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Sizing of an Archimedes screw for hydroelectricity - INSA Strasbourg. Optimization of an Archimedean screw for energy production in micro-hydroelectric power stations.
by Guilhem DELLINGER, Abdelali TERFOUSAbdellah GhenaimPierre-André Garambois
KEYWORDS : Fluid mechanics, Renewable Energy, Micro Hydro, Archimedes screw, Experimentation
The use of the Archimedes screw in micro-hydro is a means of producing renewable energy and in recent developing. It is mainly used to exploit waterfalls low flow rates and low heights. We propose here to study experimentally the performance of this type of turbine based on hydraulic and geometric parameters. A first portion showing the influence of the water level downstream of the screw on the performance of the turbine. The yields and the pairs are then experimentally measured in terms of the speed of rotation of the screw fixed rate and, based flow fixed-rotation-speed. The results provide essential information on the design of this type of micro-plant.
The principle of the Archimedean screw is known for over 2000 years. Although this is disputed by many historians, is generally credited with the invention of the screw Archimedes of Syracuse (287-212 BC). It is from the 14ème century we started using the Archimedean screw to raise large amounts of water over low heights. Today, one still commonly used for elevation of wastewater treatment plants for example. It was not until 1992 Karl-August Radlik offers for the first time using the Archimedes screw, or hydrodynamic screw as turbine to generate energy [RAD 97]. The first micro-central Archimedes screw in the wild is then installed in 1997
River Eger Aufhausen (Germany) and develops a power of 4 kW. There are now more than 180 facilities of its kind across Europe and more than 400 worldwide [LAS 11]. According to Williamson et al. [WIL 14] these micro power plants have a high potential on the waterfalls of low height and low flow rates. The maximum height is about 10 m and throughput can reach 10 m3.s-1. The most powerful central installed to date is located on the Albert Canal (Belgium) and develops a power of 400 kW. Among the main advantages of this type of plant, we note, first of all, his ability to keep a high efficiency despite fluctuations in flow. Thus, the rate may vary more or less around 20% of the rated flow without this having any impact on the performance [BRA 93]. A recent study on micro 70 plants in Europe showed that the average yield of all of these facilities was to 69% with a maximum of 75% [LAS 12]. Two other important qualities are its robustness and the fact that it is a fish friendly installation itself. Indeed, according to a study conducted by Kiebel et al. [KIE 09], for rotational speeds and generally used for undersized fish to 1 m, They can cross the central micro unharmed.
The use of hydrodynamic screw for energy production is a recent technology that continues to grow. Despite this, the literature about the Archimedes screw used for energy production is still insufficient for truly optimized design of a central microphone. In this context, it is proposed here to study experimentally the hydraulic performance of the Archimedes screw for the geometric parameters and the various hydraulic operating conditions. These experimental results are obtained using an experimental device installed at INSA Strasbourg. The results will understand the influence of each parameter and therefore, subsequently, to be able to optimize the performance of the Archimedes screw.
2 comments on "Dimensioning of an Archimedes screw for hydroelectricity – INSA Strasbourg"
What are the different manufacturers and installers that exist to date?
I currently have a "turbiwatt" turbine. The constraints seem to be much less with hydraulic screws…
I would like to get in touch with manufacturers and installers…


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September 1, 2000
Stories from pioneer union organizers in the maquilas and banana plantations of Guatemala and Honduras who have inspired campaigns against sweatshops across North America. Provides first person accounts of life in the maquilas.
"Every stitch of every garment we wear contains the hidden story of a woman's life and struggles. In Women Behind the Labels you can finally read these stories for yourself -- and be inspired by the courage and determination that shines through them!"
- Barbara Ehrenriech, US feminist journalist and political analyst
"The women we meet in Women Behind the Labels and the many workers like them throughout Central America and Asia, are the inspiration for our student campaigns in the North. Their stories of strength, courage and leadership make me proud to be part of the struggle for worker and human rights."
- Sangeeta Kerai, Students Against Sweatshops-Canada

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Who Does Justice Look Like?
Her changing features—and skin color—over the centuries.
Posted Friday, Jan. 21, 2011, at 5:27 AM
Justice Antonin Scalia recently reminded us that when the 14th Amendment was drafted in the 19th century, it did not focus on ensuring that women were entitled to equal protection of the law. And yet women have long been used as the symbol of the law—as the image of Justice, a figure dating back centuries and deployed in many countries to mark a courthouse.
That worldwide tradition offered up hundreds of images of white women in paintings, prints, and statues. Then, in the 20th century, as real women of all colors gained access to courts, questions emerged about which women could be the models for Justice. In government-sponsored courtroom art, what skin tones could artists use? What scenes could properly adorn new courthouse walls?


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This past week, more than 180 major wildfires have destroyed areas of rain-starved Texas, destroying more than 1000 homes and resulting in several deaths. Members of the Houston Fire Department are also feeling the impact of the drought conditions, with more than 100 fires since the beginning of September, compared to less than 10 during the same time period last year.
Although we are experiencing such a drastic increase of grass and woodland fires, our firefighters continue to act with courage, commitment and compassion to ensure that the homes and lives of Houstonians are protected.
Woods and timber areas are very difficult to obtain access to, and require a large number of personnel on foot to fight such fires. HFD also utilizes "Boosters" or 'grass trucks', to give us the ability to reach remote areas.
In addition to protecting the citizens of Houston, the HFD has provided mutual aid to various departments surrounding the city, responding to at least 8 incidents this past holiday weekend.
Eight members of the Houston Fire Department are being deployed through Texas Task Force 1(TX-TF 1) to assist with the fires in Bastrop County. TX-TF 1 is one of 28 National Urban Search and Rescue teams in the nation which FEMA coordinates. Additional information about TX-TF1 and media contact may be found at _URL_
The Houston Fire Department encourages all citizens to be very cautious when around grass and woodland areas, this includes any area with grass, trees and other vegetation to help us insure that no Houstonians lose their homes or lives to grass or woodland fires.


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Salad Rap – Part 1
Students create a rap song/chant and dance promoting the components of their favorite salad, and use chant as a device to remember that plants do not eat and only plants produce food.
- Learn a rap song as a device to remember that plants do not eat, they produce food.
- Identify rhyming words to complete rap template.
- Identify sensory words by experiencing the garden and use those words to complete a rap.
- Share rap songs with other students.
Introduction: 15 minutes
Activity One: 1 hour
Activity Two: 1 hour

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Featured MP3 Podcast
"Scalp bounties were the payment of a fee for proof of death of an Indian, any Indian, on a graduated scale. At the top of the scale they would pay the highest amount for proof of death by way of the production of a scalp, or bloody red skin - origin of the term'red skins' - of an adult male Indian. Half that fee would be payed for proof of death by the same means of a adult female, quarter to be payed for proof of death of a child, child being defined as as a human being under 10 years of age down to and including a fetus.. every single colony on the east coast, every state of the Union and territory of the United States within the confines of the 48 contiguous states, had in place, in some period of its history, a scalp bounty - removed usually when there were no longer sufficient number of Indians left to kill to warrant its continuation..that's as absolutely clinical a genocidal policy as is possible to envision, they weren't interested in any particular Indians, any Indians would do and they would pay for proof of death - they wanted all of us dead."
American Indian scholar, activist in the struggle for liberation of Indigenous Peoples in America
Genocide of Indigenous Peoples in North America, Action for Social and Ecological Justice on December 2, 2001, in Burlingotn, VT [50min / 11Mb]


MPs should get free vote on murder law reform, says lord chief justice
Lord Judge says the law leaves some with a sense of injustice after a report criticises mandatory life sentences for murder
A guard unlocks a prison cell
Mandatory life sentences for murder were introduced in 1965 to replace the death penalty. Photograph: Halfdark/Getty Images/fStop
MPs should be given a free vote on reform of the murder laws, the lord chief justice has urged in response to calls for an end to mandatory life sentences for the offence.
Conceding that the law was "fiendishly difficult" and that some people were left with a sense of injustice, Lord Judge said that a review of the legislation might reduce demands for automatic sentences to be scrapped.
His comments were made in the wake of a report by the Homicide Review Advisory Group, which included judges, academics and former QCs, that warned that neither mandatory sentences nor the system for setting minimum terms were acceptable. So-called mercy killings, the study noted, attract the same mandatory life penalty as serial killings.
Speaking at the Royal Courts of Justice in central London, Judge said: "If the whole law of murder were looked at, that might very well address the question of whether or not those who are asking for the automatic sentence to be removed would have their biggest concerns allayed.
"What I would like, first of all, is the law must keep in step with public opinion. There has to be a balance between the law we have and what the public regards as an appropriate law.
"The second is, I would like, if the matter ever got to parliament, for it to be dealt with by way of a free vote so that members of parliament could vote in accordance with their consciences. That's a wish.
"It's sometimes felt that the complications leave, in the long run, a sense of injustice about how an individual case is fitted into the framework overall.
"I would have thought myself that a careful reform, or consideration of reform of the law of murder, might reduce the call for the automatic sentence to be removed."
He added: "I'm not actually expressing a view either way whether more people should be caught or fewer people should be caught. What I'm saying is it's fiendishly difficult.
"For everyone who says no automatic life imprisonment, there's another who says capital punishment," he said.
In its report, the Homicide Review Advisory Group called for sentencing for murder to become discretionary. The indefinite and misleading nature of life sentences, it said, was both unjust and incomprehensible – some resulting in a life behind bars, and others not.
The mandatory life sentence replaced the death penalty in 1965. The group said it had been brought in as a compromise to ensure the abolition of the death penalty made its way through both Houses of Parliament.
The starting point for a minimum term to be served for less serious murders is 15 years. Having served their term, offenders are released on life licence, but can be recalled to prison at any time if they breach its terms.
The time has come, the report said, to move to fixed sentences for murder so that the exact circumstances of offences can be properly reflected by the courts. The report comes after research published last October showed there was no evidence of widespread support for mandatory life sentences for murder. Fewer than one person in five believed that sentencing cases of murder was "about right", the study found.
The report authors and law professors Barry Mitchell and Julian Roberts said serious consideration should be given to using mandatory life sentences for "particularly serious cases" only.
Mitchell, from Coventry University, and Oxford University's Roberts said they wanted to test the assumption that anything less than automatic indefinite jail terms would undermine public confidence in the criminal justice system.
Their study, funded by the charity the Nuffield Foundation, found that the public had limited understanding of how convicted murderers were sentenced.
In particular, the vast majority of people wrongly assumed the murder rate in England and Wales had increased over the past decade, when it had actually begun to decline.
And a big proportion of those surveyed underestimated the length of time that most murderers spend in prison before being released on life licence.
A Ministry of Justice spokesman said: "We have no plans to abolish the mandatory life sentence for murder. The most serious crimes deserve the most serious sentences."


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a typed template engine for Java
type safe templating
Jamon has a rich feature set to support encapsulation,
parameterization, functional decomposition, and reuse of
Since rendering logic may be arbitrarily complicated
(e.g. rendering hierarchical data such as a recursive
directory structure), this logic needs to be expressable in a
Turing-complete language. Rather than invent yet another
language, use Java itself inside the presentation
framework. Jamon helps keep the rendering logic in the
presentation layer technology.
Jamon templates declare the arguments required for
rendering. This provides a well-defined contract between the
presentation layer and the application.
Jamon allows passing arbitrary objects between templates
(only Tea seems
to provide this capability). Jamon templates can pass
arbitrary dynamic content (i.e. template fragments) as
parameters to other templates. (In fact, Jamon allows
passing parameterized fragments, i.e. templates
can be "higher-order".)
Templates are compiled into Java and then into bytecode, and are
referred to in application code just like any other Java class.
See the overview for a simple but
complete working example.
Templates are translated into Java classes with public methods
whose signatures reflect the arguments declared in the
templates. This provides compile-time type-checking as well as
During development, changes to template sources at runtime
trigger dynamic retranslation and recompilation of the
templates. This dynamic recompilation can be turned off for
Jamon is general-use in the sense that it can produce any
arbitrary text output format (for contrast,
Enhydra XMLC and Zope are tied to HTML or
XML). Consider "views" such as generating text and / or
multipart MIME email, or program source code.


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When it comes to marketing automation for the travel industry, if you're using Act-On to send your monthly consumer (B2C) newsletter, you've hit one important target. If you're now wanting to up your marketing game, we encourage you to work with your Marketing Automation Specialist to set up Act-On's Beacon Tracker on your website and begin collecting data.
In fact, in just a short amount of time, your destination marketing organization (DMO) will have a lot of data! You can see who is visiting your website pages and when, but you're wondering — what do you do with it now?
Together, we'll explore:
- Known vs. anonymous visitors
- What information (data) is being tracked
- How users can opt-out
- Ways your destination marketing organization (DMO) can use the data to their advantage.
What is the Beacon Tracker, and Why Does it Matter?
Before we get into what data is being tracked, let's start at the beginning. Act-On's Beacon Tracker uses first-party cookies (not third-party) to track visitors as they navigate your site, including filling out forms connected to Act-On. The cookies usually expire after approximately 12 months (based on the browser defaults) or if the visitor clears their cookies. However, if a visitor clears just their cache (and not their cookies), the cookie will still be present. In special cases where a visitor visits your website on their laptop computer and through their mobile device, it'll result in different cookies being dropped on each location. As long as the same email address is associated with the cookies, Act-On will connect the data under one record.
Let's talk about what information or data is being tracked. Most specifically, the main function of the Beacon Tracker is to track the page URL each visitor visits and when they performed this action. Act-On can associate any fields in your standard field list or custom form fields to the contact record in Act-On through the visitor's email address.
Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs) can now use this information to send their visitors targeted content that is personalized to their experience
Unknown and Known Website Visitors: How They Make an Impact
Why are we talking about cookies and data? That's because when a visitor receives a cookie from a Beacon Tracker page, they are divided into two different categories within the Act-On application, Unknown and Known Website Visitors. A visitor who just visits your website is considered an Unknown Website Visitor. You can't do much with this group in the way of contacting them because you don't know who they are yet and don't have permission. But, these visitors will become Known Website Visitors once they fill out a form on your website that is connected to Act-On or they click on a link to your website (where the Beacon Tracker is installed) within an email you've sent. It's important to note that Act-On's Beacon Tracker has a setting to work with your own cookie messages on your website, allowing visitors to opt out of being tracked. This function is set up through your Act-On settings.
For example, if Visitor A has visited your website, and you can see they've been to your events calendar, some listings, and things to do pages. However, since they haven't made themselves 'known,' you are unable to follow up with them at all. On the other hand, Visitor B has filled out your consumer newsletter form. Since they've made themselves 'known' to you, it opens up a whole different world! You can see the pages they've visited on your website and can follow up with them based on their behavior. The same can be said for Visitor C, who received an email from you and then clicked on a link in the email that led them to your website. And what makes the known visitors so special is they consist of contacts who have already given you permission to email them. Making them the perfect segment to move through the funnel from awareness to interest to acquisition (or visit!)
3 Examples of How You Can Use the Beacon Tracker
1. Welcome Campaign
When someone signs up for your consumer newsletter, they are entered into an automated program. The first email sets expectations for future emails as well as introduces the visitors to your destination. There are links in the email that direct them to specific places on your website, including the events calendar, some listings, and things-to-do pages. When it's time to send the second automated email (usually wait a week), the visitors are segmented based on their website activity. The content is then personalized for each visitor. For example, the email might have two main content areas that are dynamic based on the segment. You can also include seasonal promotions or discounts from your partners that correlate with the pages visitors are visiting on your website as a special treat for your visitors.
2. Cart Abandonment Email
Cart abandonment emails have been made popular by retailers (ahem, Amazon) who automatically send you an email after you've added something to your cart but did not make the purchase. How this translates to DMOs is through forms. When a visitor lands on your Request a Guide form but never fills it out, they are presenting you with a great opportunity and one that shouldn't be missed.
The key is to create a segment based on a behavior that looks in the "last 1 day" time frame — contacts who did visit your Request a Guide form but did not make it to the form completion page. You'd set up your automated program to send an email to these visitors once a day reminding them how awesome your destination is! You also have the option of placing a link to the digital version for them to download. Make sure the guide is first uploaded to your Media Files so you can track the engagement. Your segment would look something like this:
3. Nurture Program
When a visitor signs up to receive a guide, it's a good assumption that they're planning to visit your destination soon. Why not create a nurture program and send them helpful information on ways to plan the perfect trip? If you have an app, this is an excellent place to promote it in one of your emails, too. You'd build your segment around visitors who completed filling out the Request a Guide form on your website. Be careful not to mix things up here if you're already sending an automated email when they sign up for the guide. That can be replaced with this nurture program, adding a lot of value for your visitors.
Dig Into Your Data
Hopefully we've piqued your interest in Act-On's Beacon Tracker enough to install it on your website. If you would like to learn more about Act-On's Beacon Tracker view the help article.


Smith Lecture: How Much Water Erupts from Arc Volcanoes?
Add to Cal
 - Speaker: Terry Plank: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Columbia University
 - Host Department: Earth and Environmental Sciences
 - Date: 11/16/2012
 - Time: 04:00PM - 05:00PM
 - Location: 1528 C. C. Little
 - Description:
 There is possibly no more important chemical component in magmas than H2O. Water dramatically lowers the melting temperature of the mantle, has a major effect on the rheological properties of both magmas and crystals, transports chemical components between the hydrosphere, mantle, and crust, and causes the vesiculation which fuels explosive eruptions. The last fifteen years have seen an explosion of data on the volatile contents of magmas parental to arc volcanoes. This has occurred due to the intense study of melt inclusions trapped in volcanic phenocrysts, aliquots of magma that have escaped degassing during eruption. The surprising first-order result is the narrow range in H2O concentrations in the least degassed melt inclusions from each volcano. Nearly all arc volcanoes are sourced with mafic magmas that contain 2-6 wt% H2O. The average for each arc varies even less, from 3.2 (for the Cascades) to 4.5 (for the Marianas), with a global average of 3.9 +/- 0.4 wt% H2O. The narrow range and common average value for H2O are in stark contrast to the concentrations of most other subduction tracers, such as Nb or Ba, which vary by orders of magnitude. A modulating process, either in the crust or mantle, is likely responsible for the restricted range in the H2O contents of arc melt inclusions. Either the crust imposes a common water content to pre-eruptive stored magma, or the mantle delivers a uniform product. The characteristic mean and range of H2O contents of arc magmas has implications for both the volatile fuel for explosive eruptions and the mass balance of H2O recycled through subduction zones.


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K. 277. Steve thought of a positive integer. He gave the following information about his number: If the number is divisible by 3, then it is between 50 and 59. If the number is not divisible by 4, then it is between 60 and 69. If the number is not divisible by 6, then it is between 70 and 79. Given that all his statements above are true, find out which number Steve had in mind.
K. 278. Each of the two diagrams below shows three regular polygons (some of which are stellated polygons) that meet at a vertex. Do they really touch each other along their sides in both cases, or is there a diagram that ''lies''?
K. 279. Ann, Belle, Carol and Dora played with a deck of 52 cards. In one game, Dora was dealing out the cards one by one to the players, starting with Ann, followed by Belle, Carol and Dora in this order, when suddenly some of the cards she had not dealt out yet slipped out of her hands and fell on the floor. The girls noticed that the number of cards on the floor was 2/3 of the number of cards Ann had already got, and the number of cards that Carol had got was 2/3 of those in the remaining part of the deck in Dora's hand that she had not dealt out yet. How many cards had Dora dealt out altogether?
K. 280. Find the smallest natural number of the form 2a3b7c, such that the half of the number is the cube of an integer, one third of the number is the seventh power of an integer, and one seventh of the number is the square of an integer.
K. 281. Dominique has a set of dominoes in which the stone of smallest value is a double 1, the largest value is a double 6, and there is one stone with every intermediate pair of numbers. Dominique realized that she could also represent certain fractions with her domino stones: the number on the upper domino part is the numerator and the number on the lower part is the denominator. Dominique and her sister Naomi were sitting facing each other at a table. Dominique laid the divisions between them on the table. When they checked the dominoes lying face down, they observed that the arithmetic was correct from both of their points of view. What may be the two stones lying face down?
K. 282. A triangle is built out of matchsticks. The lengths of the sides are 13, 20, and 21 matches. Find the lengths of those altitudes of the triangle (if any) that can be represented with a whole number of matchsticks.
C. 1060. Let n denote a number divisible by 3. Every third term of the sequence n-1, n-2,..., 2, 1 is cancelled. The subsequent pairs of terms of the remaining sequence are given alternating plus and minus signs: +(n-1), +(n-2), -(n-4), -(n-5),.... Prove that the sum of the numbers obtained in this way is n.
C. 1063. A vertical wall of a building is a square of side 20 metres. The angles subtended by the vertical sides of the square at two points on the (level) ground are measured. The results are 40o and 38o at one point, and 32o and 40o at the other point. Find the distance between the two points.
B. 4322. Five applicants are to be scheduled for job interviews at five given times. On an application form, each applicant was asked to mark two out of the five times. What is the probability that each of them can be interviewed at one of the two times they have marked?
B. 4325.a) Is the inequality PA+PB


Can UV Light Disinfect Face Masks?
While masks are in short supply during the coronavirus pandemic, the shortage is prompting people to ask if UV light disinfects masks. This is a critical question for frontline healthcare workers, as they scramble for ways to safely re-use masks
Re-use masks infection
Here's the problem. We know that UV-C light kills bacteria and viruses, but we also know that UV-C light degrades fibers. That means it's crucial for healthcare workers to know whether UV light reduces the effectiveness of masks.
Putting It to The Test: Does UV Light Harm Mask Performance?
Researchers got hard data on this question by testing four N95 masks before and after UV sterilization.
Can UV Light Disinfect Masks
They tested four models of N95 masks: the 3M 1860, 3M 9210, Gerson 1730, and Kimberly-Clark 46727.
They exposed masks to five different doses of UV light (also called "UVGI") from 120 to 950 J/cm².
UV Light Disinfects Masks, But at What Dose?
These are high doses. Even the lowest dose is 66 times higher than a dose that researchers found is sufficient to deactivate 99.99% of viruses on masks (1.8 J/cm²).
UV Light Sterilization Hospitalk
To test how well the masks could capture particles, they shot tiny pieces of salt from 0.02 to 0.4 microns at the masks and measured what percentage penetrated the masks. This range of particle size covers the size of flu, ebola, and coronavirus particle sizes.
Related: Are UV light air purifiers effective at disinfecting viruses? →
Size of coronavirus particle pm2.5 and bacteria
They tested 10 different sizes of particles and used the data for whichever sized particle penetrated the mask the most.
UVGI Disinfection Dosage
UV Light Harms Mask Effectiveness Less Than 2%
The data showed almost no harm to performance. For most masks and most dosages, the degradation in particle capture was less than 1%.
UV Light Disinfect Masks Harm Performance
In only three tests was the harm above 1%. And even in the worst case, the UV light caused degradation of under 2%.
UV Light Sterilization Harms Straps More Than Filtration
However, capturing particles isn't the only things mask have to do. They also have to keep their shape and fit to the face. Thus, the researchers also tested how the UV affected the structural integrity of the masks.
N95 mask UV light structural integrity
One test they did was to pull the straps as hard as they could until they broke. The tests found that, at higher and higher doses of UV light, less and less force was needed to break the mask straps.
UV Light Disinfection Harms Mask Structural Integrity
Besides the effect of UV light, the data also showed that masks with rubber band straps (3M 9210) broke far more easily than masks with elastic straps (3M 1860). This strength is also important for people who need to re-use masks. Masks with fabric straps will last longer on average than masks with rubber band straps.
Elastic versus rubber band N95 mask straps
A Simple Way to Tell If Mask Needs to Be Disposed
If healthcare workers are going to use UV light to disinfect masks from COVID-19, they're going to have to solve another question: how many times can I disinfect the mask? One dose–even a strong dose–had only a small effect on performance, but surely repeated doses will have a cumulative effect.
The researchers suggested the answer lies in integrity. They found that, besides the straps, the UV light "dramatically affected" the structural body of the masks. The researchers suggested that (at least for some masks) masks will fall apart before they lose their ability to filter particles.
This is important because healthcare workers don't have laser particle counters to continually test how well their masks are performing. So how do they know when it's time to throw them out?
The scientists suggested people can use the structural degradation as a signal. Put simply, when the mask starts to fall apart, that's a sign that they should throw the mask away while knowing that filtration performance has likely not dropped severely.
Bottom Line: UV Light Disinfects Masks
UV light disinfects N95 masks with less than a 2% harm to filtration effectiveness, allowing them to be re-used quickly.
Smart Air
Better Options Than Disinfecting Masks With UV Light
This finding is similar to results of washing masks with soap and water, which also harms performance. Instead, research shows that simply drying and waiting as better options for disinfecting masks.
Read more: This proven disinfection method deactivates viruses with zero harm to mask performance.
Disinfect N95 mask wash alcohol viruses
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Computer graphics codes in C++ Language
These Computer graphics codes are the part of Computer Graphics and Object-oriented programming Lab of Computer Science Engineering and Information technology Subject. You can Download Computer graphics codes from these below links.
Computer graphics codes
|Boundary-fill and flood-fill algorithms Code||Boundary & Flood Fill Algorithms|
|Transformations computer graphics||Transformations computer graphics|
|DDA and Bresenham line drawing algorithm||Bressenham & DDA Line Drawing algorithms|
|Computer Graphics Editor||Graphics Editor|
Computer graphics codes Lab Syllabus
2D and 3D Transformations in Computer Graphics
2D Geometric Transformations, Basic transformationstranslation,3D transformation Polygon filling methods, shearing, matrix representation and homogeneous coordinate system, Composite transformation, scaling, rotation, other transformations such as reflection.
Color models & animation in Computer Graphics
Animation sequences,functions & Languages, RGB, YIQ, CMY, HSV,Color Mixing. Key-frame systems, Motion Specifications.
Ray tracing methods,Local Illumination and shading.Transformation,algorithms, ray surface intersection calculations Hierarchy.
3D object representation and 3D Viewing in Computer Graphics
Projections, Examples of 3D viewing.curved lines & surfaces, quadratic surfaces, Spline, Polygon surfaces, polygon tables, plane equation, polygon meshes, representation, Specifying an arbitrary 3D View.
Rendering equation and Monte Carlo methods, GPU, Bezier curves. Interactive Graphics & usage of at least two tools of computer graphics,, anti-aliasing, texture mapping, shadows,Fractals, fractal lines and surfaces
Basic Concepts of Computer Graphics
Introduction to computer graphics, Basics of Graphics systems, algorithms and display file interpreter,Stroke Principle, Starburst Principle, Bit map method, display of frame buffer. Raster scan and random scan displays, display processor.Scan conversions, lines, line segments, vectors, pixels and frame buffers, vector generation, DDA and Bresenham's line and circle drawing algorithms.


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Physical Damage is the most common Damage Type in Master of Magic. It is the primary (and often only) damage component delivered by all Melee Attacks and Ranged Attacks, and it is used by a wide variety of spells in order to directly harm their targets. In all cases, Physical Damage behaves in a specific but rather complex way, significantly different from the various types of Special Damage.
Physical Damage is intended to cause actual Damage Points to the target - reducing its current Health and potentially killing off some or all of its figures. The "stronger" the Physical Damage attack, the more Damage Points it can potentially deliver.
The process involves two types of rolls - To Hit and Defense rolls - made respectively by the attacker and the target. These rolls help determine how much Damage is actually inflicted on the target, and thus give Physical Damage a great randomness that is not found in other types of damage.
The process is quite complex, and becomes even more complex whenever the attacker or the target (or both!) are Multi-Figure units. This article explains the entire process in as great a detail as possible.
Physical Damage sometimes receives different names depending on how it is delivered - such as "Melee Damage", "Ranged Damage" or "Magical Damage". All of these behave the same way, except they may sometimes trigger various immunities the target might possess.
Finally, it is important to note that while some other Damage Types, such as Doom Damage and Poison Damage, also cause Damage Points to the target, they are not considered Physical Damage since they involve no To Hit nor Defense rolls - a staple of all Physical Damage types.
Process Overview Edit
Whenever Physical Damage is being dealt, by any attack or method, the program runs through this generalized set of actions:
- Calculate the Total Attack Strength of the attacking unit.
- The attacker makes several randomized To Hit rolls to determine how many times it has managed to hit its target.
- The target makes several randomized Defense rolls to determine how many of these hits are blocked or deflected.
- Each unblocked hit inflicts 1 Damage Point on the target, injuring it and possibly killing some or all of its figures.
- Multi-Figure units that lose a figure due to this damage may get to make more defense rolls to reduce further damage.
- Steps #4 and #5 are repeated until all registered hits are either blocked or translated into Damage.
Each of these steps is explained in greater detail below.
Attack Type and Strength Edit
Before we start to deliver Physical Damage, we need to figure out the strength of the attack itself. This tells us the amount of Physical Damage being delivered at the target.
To tell how strong an attack is (and therefore how much damage it can deliver), we need to know what kind of attack we're dealing with. In other words, we'll know what factors to look at in order to determine the attack strength.
|Attack Type||Strength Calculated From...|
|Melee Attack||The attacker's Melee Attack strength.|
|Ranged Missile Attack||The attacker's Ranged Missile Attack strength.|
|Ranged Boulder Attack||The attacker's Ranged Boulder Attack strength.|
|Ranged Magical Attack||The attacker's Ranged Magical Attack strength.|
|Thrown Attack||The attacker's Thrown Attack strength.|
|Breath Attack||The attacker's Fire Breath or Lightning Breath ability score.|
|Direct-damage spells||Varies from spell to spell, as indicated in the spell's description tool-tip and on this wiki.|
The column on the right indicates which unit property we need to read to get the attack strength - which is also the amount of Physical Damage the attack delivers. Spells are the exception, as their strength is not indicated in any specific panel - but rather in the spell's description as found in-game or (often more accurately) in this wiki.
The attack's strength indicates the maximum potential amount of damage it can deliver. However, due to the many random rolls involved, as explained below, very few units in very few circumstances will actually deliver this many Damage Points to the target.
Further complicating things, for Multi-Figure units the attack strength represents the maximum potential damage that can be delivered by each individual figure in the unit. Only figures that are alive and visible on the battlefield can inflict damage - missing ones (i.e. casualties) cannot. The process of multi-figure attack and defense is explained in greater detail below and elsewhere, particularly in the Multi-Figure Unit article.
Registered Hits Edit
Calculating the strength of a Physical Damage attack is only the first step. Next up, the attacker (whether a unit on the battlefield or an independent spell effect) must make a number of To Hit rolls to determine how much of this damage potential it can actually manifest. Each successful To Hit roll will result in one "registered hit" on the target, which will potentially be translated into 1 point of Damage at the end of the process.
The number of To Hit rolls that are made is equal to the strength of the attack (see the previous section). Therefore, for example, a unit with 18 will make 18 separate To Hit rolls, representing 18 separate attempts to score Hits on the target.
Each To Hit roll results in a completely random number between 1 and 100. This is then directly compared to the attacker's To Hit score. The default To Hit score is 30% for all units and spells, while some units can enjoy a bonus (or suffer a penalty) which is measured in 10% increments, given by the unit's innate abilities and/or any Unit Enchantments currently affecting it.
Each roll that results in a number equal to or lower than the To Hit score is "successful", and thus one hit is registered on the target. Each rolls that comes up higher than the To Hit score is a "miss", and is not registered.
When all To Hit rolls are completed, the game tallies them up. This number of successful hit represents the maximum amount of Damage that will be done to the target. However, as we'll see in a moment, the process is not over: the target might still have a chance to deflect some of this damage.
- Units have a basic To Hit value of 30%, but this specific unit's abilities happen to modify its score to 40%.
- The game proceeds to roll 15 completely-random numbers, each between 1 and 100. Each of these rolls that comes up 40 or lower will register as a Hit on the target. All other rolls are ignored.
- The game tallies together all of these "registered Hits". If, for example, 10 rolls were successful, then 10 "hits" are registered, and the target will suffer anywhere up to 10 depending on how well it defends itself.
- If all fifteen rolls resulted in 40 or lower, it means that the attacker delivers its full damage potential of 15 damage points to the target. Conversely, if all rolls came up 41 or higher, the attacker has failed to score any hits and will deal no Damage at all! Most often though, thanks to the copious randomness involved, some rolls will succeed and some will fail, resulting in somewhere between 0 and 15 hits.
The Target's Defense Edit
Before damage is actually applied however, the target of this Physical Damage gets the chance to block or avert some or all hits registered upon it by rolling against its own Defense and To Block scores.
The unit's Defense score is visible in its details panel as a row of Shield icons. Each Shield represents a chance to block one of the registered hits, thus avoiding exactly 1. The more rolls are successful, the more Damage is avoided.
Secondly, the chance of success with each roll depends on the unit's To Block score. This score is rarely shown anywhere in the game, since it almost never changes; it is nearly always exactly 30% for any target. Only a few targets, primarily those possessing the Lucky ability, have more than 30% To Block (usu. 40% and no more).
Once again, each roll results in a random number between 1 and 100. The numbers are then compared to the target's To Block score. Each roll that comes up equal to or lower than that score has successfully managed to deflect 1 incoming hit, and thus reduces the resulting damage by 1. Failed rolls - resulting in a number higher than the unit's To Block score - do nothing.
Thus, the greater the number of successful Defense rolls made by the target, the less Physical Damage it suffers from the attack. A target can potentially block all incoming damage if it succeeds in a large enough number of rolls, which often happens when the incoming attack was weak to begin with.
- The target has a Defense score of 10, and an unmodified 30% To Block. It will therefore roll 10 random numbers, each between 1 and 100, and each roll that comes up 30 or lower will deflect one incoming hit.
- If three rolls are successful, the number of hits is reduced by 3. Therefore, the target will only suffer 7 hits (which will be translated to 7 points of damage, as explained below).
- If all 10 rolls are successful, the target unit suffers no damage - having averted all hits!
Applying Damage Edit
Damage Points are subtracted from the unit's current Hit Points. Each 1 will darken a single Heart as displayed in the unit's details panel. Only healing (whether over time or thanks to spell effects) will restore these lost Hit Points.
Once a unit loses all of its Hit Points, it is completely destroyed. Only magical spells and very special Unit Abilities can restore it to life - otherwise it is gone for good.
Implications of Damage Edit
Single-Figure units handle Damage in a very simple manner:


Testing - Standardized and Otherwise - and the Massachusetts ABE Pilot Test: A Curriculum Unit for ABE Classes
This resource is designed to accomplish specific objectives that will help you and your students answer question about Adult Basic Education.
Jenny Lee Utech
Ruth Byrne
Susan Prior
Author(s) Organizational Affiliation
Massachusetts Department of Education's Adult and Community Learning Services
Publication Year
Resource Type
Instructional Material
Number of Pages
Product Type
From the introduction:
We hope that this curriculum will help you and your students understand the reasons behind the upcoming pilot testing of the ABE tests for reading and math, to prepare for and take the pilot test (and other standardized tests), and give important feedback during the pilot testing process. But we also see this curriculum and the pilot testing process as opportunities to help students explore testing and their experiences with it, and develop and refine strategies and life skills they can use in many situations.
Each lesson in the unit is designed to accomplish specific objectives that will help you and your students answer these questions:
 - Why are students being tested? What is the purpose of tests (in general)? And what is the purpose of standardized testing? What are some pros of standardized testing? What are some cons?
 - How can we empower students in the test-taking process? What test-taking and test-preparation strategies can we help students develop?
 - How can we introduce the computer tutorial in a meaningful way?
 - What is the role of pilot testing? How does pilot testing help develop a fair and consistent test?
 - How can we collect feedback on the pilot test from teachers and students?
What the experts say
This is a very valuable resource for two reasons:
It provides very solid information about standardized assessment that all teachers should be knowledgeable about.
It provides very solid information about standardized assessment that all students - many who are parents with children in schools who also take tests - should also be familiar with.
The resource is based on solid research about standardized assessment. It is well developed with many helpful activities ready for teachers to use. There is a lot of good information that classes not involved in the MA ABE pilot could use.
This curriculum is just chock full of valuable and useful materials. And while its focus is narrow - test-taking preparation for students in the particular context of an impending pilot test administration - much of what is here could be useful beyond that context. I think teachers will welcome an approach to helping students feel more informed, empowered and ready when faced with testing. And while the author seems to send something of a mixed message about this intent, teachers may also find here a lot of strategies for teaching basic skills in a way that engages students in learning through meaningful reflection and collaboration.
Resource Notice


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2. Check for Advanced option
3. Click on "MIME types"
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6. Click on the "Add" button.
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TED Conversations
Daryan Sankar
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Unit of measurment of C in E=MC^2 to use?
The c in this equation stand for the velocity of light right? Well depending of what unit of velocity I use, wouldn't that change the answer I get? What unit should i use?
progress indicator
 - thumb
 Oct 5 2012: You should use whatever units you want E to be, since E will be in whatever units you've started with for M and C. For instance, if you want E to be expressed in kg·m/s^2, then your velocity of light should begin in m/s^2, not km/hr^2 and certainly not miles/s^2. Remember that the units you begin with will carry across the entire equation.
 - Oct 5 2012: This.
 - thumb
 Oct 5 2012: Just to be clear, pedantic even, Energy is always expressed in joules. It would never be correct to express Energy in Kg X m/s^2.
 - Oct 5 2012: It's the same thing, it really doesn't matter if you choose to express it in joules or kgm/s^2.
 - thumb
 Oct 5 2012: Energy is always expressed in joules, except when its expressed in electronvolts (eV), ergs, foot-pounds, Btus, kilowatt-hour (kWh), calories, etc.
 - thumb
 Oct 5 2012: I do not recall seeing the energy quantity for Einstein's equation, which we are discussing, expressed in any of the units you mention. The only appropriate unit in the SI or MKS system is the joule. Context is important. Foot-pounds are for use in the foot-pound-second system. The electron volt is a unit of electrical energy. Ergs are for use in the CGS system. The BTU is a measure of heat. The kilowatt-hour is a unit of electrical energy. The calorie is a measure of heat.
 - Oct 5 2012: eV is often used alongside official SI units.
 - thumb
 Oct 5 2012: I fear that you are being pedantic now, Edward. There's noting mystical about the equation E=mc^2, famous though it may be. It's simply a way to calculated energy, in whatever units you wish, as long as you use consistent units across the entire equation. By the way, heat IS energy.
 - thumb
 Oct 5 2012: Perhaps our shoving contest is due to my lingering confusion regarding the posted question (as I originally commented). Exactly what is the question Mr. Sankar is asking? I think he is asking if he should use joules or ft/lbs or some other unit. My answer is joules.
 - thumb
 Oct 5 2012: It is not clear what you mean by the phrase "unit of velocity". As you know VELOCITY is a measure of both speed and direction expressed in units of distance and time such as Meters Per Second (m/s), or Miles Per Hour (mph). The (c) in Einstein's equation represents the SPEED of light in a vacuum. There are several ways of expressing that speed, for example: c = 2.99792458 X 10^8 meters/sec. = 2.99792458 X 10^5 km/sec. = 1 Planck Unit = 1.08 X 10^6 km/hr = 1.86282 X 10^5 mi/s = 6.706166 X 10^8 mi/hr = 173 AU/day. Take your pick. The SPEED of light in a vacuum does not change depending on which unit-of-measure is used.
 - Oct 5 2012: Some languages don't have different words for "speed" and "velocity", the difference only matters when working with vectors, both have unit m/s.
 - Oct 5 2012: Exactly. Thus any units will work. The final results will be equivalent, only expressed in different units. That's it. Basic math, basic physics.


Ubuntu / Linux news and application reviews.
When you install Linux on your computer and then install Windows, the Grub will be deleted and you won't be able to boot into Linux anymore.
Here is how to fix (restore) the GRUB after such a situation:
1. You will need a Live CD with any Linux distribution. Insert the live CD of Ubuntu for instance, and boot from the CD.
2. As soon as the computer boots and the Live OS starts, go to Applications > Accessories > Terminal.
3. Now you have to recover the Grub for which you need to write (or paste) the following commands into the terminal (only what's bold, the text between the brackets is just the explanation of the command):
sudo grub
find /boot/grub/stage1 (This searches for the boot partition. It will give you a result which you'll have to copy for the next command)
root (hd0,0) (Replace hd0, 0 with the value obtained in the previous command)
setup (hd0) (This will install the grub)
quit (to exit.)
The next time you reboot, you can access your Linux box again.
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text:
|Elevation||4,095 m (13,435 ft)|
|Prominence||4,095 m (13,435 ft)
|Listing||Country high point
John Whitehead (highest peak)
Mount Kinabalu (Malay: Gunung Kinabalu) is a prominent mountain on the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. It is located in the East Malaysian state of Sabah and is protected as Kinabalu National Park, a World Heritage Site. Kinabalu is the highest peak in Borneo's Crocker Range and is the highest mountain in the Malay Archipelago. Mount Kinabalu is also the 20th most prominent mountain in the world by topographic prominence.
In 1997, a re-survey using satellite technology established its summit (known as Low's Peak) height at 4,095 metres (13,435 ft) above sea level, which is some 6 metres (20 ft) less than the previously thought and hitherto published figure of 4,101 metres (13,455 ft).
Mount Kinabalu includes the Kinabalu montane alpine meadows ecoregion in the montane grasslands and shrublands biome. The mountain and its surroundings are among the most important biological sites in the world, with between 5000 and 6000 species of plants, 326 species of birds, and more than 100 mammalian species identified. Among this rich collection of wildlife are famous species such as the gigantic Rafflesia plants and the orangutan. Mount Kinabalu has been accorded UNESCO World Heritage status.
Low's Peak can be climbed quite easily by a person in good physical condition and there is no need for mountaineering equipment at any point on the main route. Other peaks along the massif, however, require rock climbing skills.
Significantly, Mount Kinabalu along with other upland areas of the Crocker Range is well-known worldwide for its tremendous botanical and biological species biodiversity with plants of Himalayan, Australasian, and Indomalayan origin. A recent botanical survey of the mountain estimated a staggering 5,000 to 6,000 plant species (excluding mosses and liverworts but including ferns), which is more than all of Europe and North America (excluding tropical regions of Mexico) combined. It is therefore one of the world's most important biological sites.
The flora covers the mountain in zones of different types of habitat as one climbs up, beginning with a lowland belt of fig trees and insectivorous pitcher plants. Then between 2,600 to 3,200 m (8,530 to 10,499 ft) is a layer of short trees such the conifer Dacrydium gibbsiae and dwarf shrubs, mosses, lichens, liverworts, and ferns. Finally many of the world's richest variety of orchids are found on the high rockier slopes.
These plants have high levels of endemism (i.e. species which are found only within Kinabalu Park and are not found anywhere else in the world). The orchids are the best-known example with over 800 species including some of the highly-valued Paphiopedilum slipper orchids, but there are also over 600 species of ferns (more than the whole of Africa's 500 species) of which 50 are found nowhere else, and the richest collection in the world for the Nepenthes pitcher plants (five of the thirteen are found nowhere else on earth) which reach spectacular proportions (the largest-pitchered in the world being the endemic Nepenthes rajah). The parasitic Rafflesia plant, which has the largest single flower in the world, is also found in Kinabalu (particularly Rafflesia keithii whose flower grows to 94 centimetres (37 in) in diameter), though it should be noted that blooms of the flower are rare and difficult to find. Meanwhile another Rafflesia species, Rafflesia tengku-adlinii, can be found on the neighbouring Mount Trus Madi and the nearby Maliau Basin.
Its incredible biodiversity in plant life is due to a combination of several unique factors: its setting in one of the richest plant regions of the world (the tropical biogeographical region known as western Malesia which comprises the island of Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, and the island of Borneo), the fact that the mountain covers a wide climatic range from near sea level to freezing ground conditions near the summit, the jagged terrain and diversity of rocks and soils, the high levels of rainfall (averaging about 2,700 millimetres (110 in) a year at park HQ), and the climatic instability caused by periods of glaciation and catastrophic droughts which result in evolution and speciation. This diversity is greatest in the lowland regions (consisting of lowland dipterocarp forests, so called because the tree family Dipterocarpaceae are dominant). However, most of Kinabalu's endemic species are found in the mountain forests, particularly on ultramafic soils (i.e. soils which are low in phosphates and high in iron and metals poisonous to many plants; this high toxic content gave rise to the development of distinctive plant species found nowhere else).
The variety of plant life is also habitat for a great variety of birds and animals. There are some 326 species of birds in Kinabalu Park, including the spectacular Rhinoceros Hornbill, Mountain Serpent-eagle, Dulit Frogmouth, Eyebrowed Jungle Flycatcher, and Bare-headed Laughingthrush. Twenty-four birds are mainly found on the mountain and one, the Bornean Spiderhunter, is a pure endemic. The mountain is home to some 100 mammalian species mostly living high in the trees, including one of the four great apes, the orangutan (though sightings of these are uncommon; estimates of its numbers in the park range from 25 to 120). Other mammals include three kinds of deer, the Malayan Weasel (Mustela nudipes), Oriental Small-clawed Otter (Aonyx cinerea), and Leopard Cat (Felis bengalensis). Endemic mammals include the Black Shrew (Suncus ater) and Bornean Ferret-badger (Melogale everetti).
Threats and preservation
The steep mountainsides with poor soil are not suitable for farming or for the timber industry so the habitats and animal life of Kinabalu remain largely intact, with about a third of the original habitat now degraded. Kinabalu Park was established in 1964 and the nearby mountains were protected as the Crocker Range National Park in 1984. However even national park status does not guarantee full protection, as logging permits were granted on Trus Madi in 1984.
Mount Kinabalu is essentially a massive pluton formed from granodiorite which is intrusive into sedimentary and ultrabasic rocks, and forms the central part, or core, of the Kinabalu massif. The granodiorite is intrusive into strongly folded strata, probably of Eocene to Miocene age, and associated ultrabasic and basic igneous rocks. It was pushed up from the earth's crust as molten rock millions of years ago. In geological terms, it is a very young mountain as the granodiorite cooled and hardened only about 10 million years ago. The present landform is considered to be a mid-Pliocene peneplain, arched and deeply dissected, through which the Kinabalu granodiorite body has risen in isostatic adjustment. It is still pushing up at the rate of 5 mm per annum. During the Pleistocene Epoch of about 100,000 years ago, the massive mountain was covered by huge sheets of ice and glaciers which flowed down its slopes, scouring its surface in the process and creating the 1,800-metre (5,900 ft) deep Low's Gully (named after Hugh Low) on its north side. Its granite composition and the glacial formative processes are readily apparent when viewing its craggy rocky peaks.
British colonial administrator Hugh Low made the first recorded ascent of Mount Kinabalu's summit plateau in March 1851. Low did not scale the mountain's highest peak, however, considering it "inaccessible to any but winged animals". In April and July 1858, Low was accompanied on two further ascents by Spenser St. John, the British Consul in Brunei. The highest point of Mount Kinabalu was finally reached in 1888 by zoologist John Whitehead. British botanist Lilian Gibbs became the first woman and the first botanist to summit Mount Kinabalu in February 1910.
Botanist E. J. H. Corner led two important expeditions of the Royal Society of Great Britain to the mountain in 1961 and 1964. Kinabalu National Park was established in 1964. The park was designated a natural World Heritage Site in 2000.
Climbing route
Climbers must be accompanied by accredited guides at all times due to national park regulations. There are two main starting points for the climb: the Timpohon Gate (located 5.5 km from Kinabalu Park Headquarters, at an altitude of 1,866 metres (6,122 ft)), and the Mesilau Nature Resort. The latter starting point is slightly higher in elevation, but crosses a ridge, adding about two kilometres to the ascent and making the total elevation gain slightly higher. The two trails meet about two kilometres before Laban Rata.
Accommodation


text:
Whether you're an instrument rated pilot or not, there are times when you will need to copy down a clearance from air traffic control. And in the interest of time, the controller will give you the clearance quite quickly – faster than you could possibly write down the clearance verbatim. It is therefore critical as a pilot to develop a system for copying down the clearance that makes sense to you.
The FAA has published a shorthand guide that is quite useful. However, it didn't work for me. Like many of the mnemonics I used in school and during my pilot ground training, I had to develop my own. The key is to have a symbol or very short version for words and phrases used in clearances that you can jot down as quickly as you can say them. It may be a symbol or a short form of the word. As long as you can decipher what you're jotting down, it really doesn't matter.
You can also categorize your clearance to help make sense of it. By categorizing your clearance you don't need to write down as much to make sense of it. As for so many things in aviation, there's a mnemonic for that. This one is CRAFT. C – cleared to, R – route, A – altitude, F – frequency, T – transponder code. I write these letters on the lefthand side of my notepad and then all I need to do is to copy each portion of the clearance on each line. This method works well for both IFR and VFR clearances.


text:
Social deprivation increases risks of death after heart surgery
A major study of more than 40,000 patients has shown that social deprivation significantly reduces patients' chances of survival after heart surgery.
Research from the University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust has shown that patients from more socially deprived backgrounds had poorer survival rates after cardiac surgery both immediately after the operation (in hospital) and over five years of follow up.
These findings raise concerns that patients from deprived areas are not receiving the full benefits from proven surgical procedures.
This large scale research project involved the Birmingham and North West of England Cardiac Surgical Centres and the Quality & Outcomes Research Unit (QuORU) led by University Hospital Birmingham.
The paper, which is published today (Friday) in the British Medical Journal, looked at 44,902 patients (average age of 65) from the West Midlands and North West England, who received heart surgery at 5 different hospitals, between 1997 and 2007. This included data for a wide range of procedures including coronary bypass grafts and valve replacements. Deprivation for each patient was calculated using a scale compiled for the 2001 census.
Domenico Pagano who led the team of investigators from University Hospital Birmingham said: "This research suggests that the benefits of cardiac surgery are less in patients from deprived background. The challenge is to identify the factors that determine this gap and to address them
By conducting an extremely large analysis we are able to get a real sense of the factors which impact upon survival rates after cardiac surgery.
By looking at a large number of patients we have results that highlight national trends.
The success rates of common surgeries like coronary artery bypass grafting or valve replacement has improved significantly but this research shows that more deprived people do not survive as long as those who experience less deprivation, after surgery.
The study clearly showed smoking, obesity and diabetes, had a significant negative impact on survival rates. All these factors were strongly associated with social deprivation.
However, we were also able to show that social deprivation had an independent negative effect on survival that was clinically important and statistically significant even after adjusting for other factors."
The study showed that social deprivation was a highly significant factor in a patient's risks of in-hospital mortality after surgery (which was 3.25% amongst the group).
There was an even stronger relationship between social deprivation and death during the five-year follow up after surgery. 5563 patients (12.4%) died during the follow up period. However, there was a 2.4% rise in a patient's risk of mortality for each point of increase on the deprivation scale.
Professor Nick Freemantle from the University of Birmingham adds: "The relationship between deprivation and mortality was pronounced, but this study raises concerns that the effect of proven healthcare interventions may not be equally distributed across socioeconomic boundaries. The reasons for this relationship are complex, probably including diet, lifestyle and access to healthcare.
However, this study does highlight the paramount importance of developing rehabilitation programmes both before and after surgery which include aggressive smoking cessation, nutritional and behavioural support to try and reduce these health inequalities."
For further information contact Ben Hill, Press Officer, University of Birmingham, Tel 0121 _PHONE_, Mob 07789 921163
Notes to Editors
Further information about the study
Background Cardiac surgery offers a number of operations known to carry prognostic benefit. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of social deprivation on survival following cardiac surgery and to understand the influence of potentially modifiable risk factors in these patients.
Methods. We reviewed prospectively collected data on 44902 patients undergoing adult cardiac surgery between 1997 and 2007 in Birmingham and North West England. Social deprivation was calculated using the census based 2001 Carstairs scores. All cause in-hospital and mid-term follow up mortality was obtained from the Office of National Statistics, UK. Prognostic models were developed to examine the additional effect of social deprivation on these endpoints.
Results. In-hospital mortality for all cardiac procedures was 3.25% and mid-term follow up (median 1887 days; range _PHONE_ days) mortality and mid-term mortality was non-linear and risks were higher in the extremes of BMI (P<0.0001). Adjustment for smoking, BMI and diabetes reduced but did not eliminate the effects of social deprivation on mid-term mortality (HR 1.017 95%CI 1.007-1.026;P=0.0004).
Conclusions. Smoking, extremes of BMI and diabetes, which are potentially modifiable risk factors associated with social deprivation are responsible for a significant reduction in survival following surgery, but even after adjusting for these variables social deprivation remains a significant independent predictor of increased mortality risk.


Power Reactors: Classification and Characteristics
Power reactors can be heterogeneous or homogeneous. A heterogeneous power reactor has a large number of fuel rods with the coolant circulating around them and carrying away the heat released by nuclear fission. In a homogeneous reactor, the fuel and moderator are mixed, e.g. a fissionable salt of uranium like uranium sulfate or uranium nitrate dissolved in the moderator like water (H2O) or heavy water (D2O). The solution is critical in the core. Due to difficulties in component maintenance, induced radioactivity, erosion and corrosion, homogeneous reactors are not common. Present day nuclear reactors are of the heterogeneous class. These power reactors are again classified on the criteria fuel used, the neutron flux spectrum, the coolant and the moderator if used.
Table 1: Reactor classification
Neutron flux spectrum
Fuel material
Thermal Light water Light water Enriched uranium
Heavy water Heavy water Natural uranium
Graphite Gas (CO2) Natural or enriched uranium
Fast Nil Liquid metal (Na, K) Plutonium, thorium
Light water-cooled and moderated reactors (LWR) using slightly enriched uranium fuel are the type most commonly used for power production These reactors are further divided into:
 1. Pressurized water reactor (PWR)
 2. Boiling water reactor (BWR).
Schematics diagram of different nuclear power reactors
Figure 1: Schematics diagram of different nuclear power reactors
High temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGR) have been used in European countries like the United Kingdom, France and Germany. Fast reactors which use high energy neutrons for fission and require no moderator utilize a liquid metal as a coolant with either plutonium or a plutonium-uranium mixture of fuel. Liquid metal fast breeder reactors (LMFBR) are likely to be a source of electric power for the future. A breeder reactor produces more fissionable isotope then what it consumes. The schematic diagrams for nuclear steam supply systems (NSSS) of five different types of reactors are shown in the below figure.
The characteristics of different reactor systems are provided in the below table 2.
Table 2: Characteristics of typical power reactors
Electric power (MWe) _PHONE_ 1000 330
Thermal power (MW th) 3800 3000 2750 842
Specific power (kW th/kg) 33 26 575 50
Power density (kW th/m3) 100 60 300 10
 Core height (m) 4.25 3.75 1.50 5.0
 Core diameter (m) 3.50 4.90 3.25 5.9
 Coolant H2O H2O Liq.Na He
 Pressure (MPa) 15.5 7.2 0.8 4.8
Inlet temperature (°C) 280 275 330 400
Outlet Temperature (°C) 310 285 500 770
Coolant Flow rate (Mg/s) 20 12 11 0.45
Average linear heat rate (kW/m) 22.5 20 30
PWR: Pressurized Water Reactor,
BWR: Boiling Water Reactor,
LMFBR: Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor,
HTGR: High-Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor.
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230-Million-Year-Old "Godfather" of the Tyrannosaurus Rex Unearthed in Brazil
Ancient dinosaur bones from what is believed to have been the oldest relative of the Tyrannosaurus rex have been unearthed in Brazil. Nicknamed the "godfather" of the Tyrannosaurus rex, the remains belonged to a species called Erythrovenator that lived about 230 million years ago.
Dinosaur bones from that far back are very rare. In fact, it is believed that the Erythrovenator was the first ever meat-eating dinosaur that lived on Earth.
The remains, that included a thigh bone, were unearthed at a farm in Brazil's southernmost state of Rio Grande do Sul. Based on analysis of the bones, the Erythrovenator would have grown to about six and a half feet in length. It had extremely sharp claws and teeth, in addition to being covered in bristles.
The Erythrovenator has been nicknamed the "godfather" of the Tyrannosaurus rex.
Dr. Rodrigo Muller, who is a palaeontologist from the Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil, explained that even though the Erythrovenator was quite small compared to other dinosaurs, it was still considered to be an alpha predator that ate mostly insects, lizards, and other prehistoric mammals. "It was a fast and vicious hunter, with strong leg muscles. The animal had sharp and blade-like teeth, like other early theropods. We believe its skin had feather-like structures," he said.
Dr. Muller went on to say, "This is the lineage of scary and carnivorous dinosaurs, like Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptor of Jurassic Park fame," adding, "But the Erythrovenator was around almost 150 million years before them. It comes from the dawn of the dinosaur age." The Erythrovenator has been called a miniature Tyrannosaurus rex with traits similar to those of a Velociraptor and a Spinosaurus.
And researchers have very little evidence of a predator to the Erythrovenator. "So far, the only evidence from the site of an animal that may have eaten Erythrovenator is an isolated large tooth. It probably belongs to a big, primitive crocodile," Dr. Muller stated.
The Erythrovenator had razor-sharp teeth.
Another interesting discovery was that other animal fossils were recovered near the Erythrovenator and they belonged to species that the dinosaur would have feasted on such as a cynodont. Cynodonts were mammal-like reptiles (they looked like a scaly rat) that were quite small (smaller than a loaf of bread) and lived in Brazil approximately 235 million years ago. Its pointy, upper-canine-like teeth indicated that it probably ate insects.
Pictures of the site where the bones were found as well as what the Erythrovenator would have looked like hundreds of millions of years ago can be seen here.


text:
2-aminopurine (2-AP) is a fluorescent analog of adenine (6-aminopurine). The fluorescence of 2-AP ia quenched once it is incorporated into the base-stacked structure of dsDNA. However, if the base stacking or base pairing of DNA is locally perturbed, the fluorescence of 2-AP is enhanced. Therefore the intensity of fluorescence emissions by 2-AP molecules can be used to monitor perturbations in DNA structure caused by interactions between DNA and proteins, such as DNA polymerase, helicase, and methyl transferase.
Subjects: Genetics and Genomics.


text:
Estimating the Effects of Pharmaceutical Innovations on Patients' Employment Outcomes
Publication Date: September 2003
Publisher(s): Pardee Rand Graduate School
Author(s): Yuhua Bao
In recent years, advances in medical technologies have been a major source of the increasing cost of health care in the United States. Society and policymakers must increasingly make hard choices when allocating limited resources among competing uses, and evaluating the benefits and costs of new technologies is becoming more urgent. However, current approaches to evaluating the benefits of medical technologies often ignore employment-related benefits, thus undervaluing interventions that improve functioning and productivity among the working-age population. This dissertation reviews evidence of employment-related benefits resulting from effective treatment. The author developed a model showing that the observed incremental labor supply is a result both of more-effective treatment and of other factors such as eligibility for employment-based or public health insurance, both of which are tied to employment status. She then conducted two empirical studies to estimate the employment effects of treatment-one on the effect of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on HIV patients' employment transitions, the other on the effect of recent improvements in pharmacological therapies for hypertension. The author concludes that when translating estimated employment effects into employment-related benefits, one must be aware of possible labor market adjustments associated with the change and base the analysis on labor market equilibria.


text:
On Thursday 8th February, the Year 4 children enjoyed a science day focusing on changes in state. They were lucky enough to be given the chance to enter the science lab and experience a variety of hands on investigations.
The children delighted in being able to use Bunsen burners to investigate the different melting points of a variety of solids from cheese to candle wax. Through this experience, the children found out about reversible and non reversible changes and watched carefully as the newly created liquids returned to a solid state.
The children were also challenged to find the most effective thermal insulator. Pingu needed his ice lolly to be kept cold and so it was up to the children to determine which covering was the most effective at keeping the heat out. This task required them to make predictions as to the most and least effective insulators.
The day's investigations also helped develop the children's understanding of the movement of heat and gave them the opportunity to practise measuring and recording temperature changes. An informative and exciting day was had by all!


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CARE & SUPPLIES
CAPTIVE SINCE 2008
CAPTIVE SINCE 2008
CARE & SUPPLIES
loves full moons
CHAMELEON CARE SHEET
Chameleons make rewarding pets, but they need a lot of attention. Their care can be more demanding than many other reptiles, and some species are particularly difficult to keep. Some of your first considerations should be about the appropriateness of a chameleon in your care. It is important to recognize that chameleons are shy, solitary animals that would much rather be left alone. Some chameleons show stress and anger when being handled, but we believe that handling builds trust.
Frequent handling can be tolerated with most captive breed species. Wild caught chameleons are prone to stress during such interactions which can lead to illnesses that are difficult to catch and treat. Further, similar stress can occur under inadequate husbandry conditions, so it is important to provide an appropriate environment and consistent care.
Additionally, being solitary animals, chameleons do not tolerate cohabitation with other animals, even their own species. In most circumstances, your chameleon should be housed alone.
Most chameleons are easiest to keep in a screen or wire mesh enclosure. These are available in various forms. Aluminum-framed screen cages and PVC framed mesh enclosures are the most common. Chameleons do not do well with the stagnant air associated with most tanks. Further, there are occasionally issues with reflection and barrier confusion in glass enclosures.In general, it is easiest to keep chameleons in screen enclosures to eliminate these issues.
Many new keepers often worry about their ability to maintain humidity and temperature in mesh enclosures. Thankfully, there are various methods of doing so. mentioned below. Chameleons are, for the most part, arboreal animals. When designing their enclosures, it is important to remember this andprovide branches and other items for climbing.
Enclosures should provide sufficient vertical space, but not neglect horizontal room. Adult male Panther or Veiled Chameleons do well in cages 4 feet tall and 2 feet square. Females do well in somewhat smaller enclosures. When placing your enclosure in your home, remember chameleons live in trees and bushes and height is one of their protection mechanisms from predators. As a result, having the cage low to the ground can be potentially stressful for your chameleon, and you should consider elevating the enclosure to provide for this comfort.
Chameleons require a decent amount of foliage cover to feel secure. While some keepers are inclined to provide fake plants, live plants are far superior, and also have other benefits. To start with, live plants help maintain humidity in the enclosure which is important for chameleons. Further, some species, like Veiled Chameleons, are omnivores and will eat some of the leaves from the plants in their enclosure. Additionally, live plants provide excellent coverage and climbing area.
It is important to stick to nontoxic plant species in case your chameleon or its feeders should ingest any of the plant. Some commonly utilized species include various Ficus trees, Hibiscus, Pothos and Schefflera. These plants should be washed prior to being placed in the enclosure to remove any pesticides used by their supplier. In addition to plants, both vertical and horizontal branches should be provided for the chameleon to use. Such branches should be of varying diameter to provide the chameleon with the ability to grasp surfaces of different dimensions. Manzanita and wooden dowels with push pins or thumbtacks to hold them in place work well.
Substrates should be avoided in chameleon enclosures. They provide a risk of impaction to the animal, are a breeding ground for bacteria and fungus and are of little use to chameleons. Bare bottom enclosures or use of paper towels is recommended. It is, however, important to keep the bottom of the enclosure clean to prevent fungal and bacteria buildup.
Chameleons require UVB radiation to aid in calcium absorption. Many lights claim to provide UVB radiation for reptiles but these claims are often overstated or inaccurate. Even bulbs that claim to have equal UVB output to other recommended bulbs frequently do not test nearly as high in independent studies.
In general, the Reptisun 5.0 is considered to be the best bulb for chameleons. It provides the appropriate amount of UVB lighting with generally good results for keepers. That said, your chameleon will need to be able to sit within 12 inches of the bulb to properly utilize the rays and the bulb should be replaced every 6 months to a year. In addition to a UVB source, an incandescent light source should be provided for basking. Wattage will vary depending on desired basking spot temperature, distance from basking spot and ambient temperature. You will want to place the bulb in such a way as to provide a temperature gradient in the enclosure for your chameleon to vary its body temperature as it pleases. This gradient should range from areas in the mid 70s to a recommended basking temperature in the high 90s. Care should be taken to prevent your chameleon from being able to get too close to a basking light, as serious burns can occur, seemingly without the chameleon becoming aware during occurrence.
Mercury vapor and other similar bulbs advertise their ability to provide both heat and UVB radiation in one. These should generally be avoided with most chameleon enclosures, however; as they fails to provide independent UVB and temperature gradients in most enclosures. The UVB radiance levels and radiance distances are simply too high to be used in most chameleon enclosures effectively and should be avoided by new keepers.
Chameleons don't tend to recognize standing water as a source of drinking water. As a result, and since water bowls can be a source of bacteria and fungal buildup, standing water sources are not recommended for chameleons. Instead, chameleons should be misted heavily a couple times a day for a minimum of 5 minutes each session. Many chameleons don't begin drinking until a couple minutes into a mist, and as a result, require misting sessions of this length. The chameleon will start to lick its lips and lap water off the leaves of the plants in its enclosure. In addition to misting, you can provide a drip system whereby a container above the cage gradually drips water onto the leaves inside the enclosure over a period of a few hours a day. You can make one by punching a small hole in the bottom of a deli cup, or other container until it is of appropriate size to gradually drip water into the cage.
Often, new keepers try to incorporate a waterfall into their enclosure on the recommendation of a pet store or the manufacturer. Unfortunately, while it eliminates the issue of the chameleon not recognizing standing water and helps humidity, it is also a breeding ground for bacteria and fungus that you are encouraging your chameleon to drink from. Further, chameleons tend to defecate in such devices only adding to the problem. It is best to avoid these waterfalls and stick to misting and drippers. In general, misting a few times a day, a drip system and live plants are sufficient to provide appropriate humidity in screen enclosures. If shedding issues occur or humidity otherwise seems too low, a humidifier aimed at the enclosure can be utilized as long as it is kept clean.
FEEDING AND NUTRITION
A varied diet is important for chameleons. It helps balance their nutrition and prevents hunger strikes. Excellent staple feeders include well-fed crickets, silkworms and roach nymphs, and treats include farm raised flies, hornworms, mantids, stick insects and superworms. Your feeders should be well fed themselves to promote a well balanced diet. Provide them with a diet of various leafy green vegetables and fruit. Broccoli, soy and spinach, however, should be avoided, as it is known to bind Chameleons' calcium absorption pathways. In addition to providing your feeders with appropriate food, you'll need to occasionally dust your feeders with vitamin and mineral supplements as you feed them to your chameleon. Vitamin supplements should be used less often than calcium supplement and the frequency of each will vary based on the chameleon species, sex and age.
An important aspect of chameleon care is observation and noting changes in health and behavior early. Illness in chameleons progresses quickly. Often, once it is noticeable, it may already be extremely difficult to treat. A healthy chameleon should not sleep during the day, should have full, open eyes with turrets that are not sunken in, should have a firm grip for its size, should not have extra bends or elbows in its limbs or a flexible casque (head crest) and should not make crackling or popping sounds when it breathes. If you observe any inconsistencies or notice any behavior changes, you should seek out a qualified reptile vet for assistance.
Some chameleon species are able to change their skin colors. Different chameleon species are able to change different colors which can include pink, blue, red, orange, green, black, brown, light blue, yellow, turquoise and purple.Color change in chameleons happens in social signaling and in reactions to temperature and to camouflage. The relative importance of the changing colors varies with the circumstances as well as the species. Color change signals a chameleon's physiological condition and intentions to other chameleons.
Chameleons tend to show darker colors when angered, or attempting to scare or intimidate others, while males


the years or sprouted up to challenge others.[1][21][27] At the close of the Third Era, the five most important houses were Hlaalu, Redoran, Telvanni, Dres and Indoril, each which had existed for thousands of years, since at least the War of the First Council.[28][8][21] While the details are limited, it is known that each of the Houses survived the cataclysms following the fall of the Tribunal Temple - with the exception of House Hlaalu, which lost its position to the previously-unknown House Sadras. In the most recent two centuries, House Redoran has become the most powerful of the Great Houses, taking the mantle the Hlaalu had held prior, and the Indoril before them.[29] Historically, Indoril has been so heavily involved with the Temple itself that it is hard to distinguish the two.[3] Following the collapse of the Tribunal Temple, House Indoril and the New Temple became regarded as one in the same.[30] In the Ashlands, native tribes ruled without laws or government and lived strictly by codes, rituals, and ancient traditions usually dictated by a wise woman or seer and implemented by a clan leader. They lived in the deserts and plains of the Ashlands and Grazelands.
The "peaceful" status quo for Dunmer was considered quite'savage' by westerners, even when led by living gods.[1][8] Political machinations are constant.[12] Assassinations are common; with the legally established Morag Tong providing services.[1][3] A huge amount of black market activity thrives along Morrowind's extensive coastlines. Dissidents to the Temple and other subversives over the years have been hunted and persecuted.[31][32] Slavery used to be commonplace.[1] Mostly Khajiit or Argonian slaves were trafficked, although many men and mer were also enslaved.[1] Goblins were also seen as a significant slave "resource".[33] The Third Empire of Tiber Septim had banned slavery, but Dunmer were allowed to keep their own sacred and traditional laws in their entrance to the Empire. Despite these claims that owning slaves is their right, many Dunmer still found the practice abhorrent and immoral, and abolitionist groups continued to crop up within Dunmeri society.[34] By the end of the Third Era, the abolitionists had won, and King Helseth officially abolished slavery. [8] Necromancy is also practiced openly by some Dunmer, though never with Dunmer corpses.[5]
The Great Houses generally followed the established Tribunal Temple, which preached faith for the Tribunal, respect for the "Good Daedra" who recognized the Tribunal, and veneration of ancestors.[5] There was some practicality to this: ancestral remains are used to power ghost fences to ward off spirits, notably the one created by the Tribunal at the closing of the Second Era that surrounded Red Mountain for hundreds of years to keep Dagoth Ur and his minions at bay.[1][5][12] Historically, the Dunmer have resisted worshipping the Aedra of the Nine Divines, whom they viewed as heretical apostasies whose worshippers were on occasion punished severely.[35] The Dunmer were swift in re-establishing the traditions of ancestor and Daedra worship that Ashlanders had kept alive as the New Temple.[30][36][37]
See Also[edit]
 2. ^ Generic Dialogue on the topic of "Dunmer" from Morrowind
 3. ^ a b c d On MorrowindErramanwe of Sunhold
 4. ^ Ask Us Anything Variety Pack 4
 5. ^ a b c d e Ancestors and the Dunmer
 6. ^ The Real Barenziah, Part IIIPlitinius Mero
 7. ^ a b c d e f The Infernal City — Gregory Keyes
 9. ^ a b c d e f The Battle of Red MountainVivec
 10. ^ a b Nerevar at Red Mountainthe Tribunal Temple
 11. ^ The Real Nerevar
 12. ^ a b c d e f A Short History of MorrowindJeanette Sitte
 13. ^ Lives of the SaintsTribunal Temple
 14. ^ Vivec and Mephala
 15. ^ Plan to Defeat Dagoth UrVivec
 16. ^ a b c d e f Events of Morrowind
 17. ^ Rumors heard during the Oblivion Crisis
 18. ^ Lymdrenn Tenvanni's JournalLymdrenn Tenvanni
 19. ^ a b Adril Arano's dialogue in Dragonborn
 20. ^ Lord of Souls — Gregory Keyes
 21. ^ a b c d e Great Houses of Morrowind
 22. ^ Madam Firilanya's correspondence mentions the Telvanni towers
 23. ^ a b c Events of ESO: Morrowind
 24. ^ a b Events of ESO
 25. ^ a b Fort Arand loading screen text in ESO
 26. ^ Varieties of Faith...Brother Mikhael Karkuxor of the Imperial College
 27. ^ The Battle of Molag Beran
 28. ^ The War of the First CouncilAgrippa Fundilius
 29. ^ Lleril Morvayn's dialogue in Dragonborn
 30. ^ a b The ReclamationsThara of Rihad
 31. ^ The House of Troubles
 32. ^ Progress of TruthDissident Priests
 33. ^ Aldryn Dres' dialogue in ESO
 34. ^ Generic Dialogue on the topic of "Abolitionists" from Morrowind
 35. ^ Ordinator Edict: Mandate SixteenInquisitor Nivos Uveran
 36. ^ The Anticipations — Anonymous
 37. ^ Vivec's conversation with the Nerevarine after the defeat of Dagoth Ur


Paul Evans > Sentinel > Sentinel
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Module Version: 0.05 Source
Sentinel - create lightweight SCALARs with get/set callbacks
 package Some::Class;
 use Sentinel;
 sub foo :lvalue
 my $self = shift;
 sub bar :lvalue
 my $self = shift;
 sentinel value => $self->get_bar,
 set => sub { $self->set_bar( $_[0] ) };
 sub splot :lvalue
 sentinel obj => shift, get => \&get_splot, set => \&set_splot;
 sub wibble :lvalue
 sentinel obj => shift, get => "get_wibble", set => "set_wibble";
This module provides a single lvalue function, sentinel, which yields a scalar that invoke callbacks to get or set its value. Primarily this is useful to create lvalue object accessors or other functions, to invoke actual code when a new value is set, rather than simply updating a scalar variable.
$scalar = sentinel %args
Returns (as an lvalue) a scalar with magic attached to it. This magic is used to get the value of the scalar, or to inform of a new value being set, by invoking callback functions supplied to the sentinel. Takes the following named arguments:
get => CODE
A CODE reference or obj method name to invoke when the value of the scalar is read, to obtain its value. The value returned from this code will appear as the value of the scalar.
set => CODE
A CODE reference or obj method name to invoke when a new value for the scalar is written. The code will be passed the new value as its only argument.
value => SCALAR
If no get callback is provided, this value is given as the initial value of the scalar. If the scalar manages to survive longer than a single assignment, its value on read will retain the last value set to it.
obj => SCALAR
Optional value to pass as the first argument into the get and set callbacks. If this value is provided, then the get and set callbacks may be given as direct sub references to object methods, or simply method names, rather than closures that capture the referent object. This avoids the runtime overhead of creating lots of small one-use closures around the object.
A useful behaviour of this module is generation of mutation accessor methods that automatically wrap get_/set_ accessor/mutator pairs:
 foreach (qw( name address age height )) {
 my $name = $_;
 no strict'refs';
 *$name = sub :lvalue {
 sentinel obj => shift, get => "get_$name", set => "set_$name";
This is especially useful for methods whose values are simple strings or numbers, because they allow Perl's rich set of mutation operators to be applied to the object's values.
 $obj->name =~ s/-/_/g;
 substr( $obj->address, 100 ) = "";
 $obj->height /= 100;
If an XS compiler is available at build time, this module is implemented using XS. If not, it falls back on an implementation using a tied scalar. A pureperl installation can also be requested at build time by passing the --pp argument to Build.PL:
 $ perl Build.PL --pp
 $./Build
With thanks to leont, Zefram, and others from for assisting with trickier bits of XS logic. Thanks to mst for suggesting a pureperl implementation for XS-challenged systems.
Paul Evans <>
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Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Parliament consists of the Senate (76 seats; 12 members from each of the six states and 2 from each of the two mainland territories; one-half of state members are elected every three years by popular vote to serve six-year terms while all territory members are elected every three years) and the House of Representatives (150 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve terms of up to three-years; no state can have fewer than 5 representatives)
Definition: This entry contains information on the structure (unicameral, bicameral, tricameral), formal name, number of seats, and term of office. Elections includes the nature of election process or accession to power, date of the last election, and date of the next election. Election results includes the percent of vote and/or number of seats held by each party in the last election.
Source: CIA World Factbook - Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of February 21, 2013
© 2013 IndexMundi. All rights reserved.


text:
The ancient Egyptian tomb evolved rapidly over a period of about 2,500 years, from a simple backfilled pit to an enormous stone pyramid with complex security arrangements. Much of this development was arguably driven by the ever-present threat of tomb robbery, which compelled tomb builders to introduce special architectural measures to prevent it. However, until now most scholarly Egyptological discussions of tomb security have tended to be brief and usually included only as part of a larger work, the topic instead being the subject of lurid speculation and fantasy in novels, the popular press, and cinema.
In Securing Eternity, Reg Clark traces in detail the development of the Egyptian royal and private tombs from the Predynastic Period to the early Fourth Dynasty. In doing so, he demonstrates that many of the familiar architectural elements of the Egyptian tomb that we take for granted today in fact originated from security features to protect the tomb, rather than from monumental or religious considerations. Richly illustrated with more than 150 photographs and tomb plans, this unique study will be of interest to students, specialists, and general readers alike.
|Publisher:||American University in Cairo Press, The|
|Product dimensions:||6.00(w) x 9.10(h) x 1.10(d)|
About the Author
Reg Clark initially trained as a graphic designer at the West Surrey College of Art and Design before studying Egyptian Archaeology at Swansea University, where he received his BA in 2008, and his PhD in 2014.
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
Abbreviations and Conventions
1. The Purpose and Context of the Egyptian Tomb and the Need for It to Be Secure
2. Securing the Early Tomb: Prehistory to the End of the Predynastic Period
3. Defending the Pit Tomb: From Egyptís Unification to the Mid First Dynasty
4. Portals, Passages, and Portcullises: The Second Half of the First Dynasty
5. Subterranean Sepulchers: New Security Developments in the Second Dynasty
6. A Parting of the Ways: Step Pyramids and Mastabas in the Third Dynasty
7. Pyramids and Plug-Stones: Security Innovations in the Early Fourth Dynasty


text:
by the approach of the unmanned balloon.
Jonasson, unlike many other early aerialists,
lived to an old age, dying in Thames in 1959. He is said
to have undertaken his last parachute jump, from an aeroplane
this time, in the 1930s. He broke a leg as he landed.
The advent of heavier-than-air flight put
an end to the hot air balloonists until the 1960s, when the
combination of coated nylon fabrics and butane burners enabled
modern adventurers to take to the air again in hot air balloons.
In Wairarapa renowned potter Jim Greig from
Carterton led the resurgence with his balloon, Bernina in
the early 1970s.


Printable bionic ear sends hearing to the dogs
(Credit: Frank Wojciechowski)
To create the ear, the team used bioprinting in hydrogel, first using a computer program to break down the structure of the ear into thin slices. These slices were then printed with a 3D printer using cells from a calf, which later formed the cartilage, plastics, and silver nanoparticles to create a precise model of a human ear with the antenna already embedded. Part of the challenge was merging a soft material (tissue) with a hard one (electronics), which the cartilage helped alleviate.
The ear itself consists of the cartilage structure, with a coiled antenna embedded within. Two wires can connect to a helical cochlea, which in turn can connect to electrodes -- or possibly, a patient's aural nerve endings, much like a hearing aid, restoring or enhancing hearing. However, the technology would have to undergo extensive testing before it could be applied to a human patient.
"The design and implementation of bionic organs and devices that enhance human capabilities, known as cybernetics, has been an area of increasing scientific interest," the researchers wrote. "This field has the potential to generate customized replacement parts for the human body, or even create organs containing capabilities beyond what human biology ordinarily provides."
The full study, "A 3D Printed Bionic Ear", can be read in the journal Nano Letters.
(Source: Crave Australia)
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text: The history of Baja California has been closely tied to the exploitation of pearls since the 16th century. Using rudimentary diving techniques for most of this era, European and Mexican entrepreneurs recovered vast amounts of fine, dark pearls from this region. However, years of overfishing inevitably led to decades when the oyster beds were all but barren. Introduction of the diving suit in the 19th century extended the depth of the beds that could be fished, but overexploitation continued largely unchecked. Cultivation of the pearl oyster Pinctadamazatlanica by Gaston Vives, between 1903 and 1914, greatly slowed exhaustion of the natural stock. His company, CCCP, represented the world's first large-scale cultivation of pearl oysters, and many of Vives's discoveries are used today in renewed pearl-oyster cultivation and pearl-culturing activities in Baja California.