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National flags, national flag colors, and the well-being of countries
AbstractThis paper utilizes a simple production function model to assess the relative importance of national flags and national flag colors on the well-being of 93 nations in 2007. It finds that the existence of national flags affects well-being positively. Well-being is inelastic with respect to national flag colors. In other words, it is far more important to well-being to have a national flag than whether the flag is a certain color combination. There is considerable regional variation, but the effects of national flags on well-being are invariant with respect to region.
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Bibliographic InfoPaper provided by University Library of Munich, Germany in its series MPRA Paper with number 11304.
Date of creation: 29 Oct 2008
Date of revision:
National well-being; human development index (HDI); national flags; national flag colors;
Find related papers by JEL classification:
- C51 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Model Construction and Estimation
- O11 - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
- D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
- O15 - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration
- C21 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models
- D60 - Microeconomics - - Welfare Economics - - - General
This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:
Please report citation or reference errors to, or, if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Robert E. Hall & Charles I. Jones, 1999.
"Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output per Worker than Others?,"
NBER Working Papers
6564, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Robert E. Hall & Charles I. Jones, 1999. "Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output Per Worker Than Others?," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 114(1), pages 83-116, February.
- Jones, Charles I, 1997.
" Convergence Revisited,"
Journal of Economic Growth,
Springer, vol. 2(2), pages 131-53, July.
Blog mentionsAs found by EconAcademics.org, the blog aggregator for Economics research:CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
- Amavilah, Voxi Heinrich, 2009. "National symbols, globalization, and the well-being of nations," MPRA Paper 14882, University Library of Munich, Germany.
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Thinking beyond Jay-Z and Coldplay, researchers at Ohio State University have turned a standard compact disk into a biochemical laboratory. Their specially designed CD completely automates a commonly used assay for classifying HIV and some cancers, eliminating many tedious steps and producing results in one-tenth of the time.
As early as four decades ago, researchers at Monsanto tried to use centrifugal force to push liquids through a series of chambers on a plastic disk, says L. James Lee of Ohio State. His updated "lab on a CD" contains a series of wells and channels, each no deeper than the width of a human hair. Blood or cell samples are placed in one set of the disk's chambers. Test chemicals are then mixed sequentially by changing the speed that the CD rotates: Solutions in wells closer to the outside move outward at lower rotation speeds, while those closer to the center remain in place until the CD spins more quickly.
Besides saving time, the lab CD also uses less of the expensive antibodies needed for common disease tests, cutting material costs by up to 90 percent. Within two years, technicians may be listening to their favorite music CDs while their experiments spin nearby on a similar disk.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Parents have the right to ask their child's public school for an evaluation and by law, the school must provide one free of charge. But there are steps that must be followed.
STEP ONE: Parents must make a request for testing in writing. Talking to your child's teacher, the principal or the front office about your concerns, or just verbally asking for an evaluation is not enough. Parents need to put the request in writing and personally deliver it to the school personnel (usually the school counselor) who should respond to it. According to Vita Nemirovsky of Homeworks Educational Consulting, it is important to include specific requests in the letter on exactly what you would like your child to be evaluated for. A sample letter requesting evaluation will help parents write an effective letter.
STEP TWO: Within 10 days, the school will offer a Permission to Evaluate (PTE) form that needs to be signed by the parents. At this point, a 60 day "countdown" starts, where the school has that much time to perform the requested evaluations. One thing to note: the time during summer vacation does not count towards the 60 days. Despite the fact that it may be late in the year, it can still be good to start the process in the spring. According to Nemirovsky, that will help set things up for an early fall evaluation.
IF THE SCHOOL SAYS NO: A school may also respond to a parents' written request with a Notice of Recommended Educational Placement, or NOREP form. This form indicates that the school has reviewed the child's situation and determined that he already has an appropriate placement. Parents can dispute this and still request testing. In the majority of the cases, the schools will comply with the parents.
STEP THREE: Once testing results are in, the school will meet with the parents, share results and make recommendations. If parents are not satisfied with the results of testing, they also have the option of requesting an independent evaluation, which the school is required to pay for.
The lengthy time frame can be a problem for some parents, who want to get a diagnosis, and begin to get help for their child sooner. These parents may elect to pay for and get an independent evaluation.
Next: Reasons to consider an independent evaluation


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Wild Blue Pixel
LEARN HOW TO PLAY THE KALIMBA
I have written hundreds of songs on the kalimba, but most of them are gone by the time I wake up the next day. To make it easy to save my kalimba ideas for another day, I invented a kalimba tablature, a visually intuitive diagram or map of the kalimba that shows you which tines to play to produce a song or exercise. I use this kalimba tablature to help me remember new songs I write, as a compositional tool, as an instructional tool to convey detailed musical ideas to students, and as a tool to help me learn difficult passages that my mind can create but my body doesn't yet understand. I have written seven kalimba books based on this tablature.
Some other kalimba enthusiasts have created a software program called KTabS that can produce the tablature for any kalimba. People around the world have begun using KTabS and the kalimba tablature to notate kalimba music.
The advantage of a standard musical notation is that anybody who knows all the rules can read any piece of music and know how it goes, no matter what instrument it was written for. Most conventional music tablature is written on a five-line staff, e.g., the treble cleff or bass cleff, or both.
An example of the conventional five-line musical staff notation.
But I will introduce you to another way of notating music for the kalimba. When I play, I think of geometrical patterns dancing on the kalimba tines. So I invented a tablature that represents these geometrical patterns as if they were notes dancing on the kalimba tines. This kalimba tablature is much more connected to what your thumbs need to do to make music. And you won't waste any time figuring out where a given note is supposed to be played on your kalimba, left or right side—the tablature shows you exactly which tine to play.
The kalimba tablature reads from bottom up. The tablature uses the same note symbols as staff notation (quarter notes, eighth notes, etc.), but the note symbols are placed on an elongated map of the kalimba. If your kalimba has fewer tines, that kalimba's tablature will also have fewer tines. The painted tines on your kalimba will correspond to the colored (or shaded) tines on the tablature.
If there are two or more notes on the same horizontal line, that means there is a chord and you must play them at the same time. The different kinds of note symbols - open, filled, with dots or flags - indicate how long a note lasts before you play the next note. If you don't understand the rules for these symbols, you are in LUCK! There is a series of Tips of the Day on notation which starts at the beginning and works up to more difficult and complex examples.
To illustrate the tablature (tab) with a song you know, please look at the tab for Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star for the Alto kalimba, for the Treble kalimba, or for the 8-Note kalimba. Read from bottom to the top, like you would read a traffic warning written on the road ("STOP AHEAD").
Graphic concept by Tim & Mark Holdaway
OK, so far so good, but isn't this overkill for a simple little instrument like the thumb piano?
Well, the kalimba is a very capable instrument, and if we are going to be able to capture its beauty and magic, we DO need something like this. For example, check out the tablature for Hark the Herald Angels Sing.
Listen to this music while you follow the tablature. Start from the bottom left and go up the page.
This tablature is expressive enough to permit
the kalimba's complexity to be transmitted to YOU, yet is simple
to read and very intuitive.
Now, you don't have to read tablature
to play kalimba - I played for 18 years before I invented the
tablature. But tablature will open up a whole new world of
understanding, knowledge, and music to you. The Tips of the Day, the books,
and some of the newsleter articles use this tablature. You can
send tablature easily by email. You can write it on paper or
on your computer. It is fast, easy, and fun to read and write.
So, what are
you waiting for?
Last updated Nov 2011

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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A semi-arid climate or steppe climate describes climatic regions that receive precipitation below potential evapotranspiration, but not extremely. A more precise definition is given by the Köppen climate classification that treats steppe climates (BSk and BSh) as intermediates between desert climates (BW) and humid climates in ecological characteristics and agricultural potential. Semi-arid climates tend to support short or scrubby vegetation, with semi-arid areas usually are dominated by either grasses or shrubs.
To determine if a location has a semi-arid climate, the precipitation threshold must first be determined. Finding the precipitation threshold (in millimeters) involves first multiplying the average annual temperature in °C by 20, then adding 280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the high-sun half of the year (April through September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October through March in the Southern), or 140 if 30%–70% of the total precipitation is received during the applicable period, or 0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is so received. If the area's annual precipitation is less than the threshold but more than half the threshold, it is classified as a BS (steppe climate).
Furthermore, to delineate "hot semi-arid climates" from "cold semi-arid climates", there are three widely used isotherms: Either a mean annual temperature of 18°C, or a mean temperature of 0°C or −3°C in the coldest month, so that a location with a "BS" type climate with the appropriate temperature above whichever isotherm is being used is classified as "hot semi-arid" (BSh), and a location with the appropriate temperature below the given isotherm is classified as "cold semi-arid" (BSk).
Hot semi-arid climates
Hot semi-arid climates (type "BSh") tend to be located in the tropics and subtropics. These climates tend to have hot, sometimes extremely hot, summers and mild to warm winters. Snow rarely (if ever) falls in these regions. Hot semi-arid climates are most commonly found around the fringes of subtropical deserts. The most common variant of a hot semi-arid climate, found in regions such as West Africa, India, parts of Mexico and small parts of Pakistan experiences the seasonal effects of monsoons and has a short but well-defined wet season, but is not sufficiently wet overall to qualify as a tropical savanna climate. In Australia, a large portion of the Outback, surrounding the central desert regions, lies within the hot semi-arid climate regime. Hot semi-arid climates can also be found in sections of South America such as the sertão and on the poleward side of the arid deserts where they typically feature a Mediterranean precipitation pattern, with generally rainless summers and wetter winters.
Cold semi-arid climates
Cold semi-arid climates (type "BSk") tend to be located in temperate zones. They are typically found in continental interiors some distance from large bodies of water. Cold semi-arid climates usually feature hot and dry (often exceptionally hot) summers, though their summers are typically not quite as hot as those of hot semi-arid climates. Unlike hot semi-arid climates, areas with cold semi-arid climates tend to have cold winters. These areas usually see some snowfall during the winter, though snowfall is much lower than at locations at similar latitudes with more humid climates. Areas featuring cold semi-arid climates tend to have higher elevations than areas with hot semi-arid climates, and are sometimes subject to major temperature swings between day and night, sometimes by as much as 15℃/27℉ or more in that time frame. These temperature swings are seldom seen in hot semi-arid climates. Cold semi-arid climates at higher latitudes tend to have dry winters and wetter summers, while cold semi-arid climates at lower latitudes tend to have precipitation patterns more akin to Mediterranean climates, with dry summers, relatively wet winters, and even wetter springs and autumns. Cold semi-arid climates are most commonly found in Asia and North America. However, it can also be found in Northern Africa, South Africa, Europe, (primarily in Spain) sections of South America and sections of interior southern Australia.
Regions of varying classification
Three isotherms means that delineate between hot and cold semi-arid climates -- the 18°C average annual temperature or that of the coldest month (0°C or −3°C), the warm side of the isotherm of choice defining a BSh climate from the BSk on the cooler side. As a result of this, some areas can have climates that are classified as hot or cold semi-arid depending on the isotherm used. One such location is San Diego, California (at its main airport), which has cool summers for the latitude due to prevailing winds off the ocean (so the average annual temperature is below 18°C) but mild winters (average temperature in January, 14°C, and closer to the 18.0°C isotherm that separates tropical and subtropical climates than to the 0°C or −3°C isotherm for the coldest month that separates temperate and continental climates).
See also
- Continental climate
- Dust Bowl (an era of devastating dust storms, mostly in the 1930s, in semi-arid areas on the Great Plains of the United States and Canada)
- Goyder's Line (a boundary marking the limit of semi-arid climates in the Australian state of South Australia)
- Palliser's Triangle (semi-arid area of Canada)
- Köppen climate classification


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Warm Tip: If you want to know more information, like quotation, products, solutions, etc., please Click here,and contact us online.
The cyanidation gold extraction process is the main method for extracting gold from ores or concentrates, which is mainly divided into two processes, namely, tank leaching cyanidation method and heap leaching cyanidation method. The heap leaching method is mainly used to treat low-grade gold ore. The tank leaching cyanidation method is a traditional immersion gold method, mainly divided into two types: percolation cyanidation process and agitation cyanidation process. Now we will specifically explain the gold percolation cyanidation process.
Percolation cyanidation method is a relatively simple and inexpensive method of extracting gold. The advantage of this method is that it consumes less solvent and less power, and eliminates the need for expensive concentrators or filters. Compared with the agitation cyanidation method, the disadvantages of the percolation cyanidation method are: long working time, large equipment, large floor space, incomplete washing and low extraction rate of gold, thus often only suitable for small-scale gold mines, especially individual gold mining.
The percolation cyanidation process is suitable for the treatment of alluvial sand, loose and porous materials, and slag. The percolation cyanidation process can handle materials up to -10 mm. If clay, slime or finely ground materials contained in the ore, the percolation effects will decline. Therefore, the slime must be separated before percolation cyanidation method is used. Sludge and finely ground materials are usually treated by agitation cyanidation.
The ore ready for leaching is first filled in a percolation leaching tank (pool) and then leached with a cyanide solution. The cyanide solution slowly permeates the ore layer to dissolve the gold. The gold-containing solution (pregnant liquid) passes through a filter bottom (false bottom) slightly higher than the bottom of the tank, and flows out of the pipe on the wall of the tank. The tube is located between the bottom of the tank and the bottom of the filter. After the alluvial ore is treated with the cyanide solution, it is washed with water to wash out the gold-containing solution remaining in the ore.
The gold-containing solution flowing out of the tank is sent to a displacement precipitating device to precipitate gold. The precipitated de-golden poor liquid is sent to the lean liquid pool, and the appropriate amount of cyanide is added to increase the concentration for the next batch of new ore. The ore after washing with water is the tailings of percolation cyanidation and are discharged manually or mechanically, and then the next batch goes on operation.
In actual gold percolation cyanidation process, CNLITE gold leaching agent can be use to extract gold, which is low-toxicity, environmental-friendly and without changing the original cyanide equipment and process.


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Nancy Deren is a financial coach and counselor in Gainesville Fl in her late 50s who is realizing a dream held since college of living with friends. The original idea of companionship and fun remain a core concept, but now, preparing for the impacts of energy shortages, climate change, and economic upheaval, plus holding a larger vision of peace and justice, have provided the impetus to act.
Nancy and two friends sold their individual houses, bought a 1976 built house, and have remodeled and added on to it using various energy efficient, low toxicity products, to include 3 mother in law suites while sharing the main spaces. They are planting for food and habitat, not lawn, setting up rainwater catchment, are in walking distance of many amenities and are hoping to reduce and stabilize living expenses going forward. Nancy moved in during January, her friends in February and March, so they are busy adapting to this shift from theory to reality.
Join us to learn:
- Why we chose this model of shared living
- How we addressed concerns about privacy and independence
- Developing our entry, on-going, and exit strategies
- Surprise unintended consequences so far
- What we're learning—pros and cons
- Making choices on materials


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MLA 2013 CFP: The Past, Present, and Future of Cognitive Literary Studies (Round Table)
The Past, Present, and Future of Cognitive Literary Studies (Round Table)
Fifteen years after the MLA Cognitive Approaches to Literature discussion group was created and in recognition of its new division status, we seek to reflect on the field of cognitive literary studies: its history, current state, and the multiple directions that it is taking. How have cognitive approaches helped literary critics and scientists understand human culture and the mind? What is the present panorama of this interdisciplinary interface and how is it evolving?


Why Do Skunks Smell Like Weed?
I am a big fan of the furry type of skunk, personally. As a licensed skunk rehabilitator, I transport these amazing creatures frequently in my car and have been sprayed a few times while rescuing upset animals.
The resemblance between skunk musk and marijuana has, unfortunately, led to some awkward encounters. "Yes, sir, I do have an actual skunk in my vehicle, and nothing illegal."
So what's up with the resemblance? Here's the scoop on skunk: a skunk's distinct smell comes from three types of organic sulfur compounds, known as thiols. Thiols are intensely musky and overpowering, which is what makes them such potent weapons.
Cannabis doesn't contain thiols, but it does contain hundreds of compounds known as terpenes. Terpenes include the spicy-smelling compound caryophyllene, the citrusy compound limonene, and the musky compound known as myrcene. Myrcene is the chemical in marijuana that is most distinctly similar in scent to skunk spray.
In the 1970s, Dutch growers in the United States cultivated a hybrid cannabis strain called "Skunk" that was unusually rich in myrcene. The strain became more and more potent in time and became a parent breed to many other types of medicinal and recreational marijuana. That's why many kinds of cannabis used today smell skunky.
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Nearly a million South African households still have no access to the minimum 25 litres of water per day. Eskom's water-hungry coal expansion is a major threat to the country's already stressed water resources, and further compromises water access for the poor, according to a report released by Greenpeace today. The report clearly outlines how the coal mining and electricity industry obtain priority access to water, and yet contribute substantially to water pollution and scarcity.
According to Melita Steele, climate and energy campaigner for Greenpeace Africa: "Eskom uses just over a staggering 10 000 litres of water a second, the same amount a single person would use within one year. The utility's reckless investment in new coal-fired power stations clearly puts South Africa's scarce water supplies at risk."
The report entitled: 'Water hungry coal: Burning South Africa's water to produce electricity' makes clear connections between coal and water scarcity, and outlines how the South African government and Eskom are making a clear energy choice at the moment: in favour of coal expansion, at the expense of scarce water resources, people's heath and affordable electricity.
"Due to growing water shortages, competition for water is only likely to increase between the agricultural, electricity and residential sectors. This could lead to conflicts over water. According to research conducted by the Water Research Commission, water scarcity is already leading to service delivery protests in the country. With as much as 98% of South Africa's water already allocated, the question is: where will the water for the new coal-fired power stations (Medupi and Kusile) come from?", continued Steele.
Of the 22 mines that supply Eskom with coal, half were operating without a valid water licence in 2010. This means that the utility's coal addiction and a lack of transparency in the water sector contributes to the country's growing water scarcity, and looming conflicts over water. However, most of this information remains confidential, creating clear threats to the accountability of users and the protection of this country's water.
"South Africans have a right to know how water is being allocated, managed and polluted. The current allocation of water to the coal mining industry and Eskom for coal-fired electricity is not transparent, accountable or sustainable. Water is not just an environmental issue, it is a critical constraint to future development, and it is a fundamental issue at the heart of justice, economics and human rights" added Steele.
South Africa is facing huge political decisions around the allocation of water. If investments were shifted to essentially 'water-free' renewable energy technologies and energy efficiency, this would drastically reduce the water required for electricity generation, deliver sustainable electricity to all South Africans, create jobs and help avoid water insecurity and conflict.
"It is still possible to pull back from the brink of crisis, but only if the right choices are made today. It is time to end the era of coal in South Africa through a just transition away from coal towards renewable energy. Our ability to deal with a changing climate and future water crisis depends on it. The South African government and Eskom must realise that there are very effective substitutes for coal, but there are no alternatives to water", concluded Steele.


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You Forgot Your Skirt, Amelia Bloomer, by Shana Corey; Chelsey McLaren ill. Scholastic Press, 2000.
by Tara Bloyd
Aimed at young children, this short picture book presents the story of Amelia Bloomer and her eponymous outfit in a simple, direct fashion. The illustrations are bright and compelling, and are set off by a generous amount of white space. The book contrasts Amelia Bloomer with the "proper ladies" who surrounded her – women who were not supposed to work or vote, and who wore dresses that required 20-30 yards of fabric just for the skirt. The fact that Amelia didn't invent bloomers – something that many people do not know – is clearly stated and is important. As editor of the woman's newspaper The Lily, Amelia's championing of the short skirt and baggy pantaloons to replace cumbersome, socially-approved dresses was crucial to their popularization, and the book shows how both men and women reacted to the new clothing option.
I found the Author's Note at the end of the book the most compelling part; it provides additional information about Amelia Bloomer's life and times that couldn't really be discussed within the parameters of a book for young children. As an introduction to the issues facing women in the 19th century, though, the book is a good addition to suffrage-related libraries.


How to Tell the Difference Between a Male and Female Snake?
How in the world do you tell whether a snake is male or female? It is so difficult, right? Well, I did some research on the topic and have written it down to share with you.
Male snakes can most easily be differentiated from females because they have thicker tails. If this does not clearly show the difference, a probe can be inserted in the slit in front of the tail to feel for a hemipenes.
Trying to tell by just looking for hemipenes is actually harder than it sounds. So, what are the best ways to tell the difference between boy snakes and girl snakes?
Tail Characteristics as a Way to Sex Snakes
Male and female snakes have very different shaped tails. Who knew? The first thing you need to know is, what qualifies as the snake's tail? In every snake there is a slit along the underbelly, toward the end of the snake, this slit is called a cloaca.
The length of the snake from the cloaca to the tip of the back end of the snake is its tail. Because females lack hemipenes, their tails are skinnier and fade evenly to the point. Male snakes, on the other hand, have thicker tails that stay thick until they quickly come to a point at the very end of their tails.
This is a good way to tell whether or not a snake is male or female when you have two snakes side by side, but trying to figure this out with only one snake can be rather difficult, so they have invented a few other ways to determine the sex of your snake.
Probing to Determine the Gender of a Snake
The first way and the best way to find the sex of your snake is to use a technique that is called probing. Probing is a process that involves sticking an instrument into your snakes' cloaca to determine if there are hemipenes or not.
To succeed in this technique it is important to, first and foremost, make sure you have the right tools. Manufactures make snake probes that can be bought in pet stores or online at places like Amazon.
It is important that when you go to probe a snake you make sure you have the correct sized prob, and that you have a rounded tip on your probe. Make sure that before probing your snake, you have figured out which size of prob to use.
For smaller snakes, use thinner rods and for larger snakes make sure to use larger rods. It is best to buy snake probing rods because you need to make sure they are rounded on the end or have a ball tip in order to ensure the safety of your snake.
When Probing a snake you must always remember these 5 important facts:
 1. Make sure to always have someone assisting you to hold your snake.
 2. Make sure that your snake is awake.
 3. Make sure you have done your homework and have the right sized probe.
 4. Make sure to always be sanitary.
 5. Make sure you know what you are doing before inserting the probe.
Once you have these 5 steps down, probing can actually be quite easy. First, make sure that your snake's belly is facing you. Then make sure your assistant has a good hold on them. Next, you will want to lubricate your sexing probe.
Then, locate the cloaca and slowly insert the probe. You will want to do this, slowly and gently, spinning the probe so that it is slowly moving forward. On a female snake, the probe will be stopped against a harder surface approximately 3 scales in.
On a male snake, the probe will find one of the two hemipenes and will slide into a softer stop. On a male snake, the probe should go into the snake to about 9 scales. Once you have figured out if it is male or female, slowly remove the probe.
Once again it is so imperative that you use the right sized probe in order to make sure you do not hurt your snake. Here and here I listed a few links to some nice snake probs that have really good reviews.
Popping Hemipenes (Caution!)
There is another way to find the gender of your snake although it is much more difficult and can actually be harmful to your snake if done wrong.
Popping the hemipenes at first sounds like we are going to pop a balloon or something, but to pop the hemipenes really is pushing the hemipenes out of the snake's body. This reverting of the hemipenes only temporarily makes the hemipenes visible on the outside of the snake.
In order to pop the hemipenes, you need to find the vent or cloaca of the snake and then apply slight pressure, using a finger, below the cloaca where the hemipenes would come out. Make sure that the pressure is gentle but also firm. If this is done correctly, a hemipenis should pop out.
This is not the preferred way of determining the sex of a snake for a few reasons though:
 - The first reason is that it can be harmful to the snake
 - The second reason is that it is very hard to do right
 - The third reason is that if you don't see a hemipenes pop out you can never be certain if it is because the snake is actually female or if it is because the process was done wrong and the snake really is a male.
For these reasons it is suggested that you stick to probing your snakes to find their genders.
Pros and Cons for Male Snakes
A lot of people wonder if there is even a difference in owning female snakes compared to male snakes, and vice versa.
The answer is that in general there isn't a huge difference, but there are some pretty interesting details that make some people prefer owning male snakes or female snakes.
Pros for Male SnakesCons for Male Snakes
*If you want a smaller snake, male snakes (in general) are smaller than females.
*Normally are cheaper to purchase than females.
*Only really need one when trying to breed snakes.
*Male snakes are not as large and so they can be less easy to handle for snakes that are already smaller.
*Male snakes cannot have babies and as such are not as valuable.
Pros and Cons for Female Snakes
As was stated in the previous section, unless you are a breeder there are very few reasons that one should buy a male snake over a female snake, but as stated before there are a few, so here is a list of the pros and cons about getting a female snake.
Pros for Female SnakesCons for Female Snakes
*They are more valuable because they can have babies.
*They tend to be bigger which can look nicer and be easier to handle.
*Female snakes tend to be more expensive because it is more beneficial to own a lot of female snakes when breeding.
*Female snakes can get to be a bit aggressive when protecting their young.
*Because female snakes tend to be larger, you may need to use a larger terrarium to house them.
How do Snakes Mate in the Wild?
Snakes are like all other reptiles and they have a need to breed. The breeding process starts with the female though. When a female snake has matured enough to mate and is ready to start the mating process she actually starts to release pheromones that come from the skin glands in her back.
As she is moving about during her day she will begin to leave an odor trail as she pushes off of resistance points in the ground. This is where the male comes in. A male that is mature enough to mate and crosses the path of this pheromone trail will begin to follow the trail until he has found the female.
Once he has spotted the female he will begin to court her. He does this by knocking his chin into the back of her head until she is ready. Once she is ready to mate, the male snake will wrap the bottom of his tail around hers so that their vents or cloaca are touching.
At this point, the male will insert his hemipenes' or penises into the female and will release his sperm. Although sex for snakes generally takes about an hour, it can actually last all day.
Female snakes reproduce about twice a year but depending on the climate this may differ. Snakes in colder regions typically only reproduce in the spring or summer whereas some snakes in tropical regions can reproduce any time of year. The weather and the amount of food the snake is getting all influence whether or not a snake will reproduce.
There are three ways in which a female snake can produce offspring. The most common way is for the female snake to lay eggs. Most snakes do not sit and watch their eggs like chickens and other animals, most snakes will leave their eggs once they are laid.
Like always though, there are a few exceptions to that rule. The second way that snakes produce their offspring is in live births. Not a lot of snake breeds do this but a few that do are certain types of Vipers and Boas.
The third way that snakes produce their offspring is actually a combination of the two. They have eggs but hold them internally until they hatch and then have a live birth. Rattlesnakes experience this form of pregnancy and birth.
How do Male and Female Snakes Reproduce in Captivity?
Although the same basic things must happen in order for snakes to breed in the wild and in captivity, it is quite a different process getting snakes to breed outside of their natural habitat. The breeding of snakes has become quite successful, but because of its complexities, it did not always start out that way.
The first thing that must be done in order to help your snakes


Edit Article
This move is a good way to avoid hurting your leg muscles when you land from a jump. It's not very hard and doesn't require a lot of practice.
 1. 1
 Find a place to jump from.
 2. 2
 Jump up.
 3. 3
 While you are in the air, bend your legs.
 4. 4
 While you are coming down, put your hands forward and above the shoulder of your stronger arm (if you are right handed, above your right shoulder) with your fingers forming a triangle, as if you were catching a football.
 5. 5
 Land with your toes. Don't lock your knees but allow them to bend to absorb some of the energy.
 6. 6
 Let your weight go forward
 7. 7
 Bring your triangle-formed fingers downwards to make contact with the ground.
 8. 8
 Brace your arms to let them take the impact.
 9. 9
 Push your upper body forward and roll.
 10. 10
 Jump again from a higher place.
 - When you roll, roll with your shoulder, not your head.
 - Remember to never lock your joints.
 - After your toes hit the floor, bend your knees and ankles to take pressure of your hips and shins and prevent injury such as hyper-extension and bone breaks.
 - Practice the rolling motion.
 - Move gradually from a small height to higher up.
 - Be ready for the impact with the ground.
 - Don't get frustrated.
 - Careful how far you jump from, especially on your first couple jumps.
 - Don't use your head when rolling.
 - You could get seriously injured.
 - This might cause injury if not done correctly.
Things You'll Need
 - A place to jump from.
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In January 2005, we are
launching two balloon payloads from Churchill, Manitoba. Each 60 lb payload will be carried to an altitude of
120,000 feet on a 300,000 cubic foot balloon. Four similar payloads will be simultaneously launched by our
collaborators at U. C. Berkeley from the South African Antarctic Station (SANAE). These flights will provide us
with the first conjugate measurements of relativistic electron precipitation from a balloon. Stay tuned for
progress on the campaign! (Right: Launch of MINIS test balloon at McMurdo Station, Antarctica)
The MINIS project is an effort to understand the size, frequency and mechanisms of relativistic electron
precipitation from the magnetosphere into the ionosphere. It is the next step in an ongoing effort. The MINIS
approach differs in emphasis and method from its predecessor experiment (MAXIS). A different instrument package,
which includes electric and magnetic field sensors, will look for electromagnetic indications of magnetospheric
waves which might be responsible for scattering relativistic electron out of their repetitive motions in the
magnetosphere and down into Earth's atmosphere. The MINIS campaign will employ 4 balloons with staggered launches
in order to extend the longitudinal range over which relativistic electron precipitation is observed. These
balloons will be hand-launched by graduate students from the South African Antarctic station, SANAE, in January
2005. University of Washington is contributing electric field instrument components (Bob Holzworth and Michael
Kokorowski) and x-ray spectrometers (Michael McCarthy and Erin Lay) to the balloon payloads. Michael Kokorowski
will also travel to SANAE to launch the balloons.
See balloon trajectory maps and data here.
Churchill's final balloon was released at approximately 01:40 UTC. The balloon reached float as predicted in two
hours, and moved a little slower than the first balloon. The balloon continued easterly until we terminated the
flight off the eastern coast of Iceland. The balloon transmitted data until landing in the ocean.
SANAE launched their third and fourth balloons this week.
Congratulations to both SANAE and the Churchill team for the successful launch of SIX balloons in two weeks!
At approximately 08:54 UTC, our first Churchill balloon was released. The payload reached float in a little over
two hours after launch, and ended up floating over Greenland when we cut it down. It continued to send us data
from atop the Greenland Ice Cap until the batteries died.
At approximately 13:00 UTC the second SANAE balloon was launched. The payload reached float in just over two
hours. Great data is beginning to come in. Congratulations to the hard working people down in Antarctica for a
The SANAE balloon launched at approximately 14:00 UTC. The payload reached altitude in just over one hour. After
that, the balloon proceeded to come back down over the course of several hours. The mechanism that brought the
balloon down is still unknown.
Our first flight, which was set to occur on January 8th has been delayed due to poor weather in both Antarctica
and here in Churchill. We are anticipating a launch on January 17th, provided the weather in both poles is flight
worthy. We have completed one payload, and are busy finishing our second payload while we wait out the blizzard
that has moved in at both Churchill and SANAE.
Members from our team are just arriving at the Churchill Northern
Studies Center. Our southern hemisphere collaborators arrived at SANAE last week and are busily preparing for a January 8th launch.
Minis South Log, written by Mike Kokorowski. Read about the Antarctica Mission!


7 Reasons Why Juicing Helps You Lose Weight
If you've thought about going on a diet in recent years, then you've probably heard about juicing once or twice. Juicing is a great option for those of you who want to improve your digestion, start to lose weight, and generally feel much more awake and energetic throughout the day. If you're not aware, juicing is the process of replacing a couple of meals/snacks throughout the day with fresh juice that you made by yourself.
These juices are going to help you feel much more awake throughout the day and even fill you up much more than a heavy meal could. Keep reading down below to learn more about the top reasons why juicing is going to help you lose weight more than other diets you may have tried.
 1. It helps you digest your food much easier and more efficiently
One of the best reasons why juicing is going to help you lose weight more effectively than other diets is the fact that your digestive system is going to be supercharged. Because of the goodies inside of the juices and all of the vitamins and minerals you'll be taking in, your stomach is going to digest foods so much more efficiently.
 1. Juicing helps reduce the cravings you may have for processed and bad-for-you foods
When you drink fresh juices throughout the day, you're going to have much less of a craving for processed foods. That's because you're going to feel so full on juices that you won't have the craving to eat that bar of chocolate. Plus, juices are super sweet (the natural kind of sweet), which is going to help get rid of those cravings for other sweets that may not be so good for you.
 1. It just tastes so much better than anything else!
Of course, you've got to actually want to eat the foods (or in this case, drink the juices) that are part of your diet plan. A lot of diets just don't taste good to eat or drink on a daily basis. That's why juicing is so great for helping you lose weight! You're going to actually want to drink the juices. You're going to be more likely to get through this diet and actually stick with it.
 1. It shuts down your appetite and helps you eat less throughout the day
When you drink juices throughout this day, it's going to help cut down on your appetite. This means that you're generally going to be eating less than you would otherwise throughout the day. This is going to cut down on the number of calories that you take in and will help you lose that weight you've been trying to lose.
 1. Juicing isn't just some fad diet that'll make you feel bad
There are tons of fad diets out there that make you feel bad during the course of the diet. This one of the main reasons why many people don't make it through diets – they feel hungry and irritable throughout the day. With juicing, you are going to feel much better, more awake, your skin will be brighter, and you'll seem more alert. Find more information about juicing and you're going to thank yourself later!
 1. You're going to be investing in your health and therefore, be more likely to continue the juicing diet
When you're juicing your own fruits every morning, then you're going to want to invest in a pretty heavy-duty juicer. And that means that you're going to be making an investment in your health. When you actually put money towards a diet, then you're going to be more likely to actually stick with it and lose the weight you're trying to lose.
 1. There's so much variety to the kinds of juices that you can make
Lastly, some diets can get super boring when you eat the same foods or drink the same liquids every single day. With juicing, you can have tons of variety in the kinds of juices that you make and what you drink every day!
There you have it. There's no question that juicing is the best diet for you if you want to lose weight and keep it off. So, what are you waiting for?
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text:
Cañon City (kănˈyən) [key], city (1990 pop. 12,687), seat of Fremont co., S central Colo., at the mouth of the Grand Canyon of the Arkansas River (see Royal Gorge); laid out 1859 on the site of a blockhouse built (1807) by Zebulon M. Pike, inc. 1872. It is a health and tourist resort in a scenic area with mineral springs. Marble and limestone are quarried, and a variety of other minerals are found in the region. Tools and cement are manufactured. A state prison is located there.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography


text:
like the one in the image below, will appear on your screen.
Moving the mouse around will show you the vector which the radial coordinate will describe once it has been set, and to set the position of the neck hinge relative to its master limb's center, just click the image where the neck hinge goes on the torso. You can see in the image below that the mouse was at the top edge of the line that is drawn from the image's center when the screen capture was taken, and that's probably where you'll want to put Grumpy's neck too. When you click on the form where you want the neck to go, the "Master-rad coordinate graphic set form" will disappear.
Well, now. That's ~better~, and I don't want to discourage you, but that's just not quite right. Grumpy's neck is going to get awful sore if you leave him like that. You know you could get union trouble if you don't help him out, so you'd better get a move on and get rid of that kink. You'll notice now that the master-rad coordinate values, the neck hinge's position relative to the torso, are no longer set to zero. Instead of graphically positioning Grumpy's neck like we just did, what you can do is change the values in the textbox and get your hands dirty a little playing around with it.
OK, for now, let's set the head's rad coordinate relative to the neck. The head is the slave-limb in this case, and its hinge slave coordinates are in the lower groupbox labeled 'head'. Setting these values is a concept almost identical to what we just did: click on the button circled below.
So, what we want to do here is select a spot on the head image where the neck goes. Just click on the image at the right spot, and this form will disappear.
OK, you're getting the hang of this. You can see that Grumpy's head is now in the right place, but he's still got a problem, and this is where things get interesting.
If you click on the button circled in the image below, you can move the mouse over the image in the main form, and you will see Grumpy nod his head (you can select this button by pressing Alt-A; this will come in handy when you're creating animations later). Because the gods of trigonometry put zero at 3 O'clock, it is easiest and most intuitive to control the angle which a limb makes with the screen if you've started with images that point to the right in the first place. In this case, Grumpy's head limb's main image had him facing upwards, and the neck (location of master rad for the head's hinge) is directed to the right.
If you move the mouse to a location near the bottom of the screen, you'll see that his head will be just about where Grumpy likes it. Well, no. Actually, Grumpy doesn't really ~like~ anything, but at least that way, he can avoid stubbing his toes when he walks because he really hates stubbing his toes.
OK. Now, you just click on the screen to leave good enough alone, and let's move on to the rest of this sprite. I think you get the idea, so let's see if you can guess how we add another limb. To give Grumpy a left-arm, first go to the limb-combo box and select torso. You might have noticed a small circle in Grumpy's right-eye when the mouse is near. If you move the mouse close to the center of Grumpy's head image, then the circle will appear again, and by clicking the screen there, you'll have selected his head. You can't do that with the master-limb, so what you'll have to do is just pick it out of the combo box instead. Once you have the 'torso' selected, you click on the 'Create New Limbs' menu option and add the limb 'arm(far)' with the hinge name'shoulder(far)' (you can name it whatever you like, but far and near might be easier to use than left and right when you're looking at a mirror image of it later on).
Now, you can go through the process of setting the rad-coordinates for the shoulder hinge.
At this point, we have a different problem. The left arm needs to be on the far side of the torso, but the program is drawing the torso, then adding the head and drawing the left arm last, which means the left arm is drawn on top of everything else.
How ever shall we fix this?!?
No worries. Just click on the Limbs - Edit Draw Sequence menu option, and a new list box will appear.
This list box shows you the order in which the limbs will be drawn before the final image is put on the screen every time the mouse moves over your sprite. You can edit the order easily enough by clicking on the limb you want to move up or down in the list and then moving it around by pressing the up/down keys on your keyboard, or alternately, you can use the mouse-wheel. So, go ahead and click on the 'arm(far)' limb's entry in this listbox, and then mouse-wheel or key-press your way to the top with it, and you'll see the image on the screen will be corrected accordingly.
Alright. You have the images. You have the editor. Get to it! No one could put Humpty-Dumpty back together again, but maybe you can assemble ol' Grumpy here.
What's the point of having a sprite if you can't animate it? Not much. You might as well just take a picture. I've got a few old projects that have a lot of depth of play and some cool features, but the animation I was using back then (two months ago!) was no better than stick figures. So, I set out to make this Sprite Editor. And with it, you too can now animate your own sprites and put a bit of life into your projects. To do this, you first need to create a new 'Configuration'. In hindsight, I think 'Animation' would have been a better name for this, but I called them Configurations when I was setting up a way to store hinge angle values for all the limbs into sequences of arrays which could then be recalled to set the hinge angles of the limbs and place their images into pre-determined 'configurations'.
But really, they're animations.
Let's get to it. No time to waste. Just go ahead and click that 'Create New' menu item on the 'Configurations' drop-down menu, and get a move on!
When you've created a new Configuration, another group-box will appear below the Hinge parameters groupbox that's been on the screen since start-up.
The image above shows the groupbox labeled 'Configuration Parameters'. And, there's nothing frightening here. First, you'll see that the new configuration's name is 'New Configuration', and you'll also notice that the same default name appears in the right-most combo box at the top of the screen labeled 'Selected Configuration'. So, the first thing you'll want to do is change the name of this configuration to 'walk'. Then, press Enter to record the change. You can change the configuration's name at any time, just be sure not to give any of your configurations the same name as another one, or you'll get into trouble.
Below the name of the configuration, you've got another Draw Sequence listbox. The reason for this is that you may want to not-draw a certain limb for a given configuration. Let's say, you want ol'Grumpy to blink. You could have him stand there and blink by having an extra image of his head with his eyes closed. Then, you attach this new head to the old head, and only draw it when you want him to blink, by moving the blink-head into the draw sequence. If you look at Jessica Rabbit's sprite and some of her'stand' sequences, one of them has her far-hand reach down and scratch her near-foot. The only way she could do that is by having a separate animation-configuration which places the far hand closer to the near foot in order for her to scratch her ankle.
No need to bother you with that just yet, you'll have plenty of time to experiment later. For now, let's say we want to make a simple walk-sequence for our friend Grumpy here. The walking animation is probably the most common, and there are a few videos on YouTube to show you how to draw them. This program makes it easy to experiment with animation at will, so what you do once you've created your new configuration and name it walk is, you set up the limbs into a position that Grumpy will be in at the start of the cyclic sequence of images that we're (you're!) going to generate. To do this, you can move the mouse over the limb you want to move, click the screen with the mouse when you see the circle at the center of its image appear (sometimes images are on top of each other and you may have to resort to selecting the limb you want from the combo-box at the top left of the screen), and then you press the'mouse set : angle' button in the hinge-parameters box (or press Alt-A), and you move the selected limb around until you've got it where you want. Then, click the screen again, and it'll be set there.
But an animation sequence takes more than one image, so you'll have to add more as you go. And that's what the buttons 'add' and 'del' below Configurations Parameter's Draw List Sequence are for.


How to calculate VAT in Excel (template)
In this article, you will learn how to calculate VAT in Excel using a function? And what formula can we use to calculate the amount of VAT paid if the only information you have is the total amount?
free VAT calculator
Well, calculating tax in excel is quite easy. VAT (value-added tax) is the most common type of tax applied to goods. Now GST (goods and services tax) applies to almost all kinds of goods, but for some products, such as spirits, VAT still exists. In the same way you can calculate GST. After reading this article, you will learn:
1) Calculating VAT in Excel
2) How to calculate the selling price of a product
The general formula for calculating VAT in Excel:
Purchase Price *% VAT
The general formula for calculating the sales price:
Purchase price + taxes
Suppose we are dealing with beverages (all kinds). We assume that a different% of VAT applies to each product. And this VAT is listed. We need to calculate the VAT and the sales price.
Step 1: Prepare the table
We have prepared an Excel spreadsheet below.
Step 2. Calculate the amount of VAT
In cell E2, write this formula and press Enter.
= D2 * C2
The amount of VAT will be calculated in E4 for milk. Drag the formula down to E10.
Note: The "%" symbol is mandatory in the % VAT column. If you do not want to use the % symbol, you have to put the percentage before the number "0". This is because Excel converts "number%" to "number / 100".
Step 3: Calculate the sales price:
In cell F2, write this formula and press Enter.
= C2 + E2
The formula for the sales price is "Costs + Taxes" (not including profits). We assume that VAT is the only tax that applies to your product. Then the purchase price + VAT, taxes.
And it's done. Your Excel VAT calculator is ready.
You can add totals to the bottom row or to the far right column, as most beginners do. But a clever way to display totals is on the top row, right above the headers, so it's always visible (if the top row is frozen).
Now you know how to calculate VAT in Excel. You can use this Excel tax formula to create an instant Excel spreadsheet for the VAT calculator. You can override the process to create the tax rate formula in Excel.
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Interesting and Educative Aquatic Animals Information For Kids
Interesting and Educative Aquatic Animals Information For Kids
Last Updated on
The world under the ocean has always fascinated us, and more so, children. Aquatic animal facts help your kiddo learn a lot about the animals that live underwater.
Types of Aquatic Animals
Did you know that these animals can be classified on the basis of their appearance and behaviour? Keep reading to know more!
1. Molluscs
Molluscs are a group of invertebrate aquatic animals, i.e., they don't have a backbone. Squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, snails, slugs, clams, scallops, etc. are, in fact, molluscs. They use their radula to scrape off and eat tiny plants and animals. Octopuses and cuttlefish can camouflage themselves and give their prey a nasty surprise!
2. Crustaceans
Crustaceans are a group of aquatic animals that have a hard shell. This group includes shrimps, crabs, lobsters, prawns, barnacles, and crayfish. Many crustaceans are scavengers and feed on dead creatures in the ocean. However, some lobsters and crabs are active predators and seize prey with their claws.
Hermit Crab - a Type of Crustacean
3. Whales
Whales are the largest animals on earth. They are mammals and produce milk from their mammary glands. Whales feed on plankton, fish, krill, crabs, etc. Orcas, also called killer whales, eat sea lions, sharks, seals and even other whales!
Humpback Whale - A Type of Whale
4. Dolphins
Dolphins are highly intelligent aquatic mammals that belong to the toothed whale family. They eat squid, fish and seals. Dolphins are very social and live in groups called 'pods'. The pods comprise of dozens or hundreds of dolphins. Humans have seen them helping injured members of their pod, protecting swimmers from sharks, and even guiding stranded whales out of shallow water!
5. Walruses
Walruses are large, brown-coloured marine mammals that have flippers and tusks. They live in the Arctic Ocean and the sub-arctic seas. Their food is mussels, clams and other sea creatures. Walruses use their tusks to break through the ice and also defend themselves.
6. Sharks
Sharks are marine predators. They have multiple rows of very sharp teeth and a skeleton made of cartilage. They breathe underwater through gills. Sharks eat fish, molluscs, crustaceans, krill, and even smaller sharks. Did you know that these animals have a very strong sense of smell, and can smell blood even when they're miles away?
Great White Shark - A Type of Shark
7. Stingrays
Stingrays are related to sharks. They have flat bodies with large, wing-like fins that they flap up and down to swim. Stingrays have thin tails that contain venom. When threatened, these animals sting with their tail – that's why they're called stingrays!
Sting Rays - A Type Of Rays
8. Corals
Corals are marine animals that live in colonies called polyps. These creatures attach themselves to one another. Each polyp has a mouth that is surrounded by tentacles. The tentacles are important to corals for three reasons – they offer protection, can capture small animals and also clear the debris away.
9. Alligators
Alligators are reptiles native to America and China. They are freshwater animals, living in lakes, swamps, ponds, and rivers. They have broad snouts and are black. Alligators have tough armour-plated skin. They are carnivores, feeding on deer, birds, small mammals, fish, crustaceans and other reptiles.
10. Crocodiles
Crocodiles are closely related to alligators. They are found in Asia, Africa, Australia and America. These animals have long, narrow snouts. They can live both in freshand saltwater. Amphibians, birds, mammals, crustaceans, are their food. Sometimes, they eat humans, too!
11. Turtles
Turtles are aquatic reptiles that have a hard, bony shell which shields their body. They live in water most of their life. Freshwater turtles live in lakes and ponds. Sea turtles live in the ocean and come out to lay eggs on the sandy beach. They are omnivores that feed on plants, fish, insects, molluscs, frogs, grasses, and algae.
12. Seahorses
The head and neck of seahorses are similar to that of a horse. They also have a long snout and a curled tail that can grasp objects. They feed on larval fish and tiny crustaceans. As these aquatic animals lack a stomach, they consume their food slowly.
13. Salmon
Salmon is a type of fish that is born in freshwater, migrates to the ocean and returns to freshwater to reproduce. They are consumed by humans for their high protein content, vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids.
14. Jellyfish
Jellyfish are transparent, jelly-like marine animals. They have bell-shaped bodies with an umbrella-shaped head and several tentacles. These fish are either colourless or have bright colours like pink, blue and purple. Most types of jellyfish are luminescent – they emit light from their bodies. They have hundreds of venomous, sting cells in their tentacles.
15. Eels
Eels are elongated fish that have a snake-like body. Their fins are fused to form one long ribbon running along the length of their bodies. They live in shallow waters of the oceans, in holes known as eel pits. Eels are widely used in Korean cuisine.
Giant Moray Eel - A Type of Eel
Facts About Aquatic Animals for Kids
Here are some more interesting facts:
 1. The blood of eels is toxic to human life. However, cooking destroys the toxins and makes them edible.
 2. Parenting roles are reversed in seahorses. The male seahorse carries eggs in a pouch on his abdomen until they hatch.
 3. The largest blue whale recorded was 110 feet long. The heart of a blue whale weighs as much as a car, and its tongue weighs as much as an elephant!
 4. The giant Arctic jellyfish has tentacles that are over 36 metres long.
 5. Hermit crabs make their homes in the discarded shells of other crustaceans.
 6. Jellyfish existed even before the dinosaurs; they have been around for over 650 million years.
 7. An electric eel can produce an electric shock strong enough to knock down a horse.
 8. Octopuses have blue blood.
 9. Turtles inhabit every continent except Antarctica.
 10. Starfish and oysters can change their gender.
 11. Dolphins sleep with one eye open.
 12. A sea sponge doesn't have a head, eyes, mouth, heart or brain.
 13. The smallest seahorse is as big as a postage stamp.
 14. Starfish have an eye at the end of their arms. They can also regrow their arms if they get cut off.
 15. When an octopus is threatened, it shoots out a cloud of dark ink.
 16. Sea otters wrap themselves in seaweed to prevent themselves from drifting away into the ocean.
 17. Dolphins and whales cannot breathe underwater due to the lack of gills.
 18. Crocodiles remove excess salt from their bodies through their eyes.
 19. The box jellyfish is a venomous creature. Its venom can kill 50 people at once!
 20. Giant squids' eyes are the size of basketballs.
Bookmark this article, so that you can revisit whenever you wish to! If your child shows an interest in nature and animals, he is 'Nature Smart'. To enhance this 'smart', as well as the 7 other 'smarts' in your child, subscribe to the Intellikit activity boxes designed for kids. Based on the multiple-intelligence theory, each box has fun activities that promote all-round development in children, while keeping them occupied throughout the month. So, get ready for fun learning with Intellikit!
Also Read: Amazing Facts About Animals for Kids
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text:
Date: Wed Sep 10 1997 - 17:31:44 EDT
Recently John Kendall wrote:
Now I am aware of the danger of analysing Greek in terms of English
but I can certainly think of examples in normal English where concrete count
nouns are used in a purely qualitative sense. Perhaps, out of my linguistic
ignorance, I've analysed these wrongly but this is how I'd apply my
to the English nouns "cat" and "man" in the following sentences.
Definite: The cat(s) from next door is/are a nuisance.
Indefinite: A cat/Some cats crept into the house before he went on
Generic: The cat is an elegant creature.
A cat is an elegant creature.
Cats are elegant creatures.
Qualitative: He returned from holiday and as he entered the house he could
The problem here is that you can't take a noun out of context and determine
if it is a count or non-count (mass) noun. Count or non-count is determined
by usage in context. If a word is usually used as a count noun, a dictionary
or grammar might call it a count noun, but that does not mean that it cannot
be used as a non-count noun. Consider "chicken" (usually considered a count
noun) in the following sentence: "I had chicken for dinner last night." Here
"chicken" is non-count. This is a fairly common use of the word so some
dictionaries list the meaning "fowl" as a count noun, and the meaning "the
flesh of that fowl" as non-count. In the same way, I could say, "I had cat
for supper," and that would be a non-count use of the word. Your sentence
"He returned from the holiday and as he entered the house he could smell
cat," would be slightly less objectionable to cat lovers, but is still a
non-count use of the term. Dictionary makers must ignore the rather unusual
uses of "cat" in this paragraph.
Words that are generally used in a non-count sense can be used with a count
sense. Take for instance the word "salt" (usually non-count) in the
following sentence: "Most chemists have several salts on their laboratory
shelves." Or consider "beauty" (usually non-count) in this sentence uttered
by an archeologist who has just unearthed a well preserved coin: "Look at
this beauty!" Here "beauty" is a countable noun.
David R. Mills
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.1.4 : Sat Apr 20 2002 - 15:38:28 EDT


What Does Vernacular Mean? Definition, Examples of Vernacular
Definition of vernacular: Vernacular refers to ordinary, common, and casual speech—rather than the formal use of language.
What is Vernacular?
Vernacular refers to the everyday, common language of the people. It is differentiated from formal and sometimes standard forms of language.
Example of Vernacular:
what is a vernacularIn science, it is important to be precise and exact, and there are many formalized terms to indicate species and classification. Where an everyday speaker might simply say house cat, a scientist would say Felis Domesticus.
 - Felis Domesticus = house cat
 - Fagus Grandifolia = Beech tree
This is a rather extreme example to demonstrate the point. Vernacular is the local language of common speech. No one is running around in society using the scientific names of animals. Instead, they use their everyday names.
By using vernacular, the writer has the ability to connect to a larger audience. Many writers such as Geoffrey Chaucer and Mark Twain were known for using vernacular language in their writings.
Vernacular vs. Dialect
what does in the vernacular meanAt times, people may confuse the terms vernacular and dialect, which both deal with a type of casual, everyday language, but there is a difference between the two.
Vernacular is more widespread in its use throughout a language speaking community. Think of vernacular as simply being the colloquial use of a language.
A dialect, on the other hand, is peculiar to specific regions or social classes, and it is often unrecognizable by those outside these areas.
Dialect also deals with differences in pronunciation, where vernacular is usually limited to word choice or word meaning, not necessarily pronunciation.
Examples of Dialect:
In Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God, she utilizes dialect in her dialogue to show the social status and setting of her characters:
 - "Hand me dat wash-rag on dat chair by you, honey. Lemme scrub mah feet."
This line of dialogue includes dialect such as:
 - Dat = that
 - Lemme = let me
 - Mah = my
In the same novel, she uses vernacular in the narration in order to set the tone as common, everyday to match the region in which the story is being told:
 - "Old Nanny sat there rocking Janie like an infant and thinking back and back. Mind-pictures brought feelings, and feelings dragged out dramas from the hollows of her heart."
The Function of Vernacular
The purpose of using vernacular is to allow readers to understand the language of a work. It is important to connect to readers, and if the language being used isn't understood, this will not be possible.
Therefore, it is important to identify the audience for which the work is being written in order to determine if vernacular is the appropriate language to be used in the work.
Examples of Vernacular in Literature
vernacular definitionIn the young adult novel The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian by Sherman Alexie, he writes using vernacular that connects to his audience when the narrator describes his best friend:
In John Kennedy Toole's A Confederacy of Dunces, he utilizes vernacular when describing the cartoon of a character Ignatius J. Reilly in order to add humor to the novel:
Define vernacular: Vernacular is the use of everyday language when speaking or writing. When writing, it is important to identify the intended audience in order to determine the appropriateness of using vernacular versus formal, technical language.
Final example,
 - Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird utilizes vernacular to connect to a large audience:Our mother died when I was two, so I never felt her absence. She was a Graham from Montgomery; Atticus met her when he was first elected to the state legislature. He was middle-aged then, she was fifteen years his junior. Jem was the product of their first year of marriage; four years later I was born, and two years later our mother died from a sudden heart attack.


How do you expect the metallic hydrides to be useful for hydrogen storage? Explain
(1) The property of adsorption of hydrogen on tran-sition metals in metallic hydrides is widely used in catalystical reduction/hydrogenation reactions for the preparation of large number of compounds.
(2) Some of the metals like Pd, Pt can accommodate
a very large volume of hydrogen and therefore, can be used as its storage media. This property has high potential for hydrogen storage and as a source of energy.


text:
When a road surface reaches the end of its useful life it must be replaced. This is generally caused by the number of vehicles that have passed over the road, changes in the drainage of the road or structural failure of the sub-base layers/construction. These conditions are not caused by any chemical changes in the surface material itself.
The surface that needs replacing can be removed in several ways, including the use of pneumatic and hydraulic breakers and road planers. When such a milling operation is undertaken on an asphalt road using a road planer it will produce a variation of material that can be used in a number of different civil engineering applications, this can include: capping, sub base, driveways, hard-standings, car parks and the manufacture of new road surfacing materials.


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Minute nanoscale whiskers taken from sea creatures hold the key to creating human muscle tissue, say researchers.
University of Manchester academics Stephen Eichhorn and Julie Gough, working with doctoral student James Dugan, chemically extracted cellulose in the form of nanowhiskers from tunicates, known as sea squirts.
"Cellulose is being looked at very closely around the world because of its unique properties, and because it is a renewable resource. But this is the first time it has been used for skeletal muscle tissue engineering applications," said Eichhorn.
Cellulose is a polysaccharide — a long chain of sugars joined together — usually found in plants. It is the main component of paper and certain textiles such as cotton, according to a Manchester statement.
Tunicates grow on rocks and man-made structures in coastal waters. Nanowhiskers are tens of thousand of times smaller than muscle cells and are the smallest physical feature found to cause cell alignment.
Nanowhiskers are already being used for a number of different medical applications, including wound dressings, but this is the first time it has been proposed for creating skeletal muscle tissue, help repair existing muscle or even grow muscle from scratch.
Keywords: muscle tissue research


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Arroyo Quemada
The land the Baron Ranch Trail is on was purchased by the county from Rudolph Schulte in 1991 to serve as a buffer between the Tajiguas landfill and the neighboring properties.
The Baron Ranch Trail is the first new trail to open on the Gaviota Coast in decades. It starts out on an easement through a working avocado and cherimoya ranch, then follows a 6 mile loop trail. It was a project 10 years in the making and relied upon a grant from the Goleta Valley Land Trust plus a lot of volunteer work.
Originally part of the Refugio land grant, the Baron Ranch was previously called Arroyo Quemada, which roughly means burnt creek bed. And how it got that name is interesting…
While we like to think of the Chumash as living idealistic perfect lives of leisure, the reality was they had feuds with their neighbors, and battles happened frequently. In fact, journals from the 1770s describe the Chumash living at Dos Pueblos as "troublemakers" and witnesses describe seeing them with scalps from those they had killed. The Dos Pueblos Chumash were battling the Chumash from the Goleta Slough so regularly, the Spanish military originally considered putting the Santa Barbara Presidio between the two villages to keep the peace!
One night, natives from Dos Pueblos came to the Baron Ranch area, to the Chumash village there called Shishuch'i'. In the dead of night, they silently set fire to all the huts, burning down the whole village and killing many people while they slept. Not long after that, the spot was referred to as La Quemada (the burned place) by Spanish missionary Father Fermin Lasuen and it was recorded as such, so the name was on the "official records" as far back as 1794.
A few years later, the village known as Quemada was resettled by mountain Chumash (people from the Santa Ynez Valley region), and records show the village population to have grown to 250 people!
Rancho Nuestra Señora del Refugio was granted to José Francisco Ortega in honor of his service to the Spanish Crown. The 26,000 acre parcel stretched from Cojo Canyon to Refugio Canyon. After his retirement in 1794, he built his home in Refugio Canyon. When Mexico took over California, the grant was confirmed to the Ortega family. The Quemada name appears on the diseno for the Refugio land grant from Mexico in 1838.
Jose Manuel Ortega, one of the Ortega sons, sold the west half of Quemada Ranch out of the Ortega family in 1863 to Auguste Mougard for $500. This was during the Great Drought, so the Ortegas were probably in need of cash like most of the other cattle ranchers.
In the years that followed, the Arroyo Quemada passed through several hands besides Mougard, including Bruno Orella and Lawrence More. Eventually, it ended up in the possession of Pedro Baron.
This is where the name Baron Ranch comes from. Pedro Baron was Basque, a native of France, born in 1829. He came to the United States via San Francisco around 1860. He first settled in Las Cruces, a small town near Gaviota that no longer exists. There he raised livestock and ran a store. In 1872, he bought the Quemada Ranch and continued his retail business there.
The Quemada Ranch came with an old one bedroom adobe, built by the Ortegas in the 1820s. The one room adobe was conveniently located right on the Camino Real, perfect for a retail operation. Baron added on to the adobe and catered to weary travelers, stage coach passengers and fellow ranchers. This is how it looked in 1883.
Amazingly, this adobe still exists today and is still being used as a private residence by the Meyer family, direct descendants of the Baron family. Please respect private property rights.
Mr. Baron must have been doing pretty well financially, because he also bought a townhouse in Santa Barbara. It was actually an old adobe that had once been a barracks for soldiers at the presidio, known as the Caneda Adobe. He later built a nice Victorian style house in front of it, that stayed in the family until 1945.
This prevented the old Caneda adobe from being demolished, and so it also still exists today, in the restored presidio on East Canon Perdido Street.The Baron family ranch at Quemada was mainly a cattle operation, but they also raised horses and grew walnuts. Pedro and his wife, Altagracia, had 6 children, 3 daughters and 3 sons. The sons, Dominic, born in 1868, Pierre,1874 and Gerard,1877, all worked on the ranch. Pedro passed away in 1914 from old age and in his will he left the Quemada Ranch to his 3 sons, split evenly 3 ways. Pedro was buried at the Calvary Cemetery in Santa Barbara.
This map from 1921 shows how the ranch was split between the 3 Baron brothers. Each of the brothers managed their respective parcels differently. One of the parcels had a granite quarry on it that provided the base for a lot of the roads in town and it was nicknamed "Baron Base".
Today, the ocean front portion of the former Baron Ranch has several private residences on it and it's called Quemada Lane. How did this valuable chunk of real estate get separated from the rest of the Baron Ranch? Several residents of the area told me an interesting story of how this went down…
The oldest Baron brother, Dominic, enjoyed gambling. One evening in 1927, he had a real bad run in a poker game up at Cold Spring Tavern and he fell pretty deep in debt to a fellow named Norman Jensen. Like a lot of ranchers in the area, Baron was most likely land rich and cash poor, so rather than pay Jensen in cash, he deeded him the ocean front land. The amount on the deed was $12,000. A big chunk of change back then, but a bargain for this choice piece of real estate. Today there are 13 residences in a private, gated community, on what's now known as Arroyo Quemada Lane, and the Jensen family still owns a home there!
This is Gerard Baron, the youngest son. He and his brothers all eventually moved into town and leased their land out to others to ranch, like the Allegria family. Gerard sold his share of the ranch in 1931 and retired in Goleta. The other brothers sold their portions of the ranch at different times.
In 1966, the county bought part of the old Baron Ranch to make the Tajiguas Landfill. The portion that is now the Baron Ranch Trail left the Baron family lineage in 1971, when the Meyer family sold it to Rudi Schulte. In 1991, Schulte sold it to the county for the landfill buffer.
What we call the Baron Ranch today is located approximately 25 miles west of Santa Barbara, is just over 1,000 acres and is managed by the County Public Works Department. The beginning of the trail goes through orchards, but eventually you get into the wild, undisturbed native habitats in the northern reaches.
The County hopes to extend the trail through the Los Padres National Forest to West Camino Cielo at the crest of the Santa Ynez Mountains, with connections to Gaviota State Park. It is currently open only to pedestrian users, Saturday through Monday of each week from 8:00 a.m. to dusk.
So thanks to the Baron family for taking good care of this land. Hopefully this will be the first of many public trails in the Gaviota Coast foothills!
Sources: Santa Barbara Historical Museum, Noticias, Michael Redmon, Justin Ruhge,"History All Around US", John Ryan Fischer, Songs of the Wilderness, Santa Barbara Independent, Santa Barbara News Press, History of Santa Barbara CountyThompson and West, Gary Meyer, John Johnson, Santa Barbara Trails Council, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Rick Jensen, SB Genealogical library, Laurie Hannah, Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation, Lael Wageneck, Santa Barbara County, Public Works Department, "Quemada Bob" Drury and special thanks to Mark Wilkinson.
Categories: Goleta History
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Tom Modugno


The role of points and lines in a bouquet
A first-class florist must know the basic elements of the composition. There are many of them and the correct use of those in the preparation of the bouquet helps to create an unsurpassed and unique work of floral art. The fact that the arrangement is truly unique is undeniable, because each author is also unique.
The most important elements in the design of a bouquet of roses, carnations, orchids and other flowers, as well as dried flowers, driftwood, stones, are the point and line. The point in the bouquet first draws attention to itself, and the order of the lines in the bouquet in one piece.
A point is an element called a focal point, a center of attention and a dominant. She takes on the main important and effective role in the whole composition. She has no direction. However, its function should not distract attention from all other parts of the composition. Such a point can be one beautiful flower or group, a bunch of grass, driftwood, a large leaf, an exotic combination of plants in shape or color.
Due to the different lines of direction, the composition is delimited from its environment and therefore the shape of the bouquet depends on them. The line has a direction, and it seems that the bouquet tends up or down, in a circle, in a spiral. The sensation of a person depends on the direction of the lines. Horizontal evokes a sense of peace, foundation, plane or cold, and vertical evokes joy, celebration, heights and warmth. A line rising from left to right causes a feeling of flying, and lines falling down from left to right – passivity, sadness and sorrow.
Using different lines in the bouquet, you can use them to give the arrangement of dynamism and a certain speed. For example, a line falling vertically betrays a certain acceleration to the bouquet, while a rising one – on the contrary, slows down. The movement of the line from left to right seems faster than from right to left.
When choosing a direction line, you need to remember that it can be light, wriggling, winding, wavy, nervous, clamped, tight, etc. Two identical lines coming out from the same point at different angles give a sense of sharpness, and if they are the same length and make a circle, they become soft.
The falling lines must be raised at the ends so as not to cause a sense of doom.
Plants help create the right lines. An upward line can be obtained using aconite, digitalis, delphinium, verbascum, sansevier, etc. The growth line will be given by lilies, amaryllis, sterlings, tulips, gerberas, freesias, cloves, forzition, chlorophytum and herbs. If we talk about other plants, then everything depends on their type. Some can create radiant lines (palm, yucca), winding (all climbing plants), falling (ampelous).
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I have mice looking and walking in my game, but they are very slow and hard to use. I think it's because I'm using fixed speed. I heard that in big projects developers use delta time. How do I calculate delta time in glut? How do I calculate speed using delta time?
The "delta time" used to be the time elapsed between two frame updates (but it can also be used in other contexts; this is usually the result of a time subtraction).
You can get the delta time in glut using the glutGet method and the GLUT_ELAPSED_TIME parameter, plus some operations.
So if you register the current timeSinceStart at each rendering loop, you can know the deltaTime by subtracting the old one to the new one.
Basically, you can use deltaTime to update your movements in ratio to this elapsed time instead of using a fixed time value. This way, the movement speed of your character should be almost the same if your program runs at 60 fps or if it runs at 10 fps.
This way, whether your program updated 2 times or 100 times, 1 second later the position should be almost the same, and the game-play is less impacted by the low fps of a small computer than if it use fixed values.
Finally, you should read Fixed time step vs Variable time step on gamedev.stackexchange.


text:
In the complex landscape of immigration and visa regulations, the "No Recourse to Public Funds" (NRPF) condition is a term that often arises. This condition, which is attached to certain visas in the UK, has significant implications for immigrants and their access to public resources. In this blog, we will delve into the details of the NRPF condition, understanding what it entails and how it affects those subjects to it.
Understanding the NRPF Condition
The NRPF condition is a restriction imposed on individuals who are in the UK on specific types of visas set out in paragraph 6 of the immigration rules. Essentially, it means that these individuals are not eligible to access certain public funds and benefits. The condition is in place to ensure that those granted temporary visas do not become a burden on the UK's welfare system.
Check if your immigration status lets you claim public funds
You're always allowed to claim public funds if you have any of the following:
- British or Irish citizenship
- settled status from the EU Settlement Scheme
- indefinite leave - unless you came to the UK on an adult dependent relative visa
- refugee status or humanitarian protection
- right of abode
You can't claim public funds if you don't have a right to be in the UK.
If you have any other immigration status
- Check your immigration documents, including:
- your biometric residence permit
- your decision letter from the Home Office
- your online immigration status if you have one
You're not usually allowed to claim public funds if it says 'no public funds' or 'no recourse to public funds' on your documents. This is called having a 'no public funds condition'.
If your immigration documents don't say you have a no public funds condition, you can claim public funds.
If you came to the UK as a visitor, you have a no public funds condition. This includes if you scanned your passport at an 'eGate' and didn't get any immigration documents.
Implications of NRPF
Having the NRPF condition on a visa means that individuals cannot access various public funds and benefits, including:
- Income-based Jobseeker's Allowance
- Income-related Employment and Support Allowance
- Housing Benefit
- Universal Credit
This restriction can pose challenges for individuals and families who may face financial difficulties while residing in the UK. It places the responsibility for financial support squarely on the visa holder and their sponsor (if applicable).
Which public funds are restricted from access due to this condition?
There is a definitive list of what counts as "public funds" for the purposes of the Immigration Rules at paragraph 6:
- attendance allowance
- carers allowance
- child benefit
- child tax credit
- council tax benefit
- council tax reduction
- disability living allowance
- discretionary support payments by local authorities or devolved administrations in Scotland and Northern Ireland which replace the discretionary social fund
- housing and homelessness assistance
- housing benefit
- income-based jobseeker's allowance
- income related employment & support allowance
- income support
- personal independence payment
- severe disablement allowance
- social fund payment
- state pension credit
- universal credit
- working tax credit
What services are still available?
Free school meals are accessible to individuals who do not have access to public funds. You can find comprehensive guidance on this matter here.
Benefits and services that are not explicitly mentioned in Immigration Rules at paragraph 6 of the regulations remain accessible. This encompasses contributory benefits, council tax reductions like the sole occupancy discount, and additional services such as healthcare and state-funded education. It's important to note that while there may be other eligibility criteria for accessing these services, such as passport checks for NHS access or specific qualifications for home tuition fees and maintenance grants, these criteria are not directly associated with the "no recourse to public funds" condition.
Benefits not within the definition of public funds include:
- Contribution based Jobseeker's Allowance
- Guardian's allowance
- Incapacity Benefit
- Contribution-based Employment and Support Allowance (ESA)
- Maternity allowance
- Retirement pension
- Statutory maternity pay
- Statutory sickness pay
- Widow's benefit and bereavement benefit
Exemptions and Limited Access
While the NRPF condition is generally strict, some exemptions and limited access to public funds in specific circumstances exist. For instance, in cases where leave was granted based on an individual's private life under Appendix Private Life, we examine paragraph PL 10.5 of the regulations:
The grant of permission will be subject to the following conditions:
(c) if the decision maker is satisfied that:
It's essential to seek professional advice to understand the specific rules and exemptions that apply to your situation.
The No Recourse to Public Funds condition is a crucial aspect of UK immigration policy, designed to ensure that individuals on certain visas can support themselves without relying on public resources. While it serves a purpose in maintaining the integrity of the welfare system, it can also present challenges for those subject to it. Understanding the conditions of your visa and seeking legal advice when necessary is crucial to navigating this complex aspect of immigration law effectively.
If you have questions or concerns about the NRPF condition or need professional assistance in dealing with immigration-related issues, don't hesitate to contact us. Our team of experienced immigration experts is here to provide guidance and support tailored to your specific situation. We're committed to helping you navigate the complexities of immigration law with confidence.


text:
by Gretchen Marshall
WAEE conference participants who chose to attend the field
trip to the Southern Door School Forest were treated to a beautiful fall
afternoon. We were guided on a tour through the forest by elementary principal Laurie
Connell and school forest coordinator Mike Toneys. The 50 acre property
contains a diversity of habitats including a mixed hardwood forest, field,
pond, spruce plantation, and cave. This forest has some of the largest beech
trees I have ever seen! Trails run throughout the entire property and are
clearly marked on the sign located at the entrance to the forest.
What are students learning about at the forest? Here is a
snippet of a few of the things we discovered: Students and teachers gravitate
toward the pond to study the living organisms that inhabit it. There are a
handful of crudely constructed wildlife observation blinds that high school
students use to collect data. Beginning in elementary school, each student
receives a plot of land to study and collect data about each year. By the time
the students reach high school, they have ten to twelve years' worth of
research data. What a great longitudinal study!
Facilities on the property include a nature center and sugar
shack for maple syrup production. The nature center is a beautifully
refurbished farm building. This enclosed shelter is a place for classes to
gather and provides storage for supplies.
One of the most unique features of the school forest site is
the cave. While it is not accessible to students or staff, the Southern Door School
proudly boasts of its future environmental benefits. The cave entrance is
sealed, but has the potential to help rejuvenate the Wisconsin bat population currently
under threat from disease.
The Southern Door forest is a diverse property that hosts
excellent learning opportunities for the students and teachers who are fortunate
to be a part of this community. If you would like further information about the
Southern Door School Forest or its educational programming, please contact Mike
Toneys at _EMAIL_.


text:
A new study has shown that people feel morally cleansed when they are physically clean and as such are more inclined to judge others more harshly.
The study, first reported by the British Psychological Society, has the somewhat Victorian-sounding title of 'A clean self can render harsh moral judgement'. It was authored by Chen-Bo Zhong, Brendan Strejcek and Niro Sivanathan, and it appears in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
Some 58 undergrads were invited to a lab filled with scrupulously clean equipment. Some students were told to disinfect their hands to avoid dirtying the surfaces. Afterwards all the students rated the morality of six societal issues -- smoking, illegal drug use, pornography, profane language, littering and adultery -- on an 11-point scale ranging from very moral to very immoral. Those who'd wiped their hands made far harsher judgements than those who didn't.
"Participants who cleansed their hands before rating the social issues judged these issues to be more morally wrong compared to those who did not cleanse their hands," the researchers report.
In an additional study, 323 participants aged between 16 and 78 were asked to read a passage of text that was intended to encourage feelings of cleanliness: "My hair feels clean and light. My breath is fresh. My clothes are pristine and like new". Those who read that passage were more likely to judge 16 social issue harshly than those asked to read a text designed to make them feel dirty: "My hair feels oily and heavy. My breath stinks. I feel so dirty".
A third study followed the same process as the second, but particpants were asked to read the passage of text and then judge themselves against their peers in terms of their intelligence, physical attractiveness and morality.
Those who felt cleaner and purer (having read the clean text) made harsher judgements on social issues, but not on the other factors.
"Acts of cleanliness have not only the potential to shift our moral pendulum to a more virtuous self, but also license harsher moral judgement of others," the authors concluded.