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WebMD Health News
Louise Chang, MD
Aug. 6, 2007 -- Babies who have regular contact with farm animals may be
less likely to develop inflammatory bowel disease than other kids, a German
But don't rush out to get a pet pig just yet.
"At the moment, we unfortunately cannot give direct advice to the
parents," researcher Katja Radon, MSc, tells WebMD.
Radon works in Munich, Germany, as the head of the unit for occupational and
environmental epidemiology & NetTeaching at
Radon's study appears in today's edition of the journal
Radon's team focused on the "hygiene hypothesis," which holds that
children who are exposed at a young age to certain microbes may have stronger
immune systems, and that those microbes are less abundant in sanitized settings
than in, say, a barn.
The hygiene hypothesis may explain why studies have found that allergies are
rarer among people who had regular contact with farm animals early in life,
note Radon and colleagues.
The new study tracks juvenile inflammatory bowel disease -- specifically,
ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease -- in 2,229 children aged 6-18 who were
born and raised in Germany.
The group included 444 children who saw specialists for Crohn's disease, 304
kids who saw specialists for ulcerative colitis, and 1,481 children without
inflammatory bowel disease.
The children's parents answered questions about the children's exposure to
farm animals (cattle, pigs, sheep, or goats), pet dogs or cats, and urban or
rural residence during the first year of life.
"We have shown that children with such diseases [as ulcerative colitis
or Crohn's disease] were less likely to have lived in rural environments and
were less likely to have farm contact in the first year of life before the
disease had developed," Radon tells WebMD.
Those findings held when the researchers considered various factors,
including whether or not the parents had inflammatory bowel disease. But
findings may not reflect children with mild inflammatory bowel disease who
didn't seek specialized treatment.
And the study doesn't prove that farm animals protected kids from developing
juvenile inflammatory bowel disease.
"A causal relationship should never be assumed based on one single
epidemiological study," says Radon. An epidemiological study is an
observational study involving large groups of people.
"Furthermore," Radon says, "we should not forget that an
improved level of hygiene has relevantly contributed to today's health in
industrialized countries. Therefore, we should wait until the relevant
components of the exposure have been found and safe therapy has been developed
from these findings."
In other words, Radon's team won't be prescribing a visit to the barnyard
until they figure out exactly how farm animals may protect kids from juvenile
inflammatory bowel diseases.
SOURCES: Radon, K. Pediatrics, Aug. 6, 2007; vol 120: pp 354-361.
Katja Radon, MSc, head, Unit for Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology
& NetTeaching, Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational and
Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
Here are the most recent story comments.View All
The views expressed here do not necessarily represent those of KGET TV 17 - In the Spirit of the Golden Empire
The Health News section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. See additional information.


Many clinicians want a simple way of recording and producing a log of CPD (Continuing Professional Development).
In true WriteUpp style our approach is very straightforward and perhaps less sophisticated than some other implementations. However, the advantage of this approach, aside from being simple, is that it mirrors your normal daily workflow with WriteUpp.
 1. Create a client record for yourself in WriteUpp – you only need to do this once
 2. Create appt types called Supervision & Course making sure to set them up as patient-related appointments with no cost. Again, you only need to do this once.cpd_course2_500
 3. As and when you undertake CPD select yourself as the Active Client and enter these events (Supervision, Course etc) into your diary. If the duration of the event is longer than the default time you can easily change it when you log the activity in the diary.
 4. To see a log of your activity click on the "Business Views" icon (the eye icon to the left of the search field at the top of the page), choose "Activity" and then the date range that you would prefer and the appointment type, say Course, that you would like to see a record for. See below:cpd_activity_600
 5. Now you can a comprehensive list of all of the CPD that you have undertaken, including when, where and the duration. If you need to analyse this in more detail you can simply export this data into Excel for futher manipulation by clicking on the "Export to Excel" button at the bottom of the page.
 6. From the appointments tab of your record you can also see a chronological list of all of your CPD activities
 7. Optionally you could also create a custom form (using the Form Builder) where you could record details about the sessions


Read the latest, trending and historical english news about (geographically) visualized in charts and maps. There are 8 news articles in total about.
Liberia (Country) is also known as Liberia
8 articles
Liberia Chart
The number of articles about Liberia published per day until today.
Who, What & Where
Liberia Map
Liberia (Country) is frequently mentioned with the following locations London, Qingdao, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Monrovia.


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In 2019, a joint committee on community pediatrics and adolescent health published, "The Impact of Racism on Child and Adolescent Health," a policy statement calling on medical professionals to take decisive steps to both end racism and take better care of people impacted by it. Published in the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) journal Pediatrics, the statement labeled racism as a "socially transmitted disease."
The diagnosis fits. Racism infects institutions and interpersonal relationships. It is suffocating and relentless and omnipresent in hospital delivery rooms and doctor's offices, school classrooms and admissions offices, police stations, courtrooms, places of business, and bank lending offices. The damage wrought by racism is visible, quantifiable, and traceable through generations.
But what is often lost in discussion is the physiological toll it carries. Racism, asserts the AAP policy paper, is a "determinant of health that has a profound impact on the health status of children, adolescents, emerging adults, and their families." And it turns out that perhaps the most pernicious symptom of racism is the stress and stress-related illnesses it causes.
Read the complete article at: Fatherly

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The idea of predictive coding, namely that perception is the combination of sensory feedback and prior predictions of sensory outcomes, has only recently been applied to interoception. However, in 2012, Seth, Suzuky & Critchley introduced a theoretical model which applied predictive coding to agency and interoceptive states. We are currently engaged in empirically testing the model assumptions to determine whether it provides an accurate account of the construction of internal awareness.
Sense of Agency
Sense of agency is the feeling of being in control of one's actions. It is a subtle feeling that we do not consciously think about very often. However, it might be hugely important for engaging with the world in a self-determined way. For example, in psychological disorders such as schizophrenia people are not always able to tell if their actions are self-controlled. We are investigating what factors might determine our sense of agency, and how it can be assessed objectively.


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Teaching plot with picture books. A shared reading lesson that includes a free printable story map. Notes: Change "Big Idea" to Theme, add protagonist and antagonist, edit "Characters" to say Major and Minor.
Teach Your Child To Read - These books are some of my favorite read aloud texts and lessons for teaching problem and solution and cause and effect. Head on over to the post for some ideas on how to use each book! - Teach Your Child To Read
Ivan The Remarkable True Story of the Shopping Mall Gorilla by Katherine Applegate is a narrative non-fiction picture book. With a variety of literacy activities and a flip book, this easy to use literature unit is common core aligned for and grade.


documents. Accordingly the term sheet should cover off terms which might otherwise be 'deal-breakers', so what remains should be relatively standardised or non-contentious.
It can be a delicate balance to satisfy the above objective, while not getting too bogged down in the detail or costly and time-consuming negotiations.
How much time should be spent negotiating the term sheet and is it necessary to sign it?
Parties can often get bogged down on the terms in the term sheet even though they are in broad agreement on most of the key deal terms. Sometimes a party will want to set out additional detail for certain terms before agreeing to them or seek legal advice regarding the full implications of certain provisions and, before the parties know it, they are more or less negotiating the detail of the definitive documents. In other cases, one or both parties may need to go through time-consuming approval processes to sign the term sheet, but the parties wish to progress the transaction in the meantime.
Such circumstances may call for a measure of pragmatism, particularly if the parties have reached agreement on most of the material terms and are confident that the remaining terms will ultimately be agreed. One option (usually the preferred option) is to modify the term sheet so that it records everything that has been agreed, along with any agreed processes to resolve the remaining contentious items. In other cases the term sheet may have served its purpose (ie it has identified the key commercial terms which are agreed and those which will require further negotiation) and the parties may be sufficiently comfortable with and confident of the ultimate outcome to move on to the next stage without actually signing the term sheet. Whether this is tenable will depend on the importance placed by either party on the binding provisions.
The term sheet plays an important role early in the negotiation process of a transaction, by identifying (cost-effectively and before the lawyers get too involved) whether the parties are in agreement on the key terms of the proposed transaction, such that they can be confident of agreeing the more detailed definitive terms. This is a useful step to undertake before the parties incur significant additional transaction costs.
The trick and balancing act with a term sheet is where to draw the line in satisfying the above objective, as far as is practical, without getting into detailed and time-consuming negotiations and legal processes regarding the detail.
Some sample term sheets can be found here:
This article discusses some key terms an investor should consider when negotiating an equity investment.
It's not just about price
Price, while obviously fundamental, is only one of the investment terms open for negotiation. The opportunity exists to negotiate other terms which will significantly reduce an investor's risk and increase the upside if the investment is successful.
Some of those terms offer downside value protection in case the investor finds it has overpaid due to information which surfaces, or events which occur, after the investment is made (in particular if the next investment round is at a lower price or the value realised on liquidation or exit is insufficient to return the amount invested). In some cases they may even enable the investor to pay a higher price and achieve a "win win" with the existing shareholders and investee company, where the investor is better protected if the investment does not perform while the existing shareholders do better (alongside the investor) if the investment is successful.
Some key terms to consider
Set out below are some of the key terms (other than price) which an investor might consider on a deal by deal basis. Some are more applicable to minority investments while others are generic to any investment. Some reflect terms typically sought by venture capital and other early stage investors (who are usually the most adept at optimising their minority positions), but which are worth considering in any investment deal (perhaps there is an element of venture capital risk for most deals done in the current environment).
 - Tranching: Consider structuring the investment into a number of tranches instead of investing all the capital in one lump sum. The tranches can be matched against the investee company's cash requirements and the investor's obligation to invest subsequent tranches will be contingent on commercial milestones being achieved. This will give the investor discretion whether to invest the balance of the investment if the investee company is not progressing in accordance with pre-agreed financial or other targets, so the investor can either cut its losses or seek to renegotiate investment terms as a condition of making the balance of the capital available.
 - Start with Convertible: Risk can be reduced further by providing convertible finance rather than equity at the outset. Convertibles provide all of the upside of equity while preserving a priority position for the investor over existing shareholders in the event the investee company fails or can't return all invested capital to the shareholders. Sometimes the first tranche of an intended investment is structured as a convertible until key milestones are achieved and the investor is sufficiently comfortable with the company and management to proceed with a larger equity investment.
 - Preferential Equity: Preferential equity terms are particularly common for venture capital investments. Like convertibles they give the investor priority over other shareholders, but an equity priority rather than debt. The most typical preference right is for the investor to receive its capital back (or in some cases a multiple of that amount) in priority to other shareholders on exit/liquidation. Usually the preference only applies if a pro rata distribution based on the total number of shares (ordinary and preference) would not return the amount invested by the preference shareholders, but sometimes preference shares are participating preference shares, meaning that they get a preferential return as well as fully participating in the return to ordinary shareholders. In those cases, the preference goes beyond downside protection.
Preferential dividend rights may also apply, where the preference dividends accumulate until a distribution can be made and are added to the exit preference if that occurs first.
Preference rights can be used to bridge the valuation gap which typically exists between investor and founder expectations, where the investor might pay a higher price than it would otherwise be comfortable paying because of the value protection embodied in the preference rights.
 - Anti-dilution: Anti-dilutionrights provide a more limited form of equity preference, providing the investor with basic downside price protection in relation to future investment rounds if shares are issued at a lower price than the original investor's price. Usually this entails the issue of additional shares to the investor (at nil cost) to reduce its effective average purchase price per share to either the new issue price (full ratchet) or a weighted average price, which might be either narrow based (just averaging the price per share paid by the protected shareholders and the investors who invest at a lower price) or broad based (averaging the price paid, or deemed to be paid, for all shares issued by the company). In all cases the protection is at the expense of the other existing shareholders who do not have the protection and for whom the dilutive effect of the down-round is magnified.
The investee company will sometimes seek a requirement for the investor to participate in the new investment round in order to avail itself of the anti-dilution protection (pay to play).
 - Further Investment Rights: One way toleverage further upside over and above the committed investment amount is for the investor to acquire options to subscribe for further shares, or a first right to finance the investee company's future capital requirements, at a pre-agreed price (often the same price as for the original investment) reflecting the importance of that investment in achieving any value uplift. Unlike tranching (which is more about staging the assumption of risk), the further investment will be entirely at the investor's option.
 - Drag and Forced Sale Rights: For a privateequity/venture capital fund investor (or other investor who has a fixed investment timeframe), the success of an investment is usually dependant on a successful exit being achieved within a specified timeframe.
Drag along rights will invariably apply whereby a specified majority of shareholders can force the sale of the company as a whole. A typical drag along provision will set that majority at somewhere between 50.1% and 75% (75% being the least contentious where 75% is the default majority for a major transaction under the Companies Act, so is the applicable majority which can force an asset sale), but then require that such majority also includes a majority of the investor shares.
In some cases a majority of the investor shares can drag all other shareholders in a sale or otherwise force a company sale if an exit is not achieved within a specified timeframe (eg. 5 years), even though the investor shares are a minority.
 - Tag and Pre-emptive Rights: Unless shares are widely heldthere is usually a mutual expectation that pre-emptive rights and tag along rights will apply to proposed share transfers (other than related party transfers).
Pre-emptive rights for a growth company with financial investors should operate as simple rights of first refusal in favour of other shareholders. Any ability of other shareholders to challenge the sale price sought by the selling shareholder where they consider it exceeds fair value (as is quite common for certain types of closely held companies) is not appropriate.
The percentage sale threshold which triggers tag rights is typically anywhere between 20% and a controlling stake. Some believe that the applicable thresholds for drag along and tag along should match, but this ignores the very different nature of such rights. Best practice for growth companies which attract minority investors is to set the tag along threshold quite low (closer to 20% than a controlling stake) or otherwise provide that co-sale rights will apply if other investors or the company founders exit. Financial investors do not look kindly on founders or other investors being able to exit without that opportunity being extended to all investors (so they can be left behind


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Adopt a Storm Drain
Portland's storm drains help drain storm water quickly and efficiently and keep our streets safe.
But when drains get clogged with fallen leaves and other debris, it can lead to ponding water in our streets and at our intersections. That makes it harder to drive, walk, bike and roll around town.
Portland Bureau of Transportation crews work hard to keep the drains clear. But with over 58,000 drains in the city, they can't get to all of them.
That's why we're asking Portlanders to adopt storm drains in their neighborhoods and help to keep them free and clear of leaves.
When clearing a storm drain, please keep these tips in mind:
⚬ If possible, clear the drain before it starts raining.
⚬ Clear about 10 feet on both sides of the drain.
⚬ Clear from the sidewalk, not the street. Wear reflective clothing so people driving can see you.
⚬ Always wear gloves and be careful of sharp objects!
⚬ Use a rake, shovel, or broom - not your hands.
⚬ Watch out for traffic. Don't clear drains that are in the middle of a street.
⚬ Be careful of standing water to avoid slipping or stepping on sharp objects.
⚬ If children are helping, make sure adults are supervising.
⚬ Don't try to lift storm drain grates. They are very heavy.
⚬ Let our crews handle garbage or any hazards in the catch basin. Clear surface debris only.
⚬ Don't put leaves in the street! Place leaves in your yard debris roll cart for curbside pickup. If you have too many for the cart, simply bag them and place them next to the roll cart for pickup.
⚬ Snow or ice blocking the drain? Clear a 10-12 inch path along the curb, for melting snow and ice to reach the drain.
If the drain is still clogged after you've removed the surface debris, please report it online at _URL_, call our Maintenance Dispatchers at _PHONE_ or email _EMAIL_ to report it.
Thank you for helping keep Portland's streets clear and safe!
Who's responsible for managing stormwater in Portland?
The federal Clean Water Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, and Endangered Species Act direct the City of Portland to improve stormwater quality and protect watersheds, rivers, streams and drinking water resources. With the exception of storm drain maintenance, the overall management of the stormwater system is the responsibility of the Bureau of Environmental Services (BES). BES coordinates the citywide response to the federal stormwater permit that requires the City to reduce stormwater pollution, and oversees programs that respond to water quality requirements and promote private stormwater management efforts.
The Portland Bureau of Transportation (PBOT) is responsible for maintaining catch basins and responding to street flooding and other safety concerns. The infrastructure includes 456 miles of stormwater sewer pipe, 878 miles of combined sewer pipe (carries both stormwater and sewage), 58,000 catch basins, and 4,700 miles of streets. PBOT also maintains 351 trash racks, 141 miles of ditches, and 23 miles of culverts.
Report a clogged storm drain or stormwater drainage problem in city streets at _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_.
Why heavy rains are a threat to Portland
During heavy rainfall and when the National Weather Service issues a flood watch for northwest Oregon, the Portland Bureau of Transportation (PBOT) prepares for a bureau-wide response. Crews keep a watchful eye on water levels in creeks and rivers, monitor road conditions, and perform routine maintenance operations to lessen street flooding. Crews monitor and clean catch basins, culverts, trash racks, and ditches to help prevent street flooding, property damage, and road hazards. The primary conditions of concern are:
- Street flooding due to clogged catch basins (grated storm drains);
- Street flooding due to overloaded sumps in saturated ground;
- Street flooding due to blocked ditches, trash racks, and culverts;
- Flooding of Johnson Creek and Fanno Creek; and
- Landslides, mudslides, rockslides, and debris slides.
Managing stormwater runoff
The federal Clean Water Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, and Endangered Species Act direct the City of Portland to improve stormwater quality and protect watersheds, rivers, streams and drinking water resources.
PBOT is responsible for maintaining catch basins and responding to street flooding and other safety concerns. The infrastructure includes 456 miles of stormwater sewer pipe, 878 miles of combined sewer pipe (carries stormwater and sewage), 58,000 catch basins, 9,000 sumps, and 4,700 miles of streets. PBOT also maintains 351 trash racks, 141 miles of ditches, and 23 miles of culverts.
Catch basins are the grated storm drains that you see on almost every street corner. They are storm sewer inlets - typically located next to street curbs - that are the entryway from our streets to our sewer system or stormwater facilities and represent the first step in stormwater collection and disposal. On rainy days, rainwater and anything else on the streets enter catch basins.
Catch basins have grids to prevent large objects from falling into the sewer system. However, the bars are fairly widely spaced so that the flow of water is not blocked. Consequently, many objects fall through. When catch basins get clogged with recently fallen leaves and debris, water can no longer be drained from the street. Water ponds along streets and can flood intersections and homes.
For many areas east of the Willamette River, sumps are the only form of stormwater management available because there are no piped systems. The city's 9,000 sumps are like large holding tanks below ground that collect stormwater and discharge it into the soil. Measuring four feet in diameter and 30 feet deep, sumps keep stormwater out of sewers and reduce its discharge to rivers and streams. Street runoff flows into manholes that trap sediment and pollutants. The stormwater then flows into sumps and infiltrates into the ground. When sumps become overloaded, the water that drains to them has no other place to go, so the result can be localized street flooding. With steady rainfall that saturates the ground, it takes longer for them to drain.
Water is the most common cause of unstable slopes, landslides, and erosion. If you live on a hill, inspect your home drainage system and property for indicators of a possible landslide. Be alert to signs of earth movement and water below ground; i.e. a cracked foundation, new cracks or bulges in the ground or pavement, a leaning structure or tree, a broken water line, or a soggy or spongy patch of ground that doesn't dry out. Call a soils engineer to evaluate the situation if you are concerned about a possible landslide.


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If all users of your instance of SQL Server speak the same language, you should pick the collation that supports that language. For example, if all users speak French, select a French collation. If the users of your instance of SQL Server speak different languages, you should pick a collation that best supports the requirements of the various languages. For example, if the users generally speak western European languages, choose Latin1_General collation.
When you support users who speak different languages, it is most important to use the Unicode data types nchar, nvarchar, and nvarchar(max) for all character data. Unicode avoids the code page conversion difficulties of the non-Unicode char, varchar, and text data types. Collation still makes a difference when you implement all columns using Unicode data types, because it defines the sort order for comparisons and the sorts of Unicode characters. Even when you store your character data using Unicode data types, you should pick a collation that supports most of the users in case a column or variable is implemented by using the non-Unicode data types.
SQL Server can support only code pages that are installed or supported by the underlying operating system. When you perform an action that depends on collations, the SQL Server collation used by the referenced object must use a code page either supported by or installed on the operating system running on the computer.
If the collation specified, or the collation used by the referenced object, uses a code page not supported by the Windows operating system, SQL Server issues an error. Your response to the error depends on the version of the Windows operating system installed on the computer. Windows 2000 and later versions support all the code pages that are used by SQL Server collations. Therefore, the error message will not occur.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Difference between T301 and T311
Hi LTE experts,
Can anyone briefly explain the solid difference between T301 and T311?
T311 starts while initiating RRC Reest, stops at cell found.
T301 starts at RRC Reest Request, and stops at Success or failure.
The difference is when each one is stopped.
T301 Stops at the Receipt of RRC Connection Re-establishment OR RRC Connection Re-Establishment REJECT message OR when selected cell becomes unsuitable to continue further.
T311 stops upon selection of suitable E-UTRA cell OR a cell using another RAT
In other words, T311 is for finding a cell after RLF to send Reest message, R301 is to get out of RLF by sending Reest message.
Yes, T311 is about selecting a cell in due time.


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Environmental Balanced Scorecards: Tracking, improving and influencing your impact
Environmental Strategy and the Environmental Balanced Scorecard:
First a warning
If you are simply looking for ways to measure carbon footprint, this article may not help you (yet). However, if you are an organisation that believes in a sustainable environmental approach;if you are concerned about CO2 emissions, your impact on the Natural Capital, and sustainability of your supply chain; if you are want to embed environmental and sustainable thinking into the way you think and act as a business; if you want to design an environmental balanced scorecard that communicates and supports such thinking and action, then read on….
Avoiding the most common mistake with environmental balanced scorecards
There are several mistakes you can make when designing environmental balanced scorecards, however there is one in particular we want you to avoid. If you are designing or deploying an environmental scorecard, this mistake will cause you to waste time, will undermine your sustainable intentions and lead you to miss a real opportunity to improve.
The mistake is this: simplistically adding an "environmental perspective" to your organisation's balanced scorecard. Let me assure you that it will not work. It will create more problems than it will solve and it will undermine your environmental credentials.
To avoid this mistake, our white paper, "Designing an effective environmental balanced scorecard" (available for download at the bottom of this page) explains how to correctly incorporate sustainable environmental measurement and thinking into a modern balanced scorecard. It provides examples of various environmental strategy maps and balanced scorecards. It explains how to represent various environmental and sustainable strategies, so you can monitor their implementation and effectiveness.
We need to embed environmental culture, thinking and action
Today, organisations want to embed sustainable, environmental thinking into the way they work. They want to avoid superficial "green-wash". They want to make a difference. They also want an environmental reputation, but one that comes from their values, behaviours, and culture, rather than simple claims of environmental impact. They want to be able to demonstrate their environmental and social credentials. It can make a significant impact on how customers perceive the organisation and how markets and investors value the organisation. It is important to the people who work there as well.
Yet many make a basic mistake when incorporating environmental reporting into their balanced scorecard. They simply add an environmental perspective to their scorecard.
Why adding a simplistic environmental perspective is a mistake
The simple logic seems to argue for a dedicated environmental perspective in the balanced scorecard. It appears to addresses Kyoto, environmental legislation, and its demand for management reporting. It seems obvious to add an extra environmental perspective, alongside your other perspectives, in your balanced scorecard as shown in figure 1 (below).
It is correct to add an environmental perspective, but not like this. Not only is this an out-dated model of the balanced scorecard, if you do it this way you will make a fundamental error. Organisations that do this add an environmental perspective and then place everything associated with environmental issues into that environmental perspective. This is a massive mistake that will cause three problems:
Everything associated with environmental and sustainable thinking is now isolated in a separate perspective, rather than them being a part of what everyone does. It divides, rather than integrates. Environmental issues are separated.
It focuses attention on environmental impact, carbon footprint, but it fails to address the drivers and enablers and thinking behind the environmental or social impact. It tells you the result, but not what to do about it, how to do it, or why?
It loses the cause and effect story that the strategy map and balanced scorecard should have, so you can't tell the story of your environmental and social strategy. How will your capability skills and knowledge change the way you work, so that you have a lower environmental impact? Your story is lost. Here is an article where I show that an example actually contains a set of environmental themes, each of which has a cause and effect story. Squeezing them all into an environmental perspective would lose the story. Here are two (oldish) articles that expand on this issue:
Adding a simplistic environmental perspective undermines your sustainability and your environmental credentials. Instead of focusing attention on environmental thinking, capability and action, it undermines them. This creates precisely the opposite effect to the one you originally intended.
The same is true when you are dealing with corporate social responsibility (CSR). Do not simply add extra categories to create an environmental balanced scorecard.
So what should you do instead?
It was back in 1998 when we first included environmental thinking into a client's strategy map and balanced scorecard. Since then we have included aspects on environmental and social impact, reporting and management in a variety of ways, depending upon the client's situation, needs and strategy. Since then we have refined and developed our approach to accommodate all sorts of environmental and social responsibility approaches, as environmental thinking, responsibility and reporting demands have developed.
When you download the paper you will see that the answer is to use the environmental perspective to only capture environmental impact. Environmental impact captures the consequences of the organisation's actions. As figure 2 (below) shows, You should capture the causes, enablers and drivers in the lower balanced scorecard perspectives (Process, Learning and Growth and Organisational Values). These are where you describe and embed responsible, sustainable thinking, behaviours and activities into your organisation.
Together these tell the story of your strategy for environmental and social responsibility. They provide the basis from which you communicate, monitor and manage this aspect of your organisation.
Adding an environmental perspective the correct way as a part of the cause and effect model
Download our white paper, "Designing an Effective Environmental Balanced Scorecard"
Designing an effective environmental balanced scorecard (Cover image)
Designing an effective environmental balanced scorecard (White paper)
When you read "Designing an Effective Environmental Balanced Scorecard" you will learn:
 - How to tell the story of your environmental strategy
 - The Four types of environmental impact to consider.
 - Five ways you might manage environmental issues
 - Integrating environmental thinking into your culture
 - Including social responsibility
 - Using the other balanced scorecard perspectives
 - Managing progress as well as the consequences.
Select this link to download "Designing an Effective Environmental Balanced Scorecard
To find out more, simply contact us.


824. Intermixture.
(vi) Acquisition of Ownership by Intermixture
824. Intermixture.
Ownership of goods may be acquired by confusion or intermixture if the goods, when mixed, are indistinguishable1. If the goods are mixed by agreement or consent, the proprietors have an interest in common in proportion to their respective shares2; if mixed by accident, or the act of a third person, for which neither owner is responsible, the proprietors become owners in common of the mixed property in proportion to the amounts contributed3. Where one party (B) wrongfully mixes the goods of another party (A)


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ANH Exclusive! Official EU data indicate lightning more likely to kill than herbs or vitamins
Save the pictures within this news item to your computer so that you can spread them yourself via Twitter, Facebook and other social media networks.
Following ANH-Intl's release last month of UK data on some key causes of death, we're now in a position to release data sourced from across Europe. These data, drawn from official European Union (EU) sources, reveals once more that natural health products are among the safest things we put into our bodies – confirming the UK data. The new figures show that EU hospitals are not only hundreds of thousands of times more likely to cause death than natural health products – they are twice as deadly as either cancer or smoking. So why are natural products under threat for 'posing a risk to public safety'?
Casting the net wider
Just a few short weeks ago, we brought you exclusive data proving what natural health advocates have said all along: that products associated with natural forms of health management are among the safest substances that human beings put into their bodies. Compelling as they were, however, those data were for the UK only. Now we cast the net wider and bring you a comparable analysis using EU-wide data. And the new information paints a picture that is just as stark.
Figure 1. EU relative risks of death bubble chart (click on image to open as a PDF, or save to your computer)
Figure 2. EU relative risks of death bar graph (click on image to open as a PDF, or save to your computer)
Exactly as with the UK data, the EU figures display the relative risks of death to an individual for a range of activities. A larger bubble on the bubble chart (Figure 1) represents a proportionately larger risk of death, as does a longer bar on the bar graph (Figure 2). Risk of death from food supplements has been assigned a value of 1 to allow calculation of the relative risk from other sources.
The same clarifications apply here as to the UK data. The data only include risk of death from acute causes, and not from chronic, long-term exposure to any of the substances or activities we investigated. Also, the charts don't include any data on adverse events that do not lead to death, i.e. sublethal acute effects. Where possible, all data are taken from official EU sources.
The data were collated and presented by Ron Law, an independent New Zealand-based risk management consultant.
Key points and comparison with UK data
EU relative risk of death data
UK relative risk of death data
Preventable medical injury in EU hospitals poses the greatest risk of death to EU citizens – some 351,220 times the risk of consuming food supplements, and 206,600 times the risk posed by herbal medicines
Preventable medical injury picked up during a stay in a UK hospital is 293,006 more likely to kill a UK citizen than taking a food supplement
EU-wide, the risk of death from both smoking and cancer is around 173,000 times that of taking food supplements. Therefore, a hospital visit is over twice as likely as either smoking or cancer to take the life of an EU citizen
Smoking is the riskiest activity for UK citizens, at 797,940 times the risk of taking a food supplement
EU citizens taking pharmaceutical drugs run a risk of death from side effects that is 123,125 greater than the mortality risk experienced through taking a food supplement. Comparing pharmaceuticals with herbal medicines, meanwhile, the relative risk of death is multiplied 72,426 times
The risk of death from pharmaceutical drugs in the UK is 62,000 times that of taking food supplements
Food supplements and herbal medicines are 'supersafe', with a risk of death below 1 in 10 million EU-wide
Food supplements and herbal medicines are 'supersafe', with a risk of death below 1 in 10 million in the UK
Preventable medical injuries in EU hospitals are in the 'dangerous' category of risk, i.e. a greater than 1 in 1,000 chance of death. Also in this category are adverse pharmaceutical drug reactions, smoking, cancer, illicit drug use and overweight/obesity
Preventable medical injuries in UK hospitals are in the 'dangerous' category of risk, i.e. a greater than 1 in 1,000 chance of death. The only activities with a similar level of risk are active military service in Iraq or Afghanistan and smoking
In the EU, pharmaceutical adverse drug reactions pose double the risk of death compared with lung cancer
Someone having a motorcycle accident in the UK is around half as likely to die as someone who has an adverse reaction to a pharmaceutical drug
The closest comparisons with food supplements or herbal medicines, in terms of risk of death in the EU, are with lightning strikes and passengers who experience railway or aeroplane accidents. However, they are still 26–68 times more likely to result in death than taking food supplements
UK residents are about as likely to be hit by lightning or to be killed on the London Underground than to die from taking herbal remedies or dietary supplements
A blatant lie
These figures emphasise once again that the public safety-based justification given by European regulators and governments for increasingly restrictive legislation on ingredients and health claims for natural products is hollow.
If the authorities were genuinely interested in public safety, they would be promoting natural healthcare for all it's worth, while clamping down on the many dubious aspects of mainstream medicine – starting with its over-reliance on poorly tested, unnecessary and dangerous pharmaceutical drugs that are greatly over-prescribed to the over-50s at risk of chronic diseases. Taking a long, hard look at how healthcare within hospitals is handled would also make the public a lot safer, but it's difficult to see how this can be significantly achieved without a root-and-branch overhaul of the medical systems within which those hospitals operate.
As with so many things, the first step toward change is for enough people to realise that change is needed. In this case, once the 'public safety' fiction that has been built up around natural healthcare is widely exposed, it will become impossible to maintain. Help us get the truth out there!
Call to action
- The most important thing with this information is to get the word out! Please share the charts and data sources on Facebook, Twitter and other social media, and email them to all your contacts – especially those in all corners of Europe! We can't emphasise this enough: when enough people know the truth, it will become very difficult – if not impossible – for governments, regulators and others to tighten the screws on natural healthcare through the usual justification of 'it's a danger to public health'
- Both our UK and EU data sets show clearly that the last place you ever want to end up is in hospital. The best way to do this is to take responsibility for your own health and keep yourself healthy! Check our Food4Health campaign for some ideas on healthy eating and lifestyles


text:
How do you sign your name without a pen? Try a needle and thread! The Roger Mansell collection contains material on prisoners of war (POWs) in the Pacific theater of World War II, including unpublished memoirs by ex-POWs, rosters, copies of government documents, photographs, and the hand-embroidered apron seen here. The apron is dated January 19, 1942, seventeen days after the Japanese forces occupied Manila and took over the University of Santo Tomás, transforming it into a civilian internment camp. The signatures likely belong to internees who worked in the kitchens of the Santo Tomás Internment Camp. By the time the camp was liberated in February 1945, its population had grown to nearly four thousand.
In addition to this embroidered piece, internees produced newsletters, wood carvings, poems, and diaries documenting their time at Santa Tomás, Los Baños, and other internment camps in the Philippines. Click here to see a list of collections at the Hoover Institution Archives relating to the Philippines in World War II.
Roger Mansell's book Captured: The Forgotten Men of Guam was edited by historian Linda Goetz Holmes and published in November 2012 by Naval Institute Press.


Difference between revisions of "HTTP Request Smuggling"
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(Related Attacks)
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==Related [[Attacks]]==
==Related [[Attacks]]==
* [[Cross-site scripting]]
* [[Cross-site Scripting (XSS)]]
==Related [[Vulnerabilities]]==
==Related [[Vulnerabilities]]==
Revision as of 07:50, 18 September 2008
Last revision: 09/18/2008
ASDR Table of Contents
The HTTP Request Smuggling attack explores an incomplete parsing of the submitted data done by an intermediary http system working as a proxy. HTTP Request Smuggling consists of sending a specially formatted http request that will be parsed in a different way by the proxy system and by the final system, so the attacker could smuggle a request to one system without the other being aware of it. This attack makes it possible to exploit other attacks, like Cache Poisoning, Session Hijacking, Cross-site Scripting (XSS) and most importantly, the ability to bypass web application firewall protection.
To exploit the HTTP Request Smuggling, some specific conditions must exist, such as the presence of specific proxy system and version such as SunOne Proxy 3.6 (SP4) or FW-1/FP4-R55W beta or an XSS vulnerability in the web server.
Basically the attack consists of submitting an HTTP request that encapsulates a second HTTP request in the same header, as shown below.
GET /some_page.jsp?param1=value1¶m2=
Content-Type: application/x-www-formContent-Length: 0
Foobar: GET /mypage.jsp HTTP/1.0
Cookie: my_id=_PHONE_
Authorization: Basic ugwerwguwygruwy
In this case, the first HTTP header is parsed by the proxy system and the second by the final system, permitting the attacker to bypass the proxy's access control.
The attack could be exploited in different ways as reported by "HTTP Request Smuggling" paper by Watchfire, so it's possible to realize these attacks:
- Web Cache Poisoning
- Firewall/IPS/IDS evasion
- Forward vs. backward HRS
- Request Hijacking
- Request Credential Hijacking
Risk Factors
Example 1 - Cache Poisoning Exploiting
Our first example demonstrates a classic HRS attack. Suppose a POST request contains two "Content-Length" headers with conflicting values. Some servers (e.g., IIS and Apache) reject such a request, but it turns out that others choose to ignore the problematic header. Which of the two headers is the problematic one? Fortunately for the attacker, different servers choose different answers. For example, SunONE W/S 6.1 (SP1) uses the first "Content-Length" header, while SunONE Proxy 3.6 (SP4) takes the second header (notice that both applications are from the SunONE family). Let SITE be the DNS name of the SunONE W/S behind the SunONE Proxy. Suppose that "/poison.html" is a static (cacheable) HTML page on the W/S. Here's the HRS attack that exploits the inconsistency between the two servers:
1 POST http://SITE/foobar.html HTTP/1.1
2 Host: SITE
3 Connection: Keep-Alive
4 Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
5 Content-Length: 0
6 Content-Length: 44
7 [CRLF]
8 GET /poison.html HTTP/1.1
9 Host: SITE
10 Bla: [space after the "Bla:", but no CRLF]
11 GET http://SITE/page_to_poison.html HTTP/1.1
12 Host: SITE
13 Connection: Keep-Alive
14 [CRLF]
[Note that each line terminates with a CRLF ("\r\n"), except for line 10.] Let's examine what happens when this request is sent to the W/S via the proxy server. First, the proxy parses the POST request in lines 1-7 (in blue), and encounters the two "Content-Length" headers. As we mentioned earlier, it decides to ignore the first header, so it assumes the request has a body of length 44 bytes. Therefore, it treats the data in lines 8-10 as the first request body (lines 8-10, in purple, contain exactly 44 bytes). The proxy then parses lines 11-14 (in red), which treats as the client's second request. Now let's see how the W/S interprets the same payload, once it has been forwarded to it by the proxy. Unlike the proxy, the W/S uses the first "Content-Length" header: as far as it's concerned, the first POST request has no body, and the second request is the GET in line 8 (notice that the GET in line 11 is parsed by the W/S as the value of the "Bla" header in line 10). To summarize, this is how the data is partitioned by the two servers:
 1st request 2nd request
 SunONE Proxy lines 1-10 lines 11-14
 SunONE W/S lines 1-7 lines 8-14
Next, let's see which responses are sent back to the client. The requests the W/S sees are "POST /foobar.html" (from line 1) and "GET /poison.html" (from line 8), so it sends back two responses with the contents of the "foobar.html" page and the "poison.html" page, respectively. The proxy matches these responses to the two requests it thinks were sent by the client - "POST /foobar.html" (line 1) and "GET /page_to_poison.html" (line 11). Since the response is cacheable (we assumed "poison.html" is a cacheable page), the proxy caches the contents of "poison.html" under the URL "page_to_poison.html", and voila: the cache is poisoned! Any client requesting "page_to_poison.html" from the proxy would receive the "poison.html" page. A technical note: Lines 1-10 and 11-14 have to be sent in two separate packets, since SunONE Proxy doesn't pipeline requests on the same packet.
Example 2 - Request Credential Hijacking
Another area of interest is the ability of the attacker to forcefully invoke a script (/some_page.jsp) with a client's credentials. This attack is similar in effect to the Cross-Site Request Forgery attack, yet it is more powerful because the attacker is not required to interact with the client (victim). The attack is as follows:
POST /some_script.jsp HTTP/1.0
Connection: Keep-Alive
Content-Length: 9
Content-Length: 142
this=thatGET /some_page.jsp?param1=value1¶m2=value2 HTTP/1.0
Content-Length: 0
When the client sends a request, such as:
GET /mypage.jsp HTTP/1.0
Cookie: my_id=_PHONE_
Authorization: Basic ugwerwguwygruwy
Tomcat will glue this to the queued incomplete request, and together, it will have:
GET /some_page.jsp?param1=value1¶m2=value2 HTTP/1.0
Content-Length: 0
Foobar: GET /mypage.jsp HTTP/1.0
Cookie: my_id=_PHONE_
Authorization: Basic ugwerwguwygruwy
Now a complete request, it will invoke the script /some_page.jsp and return its results to the client. If this script is a password change request, or a money transfer to the attacker's account, then this may potentially incur serious damage to the client.
Related Threat Agents
Related Attacks
Related Vulnerabilities
 - TBD
Related Controls


Ultrastrong topology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In functional analysis, the ultrastrong topology, or σ-strong topology, or strongest topology on the set B(H) of bounded operators on a Hilbert space is the topology defined by the family of seminorms
p_\omega(x) = \omega(x^{*} x)^{1/2}
for positive elements \omega of the predual L_{*}(H) that consists of trace class operators. [1]:68
It was introduced by von Neumann in 1936. [2]
Relation with the strong (operator) topology[edit]
The ultrastrong topology is similar to the strong (operator) topology. For example, on any norm-bounded set the strong operator and ultrastrong topologies are the same. The ultrastrong topology is stronger than the strong operator topology.
One problem with the strong operator topology is that the dual of B(H) with the strong operator topology is "too small". The ultrastrong topology fixes this problem: the dual is the full predual B*(H) of all trace class operators. In general the ultrastrong topology is better than the strong operator topology, but is more complicated to define so people usually use the strong operator topology if they can get away with it.
The ultrastrong topology can be obtained from the strong operator topology as follows. If H1 is a separable infinite dimensional Hilbert space then B(H) can be embedded in B(HH1) by tensoring with the identity map on H1. Then the restriction of the strong operator topology on B(HH1) is the ultrastrong topology of B(H). Equivalently, it is given by the family of seminorms
x \mapsto \left( \sum_{n=1}^\infty ||x\xi_n||^2 \right)^{1/2},
where \sum_{n=1}^\infty ||\xi_n||^2 < \infty.[1]:68
The adjoint map is not continuous in the ultrastrong topology. There is another topology called the ultrastrong* topology, which is the weakest topology stronger than the ultrastrong topology such that the adjoint map is continuous.[1]:68
See also[edit]
 1. ^ a b c Takesaki, Masamichi (2002). Theory of operator algebras. I. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-42248-X.
 2. ^ von Neumann, John (1936), "On a Certain Topology for Rings of Operators", Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 37 (1): 111–115


of an ant or a grain of sand can't be zero. In fact any length that you can measure is not zero. In book terms we could have written the change in y as δy and change in x as δx.
Then δy/δx = ((x+ δx)2-x2)/ δx
and we get δy/δx = 2x + δx
Then we could say that when δx approaches zero, he limit of δy/δx becomes dy/dx = 2x.
That 's how we define the slope of a continuous function in Calculus and you call it a differential or a derivative of y with respect to x or dy/dx. That's what Calculus is all about; rise divided by fall which is the slope of any variable with respect to another.
Johnny: But we said that McLinton Road followed the function y = x2/10, not y = x2.
Sara: We could do the calculation for y = x2 times a constant and see what happens. I could write δy/δx = ((x+ δx)2-x2)/ δx x c and then get the slope to be (2x + δx) x c and dy/dx to be 2x x c.
Here c =1/10 so the slope would be 2x/10. This is what I drew for dy/dx at different values of x. Its instantaneous slope at any given value of x is 2x/10 or x/5.
Johnny: This is getting confusing. This graph is a straight line.
Sara: Yes. It is a straight line in which the North/West slope increases with the increasing distance towards West. It is what I said before," Look at how McLinton Road goes more West than North at the start but at the end it goes mostly North without going much towards West." The function describing McLinton Road was y = x2/10, its first derivative was x/5. The slope of this line at any given point is x/5. That's the same value you got when you did the calculation for dy/dx.
The second derivative
Johnny: So we are done with the derivate of y = x2/10. Okay. I suppose, we could also get the derivative of y = x/5.
Sara: Remember that y = x/5 graph is a straight line. The slope of a straight line does not change with x. It's constant. In this case you can see that it will be 1/5.
Johnny: What do you call the slope of a slope of a function?
Sara: It is called the second derivative or d2y/d2x.
Johnny: That means d2y/d2x = 1/5 which is a line without any slope or you can say with a slope of zero. Does that mean for the McLinton Road curve y = x2/10, the slope of the slope of the slope or third derivative d3y/d3x will be zero? Wow, that's neat.
Johnny paused for a while as if to digest it all but then fired more questions.
Johnny: What if the function was a sum of expressions, how would you determine the derivatives? Like in Algebra we learned the quadratic equation y = ax2 + bx + c.
Sara: That's simple. We can take the derivative of each part and then sum them. dy/dx for ax2 is 2ax, for bx it is b and dy/dx for c is zero. We can sum up the derivatives of each of the three components to get dy/dx = 2ax + b + 0.
Johnny: What is the derivative of y = x3?
Sara looked in the book and said: For any value of n, the derivative of y = xis nxn-1. Here is a interesting one, the book says that dex/dx = ex.
Johnny: What, is e the Eurler's constant here?
Sara: We could prove it using e as an the sum of an infinite series but let us leave it for now.
Sara thought that Johnny was impressed but seemed somewhat lost about the meaning of all the derivatives. She thought for a few minutes before saying anything.
What do the derivatives mean?
Sara: Remember when we go in a car, we read the distance traveled on the odometer. Then we also talk about the speed of the car which is the distance traveled per hour or the first derivative of the distance traveled with respect to time. The second derivative is acceleration which is the rate at which your speed increases. Some car companies advertise how fast they can increase their acceleration. That would be the third derivative.
Johnny: Now, that makes sense. Otherwise, you had me lost.
Sara: Here is a joke I read on the internet about derivatives.
"U.S. President Richard Nixon, when campaigning for a second term in office, announced that the rate of increase of inflation was decreasing, which has been noted as "the first time a sitting president used the third derivative to advance his case for re-election."
Johnny: That's funny. The guy was a crook. Now that you mentioned the third derivative, I read in the newspaper today, "The decline in the pace of home sales in the Vancouver region appears to have sped up significantly…".
 Johnny's car is parked. When he starts it and pushes on the gas paddle, after time t it would have covered the distance (d) given by d = 0.5 at2 where a is 3 meters/sec2. The speed of the car after time t is given by the first derivative (ds/dt). How fast will the car be moving 10 sec after it is started?
Solution: d = 0.5 at2Therefore, ds/dt = 0.5 a x 2 t = at
With a = 3 meters/sec2 and t = 10 sec, ds/dt = 30 meters/sec which is 108 km/hour.
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text:
MOBA Game UI design
- 2 hours on-demand video
- 5 downloadable resources
- Full lifetime access
- Access on mobile and TV
- Certificate of Completion
Get your team access to 4,000+ top Udemy courses anytime, anywhere.Try Udemy for Business
- Design a MOBA UI inside Photoshop
- Understand using tools and layers inside photoshop
- Photoshop Layer Styles
- How to design a clean user interface
- A basic understanding of photoshop and its tools
- An appreciation of Moba genre Games
- Simple Gaming Knowledge
This course covers the basics of designing a game user interface or concept inside Photoshop. It details the tools used and also the use of layer styles to create your concept/design.
This course will help you learn the uses of certain Photoshop tools, shortcuts and layer styles at a beginner level and hopefully help you to advance your skills within this area and grow your understanding of a very powerful peice of software with a variety of uses.
This course includes the design psd as well as free resources and textures that were used in the creation of the design.
- Suited for Indie Game developers
- Esports Graphic Designers


text:
Disturbling News from the Thirteenth Century: Variation in a Borrowed Lexeme in Middle English
R. W. McConchie
105-112 (complete paper
or proceedings contents
This lexical study examines the early history of distourben, a lexeme complex in early Middle English. This is part of a project using data from the Middle English Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary on the early history of the prefix disin English, work which suggests that the early lexemes containing this prefix should be treated individually before attempting to draw conclusions about precisely how it was introduced and vernacularized. The corresponding unprefixed forms seem to have been introduced simultaneously. An aphetic form with initial stalso occurs; the first instances are also again roughly contemporaneous, that is, it is not a borrowing at all. The appearance of other prefixes attaching themselves to the base in later Middle English suggests that the base was then free for recombination. This study adds to our understanding of the processes involved in borrowing a morpheme into Middle English.
Selected Proceedings of the 2005 Symposium on New Approaches in English Historical Lexis (HEL-LEX)
edited by R. W. McConchie, Olga Timofeeva, Heli Tissari, and Tanja Säily
Table of contents


Date: 3rd February 2021 at 1:45am
Written by:
Most modern college students like living sedentary lifestyles. They would rather stay at home and play video games instead of participating in physical sporting activities. That, coupled with the foods they take, make them add weight. Consequently, they become susceptible to different ailments, including heart complications.
Colleges are finding it hard to motivate students to like sports. For example, most students do not like football. What strategies can college administrations use to motivate their students to like football and other sports? Here are the most practical tips that can help:
Allow Students to Choose the Positions They Want to Play
Football has different playing positions. For example, a quarterback is there to throw the ball and act as the team leader. The wide receiver has to catch the ball and elude defenders. The contribution of every player ensures a team secures the results it wants.
Some colleges force students to play certain positions. As a result, students feel like they are not in control of what they are doing. Therefore, they prefer not to play the game. Those in charge should thus avoid doing that to motivate students and attract more participants to the sport.
How should colleges help students in this respect? Allow students to play any position they are comfortable with. If students do not know what they are good at, they should be encouraged to experiment with any position. It will help them discover positions they can play well. Additionally, football coaches should guide these learners to realize their potential.
Recruit the Right Football Coaches for Colleges
Coaches play a big role in sporting outcomes. They are the ones who manage and steer them in the right direction. Their motivation can help students to reach their real footballing potential. Colleges should be careful about the coaching staff they recruit.
When a college has the right football coach, students feel comfortable playing sports. Harsh or incompetent coaches drive students away from the sport. Recruit coaches depending on the the college intends to achieve in football.
What are the best hiring practices that colleges should adopt to achieve the best results? Students should suggest who they want to be their football coach. Incorporate their suggestions during the recruitment process. That way, you can find someone who can take the needs of the students who love football into consideration.
Create a Favorable College Schedule for Students
Most college students always have questions like, "who will write my essay?" It is because they have many assignments to complete. The tasks have strict submission deadlines, and students feel they cannot complete them on time. It is these tasks that, at times, prevent students from participating in sporting activities, including football.
Colleges should create a more wholesome schedule. Although academics is an essential part of college work, it should not take up all the time available for students. What are the methods college administrators can use to make football popular on this front?
 - Give assignments with long deadlines so that students can comfortably complete them and still play football
 - Make football a compulsory part of college work
 - Create a schedule that includes football
Enlighten Students About the Importance of Playing Football
Students do not want to engage in games that do not offer any value to them. They want the surety that they gain something from a given activity. As soon as they start playing the game and notice that it is not helping them, they may. It is the responsibility of the college to inform students about the importance of football.
What are some benefits of playing football? It is a physical sport, which means participants can become fit, strong, and flexible. Playing football also helps students to relieve stress and become wholesome. Therefore, it is a sport that students should not overlook.
Organize Football Tournaments and Competitions
Students love an intriguing sport. They leave any boring sport. Therefore, colleges should ensure they make football as interesting as possible for students.
Begin by organizing football competitions. The teams that win these tournaments should receive awards. It could be a trophy or money. It goes a long way in encouraging students to participate in football activities.
Football is a good game for students. Colleges should find ways to encourage students to love it. Give students the freedom to choose what they like, recruit good coaches, participate in college football schedule, and enlighten students about football. Also, competitive tournaments should be organized.


text:
TORONTO - A hamburger or stir fry from a chain restaurant may contain the total daily recommended amount of sodium Canadians should consume, suggests a study published Wednesday in the Canadian Journal of Public Health.
When it came to stir fries, some sandwich wraps and even salads, researchers were surprised at the wide variation in the amount of sodium they contained, said Mary L'Abbe, chair of the University of Toronto's department of nutritional sciences and senior author on the study.
"Some of the top quarter of the foods were above the upper level for a day, but yet the lower end were... half your recommendation, so there was this big variety."
The daily recommended amount of sodium is 1,500 milligrams and no more than 2,300 milligrams — the equivalent of about a teaspoon of salt — is suggested per day. Research shows the average Canadian consumes 3,400 milligrams per day.
"You would normally think salad is a very healthy choice and so absolutely a large number of those salads were quite low in sodium... but at the same time there were also salads that had up to 2,200 milligrams (of sodium) per serving," L'Abbe said.
"So you could get the low end and have only 200 milligrams of sodium and you could get the high end, 2,000 milligrams of sodium."
The University of Toronto study of 4,044 foods from 85 chain restaurants found that, on average, a single menu item from a sit-down restaurant, such as a hamburger, sandwich or stir fry, contained almost 100 per cent of the daily recommended amount of sodium, or an average of 1,455 milligrams of sodium per serving.
Side dishes contained almost half that, an average of 736 milligrams of sodium.
Many foods geared toward children were also found to be high in sodium.
Health Canada has been educating Canadians on reducing sodium levels, but the focus has been on packaged foods and the agency has not issued guidelines for the restaurant sector, L'Abbe said.
It's been estimated that reducing Canadians' dietary sodium intake by 1,800 milligrams per day would result in an annual health-care savings of $2.33 billion, L'Abbe and co-author Mary Scourboutakos, who worked on the study as part of her doctoral research, said in the report.
About a quarter of Canadians eat something prepared at a sit-down restaurant, cafeteria or other food venue every day. Too much sodium causes high blood pressure, a leading cause of illness and premature death, the Ontario Medical Association said in a statement.
"We're especially concerned because the sodium in restaurant foods is hidden," said Dr. Doug Weir, president of the Ontario Medical Association.
"There is no easy way for patrons to choose lower-sodium options, because for the most part sodium content is not posted on the menu. Our patients, and especially those at risk for high blood pressure (40 per cent of population), need better information so that they can choose lower-sodium foods in restaurants. Menu labelling is the best way to do this."
Dietitians of Canada, which helped prepare the Sodium Reduction Strategy for Health Canada in 2010, also says the food industry needs to cut down on added sodium.
"Sodium reduction targets need to be set, monitored and reported on foods available in the food supply and that includes foods in restaurants and other food service establishments," Janice Macdonald, the organization's director of communications, wrote in an email.
Sodium is a component of table salt, the chemical sodium chloride. It's used in many foods and not only for taste.
In bread, you need salt as part of the leavening process. It's often used to help foods brown. Sodium is used in processed cured meats as a preservative.
In the restaurant industry foods with salt and a variety of salt additives hold more moisture. When the food is being cooked ahead of time, it doesn't dry out, L'Abbe explained.
Ditching the salt shaker is only one way to decrease sodium consumption.
At a fast-food or sit-down restaurant ask if there are lower-sodium choices. When it's possible to customize your food, ask if they would not add salt to your food.
Choose lettuce, onions and tomatoes for your burger rather than cheese, ketchup, mustard and relish, which add more sodium. Order smaller portions and share. Ask for gravy, sauces and dressings on the side and use a lesser amount. Add flavour with herbs, pepper and other seasonings rather than salt, L'Abbe suggested.
Visit the Healthy Canadians website for more tips on choosing foods that lack sodium when eating out and grocery shopping.
Bill C-460, being debated in Parliament, is asking chain restaurants to provide calorie numbers and high-sodium warnings on menus.
Sodium Awareness Week kicks off March 11.


text:
This project also could not have been realized if not for the generous support of:
- my husband Idin Samimi Mofakham, who always was there for me, when I felt lost in words and sounds, willingly served me with constructive advice and helped with overcoming all difficulties in preparing this artistic research;
- my mother Beata Kosecka, who was always there to listen and cheer me up and helped me dearly with preparing the Polish translations of all articles;
- Norwegian Center for Technology and Music NOTAM in Oslo, a safe harbor during the times of pandemic, where I could use the studio for spatial audio design and develop my electroacoustic projects;
- the performers of my compositions: prof. Lech Bałaban, Martyna Zakrzewska, Barbara Mglej, Paulina Woś-Gucik, Aleksandra Gołaj, Alena Budziňáková-Palus, for their effort and passion for performing and supporting my music;
- the performers, supporters, and contributors to this research: guitarist Nico Couck and composer Bálint Laczkó, for their advice during the technical development of certain compositions.


text:
Driver CPC to be monitored for unnecessary repeat training
Following a review of CPC training for drivers as a requirement of EU Directive 2018/645, adopted by the government, and recommendations from the European Commission, the DVSA are to monitor the 35 hours periodic training requirement to ensure there are no unnecessary specific training repeated.
To ensure continued professional development, knowledge of continued safe driving and road safety, training undertaken should benefit drivers and their jobs. Drivers records will be monitored to identify training that does not support professional development. The result could be action that includes revocation of the Driver Qualification Card (DQC) where unnecessary repeat training is identified.
DVSA will only allow repeated specific training if it supports a drivers development, giving an example as 'more than one day's training being required to maintain the qualification to drive dangerous goods'. They will be working with training bodies to ensure repeat training is not delivered unless it is necessary for a drivers professional development.


text:
Posted by ESC on January 07, 2007
In Reply to: You can't get blood out of a turnip posted by Rich Sue Woodruff on January 06, 2007
: Could this phrase come from the story in the Bible about Cain and Abel in Genesis 4? "Abel kept flocks (a shepherd/rancher), and Cain worked the soil (a farmer). In the course of time Cain brought some of the fruits of the soil as an offering to the Lord. But Abel brought fat portions from from some of the firstborn of his flock (a meat offering requiring bloodshed). The Lord looked with favor on Abel and his offering, but on Cain and his offering he did not look with favor." (NIV)
: In the Old Testament God required a blood offering for sin. Hence, you can't get blood out of a turnip.
YOU CAN'T GET BLOOD OUT OF A STONE - "The stone here is a metaphor for a person who simply does not have (or would never give up) what is being sought - usually money. Over the centuries, various objects, such as a stone, a turnip, and even a wall, have been used in versions of the saying. The earliest known rendering, which appeared in John Lydgate's 'Minor Poems' (c 1435), mentioned marble - 'Harde to likke hony (honey) out of a marbil stoon.'.Charles Dickens first rendered the saying as 'Blood cannot be obtained from a stone,' in 'David Copperfield' and then recorded the exact wording of the modern version in 'Our Mutual Friend'." From "Wise Words and Wives' Tales: The Origins, Meanings and Time-Honored Wisdom of Proverbs and Folk Sayings Olde and New" by Stuart Flexner and Doris Flexner (Avon Books, New York, 1993).
Another reference says "blood from a turnip" was used by Frederick Marryat, "apparently borrowing an expression from folklore," in "Japhet in Search of a Father" in 1836: There's no getting blood out of a turnip." "The Dictionary of Cliches" by James Rogers (Wings Books, Originally New York: Facts on File Publications, 1985). Page 28.


Eudora, KS
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The history of Eudora predates American settlement. The Eudora area was home to various Indian tribes for thousands of years. The most notable tribe was the Kansa. The Kansa lived along the rivers of this region in villages until they were forcibly removed in the 1820s by the American government to make room for the Shawnee. The Oregon Trail and Santa Fe Trail passed through the region, just a few miles south of modern Eudora.
In 1854 the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, creating the Kansas Territory and opening the region to settlement by Americans. As a result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Americans settlers started to encroach upon Indian lands. In 1856, three members of a German Immigrant Settlement Company (called Deutsche-Neusiedlungsverein) from Chicago, sent out a location committee to choose a town site in the new Kansas Territory. Favoring the Eudora area, they drew up contracts with Shawnee Chief Paschal Fish, the owner of most of the land in the area. The new town was named Eudora in honor of Chief Fish's daughter.


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This is mainly a philosophical problem: what are opposites?
You can only have opposites if you have a frame of reference. In one context, the opposite of man can be woman; in another, it can be beast or nature or child, and so on. Metaphorically speaking, you need a mirror to reflect against, or a hinge to pivot around. You need to reduce the number of options to two for there to be an opposite.
In many cases, using a negation can be an obvious way to do this, because you basically divide the entire spectrum of possibilities into x and "not x": unfriendliness can be the opposite of friendliness, and unloved can be the opposite of loved. It could be said that a negation provides a mirror. So you could say the opposite of Schadenfreude is not Schadenfreude, which would mean simply the absence of Schadenfreude.
However, the more specific a word or concept is, the more other possibilities you are grouping under "opposite" by simply using a negation: there are many kinds of not-Schadenfreude, you could say. That is why it doesn't seem a very satisfying kind of opposite in this case.
We could instead decide to focus on the aspect joy, and mirror it along the spectrum of "good" versus "bad" emotions. Even then, there seem to be two options: anger and sorrow. You could be sad about someone else's misfortune, or angry. So the spectrum of good v. bad emotions is not even specific enough. Both could be used as opposites.
The aspect of misfortune could be used as well, and we could choose the spectrum of good versus bad things happening to someone else. Then the opposite good fortune would be fitting, so you could be happy about someone else's good fortune.
What we did here was pick just one element of meaning expressed by the word and find some frame of reference in which to mirror it. If you take several elements at once and mirror them each, like feeling angry (or sad) about the good fortune of others, then you have less of the original meaning left (neither joy nor the other's misfortune), and so it is less recognizable as an opposite. But you could still consider it an opposite.
No doubt other opposites could be created, such as eh...the most commonly used English word used in German (could be cool), assuming that Schadenfreude is the most commonly used German word in English. You could say that is an opposite as well; it is just based on very different elements, namely the frequency of the word, its original language, and the language we are using it in now. Possibilities are endless, and none seem categorically different from others. For that reason, there are no meaningful words for different opposites: each word just has different options.


of disagreement about the meaning of the term "material cooperation with evil", and a large amount of disagreement about its proper application. I hope my use of the term is at least intelligible and consistent and that it captures rightly the true moral evaluation of various situations.)
The Act Performed:
Fist let us get a clear sense of the act being performed. The employer is not going up to the counter of a pharmacy and purchasing an abortion-inducing drug for an employee. He is not keeping a storeroom of contraceptives to which employees have ready access. He is not keeping a surgeon on staff who will do sterilizations. He is paying for a health care plan that will pay for AID-S-C should the employee receive a prescription for such. While often employers may have certainty that some employees will make use of such options, other employers may have full confidence that none of their employees will make use of them. Since the employer does not intend that any of his employees use the services and since he does not directly make them available, I am confident that the cooperation is not formal but is justifiable material cooperation. (In a future column I will respond to Pakaluk's and Long's arguments that the cooperation is formal.)
Material Assistance vs. Cooperation with Evil:
Let us note that if a person who provides material assistance to wrong doers is cooperating with evil then God would be the biggest cooperator of all. After all, God gives human beings everything we have and He has certain knowledge that we will use it for evil, even knowledge of how each particular individual will use things to do evil. Parents would be cooperators with evil since they supply their children with everything they have; yet who would say that parents are materially cooperating in all the wrongdoing their children may do? If someone rescues a known criminal from drowning, one he knows will go on engaging in criminal activity once rescued, the rescuer is not guilty of material cooperation in the future wrong doing of the criminal.
Indeed, all of us are in a position where we provide material assistance to wrongdoers. Employers pay employees a salary and they know that some of them are going to use that money for immoral purposes, such as paying for abortions. They may even know who is going to use the funds for abortion. Employers should try to hire moral people and educate people to be moral, but the choices of how money is spent are not always under the moral purview of those who supply the money. Providing the material wherewithal that wrongdoers need is not always cooperation with evil. People are responsible for their own choices.
Definition of Material Cooperation with Evil:
I am not prepared to make all the fine distinctions that should be made between simply providing material assistance that one owes another and engaging in material cooperation but it certainly seems there is a difference. Often paying taxes that go to pay for immoral actions is cited as an example of justifiable material cooperation with evil because it is so remote from the evil done. I wonder if it is cooperation with evil at all when one is giving to others what is owed to them (and we do have a moral obligation to pay taxes). Employees certainly often use their wages for immoral purposes but is the employer who paid the wages truly involved in cooperating with any of the evil done? For again, if so, God and parents and someone rescuing a drowning criminal would all seem involved in cooperation with evil and it seems strange to say that God and those performing their duties are cooperating with the evil that might result from their deeds.
Alphonsus Liguori defined material cooperation as "that cooperation which concurs only with the bad action of the other, outside the intention of the cooperator." Again, I don't know if that applies to the taxpayer or the employer paying wages for I don't know if they are truly cooperating with the bad action of another.
It would seem to me that the transactions that more properly qualify as material cooperation are those in which the agent supplying the assistance does not owe the wrong-doer what is supplied. For instance, one who owns a lumberyard does not owe lumber to all those who come to purchase it from him. Were he to discover that someone purchasing supplies were going to use them to build an abortion clinic, his selling the supplies to the builder would seem to be material cooperation with evil. Many factors would need to be taken into account to assess whether or not continued selling would be moral but the selling of supplies is material cooperation.
Whether or not I am correct about the distinctions between providing material assistance as a result of giving what is owed to another and providing material that one does not owe, may not make a great deal of difference in the analysis below but I believe we should work at getting a clearer understanding of precisely what constitutes material cooperation.
In general, we should take reasonable measures to avoid cooperation with evil; we should try to avoid situations that entail material cooperation and should resist cooperating when possible. We should refuse to take any employment at abortion clinics, for instance.
Permissible or Justifiable Material Cooperation:
Nonetheless, material cooperation with evil is sometimes permitted.
Remoteness: For instance, we cannot possibly research the business practices of all those businesses we patronize and thus it is moral for us in general to shop without much worrying about whether companies pay unfair wages, treat their employees poorly, or donate to unworthy causes. Sometimes, of course, we may chose to investigate such matters or follow the lead of others who have investigated such matters, but in general our responsibility for cooperating with evil through our purchases is minimal.
Unreasonable burdens: It is also permissible when the burden involved in not cooperating is unreasonable. For instance, one may not wish to purchase groceries from a grocery store owned by an abortionist since some of his profits may go to promoting his abortion business. But if the grocery store is the only one in reasonable driving distance, it would be moral to shop there.
Duress: We are permitted to cooperate materially with evil even when the evil is serious if we or other innocent people would experience serious harm by refusing to cooperate. These are said to be situations of duress. Although one is physically and morally able to refuse to act, the duress can be sufficient to render one's choice not fully free and justifiable. Aristotle speaks about someone throwing goods over the side of a sinking ship. The choice of the one throwing goods overboard is a mixture of freedom and duress, for he would not otherwise do so. Another example would be the person being pressed to drive the getaway car for a bank robbery. If one could do so without experiencing great harm, one should resist doing. But one threatened with serious harm could morally drive a getaway car. The driver would be more an additional victim of the crime rather than an accomplice.
Bundled Evil:
We should also note there is less culpability or none at all in cooperation with evil when the evil is "bundled" into some other act the cooperating agent must necessarily perform. The example of buying groceries from a grocery store owned by an abortionist serves here as well. Some of the money we paid for cheerios might go to pay for advertising the abortion clinic but since we do not intend at all to fund abortions and since the amount of the money that goes to abortion is negligible, our shopping at the store is morally permissible. Nonetheless, it would be good to attempt to attract another grocer to town; even better, it would be good to try to convert the owner away from doing abortions by persuasion, pray, sacrifice, and organized protests.
Again, I am not inclined to think that those who pay for taxes that pay for immoral practices are guilty of cooperation with evil, but if they were, it would be morally justifiable cooperation. It is just and moral that we pay taxes. It is the legislators who decide how tax money is to be spent. Our paying taxes that pay for immoral actions is not in itself immoral; rather the moral acts we exercise are in respect to the legislators who are elected. Nonetheless, some will conclude that in some instances they should refuse to pay taxes, not because the payment of taxes is immoral, but as a way of signaling their disapproval with how tax revenue is being allocated.
The Position of the National Catholic Bioethics Center Bioethicists:
As a basis for explaining my position I will comment on the statement of the bioethicists at the National Catholic Bioethics Center since it has a certain elevated status coming from a rightly very trusted and influential institution.
The NCBC bioethicists hold that there are three moral options open to employers. One they consider not very feasible since it involves not complying with the mandate but still supplying health care. That would involve crippling penalties and thus it is unrealistic to believe that any employer could continue to operate under the burdens of penalties and lawsuits.
The NCBC bioethicists believe the best option would be for employers to cease to offer health insurance but to provide employees with just compensation for them to purchase their own insurance plans. They acknowledge that it would be difficult to pay the employees enough to find comparable benefits (since discounts are available for the group plan paid for by the employer). This option shifts the moral burden to the employees. The NCBC bioethicists think the employers would only be involved in remote material cooperation with evil through these payments to employees that will go to health care plans that pay for AID-S-C. They do not address the question of the degree of cooperation engaged in by the employees who must now purchase health care plans that pay for AID-S-C.
The NCBC bioethicists also allow that it would be moral for Catholic employers to comply temporarily with the mandate, until January


Analyzing an Exported Apigee API Proxy
30 minutes
 - 2 Learning Objectives
About this Hands-on Lab
Before deploying your API proxy to production, you need to make sure that it is thoroughly reviewed and tested. Static code analysis is an important procedure you can run that helps to ensure your code is consistent and clean. This process is known as _linting_, and Apigee API proxies can take advantage of an open-source tool called apigeelint. In this hands-on lab, we'll take the preliminary steps necessary to run apigeelint, exporting our API proxy using the Apigee Edge Management APIs. Then, we'll install apigeelint and use it to validate our code, displaying the results in a table format.
Learning Objectives
Successfully complete this lab by achieving the following learning objectives:
Export the API Proxy
 1. On the Apigee dashboard page, click API Proxies.
 2. Click the link for the proxy you want to analyze.
 3. Review the name and revision number.
 4. In your browser, navigate to
 5. In the Apigee Management APIs navigation menu, select API Proxies > Export API Proxy.
 6. Scroll down the page to the Resource URL section.
 7. Complete the Resource URL by filling in the following elements:
 - Your organization name
 - Your API proxy name
 - Your proxy's revision number
 8. In the HTTP Basic box, click Set…
 9. In the Set Authentication dialog, enter your Apigee email and password.
 10. Click Save.
 11. Click Send this request.
 12. Select the cURL tab.
 13. Copy the generated cURL command to your clipboard.
 14. In your terminal, paste the copied cURL command, and add the following:
 -o ~/downloads/
Install and Run apigeelint
 1. Change to your Downloads directory.
 cd ~/downloads
 2. Verify that the file is in the Downloads directory.
 3. Install apigeelint.
 sudo npm install -g apigeelint
 4. Enter your password at the prompt.
 5. Unzip the downloaded proxy.
 6. Run apigeelint on the proxy folder.
 apigeelint -s apiproxy/ -f table.js
 7. Review the results.
Additional Resources
Your API proxy is nearly ready for production, and it's time for you to double-check your work. You decide to use apigeelint to programmatically review your proxy code.
You'll need to complete the following steps to accomplish your task:
 1. Export the API proxy.
 2. Install apigeelint.
 3. Run apigeelint on the exported API proxy.
Please note: There are several prerequisites for this hands-on lab:
 1. You must have an Apigee account.
 2. You must have completed the following hands-on labs: Creating an Apigee API Proxy and Testing an API Proxy.
What are Hands-on Labs
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Source document verification
During the study period of UCAS Japan between 2001 and 2010, the hospital records and images of 956 patients from a random sample of 21 institutions were documented by outside investigators.
The results of analysis showed that document errors were minimal.
- In 3% of cases, the aneurysm's size needed revision of more than 1 mm. (All within 2mm.)
- Location of aneurysm was erroneously registered in 0.7% of cases. Two cases of posterior communicating aneurysms discovered on routine angiography were found to have infundibular dilation and were deleted from the study.
- In 3.4% of cases, there are defective data of family history and past medical history.
- Follow-up modified Rankin scale was recorded incorrectly more than or equal to 2points in 1% of cases.
Above listed points were corrected in each institution.
These errors did not influence the results of the statistical analysis of the data.


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The human brain is composed of approximately 100 billion neurons, each with distinct functions. One of those functions is face perception—the ability to recognize what someone looks like and recall who they are. The ability to recognize faces persists for years, even though the brain is also plastic, constantly rewiring its connections. This raises a question: do the neurons responsible for face perception change due to this constant rewiring?
A team of scientists from the National Institute of Health may have an answer. They located the brain regions where face-specific neurons resided by recording activity using functional MRI (fMRI) while showing macaque monkeys images with and without faces on them. Microwire electrode arrays (tens of tiny electrodes) were then implanted into these brain regions to provide detailed records of the activity of neurons.
Initial recordings were made after implantation to obtain a baseline record of how the neurons responded to different images. This helped to isolate neurons that were responsive to faces (and to validate that the implanted electrodes actually worked). Over the course of a few weeks, the scientists then showed the monkeys a library of images—some with faces and some without—and investigated the consistency of neural responses over time.
In their analysis, the scientists used waveform shape, frequency (the number of spikes occurring within a second), and consistency to assess changes in the response of the face-specific neurons.
The results showed that face-specific neurons respond to images with faces in the same way over long periods of time—in one case, recordings went for a year. In addition, the same neurons repeatedly respond to the same faces, suggesting a sort of association or mapping: certain faces always triggered certain neurons. This suggests that the brain's ongoing rewiring process doesn't significantly affect them, and thus may not have a large impact on recognition of faces.


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- the large, hard-shelled seed of the coconut palm, lined with a white edible meat, and containing a milky liquid.
- the meat of the coconut, often shredded and used in cooking, as a flavoring, and as a dessert topping.
- coconut palm.
- Slang: Disparaging and Offensive. a person of color, especially a person of Latin-American or South Asian origin or descent, who is regarded as having adopted the attitudes, values, and behavior thought to be characteristic of middle-class white society, at the expense of his or her ethnic heritage.Compare Oreo.
Origin of coconut
Examples from the Web for cocoanut
Historical Examples of cocoanut
He thought that, at last, he had reached the milk in the cocoanut.Cap'n Dan's Daughter
Joseph C. Lincoln
It is lined with cocoanut matting and had taken no impression of any kind.The Return of Sherlock Holmes
Arthur Conan Doyle
Each one of the cocoanut trees in our garden had for me a distinct personality.My Reminiscences
If there is a Deshmukh3 of the village, a cocoanut and betel-leaf are also given to him.
The cocoanut is largely used for culinary purposes in the Islands.The Philippine Islands
- the fruit of the coconut palm, consisting of a thick fibrous oval husk inside which is a thin hard shell enclosing edible white meat. The hollow centre is filled with a milky fluid (coconut milk)
- the meat of the coconut, often shredded and used in cakes, curries, etc
- (as modifier)coconut cake
- slang, derogatory a black or Asian person who conforms to white culture at the expense of his or her ancestral culture, the idea being that, like a coconut, he or she is dark on the outside and white on the inside


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Pulse Pressure and Risk of Cardiovascular Events
What is the relationship between pulse pressure (PP) and adverse cardiovascular events using data from the REACH (Reduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health) registry?
The investigators examined participants from the international REACH registry, which evaluates individuals with clinical atherothrombotic disease or risk factors for its development. They excluded those with incomplete 4-year follow-up or PP data (n = 45,087). Univariable and multivariable regression analyses were performed to determine the association between PP and cardiovascular outcomes, including cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, all myocardial infarction, all stroke, cardiovascular hospitalization, and a combined outcome. PP was analyzed as a continuous and categorical (i.e., by quartile) variable.
The mean age of the cohort was 68 ± 10 years, 35% were female, and 81% were treated for hypertension. The mean blood pressure was 138 ± 19/79 ± 11 mm Hg, rendering a mean PP of 49 ± 16 mm Hg. On univariable analysis, increasing PP quartile was associated with worse outcomes (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). After adjusting for sex, age, current smoking status, history of hypercholesterolemia, history of diabetes, aspirin use, statin use, blood pressure medication use, and mean arterial pressure, PP quartile was still associated with all outcomes except all stroke and cardiovascular death (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). Analysis of PP as a continuous variable yielded similar results.
The authors concluded that PP is associated with multiple adverse cardiovascular outcomes and provides prognostic utility beyond that of mean arterial pressure.
This study reports that higher PP conferred an increased risk for multiple adverse cardiovascular events. The adverse relationships persisted between PP and several adverse outcomes, notably the combined outcome of cardiovascular death, cardiovascular hospitalization, nonfatal MI, and nonfatal stroke, after controlling for several potential confounding risk factors, including mean arterial pressure. Since PP is easily calculated from blood pressure, its clinical utility would be potentially high. Reduction in PP may serve as a therapeutic target, but future research is necessary to delineate its role more precisely.
Keywords: Blood Pressure, Coronary Thrombosis, Hypertension, Myocardial Infarction, Primary Prevention, Risk Factors, Stroke, Thrombosis
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Dictyostelium discoideum is a soil-living amoeba. A group of 100,000 form a mound as big as a grain of sand.
The hereditary information is carried on six chromosomes with sizes ranging from 4 to 7 Mb resulting in a total of about 34 Mb of DNA, a multicopy 90 kb extrachromosomal element that harbors the rRNA genes, and the 55 kb mitochondrial genome. The estimated number of genes in the genome is 8,000 to 10,000 and many of the known genes show a high degree of sequence similarity to genes in vertebrate species. - NIH
Credit: Rex Chisholm, Northwestern University (NIGMS Image Gallery)