The Mystery of Life's Origin: Reassessing Current Theories
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The Mystery of Life's Origin: Reassessing Current Theories is an intelligent design religious book written in 1984 by the creationists Charles B. Thaxton, Walter L. Bradley and Roger L. Olson.
[edit] Authors
The book was written by two chemists Charles B. Thaxton and Roger L. Olson with Walter L. Bradley an engineer.[1] All three of the authors are devout Christian creationists yet attempted to try and downplay this and pretend to be neutral in parts of the book to sell more copies.[2] Charles Thaxton is a fellow of the Discovery Institute.[3]
The book has been claimed as one of the first books that started the modern ID movement in America.[4]
[edit] Overview
In a nutshell the authors attack science and reject all natural theories for the origin of life on earth and end up claiming that the Christian God did it. If the Bible had not been written they probably would not have written the book.
[edit] Reception
The book is endorsed by young earth creationists and other religious creationists who believe that the book has debunked any natural theory for the origin of life.[5][6] The book has also been supported by creationists who believe the book has proven the existence of the Christian God.[7]
The book has been universally rejected as anti-science and promoting religious pseudoscience and creationism. Scientists have written that the authors have not understood and have mispresented the theories of life's origin that they were meant to be criticising and set up arguments where they do not exist. Many scientists have debunked the claims in the book from each of the chapters.[8] Despite this some creationists still continue to claim the book has debunked evolution yet the book has nothing to do with evolution.
[edit] See also
[edit] Footnotes
 1. About the Authors
 2. Article at the Discovery Institute
 3. Charles Thaxton, Fellow - CSC
 4. Allene Phy-Olsen (2010) Evolution, Creationism, and Intelligent Design p. 16
 5. Ken Ham Website
 6. Muslim Creationist Website
 7. Book Review by a Creationist
 8. A Review of "The Mystery of Life's Origin."
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The Basics of Utah Conservation Districts - District Supervisors
Conservation District Supervisors
When the residents of a conservation district elect a supervisor, they delegate the responsibility of directing the conservation needs of the district's natural resources to them. Supervisors are leaders, using their own operations and activities to set a good conservation example to others, demonstrating conservation benefits.
Conservation district supervisors have the opportunity to take an active role as stewards - safeguarding limited natural resources. To effectively nurture conservation in their communities, they should understand their role and responsibilities as a supervisor. Their success depends on their vision of the conservation district movement, their knowledge of natural resource conservation and the available means to accomplish conservation district objectives.
Roles of District Supervisors:
- Be aware of the different natural resource needs within the district and actively seek input for solutions.
- Be an example of conservation management by practicing applicable conservation methods.
- Promote the ethic of good resource stewardship among all residents.
- Be familiar with laws, policies and program concepts of importance to the district.
- Manage staff, finances and property of the district (through zone coordinator).
- Regularly attend district meetings and functions, take an active role in overseeing your employees' activities, and generally make conservation district business a priority.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


1. Code
 2. Titanium Mobile
Build a Titanium Mobile Pizza Ordering App: Crust Selection
This post is part of a series called Build a Titanium Mobile Pizza Ordering App.
Build a Titanium Mobile Pizza Ordering App: Topping Selection
In this multi-part tutorial series, I'll be teaching you how to build a Titanium Mobile app from start to finish. Specifically, you'll learn how to build a Pizza Shop app that will allow customers to order a custom pizza on the go. In this tutorial, I will demonstrate how to setup the project and create a "Crust Selection" screen.
Step 1: Create a New Project
Open up Titanium and create a new mobile project. Now is a good time to go ahead and download the zip file attached to this post as well. The zip file attached to this post contains a subfolder called "images". Once you have created your empty project, place the "images" folder in your new project's "resources" folder. While inside the "resources" folder, go ahead and create a new subfolder called "main_windows" as well as a subfolder called "includes".
Step 2: Edit App.js
Browse to the Resources/app.js file. There is a lot of stuff in this file already that we do not need. Go ahead and remove everything and replace it with the following:
What we did here is set our background color, made a new window called "main", and then opened it. Main will hold all of our sub windows like crusts and toppings.
Notice the URL property on the window. In the Resources folder, make a new folder called "main_windows" if you haven't already and a new JS file called main.js. The URL property tells the compiler to use main.js as our window. If you skip this part, Titanium will throw an ugly red error in the emulator.
Step 3: Adding a Background and a Clock
If you haven't already made a main.js file and saved it in the main_windows folder, do so now. Open main.js and add the following:
If you haven't created an "includes" folder in the resources folder, do so now. Next, create a new JS file called clock.js. Save it to the "includes" folder and add the following:
So what we did is create 3 sub windows, set our background and included a clock that updates every 5 seconds. The reason for the clock is our application is set to fullscreen mode, so the default device status bar and time will not be displayed. Go ahead and compile. Your screen should look like the below image:
Step 4: Creating and Opening the Crusts Window
Create a new JS file called crusts.js and save it in the main_windows folder. You can leave it blank for now. Go back to main.js. We need to add a method that opens our crusts window, so add the following to main.js
To explain the above: we made a method called openCrust(), we set the url property on our crusts window to "crusts.js", and then we opened it. The reason we are passing an empty object is because later in this tutorial series, we will actually be passing data to this method. You don't need to compile just yet as you will see no visible change.
Step 5: Editing the crusts.js File
This file will contain a scroll view that allows the user to swipe through the various crusts offered by our pizza shop. We will also add a next button that will take the user to the toppings window:
So we created our crust views, a scroll view, and added the crust views to the scroll view. We also created a custom title and a next button. Go ahead and compile. Your app should now look like this and have the swiping functionality. As you swipe, you will notice the title above the pizza image will change to whatever crust you are on. That is thanks to the "scroll" event we added to our scroll view.
In part 1 of this series, we created our main window to contain our sub windows. We created an openCrust method that will evolve through this series of tutorials. It is pretty basic right now. We created our first essential screen, the crusts window. This allows the user to swipe through the crusts we offer. The next, or toppings, button is firing a custom event in the background. In the next part of this tutorial, we will look back to our main.js file and listen for the custom event that will allow us to start adding toppings to our pizza!
Looking for something to help kick start your next project?


Lightbend Activator
HTML 5 Device Orientation with play, ember and websockets
HTML 5 Device Orientation with play, ember and websockets
Michal Janousek, Martin Zapletal
July 9, 2014
scaladays2014 playframework emberjs scala websockets threejs
This template shows how simple it is to use latest technologies to build a nice modern reactive web application comprising of a Client-side JavaScript App built using EmberJS and WebSockets with WebGL ThreeJS, served from the Play 2 Framework written in Scala which works high velocity data from different sources using Play Iteratees and Akka.
How to get "HTML 5 Device Orientation with play, ember and websockets" on your computer
There are several ways to get this template.
Option 1: Choose reactive-orientation in the Lightbend Activator UI.
Already have Lightbend Activator (get it here)? Launch the UI then search for reactive-orientation in the list of templates.
Option 2: Download the reactive-orientation project as a zip archive
If you haven't installed Activator, you can get the code by downloading the template bundle for reactive-orientation.
 1. Download the Template Bundle for "HTML 5 Device Orientation with play, ember and websockets"
 2. Extract the downloaded zip file to your system
 Or from a command line:
 C:\Users\typesafe\reactive-orientation> activator ui
Option 3: Create a reactive-orientation project from the command line
If you have Lightbend Activator, use its command line mode to create a new project from this template. Type activator new PROJECTNAME reactive-orientation on the command line.
Option 4: View the template source
The creator of this template maintains it at
Option 5: Preview the tutorial below
Preview the tutorial
This template shows how simple it is to use latest technologies to build a nice modern reactive web application comprising of a Client-side JavaScript App built using EmberJS and WebSockets with WebGL ThreeJS, served from the Play 2 Framework written in Scala which works high velocity data from different sources using Play Iteratees and Akka. One of the main goals of this template is to show how such non-trivial application can be written very quickly, elegantly, readably and scalably with just a few lines of code using the Typesafe technologies and to describe and discuss the concepts, technologies, various alternatives that are provided to programmer to meet the goals, provide resources for further education and to help even beginners to start with or improve in using these technologies.
In the beginning it doesn't look very interesting. But we will get there.
Reactive applications are aiming to resolve the latest needs in software development. Even web is quickly moving towards the features of the Reactive Manifesto. The ability to react quickly to user's interaction is becoming more and more important. This activator template illustrates how a real time communication can be simply, reliably and scalably built on the Typesafe platform. The template uses Play 2.3 and utilizes Iteratees as an useful abstraction to handle continuous streams of data in form of real time bidirectional websocket communication as well as Akka Actor web socket interface. Other technologies used are Scala, Play, Akka and Scalaz for server backend and Ember.js, HTML5 device orientation API, Bootstrap and Three.js for front end and visualisation as well as some other smaller tools that will be mentioned in the documentation.
Main functionality of the Play server is to act as a router for web socket messages. It accepts connections on two different web sockets. The first web socket receives messages with data about spatial orientation from an arbitrary number of mobile devices. Web sockets in combination with orientation data serve as a good descriptive source of data with reasonably high volume and velocity so we can show how these can be handled using the Typesafe platform. The server applies transformation function to each message and merges streams of messages from all devices into a single stream which is in turn sent to the other websocket where the data for each individual device are clearly displayed in real time. This is illustrated on the figure below.
Go to Run tab in Activator and start the application and then visit http://localhost:9000. Another option is to start the application from linux terminal using activator run command for Play 2.3. After the application startup, you will be presented by the Dashboard page and IP address of the machine in network. This is because you will need to connect to the Play server from other devices. In real life the application would be deployed in the internet so you would just need to enter the url. This case however requires you to enter the local network address, including port (default 9000) to your mobile device's browser - for example When the page is loaded, select Device tab and click the Start button. If the device supports orientation sensor, it should start sending data to the server. The Dashboard page will show real time information including visualisation of the device's orientation. Each device connected will be presented individually. After certain time of inactivity the device is removed from the Dashboard. Note the visualisation may not be exactly correct, because the alpha represents the angle to north so you may need to adjust your screen with Dashboard manually.
System overview - Server
Play controller
The main work of the application happens in Application.scala. This object is the only Play Controller in the whole application. It has three methods. The index method attempts to retrieve network interfaces to be able to present the IP address and then presents index.scala.html view. The most elegant way is to use play actor sockets (introduced in Play 2.3) for connections from mobile devices and Iteratees/Enumerator for dashboard sockets. You can read about both options in Play scala web sockets. The controller has one instance of Enumerator and one instance of Channel. Messages pushed to the Channel will be received by web sockets using the Enumerator. This is important to understand, because these will be shared by actors that will push messages to the Channel and device websockets who will use the Enumerator.
val (dataEnumerator, dataChannel) = Concurrent.broadcast[JsValue]
Method mobileWebSocket is triggered when a new web socket connection is started from the mobile device. When using actor sockets, Play automatically creates one actor for each connection on the web socket. This is a very convenient way to scale - because actors can run in parallel and have nicely distributed responsibility - having as much actors as devices won't create a performance bottleneck or a single point of failure.
 def mobileWebSocket = WebSocket.acceptWithActor[OrientationChangeEvent, JsValue] { request => out =>
 Props(new StreamMergingActor(dataChannel))
Play automatically sends a message to the specified actor when a message on the web socket interface is received. The type of the message is specified by the first type parameter of acceptWithActor function.
It would be possible to achieve the same using Iteratees and Enumerators approach. The code would then look for example like this.
 def mobileWebSocket = WebSocket.using[OrientationChangeEvent] { request =>
 val in = Iteratee.foreach[OrientationChangeEvent] { mergingActorRouter! _ }
 val out = Enumerator.empty[OrientationChangeEvent]
 (in, out)
In this case, we would however need to take care of the number of actors manually. One solution would be for example to create a Router that distributes incomming messages according to predefined logic. One option to create a router would be to add one actor to the routees with each connection or create a router with a fixed number of actors equal to number of cpu cores available on the machine.
 lazy val mergingActorRouter = Akka.system.actorOf(
 .props(Props(new StreamMergingActor(dataChannel))))
Method dashboardWebSocket manages web socket connections from dashboard page using Iteratee and Enumerator. Iteratee is a representation of incomming message stream and Enumerator of the outgoing. The code handling web sockets from dashboard using Iteratees and Enumerators may look like this.
 def dashboardWebSocket = WebSocket.using[JsValue] { request =>
 (Iteratee.ignore, dataEnumerator)
This solution is very elegant and minimal, because we again use Play to do the hard work. We just use the same channel for each incomming websocket connection. When a message is received from mobile device, the actor that is responsible for handling the message will simply push it to this channel and because it is shared by all Dashboard web sockets, they will automatically all receive the message. In addition, this abstraction very nicely illustrates the intended functionality - messages from multiple devices are merged into one stream! Notice also the Iteratee is ignored (because we are not expecting any messages from the dashboard apart from initial web socket connection). Again this is not the only option and it would be possible implement the same logic using Actor web sockets, but we would have to manually handle the fact that the response is not going to the same socket as the received message.
To summarize the above solution - one actor is created for each Device connection. All these actors push messages the same shared output channel which in turn is also shared by all Dashboard connections.
Scala's ecosystem offers a variety of options to handle this use case. One notable alternative to Play would be for example Spray.
Akka actor
The application only uses one user defined actor located in StreamMergingActor.scala. StreamMergingActor's role is to merge incomming streams from devices and send the resulting stream to dashboards using the share channel. Companion object StreamMergingActor defines messages which the actor understands. OrientationChangeEvent and OrientationChangeData represent one single message received from the mobile device. Each message contains deviceId, information about the device, assigned colour and three values - alpha, beta and gamma - which represent the orientation data and will be explained later. Most important fact is,


Pre-Prep Forest School
Art featured heavily in the Pre-Prep's Forest Schools activities last term.
The children made bark collages and stick picture frames big enough for a whole person! And even natural clay pots. Forest School fitted so well into this topic as each week they learned more about their environment and discovered so much in Beech Walk.
They also made charcoal with Anthony, which they used to draw their own pictures: some superb owls with the most amazing, staring eyes were the result.


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Submitted to: Revista Manejo Integrado de Plagas
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: May 6, 2011
Publication Date: March 5, 2012
Citation: Kane, E.C., Ochoa, R., Erbe, E.F., Mathurin, G. 2012. Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae): An island-hopping mite pest in the Caribbean. Revista Manejo Integrado de Plagas. 57(3-4):215-255.
Interpretive Summary: Plant feeding mites cause severe damage to agricultural crops around the world, costing billions of dollars annually. This paper addresses the identification and geography of the most important invasive mite pest species that attacks palms worldwide. Major infestations of this flat mite in the Caribbean islands of Dominica, Martinique, and Saint Lucia are reported. This study will be important to and used by plant quarantine officers, plant protection, ornamental industry, extension workers and state agriculture departments.
Major infestations of the flat mite species Raoiella indica Hirst have been reported from the Caribbean islands of Dominica, Martinique, and Saint Lucia. Specimens from these localities were examined using traditional light microscopy and low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM) techniques. While little is known about the biology of this mite, its recent appearance in the Caribbean in both commercial coconut and banana plantations has raised concerns about its potential as an invasive pest.


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Searching for how to repair a bow in Minecraft?
Well, you end up in the right place!
Minecraft is a trendy and addictive game with lots of adventures and happenings. When you start playing Minecraft, you may think that the weapons and armors are of no use, but you will realize their importance as you go ahead.
The Bow is one of the crucial weapons that can break a lot of time, and people usually think, why does this happen and how to fix this? We will give the answers to all of your questions in this article.
Why the Bow Breaks?
Many people find it frustrating and start wondering why the Bow breaks in the middle of the game? The reason is that each item in the Minecraft game has a specific HitPoint, and when you keep using that weapon, it keeps on going down and losing its health. This is the reason why the bow breaks. You need to craft a new one or repair it to make it work.
If you've been playing the game for a while, you must be aware that Minecraft has two types of bows. The first one is a Normal Bow with regular abilities, and the other is called Enchanted Bow, which comes with more extraordinary powers and capabilities. You can break both of these bows with excessive use, so you need to know how to repair these.
Now, we will explain how to repair a bow in Minecraft.
How to Repair a Bow in Minecraft Using Anvil
To use this trick, you will need an Anvil in your Inventory. If you don't have an anvil, you can also craft your Anvil by following some simple steps given below:
How to Craft an Anvil:
- You will need at least 4 Iron Ingots and 3 Iron Squares from your Stock Box to create your Anvil.
- By using these items, you can craft a decent anvil that will help you in many other things as well.
After Arranging an Anvil:
To repair your Bow using an anvil, follow these simple steps
- From your Minecraft inventory, open the Anvil.
- Put the Bow in the first slot and the Bow repairing material in the second slot.
- Wait for a while now, and get your fixed Bow from the Anvil.
How to Repair a Bow in Minecraft Using Crafting Table
If you don't want to use an anvil for your bow repair, you can use this method to help you repair your Minecraft bow.
You can get the job done by using a crafting table better and more efficiently. But, first of all, you should know how to create a crafting table.
How to Create a Crafting Table:
- Press E to open your Inventory Screen.
- You must have at least four woodblocks for this purpose.
- In the crafting section, place the woodblocks 2×2. You will see the crafting table on the right side; save it.
After Creating the Crafting Table:
If you want to follow the above method, here are some simple and easy steps:
- Open your Crafting Table.
- On the table, place two bows side by side.
- Wait for these bows to make a third bow.
- That's it! Now you have your Bow.
Some Restrictions of Using the Crafting Table Method to Repair Bow
The crafting table will require two objects of the same type. Here you are giving two bows to get a strengthened bow that has full stats or health.
The crafting table method does not work for Enchanted bows. If you place two enchanted bows on that table, it will still make an ordinary resultant bow and not an enchanted one.
It is important to note that the crafting table is not primarily used for repairing items. However, there is another method that you can use to repair your Bow. We just used a trick here, so make sure you use this method as a last resort.
How to Repair a Bow in Minecraft Using Grindstone
Grindstone is also an essential element in Minecraft. Like an anvil and crafting table, a grindstone can also be used to repair a bow.
First of all, you should know how to craft a grindstone.
How to Craft a Grindstone:
To craft a grindstone in Minecraft, the ingredients you will need are two oak plants, two sticks, and a stone slab. You can continue with the following steps to craft a grindstone once you have all the material.
- Open a 3×3 grid crafting table.
- Put the materials on a table.
- You can see the grindstone on the right side of the table.
- Now that you have the grindstone take and drag that into your Inventory.
After Crafting the Grindstone:
Once you have crafted the grindstone, you can use the following steps to repair your Bow:
- Through the Inventory, open your grindstone.
- Put one Bow in the top slot and another bow in the bottom slot.
- You'll see the Bow on the right.
Minecraft is a very addictive and never-ending adventurous game, but it can be confusing and tricky. We have written this article to answer your questions and help you explore more of this game. We hope this article was helpful for you in finding out how to repair a bow in Minecraft. The best method is using the Anvil, which also helps with enchanted bows. The other two ways are relatively less effective as they do not repair magical bows but can be used as a last option.
Control the truth, Control the people The power of the in the anvil of power under the rug. The principal in the dark

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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One way that landlords gain information about what kind of tenant you will be is by checking your previous rental references. When you fill out a rental application, you'll be asked to provide references from previous landlords. If you've had a negative relationship with a prior landlord and know that she will give you a bad reference, it may cost you the new apartment. Take steps to minimize the impact that a bad reference can have on your application.
Ask for a Letter
Talk to your landlord about why she is giving you a bad reference. You may have an opportunity to clear the air and work out a compromise. If she doesn't change her mind, ask her to write a simple reference letter for you. State that the letter should focus on the positive things, such as paying rent on time, as well as the negative. It's possible that writing a letter may temper her feelings because she knows you will be reading it.
Prove the Landlord Wrong
If the landlord won't give you a letter of reference, and insists on delivering an unfair report, plan to counter with supplementary material. Gather information and documents that reveal your landlord is being unfair in her assessment of your tenancy. For example, if the landlord is falsely saying she received complaints about you from neighbors, ask your neighbors and roommates to provide letters testifying that you are in fact a fine neighbor. If the landlord is incorrectly stating that you were always late on rent, make copies of your rent receipts that show the date. Prepare copies of these documents to the new landlord as part of your application.
Show You've Changed
If your landlord's bad reference is based on truth, you can demonstrate a change in behavior to the future landlord. Present evidence that highlights the circumstances of the problem and how your situation has changed since then. For example, if you were late on your rent for a period of time because of unemployment, present documents showing your termination. If a problem occurred with domestic disturbances but that person is no longer in your household, show evidence to support that. If you were cited for violating a no pet rule, demonstrate that you no longer have that pet.
Add Other References
If your landlord is giving you a bad reference, you can present references from other sources to balance out your application. Seek out letters of recommendation from a different previous landlord, current and past employers, business associates and neighbors. If you have enough positive references, then a single bad reference will not be as influential to the decision-making process.
- Stockbyte/Stockbyte/Getty Images


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Shadows form when something comes into the path of light through which light rays couldn't pass as light travels in straight line. And then it forms the shadow. Shadow is that part of object which does not allow light to pass through it that is why it seems dark but the light from the edges of object pass. And this is the reason it forms on the opposite side of the light source.
Sun is very bright and if we focus it on our retina that means we our putting alot of energy onto a tiny area which can damage our retina.


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Many factors can slow down construction work or drastically increase the costs, but there is a relatively new one that is making construction companies' lives harder. A nightmare for both the owners of the building and the contractors that work on it, mold is an unwelcome, but frequent tenant of new constructions.
More and more uncompleted buildings suffer from mold and become unfit for use before they are even finished. Newly completed houses and office blocks that get infested with the fungi are a disaster for the contractors: with all the dangerous health effects mold has, there is no way they can put a building like that into operation.
So Why Do New Constructions Get Infested With Mold?
Buildings getting infested with mold as early as at the construction stage is a new thing: several decades ago this problem wasn't common. There are several reasons why mold has become such an issue for new constructions:
poor "value engineering" that results in removing quality components, resistant to moisture and mold, omitting waterproofing details that are considered redundant, etc.;
lack of knowledge or poor judgement on sequencing work in a way that protects vulnerable components, and organizing the construction in a weathertight manner;
poor technical supervision and coordination between the trades;
construction delays due to litigation or disputes, which leave vulnerable materials fully exposed to moisture and harsh weather.
Here's How to Avoid Mold When Constructing a Building
The only effective way to avoid mold infestation at the construction stage is preventing it and identifying it with effective mold testing. That means the whole construction process, from the materials to the methods used, should be arranged with mold prevention in mind. The unwanted tenant of the new building will have no chance if construction contractors follow these rules:
- Make sure the design of the building is high-quality and durable: waterproofing and flashings should be well-designed.
- Avoid or limit the use of the increasingly popular construction materials, which are vulnerable to moisture damage and mold infestation: cellulose-based fireproofing-tend, paper-faced batt insulation, OSB (oriented strand board sheathing), paper-faced gypsum wallboard, and some others.
- Select durable materials that are less prone to mold infestation (for example, glass fiber-faced sheathing to replace paper-faced sheathing).
- Use construction methods that protect water-vulnerable materials until the process is finished.
- Never apply interior materials that are prone to mold (e.g., paper-faced gypsum wallboard) until the construction is enclosed and made waterproof.
- Implement constant quality control and supervision to make sure design requirements are met; the humidity level inside the construction is acceptable; leaks and moisture condensates are immediately dried out.
If there is a risk that the building has been infested – a musty odor is the first sign of that – it is better to call for a mold inspection service to detect and remove the mold colonies. Difficult as removing mold from construction materials is, it is much easier to get rid of it before the building is completed. If you want to make sure your new building is delivered mold-free, call Expert Mold Test at _PHONE_ and we will arrange an inspection.


text:
Understanding Normal and Clinical Nutrition
Edition 11 Rev ed
Publication Date 14 Oct 16
OverviewUNDERSTANDING NORMAL AND CLINICAL NUTRITION, 11e, presents the fundamentals of nutrition and nutrition therapy, along with their practical applications today. Starting with normal nutrition, chapters introduce nutrients and their physiological impacts, and nutritional guidelines for good health and preventing disease. Later chapters explore clinical nutrition, including pathophysiology and dietary changes for treating a variety of medical conditions, from obesity and pregnancy to diabetes and HIV. Known for a consistent and student-friendly narrative, UNDERSTANDING NORMAL AND CLINICAL NUTRITION, 11e, also offers resources to help students apply content to their daily lives and in clinical settings. Such features include systematic "How To" discussions, clinical case studies, end-of-chapter questions, in-depth "Highlight" sections, and the MindTap digital learning supplement that enhances student understanding and performance in your nutrition course.


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Find More Science Experiments
The surface layer of liquids has a thin elastic "skin" called surface tension. You can see surface tension at work when you see a drop of water – it creates a little "bead" of water, like a little dome. Surface tension is what makes the dome shape – the water doesn't flatten out.
Water is made up of two kinds of atoms, hydrogen and oxygen. The name for the water molecule is H20. The water molecule has 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. Water molecules are attracted to each other because hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms are attracted to each other and hug close together really tight. This is called cohesion. The molecules hug so close together they don't want to touch other molecules around them. That's why a bubble is round and only rests a small part of itself on a surface when it lands.
When you blow air into soap bubble solution the liquid molecules want to attract to each other again so they wrap around the burst of air until they can attach to each other again – this is what makes the round bubble shape. The air inside the solution is pushing the molecules in the soap bubble solution apart but the attraction between the soap bubble solution molecules is so great, the bubble doesn't pop – the molecules are hugging each other too tight.
To experiment with bubbles you need a good bubble recipe. Below are some simple recipes to try. Each of the recipes use water and dish soap. The "other" ingredient can be baking powder, corn syrup, glycerin (sold at the pharmacy) or sugar. We had the best luck with baking powder. The baking powder recipe made some HUGE bubbles.
Science Project Idea:
Mix different formulas of bubble mix and test them to see which one makes the best bubbles. Use the same amount of water and the same amount of dish soap in at least three different buckets. Choose one "Other" ingredient and add it in different amounts to each of your trial buckets. To be fair, you should hold the bubble wand in front of a fan instead of trying to blow on it, that way you know that the amount of air being blown to make the bubble will be exactly the same. Test the three formulas several times and record your results on a chart. Decide before you begin what property you are looking for in the bubbles. Are you going to test which formula makes the biggest bubble, the bubble the last the longest without popping or the formula that makes the most bubbles?
Here are some books and websites that will help you understand and have fun with bubbles:
- Exploratoriuam: Bubbles
- Homemade Bubble Solutions
- The Ultimate Bubble Book There are 3 fun activities in this book – Person Inside a Bubble (Page 41) Giant Bubbles (Page 48-51) Printing With Bubbles (Page 52-53)
- Google Preview: Science Experiments That Explode and Implode: Stink Bombs (bubbles that stink! pages 22-23)
- Prize Winning Science Projects for Curious Kids: The Bubble Olympids (pages 102-103)
More IndyPL Experiments about Surface Tension:
- IndyPL Kids' Blog: Surface Tension – Pepper Scatter
- IndyPL Kids' Blog: Surface Tension – Sand Castles
Words to Know:
Surface Tension – The film that forms on the surface of liquids caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface.
Cohesion – The attraction between like molecules; to stick together.


User:ZarHakkar/Dimute, legacy (5e Race)
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< User:ZarHakkar(Redirected from Dimute (5e Race))
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Physical Description[edit]
A lone dimute in the Underdark
Dimutes resemble small shards or pieces of flat rock or crystal suspended in a glowing field in a vaguely humanoid form.
The majority of dimutes are created as a byproduct of mana faults, large crevices in the earth that geyser with natural arcane energy. They are often captured or harvested by the other sentient species of the Underdark, such as the drow. Some are kept as pets, while others find their way into magical charms or other items.
Dimutes tend to congregate around the mana faults that created them, appearing in their dormant form as crystal or rock shards that project from the edges of the fault. The local magic of the fault recharges their own internal energies and, due to this effect, some dimutes end up living for thousands of years. Occasionally, lone dimutes break off from the group to wander throughout the Underdark. Most feral creatures of the Underdark tend to leave them alone, as they are not edible and tend to explode when destroyed. They are very curious and their behavior is what might be described as easygoing.
Dimute Names[edit]
Dimutes tend to take auditory names that are related to the natural magical processes that created them. These names are simply for personal aesthetic, as they have no means of communicating them.
Examples: (the sound of a crackling mana fault), (the sound of crystals clinking together), (the whoosh of air through a tunnel)
Dimute Traits[edit]
A race of tiny, magically charged elemental constructs that arise from natural processes.
Ability Score Increase. Your Charisma increases by 1.
Age. Some dimutes can live for up to 200 years before their magical charge finally expires.
Alignment. Dimutes tend towards neutrality, but they can be any alignment.
Size. Dimutes can vary from anywhere between 3 inches to 10 inches tall, and average about 3 pounds. Your size is Tiny.
Speed. Dimutes hover slightly off the ground. Your base hovering speed is 20 feet.
Blindsight. You have blindsight for 30 feet.
Pronged Forelimbs. You cannot use tools or hold weapons, but your unarmed strike deals piercing damage instead of bludgeoning.
Freeform. You can arrange the floating components that make up your body into any arrangement you wish and you are immune to the prone condition, but you cannot wear armor.
Glowing Body. Your body gives off a dim, arcane light, giving you disadvantage on Stealth checks to hide in darkness.
Elemental Construct. You do not need to eat, breathe, or sleep. Instead of sleeping, you enter a dormant state for 4 hours in which you are completely aware of your surroundings. After resting in this way, you gain the same benefit that a human does from 8 hours of sleep. You are also immune to disease and the poisoned condition.
Arcane Battery. Your body has a natural magic charge that dissipates explosively when your form is fatally compromised. When you die from taking damage, all creatures within a 5 foot radius must make a DC 11 Dexterity saving throw or they will take 1d4 + your Constitution modifier force damage, or half on a successful save.
Antimagic Susceptibility. Both your sentience and animation are due to the magic charge hosted within your body, making you extremely vulnerable to antimagic effects. You are rendered unconscious while in the area of an antimagic field. If targeted by dispel magic, you must succeed on a Constitution saving throw against the caster's spell save DC or you become nothing but an inert pile of crystals, killing you instantly.
Languages. You know Primordial and one other language of your choice, but you cannot speak.
Random Height and Weight[edit]
0′ 2″ +1d8 0 lb. × (0.5) lb.
*Height = base height + height modifier
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text:
Time-dependent distance between two body coordinate systems
Constraints & Drivers
The Distance Driver block drives the distance between the origins of two Body coordinate system (CS) as a function of time that you specify. This function must always remain nonnegative during the simulation.
Let r1, r2 be the vector positions of the origins of CS1 on one Body and CS2 on the other Body, respectively. These vectors can be measured in any CS. The Distance Driver specifies the scalar distance d = |r1 - r2| between these points as a function of time:
You connect the Distance Driver to a Driver Actuator block.
The Simulink® input signal into the Driver Actuator specifies the time-dependent driving function f(t) and its first two derivatives, as well as their units. If you do not actuate Distance Driver, this block acts as a time-independent constraint that freezes the distance between the two Body CSs at its initial value d(t=0) during the simulation.
Caution The block computes the initial distance d(t=0) between the coordinate systems when the machine is in its home configuration, the original configuration of the machine's bodies before the simulation imposes initial conditions and implements joint assembly.
Drivers restrict relative degrees of freedom (DoFs) between a pair of bodies as specified functions of time. Locally in a machine, they replace a Joint as the expression of the DoFs. Globally, Driver blocks must occur topologically in closed loops. Like Bodies connected to a Joint, the two Bodies connected to a Drivers are ordered as base and follower, fixing the direction of relative motion.
You can also connect a Constraint & Driver Sensor to any Driver and measure the reaction forces/torques between the driven bodies.
The dialog has one active area, Connection parameters.
The base (B)-follower (F) Body sequence determines the sense of positive motion. Positive translation is the follower moving in the direction of the translation axis.
When you connect the base (B) connector port on the Distance Driver block to a Body CS Port on a Body, this parameter is automatically reset to the name of this Body CS. See the following figure, Distance Driver Base and Follower Body Connector Ports.
When you connect the follower (F) connector port on the Distance Driver block to a Body CS Port on a Body, this parameter is automatically reset to the name of this Body CS. See the following figure, Distance Driver Base and Follower Body Connector Ports.
Using this spinner menu, you can set the number of extra connector
ports needed for connecting Driver Actuator and Constraint & Driver
Sensor blocks to this Driver. The default is
To activate the Driver, connect a Driver Actuator.
Distance Driver Base and Follower Body Connector Ports


text:
DHCP Auditing and Event Logging Quick Reference Guide
This guide provides important tips on gaining control over activity on your DHCP servers. The guide covers:
- Configuring DHCP server auditing
- The basics about DHCP logs
- Preventing rogue DHCP servers
You'll also learn how you can get complete visibility into DHCP server activity in order to better enforce network security and improve IT compliance auditing.


Learn about the goalline technology in football nowadays (Part 1)
Currently in major football leagues around the world, modern technologies are heavily applied. In there such as Var technology, driverless bus, smartphone integrated ball.
The most typical of which is Goal technology. So what is Goal technology? Why is there Goalline technology in football?
Why is there Goldline technology in football?
Up to now, in every football field, every decision has been made by the referee. Almost no one can explain and decide on behalf of this leader. That's why people used to call the referee the king of every pitch.
However, in every game, the argument about the goal is always obvious. Everyone argued with the ball close to the line of the goal line. Now all decisions are based on referees, so there will be times when the right time is not. That's right, people with 2 eyes and 2 hands, how can we ask for a lot of referee.
Of course, it is also for this reason that Goalline technology has officially been born. This technology is designed to provide the most transparent and fair answers to arbitration. At the same time can help the remaining team can regain their true ball.
Moreover, the situation of unfortunate bloodshed for both sides of the team is limited. So what is Goal technology? How do they work and are they really accurate?
What is the concept of goal?
You can simply understand Goldline technology. This is a technology that helps the referee determine the ball. That is, they can tell the correct result if the ball has rolled over the goal line or not. This technology includes many sophisticated devices that can identify and analyze road data. Or analyze the position of the ball and the golf ball to calculate goals for the teams.
Goldline technology identifies the ball across the goal line
Goldline technology is manufactured by GoalControl of Germany. According to records from FIFA, this technology has passed the guarantee period. They can accurately identify up to 68 goals scored in the League Cup in 2013.
However, currently only 2 Goldline technologies have been certified by FIFA as quality. So what are 2 Goldline technologies? Specifically, the camera recognizes and senses the magnetic field.


Comparison of Ceramide Monohexoside and Sulfatide in Brain and Liver of Japanese Pilchard (Sardines)
Nobuko TANAKA, Hiroshi OKAMURA
1999 Journal of Japan Oil Chemists Society
Comparative study is effective for clarifying differences in animal species in regard to the physiological functions of glycosphingolipid. Determination was thus made of the molecular structure of CMH present at high concentrations in the brain of sardines by GLC analysis for comparison with CSE in the brain and CMH in the liver. CMH content in the brain of sardines is lower than in that of mammals. There is species specificity in this regard. The principal fatty acid of CMH and CSE have carbon
more »... and CSE have carbon chains of 24. There is no difference between sardines and mammals. The unsaturation of constituting fatty acids of CSE and CMH in the brain is higher than in mammals (72.4% vs. 67.5%). Contrary to brain, fatty acids of CMH in the liver indicates low degree of the unsaturation and high ratio of the hydroxy fatty acid (88.9%). There is organ specificity in this regard. The sugars of CSE and CMH in the brain were mostly galactose, suggesting galactose to be more important for all animal species. In CMH in the liver, glucose was present at 26.2%. Long chain bases were comprised mainly of sphingosine (the order of 70%) like mammals.
doi:10.5650/jos1996.48.693 fatcat:yf26ffmebnae7ehwm4ohlpiq7y


Avalanche Victims: When can rewarming lead to survival?
It is difficult for doctors to accurately assess avalanche victims who arrive at hospital suffering cardiac arrest: has the patient effectively suffocated, or is there a realistic prospect of survival if the patient is properly rewarmed? The correct initial assessment is crucial: it ensures that patients with a viable chance of survival are properly rewarmed, while also preventing unnecessary medical intervention in cases where survival is not possible.
See posts by others with similar interest


text:
Glossary beginning with G
Religious figures such as Saints and Bishops that may appear in stained glass, sculpture, and etc. Also terms with an Ecclesiastical meaning.
- Gelasius IIsearch for term
Pope Gelasius II (_PHONE_) was pope from 1118 until his death in 1119.Synonyms: Pope Gelasius II
- Gérard de Conchysearch for term
- Synonyms: Bishop Conchy, Gérard de Conchy
- Gregory the Greatsearch for term
Gregory I (540-604), was pope from 590 until his death. He is known for his prolific writings and for revising the worship of the western Christian church. He was canonized immediately after his death and he is the patron saint of musicians, singers, students, and teachers.
He argued against the opinion of the Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople, who had said that one would not have been able to touch or feel the resurrected body of Christ. He also associated Mary of Magdalene with the woman that Luke had described as a sinner, and that John called Mary and the sister of Lazarus and Martha, with the Mary from out of whom Mark said seven demons had been cast out.Synonyms: Pope Gregory I


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|This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2013)|
A country selects a range, or "band", of values at which to set their currency, and returns to a fixed exchange rate if the value of their currency shifts outside this band. This allows for some revaluation, but tends to stabilize the currency's value within the band. In this sense, it is a compromise between a fixed (or "pegged") exchange rate and a floating exchange rate.
For example, the exchange rate of the renminbi of the mainland of the People's Republic of China has recently[when?] been based upon a currency band; the European Economic Community's "snake in the tunnel" was a similar concept that failed, but ultimately led to the establishment of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) and ultimately the Euro.
A currency system that establishes a trading range that a currency's exchange rate can float between. A currency band represents the price floor and ceiling within which the price of a given currency can trade, and is like a hybrid of a fixed exchange rate and a floating exchange rate. The currency band restricts how much the price can move relative to a reference currency or currencies.
|This economics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


, after the ACTION parameter. This is used to call a JavaScript program that checks whether we want to submit the form. If we determine that the form is bad, we return the value "false", which halts the submission. If the form is determined to be fine, we return the value "true", which does not affect submission.
In the script, we depend on the fact that Laura has passed the form itself to the script as a parameter (an argument in parentheses). This is necessary for the program to know about any of the form objects it checks. Seems odd, that it wouldn't know, but C and C++ programs, and JavaScript programs, too, view variables as private and local, unless passed to the program. In other words, the program knows nothing about the form unless we tell it about the form.
Essentially, Laura uses two tests of data validity in her program. She first tests whether the value of the object "theName" is blank or empty. (The double pipe operator ( || ) is the standard C logical operator for OR.) If either of these conditions are true, she calls the alert() function, and passes it a message for the user.
if (thisform.theName.value == null ||
 thisform.theName.value == "" )
 alert ("Please enter your name") ;
 thisform.theName.focus() ;
 return false ;
After the alert, she sets the focus on the field that needs editing. This places the screen cursor there, aiding the user in changing the data. Finally, she returns the value "false", which prevents submission.
The second error check is to tell if any radio button in a required set has been selected. She creates a flag variable which she calls "selected". She sets its value to "false", then runs through a loop that checks the value of each of the radio buttons. If any button in the set is has been clicked, its status property will be set to "true". If she finds such a button, she sets the value of the flag to "true". At the end of the loop, she tests the value of the flag. If it is "false" she alerts the user, and returns the value "false". Why no change of focus? She can't. If you set the focus on a radio button, you have selected it, which is the same as clicking it, and that is what the user must do.
 var selected = false ;
 for ( var i = 0; i <= 2 ; ++i ) {
 if ( thisform.theSex[i].status == true )
 { selected = true }
 if ( selected == false ) {
 alert ("Please choose your sex") ;
 return false ;
 return true
As a last note, Laura discusses the construction of arrays several times in the chapter. She states that the index of an array member, like member[index], is meant to indicate its position in the array. She talks about the array constructor she demonstrates making arrays whose index numbers really start with 0, but we only use the members from index 1 on.
She left out an important point for the C students. If we create an array with four members, the index numbers of those members are 0 through 3, not 4. So, when she says we create an array whose size is four, and that we do not use the 0 index, and that we can and do use 1 through 4, she ignores the fact that she is talking about an array of FIVE members, not four. JavaScript was meant to protect the user from such realities. If it doesn't bother you, don't worry about it. Some of us, on the other hand, need to know where the magician palmed the little red ball. (And if you really want to know such things, I recommend a shop found in various casinos in Las Vegas called Houdini's Magic Shop. If you can't go there, try this link. Houdini's Magic Shop)


G Messaging
A time saving and basic gesture detector app that allows you to store and detect your custom gestures.
These gestures can be used to recognize corresponding text values for sending sms.
Following are the guidelines for using G-SMS.
1. Add the gestures with its respective text values which can be used later to send SMS.
2. You can view and delete gestures with its corresponding text values."
3. Add text by drawing gestures and send SMS easily.
Users review
from 14 reviews


The Pharaoh-Emeritus of
Civil Rights Lovefest
Knowledge is Power
Joshua Ravenclaw
Regional Influence
Civil Rights
Political Freedom
Overview Factbook Dispatches People Government Economy Trend Analysis
The Pharaoh-Emeritus of the Imperial Crown is a gargantuan, efficient nation, ruled by Joshua Ravenclaw with a fair hand, and remarkable for its daily referendums, keen interest in outer space, and punitive income tax rates. The compassionate, democratic, cheerful, devout population of 10.885 billion Crystallians hold their civil and political rights very dear, although the wealthy and those in business tend to be viewed with suspicion.
The government — a sprawling, bureaucracy-choked morass — juggles the competing demands of Education, Defense, and Welfare. It meets to discuss matters of state in the capital city of Crystallia City. The average income tax rate is 97.2%.
The thriving Crystallian economy, worth a remarkable 1,275 trillion Crystallian Pounds a year, is highly specialized and mostly made up of the Tourism industry, with significant contributions from Arms Manufacturing. State-owned companies are reasonably common. Average income is an impressive 117,134 Crystallian Pounds, and distributed extremely evenly, with little difference between the richest and poorest citizens.
All-natural foods are becoming a major fad, scenic mountain valleys are flooded with water as damming projects get underway, medical lawsuits are out of control, and tax rises are attributed to divine will. Crime is totally unknown, thanks to a very well-funded police force and progressive social policies in education and welfare. The Imperial Crown's national animal is the Crystal Eagle, which is also the nation's favorite main course, and its national religion is Merlinism.
the Imperial Crown is ranked 3,274th in Osiris and 112,171st in the world for Largest Trout Fishing Sector, scoring -2 on the Nemo Depletion Efficiency Index.
National Happenings
Most Recent Government Activity:
View Forum posts
by Max Barry
Latest Forum Topics


Samoa Sustainability Issues
The critical environmental and sustainability issues of Samoa:
 1. Health Issues
Samoa is suffering from alarming rates of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Noncommunicable diseases are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioural factors. NCDs accounted for 75% of the total disease burdens in 2016 and more than half of all premature deaths in the country. The current service delivery system in Samoa is heavily hospital-centric characterized by a weak primary health care structure and overcrowding in the main referral hospital. Also in recent decades, the Samoan islands have suffered some of the highest rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease in the world. In november 2019, a deadly measles outbreak hit especially the children in Samoa. It caused 2,437 people to fall sick and killed 32. Twenty-eight of the 32 deaths were children aged under 5.
 1. Youth Unemployment
Youth unemployment increased from 9.99% in 1998 to 18.39% in 2012 but again it decreased to 17.94% in 2018. The primary factor leading to the high unemployment rate is the high rate of students dropping out of school.
According to Tracer Youth Employment Survey (TYES), the survey sampled 790 people aged 18-35 years from 14 villages. Results found that out of the sample size, 78.93 percent of young people dropped out of school at primary and secondary level. The main reason being families could no longer afford school fees with others becoming caretakers for family members.
 1. Water
Samoa uses both ground and surface water for all of its water supply needs. Surface water equates to 65 percent of the total water supply while groundwater accounts for only 35 percent. Currently the main obstacle preventing improvements to the water quality in Samoa is pollution of coastal and freshwater sources. Two major sources of pollution that affect the Samoan water quality are improper solid waste disposal and sediment erosion.
There is no known water quality monitoring for wastewater associated pollution. Despite pollution from improper waste disposal and sediment erosion, the Samoan government has made constant efforts to improve both the islands' overall water quality. Records from the CIA indicate that since 2015, 99 percent of the total population in Samoa has access to improved sources of drinking water. Additionally, citizens who have access to a piped water supply are estimated to be between 90 and 95 percent of the total population of Samoa.
 1. Gender Inequality
Married women aged 15–49 have much lower participation in economic work than married men in the same age group. Only 28% of these women were employed compared to 70% of the men. There is still a considerable level of acceptance of domestic violence even among women themselves. 37% of women agree that 'wife beating' can be justified. Overall, 46% of Samoan women who have ever been in a relationship have experienced one or more kinds of abuse. Samoa currently has two female members of parliament in the Samoan legislative assembly, accounting for 4.8% of women in parliament, compared with 8.2% in 2006.
 1. Climate Change
By 2030, the island's surrounding sea level will increase by up to 17 centimetres (6.69 inches), elevating the risk and impact of storm surges and coastal flooding.
Cyclones will be less frequent but more intense.
Ocean acidification—or carbon pollution that increases the ocean's acidity—will continue across Samoa, endangering the nation's coral and reef ecosystems.


Karkyra tract
Tup District
Our tours passing through Karkyra tract
Baibol services
The Karkyra River originates from the eternal glaciers of Kungei Ala-Too. It is the natural border between Kyrgyzstan and the Kazakh Republic. Along the banks of the river broke the homonymous tract. The place got its name thanks to cranes. These majestic birds make a halt here in early autumn and summer during seasonal flights. In translation from Kyrgyz "karkyra" means a crane. In this wonderful period the district is filled with a crane cry, birds are gaining strength to continue their journey. The territory is 60 000 ha. The green plain blooms, warmed by the rays of the sun, and from the west draws its peaks to the sky of Kungei Ala-Too. The tract begins with a small gorge and smoothly passes into the valley. In the valley you can see the contrast of green and blue colors - it is in the horizon in contact with the lines of emerald grass and azure sky. In ancient times, through the tract, the path of caravans of the Great Silk Road lay, the famous Carcarina fair was held. Grazing is often carried out here. The waters of the Karkyra River irrigate the fields of the Issyk-Kul region. In the 80s of the last century a bridge was built across the river, and on the right bank a small point was built to acclimatize Kazakh climbers. Soon, the camp of mountaineers Char-Kuduk was opened from the Kyrgyz side. The area is rich in medicinal plants. Honey, produced by local beekeepers, is very appreciated and has a unique aroma. In this picturesque place there are many ways to spend leisure time: from horseback riding and fishing to rafting.


FDA simulates the spread of AIDs with paper cups and acidic fluid
Wednesday, February 25, the East's Future Doctors of America Club (FDA) gathered in F084 for one of their last meetings of the 2008-09 school year.
Liz Kim ('09), current President of FDA, opened the meeting with a short discussion about the upcoming elections for next year's officer positions, which will be held on April 22.
The topic of today's meeting was the spreading epidemic, AIDS. The club planned an experiment called "A Ten Minute Epidemic," to further the members' understanding of the rapidly spreading epidemic. After signing in, the 27 club attendees listened to a brief history of AIDS. Then, each student received a paper cup with a number on the bottom filled with an acidic fluid. The students were to travel around the room and exchange fluids with five other students, each time recording the number of the cup fluid they obtained. After about fifteen minutes of simulated AIDS infecting, Kim walked around with an indicator base fluid, putting a drop into all of the students' cups. The fluids that turned pink were "infected" and the fluids remaining clear were clean. The club members were able to identify the cup origin of the virus just by recording who shared acid fluid with whom.
Kim said she tries to make the club fun, rather than just having members sit through lectures on medicine. Last November, FDA went to the Mutter Museum in Philadelphia and learned about anatomy and human medical anomalies. The club also recently played medical Jeopardy to test the students' knowledge on different diseases and medical fields.
"We tried to change it up a little and it worked," said Kim.
The club offers both a social and an educational aspect.
"Each time we learn something new. [The club] introduces you to different medical fields," said Catherine Yu ('11).
Through countless bake sales, FDA has over $400 and plans to purchase t-shirts, which will be distributed to dedicated members who have attended over half of the meetings.
FDA's next meeting will be March 18, with a plastic surgeon guest speaker, a speaker Kim considers different from speakers FDA has featured in the past.


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This handsome, respectful volume deserves a place on the shelf … it succeeds in accurately dramatizing honeybee behavior. – Kirkus Reviews
Flight of the Honey Bee review by artist, Claire Beynon:
"Given the state of our environment, the sooner we introduce our children to bees – to their intelligence, their intricate behaviour and increasing vulnerability – the better. Flight of the Honey Bee is the perfect book to do this, combining as it does Raymond Huber's careful language and well-researched text with Brian Lovelock's meticulously observed paintings. Cleverly formatted, fiction and non-fiction – story and fact – are woven together as two discreet yet interconnected strands: young readers can choose their flight path.
Exquisite to look at and a pleasure to explore.
Scout the bee – named after the feisty protagonist in Harper Lee's To Kill A Mockingbird – and her tightly-knit community of hardworking bees demonstrate these small creatures' importance in the pollinaton of plants and the well-being of our planet. Flight of the Honey Bee is about bee behavior but it will also teach children about subtler things; wonder, beauty, the value of group functioning and collaborative effort, reproduction, risk, courage, the joys of flight – those rhythms and principles essential for any thriving community. The hum of the parts.
This book has all the essentials of a satisfying story: it asks questions and it informs. It invites observation and participation. There's drama. Suspense. Conflict. Danger. Hope. And a happy ending. At the close of her adventure, Scout is a wily-er bee than she was when she set out from her hive on her first nectar-seeking adventure. As all characters must, she grows through her experiences. We come to care about her and her safe passage home.
Visually, Flight of the Honey Bee is exquisite to look at and a pleasure to explore – each double page spread is as stunning as the one preceding it. It will be immediately appealing to young readers. I was struck by how beautifully integrated the text and images are; they belong together like honey and honeycomb. The language is tender and witty (the line about 'sun-powder' is a wonderful change from 'gun-powder'); and the paintings – a combination of watercolour, acrylic ink and coloured pencils – are spectacular; compositionally bold, delicate, exuberant and information-rich. Looking at them through my adult eyes, I can't help thinking about fractals, the mathematics inherent in nature, the ever-present background dialogue between shape and sound, pattern and colour. Children will pore over them. And they will love Scout for her feisty resourcefulness.
More Flight of the Honey Bee reviews.


Callisto - are bright enough to be seen by the naked eye, but Jupiter is too close to them and prevents that. Even a small binoculars will show the moons.
It is best to keep some distance from Jupiter
Ask Io. A small moon and one that its planet has enormous influenza on its structure. Io is smaller than our moon and the distance from Jupiter's center to Io is around 400,000 km. To be so close to Jupiter is not a good idea. Strong gravitational forces cause earthquakes and volcanic activity and made Io look like... Like what actually?
Io - Nasa JPL
Io - Nasa JPL
Jupiter helped to measure the speed of light
The Danish astronomer Ole Romer noticed a difference between the predicted time and actual time of Io's (The cheese ball from above) eclipses behind Jupiter. His idea was that these difference derived from the changes in Earth-Jupiter distance and that the light has a speed. He gave a value of 220,000km/sec which is around 76% of the actual value, a really good approximation!
Jupiter can suddenly Vanish from our view
Well, not that suddenly but the moon can occult Jupiter (just like any other planet). It is a rare event and here is a short video I took several years ago.
Wednesday, June 1, 2016
How to remove light pollution with "Blur and Subtract"
How to remove or at least reduce light pollution is a frequently asked question. The "Blur and Subtract" technique is a process which I use to reduce light-pollution on my astro-photography images. I live in an urban area and the skies are never black. Of course the best thing is to travel to a darker place, but most of the time that is not possible. I wanted to have a quick method to remove some of the light pollution without working too much on the computer. As it turned out this method provides very interesting results in both daylight and night photos.
The name of the technique "Blur and Subtract" speaks for itself and has three major steps:
 1. Take your desired photo (Photo 1)
 2. Take the same photo but use manual focus to blur the image as much as possible (Photo 2)
 3. Subtract (Photo 1 - Photo 2)
That is all, but if you are not familiar with any photo processing software continue to the detailed tutorial or watch this two minutes demonstration video.
Why the "Blur and Subtract" method reduces light pollution?
This method works well for light pollution since in Photo 1 the focus is usually set to infinity and in Photo 2 it will be set to just to a few cm, diffusing every star but the brightest into the background. Subtracting the background (Which is usually yellow/brown/green) will give a black background with the original stars. If you forgot to take photo 2 you can use the Blur function in a software but I think that taking a second photo is a better approach.
This method turns the following photo - Iridium Flare in Corona Borealis (Northern Crown)
Iridium Flare in Corona Borealis
Iridium Flare in Corona Borealis - With light pollution
Into this one
Iridium Flare in Corona Borealis - Light pollution removed
Iridium Flare in Corona Borealis - Light pollution removed
Which is much darker!
But you can use this method even if you include terrestrial objects and even in daylight. Strong lights will diffuse but will still be noticeable and the entire image will look surrealistic.
Here is an example. What we see here is an Iridium flare near the constellation Cygnus (Swan), and the entire summer triangle including Vega at the top and Altair at the bottom-right. The photo was taken with a wide lens (16mm). The method will work better for longer focal lengths as the change of the focus will diffuse the strong lights better.
Photo 1 - proper focus
Photo 1 - proper focus
This is the second photo. The flare is already gone which is even better for us (it improves the subtraction). The stars disappeared (except the really bright ones) and the city lights looks bigger.
Photo 2 - Focus to nearest point possible
Photo 2 - Focus to nearest point possible
And this is the result of the subtraction and some other processing. You might need to tilt the monitor a little bit and since it is very black a good quality monitor is required.
I applied some more fixes to the photo such as:
 1. Remove the diffused bright stars (Vega and Deneb) - Single click of the Spot Heal tool around each star.
 2. Remove the strayed light in the bottom-right caused by forgetting to cover the eyepiece during the long exposure - again one of the Heal tools did the trick.
 3. Many crops (just the flare, just the summer circle, just the flare and the buildings, etc.) but here I show the full image.
The sky is much darker and probably some faint stars are not shown (more fine tuning in software is possible if you desire), but what is more incredible is what happened to the buildings.
Detailed Tutorial
If you need an online free tool for this purpose you can use Pixlr. Here are the exact steps. The steps are identical for other software such as Photoshop or Lightroom but not everyone has them. Pixlr is a strong free alternative and has many features. However it might reduce the resolution of the image (There is a stronger desktop version but it is not free to use).
1. Browse to pixlr site, choose "Open image from computer" and select your first photo (the photo with the correct focus).
Open PXLR site
Open Pixlr site
2. The photo will appear on the screen. To open the second blur photo (Photo-2) as a new layer, go to the Layers menu and choose "Open image as layer", select the second photo.
Choose open image as layer
Choose open image as layer
 3. Check the layer window and press the "Toggle layer setting" button as displayed in the image below. This displays a dialog box with the options we need for the subtract operation.
Press Toggle layer setting button
Press Toggle layer setting button
 4. In the mode option choose "Difference".
Choose "Differnce" as mode
 5. That's it. If you need to process the image further, do it now or simply save your file with a new name as a JPEG or preferably PNG file.
Save the result file
Save the result file
More examples
Here is another example. The time is just after sunset but skies are still blue. Here is the result after I cropped most of the sky.
And another interesting application on this royal ponciana blooming tree
 royal ponciana blooming tree
 royal ponciana blooming tree
 Into this strange colors.
 royal ponciana blooming tree
 royal ponciana blooming tree
And a photo of the sun (Warning: photographing the sun requires special filters. Never look directly at the sun!). The sun is very bright so blurring it will create a larger and dimmer image of the sun (a red giant lookalike)) and create an interesting image.
Double sun
Double sun


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Facial fractures are broken bones in the face.
- This kind of a fracture can involve bones of the upper jaw, lower jaw, cheeks, and nose or eye sockets.
- A closed fracture is one in which the skin is not broken.
- An open or compound fracture involves laceration of the skin.
- Most children's facial fractures heal rapidly with very few complications.
- The majority of all facial fractures involve the lower jaw.
- The nose and the cheekbones-because of their prominence-are also damaged frequently.
If you suspect that your child has a facial fracture, seek medical attention immediately.
Facial fractures can result breathing impairment, since the airway can be blocked by bone fragments, swollen tissue, blood clots, dislodged teeth or pieces of debris.
The surgeons at Boston Children's Hospital's General Surgery Program understand how traumatic a facial fracture can be. The good news is that most facial fractures in children heal relatively quickly and without complications. Our experienced staff is here to help heal your child and provide support in this upsetting time.


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Suppose we have polynomials over $GF (2^8)$.
$a(x) = x^8$.
A textbook says that.
$x^8 \bmod m(x) = [m(x) - x^8]=(x^4+x^3+x+1)$
So I would like to understand, how do we reach this answer?
It's unclear to me how we perform division here when $m(x) > a(x)$. All the examples in the book show division or finding $a(x) \bmod m(x)$ when $m(x) < a(x)$.
If I understand the comments correctly, $x^8+x^8 = x^8-x^8=0 $ since this is GF$(2)$. So then $ -x^8 + -(x^4+x^3+x^1+1) = -m(x) $, so if $r(x) =(x^4+x^3+x^1+1)$, then $a(x)-r(x) \equiv 0 \bmod m(x)$. Do I have this correct?
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In your case, the field has characteristic $2$, so $- x^8 = x^8$. By definition, $a(x) = b(x) \text{ mod } m(x)$ iff $m(x)$ divides $a(x) - b(x)$. Do you see it now? – Isomorphism Dec 14 '12 at 5:18
You reach that answer with $x^8=-x^8$ and $p(x)=p(x)\pm m(x)$ for all polynomials $p$. When $m>a$, there is nothing to do, just as if you were dividing with integers. – anon Dec 14 '12 at 5:19
_USER_ I think your answer makes the most sense, and I updated my question if you could take a look. – T. Webster Dec 14 '12 at 8:12
Yes. The reasoning in your edit is correct :) – Isomorphism Dec 14 '12 at 8:19
The problem is perhaps with your interpretation of $>$. With polynomials you should think of the degree of a polynomial as a measure of its "size". So you look for a remainder of as small a degree as possible. It is always possible to find a (unique) remainder that has lower degree than the divisor. Here the divisor has degree 8, so a degree 8 remainder will not do. You have to get rid of the degree eight term. IOW two polynomials of degree 8 are not comparable in the sense that you could declare one being "larger" than the other. – Jyrki Lahtonen Dec 14 '12 at 8:19
1 Answer 1
up vote 3 down vote accepted
Another way to think of it is that you're trying to figure out what happens to $a(x)$ inside $k[x]/\langle m(x) \rangle$, where $k=GF(2^8)$. In other words, when you take your polynomial $a(x)\in k[x]$ and send it over to the quotient $k[x]/\langle m(x) \rangle$, you're living in a word where $$x^8+x^4+x^3+x+1=0,$$ so if that $a(x)$ happens to be $x^8$, figuring out the image is easy: $$x^8=-\left(x^4+x^3+x+1\right),$$ which in this case is equivalent to $$x^8=x^4+x^3+x+1$$ since we're in a binary field.
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The following tutorial will teach all Linux users how to install SSH on their systems, in order to access their computers remotely from an Android tablet of smartphone.
These days we all have a tablet or phablet device, and we often find ourselves later at night watching a movie or TV show, listening to music, or reading a good book. You can call this article a tutorial for the lazy, for people who are too tired at night to start some process(es) on their computer, move, delete, copy or rename some files, or even to shutdown their PC.
Yes, there are all sorts of remote desktop solutions out there, but many costs a fortune or are badly implemented and don't work as expected, forcing you to go to the PC after all and do the stuff you want to do.
For this tutorial we will use a simple, secure and effective protocol called SSH (Secure Shell), which can be easily installed from your default software repositories (openssh in Arch Linux, or openssh-server in Ubuntu).
Configuring the SSH server
After installation, you will need to do basic configuration for the SSH server. For this, you need to edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file with a text editor.
1. Add the following line (where yourusername will be replaced with your actual username on your Linux box) at the end of the file:
2. Uncomment the "_TAG_ yes" line and add "no" instead of "yes" making it look like this:
2. For security reasons, you need to modify the 22 port, which is used by default on SSH connections, to a higher port, such as 55441 in our example below (but don't use 55441, be original, find another five or four digit number). To do this, uncomment and edit the "_TAG_ 22" line to look like this:
Starting the SSH server
On Ubuntu, the SSH service can be started using the following command:
sudo /etc/init.d/ssh start
...and every time you make modifications to the aforementioned configuration file, you can restart it using the following command:
sudo /etc/init.d/ssh restart
On Arch Linux you can start the SSH service using the following command:
sudo systemctl start sshd
Configuring the SSH client on your Android device
One of the best SSH clients for Android appears to be JuiceSSH, which is free, but those who find it poor in functionality, can pay a small amount of money for more advanced features, such as Amazon AWS/EC2 integration, team collaboration, and much more.
Once the software is installed, open it and you will be asked to add an encryption password, which will keep your connections safe, encrypted with AES-256 so no one can access them in case your device is stolen.
Now, add a new connection by choosing a name, the IP address of your computer, the port set above, and an identity, which needs to be created...
...and here's my Arch Linux box, as viewed from the JuiceSSH client on my Android tablet. Do not hesitate to comment below if you run into problems during this tutorial.


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Make Connections While Reading a Story
A good reader can usually make connections while reading a story. This means that he will be able to relate the story to either his own ideas, other stories he has read, or events that have happened to him. You can help your child make connections by encouraging him to not just read words, but to also think about what those words mean to him.
Connecting to Himself
Asking your child opinion questions is one of the best ways to help him connect with the story. Let him tell you what he thinks about a character's actions or what he would have done in that situation. You could then follow up with a why question. "Why do you think that?" or "Why would you do that?"
Connecting to Other Stories
Many children like to read books in a series (like the Hardy boys books or the Berenstain bears books). Reading through a series allows you the opportunity to show relationships between books. Ask your child what a certain character did in a previous book. Then ask if that gives them any clues as to how they might act in the situation they are facing in your current story. Even books that are not in a series often have similarities. Point out the things that are similar as you think of them, and soon your child will be noticing things in common between books as well.
Connecting to Events
Simple questions such as "has this ever happened to you?" or have you ever been to a place like this?" give your child an opening to remember a time when he has been in the same position as the book character. Just make sure that you take the time to listen as your child tells you about his experience. This lets your child make the connection between the book and his own life.
Asking questions while your child reads not only helps them make connections within the story, but it reassures you as a parent that your child is understanding and relating to the story he is reading.
How do you help your child connect to the stories they read?


Professor Friedrich Hacker
Professor Friedrich Hacker (HM2207)
Location: Wien, Wien 1010
Country: Austria
Buy Austria flags at!
N 48° 12.137', E 16° 22.45'
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In diesem Haus wurde am 19. Januar 1914
der Psychiater
Univ. Professor Dr. Friedrich Hacker
Er lebte hier bis 1937,
emigrierte in die USA und wurde als
autor, Terrorund Agressionsforscher
international bekannt.
1968 gründete er die
Sigmund-Freud-Gesellschaft in Wien
Er starb 1989
[English translation:]
In this house on January 19, 1914, the psychiatrist and university professor, Dr. Friedrich Hacker, was born. He lived here until 1937, and then emigrated to the US, becoming an internationally known author and researcher on terror and aggression. In 1968 he founded the Sigmund Freud Society in Vienna. He died in 1989.
HM NumberHM2207
Marker ConditionNo reports yet
Date Added Tuesday, October 3rd, 2017 at 1:01am PDT -07:00
Locationbig map
UTM (WGS84 Datum)33U E 602104 N _PHONE_
Decimal Degrees48.20228333, 16.37416667
Degrees and Decimal MinutesN 48° 12.137', E 16° 22.45'
Degrees, Minutes and Seconds48° 12' 8.22" N, 16° 22' 27" E
Driving DirectionsGoogle Maps
Closest Postal AddressAt or near 21 Hegelgasse, Wien Wien 1010, AT
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Las Meninas: A Meta-Painting
Las Meninas is a truly great meta-painting, a painting about paintings. A metapainting may represent itself, the process of its creation, its materiality, the conventions of art, the gallery where it is hung, the artwork around it, and the place of art and artist in society.
At this point I count at least 23 meta aspects. Take a look at the painting yourself and see how many you can identify:
Las Meninas
A meta-painting is a painting about paintings, a painting about painters, a painting about the process of painting, a painting that reminds viewers that they are looking at a painting rather than real objects, a painting that breaks the conventions of painting, a painting that obscures its borders or plays with levels of reality. Las Meninas does all these things.
First of all, the scene is set in an art gallery (1). As Velasquez was painting, he must have expected the commissioned work to be hung in a gallery similar to the one depicted, maybe even the very same room, which was probably in El Escorial, the somber royal palace of the Spanish monarchy. In other words, he was representing the place where his own canvas would be displayed. The picture refers then to the space outside itself, thereby blurring its boundaries and playing with levels of reality.
Blurring of boundaries and playing with levels of reality are separate aspects, because the obscuring of borders extends outward from the painting, along the same plane, namely the wall, while playing with levels of reality occurs perpendicularly to the painting, moving outwards from the painting (the unreal) towards the viewer and the art gallery (the real). (We will just have to imagine the gallery as we look at the digital reproduction, framed not with wood but by the text of my blog, the metapaintings on the right, your browser and computer screen.)
Velasquez's masterpiece is a painting which represents paintings inside itself (2), but it would be incomplete if it were displayed by itself in an empty room. Surrounded by other art works, it now hangs in the Prado Museum in Madrid. The walls both inside and outside the frame are full of pictures. Las Meninas refers to the other works beside it on the wall (3), again extending its limits and troubling levels of reality. For the pictures in the painting are paintings and, of course, they are real (we can see them), yet they also exist in the unreal space of the painting. They are at once real and imaginary.
One of the frames on the wall frames a mirror, rather than a canvas. With a bit of reflection,we recognize that the mirror is not a mirror, but a painting just like every other painting on the wall, a painting of a mirror (4), again blurring levels of reality. According to mimetic theory propounded by Plato and Aristotle (from "to mime something"), art reflects reality. Therefore, we have a mirror (the work of art) reflecting a (painted) mirror, a mirror of a mirror. (There may be another meta aspect we can tease out of this paradox; it's difficult to tell since meta often gets us running in circles.)
The mirror is the only image on the wall we can see clearly, all others are in shadow. The paintings in the painting are obscured so that we see only what Velasquez himself painted. In other words, the artist is not merely recording the scene objectively, but actively directing the viewer to the parts of the composition that are his own. Therefore, the painting is pointing to itself (5), yet at the same time hiding parts of itself that were not painted by the artist, even though everything inside the painting was obviously painted by Velasquez (6). This sixth aspect is meta because the artist is saying, "I didn't paint these paintings which I painted here."
The mirror on the back wall also helps us make sense of the most meta elements of all. The artist represented himself (7), presumably looking into a mirror. Portraits don't include the artists because portraits are about the subject. Royal portraits especially would never include the artist, who was of a lower class. Velasquez's inclusion of himself in the family scene was a radical act (as was the inclusion of the infanta's attendants). Whenever an artist or a writer includes themselves in their work, they are reminding us that the work is the artificial creation of an individual, rather than a natural object.
Everything is as it appears from Velasquez's perspective, how it appears to the eye of the trained artist. We can't help noticing the representation of perspective, which is exaggerated to the point that the technique becomes obvious, even a bit forced (8). The figures are placed at six or seven different levels from the dog whose paw is almost touching the plane of the picture to the figures reflected in the back mirror. The line between wall and ceiling, wall and floor, direct the eye to the vanishing point through the open door behind the figure who looks like another self-portrait of the artist (9), because the clothing, the bald head, and the facial hair is so similar, but the figure (also) represents the queen's chamberlain, Don Jose Nieto Velasquez, possibly a relative of the artist, who is part of the painted scene and outside it, merely observing rather than participating (10).
A similar duplication takes place with the nearly identical ladies-in-waiting, the meninas of the title (11), who seem to be the same person represented in different positions at different moments. Because of its title, the painting seems to be about them rather than the traditional subject of such a portrait, the princess herself who is after all the central figure. This breaks a fundamental convention of portrait paintings (12). Exaggerating conventions, like that of perspective, or breaking conventions, as with the title, are meta elements because they make us aware of how an artist works on a painting.
Velasquez's painting of himself captures the moment of creation itself, a painting about the process of painting (13). Note, however, that the brush is not touching the canvas, but is suspended above the pallet. He is depicted specifically at the moment of looking at himself and the scene. A painting which is meant for viewing captures the moment of looking (14). The canvas he is working on must be Las Meninas itself, so the painting is included within itself (15). Other artists had made self-portraits that showed themselves in the act of painting, but the internal paintings were always of another subject, rather a portrayal of the painting itself, until Velasquez. The painting is turned away from us, otherwise we might get one of those endless series of a painting that includes a picture of itself which includes a picture within itself receding into infinity.
When I recognized that Velasquez must be looking into a mirror, I wondered why he did not include a frame for the mirror, but of course the mirror does have a frame. The frame (which we must imagine here) is both the picture frame and the frame of the mirror Velasquez is looking into, again blurring levels of reality (16). The artist is looking at the viewer of the painting, catching our eye, as are some of the others, including the infanta and one of the dwarfs, which breaks the fourth wall (17) since the subjects seem to be looking out of the painting into the real world, a common convention in portraiture.
This complicates the reading of the painting as a mirror, because the viewer of the artwork is not reflected in the painting. On the other hand, we should ask ourselves who the first viewers of the painting were. The painting was commissioned by King Philip and Queen Mariana, who are in fact represented within the little mirror on the back wall (18). These first viewers are both included in the painting and outside the scene represented because they only appear in the mirror, both there and not there (19). The viewer must give up his place in front of the painting to imagine the king and queen standing there or the king and queen must disappear to allow the viewer to picture himself before the painting (20).
The painting captures a moment both carefully composed and spontaneous, as in a snapshot (21). The staggering of the figures throughout the picture, in terms of depth and from left to right, suggests that the painting was carefully staged, and yet some figures look like they were caught unaware as in a snapshot. The lady-in-waiting on the left is offering a red cup, a bucaro, to the little girl, making her comfortable for the long modeling session and the other seems about to curtsy, as if she is about to leave the scene, as would be expected if the princess was to have her portrait painted.
Actually the moment represented seems to be one of preparation for the painting, not the moment that was being staged, a picture of the process of preparing for a portrait rather than a straightforward portrait (22). The bored mastiff is falling asleep and the male dwarf is playfully nudging it with his foot to keep himself entertained, both totally unaware the moment of the picture has come. Behind them a chaperon and bodyguard are talking as if killing time until things get started. In contrast, the female dwarf looks a bit surprised to be caught in the picture. The princess, Velasquez, the figure in the doorway and the king and queen are looking steadily out of the picture, as with the knowledge that they are being painted (and therefore must hold still). Models are often comfortably situated in paintings, lying on a couch for example, because the process of painting is going to take some time. A painting normally represents not a moment (keep in mind,


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NEW YORK — Dr. E. Donnall Thomas, who showed that it was possible to transplant bone marrow to save the lives of patients dying from blood cancer and other blood disorders, a discovery that earned him a Nobel Prize, died Saturday in Seattle. He was 92.
His death was announced by the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, where he had long been on the faculty.
When Dr. Thomas began his research in the late 1950s, bone-marrow transplants were seen as a frightening last resort. Patients suffered dangerous complications from the procedure, and survival rates were grim. The patient's immune system either destroyed the transplanted marrow as foreign, or the transplanted marrow, which contains immune system cells, destroyed the patient's lungs, kidneys, and other organs.
The only successes were in identical twins, because their tissue types matched.
Many physicians abandoned the approach, believing that bone-marrow transplantation would never be safe enough to be practical. Dr. Thomas persevered, despite numerous failures and the criticism that he was exposing his patients to undue risks. He learned to match tissue types between recipients and donors, and to use drugs to tamp down the immune system.
His team carried out its first transplant using a matched sibling donor for a patient with leukemia in 1969. Eight years later, the team performed the first matched transplant from an unrelated donor, a success that led to the formation of a national registry that now includes more than 11 million marrow donors.
Dr. Thomas received the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Dr. Joseph E. Murray, who performed the first successful kidney transplant. In announcing the prize, the Karolinska Institute said discoveries by both men were ''crucial for those tens of thousands of severely ill patients who either can be cured or given a decent life when other treatment methods are without success.''
Today, bone-marrow transplants are an accepted treatment for leukemia and other blood cancers, and can cure some inherited forms of anemia, like sickle cell disease.
Edward Donnall Thomas was born in 1920, in Mart, Texas, a rural town about 100 miles south of Dallas. He was the only child of Dr. Edward E. Thomas, a general practitioner, and Angie Hill Donnall, a teacher. He learned to hunt and fish, and as an adult, he would unwind after a hard day by filling shells with gunpowder.
He studied chemistry at the University of Texas at Austin, receiving his bachelor's degree in 1941 and his master's degree in 1943.
To pay for his education, he worked odd jobs around campus. After a shift waiting tables at a women's dormitory, he got into a snowball fight with a journalism student, Dorothy Martin. The couple married in 1942, and soon afterward, his wife shifted her career ambitions to become his laboratory technician and lifelong collaborator.
Dr. Thomas went on to Harvard Medical School, where he became interested in leukemia and bone marrow. He received his medical degree in 1946, spent two years in the Army, then returned to Boston to complete his residency and conduct research. In 1955, he was appointed physician in chief at the Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital, now Bassett Medical Center, in Cooperstown, N.Y., an affiliate of Columbia University.
As soon as he arrived, Dr. Thomas started experimenting with bone-marrow transplants in dogs, to work out the technical problems, and in people dying of leukemia. He reasoned that replacing a patient's diseased marrow with that from a healthy donor could cure leukemia. By 1957, his team had performed marrow transplants on six patients, after first destroying the patients' own marrow with radiation. The results were dismal. None of the patients survived beyond 100 days.
"Most people left the field,'' Dr. Thomas told an interviewer. ''They felt that this couldn't ever be done.'' Some physicians felt strongly that the transplants ''shouldn't go on as an experimental thing,'' he said.
Dr. Thomas found that dogs that were given whole-body radiation and marrow from their litter mates had the same problems that humans did with infection, rejection, and graft-versus-host disease, in which immune cells in the graft attack the patient's organs as foreign. But occasionally, a dog survived the procedure and remained healthy. Dr. Thomas surmised that matching donors to patients was the key.
In 1963, he moved to the University of Washington and developed a system for matching the tissue types of dogs. By the mid-1960s, he showed that most irradiated dogs that received marrow from matched donors survived long term. Around the same time, researchers elsewhere had worked out methods for matching human tissue types. In 1969, Dr. Thomas began transplanting marrow from matched siblings to patients with advanced leukemia.
Patients were irradiated in an underground bunker at a former military facility, the only place in the Seattle area with the required radiation sources, then rushed by ambulance to a sterile hospital ward.
''We went back and forth like Ping-Pong balls,'' Dr. Thomas said.
He inoculated horses to obtain a serum to treat graft-versus-host disease, sometimes getting kicked in the process. Because patients were highly susceptible to infection until the transplanted marrow took hold, Dr. Thomas had their food sterilized in an autoclave normally used for germ-proofing surgical tools. Most of his initial 54 patients died of transplant complications or leukemia despite the precautions, but six experienced complete remissions.
These small successes led him to conduct transplants in patients with less advanced leukemia. In 1979, he reported curing half of the leukemia patients who underwent transplantation when their disease was in chemotherapy-induced remission. Bone-marrow transplants now can cure 70 percent to 80 percent of the healthiest children and teenagers with leukemia.
Dr. Thomas joined the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, an affiliate of the University of Washington, in 1974, serving as its first director of medical oncology and later as director of the clinical research division. The center has become a world leader in bone-marrow transplantation.
Dr. Thomas was named professor emeritus of medicine at the University of Washington in 1990. He became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1982 and received the National Medal of Science in 1990.
Besides his wife, he leaves two sons, E. Donnall Jr. and Jeffrey, and one daughter, Elaine Thomas.