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The Step by Step Settlement Service(funded under the Settlement Engagement and Transition Support Service) provides holistic support for newly arrived refugees and migrants in their first five years in Australia, to equip them with the knowledge and skills to identify, understand and to address their settlement needs.
It is a partnership of 3 agencies, bringing together the specialist experience and resources of MercyCare (Lead Agency), Save the Children and Edmund Rice Centre of WA. Our staff are based at offices in Brewer Place, Mirrabooka, and come from a range of multicultural backgrounds, enabling them to easily understand and cater to the needs of service users
The Step by Step Settlement Service provides individuals and families with high-quality individual casework and access to group classes/forums to address issues arising during their settlement experience. The priority supports provided by this service are:
Support to improve English language skills:
- Reviewing their progress towards English language proficiency goals with the Adult Migrants English Program (AMEP)
- Providing additional support as required via AMEP's more intensive Extend/Special Preparatory Programs, or local community conversational classes.
- Linking them to ERC's 'Language for Living in Australia' program which provides English language and literacy practice focused on common settlement issues.
- Connecting them to StC's Live and Learn program which provides weekly support to students with ENGLISH practice & homework.
- Participation in StC's life skills classes for women
Support engagement with education by:
- Connecting them into vocational training courses
- Assising them to enrol in TAFE, university, or a registered training organisation
- Referring them to the WA Department of Training & Workforce Development or Trades Recognition Australia to transfer overseas skills
- Supporting women with young children to access early childhood education opportunities through kindergarten, playgroups, community education programs and enrolment in school
- Engaging women with children in Save the Children's facilitated playgroup program Play2Learn
Build employment readiness by:
- Assisting to develop workplace ENGLISH
- Leveraging MercyCare's CaLD Job & Skills Training Centre expertise, employer networks & practical skills training programs
- Referring entrepreneurs to specialist migrant business support networks
- Offering a place on ERC's Driver Education Program (the only new arrivals-focused road safety learner driver program in WA)
- Sourcing work & volunteering options including within our consortium's services in childcare, aged care, community services, administration & retail;
- Offering subsidised places at MercyCare's early learning centres to boost workforce participation
- Where appropriate, referring them to JobActive
- Providing support if appropriate during the first stages of a job to ensure its sustainability
The service will run the following group classes/forums:
- "Conversations for Life" Classes, a range of classes run several times a week catering to different English competency levels, providing a relaxed place to practice practical English
- Women's Life Skills classes, providing a safe environment for women to practice their English while learning new skills, developing confidence and strengthening social networks;
- Early Childhood education program Play2Learn,providing children aged 0 to 5 and their mothers with a quality early-learning program to support a smooth transition to the Australian school system and the attainment of early childhood milestones
- Employment Readiness Workshops, including developing a resume, preparing for interviews, how to look for and find job opportunities, the hidden job market etc
- Computer classes, to build computer proficiency for job search and office work
- Learning to Drive, group classes
Focus on Youth
The Step by Step Service will also have a strong focus on supporting youth,
With Employment Assistance:
- Education and employment support, including access to the above listed group activities open to all ages
- Access to volunteering, work placements and internships to improve employment prospects
- Creating career plans to capture future goals and directions
- Support with navigating and understanding how to access Australia's education and employment system
To access Edmund Rice Centre's range of youth programs:
- Leadership and life skills development programs
Permanent residents who have arrived in Australia in the last five years and live in the Perth north metropolitan area, such as:
- humanitarian entrants
- family stream migrants with low English proficiency
- dependents of skilled migrants and their dependents in rural and regional areas with low English proficiency
- selected other stream visas (Former Resident and Referred Stay (Permanent)
This Settlement Service Programme is funded by the Department of Social Services.
MercyCare is part of the Unity Employment Network which connects WA employers with jobseekers from asylum seeker, refugee and new migrant backgrounds. Find out more about the Unity Employment Network here.
As employers, there are many opportunities to support access to employment for people from a refugee or asylum seeker background. We have a helpful Guide for WA Employers and our team at Unity Employment Network would be happy to answer any questions you have - _EMAIL_


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The Irish in San Francisco
by Mary McCloy
I am the granddaughter of four Irish immigrants. They all came to the United States in the early 1900s, part of the wave of Irish immigrants who came to the United States because of the political unrest in Ireland during her struggle for independence from England.
My mother's parents first settled in Oakland and later in San Francisco, and my father's parents lived in Los Angeles. They all came to California by way of the transcontinental railroad. They were sponsored by relatives who were already living here, and when they were able, they themselves sponsored other relatives from Ireland. I grew up in San Francisco very conscious of my Irish roots. We would celebrate St. Patrick's Day and attend the parade down Market Street. The Archdiocese of San Francisco would suspend Lent restrictions on March 17th each year. I attended St. Rose Academy, and we actually had annual Irish/Italian Games in which the Red and the Green would compete in volleyball and basketball. At that time people wore their nationalities proudly.
From the mid to late 1800s, more than two-and-a-half million Irish citizens immigrated to North America. Some early Irish arrivals were attracted to the Mexican West by their desire to own land. There was no resistance by the Mexican Government in California to these new immigrants. The Irish and Mexicans shared the same religion and the Irish soon learned to speak Spanish.
Early Irish immigrants gained land grants from the Mexican Government, especially in Marin County, which was nicknamed Little Ireland. Among these early settlers were John Connors with Rancho Punta de Quentin, Timothy Murphy with Rancho Santa Margarita y Los Galinas San Pedro (Marinwood and San Rafael), John Reed with Rancho Corte Madera del Presidio (Corte Madera and Tiburon), John Berry with Rancho Punta de los Reyes, and John Murphy with Rancho Corte Madera de Novato.
With the Gold Rush, San Francisco's Irish population grew to 4,200 in 1852; by 1880 this number had reached more than 30,000, thirty-seven percent of San Francisco's population. They formed cultural organizations like the Hibernia Association (1852), The Irish Festival (1863), and The Knights of the Red Branch (in the Mission). In 1964 they combined their organizations to form the United Irish Cultural Society. They also built and supported Catholic churches and schools all over the City.
Many of the early Irish settlers became prominent politicians in the City and the State of California. These included General Bennett Riley, military and civilian Governor of the Territory of California who was responsible for drafting the Constitution of the State of California (1849); John Geary, first Mayor of San Francisco (1850); James Broderick, US Senator (1857); Frank McCoppin, Mayor of San Francisco and the first Irish-born Mayor in the US (1867); and H. H. Haight, Governor of California (1878).
The Irish were also prominent in business. Samuel Brannan printed San Francisco's first newspaper in 1846. John Sullivan founded Hibernia Savings and Loan and the Hibernia Housing Society, which helped immigrants with loans to buy land and homes. Sullivan bought two lots near Dupont Square and donated them to the Catholic Church for the building of the Old St. Mary's Cathedral. James Fair and James Flood, both sons of Dubliners, made their fortunes in the Comstock Silver Lode. James Phelan (whose son James would become Mayor of San Francisco and US Senator) established the First National Bank of San Francisco.
John Daly had a large dairy and rock quarry south of San Francisco that he subdivided to build Daly City. He had left Ireland in the 1870s with his mother, who died while they were crossing Panama to reach San Francisco. John continued on alone, found work at the City's dairies, and saved his money to buy the land that still bears his name.
Irish owned mortuaries like Duggans, McAvoy and O'Hara, and Molloy's Road House at Holy Cross Cemetery. For a fee, they would include a pouch of Irish soil for funeral services so the deceased Irish person could rest in peace.
The Irish helped to establish San Francisco's infrastructure and transportation. In 1847 Jasper O'Farrell drew up the survey extending the area of San Francisco and making Market Street a wide thoroughfare cutting diagonally through the City. The iron works established by the three Donahue Brothers in 1849 helped build up the waterfront and its ship repair business. In 1871 Frank McCoppin developed the Market Street Railroad Company, the City's first mechanical public transportation. Thomas Crowley incorporated his Launch and Tugboat Company in 1906. City Engineer Michael O'Shaughnessy was responsible for the West Portal and Judah Street Tunnels as well as the Hetch Hetchy Dam and the Crystal Springs reservoir that supply the City's water.
Today, although the Irish are spread over the City and out to the suburbs, there are still Irish football games and the newspaper the Irish Herald. The United Irish Cultural Center sponsors many social events, including Irish dancing and music. San Francisco certainly has Irish green in her roots.
City Guide Mary McCloy, Class of 1996, leads the Haight Ashbury and Mission Dolores Neighborhood Tours and is a Certified Guide in the San Francisco Tour Guide Guild.
Photos reprinted with permission, San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library
Photo from the Call-Bulletin of a City Hall elevator decorated for St. Patrick's Day, 1953
Undated photo of Hibernia Bank on Jones and McAllister, rebuilt on the site after the 1906 earthquake and fire.
Send comments and questions to _EMAIL_
Material of San Francisco City Guides. Please give credit to the author and SF City Guides if referenced or reproduced.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Enabling Your Research with National Computing Resources
Why National resources?
The University of Kentucky has excellent high performance computing (HPC) resources available, but we cannot provide everything. Once the almost exclusive domain of Physics and Chemistry, HPC has expanded its uses dramatically into Humanities, Visualization, Genomics, Pharmaceuticals, the list goes on and on. XSEDE: Extreme Science and Engineering Discover Environment Due to the large computing power needed to solve some of the most vexing problems in these diverse areas, the NSF has funded the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment ( XSEDE). This investment is central to maintaining preeminence in scientific and research advancements in fields such as homeland security, climate change, health and safety, energy, sustainability, exploration, and industrial innovation and manufacturing. UK researchers are increasingly reliant on computational computing to make scientific advances, notably in the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM). By having access to and utilizing powerful national computing facilities, UK researchers will be able to achieve a deeper understanding of complex systems and processes through the application of modeling, simulation, and advanced data and visualization analysis.
Access for UK Researchers
Campus Champions The University of Kentucky supports the NSF Campus Champions program which provides on-campus consulting to assist UK researchers in accessing and submitting allocation requests to XSEDE. Through this program UK researchers can access some of the world's most powerful supercomputers, ensuring computational aspects of research remain competitive and productive. These resources are available for free and, in addition to researchers being able to run their own custom code, most of the well known major scientific codes are available through XSEDE resources.
What to do?
CCS: The Center for Computational Sciences To get started, create your own sign-on account at _URL_ and contact your Campus Champion, Alan Dozier, _EMAIL_, at the Center for Computational Sciences (CCS). He will then be able to quickly provide you with some startup time on your choice of national resource and provide you with more information. Also read What is XSEDE? (PDF) to learn more.


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In which Scrabble dictionary does POLYPUSES exist?
Definitions of POLYPUSES in dictionaries:
- noun -
a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane
noun - a growth protruding from the mucous lining of an organ
There are 9 letters in POLYPUSES:
E L O P P S S U Y
Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to POLYPUSES
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word POLYPUSES plus a
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word POLYPUSES
9 letter words
7 letter words
6 letter words
5 letter words
4 letter words
3 letter words
2 letter words
Images for POLYPUSESLoading...
SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
With moveable arms and legs, the dolls come dressed in colorful clothes. The Ethnic Doll Family includes: father, mother and two children. The Doll family sets and individual dolls are scaled to fit Plan Dollhouses. All sets are ideal for encouraging children to engage in role-playing and learning about different cultures and backgrounds.
How to play
- Children can create and tell stories about their family, helping to stimulate creativity and develop language skill.
- Children can role play different characters such as father, mother, siblings etc. providing opportunity to express themselves freely, enhancing confidence, understanding their and other family members' role and the importance of family.
- Children can play with their family members or friends creating interest, developing social skill and good relation within family members.
Dimensions: W 2.4" x D 1.2" x H 5.1"
Age: 3 years +
Green Toy - Green Company. PlanToys recognizes the importance of promoting good quality of life, balanced with concern for environment. They are committed to minimizing their impact on nature and their toys are made from recycled rubberwood that is non chemically treated. PlanToys simplicity in design is combined with innovative use of materials and real-valued function encouraging more creative play in a good learning environment.


PASCAL - Pattern Analysis, Statistical Modelling and Computational Learning
Analysis of tagged sequences by line distance matrices and grid paths
Tomaž Pisanski and Agnes PIsanski Peterlin
Croat. chem. acta Volume 81, Number 2, pp. 253-261, 2008. ISSN 0011-1643
The generating function of the sequence that represents the number of graph vertices at a given distance from the root is called the spherical growth function of the rooted graph. This mathematical notion is first applied to finite and infinite graphs representing _n_helicenes, the simplest nonplanar unbranched catacondensed benzenoid hydrocarbons. The calculation of growth function is then generalized to graphs that have an arbitrary connected graph in place of each hexagon and therefore represent a subclass of fasciagraphs. Also, the connection between the growth function of a finite graph and its Wiener index is established.
EPrint Type:Article
Project Keyword:Project Keyword UNSPECIFIED
Subjects:Theory & Algorithms
ID Code:8262
Deposited By:Boris Horvat
Deposited On:21 February 2012


If there's one thing we can all depend on, it's that everything dies, right?
Well, today we will introduce you to a creature that appears to be its own fountain of youth!
It sounds a little crazy, but meet the Hydra, an organism that appears to defy the patterns of nature, and the natural "order" of life.
NPR's fantastic YouTube channel Skunk Bear picks up this story and explains why these creatures are such a remarkable anomaly of nature!
The natural world never ceases to amaze me!
How many other remarkable organisms are out there that I know nothing about?
If you remain curious about this world, it is truly filled with endless wonder. Daily, we continue to broaden the realm of human knowledge and creativity. The more we know about the little things in this world and choose to celebrate them, the higher we raise "common knowledge" up.
Imagine how much better and more informed our collective decision making would be if we became life-long learners and instilled that desire in others.
From microorganisms to the ancient giants that once roamed this planet, the potential for learning and discovery is endless. Perhaps we should celebrate that a little more often.
So, remain curious, support curious people, and find other curious minds to celebrate with!
Stay beautiful & keep laughing!
Feed your curiosity!
 1. "The Animal That Wouldn't Die (w/Robert Krulwich)." YouTube. Skunk Bear, 25 Sept. 2014. Web. 12 Dec. 2016. .
Liesl Ulrich-Verderber
CEO of Ever Widening Circles, Founder of EWCed


text:
DISCOVER MORE...
Designed to accommodate complex building geometry, the CURVATUЯ™ Cladding System dramatically advances current facade systems by incorporating modern manufacturing techniques, advanced software design and integrated software and fabrication systems, to improve accuracy and deliver complexity within reasonable cost and schedule parameters.
WHAT IT DOES
CURVATUЯ™ is both a system and a methodology:
As a system, it involves the selection of an appropriate cladding material partnered with a support structure fabricated from a combination of traditional materials and digitally manufactured components.
As a method, it involves the transfer of complex geometry from an Architect's 3D model directly into digitally manufactured components, using the latest software and fabrication techniques. Then, using the same data, it allows for accurate installation in the field.
This hybrid of traditional and modern materials and techniques provides a new means of delivering complex panelized facades with improved accuracy and appearance.
FEATURES & BENEFITS
CURVATUЯ™ offers the following advantages:
- No visible fasteners on panel surfaces providing a clean uninterrupted appearance.
- Highly accurate panel joints with little or no misalignment.
- Precise conformance to building geometry.
- Simplified support structures.
- A lower cost relative to alternate means and methods.


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- Enter a word for the dictionary definition.
From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:
Wanghee \Wang*hee"\, n. [Chin. wang yellow + he? a root.] (Bot.) The Chinese name of one or two species of bamboo, or jointed cane, of the genus Phyllostachys. The slender stems are much used for walking sticks. [Written also whanghee.] [1913 Webster]


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The three apps in Apple's iWork for iPad collection, Pages, Keynote, and Numbers, received updates today. Common to all three is the following:
- Wireless printing with AirPrint using iOS 4.2, including page range selection, number of copies, and duplex printing.
- Support for iOS 4.2 multitasking.
- Localized in Portuguese, Danish, Finnish, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Swedish, and Traditional Chinese.
- Improved reliability when importing iWork '09 and Microsoft Office documents and spreadsheets.
- Improved usability.
- Fixed issues when using a WebDAV server, including signing out when a server is no longer accessible, saving port numbers in server addresses, and saving files with invalid characters in their names.
- Improved PDF export using iOS 4.2, which resolves an issue with missing fonts on Windows.
In addition, Pages has automatic pagination of tables that cross a page break. Numbers received print preview to adjust how a sheet prints across multiple pages, including Auto Fit, and PDF export takes advantage of pagination settings from print preview. Lastly, Keynote has an enhanced presenter display that shows the current slide, the next slide, or your notes when connected to an external display, and the ability to import existing and add new presenter notes to slides.
These are significant updates to the trio, particularly AirPrint wireless printing and support for iOS 4.2 multitasking. If you get a chance to try them out, let us know what you think!


I suggest the new leadership be needed.
I learned subjunctive mood recently and now I know you could parse this as such, "I suggest the new leadership should be needed." However, now I got confused all the more for the present tense like this one below.
enter image description here
I suggest the new leadership is needed.
It's like, to me, the whole sentence should have subjunctive mood according to the situation in which the speaker is. But still, it's just in the normal and present tense... how? What could be the differences between the sentences each above?
 - 1
 "I suggest new leadership is needed" is not subjunctive. It's a passive form. And both should be needed and be needed are a mistake here. Also, I would suggest removing the "the". "Subjunctive" would be: I suggest he leave now. This is only relevant in the third person singular, present tense. – Lambie Dec 3 '18 at 19:06
 - 1
 You clearly haven't noticed that the original form doesn't have a definite article (you've erroneously transcribed it as the new leadership). If you're still at the stage of not noticing significant details like that (and presumably not being aware of the difference it makes), you definitely shouldn't be wasting time trying to understand subjunctive usages. – FumbleFingers Dec 3 '18 at 19:13
 - _USER_ apparently some people feel differently, as the Wikipedia article gives "She suggests that he speak English" as an example of the subjunctive, although it's not clear why. – Andrew Dec 3 '18 at 20:08
 - _USER_: That's got nothing to do with my point, which is that the significantly affects the meaning. So OP's example could only be "grammatically" understood as referring to a specific new leadership (already contextually identified). In which case it would be syntactically identical if we changed the new leadership to any other "specific" identifier, such as a proper noun. But "subjunctive" I think John be needed is clearly ungrammatical/nonsensical with or without should, outside of non-standard dialectal contexts. And it's no different with OP's example. – FumbleFingers Dec 4 '18 at 14:21
 - _USER_ Er... my mistake? I addressed the comment to the wrong person. It should have been directed at Lambie's comment. – Andrew Dec 4 '18 at 16:50
The so-called subjunctive (which is identical to the base form for every verb in the language, so I don't understand why some grammarians insist on giving it a different name) is used by some people after verbs like insist, decide, suggest, command, but not by everybody.
It is used more in formal contexts (like committee meetings), and I think more by American than British speakers.
As you say, forms with "should" are a common alternative. But the simple present is also used, especially in British English.
The verb to suggest can take a subjunctive object, but it also can take an indicative object. The difference can be meaningful.
I suggest that something is true.
I suggest that something be done.
In the indicative case, we are quite naturally describing things as they are. Here, the something is true -- whether I make the suggestion or not. No one needs to follow my suggestion in order to make that thing be true. In the subjunctive case, we are describing things as they are not. The something isn't done -- not yet, not until someone follows the suggestion. At the very least, I don't assume that this something is already done when I make such a suggestion, even if I happen to be mistaken.
? I suggest that new leadership be needed.
This just seems strange. Am I suggesting that someone should create the need, or that we can't know whether new leadership is needed?
The subjunctive doesn't make sense here. She's not presenting a hypothetical or contra-factual idea in this clause. Assuming that the if-clause is true (and, in this context, we should), she's describing her world as it is.
I can't say whether or not this sentence would actually be subjunctive, as there seem to be different opinions. However I can say that using "should" in combination with requests, opinions, or commands, reduces its intensity. This can be deliberate way to make the request more formal and polite, but possibly also a bit old-fashioned:
I ask that you (should) call me by my first name.
I'm not British, so I defer to Colin Fine's nationality, but to me this sounds more like something a posh British person would say, but few Americans. Over here in the U.S. it would be far more common to say:
Please call me by my first name.
In a different context (such as a committee meeting) "should" is a relatively benign added layer of politeness. It's not necessary, but it might sound nice and avoid "ruffling feathers". Example:
I motion that we (should) vote on this immediately.
Your Answer


text:
Table Of Contents
1. Meaning Of Positive Group Behaviour
2. Characteristics Of Positive Group Behaviours
3. Benefits Of Positive Group Behaviours
Meaning Of Positive Group Behaviour In Social Studies
This is a group behaviour that is acceptable by the society. It is behavioural outcome that is generally accepted and motivating to a greater number of the population. This behavioural outcome is in conformity with the rules and regulations that govern the society or country.
Positive group behaviour is productive, inspiring and affective because it comes from the correct thinking and feeling of the cream of the people in the society. Positive group behaviour is an antidote to many social ills ravaging the country today.
Constructive or positive group behaviours are those actions from groups of people who are bound together by some common interests or professions; who embark on activities to influence government policies to their own advantage and their society.
It may be in support or rejection of a particular policy or law that will be harmful or counter-productive to the society. These bodies exhibit constructive behaviours: the Nigerian Bar Association, Nigerian Union of Teachers, Nigeria Labour Congress, Academic Staff Union of Universities, Market Women Associations, etc. These are good examples of groups who mean well for the nation.
They hardly can engage in destructive actions likely to disrupt the smooth running of the government or society. Their actions are rational.
They return to reason whenever they see that their demand is not yielding positive effects.
Characteristics Of Positive Group Behaviour
1. They exist to promote the common good of the masses and not to take over the running of the government.
2. The source of their income remains levies, donations, and dues. They can get financial support from members of the society who appreciate their activities.
3. They are well-organized. Their leadership is carefully tested, selected and approved.
4. They accept membership only from those who possess the requisite criteria.
5. They have body of knowledgeable experts who can relate with people from all walks of life – religion, military, civilian, economy, traditional institutions, etc.
Ways Through Which Constructive Group Behaviours Can Be Carried Out In Society
This is the approach used by the organized bodies to explain in details, the merits and demerits of a particular issue which they project. Through lobbying, they persuade those that matter in the society to accept their proposals for their own good and that of the society.
2. Strikes, Lock-outs And Boycotts
Organized groups like NBA, TUC, NUT, ASUU, NLC, etc, use strikes, lockouts and boycotts to press home demands. In attempts to avoid the great damage that may result from long strikes, the governments or owners of an organization may agree to the terms of agitation.
3. Publicity Campaigns
Social groups such as CAN, NUT, ASUU, NLC, etc, organize extensive campaigns through meetings, rallies, house-to-house visits, posters, hand-bills stickers, conferences, flyers, etc, to reach the people and attract their support or sympathy in order to get their intentions achieved.
4. Use Of Mass Media
Positive groups use advertisements and sponsored programmes on the radio, television and newspapers to convince the entire public about their products, intentions, etc, and urge them to accept.
Positive groups write open petitions to the appropriate quarters or persons to inform them of what is wrong and suggest constructive remedies to them.
6. Peaceful Demonstrations
Positive groups use peaceful demonstrations to press-home their demands, rights, and other intentions. They can march out in the streets, carrying placards stating their demands, and calling for support from the public.
Benefits Of Positive Group Behaviours
There are so many benefits in positive group behaviours. They among others include:
This is the pleasant feeling that is shared in friendly relationship. Positive group behaviours encourage this in companionship. This pleasant feeling include love, or affection. The family, social clubs, sports competitions, etc, have much of these pleasant feelings.
Through companionship, good social behaviours are taught and learnt. Members learn social obligations, rights, laws, duties and other forms of acceptable conducts.
They also learn how to tolerate, how to resolve conflicts through counselling and reprimands.
2. Survival And Security
Several skills are provided by positive groups for the survival of their members and others. They encourage their members and others to acquire quality skills that can fetch them better incomes.
They provide first-hand information for further training through part-time studies, evening programmes, sandwich and seminars/workshops.
Organized groups like NUT, NUJ, NBA, NLC, etc, etc., intervene anytime their members are attacked by individuals, groups or government.
There is security in the employment offered to their members. They make them to know the rules and regulations, rights, and privileges that could engage them to secure their jobs. Job security promotes positive behaviour in human relationship.
3. Affiliation And Status
Positive behaviours from groups and organizations develop dignified connections. Attachment to civil society, religious organizations, political parties give organizational connections that are rewarding to the individual with them. Important status or positions also come from positive groups.
This is because social groups recruit members based on well-defined criteria. People who qualify to become members enjoy social status which has obligations and rewards.
Organized groups help to secure good positions for their members in politics, church at national and international levels.
4. There Are Power And Control From Positive Group Behaviour
Positive group behaviours have the ability of enforcing decisions and compelling obedience from other people.
Basically, the exercise of power is always seen in the hands of those endowed with the ability of handling the human and material resources to reward and punish the people as they deem fit.
5. Positive Group Behaviours Develop Achievable Goals In Their Members
As members struggle to attain these goals, they acquire strengths that spur them into more action and achievement. Successful completion of tasks or projects, is a plus in the individual and his society.


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This presentation explores the evolution and trajectory of ubiquitous computing technologies that enable designers to embed media artifacts and computational systems in physical space. By placing custom bar code glyphs, GPS/Google Earth markers, sensor systems or other smart-phone-readable triggers in physical locations, designers can create hyperlinks connecting real-world objects or places with a wide variety of media — from video, audio and text content to dynamic data feeds and opportunities for interactions with both human and non-human agencies. Crucially, however, this layering practice does not stop at the level of the hyperlink or the traditional notion of Augmented Reality. Rather, designers are beginning to perceive opportunities for embedding responsive computational power in physical space, enabling environments to track, profile and communicate with their inhabitants, providing customized, adaptive and anticipatory user experiences.
(see also: USC IMD)


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It is important to understand the mechanical properties of single phase cementite in order to design the microstructure of advanced steels. Several papers have been published on mechanical properties of cementite embedded in steels or extracted from steels by electrolysis. However, single phase cementite is not documented. The purpose of this study is to prepare cementite films by the PVD method and to characterize their properties. We applied the electron-shower-assisted PVD method in order to produce a single phase cementite film (2.5 μm in thickness) in a C2H2 atmosphere at 523 K. The composition of the film was determined to be 70Fe-28C-2O (at.%). ESCA spectra indicated that the film was not contaminated with other metallic elements. The grain size of the film was revealed to be about 50 nm by AFM. The Vickers hardness was 1230 (under a load of 2.5 g) at room temperature, nearly equal to the value of 1270 of the cementite extracted from carbon steel by electrolysis. Temperature dependence of the hardness was measured up to 673 K. Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio at room temperature were 160 GPa and 0.26, respectively.
|ジャーナル||Thin Solid Films|
|出版ステータス||Published - 1998 3月 21|
ASJC Scopus subject areas


will have the name "imudp(w0″), the second "imudp(w1)" and so on. Note that workers are all equal. It doesn't really matter which worker processes which messages, so the actual worker ID is not of much concern. More interesting is to check how the load is spread between the worker. Also note that there is no fixed worker-to-listener relationship: all workers process messages from all listeners.
Note: worker thread statistics are available starting with rsyslog 7.5.5.
 - disallowed - total number of messages discarded due to disallowed sender
This counts the number of messages that have been discarded because they have been received by an disallowed sender. Note that if no allowed senders are configured (the default), this counter will always be zero.
This counter was introduced by rsyslog 8.35.0.
The following properties are maintained for each worker thread:
 - called.recvmmsg - number of recvmmsg() OS calls done
 - called.recvmsg - number of recvmsg() OS calls done
 - msgs.received - number of actual messages received
Caveats/Known Bugs
 - Scheduling parameters are set after privileges have been dropped. In most cases, this means that setting them will not be possible after privilege drop. This may be worked around by using a sufficiently-privileged user account.
Example 1
This sets up an UDP server on port 514:
Example 2
This sets up a UDP server on port 514 bound to device eth0:
input(type="imudp" port="514" device="eth0")
Example 3
The following sample is mostly equivalent to the first one, but request a larger rcvuf size. Note that 1m most probably will not be honored by the OS until the user is sufficiently privileged.
input(type="imudp" port="514" rcvbufSize="1m")
Example 4
In the next example, we set up three listeners at ports 10514, 10515 and 10516 and assign a listener name of "udp" to it, followed by the port number:
input(type="imudp" port=["10514","10515","10516"]
 inputname="udp" inputname.appendPort="on")
Example 5
The next example is almost equal to the previous one, but now the inputname property will just be set to the port number. So if a message was received on port 10515, the input name will be "10515" in this example whereas it was "udp10515" in the previous one. Note that to do that we set the inputname to the empty string.
 inputname="" inputname.appendPort="on")
Additional Information on Performance Tuning
Threads and Ports
The maximum number of threads is a module parameter. Thus there is no direct relation to the number of ports.
Every worker thread processes all inbound ports in parallel. To do so, it adds all listen ports to an epoll() set and waits for packets to arrive. If the system supports the recvmmsg() call, it tries to receive up to batchSize messages at once. This reduces the number of transitions between user and kernel space and as such overhead.
After the packages have been received, imudp processes each message and creates input batches which are then submitted according to the config file's queue definition. After that the a new cycle beings and imudp return to wait for new packets to arrive.
When multiple threads are defined, each thread performs the processing described above. All worker threads are created when imudp is started. Each of them will individually awoken from epoll as data is present. Each one reads as much available data as possible. With a low incoming volume this can be inefficient in that the threads compete against inbound data. At sufficiently high volumes this is not a problem because multiple workers permit to read data from the operating system buffers while other workers process the data they have read. It must be noted that "sufficiently high volume" is not a precise concept. A single thread can be very efficient. As such it is recommended to run impstats inside a performance testing lab to find out a good number of worker threads. If in doubt, start with a low number and increase only if performance actually increases by adding threads.
A word of caution: just looking at thread CPU use is not a proper way to monitor imudp processing capabilities. With too many threads the overhead can increase, even strongly. This can result in a much higher CPU utlization but still overall less processing capability.
Please also keep in your mind that additional input worker threads may cause more mutex contention when adding data to processing queues.
Too many threads may also reduce the number of messages received via a single recvmmsg() call, which in turn increases kernel/user space switching and thus system overhead.
If real time priority is used it must be ensured that not all operating system cores are used by imudp threads. The reason is that otherwise for heavy workloads there is no ability to actually process messages. While this may be desirable in some cases where queue settings permit for large bursts, it in general can lead to pushback from the queues.
For lower volumes, real time priority can increase the operating system overhead by awaking imudp more often than strictly necessary and thus reducing the effectiveness of recvmmsg().
imudp threads and queue worker threads
There is no direct relationship between these two entities. Imudp submits messages to the configured rulesets and places them into the respective queues. It is then up the the queue config, and outside of the scope or knowledge of imudp, how many queue worker threads will be spawned by the queue in question.
Note, however, that queue worker threads and imudp input worker threads compete for system ressources. As such the combined overall value should not overload the system. There is no strict rule to follow when sizing overall worker numbers: for queue workers it strongly depends on how compute-intense the workload is. For example, omfile actions need few worker threads as they are fast. On the contrary, omelasticsearch often waits for server replies and as such more worker threads can be beneficial. The queue subsystem auto-tuning of worker threads should handle the different needs in a useful way.
Additional Resources
See also
Help with configuring/using Rsyslog:
 - Mailing list - best route for general questions
See also
Contributing to Rsyslog:
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Co.Labs This site is a workshop where everyone in the coding community can learn, share, collaborate, and build. // Copyright 2014, Mansueto Ventures en-us Thu, 27 Nov 2014 16:00 +0000 (Chris Dannen) Thu, 27 Nov 2014 16:00 +0000 (Fast Company) TXJP (0.0.1) code github news blog /images/colabs_logo_dark.png Co.Labs // This site is a workshop where everyone in the coding community can learn, share, collaborate, and build. 48 48 Make Your Own Plush Game Controller The shape of computing is changing all the time. See: Arduino, the prefabricated, programmable circuit boards designed to bring nonprogrammers into the world of computing. Electronics maker Adafruit Industries has developed its own Arduino-compatible boards, including one called the Flora—and a few craft projects to go with them. Want to give one a try? Fantastic! Materials Photo by Celine Grouard Here's what you'll need: Conductive fabric: For the buttons. Fabric: To make the thing. Adafruit Flora: It's under here. Conductive thread: To connect the buttons to the Flora. Thread: To hold it together. Stuffing: To make it fluffy. Double-sided iron-on interfacing: i.e., "stuff that will stick the buttons to the controller." Tools You'll need these, too: Iron Scissors Water-soluble marker Needle Clear nail polish Instructions Step 1 Iron the double-sided interfacing onto the conductive fabric. Cut out the fabric pattern, then use the water-soluble marker to trace the controller buttons onto the conductive fabric and cut them out. Trace the outlines of the controller onto the regular fabric and cut them out too. Step 2 Arrange the buttons on one of the large rectangles according to the circuit diagram and iron them on. Set the Flora in place, and sketch in connections to the buttons using water-soluble marker. Step 3 Stitch over the connections using conductive thread, wrapping the ends several times around the connecting pads on the Flora before knotting the thread on the back of the fabric and sealing with clear nail polish. Step 4 Download the code for the controller from Adafruit (plus the "capacitive touch-sensing library" from tech-gear company Modern Device) via GitHub. Plug the Flora into the computer and load the code, then open a text editor and test it out: Press a button on the controller, and a letter ought to appear on the screen. If it doesn't, you might have electrical interference caused by traces stitched too close together and you'll have to rip them out and start over. Step 5 Stitch the body of the controller together, leaving the seams facing out and a 2- to 3-inch gap for stuffing. Flip the whole thing right-side out, stuff to your desired firmness, and sew the gap shut. Iron some interfacing onto another piece of fabric, cut out the overlay template indicated in the pattern, and iron it in place over the traces and the Flora. And don't forget! Download this fabric pattern for the body and the circuit diagram for the controls on Adafruit's website. And that's it! Use the controller to play keyboard-controlled online games, customizing the code as needed to perform any functions necessary. Adapted from a project for Adafruit. Natalia Rodriguez Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:00 +0000 Technology Hacking House Plants To Make Music When They're Touched All of our gadgets are glass, metal, and plastic. Wouldn't it be nicer to interact with a computing device that was alive and real? After watching this video we went to see a talk by Ivan Poupyrev, former head of Disney Research, at Maker Faire in NYC. When we got back, we whipped up four touch-sensitive plants that can be played like musical instruments. Real plants. Ones that need water and the sun for food and grow out of the dirt from little seeds. Our goal was to someday have people say things like "I'm mellow, I play the bamboo." Or, "I am hardcore so I play the cactus." How The Musical Plant Works The plants we hacked play different notes depending how they are grabbed. For example, when someone touches the stem the note is different than when they touch its outer leaves. When grabbed with two fingers instead of one, the sounds are different; same goes for other hand positions. We reproduced a version of Disney's "Touche," the technology Poupyrev and his team built to encode the frequencies that conductive materials like water, human bodies, and plants, among other materials carry whenever they are touched by a human. The process was much like the one that allows your smartphone to be touch sensitive. We build a Touche from a tutorial by Mads HoBye, Instructables' artist-in-residence, who hacked his own version using a small Arduino. A Breakdown Of Touche With Arduino Before jumping into the gritty detail of our project, we break down the code from the Instructable you will use to build a Touche shield. The "Touche Arduino" is made of three components—the circuit board that amplifies the current caused by human touch, the Arduino which encodes this current as raw data, and Processing, which receives the data and parses it as an array of 160 frequencies via serial connection. A serial message sends sequential data one bit at a time, over a communication channel like a USB port. Going Wireless We wanted to keep things organic and keep the plants as far from the computer as possible. Our goal was to use the Yún, a new Wi-Fi-enabled Linux board combined with Arduino, to allow the plants to speak to the computer wirelessly. Due to several challenges, we had to use a standard Arduino Uno hooked up to an iMac instead of our original plans with the Arduino Yún. We will explain the golden knowledge we learned in the process of failing. Let's Get Real Time: A Story Of Trial And Error We explored different ways to have the Yun inside the plants talk to the computer over Wi-Fi. The sole idea of playing an


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We present our work on designing an aggregatable distributed key generation algorithm, which will appear at Eurocrypt 2021. This is joint work with Kobi Gurkan, Philipp Jovanovic, Mary Maller, Sarah Meiklejohn, Gilad Stern, and Alin Tomescu.
What is a Distributed Key Generation Algorithm?
Ever heard of Shamir's secret sharing algorithm? It's a classic. The overriding idea is that it is harder to corrupt many people than corrupting one person. Shamir's secret sharing algorithm ensures that you can only learn a secret if multiple people cooperate. In cryptography, we often want to share a secret key so that we can distribute trust. The secret key might be used to decrypt a database, sign a transaction, or compute some pseudo-randomness.
In a secret sharing scheme, there is a trusted dealer who knows the whole secret, shares it out, and then goes offline. This begs the question: why bother to share the secret in the first place if you have a trusted dealer who knows the whole secret? Often the reason is that the secret sharing scheme is merely being used as an ingredient in a larger distributed key generation algorithm in which nobody knows the full secret. This isn't always true; certainly, there are cases where a central authority might delegate tasks to workers with less authority. But in the case where there is no central authority, we need a more complete solution.
A distributed key generation algorithm allows a set of n users to jointly generate a public key. Any subset of size t+1 can reconstruct the secret key (where t is some predetermined threshold). No subset of size t or less can reconstruct. Typically DKGs consist of n parallel instances of a secret sharing scheme. We run n parallel instances of the Scrape secret sharing scheme.
What is special about this DKG?
Many things are special about our DKG, but probably the biggest advantage is that we do not require "complaints rounds". The state-of-the-art for DKGs assumes that there is a private communication channel between all participants. The shares of the secret key are sent over these private communication channels and are verified only by the intended recipients. This means that if an honest party does not receive their secret share, they are expected to publicly broadcast a complaint (during the complaints round) against the faulty party.
The absence of a complaints round reduces overheads resulting in a faster DKG. In a Pedersen DKG, participants must be allowed enough time to submit their complaints in order to disqualify malicious participants. These participants might be subject to network failures and denial-of-service attacks, so this round can't be too short. We do not make efficiency sacrifices in order to remove the complaints round, indeed asymptotically, our DKG is faster than the Pedersen DKG. There are two reasons for the efficiency:
- Our DKG is publicly verifiable.
- Our DKG is aggregatable.
By publicly verifiable, we mean that anyone, at any time, can check that the outcome of the DKG is valid. This includes people that may have had nothing to do with the key generation algorithm. There is no need for parties to reach a consensus to decide who has and has not misbehaved.
As a consequence of public verifiability, we have that participants who were offline during the entire run of the protocol can still obtain their share without hurting the secrecy of the joint secret key, even if these participants haven't submitted their contributions. For example, if we have a threshold t, we only require t+1 participants to submit their contributions for the secrecy property to hold.
What does aggregatable mean, and why is it important?
Aggregatability basically means all the information required by a participant to obtain their secret share, or for a verifier to check the output, is linear in the number of players. This is a great improvement over prior works – which were quadratic.
When a party contributes to the public key, they produce a share of size m. This share allows other parties to learn their part of the secret. It also demonstrates that the party has behaved honestly. So if two parties output two contributions, that means we must read two shares, costing us 2m work then? Surely? Well, no. In our scheme, we can aggregate the two parties contributions into a single share of size m and still retain all the required information to obtain secrets and verify results. Likewise, we can aggregate 4, 8, 1001 shares, etc., and still only have a transcript of size m (like BLS signatures, if you are familiar with those).
Okay, so we can aggregate, and this saves space and verifier work. "Or does it?" you might be thinking. Somebody has to aggregate these shares. If you send them all to one party, doesn't that one party need to do one very large aggregation?
Again, the answer is no. We do not need to aggregate the shares all in one go. Instead, we can gradually aggregate them. That way, we can split the aggregation work across many different parties.
At this point, you might be wondering how to order the aggregations to minimise the total amount of work. Perhaps the aggregators could be arranged in a tree-like structure. This solution is great if you can trust the aggregators not to go offline, but what if you can't?
We instead decided to carry out the aggregation via a "gossip" protocol. Parties randomly select who to send their shares to. If they receive a share, then they update their share to the aggregation of their current share and the new share (provided everything verifies). Once one party has enough contributions in their share, they broadcast it as the final DKG transcript to all the other players.
Our DKG is very well suited to this gossiping method of aggregation. In particular, it is okay to aggregate the same contribution over and over again.
Is this relevant for random beacons?
Yes, our results are highly relevant to random beacons. Currently, Drand is implementing a random beacon built from the Pedersen DKG and BLS signatures – an idea initially put forward by Dfinity. We cannot directly replace their DKG with our one, but we can if we replace the BLS signatures with an alternative signature scheme.
To explain, the secret key for a BLS signature is a field element. Our DKG outputs secrets which are group elements, and thus it cannot be used for BLS signatures. However, these techniques are not limited to using BLS. They actually work for any "verifiable unpredictable function" or "unique signature scheme". So, what about using a verifiable unpredictable function that has a group element as a secret key?
We looked far and wide for one of these but did not find anything in the literature. So we decided to make our own. We prove security in the random oracle model under the SXDH assumption and the BDH assumption in Type 3 bilinear groups.
Our signature scheme is not quite as efficient as BLS, but it's not far off. Signatures are twice the size, and signing and verification time is only fractionally higher. Our public key is 3.5 times larger and must be verified. We also additionally require a "derive" function to obtain the unique components from the signature.
What about applications that your DKG doesn't work for?
There are many applications that our DKG does not work for. Firstly we output group elements, not field elements. Secondly, we actually require quite a special property for our applications which we call "rekeyability". However, our proving techniques are highly applicable to other efficient DKGs such as the Pedersen DKG and the Fouque-Stern DKG. We prove that El-Gamal encryption and BLS signatures can be securely implemented under either of these DKGs. Our results do not extend to Schnorr signatures.
The negative result of Gennaro et al. does not apply to us. They show that the Pedersen DKG is not random. We argue that it is random enough to implement certain rekeyable crypto schemes securely. This is not so different from Gennaro et al.'s result that the Pedersen DKG suffices for Schnorr signatures. However, that result has since been attacked, assuming a concurrent adversary. Our proof techniques are entirely different and do not rely on rewinding the adversary.
As a result, the simpler Pedersen DKG for threshold BLS signatures can now be used safely without implementing complex multi-phase protocols, which can be harder to code correctly and error-prone. Full details can be found in our paper.


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The Witch of Wall StreetThe Witch of Wall Streethttp://www.haverford.edu/calendar/details/217271Magill Quaker Collection2013-04-05T15:00:002013-04-05T15:30:00
April 5, 3:00PM
Magill Quaker Collection
Dig Into the Archives Series event, a different topic every month
WHEN: Friday - April 5, 2013 at 3:00 p.m.
WHERE: Special Collections Reading Room in Magill
Hetty Howland Robinson Green (_PHONE_), America's first great female financier, is a largely forgotten figure in the annals of enterprise. Born into a wealthy Quaker family, Green inherited one million dollars from the deaths of her father and aunt, yet carried a grudge for both her entire lifetime. Setting out to prove her financial acumen, Green, through sound investing and pathological thrift, parlayed her inheritance into $100 million (over $2 billion in today's dollars), becoming the richest woman in America. While accumulating her vast fortune during the Gilded Age and into the twentieth century, Green exhibited numerous eccentricities, sensationalized by the media of the day and further embellished by posthumous biographies of her. This Dig Into The Archives will peel away the myth to reveal an underappreciated, yet deeply troubled woman, whose financial genius and misunderstood character earned her the title of the Witch of Wall Street.
For More Info


Environmental Engineering Technician
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Environmental Engineering Technician
Environmental engineering technicians help environmental engineers develop machines and production systems that effectively manage waste and reduce pollution. They are analyzers, contributors, and humanitarians that actively help clean up our cities and towns and prevent the spread of dangerous conditions such as asbestos and lead poisoning.
These technicians typically work in laboratories, as well as outdoors where they collect air and water samples to analyze. Becoming an environmental engineering technician involves a dedication to environmental conservation efforts. An associate's degree in environmental engineering technology is generally required. Jobs for this role are expected to grow 7% by 2029.
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Embargo expired: 2/4/2013 3:00 PM EST
Source Newsroom: Columbia University School of Engineering and Applied Science
Newswise — New York, NY—February 4, 2013—Researchers at Columbia Engineering and Georgia Institute of Technology have published a study in the online Early Edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) showing—for the first time—that certain volatile organic gases can promote cloud formation in a way never considered before by atmospheric scientists. The study will be published the week of February 4, 2013.
"This is the first time gases have been shown to affect cloud formation in this way," says V. Faye McNeill, Associate Professor in Chemical Engineering at Columbia University's Fu Foundation School for Engineering and Applied Science, and co-leader of the research team. "This is a very exciting finding that will improve our ability to model cloud formation, an important component of climate."
The research team, co-led by Athanasios Nenes, Professor & Georgia Power Faculty Scholar at the Georgia Institute of Technology, has been focused on understanding the impacts of aerosols, or airborne particulate matter, on clouds, because clouds have such an significant influence over our climate.
"Low-level clouds cool the planet by reflecting incoming sunlight back to space, so anything that perturbs them can have a major impact on our climate," explains Nenes, adding that pollution produced by humans releases many airborne particles to the atmosphere which can act as a seed for forming a cloud droplet, so clouds formed in polluted airmasses have a good chance of being more reflective than their cleaner counterparts.
"Our study," Nenes says, "shows that certain gas phase compounds tend to stick on particles, making them 'soapier' and promoting their ability to form cloud droplets. This mechanism has not been considered in climate models before."
Clouds form when water vapor condenses on atmospheric particulates called cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Variations in CCN concentrations, say the researchers, can profoundly impact cloud properties with important effects on both regional and global climate. Organic matter, which makes up a significant percentage of aerosol mass in the troposphere, (the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere and the one in which we live) can profoundly influence the activity and concentration of CCN and cloud droplets.
In this PNAS study, the researchers present evidence that two ubiquitous atmospheric trace gases, methylglyoxal and acetaldehyde, can enhance aerosol CCN activity even if they do not contribute any detectable organic mass when taken up by aerosol particles. They generated aerosol particles in the McNeill Lab and exposed them to the surfactant gases methylglyoxal and/or acetaldehyde in the lab's aerosol reaction chamber for up to five hours. The exposed particles were then tested for their ability to form cloud droplets using a cloud chamber that was co-invented by the Nenes group. Their results showed the gas-phase surfactants may enhance the activity of atmospheric CCN, so that, as they conclude in the study, "volatile organics in the atmosphere may act as a reservoir of surfactants that can be taken up by aerosol particles and augment their CCN activity."
McNeill and Nenes plan to do more experimental work with other organic gases under a variety of conditions that will, they say, "help us understand how general this newly discovered phenomenon is, and, most importantly, will enable us to incorporate it into models of cloud formation so we can improve the predictive power of climate models."
"The effects of aerosols on clouds is one of the greatest sources of uncertainty in our understanding of climate," adds McNeill, "so it's fun to work on a problem that is both important and intellectually fascinating."
The research was funded in part by NASA, by the ACS Petroleum Research Fund, by the National Science Foundation, and by Georgia Tech.
Columbia University's Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, founded in 1864, offers programs in nine departments to both undergraduate and graduate students. With facilities specifically designed and equipped to meet the laboratory and research needs of faculty and students, Columbia Engineering is home to NSF-NIH funded centers in genomic science, molecular nanostructures, materials science, and energy, as well as one of the world's leading programs in financial engineering. These interdisciplinary centers are leading the way in their respective fields while individual groups of engineers and scientists collaborate to solve some of modern society's more difficult challenges. _URL_


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Tropical Plants of Costa Rica
A Guide to Native and Exotic Flora
Photographs by Turid Forsyth
Ranging from miniature epiphytic orchids to towering trees, and from mangrove forests lining coastal waterways to high-elevation cloud forests, Costa Rica's rich and varied flora dazzles visitors and botanists alike. Tropical Plants of Costa Rica, the first popular treatment to include plants from all regions of the country, is an indispensable guide to native and exotic species found in the neotropics.
This book is beautifully illustrated with more than 540 full-color photographs taken in the field, each depicting an entire plant or a closer view of flowers, fruits, or seeds. Instructive pen-and-ink drawings of botanical details also accompany many of the accounts. The text clearly explains each plant's identifying characteristics and reveals fascinating facts about its natural history, chemical properties, economic importance, and medicinal and other uses. Sidebar features throughout the book highlight conservation, ethnobotany, and ecology; their topics include unusual applications for plants, distinct attributes of certain plant families, and plants of particular microhabitats. Tropical Plants of Costa Rica is a wonderful resource for naturalists, students, and researchers, as well as both experienced and first-time visitors to Costa Rica and the American tropics.


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How Much Does Calcium Chloride Cost?
Calcium Chloride is a salt of calcium and chlorine. This chemical compound often includes brine and is used for refrigerating plants; ice and dust control on roads; and desiccation. Calcium chloride is hygroscopic in nature and should be kept in tightly sealed air tight containers.
As a desiccant, calcium chloride is used to absorb moisture mainly on the road since it is thrown on the road which makes it hold the dust down. This chemical compound is often sold in bags in various amounts. This is one of the factors being considered for the price of it. Other factors that affect the price are the types of calcium chloride as it can be used in a number of ways.
How much is it?
- A pallet of calcium chloride can cost anywhere from $550 to $650, while a single bag can run anywhere from $12 to $25. Ice melter that is designed to melt the snow and ice in the winter months can cost $10 to $18 per 5 to 10 pound container.
- Calcium chloride used in the food industry is usually sold in bottle. Food grade calcium chloride is water soluble and is used in food preparation, such as in the process to obtain firmness of certain vegetables. A 500g bottle can cost anywhere between $18 and $24.
- Calcium Chloride is also sold in a pellet form, which is stored in buckets. This product is sold for $30 to $55 per 50 pound bucket. For example, the PELADOW brand sells a 50 pound bucket for $30 to $40. The chloride that commonly comes in pellet form can be a great solution for icy driveways as well as melting snow.
What are the extra costs?
- If you're going to be using the product to thaw or melt ice, you'll need to spread it evenly; this is where a hand held spreader may come in handy. This device can cost anywhere from $14 to $26, depending on the size.
What is going to be included?
- Calcium chloride comes packaged either in a clear container or a bag. Ice melter containers may have a cap that can act as a spreader to make it easier.
How can I save money?
- Calcium chloride is not an everyday household item. Purchase an appropriate amount every time you need it and save any remaining product after use. A good time to get a discount is after the winter season as many retailers are trying to get rid of their overstock.


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Myth or reality: Exploring teachers' understanding of teacher leadership roles in a Pakistani school
Date of Award
Master of Education (M. Ed.)
Institute for Educational Development, Karachi
This qualitative case study was designed to explore the teachers' understanding of teacher leadership roles in a Pakistani school. Their understanding of teacher leadership roles were explored in relation to their views, practices and professional roles within the school context. The study was conducted in a school and two female teachers participated in it. The data collection processes involved semi-structured interviews, document analysis and observations inside and outside of the classroom. Their interactions with pedagogy and students inside the classroom and their interactions with parents and colleagues outside the classroom was the focus of observation. The findings indicate the teachers' understanding of teacher leadership roles within the school context, as leading school activities and colleagues was their ultimate goal. The study found that both the teachers continuously improved their personal, interpersonal and professional capacities while interacting with the context. Teachers were found autonomous in their instructional strategies in their respective classrooms. Teachers' instructional leadership roles and their relationship with students were found to be rooted into their personal beliefs of knowledge, learning and experiences. The study also found that teachers' own outlook of students' behaviour and their beliefs about learning determined their own relationship with students. The two teachers defined teacher leadership in a hierarchical fashion. In this vertical order of leadership, the headteacher and teachers with formal roles such as deputy headteacher, coordinators, alternate coordinators and teachers formed the chain of leaders. In this top-down chain of leadership, classroom teachers were placed at the bottom. The study reveals that the teachers viewed parents' involvement crucial for their children education, but their emphasis on parental involvement was limited only to academic affairs. The study also suggests that the scope of leadership of teachers with formal positions (coordinator) is broader and wider than those who possess less formal positions such as alternate coordinator. In short, the teachers' understanding of teacher leadership is different in terms of its scope, but both the teachers understand teachers as leaders. The school context and teachers' early experiences provided them with motivation and opportunities to develop their capacities as teachers and teacher leaders.
Sharar, T. (2005). Myth or reality: Exploring teachers' understanding of teacher leadership roles in a Pakistani school (Unpublished master's dissertation). Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.


How to make a home dementia friendly
When you are dealing with an early dementia diagnosis for yourself or a person you live with or care for, there are many things to consider.
How to manage the home and make it as dementia friendly as possible is one of those – here at Carewatch, we understand how scary and upsetting dealing with a dementia diagnosis can be, so we have put together our top tips for keeping the home safe, accessible and dementia friendly.
Good lighting
Good lighting in the home is beneficial for those who have dementia as it can help avoid disorientation and reduce the risk of trips and falls. Lighting should be used to reduce shadows, glare and reflections. Natural lighting should be used where possible and maximised by removing any window nets, any restrictive hedges or trees outside and by keeping the curtains open during the day.
Good lighting, natural or artificial, should be present in the bathroom, high traffic areas and on stairs for the best visibility.
Consider removing any mats or rugs on the floor around the home as people with dementia may think that a rug is an object and they need to step over it. The movement of avoiding mats and rugs could end up leading to falls and trips around the home.
Reflective or shiny flooring could also be disorientating because it could come off as being wet, so again they may try to walk over it and harm themselves.
Good flooring options would be in a colour that contrasts with the walls and with a matte finish. Also, try to avoid real-life representative colours such as blue for water and green for grass.
For those with dementia, it can be more difficult to tell the difference between colours. Try to select contrasting colours for floors and walls as well as bright furniture and bold colours that contrast further with the floors and walls.
Consider changing the colours of items like the toilet seat, bannisters, doors and crockery to contrast with their surrounding colours. This will help them distinctively see the difference between the items or areas of their home, so they are less likely to get confused.
Do consider the use of bold patterns however as sometimes these can be confusing and disorientating – don't go overboard on patterns!
Adding signs and labels around the home for someone with dementia is a very helpful way for them to easily find their way around their house, what is in their cupboards / behind doors also what a certain switch does.
When you are making labels for the home, make sure they are clear and bold, include visual pictures of what they represent and are placed in a lower position than usual because the elderly often look downwards.
If there are lots of mirrors around the home, take time to consider whether they are completely necessary. Mirrors can cause confusion with those that have dementia – they may become distressed if they don't recognise themselves in the reflection, as well as the reflection of the room. Remove any unnecessary mirrors or cover them when you are unable to remove them. It can also be beneficial to close curtains at night to avoid window reflection.
Assistive technology
There's a range of technology devices that are specifically designed to help those with dementia. Examples of these could include telephones with very large buttons, devices that offer audio reminders like "check the door is locked" or LCD clocks showing time and date.
Smartphones and tablets also offer specific apps and settings that are designed for those with dementia so they can play games and navigate their way around the phone with ease.
If you are worried about a loved one with dementia, we can provide home care services to help with their home life and routines. For more information please visit.


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The name Parry originates from Welsh. It originated as a surname and is derived from "ap Harry," which can be translated to "son of Harry." Parry is a common name in Wales.
Similar Names: Parrie, Pary
Famous Parry Names: Parry Shen (actor), Parry Wayne Humphreys (politician)


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Archaeologists in Mexico have found 4,926 well-preserved cave paintings in the north-eastern region of Burgos.
The images in red, yellow, black and white depict humans, animals and insects, as well as skyscapes and abstract scenes.
The paintings were found in 11 different sites - but the walls of one cave were covered with 1,550 scenes.
The area in which they were found was previously...
(Read more in original post)


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VFC Parents Brief Answers to Common Questions
This page is a replica of the printable flyer which provides quick, brief answers to frequently asked questions about VFC. For additional details on these questions and more, consult the Detailed Questions and Answers page.
A: Since 1994, parents have been protecting their children through the VFC Program. This program provides free vaccines to children whose parents need help paying for them.
A: Your child is eligible if it is before his or her 19th birthday, and if he or she is one of the following:
- American Indian or Alaska Native
- Underinsured (Underinsured children are only eligible for VFC Vaccines through Federally Qualified Health Centers and Rural Health Clinics.)
A: Underinsured means your child has health insurance, but it won't cover the vaccine(s) because:
- It doesn't cover any vaccines.
- It doesn't cover certain vaccines.
- It covers vaccines, but it has a fixed dollar limit or cap for vaccines. Once that fixed dollar amount has been reached, your child is eligible.
A: All vaccines are free through the VFC Program, saving you $100 or more on some vaccines. Even though you're saving a great deal of money by getting free vaccines, there can be other costs to the VFC visit:
- Doctors can charge a fee to give each shot. However, VFC vaccines cannot be denied to an eligible child if the family cannot afford the fee.
- There can be a fee for the office visit.
- There can be fees for non-vaccines services, like an eye exam or a blood test.
A: If your child's doctor isn't a VFC provider, you can take your child to one of the following places to get VFC vaccines:
- Public Health Clinic
- Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC)
- Rural Health Clinic (RHC)
The best place to take your child depends on where you live and how your child is eligible for the VFC Program. Before you go, contact your state's VFC coordinator and ask where you should take your child for vaccines. You can find your state's VFC coordinator on this website. Or call 1-800-CDC-info (_PHONE_). Ask for the phone number for your state's VFC coordinator.


Health Canada is warning parents and caregivers to get rid of a popular old toy that is no longer considered safe after the recent choking death of an infant.
The department says Fisher-Price Little People toys made before 1991 are a choking risk for small children and should be discarded in a way that ensures they aren't re-used or resold.
The company changed the design of the popular toys in 1991 after seven deaths and one serious injury in children under three who had choked on the little figurines.
The newer style is chunkier and too big to go down the throat of a young child.
Health Canada issued the warning after recently learning of a death of a 10-month-old child who had been playing with one of the old-style Little People toys.
The death occurred after an older "Little People" figure became lodged in the child's throat. This incident has brought attention to the fact that these products are still used in play in Canadian households. Additionally, these products continue to be sold in some second-hand retail establishments (including internet retailers and resellers).
The older toys are about two centimetres in diameter, while the newer ones are about three centimetres wide, as well as being taller and chunkier.
Fisher-Price launched a public information campaign in 1992, entitled the "Family Alert Program," in response to reports of seven fatalities and one serious injury related to the use of these figures by children under the age of three.
With files from CBC News


text:
By Elisabeeth Torres,
Interactions with wild animals are inevitable and if the SMPD truly does follow through with these polices, it could provide a positive example for other cities to follow as well.
A month after a mountain lion was killed by police in Santa Monica, CA, the Santa Monica Police Department (SMPD) sat down with local experts to develop new policies for similar sitautions. The focus group of experts included City Hall Representatives, the California Department of Fish and Game, the National Park Service, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Los Angeles (spcaLA), In Defense of Animals (IDA), and local veterinarians.
The group discussed the importance of public safety, risks involved with wild animal capture, and formulated a plan to prevent the killing of wildlife in emergency situations. Jack Carone, communications director for IDA, was hopeful the ideas discussed would be carried out, despite a few technicalities. "The law is that the Department of Fish and Game is the only one that is allowed to tranquilize a mountain lion," Carone said to the Santa Monica Daily Press. "There are just a lot of technicalities, but hopefully that can all be worked out and agencies can take advantage of local experts."
Police Sgt Richard Lewis seemed less hopeful, stating in the Los Angeles Times, "The only thing law enforcement can do with a mountain lion is kill it." Lewis said the law would have to be changed to allow other experts to tranquilize mountain lions, and that "such a change would be unlikely."
Despite the challenges with tranquilization, the SMPD has committed to develop a notification system of local experts in animal capture and training for first response personnel when similar incidents with wildlife occur. They will acquire the appropriate equipment and tools needed for capture, and most importantly, support efforts to achieve a long-term solution for reducing the chances of wildlife entering urban areas.
One of the long-term solutions discussed was creating a wildlife tunnel crossing near U.S. Route 101. Mountain lions are being squeezed out of their habitat by urban development but can't get to other forest areas without directly crossing freeways or through neighborhoods. The tunnel was estimated to be a $10-million dollar project that the Department of Transportation agreed to reapply for a grant for next year. It would greatly decrease the amount of mountain lions that wander into urban areas, and the ability to roam freely would genetically diversify their population and help sustain the species.
Madeline Bernstein, president of the spcaLA, put it best when she said, "It is safe for wildlife to cross and it is safe for people as well, it expands their habitat; they don't want to be in urban areas, they want to be in their natural habitat." Interactions with wild animals are inevitable and if the SMPD truly does follow through with these polices, it could provide a positive example for other cities to follow as well.


text:
fisherman since the 1800s, were all but starving. Ken Koyen, the last remaining full-time commercial fisherman on Wisconsin's Washington Island had to resort to marketing what had previously been considered a trash fish – the burbot. By 2005, Koyen was ready to get out of the fishing business until he noticed something unusual in his nets: an alewife sticking out of the mouth of a whitefish.
Why would this be unusual? Whitefish are not a fish-eaters and they have no teeth. Not only did Koyen begin to catch whitefish with other fish in their bellies, but also mussels. The round gobies that are a more recent Great Lakes invaders have the teeth and jaws that allow them to eat their fellow invasive zebra and quagga mussels. The whitefish then eat the gobies and the nutrients that had been previously locked in the mussel's shells are released back into the lake food chain. The previously starving whitefish are beginning to rebound. Before Koyen observed this change in the whitefish diet, he had noticed he was catching whitefish whose bellies were full of ground mussel shell. The mussel eating whitefish have developed a rigid muscle line on their belly that now gives them the ability to grind the mussels into digestible paste. Not only are the whitefish populations thriving, they are expanding their range into lake tributaries and their numbers in the open lake are giving recreational fisherman a new sport species.
There is certainly enough evidence in hand to tell us that we have mismanaged the Great Lakes and will continue to do so unless we mend our ways. One only need to look up the former Aral Sea to get a glimpse of how much damage humans can do in a short period of time. We owe it to our grandchildren to take the steps needed now to insure they won't be telling their grandchildren about the demise of the lakes formerly bestowed with the title 'Great'.
Top Piece Video: Nitty Gritty Dirt Band does their fishing song with guest Bernie Leadon – from 1987


text:
Accurate estimations of wind energy resources are highly complex and time consuming - ultimately relying on consistent, accurate and timely input data. Yet, in many cases such data is inaccessible or simply not available and this may impact the ability of wind modelers to accurately assess wind resources.
5 different high-quality and high-resolution data products – tailored for wind sites anywhere in the World.
Analysis ready data compatible with WindPRO, WAsP, CFD tools and standard GIS software.
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Wind energy developers use the data products for preliminary screening of wind site suitability for planning and prospecting.
Wind modellers use the advanced surface roughness data products in flow models, for improved accuracy of wind resource assessments. Testing at 10+ global wind energy sites has shown an improved accuracy of the modelled Annual Energy Production (AEP).
Typically 10 meter resolution
Data can be obtained for any onshore wind site in the world
Cover large areas instantaneously to complement field data
Go 40 years back in time to estimate long-term forest changes
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Contact us for a quote
Visit us at our WindSight product page:
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text:
select a category on the left
Hardback/ PaperbackPaperback / softback
Envisioning Women in World History: Prehistory to 1500
Publication Date: Jan 22, 2008
ISBN:_PHONE_ / 9780073513225
This product will be shipped to you.
Imprint: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education Dimensions: 9 X 5.9 Inches (US)
Main DescriptionPart of McGraw-Hill's Explorations in World History series, this brief and accessible volume presents a comparative survey of the early history of women from a global perspective. Each chapter, which can be read independently of the others, examines the experiences of women in one of seven civilizations typically covered in an introductory world history text: pre-agricultural societies, the Ancient Mediterranean, Gupta India/Southeast Asia, Tang/Song China, Maya and Aztec cultures, early Islam through the Abbasid caliphate, and Europe in the Late Middle Ages. Within these cultures, the authors explore a variety of issues impacting the lives of females in pre-modern history, including the ideal woman, female life cycles, women's roles in work and economy, female sexuality and spirituality, and women and politics. The book's brevity makes it an excellent companion text for students in world history, women's history, introductory sociology and anthropology courses, and women's studies courses.


Object Identification In Selenium
Object Identification In Selenium:
Object identification is a very crucial part of any automation effort be it in QTP, selenium or any other tool for that matter. So it makes it very important for each one of the automation folks around to be able to identify the objects used in the automation effort
Identifying Objects is Selenium (WebDriver) is pretty simple if you are working on an application built on Firefox, but it gets very tricky if you are working on IE application. So it would be best to master the object identification techniques.
If you have used the Selenium IDE for any recording you would have noticed that there are multiple ways of identifying an object. By default the Selenium IDE tries to recognize the object by the ID or name attribute. Selenium IDE identifies the objects by the attributes mentioned in the order below
Object identification is very important part of automation activity. So the automation people should be able to identify the objects for automation purpose.
For identifying these objects Selenium uses a concept of 'Locators'. These locators are used to identify the objects which are mostly used while automating the test cases using Selenium.
Locators: There are number of locators present. These are among them.
 - ID
 - Name
 - Link Text
 - CSS Selector
 Tag and ID
 Tag and class
 Tag and attribute
 Tag, class, and attribute
 Inner text
 - DOM (Document Object Model)
 dom: index
 - XPath
For testing different applications i.e. Application Under Test (AUT), we need to identify the object it is made of. All applications either it is Web Application or Desktop Application; it is consisting of different objects like below:
 - Button
 - Text Box
 - Link
 - Drop Down
 - Radio Button
 - List Box
 - Slider
Finding an element and confirming the expected result requires locators. Through locator, In Document Object Mode (DOM) i.e. webpage, we uniquely identify the object. The 'By' class is used in WebDriver to locate the elements.
o identify the objects such as Links, Buttons, Edit boxes, Drop downs, etc on the application Selenium uses a concept called "Locators". There are around 8 different types of locators. Out of them, I will be explaining only four as they are widely used while automating the test cases using Selenium.
1. id = id – By default Selenium IDE takes "id" as Locator Every Web Page will be having some HTML Source code. This can be viewed using "View –> Page Source / View source" on the browser. In the following picture we can see "id" attribute of a HTML tag is used as a locator to identify an object.
2. name = name (Second locator) We will do the following steps to understand how exactly Selenium identifies the objects
3. xpath = xpathExpression. Xpath is used as a Locator to identify an object. This is an expression which is formed by combining various HTML tags. For example: //a[contains(text(),'VRL travels')], //div[_USER_='shortcuts']/span/span[2]/a/span
4. link=link text (in HTML source we can located this using "href" tag)
Here XPath and CSS are the most widely used locators.
It is very easy to identify the object of the application which is built on Firefox but same on the other way if that application is made on IE browser then it is pretty difficult to identify the object.
There are different tools available to identify the objects on different browsers like Firefox/Chrome/IE etc.
If we are using Selenium IDE there are different ways to identifying the objects. By default Selenium identify the object using 'ID' or 'Name'.
Here I have taken the example of 'Flipkart' home page. Here for search text box on Flipkart home page the recording is done through Selenium IDE. We can see here the order of identification of text box via different locators as above.
We can see the code of above recording. For each locator the code will look like as below:
1. driver.findElement(By.id("fk-top-search-box")).click();
2 driver.findElement(By.name("q")).click();
3. driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("_TAG_-top-search-box")).click();
4. driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[_USER_='fk-top-search-box']")).click();
5. driver.findElement(By.xpath("//form[_USER_='fk-header-search-form']/div/div/div/input")).click();
6. driver.findElement(By.xpath("//form/div/div/div/input")).click();
6 Tools to Help You with Object Recognition
Using one the six tools
 1. Firefox – Selenium IDE
 2. Firefox – Firebug
 3. Firefox – Firepath
 4. Google Chrome Developer Tools
 5. IE Developer tool bar
 6. fire-ie-selenium
 7. XPath Checker
 8. Fire Finder


text:
The archaeological site of Asine, a city mentioned by Homer, includes the acropolis, built upon a triangular rocky hill by the sea, the surrounding area and the hill of "Barbouna" to the west. Excavations have brought to light a settlement inhabited during the Early and Middle Helladic, the Mycenaean, the Geometric and the Archaic periods, the corresponding cemeteries as well as an important mycenaean necropolis on the "Barbouna". The walls of the acropolis with the large bastion date from the Hellenistic period (3rd century B.C.). The acropolis was reconstructed during the Byzantine times.
Excavations of both the acropolis and the Mycenaean cemetery of ancient Asine were carried out by the Swedish Archaeological Mission in _PHONE_. Work was resumed from 1970 onwards by the Greek Archaeological Service and the Swedish Archaeological Institute.


Sn-117 Isotope Applications:
 - Sn-117 isotope is used for research on chemical reactions and chemical synthesis;
Sn-117 isotope is available to order from in Sn-117 metal (Sn) chemical form. Please contact us via request a Sn-117 quote to order Sn-117 isotope, to get Sn-117 price and to buy Sn-117 isotope.
back to Tin isotopes list
Sn-117 Safety Data Sheet (SDS) in metal form - Download pdf file
Download Sn-117 SDS in metal form
Properties of Sn-117 Isotope:
Properties of Sn-117 Isotope:SN-117
Natural Abundance (%)7.68
Atomic Mass (Da)116.902952
Relative Isotopic Mass116.902952
Neutron Number (N)67
Atomic Number (Z)50
Mass Number (A)117
Nucleon Number (A)117
Proton Number (Z)50
Quadrupole Moment0
g-factor (g value)-2.00208
Electron Configuration Blockp
Melting Point (K)505.08
Boiling Point (K)2875
Specific Heat0.227
Heat of Formation301.2
Thermal Conductivity66.8
Dipole Polarizability 53
Electron Affinity (kJ/mole)1.11207
Electronegativity (Pauling scale)1.96
Atomic Radius (pm)0
Covalent Radius (pm)145
VDW Radius (pm)217
Lattice Constant5.82
Crystal StructureBCT (white) / FCC (grey)
Jmol color#668080
Sn-117 Information
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FAQ about Sn-117 Isotope:
What is Sn-117 isotope natural abundance?
Answer: 7.680 %
What is atomic mass for Sn-117 isotope?
Answer: 116.90295 Da
What is isotopic mass for Sn-117 isotope?
Answer: 116.90295
How many neutrons does Sn-117 isotope have?
Answer: 67
How many protons does Sn-117 isotope have?
Answer: 50
How many electrons does Sn-117 isotope have?
Answer: 50
What is atomic number for Sn-117 isotope?
Answer: 50
Is Sn-117 isotope stable?
Answer: Yes
Is Sn-117 isotope radioactive?
Answer: No
back to Tin isotopes list


text:
A Much Moved People:
Preserving Traditions of the Delaware Indians
On extended view
Main Building - Lower Level Gallery
Delaware Woman's Blouse with Silver Brooches (c.1810-80)
Cotton, cotton thread, silver and dye
Collected by anthropologist Frank G. Speck from the daughter of Chief Wooden Buffalo
Gift of Frank G. Speck
This exhibition offers visitors a glimpse into the lives of the Delaware Indians over a two hundred year time span. From the 1740s to the 1890s, many of New Jersey's Indians moved out of the state ahead of the ever-expanding non-Indian population. Artist and chronicler of American Indians, George Catlin (_PHONE_), noted as early as 1832 that the Delaware were among the most relocated Indians in the United States. This exhibition tells the story of these migrations.
In the late 1800s and into the 1900s, the Indians that remained in New Jersey survived by adapting to a market economy. They developed handcraft industries which produced items desired by non-Indian settlers. The Indians produced baskets and other woven items such as mats and brooms, as well as carved wooden pieces such as mortars and shovels.
The descendents of the Delaware Indians who left New Jersey, as well as those who stayed, continue to follow and adapt their cultural and religious traditions, thus preserving them for future generations and sharing them with all other cultures.
The objects on view, which date from the late 1700s to the early 1900s, include a woman's blouse with silver brooches, splint baskets, a wooden shovel, a leather pipe bag decorated with glass beads, children's moccasins and a child's basket.
The exhibition was made possible through funding support provided by PSEG Foundation, with additional generous support provided by the Friends of the New Jersey State Museum.


text:
i encountered the following question during nclex review:
the best action to establish correct placement of a gastric tube is for the nurse to
a) aspirate for the color and ph test b) inject air while listening for the gastric gurgle c) check the results of the x-ray results of tube placement d) measure the residual volume then reinsert the aspirate
you chose:c)check the results of the x-ray results of tube placement
the correct answer is a: aspirate for the color and ph test. all of the options are safe actions. however checking the color and ph are the best actions for verification of tube placement.
i selected xray, because visualization is the best confirmation is it not? i consulted my saunders review book and it states that the most reliable method of placement confirmation is xray after initial placement. thereafter, aspiration and ph test should be used to check placement most accurately.
okay, am i missing something in this question? i was taught not to assume, but am i supposed to assume that this is after initial placement, or that the xray results are not from a current xray but from the initial placement?
the question asked best action of the nurse, the only way that i would be able to understand why this answer is correct is if checking the results of an xray is not an action of the nurse. how would you answer this question for nclex purposes, a or c, and if you could please explain your thinking.
thanks to all who answer!


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I am using selenium, C# at this point I am able to compile word document and then need to save as a pdf on desktop and then validate the links in the downloaded document with original parsed document, so what are different approaches to reach at this goal. Specific answers are most welcome. Using IE browser
Thanks in advance
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I am very confused at what the question is. Can you expand? What do you mean by "compile word doc"? When you're talking about saving as pdf do you mean saving from a browser somehow? If you are talking about comparing links in a word doc to links in a pdf then Selenium is definitely not the right tool for the job since it will only automate interacting with web elements within a browser. – Sam Woods Nov 1 '13 at 19:58
Sam you got the question in correct way, I am downloading the document from internet but before downloading, I am sending document in word form and then downloading it in pdf/tex/doc. type(depends). Now the new document I got having links and I need to validate that links with original document – Tami Nov 4 '13 at 15:39
1 Answer 1
This is how I approached a similar situation in validating a PDF creation service.
 1. Convert the doc -> PDF using an automated method you control. This will be your oracle.
 2. Use your conversion process under test
 3. Do a file comparison between the two PDFs
That method seems to me the easiest to implement, but it may not meet your test needs.
Another approach could be to parse both the doc and the pdf, then use regex to grab the URLs and do a comparison.
For parsing a Word doc, check out this stack overflow post: How to parse text from MS Word document to string
For testing\parsing PDFs check out: jpdfunit and PDFParser
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