text:
Robert Garland, The Eye of the Beholder: Deformity and Disability in the Greco-Roman World. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995. Pp. xviii + 222. $39.95. ISBN 0-8014-3144-1.
Reviewed by Robert J. Brophy, Syracuse, NY.
This is an interesting, wide-ranging study of disabled and deformed people in the Ancient World. As the title implies, it looks primarily at how society -- "the Beholder" -- viewed the disabled, their legal, social and economic status, more than how the disabled viewed themselves. We have almost no evidence for the latter, and a wide range of sources, legal, medical, literary, visual arts, for the former. This study joins many varied and interesting specific instances, from archaic poetry to the Roman imperial "fetish" for dwarves, hunchbacks, etc., at their banquets. It offers many grotesque images on pottery and vase painting. The sixty-four plates vividly illustrate Greek and Roman fascination with deformed as well as idealized humanity.
Garland's Preface admits he built his "investigation around a variety of discursive modes (literary, artistic, medical, etc.)," and that "this approach may have created some awkward disjunctions in places," due to the "unwieldy body of evidence" (ix). He also acknowledges he is covering a millennium, Homer to St. Augustine, two very different lands and languages: Greece and Rome, and several cultures within each: Archaic, Classical Athenian, Hellenistic, Imperial; regal, Republican, Imperial; Christian. But attitudes persist over centuries, in different genres and geographic areas, he shows; this gives more validity to evidence that might seem only "anecdote in the end" (xi). He also uses some cross-cultural evidence.
A choppy feel is the main drawback I found, but the topics and specific instances covered are intriguing, and offer new insights into Greek or Roman attitudes toward the disabled. There are ten diverse chapters, Preface, Introduction, and Conclusion: 1. Survival of the Weakest, 2. Half-Lives, 3. The Roman Emperor in his Monstrous World, 4. The Deformed and the Divine, 5. Deriding the Disabled, 6. The Physiognomic Consciousness, 7. Images of the Deformed, 8. Medical Diagnosis and Treatment, 9. Towards a Teratology, 10. Racial Deformity.
Each chapter has sub-sections able to stand alone. In Chapter 1 "Survival of the Weakest: Prevalence of Congenital Deformity" (12-13) offers paleopathological examples of clubfoot, spina bifida, congenital hip dislocation, and concludes that congenital disorders we know today may have been more prevalent in the ancient world; "To Kill or Not to Kill: The Greek World" (13-16); "To Kill or Not to Kill: The Roman World" (16-18); "Postnatally Acquired Disabilities" (18-22); "Disabled War Veterans" (22-23); "The Ugly and Deformed as Scapegoats" (23-26); and "Conclusions" (26-27).
Bits of important evidence from diverse fields are tied together. Children were fed less than adults, even to the point of malnourishment: Soranos Gynecology 2.20 speaks of rickets twisting the thighs; girls still less than boys -- except in Sparta: Xenophon Constitution of Sparta 1.3, Aristotle HA 9.608b.15, which justifies the "normal" preference. Trajan's child-support law for poor parents also specified less grain for girls, and osteological and dental evidence indicates girls were more subject to malnutrition.
Garland finds "hints" (15) that despite the practice of exposure, some Athenian families raised deformed infants: Plato and Aristotle both condemn the practice. In Rome Quintus Pedius, grandson and namesake of Julius Caesar's ally, was born mute but taught to draw and paint at Messala Corvinus' and Augustus' insistence (17). A section on "Scapegoats," pharmakoi, tells why they were probably deformed individuals; it ends with the stoning of a blind beggar in Ephesus that the "pagan saint" Apollonius of Tyana provoked (Philostratos VA 4.10).
The two chapters that interested me most were Chapter 7 on visual "Images of the Deformed" (below) and Chapter 3, "The Roman Emperor in his Monstrous World," which shows the incredible lengths the Imperial court and wealthy private houses went, and "exorbitant prices" they paid, to obtain "human 'freaks'" for their amusement. Garland makes no moral judgement, but lets the bare facts speak for themselves: "ennui on a massive scale, combined with a perverse and inexhaustible appetite for the bizarre." The chapter notes "the proliferation of data on the plight of the deformed" in the Empire, and the emperors' close ties to the deformed. Emperors were "essentially outside the social organism over which they presided, able to indulge their monstrous cravings to the full"; they "particularly favoured the company of the deformed" (45). Some became imperial confidants, or at least "court jesters" allowed to reproach the emperor without punishment. Garland traces this "fad" back through Ptolemaic courts to Pharaonic Egypt (49).
Future emperors despised as "outcasts" at court were most favorable to other human rejects when they took the throne: Tiberius had a dwarf court jester (Suet. Tib. 61); Claudius an intimate, Julius Paelignus, "despised alike for his stupid mind and contemptible body," (Tac. Ann. 12.49.1), but appointed to govern Cappadocia. Nero had human "monstrosities" like the hunchback informer Vatinius; Domitian his blind informer Catullus Messalinus (Tac. Ann. 15.34.2) and a dwarf attendant "boy dressed in scarlet with an abnormally small head" (Suet. Dom. 4.2); Commodos made a priest of Rustic Hercules, the slave Onos, "Donkey," named for his "penis larger than most animals[']," Lampridius Commod. 10.9.
Aristocrats followed suit. Seneca condemns all this; yet his wife kept Harpaste, a female clown of misshapen appearance who later went blind. Pliny 34.11 tells a bizarre yet true tale: an auctioneer sold an elaborate Corinthian chandelier with an ugly humpback slave Clessipus thrown in. The wealthy Gegania bought both, and paraded Clessipus naked for her guests. His naked hump aroused her so that she "admitted him first into her bed and then into her will"; Clessipus inherited her fortune and worshipped the chandelier til he died, when a great tomb was erected over him on the Via Appia, where CIL 1(2).1004 is the funeral inscription of Clessipus Geganius. Nothing in Petronius' Satyricon, Juvenal or Martial tops this (Garland 52-54).
The whole ancient world shared this taste. Garland 54-57 mentions "freak shows" or "natural wonders" exhibited in stadia and temples: skins of "hairy women," probably chimpanzees or gorillas, at Carthage. Pliny's Natural History 7 is a "Guinness Book of Records" (56) of tallest, shortest, thinnest, multiple births (quintuplets), and most sexual partners in twenty-four hours: twenty-five, by Claudius' wife Messalina.
Chapter 7 discusses sixty-four Plates, "Images of the Deformed": a few Egyptian mummies and modern tabloid newspapers, but primarily Greco-Roman statuary and vase painting of hunchbacks, dwarves, grotesquely fat women, emaciated men, and, mythically, Hermaphroditos, Crippled Hephaestus, the Siamese Moliones twins (Iliad 23; Plate 2), the Cyclops Polyphemus, and blind Homer. This chapter illustrates how different the ancient world was from any modern idealized view of it. These large-penised dwarves and so on were apotropaic charms (109), but also, Garland rightly says, amusement pieces for drinking parties, convivia, symposia.
The Greeks only wanted to see the highest ideal bodily beauty or the most grotesque mockery thereof -- and then only for "the bottom of the social heap," as it was "unacceptable to represent citizens as disabled" (121). But the Romans favored "warts and all" realism on the face, though not the body, which was always idealized (111). A clubfoot or naked fat woman dancing mocks the Graces and Nymphs; dwarf boxers mimic ideal ephebes and athletes (Plate 13). I would add to Garland's list many more dwarf athletes in ancient sculpture and vase-painting: see any standard modern text on Greek athletics.
That brings my only criticism of Garland: he has many diverse examples, some cross-cultural from Africa or Native


text:
A package for predicting fires given environmental variables
We used empirical data to build a virtual smoke detector or a model to predict fire alarm from environmental variables
Install the package as follows:
python3 -m pip install virtualsmoke
As a CLI
The package can be used as a commandline interface or in a script. For CLI the following options must be provided:
NAME smoke.py SYNOPSIS smoke.py T H P POSITIONAL ARGUMENTS T H P NOTES You can also use flags syntax for POSITIONAL ARGUMENTS
In the script
from virtualsmoke.smoke import signal print(signal(T,H,P))
Where T is the surrounding or surface temperature in Kelvin, H is the relative humidity (%), and P is the barometric pressure in hectopascal (hPa).
The model will calculate the mean free path of air, which is the main indicator for sensing fires.
Download the file for your platform. If you're not sure which to choose, learn more about installing packages.
virtualsmoke-0.0.7.tar.gz (54.0 kB view hashes)
Hashes for virtualsmoke-0.0.7-py3-none-any.whl

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Free Shipping over $99 Qualified Orders. Click for Details.
Meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba)
Meadowfoam is a small, herbaceous winter-spring annual. The seven species are all native to coastal and adjoining regions of western North America, where they typically grow in marshy habitats, such as the margins of vernal pools.
The white meadowfoam Limnanthes alba is of commercial interest for its oil, while several other species are rare or endangered. Honey produced by bees that pollinate Limnanthes alba has the distinct flavor of toasted marshmallows.
The oil valued for its highly moisturizing and rejuvenating skin benefits is resistant to oxidation due to naturally occurring tocopherols.
The seeds contain 20-30% oil. Meadowfoam seed oil is extraordinarily stable, primarily because it contains over 98% long chain fatty acids (eicosenoic acid C20:1 - 61%, docosenoic acid C22:1 - 16% and docosadienoic acid C22:2 - 18% ). Meadowfoam oil is most similar to rapeseed oil. It is widely used in cosmetic and hair-care applications due to its stability, emolliency and smooth, soft skin feel.
Find Organic Meadowfoam Oil in the following BVO Products.


text:
I've found it difficult to find a guide for learning Backbone.js. They're probably out there — but it isn't easy. This is the first in a series of articles dedicated to giving a complete overview of Backbone.js through simple examples and concise code.
Something of a cookbook, you might say.
What you'll need:
- Backbone.js: The meat of it. This is what we will use for all the magic.
What we're making
Today we'll make a map which displays tweets via the Google Maps API and twitter search results (For the sake of simplicity, we won't go in to the Twitter API yet). We'll focus on fundamental construction using the Model, Collection and View components of Backbone.
Hopefully, by the end of this you will have a beautiful night sky lit up by tweets around North America. Let's get started!
A brief introduction:
A typical Backbone application will use models to keep track of information, assisted by collections (groups of data). Views help display this information, by binding themselves to changes in data. Routers help orchestrate all of this by providing the ability to navigate to various parts of an application seamlessly.
Backbone is Model Driven
At the core of all Backbone applications are models. Models, as you may have guessed, act as the base level of information. Since the purpose of our application is to display tweets, let's create a model to define them here:
What just happened? First we created duplicate of the Backbone Model object. Next we instantiated it as a new Tweet within the myTweet variable.
Pretty simple. But let's say we don't want a carbon copy of the Backbone model? Perhaps we need to add custom methods to our model, or we want to define the same defaults for every instance of the Tweet model. Let's create a new model which extends the base Backbone.Model object:
I threw in another function here,.toJSON(). For models, this will return a JSON representation of the model's attributes. When used on collections, it will return an Array of JSON objects for each model it contains.
Working with Collections.
The Tweet model will work well for this application, however we'll need to keep track of more than one of them. This is where collections come in to play. Collections are designed to create, delete, and manage groups of models. Let's create one here:
Noticing a trend? Here we first create a Tweet model. Then we create the TweetsCollection collection which references this model. Finally, we use the add method of collections to create a new Tweet within with the collection.
Backbone objects have events
In addition to this, all backbone objects can respond to events. Say, for example, you wish to perform an action every time a new record is added to a collection. Consider the following:
Pretty simple huh? Backbone events are powerful, I would recommend doing some reading on what events are available to models and collections. There are some really neat things you can do with them.
Pulling it all Together
Now that we've established some form of a basic understanding, let's get in to the application! First we need some initial construction:
Cool. Now in your js folder, add a file called "map.js". We'll add all of the backbone code into here. From this point on we'll pick up quite a bit of speed, but I'll be sure to comment on everything new along the way.
Let's recycle some of the code made earlier, with some additions:
Overall not too bad, but there are some new elements here. url, fetch, parse, and initialize.
- url: Backbone is designed enable easy access to information on a server. When we set the
urlproperty, we tell the collection where it can find information.
- fetch: Once a url has been established,
fetchcan be used to retrieve new information. In this case, we will request a json object from the Twitter search service.
- parse: A handy function. Whenever the
fetchevent is fired, parse enables you to preprocess data before it is stored in the collection. In example above, we use the underscore method
_.filter()2 to prevent any tweets that do not have a specific geolocation from being stored.
- initialize: A staple of Backbone. Initialize is a method of each backbone object which will always run upon instantiation (in this case, the collection). Here we tell it to fetch new information from the server at an interval of 2 seconds.
In order to display these tweets, we'll need to create a view for the map. As said earlier, views are the presentational element associated with Backbone; we'll use them to display content from our collection. I think views are best taught through example, so let's jump right in to it. Take a close look at the preceding code and add it right after your model and collection code
A lot going on there, right? Let's take a look at everything going on.
- Line 10: The
elproperty is used to describe the html element associated with a view. In this case, we select the _TAG_ div tag.
- Lines 14-31: Standard Google Maps API stuff. This is where the map gets generated. Note that we set the height of the map_canvas to the height of the window to make sure the map is the correct size.
- Lines 36-51: Here we add an event to add a tweet to the map every time the collection associated with this view adds a new record.
UPDATE : Newer versions of Backbone will actively make a distinction
el to access the raw HTML DOM object.
$el to access the jQuery version, for example:
// Without jQuery: this.el.text = "Hello world"; // Use jQuery: this.$el.text("I'm using jQuery!");
Finally, we instantiate the tweets collection and map view, setting everything in motion:
Cool, a TwitterMap.
Pop open the browser and take a look at your freshly created TwitterMap! We could use the Twitter API to make the tweets appear at an exceptionally faster rate. However you really can't beat the simplicity of the basic search.
I'm not the first person to write a tutorial on backbone to say "But we've only scratched the surface", and I certainly won't be the last. Future installments will delve into a more detailed overview of how models and collections work. We'll go through events, syncing information, and other important concepts. I look forward to showing you what can be done within Backbone!

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Short Essay - Answer Key
Buy the I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Lesson Plans
1. As a child, how does Maya view herself physically?
One Easter when Maya is a young girl, her grandmother makes her a yellow dress. She imagines herself a blonde movie star with blue eyes. When she wears the dress, she is disappointed to find she still looks the same. She views her black skin as ugly.
2. What does Maya learn to understand, and later believe, about cotton pickers?
The day ends in disappointment and not enough money to repay either Momma or the white commissary in town. Marguerite listens to the men complain about being cheated by the plantation owners who use weighted scales. They take their sacks home to mend and then face another day of trying to earn enough money to sustain their families, but knowing they will end the season no better off than when it began. In adulthood, Maya would become infuriated at the stereotype of cotton pickers. She had witnessed the harshness of their lives and the cuts on their hands from the cotton.
(read all 60 Short Essay Questions and Answers)
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(approx. 15 pages at 300 words per page)
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text:
Evergreen New Student Survey
The Evergreen New Student Survey is used to:
Study students' future goals after college and their level of confidence in their ability to succeed at Evergreen and obtain the education that they want;
Study student perceptions of their own skills and knowledge, which provide a baseline for measuring learning progress later in their Evergreen experience;
Study reasons students chose to attend Evergreen in order to understand the match between Evergreen's academic offerings and services and the students who attend.
Gather demographic information that is not available through other means, such as college records. This information is useful for understanding students' backgrounds and responding to student needs and changing demographics.
The survey is integrated with the Evergreen Student Experience Survey and alumni surveys to provide for longitudinal research exploring student retention, student connection to the Evergreen learning community, and learning progress.


Coming from someone who grew up in the "Bluegrass State," I will be the first to tell you some state nicknames don't make sense — or are at least misleading. The state got this nickname from early settlers who named a certain type of grass "Bluegrass" because of the blooms on the top, which were slightly blue. But this grass isn't as common as the state nickname would lead you to believe. Here is a look at five other state nicknames that no longer make sense.
Wisconsin — The Badger State
Credit: MarynaG/Shutterstock
Wisconsin's state nickname no longer makes sense — and technically never did — because there are no more badgers in this state than there are anywhere else. The nickname "The Badger State" comes from the 1820s, when thousands of miners flocked to the Midwest. They made homes for themselves by digging caves in the rock under the ground, much like badgers do. For this reason, these miners became known as "badgers" or "badger boys." There were so many of them (or maybe the nickname was just so funny) that the whole state became known as the Badger State.
Minnesota — The North Star State
Credit: f11photo/Shutterstock
It is not clear why Minnesota was ever called the North Star State, unless it was just due to its position as one of several northern states in the contiguous United States. The name comes from the translation of the state's French motto "L'Etoile de Nord," but the state isn't particularly well-known for its eoile (star) or being in the nord (north). This nickname has been especially misleading since Alaska joined the United States in 1959, making that state the northernmost in the country.
Utah — The Beehive State
Credit: Johnny Adolphson/Shutterstock
Like Wisconsin, this is another nickname that is more misleading than "wrong." With a nickname like "The Beehive State," you would expect Utah to be a leader in honey sales or production, but it is actually 24th in the nation when it comes to that industry. So why is it called the Beehive State? According to historians, Utah has used the beehive as its state symbol for hundreds of years, as it stands for "hard work and industry." In fact, Utah values industry so much that its state motto is simply "Industry." So the busy bees in the Utah beehives are not real bees, but hard-working people.
Alaska — The Last Frontier
Credit: Maridav/Shutterstock
Space is the final frontier, according to Star Trek, but Alaska has long been known as "The Last Frontier," due to its unsettled areas and its general wildness. Many people take this nickname to mean that it was the last territory to be settled in America, and this is no longer true. While both Alaska and Hawaii officially became states in 1959, Alaska achieved statehood in January, while Hawaii didn't become a state until August. In this case, maybe Hawaii is the real last frontier.
New Jersey — The Garden State
Credit: ESB Professional/Shutterstock
Anyone who has ever been to New Jersey, especially the northern part, can tell you there is not much garden to be found in this "Garden State." A good portion of the state is bustling with businesses, people and traffic. The origin of the nickname actually comes from a speech given by Abraham Browning in 1876. He said that "our Garden State is an immense barrel, filled with good things to eat and open at both ends, with Pennsylvanians grabbing from one end and New Yorkers from the other." How that translates to a garden, I'm not sure, but it makes a great example of a state whose nickname no longer makes sense.


With the average daily U.S. commute at about 25 minutes, many workers are spending at least an hour traveling each day to and from work. For some densely populated cities, such as Chicago or New York, this average is 30 to 35 minutes, sometimes more.
Then, there are workers who are considered "extreme commuters," who travel more than 90 minutes each way to their jobs each day (as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau). That's at least three hours spent in the car, on the bus, or otherwise, traveling every day to work.
While you might be eager at the chance to jump at any job opportunityno matter the commutethere are important things to consider before taking a job with a long commute. Here are some questions you may want to ask yourself:
1. Can you afford the costs? If you plan to commute with your personal car, the costs can be killer. Gas, car repairs, regular car maintenance, and public transportation costs are just some of the costs you might incur on your daily commute. Not to mention adding to pollution and increasing your health risks for things such as high blood pressure and musculoskeletal disorders.
2. Is the job really worth it? Sure, you might be getting paid more money than if you accepted a job in your local area, but does the increased salary really make up for the other things you'll need to worry about? Commuting costs, lost time, and more stress are just a few to consider.
3. Can you handle it? Will the trade-off ultimately be worth it? There are a lot of stories of workers taking on long commutes for what they think are good reasons, only to regret their decision in the end.
4. Will it eliminate a lot of your free time? Do you enjoy spending time off with family and friends? Do you like going to the movies during the week or enjoy helping your kids with homework? Think about how much free time accepting a job with a long commute might eliminate, and consider if you can accept not having as much time for things you enjoy.
What do you think? Would you accept a great job with a long commute? Have you had one before? Share your thoughts in the comments below.


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The Métis Nation defines themselves as a distinct group of peoples that emerged in relation to the mixing of Europeans and Aboriginal peoples in Canada and the United States during the fur trade. Métis communities often established their own communities apart from both Indigenous communities and European communities. Because of this, the Métis peoples have their own established culture and their own language, Michif, and their own rights to a traditional land base or homeland. This land base includes much of the Prairie Provinces and other areas in other provinces in Canada in the United States. 1
Because the term 'Métis' has such a broad definition in relation to its concept of mixed identities, many peoples in Canada and the US may or may not define themselves as such. Some of the artists in the University of Victoria's art Collections may or may not define themselves as Métis individuals. In our identification of this term we seek to include individuals of mixed ancestry or others who identify themselves as so. Métis art reflects individual and unique styles, reflecting the artists' contemporary position in the world of material culture.


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MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WELDS IN PIPELINE STEEL
Omale, Joseph I
Transport of oil and gas in various service environments, presents an enormous challenge. Pipelines are used for transportation of those natural resources. The failure of the pipeline is always associated with serious environmental damage and heavy losses. Very often the failure starts at welds that are used to join different elements of pipeline steels. Microstructural parameters like composition, structure, morphology of non-metallic inclusions and residual stresses due to welding play an important role in initiating the cracking of pipeline welds. The main objectives of this researchthesis are to analyze the microstructure and mechanical properties of submerge arc weld and establish the role of microstructure in initiation and propagation of cracks in sour (HIC) environment. In this work, the optical microscope, Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), X-ray diffraction and Transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to investigate the microstructure of the X70 pipeline steel base metal, the weld bead and heat affected zone. The result obtained showed that the base metal have equiax ferrite grains while the weld bead have structure of acicular ferrite and fine bainite grains with many Al-Si-Mn-Ti oxide particles/inclusions. The heat affected zone microstructure has coarse grains with martensite and NbTi(CN) precipitate/particles. Analysis of the cross section of the weld shows that higher kernel values were observed in the weld cross section compared to the weld top surface. The kernel average misorientation (KAM) analysis at the cross section of the weld show that the amount of residual strain is higher than on the surface of the weld. The residual stress on the weld top surface was purely compressive while at the cross section mixture of tensile and compressive stress were observed. The hardness was the highest in the weld bead, a bit lower in the base metal and lowest in the heat affected zone. Higher density of voids was observed at the top of the weld bead than in the middle. It was demonstrated that the difference in hardness can be directly correlated with the differences in the grain size. HIC cracks were induced in the pipeline weld area using standard HIC test and electrochemical hydrogen-charging. The SEM observations clearly indicate that the cracking in the weld nucleated at inclusions. The cracks were seen to propagate by coalescence of small pits related to hydrogen charging. Energy dispersive (EDS) analyses showed that the cracks nucleation sites are most often located at Al-Si-Mn-Ti oxide. The EBSD measurements show that HIC can take place at a wide range of grain orientations. The map of the location of HIC crack shows that they can be both transgranular and intergranular. Experiments were carried out to understand the effect of hydrogen and role of microstructure on HIC susceptibility in the steel weld under tensile load. The results show that the ductility of the steel weld became lower as charging time increased. EBSD investigation were carried out in the heat affected zone area since all the fractured specimens were fractured in this area. The results shows that large grains and dislocation density in heat affected zone is related to the high susceptibility of the steel weld to fail under tensile load.
DegreeMaster of Science (M.Sc.)
CommitteeZhang, Chris J; Oguocha, Ikechukwuka N; Evitts, Richard
Copyright DateJuly 2016
pipeline steels, Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD),Grain Boundary
Austenite to Ferrite Transformation


Greenspan's Anguish (Thoreau As Economic Prophet and Other Essays)
Can the environment and the economy survive and thrive in harmony?
Is it possible for the economy and the environment to survive and thrive in harmony?
"Yes," says Professor James Eggert in his new book, "Greenspan's Anguish (Thoreau as Economic Prophet and Other Essays)" (copyright 2013; Green Dragon Books).
"Greenspan's Anguish" contains 19 essays that explore the relationship between the economy and the environment, sustainability, and our relationship to the universe.
In addition to "Meadowlark Economics," which examines the value of the meadowlark, both as a symbol for what has gone wrong with our economy and as a symbol of what is essential to our existence, the book includes "Thoreau as Economic Prophet," "Darwin's Finches and Ford's Mustangs," "Then the Sun Came Up," "Craftsmanship and Salvation," and "The Coming Repair Age."
James Eggert is a writer and emeritus faculty member of the University of Wisconsin — Stout where he taught undergraduate students for 33 years. He also is the author of "What is Economics (fourth edition)," "Invitation to Economics," "Low-Cost Earth Shelters," "The Wonder of the Tao," and "Meadowlark Economics."
Global warming threatens the extinction of life on Earth. It can no longer be a question of the economy or the environment. We can all have "enough," and we can all do more to help the environment. If we don't do both — we will have neither. Professor Eggert's thought-provoking book is a good starting point.
This book would make a good supplemental text for high school or college classes pertaining to economics, the environment, ecology, sustainability and Henry David Thoreau.
LeAnn R. Ralph is the publicist for Professor Eggert.


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Level 1
Landed Cost
I have set up landed costs and created my first transaction. The bill that landed costs were applied to seems correct:
Landed Cost Bill.JPG
My question is that the account where the landed cost expenses hit, now shows a negative balance in the amount of the costs that were applied, $3,408.25 and this is coming from the bill from our freight forwarder, Gallagher Transport:
Inventory Landed Cost Account Detail.JPG
Why is this and how do I remove this in order to balance this account to $0?
QuickBooks Team
Landed Cost
Hello there, @ RKN.
You can create a bill then add the expenses. Then check it if it's the same screenshot that shows negative.
Here's how to create a bill:
 1. From Home Page, choose Enter Bills.
 2. In the Vendor drop-down, select the vendor you'd like to create a purchase order for.
 3. Select the date.
 4. Fill in the other necessary fields.
 5. Hit the Save and Close button.
On the other hand, you can create a check transaction in QuickBooks Desktop. This is used when you want to recognize an expense and record payment all at once. Here's how to create a check:
 1. Click Banking at the top.
 2. Select Write Checks.
 3. Enter the necessary information.
 4. Click Save & Close.
After recording what you owe in QuickBooks Desktop, you can use Pay Bills to settle your payables for different vendors. Please check this article to see the steps: Pay bills in QuickBooks Desktop.
Please know that you're always welcome to post if you have any other concerns. Wishing you and your business continued success.
Level 1
Landed Cost
Thank you MaryAnne. I have gone through then entire process of creating the bill for the import expense, applied these expenses to the bill that contains the product using the "Calculate Landed Cost" button on the bill for the product, and paid both bills. All seemed to function as expected, except that now we have this balance in the "Inventory Offset Account" and I cannot trace where this comes from:
Inventory Landed Cost Account Detail.JPG
The yellow cells are the expenses that were entered under the bill for freight and are resulting in a negative balance in this account. How can I trace where these expenses are coming from as I don't think that neither the freight bill or the product bill point to this account.
QuickBooks Team
Landed Cost
Thank you for getting back here, _USER_.
I appreciate you for performing the steps provided by my colleague. You'll want to run the verify rebuild tool, this helps to identify the most commonly known data issues in your company file and as well as resolve these issues. Here's how:
Verify data
 1. Click Window then Close All.
 2. Select the File tab.
 3. Choose Utilities.
 4. Tap Verify Data.
Rebuild data
 1. Choose FileUtilities then Rebuild Data.
 2. Press OK to back up your company file.
 4. Click OK when you get the message "Rebuild has completed".
Otherwise, you may reach out to our technical support team so they can further investigate this and check your setup.
Here are the steps:
 1. Navigate to the Help menu and choose QuickBooks Desktop Help.
 2. In the Have a Question section, click the Contact Us link at the bottom.
 3. Enter the keyword of your concern in the What can we help you with? box.
 4. Select Start a chat
For guidance, I'll share some articles to help you:
Should you need anything else, don't hesitate to comment below. I'm always around to help. Stay safe and take care always.
Level 1
Landed Cost
Thank you for suggesting the data verify option. I have done this and the issue remains. Does is sound reasonable that we create a journal entry to correct the issue for now and see if it persists on our next import?
QuickBooks Team
Landed Cost
Hi _USER_,
Thank you for your prompt reply, as well as sharing an update on your current status.
The Inventory Offset account is a liability account. It's generated by QuickBooks Desktop (QBDT) when you enable the Enhanced Inventory Receiving feature.
You can run a custom report to reconcile it, which isolates the negative amount you stated earlier.
Here's how:
 1. Go to the Reports menu.
 2. Highlight Customer Reports.
 3. Select Transaction Detail.
 4. Move to the Filters tab.
 5. Choose Account and set it to Inventory Offset.
 - From the Display tab, set Date Range to All.
 - Under columns, tick the box on Item.
 - Pick Vendor from the Total By drop-down menu.
 - Click Item from the Sort By drop-down menu.
 6. Press OK.
Note: It's necessary to create an Item Receipt first, then enter a bill against it to relieve the Inventory Offset account.
If you have other questions about the Landed cost feature, see this article: Landed cost FAQs
I'll be around if you need further help. Place a question below, and I'll get back to you.
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text:
In many applications, the integrated injection molding process is a prerequisite for the bonding of thermoplastics and silicones in a stable layer. For example, windshield fasteners that can be used for rain sensors use couplings made of PBT and LSR.
The production of two-component components can take full advantage of Engel's tie-bar technology victory series injection molding machines. The tie-barless technology allows the installation of large, complex multi-component molds on relatively small machines.
Engel linear robots can reach the mould cavity directly from the side and operate safely without having to avoid any protruding edges to achieve fully automated production.
In this application, the rodless tie rod technology has greatly ensured the consistency of production and achieved higher overall efficiency. The patented voltage divider allows the moving mold to move with precision as the clamping force is gradually increased, and ensures that the clamping force is evenly distributed on the platen. In this way, both the inner cavity and the outer cavity of the mold have the same force to reduce the wear of the mold, and the product quality is also improved.


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Feuerstein Instrumental Enrichment
The Feurerstein Institute has greatly influenced and contributed to the work of NILD in Canada and the United States since 1993. NILD owes so much to Professor Reuven Feuerstein.
NILD Canada now offers Feuerstein's Instrumental Enrichment© (FIE) as one of our academic courses. These courses offer an intervention program that enhances the cognitive skills necessary for independent thinking and learning. This unique educational method combines specially designed instruments and mediation in order to identify and enhance an individual's learning potential.
This intervention program includes a series of paper and pencil tasks that gradually increase in levels of difficulty and abstraction. Each series focuses on a different cognitive skill, creating systematic, persistent and structured conditions to engage learners in problem-solving by developing their ability to understand and elaborate information.
FIE aims to close learning gaps, helping learners to avoid mistakes by enhancing their learning skills. Students are taught new ways of thinking by completing tasks in areas such as comparison, classification, analysis and synthesis, orientation in space and time, and hypothetical reasoning. Through the use of FIE, students gain language and knowledge about their cognitive processes that help them make better decisions, in the classroom and throughout their lives.
Standard Level 1, 2, 3 Courses
FIE's Standard cognitive training program is designed generally for ages 10 through adult. Participants receive training in the theoretical basis for Feuerstein Instrumental Enrichment. and in the materials and didactics of the first four Instruments from the IE Program:
Standard 1 includes Organization of Dots, Comparisons, Analytic Perception, and Orientation in Space. The foundational theories of Structural Cognitive Modifiability, Mediated Learning Experience, Cognitive Map, and the Goals of Instrumental Enrichment.
Standard 2 provides training in the mediation of Categorization, Illustrations, Family Relations, Temporal (Time) Relations, and Instructions. These tools help students and adults with important academic and job skills.
Standard 3 offers Orientation in Space II, Numerical Progressions, Transitive Relations, Syllogisms, and Representational Stencil Design. These five tools are cognitively challenging and help create new neural networks for life and learning.
Basic Level 1, 2 (Early Childhood) Courses
The IE-Basic cognitive intervention program is designed for younger learners or for learners who are not yet ready for IE-Standard instruments. IE-Basic is deliberately free of specific subject matter, yet the tasks are intended to be readily transferable to all educational and everyday life situations. These instruments may be taught in the classroom, in an after-school enrichment setting, or used as a part of a clinical therapy program.
The IE-Basic instruments are unique. Not only do they teach vitally important cognitive strategies – such as how to gather information, strategize, compare and problem solve – but they also teach children cognition behind emotions. Thought-provoking and creative, IE-Basic delves into topics such as how to move from feeling empathy to turning it into action and how to prevent violence. FIE Basic not only teaches how to learn, but also how to infer, act, and behave with thoughtful intelligence – even how to be a friend and a contributing member of society.
FIE Basic consists of 11 Instruments:
Basic 1: Organization of Dots, Compare and Discover the Absurd 1, Orientation in Space, Unit to Group, and Identify Emotions
Basic 2: Compare and Discover the Absurd 2, Empathy to Action, Think and Learn to Prevent Violence, TriChannel Attentional Learning, Know and Identify, and Learn to Ask Questions for Reading Comprehension.
Students with ADHD often struggle with processing excessive amounts of information, leading to difficulty accurately receiving and processing information.
Tactile Instrumental Enrichment is a powerful educational tool that utilizes touch and movement to aid students in comprehending their surroundings in a systematic and comprehensive way. It encourages the development of critical thinking abilities and improves overall cognitive growth.
FIE Tactile provides a solution by utilizing touch and movement to help retrain the brain to systematically and logically explore, structure and process information. This is achieved by developing skills to create mental images and comparing new images to pre-existing images, which enhances cognitive abilities such as exploration, logical reasoning, and hypothetical thinking.
Ultimately, this approach fosters more structured and efficient learning processes. Further, the visualization skills that are developed in Tactile positively impact reading comprehension and listening comprehension.
Pre-requisite: FIE Standard 1 or FIE Basic 1
Train in this unique method!
Learn to use FIE's instruments.


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Finding the best care for kids with lupus
What if we could find the best care for children with lupus just by studying how they do with routine care from their own doctor?
Pediatric rheumatologists are doctors who treat autoimmune and muscle, bone, and joint diseases. Lupus is an autoimmune disease that can affect joints, skin, brain, lungs, and other body parts.
Autoimmune means instead of protecting us, the immune system hurts us. These doctors are working to standardize care for kids with lupus. This means that each child in every clinic who has the same problem will get the same care.
Standardized care lets researchers (people who study a problem) compare different medicines, find what works best, and make sure all kids get the best care possible.
Complications from lupus can lead to severe illness or death. That is why it is crucial that we find the best way to treat it.
Did you know?
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves new drugs and spells out how they should be used. Right now there are no FDA-approved treatments for kidney disease from lupus, and no clear-cut studies to help doctors choose care.
In the past, care was guided by large research studies called randomized controlled trials. In this type of study, many similar patients are put into at least 2 different groups, given different care based on their group, and watched over time to study what happens. These studies are costly, slow, and do not work well for rare diseases like childhood lupus.
Another research style, called comparative effectiveness research, compares at least 2 kinds of care doctors normally give their own patients. It needs a reliable way to collect data on how the patient is doing. This is why the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) set up a registry (list of patient data). Patients sign up in their doctor's office, fill out some paper questionnaires, and agree to add their data to the registry.
Comparative effectiveness research requires doctors to treat patients in only a few different ways. Right now doctors treat children with lupus in many different ways. To solve this problem, Pediatric Rheumatologists from CARRA agreed on a few specific care plans using previous research and their shared knowledge.
The first step was to decide on the best ways to look at different stages of care:
- induction therapy (getting the disease under control) and
- maintenance therapy (avoiding flares when medicines are lowered after the disease is under control)
Researchers asked doctors across the U.S. what treatments they were using. They learned there were too many different therapies in use to make a comparison.
Researchers then used discussion groups, surveys, and published reports to narrow down care choices. At the end, they chose the following medicines that calm the immune system when it starts to hurt us:
Two options for induction therapy
- cyclophosphamide (also called cytoxan)
- cellcept (also called mycophenolate mofetil)
Three options for maintenance therapy
- continued cyclophosphamide
- azathioprine (also called imuran)
In addition to these medicines, people with kidney disease need steroids. People joke that there are as many different steroid doses as there are rheumatologists. But these researchers were able to agree on 3 steroid dosing levels, plus a standard way to slowly reduce the steroid dose. This matters because it is not safe to stop steroids quickly, and there are many different ways to reduce the dose.
Researchers then wondered if doctors would really use these treatment plans, and how patients would do. They got funding from the Lupus Foundation of America and the Arthritis Foundation to test the treatments and collect data at a few sites.
So far, 40 patients at 10 sites have been studied. Researchers are learning when the treatment plans are being started and how long they are used. If doctors are not giving the treatments as planned, the treatments may need to be changed.
Next, researchers will seek funding to study a larger group of patients. When enough patients have used the treatment plans and added their data to the registry, doctors hope to know which treatments work best, and which have the least side effects. Until then, standardized treatment plans can help doctors who have less experience caring for children with lupus.
Little is known about the autoimmune disease Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). About 1 in 7 cases start during childhood, and the illness can be worse when it occurs in young people. Nephritis (lupus in the kidneys) affects over half of children with SLE, and can lead to kidney failure, dialysis or kidney transplant, and sometimes death. Thus it is crucial that we find the best way to treat it.


Detecting Earth Tremors To Protect Elephants
Thanks to the use of seismographs, small earthquakes caused by stampeding animals fleeing poachers could reveal that they're under attack.
Detecting Earth Tremors To Protect Elephants
Last update: 01 April, 2021
Protecting elephants is one of the priorities in the defense of African wildlife: these giant animals are rapidly disappearing because of ivory poaching and trafficking. Scientists think detecting earth tremors to protect elephants could be a real help.
Why is the African elephant endangered?
The African elephant has been hunted for centuries, and it's vitally important to protect it. Ancient peoples used them as war machines and hunted them for their tusks, but it wasn't until the 19th century that hunting them became a massive industry.
The use of firearms and the development of hunting as a leisure activity turned the elephant into one of the most coveted animals for poachers. Europeans and Americans were willing to pay large sums for their tusks.
In 1989, elephant hunting and ivory trafficking were banned, after the destruction of hundreds of thousands of elephants had already wiped out half of its population.
Scientists at the time even predicted that the elephant would become extinct by 1995 were it not for this measure. However, poaching continues because ivory horns have become very valuable on the black market.
A poacher sets his sights.
Fortunately, both African and Western societies increasingly frown on elephant hunting. The countries where these animals live impose fines of up to $12,000; this is a huge figure for many poachers, and authorities also withdraw their hunting licenses.
Elephants are fascinating animals
Elephants are the largest land animal in the world; they weigh about six tons, although there are records of specimens weighing up to 10 tons. They're very intelligent animals with a rich emotional life; they understand the concept of death and they have their own animal culture.
In fact, the legend of elephant graveyards is quite real. Elephants wear down their teeth until they're about 50 years old; when they can no longer eat or drink and thus look for a place to die.
Later, when new generations and former relatives of these animals find the skeletons, the elephants perform ceremonies in which they touch the bones of their relatives for a long time.
Elephants and their understanding of tremors
But now scientists have found a new way to protect them: detecting earth tremors could help preserve African elephants. They generate small, detectable earth tremors when they walk.
Detecting earth tremors to protect elephants: an elephant flares its ears.
Several British universities have been studying the tremors that these animals produce when they walk. They believe that these are of vital importance for their communication, and could even help protect the elephants.
The researchers have discovered that the sounds and calls of elephant herds are transmitted through the ground, even faster than through the air.
The team of scientists only intended to measure how far these vibrations reach. However, they ended up finding out that it was relatively easy to discern between them. They learned that they could infer the different behaviors the elephants were engaging in, and how they were influenced by terrain or human activities.
How can we use this information to protect elephants?
The scientists also found that human activities interfere with this communication, but that it's possible to know when elephants are being chased.
One of the proposals of the study was to use seismic detectors to help the elephants. The researchers suggested using seismographs to monitor elephants in order to detect when they're under attack. Seismographs can detect their movement from miles away without disturbing them.
For example, these detectors could analyze stampedes, which would be especially useful for interfering with poachers' attacks on these impressive animals.
It might interest you...
5 Species in Critical Danger of Extinction
My AnimalsRead it in My Animals
5 Species in Critical Danger of Extinction
Many animals are in danger of extinction, as their populations have decreased by 80-90% and less than 250 adult specimens remain.


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I am using the following to customise my footline, but it does not seem to change the height of the footline. What am I missing
{\begin{beamercolorbox}[wd=\paperwidth,ht=2.25ex,dp=1.5cm, leftskip=.3cm,rightskip=.3cm plus1fill]{author in head/foot}%
 {\large \url{_URL_}}
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While code snippets are helpful, it is best to add a minimal working example (MWE) that illustrates your problem. To do so, edit your post and add the relevant content. – Werner Dec 23 '11 at 16:03
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1 Answer
You can use the \fontsize{size}{skip} command, where size is your desired fontsize, and skip is the distance between lines (multiplied by \baselineskip)
The height of footline is computed to fit the font. Is this what you want?
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text:
In "Rethinking Presumed Knowledge of the Law in the Regulatory Age," Michael Cottone analyzes ignorantia legis, the doctrine that ignorance of the law is no defense, and questions whether it can be justly applied in an age where administrative regulation has made thousands of acts into crimes, including acts which reasonable people might not be expected to know were unlawful:
Billy, a high-school senior who just turned eighteen, finds a redtailed hawk talon in the parking lot of his school. He has never heard of red-tailed hawks or the Migratory Bird Act, and he does not know that selling dead birds or bird parts can be illegal in some circumstances. Billy's friend, whose parents own a pet store, is interested in wildlife and collects snakeskins, sharks' teeth, and various types of animal bones. Billy decides that his friend may be interested in the talon and offers to trade it for a goldfish from the store. Billy's friend agrees. When a family friend, an agent for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, sees the talon and inquires, she learns that it came from Billy. Billy is arrested and charged with bartering with migratory bird parts in violation of 16 U.S.C. §§ 703 and 707(a).
A so-called "regulatory crime," bartering with or selling migratory birds or bird parts in violation of 16 U.S.C. §§ 703 and 707(a) carries no mens rea requirement for any element; strict liability applies. That is, if a person barters with or sells a migratory bird or its parts—regardless of whether she knew it was a migratory bird or a part of a migratory bird—she has met the requirements of the crime. Assuming that they are found guilty, Billy, Eric, and Diane will all be subject to criminal penalties, each facing up to a six-month prison sentence and $15,000 in fines. While this may seem incongruous given the differences in what they each knew about the legality of their conduct, under the doctrine of ignorantia legis, their knowledge or lack of knowledge of the illegality of their acts will have no bearing on whether they are guilty of the offense. In this article, I will examine the doctrine of ignorantia legis, or presumed knowledge of the law, as it functions in the current milieu of American criminal justice, the age of the regulatory crime. Much ink has been spilled over this doctrine, and many pieces argue against ignorantia legis, hinting at normative values of fairness and economic efficiency.
While a century or two ago nearly all crime was traditional common-law crime — rape, murder, theft and other things that pretty much everyone should know are bad — nowadays we face all sorts of "regulatory crimes" in which intuitions of right and wrong play no role, but for which the penalties are high.
If you walk down the sidewalk, pick up a pretty feather, and take it home, you could be a felon — if it happens to be a bald eagle feather. Bald eagles are plentiful now, and were taken off the endangered species list years ago, but the federal law making possession of them a crime for most people is still on the books, and federal agents are even infiltrating some Native-American powwows in order to find and arrest people. (And feathers from lesser-known birds, like the red-tailed hawk are also covered). Other examples abound, from getting lost in a storm and snowmobiling on the wrong bit of federal land, to diverting storm sewer water around a building.
To solve this problem we need for judges to abandon the presumption that people know the law, at least where regulatory crimes are concerned, and require some proof that the accused knew or should reasonably have known that his conduct was illegal. Alternatively, Congress should adopt legislation requiring such proof. (And I would favor allowing defendants in any action brought by the federal government — civil or criminal — to have the option of arguing to the jury that the government's action against them is unfair or biased, with the charges dropped and legal fees being charged to the government if the jury agrees.)
Under the vagueness doctrine, a law is void if a person of reasonable intelligence would have to guess at its meaning, because it would be unfair to punish someone for violating a law that cannot be understood. It seems just as unfair to punish people for violating a law that they couldn't reasonably be expected to know about.
Law that can't be known is no law at all. If we wish to remain a nation of laws, Congress and the courts need to address this problem, before it's too late.


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(HealthDay)—For patients with esophageal cancer undergoing resection, surgeon volume, but not hospital volume, is independently associated with prognosis, according to research published online Jan. 7 in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.
To examine the influence of hospital and surgeon volume on survival after esophageal cancer surgery, Maryam Derogar, M.D., of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, and colleagues conducted a population-based cohort study involving 1,335 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent esophageal resection in 1987 to 2005. Participants were followed for survival until February 2011.
The researchers found that annual hospital volume was not independently associated with overall survival, and after adjustment for hospital clustering effects, hospital volume was not associated with short-term mortality. Mortality occurring at least three months after surgery was significantly reduced with a combination of higher annual and cumulative surgeon volume, with a hazard ratio of 0.78 for surgeons with both annual and cumulative volume above versus below the median. The association persisted after adjustment for hospital and surgeon clustering.
"In conclusion, this large and population-based cohort study provided evidence that long-term survival is independently influenced by surgeon volume but not hospital volume," the authors write.
Explore further: Centralization to fewer surgeons results in better survival after esophageal cancer surgery
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text:
Note No. 5880
Note to Correspondents
INTERNATIONAL DAY OF WORLD'S INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
TO BE OBSERVED ON 9 AUGUST AT UN HEADQUARTERS
Each year, the International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples (9 August) is observed at United Nations Headquarters with a ceremony and a cultural presentation. This year's observance will take place at on Monday, 9 August, in the General Assembly Lobby (
46th Streetand First Avenue).
The observance will be opened with a traditional welcome and prayer. Two young contributors to the video installation "Women's Wishes for the Earth", Malaika Queano and Amira Roca, both of the Maranao people of the
, will chant a "Sacred Song for the Earth", of the Tiboli people of the Philippines. The installation, currently in the lobby, is part of the exhibit "In Celebration of Indigenous Peoples" mounted for the third session of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues that took place this May. The Kahurangi Maori Dance Theatre will perform traditional songs and dances that portray the history and fabric of Maori life, such as their warrior culture and martial arts techniques. Philippines
Participants will hear messages from United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan; the Chairman of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Ole Henrik Magga; the Chairperson of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations, Miguel Alfonso Martinez; and the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous peoples, Rodolfo Stavenhagen. The ceremony will conclude with a closing blessing.
The annual observance of the International Day on 9 August commemorates the first meeting of the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations in
in 1982. This year's event also marks the closing year of the International Decade of the World's Indigenous People (_PHONE_), proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly to raise awareness about the situation of indigenous people. Geneva
The master of ceremonies will be Roberto Mucaro Borrero (Taíno,
Puerto Rico), the Chairperson of the NGO Committee on the International Decade of the World's Indigenous People.
The commemoration is organized by the Secretariat of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, the United Nations Department of Public Information, and the NGO Committee on the International Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples.
Additional programmes for the International Day will take place on 8 August at the
of Natural History. For information on these programmes, which are free with suggested museum admission, contact the Museum at _PHONE_, or visit _URL_ American Museum
* *** *


Dig Kit
Dig Kit is an online digital tool that aims to empower educators to design, implement and manage a school garden program. Developed as an open educational resource, Dig Kit is a website containing a centralised collection of tools and resources organised into three navigational elements: principles, co-design and community. It goes beyond a simple handbook of steps, providing educators with the tools to adapt what they are learning to their own context thus overcoming many of the identified barriers to school garden design. The ease of navigation, clear summaries of research, whole-of-curriculum approach and re-usable decision-making tools are essential for time-poor educators working in a crowded curriculum.
Branding and Identity, Web Design and Front End Development, Illustration, Iterative Prototyping, Human Centred Design, Design Thinking, User Interviews and Testing, Co-design,Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Dig Kit Logo
How did I design it?
Dig Kit's research and development was conducted across three core phases. The first, initial analysis of the issue and identification of relevant stakeholders, followed by engagement and consulting with those stakeholders to inform prototyping. The last phase of development focused on development and testing of the site. My objective was to contribute to the understanding of the value and merit of school gardens in advancing pedagogical practices for improved health, ecological awareness and social engagement.
Who is the audience?
Dig Kit is designed to be used in school contexts, by educators. It responds to the need for a centralised resource, and helps educators navigate known barriers such as program facilitation student engagement, and garden design, that have not been adequately addressed elsewhere. Current studies identify a significant gap in how school gardens are supported, with a need to support educators through appropriate resources that can be immediately used within the classroom.
Why did I design it?
In researching the topic, I found evidence that while many schools utilise school gardens, more would like to. Unhealthy eating habits amongst children, rapid urbanisation and globalisation point towards a need for renewed focus on ecological awareness across disciplines, providing opportunities to engage with the environment. While school gardens are proven to help tackle social and public health issues as well as improve educational outcomes, they face widespread barriers to implementation and long term maintenance.
What frameworks informed the design?
Systems Thinking helped me to better understand the complex, interconnected nature of the issue, as well as Social Models of Design. I supplement Systems Thinking with the methodological framework of Human Centred Design and Permaculture as an integrate approach for responding to the current concerns of primary school age children and their teachers.
"In order for school gardens to become a permanent component of their schools, those who are currently involved in school gardening and those who wish to start a school garden need to consider the common pitfalls and be prepared to address them through careful planning and by securing broad-based support."


REBOL Programming/Design Guide/Scripts start with a header
< REBOL Programming | Design Guide
Headers provide a consistent way to to give your script an official title and filename.
Take advantage of them. They can save you and others time by explaining:
 - what a script does
 - who wrote it
 - when it was last modified
 - how it should be used
 - its change history, and more.
Headers also provide reliable search information for libraries, archives, and search engines.


text:
East Asian Landscape Cultures
Since the mid-1990s, Dumbarton Oaks has developed research on East Asian landscape cultures through library collections, public lectures, scholarly meetings, and publications as part of its commitment to situate garden and landscape studies in a broader domain of cultural and visual studies. On the one hand, time-honored East Asian landscape traditions, originating in garden making, rock art, mountain-and-water paintings and poems, and natural philosophy and aesthetics, have fascinated scholars since the age of Enlightenment; on the other hand, this tradition is undergoing dramatic changes as a result of rapid modernization and globalization in China, Japan, and Korea. By considering the subject through the perspective of living landscape cultures, this research helps to break Eurocentric patterns and link the historical past to contemporary issues such as cultural heritage, environment, urbanism, and tourism.
Chinese Garden Texts Translation Group
In October 1999, Dumbarton Oaks initiated a roundtable on "An Anthology of Chinese Garden Texts in English," which was attended by a group of 16 sinologists from America, Europe, and Australia. During this meeting, they agreed to create an anthology containing a selection of writings on Chinese gardens from the Han to Qing dynasties. The English translations will be accompanied by original Chinese texts, annotations, and short introductory essays as well as a glossary of terms. The anthology will avoid imposing a definition of what a Chinese garden is, and instead will show how discourse on gardens appears to have aggregated gardens, sites, parks, agricultural lands, and how this aggregation changed and developed over the centuries. By including a great diversity of materials from different periods and literary genres, the aim is to counter the reductive tendencies in contemporary discussions of the history of Chinese gardens.
From 2000–2004, Dumbarton Oaks sponsored this group, together with several branches of Asia studies at Harvard University (the Asia Center, the Fairbank Center for East Asian Research, and the Department of East Asian Language and Civilization). The translation group met three times to pursue this ambitious collaboration. The first two meetings were hosted by Dumbarton Oaks, while the third meeting took place at Harvard University. At present, the translated texts are under preparation for a proposed two-volume publication, The Dumbarton Oaks Readings on Chinese Gardens, edited by Stanislaus Fung (The University of New South Wales, AU) and introduced by Michel Conan (former Director of Garden and Landscape Studies, Dumbarton Oaks) and Peter Bol (Harvard University). Other scholars participating in this project include: Duncan M. Campbell (New Zealand), Sophie Campistron (France), Bing Chiu Che (France), Antoine Gournay (France), Kenneth J. Hammond (United States), Philip Hu (United States), Alison Hardie (United Kingdom), James Hargett (United States), David Knechtges (United States), Georges Métailié (France), Martin Powers (United States), David Sensabaugh (United States), Richard E. Strassberg (United States), Jan Stuart (United Kingdom), Stephen H. West (United States), Yinong Xu (Australia), Xiaoshan Yang (United States), Hui Zou (United States).
China-America Working Group
In March 2005, Dumbarton Oaks organized a three-day working group on Chinese garden and landscape culture. The group was consisted of three American scholars and three Chinese scholars: Peter Bol (Philosophy, Harvard University), Martin Powers (Art History, University of Michigan), Stephen H. West (Literature, UC Berkeley), Chen Wangheng 陈望衡 (Aesthetics, Wuhan University), Wang Yi 王毅 (Philosophy & Literature, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) and Yang Hongxun 杨鸿勋 (Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences). The late architecture historian Zhou Weiquan 周维权 (Tsinghua University) was invited, but could not attend for health reasons. After intense discussion, the group agreed upon future cooperation on the topic of "Garden and City Life" in the hope of addressing the endangered landscape in the context of contemporary Chinese urban sprawl, and to highlight the function of gardens in fostering a beneficial city culture. This led to a Dumbarton Oaks-Wuhan University joint conference in China in October 2006, and the publication of an anthology in 2008: Gardens, City Life and Culture: A World Tour (its Chinese edition with slight variation was published under the title, 城市与园林：园林对城市生活与文化的贡献 = City and Garden: Contribution of Gardens to City Life and Culture, by Wuhan University Press in 2006).
The study of East Asian landscape cultures at Dumbarton Oaks has received not only generous support from researchers worldwide, but also practical assistance from the Harvard-Yeching Library and the Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations at Harvard, as well as from the Freer and Sackler Galleries and the Asian Division of Library of Congress in Washington DC.
Bibliography on Asian Landscape Architecture


The Nature of Propositions
There is much philosophical discussion about the nature of "truth-bearers" - the kinds of things that can be true or false. Various writers have suggested such things as propositions, statements, assertions, utterances, sentence-types, sentence-tokens, beliefs, opinions, theories, doctrines, facts, etc. However, I prefer to consider truth (and other epistemological questions) in terms of "atomic propositions" - those with only a few concepts, one of which is a particular relationship involving the others. (This happens to be called "Logical Atomism", although I modify the classical formulation somewhat.(1))
Because of the significance of my preference for atomic propositions to the discussion of truth that follows, I want to spend some time exploring the nature of propositions, and documenting why I consider "atomic propositions" to be the only meaningful bearers of "truth".
Proposition - "5. Logic. a. A statement in which the subject is affirmed or denied by the predicate. b. Something that is expressed in a statement, as opposed to the way it is expressed. c. A statement containing only logical constants and having a fixed truth-value."(2)
As you can see from this excerpt from the dictionary, the philosophical meaning of the word "proposition" is somewhat special. A sentence in English is usually intended to say something about Reality. But there can be more than one way in English to say the same thing. In philosophy, and especially epistemology, the word "proposition" is used to refer to the sense or meaning of a sentence or statement irrespective of the words, sentence form, or even language or symbology employed. Consider the following list of sentences for example. Here's the cover of Dr. Seuss' children's book "The Cat in the Hat".
With this picture in mind, consider these two sets of sentences -
The hat is on the cat. Take the hat off the cat.
The cat is wearing a hat. Where is the cat in the hat?
The hat is being worn by the cat. Is the hat on the cat?
The cat is the one wearing the hat. I hate a cat in a hat.
The cat is what the hat is on. I love the cat's hat.
The cat is in a hat. Put the hat on the cat.
In each case, the words and the sentence structure are different. In the sentences on the left, a particular assertion is being explicitly stated. In the sentences on the right, the same relationship between the cat and the hat is being hidden within other forms of sentence. But in all cases, the underlying sense or meaning of the relationship between the cat and the hat is the same. Each of these statements asserts or assumes that there is some thing denoted by the collection-concept "cat", some thing denoted by a collection-concept "hat", and a certain particular relationship between the two denoted by the collection-concept "in" or "is on" or "wearing", etc.
Now consider this list of statements:
 Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun. [English]
 Saturn je est planeta od slunce. [Czech]
 Saturne est la sixieme planete la plus loigne du soleil. [French]
 Saturn er den sjette planeten fra solen. [Norwegian]
Again, the words and the symbols are different, but the sense or meaning is the same - regardless of the language employed, the symbols or particular wording involved, or even the sentence structure. Each of these statements says that there is some thing denoted by the description-concept "Saturn", some thing denoted by the collection-concept "sixth planet from the Sun", and a certain particular relationship between the two denoted by the collection-concept "is".
Propositions express relationships between concepts. In the twelve sentences about a cat and a hat, the proposition involved is the same, even when the sentence structure is a command to make the proposition true, or a question as to whether the proposition is true. In the "cat in the hat" proposition, there are three concepts involved (the "cat", the "hat", and the relationship of "in" or "is on", etc.), and the proposition expresses a particular relationship between those concepts. So called "atomic" propositions involve just a single relationship concept, and the entity concepts to which the relationship applies. That is what makes them "atomic" propositions. In the "Saturn" proposition, there are also just three - "sixth planet from the sun" is a descriptive indicator for a single collection-concept. The simplest kind of atomic proposition involves just three concepts - it expresses the thought that one concept stands in a particular conceptual relation to another concept. More specifically, it expresses the thought that the existents subsumed within the first concept stand in some particular relationship to the similarity characteristics that bound of the second concept.
You cannot utter or think of a sentence or a statement without expressing some relationship between concepts. And the contents of that relationship is just an atomic proposition. More complex propositions are composed of some number of atomic propositions. The proposition "Alice hopes that Bob comes between five and six o'clock" contains two atomic propositions - p = "Bob comes between five and six o'clock", and q = "Alice hopes that p". The words "that", "or", "and", and similar connectives are a clear indication that an additional atomic proposition is involved.
There are a number of advantages in dealing with atomic propositions instead of the more complex entries on that list of suggested "truth bearers".
The truth of the proposition that Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun depends only on the physics of the solar system, and not in any obvious way on human convention. By contrast, what these five sentences say does depend partly on human convention. Had English speakers chosen to adopt the word "Saturn" as the name of a different particular planet, the first sentence would have expressed something false. By choosing propositions rather than sentences as the bearers of truth-values, this relativity to human conventions does not apply to truth, a point that many philosophers would consider to be a virtue in a theory of truth. Propositions are abstract entities; they do not exist in space and time. They are sometimes said to be "Timeless', 'eternal', or 'omnitemporal' entities. Terminology aside, the essential point is that propositions are not concrete (or material) objects. Nor, for that matter, are they mental entities; they are not "Thoughts", they are what thoughts express.
 "Truth" -The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy(3)
I do not mean anything mysterious by "proposition." I use this word as a general term for the things people assent to, reject, find doubtful, accept/or the sake of argument, attempt to verify, deduce things from, and so on. (Some of the phrases on this list take more than one sort of object. One may, for example, reject not only propositions but bribes. I hope no one is going to be difficult about this.) We have plenty of "specialized" words for propositions in the language of everyday life, just as we have plenty of specialized words for human beings. On various occasions, we call propositions "doctrines," "theses," "theories," "premises," "conclusions," "theorems," "views," "positions," "conjectures," "hypotheses," "dogmas," "beliefs," and "heresies," just as, on various occasions, we call human beings "women," "babies," "thieves," "admirals," "Trotskyites," "Australians," and "Catholics."
It is thus uncontroversial that there are propositions. The only question that could arise is: What are propositions? Many philosophers apparently think that propositions are sentences, since they think that sentences are what is true or false, and it is evident that those things that are true or false are just the things that are the objects of the activities and states listed above. But I can make no sense of the suggestion that propositions are sentences, and I shall not discuss it further. It is true that I am willing on occasion to speak of sentences being true or false, but this is only shorthand. When I say that a given sentence is true, I mean that the proposition - a non-sentence - that that sentence expresses is true. (To say that an English sentence expresses a given proposition is to say, roughly, that the result of concatenating "the proposition that" and that sentence denotes that proposition.) Similarly, when I say that a name is honorable, I mean that the individual or family that bears that name is honorable. I can no more understand the suggestion that a sentence might be true otherwise than in virtue of its expressing a true proposition that I can understand the suggestion that a name might be honourable otherwise than in virtue of its being borne by an honorable individual or family.
 Peter Van Inwagen, Ontology, Identity, and Modality(4)
Because it is the more generally favoured theory, and because of my own preference for its simplicity, the theory that atomic propositions -not sentences, not even complex propositions -are the bearers of truth-values will be adopted in this essay. When I talk of "truths", I am referring to true atomic propositions. For the purposes of this essay I will consider that it is atomic propositions that can be, and are judged as, true or false.
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Economics & Finance
The Poverty of Clio: Resurrecting Economic History
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Jul 25, 2011
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The Poverty of Clio challenges the hold that cliometrics — an approach to economic history that employs the analytical tools of economists — has exerted on the study of our economic past. In this provocative book, Francesco Boldizzoni calls for the reconstruction of economic history, one in which history and the social sciences are brought to bear on economics, and not the other way around.
Boldizzoni questions the appeal of economics over history — which he identifies as a distinctly American attitude — exposing its errors and hidden ideologies, and revealing how it fails to explain economic behavior itself. He shows how the misguided reliance on economic reasoning to interpret history has come at the expense of insights from the humanities and has led to a rejection of valuable past historical research. Developing a better alternative to new institutional economics and the rational choice approach, Boldizzoni builds on the extraordinary accomplishments of twentieth-century European historians and social thinkers to offer fresh ideas for the renewal of the field.
Economic history needs to rediscover the true relationship between economy and culture, and promote an authentic alliance with the social sciences, starting with sociology and anthropology. It must resume its dialogue with the humanities, but without shrinking away from theory when constructing its models. The Poverty of Clio demonstrates why history must exert its own creative power on economics.


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Please note: It is advisable to create a new address for receiving cryptocurrency each time to enhance the privacy of your transaction history.
- Select the coin and tap on Receive from home screen. From bottom right, tap on the '+' button to create a new receiving address.
- Enter a name to label the address.
- You can scan the QR code or copy it or share the address via email or instant messaging.


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Researchers at Uppsala University have developed a new method to determine — rapidly, easily and cheaply — how effective two antibiotics combined can be in stopping bacterial growth. The new method is simple for laboratories to use and can provide greater scope for customizing treatment of bacterial infections. The study is published in PLOS Biology.
Combinations of antimicrobial agents are invariably prescribed for certain infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria. Bacterial infections that are not readily treatable, such as those affecting cardiac valves and prostheses, and lung infections in cystic fibrosis, are also usually subjected to a combination of antibiotics. The effect sought, "synergism," means that the joint action of the combined agents is more effective than could in fact have been expected, based on the efficacy of the separate agents. In contrast, the opposite phenomenon — that is, two antibiotics counteracting each other's effects ("antagonism") — is undesirable. However, knowing what the combined effect will be is not always easy.
With the newly developed method known as CombiANT (combinations of antibiotics), interactions between various antibiotics can be tested on agar plates and results obtained in 24 hours. The lead author of the study, Nikos Fatsis-Kavalopoulos, developed the method at Uppsala University. It is based on creating a "concentration gradient" of antibiotics that have been cast into an agar plate, using a 3D-printed plastic disc.
On the agar plate, bacteria that have been isolated from an individual patient are then cultured to see how they react to different combinations of antibiotics.
In their study, the researchers investigated E. coli bacteria isolated from urinary tract infections. Different cultures of E. coli proved not to react in the same way to specific antibiotic combinations. A combination of antibiotics that had synergistic effects on most cultures brought about antagonism in some, with the result that the treatment for the latter group was inferior.
"This result may be of great clinical importance. Consequently, instead of assuming that synergistic and antagonistic interactions are equal for all bacterial isolates, we test individually every isolate taken from an infected patient," says Dan I. Andersson, Professor of Medical Bacteriology at Uppsala University, who is primarily responsible for the study.
Customizing the drug combo in this way may be crucially important in achieving high efficacy in the treatment of infections. Being a simple, low-cost method, it is also easy to introduce and use in health care.
Reference: "CombiANT: Antibiotic interaction testing made easy" by Nikos Fatsis-Kavalopoulos, Roderich Roemhild, Po-Cheng Tang, Johan Kreuger and Dan I. Andersson, 17 September 2020, PLOS Biology.


Typical Installation | Documentation
After you have customized the map, follow these steps to install the map on your website:
 1. Choose the map you want to install:
 2. Upload the files to your server
 Upload the worldmap.js and mapdata.js files to your server. If you cannot upload the files, we can host the map files for you (details). Make note of the full urls where you have uploaded the files.
 3. Embed the map into your webpage
 Paste the following snippet into the header of your html page:

 and replace the above urls with the actual location of the files you uploaded in Step 2.
 Then paste the following HTML where you want the map to appear:

 4. That's it! Your map should be working.
Formerly FlashUSAmap.com and FlashWorldMap.com


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To support your child in pronouncing each letter sound correctly, click on the character images below to hear alphabet sounds and the plain black letters to hear the alphabet names. This pronunciation guide also gives you a valuable strategy for linking all 26 letter shapes to their correct sounds quickly and easily. It's called the Letterland shortcut. All you and your child need to remember is one simple instruction — just START to say ANY Letterland character's name, then STOP. For example: "Sammy Snake, s..." (a steady hissing sound).
Make sure your speakers are on, then click on the images to hear the letter sounds.
Who's Who in Letterland
A handy reference with all of the Letterlanders and a guide to saying their names correctly.
The Vowel Men are the only Letterlanders who say their traditional alphabet name in words.
Traditional Alphabet Names (PDF 484kb)
© Letterland International, 2011. Registered in England no. _PHONE_. Registered office: 8/10 South Street, Epsom, Surrey, KT18 7PF. VAT Number 424813757.


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M&M Engineering soil sampling equipment is commonly used for obtaining soil samples at or near the surface.
Can be used for tillage and grassland soils including some of the more difficult Irish soil types. The foot pedal facilitates easier sampling particularly on compacted or stoney soils.
Specifications: Core Depth with fitted depth control 10cms, core diameter 17mm, specially hardened nose cone for long life. Single handed operation makes sampling easier. Following Teagasc sampling guidelines, 20 cores as above will fill the Teagasc standard soil box.
Why Buy From Us
M&M Engineering have the only Teagasc approved soil core sampler available within Ireland. If you are looking for a quality soil sample tool without the high cost, this is where you will find it!
- Quick To Use
- Simple New Design
- Less Expensive
Contact us at any time! We are always happy to help.
Totally Renewed New Design Soil Sampler
Get the soil sample you are looking for, at half the cost!
Soil Sampling Guidelines
Soil analysis will tailor fertilizer application to match crop requirement ensuring optimum crop production, by reducing nutrient loss to the environment and growing farm profitability.
Soil analysis is a very small farm expense costing in the region of €1.25/ha/yr and will be valid for 5 years. A standard soil test will give the soils fertility status as follows; soil pH, lime requirement, soil phosphorus (P), soil potassium (K), soil magnesium (Mg) together with nutrient advice based on soil sample details and results. It's essential to take all nutrients into account in order to get the correct nutrient balance in the soil so that applied fertilizer is taken up by the growing crop.
1. Guidelines to taking a soil sample
For sampling purposes divide the farm into fields or areas of between 2 – 4ha.
Take separate samples from areas that differ in soil type, previous cropping history, slope, drainage or persistent poor yields.
Avoid any unusual spots such as old fences, ditches, drinking troughs, dung or urine patches or where organic manure or lime has been heaped or spilled in the past.
Do not sample a field for P and K until 3 – 6 months after last application of fertilizer P and K (now is a good time to soil sample). Where lime has been applied allow a time lag of 2 years before sampling for lime requirements.
Follow a 'W' soil sampling pattern to ensure that the sample is representative of the entire field. Ensure that all soil cores are taken to the full 100mm depth. Place the 20 cores in the soil box to make up the soil sample.
Write the field number and sample number on the soil box.
Recommended Soil Sampling Pattern:
2. Soil sample details
Now that the soil sample is taken it is essential to sit down with your Teagasc advisor and supply as much accurate information as possible such as – soil type, crop to be fertilized, stocking rate, cropping history, application of organic manure (slurry, FYM) etc.
3. Having the basic's right is the key ingredient to soil fertility
It is essential that when you get your soil sample results back that they are applied to improve the soils productivity and farm profitability with improved farm production and fertilizer management. The cost of fertilizer has increased due to raising energy costs. Soil analysis is a useful tool that can provide the vital information that is required to optimize nutrient efficiency and reduce nutrient loss to the environment.
If you have any questions on our soil sampling guidelines please contact us.


finalize meaning in hindi
Pronunciation of finalize
finalize in Images
finalize Antonyms
finalize Definitions and meaning in English
 1. make final
 2. finish
 3. complete action
finalize Sentences in English
 1. अंतिम रूप देना = finalise
 They met to finalize the terms of the treaty.
Tags: finalize meaning in hindi, finalize ka matalab hindi me, hindi meaning of finalize, finalize meaning dictionary. finalize in hindi. Translation and meaning of finalize in English hindi dictionary. Provided by a free online English hindi picture dictionary.


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needs to be taken to ensure that the strong optical aberrations induced by the fluid-filled pipe wall do not negatively impact the optical measurement being performed.
Prior to commencing this investigation, a custom-made corrective optic (referred to as an optical contour) was designed and manufactured using a computer numerically controlled (CNC) 5-axis machining station and used to correct for the aberrations induced by the water-filled acrylic pipe. The original design and manufacture of the optical contour is described in de Witt et al.. The optical contour was designed to be clamped to the external pipe surface, making it relatively easy to attach it to different pipe locations. The optical contour was found to correct for the strong aberrations that would have otherwise been present while imaging through the water-filled pipe. The optical contour allows for approximately 80% of the central pipe to be investigated as shown in de Witt et al..
The camera and the beam source are positioned perpendicular to the pipe axis as shown in Figure 1, with the spatial extent of flow investigated approximately 24.5 mm in the -direction of the 57.15 mm internal diameter cast-acrylic pipe. As noted in Figure 1 (upper), two optical contours are required when applying the SH-WFS to the investigation of pipe flow. A replica of the CNC-manufactured optical contour described by de Witt et al. is produced by first creating a mold of the CNC-manufactured optical contour and then pouring a time-hardening transparent urethane into the mold. The transparent urethane optical contour shows good optical characteristics when compared with the original acrylic lens. Moreover, it can be produced at a fraction of the cost and in less time than the CNC-manufactured optical contour.
2.2. Half-Pipe Apparatus
The half-pipe test section shown in Figure 1 (lower) enables the response of the optical diagnostic equipment to be examined while detecting air bubbles in water and in the absence of a net bulk velocity. The inner diameter of the acrylic half-pipe section is 57.15 mm with a wall thickness of 12.7 mm. The half-pipe section is attached to an acrylic wall 11.4 mm in thickness. The optical contour is clamped to the outside of the acrylic half pipe, and given that one external surface was planar, the half-pipe apparatus requires only one optical contour.
Air bubbles are introduced into the half-pipe apparatus using two different methods. A single stationary bubble is introduced by injecting a known volume of air through a syringe into a small-diameter hose. A small-diameter hose is placed in the water-filled acrylic half pipe in a manner that ensures that the end of the hose is aligned with the sensing area of the SH-WFS.
For the generation of multiple ascending bubbles, a piece of porous material (sand packing of 2.54 cm length and 1.27 cm diameter) is connected to a regenerative blower (EG&G Rotron Blower, with a maximum flow of 0.008684 and a maximum pressure of 61.0 cm of water) and placed at the bottom of the half pipe. The air supply hose connecting the blower to the sand packing has an internal diameter of 0.5 mm and is secured internally to the half pipe so as not to interfere with the measurement area (2.54 cm wide) within the pipe.
2.3. Optically Active Multiphase Flow Facility
The multiphase flow facility was designed and built specifically to study dispersed multiphase flow using optical methods. The facility can operate using air, water, and oil; however, only air and water are considered in the current investigation.
A schematic of the multiphase flow facility is shown in Figure 2 with water and air as the operating fluids. The cast acrylic pipe section shown in Figure 2 runs the length of a 4.572 m by 1.829 m optical bench, enabling a wide variety of optical sensing methods to be applied to the study of multiphase flow. The facility can be broken down into five main sections as follows.
3. Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensor
The performance of the SH-WFS is first examined by conducting experiments with a single bubble and with multiple ascending bubbles in the water-filled half-pipe.
3.1. Single Bubble Experiment
A single stationary bubble is introduced into the half-pipe apparatus by injecting a known volume of air (average volume = 0.0344 ± 0.0035 ) through a syringe into a small-diameter hose. A small-diameter hose is placed into the water-filled acrylic half-pipe so that the end of the hose is aligned with the sensing area of the SH-WFS.
The left part of Figure 3 shows a schematic of the incoming wavefront passing through a bubble where light encountering the bubble is shown to be scattered away from the detector. Results from a ray-tracing model (not shown) independently confirm this assumption. The right part of the same figure shows the corresponding intensity profile collected by the SH-WFS for a subset of the 2048 pixel array. Each 0.448 mm wide lens functions to focus the light into a relatively well-defined and quantifiable focal spot. Overlaid on the intensity profile is the reference measurement for the case of no bubble. By comparing the reference measurement to the single bubble measurement, it becomes apparent that the air bubble serves to scatter light away from the detectors, as depicted in the schematic to the left in the figure. The main consequence of this result is that it was not possible to apply the standard Shack-Hartmann data processing techniques that were described earlier. Rather, an alternate method of evaluating the data from the SH-WFS is required.
Due to low-signal levels, an evaluation that computes intensity attenuation is performed. To compare the intensities, the attenuation for each lens is calculated as the summed absolute difference between the reference intensity profile and the intensity profile collected with the air bubble in place. The attenuation is then passed through a thresholding algorithm that only accepts attenuations larger than 50 counts. A threshold of 50 counts is determined by quantifying noise as the summed absolute difference for multiple reference intensity profiles.
This thresholding algorithm is found to reject variations caused by electronic noise and results in clearer plots. The maximum value of attenuation is well above the threshold level and is greater than 1000 counts. The resulting plot in Figure 4 shows the existence of an aberration in lenses 37 through 46 (pixels 1168 to 1456). Given the 32 pixels per lenslet and a pixel width of 14, the radius of the single bubble aberration is quantified to be 0.4032 cm. Knowing the average volume injected by the syringe and assuming that the bubble remains spherical, the average radius is computed to be cm or a difference of 0.15%.
In order to ascertain the benefits of using the SH-WFS for bubble measurements, Figure 5 shows the intensity profile obtained for a single stationary bubble while using a standard line-scan camera without lenslet array. Once again, data from a reference measurement collected for the case of no bubble is overlaid. Although an attenuation region caused by the bubble is evident, it is more difficult to visually perceive this region than for the case with the lenslet array presented in Figure 3. The pixel-by-pixel absolute difference between the Single Bubble Measurement and the reference measurement is calculated, thresholded, and plotted as a contour plot in Figure 6. Although a region of strong attenuation is noted from pixel 814 to pixel 1096, artifacts of the differencing and thresholding routine appear at pixels that are not aligned with the bubble, as noted specifically near pixels 725 and 1400.
The bubble diameter can be calculated from Figure 6 as the length from pixel 814 to pixel 1096, resulting in a diameter of 0.3948 cm. When compared with the cm average bubble diameter, an error of 2.23% can be calculated. This error is slightly larger than that obtained while using the lenslet array. The main difference between the two results is attributed to the increased difficulty in the thresholding routine for the case without lenslet array.
A more severe threshold is applied to the case without lenslet array in order to filter the data. The contour plot of the differences between intensity profiles (Figure 6) results in increased noise near the edges of the bubble. The diameter of the single bubble is estimated with increased error from Figure 6 due to the inconsistency in light attenuation along the pixel array. In comparison, the results for the experiments with the lenslet array (cf. Figure 4) lead to a more uniform region for the single bubble experiment.
3.2. Multiple Ascending Bubbles Experiment
Data for multiple ascending bubbles in the half-pipe apparatus is collected at a line rate of 2.5, yielding 256 lines of data with 0.0004 seconds between samples. When multiple bubbles are studied, it is noted that clustering between two or more bubbles may be observed leading to an uncertainty in the response of the SH-WFS.
For the case of multiple ascending bubbles, the subaperture spot centroidal location does not shift significantly when compared to the unaberrated reference signal. Furthermore, the signal for multiple bubbles is not fully attenuated as it is for a single bubble. It is suspected that scattered light from one bubble may be detected by other subapertures not directly aligned with that bubble. Even though the amount of light extinction is less than that for the case of a single bubble, the extinction is still more quantifiable than a shift in spot centroidal location. Consequently, the same signal analysis routine as performed for the single bubble experiment is used, with results shown in Figure 7.