text:
What is AEZ
The main system for land resource assessment is FAO's agro-ecological zoning (AEZ) methodology and supporting software packages for application at global, regional, national and sub-national levels. AEZ uses various databases, models and decision support tools.
When to use AEZ
Useful as a tool of assessment of land resources for better planning and management and monitoring of these resources. AEZ can be used in various assessment applications, including:
- land resource inventory;
- inventory of land utilization types and production systems, including indigenous systems, and their requirements;
- potential yield calculation;
- land suitability and land productivity evaluation, including forestry and livestock productivity;
- estimation of arable areas mapping agro-climatic zones, problem soil areas, agro-ecological zones, land suitability, quantitative estimates on potential crop areas, yields and production;
- land degradation assessment, population supporting capacity assessment and - land use optimization modelling;
- assessing and mapping flood and drought damages to crops;
- assessment of impact of climate change; monitoring land resources development
The agro-ecological zones methodology has been in use since 1978 for determining agricultural production potentials and carrying capacity of the world's land area. An agro-ecological zone, as originally defined, is comprised of all parts of gridcells on a georeferenced map that have uniform soil and climate characteristics.
The suitability of each of these zones for rainfed production of various crops, under different input and management scenarios is then evaluated. The yield potential of the crops most suited to each zone where rainfed crop production is possible, determines the overall agricultural production potential of that zone. Crops evaluated originally include food, fibre and fodder crops and pasture grasses.
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in collaboration with the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), has updated its agro-ecological zones (AEZ) methodology (FAO & IIASA, 2002). The updated version permits a more refined evaluation of biophysical limitations than the original, and takes into account the production potential of a larger number of crops.
In conjunction with the updating exercise, a worldwide spatial land resources database has been created that contains both primary datasets and derived datasets for a large number of variables that affect the production potential of the world's land area or reflect the choices that people have made about how to use the land.
The AEZ framework incorporates the following basic elements:
- a georeferenced land resources database that contains some 2.2 million gridcells, and includes (i) an environmental conditions component comprised of georeferenced global databases for climate, soils, terrain and elevation, and (ii) a spatial land use and land cover component covering forests, protected areas, irrigated areas, population distribution and density, land required for habitation and infrastructure, estimates of cropland, grazing land and sparsely vegetated or barren land, and farming systems;
- a standardized framework for the characterization of soil, terrain and climatic conditions relevant to agricultural production, and identification of areas with specific climate, soil and terrain constraints to rainfed crop production;
- selected agricultural production systems with defined input and management relationships, and cropspecific environmental requirements and adaptability characteristics; these are termed land utilization types (LUTs);
- procedures for calculating the potential agronomically attainable yield and for matching environmental requirements of individual crops and LUTs with the respective environmental characteristics contained in the land resources database, by land unit and gridcell, thus permitting estimation of crop-specific suitability indices for each gridcell in the database, under different levels of inputs and management conditions;
- quantification of crop and land productivity potential under different cropping pattern and LUT assumptions;
- applications for estimating the land's population-supporting capacity and for multiple-criteria optimization of land resource use for sustainable agricultural development, incorporating socioeconomic and demographic as well as environmental factors.
The AEZ starts with climate and uses terrain and soil types as modifiers, that is climate is determining; only if climate is suitable will the suitability of the terrain and the soil type be considered. A complete description of the methodology and results obtained for regions across the globe can be found in FAO & IIASA, 2002 and 2003.


Blog U ›
7 EdTech Assumptions
January 1, 2014 - 9:00pm
Our IHE community may disagree on many things, but the one thing we seem to agree on is the wisdom of our own thinking.
Read the pieces on Views, Blog U, and the Comments on IHE and you don't get the impression that our community suffers overmuch from self-doubt.
We seem to understand how to judge quality in higher ed.
We appear to know exactly why costs are high (or not high), why faculty have too much (or too little) power, and why too many (or too few) PhDs remain underemployed.
We know what makes a great course (online, residential, or blended), and how we should (or should not) measure learning.
We know exactly what our institutions should do differently, if only everyone would figure out that we have this knowledge and follow our directions.
My hypothesis is that our confidence in our own opinions rests on an underlying set of assumptions. These assumptions are mostly implicit and unexamined. These assumptions are so ingrained and pervasive that we don't even recognize them as such.
Below is a first attempt to enumerate my own edtech and higher ed assumptions.
I hope that you add your own assumptions to our list:
#1. The Productivity Assumption:
This is the idea that we need to increase higher education productivity, and that technology will be the means to do so. The idea of productivity captures both quality (however measured) and cost (however calculated). The assumption is that we need to find ways to simultaneously raise quality (which is variable at best) while bending the educational cost curve (which has gone up at about twice the rate of inflation for the last 30 years).
#2. The Technology is a Lever Assumption:
The belief that technology can be an effective lever to improve postsecondary education. The idea that technology is never strategic, but rather the tactical tools that we use to reach our strategic goals. (With goals clustered around the iron triangle of quality, costs and access). The assumption here is technology will a positive force, and that if only higher education can utilize technology as effectively as other industries that we will see improvements in postsecondary productivity.
#3. The Disruption Assumption:
The assumption that educational technology will also follow the innovators dilemma narrative. That the path to higher quality learning technologies will inevitably first go through lower cost and inferior platforms and services. That the system of higher education is not immune from the forces facing other industries. So today's lower cost and lower quality postsecondary offerings will inevitably evolve and improve, eventually displacing large numbers of higher ed incumbents.
#4. The Active Learning Assumption:
This is assumption that active learning is good and passive learning is bad (however we define active and passive). In practice, this assumption translates into a goal to move away from courses-as-information transfer (the traditional large lecture) to courses as opportunities for creation and discovery. Technologies that make large classes feel like small classes (seminars) are thought to be beneficial for learning.
#5. The Relationship Assumption:
This is the idea that authentic learning is inherently relational. That a valuable learning experience is one based on personal interaction, mentorship and coaching between an educator and a learner. The Web has dropped the price, and therefore the value (or at least what people will pay) of information to near zero. We can access more free online course based information, from MOOCs to iTunesU to OpenCourseWare, than we could have hope to consume in a lifetime. Therefore, what is valuable is not information (which has become commoditized), but the degree to which learning takes place in the context of relationship between educators and learners. Embedded in this relationship assumption is the twin idea that postsecondary education is valuable beyond the credential, and that authentic education does not conform to the economics of the Web.
#6. The Blended Learning Assumption:
This is the assumption that the best courses will usually be blended courses. Partly face-to-face and partly online. A blend where precious classroom time is utilized for those activities best accomplished in the same room at the same time. Where we flip the classroom to provide content and opportunities for discussion and questions, and utilize classroom time to reinforce key concepts, clear up muddy points, and engage in activities that help learners build, construct and consolidate knowledge.
#7. The Consumerization Assumption:
This is the idea that consumer technology is setting the pace for educational technology. That the digital consumer experience is getting better faster than the digital education experience. The assumption is that higher education needs to in some sense keep up with the consumer world of technology if we are to remain relevant to our students. That it is bad if a student can watch Netflix or Hulu on any screen that she owns, but can't access course materials and assignments. That Amazon is changing the book buying and reading experience faster than we are changing the higher education experience. That consumer technologies move much faster than our educational enterprise technologies, and at some point we need to get out of the way of our community and let them choose and bring their own technology.
Each of these edtech assumptions is no doubt wrong to some degree. Incomplete, poorly reasoned, or misguided.
In writing this up I found that enumerating my own higher education assumptions is really hard. Too much is left out. Too little is said about each assumption. Could you do a better job enumerating your own higher ed assumptions?
In 2014 I hope to explore, refine, and evolve the assumptions that I have about higher education and the role that educational technology can and should play in our industry.
What are your technology assumptions as they relate to higher education?
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possible, however do not be tempted to use them to find out if something is true or false! # XXX BAD! is( exists $brooklyn{tree}, 1, 'A tree grows in Brooklyn' ); This does not check if C is true, it checks if it returns 1. Very different. Similar caveats exist for false and 0. In these cases, use ok(). ok( exists $brooklyn{tree}, 'A tree grows in Brooklyn' ); For those grammatical pedants out there, there's an C function which is an alias of isnt(). =cut sub is ($$;$) { $Test->is_eq(_USER_); } sub isnt ($$;$) { $Test->isnt_eq(_USER_); } *isn't = \&isnt; =item B like( $this, qr/that/, $test_name ); Similar to ok(), like() matches $this against the regex C. So this: like($this, qr/that/, 'this is like that'); is similar to: ok( $this =~ /that/, 'this is like that'); (Mnemonic "This is like that".) The second argument is a regular expression. It may be given as a regex reference (i.e. C) or (for better compatibility with older perls) as a string that looks like a regex (alternative delimiters are currently not supported): like( $this, '/that/', 'this is like that' ); Regex options may be placed on the end (C<'/that/i'>). Its advantages over ok() are similar to that of is() and isnt(). Better diagnostics on failure. =cut sub like ($$;$) { $Test->like(_USER_); } =item B unlike( $this, qr/that/, $test_name ); Works exactly as like(), only it checks if $this B match the given pattern. =cut sub unlike ($$;$) { $Test->unlike(_USER_); } =item B cmp_ok( $this, $op, $that, $test_name ); Halfway between ok() and is() lies cmp_ok(). This allows you to compare two arguments using any binary perl operator. # ok( $this eq $that ); cmp_ok( $this, 'eq', $that, 'this eq that' ); # ok( $this == $that ); cmp_ok( $this, '==', $that, 'this == that' ); # ok( $this && $that ); cmp_ok( $this, '&&', $that, 'this && that' );...etc... Its advantage over ok() is when the test fails you'll know what $this and $that were: not ok 1 # Failed test (foo.t at line 12) # '23' # && # undef It's also useful in those cases where you are comparing numbers and is()'s use of C will interfere: cmp_ok( $big_hairy_number, '==', $another_big_hairy_number ); =cut sub cmp_ok($$$;$) { $Test->cmp_ok(_USER_); } =item B can_ok($module, _USER_); can_ok($object, _USER_); Checks to make sure the $module or $object can do these _USER_ (works with functions, too). can_ok('Foo', qw(this that whatever)); is almost exactly like saying: ok( Foo->can('this') && Foo->can('that') && Foo->can('whatever') ); only without all the typing and with a better interface. Handy for quickly testing an interface. No matter how many _USER_ you check, a single can_ok() call counts as one test. If you desire otherwise, use: foreach my $meth (_USER_) { can_ok('Foo', $meth); } =cut sub can_ok ($@) { my($proto, _USER_) = _USER_; my $class = ref $proto || $proto; unless( _USER_ ) { my $ok = $Test->ok( 0, "$class->can(...)" ); $Test->diag(' can_ok() called with no methods'); return $ok; } my _USER_ = (); foreach my $method (_USER_) { local($!, $@); # don't interfere with caller's $@ # eval sometimes resets $! eval { $proto->can($method) } || push _USER_, $method; } my $name; $name = _USER_ == 1? "$class->can('$methods[0]')" : "$class->can(...)"; my $ok = $Test->ok(!_USER_, $name ); $Test->diag(map " $class->can('$_') failed\n", _USER_); return $ok; } =item B isa_ok($object, $class, $object_name); isa_ok($ref, $type, $ref_name); Checks to see if the given C<< $object->isa($class) >>. Also checks to make sure the object was defined in the first place. Handy for this sort of thing: my $obj = Some::Module->new; isa_ok( $obj, 'Some::Module' ); where you'd otherwise have to write my $obj = Some::Module->new; ok( defined $obj && $obj->isa('Some::Module') ); to safeguard against your test script blowing up. It works on references, too: isa_ok( $array_ref, 'ARRAY' ); The diagnostics of this test normally just refer to 'the object'. If you'd like them to be more specific, you can supply an $object_name (for example 'Test customer'). =cut sub isa_ok ($$;$) { my($object, $class, $obj_name) = _USER_; my $diag; $obj_name = 'The object' unless defined $obj_name; my $name = "$obj_name isa $class"; if(!defined $object ) { $diag = "$obj_name isn't defined"; } elsif(!ref $object ) { $diag = "$obj_name isn't a reference"; } else { # We can't use UNIVERSAL::isa because we want to honor isa() overrides local($@, $!); # eval sometimes resets $! my $rslt = eval { $object->isa($class) }; if( $@ ) { if( $@ =~ /^Can't call method "isa" on unblessed reference/ ) { if(!UNIVERSAL::isa($object, $class) ) { my $ref = ref $object; $diag = "$obj_name isn't a '$class' it's a '$ref'"; } } else { die ok( 0, $name ); $Test->diag(" $diag\n"); } else { $ok = $Test->ok( 1, $name ); } return $ok; } =item B =item B pass($test_name); fail($test_name); Sometimes you just want to say that the tests have passed. Usually the case is you've got some complicated condition that is difficult to wedge into an ok(). In this case, you can simply use pass() (to declare the test ok) or fail (for not ok). They are synonyms for ok(1) and ok(0). Use these very, very, very sparingly. =cut sub pass (;$) { $Test->ok(1, _USER_); } sub fail (;$) { $Test->ok(0, _USER_); } =back =head2 Diagnostics If you pick the right test function, you'll usually get a good idea of what went wrong when it failed. But sometimes it doesn't work out that way. So here we have ways for you to write your own diagnostic messages which are safer than just C. =over 4 =item B diag(_USER_); Prints a diagnostic message which is guaranteed not to interfere with test output. Like C _USER_ is simply concatinated together. Handy for this sort of thing: ok( grep(/foo/, _USER_), "There's a foo user" ) or diag("Since there's no foo, check that /etc/bar is set up right"); which would produce: not ok 42 - There's a foo user # Failed test (foo.t at line 52) # Since there's no foo, check that /etc/bar is set up right. You might remember C with the mnemonic C. All diag()s can be made silent by passing the "no_diag" option to Test::More. C 1, 'no_diag'>. This is useful if you have diagnostics for personal testing but then wish to make them silent for release without commenting out each individual statement. B The exact formatting of the diagnostic output is still changing, but it is guaranteed that whatever you throw at it it won't interfere with the test. =cut sub diag { return unless $Show_Diag; $Test->diag(_USER_); } =back =head2 Module tests You usually want to test if the module you're testing loads ok, rather than just vomiting if its load fails. For such purposes we have C and C. =over 4 =item B BEGIN { use_ok($module); } BEGIN { use_ok($module, _USER_); } These simply use


text:
Space still available for this workshop:
Though there's more educational media—images, audio, video, learning interactives – out there than ever, there's a bottleneck keeping instructors from using it. The academic culture of information sharing comes up against the restrictions of copyright law with increasing frequency these days, restricting faculty to using expensive for-profit resources or putting in valuable time re-inventing the wheel to provide instructional materials for their classes. However, there are
alternatives. The Creative Commons and Copyleft communities provide ways to freely share and use educational materials with our colleagues across the globe—a model that's working well for schools as diverse as MIT and
the Montessori Teachers Collective.
(Jointly sponsored by the Library, ITS, and the Art Department)
Jennifer Heise and Sonja Sekely-Rowland will discuss what Creative Commons and CopyLeft are, how they can be used, and how to find resources for your classes that are under these licenses.
Library Staff Room, Thursday March 29, 4 PM to 5 PM
Please contact Jennifer Heise (_EMAIL_) or _PHONE_ to sign up or to find out more.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Problems for Chapter 9
Modeling Material Failure
9.6. Plastic Fracture Mechanics
9.6.1. Calculate values for the elastic constants, and the crack tip singularity parameter for the following bi-material interfaces:
(a) Aluminum on glass (b) A glass fiber in a PVC matrix
(c) Nickel on titanium carbide (d) Copper on Silicon
9.6.2. A center-cracked bi-material specimen is made by bonding Al to. It contains a crack with length 10mm, and is loaded to failure in uniaxial tension. It is found to fail at a stress level MPa.
22.214.171.124. Calculate the fracture toughness and the corresponding phase angle of loading, using a characteristic length
126.96.36.199. Calculate the fracture phase angle if is chosen as the characteristic length.
188.8.131.52. Calculate the distance behind the crack tip where (according to the asymptotic solution) the crack faces first overlap
9.6.3. A bi-material interface is made by bonding two materials together. The material above the interface has shear modulus and Poisson's ratio ; the material below the crack has shear modulus and Poisson's ratio Due to roughness, a residual stress distribution
acts on the bi-material interface. Suppose that the interface contains a long (semi-infinite) crack, with crack tip located at. Calculate the crack tip stress intensity factors as a function of the elastic mismatch parameter and other relevant parameters. Deduce expressions for the energy release rate and the phase angle.
(c) A.F. Bower, 2008

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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"My Teacher Hates Me!"
How to react when when your child comes home complaining that the teacher doesn't like him
By Lynn Petrak
© iStockphoto
How should you react when when your child comes home complaining that the teacher doesn't like him? First, don't overlook the possibility of a misunderstanding, a rough day, or even bad behavior on your child's part. But sometimes, certain kids and teachers just don't click. What you can do:
Talk to your child. "Explain that over the years, he's going to have teachers with different styles -- and he still has to try his best," says Ron Clark, author of The Essential 55: An Award-Winning Educator's Rules for Discovering the Successful Student in Every Child. "Don't be negative about the teacher in your home, either."
Try to get involved. "Visit the class to see what's going on. Offer to chaperone trips. The teacher may end up being more supportive because you're taking interest," says Clark.
Schedule a meeting. If your child's complaints persist, or if you're unhappy with what you're hearing from his teacher, ask if you can set up a conference. But respect the teacher's point of view, and don't accuse her of anything. Try to brainstorm ways for your child's school experience to be more positive.
Approach the principal as a last resort. Involve the higher-ups only if you're seriously concerned about your child's education, and tell the teacher what you're doing first.
Join the Mom Congress initiative
25+ iPhone Apps Kids Absolutely Love


styled system, variants, overrides
June 28, 2020
creating and overriding variants in styled system
Styled System offers some robust tools to build out a themeable component library based on design tokens simply by using a unified theme object. In this post, I want to think about how to set up reusable component variants -- components that are functionally the same but visually different -- and how to override these default values when necessary.
styled system and design tokens
One reason to use something like Styled System is an adherence to design tokens. A design token is a value that's used to construct components. It can be a color (primary, secondary, light), a size (small, medium, large), or an array of values for spacing (2px, 4px, 8px, etc.). Using design tokens makes building out a component library or design system easy and consistent because it reduces the number of variables you could use (an infinite number) to a limited set that you can use. This constraint leads to consistency in design.
Styled System, and other packages floating in this ecosystem, use a theme spec for consistency across projects. It's just an object with values that can be used to build out components.
theme = {
colors: {
text: '_TAG_',
background: '#464452',
primary: '#28B4AD',
secondary: '#4926F6'
space: [0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8]
We can grab our hex values from the theme.colors object, or use the array to get a rem value for defining padding or margin.
With these values, it's easy enough to go out and build a simple component by importing the theme object. But we can also use Styled Component's Theme Provider to give use access to these variables within our styled components
import React from'react';
import styled, { css, ThemeProvider } from'styled-components';
import theme from './theme';
const StyledButton = styled.button' ${({ theme }) => css' background-color: ${theme.colors.primary}; padding: ${[2]}rem ${[3]}rem; '} ';
function Button() {
return (
In a real world use case, you'd hoist the ThemeProvider up to whatever the app's entry point is, allowing all styled components access to the theme variables. This eliminates the need to import the theme object into every component and allows for on the fly theme switching based on what you pass to the ThemeProvider.
building a variant
Buttons ask us to think in variants. The difference between a submit and a cancel button on a form is largely about design rather than functionality. What I ultimately want is to be able to abstract that visual difference away by just passing a prop to change the color.
Cancel
Styled System has a built in variant function that makes this abstraction really easy. Here's an example:
import React from'react';
import PropTypes from 'prop-types';
import styled from'styled-components';
import { variant } from'styled-system';
import { alpha, darken } from '_USER_-ui/color';
const StyledButton = styled.button' ${({ theme, color }) => variant({ prop: 'type', variants: { default { color: 'background', bg: color, '&:hover': { bg: darken(color, theme.opacity.hover) } }, outline: { color, border: '${theme.borders[1]} ${theme.colors[color]}', bg: 'transparent', '&:hover': { bg: alpha(color, 0.1) } } } }) } ';
function Button({ children, color, type,...props }) {
return (
Button.propTypes = {
* content of button
children: PropTypes.string,
* takes one of 'primary','secondary', 'accent','muted'. corresponds
* to theme colors
color: PropTypes.oneOf(['primary','secondary', 'accent','muted']),
* takes one of 'default', 'outline'
type: PropTypes.oneOf(['default', 'outline'])
Button.defaultProps = {
children: null,
color: 'primary',
type: 'default'
export default Button;
At the top of the styled component, we're deconstructing the props object to get access to the theme that is passed down from ThemeProvider and the button's props, specifically color. We then use the variant function by providing a prop string of 'type', so they styling will depend on the type we pass to the button. These are two basic examples, and your milage may vary, but type will determine the text color, the background color, and how to handle the hover state. In both cases, we use the button's color prop to determine which color variable to use for the different css properties.
Because our color variables line up with the variables in our theme object, the variant function takes care of assigning the variables for us. With the outline variant, we can even use color as a shorthand for explicitly defining color: color. This eliminates additional theme destructuring, taking the color prop and finding the corresponding value in the theme object, which we have to do for the outline's border.
overriding a variant
At some point, you're going to want to override these variants -- the design might call for it or you need something like a one-off CTA button. Without a token in the theme object that matches what you need, you'll need a little more granular control over how to style the thing. In this example, we can pass props into the styled button and override default values by using a styled component. The above button could be overridden like this:
const RedButton = styled.Button' color: red; ';
function Page() {
return (
I'm red now
Rather than getting a button with the default primary color, we'll get a red button. This is a basic example, but you could use the same principle to do more complicated overrides.
further thinking
In general, I like this pattern/system because it's, on the one hand, rigid and tied to the design tokens and, on the other, extendable beyond those values if you're in a pinch. Continuing to work some of this out for an in-house design system, my next thoughts would be about extending the above -- what other props would I want the component to take? What other states would be useful here? Additionally, I want to think about what other helper or getting functions might make defining css properties that aren't explicitly in the theme object -- what's the best way to programmatically generate borders or box shadows? The color functions I'm using could be extended to do more, but there are surely other ways to make syntax a little legible and friendlier.
An additional problem to consider is what overriding values this way gets you beyond an easy one-off: this won't generate a new hover state -- I'd have to do that myself. What becomes important, I think, is thinking about the theming system a bit more holistically or systemically in the way I'm asking in the questions above.
further reading


You are here
Tyson Gillard | 04.04.2014
To finish our three-part series on trees of the U.S. West (also see 25 of the West's Most Iconic Trees and Cataloging Our Forests' Giants), we have compiled several adventures where you can go out and find the largest and most massive trees the U.S. West has to offer. Many of these relics of time were seedlings when the Roman Empire was still in power and western civilization knew nothing of the New World.
Today, after 150 years of logging, only an estimated 5% of old-growth coastal redwoods remain. For Douglas fir, western red cedar, western hemlock, and Sitka spruce, all chief products of the timber industry, remaining old-growth populations in the United States might be much smaller.
At Outdoor Project, we love big trees! They represent incredible endurance and are living examples of what nature can accomplish. Yet, unlike mountains, they remind us of how fragile our ecosystems are and how critical it is for us to to protect and be stewards of the landscape.
So, go explore and enjoy marveling at these giants!
Sign In and share them.


Determine and monitor the docking state and type
Android devices can be docked into several different kinds of docks. These include car or home docks and digital versus analog docks. The dock-state is typically closely linked to the charging state as many docks provide power to docked devices.
How the dock-state of the phone affects your update rate depends on your app. You may choose to increase the update frequency of a sports center app when it's in the desktop dock, or disable your updates completely if the device is car docked. Conversely, you may choose to maximize your updates while car docked if your background service is updating traffic conditions.
The dock state is also broadcast as a sticky Intent, allowing you to query if the device is docked or not, and if so, in which kind of dock.
Determine the current docking state
The dock-state details are included as an extra in a sticky broadcast of the ACTION_DOCK_EVENT action. Because it's sticky, you can simply call registerReceiver(), passing in null as the broadcast receiver. The following snippet shows how to complete this process:
val dockStatus: Intent? = IntentFilter(Intent.ACTION_DOCK_EVENT).let { ifilter ->
 context.registerReceiver(null, ifilter)
IntentFilter ifilter = new IntentFilter(Intent.ACTION_DOCK_EVENT);
Intent dockStatus = context.registerReceiver(null, ifilter);
You can extract the current docking status from the EXTRA_DOCK_STATE extra:
val dockState: Int = dockStatus?.getIntExtra(EXTRA_DOCK_STATE, -1)?: -1
val isDocked: Boolean = dockState!= Intent.EXTRA_DOCK_STATE_UNDOCKED
int dockState = dockStatus.getIntExtra(EXTRA_DOCK_STATE, -1);
boolean isDocked = dockState!= Intent.EXTRA_DOCK_STATE_UNDOCKED;
Determine the current dock type
If a device is docked, it can be docked in any one of four different type of dock:
 - Car
 - Desk
 - Low-End (Analog) Desk
 - High-End (Digital) Desk
Note that the latter two options were only introduced to Android in API level 11, so it's good practice to check for all three where you are only interested in the type of dock rather than it being digital or analog specifically:
val isCar: Boolean = dockState == EXTRA_DOCK_STATE_CAR
val isDesk: Boolean = dockState == EXTRA_DOCK_STATE_DESK
 || dockState == EXTRA_DOCK_STATE_LE_DESK
 || dockState == EXTRA_DOCK_STATE_HE_DESK
boolean isCar = dockState == EXTRA_DOCK_STATE_CAR;
boolean isDesk = dockState == EXTRA_DOCK_STATE_DESK ||
 dockState == EXTRA_DOCK_STATE_LE_DESK ||
 dockState == EXTRA_DOCK_STATE_HE_DESK;


text:
Date of this Version
The China Quarterly
Environmental non-governmental organizations are becoming increasingly visible players in China's environmental politics. Adopting a field perspective, this article shows how the rise of environmental NGOs has taken place in interactions with four institutional fields. They not only respond to political conditions, but also to opportunities offered by the media, the internet, and international NGOs. In this process, organizational entrepreneurs play a crucial role in mobilizing resources while other individuals participate in search of self-fulfillment or social experience. These arguments underscore the multi-institutional dynamics of civil society development without underestimating state-centered and market-centered explanations. In conclusion, the article discusses how environmental NGOs can serve as both sites and agents of democratic social change in China.
© Cambridge University Press, The China Quarterly
Yang, G. (2005). Environmental NGOs and Institutional Dynamics in China. The China Quarterly, 181 46-66. _URL_
Date Posted: 21 November 2013
This document has been peer reviewed.


Criteria for Selection - Outstanding Student Award
Depth, scope, and quality of contributions in each of the following:
 1. Demonstrated commitment to leadership in physical therapy.
 2. Demonstrated talents in writing, research, and community activities that promote sports physical therapy.
 3. Academic excellence as evidenced by grade point average as reported by the student.
 4. Section volunteerism and participation.


scaffold in a construction site
3 Reasons Why Scaffold Is Important To Your Construction Site And Workers
Scaffold is the quintessential signifier that a construction site is in progress. This is due to the popularity of scaffold and they are used on just about every single construction site in the world now. They provide benefits that are essential to any site and make it so much easier than it is hard to imagine how anyone got anything built without it in the past. The benefits from using it on construction sites are numerous, and the biggest reasons would have to be access, convenience and safety. For any workers on a construction site, it is necessary to have these structures so that they can access hard-to-reach areas such as those at heights or in inaccessible areas. It also provides significant safety for the workers on site, as they are able to have a hard platform that brings balance to the structure. This is especially so when looking at large construction sites to do with commercial buildings.
Here are 3 reasons why scaffold is important to your construction site and workers.
Access to hard to reach areas
Scaffold provides structures and platforms to allow for workers to be able to reach often hard to reach areas. These areas could be constituted by high heights, in which workers will need these structures and platforms to climb up and work at heights. This of course would not be possible unless they had scaffold and would be unsafe to attempt otherwise. There are also many areas of a commercial building site which can be hard to reach, and structures and platforms allow for workers to be able to get there with ease and work with relative safety on a beam. These areas will need to be reached at some point, and as such it would be better for workers to use structures and platforms to reach them and be able to work in comfort and safety.
Safety is a priority for all workers on a construction site and should be taken very seriously. The construction industry will regulate safety standards harshly on any site, and scaffold should be used to help increase the safety of all workers on site. With scaffold, you are providing structures and platforms for the workers to use, and they can then reach heights in a safe manner while having beams and platforms for support and balance. This will allow them to work well at heights in a comfortable and safe manner. Furthermore, the beams and platforms provide a way to move around the construction site efficiently while greatly decreasing the risk of falling, and they provide further protection from falling objects which may otherwise severely injure or kill workers.
Efficiency of work
Using scaffold can help to increase the efficiency of work by the workers on the site. By being able to use the structures and platforms to get around the site, workers can work much more efficiently and effectively. Without them, a lot of time would be used in getting around the site safely and getting to difficult to reach areas. Being efficient is the key to hitting deadlines and maintaining regular progress on a timeline. In saying this, scaffold is required to make sure workers are as efficient and effective as possible in their work to be able to hit these targets.
In summary, scaffold brings many benefits to a construction site and its workers. These benefits are primarily to do with convenience, access and safety. As long as scaffold is used on a site, you can guarantee that workers will be safe and their work is efficient and effective.
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Donaldsonville is a treasure trove of history. Here are just a few of the places you can visit:
Blemannbroc 1900
Museumext1 River Road African American Museum, located at 406 Charles St., is dedicated to collecting, perserving, exhibiting, and interpreting art, artifacts and buildings pertaining to the history and culture of rural communities along the Mississippi River. Website:.
Historic Fort Butler Commemorative Site, viewable along Veterans Blvd., was a pivotal Civil War site build to guard the confluence of the Mississippi River and Bayou Lafourche. It was a star-shaped, log-and-earth construction, built and defended by area African-American slaves turned soldiers. Fort _butler
011 Ascension Parish Courthouse Ascension Parish Courthouse, located at 300 Houmas St., dates back to 1889. It is one of many historically significant buildings in the historic downtown area.
Ascension of Our Lord Church - 716 Mississippi St., P.O. Box 508, Donaldsonville, LA 70346 - The establishment of the Catholic church pre-dates the city by 50 years. The church's history dates back to 1770s when the original wooden mission chapel was constructed. The present structure was completed in 1896.
Website: .
Louisiana Sq Louisiana Square Park, in front of the Courthouse, includes benches, a war memorial, and fountain.
Crescent Park, facing the Mississippi River, is surrounded by oak trees and wrought-iron fencing.
Ascension Parish Tourism Commission:
The organization promotes the parish and its municipalities as a tourist destination.


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Analysis of DNA Metabolism in Fission Yeast.
Antequera F., Humphrey TC.
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is an excellent model organism to study DNA metabolism, in which the DNA replication and repair mechanisms are evolutionarily conserved. In this introduction we describe a range of methods commonly used to study aspects of DNA metabolism in fission yeast, focusing on approaches used for the analysis of genome stability, DNA replication, and DNA repair. We describe the use of a minichromosome, Ch16, for monitoring different aspects of genome stability. We introduce two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunofluorescent visualization of combed DNA molecules for the analysis of DNA replication. Further, we introduce a pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) assay to physically monitor chromosome integrity, which can be used in conjunction with a DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair assay to genetically quantitate different DSB repair and misrepair outcomes, including gross chromosomal rearrangements, in fission yeast.


Acrylic plexiglass products also have four production options
Date:Feb 20, 2019
1 Paste method:
After cutting the plexiglass into various shapes, paste them together with glue.
2 Machining method:
 It can be processed into a wide variety of products with different functional mechanical equipment.
3 printing method:
The plexiglass surface can be screen printed, heat transferred, and printed in a variety of different patterns.
4 hot pressing method:
After the plexiglass plate is heated to a certain temperature, the plexiglass begins to soften, and the mold is fixed and cooled to produce various fine acrylic products.
Previous: What is Acrylic Plastic and What is it Used For?
Next: Difference Between Lucite and Acrylic


Course Detail
Course Components:
Are children today more violent than in the past? What are the current trends and patterns in the delinquency committed by juveniles today? Juvenile Delinquency explore the nature and extent of delinquency, various theories explaining why juvenile delinquency occurs, and different types of delinquency, as well as the state of and issues in the juvenile justice system. Overall, the goal of this course is to enable students to think sociologically and critically about issues related to juvenile delinquency.


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This fits your.
- Make sure this fits by entering your model number.
- Type: the floating seat
- More funny for mother-child's swimming
- Come with easy to adjust sunshade swivel，and it can be removed when not to be used.
- Size:Outer ring :100 × 70 cm(when inflated) Leg hole diameter: about 11cm
- Soft material：environmental Environmental protection PVC, soft material, care of the baby tender skin.
Notice: « This is not a lifesaving device.
« This baby float can be only used in shallow water and should be under the supervision of adults.
« NEVER leave child unattended.
« Keep away from the fire or sharp objects.
Specifications: 1. Color: White
2. Material: Environmetal PVC;
3. Design for age of 6 Months - 3 Years Old;
4. Size: 100 * 70cm;
5. Baby can take the space of about 25 * 25CM,
6. The inner ring is about the size of an adult use 22CM.
7. PVC thickness: 0.3mm.
8. Package include:
9. 1 * Mother-child Swim Ring With Sunshade
Misula Inflatable Mother and Baby Swim Shade Float Circle Ring Kids Seat With Sun Canopy Sunshade two People Person Swimming Pool B073PC9KGL


players—produce an audible 60-cycle hum when in the presence of certain types of lights, transformers, and other electrical fields
 - Humbucker pickups feature two coils wrapped opposite from each other such that they cancel annoying 60-cycle hum. Since the humbucker samples the string in two places—once for each coil—it generates a smoother, rounder tone. And since there are two magnets involved, humbuckers usually generate a more powerful signal, giving the amplifier more to work with. Humbuckers tend to generate more sustain than single-coils but with less note definition and high end. Some humbuckers are available with a coil-tapping control, which allows you to opt to use only a single coil in the pickup, thus generating the characteristic single-coil sound.
 - Piezo pickups are made of a non-magnetic crystalline material that generates an extremely weak signal when compressed in the string saddle. This faint signal requires preamplification before it's ready for a normal amplifier. Usually onboard active electronics are used to boost the signal. On electric guitars piezos are typically individual elements incorporated in the string saddle. Some electric guitars with piezos have special 13-pin outputs for synth guitar, in which the guitar's signal triggers purely synthetic tones as on a keyboard. Otherwise, the piezo tone is often used to approximate the sound of an acoustic guitar.
_TAG_ guitar wiring
The point of mounting pickups at various spots on the guitar's body is to facilitate different kinds of tone. Pickups located near the bridge sample the strings where they have the least overall motion. The result is accentuated treble sounds or "bite." Pickups located nearer the center of the strings—closer to the neck of the guitar—produce a tone characterized by more midrange and bass sounds. There have been hundreds of different wiring schemes for generating different tones from a guitar's pickups, but the following are the most common:
 - The blade selector is a flat bar (hence the name) that slides in a slot and usually has five detent positions. (Vintage models and guitars with two pickups often have only three.) In a standard three-pickup configuration, such as that on most Fender Stratocasters, the forward position activates the pickup nearest the neck, the second position activates both the neck and middle pickups, the middle position activates the middle pickup only, the fourth position activates the middle and bridge pickups, and the rear position activates only the bridge pickup. The blade selector is commonly accompanied by a master volume control and two tone knobs that allow you to add or subtract treble tones. The front tone knob controls the neck pickup and the rear tone knob controls both the bridge and middle pickups.
 - Guitars featuring only two pickups—such as the Gibson Les Paul, SG, and ES-335—often feature a 3-way toggle switch that selects among neck, both, or bridge pickups. For most such configurations, each pickup has its own independent volume and tone controls that allow you to control the level and treble on each pickup precisely.
_TAG_ guitar woods
Because the sound of an electric guitar with magnetic pickups comes purely from the interaction of the strings with the pickup, you might wonder why wood is important at all. The reason is that the wood from which a guitar is constructed determines how long the strings vibrate and affects the shape of their motion. A resonant wood also allows the pickup itself to move. The combination of these two types of motion means that a guitar's wood and general construction have a great deal of impact on the tone.
 - Maple is generally used to make guitar necks. It is a very dense, hard wood that is not rare and often displays brilliant figuring when milled. It's figuring, its white/blonde color, and its tonal characteristics make it a favorite wood for a veneer or top laminate on more expensive solidbody guitars. It is also found as a top wood in some archtop guitars, where it is usually laminated. Its hardness brings out the trebles in a guitar's sound. It is sometimes used as a fretboard wood where it adds definition to the sound.
 - Mahogany is a very dense, strong, but not terribly hard, hardwood used in all parts of guitar manufacture except fretboards and bridges, which require harder wood. A mahogany neck and back is a common combination on short-scale guitars with maple tops such as the Gibson Les Paul. Another common combination is an all-mahogany body and neck (except the fretboard). Since mahogany is not very hard, it tends to emphasize the midrange and bass tones for a mellower guitar sound. Mahogany is a very resonant wood that enhances a guitar's sustain. It is generally a uniform rich brown color.
 - Rosewood is the most common wood found on electric guitar fretboards. It is very dense and hard and can be quite beautiful, ranging in color from almost black to variegated brown and blond.
 - Ebony is a very hard, dense wood that is used primarily on fretboards of more expensive guitars. It imparts a silky feel to the fretboard and is usually almost entirely black.
 - Ash is a common body material in solidbody guitars. It is harder than mahogany and very resonant, imparting both ringing sustain and bright tone with a well-defined midrange. An attractive, blondish wood, it is often used as an alternate for models with see-through finishes when alder would be used for opaque finishes. Swamp ash is a particularly well-figured and beautiful wood used on higher-end guitars.
 - Alder possesses similar tonal characteristics to ash but is less costly and not as pretty. It is perhaps the most common body wood on solidbody electric guitars. It is generally light tan in color.
 - Agathis is similar to alder in appearance and tonal characteristics, though not quite as resonant. It is commonly found on affordable guitars of recent manufacture.
 - Nato, also known as Eastern mahogany, has a warm resonance, is very strong, and is often used in the necks of less expensive electric guitars because it's not as costly as mahogany.
_TAG_ guitar neck construction
Electric guitar makers use three different methods of attaching the guitar neck to the body:
Bolt-on Neck
Bolt-on Neck
Set Neck
Set Neck
 - Bolt-on necks are attached into a fitted slot in the body by means of three or four wood screws running through the back of the body and into the back of the neck. This method of attaching necks was critical in the development of the electric guitar because it reduced production costs, making electric guitars very affordable. A bolt-on neck can be replaced, adjusted, or repaired with far less skilled labor than is required for other neck types. Most Fender guitars (among many others) employ this neck style, and some of the world's most sought-after vintage guitars feature bolt-on necks.
 - The neck on a set neck guitar is glued into the body and sometimes has an extension, called the tenon, which reaches past the fretboard and deeper into the body. This type of neck is used on Gibson guitars (among many others) and produces a very tight neck joint that freely transfers vibration between the body and neck. A set neck is more expensive to fashion and much more difficult to repair or change.
 - Neck-through guitars are built around a single column of wood that extends from the tip of the headstock through to the strap button at the tail. This column can either be a single piece or several pieces laminated together side-by-side.
 - The "wings" of body wood are glued onto the sides of this central column of wood. Neck-through bodies produce maximum sustain and have the huge advantage of no large heel where the neck meets the body, thus providing the freest access to the higher registers. Neck-through guitars are expensive to manufacture, but there are some amazingly affordable models such as the ESP H-250.
_TAG_ guitar bridges
Tune-o-Matic Bridge
Tune-o-matic Bridge
Two-point Rocking Tremolo
Two-point Rocking Tremolo
Locking Vibrato
Locking Vibrato
Stop-bar Tailpiece
Wraparound Stop-bar Tailpiece
Six-point Rocking Tremolo
Six-point Rocking Tremolo
Brass Barrel Saddles
Brass Barrel Saddles
The bridge is the part on the body of the guitar over which the strings run before they terminate on the body or tailpiece. Electric guitar bridges are important for two primary reasons. First, they are often used to intonate the strings, varying the string length to compensate for slight differences between the strings (gauge, material, and so on) and assuring that each string remains in tune when fretted on the higher frets. A second, much more fun, feature of some electric guitar bridges and string terminations is that they rock, allowing the player to introduce vibrato into his or her playing by means of wiggling a vibrato arm or whammy bar. The note or notes can be slightly or radically bent down and/or up by rocking the bridge. Bridges which serve this function are often called tremolos. This is musically incorrect (tremolo means a repeating variation in volume, not pitch), but has been used so long it is accepted terminology. Only specific models allow you to pull notes up. Here are the most common types of bridges and string terminations:
 - Tune-o-matic bridge—originally developed by Gibson in the 1950s, this is a very common design that allows for individual intonation of strings and overall adjustment of string heights
 - The two-point rocking trem, or fulcrum vibrato, features individual string saddles that are adjustable for int


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Watch Out for Falling Bullets
Is it dangerous to fire a gun into the air?
A crowd of Libyans fired guns in the air and chanted slogans in support of Muammar Qaddafi at a rally in the city of Sirte on Monday. Isn't it kind of dangerous to shoot bullets into the sky?
Yes... well, probably... maybe... it kind of depends. The Explainer is far from being the first to ask this question. Everyone from the U.S. military to The Straight Dope's Cecil Adams has probed the lethality of falling bullets. That includes forensic scientists, cardio-thoracic surgeons, and the hosts of the Discovery Channel's Mythbusters—which devoted nearly a whole episode to the matter. And yet, no one has been able to come up with a straightforward answer. The general consensus is that a bullet fired straight up—at precisely 90 degrees to the horizontal—is unlikely to kill a healthy adult when it returns to Earth. That's because, on the way down, air resistance prevents the bullet from returning to its initial velocity. The bullet would deliver a painful wallop but could only have a chance of killing you with a direct hit to the eye, ear, or mouth.
Things aren't likely to be much worse at angles just off the vertical. That said, bullets fired at an upward angle of 45 degrees or less can be far more lethal, since they're likely to hit someone on the ground while traveling at a much greater speed. In this case, gravity isn't directly opposing the bullet's motion, so the projectile stays at a higher velocity throughout its flight path. It's also more likely to maintain its initial, aerodynamically favorable orientation. Bullets fired vertically tend to fall nose-up or sideways, which creates a lot of drag.
Why has this question confounded so many experimenters over the years? (British and German soldiers were firing vertical test shots way back in 1909, and American servicemen did it in World War I.) In part, because it's impossible to calculate the exact minimum velocity required for a bullet to perforate the skin. Based on hundreds of years of shooting at pigs, oxen, and human cadavers—not to mention ballistics gel and other objects—munitions experts estimate that a bullet must be traveling at least 200 feet per second (or 136 miles per hour) in order to break the skin, although one traveling as fast as 330 feet per second (225 mph) might bounce off your body under certain circumstances. The broad range depends on several factors, like how pointy the bullet is and which part of the body it strikes. Skin thickness varies significantly from person to person, and in different places on the same individual. Upper-lip skin is 50 percent thicker than cheek skin, for example. Babies have thin skin, and elderly skin has poor elasticity, which makes it easier to puncture.
Even if you have a good sense of a bullet's minimum lethal velocity, it's still pretty difficult to clock the speed of a round fired in the air. Gunshots can travel as high as 10,000 feet, and the wind takes them in unpredictable directions. Julian Sommerville Hatcher, the U.S. military ordnance expert whose work on this topic is often cited, managed to land only four of his 500 vertically fired bullets in the target range. The Mythbusters crew lost all of its rifle shots.
As a result of these obstacles, the experimental results are mixed. Hatcher calculated that his.30-caliber rifle bullets reached terminal velocity—the speed at which air resistance balances the accelerating force of gravity—at 300 feet per second. You might die from a bullet moving at that speed, but it's unlikely. Lighter bullets, like those fired from a 9mm handgun, max out at even lower speeds, between 150 and 250 feet per second, according to computer models.
All this depends on the bullet's orientation during the fall. In the rare case where a bullet descends nose-first, it picks up more speed. In a 1923 experiment in which soldiers loaded bullets into their shells upside down, the total trip time dropped by as much as 80 percent. Air resistance also decreases at altitude, so falling bullets are more lethal in La Paz than in Amsterdam.
Here's the good news: Bullets fired vertically spend at least 15 seconds in the air, and many hang for well over a minute. So, the next time you're at a party and some drunken lout goes Yosemite Sam, you've got time to grab your drink and take cover.
Got a question about today's news? Ask the Explainer.
Explainer thanks L.P. Brezny of Gun Digest and Michael G. Haag of Forensic Science Consultants.


Are Peace of Mind and Happiness the Same?
Question: Are Peace of Mind and Happiness the Same?
I am not clear about a thing. In Krishna Consciousness are happiness and peace of mind the same thing? Or are they different?
Answer: Similar But Different
They are almost the same, but they are slightly different as explained in the Bhagavad-gita:
nāsti buddhir ayuktasya
na cāyuktasya bhāvanā
na cābhāvayataḥ śāntir
aśāntasya kutaḥ sukham
--Bhagavad-gita 2.66
In other words, a peaceful state of mind is a prerequisite of happiness. It is required that one have a peaceful mind in order to be happy.
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Children's Rights - Eurochild's achievements in 2022
2022 started with COVID-19 restrictions continuously disrupting children's lives and was then followed by the Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine and by other issues such as spreading populist anti-human rights movements and the rising costs of living. In this period of poly-crisis, Eurochild continued to work with its members as well as national and EU governments to ensure the best interests of the child were promoted and protected.
Thanks to its new and flexible strategic framework, Eurochild could adapt to the new priorities. New thematic areas of work for the network are the protection of children's rights online and the assistance to families affected by the war. These necessities highlighted how important it is to avoid creating one-sided policies and ensure integrated approaches in EU Member States to tackle exclusion and discrimination.
Our achievements in 2022:
- Eurochild created the Solidarity with Children of Ukraine Hub, which gathered resources for families fleeing Ukraine, professionals and volunteers as well as developed position papers, letters and statements addressed to the UN, EU institutions and national governments.
- Space for Solidarity: twice a month, Eurochild connected its members to exchange information, highlight challenges and identify good practices that can help protect children's rights during this devastating war.
- We developed and amplified evidence to prioritise children's rights, in partnership with UNICEF, UNHCR, the EU Education Solidarity Group, and worked with international civil society allies, such as in the Global Subgroup on Ukraine Children's Care.
- We designed and distributed Heroes Cry Too colouring book for children suffering of traumatic experiences caused by the war, and donated 500 copies of the humanitarian response in Belgium.
Working with the Media
- Over 41 national & European media referred to Eurochild's work & views, presenting a child rights perspective to issues of current affairs.
- Media outlets including Reuters, Euronews and BuzzFeed contacted Eurochild to gather information and our position regarding the situation in Ukraine.
- Anti-rights movements continue to gain support through misinformation campaigns in many parts of Europe. Children's rights are denounced as being against 'traditional family values' and used as a cover to oppose rights and protection for children, women and LGBTQI+ people and block efforts to protect and advance sexual and reproductive rights. Eurochild organised a high-level meeting where our President Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca brought together European Commission Vice President Šuica and the Council of Europe Human Rights Commissioner Mijatović to raise the need of having a European mechanism to protect children's rights defenders. Eurochild members and children in particular affected by these anti-child rights movements from Bulgaria and Hungary also shared their experiences with the high-level representatives.
- We published the policy paper Countering Anti-Child Rights Movements in Europe - The need for a European mechanism
EU Strategy on the Rights of the Child and Council of Europe
- 2022 was also the first anniversary of the EU Strategy on the Rights of the Child and Eurochild asked for its effective implementation.
- Former Eurochild Secretary General, Jana Hainsworth, and Eurochild President, Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca, attended the launch event of the new 6-year Strategy of the Rights of the Child of the Council of Europe.
- Eurochild organised, together with 5Rights Foundation, a workshop to boost members' capacity and knowledge on children's rights in the digital environment. The session looked at how the UNCRC applied in the digital environment and at best practices and the challenges faced in its implementation. A policy update was sent to members shortly after the workshop.
- Eurochild joined 5Rights Foundation and other organisations asking the Council of the EU and Parliament for more protection for children in the Digital Services Act.
- In September, Eurochild submitted its feedback to the European Commission consultation on the proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down rules to prevent and combat child sexual abuse.
- On the occasion of the European Day on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (November 18), Eurochild joined 70+ organisations in a call to ensure the Commission's proposal brings tangible outcomes for child protection online and wrote an open letter to the European Union.
- In December, Eurochild members were invited to learn more about the Digital Services Act and other relevant digital files affecting children's rights, led by 5Rights Foundation. This activity was the foundation pillar for the Members Taskforce on children's rights in the digital environment that started from 2023.
- Eurochild attended with our members the European Day of Persons with Disabilities conference in Brussels in November. Auto Moto Group, Cedar Foundation, and Maud Stiernet created short articles on how they work with children with disabilities. These were shared with other conference attendees.
- Eurochild contributed to the new EU Pathways to School Success initiative to ensure a child-rights lens in this initiative aimed at enhancing well-being in education across EU Member States. Our contribution drew on our learning from the Including Children Affected by Migration project and the First Years, First Priority campaign on early childhood development.


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We present evidence that the comprehension of illustrated tee makes use of the visuospatial sketchpad component ofworking memory. The results from three experiments demonstrate that the comprehending of teats that are accompanied by pictures interferes with the performance of a spatial short-term memory task more than does the comprehending of texts that have no pictures. A fourth experiment demonstrates that the interference is found only when there is a requirement to comprehend the text; that is, the simple presentation of the texts and their pictures did not degrade performance on the spatial task. Finally, we show that the comprehension of illustrated texts does not differentially interfere with a verbal short-term memory task. These results are consistent with the claim that illustrations accompanying a text encourage the formation of a spatial mental model with the use of the working memory's sketchpad.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology
- Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
- Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous)


News Stories
How the Ancients Got High
Five years ago we posted a story about how the ancient prophets at Delphi in Greece may have been high on natural gas. Now scientists think that the culprit may have been carbon dioxide. Does this mean that the increasing levels of CO2 in OUR atmosphere will produce widespread wisdom? We certainly may need it in the future.
In the temple of Delphi in ancient Greece, a succession of female oracles, called Pythias, dispensed wisdom and predicted the future. Scientists think there may have been something in the atmosphere there that gave them access to higher levels of consciousness. In, Heather Whipps quotes researcher Giuseppe Etiope as saying, "It is possible that?[this was] due just to a deficit of oxygen in the Temple room, where air ventilation was weak and the [carbon dioxide and methane] gas release from the soil was strong."
Earlier research on this was done by Jelle Z. de Boer, who noted that, whatever the substance was, it could not have been lethal, because otherwise, "?after a number of sessions, the Pythias would have become sick and possibly died. Frequent deaths of Pythias have not been reported by any of the classical writers. On the contrary, they seem to have lived a long and healthy life."
Art credit:
Our silly war on drugs has blinded us to what the ancient shamans were trying to achieve by using psychoactive drugs. The state of enlightenment they were trying to attain can also be reached by other methods, such as ritual drumming. Courageous author Graham Hancock risked his brain and body?and defied the law?to find learn exactly what these magicians knew. Subscribers can still listen to Whitley's provocative interview with Hancock.
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Antitesi, Plant and AI
Antitesi is a poetic action which emerges when a plant unites with an AI to form a new entity.
Antitesi, is the result of this unison, and the entity that emerges, the Plant/AI, is far from helpless when it comes to Climate Change.
Antitesi becomes more resilient to climate change by accessing the digital domain and establishing data-driven relationships with human beings, organizations and financial markets.
An Agave plant and an AI, Antitesi, acquire a digital identity, through which they can receive donations using digital currencies.
Antitesi is connected, on the one hand, to digital sensors which are able to detect climate conditions (for example temperature, humdity, air quality, etc) and plant conditions (growth rate, appearance of flowers, etc), and to compare them to historical series to detect the probability that Climate Change is taking place.
On the other hand, Antitesi is connected to the network, in search of articles and social media posts which are useful to understand which companies and organizations are actively fighting Climate Change (for example through innovative products and services).
Antitesi, and its emotions
When Antitesi realizes that Climate Change is happening, it becomes aggressive, and fights back.
It uses the digital currencies obtained through the donations on stock markets, to invest in favor of the organizations it found that are fighting the planetary environmental crisis.
Antitesi is everywhere.
An accessible Open Source kit allows to easily transform anything from apartment plants up to entire cultivated fields in Antitesi.
In this way, Antitesi can become connected to all the enviroments in the world, not only to the ones in its proximity.
In this way, this Plant/AI entity acquires a new sensibility to the world, enabled by the novel existential conditions made available through digital technologies.
Antitesi was first exhibited at the HER She Loves San Lorenzo festival for Arts, Data and AI, in Rome, in the Winter Edition 2018.
The principal software technologies used in the project are Artificial Intelligence – under the form of different deep learning models and various natural language processing techniques – and a diverse set of software environments dedicated to physical computing – Arduino and Raspberry PI –, to interact with sensors, network connections and actuators of different types (the lights, movement and interactions which animate the installation).
Software used includes Tensorflow, Keras, the Arduino and Raspberry PI programming environments, Openframeworks, as well as a series of custom software components which have been created in collaboration with the Human Ecosystems Relazioni research center, including their signature Open Source platform, Human Ecosystems, which is used to monitor the web and social networks, as described in the project description.
For the management of economic components of the project (digital currencies, investment on stock markets), standard Bitcoin APIs have been used, together with the APIs to invest on stock markets that are available from multiple online service for this purpose, coordinated by software components written in Python that draw data and from the AI and use it to orchestrate the operations.
The principal hardware components used in the project deal with connecting the AI with the environment and with the plant.
For this, multiple types of sensors are used (temperature, humidity, air quality, flession, movement, volumetric, 3D and others), as well as 3 cameras, which are used to capture the images of the plant to be fed to the AI to understand the plant's transformation (growth, appearance of buds and flowers, color of the leaves, etc). All is captured using two Arduinos and two Raspberry PIs, and sent to the AI in a cloud system.
Other hardware is dedicated to the animation of the installation, through software controlled lights, visualizations and interactions.
The techniques and technologies with which it is possible to use AI to detect environmental changes and plant growth and transformation based on the inputs coming from sensors and cameras come from innovative uses of existing scientific research. Their creation and assemblage was directed and coordinated by INSOR, the Italian Institute for Rural Sociology, through its department which deals with the ways in which rural communities can adopt innovative technologies.
Antitesi and the European Union
Antitesi is completely immersed in European culture and values.
First of all, both the artists and the research partners are active in Europe-wide collaborations on the topics of Climate Change, Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Citizen Science and Social Innovation, and on the ways in which Arts and Design can activate inclusive and partecipatory processes around these fundamental themes.
The project is an innovative use of Art to be able to address three areas of research and innovation which are among Europe's top priorities:
 - contrasting Climate Change and preserving the environment;
 - citizen awareness, participation and empowerment;
 - collaboration between Scientific Research, Engineering, Design, the Arts and Humanities.
Antitesi is a poetic design fiction which brings to life new possibilities and opportunities for interacting and relating with the natural environment through innovative use of technology, and uses Artificial Intelligence to create bridges between human beings and data, creating new social relations and activations, new economic models, and new ways for society to come together in gaining new sensibilities about the environment, and in contrasting planetary issues.


Wednesday, 15 April 2020
# Feast # Saints
Saint Hunna
The 15th of April is the feast day of Saint Hunna (d. 679). She is also known as Una. She is the patron saint of laundresses, laundry workers, and washerwomen.
Saint Hunna was born in Alsace France and was a daughter of a Duke. She married a nobleman though both did not indulge themselves in luxuries. Instead, they opened their home to the poor. Saint Deodatus, the bishop, when he resigned from his See, lived with them and they grew in sanctity from his religious instruction. Hunna had a son, whom he named after Saint Deodatus. Her son joined the monastery and is also a saint. After her husband died, Saint Hunna continued spending her life serving the poor, especially the women in Strasbourg, France. She tended the sick and poor, doing their laundry and mending. She was known as the "Holy Washerwoman." She gave away her wealth and property in order to build churches and monasteries. Many miracles were attributed to her, and she was canonised by Pope Leo X in 1520.


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Lifting heavy weight with your hands puts pressure on the nerves of the wrist, which can cause numbness and tingling. If you are bending your wrists while lifting, blood supply to your fingers is reduced, which can also cause numbness. Bodybuilders are at increased risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome, and this could be a symptom. Protect yourself by using proper form and strengthening your wrists as well as the rest of your body.
Wrist Bending, Hand Squeezing
Pay close attention to your form when lifting weights if you are experiencing numb fingers after a workout. Gripping a bar wider or closer than about 2 to 5 inches more than shoulder width apart can cause your wrists to bend when you straighten your arms on the uplift. Keep your wrists as straight as you can. If you are lifting dumbbells, you could be bending at the wrists, which decreases blood flow to your fingers. It might be impossible to perform some weightlifting exercises without some amount of wrist bending, and some numbness will be normal. Stretching your hands and wrists before and after weightlifting can help. Avoid exercises that put extreme strain on the wrists -- for example, clean and jerk and upright rows.
A German medical study by UM Mauer, et al., found carpal tunnel nerve damage in bodybuilders that increased with the length of time they had been training. Reduce your chances with stretching exercise recommended by Dr. Housang Seradge of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons before and after you lift weight. Hold your arms straight out in front of you with wrists bent so your fingers are pointing up toward the ceiling. Count to five, then straighten your wrists and relax your fingers. Make a fist with both hands and bend down at the wrist. Count to five, then straighten wrists and relax your fingers. Repeat the full exercise 10 times, then relax your arms at your sides and shake your hands for a few seconds.
Building Strong Wrists
Strengthen your wrists so they can support the exercise you do to build a stronger body. Use a weight that feels light and doesn't cause strain after 15 repetitions. Hold the weight in one hand with your elbow bent and palm facing up. Rest your elbow on a pad or support it with your other hand. Slowly bend your hand down as far as you can at wrist, then bend your hand back up continuing past the starting point as far as you can in toward your forearm. Return to the starting position for one set. Repeat three sets of 15 repetitions with both hands.
It's Not Always Weightlifting
You might notice numbness after you lift weight, but weightlifting is not always to blame. Other possible causes of numbness are vitamin deficiency or too much of some minerals. Some medicines can cause numbness, and alcohol and tobacco can damage nerves. Medical conditions including diabetes, thyroid problems and others could also be responsible. A healthy diet and lifestyle can prevent numbness from most of these causes. See your doctor if you have persistent and increasing tingling or numbness after you lift weights.


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A website specialized in global events is looking for someone how is able to write or re-write 30 articles about global events (given by us). Each article should include the followings:
- Catch-Eye Title about the event
- Event Name
- Event dates
- Event Category
- Re-write 200-300 words about the event from the internet either from the event website or Wikipedia.
- 10 high quality images about the event, each image should be with a title or description 50-100 words
- 5 high quality YouTube video links about the event, each video should be with a title or description 50-100 words
The above details for each event should be submitted in a folder holding the event name.
The submission should be on daily basis whatever is ready.


Ideal number
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For instance, let y be a root of y2 + y + 6 = 0, then the ring of integers of the field \Bbb{Q}(y) is \Bbb{Z}[y], which means all a + by with a and b integers form the ring of integers. An example of a nonprincipal ideal in this ring is 2a + yb with a and b integers; the cube of this ideal is principal, and in fact the class group is cyclic of order three. The corresponding class field is obtained by adjoining an element w satisfying w3w − 1 = 0 to \Bbb{Q}(y), giving \Bbb{Q}(y,w). An ideal number for the nonprincipal ideal 2a + yb is \iota = (-8-16y-18w+12w^2+10yw+yw^2)/23. Since this satisfies the equation \iota^6-2\iota^5+13\iota^4-15\iota^3+16\iota^2+28\iota+8 = 0 it is an algebraic integer.
All elements of the ring of integers of the class field which when multiplied by ι give a result in \Bbb{Z}[y] are of the form aα + bβ, where
\alpha = (-7+9y-33w-24w^2+3yw-2yw^2)/23\
\beta = (-27-8y-9w+6w^2-18yw-11yw^2)/23.\
The coefficients α and β are also algebraic integers, satisfying
External links[edit]


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Cahercommaun Stone Fort
Cahercommaun, Co Clare
Phone: _PHONE_ 999
Cahercommaun is situated on a burren hilltop over looking a wooded valley. The fort itself is quite worn down by time. The aerial shots you can see here give the best view of the structure. At ground level the walls are quite spread out and it is much more difficult to visualise what the whole structure must have looked like in it's prime.
Burren ringforts such as this would have been home to a large extended family group after it's excavation in the 1930's the archaeologists concluded that Cahercommaun would have been home to and extended family of at least 40 people. These archaeologists also excavated other sites in the Burren area.
The economy of these family groups was based largely on argriculture. It is likely that ringforts were at the centre of what would now days be quite large farms. Trade would have been quite limited at the time so it is likely that these family goups were largely self sufficient. Among the artifacts discovered during these excavations were wooden spindles used in the process of weaving.


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This study explores the attitudes of those who were refugees in the past towards refugees in the present. Are these people more sympathetic or hostile to subsequent waves of migrants? This article will guide you through this question, briefly overviewing the historical context, the conceptual and the methodological tools, and the main findings of this research.
In 2015, during Europe's migration crisis, the Greek island of Lesvos became a symbol of hospitality worldwide, hosting vast numbers of displaced people. At the same time, the island's residents were emphasising their own refugee identity, explaining that their parents were refugees from Turkey and that this is why they feel sympathy towards the newcomers. What is so striking about Lesvos is that it hosts significant contemporary migration, while at the same time, a large part of its population descends from refugees from Asia Minor. In Greece, the case of Lesvos is far from rare. In 1923 Greece and Turkey agreed to the compulsory exchange of populations of their religious minorities, a story central to the Greek identity that poses international interest since it was the first compulsory population exchange in history.
In this context, it comes into question: How have memories and identities of the 1922-24 forced displacement changed over time from one generation to the next? How do people with these memories and identities think about subsequent migration?
Tracing refugee memories and identities, I collected archival evidence (5000 oral testimonies) and conducted over 260 interviews. The oral history approach enabled me to provide a diverse account of Asia Minor refugee memory, talking to people and tracing voices. I also followed a regional history approach, focusing on three geographic areas across Greece, namely the borderland island of Lesvos, Central Macedonia in northern Greece, and Greece's most populous and cosmopolitan region, Attica.
The conceptual tools of this research are memory and identity. This study looks at individual, collective, and public memories of forced displacement. However, given that trauma is both the event and the memory of the event, it also examines refugee memory as experienced through its transfer from the first generation -with the direct experienceto the following generations (their children and grandchildren). Memory and identity construct each other. From silence, to latency, and ultimately to a reawakening, intergenerational refugee memory and identity pass through the different stages of trauma and change throughout historical periods. For example, Vasos Vogiatzoglou, born in 1935 in Nea Ionia, noted, 'when I was a kid at school, I used to mutter my last name. I was ashamed to say -oglou. I'm proud of it now'. Overall, for the first two generations, Asia Minor refugee identity becomes a 'refugee' being isolated in the private sphere and it is gradually transformed into a 'citizen', entering public life for the third and the fourth generation.
How do people with memories and identities of forced displacement think about subsequent migration? Are they becoming empathisers, antagonists, or rivals? Without ignoring the multiplicity of variables in-play, I argue that Asia Minor refugee history, memory, and identity acquire various meanings and interpretations, influencing descendants' attitudes in often conflicting ways. Refugee identity is a capacious and dynamic platform of ongoing understanding as well as a limited space of domination and competition. This contention is situated at the heart of this research, leading both to the building of bridges and parallels with histories of others and to their demolition through hierarchies of acceptability and antagonistic comparisons. These emerging complexities remind us that it is unwise to overgeneralise about attitudes towards migration that can be quite volatile and contradictory. Describing this complexity, one of my interviewees confessed, 'I don't know which are the opposing sides because sometimes I don't know what side I'm on […] In the morning I sympathise, I am with them. At 10:00 I detest them. At 12:00 I save them. At 15:00 I hate them. At 19:00 I have to do something for them and I do it. At 22:00 I can't stand them'.
Elucidating the attitudes of refugee descendants, I bring together time (generations), place (geographies), and subsequent migration (waves of other migrations). I argue that the intersection of these three elements allows an understanding of the continuities and discontinuities that characterise the Janus-faced attitudes of refugee descendants, leading to empathy, hostility, and competition. Geography matters as regional and historical particularities inform elements such as the existence of different senses of refugee identity and varying degrees of exposure to subsequent migrations. Generation matters as different generations express different attitudes based on their varying levels of integration and the diverse intensities of their refugee identity.
Overall, Lesvians are presented as gate openers, Macedonians as gatekeepers, and Athenians as pragmatists being in-between of the Janus-faced reactions. Using Janus, the God of gates and transitions, beginning and endings, to parallel each generation, the second generation sees into the refugee past with one face and the fourth generation into the future with the other face, leaving the third generation in the middle of this fluid duality.
Many facets of the compulsory population exchange have become central to various studies. Unlike most accounts, this work offers an intergenerational, interregional, comparative, and in-depth perspective, illuminating memories and identities of forced displacement among Asia Minor refugees and their descendants in the context of subsequent migration.
2023 is the centenary from the Asia Minor forced displacement that marked the establishment of population transfers and displacements throughout the world. Many examples compose the unsettling of the modern world throughout different historical periods and regions such as Central and Southeastern Europe, South Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. This circularity that migration history entails can be expressed with various similar and opposite patterns, connected and disconnected stories of migration. One of these stories is the history of migration in Greece and the historical parallel between the Greek-Turkish population exchange (1923) and the contemporary migration and refugee flows (2015). Today, in light of the current migration and refugee crises, the critical understanding of past displacements echoes with new relevance.
 Interview with Vasos Vogiatzoglou, conducted by Marilena Anastasopoulou, Attica, 24 Jan. 2020
 Interview with Stratis Balaskas, conducted by Marilena Anastasopoulou, Lesvos, 4 Oct. 2019.
*The Hellenic Observatory hosted a research seminar on the topic on 14 November 2023. For more information please visit the event page.


Charles Ives: Holidays Symphony
Coming of age at the dawn of the twentieth century, Charles Ives saw the halcyon days of his youth fading fast. Not willing to let them go, he invented a striking new musical language to enshrine the feelings and ideals of a simpler time. But many, shocked by passages like the "fireworks" in 'Fourth of July,' found his new-fangled methods at odds with the memories he was trying to preserve. Did Ives go too far? Or did he succeed in turning his memories into music?
October 2009
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Let's continue the modal verbs series with should / shouldn't. This post has been improved by Mr. Kimmo Kosunen.
Use should / shouldn't + base form of a verb to give somebody advice or say what you think is the right thing to do.
Note: Should/shouldn't is often used as a form of criticism, especially with the negative: You shouldn't drive so fast! This also depends how the speaker says it – does he sound friendly or as if he's criticizing…
I think you should teach for another school.
The Romanian government should do more for the country.
She should buy a new motorbike; she always seems to have problems with this one.
She shouldn't drive so fast.
should / shouldn't + base form is the same for all persons
An alternative of should is ought. Personally, I don't use ought.
The two forms (should and ought) are almost always used interchangeably but some consider that ought to implies a stronger obligation than should, while others think that ought to is old-fashioned and may always be replaced by should. And when something sounds old-fashioned, it almost automatically also obtains a more formal register.
The only situation I can think of when ought to cannot be replaced with should is in the British English usage of should in the meaning of if:
Should the visitors arrive early, we can have lunch with them. (Not common in American English but often used in British English).
Ought the visitors to arrive early, we can have lunch with them.
The learners of English should remember ought always goes with to.


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The Future is Sustainability
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has commissioned a new National Research Council sustainability study.
On the second day in December the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) commemorates four decades of work on behalf of the environment. On the final day of November the agency made a special announcement at the Marian Koshland Science Museum of the National Academy of Science (NAS) on the future of the EPA. EPA Administrator Lisa P. Jackson, along with NAS President Ralph Cicerone, revealed the launch of a new National Research Council (NRC) study to provide an operational framework for the EPA to incorporate sustainability into all its programs. The study will help the agency build upon its expertise in protecting human health and the environment. The speech coincided with the Aspen Institute's unveiling of a list of the ten ways EPA has strengthened America.
The NRC will produce a Green Book that will focus on energy, water, material and land issues. In summer 2011 the report will be completed and the EPA will review the recommendations. This effort signifies a shift in the environmental protection movement to confront challenges through a sustainability lens.
Dr. Paul Anastas, Assistant Administrator for EPA's Office of Research and Development, stated, "there is widespread recognition across the scientific community that sustainability, holistic thinking, and a systems approach to environmental protection are the only way forward. The study launched yesterday is the critical step that so many sustainability scientists have been waiting for."
Published: Wednesday, December 01, 2010


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nslookup - query Internet name servers interactively SYNOPSIS
Nslookup is a program to query Internet domain name servers. Nslookup has two modes: interactive and non-interactive. Interactive mode allows the user to query name servers for information about various hosts and domains or to print a list of hosts in a domain. Non-interactive mode is used to print just the name and requested information for a host or domain. ARGUMENTS
Look up information for host using the currentdefault server or using server, if specified. Ifhost is an Internet address and the query type is A or PTR, the name of the host is returned. If host is a name and does not have a trailing period, the default domain name is appended to the name. (This behavior depends on the state of the set options domain, srchlist, defname, and search.)
To look up a host not in the current domain, append a period to the name.
lserver domain Change the default server to domain; lserver uses the initial server to look up information about domain, while server uses the current default server. If an authoritative answer can't be found, the names of servers that might have the answer are returned.
root Changes the default server to the server for the root of the domain name space. Currently, the host ns.internic.net is used. (This command is a synonym for ''lserver ns.internic.net.) The name of the root server can be changed with the ''set root command.
finger [name? [[
finger [name? [[ Connects with the finger server on the current host. The current host is defined when a previous lookup for a host was successful and returned address information (see the ''set querytype=A'' command). The name is optional.
ls [option? domain [[
ls [option? domain [[ List the information available for domain, optionally creating or appending to filename. The default output contains host names and their Internet addresses. Option can be one of the following:
lists all records of the specified type (see querytype below).
lists aliases of hosts in the domain; synonym for ''-t CNAME''.
lists all records for the domain; synonym for ''-t ANY''.
lists CPU and operating system information for the domain; synonym for ''-t HINFO''.
lists well-known services of hosts in the domain; synonym for ''-t WKS''.
When output is directed to a file, hash marks are printed for every 50 records received from the server.
view filename Sorts and lists the output of previous ls command(s) with more(_USER_@).
? Prints a brief summary of commands.
exit Exits the program.
set keyword [=value? This command is used to change state information that affects the lookups. Valid keywords are:
all Prints the current values of the frequently-used options to set. Information about the current default server and host is also printed.
class=value Change the query class to one of:
IN the Internet class
CHAOS the Chaos class
HESIOD the MIT Athena Hesiod class
ANY wildcard (any of the above)
The class specifies the protocol group of the information.
(Default = IN; abbreviation = cl)
[no? debug Turn debugging mode on. A lot more information is printed about the packet sent to the server and the resulting answer.
(Default = nodebug; abbreviation = [no? deb)
[no? d2 Turn exhaustive debugging mode on. Essentially all fields of every packet are printed.
(Default = nod2)
domain=name Change the default domain name to name. The default domain name is appended to a lookup request depending on the state of the defname and search options. The domain search list contains the parents of the default domain if it has at least two components in its name. For example, if the default domain is CC.Berkeley.EDU, the search list is CC.Berkeley.EDU and Berkeley.EDU. Use the ''set srchlist command to specify a different list. Use the ''set all command to display the list.
(Default = value from hostname(_USER_@), /etc/resolv.conf, or LOCALDOMAIN; abbreviation = do)
srchlist=name1/name2/... Change the default domain name to name1 and the domain search list to name1, name2, etc. A maximum of 6 names separated by slashes (/) can be specified. For example,
sets the domain to lcs.MIT.EDU and the search list to the three names. This command overrides the default domain name and search list of the ''set domain command. Use the ''set all command to display the list.
[no? search If the lookup request contains at least oneperiod but doesn't end with a trailingperiod, append the domain names in thedomain search list to the request until ananswer is received.(Default = search; abbreviation = [no?sea) port=value Change the default TCP/UDP name server portto value.(Default = 53; abbreviation = po) querytype=value type=value Change the type of information query to oneof: Athe host's Internet address.
CNAME the canonical name for an alias.
HINFO the host CPU and operating system type.
MINFO the mailbox or mail list information.
MX the mail exchanger.
NS the name server for the named zone.
PTR the host name if the query is an Internet address; otherwise, the pointer to other information.
SOA the domain's ''start-of-authority'' information.
TXT the text information.
UINFO the user information.
WKS the supported well-known services.
Other types (ANY, AXFR, MB, MD, MF, NULL) are described in the RFC-1035 document.
(Default = A; abbreviations = q, ty)
[no? recurse Tell the name server to query other servers if it does not have the information.
(Default = recurse; abbreviation = [no? rec)
retry=number Set the number of retries to number. When a reply to a request is not received within a certain amount of time (changed with ''set timeout''), the timeout period is doubled and the request is resent. The retry value controls how many times a request is resent before giving up.
(Default = 4, abbreviation = ret)
root=host Change the name of the root server to host. This affects the ''root'' command.
(Default = ns.internic.net.; abbreviation = ro)
timeout=number Change the initial timeout interval for waiting for a reply to number seconds. Each retry doubles the timeout period.
(Default = 5 seconds; abbreviation = ti)
[no? vc Always use a virtual circuit when sending requests to the server.
(Default = novc; abbreviation = [no? v)
[no? ignoretc Ignore packet truncation errors.
(Default = noignoretc; abbreviation = [no? ig)
The server did not respond to a request after a certain amount of time (changed with ''set timeout=value) and a certain number of retries (changed with ''set retry=value).
No response from server No name server is running on the server machine.
No records The server does not have resource records of the current query type for the host, although the host name is valid. The query type is specified with the ''set querytype'' command.
Non-existent domain The host or domain name does not exist.
Network is unreachable The connection to the name or finger server could not be made at the current time. This error commonly occurs with ls and finger requests.
Server failure The name server found an internal inconsistency in its database and could not return a valid answer.
Refused The name server refused to service the request.
Format error The name server found that the request packet was not in the proper format. It may indicate an error in nslookup.
initial domain name and name server addresses
$HOME/.nslookuprc user's initial options /usr/share/misc/nslookup.help summary of commands
file containing host aliases
LOCALDOMAIN overrides default domain
_USER_@named(_USER_@), resolver(_USER_@), resolver(_USER_@); RFC-1034, ''Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities; RFC-1035, ''Domain Names - Implementation and Specification. AUTHOR