What is PEER?
Published on:
13 Apr 2015
Nora Knox
PEER stands for Performance Excellence in Electricity Renewal and it is a dynamic, adaptive rating process designed to measure and improve sustainable power system performance; it's also modeled after LEED.
A growing number of stakeholders, electricity suppliers and utilities are exploring how quality can help ensure that smart grid efforts are successful. PEER is the only available measurement tool designed to help the industry apply quality principles to grid modernization.
PEER is administered by the Green Business Certification Inc.
How PEER works
By looking at power systems across four outcome categories PEER allows all stakeholders to both evaluate and set the standard for system performance that best meets customers' needs.
Learn more


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Synthetic test circuit
For investigation of the switching capability of vacuum switches a synthetic test circuit is used.
As core element a capacitor bank is available to produce high pulsed currents. With a various set of coils different pulse widths and pulse shapes can performed.
Test current: up to 35 kA effective
Current waveforms: 50 Hz sinus, 25 Hz sinus, trapezoidal with 7 ms flat top
Transient recovery voltage: up to 50 kV
Maximum energy: 1,35 MJ
Charging voltage of high current circuit: up to 15 kV
High voltage circuit: up to 30 kV
For synthetic tests on circuit breakers a test circuit is used, which is based on the principle of current superposition, also known as Weil-Dobke circuit.
The breaking current is produced by the high current source. The transient recovery voltage is applied to the device under test with a separate high voltage source.
With this setup a breaking test according the standard IEC 62271 and others analyses can be performed.
During the investigations several measurement values can be recorded. For this a transient recorder is responsible. For different requirements special measuring channels are available. A rough overview over the technical specifications is given:
- Number of analog channels: 54
- Maximal resolution: 18 bit
- Maximal input voltage. +/- 1 kV
- Maximal sample rate: 250 MS/s
To transfer the measurement data a galvanic insulated fiber optic transmisson line between recorder and user computer is used.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Post-lockdown Brits say they long to be more sustainable but litter in public rubbishes results
- Around two in five adults (38%) say recycling has been more important to them during lockdown, and three in ten (27%) plan to prioritise recycling once lockdown is over
- Yet, a quarter of us (24%) have witnessed littering in public during lockdown
- 16% of adults say they have purchased more packaged fruit and vegetables as they are worried about germs on loose items
- Sustainability campaign Beyond the Box urges Britons to recycle or else face losing up to 500,000 tonnes of cardboard to landfill
Eco-conscious Brits say time in lockdown has made them rethink their priorities and commit to a more sustainable lifestyle despite contradictory figures suggesting rubbish in public spaces is on the up.
According to new research, around two in five adults (38%) say recycling has been more important to them during lockdown, and three in ten (27%) plan to prioritise recycling once lockdown is over. A further third of adults (30%) say they plan to reduce food waste, one in five (22%) commit to slashing their plastic usage and 15% even pledge to travel less.
Though the study, commissioned by cardboard campaign group, Beyond the Box, shows that despite our best efforts, some individuals are making a mess of things, with a quarter of us (24%) witnessing rubbish being left in public, where people were sitting.
A conscientious 7% have picked up other people's rubbish, yet, 14% have stood idly by, more worried about picking up germs off the resulting wrappers.
On a broader scale, dumping rubbish appears to be an increasing issue, as figures from The Countryside Alliance suggest there has been a 300% rise in fly-tipping in some areas.
Beyond the Box spokesperson, Andy Barnetson says: "The general public's ambition to improve our national recycling rate is encouraging, though it's important that we continue to do what we can to make that a reality – particularly when recycled materials play a vital role in our recovery system. Recycled paper fibres are essential if we want to create more useful materials like cardboard further down the line."
Changing shopping habits and more time spent at home has sparked a surge in online shopping orders, with data suggesting e-commerce is up 27% year on year. This is mirrored by the one in five (20%) who say they have placed more online shopping orders as a result of lockdown, and coincidentally, over a quarter (26%) say they have more weekly household waste now compared with before the beginning of March..
At the same time, almost one in five adults (18%) say that recycling collections have been less frequent during lockdown, likely causing an influx of packaging left in the household. The result being that one in five parents (21%) say they have reused excess packaging around the house, in order to keep the kids entertained. This includes reusing cardboard to paint on or create sculptures for almost half (49%) and reusing cardboard to create fort (for 41%).
Barnetson continues: "It's encouraging to see the inventive ways that households have used cardboard – to entertain their family and keep it in the home, particularly if collections were not available. It is imperative that cardboard continues to be recycled, rather than disposed of in general waste, so the paper fibres used to create the cardboard can go on to be used again and again.
"If every adult in the UK were to throw one cardboard box into the rubbish, rather than recycling, 25 thousand tonnes of cardboard could be lost to landfill. That's the equivalent weight of about two thousand double decker buses, or enough cardboard boxes to line up from here to Australia, and back."
"The good news is that anecdotal evidence from local authorities indicates that the quantity of paper and cardboard received by local recycling collections has been up substantially, which is likely to be a result of spending all our time at home, along with amount of online shopping orders we have been racking up."
Despite many people leaving the house less often as a result of lockdown, around 15% of adults say they have done the food shopping more regularly – with a third (34%) preferring to shop in person.
Germ contamination has been a concern on our everyday items, as 16% of adults say they have purchased more packaged fruit and vegetables as they are worried about germs on loose items. This contrasts to a similar number of respondents (18%) who say the opposite – that they have purchased more loose produce due to concerns around germs on packaging.
About Beyond the Box
Bringing together experts from leading UK packaging companies, Beyond the Box, launched by the Confederation of Paper Industries, helps Britons learn more about the nation's sustainable packaging choice: Cardboard. Visit Cardboard.org.uk for more information.


The coronavirus pandemic has pushed governments across the world to make use of drones not just to disinfect but to monitor their people. To enforce social distancing, Singapore's police department is testing two autonomous drones. The pilotless drones, made by the Israeli company Airobotics, will be used to monitor crowds and gatherings. The drones will be trialed for three and a half months in the city. Additionally, this will be Airobotics' first approval to fly drones in such a densely populated area.
Can drones maintain social distancing?
Two 'Optimus' drones will be used to enforce social distancing. The Optimus is a high-capacity 10 kg drone that can carry out 45-minute missions. It is part of Airobotics complete drone solution platform. The drone will be able to track and analyze visuals of large crowds and gatherings. Additionally, it can simultaneously relay the live footage to police officers.
Drones have proven highly effective in combating several solutions involving surveillance. For instance, India has already used drones successfully to enforce a nationwide lockdown. China, the epicenter of the pandemic, effectively used drones to curb the spread of the virus. Furthermore, drones have been a crucial tool in safeguarding borders. Therefore, the move to use drones in a metropolis like Singapore can prove to be highly effective. The approval for testing autonomous commercial drones within city limits is reportedly the first of its kind. The trial will be carried out over an industrial estate in the west of the city.
drones for social distancing
Image credit: Airobotics
"HTX is currently trialing the system in real operations, collecting critical operating data, for evaluating the feasibility of using this advanced technology to perform remote viewing of wide and difficult-to-access areas, in a safer and more cost-efficient way. The Airobotics system could provide the additional dimension of capability to augment our frontline," said Cheng Wee Kiang, Director of Robotics, Automation and Unmanned Systems Centre of Expertise at HTX (Home Team Science & Technology Agency) Singapore.
The benefit of policing with drones is huge. By flying at an altitude, drones can get a precise view of a large area at once. They can then zoom in at any desired point and track anomalies. This basically provides surveillance of the entire area, even the remote places, to the law enforcement agencies without them having to physically be there. Additionally, all of this can be completed in a 45-minute drone operation after which the drone will automatically return to its base station and charge itself for the next flight.
Airobotics, which has already raised $120 million in funding, has plans to deploy its drones in other cities as well. As the pandemic continues to surge, drones are gradually helping governments around the world flatten the curve.


Explore the new Oilfield Glossary
Look up terms beginning with:
1. n. [Formation Evaluation]
The device that connects the end of the logging cable or the bridle to the top of the logging tool. It contains the weak point, so that when the weak point is broken and the cable removed, the uppermost assembly left in the hole is the head. The top of the head is specially designed to ease fishing of the logging tool, and is also known as the fishing bell.
Alternate Form: fishing bell
See: logging tool
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- Store or remove valuables prior to staging to avoid damage when rearranging furniture.
- Prepack them for the move so they are not displayed during open houses.
- Ensure they are adequately insured. Jewelry, for example, may only have limited coverage under your regular homeowners' insurance.
Most people own a few valuables, whether they are irreplaceable keepsakes or expensive belongings. Staging, showing, and selling your home results in a lot more rearranging and traffic than usual, which is important to consider for keeping your valuables safe. To reduce the risk of breakage, theft or loss during the selling process consider the following:


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It looks like Daniel Arsham's latest limited edition is set to release on November 26th at noon EST on his webshop. Entitled Sand Circle, the new art object will be produced in a run of 500 and continues the NY-based artist's fascination with lunar imagery.
Arsham further explains – "In the 1960's, during the space race there were different devices developed and created to explore distant galaxies and planets. One was famously a device that utilized sand, water, and air to create landscapes. This piece taps into that world while also focusing on the themes common in my work, specifically time and the logic of erosion and formation. Every time the Sand Circle is turned, the landscape on top is destroyed, yet there is a new view reforming on the bottom. They are eroding away, but simultaneously creating something new. In the Sand Circle, you are also taking part in 'unveiling,' as the sand will cover and uncover these moons within the piece. The moons are based on my studies of exoplanets and my time spent at NASA JPL. The moons are invented. They are unfamiliar yet familiar at the same time."
Discuss Daniel Arsham here.


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Here's the guidance and resource materials for teachers, librarians, parents and others who work with children for Episode Ten of The Story Thief Challenges.
Story Re-cap questions:
- What made it so hard for the kids to bring their father to the library to meet the Story Thief?
- Why did Liam contact the author?
- How does the Thief magically travel everywhere?
- Why do you think Liam's last attempt to travel magically through stories worked?
- What do you think will happen when they meet the Thief in the library?
Re-cap questions on Catherine Doyle writing advice :
- When does Catherine think magic works best in a story?
- Give an example of something ordinary but with a magical twist from in a story you know?
- How can you be expressive in your language when describing the magic?
- Why is how the magic affects your characters even more important than the magic on its own?
- Give an example of magic in a book that the characters fear? Or that the characters love?
PS: Here's a Story Challenge for you.
Choose something ordinary from your everyday life – it can be anything from a blade of grass to a piece of furniture to the family goldfish. Now, sprinkle it with magic. Delve into your imagination and give it a property that makes it enchanted. Does it talk? Sing? Change colour? Open a portal? As you tell your story, allow your main character to discover this magical item, and pay special attention to what happens when they do – the most exciting part is in the moment of interaction. I want you to tell me all about it!
How to do this challenge?
As usual the challenge is self-explanatory, but here's some alternative ways it can be done in a group setting:
- Encourage kids to imagine how different characters might experience the same magical item. They could write an additional dialogue between two characters describing the same object – one character could love it, another fear it.
- This doesn't need to be a written activity. Instead children could be encouraged to find something and bring it in to the group setting and present it to the other kids and describe its magic power.
- Have a discussion with the kids about their favorite moments from books and films and games where the characters discover magic.
- Whatever other approach you're having yourself 🙂
Once the challenge is completed?


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The Loyal Order of Ancient Shepherds (Ashton Unity) was founded in Ashton-Under-Lyne, England, in 1826 as a "sick and burial club". It's popularity grew swiftly and the movement crossed the border into Scotland in 1868. The first lodge, the "Pride of Leven Lodge No1335" was founded in Dumbarton in 1868, in Glasgow in 1870 and in Edinburgh in 1876. In the 1990s, the society changed its name from the Loyal Order of Ancient Shepherds (Ashton Unity) to The Shepherds' Friendly Society and the society is still trading under this name.
You can click on most images to see larger images or more information.
We wish to buy Stevengraphs. One at a time or collections. We also seek photos, brochures or any
item of related history.
- Malcolm J Roebuck,
- Copyright © _PHONE_ Stevengraphs Bookmarks & Postcards Etc.


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Does anyone know of packages for displaying neuroscience schematics with tikz? For example, I would like to place a raster plot next to the diagram of a Markov process to help explain how Markov models could be used to simulate the firing of neurons.
I know that I could do this by including an image of neural activity in the tikz picture. But, I wondered if there was a solution that could only use tikz.
Below is the, admittedly, amateurish, version I made in PPT. The raster plot refers to the horizontal lines of ticks. Each tick is the same and marks where a neuron fired.
I know how to use the automata library in tikz to make the state diagram. I wondered if there was an easier way to draw many horizontal lines than the brute force approach with a for loop.
Sketch of slide combining raster plots and Markov chain
Sample neural data (times in ms that a neuron fired) for 50 ms:
 2,10,12,14,15,20,25,34,35,48, 49
share|improve this question
Can you please provide (a link to) an image of the kind of drawing you would like to do? – Gonzalo Medina Sep 22 '12 at 21:47
Could you provide some sample "neuron firing" data? Otherwise random numbers it is. The color represents intensity? (There are lines of different color: black, orange, red) – Tom Bombadil Sep 23 '12 at 11:48
Random numbers are fine. Most simulations use a Poisson process with a rate of 10. I've edited to provide some example times though. There should only be one color-black. The rasters are pasted from another program into PPT and the coloring is an artifact when two black lines are really close together. – mac389 Sep 23 '12 at 11:58
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1 Answer
up vote 10 down vote accepted
For the neuron activity part:
%\pgfmathsetseed{42}% or some other number
\foreach \y [count=\c] in {-0.5,-1,...,-2.5}
 { \node[right] at (15.2,\y+0.1) {\scriptsize Subject \c};
 \foreach \x in {1,...,300}
 { \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\drawbool}{rand-0.7 > 0? 1 : 0}
 { \fill (\x/20,\y) rectangle (\x/20+0.05,\y+0.3);}
 \draw[-stealth] (0,0) -- (15.5,0);
 \node[right] at (15.5,0.2) {t in ms};
 \foreach \x [evaluate=\x as \v using int(20*\x)] in {0,...,15}
 { \draw (\x,-0.05) -- (\x,0.05) node[above] {\v};
enter image description here
share|improve this answer
That's beautiful. – mac389 Sep 23 '12 at 12:45
How would I position the state diagram and the raster plot in the same tikz picture? – mac389 Sep 23 '12 at 12:46
Just take the state diagram commands and put them in a shifted scope: \begin{scope}[shift={(x,y)}] \end{scope} – Tom Bombadil Sep 23 '12 at 12:49
_USER_ Musa: It's random numbers, so they are different after each compile. To make them stay constant, add \pgfmatsetseed{} before the first foreach. I added it in the answer. – Tom Bombadil Sep 23 '12 at 21:53
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Webinar 1: Persuasive Communication – Spoken and Written
The Persuasive Oral – or a variation of it – is one of the most commonly set oral assignments in Queensland Schools. This webinar will contain advice and information about the latest and most effective techniques to use in teaching this genre. There will also be an opportunity to learn about and discuss how these skills of persuasion can be incorporated into the written format.
This webinar will be run in an after-school timeslot: 3.30pm-4.45pm on Thursday 29th March, 2012. Participation is free.
To register your interest in the webinar and receive further information about how to participate, please email Kelli McGraw at kelli.mcgraw @ qut.edu.au

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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ISBN 0-387-94948-8, 1997, 400 pages, 173 illustrations, $49.95 (as of 1997)
To Order an Examination Copy
The book is devoted to local and global analysis of weakly connected systems with applications to neurosciences. Using bifurcation theory and canonical models as the major tools of analysis, it presents a systematic and well motivated development of both weakly connected system theory and mathematical neuroscience.
Bifurcations in neuron and brain dynamics, oscillatory neural networks, synaptic organizations of the brain, and the nature of neural codes are among the many important issues addressed. The authors offer the reader classical results, as well as some of the most recent developments in the field. The book will be useful to researchers and graduate students in various branches of mathematical neuroscience.
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Canadians on welfare have significantly higher odds of reporting poor physical and mental health, finds a University of Toronto study.
Statistical analysis of data from the 1996-97 National Population Health Survey revealed that welfare recipients were more likely to report poor or fair health, depression and distress than people not on welfare as well as fewer social supports. The study, published in the March/April issue of the Canadian Journal of Public Health, also found that welfare recipients whose activity was not restricted by long-term disability had greater odds of reporting heart disease than non-welfare recipients.
"These findings indicate that adults on welfare struggle with a broad spectrum of health problems," says the study's senior author, nutritional sciences professor Valerie Tarasuk. "I believe the increasing inadequacy of welfare benefits in many provinces may put them at even greater health risk. The impact of welfare program reforms on the health and well-being of recipients must be assessed and monitored."
The finding that welfare recipients were more likely to report heart disease is of concern because this condition can be prevented or managed, at least in part, by lifestyle modifications, says the study's lead author, U of T medical student Nicholas Vozoris. "Affording special diets, exercise, medications and medical supplies not covered by government programs may be problematic for welfare recipients since many of these healthy lifestyle choices are associated with increased costs," he says.
Source: Eurekalert & othersLast reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
The purpose of life is a life of purpose.
-- Robert Byrne


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This project aims to develop a device capable of acquiring transient and steady state auditory evoked potenlatials (AEPs) simultaneously using an efficient and advanced processing technique. The proposed technique will be implemented as a software module on Intelligent Hearing Systems'(IHS) evoked potential system platform. Auditory Transient Responses (ATRs) are typically elicited using short duration stimuli and include Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABRs), Middle Latency Responses (MLRs) and Late Latency Responses (LLRs). Auditory Steady State Responses (ASSRs) are elicited using long duration stimuli and represent continuous evoked activity. Currently, ATR and ASSR data are recorded independently, using either different software modules or different devices, and the resulting data are analyzed and presented independently. As a result, testing time is prolonged and it may be difficult to reconcile data because of differences in stimulation technique, calibration and patient status between tests. A new method of acquiring ATRs and ASSRs simultaneously has been developed by Intelligent Hearing Systems. The technique uses sets of special stimulation sequences that can be deconvolved to extract ATRs while averaging the sets together results in true ASSRs. Unlike previous deconvolution techniques, such as Maximum Length Sequences (MLS), which required complex non-periodic stimuli for deconvolution, the proposed technique uses a more recently developed method, Continuous Loop Averaging Deconvolution (CLAD), which utilizes nearly isosynchronous sequences. By combining sets of nearly isosynchrnous sequences, the simultaneous acquisition of ATRs and ASSRs is accomplished. The benefits of acquiring both ATRs and ASSRs simultaneously are numerous: 1) Provide unique information from each type of response without increasing test time, 2) Eliminate patient state differences between recording procedures, 3) Eliminate problems associated with use of different stimuli and calibration, and 4) Facilitate interpretation of data by providing all results on one user interface. During Phase I, work will be conducted to optimize and test the proposed simultaneous technique by comparing results with conventional ATRs and ASSRs using click and frequency specific stimuli on 10 young adult subjects. During Phase II, the work will be expanded and a larger clinical study conducted including infants and adults of various hearing loss configurations. The device is expected to have immediate commercialization potential as an add-on software module for the thousands of current IHS users and new potential users as well.
The ability to acquire both auditory transient and steady state evoked potentials at the same time will provide a great benefit to patients and clinicians. The proposed technique will reduce testing time and allow for easier interpretation of results by assuring that data were acquired using the same stimulus and calibration levels, and same patient state. As such, the proposed work will greatly impact public health by developing better hearing diagnostic systems.


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The Aga Khan Academy, Mombasa is the first of a planned network of Aga Khan Academies dedicated to expanding access to education of an international standard of excellence in Asia and Africa (View the Aga Khan Academy, Mombasa website).
The network of Academies will feature a curriculum based on the framework of the International Baccalaureate (IB). At the centre of this approach is a broad education in the humanities from pre-primary years through to higher secondary. The Academies will also feature a robust system of international student and teacher exchanges between Academies in different countries as well as with allied schools, including Phillips Academy in the United States and the Schule Schloss Salem in Germany. Proficiency in at least two languages, with English as the medium of instruction, and progressive mastery of information technologies will also be hallmarks of the programmes. To ensure access regardless of socio-economic status or other limiting factors, admission to the Academy is merit-based and means-blind.
Education that prepares children for life must go beyond fundamental skills to stimulate creativity, intellectual curiosity and honest inquiry."An education must equip students with the tools that enable them to adapt, and thrive, in a world characterised by change," His Highness the Aga Khan has said. "In such an environment, technical proficiency is not enough. Education that prepares children for life must go beyond fundamental skills to stimulate creativity, intellectual curiosity and honest inquiry. Advancement and development, both personal and societal, are dependant on these elements. Innovation and progress arise from the ability to approach a challenge in a new way and offer a solution."
Virtual Tour: Panorama of Campus of The Aga Khan Academy, Mombasa (2MB).
By moving your mouse over the picture, you can see up to 360 degree views of The Aga Khan Academy's campus in Mombasa.In addition to Mombasa, schools are planned for Nairobi in Kenya, as well as Dar es Salaam in Tanzania, Kampala in Uganda, Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Antananarivo in Madagascar, Maputo in Mozambique, Dhaka in Bangladesh, Mumbai and Hyderabad in India, Karachi in Pakistan, Kabul in Afghanistan, Osh in the Kyrgyz Republic, Khorog and Dushanbe in Tajikistan, Damascus and Salamieh in Syria and Bamako in Mali.
The Academies will all feature residential campuses designed by renowned architects. They will have well-equipped laboratories for general science, physics, biology, chemistry, home science and computers, art and music rooms, a library and resource centre, a religion and culture room, a counselling facility, a design and technology workshop, student and teacher lounges, a theatre, a multipurpose hall and a cafeteria and dining area. Facilities for sports will include swimming pools, fields for athletics such as soccer, hockey and athletics. A gymnasium will typically house facilities for a variety of sports such as basketball, badminton, volleyball, squash and gymnastics. Other facilities might include tennis courts, a cricket pitch or an ice-skating rink, where appropriate.
Each Academy will incorporate a Professional Development Centre for teachers that focuses on professional development for teachers and curricular innovation at all affiliated institutions. Each Centre will function not only for the benefit of the Academy but extend modern teaching and learning methods to government and private schools locally and regionally.
Panorama of Swimming pool, Mulitpurpose Hall and Amphitheatre (2MB).
By moving your mouse over the picture, you can see up to 360 degree views of The Aga Khan Academy's campus in Mombasa.These efforts are underpinned by the International Academic Partnership, which brings together the worldwide resources of the Aga Khan Education Services, Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, USA, Aga Khan University's Institute for Educational Development (AKU-IED) in Karachi, Pakistan, and the Schule Schloss Salem, in Salem, Germany. Since its founding in 1993, the IAP has linked over 400 schools in Bangladesh, India, Kenya, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Uganda and the United States.
Click on the above image to view the brochure (format: animated PDF)
© 2007 The Aga Khan Development Network. This is the only authorised Website of the Aga Khan Development Network.


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WHO-AIMS - General Information
WHO report on mental health systems of selected lowand middle-income countries
What is WHO-AIMS?
The World Health Organization Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS) is a new WHO tool for collecting essential information on the mental health system of a country or region. The goal of collecting this information is to improve mental health systems and to provide a baseline for monitoring the change. For the purpose of WHO-AIMS, a mental health system is defined as all the activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore or maintain mental health. WHO-AIMS is primarily intended for assessing mental health systems in low and middle income countries, but is also a valuable assessment tool for high resource countries. Please click below for the WHO-AIMS instrument and supporting documentation.
Note: Great care has been taken to ensure the reliability of the data presented in the WHO-AIMS country reports. Data for WHO-AIMS are collected by a team led by a focal point within the country and are, in most cases, approved by the Ministry of Health. However, since WHO is not directly responsible for the data collection, WHO cannot independently verify the accuracy of any of the data presented in these reports.
WHO-AIMS Instrument, Version 2.2
WHO-AIMS Country Reports
WHO report on mental health systems in the Caribbean region
This report offers a comparative study of sixteen countries and territories from the Caribbean Region, where the WHO-AIMS was implemented in collaboration between Ministries of Health, PAHO/WHO representations and Regional Office, and the WHO Department for Mental Health and Substance Abuse. The challenges that presents a region with limited mental health resources are many, as many are the answers that most of the members of this region have encountered to overcome the difficulties, by introducing innovative services and modalities of care. Comparing results among countries and territories could contribute to identify weaknesses and strengths for the improvement of mental health systems in the region.
WHO report on mental health systems in Central America and Dominican Republic
Between 2005 and 2007 the six Central American countries and the Dominican Republic used the WHO-AIMS to assess their mental health systems. The Ministries of Health in each country agreed to participate in this study and all were actively involved in the implementation. The PAHO/WHO representation in the countries, the PAHO/WHO regional Unit of Mental Health, and the WHO Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse provided technical support throughout the process. This report summarizes the results of the assessments in these seven countries. This report identifies the major mental health limitations and problems faced by this sub region and outlines the progress made in the past few years. The report also shows that it is feasible and sometimes desirable to reorganize a country's mental health services.
WHO report on mental health systems in South America
Eight (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay) of the ten South American countries conducted in the period 2006-2008 the evaluation of their mental health systems. The evaluation was made possible by the joint effort of country-based institutions, the mental health program of the regional office of PAHO/WHO, including its sub-regional office and PAHO country representations, and WHO headquarters. This is a consolidated document which enables the reader to have access to information both to the status of the six domains covered by the evaluation and, especially, to compare facts and figures among countries. Mental heath stakeholders could profit from the report for purposes of advocacy and program planning purported to upgrade the system in compliance with Member-State Resolutions adopted in three different sessions (1997, 2001 and 2009) of the governing bodies of PAHO/WHO. This report is for the moment available in Spanish only.
How can WHO-AIMS help to improve mental health systems?
The implementation of WHO-AIMS can generate information on strengths and weaknesses to facilitate improvement in mental health services. WHO-AIMS will enable countries to develop information-based mental health plans with clear base-line information and targets. It will also be useful to monitor progress in implementing reform policies, providing community services, and involving users, families and other stakeholders in mental health promotion, prevention, care and rehabilitation.
Which countries are participating in the project?
Over 100 countries are currently participating in the WHO-AIMS project.


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EBHB received funding from the North Valley Community Foundation (NVCF) through the Aaron Rodgers NorCal Recovery Fund to coordinate planning and programming to reduce youth and adult trauma through an increase in sports and physical activity as post-disaster intervention strategies.
The following were the overall project goals and objectives:
Goal 1: Build Healthy Community Initiatives through collaboration and an integrated approach to increase physical activity as an intervention to reduce youth and adult trauma post-disaster.
Goal 2: Implement place-based recovery strategies to facilitate increasing sports, recreation, play, physical activity and create health-enhancing community infrastructure.
Objective 1: Create a Health, Wellness, Physical Activity Task Force comprised of stakeholders in health and wellness, education and sports to build healthy community initiatives addressing long-term recovery.
Objective 2: Identify/coordinate needs, goals, and activities of regional stakeholders in health, education, and youth sports to address trauma reduction post-Camp Fire.
Objective 3: Develop an implementation plan for supporting models and space for healthy communities, including sports and physical activity as post disaster interventions.
The Health, Wellness, and Physical Activity Task Force was formed in August 2019. The Task Force was comprised of stakeholders in health and wellness, education and sports to build healthy community initiatives addressing long-term recovery.
Overview of Task Force:
- 16 different organizations
- 40 individuals participating in meetings
- As word of Task Force and purpose spread, new individuals and organizations have joined
- Three Task Force meetings –
- August 28, 2019,
- October 15, 2019,
- January 15, 2020 – agreed to continue meeting.
One of the goals was to develop an implementation plan for supporting models and space for healthy communities, including sports and physical activity as post disaster interventions.
The Task Force recommended that EBHB assume a leadership role in a public awareness campaign with common messaging around the role of physical activity as a vehicle for trauma reduction. The Public Awareness Campaign would also highlight the 8 Plays from Project Play.
The Task Force embraces the National Recreation and Park ProgramRX for Play/Parks and recommended implementation.
The following diagram represents the work of the Task Force.


6 Design Guidelines for RIM BlackBerry 4.2 to 4.5
This chapter describes how to accommodate the behavior of RIM BlackBerry browsers 4.2 to 4.5.
This chapter includes the following sections:
6.1 Introduction to BlackBerry Browser Display Behavior
The BlackBerry browser behaves differently than many other browsers in that it does not display pages using horizontal scrolling. Instead, it fits a page to the width of the screen. This chapter presents guidelines to help you format pages to display properly on BlackBerry devices.
6.2 Formatting Tables to Prevent Wrapping
When formatting tables, avoid long words on lines that contain multiple fields because browsers wrap long words between fields.
Within this chapter, a word refers to a series of characters. In this context, a word does not include white space.
Because the default mode of the BlackBerry browser limits the browser width to that of the physical screen, any field that does not fit in a line is displayed on the next line. If the intent of an application is to display multiple elements in one line, then you must ensure that the total width of the fields are within the width of the browser. Like other browsers, the BlackBerry browser wraps multiple lines when needed. The column width cannot be reduced beyond the size of the longest word in the field.
6.2.1 How to Prevent Fields from Wrapping in Tables
To prevent fields from wrapping, ensure that the total of the size attribute values in a table's row satisfies the following formula when all of the fields in a row are input fields.
3*Number of columns + the Sum of the size attributes in all columns <=X, when X=48
In general, field sizes in table columns should satisfy the following formula:
3 * Number of Columns +
Sum of size attributes in all input field columns +
Sum of number of characters in longest words in all output field columns <= X, when X=48
If the fields still wraps, decrease the value of X until it fits.
6.3 Formatting Label and Message Panels
To preserve the intended programming flexibility, nowrap attributes are supported and inserted when they are explicitly programmed for the Trinidad component. You may encounter problems if you add nowrap to a component definition when you program pages.
6.4 Formatting Column Width
When formatting columns, set the percentage width specification for both the label and the field in the tr:panelFormLayout component so that the total width is at 100%.
6.5 What You May Need to Know About Display Variations on BlackBerry Devices
This section describes how the same application can display differently on different devices. This section includes the following topics:
6.5.1 Changing the Minimum Font Size
Changing the minimum font size through user preferences affects the formatting ability of the ADF Mobile browser client renderer. For example, input fields and their corresponding labels align properly when the font is set to its default size of 6 pt. (illustrated in Figure 6-1).
Figure 6-1 Application Display Using the Default Font Size of 6 pt.
Properly alligned fields and labels
However, increasing the font size to 10 pt. disrupts the display by shifting the input fields beneath their corresponding labels. As a result, the page is difficult to read (Figure 6-2).
Figure 6-2 Increasing the Font Size
Effect of increased font size
6.5.2 Form Factor Variations
Differing screen sizes can affect display. Even if the font size is at the default of 6 pt. (as illustrated in Figure 6-1), the same application appears differently on different devices. In Figure 6-3, the input fields barely fit the device's screen, even though they are easily accommodated on other devices running the same application (Figure 6-1).
Figure 6-3 Difficulty Displaying Input Fields and Labels with Font Size at 6 pt.
Improper field and label display
In addition, input fields may display properly on the screen of one device, but may appear crowded on the screen of another type of device. In Figure 6-4, The cells of the table are not sufficiently wide, causing the text to wrap.
Figure 6-4 Wrapping Text
A table with wrapping contents


text:
| HBS Case Collection
The Future of BioPasteur -- Supplement
The purpose of this exercise is to let students experience a few biases that can be deleterious to strategic decision-making. In particular, students are induced to fall into a confirmatory trap, and to experience other biases such as anchoring and sampling bias. Although the exercise can be performed individually, it is a better vehicle to explore how some team-level dynamics and structural choices can either increase or reduce the probability of falling into such biases. The exercise creates a situation that mirrors the one leading to the Challenger disaster.
Keywords: Decision Making;
Problems and Challenges;
Prejudice and Bias;


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Tasmanian Aboriginal soldiers
Contribution and sacrifice
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders have served in Australian military forces from as far back as the Boer War.
More than 1 000 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders enlisted in World War One, including a number of Tasmanian Aboriginal men. At the time, Indigenous Australians were not lawfully able to vote, marry a non-Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander person, drink alcohol, own property, receive award wages or move freely around the country.
Many Indigenous Australians who tried to enlist were rejected on the grounds of race.
Those who successfully enlisted found life in the armed forces exposed them to equal treatment and mutual respect as they shared the same conditions and levels of pay in the trenches of the Western Front and the Middle East.
Unfortunately, the equality experienced during war disappeared when they returned to civilian life at home. Many could not participate in soldier settlement schemes or share a drink with their mates.
At the outbreak of World War One, about 170 Aboriginal people lived on Cape Barren Island and of the 27 men deemed eligible to serve, 21 enlisted and served at Gallipoli, in Flanders, and on the Somme. Six of the men from Cape Barren Island were killed.
Australian Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders enlisted in World War Two with dozens dying in prisoner of war camps.
In World War Two, about 23 Tasmanian Aboriginal men fought overseas, and approximately another 10 served in the Vietnam War.
Many details about Tasmanian Aboriginal soldiers remain unclear; information or research in this area would be appreciated as the Centenary of ANZAC seeks to remember the role of Tasmanian Aboriginals in military history.
Warning: These webpages about Tasmanian Aboriginal soldiers may contain images of deceased Aboriginal people which may offend Aboriginal and Torres Strait people.


There are many creatures in Tolkien's Legendarium that come across as uncanny and downright scary. The Nazgûl definitely belong to this category. Also known as the Ringwraiths, they send panic and fear before them, and this name — Ringwraiths — has hidden clues to their nature.
Ringwraith is a compound noun, with a very clear first element and a curious second one: wraith is not a common word. Tolkien's choice of this very notion is not a coincidence, for it carries layers of meanings, all of which describe perfectly well what the Nazgûl are. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a wraith is a ghost or a ghostlike image of someone, especially one seen shortly before or after their death. The word can also be used in a reference to a pale, thin or insubstantial person or thing or, in a literary sense, to a wisp or a faint trace of something.
Two of these meanings can be applied to the Nazgûl. To begin with, Sauron's most terrible servants can be identified with ghosts. We know that they were formerly great kings and lords of Men, but ensnared by Sauron and the Nine Rings of Power, they fell under the dominion of their own Rings and Sauron's One Ring. Thus, through using their Nine and becoming thralls to the One, once mighty Men faded into ghostlike figures invisible in the Seen world, but visible in the realm of the Unseen. They were, of course, far from the ghosts of spooky tales that could go through walls or float in the air: despite being invisible for most eyes, the Ringwraiths were solid as their unseen bodies were covered by cloaks "to give shape to their nothingness" and they could ride horses and wield swords. On the other hand, the Nazgûl could not be harmed by common weapons — only by the enchanted blades from the Barrow-wight's mound — nor could they be hurt physically otherwise. It was at night that the Ringwraiths were especially dangerous and terrible, while during the day they were much weaker and less potent. Their main weapon was fear that went with them, rather than physical strength, that made all the living creatures flee.
The second meaning of wraith, referring to a likeness to a ghost in appearance, can also be applied to the Nazgûl. We have a chance to see them through Frodo's eyes at Weathertop: as the Hobbit puts the Ring on, he moves into the Unseen realm and we, together with him, can learn what the Ringwraiths look like:
(Fellowship of the Ring, p. 258)
Concerning the way the word wraith can be applied to both living and non-living, Tom Shippey observes an interesting analogy. In their state the Ringwraiths are neither alive, nor dead (1). They exist in two worlds at the same time, but their unending life is more like serial longevity, a twisted image of immortality, a mockery of it. It is a pitiful state to be in. During their life they used to be powerful and mighty, but even then the effects of the rings were beginning to show:
They had, as it seemed, unending life, yet life became unendurable to them. They could walk, if they would, unseen by all eyes in this world beneath the sun, and they could see things in worlds invisible to mortal men; but too often they beheld only the phantoms and delusions of Sauron. And one by one, sooner or later, according to their native strength and to the good or evil of their wills in the beginning, they fell under the thraldom of the ring that they bore and under the domination of the One, which was Sauron's. And they became for ever invisible save to him that wore the Ruling Ring, and they entered into the realm of shadows.
(Silmarillion, p. 346)
There is even more to be found if we look at the etymology of the word wraith. Though most dictionaries state that its origin is obscure and date it to the XVI century, the year 1513, as it appeared in Gavin Douglas's translation of Virgil's Aeneid into Scots, Tom Shippey does offer a connection. He links the word wraith with the Old English verb wríðan — to writhe. This verb also gave rise to its related words, including wroth, wrath and wreath (2)All of the words are united by the concept of twisting, either physical, or emotional. Literal meanings and concepts of twisting co-exist with metaphorical ones in writhe and its related forms. The connection between anger and twisting is metaphorical: we can say that anger is a very strong emotion that twists a person — both on the inside and on the outside: very often the verb to twist is used to describe what happens to one's facial expression when they are very angry. In the case of the Ringwraiths we can say that they became twisted in their nature: first during their lives — by greed, lust for power, and later — by the effects of their Nine Rings and the One. They became corrupted in their very core never to become untwisted again.
The word wraith and its related forms were also used by Tolkien in many other contexts and in their multitude of meanings, both literal and metaphorical, but it is with the Ringwraiths that the word works especially potently, covering the complex nature of these creatures with just six letters. Even if you know nothing about the Nazgûl, but know everything about the word wraith, it will tell their story readily.
(1) T. A. Shippey – J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century
(2) ibid.
Works consulted:
6 thoughts on "Wraiths the writhen.
 1. What a combination of words, wraith, writhe, wrath. What a terrible fate for those who once sought after greatness and power over others. And I think that it is one of Tolkien's great achievements to convey the horror of an immortality that is merely one moment within time after another. The Ringwraiths stand as a terrible warning to all who desire it.
 1. I sometimes think that those lords, before they turned into the Nazgûl, at some point began to realise that something was terribly wrong with them and the Rings, but that was too late and there was no way back. It must have been a horrible revelation to face.
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Business opportunity: Waste Management
Indian cities are crumbling under waste, India generates almost 130 million tonnes of waste per day of which only 12 % is being processed and treated[1].
Hence, lies the opportunity for entrants in waste management services, where the service provider can tie up with the waste generators to manage their waste by treating/processing it on site. This opportunity exists in number of sectors including food waste, poultry waste, agri waste, and dairy farm waste. This blog focuses on managing food waste.
What is the opportunity?
The business opportunity is to offer waste management services to the large food waste generators, such as hotels, big institutions with canteen facility, hospitals, and engineering colleges by setting up a biogas plant in their premises. The kitchen waste can be converted to either biogas or electricity, which can be consumed by the user.
This service would also be useful to large apartment complexes (with 1000 flats or more) and schools that offer meal to their students.
As can be seen below, biogas plant is an attractive investment for its buyer, he can recover his investment in four years.
Further, the use is entitled to a subsidy[2] of Rs. 40,000 per KWH of power generated or 40% of the project cost. After accounting for subsidy, the payback period would only be three years.
How does one start biogas plant manufacturing unit
In order to offer Biogas plant fabrication service, one needs to have detailed understanding of the processes involved in manufacturing, selling, installing and operating of the Bio-gas plant. There are Biogas Development & Training Centres set up by respective state governments, which impart training in operations of biogas plant.
Typically, most of the companies who are in the business have at least one member who is a micro-biologist/ bio-technologist with a bachelor's or master's degree.
The capital requirements are not large, as it is a skill intensive business. One does not need to set up a manufacturing unit, the plant is typically fabricated at the client site and client pays up to 50 per cent of the price in advance. The cost of fabrication of a (up to 2 tonne per day) plant usually is less than15 lakhs. Assuming that one starts with one order, the capital required for setting up this business would be within 20 lakhs.
 - Waste management is a new concept in India, and people are not used to paying to manage their waste. It can take several meetings/follow ups to convince a customer about utility of investing in waste management. However this issue will be eased with stricter environment laws going forward.
 - The waste for the plant needs to be homogeneous, requiring the waste to be segregated into organic and inorganic waste at source. The segregation of waste can be challenging for a housing apartment complex, where residents are not used to segregating their waste.
 - The biogas produced in the plant has to be used the very same day as transporting and bottling it is not viable. Hence, biogas as a cooking option is feasible only for institutions that have one large kitchen (hotel/ hospitals) and not apartment complexes.
 How can we help?
FineTrain enables entrepreneurs to assess and understand new business opportunities. Our services include market research, business feasibility studies and business diagnostics – we can help you in understand the market, competitive landscape, subsidies and government schemes available for waste management opportunities. We also offer support in executing your ideas by connecting you with sector experts and professionals.
Call us @ _PHONE_,
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[1] Source: Status report (2001-13)Pollution control board.
[2] The subsidy is available only for plants which convert the gas into electricity and the calculation is based on the KWH of the electricity generated. The subsidy is calculated as Rs 40,000 / KWH (kilo watt hour) or the 40% of the total cost of plant construction whichever is less.
[3]Picture Source:
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Business Opportunity in Andhra Pradesh: Aquaculture and allied industries
Aquaculture refers to commercial farming of seafood such as fish, prawns and crabs. The produce is either sold fresh or in processed form in domestic and export market. Aqua animals found in India can be divided into two categories: marine animals such as shrimps and crabs and inland fresh water fish including Rohu, Catla, Mrigala, Grass Carp.
The current Indian market[1] for sea food is estimated to be 10.07 million tonnes, valued at over INR 1 lakh crore, growing at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5% in volume. The processed fish segment (although only 12% of the total market now) is growing at a CAGR of 10% in terms of volume and over 25% in terms of value.
The growth of the aqua industry has spurred the growth of a large number of supporting industries such as manufacturing fish feed and equipment/products for catching and processing fish.
Why Andhra Pradesh?
Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer and exporter of seafood (see Table 1) in the country. Aquaculture is an attractive opportunity in coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh such as Srikakulam, Vizianagaram,Visakhapatnam, Krishna, Guntur, Prakasam, Nellore and East and West Godavari.
Table 1: Major fish producing states in India (2014-2015)
Capture 2
Source: National Fisheries Development Board
What are the Opportunities offered by allied industries?
These include opportunities related to manufacturing products and equipment used in farming and processing of sea animals.
Table 2: Aqua culture and allied industries
Capture 3
What is the Government support available to this industry?
There are a number of incentives available to entrepreneurs in this sector, including schemes from National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB), Department of Fisheries (Andhra Pradesh) and Department of industries (Andhra Pradesh). These are of two forms:
 1. Farmers are given subsidy to purchase equipment such as Aerators that mechanize the farming
 2. Entrepreneurs are offered incentives to set up manufacturing facilities/processing facilities. For example, as part of Fisheries Policy of Andhra Pradesh, entrepreneurs are offered interest subvention/subsidy of 6% on the loan taken for setting up the unit for ice processing plants and feed manufacturing units.
For more information on these subsidy schemes, please click this links:
How can we help?
FineTrain enables entrepreneurs to assess and understand new business opportunities. Our services include market research, business feasibility studies and business diagnostics – we can help you in understanding the feasibility and viability of aquaculture and related opportunities and suitable government schemes. We also offer support in executing your ideas by connecting you with sector experts and professionals.
Call us @ _PHONE_,
Write to usVisit us-
[1] Market size has been estimated by assuming production at 10.9 million tonnes (as per data from National Fisheries Development Board) and a price of 100 INR per kg
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Business Opportunity: Function Hall
Function or Banquet halls provide space and other services such as decorations, food and drink for a party, ceremony, get-together, corporate retreat etc. Function halls typically provide only the space, furniture and cooking facilities. Guests hire the cook separately to make arrangements for food. Banquet halls typically are owned and managed by restaurants, hotels, and they have in-house catering facilities and staff.
What drives the demand for these facilities?
Demand is influenced by the type of event/occasion to be celebrated. Typically, these facilities are availed predominantly by people for celebrating marriages that are typically 2-3 day affairs. However, over the past decade, demand for short duration events such as get-togethers, birthday parties, corporate meetings and sports events has increased as well, owing to greater disposable income and the large demographic dividend. Our primary and secondary research indicates that demand drivers are changing as follows:
1. Demand for these facilities is on the upswing: Increasingly these facilities are being availed by customers of smaller and shorter duration events such as birthday parties, anniversaries, family/class reunions and get-togethers. Corporates/government agencies and educational institutions have also started availing these facilities for organizing events such as office retreats, outbound/annual events, award ceremonies, small conferences/workshops/seminars. Of late, demand for facilities where soccer, badminton and soft sports can be played is also increasing.
2. Distance to the facility is not a big differentiator: Customers are willing to travel some distance if the quality of the facilities are perceived to be good. In fact, people increasingly want a hall away from the hustle and bustle of the city, especially for corporate events, get-together and sports events.
3. Price is not a overriding factor in selection: Customers are willing to pay more for better amenities, including more amenities for children, comfortable interiors etc.
Opportunities for new entrants:
Overall, customers are looking for a venue which could be a one-stop destination for different events. As such, key things to be kept in mind by new entrants for differentiating themselves are:
Incorporating innovative features: Customers are looking for such as theme based architecture, special play area of children, comfortable interiors, music systems and license to play music, in house photography, projectors and screens to display pictures. In addition, customers are also interested in venues that can incorporate soft sports such as badm


May 09
Note:Before you setup internet for your D-Link DIR-450, please make sure you are able to connect to the internet with the PCMIA(EVDO) card in your laptop/desktop, without the D-Link DIR-450 being in the configuration.
Connect to your Network
Note: Ensure that the power to your DIR-450 mobile router is not connected before performing the installation steps below:
32-bit PCMCIA(EVDO)card connection
Step 1: Attach the antenna to the router.Once secured, position the antenna upward in its connecting joint. This will ensure optimal reception.
Step 2: Insert your wireless 32-bit PCMCIA (EVDO) card into the internet slot on the back of the router.
Step 3: Insert the ethernet cable into the LAN port 1 on the back panel of the DIR-450 mobile router, and an available ethernet port on the network adapter, in the computer you will use to configure the unit.
Step 4: Connect the power adapter to the receptor on the back panel of your D-Link DIR-450 Mobile Router. Then plug the other end of the power adapter into a wall outlet or power strip.
The Power LED will turn ON to indicate power has been applied.
Other LEDs will flash ON and OFF as the DIR-450 Mobile Router performs initialization and internet connection processes. This will take a few minutes.
When complete, the following LEDs will illuminate Blue: Power, Status, Internet, WLAN and LAN port 1 (or your specific LAN port connection)
Step 5: Open your web browser and enter the IP address of your DIR-450 Mobile Router ( Enter username (admin) and your password (blank by default).
Note: You will need to set a static ip address on the computer, on the same subnet, for example,
Step 6: Under Setup, click Internet on the left. Select Manual Configure from the bottom of the page.
Step 7: Under WWAN, select your PCMCIA card from the drop down menu.
Step 8: Enter your WWAN Username, Password, Server Name, and Dial Number.
Step 9: Click Save Settings to save your settings. Once the router has finished rebooting, click Continue.
Please allow 1-2 minutes to connect.
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Intuitively why would risk neutral probability differ from actual probability?
 - $\begingroup$ Why do two probability measures differ? Because of the way they are constructed. Do you ask why risk-neutral measure is constucted in a different way then real-world measure? Or why it is constructed at all? $\endgroup$ – Rustam Oct 25 '13 at 6:48
 - $\begingroup$ I tried to answer but maybe you're missing something from my answer. Please clarify if that is the case. $\endgroup$ – Bob Jansen Oct 25 '13 at 14:17
 - $\begingroup$ Excellent question. $\endgroup$ – AfterWorkGuinness Sep 20 '15 at 0:34
Determine the initial cost of a portfolio that perfectly hedges a contingent claim with payoff $uX$ in the upstate and $dX$ in the downstate (you can do this so long as the up and down price are different in your lattice).
Now that you know that the price of the initial portfolio is the "arbitrage free" price of the contingent claim, find the number $q$ such that you can express that price of the contingent claim as the discounted payoff in the up state times a number $q$ plus the discounted payoff in the downstate times the number $1-q$. Solve for the number $q$. Interpret the number $q$ as a probability and compute the expected value of the discounted stock with this probability. This should be the same as the initial price of the stock. Pause and reflect on the fact that you have determined the unique number $q$ between $0$ and $1$ such that the expected value (using $q$) of the discounted stock is the initial price and that you can compute the price of any contingent claim by computing its expected (using $q$) discounted payoff.
It is clear from what you have just done that if you chose any other number $p$ between $0$ and $1$ other than the $q$ and computed the expected (using $p$) discount payoff, then you would not recover the arbitrage free price (remember you have shown that any other price than the one you found leads to an arbitrage portfolio). This means that if you had a real world probability $p$ for your initial lattice, it is not the correct probability to use when computing the price.
 - $\begingroup$ I highly recommend studying Folmmer and Schied's Stochastic Finance: An Introduction in Discrete Time. In my opinion, too many people rush into studying the continuous time framework before having a good grasp of the discrete time framework. $\endgroup$ – user6384 Oct 28 '13 at 19:55
 - $\begingroup$ (+1) you could have used some spaces, but it is a very clear explanation. If you have also some clear views about real-world probabilities perhaps you can help me here: quant.stackexchange.com/questions/8274/… $\endgroup$ – sets Oct 29 '13 at 7:27
You're missing the point of the risk-neutral framework.
Obviously, they are not the same thing.
 - $\begingroup$ This is the best explanation. $\endgroup$ – SmallChess Nov 21 '13 at 2:16
 - $\begingroup$ I dont understand how risk preferences are reflected in the "real probability measure", could you elaborate? as I interpret risk preference it only says how much is someone is willing to bet on a certain probability. That should not have anything to do with which probablites are assigned..but maybe I am missing something $\endgroup$ – user123124 May 15 '20 at 18:26
An answer has already been accepted, but I'd like to share what I believe is a more intuitive explanation.
There are many risk neutral probabilities... probability of a stock going up over period $T-t$, probability of default over $T-t$ etc. The intuition is the same behind all of them.
In reality, you want to be compensated for taking on risk. This is why corporate bonds are cheaper than government bonds. In risk neutral valuation we pretend that investors are stupid and are willing to take on extra risk for no added compensation. The reason is it make the math easier. The intuition is to follow.
Let's consider the probability of a bond defaulting:
Imagine a corporate bond with a real world probability of default of 1%. This 1% is based on the historical probabilities of default for similar grade bonds and obtained form a rating agency. If the bond defaults we get 40% of the par value.
If we try to price the bond using only the real world probability of default given above to calculate the expected value of this bond and then present value it, we will come up with the wrong price. In fact, the price will bee too high.
Why? Because the bond's price takes into consideration the risk the investor faces and various other factors such as liquidity. We've ignored these and only have part of the picture.
Enter risk-neutral pricing. Instead of trying to figure out these pieces we've ignored, we are simply going to solve for a probability of default that sets PV(expected value) to the current market price. This is called a risk neutral probability. Well, the real world probability of default was 1% and just using that to value the bond overshot the actual price, so clearly our risk-neutral probability needs to be higher than the real world one.
I've borrowed my example from this book. I think the author gives the best explanation I've seen _URL_
Valuing an option in a risk-neutral world is essentially saying that the risk preferences of investors do not impact option prices. That seems strange at first: given that options are risky investments, shouldn't they be affected by investor's risk preferences?
The answer is no, and the reason is clear: we are valuing the option in terms of the underlying share, and not in absolute terms. The risk-preferences of investors get incorporated in the share price itself (for instance, a higher risk aversion would reduce the share price), and so we don't have to account for them again while valuing the option in terms of the underlying share.
We can reinforce the above point by putting it in slightly different words: Imagine breaking down our model into two levels -
1) A "formula" linking risk preferences to the share price.
2) A "formula" linking the share price to the option price.
When risk preferences change, corresponding changes only occur at the first level; the formula linking the share price to option price remains unaffected.
Your Answer


A dive light is routinely used during night dives and cave dives, when there is little or no natural light, but also has a useful function during the day, as water absorbs the longer (red) wavelengths first then the yellow and green with increasing depth. By using artificial light, it is possible to view an object in full color at greater depths.


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The Effect Of Capital Expenditure And Local Revenue On Economic Growth In Cities And Regencies In Bengkulu
The main objective of regional development is to create economic growth and equitable development, including inter-regional distribution of income (PAD). Fast economic growth and low income inequality can be achieved, but both cannot be achieved simultaneously. This study aims to determine the effect of Capital Expenditure and Local Revenue on economic growth in cities and regencies in Bengkulu. The samples in this study were 10 local governments at the district/city level in cities and regencies in Bengkulu with a study period from 2015 to 2020. The data collection method used the documentation method. The data analysis used was multiple linear regression, coefficient of determination and hypothesis testing. The results of the regression test obtained the regression equation Y = 254.213 + 0.097X1 + 0.025X2. Capital expenditure (PAD) has a significant influence on economic growth in cities and regencies in Bengkulu because a significant value of 0.006 is smaller than 0.05. This means that as PAD increases, economic growth will also increase. Local Revenue does not have a significant effect on economic growth in cities and regencies in Bengkulu because the significant value is 0.531, which is less than 0.05. This means that the high or low PAD generated by a region does not really affect economic growth because there is still funding from the center. Based on the results of testing the hypothesis with the F test, the hypothesis made shows that together capital expenditure and regional original income affect economic growth in cities and regencies in Bengkulu. The results of statistical calculations show a significance value of 0.05. The coefficient of determination is 0.162, which means that changes in the independent variables together are able to explain the dependent variable by 16.2%, while the remaining 1% is explained by other factors outside the independent variables used in this research
Copyright (c) 2023 Tania Hasibuan, Ahmad Soleh, Abdul Rahman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.


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Business at the Speed of Now: Fire Up Your People, Thrill Your Customers, and Crush Your Competitorsby John M. Bernard
At the start of the twenty-first century, we've witnessed a shift to a mass customization-driven economy, leaving behind a century focused on mass production. Customers have come to expect immediate and tailor-made responses to their needs, and the businesses that fail to deliver quickly fall behind. How fast does your business move? Are you doing business at the… See more details below
At the start of the twenty-first century, we've witnessed a shift to a mass customization-driven economy, leaving behind a century focused on mass production. Customers have come to expect immediate and tailor-made responses to their needs, and the businesses that fail to deliver quickly fall behind. How fast does your business move? Are you doing business at the speed of NOW or trailing the pack at the speed of THEN?
Business at the Speed of Now outlines principles and practices that forward-thinking managers can use to enhance customer experience, reduce costs, and drive growth. Three major game changers have accelerated business today. Social media creates vast powerful communities by instantly connecting people inside and outside an organization. Cloud computing provides workers access to the resources they need to resolve issues the moment they arise. And the Millennial mindset demands that it all happens now. Business at the Speed of Now presents systematic advice on how to build an integrated, engaging, and transparent management system, enabled by cloud computing and internal social networks.
Use this comprehensive guide to create a NOW organization where everyone boldly pursues every opportunity every time. Through more than sixty real-world stories of success and failure, this book:
- Demonstrates how to achieve the three goals of the NOW management system: eliminate fear, reduce variation in everything you do, and rapidly overcome constraints that inhibit progress
- Applies speed-enabling technology to the three essential types of work: Fundamentals (routine work that consumes 95 percent of all resources), Breakthroughs (initiatives that can change the game), and Problems (daily challenges and crises that occur in all organizations)
- Provides a wealth of real-world examples, assessments, tools, guidelines, and checklists that enable readers to apply the concepts immediately
- Offers practical tools for building account ability and transparency into every position, thereby eliminating the loose ends that so often cause business execution to stumble
Set your organization free from the old THEN management ways that no longer get the results you need. Adopt the new NOW management thinking and the state-of-the-art tools that will get your organization doing business at the speed of now.
- Publication date:
- Sales rank:
- Product dimensions:
- 6.00(w) x 9.10(h) x 1.00(d)
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Niranjan Barla's Chemistry Questions
On 19th Feb, 2010, Niranjan Barla sent these questions:
Can u plz answer this ques??
1. The wooden shelves on which conc.Sulphuric Acid bottles are kept are
stained black. Why?
2. Dot diag. of ethyne.
Conc. Sulphuric acid has a very strong affinity for water, which is the reason behind its dehydrating property. It reacts with wood (which is a type of cellulose) to dehydrate it (remove the molecules of water from the wood), leaving behind a layer of carbon, which causes the black stain on the wooden shelves on which it is kept.
[C6H5O10]n ———- 6[C]n + 5[H2O]n
Dot diagram of ethyne


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Teachers' and mothers' perceptions of using creative arts to develop children's potential for critical thinking
Nilson, Caroline (2011) Teachers' and mothers' perceptions of using creative arts to develop children's potential for critical thinking. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University.
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This study is based on the contention that rich descriptions of the behaviour of the children during the process of creating an art piece, as perceived by teachers and mothers of the children, will provide a better understanding of the influence of creative arts on the development and expression of critical thinking. Developing critical thinking dispositions in young people affords them the skills to make thoughtful choices.
This qualitative naturalistic, interpretive study sought to investigate the impact of children's participation in a creative arts project on the development of critical thinking dispositions. The project was part of a major annual community event, during the first school term of 2010. Data on mothers' and teachers' perceptions were collected using focus groups and individual interviews, in addition to children's letters, video footage and photographs of the activities.
The themes identified related to environmental factors influencing children's creativity, the processes used to mobilise children's creativity, the growth of the children through the experience of creative arts, the children's development of confidence and the effects on the children having contributed to community event.
The finding of this study revealed creative arts participation was able to excite children's imagination and mobilise creativity leading to an increased awareness of self and others, including the environment around them. Through the creative process children developed confidence and displayed visible indicators of problem solving and perseverance. Importantly they also demonstrated the development of skills for collaborative engagement, which is so vital in building individual, social and community capacity. In addition, this study identified the need for children to be exposed to creative environments in order to develop creativity and self-expression. These findings have important implications for the development of future education curriculum in addition to the development of community generated activities.
|Publication Type:||Thesis (Masters by Research)|
|Murdoch Affiliation:||School of Nursing & Midwifery|
|Supervisor:||Fetherston, Catherine and McMurray, Anne|
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Introduction: To determine the relationship between housing instability, economic standing, and access to health care and use of acute care services.
Methods: We performed a meta-regression using four nationally representative surveys. The independent variable was an ordered measure of economic and housing instability: 1) the general population, 2) low-income population, 3) never homeless users-of-subsistence-services, 4) unstably housed, 5) formerly homeless, and 6) the actively homeless. Dependent variables were four measures of health care access and three measures of acute health care utilization.
Results: Worsening housing instability and economic standing was associated with poorer access: being uninsured (5.4% per unit increase, 95% CI 1.7-9.2%, p=.011), postponing needed care (3.3%, 95% CI 1.9-4.7%, p=.001), postponing medications (6.1%, 95% CI 1.5-10.6%, p=.035), and with one measure of acute health care utilization: higher hospitalization rates (2.9%, 95% CI 1.2-4.6%, p=.008).
Discussion: Economic and housing instability should be considered a graded risk factor for poor access to health care.


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Definition of Et al
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No More Slowdowns: The Benefits Of Load Balancing
No More Slowdowns: The Benefits Of Load Balancing
Within an organization, the right number of servers, terminals and central processing units (CPUs) will determine the speed and efficiency of that organization's network. Employees don't want to deal with long wait times or keep clients waiting when retrieving information. For efficient, high-quality data access and processing, a load-balancing solution is necessary to stay productive while avoiding bottlenecks, server crashes and long waits.
Load Balancing Defined
Load balancing is a technique used to divide work between computers, thereby enabling businesses to service workloads faster. One can use hardware, software or a combination of the two in order to enhance processing efficiency. Server clustering is a means of load balancing that enlists a series of servers to function as a single system and is ideal for established enterprises. Cross-functional teams can also develop system requirements and collaborate with technical personnel on workflow improvements. Data volumes, existing IT systems and operational objectives all play a part in making wise load-balancing decisions.
The Balancing Process
Load balancers receive workloads before they're distributed to servers or individual computers. The balancing application analyzes the existing IT infrastructure and determines the optimal place to send work to. If an infrastructure spans multiple geographic regions, location becomes a variable in the distribution algorithm. The balancing process is designed to optimize systems, which makes understanding the operational requirements a necessity. In particular, websites often need load balancing due to the high volume of user traffic. Load balancers' main focus is on logistics and available server capacity.
Load Balancer Persistence
In a Web hosting environment, load balancing persistence plays a large role in user experiences and processing speeds. User requests, IP addresses, firewalls and enterprise IT devices factor into the functionality of Web support systems. Server configuration is critical for websites, and load balancing helps maneuver traffic in a way that delivers fast and effective service. The process of optimizing balancing persistence is highly technical and requires the use of engineers or technicians. Additionally, third-party contractors can install or upgrade load balancer solutions.
Lean and Process Excellence
Overprocessing, excess transportation, defects and reworking will have a financial impact on an enterprise and detract from the bottom line. IT resource allocation within an organization impacts quality and competitive advantage in the marketplace. If workloads are being rerouted or placed in a queue to wait for processing, bottlenecks will occur and turnaround times will suffer. Many organizations are striving for process excellence and industry leadership status. Load balancing is a practical solution for removing waste from systems and staying ahead of the competition.
Benefits for Stakeholders
Management is responsible for the efficiency of operations, and fast, accurate data processing leads to positive results for stakeholders. In particular, downstream customers benefit from high-quality service and support, and employees don't have to scramble to complete tasks. Since servers and terminals aren't being overused, fixed assets have longer, useful lives, saving businesses money over the long run. System optimization and customer satisfaction are critical for success, and streamlined IT infrastructures will produce reliable outcomes.
The efficiency of data processing directly affects profit margins, employee morale and the ability of businesses to remain competitive in the marketplace. When traffic is slowing down the company network and causing some long waits, load balancing is a practical method for streamlining workload distribution and IT infrastructure.


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Prophetically Incorrect: A Christian Introduction to Media Criticism
- Sales Rank:579,900
- Format:Kindle eBook
- Language:English (Published)
- Media:Kindle Edition
- Number Of Items:1
- Publication Date:August 1, 2010
The Bible includes prophetic speech and at times the church and its representatives are called to speak prophetically. But in our media-saturated age when many claim to speak for God, how can we evaluate the avalanche of supposedly prophetic speech? What does it mean to truly be prophetic? And when Christians should speak prophetically, how can they do so in a biblical and effective way? Using vivid examples, this book offers clear guidelines for creating, critiquing, and consuming popular media, as well as practical suggestions for faithful communication. It also helps readers think critically about communication technology. The book includes a foreword by Quentin Schultze and a preface by Clifford Christians.
CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON SERVICES LLC. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.


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Best Known For
Bill "Bojangles" Robinson was an iconic African-American tap dancer and actor best known for his Broadway performances and film roles.
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Broadway legend Bill "Bojangles" Robinson was born Luther Robinson in Richmond, Virginia, on May 25, 1878. Robinson started his career as a vaudeville performer, transitioning to Broadway and to Hollywood films in the 1930s and 1940s. His delicate tap-dance style and cheerful demeanor made Robinson a favorite of both black and white audiences. He died in New York City on November 25, 1949.
"Everything is copacetic."
Bill "Bojangles" Robinson was born Luther Robinson in Richmond, Virginia, on May 25, 1878. His father, Maxwell, worked in a machine shop, while his mother, Maria, was a choir singer. After both of his parents died in 1885, Robinson was raised by his grandmother, Bedilia, who had been a slave earlier in her life. According to Robinson, he used physical force to compel his brother, Bill, to switch names with him, since he did not care for his given name of Luther. Additionally, as a young man, he earned the nickname "Bojangles" for his contentious tendencies.
At the age of 5, Robinson began dancing for a living, performing in local beer gardens. In 1886, at the age of 9, he joined Mayme Remington's touring troupe. In 1891, he joined a traveling company, later performing as a vaudeville act. He achieved great success as a nightclub and musical-comedy performer. At this stage of his career, he performed almost exclusively in black theaters before black audiences.
In 1908, Robinson met Marty Forkins, who became his manager. Forkins urged Robinson to develop his solo act in nightclubs. Robinson took a break from performance to serve as a rifleman in World War I. Along with fighting in the trenches, Robinson was also a drum major who led the regimental band up Fifth Avenue upon the regiment's return from Europe.
In 1928, he starred on Broadway in the hugely successful musical revue Blackbirds of 1928, which featured his famous "stair dance." Blackbirds was a revue starring African-American performers, intended for white audiences. The show was a breakthrough for Robinson. He became well known as "Bojangles," which connoted a cheerful and happy-go-lucky demeanor for his white fans, despite the nearly polar-opposite meaning of the nickname in the black community. His catchphrase, "Everything's copacetic," reinforced Robinson's sunny disposition. Although he worked regularly as an actor, Robinson was best known for his tap-dance routines. He pioneered a new form of tap, shifting from a flat-footed style to a light, swinging style that focused on elegant footwork.
Robinson's fame withstood the decline of African-American revues. He starred in 14 Hollywood motion pictures, many of them musicals, and played multiple roles opposite the child star Shirley Temple. His film credits include Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, The Little Colonel and Stormy Weather, co-starring Lena Horne and Cab Calloway. Despite his fame, Robinson was not able to transcend the narrow range of stereotypical roles written for black actors at the time. By accepting these roles, Robinson was able to maintain steady employment and remain in the public eye.
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After the Civil War, many of the country's best and brightest black advocates, artists, entrepreneurs and intellectuals moved to the New York City neighborhood of Harlem. Thanks largely to the efforts of these residents, Harlem became both the cradle of a cultural revolution and the heart of the civil rights movement. Meet some of the many people who gave—and continue to give—this neighborhood a voice, simply by calling it home.
Famous Harlem Residents 62 people in this group
Many African-Americans made their name performing at the Apollo Theater in Harlem, including Ella Fitzgerald, James Brown and Jimi Hendrix. The roster of talented artists who made their careers after a successful amateur night at the Apollo grew so large, that the venue earned a reputation as the place to jump-start the career of an ambitious hopeful. Other performers, like Aretha Franklin and Michael Jackson, came to the theater after experiencing big professional success, adding further credibility to the historic New York concert hall. Explore the biographies of some of the more notable African-Americans who stepped out onto the Apollo stage, making entertainment history.
Apollo Legends 25 people in this group
Who can forget Angela Bassett as Tina Turner or Jamie Foxx as Ray Charles? Do you remember who played Billie Holiday? Or who Beyoncé performed as in the film Cadillac Records? More recent African-American biopics include the Lifetime original movie Betty & Coretta (2013), starring Angela Bassett as Coretta Scott King and Mary J. Blige as Betty Shabazz, and The Butler (2013), starring Forest Whitaker and based on the life of Eugene Allen.
View our photos of African-American biopics to compare these famous figures to the actors and actresses who have portrayed them.
African-American Biopics 39 people in this group


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Working papers // The Levy Economics Institute 542
This paper argues that John Maynard Keynes had a targeted (as contrasted with aggregate) demand approach to full employment. Modern policies, which aim to close the demand gap, are inconsistent with the Keynesian approach on both theoretical and methodological grounds. Aggregate demand tends to increase inflation and erode income distribution near full employment, which is why true full employment is not possible via traditional pro-growth, pro-investment aggregate demand stimuli. This was well understood by Keynes, who preferred targeted job creation during expansions. But even in recessions, he did not campaign for wide-ranging aggregate demand stimuli; this is because different policies have different employment creation effects, which for Keynes was the primary measure of their effectiveness. There is considerable evidence to argue that Keynes had an on the spot approach to full employment, where the problem of unemployment is solved via direct job creation, irrespective of the phase of the business cycle.
John Maynard Keynes public works fiscal policy full employment aggregate demand targeted demand demand gap analysis


How energy is hidden in colours—can we use it to power a renewable future?
Credit: Pixabay
'Roses are red and violets are blue' – so says the old poem.
But why are roses red? And why are violets blue? What is it that gives something its colour?
And how could playing with colour give us wearable? This last question is at the core of research being undertaken by Dr Wallace Wong, of the University of Melbourne's Bio21 Institute and School of Chemistry.
As well as working on fascinating science that combines chemistry, physics, engineering and even some agriculture, the carbon-solar researchers of Dr Wong's lab are inspired by a renewable energy future.
But first, to grasp where they are going, you must understand a little more about the science of colour.
You could think of an object's colour as the it rejects. When objects appear to have a particular colour it's because they are absorbing all the other colours of the visible spectrum, while one colour is being reflected.
For example, the petals of a rose appear red because they absorb most of the blue light of the visible spectrum, and much of the green and yellow too. What's left to reflect back at us is dominated by the remaining reddish part of the spectrum.
It's the light that is absorbed, or reflected, that makes roses so red. Credit: Pixabay
Our perception of colour is, then, the rather clever result of our eyes and brains interpreting various combinations of those reflected colours.
Exactly which colours an object absorbs depends on all the complex molecules that make up its surface – in particular on the electrons and atomic bonds within those molecules.
To understand that, you need to know what colour really is. Light is a wave and 'colour' is merely the frequency of that wave.
The 'natural frequencies' of the myriad organic molecules that make up a rose petal correspond with frequencies of light that are – mostly – blue through yellow.
Thus, roses are red.
The Sun emits light of every possible frequency at once, including at frequencies too high or too low for us to see. But the Sun's highest intensity radiation aligns approximately with our visible range – red through blue. That's no coincidence – like all animals on Earth, we have evolved to make best use of the light available.
These days, we can also design materials to 'target' particular frequencies of light. For example, the silicon-based materials of a are tweaked to absorb the most intense frequencies in sunlight. The electrons knocked loose by that light are harvested as an electric current.
While silicon-based materials have dominated solar-cell technology since the 1970s, Dr Wong is working on alternative carbon-based materials that have the potential to allow cheaper, flexible, robust, printable solar panels.
The biggest challenge, Dr Wong explains, is efficiency. Currently, carbon-based solar cells struggle to exceed 12 per cent efficiency, significantly lagging behind the 17 per cent of commercially available silicon cells.
.One technique his laboratory is using to increase efficiency is to harvest power from a wider range of frequencies.
Dr Wallace Wong is working towards cheaper and more robust printable solar cells. Credit: University of Melbourne
By adjusting the chemical properties of the light-absorbing material, the researchers can adjust the amount of energy required to boost electrons from one state to another. When they do that, they force the material to absorb another frequency of light, ie another.
"The more frequencies these materials absorb, the more electricity they can produce," explains Dr Wong.
The ultimate aim is to absorb colours right across the high-intensity, visible part of sunlight's spectrum and a little way beyond, into ultraviolet.
So why bother? What are the advantages of carbon-based solar cells over silicon?
"One of the reasons is cost," says Dr Wong. "Because carbon-based solar cells use only microscopically-thin layers of light-absorbing materials, they should be much cheaper to produce than silicon-based cells."
One advantages of rooftop solar is decentralisation of electricity generation. Transmission infrastructure – mostly poles and wires – must be built to manage peaks, and transmitting electricity is costly.
Rooftop solar panels could be transformed by new technology. Credit: Pixabay
And it's wasteful too – about 10 per cent of Australia's electricity is lost in transmission. The more power that can be generated close to where it's used, the more those costs can be reduced.
Dr Wong says the carbon-based technology promises vastly more options for decentralised solar power generation.
"Because the carbon-based materials can be dissolved in a solvent, they can then be printed onto almost any material of any shape – using even the simplest inkjet printer. The panels are even flexible enough to be printed onto clothing – in the future we could be walking around wearing solar panels printed on our hats, coats and backpacks."
Carbon-based could also be built into or painted onto structures, so that our buildings could incorporate structures that generate power, supplementing or replacing the heavy, rigid, silicon-based solar panels on the roof.
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Graphene quantum dots can improve the efficiency of silicon solar cells
Citation: How energy is hidden in colours—can we use it to power a renewable future? (2016, July 5) retrieved 24 June 2021 from _URL_
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Student Emergency Medical Forms
Allen East will be using FinalForms for digital forms. Students in grade 5-12 are required to provide a digital signature as well for a few of the forms. Once Parents have completed the forms the student will receive an email to their GMAIL account. The username is exactly the same as what they use to log into the Chromebooks. Make sure students have _USER_.alleneastschools.org on the end of their email address.


The Stuff of Life
Life in the middle is a phrase that theologians use to depict the ordinary and common needs of modern people. It's the area between mundane practical matters and the esoteric philosophical considerations. While there are those who want to debate cerebral questions of human existence, most people don't have the time, energy or interest in these topics. These people are trying to navigate their way through a life that is driven by busyness and impacted by cost of living and intrusive technology.
Karl Faase's new book The Stuff of Life deals with the issues we all face every day. It covers the challenges and questions of life in the middle; loss, love, forgiveness, relationships, money, and it asks the question: can Christianity speak to the middle issues of life?
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