How does the thermostat in a car's cooling system work?
Any liquid-cooled car engine has a small device called the thermostat that sits between the engine and the radiator. The thermostat in most cars is about 2 inches (5 cm) in diameter. Its job is to block the flow of coolant to the radiator until the engine has warmed up. When the engine is cold, no coolant flows through the engine. Once the engine reaches its operating temperature (generally about 200 degrees F, 95 degrees C), the thermostat opens. By letting the engine warm up as quickly as possible, the thermostat reduces engine wear, deposits and emissions.
If you ever have the chance to test one, a thermostat is an amazing thing to watch because what they do seems impossible. You can put one in a pot of boiling water on the stove. As it heats up, its valve opens about an inch, apparently by magic! If you'd like to try this yourself, go to a car parts store and buy one for a couple of bucks.
The secret of the thermostat lies in the small cylinder located on the engine-side of the device. This cylinder is filled with a wax that begins to melt at perhaps 180 degrees F (different thermostats open at different temperatures, but 180 F/82 C is a common temperature). A rod connected to the valve presses into this wax. When the wax melts, it expands significantly and pushes the rod out of the cylinder, opening the valve. If you have read How Thermometers Work and done the experiment with the bottle and the straw, you have seen the same process in action. The wax happens to expand a good bit more because it is changing from a solid to a liquid in addition to expanding from the heat.
This same technique is used in automatic openers for greenhouse vents and skylights. See this page for an example. In these devices, the wax melts at a lower temperature.
These links will help you learn more:
Originally Published: Apr 1, 2000
Car Thermostat FAQs
What are the telltale signs of a failing thermostat?
Signs include very high temperature readings, an overheating engine, leaking coolant and erratic changes in temperature.
What should I expect to pay to replace my car thermostat?
On average, a professional mechanic will charge you $140-$300. It's safe to assume that this estimate will vary from car to car.
What will happen if I drive my car without a thermostat?
A car without a thermostat will not let the engine reach optimal operating temperature. It may also result in the heater giving off cold air.


Media Impact Funders: The John Templeton Foundation has provided support for radio shows and podcasts such as On Being, The Science of Happiness, and Everything Happens as a means to explore life's biggest questions. What are some takeaways from that support?
David Nassar: One takeaway is that there is a real thirst for conversations that are positive, forward-looking, and cut across boundaries of perspective and discipline. It's remarkable how much interest you find when you talk about how new ideas and discoveries can help people live lives of greater prosperity and joy—whether those insights come from psychology, biology, philosophy, physics or theology.
Another takeaway is that it can raise our profile with potential grantees. Supporting podcasts has brought visibility to the work of Templeton-funded researchers, and updating our sponsor messaging has been effective in drawing in some applications we might not otherwise have seen.
MIF: What other media projects or initiatives are you working on?
DN: We're excited about a number of projects. These include a few upcoming documentaries: Peggy Callahan's "Act Like a Holy Man," Brian Greene's "Light Falls," and Alan Lightman's "Searching." We're also looking forward to bringing the popular U.K.-based program "Unbelievable?" to the U.S. In addition to these, we've supported episodes on NOVA, articles on Aeon, and programs on Closer to Truth, among a variety of other activities.
It's worth noting that we fund lots of other initiatives outside of media: museum exhibits, educational programs, science festivals, and public events such as a panel on "Exploring the Unknown" at the Atlantic Festival last year.
MIF: As a foundation that supports inquiry in religion and science, is Templeton able to build understanding and appreciation across communities that are sometimes in conflict?
DN: We find there's often less conflict than curiosity. There's a good deal of evidence—some empirical, some anecdotal—that religious communities are increasingly receptive to the findings of mainstream science. To take just a few examples from our recent work, Tibetan Buddhist monks have enthusiastically incorporated scientific studies into their curriculum, as have Muslim students at madrasas and Christian students at seminaries. Across our funding, we find that there is real appetite for mutual learning from different perspectives, to see things in relation to one another, whether that's among physicists and philosophers, theologians and psychologists, or geneticists and ethicists.
MIF: What does the foundation want to accomplish in the next year? In the next 5 years?
DN: As a foundation that typically grants more than $120 million per year, there are many exciting projects we could point to. I'll highlight one that feels particularly timely: the Open Mind Platform. This is an online educational tool that aims to address some of the intense polarization that has occurred in many parts of our society. The goal is to help people, as it states, to "engage constructively across differences" and overcome divisions within communities, campuses, and organizations.
This relates to a larger goal of the foundation, which is help the world by fostering a virtue called "intellectual humility"—a form of open-mindedness. We're funding researchers who are trying to understand the benefits of this virtue, and to create interventions that help people practice it in life. We hope that can benefit people individually and as a society.
MIF: What do you want your peers to know about your work?
DN: We're always looking for great partners. We work with funders sharing common interests to expand the impact of our respective work, to collaborate on projects, to learn from one another's successes, and to strategize about areas of common philanthropic interest.
In recent years we have worked with range of partners, from organizing a TED Social event with Brian Greene and the Simons Foundation, to supporting a national speech and essay contest on freedom with Paramount Pictures' Selma and the National Liberty Museum, to convening a gathering of the World Economic Forum's Young Global Leaders at a pontifical university in Rome.
Whether you are an individual philanthropist, a foundation, or a company, if you are interested in exploring possible partnerships, and your interests align with any of our Funding Areas, please don't hesitate to contact us.
Next week, Dr. Francis Collins, a geneticist, physician and director of the National Institutes of Health since 2009, will be celebrated as the winner of the 2020 Templeton Prize. Established in 1972 by Sir John Templeton (who later founded the John Templeton Foundation), the Templeton Prize honors individuals who harness the power of science to "explore the deepest questions of the universe and humankind's place and purpose within it." Here, Collins reflects on COVID-19, how its changed us, and his role in leading the quest to find a cure.


text:
So we have added a special JP4 mode that bypasses the Demosaic in the FPGA and provides an image with pixels in each 16x16 macroblock that are rearranged to separate Bayer colors in individual 8x8 blocks, then encoded as monochrome. Demosaic will be applied during post-processing on the host PC. This section describe different algorithms and implementations used to provide this functionality.
- compression speed improvement - possibility to obtain more high quality image (near to RAW) - drasticaly lowering data size
Image decodingJP4 format can be easy manipulated by Matlab
1. Read image
I=imread('hdr02.jp4'); %read JP4 file like JPEG,or online grab image from http like this: I=imread('_URL_ cam: I=imread('http://cam_ip/bimg'); %get online buffered image from cam
I=I(:,:,1); %strip color data2. Remove block grouping
II=deblock16x16(I); %deblock image
%file deblock16x16.m function y=deblock16x16(I) y0=uint8(zeros(size(I))); for x=1:16:size(I,1) for y=1:16:size(I,2) blk16=I(x:x+15,y:y+15); for dx=0:7 for dy=0:7 y0(x+2*dx,y+2*dy) = blk16(dx+1,dy+1); y0(x+2*dx+1,y+2*dy) = blk16(dx+9,dy+1); y0(x+2*dx,y+2*dy+1) = blk16(dx+1,dy+9); y0(x+2*dx+1,y+2*dy+1) = blk16(dx+9,dy+9); end end end end y=y0;
2. Demosaic image (Decode from Bayer CFA (Color Filter Array) encoded image)
3. Show image
JP4 stream can be decoded by mplayer. Use [this patch] for glue libdc1394 and MPlayer-1.0rc2 video filter frontend. Or download win32 binaries from sourceforge.
usage example: mplayer.exe test.avi -vf demosaic=deblock=1:method=7
Debayer (Demosaic) algorithm variants provided by libdc1394: - Nearest Neighbor : OpenCV library - Bilinear : OpenCV library - HQLinear : High-Quality Linear Interpolation For Demosaicing Of Bayer-Patterned Color Images, by Henrique S. Malvar, Li-wei He, and Ross Cutler, in Proceedings of the ICASSP'04 Conference. - Edge Sense II : Laroche, Claude A. "Apparatus and method for adaptively interpolating a full color image utilizing chrominance gradients" U.S. Patent 5,373,322. Based on the code found on the website _URL_ Converted to C and adapted to all four elementary patterns. - Downsample : "Known to the Ancients" - Simple : Implemented from the information found in the manual of Allied Vision Technologies (AVT) cameras. - VNG : Variable Number of Gradients, a method described in _URL_ Sources import from DCRAW by Frederic Devernay. DCRAW is a RAW converter program by Dave Coffin. URL: _URL_ - AHD : Adaptive Homogeneity-Directed Demosaicing Algorithm, by K. Hirakawa and T.W. Parks, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 14, Nr. 3, March 2005, pp. 360 - 369.
Bayer pattern look like this
Some sensors have possibility to set independed scale to G1 and G2. Considering that the accessible optics does not give the full permission of a sensor resolution, it can be used for increase in a dynamic range of a image sensor.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
An Analysis by Michael Osiris Snuffin (2003)
What is the Mass of the Phoenix? The answer is not a simple as you might think. The Mass of the Phoenix makes its debut as Chapter 44 of Aleister Crowley's Book of Lies with no real explanation. At least the "Official Instructions of the A.'.A.'." gives a basic description of the Mass of the Phoenix:
"An instruction in a simple and exoteric form of Eucharist. A Ritual of the Law."
This indicates that the Mass of the Phoenix is a true Mass, in that it celebrates the Eucharist. In Liber Aleph, Crowley puts the Mass of the Phoenix on par with the Gnostic Mass:
"Neglect not the daily Miracle of the Mass, either by the Rite of the Gnostic Catholic Church, or that of the Phoenix."
The "Miracle of the Mass" is the process of transubstantiation, whereby the bread and wine are transformed into the body and the blood of a God. The general nature of this Eucharist is explained in Chapter 20 of Magick in Theory and Practice:
The Eucharist of the Mass of the Phoenix consists of the Cakes of Light (bread) and the blood of the magician (wine). However, the blood of the magician is also the "live substance" that is added to the Cake of Light during the ritual, and it is thereby that the two elements become one Eucharist. This is the best kind of Eucharist according to Chapter 20:
"The Eucharist of Two Elements has its matter of the passives. The wafer (Pantacle) is of corn, typical of Earth; the wine (Cup) represents Water. (There are certain other attributions. The wafer is the Sun, for instance; and the wine is appropriate to Bacchus.) The wafer may, however, be more complex, as the 'Cake of Light' described in Liber Legis. "This is used in the exoteric 'Mass of the Phoenix' mixed with the blood of the Magus. This Mass should be performed daily at sunset by every Magician.
Corn and wine are equivalent to flesh and blood; but it easier to convert live substances into the body and blood of God, than to perform this miracle upon dead matter."
"The highest form of the Eucharist is that in which the Element consecrated is One.
It is One substance and not two, not living and not dead, neither liquid nor solid, neither hot nor cold, neither male nor female.
This Sacrament is secret in every respect. For those who may be worthy, although not officially recognized as such, this Eucharist has been described in detail and without concealment, somewhere in the published writings of The MASTER THERION."
The secret is actually published only pages away in Chapter 12 of Magick in Theory and Practice, where Crowley symbolically equates blood with semen through barely cryptic references to human sacrifice. The Mass of the Phoenix is also mentioned in Chapter 12:
The Eucharist of the Mass of the Phoenix now takes on a whole new meaning: the blood is semen and therefore the Cakes of Light are the gluten, or sexual essence of the female. The blood is used to fertilize the Cake of Light to create the sexually charged Eucharist. This idea is reflected in Chapter 3 of The Book of the Law, which gives the recipe for the Cakes of Light:
"But the bloody sacrifice, though more dangerous, is more efficacious; and for nearly all purposes human sacrifice is the best. The truly great Magician will be able to use his own blood, or possibly that of a disciple, and that without sacrificing the physical life irrevocably. An example of this sacrifice is given in Chapter 44 of Liber 333. This Mass may be recommended generally for daily practice."
The preferred blood in the recipe is menstrual blood, which includes female sexual fluids and an unfertilized ovum. It is important to note that the next best blood is the "fresh blood of a child," which is a symbolic reference to sperm. A female Magician may therefore choose to make their Cakes of Light with the male essence or sperm for use in this Mass.
23. For perfume mix meal & honey & thick leavings of red wine: then oil of Abramelin and olive oil, and afterward soften & smooth down with rich fresh blood.
24. The best blood is of the moon, monthly: then the fresh blood of a child, or dropping from the host of heaven: then of enemies; then of the priest or of the worshippers: last of some beast, no matter what.
25. This burn: of this make cakes & eat unto me.
From a practical point of view, the Mass of the Phoenix works much better as a sex magick ritual than the traditional literal interpretation of the script. Crowley instructed us to perform the Mass of the Phoenix on a daily basis, but if you scratched the same sigil into the breast with this frequency you would end up with a permanent wound! At the same time there would be no discomfort and risk in masturbating daily to perform the Mass of the Phoenix.
So how does the Mass of the Phoenix work as a sex magick ritual? After reciting the Adorations from The Book of the Law, the Magician masturbates to orgasm. At the moment of orgasm, he visualizes the "proper sign" to direct the energy. (Although Crowley never specifies exactly what the "proper sign" is, many Thelemites use the Mark of the Beast, the sigils of the Sun and Moon conjoined.) He smears the semen on the second Cake of Light and eats it as the Eucharist. It is in this manner that the Magician can perform the Miracle of the Mass every day.Revised Mass of the Phoenix - Male Script
Revised Mass of the Phoenix - Female Script
Copyright (c) 2010 Michael Osiris Snuffin
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IComparable Interface
Namespace: System
Assembly: mscorlib (in mscorlib.dll)
public interface IComparable
The IComparable type exposes the following members.
Public methodSupported by Silverlight for Windows PhoneSupported by Xbox 360CompareToCompares the current instance with another object of the same type and returns an integer that indicates whether the current instance precedes, follows, or occurs in the same position in the sort order as the other object.
This interface is implemented by types whose values can be ordered or sorted. It requires that implementing types define a single method, CompareTo, that indicates whether the position of the current instance in the sort order is before, after, or the same as a second object of the same type. The instance's IComparable implementation is called automatically by methods such as Array.Sort.
All numeric types (such as Int32 and Double) implement IComparable, as do String, Char, and DateTime. Custom types should also provide their own implementation of IComparable to allow object instances to be ordered or sorted.
The following code sample illustrates the implementation of IComparable and the requisite CompareTo method.
using System;
using System.Collections;
public class Temperature : IComparable
 // The temperature value
 protected double temperatureF;
 public int CompareTo(object obj)
 if (obj == null) return 1;
 Temperature otherTemperature = obj as Temperature;
 if (otherTemperature!= null)
 return this.temperatureF.CompareTo(otherTemperature.temperatureF);
 public double Fahrenheit
 return this.temperatureF;
 this.temperatureF = value;
 public double Celsius
 this.temperatureF = (value * 9.0 / 5) + 32;
public class Example
 public static void Demo(System.Windows.Controls.TextBlock outputBlock)
 Temperature[] temperatures = new Temperature[10];
 // Initialize random number generator.
 Random rnd = new Random();
 // Generate 10 temperatures between 0 and 100 randomly.
 int degrees = rnd.Next(0, 100);
 Temperature temp = new Temperature();
 temp.Fahrenheit = degrees;
 temperatures[ctr - 1] = temp;
 // Sort ArrayList.
 foreach (Temperature temp in temperatures)
 outputBlock.Text += temp.Fahrenheit + "\n";
// The example displays the following output (individual
// values may vary because they are randomly generated):
// 2
// 7
// 16
// 17
// 31
// 37
// 58
// 66
// 72
// 95
Supported in: 5, 4, 3
Silverlight for Windows Phone
Supported in: Windows Phone OS 7.1, Windows Phone OS 7.0
XNA Framework
Supported in: Xbox 360, Windows Phone OS 7.0
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© 2014 Microsoft. All rights reserved.


text:
Predict the Future
How to plan more accurately and frequently across your supply chain.
This Distributor Whitepaper explains how demand planning can help you:
- Gain a Better Understanding of Markets & Customers.
- Reduce Inventory Surpluses and Warehouse Space.
- Improve Usage of Capital and Human Resource.
- Establish Baseline Sales Forecasts.
- Optimize Pricing Capabilities.
From inventory management, EDI, purchasing, analyzing and everything before, after and in-between, we can help your business reach new levels of efficiency with confidence.
- Operate with the lowest possible inventory levels and costs, given the current and projected sales for your business.
- Decrease your working capital requirement and optimize your cash flow, ensuring that all invoices are timely and accurate, and collected in the fastest manner possible.
- Monitor and manage your profitability by product, product category and customer.
- Improve your workflow efficiencies and increase your employee productivity from customer quotations to order taking via picking, packing and shipping.
Contact us today and learn more about we can help.


page header | chunk 1 | chunk 2 |... | chunk 255 |
^ +0 ^ +256 ^ +512 ^ +64 kB
As each page is 65536 bytes, and each chunk is 256 bytes, there are therefore 256 chunks in a page. The first chunk in a page that begins an allocated object, large or small, contains a header chunk. The page header has a byte for each of the 256 chunks in the page. The byte is 255 if the corresponding chunk starts a large object; otherwise the byte indicates the size class for packed small-object allocations (see below).
| page header | large object 1 | large object 2... |
When splitting large objects, we avoid starting a new large object on a page header chunk. A large object can only span where a page header chunk would be if it includes the entire page.
Freeing a large object pushes it on the global freelist. We know a pointer is a large object by looking at the page header. We know the size of the allocation, because the large object header precedes the allocation. When the next large object allocation happens after a free, the freelist will be compacted by merging adjacent large objects.
small fry
Small objects are allocated from segregated freelists. The granule size is 8 bytes. Small object allocations are packed in a chunk of uniform allocation size. There are size classes for allocations of each size from 1 to 6 granules, then 8, 10, 16, and 32 granules; 10 sizes in all. For example, an allocation of e.g. 12 granules will be satisfied from a 16-granule chunk. Each size class has its own free list.
struct small_object_freelist {
 struct small_object_freelist *next;
struct small_object_freelist small_object_freelists[10];
When allocating, if there is nothing on the corresponding freelist, walloc will allocate a new large object, then change its chunk kind in the page header to the size class. It then goes through the fresh chunk, threading the objects through each other onto a free list.
| page header | large object 1 | granules=4 | large object 2'... |
^ +0 ^ +256 ^ +512 ^ +768 + +1024 ^ +64 kB
In this example, we imagine that the 4-granules freelist was empty, and that the large object freelist contained only large object 2, running all the way to the end of the page. We allocated a new 4-granules chunk, splitting the first chunk off the large object, and pushing the newly trimmed large object back onto the large object freelist, updating the page header appropriately. We then thread the 4-granules (32-byte) allocations in the fresh chunk together (the chunk has room for 8 of them), treating them as if they were instances of struct freelist, pushing them onto the global freelist for 4-granules allocations.
 in fresh chunk, next link for object N points to object N+1
 | |
granules=4: | (padding, maybe) | object 0 |... | object 7 |
 ^ 4-granule freelist now points here
The size classes were chosen so that any wasted space (padding) is less than the size class.
Freeing a small object pushes it back on its size class's free list. Given a pointer, we know its size class by looking in the chunk kind in the page header.
and that's it
Hey have fun with the thing! Let me know if you find it useful. Happy hacking and until next time!
a baseline compiler for guile
3 June 2020 8:39 PM (guile | gnu | compilers | igalia | scheme | baseline | optimizing | guix)
Greets, my peeps! Today's article is on a new compiler for Guile. I made things better by making things worse!
The new compiler is a "baseline compiler", in the spirit of what modern web browsers use to get things running quickly. It is a very simple compiler whose goal is speed of compilation, not speed of generated code.
Honestly I didn't think Guile needed such a thing. Guile's distribution model isn't like the web, where every page you visit requires the browser to compile fresh hot mess; in Guile I thought it would be reasonable for someone to compile once and run many times. I was never happy with compile latency but I thought it was inevitable and anyway amortized over time. Turns out I was wrong on both points!
The straw that broke the camel's back was Guix, which defines the graph of all installable packages in an operating system using Scheme code. Lately it has been apparent that when you update the set of available packages via a "guix pull", Guix would spend too much time compiling the Scheme modules that contain the package graph.
The funny thing is that it's not important that the package definitions be optimized; they just need to be compiled in a basic way so that they are quick to load. This is the essential use-case for a baseline compiler: instead of trying to make an optimizing compiler go fast by turning off all the optimizations, just write a different compiler that goes from a high-level intermediate representation straight to code.
So that's what I did!
it don't do much
The baseline compiler skips any kind of flow analysis: there's no closure optimization, no contification, no unboxing of tagged numbers, no type inference, no control-flow optimizations, and so on. The only whole-program analysis that is done is a basic free-variables analysis so that closures can capture variables, as well as assignment conversion. Otherwise the baseline compiler just does a traversal over programs as terms of a simple tree intermediate language, emitting bytecode as it goes.
Interestingly the quality of the code produced at optimization level -O0 is pretty much the same.
This graph shows generated code performance of the CPS compiler relative to new baseline compiler, at optimization level 0. Bars below the line mean the CPS compiler produces slower code. Bars above mean CPS makes faster code. You can click and zoom in for details. Note that the Y axis is logarithmic.
The tests in which -O0 CPS wins are mostly because the CPS-based compiler does a robust closure optimization pass that reduces allocation rate.
At optimization level -O1, which adds partial evaluation over the high-level tree intermediate language and support for inlining "primitive calls" like + and so on, I am not sure why CPS peels out in the lead. No additional important optimizations are enabled in CPS at that level. That's probably something to look into.
Note that the baseline of this graph is optimization level -O1, with the new baseline compiler.
But as I mentioned, I didn't write the baseline compiler to produce fast code; I wrote it to produce code fast. So does it actually go fast?
Well against the -O0 and -O1 configurations of the CPS compiler, it does excellently:
Here you can see comparisons between what will be Guile 3.0.3's -O0 and -O1, compared against their equivalents in 3.0.2. (In 3.0.2 the -O1 equivalent is actually -O1 -Oresolve-primitives, if you are following along at home.) What you can see is that at these optimization levels, for these 8 files, the baseline compiler is around 4 times as fast.
If we compare to Guile 3.0.3's default -O2 optimization level, or -O3, we see bigger disparities:
Which is to say that Guile's baseline compiler runs at about 10x the speed of its optimizing compiler, which incidentally is similar to what I found for WebAssembly compilers a while back.
Also of note is that -O0 and -O1 take essentially the same time, with -O1 often taking less time than -O0. This is because partial evaluation can make the program smaller, at a cost of being less straightforward to debug.
Similarly, -O3 usually takes less time than -O2. This is because -O3 is allowed to assume top-level bindings that aren't exported from a module can be transformed to lexical bindings, which are more available for contification and inlining, which usually leads to smaller programs; it is a similar debugging/performance tradeoff to the -O0/-O1 case.
But what does one gain when choosing to spend 10 times more on compilation? Here I have a gnarly graph that plots performance on some microbenchmarks for all the different optimization levels.
Like I said, it's gnarly, but the summary is that -O1 typically gets you a factor of 2 or 4 over -O0, and -O2 often gets you another factor of 2 above that. -O3 is mostly the same as -O2 except in magical circumstances like the mbrot case, where it adds an extra 16x or so over -O2.
worse is better
I haven't seen the numbers yet of this new compiler in Guix, but I hope it can have a good impact. Already in Guile itself though I've seen a couple interesting advantages.
One is that because it produces code faster, Guile's boostrap from source can take less time. There is also a felicitous feedback effect in that because the baseline compiler is much smaller than the CPS compiler, it takes less time to macro-expand, which reduces bootstrap time (as bootstrap has to pay the cost of expanding the compiler


Piano Literature of the 17th, 18th and 19th Centuries, Book 1
An Introduction Through Folk Songs and Singing Games
Arranged by David Kraehenbuehl, selected and correlated by Frances Clark and edited by Louse Goss
Item: 00-0125
UPC: 724258012553
ISBN 10: _PHONE_
ISBN 13: 9780874871258
PRICE: $7.99
Series: Frances Clark Library for Piano Students
Category: Piano - Frances Clark Library
Format: Book
Instrument: Piano
This series surveys three centuries of keyboard music, including representative shorter works by: Bach * Handel * Scarlatti * C.P.E. Bach * Haydn * Clementi * Mozart * Beethoven * Schubert * Mendelssohn * Chopin * Schumann * Tchaikovsky * Grieg * MacDowell. The student is helped to achieve stylistically correct performance through editing based on original sources, clear interpretation of ornaments, a glossary of musical terms and symbols for each book, and biographical material on composers, relating them to their period in music history.


text:
How Chords Are Built?
Chord formulas show all the notes which constitute a chord. They reveal their structure and provide a link between scales and arpeggios.
Why Learning Chord Formulas
Knowing the structure of chords will help you find any chord position on the guitar when you only have the name. This will help you better understand the difference between many types of chords.
Learning chord formulas is necessary for anyone who wants to expand their musical knowledge and increase their guitar playing skills.
The formula chart below show how the main types of chords are built.


Russia's top security chief sends stern warning: Moscow willing to use real force against foreign adversaries, not just sanctions
By Jonny Tickle
1 Jun, 2021
Just two weeks after Russian President Vladimir Putin revealed the country would "knock out the teeth" of any aggressors, the Security Council secretary has warned that unfriendly actions against Moscow may be met with force.
Speaking to newspaper Rossiyskaya Gazeta in an interview published on Monday, Nikolay Patrushev revealed that the country's revised national security strategy means Moscow is now willing to use actual force and not just economic sanctions.
"The new version of the National Security Strategy emphasizes Russia's desire to increase predictability, confidence, and security in the international sphere," Patrushev explained.
"At the same time, it notes the legitimacy of symmetric and asymmetric measures to suppress and prevent unfriendly actions that threaten the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Russia."
In particular, he noted what he called "forceful methods of coercion," which would come after the failure of special economic measures.
While Russia typically responds symmetrically to moves by foreign adversaries, often in a tit-for-tat manner, Moscow has recently shown willingness for asymmetrical measures. In April, after the Czech Republic expelled 18 Russian diplomats, the Kremlin decided to kick out 20 Czechs, upping the ante. Two days later, at Putin's annual address to the Federal Assembly, he warned foreign countries that anyone threatening Russia's national security would "regret their actions like they have never regretted anything before," promising an "asymmetric, swift, and tough" response.
As well as new tactics on dealing with threats from other nations, the new security strategy submitted to the president also aims to improve Russia's competitiveness internationally and create conditions for economic growth at a rate above world levels. In particular, he noted that the country's economy should be resistant to sanctions pressure.
Read also:
The Art of War: US Fleet with 1000 Missiles in the Mediterranean
"An important condition for ensuring economic security is reliance on internal potential and independent solutions for problems faced by Russia while maintaining openness to mutually beneficial cooperation with other countries," he explained.
However, despite the threats, Patrushev also suggested that Russia and its primary Western adversary, the US, are capable of reaching mutually acceptable solutions, despite the recent tensions. In particular, the Russian Security Council secretary noted positive discussions with Jake Sullivan, the US national security advisor. Putin is due to meet his American counterpart Joe Biden later this month, in Geneva.
Published at


text:
Tuesday, November 3, 2009
Convention Center, Exhibit Hall BC, Second Floor
Reliable haploid induction rates (HIR) are of utmost importance when employing inducer genotypes for maize doubled haploid (DH) line development using the in vivo haploid induction technique.This work investigates the influence of the genetic constitution of inducers and donors as well as of the environmental conditions on HIR. In a first experiment, we compared HIR of three temperate inducer genotypes in subtropical and tropical environments in Mexico using a temperate liguleless tester as female parent. Testcross progenies were grown in the greenhouse until four-leaf stage and monitored visually. Haploid plants showed the liguleless phenotype. In a second experiment, a total of 150 genetically diverse tropical donors (landraces, improved open-pollinated varieties [OPV], and elite single crosses) were employed as female parents. In this experiment haploid seeds were identified using an embryo color marker. HIR were calculated by dividing the number of haploid plants/seeds by the total number of plants/seeds. Mean HIR was 14.9% (7.9-17.8%) using the temperate liguleless donor, but was only 4.8% (0-19.7%) using the tropical donors. Inducers and donors both had a significant influence on HIR. However, no significant differences were found for HIR between the donor groups of landraces, OPV, and single crosses which indicates that all groups are equally suitable for in vivo haploid induction. Although HIR of the temperate inducers were sufficiently high for large-scale application in tropical environments, haploid seed identification remains an obstacle along with poor agronomic performance of inducers and, consequently, low seed multiplication rates, which currently prevent breeders from adoption of the DH technique in tropical maize breeding programs. Therefore, the development of inducer genotypes with good adaptation to tropical/subtropical conditions and high HIR as well as a novel haploid seed identification system are premises to promote application of the DH technique in tropical maize.


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We can learn a lot from insects, especially when a predator ambushes its prey.
An ambush, as defined by Wikipedia "is a long-established military tactic in which the aggressors (the ambushing force) use concealment to attack a passing enemy."
The crab spider is a perfect example of an insect that conceals itself in a flower and waits for an unsuspecting visitor.
The crab spider doesn't build a web to trap its prey. No, too much wasted energy. It capitalizes on concealment, the element of surprise, and the quick assault and rapid kill.
And then, a leisurely meal.
Crab spiders or Thomisidae family (order Araneae) resemble crabs in that they can move sideways or backward.
You rarely notice them.
Neither do their prey--until it's too late.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The co-continuous ceramic/metal composite (referred to as C4 composites) are becoming an important class of materials as the result of the development of a number of new techniques for fabricating composites with interpenetrating macrostructures. In this paper, the fatigue endurance behaviors of three three-dimensional (3-D) continuous SiC ceramic network reinforced ZL111 Al alloy composites (T6-treated SiCn/ZL111Al) were simulated by the finite element method (FEM). The finite element simulation showed that the stress concentration, due to the presence of continuous SiC ceramic network reinforcements, produces controlled crack growth and higher stresses, which are related to regular energy release by the material during fracture. The need for higher stresses for a crack to propagate reveals the material's microstructural strength. Experimental analysis showed fatigue life for specimen was 4.8×105 cycles for 200 MPa, R=−1.0, and 6.5×105 cycles for 95 MPa, R=−0.05. The number of cycles to failure predicted numerically is higher than the experimental one. This difference is attributed mainly to an upper stage of fatigue crack growth, particularly, the interaction between fatigue crack growth and growth that cannot be accounted for in the numerical model.
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6.111 Labkit
 FPGA Labkit
for 6.111 Introduction to Digital Systems
6.111 homeLabkit home → VGA Video Output
VGA Video Output
by Nathan Ickes
VGA is a high-resolution video standard used mostly for computer monitors, where ability to transmit a sharp, detailed image is essential. VGA uses separate wires to transmit the three color component signals and vertical and horizontal synchronization signals.
VGA Signals
Like any video format, VGA video is a stream of frames: each frame is made up of a series of horizontal lines, and each line is made up of a series of pixels. The lines in each frame are transmitted in order from top to bottom (VGA is not interlaced), and the pixels in each line are transmitted from left to right. Separate horizontal and vertical synchronization signals are used to define the ends of each line and frame. A composite synchronization signal (actually an XOR of the horizontal and vertical signals) is also encoded on the green color channel.
The ADV7125 video DAC reads an 8-bit value for each of the red, green, and blue channels on each cycle of the pixel clock. There is a two-cycle pipeline delay between when the digital codes are read by the DAC and when the corresponding analog voltages appear on the DAC outputs. The RGB input signals can be overridden by the sync and blank signals: The active low blank signal forces all three DAC outputs to their black level, while the active low sync signal forces the green DAC to a special sync level below the normal black level.
Each line of video begins with an active video region, in which RGB values are output for each pixel in the line. The active region is followed by a blanking region, in which black pixels are transmitted. In the middle of the blanking interval, a horizontal sync pulse is transmitted. The blanking interval before the sync pulse is known as the "front porch", and the blanking interval after the sync pulse is known as the "back porch". Note that the dedicated horizontal sync signal output from the FPGA directly to the VGA connector must be delayed by two clock cycles relative to the composite sync signal passed to the DAC chip, to account for the pipeline delay of the DAC.
Frames are constructed from lines in much the same way as lines are constructed from pixels. The beginning of a frame contains all of the lines that will actually be displayed on the screen, followed by a number of black lines that make up the front porch. Next comes a vertical sync pulse that lasts for several lines, and then more black lines to make up a back porch. Note that the composite sync signal embedded in the green channel appears inverted during the vertical sync pulse: remember that the composite sync is an XOR of the horizontal and vertical sync signals.
VGA Timings
The following table lists timing values for several popular resolutions.
Format Pixel Clock
Horizontal (in Pixels) Vertical (in Lines)
640x480, 60Hz 25.175 640169648 48011231
640x480, 72Hz 31.500 _PHONE_ _PHONE_
640x480, 75Hz 31.500 640169648 48011232
640x480, 85Hz 36.000 _PHONE_ _PHONE_
800x600, 56Hz 38.100 80032128128 _PHONE_
800x600, 60Hz 40.000 _PHONE_ _PHONE_
800x600, 72Hz 50.000 _PHONE_ 60037623
800x600, 75Hz 49.500 _PHONE_ _PHONE_
800x600, 85Hz 56.250 _PHONE_ _PHONE_
1024x768, 60Hz 65.000 102424136160 _PHONE_
1024x768, 70Hz 75.000 102424136144 _PHONE_
1024x768, 75Hz 78.750 _PHONE_ _PHONE_
1024x768, 85Hz 94.500 _PHONE_ _PHONE_
Source: Rick Ballantyne, Xilinx Inc.
As with RS-232, the standard for VGA video is that there are lots of standards. Every manufacturer seems to list different timings in the manuals for their monitors. Fortunately, the exact values given in the table above are not particularly critical. On a CRT monitor, the lengths of the front and back porches control the position of the image on the display. If the image appears offset to the right or left, or up or down, try adjusting the front and back porch values for the corresponding direction (or use the image position adjustments on the monitor, which accomplish the same thing). LCD monitors will generally center the active video region automatically.
Generating the Pixel Clock
The pixel clock frequency can be synthesized from the 27MHz oscillator built into the labkits by using one of the twelve Digital Clock Managers (DCMs) built into the labkit FPGA. DCMs have numerous uses, one of which is generating a clock signal whose frequency is some multiple of the frequency of a reference clock.
DCMs cannot be inferred by behavioral Verilog: they must be explicitly instantiated. The following Verilog code illustrates how to instantiate a DCM in order to generate a pixel clock.
 DCM pixel_clock_dcm (.CLKIN(clock_27mhz),
The reference clock (clock_27mhz in the above example) must be supplied to CLKIN input of the DCM. CLKFX is the frequency-multiplied output clock. The above code fragment leaves many of the DCMs inputs and outputs unconnected: the unconnected ports can safely be ignored in this application.
The operation of a DCM is determined by a number of constraints, which can be entered as special comments in the Verilog code. For our simple frequency synthesis application, only two constraints are essential.
 // synthesis attribute CLKFX_DIVIDE of pixel_clock_dcm is 9
 // synthesis attribute CLKFX_MULTIPLY of pixel_clock_dcm is 26
The CLKFX_MULTIPLY and CLKFX_DIVIDE constraints determine the frequency of the output clock. In the example above, the 27MHz input clock frequency is multiplied by 26 and then divided by 9, resulting in an output frequency of 27*26/9 = 78MHz. CLKFX_MULTIPLY must be between 2 and 32 (inclusive), and CLKFX_DIVIDE must be between 1 and 32.
This has been a very minimal description of how to use a DCM: for a complete explanation of the features and capabilities of DCMs, see the Libraries Guide volume of the Xilinx documentation.
More Information
MIT 6.111 Introduction to Digital Systems, Updated April 12, 2007


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Telescope Application is an app for Apple iphone/iPod Touch that functions as a handbook "goto" method. The idea is to make a low cost, app-based mostly alternative to a goto method – but instead of utilizing motors to transfer your telescope instantly, you would use Telescope Application to guideline your self to the object. You begin by mounting your Apple iphone on the telescope tube and heading by the calibration procedure. You then find an object that you want to navigate to. The app then then tells you how to transfer your telescope to track down the selected object by delivering suggestions on your position utilizing a slider.
In this video clip:
You will see how the calibration is performed.
Post time: Oct-05-2016


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Summary: USING GEOPHYSICAL METHODS TO IMAGE THE INTERNAL
STRUCTURE OF MINE WASTE ROCK PILES
, Chouteau, M.1
, Aubertin, M.1
and Bussière, B.2
Department-CGM, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada.
(_EMAIL_, _EMAIL_, _EMAIL_)
UQAT-URSTM, Rouyn-Noranda, Canada
Mine waste rock piles, or rockwaste dumps, containing metallic sulphides are a favourable
environment for the generation of acid mine drainage (AMD). There are many physical,
geochemical and biological processes that lead to the production of AMD within waste rock
piles. One of the most critical of these is water flow and water distribution in the waste rock.
To fully understand this process, it is critical to know the internal structure of waste rock
piles. In this paper, the authors show the results of an investigation where resistivity and
ground penetrating radar (GPR) geophysical methods have been used to study mine dumps.


What Does It Mean To Be Spiritually Awake?
The experience of being spiritually awake can be described in different ways and this is influenced by your belief system. However, spiritual awakening involves being opened to dimensions of reality that transcend your own self-awareness. Your awakening occurs when you are able to function above your self-centered inner voice. Also tendencies of self-criticism and your self-centered cosmology due to the emergence of a more spiritual self.
This process can be quite a challenge. It may be painful since you have to let go of certain beliefs about yourself. Also beliefs and ideas about the world around you.
Enhanced world-view and perception
Intensified perception is one of the things that occur when you experience a spiritual awakening. This implies that you begin to notice your immediate environment more. You also develop a new perspective on the things which you come in contact with every day. Almost as if it is the first time. An example is getting fascinated by a tree suddenly when it has always been in the background and you never really noticed it the way you do now. It could be that you get to have a new perception of someone's personality that feels like a new discovery even if you have known them for quite long.
having increased perception makes you appreciate the present more and keeps you less interested in the things that are taking place somewhere else such as events that took place in the past or the fear of the outcome of the future. Being able to minimize these distractions means that you become more immersed in the present which helps you see things better. This improves your ability to read not only situations but people too.
A feeling of connection
Another sign of spiritual awakening is that you get to feel a lot more connected. Your internal world distracts you less. Since your awakening will cause you to be more engaged and focused on the present. This helps you to connect better with the energy that you find around and operate on a spiritual frequency more than you ever did. This feeling of connection could be manifested in different ways. It could range from feeling really loved or the feeling that you were never alone even if you thought you were.
Seeing signs
Spiritual awakening may manifest by your ability to notice signs. For example, you might be experiencing a problem and notice a symbol that has so much meaning to you. It reminds you that you've got the support that you need and were never alone.
Your spiritual awakening could be tied to numerology. Seeing and recognizing numbers has been linked to the Divine. Numbers have a lot of significance. Being able to repeatedly see number sequences shows that you are connected with the universe. It is a pointer to the fact that your spirit guides are providing you with intuitive support. Since numerals carry a distinct vibration, numerologists can determine the message being communicated to you by the universe according to the sequences that you come across.
In numerology, 11:11 happens to be a very popular number sequence. It is widely believed that it carries a message that you have become spiritually awake. If you come across this sequence repeatedly, the universe is trying to tell you something. That you are currently experiencing spiritual Awakening which opens you up to your unique divine potential. 11:11 is proof of your alignment with your destiny and superior guidance and support.
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What is FACE?
FACE is a registered charity which is independent of any political party or movement.
We rely on donations, fees and subscriptions to carry out our work.
Our aim is to educate children and young people about food and farming in a sustainable countryside.
See the FACE Strategic Plan 2013 - 2015
What does FACE do?
For a summary of what FACE offers to schools read:
Countryside Matters - Your guide to resources, activities and farm visits.
We have over 80 partner membership organisations. All have a commitment to educational work associated with food, farming and the countryside. We are always keen to recruit more members, from any part of the sector, who share our aims and objectives and would like to work in partnership. For more information about how to join FACE please go to the "Membership" section on this website.
There is widespread concern about the way children, young people, and their families, have become disassociated from where their food comes from and do not know what is required for a healthy diet and lifestyle. They are also unaware of the many opportunities in the countryside for leisure and social activities, and for employment.
FACE aims to meet these educational needs by working with our members and partners to promote visits to farms, and to provide easy access to a wide range of high-quality educational resources and activities to complement both school-based studies and outdoor visits.
Our work with schools and young people is highly successful because of the immediate and widespread benefits of visits to the outdoors, and of using food, farming and the countryside to support many aspects of the curriculum.
FACE's activities aim to:
- stimulate interest and excitement;
- link to all aspects and stages of the school curriculum;
- allow pupils to see rural activities such as food production first-hand;
- introduce pupils to a host of leisure activities in the countryside;
- introduce pupils to rural career opportunities and the world of work.
Who does FACE work with?
Pupils and teachers… FACE provides a one-stop enquiry service; extensive high-quality curriculum resources; support from our team of Regional Education Co-ordinators; links with farmers and the rural industries; training for teachers.
Farmers... FACE provides workshops, seminars, support and advice; an accreditation system for countryside visits; links between schools and farms.
Partners... FACE promotes the common interests of its members; provides help with education projects; keeps them abreast of current developments in education; promotes their educational resources and activities.
Government... FACE sits on a range of committees and groups representing our members and contributing to policy development by government and sector bodies.
Media... Our work has been featured in both the educational and farming media: stories have appeared in the Times Educational Supplement; Farmers Weekly, the Radio 4's children's programme 'Go For It' and many more.
What else does FACE do to help achieve its aims?
FACE is unique in the sector because all of our work is underpinned by research and monitoring. We have achieved real value for money by multiplying seed funding through partnership with co-funders. Research also provides the basis for seminars and conferences, which are made available to our members and supporters at competitive rates.
Curriculum support through the development of new resources
Work is constantly going on to produce new materials to support curriculum delivery in schools. One recent development is a free resource to support the delivery of Key Stage 3 and 4 geography, focusing on the Windward Isles as a global place and looking at many topics including Fairtrade, Banana growing and Tourism.. For more information on this and many other materials please see the "Resources" section on this website.


Scientists Show Facebook Is a Downer
The more people used Facebook, the more likely they were to feel unhappy
sad woman, woman alone computer
Humans like being around other humans. We are extraordinarily social animals. In fact, we are so social, that simply interacting with other people has been shown to be use similar brain areas as those involved with the processing of very basic rewards such as food, suggesting that interacting with people tends to make us feel good.
However, it doesn't take much reflection to notice that the way people interact with each other has radically changed in recent years. Much of our contact happens not face-to-face, but rather while staring at screen-based digital representations of each other, with Facebook being the most prominent example. This raises a very fundamental question – how does online interaction with other people differ from interacting with people in person?
One possible way these two interaction styles might differ is through how rewarding we find them to be. Does interacting with Facebook make us feel good as does interacting with people in real life? A recent paper suggests that the answer is "probably not." In fact, the data from this paper suggest that the more we interact with Facebook, the worse we tend to feel.
Researchers recruited participants from around a college campus. The participants initially completed a set of questionnaires, including one measuring their overall satisfaction with life. Following this, participants were sent text messages 5 times a day for two weeks. For each text, participants were asked to respond to several questions, including how good they felt at that moment, as well as how much they had used Facebook, and how much they had experienced direct interaction with others, since the last text. At the end of the two weeks, participants completed a second round of questionnaires. Here, the researchers once again measured participants' overall satisfaction with life.
So, how does online interaction make us feel? The researchers attempted to answer this question by examining the data in two different ways. First, they looked at how the participant's moment-to-moment feelings, or affect, changed between each text message. The data showed that as participants reported using Facebook more often in between any two texts, the more their affect tended to change for the negative. In other words, across the two weeks, increased Facebook use was associated with declines in affect. Interestingly, this relationship disappeared when participants had very little direct social contact, and was much stronger when they had quite a lot of social contact.
In the second set of analyses, the researchers looked at whether each individual's average amount of Facebook use over the course of two weeks was related to their overall life satisfaction at the end of the study. People who tended to use Facebook more also tended to have larger declines in life satisfaction at the end of the study.
However, before you pull the plug on your web-based social networking, you should also note the limitations of this study. The biggest caveat: this is a correlational study. Although the authors have demonstrated that increased use of Facebook predicted declines in affect and well-being (and, in a separate analysis, showed that affect did not predict use of Facebook), it could be that there is some other variable driving these associations. Without an experiment in which one manipulates how frequently individuals use Facebook, it isn't possible to be sure of the causal relationship.
Second, it should be noted that the average age of participants in this study was just over 19 years old. Given that usage of online social networks almost certainly differs dramatically between different age groups, it would be interesting to see if these findings hold up for older populations. Similarly, one should be careful about generalizing the results of this study to other online social media platforms. Perhaps these findings are specific to Facebook, and if the researchers had investigated usage of Twitter, Tumblr, Foursquare, or some other platform, they might have found a different relationship.
A third caveat has to do with the way in which the researchers measured their variables. Since participants were reporting on their mood and Facebook use at the same time, it could be that reflecting on how they felt could have changed how much they remembered using Facebook. For example, if a participant felt bad at that moment, that may have lead them to overestimate how much time they had spent on Facebook in the last few hours.
Despite these limitations, the study addresses a pressing question about the way our social lives are structured, and provides some intriguing evidence that social interaction online may be associated with reduced well-being. The internet is not going anywhere, and as the proportion of people connected to the web rises, so too does its importance as central part of our social world.
So, although you may feel a sense of obligation to wish your office-mate or next-door-neighbor a very happy birthday on Facebook, maybe it would be good to try a different approach. Forget the canned Facebook message, and take them to get a cup of coffee. Stop by and invite them to dinner. See if they'll join you for a walk. It remains to be definitively established that Facebook itself is a problem, but real-life interaction is absolutely something our extraordinarily social species benefits from, and we should make every attempt to maximize our intake of this form of socialization.
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Designed for use by younger students, the "Bear, Panda & Tiger" Mouse will help captivate and engage beginning computer users with its bright colors and fun theme. Roller button functioning and optical tracking helps student productivity while its rugged ABS plastic contruction is built to withstand the knocks of daily classroom use.
- Reinforced connectors (at both ends) resist accidental pull out
- Left & right click capabilities
- Rugged ABS plastic for durability and classroom safety
- USB & PS2 connections for universal adaptability
- Optical tracking for higher accuracy and ease of use
- Four contact points underneath reduces resistance
- Guaranty for 1 million clicks/one year for classroom use - unlike computer products purchased from consumer electronics stores whose warranties would be voided if used in schools


Search for dissertations about: "Fuel flexibility"
Showing result 1 - 5 of 61 swedish dissertations containing the words Fuel flexibility.
 1. 1. Towards sustainable energy consumption : Electricity demand flexibility and household fuel choice
 Author : Aemiro Melkamu Daniel; Lars Persson; Runar Brännlund; Rauli Svento; Umeå universitet; []
 Keywords : SOCIAL SCIENCES; SAMHÄLLSVETENSKAP; SAMHÄLLSVETENSKAP; SOCIAL SCIENCES; Choice experiment; demand flexibility; electricity contract; fuel choice; fuel stacking; household heterogeneity; load control; pro-environmental framing; willingness-to-accept;
 Abstract : Paper [I] investigates household heterogeneity in valuing electricity contract attributes that include various load controls and information sharing to induce demand flexibility. Using a stated preference choice experiment conducted with Swedish households, this paper shows that, although a large proportion of households ask for substantial compensation, some households are willing to share their electricity consumption information and require relatively lower compensation to allow load controls. READ MORE
 2. 2. Investigation of Emission Characteristics for Diluted Flames and Renewable Fuels in Gas Turbine Combustors
 Author : Fredrik Hermann; Kraftverksteknik; []
 Keywords : TEKNIK OCH TEKNOLOGIER; ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY; TEKNIK OCH TEKNOLOGIER; ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY; framdrivningssystem; Motorer; termodynamik; Motors and propulsion systems; Termisk teknik; applied thermodynamics; Thermal engineering; combustor rig experiments; combustor reactor models; synthetic fuel; liquid fuel; gaseous fuel; UHC; CO; NOx; emission measurements; CO2 enriched; humidified combustion; diluted combustion; premixed combustion; Gas turbine; combustion chamber; Energiforskning; Energy research;
 Abstract : Gas turbines have served as economically profitable and reliable generators of power for the past few decades, and have mainly been used in simple and combined cycles. The increased restrictions on hazardous emissions and the increased demand for profitability have created new prospects for innovative power cycles. READ MORE
 3. 3. Combined heat and power plant flexibility - Technical and economic potential and system interaction
 Author : Johanna Beiron; Chalmers University of Technology; []
 Keywords : TEKNIK OCH TEKNOLOGIER; TEKNIK OCH TEKNOLOGIER; ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY; ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY; Waste to energy; Dynamic modeling; Combined cycle; Flexibility; Combined heat and power; Process optimization modeling; Electricity price volatility; District heating;
 Abstract : The share of variable renewable energy sources in electricity generation systems is expected to increase, leading to increased variability in the load that must be provided by conventional power plants or other flexibility measures. Thus, thermal power plants need to consider implementation of technical measures that enhance flexibility; to maintain profitability of operation with increased electricity price fluctuation, and to support electricity system stability. READ MORE
 4. 4. Functional nanocomposites for advanced fuel cell technology and polygeneration
 Author : Rizwan Raza; Bin Zhu; Torsten Fransson; Mahmut D. MAT; KTH; []
 Keywords : ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY; TEKNIK OCH TEKNOLOGIER; TEKNIK OCH TEKNOLOGIER; ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY; Polygeneration; advanced fuel cell; functional materials; ceria-carbonate nanocomposites; multi-fuelled; electrolyte free fuel cell; SRA - Energy; SRA - Energi;
 Abstract : In recent decades, the use of fossil fuels has increased exponentially with a corresponding sharp increase in the pollution of the environment. The need for clean and sustainable technologies for the generation of power with reduced or zero environment impact has become critical. READ MORE
 5. 5. Experimental Investigations on Natural Gas-Diesel Dual Fuel Combustion
 Author : Pablo Garcia; Förbränningsmotorer; []
 Keywords : TEKNIK OCH TEKNOLOGIER; ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY; TEKNIK OCH TEKNOLOGIER; ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY; Dual Fuel; Diesel; Natural Gas; Pilot Injection; Combustion Efficiency; Methane; Nitrogen Oxides; Lean operation; Ignition;
 Abstract : Natural gas has been traditionally applied in spark-ignited combustion engines due to similar combustion characteristics for methane gas and gasoline. However, spark ignition requires a low compression ratio to avoid knock problems and therefore, gas engines have lower efficiency than diesel engines. READ MORE


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Unformatted text preview: Econ 103 UCLA, Fall 2010 Answers to the Problem Set 1 by Dmitry Plotnikov Part 1: True or False and explain briefly why. 1. The expected value of a discrete random variable is the outcome that is most likely to occur. FALSE. The expected value of a random variable can lie (and usually does) between the possible outcomes of possible outcomes of a discrete random variable. This happens because by definition it is a weighted average of these outcomes. 2. If two random variables X and Y are independently distributed, then E ( Y ) = E ( Y | X ). TRUE. If X and Y are independently distributed, distribution of Y does not depend on X, thus E ( Y | X ) can not depend on X and has to be equal to E ( Y ) 3. A probability density function tells the probability that a random variable is less than or equal to a certain value. FALSE. It is a cumulative distribution function that tells the probability that a random variable is less than or equal to a certain value. 4. V ar ( X + Y ) = V ar ( X ) + V ar ( Y ) + 2 Cov ( X,Y ) TRUE. Follows from the definition of variance. 5. V ar ( X- Y ) = V ar ( X )- V ar ( Y )- 2 Cov ( X,Y ) FALSE. V ar ( X- Y ) = V ar ( X )+ V ar ( Y )- 2 Cov ( X,Y ) because V ar (- Y ) = V ar ( Y ). 6. If XY = 0, then X and Y are independent. FALSE. If two random variables are uncorrelated it does not mean they are independent. However the opposite is true. 7. Let Y be a random variable. Then the standard deviation of Y equals E ( Y- Y ). FALSE. Using properties of expectation operator E ( Y- Y ) = E ( Y )- Y = Y- Y = 0.Also, by definition, the standard deviation of Y is equal to Y = p E [( Y- Y ) 2 ]. 8. Assume that X, Y and Z follow the distribution N ( ; 2 ). Then W = X + Y- Z is normally distributed. TRUE. Any linear combination of normal random variables is normally distributed. 9. Assume that Y F 1,. Then Y 2 1. TRUE. Property of F-distribution. Replacing m = 1 in F m, = 2 m (see Lecture 1) the result follows. 1 Econ 103 UCLA, Fall 2010 10. Observations in a random sample are independent of each other. TRUE. Definition of a random sample. 11. If is an unbiased estimator of, then =. FALSE. If is an unbiased estimator of, then E [ ] =, but in general will not exactly equal. 12. If the p-value equals 0.96, then we cannot reject the null hypothesis. TRUE. We cannot reject the null if p-value is greater than the significance level (which usually equals 0.01, 0.05 or 0.10) 13. The standard error of Y equals the standard deviation of Y. That is, SE ( Y ) = Y. FALSE. It was calculated in class that V ar ( Y ) = 2 Y n. Thus SE ( Y ) = Y n 14. Assume that H : Y = Y, and H 1 : Y > Y,, and Y is normally distributed. To compute the critical value for this 1-sided test, we divide by two the positive critical value of the 2-sided test....
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- Winter '09


Renewable diesel technology is proving to be a top choice among the various means to satisfy a growing appetite for low carbon intensity fuels. The core process for producing renewable diesel is quite similar to hydrotreating processes common to most petroleum oil refineries. Renewable diesel has drop-in compatibility in the petro-diesel fuel marketplace. However, implementation of renewable diesel technology in petroleum oil refining facilities presents new challenges due to procurement and pretreatment requirements for the agricultural triglyceride feedstocks that are a crucial input in the renewable diesel value chain.
The overall renewable diesel production process can be divided into two major steps represented by the pretreatment unit (PTU) and the renewable diesel unit (RDU). The PTU reduces contaminants in the feedstock material to an acceptable level, typically dictated by catalyst life expectations within the RDU and/or metallurgical constraints for process equipment due to chloride content and acid number of the feedstock. The RDU converts the pretreated triglycerides into renewable diesel, renewable naphtha, and renewable liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). A refiner can choose to implement the RDU process only, purchasing pretreated feedstocks for conversion to renewable diesel. Another option is to expand the range of acceptable feedstocks and to control the pretreatment process with a project to install both a PTU and an RDU.
Challenge: Approach to Feedstock Pretreatment
The decision to perform feedstock pretreatment in-house or to outsource this processing step is perhaps the most challenging, complex and critical decision for a project team. The renewable diesel marketplace is rapidly changing. The feedstock market can be volatile. The marketplace for agricultural triglycerides has long been competitive. These feedstocks are valued and utilized in numerous food and consumer products. Moreover, these feedstocks are coproducts with other commodities, making supply and production inelastic relative to price. In other words, farmers will not raise more cattle to provide additional beef tallow as a renewable diesel feedstock; only consumer meat demand can drive more beef tallow production. Renewable diesel producers have little ability to drive increases in triglyceride production. Constructing a PTU is a considerable capital cost, but it widens the renewable diesel producer's range of feedstocks available for purchase. Indeed, this is a complex decision.
Nested within the complexity of the decision on the inclusion of the PTU are the decisions of breadth and depth of pretreatment capabilities. Which feedstocks will be pretreated? Each feedstock requires specific pretreatment capabilities. Soybean oil, palm oil, corn oil, beef tallow, chicken fat and used cooking oil are just some of the triglyceride feedstocks to consider. Then also, what degree of pretreatment is to be provided? Each of these feedstocks can be procured with varying contaminant levels based on source and prior processing. For example, more than a dozen grades of tallow are commercially defined and available. These designations vary widely in contaminant levels.
Strategy: Consider PTU Early in Scope
The project team should evaluate the business case for inclusion of the PTU as soon as possible. Opportunities to impact the carbon intensity of the renewable diesel product will be a critical determining factor. Prospective RDU operators should identify feedstock suppliers and quality constraints early to help drive the decision on PTU inclusion. Consideration of impacts on wastewater treatment infrastructure will be important as well. Thoughtfulness and timeliness of this decision will drive the success for design and construction of the RDU and PTU as well as the long-term profitability.
Due to the relatively small cost of the PTU compared to the RDU, inclusion of the PTU should strongly be considered. The PTU should be designed for feedstock flexibility; plan for future changes in feedstock type and quality that might require expansions to the PTU. If the PTU is not initially included in project scope, engineering provisions for a future PTU would be a wise addition. A PTU may be the key to unlocking the value of the overall renewable diesel facility; renewable diesel cannot be produced without properly pretreated renewable feedstocks.
Challenge: Design and Operation of PTU Equipment
Once the project team has decided to include a PTU, there are still headwinds to successful engineering, construction and operation of the PTU. The RDU will be familiar to the refinery team. There are no novel unit processes, and the process flow diagram is almost indistinguishable from other hydrotreating flow sheets. The cost of the PTU, although not trivial, is typically much smaller than the RDU. The attention of project management, chemical process engineers, subject matter experts and others may gravitate to the RDU, leaving the PTU at risk of falling behind during engineering development.
The processing equipment in a PTU is not typical of refineries. The degumming process can be acidor enzyme-catalyzed, each with costs and benefits to consider. Centrifuges and decanters separate solids and contaminant-laden water from the feedstocks. These pieces of equipment are often cost drivers and throughput bottlenecks for a PTU. Precise operation of this water separation is needed to minimize feedstock losses to the water phase. A typical PTU removes the last remaining contaminant metals via a bleaching reaction. Typically, this is a two-step reaction under "wet" and "dry" conditions, but there is variation in the process flow scheme, with different benefits under each.
Optimal design and operation of this process strikes a balance between consuming too much of the high-cost bleaching earth additive and allowing more catalyst-poisoning metals to pass onto the reactor. The depth and timing of chloride removal can help drive certain metallurgical decisions. Precoat filtration is normally utilized for removal of the bleaching earth. This process generates significant solid waste, requiring a combination of manually operated and automated solids handling equipment. These oil-laden solids have the potential to smolder due to spontaneous combustion, an alarming thought to most petroleum oil refinery personnel. The wet gums waste product from degumming might require further dewatering before disposal, usually performed via falling film evaporation technology. These processes using novel equipment may prove challenging to integrate with routine refinery practices for design and operation. Each decision point might prove crucial to project success.
Strategy: Build a Uniquely Experienced Team
Renewable diesel project teams should be built with the novel equipment challenges in mind. Select team members with an interest in novel processes and equipment. Work with a team that has experience with both processing agricultural feedstocks and refined petroleum products. Select vendors for pretreatment technologies who have worked with the petroleum refiners. Also, consider the benefits of technology vendors and contractors with robust commissioning and training programs, as well as access to pilot facilities to assist in bringing the PTU operations team up to speed.
As the diesel fuel market shifts to meet demand for low carbon intensity diesel fuels, there is a valuable opportunity for petroleum oil refiners to rapidly incorporate renewable diesel production into facilities. This opportunity certainly has its challenges, but they can be overcome with proper planning and forethought.
As refiners consider renewable, low carbon alternatives, renewable diesel is gaining traction. Learn how to increase speed to market with petroleum diesel conversion projects.
Read the White Paper
Brian Peterson, PE, is a chemical process engineer with experience in all phases of project development, from conceptual studies to field engineering during construction for refining, midstream, chemicals, bioprocessing, renewables, and food and consumer products. He has developed heat and material balances (HMBs), process flow diagrams (PFDs), and piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs), and has considerable experience with fractionation, heat exchangers, refrigeration, hydraulics and feedstock preparation systems.


text:
Multiple Choice Questions
This section contains 180 multiple choice questions about The Adventures of Ulysses. Multiple choice questions test a student's recall and understanding of the text. Use these questions for chapter quizzes, homework assignments or tests. Jump to the quiz/homework section for the multiple choice worksheets.
Multiple Choice - Section 1, Prologue & Ships and Men
1. Whose wedding does Eris attend uninvited?
a) Narsuisus and Echo's.
b) Zeus and Hera's.
c) Peleus and Thetis'.
d) Apollo and Daphiene's.
2. What fruit does Eris bring with her to the wedding she attends uninvited?
a) A passion fruit.
b) A pear.
c) A lemon.
d) An apple.
3. To whom does Eris intend to award the fruit at the wedding she attends uninvited?
a) The most powerful of the Goddesses.
b) The most popular of the Goddesses.
c) The smartest of the Goddesses.
d) The fairest of the Goddesses.
This section contains 3,722 words|
(approx. 13 pages at 300 words per page)


text:
Please be aware that this discussion guide may contain spoilers!
About This Book
In The Housekeeper and the Professor, Yoko Ogawa tells an intimate story
about family, the nature of memory, and the poetry of mathematics. It is also,
in a sense, a story about the simple experience of getting to know someone, but
with a twist: the person forgets everything in eighty minutes. How do you form a
relationship with a person who cannot remember? In this uplifting and often
poignant novel, Ogawa seems to ask whether our immediate experiences are more
important than our memories, since memories inevitably fade, and the eponymous
Professor's condition of limited short-term memory allows the author to explore
this question with great creativity. At the same time, Ogawa invites the reader
into the world of mathematics, using complex equations as a metaphor for the
themes running throughout her book. The Housekeeper and the Professor is
a rich, multilayered novel that offers much to discuss.
The characters in The Housekeeper and the Professor are nameless
("Root" is only a nickname). What does it mean when an author chooses not to
name the people in her book? How does that change your relationship to them
as a reader? Are names that important?
Imagine you are writer, developing a character with only eighty minutes
of short-term memory. How would you manage the very specific terms of that
character (e.g. his job, his friendships, how he takes care of himself)?
Discuss some of the creative ways in which Yoko Ogawa imagines her
memory-impaired Professor, from the notes pinned to his suit to the sadness
he feels every morning.
As Root and the Housekeeper grow and move forward in their lives, the
Professor stays in one place (in fact he is deteriorating, moving
backwards). And yet, the bond among the three of them grows strong. How is
it possible for this seemingly one-sided relationship to thrive? What does
Ogawa seem to be saying about memory and the very foundations of our
The Professor tells the Housekeeper: "Math has proven the existence of
God because it is absolute and without contradiction; but the devil must
exist as well, because we cannot prove it." Does this paradox apply to
anything else, beside math? Perhaps memory? Love?
The Houskeeper's father abandoned her mother before she was born; and
then the Housekeeper herself suffered the same fate when pregnant with Root.
In a book where all of the families are broken (including the Professor's),
what do you think Ogawa is saying about how families are composed? Do we
all, in fact, have a fundamental desire to be a part of a family? Does it
matter whom it's made of?
Did your opinion of the Professor change when you realized the nature of
his relationship with his sister-in-law? Did you detect any romantic tension
between the Professor and the Housekeeper, or was their relationship chaste?
Perhaps Ogawa was intending ambiguity in that regard?
The sum of all numbers between one and ten is not difficult to figure
out, but the Professor insists that Root find the answer in a particular
way. Ultimately Root and the Housekeeper come to the answer together. Is
there a thematic importance to their method of solving the problem?
Generally, how does Ogawa use math to illustrate a whole worldview?
Baseball is a game full of statistics, and therefore numbers. Discuss
the very different ways in which Root and the Professor love the game.
How does Ogawa depict the culture of contemporary Japan in The
Housekeeper and the Professor? In what ways does is it seem different
from western culture? For example, consider the Housekeeper's pregnancy and
her attitude toward single motherhood; or perhaps look at the simple details
of the story, like Root's birthday cake. In what ways are the cultures
Ogawa chooses to write about actual math problems, rather than to write
about math in the abstract. In a sense, she invites the reader to learn math
along with the characters. Why do you think she wrote the book this
way? Perhaps to heighten your sympathy for the characters?
Do numbers bear any significance on the structure of this book? Consider
the fact that the book has eleven chapters. Are all things quantifiable, and
all numbers fraught with poetic possibility?
For more information on Picador Reading Group Guides:
For a complete listing of reading group guides visit:
What to Read Next®
Unless otherwise stated, this discussion guide is reprinted with the permission of Picador.
Any page references refer to a USA edition of the book, usually the trade paperback version, and may vary in other editions.
Judge rules unused Borders gift cards to be worthless(May 23 2013) Borders owes nothing to holders of roughly $210.5 million of gift cards that had not been used by the time the bookstore chain shut down, a Manhattan federal...


0
 ) or die 'constructor failed';
 $sql->CREATE( DATABASE => $database );
 $sql->USE( DATABASE => $database );
 $sql->CREATE( COLS => \%types, TABLE => $table );
 $sql->DESCRIBE( TABLE => $table );
 COLS => keys %columns,
 VALUES => values %columns,
 INTO => $table
 foreach (keys %columns) { $columns{$_}++ }
 $sql->INSERT( SET => \%columns, INTO => $table );
 COLS => keys %columns,
 VALUES => values %columns,
 INTO => $table,
 $sql->SELECT( ROWS => '*', FROM => $table );
 $sql->SELECT( ROWS => keys %types, FROM => $table );
 ROWS => \%alias,
 FROM => $table,
 WHERE => 'row1 = 1 AND row3 = 3'
 $sql->DROP( TABLE => $table );
 $sql->DROP( DATABASE => $database );
 # evocate an errormsg
 print "\nDumping sql script:\n\n";
 for( $sql->HISTORY() )
 printf "%s", $_;
 CREATE DATABASE sql_statement_construct_db;
 USE sql_statement_construct_db;
 CREATE TABLE sql_statement_construct_table (
 row2 INTEGER,
 row3 VARCHAR(20)
 DESCRIBE sql_statement_construct_table;
 INSERT INTO sql_statement_construct_table ( row1, row2, row3 ) VALUES( 1, 2, 3 );
 INSERT INTO sql_statement_construct_table SET row1='2', row2='3',
 REPLACE INTO sql_statement_construct_table ( row1, row2, row3
 ) VALUES( 3, 4, 5 );
 SELECT * FROM sql_statement_construct_table;
 SELECT row1, row2, row3 FROM sql_statement_construct_table;
 SELECT row1 AS 'Name', row2 AS 'Age', row3 AS 'SocialID' FROM sql_statement_construct_table WHERE row1 = 1 AND row3 = 3;
 DROP TABLE sql_statement_construct_table;
 DROP DATABASE sql_statement_construct_db;
 BE WARNED: The documentation isn't that deep. You can do a lot, but its not documented. The 'AUTOLOAD' feature lets you skip the oo-interface. BTW: Currently its very msql-centric. Good Luck, Murat
Re: How do Monks programatically construct SQL selects
by Roger (Parson) on Sep 05, 2003 at 05:25 UTC
 When working with SQL's, you probably want to keep your program as simple as possible when constructing SQL's. I often use HEREDOC's to construct SQL queries.
 my $sql = <


Cue to Help Fastpitch Pitchers Gain an Explosive Release
One of the most common issues among fastpitch pitchers is a tendency to try to add speed to a pitch by forcing it out with a lot of forward effort. You see them get ready to deliver the ball, and suddenly instead of whipping it from back to front and letting go they hang onto the ball and try to purposefully push it out of their throwing hand.
This motion is often accompanied by pushing the throwing side shoulder forward as well. While the intention is to make the pitch faster, it actually ends up having the opposite effect.
In other words, while it may feel strong, it isn't very effective, biomechanically speaking.
I was facing that very dilemma with a younger student this week, so I came up with a new way to explain what she should do. I've since tried it with several with great success (so far).
The way I explained it was in the arm circle there is a point where you have developed all the speed you can get. That point is essentially at the bottom – six o'clock on an analog clock if you're using the clock face as a visualization device.
Anything that happens after that not only doesn't contribute to more speed, it actually starts taking away speed. So, since there's nothing to be gained but much to be lost you might as well just let go right at the bottom, which will be roughly around the back leg.
Putting it this way seems to make sense, probably because it addresses the main reason the pitcher started pushing in the first place – to gain speed. Explaining it hurts their speed instead seems to break through the clutter of ingrained patterns and helps them find their release point.
For the pitchers where I had a radar set up, which was almost all of them, getting the ball out at the right point resulted in an immediate speed increase of 2-3 mph with no additional effort on their part. In fact, for most of them we were just working a drill where they weren't trying to go all-out, just standing at a 45-degree angle and taking an easy step or medium-speed push.
What was really interesting about it was speed wasn't the only aspect of their pitches to benefit. Suddenly balls that had been flying all over the place were going straight and low in the strike zone, even though we weren't focused on accuracy at all.
I did point out the accuracy to the pitchers after a while, however, to give them one more reason not to force the ball forward. Just let it go at the right time, in the right place, and accuracy takes care of itself.
For some pitchers you may need to show them exactly where the ball needs to come out by having them get into their release position, bring the ball from 7:00 to 6:00, and then show them where it should be coming off their thumbs and their fingertips. I did this with one pitcher in particular last night and she immediately improved her speed and accuracy. She thanked me for it, because she said she now understood exactly what she needed to do.
So if you have a pitcher who is struggling to whip and release the ball, and is instead trying to force or push it forward before letting go, give this cue a try. It could be an instant difference-maker.
About Ken Krause
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text:
Transparency International, Measuring and Monitoring Impact Movement-Wide
2013-Ongoing; Germany; Transparency International
Established in 2011, Transparency International's (TI) MEL unit is tasked with conceptualising, implementing and maintaining the organisation's overall monitoring, evaluation and learning system.
Broadly, the system focuses on three pillars; results, through monitoring the outcomes and results achieved through the organisation's programmatic work; performance, through monitoring standard organisational performance areas at the TI-Secretariat and Network levels; and impact, through monitoring the impact of the overall TI network.
The main objective of Itad's consultancy is to provide conceptual and technical support to the MEL unit in the conceptualisation, development and piloting of a Movement-wide approach to measuring and monitoring outcome and impact. Itad's team of three consultants is providing support in:
(1) Assessing the viability of having a Movement-wide approach to measuring and monitoring outcomes and impact. This includes scanning the sector as well as learning about the Secretariat and the Movement in order to understand whether such an approach would be suitable.
(2) Conceptualising a robust approach including the development of a strong underlying rationale, as well as a clear indication of the operationalisation potential, including resources' implications.
(3) Developing the necessary manuals, data protocols, tools, documents that facilitate implementation of the approach.
(4) Piloting the approach – this includes supporting the unit in the piloting of the approach at field and Chapter level.Image © Kenya Election Mural. Photo credit: Will Huen/Open Democracy


text:
The alternative operator,
matches one of two or more operands (
b,... etc.):
a | b |...
Alternative operands are tried one by one on a first-match-wins basis starting from the leftmost operand. After a successfully matched alternative is found, the parser concludes its search, essentially short-circuiting the search for other potentially viable candidates. This short-circuiting implicitly gives the highest priority to the leftmost alternative.
Short-circuiting is done in the same manner as C or C++'s logical expressions;
if (x < 3 || y
< 2) where, if
2 test is not done at all. In addition
to providing an implicit priority rule for alternatives which is necessary,
given its non-deterministic nature, short-circuiting improves the execution
time. If the order of your alternatives is logically irrelevant, strive
to put the (expected) most common choice first for maximum efficiency.
// forwards to _TAG_
Also, see Include Structure.
Semantics of an expression is defined only where it differs from, or
is not defined in
a: A, b: B --> (a | b): variant a: A, b: Unused --> (a | b): optional a: A, b: B, c: Unused --> (a | b | c): optional > a: Unused, b: B --> (a | b): optional a: Unused, b: Unused --> (a | b): Unused a: A, b: A --> (a | b): A
The overall complexity of the alternative parser is defined by the sum of the complexities of its elements. The complexity of the alternative parser itself is O(N), where N is the number of alternatives.
The test harness for the example(s) below is presented in the Basics Examples section.
Some using declarations:
using boost::spirit::ascii::string; using boost::spirit::qi::int_; using boost::spirit::qi::_1; using boost::variant;
test_parser("Hello", string("Hello") | int_); test_parser("123", string("Hello") | int_);
Extracting the attribute variant (using Boost.Variant):
variant attr; test_parser_attr("Hello", string("Hello") | int_, attr);
This should print
Note: There are better ways to extract the value from the variant.
visitation. This code is solely for demonstration.
if (boost::get(&attr)) std::cout << boost::get(attr) << std::endl; else std::cout << boost::get(attr) << std::endl;
Extracting the attributes using Semantic Actions with Phoenix
(this should print
test_parser("123", (string("Hello") | int_)[std::cout << _1 << std::endl]);


text:
HWA infestations can be most noticeably detected by the small, white, woolly masses that are attached to the underside of the twig, near the base of the needles.
continued Systemic insecticides may be an option for larger trees. For insecticide guidelines for the state, visit Cornell University's Crop and Pest Management Guidelines at ipmguidelines.org/ and the DEC recommends consulting a certified pesticide applicator.
Dispersal and movement of HWA occur primarily during the first life stage ("crawler") as a result of wind and animals that come in contact with the sticky egg sacks and crawlers. Isolated infestations and long-distance movement of HWA most often are instances of people transporting infested nursery stock or other forest products.
Information on HWA can be found at _URL_. For questions or to report possible infestations visit DEC's website at _URL_ or call its toll-free Forest Pest Hotline at _PHONE_.


basura = garbage feminine noun
feminine noun
English Translation of BASURA
desechos : garbage, waste, refusehay mucha basura en la calle there's a lot of litter in the street tirar algo a la basura to put or throw something in the bin es una basura he's a shocker (familiar) la novela es una basura the novel is rubbish
Related to BASURA
Seen & Heard
What made you want to look up basura? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
Spanish Word of the Day


Type: Driver
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As shown in FIG. In addition to these illustrated embodiments, the scroll wheel assemblies can also be located within other peripheral, computer input devices such as a trackball device or a similar input device.
For example, the scroll wheel assemblies could also be located in the bezel of a hand-held computer, a larger portable computing device, a web pad, or Internet appliance, or could be located on the chassis of a laptop computer. Like the keyboard 50 and the mouse 60, these other known peripheral devices can have wired or wireless connections to the host computer 8 as is A4Tech RFW-29 Mouse in the art.
The scroll wheel assembly 10 can alternatively be located in a computer monitor or in the base portion of a laptop computer. As described in more detail hereinafter, in addition to its normal rotational movement for vertical scrolling, the rotatable member 30, 40 may be moved laterally to horizontally scroll an image on the display screen 2. This side-to-side movement is generally in the direction of the sidewalls of the opening and can be along an axis extending perpendicular to the plane of rotation of the rotatable member 30, Lateral motion also includes axi-lateral motion, which as used herein, is A4Tech RFW-29 Mouse movement of the rotatable member 30, 40 along the axis about A4Tech RFW-29 Mouse it rotates.
Additionally, lateral motion can include pivoting motion experienced by the rotatable member when it is pivoted in a direction that extends at an angle to its plane of rotation in the direction of the sidewalls of the opening of the input device.
A portion of the wheel 30 protrudes away from the outer A4Tech RFW-29 Mouse of the mouse 60 so that it can be contacted and manipulated by a user. In a second embodiment, shown in FIG. Like the disk-shaped wheel 30, a portion of the cylindrically shaped wheel 40 protrudes above the keyboard 50 outer surface so that it can be easily contacted and manipulated by a user.
A4Tech RFW-29 Mouse Other shapes capable of rotating relative to a housing can also be used for the rotatable members of A4Tech RFW-29 Mouse scroll wheel assembly For example, wheel 40 could have a circular cross section of constant diameter as shown in FIG. Alternatively, the wheel 40 could have a circular cross section with a central region 41 that has a reduced diameter concave profile as shown in FIG.
A4Tech G ड्राइवर मुफ्त डाउनलोड (ver. 2.)
The contoured central regions 41, 42 of the wheels 40 shown in FIGS. The concave profile of the wheel in FIG. With the scroll wheel 40 in FIG. Alternatively, the rotatable wheels 30, 40 can be provided with other types of slip resistant arrangements, such as a multi-textured coatings or a knurled surface. With regard to the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. For clarity, the present invention will be discussed as embodied in the keyboard 50 A4Tech RFW-29 Mouse illustrated in FIG. However, it should be understood A4Tech RFW-29 Mouse the discussion of the scroll wheel assembly 10 is equally applicable for use in a mouse 60, as illustrated in FIGS.
A4Tech driver download for Mouse
It should also A4Tech RFW-29 Mouse understood that the description of the movement of the cylindrical-shaped wheel 40 as a scroll wheel relative to the housing 51 and the scrolling of the image 1 is equally applicable to the disk-shaped wheel The cylindrical shaped wheel 40 is positioned about and secured to a shaft 56 that defines an axis 52 extending substantially parallel to the length of the keyboard 50 and across opening The wheel 40 can be keyed, adhered or otherwise attached to the shaft 56 in order to prevent relative movement between itself and the shaft Alternatively, the cylindrical shaped wheel 40 and the shaft 56 may be integrally formed together.
As described in conjunction with FIGS. In yet another embodiment, not shown, the wheel 40 moves relative to the shaft 56 in rotational and lateral directions, i. The wheel 40 preferably has an outer diameter in the range of about 0.
In a preferred embodiment, the diameter of the wheel 40 is about 0. The wheel 40 can also have a length along the axis 52 of about 0.
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In a preferred embodiment, the wheel 40 has a length of about 1. Further, in the preferred embodiment as used in the keyboard, the length of the wheel 40 is greater than its diameter. The shaft 56 may be coupled to the peripheral device 50, 60 in any desired manner that achieves the described functionality. A4Tech RFW-29 Mouse
Download A4TECH Keyboard & Mouse drivers for Windows - Page 2
Similarly, the supports 59 could also be positioned along the length of shaft 56 so that they are spaced from ends 57, In a manner known in the art, when the cylindrical shaped wheel 40 and shaft 56 are rotated by the user, the rotational motion is sensed by a rotational movement sensing system 87 and the image 1 is scrolled in either a positive or a negative vertical direction that extends parallel to the Y-axis 4, i. Any known sensing system may be used. One rotational movement sensing system 53 that can be included is schematically illustrated in FIG. As known in the art, this rotational movement sensing system can include a light source, A4Tech RFW-29 Mouse encoder wheel, and a light detector.
Blades on the encoder wheel periodically obstruct the light beam when the wheel 40 is rotated.
A4Tech Non-Optical 4D Wireless USB Mouse Driver
The detector senses these obstructions and is coupled to a controller 11 to generate and relay a signal to the host computer 8 to scroll the image in the Y-direction up or down. Additionally, A4Tech RFW-29 Mouse scroll wheel assembly 10 includes a lateral movement sensing system 70 having at least one sensor 71 that determines when the cylindrical shaped wheel 40 is experiencing lateral motion. The scroll wheel assembly 10 also includes the controller 11 for interpreting the output from A4Tech RFW-29 Mouse sensor, converting it to a signal and delivering the signal to the host computer 8.
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