Attributes in Gramps
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"The thinking behind dividing things into events and attributes was the following:
The attributes are for something permanent, or at least somewhat permanent: eye color, blood type, etc. Usually you would have not more than one of each attribute type for a person/family/etc.
In contrast, the events have a time frame associated with them. It does not have to be a fixed date, can be e.g. a span. So it is not unheard of people changing religion, property, and residence, etc. Each of those can be associated with the time period, and there can be many of the same type.
Does it make sense? I know this does not correspond 100% with GEDCOM, but we try to do what makes sense rather than just implementing a poorly written standard." [1] -- Gramps-user mailing list
In case the attribute needed is not present in the predefined selection list, it can be defined by typing its name in the attribute name field. There is no clear boundary between attributes and events. Some will prefer having "Occupation" as an attribute, with no timespan; others, or in other situations, might find using an event more convenient.
To Gramps attributes in general


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WTK BOOK REVIEW by Mara M 8th grade America's Story: A Pictorial History of the Pledge of Allegiance is a wonderful book that many will enjoy. It tells the story of our Pledge of Allegiance starting from one man's dream of a flag for every school to the Pledge being said all over the United States of America. The author talks about patriotism's growth and development in this country. America decided that it wanted a way to celebrate its flag every day. The book tells about changing the salute to putting your hand over your heart, the addition of "under God", and other details of the Pledge's creation. All of these facts are complemented with pictures that add to the story.
Would I recommend it?
This book is great for anyone at a middle school reading level or higher. Even adults can appreciate this book. Anyone with an interest in American history will enjoy reading this book because the specifics of the writing of the Pledge fall into line with what was going on at the time. The book tells about both World War Two and The Cold War's influences on the words and ceremonies of the pledge. The illustrious creation of the Pledge is not only a great story to know, it's an interesting one too. I sincerely encourage readers of all ages to read this book.
Fact: Chuck Heath is using this book as a study tool with his class room!
WE THE KIDS TRICIA RAYMOND
Tricia Raymond is an Advisor with We The Kids.
Tricia often edits the history blogs written by We The Kids reporters. She is the author of the children's book, America's Story: A Pictorial History of the Pledge of Allegiance. Having grown up in and around New Orleans, history has always been a part of her life. As a small child, her family lived in Jackson Barracks, built between 1832 and 1836, housing some of America's greatest military leaders, such as P.G.T. Beauregard, Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, and John Pershing. As a teen, Tricia would ride her bike to where the Battle of New Orleans was fought. So, delving into the history of the Pledge of Allegiance was a natural fit.
It was while homeschooling her children that Tricia developed a lesson about the history of the Pledge. Not able to find any books suitable for older children on the topic, she decided to write one herself. America's Story: A Pictorial History of the Pledge of Allegiance has sold nearly 1,000 copies through nothing more than word of mouth since she published it in 2007.
Today, Tricia speaks to local clubs and organizations about the history of the Pledge of Allegiance and is considered to be an expert on the topic.
"I am so pleased to be a part of We The Kids, which encourages children to not only learn American history in their own backyards, but inspires them to be proud Americans as well," states Tricia.
KID OWNED KID APPROVED!

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Collection complette des quatuors / d'Haydn ; dédiée au Premier Consul Bonaparte
A Paris : Chez Pleyel, auteur et editeur de musique,
Goethe described the classical string quartet form as "four rational people conversing," a type of discourse embodied in the quartets of Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert. Haydn, perhaps more than any of his contemporaries, shaped the string quartet into the form we know today, moving away from the typical divertimenti solo with accompaniment, to four equal voices working out thematic material in (often lively) conversation. The complete set of parts featured here is a variant of the first edition of Haydn's complete string quartets, dedicated to Napoleon Bonaparte, and known as the "Bonaparte Edition," published by Maison Pleyel in Paris in 1803.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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'Soil moisture' is a measure of the amount of water contained within the soil.
It was not possible to create probabilistic projections of changes in soil moisture for UKCP09. Different modelling groups use different definitions of this variable, so it was not possible to construct Pdfs combining results from variants of Met Office models with those from other climate models. Without this key aspect of our methodology, it was not possible to provide probabilistic projections.
In the absence of probabilistic projections for soil moisture in UKCP09, three possible alternative sources of projections of transient changes during the 21st century are available:
- The 17-member ensemble of variants of the Met Office GCM
- The 11-member ensemble of variants of the Met Office RCM
- The ensemble of other global climate models, available as part of the CMIP3 project
Data from the first two (Met Office GCM and RCM) is available from the Climate Impacts LINK project, operated by BADC. It is recommended that those needing soil moisture information use changes from the 11-member Met Office RCM ensemble in the first instance.
- Variables for which probabilistic projections could not be provided in are outlined in section 5.10 of the UKCP09 Briefing Report. More details are provided in section 4.8 of the UKCP09 Climate Change Projections report.
- The 11-member RCM data is described in the Reports & guidance section and in section 5 of the UKCP09 Climate Change Projections report.
- More details about the climate models used in UKCP09 are given in Box 2.1 of the UKCP09 Climate Change Projections report. A commentary about the strengths and weaknesses of climate models is given in Annex 3.
- For an overview of how probabilistic projections are created and presented, go to Box 3 of the UKCP09 Briefing report. More details are provided in Chapter 3 of the UKCP09 Climate Change Projections report, including an overview of the methodology.
- Recent trends in wind speed are presented in the Observed Trends report.
- The 11-member RCM dataset is available on the BADC's LINK website.
- The CMIP3 multi-model dataset can be freely accessed for non-commercial purposes via the CMIP3 website.


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Fewer Wolves Counted in Denali National Park
FAIRBANKS — The number of wolves in Denali National Park and Preserve is the lowest in 25 years, which has supporters howling to stop trapping and hunting of wolves on state land just outside the northeast boundary of the park.
Researchers counted just 57 wolves in nine packs during the October survey that was posted on the National Park Service's website on Tuesday. That's down from 72 wolves in eight packs last year, a 24 percent decrease, and represents a 63 percent decline from an all-time high population of 143 wolves in 2007.
Not surprisingly, groups and individuals who have been trying to protect wolves in the park seized on the survey to rekindle their efforts to reinstitute a protective buffer zone along the northeast boundary of the park near Healy. The buffer zone, which prohibited the hunting and trapping of wolves on state land adjacent to the park, was eliminated in 2010 by the Alaska Board of Game.
The survey results "confirm fears expressed earlier this year by wildlife conservation advocates and biologists regarding the continued take of park wolves when they cross the park's northeastern boundary onto state lands," Rick Steiner, an Anchorage marine biologist who has picked up the Denali Park wolf torch that was carried by independent biologist Gordon Haber for many years before he died in a plane crash four years ago.
Citing the survey numbers, Steiner sent an email to Alaska Department of Fish and Game Commissioner Cora Campbell on Tuesday asking her to use her authority to issue an emergency closure for trapping and hunting in what used to be the buffer zone. The Alaska Wildlife Alliance, another group that has advocated for the return of the buffer zone, did the same, according to president Tina Brown.
"When you see a dramatic decline like this it's common sense something should be done," Brown said. "This is one step the Board of Game or commissioner could take to address the decline of wolves in the park and in doing so would most likely increase viewing of wolves in the park."
Similar requests and petitions submitted to Campbell in May and the Alaska Board of Game in September and October, before the trapping season opened Nov. 1, were denied because neither Campbell or the game board deemed the situation an emergency.
Campbell couldn't be reached for comment Wednesday but Dale Rabe, deputy director for the Division of Wildlife Conservation in Juneau, said nothing has changed and the state isn't likely to take any action. The state doesn't manage wolves inside the park and wolf populations on state land outside the park appear to be healthy, Rabe said.
"The commissioner and department have looked at the viability of populations outside the park and inside the park relative to trapping and harvest records and concluded that there are no conservation or sustainability questions there," Rabe said. "Without that the commissioner is not inclined to use her emergency closure authority."


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by Natalie GutierrezUsually, when a primary care physician recommends a patient receive a sonogram, the doctor prepares a referral and sends the patient to a hospital or radiology clinic. But that practice may soon become a thing of the past.
Thanks to funding from the SBC Foundation, the Health Science Center is leading efforts to train all future primary care physicians to be proficient in the use of ultrasound equipment and techniques so theyíll be able to perform sonograms right in their own exam rooms.
"Currently only 5 percent of primary care physicians nationwide are proficient in ultrasound," said Gerald Dodd III, M.D., professor and chair of the department of radiology. "We are working to change that so more physicians are proficient in sonography and prepared to better serve their patients."
In 2006 the Health Science Center will be the only school in the nation to enroll all of its entering medical students into the ultrasound training curriculum called "Sonography at the Point of Care."
"Our goal is to provide four years of training for all medical school students so they graduate fully proficient in the use of ultrasound technology and techniques," Dr. Dodd said.
The SBC Foundation has funded the purchase of several hand-held compact ultrasound machines, which are the size of laptop computers and can be carried in a briefcase or backpack. The machines are much smaller, more versatile and less expensive than traditional ultrasound machines.
Dr. Dodd said plans are in place to provide digital images produced by the machines to the Visualization and Simulation Center at the Health Science Center so that students can access them via the Centerís Web-based network. Students will be able to access the images as study aids or as guides when performing sonograms or invasive procedures such as needle injections or tumor biopsies.
Dr. Dodd also plans to incorporate remote monitoring stations into the program so that faculty members can view, guide and evaluate students as they perform sonograms on actual patients in hospital settings or in clinics.
"With the SBC Foundationís support, all Health Science Center Medical School graduates will be ultrasound experts who can care for their patients at the initial point of contact - in the doctorís office," Dr. Dodd said. "Ultimately, that will decrease the time it takes to make correct diagnoses and administer appropriate treatments."
UT Health Science Center
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Automotive Industry Insights
ODS and MDF
ASAM MDF (Measurement Data Format) is a binary file format for storing recorded or calculated data for postmeasurement processing, off-line evaluation, or long-term storage. ASAM MDF is not only used for the storage of sensor, ECU, bus, or monitoring data, it is also used for the compact storage of large data amounts as external components managed by an ODS (Open Data Services) Mixed-Mode Server.
In addition to the classical bus data like Flexray, LIN, CAN, or Ethernet, new types of data are recorded in the ADAS/AD areas (ground truth data (e.g. GNSS), GigEVision, SerDes/GMSL, FPD Link, or MIPI. These new types of data should be managed and stored in a similar way to the classical bus data in future MDF versions.
Therefore, ASAM is currently planning to extend the ASAM MDF standard by an associated standard, "Image Radar Lidar Sensor Logging," that describes how to store image streams that are created in ADAS/AD areas. The aim of this project is to clarify how raw sensor data and stream metadata can be handled in ASAM MDF 4.x and its associated standards.
Results in the testing study group might influence the work of that parallel working group or vice versa.
ASAM ODS (Open Data Services) focuses on the persistent storage and retrieval of testing data. The standard is primarily used to set up a test data management system on top of test systems that produce measured or calculated data from testing activities. Tool components of a complex testing system can store data or retrieve data as needed for proper operation of tests or for test data postprocessing and evaluation.
The standard provides the so-called base model. This base model is used to derive specific application models for different application areas. It provides a rough classification of the data in application models by adding semantics to them. This enables client tools from different vendors to correctly interpret the data. Application models can be defined that cover the data storage needs for a variety of application areas.
Test data saved in the ODS standard can be accessed through standard APIs. For that purpose ODS has released different APIs:
- RPC (90s)
- CORBA API (2003)
- Web-service-based HTTP API (2017)
Benefits of the Standard
The major strength of ODS as compared to non-standardized data storage solutions is that data access is independent of the IT architecture and that the data model of the database is highly adaptable yet still well defined for different application scenarios. Despite this flexibility, clients can query the data from the database and still correctly interpret the meaning of the data.
The ODS standard includes several associate standards, which, for instance, further specify the use of ODS in certain domains, for certain types of test data, or for certain technologies, such as:
- Storage of ODS data in big-data environments
- Integration of MDF data for storage of measurement data in "mixed mode"
- Storage of bus data
- Storage of calibration data
- Geometry and NVH data
- Workflow specifications (including parallel execution, synchronization, etc.)
- Passive safety data (owned by ISO 22240)
Because the storage of MDF files is part of the ASAM ODS standard, the related activities of the MDF working group might have an impact on the further development of the ASAM ODS standard. Following the already-mentioned minor standard "Image Radar Lidar Sensor Logging," the ODS 6.2.0 minor release will:
- be updated to include the therefore-defined streaming data
- be updated by an interface that allows the integration of user-specific (binary) file formats by different vendors; those could also include non-MDF ADAS test data
Similar to (physical) testing domains, plenty of artifacts are created in the ADAS/AD domains that either describe the execution of tests or test results or contain the recorded data during the tests. Therefore, it seems promising to develop a specific ADAS/AD domain model as an associate ASAM ODS standard. A high-level domain model containing the most important data objects and their constraints has already been identified by the study group (see e.g. chapter 5).
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This website is a collection of resources for students of landmark Delaware cases and statutory developments since 1967. The site includes the following materials:
- Video recordings and transcripts of interviews of lawyers and judges who participated in the cases.
- Narrative documentary videos describing the cases, using excerpts from the interviews and from case materials.
- For each of the cases, texts of court opinions, selected briefs, and other documents generated in the case.
- Amendments to the Delaware General Corporation Law since 1967, with annual commentaries on the amendments, and the history of the 1967 revision of the statute.
- Other relevant resources, including a selection of client memos from Martin Lipton of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz commenting on developments in Delaware corporate law.


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Finding Dissertations & Theses
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Find Dissertations and Theses
About dissertations and theses
Doctoral dissertations and master's theses are rich information resources. In the past, they have been very difficult to obtain, but many are now readily available through various databases and repositories.
Dissertations and theses generally provide original research, but they also offer:
 - A comprehensive literature review on the topic
 - An extensive bibliography for the topic
 - A biography section, which can provide hard-to-find biographical information on a researcher's early life and career
In addition, if you are contemplating graduate study, performing a search on keywords related to your interests can give you a sense of what research graduate students are pursuing at different institutions, and skimming the dissertations and theses of your potential departments (or even potential advisors) can give you an inside look into the nature of research there (hint: read what students write about their advisors in the acknowledgements section!)
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Time from customer order received to customer order delivered.In detail:
Order Lead Time is the longest lead time. When a customer sends an order, the clock starts ticking. This ticking ends onlywhen the order has been fulfilled and the customer has received what was requested. If the order consists of several deliveries, measuring ends when the last delivery is received or each delivery can be tracked on its own. This time represents the ability to respond to orders and is almost always up to the effectiveness of the supply chain. Order Lead Time is the only lead time that is of interest to the customer because the customer only wants to know when he or she will receive what was ordered. This is easy to understand when compared to ordering from the Internet. After one has placed the order, it is nice to get emails telling that it has been processed or sent, but all that one really care about is the date when the products should arrive.
Time from customer order received to sales order created.In detail:
Customer orders can be received through several methods, including fax and email. When the order has been received, measuring of Order Handling Time begins which ends when the order has been entered into the system. Between these two steps, the order has to be validated to ensure its correctness. It has to include all needed information, e.g. requested delivery date, delivery address, products, quantities and prices. Order entry processing includes checks to export control, transportation time, sales availability and product life cycle. Optimally, the Order Handling Time should be a day or less, but in international firms, that might be hard to achieve. Even more important is order correctness, which requires high attention as mistakes can cause severe delays later on down the supply chain.
Time from sales order created to production finished (ready for delivery).In detail:
When the order is input to ERP, it is visible at the factory. It is also when measuring of Manufacturing Lead Time begins as the ball is handed to the factory. It is their job to confirm material availability, plan and begin production and prepare the goods for shipment. For following how fast orders are actually fulfilled at the factory, Manufacturing Lead Time gives the needed information. In Make-to-Stock production, this is the most important phase where time can be saved or wasted. Manufacturing Lead Time is an external measurement; it does not tell what has been made, but how fast the finished goods are ready to be shipped. If inventory value was not important, ready-made units could be simply stored in a huge warehouse and shipped after an order is received, which would lead to an extremely short Manufacturing Lead Time. This is, of course, not a real situation as it is not cost efficient and would lead to a high risk. As Manufacturing Lead Time does not see what is happening inside the factory, it solely is not enough. There has to be an internal measurement as well.
Time from start of physical production of first submodule to production finished (ready for delivery).In detail:
The factory's internal measurement is Production Lead Time. As actual production of the ordered product begins, starts also Production Lead Time. Usually, the finished module is assembled from submodules. Production Lead Time for a certain module is counted from the oldest submodule's production start to the module being packed and ready to ship. For submodules, the moment when production can be seen as started is when it has a serial number, i.e. when the ID label is printed on it. Whereas Manufacturing Lead Time is an external measurement, Production Lead Time is an internal measurement. It does not tell how fast after an order the product was ready, but it tells how long it took to make it. The time it took to produce a finished module tells also how long effort and money were bound to it before it was of any actual value to someone.
Time from production finished to customer order delivered.In detail:
After the work at the factory has finished and the products are packed and ready to ship, delivery process begins. The exact moment for this is pressing post goods issue for outbound delivery, which decreases inventory, enables billing and allows booking transportation. Measurement ends when the delivery is signed as received at the destination and the customer has received the order. Delivery Lead Time is usually quite static and depends on the chosen transportation method and the distance to the destination. It can be shortened only to a certain extent, mainly by reducing extra steps that add waste like non-value handling or waiting. In international deliveries, Delivery Lead Time can be the most time consuming part of the Order Lead Time, especially in the MTS model.
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Lead Time is a widely used measurement in manufacturing. It tells how much time it takes to start and finish something. Lead Time terms can be seen very differently, depending on personal preferences and work background, which is why these terms were defined. The scope of these terms is from customer order received to customer order delivered, which is the most vital measurement for any company and solely up to the structure and effectiveness of the firm. Steps from customer order received to delivery received by the customer are represented by five terms. They are listed in a temporal sequence and explained in detail above. The amount of work each term covers varies and some of them are timely situated parallel to each other.
A restaurant opens up and a customer walks in. A waiter guides him to a table, gives him the menu and asks what he would like to order. The customer selects a dish and the waiter writes it in his notepad. At that moment the customer has made an order which the restaurant has accepted - Order Lead Time and Order Handling Time have begun.
Now the waiter marks the order in the cash register, rips the paper from the notepad, takes it into the kitchen and puts into the order queue. The order has been handled and is waiting in the factory (kitchen) for manufacturing.
As there are no other customers, the waiter decides to stand outside the kitchen, by the door, waiting for the dish to be prepared and begins calculating Manufacturing Lead Time.
Meanwhile, the chef finishes what he was doing, takes the order from the queue, starts his clock as a mark for the start of Production Lead Time and begins cooking. The chef chops the vegetables, fries the meat and boils the pasta. When the dish is ready, the chef rings a bell and stops his clock.
At the same time the waiter stops calculating Manufacturing Lead Time and rushes through the kitchen door to get the food while it's hot.
When he picks it up, begins counting of Delivery Lead Time that ends when the dish is served to the customer, who can now happily say that the Order Lead Time was shorter than he had expected.
As you can see, these terms can be easily applied to other circumstances than telecommunications production. In fact, the only limiting factor is that there needs to be a customer.
Out of the Lead Time terms there are two that have a special relation to each other. These two are Manufacturing Lead Time and Production Lead Time, which both measure the efficiency of production. Manufacturing Lead Time measures exactly the same steps than Production Lead Time but includes also steps before production is started. Production Lead Time on the other hand begins only when the first submodule is started.
What these terms have in common is also the thing differentiating them. They both tell how good the production is in something but with a difference. Manufacturing Lead Time measures how fast an order is fulfilled - how long it takes for the factory to dispatch the ordered products calculated from the moment the order was input to the system. It is an external measurement. Once the order is in the system, it is the factory's task to produce it as fast as possible. In the perspective of Manufacturing Lead Time, speed can be achieved by having huge buffers of ready-made products simply waiting to be delivered. This way it would be possible to fulfill orders in a few moments. The model could be compared to a supermarket - just pick up the products requested.
However, having a large buffer of expensive basestations that are not necessarily ordered even weekly would introduce sky high inventory costs. This is where Production Lead Time can be seen as useful. It measures how long resources are tied up before they are of actual value to someone. It is an internal measurement. Once production starts, expensive components are used to build the modules, but it doesn't create any profit before a while after the customer has received it. Basically any time spent in a buffer or a warehouse is a waste of resources and should be avoided. For these buffered products Production Lead Time would be painstakingly long as the time measured doesn't end when the product is finished and packed. Instead, it ends when the delivery of these products starts, so having an extremely short Manufacturing Lead Time on the expense of Production Lead Time is definitely not the correct approach.
A balance can be found between the terms - a situation where both give out good metrics. This is achieved when a short Manufacturing Lead Time is gotten through improving production so that Production Lead Time is also short. Lets consider a production that is run by purchase orders. Once an order is in the system, production begins at the first available time in the schedule and all the required components and parts are available without extra procurement delay. In this case the best results overall are gotten when the production is efficient so the product is made quickly. In a situation like this, Manufacturing Lead Time is not the shortest possible but instead it is quite close to Production Lead Time, being only slightly longer due to scheduling delay. But it has to be longer in a PO controlled production to avoid high inventory costs.


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Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
The Impulsive/Premeditated Aggression Scale (IPAS) is a 30-item self-report questionnaire. Half of the items describe impulsive aggression and half the items describe premeditated aggression. Aggressive behavior has traditionally been classified into two distinct subtypes, impulsive or premeditated. Impulsive aggression is defined as a hair-trigger aggressive response to provocation with loss of behavioral control. Premeditated aggression is defined as a planned or conscious aggressive act, not spontaneous or related to an agitated state. The IPAS is designed to characterize aggressive behavior as predominately impulsive or predominately premeditated in nature. Those subjects who clustered on the impulsive factor showed a broad range of emotional and cognitive impairments; those who clustered on the premeditated factor showed a greater inclination for aggression and antisocial behavior.
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Indian Tribes Get Approval to Grow Pot
PotIn an announcement today, US Attorney Amanda Marshall from Oregon stated that Indian tribes are allowed to grow and sell marijuana on their lands. However, they are required to follow the same conditions set by the Federal government for states in which pot is legalized.
Although only a few tribes have shown interest in growing and selling pot at this time, they have had questions about how legalized marijuana would apply to their lands much the same as in states to include Colorado, Oregon, and Washington. As expressed by Marshall, these questions need to be addressed, specifically how the US as Federal partners help tribes protect families and children, businesses, and housing.
The other big question pertains to the way that the Indian County abuse of marijuana will be fought when there are not more states to partner with. Marshall added that the announcement is not to be taken as a green light to authorities of Indian tribes and that under Federal law, growing and selling it remains illegal.
The priorities of the US government's prosecution is on gang activity, violence, trafficking, and the sale to small children associated with marijuana. For tribes who have lands in states where pot is still illegal, various problems could arise because there is a strong chance that the drug would be sold outside of boundaries or transported.
Currently, the Federal government recognized 566 Indian tribes so in order for this to actually happen, a tremendous amount of discussions need to take place between Federal prosecutors and tribes. Because Indian tribes are sovereign nations, many maintain their own police. However, there are some tribes that rely on local and state police and enforcement under Federal law.
Marshall also said that minor cases will not be prosecuted by the Federal government because of the vast territory and limited resources.
This policy is based on the August 2013 "Cole Memo", which was named after the deputy attorney general who wrote it. This Justice Department memo states that as long as legalization states regulate the drug tightly and take appropriate measures to keep it from Federal property, criminal cartels, and children, the Federal government will not intervene.
In addition, US attorneys reserve the right to prosecute based on eight specific issues. These include the sale of marijuana to children, shipping the drug to states where it is deemed illegal, using the proceeds from sales for criminal enterprises, possessing pot on Federal land, making illegal sales, growing in public land, various public health issues such as drugged driving, and firearms and violence.
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text: Often in high wind events we see the corners of shingles tear. This is common on contractor grade shingles. Sometimes a tree branch or flying debris may impact a shingle causing damage. As people walk across the roof they can cause damage. Damaged shingles leave the underlayment showing, accelerating roof wear. Torn shingles and broken shingles should be repaired quickly, as they reveal the underlayment.


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Tokophobia: Fear of Pregnancy and Childbirth
Many struggle with tokophobia, but in subtly different ways.
Posted Nov 23, 2020
The concept of pregnancy and childbirth can prompt a range of emotional reactions. It's normal to have conflicted and varied responses. For some though, the idea prompts terror and disgust that goes beyond what might be thought of as normal apprehension or anxiety. This intense fear of pregnancy and/or childbirth is tokophobia.
Tokophobia can involve debilitating distress, a variety of panic and disgust-based physical responses, phobic avoidance, and various compulsions. These often have notable impacts on a person's relationships and life choices, potentially depriving a person of meaningful relationships or desired children. When pregnancy is undertaken, it is with intense trepidation.
Unfortunately, while there is some formal research on tokophobia and its treatment, there does not seem to be an abundance of it. The term itself was only coined in the 2000s. In the studies available since then, the definition of tokophobia varies—making it challenging to draw accurate conclusions. And because the fear of pregnancy and fear of childbirth are often lumped together in the definition (as are primary and secondary tokophobia—see below), it is tricky to find information on more nuanced presentations.
Types of Tokophobia
The distinction is typically made between primary and secondary tokophobia. Primary tokophobia refers to the fear of pregnancy/childbirth without first-hand experience of it (often developing in childhood/adolescence). Secondary tokophobia is a fear that arises following a traumatic pregnancy, loss, or birthing experience.
There seem to be further qualifiers, applicable to both primary and secondary tokophobia, that I would identify as the following (please note that this is not based on empirical research, but on my reading and clinical observations):
- Reluctant: A person with this type of tokophobia has decided that they do indeed want to have a baby. They may be certain of their desire to have a biological child through pregnancy but be completely paralyzed by fear and unable to take any steps at all toward the goal. Or they might take steps to get pregnant, but along the way be plagued with panic attacks, extreme fear of pain, uncontrollable worry, or other anxious symptoms.
- Avoidant: A person with this type of tokophobia decidedly does not want to get pregnant at this time in their life. The tokophobia presents more as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), with obsessive worry about getting pregnant. Much like with contamination OCD, a person with this type of tokophobia may sense that they have somehow come into contact with semen in public spaces or have extreme anxious reactions before, during, and after any sexual contact. They may be stuck in a monthly cycle of intense worry leading up to the relief of getting their period. They may engage in avoidance—by not pursuing romantic relationships or by abstaining from sex altogether. They may also engage in compulsive checking (e.g., taking frequent pregnancy tests), safety behaviors (e.g., using multiple forms of birth control), reassurance seeking (e.g., asking partners, friends, and family for reassurance that they are not or could not be pregnant), information-gathering (e.g., researching if it's possible to get pregnant in obscure ways) and other rituals to quell what they perceive as the likelihood of becoming pregnant.
- Ambivalent: In the third category are people that for various reasons are on the fence about whether they want children at all (or additional children) and are especially fearful about having their own through pregnancy. They may experience obsessive doubt and intolerable uncertainty about the decision.
While research and formal guidelines for the treatment of tokophobia are scant, it seems clear that a holistic, multifaceted approach, to create the most densely layered web of support, is ideal—especially for those attempting to get pregnant and give birth. It could be helpful to identify which type of tokophobia a person is experiencing to inform the most appropriate approaches to treatment.
Ultimately, there are no right or wrong or prescribed choices. Not gestating and birthing a biological child is a perfectly valid choice that should be embraced if that's genuinely what you want. If, however, your aim is to get pregnant and tokophobia is the main hurdle standing in your way, know that there are approaches to manage the fear and feel supported. If you are not looking to get pregnant but you avoid relationships and sexual contact for fear of getting pregnant, know that there are ways to work through the fear and have meaningful connections with others. If you are perpetually in a state of distress at the thought of getting pregnant, there is relief.
In short, if you find yourself profoundly fearful of pregnancy and childbirth, know that you are not alone. There is nothing wrong with you, you are not broken, and you have options.
More posts on treatment recommendations to come. For now, for further reading, please see the reference section below.
Facebook image: zulufoto/Shutterstock


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The Carrapateena project is located within the Olympic Dam copper-gold province, a metallogenic belt along the eastern margin of the Gawler Craton in South Australia, which hosts the Prominent Hill mine, Olympic Dam mine and the Moonta-Wallaroo historic mining district. The Gawler Craton comprises variably deformed and metamorphosed sedimentary, volcanic and plutonic rock spread from the Late Archean to Mesoproterozoic, and it has been subdivided into a series of domains, the Carrapateena deposit being part of the Olympic Domain. The age of the iron oxide copper gold (IOCG) mineralisation in the Gawler Craton is uncertain although it is interpreted in the literature to be associated with Mesoproterozoic magmatism of the Hiltaba Suite and the Gawler Range Volcanics.
The vast majority of copper and gold mineralisation within the deposit is hosted by hematite dominated breccias with moderate mineralisation occurring within hematite altered granite breccias (Eastern copper domain). Sulphides are the primary copper-bearing minerals in the Carrapateena Breccia Complex (CBC). Copper and gold mineralisation is structurally and chemically controlled, with subsequent alteration destroying mineralising structures. The most abundant sulphides are Chalcopyrite > Pyrite > Bornite, and constitute the vast majority of the sulphides at Carrapateena. The less common sulphides and their relative abundances are: Chalcocite ≈ Digenite ≈ Covellite >> Sphalerite ≈ Galena.
Gold mineralisation at Carrapateena is almost exclusively hosted by hematite altered breccias. Gold grains are usually very small (10 microns), and when seen in polished section, are often intimately associated with copper sulphides. Gold grains are commonly a combination of gold and minor silver (electrum).


Ethylene Removal and Shelf Life Extension
Another trial completed proving that our machines remove Ethylene, if you can remove Ethylene, you can extend shelf life.
Ethylene removal is extremely important in extending shelf life because it's Ethylene which acts as a natural ripening (or "aging") hormone, the release of Ethylene into a storage environment is what causes fresh produce, fruits, flowers and many other plants to deteriorate.


- My NEB
 - Print
 - PDF
 - SFP Synthase
 SFP Synthase (4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase) catalyzes the covalent transfer of substituents from derivatized coenzyme A (CoA) to ACPor MCP-tagged fusion proteins exposed on the surface of living cells. The 25 nmoles of SFP Synthase provided is sufficient to make 25 ml of a 1 µM ACP-tag or MCP-tag fusion protein labeling solution.
 The ACP-tag and MCP-tag are small protein tags (8 kDa) based on the acyl carrier protein. MCP-tag contains two mutations (D36-T36 and D39-G39). Both allow the specific, covalent attachment of virtually any molecule to a protein of interest. Substrates for labeling are derivatives of coenzyme A (CoA). In the labeling reaction, the substituted phosphopantetheine group of CoA is covalently attached to a conserved serine residue on the ACP-tag or the MCP-tag by a phosphopantetheine transferase (SFP Synthase or ACP Synthase). Having no cysteines, the ACP-tag and the MCP-tag are particularly suited for specifically labeling cell-surface proteins, and should be useful for labeling secreted proteins with disulfide bridges such as antibodies.
 While ACP Synthase (NEB _TAG_) preferentially modify the ACP-tag, SFP Synthase preferentially modify the ACP-tag, SFP Synthase will modify both ACP-tag and MCP-tag. This principle can be employed for sequential dual labeling of two different proteins that localize to the cell surface. Cells co-expressing one ACP-tag fusion protein and one MCP-tag fusion protein can be incubated with ACP Synthase and one CoA substrate followed by labeling with SFP Synthase and a different CoA substrate.
 There are two steps to using this system: cloning and expression of the protein of interest as an ACP-tag or MCP-tag fusion, and labeling of the fusion protein using the SFP Synthase with the CoA substrate of choice. In this document, the labeling of fusion proteins with CoA substrates is described. The cloning of ACP-tag or MCP-tag protein fusions is described in the documentation supplied with the ACP-tag or the MCP-tag plasmids.
 Figure 1:
 SFP labeling reaction
 Product Source
 An E. coli strain carrying the cloned B.subtilis gene for 4'- phosphopantetheinyl transferase (SFP).
 Reagents Supplied
 The following reagents are supplied with this product:
 Store at (°C)Concentration
 1M MgCl2
 Properties and Usage
 Storage Temperature
 Storage Conditions
 50 mM HEPES
 150 mM NaCl
 1 mM DTT
 50% Glycerol
 pH 7.4
 Heat Inactivation
 Quality Control
 Quality Control Assays
 - Cellular Protein Labeling (Blocking Assay):
 The blocking compound is pre-incubated with cells expressing the target protein followed by labeling of the target protein. No labeling is detected by fluorescence microscopy
 - In Vitro Protein Labeling:
 The product is tested in an in vitro protein labeling reaction. After incubation the labeled product is visualized on SDS-PAGE by fluorescent detection and verified by mass spectrometry.
 1. Storage: SFP Synthase is stable for at least 2 years when stored at -20°C.
 Supporting Documents
 Material Safety Datasheets
 1. What is the ACP-tag?
 2. How does it work?
 4. What linker type and length would you recommend?
 6. Are ACP-tag substrates stable to fixation?
 1. Instructions for Use with SFP Synthase (P9302)
 2. Labeling of Proteins in vitro (P9302)


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The Open University and the University of Southampton are currently exploring a potential partnership, to create a nutrition programme for health workers, based on open educational resources that can be delivered as face to face, distance learning or e-learning in Africa. The proposal builds on the expertise and experience in both organisations in the field of nutrition education and training and delivering international programmes with partners in Africa.
There is a clear and urgent need for basic education and capacity building to address the critical nutrition issues in Africa to help meet the Millennium Development Goals in the next four years and to improve the health of populations beyond 2015. Critical areas to focus on include effective management of severe acute malnutrition, proactive nutrition data collection and analysis, and the planning and management of effective supplementary and targeted feeding programmes.
The University of Southampton has significant experience in terms of its international experience in the field of nutrition in developing countries and in delivering programmes with practical application on the ground, including at postgraduate level. The Open University's HEAT team has been working with nutrition experts in Ethiopia to create a distance learning Nutrition Module of around 35 hours of learning, which is published under a creative commons licence – so it is free for anyone to access, use, and adapt to meet local needs. Both organisations have extensive networks with academics, practitioners and organisations working in the field of nutrition education in developing regions.
Although discussions are still at a fairly early stage, both institutions are keen to secure funding for the development of a nutrition programme aimed at up-skilling nurse practitioners in key aspects of nutrition education, planning and management. Working with African nutrition experts and educators, the University of Southampton and the OU will support the development of up-to-date, relevant and urgently needed learning resources. The programme team will draw on and adapt existing resources developed by the OU's HEAT team and the University of Southampton to create a set of open educational learning resources which can be integrated within existing programmes in Africa as well as contribute to new pathways for continuing professional development. All of the resources will be developed as distance learning materials, which can also be delivered as part of face-to face teaching programmes.


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Math Practice Online > free > lessons > Ohio > 8th grade > Variable Substitution
If your child needs math practice, click here.
Evaluate expressions with variables. You may need pencil and paper.
This topic aligns to the following state standards
Grade 6: * Evaluate simple expressions by replacing variables with given values, and use formulas in problem-solving situations.
Copyright Accurate Learning Systems Corporation 2008.
MathScore is a registered trademark.


Brian Switek: How did bones evolve? © Getty Images
Brian Switek: How did bones evolve?
Fossil fanatic Brian Switek explains what a bone actually is, and why they are so important in human history.
Brian Switek, the pen name of science writer and fossil fanatic Riley Black, this year released a book called The Secret Life of Bones: Their Origins, Evolution and Fate (£9.99, Duckworth). In it, she explains how and why we evolved bones, and explains the relationship we humans have with these sturdy struts of osseous tissue.
In this week's episode of the Science Focus Podcast, she helpfully explains what a bone is and how they turn into fossils, as well as how they revealed Richard III's diet and were historically used to justify scientific racism, and why Hollywood is getting aliens all wrong.
Let us know what you think with a review or a rating wherever you listen to your podcasts.
Listen to more episodes of the Science Focus Podcast:


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A monomolecular energy chord was a type of energized edge.
An energy filament, monomolecular energy chords were used in Kyuzo petars to increase the cutting power and deadliness of the weapons. Channeled along the conductive carbon edge of the blade, the chords were powered by rechargeable energy cells.
- Solo: A Star Wars Story (First appearance)
- Solo: A Star Wars Story The Official Guide (First identified as monomolecular energy chord)


227 - 1/02 - Heavy Weather Alongside - El Dekheila
One of our Member's bulk carriers twice recently visited the port of El Dekheila, near Alexandria, Egypt. On both occasions, the vessel experienced heavy swell whilst alongside, resulting in the vessel surging along the quay. On the second occasion, she parted a total of eleven mooring lines and required the assistance of a tug, pilot and mooring crew to resecure the vessel. Two ship's staff were injured during this operation.
Obtaining assistance unfortunately, takes a long time in El Dekheila - the port is likely to be closed once the wind reaches Force 6 or there is a heavy swell running, although a tug is always on standby for emergencies. Once the port is closed, except under special circumstances, no vessel is allowed to enter or leave.
The prevailing wind is from the north and northwest and can reach Force 8/9 - the berths are largely unprotected when the wind is from the north. The Port Authority are aware of the situation - there are, it is reported, studies to increase the length of the breakwater to afford more shelter.
Staff Author


Power to the Power Users: Advancing Your Use of Smart Lists
Barista pouring coffee into tea. Represents combining filters in Marketo smart lists.
Welcome back to another session of Power to the Power Users! In this series, we explore some common questions that pop up when taking the next step beyond becoming a Marketo Certified Expert and becoming a seasoned architect.
Last time around, we started talking about filter-level steps you can take to make your Smart Lists faster and more efficient. The natural follow-up question to that, though, is: how do I use that knowledge with multiple filters?
Filter combinations are one of the harder skills to master when it comes to using Marketo, because it's often not something we have to think about—after all, as long as you have all your criteria set out, you should be fine, right? Unfortunately, slow Smart Lists come back to haunt you when doing complex work. At the same time, this topic can be difficult to talk about, so I've grabbed a couple of examples from real-world users; we'll take a look at these and see how we can apply what we've learned to make speedy queries.
Combining Filters
Once you've determined how to most effectively select your individual filters, you'll need to combine them together—after all, how often do you have just one filter in a Smart List? However, we'll want to take some of the same concepts from SQL best practices and use them here as well to maximize performance.
When you use multiple filters together, they're evaluated in order to constrain down to the list you're looking for. For example, if I have three AND filters for:
 1. Mailable Segment is Mailable
 2. Region Segment is LATAM
 3. Annual Revenue is greater than 100,000,000
This will, in turn, cause the query to:
 - Select every record that has the Mailable segment as Mailable
 - From that first selection, select the subset that has their Region Segment as LATAM
 - From that subset, select the second subset that has Annual Revenue over 100,000,000
This makes the order that you place your filters in important, even if you're selecting ANY or ALL in your logic—because this will define how big or small your subsequent subsets are, and thus how long they'll take to evaluate. That generally means you'll want to:
 - Place your fastest filters at the top of your filter lists, since they'll narrow down records faster than your slower filters.
 - Choose fast filters that will narrow down more records first. For example, if you want to target people whose first name is Marina and live in Latin America, it makes more sense to go "First Name is Marina, Region Segment is LATAM", because statistically, there are probably fewer records with the first name Marina than are in your LATAM segment. Let's say you had 100 LATAM records, 8 Marina records and 4 Marinas in LATAM. Going from 8 Marinas to 4 Marinas in LATAM takes less time to process than going from 100 Latin Americans to 4 Marinas in LATAM.
 - Avoid using nested Smart Lists whenever possible. A nested smart list is a filter using "Member of Smart List is [your list here]", and is a non-SARGable filter on steroids: first, Marketo must process everything in that Smart List to proceed to the next filter in your Smart List. Instead, either try to recreate the Smart List's criteria inside your Smart List or look at using segmentation or a special field if it's a recurring audience.
 - Try to avoid using a lot of filters or complex groupings of filters when possible. While there is no hard and fast rule of "over X amount of filters will cause issues," it's worth examining why complex filters are being used—and if such combinations would be better served with static lists, segmentations, special fields, or other ways of consolidating who you're looking for.
 - Custom objects are handled a bit differently in Marketo's architecture than other core Marketo items—person data, company data, activity data, and such—and as a result, have different performance levels than standard items being queried. The closest analog these filters have to traditional queries are inner joins in SQL, and so some of the same cautions apply. These should be treated as the slowest filters and placed as the last part of your filter criteria.
With all these rules in mind, how do you translate them into a faster Smart List? Let's take a practical look at this example:
Marketo smart list filter example
Now, if we apply our rules here, we notice a few things immediately:
 - There are "Member of Smart List" filters inside this filter, which causes slowdown
 - There are Smart Lists that are mutually exclusive and could be broken down to an ongoing segmentation--Mailable and Bounced
 - There are "Member Not in List", which is not a SARGable filter
 - The filter order is inefficient
How would we fix this?
 1. Make a Mailable Segmentation (which removes Filters 2 and 4, as well as optimizes them from being Smart Lists).
 2. We can convert the criteria for "Newsletter Subscribe", which checks for people filling out newsletter subscription forms, into a Marketo-only field.
 3. Suppliers and HR Candidates likely can also be grouped into a Segmentation or share a field called "Record Type" to streamline the search
 4. We can reorganize this list to constrain records more effectively
The resulting Smart List would look something like:
 1. Mailable Segmentation is Mailable
 2. Newsletter Subscription is false
 3. Record Type is not Suppliers, HR Candidates
 4. Member of Program is False for "Make the Case for Content" with certain progression statuses
 5. Member of Program is False for "Active Play in Engagio" with "Added to Play" status
This setup is faster with the side effect of being easier for the marketer to read/understand as well as being simpler to create and iterate as needed. However, this is a straightforward example. What happens when we apply these same rules to a more complex query? Let's take a look at another example:
Complex Marketo smart list example
There's a lot to unpack in this list, but the following actions can be taken:
 1. Commit to good data hygiene and standardize Billing Country/Country values to consistently be some form of "United States" or "US" based on naming conventions.
 2. Group Job Category and Job Title together in a segmentation or in one field, as in this company's case the two are never conflicting values—they're just stored in different places and not every record has one or the other filled out. Again, this may also be solved with data hygiene.
 3. The filters for Corporate Activity Products and Company Name have multiple values, but can actually be distilled to use "Does not Start with" for 2-4 values each rather than the lists of "Is Not".
 4. The filter order is unoptimized, especially with a custom object "Has Sponsored Asset" and a Mailable segmentation out of order.
As this Smart List is today, it takes 49.86 seconds to process.
When we adjust this list to the following:
Advanced Filters: 1 and (2 or 3) and (4 or 5) and 6 and 7 and 8 and 9
 1. Mailable Segment is 'Mailable'
 2. Country is 'United States'
 3. Billing Country is 'United States'
 4. Job Title or Category Segment is 'IR'
 5. Corporate Activity Products is in (12)
 6. Vertical is 'Corporate'
 7. Account Type is not 'Consultant'
 8. Company Name is not (29)
 9. Has Sponsored Asset is false
This takes the Smart List performance down to 15.68 seconds—less than a third of the time of the original lists. If you do further optimization by changing the Corporate Activity Products is in (12) to start with "Share" and Company Name to not starts with (4), this takes the search down to 7.57 seconds.
That's over 85% faster than the original Smart List. Ultimately, the list retrieves the exact same records, but it does so in a much more database-friendly way. You can see how this sort of tweaking and optimization can really add up over time—as these rules can apply to anything needing a Smart List, and thus all sorts of programs you build throughout Marketo.
I'd encourage you to take these practices to heart when building your own Smart Lists in the future. Start small—apply one or two concepts—then iterate from there to optimize your work.
Have any best practice questions you'd like us to tackle? We're here to deep-dive on subjects that give you definitive answers to the questions you've got on day-to-day work. Just shoot us an email at _EMAIL_ or contact us here and keep an eye out—you may just find the answers here!
About the Author
Courtney Grimes
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Excretory Products and their Elimination Class 11 Notes
Class 11 Biology Chapter 19 Excretory Products and their Elimination Notes - PDF Download
Excretory Products and their Elimination Class 11 Notes are cumulated by our panel of highly experienced teachers to provide the students with effective exam preparation. The pdf includes the summary of the chapter, important points to remember and detailed explanation of important concepts and derivations for better understanding and retaining of the chapter. Going through these Excretory Products and their Elimination Class 11 Notes would easily help students to grasp challenging concepts which would ultimately lead them to score maximum marks in their exams.
Understanding Excretory Products and their Elimination.
Excretion is the process by which waste products of metabolism and other non-useful materials are eliminated from an organism. Mammalian (human) urinary system consists of a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra. The kidneys are dark-red, bean-shaped organs about 11 cm long, 5 cm wide and 3 cm thick, each weight about 150 gm in an adult male and about 135 gm in adult female.
Learn more about it in Excretory Products and their Elimination Class 11 Notes pdf.
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Why Companies Bank On The Data Insight Developers?
Every leading business is playing on data base. The reason behind why one book more return than the other is how they play with the data they have. Whoever has the best ability to take a deep data insight, generate and embed the result given by the data insight developers, moves ahead of the time. The trend of the data insight is beyond marketing, sales or online retailers. The industry best practise to effectively use the data insight is giving a deep insight to the data and then taking the insights or the results to actions in order to generate significant material effect.
Generally the data available with and industry is vulnerably huge and hence it is not possible to manage it manually. There are numerous service providers who give data insight services to the client and provide specialised data insight developers.
According to recent research more than 50% of the companies are not using the data available effectually. By using the data insight in the companies, the developers give excellent results when the petal hits the metal.
The developers keep on adding new features and benefits to the data analysis with the passing time. Some of the major outcomes of the data insight arethat it Applies a client driven lens to information crime scene investigation and offers business clients the capacity to screen strange client movement and conduct, secondly it extends unstructured information investigation to bolster administration crosswise over on-premises stockpiling stages and Box distributed storage.
It finds unstructured information and explores utilizing metadata, age, authorizations, utilization, and possession to advise information lifecycle administration, consistence and danger decrease activities.The data insight examines the metadata to give significant insight. Distinguish information proprietors and draw in through a Self-Service Portal to encourage access control, information administration and data security remediation endeavours. Recognize information use approach infringement and exception clients.
Data Insight Developers
The data insight developers automate administration through work processes and customization. They drive efficiencies and expense funds in the unstructured information environment and maintain the consistence of the organisation for data access, use and maintenance. The developers make sure to protect classified data from unapproved use.
The data Insight developers assist associations with enhancing unstructured information administration through significant knowledge into information proprietorship, use and get to controls. Information Insight's reporting, examination and representation capacities drive proficiency and expense lessening over the information lifecycle and in addition drive enhanced assurance of touchy information and accomplish consistence.
The developers use various techniques for the data analysis such as filtering to cut the less essential data and concentrate on the most intriguing theme. Sorting rank information as per importance. Grouping and dividing the data to summarize information and fragment distinctive gatherings and then visualizing so as bringing the analysis outcome to further usage.
There are different universal consulting firms who give information knowledge and accurate data insight to get considerable value from their capacity to stake out mindful positions on the world stage and assist partners with comprehending complex issues. They customise their services to make it unique to an organisation.
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The Sand Dune Ecosystem Essay Sample
- Word count: 1241
- Category: ecosystem
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The Sand Dune Ecosystem Essay Sample
Succession is the act or process of following in order or sequence. In sand dune area the succession is the processes that the area goes through in order to change from a sand dune area into a climax community, deciduous woodland, which takes place over hundreds of years.
As a sand dune forms the conditions are extremely harsh; strong wind, high pH and extremely dry conditions are found. These conditions are less than ideal for plant growth and means that plants need to be specially adapted in order for them to live there. The first nutrients enter the soil from rotting sea weed being washed up by a storm onto the dune. As the sea weed breaks down the first humus, dead organic matter, is placed into the soil. Nutrients are vital to plant growth in any area, they are especially important I sand dune areas due to the various other factors that make the area such a difficult place to grow.
There are four different dunes in a sand dune ecosystem that relate to the seres.
Each of the seres shows differences due to their development thorough the succession process, however is can be hard to tell where each of the seres start due to their proximity to each other. The different seres all have individual properties with different types of vegetation, amounts of vegetation, types of wildlife and edaphic factors.
The species that grow here are determined by the abiotic factors which include wind, nutrient content, soil pH, soil salinity, soil humus and water content in the soil. This will vary in the different seasons.
The climatic factors here will be very windy which means sands will be blown away and also fresh sand could be deposited. Also, a lot of water will come off from the sea so the conditions could be quite wet. Also, due to sea water being present it means that the nutrient will be very low. However, even though humus content is very low, if it breaks down it releases nutrients. Also, when it breaks down it lowers the pH as it releases acids. It will also bind the soil together as it holds onto water and acts like a sponge. It means that the soil is very poor as there is very little humus.
An edaphic factor is the pH of the soil. Due to sea shells being made of calcium carbonate it means that the soil will be very alkaline.
Soil particle size has a huge impact due to the fact that the sand particles are quite large so water drains quickly meaning that it will be very dry. It will quite loose and aerated.
The sea spray makes the conditions very salty meaning high salinity levels so the conditions in the small pile of sand are very hostile. This means it is very unfavourable to living organisms and few plants can grow here. The plants have to specially adapted in order for the embryo dune to be its habitat.
The topography of this dune shows that it is very small and isolated. It has raised areas of sand with flat bits in between and alternates between sand and vegetation.
The fore dunes are the second stage of the succession process and found on the leeward side.
The fore dunes have a much more stable environment than the embryo dune meaning that development can happen. The soil is held together much better in the fore dunes because of the amount of roots holding it together, and the increased amount of humus holding the particles. The humus brings added moisture to the dunes which enable plants which have not adapted quite as much to the dry conditions to be able to grow. The humus also allows more nutrients to be held in the soil, for uptake by the plants. These can be replaced much more easily due to the greater amounts of plants, which results in more plants dying to replace the lost nutrients.
The soil is deeper. This can cause leaching of the nutrients away from the plants. This means that the plants cannot develop as they should due to the greater competition found here. This means that there is competition.
The soil is much more stable as more roots are found holding it together due to the increased in denser vegetation coverage. The vegetation found starts to have to be less adapted to specific condition but still has to cope with quite harsh conditions. The pH is still very alkali due to the calcium carbonate found in the sea shells but the soil is made more acidic by the breakdown of plants.
The types of vegetation found on the fore dunes are sea couch, lyme grass, marram grass and variety of other grasses. Grass is adapted to the dry conditions by having leaves which are tightly rolled, protecting the stomata on the base of the leaf from loss of moisture. The leaf, once unrolled, can be seen to have a downy appearance which is the result of having fine hairs. These, and the grooves running lengthways along the leaf inside which the stomata are located, all help to reduce moisture loss through transpiration.
The yellow dunes are the third sere of the succession process. The vegetation is very dense.
A greater amount of humus is found in the soil in the yellow dunes as the amount of dead organic matter is always increasing. As more plants inhabit an area more plants die resulting in humus being replaced, back into the soil, to be absorbed by other vegetation.
The pH of the yellow dunes starts to become acidic at this stage due to the fact there are no sea shells as it is on the leeward side.
The plants found on the yellow dunes are known as xerophytes which includes plants such as marram grass. Some traits of xerophytes are;
* Thick waxy cuticle.
* Stomata closure.
* Increased water storage.
* Reduction in size of transpiration surface (lower leaf only).
* Leaves covered with silvery hairs (creates wind break & light reflective surface).
* Deep taproots or wide spreading fibrous roots near the soil surface.
* Low growth form (reduces H2O loss from wind).
The yellow dunes suffer from problems that can affect plant growth. Rapid deposition of sand, lack of water and lack of nutrients in the soil all attribute to the plants that can survive.
On the grey dunes the humus level is quite high. With the higher amount of humus the conditions are very friendly to plant growth. The vegetation can grow and develop easily without needed to be adapted very much.
There is a lot more shelter and less salt is carried by the wind. With these better conditions the number and range of plants increases covering, in places, the entire sand surface. There is a lot of competition due to the huge amounts of plants and species.
The plants do not need to be specialised. The pH is abit acidic. The conditions are not specific to any particular species; however the most commonly found species are mosses, lichens, annuals and perennials.


(session_info)
Registering Strategies
Intended for plugin developers as a way to make it easy to use
strategies there is the possibility to register a strategy without loading it.
 Authentication.register(:my_strategy, "/absolute/path/to/strategy.rb")
This then allows developers to use
Providing feedback to users (Error Messages)
There's at least 4 ways to provide feedback to users for failed logins.
 - Overwrite Merb::Authentication#error_message The return of this method is
 the default message that is passed to the Unauthenticated exception. Overwrite
 this to provide a very basic catch all message.
 - Provide a default message when you declare your before filter.
 before :ensure_authenticated, :with => [Openid, :message => "Could not log you in with open ID"]
 - OR
 before :ensure_authentication, :with => {:message => "Sorry Buddy… You Lose"}
 When you pass a message, it will replace the Merb::Authentication#error_message default for this
 - Use an after filter for your login action. This can be used to set your messaging system. For example:
 after :set_login_message, :only => [:create]
private def set_login_message if session.authenticated? flash[:message] = "Welcome" else flash[:error] = "Bad.. You Fail" end end
 - Use the authentications error messaging inside your strategies to set error messages there.
 You can add to these errors just like adding to DataMappers validation errors.
session.authentication.errors.add("Label", "You Fail")
Add as many as you like, ask session.authentication.errors.on(:label) to get specific errors etc Really… They're just like the DataMapper validation errors. The bonus of using this system is that you can add messages inside your Strategies, and then in your views you can do this:
<%= error_messages_for sessions.authentication %>
Additional checks / actions to perform after the user is found
Sometimes you may need to perform additional operations on the user object
after you have found a valid user in the strategy. There is a hook method
Merb::Authentication.after_authentication which is designed for this.
Here's an example of checking that a user object is active after it's been
Merb::Authentication.after_authentication do |user, request, params|? user : nil end
Pass the user model on if everything is still ok. Return nil if you decide in the
after_authentication hook that the user should in fact not be allowed to be authenticated.
By default this plugin doesn't actually
authenticate anything ;) It's up to you to get your model going, and add an
authentication strategy.
To logout use
session.abandon! and to force a login at any time use
raise Unauthenticated, "You Aren't Cool Enough"
 1. Adam French –
 2. Daniel Neighman –
 3. Ben Burket –
Something went wrong with that request. Please try again.


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Winner of the William Sanders Scarborough Prize of the Modern Language Association
Standard literary criticism tends to either ignore or downplay the unorthodox tradition of black experimental writing that emerged in the wake of protests against colonization and Jim Crow–era segregation. Histories of African American literature likewise have a hard time accounting for the distinctiveness of experimental writing, which is part of a general shift in emphasis among black writers away from appeals for social recognition or raising consciousness. In Freedom Time, Anthony Reed offers a theoretical reading of "black experimental writing" that presents the term both as a profound literary development and as a concept for analyzing how writing challenges us to rethink the relationships between race and literary techniques.
Through extended analyses of works by African American and Afro-Caribbean writers—including N. H. Pritchard, Suzan-Lori Parks, NourbeSe Philip, Kamau Brathwaite, Claudia Rankine, Douglas Kearney, Harryette Mullen, and Nathaniel Mackey—Reed develops a new sense of the literary politics of formally innovative writing and the connections between literature and politics since the 1960s.
Freedom Time reclaims the power of experimental black voices by arguing that readers and critics must see them as more than a mere reflection of the politics of social protest and identity formation. With an approach informed by literary, cultural, African American, and feminist studies, Reed shows how reworking literary materials and conventions liberates writers to push the limits of representation and expression.
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In Georgia, a defendant in a personal injury case arising from a car accident may argue what is known as the "sudden emergency" defense. Put simply, this means the defendant alleges he or she was presented with a sudden emergency and had insufficient time to react. If this was the case, the sudden emergency relieves the defendant of any and all liability for any accident arising from the sudden emergency.
Woodard v. Dempsey
The key to this defense is that the defendant could not have reasonably foreseen the emergency—otherwise it is not really a "sudden" emergency. An ongoing federal lawsuit in Atlanta illustrates how factual disputes over whether a defendant has alleged an actual emergency may arise.


I am just learning how to use the pen tool and want to make sure I am using it in the most efficient way possible. After watching countless tutorials, I still feel like I don't fully understand how many anchor points I should be using and where precisely to place those anchor points when drawing different curves or shapes.
I've heard the tips "use as few points as possible" and "place the anchor points at the extrema of the curve", but I am still confused because I see people drawing the same type of curves and shapes differently and the end result looks basically identical.
Any pen tool masters out there that can help me out?
To understand what I mean I have provided two simple examples below. In these examples is option "A" or "B" the most efficient way to use the pen tool? Why? (pros/cons)
Example 1: enter image description here Example 2: enter image description here
 - 3
 I could be wrong but this seems like the wrong way to go about it. Using a small number of points keeps it clean and easy to edit. It's not necessarily the easiest or the quickest way to do it. – Joonas Jul 17 '18 at 1:14
 - 3
 For anyone interested in getting better at using pen tool, check out The Bézier Game. – Joonas Jul 17 '18 at 1:16
 - _USER_ Thanks for the response. Do you have any suggestions on a better option for creating the letter "S" than what I showed in second example? If you want to try it out just type the letter "S" using Arial font and then trace it using the pen tool. I would be interested to see what you come up with. – Scot Jul 17 '18 at 1:38
 - _USER_ Yes the Bezier game is awesome. I have played it before. However it hasen't help me fully understand what I'm asking about in my post here. For example on the car stage of the game, do you make the wheel using option A or B as in the first example I gave above? There are different ways to pass each stage as long as you don't go over the point limit. I'm just curious about the most efficient way. – Scot Jul 17 '18 at 1:51
 - 1
 I'm with _USER_ on this. Using fewer anchors is not necessarily the most efficient way if "efficiency" also includes time spent. It could potentially take longer to tweak if you want as few points as possible. Instead, use the Bézier tool in the way that's easiest for the job in hand. Different jobs may require different approaches. – Billy Kerr Jul 17 '18 at 9:43
I don't think that efficiency is the word, but functionality. After tracing more than 1000 images for a catalog as many of us have done, I assure you that the efficiency come alone and functionality is the real need.
On the example 1, drawing the A version requires 6 steps
Version A
The B version just 5 steps = functionality
Version B
 - Admittedly that is more due to limitation illustrators gui than actual benefit. – joojaa Jul 17 '18 at 11:49
I'm far from a pen master but I believe it depends on each use case.
For some applications you might want version A, for deformation effects it makes a difference where the anchors are located. Compare this:
enter image description here
with this:
enter image description here Or if you're optimizing an SVG, where more points means more code which means larger files. Or duplicating an object hundreds of times, you'll want less anchors.
But I definitely use B for vector masks in Photoshop all the time since, as Danielillo posted, it takes less time / steps to draw.
You can get more bezier OCD here
Your Answer


text:
Domain name registration information is required for a variety of purposes. Identity Digital provides Whois information through a standard text-based network protocol on port 43. Whois information may also be viewed on the registry's website using a standard web interface. Both interfaces are publicly available at no cost to the user and are reachable worldwide.
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text:
The Other side of Immigration by Roy Germano (Essay Sample)
The Signature Assignment will be a 3 page (excluding cover page and references) research essay expanding on your Case Assignment.The film "The other side of immigration" is based on interviews that were conducted in several Mexican towns Choose a second film listed above and define, explain, and evaluate the multiculturalism of the characters portrayed. Then, compare and contrast the cultures of this movie with the movie of your Case Assignment. Must be double-spaced with 1-inch margins and typed in 12-point Times New Roman. Your Essay should have a Cover Page and Works Cited Page. Essays should be proofread for spelling and grammar mistakes. You must cite all texts used, including page numbers to avoid plagiarism.source..
"The Other side of Immigration" by Roy Germano
The film is based on questions that are conducted over 700 interviews asking why so many Mexicans were living their country in order to work in the U.S. However, Roy is concerned about what happens to the families that are left in Mexico. The film maker aims to establish on the reasons as to why the immigrants flocked in the United States at this period of time. Besides, Roy portrays Mexico as a country that was experiencing economic meltdown and this subjected most of its citizens to poverty and many other hardships. This condition in Mexico was also contributed by the North America Free Trade Agreement and the corrupt government that was in power during that time.
Moreover, Roy talks about the need for the guest-workers in order to control the immigration to the U.S. that was motivated by the economic necessity in the immigrant's countries. However, others argued that even though the immigrant's came to the U.S. to seek for labor opportunities, on the other hand they also impacted a lot to the economy of the U.S. through increment of the tax revenue, they also satisfied the high demand for the low skilled laborers that was in need in this particular period of time. The immigrants program was also flexible for those who preferred that they would work in the U.S. temporarily and then jet back to their country after making some good money.
Multicultural Characters portrayed
From the film, it is evident that Roy brings out different multicultural characters in the U.S. In this regard, the Mexicans had also to live with these kinds of cultures that they found in the U.S. moreover, the immigrants came with a number of cultures and traditions but later their cultures had to erode and being absorbed by the U.S. culture. There were formations of new laws that were too overseeing and govern the immigrants that were in the U...
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Tuesday, May 10, 2011
Who Should Decide on an All-Comers Policy?
By Mike Dorf
In yesterday's post, I explained why the new Arizona law that attempts to "overrule" Christian Legal Society v. Martinez for Arizona colleges and universities is probably constitutional, and I raised some questions about the quality of the drafting of the law, given its evident purpose. Here I want to ask whether the law is a good idea. I think the answer is no, but as I shall explain, how to allocate policy-making authority on a question like this is tricky.
To see how complicated the question is, let's consider all of the different levels at which decisions about membership in student organizations could be made:
1) The petitioner Christian Legal Society in CLS v. Martinez argued that the decision should be made by the U.S. Supreme Court--or perhaps more charitably, that it had already been made by the People in the First and Fourteenth Amendments. The Supreme Court disagreed and, per my analysis in yesterday's post, would probably also disagree if excluded students were to argue that the act of excluding them from membership in a student group at a state college or university violated their constitutional rights.
2) Presumably the issue could be decided at the national level if Congress were to condition eligibility for federal research or scholarship funding at every college and university on their adopting policies like the Arizona law. Alternatively, Congress could condition such funding on adoption of all-comers or nondiscrimination policies. One could also imagine Congress deciding the issue as a matter of direct federal regulation, not tied to funding, on the ground that colleges and universities are actors in interstate commerce.
3) Absent federal legislation, we are beginning to see, in the Arizona law (assuming it is construed to mean what it was intended to mean rather than what it appears to say), decisions by state legislatures.
4) A state legislature could take a somewhat lesser step too. Note that the Arizona law applies to private as well as public ones. A legislature might decide only to mandate a rule for public colleges and universities on the theory that it legitimately exercises greater power over state-funded than private institutions.
5) Absent federal or state legislation, the key policy decision could be made at the university (or in the case of state university systems, at the university or regents) level by educational administrators.
6) Absent federal, state, university or trans-university policy, the decision could be taken at the school or departmental level--as was true in CLS v. Martinez, where the relevant policy was adopted by Hastings Law School.
7) The issue could be decided by the relevant student government body.
8) Absent any formal policy, the issue would be decided at the student organization level.
So, what's the right answer? It's difficult to separate substantive from institutional views. At each of levels 1-7, policy makers might consider any of the following possibilities (and others): a nondiscrimination policy; an all-comers policy; an associational freedom policy like that of Arizona; or no policy. If you distrust the judgment of the people at any given level, you'll want them to adopt no policy, because you probably wouldn't like the substantive policy they would adopt. But that's just another way of saying that you don't really care about the institutional question per se. We might ask: What is the right place for policy of this sort to be made, assuming you don't know anything about how the druthers of the people at each level align with your own?
I think that a respectable case could be made for the following proposition: If you were deciding the issue as a Supreme Court Justice, a member of Congress, a member of a state legislature, a university administrator, or a law school administrator or faculty member (a position I actually hold), you should leave the level just below you with as much autonomy as possible. So, if I were following this approach, I would prefer my judgment as a law school faculty member in consultation with other faculty members to the the judgment of university officials, state and national lawmakers, and judges, but I would prefer the judgment of students to my own judgment.
That principle is not simply based on a preference for decentralization. The basic problem is that it's very hard to formulate an ideal rule here because of the diversity of student organizations. It's perfectly reasonable for the college glee club to have try-outs and thus exclude people (like myself) who can't carry a tune. It's also reasonable for the Republican Club to exclude Democrats and vice-versa, at least if evidence of sabotage were to emerge. So an all-comers policy with no exceptions seems like a sub-optimal policy.
At the same time, it is easy to see how the right to hold try-outs or to exclude students who are not committed to the group's mission could be abused or become a cover for discrimination on illicit grounds. I was being sincere when I argued in the AALS brief in CLS v. Martinez that an all-comers policy is in one important respect preferable to a simple nondiscrimination policy because it is much much easier to prove that an all-comers policy has been violated than it is to prove that an organization has engaged in illicit discrimination under the pretext of controlling its membership for purposes of quality control (in the glee club example) or agenda control (in the political examples).
Accordingly, I think that for most student groups, the right move is to begin with an all-comers policy and only start screening potential members once a clear need to do so arises. But that's a very hard standard to administer externally, which is why one might think the matter should be left to the organizations themselves.
The issue is close, though, and I think it is not unreasonable to worry about exclusion of students. Would a university really want to enable the official College KKK Club to exclude African-American students from membership on the grounds that their presence at meetings would undermine the organization's ability to promote its message of white supremacy? I'm tempted to say that the bigger problem here is that the university shouldn't be completely content-neutral in recognizing organizations, so that it shouldn't grant any official status to the CKKKC in the first place. Nonetheless, I understand that, at least officially, many universities may want to adopt a hands-off policy with respect to organization formation in the first place. Given that preference, it's easy to see how, at any level up the hierarchy of decision making, one might be tempted to adopt either a nondiscrimination policy or an all-comers policy. And once that happens, people at the next higher level of decision making could worry that such a policy was undermining the ability of students to form some expressive association that receives full recognition from the college or university.
So what's my bottom line on the Arizona law? I think it was unwise, but I also think (albeit less strongly, because my views on the merits affect my institutional views), that it would have been unwise for Arizona to have dictated the opposite policy at the statewide level.


text:
Provided by: logtools_0.13e+nmu2_amd64
clfsplit - split Common-Log Format web logs based on IP address
clfsplit [--help] [-i input] -d defaultfile -f file -s spec [-f file -s spec]
The clfsplit will split up large CLF format web logs based on IP address. This is for creating separate log analysis passes for internal and external users of web pages.
The defaultfile parameter specifies where data goes if it doesn't match any of the IP ranges. This could be /dev/null depending on your aims. The -i input parameter gives the file to take input from (default standard input). The -f file parameter must be given before the list of IP addresses. The spec parameter is the IP addresses that go to the file in question. It is of the form start[-end][:start[-end]] where start and end specify the start and ends of ranges of IPs. Also the CIDR notation can be used or a single IP address. If there is a large number of IP ranges then a file name can be given which contains a set of IP ranges, one range per line.
0 No errors 1 Bad parameters 2 Can't open input 3 Can't open/write to output file 4 Can't open and read from spec file
This program, its manual page, and the Debian package were written by Russell Coker .


text:
Booker T. Washington High School
National Register photograph by Yen Tang
The first black public high school built in Atlanta, Booker T.
Washington High School was constructed in the 1920s during the city's
major school building program. It was, and still is, an important
cultural institution in the black community. The school has produced
many outstanding graduates, including Dr. Martin
Luther King, Jr., civil rights leader; Romae T. Powell, judge;
Dr. Asa Yancy, surgeon; and Dr. Mabel Smith Lott, psychologist.
Because of its quality of education, many students came from out
of town to attend this school. The school opened in 1924, 52 years
after public education started in Atlanta. It remained the only
black high school in the city until 1947. The school was named for
Booker T. Washington (_PHONE_), a Virginia native who had been
born a slave and became one of the most influential black leaders
and educators in the United States. In 1881 he founded and became
the first principal of Tuskegee Institute.
Booker T. Washington High School is a four-story building of reinforced
concrete with brick veneer walls built in a medieval-eclectic style.
It contains 40 classrooms, administrative suite, library, cafeteria,
and science laboratories in the main block. The elaborate main entrance
contains five arches in two tiers, using terra cotta and Venetian-style
columns. Some original roof tiles and mosaic floors remain, as do
original doors, high ceilings, and radiators. A statue of Booker
T. Washington by Charles Keck was added at the front entrance in
1927. It is a duplicate of the original at Tuskegee Institute in
Alabama. In 1938, six classrooms and a laboratory were added as
a Works Progress Administration project. A major, half million dollar
addition in 1948 filled out the original plan and was designed by
the original architect, Eugene C. Wachendorff.
Booker T. Washington High School is located at 45 Whitehouse
Dr. in Atlanta. It is still used as a high school, and is not generally
open to the public.


text: To create a dynamic composition out of a single head, Jacob Jordaens used two colors of chalk plus bodycolor and a wash. The young woman's broad face fills the sheet squarely, with her eyes demurely cast down and lips pursed. Bold red chalk hatching suggests the ruddy color of her cheeks, while curving strokes of black chalk layered with lines of wash form her wispy hair. Dark areas of wash around her eyes give them depth. Throughout his career, Jordaens made many such studies of heads drawn from life, of his wife and of other women.


text:
Changes in rates of suicide by car exhaust asphyxiation in England and Wales
Background. Self-asphyxiation using car exhaust gas is a common method of suicide in England and Wales, particularly in young males. The introduction of catalytic converters has reduced the toxicity of car exhausts. The main aims of the study were: to seek evidence of a fall in car exhaust suicides in the general population and in age and gender groups; to relate any fall to changes in car exhaust systems, particularly since legislation on car exhaust emissions in 1993; and to examine rates of suicide by other methods for evidence of method substitution.
Methods. Population study in England and Wales using national suicide statistics for 1987 to 1998.
Results. There was a fall in suicide by car exhaust asphyxiation in all age and gender groups. This change was most marked after 1993. The overall population suicide rate (all methods) also fell but there was no overall change in suicides by young males or females. In these groups suicide by hanging increased.
Conclusions. Legislation on catalytic converters appears to have contributed to a fall in car exhaust suicides. However, the effect on overall suicide rates in young people has been reduced by method substitution.
c1 Address for correspondence: Professor Louis Appleby, School of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, University of Manchester, Withington Hospital, Manchester M20 8LR.


text:
Redirecting standard output and standard error
The first specifies that all error messages should be sent to /dev/null
The second says to redirect standard output to /dev/null and redirect standard error to standard output, meaning all output to both standard output/error are redirected to /dev/null.
The third, 2>&1 indicates that the standard error (2>) is redirected to the same file descriptor that is pointed by standard output (&1).
2 represents standard error and 1 standard output