when (number) {
 0 -> println("Zero")
 else -> println("Non-zero")
In this example, the code will print the following:
The purpose of this when expression is to determine whether or not a number is zero. It will get more complex — I promise!
To handle a specific case, you add the value followed by -> which indicates the code that will execute if the condition is met. Then, you use else to signify what should happen for all other values. Unlike other languages such as Java, there is no need to include a break statement in each branch, as the when expression will only use the first matching branch and then return.
Here's another example:
when (number) {
 10 -> println("It's ten!")
This time you check for 10, in which case, you print a message. Nothing should happen for other values.
Of course, when expressions also work with data types other than integers. Here's an example using a string:
val string = "Dog"
when (string) {
 "Cat", "Dog" -> println("Animal is a house pet.")
 else -> println("Animal is not a house pet.")
This will print the following:
Animal is a house pet.
In this example, you provide two values for the first argument, meaning that if the value is equal to either "Cat" or "Dog", then the statement will execute that branch of the expression.
Returning values
You can also give your when expressions more than one branch. And, due to the fact that when is an expression, you can use it to return a value, just like you can with if expressions. You can also ignore the value if you want to just use when as a statement. A when expression will return the value from the first branch with a matching argument.
If you want to determine the name of the number, you can assign the value with a when expression as follows
val numberName = when (number) {
 2 -> "two"
 4 -> "four"
 6 -> "six"
 8 -> "eight"
 10 -> "ten"
 else -> {
 println("Unknown number")
println(numberName) // > ten
In the else branch, you've used braces to include an entire block of code in the branch. The last value in the block is returned from the branch, so if number were not in (2, 4, 6, 8, 10) then numberName would have the value "Unknown".
Advanced when expressions
In the previous chapter, you saw an if expression that used multiple else clauses to convert an hour of the day to a string describing that part of the day. You could rewrite that more succinctly with a when expression, like so:
val hourOfDay = 12
val timeOfDay: String
timeOfDay = when (hourOfDay) {
 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 -> "Early morning"
 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 -> "Morning"
 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 -> "Afternoon"
 17, 18, 19 -> "Evening"
 20, 21, 22, 23 -> "Late evening"
 else -> "INVALID HOUR!"
This code will print the following:
Remember ranges? Well, you can use ranges to simplify this when expression. You can rewrite the above code using ranges:
timeOfDay = when (hourOfDay) {
 in 0..5 -> "Early morning"
 in 6..11 -> "Morning"
 in 12..16 -> "Afternoon"
 in 17..19 -> "Evening"
 in 20..23 -> "Late evening"
 else -> "INVALID HOUR!"
This is more succinct than writing out each value individually for all branches.
When there are multiple branches, the expression will execute the first one that matches. You'll probably agree that this is more succinct and more clear than using an if expression for this example.
It's slightly more precise as well, because the if expression method didn't address negative numbers, which here are correctly deemed to be invalid.
It's also possible to match a branch to a condition based on a property of the value, without any argument being supplied to the when expression. As you learned in Chapter 2, you can use the modulo operator to determine if an integer is even or odd.
Consider this code:
when {
 number % 2 == 0 -> println("Even")
 else -> println("Odd")
This will print the following:
The first branch of this when expression uses the == operator, meaning the argument will match only when a certain condition is true.
In this example, you've designed the argument to match if the value is even — that is, if the value modulo 2 equals 0.
Another example of using conditions in when expressions to great effect is as follows:
when {
 x == 0 && y == 0 && z == 0 -> println("Origin")
 y == 0 && z == 0 -> println("On the x-axis at x = $x")
 x == 0 && z == 0 -> println("On the y-axis at y = $y")
 x == 0 && y == 0 -> println("On the z-axis at z = $z")
 else -> println("Somewhere in space at x = $x, y = $y, z = $z")
Here's what each branch does, in order:
 1. Matches precisely the case where the value is (0, 0, 0). This is the origin of 3D space.
 2. Matches y=0, z=0 and any value of x. This means the coordinate is on the x-axis.
 3. Matches x=0, z=0 and any value of y. This means the coordinate is on the y-axis.
 4. Matches x=0, y=0 and any value of z. This means the coordinate is on the z-axis.
 5. Matches the remainder of coordinates.
The final branch with the else clause is the default; it matches anything, because there are no constraints on any part of the coordinates. Here's an example of a more complex case:
when {
 x == y -> println("Along the y = x line.")
 y == x * x -> println("Along the y = x^2 line.")
Here, you match the "y equals x" and "y equals x squared" lines. Since there is no argument to the when expression, you do not need an else branch, and the when expression will not execute a branch if there is no matching condition. And those are the basics of when expressions!
 1. Write a when expression that takes an age as an integer and prints out the life stage related to that age. You can make up the life stages, or use my categorization as follows: 0-2 years, Infant; 3-12 years, Child; 13-19 years, Teenager; 20-39, Adult; 40-60, Middle aged; 61+, Elderly.
 2. Write a when expression that destructures a Pair containing a string and an integer. The string is a name, and the integer is an age. Use the same cases that you used in the previous exercise to print out the name followed by the life stage. For example, for myself it would print out "Joe is an adult.".
 1. In the following for loop, what will be the value of sum, and how many iterations will happen?
var sum = 0
for(i in 0..5) {
 sum += i
 1. In the while loop below, how many instances of "a" will there be in aLotOfAs? Hint: aLotOfAs.count tells you how many characters are in the string aLotOfAs.
var aLotOfAs = ""
while (aLotOfAs.length < 10) {
 aLotOfAs += "a"
 1. Consider the following when expression:
when {
 x == y && y == z -> println("x = y = z")
 z == 0 -> println("On the x/y plane")
 y == 0 -> println("On the x/z plane")
 x == 0 -> println("On the y/z plane")
 else -> println("Nothing special")
What will this code print when coordinates is each of the following?
val (x, y, z) = Triple(1, 5, 0)
val (x, y, z) = Triple(2, 2, 2)
val (x, y, z) = Triple(3, 0, 1)
val (x, y, z) = Triple(3, 2, 5)
val (x, y, z) = Triple(0, 2, 4)
 1. A closed range can never be empty. Why?
 2. Print a countdown from 10 to 0. (Note: Do not use the downTo method)
 3. Print 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0.
Key points
 - You can use ranges to create a sequence of numbers, incrementing to move from one value


text:
Essay: The cost of equity for Johnson & Johnson
Cost of Equity = Expected Rate of Return on Earnings = Rj
According to the CAPM model:
Rj = RF + (RM – RF)βj
- The beta of Johnson & Johnson (symbol JNJ) as reported is 0.32 (JNJ: Key Statistics for Johnson and Johns DC)
A beta of 0.32 means that JNJ stock is much less risky as compared to an average stock on the market.
As given in the question, (RM – RF) = 7%
YTM on a US Government bond that with two years maturity = 1.62 (Bonds Center)
1. Now, the cost of equity of JNJ stock:
Rj = RF + (RM – RF)βj = 1.62% + (7%)(0.32) = 1.62 + 2.24% = 3.86%
- Asset Beta of JNJ, βA
βE = βA [1 + (1-T) (D* / E*)]
βA = βE / [1 + (1-T) (D* / E*)]
= 0.32 / [1 + (1 – 0.34) (9.54B/43.36B)] Note: Check the D* and E* values you have submitted in SL2 and replace them in the equation if they are different from the ones reported here
= 0.32 / [1+ (0.76) (0.22)]
βA = 0.28
Asset beta shows the business risk of an organization; put another way, it is the beta of an organization without the effect of financial leverage. That is why asset beta is also referred to as the unlevered beta. "This number provides a measure of how much systematic risk a firm's equity has when compared to the market. Unlevering the beta removes any beneficial effects gained by adding debt to the firm's capital structure. Comparing companies' unlevered betas give an investor a better idea of how much risk they will be taking on when purchasing a firms' stock" (Unlevered Beta). This is why when a firm changes its capital structure, the risk and expected returns of its debt and equity change, but the asset beta, and thus company cost of capital do not change. Note that, cost of capital is the weighted average return that investors expect of a firm's debt and equity. And since, asset beta is the weighted average of the betas of debt and equity; hence the cost of capital is related to a firm's asset beta and not its equity beta.
JNJ has a low asset beta because its business is not cyclical.
These are just random excerpts of essays, for a more detailed version of essays, term papers, research paper, thesis, dissertation, case study and book reviews you need to place custom order by clicking on ORDER NOW.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Posts Tagged 'asphalt damage'
A Primer on Potholes
A Primer on Potholes
If there is one thing everyone can agree on it's that potholes are a pain – you will never complain about potholes and have someone disagree with you. Aside from that though, most people don't know a lot about how potholes are formed and even less about how to properly repair them. Here is some basic information on the nemesis of drivers from Canada to Florida.
Potholes are caused by weather, age, water, and disruption from vehicles. All of these factors work on the road surface to create cracks that, grow larger over time. No matter how your road is constructed, potholes can form. The four main causes of potholes can be summarized as follows:
 - Inadequate drainage
 - Thin pavement that doesn't support vehicle traffic at certain times of the year
 - Failure at man-holes and trenches
 - Delayed maintenance that results in cracks and moisture entering the base layer of the road
The more time between the first cracks appearing and preventative maintenance being performed, the bigger the pothole. Truly impressive potholes represent a failure on the part of a business owner or the agency responsible for repairs.
The key to preventing potholes is catching them in their early stages. Asphalt repair by a professional paving company will be less expensive and take less time than repairing a fully-formed pothole. Sealcoating can play a role in preventing potholes by strengthening the surface of the asphalt with a layer of coal-tar pitch or asphalt cement.
Once a large pothole forms, the hole must be filled with suitable materials and resurfaced. This involves bringing in heavy equipment and often shutting down a parking lot for a day or more.
For asphalt resurfacing, sealcoating, pothole repair, overlays, and striping, contact Azzarelli Paving in Florida. We have been operating in the Tampa area for over 30 years, working to eradicate potholes and produce clean asphalt parking lots for businesses. Call or email us today!
How Tampa's Weather Can Damage Your Asphalt
While, in general, most seek out Tampa's weather for a vacation getaway, with bright sunshine and warm days, the extent at which the outside conditions can reach may cause some problems, instead of relaxation. Summer weather in Tampa can raise the temperatures to remain in the nineties and above. Sunny days can lead to intense light rays. The rainy season can result in hard downpours with a great deal of water left on the ground. These are just a few ways that Tampa weather can become more extreme, which leads to asphalt damage.
How Heat Damages Asphalt
When the summer days make the air much hotter, it causes the exposed asphalt on the surface to expand. Meanwhile, the lower layers of asphalt remain cooler, keeping contracted. This change in shape and difference in layers can cause cracking and fractures.
How Sunlight Damages Asphalt
UV rays cause a number of issues. Just as a brightly colored object would become bleached in the sunlight, asphalt fades over time under the sun. These rays also lead to deterioration in the structure, as well, weakening the surface, warping it and creating soft spots.
How Rain Damages Asphalt
While water from anything can lead to damage, the amount of rain in Tampa reaches levels that are damaging on its own. Since asphalt is porous, water can seep through the surface and into lower layers. Water erodes away at the material, breaking it down and causing cracks.
How to Protect Your Asphalt
Regular maintenance is key to ensuring that your asphalt is protected from the damaging qualities of Tampa's weather. An immediate fix can include patching of specific areas where cracks or holes have appeared. Asphalt overlay can also be done to resurface your asphalt, keeping the surface from deteriorating further and protecting lower layers. Regularly sealing the surface can also add extra protection to already intact asphalt. If you would like to keep your asphalt looking new and remaining strong, contact Azzarelli Paving at _PHONE_ or email us at for a free estimate on repairs and treatment.


text:
"Floating" and "interaction" are essential concepts in Eneida Pérez's work. "Floating" as a state of calm movement while "interaction" captures the awareness of your surrounding and the people around you. Her urban art installations Floating Buddha were the first translation of these concepts into her work. During the installations the Buddhas float on the water in a meditative way while interacting with other Buddhas in an unforeseeable way.
Bike Art take the concept of "floating" and "interaction" a step further: it adds the aspect of functionality. The bike remains a functional item that is turned into an art object. Making art "livable", transmitting positivness and calmness. People react to the bike art objects. They evoke awareness and and a positive attitude from others.


text:
Mobile phones have generated enormous insight into the human condition thanks largely to the study of the data they produce. Mobile phone companies record the time of each call, the caller and receiver ids, as well as the locations of the cell towers involved, among other things.
The combined data from millions of people produces some fascinating new insights in the nature of our society.
Today, computer scientists have gone one step further by using mobile phone data to map the structure of cities and how people use them throughout the day. "These results point towards the possibility of a new, quantitative classification of cities using high resolution spatio-temporal data," say Thomas Louail at the Institut de Physique Théorique in Paris and a few pals.
They say their work is part of a new science of cities that aims to objectively measure and understand the nature of large population centers.
These guys begin with a database of mobile phone calls made by people in the 31 Spanish cities that have populations larger than 200,000. The data consists of the number of unique individuals using a given cell tower (whether making a call or not) for each hour of the day over almost two months.
Given the area that each tower covers, Louail and co work out the density of individuals in each location and how it varies throughout the day. And using this pattern, they search for "hotspots" in the cities where the density of individuals passes some specially chosen threshold at certain times of the day.
The results reveal some fascinating patterns in city structure. For a start, every city undergoes a kind of respiration in which people converge into the center and then withdraw on a daily basis, almost like breathing. And this happens in all cities. This "suggests the existence of a single 'urban rhythm' common to all cities," says Louail and co.
During the week, the number of phone users peaks at about midday and then again at about 6 p.m. During the weekend the numbers peak a little later: at 1 p.m. and 8 p.m. Interestingly, the second peak starts about an hour later in western cities, such as Sevilla and Cordoba.
The data also reveals that small cities tend to have a single center that becomes busy during the day, such as the cities of Salamanca and Vitoria.
But it also shows that the number of hotspots increases with city size; so-called polycentric cities include Spain's largest, such as Madrid, Barcelona, and Bilboa.
That could turn out to be useful for automatically classifying cities.
There is a growing interest in the nature of cities, the way they evolve and how their residents use them. The goal of this new science is to make better use of these spaces that more than 50 percent of the planet inhabit. Louail and co show that mobile phone data clearly has an important role to play in this endeavor to better understanding these complex giants.
Ref: _URL_.4540: From Mobile Phone Data To The Spatial Structure Of Cities


Main Content
Duration in days
D = days(X) returns an array of days equivalent to the values in X.
 - If X is a numeric array, then D is a duration array in units of fixed-length days. A fixed-length day is equal to 24 hours.
 - If X is a duration array, then D is a double array with each element equal to the number of fixed-length (24-hour) days in the corresponding element of X.
The days function converts between duration and double values. To display a duration in units of days, set its Format property to 'd'.
collapse all
X = magic(2);
D = days(X)
D = 2x2 duration
 1 day 3 days
 4 days 2 days
Add each number of fixed-length days to the current date and time.
t = datetime('now') + D
t = 2x2 datetime
 24-Feb-2021 14:52:50 26-Feb-2021 14:52:50
 27-Feb-2021 14:52:50 25-Feb-2021 14:52:50
Create a duration array.
X = hours(23:20:95) + minutes(45)
X = 1x4 duration
 23.75 hr 43.75 hr 63.75 hr 83.75 hr
Convert each duration in X to a number of days.
D = days(X)
D = 1×4
 0.9896 1.8229 2.6562 3.4896
Input Arguments
collapse all
Input array, specified as a numeric array, duration array, or logical array.
 - days creates fixed-length (24 hour) days. To create days that account for Daylight Saving Time shifts when used in calendar calculations, use the caldays function.
Extended Capabilities
See Also
Introduced in R2014b


text:
In talks with preschool teachers, Mary Jo Maxwell was surprised to learn that much of their focus while working with youngsters was on academics.
But Maxwell, who teaches kindergarten at Burton Elementary School, said helping pre-k children with simple skills, including sitting still and paying attention, should be among top concerns.
Effectively communicating expectations are among reasons the Geauga County P-16 Council was initiated.
P-16, a nationwide effort facilitated in Ohio by Ohio Education Matters and KnowledgeWorks Foundation, refers to students' academic careers from preschool through college.
The council was started in Geauga County three years ago by the Geauga Educational Service Center.
Among documented goals are:
- To foster successful transition of the county's children to kindergarten, both public and private, as well as students from secondary education to college and/or the work force and from higher education to the work force.
- To foster the county's community awareness, and parents' awareness and understanding, of the transitions that young people will experience as they prepare for the work force.
- To bring government, business/industry and educational entities together to identify and create efficiencies in purchasing and delivery of services.
"P-16 councils help communities better utilize existing local resources," according to GESC reports. "They target specific leaks in the overall education pipeline and address critical gaps and needs in the cradle to career continuum — from birth through college completion and career."
Suzanne Allen is the GESC assistant superintendent and county's P-16 director.
She recently led a meeting of representatives from area schools, businesses and organizations.
In her opening statements to the assembly, she noted that schools need assistance and cooperation from families, businesses and the community to effectively educate and ready students for future careers.
"As education goes on, there is more burden on American schools," she said.
GESC Superintendent Matt Galemmo added that since the onset of P-16, "We really started to think about those outside relationships" and that developing them is essential.
For example, studies have shown that "soft skills," such as self-control, trust, confidence, empathy and adaptability, are just as important as achievement on test scores in terms of students' future success and may be learned through other sources as well as school.
One of the ways in which businesses can help, Galemmo said, is by visiting schools and alerting students of the realities of the workplace. In doing so, future employees will be more aware of reasons as to why they need to learn various subject matters.
Michael Harlow, a representative from Ohio Education Matters and KnowledgeWorks, was the meeting's keynote speaker.
"P-16s change the system, but they won't work without the business community," he said. "From what I hear today, Geauga's P-16 is on the right track. Parental involvement becomes a priority for more of the advanced P-16s."
A main concern of the Geauga P-16 council is sustainability.
A start-up fund of $25,000 from the Martha Holding Jennings Foundation boosted its initial endeavors. Volunteer efforts from staffers at GESC, Lakeland Community College and Kent State University Geauga also have helped.
"We try to make it work without the money issue," Galemmo said. "Sustainability is the hardest thing."
Several meetings to further the P-16's initiatives are scheduled through 2013.
"In Geauga County we're kind of lucky because there's a willingness to work together," Galemmo said.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Love making best thing to stop mind wandering
People spend nearly half their waking hours thinking about something other than what they are doing, a study revealed today.
Researchers at Harvard University found that people's minds wander on average 46.9 per cent of the time, when they think about things that aren't going on around them.
Participants in the survey, which analysed behaviour recorded on an iPhone web app, said they were distracted no less than 30 per cent of the time during every activity, except making love, when they were more focused than usual.
The research, published in the American journal Science, also showed that mind wandering typically made people unhappy.
People were at their happiest when exercising or engaging in conversation, but least happy when resting, working or using a home computer.
Psychologists Matthew Killingsworth and Daniel Gilbert, the authors of the study, found that the 2,250 volunteers spent time thinking about past, future and hypothetical events while going about their daily lives.
"Mind-wandering appears ubiquitous across all activities," said Mr Killingsworth, a doctoral student at Harvard. "This study shows that our mental lives are pervaded, to a remarkable degree, by the non-present."
The participants, aged between 18 and 88, were asked to select one of 22 general activities and record how happy they were while doing it, as well as whether they were thinking about their current activity or something else.
Mr Killingsworth said: "A human mind is a wandering mind, and a wandering mind is an unhappy mind. The ability to think about what is not happening is a cognitive achievement that comes at an emotional cost.
"Mind wandering is an excellent predictor of people's happiness.
"In fact, how often our minds leave the present and where they tend to go is a better predictor of our happiness than the activities in which we are engaged."
The app can be downloaded for free at _URL_.
Search for a job
Search for a car
Search for a house
Weather for Edinburgh
Saturday 25 May 2013
Temperature: 6 C to 17 C
Wind Speed: 13 mph
Wind direction: West
Temperature: 9 C to 16 C
Wind Speed: 14 mph
Wind direction: South west


text:
Forage Yield and Quality of Oat Cultivars with Increasing Rates of Nitrogen Fertilization
- M. Collins,
- M. A. Brinkman and
- A. A. Salman
Forage yield and several quality parameters of oat (Avena saliva L.) have been addressed in the literature, but the effect of N fertilizer rate on forage yield and quality of oat cultivars, and the possibility of cultivar by N interactions, has received little attention. The objective of this study was to evaluate oat cultivar responses to N fertilization when harvested as forage at heading. Nine adapted oat cultivars ranging from early to late in heading date were grown in four field environments from 1982 to 1984 with five N application rates (0, 28, 56, 84, and 112 kg ha−1). Nitrogen application rates up to 84 or 112 kg ha−1 increased forage yield and increased N concentration in two of three environments. Increasing N application rate increased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) 46 g kg−1 in one environment but decreased it slightly otherwise. In three of four environments, forage yield at heading increased (r2 = 0.66−0.94) linearly with later heading date. Nitrogen concentration generally decreased and NDF, acid detergent fiber, and acid detergent lignin concentrations increased with later heading date. The difference in NDF between the earliest and latest cultivars could affect forage utilization by affecting forage intake. In situations where high quality is important, early maturing oat cultivars might be preferable because they produce higher quality forage. Early harvest would also alleviate competition with an underseeded perennial legume earlier in the season. Application of 84 to 112 kg ha−1 of N produces maximum yields and increases N concentration with generally small effects on fiber concentrations and without increasing lodging.
Copyright ©..


text:
The following terms and definitions are often associated with and provide a common, working language for ADL's educational anti-bias programs and resources. The definitions are written for older youth to adult reading levels, unless otherwise specified, and some include age-appropriate versions for younger ages.
Ability: Having the mental and/or physical condition to engage in one or more major life activities (e.g., seeing, hearing, speaking, walking, breathing, performing manual tasks, learning or caring for oneself).
Ableism: The marginalization and/or oppression of people who have disabilities, including temporary, developmental, physical, psychiatric and/or intellectual disabilities.
Activist: Someone who gets involved in activities that are meant to achieve political or social change; this also includes being a member of an organization which is working on change.
- Elementary school version: A person who uses or supports actions such as protests to help make changes in politics or society.
Ageism: The marginalization and/or oppression of older people based on the belief that older people are inferior, incapable or irrelevant. Ageism also describes the marginalization and/or oppression of people who are too young to have social independence.
Aggressor: Someone who says or does something harmful or malicious to another person intentionally and unprovoked.
- Elementary school version: Someone who says or does hurtful things to another person on purpose and over and over.
Ally: Someone who speaks out on behalf of or takes actions that are supportive of someone who is targeted by bias or bullying, either themselves or someone else.
- Elementary school version: Someone who helps or stands up for someone who is being bullied or the target of bias.
Anti-Bias: An active commitment to challenge bias within oneself, others and institutions.
Anti-Immigrant Bias: The marginalization and/or oppression of people who are of immigrant origin, transnational or outside the dominant national identity or culture. (Other related terms include xenophobia to describe a fear to anyone or anything that is perceived to be foreign or strange.)
Anti-Muslim Bias: The marginalization and/or oppression of people who are Muslim based on the belief in stereotypes and myths about Muslim people, Islam and countries with predominantly Muslim populations. (Often called Islamophobia to describe a fear of anyone or anything that is perceived to be of Islamic religion or culture. Anti-Muslim bias is supported by racism, anti-immigrant bias and religious bias. People who are not Muslim may be racialized as Muslim and experience prejudice and/or discrimination.)
Antisemitism: The marginalization and/or oppression of people who are Jewish based on the belief in stereotypes and myths about Jewish people, Judaism and Israel.
Anti-Trans Bias: The marginalization and/or oppression of people who are transgender and/or non-binary (identifying as neither a man nor a woman) based on the belief that cisgender (gender identity that corresponds with the sex one was assigned at birth) is the norm. (Often called transphobia to describe a fear of anyone who is perceived to be transgender. Other related, specific terms include cissexism, transmisogyny and binarism.)
Bias: An inclination or preference either for or against an individual or group that interferes with impartial judgment.
- Elementary school version: A preference either for or against an individual or group that affects fair judgment.
Bigotry: An unreasonable or irrational attachment to negative stereotypes and prejudices.
- Elementary school version: Prejudice and/or discrimination against a person or group based on stereotypes.
Bisexual: A person who is emotionally, physically and/or romantically attracted to some people of more than one gender.
Bullying: Repeated actions or threats of action directed toward a person by one or more people who have (or are perceived to have) more power or status than their target in order to cause fear, distress or harm. Bullying can be physical, verbal, psychological or any combination of these three. Bullying behaviors can include name-calling, obscene gesturing, malicious teasing, rumors, slander, social exclusion, damaging a person's belongings, threats and physical violence.
- Elementary school version: When a person or a group behaves in ways—on purpose and over and over—that make someone feel hurt, afraid or embarrassed.
Bystander: Someone who sees bias or bullying happening and does not say or do anything.
All forms of bias can be both explicit (aware, voluntary and intentional) and implicit (unaware, involuntary and unintentional). All manifestations of bias and discrimination can be both personal (an individual act of bias, meanness or exclusion) or systemic (policies and practices supported and sanctioned by power and authority and that benefit some and disadvantages others).
The specific, pervasive systems of oppression and marginalization described in some of these definitions are upheld by institutionalized, cultural and historical ideologies and discrimination. These systems exist simultaneously, compounding the harm to individuals with multiple marginalized identities. Individual acts of prejudice and discrimination are informed by and perpetuate these systems, which exist regardless of individual prejudices and interpersonal acts of bias.


text:
Sep. 18, 2006 Trees that live in an odd desert forest in Oman have found an unusual way to water themselves by extracting moisture from low-lying clouds, MIT scientists report.
In an area that is characterized mostly by desert, the trees have preserved an ecological niche because they exploit a wispy-thin source of water that only occurs seasonally, said Elfatih A.B. Eltahir, professor of civil and environmental engineering, and former MIT graduate student Anke Hildebrandt.
After studying the Oman site, they also expressed concern that the unusual forest could be driven into extinction if hungry camels continue eating too much of the foliage. As the greenery disappears it's possible the trees will lose the ability to pull water from the mist and recharge underground reservoirs.
A report on their research was published in a recent issue of Geophysical Research Letters. They are also advising the Omani government on handling the problem.
The forest is especially unique, said Eltahir and Hildebrandt, because it "is a water-limited seasonal cloud forest" that is kept alive by water droplets gathered from passing clouds -- ground fog. The water dribbles into the ground and sustains the trees later when the weather is dry. The MIT work suggests the trees actually get more of their water through contact with clouds than via rainfall.
In general, cloud forests are not really rare. But they occur most frequently in moist tropical regions where there is ample rainfall. So it is unusual, the researchers said, to find a cloud forest in a region known for chronic dryness.
The researchers studied the area in Oman to learn how the Dhofar Mountain ecosystem "functions naturally, and how it may respond to human activity" that could lead to desertification and the need for reforestation.
Eltahir and Hildebrandt, who is now at the UFZ Center for Environmental Research, in Leipzig, Germany, said the unusual forest is an interesting remnant "of a moist vegetation belt that once spread across the Arabian Peninsula" in the distant past. At that time the regional climate was generally wetter.
The forested area in the Sultanate of Oman is now semi-arid, and most of the ancient tree vegetation is gone. This small remnant has managed to survive in the Dhofar Mountains.
But it is under threat.
Although many Omanis have moved into cities and towns as the country has grown rich on oil, Eltahir explained, a family's prestige still comes from owning many camels, and people now tend to keep more camels than they need, which is part of the problem facing the forest.
"It is an unusual place," Eltahir said. "It's a very good example of a unique and fragile ecosystem" where constant pressure from over-grazing can have consequences beyond defoliation. In fact, the forest illustrates how small changes can lead to major impact on far bigger systems, Eltahir said.
The trees in wetter ecosystems would likely recover from small amounts of over-grazing, Eltahir said, but "in this location, due to the nature of the interaction of the canopy structure with the clouds, the trees may not recover."
The two said the forest probably would not regenerate naturally once it is gone. Without the trees that sweep the extra water from clouds, the forest cannot regrow. Grass, even if abundant, cannot collect enough moisture from fog to let a forest regrow.
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Nils DalénArticle Free Pass
Nils Dalén, in full Nils Gustaf Dalén (born Nov. 30, 1869, Stenstorp, Swed.—died Dec. 9, 1937, Stockholm), Swedish engineer who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1912 for his invention of the automatic sun valve, or Solventil, which regulates a gaslight source by the action of sunlight, turning it off at dawn and on at dusk or at other periods of darkness. It rapidly came into worldwide use for buoys and unmanned lighthouses.
In 1906 Dalén became chief engineer of the Gas Accumulator Company, which marketed acetylene gas. He became managing director of the company in 1909 and then invented Agamassan, a substance that absorbs acetylene, making it possible to concentrate the gas with no danger of explosion. He was blinded by an explosion during an experiment in 1913, but he continued experimental work until his death.
What made you want to look up "Nils Dalen"? Please share what surprised you most...


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has been a teacher in Syracuse, New York; Omaha, Nebraska; and Virginia Beach, Virginia; teaching elementary school, middle school, high school, and in a community college. She has also been a newspaper woman, a general reporter, a business reporter, and an associate editor and editorial writer at Norfolk's Virginian-Pilot.
Hakim earned a bachelor's degree at Smith College and a master's of education as well as an honorary doctorate at Goucher College. Her prize-winning history books A History of US
have a strong narrative and are changing the way many children learn and teachers teach. Hakim hopes that The Story of Science
's narrative will do the same thing.
Hakim's goal in The Story of Science series is to encourage reading–especially nonfiction reading– which is the essential skill of the Information Age. To find a story in a subject is to discover its essence. If we can get our children to write story-centered nonfiction, they'll have to research, do some critical thinking, and organize and use their thoughts. Few things can prepare them as well for the challenges of the 21st century.


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Interested in linking to "Orifice Flow Measurement Accuracy"?
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I was asked to determine the measurement error, using the square root of sum of squares method (SRSS) if the flow is 50% (ΔP = 25% = 25 in. H2O), the d/p cell is located where the ambient temperature is 120 ºF, and the operating pressure of the flowing fluid is 1000 psig. I was told that we can neglect the error in the receiving instrument (a computer). How do I calculate the zero and span errors caused by the differences in temperatures and pressures between calibration and actual? What will be my total error at 50% flow if I calculate it with the SRSS method?
Eo: orifice error;
Eref: reference error (repeatability in Figure 1) stated by the vendor, which reflects only the linearity, repeatability and hysteresis errors of the d/p cell;
Etz, Ets, Epz, Eps, which are the errors caused by the differences between calibration and operating pressures and temperatures on the zero and span of the d/p cell. Usually the "zero error" is the greater if the ratio of upper range limit to full scale (URL/FS) is high;
Era: "rangeability error," which rises as the actual flow drops. For linear meters, it rises linearly (Figure 1). For non-linear, orifice type measurement, it rises exponentionally (ΔP ~ F2), and therefore at 33% flow, the ΔP is 11% FS;
Erc: the error of the receiving instrument.
From Figure 1, one can see that if the supplier publishes only Eref, that is much less than the actual total error, which at 33% full scale flow for a typical installation is about 3%. Therefore, if the flow is expected to drop below 33%, we use multiple ranges (Figure 2).
Gerald Liu, P. Eng.
A: There are many issues. First the flow rate, F, is a calculated value related to the differential pressure, dP, created by the orifice. You will need a calibration equation to convert the measured dP to F. In a mathematically ideal world, F is proportional to the square root of dP. However, many features of the orifice design, installation configuration, flow turbulence number (Reynolds Number), fluid compressibility, transducer discrimination errors, etc. often make the square root idealization inappropriate. Often a power law calibration model, such as F=a*dP^b, where b is in the 0.4 to 0.55 range, derived from experimental data, leads to both more accurate and precise results.
Second, either the ideal square root or appropriated power law model presumes turbulent flow. For your orifice meter testing, you need to be sure that the flow rate remains in the turbulent region.
Third, turbulence-induced fluctuations on the dP signal create noise on the measured F (F appears measured because it is displayed, but F is actually calculated by the calibration equation and the dP sensor signal). The flow turbulence is greater at higher flow rates, but the square root functionality attenuates in the high F range. Accordingly, at low F, as F increases, the measurement noise will increase, but at high F, as F increases, the noise will decrease. Precision is reported as some measure of variability, But this value of precision would change with the flow rate value. You would need to characterize precision at several F values.
Fourth, you could quantify precision by experimental replicate testing or by propagating uncertainty. Use propagation of uncertainty when you are seeking to estimate the errors related to the pressureand temperature-induced influences on fluid density—measured F. But you will need models that relate pressure and temperature to each source of variation.
Fifth, understand both aspects of measurement error: precision and accuracy. Both can be reported as rms values. Accuracy is measured by closeness to the true value. To report accuracy, you need to compare the "measured" F to a true value of F. To do this, calibrate the orifice meter, then compare the average of the noisy measured F value to a known standard. Even if accuracy is perfect at some flow rate, because the simple calibration equation will not exactly capture nature's behavior over the entire range, the measured F will not represent the truth over the entire range. Accuracy will change with F. In contrast to accuracy, precision is related to repeatability, replicate variability or noise-induced fluctuations. To report precision, take many samples at one constant flow rate value and calculate the standard deviation of the replicate measurements.
Finally, after you have quantified either accuracy or precision, something will change. Someone will adjust the noise damping feature of the dP cell or the noise filter on the signal or calculated value, which will change the precision and lag associated with the measurement, or the orifice will erode, corrode, etc., or someone will adjust an upstream feature (thermowell insertion, bypass, etc.) which will shift the F to dP relation within the devices, making the calibration equation inaccurate.
With best practices for calibration, installation and maintenance, handbooks report orifice flowmeter error in the 3% to 5% range. They also indicate that 10% error is not to be unexpected. Accordingly, a major concern about flow rate measurement error might justify consideration of an alternate flowmeter type.
R. Russell Rhinehart


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DENSON SPRINGS, TX
DENSON SPRINGS, TEXAS. Denson Springs is by Dream Lake on State Highway 294 eighteen miles southeast of Palestine in southeastern Anderson County. The site was settled before the Civil War and named for a Mrs. Denson, a member of the Bradshaw family that owned a land grant near the community site; the Bradshaws were among the early settlers in the area. An early school was located near the community on the land of a settler named Grayson and was called Grayson School. Before the Civil War the school was one of the largest in the county, and its building was also used as a Baptist church. In 1887 the school was moved to the site of present Denson Springs. Denson Springs post office operated from 1893 to 1918. In 1896 the community had a general store run by Wortham and Company, and in 1901 it had three businesses, a doctor's office, a gin and mill, a church, and the school. By 1914 the population was estimated at 100, and the community had two general stores and a cotton gin. In 1934 the Denson Springs school had forty-six pupils and two teachers, and in 1936 the school and several dwellings were still at the site. The school was consolidated with the Slocum schools by 1955, and by 1982 Denson Springs consisted only of a cemetery and several scattered dwellings. In 2000 the population was 100.
Anderson County Herald, July 5, 1901. Thomas Paul Jones, The Reorganization of the Public Schools of Anderson County, Texas (M.Ed. thesis, University of Texas, 1934).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Mark Odintz, "DENSON SPRINGS, TX," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed May 19, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


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MENTION ABOUT ONE PERSON COMPANY.
ONE PERSON COMPANY
One Person Company is the company which mentions about single proprietorship, it also mentions all the business are carried out in an individual manner, it is categorized into two types they are private limited company and public limited company. OPC can convert itself into either public limited or private limited company. The private company mentions about 2 directors minimum and members are required, whereas in public limited company mentions a minimum three directors and minimum 7 members. One Person Company has been introduced by the company Act 2013.
STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED:
- The digital signature mentioned by One Person Company is essential, get the digital signature's certificate from the concerned person.
- Get Director Identification number from the concerned person.
- Add an appropriate company name and create an application which mentions all details to the Ministry of the corporate office which mention for name availability.
- A document should contain the memorandum of association which also mentions articles of association.
- Put a signature and various documents to be filed should include MOA/AOA with the registrar of companies electronically.
- One Person Company mentioned about requisite fee payment to the ministry of corporate affairs, and also Stamp duty
- Mention detailed information of documents at the registrar of companies.
- Receipt of Certificate of Registration/Incorporation from ROC.
TERMS AND RESTRICTIONS:
- There is no eligibility to incorporate more than a one-person company mentioned or to become a nominee in that company more than once.
- Minor cannot become a nominee or member of the one person company or can hold the share with beneficial interest.
- An OPC is not allowed to be incorporate or converted into a company under section 8 of the Act.
- An OPC is not allowed to take up non-banking financial investment activities including investment in securities of any body corporate.
- An OPC is not allowed to convert any kind of company unless two years have expired from the incorporation date of one person company excluding threshold limit( paid-up share capital) is increased exceeds Rs 50 lakhs or its average annual turnover during the relevant period is more than Rs 2 crores i.e., if the paid-up capital of the company exceeds Rs. 50 lakhs or the average turn-over during the relevant period is more than Rs 2 crore, then the OPC has to invariably file forms with the Return on capital for conversion into a Public or private company within six months period on the above threshold limits breaching.
PRIVILEGES FOR OPC WHICH OPC MENTIONS:
- The most important reason for shareholders to incorporate the single-person company is the limited liability desire.
- Currently, the businesses that were running under the proprietorship mentions a model that could get converted into OPCs without any difficulty.
- Necessary rotation of auditor mentions after the expiry of the maximum term is not applicable.
- Single Person Company mentions and needs to have one-director minimum and it can have the director's maximum up to 15 that also can increase by passing a special resolution as in the case of any other company.
- The provisions of section 98 and section 100 to 111 relating holding of general meetings, shall not apply to a One Person Company.
- Minimum authorized share capital needed for One Person Company which mentions with the share capital of Rs. 1, 00, 000.
- The minimum number of members of One Person Company is one and the maximum number of members of One Person Company is also one.
- One person Company mentions about the Shares. Shares are not allowed to transfer to anyone else.
- In order to subscribe to the securities of the company from giving any invitations to the public, an OPC should be prohibited.
- No OPC can convert into any other kind of company voluntarily within two years from the date of incorporation of one person company except when the threshold limit of paid-up capital being fifty lakhs is crossed or its annual turnover exceeds two crore rupees during the relevant period.
- Under section 8 an OPC cannot convert into a registered company.
- An OPC is needed to give a legal identity by declaring a particular name under which the activities of the company can be carried on. The words One Person Company must be specified below the company name, wherever the name is used, fixed or engraved.
The advantages of one Person Company are as follows
- Separate legal entity.
- 100% control on the company
- Less compliance as compared to the private limited company.
- Funding is easy.
- Limited liability, more opportunities.
- Benefits of being a small-scale industry.
- Single owner.
- Credit rating.
- Benefits under Income tax law.
- Increased prestige and trust.
- General points.
An OPC is subject to the same taxes as a private limited company.
An OPC mentions and increases the individuals borrowing capacity. Banks and Investors chose to give funds to the companies rather than the partnerships and proprietorship.
When an OPC limited by guarantee or shares involves into the contract with the company sole member, who is also the company director mentions the contract terms or offer must be recorded in writing or included in the memorandum. Or recorded in the minutes of the board meeting held next after entering into the contract OPC must inform the registrar which mentions about all contract entered into by the company that also mentions with the company sole member within a fifteen days period from the approval date
1. A boost in the country's economy is seen due to many opportunities and less hassle, given by the one person Company. An OPC mentions about many sole proprietorships. Many sole proprietorships, are converting themselves due to these very same reasons.
2. The registration is easy comparatively, and not much compliance is to be maintained. Requires minimum paperwork, this makes the company all more desirable.
3. As per BSE, One Person Company can act as a sub-broker or as a stock. Apart from all these features, one person companies are helping tremendously in increasing overall India's overall economy. More and more entrepreneurs are coming up for their business set up. No intervention from any third party is seen since that makes highly beneficial.
- Is not possible to mention or to add partners.
- Nearby cost is similar with the private limited company.
Other than most of the companies are using this One Person Company.
The United Kingdom is leading one which mentions One Person Company. A newly introduced concept is the One Person Company which mentions complete details, that is possible to One Person Company precedent set.
A company is formed with one or more persons under this act.
- It mentions and subscribes to the memorandum of association names.
- For an unlawful purpose, a company may not be formed.
Based on the one member company rules, 2003 of Pakistan mentioned and provide for single-member company incorporation
The UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
In several states of the USA grants and mention the formation of single-member Limited Liability Company.
One Person Company is identified and mentioned by UAE.
Under the Amendment Act of 2004, Singapore allows and mention about single-member formation Limited liability Company.
In 2005 China introduced and mentioned One Person Company.
CONCEPT WHICH ONE PERSON COMPANY MENTIONS:
Information Technology plays a major role which mentions one person company entrepreneurs are allowed to take part in economic activity. It also mentions that every entrepreneur who creates the idea of their own and participate in the marketplace. The individual can operate in the economic domain and should mention about effective contribution.


Respondents in removal, exclusion or deportation proceedings must appear in front of an Immigration Judge to present their applications for relief from removal. Respondents can ask an Immigration Judge to grant them permanent residence or other types of relief from removal based on a family relationship, VAWA petition, U visa, or asylum for those who fear going back their country of origin. The Immigration Judge may also consider cancellation of removal for those who have lived in the US for 10 years, have a child, parent or spouse who is a citizen or permanent resident of the US who would suffer extreme and unusual hardship


- this week
Gender: F Meaning of Arianwen: "white, fair, blessed" Origin of Arianwen: Welsh
Rarely heard outside of Wales, Arianwen is one of many pretty wen-ending names prominent in ancient Welsh legend.
Famous People Named Arianwen
Arianwen Parkes-Lockwood, Australian actress
Pop Culture References for the name Arianwen
Welsh pronunciation: ar-YAN-wen
Related: Arianell, Arianrhod, Aryanhwy, Eirianwen


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Regular inkjet technology could be used to print sheets of lasers onto any surface, thanks to research from Cambridge University.
Lasers are generally produced on silicon wafers, using similar processes to that of chip manufacturers. These are then used for a variety of applications, from reading data on a Blu-ray disk, to beaming data across the world in high speed internet connections, not to mention wider medical uses.
With a new production technique involving printing laser producing material, scientists could enable these many applications and more with greater ease, using any material as a surface.
Cambridge University researchers used materials known as chiral nematic liquid crystals (LCs), similar to that found in LCD televisions, to create the lasers. These photonic materials are able to produce laser light when placed under the correct conditions, such as when the scientists add a fluorescent dye.
While it has been possible to create this effect in labs previously, production methods have been overly complex, involving printing on substrates such as glass and silicon. However Cambridge scientists have now created a way to print small dots of LCs using standard inkjet technology
By printing onto a polymer surface scientists have the ability to print on almost any surface, even flexible ones, producing tuneable laser sources, and high resolution laser displays. Medical applications using the patented printing system are also being touted, according to the university.


text: Abstract: We describe case studies of clinically significant changes in sedentary behavior of older adults captured with a novel computer vision algorithm for depth data. An unobtrusive Microsoft Kinect sensor continuously recorded older adults' activity in the primary living spaces of TigerPlace apartments. Using the depth data from a period of ten months, we develop a context aware algorithm to detect person-specific postural changes (sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit events) that define sedentary behavior. The robustness of our algorithm was validated over 33,120 minutes of data for 5 residents against manual analysis of raw depth data as the ground truth, with a strong correlation (r=0.937, p<0.001) and mean error of 17 minutes/day. Our findings are highlighted in two case studies of sedentary activity and its relationship to clinical assessments of functional decline. Our findings show strong potential for future research towards a generalizable platform to automatically study sedentary behavior patterns with an in-home activity monitoring system.


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This open access 2018 review by Paolo Governa and co-workers from the University of Siena and the Italian Society of Phytotherapy provides an overview of the use of medicinal plants in the management of diabetes, with particular regard to evidence of clinical effectiveness of medicinal plants in controlling diabetes-related symptoms.
The authors emphasise the following species enlisted in WHO monographs with indication of use for diabetes:
- Holy basil, Ocimum tenuiflorum L., leaves.
- Fenugreek, Trigonella foenum-graecum L., seeds.
- Onion, Allium cepa L., bulb.
- Neem, Azadirachta indica A. Juss., leaves.
- Bitter melon, Momordica charantia L., fruit.
- Korean ginseng, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, roots.
- American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L., roots.
- Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC., roots.
Many of these are used of diabetes in traditional medical systems or described in pharmacopoeias for this use. The authors consider that for the first two, holy basil and fenugreek, their use in diabetes is supported by clinical data.
The authors also discuss some other species which are attracting the interest of the scientific community for their promise in treating diabetes.
The authors comment that there is a crucial need for stronger evidence-based data.
Citation Governa P, Baini G, Borgonetti V, Cettolin G, Giachetti D, Magnano AR, Miraldi E, Biagi M. Phytotherapy in the Management of Diabetes: A Review. Molecules. 2018; 23(1):105. _URL_


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Features are highlighted collections of resources that can be used to support related lesson plans or as standalone activities in the classroom. Browse our library of features by grade level or subject area below.
"Shakespeare Uncovered" is a six-part PBS series featuring celebrated actors and directors exploring the back stories behind his most famous plays. This guide helps teachers navigate the series website and offers ideas to integrate the series into a high school classroom setting. The guide links to full videos of each episode as well as lesson plans, play maps, character quiz and other educational resources.
Drawing on the EDSITEment's lesson plan on Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun, this presentation will demonstrate how teachers can use EDSITEment resources to satisfy the expectations of the Common Core while meeting the diverse needs of students in the classroom.
On the third Monday of January, Americans celebrate the life and achievement of one of our most respected citizens -- Martin Luther King, Jr.
An overview of resources for Herman Melville, "Moby-Dick," and whaling in the 19th century.
The cornerstone of the inaugural ceremony is the inaugural address. Each president attempts to outline in the course he hopes to follow over the coming years in just a few short pages.


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The Report Card for Student Success is the strategic plan for the Peel District School Board, based on a proven, research-based methodology called the balanced scorecard. Its power is in using data to transform our strategic plan into action. It demonstrates the cause-and-effect relationship between our actions and what we're trying to achieve—is what we are doing having a direct impact on what we are trying to achieve?
The Report Card for Student Success shows us whether our actions are having an impact, because each goal clearly sets out targets for improvement. On this website, visitors will find:
- the status of each of our goals—are we on target for each goal
- trend data showing our progress on achieving each target
- detailed plans for each project
- archived information of previous projects
- more information about the balanced scorecard
There are eight goals in the strategic plan. The goals represent the most important areas of focus for our board. We developed our goals based on broad consultation with and consensus from all of our stakeholders.
Each goal also has an indicator—how we will measure our performance on that goal, compared to our expected results. Each indicator is carefully chosen because it is a representative measure that will give us a reliable indication of how well we are achieving the intended outcomes for each goal.
To go with each indicator is a target—our desired level of performance on that indicator. Before deciding on each target, the board collected and analyzed baseline data for six months. Then we developed our targets by considering what would be a reasonable, attainable level of progress in a three-year period.
For each goal, we deliberately chose specific projects that we believe will have greatest impact on the outcome we are trying to achieve. By aligning and focusing the work at all levels of the board, we can harness the energy of the whole board to achieve our goals. Projects have clear time lines for their start and completion, and they are regularly reviewed.
With the indicators and targets, we can demonstrate our progress over time. For each goal, we can show whether we are on target, above target or below.


- Nynorsk
 - English
Universitetet i bergen logoUniversity of Bergen
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Ask mot Herdlefjorden og Holsnøy
Ask mot Herdlefjorden og Holsnøy. (Helge Sunde)
It is the easily weathered-out mountainside that gives the Askøy-berries their good taste. On parts of the east side of Askøy, the nutrient-rich mica schist has given a very fertile soil - the green fields between Ask and Straumsnes are Askøy's oasis. It was the green Ask where Bergen folk preferred to to build their summer homes on Askøy. Strawberry-growing on the open land there was one of the main businesses on Askøy, and "ask-berries" (or "Ash-berries") have been appreciated and sought after for several generations. Word reached all the way to eastern Norway in the old days. Strawberries from Askøy are still to be had, but today, there are few strawberry farms left that deliver this precious fruit, and the berries are the same kind as are grown everywhere else in the country.
It is easy to distinguish between the depleted gneiss bedrock with pine forest and blueberry bushes growing on it, and the lush mica schist-soils on this part of Askøy. To the south, the boundary goes north of Olavvika Bay, while to the north, this sparkly rocktype takes over steering of the soil near Breivik. In the area between, the strawberries got their growing power and good taste.
Vesle Bergensboge (the "Little Bergen Arc") is what brought the mica schist to Askøy. Between Straumsnes and Ask, this geological phenomenon emerges up from Byfjorden. Then it disappears gradually along the road north to Herdle Fjord. The schists on the east side of Askøy were originally clay. This clay was pressed down into the crust over a long period of time, far down into the depths of the Caledonian Mountain Chain, with temperatures up toward 400–450 °C. At 15–20 kilometres depth, the grains of clay became re-mineralized to mica minerals. Simultaneously, the mineral garnet was formed. When the mountain chain later got eroded down, such that the rock got exposed at the surface, the weathering set in. The minerals became unstable when they came into contact with the atmosphere. Wind and weather didn't let any chance escape to attack the minerals. In this way, the nutrients from the mountainside were released to the soil (see frame).
In the hills on Ask, the mountainside has been weathering away since the Ice Age ended, about 11 500 years ago. This is not especially long in a geological perspective. Because of the poor resistance against weathering in the mica schist, the result nonetheless has been a thick layer of mineral-rich soil. The hard, quartz-rich gneiss bedrock on the island otherwise has been subjected to the same attack from wind and weather over just as long a time. Such rock types require several million years in order to weather out, preferably under much warmer climatic conditions, in order to form a good soil. Therefore, the weathering has not come particularly far in this mountainside.
The area between Straumsnes and Ask is not only endowed with nutrient-rich and easily-broken-down bedrock, it is also better protected against bad weather than many other parts of the municipality. Kolbeinsvarden, Askøy's highest mountain, rises in the southwest. The sea, in addition, is not as rough as it can be on the west side. The geology and the weather conditions have in a way played on the same team, to create the good growing conditions.
Nourishment from stone
Dead plants get broken down by microorganisms which produce carbon dioxide (CO2 ). Dissolved in water, carbon dioxide gives carbonic acid (H2CO3 ). Carbonic acid is a relatively weak acid. But, when it has had a chance to work together with humic acid and liberate hydrogen ions (H+), the effect can be strong: The acid goes loose on minerals that originally were formed at great depths, and transforms them into other minerals that are stable at surface conditions that exist at the earth's surface. This process frees potassium (K) and sometimes also calcium (Ca), elements that are important for making good soil.
 - A picture from the 1930s; a woman with a typical strawberry basket made of wood.
A picture from the 1930s; a woman with a typical strawberry basket made of wood. (Loaned:Ivar Tumyr)
 - Dagny Tellevik harvests the year's crop.
Strawberry harvesting on Ask, past and present. Dagny Tellevik harvests the year's crop. (Svein Nord)
 - Fossen, H.; Ragnhildstveit, J. 1997. Geologisk kart over Norge, berggrunnskart Bergen – M 1:50.000. Norges geologiske undersøkelse.


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Snapshots automatically backup your website files at a regular interval, which you can use to rollback your website code to a previous version if needed.
Snapshots do not make a backup of your databases. If you would like to perform a backup of your databases, we recommend you perform an export, or launch a dump script via crontab.
After you have selected the instance in question, click on "Snapshots" to bring up the option.
Next, click on the "Activate snapshots" button.
Once activated, we will create a total of 4 backups of your website files at specific times:
- a daily snapshot kept for 24h
- a daily snapshot kept for 48h
- a weekly snapshot kept for 7 days
- a weekly snapshot kept for 14 days
To restore your website files from a Snapshot, start by logging into your instance using sFTP.
Once you're at the root of your instance's disk, browse to the "snapshot" directory.
Your snapshot directory's contents will look like:
- 123456789.daily : one daily snapshot
- 123456789.weekly : one weekly snapshot
The number that you see before each directory is the unix timestamp. The most recent snapshot is the one with the highest number.
In order to restore the data, you will have to copy the files/folders to your local device from the remote folder, and then upload them to the target directory (unless your SFTP software allows you to copy/paste directly through their interface).


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This word has given rise to a host of guesses:
Railey suggests garrula, a chatterbox.
Minshew ventures the Italian girella, a weather-cock.
Skinner goes in for the Anglo-Saxon ceorl, a churl.
Why not girdle, as young women before marriage wore a girdle [girle]; and part of a Roman marriage ceremony was for the bridegroom to loose the zone.
As for guessing, the word gull may put in a claim (1 Henry iv. 1); so may the Greek koure, a girl, with a diminutive suffix koure-la, whence gourla, gourl, gurl, girl.
(The Latin gerula means a maid that attends on a child. Chaucer spells the word gurl.)
Probably the word is a variation of darling, Anglo-Saxon, deorling.
Source: Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, E. Cobham Brewer, 1894


Nasa Jigsaw Puzzle with Answer
This Jigsaw Puzzle is dedicated to all the kids who want to become Astronauts. Solving this Puzzle will help you to increase your visual skills. It will also help you to sharp your brain. One Jigsaw Piece is taken from Nasa Puzzle Image of Space Shuttle launch. Can you correctly match this missing Jigsaw Piece in the given puzzle image and solve this Nasa Jigsaw Puzzle?
It is Jigsaw puzzle in which one has to find the missing Jigsaw Piece of Nasa Puzzle Image
Can you find the Missing Jigsaw Piece?
Answer of this "Nasa Jigsaw Puzzle", can be viewed by clicking on answer button. Please do give your best try before looking at the answer.
Unknown said...
Rajesh Kumar said...
Yes, this is correct answer for this Naga Jigsaw Puzzle.


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By Bob Gourley
Triumfant Launches Memory Process Scanner Module to Detect and Stop In-Memory Attacks
Solution provides real-time detection, identification, and mitigation of advanced malware that operates in endpoint volatile memory
Rockville, MD – November 4, 2013 – Triumfant, creator of patented software that automatically discovers, analyzes and remediates advanced malware attacks on computers, today launched its first ever Advanced Volatile Threat (AVT) module to detect and stop "in-memory" malware attacks. The new solution, which is bundled free with Triumfant's newly-available 5.0 product suite, combines Triumfant's unique, patented malware detection software with new tools that can accurately track malware functionality operating in the volatile memory of the endpoint machine. Offered to existing customers at no additional charge, Triumfant's Memory Process Scanner module enables real time detection of a variety of threats that operate by manipulating objects in memory.
Advanced Volatile Threats are malware attacks that take place in a computer's random access memory (RAM) or other volatile memory, and are difficult to detect because they are never stored to the hard disk. Unlike Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) that create a pathway into the system and then automatically execute every time a machine is rebooted, an Advanced Volatile Threat enters a machine in volatile, real-time memory, exfiltrates the data, then immediately wipes its fingerprints clean – leaving no trace behind as the computer is shut down.
A key aspect of the Memory Process Scanner is its ability to detect volatile exploits. In the case of an exploit, the malware injects itself into a normal process. Once the malware is running, it may migrate to a different process and download other tools to be used by the attacker. Catching the initial exploit allows the earliest possible detection and identifies the vulnerable process that is being compromised.
"Triumfant's unique ability to recognize 'in-memory' attacks — without relying on prior knowledge or signatures – means that we can provide unmatched defense against today's most sophisticated cyber attacks from experienced criminals and state-sponsored threat actors," said John Prisco, President and CEO of Triumfant. "As malicious threats against the endpoint continue to grow in volume, many organizations are focusing on sophisticated threats such as APTs, often neglecting an extremely vulnerable part of the machine: the memory. We believe our new Memory Process Scanner offering is a great way for our customers to complement existing security technologies in their organization and create a multi-faceted defense against today's most advanced cyber threats."
Other features of Triumfant's Memory Scanner module include:
- Anomalous Application Verification: Automatically links related anomalous behaviors and generates supporting evidence for anomalous applications on the endpoint.
- Irregular Process Notifications: An attacker will often hide a backdoor process inside another process that doesn't normally communicate over the network. The Memory Scanner can detect processes as a behavioral anomaly if it tries to communicate over the network.
- Bandwidth & Authentication: Triumfant's 5.0 update is more bandwidth efficient than current messaging systems, includes bidirectional authentication to prevent spoofing, and contains message sequence numbers to prevent replay attacks.
- Management: Installation, verification, operation, and maintenance of the Triumfant malware detection solution is provided with each 5.0 upgrade.
"The security industry has tried many approaches to preventing malware over the years, and some have worked better than others. By now, thanks to numerous studies, everyone should realize that the signature-based approaches of old have limited value," said Adrian Sanabria, Senior Security Analyst, 451 Research. "Innovations like Triumfant's memory scanning approach are an important and significant step forward in fighting the battle where it occurs – on the endpoint. Many current technologies address threats directly, taking a single step to prevent an attack. These are easily leapfrogged by the attacker, and have limited long-term value. The industry desperately needs more approaches that address problems at the root, and will force attackers to spend significantly more time and effort to achieve their goals."
For more information, please visit: _URL_.
Triumfant leverages patented analytics to detect, analyze and remediate the malicious attacks that evade traditional endpoint protection solutions such as the Advanced Persistent Threat, Zero Day Attacks, targeted attacks, and rootkits. Triumfant automates the process of building a contextual and surgical remediation that addresses the malware and all of the associated collateral damage. Endpoints go from infection to remediation in five minutes without the need to reboot or re-image.
Triumfant uses these same analytics to continually enforce security configurations and policies, ensuring that organizations start every day with their endpoints secure and audit ready.
Please visit us at: _URL_


text:
Chief metallurgist, Schmidt & Clemens Alloy Steel Works, Lindlar,
Pages: 12 Published: Jan 1982
A new low-carbon 16Cr-5Ni stainless martensitic cast steel (S + C 4405) is presented as an advancement of CA6NM with improved corrosion resistance, excellent ductility, less susceptibility to hardening cracks, and good weldability, filling the gap between CA6NM and CF8M. The chemical composition is balanced so that a homogeneous microstructure consisting of annealed martensite with small amounts of δ-ferrite and finely dispersed austenite is obtained after hardening and tempering. Because of limited δ-ferrite, the impact values obtained correspond to CA6NM, and limited austenite still allows yield strength values comparable to those of CA6NM.
Due to its excellent ductility combined with good fabricability, the material is also suitable for cryogenic applications down to −200°C. Furthermore, favorable fatigue tests, and particularly test results in artificial seawater, show a remarkable improvement over CA6NM. Pittingand crevice-corrosion tests by the International Nickel Co. multiple-crevice tetrafluoroethylene washer method suggest a corrosion resistance between that of CA6NM and CF8M and that this steel is suitable for seawater application in connection with cathodic protection. Stress-corrosion cracking in hydrogen sulfide-containing media was investigated according to the National Association of Corrosion Engineers Specification MR-01-75, and the resistance of 16Cr-5Ni under sour-gas conditions was found to be superior to that of CA6NM. The castability of this alloy was found to be favorable and comparable to that of CA6NM.
These characteristics are important for the following applications: offshore engineering, seawater desalination, chemical and petrochemical industries, shipbuilding, cryogenics, power generation, food industry, paper machine construction, and especially for pumps, compressors, fittings, centrifuges, waterturbines, and ship propellers.
stainless martensitic cast steel, high ductility, good weldability, low-temperature application, seawater corrosion, sour-gas service, corrosion fatigue, aceticacid test
Paper ID: STP28452S


Quick Answer: What Is The Relationship Between Stroke Volume And Cardiac Output?
How do you calculate stroke volume and cardiac output?
EquationSV = Stroke Volume (mL/beat)CO = Cardiac Output (mL/min)HR = Heart Rate (bpm)*The CO input is in mL/min (or L/min multiplied by 1000 to adjust units to mL/min).
**SV is the amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat; Also: SV= EDV – ESV.B= blood.
S= serum.
P= plasma.
U= urine..
How does the heart Change stroke volume?
What is the relationship between cardiac output heart rate and stroke volume?
The volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle during a heartbeat is the stroke volume (SV). The volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle in each minute is the cardiac output (CO), which is equal to the heart rate (HR) multiplied by the stroke volume and therefore is measured in liters per minute.
What's a normal stroke volume?
Stroke volume is the difference between end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes; it is the volume ejected with each heart beat. The normal range is 50 to 100 ml. In the ICU, stroke volume is usually measured by a pulmonary artery catheter and is reported as cardiac output.
What happens when stroke volume increases?
Pulse pressure, in contrast, markedly increases because of an increase in both stroke volume and the speed at which the stroke volume is ejected. The cardiac output increase is due to a large increase in heart rate and a small increase in stroke volume.
What are the four factors that determine stroke volume?
Cardiac Reserve and Stroke Volume It is determined by the interplay of four factors: Ventricular distending or filling pressure (preload) Contractility of the myocardium (inotropic state) The tension that the ventricular myocardium must develop during contraction and early ejection (afterload)
Does stroke volume increase or decrease with training?
Before and after training, stroke volume decreased as exercise intensity was increased from 50% to 100% of Vo2max in both sexes. However, the decrease in stroke volume was greater in women than in men. Current evidence suggests that the stroke volume response to exercise may differ between men and women.
What is normal end diastolic volume?
For an average-sized man, the end-diastolic volume is 120 milliliters of blood and the end-systolic volume is 50 milliliters of blood. This means the average stroke volume for a healthy male is usually about 70 milliliters of blood per beat. Total blood volume also affects this number.
What is the relationship between stroke volume and blood pressure?
Is ejection fraction the same as cardiac output?
Ventricular Function Less filling of the ventricle during diastole results in a smaller stroke volume, and therefore less cardiac output is produced at a given heart rate, even though the ejection fraction may be within normal range.
What are the factors that affect stroke volume?
Stroke volume index is determined by three factors: Preload: The filling pressure of the heart at the end of diastole. Contractility: The inherent vigor of contraction of the heart muscles during systole. Afterload: The pressure against which the heart must work to eject blood during systole.
What is a normal cardiac ejection fraction?
What is stroke volume of the heart?
The definition of stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction.
What units is stroke volume measured in?
Stroke Volume Index (SVI) relates SV to body surface area (BSA), thus relating heart performance to the size of the individual. The unit of measurement is millilitres per square metre (ml/m2). Normal values for a resting healthy individual would be approximately 35-65mL/m2.
How long does it take to increase blood volume?
The main avenue to increasing blood volume is training consistently. In untrained individuals, within just 24 hours of training, it can increase by around 10 percent due to plasma volume expansion. After two to three weeks, many studies measure red blood cell increases, increasing progressively thereafter.
What is normal ejection fraction by age?
How do you fix low ejection fraction?
How Can I Improve My Low Ejection Fraction?Talk with your healthcare provider about improving your EF. … Treat any known causes of heart failure. … Get the right amount of physical activity. … Pay attention to your weight. … Know your sodium limits and regulate fluids. … Eliminate harmful substances. … Lower your stress.
What is the difference between ejection fraction and stroke volume?
So another helpful measurement is the ejection fraction, which is the stroke volume divided by the end-diastolic volume, Ejection fraction = Stroke Volume / EndDiastolic Volume. In a normal individual that's 70/120, or about 58%, but it can fluctuate between 50 and 65% and still be considered normal.
Why do we measure cardiac output?
Thus, at least in some patients, measurement of cardiac output is indicated as an aid to prognosis and diagnosis, and to monitor the adequacy of therapy. If it is useful to measure cardiac output, then it is also important that its measurement be accurate enough to identify clinically relevant changes.
How does exercise increase stroke volume?


text:
Objectives: To investigate the clinical importance of paraureteral diverticulum in the management of vesicoureteral reflux by analyzing the relationship between paraureteral diverticulum and recurrent urinary tract infections. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 131 children diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux. We diagnosed vesicoureteral reflux and paraureteral diverticulum by initial voiding cystourethrography and defined "delayed ureteral drainage" as the presence of contrast media in the upper urinary tract on delayed films after voiding. We analyzed the relationships between paraureteral diverticulum, delayed ureteral drainage and recurrent urinary tract infections. Results: The mean age at diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux was 20.7 months. Of the 202 refluxing ureters, 55 (27.2%) had a paraureteral diverticulum. Of the 55 ureters with paraureteral diverticulum, 51 (92.7%) showed delayed ureteral drainage of refluxing contrast, which was significantly higher than the percentage of delayed ureteral drainage in ureters without paraureteral diverticulum (P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis of the effect of reflux grade or paraureteral diverticulum on delayed ureteral drainage of refluxing contrast, the odds ratio of paraureteral diverticulum was 11.47 (P < 0.001). In addition, the risk of recurrent urinary tract infections increased in ureters with paraureteral diverticulum (P = 0.020). Conclusions: In patients with vesicoureteral reflux and paraureteral diverticulum, the risk of recurrent febrile urinary tract infections seems to increase. Therefore, more progressive surveillance and treatment protocols should be considered in these patients.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes


Breaking News
Nomenclature of Ionic Compounds
Naming Compounds
** In addition to using formulas to show the composition of molecules and compounds, chemists have developed a system for naming substances on the basis of their composition.
** we divided naming substances into three categories:
(1) Nomenclature of ionic compounds.
(2) Nomenclature of molecular compounds.
(3) Nomenclature of acids and bases.
** In this lesson we will talk about Nomenclature of Ionic Compounds
Nomenclature of Ionic Compounds
** In the lesson (Molecules and Ions) we learned that ionic compounds are made up of cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions).
** With the important exception of the ammonium ion, NH4+ , all cations of interest to us are derived from metal atoms.
** Metal cations take their names from the elements. For example:
Binary ionic compounds
** Many ionic compounds are binary compounds, or compounds formed from just two elements.
** For binary ionic compounds the first element named is the metal cation, followed by the nonmetallic anion. Thus, NaCl is sodium chloride.
** The anion is named by taking the first part of the element name (chlorine) and adding "-ide."
** Potassium bromide (KBr), zinc iodide (ZnI2), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) are also binary compounds.
** Table blow shows the "-ide" nomenclature of some common monatomic anions according to their positions in the periodic table:
Ternary ionic compounds
** The "-ide" ending is also used for certain anion groups containing different elements, such as hydroxide (OH-) and cyanide (CN-). Thus, the compounds LiOH and KCN are named lithium hydroxide and potassium cyanide.
** These and a number of other such ionic substances are called ternary compounds, meaning compounds consisting of three elements.
** Table blow lists alphabetically the names of a number of common cations and anions:
Ionic compounds of transition metals
** Certain metals, especially the transition metals, can form more than one type of cation.
** Take iron as an example. Iron can form two cations: Fe2+ and Fe3+.
** The accepted procedure for designating different cations of the same element is to use Roman numerals.
** The Roman numeral I is used for one positive charge, II for two positive charges, and so on. This is called the Stock system.
** In Stock system, the Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions are called iron(II) and iron(III), and the compounds FeCl2 (containing the Fe2+ ion) and FeCl3 (containing the Fe3+ ion) are called iron-two chloride and iron-three chloride, respectively.
** As another example, manganese (Mn) atoms can assume several different positive charges:
** These compound names are pronounced "manganese-two oxide," "manganese-three oxide," and "manganese-four oxide."
** TheFigure blow summarizes the steps for naming ionic and molecular compounds:
Solved problems
Ex (1): Name the following compounds: (a) Fe(NO3)2, (b) Na2HPO4, and (c) (NH4)2SO3?
(a) The nitrate ion (NO3-) bears one negative charge, so the iron ion must have two positive charges. Because iron forms both Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions, we need to use the Stock system and call the compound iron(II) nitrate.
(b) The cation is Na+ and the anion is HPO42- (hydrogen phosphate). Because sodium only forms one type of ion (Na+), there is no need to use sodium(I) in the name. The compound is sodium hydrogen phosphate.
(c) The cation is NH4+ (ammonium ion) and the anion is SO32- (sulfite ion). The compound is ammonium sulfite.
Ex (2): Write chemical formulas for the following compounds: (a) mercury(I) nitrate, (b) cesium oxide, and (c) strontium nitride.
(a) The Roman numeral shows that the mercury ion bears a +1 charge. the mercury(I) ion is diatomic (that is, Hg2+2 ) and the nitrateion is NO3-. Therefore, the formula is Hg2(NO3)2.
(b) Each oxide ion bears two negative charges, and each cesium ion bears one positive charge (cesium is in Group 1A, as is sodium). Therefore, the formula is Cs2O.
(c) Each strontium ion (Sr2+) bears two positive charges, and each nitride ion (N3-) bears three negative charges. To make the sum of the charges equal zero, we must adjust the numbers of cations and anions:
Thus, the formula is Sr3N2.
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text:
Falconry is the traditional activity of keeping and training falcons and other raptors to take quarry in its natural state. Originally a way of obtaining food, falconry is today identified with camaraderie and sharing rather than subsistence. Falconry is mainly found along migration flyways and corridors, and is practised by people of all ages, men and women, amateurs and professionals. Falconers develop a strong relationship and spiritual bond with their birds, and commitment is required to breed, train, handle and fly the falcons. Falconry is transmitted from generation to generation as a cultural tradition by a variety of means, including mentoring, learning within families, or formalized training in clubs. In Mongolia, Morocco, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, for example, falconers take their children to the desert and train them to handle the bird and build a relationship of trust with it. While falconers come from different backgrounds, they share common values, traditions and practices such as the methods of training and caring for birds, the equipment used and the bonding between falconer and the bird, which are similar throughout the world. Falconry forms the basis of a wider cultural heritage, including traditional dress, food, songs, music, poetry and dance, all of which are sustained by the communities and clubs that practise it.
Place/country: United Arab Emirates, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Republic of Korea, Mongolia, Morocco, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Syria,
Author/director: Dr Javier Ceballos,
Published in: 2010


Resiliency in focus at Secured Cities conference
Experts discuss how organizations should prepare, respond to risks
To do this, Flynn said that organizations need to:
1). Identify the critical functions
2). Map or model components and operations, evaluate the boundaries (governmental jurisdictions) and governance of the infrastructure, system or network that provides critical functions
3). Evaluate vulnerability to the risk of disruption
4). Consider the worst-case scenario/test to failure so as to fully understand the consequences
5). Based on these steps, identify and adapt resilience design, features, processes and protocols that mitigate the risk of disruption and speed recovery
"This country has no method by which we go and learn after these events," Flynn said. "We do a lot to invest and protect, but have no plan when it fails."


text:
This painting is drawing direct reference from the hand-coloured lithograph produced by Louis Auguste de Sainson...De Sainson was the appointed draughtsman on the Astrolabe commanded by Dumont d'Urville. The lithograph itself was printed in 1833.
The image depicts the area within King George Sound, south-west Western Australia, probably Middleton Beach. In the foreground, members from d'Urville's expedition load water onto one of the ship's longboats via a long ﬂexible hose. Interaction between the crew and the Minang people is obvious and positive with several individuals helping to load water.1
This historical image is a rare snapshot of some of the ﬁrst interactions between Europeans and the Minang people. It shows the exchange of ideas however different they are. It is the point where new ways of thinking are discovered.
Physics provides a detailed equation using pressure, depth, atmospheric pressure, density of water and acceleration of gravity to explain how a siphon works. Hydrology (the science of water on earth) gives us detailed theories and explanation of river formation, one of which I have placed within the painting.
To me the work provides optimism through the way in which the French interact with the Minang people, but it also symbolises the beginning of change in ideas and, ultimately, beliefs.
Christopher Pease, 2005
1. Alternative names: Minung, Meenung, Mirnong, Mean-anger, Minnal Yungar (lit. 'southern men'), Meenung (name given by Ko:reng), Mount Barker tribe.


Number of groups of prime power order
John Baez left a comment on my post on group statistics saying
It's known that the number of groups of order p^n for prime p is p^{2n^3/27+O(n^(8/3))}. It might be fun to compare this to what Mathematica says.
Here goes. First let's let p = 2. Mathematica's FiniteGroupCount function tops out at n = 10. And for the range of values Mathematica does support, 2^{2n^3/27} grossly overestimates the number of groups.
 Table[{FiniteGroupCount[2^n], 2^((2./27) n^3)}, {n, 1, 11}]
 {{1, 1.05269}, {2, 1.50795}, {5, 4.}, {14, 26.7365},
 {51, 612.794}, {267, 65536.}, {2328, 4.45033*10^7},
 {56092, 2.61121*10^11}, {_PHONE_, 1.80144*10^16},
 {49487365422, 1.98847*10^22}, {FiniteGroupCount[2048], 4.7789*10^29}}
OEIS has entries for the sizes of various groups, and the entry for powers of 2 confirms the asymptotic formula above. Maybe it's not a good approximation until n is very large. (Update: Here's a reference for the asymptotic expression for all p.)
The OEIS entry for number of groups of order powers of 5 has an interesting result:
For a prime p >= 5, the number of groups of order p^n begins 1, 1, 2, 5, 15,
61 + 2*p + 2*gcd (p – 1, 3) + gcd (p – 1, 4),
3*p^2 + 39*p + 344 + 24*gcd(p – 1, 3) + 11*gcd(p – 1, 4) + 2*gcd(p – 1, 5), …
We can duplicate this with Mathematica.
 Table[FiniteGroupCount[5^n], {n, 0, 6}]
 {1, 1, 2, 5, 15, 77, 684}
and the last two numbers match the calculations given in OEIS.
There's something interesting going on with Mathematica. It doesn't seem to know, or agree with, the formula above for groups of order p4. For example,
 Table[FiniteGroupCount[7^n], {n, 0, 6}]
 {1, 1, 2, 5, FiniteGroupCount[2401], 83, 860}
I get similar results when I use larger primes: it can't handle the fourth power.
 Table[FiniteGroupCount[389^n], {n, 0, 6}]
 {1, 1, 2, 5, FiniteGroupCount[22898045041], 845, 469548}
The results for n = 5 and 6 agree with OEIS.
Is OEIS wrong about the number of groups of order p4 or should Mathematica simply return 15 but there's a gap in the software?
Also, does anybody know why the agreement with the asymptotic formula above is so bad? It's just as bad or worse for other primes that I tried.
More algebra posts
4 thoughts on "Number of groups of prime power order
 1. Just looking at that formula, it doesn't seem like you should expect it to give a "good" approximation. The big-oh term has a power of 8/3, compared to 3 for the leading term (so you wouldn't expect it to be that small for the values of n you're looking at, even if the constant in the big-oh term is not astronomically large), and, more importantly, it's in the exponent. In other words, the ratio of the logarithms approaches 1, although probably slowly, but the actual ratio of FiniteGroupCount to the approximation might not even approach 1 at all.
 2. Including the big-oh term would make the upper bound even worse. The estimate is already off by several orders of magnitude without it. So unless I'm missing something, the expression has no practical utility.
 3. Yes, the number of groups of order p^4 is 15 unless p=2. I suspect it was accidentally overlooked in Mathematica.
 4. If my understanding of the notation is correct, the big-oh term is an error term which could be either positive or negative, much like writing sin(x) = x + O(x^3) for x close to 0. In the examples in this post, it is clearly negative. The bound you get from this formula is a very weak bound, but it is at least a bound, which is better than nothing.
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Salary Allowances in India - Taxable & Non Taxable
Any monetary benefit offered by the employer to its employees for meeting expenditures, over and above the basic salary are known as Salary Allowances.
The employers offer various kinds of additional benefits in monetary terms to their employees over and above the basic salary, which are known as salary allowances. These salary allowances are given to meet the expenditure of particular nature. According to Income Tax Act, allowances are added to the salary of an individual and taxed under the head Income from Salaries. The salary allowances can be bifurcated into three broad categories, taxable, non-taxable and partly taxable allowances.
The taxability of various salary allowances are given below
 1. Taxable Allowances
 1. Dearness Allowance (DA): DA is provided for converse the inflationary effect from the cost of living of the people. Income Tax Act does not provide any exemption on DA.
 2. City Compensation Allowance: It is offered to the employees for meeting the highly inflated costs in the large or metro cities.
 3. Entertainment Allowance: It is an amount given to the employees for achieving the expenses incurred towards the meal, beverages, hotels, etc. for the business clients of the company. An exemption u/s 16(ii) can be claimed for entertainment allowance by the Government employees. Non-government employees are taxed entirely.
 4. Overtime Allowance: It is provided to the employees for working more than the regular working hours.
 5. Tiffin Allowance: It is provided to meet the food expenses.
 6. Cash Allowance: Any cash allowance provided by the employer becomes taxable. For instance, marriage allowance, holiday allowance, etc.
 7. Project Allowance: Allowance provided to bear the expenses relating to the project.
 8. Servant/helper Allowance: Amount provided for hiring a servant is fully taxable in the hands of an employee.
 2. Partly Taxable Allowances
 1. House Rent Allowance: HRA is offered to meet the residential rent expenses of the employee for its accommodation. It is partially exempt u/s 10(13A), and the remaining amount after deduction is taxable.
 2. Leave Travel Allowance: LTA is offered for travelling anywhere in India. Deduction on the fare cost is provided to some extent, and the balance is taxable.
 3. Conveyance Allowance: An amount of Rs. 1600 per month is offered to the employees for commuting from home to office and vice-versa. Any expense over and above that is taxable.
 4. Medical Bills Reimbursement Allowance: A token of Rs. 15000 is given by the employer for meeting the treatment costs in case the employee or its family falls ill. Any expenditure incurred above Rs. 15000 is taxable.
 6. Hostel Allowance: Per Child Rs. 300 per month for maximum two children is allowed as a deduction.
 3. Fully Exempt Allowances
 1. Allowance to Government Employees: Any amount paid as a provision for rendering services outside India by the Government Employees is exempt.
 2. Allowances to Judges of Supreme Court or High Court are not taxable.
 3. Benefits received by the people working in United Nations Organisation (UNO) are fully exempt.