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the bird, the pink feathers and the claws
Here are the explanations necessary to embroider the pink feathers and the legs of the bird.
The colors used are
DMC 931, 932, 3031, 3371, écru, 3716, 3832, 3830 and 355.
After turning the work by 180 °, embroider the ecru borders as usual with 2 rows of stem stitch and 1 thread. Wait to embroider the contours in brown.
Then fill the "eye" of the feathers with satin stitch and 1 thread.
Here is the direction of the straight stitches used to achieve the pink part of the feathers. Do not embroider split backstitches around the pattern because to give the feathers their full effect, it is necessary that the straight stitches are slightly irregular.
Embroider in satin stitch with 1 thread.
Continue with the dark pink part.
Then embroider the brown border with split backstitch 1 thread around the ecru stem stitches. To finish, add a few very tiny brown and ecru straight stitches 1 thread in the "blue eye" of each feather.
The middle part between the blue feathers and the pink feathers is made with a dark blue satin stitch 1 thread slantwise and decorated with brown spaced straight stitches 1 thread.
The blue feathers at the bottom of the pattern are simply embroidered with long and short stitch 1 thread and underlined with large irregular straight stitches on the edges.
Here is a picture of all the finished feathers. I varied the placement of the colors based on the picture of the printed fabric and I used the colors 3830 and 355 to darken the base of the feathers around the center.
Add little brown stitches 1 thread to give depth to the edge of the feathers.
To embroider the legs, start by placing transverse straight stitches 1 thread along the entire length of the legs. Then embroider the contours with 1 or 2 rows of split backstitches also with 1 thread.


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Bronze bell from a Buddhist temple
Edo period, 17th-18th century AD
Temple bells were used to announce the time of events during the course of the day. They were hung suspended within covered towers, and rung by striking them on the outside on a raised boss using a wooden ram suspended horizontally by ropes. The bell is hung by an integral loop at the top, usually in the form of opposed dragons with the hōjū, or wishing jewel between them.
The matrices of raised nipples around the upper part of the bell derive originally from Chinese bells of the Shang dynasty (about 12th-11th century BC).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
This blog was originally posted here: Windows 8: The right way to Read & Write Files in WinRT
Also, check out our Windows Runtime (WinRT) sponsored section.
Windows 8: The right way to Read & Write Files in WinRT
Windows 8 Metro development leverages WinRT; and, in WinRT, there are new namespaces – and namespace constriction in the.Net Framework. What you think you know, you may not.
MSDN: In some cases, a type that you used in a.NET Framework desktop app doesn't exist within the.NET APIs for Metro style apps. Instead, you can use a type from the Windows Runtime. For example, the System. IO. IsolatedStorage. IsolatedStorageSettings class isn't included in the.NET APIs for Metro style apps, but the Windows.Storage.ApplicationDataContainer class provides similar behavior for storing app settings. Examples of common changes you might have to make are included in the section Converting your existing.NET Framework code.
Read Isolated Storage
Every Metro application has three folders. A Local folder, a Roaming folder and a Temp folder. Each is accessed the same way. Local is meant to store assets in a local, application-specific folder.
MSDN: You can access files in the local app data store using the "ms-appdata:///local/" protocol. To access files in the app package, use Windows. ApplicationModel. Package. Current. InstalledLocation.
To request that Windows index your app data for search, create a folder named "indexed" under this folder and store the files that you want indexed there. Windows indexes the file content and metadata (properties) in this "indexed" folder and all its subfolders.
Roaming is meant to store assets that should be synchronized with any other desktop where the current user has the same application installed.
MSDN: The sync engine has restrictions on the file name conventions that you must follow to ensure the items in the roaming folder can roam. Be sure that your file and folder names do not contain leading whitespace. The sync engine may limit the total size of settings and files that can roam. You can access files in the roaming app data store using the "ms-appdata:///roaming/" protocol.
Temp is a throw-away location that will be cleaned, potentially, every time the application is launched.
MSDN: You can access files in the temporary app data store using the "ms-appdata:///temp/" protocol.
Here's how you use them:
Get the code here.
The code above is a simple Unit Test demonstrating the core functionality of writing and reading to Isolated Storage. You might notice that there is no mention of Isolated Storage in the code or namespaces (like there is in the Windows Phone API). Just know that all of this takes place in Isolated Storage, and for the same reason – to compartmentalize your application and it's ability to break the user's machine.
Read Project Files
Here's a fun one. What if you have a resource (a file) in your project that you want to read? Lots of time this is for sample data or settings or something. It could be an XML file, a JSON file, or something else. Can you do it? Of course.
Add the file to your project. Note: since this is your file, you will need to deal with the type. Somewhere else you can learn how to deserialize JSON and XML.
Change your file's Build Action to Content. And, change Copy to Output Directory to Copy Always. This will ensure the file itself ships with your application. If it doesn't, you wont have a file to read!
Read your project file like this:
Get the code here.
The code above is a simple Unit Test demonstrating how to read a file that is included in your project's folder structure. The two most important parts is the unique path and Installed Location folder. Pay close attention. The correct path will include your project name (mine is Metro.Helpers.Tests).
Read Local files w/a Picker
Here's a great one. You want to read a file in the Documents Library? Let the user select the file using a picker, and take it from there! Let's do it.
Just Do It
There's nothing special you have to do in order to use a file picker. No changes to the AppXManifest, I mean. The reason is, using a File Picker puts the user in charge. Only the user can pick a file. And so, the picker itself is sort of its own Capabilities declaration and consent.
Get the code here.
In the code above we initialize the FileOpenPicker (just like we have always done in.Net). We invoke the picker using PickSingleFileAsync() where we get a StorageFile (just like all the techniques above) and we go from there. I added a MessageBox (aka MessageDialog) to show some details. Clearly in your application you will do something else.
Read Local files w/o a Picker
What if you want to read a file without using the File Picker. Can you do that? You bet. But, it takes more effort because you need to update your applications AppXManifest to request the Document Library Access capability.
But wait there's more.
See that red X on the Capabilities tab title? That tells you that something is not right. The manifest designer is pretty cool. What's left?
You also need to update your AppXManifest by declaring what file type(s) you want to access. Then, even with access to the folders, you only have access to a limited set of file types. (in case you wondered *.* is not allowed)
Note: Accessing the file system without user interaction is dangerous for the user. These extra steps are not meant to make your life (the developer) easier. It is meant to make the user's experience easier and more safe.
So, in my case I will only want access to TXT files. The Declarations tab can be complex – to learn more about it, look here. I set a new file type (.txt) and let it role from there.
When the user installs your application, they will be promoted to consent to the capabilities your application requests. Its capabilities are constrained by the manifest. And, your app's capabilities are reviewed by Microsoft store curators.
Now, get that file!
You have probably noticed with all the samples in this article that I have to write and read in order to have a reliable test. This one is no different. This will create the HelloWorld.txt file and read it. For added fun, I also will delete the file at the end of the method so your folder is not polluted.
Get the code here.
The only reason the code above works is because we have declared the capability to read TXT files from the Documents Library folder in the AppXManifest file. Reading the file is easy because, once you get it, it's just a simple WinRT StorageFile.
Pretty simple really, eh?
Some Interesting StorageFile Methods
I might take a moment to talk about StorageFolder, too. One of the most common requests I get is to iterate files and folders on user's system. You really can't – if what you mean is to start at c:\. Try to iterate through c:\ and you get this:
You can, however, iterate the files in a Library (Documents, Photos, Music, Videos, and even Home Group) folder – if you have requested this capability in the manifest. It is important to note that the files returned for a folder will be automatically filtered to the file types you declare in your manifest. (Did I already mention *.* cannot be declared?) Let me restate that as a developer you have intentional restrictions like this that ultimately improve the user's experience and safety.
Read those files people. Whatever your reason, they are there for you to get them. Yes, the sandbox of a Metro application prevents access to files and resources outside user's Libraries. But in about 2 seconds you can appreciate this decision. We are approaching a brave new world.
Now, should your application REQUIRE such access (that is otherwise restricted), you might consider the choice between desktop and metro applications – or consider a clever alternative; we all know you are a clever developer, keen at problem solving. You can do it!
Best of luck!
Jerry Nixon is a Microsoft Developer Evangelist in Colorado. He has been developing and designing on the Microsoft platform for 15 years. He speaks at universities, events and groups on Kinect, XAML, Windows Phone, and Windows 8. Most of Jerry's days are spent teaching his three daughters Star Trek character backstories and episode plots.


Base de Conhecimento
 1. Início
 2. Glossary of terms
Imprimir Artigo
Artigo 42
Glossary of terms
Bandwidth: Your upload and download capacity. On a 56k Modem this is generally about 4 KBps Upload and 7 KBps Download.
FTP: File Transfer Protocol - A location on the Internet with the purpose of storing files.
HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - A location on the Internet that store web pages like this.
IP: 32 bit binary number identifying the position of a computer on the Internet - similar to the URL. The URL is usually easier to remember as it is alpha based rather than numerical.
IP Range: Usually referred to when talking about scanning a particular range of ip addresses. They can be broken down into A, B, and C ranges - Usually an entire B range will be scanned at a time.
KBps: Kilobytes per second - This is what most transfer speed are referring to. One Byte is comprised of 8 Bits.
Kbps : Kilobits per second - This is what most modem speeds are referring to. Why? Probably to make them look faster. Divide by 8 to get KBps.
FXP: File eXchange Protocol - This refers to server to server transfer. You can transfer files from one pub to another using very little of your own bandwidth. This is by far the best means for distributing large files, only problem is that a very limited number of FXP capable pubs exist.
Proxy:Generally used to speed up Internet connections by storing frequently accessed images/html locally. Used in the FXP community to hide your identity by using anonymous proxies to connect to a ftp. Usually SOCKS4 or SOCKS5 are used for FTP transfers and are located on port 1080.
Pub: This is a public ftp that anyone can connect to with anonymous access. They are usually used for transferring large files to many people because of their high speeds.
Unix: An operating system similar to DOS but much more powerful, most of the FXPable pubs are found on Unix systems.
Wingate: Similar to a proxy in that they are used to hide your identity, except all information actually passes through the Wingate, if you have a slow Wingate you get slow download/upload speeds. Wingates are also used to force FXP transfer on pubs that do not normally accept FXP, again all data passes through the Wingate so you need one that is fast for it to be useful.
Anonymous: A way of logging on to servers as a guest, which gives you limited access to that server. Many FTP sites allow you to login anonymously in order to download files. Directories or files requiring a secure User ID and Password will not be accessible.
Beta: The second stage a software program goes through before a final is released. Software undergoes rigorous testing until it is ready to be released.
Binary: A numeric system that represents all numbers using only two digits: 1 and 0.
Bit: The basic unit of information in a binary numbering system. A computer detects the difference between two states (high current and low current) and represents these two states as one of two numbers (1 or 0).
Bandwidth: The range of frequencies a channel can carry. The higher the frequency, the higher the bandwidth and the greater the capacity of a channel. In Internet terms, higher bandwidth means a higher ability to transmit and receive data.
BPS: Bits per second. The amount of data that can be transmitted over a digital line.
Browser: A program used to view, download, upload, surf or otherwise access documents (pages) on the World Wide Web. Popular Web browsers include Netscape+Internet Explorer+Opera.
Byte: A series of 8 bits, which represent a single character.
Client: A remote computer connected to a host or server computer. Also refers to the software that makes this connection possible, such as an FTP client.
CPU: Central Processing Unit. Simply put, it's the main processor of a computer that makes everything work.
DNS: Domain Name Server. Specific software that runs on a server and resolves domain names to actual IP addresses. Nodes communicate with each other using IP addresses rather than domain names, though users may never see the actual IP addresses being used.
Domain Name: The "address" or URL of a particular Web site. You can register your own domain name at
Domain extensions vary depending on the site in question:
* COM: An Internet domain used for business or commercial ventures.
* EDU: An Internet domain used for educational facilities.
* GOV: An Internet domain used by the government.
* MIL: An Internet domain used by the military.
* NET: An Internet domain used for network businesses.
* ORG: An Internet domain used for non-profit organizations.
Ethernet: One of the most common local area network (LAN) wiring schemes, Ethernet has a transmission rate of 10 megabits per second; a newer standard called Fast Ethernet will carry 100 megabits per second.
Filter: A way of hiding certain file types by their file names or extensions.
Firewall: A firewall is a safeguard utilized by many Local Area Networks (LANs) or Wide Area Networks (WANs) to protect the network from unauthorized access from the outside. They are basically gates that verify the users before they leave or enter the network by way of a User ID, Password or IP address.
FTP: File Transfer Protocol. A standard protocol for transferring files between remote computer systems. Until recently, it was used almost exclusively on UNIX workstations and mainframes, but after PC users gained access to the Internet it became a popular alternative to BBS systems. The biggest limitation was that FTP-compliant software usually used a command line interface, which wasn't easy for beginners to work with. As the Internet grew in popularity, new standards appeared (Gopher, WWW), providing more userfriendly front-end software. FTP, however, still remains the popular choice among power users and computer professionals.
Gateway: A computer system for exchanging information across incompatible networks that use different protocols. For example, many commercial services have e- mail gateways for sending messages to Internet addresses.
Gigabyte: A billion bytes. A thousand megabytes.
Host: A computer that is setup to allow connections from other machines (known as clients).
Host Address: The Internet IP Address or hostname of a remote server.
Internet: Originally designed by the U.S. Defense Department so that a communication signal could withstand a nuclear war and serve military institutions worldwide, the Internet was first known as the ARPAnet. The Internet is system of linked computer networks, international in scope, that facilitates data communication services such as remote login, file transfer, electronic mail and newsgroups. The Internet is a way of connecting existing computer networks that greatly extends the reach of each participating system.
Intranet: A private network inside a company or organization that uses the same types of software that you would find on the public Internet, but is only for internal use.
IP Address: Internet Protocol Address. A numeric address that is given to servers and users connected to the Internet.
ISP: Internet Service Provider. A company that provides access to the Internet. Before you can connect to the Internet you must first establish an account with an ISP.
Kilobyte: A thousand bytes. Actually, usually 1024 (2^10) bytes.
LAN: Local Area Network. A network that connects computers in a small predetermined area (like a room, a building, or a set of buildings). LAN's can also be connected to each other via telephone lines or radio waves. Workstations and personal computers in an office are commonly connected to each other with a LAN. This allows them to have send/receive files and/or have access to the files and data. Each computer connected to a LAN is called a node.
Megabyte: A million bytes. A thousand kilobytes.
Modem: MOdulator, DEModulator. A device that connects your computer to a phone line in order to communicate with other computers.
Packet: The unit of data sent across a network.
Port: A place where information goes into or out of a computer.
PPP: Point-to-Point Protocol. Communication protocol used over serial lines to support Internet connectivity.
Protocol: A specification that describes how computers will talk to each other on a network.
Queue: waiting area for files, print jobs, messages, or anything else being sent from one computer or device to another. In SmartFTP, for instance, you can put files in the queue, and transfer them all at once at another time.
RFC: (Request for Comments). The name of the result and the process for creating a standard on the Internet. A new standard is proposed and published as a "Request For Comments." If the standard is established, the reference number/name for the standard retains the acronym "RFC." For example, the official standard for FTP is RFC 959.
Server: A computer on a network that answers requests for information, such as Web servers, FTP servers and secure servers. The term server is also used to refer to the software that makes serving information possible.
TCP/IP: (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). A set of protocols that make TELNET, FTP, e-mail, and other services possible among computers that aren't on the same network.
Upload: To copy a file from your computer to a remote server, the reverse process of download.
Warez: Widely used to denote cracked or pirate versions of commercial software. In other words, illegal pirated software.
Windows : The Microsoft Windows Operating system, which runs on DOS-based PCs.
Winsock: Windows Sockets. A technical specification that defines a standard interface between a Windows TCP/IP client application (such as an FTP client or a G


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Binding Data to DOM Elements
In this example, you will use D3.js to bind data to DOM elements of a basic webpage.
Start with a basic HTML webpage:
1var theData = [ 1, 2, 3 ] 2 3var p = d3.select("body").selectAll("p") 4.data(theData) 5.enter() 6.append("p") 7.text("hello ");
This will give you the following:
Congratulations - you have bound some data to some DOM elements using D3.js!
D3.js SelectAll Method
The D3.js SelectAll method uses CSS3 selectors to grab DOM elements. Unlike the Select method (where the first element is selected), the SelectAll method selects all the elements that match the specific selector string.
But wait! The basic HTML page doesn't contain any yet. What is it actually doing?
What it is doing is selecting all of the available on the page. Which in this case is none. So it returns an empty selection.
Later use of.data(theData) and.enter( ) will allow us to bind the data to the empty selection.
D3.js Data Operator
The data operator joins an array of data (which can be numbers, objects or other arrays) with the current selection.
In this example, there is no key provided, so each element of theData array of data is assigned to each element of the current selection. The first element 1 is assigned to the first element, the second to the second, so on and so forth.
But wait! The basic page doesn't contain any yet. What is it actually doing?
D3.js Virtual Selections (Thinking with Joins)
The D3.js Data Operator returns three virtual selections rather than just the regular one like other methods.
The three virtual selections are enter, update and exit.
The enter selection contains placeholders for any missing elements.
The update selection contains existing elements, bound to data.
Any remaining elements end up in the exit selection for removal.
Since our selection from
The virtual enter selection now contains placeholders for our elements.
We will come back to the power of the virtual selections enter, update, and exit in later sections. For now we will concentrate on the enter virtual selection.
To learn more, please visit the classic article by Mike Bostock "Thinking with Joins".
D3.js Enter Method
The D3.js Enter Method returns the virtual enter selection from the Data Operator. This method only works on the Data Operator because the Data Operator is the only one that returns three virtual selections.
In this case
1var p = d3.select("body").selectAll("p") 2.data(theData) 3.enter()
This will return a reference to the placeholder elements (nodes) for each data element that did not have a corresponding existing DOM Element.
Once we have this reference we can then operate on this selection.
However, it is important to note that this reference only allows chaining of append, insert and select operators to be used on it.
After these operators have been chained the the.enter() selection, we can treat the selection just like any other selection to modify the content.
D3.js Append Operator Revisited
Looking at the code again:
1var p = d3.select("body").selectAll("p") 2.data(theData) 3.enter() 4.append("p")
We.append("p") to the.enter() selection.
For each placeholder element created in the previous step, a p element is inserted.
Because we had three data points in our data array and no elements on the webpage, the.append("p") creates and adds three HTML paragraph elements.
In the example, after the append operator has operated on the selection, it will return a selection of three HTML paragraph elements.
D3.js Text Operator
If we wrote the code so that it was missing the last text operator as such:
1var theData = [ 1, 2, 3 ] 2 3var p = d3.select("body").selectAll("p") 4.data(theData) 5.enter() 6.append("p");
This is what we would see:
Notice that none of the paragraphs contain any text versus the previous picture:
The Text Operator sets the textContent of the node to the specified value on all selected elements.
In this example,.text("hello "), the value is "hello ". Since the selection was three elements, each element gets a "hello " inserted into it.
Where did the Data go?
1var theData = [ 1, 2, 3 ]
and some how we end up with three paragraphs that say Hello.
What happened to our numbers 1, 2 and 3?
D3.js Data Operator Revisited
When you hit return and click through the down arrows to see the properties of "body", you see something like this:
Beneath the line that reads 0: , you can see the properties of this HTML body element.
Our data appears as a property named __data__:
When data is assigned to an element, it is stored in the property __data__.
This makes the data "sticky" as the __data__ property is available on re-selection.
This is what we mean when we talk about Binding Data to Dom Elements.
Basic Example Revisited
Going back to our basic example at the top of the page, we can now see where the data was bounded to by using the console.log( ):
1var theData = [ 1, 2, 3 ] 2 3var p = d3.select("body").selectAll("p") 4.data(theData) 5.enter() 6.append("p") 7.text("hello "); 8 9console.log(p);
Gives us this:
From this you can see the three paragraph elements that were appended.
You can also see that the last (third) paragraph element has the __data__ property with a value of 3. Which came from our data set!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The Zero-Gravity Treadmill, which invites you to defy gravity, was created by a company called Alter-G for the purpose of rehabilitating athletes and increasing the performance capabilities of non-injured runners while eliminating their chances for injury. A user, when zipped into the environment of the apparatus, can reduce his or her body weight by increments of one percent down to 80 percent; imagine how much easier it would be to run further and faster if your body only felt the impact of 20 percent of your total body weight? The un-weighting process is what makes this treadmill unlike any other training apparatus available to runners and other athletes.
At a price tag of $75,000 to buy a Zero-Gravity Treadmill, most runners do not have one at their disposal. At this time, the FDA has cleared this piece of equipment for use in rehabilitating people with lower body and neurological injuries as well to aid sport specific training programs. Athletes at the highest levels are utilizing the apparatus to enable unheard of performance benefits without the risk of injury. Coaches are using the equipment to get the next level of potential from their runners. Injured athletes are rehabbing on this high-tech innovation.


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|Spain Table of Contents
Spain is poor in energy resources, with the exception of coal. Rapid industrial growth has intensified the problems caused by insufficient oil reserves, dwindling supplies of easily accessible high-quality coal, and inadequate water for power generation. Until the early 1980s, Spain increasingly depended upon imported petroleum, and overall energy consumption continued to grow in the 1973-79 period. Following adjustment to a slower rate of economic growth and to the changed energy market of the 1970s, Spanish energy consumption declined in the early 1980s.
The National Energy Plan (Plan Energetico Nacional--PEN), the basic statement of official energy policy, was first formulated in 1978. Revised in 1983 to cover the 1984-93 period, the new PEN aimed at a rationalization of energy consumption and a reduction in Spain's dependence on imported energy. It pressed, in addition, for a reorganization of the oil industry and for a financial reorganization of the electricity industry. In contrast to the 1978-87 plan, it reduced the role of nuclear energy.
Although oil continued to be Spain's major source of energy, it had diminished in importance significantly since 1973. Oil consumption grew steadily between 1973 and 1979, reaching 50 million tons in that last year, but by 1985 it had declined to 39 million tons. Oil accounted for two-thirds of the country's primary energy requirements throughout the 1970s, but by the mid1980s the figure had dropped to just over half. In 1985 alone, Spanish industry saved 40 billion pesetas (US$260 million) by replacing 500,00 tons of oil consumption with coal and natural gas.
In 1985 Mexico, responsible for 19.7 percent of Spain's petroleum imports, was the largest single supplier of Spain's energy needs, and in the mid-1980s Latin American countries provided Spain with about one-quarter of its imported oil. Africa's share--Nigeria being the most important supplier-- dropped from 36.5 percent in 1985 to 29.3 percent in 1987. Middle Eastern countries provided 27.4 percent in 1985 and 29.6 percent in 1987. Western Europe's share rose from 10.6 percent in 1985 to 16.5 percent in 1987. Efforts were under way to lessen Spain's dependence on Middle Eastern oil and to increase imports from Mexico.
In the 1980s, imported petroleum entered Spain via eight ports. The three largest, in terms of vessel capacity, were Algeciras (330,000 deadweight tons), Malaga (330,000 tons), and Cartagena (260,000 tons).
Spain possessed a small domestic oil production capability that yielded only 1.6 million tons in 1987. Despite a sizable exploration effort, only a few small fields and two medium-sized ones were discovered. The Casablanca oil field, discovered in 1983, yielded 90 percent of Spain's domestic oil production in 1987, but it was not large enough to offset an overall decline in Spanish production. The fall in oil prices in the 1980s further reduced the country's exploration efforts.
The Spanish oil industry imported and refined foreign crude petroleum; it distributed petrochemical products within Spain; and, in the mid-1980s, it exported about 10 million tons of finished petroleum products per year.
As with some other sectors of the Spanish economy, the domestic oil industry had been brought under state control. Distribution of petroleum products had been in the hands of the state monopoly, Compania Arrendataria del Monopolio de Petroleos (CAMPSA), since 1927, and large portions of the shipping and refining system were state owned. To rationalize the petroleum industry and to make it able to withstand foreign competition, the National Institute for Hydrocarbons (Instituto Nacional de Hidrocarburos--INH) was formed in 1981 in order to direct CAMPSA and those parts of the oil, gas, and petrochemical industry supervised by INI. By the mid-1980s, INH was responsible for more than 1 percent of the Spanish GDP, and it claimed 20,000 employees. To prepare for Spain's entry into the EC, after which state monopolies were required to be phased out, all of INH's holdings, with the exception of the state gas company, Empresa Nacional del Gas (ENAGAS), were placed under a new holding company in the late 1980s. The company, Repsol, which had a stock market listing, was gradually to allow a greater role for private capital in the petroleum industry. By 1988 Repsol had become Western Europe's seventh largest petroleum company, and its management planned to continue to control about half of the Spanish market once that market was fully opened to foreign firms in 1992. EC membership rendered CAMPSA's future uncertain, for it would no longer be allowed its distribution monopoly. The Treaty of Accession that brought Spain into the EC stipulated that specific amounts of nine groups of petroleum products from foreign suppliers would have access to the Spanish market. In 1986 these products were to have a 5 percent share of the domestic market--a share that was to increase by 20 percent (of this 5 percent) each year thereafter.
Spain's coal reserves are found primarily in Asturias, with smaller deposits located near southwestern Seville, Cordoba, and Badajoz, and in northeastern Catalonia and Aragon (Spanish, Aragon). Most of the country's lignite is located in Galicia. Domestic coal is generally of poor quality, and, because of the structure of Spanish deposits, it is more expensive than imported coal. In 1967 HUNOSA, a state holding company under the control of INI, was founded to direct most of Spain's coal mining, and it gradually took over the larger coal companies.
Higher oil prices have spurred domestic coal production. Annual production in the early 1970s amounted to about 10 million tons of coal and 3 million tons of lignite. By the mid-1980s, the industry produced 15 million tons of coal and 23 million tons of lignite annually. This higher rate of production was insufficient to meet domestic needs because coal had come to supply about 25 percent of Spain's needed energy, compared with about 16 percent in the early 1970s. About 5 million tons of foreign coal were imported per annum.
Over the years, there had been little change in patterns of coal consumption. Hard coal, used mainly for the generation of electricity, accounted for 65 percent of total demand. The steel and cement industries were the two next-largest consumers.
In line with the energy rationalization policies set by PEN, the government sought to increase the efficiency of the coalmining sector by closing down high-cost mines and by providing financial aid for the industry's modernization. To encourage the cement and other industries to convert from oil to coal, the government allowed them to import duty-free coal. The government also made efforts to substitute the use of oil for coal in urban areas.
In order to reduce Spain's dependence on imported oil, PEN encouraged natural gas consumption. Efforts to redirect the use of fuels were successful, and in the 1980s the consumption of natural gas increased faster than that of any other fuel. Total natural gas demand doubled between 1973 and 1984, and in 1987 it accounted for 3.85 percent of all energy consumption. Energy planners hoped to increase this share to 7 percent by 1992.
Domestic production of natural gas began in 1984 with the development of the Serrablo field; two years later the Gaviota field went into operation. In 1987 domestic production supplied about one-sixth of Spain's natural gas consumption, and observers anticipated that its share might rise to as much as one-third by 1990. Domestic production shortfalls were taken up by imports from Algeria and Libya under long-term contracts. In 1988 it was agreed that Spain's gradually expanding gas pipeline network would be connected to the European network, and Norwegian gas was scheduled to begin arriving in Spain in 1992.
Although Spain's mountainous terrain would appear to be wellsuited to hydroelectric power production, the scarcity of water limited such potential and was the principal reason for Spain's heavy dependence on thermal power. In 1986 only 27.2 percent of the country's electricity came from hydroelectric plants, while 50.6 percent came from conventional thermal plants, and 22.2 percent came from nuclear plants. The most important fuel for the production of electricity was coal, which generated about 40 percent of the total. In 1987 the production of electricity amounted to 132,000 million kilowatt hours--about six times the amount produced in 1960 and twice the production level of 1970. The total installed capacity of the predominantly privately owned electrical system was about 40 gigawatts--an amount large enough to meet the country's needs and to allow some exports. In the second half of the 1980s, the growth of the demand for electrical power was less than anticipated, and Spain had a supply adequate to last until the mid-1990s. The Spanish level of per capita electrical power consumption was among the lowest in Western Europe, surpassing only those of Greece and Portugal.
A key element in the future of Spain's electrical power industry was the role to be assigned to nuclear power. Nuclear power was an important factor because of scarce petroleum reserves, the limited potential for


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Amoria nigrescens (Viv.) Fourr.
Trifolium meneghinianum Clementi
Trifolium petrisavii Clementi
Common Name: Ball Clover
Trifolium nigrescens is a prostrate to erect, annual plant producing a root-crown rosette of stems 75 - 100cm long[
The plant is sometimes cultivated in soil improvement and stabilization projects.
All around the Mediterranean, east to the southern Caucasus, Iran and Iraq
Found in a vaiety of habitats; at elevations up to 1,200 metres.
|Other Uses Rating||
Trifolium nigrescens is a plant of the Mediterranean region with its moist to wet winters and hot, dry summers, where it is found at elevations up to 1,000 metres. It grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 16 - 22°c, but can tolerate 10 - 26°c[
]. When dormant, the plant can survive temperatures down to about -4°c, but young growth can be severely damaged at 0°c[
]. It prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 1,000 - 1,200mm, but tolerates 620 - 1,330mm[
]. The plant germinates with the onset of wet weather, growing through the winter then flowering, setting seed and dying with the onset of hot, dry weather[
Grows best in a sunny position, but can tolerate light shade[
]. Succeeds in most soils, preferably well-drained, though can take occasional inundation of the soil[
]. Responds to good soil fertility[
]. Prefers a pH in the range 5.5 - 6.5, tolerating 5 - 7[
The plant begins spring growth later than most other annual clovers with essentially all the forage production occurring in mid to late spring[
The white to yellowish white flowers are fragrant[
This species has a symbiotic relationship with certain soil bacteria; these bacteria form nodules on the roots and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Some of this nitrogen is utilized by the growing plant but some can also be used by other plants growing nearby[
The plant is cultivated as a soil improver and stabilizer[
Seed - the seed of Trifolium species is often of two kinds - hard-coated and soft-coated. The soft-coated seeds can germinate immediately, whilst hard-coated seeds remain dormant until the seedcoat has broken down enough to permit the ingress of water. In order to speed up and improve germination rates, hard-coated seeds benefit from scarification before sowing. This can usually be done by pouring a small amount of nearly boiling water on the seeds (being careful not to cook them!) and then soaking them for 12 - 24 hours in warm water. By this time they should have imbibed moisture and swollen - if they have not, then carefully make a nick in the seedcoat (being careful not to damage the embryo) and soak for a further 12 hours before sowing. The seed can usually be sown in spring in situ.
If the seed is in short supply, it might be better to sow it in pots in a cold frame. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and plant them out after the last expected frosts.
A shallow sowing depth, 8-12 mm, is optimal with a light but firm soil cover[


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Objectives: The primary objective of the study was to study the neuroprotective potential of naringin (NAR) against doxorubicin (DOX)â€'induced neurotoxicity in vitro and DOXâ€'induced cognitive deficits (chemobrain) in vivo. Materials and Methods: In vitro methods, viz., 3â€'[4,5dimethylthiazolâ€'2â€'yl]â€'2,5â€'diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, flow cytometry, acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, and neuritogenic and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays, assessed neuroprotective potential of NAR and its aglycone naringenin (NGN) in IMRâ€'32 cells. Chemobrain was developed in Wistar rats on chronic administration of ten cycles of DOX, and episodic memory was assessed using novel object recognition task. Serum cortisol, locomotor activity, and hematological biochemical and histological analysis were carried out. Results: A protective effect of NAR or NGN was observed upon pretreatment with the respective compounds in IMRâ€'32 cells challenged with DOX. Flow cytometry revealed that flavonoids reduced cell cycle changes produced by DOX. In addition, an increase in apoptosis, intracellular ROS generation, and inhibition of neurite growth was noticed in IMRâ€'32 cells with DOX treatment, which was significantly prevented by NAR or NGN pretreatment. Interestingly, NAR (50 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly ameliorated episodic memory deficit associated with DOX without influencing locomotion, upon chronic treatment. NAR also prevented histological changes to major organs observed with DOX. Conclusion: NAR showed neuroprotective potential and may be used as an adjuvant therapy for amelioration of neurocognitive complications associated with chemotherapy in cancer survivors.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Pharmaceutical Science
- Drug Discovery


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In almost all countries, the responsibility for regulating drugs belongs to government. However, depending on national circumstances, the government may delegate certain regulatory activities to the private sector, such as consumer groups, expert or interested groups, professional associations or industry associations.
Within government, the division of drug regulation responsibilities will vary from country to country, depending on national conditions. Some examples are given in Box 2.
Box 2. Assignment of Drug Regulation Responsibilities in Three Countries Zimbabwe
The Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe is an independent body with the capacity to sue and be sued. The Authority is accountable to the Minister of Health and Child Welfare but managed by an executive committee that has legal powers and which is independent in its decision-making. Drug regulatory decision-making is centralized and is the responsibility of the Authority. The Authority has the power to collect and use fees, or to raise other money and assets. It can also employ its own staff.
In Tunisia, the authority responsible for drug regulatory affairs (Direction de la Pharmacie et du Medicament (DPM)) is organized as a department of the Ministry of Health, under the supervision of the Director-General of Health. Other semi-autonomous units supervised by the Director-General of Health, and that are involved in drug regulatory affairs, include the Laboratoire National de Controle de Médicament, the Institute Pasteur, the Direction de l'Inspection Pharmaceutique, the Laboratoire Nationale de Controle and the National Pharmacovigilance Centre. DPM supervises the administrative work and coordinates the activities of all the units involved in drug regulation.
In India, responsibility for drug regulation is divided between the federal government and the country's 31 states. Each state has its own drug control organization (responsible for quality control of drugs) and a licensing system covering the manufacture, sale and distribution of drugs. Each state employs drug inspectors as the first line of enforcement and the state authorities issue WHO-type certificates. Federal authorities are responsible for developing standards for drugs, quality control of imported drugs, coordination of state activities, provision of expert advice to ensure consistency in enforcement, and control of manufacture of vaccines, sera and blood products. Four port offices under the federal authority regulate imports.
The examples in Box 2 show that no standard formula exists for organizing drug regulation. Rather, when planning drug regulation, countries should consider all options open to them, and choose the most appropriate structure. Such a structure should provide: independence in decision-making, financial and administrative autonomy (including in appointment of staff) and, accountability to the highest government body responsible for health and the general public. In countries where the government is also the owner of pharmaceutical industries and import-export companies, drug regulation responsibilities must be separated from management of those companies, if conflict of interest is to be avoided.
If several agencies or divisions or departments are involved in drug regulation, care should also be taken to ensure appropriate distribution of responsibilities, duties, functions and powers between the different bodies. This should be done in accordance with the drug legislation or written terms of reference. There should also be written terms of reference that describe the linkages between the various bodies. Also, as far as possible, related activities should be grouped together since they will require a high degree of coordination and will need to be carried out by personnel of similar training and experience. Tasks should be divided so that no supervisor carries an excessively heavy load. Functions that need to be centralized should be carried out at central level and a mandatory reporting system between the different levels should be operated. A planning, monitoring, evaluation and reporting system should be built into the regulatory hierarchy so that implementation of drug regulation can be assessed, shortcomings and the reasons for them identified, and timely decisions to correct them taken.
Agencies, such as consumer unions, professional associations and industry associations, that are involved in drug regulation but who do not form part of government drug regulation, should also be required to operate in accordance with written terms of reference or an established code of practice, in line with national drug legislation. Their role, responsibilities, and powers with respect to drug regulation must be clearly defined.


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Pinwheels for Peace at Timber Point
Students at Timber Point Elementary School in East Islip celebrated the International Day of Peace on Sept. 21 by creating "Pinwheels for Peace" and participating in various other Peace Day projects and activities. According to Principal Lisa Belz, the purpose was to "recognize, understand and help create a culture of peace."
"The fifth grade in particular created their own quotes for peace, listened to and analyzed the words of Martin Luther King's 'I Have a Dream' speech, learned how to say 'peace' in many languages, and designed Pinwheels for Peace which are displayed on the bulletin board in the hallway," said Timber Point teacher Carol Wilson.
The International Day of Peace, also unofficially known as World Peace Day, has been observed every Sept. 21 since 1982 and is dedicated to the concept of peace, specifically the absence of war and violence.


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An essential part of owning a cat is to regularly de-flea it. On older cats, this is far easier, as one can purchase flea collars or topical monthly flea treatments (Advantage, etc). However, flea collars and treatments are not recommended for kittens because the amount of medicine on a flea collar or in a dose of topical medicine may be toxic for a small kitten. The most efficient and practical way is to give the kitten a bath using commercially available kitten shampoos.
1Make sure that the flea shampoo you have is not only extremely mild, but is designed for kittens. Kittens are frail and if you use normal cat shampoo, you will hurt your kitten's eyes.
2Wear an apron and clothes you don't mind about as you are likely to get wet.
3Wash the kitten in a plastic hand-wash basin.
4Use lukewarm water. Water that you would consider comfortable could scald a kitten. Make sure the water is not too deep, just deep enough that your kitten can stand easily.
5Hold your kitten firmly, but gently, in the water and begin to pour water over him/her. Avoid its eyes and ears!
6Start with a small amount of shampoo in your hand and slowly begin to lather the kitten gently (adding water to aid lathering if needed). Shampoo must get right to the skin.
7Make sure that no shampoo gets onto the kitten's face or into the kitten's eyes, nose or mouth.
8Rinse off the kitten.
9Depending on the strength of the shampoo, you may have to lather the cat again (The bottle should have clear instructions).
10Dry your kitten very well with a towel, as he/she does not like to be soaking wet. Kittens are usually afraid of hair dryers.
11Give your kitten a treat or praise after his/her horrible wet experience, as most kittens hate or fear water.
- Start washing around the neck. If you start at the tail fleas tend to migrate towards the head and ears.
- Place cotton balls, soaked in vegetable oil and squeezed dry, in kitty's ears to keep the water and the fleas out.
- Since bathing upsets the flea's ideal living environment, they will run to dry areas on the animal, like the head. To help prevent this, use undiluted dishwashing liquid (like Dawn, Joy, etc.) to thoroughly soak the neck of your pet before starting to bathe the animal. This creates a barrier to the fleas escape, and will kill any caught in the soap. (It's also easier lathering the animal since the soap is pre-applied!).
- It's mostly common sense, just be constantly aware of the welfare of the kitten and you should be OK.
- Using a flea comb in the wet fur will really help if the infestation is bad. Just dip the fleas on the comb in hot soapy water to rinse the comb and kill the fleas.
- Always read the label on the bottle.
- If in doubt, call your local veterinarian to find out which shampoos are appropriate for a kitten and the optimal way to use them.
- Do not use regular Cat de-fleaing shampoo as it will hurt your kitten.
- If your kitten shows sudden signs of irritation in its eyes or ears, rinse area with water and quickly dry, to not scare and hurt it badly.
- If the instructions on the shampoo bottle are different than what is in this article, follow those instructions instead.
Things You'll Need
- Kitten Flea Shampoo
- hand-wash basin
- Cotton Balls
Categories: Grooming Cats
In other languages:
Español: bañar a un gatito para quitarle las pulgas, Deutsch: Ein Kätzchen gegen Flöhe schamponieren, Português: Dar Banho com Shampoo Anti pulgas em um Gatinho, Italiano: Usare uno Shampoo Antipulci per Gatti, Русский: помыть котенка шампунем от блох
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 156,250 times.


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Let $X$ be some affine algebraic variety over $\mathbb{k}$ (i.e. some closed subset in $\mathbb{A}_\mathbb{k}^n$). First suppose $X$ to be irreducible. Then the algebra $\mathbb{k}[X]$ is a domain and we can consider the field of rational functions $\mathrm{Quot}_{\mathbb{k}[X]}=\mathbb{k}(X)$. Could you explain me how to build an analogue of this field in the case when $X$ is not necessarily irreducible? Then $\mathbb{k}[X]$ must not be a domain and we are to build some kind of localization?
Also, what is the destination of rational functions? Why we cannot be satisfied with only regular maps and regular functions?
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
The analogue of the quotient field for a ring with zero divisors is the total ring of fractions: basically, just invert everything that is not a zero divisor. Geometrically, an element of this ring can be viewed as a collection of rational functions, one on each irreducible component of $X$, such that they coincide on intersections.
Rational functions are important for a wide variety of reasons. Asking this question is like asking why $\mathbf Q$ is important. Why weren't we happy with $\mathbf Z$? Well, it wasn't big enough for what we wanted to do, so we enlarged it.
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Thank you, Bruno Joyal! So, the rational function can be undefined at some points, isn't it? How we can describe the set where it can be defined? – user74574 Dec 5 '13 at 21:32
You are welcome _USER_. Well, they are defined: they take the value $\infty$. The points where they are finite could be called the "regular locus" or something like that. What kind of description would you like the set to have? – Bruno Joyal Dec 5 '13 at 21:36
I meant the intersections of "regular locus" with irreducible components. In fact, I'd like to understand if the intersections can be empty... – user74574 Dec 5 '13 at 21:40
_USER_ No, they cannot. I've added a precision to my post! – Bruno Joyal Dec 5 '13 at 21:43
Could you explain this piece briefly? – user74574 Dec 5 '13 at 21:48
Your Answer


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روشی برای بهینه سازی شکل آمپلی فایر مافوق صوت با استفاده از الگوریتم ژنتیکی و روش سیمپلکس
|کد مقاله||سال انتشار||مقاله انگلیسی||ترجمه فارسی||تعداد کلمات|
|8228||2013||6 صفحه PDF||سفارش دهید||4438 کلمه|
Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)
Journal : Journal of Manufacturing Systems, Available online 29 June 2013
Designing devices for ultrasonic vibration applications is mostly done by intuitively adjusting the geometry to obtain the desired mode of vibration at a specific operating frequency. Recent studies have shown that with optimization methods, new devices with improved performance can be easily found. In this investigation, a new methodology for designing an ultrasonic amplifier through shape optimization using genetic algorithms and simplex method with specific fitness functions is presented. Displacements at specific functional areas, main functionality, and mode frequency are considered to determine the properties of an individual shape to meet the stated criteria. Length, diameter, position of mountings, and further specific geometric parameters are set up for the algorithm search for an optimized shape. Beginning with genetic algorithms, the basic shape fitting the stated requirements is found. After that the simplex method further improves the found shape to most appropriately minimize the fitness function. At the end, the fittest individual is selected as the final solution. Finally, resulting shapes are experimentally tested to show the effectiveness of the methodology.
Recent developments in ultrasonic vibration assisted machining call for new designs of tools, horns, boosters, and other components. While a wider application range of the hybrid technology of ultrasonic vibration assistance for many manufacturing technologies is of great interest, one key challenge is the design of the system in order to achieve the desired resonance vibration. The most common mode used in ultrasonic-vibration-assisted machining is the longitudinal mode of an axisymmetrical horn, which can be easily obtained when solving the Webster Horn Equation. equation(1) View the MathML source∂2u∂z2+1A(z)dA(z)dz∂u∂z=1c2∂2u∂t2 where t is time, u is displacement, A(z) is the cross sectional area as function of position z, and c is the acoustic velocity. The acoustic velocity c can be obtained with equation(2) View the MathML sourcec=EYρ where EY is the material's Young's modulus, and ρ the material density. In case of a harmonic motion, Eq. (1) can be rewritten as equation(3) View the MathML source∂2u∂z2+1A(z)dA(z)dz∂u∂z=ω2c2u where ω is the angular frequency. Using Eq. (3) the length of axisymmetric horns can easily be calculated given a specific resonance frequency. The design of tool holders and horns can be obtained by solving the above equations, and for various A(z). Based on these findings, a great variety of axisymmetric horns has been found and are used in the industry today. In medical engineering, a novel ultrasonic vibration tool for surgery has been designed and tuned to the appropriate frequency for the optimal configuration. A percussive drill system was designed for rock coring on planetary robotic missions using ultrasonic vibration assistance to reduce power and torque requirements. More challenging are new designs for ultrasonic vibration assisted machining by combining two modes for operational purposes. The longitudinal-torsional composite mode allows advanced applications for machining like drilling. Tsujino et al. designed a one-dimensional longitudinal-torsional vibration converter using diagonal slits within the resonating structure. Designing transducers for ultrasonic assisted wire bonding with finite element method has been discussed in with the goal of matching simulation results with experimental results. Enhancing vibration performance and matching simulation with experimental results has also been discussed in for ultrasonic block horns. Properly designing a rotary ultrasonic milling tool with finite element method is introduced in. For many of the mentioned designs of horns and ultrasonic vibration components, intuitive design strategies were used by evaluating the nodal displacements of modes simulated with an FEM software. A common non-automated design procedure can be found in, which outlines the step-by-step procedure to manually design an ultrasonic device. Automating the intuitive/manual design process can be done by shape optimization. Many optimization methods have been applied for finding shapes and structures that provide good results for ultrasonic vibration applications. Combining multi-objective decision making such as the NIMBUS method with the finite element method can provide very good designs as shown in. Another very good optimization was introduced in to find advanced transducer designs while satisfying conflicting optimal values in the design space. In, design of experiments is used to find the correct parameters for an ultrasonic linear motor and perform a sensitivity analysis for each parameter and their interactions with each other. Based on Eq. (1), a ultrasonic horn optimization method is done in. Porto et al. developed a genetic algorithm to optimize the amplitude of a surgical ultrasonic transducer by changing the length of specific geometric parts at a given frequency. Designing the components for ultrasonic vibration assisted machining is generally challenging, because the high frequency vibrations need to precisely occur at the tool edge or a preferred location. While the maximum amplitude is desired at the tool, minimal vibration should occur at the clamping or mounting of the ultrasonic vibration device. In this investigation, a new methodology for a shape optimization of ultrasonic vibration amplifiers and reducers using generic algorithm (GA) and simplex method and is introduced. Since the GA is capable of searching for the optimum of the entire design space for non convex problems, it serves as a global search method. The subsequent simplex method, as a local search method, is used to further refine the found optimum. The optimized shapes are experimentally tested by conducting an FFT Analysis and measuring displacements using a laser vibrometer.
نتیجه گیری انگلیسی
In conclusion, it has been shown that the presented optimization methodology for ultrasonic devices is capable of delivering usable results that are in accordance with the specifications of the application. The presented fitness functions allow the optimizer to appropriately find geometric shapes of ultrasonic devices. They consist of the displacements at essential areas of the ultrasonic device and position of functional parts of the device. For finding the optimal design, a GA and simplex method is used. A longitudinal mode with the appropriate amplification at the functional area and two fix points with minimal vibration was tested for the amplitude modifiers. Changing the amplification factor resulted in new shapes that meet the optimization criteria. Changing other specifications, such as frequency or resonance mode type, can also be done. For further investigations, this optimization methodology needs to be tested on various ultrasonic components as well as cutting tools. To enhance the presented optimization procedure, minimization of internal stress can be included in the fitness function. This is very important for small and thin high-power ultrasonic devices. Adding further constraints to simulate the connection at the mountings might also be included. Furthermore, a topology optimization needs to be developed to enable a wider range of possible solutions for ultrasonic components.


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memory_profiler 0.26
A module for monitoring memory usage of a python program
Latest Version: 0.39
Memory Profiler
This is a python module for monitoring memory consumption of a process as well as line-by-line analysis of memory consumption for python programs. It is a pure python module and has the psutil module as optional (but highly recommended) dependencies.
To install through easy_install or pip:
$ easy_install -U memory_profiler # pip install -U memory_profiler
To install from source, download the package, extract and type:
$ python install
The line-by-line profiler is used much in the same way of the line_profiler: first decorate the function you would like to profile with _USER_ and then run the script with a special script (in this case with specific arguments to the Python interpreter).
In the following example, we create a simple function my_func that allocates lists a, b and then deletes b:
def my_func():
 a = [1] * (10 ** 6)
 del b
 return a
if __name__ == '__main__':
Execute the code passing the option -m memory_profiler to the python interpreter to load the memory_profiler module and print to stdout the line-by-line analysis. If the file name was, this would result in:
$ python -m memory_profiler
Output will follow:
Line # Mem usage Increment Line Contents
 3 _USER_
 4 5.97 MB 0.00 MB def my_func():
 7 13.61 MB -152.59 MB del b
 8 13.61 MB 0.00 MB return a
The first column represents the line number of the code that has been profiled, the second column (Mem usage) the memory usage of the Python interpreter after that line has been executed. The third column (Increment) represents the difference in memory of the current line with respect to the last one. The last column (Line Contents) prints the code that has been profiled.
A function decorator is also available. Use as follows:
from memory_profiler import profile
def my_func():
 a = [1] * (10 ** 6)
 del b
 return a
Setting debugger breakpoints
It is possible to set breakpoints depending on the amount of memory used. That is, you can specify a threshold and as soon as the program uses more memory than what is specified in the threshold it will stop execution and run into the pdb debugger. To use it, you will have to decorate the function as done in the previous section with _USER_ and then run your script with the option -m memory_profiler --pdb-mmem=X, where X is a number representing the memory threshold in MB. For example:
$ python -m memory_profiler --pdb-mmem=100
will run and step into the pdb debugger as soon as the code uses more than 100 MB in the decorated function.
memory_profiler exposes a number of functions to be used in third-party code.
memory_usage(proc=-1, interval=.1, timeout=None) returns the memory usage over a time interval. The first argument, proc represents what should be monitored. This can either be the PID of a process (not necessarily a Python program), a string containing some python code to be evaluated or a tuple (f, args, kw) containing a function and its arguments to be evaluated as f(*args, **kw). For example,
>>> from memory_profiler import memory_usage
>>> mem_usage = memory_usage(-1, interval=.2, timeout=1)
>>> print(mem_usage)
 [7.296875, 7.296875, 7.296875, 7.296875, 7.296875]
Here I've told memory_profiler to get the memory consumption of the current process over a period of 1 second with a time interval of 0.2 seconds. As PID I've given it -1, which is a special number (PIDs are usually positive) that means current process, that is, I'm getting the memory usage of the current Python interpreter. Thus I'm getting around 7MB of memory usage from a plain python interpreter. If I try the same thing on IPython (console) I get 29MB, and if I try the same thing on the IPython notebook it scales up to 44MB.
If you'd like to get the memory consumption of a Python function, then you should specify the function and its arguments in the tuple (f, args, kw). For example:
>>> # define a simple function
>>> def f(a, n=100):
 ... import time
 ... time.sleep(2)
 ... b = [a] * n
 ... time.sleep(1)
 ... return b
>>> from memory_profiler import memory_usage
>>> memory_usage((f, (1,), {'n' : int(1e6)}))
This will execute the code f(1, n=int(1e6)) and return the memory consumption during this execution.
IPython integration
After installing the module, if you use IPython, you can use the %mprun and %memit magics.
For IPython 0.11+, you can use the module directly as an extension, with %load_ext memory_profiler.
To activate it whenever you start IPython, edit the configuration file for your IPython profile, ~/.ipython/profile_default/, to register the extension like this (If you already have other extensions, just add this one to the list):
c.InteractiveShellApp.extensions = [
(If the config file doesn't already exist, run ipython profile create in a terminal.)
It then can be used directly from IPython to obtain a line-by-line report using the %mprun magic command. In this case, you can skip the _USER_ decorator and instead use the -f parameter, like this. Note however that function my_func must be defined in a file (cannot have been defined interactively in the Python interpreter):
In [1] from example import my_func
In [2] %mprun -f my_func my_func()
Another useful magic that we define is %memit, which is analogous to %timeit. It can be used as follows:
In [1]: import numpy as np
In [2]: %memit np.zeros(1e7)
maximum of 3: 76.402344 MB per loop
For more details, see the docstrings of the magics.
# These two lines are standard and probably already there.
import IPython.ipapi
ip = IPython.ipapi.get()
# These two are the important ones.
import memory_profiler
ip.expose_magic('mprun', memory_profiler.magic_mprun)
ip.expose_magic('memit', memory_profiler.magic_memit)
Frequently Asked Questions
 - Q: How accurate are the results?
 - A: This module gets the memory consumption by querying the operating system kernel about the amount of memory the current process has allocated, which might be slightly different from the amount of memory that is actually used by the Python interpreter. Also, because of how the garbage collector works in Python the result might be different between platforms and even between runs.
 - Q: Does it work under windows?
 - A: Yes, but you will need the psutil module.
Support, bugs & wish list
For support, please ask your question on stack overflow and add the profiling tag. Send issues, proposals, etc. to github's issue tracker.
If you've got questions regarding development, you can email me directly at
Latest sources are available from github:
This module was written by Fabian Pedregosa inspired by Robert Kern's line profiler.
Tom added windows support and speed improvements via the psutil module.
Victor added python3 support, bugfixes and general cleanup.
Vlad Niculae added the %mprun and %memit IPython magics.
Thomas Kluyver added the IPython extension.
Simplified BSD
File Type Py Version Uploaded on Size
memory_profiler-0.26.tar.gz (md5) Source 2013-04-21 11KB
 - Downloads (All Versions):
 - 186 downloads in the last day
 - 3469 downloads in the last week
 - 18361 downloads in the last month


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|Every Great Cocktail Has Two Essential Ingredients: Moderation And Responsibility -- Click Here|
|Home | History of Prohibition | Legacy of Prohibition | Industry Responsibility | State Repeal Votes | Media | Contact|
Legacy Of Prohibition
Although Prohibition officially ended in 1933, seventy-five years later, consumers are still affected by its continuing impact on their lives today. Some Prohibition legacies that still exist today include:
*Temperance Beliefs that Survive. Temperance activists incorrectly believed that beer was a beverage of moderation, which is a common misperception even today. There's no beverage of moderation, only the practice of moderation. A standard drink of regular beer, wine and liquor or distilled spirits contains the same amount of alcohol -- six-tenths of one ounce. They're all the same to a breathalyzer.
*Blue Laws. Blue Laws originated hundreds of years ago during the colonial period in observance of Sunday as a day of worship or rest and [check] prohibiting work, traveling, sports and many other activities. Many of these Blue Laws are no longer in effect, though many jurisdictions still prohibit the sale of spirits on Sundays.
In today's modern economy, with dual-income households becoming the norm, Sunday is now the second busiest shopping day of the week. Archaic Blue Laws hinder consumer convenience and deprive states of additional sales tax revenue.
Since 2002, 14 states have authorized Sunday spirits sales, bringing the total to 36. Today, 14 states still ban the sales of distilled spirits on Sunday.
Dry counties restrict economic development - diverting profits, employment and tax revenues to neighboring "wet" counties.
*Neo-Prohibitionism. Because Prohibition was a discredited failure, the goal of neo-prohibitionists today is to establish cultural rather than legally-imposed prohibition by making beverage alcohol products less socially acceptable and marginalizing those who drink, no matter how moderately.
History of Prohibition |
Legacy of Prohibition |
State Repeal Votes |
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After the interview stage is complete, the process a law school follows to extend an offer can vary. For any type of tenure-track or long-term contract position, the dean will usually be the person extending you the offer. For short-term contract and other employment categories, you may hear from the clinical program director, associate dean, or the director of the clinic. In most cases, they will not expect you to accept or decline the offer immediately; you should be prepared to negotiate for the terms that matter to you.
Be sure you are absolutely clear on the answers to the following questions as you begin to consider any offer(s) you receive:
- If the law school has a unitary tenure track for all faculty:
- Are the standards for promotion and tenure the same for all faculty, or do clinical faculty have different standards? If different, how so (different number, different types of scholarship considered)?
- Assuming the obligation to research and write, what support is provided to produce scholarship?
- Does the school provide funds for an attorney or other assistance to manage the clinic over the summer so that clinicians can engage in scholarship?
- If clinical tenure-track, then:
- Is scholarly production required (or expected) for promotion and tenure? What did the last clinical faculty member promoted to tenure have? Have scholarly expectations been raised in practice, if not in written standards?
- If so, what resources are available to support scholarship?
- Must clinicians produce scholarship under the same standards as podium/classroom faculty? If different, how (different number, different types of scholarship considered)?
- If long-term contract, then:
- What is the probationary period of employment?
- What are the standards for promotion?
- After the initial period of probation, how many years is the presumptive renewal period?
- Is there support should you choose or be required to produce scholarship?
- What other professional benefits go along with the position? Would you be eligibility for sabbaticals and/or research stipends? Professional development funds?
- Is it possible to teach courses outside of the clinic?
- If so, would you get release time or a reduced load in your clinic or externship?
- Would there be additional compensation?
- Do clinical faculty have voting rights on issues of school governance, and do they participate on law school committees?
In addition to the information listed above and what you learned at your on-campus interview, here are some terms that you may want to ask about and negotiate for:
- Salary and benefits beyond standard employee package (e.g. family leave, retirement contributions, tuition benefits for family members, medical benefits, bar fees, bar association fees, malpractice insurance)
- Moving expenses and housing support
- The possibility of a return visit with your family
- Assistance in locating a job for spouse/partner
- Courtesy appointments at another school within the university
- Issues relating to licensure (time/resources to take the bar, impact on start date, impact on tenure clock)
- Clinic design (budget, first semester off to design, power to shape/design/re-design clinic, staff assistance/administrative support)
- Contract (length of 9 or 12 months, probationary period, presumptive renewal, review process, length of renewal period)
- Start date
- Deadline for responding
Additional Factors to Weigh
In addition to the terms set forth above, you may want to consider the following:
- Attractiveness (to you) of the city or town in which the school is located, or cities and towns nearby
- The collegiality of the law school community
- The view and treatment of clinical faculty by non-clinical faculty
- The educational options available if you have or anticipate having children
- Whether the relationship between the Dean and faculty is a healthy, productive one
- The general financial health and stability of the law school and the university
- Whether the law school is welcoming to junior faculty, faculty of color, LGBTQ, and women faculty
Sometimes a dean will only provide a very small time frame within which a candidate must decide whether to accept their offer; this is known as an "exploding offer." The norm is to give a candidate at least two weeks to make a decision. If you receive an exploding offer from the dean of your ideal school, then accept the offer. If it is not your ideal school and/or you have other schools from which you have not yet received an offer, here are some possible actions to consider:
- Contact the faculty hiring chairs at the other schools and let them know about the exploding offer. They may be able to expedite your candidacy.
- Contact your faculty mentor or advisor for advice about how to proceed
Think about asking for more time, but be judicious if you choose to do so. While schools know that they are competing over candidates, you do not want to give the impression that you do not want to be a faculty member at the school that has made you the offer.


Chestnut Trees and Chestnuts
Home Company Products/Sales Chestnuts Information The Farm
Chestnut Tree Pollination
Chestnut trees are a fruiting tree. Like most all other fruiting trees, chestnut trees require proper pollination to successfully set fruit. The ability of a fruiting tree to set fruit and carry it to harvest is dependent on many conditions to be met. For chestnuts these conditions are:
 1. Healthy trees – stressed trees are poor producers of chestnuts
 2. Genetically capable of setting fruit – some seedlings never produce fruit
 3. Weather conditions during the growing season
 4. Available and viable male and female flowers
 5. Mature trees
 6. Pollen available and viable during the period the female flowers are receptive
Cross Pollination of Chestnut Trees for Nut Production
Chestnut trees by themselves are not self pollinating. In other words, a chestnut tree all by itself usually will not produce any chestnuts with the kernel filled in. This chapter attempts to explain the somewhat complex subject of getting chestnut trees to successfully fruit with mature, good tasting nuts. Chestnut trees can be grouped into four groups as it pertains to pollination.
 1. Pollen producers with viable pollen
 2. Pollen producers with sterile pollen
 3. Non pollen producing catkins (male flowers)
 4. Non pollen producers having little or no catkins
Only chestnut trees producing viable pollen can pollinate other chestnut trees. Chestnut trees are generally not able to pollinate themselves. Isolated chestnut trees where pollen from other chestnut trees is not available rarely produce any nuts with filled in kernels. So far this is a simple example, one chestnut tree and no nuts, but it overlooks the pollination rule for chestnut trees where a cloned chestnut cultivar can not pollinate the same cloned cultivar. For example, a cloned (grafted) Marival chestnut tree can not successfully pollinate another Marival chestnut tree even though it produces an abundance of viable pollen. This rule only applies to grafted cloned trees pollinating their own clone. A seedling from a cloned tree tree can pollinate its own cloned parent. One of the best ways to demonstrate this pollination rule is with a simple logic representation of the rules. First lets equate the letters CP as a cloned pollen producing chestnut tree producing viable pollen. Then assign CN as a cloned chestnut tree that does not produce pollen. In the logic equations the first trees in the equation represents the female flower and the second tree is the male catkin tree.
CN + CP = nuts on CN tree
CP + CN = no nuts on either tree
CP + CP = no nuts on either tree
CP + CN = no nuts on either tree
Now lets introduce a second pollinator and identify the the two pollen producing trees as CP1 and CP2. Chestnuts will be produced when the following conditions are present:
CP1 + CP2; CP2 + CP1; CN + CP1, CN + CP2, CP2 + CP1
Casual observation shows that by introducing a second pollinator the combination of nut producing trees is dramatically increased. With the use of at least 2 chestnut cultivars that produce viable pollen close enough to each other, all the chestnut trees will have the potential to produce nuts. Aside from just viable issues there is a timing issue also.
Pollination Timing in Chestnuts
Chestnut trees can start blooming in the northern hemisphere as early as May and the bloom can continue until the first part of August depending on local climate conditions and latitude. The farther north the trees, the later they will bloom. The male flowers (catkins) usually start blooming within a day or two of the female flowers on the same tree. It is possible to have two different chestnut trees with both producing viable pollen, but due to bloom time differences, the pollination of the female flowers fails and no nut set occurs. Apple pollination is similar with the exception of the male and female flowers bloom at the same time (the male and female parts are present in each blossom). The similarity referred to here is where the apple is not self fertile so another type of apple with the same flowering period must be present to provide pollen for successful fruit set. Apples have 5 groups of pollination periods. These periods are 1)Early; 2) Early-mid; 3) Mid; 4) Mid-late; and 5) Late.
Because chestnut trees bloom for a longer period than apples, only 3 periods are needed to group chestnuts into. These periods are 1) Early; 2) Mid; and 3) Late. Most chestnut trees begin blooming in one period and continue into the next period. For example, Marival begins blooming (catkins release pollen or female flowers become receptive) early and continue blooming into the late period.
Chestnut tree cultivars that release their pollen in the late period can not be used as pollinators for early and mid period blooms. Marrone chestnut trees are one of the last chestnut trees to release their pollen but the female flowers have been receptive for up to 2 weeks. This period where the female flowers are receptive is difficult to predict because it is weather dependent. If the weather is too cool for the female flowers to be receptive of pollen during the receptive period, pollination will fail. The best way to demonstrate this is with a time line. In this time line example the overlaps are the important areas to understand. Lets say chestnut cultivar EC is a pollinator that starts releasing pollen the mid part of the early period and continues into the first week of the late period. On a time line it would look like this on a 6 week time line:
Chestnut Tree Bloom Time Line
Now lets add the late blooming LC chestnut cultivar to the time line.
Chestnut Tree Bloom Time Line
The BW period is a period where the weather is not supportive of pollination of the chestnut female flowers. In this example the EC chestnuts will not successfully set fruit. Also, because LC releases its pollen too late for the EC female flowers, the LC can not be used as a pollinator for the EC chestnut trees.
Lets go from theoretical to practical with some real data. The data comes from Missouri State University Agroforestry Department. The data is collected from their research facility in New Franklin, MO. A Chinese hybrid Dustin chestnut tree on average starts its female flower bloom on June 8 each year. The female flower on average ends it bloom on June 24. The male flower on average starts its bloom on June 7 and ends flowering on July 4. When selecting a matching chestnut tree to pollinate the Dustin, the bloom times need to overlap at least by 5-7 days. A Qing is a excellent match for the Dustin. The Qing chestnut tree starts the female bloom on average on June 8 and ends on June 24. The male flower on average starts on June7 and ends on July 4. Both the Dustin and the Qing are Chinese hybrid chestnut trees.
Now lets look at some European and compare the bloom times in New Franklin, MO with data from Northwest Washington state. One of the most popular chestnut trees grown in the Western USA is the Colossal. It is pollen sterile so there is no male bloom period to compare. The female bloom time starts on average on May 31 and stops on June 22 at the Franklin farm. In NW WA the female flower bloom period starts about July 2 and ends July 27. A good pollinator for the Colossal is Marigoule. In Franklin the Marigoule male flower starts on average June 3 and ends on June 28. This provides almost 3 weeks of overlap in the pollination period. Because the Colossal is pollen sterile the Marigoule will not set any nuts unless another pollen producing chestnut tree is introduced.
So what must a chestnut farmer do to make sure the chestnut trees on the farm produce a full set of chestnuts? There are two simple possible solutions. The first is to grow at least two different chestnut trees that share the same pollination periods and both produce viable pollen. The other solution is to plant several chestnut cultivars that produce pollen over all three pollen periods. This is what we call "covering your bases". Based on the data collected at the Franklin, MO farm, the main issue with successful chestnut set is growing chestnut trees that produce viable pollen that can cross pollinate each other. In Northwest Washington state pollination timing is more complicated because some chestnut cultivars such as Maronni and Belle Epine bloom much later than commonly used pollinates such as Okie and Precoce Migoule. One last thing, no matter what type of chestnut tree you grow (American, Chinese, Japanese, European, and all of their hybrids), if it produces viable pollen, it is capable of providing pollen to any other chestnut tree.
Evaluating the Pollination of Chestnut Trees
How do you know if the chestnut trees are getting pollinated properly or not? The evaluation of the pollination success rate is directly related to the chestnut kernels getting filled in fully. If most of the nuts in the burrs are blanks (have no kernel meat) then pollination failure is the most likely cause. Most chestnut trees produce 2 or 3 nuts per burr. If the pollination is successful all the nuts in the burr will be filled in. If pollination was only partially successful


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Possible Duplicate:
Why is it "geometric" but "theoretical"?
A Google search was not immediately helpful, but I found this document: _URL_
According to this, a Standards Guide by the American Academy of Neurology, neurologic is preferred over neurological.
Is there any difference between these two words? If so, what is it? When should I use which and why?
share|improve this question
marked as duplicate by J.R., MετάEd, tchrist, Marthaª, Mahnax Aug 28 '12 at 16:30
For what it's worth, I read neuroscience literature occasionally and have taken a graduate class in it, and I can't recall ever seeing neurologic, though neurological is used often. I can't think of an instance where the meaning changes. – Rachel Aug 25 '12 at 5:52
Interesting. I work in Pharmacy & often see both. In newer materials, I feel as though I see neurologic much more frequently than neurological. – aelephant Aug 25 '12 at 5:54
After some more thought, I've probably seen neurologic disorder, though not as often as the other. Other places where neurological seems a bit wrong or clumsy, e.g., to modify pathways, neural or even neuronal come to mind as more apt and common (though the latter two have very slightly different meanings from each other). – Rachel Aug 25 '12 at 6:00
It might be a usage bias of mine (which is perhaps affecting my memory). I highly prefer to say neurological myself. I have also noticed that I habitually use morhpological instead of morphologic. But I don't say semantical or syntactical, so who knows. Maybe there's no method to my madness. – Rachel Aug 25 '12 at 6:05
I don't get some of our close-voters: not constructive??? WTF? – Marthaª Aug 25 '12 at 14:27
3 Answers 3
In my experience with the medical community and scientific literature, neurological is a far more common adjective than neurologic. However, as far as I can tell, both words are equally correct when used to refer to the study of, or anything pertaining to, the nervous system. But a quick example might help to illustrate the relative prevalence of the two.
A pubmed.org search for scientific papers with titles containing neurological yields about 20,000 responses; an identical search for neurologic yields 10,000. By that token, neurological is twice as common as neurologic.
The bottom line is: you can't go wrong with either.
share|improve this answer
Thanks for the research, it didn't occur to me to search for prevalence on pubmed. I think I have a personal preference for "neurologic" just because it is shorter. If the 2 words mean the same thing & "neurologic" saves space & keystrokes, why not use it? – aelephant Aug 25 '12 at 6:45
_USER_: I'm not sure that "saving two keystrokes" is a good reason to choose one over the other. It might be best to do some additional research first – like this – and see if those in the field follow conventions. I believe you can go wrong – if, at a conference for neurologists, you pick one that's seldom used, or opt to save two keystrokes in the title of a paper, thereby taking a credibility hit. – J.R. Aug 25 '12 at 8:22
Searches on google (for lone words or phrases) return even wider disparities. If are curious about speakers' preferences, it occured to me that their prosodic patterns might play a role. This seems to hold true for my own case. It also could explain why you might find preferences varying depending on the surrounding words (when this isn't explained by something else like a phrase becoming fixed). – Rachel Aug 25 '12 at 8:23
Very cool J.R.! I didn't even know Google Ngram existed! I added "neurologic toxicity" & "neurological toxicity" to the search here & found that neurologic toxicity is more commonly used, so it appears to be context-specific. – aelephant Aug 25 '12 at 8:29
_USER_: A pubmed.org search for papers with neurological research in the abstract/title returned 142 papers, while those with neurologic research returned only 25. I won't argue that you're wrong, because I don't know enough about the subject, but I will point out that your bottom line seems like a hastily-drawn conclusion after so little research. – J.R. Aug 25 '12 at 8:41
As you point out, in the American Academy of Neurology Writing Styles And Standards Guide, available online at _URL_ there is the entry on page 11:
Neurologic vs. Neurological — The word neurologic is preferred to neurological when used as an adjective.
I don't think it gets any more authoritative in this field than that. It is a preference, a style decision.
For what it's worth, we use neurologic in our veterinary publications, too. We consider it a style decision. When we copyedit manuscripts, we change neurological to neurologic (unless the word is part of a cited reference title, of course.) Neither form is "wrong," it's just a preference, and we try to be consistent.
We also use, for example, endocrinologic instead of endocrinological and radiologic instead of radiological.
share|improve this answer
As I understand it, this is similar to the historic/historical situation.
Neurological is the adjective for the discipline of neurology - neurology-cal, and neurologic is the adjective for neural. The medical problems are neurologic diseases, possibly discovered by a neurological examination
Curiously, my unabridged Collins doesn't even list neurologic, but has neurological for both neural and neurology. Princeton Wordnet lists both, but with identical definitions.
share|improve this answer
I don't think you can make the distinction you make in your sentence with the links. You link to two different organizations' sites. They probably have chosen one over the other for their style. – JLG Aug 25 '12 at 14:19
That is true only if you assume that the distinction is purely one of style. You describe the style guide below as not getting 'any more authoritative in this field than that', but I see style guides as being inherently un-authoritative, partly because they are frequently contradicted by academic writing (which I see as more authoritative), and partly because they invariably contradict each other. As they can't all be right, what grounds do you have for saying any particular one is the ultimate authority? – Roaring Fish Aug 25 '12 at 14:29
I do think it is a matter of style. And I think if you want to be in line with the "big dog" in a field, then in the field of neurology, the AAN is it. Your use of links from two different sources doesn't prove your assertion that one term is for the discipline and one is for the disease (or whatever your distinction between the terms was meant to be). It just shows that two different organizations chose different styles. If you search the Boston Children's Hospital site (your link for neurological examination), you'll also find "neurological disease" used. – JLG Aug 25 '12 at 14:38
Interesting factoid: Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, doesn't list neurological at all. It just has neurologic: pertaining to neurology or to the nervous system. – JLG Aug 25 '12 at 14:44
As I said earlier, Collins Unabridged has it the other way - they can't both be right. I agree that if you want to submit material you follow the style guide. The point I was making is that a style guide is not an academic authority that can be used as 'proof' of anything. – Roaring Fish Aug 25 '12 at 15:05


text:
A lost and hungry gannet was out of its depth when it turned up on a Comrie farm.
Gannets usually hunt fish by diving from great heights of up to 30 metres into the sea and pursuing their prey deep underwater but the baby seabird found itself miles off course. Its saviours called the Scottish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the bird was soon winging its way (by van) to the charity's National Wildlife Rescue Centre in Clackmannanshire. The SSPCA has rescued over 100 seabirds which were blown inland during severe storms at the end of September.
Staff at it the centre have treated 95 guillemots, 21 gannets, two fulmars and one razorbill, all of which were unable to cope with the recent heavy seas and high winds.
Manager of the National Wildlife Rescue Centre, Colin Seddon, said: "We have taken in a total of 119 seabird casualties as a result of the storms and we fully expect to rescue more over the coming days.
"The guillemots were either too weak or underweight to cope with the storms and all of the gannets are youngsters who are not yet strong enough to survive during spells of severe weather.
"Most of the seabirds have been found on beaches along the east coast of Scotland, although some have also been discovered further inland and in the west.
"If the wind direction had been out to sea rather than inland these birds may well have perished.
"It's vital the public alert us if they come across a sick, weak or injured seabird as they're unlikely to survive without our help.
"We're hopeful that the majority of the casualties will make a full recovery and will be able to be released once they are fully fit and strong enough to cope on their own."
Anyone who discovers a sick, injured or weak seabird should call the SSPCA's Animal Helpline on 03000 999 999.


text:
What is the procedure of getting a Halal Certificate?
- Complete the "Application for Halal Accreditation Service".
- Each halal product submission form must be accompanied by related ingredient data sheets. A technical ingredient and specification sheet is required for every ingredient used in the manufacture of the product.
- The ANIC food technologist team assesses suitability and confirms the halal status of the products.
- A halal audit of the premises is conducted by ANIC nominated Halal Auditor, Halal approval is granted upon compliance with all halal requirements by means of a contract between the applicants and ANIC.
- The final stage is the issue of Halal Accreditation Certificate which is valid for one year and subject to renewal thereafter.
The Obligation of ANIC Halal Authority ANIC recognises its obligations to the applicant and agree:
- To treat all information given as strictly confidential.
- To extend religious recognition to the authenticity of the applicant's halal operation covering the production facilities as well as the finished products.
- To uphold and promote the reputation of the applicant's halal operation among Muslims within and beyond Australia.
- To provide the applicant with all necessary advice for the production of halal goods.
- To not withhold unnecessarily its approval of goods, suppliers, changes or supervisor.
APPLY NOW FOR A CERTIFICATE


Set Up Opening and Closing Rituals to Form Better HabitsS
When you are looking to form a new habit, it might be wise to set up rituals to start and stop, says Hannah Braime, author of The Ultimate Guide to Journaling.
They're about creating a boundary around our time and saying "OK, brain, this is your chance to tell me what's going on for you—no distractions, nothing else vying for my attention, it's just me and you".
Braime talks about the merits of setting up rituals in a blog post about journaling, but the advice is more universal to any habit you want to cultivate. It's similar to having triggers, which is one of the best ways to trick your brain into creating new habits. But instead of just the starting point, Braime's method lets you put yourself into a "zone" of sorts to implement the action, disconnecting it from other activities.
5 Ways To Inspire Your Journaling Practice | Becoming Who You Are


11th grade
what is the chemical reaction equation for : Hydrogen sulfite reacts with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide and water vapour.
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 3. 👁
 1. Are you sure you don't mean hydrogen sulfiDe (H2S)? Hydrogen sulfiTe would be sulfurous acid (H2SO3), which can decompose directly into H2O and SO2.
 For the oxidation of H2S,
 2 H2S + 3 O2 -> 2 SO2 + 2 H2O
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 2. 👎
 2. 2H2S(g)+3O2(g)→2SO2(g)+2H2O(g)
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text:
Vaccines certainly prevent death and suffering, but they also save money. Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective health-care investments available.
In the United States, cost-benefit analysis indicates that every dollar invested in a vaccine dose saves US$2 to US$27 in health-care expenses.
The eradication of smallpox alone has saved the United States more than US$3 billion between 1983 and 1994. The benefits are just as striking if one looks to the future.