The issue of fairness and equity is always important to society but the current debate about the number of women in boardrooms goes beyond that. Essentially, it is an issue of board performance and effectiveness in the crucial role of decision making and governance. Why? Good decision making depends on access to good information and the multiple ways of interpreting that information. The inherent bias that causes us all to filter and prioritise the information we get means that we can overlook something important or simply not get the value we need to get from the information we have. This human tendency is behind the principle of having companies governed by a collective – the board – instead of one person, no matter how able that person is!
These differences result from differences in blood flow, brain structures and chemistry. People at the more female end of the brain structure spectrum will take more input via their five senses and store this material for later use than those at the male structure end. Hence the female brain is more likely to remember detail of conversations and pick up moods and unspoken information, than the male structured brain.
The female structure will use more words than the male and see more colour and fine detail than the male structure perceives. The wiring of the more female end brains also links emotional activity with thoughts and words in the top of the brain so that emotional issues are quite literally top of mind. In contrast those at the male side of the spectrum may need many hours to process emotional laden experiences.
Scientifically speaking, people at the female end of the spectrum have more white matter in their brains whereas the male end has more grey matter ( see Gurian, M. & Annis, B. (2008), Leadership and the Sexes: Using Gender Science to Create Success in Business. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.). White matter is the connective tissue which connects brain centres in the neural network, allowing them to make connections between disparate bits of information more easily.Conversely, grey matter tends to localise brain activity into single brain centres, allowing focus on one thing at a time with greater success whilst filtering out other bits of information that are coming through the senses or just outside the sphere of focus.
Important to the role of a board, is that they must hold all of the pieces of the business; it must see how they connect and where they are going; what could undermine success; what is needed from people for performance; it must relate strategy to day to day operational needs and issues, and so on, in an increasingly complex environment. The connective ability that comes with white matter seems to enable women to hold all of this complexity in a way which is often difficult for a lot of men and to see possible consequences and risk more readily.If we ask the question what type of thinking skills does a board need to be most effective, the answer we always get is both!
What do you think? At its simplest level it is being seen as a male/female thing and generally speaking that is ok. But remember that it is a spectrum, and both sexes can be at various positions within that spectrum, including a "bridge brain" that has components of both. So ask some questions to test your director candidate's thinking styles so you get a clearer picture about the board you are building. Visit our Board Development section of the TWG website, to see what else might help you build a more effective team.
You could be forgiven for being a bit shocked about what happened recently in the Centro case ( ASIC v Healy [2011] FCA 717) when not only the board of Centro but all of the financial staff, the CFO, Managing Director and the PWC Audit team missed the fact that about $2 billion dollars of short term debt had been misclassified as long term debt. As most people would have heard by now, the Court found that the directors had breached their duties in failing to pick up a mistake, which according to Middleton J, has come to be known as the "Blind Freddy" proposition (par.251). There has been a lot of comment about what this means for directors – especially in the context of large, complex companies, who should surely be able to rely on the experts advising them – however, the use of the expression "Blind Freddy" probably puts the result of this case in context.
There are a number of problems emerging in our traditional approach to the role and responsibilities of directors in Australia, a major one being what can realistically be expected of them as companies get larger and larger and more complex. The corporate model that we use and our legal imperatives were, of course, set down in a much simpler corporate environment of the 19 and 20th centuries. Clearly things have changed: not only in the size and complexity of companies and the business environment, but also the level of public participation in the share market and the gap between those 'owners' and the people who control the company. Government and regulators thus have a political motivation to demand a level of oversight that it is increasingly doubtful that a board, especially a board of part time directors, can provide even with the best will in the world.
ASIC v Healy appears to be one of those cases: honest, intelligent, highly ethical directors, who were trying to do the right thing, who appeared to have all of the right systems and processes, and to ask all of the right questions, still got it wrong. It seems to be a tough decision. As the defence said, if the experts in the company get it wrong what hope has the board?!
The line in the judgement that sends a chill through my bones is in paragraph 333 where evidence was given of a discussion at the Board Audit Committee meeting about whether there was sufficient time for review of the financial statements, and the practical consequences if final amendments to the Annual Report did not get finalised that day. At this point, Mr Cougle of PwC, said that "he could give comfort that the auditors had signed off on the full accounts." The question that every one of us as a director must think about is: how would we respond to that assurance, or more particularly, how would we have responded before this case?
As would be expected, a lot of the case centred around the issue of reliance under section 189 of the Corporations Law (2001). One side argued that directors must, in all reality, be able to rely on the information that came from the experts both in management and the external auditors, while the other saying that this is so, but that there are limits to this power. As is often the case, media and commentators have reviewed the decision in terms of 'all or nothing'. That is, there is either a total power to rely on others, or there is none. This would mean, following the case of Centro, that directors everywhere will be forced to trawl through the minutiae of the accounts to second guess the so called experts. However, like life, the answer is much greyer than that! ASIC never suggested that directors were responsible for all errors, only those which were so obvious that 'blind Freddy' could have seen them. Or in ASIC's words:
"We will submit that the court can draw the conclusion [ as to the breach of standards of care and diligence] from the obviousness of the error to any reader of the accounts who had the requisite financial literacy and the knowledge that these directors had of the affairs of the companies, specifically their debts." (Para 251.)
Middleton J ultimately agreed with this submission, but again and again throughout the judgement, he emphasized that this does not mean that directors should be experts or delve into the minutiae of operations. But that directors do have a real role – "they are not an ornament but an essential component of corporate governance." (Para 19).
He said:
"All directors must carefully read and understand financial statements before they form the opinions which are to be expressed in the declaration required by Section 295(4). Such a reading and understanding would require the director to consider whether the financial statements were consistent with his or her own knowledge of the company's financial position. This accumulated knowledge arises out of a number of responsibilities a director has in carrying out the role and function of a director." (Para 17)
In summary, I think the judgement draws out some very important issues for directors, a number of which we have been promoting for some time:
 - Where directors are specifically required to sign off on an area of company reporting, such as under Section 295(4) of the Corporations Act ( that there are reasonable grounds to believe that a company would be able to pay its debts as and when they become due, that the accounts comply with the requisite accounting standards, and that the accounts present a true and fair view of the company's financial circumstances) they cannot merely rely or delegate this to others, but must satisfy themselves that this declaration is correct;
 - The Reliance Provision in Section 189 cannot be used where a director's personal opinion or individual certification is sought. He or she must apply their own minds and cannot delegate that assessment to somebody else;
 - A director's role is to bring their 'accumulated knowledge' of the business as a whole to the task before them. This is a different perspective from other people in the organisation; it is a directorial perspective which requires the board to stand back and view the whole business, from a strategic or helicopter level;
 - The judgement upheld ASIC's view that had the directors taken a whole view, they should have noticed the error. Middleton J said:
"A reading of the financial statements by the directors is not merely undertaken for the purposes of correcting typographical or grammatical errors or even immaterial errors of arithmetic. The reading of the financial statements by a director


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A block has a volume of 0.600 m^3 and a density of 3.50x10^2 kg/m^3. The block is placed into a container of water of density 1.00x10^3 kg/m^3. Determine the following:
a) Determine the percentage of the block's volume that is above the water when it is placed in the container of water.
b) A second block of density 4.5x10^2 kg/m^3 is placed on top of the original block. This causes the original block to be completely submerged and the second block to be 10% submerged in the water. Determine the volume of the second block
Please show all steps

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Dead and buried in a grave.
More example sentences
- On April 10, 1943, Lees-Milne wrote, 'I would like this diary to entertain two or three generations ahead when I am under the sod.'
- He has property enough to make us independent but that will be valuable only, when we are under the Sod.
- Time will run to seed when we are under the sod; there'll be time enough and to spare then.
Definition of under the sod in:
- The US English dictionary

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Strainmeter Helps NASA Identify Continental Drift
- Created: Saturday, 01 December 2007
TEGAM _PHONE_ ratio transformer
The EarthScope Project is an undertaking funded by the National Science Foundation in partnership with the United States Geological Survey and NASA to characterize the geology of North America, including continental drift caused by earthquake faults. Capturing the slow movement (which in some areas happens over centuries) can be done by measuring strain. Capturing strain (the deformation caused by stress) also can highlight areas that are moving faster along a fault relative to other areas.
The strainmeter is put into service by drilling a borehole into the earth. Although initial accuracy is important, it is critical that the ratio transformer have extremely low drift. Once the GTSM device is embedded in the rock, it is there for the life of the device. Component drift would produce unacceptable results, and the ratio transformer assures there will be insignificant drift for that component over the life of the project. Combined with GPS data that measures the overall motion of the earth surface, the equipment can distinguish regions of energy accumulations from regions of simple deformations.
The EarthScope project has funded a significant increase in the number of strainmeter sites. As the density of strain measurements grows, changes in earthquake models are likely as a result of better information, particularly over long time frames.
For Free Info Click Here


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On World Sparrow Day, move to monitor common birdsMarch 19th, 2012 - 10:32 pm ICT by IANS
Mumbai, March 19 (IANS) A unique public participation initiative to monitor common birds in the country will be launched Tuesday, to coincide with "World Sparrow Day", an official said here Monday.
The "Common Bird Monitoring Program", a pioneer project and first of its kind in India, will monitor and carry out detailed mapping of 18 common bird species found across the country with direct public participation, said Nature Forever Society chief Mohammed Dilawar.
The birds like house sparrows, house crow, rock pigeon, rose-ringed parakeets, Ashy Prinia and Hoopoes shall be monitored, mapped and counted around the country as well the entire Indian Subcontinent, including Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, Dilawar told media persons.
"The data collected will help map the presence/absence, population/distribution of these common birds since there is currently no scientific data available on these common species in India," Dilawar explained.
The initiative is supported by a corporate house, the Jaypee Group Executive Chairman Manoj Gaur and Jaypee Group's IT arm, JILIT's Director Sunita Joshi - the latter has taken care of the technology to design the program.
This data, over a period of time would be statistically analysed for launching conservation efforts, he said.
"The knowledge about the status, population and distribution of common birds will help in timely conservation measures that can save these birds from extinction, and help create conservation interest among the masses," said Dilawar.
Similar programmes are continuing in many western countries, some more than 100 years old, with the Christmas Bird Count in the US running since 1900.
These bird monitoring acts as an early warning system to initiate remedial measures to save species from extinction before it is too late, he said referring to the critically-endangered status of the vulture, which was once common in India, and proper monitoring could have checked its decline.
Dilawar said that citizens can register and spend 15 minutes daily to monitor the 18 birds for the project from their homes, windows or any other location and make notings and enter their data daily, weekly or monthly or annually.
- India's first common bird monitoring system launched - Mar 20, 2012
- House sparrow is Delhi's state bird (With Images) - Aug 14, 2012
- Are house sparrows being driven away? (March 20 is World Sparrow Day) - Mar 19, 2012
- Bird watchers to revive house sparrow chirping in Shimla (March 20 is World Sparrow Day) - Mar 20, 2011
- Donate binoculars, promote eco-awareness - Sep 02, 2011
- Sparrow decline indicates serious environmental change: Experts - May 09, 2012
- This year celebrate 'Sparrow Holi' - Mar 20, 2011
- Maharashtra man enters Limca Book of Records (With Images) - Jun 09, 2011
- Concern for sparrows on spiritual leader's 100th birthday - Jan 24, 2011
- Pong wetlands hosting over 100,000 feathered guests (Feb 2 is World Wetlands Day) - Feb 02, 2012
- Himachal to count its feathered guests this month - Jan 29, 2012
- Know the bird and count it too - at Pong wetlands - Jan 25, 2011
- Where have sparrows gone? Time Hero to find out (With Images) - Sep 17, 2009
- Birds, animals up for adoption in Haryana - Jan 06, 2011
- Growing number of Cambodia vultures offer hope for endangered scavengers - Sep 06, 2010
Tags: christmas bird count, common birds, conservation efforts, conservation interest, conservation measures, crow rock, early warning system, executive chairman, gaur, group executive, house sparrows, indian subcontinent, media persons, parakeets, pioneer project, population distribution, public participation, remedial measures, rock pigeon, sunita


Dynamometer: Introduction and Types
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A dynamometer is a device used for measuring the torque and brake power required to operate a driven machine.
Dynamometers can be broadly classified into two types. They are:
 1. Power Absorption Dynamometers: Power Absorption dynamometers measure and absorb the power output of the engine to which they are coupled. The power absorbed is usually dissipated as heat by some means.
 Examples of power absorption dynamometers are Prony brake dynamometer, Rope brake dynamometer, Eddy current dynamometer, Hydraulic dynamometer, etc.
 2. Power Transmission Dynamometers: In power transmission dynamometers the power is transmitted to the load coupled to the engine after it is indicated on some scale. These are also called torque meters.
Some of the different types of dynamometers are discussed below in brief.
Prony Brake Dynamometer:
Pony Brake is one of the simplest dynamometers for measuring power output (brake power). It is to attempt to stop the engine using a brake on the flywheel and measure the weight which an arm attached to the brake will support, as it tries to rotate with the flywheel.
Prony Brake
Figure 1: Prony Brake
The Prony brake shown in the above consists of a wooden block, frame, rope, brake shoes and flywheel. It works on the principle of converting power into heat by dry friction. Spring-loaded bolts are provided to increase the friction by tightening the wooden block.
The whole of the power absorbed is converted into heat and hence this type of dynamometer must the cooled.
The brake power is given by the formula
Brake Power (bp) = 2π NT
Where T = Weight applied (W) × distance (l)
Rope Brake Dynamometer:
The rope brake as shown in below figure is another device for measuring brake power of an engine. It consists of some turns of rope wound around the rotating drum attached to the output shaft. One side of the rope is connected to a spring balance and the other side to a loading device. The power is absorbed in friction between the rope and the drum. Therefore drum in rope brake requires cooling.
Rope brake
Figure 2: Rope Brake
Rope brake dynamometers are cheap and can be constructed quickly but brake power can't be measured accurately because of change in the friction coefficient of the rope with a change in temperature.
The brake power is given by the formula
Brake Power (bp) = π DN (W − S)
where D is the brake drum diameter,
W is the weight of the load and
S is the spring balance reading.
Eddy Current Dynamometer:
The working principle of eddy current dynamometer is shown in the figure below. It consists of a stator on which are fitted some electromagnets and a rotor disc made of copper or steel and coupled to the output shaft of the engine. When the rotor rotates, eddy currents are produced in the stator due to magnetic flux set up by the passage of field current in the electromagnets. These eddy currents are dissipated in producing heat so that this type of dynamometer requires some cooling arrangement. The torque is measured exactly as in other types of absorption dynamometers, i.e., with the help of a moment arm. The load in internal combustion engine testing is controlled by regulating the current in the electromagnets.
Eddy current Dynamometer
Figure 3: Eddy Current Dynamometer
The following are the main advantages of eddy current dynamometers:
 1. High brake power per unit weight of dynamometer.
 2. They offer the highest ratio of constant power speed range (up to 5 : 1).
 3. Level of field excitation is below 1% of total power being handled by the dynamometer. Thus, they are easy to control and operate.
 4. Development of eddy current is smooth hence the torque is also smooth and continuous under all conditions.
 5. Relatively higher torque under low-speed conditions.
 6. It has no intricate rotating parts except shaft bearing.
 7. No natural limit to size, either small or large.
Hydraulic Dynamometer:
A hydraulic dynamometer as shown in the figure below works on the principle of dissipating the power in fluid friction rather than in dry friction.
Hydraulic Dynamometer
Figure 4: Hydraulic Dynamometer
 - In principle, hydraulic dynamometer construction is similar to that of a fluid flywheel.
 - Hydraulic dynamometer consists of an impeller or inner rotating member coupled to the output shaft of the engine.
 - The impeller in this dynamometer rotates in a casing filled with a fluid.
 - Due to the centrifugal force developed in the outer casing, tends to revolve with the impeller, but is resisted by a torque arm supporting the balance weight.
 - The frictional forces generated between the impeller and the fluid are measured by the spring balance fitted on the casing.
 - The heat developed due to the dissipation of power in Hydraulic dynamometer is carried away by a continuous supply of the working fluid.
 - The output power can be controlled by regulating the sluice gates which can be moved in and out to partially or wholly obstruct the flow of water between the casing and the impeller.
Absorption Dynamometers:
Transmission dynamometers are also called torque meters. They mostly consist of a set of strain-gauges fixed on the rotating shaft and the torque is measured by the angular deformation of the shaft which is indicated as the strain the of the strain gauge. A four arm bridge is used to reduce the effect of temperature, and the gauges are arranged in pairs such that the effect of axial or transverse load on the strain gauges is avoided.
Transmission Dynamometer
Figure 5: Transmission Dynamometer
Above figure shows the transmission dynamometer which employs beams and strain gauges for a sensing torque. Transmission dynamometers measure brake power very accurately and are used where continuous transmission of the load is necessary. These are mainly used in automatic units.
All Comments
 - I find the dynamometer very fascinating. I've always wondered how you can check your brake power. There are so many different types. Is there a type of dynamometer that is better for measuring the torque or brake power?
 Grace Turner Feb 1, 2016 7:52 pm Reply
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text: The ethical and economic significance of slaughtering animals for consumption by people of faith cannot be underestimated. On one hand, there are concerns for the welfare of animals during rearing, transport and slaughter, on the other hand, the market for halal meat products continue to grow at an exponential rate which has attracted the attention of independent and the mainstream retailer multiples. This paper considers the slaughter methods approved for the main species of animals slaughtered for consumption by Muslims; beef, lamb, goats and poultry. It further examines the rationale for approving and rejecting some methods of stunning and the implication this has on the welfare of animals. Areas where further research is needed to improve animal welfare during halal slaughter are also highlighted, and the authors have argued why a dialogue between animal welfare researchers, Islamic scholars and halal certification or accreditation bodies is vital in creating knowledge exchange between key stakeholders with a view to improving animal welfare during halal meat production.


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Before hiring a nurse, it is critical to conduct thorough pre-employment screening. This is because the nursing profession is among the most sensitive in the healthcare industry. Given their role in patient care, a nurse needs to perfectly suited to carry out their duties exceptionally well. The slightest lapse, mistake or ineptitude can have dire consequences for the patient.
Anyone with experience in the healthcare industry has heard of instances where the wrongful hire of nurses has had catastrophic consequences. There have been cases of nurses administering the wrong medications, sexually assaulting patients, stealing medical supplies, harassing patients, threatening fellow medical staff members, and committing a host of other professional and criminal malpractices.
Such malpractices affect not just the patients. They also affect the patient's loved ones, fellow medical staff members, and even the health care facility where the nurse works (which can face not just a PR problem, but can also get sanctioned or sued). Essentially hiring the wrong nurse causes problems for everyone.
This is why even the American Nurses Association (ANA) supports the use of criminal background checks as part of the Registered Nurse (RN) licensure process. The ANA considers criminal history background checks as a means of enhancing public safety.
For healthcare organizations, the pre-employment screening for nurses needs to go beyond criminal background checks. They need to extend to other aspects which are necessary for not just enhancing patient and employee safety, but also avoiding fines, penalties, and sanctions.
Generally speaking, healthcare organizations need to ensure that all the nurses they hire are registered, licensed to operate, and haven't been sanctioned. The penalties for hiring sanctioned individuals, for instance, can range from fines of up to $10,000, to suspension from federal programs like Medicare and Medicaid; and in extreme cases, jail time. And these are just penalties from the Office of the Inspector General (OIG). Many states and local authorities have their own penalties as well.
The bottom line is, before hiring any nurse, a healthcare organizations need to conduct a comprehensive background check. This is where we come in. Our mission at Crimcheck is to help healthcare organizations to access every kind of background check necessary to thoroughly screen applicants for nursing positions. This is precisely why we created a special background checks service for nurses.
Nursing Background Checks
The background checks for nursing are specifically targeted at nursing job applicants and employees. They are intended to identify the red flags which make an individual unqualified or unfit to work in the nursing profession. The nursing background checks involve an amalgamation of various kinds of background checks.
For each nursing applicant or employee, we can conduct the following kinds of background checks/searches:
- Medical sanctions checks
- Licensing status checks
- Criminal background checks
- Employment record verification
- Educational verification
- Employment history investigation (focusing on patient abuse, medical malpractice, fraud, theft, etc)
And this is just the beginning. We also conduct a thorough investigation of an individual's history as regards issues like drug abuse, violent conduct, insubordination, and negligence of duty. Basically, we investigate every aspect of an individual's past which can negatively impact their capacity to perform as a nurse. This gives recruiters enough information to make an informed decision.
Our background checks for nurses have the following characteristics:
- We conduct background checks going back to 7 years. This is the limit which is normally required for such searches. However, depending on the needs of the clients, we can go even further back.
- We conduct licensing and sanction checks across state lines. We are fully aware that nurses with a history of misconduct often manipulate multi-state licensing programs to continue working across states. Our investigations focus on every state the person has lived and worked in, and investigate whether they have had their licenses revoked in any of them.
- We conduct medical sanctions checks across a broad spectrum of regulatory bodies. We check through the OIG's List of Excluded Individuals (LEIE); the US General Services Administration's Excluded Parties List System (EPLS) and other state or local sanctions lists.
- We can conduct custom background checks according to the needs of healthcare providers. For instance, if a client desires searches focused on applicant's history of conduct when dealing with children (perhaps for screening pediatric nurse applicants), we can conduct the background checks.
- All our background checks are thoroughly vetted. All information unearthed is cross-checked and verified with multiple sources for accuracy. This ensures that any errors are identified and corrected. In the end, all the information in the background checks reports is factually accurate.
- All our background checks are legally compliant. We comply with the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), and all other relevant federal, state, and local legislations. This guarantees that no legal violations or issues will arise out of the background checks provide.
Aside from the above benefits, Crimcheck's clients also benefit from the company's vast experience in the background checks industry. We have been providing comprehensive background checks since 1991. We have therefore developed a mechanism for conducting thorough background checks within the shortest time possible.
We also provide a number of tools and automations for our clients to access our background check services with ease. These include:
- Automated background check submissions
- Integration of Crimcheck's system with clients' ATS and HRMIS
- Flexible payment system
- Remote form submission by applicants
- Customized background check reports
These tools and automations add a measure of convenience to Crimcheck's clients. For instance, the integration with ATS and HRMIS makes it possible for clients to access background check services from within their internal systems. Basically, they can order, track, and pay for background checks; and receive the reports from within their system. This makes accessing background checks extremely easy.
Crimcheck is the perfect background checks partner for any healthcare organization which needs a comprehensive nursing background checks system. We can not only provide thorough, accurate, and legally compliant background checks, we can make access to them easy and convenient.
Therefore, if you are part of a healthcare organization in search of reliable background checks for nursing applicants and employees, look no further. Crimcheck is here for you. Just contact us and we'll begin designing a custom background checks process in line with your needs.


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Crossing the Drake Passage? Everything You Need to Know!
If you dream of visiting Antarctica, it is likely you have heard of the notorious Drake Passage. Crossing the Drake Passage (or 'Mar de Hoces') is a true milestone for every intrepid traveler. The experience is guaranteed to provide a sense of true adventure, as the weather conditions and waves in the Drake Passage are always unpredictable – no matter the time of year.
The following guide is especially useful if you are one of the audacious explorers who dream of traveling across the Drake Passage to Antarctica. This comprehensive guide includes historical information, weather descriptions, and helpful tips to help you plan your truly Antarctica experience.
My Experience on the Drake Passage
For anyone that knows me, I am a lover of all things adventure! I am very lucky to have explored over 50 countries on this extraordinary planet. However, one of my all time favorite adventure destinations though is Antarctica, the 7th Continent. There are very few places in the world that are as stunningly beautiful as Antarctica and to get there you need to cross the infamous Drake Passage which can be the ultimate adventure experience.
I am very fortunate to run The Explorer's Passage, a premier adventure travel company, and in my humble opinion, we are the best tour company in Antarctica.
Table of Contents
- The History of the Drake Passage
- The Location of the Drake Passage, and 'Rounding the Horn'
- Weather Conditions in the Drake Passage
- The Journey to Antarctica
- Drake Passage Wildlife
- Things to Do and See on the Drake Passage
- Tips for Crossing the Drake Passage
- Safety During the Drake Passage
- Reaching Antarctica!
The History of the Drake Passage
This body of water is named after the famous English explorer, Sir Francis Drake. Though Drake never sailed through his namesake waters himself, one of his ships did pass near its location, discovering a connection between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. This meant that they inadvertently discovered the Drake Passage in 1578, and proved the existence of an open water route south of South America.
Many decades after its discovery, a ship named the Eendracht made the first recorded successful voyage through the Drake Passage. Willem Schouten, a Dutch navigator, served as captain of this voyage in 1616. He also named Cape Horn on this journey. Despite the difficulties involved in navigating it, the Drake Passage proved to be an important part of future international trade routes in the 19th and early 20th centuries, prior to the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914.
Throughout history, the Drake Passage is known for its often turbulent seas. These conditions made it a very dangerous crossing for wooden sailing ships. However, this has changed with modern ship construction and technology. With the advent of sonar and advanced navigation systems, the journey is now much more accessible to travelers from across the globe. In December 2019, a team of rowers even achieved the first human-powered transit of the Drake Passage!
The Drake Passage on a Map, and 'Rounding the Horn'
The Drake Passage is situated at the point where the Atlantic and Pacific oceans meet. This means that it is a massive convergence of waves, wind, and currents. Looking at it on a map, the Drake Passage is broad in area, around 620 miles in width. It is of particular interest to anyone wanting to voyage to Antarctica, because it extends from South America's southernmost tip to the South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula.
Cape Horn is the most southern headland, situated in the Tierra del Fuego archipelago in Chile. It indicates the northern boundary of the Drake Passage on a map. 'Rounding the Horn' refers to the navigation of vessels around Cape Horn itself. Stormy seas made the rounding of Cape Horn a difficult challenge for ships and their crews throughout history (especially for simpler sailing vessels), partly because the area is subjected to intense winds, rainfall, and seasonal sea ice. The opening of the Panama Canal meant many ships no longer had to complete this voyage around Cape Horn.
The Drake Passage is also a very deep body of water, with an average depth of 11,150 feet. The ocean floor is estimated at 15,700 feet deep around the southern and northern boundaries of the Passage.
Weather Conditions in the Drake Passage
Due to this convergence of oceans, the Drake Passage is a very unique climatic area. It is a transitional zone between the cooler, more humid, and subpolar conditions of Tierra del Fuego and the more frigid Antarctic. The region is therefore very dynamic, and cyclones can form in the warm Pacific before being swept into the Drake Passage. Despite the conditions, it is very common to make the journey through the Passage today. Modern technology helps forecast and navigate the weather much more easily!
The Journey to Antarctica: the 'Drake Lake' or 'Drake Shake'
Though the Drake Passage is situated in one of the most remote parts of the world, it is one of the primary ways to reach Antarctica. In general, the journey takes approximately 36 hours from Ushuaia, Argentina (the southernmost city in the world). Around 75,000 people per year journey to Antarctica via sea voyage. The exciting experience of sailing this passageway is that of following in the footsteps of many of history's greatest explorers.
Seasoned travelers say the Drake Passage has two states: the 'Drake Lake' or the 'Drake Shake'. The latter can feature large waves up to about 9-12 meters (wave heights of approximately 30-39 feet). Today, modern ships can cross the Drake Passage and its waves very reliably, as they handle the swells better and have much more advanced navigation systems.
However, the Drake Passage may well also be calm, which some people refer to as the 'Drake Lake'. On many voyages, you can still experience placid waters as far as the eye can see. It is all a matter of 'luck of the draw!' Either way, it is a truly unforgettable way to access and discover the ice-covered continent of Antarctica – one of the most remarkable locations on our planet.
Drake Passage Wildlife
The fauna on display in the Drake Passage is incredibly diverse. The Passage plays host to many species, including but not limited to: hourglass dolphins, a wide variety of seabirds (such as giant petrels and wandering albatross), humpback whales, orcas ("killer whales"), ever-popular penguins, and more. The waters of the Drake Passage are rich in plankton and krill, which are an essential food source for blue and fin whales, squid, emperor penguins, and crabeater seals.
Things to Do and See On the Drake Passage
The voyage across the Drake Passage can be one of the most memorable parts of a journey to Antarctica. Below, you will find a list of some of the things that we – or our fellow travelers – have enjoyed doing:
- Whale watching and sea bird spotting;
- Preparing personal gear;
- Educational lessons (on oceanography, glaciology, Antarctic biology, climate science, etc.);
- Board games;
- Team bonding (e.g. group discussions, "ice breakers" [pun intended], or games like balancing competitions!);
- As you near Antarctic waters, keep an eye out for the South Shetland Islands. These may be the first Antarctic terrain that you see (depending on your route). Either way, you want to be out on deck on the final day of the crossing so that you can be one of the first to spot some floating Antarctic ice!
Tips for Preparing to Cross the Drake Passage
If you are planning to take a sea voyage to Antarctica, it is important to prepare yourself for crossing the Drake Passage and getting your 'sea legs.'
First of all, attitude can be everything. The experience, while atypical and decidedly thrilling at times, is really 'what you make of it.' If you approach potentially choppy seas with a "this is a once-in-a-lifetime experience!" mentality, that confidence and eagerness can go a long way.
Medicines and Remedies
It is also worth being prepared to deal with potential seasickness. Turbulent Drake Passage conditions can unsettle you, especially if it is your first time. Therefore, many travelers bring prescription medicine in order to avoid getting sick. If you consult with a doctor beforehand, medicinal patches are popular with travelers on the Drake. Some travelers choose to take prescription pills and rest in their cabins. However, this can mean missing out on the splendor that a journey through the Drake Passage offers. Either way, it is advisable to do what works best for you!
For a more natural remedy, ginger gum and ginger pills can potentially help settle the stomach. Alternatively, you can also drink ginger in a tea form. Acupuncture wrist bands are also an option, as they exert pressure and stimulate the P6 or Nei-Kuan acupressure point at the wrist. It has been shown that pressure on this particular point helps relieve nausea.
Another useful tip that helps some travelers is to look at the horizon. If you fix your gaze on a steady point where the ocean meets the sky, it can potentially override any emerging feelings of instability or sickness. Don't ask us how this works, but we (and many other travelers) have found that it can sometimes help!
Ship and Cabin Selections
Another helpful tip: consider strategically picking a cabin on your vessel. If possible, rooms at the ship's center will feel much less of the movement during rough seas than those at either end. It also helps to have a window or balcony, instead of a room with no view. Lastly, the higher up the cabin on the ship, the better! So,


text:
Breaking the silence
Rwandan storytelling exhibit centerpiece of new national archives
By Nicole Casal Moore & Heather Newman
One of the casualties of the 1994 Rwandan genocide was the culture's storytelling tradition. Resurrecting it has been the mission of a project called Stories for Hope for the past four years.
Now 99 narratives—conversations between youths and elders—will go on exhibit at the newly built Rwandan National Archives, which were decimated during the violence. On Oct. 12, the archives open again for the first time in nearly two decades.
Stories for Hope was founded by a University of Michigan Ph.D. alumna and psychologist who joined forces with an archivist from the U-M School of Information. In a style similar to StoryCorps, the project lets a Rwandan young person invite an elder to have an audio-recorded dialogue to learn more about the elder's personal past, Rwanda's history or its culture.
Rwandan facilitators encourage elders to tell stories that underscore their strength and resilience, as a way to help young people find positive pathways forward, project founders say. The conversations are in native language and translated later into English.
The genocide was the impetus for the project. But it's not the only topic of the conversations within it.
"Participants are free to talk about the genocide and often do, but that's not the sole purpose," said David Wallace, a lecturer and research investigator at the School of Information. "Most of the silences between the generations can be laid at the door of the genocide.
"Elders became unwilling to open the vault of their personal pasts for fear of inflicting painful stories. Young people sensed those fears and withheld their questions. A pact of silence grew up around most any story about the past."
Questions about family and work history, marriage practices and Rwandan culture are as common as questions about the genocide, says Patricia Pasick, project founder and Ann Arbor resident. She remembered a young woman who seemed nervous before a session with an uncle. Pasick braced for a difficult debriefing after her dialogue.
"It turns out she had a simple question," Pasick said. "She wanted to get married to a young man and she needed to ask her uncle how she could possibly get married if the young man didn't have a cow to give to her family. She feared she could never marry him because he was so poor. The uncle said, 'That was then…you can go along with your wedding.'"
In other stories: A widowed mother tells her son for the first time who his father was, how they became estranged and how he died. But she encourages him to ask more questions and reassures him that the genocide won't happen again.
A father tells his son how his life went off track, from alcohol, and how he hid the family in a forest during the genocide to resist joining a killing group. The son was immensely relieved. He had assumed his father was a perpetrator.
A young man tells a friend how he was hurt both physically and emotionally when a neighbor he knew well threw a grenade at him. He encourages his friend to share her own story. Participating in Stories for Hope eventually led the young man to visit the neighbor in prison 15 years later after the attack. The two reconciled.
"They come together in a cloistered sanctuary," Pasick said. "We say, 'You have an hour. Young person, ask what questions you've always wanted to ask. Elder, make sure that you tell a story that you think this person really needs to hear to go off into the future with some hope.' These one-hour discussions catalyze many more hours of talking at home or in the neighborhood."
For the people who took part in Stories for Hope and for those who listen, whether in Rwanda or beyond, Pasick and Wallace hope the project can link the past and future in a constructive way.
"The past can be a place of great pain and a place of great learning. It can help to enhance our own humanity because these primary materials can connect you with people in a way that nothing else can," Wallace said.
The dialogues, and their place in the Rwandan National Archives, send a strong message of resilience to Pasick.
"The stories say this: We survived to a point where we are intent on preserving what happened as a way of not repeating it," she said.
The Stories for Hope permanent exhibit will be an interactive listening station—a table, four chairs, two CD players with headphones and a catalog of CDs, along with two informational panels and an invitation to participate. Many of the stories are posted at the Stories for Hope website.
Stories for Hope: _URL_
David Wallace: _URL_
PHOTO CREDIT: Mannie Garcia/REUTERS


I am currently modeling a yagi antenna using Matlab and after I optimized the antenna, it gave me a director length shorter than the exciter itself (even if the optimization gave me a good gain).
From what I have read and learned from textbooks, the directors of a yagi Antenna should always be shorter than the dipole in order to help direct the EM waves forward in a specific direction, and hence, increase the directivity.
In fact, when I even tried to reduce the length of the director to a dimension shorter than the dipole, it gave me a lower dBi (9.17dBi instead of 13dBi).
Why does DirectorLength > DipoleLength gives better gain (dBi)? Shouldn't it be the opposite instead?
Properties of the antenna simulated with Matlab:
enter image description here
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Howdy, welcome to ham.se! $\endgroup$ – user14945 Sep 7 '20 at 4:32
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ Did you mean to write it gave you a director longer? $\endgroup$ – Phil Frost - W8II Sep 7 '20 at 20:18
I suspect your results are an artifact of your optimization methodology.
I simulated the design described in the link with NEC2 using the EZNEC front-end. For reference, EZNEC calculates the gain as 13.03-dBi in free space with 2-mm diameter elements (the link doesn't specify element diameter). I believe this is close enough to your model's gain of 13.6-dBi for the purpose of answering your question.
EZNEC calculates the driving-point impedance of your model's driven element as 40-j99 $\Omega$, which is not a good match to the 50-$\Omega$ transmission lines in common use. Increasing the length of the driven element by about 14% - thus, making it longer than the directors - improves the match by changing the input impedance to 59+j6 $\Omega$ while maintaining the 13.03-dBi forward gain.
Interestingly, the driven element is now longer than the reflector, which is also not usual. The radiation pattern of your design show many side-lobes:
enter image description here
I suspect that "cleaning up" the pattern will result in a design with elements whose lengths obey the customary relationships seen in the hundreds of antennas described in the literature.
There are many properties of an antenna that could be optimized:
 - Maximum gain
 - Beam width
 - Front-to-back ratio
 - Feedpoint impedance
 - SWR bandwidth
 - Robustness to manufacturing variation
Typical designs aim for "pretty good" in all of these parameters. Optimizing for one parameter exclusively will typically come at the detriment of others, and result in unusual designs.
The driven element length is chosen to give the right impedance for your matching network. There's no rule about it being longer or shorter than anything.
The directors(s) are always shorter than the reflector(s) because their self impedance, combined with their spacing, is important in establishing the correct currents on each element.
(of course I mean simple thin free dipoles, if they're loaded or bent etc then their physical length doesn't reflect their electrical length any more)
The impedance of a resonant driven element is usually lower than 50 Ohms, so there are various tricks to match it. One of them would be a parallel capacitor, for that you would need to lengthen the driven element to make it inductive. Another would be a parallel inductor, though I've never seen this in practice, that would require a shorter driven element. But it is entirely your choice, depending on what impedance you want to see. Any length within reason is going to be ok.
Your Answer


What's the difference between bacon and pork belly?
With the popularity of keto diets and new research on the impact of carbohydrates on weight and overall health, bacon and pork belly have emerged from the dark corners of foods formerly written off as entirely "bad" for you.But what is it about these particular pork options that earned them the label of "unhealthy" in the first place? Are pork belly and bacon equal in nutrition? What is the difference between the two, exactly?
How is bacon made?
Although bacon can be made from other meats, when most people think of this traditional American breakfast side dish, they think of pork. Large slabs of meat are cut from the underside of the pig, known as pork belly. The pork belly is later seasoned, smoked, and sliced to make bacon. Many producers cure the meat by adding synthetic nitrates or nitrites and also choose to add sugar. This isn't the only way to make bacon, however.
Is there such a thing as healthy bacon?
Fortunately, sugar isn't required to make good-tasting bacon either, and there are other, more natural options for preservation. Pederson's Natural Farms doesn't cure its meats, choosing instead to extend the shelf life of our products naturally, without the use of added chemicals. Not adding sugar to our products also makes them friendlier to health-conscious eaters without sacrificing that bacon flavor.
What is pork belly?
Although bacon may hail from the pork belly, the two are very different. Pork belly is not processed. Most people like to cook it slowly to melt down the fat content and create a richly flavored, tender protein.Just like the bacon trending toward not being all bad, pork belly is exploding in popularity. This forefather to bacon was once eschewed for its visibly fatty content. Now pork belly seems to be popping up on menus everywhere. But why?
Keto Whole30 Approved No Sugar Added Uncured Dry Rub Bacon
Keto Whole30 Approved No Sugar Added Uncured Dry Rub Bacon
Keto Whole30 Approved No Sugar Added Uncured Dry Rub Bacon
Can pork belly be eaten as part of a healthy diet?
Fat, once treated as the evil enemy of the health-minded individual, is being looked at differently by many in the realm of food and nutritional science. Keto and other high-fat, low-carb diets encourage increasing the amount of fat consumed and severely reducing the amount of carbohydrate-laden foods as a means of controlling weight and improving overall health.There are many ways to eat for your health, and what is suitable for one person isn't always ideal for another. There's no one right answer for everyone. And what is known today may tomorrow be old news. The good news is that there are more options now than ever.


text:
Ministry of Culture, Monuments Protection and Sport of Georgia
Property names are listed in the language in which they have been submitted by the State Party.
Vani (7th -1st centuries BC) is an ancient temple city in the Colchis Lowlands located on the western bank of the Sulori River at its confluence with the Rioni River. It is located on a hill bordered by two ravines and overlooks the plains through which the Rioni River flows. There are beguiling views of the Sulori River Valley with its surrounding hills and the Meskhetian Mountain Range in the background. Ancient Colchians chose this strategic location as the political, economic and spiritual centre of their community. The name of this ancient city is still unknown but four distinct stages of uninterrupted occupation have been identified.
The site seems to have been dominated by a local aristocracy with a socially stratified, urbanized society. The Early Hellenistic Period of the mid 4th to the mid 3rd Century BC gave rise to a more marked Greek influence. Stone structures are utilized for the first time and many elements of Greek architecture are used. There is evidence of Greek customs being imitated in their burials and Greek innovations in gold fabrication techniques are observed. However, roof tiles, pottery and coins from Sinop as well as Cappadocian influences on signet rings and other glyptic items indicate an expansion of commercial activity with other areas and coincide with the decline of Attic imports in the Black Sea trade.
The antique city of Vani is again coming to light thanks to the work of archaeologists. Temples and sacrificial altars from the period before the Birth of Christ have yielded up beautiful examples of gold and silver jewellery and coins, all of which are now on display at the Georgian National Museum in Tbilisi.
Vani is best known for the extensive archaeological excavations that have taken place there during the past 100 years. Although only a third of the site has been studied, it has produced an astonishing number of artefacts: Colchis pottery, exquisite golden jewellery unique to Colchis, imported Greek luxury items, graceful bronze sculptures and a vast array of funerary pieces. Artefacts (mainly Colchis pottery) of the first stage, 8th to early 6th Century BC, are relatively few and badly damaged. A sacrificial area was found with clay animal offerings suggesting some importance of Vani over the adjoining areas, which yielded no similar findings. The second stage, early 6th to mid 4th Century BC, reveals many changes. An abundance of artefacts are found including imported Greek painted pottery and new types of pottery for the storage or transportation of cereals, oil and honey as well as the fermentation and storage of wine. Rich burial sites with large quantities of golden jewellery, silver and bronze adornments, pottery and luxury items befitting the status of the deceased indicate that the ruling elite were buried here while poorer graves were found only in the surrounding areas.
Satements of authenticity and/or integrityThe authenticity of property is preserved in architectural forms, materials, location and other necessary attributes.
Comparison with other similar properties
In the view of State Party, it is unreasonable to apply comparative regional analysis to this property.


Product Details
2020 Niue 1 Ounce Dinosaurs - Pterodactyl Colored Antique Finish Silver Proof Coin
$120.00 CAD
The Pterodactyl and the 3rd issue in series, takes flight in this exciting Dinosaur Coin Collection struck in 1 ounce of.999 pure silver. The word 'Pterodactylus', commonly known as Pterodactyls, comes from the Greek meaning 'winged finger'. Pterodactylus had extremely long, specially adapted fourth fingers, to which its wings were attached.
The coin has been antiqued as part of the overall design aesthetic. The reverse shows a coloured and engraved image of the dragon-like, winged Pterodactyls in flight against a prehistoric background. The obverse features the Ian Rank-Broadley effigy of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and is legal tender in Niue.
The numbered Certificate of Authenticity fits neatly inside a quality coin case which is placed inside a themed outer box. This certificate confirms the limited mintage of 2,000 coins.
Triceratops backstory:
Many studies conclude that Pterodactylus was a carnivore that probably preyed upon fish as well as other small animals. Like all pterosaurs, Pterodactylus had wings formed by a skin and muscle membrane stretching from its elongated fourth finger to its hind limbs. It was supported internally by collagen fibres and externally by keratinous ridges. Pterodactylus was a small pterosaur compared to other famous genera such as Pteranodon and Quetzalcoatlus, and it also lived earlier, during the Late Jurassic period, while both Pteranodon and Quetzalcoatlus lived during the Late Cretaceous Period.
Year: 2020
Quality: Proof
Denomination: 2 Dollars
Metal Content: 1 troy oz
Purity:.999
Mintage: 2,000
Diameter: 40 mm
Manufacturer: New Zealand Mint
Mint Capsule, Presentation Box and Certificate


filmora go
Easy-to-Use Video Editing App
Download on the App Store
Get it on Google Play
Wondershare Filmora
The best game recorder for you to capture and edit popular gameplay.
 - 15-120 FPS to choose from
 - Stable game recording experience
 - GPU acceleration is available
How to Change Text Style in Discord
author avatar
Apr 07, 2021• Proven solutions
Discord is a brand name that many people have heard about, and this instant messaging and content distribution service is rapidly gaining popularity among many groups of users. A unique feature of this platform is that it facilitates community-based communication, where users who share certain interests can form their own private chats that are known as servers.
While its user interface is quite simple, Discord allows users to deploy a variety of advanced communication tools, from textual content to audio and video streams. It's natural that users want to express their thoughts creatively, so there is a lot of genuine interest in learning how to change the visual look of the messages through the use of basic text formatting. In this article, we will discuss how to change text style in Discord and provide detailed instructions for activating various options, such as using bold or italic letters or underlining a part of the text.
Let's start with the software module that makes it all possible.
Part 1: How Does Discord Text Engine Work?
Beneath the surface, Discord runs on a powerful engine called Markdown, which regulates how text is displayed on the pages visible to users. It's an application of markup language that completely depends on textual symbols as commands, making it quite simple for users who are not skilled at advanced programming to alter the look of the text.
Basically, Markdown allows you to enter a few symbols and it will interpret them as commands for changing the text style, for example bolding or underlying certain word or sentence. For highlighting blocks of text, there is a specific library named Highlight.js that allows simple text marking for stylistic emphasis.
This approach is very practical and easy to learn, so long-time users of Discord are able to change text style as they type without thinking too much about it. Really, it's all about following a couple of simple rules and knowing the most important combinations of characters (tags).
Part 2: How to Change Text Style in Discord with Markdown?
As we mentioned previously, Markdown is completely text-based and has a very simple syntax. All you need to do to apply special formatting to your text is to enter a few special characters at the right places, and the appropriate effect (bold, italic…) will appear in the chat. Keep in mind that you can easily combine the formatting styles by using multiple commands at the same time.
Here is an overview of the most important options for changing text style in Discord, and you can preview the text style in real time before sending to friends:
Change Text Style in Discord - Basic
How to Bold Text in Discord?
A simple way to use bold text style is to add two asterisks (**) at the beginning and the end of the text that you want to have this effect.
How to Italicize in Discord?
Italicized style of text will be displayed in the chat if you put one asterisk character (*) before and one more after the selected text.
How to Write Strikethrough and Make Discord Cross Out Text?
In order to get a strikethrough effect on your text, you will have to type two tilde characters (~~) on either side of the section of text that you want to change, and then you will create an appearance of a crossed-out portion of text.
How to Make Discord Underline Text?
Underline effect is also available on Discord and equally simple to activate. Just type two underscore dashes (__)at the start and the ending of the text selection to apply it.
How to Combine Text Formatting Options in Discord?
Once you mastered the basic effects and know the commands without thinking, it's time to consider more complex text transformations that combine more than one effect. In principle, Markdown lets you do this just as easily, for as long as you know all the right combinations of characters that produce the desired effect. Here are the detailed instructions for some of the most frequently utilized combos:
Underlined and Italicized text
For this elegant combination, use two underscore dashes (__) followed by one asterisk (*) before and after the selected text.
Discord Underlined and Italicized text
Underlined and Bolded text
Put two underscore dashes (__) and add two asterisk characters (**) to both sides of the selection to get those two effects together.
Discord Underlined and Bolded text
Underlined, Italicized, and Bolded text
This combination is achieved by placing two underscore marks (__) and three straight asterisks (***) at the beginning as well as the end of the text.
Discord Underlined & Italicized Bolded text
Bolded, Italicized, underlined, and crossed out text
You can combine all four style changes as well – just use two tildes (~~), two underscores (__) and three asterisks (***) on either side of your text.
Discord Underlined & Italicized Bolded crossed out text
Part 3: How to Use Code Block for Discord Text Formatting?
In addition to simple font transformations, Discord allows users to engage in advanced text formatting with incredible ease. One way to do it is to deploy code blocks, which can be activated with the backtick character ( ' ) placed on the beginning and the end of a text section. This command will highlight the chosen part of the text while preserving blank space around it for extra emphasis of your message. However, if you use three consecutive ( ' ) signs before a block of text and separate the text into several lines by pressing enter, the result will be a series of highlighted lines that form a single code block. This option is simple enough that even beginners with no programming abilities can easily learn how to use it, and it has some practical applications that savvy Discord users are very fond of.
Part 4: How to Change the Text Color in Discord Message?
It's not possible to alter the default text color from the native user interface in Discord. However, there is a simple solution to this problem that involves the scrip mentioned earlier in the article. This Javascript-based library can transform the normal text into a code block consisting of three lines, where the middle line would be your selection of text in an alternative color. This is a neat workaround that's very simple to activate using the same kind of text-based commands described above.
To execute this smart trick, you should create a simple, three-line block. In the top line, you need to put three backtick characters ("') along with a code phrase corresponding to the text color you would like to use. In the second line, you should type your entire text normally, while the bottom line should include three more backticks. You can create new lines by pressing the Shift and Enter keys at the same time.
Here is a detailed video tutorial for creating customized text in a range of different colors with all the relevant code phrases.
FAQs About Discord Text Formatting
 1. What is the default Discord font?
Discord uses the same basic font all over the entire platform, including all chats between users and in your profile info. This is Uni sans font, which is quite simple and belongs to the sans serif family of fonts that are known for good readability on almost any background.
 1. How do you get different fonts on Discord?
It's not possible to change the font directly from the Discord app, but this limitation can be circumvented if you find a good Discord font generator on the internet. Those are very easy to use, so you can simply type your text in a chosen font and copy it back into Discord already formatted.
 1. How to make a hidden text in Discord?
The creation of a hidden text message that requires direct user action to reveal is possible in Discord and requires a so-called spoiler tag. If you precede your message with the text /spoiler or type two slash bars ( //) at either side, it will be hidden from other users except for those who decide to view it and indicate their desire by clicking or tapping on it. Messages of this kind appear highlighted with gray background in the message stream on a Discord chat.
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Richard Bennett


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Kiss That World Podcast | Sustainability + Conservation + Environmentalism
Oct 30, 2018
Carter Brooks is a climate artist, philosopher, and philosopher of climate art. And how does one become a philosopher of climate art? For Carter the journey started with math, he was a whiz in high school and even wrote his own program for solitaire. He went to Yale for his undergrad and worked for several years before being struck by the immediacy and enormity of the climate crisis and went back to school for his masters. He knew this problem could not be solved in his lifetime, and after grieving reevaluated everything that he thought was important.


text:
Louis Vuitton Boston Outlet
Cut out the cone and cut slits in towards the seam between each of the scallops, as shown in Figure A. Sew a seam across the ribbon, inside the fold on each side, parallel to the sides of the doll, as in Figure C. That way, if you accidentally swerve away from the ruler when cutting, the piece under the ruler will be "safe. Louis Vuitton Boston Outlet. Sew a scam across at the bottom, holding all the layers together, as shown in Figure A. Sew together one red print triangle and one light print triangle to make a triangle-square (see Diagram 1). The slipper is of double thickness and has a fold line as indicated in the pattern; there is no difference between the left and right foot. Louis Vuitton Boston Outlet.


text:
Let S be a set with n elements. Show:
If an (n is subscript) equals the number of subsets of S then an+1 (n+1 is subscript) = 2an (n is subscript)
Use this to prove by induction that an (n is subscript) = 2^n
If S contains n+ 1 members, choose one of them and call it "a". Removing that from S leaves you with set T that has n members and so, a(n) members.
Now note that every member of S either contains "a" or it doesn't. If it doesn't, it is one of the a(n) subsets of T. If it does, then it is one of the subsets of T with "a" addedthere are still a(n) such subsets. Together there are a(n)+ a(n)= 2a(n) subsets of S.


detectMultiScale on Gpu problem with minNeighbors parameter
asked 2016-09-07 10:37:12 -0500
LucaVeggian gravatar image
Hi, for my thesis i'm trying to make a program that can detect an object and can assign to the detection object a score using the GPU. The score represents the quality of the detection.
Using the CPU version of the function detectMultiScale I created a metric for assign a score. I look the list of Rect returned by the functions and a search for those rectangle that are similar in area and position and, after, I group the rectangles into a single one who contains the detected object. This is possible if a put the parameter minNeighbors = 0, in this way detectMultiScale for CPU does not group the rectangle and so i can apply my metric. The problem is when i try to do the same thing with the GPU version of detectMultiScale, indeed if i put the parameter minNeighbors = 0 the classifier does not detect anything!! but if I put minNeighbors = 1 or greater it detect the same object of the CPU classifier version. My teacher pretends the use of GPU and I don't know why the two version of the classifier have not the same behavior. Please, can any one help me to resolve this problem?
I loaded two image that explain what i mean grouped.png ungrouped.png The ungrouped.png is the output of the classifier CPU and grouped.png image is the result of my metric, and 17 is the detection score.
PS: sorry for my english :-)
edit retag flag offensive close merge delete
so i can apply my metric. --> is there any reason why you should use your own metric and not the built-in ones. That being said, many of us are aware that the CUDA implementation of cascade classifiers is horribly corrupted. This is exactly why I tell my students to use the multithreaded CPU with TBB. That works in our case faster than the GPU-CPU data copying bottleneck.
StevenPuttemans gravatar imageStevenPuttemans ( 2016-09-08 06:06:44 -0500 )edit
the reason is that my thesis consist of two parts. The first parts is the object detector that detect and assign a score to some target. The second part is an implementation of an algorithm of orienteering that use the previous score for create a strategy to visit the target with constraints of time e maximizing the score. An important thing that I not mentioned is that i use OpenCV version 2.4.12 optimized by Nvidia on a board jetson tk1.
LucaVeggian gravatar imageLucaVeggian ( 2016-09-08 06:38:03 -0500 )edit
please, can you explain me a way for give the score to a detection using the CPU version of detectMultiscale? i'm in panic because I'm not expert in computer vision because, i'm a "system embedeed student" and if you can teach me a little bit on this problem I appreciate it! thanks!
LucaVeggian gravatar imageLucaVeggian ( 2016-09-12 05:49:08 -0500 )edit
There is an overlap function that can get you the number of neighbours per detection. It is exactly what you need!
StevenPuttemans gravatar imageStevenPuttemans ( 2016-09-12 05:59:11 -0500 )edit
is groupRectangles(vector& rectList, vector& weights, int groupThreshold, double eps=0.2)? Do you mean that in param weights are summed the weight of the groupped rectangles?
LucaVeggian gravatar imageLucaVeggian ( 2016-09-12 06:04:56 -0500 )edit
no, there is this overload function for detectMultiScale, which can be found here. Take a look at that one!
StevenPuttemans gravatar imageStevenPuttemans ( 2016-09-12 06:20:17 -0500 )edit
LucaVeggian gravatar imageLucaVeggian ( 2016-09-12 07:10:58 -0500 )edit


Source: (2007) Law and Society Review. 41(3): 619-664.
Like the new social movements, crime victim movements were part of broad cultural struggles to redefine the character of social order in the late twentieth century. Motivated by pain and outrage over criminal victimization, they were engaged in highly charged moral protests over the rights and duties of state government and the relative value of human life. This article argues that the degree to which crime victims were part of a retributive movement--the restriction of criminal offenders' rights and liberties--or part of a restorative movement to repair victims' well-being depended on the political context in which they were operating, specifically the structure of the democratic process. The case studies suggest that a context with a high degree of democratization but intensive social polarization was more likely to deepen crime victims' demands for vengeance as well as provide their legal and political expression, while a context with intensive civic engagement but well-developed social trust and norms of reciprocity wasmore likely to bring about pragmatic measures, intermixing restorative and restrictive approaches to criminal victimization. This article seeks to extend the literature on political institutionalism by integrating the structural constraints of institutions with the power of human agency. (Author's abstract)


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AuthorSmith, Geoff C. author
TitleTopics in Group Theory [electronic resource] / by Geoff C. Smith, Olga M. Tabachnikova
ImprintLondon : Springer London : Imprint: Springer, 2000
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Descript XVI, 256p. 16 illus. online resource
We very much hope that this book will be read by the interested student (and not just be parked on a shelf for occasional consultation). If you want a comprehensive reference book on Group Theory, do not buy this text. There are much better books available, some of which are mentioned below. We have a tale to tell; the absolute essentials of the theory of groups, followed by some entertainments and some more advanced material. The theory of groups is an enormous body of material which interacts with other branches of mathematics at countless frontiers. Some parts of the theory are essentially complete, but in other areas all we see are questions. People happily read novels, so why not mathematics books? When mathยญ ematics was studied by only a few people, there was less need to try to write attractively or encouragingly since the likely readership consisted of a small group of highly motivated individuals who needed little encouragement. Even so, many talented academic writers managed to write brilliantly because they knew no other way. As higher education has opened up in economically develยญ oped countries, a much more diverse collection of people is exploring advanced mathematics and science. The challenge for authors is to produce books which engage this wider community without compromising the content
1. The Elements -- 2. Structure -- 3. Action -- 4. Entertainments -- 5. Law -- 6. Presentations -- 7. Appendix A: Fields -- 8. Appendix B: Relations and Orderings -- Further Reading -- Solutions
Mathematics Algebra Group theory Mathematics Algebra Group Theory and Generalizations
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text:
Over deze norm
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the ball-pan hardness number of granular activated carbons. For the purpose of this test, granular activated carbons are those having particles 90 % of which are larger than 80 mesh (180 μm) as determined by Test Method.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
|Nederlandse titel||Standard Test Method for Ball-Pan Hardness of Activated Carbon|
|Engelse titel||Standard Test Method for Ball-Pan Hardness of Activated Carbon|


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The American Civil War: A Humanitarian Perspective
War has been around a long time. So, too, has the idea that suffering should be limited in war. For example, more than a century ago, Abraham Lincoln banned the Union Army from using torture and poison, and established rights for Confederate prisoners.
About The American Civil War: A Humanitarian Perspective
In commemoration of the sesquicentennial of the start of the American Civil War in 2011, the American Red Cross is pleased to offer these resources to help educators connect American history to humanitarian law and principles. The American Civil War: A Humanitarian Perspective is inspired by the Exploring Humanitarian Law (EHL) curriculum developed by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the Education Development Center (EDC).
The primary goal of EHL is to help students understand that even wars have limits and inspire them to perform humanitarian acts. Students learn that protecting vulnerable people in war is essential through a variety of teaching methods and key concepts such as human dignity, the role of a bystander, humanitarian acts, and moral and ethical dilemmas.
Learning about humanitarian law helps students connect lessons of the past with the issues of the present. Students will explore historical events through the lives of those who experienced the American Civil War and will participate in hands-on exercises that make for challenging and exciting class projects and discussions. The lessons will also help students develop critical thinking skills and character through understanding and embracing human dignity, humanitarian law and principles, and the importance of responsible citizenship.
These easy-to-use resources create learning opportunities for students by looking at (1) the roots of the American Red Cross through Clara Barton's tireless humanitarian work, (2) the development of key laws by President Lincoln which pre-date the first Geneva Convention of 1864, and (3) the basic principles of humanity, neutrality and impartiality, which are still fundamental to modern international humanitarian law.
The American Red Cross Civil War curriculum can be found at:
_URL_ educating-futurehumanitarians/american-civilwar
For more information on the Exploring Humanitarian Law curriculum and to access free lessons, visit _URL_
To access free lessons and resources for teachers and students: The American Civil War: A Humanitarian Perspective, visit _URL_ educating-futurehumanitarians/american-civilwar
- Grade Levels:
- Fifth Grade-Twelfth Grade
- Civil War, History, Law, Military and Wartime History, Philanthropy/Humanitarianism, Public Policy
- National/State Standards:
- The EHL curriculum, including the Civil War units, has been aligned with national and state standards for social studies, English language arts, and common core.


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After war, the number of pure blood devil number decreased and almost went extinct except for 3 clan who did survive. So they are taking humans to increase their numbers in the form of chess pieces. I have only watched the anime and information about Raiser Phoenix's chess pieces was very little. However, it was mentioned that his own sister Ravel Phoenix was a bishop who was revived as demon. What does it mean - isn't she a demon already?
Does that mean Rias Gremory is also servant of higher rank devil, or every pure blood devil are king and they choose their chess pieces/servant except Ravel Phoenix's case where she died and revived as demon as other piece of chess?
And to be chosen as a chess piece, must the person die or not, since the word revived is used. What are the conditions for someone to be chosen the servant? Can it be anyone?


Fruits, Vegetables and Bones
G. Douglas Andersen, DC, DACBSP, CCN
Volume 17, number 19, 9/6/99, page 46
How diets rich in fruits and vegetables affect bone mineral density.
It is no secret that consumption of fruits and vegetables is very beneficial to humans. Earlier this year, I wrote about a large Italian epidemiological study1 that found lower rates of angina, arthritis, asthma, bronchitis, cirrhosis, gallstones, heart attack, kidney stones and peptic ulcers in men and women who ate the most fruits and vegetables.2 It has also been recognized for many years that vegetarians have a lower incidence of osteoporosis.3
Recently, researchers from Tufts University analyzed surviving participants of the famous Framingham heart study.4 They wanted to know what effect the consumption of fruits, vegetables and certain minerals had on bone mineral density (BMD). Measurements of BMD were taken from three sites on the hip and one area on the forearm. Dietary histories were analyzed for the amounts of potassium, magnesium, fruits and vegetables that were consumed. The researchers' findings were as follows:
- Higher potassium intake was associated with increased BMD in 4/4 areas in men and 3/4 areas in women.
- Higher magnesium intake showed an increased BMD in 2/4 areas in men and 2/4 areas in women.
- Higher fruit and vegetable intake was associated with greater BMD in 3/4 areas in men and 2/4 areas in women.
In 1997, a study was published which found that premenopausal women who ate more fruits and vegetables had greater BMD in the spine and trochanter.5
It is my guess that the association researchers have noticed between consumption of fruits and vegetables and bone mineral density will probably be explained in one or more of the following ways:
Diets with alkaline residues influence the body's pH balance by buffering acidity normally associated with digestion and exacerbated by high consumption of animal muscle and grains. By creating a more alkaline environment, less calcium is released from bones to buffer (neutralize) acid buildup.
Vitamin K is plentiful in most fruits and vegetables and is a critical substance for activating osteocalcin (a bone protein), which in turn is an essential component to bind calcium molecules to bone protein matrix. Low vitamin K levels correlate with demineralized bone, which is more susceptible to fracture and osteoporosis.
Other lifestyle factors may have a correlation. In my practice, people who eat greater amounts of fruits and vegetables also tend to consume less alcohol, tobacco, caffeine and soft drinks, all of which have been shown to negatively affect bone mineral density.6,7 I have also noticed that patients who consume more fruits and vegetables tend to exercise at greater levels, which is arguably the best single intervention to increase the strength of the skeleton.8
These studies are quite intriguing, but the findings are preliminary. It appears lifetime consumption of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables is beneficial to the human skeleton. We cannot say that fruits and vegetables will have the same effect treating demineralized bone that exercise, calcium and vitamin D have. We can say that all of the observed benefits of a plant-based diet come from people who ate whole foods.2,4,5 There is no evidence that substituting salads and smoothies with fruit and vegetable pills will have the same effects.
1. Andersen GD. Phytobites: quick facts on phytochemicals. Dynamic Chiropractic March 22, 1999;17(7):17.
2. Lavecchia C, et al. Vegetable consumption and the risk of chronic disease. Epidemiology March 1998;9(2):208-210.
3. Ellis F, et al. Incidence of osteoporosis in vegetarians and omnivores. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1972;25:55-58.
4. Tucker KL, et al. Potassium, magnesium, and fruit and vegetable intakes are associated with greater bone mineral density in elderly men and women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;69:727-736.
5. New SA, et al. Nutritional influences on bone mineral density: a cross-sectional study in premenopausal women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997;65:_PHONE_.
6. Aloia J, et al. Risk factors for postmenopausal osteoporosis. American Journal of Medicine 1985;78:95-100.
7. Murray M. Osteoporosis prevention and treatment beyond calcium. Natural Medicine Journal 1999;2(5):5-13.
8. Ernst E. Exercise for female osteoporosis: a systemic review of randomized clinical trials. Sports Medicine 1998;25:359-368.
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Exports Overview
Data Exports provide administrators with a tool to extract data from the system. It is a tool that exports data, it is not a report building tool, formatting for the overall report, headers, etc, are not included with the functionality. This tool is also used to create carrier files in the requested format, either HIPAA 834 or proprietary layout.
Data Exports allow administrators to quickly get data into an Excel spreadsheet, then Excel functionality can be used to format the data as desired. Data Exports can be grouped into Categories, which can help keep similar exports together, keep important exports separated (which helps reduce the risk of accidental changes or deletion), and keep test exports separated from production exports. Categories can easily be created by the administrator and exports can easily be assigned to categories, including changing the assigned category.
There are also some pre-configured exports, which provide the administrator a starting point with a single click of the mouse. These are called Quick Excel Exports. There are examples provided in the Appendices at the end of this document.
**Users that have access to the Enterprise Portal are able to copy exports across accounts reducing the need to re-build the same export in a different account.**
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Tag Archives: Certiorari
Ad Fontes: "Last Game of the Year, Brent, Can't Hold Anything Back Now," Part I–Orders
[Ad Fontes was an early Renaissance and Reformation credo. Literally meaning "to the fountains," the phrase embodied these movements' emphasis on studying the original, primary sources in religious, philosophical, and scientific pursuits. This same commitment animates our efforts to follow our state and federal judiciaries' decisionmaking in key cases being decided therein, given how these […]


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Nowadays adopting a healthy lifestyle has become a common trend, especially among youngsters. They are in fact trying really hard to spend enough time to take care of their health in between their tight job schedules. And that is one of the reasons why health and fitness apps are taking a key role in today's society. It helps them to keep an eye on their health despite whatever busy things come in their life.
Considering the increase in demands, many enthusiasts are developing novel health and fitness app with improvisations. Here are a few among the key features to be included when you develop such a comprehensive app to maintain health and fitness.
1. Simple user interface:
The user interface should be simple enough for even a new user with limited technical knowledge to use. A user should find it really simple to explore the possibilities of the app without any hassle. The sections within the app should be neatly categorized and navigation needs to be made simple. The interface has to be good enough to engage the users and welcoming them to use it freely.
2. Personal information account:
The app needs options to set up personal information such as name, age, gender, weight, height, areas of interests and more. This would be really helpful when setting up customized health and workout plans for the user. Also there should be provision to retrieve the information in case they change their devices in future.
3. Login account:
You can set up an option for login account to welcome user to be a part of the app community. The option can be set as either login through mobile number or email id or both. An option for setting a password to enter the app helps them to keep the app data private. To make the login simple, options can be set such as to join through social media platforms such as Facebook where the user might already have an account.
4. Steps tracking:
The most basic activity of a wellness program is to go for walking. And that is why 'steps tracking' is one of the key features included in many health apps. The app gives you a target of number of steps to be walked everyday which depends on your other activities too. It then tracks the number of steps you cover each day and revise you the targets and keeps you motivated.
5. Customized diet plans:
After taking into account your height and ideal weight, the app calculates the calories you can eat every day. After having a check on your eating interests such as vegetarian or non vegetarian, the app suggests a customized diet plan that works the best for you. Make sure that the feature calculates the ideal calories and make necessary changes in the diet plan for each day and include varieties to avoid boredom.
6. Workout programs:
The app can include present workout programs and also customized plans according to the user's interest. An ideal logical workout plan that is feasible need to be included to help them reach their ideal weight and be healthy. Consider including muscle building exercises if the person is a body building freak.
7. Track daily activity:
It is not just the actual exercise time that counts but every small activity matters at the end of the day. Include a feature to track the daily activity such as walking, running, bathing, washing, cooking, playing, driving and more. A sensor to track the heart rate or pulse rate can do the trick to track even the minute activities.
8. Calories tracker:
A balance of the calories intake and the calories you burn everyday matters when you are looking to reach your ideal body weight. A calories tracker feature can help you know the calories you are taking with particular foods every day and how much you burn it with each activity. Knowing this helps you to make necessary changes in your eating and activity schedule to balance the calories.
9. Barcode scanner:
The basic feature of the app to count calories work with the help of pre stored data such as 'x' calories for a loaf of bread, 'x' calories for a scoop of ice cream and so on. But there can be complex food items the user gets from super market that may not be in the pre-list. Then a bar code scanner can help to track the calories from the food packet. However, the food logging feature should be made very simple to help them enter any of their eatables with the support of a good data base.
10. Activity reminders:
In order to maintain an active schedule, you can set the activities to be done on different times of the day. The activity reminder feature helps you with alerts to do certain activities in case you miss any of them. Similarly, a basic feature can be included to know if the person is idle or in some activity. The app can alert to move if the person is idle for a longer time. However, make sure that it is not annoying for the users and give them the permission to set it on their interest.
11. Geo-location integration:
This feature helps user to link his activity to the location where he was in. This is good to track the position, build walking routes or even record workouts. Such real time data with map integration makes the overall stuff interesting and this motivates users to use the app regularly.
12. Targets and achievements:
If users are looking to lose some pounds of the excess body weight, such features can really work wonders. The users can be allowed to set targets for each day or week and track his goals. You can give reward points for the targets achieved which keeps them motivated. You can also add options to do a comparison of their statistics over a period to help them know how they are progressing.
13. Live streaming:
In addition to the present workouts and diet plans, an advanced live streaming feature can help users to communicate with workout experts or nutritionists to learn more from them. A live guidance from a trainer can really motivate the person and help them to improve their diet and workout programs.
Adding this feature can invite a lot of fun to the workout and diet programs. Healthy competitions can be arranged among the app members where they get points or rewards for the tasks completed. If you are planning a big budget venture, you can even arrange annual programs where you can give prizes to the winners of the contests. This is also another way to work for a cause or charity by raising funds.
15. Flexible settings:
The settings need to be comprehensive that includes all the possibilities of such an app. It should be convenient and flexible enough for the user to easily navigate through it and explore it. You can include options to help users to customize the app to meet their requirements and make it a comfortable space for them.
16. Integrate Wearables:
You can allow your app to easily integrate with other wearables to make the usage more convenient for the app users. To help with the storage of additional data, an option can be set to link with Apple or Google kits. Also set option to link the app to watches or similar gadgets to make the whole stuff interesting for the users.
17. Linking Services:
You can add a feature to link the application to other services such as social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter. Users can share the experience with the app with their friends and followers and at the same time your app gets more popular among the public. Similarly, the feature can be set to connect with other health care applications to help users to make a collaborative effort on their health and fitness from a single place.
These are just a few among the many features that you can include in a health and fitness app. If you are planning to develop an app for a particular society, then you may go for polls or campaigns to learn about their actual areas of interest and what they are actually expecting out of a health app. Or you may develop a basic app and let the people experience it and come out with feedbacks. You can have a detailed study about the relevant feedbacks and make additions in the future updates. After all, a healthy society is an asset of the nation and it can really impact the way the next generations grow up.


Coord += 10 # 10 pixels will go in between each line of text.
407. instRect.top = topCoord
408. instRect.centerx = HALF_WINWIDTH
409. topCoord += instRect.height # Adjust for the height of the line.
410. DISPLAYSURF.blit(instSurf, instRect)
Line 400 is where the title image is blitted to the display Surface object. The for loop starting on line 403 will render, position, and blit each instructional string in the instructionText loop. The topCoord variable will always be incremented by the size of the previously rendered text (line 409) and 10 additional pixels (on line 406, so that there will be a 10 pixel gap between the lines of text).
412. while True: # Main loop for the start screen.
413. for event in pygame.event.get():
414. if event.type == QUIT:
415. terminate()
416. elif event.type == KEYDOWN:
417. if event.key == K_ESCAPE:
418. terminate()
419. return # user has pressed a key, so return.
421. # Display the DISPLAYSURF contents to the actual screen.
422. pygame.display.update()
423. FPSCLOCK.tick()
There is a game loop in startScreen() that begins on line 412 and handles events that indicate if the program should terminate or return from the startScreen() function. Until the player does either, the loop will keep calling pygame.display.update() and FPSCLOCK.tick() to keep the start screen displayed on the screen.
Константин Шилов
Константин Шилов
Павел Лафицкий
Павел Лафицкий


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BEING hit on the head by a stray golf ball can cause epilepsy. Paul Eldridge and his colleagues from the Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery in Liverpool describe four cases of young people struck by golf balls, who had epileptic fits up to five years later (
Golf balls travel at up to 210 kilometres per hour, and can transmit enough energy across the skull to damage the brain severely. "Even if you are not knocked out, the injury can be sufficiently severe to cause epilepsy," says Eldridge.
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.


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The Bentonite Modification, characterization and Application
|School||Shaanxi Normal University|
|Course||Physical and chemical|
|Keywords||adsorption oxidative degradation inorganic-organic modifiedbentonite methyl orange dye wastewater phenol wastewater|
All the time, water pollution is a global problem which was focused on by the public. And with the rapid development of society and the improvement of the level of industrialization, dyeing and printing industry is also developing rapidly. The water pollution caused by dye is immensely. There are a wide variety of modern dyes and most of them have resistibility to long-term exposure to sunlight, water, and other atrocious conditions. Azo dyes are one of the important classes of commercial synthetic dyes. And because of their solubility, low cost, stability and color variety, they are widely used in a number of industries. Azo dyes are well known carcinogenic organic substances. Once they enter the body, reductive enzymes in the liver can catalyze the reductive cleavage of the azo linkage to produce aromatic amines and can lead to intestinal cancer. In this thesis, the aqueous solution of methyl orange was selected as the simulated dye wastewater, its treatment by the inorganic-organic modified bentonite synthesized by immersion and solid phase grinding method, were investigated, and the catalyst synthesized by the latter method was also applied to the degradation process of phenol wastewater.In the first part, the characteristics and properties of dyes were introduced, the harm of dye wastewater, the status and methods of dye wastewater treatment were reviewed in detail, in special, the application of bentonite were emphasized. Finally, the purpose, content and innovation of this research were presented.In the second part, the preparation of Al/CTAB-bent and the application of response surface method were introduced, more than99%methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) can be removed by Al/CTAB-bent.In the third part, the effect of various factors on MO adsorption with Al/CTAB-bent were discussed, and the optimal conditions were obtained:contact time30min, adsorbent dosage0.5g, initial pH≥3, reaction temperature293K, MO initial concentration100mg L-1, the result showed that the decolorization of MO was above99%. The data agree well with the second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. And the adsorption thermodynamics indicate that the adsorption of MO onto Al/CTAB-bent is spontaneous and exothermic.In the fourth part, KMnO4/CTAB-bent by solid phase grinding method were prepared and used in treatment of MO dye wastewater. The synthetic factors were studied, and a mixture of bentonite, KMnO4and CTAB in a100:60:17mass ratio were obtained and the best performance was shown at activation time2h and383K. The results showed that at low pH, the oxidation dominated during the process, while adsorption became stronger with the increasing of pH; and higher temperature decreased the adsorption process. The data of MO adsorption agree well with the pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model. And the adsorption thermodynamics indicate that the adsorption of MO onto KMnO4/CTAB-bent is spontaneous and exothermic. KMnO4/CTAB-bent was demonstrated to have good stability and reusability for MO removal from wastewater.In the fifth part, KMnO4/CTAB-bent was applied in phenol degradation. It was found that the activation temperature has effect on the performance of catalyst and the best activation temperature was383K. The results show that pH is an important factor which influences the degradation process of phenol in the presence of KMnO4/CTAB-bent, when pH=2, the oxidation dominated all reaction, while adsorption became stronger with the increasing of pH; and higher temperature decreased the adsorption process. The stability of KMnO4/CTAB-bent needs to be improved for phenol degradation.