books to read this summer and/or prepare a reading group for the fall, be sure to check out this list with attention to the Four Commitments and the Focused Ministries of InterVarsity Graduate & Faculty Ministries. Enjoy. To God be the glory! ~ Thomas B. Grosh IV, Associate Director, Emerging Scholars Network
Bonus: InterVarsity Press interview of Rev. Alexia Salvatierra (3 minute, 14 seconds).


text:
Friday, May 28, 2021
Today's Law, Society, and Taxation panels at the virtual 2021 Law & Society Association Annual Meeting (program):
Session #6: Tax, Politics, and History (Diane Klein (Chapman), Chair/Discussant):
Tax law is a product of the political process and often depends in large part on the views of the society in which it is to be enacted. Further, the particular nature of that society influences how the tax law develops and how it is applied in practice. This makes tax history a critical part of the understanding of the tax law. The papers in this session reflect on the role that society plays in the development of some particular areas of the tax law, and the role that the tax law plays in the evolution of society.
Session #7: Tax, Inequality, and Racial Justice (Shu-Yi Oei (Boston College), Chair/ Discussant):
Rising awareness of racial injustice and broader concerns regarding social inequality have dominated national conversations in recent years. This panel focuses on tax law's long history with inequalities along race and gender lines, as well as attempts to address inequality through the tax code.
- Jeremy Bearer-Friend (George Washington), Colorblind Tax Enforcement
- Diane Klein (Chapman), A Critical Tax Analysis of Earned Income Credit Audit Practices
- Lynn Lu (CUNY), "Fundamental National Public Policy" in a Dysfunctional Nation
- Emily Satterthwaite (Toronto), Taxing Domestic Workers
Session #8: Tax Practice and Interpretation (Sloan Speck (Colorado), Chair/ Discussant):
Tax law requires interpretation, and statutes are just the starting point for deciding what consequences the tax law brings. The papers on this panel consider the language of the tax law in its context, and discuss what's at stake in the act of interpretation.
- Tessa Davis (South Carolina), Tax As Text
- Brett Freudenberg (Griffith), Online Tax Clinic Developing Students' Professional Identity
- Calvin Johnson (Texas), Faithful Interpretation of the Tax Statute Does Not Include Absurdity
- Tracey Roberts (Samford), The Procedural Case for a Carbon Tax


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NASA has just decided to abandon a historic structure -- the launch pad where the first journey to the moon began.
Launch Complex 39-A was also the starting point for many shuttle flights.
Back in the days when the echoes of Saturn V rockets boomed across the Space Coast, heroes were risking their lives to go to the moon.
In the back of every mind was always the possibility that the Saturn V could explode during fueling.
"There was about one kiloton of explosion power on that pad," said Steve Bulloch, from NASA.
That's why subterranean escape tunnels were built.
The tunnels, which are far beneath the tower of steel and mountain of concrete, feel claustrophobic, smell dusty and look abandoned.
In a worst-case scenario, astronauts would escape down a slide and shoot into a rubber room inside the tunnels.
From there, the Apollo crew would go into the blast chamber, with concrete walls 4-feet thick.
They'd strap into a steel seat, and hope to survive.