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Available under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share Alike 4.0 International Licence
In human-robot interaction (HRI) it is essential that the robot interprets and reacts to a human's utterances in a manner that reflects their intended meaning. In this paper we present a collection of novel techniques that allow a robot to interpret and execute spoken commands describing manipulation goals involving qualitative spatial constraints (e.g. "put the red ball near the blue cube"). The resulting implemented system integrates computer vision, potential field models of spatial relationships, and action planning to mediate between the continuous real world, and discrete, qualitative representations used for symbolic reasoning.
Bremner, M. (2007). Mediating between qualitative and quantitative representations for task-orientated human-robot interaction. Proceedings of IJCAI-07, Hydrabad, India. doi:10.21427/3j5d-0769
EU FP6 IST Cognitive Systems Integrated project Cognitive Systems for Cognitive Assistants "CoSy" FP6-004250-IP.


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The Days of the Week in the West
Before looking at Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Mongolian name, let's take a brief look at the origins of the week in the West. (This is a very brief summary. The development of the week from its ancient origins is both complex and fascinating. To get a full picture, you need to look at some of the many other sites around.)
The seven-day week is believed to have originated with the ancient Babylonians. The Babylonians arrived at the 'week' by dividing the lunar month into four lots of seven days each. Each day was named after one of the so-called'seven planets', i.e., the sun, the moon, and the five planets visible to the naked eye. These five planets, modern-day Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn, were named after the Babylonian gods. (An alternative theory from ancient times attributes the planetary names for days of the week to the Egyptians.)
The ancient seven-day week, with days named after the'seven planets', in turn named after gods, was adopted by the Greeks, who substituted their own planetary names using the names of their own gods. Apart from the sun and the moon, the five planets were named after Ares, Hermes, Zeus, Aphrodite, and Chronos. The ancient Greek names for the days of the week were:
|Greek||ἡμέρα Ἡλίου||ἡμέρα Σελήνης||ἡμέρα Ἄρεως||ἡμέρα Ἑρμοῦ||ἡμέρα Διός||ἡμέρα Ἀφροδίτης||ἡμέρα Κρόνου|
|Transliteration||hēméra Hēlíou||hēméra Selḗnēs||hēméra Áreōs||hēméra Hermoũ||hēméra Diós||hēméra Apʰrodítē||hēméra Krónou|
In about the 1st century BC, the Romans also started using the seven-day week. Like the Greeks before them, they named the five planets after their own gods: Mars, Mercury, Jove (Jupiter), Venus, and Saturn. The days of the week in Latin became:
|Latin||dies solis||dies lunae||dies Martis||dies Mercurii||dies Jovis||dies Veneris||dies Saturni|
The Germanic peoples continued the tradition by substituting their own gods for the Roman ones according to the conventions of the time, namely Tiu (Tiw), Woden, Thor, and Freyja. Only Saturn was retained from the Roman pantheon.
One big difference here, however, is that the Germanic languages do not name the planets after their gods. The new names effectively broke the link with the planets. The English words Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, descended from the Germanic names, are purely names of gods and have lost any relationship with the planets Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, and Venus.
The other source of day names in some Western European languages (but not English) was the Jewish and Christian calendars. Like many ancient peoples, the Hebrews used a seven-day week, which they possibly got from the Babylonians. The Hebrews did not use planetary names -- named as they were after Babylonian gods -- preferring to designate the days by number. Only the seventh was given a specific name as the 'Sabbath'. The Jewish Sabbath, which corresponded to Saturday, was the day of rest and the last day of the week.
Christianity inherited this Jewish conception of the week. However, while the Sabbath was retained in theory, Christians gradually came to put more emphasis on the day after the Sabbath, which was identified as the 'Lord's Day' in celebration of Christ's resurrection at Easter. Sunday, the first day of the week, became both a day of worship and a day of rest for Christians.
The Christian version of the week was officially adopted by the Roman Emperor Constantine in AD 321. The old Sunday (dies solis) was specified as the 'Lord's Day' (dies Domenica) and identified as the first day of the week (Note 1: Is Monday the first day?). The rest of the week was largely numbered starting from the Sabbath.
The modern Greek names for the days of the reflect this conception of the week:
|Rough meaning||'of the Lord'||'second'||'third'||'fourth'||'fifth'||'preparation'||'Sabbath'|
Modern Western names
In the West, despite attempts by Pope Silvester to impose a system of numbering, the old pagan names persisted. They still form the basis of the modern names in Western European languages, which feature a mixture of Christian and pagan elements.
English and other Germanic languages largely retain the sun, the moon, and the names of the Germanic gods.
Italian, French, and Spanish adopt Judaeo-Christian religious terminology for Saturday (the Sabbath) and Sunday (the Lord's Day), but retain the Roman planetary names for the days of the week.
Only Portuguese has done away with the planetary names by substituting numbered days for the weekdays.
The above is a highly simplified treatment of the origins of the names of the days of the week. For a more complete coverage of this fascinating subject, please refer to the Web Links. Be warned, however, that there is no unanimity of views!
For reference, the days of the week in several Western European languages are given below:
Notes: German 'Mittwoch' means'mid-week'. Swedish 'lördag' means 'washday'.
Mongolian & Buryat

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


is unlikely; however, if the bullet is fired at an angle or hits a curved portion of the skull, deflection will usually result. In some cases, the bullet will form a wound track as if follows the curved bone, and may even exit without perforating the skull. It is also possible that a bullet piercing the skull will ricochet along the inner skull and remain lodged in it. In such instances, bullet-brain interaction is minimized, resulting in minimal brain damage." (page 45, supplemental comment and emphasis mine)
In other words: bullets of all calibers have a difficult time entering the cranium when they strike the skull at an angle and or when they strike the curve of the skull—this includes 9mm,.38 caliber,.357 magnum, and other large caliber bullets.
If a bullet strikes the thinner bone of the temple at an angle, it stands a better chance of entering the cranium. If it strikes the forehead, the densest portion of the skull, it has the least chance of entering the cranium.
Moreover, and somewhat surprisingly, a bullet often deflects without penetrating the skull and follows the curve of the skull between the skull and scalp, remaining between the skull and scalp without exiting. Many people have walked into emergency rooms having been shot in the head with the bullet trapped under the scalp, the bullet having traveled around the curve of the head between skull and scalp.
In addition, and more surprisingly, a bullet entering the brainpan often deflects and, having penetrated the brainpan, follows the inside curve of the skull around the brain. The lighter and less powerful the bullet, the more likely this occurs.
A bullet's deflection became an issue in the recent trial of the police officer, who stood on the hood of a car and fired multiple rounds into a car. The entire standing-on-the-hood thing infuriated the populous, seeming a more aggressive action than necessary. However, bullets fired into the angled safety glass of windshields tend to deflect upward. Standing on the hood of the car allowed the police officer to shoot through the glass at a ninety-degree angle, so the bullets could penetrate without deflection.
The Problem of the.25 Caliber Entering The Cranium and or Damaging Alexander's Brain
According to research, a bullet entering the cranium tends to stay in the cranium. According to research, a bullet striking the head at a dramatic angle tends to deflect. According to research, a bullet striking the curve of the head tends to deflect.
According to ballistics, a.25 caliber bullet has great difficulty penetrating the dense bone of an adult male's forehead (even when it should strike the bone straight on, 90-degree angle). A bullet entering the cranium by striking the curved portion of the forehead at a dramatic angle is highly improbable, especially a.25 caliber bullet fired from a.25 automatic pistol.
According to ballistics, if a.25 caliber bullet should manage to punch its way through the forehead of an adult male into the cranium, it will spend nearly the entirety of its energy doing so. Therefore, having spent almost all its energy entering the cranium, the bullet will not have enough energy left over to punch its way back out of the cranium.
Therefore, it is impossible for the.25 caliber bullet striking Alexander's forehead at a dramatic downward angle to have entered the cranium, passed through the brain, and then retained enough energy to punch its way out the base of the skull to rest in the cheek. This is not unlikely or improbably—This is impossible.
This is so important, it must be repeated—a.25 caliber bullet managing to penetrate the forehead of an adult male will spend the majority if not all its energy doing so; and it is impossible for that bullet to then punch its way back out of the brainpan. This is impossible.
The bullet that struck Travis Alexander on 4 June 2008 took a different pathway, the straight-line pathway through the facial skeleton. As it passed through the nasal passages, it struck the perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone, which is attached to the cribriform plate in the base of the skull. This shocked the cribriform plate ripped it out of place, creating the larger hole Dr. Horn discovered in the base of the skull.
The sinus cavity / facial skeleton pathway is the most likely in the Alexander case. A brainpan pathway for the.25 caliber bullet is simply impossible.


text:
ELABORATELY TRANSFORMED MANUFACTURES
This article presents statistics for manufactured goods classified by degree of transformation. The basic premise of this classification is that each manufactured product reaching the point of sale will have been subjected to one or more processes beginning at a raw material state and passing through a range of manufacturing processes and intermediate products to become a final end use product. The number and complexity of such processes determine the category for degree of transformation to which that product is classified. Readers should note that the statistics presented are still experimental as the classification used to categorise goods by degree of transformation is still under development by the ABS. Statistics in graph 19.8 and table 19.9 are indicative rather than precisely classified estimates.
The concept of degree of transformation is also related to the concept of value adding. The amount and complexity of transformation strongly influence the amount of value added by manufacturing processes. However, in making the connection between degree of transformation and value adding, it should be noted that other factors also influence the amount of value added by manufacturing activity. Furthermore, for a given Australian produced final product, not every transformation required to produce the product has necessarily been carried out in Australia.
The classification has five broad categories. However, the first three of these have been combined together in the graph and table below because the boundaries between the categories have not been finally established. The categories are:
- Primary products (such as butter, pasteurised milk, red meat, hides and skins)
- Primary product manufactures (such as beer, flour, refined sugar, wood pulp)
- Simply transformed manufactures (such as clay bricks, paper, pig iron, plaster)
- Moderately transformed manufactures (such as broadwoven fabrics, soaps and detergents, steel wire)
There are slight differences between the classification used for production statistics and the classification used for export statistics. However, both classifications describe elaborately transformed manufactures in a virtually identical manner.
Graph 19.8 shows that the proportions of Australian produced goods classified as simply modified, moderately modified or elaborately modified have remained virtually unchanged over the three years to 1998–99.
Table 19.9 shows that Machinery and equipment manufacturing is the industry subdivision with the greatest proportion of elaborately transformed manufactures among its products, while Metal product manufacturing and Wood and paper product manufacturing have the most even spread of values across the various degrees of transformation categories.
- Elaborately transformed manufactures (such as clothing, motor vehicles, machinery, paint)
Table 19.10 shows that elaborately transformed manufactures now exceed 20% of goods exported, and remain the fastest growing category of exports.
19.9 DEGREE OF TRANSFORMATION OF MANUFACTURED GOODS(a)
|Industry subdivision |
|Food, beverage and tobacco manufacturing |
|Textile, clothing, footwear and leather manufacturing |
|Wood and paper product manufacturing |
|Printing, publishing and recorded media |
|Petroleum, coal, chemical and associated product manufacturing |
|Non-metallic mineral product manufacturing |
|Metal product manufacturing |
|Machinery and equipment manufacturing |
|Other manufacturing |
|Total manufacturing |
|(a) Excludes approximately $600m of goods which have not yet been classified to any degree of transformation category.|
(b) Also includes products classified to the 'Primary products' and 'Primary product manufactures' categories.
Source: Manufacturing Australia (8225.0).
19.10 DEGREE OF TRANSFORMATION OF EXPORTED GOODS(a)
|Category of goods|
1988-89 to 1998-99
|Unprocessed primary products and minerals |
|Processed primary products and minerals|
|Simply transformed manufactures|
|Elaborately transformed manufactures|
|Other (mainly non-monetary gold)|
|(a) As classified by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT).|
Source: Exports of primary and manufactured products, Australia, 1999 (DFAT).
This page last updated 25 May 2009


graph (domain model) on the heap is modified in response to the messages. Observers of the model are informed of any changes, the UI and maybe other resources are modified.
Far from being evil the correct arrangement of these heap-modifying and screen-modifying side effects are at the core of OO design (in this case the MVC pattern).
Of course, that does not mean that your methods should have arbitary side-effects. And side effect free functions do have a place in improving the readbility and sometimes performance, of your code.
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Observers (including the UI) should find out about modifications via subscribing to the messages/events that your object send out. This is not a side effect unless the object directly modifies the observer - which would be bad design. – ChrisF Oct 28 '10 at 10:42
_USER_ Most defintely it is a side effect. The message passed to the observer (in an OO langauge most likely a method call on an interface) will lead to the state of the UI component on the heap changing (and these heap objects are visible to other parts of the program). The UI component is neither a parameter of the method or the return value. In a formal sense, for a function to be side effect free it must be idempotent. Notification in the MVC pattern is not, for example the UI may display a list of messages it has received - console - calling it twice results in a different program state. – flamingpenguin Oct 28 '10 at 15:17
Any side-effect introduces extra input/output parameters which must be taken in account when testing.
This make code validation much more complex as the environment cannot be limited to just the code being validated, but must bring in some or all of the surrounding environment (the global that is updated lives in that code over there, which in turn depends on that code, which in turn depends on living inside a full Java EE server....)
By trying to avoid side-effects you limit the amount of externalism needed to run the code.
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Side effects are like "leaks" in your code that will need to be handled later, either by you or some unsuspecting coworker.
Functional languages avoid state variables and mutable data as a way of making code less context dependent and more modular. Modularity insures that the work of one developer won't affect/undermine the work of another.
Scaling rate-of-development with team size, is a "holy grail" of software development today. When working with other programmers, few things are as important as modularity. Even the most simple of logical side effects make collaboration extremely difficult.
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+1 - "or some unsuspecting coworker" – Merlyn Morgan-Graham Oct 28 '10 at 9:35
-1 for side effects being "leaks that need to be handled." Creating "side effects" (non-pure-functional code) is the entire purpose of writing any non-trivial computer program. – Mason Wheeler Jan 19 '11 at 18:33
Evil is a bit over the top.. it all depends on the context of the usage of the language.
Another consideration to those already mentioned is that it makes proofs of correctness of a program much simpler if there are no functional side effects.
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text:
Tips for Keeping your Poultry Hydrated During Hot WeatherPosted: August 15, 2018
Water is essential in your poultry surviving the hot weather. Here are some tips for keeping your poultry hydrated during the summer months.
- Position water containers in the shade. If water is too hot (or too cold) chickens will not drink enough to keep egg production up.
- Adjust waterers to shoulder height. This will help keep the litter dry.
- If food, bedding or feces gets into drinking water, change it.
- Ducklings and goslings need access to fresh, clean drinking water. However, they love to play in water and will quickly soil it. Use a water dispenser that allows only their bills to enter. Put distance between their feed and water dispensers to prevent cross contamination.
- Grown ducks need access to water at least one or two inches deep in order to groom themselves.
- Ducks and geese do not require swimming water, but they must always have fresh drinking water available.
- Baby turkeys sometimes need extra coaxing to drink water. One trick is to put a few bright-colored marbles in their water. When they peck at the marbles, their beaks will slip into the water. Pretty soon, they'll get the hang of it. Remove the marbles before the birds get enough to swallow them.
Source material for this blog article was provided by Purina Mills, Inc. © 2007

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Vol 6, Issue 2, May 2019
Differential GO and NOGO Learning Within an Auditory Discrimination Task
Anand, K., & Nealen, P. M. (2019). Differential GO and NOGO learning within an auditory discrimination task. Animal Behavior and Cognition, 6(2), 141–157. _URL_
Animal discrimination training and testing often are used to assess animal behavioral flexibility and capabilities. GO-NOGO discrimination, in particular, has been used extensively, across a multitude of species and experimental paradigms. In its typical form, GO-NOGO discrimination learning is assessed by the magnitude of, and rate of acquisition of, discrimination capability, which is nominally low at the start of training, and through experience, is improved as a function of the reward schedule employed. Discrimination performance in this task is normally reported via a single empirical metric, as the percentage of stimulus-response trials which included a 'correct' response. However, this view of discrimination as a singular skill masks the considerable differences which exist in GO and NOGO responses (which typically require an action, and a suppression of action, respectively). To investigate the potential for these two responses to be learned independently and via different mechanisms, we performed operant training of adult zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) in a GO-NOGO auditory discrimination task. We demonstrate that correct responsiveness to GO and NOGO stimuli was learned via different overall performance trajectories, with performance on GO and NOGO trials emerging independently both within and between training sessions. We propose that this differential learning derives from a combination of response generalization and response modal form. These data suggest that response action and suppression are subserved by different neural circuits, and further indicate that consideration of discrimination tasks as univariate problems masks underlying complexity by obscuring their individual components.
Auditory discrimination, GO-NOGO, Zebra finch, Operant, Learning


text:
Adam D. McCune
Politician. Born: November 26, 1827, Jefferson County, Ohio. Married: Margaret A. Medill, October 2, 1851. Died: August 18, 1866.
Born in Jefferson County, Ohio, on November 26, 1827, and raised on a farm, Adam D. McCune married Margaret A. Medill on October 2, 1851, and they moved their young family, which consisted of two sons and a daughter, to Kansas in 1857. He immediately purchased 540 acres of land in Leavenworth County, turned "his attention to general farm pursuits," and was active in local affairs. McCune easily won election on June 7, 1859, as delegate to the Wyandotte Convention, and thus became a part of his county's ten-member Democratic delegation. Although he seems not to have played a significant role in the convention, McCune served on the five-member committee appointed to investigate the perjury charge leveled against delegate William Hutchinson near the end of the proceedings. When McCune died on August 18, 1866, just nine years after moving to Kansas, Margaret McCune was left the head of a household of eight children, ages sixteen to two years. "The outlook might have been discouraging to some, but not so to her," reported the Portrait and Biographical Record in 1899. "With indomitable spirit, and assisted by her children, she conducted the farm, superintended the planting and harvesting of the crops, and finally succeeded in clearing the debt. Since then she has been uniformly prosperous."
Entry: McCune, Adam D.
Author: Kristina Gaylord
Date Created: June 2011
Date Modified: November 2012
The author of this article is solely responsible for its content.


text:
The Urban Aviary may be the world's only skyscraper designed exclusively for birds. New York-based Stone Architects designed the Urban Aviary as a way to save the Big Apple's birds from an untimely death caused by the city's skyscrapers.
According to Stone Architects, many birds meet their demise by mistaking the glass windows of big buildings for actual sky. The birds run smack into these windows and either die instant or become severely crippled. The Urban Aviary would solve this problem by giving birds a safe building to fly into. The aviary would be located in Central Park and would be outfitted with running water and natural vegetation to allow birds to nest in a safe and unobtrusive spot. City birds may be an annoying nuisance to some, but they should be saved as their presence helps keep the urban ecosystem in balance.
Big Bird Buildings
1,817 clicks in 70 w
More Stats +/-


text:
Introduction to Serverless Databases and CockroachDB Serverless
This course introduces the core concepts behind serverless databases and gives you the tools you need to get started with CockroachDB Serverless
Estimated Effort1 hr/week
This course introduces the core concepts behind serverless databases and gives you the tools you need to get started with CockroachDB Serverless.
During the course, you will learn how serverless databases remove the burden of configuring, sizing, provisioning, securing, maintaining and dynamically scaling your database based on load. This means you simply pay for the serverless database resources you use. CockroachDB - a Distributed SQL cloud-native database designed for consistency, resiliency, located data and scale - is the core of CockroachDB Serverless.
You will explore CockroachDB Serverless extends core CockroachDB by embodying the key features of serverless databases. Then you'll spin up a CockroachDB Serverless cluster, and use the SQL shell to solve a set of hands-on exercises.
By the end of this course, you'll learn:
- Why use serverless databases
- How CockroachDB serverless can help you in developing your applications
- How to spin up a CockroachDB Serverless cluster
- How to read and write data to a CockroachDB Serverless cluster
-...and more!
- 1 hour
Get Free Swag
Once you complete the course and pass the final exam for the Introduction to Serverless Databases and CockroachDB Serverless course, we'll mail you some exclusive Cockroach University swag. Please check your email for further instructions. Note: It may take a few hours for the email to arrive. * **
* Swag is only available for Cockroach University users in North America and the EU who have completed the Introduction to Serverless Databases and CockroachDB Serverless course at this time. We hope to expand in the future.
**Once you've completed the Introduction to Serverless Databases and CockroachDB Serverless course, you must complete of the following steps: 1) post your Certificate of Completion to your LinkedIn or Twitter accounts, 2) provide us with a screenshot of your social media post, and fill out your size and shipping information


text:
Most operating systems provide a program to handle local delivery of mail. Typical programs for many of the major variants of Unix are already built into the sendmail binary.
In, it is necessary to explicitly define the appropriate local mailer since a local delivery program is not necessarily present in the distribution you've installed. This is done by specifying LOCAL_MAILER_DEF in the sendmail.m4 file.
The following file should then be installed as mailers.linux in the directory pointed to by LIBDIR. It explicitly defines the deliver program in the internal Mlocal mailer with the proper parameters to result in sendmail correctly delivering mail targeted for the local system. Unless you are a sendmail expert, you probably do not want to alter the following example.
There is a also built-in default for deliver in the Sendmail.mc file that gets included into the sendmail.cf file. To specify it, you would not use the mailers.linux file and would instead define the following in your sendmail.m4 file:
Unfortunately, Sendmail.mc assumes deliver is installed in /bin, which is not the case with Slackware1.1.1 (which installs it in /usr/bin). In that case you'd need to either fake it with a link or rebuild deliver from sources so that it resides in /bin.
Hosting by: Hurra Communications Ltd.
Generated: 2007-01-26 17:57:41


text:
When Italian Gianni Rodari invented his poem "The smell craft? ', All occupations for the population of the Soviet Union were equal.Not for nothing is this verse in the Union has become the embodiment of human-worker with no smell of perfume, and carpenter's glue, gasoline, medicines, motor oil or baking.After all, if it promoted the cult of the workers specialties!
to write about Gianni Rodari?
gained popularity as a writer was in the Soviet Union, George. Rodari published many interesting tales and children's stories.And most of them sings the labor of the working man.How could have a pleasant smell of an actress or a movie star?Is Engineer smells?Perhaps the pilot has a pleasant fragrance?According to the ideology of communism, only persons working profession has the right to be meaningful.Of course, the writer sincerely trust these principles.The popular nursery rhyme J.. Rodari "The smell Crafts" in our changed reality somewhat lost its ideological orientation, but the smells of working professi
- glazier smells putty;
- doctor - medicine;
- fisherman smelled a slave;
- carpenter gives the smell of chips;
- businessman has the smell of expensive cologne;
- business woman smell French perfume;
- money, as the truth is known, does not smell.
it possible to choose a profession on its accompanying smell
choosing professional occupation, is to get acquainted with the smells that accompany a particular case.After all, in the poem "The smell Crafts" clearly states that each profession has a smell.It may be that, despite the obvious progress in, a particular scent can cause unpleasant emotions, which in turn can affect mood and performance.So, some of the features of professions related to odors:
- If people like scents of spices, it can become a good cook.
- I like fruity and floral aromas?Such an individual likes to be the center of attention, you can try yourself as a public speaker man (actor, lecturer, teacher).
- professionals working in areas related to human health, must adequately treat flavors of mint and anise.
- If a child likes the smell of fresh newspapers and magazines, it is worth to try yourself in the role of editor.
- smell of coffee will help a realtor in his complicated case.
- Sport coach embodies the courage and excellent physical shape.Its flavor is pronounced citrus bouquet.
Some professions and odor
- who compares what cat food tastes better?Taster food for pets, of course!All the subtleties of differences of taste and aroma of a new food that feels professional.When Dzh.Rodari wrote his poem "The smell craft" a profession did not exist.
- Breeders deer-breeding farms, annually earning hundreds of thousands of dollars by selling hunting enthusiasts urine of their wards.Pheromones contained in the "product", are a great attraction.When it comes to big money, you can forget about the smell.
- Every year an increasing number of roads in the world.Speeds of vehicles also increased.Accordingly, the number of downed animals on roads is also not reduced.Who monitors the cleanliness on the pavement?Not very prestigious, but reasonably well-paid jobs collector of dead animals poem "The smell craft" does not describe.
Pros "smelling" professions
Not every person can connect his life with a lot of pleasant or unpleasant odors when communicating with the smell becomes a daily obligation.The main "instrument" taster - nose -is very delicate instrument.Occupation taster spirits or wine taster requires a special approach to their health.Of course, now it is impossible to do without professions listed in the poem "The smell of craft."The verse was written in the time of an epidemic of socialism, where some concepts were turned according to the requirements of those years.You can change many things in the life of nations and continents.Only the properties of the human body are constant.With the right information, it is easier to choose a deal to their liking.
Communication with smells or poison can enrich a person's life.Each profession belongs to a particular flavor.If you do not like the smell of the profession may be, the corresponding payment compensates for this deficiency?


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Do you know of other examples of nuking mosquitos like this?
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67 Answers 67
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One can use the continuous functional calculus of a C$^*$-algebra (namely $M_N(\mathbb{C})$) to prove that a normal matrix is diagonalizable.
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ok, but this is not really an awful sophisticated proof. this is the standard way of proofing the spectral theorem for normal operators. if one considers the special case of normal operators on finite dimensional spaces - viz, matrices - you get this. – Delio Mugnolo Feb 25 '13 at 5:35
$Forest$ is in $P$. Given a finite undirected graph $G$ one can in polynomial time decide whether the input is a forest. The class of all finite forests is a minor-closed property and by the Robertson–Seymour theorem, there are finitely many forbidden minors. We can in $O(n^3)$ time test whether $G$ contains a forbidden minor and if not, output yes.
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Although I like the example, I'm not sure I follow your argument. For the case of forests we already know the finite set of forbidden minors: $\{C_3\}$. So Robertson-Seymour doesn't really enter the picture except via the $O(n^3)$ test, which is really a different theorem. – András Salamon Mar 28 '13 at 23:33
If $0\le f_n \le 1$ is a sequence of continuous functions on $[0,1]$ that converges pointwise to $0$, then $\int_0^1 f_n(t) dt $ converges to $0$. Understandable by freshman, the statement is hard to prove using only the tools of calculus but is immediate from the dominated convergence theorem.
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I don't see this as a simple fact. To construct Lebesgue measure you usually have to prove such a statement (or something similar) anyway. – Mark Jun 15 '11 at 15:10
Kn is non-planar for n>4: it contradicts the four-color theorem.
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To qualify as a good answer, it has to be non-circular... Are we sure this passes that test? – Mariano Suárez-Alvarez Dec 30 '12 at 2:42
Around year 1970 a popular way to compute cohomology groups of the finite cyclic groups was by applying spectral sequences (which was quite an overkill).
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This was popular among whom? The book by Cartan and Eilenberg, the very first textbook on the subject, already has the computation done in terms of the usual very small periodic projective resolution: after that, using anything else to compute this seems pretty weird! – Mariano Suárez-Alvarez May 11 '13 at 7:37
The Jordan curve theorem. As far as I know, the "elementary" proof is quite involved, at least with respect to the intuitive plausibility of the statement.
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I think the idea of this question is to judge the simplicity of the fact by the length of the shortest possible elementary proof, not by the length of the statement. – HJRW Oct 17 '10 at 17:40
unknown - for suitable definitions of 'heuristic' and'simple', yes, I do. But the key word in the question is 'disproportionate'. – HJRW Oct 17 '10 at 19:01
The Jordan curve theorem is not intuitive: it deals with continuous curves, and at that level of generality it is quite legitimate to expect the worst. The result is almost obvious for $C^1$ curves, of course, but there is a chasm between $C^0$ and $C^1$, and I can think of a couple of "intuitive" results like this which are not yet even proved in the $C^0$ case. See e.g. the square pegs & round holes problem _URL_ which may be close to being solved, but has been open since 1911! – Thierry Zell Oct 17 '10 at 22:52
I am not sure it is so intuitive, even in the nice $C^1$ case. For example, could you explain to a child why the results holds in the plane and not in the torus? – Hugh J Oct 18 '10 at 22:25


text: The educational profile for a student with Williams syndrome is a unique blend of strengths language and nonverbal reasoning and weakness in visuospatial construction (the ability to see an object or picture as a set of parts and then to construct a replica of the original from these parts). In general, students with WS learn best with consistency, structured instructional routines, clear and realistic expectations, social stories, scripts and visual schedules, and technology. In particular, students with WS are often very effective users of computers and iPads/tablets. They also benefit from "chunking" of material into manageable parts, audio and dynamic visual supports, rhyme, rhythm and cadence, music and/or performing, finding materials that they have an emotional connection with, and specific praise. Above all, it is important to provide the material in a variety of ways. Adapting strategies to pre-teach, teach, and then re-teach, in order to enforce concepts, can be very helpful.


text:
Waste materials produced by deconstruction and demolition projects create numerous recycling opportunities. Pacific Blasting & Demolition Ltd. is committed to reusing or recycling as much of these materials as possible. Every year our crews help divert hundreds of tons of material from landfills. These materials include:
- Compostable Materials
Pacific Blasting & Demolition Ltd. typically reuses or recycles 80-85% of all waste materials.


Sleeping With A Blanket Overhead? What Does It Mean?
Meaning Of Sleeping With Blanket Overhead
Most of us have different bedtime rituals; however, we have this one thing in common, and that is, we often cover our head with a blanket when we are asleep.
For others, covering one's head with a blanket while sleeping may find it odd, but for most people, they love sleeping with a blanket over their head. However, what does it mean to sleep with a blanket overhead?
Sleeping with blanket overhead can mean a few things. First is that you may be cold, and covering your head with a blanket will keep you warm. Another thing is that you find the room bright, and you want to block the light by covering your head, and lastly, you just want the feeling of safe and secured by cocooning yourself with a blanket.
Even though this habit makes you feel comfortable and makes you fall asleep faster, it cannot deny the fact that it is dangerous for your health.
That is why you must know the health hazards it can cause you so that you can break this bad habit right away. Hence, listed below are the dangers of sleeping with a blanket overhead.
Dangers Of Sleeping Undercover With A Blanket
Blankets are used for protecting your body against the cold weather and sometimes, for insect bites when you are camping.
However, people find tucking their whole body from head to toes under a warm and cozy blanket give them the therapeutic vibe they need since it can help them manage their stress and anxiety.
Nonetheless, according to some experts, you should avoid covering your head with a blanket since it brings danger to your health, such as the following:
This can damage your brain
According to some studies, covering your head while sleeping can contribute to the causes of brain damage, and one of the well-known neurodegenerative disorders is so-called dementia.
Dementia, when it became progressive, may lead to another disorder called Alzheimer's disease. The reason why covering one's head may cause brain damage is that you have a restricted airflow to your brain since your nose and mouth cannot get enough oxygen.
Therefore, your brain does not get enough oxygen to function properly. When this happens for a longer period of time, the tissues and vessels in your brain will become damaged, which can lead to unwanted consequences, and worst it may cause death.
You may breathe in unclean air
Even though you are asleep, your body, especially your heart and brain, still need fresh air to function properly.
However, since your body is cocooned in a thick blanket, you cannot assure that the air you are breathing in is still clean since you created a tiny space wherein the air that circulates is fresh.
Therefore, there is a possibility that the air you are breathing in has dust particles, dirt, and bacteria, especially if your blanket is not clean. That is why some people trigger their allergies because of this bad habit since they breathe a dust-filled air particle confined only in that tiny space they created.
The risk for insomnia and other sleeping problems
Covering your head while sleeping can reduce the quality of your sleep, especially if you are a hot sleeper, yet you still love covering your head with a blanket.
You may find sweating or warm, and this can keep you awake throughout the night. Hence, if this habit continues over time, you may develop sleeping disorders such as insomnia, which is the leading sleeping disorder among Americans.
In addition to this, covering your head while asleep can also impair your breathing pattern since you have limited access to air, which can add up to the reason why you cannot sleep properly.
Greater risk for suffocation
Even though you find covering your head with a blanket at night comfortable, there is a specific risk this habit may bring, most notably to your respiratory system.
If you have underlying respiratory conditions such as asthma, heart problems, and sleep apnea, you may be at higher risk for suffocation since you have a limited supply of air inside your blanket.
That is why it is better you break off this bad habit, as this can lead to a greater risk of suffocation, especially for those people with lung disease when they cover their heads with a blanket while asleep.
Development of sleep apnea
What is sleep apnea? Sleep apnea is a serious sleeping disorder wherein there is a problem in the breathing pattern that can make you snore while you are asleep and give you the feeling of restlessness, even though you had a full night sleep.
The primary cause of sleep apnea is a narrowed airway circulation, which you can experience if you are sleeping while your head is covered with a blanket, as this can affect the quantity of air that can circulate on your airways.
It can lower your alertness during emergency situations
One major reason why you prefer sleeping with a covered head is to make it look dimmer and to lessen the noise or any kind of distraction that can hinder your sleep.
However, in return, you will be able to hear and smell right away if there is something that is happening around you, such as emergencies like fire or a thief trying to break in.
Therefore, to avoid such unfortunate events from happening, avoid this habit of covering your head while sleeping so that your senses are still alert, or you can be easily awakened when such things happen.
Instead of hiding your head to catch some good night's sleep, consider having a humidifier in your room to freshen the air and make the room set a vibe for sleeping.
Hence, you already know the hazards it can bring to your health if you continue sleeping with a covered head. However, on the other hand, there is one benefit this habit can do. You may continue reading it below to know more about it.
The Benefit Of Sleeping With A Blanket Overhead
While you may find this odd, there is actually one benefit this bad habit can bring. However, it does not outweigh the risks over this one benefit.
That is why it is better recommended to discontinue doing this if you have made this habit for so long.
The ability to breathe in warmer air
You might be wondering what benefit could breathe in a warmer air bring? Well, according to some people, breathing in a warmer air reduces the risk of catching a cold, and this is how it works:
When you catch a cold or flu, your body will start showing signs and symptoms such as having a sore throat, congested nose, and sometimes your ear might be a bit stuffy as well.
Since these body parts might become colder first before your other body parts, this means that a colder body implies a weaker immune system, which is the likelihood of getting sick.
Simply breathing in warmer air can help prevent illnesses and can keep your body temperature warmer. Moreover, breathing in cold air has always been linked to respiratory issues that cause diseases.
Therefore, you must break this old sleeping habit and just do these simple sleeping tips instead, so that you can still have that good night's sleep you get from that old habit. You can read more below to know these sleeping tips for a healthier and safer sleep.
Healthy sleeping habits for adults
Your habits during the daytime, and most especially before bedtime can affect the quality of your sleep since it can lead to a relaxing and healthy sleep, or a restless night.
That is why following a daily routine such as the food and drink that you eat, your schedule for the day, and lastly, the way you will spend your time before hitting the hay can greatly impact your sleep. In fact, just a few adjustments of time can make a difference in the quality of your sleep.
That is why some experts recommend completing this two-week sleep diary to understand further how your daily routine can affect the quality of your sleep.
If you have bad sleeping habits and you think that breaking of that habit can make your sleep uncomfortable, you should try these healthy sleeping habits to replace your bad habit and make your everyday sleep better and healthier.
Sleeping Tips
Try to follow these simple sleeping tips so that you can establish healthy sleeping habits.
Maintain a consistent sleep schedule
If you have established a sleep schedule wherein you must go to bed before 10'o clock in the evening and wake up at 6'o clock in the morning, you must strictly follow this schedule every day, even on weekends, or during your vacation.
In this way, your body already has its own body clock wherein you will automatically wake up on your own without setting the alarm.
In my case, since I go to work at 8'o clock in the morning, I wake up at five in the morning so that I can still have time to meditate before preparing myself to get to work. I need to go to bed around 9'o clock in the evening so that I can still an 8-hour full sleep since this is the recommended hours of sleep for adults.
Do a relaxing bedtime routine
Practicing a relaxing routine activity before bedtime, such as reading books or listening to classical music, can promote a healthy good night's sleep.
Moreover, these activities can help you set your mood from activities that can cause your excitement or anxiety juices to go up. Hence, catching asleep is more likely difficult since your mind and body are still active.
Avoid taking afternoon naps
Indeed, taking power naps for at least 10 to 15 minutes can get you throughout the day. However, if you have trouble catching sleep during the night, it is best if you eliminate taking naps at any time of the day.
Look for comfortable mattress and pillows
As we have been discussed on previous blog post that sleeping on a soft and comfortable pillow is the key to a good night's sleep; therefore, look for a pillow and mattress that will suit your sleeping position whether you are a side sleeper, back sleeper, or a sleeper who loves


How to Make Clay Bricks and Tiles
Testing of Soil for Brick-Making:
 1. Get a handful of soil and add enough water to make it sticky.
 2. Mold it into balls and dry under the sun for 2 to 4 days.
 3. See whether the dried soil cracked or not. If it remains firm and hard the soil is clay.
 4. Test another one with this procedure.
Conduct another test by molding 4″ x 10″ x 2″ and burn with rice husk for one week. Good clay when dried by this method will sound metallic when tapped.
There are three (3) types of manufacturing methods for bricks:
 1. Soft-mud
 2. Soft-mud with repressing machine
 3. Mechanical method
Methods 1 and 2 are most suited for cottage industry. They are manually generated and require only a small capital.
Method 3 used machines for raw material processing and farming. Even if most of the machine can be made it still needs a big capital investment.
 1. Raw clay is left in the open for stock piling with a duration of about two (2) months or until the clay disintegrates through the action of sun and rain.
 2. The disintegrated clay is brought to the processing area. Sandy clay, plastic clay and sand are mixed in their proper proportions. Water is added to combine clay mixture.
 3. Knead either by hand or foot for about three (3) hours.
 4. After kneading, the clay should be aged for two (2) days to get a homogeneous mixture. Aging distributes its workability and lessening the possibility of cracking during drying and firing.
 5. Form the clay into a wooden mold.
 6. The formed bricks from the mold are then placed on a pallet and allowed to dry to leather hardness for not more than two (2) days.
 7. The leather hard bricks are retouched to remove the finger marks and scratches due to forming and handling. The retouching work can either be done by skillful hand manipulation or by machine for better and faster finishing.
 8. Retouched bricks are kept in the drying area until they are completely and uniformly dried. The drying takes about two (2) weeks during dry season and four (4) weeks on a rainy season.
 9. When dried, put the clay in improvised kiln. Arrange them loosely and pour rice hulls in between the spaces.
 10. Set fire from the bottom. Baking process takes one week.
Materials: clay, sand, water
Tools: shovel, hoe, pickax, strainer, wire #14, wooden scraper, wooden molds 10″ x5″ x12½", gas oven
 1. Dig soil, remove stones and waste with the use of strainer.
 2. Mix with: 25% water (1 part water in 4 parts of soil) and 10% sand (10 parts of sand in 10 parts of clay). Mix well.
 3. Put in molds, scrape excess.
 4. Remove molds and let dry bricks within 3 to 4 weeks at room temperature.
 5. Invert brick so it would not crack or form wrinkles.
 6. Preheat gas oven for 2 hours at 980°C.
 7. Arrange bricks alternately
 8. Bake for 16 hours.
 9. Cool before use.
For more information, contact:
Dept. of Science and Technology
Rm. 303 DOST Bldg., DOST Complex,
Gen. Santos Ave., Bicutan, Taguig City 1631
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text:
OpenVMS User's Manual
1.3.2 Changing Your Initial Password
Log in to your account soon after it is created to change your
password. If there is a time lapse from the moment your account is
created until your first login, other users might log in to your
account successfully, gaining a chance to damage the system. Similarly,
if you neglect to change the password or are unable to do so, the
system remains vulnerable. Possible damage depends largely on what
other security measures are in effect. See Section 1.7 for more
information on changing passwords.
1.3.3 Restrictions on Passwords
The system screens passwords for acceptability, as follows:
- It automatically compares new passwords to a system dictionary.
This helps to ensure that a password is not a native language word.
- It maintains a history list of your old passwords and compares each
new password to this list to be sure that you do not reuse a password.
- It enforces a minimum password length, which the system manager
specifies in your UAF record.
The system rejects any passwords that it finds in a system dictionary,
that you have used before, and that are shorter than the minimum
password length specified in your UAF.
1.3.4 Types of Passwords
There are several types of passwords recognized by the OpenVMS
- User password
Required for most accounts. After entering your user name, you are
prompted for a password. If the account requires both primary and
secondary passwords, two passwords must be entered.
- System password
Controls access to particular terminals and is required at the
discretion of the security administrator. System passwords are usually
necessary to control access to terminals that might be targets for
unauthorized use, such as dialup and public terminal lines.
- Primary password
The first of two passwords to be entered for an account requiring
both primary and secondary passwords.
- Secondary password
The second of two passwords to be entered for an account requiring
both primary and secondary passwords. The secondary password provides
an additional level of security on user accounts.
Typically, the primary user does not know the secondary password; a
supervisor or other key person must be present to supply it. For
certain applications, the supervisor may also decide to remain present
while the account is in use. Thus, secondary passwords facilitate
controlled logins and the actions taken after a login.
Secondary passwords can be time-consuming and inconvenient. They
are justified only at sites with maximum security requirements. An
example of an account that justifies dual passwords would be one that
bypasses normal access controls to permit emergency repair to a
1.3.5 Entering a System Password
Your security administrator will tell you if you must specify a system
password to log in to one or more of the terminals designated for your
use. Ask your security administrator for the current system password,
how often it changes, and how to obtain the new system password when it
To specify a system password, do the following:
Press the Enter key until the terminal responds with the recognition
character, which is commonly a bell.
Type the system password and press Enter. There is no prompt and the
system does not display the characters you type. If you fail to specify
the correct system password, the system does not notify you.
(Initially, you might think the system is malfunctioning unless you
know that a system password is required at that terminal.) If you do
not receive a response from the system, assume that you have entered
the wrong password and try again.
When you enter the correct system password, you receive the system
announcement message, if there is one, followed by the Username:
prompt. For example:
MAPLE - A member of the Forest Cluster
Unauthorized Access is Prohibited
1.3.6 Entering a Secondary Password
Your security administrator decides whether to require the use of
secondary passwords for your account at the time your account is
created. When your account requires primary and secondary passwords,
you need two passwords to log in. Minimum password length, which the
security administrator specifies in your UAF, applies to both passwords.
As with a single password login, the system allots a limited amount of
time for the entire login. If you do not enter a secondary password in
time, the login period expires.
The following example shows a login that requires primary and secondary
WILLOW - A member of the Forest Cluster
Welcome to OpenVMS on node WILLOW
Last interactive login on Friday, 11-DEC-2002 10:22
1.3.7 Password Requirements for Different Types of Accounts
Four types of user accounts are available on OpenVMS systems:
- Accounts secured with passwords that you or the security
administrator change periodically. This account type is the most common.
- Accounts that always require passwords but prohibit you from
changing the password. By locking the password (setting the LOCKPWD
flag in the UAF), the security administrator controls all changes made
to the password.
- Restricted accounts limit your use of the system
and sometimes require a password.
Open accounts require no password. When you log in to
an open account, the system does not prompt you for a password and you
do not need to enter one. You can begin entering commands immediately.
Because open accounts allow anyone to gain access to the system, they
are used only at sites with minimal security requirements.
1.4 Reading Informational Messages
When you log in from a terminal that is directly connected to a
computer, the OpenVMS system displays informational system messages, as
shown in the following example.
WILLOW - A member of the Forest Cluster (1)
Unlawful Access is Prohibited
You have the following disconnected process: (2)
Terminal Process name Image name
VT320: RWOODS (none)
Connect to above listed process [YES]: NO
Welcome to OpenVMS on node WILLOW (3)
Last interactive login on Wednesday, 11-DEC-2002 10:20 (4)
Last non-interactive login on Monday, 30-NOV-2002 17:39 (5)
2 failures since last successful login (6)
You have 1 new mail message. (7)
Note the following about the example:
The announcement message identifies the node (and, if relevant, the
OpenVMS Cluster name). It may also warn unauthorized users that
unlawful access is prohibited. The system manager or security
administrator can control both the appearance and the content of this
A disconnected process message informs you that your process was
disconnected at some time after your last successful login but is still
available. You have the option of reconnecting to the old process, in
the state it was in before you were disconnected.
displays the disconnected message only when the following conditions
- The terminal where the interruption occurred is set up as a virtual
- Your terminal is set up as one that can be disconnected.
- During a recent session, your connection to the central processing
unit (CPU) through that terminal was broken before you logged out.
In general, the security administrator should allow you to reconnect
because this ability poses no special problems for system security.
However, the security administrator can disable this function by
changing the setup on terminals and by disabling virtual terminals on
the system. (For information on setting up and reconnecting to virtual
terminals, refer to the OpenVMS System Manager's Manual.)
- A welcome message indicates the version number
of the OpenVMS operating system that is running and the name of the
node on which you are logged in. The system manager can choose a
different message or can suppress the message entirely.
- The last successful interactive login message
provides the time of the last completed login for a local, dialup, or
remote login. (The system does not count logins from a subprocess whose
parent was one of these types.)
- The last successful noninteractive login
message provides the time the last noninteractive (batch or network)
The number of login failure messages indicates the number of failed
attempts at login. (An incorrect password is the only source of login
failure that is counted.) To attract your attention, a bell rings after
the message appears.
- The new mail message indicates if you have any
unread mail messages.
1.4.1 Suppressing Messages
A security administrator can suppress the announcement and welcome
messages, which include node names and operating system identification.
Because login procedures differ according to operating system, it is
more difficult to log in without this information.
The last login success and failure messages are optional. Your security
administrator can enable or disable them as a group. Sites with
medium-level or high-level security needs display these messages
because they can indicate break-in attempts. In addition, by showing
that the system is monitoring logins, these messages can be a deterrent
to potential illegal users.
1.4.2 Successful Login Messages
Each time you log in, the system resets the values for the last
successful login and the number of login failures. If you access your
account interactively and do not specify an incorrect password in your
login attempts, you may not see the last successful noninteractive
login and login failure messages.
1.5 Types of Logins and Login Classes
Logins can be either interactive or noninteractive. When you log in
interactively, you enter a user name and a password. In noninteractive
logins, the system performs the identification and authentication for
you; you are not prompted for a user name and password.
In addition to interactive and noninteractive logins, the OpenVMS


Climate Insecurity: Undermining Rural Livelihoods in Niger
17 March 2021 · Stefanie Wesch, Janna Rheinbay
Nigerien farmers and pastoralists are particularly exposed to security threats reinforced by climate impacts, making them vulnerable to food insecurity and recruitment through extremist groups. To reduce these risks, Germany should expand its support for participatory methods and climate adaptation measures geared towards marginalized groups and bolster early warning systems.
Ethnic violence and extremist militancy have taken hold of the Sahel in recent years. While Mali has grappled with this development throughout the past decade, ethnic tensions have grown and unrest has spread to neighboring Burkina Faso and Niger. Underlying grievances related to socio-economic marginalization provide a fertile ground for recruitment to extremist groups, off-springs of the "Islamic State (IS)".
While many of the typical conflict drivers, such as ethnic fragmentation, poverty, and overpopulation, are at play in Niger's current security predicament, climate impacts are another factor aggravating existing tensions. Affected by food insecurity and ever-diminishing livelihood opportunities, farmers and pastoralists are the first to feel these impacts.
Climate Impacts Threaten Rural Livelihoods – and Pastoralists' Ethnic Identity
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the Sahel region will experience ever-shorter rainy seasons and more extreme weather events, observable through a higher occurrence of both floods and drought. Recent research by PIK scientists has shown that the hottest parts of Niger are expected to see a total of 300 days above 35 °C by 2080. Rising temperatures can lead to heat stress and health risks for workers, especially in very exposed sectors like agriculture and construction. Moreover, increasing drought and flood patterns adversely impact both sectors. While nomadic pastoralism has served as a viable option for the local climatic circumstances, changing patterns of precipitation challenge the transhumance, the seasonal migration of herders along with their cattle.
These climate impacts present a threat to nomadic pastoralists' ethnic identity which is closely tied to their livelihoods as herders. They are particularly vulnerable to climate impacts, as they follow the seasonal rain on their transhumance, which brings them in contact with local farmers and other pastoralists. Along the transhumance, relations with farmers of different ethnic groups bear potential for both cooperation and conflict over access to land, water, and pasture needed for grazing. The changing and thus uncertain nature of rainy seasons in the Sahel can damage established relationships between these two groups sharing the same space.
Extremist Groups Target Marginalized People
The International Crisis Group reports that in Niger as well as neighboring Burkina Faso and Mali, pastoralists are inextricably linked to recent instability. Aggravating factors are instances of cattle theft among different pastoral groups, conflicts between farmers and herders over land, water, and crops, as well as military abuse towards nomadic pastoralists. A lack of access to justice for pastoralists and impunity for the military in cases of abuse further contribute to marginalization and discrimination.
The sense of oppression along with increasing environmental pressure presents a fertile breeding ground for recruitment by extremists. Presenting itself as a governance competitor for the state, the IS poses a security threat to Niger and challenges current governance structures. Marginalized groups have been particularly vulnerable to recruitment efforts, chief among them cattle herders who have extensive knowledge of the geography of the region due to their livelihoods as nomads. Within this context of state-based discrimination, extremist organizations exploit the existing resentment against the government, religious clergy, and other ethnic groups. They may even offer safety in light of abuse committed by security forces against marginalized minorities.
To mitigate this risk, national ministries, International Governmental Organizations, and donors should focus on decreasing existing and anticipated effects of climate change that undermine nomadic pastoralists and farmers. Considering Niger's current state of security and its low adaptive capacity, the region is considered a hotspot for the future development of climate-induced conflict. The German government should monitor it closely and reinforce and expand climate adaptation measures in the following ways:
1. Mainstream Climate Adaptation in International Cooperation Projects
The climate change-conflict nexus will likely capture policy makers' attention as climate change impacts are becoming increasingly observable. In order to reduce risks for rural livelihoods, capacity building efforts in the international development sphere should focus on climate adaptation. As crucial donors, German actors such as the Federal Foreign Office, the Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, and the Ministry of Defense should aim to increase adaptive capacities in at-risk countries, paying special attention to the needs of marginalized populations such as pastoralists.
2. Ensure Information Dissemination and Participatory Approaches
Reaching out to farmers and pastoralists is critical for successfully implementing adaptation efforts. Extension services, usually run by the Ministry of Agriculture and local NGOs, should thus focus on communicating and disseminating information on climate impacts and adaptation to farmers and pastoralists. Adaptation strategies should include local customs and indigenous knowledge. A participatory approach when developing adaptation measures can help with ownership and successful implementation.
3. Use Index-Based Weather Insurances and Early Warning Systems
Given Niger's dependence on the agricultural sector, adaptation measures should include improved capacities for water management, like rainwater harvesting and irrigation systems, as well as improved methods for yield storage. Access to enhanced meteorological services can also help identify windows of opportunity for sowing or undertaking the transhumance. Early warning systems for yield forecasts and food security can be an effective tool to mitigate risks to rural communities' livelihoods. Moreover, index-based weather insurances can counter yield loss caused by extreme weather events.
4. Support the UN's Adaptation Measures for Pastoralists' Livelihoods
The German government should support approaches that aim to improve pastoralists' livelihoods. This should include identifying and enforcing transhumance routes and securing access to fodder and watering spots along the way. IOM's newly developed Transhumance Tracking Tool, for example, provides insights into the location and number of herders, marking bottlenecks and potential for conflict. The tool could already prove useful under COVID-19 travel restrictions in identifying stranded pastoralists at closed borders around the Sahel.
A 2020 report by the UN Department of Peace Operations elaborates on the potential for Peacekeeping in the context of the transhumance and intercommunal peace. Vital infrastructure such as watering stations and grazing spaces could be secured by UN peacekeeping operations. Trust among the local population towards national security forces in Niger, and the Sahel in general, have been strained by widespread accusations of abuse towards civilians. Future research should investigate to what extent Blue Helmets may contribute to improving intraand intercommunal relations in the context of threatened rural livelihoods.
5. Rethink Preventative Measures of Regional Human Mobility
Furthermore, German policy-makers should consider long-term regional effects when trying to curb West and North African human mobility. Measures to prevent regional migration can produce adverse consequences concerning local livelihoods and may even do more harm than good, especially in light of existing grievances, conflict, and political extremism in the greater Sahel. The projected rise in extreme weather events such as heatwaves, droughts, and floods drastically increases the pressure on agricultural livelihoods. Climate change can further polarize social groups along ethnic, political, and economic cleavages. The resulting potential for violent conflict and extremism makes climate adaptation measures all the more urgent. Ultimately, climate adaptation has to be a central element of both international security and development cooperation to prevent or transform violent conflict and extremism in fragile regions.
Early Action Extremismus Climate
Stefanie Wesch
Stefanie Wesch is a researcher and doctoral candidate at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK). She has undertaken fieldwork in Niger and Burkina Faso on the relationship between climate change, conflict, and migration. _USER_
Janna Rheinbay
Janna Rheinbay is a researcher at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) where she focuses on the climate-conflict nexus in the Sahel. _USER_


text:
Revista mexicana de fitopatología
Print version ISSN 0185-3309
RAMIREZ-LEGARRETA, Manuel Rafael et al. Inoculum Incidence and Climatic Variables as Tools to Make Decisions of Fire blight [Erwinia amylovora (Burill) Winslow et al.] Management During Apple Tree [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] Bloom Period. Rev. mex. fitopatol [online]. 2009, vol.27, n.2, pp. 123-133. ISSN 0185-3309.
The presence of Erwinia amylovora (Ea) was determined in 2006 and 2007 in 180 samplings of flowers chosen at random in Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, Mexico from four 60 tree blocks, being each and every single one of them chosen during cv. Golden Delicious apple tree flowering. Each block represented a different decision to make, with regards to the use of antibiotics: climate variables, Ea presence in stigmas, climate + Ea variables in stigma and witness. Results obtained from six cv. Golden Delicious orchards located in Canatlan, Durango, Mexico, were validated in 2008. It was indicated by these results that in both 2006 and 2007, Ea was detected in 90% of the samplings, determining that Ea management based on bacteria presence, derived in unnecessary antibiotic application, thus. The Ea presence was detected in 2008 on 100% of the orchards and samplings performed in Canatlán, Durango, Mexico. The decision concerning antibiotics application was made upon climate variables, obtaining similar damage levels to the levels registered in Chihuahua, Mexico. Consequently, it was confirmed that the Ea presence was consistent in apple production systems on the Northern and Central region of Mexico, which epidemics rely more on climatic conditions and handling provided by the producer than on the inoculums availability.
Keywords : Sprays; antibiotics; prediction.


Problem 37.1: Illumination pattern
Please wait for the animation to completely load.
Two sources of light waves of equal frequency and amplitude are shown. The magnitude of the electric field is represented by the light and dark areas. The lighter the spot, the greater the magnitude of the electric field at that spot. A blue screen is shown on the right-hand side of the animation (position is given in arbitrary units). Restart.
 1. What illumination pattern appears on the screen?
 2. Does the appearance of the screen change with time?
This applet calculates seven frames and then runs continuously. For a large number of sources, or for very small wavelengths, this calculation can take some time, so let the applet finish calculating all seven frames.
OSP Projects:
Open Source Physics - EJS Modeling
Physlet Physics
Physlet Quantum Physics
STP Book


text:
A couple of Americans have remarked to me about BrE speakers' use of grit as a verb in snowy contexts like these (from a single article in the local newspaper):
Hospitals across Sussex were inundated with patients over the weekend who had broken limbs after falling on ungritted pavements. [Ed. note: the weekend broke limbs?]
Dozens of people contacted The Argus to condemn the lack of gritting which has left many elderly people trapped in their homes. [Ed. note: did they also condemn the lack of a comma on a non-restrictive relative clause?]
A Brighton and Hove City Council spokesman said all the authority's refuse and recycling staff were being diverted to gritting roads and pavements today.Now, I don't believe that this use of grit is solely BrE, but in the snowy Northeastern US, one talks about salting the roads--which may include some sand--or less frequently of sanding the roads--which usually includes some salt or other de-icing agent. In addition to sand, ash and cinders are (or at least have been) commonly used. The "sand" that's used may be more coarse material, like the grit used in the UK. And while gritters are used in the UK to spread grit, salters and sanders are used in northern north America for the same thing.
I come from a place where we get to talk about lake-effect snow and (orig. AmE) blizzards a lot.
And when we use the term blizzard back home, we don't mean a piddly 6 cm (2.4 inches) of snow like my local UK paper does. It turns out that the word may be common to AmE and BrE now, but the meaning is not. From Wikipedia:
In the United States, the National Weather Service defines a blizzard as sustained winds or frequent gusts reaching or exceeding 35 mph (56 km/h) which lead to blowing snow and cause visibilities of ¼ mile (or 400 m) or less, lasting for at least 3 hours. Temperature is not taken into consideration when issuing a blizzard warning, but the nature of these storms is such that cold air is often present when the other criteria are met. Temperatures are generally below 0 °C (32 °F).
According to Environment Canada, a winter storm must have winds of 40 km/h (25 mph) or more, have snow or blowing snow, visibility less than 500 feet (150 m), a wind chill of less than −25 °C (−15 °F), and all of these conditions must last for 3 hours or more before the storm can be properly called a blizzard.
Many European countries, such as the UK, have a lower threshold: the Met Office defines a blizzard as "moderate or heavy snow" combined with a mean wind speed of 30 mph (48 km/h) and visibility below 650 feet (200 m).
Of course, even a little snow in a place like southern England (or the southern US, for that matter) grinds the place to a halt. I've had three'snow days' from work so far this year, and we've never had accumulation of more than a few inches. But not only are snow (AmE) plows/(BrE) ploughs rarer than hen's teeth here, but no one has a (possibly AmE) snow shovel, few have appropriate footwear (attention: (BrE) wellies [AmE: rubber boots] are not snow boots!) and almost no one knows how to drive on icy roads. So, we can't really blame the victims of these snows for their inability to deal with them--though that didn't stop me from less-than-sympathetically exclaiming in response to the laceration on my friend's face and talk of the bruise on another's (BrE) bum: "You people don't know how to walk on snow!" I have since spent every outdoor moment convinced that this comment is going to come and almost-literally bite me on the (AmE) ass/(BrE) arse, landing me with a broken coccyx or worse.
Final reflection: I can't believe that I just had to invent a 'weather' tag for the blog in response to this post. I'm in England! I'm supposed to be talking about the weather at least 74% of the time. I hope they don't find out and revoke my citizenship.


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A wetsuit or wet suit is a garment sometimes worn by swimmers, surfers and divers for warmth. It may be made of rubber, lycra or neoprene. It typically covers the whole body except the head, hands and feet and is usually quite close-fitting, acting like a catsuit.
It differs from a drysuit because water can get between the garment and the person's skin, forming an insulating layer.
| This article on "Wetsuit" incorporates text from from Wipipedia.


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Showing 25–36 of 89 results
A labelled map and questions for learning about the world's continents and oceans.
In this activity, students learn about maps and scale.
In this activity, students learn how to make a legend for a map.
A worksheet for learning about how to follow directions.
An activity sheet for learning about Canada's national borders.
Learn about Canada's time zones with this activity sheet.
Learn more about Canada with this labelled map showing provinces and territories.


feed more material into the die to allow further expansion of the tube into the die cavity.
If, after this feeding, step wrinkling recurs, the pressure then is increased. This procedure is carried out in the computer with FEM simulation. This makes it possible to obtain the best pressure-versus-time and axial feed-versus-time curves in a single simulation.
Tubing tests figure 3
Figure 3Object
Research and investigation of tube hydroforming in industry and at universities during the past five years have led to a state-of-the-art process that allows the manufacture of a variety of workpieces in a high-volume production environment.
However, compared to conventional stamping, the tube hydroforming process is still relatively new, so there is no extensive knowledge base for tool and process design. Therefore, a clear understanding of computer modeling will help engineers to develop reliable control strategies for the axial feed, internal pressure, and counterforce as functions of time to improve the material shaping capabilities of hydroforming.
Because of the high pressures involved in tube hydroforming, trials cannot be made using soft tooling. Dies have to be manufactured from steel with certain hardness and coating specifications, and modifications are costly. Thus, the potential of tube hydroforming can be improved by reducing trial and error in tool and process development, and this can be achieved through a better understanding of the interactions among the process parameters using computer modeling.
A variety of predictions (thickness distribution, internal pressure, clamping force, friction forces, and springback) formulated by process modeling helps to determine any possible shape defects and bursting in the planning phase and allows designers to improve their die design before the hard tooling is manufactured.
Dr. Taylan Altan
Center for Precision Forming
339 Baker Systems
1971 Neil Ave.
Columbus, OH 43210-1271
Phone: _PHONE_
Suwat Jirathearanat
Graduate Research Assistant
The Ohio State University's ERC/NSM
339 Baker Systems
1971 Neil Ave.
Columbus, OH 43210
Phone: _PHONE_
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Introduction to Tailwind CSS
Tailwind CSS can be used to style websites in the fastest and easiest way.
Tailwind CSS is basically a utility-first CSS framework for rapidly building custom user interfaces. It is a highly customizable, low-level CSS framework that gives you all of the building blocks you need to build bespoke designs without any annoying opinionated styles you have to fight to override.
The beauty of this thing called tailwind is it doesn't impose design specifications or how your site should look, you simply bring tiny components together to construct a user interface that is unique. What Tailwind simply does is take a 'raw' CSS file, process this CSS file over a configuration file, and produces an output.
Why Tailwind CSS?
- Faster UI building process
- It is a utility-first CSS framework which means we can use utility classes to build custom designs without writing CSS as in the traditional approach.
Advantages of Tailwind CSS:
- No more silly names for CSS classes and Id's.
- Minimum lines of Code in CSS file.
- We can customize the designs to make the components.
- Makes the website responsive.
- Makes the changes in the desired manner.
CSS is global in nature and if make changes in the file the property is changed in all the HTML files linked to it. But with the help of Tailwind CSS we can use utility classes and make local changes.
Installation: There are two ways to use the CSS we can install them on our server or we can use the CDN link as well.
Method 1: Install Tailwind via npm
- Step 1:
npm init -y
- Step 2:
npm install tailwindcss
- Step 3:Use the _USER_ directive to inject Tailwind's base, components, and utility styles into your CSS file.
- Step 4: This is used to create a config file to customize the designs. It is an optional step.
npx tailwindcss init
- Step 5:This command is used to compile style.css is the file that has to be compiled and output.css is the file on which it has to be compiled. If the file output.css is not created earlier then it will automatically be created.
npx tailwindcss build styles.css -o output.css
Method 2: Using Tailwind via CDN
Limitation of Tailwind: But there are some limitations when CDN is used. Some of them are:
- Customize Tailwind's default theme can't be used
- Directives like _USER_, _USER_, etc can't be used
- Can't install third-party plugins
- Google Chrome
- Microsoft Edge
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Why is there so much confusion over the vaccination at the federal, state and local level? | Q&A with Dr. Manoj Jain – Commercial Appeal
This week Dr. Jain tackles your questions regarding the distribution of COVID-19 vaccines and how Shelby County plans to give it out.
Question: Why is there so much confusion over the vaccination at the federal, state and local level?
Answer: The covid vaccine effort has many moving parts and moving targets. They range from vaccine availability to human behavior of vaccine acceptability, not to mention the distribution, storage and urgency to vaccine.
What are the moving parts and moving targets?
The availability of vaccines to states has been increasing and decreasing as much as 40% at varying times, making it difficult for states and local officials to adequately plan vaccination scheduling.
The vaccine distribution, due to storage requirement only allows certain providers such as hospitals to give out certain vaccines. Acceptance among health workers and front line workers varies at each hospital and at neighboring counties hence they may be vaccinating a different group than Shelby County.
While there is concern at the national level that some vaccine doses may be wasted. Locally, no vaccines are being wasted.
What is our vaccination plan?
The state has a phased program based on those who are at high risk such as health workers and those who are at particular age groups such as over 75 years old. Based on availability of the vaccine it is being offered to varying groups. Details of the state plan is on the website. I would encourage everyone to see what phase they fall in and to know when to expect to be vaccinated.
At the initial stage there will be a larger demand and lower supply, however soon there will be lower demand and large supply. The phase approach will prioritize when there is a lower supply.
How will I know when it is my turn to get vaccinated?
For daily updates check the Shelby county website _URL_. Here the health department will report which groups are eligible and which are being vaccinated. Also people will have links to where they can register.
Will local pharmacies be distributing the vaccine?
Yes, local pharmacies will be immunizing people, when vaccine supply are readily available to those in the respective phases. At present some pharmacies are doing vaccinations only at nursing homes for high risk persons.
Will there be enough vaccines for everyone?
Yes. The concern is not that there will be enough vaccines for everyone, but rather that enough people will not be willing to take the vaccine. In all over 600,000 residents in Shelby county need to be vaccinated for us to reach herd immunity.
Lastly, though the vaccine distribution has been slow, we need to rest assured that vaccine distribution is fair and equitable. We just need to be patient with the initial stages of the roll-out.
Source: Commercial Appeal


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Ubiquitination is involved in diverse cellular processes in higher plants. In this report, we describe Arabidopsis thaliana PUB22 and PUB23, two homologous U-box-containing E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligases. The PUB22 and PUB23 genes were rapidly and coordinately induced by abiotic stresses but not by abscisic acid. PUB22- and PUB23-overexpressing transgenic plants were hypersensitive to drought stress. By contrast, loss-of-function pub22 and pub23 mutant plants were significantly more drought-tolerant, and a pub22 pub23 double mutant displayed even greater drought tolerance. These results indicate that PUB22 and PUB23 function as negative regulators in the water stress response. Yeast two-hybrid, in vitro pull-down, and in vivo coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that PUB22 and PUB23 physically interacted with RPN12a, a subunit of the 19S regulatory particle (RP) in the 26S proteasome. Bacterially expressed RPN12a was effectively ubiquitinated in a PUB-dependent fashion. RPN12a was highly ubiquitinated in 35S:PUB22 plants, but not in pub22 pub23 double mutant plants, consistent with RPN12a being a substrate of PUB22 and PUB23 in vivo. In water-stressed wild-type and PUB-overexpressing plants, a significant amount of RPN12a was dissociated from the 19S RP and appeared to be associated with small-molecular-mass protein complexes in cytosolic fractions, where PUB22 and PUB23 are localized. Overall, our results suggest that PUB22 and PUB23 coordinately control a drought signaling pathway by ubiquitinating cytosolic RPN12a in Arabidopsis.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Plant Science
- Cell Biology


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Still Chilly in 2010: Campus Climates for Women
By Annemarie Vaccaro, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Rhode Island
Much has changed since Roberta Hall and Bernice Sandler published their original chilly climate series in 1984. Yet hostility, invisibility, and the feeling of being an outsider are still realities for many undergraduate and graduate women (Vaccaro 2010). Since female undergraduates now outnumber males, one could assume that gender inequality is a relic of the past. But parity in numbers is only one small piece of the gender inequality puzzle (Subrahmanian 2005), and chilly climates continue to exist, particularly for women with multiple marginal identities.
Mere numerical or proportional representation tells us little about women's lived experiences when it comes to educational policies, practices, and programs. Campus climate is not merely tied to head counts, but to students' attitudes about, perceptions of, and lived experiences with an environment (Peterson and Spencer 1990). Institutions of higher education must understand how women experience the campus, classroom, and workplace climate if they want to address deeply rooted forms of gender inequality.
Microaggressions and Campus Climates
Feminist scholars argue that women experience sexism on individual, interpersonal, and institutional levels (Risman 2004). Chilly campus climates result from a combination of these tripartite dimensions. While the oppression of women may not look exactly like it did when Hall and Sandler began writing about the chilly climate, it is still present in multiple manifestations, including violence against women, everyday sexism (Swim, Mallett, and Stangor 2004), objectification (Fredrickson and Roberts 1997), and benevolent sexism (Glick and Fiske 2001). These manifestations are common on college campuses. For example, Swim and colleagues found that college women experience one or two events each week that qualify as "everyday sexism," including gender-role stereotypes and prejudice, degrading comments, and objectification (2004).
The literature on microaggressions provides one of the most comprehensive taxonomies of sexist messages and behaviors currently available (Capodilupo et al. 2010; Nadal 2010). Microaggressions are "brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities (whether intentional or unintentional) that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative sexist slights and insults toward women" (Nadal 2010, 158). The following taxonomy of gender microaggressions contains eight themes (Capodilupo et al. 2010; Nadal 2010). Independently, each can have damaging effects on women's psyches. Taken together, they create chilly campus climates. The eight themes are:
- Sexual objectification. Objectification encompasses behaviors ranging from using innuendos to catcalling to sexual violence. When women are referred to as "hotties" or as body parts, they are being objectified. Campus events such as date auctions are an example of objectification.
- Second-class citizenship. Whether they are in the classroom, on the playing field, or in extracurricular settings, women may receive messages that they should not have the same privileges or opportunities as men. (A student I interviewed for a qualitative study of a campus feminist group alluded to these messages when she said she believed the university was "more responsive [to] men" (Vaccaro 2009).)
- Assumptions of inferiority. Although it is uncommon to hear such beliefs stated overtly, some people assume that women students are less capable than men in a variety of arenas, whether physical, academic, or emotional. In the physical arena, assumptions of inferiority may cause women to be excluded from formal or informal sports. In the academic arena, some women may be discouraged from majoring in science, math, or other traditionally male-dominated fields. And in the emotional arena, women may be viewed as too sensitive or weak.
- Assumptions of traditional gender roles. Even in the twenty-first century, people tend to praise women for engaging in domestic tasks such as decorating for homecoming weekend, cleaning up after extracurricular events, or cooking for roommates. Women students may also be expected to enact "feminine" behaviors, such as caring for others or displaying "proper" demeanors. When women's behaviors diverge from these expectations, peers, faculty, and staff may respond negatively.
- Use of sexist language. Demeaning terms used to describe women can be commonplace on campus. Women may hear peers, campus performers, and even faculty and staff use offensive terminology to describe women.
- Denial of the reality of sexism. When people downplay women's oppression, they can make the phenomenon invisible and perpetuate the cycle of sexism. Examples include citing women's achievements in education as evidence that the climate is no longer chilly or telling a woman that she is being "too sensitive" about oppression.
- Men's denial of individual sexism. Individual men contribute to chilly climates when they refuse to acknowledge their own sexist behaviors. Denial can include refusing to admit that a joke, belief, or comment is sexist.
- Environmental microaggressions. These systemic microaggressions are messages in the social and cultural environment that communicate to women that they are inferior or less deserving. Environmental microaggressions are similar in form to what feminists refer to as institutional sexism (Risman 2004), which includes structural concerns such as the invisibility of women's issues in curricula, the exclusion of women from leadership roles, or the lack of programs or services designed for women.
Research has highlighted many negative consequences of microaggressions, including increased stress, depression, anger, rage, and hopelessness (Sue 2010). With these effects, it is no surprise that microaggressions can also result in chilly campus climates for women.
Sexism and gender microaggressions affect all women. At the same time, women of different races, ages, socioeconomic statuses, abilities, and religious identities can experience the same campus in vastly different ways. The campus climate can be chillier for certain women, including women of color, nontraditionally aged students, and women in majors traditionally dominated by men (Morris and Daniel 2008).
Generally missing from the literature on campus climate is research about multiple identities, intersections between identity categories, and the relationship between identity and the nuanced ways women experience campus environments (Torres, Jones, and Renn 2009). While some excellent qualitative studies have explored women's multiple identities (Abes and Jones 2004; Abes and Kasch 2007; Jones 1997), most higher education research on women students focuses solely on one identity or on two intersecting identities (for example, gender and race or gender and sexual orientation). In general, higher education research has yet to sufficiently explore the connections between women's multiple identities and their experiences with campus climate.
In the following paragraphs, I briefly summarize higher education literature that offers a glimpse into the climate experiences of women from various backgrounds, at the same time recognizing that these studies are limited by their focus on single or dual identities. I offer snapshots of the microaggressions women of color, lesbian and bisexual women, women from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, women with disabilities, and women from nondominant religious backgrounds encounter. Despite these studies' narrowness, they illustrate the overarching theme that there is not one chilly climate. Instead, women experience a variety of chilly climates that correspond to their complex identities.
One does not have to look far to find poignant descriptions of women of color's feelings of exclusion from the academy. A recent edited volume titled Standing on the Outside Looking In describes a multitude of ways women of color experience the climate as unwelcoming (Howard-Hamilton et al. 2009). Asian women may be treated as perpetual foreigners or members of a "model minority" (Poon and Hune 2009). Latinas may find the rich forms of cultural and social capital they possess devalued in the academy (González 2009). Black women may feel compelled to rely on oppositional stances to succeed in hostile climates (Sulé 2009).
Students from the same racial background can experience a climate differently depending on their varying ethnicities. For example, a woman I interviewed in my research explained that as a first-generation Chinese American, she found it difficult to "fit in" on campus in general and in the Asian American Student Association in particular. She explained, "I'm not the only Asian, but the Asians around me are […] Hmong and Vietnamese and they grew up here. That's why it's hard for me to integrate" (Vaccaro, forthcoming). Moreover, campus structure and policies typically validate monoracial identities (Literte 2010). Students from mixed-race backgrounds can face unique challenges adjusting to such environments (Renn 2004). Women from mixed-race backgrounds may be unable to locate student services, organizations, or programs that validate their complicated identities.
The climate for lesbian, bisexual, and transgender students can be hostile, unwelcoming, and downright dangerous. Homophobia, harassment, and physical violence are too often a reality (Rankin 2005; Rankin et al. 2010). Lesbian and bisexual women must contend with both sexist and heterosexist language. They also face a multitude of stereotypes, including assumptions that lesbians are hypersexual, sexually confused, sexually deviant, and angry (Geiger, Harwood, and Hummert 2006). Lesbian, bisexual, or queer-identified students can have difficulty finding inclusive spaces on campus: many schools still do not have LGBT centers or LGBT student organizations. Groups designed specifically for lesbian or bisexual women are even scarcer