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Rule #3, in our ongoing discussion about rules.
The Rule:
 1. Ad hominem attacks and name calling.
 2. Blatantly bigoted or derogatory statements or remarks about
someone's race, gender, or sexual orientation.
 3. Posting any contents of private conversations without the
expressed consent of all people involved.
 4. Disclosing private information about a fellow member without
their expressed consent.
 5. Posting inappropriate or private pictures of fellow members
without their expressed consent.
 6. Making negative threads targeting fellow members.
The Reason:
getting along on Atheist Nexus and nobody should be subjected to an
matter of contention among members.
can see is happening using their judgment. It is another instance
harassment" are not the only ways to harass people.
a. Ad hominem attacks and name calling.
names, they'll never get in trouble for calling others names.
Attacking people's character in order to discredit their ideas falls
that person is acting foolish, their actions will speak for
themselves. Opinions about their IQ, the likely chemical composition
of their brain, the legitimacy of their parentage and other such
things are immaterial to discourse and hurtful.
b. Blatantly bigoted or derogatory statements or remarks about
someone's race, gender, disability, age or sexual orientation.
internet. This isn't one of them.
c. Posting any contents of private conversations without the expressed
consent of all people involved.
Things written in private should stay private. The exception to this
moderation staff. It is never appropriate to publicly post the
contents of a private message without the senders permission.
d. Disclosing private information about a fellow member without their
expressed consent.
This rule is meant to protect people from being harassed via other
name can be potentially harmful to that person, especially considering
the nature of this website and the prevailing attitudes toward
atheists and non-believers in most places around the world.
e. Posting inappropriate or private pictures of fellow members without
their expressed consent.
us to obtain permission before posting pictures of other members.
f. Making negative threads targeting fellow members.
which has been associated with a person with such vitriol or passive
aggression that it becomes indistinguishable from a personal attack.
of harassment because of our respect for the freedom of speech is
causing a lot of problems.
sound evidence and thinking. It's not wrong to challenge someone's
convince them or knock down an idea that has presumably already been
knocked down is accomplishing nothing. People are not obliged to
obligations. Nobody has the right to persistently attempt to force
another person into a conversation they don't want to have.
moderators to decide. Their decisions need to be respected.
The Action:
If it is determined that a member is harassing another member,
depending on the severity, they will usually receive a warning to
of warnings because a particular offender has decided to simply switch
targets. People who chronically hassle other members will be banned.
has manufactured nothing of value--it's going to stop.
little less argumentative.
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Replies to This Discussion
_USER_ - Jo, I invite and even encourage you (or anyone) to go through my Latest Activity and point out all my "undue vitriol", un-civility, and projected anger.... I think you'll see my cereal is basically piss-free and that the remark was immature and uncalled for at the very least.
I made no judgement about the specific piss content of your cereal.
I was addressing what I felt was your incorrect assessment of the colloquialism.
But thank you for illustrating what I meant earlier about misrepresentation of people in post replies. This is an excellent example.
That said, since you asked, in discussion of rule #1:
You seem to be implying that rule #1 was chosen for discussion #1 because it is "easy," rather than the more logical conclusion that moJoe is taking each rule in numerical order. You then sound angrily cynical in your statement that the rule is unenforceable, before going on to say "there's lot's of 12 year olds who would be more mature and interesting than some of the intolerant, self-righteous atheist purists that permeate this site." That statement sounds as if you are angry with the intolerant, self-righteous atheist purists and taking that anger out on moJoe. "Sounds like." Subjective view.
Your next comment could have been intended as a frank, "I lack confidence that revisiting site rules and reorganizing management will improve matters" and "I patiently await your reply to Felch," but it came off a whole lot bitchier than that. But that's again just my subjective view.
Finally, you could have said something like "I'm just concerned about laws regarding minorities and hope that A/N staff and its counsel has thoroughly covered them." But instead it is frames more like "A/N doesn't give a shit and is blowing off suggestions."
I can not speak for Brother Richard, but I do agree based on those three posts that made up your body of replies until the time he replied, that it sounds like someone pissed in your cornflakes.
***And just in case this starts to devolve into an I-suck-less defense, I readily admit that I too have regrettably posted many, many times with the aftertaste of cornflake pee in my mouth. As I see the effort being put forth by moJoe and BR, though I haven't been spanked or otherwise by the mods, I am endeavoring to do my part to make my posts more pee-free in the interest of ensuring I too am following site rules.
My meaning is this: If you are Republican don't join a Democrat group to debate. If you are a vegan don't join a meat-eating group to make converts.
The above statements are from Brother Richard's original post.
Rule #3 is silent on this. This is a gray area IMO that needs to be clarified or included in rule #3.
_USER_ this is true. It does need to be addressed either in this rule or another one.
Just an observation, which will probably be unpopular. Nonetheless, it is worth pointing out.
There is a certain irony that a site in which it is fair game to make comments that Christians are stupid, the Pope is evil, Muslim women are bitches, and what not, i.e., condemn people in harsh terms for their beliefs, to make a rule that you may not make similar condemnations here of people whose ideas you consider ridiculous.
Once again, this is not a value judgment. It is just an observation that i believe is worth thinking about.
Name calling gets attention, and the loudest most creative & colorful name caller gets a reputation for being the loudest most creative & colorful name caller, but does it result in winning the hearts and minds of the listener? Or do we regard the name caller as worthy of ridicule? And are we just afraid to say so?
I did call someone an idiot for fabricating a tale. He was obviously trolling. You may find the original post in The Arrogance Of Being Right.
If there's one category that deserves the tag, it's the trolls. This is just one dimension of this name-calling issue. Others may have others on their list.
While the new debate forum and format is still being drafted, some observations and suggestions:
1. Civil debate is encouraged in the general discussion forum BUT if the discussion begins to escalate (which happens to be the norm not the exception), the Moderators have the option to move the discussion into a sub-category or group where anything goes. This was suggested earlier by another member on BR's original post. I think this will keep everyone happy - the dicks and the whiners. Perhaps we can call this The Kitchen. Additionally, If a discussion has been moved to The Kitchen, it continues there and ends there. No participant to that particular topic should be allowed to clutter the forum by posting a new thread or blog just because he/she can't take the heat inside The Kitchen.
2. Raiding groups should not be tolerated. One can use the general discussion forum or his blog page to rail against or attack an issue or idea. Case in point – Why Not Debunk Every Group On A|N…? The link is broken since the member has decided to leave A|N. Hounding people (who follow or is exploring an idea you do not share) in their individual groups serves no valid purpose except to provoke. Groups reserve the right and discretion to invite debates subject to their own group rules. There has to be accepted rules of engagement. The site is growing. It's a no-brainer that some order has to be maintained.
3. For the professional fundie trolls and nutjobs that randomly drop from nowhere into this site to proselytize, they do deserve the tag (until the Mods delete their crap.)
Just my 2 cents.
Good points Roy.
Joe and I were talking today about setting up the free-for-all debate forum once we finish going over the rules.
Apparently, no matter how much we repeat ourselves, some people just refuse to understand. We have never said it was wrong to confront someone's idiotic ideas. We have only said it was wrong to attack the person by calling them an idiot. This is what civilized adults do. Very few of us would last very long at our jobs if we went around calling our co-workers idiots. We say things like, "I disagree," or "That's not how I see things, can I tell you my opinion." I don't


text:
In traffic signal timing, a demand-actuated traffic signal is one that remains red most of the time and turns green only when it detects a vehicle stopped in an approaching lane. A dead red is a demand-actuated traffic signal that is malfunctioning because it is failing to detect a smaller vehicle, especially a bicycle or motorcycle. Dead reds harm the environment by discouraging people from using a bicycle or motorcycle to commute to and from work.
There are two ways to fix a dead red: either detect all vehicles, or acknowledge that some vehicles will never be detected.
Many signal sets use an induction loop as a "metal detector". The detector pumps kilohertz radiation into a loop of wire embedded in the pavement, and proximity of the metal surface in a vehicle disrupts a magnetic field and decreases the loop's inductance. These can be set more or less sensitive depending on the size of vehicles that one wants to detect. Ideally, a loop would be sensitive enough to detect a bike but selective enough not to detect a tractor-trailer in an adjacent lane.
A 6 by 20 foot (1.8 by 6 m) rectangular loop is probably the worst for detecting bicycles. It's apparently intended to detect vehicles while rejecting adjacent lane noise, but it's not sensitive enough to pick up a bike. An octagonal loop 6 feet (1.8 m) in diameter is better; a bike with metal wheels can ordinarily trigger these by making a chord of the circle with its front and back wheels. There are even better patterns: a figure eight loop and a diagonal pattern. The figure eight loop is most sensitive in the middle, allowing the trigger threshold to be turned down to detect bikes without picking up adjacent-lane noise, and the diagonal pattern is more evenly sensitive all over.
Another way is to install a low-resolution camera that senses motion. These visually detect a small vehicle entering the lane and work even for carbon-fiber bicycles.
A third way, used commonly on streets with enough pedestrian traffic to have a sidewalk, is to install pedestrian call buttons. This way, a cyclist can at least leave the bike to request a green light.
The problem with methods of improving detection is that they all cost money to install and obstruct the flow of traffic while they are being installed. Installing them might frustrate motorists who encounter closed roads and taxpayers who notice an increase in their income tax, property tax, or fuel price. If there aren't enough bicyclists or motorcyclists to outvote inconvenienced motorists, there's no political justification for making a change. Cameras also have the disadvantage that they might be confused with "big brother" surveillance cameras or with the red-light cameras that commonly prompt allegations of conflict of interest on the part of law enforcement.
The other way is to acknowledge that not all vehicles will be detected.
One way is to make the signal not purely actuated by adding a "nudge phase", or an occasional green phase every few minutes even if no actuation occurs.
Another is to enact a "dead red law", as has been done in Missouri and some other states. Such a law creates a defense to running a red light if the intersection is clear and the driver reasonably believes that a signal is a dead red.
A third, and probably least desirable, way is to add signs directing bicyclists and motorcyclists to make a right turn on red followed by a U-turn.
The disadvantage of a nudge phase is that it may inconvenience motorists who wonder why they are stopped at a red when a lane with no vehicles is getting a green. Critics have called dead red laws a license to run red lights.
- Brent Hugh. "Dead Red for motorcycles & bicycles passes (again)". Missouri Bicycle and Pedestrian Federation. 2009-05-15. Accessed 2012-05-18.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The Global Features of
Terminator – The line that separates the bright side of the Moon from the dark side
Limb – any place near the edge of the moon
A) Start by looking carefully at the surface of the Moon. Describe what you see. On first glance you will likely notice features on the lunar surface. This is good, but on longer inspection you will begin to notice that the Lunar surface is not a uniform place. Make notes about non-uniformity (how one place differs from another).
B) Next compare how bright the Moon looks at different locations. Do the following comparisons.
1) The brightness of the limb of the Moon compared to the brightness near the terminator.
What is causing the difference in brightness?
2) The brightness of different regions on the surface.
What can you come up with for why various areas have different brightnesses?
Now combine what you find for 1) and 2) and generate a single conjecture on what affects the brightness of the Moon.
C) Now look with some detail at the craters on the Moon.
1) Where on the surface do you see the greatest detail in the craters? In other words, where do the craters look the most 3-D. Explain what is causing this effect.
2) By looking at craters in different locations on the surface of the Moon you can actually tell that the Moon is a round sphere, and not flat. Make this observation and explain how it tells you the Moon is round.
3) If you were standing on the terminator of the Moon, where would the Sun be in your sky? Where would the Sun be in about a week?
D) The whiter areas on the Moon are called the Lunar Highlands. The darker area is known as Mare (which means Sea) the plural of Mare is Maria.
1) Compare the highlands and
the Maria. How are they different?
2) Try to look carefully at the Maria and see if you can find evidence of what the Maria is. In other words, can you find some feature in the Maria that would suggest how they formed?
3) Can you observe any kind of difference between the craters in the Maria and craters in the highlands? Describe any difference you see.
4) Try to come up with a
relative age dating for the surface of the Moon. Which features can you say
with confidence are older than other features. Make a list and a sketch and
explain how you know this to be the case.
5) Find somewhere on the Lunar surface four craters that you can use relative age dating to unambiguously say, crater 1 is older than crater 2 which is older than crater 3 which is older than crater 4. Draw these craters, defend your statement also describe where on the lunar surface these craters are located.
Simple Crater – A crater that is bowl shaped with sharp edges and no other distinguishing features
Central Peak -- A hill which forms in the center of a crater as a result of "splash-back" after the meteorite impacted the surface
Rim Slumping – The edges of the crater appear fractured and have fallen into the crater
Complex Crater – A crater that exhibits features such as a central peak, raised rim, or rim slumping
E) Find, describe and
classify the following craters. Note anything that you find strange or
suggestive about these craters.
Albategnius (located near the center of the figure and down just a bit.)
Herschel (small and to the left of Albategnius)
Small crater inside Ptolemaeus
Archimedes (located in Mare Imbrium)
Cassini (located in Mare Inbrium)
Two craters inside Cassini
From what you have observed come up with a general conjecture about which craters tend to be simple and which tend to be complex. Try to come up also with a physical motivation for your conjecture. In other words, why?
F) Measurements of crater
Use the scaled eyepiece on the 10" Meade telescope to measure the diameter of at least five craters. You can draw from the list above or pick other craters. The one constraint is that the craters should be fairly big so that you can test your answer against the true value found at
You should also be sure to know where your crater is so that you can find it on this web site.
In order to actually measure the size of the crater we will need to make a measurement of the angular field of view so we can turn millimeters into an angle. We will use the separation of two known stars to accomplish this.
In your write up be sure to calculate the size and then compare to the actual size. You should include a graph that shows your measured size as a function of the actual size. You should also make comments about what the plot indicates.


Sunday, November 21, 2010
CARB to Prohibit False Statements
Note 1: late in the afternoon on November 20, 2010, Mr. Anthony Watts of the highly popular science blog included most of what follows in a post titled "Surreality: CARB contemplating a "skeptical science" regulation with penalties."
California's Air Resources Board, ARB or sometimes CARB, this past week sent an email to those on a number of listserves to alert them that CARB proposes to have enacted a regulation that, among other things, would make it illegal to willfully and knowingly make any materially false statement or representation to the Board (ARB) or the Board's staff. Penalties for violating the new regulation are not as yet specified. The proposed regulation may be found here.
The proposed regulation is presented in part below:
"Proposed 17 CCR §95020
Prohibition on false statements
(a) In any matter within the jurisdiction of the Board, no person may knowingly and
willfully do any of the following when transacting any business with or communicating
in any manner with the Board or the Board's staff:
(1) falsify, conceal, or cover up by any trick, scheme, or device a material fact;
(2) make any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation;
(3) make or use any false writing or document knowing the same to contain any
materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or entry; or
(4) omit material facts from a communication with an intent to mislead."
This appears to be based on a similar Federal law (18 USC 1001), that provides for a fine and up to 5 years imprisonment for knowingly and willfully providing false information of a material fact, among several other things, to any part of the Federal government. (paraphrased). see e.g.
As just a sample of the issues, the key words are:
Each of those words has a specific meaning, usually hammered out in court cases. CARB cannot just arbitrarily choose definitions of such words, to suit their purpose. They must comply with the law and legal precedents. Where this gets very, very interesting is in the definition of "false." The issue is dealing with scientific information, and science is fairly fuzzy. There are uncertainties in data measurements, to name merely one of several problem areas, as well as experimental design errors, choice of data analysis methods, interpretation of results, etc.
There are almost always factions of scientists that can be found to support almost any view – although a few viewpoints are appropriately discredited as crackpot - such as perpetual motion, or efficiencies greater than 100 percent. The fact is that new data is discovered or developed; new and better explanations for old data are developed; old theories discarded and new theories put forward, showing that science is not settled and that the definition of "false" is slippery when applied to a statement related to science.
There are other problems with a criminal falsity statute, such as applicability to various situations, and exemptions, also conformity with the Constitution and various standards embodied there. In addition, there are fraud claims that can arise if funding for scientific research led to false statements based upon the research findings.
The word "Knowingly" is the topic of much debate and investigation in criminal matters related to similar statutes. The popular media such as newspapers, TV, radio, and internet expend many words on the issues of who knew what, and when did they know it. In this context, as science is continually changing, it would be not only unfair but an injustice to penalize a person for holding a view that later turns out to be wrong.
Also, this could easily be turned around on CARB, by asserting that the "science" they relied on in many of their regulations was false information, knowingly and willfully presented.
A regulation such as this may be considered similar to a criminal statute, where, for each element of the alleged crime, the prosecution must offer admissible evidence for and prove each element to the required standard. Stated another way, if any element cannot be adequately proven, there can be no conviction. That is the reason I chose to focus on the "false" requirement, as that one will be very difficult to prove for the reasons I gave above.
An element of a crime, in this context, is each thing that must be proven for the accused person to be convicted of the crime.
However, there is the issue of whether the communication to CARB was a statement, or was it a question, or an opinion? Also, was the communication actually a fact, or was it dressed in language to indicate there are a range of uncertainties?
The proposed statute also uses the word fraudulent, which has in itself a long list of elements that must be proven. In short, a charge of fraud is very difficult to prove because the accused's intent must be proved.
This regulation could very well have the effect of intimidating dissenters such that they will not speak or communicate to CARB. That fact, alone, could result in the law being challenged in court as a chilling effect on what should be Free Speech under the U.S. Constitution.
It would be an interesting case, as even if all the other elements are proven to the appropriate legal standard, the "false" element may be a matter of opinion, not fact. When reputable scientists disagree, which one is to be labeled "false," and the other "fact?" When one group agrees, and they are scientists, is another group of non-scientist dissenters not allowed to speak? The entire Climategate scandal illustrates this point. If non-scientists were muzzled, where would we be?
In addition, the proposed regulation raises U.S. Constitutional issues, particularly, impermissible restriction of Free Speech based on content. While an exhaustive discussion on this very important matter is beyond the scope of this blog post, it should be noted that the issue has been raised and handled before. see e.g. these articles.
What is required is some brave organization, or person, who is willing to risk the penalties, whatever they turn out to be, if convicted, to make the case before CARB that their IPPC-following science is wrong. The 60′s are upon us again. Many a protester went to jail in the 60′s in the USA to prove the strength of their beliefs.
Disclaimer: nothing written above is intended to be, nor is it, legal advice. Anyone requiring legal advice should consult a qualified attorney. It is merely a private opinion discussing general aspects of a legal issue.
Note 2: I would like to acknowledge the proof-reading and editing of those of you who cleaned up some of what I had originally written before its posting on WUWT. Thank you for that. Although you are un-named here, I believe it reads much better with those minor edits.
Roger E. Sowell, Esq.
Marina del Rey, California
Sunday, November 7, 2010
Post-Prop 23 Era Begins in California
Now, the after-election era begins. California's victorious AB 32 proponents have a tall order to fill.
These can be summarized as two simultaneous requirements:
A) Create jobs and revive the staggering economy, and
B) Cut CO2 and other named gases to the limits required under AB 32: 28 percent by 2020; then 93 percent by 2050.
AB 32 proponents have staked their reputations, if not all Californian's livelihoods, on achieving both requirements at the same time. In reality, as the economy weakens and, California experiences contraction instead of growth, the CO2 and other gases may very well revert to 1990 levels by 2020 without much assistance from AB 32. After all, AB 32 requires only a 28 percent reduction by 2020, as stated above. The California work-force is approximately 16 million, and with 1.2 million people out of work, that is 7.5 percent reduction in itself. All that is required, then, is for another 3.6 million people to quit working with the appropriate contraction in the economy. People without jobs will eventually leave the state when the unemployment benefits cease. Companies who cannot make a competitive product or provide a competitive service under AB 32 requirements will leave the state. Federal mandates on vehicle CAFÉ standards will further reduce gasoline consumption, so that the people who remain in California, for whatever reasons, will be forced to drive cars that consume less gasoline – and thus emit far fewer CO2 molecules as they go. However, there is no substitute for reducing emissions – it is a 100 percent reduction – by having a car leave California forever and be parked in a garage in another state.
AB 32 proponents insist that jobs will be created, though, by all the green requirements. Perhaps solar power will be the answer? One solar power plant recently made the news, and the interesting facts are 180 permanent jobs for a power plant rated at 663 MW. With 1.2 million Californians unemployed and requiring a job, they all might find work in solar power plants that produce a combined 4.42 million MW. That's an awful lot of power, and probably won't be built anytime soon. The fact is that California consumes only 55,000 MW during peak periods. Even allowing for solar power plants to produce only one-fourth of their rated capacity over time, this does not appear promising. Therefore, we must look elsewhere for the green jobs.
Perhaps car manufacturers will locate their hybrid car assembly plants in California, and produce the tiny cars that achieve 42 miles per gallon, combined city and highway. Perhaps. But, the reality


Reverberation time
Title: Mail
Dear lists,
 Recently, I was reading papers about speech separation in the reverberant environment. Generally speaking, most of the previous works are carried on simulated data, in which the reverberant speech is the convolution of a clean speech and the simulated room impulse response provided by some toolkits, such as Roomsim (given by D. R. Campbell). However, it is surprising to me that the reverberation time can be set to a certain value (e.g. RT60 = 300ms) in some papers. As I know, reverberation time is influenced by many factors, such as room volume, absorption coefficient of the surfaces et al. Therefore, I have the following questions:
 1. How to set the reverberation time to be a certain value in a simulated room? Is there any paper or toolkit for performing it?
 2. If the other factors are invariable, how much will the reverberation time change according with the location variances of source or microphone? Is the reverberation time mainly determined by room configuration?
 Thanks for your answers and discussions!
Liheng Zhao


text:
Pub. date: 2009 | Online Pub. Date: December 16, 2009 | DOI: 10.4135/9781412972048 | Print ISBN: 9780761929574 | Online ISBN: 9781412972048| Publisher:SAGE Publications, Inc.About this encyclopedia
Richard K. Popp
Press clipping services monitor media for content of interest to their clients. They scan through newspapers, magazines, and electronic media, select pertinent items, and then package ("clip") them for easy perusal. The industry's name derives from the traditional practice of clipping items with a pair of scissors from the newspaper for safekeeping. Modern-day services track not only newspapers but nearly every print, broadcast, cable, and web-based information outlet, running the spectrum from network news broadcasts to teenagers' blogs. Clipping services have their origins in the expanding media environments of late-nineteenth-century cities. As the number of newspaper titles grew, editions multiplied, and issues expanded in length, a handful of entrepreneurs independently hit on the idea of a press monitoring service. Henry Romeike started the earliest clipping (or cutting) service in London in 1881 and quickly expanded its operations to New York, Paris, and Berlin. Romeike relocated to the United States in...


text:
GLTN considers gender as a critical cross-cutting theme in the work on promoting pro-poor, large-scale land tools (for more information on GLTN see _URL_). This short report summarises an analysis undertaken by the GLTN Secretariat to assess how women's rights, and specific needs, are being addressed by selected projects in the GLTN land tool inventory—a database consisting of numerous international development projects in the land sector is available on the website. The research was conducted in order to identify how projects are tackling gender concerns related to land, where more work needs to be done, and possible entry-points to enhance the gender-responsiveness of projects.
The desktop research was done through an assessment of project documents (hence the original design/intention of projects rather than impact) focused on gender issues in Asia, Africa and Latin America, available in the GLTN land tool inventory.
The results from the project documents available show a lack of explicit focus in most projects on enhancing women's equal access to land, giving more attention to enhance women's rights in other sectors such as income-generation. Similarly, while efforts such as capacity-building, collection and compilation of sex-disaggregated data and women's inclusion in decision making are consistently found in the project documents reviewed, these efforts have not as frequently been intended specifically to enhance women's equal access to land.
These findings suggest both a lack of documentation and implementation of "gender-responsive land tools" and suggests a need for more in-depth research in this area. This should ideally include access to more documents for projects in the GLTN land inventory, as many were not available for assessment.
Download report: GLTN gender analysis of land inventory final.pdf
Tools and inventory page: GLTN Tools and inventory


List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Human cells)
Jump to: navigation, search
See also: Cell type
There are many different types of cells in the human body.
Cells that are derived primarily from endoderm[edit]
Exocrine secretory epithelial cells[edit]
Hormone secreting cells[edit]
Derived primarily from ectoderm[edit]
Integumentary system[edit]
Keratinizing epithelial cells[edit]
Wet stratified barrier epithelial cells[edit]
Nervous system[edit]
There are nerve cells, also known as neurons, present in our human body. They are branched out. These cells make up nervous tissue. A neuron consists of a cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long thin hair-like parts arise.
Sensory transducer cells[edit]
Autonomic neuron cells[edit]
Sense organ and peripheral neuron supporting cells[edit]
Central nervous system neurons and glial cells[edit]
Lens cells[edit]
Derived primarily from mesoderm[edit]
Metabolism and storage cells[edit]
Barrier function cells (lung, gut, exocrine glands and urogenital tract)[edit]
Extracellular matrix cells[edit]
Contractile cells[edit]
Blood and immune system cells[edit]
Germ cells[edit]
Nurse cells[edit]
Interstitial cells[edit]
External links[edit]
See also[edit]


text:
CBSE Marking Scheme for Class IX Mathematics 2010-2011
- As per CCE guidelines, the syllabus of Mathematics for class IX has been divided term wise.
- The units specified for each term shall be assessed through both formative and summative assessment.
- In each term, there will be two formative assessments each carrying 10% weightage.
- The summative assessment in the I term will carry 20% weightage and the summative assessment in the II term will carry 40% weightage.
- Listed laboratory activities and projects will necessarily be assessed through formative assessments.
COURSE STRUCTURE CLASS IX
|FIRST TERM||MARKS : 80|
|I NUMBER SYSTEM Real Numbers||15|
|II ALGEBRA Polynomials||22|
|III GEOMETRYIntroduction to Euclid's Geometry, Lines & Angles, Triangles||35|
|IV CO ORDINATE GEOMETRY||05|
|V MENSURATIONArea of Triangle – Heron's Formula||03|
|SECOND TERM||MARKS : 80|
|II ALGEBRA (contd)Linear equations in two variables||14|
|III GEOMETRY (contd)Quadrilaterals, Area, Circles, Constructions||35|
|IV MENSURATION (contd) Surface Areas and Volumes||15|
|V STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Statistics, Probability.||16|


Yard and Garden: Plants for Shady Areas
AMES, Iowa — If planning for next year's garden includes finding new plants for shady areas, consider the recommendations of Iowa State University Extension and Outreach horticulturists while paging through and ordering from garden catalogs this winter. The horticulturists also answer questions that come to Hortline, Iowa State's horticulture hotline. Reach Hortline by calling _PHONE_ or emailing _EMAIL_.
What are some good annuals for shady garden areas?
Annuals that can be successfully grown in shady areas include wax begonia (Begonia x semperflorens-cultorum), impatiens (Impatiens walleriana), lobelia (Lobelia erinus), coleus (Solenostemon scutellarioides), wishbone flower (Torenia fournieri) and pansy (Viola x wittrockiana).
Which perennials grow well in shady locations?
Perennials that are good choices for partially to heavily shaded locations include black snakeroot (Actaea racemosa), red baneberry (Actaea rubra), lady's mantle (Alchemilla mollis), astilbe (Astilbe spp.), Japanese painted fern (Athyrium niponicum var. pictum), heartleaf brunnera (Brunnera macrophylla), bleeding heart (Dicentra spp.), Hakone grass (Hakonechloa macra), hosta (Hosta spp.), crested iris (Iris cristata), cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), creeping phlox (Phlox stolonifera), Jacob's ladder (Polemonium caeruleum), lungwort (Pulmonaria spp.), celandine poppy (Stylophorum diphyllum) and toad lily (Tricyrtis spp.)
What are some good native perennials for a shady site?
When selecting plants for the shade garden, one group of plants that is often overlooked are native woodland wildflowers. Since they are native to the state, woodland wildflowers are well adapted to the area. They are easy to grow and perform well when given a favorable environment.
Native woodland wildflowers that make good additions to the home landscape include wild columbine (Aquilegia canadensis), Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), goat's beard (Aruncus dioicus), Canadian wild ginger (Asarum canadense), Dutchman's breeches (Dicentra cucullaria), shooting star (Dodecatheon meadia), false Solomon's seal (Maianthemum racemosum), Virginia bluebells (Mertensia virginica), woodland phlox (Phlox divaricata), May apple (Podophyllum peltatum), Solomon's seal (Polygonatum biflorum), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), trillium (Trillium spp.), merrybells (Uvularia grandiflora) and others.
Obtaining plants is easy. Woodland wildflowers are readily available at garden centers and mail-order nurseries. Do not remove plants from natural woodland areas.
What are some good groundcovers for shade?
Excellent groundcovers for shade include bugleweed (Ajuga spp.), wild ginger (Asarum canadense and A. europaeum), barrenwort (Epimedium spp.), sweet woodruff (Galium odoratum), hosta (Hosta spp.), yellow archangel (Lamium galeobdolon), spotted deadnettle (Lamium maculatum), creeping lily-turf (Liriope spicata), Japanese pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis), lungwort (Pulmonaria spp.), foam flower (Tiarella cordifolia) and vinca (Vinca minor).
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Assume that you use Windows Internet Explorer 9 to open a web page that uses the navigator.geolocation object. When you refresh or leave the web page, a memory leak issue occurs.
For example, the memory leak issue occurs when you access a web page that contains the following code:
This issue occurs because Internet Explorer does not clean the references to the navigator.geolocation object correctly.
Update informationTo resolve this issue, install the most recent cumulative security update for Internet Explorer. To do this, go to the following Microsoft website:
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Connect with Answer Desk for expert help.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The Jersey breed originated over 600 years ago on the Island of Jersey, located in the English Channel between France and England. Today, outstanding herds of Jerseys can be found from Denmark to New Zealand, from Canada to South America, and from South Africa to Japan.
The first Jerseys to be registered by the American Jersey Cattle Association were imported to the United States in 1850, but cattle from Jersey Island had been imported to this country much earlier. Today, there are almost 400,000 Jersey cows in the United States and they are an important part of the dairy industry in all 50 states. California has the most Jersey cows, followed by Wisconsin, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Ohio.
Jersey calves weigh about 55 pounds at birth. Mature Jersey females usually weigh about 950 pounds and males about 1,500 pounds. Jerseys reach maturity the earliest of all dairy breeds and are efficient reproducers. They also have the longest productive life, or longevity in the milking herd, of any dairy breed. Jerseys are more tolerant of heat than the larger breeds, and are adapted to a wide range of climatic and geographical conditions.
Jersey milk has a rich, smooth flavor because it naturally contains higher percentages of protein, calcium, and other important nutrients than milk from other dairy breeds (for the latest milk test results, click here). The extra protein is the reason Jersey milk yields the greatest amount of cheddar cheese: 12.35 pounds of cheese from 100 pounds of milk. This compares to the yield of average milk produced in the United States of 10.04 pounds of cheese.
The Jersey is the most efficient dairy producer in the world, producing more pounds of milk per pound of body weight than any other breed. An average Jersey in the United States produces 16 times her bodyweight in milk each year, or about twice her body weight in Cheddar cheese. The Jersey production champion produced over 40 times her body weight in one year: 49,250 lbs. of milk containing 1,645 lbs. of protein. That is equal to 70,752 half-pint servings of milk, enough milk for an entire year's lunches in a school of 400 students.
The American Jersey Cattle Association was organized in 1868 to improve and promote the breed of Jersey cattle in the United States. It is located at 6486 East Main Street in Reynoldsburg, Ohio 43068. For more information, subscribe to the Jersey Journal or log onto the AJCA's website at _URL_. Jersey breeders in your area may be found by visiting the Jersey Directory Online and All-Jersey® distributors are listed on the Distributors page.


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How to Charge Electric Scooter Battery and How Long it takes?
Posted by Tom Lee on
Below article is about how to charge your electric scooter and how long does an electric scooter take to charge. The very important part of an electric scooter is the engine and the battery. Until the battery sends impulse the engine cannot be started. Sometimes with excess use, the battery gets weak and need to be replaced.
How to Charge Your Electric Scooter?
Generally, the battery is necessary to be recharged. The time for the battery to get completely recharged depends on the brand; it varies from brand to brand. How long does an electric scooter take to charge depends on the brand of the electric scooter you are using.
How to Charge an Electric Scooter image
How to Charge an Electric Scooter image
The important thing about the battery is that it is needed to charge regularly. Never leave the battery to completely discharge. By charging the battery regularly its lifetime increases. Overcharging the battery affects it adversely.
Electric scooter charging guide
The below guide gives the complete information about how to charge an electric scooter battery.
Unhooking the battery
The good way to recharge the battery is that when it left in some open air to get charged. Generally charging produces a lot of heat and if recharging is done in some enclosed area then there is no chance for the heat to escape and battery gets overheated. The most common scenario of overheating is that the electric connection begins to wear off. Removing the battery is simple. The terminals of the battery are generally connected with two wires which in turn connect the electrodes to the engine. The connection is in the form of slides in hatches or two clips. Generally, the battery firm is connected to the scooter with the help of plastic or metal rod. With the help of a screwdriver, you can remove the screws that hold them intact.
Placing battery for recharge
There are two types of chargers. One type of charger is that it is connected to the battery with two wires. There two wires are black and red. Generally, black is connected to the negative terminal and red is connected to the positive terminal. The charger is then plugged into the electricity supply for recharging. Another type of charger is in the form of the encasement. The battery is removed from the scooter and placed in the power cord which is connected to the electric supply for the recharge to start.
Deciding the time when to disconnect
Generally, chargers come with indicators that it lights up the green color light when the battery is once fully charged. If in case there are no indicators to show then the standard way to charge the battery is generally 24 hours by alternating time gap of 6 hours for a continuous charge. Once the battery is fully charged then it is set to reassemble.
Checking for a complete charge
A voltmeter is a device used to determine the amount of current that an appliance for retaining. When the two terminals are connected to voltmeter it shows how much voltage is preserved. The minimum voltage should be between 12 to 13 volts. If the voltage is less than 12 volts then it means the battery is needed to be recharged for a long time.
Reassembling the battery
Replace the battery into the scooter after it is fully charged. Set the battery in the previous alignment and fix it with the help screws. The rod holding the battery should be tightly secured. The two terminals are clipped in the right order on the battery.
Tips for maintaining the battery
Check the manual of electric scooter and make sure that the voltage is appropriate for the electric scooter. If the voltage is too high then it shorts out the life of the battery. If your electric scooter is not in use and stored aside even then charge it for one or two times in a month which helps to ensure the battery performance at the top level when you again start to use it regularly. Charging the battery fully every night is advisable. If you are thinking to replace the charger or a battery then try to get the exact model of the original one. If chargers and batteries match each other then it will perform better and last longer.
This is the complete electric scooter charging guide which provides you with the complete knowledge about how to charge an electric scooter. There are also some things that you must pay your attention to daily charge the battery. Taking care of battery every day helps to increase the maximum life span. For more information, please our visit Electric Scooter portal regularly.
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Over deze norm
1.1 This practice covers two procedures for making and curing cylindrical specimens of concrete under conditions that increase the rate of hydration at early ages. The procedures are: A???Warm Water Method and B???Autogenous Curing Method.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning???Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)
|Nederlandse titel||Standard Practice for Accelerated Curing of Concrete Cylinders|
|Engelse titel||Standard Practice for Accelerated Curing of Concrete Cylinders|


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Children can respond to disasters such as bushfires and floods in a number of ways, our son has recently started inserting fires into his creative play, smashing down lego creations as "fires" come to destroy everything.
It may be comforting to know that this is entirely normal behaviour, kids often process big emotions and issues through play. Perhaps you've noticed your children processing their feelings, how are your children/grandchildren processing the bush fires we've been experiencing for several months?
The disaster is hard to avoid, and you can't ignore them, if you've experienced an evacuation, had your home or community destroyed or, if you've been breathing in the smoke for several weeks your children/grandchildren would have experienced it too.
It may be the case that you're struggling to find ways to support your children or grandchildren at this time, being there is of utmost importance, showing them you're with them is of utmost importance, everything else flows from being present.
What follows are some articles and resources which I hope can help you think through how you work through these big feelings and issues together.
If you find any of these helpful, or if you've used other resources please let us know.
Kinderling – Helping Kids Cope With Bushfire Stress
I'll start with resources from Kinderling, (via Babyology) Initially they link to an episode of the Feed Pray Love podcast focussing on "helping children cope with fires" in which Margaret Nixon, the workforce officer for the National Workforce Centre for Child Mental Health discusses how parents (and grandparents) can help children during this emergency.
They then list a number of ways to support children through the stress brought out by the current bushfires:
- Being there matters most
- Children need reassurance and information
- Creating new routines
- Watch out for stress signals (in which they list a number of trauma responses)
- Look out for silver linings together
- Keeping kids safe from media coverage
Unicef – How to Talk to Your Children About Australia's Bushfire Emergency
UNICEF have a great article exploring how to talk with children overwhelmed by Australia's bushfire emergency.
"UNICEF's years of experience in providing counselling and emotional support to children impacted by disaster tells us that children and young people respond differently to disaster than adults."
Their list gives a number of tips for discussing the bushfires with your children, grandchildren, nieces and/or nephews:
- Focus on the child, not the distress
- Be honest, explain the truth
- Offer reassurance
- Help children get back to their normal routine
- Show them all the good people trying to help
- Show them they can help
- Take care of yourself
The Conversation – Bushfires Can Make Kids Scared & Anxious: Here Are 5 Steps To Help Them Cope
The Conversation has a great article by the people behind the Bounce Back program ( _URL_ ) on building resilience and lessons learned from working with students after the 2009 bushfires in Victoria.
Resilience is the capacity to bounce back after hardship. To help your child bounce back, you can communicate that:
- Life is mainly good but now and then everyone has a difficult or unhappy time
- Although things aren't good now and it might take a while to improve, it's important to stay hopeful and expect things to get better
- You will feel better and have more ideas about what to do if you talk to someone you trust about what's worrying or upsetting you
- Unhelpful thinking ("our family will never get a nice home again") isn't necessarily true and makes you feel worse
- Helpful thinking ("it might take a while to get our home back again but it will happen") makes you feel better because it is more accurate and helps you work out what to do.
Birdie's Tree – Growing Together Through Natural Disasters
Birdie's Tree is the work of the Queensland Centre for Perinatal and Infant Mental Health. The website includes:
- Therapeutic online games for children to play online (building a face, colouring in, singing songs…)
- Story flipbooks of Birdie and her friends experiencing natural disasters (fire, cyclone, floods, drought, sickness…). These stories can be read as families or in the classroom.
- Information and resources from the Child and Youth Mental Health team from the Queensland Hospital on recovering together through different natural disasters.
- A Curriculum for teachers and carers to help infants, young children and families recover emotionally from the 'big feelings' a natural disaster can cause.
Emerging Minds – Community Trauma Toolkit
Finally I've recently been introduced to the Community Trauma Toolkit from Emerging Minds, I've not had any time to really check it out, but it's come from a reliable source.
"This toolkit contains resources to help and support adults and children before, during, and after a disaster or traumatic event. It will help you understand some of the impacts of disaster and how you can help lessen these impacts.
Emergencies and disasters are extremely stressful and it is normal to feel overwhelmed. Children, even infants, can also be affected. They depend on the adults around them for safety and security, and will need reassurance, care, and opportunities to share their feelings. These resources provide a starting point for you to help children navigate the different stages of a disaster."


The first treatable form of CMT?
Diagnosis CMT
I wrote this brief article on the way the SORD gene works (or fails to work) for the Hereditary Neuropathy Foundation. SORD mutations cause "the most common autosomal recessive form of CMT2 (CMT2A1), autosomal recessive intermediate CMT (CMTRIA), and the overlapping category of distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN)."
The Problem with Writing about CMT
I've been increasingly irritated lately by US-based CMT-related non-profit organizations that seem to compete with each other for donations — supposedly they drive research for "treatments and cures." How well they actually do this relative to the padding of their own budgets is a good question I might take up down the line, but you would think they might at least put some effort into writing plain-English summaries of technical material (medical and scientific research) in ways that educate and inform regular people. But no.


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Please help me understand the sentence
I have this sentence from a game:
From what I can tell it says something like:
"If the demon king's last words spread throughout the world, people would continue living in fear [can't make much sense of the last part]"
Can anyone help me with this? Please explain the way the words in the second part of the sentence are connected and the forms used there - I'm especially interested in grammar.
For learning: Japanese
Base language: English
Category: Language
 Please enter between 2 and 2000 characters.
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 Your translation is almost perfect! If I add some explanations from a point of grammar, 「～ねばならない」 means "have to ~" or "must ~". So the phrase:「暮らしていかねばならない」 can be divided into these two parts:「暮らしていく」+「～ねばならない」. So the second sentence means "people will/would (still) have to continue to live in fear. "
 I hope you have a great time with a Japanese RPG!
 I'm not a native speaker, and they probably know better than I do, but another way to think about is to look at the grammatical construction for "must":
 Basically, for "must not do X" you use "if you do X, it won't come to anything (good)":
 "X-eba naranai" or "X-eba ikenai". The -eba form is one of the conditionals.
 For "must do X", you use a double negation and negate X as well, as in "if you don't do X, it won't come to anything".
 If you negate "iku", you get "ikanai", and the conditional is "ikanakereba", as Shuntaro-san has already said. That's why ku changes to ka. The vowel a followed by n already indicates the negation, so shortening it to "ikan(aker)eba" doesn't loose any important information: both the negation and the conditional indicators are still clearly recognizable.
 If you want to learn more about Japanese grammar, I can only recommend reading all of I found it incredibly helpful.
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Booming commodity prices have generated large foreign currency inflows for commodity exporting nations. Such inflows, however, are not always associated with positive outcomes for the commodity exporters. Phenomena such as corruption (Bhattacharyya and Hodler 2009) and the 'natural resource curse' (Brunnschweiler and Bulte 2012) often plague nations rich in natural resources. The political impact of large foreign currency inflows are important (Brollo et al. 2010), as is the optimal management of the revenue (Van der Ploeg and Venables 2011).
A related but distinct set of issues concerns a classic topic in the development and macroeconomics literature, namely, whether in commodity-exporting countries commodity price booms lead to a significant debt overhang (e.g. Krugman 1988, Sachs 1990, and Manzano and Rigobon 2001). This is a concern that the Global Crisis has highlighted as critical to countries' macroeconomic performance and resilience to shocks.
The effects of international commodity price shocks on debt: New evidence
In our recent paper (Arezki and Brueckner 2012), we examine empirically the effects of international commodity price shocks on debt. The main finding of our research is that the impact depends upon the form of government.
- In countries with some political competition and constraints on the political executive, we find that a 1% increase in the international commodity export price index induces a reduction in external debt of over 1.6%.
- In autocracies on the other hand, such windfalls did not lead to a significant reduction in external debt.
To provide an explanation for the above finding we examine the response of government spending.
It is well known that higher commodity prices are associated in developing and emerging economies with higher revenues that accrue to the government sector. What is less well-known is whether governments in these countries systematically use the additional revenues to increase government consumption expenditures, or reduce the level of debt.
We find that in autocracies, windfalls from international commodity prices lead to a statistically-significant and quantitatively-large increase in government consumption spending.
- A 1% increase in autocratic countries' international commodity export price index is associated with an increase in government consumption expenditures of over 0.9%.
- In democracies, the response is quantitatively small and statistically insignificant.
Hence, an examination of movements in government consumption spending shows a significant procyclicality of government consumption expenditures to commodity windfalls in autocracies, while in democracies government consumption expenditures are acyclical.
The strong procyclicality of government consumption to commodity windfalls in autocracies may explain why external debt was not significantly reduced in these countries. Additional revenues accruing from international commodity price booms were directly spent by autocratic governments with little savings left from which to finance a reduction in external debt.
To examine this spending channel further, we document that while in democracies commodity price booms are associated with increasea in real per capita GDP growth, it is not the case in autocracies.
Managing coffee windfalls: Columbia vs. Burundi, Ivory Coast, or Nicaragua
There is a number of telling country examples that fit the pattern documented by our regressions. For example, Colombia during the coffee price boom of _PHONE_. Colombia had at that time free and fair elections and significant constraints on the political executive. Throughout the 30% annual increase in world coffee prices during the _PHONE_ period Colombia experienced real GDP per capita growth one percentage point above world average. However, Colombia's government consumption grew by less than one percentage point, and external debt grew by less than 12 percentage points relative to the world average. Other coffee-exporting countries such as Burundi, Ivory Coast, or Nicaragua who were at that time ruled by autocrats with little or no political constraints, experienced an annual government-consumption growth that was more than one percentage point above the world average and their external debt increased at a rate that was equal or above the world average external debt growth.
A note on causality and estimation framework
The research question we are interested in requires that our estimates reflect causal effects (and not simply correlations). In order to estimate such causal effects we applied rigorous panel fixed effects estimation techniques, using a panel of over 90 countries spanning more than three decades. In all our regressions we controlled for both country and year fixed effects. The effects of commodity windfalls on external debt are identified from the within-country variation of the data. The year fixed effects are important because they control for global shocks such as changes in the world business cycle.
It is also important that the variation in commodity windfalls is plausibly exogenous to commodity exporting countries' macroeconomic conditions. To that end, we constructed a country-specific commodity export price index that weights time-series variation in the international commodity prices with the country-specific export shares. Importantly these export shares are kept time-invariant. This is necessary in order for the time-series variation in the commodity export price index to be plausibly exogenous to commodity exporting countries' external debt.
The findings in our paper suggest that political institutions play an import role in shaping countries' external debt policy. In countries with significant executive constraints and political competition windfalls from commodity price booms lead to a significant reduction in external debt. In autocratic regimes, on the other hand, external debt is often not significantly reduced. Instead, the windfalls from commodity price booms are used by autocrats to increase consumption expenditures. Our findings support the view in the political economy literature that institutions matter for the macroeconomic effects of resource wealth.
Arezki, R. and M. Brueckner (2012). "Commodity Windfalls, Democracy, and External Debt", Economic Journal 122: 884-866.
Bhattacharyya, Sambit and Roland Hodler (2009) "Natural resources and corruption: Is democracy the "missing link"?", VoxEU.org, 13 November.
Brollo, Fernanda, Tommaso Nannicini, Roberto Perotti, and Guido Tabellini (2010), "The political resource curse", VoxEU.org, 10 March.
Brunnschweiler, Christa and Erwin Bulte (2012), "Institutional reform and the so-called resource curse", VoxEU.org, 28 May.
Krugman, P. (1988). "Financing vs. Forgiving a Debt Overhang", Journal of Development Economics 29: 253-268.
Manzano, O., and R. Rigobon (2001). "Resource Curse or Debt Overhang?" NBER Working Paper 8390.
Sachs, J. (1990). "A Strategy for Efficient Debt Restructuring." Journal of Economic Perspectives 4: 19-29.
Van der Ploeg, F. and A. Venables (2011). "Harnessing Windfall Revenues: Optimal policies for resource-rich developing economies", Economic Journal 121: 1-30.


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Designing for Pedestrian Safety (two-day course)
This course is intended to help state and local transportation professionals address pedestrian safety issues through design and engineering solutions. Training objectives include:
- Participants will learn that pedestrians belong in all geometric design, operations, and safety considerations.
- Participants will learn the significance of land-use, street connectivity, and site design in helping to make a safer pedestrian environment.
- Participants will understand human behavior issues related to pedestrians and drivers interacting safely and common pedestrian crash types.
- Participants will understand the role that planning and street design play in pedestrian safety.
- Participants will learn effective solutions and best practices in design and operations for pedestrian safety. Specific design and operational issues covered include:
- Sidewalk and walkway design
- Intersection geometry
- Signs, signals, and crosswalks
- Interchange design and alternatives
- Facilities at signalized intersections
- Connections to transit
- Road diets and other traffic calming measures
- Participants will take part in a field exercise as a critical element to the course. The class is broken into smaller groups to walk and study a nearby intersection or corridor for possible pedestrian safety improvements. The groups brainstorm and share engineering and policy solutions.
The primary audience for this course includes engineers, planners, and traffic safety personnel. The secondary audience includes enforcement professionals, public health and injury prevention professionals, decision-makers, and others who are seeking ideas and solutions for making changes to the physical environment that improve safety for pedestrians.
The PEDSAFE: Pedestrian Safety Guide and Countermeasure Selection System document is used as the primary reference for this course. Additionally, several major engineering-related reference materials and policies are cited.
View Course Flier (PDF, 280 KB)


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The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics offers members many resources to manage their practice, from billing and coding tips to standards of practice tools. RDNs use the Nutrition Care Process to provide quality care while working within their scope of practice. Medical Nutrition Therapy is included in the care that RDNs provide, which can improve various conditions and illnesses that patients may face. The Academy promotes and supports RDNs and DTRs from all areas of practice, measuring the quality of this care.
- Code of Ethics: The Academy/CDR Code of Ethics for the Profession of Dietetics is provided along with a variety of tools and resources for use by members.
- Coding, Coverage and Compliance: Resources for the development, maintenance and communication of nutrition services codes.
- Medical Home: RDNs can be an integral part of the team that provides patient-centered care to individuals through the medical home.
- Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT): MNT is an essential component of comprehensive health care. Individuals with a variety of conditions and illnesses can improve their health and quality of life by receiving medical nutrition therapy.
- Nutrition Care Process: The Nutrition Care Process is a standardized model intended to guide RDNs and DTRs in providing high-quality nutrition care.
- Nutrition Informatics: Stay updated on the Academy's efforts to respond to opportunities presented by the HITECH Act and to learn how to participate in the development of electronic health records in the various practice settings.
- Quality Management: Academy Quality Management promotes and supports Registered Dietitians and Dietetic Technicians, Registered, from all areas of practice in providing, measuring and reporting quality of nutrition care and services. This is paramount to our nation's health care and to the marketplace.
- Scope/Standards of Practice: Scope of Practice in nutrition and dietetics encompasses the range of roles, activities and regulations within which nutrition and dietetics practitioners perform.
- Telehealth: Telehealth is the use of electronic information and telecommunication technologies to support long-distance clinical health care, patient and professional health-related education, public health and health administration.
The Academy also provides research and resources that can be translated into evidence-based practice. Evidence-based practice uses systematically developed information to make practical decisions about specific clinical circumstances.


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Joshi, Anusha and Ronchetti, Marco and Sant, Joseph and Wuwongse, Vilas (2007) A semantic-web based framework for adaptive selection of learning objects during the authoring process. UNSPECIFIED. (Submitted)
Semantic Web technology has been proposed as a key to enhance several aspects of elearning, such as annotation and adaptation to the students' needs. Based on the same technology, we propose an approach to assist teachers in the process of selecting learning objects to build their own courses. We explicitly take into account teacher's knowledge, experience and teaching style to maximize the likelihood of finding the best suited teaching material.
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Future carbon fund: delivering co-benefits for sustainable development
Asia and the Pacific is home to more than 60% of the world's population and 62% of the global economic output. But the region still faces enormous development challenges and with economic growth, it has become a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This has exposed Asia and the Pacific to the impacts of climate change, threatening to undo the development gains from economic prosperity over the past decades. This report reflects how Clean Development Mechanism projects supported by the Future Carbon Fund not only reduce GHG emissions but deliver social, environmental, and economic co-benefits contributing to sustainable development in the region. This report also presents qualitative and quantitative analysis of these co-benefits.


Question: What Age Do Male Cats Become Sexually Active?
Why is my male cat meowing so much?
Cats of all ages also can develop an overactive thyroid or kidney disease, both of which can result in excessive vocalizations..
What stops male cats from spraying?
Here are some effective solutions for preventing cat spraying.Neuter your cat. … Find the source of the stress. … Check their living area. … Keep your cat active. … Stay positive. … Use a calming collar, spray, diffuser or supplement. … Consult your veterinarian.
How do you calm a male cat in heat?
Do cats mate with their siblings?
Mating Instincts Dogs and cats can and will mate with their siblings once they are sexually mature. Litter mates are not off limits to other dogs and cats, even though they are related. … Pets have no concept of relatives so siblings and parents are just other animals to them.
Do cats first litter usually die?
The majority of kitten deaths occur before birth (still born kittens) and during the first week of life. … Kittens dying between birth and weaning are frequently called 'fading kittens'. Neonatal (newborn) kittens may die suddenly, or 'fade' within a few days.
How can you tell if a male cat is sexually mature?
Intact male cats, commonly known as studs or toms, are all about territory. When your male cat reaches sexual maturity, he's likely to start spraying your home and yard with stinky urine to establish his turf and ward off strange males.
Do all male cats spray?
All cats, male or female, entire or neutered, spray. Usually this occurs outdoors as part of their scent communication system. They also leave scent signals by rubbing, scratching and bunting (running the glands around their mouth onto twigs or other objects).
Should I ignore my cat meowing at night?
Do male cats meow in heat?
If your male cat isn't neutered and he periodically meows excessively, he may be hearing or smelling a female cat in heat. He is likely to pace and meow relentlessly throughout the time the female stays in heat.
Can a male cat still impregnate after being neutered?
Can cats remain sexually active after they have been spayed or neutered? Many cat owners wonder if they will see sexual behavior in their cats after a spay or neuter surgery. The short answer is no, probably not.
Can cat fart?
How do male cats act after mating?
The male cat will mount her and bite her neck. The female cat will yowl loudly as the barbs on the males penis will cause her pain. She may even turn to attack the male. After mating the female will seem very agitated and will roll and thrash around.
What percentage of male cats spray?
Ten percent of male cats neutered before 10 months of age will still spray as adults. In households with numerous cats, at least one cat will likely spray, even if all the cats are neutered.
What smells deter cats from spraying?
Do cats feel love when you kiss them?
While cats don't kiss their owners in the traditional sense, they have many ways to show they care. When your cat purrs as you pet it in its favorite spot, it's showing its affection and appreciation for you. … While it might not feel much like love when your cat spreads its body across your face, it actually is.
How early can Male cats mate?
Cats reach sexual maturity (and thus are able to breed) from around 4 months of age. Hence current advice to have your cat neutered around 4 months old to prevent unwanted pregnancies (see our information on neutering and timing of neutering).
At what age do cats become sexually active?
Are cats in heat attracted to human males?
Cats will howl, cry, and meow—often and loudly—as a way to attract male cats. Increased affection. Cats in heat can be extra affectionate with their humans.


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Categories: Chris Shing, [Lessons]
Tags: activity, chris shing, field trip, North Albany Academy, rpi
Twenty-four eighth grade students from North Albany Academy, a K-8 school in the Albany school district, visited Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. They participated in four major themes, "What is college?", "Smart Lighting", "Turning Ideas into Reality," and "Tour of campus." 3Helix fellow, Chris Shing with help from teacher pair Kerry Welcome organized the outing. The goal of the day was to enhance student's awareness about higher education opportunities through demonstrating examples of cutting-edge research impact and by identifying associated career paths. A student life panel consisting of four current RPI students spoke about their college experience and answered questions.
At the end of the visit students were asked to fill out an exit survey (included in Appendix A). Of the 24 students who came, 15 students responded to the survey. Survey Responses from NAA visit.


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Take a look to this picture
As you can see there is a relatively intuitive way to map x,y rectangular coordinate system to the hexagonal one.
We may talk about "rect" irregular hexagons ie hexagons inscribed in ellipses or hexagons obtained from regular hexagons scaled in both directions disproportionately (no rotations-shearings).
A rect hexagon can be defined by the height and width of the circumscribing rectangle plus the width of the inscribing one. (W,w,h)
The easiest way to find out the hexagonal index is to partitionate the space as follow:
The rectangle width is w + (W - w)/2 = (w + W)/2, its height is h/2; the width of the green rectangle is (W-w)/2. Is easy to find out where in which rectangle the point falls:
u and v are the reminder coordinates that indicates where the point is whithin the i,j rectangle: Using w we can say if we are in the green area (u < (W-w)/2) or not.
if it is the case we are in the green area we need to know if we are in the upper or lower half of the hexagon: we are in the upper half if i and j are both even or both odd; we are in the lower half otherwise.
In both cases it is usefull to trasform u and v so they vary between 0 and 1:
if we are in the lower half and v < u
if we are in the upper half and (1-v) > u
then we decrement i by one
Now we simply have to decrement j by one if i is odd to see that i is the horizontal hexagon index (column) and the integer part of j/2 is the vertical hexagon index (row)


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Our BatchGeo world MAP shows the locations of projects featured on Solaripedia.
Habitat for Humanity International is dedicated to the cause of eliminating poverty housing. Since its founding in 1976, Habitat has built more than 350,000 houses worldwide, providing simple, decent and affordable shelter for more than 1.5 million people. Last year, Habitat for Humanity announced plans to build 5,000 green homes around the US for low-income families. These homes would be built over five years, and would meet EnergyStar guidelines or other green building standards, like LEED - whether features include extra insulation in the attic or solar powered hot water heaters. Although green building carriers higher upfront costs (approximately $5,000 for an EnergyStar and LEED certified home) due to the extra materials as well as the certification process itself and extra training, it's worth it in the long run. Increasing the typical Habitat home price tag of $75,000 by a mere five grand allows families to enjoy a rapid payback in terms of lower energy bills. From new energy-efficient water heaters and weather stripping to programmable thermostats and low-flow toilets and solar panels, families see immediate savings in their monthly utility bills. Knowing a family can afford to maintain and live in these new homes for years to come means so much to these new homeowners and to these communities.
Habitat Helps by Bringing Solar to Armenia
People in poverty often spend a greater part of their family income on energy services than wealthy households. In Armenia, rural communities in remote areas are particularly vulnerable due to the exorbitant costs associated with connecting to an energy grid. An average 20 percent of household energy use is for heating water. Families in need often barely produce enough hot water for their basic needs. Water is heated with homemade immersion electrical boilers and by burning wood in makeshift ovens. Immersion electrical boilers are extremely dangerous, especially for children: there is a constant threat of electric shock or explosion. In addition to these safety concerns, the boilers consume astronomical levels of electrical energy and are scarcely affordable for an average Armenian family, with a monthly household income of US$150-180. Wood-burning, kerosene and diesel oil heaters lead to health problems as well as degraded local forests.
According to the national gas supplier ArmRusGasArd, about 70 percent of the Armenian population has access to a natural gas supply; of Habitat's partner families, only 5 percent have access.
Expanding on its work to eliminate poverty housing, Habitat Armenia is introducing a traditionally expensive technology to vulnerable households: solar panels. Armenia has on average 300 sunny days per year, so using solar energy makes for a logical—and environmentally sound—alternative to other forms of energy. Quick and easy to install and maintain, the unique solar-powered systems will give affordable hot water access to 127 vulnerable households.
Families will repay the cost of the system in less than 8 years; once installed, families have no further recurring costs for heating water. 12 communities will be educated in clean energy sources, raising awareness of the positive effectives on income, health, education and the environment.
There is potential to scale this project up to reach more than 10,000 households throughout Armenia as well as easily replicate across the region and establish solar heating systems to the wider Armenian market. This project is an innovative commercial-non-profit partnership: a pioneer in social business.
- Sustainable solar water heater systems will be installed into 127 safe, decent, affordable homes
- Families will save 20 percent of monthly household income in electricity costs
- Health complaints will be reduced
- Families will use 1.5 cubic meters less wood per year
- Sale of renewable energy systems will increase by 5 percent
- Clean energy awareness in our communities will increase
- By using the sun to heat water, a family will save an average of US$252 per year; that is equal to 740 loaves of bread, 222 kilos of tomatoes, or 55.5 kilos of meat.
Habitat Builds Solar Housing for Oakland, California
Habitat for Humanity is turning one Oakland brownfield into several green homes as part of its ongoing East Bay Project. With help from Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) and a slew of volunteers, Habitat is building a 54-home development of affordable housing for low-income homeowners. The development site, a former battery salvage yard, was labeled a "blighted property" by the EPA and California's Department of Toxic Substances.
Yet that did not stop Habitat For Humanity. Roughly 300,000 cubic yards of soil had to be removed and replaced, but you can bet the effort will be worth it for the new residents of Edes Avenue.
Some features of the green homes include:
- Solar power panels
- Double-thick concrete foundation for thermal insulation
- Passive solar design eliminates the need for air conditioning
- Exposed stained concrete floor, which both adds to passive solar design and saves on other flooring materials
- Concrete is 40 percent fly ash content, which lends added durability and requires less energy to manufacture
- Use of blown-in cellulose insulation made of recycled paper scraps for a tight thermal barrier within wood-framed walls
- Milgard fiberglass windows
- Rinnai on-demand hot water heaters
- Compact fluorescent lighting
- No or low-VOC paints throughout.
PG&E's Solar Habitat Program
Pacific Gas & Electric's Solar Habitat Program in California is a partnership between PG&E and Habitat for Humanity International to fund the full cost of solar electric systems on every Habitat-built home in northern and central California. The first-of-its-kind partnership brings solar energy to families with limited incomes, furthering PG&E's commitment to provide affordable, renewable energy in the communities it serves.
Since the program began in 2005, PG&E has provided more than $2 million dollars to Habitat for Humanity affiliates in northern and central California to fund solar installations. In addition to lowering energy bills for these families through solar technology, this program seeks to promote energy literacy throughout underserved communities and increase enrollment in PG&E's free energy assistance programs for low-income families.
The solar panels installed on Habitat-homes generate nearly 300kWh of clean, renewable energy from sunlight each month, saving the families approximately $500 a year on energy costs. Each panel will also help avoid the release of more than 132,000 pounds of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere over the 30-year life of the system.
In addition to solar panels, PG&E provides resources to Habitat affiliates to help them build green, with the eventual goal of having each home LEED certified.
Habitat Powers Washington Home with Solar
From the Kitsap Sun -
Up until a few weeks ago, Felicia Oliver-Johnson always ran out of hot water when pouring baths for her five children in their small Poulsbo apartment.
But since moving March 27 into her Habitat for Humanity home in Suquamish with its state-of-the-art solar water heater, the 24-year-old single mother said she can run the dishwasher and clothes washer and pour baths — all at the same time — without the water ever turning cold.
"We've never run out of hot water yet," she said proudly.
Oliver-Johnson's new home is the first Habitat-sponsored residence in Washington State to have solar energy.
The solar water heater, which costs approximately $7,500 in materials alone, was a gift. "It's not normally something we would install," Lori Oberlander, Kitsap Habitat executive director, said.
The solar water heater was provided by Community Energy Solutions, a local nonprofit dedicated to advancing sustainable energy practices, with funding help from the Humanlinks Foundation and Grace Episcopal Church on Bainbridge Island. Sun Wind Concepts provided the installation.
Joe Deets, Community Energy Solutions executive director, said solar hot water systems make sense for everyone, especially those with limited incomes.
"A family in need can really benefit from this type of system," Deets said. "Heating water is a huge part of any utility bill — easily 25 percent. Solar water heaters really lower utility bills... and can help families afford to stay in their homes."
Deets explained that Oliver-Johnson's hot water system has an electric component that "kicks in" as needed, such as on absolute gray days. But even a little sunlight can provide a full day of hot water — in part because the system reacts to light and not heat, and energy is stored in an insulated tank.
The water heater soon will be operating at peak capacity.
From May through September, the Puget Sound area gets a daily average of 5.22 hours of sunlight.
The family previously lived in a low-income, subsidized apartment with three bedrooms and one bathroom for her sons, ages 5, 3 and 2, and her two sisters she has adopted, ages 10 and 8. Three years ago, Oliver-Johnson landed a job at the Marion Forsman-Boushie Early Learning Center in Suquamish. The job turned out to be a mixed blessing. With the new income, her rent skyrocketed, and other program assistance diminished or disappeared altogether.
At the urging of her mother, Oliver-Johnson applied for a home through Habitat for Humanity, and soon learned that Habitat intended to build the home in Suquamish, near her workplace and where her children attend school.
Ground broke on Oliver-Johnson's home last July 18.
The home was built with funding from the Gavel & Hammer Society, a group of Kitsap lawyers who support Habitat, and by members of the community who volunteered more than 2,700 hours of labor. Wenzlau Architects of Bainbridge Island provided the blueprints.
Oliver-Johnson invested more than 420 hours of Habitat-required "sweat equity" by working both on


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Scripture Journaling Plan
Your Bible Journaling Plan – A Walk Through Romans
Your scripture journaling plan – your reading and writing passages can be found in Romans
The key word for Romans is faith – throughout this bundle you will be taking a walk through Romans and journaling your faith.
Romans was written by Paul in about AD57 near the end of the third missionary journey. The main synopsis of Romans is all about :
- the need for salvation
- the method of salvation
- salvation illustrated in the life of Abraham
- The blessing of salvation
- the scope of salvation
- life of holy service to God
- struggle with sinful tendencies
- the plan of salvation by faith
- Gods dealings with Israel
- The restoration
The scriptures are there for you to reflect, journal and encourage you to live a life with purpose.
This is a reference guide for you to come back on a daily basis to reflect on and journal on.
Take care Debbera xoxo


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Beer and Disease Prevention
We often hear about the health benefits (specifically related to heart health) associated with moderate consumption of red wine, but what we don't hear about is the beneficial nutrients found in beer, which is widely consumed across the world. Folate, found in beer, is a nutrient that can help protect against cancer and is known to prevent birth defects. Beer is also rich in B-vitamins. Other research finds that beer can help you stave off kidney stones, gallstones and coronary artery disease. Results from some studies have also found that women who drank moderate amounts of beer had lower blood pressure than women who drank spirits or wine.
Beer and Bone Health
Perhaps the most promising health benefit associated with beer consumption is its positive effect on your bones. Some types of beer contain a generous amount of a nutrient called silicon, which helps strengthen your bones and can increase bone-mineral density and therefore reduce your risk of developing osteoporosis.
None of this is new information--scientists have known for decades that beer is rich in silicon--however the silicon content in beer can vary widely. Some have as little as six milligrams of silicon per one liter of beer while others top off at 56 milligrams of silicon per liter of beer. The ideal daily intake of silicon hasn't been established yet, but scientists think we should probably be getting about 46 milligrams per day (we're currently averaging between 20 to 50 milligrams per day). Ales generally have more silicon than lagers do, and beers that have a lot of malt are higher in silicon too. Beers made from a lot of barley that are light in color will give you the most bone-protecting bang for your buck.
The Bottom Line
Although brewskies may not be completely empty calories as popular belief would hold, this doesn't mean that you should start drinking beer to improve your health if you don't already imbibe. Additionally, the fact that beer contains a nutrient that benefits your bones doesn't mean that you now have an excuse to down an entire 12-pack and claim you're doing it "for your health." Alcohol should always be consumed in moderation--for men that's two drinks and for women, that's one drink (12 ounces of beer is considered "one drink"). While moderate alcohol intake protects your bones, drinking too much alcohol can actually cause bone loss.
Lastly, if you don't drink alcohol, you can get silicon from fruits, vegetables and whole-grains, which we know are chock-full of other beneficial, disease-fighting nutrients. And don't forget about the other bone-boosting nutrients: calcium and vitamin D.
Kari Hartel, RD, LD is a Registered, Licensed Dietitian and freelance writer based out of St. Louis, MO. Kari is passionate about nutrition education and the prevention of chronic disease through a healthy diet and active lifestyle. Kari holds a Bachelor of Science in Dietetics from Southeast Missouri State University and is committed to helping people lead healthy lives. She completed a yearlong dietetic internship at OSF St. Francis Medical Center in Peoria, IL, where she worked with a multitude of clients and patients with complicated diagnoses. She planned, marketed, and implemented nutrition education programs and cooking demonstrations for the general public as well as for special populations, including patients with cancer, heart disease, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, obesity, and school-aged children. Contact Kari at _EMAIL_.


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26 Oct 2009: Opinion
Greenest Place in the U.S.?
It's Not Where You Think
Green rankings in the U.S. don't tell the full story about the places where the human footprint is lightest. If you really want the best environmental model, you need to look at the nation's biggest — and greenest — metropolis: New York City.
In 2007, Forbes
picked Vermont as the greenest state, a choice consistent with conventional thinking about low-impact living. Vermont has an abundance of trees, farms, backyard compost heaps, and environmentally aware citizens, and it has no crowded expressways or big, dirty cities. (The population of Vermont's largest city, Burlington, is just under 40,000.) Vermont also ranks high in almost all the categories on which Forbes
based its analysis, such as the proportion of buildings certified by the U. S. Green Building Council's increasingly popular eco-rating system, which is called Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), and the implementation of public policies that encourage energy efficiency.
's ranking was unfortunate, because Vermont, in many important ways, sets a poor environmental example. Spreading people thinly across the countryside, Vermont-style, may make them look and feel green, but it actually increases the damage they do to the environment while also making that damage harder to see and to address. In the categories that matter the most, Vermont ranks low in comparison with many other American places. It has no truly significant public transit system (other than its school bus routes), and, because its population is so dispersed, it is one of the most heavily automobile-dependent states in the country. A typical Vermonter consumes 545 gallons of gasoline per year — almost a hundred gallons more than the national average.
Is there a better U.S. environmental role model than Vermont? There are many — and the best of them, I believe, is New York City.
This choice may seem ludicrous to most Americans, including most New Yorkers, because for decades we have been taught to think of crowded cities as one of the principal sources of our worst environmental problems. In the most significant ways, though, New York is a paragon of ecological
The key to New York's relative environmental benignity is the very thing that makes it appear to be an ecological nightmare: its extreme compactness.
responsibility. The average city resident consumes only about a quarter as much gasoline as the average Vermonter — and the average Manhattan resident consumes even less, just 90 gallons a year, a rate that the rest of the country hasn't matched since the mid-1920s. New Yorkers also consume far less electricity — about 4,700 kilowatt hours per household per year, compared with roughly 7,100 kilowatt hours in Vermont and more than 11,000 kilowatt hours in the United States as a whole. New York City is more populous than all but 11 states; if it were granted statehood, it would rank 51st in per-capita energy use.
The key to New York City's relative environmental benignity is the very thing that, to most Americans, makes it appear to be an ecological nightmare: its extreme compactness. Moving people and their daily destinations close together reduces their need for automobiles, makes efficient public transit possible, and restores walking as a viable form of transportation. (Dense urban cores are among the few places left in America where people still routinely go around on foot; in the suburbs, you seldom see anyone walking who is actually traveling to a destination rather than merely moving between a building and a vehicle or trying to lose weight.)
Metropolitan New York accounts for almost a third of all the public-transit passenger miles traveled in the United States, and it has, by far, the
Mario Tama/Getty Images
In New York City, recent improvements to biking infrastructure led to a 35 percent increase in bicycle commuting between 2007 and 2008.
nation's lowest rate of automobile ownership. (Fifty-four percent of New York City households — and 77 percent of Manhattan households — own no car at all. In Vermont and the rest of the country, the percentage of no-automobile households is close to zero.) Eighty-two percent of employed Manhattanites travel to work by public transit, by bicycle, or on foot. That's 10 times the rate for Americans in general, eight times the rate for workers in Los Angeles County, and 16 times the rate for residents of metropolitan Atlanta.
Population density also lowers energy and water use in all categories, constrains family size, limits the consumption of all kinds of goods, reduces ownership of wasteful appliances, decreases the generation of solid waste, and forces most residents to live in some of the world's most inherently energy-efficient residential structures: apartment buildings. As a result, New Yorkers have the smallest carbon footprints in the United States: 7.1 metric tons of greenhouse gases per person per year, or less than 30 percent of the national average. Manhattanites generate even less.
Americans tend to think of dense cities as despoilers of the natural landscape, but they actually help to preserve it. If you spread all 8.2 million New York City residents across the countryside at the population density of Vermont, you would need a space equal to the land area of the six New England states plus New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia — and
Wild landscapes are less often destroyed by people who despise them than by people who love them, or think they do.
then, of course, you'd have to find places to put all the people you were displacing. In a paradoxical way, environmental groups have been a major contributor to residential sprawl, for organizations like the Sierra Club, whose anti-city ethos has been indivisible from its mission since the time of John Muir, have fueled the yearning for fresh air and elbow room which drives not only the preservation of wilderness areas but also the construction of disconnected subdivisions and daily hundred-mile commutes. Preaching the sanctity of open spaces helps to propel development into those very spaces, and the process is self-reinforcing because, as one environmentalist said to me, "Sprawl is created by people escaping sprawl."
Wild landscapes are less often destroyed by people who despise wild landscapes than by people who love them, or think they do — by people who move to be near them, and then, when others follow, move again. Henry David Thoreau's cabin near Walden Pond, a mile from his nearest neighbor, set the American pattern for creeping residential development, since anyone seeking to replicate his experience needed to move at least a mile farther along.
At an environmental presentation last year, I sat next to an investment banker who was initially skeptical when I explained that New Yorkers have a significantly lower environmental impact than other Americans. "But that's just because they're all crammed together," he said. Just so. He then disparaged New Yorkers' energy efficiency as "unconscious," as though intention were more important than results. But unconscious efficiencies are the most desirable ones, because they require neither enforcement nor a personal commitment to cutting back. New Yorkers' energy consumption has always been low, no matter what was happening with the price of fossil fuels; their carbon footprint isn't small because they go around snapping off lights.
I spoke with one energy expert, who, when I asked him to explain why per-capita energy consumption was so much lower in Europe than in the United States, said, "It's not a secret, and it's not the result of some miraculous technological breakthrough. It's because Europeans are more
More from Yale e360What Makes Europe
Greener than the U.S.?
The average American produces three times the amount of CO2 emissions as a person in France. A U.S. journalist now living in Europe explains how she learned to love her clothesline and sweating in summer.New York City Girds Itself
for Heat and Rising Seas
By the end of the century, New York's climate could resemble that of present-day Raleigh, N.C. and its harbor could easily rise by two feet or more. Faced with this prospect, the city is among the first urban centers to begin changing the way it builds its infrastructure — and the way it thinks about its future.
likely to live in dense cities and less likely to own cars."
In European cities, as in New York, in other words, the most important efficiencies are built-in
. And for the same reasons.
New York City looks so different from so much of the rest of the country that its environmental examples aren't easy to apply — and even New Yorkers tend not to appreciate their power. (No one is more surprised than a Manhattanite to be told that Manhattanites are the nation's lowest per-capita energy consumers.) But dense urban centers offer one of the few plausible remedies for some of the world's most discouraging environmental ills, including climate change. Anti-urban naturalists like Thoreau and Muir make poor guides for anyone struggling with the increasingly urgent problem of how to support billions of mobile, acquisitive, hungry human beings without triggering disasters that can't be contained.
The world's population is projected to increase to 9 billion during the next 30 years — an increase of seven times the current population of the United States, or roughly equal to the current population of India and China combined. We won't be able to accommodate that change by making the world look more like Vermont.
POSTED ON 26 Oct 2009 IN
Climate Policy & Politics Pollution & Health Sustainability Sustainability Urbanization North America North America