Healthcare IT Interoperability, EHR interoperability, Hospital Interoperability
Claims Management News
Why Payers Should Improve Cost Transparency for Consumers
To find out how the lack of data and cost transparency is affecting the health insurance industry, spoke with Joel Ario.
The health insurance industry could benefit from greater cost transparency, as it could bring new methods for lowering healthcare spending and create a more competitive market among providers. Federal and state regulators aiming at reducing healthcare spending would benefit from creating new legislation focused on improving cost transparency.
Cost-Sharing Health Insurance Plans
One report called Liberating Data to Enable Healthcare Market Transparency: A Guide for Regulators and Policy Makers outlined that, despite the reforms and provisions of the Affordable Care Act, consumers are still not receiving enough data and cost transparency when it comes to their health insurance options.
For instance, many are still lost on their cost-sharing options, out-of-pocket costs, provider networks, premium spending, and prescription drug access. To learn more about this report and find out how the lack of data and cost transparency is affecting the health insurance industry, spoke with Joel Ario, author of the report, former Director of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and Managing Director at Manatt Health. Katherine Hempstead, Senior Adviser to the Vice President of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, also joined in on the exclusive interview.
"What are the benefits in the plans that are offered? What is the cost sharing structure? What's in the formularies and provider directories?" Ario spoke about some of the transparency issues relevant to consumer decisions. "When consumers are making choices between plans, they need to have as much information as possible." What steps can health payers and federal regulators take to improve cost transparency for the average consumer?
Joel Ario: "The first step is that the regulators would make available this data that allows the consumer to understand what their cost-sharing responsibilities would be under different health plan choices. Making this data available, which CMS has started to do and has done a good job at taking data about the types of plans that are offered on the marketplaces and making it available through standardized data templates and through public use files that make that data easier to use by researchers and other people who want to use that data to understand trends and help consumers understand their options."
"Our paper talks about how that's a part of the data but really, a lot of individuals still purchase off-exchange rather than on-exchange so state regulators should do the same as federal regulators in terms of making this information available about benefit plans and cost-sharing structures."
"Then, what happens next is that foundations and others interested in this can build on that regulatory data. If the regulators do their job right, then a foundation like the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation can build on that to help the consumer."
Katherine Hempstead: "A big focus of our work has been to try to make the individual direct to consumer insurance market more efficient and better serve consumers by making people be able to compare the plans head to head. We've funded the creation of this data set that has a lot of cost-sharing information for all 50 states for the plans on the ACA marketplace."
"We're going to release it on Friday and it's going to have an Excel version and a machine-readable file that people can download for research purposes. It's called Hicks compare. It's something that was now done ever since the market opened, but in the first year, it was only silver plans. We're reissuing 2015 and putting in 2016 for bronze, silver, and gold health plans."
"The idea is for people to be able to really analyze what's going on in the market and compare the plans and also for people to use that information to help make decision-support tools for consumers so that they can make the best choices when they're shopping for a plan." What are the most important topics outlined in your roadmap that health insurers should pay attention to?
Joel Ario: "I think that the four dimensions to the plan that are important to the consumer include what benefits are covered. Those are fairly standardized by essential health benefits, but they do vary some by state."
"The second issue that varies quite a bit is what kind of cost-sharing applies. There's a big difference between buying a bronze plan where you could pay more than a $5,000 deductible and buying a richer plan where you'd pay a much smaller deductible."
"The third and fourth dimensions, which are getting a lot of attention under the ACA, are the formularies and how to really understand the formulary structure. This can be quite complicated with different tiers of cost-sharing and different utilization management restrictions. Unpacking that and understanding how the formularies work and which plans cover prescription drugs and how much cost-sharing does a consumer have - those sorts of questions are very important."
"Finally, what probably gets the most attention these days, the provider directories and trying to understand my choices with a lot more narrow network products out
there. How do I understand whether the plan covers my doctor and whether I want a plan that's maybe a little cheaper and has a narrow network or do I still want a more traditional, broad network type of plan. Information about that dimensions of plans. All of that is critical to the consumer."
Katherine Hempstead: "I think plans have made a lot of progress. Whether it's the providers that make it complicated, payers are starting to realize it's not really adequate for carriers to act like they're not able to tell consumers whether providers are in their network or not. Consumers increasingly are feeling like they have a right to know that and they're even starting to not react well when it changes in a year."
"I think that it's been an adjustment for carriers but I do see a lot of progress." Why is cost transparency important for the health insurance industry? How does it benefit health insurers?
Katherine Hempstead: "A lot of the all-payer claims databases that a lot of carriers don't want to participate in, but one of the things that they do is that they can shine a light on high negotiated provider prices. By putting that information out there, it can actually help negotiate more competitive networks. Even though they tend to resist participating in these things, they can also be the biggest beneficiaries."
Joel Ario: "A second dimension of this is, as consumers do have what the carriers like to call 'more skin in the game,' so higher cost sharing, then I think it's incumbent on the carriers then to be explaining a lot more about how that works and disclose a lot more about pricing in the marketplace so that consumers can actually be intelligent purchasers."
"It doesn't do a whole lot of good to say 'We want you to pay a higher share of the bill through cost-sharing but we're not going to provide much information about how much your cost-sharing is going to be.'"
"An example of where you see this now is mostly in the federal and state exchanges. They have what's called a total out-of-pocket cost calculator so that when you're comparing a few plans, you're not only seeing what the premium is for the plan but you see an estimate of what your out-of-pocket spending would be on that plan. If you're a traditional user or if you entered more data, then there could be an estimate that's based on your particular usage patterns."
"The more consumers are expected to share in cost through cost-sharing, the more they're going to want good transparency around what those costs may be to them." What are the biggest challenges that health payers face when it comes to cost and data transparency? Are there any solutions to these problems?
Katherine Hempstead: "It depends on the market segment. I definitely think that most carriers would still probably say out-of-network issues in most states and provider high-negotiated rates, provider prices, and, of course, pharmaceutical prices are some of their biggest and most difficult cost items to control."
Joel Ario: "I do think that consumer education is an important part of this as well. The consumers that are not used to having a lot of cost-sharing and, therefore, aren't very well educated about what deductibles mean and what copayments mean. Increasingly, you want improvements in consumer literacy, which take not just data being available but, more importantly, consumer tools of the sort that you see on these web pages that help people sort through their options and understand them and help them become more literate consumers."
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The incubation period or latency period is the amount of time between being exposed to a contagious disease and when you begin developing symptoms.
This is not the same as the contagious period or the time during which your child can get others sick.
Depending on the disease, the incubation period can be just a few hours or can last for several months. Knowing the incubation period for a disease can help you understand if your child is still at risk of getting sick or if he is in the clear — whether he is exposed to someone with strep throat, measles, or the flu.
"The incubation period is the time from exposure to the causative agent until the first symptoms develop and is characteristic for each disease agent."
It can also help you figure out where and when your child got sick. For example, if your infant develops chickenpox, a vaccine-preventable disease, you can't blame it on your cousin who doesn't vaccinate her kids and who was visiting just three days ago. The incubation period for chickenpox is at least 10 to 21 days. So your child who is too young to be vaccinated likely caught chicken pox from someone he was exposed to a few weeks ago.
As we saw in recent outbreaks of Ebola and measles, a diseases incubation period can also help you figure out how long an exposed person needs to stay in quarantine. After all, if they don't get sick once the incubation period is over, then they likely won't get sick and can be released from quarantine.
Incubation Periods of Childhood Diseases
The incubation period for some common diseases includes:
- Adenovirus – 2 to 14 days, leading to a sore throat, fever, and pink eye
- vomiting after exposure to Bacillus cereus, a type of food poisoning – 30 minutes to 6 hours (short incubation period
- Clostridium tetani (Tetanus) – 3 to 21 days
- Chickenpox – 10 to 21 days
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections (Infectious Mononucleosis) – 30 to 50 days (long incubation period)
- E. coli – 10 hours to 6 days (short incubation period)
- E. coli O157:H7 – 1 to 8 days
- Fifth disease – 4 to 21 days, with the classic 'slapped cheek' rash
- Group A streptococcal (GAS) infection (strep throat) – 2 to 5 days
- Group A streptococcal (GAS) infection (impetigo) – 7 to 10 days
- Head lice (time for eggs to hatch) – 7 to 12 days
- Herpes (cold sores) – 2 to 14 days
- HIV – less than 1 year to over 15 years
- Influenza (flu) – 1 to 4 days
- Listeria monocytogenes (Listeriosis) – 1 day to 3 weeks, but can be as long as 2 months (long incubation period)
- Measles – 7 to 18 days
- Molluscum contagiosum – 2 weeks to 6 months (long incubation period)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) – 2 to 10 weeks (long incubation period)
- Mycoplasma penumoniae (walking pneumonia) – 1 to 4 weeks
- Norovirus ( the 'cruise ship' diarrhea virus) – 12 to 48 hours
- Pinworms – 1 to 2 months
- Rabies – 4 to 6 weeks, but can last years (very long incubation period)
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) – 2 to 8 days
- Rhinovirus (common cold) – 2 to 3 days, but may be up to 7 days
- Roseola – about 9 to 10 days, leading to a few days of fever and then the classic rash once the fever breaks
- Rotavirus – 1 to 3 days
- gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea and vomiting) after exposure to Salmonella – 6 to 72 hours
- Scabies – 4 to 6 weeks
- Staphylococcus aureus – varies
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (can cause pneumonia, meningitis, ear infections, and sinus infection, setc.) – 1 to 3 days
- Whooping cough (pertussis) – 5 to 21 days
Knowing the incubation period of an illness isn't always as helpful as it seems, though, as kids often have multiple exposures when kids around them are sick, especially if they are in school or daycare.
Conditions with long incubation periods can also fool you, as you might suspect a recent exposure, but it was really someone your child was around months ago.
More About Incubation Periods
- The incubation period of a viral infection
- Incubation vs Contagious Periods
- CDC – Introduction to Epidemiology
- CDC – Using an Epi Curve to Determine Most Likely Period of Exposure

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HUDDERSFIELD, England, April 23 (UPI) -- Professor Plum did it -- in the study with the lead pipe. Or was it Professor Plum's identical twin? Previously, it was too hard and too expensive to separate the DNA of identical twins, but new research has offered hope to forensic scientists.
Prosecution is often dropped in cases largely reliant on DNA evidence when the suspect is an identical twin. The risk of convicting the wrong twin is too great.
The chance of a DNA match between two unrelated individuals is extraordinarily small -- one in a billion. For siblings, the chance is 1 in 10,000. But identical twins have essentially the same DNA sequence, making the identification of the forensic evidence they leave behind extremely difficult.
But researchers at the University of Huddersfield recently developed a cost-effective and accurate method for differentiating between the genetic profiles of identical twins. The method looks at DNA methylation, a biochemical process that helps manage gene expression -- turning genes on and off.
As identical twins age, different environmental factors affect their genomes, or the ways in which their genetic material is expressed. These differences can be seen in their corresponding DNA methylation. Researchers developed a way to compare DNA methylation using a process called "high resolution melt curve analysis," or HRMA.
"What HRMA does is to subject the DNA to increasingly high temperatures until the hydrogen bonds break, known as the melting temperature," lead scientist Dr. Graham Williams, the head of Huddersfield's Forensic Genetics Research Group, said in a press release. "The more hydrogen bonds that are present in the DNA, the higher the temperature required to melt them."
"Consequently, if one DNA sequence is more methylated than the other, then the melting temperatures of the two samples will differ -- a difference that can be measured, and which will establish the difference between two identical twins," Williams added.
The process isn't perfect. Young twins with similar environments may not have developed significant differences in their DNA methylation. The technique also requires a large genetic sample, which may not be recoverable at every crime scene.
Other techniques for identical twin DNA differentiation exist. DNA sequences can be analyzed for mutations, and compared against each other. But this process is time-consuming and expensive.
The new technique is detailed in the journal Analytical Biochemistry.


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'Bird Jams': Long Winter Sends Migratory Flocks into Tailspin
Weak and exhausted birds flying to their breeding grounds in Northern Europe have made an unpleasant discovery: Winter isn't over yet. The result has been a difficult search for food as well as huge gatherings of migratory birds in milder parts of Germany.
They say the early bird gets the worm, but this year in Germany, those that have already returned for spring breeding are actually struggling to find enough food.
Local news reports across the country in recent days have detailed "bird jams," or locations where huge flocks of migratory birds have gathered to weather the cold before reaching their final breeding grounds.
"Because of the snow still covering the ground in many places, they are struggling to find enough food to make it the final stretch, particularly to the breeding grounds that are further north," says Eric Neuling, an ornithologist at the Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU) in Berlin. "So they are staying as long as possible in places where the weather is milder to some degree, where they can find enough food to refuel."
The flocks gathering in the states of Hesse, Lower Saxony and elsewhere are mainly ground-nesting or field birds, such as the Northern Lapwing or the Eurasian Skylark, which still don't have the right conditions to begin breeding.
"It has been stunning to observe south of Berlin an enormous flock of Eurasian Skylarks, numbering in the thousands, which is a really rare thing to see," Neuling says.
Don't Disturb the Birds
Along the Rhine River, a region typically milder than other parts of the country, authorities have reportedly closed certain hiking areas to protect migratory birds that are too weak to handle human disturbance. "Especially in these difficult weather conditions, preventing any kind of disturbance is important, because whether it's airplanes, traffic or people, this equals stress for the animals, and any time they are roused they lose precious energy," says Neuling. This is particularly true for species like geese and cranes, which spend the entire day foraging for food.
But this has created problems for farmers, in Lower Saxony for example, where large flocks of geese have camped out in fields, kicking up crop seed and eating it too. "Attempts to scare them off or hunting just creates a vicious cycle, because then they have to eat even more to survive to make up for the loss of energy," says Neuling.
Some of the birds will die before spring arrives, but this is simply a part of natural selection, Neuling says. While the long winter has "certainly been extreme," people should resist the urge to try helping any birds they see.
"The temperatures and the snow cover are a real challenge for the birds, but there isn't a great danger," he says. "Those that are fit can survive such periods of cold."
kla -- with wire reports
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All Rights Reserved
Reproduction only allowed with the permission of SPIEGELnet GmbH
MORE FROM SPIEGEL INTERNATIONAL
German PoliticsMerkel's Moves: Power Struggles in Berlin
World War IITruth and Reconciliation: Why the War Still Haunts Europe
EnergyGreen Power: The Future of Energy
European UnionUnited Europe: A Continental Project
Climate ChangeGlobal Warming: Curbing Carbon Before It's Too Late


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priority for further collecting due to severe gaps in their ex situ collections. Such gaps are most pronounced in the geographic center of diversity of the wild relatives in Peru. A total of 20 and 18 species were assessed as medium and low priority for further collecting, respectively, with only three species determined to be sufficiently represented currently. Priorities for further collecting include: (i) species completely lacking representation in germplasm collections; (ii) other high priority taxa, with geographic emphasis on the center of species diversity; (iii) medium priority species. Such collecting efforts combined with further emphasis on improving ex situ conservation technologies and methods, performing genotypic and phenotypic characterization of wild relative diversity, monitoring wild populations in situ, and making conserved wild relatives and their associated data accessible to the global research community, represent key steps in ensuring the long-term availability of the wild genetic resources of this important crop.
Keywords: Andes, Lima, Peru, deforestation, dispersal, endemic, songbirds
Householder J, Wittmann F, Tobler M, Janovec J (2015)
Montane bias in lowland Amazonian Peatlands: Plant assembly on heterogeneous landscapes and potential significance to palynological inference
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 423 138-148.
Past temperature changes in tropical mountain regions are commonly inferred from vertical elevational shifts of montane indicator taxa in the palynological record. However temperature is one of several abiotic factors driving the low-elevational limits of species and many montane taxa can occur in warmer lowlands by tracking appropriate habitat types, especially highly flooded wetlands. In this paper we explore ways in which lowland habitat heterogeneity might introduce error into paleo-temperature reconstructions, based on field data of seven modern peatland vegetation communities in the southern Peruvian Amazon (~200masl). Peat-rich substrates are common edaphic transitions in pollen cores and provide detailed records of past vegetation change. The data show that indicators of modern peatlands include genera with montane as well as lowland distributions, while indicators of surrounding forests on mineral substrates have predominantly lowland distributions. Based on family-level analyses we find that modern peatland vegetation communities have taxonomic compositions appearing to be 389m to 1557m (mean=1050±391m) above their actual elevations due to a high abundance and number of families with high elevation optima. We interpret the relatively higher prevalence of montane elements in modern peatlands as habitat tracking of a conserved montane niche on heterogeneous lowland landscapes. We suggest that both high moisture availability and stressful edaphic conditions of peatland habitat may explain the montane bias observed. To the extent that fossilization provides a better record of past vegetation that occurred proximate to the site of deposition, we suggest that habitat tracking of montane elements may introduce a cool bias in lowland paleo-temperature reconstructions based on pollen proxies.
Keywords: Amazon, Andes, Climate history, Gentry, Montane, Peatland, Wetland
Khoury C, Heider B, Castañeda-Álvarez N, Achicanoy H, Sosa C, Miller R et al. (2015)
Distributions, ex situ conservation priorities, and genetic resource potential of crop wild relatives of sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., I. series Batatas].
Frontiers in plant science 6 251.
Crop wild relatives of sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., I. series Batatas] have the potential to contribute to breeding objectives for this important root crop. Uncertainty in regard to species boundaries and their phylogenetic relationships, the limited availability of germplasm with which to perform crosses, and the difficulty of introgression of genes from wild species has constrained their utilization. Here, we compile geographic occurrence data on relevant sweetpotato wild relatives and produce potential distribution models for the species. We then assess the comprehensiveness of ex situ germplasm collections, contextualize these results with research and breeding priorities, and use ecogeographic information to identify species with the potential to contribute desirable agronomic traits. The fourteen species that are considered the closest wild relatives of sweetpotato generally occur from the central United States to Argentina, with richness concentrated in Mesoamerica and in the extreme Southeastern United States. Currently designated species differ among themselves and in comparison to the crop in their adaptations to temperature, precipitation, and edaphic characteristics and most species also show considerable intraspecific variation. With 79% of species identified as high priority for further collecting, we find that these crop genetic resources are highly under-represented in ex situ conservation systems and thus their availability to breeders and researchers is inadequate. We prioritize taxa and specific geographic locations for further collecting in order to improve the completeness of germplasm collections. In concert with enhanced conservation of sweetpotato wild relatives, further taxonomic research, characterization and evaluation of germplasm, and improving the techniques to overcome barriers to introgression with wild species are needed in order to mobilize these genetic resources for crop breeding.
Keywords: Crop Improvement, Crop diversity, Crop wild relatives, Food security, Gap analysis, Plant Genetic Resources
Sevink J, Verstraten JM, Kooijman AM, Loayza-Muro RA, Hoitinga L P (2015)
Rare Moss-Built Microterraces in a High-Altitude, Acid Mine Drainage-Polluted Stream (Cordillera Negra, Peru) - Springer
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution.
The Rio Santiago in the Cordillera Negra of Peru is severely contaminated by acid mine drainage in its headwaters. In a strongly acid stream, at about 3800 m above sea level (masl), microterraces were found with terrace walls built up of dead moss, with encrustations and interstitial fine, creamy sediment. The stream water was turbid due to the presence of similar suspended sediment, which also occurred as a thin basal layer in inter-rim basins. The moss was identified as the rare bryophyte Anomobryum prostratum (Müll. Hal.) Besch. Chemical and mineralogical analyses show that green, living parts of the moss are gradually coated by Al/Fe (hydr)oxides, inducing their senescence and death. The necromass is covered by creamy crusts through precipitation of schwertmannite-type material from the stream water and simultaneous 'capture' of fine sediment. The latter consists of a mixture of precipitate and fine detrital primary minerals. These processes are held responsible for the formation of the microterraces, which regarding their composition and environment seem to be unique. Remarkable is the high As content of the creamy crusts and sediment, attributed to strong sorption of As, whereas its solute concentration is relatively low. This calls for more attention to suspended fine sediment in the assessment of environmental risks of stream water use. Lastly, the results raise serious doubts about the use of aquatic bryophytes as bioindicator for chemical pollution in acid mine drainage-polluted streams.
Keywords: Acid mine drainage, Arsenic, Bryophyte Microterraces, Schwertmannite
Fajardo J, Lessmann J, Bonaccorso E, Devenish C, Muñoz J (2014)
Combined use of systematic conservation planning, species distribution modelling, and connectivity analysis reveals severe conservation gaps in a megadiverse country (peru).
PloS one 9(12) e114367.
Conservation planning is crucial for megadiverse countries where biodiversity is coupled with incomplete reserve systems and limited resources to invest in conservation. Using Peru as an example of a megadiverse country, we asked whether the national system of protected areas satisfies biodiversity conservation needs. Further, to complement the existing reserve system, we identified and prioritized potential conservation areas using a combination of species distribution modeling, conservation planning and connectivity analysis. Based on a set of 2,869 species, including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, butterflies, and plants, we used species distribution models to represent species' geographic ranges to reduce the effect of biased sampling and partial knowledge about species' distributions. A site-selection algorithm then searched for efficient and complementary proposals, based on the above distributions, for a more representative system of protection. Finally, we incorporated connectivity among areas in an innovative post-hoc analysis to prioritize those areas maximizing connectivity within the system. Our results highlight severe conservation gaps in the Coastal and Andean regions, and we propose several areas, which are not currently covered by the existing network of protected areas. Our approach helps to find areas that contribute to creating a more representative, connected and efficient network.
Keywords: Peru, amphibians, biodiversity, birds, conservation scince, endangered species, mammals, reptiles


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人们信仰上帝的50个理由-50 Reasons People Give for Believing in a God
上传于 2020-02-28 48次下载 4708次围观
标题（title）：50 Reasons People Give for Believing in a God
作者（author）：Guy P. Harrison
大小（size）：784 kB (802530 bytes)
Many books that challenge religious belief from a sceptical point of view take a combative tone that is almost guaranteed to alienate believers or they present complex philosophical or scientific arguments that fail to reach the average reader. Journalist Guy P Harrison argues that this is an ineffective way of encouraging people to develop critical thinking about religion. In this unique approach to scepticism regarding God, Harrison concisely presents fifty commonly heard reasons people often give for believing in a God and then he raises legitimate questions regarding these reasons, showing in each case that there is much room for doubt.Whether you're a believer, a complete sceptic, or somewhere in between, you'll find Harrison's review of traditional and more recent arguments for the existence of God refreshing, approachable, and enlightening. From religion as the foundation of morality to the authority of sacred books, the compelling religious testimony of influential people, near-death experiences, arguments from "Intelligent Design", and much more, Harrison respectfully describes each rationale for belief and then politely shows the deficiencies that any good sceptic would point out.As a journalist who has travelled widely and interviewed many highly accomplished people, quite a number of whom are believers, Harrison appreciates the variety of belief and the ways in which people seek to make religion compatible with scientific thought. Nonetheless, he shows that, despite the prevalence of belief in God or religious belief in intelligent people, in the end there are no unassailable reasons for believing in a God. For sceptics looking for appealing ways to approach their believing friends or believers who are not afraid to consider a sceptical challenge, Harrison's book makes for very stimulating reading.
"Religion is as universal as language, which hints at a biological basis. Why did our ancestors evolve an attraction to the supernatural? The fundamental question is not whether this attraction is rational or not - which is the subject of a dozen recent provocative books -- but what exactly faith delivers to those who possess it. The present book treats this question respectfully, listening to the answer of the believers themselves, which seems an excellent place to start." -- *Frans de Waal, leading primatologist, author of Our Inner Ape (Riverhead, 2005)*
"Deep wisdom and patient explanations fill this excellent book. The author--a journalist with worldwide experience and thorough scientific knowledge--doesn't ridicule supernatural beliefs. He seems fond of believers. But he quietly employs logic to show that invisible gods, devils, heavens, hells, miracles and the like belong in the superstitious past, and cannot be taken seriously by educated modern people." -- *James A. Haught, author of 2,000 Years of Disbelief and editor of West Virginia's largest newspaper, The Charleston Gazette*
"Guy P. Harrison has written a persuasive and frequently humorous book about an important topic...This thoughtful work should be read by religious practitioners, political leaders, and the general public and should be taught as a foundation for explaining the role of religion in society. I recommend it heartily." -- *Nick Wynne, PhD; Executive director of the Florida Historical Society*
About the Author
Guy P. Harrison is a graduate of the University of South Florida with a degree in history and anthropology. He currently lives in the Cayman Islands where he is a columnist and travel writer for a national newspaper. He has won several international awards for his writing and photography.
Table of contents :
Content: Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
1. My god is obvious.
2. Almost everybody on Earth is religious.
3. Faith is a good thing.
4. Archaeological discoveries prove that my god exists.
5. Only my god can make me feel significant.
6. Atheism is just another religion.
7. Evolution is bad.
8. Our world is too beautiful to be an accident.
9. My god created the universe.
10. Believing in my god makes me happy.
11. Better safe than sorry.
12. A sacred book proves my god is real.
13. Divine justice proves my god is real. 14. My god answers prayers. 15. I would rather worship my god than the devil.
16. My god heals sick people.
17. Anything is better than being an atheist.
18. My god made the human body.
19. My god sacrificed his only son for me.
20. Atheists are jerks who think they know everything.
21. I don't lose anything by believing in my god.
22. I didn't come from a monkey.
23. I don't want to go to hell.
24. I feel my god when I pray.
25. I need my god to protect me.
26. I want eternal life.
27. Without my god we would have no sense of right and wrong. 28. My god makes me feel like I am part of something bigger than myself. 29. My religion makes more sense than all the others.
30. My god changes lives.
31. Intelligent design proves my god is real.
32. Millions of people can't be wrong about my religion.
33. Miracles prove my god is real.
34. Religion is beautiful.
35. Some very smart people believe in my god.
36. Ancient prophecies prove my god exists.
37. No one has ever disproved the existence of my god.
38. People have gone to heaven and returned.
39. Religion brings people together.
40. My god inspires people. 41. Science can't explain everything. 42. Society would fall apart without religion.
43. My religion is so old, it must be true.
44. Someone I trust told me that my god is real.
45. Atheism is a negative and empty philosophy.
46. Believing in a god doesn't hurt anyone.
47. The earth is perfectly tuned to support life.
48. Believing is natural so my god must be real.
49. The end is near.
50. I am afraid of not believing.
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Article ID: 189871 - View products that this article applies to.
This article was previously published under Q189871
This article describes how to view partial resource information for projects that share resources from a resource pool. For example, if 20 projects share resources from a resource pool, how to view resource data for only 10 of those projects.
A resource pool will allow you to share a group of resources across multiple projects. When you view resource information, such as resource work, the information will be cumulative for all projects that share resources from the resource pool. To view resource information for only a partial group of those projects, you can temporarily share resources from a new pool. You can then view resource information for only the projects that are temporarily sharing resources from this new pool. When you finish, close all projects without saving information. Your original files and resource pool will remain intact. To do this, follow these steps:
To Temporarily Share Resources
When you finish, close all projects without saving changes.
To Remove a ProjectTo remove one or more projects from the group of projects sharing resources from the temporary pool, follow these steps:
Article ID: 189871 - Last Review: September 18, 2011 - Revision: 5.0
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Women across the nation are likely to be united in their disappointment in the Court of Appeal's decision to disregard campaigner's accusations of discrimination after their state pension age was risen to be the same as a man's.
The case in question which we will be focussing on in this article is *R (on the application of Delve and another) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions.
What is a state pension?
In brief, the state pension is a regular payment from the government which most people are able to claim when they reach the qualifying age. A person's state pension age depends on when they were born.
For example, if a person was born in 1977, they will reach state pension age in 2044. But if they were born in 1959 they will reach state pension age in 2025.
You can find out your State Pension age by using the calculator on the GOV.UK website.
Original changes
The Pensions Act 1995 changed the age a woman could begin collecting her state pension from 60 to 65, matching the male age, from April 2010 to 2020.
The Pensions Acts of 2007, 2011 and 2014 then accelerated this change, raising the state pension age for some men and women born in certain years to as high as 68.
What did the claimants take issue with?
The primary issue the claimants (who are two women born in the 1950's) took was that the changes to the pension age limit discriminates against women, both in terms of age and gender. They believe this to be the case because many women, especially those born in generations such as the 50s, 60s and 70s, were not in an equal economic position to men, and could not get the same types of jobs.
Essentially, their challenge to the legislation was that although one of the aims of PA 1995 was to end the gender based discrimination that had previously allowed women to claim their pension five years earlier than men, this equalisation had come before actual improvements in the economic position of women in their age group.
They also deemed it grossly unjust that women born between 6 April 1950 and 5 October 1954 are able to access their pension between the ages 60 and 66, while women born after 5 October 1954 but before 6 April 1960 must wait until they reach the age of 66 to receive theirs. Their argument is that not enough difference exists between these age groups to make the change in legislation reasonable. They further argued that the affected women were not given enough notice to prepare for up to six years extra without their state pension.
Their plight was backed by a huge amount of people, as an estimated 3.8 million women born in the 1950s have been impacted by the outcome of this case.
How did the Court of Appeal respond?
To put it plainly, the judges unanimously decided the claimants did not face discrimination on the grounds of sex and age when the Department of Work and Pensions (DWP) raised the state pension age.
To add insult to injury for the women affected, the government welcomed this ruling, saying the changes were a "long-overdue move towards gender equality".
The reasoning behind the ruling was that there is a need to equalise the age of state pensions as men and woman become more parallel according to their career and payment options. They conclude that it is impossible to say that the decision to 'strike the balance' where they did was made without 'reasonable foundation.'
No warning?
A key part of the claimant's argument was that the changes to the legislation were made swiftly, leaving the women affected little time to prepare for life without access to their pension. This part of the argument was also disregarded as inconclusive.
There has clearly been widespread disappointment and concern. Joanne Welch, founder and director of BackTo60 (the campaign group leading the opposition to this legislation), has said she would now consider taking the case to the Supreme Court and will draft her own legislation to bring a women's Bill of Rights.
What do we think?
Here at Lisa's Law we understand and appreciate the importance of gender equality. It is difficult not to feel sympathy with the women affected by this legislation; we fully understand their anger and disappointment. It is clearly true that women, on the whole, have historically been paid less than men. While thankfully this is changing, slowly but surely, we do feel that the situation could have been handled differently, or some additional support could have been given to the affected women to help bridge the gap in a more even manner.
It is likely that this case will be reignited in some way in the future, and we will be sure to report about it once more when it does.
Have questions? We are here for you!
In the meantime, we are operating as usual, and you can reach us on _PHONE_ 0276 or email in to _EMAIL_ for any questions you may have on this topic.
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text:
What's the difference between true Earthquakes and aftershocks?
Why defines an earthquake as an earthquake and the aftershock as just the aftershock? The ground shakes and moves for both, so why isn't an aftershock considered an earthquake?
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Buy 50 Alphabet Crafts, 50 Animal Crafts and 50 Nature Crafts ebooks together and save $5!
50 Alphabet Crafts for Little Kids includes crafts for letter recognition, letter formation and word recognition. It also features a fun and engaging craft for every letter of the alphabet! Easy step-by-step instructions are provided for each simple craft, with helpful color photographs to guide you through every project. Make learning fun with your little one and get crafting with your child today!
68 pages, 1 PDF
50 Animal Crafts for Little Kids will inspire you and your children to make a wide range of animal crafts using common materials. They will love the paper plate pig, the clothespin butterflies and the paper bag elephant puppet! Easy step-by-step instructions are provided for each simple craft with helpful color photographs to guide you through the project. So grab those cardboard tubes, paper plates, pom poms and paint, and get crafting with your child today! The animal crafts include zoo animals, farm animals, ocean animals, fish, pets, garden animals, birds, bugs and insects.
72 pages, 1 PDF
50 Nature Crafts for Little Kids is a fun book that is packed full of nature-themed crafts for your kids to enjoy throughout the year. It includes crafts that feature natural items and also crafts inspired by the natural world. Activities are listed by season, give clear step-by-step instructions and use everyday craft materials.
64 pages, 1 PDF


The Thief's Story Extra Questions Class 10 English CBSE/UP Board
'The thief's Story' extra questions will help in understanding the lesson. Extra questions help in revising the chapter and develop capability in designing answers to any question asked from the chapters. here are given Short as well as Long answer type questions and their answers. Go through them properly.
Extra Questions: The Thief's Story Class 10 English Book 'Footprints without Feet'
Short Questions and Answers
Question 1: Why did Hari Singh approach Anil?
Answer: Hari Singh was a thief who had not much luck in his work recently. So, he approached Anil with the intention of robbing him, as he seemed to be an easy-going and simple man. According to Hari, winning Anil's confidence was an easy task.
Question 2: 'Anil walked away. I followed casually.' Why do you think the narrator followed Anil?
Answer: The narrator's purpose of robbing Anil had not yet been served. He followed Anil to gain his trust and to look for an opportunity that may help him give shape to his plans. Though he was a thief so he wanted to be educated like him.
Question 3: Was Hari Singh successful in robbing Anil? Was Anil the only one who was robbed or did Hari also rob himself of something?
Answer: Yes, Hari Singh was successful in robbing Anil. But Anil was not the only one who was robbed at that time. Hari had robbed himself as well. He had lost the chance of receiving education and being literate.
He had robbed Anil monetarily but he had robbed himself of the chance for a better and brighter future, which was much more valuable.
Question 4: What did Anil and Hari agree upon to be the mode of payment?
Answer: When Anil started his inability to pay Hari, Anil questioned Hari if he could feed Hari. Hari realised that he had misjudged his target and moulded the situation for his benefit. Anil then agreed to feed him if he knew how to cook.
Question 5: What made Hari Singh go back to Anil's house?
Answer: Hari Singh realised the importance of education he was receiving from Anil. He knew that learning how to read and write and being a literate person would open doors to many opportunities. He was sure that he would then be able to earn more than a few hundred rupees he had in had at that time. This made him go back to Anil.
Question 6: Did Hari like working for Anil? Give reasons in support of your answers.
Answer: Yes, Hari liked working for Anil. He was happy to carry on the chores for him and was grateful for the education he was receiving. He used to make profit of about a rupee a day as well, which was a decent amount besides being fed.
Question 7: Why was it difficult for Hari to rob Anil?
Answer: It was difficult for Hari to rob Anil because Anil was the most trusting person Hari had ever met. He was really simple and kind. Hari knew that loss of money will not affect Anil but the loss of trust will make him sad.
Question 8: State the events that took place on the night of the theft?
Answer: After stealing Anil's money and leaving Anil's house, Hari went to the railway station but didn't board the train to Lucknow. He walked slowly through the bazaar as he did not know anyone who would provide him shelter except Anil, for he didn't have any friends. He was forced to take shelter under the clock tower later when it started raining heavily.
Question 9: How was the morning after the theft?
Answer: The morning after the night of the theft was just like a normal one. Hari woke up late and Anil had made tea by then. Anil gave a fifty rupee note to Hari and told him that he will now be paid regularly. Hari was aware that Anil knew about the theft but he didn't show anything.
Question 10: How you do think Anil may have come to know about the theft?
Answer: Anil may have come to know about the theft because of the dampness of the notes because of rain. He was a kind but wise man. It wouldn't have been difficult for Anil to make out the series of events that would have taken place in the night.
Question 11: Had Anil really forgiven Hari Singh? Support your answer with evidence
Answer: Yes, Anil had forgiven Hari Singh. It is evident because Anil handed over to Hari a fifty rupee note as soon as Hari woke up. Though he knew Hari had robbed the money at first but his subsequent action gave him hope of change in Hari's character.
Question 12: In which queer way did Anil make a living?
Answer: Anil made a living by writing for magazines which seemed queer for Hari, because the money was earned by fits and starts and not on a regular basis.
Long Questions and Answers
Question 1: Money can't make a man as much as education can. Elucidate the statement.
Answer: The statement stands true in almost all the aspects of life. Money may but us all the luxuries and fulfil our needs but it cannot buy us knowledge, civilised thinking, skill and abilities to achieve our dreams. Education lays the platform for all to act upon our goals according to our abilities. Education enables us to keep up with the fast-moving world. It opens the door to opportunities we do not know even exist. Money, on the other hand, can assist us to a certain level. It can buy us a plan but education gives us the knowledge of its execution. Just as in the story 'A Thief's Story'.
Hari Singh befriends the struggling author 'Anil', in the plans of making a steal. Anil, the author is a good fellow and wants to teach Hari Singh how to read and write. Gradually, he develops trust in Hari Singh. But Hari Singh has been waiting for the right moment to steal the valuables of Anil. After stealing money from Anil, Hari Singh tries to go away forever. But some inner voice stops him from doing so. He returned to Anil because he wants to live a life of respect. This shows that Hari Singh prioritised the chance of being literate over a few hundred rupees; we must understand that education can help us to achieve whatever we desire.
Question 2: Hari Singh didn't board the express and returned to Anil. Why did he return? On what values does this incidence put light on?
Answer: Hari Singh was a thief and he had stolen Anil's money. After the theft, he realised that he had robbed not only Anil but also himself of the chance of being literate and having a bright future. His conscience pricked him to think what all he could have got had he not done this. It was difficult for him to rob Anil but it was tougher for him not to back. He realised that he could not make tea, buy daily supplies and learn how to read and write then. His inner self did not agree to bypass this and forced him to return.
Hari's return to Anil shows that despite indulging in criminal acts, he still had a practical and positive attitude towards life. It is the awakening of Hari's conscience and Anil's love and care that reformed (changed) Hari's character. It teaches us that love alone can change a person. Anil's understanding nature and care changed Hari's thinking to mend his ways for good.
The whole incident clearly shows that it might be difficult to choose a path of honour and respect but the inner satisfaction and peace are the most valuable assets, we need in our life. When we realise the value of love, care and affection than the easy way of stealing money, we would prefer to choose the path of hard work and dedication. Here, in the story, we see that Hari Singh preferred the love and affection of Anil to the money he stole from him. As he realised that trust and care are more powerful than any other thing in life.
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By Rob Coppinger in London
European hypersonic civil transport project heats up as three concepts undergo trials
An aircraft capable of flying five times the speed of sound and reaching Sydney in between two and four hours from Brussels is the leading design in a €7 million European research project to find a hypersonic civilian airliner replacement to the supersonic Concorde.
A Mach 5 civil transport aircraft designed by a UK team is leading a pack of three concepts undergoing preliminary studies for the three-year, €7 million ($9 million) European hypersonic research project, Long Term Advanced Propulsion Concepts and Technologies (LAPCAT).
With €4 million from the European Commission and the rest from industry, LAPCAT aims to develop a vehicle capable of travelling from Europe to Australia in 2-4h.
Oxfordshire-based Reaction Engine says its A2 (a Flight artist's impression of which is pictured above), meets take-off noise restrictions and is powered by hydrogen-fuelled turbine-based combine cycle (TBCC) engines.
The other two concepts are an EADS Mach 8 vehicle with rocket-based combined cycle propulsion and German aerospace research centre DLR's kerosene-fuelled, TBCC-powered Mach 4 craft.
LAPCAT is being co-ordinated by the European Space Agency for the EC. "Results so far show [the Mach 5 vehicle from Reaction Engines] can avoid later [technology] pitfalls and could travel from Brussels to Sydney," says ESA's LAPCAT project co-ordinator Johan Steelant. Criteria for vehicle evaluation include safety, ability to reach diversion airports, adaptability to different sonic boom restrictions and technological maturation. Steelant cites the heat exchangers in Reaction Engine's Scimitar TBCC engine as being more advanced in their development.
Later this month tests of an experimental engine intake will start at a DLR windtunnel facility. These should be followed by nozzle tests in July and eventually combustion chamber and combined intake, chamber and nozzle testing.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The infrared sky at the south celestial polar cap is displayed in this image constructed from nine fields of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) Sky Survey Atlas. This image is a composite of 12 micron (coded blue), 60 micron(green), and 100 micron (red) wavelengths. The stars are the warmest features in the picture, and show up as small blue dots, since they shine most brightly in the 12 micron wavelength. The yellow dots are galaxies, which shine brightest in the 60 micron and 100 micron wavelengths.
The picture is centered on the south celestial pole and extends back to -74 degrees (a portion of the Small Magellanic Cloud visible at the top). The emission in this field is dominated by infrared "cirrus" --- interstellar dust grains heated by the ambient stellar radiation field.
INFRARED PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS CENTER


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Extinct, obscure or imaginary: The lizard species with the smallest ranges
Meiri, Shai; Bauer, Aaron M.; Allison, A; Castro-Herrera, Fernando; Chirio, Laurent; Colli, Guarino R; Das, Indraneil; Doan, Tiffany M.; Glaw, Frank; Grismer, Lee L.; Oliver, Paul
Aim: Small geographic ranges make species especially prone to extinction from anthropogenic disturbances or natural stochastic events. We assemble and analyse a comprehensive dataset of all the world's lizard species and identify the species with the smallest ranges-those known only from their type localities. We compare them to wide-ranging species to infer whether specific geographic regions or biological traits predispose species to have small ranges. Location: Global. Methods: We...[Show more]
CollectionsANU Research Publications
Date published: 2018
Type: Journal article
Source: Diversity and Distributions
DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12678
File Description SizeFormat Image
01_Meiri_Extinct%2C_obscure_or_imaginary%3A_2018.pdf544.19 kBAdobe PDF Request a copy


- Martha Lewis
Inflammation ruins your sleep! What causes inflammation?
There's one main reason why you can't sleep! Ready for it? It's because your body is releasing cortisol at night when it shouldn't be. Bottom line.
Now, what is causing your body to release cortisol at night is different for everyone. That's where the lab tests I do come in handy. They give me clues to what's going wrong in your body that's causing you to have a stress response at night.
One of the main reasons that your body releases cortisol at night is because of inflammation. Yes, mental stress plays a role as well as other things like low blood sugar or a toxic liver. But inflammation is the main reason. That's because cortisol is an anti-inflammatory hormone. And so whenever there's inflammation, your body releases cortisol to deal with that inflammation. Which is a good thing when it's short-term. But if there's inflammation all the time, day and night, it's going to affect your body and your sleep.
There are three main reasons why we have inflammation.
The first main cause of inflammation is the food you're eating. Gluten and dairy especially tend to be inflammatory, and many people are sensitive to them. Refined sugar, which is everywhere you look, also causes a ton of inflammation. Processed oils and fats like trans fats, hydrogenated oils and many plant-based oils like grapeseed, canola and sunflower oils that are in processed foods contribute to inflammation.
A low carb or low fat diet can surprisingly cause inflammation too. And if you're eating foods you are sensitive to, even healthy foods like salmon or broccoli, your gut wall becomes inflamed. To make sure what you're eating doesn't cause inflammation, you can focus on eating whole, organic foods, eliminate refined sugars and oils and find out what foods are sensitive to and avoid them.
The second main cause of inflammation is pathogens in your gut. Don't get freaked out if you haven't heard of this before! But having a parasite like giardia or bacteria like h-pylori or yeast like candida all cause low-grade inflammation. These creatures are most active at night and releasing lots of toxins then and so this is a big reason why many of my clients wake up at night.
To find out if pathogens are causing inflammation for you, you want to do a pathogen screening and get rid of anything you find there. This is a lab test I do with all of my clients because it makes such a huge difference with their sleep.
The third cause of inflammation has to do with toxins. Personal care products like your shampoo, deodorant and face cream can be toxic. Same with the cleaning supplies you use. Tap water has a lot of toxins and so do many of the pots and pans we cook with. Dental fillings and mold cause inflammation too.
A healthy liver can easily deal with all these toxins. But if you're constantly exposed to them and your liver can't keep up, they're going to cause lots of inflammation as they keep circulating throughout your body. You can minimize the amount of toxins your liver has to handle by using natural personal care products and cleaning supplies, drinking filtered water and limiting EMFs in your home, especially at night.
If you're excited about uncovering why you can't sleep, we should definitely chat.
Schedule your call here!
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text: Malav Kanuga a doctoral candidate in cultural anthropology at the Graduate Center, pursuing studies of space, culture, and power, as well as uneven development. As an urban researcher and as an activist, his interests include issues of value, commons, people's movements, and urban development. Malav's research is broadly centered on contemporary struggles around informality, state space, and planning in Mumbai, a city shaped by its deep histories of popular movement as well as many forms of domination and hierarchy. He has conducted 15 months of ethnographic fieldwork in Mumbai among participants in a network of urban people's campaigns that collectively seek to challenge and transform municipal and national urban governance programs, housing schemes, and land use policies. This work aims to understand how urban informality in Indian cities both entrenches and relies upon salient social differences in the production of uneven and unequal access to land, opportunities, and services. During this time in Mumbai, Malav also taught urban theory at Kamla Raheja Vidyanidhi Institute for Architecture and Environmental Studies and participated in various popular education initiatives among students and workers.


Insta Glossary: Thirsty
Insta Glossary
Kinda similar to the normal definition of thirsty, the insta meaning is just a little more ruthless, so instead of being thirsty for a glass of water, you would be thirsty for attention or more followers. It's a term given to someone who is desperate or really eager for something.
Example: "That girl is thirsty for that new highlighter, she's been camped outside Sephora for days!"
via Giphy


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Correctly identifying what is causing a problem is the most important step in pest control. We do our best here to help you do that. Sometimes we can identify the cause accurately enough from your phone or e-mail description of what is happening and what you see. Sometimes we can do this from photographs you submit, either electronically or printed on paper. But sometimes word descriptions and photographs aren't quite good enough, and we ask you to submit a specimen of an arthropod you have found, or the damage it has caused.
The information we give you is only as good as the information you give to us. I can't identify specimens that look like the one in the photograph above. Here are some hints that will help all of us:
1. Make sure any photographs are CLEAR and take several, from very close up to farther away. Make sure you have sufficient light, or that you compensate with your camera to make sure we can clearly see what you are trying to show us. Learn how to use the close up mode on your digital camera.
2. You have 20,000 of something flying around? Please give us at least - oh maybe - six of them. If it's something unusual, we need at least one full, intact set of key characteristics. If there are big individuals and little ones, try to submit a few of each size. Maybe they're different, maybe they're not, but we won't know for sure unless we see them.
3. Label your material. Where and when was it found? What does it seem to be doing?
4. You had 20,000 last week, but you can't find even one now? Maybe you don't have the problem anymore. Keep an eye on the situation and try not to worry.
5. That doesn't go for termites. If you think you had a termite swarm, worry! Keep a close eye on it, try to find a least one, even if it's only a wing, and submit it for identification.
6. You can kill most small pests by putting them in the freezer or by dropping them into alcohol. Any sort of alcohol will do. The alcohol not only kills them, it also preserves them. Never submit arthropod specimens in water (unless they are living aquatic animals). Moths and butterflies are easier to identify if they are not preserved in alcohol, so just freeze them and bring them in dry. We can also take live specimens.
7. Some insects and mites are most easily submitted on or in a piece of the plant they are living on. It's best if the sample is as fresh as possible. Don't bake it in a hot car.
8. A few creatures can't be identified from the sample you submit. Ants are most easily identified from the workers (the ones without the wings). Some spiders can only be identified to species if you have adults of both sexes. Small larvae, nymphs and eggs can be extremely difficult to identify. That's just the way it is.
9. Entomologists specialize. Sometimes we have to send things off. If they only have to go to the university, turn-around time can be quick. If they have to go further, it may be a long time before you hear back. This doesn't happen that often, though.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Certify" redirects here. For the horse, see Certify (horse).
"Certified" redirects here. For other uses, see Certified (disambiguation).
One of the most common types of certification in modern society is professional certification, where a person is certified as being able to competently complete a job or task, usually by the passing of an examination.
There are two general types of professional certification: some are valid for a lifetime, once the exam is passed. Others have to be recertified again after a certain period of time. Also, certifications can differ within a profession by the level or specific area of expertise they refer to. For example, in the IT Industry there are different certifications available for software tester, project manager, and developer. Similarly, the Joint Commission on Allied Health Personnel in Ophthalmology offers three certifications in the same profession, but with increasing complexity.
Certification does not refer to the state of legally being able to practice or work in a profession. That is licensure. Usually, licensure is administered by a governmental entity for public protection purposes and a professional association administers certification. Licensure and certification are similar in that they both require the demonstration of a certain level of knowledge or ability.
Another common type of certification in modern society is product certification. This refers to processes intended to determine if a product meets minimum standards, similar to quality assurance. Different certification systems exist in each country. For example, in Russia it is the GOST R Rostest.
Third-party certification[edit]
In first-party certification, an individual or organization providing the good or service offers assurance that it meets certain claims. In second-party certification, an association to which the individual or organization belongs provides the assurance.[1] Third-party certification involves an independent assessment declaring that specified requirements pertaining to a product, person, process or management system have been met.[2] In this respect, a Notified Body is a third-party, accredited body which is entitled by an Accreditation Body. Upon definition of standards and regulations, the Accreditation Body may allow a Notified Body to provide third-party certification and testing services. All this in order to ensure and assess compliance to the previously defined codes, but also to provide an official certification mark or a declaration of conformity.[3] [4]
Certification in software testing[edit]
For software testing the certifications can be grouped into exam-based and education-based. Exam-based certifications: For this there is the need to pass an exam, which can also be learned by self-study: e.g. for International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester by the International Software Testing Qualifications Board [5] or Certified Software Tester by QAI or Certified Software Quality Engineer by American Society for Quality. Education-based certifications are the instructor-led sessions, where each course has to be passed, e.g. Certified Software Test Professional or Certified Software Test Professional by International Institute for Software Testing. [6] [7]
Types of certification[edit]
External links[edit]


text:
will calculate simple statistical measures between two minc
files or more by comparing all subsequent files to the first.
The results for each subseqent file are then returned in order.
By default all statistics are calculated. If specifitc statistics
are requested via a command-line option, then only the requested
statistics are printed.
A very useful feature of this program is the ability to restrict the
set of voxels included in the statistic calculation, either by restricting
the range of included values (-floor, -ceil or -range), or by using a mask
file (-mask) with a restricted range.
The comparison statistics available in minccmp are given below. Note that two
of these (-xcorr and -zscore) are a very close approximation to what is used
Note that options can be specified in abbreviated form (as long as
they are unique) and can be given anywhere on the command line.
Overwrite an existing file.
Don't overwrite an existing file (default).
Dump a lot of extra information (for when things go haywire).
Print out extra information (more than the default).
Print out only the requested numbers
Specify the maximum size of the internal buffers (in kbytes). Default
is 4 MB.
Check that all input files have matching sampling in world
Ignore any differences in world dimensions sampling for input files.
Volume range options
A lower bound for ranges of data to include in statistic calculations.
An upper bound for ranges of data to include in statistic calculations.
A lower and upper bound for the ranges of data to include in statistics.
Name of file to be used for masking data included in statistic
Compute all statistical measures. This is the default.
Print the Sum Squared Difference between two input files
SSQ = Sum( (A-B)^2 )
Print the Root Mean Squared Error between two input files
RMSE = sqrt( 1/n * Sum((A-B)^2))
Print the Cross Correlation between two input files
XCORR = Sum((A*B)^2) / (sqrt(Sum(A^2)) * sqrt(Sum(B^2))
Print the z-score difference between two input files
ZSCORE = Sum( |((A - mean(A)) / stdev(A)) -
((B - mean(B)) / stdev(B))| ) / n


text:
Sometimes you simply can't help it, and you break into uncontrollable laughter at the least appropriate time possible. It makes sense, when you think about it, since laughter often comes as a reflexive response to discomfort and absurdity.
Even so, it's hard to explain that it's reflexive and not personal when you start losing your breath laughing at a funeral, or at someone else's unfortunate story.
In a popular Reddit thread, people shared stories of the worst time they lost it laughing, and it will make you feel infinitely better about your own memories of insensitive giggling.
This was at a ballet school performance. It was for kids ranging from 5 to 16 year olds.
For one of the younger age groups they did this thing where one kid pranced from one corner of the stage to the other, and then another kid would do the opposite, in a big X pattern. And they would have these gigantic sh*t-eating grins on their faces. Just horribly precious.


text:
Researchers Turn Fermented Biomass Into Gasoline With Palladium Catalysis
November 9, 2012 12:45 PM
comment(s) - last by
The process was inspired by an explosives making method
What can't palladium do? Named after the mythological statue erected by Greek goddess Athena in honor of Pallas, the daughter of her cousin whom she slew in a friendly fight, the platinum group metal (PGM) is
used in everything
to explosives making.
I. From Explosives to Biofuel
U.S. Department of Energy
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
(referred to as LBNL or Berkeley Lab) -- located on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley -- have devised a way to use palladium to catalyze the production of gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel from fermented biomass.
fermented by genetically engineered bacterium
, produces a slurry of low-carbon byproducts -- acetone and the alcohols butanol and ethanol (known collectively as ABE).
The LBNL researchers were inspired to use palladium as a means of producing higher-carbon byproducts based on a similar technique used to produce cordite, a type of smokeless explosive. While largely made obsolete by newer formulations in the improved military rifle (IMR) nitrocellulose smokeless powders, cordite played a key role in military history, being used heavily by the British in World War II.
The new work is one more example of the value of multi-functional palladium.
[Image Source: Unknown]
describes the pickup of this throwback catalysis process, remarking, "In some ways, this work is a step back in time in which a very old fermentation process is being used with some new engineering and chemistry. While there has been some progress in engineering microbes to produce advanced biofuels, the quantities produced thus far – technically, the solution's titer – tend to be very limited. A hybrid method, combining microbial production with chemical catalysis, might provide a pathway to more efficient production of these advanced biofuels."
The process begins by bacterial fermentation. [Image Source: Toste Group]
From a layman's perspective, the bacteria takes biomass -- say yard waste -- and "digests" it to produce a byproduct that is three parts acetone, six parts n-butanol, and one part ethanol. The acetone is the key to move to longer chains, as it can be used to "tack" on carbons onto the short-chain alcohols, building long carbon chains that mirror those found in traditional fossil fuel-derived gasoline.
The acetone's nucleophilic alpha-carbon undergoes alkylation reactions to produce longer chain carbons. But the process is slow and energetically unfavorable, so a catalyst is needed to lower the energy barrier.
Many catalysts were tested, but the LBNL team found one worked much better than the rest -- palladium. Researchers say the process, which they tested in small vats, is amenable to commercial production.
II. Challenges Remain
One limiting factor will be the cost of palladium. While fuel is valuable as anyone who drives a car recognizes, palladium is an even more expensive resource. It sells for approximately $20,500 USD per kilogram [
]. Therein lies one problem; the longer the ABE spends on the palladium, the more long-chain byproducts are produced. So if you had more palladium and more vats, you could spread the ABE out for more palladium TLC. But the high costs are somewhat limiting to that approach. That said, process engineers could optimize the process to maximize yields and minimize cost.
Still, the process is much better than other ABE techniques, such as hydrogenation from a yields perspective. States Professor Blanch, "Integrating chemistry and fermentation is a useful way to capitalize on the best of both worlds. The chemistry described in our Nature paper is exciting because new carbon-carbon bonds are being formed between molecules and oxygen is being rejected without the need of hydrogenation. This results in very high yields."
The researchers have published their work in the prestigious peer-reviewed journal
. The paper's co-authors include Professor Blanch, plus
, and corresponding author
The research was funded by the
Energy Biosciences Institute
Coming up with a viable biomass supply change is a key challenge.
[Image Source: DeCamp Trucking]
Looking ahead, while the researchers exhaustively tested a series of PGM catalysts, they are hopefully that they may discover even better novel catalysts. Comments Professor Toste, who splits his time between UC Berkley and LBNL, "While palladium on carbon was the best catalyst in these tests, we have already identified other transition metal catalysts that could be even better."
Tough challenges for a biomass-based fuel economy remain -- including how to
funnel/transport common biomass sources
(yard waste, forestry byproducts, farm waste, etc.) into a steady supply chain to fuel production facilities. But work like this gives biomass fermentation a leg up over other struggling biofuel offerings like
the highly unattractive corn ethanol
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RE: Palladium Price
11/9/2012 2:53:27 PM
No, you are correct, but the relevant phrase is "over time", similar to the catalytic converter in your car. Eventually, it DOES wear out, however, it's not a major cost in the grand scheme of things compared to the cost of consumables.
RE: Palladium Price
11/9/2012 3:28:38 PM
You still eventually run out. Paladium is expensive because its rare. And how much would you need to even begin to start producing fuel at a level sufficient to supply large percentages of demand? Probably a lot. This going into use would spike paladium prices.
RE: Palladium Price
11/9/2012 4:09:19 PM
The thing is that the Paladium can be recycled after it is fouled. (It gathers contaminates, which have to be smelted off. It costs money, energy, and time, but it can be done pretty easily. They already do this with catalytic converters in cars.) While there will be a maintenance cost, the full cost of Paladium won't be a major hindrance.
RE: Palladium Price
11/11/2012 3:53:46 PM
The current price of Palladium is around US$ 600 per ounce. Let's say you need 1 ounce of Palladium to produce 1,000 gallons of fuel (and after that you need to recycle/renew the catalyst), then the cost of palladium per gallon of fuel would be US$ 0.60
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This resource guide has been compiled to help complex trauma survivors cope with stressful current events or times of global crisis. Initially compiled in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, this guide illustrates coping strategies that are applicable in many situations. Stressors that can require people to isolate such as natural disasters, terrorism, or pandemics can trigger symptoms in people with histories of complex trauma. This resource explains the role that prior complex trauma plays in an individual's response to current events, and outlines approaches to help people feel connected, safe, and more in control.


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Over 8,000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a ThinkQuest Competition.
Compete | FAQ | Contact Us
The Digestive System
Our web site will trace the process of food digestion from the mouth, through the stomach, and into the intestines. We will explore how nutrients are absorbed and how waste is produced and removed from the body. The page will also explore the disease scurvy, and how it affects people globally.
15 & under
Health & Safety > Human Anatomy
Science & Technology > Life Science


Quick Answer: Are There Any Islands That Are Not Owned?
What's the cheapest island to buy?
According to Official eTA, the cheapest continent to purchase an island is South America, where the average cost per acre is $1,147.
There, the least expensive location (Chile) costs $405 an acre, while private islands Argentina can be picked up for as little as $867 per acre..
Who owns the most expensive island?
Does Beyonce own an island?
Yes. Beyonce Knowles-Carter owns an Island. Beyonce and Jay Z acquired a 360-acre wild island filled with tall hardwood trees, a natural harbour and lush scenery.
How many uninhabited islands are there?
million uninhabited islandsHow many uninhabited islands are there in the world? A. There may be as many as a couple million uninhabited islands in the world. Sweden, for instance, counts 221,831 islands within its borders, and only 1,145 have people living on them.
Can you claim an uninhabited island?
Thanks to a 19th century law, Americans can lay claim to any uninhabited island with birdshit on it.
Is there any unclaimed land in the US?
Is there anywhere on earth still unexplored?
Several mountains in Himalayan country Bhutan are believed to be unconquered, namely the world's largest unclimbed mountain: Gangkhar Puensum. Unexplored areas around the world also include small islands, such as Pitcairn Island off of New Zealand, and Palmerston Island in the South Pacific.
What is the most uninhabited place on earth?
Danakil Depression1. Ethiopia's Danakil Depression and its landscape, which consists of burning salt, volcanic rock, and sulfuric acid, is considered the most uninhabitable place on Earth.
Can I start my own country?
Creating a new country isn't as easy as you think. As tempting as it might be to declare your cubicle a sovereign state, customary international law actually does specify minimum standards for statehood. You must have a defined territory. … Your government must be capable of interacting with other states.
Can you claim an island in international waters?
What is the wealthiest island in the world?
Trinidad and Tobago. In addition to being the wealthiest country in the Caribbean region, the twin-island nation of Trinidad and Tobago has one of the highest per capita Gross Domestic Products (GDP) in the entire Western Hemisphere, coming third after the United States and Canada.
Are there any islands not claimed?
In 2014, author Alastair Bonnett described Bir Tawil as the only place on Earth that was habitable but was not claimed by any recognised government.
What states give free land?
Who survived the longest on a deserted island?
Could a billionaire buy a country?
What state has the cheapest land?
How much does 1 acre on the moon cost?
"There is a loophole in the treaty—it does not apply to individuals." Since then, he's sold more than 611 million acres of land on the moon. Individual, one-acre lots sell for $19.95 ($36.50 after a "lunar tax" and shipping and handling of the deed) and there are discounts for larger plots.
Who owns the largest private island?
The biggest island in our round-up, Lanai (aka Pineapple Island) is the sixth-largest of the Hawaiian islands. Oracle billionaire Larry Ellison owns a whopping 98% of the land on Lanai.
Do laws apply on private islands?
Virtually all islands in the world are claimed and governed by some national government. That nation's laws apply, and any attempt by the owner to claim sovereignty would generally be unrealistic. … Some islands can be bought undeveloped, while others already have roads and/or houses. Islands are also available for rent.
Can I build my own island in international waters?
It could be done, but it would be a major technical and financial effort. First, you'd have to locate your country-to-be outside of everyone else's 200-mile maritime Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs). For reference, the areas open for development are those in white. Next, you'd have to build your island.
Can I buy an island and make it a country?


Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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zero + -like
zerolike (comparative more zerolike, superlative most zerolike)
 1. (rare) Resembling or characteristic of zero.
 - 2000, Charles Seife, Zero: the biography of a dangerous idea, Volume 3
 The electron is a zero-dimensional object, and its very zerolike nature ensures that scientists don't even know the electron's mass or charge.
 - 1956, Leon Vincent Almirall, From college to cow country
 ...the blinding snow and zerolike atmosphere told us we were at grips with a mountain blizzard.


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Description of Historic Place
Rideau Canal National Historic Site of Canada is a 200 km man-made waterway running through a corridor of communities from Ottawa River to Lake Ontario. It was built in the mid 19th century. The designation includes lands alongside the canal which are administered by Parks Canada.
Rideau Canal was designated a national historic site of Canada because of the significance of:
- the construction of the canal system,
- the survival of a high number of original canal structures including locks, blockhouses, dams, weirs and original lockmasters' houses plus the integrity of most lockstations,
- the unique historical environment of the canal system.
The heritage value of the Rideau Canal lies in the health and wholeness of its cultural landscape, as a witness of the early 19th-century forms, materials and technologies of the waterway, and as a dynamic reflection of the longstanding human and ecological inter-relationships between the canal and its corridor. The Rideau Canal was built for the British government by Lieutenant-Colonel John By as a defensive work in _PHONE_. Canada assumed responsibility for its management in 1855, and the waterway served as a commercial transportation route through most of the 19th and 20th centuries. Parks Canada acquired the canal to sustain its recreational operation in 1972.
Sources: HSMBC Minutes, June 1924, 1967, November 1987; Commemorative Integrity Statement, 1987.
Aspects of this site which contribute to its heritage values include:
- the completeness of the cultural landscape as a longstanding system of transportation facilities including the waterway, locks, blockhouses, dams, weirs and lockstations with lockmasters' houses, associated shore lands and communities, extensive wetlands and lakes,
- the canal bed and its subdivision into lockstations,
- the original built resources, in particular, the form, craftsmanship, materials and locations of its early blockhouses, lockmasters' houses, and lockstation buildings canal walls, locks, dams and weirs,
- defensive siting, materials and functional design of blockhouses, lockmasters' houses and lockstation landscapes, and remnants such as the guardhouses at Jones Falls and Morton's Dam,
- archaeological remnants of construction including the ruin of the engineers' building, the remains of the lime kilns, the Sapper's Bridge and blacksmith shop at the Ottawa Locks, the construction camp at Newboro,
- remnants of engineering design including the canal route, walls, locks, weirs, bridges such as the remains of Ottawa's Sapper's Bridge and submerged bridge at the Jones' Falls dam, and dams (especially the stone arch dams at Long Island and Jones Falls, and the underwater site of the original dam at Merrickville), and the operational technologies including the manual operation of all locks except Newboro, Black Rapids and Smiths Falls Combined Locks,
- the wetlands and lakes created by the canal construction,
- on-going operation of the canal and all evidence of its continuous seasonal operation since 1832 (particularly the integral role of its engineering works in the sustained operation of the navigation system as witnessed by facilities at all locks except Locks 29, 30 & 31 at Smiths Falls Combined, the surviving historic layout and configuration of lockstations including their patterns of open space and circulation),
- the continuity of historic, ecological and visual associations with shore lands and communities along the route, particularly pathways, view sheds from the canal locks and channel to the central core of Ottawa between the Mackenzie King Bridge and the Ottawa River, view sheds between the canal, the fortifications, the harbour in the landscape of Kingston harbour, views from the canal shore lands and communities between Becketts Landing and Kilmarnock lockstation, along Newboro channel, at Chaffeys Locks, and at the lockstations at Davis Locks, Jones Falls, Upper and Lower Brewers and Kingston Mills.


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When shopping for a second-hand laptop, there are a few key things to consider to ensure you purchase a laptop that meets your needs and is in good condition. First, it's important to make sure the laptop is compatible with your preferred operating system. Second, check the laptop's specifications to ensure it has enough RAM and storage capacity to meet your needs. Third, consider the laptop's battery life, as well as its age and condition.Fourth, make sure the laptop comes with any necessary accessories. Finally, read reviews from other customers to ensure the laptop is reliable and worth the price. With that in mind, you can be sure to find a great second-hand laptop that meets your needs. So your search ends here, because we eazypc.in give you the best deal of second hand laptop.
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Check the type and speed of the processor, as this will affect the overall performance of the laptop.
- Processor type:
Make sure the laptop has a processor type that is suitable for your needs. Consider a laptop with an Intel Core i3 or i5 processor if you need a fast, reliable processor.
- Processor speed:
Look for a laptop with a processor speed of at least 2.0GHz or higher. This will ensure that the laptop can handle your tasks quickly and efficiently.
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Make sure the laptop has at least 2 or more processor cores. This will help the laptop run multiple tasks simultaneously without slowing down.
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Look for a laptop with at least 3MB of cache memory. This will help the laptop run faster and more efficiently when performing complex tasks.
- Thermal design power:
Look for a laptop with low thermal design power (TDP). This will ensure that the laptop runs cooler and lasts longer.
Consider the amount of RAM in the laptop, as well as the type of memory (DDR3 or DDR4). A laptop with more memory will be able to handle more tasks at once and will generally be faster.
When buying a second-hand laptop, it is important to consider memory capacity. A laptop with more memory will be able to run more programs simultaneously and will be able to store more data.
The amount of RAM can have a significant impact on the performance of the laptop, so it is important to make sure that the laptop you are buying has enough RAM for your needs. It is also important to consider the type of memory, as some types of memory are faster than others.
Look at the size and type of the storage drive (HDD or SSD). An SSD will be faster and more reliable than an HDD, but they are generally more expensive.
When buying a second hand laptop, it is important to consider the Storage capacity. This will depend on how much data you need to store, and how much you plan to use the laptop.
If you are using the laptop for basic tasks such as browsing the web or checking emails, smaller-capacity hard drives such as an SSD or HDD of 120GB or 256GB may suffice. However, if you are using the laptop for gaming or video editing, then you may need a larger capacity such as 500GB or 1TB.
You should also consider the type of storage, as some laptops offer a combination of SSD and HDD, which can be beneficial for faster boot times and more storage capacity.
Consider the size, resolution, and quality of the display. A higher-resolution display will provide a clearer and more detailed image.
When buying a second-hand laptop, it is important to check the condition of the display. Look for any signs of damage, such as dead pixels, discoloration, or any signs of physical damage. Additionally, make sure the brightness settings are adjustable and that the display is large enough for your needs.
You should also test the display to make sure the colors are accurate and that the viewing angle is wide enough. Finally, check to see if the laptop includes any additional display settings or features, such as an anti-glare coating or a backlit keyboard.
Check the battery life of the laptop to ensure that it will be able to last for a reasonable amount of time when unplugged.
When buying a second-hand laptop, it is important to consider battery life. Make sure to ask the seller what the battery life is like, as this will give you an indication of how long the laptop will last on a single charge. Additionally, try to get a laptop that has an easily replaceable battery, as this will make it easy to replace if the battery does not last as long as expected.
Keyboard and touchpad:
Test the keyboard and touchpad to ensure that they are comfortable to use and in good working order.
When buying a second-hand laptop, it is important to check the keyboard and touchpad for signs of wear and tear. Make sure that all the keys are working properly and that the touchpad is responding well to your finger movements.
You should also check for any sticky keys or other signs of damage. Additionally, test the laptop to make sure that the touchpad is not too sensitive or too slow to respond. Finally, make sure that the laptop is clean and dust-free.
Check the number and type of ports on the laptop, as you'll want to make sure it has the connections you need.
Check that all the ports are in working order. Test each port with a compatible device to ensure they are functioning properly.
- Ensure that all the necessary ports are available.
Common ports include USB, HDMI, VGA, Ethernet, audio jacks, and memory card slots.
- Look for signs of physical damage around the ports.
If there are any signs of corrosion or wear, it may indicate that the ports are no longer working.
- Check for the latest ports.
Newer laptops may come with USB-C, Thunderbolt 3, and DisplayPort ports. If these are available, they may offer more flexibility in terms of connecting to other devices.
- Consider the age of the laptop.
Older laptops may not have the same ports as newer models, so make sure the ports are compatible with your needs.
Inspect the laptop for any visible damage or wear and tear, such as dents, scratches, or discolouration.
- Inspect the body of the laptop for any signs of damage, such as scratches, dents, or cracks.
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- Make sure all of the laptop's keys and buttons are functional.
- Ensure that all of the laptop's ports are functional, such as USB ports, HDMI ports, headphone jacks, and more.
- Test the laptop's display to make sure it is free of dead pixels and has good colour accuracy.
- Check the laptop's battery life to make sure it is still in good condition.
- Make sure the laptop can connect to the internet and check its connection speed.
- Make sure the laptop comes with the original charger and power cord.
- Make sure the laptop comes with its original operating system or software.
- Make sure the laptop's hard drive is free of any viruses or malware.
Compare the price of the laptop to similar models to ensure that you are getting a good deal.
The price of a second-hand laptop will vary depending on the age, model, condition, and specifications of the laptop. Generally, you can expect to pay from 10000₹ to 30000₹ for a used laptop. Factors such as the type of processor, amount of RAM, hard drive capacity, and battery life can all affect the price. Additionally, older models tend to be cheaper than newer ones.
Look for a laptop that comes with a warranty or consider purchasing an extended warranty for added peace of mind.
The warranty for a second-hand laptop will depend on the model. It is important to check the reseller's return policy and warranty information before buying a second-hand laptop. We offer a full warranty depending on the age and condition of the laptop. It is also important to check the laptop for any signs of physical damage that may not be covered under the warranty, as this could affect the laptop's performance.
Factors to keep in mind when buying a second-hand laptop, such as brand reputation, customer support, and software pre-installed on the device.
When it comes to buying a second-hand MacBook, or laptop there are a few key points to consider.
First, make sure it is in good working condition. Check for any signs of wear and tear and make sure all the ports and buttons are functioning properly.
Next, check for any software or hardware issues and be sure to ask the seller for a warranty.
Finally, do a bit of research on the model you are looking at to make sure it has the features and specs you need. By following these steps, you can make sure you get the best deal on a used MacBook or laptop. You will get everything genuine with the best prices only at _URL_ So without wasting your time visit us today or click on the given link and enjoy your tech journey today.


message: String,
 replaceWith: ReplaceWith = ReplaceWith(""),
 level: DeprecationLevel = DeprecationLevel.WARNING)
Marks the annotated declaration as deprecated.
A deprecated API element is not recommended to use, typically because it's being phased out or a better alternative exists.
To help removing deprecated API gradually, the property level could be used. Usually a gradual phase-out goes through the "warning", then "error", then "hidden" or "removed" stages:
 - First and by default, DeprecationLevel.WARNING is used to notify API consumers, but not to break their compilation or runtime usages.
 - Then, some time later the deprecation level is raised to DeprecationLevel.ERROR, so that no new Kotlin code can be compiled using the deprecated API.
 - Finally, the API is either removed entirely, or hidden (DeprecationLevel.HIDDEN) from code, so its usages look like unresolved references, while the API remains in the compiled code preserving binary compatibility with previously compiled code.


Instruction book AUDI A1
 Audi MMI First steps General operation Other settings
Select: Function selector button MENU > control button Setup MMI > Language.
The language of texts shown on the MMI display and the driver information system as well as the language of the navigation guidance and speech dialogue system can be altered.
You can select the languages English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Czech, Russian and Polish.
The speech dialogue system does not support voice entries or commands in Czech or Polish Link.


Asian Scientist Junior: Chang Meemann
Asian Scientist Junior: Chang Meemann
Regular price $18.00 SGD
Wildtype Books
Quantity must be 1 or more
by Jeremy Chan
About the book:
As a child, Chang Meemann was curious about animals and plants in nature. She decided to become a paleontologist— someone who learns about dinosaurs and ancient fish by studying their remains, known as fossils. With her keen research skills, she became the first woman director of an important research center in China studying fossils. Meemann's story demonstrates how passion, nurtured from a young age, can drive scientific excellence.
💡Download your free activity worksheets for the Asian Scientist Junior series here.
Collection: Asian Scientist Junior
This book series dives into the lives of extraordinary scientists who have made significant contributions to the science and technology space—from a pioneer of India's satellite program to the scientist who discovered a cure for malaria. Through these stories of courage and conviction, Asian Scientist Junior hopes to inspire all children, wherever they grow up, to dream of a better tomorrow.
 For more books from the Asian Scientist Junior collection, visit
ISBN: 978-981-11-7900-6
Publication Date: 23 September 2018
Dimensions: 240mm x 195mm
Pages: 36
Format: Hardcover