I need a 8 m x 4 m x 0.6 m RC plinth (mechanical requirement) which needs to be built onto loose gravel. Obviously I am going to over excavate, back fill with selected material and bed my plinth on that.
The plinth accommodates 2 x 65 m3 water tanks, placed symmetrically. The tanks are $\phi$3 m, 9 m high and weigh 796 kN when full. The wind load on each creates a 206 kNm moment and horizontal force of 38 kN.
I need to design the plinth for bending and check the soil for shear failure. I assume the max. bearing capacity of the soil to be 150 kPa.
I want to simulate this using FEM. How do I address the support conditions. I understand that I should use springs as supports, but how would I get the equivalent spring constants if my spring is soil?
 - $\begingroup$ What is the purpose of the FEA? Is this a learning exercise, or do you just want to design the tank foundation and think that FEA is the way to go? Your answer to this comment is crucial as it differentiates between putting you in a world of hurt (and much cost) or a rather simple RC design... $\endgroup$ – Paul Uszak Dec 4 '15 at 21:52
 - $\begingroup$ This is a real design, for a real project. My design suite has a module that employs FEA for beams on elastic supports, i.e. ground beams. This module does meshing and modelling the springs in the background. But I wish to understand the FEA modelling side so I can use the 3D modelling software to do the same. $\endgroup$ – SlydeRule Dec 5 '15 at 5:27
Before jumping into elastic support conditions, you have to realise that it's not a ground beam. For three reasons:
 1. With a minor axis width to depth ratio of 6ish, it's not far away from a square. If you stick a wide support somewhere near the ends of the section, the load will simply arch over the supports in pure compression. You'd almost be able to build it in brickwork!
 2. Ground beams by definition span between supports. Your plinth is continuously supported by the fill. It's a raft if anything.
 3. Also, how will you apply the moment? Water does't transfer bending moment.
The approximations suggested by Wasabi of the ground elasticity will totally negate your efforts at an accurate assessment of stresses within both the supports and the plinth.
If you're going to use an FEA analysis, you'll be looking at modelling the plinth as several layers of concrete cubes, sat on several more layers of cubes of fill, all within a surrounding matrix of cubes representing the gravel. If you're designing a skyscraper have at it, otherwise the soil investigations and modelling effort required would make this one of the most over designed structures I've ever seen. Do the following:
 1. Treat the plinth as infinitely stiff
 2. Check that the allowable bearing pressure isn't exceeded by either the dead weigh with a uniform ground pressure, or a triangular ground pressure due to the moment when the tanks are empty, or both.
 3. Design the plinth for bending and shear due to the same load patterns
 4. Ignore the lateral 38. The plinth won't slide due to self weight and friction.
You could do this in an afternoon after getting back from the pub. Flippancy aside, I've done similar (your approach) for a multimillion pound project. Don't. It's a pig.
What you need is the modulus of subgrade reaction (MSR) of the soil. This is a measure of soil deflection under a given pressure, so the unit is in (for example) kPa/m, or equivalently, as I'm more accustomed to see it, kN/m3.
MSR is obtained via plate-bearing tests, but there are also quite a few different tables that give some "typical values" for different soil compositions (obtained via plate-bearing tests). That being said, these tables can present huge ranges for a given soil type. I've found some tables here (page 37), here (Table C.3 on pages _PHONE_) and here (Table 1.2 page 16).
Technically this does not mean, however, that you can simply get the MSR and multiply it by the tributary area of each element since MSR isn't a soil property but a shorthand for the interaction between the soil and the foundation (different foundation sizes and shapes imply in different MSR values). There are equations you can use to find the corrected MSR, references to which can be found here (section 5.2.2 starting on page 128).
That being said, I have seen some people (including books) simply adopt the default MSR, so do that at your own risk. Foundations aren't my specialty, so I can't even say how significant the correction equation is.
Your Answer


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Of Mind and Matter - The Mystery of the Human Brain
Of Mind and Matter - The Mystery of the Human Brain aims to promote awareness about the marvel of the human brain in an environment that is simple, enticing, and interactive. This Internet resource includes information about the anatomical, functional, and psychological aspects of this neurological organ along with details about disorders and ongoing research. These topics are also enforced by a broad range of fascinating applications to provide increased understanding of the material presented. So go ahead, and let your brain begin its journey to understand itself!
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Learning subject-specific L2 terminology: The effect of medium and order of exposure
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2015
In the globalised university environment, many university students are expected to learn subject-specific terminology in both the local language and the L2 (English) by learning from two media in two different languages: lectures in the local language and reading in L2 English. These students' bilingual learning is greatly affected by the learning strategies they employ. An experiment was designed to investigate the effects of student choice of learning media and the order of media on their learning and perception of learning of terminology in English. The results confirm that added exposure to terminology in different media, even in different languages, contributes to learning and show that, in some circumstances, learning terminology from reading may be more effective than learning it from a lecture. The results also show that students do not correctly judge their knowledge of terms learnt from different media in different languages and that they underestimate knowledge gained from reading in L2. Implications for teaching are discussed.
Learning from L2 reading
L2 terminology learning
Perception of learning

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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About one in 700 babies is born with a cleft palate. Even after surgery to suture the lip or the hard and soft palates, some 20 to 30 percent of such children have lingering speech impediments—and evaluating the problem often requires threading a fiber-optic camera up the patient's nose. If plastic surgeon Alex Kane and radiologist John Butman have their way, such unpleasantness will soon be replaced by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is both painless and far more revealing.
During speech, the soft palate normally shifts upwards to close off the air passageway between the mouth and the nose. If the palate can't move easily, air escapes through the nose, and speech is indistinct. Additional operations can correct these post-reconstruction defects, but only if the doctor can see where the problem lies. Conventional MRI requires that the subject be motionless, so it is a poor tool for studying errant motions of the soft palate. Kane has overcome that limitation using "gated" MRI, a method originally developed to view a heart beating. While the patient repeats a simple phrase up to 200 times, the imaging machine collects snapshots at successive stages of speaking. When viewed one after another, the resulting stills play like a three-dimensional movie of the palate at work. "We hope to have an all-purpose tool to study speech, not only in cleft-lip-and-palate kids but also in people who've had strokes," says Kane.


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The November 2017 issue of the American Psychologist is devoted to the 125th anniversary of the American Psychological Association. AHP readers will be especially interested in an article exploring this 125 year history:
"125 years of the American Psychological Association," by Christopher D.Green and Robin L. Cautin. Abstract:
The American Psychological Association (APA) began 125 years ago as a small club of a few dozen members in the parlor of its founder, G. Stanley Hall. In the decades since, it has faced many difficulties and even a few existential crises. Originally a scientific society, it spent the decades between the world wars figuring out how to accommodate the growing community of applied psychologists while still retaining and enhancing its scientific reputation. After World War II, with an expanded mandate, it developed formal training models for clinical psychologists and became an important player in legal cases pertaining to civil rights and other social justice issues. With practitioners taking an ever-greater role in the governance of the organization in the late 1970s, and the financial viability of the association in doubt in the 1980s, many psychological scientists felt the need to create a separate organization for themselves. The 1990s and early 2000s brought more challenges: declining divisional memberships; a legal dispute over fees with practitioners; and a serious upheaval over the APA Board of Directors' cooperation with governmental defense and intelligence agencies during the "war on terror." These clashes appear to have precipitated a decline in the association's membership for the first time in its history. The APA has faced many storms over its century-and-a-quarter, but has, thus far, always ultimately found a way forward for itself, for its members, and for the wider discipline of psychology.


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军事战略, 军事战略The Science of Military Strategy (2013 Edition)
Description: The 2013 Science of Military Strategy (SMS) is an update on the previous 1987 and 2001 editions of the same title published by the Academy of Military Sciences (AMS). Chinese only text. Its publish began much debate about the PLA's direction under Xi Jinping, and the focus or goals of then upcoming PLA reforms that began in earnest almost two years after its publish. AMS's refresh and republish of SMS also renewed the competition between AMS and NDU to be the center of strategic thought in the PLA, as the NDU shortly thereafter refreshed its text under the same title. This SMS describes the PLA's concept of what strategy is, reassures on their focus on a defensive strategy focused on active defense (积极防御), to meet the military's historic missions (军队历史使命), prepare for localized wars under informationized conditions (信息化条件下局部战争), and the employment of military forces in peacetime (和平时期军事力量运用), all under the "new situation" (新形势下). It gained much attention for its description of wars that AMS thought China could be facing in the near future (我国可能面临的战争), and the expanded discussion of non-war military actions (NWMA, or MOOTW – 非战争军事行动) — which appeared to move a lot more activities into this category, and expound upon confrontational (对抗性) use of military force in peacetime — as well as its discussions of military deterrence activities (军事威慑行动), and military struggle in the nuclear, space and cyber domains (核、天、网领域军事斗争). It should not be considered a paper on the PRC's strategy, but rather a text essential to understanding how they think about strategy.
The Science of Military Strategy (2013 Edition)
Author: AMS Military Strategy Research Department
Military Science Publishing
Edition: DEC 2013, 1st Edition
Printing: DEC 2013, First Printing


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Disruption of dimerization and substrate phosphorylation inhibit factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor (FIH) activity.
HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) is an alphabeta transcription factor that modulates the hypoxic response in many animals. The cellular abundance and activity of HIF-alpha are regulated by its post-translational hydroxylation. The hydroxylation of HIF is catalysed by PHD (prolyl hydroxylase domain) enzymes and FIH (factorinhibiting HIF), all of which are 2-oxoglutarateand Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenases. FIH hydroxylates a conserved asparagine residue in HIF-alpha (Asn-803), which blocks the binding of HIF to the transcriptional co-activator p300, preventing transcription of hypoxia-regulated genes under normoxic conditions. In the present paper, we report studies on possible mechanisms for the regulation of FIH activity. Recently solved crystal structures of FIH indicate that it is homodimeric. Site-directed mutants of FIH at residues Leu-340 and Ile-344, designed to disrupt dimerization, were generated in order to examine the importance of the dimeric state in determining FIH activity. A single point mutant, L340R (Leu-340-->Arg), was shown to be predominantly monomeric and to have lost catalytic activity as measured by assays monitoring 2-oxoglutarate turnover and asparagine hydroxylation. In contrast, the I344R (Ile-344-->Arg) mutant was predominantly dimeric and catalytically active. The results imply that the homodimeric form of FIH is required for productive substrate binding. The structural data also revealed a hydrophobic interaction formed between FIH and a conserved leucine residue (Leu-795) on the HIF substrate, which is close to the dimer interface. A recent report has revealed that phosphorylation of Thr-796, which is adjacent to Leu-795, enhances the transcriptional response in hypoxia. Consistent with this, we show that phosphorylation of Thr-796 prevents the hydroxylation of Asn-803 by FIH.
PubMed ID: _PHONE_
PMC ID: PMC1133735
Article link: Biochem J.
Genes referenced: crebbp ep300


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Ballitore is situated between Kilcullen and Castledermot, just off the N 9. As you enter the village of Ballitore turn left in the centre square – the Meeting House is about 200 metres on the right.
Meeting for Worship takes place every Sunday at 11 am.
Ballitore Meeting is part of Co Wexford Monthly Meeting.
In 1685 two Quakers decided to settle beside the Griese river, and the story of Ballitore began. They built wool and flour mills, and over the next two centuries more Quakers settled and developed what became known as the "Quaker" village.
In 1726 Abraham Shackleton started the famous school which lasted for over a century and that numbered Edmund Burke, Paul (later Cardinal) Cullen and Napper Tandy among its pupils. Last century the village went into decline, but twenty years ago saw the start of its revival, and now it is once again attractive, with the old Meeting House refurbished, and Mary Leadbeater's house rebuilt and housing the Library and a small Quaker museum. The museum is open during the week, and also on Sundays from June to September between 2pm and 6pm.
Four kilometres south of Ballitore, in Moone, there is one of the most delightful large stone High Crosses in Ireland. It has unusually good carvings of biblical scenes. In summer one can go to Meeting for Worship, then visit Moone, have a picnic, and return to the museum in the afternoon.
For more local history background see
courtesy of the Kildare Community Network.
View Quakers Ireland Map in a larger map


Defining fontsets
Emacs creates a standard fontset automatically according to the value of standard-fontset-spec. This fontset's name is
or just 'fontset-standard' for short.
Bold, italic, and bold-italic variants of the standard fontset are created automatically. Their names have 'bold' instead of 'medium', or 'i' instead of 'r', or both.
If you specify a default ASCII font with the 'Font' resource or the '-fn' argument, Emacs generates a fontset from it automatically. This is the startup fontset and its name is fontset-startup. It does this by replacing the foundry, family, add_style, and average_width fields of the font name with '*', replacing charset_registry field with 'fontset', and replacing charset_encoding field with 'startup', then using the resulting string to specify a fontset.
For instance, if you start Emacs this way,
emacs -fn "*courier-medium-r-normal--14-140-*-iso8859-1"
Emacs generates the following fontset and uses it for the initial X window frame:
With the X resource 'Emacs.Font', you can specify a fontset name just like an actual font name. But be careful not to specify a fontset name in a wildcard resource like 'Emacs*Font'---that wildcard specification applies to various other purposes, such as menus, and menus cannot handle fontsets.
You can specify additional fontsets using X resources named 'Fontset-n', where n is an integer starting from 0. The resource value should have this form:
fontpattern, [charsetname:fontname]...
fontpattern should have the form of a standard X font name, except for the last two fields. They should have the form 'fontset-alias'.
The fontset has two names, one long and one short. The long name is fontpattern. The short name is 'fontset-alias'. You can refer to the fontset by either name.
For the other character sets, Emacs chooses a font based on fontpattern. It replaces 'fontset-alias' with values that describe the character set. For the ASCII character font, 'fontset-alias' is replaced with 'ISO8859-1'.
Thus if fontpattern is this,
the font specification for ASCII characters would be this:
and the font specification for Chinese GB2312 characters would be this:
You may not have any Chinese font matching the above font specification. Most X distributions include only Chinese fonts that have 'song ti' or 'fangsong ti' in family field. In such a case, 'Fontset-n' can be specified as below:
Then, the font specifications for all but Chinese GB2312 characters have 'fixed' in the family field, and the font specification for Chinese GB2312 characters has a wild card '*' in the family field.
The function that processes the fontset resource value to create the fontset is called create-fontset-from-fontset-spec. You can also call this function explicitly to create a fontset.
See section Font Specification Options, for more information about font naming in X.


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Get in touch: send your photos, videos, news & views by texting YORK to 80360 or send an email»
Remarkable new finds below York Minster
ARCHAEOLOGISTS have found evidence of a previously-unknown settlement below York Minster, dating back more than 1,000 years.
Experts working at the Minster say the finds – including a ninth-century coin – help to plug a gap in York's known history, between the departure of the Romans in the fifth century and the arrivals of the Normans in 1066.
The period is referred to as the Dark Ages due to the lack of knowledge about the time, and although Viking finds have increased awareness of York history from 866 onwards, broader understanding is scarce.
Now, a team from York Archaeological Trust working in a pit below the Minster say they have made priceless finds, including evidence of a local mint.
Stuart Harrison, Cathedral Archaeologist for York Minster, said: "When you consider the scale of the digs that were undertaken at Coppergate, Fishergate and Hungate in the last 50 years, this comparatively tiny pit was rather a gamble.
"Although we knew that the archaeology around here generally offers rich pickings, a three-metre cube of soil might simply not have been large enough to find anything exciting.
"We actually struck gold – and silver – by finding Viking-Age human bones, Norman foundations and an extremely rare Anglo-Saxon coin that reveals a huge amount about York during the early ninth century."
The dig took place last year in the Minster Undercroft, during work on a new lift shaft into a new underground visitor attraction. The work involved removing concrete laid in the 1960s as part of an emergency project to save the central tower, and the team dug down a further two metres than the shaft.
The coin found is a 'sceatta', a silver coin about the size of a five pence piece. Unusually, it was found in mint condition, with clear markings that enabled the moneyer to be identified as Eadwine, who is known to have minted coins for the Northumbrian royal court.
The coin was minted for Archbishop Eanbald, who had connections to the famed court of Charlemagne, say the archaeologists.
A Minster spokesman said: "Even more importantly for scientists, its unique metal content and condition confirmed the date of its manufacture and its loss as the beginning of the ninthcentury, allowing them to date the sealed deposits of dark earth (rotted organic material) around it.
"Its condition indicates that it was probably never used – and given how quickly valuable coins were re-melted, this means it is likely to have been dropped close to where it was originally minted, very shortly after it was made, providing evidence for a mint very nearby – at this period of history, a rare commodity."
YAT archaeologist, Ian Milsted, who directed the dig, said: "This tiny coin really helps us to understand what was happening in York at this period, which remains very mysterious. The presence of a mint confirms York's position of power and authority in the Anglian Kingdom of Northumbria and, indeed, the country, during what has been thought of as a period of decline between the end of Eboracum and the start of Jorvik.
"This mint, and the wealth that would have surrounded it, may well have bankrolled the Anglian city and possibly the establishment of the Viking city – perhaps attracting the Vikings who stole the money even as they burned Alcuin's famous library, and then settled here and traded with the Anglo Saxon natives, eventually creating York's famous Anglo-Scandinavian communities."
Other sceattas were found during the 1960s excavation, but none of the same mint quality as the 2012 find. An expert from the British Museum initially discounted the coin as a Victorian fake, before authenticating it.
The team also found a pair of human feet from a mid-11th century burial, the later era of Jorvik. They were part of a body from a stone tomb, the rest of which was destroyed during the laying of foundations for the medieval Minster in AD 1220.
The Minster spokesman said: "Whilst there have been many finds of burials from this era around the city, the positioning of this body suggests an answer to a question that had puzzled archaeologists – whether the Anglo-Scandinavian cemetery on the site followed the line of an earlier Anglian cemetery.
"These buried feet cut into the disturbed remains of earlier burials, suggesting that the cemetery was one continuous, extensive burial ground for generations regardless of whether the occupant was Anglo-Saxon or 'Viking'.
This reinforces the assertion that this part of York still had a substantial population from the fifth century, and that, through flood, fire or invasion one of the earliest of Britain's religious sites flourished at the heart of its community between the seventh and eleventh centuries."
On February 22, Mr Milsted will lead a family-friendly talk about the new discoveries and how they fit into existing knowledge of York's history. The presentation is free with admission to York Minster (£9 for adults, £8 for concessions and accompanied children go free), but places should be reserved in advance at _URL_
The discoveries will also feature in Revealing York Minster, new interactive exhibitions to be launched in the new Undercroft in the summer.
The Dean of York, Very Reverend Vivienne Faull, said: "The underground chambers will tell the 2000 year story of this site, from Romans through to the modern day, and it is wonderful that we're actually making new discoveries to add new details to the story even as the attraction is being created – the story of York Minster truly is the story of York."
The sceatta will be on display alongside other York treasures, including the Anglo-Scandinavian Horn of Ulf and the Anglo-Saxon York Gospels.
Further information on the archaeological discoveries beneath York Minster will be revealed in 2014, as archaeologists continue to research and interpret the finds to add more colour to York's rich story.


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Definition of Referred pain
Referred pain: Pain felt at a site other than where the cause is situated. An example is the pain from the pancreas, which is felt in the back. Pain in internal organs is often referred to sites distant from them. Mechanisms of referred pain are complex, and are related to innervations of organs by afferent pain fibers which following similar paths as the sympathetic nervous system.
Last Editorial Review: 9/20/2012
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The Link Between Manly Traits And Male Fertility
The Link Between Manly Traits And Male Fertility image
The Link Between Manly Traits And Male Fertility
The Link Between Manly Traits And Male Fertility
According to the results of a new study, women tend to get more attracted to fertile males at the time of their ovulation to enhance their chances of successful conception. One must understand the theory of survival of the fittest to understand this concept. Traditionally, high testosterone levels are associated with more manly features and superior semen quality (or fertility). The idea is derived from prior researches in which it was identified that manly traits such as strong built, broad shoulders etc. are linked to high testosterone levels and genetic proficiency.
High Testosterone Levels and Manly Characteristics:
There are several parameters that help women in identifying fertile men; such as:
1. Masculine Built:
Men with high testosterone levels have strong bones and higher muscle mass due to anabolic activity of testosterone. This explains why masculine characteristics such as facial construction, built and other physical features are found to be more appealing to women in a heterosexual relation, especially at the time of their ovulation.
According to a new study reported in the PloS One (2) investigators suggested that high testosterone levels in men are associated with higher handgrip strength (HGS) scores. Based on the results obtained from Tanzanian population, it was identified that males with higher HGS have high serum testosterone levels and superior quality sperms, which makes them more likely to impregnate their partner in case of a successful sexual encounter.
2. Body Hair:
Former studies have shown that women are more allured towards men who are bigger and have more hairs. Even in animal kingdom, having more hair is considered as a sign of masculinity and hairy males tend to attract their companioTestosterone Levels Imagen towards them. For example male peacock's tail feathers are sign of their machismo.
To test this hypothesis, investigators conducted a study to see if women are attracted to hairy men or clean-shaved men. To obtain consistent and non-biased results, investigators used 15 male faces that were modified by a computer software to obtain five looks (such as clean shaved, light beard, light stubble and heavy stubble).
Based on the results of the data obtained from 60 women, it was discovered that women are most attracted to men with light beard, followed by men with stubble. The results of the study were reported in the peer reviewed journal Personality and Individual Differences (3).
3. Body Odor:
Besides facial features and body hair, certain other characteristics (such as sweat odor) can also have a huge impact on the women at the time of ovulation. High testosterone levels are associated with bigger sweat glands and ducts (and higher secretion of sweat) due to increased basal metabolism. At the time of ovulation, hormonal fluctuations tend to influence the mood, behavior and bodily responses to sexual stimuli. According to a new study reported in the Evolution and Human Behavior journal (4), the sense of smell and taste heightens in the fertile women during ovulation. This greatly improves the chances of men who secretes pheromones (or male scent in sweat).
4. Male Voice:
As crazy as it may sound, scientists actually decided to investigate the possible link between male's voice and sperm count. In order to test the theory to explore if sexy deep voices are associated with the quality of semen, scientists asked few young men to get their voice recorded and also collected their semen samples. Later on, the quality of sperms from the collected semen sample were examined and the recorded voices were played in front of few women. Researchers asked the women to rate those voices on the basis of sex appeal and attraction. As per researcher's expectations, the deeper voices were perceived as more captivating, but surprisingly, the attractive and muscular voice pitch does not found to be very strong associated with the quality of semen.
In short, manly traits may or may not be associated with high testosterone levels, but is very strongly linked to fertility in men.
1. Cunningham, M. R., Barbee, A. P., & Pike, C. L. (1990). What do women want? Facialmetric assessment of multiple motives in the perception of male facial physical attractiveness. Journal of personality and social psychology, 59(1), 61.
2. Atkinson, J., Pipitone, R. N., Sorokowska, A., Sorokowski, P., Mberira, M., Bartels, A., & Gallup Jr, G. G. (2012). Voice and handgrip strength predict reproductive success in a group of indigenous African females. PloS one, 7(8), e41811.
3. Neave, N., & Shields, K. (2008). The effects of facial hair manipulation on female perceptions of attractiveness, masculinity, and dominance in male faces. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(5), 373-377.
4. Thornhill, R., Chapman, J. F., & Gangestad, S. W. (2013). Women's preferences for men's scents associated with testosterone and cortisol levels: Patterns across the ovulatory cycle. Evolution and Human Behavior, 34(3), 216-221.
5. Simmons, L. W., Peters, M., & Rhodes, G. (2011). Low pitched voices are perceived as masculine and attractive but do they predict semen quality in men?. PloS one, 6(12), e29271.


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Posts Tagged 'corrugated matting'
February 14, 2014 | by M. H. Tauss
It's late, and you're still awake. Allow us to help with Sleep Aid, a new series devoted to curing insomnia with the dullest, most soporific prose available in the public domain. Tonight's prescription: "How Mechanical Rubber Goods Are Made," first published in the Scientific American Supplement on February 13, 1892.
While the manufacture of rubber goods is in no sense a secret industry, the majority of buyers and users of such goods have never stepped inside of a rubber mill, and many have very crude ideas as to how the goods are made up. In ordinary garden hose, for instance, the process is as follows: The inner tubing is made of a strip of rubber fifty feet in length, which is laid on a long zinc-covered table and its edges drawn together over a hose pole. The cover, which is of what is called "friction," that is cloth with rubber forced through its meshes, comes to the hose maker in strips, cut on the bias, which are wound around the outside of the tube and adhere tightly to it. The hose pole is then put in something like a fifty foot lathe, and while the pole revolves slowly, it is tightly wrapped with strips of cloth, in order that it may not get out of shape while undergoing the process of vulcanizing. When a number of these hose poles have been covered in this way they are laid in a pan set on trucks and are then run into a long boiler, shut in, and live steam is turned on. When the goods are cured steam is blown off, the vulcanizer opened and the cloths are removed. The hose is then slipped off the pole by forcing air from a compressor between the rubber and the hose pole. This, of course, is what is known as hose that has a seam in it.
For seamless hose the tube is made in a tubing machine and slipped upon the hose pole by reversing the process that is used in removing hose by air compression. In other words, a knot is tied in one end of the fifty foot tube and the other end is placed against the hose pole and being carefully inflated with air it is slipped on without the least trouble. For various kinds of hose the processes vary, and there are machines for winding with wire and intricate processes for the heavy grades of suction hose, etc. For steam hose, brewers', and acid hose, special resisting compounds are used, that as a rule are the secrets of the various manufacturers. Cotton hose is woven through machines expressly designed for that purpose, and afterward has a half-cured rubber tube drawn through it. One end is then securely stopped up and the other end forced on a cone through which steam is introduced to the inside of the hose, forcing the rubber against the cotton cover, finishing the cure and fixing it firmly in its place. Read More »


Job's Tears
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Job's tears beads
Coix lacryma-jobi1.jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
(unranked): Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Tribe: Andropogoneae
Genus: Coix
Species: C. lacryma-jobi
Binomial name
Coix lacryma-jobi
Coix agrestis Lour.
Coix arundinacea Lam.
Coix exaltata Jacq.
Coix lacryma L.
C.lacryma-jobi plant with flowers and fruit in Nepal
C. lacryma-jobi seeds in a necklace prepared in the Zulu tradition.
Job's Tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), Coixseed, Tear Grass, Hato Mugi, adlay, or adlai, is a tall grain-bearing tropical plant of the family Poaceae (grass family) native to Southeast Asia[1] but elsewhere cultivated in gardens as an annual. It has been naturalized in the southern United States and the New World tropics. In its native environment it is grown in higher areas where rice and corn do not grow well. Job's Tears are also commonly sold as Chinese pearl barley in Asian supermarkets, although C. lacryma-jobi is not closely related to barley (Hordeum vulgare).
There are two main varieties of the species.
 1. Wild type Coix lacryma-jobi var. stenocarpa and var. monilifer has hard shelled pseudocarps which are very hard, pearly white, oval structures used as beads for making rosaries, necklaces, and other objects.
 2. Cultivated type Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen is harvested as a cereal crop, has soft shell, and is used medicinally in parts of Asia.[2]
Besides the use for ornamental purposes, Job's tears grains are useful as a source of food (cereals) and folk medicine.[3][4]
Throughout East Asia, Vyjanti beads are available in dried form and cooked as a grain. The grains are generally spherical, with a groove on one end, and polished white in color, though in Japan unpolished yuuki hatomugi, which is unpolished and brown in color, is also available.
In Korea, a thick drink called yulmu cha (율무차, literally "Job's tears tea") is made from powdered Job's tears. A similar drink, called Yi Ren Jiang (薏仁漿), also appears in Chinese cuisine, and is made by simmering whole polished Job's Tears in water and sweetening the resulting thin, cloudy liquid with sugar. The grains are usually strained from the liquid but may also be consumed separately or together.
In both Korea and China, distilled liquors are also made from the grain. One such example is the South Korean liquor called okroju (옥로주; hanja: ), which is made from rice and Job's tears. In Japan, an aged vinegar is made from the grain.[5]
In southern Vietnam, a sweet, cold soup called sâm bổ lượng has Job's Tears as one of its ingredients. This dish derives from the southern Chinese tong sui called qīng bǔ liáng (; Cantonese: ching1 bou2 leung4).
In Thailand, it is often consumed in teas and other drinks, such as soy milk.
It is also used alongside other herbs in traditional Chinese medicine. Particularly Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen has been used in the traditional Chinese medicine to invigorate the spleen function and promote urination, alleviate arthritis, arrest diarrhea, remove heat and facilitate the drainage of pus.[6]
In both the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians and the Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma, the beads of Job's Tears are called "corn beads" or "Cherokee corn beads" and have been used for personal adornment since at least the time of the united Cherokee Republic. A common folk story is that the corn beads sprang up along the path during the 1838 forced march of many Cherokees to Oklahoma from their southeastern North American homelands by the U.S. military.
 1. ^ Taylor, G. D., "Some crop distributions by tribes in upland Southeast Asia", Southwestern Journal of Anthropology Vol. 9, No. 3, Autumn 1953
 2. ^ Arora, R. K., 1977, "Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) - a minor food and fodder crop of northeastern India", Economic Botany, Vol. 31, No. 3, 358–366.
 3. ^ Hill,A.F.,1952,Economic Botany,McGraw-Hill
 4. ^ Duke,J.A.,1983,Handbook of Energy Crops,
 5. ^ "Traditional Japanese foods - Hato Mugi Vinegar". Natural Import Company. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit]


Teachers and Admins with multi-school access:
If you have been invited as a teacher or an admin at multiple sites using the same email address you can navigate easily back and forth between the accounts as needed.
On the website:
 - To toggle between school locations you will use the pull down menu at the top of any page:
 - You will then be able to toggle between your different school locations or accounts.
On the App:
 - In the Procare App you can go to "My School" to see the option to "Switch School".
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text:
The copy pattern allows you to copy an object and then edit the newly created object.
There are 4 use cases for copying an object:
- The object to be copied is part of the current table.
- The object to be copied is not part of the current table (for example, because it has been approved).
- The object to be copied is a template.
- The whole object is to be copied, for example, from an object page within a master-detail-detail view (flexible column layout).
For use cases 1–3, place the Copy function (a transparent button) in the relevant toolbar (for example, above the form or table control).
For use case 4, place the Copy function in the header toolbar of the object page (global actions). For more information about the interaction, read about the flexible column layout.
Behavior and Interaction
This section describes the interaction flow of the copy pattern for different use cases.
1) The copied object is part of the current table.
The user selects an item to be copied. Multiselection is not possible. Clicking the Copy button takes the user to the details page.
2 + 3) The copied object is not part of the current table or is to be copied from a template.
When the user clicks the Copy button, an action sheet appears. The user can choose one of three actions: Copy, Copy from Object, or Copy from Template. You can also choose to show only one or two of these actions to the user.
When the user selects Copy from Object or Copy from Template, a dialog appears prompting the user to choose an object or a template. When the user chooses one of these and clicks the Create button, the details page appears.
4) The copied object is located in the details view (flexible column layout)
The user selects the item to be copied from the master view, for instance list report or worklist. The Copy button appears in the header toolbar of the object page within the first details view. Clicking the Copy button takes the user to edit mode of the new item within the second details view of the flexible column layout, also known as master details details mode.
Want to dive deeper? Follow the links below to find out more about related controls, the SAPUI5 implementation, and the visual design.


Association between Ocular Dominance and Spherical/Astigmatic Anisometropia, Age, and Sex: Analysis of 10,264 Myopic Individuals
Stephan J. Linke, Julio Baviera, Gur Munzer, Johannes Steinberg, Gisbert Richard, Toam Katz
2011 Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science
PURPOSE. To determine the association between ocular dominance and spherical or astigmatic anisometropia, age, and sex. METHODS. Medical records of 10,264 myopic refractive surgery candidates were filtered. Ocular dominance was assessed with the hole-in-the-card test. Manifest refractive error was measured in each subject and correlated to ocular dominance. Only subjects with corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) of Ͼ20/22 in each eye were enrolled, to exclude amblyopia. Associations between
more »... sociations between ocular dominance and refractive state were analyzed by means of the t-test, 2 test, Spearman correlation, and multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS. Right and left eye ocular dominance was noted in 61.7% and 35.6% of the individuals. Ocular dominance had no significant impact on SE refraction in subjects with SE or cylindrical anisometropia Ͻ0.5 D. For anisometropia Ͼ2.5 D (n ϭ 278) the nondominant eye was more myopic in 63.7% (SE Ϫ5.8 Ϯ 2.64 D) compared to 36.3% (Ϫ4.69 Ϯ 2.39 D; P Ͻ 0.001; adjusted P (Padj) Ͻ 0.001) for the dominant eye being more myopic. Nondominant eyes showed higher astigmatic power than dominant eyes (Ϫ0.95 Ϯ 0.91 D versus Ϫ0.89 Ϯ 0.84 D; P Ͻ 0.001). For astigmatic anisometropia Ͼ2.5 D, nondominant eyes exhibited a higher amount of astigmatism in 75% of subjects. Nondominant eyes of subjects Ͻ29 years and 30 to 39 years of age had a significantly higher astigmatic power than did dominant eyes of the same age group. CONCLUSIONS. In contrast to previous reports, this study, including myopic refractive surgery candidates, revealed that the nondominant eye was more myopic for SE anisometropia Ͼ2.5 and more astigmatic for cylindrical anisometropia Ͼ0.5 D. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:9166-9173)
doi:10.1167/iovs.11-8131 pmid:22025570 fatcat:sou5s7u4mvgyfinlwwy3eewqxa


text:
ALEXANDROV, A.S., 1999. Vortex in the charged Bose liquid. Physical Review B, 60(21), pp 14573–14576
Equations describing a single vortex in the charged Bose liquid at zero temperature are derived. The zero-temperature coherence length, magnetic-field penetration depth, vortex structure and energy, and lower critical field are calculated. The vortex differs from that in type-II BCS superconductors or in neutral superfluids. Its core is charged, and there is an electric field inside the core.


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I've just asked a question where Tyler Durden wrote in his answer that paper was expensive at Euclids time.
So I wanted to ask the question:
How did the price of paper / papyrus develop over time?
But then I realized that it might be impossible to answer it with a simple time-price chart, even if one had all information.
So the question is: How do historians evaluate if something is "expensive"? How are prices of goods compared over the regions / times? Do already build "comparison tables" exist?
What I thought of
First try: Comparision with other goods
There are certainly goods that still exist in comparable quality (I could think of gold, sheep, cows, stone or ground), the ratio might be different. So simply calculating
 - n = number of grams of gold one had to pay for 100 papyrus scrolls
 - w = price of gold in Euro / gram
 - price of papyrus in todays values = n*w
is too simple. But eventually one could give multiple prices like that to give a meaningful impressing?
Second try: Work force
As soon as we have coins, we can probably compare what people have for a living (per month). One could sort those incomes and trim the top/bottom 25% to get an average income. Then one could calculate
 - s = income of the region we want something to be compared with the method described above in [old currency / month]
 - x = value of the good from region / time of s in [old currency]
 - t = todays average income (calculated the same way) in [new currency/month]
 - price of papyrus in todays values = (x/s)*t
share|improve this question
Yeah, somebody, like ME, the god king of history, Tyler Durden. – Tyler Durden Aug 11 at 21:41
_USER_: I've added the name :-) – moose Aug 11 at 21:52
Insightful question, relevant question. Thank you. – Mark C. Wallace Aug 12 at 13:06
3 Answers 3
Economic history's great attempt to produce a great price/wage series for Southern England's monasteries, agricultural labourers, and modern workers failed. It leaves us with the series used by Measuring Worth, but the series is untrustworthy:
1) Wage labour was not generalised until the 19th century, this makes "wages" and "prices" meaningless.
2) Series construction raises great problems
3) The reliance upon southern English monestaries' as a record source means a poor generalisation even to people in receipt of wages of account; and cannot really be generalised out to the surrounding local markets.
So there's no way to reconstruct a wage price series beyond 1700 with any confidence.
No, these weren't "goods" in the past, their social meaning was entirely different. We can try to evaluate their social importance by understanding the past economic and social system as it was, but a comparison can only be made in terms to evaluating and comparing concrete past societies. We can't run a sheep/cow index any better than wage/price.
Wages were not socially determinate before 1790, and then only in England. Wage labour, and the "wage" as we understand it as the only basis of subsistence, is a very very new thing.
Finally, what are we comparing? Paper for personal consumption? Paper as a production object in the mode of production? Paper as a dedication of social resources? These are all very different time meanings of social worth.
I relate to economic history as a modern social historian, but reading Measuring Worth's discussion of the problems with post 1950 wage/price series ought to be illustrative, as should the history of the Australian C series index which is available on Australian Bureau of Statistics' website for the Australian CPI index.
share|improve this answer
Understanding historical prices is a difficult problem, and even historians of economics use methods that I would consider inadequate. Many published estimates of ancient prices and value are often wildly wrong. Regular historians (not economists) are even worse at value estimation and rarely suggest modern equivalents with any meaningful accuracy.
There is actually a very simple way to relate ancient values to modern values and that is through the medium of gold. It is an approximate measure, obviously, but much better than the typical methods you will find economists using.
For example, in Pompeii which was covered in ash in 79 A.D. a loaf of bread was listed at 2 as (copper piece). If you work out the gold equivalent, it comes to about $1 today, which interestingly enough is about what a loaf of bread costs today (on sale). In the Koran it lists the price of a sheep in gold dirhams which comes out to $400 which is about what it costs for a sheep today.
In general, everything is cheaper today than it was in the past due to mechanization, and the effects are not equal. For example, in the old days silver was about 1/20th the price of gold, but nowadays due to the Comstock lode and other factors (such as the silver recovered from copper mining), silver is only worth about 1/60th the price of gold.
You can also relate money via work or wages. Of course you have to remember that different civilizations have different wage scales. For example, workers in ancient Rome would make a lot more than the same worker out in the boonies in Britain, just like today a worker in Manhatten will make more than some guy in Nigeria.
share|improve this answer
Without being snippy, and recognising that this is a valid answer which I believe to be wrong: all this tells you is that social productivity in terms of production of sheep and production of gold in market realising situations has remained incidentally linked. Gold is also an extremely poor instrument for dealing with price in finance capitalism. So all we can say is that volumes and techniques of producing sheep and gold were happenstance linked. Tells us nothing about if people wore flax or wool or rayon, if they ate meat or starved. If mounds of gold went unused or were displayed. – Samuel Russell Aug 11 at 22:58
I think the comparison of the wages of modern workers in different regions is the kernel of the argument. Expanding that could make the point clearer. A worker in Manhattan makes more than a worker in another region, and they are certainly "richer", but how do we compare? By looking at the cost of necessities: food, clothing and housing, and observing what proportion of income remains after those. We can see that the Manhattenite is richer because after his more expensive housing / clothing / food costs, he can still afford international holidays (for example). – andy256 Aug 11 at 23:30
_USER_ My use of gold as the equivalency measure is not based on a "theory". It is based on years of experience trying to reprice things from many different points in history. My experience is that for practical purposes, there is no better and no simpler method. You can create all the theories you want about it, the simple fact is, I have gotten the best results using a gold equivalency metric. – Tyler Durden Aug 12 at 1:51
If you're claiming to be instrumental, then all that means is you're unwilling to disclose, or haven't disclosed to yourself, the theoretical basis on which you judge in experience that your method is "better" or produces "best results." Your practice is theory laden, even if you don't formalise that theory, and (based on current biographical data) I'm not seeing that you're a member of a community of practice adequate for me to accept an argument from your personal experience. Are you an economic historian or equivalent? – Samuel Russell Aug 12 at 3:16
Please notice that comparasion of silver and gold reserve worldwide (based on _URL_-precious-metals.html) we have a reserve ratio of around 1 to 10.5 so I am not really convinced about the 1/60 price rate's rightousness. – CsBalazsHungary Aug 12 at 12:58
To declare I don't have a definite answer, but with my answer I might get you somewhat closer to the ultimate method.
To estimate a value back in time is especially hard because of the following factors:
 - There were various monetary systems (not just currencies) over time. For example the silver/gold backed 1 Krone in Austro-Hungarian empire worth 0,3 grams of gold back in 1892 which is today roughly 9,5 EUR. But since then the Krone collapsed, in Hungary the Pengő collapsed, in Austria the Schilling inflated then switched to EUR. You can use any inflation calculator which will be more or less accurate, but I am sure they don't work back into middle ages.
 - Gold and silver were used for money for more time than they weren't. You can measure things in gold and silver, these two commodities were money for very long time, and they were rare. The measurement won't be precise since as other people wrote too: the historical exchange from gold to silver was usually close to 1:15 to 1:16. Mike Maloney conducted fine research on gold and silver, you can watch his videos on youtube and read his books. That surely helps understanding


text:
How can hot-dip steel be dulled or deglared?
Some types of steel come out of the kettle with a matte gray finish and others come out of the kettle with a bright and shiny finish. The type of finish you will get depends on the chemistry of the steel. There are some chemical treatments that can dull the finish such copper sulphate solutions and zinc phosphate solutions; however, these can damage the coating and have unpredictable results. This Dr Galv article discusses these chemical solutions in more detail.
It is important to note the galvanized finish will assume a matte appearance once the zinc patina forms. This is a natural process and happens as the zinc reacts with the environment and can take six months to two years. This is the preferred method for getting a dull finish because it does not decrease the service life of the galvanized coating, like chemical solutions can.


Genetic contribution to distractibility helps explain procrastination
Wouldn't it be nice to blame your genes for your procrastination? Now, using a combination of questionnaires and genetic testing, German researchers have found that with increasing dopamine in the brain, women tended to show greater tendencies to procrastinate.
Image Credit: Designer491 / Shutterstock
Image Credit: Designer491 / Shutterstock
Procrastination is defined as voluntarily putting off certain goal-oriented activities. People who do things at once rather than putting them off show good metacontrol, which is a combination of control over cognition, motivation and emotions. This allows the individual to assess how much effort and control goes into achieving a particular goal, which drives the action towards that goal. These control pathways have been associated with dopamine release in the brain.
When metacontrol is poor, people allow other activities to distract them from the specific action required to meet their goal, and develop chronic procrastination. However, metacontrol is intimately dependent on reward pathways and value-based processing. It also requires efficient guarding against competing information.
The Bochum-based research team: Professor Onur Güntürkün, Caroline Schlüter, associate professor Dr. Sebastian Ocklenburg, Dr. Marlies Pinnow and Dr. Erhan Genç (from left). Image Credit: Kramer
Dopamine has been repeatedly shown to increase the speed with which data enters the working memory, which is used to perform current tasks. At the same time, it also enhances cognitive flexibility. Cognitive flexibility makes it easier to update the working memory and to switch tasks by enabling a broader field of attention. While these are not intrinsically negative traits, the availability of more information on current happenings in the environment could serve to distract from the intended task or to put off an action. This impacts the individual's capability of sticking to a planned course of action.
On the other hand, dopamine is also related to increased stability of the working memory which makes it easier to achieve goal-directed actions. These actions are achieved by dopamine activity in different areas of the brain. The first improves the signal-to-noise ratio allowing information relevant to the goal to predominate. The latter involves increased reward prediction, more updating of working memory, and increased distractibility, promoting procrastination.
The study was published in the journal Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience on 3 July 2019.
Building on earlier studies, which showed that good connections between the regions of the brain called the amygdala and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), as well as reduced amygdala volume, were related to goal-directed action, the researchers aimed to find out if the TH gene was involved in this correlation.
The scientists looked at almost 280 men and women, especially focusing on the gene encoding the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The expression of this gene determines the amount of various catecholamine transmitters the brain contains, including dopamine.
Alongside the genetic testing, a questionnaire-based evaluation was made of how well people in this group could do what they set out to do. The answers were used to measure the levels of decision-related action control, or AOD. The results showed that women who showed a trait-like inability to control their actions as they intended, or in other words, trait-like procrastination, had higher expression of the TH gene. However, there was no association between the earlier findings of increased amygdala volume and functional connectivity with the TH genotypes, though their positive correlation with procrastination was confirmed.
Study author Caroline Schlüter says, "We assume that this makes it more difficult to maintain a distinct intention to act. Women with a higher dopamine level as a result of their genotype may tend to postpone actions because they are more distracted by environmental and other factors."
The fact that this difference was noted only in women is remarkable. However, older studies have shown that the expression of the TH gene is related to behavior in different ways depending on gender. This is perhaps linked to the presence of estrogen in women. This female hormone has an effect on the synthesis of dopamine in the brain, as well as enhancing the number of neurons that respond to signals from dopaminergic neurons. Genc says: "Women may therefore be more susceptible to genetic differences in dopamine levels due to estrogen, which, in turn, is reflected in behavior."
Future directions of research include a more quantitative assessment of how estrogen levels impact the behavior-TH gene axis. The hormone fluctuates in women of reproductive age, throughout the monthly cycles. Another area in which the researchers are interested is the influence of the TH gene on norepinephrine, another well-known neurotransmitter, which also affects action control or postponement.
Journal reference:
Caroline Schlüter, Larissa Arning, Christoph Fraenz, Patrick Friedrich, Marlies Pinnow, Onur Güntürkün, Christian Beste, Sebastian Ocklenburg, Erhan Genc, Genetic Variation in Dopamine Availability Modulates the Self-reported Level of Action Control in a Sex-dependent Manner, Social Cognitive and Affective, Neuroscience,,
Dr. Liji Thomas
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Dr. Liji Thomas
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text:
Our 7th grade curriculum includes the rise of civilizations, early humans, Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, Mesopotamia, and Ancient Egypt. The science curriculum is focused on biology.
What multicultural picture books should I add to this list? Thanks for sharing!
p.s. Here are all the books in this series:
- Diversity Picture Books for 4th Grade
- Diversity Picture Books for 5th Grade
- Diversity Picture Books for 6th Grade
- Diversity Picture Books for 7th Grade
- Diversity Picture Books for 8th Grade
Images from Lascaux II
The First Drawing by Mordicai Gerstein
Imagine life more than 30 thousand years ago, before drawing was invented! Using a burnt stick (charcoal), imagine the first human to see shapes on a wall that resemble animals and draw them. It would feel like magic! This is one version speculating why early humans created cave paintings and this story is inspired by cave paintings in Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc cave in Southern France. [picture book, ages 4 and up]
The Secret Cave: Discovering Lascaux by Emily McCully Arnold
Images from Lascaux II
In the middle of WWII, the Lascaux cave containing prehistorical cave art was discovered by boys. Sealed for about 17,000 years, it was the only cave painting where the colors had not faded. The animal shapes often followed the contours of the walls and the paintings are believed to have been used as part of trance rituals more than 35,000 years ago.
This picture book tells the story of the four young men from Montignac, France who discovered Lascaux in 1940. The cave is now closed to all but a few scholars. Lascaux II, a meticulous replica opened to the public in 1983. [picture book, ages 6 and up]
Weslandia by Paul Fleischman
Tormented by the kids in his class, Wesley decides to start his own civilization as his summer project. He would grow his own staple food crop, the root of a new civilization. Seeds blow into a plot he's prepared and a wondrous multi-purpose plant is soon thriving in his garden. The fruit is edible, the tubers filling, and the leaves highly aromatic. He successfully weaves a hat and clothes from the plant's fibers. The plant's seeds yield an oil that repels mosquitos and protects his skin from the sun.
Wesley discovers a new way to tell time based on the plant's flowers, and a new counting system as well. He decides to name his new land after himself: Weslandia. Just before school starts, Wesley creates his own language. As he returns to school, he finds that his new civilization has made him a lot of new friends. [picture book, ages 4 and up]
Mystery Of The Giant Masks Of Sanxingdui by Icy Smith
image from Wikipedia
The mysterious and ancient city of Sanxingdui is famous for its astonishing bronze-casting technology. Villagers come from faraway lands to admire the bronze masks and trade for the highly prized bronze wares. However, Sanxingdui faces danger when its people hear rumors of a foreign invasion. The chief's daughter, Min, and her newly initiated warrior brother, Wei, lead the villagers to flee their homeland. Where do they go? And what do they do with their sacred bronze masks and statues?
image from Wikipedia
Discover the lost civilization of Sanxingdui in Sichuan Province, China, over 3,000 years ago. In 1986, the discovery of monumental bronzes in Sanxingdui was hailed as "The ninth wonder of the World". The artifacts unearthed are as old as the Pyramids of Egypt and reveal an advanced and civilized society in Sanxingdui. [picture book, ages 6 and up]
Gilgamesh the King (trilogy) by Ludmila Zeman
Gilgamesh is a god-king who ruled the city of Uruk for 126 years. He's the main character in Sumerian poem, The Epic of Gilgamesh, considered the first great work of literature. In the epic, Gilgamesh is a demigod of superhuman strength who builds the city walls of Uruk to defend his people and travels to meet the sage Utnapishtim, who survived the Great Flood.
In this first picture book about Mesopotamia*, Gilgamesh is a cruel king who forces his people to build a wall around their city of Uruk, and only another demigod, Enkidu, who lives with the animals of the forest can stop him. [picture book, ages 6 and up] *Mesopotamia included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian empires, all native to the territory of modern-day Iraq.
I am very partial to ancient Egypt and Hatshepsut is intriguing as the only female pharaoh in Egyptian history. As a ruler she made Egypt a powerful and prosperous country by focusing on expanding trade with other countries which brought in timber, horses, and other exotic treasures. One mystery still remains: why were most records of Hatshepsut wiped out? [advanced picture book, ages 6-11]
I have more on Hatshepsut and Sennenmut including artifacts from the Boston Museum of Fine Art.
Seeker of Knowledge: The Man Who Deciphered Egyptian Hieroglyphs by James Runford
Hieroglyphs from Sarcophagus of Queen Hatshepsut recut for her father, Thutmose I
Jean-François Champollion was born in 1790, around the time when General Napoleon was in Egypt. At 11 years old, when he visited a famous scientist who had been in Egypt with Napoleon, he saw Egyptian artifacts and was determined to read the hieroglyphs. At age 16, he met the scholars studying the Rosetta stone covered in Greek and Egyptian words. It wasn't until he was 30 that he was able to unlock the mystery of the hieroglyphs. [picture book, ages 6 and up]
The Buried City of Pompeii by Shelley Tanaka
The excavation of the House of the Menander, the estate of a wealthy family that lived on the island of Pompeii, is the basis for this factual and historical fiction account of what happened on August 24, 79 A.D. The story is from the point of view of Eros, the chief steward for the Menander family. He was a freedman working for the one of the richest and most respected families in Pompeii. His actual body and that of a little girl — most likely his daughter — was found preserved from the volacanic eruption. Details of day to day life in Pompeii convey what life was like in Ancient Rome from visiting the baths, the open air market, to the brutal sporting games in the amphitheater. Teachers can read aloud parts of this book but I wouldn't be surprised for students to want to finish it themselves. [advanced nonfiction, ages 9 and up]
I am an Amazon affiliate which means if you buy anything through my blog, I get a very small kickback at no cost to you. I use this money to pay for postage and handling for my giveaways.


text:
When a loud motorcycle woke up Mark Nesdoly's young daughter, he decided he had enough. Instead of taking a baseball bat to the offending Harley, Nesdoly used his engineering skills to design the Noise Snare, a video detection system for loud vehicles.
The system is simple, yet effective. It uses a microphone to detect excessively loud vehicles and a video camera to record the offender as he or she drives by. Once you have video footage, you can lift an image of the driver, zoom in on his or her license plate, or extract the audio track to prove the person's car or motorcycle is way too loud.
All you need to do is mount the unit on a stationary object and the Noise Snare does the rest. It even connects to a wireless network and sends text messages or emails when a violation is recorded. The detection system works so well that the Canadian city of Calgary may field test the device in the upcoming months. [Gizmag]


When the Computer Wore a Skirt: NASA's Human Computers
Human Computers exhibitThe NASA exhibit explores the history and personalities brought to light in the hit film and best-selling book "Hidden Figures." In 1935 a group of five women came to Langley to form a computer pool to process all the data coming in from wind tunnel and flight tests. It started as an experiment but became something much bigger. In the 1940s Langley began recruiting African-American women as human computers, but due to segregation laws these "West Area Computers" were kept separate from their white counterparts. This changed in the 1950s as NACA (later NASA) integrated and the "human computers" extended into the broader scientific community at NASA. By the 1960s they numbered in the hundreds. This exhibit features three of these pioneers: Dorothy Vaughn, Katherine Johnson and Mary Jackson.
To reserve the exhibits, complete our online form or email Hampton History Museum volunteer Dima Antonios.
NASA Human Computers traveling exhibit


text:
Given any binary log file, the information in this section describes how to determine the format in which it is written.
Some important points about descriptor event formats:
The v1 header fields are common to all formats. (v3 and v4
headers begin with the v1 header fields, and add
The v3 and v4 headers contain the same fields. The data part for v3 and v4 differs, such that the v4 data part enables extensions to the format without having to modify the header.
It would be possible to ascertain the binary log version
simply by reading the two
bytes, were it not for the fact that these bytes occur at a
different position in v1 compared to v3/v4 (position 13
versus 19). Therefore, it's necessary to determine whether
the first event in a file represents a v1-format start
To determine the version of a binary log file, use the following procedure:
1) The file begins with a 4-byte magic number. Skip over that to get to the first event in the file (which in most cases is a start event or format description event).
2) From the first event, read two values:
The 1-byte type code at position
EVENT_TYPE_OFFSET (4) within the event.
The 4-byte event length at position
EVENT_LEN_OFFSET (9) within the event.
3) If the type code is not
FORMAT_DESCRIPTION_EVENT, the file format is
v3. (See Exceptional Condition 1 later in this section.)
4) If the type code is
check the event length. If the length is less than 75, the file
format is v1, and v3 otherwise. Why the value 75? Because that
is the length of a v3 start event:
header (19 bytes)
binlog version (2 bytes)
server version (
ST_SERVER_VER_LEN = 50
timestamp (4 bytes)
Summing those lengths yields 19 + 2 + 50 + 4 = 75
Therefore, if the event is shorter than 75 bytes, it must be from a v1 file because that will have a shorter first event than a v3 file.
5) If the type code is
FORMAT_DESCRIPTION_EVENT (15), the file
format is v4.
The preceding steps describe the general binary log format-recognition principles. However, there are some exceptional conditions that must be accounted for:
Exceptional Condition 1: In MySQL 4.0 and 4.1, the initial event
in a binary log file might not be a start event. This occurs
because the server writes the start event only to the first
binary log file that it creates after startup. For subsequent
files, the server writes an event of type
ROTATE_EVENT to the end of the current log
file, closes it, and the begins the next file without writing a
start event to it. If a log file begins with an event that is
FORMAT_DESCRIPTION_EVENT, it can be assumed
to be a v3 file because this behavior occurs only in MySQL 4.0
and 4.1, and all servers in those versions use v3 format.
Exceptional Condition 2: In MySQL 5.1 and 5.2, several early versions wrote binary log files using v4 format, but using different event numbers from those currently used in v4. Therefore, when the FDE is read and discovered to be v4, it is also necessary to read the server version, which is a string that occurs at position 21. If the version is one of those in the set of affected versions, event renumbering occurs such that events read from the file are mapped onto the current v4 event numbering.


text:
anoglu. These treatises are concerned with mathematics including arithmetic, operations with sexagesimal ratio (Kept at Oxford I 967/5, 1034/2), and a large number of works dealing with instruments. Amongst these is Al-Nujum Al-zahirat fi amal bi'l rub Al-muqantarat (Brilliant stars on operations with the Almucantar quadrant, in 25 chapters and an introduction - manuscript kept in Cairo, Miqat 197, Istanbul, Leiden, Paris, Tunis, etc…). Other treatises include Nuzhat Al-nazar fil amal bi' shams wa'l qamar (Delight of the observer on operations with the sun and the moon), a treatise on the sine quadrant, a treatise on instrument called equatorial circle, a treatise on operations with the shadow plane, a treatise on operations with concave sundials, a treatise on the perfect astrolabe, various guides to pupils on how to make astronomical operations, a speech on almucantars on terrestrial equator and so on. From the list it appears that Al-Wafai's works can be found in libraries stretching from Cairo to Istanbul, Turin, Manchester, Princeton, Oxford, Tunis, Leiden, Paris, Berlin, Beirut, Jakarta and Rome.
by: FSTC Ltd, Tue 24 May, 2005


text:
The Osteoware Age and Sex module contains entry points for an array of subadult and adult age at death and sex estimation observations organized into four data entry screens. Each screen contains check boxes or blank fields to prompt the user to enter data when preservation allows; leaving a data field empty indicates the trait is not observable. Expansion beyond the Buikstra and Ubelaker (1994) "Standards", such as sternal rib end morphology (Iscan et al., 1984; 1985), are provided to improve overall data coverage.
- Contains an array of Age and Sex estimation traits.
- Check boxes and data fields prompt users to enter data.
- Image drop-downs provide easy reference to sex standards.
- Expansions beyond Buikstra and Ubelaker "Standards".
- Prompt messages appear when summary estimations are left blank.
Note: Subadult osteometrics used in age estimation are recorded in the Postcranial Metrics module, and dental development is recorded in the Dental Inventory/Development/Pathology module. Age related degenerative change (e.g. arthritis and osteoporosis) is recorded in the Pathology module. However, a large text field is provided on the last entry screen for entering detailed comments on these additional methods, as well as the rational for the final estimations.
The "Standards" protocol is modified by recording unilateral instead of bilateral degree of union; the side with the greatest degree of union is scored from 0-2. If there is significant asymmetry detailed notes can be entered into the Comments field on the last data entry screen.
Scoring the degree of cranial suture closure uses the 0-3 progressive scale over a 1 cm length at the cranial landmark indicated, except for the palatal sutures which are recorded over their entire length. Note that several early closing synchondroses (turquoise boxes) are scored using the 0-2 postcranial epiphysis scale.
Cranial and pelvic sex and age indicators are scored using the published methods recommended in the "Standards", such as Brooks and Suchey (1990). When the cranial morphology boxes are clicked, the reference illustrations are displayed with scores ranging between 1 to 5, with 1 indicating clearly female and 5 are clearly male. Sternal rib end morphology has been added (Iscan et al.,1984,1985).
The summary screen records overall age and sex assessment. Broad categories of indeterminate and unknown age are useful for incomplete and/or poorly preserved remains. For sex, ambiguous is used when an individual shows a mix of male and female characteristics, but indeterminate is for cases where too little information is preserved for assessment. Juveniles who do not display morphological changes to the skeletal sex traits should be scored as indeterminate.
The Comments text box is provided for entering detailed comments on age and sex assessments involving data collected in this module, as well as pertinent data from other modules, such as dental development. It is recommended that users return to the Summary screen to revise the summary age and sex, as well as the minimum/maximum age estimations, when additional data is uncovered. This is important because aggregate statistical analyses involving age and sex will be accomplished through database queries on these summary categories.
Brooks S, Suchey JM. Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: A comparison of the Acsádi-Nemeskéri and Suchey-Brooks methods. Human Evolution 1990;5:227–38.
Buikstra, J.E. and D.H. Ubelaker. Standards for Data Collection From the Human Skeletal Remains. Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series No. 44. Arkansas Archaeological Survey: Fayetteville, 1994.
Iscan MY, Loth SR, Wright RK. Age estimation from the rib by phase analysis: White males. J Forensic Sci 1984;29:1094–104.
Iscan MY, Loth SR, Wright RK. Age estimation from the rib by phase analysis: White females. J Forensic Sci 1985;30:853–63.


Alternate History
Eldorado (The British Ain't Coming)
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Republic of Eldorado
Timeline: The British Ain't Coming
OTL equivalent: Rondonia, Amazonas, Roraima, Acre
Flag of Eldorado TBAC
Flag of Eldorado
Capital Puerto Alonso
Largest city Manaos
Other cities Xapurí, Parintins, Jiparaná
 others Portuguese, Other native languages
Ethnic Group Hispanic, Amerindian
Demonym Eldoradoan
Government Constitutional federal republic
President Jorge Vianna (PPOE)
Area 2,196,998 km²
Population 6,421,508
Independence from Gran Colombia
 declared July 1, 1830
Currency Peso
Time Zone UTC-4 and UTC-5
Internet TLD.el
Organizations Mercosur, ONA
 Republic of Eldorado (Spanish: República de Eldorado) or just Eldorado, is a federal constitutional republic in South America. The nation is mostly composed by the Amazon rainforest, and have a tropical weather.
Is bordered with Gran Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Cerrado and Pará.
The independence of Eldorado was a violent war. The invasion of the cities of Caracas and Bogota by separatist rebels, culminated in the victory and separation of Eldorado.
The first capital of the country, was located in Puerto Madeira (formerly known as Base Madeira), the largest base of the rebels. After the Acre War, the city of Puerto Alonso became the capital of Eldorado.
The country's economy is essentially the primary sector, which is heavily profiting because of the latex taken from rubber trees in the Amazon.
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Match Your Kundali
Shukra – Zukra, Aspujit, Daityaguru, Dhishnya, Shukracharya
About Shukra
Shukra Venus
Shukra -Venus
Zukra or Shukra as he is commonly referred in Hindu mythology is the son of Rishi Bhrigu and Kavyamata. One of the most renowned rishis, he is believed to be the only one considered worthy of being taught the Sanjivani Mantra by Lord Shiva himself.
The Zukra is represented by the planet Venus and denotes pleasure, beauty and material aspects of life.
The word Shukra literally means bright, white, pure, resplendent and spotless. These characteristics are referred in different Vedas to represent everything that is pure from the gentleness of the moon's rays to the purity of fire and are a founding stone of the Vedic astrology.
The planet Venus, representing Zukra, is closer to Earth than to the Sun and has a diameter of nearly 12100 kilometres. It takes nearly 225 days of Earth to complete its revolution around the sun, and approximately 243 days of Earth to complete one rotation on its own axis. Due to this, periodically it comes in between the Sun and the Earth. It is also known as the brightest star in the sky as visible from Earth. It is generally the first star visible after the sunset towards the North East and can be seen till the sunrise. Hence, Zukra is believed to be ruling the East side.
Beej Mantra: Om Dram Dreem Draum Sah Shukray Namah
As with every aspect of Vedic Astrology, there are a lot of mythological stories associated with Zukra and how it came about being the Guru of the demons – Daityaguru Shukracharya. He is believed to wear white clothes and ride in a white chariot.
As per one of the mythological legends, Shukra hates Vishnu who he believes is responsible for the death of his mother. Vishnu was hunting down an Asura, who had been given refuge by Zukra's mother. This led Zukra to help the demons with the Sanjivani Mantra by bringing back their dead to life while they were fighting the Devatas. Hence, he became their teacher and instructor. The Devatas wanted the mantra but could not get it out of Shukra. The Devatas then sent Kacha, the son of Zukra's rival Brihaspati's son to learn the Sanjivani Mantra. Kacha served his guru for thousand years, pleasing him and learning the mantra, thereby helping the Devatas in their fight against the Asuras.
Another legend associates Zukra taking the guise of a man to arrange for the marriage of his daughter to a king as per her own wishes. She was in love with the king and wanted a happy married life with him. Zukra succeeded in materializing the marriage, however as the king loved someone else, the girl could never be happy with the marriage. This legend is often quoted to demonstrate that Zukra may get you the material comforts or your heart's desire, but it cannot override Karma.
He is also believed to have taught political science to Bhishma himself during the Mahabharata era.
Shukra Venus
Shukra – Venus
Vedic astrology portrays Shukra to be having a feminine nature and representing beauty, passion, love, marriage, money, fame, material comforts, and arts. Following are the typical characteristics of Zukra
Gender: Female
Karak of: Desire, Fertility and Potency
Panchbhoot element: Water
Guna: Rajoguna / passionate
Zodiac signs ruled by Venus: Taurus and Libra
Zodiac Sign of Exaltation of Venus: Pisces
Friends: Mercury and Saturn
Enemies: Sun and Moon
Day of the week: Shukravaar (Friday)
Season: Vasant (Spring)
Shukra Venus
Shukra – Venus
Physical Appearance: A native of Zukra will have average height, deep and beautiful eyes, plump body with a round face, curly hair and a soothing smile. These natives will have a joyful and amiable personality gaining them a lot of friends. The native may also have long hands, a broad chest and strong set shoulders.
Effects: In Vedic astrology, Zukra is considered to be one of the four benefic planets. The placement of Venus in the horoscope is used to study the pleasures of married life and the material world for a native. A strong and positive presence of Venus in the charts promotes happiness, good and healthy marriage, contentedness and an appreciation of beauty around. At the same time, a weak presence of Venus in the charts indicates confusion and disagreements in relationships and sadness. An inflicted Zukra may also represent weakness, illness or diseases.
Some of the most common aspects of life impacted by Venus / Zukra are
 1. Marriage
 2. Income
 3. Happiness
 4. Money
 5. Fame
 6. Fertility and Vitality
 7. Health
A strong Venus will bring positive result in one or more of the above aspects and a weak or inflicted Venus will lead to troubles in one or more of the above. The ill effects of Zukra last nearly 20 years, which is one of the longest in the astrological world.
Placement of Zukra: It is believed in Vedic astrology that the most benefits of Venus are felt when it is placed in the 4th house of the astrological chart, since it gains its directional strength in the fourth house. Other good placements are having Shukra in the kendras, i.e. the 10th and the 7th house of the chart. The results are also very positive and auspicious if the planet Zukra is sitting in the Trikonas, i.e. the 5th or the 9th house.
However, the placement is not considered good or auspicious if the Zukra is placed in one of the following houses of a native's astrological charts – 3rd, 6th or 8th. A unique scenario however occurs, if Zukra is placed in a native's 12th house. Any of the other three benefic planets when placed in the 12th house are considered bad. However, when Zukra is placed in the 12th house, it is considered extremely auspicious and beneficial, in terms of the native gaining wealth and material possessions.
Zukra impact on Profession: As Zukra is a proponent of beauty, passion, arts and comforts, the career and professional choices of a native are also primarily guided by these. For somebody having a strong influence of Venus in their charts, they will enjoy a great career with a lot of contentment in their chosen field. This also can lead to having good luck in terms of monetary benefits out of their selected profession.
The typical careers governed by Venus are the ones dealing with beauty and arts like music, dance, acting, theatre, sculpture, pottery, cookery, photography, art direction, decoration, scents and perfumes, jewellery designing, hair styling, tailor, interior decorator, dress designer etc. Apart from beauty, Venus also rules material comforts and hence the other professional choices could be luxury good producers, gems and jewellery, yatch service, hotel management, banking, spas, gourmet chefs, bakery and confectioners and fashion designers.
A major connotation of Zukra is towards fertility, virility and creation hence, these natives may also do well as doctors and healers dealing with the reproductive system of the human body, gynaecologists, birth assistants, nurses etc.
Zukra impact on Health:
The primary organs in the human body directly under the control of Zukra are the thyroid gland, the throat, the kidneys and part of the circulatory system along with the reproductive system. Hence, a weak or inflicted Zukra can cause any of the following issues for the native – issues related to blood circulation, sugar, diabetes, urine related problems, some circulatory diseases like thrombosis, embolisms, skin diseases like eczema, leukoderma, tonsillitis, cysts, gonorrhoea and syphilis.
Also, the native may have a tendency of reaching out for rich food and may find it difficult to give up this habit. Hence, the native may suffer from weight related issues.
As we have seen, a weak Venus can have a huge impact on a lot of aspects of life, sometimes with major consequences. Hence, those having a weak Zukra or infliction in the charts, should go ahead and get one or more of the following remedies done.
 - Worship the religious deity of Zukra – the powerful goddess Durga or Mahashakti
 - Recite the Durga Chalisa as recommended by your spiritual guru
 - Recite any of the Shukra mantras – the beej mantra, the Gayatri mantra or the Shukra Stotra. The beej mantra should be repeated 16000 times in 40 days.
 - Observe a fast on Fridays (Shukravaar)
 - Conduct the Friday Pooja of Santoshi Mata
 - Donate items like ghee, camphor, perfumes or white sandalwood to married females on every Friday
Gayatri Mantra for Zukra: Om aswdhvajaaya vidamahe, dhanur hastaaya dheemahi, tanno shukra prachodayat
Lotus – Shukra – Venus
Relation with other planets: Zukra


lated into programming-speak, we call each of these branches and leaves "Nodes". And no, this has nothing to do with NodeJS (a server-side JavaScript runtime we will be working with soon).
Here is our HTML document from earlier with a few additions:
 Site Title Article Heading Some text in the article Some more text List item 1 List item 2 List item 3 Site created by Zach
Here's how we draw this in "DOM Tree" format:
dom tree visual
To effectively use the DOM via JavaScript, you should think of these "Nodes" like you would an ancestral hierarchy. You've got children, siblings, parents, grandparents, and great-grandparents. For example, all the li tags within the ul tag are siblings because they are at the same level in the hierarchy. Likewise, the p tags in the div with the main-body class are siblings. Body is the child of HTML while both of the div nodes are children of the Body node.
The above picture is a simplified view. Each "Node" has unique characteristics, and there are a couple common node types (here's a comprehensive list):
 1. Element Nodes
 2. Text Nodes
 3. Attribute Nodes
I'm going to bring back a diagram that you've probably seen before:
html element
Now let's relate this to these "Nodes".
The tag is an "Element Node". The class="some-class" is an "Attribute Node". The Content value is a "Text Node". Here, I'll prove it to you by creating this exact element in JavaScript:
// Create empty containers for each node typeconst elementNode = document.createElement('p');const textNode = document.createTextNode('Content');const attributeNode = document.createAttribute('class');console.log(elementNode); // console.log(textNode); // "Content"console.log(attributeNode); // class=""// Start constructing the HTML element// Currently, our element is: elementNode.appendChild(textNode);// Currently, our element is: ContentattributeNode.value ='some-class';elementNode.setAttributeNode(attributeNode);// Currently, our element is: Contentconsole.log(elementNode);// This inserts our new HTML element at the bottom of whatever webpage you are currently on (try it out!)document.body.appendChild(elementNode);
Congrats! We just recreated an HTML element with JavaScript! I used some API methods that we haven't talked about, but hopefully you can see what is happening here in a general sense. For example, appendChild() will take an existing node and insert it between another node.
What is the point of doing this though? I can think of a few examples:
 - A user creates a calendar event and you need to display it in an existing webpage
 - A user adds an item to their todo app
 - A user creates a post on facebook
All of these actions require HTML to be created on the fly (via JavaScript).
Now that we have covered some basics of the DOM, let's see how we can use it. Please know that in the following example, we will not be covering everything there is to know about the DOM API. As I mentioned earlier, the goal is to get acquainted with the DOM and understand how and why it is used; not master it.
A DOM Example
Now that you have a baseline understanding of how the DOM works, let's put it in action! Let's take a look at that HTML document from earlier:
Let's say our objective is to add a line of text (i.e. a p element with some text in it) every time we click the button. Here are the steps we must take:
 1. Find a way to identify the button HTML element using the DOM API
 2. Register a "click event" on this HTML element (i.e. tell it what to do when it is clicked)
 3. Write a function that will add a p element to the HTML Document (DOM) every time the button is clicked
Step 1: Identify the button
To identify an Element type using the DOM, we have several ways of doing this. First, let me show you what the HTML looks like for the button above, because without seeing it, you cannot effectively identify it.
CLICK ME
Let's walk through this. The id attribute is a global HTML attribute that can be used on ANY type of HTML element. I have assigned btn-1 as the ID for this element, but you could have named it anything you want. You could even name it my-btn; the same exact name given to the class attribute, which is also a global attribute available to all HTML elements.
We as the developer have assigned this button HTML element an ID and a class, which means we have many ways to identify it. The first way we can identify this is the most generic:
document.querySelector('button'); // "CLICK ME"
In this case, we are using the querySelector() built-in method and selecting based on the tag name (button) of the element, which will return the first occurrence of an HTML tag in the HTML document. Here, you can learn more about this method.
There is no problem with this method in our HTML example because we only have 1 button in the entire HTML document! But if later, we added another button, this method of selection will cause us problems because we are not being specific enough. Here's a better way to identify it.
document.getElementsByClassName('my-btn'); // HTMLCollection [button#btn-1.my-btn, btn-1: button#btn-1.my-btn]
But wait a second... When using this method, we are not returned a single element! That is because in HTML, you can assign a single class name to multiple HTML elements. Therefore, the getElementsByClassName() will return an HTMLCollection type, which is basically a fancy Array of HTMLElement types. That's probably not what we're looking for here since we only want to identify a single button.
Read more about getElementsByClassName() here.
Let's try another way.
document.getElementById('btn-1'); // "CLICK ME"
Ahhhh, that's better! Unlike the class attribute, you can only assign an ID to one element within the document. This would be INVALID:
Button 1Button 2
We CANNOT have two button elements that both have an ID of btn! So going back to our getElementById() method, we know that we are being specific AND we will only be searching for a single HTML element within the document.
But to this point, I've been leading you in unnecessary directions. We could have modified our first method, querySelector() to identify this button by its tag, class, or ID!
// Get the first occurrence of within the HTML documentdocument.querySelector('button');// Get the first occurrence of an HTML element that has a class of "my-btn" in the HTML documentdocument.querySelector('.my-btn');// Get the HTML element that has an ID of "btn-1"document.querySelector('_TAG_-1');
Notice anything in this code above? I do. It looks like we are adding in. and # before the identifier to look for a class and ID respectively. Keep this in mind, you'll see it again when we start talking about CSS in the next lesson.
While all three of these methods will return us the same result for this specific HTML document, that will not always be the case. Remember, be as specific as possible when identifying HTML elements.
Below, I have written all the ways we could identify that button in our HTML. The first couple methods will return you an individual HTMLElement while the second section will return an HTMLCollection (again, just a fancy Array of HTMLElement types).
// Will return a single HTML Elementdocument.querySelector('button');document.querySelector('.my-btn');document.querySelector('_TAG_-1');document.getElementById('btn-1');// Will return an HTMLCollection (multiple HTML elements stored in an Array)document.getElementsByClassName('my-btn');// Will return a NodeList (very similar to HTMLCollection)document.querySelectorAll('button');document.querySelectorAll('.my-btn');document.querySelectorAll('_TAG_-1');
I know we haven't discussed HTMLCollection, NodeList, etc. yet, but stick with me. Now that we have our button identified, let's do something cool with it.
Step 2: Register a "click" event on the button
C'mon Zach, you're teaching me ANOTHER new concept??
I know, this is a lot. But we are about to talk about something called "event handling", which is a big part of programming front-end applications. "Events" are not specific to front-end programming though; you will soon learn that events are a huge part of programming in general.
In front-end programming, an "event" is something that occurs as a RESULT of a user action. Here are some examples:
 - A user


text:
In a study led by UCSF team an existence of relationship between asthma and composition of bacterial species, which are present in bronchial airways was revealed.
This finding could suggest new treatment or even potential cures for the common inflammatory disease.
Using new detection methods, researchers learned that the diversity of microbes inside the respiratory tract is far vaster than previously suspected - creating a complex and inter-connected microbial neighborhood that appears to be associated with asthma, and akin to what has also been found in inflammatory bowel disease, vaginitis, periodontitis, and possibly even obesity.
"People thought that asthma was caused by inhalation of allergens but this study shows that it may be more complicated than that - asthma may involve colonization of the airways by multiple bacteria," said study co-author Homer Boushey, MD, a UCSF professor of medicine in the division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.
In their three-year pilot project, the scientists collected samples from the airway linings of 65 adults with mild to moderate asthma and 10 healthy subjects. Then, using a tool that can identify approximately 8,500 distinct groups of bacteria in a single assay, the scientists profiled the organisms present in each sample to look for relationships between bacterial community composition and clinical characteristics of the patients' asthma.The researchers found that bronchial airway samples from asthmatic patients contained far more bacteria than samples from healthy patients. The scientists also found greater bacterial diversity in the asthmatic patients who had the most hyper-responsive or sensitive airways (a feature of asthma).
The study has been published online in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.


Cryptology ePrint Archive: Report 2006/140
GVG-RP: A Net-centric Negligibility-based Security Model for Self-organizing Networks
Jiejun Kong
Abstract: We present a rigorous approach to building a secure self-organizing mobile ad hoc network (MANET). In a highly dynamic environment like MANET, it is impossible to ensure absolute security to protect everything. We have to speak of the "infeasibility" of breaking the security system rather than the "impossibility" of breaking the same system. More formally, security is defined on the concept of "negligible", which is asymptotically sub-polynomial with respect to a pre-defined system parameter $n$. Intuitively, the parameter $n$ in modern cryptography is the key length. The crypto-system's security is broken if the adversary's capability is of exponentials of $n$, and the efficiency of all related algorithms is measured in polynomials of $n$.
We adopt the same formal security notion in ad hoc network security research. In network security, the network scale (i.e., number of network members) $N$ replaces the role of key length $n$ in cryptography. If a security scheme can be devised to ensure that the probability of security failure is negligible, then the larger the network scale is or the more complex the network system is, the more secure the network is. In other words, given a negligibility-based protection against a specific security attack, larger or more complex systems are favored over smaller or simpler systems. Intuitively, this is consistent with the evolution theory where more complex entities probabilistically emerge from and likely survive longer than their less complex counterparts.
In this paper, we use ''rushing attack'' as the exemplary security attack to disrupt mobile ad hoc routing. We show that ''rushing attack'' is a severe attack against on-demand ad hoc routing schemes. Fortunately, ''localized forwarding community area'' is an available countermeasure to ensure that the failure probability of packet forwarding is negligible. This demonstrates the usefulness of our negligibility-based network security model. We expect to augment the pool of negligibility-based protections and explore the general notion in other types of networks.\\
\emph{Keywords}---Net-centric Security = Negligibility + Scalability
Category / Keywords: foundations / Net-centric Security, Negligibility, Scalability
Date: received 9 Apr 2006
Contact author: jiejunkong at yahoo com
Note: This paper defines the first formal security model using network scale as the input parameter of negligibility. The model is for network-centric security, not limited to cryptography.
Version: 20060410:070412 (All versions of this report)
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