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Fumo: Italy's Love Affair with the Cigarette by Carl Ipsen
Carl Ipsen's Fumo explores the multifaceted history of Italy's "love affair" during the long "cigarette century," an era that is delineated by the formation and eventual privatization of the state tobacco monopoly, the Monopolio dello Stato. As Ipsen notes, these two events are indelibly tied to the very idea of Italy as a nation-state, as the monopoly was created in 1861, the same year of Italy's unification. Its effective dissolution, moreover, coincided with a fundamental shift in Italy's smoking culture and passage of the so-called Sirchia law, which went into effect in 2005 and implemented the broadest series of public smoking restrictions in Italy. In covering the intervening period, Ipsen argues that "a seemingly pointless consumer item conquered an ever larger market" and "became ubiquitous" in Italian culture and society (216). As a result, Ipsen is able to unravel how smoking "interacted with the national culture" (1) and how such interactions shaped reactions to the growing recognition of cigarette smoking's potential health consequences. Undergirding much of his study is the inherent conflict of interest in having a state monopoly generating revenue off of tobacco sales while information regarding the potential health hazards associated with cigarette smoking accumulated, especially since the 1950s. Essentially,exploring the "love affair" means exploring a fundamental tension between public health and national economic interests.
Essentially,exploring the "love affair" means exploring a fundamental tension between public health and national economic interests.
To illustrate this complicated and evolving relationship, Ipsen utilizes a chronological approach over nine chapters, each of which is named after a cigarette brand. (The opening chapter is the exception, as it is named after the Toscano cigar.) The first three chapters, Toscano, Macedonia, and Eva, cover the period between the formation of the monopoly and the end of the Second World War. Mussolini's Italy "seems to have maintained a studied neutrality on the smoking issue," unlike in Nazi Germany. The Italian fascists viewed tobacco as a generator of revenue rather than a threat to racial and national health (45). Nazionali (chapter four) and Camel (chapter five) focus on the postwar era, with the latter introducing the trend of an increased American presence in the Italian market. Each of the first five chapters adheres to a similar organizational framework. Ipsen examines key trends in production, distribution, and consumption of tobacco products—with an obvious emphasis on cigarettes—before shifting to examinations of key political issues and representations of smoking in Italian literature and cinema. Beginning with Me ne frago (chapter six), Ipsen devotes more space and attention to the interrelated issues of smoking, health, and risk. In particular, he notes the introduction of filtered cigarette brands and the implementation of an advertising ban in 1962. Chapter seven, MS, posits that the 1970s was the last era of "unrepentant smoking" (152) due in large part to the rise of women's smoking, as well as the function of smoking in the socially and politically tumultuous decade. The final two chapters, Marlboro Light and Pall Mall, chart the impact of the anti-smoking movement in Italy since the 1980s and the eventual privatization of the Monopolio dello Stato.
Ipsen contends that cigarette smoking "provided something of an index of Italian economic well-being," at least until health concerns began to alter the cigarette market in the 1980s (32). Throughout much of the twentieth century, the costs of smoking represented a significant expense for many Italian smokers. Politicians such as finance minister Ezio Vanoni also referred to the "tobacco index" to help measure economic growth and development (87).
Smokers' habits and choice of brands, moreover, served as a marker of identity, typically reflecting differences in socio-economic standing, regionalism, and political beliefs.
Nazionali, for instance, became the brand of the Italian working class, in part because of its affordability. One of Ipsen's strengths is his consistency in referencing crucial transformations in the Italian cigarette market related to price, wages, and their ability to serve as a barometer of Italy's overall economic health.
Several chapters (Eva, Camel, and MS) chart important changes with respect to women and tobacco consumption. Women's smoking remained fairly limited for much of the first-half of the twentieth century, perhaps as low as less than 5 percent prevalence in the 1930s and 1940s, and remained under 10 percent by the 1960s (73, 110). Yet print media, advertising, and film frequently portrayed or alluded to the new modern woman, who smoked more often than not. Set in a rural village, Luigi Comencini's 1953 film Pane, amore e fantasia (Bread, Love, and Dreams) features a scene in which a woman rejects the offer of a cigarette on the grounds that the locals gossip too much, proclaiming, "[b]ut this is medieval!" (109)
Ipsen also documents numerous instances in visual culture of women wielding cigarettes as a sign of power or transgression, depictions that may have contributed to the increased normalization of women's smoking.
Ipsen also documents numerous instances in visual culture of women wielding cigarettes as a sign of power or transgression, depictions that may have contributed to the increased normalization of women's smoking. As he effectively does throughout much of the study, Ipsen compares these cultural representations to the social and economic realities in Italy. In this case, he sees Italy's post-war prosperity as a critical factor in the actual increased in women's smoking, which, according to his estimates, stood between 20 percent and 30 percent in the 1970s and 1980s (162).
Ipsen also contends that Italy reacted more slowly to questions concerening smoking and health compared to the United States or other European states due to a unique Italian understanding of risk. In Me ne frago, or "I don't give a damn," (147) Ipsen reiterates that smoking cultures are reflective of the "national and cultural context in which" they are formed (121). Thus, according to Ipsen, Italians' peculiar relationship with notions of risk produced a smoking culture that was reticent to reform in light of increased scientific, medical, and public awareness of the health hazards posed by cigarette use, culminating in the rise of an "antismoking era" that lagged behind American and British responses to the public health crisis posed by cigarettes. Here he compares Italy's cigarette smoking to the helmetless Vespa drivers and attitudes toward contraception (148). To support his claim, Ipsen draws upon the character Bruno Cortona from Dino Risi's Il sorpasso (The Easy Life, 1962), in which the outgoing smoker played by Vittorio Gassmann lives a carefree life and chastises the introverted Roberto for his non-smoking ways (149-150). Italy's less risk averse ways can be seen in the restrictions on smoking. The 1962 advertising ban had as much to do with protecting the state monopoly from foreign competition as it did with protecting consumers' health (132), while a 1975 law prohibiting smoking in certain public spaces was limited in its scope and toothless in its enforcement (134).
Fumo is beautifully illustrated and replete with figures and tables. A specialized inset of color plates features 19 assorted images, including advertisements, magazine covers, and artwork. An additional 45 more charts, tables, ads, comics, and movie stills accompany the text, which Ipsen integrates seamlessly into his narrative. The more than 60 images are a welcomed addition, considering that much of the history of the cigarette century is one dominated by the power of imagery, even if Italian advertising never ventured as far as American promotions for Lucky Strike and Chesterfield ads in the interwar era (74).
One of the more fascinating aspects of Fumo lies in its origin. In Ipsen's own words, Fumo "had an odd start," (xiii) as it grew out of a research report he compiled for Shook Hardy Bacon, a law firm representing cigarette companies in smoking lawsuits. Historians Robert Proctor and Allan Brandt, both of whom have written extensively on the subject of smoking, have also served as expert witnesses in tobacco litigation cases, but not on behalf of the tobacco companies. Ipsen openly acknowledges that SHB provided him with a specific research question ("what did Italians know about the health risks of smoking and the addictive nature of cigarettes?") but claims the nature of his investigation for the law firm has had little bearing on his conclusions in Fumo.(13). He also includes his 2006 report for SHB as an appendix at the end of Fumo. In it, Ipsen concludes that Italian smokers in the period under review should and could have known about the health risks associated with cigarette smoking, as well as its addictiveness (232). The rest of Fumo, however, sets out to answer more ambitious questions that problematized cigarette smoking in Italian society and culture since the formation of the Monopolio dello Stato. As a result, Ipsen is able to offer a far more nuanced picture of the Italian "love affair" with cigarettes.
Fumo tells a fascinating tale about smoking, health, and risk during Italy's cigarette century. Ipsen effectively integrates a variety of approaches and source material into crafting a narrative that concentrates on those aspects of Italy's tobacco history that are uniquely Italian, yet situated within a broader context, as illustrated by references to developments in the United States, Great Britain, and Germany,


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Washington, Mar 19 : When it comes to recognising positive emotions like sensual pleasure, relief and achievement, there exists a strong cultural divide, according to researchers at University College London''s psychology department.
The scientists studied a range of non-verbal emotional vocalizations, such as screams and laughs, in two very different cultural groups.
They compared the responses of Westerners to those of the remote and culturally isolated semi-nomadic Himba people of Namibia.
And it was found that both groups recognised vocalizations expressing the six basic emotions - anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise.
This indicated that they, like facial expressions, are universally evolved functions.
However, when an additional set of positive emotions was introduced - achievement, sensual pleasure and relief - they were only reliably recognized by the Western subjects.
These newly discovered cultural variations suggested that the vocalization of some positive emotions might be learned socially, rather than representing products of evolution.
Describing the experiment as ''fascinating'' in her review, F1000 Faculty Member Argye Hills, of Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, said that the study "highlights the importance of considering a range of positive emotions in cross-cultural research."
The study has been published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. (ANI)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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wchar_t* wcstok (wchar_t* wcs, const wchar_t* delimiters);
Split wide string into tokens
A sequence of calls to this function split wcs into tokens, which are sequences of contiguous wide characters separated by any of the wide characters that are part of delimiters.
On a first call, the function expects a C wide string as argument for wcs, whose first character is used as the starting location to scan for tokens. In subsequent calls, the function expects a null pointer and uses the position right after the end of last token as the new starting location for scanning.
This is the wide character equivalent of strtok (), and operates in the same way (see strtok for more details).
- C wide string to truncate.
Notice that the contents of this string are modified and broken into smaller strings (tokens).
Alternativelly, a null pointer may be specified, in which case the function continues scanning where a previous successful call to the function ended.
- C wide string containing the delimiter wide characters.
These may vary from one call to another.
A pointer to the last token found in the wide string.
A null pointer is returned if there are no tokens left to retrieve.
/* wcstok example */
int main ()
wchar_t wcs = L"- This, a sample string.";
wchar_t * pwc;
wprintf (L"Splitting wide string \"%ls\" into tokens:\n",wcs);
pwc = wcstok (wcs,L",.-");
while (pwc!= NULL)
pwc = wcstok (NULL,L",.-");
Splitting wide string "- This, a sample string." into tokens:
- Split string into tokens (function
- Get span until character in wide string (function
- Locate characters in wide string (function


text: Using a craft knife, carve the clay into a rectangular piece roughly the circumference of the glass bottle and bend it gently around the bottle. (Tip: Clay will stick to glass if pressed against the surface, so use a light hand in working with clay on the bottle mold.) Add strips of clay to form the bottom portion of the vase, using your finger to smooth the joints. Add another strip to create a top lip. Use your finger to gently smooth the surface, join the creases, and use a small amount water to wet the clay along the seams. Use dampened sponge to smooth uneven surfaces.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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I'm trying to cluster an unknown set of data with a replicator neural network. The number of clusters is determined by the number of neuron units in the middle layer, multiplied by the number of steps in our step function responsible for the middle layer activation. The only information provided, is that the feature size vector will be 10. However there are no information about the number of possible clusters. The final goal is to detect anomalies with the neural network.
How do I approach this task? I'm not sure how much neurons and steps I should be using. I believe I can limit the neurons to about 4, as it should be usually less than half the input neurons. However I'm not sure how the network is going to perform on a lot of steps. Perhaps to many neurons won't hurt, as for my understand neural networks cluster, compared to k-means, independent from the number of clusters, while a number to small might damage the anomaly detection by limitation?


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ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY COURSEAim:
This practically based course is designed to give participants an understanding of alternative energy options and provide them with that practical knowledge and skills to build solar to electric and wind to electric systems at a foundation level.
- On completion of the Course, having been successful in TWO examinations (one written, one practical) the participant will receive a Hi-Tech Training Certificate stating the Grade obtained, be it: PASS, CREDIT or DISTINCTION. PASS = 50% - 64%. CREDIT = 65 - 79%. DISTINCTION = 80% - 100%.
- On completion of the Course and successfully completing 1 written examination and 2 FETAC specified assignments, the participant will receive the FETAC - Level 5 Award – Renewable Energy Production Systems (N23003).
30 hours (10 x 3 hour training sessions). Classes will be held in comfortable surroundings.
- Consider the advantages and disadvantages of the different alternative energy systems
- Demonstrate a knowledge of the operation of a wide range of electronic components and circuits and their applications in Alternative Energy Systems
- Become competent in the correct use of electronic test and measurement equipment such as Analogue and Digital Multimeters
- Build a simple photovoltaic to electric system
- Build a simple wind to electric system
- Effectively connect up, test and fault-find system elements
- Alternative Energy: – Introduction, terminology, types and applications
- Using technology to reduce CO2 emissions and energy costs
- Advantages and disadvantages of the various types of alternative energy including Solar Thermal Energy, Hydro Energy, Biomass Energy, Geothermal Heating.
- Terms: - Source, Renewable, Sustainable, Photovoltaic, Carbon neutral, Active/Passive
- Sustainability Issues, Health & Safety and Environmental precautions.
- Introduction to Electronics: - Electric Current, OHMS Law, Insulation, Conduction, Kilowatt hours, and related power calculations and formulae. Fuses and trip switches. Wiring techniques. Practical uses of commonly used components e.g. diodes, relays, transformers
- Become competent in the correct use of electronic test and measurement equipment such as Analogue and Digital Multimeters, Battery Test Meters.
- Inverters; - types, uses, ratings, calculations, connections
- Connections to electrical devices
- Calculating loads and selecting battery ampere hour capacity
- Construct, test and fault find a Wind energy harnessing system
- Construct, test and fault find a Solar energy harnessing system
- Determine using online data sources the effective performance of systems at different global locations and seasonal variations
- Sustainable and Energy Efficient Building Design
- Relevant standards and issues, Changing technology and keeping updated
Practical "Hands-On" experience: - 50% approx.


Cameroon, a country which features as Africa in miniature version, is famous for its national team in football game. But, other than all of these, Cameroon is more famous for its music, especially Makossa and Bikutsi.
Makossa, which means "dance" in the Douala language, originated from a Douala dance called the kossa. Like much other late 20th century music of Sub-Saharan Africa, it uses strong electric bass rhythms and prominent brass. In the 1980s makossa had a wave of mainstream success across Africa and to a lesser extent abroad. Makossa is a type of funky dance music, best known outside Africa for Manu Dibango, whose 1972 single "Soul Makossa" was an international hit. y the 1970s, bikutsi performers like Maurice Elanga, Les Veterans and Mbarga Soukous added brass instruments. In 1980, L'Equipe Nationale de Makossa was formed, joining the biggest makossa stars of the period together, including Grace Decca, Ndedi Eyango, Ben Decca, Guy Lobe and Dina Bell. Makossa in the 80s saw a wave of mainstream success across Africa and, to a lesser degree, abroad, as Latin influences, French Antilles zouk, and pop music changed its form.
The word 'bikutsi' literally means 'beat the earth' or 'let's beat the earth' (bi– indicates a plural, –kut– means 'to beat' and –chi means 'earth'.) The name indicates a dance that is accompanied by stomping the feet on the ground. Bikutsi is characterised by an intense rhythm (3+3, with a strong "two" feel), though it is occasionally and its tempo is usually quarternote.It is played at all sorts of Beti gatherings, including parties, funerals and weddings.
Beti gatherings fall into two major categories:
1. Ekang phase: the time when imaginary, mythological and spiritual issues are discussed
2. Bikutsi phase: when real-life issues are discussed
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A team of researchers has come up with a way to stop malicious code from spreading from one virtual machine to the hypervisor and from there to other virtual machines.
The researchers from North Carolina State University said that their "hypersafe" technology could protect virtualised system against this kind of threat, known as "virtual machine escape". The team's research is set to be presented in a paper called HyperSafe: A Lightweight Approach to Provide Lifetime Hypervisor Control-Flow Integrity on 18 May at the thirty-first IEEE Symposium.
While such virtual machine risks remain largely theoretical, the fear of them is holding back wider adoption of technologies such as cloud computing, according to assistant professor of computer science Xuxian Jiang and PhD student Zhi Wang, the developers of the technology.
Cloud computing routinely relies on virtualisation to host the computing capacity of multiple customers on the same physical system, raising the possibility that a compromise of a virtual machine belonging to one customer could spread to those of other customers.
The software developed by Jiang and Wang, called HyperSafe, aims at stopping such attacks by protecting the integrity of the hypervisor, they said.
It uses two techniques to ensure this integrity: non-bypassable memory lockdown and restricted pointer indexing. The first relies on security features built into modern processors to lock down the memory range that includes executable code, according to the researchers.
The effect is to protect the hypervisor's code and static data from being compromised, even in the presence of exploitable memory corruption bugs such as buffer overflows, they said. New code can only be introduced by the hypervisor administrator.
The second technique — restricted pointer indexing — creates an initial profile of the hypervisor's normal behaviour, and then prevents any deviation from that profile.
"Restricted pointer indexing introduces one layer of indirection to convert the control data into pointer indexes," Jiang and Wang wrote in the paper. "These pointer indexes are restricted such that the corresponding call/return targets strictly follow the hypervisor control flow graph, hence expanding protection to control-flow integrity."
Only the hypervisor administrators can introduce changes to the hypervisor code, according to Jiang.
So far the HyperSafe code developed by Jiang and Wang works with the BitVisor and Xen hypervisors, but the researchers said it could be adapted for other Type-I, bare-metal hypervisors such as VMware ESX and Microsoft Hyper-V.
In its current form the hypervisor code would need to be modified to work with HyperSafe, the researchers said. They said they currently have no plans to commercialise the project, but are open to working with software vendors.
HyperSafe was developed with funding from the US Army Research Office and the National Science Foundation.
Commercial vendors have also begun to recognise the importance of security for pushing cloud adoption. In January, for instance, Cisco, VMware and NetApp announced a three-way partnership and a new architecture for secure, multi-tenant cloud datacentres.
The Secure Multi-tenancy Design Architecture (SMDA) works across existing products from the three companies to isolate the IT resources and applications of different clients or business units that share a common cloud infrastructure.


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A new study suggests breast cancer patients who took the drugs Herceptin and Tykerb together were more than twice as likely to see their tumors shrink before surgery, reports CBCNews
During the study, 450 women receiving chemotherapy were also given Herceptin or Tykerb or a combination of the two. One half of the women taking the drugs together saw their tumors disappear, versus twenty percent of those taking the drug by themselves.
The drugs are designed to target a protein that is overproduced in one-fourth of breast cancers. Tykerb is a small molecule engineered to block the function of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, or HER2, and other proteins. It is widely believed that excessive HER2 leads to the growth of breast cancer.
"This study suggests that a dual blockade against HER2 is an efficient way to target HER2-positive breast tumors," said lead researcher Dr. Jose Baselga, chief of hematology and oncology at the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center.
The research is fantastic news for breast cancer patients who have caught their disease in the early stages. According to the American Cancer Society, women should begin yearly breast cancer screenings at age 40.


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The Yi archives refer to books and documents written in Yi language, the native language of an ethnic group located in Southwest China and parts of Southeast Asia. As a writing tradition in the peripheral area, Yi archives have been historically ignored and annihilated by the mainstream Han culture. Social revolutions in the past half century brought large-scale deconstruction of both the archives and the Yi language. The tiny survival collections in Yunnan, either public or private, are now facing further serious preservation conditions due to lack of necessary fund and effective means. Preservation of the Yi archives in Yunnan before they disappear forever is the focus of this project.
The unsurpassable significance of the Yi archives for the study of Yi people and Yi culture exists in that they are the only available written resource in the native Yi language, in addition to their extraordinary richness in contents. The Yi language, first appearing in the 14th century, had been actively spoken and written among aboriginal people until the sharply social changes in the middle 20th century. All of the Yi archives are written, kept and disseminated by bimo, the ritual priests, scribes and intellectuals in the traditional Yi society. The Yi archives are therefore also referred to as the Bimo Sutra. Since they cover epic, chronology, philosophy, politics, history, ritual, geography, calendar, divination, literature, music and more, the archives are regarded as the encyclopaedia of Yi people.
The Yi archives gradually became endangered in the 20th century and the deconstruction process has even accelerated in past decades. First of all, the Yi language itself has become an endangered or extinct language since the mid 20th century, resulted from increasingly contacts with Chinese during the modernization process. Most of Yi people have adopted Chinese as their first or the only language. The native Yi language is preserved only in distant or isolated locations. Secondly, as the writer, keeper and educator, bimo were deprived of the rights of writing and teaching due to ideological conflicts, and the native knowledge tradition of Yi people was terminated in the 1960s and 1970s. The Yi archives developed over six centuries was brought to an end. Although bimo have been partly allowed to restore their religious activities since the 1980s, the writing tradition has never been restored. Third, the physical characteristics of books and documents as woodblock printing or handwriting on rice paper determines that their life cycle is very short, especially when the preservation condition is far from ideal.
Due to neglect, poverty and incapability in archival preservation of the native Yi people, and ignorance and annihilation by zealous revolutionists, the size of the Yi archives shrank dramatically in the middle and late 20th century. A recent preliminary investigation shows that only about 4,000 volumes survive in the world.
Of the surviving Yi archives, the largest public collection and most of private collections are preserved in Yunnan, especially in the Chuxiong Autonomous Prefecture of Yi People. Besides 1,400 volumes in public collections formed since the 1980s, another 900 volumes are estimated to be held by private parties, especially by descendants of bimo families. However, in regards to both preservation and readiness for academic purpose, the Yi archives in Yunnan need the most urgent attention. There hasn't been any positive treatment applied to prevent the aging and mildew process, nor has any image conversion work been done, nor has any material been published before. Our pilot investigation shows that only around 40 volumes in the public collection are mounted, and most books are even unaffordable to be stored in desirable spaces. Written on perishable rice paper in fading mineral pigment, Yi documents will be illegible in several years' time if no preservative action is taken immediately. Neglect resulting from poverty will lead to fatal disaster to the archives.
In the proposed project, the two major tasks are: (1) a thorough registration of Yi archival collections before they disappear silently, and (2) the digitisation and indexing of all available public and private archives. In the former, since the private collections are not as stable as the public, the project will pay extra attentions to the private collections, in order to keep an updated and complete record of the available Yi archives. The Institute of Studies on Yi Culture, the owner of the largest Yi archives in the world, has eagerly expressed the willingness to join the project. The Bureau of Cultural Affairs is also providing access to small public collections of Yi archives in Wuding, Shuangbai and other counties. Relocation is not included in this stage, but will be pursued later by searching matching funds from the local government.
This project has fully achieved its stated objectives:
A thorough investigation of endangered Yi archives in Chuxiong, Dali, Kunming, Yuxi and Honghe was undertaken and a detailed field report and preliminary research completed. An interdisciplinary and multimedia Yi archives was produced and the field reports and research monographs are planned to be published in a series on endangered archives supported by Sun Yat-sen University.
The Yi archives include:
The records copied by this project have been catalogued as:
The catalogue is available here.


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Moolchand Raghunandan (Lecturer in Accounting)
Narendra Ramgulam (M.Sc. Student)
Koshina Raghunandan-Mohammed (Assistant Lecturer in Accounting) With significant contributions from:
Donna Fyfe/Balraj Kistow/Inshan Allaham/Raul K. Raghunandan M.Sc. Students
Department of Management Studies
The University of the West Indies
St. Augustine Campus
Budgets are part of management control designed to promote the efficient use of resources and providing support for other critical functions. The extent to which any budget is successful is very much dependant on its acceptance and the attitudes of workers towards it. This paper focuses on the crucial role of the behavioural aspects of budgeting and how an understanding of its importance can contribute to a successful budgeting process. It describes the nature of budgeting and analyses the budgeting process in organisations. The paper shows why budgeting is important to firms and describes the impact budgeting has on human behaviour such as motivation and dysfunctional behaviour. The behavioural aspects of the budgeting process are also examined. Finally, the public sector budgeting process is analysed, focussing on the need to tackle Beyond Budgeting issues in the 21st century whereby organisations budget without a budget. In the literature review, it was found that there was no perfect means of ensuring a successful budgeting process but there was general agreement in many areas of how the process might successfully assist. As with most concepts, there were mixed opinions on some issues such as benefits of participation as opposed to non-participation. What was common is the view that the budgeting process in particular and management control systems in general cannot afford to ignore the impact of behaviour on these processes.
Key words: Beyond Budgeting;...


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Fill by Stripes
Algorithm Fill by Stripes is more complicated than the previous algorithms. Again, it starts by sorting the rectangles by height. Then it positions the tallest non-positioned rectangle and uses it to start a new horizontal stripe. The algorithm then calls the FillBoundedArea
method to fill that stripe as completely as it can by using the remaining rectangles.
is a fairly tricky recursive subroutine. It starts with an area to fill (the stripe) and loops through the non-positioned rectangles, placing each rectangle in the upper-left corner of the area it is filling to see whether that placement produces a good solution.
|Figure 8. FillBoundedArea: By dividing empty space into areas determined by the edges of an already-placed rectangle, this method tries to make optimum use of remaining space.|
The subroutine then divides the area either vertically or horizontally along an edge of the newly positioned rectangle, which is in the green area labeled 1 in Figure 8
. The subroutine first tries dividing the area horizontally, and then divides the remaining area into the piece labeled 2
and the large horizontal area containing the regions labeled 3 and 4 (surrounded by the red lines). Subroutine FillBoundedArea
calls itself to see how well it can fill these two new areas 2
and 3 + 4
After the recursive call to itself returns, FillBoundedArea
tries dividing its area vertically. In Figure 8
, it now considers the area labeled 3
and the large vertical area that includes the regions 2 and 4 (surrounded by the blue dashed lines). The subroutine calls itself recursively to see how well it can fill these two new areas 3
and 2 + 4
When that recursive call returns, the method evaluates whether it did a better job filling the total area by using the horizontal division or the vertical division. Finally, if the better of those solutions improves on the best solution found so far for the total area, it saves the new solution.
|Figure 9. Fill by Stripes: This heuristic recursively attempts to find the best possible solution after placing each remaining rectangle.|
Now the method goes back and tries again, starting with a new rectangle positioned in the upper left corner (area 1 in Figure 8
). It iterates over all the rectangles in this manner, placing each, and then recursively filling any remaining empty area until it has tried all the rectangles. When the loop completes, it returns the best solution.
Figure 9 shows the best solution found by the Fill by Stripes algorithm. It's an even better solution than the one found by the Sort and Fill algorithms, having a total height of only 13 units.
The Recursive Division algorithm uses recursion similarly to Fill by Stripes, but where Fill by Stripes starts by positioning a rectangle and then using the FillBoundedArea subroutine to try to fill its horizontal strip as densely as it can, the Recursive Division algorithm does away with the idea of stripes altogether. Like Fill by Stripes it positions a rectangle and then considers dividing the remaining area vertically and horizontally along the rectangle's edges. Unlike Fill by Stripes, however, the lower areas that it must then fill are not always bounded below.
Look again at Figure 8. Suppose the algorithm has just positioned the very first rectangle. This algorithm doesn't use stripes so the total area to fill includes the entire piece of stock, which does not have a fixed length. Imagine that areas 3 and 4 don't have bottom edges; they extend indefinitely downward. The FillBoundedArea method can fill only bounded areas (hence the name) so it won't work on unbounded areas. However, FillUnboundedArea can fill unbounded areas.
|Figure 10. Recursive Division: The Recursive Division algorithm packs rectangles equally as well as Fill by Stripes.|
The Recursive Division algorithm starts by calling FillUnboundedArea
to fill the entire stock area. That routine positions a rectangle as before, and tries to divide the area horizontally and vertically. For the horizontal division, it calls FillBoundedArea
to fill area 2
and calls FillUnboundedArea
to fill the combined area 3 + 4
. For the vertical division, it calls FillUnboundedArea
to fill area 3
and calls FillUnboundedArea
to fill the combined area 2 + 4
When its recursive calls return, the subroutine considers the solutions it found and returns the best one.
Figure 10 shows the result produced by the Recursive Division heuristic. It results in a new arrangement but the same total height as the Fill by Stripes technique.


28 words made by unscrambling the letters from hugs (ghsu). The unscrambled words are valid in Scrabble. Use the word unscrambler to unscramble more anagrams with some of the letters in hugs.
Words made from unscrambling the letters hugs
4 letter words with hugs unscrambled
5 letter words with hugs unscrambled
Is hugs an official Scrabble word?
Can the word hugs be used in Scrabble? Yes. This word is an official Scrabble word in the dictionary.
Unscrambling hugs Scrabble score
 - H
 - U
 - G
 - S
Unscramble words using the letters hugs
How to unscramble letters in hugs to make words? The word unscrambler rearranges letters to create a word. Tip! To find more words add or remove a letter.
Unscrambled words made from h u g s
Unscrambling hugs resulted in a list of 28 words found. The word unscrambler shows exact matches of "h u g s" and also words that can be made by adding one or more letters.
Anagrams of hugs
Unscramble four letter anagrams of hugs. Anagrams solver unscrambles your jumbled up letters into words you can use in word games.
Unscrambling words starting with h
Prefix search for h words:
Unscrambling words ending with s
Suffix search for s words:
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seconds, depending on the level of light) then develop, fix, rinse, and dry the paper. Allow for a few sheets of photographic paper per student so that they can experiment with different arrangements and exposures. After the photograms are complete, have your students discuss the different results that they achieved. Students may also make negatives of their photograms by placing them on top of a fresh sheet of photographic paper and covering the two with a sheet of glass. After ex-posing this to light, they can develop the paper to get the negative of the original photogram.
Encourage your students to try FAUXtogram, an activity available on Red Studio, MoMA's Web site for teens.
GROVE ART ONLINE: Suggested Reading
Below is a list of selected articles which provide more information on the specific topics discussed in this lesson.


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Living history celebration explores secret behind Powder Valley Nature Center name
St. Louis — Just what is in a name? Today, Powder Valley Conservation Nature Center in Kirkwood is an ideal place to peacefully enjoy nature.
But the origins of its name come from war.
As part of the Nature Center's year-long 20th anniversary celebration, Powder Valley will present a living history weekend Friday and Saturday, May 13 and 14, for a special two-day program called "Blast to the Past: A History Festival". Visitors will explore the history behind the Powder Valley name and enjoy a fascinating and educational glimpse into the past of the area.
"Although we've only been here 20 years," said Assistant Nature Center Manager Catherine McGrane, "this land has its own history."
The powder was gunpowder. The "valley" was a series of caves that once existed under what is now I-270. According to McGrane, during the Civil War, Federal forces stockpiled gunpowder in the caves to use in blowing up bridges should the Confederate army attempt to invade St. Louis by way of the Meramec River.
The celebration begins Friday night from 7 to 9 p.m. with presentations by three first-person interpreters, each representing a different Civil War-era perspective: a Union soldier, Confederate soldier and a slave. A reception will follow the program allowing visitors to talk with each interpreter.
McGrane thinks it will be an ideal way to get a feel for what people were really like back then. "It's one thing to stand and talk about it," said McGrane, "it's another thing to become the person. Your audience can relate better and be more passionate about it."
The exploration of the past continues on Saturday from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. with events at both the Nature Center and nearby Emmenegger Nature Park. A free shuttle will allow guests to park at either site and visit both.
A variety of historic crafts will be demonstrated such as candle making, storytelling, wood carving and fire starting. Civil War re-enactors will be encamped at Emmenegger Nature Park. Local historian and musician Dee Ban will perform and interpret 19th-century music. A Civil War doctor will display medical instruments of the era. Participants will even have a chance to try their hand at historical skills like archery and the atlatl, an ancient spear-throwing device.
All events during Powder Valley Nature Center's "Blast to the Past: A History Festival" weekend are free of charge and open to all ages. Reservations are required for the Friday evening program, but not for the events on Saturday. For reservations and more information, call _PHONE_.
Powder Valley Conservation Nature Center is located 11715 Cragwold Road, near the intersection of I-44 and I-270 in Kirkwood. Emmenegger Nature Park is also off Cragwold Road, just west of the Nature Center.
The Nature Center will continue to feature special events each month this year to commemorate its 20th Anniversary. Powder Valley first opened its doors to the public in October 1991.


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The European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) became operational in 2000. It monitors the EU and neighboring countries. The Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the Directorate General for Environment (DG ENV) of the European Commission (EC) founded EFFIS to support the services in charge of the protection of forests against fires as well as to provide information on forest fires in Europe to EU institutions, such as EC services and the European Parliament. During the main fire season from June to September, the following products are released: daily emails including maps of forecasted fire danger to forest services and civil protection services of the EU, quarterly fire statistics for the ongoing season and monthly newsletters. EFFIS also conducts specific assessments in response to ad hoc requests due to major forest fire crises. For longer-term purposes, EFFIS maintains an EU fire database and prepares annual reports. EFFIS provides: fire danger forecast, active fire detection, rapid damage assessment, fire damage assessment, daily MODIS and fire database access.
EFFIS follows a comprehensive approach, providing EU level assessments from pre-fire to post-fire phases, supporting fire prevention, preparedness, firefighting, and post-fire evaluations. The EFFIS scientific and technical infrastructure at the JRC does research on forest fires and operates the web-based platform. A network of experts from 22 EU countries supports the work of EFFIS. Main users of EFFIS are the services in charge of the protection of forests against fires in the EU and neighbor countries as well as EC services and the European Parliament.
References: EFFIS Website (_URL_ accessed on February 24, 2012) V. Grasso and A. Singh, UNEP (Dec 2011, forthcoming): Early Warning Systems: State-of-Art Analysis and Future Directions.


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Frubert offers a wide range of Individually Quick Frozen (IQF) fruit, frozen at -30 C. Each fruit selected is the result of a continuous assessment of the best varieties. After freezing, the fruits are selected and cleaned, frozen, sorted, calibrated and packed. Apricots contain phytochemicals called carotenoids, compounds that give red, orange and yellow colors to fruits and vegetables. The powerful antioxidant Lycopene is one of the carotenoids found in apricots. Apricot is a great food that provides you with the protective effects of antioxidants while adding very few calories to your daily total.
- Apricots are rich in antioxidants including polyphenolic antioxidants like flavonoids.
- Diets rich in flavonoids and the other types of polyphenols found in apricots have been linked to reductions in heart disease in humans.
- Apricots are a good source of dietary fibre. The overall fibre content is considered to be helpful for most people in supporting digestive health.


AWWA-64312 Inside the Weather DVD
The weather: always changing, always interesting, always in the news. Teach grade schoolers all about the earth's weather with this fascinating video.
Where does the weather come from? Why does it change? Fourth, fifth, and sixth graders will get the answers in AWWA's fascinating new video, Inside the Weather.
Inside the Weather DVD shows, through colorful and stimulating visuals with fast paced explanations, how water, air, and heat from the sun create weather, why we have different seasons, the five layers of the earth's atmosphere. Viewers will learn how clouds form and move... why some precipitation falls as rain and some as snow or hail... how meteorologists predict the weather... what low pressure and high pressure mean. Viewers of all ages will be stimulated with fascinating facts about hurricanes and tornados... droughts and floods.. and the hottest, coldest, wettest, and driest places on earth!
Choose this innovative educational program and watch the weather come alive for kids and adults alike. The DVD provides stunning images and colorful graphics that you will want to watch over and over again. Grades 4 - 6. (15 minutes)
ISBN: 9781583217085
Publisher: American Water Works Association
Publication date: 2005
AWWA catalog no: 64312
Media Type: DVD


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absolute value, magnitude of a number or other mathematical expression disregarding its sign; thus, the absolute value is positive, whether the original expression is positive or negative. In symbols, if | a | denotes the absolute value of a number a, then | a | = a for a > 0 and | a | = - a for a < 0. For example, |7| = 7 since 7 > 0 and | - 7| = - ( - 7), or | - 7| = 7, since - 7 < 0.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on absolute value from Infoplease:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Mathematics


The Grammarphobia Blog
Prior considerations
Q: There seems to be a trend in conversation these days to replace the more traditional "prior" with "previous" in certain prepositional phrases. For example, in Leonard Lopate's recent interview with Alan Greenspan on WNYC, Greenspan uses the phrase "previous to that." The word "prior" seems more appropriate here. Is it grammatically correct to use "previous" in such instances?
A: The phrases "prior to" and "previous to" have long histories, according to the Oxford English Dictionary. Both date back to the 1600s.
They're prepositional phrases that can act as either adjectives or adverbs. I'll invent an example with both kinds: "Construction prior to [adjective] 1900 is reviewed prior to [adverb] demolition." In either case, "previous to" could be substituted, with no grammatical error.
In fact, both The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.) and Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) define "previous to" as "prior to" or "before."
Grammar is one thing and style is another, however. "Prior" and "previous" all by themselves can be used as adjectives ("prior construction," "previous regulations") without raising any eyebrows.
But many style guides frown on the use of "prior to" and "previous to" as adverb phrases meaning "before." Some critics have complained that "previous to" should be "previously to" when used as an adverb.
"Prior to" is more common in ordinary usage than "previous to." (Google: "prior to," 391 million hits; "previous to," 2.5 million.) But I don't like either one. Using them for "before" is like using "subsequent to" for "after." In my opinion, both are stuffy and unnecessarily wordy. I much prefer "before" if it works.
Now I'll sign off, prior to becoming cross-eyed.
Buy Pat's books at a local store or


tclx: tclx (Extended Tcl) tclx: tclx: Extended Tcl (TclX), is a set of extensions to Tcl, the Tool Command tclx: Language invented by Dr. John Ousterhout. Extended Tcl is oriented tclx: towards Unix system programming tasks and large application tclx: development. Many additional interfaces to the Unix operating system tclx: are provided. Extended Tcl was designed and implemented by Karl tclx: Lehenbauer ( and Mark Diekhans (, tclx: with help in the early stages from Peter da Silva ( tclx: tclx:


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- frangible •
Pronunciation: fræn-jê-bêl • Hear it!
Part of Speech: Adjective
Meaning: Breakable, capable of being broken.
Notes: Frangible objects are breakable though not necessarily fragile, which implies delicacy and fineness. The difference between breakable and frangible is one of context: ordinary things tend to be breakable (breakable toys) while museum pieces tend to be frangible. The noun for this word is frangibility. Anything that is unbreakable is infrangible.
In Play: It always helps in avoiding chores to impress your parents with your vocabulary. Try this sometime: "Dad, I said I'd clean the garage if I had time Saturday; I didn't sign an infrangible contract." I would have happily cleaned the garage in exchange for knowing that my teenage son had mastered infrangible. However, today's Good Word is not just for joking; it can be used sternly, too: "Lionel, be careful; that vase is sturdy but still quite frangible."
Word History: Today's Good Word first appeared in 1391, a borrowing from Latin frangibilis "breakable" from frangere "to break". The root of this word is a piece of PIE: bhre(n)g- "break" with our old friend, the Fickle N, which comes and goes as it pleases. It doesn't show up in English break or Lithuanian brasketi "crash, crack". Fickle N came and went in Latin, for the past participle of frangere is fractus, the origin of English fraction. (Initial PIE [bh] became [f] in Latin; compare English burn with Latin borrowing furnace.) Sassafras, a plant whose root provides the flavor of root beer, comes from the same root (word root, that is). Sassafras is a reduction of Latin saxifragus "rock-breaking", a name it earned from its ability to grow in the cracks of rocks. (Rather than break our tradition of recognizing those who suggest our Good Words, let's thank Chris Berry for sending in this one.)


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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LAPACK logo.svg
Initial release 1992 (1992)
Stable release 3.5.0 / 16 November 2013; 12 months ago (2013-11-16)
Written in Fortran 90
Type Software library
License BSD-new
LAPACK (Linear Algebra Package) is a standard software library for numerical linear algebra. It provides routines for solving systems of linear equations and linear least squares, eigenvalue problems, and singular value decomposition. It also includes routines to implement the associated matrix factorizations such as LU, QR, Cholesky and Schur decomposition. LAPACK was originally written in FORTRAN 77, but moved to Fortran 90 in version 3.2 (2008).[1] The routines handle both real and complex matrices in both single and double precision.
LAPACK can be seen as the successor to the linear equations and linear least-squares routines of LINPACK and the eigenvalue routines of EISPACK. LINPACK was designed to run on the then-modern vector computers with shared memory. LAPACK, in contrast, was designed to effectively exploit the caches on modern cache-based architectures, and thus can run orders of magnitude faster than LINPACK on such machines, given a well-tuned BLAS implementation. LAPACK has also been extended to run on distributed-memory systems in later packages such as ScaLAPACK and PLAPACK.
LAPACK is licensed under a three-clause BSD style license, a permissive free software license with few restrictions.
Naming scheme[edit]
Subroutines in LAPACK have a characteristic naming convention which makes the identifiers short but rather obscure. This was necessary as the first Fortran standards only supported identifiers up to six characters long, so the names had to be shortened to fit into this limit.
A LAPACK subroutine name is in the form pmmaaa, where:
 - p is a one-letter code denoting the type of numerical constants used. S, D stand for real floating point arithmetic respectively in single and double precision, while C and Z stand for complex arithmetic with respectively single and double precision. The newer version, LAPACK95, uses generic subroutines in order to overcome the need to explicitly specify the data type.
 - mm is a two-letter code denoting the kind of matrix expected by the algorithm. The codes for the different kind of matrices are reported below; the actual data are stored in a different format depending on the specific kind; e.g., when the code DI is given, the subroutine expects a vector of length n containing the elements on the diagonal, while when the code GE is given, the subroutine expects an n×n array containing the entries of the matrix.
 - aaa is a oneto three-letter code describing the actual algorithm implemented in the subroutine, e.g. SV denotes a subroutine to solve linear system, while R denotes a rank-1 update.
For example, the subroutine to solve a linear system with a general (non-structured) matrix using real double-precision arithmetic is called DGESV.
Matrix types in the LAPACK naming scheme
Name Description
BD Bidiagonal matrix
DI Diagonal matrix
GB Band matrix
GE Matrix (i.e., unsymmetric, in some cases rectangular)
GG general matrices, generalized problem (i.e., a pair of general matrices)
GT Tridiagonal Matrix General Matrix
HB (complex) Hermitian matrix Band matrix
HE (complex) Hermitian matrix
HG upper Hessenberg matrix, generalized problem (i.e. a Hessenberg and a Triangular matrix)
HP (complex) Hermitian matrix, Packed storage matrix
HS upper Hessenberg matrix
OP (real) Orthogonal matrix, Packed storage matrix
OR (real) Orthogonal matrix
PB Symmetric matrix or Hermitian matrix positive definite band
PO Symmetric matrix or Hermitian matrix positive definite
PP Symmetric matrix or Hermitian matrix positive definite, Packed storage matrix
PT Symmetric matrix or Hermitian matrix positive definite Tridiagonal matrix
SB (real) Symmetric matrix Band matrix
SP Symmetric matrix, Packed storage matrix
ST (real) Symmetric matrix Tridiagonal matrix
SY Symmetric matrix
TB Triangular matrix Band matrix
TG triangular matrices, generalized problem (i.e., a pair of triangular matrices)
TP Triangular matrix, Packed storage matrix
TR Triangular matrix (or in some cases quasi-triangular)
TZ Trapezoidal matrix
UN (complex) Unitary matrix
UP (complex) Unitary matrix, Packed storage matrix
Details on this scheme can be found in the Naming scheme section in LAPACK Users' Guide.
Use with other programming languages[edit]
Many programming environments today support the use of libraries with C binding. The LAPACK routines can be used like C functions if a few restrictions are observed.
Several alternative language bindings are also available:
See also[edit]
 1. ^ "LAPACK 3.2 Release Notes". 16 November 2008.
Further reading[edit]
 - Anderson, E.; Bai, Z.; Bischof, C.; Blackford, S.; Demmel, J.; Dongarra, J.; Du Croz, J.; Greenbaum, A.; Hammarling, S.; McKenney, A.; Sorensen, D. (1999). LAPACK Users' Guide (Third ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. ISBN 0-89871-447-8.
External links[edit]


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/101041.htm )
For more research information, see
Young Immigrants to Canada, Marg Kohli: _URL_
Home Children, Canadian Genealogy Centre: _URL_
New Lives for Old by Roger Kershaw and Janet Sacks. (Includes also information on British child emigration to Australia and on World War II child evacuees)
For more historical information, see various reports concerning home children on microform from Canadiana.org (previously the Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions). A few available free at Early Canadiana Online, for instance, "Canadian homes for London wanderers" by Annie Macpherson (original - London: Morgan, Chase & Scott: [1870?] ): _URL_
- Maria Rye buys property at Niagara on the Lake.
1869 - Rye brings first group on the 'Hibernian' - 100, aged 5 to 11.
1870 - Annie Macpherson brings 2 boys to Canada;
Marchmont Home at Belleville, Ontario set up.
- Father Nugent brings 35 children to Canada – 2 girls are 8; most 10-16.
1872 - Marchmont's Blair Atholl farm opens at Galt, Ontario.
1872 - First group of Quarrier children to Canada – 64 boys.
1873 - First group of Middlemore children to Canada – 29 children.
1873 - First Stephenson group of children to Canada – 35 boys & 14 girls.
1874 - Local Government Board in Britain appoints Andrew Doyle to report on inspections. Many concerns covered in British papers.
Abt 1878 - All Quarrier and some other Scottish, and later Barnardo children go through Marchmont Homes. Ellen Agnes Bilbrough in charge. (Home closed 1925.)
1883 - First group of Barnardo children to Canada – 72 girls – one is four years old.
1884 - Fegan's first group of childen to Canada – 10 boys, then same year 50 more.
1887 - Barnardo Farm set up at Russell, Manitoba.
1888 - Southwark Catholic Emigration Society opens home in Ottawa, Ontario.
1895 - George Everitt Green, Barnardo boy, found dead in Owen Sound, Ontario, inquest – cause: neglect, starvation, violence. Manslaughter trial – no decision?
1896 - Barnardo Home in Winnipeg, Manitoba opens.
1897 - Ontario passes 'Act to Regulate the Immigration into Ontario of Certain Classes of Children' – requires licensing and inspection four times a year.
- Catholic Emigration Society opens farm at Makinak, Manitoba.
1903 - Catholic Emigration Association formed – after a fact finding mission and report, sees spiritual, moral and material advantages for child emigrants to Canada.
_PHONE_ - No organized child emigration.
1920 - British child emigration resumes – 581 children sent away.
1922 - Empire Settlement Act – Britain and Canada agree to pay $40 towards cost of sending each child overseas.
1924 - Canada – order in council prohibits unaccompanied emigrants under 14.
1935 - Fairbridge Prince of Wales Fairbridge Farm School opens at Cowichan Station, British Columbia.
1938 - Fairbridge Farm at Fintry in B.C.'s Okanagan opens.
1938 - Last? Quarrier group arrives on the 'Duchess of Bedford'.
1948 - Fintry Farm closes.
1948 - Last 'Barnardo boy' arrives by air.
1949 - All Fairbridge farm schools close.


ML Career Presentation (Individual Performance Event) ARIZONA ONLY
This event allows members to combine career research with verbal presentation skills. One of the goals of FBLA is to prepare members for the workforce. This event begins that process through career exploration.
Each Middle Level chapter may enter members who are on record in the FBLA-PBL Online Membership System as having paid dues by the officially published deadline for the current school year.
Spring Competition Procedure
Members are to identify their dream career and conduct research for your presentation. The presentation should include the following information (but can include more):
1) What type of education is needed to enter into this career?
2) Is this career in high demand?
3) What part of the country would have the most of these types of careers?
4) What is the average starting pay for this career?
Based on their research members will create a "Dream Career" board on a tri fold presentation board. The board can include computer generated items, hand written items, etc. The more creative the better. We will NOT provide power however. Members will have up to 5 minutes to set up their presentation board and materials. The presentation will be 2-5 minutes long and will answer the four questions listed above plus provide any additional information that is relevant to the career.
Chapters may enter an unlimited amount of individuals at competition. The top three (3) winners are recognized.
CLICK HERE for the the rating sheet
Missey Goodman, State Adviser
Office: _PHONE_
Fax: _PHONE_
 - YouTube


tourism en Roaming Kyrgyzstan: Beyond the Tourist Track By Jessica JacobsoniUniverse As American foreign travel is concerned, we are more likely to head to Cancun for spring break, or across the border in Canada for some duty-free shopping—not to Kyrgyzstan. The 2008 guidebook Roaming Kyrgyzstan: Beyond the Tourist Track by Jessica Jacobson (an American scholar who lived, worked, and traveled in Kyrgyzstan for two and a half years) sheds light on a place that many would consider far beyond the beaten path. The guidebook contains all of the information you would expect from a guidebook: where to eat, what to eat, where to sleep, prices, where to get a cab ride, and how much it should cost. Expect some anecdotes about Kyrgyz culture, but don't consider it a substitute for an official history. In my opinion, the key to a good guidebook is good organization, and this book could use more organizational clarity. The Table of Contents is broken down into into regions and "areas," but I could not determine the difference between a region and an area, if regions were parts of areas (there are only two areas compared to nine regions), and what this distinction means for travelers. After the contents, introduction, map, and a brief history, the book opens with "Travel Essentials," or everything you need to know about visas, air travel, train travel, what to bring, communications, publications, and more. "Words You May Hear" (under "Travel Essentials") seems useful at first, but actually contains only three words. A glossary of terms would be a welcome addition. Details about the cities and towns highlighted under the regions seem especially useful; they are broken down into dining and lodging options (ranging from upscale to should probably avoid), phone numbers, people to talk to, attractions, and websites where available. Some of the entries, such as local restaurants, are "starred" with two asterisks, meaning they are especially recommended by the author. But if you don't catch that brief note in the introduction, you'll be scratching your head the entire book as I was about what those asterisks are supposed to indicate. There aren't many photos in the book, and where there are images it would have been nice if they had captions. With so much information spanning geographic areas in a single page spread, it isn't clear which image corresponds to what place. Should the book be reprinted, I would also suggest including a key and an image list. Based on this book and Jacobson's travels—do I want to visit Kyrgystan? Absolutely. The strongest impression I received is that Kyrgyzstan is "a nature-lover's dream," to quote Jacobson. Although the tourism industry is still in the process of being developed (with positive results), the country can be described as being well-suited and hospitable to backpacking, hiking, skiing (on virtually deserted slopes!), nature photography, horseback riding, camping, visiting or living in yurts, and numerous mineral and hot springs/spas and sanatoriums. Everywhere there seems to be a guest house (or yurt) with someone willing to show a foreigner around, and Jacobson never mentions encountering problems being an American woman on her own in Kyrgyzstan. The activities Jacobson participates in aren't the typical tourist activities; they include long (and difficult) hikes and local festivals. Yet for those who want a shopping mall, she tells you where to find one. Roaming Kyrgyzstan is well-suited to assist the adventurous DIY traveler. Jacobson promises that if you don't mind going over some bumpy roads in a noisy dust-filled car, the dynamic vistas of Kyrgyzstan will be breathtaking and like none other on the planet. Written by: Lillian B., May 5th 2009 Tags: Europe, Kyrgyzstan, nature, tourism, travel, guidebook Books Jessica Jacobson iUniverse Lillian B. Europe guidebook Kyrgyzstan nature tourism travel Tue, 05 May 2009 23:54:00 +0000 admin 3474 at Slumdog Millionaire (or I Want to Sue the Indian Government: Memories of Gods, Lovers, and Slumdogs) Directed by Danny BoyleFox Searchlight Pictures An old Native American curse goes like this, "May all your dreams come true!" For many years, I had a dream; I wanted very badly to visit mysterious India. Last month my wish unexpectedly came true. Forbidden Sun Dance, my most recent documentary, was selected to compete in the Tri-Continental Human Rights Film Festival in India. This was a great opportunity to discover the land of my dreams. While on tour with the festival, I was invited to watch Danny Boyle's Slumdog Millionaire in a fancy movie theatre in the dazzling and enormous city of Mumbai by a lovely Bollywood moviemaking couple. I had never seen such a theatre anywhere in North America! For double the ticket price, you get a seat in which you can actually lie down! Superbly comfortable, they were a bit like those huge massage chairs that I had seen in shopping malls in Canada. I felt very strange sitting in that chair, munching on popcorn and watching not a fantasy-filled Bollywood movie, but a somewhat more realistic portrayal of life in India... Bollywood – My Childhood Love As a little girl growing up in Iran, and like millions of others living in Eastern countries, I loved Bollywood movies. They were all colour and glamour and rosy pictures of India, that heaven on earth; the country of love and flowers. In my childish imagination, Bollywood's India was the best place on the planet to live and be in love. For hours, my cousins and I would sit watching Bollywood movies and later try to imitate those gorgeous Indian actresses. We would draw moles between our eyebrows and put on lots of makeup stolen from our mothers. We would wrap Granny's colourful hijab around our bodies and pretend it was a sari while dancing along with the actresses and lip syncing all the songs that we knew by heart without understanding more than few words! We all wanted to steal the heart of the main actor, Amitabh Bachchan. He was the most gorgeous man ever: tall, handsome, and an amazing dancer, he was our superbly passionate romantic hero who would do anything for


MIT semi-solid flow cell battery technology solves biggest problems faced by EV Industry
With lithium-ion batteries viewed as the future of electric vehicles, the researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology or MIT have developed a new battery technology that experts claim could completely revolutionize the automotive industry.
The new technology tries to provide the solution to two biggest obstacles in front of electric vehicles today -- costs and range. MIT's newly developed semi-solid flow cell battery technology could be a answer to the overcome both these hurdles.
Dubbed as 'Cambridge crude', the new technology essentially suspends a typical battery's positive and negative electrodes in a liquid electrolyte. The energy stored in that liquid called electrolyte can be accessed by pumping the fluid through the system. Just as one pumps in normal gasoline in conventional cars.
Notably, the flow batteries have been around for a while and MIT's offering is definitely not a eureka moment; but MIT's design differs in that it is much more energy dense. In fact, MIT says its design provides a 10-times improvement in energy density over present liquid flow-batteries; thanks to the application of the chemistry behind lithium-ion battery.
Some other pluses of the MIT's a new battery technology:
1) MIT's semi-solid flow cell can be produced at about half the cost of conventional lithium-ion battery
2) MIT's liquid battery technology needs about half the physical space than comparable lithium-ion batteries.
3) Cambridge crude can be recharged like a normal battery
4) Once the Cambridge crude's (electrolyte's ) energy is depleted, the fluid can be removed and replaced with fully charged liquid. Giving electric vehicle owners of late 2013 the ability to "refuel" their vehicles like a conventional car.
Yes only after late 2013. As MIT expects to have a fully-functioning prototype system ready to be "engineered for production as a replacement for existing electric-car batteries" by late 2013. --------
No comments


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||Overview of Construction and Trade
The construction industry, a business that constantly requires apprenticeships and traineeships, is made up of skilled contractors and qualified technicians who manage building, electrical, carpentry and construction projects.
Construction and trade courses offer various levels of specialisations and specific training in construction and trade-related jobs such as building, carpentry, welding and electrical installation.
Studying Construction and Trade
The most common construction and trade career path is to undertake an apprentice course that will provide real work experience in a company. Popular courses include electrical apprenticeships, building apprenticeships and plumbing apprenticeships, which are offered by registered training organisations and Technical and Further Education (TAFE) institutions.
Building, construction, carpentry and electrical courses are usually offered as six months to two years courses. These involve on-the-job training, where students undertake work experience in a construction or trade company.
The basic requirements for entry to a construction and trade (carpentry, building, electrical or welding) certificate and diploma programme would be a pass in Mathematics, Physics and English.
Students with their construction certificate or trade qualification seeking higher education pathways can undertake a three to four-year degree in applied science, building and construction or architecture courses, which covers areas such as construction management, building design and surveying, or electrical engineering.
Careers in Construction and Trade
Accreditation and licensing certifications are required for certain jobs in the construction and trade industries, including builders, electricians and construction managers.
Accredited assessments centres will assess and issue the rights for a certified individual to practice in the construction and trade industries after a series of tests and short courses.
Trade industries offer specialised technical services such as mechanical, electrical and plumbing in construction projects. Construction and trade jobs also involve the maintenance of facilities for commercial and residential purposes.
Some of the construction and trade jobs that you can undertake, depending on your specialisation and qualification, include being a builder, carpenter, bricklayer, electrician, plumber or welder. You can also be a construction manager or project manager if you have the right qualification and experience.
Different Australian states may have varying accreditation standards for the construction, building and electrical professions, so it is important to check on the required license in your intended place of practice versus the location of where you have obtained your assessment qualification.?
Skills needed in Construction and Trade
Occupational, health and safety knowledge is a prerequisite for construction and trade jobs. An overall clean bill of health is also required as the job will involve physical strength, and being on your feet for long stretches.
Project management and strong communication skills are also useful, as construction and trade jobs require interacting with clients, suppliers and sub-contractors for a turnkey project.
Automotive & Mechanical
Search for Trade courses


Editor's Picks
Meet AV1: A Robot that Helps Sick Kids Remain Present in the Classroom
By Cait Etherington
March 24, 2018
There have been many recent reports about the role telepresence robots are about to play in our lives, but one Norwegian-based startup is already using them to transform people's lives on a profound level. No Isolation recently launched the AV1, which the company describes as "the world's first telepresence robot specifically developed for children and young adults with long-term illness."
Karen Dolva and colleagues, Marius Aabel and Matias Doyle, met in 2012 at Norway's largest launch pad for tech startups. From the start, they imagined coming up with a tech solution to a pervasive problem: social isolation. As they brainstormed their idea, they realized the far-reaching impacts of social isolation and loneliness. In 2015, they launched No Isolation. In the company's own words, No Isolation "tackles loneliness and involuntary social isolation by developing communication tools that can help those affected."
eLearning Inside News recently caught up with CEO Karen Dolva to learn more about No Isolation, the AV1, and the company's mandate to tackle social isolation with tech solutions.
How and Why the AV1 Came to Life
Cait Etherington: What initially led No Isolation to develop AV1? How did you realize there was a need for a telepresence robot in classrooms?
Karen Dolva: Both AV1 and No Isolation came as the result of meeting Anne Fi Troye, a mother who lost her teenage daughter, Cornelia, to cancer in 2005. Reflecting on her loss, Anna Fi noted that in the years following her diagnosis, the level of solitude Cornelia felt was "much worse than the diagnosis, the pain and the treatment." Anna Fi was already trying to find ways to reduce the loneliness of other children in Cornelia's situation when we met, and I knew I needed to help.
I, with my co-founders at No Isolation, immediately began researching the solutions that already existed and was shocked to learn that there was very little technology in place to help those suffering from long-term illness stay connected to the outside world. From speaking with various charities and organizations we knew that we wanted to build a tool that would allow children to participate both in their studies and in their social lives, so that they'd not fall behind in any area.
We actually didn't know we'd be making a telepresence robot when we started – it was only through testing ideas with different children that AV1 began to form.
CE: Why is AV1 a better option than simply a remote monitor? After all, couldn't students just use Facetime or Skype to be present at a distance? Why is this a more effective option?
KD: The main difference is security and control – with AV1 the child chooses when they log on and where they look, and it is safe and secure in a classroom situation because no data is stored – everything is transferred in real-time.
Also, the difference between AV1 and something like FaceTime or Skype is that AV1 has a one-way camera. During our prototype testing, we found that children preferred this, as they didn't need to worry about how they looked to their classmates, especially if they were feeling particularly poorly on any given day.
Additionally, No Isolation's AV1 is a physical robot that can mimic certain human gestures. For example, the user can use the robot to physically turn and look at whoever is speaking and can use their controller to nod, shake their head and move around on a 360-degree axis. We also added a 'whisper mode', where the user can speak quietly via their AV1 in class, rather than projecting their voice to the whole room. This creates a much more compelling and physical presence.
Most importantly though, AV1 is designed to be picked up and moved around. Our users can go out to the playground or the canteen at break time and won't miss out on socializing with their friends. AV1's also go on field trips and on family outings. We know of AVs that have been to the zoo, have been kayaking and that have been to concerts and theatre shows. By creating an avatar that is physically present, it is easier for the child to feel as though they are actually there, and for their classmates to involve them.
Reactions to the AV1
CE: How do children who are present in the classroom respond to No Isolation's AV1? Do they think it's weird to have their classmate mediated by a robot, or does the presence of the robot, in fact, add to the classroom dynamic?
KD: Interestingly, we find that the younger the kids, the more quickly they adapt to the technology! After a few minutes, they forget that there is a robot in class, and view it simply as their friend. It is the adults that take a little longer to get used to the idea.
Speaking with our users in the UK, we've heard that their classmates have all been very excited when an AV1 has been introduced into the classroom, and have asked lots of questions about how and why the technology is helping their friend. In fact, we've even heard that one child actually told a mother of a user that he wished his other friend who was currently off school with a long-term illness had access to an AV1, which is incredibly heartwarming.
No Isolation's Success Stories
CE: Can you share a success story?
KD: One of our users is a 12-year-old boy called Elliot, who is recovering from surgery to remove a brain tumor. As a result of his treatment, surgery and recovery, Elliot has been forced to miss a lot of school. He's also been incredibly self-conscious about his appearance, as a result of his illness, so has been reluctant to see his friends.
His teachers at Preston School, Somerset, were incredibly keen to help him get back up to speed, and so raised funds to purchase an AV1 for him to use. Now that Elliot has access to an AV1, he is able to attend class remotely – meaning that he is catch up on his studies and slowly begin to re-integrate himself back into school life on his terms.
CE: How much will it cost for schools or families to adopt an AV1? Do you have plans to make access to AV1 accessible, even to families who may be struggling financially?
KD: AV1 is available to rent in the UK, with prices for parents beginning at £280/month (including insurance and support) for users who expect to be away for less than six months, extending to £1800/year (including insurance and support) for those who have to be away for more than six months.
Organisations in the public sector, such as schools, can purchase AV1 through Atea – Northern Europe's market leader in IT infrastructure. Each avatar is sold at £2200 with a £90 extra monthly fee for 4G, support, and insurance. This monthly fee enables the school to contact No Isolation for tech assistance or a change of user, should the school wish to recycle the avatar once the pupil has returned to school.
We understand that loneliness and isolation affect thousands of people of varying financial circumstances, which is why an AV1 can be donated to a user or a school by a company, organization or foundation.
No Isolation's New Project Aims to Transform Seniors' Lives
CE: What's next for No Isolation? Do you have other projects in development at the moment or plans to expand AV1's presence in other contexts?
KD: Our next product, KOMP, is aimed at solving the loneliness epidemic among seniors. We have conducted extensive research into this topic and found that many seniors wished they could talk to their family more, while the family members felt guilty for not talking to their elderly relatives enough. We also learnt that while many families would give their elderly relatives devices like tablets and computers, many seniors found the systems too complex and not adapted for reduced hearing, touch and eyesight. We wanted to create something that would address all of these issues and reduce loneliness in seniors.
KOMP allows seniors to passively receive images, messages and video calls. It has one button, a large screen, and quality loudspeakers. The button allows for the device to be turned on and off, as well as controlling the volume. There is no touchscreen, and there are no pop-up messages, log-in details, emails or passwords.
The content in KOMP is managed from the connected app. Family and friends send messages, images and start video conversations. When video calling, the KOMP screen lights up and automatically starts counting down from 10. If the user wants to receive the call they just let it count down and it automatically starts, while if they want to reject the call they turn their KOMP off. If it is turned off already, the KOMP will call as a normal phone and the senior needs to turn it on to receive the call.
Having proven its success in Norway, with more than 200 seniors using KOMP, No Isolation's product will be coming to the UK very soon, and is available for pre-order now.


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Congratulations to Sandra M. Lima Rocha Teixeira Neves and Richard Baker McElroy, the two students who were chosen as the 2018-19 Rovelstad scholarship recipients. They were selected among an impressive field of library and information science students.
Students who had completed at least 6 credits in the Master's in Library and Information Science program by the end of the spring semester of 2019 were eligible to apply. Each applicant submitted a statement of achievements, career interests, and goals in less than 750 words; along with a detailed curriculum vitae which included their volunteer activities, association memberships, attendance at professional conferences and workshops, and similar activities. They also provided two references.
Finalists for the scholarship were interviewed by the committee, which based its decision on the following:
- Academic achievement in the program
- Demonstrated commitment to the profession as evidenced in course work, personal statement, curriculum vitae, and letters of recommendation
- Potential for success as evidenced in all application documents
- Indication of financial need
Rovelstad Scholarship Committee
Dr. Jane Zhang, Chair
Dr. Renate Chancellor
Dr. Deanna Marcum


Ancient Mediterranean Art Art Collection Curatorial
From the Collection—Ancient Greek Vases
Niobid Painter (Greek, Attic, active ca. 470–ca. 445 BC). Hydria (Water Jar), ca. 460 BC. Red-figure terracotta. Gift of Mrs. Douglass Van Dyke, in Memory of Douglass Van Dyke, to the Milwaukee Art Museum. Photo credit Larry Sander
The Milwaukee Art Museum may have a small collection of ancient Mediterranean art, but we have some great pieces!
Take, for instance, our two ancient Greek Hydria. Walk into Gallery 1, and you will see them in the free-standing case on the right.
What is so exciting about Greek vases? Well, for one thing, they are some of the only artwork that we have remaining from this important ancient civilization. In particular, their decorations are the only hint that we have of what ancient Greek painting looked like. Practically all ancient painting has been destroyed due to its fragility. Greek vases survived because they were put into tombs and sanctuaries as offerings. In fact, the accident of their survival has made them more important to us than to the Greeks, who for the most part did not seem them as great art and used them as everyday objects.
Also, Greek vases often show scenes related to mythology and can be a great way to learn how to identify the gods and heroes of the ancient world. Other vases show special events or everday activities that give us insight into the world of the ancient Greeks.
Circle of Antimenes Painter (Greek, Attic, active ca. 530–ca. 510 BC). Hydria (Water Jar), ca. 525 BC. Black-figure terracotta. Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Everett N. Carpenter to the Milwaukee Art Museum. Photo credit Larry Sanders
Our hydria would have held water (think hydration—the Greek word for water is the root for this English word). A rope could be strung through the two side handles for drawing water from a well or pool and also for carrying it, and the single handle on the back would be for pouring like a pitcher. The wide lip at the top was designed to stop drips.
What is really exciting about the Museum's hydrias is that they offer a perfect way to compare two different ancient Greek decorating styles, in person, on actual ancient objects.
For instance, one hydria is in "black-figure" and the other is in "red-figure." You can probably guess which is which. Both styles use the same "paint," called slip, which is a glaze made from clay. But they use it in very different ways.
In black-figure (above right), the slip is used to fill in the figures so that the details have to be scraped into the slip to show the red clay behind. Details in white and red paint might also be added after firing. The resulting silhouettes create a stiff, static figure. Also, overlapping objects is extremely difficult, as you can see from the two figures on the left—the scraped lines become a jumble. Also typical of black-figure vase paintings is a stage-like setting, often in a box, on one side of the vase. The black-figure technique reached its height in Athens during the late 6th century BC, which is when our hydria was painted.
Our black-figure vase shows an assembly of gods and not a specific myth. Recognizable by their attributes, Dionysus appears on the left with his long robe and beard; a youthful Apollo is seated in the middle with flowing hair and a lyre; and Hermes, on the right, is outfitted in his short cloak, winged boots, and traveler's hat. The two women may be Artemis and Leto, Apollo's sister and mother. Notice that if Apollo stood up, that he would be a full head taller than the other figures! This use of scale shows that he is the most important figure in the scene.
Red-figure vase paintings are created in a manner opposite to black-figure. The figures are outlined and the background is colored black. Rather than inscribing details with hard tools, the artist could use brushes to add details, which gives drapery, anatomy, and faces a more naturalistic appearance. Emotions and action were also easier to show. Just compare the overall appearance of these two vases, and you can see how freeing the red-figure technique is. There is more movement in the figures, who run across the ground line, and they are not constrained to the box on the front of the vase and fill the widest point on the vessel all the way around. The red-figure technique was developed in Athens during the late 6th century BC, but did not become dominant until after 500 BC. Our red-figure hydria (above left) was painted ca. 460 BC by the Niobid Painter. We know few personal names of Greek vase painters, so these anonymous artists are often given names related to a specific vase in their style. The Niobid Painter is named after a famous vase in the Louvre
In contrast to the scene on the black-figure hydria, the red-figure hydria has a narrative myth. Boreas, the north wind, is abducting Orithyia, daughter of the legendary Athenian king Erechteus. You can recognize Boreas on the left from his wings. Orithyia runs off the scene to the right. Meanwhile, Athena stands in the middle (larger, again, because she is the most important figure in this scene), calm and resembling a column, holding her hand up in an attempt to make Boreas stop. Athena is the patron goddess of Athens, so she is trying to protect the daughter of the king. On the back of the vase, friends of Orithyia run to tell Erechtheus what has happened to his daughter.
So the next time you are entering the permanent collection galleries, stop and take a peek at the two ancient Greek hydrias. These 2,500 year-old treasures pack a lot of information!
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_USER_{item_3244379, title = {{Human listeners\textquoteright perception of behavioural context and core affect dimensions in chimpanzee vocalizations}}, author = {Kamilo\u{g}lu, Roza G. and Slocombe, Katie E. and Haun, Daniel Benjamin Moritz and Sauter, Disa A.}, language = {eng}, issn = {_PHONE_; 0962-8452}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2020.1148}, publisher = {Royal Society}, address = {London}, year = {2020}, date = {2020}, abstract = {{Vocalizations linked to emotional states are partly conserved among phylogenetically related species. This continuity may allow humans to accurately infer affective information from vocalizations produced by chimpanzees. In two pre-registered experiments, we examine human listeners\textquotesingle ability to infer behavioural contexts (e.g. discovering food) and core affect dimensions (arousal and valence) from 155 vocalizations produced by 66 chimpanzees in 10 different positive and negative contexts at high, medium or low arousal levels. In experiment 1, listeners (n \textequals 310), categorized the vocalizations in a forced-choice task with 10 response options, and rated arousal and valence. In experiment 2, participants (n \textequals 3120) matched vocalizations to production contexts using yes/no response options. The results show that listeners were accurate at matching vocalizations of most contexts in addition to inferring arousal and valence. Judgments were more accurate for negative as compared to positive vocalizations. An acoustic analysis demonstrated that, listeners made use of brightness and duration cues, and relied on noisiness in making context judgements, and pitch to infer core affect dimensions. Overall, the results suggest that human listeners can infer affective information from chimpanzee vocalizations beyond core affect, indicating phylogenetic continuity in the mapping of vocalizations to behavioural contexts.}}, journal = {{Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences}}, volume = {287}, number = {1929}, eid = {20201148}, }


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In the simplest terms, resistance welding is joining metals with pressure and electrical current. But complex automation systems transform resistance welding into a process that can speed up welding projects with exceptional accuracy. This potential for faster welding processes is why industries are so keen on bringing this technology to the manufacturing process.
A Resistance Welding Primer
Resistance welding involves joining metals by first applying pressure to two or more metal components. Electrical current is then passed through the metals for a precise length of time. No other materials are needed to weld the two components together. The metals are then melted and fused in a clean, fast, and cost-effective process.
There are several types of resistance welding processes, including spot-and-seam, flash, projection, and upset welding. The most significant differences between these methods are the types and shapes of the electrodes used to apply the pressure and the electrical current. Water flows through cavities inside the electrode and other tools for cooling.
Spot welding is the simplest form of resistance welding. The electrodes apply both the pressure and the force to the components to be welded. Seam welding is similar to spot welding except that the components to be welded roll between wheel-shaped electrodes while a current is applied. These welds often overlap, resulting in a welded seam instead of spot welds.
Flash welding uses force to push workpieces together. A flashing action created with a high current density at very small contact points expels oxides and impurities, resulting in a stronger weld. Upset welding is similar to flash welding, but the components are already in firm contact and, thus, no flashing occurs. Projection welding localizes welds at predetermined points by use of projections that focus heat generation at the point of contact. Sufficient resistance causes the projections to collapse and the weld nugget is formed.
Resistance Welding Offers Many Advantages
Robotic resistance welding increases throughput, reduces process times, and results in a better-quality weld. Resistance welding is faster than fastening components together by the use of riveting and offers more shear resistance. Compared to other fastening and welding methods, resistance welding reduces the chance of workpiece deformation.
Resistance welding can be performed with single-phase AC power, making it an accessible form of joining workpieces. It's also available in mid-frequency DC voltages, which can increase energy efficiency and increase quality further. Projection welding offers an excellent solution for nut and bolt welding. Spot welding is especially useful for sheet metal applications, where three or more metals' thickness can be welded together simultaneously.
Take advantage of Genesis's free ebook to gain helpful insights. Download the free ebook 6 Business Considerations for Robotic Welding Investments.


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AkhilDelhi Public School NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India
AshutoshDelhi Public School NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India
ManitDelhi Public School NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India
15 & under
Anila MathurDelhi Public School NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India
Science & Technology > Life Science > Endangered & Extinct Species
Science & Technology
Teacher Resources (Lesson Plans, Worksheets)
Video / Sound
Our team had to tackle several challenges before submitting the site. Each member had to be chosen very carefully. Some people were very interested but not willing to work. Manit, Akhil and Ashutosh all were very good academically. Akhil enhanced the project with beautiful graphics and multimedia while Manit continued to work on the website. Ashutosh with his superb writing style helped us to capture the epitorial lifestyle of the bears. Through a busy and tight schedule somehow the kids came together and compiled the project. Addng to the problems were the exams but still they managed to complete the project.
The teachers with their help also added to the students' knowledge.
Our team does not restrict only to the efforts to its members but it includes the various efforts made by the other people to save the polar bears and LIFE on earth from extinction. A variety sources adds to the work done by the members. For the children of the tropical countries even to consider the effects of global warming taking place in an absolutely different latitude in itself was a great challenge. To handle this chalenge the boys had to contact many people ranging from Australia to Canada. Though the school was same the states were different and so the distance between their houses also became a challenge and hence can't be neglected.


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- Visitors & Friends
- About the University
Chimps show food link to walking
Pete Wilton | 20 Mar 12
A study of chimpanzees gives tantalizing evidence that humans may have evolved upright walking in order to carry more food.
A team of scientists from Oxford University, Cambridge, and Kyoto University tested the theory that two-legged (bipedal) walking should occur more of the time when animals are carrying prized but rare resources.
The researchers put groups of wild chimpanzees in Bossou, Guinea, through their paces. First they provided either commonly-available oil palm nuts or both oil palm nuts and some rare coula nuts in a forest clearing.
They found that when more of the prized coula nuts were available the chimps concentrated on carrying these away in preference to the oil palm nuts.
Whilst overall the chimps still mostly used all four limbs, bipedal walking increased by a factor of four when coula nuts were present. The chimps also carried twice as many items when walking on two legs – often using not only their hands but also their mouths and feet.
The researchers also separately recorded crop raids by Bossou chimps over a 14-month period. They observed that over a third of chimp trips during these raids included bipedal strides and that the number of items carried during these bipedal bouts was significantly higher than exclusively four/three-legged ones.
A report of the work is published today in Current Biology.
'This small population of chimpanzees at Bossou has already taught us a great deal about many aspects of chimpanzee behaviour and cognition, including the uniquely West-African chimpanzee tradition of using stone tools to crack open hard shelled nuts,' team member Dora Biro of Oxford University's Department of Zoology tells me.
'We've known for a long time that chimpanzees carry items bipedally, but what our study has shown is that such transports increase dramatically when chimpanzees encounter resources that are rare or unpredictable in their availability.
'In those times their behaviour resembles a "take as much as you can at once" strategy - a bit like people piling food on their plates at a buffet table. Bipedality helps because it allows you to increase the amount of things you can carry to a safe place at once.'
The results support the idea that variable food resources and uncertain environments may 'fast-track' adaptations such as bipedal walking. It's possible that the extra calories gained from novel ways of carrying food eventually selects for gradual anatomical change: something that may have driven our ancestors to stand up on their own two feet and stay there.
Photos: Bossou chimps by (top) Kimberley Hockings (above) Susana Carvalho.


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Teaching: the best job in the world. Yet, increasingly, it is considered one of the toughest professions. In recent years, practices have arisen and become widespread which overcomplicate teaching and increase teacher workload, while only having a marginal impact on pupil learning. Simplicity Rules explores how children learn and the most effective ways to teach them, focusing on achieving results using strategies that are low effort and high impact, along with a comprehensive framework underpinning the ideas.
Covering what to teach, talk, practice, starting a lesson, ending a lesson, and feedback alongside practical methods to reduce workload as well as simpler and clearer systems to support teachers in the long term, this book asks:
Promoting a simplification of teaching practices, Simplicity Rules is an essential guide for school teachers of all levels of experience, and school leaders.
- Taylor and Francis
- Publication Date:
- OverDrive Read
- Adobe EPUB eBook 4.8 MB


text: Purpose: The purpose of the study is to explore the existence of gender discrimination in the service delivery process of the poverty reduction programs in Bangladesh. Originality: This paper has developed a multidimensional scale to assess the efficiency of Government (GO) and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the service delivery process of poverty reduction programs in rural Bangladesh as there is no such scale available in the literature. The scale then is utilized to find differences in opinion between male and female beneficiaries. Key literature / theoretical perspective: This study followed a process of scale development proposed in marketing, psychology and human resources management. Design/methodology/approach: The methodology is based on quantitative survey from 78 randomly chosen villages in Bangladesh. Confirmatory factor analysis and discriminant analysis were used to explore the differences in opinion of the beneficiaries. Findings: In most geographic areas, more improvement in efficiency determining items are demanded by female beneficiaries proves that they are not only deprived of better services compared to their male counterparts but also are carrying the hallmarks of gender discrimination. Research limitations/implications: Responses of the beneficiaries of the geographically disadvantageous areas like char (island), haor (water bodies) and hilly areas are not included. Practical and Social implications: It is hoped that region-wise findings will help the policy makers of both GO and NGOs to pin-point the areas of service delivery in which they require more attention.


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Category:Gobies/Blennies - Common Names
From The Aquarium Wiki
|Contents||Top · 0-9 · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z|
This category lists the common names of Gobies, Blennies, Jawfish and Dartfish. Whilst this name is often made up by resellers and has no scientific merit, it is the name often first associated to the animal by its locals, beginners and the casual aquarist.
- See here for a list of Gobies/Blennies etc by Latin name.
Pages in category "Gobies/Blennies - Common Names"
The following 143 pages are in this category, out of 143 total.