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What is Motivation? For me, motivation is a fancy word which is used when people need will-power to stick to a good plan. When people act according to their ideas, other's called them motivated. Just to make it clearer let's proceed with an example.
According to Creator's lifestyle, the use of electronic devices having a screen (Mobile, TV, and Laptop) must be restricted between 9:00 a.m. to 06:00 p.m. It is an excellent plan if we take into consideration the fact that when we get tired, we mindlessly surf on these devices which used to manipulate us and sometimes feed us with wrong information. Just try to remember how the content of these devices are filled with violence, hate, and sarcasm. According to Creator's Lifestyle, when we are active, we can distinguish between right or wrong and good or bad but as we grow tired the boundaries start getting blur. Only audio-video devices are targeted in the Creator's Lifestyle because these are better manipulation devices compare to other. Audio-Video is the one-way communication devices using most sense organs (Eye as well as ear with almost no use of brain).
Once you are convinced that using audio-visual devices between 09:00 am to 06:00 pm is a good plan, the word motivation comes into play. Now you need a push to stick to it, and this push is called motivation, and if you are able to stick to the plan, then you are considered to be motivated. The drive that we are calling motivation can be external as well as internal, and it's work best when we have both.
This article is about how to stay motivated, and if you are reading this article and want to stay motivated, then you surely have some goals to achieve. To achieve the goal we need motivation (Push). We already know that there are two types of motivation, one is internal and the other one is external. Let's start with internal one first, and it will be easier to explain it with an example.
If your goal is to use audio-visual devices between 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. and you want motivation to follow it then always remember the "why".
Q: Why I should restrict audio-visual between 9 – 6?
A: Restricting audio-visual devices between 9 – 6 will make me more creative and productive.
Q: Why I should use audio-visual device between 9 – 6?
A: Using audio–visual devices will make me more productive and assist my growth because it is more entertaining and productive and thus a more significant portion of the population is using it.
Q: If audio-visual devices are more productive then why not use it all the time?
A: Too much of anything is poison. It will kill creativity and hinder growth. Besides, it is also used by other people, and sometimes their work can distract us.
I hope you understand how internal motivation works. Once we find our internal motivation, we will eventually find our external motivation. Everything that facilitates us to follow the plan is external motivation. For instance, consider a house with four floors, and you live there. The first floor is for guest and entertainment, the second one is your office, the third one have a gym and kitchen, and fourth is your bedroom along with good books collection. Now answer honestly that what are the chances that you will do exercise, eat healthy, and read something before sleeping every day. We can consider these types of structure as an external motivator. This also explains why rich people are more motivated than poor people. Rich people are more capable of surrounding themselves with external motivators. Thus, Be Prosperous, Be Rich.
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text: Although cognitive screening test scores change with advanced age, the significance of these changes (particularly decline in score) needs to be defined in terms of general health and neuropsychological functioning. Such analysis was undertaken in a subgroup of 287 healthy older men (mean age at baseline = 70.7 years) from the Western Collaborative Group Study, an ongoing cardiovascular and aging research project. Time from baseline to follow-up study averaged 6.0 years (SD = 0.5 years). Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores indicated that 15% of participants declined by three or more points (a 1+ standard deviation change among all change scores), 5% of participants improved by three or more points, and 80% of the sample remained within two points of their initial score. In health terms, decliners were significantly older, less active at follow-up, rated their health more poorly, and reported more depressive symptoms than non-decliners. Decliners also performed more poorly on several neuropsychological tests administered at follow-up. Results suggest that a decline of three or more points on the MMSE in community-dwelling, older persons without acute illness may signify important changes in health and cognition.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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aman (Strong's H539) and batach (Strong's H982) are both used in the OT to imply some level of trust in God.
And he believed (aman:H539) in the LORD; and he counted it to him for righteousness. (Genesis 15:6)
He trusted (batach:H982) in the LORD God of Israel; so that after him was none like him among all the kings of Judah, nor [any] that were before him. (2 Kings 18:5)
What do we learn from their different usages? Does it imply that believing in God is different than trusting in God? Which one is closer to the NT concept of faith?
share|improve this question
+1: I don't know enough about Hebrew to answer this question, but I'd probably start by seeing how LXX translated those words into Greek. – Jon Ericson Nov 8 '11 at 0:02
1 Answer 1
up vote 5 down vote accepted
What does aman mean when it doesn't mean "faith/belief"?
But Moses' hands were heavy; and they took a stone and put it under him, and he sat thereon. And Aaron and Hur held up his hands, the one on the one side and the other on the other side; and his hands were steady (emunah, אמונה) until the going down of the sun.
-Exodus 17:12, KJV
The root used here is aman. In general, the word aman means to make something steady by literally securing it in a physical sense.
What does batach mean when it doesn't mean "faith/belief"?
When batach is used as an adjective it means physical security and protection from attack:
Then the five men departed, and came to Laish, and saw the people that [were] therein, how they dwelt careless, after the manner of the Zidonians, quiet and secure (la'vetach, לבטח); and [there was] no magistrate in the land, that might put [them] to shame in [any] thing; and they [were] far from the Zidonians, and had no business with [any] man.
-Judges 18:7, KJV
When batach is used as a verb, a person is actively boteach in something else. In this case the root word batach means to have faith that the something else will provide physical security from attack:
And he shall besiege thee in all thy gates until thy high and fortified walls come down wherein thou trusted, (boteach בטח) throughout all thy land; and he shall besiege thee in all thy gates throughout all thy land which the LORD thy God hath given thee.
-Deut. 28:52, KJV
-Judges 9:26
The dual nature of "faith/belief"
Aman and batach are both used in the Bible to mean "faith/belief," but the "faith/belief" which derives from the word aman is different from the "faith/belief" which derives from the word batach.
There are two participants in the act of belief – the believer and the precept or idea or being or concept which is believed in. The act of belief can be characterized by how it affects the precept which is being believed in and by how it affects the agent who is doing the believing.
If I choose to be ma'amin (from the root word aman) in the Pythagorean theorem or in God, I am privately casting a vote of confidence in that precept and defining myself among a community of people who support and uphold that notion. In saying I am boteach (from the root batach) in God, I convey that I am afforded security in that belief. (It wouldn't make sense for me to say I am boteach in the Pythagorean theorem.)
Clarification about the meaning of batach (in response to JonEricson's question):
share|improve this answer
If your life depended on knowing the relationship of the length the hypotenuse to the sides of a right triangle (because of the structural integrity of the platform you are standing on or some such), might you have boteach in the Pythagorean theorem? (I think I understand, but I want to verify.) – Jon Ericson Nov 8 '11 at 18:08
_USER_, not really. I explain why in the "clarification" section I added. – Amichai Nov 8 '11 at 18:36
Thank you for helping me understand. – Jon Ericson Nov 8 '11 at 18:40
Your Answer


Group texting failures and how to fix them
It can be frustrating when not everyone receives your group text. It can be even more annoying when you receive 20 individual text responses from a single message you blasted to a group. There are reasons behind the madness. - photo by Amy Iverson
You agree to coach your kids soccer team and excitedly send out that first group text to all the parents. First off, half of them never get it. Secondly, you start receiving a ton of separate responses. And why wont it let you add certain phone numbers? Welcome to the stupefying world of group texting.
Why does it have to be so complicated?
When you send a group text, depending on your settings, your phone will decide how that message is delivered.
From an iPhone, there are three options.
iMessage can send texts to other iOS devices using iMessage. The texts are always encrypted, are sent through Apple instead of your carrier if possible, and appear in blue text bubbles. Everyone in the group text will be able to receive photos, videos, audio messages and any included special effects. Using this method allows anyone in the group text to share their location. All responses will be in one beautiful, continual thread. With this method, you will be able to add or remove people at any time.
MMS stands for multimedia messaging service. Your phone may pick this method when not everyone is using iMessage. Messages are sent through your carrier and will appear in green text bubbles. These texts are not encrypted, but everyone with proper phone capability will be able to see photos and videos. Responses on this will also be in one thread. You will not be able to later add or delete people with this type of group text.
SMS or Short Message Service may be the method of delivery when some people in the group text are not using iOS devices. Again, the messages are not encrypted, go through your carrier and will appear as green text bubbles. Recipients will not be able to see photos, videos or any effects added to the message. These are the annoying group texts where every single response shows up as a separate text on your phone. That means, other people in the group text never see those responses. You are not able to add or delete people.
For Android users, there is no universal way phones send group texts. Many Android users want to be able to customize their phones and may be thrilled there isnt a standardized group text method.
If you want the group text and all responses to appear in one thread, enable MMS/group texts, but note this will use data. Create a group, and if its a collection of people to whom you regularly send group texts, name it. That group will appear as a contact and is editable. That way, you are able to easily add or remove people from this group next time you want to send a group message.
With all group texting, no matter if you are an Android or iOS user, carriers sometimes impose limits on the number of people who can be part of a group text.
When group texts seem to multiply upon themselves and grow unmanageable, you can always leave the conversation, but everyone will get a notification that youve left and may get snippy. Plus, some people feel guilty if they ditch a group thread. With iOS, you can instead turn on the Do Not Disturb feature for that particularly bothersome group text. That will simply mute the conversation, so your phone quits buzzing every few seconds when someone adds a thumbs-up emoji to the thread.
Android users generally have a similar option. For people using Google Messenger, for instance, tap the three dots in the upper-right corner. Then choose People & options, and turn off Notifications for that group text.
Finally, if you don't want to deal with any of this, there are some great group messaging apps. These options will do away with any Android/iOS group text problems you may have.
The one Ive been using is GroupMe: Free for Android & iOS. It has an easy setup, and offers location sharing and custom emojis. The app also just added an RSVP, so you can schedule that extra soccer practice and see exactly who will be there and ready to go in their shin guards and cleats.
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The Nun Quiz
Quiz yourself on the many roles nuns have played in U.S. society from Hollywood to the Civil War.
Catholic Channel - SilasPartners.com -
Catholic nuns have served in an almost infinite variety of waysand have had an undeniable impact on the formation of worldwide, and U.S. culture. Take this light-hearted quiz, and find out just how much you know about these "sisters," who have been "serving Christ by serving others" for some 1,500 years.
Women Religious have played a key role in the Church and in society for centuries. How much do you know about the nuns of history and of Hollywood? Begin with No. 1, and then just follow the directions.
1. Its easy to understand why women Religious are called sisters, but whats the origin of nun?
a) It comes from the 14th letter of the Hebrew alphabet. (Go to 27.)
b) It was a way of greeting an old woman. (Head for 40.)
2. The traditional progression in an order was postulancy, novitiate, simple (or temporary) vows, and solemn (or permanent) vows. A postulant or novice has not made vows, and may easily leave at any time. Now move to 17.
3. Lets make the last questions another first. In 17th-century France, St. Vincent de Paul and St. Louise de Marillac began the first society of sisters to live outside a convent or cloister. What group did they found?
a) The Visitation Sisters. (Go to 41.)
b) The Daughters of Charity. (Move to 11.)
4. Both! It was Lincoln who called them veritable angels of mercy. Now head for 36.
5. St. Benedict (c.480-547) is called the founder of monasticism in Western Europe. His sister is regarded as the first nun of the Benedictine Order. Whats this saints name?
a) Monica. (Go to 35.)
b) Scholastica. (Move to 37.)
6. About how many sisters were there in the United States in 1997?
a) Around 112,000. (Head for 16.)
b) Around 87,000. (Go to 26.)
7. No, although it was reported that Andrews really wanted another role awarded to Hepburn: Eliza Doolittle in the film My Fair Lady. Return to 34.
8. What was the first American order?
a) The Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph, begun by St. Elizabeth Ann Seton. (Head for 15.)
b) The Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart, founded by St. Frances Xavier Cabrini. (Go to 33.)
9. As the number of women Religious in the United States continued to decline and their average age continued to grow, the American bishops began a nationwide collection for aging Religious sisters, priests, and brothers. When did they do that?
a) In 1988. (Head for 14.)
b) In 1996. (Go to 32.)
10. And the critics werent kind. Now head for 31.
11. Yes. The Sisters of Charity were not under the then standard requirement of enclosure. Now head for 43.
12. During the Civil War, nursing sisters became known for their care of wounded and dying soldiers. What prominent leader praised their selfless compassion?
a) Jefferson Davis. (Go to 4.)
b) Abraham Lincoln. (Move to 21.)
13. Yes, although the figures come from different years. Statistical Yearbook of the Church, 1995, the latest edition, says there were some 834,000 sisters. Europe had the most (almost half), followed by North America, Asia, South America, Africa, and Oceania. Now head for 24.
14. Yes. (In a recent collection, Catholics donated more than $26 million.) Now move to 12.
15. Thats right. Mother Seton began the order in 1808 in Emmitsburg, Maryland. Now move to your last question, 3.
16. Not in recent years. Return to 6.
17. Feeling pretty confident that you know all the nun movies? Lets try one that wasnt such a commercial success. Change of Habit released in 1970, paired what duo?
a) Elvis Presley and Mary Tyler Moore. (Go to 10.)
b) Clint Eastwood and Shirley McLaine. (Move to 39.)
18. The percentage isnt that small. Return to 24.
19. No. Return to 30.
20. No, Debbie Reynolds starred in the 1966 movie The Singing Nun. It was loosely based on the true story of a French sister who startled the public by strumming a guitar while crooning her hit song Dominique. Return to 31.
21. Both! It was Lincoln who called them veritable angels of mercy. Now head for 36.
22. Yes. The film was released in 1959. Now go to 30.
23. Right. And thats enough questions about pretend sisters. Now go to 6.
24. At one time, a large percentage of sisters in the United States taught in Catholic schools. About how many do now?
a) One in 50 sisters. (Move to 18.)
b) One in eight sisters. (Head for 29.)
25. Ursuline Sisters began serving in Louisiana in 1727, but its not a contemplative order. (They had founded a house in Quebec in 1634!) Return to 36.
26. Yes. The higher figure was the number 10 years earlier. Now move to 38.
27. You know your Hebrew! Nunpronounced noonis a Hebrew letter. But that isnt where we get the term for sisters. Return to 1.
28. Yes, in 1790 at Fort Tobacco, Maryland. There were three American-born Carmelites who had been trained in an English convent in Belgium. Now go to 8.
29. Correct. About 11,000 are teachers. (Of the 161,000 teachers in Catholic schools in the United States, 147,000 are laypersons.) Now, go to 9.
30. Well stay in Tinsel Town a little longer. In the 1965 blockbuster The Sound of Music, Julie Andrews played a character who leaves the convent, becomes a governess, and gets married. How was that done so easily if nuns are under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience?
a) She never took those vows. (Head for 2.)
b) She was released from her vows. (Go to 19.)
31. Just one more entertainment question: Actress Sally Field played a sister in a television series known as:
a) The Singing Nun. (Move to 20.)
b) The Flying Nun. (Head for 23.)
32. Sorry. Return to 9.
33. No. Mother Cabrini, who became a U.S. citizen, began the Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart in 1877 in her native Italy. Return to 8.
34. Lets jump from the sixth century to the 20th, and move from history to Hollywood. Who starred in the movie The Nun Story?
a) Julie Andrews. (Move to 7.)
b) Audrey Hepburn (Head for 22.)
35. No. St. Monica (332-387) was the mother of St. Augustine. Return to 5.
36. Lets go back even further. What was the first contemplative order of sisters to establish a convent in what was to become the United States?
a) The Ursulines. (Move to 25.)
b) The Carmelites. (Head for 28.)
37. Thats right. Now head for 34.
38. Worldwide, how many sisters are there?
a) About 10 times as many as in the United States. (Go to 13.)
b) About three times as many as in the United States. (Move to 42.)
39. Right year, wrong movie. That was Two Mules for Sister Sarah. Shirley McLaines character only pretended to be a nun. Return to 17.
40. Nonna was a respectful greeting in medieval Latin. It was the feminine form of a nonnusold man. Now head for 5.
41. Right era, right country, but no, that would be St. Jane de Chantal under the guidance of St. Francis de Sales. Return to 3.
42. No, there are more than three times as many in Europe alone. Return to 38.
43. Lets end with a quote from St. Vincent de Paul, describing the life these sisters were to lead. Your convent will be the house of the sick; your cell, a rented room; your chapel, the parish church; your cloister, the streets of the city or the wards of the hospital; your enclosure, obedience; your grille, the fear of God; your veil, holy modesty.
While each religious order has its own particular charism, and each sister finds her own particular ministry within it, in many ways the life of a nun has remained unchanged in some 1,500 years: Grounded in prayer, it is serving Christ by serving others.
Copyright © 2000 Bill Dodds

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
which yields a FWHM of 18.3 × 17.8 nm. The respective FWHMs of the reconstruction are close to the values determined earlier for the same 2DWG, but with a different experimental set-up and at higher photon energy, reported by Krüger et al. (2010). The integrated photon flux exiting the 2DWG-1 was maximum at 2.0 × 107 photons s−1.
Higher photon flux exiting a 2DWG can be reached by choosing a shorter waveguide length (adapted to the photon energy). We have performed the same measurements with a second crossed waveguide system, denoted as 2DWG-2, having a combined thickness of only l = 490 µm (WG1-2 vertically placed: l1 = 270 µm; WG2-2 horizontally placed: l2 = 220 µm) at E = 13.8 keV. Fig. 9(d) shows the measured far-field pattern of the 2DWG-2. The far-field pattern indicates similar characteristics as 2DWG-1. A maximum photon flux of 1.0 × 108 photons s−1 exiting the 2DWG-2 was measured. In analogy to the reconstruction presented in Fig. 9(b), the near-field reconstruction shown in Fig. 9(e) exhibits a high beam confinement in the effective confocal plane of the 2DWG-2. Line scans with corresponding Gaussian fits yield a FWHM of 10.7 nm and 11.4 nm in the horizontal and vertical direction, respectively.
Waveguides can be used as illumination source for propagation imaging in projection geometry, as demonstrated here for a test sample placed at a distance z1 = 2.0 mm from the 2DWG-1 (E = 15 keV). The hologram is recorded at a distance z2 = 5.29 m from the sample using a single-photon-counting pixel detector (Pilatus, Dectris). Fig. 10(a) shows schematically the experimental set-up used at the P10 beamline (nano-focus endstation operated by University of Göttingen) for imaging of weakly scattering samples. The sample stage is equipped with a group of xyz piezos (Physik Instrumente) on top of an air-bearing rotation (Micos). Additional xyz stages (Micos) below the rotation allow for distance variations of the sample to the WG. The distance between WG and sample is further controlled by two on-axis optical microscopes, one in front of the WG and one behind the sample.
Fig. 10(c) shows the holographic phase reconstruction of a Siemens star test pattern (NTT-AT, Japan; model ATN/XRESCO-50HC), recorded at the P10 beamline using the Pilatus pixel detector (Dectris). A mesh of 7 × 6 scan points was recorded with the sample shifted in the xy-plane (exposure time 10 s each), i.e. a total number of 42 holograms.
Each hologram was reconstructed individually, and the resulting reconstructions were then stitched together. For holographic reconstruction the projection geometry used here was mapped onto parallel-beam propagation by a variable transformation based on the Fresnel scaling theorem. Given the distance z1 between the WG and the sample, parallel-beam reconstruction by Fresnel backpropagation of the recorded intensity can be applied using the effective defocus zeff = z1z2/(z1+z2) = 2.0 mm. At the same time the hologram is magnified corresponding to the geometrical projection by a factor of M = (z1+z2)/z1 = 2646. Accordingly, given the 172 µm pixel size, the effective (de-magnified) pixel size in the sample plane is 65 nm. Corresponding to this sampling, the sector ring down to 100 nm lines and spaces is represented, but not the innermost sector ring down to the 50 nm lines and spacings. Holographic reconstruction is a robust one-step reconstruction scheme and the reconstruction is unique. However, the reconstructed phase distribution is adulterated by the so-called twin-image leading to artifacts, i.e. the reconstructed phase values are not quantitatively correct. For the present object and photon energy, a phase difference of 0.46 rad between the void areas and the Ta structure of the test pattern is expected. A pixel detector with smaller pixel size would thus improve the resolution at constant field of view, or allow for a larger field of view (as controlled by defocus distance) for constant resolution.
As another example, Fig. 10(d) shows an image (reconstructed phases), recorded at the ID22-NI undulator beamline of ESRF, using the same waveguide and test pattern, but in this case a pixel detector with 55 µm pixel size (Maxipix). The experimental set-up is described in detail by Krüger et al. (2010). At a defocus distance of z1 = 7 mm, the effective pixel size in the sample plane is 124.6 nm. Unfortunately, smaller z1 values were prohibited at this set-up by bulky positioning stages and sample mounts. The total photon flux impinging onto the sample was 7.6 × 107 photons (17.5 keV, exposure time 1 s), providing a signal-to-noise ratio which is high enough for phase retrieval by an iterative algorithm. Compared with holographic reconstruction, iterative algorithms enable quantitative phase reconstruction without twin image artifacts. Here, we have used a modified Gerchberg–Saxton (GS) algorithm (Gerchberg & Saxton, 1972), enhanced by an additional reconstruction tool proposed by Marchesini et al. (2003) using a blurred version of the current estimate of the object under reconstruction. The blurring smoothes out noise and provides a form of regularization.
The blurring was carried out by convolving the reconstructed wavefield with a Gaussian of width σ at each iteration step. The width σ is set to 1 pixel (FWHM of 2.3548σ). The projection operator in the sample plane acts on the amplitude of the convolved estimate of the object,
where conv denotes the convolution operator and is a Gaussian of width σ. We denote this scheme as GS-Gaussian. The additional convolution reduces the spatial resolution of the reconstructed object owing to blurring. However, resolution can be recovered by subsequent GS iterations. Fig. 10(c) shows the phase reconstruction after N = 50 GS-Gaussian iteration steps followed by N = 14 GS iteration steps. The two maxima of the phase histogram yield a relative phase shift of 0.38 rad, close to the expected phase shift of 0.4 rad.
The examples shown above show that the waveguide-based illumination system yields full-field phase-contrast hard X-ray images with adjustable magnification, resolution and field of view, at relatively low dose. Importantly, the waveguide acts as a coherence filter enhancing the image quality with respect to propagation imaging based on partially coherent illumination, or illumination systems with wavefront distortions. Rather than reconstructing both the wavefield and object, which is necessary for distorted phase fronts, a simple division by the empty beam yields very clean holograms. The disadvantage is a compromise in flux, and, as is always the case for high-magnification projection microscopy, a considerable sensitivity to mechanical vibrations. The theoretical resolution of the present waveguide system is in the range of 10 nm, corresponding to the beam confinement. This resolution range could not be reached or even tested in the present example, since the resolution was limited by pixel size as dictated by the defocus distance and detector pixel size. With improved instrumentation, in particular with high-resolution detectors, which have in the meantime been installed at the P10 nano-focus endstation, higher-resolution images are now in reach.
Finally, we comment on the astigmatism which is an intrinsic feature of the crossed WG system, leading in the present case to 200 µm offset between the vertical and horizontal source plane. At small z1 = 2 mm, as in the example shown in Fig. 10(c), this astigmatism leads to an optically visible ellipticity of about 10% in the reconstructed image. In future, we plan to remove this artifact by a simple generalization: the Fresnel propagators used in the reconstruction algorithms shall be adapted to the correct anisotropic propagation distance, each for the xz and yz plane, respectively. However, this is beyond the scope of the present work which concentrates on waveguide fabrication and characterization, instead of imaging.
In summary, we have demonstrated optimized coherence and transmission properties of two-component planar X-ray waveguides. Novel fabrication techniques have been devised to reduce the waveguide length and enhanced the transmission, while maintaining coherence filtering and damping of radiation modes. We have studied the transmission as a function of photon energy and guiding layer thickness, both experimentally and by simulation. A maximum transmission of 0.26 has been measured for the 9 nm guiding layer waveguide at 13.5 keV which could be further enhanced by operating at higher energies. A crossed X-ray waveguide illumination system has been used for dose-efficient X-ray imaging at the nano-scale, as demonstrated at the new nano-focus endstation installed at the P10 beamline, Petra III. This highly coherent quasi-point source with two-dimensional beam confinement in the 10 nm range offers a homogeneous illumination wavefront for propagation imaging. The presented advances in waveguide design and parameters leads to a higher photon flux output at the waveguide exit, and thus


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Black Bear Sightings on the Rise in Northeast Ohio
A black bear visited Bedford Heights and Solon last week, and these kinds of visits may become more common.
The Bedford Bear isn't alone. More of his friends may be coming to visit in the coming years.
That's because, wildlife officials say, the black bear population in the region is on the rise.
Ohio's Division of Wildlife told the Plain Dealer that the number of bear sightings have increased five fold in the last decade or so, to more than 150 last year. Wildlife officials say there are as many as 100 black bears living in Ohio.
According to the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Black bears were once prevalent in Ohio, but deforestation and land clearing slashed their population. By 1850, there were no black bears in Ohio.
Because wildlife officials have seen female bears and cubs in Ohio, they know the population is growing.
If you see a bear in the wild (or your backyard), don't approach it. Wildlife officials say people should simply leave the animal alone and let it leave.
"Bears are usually afraid of people," according to a state wildlife website about bears, with an added reminder: "Black bears are protected by Ohio wildlife laws and injuring or killing one is illegal."
Still, you should report the sighting to police, which helps officials track the bears.


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The Competitive Landscape template gives you guidance in how to segment competitors based on competing factors. The idea here is that we identify competing factors that are important for customers to distinguish offerings from different market players and also have a significant impact on their buying decision. We group them into those factors that are important for customers to recognize differences between competitors (competing factors) and those factors that are absolutely mandatory to be compliant to (hygiene factors). While competing factors later will be used for the positioning in the matrix, the hygiene factors are "exclusive".
Running the competitive landscape exercise early in the process is a great way to find the right positioning for you and your new market offering and helps you to define a business model supporting this positioning. Running for a price-differentiated "red-ocean" strategy for example would mean that your company either gains competitive advantage from more efficient processes, cheaper resource acquisition or better deals with required delivery partners, compared to your competition. A technology leadership driven "blue ocean" strategy on the other side might mean that your business model needs to speak about which key resources and/or which key processes support this leadership position compared to your competition.
Coming up with such competing factors sounds easy, right? But experience has shown that spending more time on identifying less obvious factors is worth it because it enables you to create multiple "dimensions" of the positioning. You can then pick differentiating elements that help you to sustainably distinguish your offering from the competition. The general procedure is as follows:
 1. Think about your (primary) target group and recall their "job(s) to get done".
 2. Collect a bunch of actual or potential competitors. Remember to think broad at this stage and also include non-industry sector competitors.
 3. Group them in the "Market Players" section based on how well their offering fits your primary target group's "job(s) to get done".
 4. Brainstorm competing factors. Sort out hygiene factors into the lower section of the template.
 5. Now, you are ready for a number of rounds of positioning: Put two random competing factors on the two axes (x, y), e.g. price and brand value, and place the competitors on the matrix accordingly.
 6. Position your own company within that matrix in relation to the other competitors.
 7. Review the matrix according to the following criteria: Is your position within the red-ocean sector? If yes, what can you do to move it to one of the blue-ocean sectors? Also, what are your "defense" measures to survive the red-ocean competitive situation?
Click here...
Usage Scenarios
 - Analyzing and visualizing the positioning of competitors based on selected factors
 - Analyzing competitive situation (blue ocean / red ocean) and deriving required activities to address customers right
 - Identifying hygiene factors that relate to the own product / service specification
 - Identifying strength and weaknesses of competitors and linking it back to the business model
Instruction for Coaches
 1. Get out of the building and do not rely too much on existing competitor intelligence to gain deeper insights from the real world. Consider DIY activities to research certain competitor positions when it comes to their products or services.
 2. Make sure that while doing the positioning in the team that everyone is on the same page about the meaning of the competing factor as results and interpretation can dramatically change for even simple factors. E.g. price (high/low) might be an easy one but it makes a huge difference if you talk about your unit price being 140€ or your competitiveness according to price-levels of others. The first one is an absolut measure you use to position on one axis of the matrix whilst the other one is relational measure comparing your position in relation to the other players. You should be aware that the later approach does hold a lot of room for (mis)-interpretation and (mis)-judgment and consequently wrong measures reflected back to your business model.
Competitive Landscape
Key Elements
Market Players
Which market players are offering the products and services that serve the same customers' job(s) we are focusing on?
Consider every market player that focuses on the same customer's "job(s) to get done" even if their solution might be entirely different to yours. Identify solutions that achieve the same result for the customer or probably just "feel" the same but using entirely different technology, resources, processes, etc.
For existing companies, remember to identify soon-to-be competitors that could join in if current suppliers or customers extend their offering (forward/backward integration).
Competing FactorsWhich factors will help us to describe the differences between us and other market players to excite customers?
Examples for competing factors are:
 - Price
 - Core Value
 - Unfair Advantage
 - Service Quality
 - Brand Perception
 - Global Reach
Hygiene FactorsWhich factors might instantly dissatisfy customers if we or other market players would not comply to them?
Classical hygiene factors could be things like:
 - Compliance/non-compliance to policies & regulations
 - Support for certain payment methods that are required for e.g. B2B customers
 - Technical norms and standards
 - etc.
How can we position market players as our competition based on competing factors?
The process of positioning will be repeated several times and it might take a while to build up different perspectives on the competitive landscape around you. Play around with different labels of your axes and see what clusters you get.
Positioning market players on a competitive landscape requires a deep understanding of how other market players create value, and how customers make their buying decisions. Guesswork is OK at the start, but it should be replaced quickly by quantitative and qualitative insights.
 - No labels


text:
search ( DFS) is an Algorithm for traversing or searching a tree, Tree structure, or graph. Iterative deepening depth-first search (IDDFS is a State space search strategy in which a Depth-limited search is run repeatedly increasing the depth limit with Another advantage of using iterative deepening is that searches at shallower depths give move-ordering hints that can help produce cutoffs for higher depth searches much earlier than would otherwise be possible.
Algorithms like SSS*, on the other hand, use the best-first strategy. SSS* is a Search algorithm, introduced by Stockman in 1979 that conducts a State space search traversing a Game tree in a best-first fashion Best-first search is a Search algorithm which explores a graph by expanding the most promising node chosen according to some rule This can potentially make them more time-efficient, but typically at a heavy cost in space-efficiency.


text:
19 November 2012
Read and complete the following tutorials before beginning this one:
Welcome to the final part of this six-part series on creating your first website. This tutorial shows you how to set up a remote site in Dreamweaver. A remote site is usually a web server on a remote computer that holds copies of your local files. Users access the remote site when they view your pages in a browser.
This tutorial presents a very broad example of connecting to a remote server. It contains troubleshooting hints, but much depends on how your remote server is configured. When in doubt, consult your hosting company's help desk or your system administrator.
After you create a website, the next step is to publish it by uploading the files to a remote server. This is where you store your files for testing, production, collaboration, and publication (depending on your environment).
Before you can proceed, you must have access to a remote web server—such as a hosting company's server, a server owned by the client you're working for, or an intranet server within your company. Also, some Internet Service Providers (ISPs) provide access to free web space as part of your contract for internet connection. If you don't have access to such a server, contact your ISP, your client, your system administrator, or one of the many hosting companies that provide web hosting packages. Some hosting packages are free, but they usually insert advertisements into your site. An advertisement-free package can cost as little as a few dollars per month.
Alternatively, you can run a testing server on your local computer or network. For more information, see Setting up a local testing server in Dreamweaver CS5 (the process is the same in both CS5 and CS6). The rest of this article is focused on connecting to a remote server using FTP (file transfer protocol) or SFTP (secure file transfer protocol).
You also need to have a local site defined before you proceed. For more information, see Part 1 of this tutorial series, Setting up your site and project files.
Note: For more information about Dreamweaver sites, see Set up a local version of your site in Dreamweaver Help.
Dreamweaver site management is based on the principle that your local files are an exact duplicate of your live site on the Internet. So, index.html in your
check_cs6 folder becomes the front page of your remote site. If you already have a live website that you don't want to overwrite, use your site's control panel to create a folder named
check_cs6 where you can upload the Check Magazine files.
Dreamweaver CS6 lets you set up multiple server definitions for both remote and testing servers. However, only one of each type can be active at any given time.
Note: For details of how to set up FTP over SSL/TLS (FTPS), see the FTPS instructions in Connect to a remote server in Dreamweaver Help.
As I noted earlier, Dreamweaver site management is based on the principle that your local files are an exact duplicate of your live site on the Internet. The value of Root Directory should be the path you need to enter after logging into your server to get to the folder where you want to install index.html.
public_html. Others might use
wwwroot, or even nothing at all. On my remote server, it needs to be
/home/username/public_html. If in doubt, ask your hosting company or server administrator.
check_cs6, you need to type the path to that folder. For example, on my server, it would be
_URL_ (see Figure 4). Dreamweaver might have tried to guess the correct value, but it's only a guess. Do not accept the default value without checking it carefully.
Dreamweaver selects the Remote checkbox automatically.
The icons at the bottom of the Servers panel let you add another server, or to delete, edit, or make a copy of the selected server definition. Making a copy is useful if you need to change only a few details to connect to a different server.
You can now upload your files from your local folder to the remote web server to make your pages publicly accessible. However, you don't need to upload the two text files in the assets folder nor the original comp for the site design. You can exclude them from being uploaded by cloaking them in your Dreamweaver site.
Note: To learn more about cloaking, see Cloaking files and folders in your Dreamweaver site in Dreamweaver Help.
assetsfolder, and select Cloaking > Cloak from the context menu. Dreamweaver puts a red diagonal line through the folder and file icons to indicate that they won't be uploaded.
imagesfolder, right-click check_comp.jpg, and select Cloaking > Cloak from the context menu. Dreamweaver puts a red diagonal line through the file icon (see Figure 7).
check_cs6) at the top of the Files panel.
Note: In the Files panel, the local root folder actually begins with "Site – Check Magazine" because that's the name of the site. If you hover the pointer over that title, Dreamweaver shows you the full path to the
Dreamweaver connects to the remote server you just defined, and copies all of the files, except the cloaked ones, to the remote folder.
Note: Normally, you select the local root folder and upload the entire site only the first time you upload. Afterwards, you can upload only the files you've changed.
A web server can be configured in many ways. The following list provides information about some common issues you may encounter in setting up a remote server and how to resolve them:
check_cs6subfolder) as the Root Directory. If you have problems connecting, and you've specified the host directory using a single slash (
/), you might need to specify a relative path from the directory you are connecting to and the remote root folder. For example, if the remote root folder is a higher-level directory, you may need to use
../../to specify the host directory.
:), slashes (
/), periods (
.), and apostrophes (
') are not permitted in file or folder names.
public_htmlsubdirectory of your home directory on the server may really be a link to another part of the server entirely. In most cases, such aliases have no effect on your ability to connect to the appropriate folder or directory; however, if you can connect to one part of the server but not to another, there may be an alias discrepancy.
Note: In general, when you encounter a problem with an FTP transfer, examine the FTP log by choosing Site > Advanced > FTP Log. For more information, see the extensive tech note on FTP troubleshooting on the Adobe website.
You've created your first website and published it! Now you're likely eager to create your second website—one with your own content and style—using Dreamweaver. As you do, you may want to keep this list of additional resources at hand:
Tutorials and samples


text:
Database has large amounts of unused space (SharePoint Foundation 2010)
Published: November 15, 2011
Rule Name: Database has large amounts of unused space.
Summary: The database has large amounts of unused space allocated on the disk. This database uses a large amount of space on the file system unless it is shrunk down to a small size. This event occurs if the unused space is more than 20% of the disk space and the unused space is greater than the auto-growth size plus 50 megabytes (MB).
Cause: Many activities can create unused space in the database. These activities include running the Windows PowerShell Move-SPSite command, and deleting documents, document libraries, lists, list items, and sites.
Resolution: Ignore this event, or shrink the database if you have to.
Normally you can safely ignore this event. You shrink a database only if it proves absolutely necessary — for example, when you have performed an operation that removes a very large quantity of data from a database, and the free space is not expected to be used again. You can shrink the database by using the DBCC ShrinkDatabase command or SQL Server Management Studio. For more information, see DBCC SHRINKDATABASE (Transact-SQL) (_URL_ and How to: Shrink a Database (SQL Server Management Studio) (_URL_
The white paper Database Maintenance for Microsoft SharePoint 2010 Products (_URL_ provides very important guidelines for shrinking a database. We strongly recommend that you read this white paper before you shrink a database.
November 15, 2011


text:
Previous abstract Next abstract
We have carried out two dimensional numerical simulations of the evolution of dense clumps of material moving supersonically through a background plasma in an effort to understand particle acceleration associated with them as well as the development of bright radio knots in such objects as supernova remnants and radio jets. The simulations use a two fluid model for the diffusive acceleration of high energy protons at shocks, including the backreaction of the particles on the gas dynamics. In addition we follow the evolution of the high energy electrons through a simple test particle theory for shock acceleration and evolve embedded magnetic fields in the weak field limit.
We find that the bow shocks of the clumps are moderately efficient at accelerating both protons and electrons, but that the synchrotron emission expected from such clouds may have little association with that development. Rather, significant magnetic field growth in sheared flows around the cloud as it breaks apart from Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities is the dominant effect in generating synchrotron emission in the simulations. The clumps are radio bright primarily just before they break apart, at which times the emission comes mostly from remnants of the cloud boundary layer rather than the bow shock.
This work was supported in part by the NSF and by the University of Minnesota Supercomputer Institute.
Monday program listing


text:
Are you hoping to find some musical terms for slower? Well, in your search, you will see that there are a few terms which can be used to mean that a work should be performed more slower or slowly.
As we said, there are a few terms that can refer to the music being played slowly or slower:
Let us see what they are and explain them a little bit more.
If someone tells you to play a song "adagio," you will be playing one that has a slow tempo. The tune is often restful and it helps to relax the listener. If you are taking a music lesson and someone says "adagio" to you, that probably means that you are going too fast and that you need to slow down in order to match the intended speed of the piece.
You have probably heard of this word before, but just not in musical terms. Even though it is a different field, the definitions certainly seem to be similar to each other. When someone notes that a song should be played gravely, it means that it must be played extremely slowly in a sedate and somber manner. As the name suggests, you might hear grave music at a funeral. Often, the purpose of the song is an extremely serious one.
This word does not necessarily imply for you to go slowly, as much as it names a type of dance. However, since we are looking at "slower" words in the field of music, we think that this term is worth noting. A minuet is a slow dance composed in 3/4ths time. If you are dancing, and someone has to remind you that you are doing a minuet, that individual probably wants you to start dancing a little bit slower.
There are no musical terms for "slower"; however, all of these terms work together so that the artist knows when to slow down.


text:
Polyoxometalate-Decorated g-C3 N4 -Wrapping Snowflake-Like CdS Nanocrystal for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution.
Authors of this article are:
Zhai XL, Liu J, Hu LY, Bao JC, Lan YQ.
A summary of the article is shown below:
Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution technology is recognized as a promising approach to relieving the growing energy crisis. Therefore, the development of a stable high-performance photocatalyst has long been the focus of research. In this work, quaternary composite materials involving a snowflake-like CdS nanocrystal wrapped by different amounts of polyoxometalate-decorated g-C3 N4 and polypyrrole (GPP@CdS) have been synthesized as photocatalysts for hydrogen production under visible-light irradiation. It has been revealed that the best composite (40 % GPP@CdS composite) exhibits hydrogen production activity of 1321 μmol, which exceeds that of CdS by a factor of more than two, and can be used in at least seven cycles with negligible loss of activity. The enhanced photocatalytic performance has been primarily attributed to the efficient synergy of CdS, g-C3 N4, polypyrrole (PPy), and the polyoxometalate Ni4 (PW9 )2. It should be noted that the introduction of PPy and g-C3 N4 into the title composite simultaneously promotes electron/hole pair separation and photocatalytic stability, whereas Ni4 (PW9 )2 serves as an efficient electron modulator and extra catalytic active site.
Check out the article's website on Pubmed for more information:
This article is a good source of information and a good way to become familiar with topics such as:
composite materials;hydrogen;photocatalysis;synergistic effects;water splitting
Categories: Science News


Heritage and dream
We have no idea about the first musical sounds…
Was it the subtle whisper when the wind made a straw sway? Was it the rippling sound when water ran down a brook? Or, was it the human voice that first created music?
Who knows?
We do know, however, that for thousands of years there has been music: in rites, in dancing, for festivities and for comfort; or simply as a way of expressing human feelings when words are not enough.
We also know that there has been music in Skåne and around the coast of Öresund for thousands of years. Archeological finds of bronze horns are in fact the oldest wind instruments of their kind. The fact that such instruments were often found in pairs implies that they were played together, and hence; this maybe the place where brass music was first heard. So….
…Welcome to where it all began!
Scroll Up


The Ethics Lessons In The Tragic Death Of Harambe The Gorilla
The primary lesson is this: Sometimes bad things happen and nobody deserves to be punished.
The tragedy of Harambe the Gorilla is exactly this kind of incident.
In case you weren't following zoo news over the long weekend, what happened was this. On Saturday, a mother visiting the Cincinnati zoo with several children in tow took her eyes off of a toddler long enough for him to breach the three foot barricade at the Gorilla World exhibit and fall into its moat. Harambe, a 17-year old Lowland gorilla male, took hold of the child, and zookeepers shot the animal dead.
Then animal rights zealots held a vigil outside the zoo to mourn the gorilla. Petitions were placed on line blaming the child's mother for the gorilla's death. Other critics said that the zoo-keepers should have tranquilized the beast, a member of an endangered species. The zoo called a news conference to defend its actions.
1. Animal rights activists are shameless, and will exploit any opportunity to advance their agenda, which in its craziest form demands that animals be accorded the same civil rights as humans. Their argument rests equally on sentiment and science, and takes an absolute position in a very complex ethics conflict. This incident is a freak, and cannot fairly be used to reach any conclusions about zoos and keeping wild animals captive.
2. Yes, the mother made a mistake, by definition. This is res ipsa loquitur: "the thing speaks for itself." If a child under adult supervision gets into a gorilla enclosure, then the adult has not been competent, careful and diligent in his or her oversight. The truth is, however, that every parent alive has several, probably many, such moments of distraction that could result in disaster, absent moral luck. This wasn't gross negligence; it was routine, human negligence, for nobody is perfect all the time. You want gross negligence involving animals? How about this, one of the first ethics essays I ever wrote, about the late "Crocodile Hunter" Steve Irwin holding his infant son in one arm while feeding and taunting a 12-foot crocodile? You want gross negligence amounting to child endangerment? Look no further than the 6-month-old waterskiier's parents. Taking one's eyes off of a child for a minute or two, however, if not unavoidable, is certainly minor negligence that is endemic to parenthood. Zoos, moreover, are not supposed to be dangerous.
3. The view of the law is that the zoo is strictly liable for any harm that comes from keeping dangerous animals. This goes way, way back: a 19th Century case involving a caged ape biting off a man's finger (the idiot had dangled his finger through the bars) was one of the first cases I studied in law school. More recent are such cases as Marsh v. Snyder, which holds that "an owner or keeper of a wild animal is absolutely liable for the injuries the wild animal causes under all circumstances, and without regard to whether he knew it to be dangerous and ferocious or not."
Got that, PETA? The zoo had no choice but to shoot Harambe, because if the gorilla harmed the child, the zoo was liable. [ UPDATE: After this article was first posted, I learned that the zoo's visitors were separated from the moat by a three-foot barricade, presumably so children could see over it, not climb over it. Though the zoo says the arrangement passed government inspection, it obviously is inadequate. i said that the zoo was liable; let me correct that. The zoo was incredibly liable.]
4. The zoo would have done the right thing to shoot the gorilla even if it didn't face liability. Ethics Fact: Human lives have a greater priority than animal lives under all circumstances. I know some disagree. They are kind, sweet, well-meaning people who are also deranged. This basic principle does not mean that humans should not respect animal life as much as possible. They should. However, when a gorilla, through no fault of his own, has the ability and opportunity to kill a child in a split second, there is no ethics controversy. The child must be saved. The gorilla must die. Fact.
5. Now we come back to the beginning. An enterprising child found a flaw in the zoo's barricades that nobody had detected before. It was moral luck that he found it, and moral luck that no child had gotten through it before. The mother, like millions of mothers do every day, diverted her attention from her small child briefly. It was moral luck, and only moral luck, that in this brief time period her child was able to visit a gorilla. At that point, the mother had no control over anything. Harambe might have followed his trainer's order to leave the enclosure, as two other gorillas did. He didn't. Moral luck. He might have stayed away from the child. He didn't. Moral luck. He might have snapped the child's neck. He didn't. Moral luck.
There was only one way to make sure the child would live, and that was for the gorilla to die. Harambe paid the price for varied and assorted mistakes, poor choices and bad fortune mixing and interacting as chaotic systems do, and he was the only completely blameless participant in the event. That is unfair and unjust and sad, but that is also how life is, often. Taking out our frustration and grief on any of the parties to this tragedy, none of whom would have willed it and none of whom, by themselves, could have caused it, isn't ethical. It is emotional, irrational, and childish,
6. We should always look for ways to prevent tragedies from repeating; that's just responsible and diligent. We should also, however, be capable of accepting that sometimes tragedies happen for no single reason, but because the cosmic dice come up snake-eyes, and someone or something is doomed by no fault of their own.
This was such a case.
Sources: QuizletAnimal LawNew York Times
31 thoughts on "The Ethics Lessons In The Tragic Death Of Harambe The Gorilla
 1. Jack,
 Wonderfully written. You encapsulated everything I'd thought (but lacked the finesse to articulate) every time I read more about the incident. Tragic indeed.
 2. And, as usual, the internet is full of people sending hate mail to the person they believe to be the mother, but who has the misfortune of sharing the same name of the person identified as such.
 From what I've read, the mother wasn't doing anything out of the ordinary at the zoo that would make her negligent. She didn't sit the kid on the rail or let him dangle his feet under the bars. It seems that there was enough clearance on the bars to allow the child to slip through. That does bother me. The zoo should probably add another lower bar or put plexiglass between them so some determined child, as this one appeared to be, doesn't accidentally slide in.
 The gorilla was dragging the poor kid by his leg. The boy could have hit his head on a rock or drowned during this ordeal. It's very sad, but it had to be done.
 3. I do fault the parent for this — although I would never write a letter or attempt public humiliation in any way.
 I have two children. One is well-behaved and essentially velcros herself to my side. The other is a runner. Any zoo trip in our family involves two adults, because constant eyes need to be on her. She has no fear of other people or going off alone. I can't see her getting into a gorilla pen, but I can see her running across the park with me unable to catch her because I am holding on to my other child's hand. So the rule is two adults for any type of outdoor outing like a zoo trip.
 You know, they make harnesses with leashes for toddlers. Some people hate them, other people swear by them. But you do what you have to do to keep your kid safe.
 All that being said, if my daughter did manage to get into the gorilla pen, I would expect the zoo to shoot it. But, I would feel legally and morally responsible for that endangered animal's death because of my negligence.
 - I agree with the nuance. I would hope the the parent feels guilty—I know I felt horrible the time Grant toddled off while I was chatting with a neighbor and almost fell into a construction pit. The parent was part of the scenario and should feel responsible, and if the parents are financially able and willing to start a memorial fund or buy a new gorilla, great. I'd applaud that. There's nothing wrong with accepting responsibility when the law won't make you do so.
 And yes, this is one case where leashes might work. So would hobbling the kid or locking him in a rolling plexiglass cube with airholes.
 - A rerun of the Great Toddler Leash Controversy? 🙂
 IIRC that was one of the most commented and hotly debated topics, right?
 - It was. And there are exceptions to every position…for example, I would use a leash on a toddler during the Zombie Apocalypse, or at a zoo where a sign said "WARNING! There are many surprising and invisible gaps in our cages and enclosures where a small child could slip through."
 - If a parent has a child that runs off then there is nothing wrong with a harness and leash.
 And yes I was


text:
Applying Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) fluorometry to microalgae suspensions: stirring potentially impacts fluorescence
Cosgrove, J. and Borowitzka, M. (2006) Applying Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) fluorometry to microalgae suspensions: stirring potentially impacts fluorescence. Photosynthesis Research, 88 (3). pp. 343-350.
*Subscription may be required
The use of microalgae suspensions in PAM-fluorometers such as the Water-PAM (Walz GmbH, Germany) presents the problem of maintaining a homogeneous sample. The Water-PAM is marketed with an optional accessory for stirring the sample within the cuvette while in the emitter 13detector (ED) unit. This stirring device can help to prevent cells from settling out of suspension over the time-course of chlorophyll-a fluorescence measurements. The ED unit was found to provide a vertically heterogeneous light environment and, therefore, cells within a single sample can exist in different quenched states. Enhancing cell movement by stirring was found to substantially influence measured fluorescence yield while performing induction curve and rapid light curve analyses. This is likely to result from relatively unquenched cells outside the main light-path moving into a higher light region and thus emitting disproportionately more fluorescence than quenched cells. Samples containing cells with high sinking rates or motile species may encounter similar (but reduced) problems. This effect can be mitigated by: (a) reducing analysis time to minimise the distance cells can sink/swim during the measurement procedure and avoiding the necessity of stirring; (b) limiting the proportion of sample outside the light path by minimising sample volume or; (c) by activating the stirrer only for short periods between saturation pulses and allowing enough time after stirring for quenching to stabilise before activation of the saturation pulse. Alternatively, modifications to the instrument providing a vertical dimension to the LED-array could resolve the issue by providing a more homogeneous light environment for the sample.
|Publication Type:||Journal Article|
|Murdoch Affiliation:||School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology|
|Copyright:||2006 Springer Science + Business Media B.V.|
|Item Control Page|


From coraldigest
Revision as of 02:40, 20 April 2016 by AMcDarris (talk | contribs) (Connection to Coral Reefs)
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Extinct Marine Mammals
Throughout history, many animals have became extinct through different stressors and some due to lack of evolving traits to keep up with those stressors. The marine mammals focused and exploited in this era have led to several species to die out and be bottlenecked through new and old causes. Recently, in the last 100 years, the Caribbean Monk Seal, Japanese Sea Lion, and Baiji have all been ushered to extinction.
Past Extinctions
Caribbean Monk Seal
Caribbean Monk Seal rendered image [1]
The Caribbean Monk seal is among the most intriguing caribbean mammal to investigate and analyze through their extinction. The seals are very closely related to the Hawaiian and Mediterranean Monk Seals. The last sighting of a Caribbean monk seal was in 1952 off of Serranilla Bank in Jamaica. The seals were believed to be hunted to extinction for their oils, from the blubber, and became a food source for the locals. It was finally declared that the seals were extinct in 1986 after not one had been sighted in over 34 years. Although overfishing was an easy stressor to identify for these mammals, other stressors such as climate and ocean change as well as habitat destruction contributed to the seals decline. [2]
Japanese Sea Lion
Japanese Sea Lion [3]
The Japanese Sea Lion (Zalophus Japonicus) was though to have become extinct around the 1970s. It is still considered a sub species of the California sea lion, yet some dispute among taxonomists has occurred as to whether this is true. The sea lions inhabited the Sea of Japan, especially between the Japanese Archipelago and Korean Peninsula region. The sea lions were of darker grey skin and could weigh upwards of 550 kg and reach lengths of near 2.5 m, this is larger than the current California sea lions. Sea lions were hunted for their valuable oils contained within their blubber and their internal organs were harvested for expensive oriental medicine. Their whiskers would even be used for pipe cleaners. Like many other marine mammals, overfishing and habitat destruction lead to their declines. The damages to habitats from submarine warfare in World War II was noted as a potential causer for the declining populations. To possibly rebuild the sea lion populations within Japan, governments have hypothesized bringing California sea lions and naturalizing them to the habitats in an effort to reestablish the sea lion populations within the area. [4]
Baiji Image from Yangtze River [5]
The Baiji (Lipotes Vexillifer) is a freshwater dolphin found in the Yangtze River in China. The Yangtze River is one of the most heavily populated areas in the entire world with over 12 % of the entire world living and working on the river. As a result, the Baiji were put under immense pressures from the industrial age that China is going through currently. The pollutants and destruction of the rivers habitats have caused a massive decline in the population in the last few decades, along with hunting of the dolphin and bycatch occurring, resulting in the Baiji becoming functionally extinct. Although this is different than being fully extinct, the Baiji has not been spotted in over 10 years and is most likely extinct, yet searches are still being done to fully conclude this information. The Baiji, if noted extinct, would become the first marine mammal completely documented to be brought to extinction through human stressors. Over half of the deaths from Baiji recorded were found to be because of entanglement in fishing gear and nets as well as illegal fishing practices such as dynamite and electrical fishing. 2004 was the last confirmed sighting and in 2006 a survey declared them extinct when no Baiji were reported in a population count. [6]
Many causes of marine mammalian extinction have been noted previously but to summarize and list several are as follows: coral bleaching, increasing ocean temperatures, overfishing, habitat destruction, and exploitation of the resources. [7]
Humans impact mammal populations mainly through the exploitation of marine resources. The loss of fish and other food sources from overfishing results in a decline in marine mammal populations. Additionally, the animals themselves are often caught as bycatch due to poor or nonexistent regulations on harvests.
Dolphins are often illegally slaughtered for their meat and use as bait.[8]
However, the relationship between humans and marine mammals is not a black-and-white relationship. In order to create a solution to this urgent problem, the socioeconomic conditions of fishermen need to be taken into account. Poverty and the collapse of local fishing industries -- again, caused by overfishing -- can lead to abrupt changes in island economies.[9] In areas where poverty is especially prevalent, people will care more about putting food on the table than protecting dolphins or other creatures that, in many cases, they are in direct competition with for fish. In some cases, people have been known to feed dolphins dead fish stuffed with broken glass in order to eliminate this so-called competition. [10]
The collapse of fisheries has also led people to prey on marine mammals once their value as food and bait becomes apparent. In Peru, after the anchovy fisheries collapsed, people began hunting Peruvian dolphins, which they sold for their meat. This was unregulated and unsustainable, and led to the decimation of Peruvian dolphin populations. [9] An estimated 10,000 dolphins are killed each year for bait, despite the practice being illegal. [11]
There are two main ways that conservation groups and governments can go about trying to solve these issues. First, the issue of regulation versus deregulation needs to be addressed. No regulation leads to unsustainable practices, but for politicians advocating for regulation is political suicide. A medium needs to be found so that the needs of fishermen and their families are addressed, but marine mammal populations are not decimated in the process. [9] New and innovative solutions which can lessen a community's reliance on fishing and provide alternatives to mammal hunting can lead to less perceived competition between humans and animals.
On Ecosystems
The extinction of marine mammals is, in most cases, collateral damage that results from over-exploitation of marine resources and ecosystems. Although animals such as dolphins, otters, and seals suffer due to the disruption of trophic levels, the entire ecosystem in which that animal inhabits does as well.
Trophic levels, which represent different levels of the food chain, are disrupted by the world's fisheries in the form of overfishing. By capturing huge amounts of fish and essentially removing the energy and nutrients that those fish provide from the ecosystem, humans are causing changes to energy pathways and the amount of food available to other organisms in the environment. For many marine mammals, overfishing means that major food sources become either scarce or nonexistent. This causes a decrease in the numbers of apex predators such as killer whales and dolphins-- since less food means a smaller population of predators -- and an influx in species that the fish would have eaten.
This imbalance can spell disaster for ecosystems. For example, if grazing fish populations are decimated, this will result in a decrease in the animals that feed on those fish and an increase in the amount of algae, which can cover coral and eventually kill it. [12]
On Humans
The extinction of marine mammals mainly impacts humans through the degradation of the ecosystems in which they live. By taking out key players in a food web, an ecosystem will suffer, as will the human communities that rely on those ecosystems for life. This would have economic consequences in terms of tourism and fishing industries. [13]
Connection to Coral Reefs
Hawaiian spinner dolphins swimming near a reef in Maui. Interactions with tourists and entanglements in fishing nets are detrimental to these animals.[14]
A major factor in the endangerment and extinction of species is the loss of habitat. Considering that coral reefs are one of the biodiverse regions on the planet, it should not come as a surprise that the loss of 40 percent of reefs worldwide has also resulted in the decrease of marine mammals and other species that rely on reefs either for food sources, habitat, or breeding grounds. [15]
Additionally, there is a direct relationship between the abundance of coral and the abundance of coral dwelling fish. When coral reef ecosystems collapse, it causes a disruption through the trophic levels; if there are less fish, there are going to be less predators -- such as seals and dolphins -- as well. [12]
Oceans, unlike terrestrial ecosystems, are still mostly intact. Marine mammal populations could bounce back if they're taken proper care of, which involve the implementation of regulation, community outreach, and more sustainable fishing.
What does make the prevention of extinctions more difficult, however, it is much more difficult to track the health of ocean creatures and ecosystems than it is for terrestrial ones. This means that there is a fair amount of uncertainty in the states of certain populations of endangered marine mammals, which could make the creation of laws difficult if not much is known about the current state of certain species.
An important tactic in preventing the further endangerment and extinction of marine mammals is the regulation of fisheries. Mammals such as dolphins often become entangled in nets, and other creatures such as manatees and whales can be snared by loose pieces of nets. The regulation of fisheries seems to be an important theme in ensuring the health of marine ecosystems, but it is doubly important for the sustainability of marine mammals.
Public programs can also be implemented to raise public and community awareness. For example, people can become more aware of the plight of the manatee and their


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High-resolution remote sensing satellites (HRRSS) that use time delay and integration (TDI) CCDs have the potential to introduce large amounts of image smear. Clocking and velocity mismatch smear are two of the key factors in inducing image smear. Clocking smear is caused by the discrete manner in which the charge is clocked in the TDI-CCDs. The relative motion between the HRRSS and the observed object obliges that the image motion velocity must be strictly synchronized with the velocity of the charge packet transfer (line rate) throughout the integration time. During imaging an object off-nadir, the image motion velocity changes resulting in asynchronization between the image velocity and the CCD's line rate. A Model for estimating the image motion velocity in HRRSS is derived. The influence of this velocity mismatch combined with clocking smear on the modulation transfer function (MTF) is investigated by using Matlab simulation. The analysis is performed for cross-track and along-track imaging with different satellite attitude angles and TDI steps. The results reveal that the velocity mismatch ratio and the number of TDI steps have a serious impact on the smear MTF; a velocity mismatch ratio of 2% degrades the MTFsmear by 32% at Nyquist frequency when the TDI steps change from 32 to 96. In addition, the results show that to achieve the requirement of MTFsmear ≥ 0.95, for TDI steps of 16 and 64, the allowable roll angles are 13.7° and 6.85° and the permissible pitch angles are no more than 9.6° and 4.8°, respectively.
Walid A. Wahballah, Taher M. Bazan, Fawzy El-Tohamy, and Mahmoud Fathy, "Analysis of smear in high-resolution remote sensing satellites," Proc. SPIE 10000, Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XX, 100001J (Presented at SPIE Remote Sensing: September 28, 2016; Published: 19 October 2016); _URL_
Conference Presentations are recordings of oral presentations given at SPIE conferences and published as part of the proceedings. They include the speaker's narration with video of the slides and animations. Most include full-text papers. Interactive, searchable transcripts and closed captioning are now available for most presentations.
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_USER_{RAS:SourceID:8429, abstract = {This paper deals with the faunistic study of 27 species of sponges collected off Namibia during different Spanish expeditions. Most of the species are described and some taxonomic aspects are also considered. The name P. levi is proposed for the southern African specIes P. atlantica Levi, since this latter name has already been used for a North Atlantic species (Stephens 1917).}, author = {Uriz, M.J.}, journal = { Publications of the Sherkin Island Marine Station}, note = {Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Atlanto-Mediterranean Sponge Taxonomy}, pages = {54-73}, title = {Sponges from the south-west of Africa: description of species. In: Jones WC (ed) European contributions to the taxonomy of sponges.}, url = {_URL_ volume = {1}, year = {1987} }


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pony express, in U.S. history, relay mail service. At its inception in Apr., 1860, the pony express operated between St. Joseph, Mo., the western end of a telegraph line, and Sacramento, Calif. Riders carried the mail a distance of nearly 2,000 mi (3,200 km) in about eight days, often traveling through hostile Native American territory. Stations where the riders changed horses were roughly 10 to 15 mi (16–24.1 km) apart. After a rider had covered a certain distance, the mail was turned over to another rider; this continued until the destination was reached.
The pony express was operated by the freighting firm of Russell, Majors, and Waddell. As a business venture, it was unsuccessful. Before the pony express, letters to and from California had been carried by ships, wagon trains, and stagecoaches and had required much more time for the journey. The first telegram to San Francisco was transmitted Oct. 24, 1861, and the pony express was then gradually discontinued. Its existence was brief but picturesque, and the pony express lives in legend as well as in history. In 1992 the Pony Express National Historic Trail, which covers the entire route followed by pony express riders, was designated part of the National Trails System (see National Parks and Monuments (table)).
See L. R. Hafen, The Overland Mail (1926); A. Chapman, The Pony Express (1932, repr. 1971); R. W. Settle and M. A. L. Settle, Saddles and Spurs (1955, repr. 1972); G. D. Bradley, Story of the Pony Express (2d ed. 1960); M. Mattes and P. Henderson, The Pony Express from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie (1989).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on pony express from Fact Monster:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History


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I had thought the term was hind teeth as well, but eye teeth it is. Wikipedia says:
In mammalian oral anatomy, the canine teeth, also called cuspids, dogteeth, fangs, or (in the case of those of the upper jaw) eye teeth, are relatively long, pointed teeth.
In humans, the upper canine teeth (popularly called eye teeth, from their position under the eyes) are larger and longer than the lower, and usually present a distinct basal ridge.
The term eye teeth goes back to at least the 17th century. The earliest I found is in the fascinating 1657 Nature's Cabinet Unlock'd by Thomas Browne:
And the 1660 Lexicon Tetraglotton, an English-French-Italian-Spanish Dictionary by James Howell shows the translations all include eye:
Give [...] eye-teeth
The earliest "give/gave [...] eye-teeth" is illuminating. 1836's The Way-Mark: In Which Some of the Turns of the Broad Road are Pointed Out says:
Rather have [...] eye-teeth drawn [out]
A variant rather have their eye-teeth drawn [out] was said by a Mr. Denny on Wednesday, 17th December 1834 in Congress and recorded in two sources. Once in Congressional Globe says:
And again in Register of Debates in Congress:
As soon part with [...] eye-teeth
From The Town and Country Magazine, or Universal Repository of Knowledge, Instruction, and Entertainment of 1779:
And 1784's The European Magazine:
We can see the phrase has changed slightly from preferring to give your eye teeth than give/lose money; to the modern giving your eye teeth for something you really want.


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Large artery. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a resin cast of a large artery, with smaller blood vessels in the background. The cast was made by injecting resin into the blood vessels. The surrounding tissues were then chemically digested. This means that the surface of the resin cast shows the pattern seen on the inside of the blood vessels. In this case, the innermost layer of the artery, the endothelial cells of the tunica intima, form the pattern seen here. Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the body tissues. Except for the pulmonary artery, the arteries carry oxygenated blood.
Model release not required. Property release not required.


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Background: Well-written and transparent case reports (1) reveal early signals of potential benefits, harms, and information on the use of resources; (2) provide information for clinical research and clinical practice guidelines, and (3) inform medical education. High-quality case reports are more likely when authors follow reporting guidelines. During 2011-2012, a group of clinicians, researchers, and journal editors developed recommendations for the accurate reporting of information in case reports that resulted in the CARE (CAse REport) Statement and Checklist. They were presented at the 2013 International Congress on Peer Review and Biomedical Publication, have been endorsed by multiple medical journals, and translated into nine languages.
Objectives: This explanation and elaboration document has the objective to increase the use and dissemination of the CARE Checklist in writing and publishing case reports.
Article design and setting: Each item from the CARE Checklist is explained and accompanied by published examples. The explanations and examples in this document are designed to support the writing of high-quality case reports by authors and their critical appraisal by editors, peer reviewers, and readers.
Results and conclusion: This article and the 2013 CARE Statement and Checklist, available from the CARE website [_URL_] and the EQUATOR Network [_URL_], are resources for improving the completeness and transparency of case reports.
Keywords: CARE guideline; Case report; Case study; EQUATOR network; Health research reporting guidelines; N-of-1; Timelines.
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.


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1
In-depth information about the pesticide assessment may be found at: _URL_ under "What's New."
In two American zoos, 300 Kihansi spray toads, mustard-colored, fingernail-size amphibians from Tanzania, are the last remnants of a species a dam destroyed.
Link: CONSERVATION BIOLOGY: The Lost World of the Kihansi Toad
An excerpt of the Science report:
The Kihansi spray toad is 12,800 kilometers from home: Kihansi Gorge, in Tanzania's remote Udzungwa Mountains. For millions of years a great waterfall filled this gorge with perpetual spray and wind, creating a singular environment where the toad and other endemic creatures lived. In 2000, a hydropower dam cut off 90% of the water, and the ecosystem withered. Since then, scores of scientists in many disciplines have performed elaborate, unprecedented deeds to salvage the toad and its lost world. They have managed to raise the toads in captivity, documented the ecosystem's myriad responses to the dam, and engineered in the gorge what may be the world's largest sprinkler system. Their story shows that although human technology can easily upset nature, even the best science may not suffice to restore it.
The cool, high peaks of the Udzungwas jut from a sea of dry savanna, forming part of the Eastern Arc Biodiversity Hotspot, a crescent-shaped archipelago of nine mountain ranges. Here are some of the world's oldest rainforests, where long isolation and stable climate have given biota tens of millions of years to evolve. Thousands of plants and animals are endemic to the nine ranges, to one range, or, as in Kihansi, one locale. The spray toad has what may be the smallest range of any vertebrate--2 hectares. Some biologists think it has lived in the gorge or nearby for at least 10 million years.
The gorge begins where the Kihansi River plunges 100 meters off an escarpment, then rushes another vertical 750 meters through 4 kilometers of violent twists and cascades. The river flows year-round, whereas the region's other streams disappear in dry season. The slippery cliffs and the water's ferocity long excluded people, allowing the mist-world creatures to live undisturbed and undiscovered.
Steep drop and dependable flow also are ideal for hydropower. In 1983, engineers envisioned diverting water via a dam above the gorge to a turbine-filled tunnel; flow would bypass the gorge and return to the riverbed at the bottom. A survey of the modest 20-hectare proposed reservoir suggested an environmentally benign project, and in 1994, construction began on the $270 million effort, initially funded by World Bank loans. Development banks in Norway, Sweden, and Germany later joined but insisted that downstream biota be surveyed too.
Thus in 1996, with the dam infrastructure already partly built, biologists including herpetologist Kim Howell of the University of Dar es Salaam managed to climb down into several steep, mist-engulfed meadows. Here they found an estimated 50,000 of the skinny, endearing toads, hiding in deep moss mats. Although they have relatives in the region, several unusual features set the toads apart, including flaps over nostrils (possibly to keep out excess spray) and live births (eggs might wash away). Their chit-chit-chit-chit call can ramp up to high frequencies inaudible to humans, possibly to overcome constant low-end waterfall roar, says evolutionary biologist Corinne Richards of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. The toads ate hundreds of wetland insect species, most still unidentified. Biologists also found at least four new endemic plants in the gorge, including a new coffee species, plus rare trees and threatened primates and birds.
But even as they explored the gorge world, biologists had scant hope for preserving it. "As soon as we found this place, we knew it would be going extinct," says one foreign consultant--who, like several others, feared being quoted by name because of the fierce politics surrounding the dam. To compensate, biologists sought possible toad transplant sites but turned up nothing. They recommended letting half the river's flow continue to the gorge, but that recommendation was not followed. In 1999, European newspapers got wind of unpublished studies, along with the published description of the toad, Nectophrynoides asperginis. Groups such as Friends of the Earth accused the banks and Tanzania of violating the International Convention on Biological Diversity, which forbids projects that would wipe out species.
The government and lenders compromised. With an added $6 million loan to cover conservation studies and mitigation, the gorge would get 10% of its previous flow. Part was to be channeled into a several-kilometer-long, gravity-fed pipe system snaking down rock walls to the toad meadows, where hundreds of spray nozzles would spurt mist--a setup meant to mimic natural spray with a fraction of the water. Covering a quarter of the toads' original habitat, the sprinklers are "probably the most highly engineered recovery system for any species ever," says William Newmark, a conservation biologist at the Utah Museum of Natural History advising the World Bank.
But the sprinklers were not ready when the water was to be choked off in early 2000. The shutoff proceeded anyway, and by the time the sprinklers came on 9 months later, the ecosystem had dried up catastrophically. Common plants from adjacent dry areas had invaded former spray meadows; mosses had declined almost 95%; insect diversity had dropped; and only 2000 toads were left alive.
Doing the downstream conservation work only after the dam was well under way was a "huge mistake: Planning was not preceded by a thorough and complete environmental impact assessment," admits conservation biologist Wilfred Sarunday, coordinator of Tanzania's Lower Kihansi Environmental Management Project, which oversees studies and mitigation at the gorge....
Upcoming ABA SEER Environmental Science Teleconference
The speakers will discuss the science and technology of surface water quality and wastewater treatment, including watershed concepts, the measurement of water quality parameters, water quality requirements imposed by the Clean Water Act (e.g. ambient water quality criteria, NPDES permits and total maximum daily loads), point and non-point sources of surface water pollution and conventional and innovative water pollution control technologies used for treating municipal and industrial wastewater.
Alexandra Dapolito Dunn, National Association of Clean Water Agencies, Washington, DC
W. Wesley Eckenfelder, P.E., D.Sc., D.E.E., Senior Technical Consultant, AquAeTer, Inc., Brentwood, TN
William Hansard, President, Environmental Management Services, Inc. Brentwood, TN
Stephen W. Hughes, P.E., TetraTech, Pittsburgh, PA
Paul Marotta, P.E., AquAeTer, Inc., Brentwood, TN
Thursday, March 23, 2006:
12:30 p.m.- 2:30 p.m. (Eastern)
11:30 a.m.- 1:30 p.m. (Central)
10:30 a.m.- 12:30 p.m. (Mountain)
9:30 a.m.- 11:30 a.m. (Pacific)
View the Environmental Sciences program brochure at _URL_
Come one and all to these Fall Conferences
HT: Ben Boer for reminding us of two additional important conferences
The fourth IUCN (World Conservation Union) Academy of Environmental Law Conference is on at Pace University this year:
4th Academy of Environmental Law Colloquium
OCTOBER 16-20, 2006
Implementing Environmental Legislation:
The Critical Role of Enforcement and Compliance
Pace Law School
White Plains, New York, in partnership with INECE, UNEP and others
Pace Law School
White Plains, New York
See link: _URL_
Information about the Colloquium is available by contacting Lee Paddock at _EMAIL_.
The IUCN Academy Conference at Pace University will be followed by the Environmental Tax Conference. A bus will go from Pace University to Ottawa.
The Seventh Annual Global Conference on Environmental Taxation
Instruments of Change for a Sustainable Economy
Oct 22-24 2006
Chateau Laurier, Ottawa, Canada
Hosted by the University of Ottawa Faculty of Law in partnership with the
Sponsored by the University of Ottawa CGA Tax Research Centre and the
Government of Canada
The Corps of Engineers -- set up to take the fall?
The Washington Post reports that the Corps is rushing to rebuild the levees, but two groups of experts, one group appointed by the National Science Foundation and one group appointed by Louisiana, are critical of the work being done.
The Army Corps of Engineers seems likely to fulfill a promise by President Bush to rebuild New Orleans's toppled flood walls to their original, pre-Katrina height by June 1, but two teams of independent experts monitoring the $1.6 billion reconstruction project say large sections of the rebuilt levee system will be substantially weaker than before the hurricane hit.
These experts say the Corps, racing to rebuild 169 miles of levees destroyed or damaged by Katrina, is taking shortcuts to compress what is usually a years-long construction process into a few weeks. They say that weak, substandard materials are being used in some levee walls, citing lab tests as evidence. And they say the Corps is deferring repairs to


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Orange Roughy are a long-lived, late maturing species with relatively low fecundity (fertility). They can live to be more than 100 years old and don't mature until they're in their late 20's.
After being heavily fished over the last 30 years, abundance is less than 30% of the estimated virgin biomass for most populations. Caught exclusively by deep-sea trawling, habitat damage is substantial in fished areas, including sensitive habitats on seamounts.
Fishery management has closed some areas to bottom trawling; however, slow-growing species like coral will take decades to recover fully. Bycatch of finfish is low to moderate because fisheries target large Orange Roughy aggregations (large groups).
This fish may have high levels of mercury that could pose a health risk to adults and children. More mercury info here.


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ENE605 Air Pollution Control
Lead Faculty: Dr. Hassan Badkoobehi
Air quality management with an emphasis on the sources of air pollution, including the effects on humankind, plants, and animals. Study of federal, state, and local regulatory requirements and air pollution law. Design of air pollution control equipment will be done.
- Analyze a methodology to determine the performance and cost of air pollution control techniques.
- Evaluate air quality management and analyze the causes and effects of air pollution.
- Compare the environmental effects of air pollution on humankind, and the plant and animal kingdoms.
- Contrast how air pollution is controlled through modern technology, pollution prevention and economics.
- Classify various air pollution control methods and the costs to implement those controls.
- Analyze specific air pollution problems in Southern California and identify possible solutions to those problems.
- Describe the hierarchy of local, state and federal agencies involved in the regulation of air quality and the laws governing each.
- Identify toxic air contaminants and corresponding air toxic control measures (ATCM's).