Using I2C Serial Bus to Connect Raspberry Pi to Arduino
Using I2C Serial Bus to Connect Raspberry Pi to Arduino
At some point, I'll be looking to extend my Raspberry Pi robot, and one of the ways to do that is to use I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) serial devices. So, in this feature, I look at how to access an Arduino board from the Raspberry Pi using this serial bus. I also include both Raspberry Pi and Arduino code to demonstrate the use of the serial interface.
I think it's true that the Arduino boards are a much more reliable platform than the Raspberry Pi when comes to timing critical functions. And this is due to the Arduino having onboard peripherals such as Timers, ADC and many more built-in modules. Also, the Arduino microcontroller executes program functions in real-time as opposed to an operating system queueing tasks for execution.
Using the included example code, I was able to test the performance of both the Raspberry Pi B3 and the Raspberry Pi Zero. However, the example code is still a work in progress, and some tuning is still necessary for the final I2C serial application.
On initial testing, the Raspberry Pi B3 outperforms the Pi Zero by more than a hundred times. And this is measured by the number of failed read methods within the stream. So, the more read methods I perform per second; the more I2C bus errors I get.
Also, while mostly affecting the Pi zero, execution of another process can interrupt the I2C stream and cause increased errors. However, you can use exception handling in the code to prevent your program from crashing. You may need to perform retries until the serial interface returns to normal operation.
Setup and I2C Test Code
Arduino and Raspberry Pi I2C Test Circuit
Arduino and Raspberry Pi Test Circuit
The Raspberry Pi is going to need some initial configuration to run the example code. Also, to support the SMBus2 Python library, we need to install some dependencies.
Firstly, we configure the Rasberry Pi to enable the I2C interface. So, open a Terminal session on the Raspberry Pi to execute the following command: sudo raspi-config. The Raspberry Pi Configuration Tool will now open to allow you to select interface options. Then on the next screen, choose I2C to enable the interface.
Raspberry Pi Software Configuration Tool
Raspberry Pi Software Configuration Tool
Secondly, we now install the dependencies required by the SMBus2 library. It appears, at least on my Raspberry Pi setup, I only need to install one package. Therefore, execute the following in the Pi Terminal:
sudo apt-get install i2c-tools
Lastly, we install SMBus2, which is a drop-in replacement for smbus-cffi/smbus-python in pure Python. Enter the following command in the Terminal:
# Either for Python 2.7
pip install smbus2
# Or, for Python 3
pip3 install smbus2
Test Code For I2C
Arduino and Raspberry Pi I2C Connection
Arduino and Raspberry Pi I2C Connection
The Circuit
To run the example code, you will need to connect the I2C interface between the Raspberry Pi and Arduino. The Raspberry Pi will have the USB power, while the Arduino has power from the computer USB serial connection. The Arduino is a 3.3v Pro Mini compatible running at 8MHz. And due to the separate power supplies, we need to connect the grounds between the Arduino and Raspberry Pi.
However, this circuit will not be compatible with 5v Arduino board versions. While it is possible to disable the Arduino pull-up resistors, a 5v spike on the I2C is still possible during the pull-up transition.
So, to check the correct installation of the software packages, run the following command at the Terminal Prompt. However, you will need the example code uploaded and running on the Arduino. This example code will set the slave address of the Arduino board, and hopefully, this test will detect that address.
sudo i2cdetect -y 1
You should get an output similar to the following:
i2cdetect Serial Bus Output
i2cdetect Serial Bus Output
The Demo Program
The Raspberry Pi operates as the master while the Arduino is the slave device. The process of the program is as below:
The Raspberry Pi uses the SMBus2 read method to get a counter value from the Arduino device. Additionally, after each successful read, the counter on the Arduino is incremented. When the counter reaches 255, the counter is then reset to Zero.
The Raspberry Pi sends an integer called an offset. This offset then allows the Arduino to run an associated function to generate a return value. So, the return value is the counter value and is returned with the offset value. Then, the Raspberry Pi prints both the offset value and the counter value in the Terminal.
The Raspberry Pi I2C Demo Python Code
Copy this program to the Raspberry Pi and run it in the Terminal: python3
Adjust the sleep time in the Python code in the case of getting too many serial bus errors.
#!/usr/bin/env python
from time import sleep
from smbus2 import SMBusWrapper
address = 0x08
# Give the I2C device time to settle
while 1:
 with SMBusWrapper(1) as bus:
 data = bus.read_i2c_block_data(address, 99, 2)
 print('Offset {}, data {}'.format(data[0], data[1]))
 print(' Oops! Error')
 # Decreasing delay may create more transmission errors.
The Arduino I2C Demo Code
Using the Arduino IDE, upload the code to the Arduino device.
// i2c_slave_test.ino
_TAG_
_TAG_ SLAVE_ADDRESS 0x08
// 10 byte data buffer
int receiveBuffer[9];
uint8_t keepCounted = 0;
// Read data in to buffer, offset in first element.
void receiveData(int byteCount){
 int counter = 0;
 while(Wire.available()) {
 receiveBuffer[counter] =;
 //Serial.print("Got data: ");
 counter ++;
// Use the offset value to select a function
void sendData(){
 if (receiveBuffer[0] == 99) {
 } else{
 Serial.println("No function for this address");
// Write data
void writeData(char newData) {
 char data[] = {receiveBuffer[0], newData};
 int dataSize = sizeof(data);
 Wire.write(data, dataSize);
// Counter function
int keepCount() {
 keepCounted ++;
 if (keepCounted > 255) {
 keepCounted = 0;
 return 0;
 } else {
 return keepCounted;
void setup(){
 Serial.begin(9600); // start serial for output
 Serial.println("I2C Ready!");
void loop(){
And Finally
So, this is a work in progress and I expect to try other methods from the SMBus2 library also.
Related Articles
Pi Wars 2018 Raspberry Pi Headless Install
Raspberry Pi Headless Install Without A Display Guide – Link.
Beginners Guide to Raspberry Pi Configuration
Beginners Guide to Raspberry Pi Configuration – Link.
Buying Featured Items
The purchase price is going to vary greatly depending on how quickly you want the items. Therefore shop around checking out Amazon, Ebay and local electronic stores.
UK Searches:
UK Amazon:
 - Arduino Pro Mini ATMEGA328P – Search
 - Raspberry Pi – Search
 - MicroSD Card – Search
 - Raspberry Pi Compatible Wi-Fi Dongle – Search
US Searches:
US Amazon:
 - Arduino Pro Mini ATMEGA328P – Search
 - Raspberry Pi – Search
 - MicroSD Card – Search
 - Raspberry Pi Compatible Wi-Fi Dongle – Search
On Closing
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Blind men and an elephant
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Blind men touching parts of an elephant
The Blind men and an elephant is an idiom.
The story of the blind men and an elephant comes from India. It is about a range of truths and mistakes. It is also about the need for communication and the need for respect for different perspectives.
The idiom shows the effects of observation and bias.[1] Idioms are a common stumbling block for learners of a language.
Story[change | change source]
A group of blind men (or men in the dark) touch an elephant to learn what it is like. Each one feels a different part, but only one part. For example, one touches only the side and another touches only the tusk.
The blind men discover that they disagree when each describes what he has learned from touching the elephant.
Poem[change | change source]
A famous version of story is a poem -- "The Blind Men and the Elephant" by John Godfrey Saxe (1816–1887).
And so these men of Hindustan
Disputed loud and long,
Each in his own opinion
Exceeding stiff and strong,
Though each was partly in the right
And all were in the wrong.
The poem begins:
It was six men of Indostan
To learning much inclined,
Who went to see the Elephant
(Though all of them were blind),
That each by observation
Might satisfy his mind[2]
They conclude that the elephant is like a wall, snake, spear, tree, fan or rope, depending upon where they touch. None of blind men's description is correct for the whole elephant.[3]
Related pages[change | change source]
References[change | change source]
 1. Gong, Wenxiang. (1998). Communication and Culture: China and the World Entering the 21st Century, p. 51.
 2. Saxe, John Godfrey. (1872). "The Blind Men and the Elephant," The poems of John Godfrey Saxe, p. 260.
 3. Peng, T.C. and Juliana Yuan. (1995). "Chinese Idioms and Cultural Values," Chinese American Forum, Vols. 11-13, p. 32.
Other websites[change | change source]


text:
Using a new technique to analyze 52 years of international conflict, researchers suggest that there may be no such thing as a "democratic peace."
In addition, a model developed with this new technique was found to predict international conflict five and even ten years in the future better than any existing model.
Democratic peace is the widely held theory that democracies are less likely to go to war against each other than countries with other types of government.
In the new study, researchers found that economic trade relationships and participation in international governmental organizations play a strong role in keeping the peace among countries. But democracy? Not so much.
"That's a startling finding because the value of joint democracy in preventing war is what we thought was the closest thing to a law in international politics," said Skyler Cranmer, lead author of the study and The Carter Phillips and Sue Henry Associate Professor of Political Science at The Ohio State University.
"There's been empirical research supporting this theory for the past 50 years. Even U.S. presidents have touted the value of a democratic peace, but it doesn't seem to hold up, at least the way we looked at it."
The study appears this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Cranmer's co-authors are Elizabeth Menninga, assistant professor of political science at the University of Iowa and recent Ph.D. graduate in political science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and Peter Mucha, professor of mathematics in the College of Arts and Sciences at UNC-Chapel Hill.
Along with casting doubt on democratic peace theory, the study also developed a new way to predict levels of international conflict that is more accurate than any previous model. The researchers used a new technique to examine all violent conflicts between countries during the period of 1948 to 2000. The result was a model of international conflict that was 47 percent better than the standard model at predicting the level of worldwide conflict five and even 10 years into the future.
"The Department of Defense needs to know at least that far in advance what the world situation is going to be like, because it can't react in a year to changes in levels of conflict due to bureaucratic inertia and its longer funding cycle," Cranmer said.
"Being able to have a sense of the global climate in five or 10 years would be extremely helpful from a policy and planning perspective."
The researchers started the study with a famous idea posed by the philosopher Immanuel Kant back in 1795: that the world could enjoy a "perpetual peace" if countries would become more interconnected in three ways. The modern interpretation of those three ways is: Through the spread of democratic states, more economic interdependence through trade, and more joint membership in international governmental organizations, or IGOs. (Modern examples range from regional agricultural organizations to the European Union and NATO.)
Many studies have looked at how these three elements, either together or separately, affect conflict between countries. But even when they were considered together, the impact of the three individual factors were considered additively.
What makes this study unique is that the researchers were the first to use a new statistical measure developed by Mucha – called multislice community detection — to analyze all three of these components collectively. They were able to examine, for the first time, how each component was related to each other. For example, how membership in IGOs affected trade agreements between counties, and vice versa.
"When we looked at these networks holistically, we found communities of countries that are similar not only in terms of their IGO memberships, or trade agreements, or in their democratic governments, but in terms of all these three elements together," Cranmer said.
The separation between such communities in the world is what the researchers called "Kantian Fractionalization."
"You might think of it as the number of cliques the world is split up into and how easy it is to isolate those cliques from one another," Cranmer said.
But the deeper the separation between communities or cliques there are in the world at one time, the more dangerous the world becomes.
By measuring these communities in the world at one specific time, the researchers could predict with better accuracy than ever before how many violent conflicts would occur in one, 5 or 10 years in the future. This study had a broad definition of conflict: any military skirmish where one country deliberately kills a member of another country. Many of the conflicts in this study were relatively small, but it also includes major wars.
Predicting one year into the future, this new model was 13 percent better than the standard model at predicting levels of worldwide conflict. But it was 47 percent better at predicting conflict 5 and 10 years into the future.
"We measured how fragile these networks are to breaking up into communities," Mucha said. "Remarkably, that fragility in a mathematical sense has a clear political consequence in terms of increased conflict."
The linear relationship between higher levels of Kantian fractionalization and more future conflict was so strong that Cranmer couldn't believe it at first.
"I threw up my hands in frustration when I first saw the results. I thought we surely must have made a mistake because you almost never see the kind of clean, linear relationship that we found outside of textbooks," Cranmer said.
"But we confirmed that there is this strong relationship."

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
How to Create a Snapshot With the Oracle ILOM Web Interface SUN Server
Posted by on 07 April 2016 01:24 PM
This procedure requires Administration (a) permission.
- Log in to the Oracle ILOM web interface.
- Select Snapshot from the Maintenance tab.
The Service Snapshot Utility screen appears.
- Select the data set you want: Normal, FRU ID, Full, or Custom.
- Normal – Specifies that Oracle ILOM, operating system, and hardware information is collected.
- FRU ID – Provides FRU ID information.
- Full – Specifies that all data is collected. Selecting Full might reset the system.
- Custom – Allows you to choose one or more of the following data sets:
Oracle ILOM data
Basic OS data
- Select the Enabled check box if you want to collect only log files from the data set.
- Select the Enabled check box if you want to encrypt the output file.
- Select one of the following methods to transfer the output file:
- Click Run.
A Save As dialog box appears.
- In the dialog box, specify the directory to which to save the file and the file name.
- Click OK.
The utility places a zip file in the specified directory.
- Unzip the file to access the data produced by the snapshot.


Aayush Kumar Aayush Kumar - 5 months ago 34
C++ Question
How to reduce execution time in C++ for the following code?
I have written this code which has an execution time of 3.664 sec but the time limit is 3 seconds.
The question is this-
N teams participate in a league cricket tournament on Mars, where each
pair of distinct teams plays each other exactly once. Thus, there are a total
of (N × (N1))/2 matches. An expert has assigned a strength to each team,
a positive integer. Strangely, the Martian crowds love onesided matches
and the advertising revenue earned from a match is the absolute value of
the difference between the strengths of the two matches. Given the
strengths of the N teams, find the total advertising revenue earned from all
the matches.
Input format
Line 1 : A single integer, N.
Line 2 : N space separated integers, the strengths of the N teams.
using namespace std;
int main()
int n;
int stren[200000];
long long rev=0;
int pos=b;
for(int c=pos;c(stren[b]);
Live code here
Why does it work
Your loops make all pairs of 2 numbers and add the difference to rev. So in a sorted array, bth item is subtracted (n-1-b) times and added b times. Hence the number 2 * b - n + 1
There can be 1 micro optimization that possibly is not needed:
for(int b = 0, m = 1 - n; b < n; b++, m += 2)
 rev += m * static_cast(stren[b]);


text:
Remote Sensing of Earth's Ice Cover
Professor of Geography
Director of CIRES
_PHONE_ Ekeley 305
Ph.D. University of Colorado at Boulder, 1996
My research interests are in the use of satellite and airborne remote sensing techniques, integrated with in situ observations and modeling, to understand how and why the Earth's ice cover is changing, and what those changes mean for life on Earth. In particular, my research focuses on the contributions of ice sheets and high-latitude glaciers to sea level rise and their relationship to the changing climate. Toward that end, I have been heavily involved in the development of NASA's Ice Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) and its successor, ICESat-II, and I have worked on cryospheric applications of various other satellites and aircraft instruments. Most of my research is supported by NASA, where I worked as a scientist for 12 years, before joining CIRES.
Labs & Facilities
KESDA Lab is an instructional computer lab with advanced software and hardware used to teach technique (skills) courses in geography.
I joined the department in Summer, 2008, when I took over as director of what is now known as the Earth Science and Observation Center (ESOC). My research focuses on the use of remote sensing observations to understand the Earth's changing ice cover, but my interests span many aspects of Earth system science and the use of remote sensing as a tool to understand our changing Earth. In December I was selected to lead NASA's Ice Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) science definition team, which defines the mission's science objectives and requirements. ICESat-2 is a laser altimetry mission that precisely measures elevation changes of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheet to determine their contributions to sea level rise. Other research projects for which I have recently received funding include: the analysis of data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission to determine how and why the glaciers of Alaska, Canada, Patagonia and Greenland are changing, studying the behavior of melt and the movement of melt water on the Greenland ice sheet, and examining flow history of some of Greenland's more dynamic outlet glaciers.
"What's New" updated February 2009
I received my MS in Aerospace Engineering Sciences and Ph.D. in Geography from the University of Colorado in 1991 and 1996 respectively. From 1996 through 2008, I worked in various positions at NASA, ranging from a research scientist, to program manager, to head of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's Cryospheric Sciences Branch. In 2008, I had the good fortune of being able to return "home" to serve as director of the Earth Science and Observation Center at CU and join the faculty of the Geography Department. I am very glad to have the opportunity to bring the experiences and perspectives that I have acquired during my tenure at NASA back to the academic environment. I believe that when students can see the practical value of what they are learning, they are more motivated and the concepts resonate more effectively. My hope is that the perspective I can bring to the classroom will enable me to provide a unique learning opportunity for the students by infusing real-world experience into the concepts I am teaching them.
Application of data from the GRACE mission to understanding changes in glaciers in Alaska, the Canadian Arctic, Greenland, and Patagonia (NASA Cryospheric Sciences Program); Multi-sensor assessment of Greenland ice sheet mass balance (NASA Interdisciplinary Studies Program); Greenland ice sheet seasonal mass loss due to melting (NASA Terrestrial Hydrology Program); Decadal changes in Greenland ice sheet melt and accumulation zones (NASA GSFC); Changes in Greenland ice sheet outlet glacier velocities prior to 1995 (NASA PECASE award); Satellite laser altimetry mission requirements for ICESat-II (NASA ICESat-II Project).


text:
Background: Groundwater supplies for drinking water are frequently contaminated with low levels of human enteric virus genomes, yet evidence for waterborne disease transmission is lacking.
Objectives: We related quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)–measured enteric viruses in the tap water of 14 Wisconsin communities supplied by nondisinfected groundwater to acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) incidence.
Methods: AGI incidence was estimated from health diaries completed weekly by households within each study community during four 12-week periods. Water samples were collected monthly from five to eight households per community. Viruses were measured by qPCR, and infectivity assessed by cell culture. AGI incidence was related to virus measures using Poisson regression with random effects.
Results: Communities and time periods with the highest virus measures had correspondingly high AGI incidence. This association was particularly strong for norovirus genogroup I (NoV-GI) and between adult AGI and enteroviruses when echovirus serotypes predominated. At mean concentrations of 1 and 0.8 genomic copies/L of NoV-GI and enteroviruses, respectively, the AGI incidence rate ratios (i.e., relative risk) increased by 30%. Adenoviruses were common, but tap-water concentrations were low and not positively associated with AGI. The estimated fraction of AGI attributable to tap-water–borne viruses was between 6% and 22%, depending on the virus exposure–AGI incidence model selected, and could have been as high as 63% among children < 5 years of age during the period when NoV-GI was abundant in drinking water.
Conclusions: The majority of groundwater-source public water systems in the United States produce water without disinfection, and our findings suggest that populations served by such systems may be exposed to waterborne viruses and consequent health risks.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
This fall, Davis-Thomas Elementary Middle School will begin integrating a new educational model that will incorporate each subject of study into an overall theme of environmental sustainability.
Tucker County Superintendent of Schools Eddie Campbell said the idea is to move past the traditional classroom model of education and find ways to open up new possibilities.
"We want to put our energy into the concept of sustainability and environmental responsibility because we think it will foster a good connection for the kids. When they can make a connection to what they are studying, they are going to learn it better. We want to find a way to connect learning to what the kids are doing in the community. That is where we are coming from," Campbell said.
The Inter-Mountain photo by Joe Hoover
Jennifer Newland, executive director of the Canaan Valley Institute, explains the benefits of the new partnership between CVI and the Tucker County Board of Education to board members at a recent meeting.
The new model is grounded in integrated STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) education, but Campbell said Davis Thomas will be including subjects from the humanities and arts into its study of environmental sustainability.
"If we are studying a particular topic that has to do with trout habitat, we are going to be looking at the history involved in that. Reading and writing components will also be involved. We are going to bring all of those curricular areas together around the theme of sustainability."
The school will also be collaborating with the Canaan Valley Institute and the National Youth Science Foundation in order to diversify the educational opportunities available to its students.
Jennifer Newland, CVI's executive director, said CVI is interested in assisting Davis-Thomas's efforts to make their curriculum more science based in any way they can.
"We have considerable experience with developing science-based curriculums in other schools," she said. "Since CVI was founded, education has been one of our fundamental activities and we are dedicated to working with Tucker County schools on science and environmental education."
Much of Campbell's inspiration for Davis Thomas' new model, it seems, came from a visit to Crellin Elementary School in Oakland, Md., a school in which CVI previously helped develop a similar educational model.
Vicki Fenwick-Judy, CIV's education coordinator, explained that Crellin's students study a specific topic from the perspective of different school subjects.
Most recently, they studied energy and this involved projects such as the creation of a Leggo waterwheel which incorporated mathematics and engineering.
Since Crellin's transition to this model of education, Fenwick-Judy said its students have truly blossomed.
In 2010, Crellin was recognized for having the highest standardized test scores in Maryland. They also have recently received the Intel School of Distinction for Elementary Mathematics, a national award that included $10,000 and equipment and services worth $100,000.
Fenwick-Judy said, "The school consistently produces fantastic critical and creative thinkers."
Campbell said he was immensely impressed by his visit to Crellin.
"I saw kids that were engaged and thrilled about being in school. You can feel it when you walk into the school. You can hear it in the students' and teachers' voices. They are really excited about what they are learning. It is an awesome educational environment."
Based on the strength of his impression, Campbell approached Davis-Thomas' staff about developing a similar program.
"They are thrilled about it," he said. "For them, it will be a chance to get back into creative ways of teaching - it is a real lift for them."
Daryla Rapp, Davis Thomas' principal, agreed that the school's staff is excited at the prospect of the new model.
"When Dr. Campbell presented the opportunity to our staff, they were all very excited. We think this will be a great opportunity."


text:
2. Eyes and Fenders
Use oddly curved V-shapes to form fenders for each outer wheel. For the other fender, start with a V-shape. To its ends add lines that curve up, to your left, and then down.
Add ovals for the eyes. Draw a curved line for the smile. Place a tube with rounded ends on top of a tube with pointed odd-shaped ends.
Through the bottom of the lower tube place a curved U-shape that is upside down and has its open end covered by a line.


The Deed of Word
Thursday, Sep. 19, 2013 10:56 am
The Deed of Word
Describing his course to first-years, Angelo Mercado says:
Human language: what is it? And its parts?
Its rules, the things that we acquire unthinking?
Now, how do poets fashion speech into art?
Students in this course will be exploring
linguistic aspects of poetry, like rhyme,
rhythm, and structures of varying complexity.
We'll look at other traditions at the same time,
but English will be our focus primarily.
On up to sentence from syllable and sound,
students shall invent for language a theory
and for linguistic poetics, and look around
at how other scholars answer the query.


text:
Vetericyn Wound & Skin Care Hydrogel Spray, 8 oz
Vetericyn Wound & Skin Care Hydrogel Spray is thicker than original Vetericyn. It is designed to slowly evaporate and act as a physical barrier to outside elements, such as dirt and flies, making it great for use on flexing areas, such as ankles and knees. Vetericyn works naturally with the animal's immune system to fight infection and speed healing time. This broad-spectrum formula will not harm healthy tissue. It also helps increase blood flow and wound-healing nutrients to the wound site to speed healing, reduce swelling and itching. Vetericyn is as safe as water so can also be used around the mouth, nose, and eyes.
* Kills bacteria in 30 seconds and reduces healing time by 60%
* Use on minor burns, abrasions, sores, and skin irritations
* 100% biodegradable, non-toxic, and safe for use on all animals.
* Non-staining, do not freeze
* Made in the USA
Directions for use: Shake well before using. Move excess hair from wound area. Clip if necessary. Adjust spray nozzle. Saturate the affected area. If dressing is required, saturate dressing with Vetericyn® HydroGel at each dressing change. Repeat 3-4 times per day until wound is healed. No rinsing necessary. HydroGel is designed to stick to the site of application and evaporate slowly, no need to wipe away film or residue. Faster healing is achieved when wounds are cleaned and maintained moist. Safe for use around mouth, nose, ears and eyes.
Active Ingredients: Hypochlorous Acid (0.010%) Inactive Ingredients: Electrolyzed Water, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Hypochlorite, Lithium Magnesium Sodium Silicate, Sodium Bicarbonate, Phosphates, Sodium Sulfate.


The Benefits Of Raw Honey vs Conventional Honey
benefits of raw honey
These two bottles of honey are not created equal
Lately, I've been hearing a lot about the benefits of raw honey: it's great for your immune system, it can help with allergies, it's chock full of vitamins. But I wasn't sure exactly what raw honey was, or what the difference was between raw honey and the honey you buy at the grocery store. So, armed with my curiosity, my sweet tooth and a boyfriend with terrible fall allergies, I learned more about raw honey and why it's so good for your health.
Generally speaking, the basic difference between raw honey and "regular" honey is the way it's processed. Raw honey has not been heated to high temperatures in order to achieve the golden, syrupy look we're used to. Some people think that this heating, also called pasteurization, is necessary to make the honey fit for human consumption, as it kills bacteria and filters out bits of pollen and other debris.
But proponents of raw honey disagree that pasteurization is necessary, or even helpful. Some raw honey is filtered, too, but usually minimally. Margaux J. Rathbun, a Certified Nutritional Therapy practitioner, explained why raw honey is so great for our bodies:
Just like most foods that are processed or pasteurized, liquid honey loses a lot of its beneficial nutrients when it undergoes a heating process. Raw honey is loaded with nutrients like energizing B vitamins and immune-boosting vitamin C. It contains antibacterial and antioxidant properties, helping fight off free radicals in your body and keeping your immune system strong.
Raw honey can also reportedly help with burns, wound healing, and respiratory problems. Dr. Peter Molan, a professor of biochemistry at Waikato University in New Zealand, said, "The remarkable ability of honey to reduce inflammation and mop up free radicals should halt the progress of skin damage like it does in burns, as well as protecting from infection setting in…there are very good grounds for using honey as a therapeutic agent of first choice."
The anecdotal evidence from raw honey devotees is overwhelming. In fact, even some vegans have decided to use it (technically it's an animal product, so it shouldn't be included in a vegan diet). Vicki Chelf, the creator of Vicki's Vegan Kitchen, says the health benefits of raw honey are worth compromising her vegan diet: she eats honey every day in her soy latte.
Almost everyone I spoke to discussed the reported benefits of eating local honey as a way to combat allergies, too. Holistic nutritionist Andrea Palen commented:
The idea behind eating honey as a remedy for allergies is kind of like gradually vaccinating the body against pollen allergens, a process called immunotherapy. Honey contains a variety of the same spores that give allergy sufferers so much trouble when the seasons change. Introducing these spores into the body in small amounts by eating honey might make the body more accustomed to their presence and decrease the chance of an allergic immune response.
And if raw honey contains a higher amount of the pollen used by the bees to make the honey, it might be a better bet to help you stop sneezing up a storm. Expert beekeeper and the volunteer mentor-in-chief of NYC Beekeeping Jim Fischer says, "The good news is that a jar of honey is the cheapest thing one could buy for one's allergies, and it certainly can't hurt. "
If you want to buy raw honey, how can you recognize it? Palen told me:
"Raw honey is characterized by fine textured crystals and has a milkier look to it. It is solid at room temperature and might contain particles of bee pollen, propolis and honeycomb. You should be suspicious if a honey that is marketed as "raw" is clear and runny – it's likely that this honey has been heated and filtered and is not truly raw."
Not all raw honey looks milky or cloudy, though; there are a range of different filtering practices for beekeepers and honey producers. But Fischer emphasizes that lots of beekeepers claim their honey is "raw," when the use and definition of that term hasn't been widely agreed upon in the national community of beekeepers. He cautions, "The easiest one-step way to make sure that one is buying good honey is to get to know your local beekeepers, and buy only from local beekeepers. But "raw" is a term that is reluctantly used by ethical beekeepers." You can check the label for the word raw, but it's also good to ask whoever is behind the counter if they have any more information on the honey's source.
It's likely that raw honey isn't sold at your local grocery store; in fact, a 2011 study found that many brands of honey sold in conventional stores don't even contain any pollen. If you want to go raw, look for honey at your local health foods store, at a farm stand, or at a farmer's market.
Photo: My own
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 - Brac Swackhammer
 I am a beekeeper and honey producer here in Maine. Lots of bad info here in this article! Raw honey comes out of the comb beautifully clear, over time it will crystallize. However the claim the all raw honey looks cloudy or solid is completely false! My honey is never heated and never filtered. The cappings are cut off with a cold bread knife, then the frames are spun in my stainless steel extractor. The honey flows into buckets where it is allowed to settle overnight. The next day the wax that has naturally floated to the top is skimmed off. What remains in the bucket is a pure, raw, unheated, unfiltered product.
 - Brac Swackhammer
 You can read more about my process on Facebook
 - Coral
 Straight bee pollen can also be purchased which is what helps those with allergies. I put mine on yogurt, cereals, salads, granola and in smoothies.
 - Melissa
 Honey in the UK and most of Europe is regulated to ensure that nothing but raw honey is sold. Processed honey breaks down the sugars to bad sugars and removes all the pollen (all the goodness), which means it's just basically unhealthy syrup. You can have a nice golden runny consistency with raw honey too, depending on the type.
 - ecommercereport
 I've just been writing about this at my blog.
 There is a lot of pseudo-scientific nonsense and misinformation asserted by non-beekeepers on this topic.
 Andrea Palen's description of raw honey here is a case in point. All honey crystallizes eventually and becomes solid at room temperature. Not just raw honey.
 When bee keepers talk about raw honey they're referring to honey that has been extracted from the honeycomb in the hive and transferred to a container with a minimum of heating (i.e. cold extraction), and quite possibly with only minimal filtration as well.. The intention is to retain the maximum level of natural qualities and properties in the honey.
 Melissa's comment too, is well meant but quite inaccurate.
 Honey has all sorts of vetamins and goodies in it, even when its extraction and filtering has been aided by heating. If you want just bee pollen or believe its only pollen that gives you benefits then by all means, just buy your self some bee pollen.


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Product Parameters for Our MPP Electrical Conduit Pipe
Name: MPP Electrical Conduit Pipe
Product color: orange
Raw materials: PP powder is the main masterbatch.
Product length: generally 6 meters/piece, can be made into 6-13 meters/piece.
Product type: ordinary type and reinforced type, reinforced type is divided into excavation pipe and non-excavation pipe.
Connection method: use a welding machine to hot-melt butt joints, the fusion point is about 200 degrees, and cannot exceed 220 degrees. When the temperature reaches, the two ends can be butted. (Because the connection method of the MPP pipe is hot melt welding, the welding port is not good, it will damage the cable or may be flattened, so the MPP power pipe must be made of new material).
MPP material refers to a kind of modified polymer which is based on ordinary polypropylene resin (PP) and added with chemical raw materials and chemical auxiliaries with heat resistance, high pressure resistance and excellent insulation properties. Compared with ordinary PP material, MPP material has more impact resistance, oil resistance and chemical resistance, and also has excellent properties such as strong thermal stability and local heat resistance, which is suitable for the production of MPP power tubes.
MPP material, also known as modified polypropylene material (MPP material), is mainly used to produce MPP power cable pipes. Modified polypropylene pipes (MPP pipes, MPP power pipes) have the characteristics of high temperature resistance and external pressure resistance, and are suitable for 10KV The above high-voltage transmission line and cable pipes and pipes. MPP power cable pipe has good electrical insulation; it has high thermal deformation temperature and low temperature impact performance; MPP pipe has higher tensile and compressive properties than HDPE; in addition, MPP pipe is light, smooth, with low friction and can be hot-melted Welded butt; MPP pipe has excellent physical properties of corrosion resistance, long service life. MPP electrical conduits are made of modified polypropylene. The conduits can be laid without the requirements of excavation and destroying roads, which makes them can be applied to special constructions in roadway, railway, buildings and riverbed. Compared with traditional excavation construction, non-excavation construction is more environmental without the result of floating dust and traffic jam caused by construction. It is specially applied to constructions in historical sites, downtown, farms, highways and rivers which are hard to carry out excavation construction.
Identification of MPP Pipes and Non-MPP Pipes
In fact, it is not difficult to understand the properties of MPP and HDPE materials, and it is not difficult to identify MPP pipes and non-MPP pipes; MPP pipes have the characteristics of high temperature resistance, and the pipes are rigid, while HDPE double-wall corrugated pipes cannot withstand high temperature, and the material is thermoplastic; understand this essence After the distinction, it is very easy to identify without special testing equipment at the construction site. The pipe end can be sliced with the cutting machine attached to the pipe hot-melt butt machine. Because the MPP power pipe has the characteristics of high temperature resistance, it will not decompose during cutting. The cutting surface is smooth and flat; while the PE pipe cannot withstand high temperature, it will soften and decompose during cutting, and the cutting surface is rough. In addition, those who are familiar with the two kinds of pipes can also identify by tapping the pipes and the sound of the tapping. Due to the rigidity of the MPP pipe, the sound is clear and loud.
Advantages of Our MPP Electrical Conduit Pipe
1, Excellent electrical insulation property
2, Better in crush resistance and anti-tension than HDPE pipes
3, Higher distortion temperature and good performance in low-temperature impact
4, MPP conduits have light weight and smooth surface with small friction
5, MPP conduits can be connected by thermofussion welding and their service temperature range from -5℃ to 70℃
Application of Our MPP Electrical Conduit Pipe
1, Pipeline constructions in municipal construction, telecommunication, electric power, gas, water and heat supply
2, Urban and rural non-excavation directional drilling power pipeline construction and open excavation power pipeline construction
3, Urban and rural non-excavation directional drilling drainage pipeline construction and industrial sewage drainage construction


Suppose that you want to test the claim that the mean weight of ocelots is 30 pounds or less. You collect a sample of 100 ocelots and find that the mean weight in the sample is 30.8 pounds. The standard deviation is 4 pounds.
Part (a) (3 points)
Please consider the following statement: %u201CSince the sample mean is greater than the claimed population mean, it is not necessary to carry out a hypothesis test and we can just reject the null hypothesis.%u201D
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Cross-sex friendship, a friendship with a person of the opposite-sex, often becomes a talking point among individuals. It is a non-familial and non-romantic association between a male and female. Despite being non-romantic, it may become a relationship of intrigue, due to a number of other elements involved in it, which many a times brings about the discussion that can a male and female be only friends.
Like any friendship with a person of the same sex, cross-sex friendship has some benefits associated with it. Cross-sex friendship provides social support, self-expression, companionship, and intimacy. Along with these benefits, individuals in a cross-sex friendship get insider perspectives of the opposite sex and they get sensitized to gender differences.
Despite the aforementioned benefits, cross-sex friendships may turn out to be a complex relationship. Individuals (heterosexual) tend to develop romantic and sexual feelings towards their cross-sex friend. The feelings of friendship may get intertwined with romantic and sexual feelings. This may lead to a lot of confusions in how to interact with that specific cross-sex friend, which is what makes the situation complex and ambiguous.
The major reason for such confusions and complications to arise is gender-role socialization. The psychologist Sandra Bem suggests that gender role socialization results in gender-based self-schematic processing due to which individuals organize information according to the culture's definitions of maleness and femaleness – stereotypes associated with males and females.
The gender-based schema results in individuals typifying all non-kin cross-sex interaction limiting them to potential romantic relationships. This further develops a generalized readiness to encode all cross-sex interactions in sexual terms and all members of the opposite sex in terms of sexual attractions.
Due to gender role socialization, males and females, even though being in a friendship, which is platonic, tend to view one another as sexual/romantic partners. The gender role socialization creates societal expectations into gender-based cognitive schema, which encourages the interpretation of cross-sex interaction according to cultural guidelines, that is, male-female interaction should be predominantly romantic or sexual in nature.
It is for this reason why it is not uncommon for individuals to develop romantic and sexual feelings for their cross-sex friend. Many a times, a romantic relationship begins from a cross-sex friendship. Even if the relationship does not transform into a romantic relationship, sexuality may still be an element of the friendship.
Research suggests that sexuality in a cross-sex friendship may range from flirtation to sexual intercourse. Depending on the individuals involved in the relationship, such behaviors may either harm the relationship or be pleasurable and not make any difference at all.
There are many instances when individuals struggle when experiencing such romantic and sexual feelings towards their cross-sex friend. Individuals might get confused about their feelings for the other person. They might question whether their closeness to the cross-sex friend is a mere intimate friendship or development of romantic feelings. If they do feel romantically inclined towards the friend, they may hesitate in expressing it for the fear that it may have a negative impact on the friendship.
Like confronting romantic feelings, individuals may also confront their sexual attraction towards the cross-sex friend. They may initially question whether or not they actually are sexually attracted to the friend. They may try to control their sexual feelings. This might give rise to a conflict of whether to suppress their sexual attraction or display sexually explicit behavior.
When experiencing either romantic feelings and/or sexual attraction towards their friend, individuals might feel that is better to maintain a platonic relationship. They might term the expression of such feelings to be inadequate and perhaps immoral.
Even though individuals might suppress their romantic feelings, such feelings may still persist in an underlying manner, and may seem to be problematic and disturbing. In the same way, suppression of sexual feelings might create sexual tensions in the individual. How well these are handled determines the course and wellbeing of the friendship. If individuals are unable to handle such feelings in an adequate manner, then it may lead to the demise of the friendship.
Apart from confronting romantic and sexual feelings towards the cross-sex friend, individuals may also be concerned about how others view their friendship. They might tend to be sensitive to what others may think about their friendship.
People, due to the gender based schema, generally, view a male-female interaction as romantic in nature. Even if the individuals involved in the friendship have no romantic inclination towards each other, people may see it that way.
This can be a concern for individuals in the cross-sex friendship. They might get worried about what others think about them and behave accordingly. They might deliberately try to change or monitor their behavior in a way that people do not see them as romantic partners. Trying to consistently monitor ones behavior, keeping in mind what others may think, can create disruptions in the friendship. It may not necessarily lead to the demise of the friendship, but may lead to conflicts.
Research has suggested that if the friendship is strong and close, then individuals are able to take care of the romantic and sexual tensions as well as the how others view their friendship. Further, if any one or both the individuals are in a dating or marital relationship then it is more likely that such feelings and concerns, in the cross-sex friendship, may cause difficulties. In such cases, it may be possible that the individuals would prefer to end their friendship, if they are highly committed to their romantic/marital partner.
Cross-sex friendships have been found to be beneficial in many ways. Some of the benefits may not be found in regular same-sex friendships. The benefits associated with cross-sex friendship strongly contribute to individual wellbeing. The romantic and sexual undertones that may occur in cross-sex friendships, however, make it a complex relationship.
Saif Farooqi
A PhD in Psychology (from the University of Delhi). I have been blogging about psychological issues for more than ten years. I am extremely passionate about teaching psychology. I'm a writer, an independent researcher, and conduct workshops and awareness programs in schools and colleges. Currently, I'm also working as an Assistant Professor in Psychology at the Department of Applied Psychology, Vivekananda College, University of Delhi, India.
1 comment:
Jenna said...
Hm, some aspects only become an issue if one person finds the other physically attractive. If they don't, that may lead to sadness in some cases.


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Many UNC instructors use (and prefer) the PostEm tool for displaying grades and feedback to students. Providing prompt feedback to students is one of Chickering and Gamson's Seven Principles for Good Practice in Undergraduate Education and can be accomplished easily in Sakai.
What is PostEm?
PostEm is a spreadsheet viewer tool that displays information privately to students. Instructors can use PostEm to display grades or feedback by uploading a specially formatted.csv file.
PostEm may be right for you if you…
- maintain your grades in a spreadsheet outside of Sakai.
- want to display H, P, L grades to your students.
- use a spreadsheet to drop the lowest score.
- have extra credit built into your grading system.
- prefer to display your comments next to letter or number grades.
How to use PostEm:
1. Enable the tool: Site Info > Edit Tools > PostEm
2. Create a spreadsheet
- First column is Onyens/usernames
- First row is headings
3. Add info > upload
Note that each time you want to display new information or grades, you will upload a new version of the.csv file to PostEm to release to students.


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Stepping Stone Theory
According to the stepping stone theory, the use of one substance or drug increases the probability of consuming another, possibly more harmful, drug later and that the probability increases with frequency of use. It predicts that people who use one substance such as nicotine will probably go on to drink alcoholic beverages, smoke marijuana, and progress on to use hard drugs such as cocaine. Each step is seen as leading to the next step in substance use.
The basis for the stepping stone theory is the common finding that hard drug users have usually started with substances such as tobacco and alcohol. However, the vast majority of smokers or alcohol consumers fail to progress on to hard drugs. It could be argued that milk or chocolate are stepping stones toward hard drug use because most drug users first consumed milk and chocolate. However, neither milk nor chocolate cause people to become hard drug users.
The stepping stone theory is really a stepping stone hypothesis, for which there is a lack of evidence that any such sequence is causal. Although it might be widely accepted by the public, it has lost credibility and support among research scientists because of the lack of evidence supporting any causality.
In spite of the lack of evidence supporting it, the stepping stone theory is the basis of much public policy regarding alcohol. Unfortunately, a policy based on a false assumption is likely to be ineffective or even counterproductive.
Resources on the Stepping Stone Theory or Hypothesis:
- Alcoholism Section, Washington (State) Division of Health. Teenage Drinking: A Stepping Stone to other Drug Usage. Olympia, WA: Alcoholism Section, Washington (State) Division of Health, 1971.
- Baumrind, D. Specious causal attributions in the social sciences: the reformulated stepping-stone theory of heroin use an as exemplar. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1983, 45(6), _PHONE_.
- Bretteville, Anne, et al. Sequential patterns of drug use initiation - Can we believe in the gateway theory? OCLC Number 295516119. (Explores stepping stone theory.)
- Cohen, H. Multiple drug use considered in the light of the stepping-stone hypothesis. International Journal of the Addictions, 1972, 7(1), 27-55.
- Greene,B.T. Sequential use of drugs and alcohol: a reexamination of the stepping-stone hypothesis. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 1980, 7(1), 83-99.
- Grinspoon, Lester. Marihuana Reconsidered. Oakland, CA: Quick American Archives, 1994. (Includes chapter on stepping stone hypothesis.)
- LaChance, Laurie L. Alcohol, Drugs and Adolescents. Ann Arbor, MI: ERIC Clearinghouse on Counseling and Personnel Services. (Examines evidence regarding stepping stone theory.)
- McEvoy, William C. Marijuana Usage and the Gateway Hypothesis: A Stepping Stone, a Causal Link to other Drugs, or Both? Thesis. Curry College, 2007.
- Marijuana. ("What's Your Poison" series). DVD video. Eight Mile Plains, Queensland: Marcom Projects, 2005. (Considers whether marijuana use is a "stepping stone" to other drugs.")
- Nace, E.P., et al. Addicted and nonaddicted drug users. A comparison of drug usage patterns. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1975, 32(1), 77-80. (" A 'stepping-stone hypothesis' of heroin addiction is refuted.")
- Salmon, R., and Salmon, S. The cause of heroin addiction -- a review of the literature, Part II. International Journal of the Addictions, 1977, 12(7), 937-951. (Reviews research literature on stepping stone theory.)
- van Ours, J.C. Is cannabis a stepping-stone for cocaine? Journal of Health Economics, 2003, 22(4), 539-554.
- Wagner, F.A., and Anthony, J.C. Into the world of illegal drug use: exposure opportunity and other mechanisms linking the use of alcohol, tobacco, marihuana, and cocaine. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2002, 155(10), 918-925. (Examines stepping-stone/gateway sequences.)
- Welte, John W., and Barnes, Grace. Alcohol: the gateway to other drug use among secondary-school students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1985, 14(6), 487-498.
Fact: Steppingstone Theory is also the name of a musical band.
filed under: Abuse
Need help with an alcohol or drug problem?
Someone at the highly effective St. Jude program can help you.


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The way the brain generates empathy, even for those who differ physically from themselves has been mapped in a new study.
USC researcher Lisa Aziz-Zadeh found that empathy for someone to whom one can directly relate, for example, because they are experiencing pain in a limb that one possesses, is mostly generated by the intuitive, sensory-motor parts of the brain.
However, empathy for someone to whom one cannot directly relate relies more on the rationalizing part of the brain.
Aziz-Zadeh, assistant professor at USC's Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, said though they are engaged to differing degrees depending on the circumstance, it appears that both the intuitive and rationalizing parts of the brain work in tandem to create the sensation of empathy.
"People do it automatically," she said.
In an experiment, Aziz-Zadeh and a team from USC showed videos of tasks being performed by hands, feet, and a mouth to a woman who had been born without arms or legs and also to a group of 13 typically developed women.
Videos showed activities such as a mouth eating and a hand grasping an object. Researchers also showed videos of pain, in the form of an injection, being inflicted on parts of the body.
While the participants watched the videos, their brains were scanned using functional magnetic imaging (fMRI), and then those scans were compared, revealing the differing sources of empathy.
In an additional finding, Aziz-Zadeh discovered that when the congenital amputee viewed videos of tasks being performed that she could also perform but using body parts that she did not have, the sensory-motor parts of her brain were still strongly engaged.
For example, the participant can hold objects, but uses a stump in conjunction with her chin to do so rather than a hand.
If the goal of the action was impossible for her, then another set of brain regions involved in deductive reasoning were also activated.
The findings have been published online by Cerebral Cortex


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Information for Students
Welcome to the Flint Regional Science Fair! We look forward to seeing you at the Fair in March.
Taking part in a science fair is fun, educational, and rewarding. This part of our web site provides information and links that can help you get started, conduct your research and enter the Flint Regional Science Fair.
The FASF is held every Spring. This means you should begin planning in the Fall and Winter prior to the Fair to ensure you pick a good research topic, and have plenty of time to do a good job and present a quality project.
Parents, teachers, and mentors are important helpers to identify projects, collect the resources required for your project, and track your progress. Ask your parents and your teachers for assistance. They are your best bet for one-on-one direction and support in your Science Fair experience.
Elementary Division and Junior Division projects follow simpler rules than Senior Division projects.
More Web Student Science Resources
Questions? Email _EMAIL_.


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ECB Nematic Liquid Crystal Devices
- Liquid crystal variable retarder
- True zero order to multi-wave retardance
- Liquid crystal variable attenuator
- Visible / NIR bandwidths
- Small volume precision LC optics
- Large volume inexpensive LC optics
- Very low current devices (milli amps)
- 0-20 Volts RMS, AC
- 2 KHz carrier frequency, square wave
- DC Driving-Zero DC bias between +/- voltages required
- Low capacitance (nano farads)
- 90% internal transmittance
ECB Nematic | Summary
Electronically controlled birefringence is one of the most versatile nematic modes where the retardance of set wavelengths can be controlled in analog fashion. ECBs have maximum retardance at 0 Volts and switch towards minimum retardance as voltage is increased. The birefringence change is a function of the LC tilt angle (also called the polar angle) defined as the angle created by the substrate normal and the molecule's long axis.
ECB Device Applications
Liquid Crystal Variable Retarder – Wavelength Specific
Tune unique retardance for each specific wavelength. Setting the retardance to halfwave for a specific wavelength creates a plane polarization rotator. Setting the retardance to quarterwave of a wavelength creates a circular polarization.
Phase Control – OPL Change
The optical path length (OPL) of an input plane polarized wave can be changed through voltage control. Accomplished by aligning the linear polarization with the slow axis of the variable retarder. Increasing the voltage tilts the LC molecule, changes the index and the input polarization experiences a phase change.
Liquid Crystal Variable Attenuator
A solid state, voltage controlled analog device capable of 1000:1 contrast ratio. LCVAs can create grey scale or complete light extinction. High extinction devices generally require compensator plate to correct for LC surface pinning common to ECB mode devices.
ECB Nematic | Precision LC Devices
ECB precision components are handmade devices which often incorporate difficult specifications. High uniformity, faster response times or simple patterned apertures are typical upgrade requests. An example of a common precision ECB LC device would have the following specifications.
Glass Fused Silica Thickness 6-8mm (no compensator) standard, optional alternatives Outer Dimensions Up to 75mm OD Clear Aperture (CA) cell outer diameter – 6mm (gaskets and landings) = CA Buffing Anti-parallel Transmitted Wavefront Distortion.25 waves / 25mm or better over clear aperture BBAR Coatings BBAR VIS (400-900nm),BBAR NIR (900-1700nm), V-Coat Internal Transmittance 400-450nm – 85% (ITO absorption), 450-1000nm – 92% Contrast Ratio 500:1 standard, 1000:1 compensated Switching Speed Low as 15-20mSec, 10-90% full cycle (function of cell gap thickness) Bandwidth Visible or Near infrared Temperature Range 10˚ C to 50˚ C Damage Threshold 500 Watts/centimeter2 CW
.5 Joules/ centimeter2 squared 10nsec pulses @ 1064nm typical
ECB Nematic | OEM Volume LC Devices
OEM volume components can leverage the power of numbers to decrease cost. BVO builds proof of concept prototypes and then rolls into large volume production using overseas vendors. Result is components for much less.Nematic liquid crystal cells can be delivered as raw cells or post laminated with linear polarizers. Custom AR coated glass caps can be added to protect and increase transmission.Large volume liquid crystal components easily approach the cost of passive components making electronically tunable solid state devices appropriate for OEM systems.


Lazer's Interactive Symbolic Assembler
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 (Redirected from Lisa assembler)
Jump to: navigation, search
For the historical computer model from Apple, see Apple Lisa.
Lazer's Interactive Symbolic Assembler (Lisa) is an interactive MOS 6502 assembler for Apple II computers written by Randall Hyde in the late 1970s.
The latest version of Lisa is V3.2. Lisa includes an integrated editor with syntax checking. Lisa can assemble up to 30,000 lines of code in a minute on a 1 MHz computer, a speed achieved due to the editor's pre-parsing of the source code.
Lisa, before v.3, was able to assemble SWEET16 codes, a virtual 16-bit processor implemented as part of the Integer BASIC. However, the Apple II's Integer BASIC ROMs were replaced by Applesoft BASIC ROMs since the Apple II+, and the latter didn't contain the SWEET16 interpreter code.
The assembler also features "Randy's Hi-res Routines", a set of 2D computer graphics commands. Apple II's hi-res display pages (Hi-Res 1: 280 × 160 and Hi-Res 2: 280 × 192) were implemented by Steve Wozniak using two TTL chips. Therefore a software programmer has to deal with the discontinuous addressing of screen pixels (a full screen is split into three parts horizontally) and each pixel's coloring properties (each pixel uses 1-bit, its color is determined by that bit's place in a byte and its neighboring pixel). These ready-made subroutines were created to help programmers.
Lisa has a built-in disassembler.
 - Ward Douglas Maurer, APPLE assembly language with Lazerware software, Computer Science Press, 1984, ISBN 0-914894-82-X
External links[edit]


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By Rachel Walsh
Old Faithful is a geyser in Yellowstone National Park that is powered by an instrusive pluton that is believed to be at a depth of 2.4 km to 4.8 km below the surface. The water is heated, and pumped through a plumbing system up through many geysers, one of which is old faithful. The height the water can reach is up to 56m. The duration of each eruption is 1.5 to 5 min. and the volume of water can reach up to 32 m3. I am going to investigate the rate, velocity of water at the hole and the possible pressure by the pluton.
- the plumbing is one vertical pipe of equal diameter through all 3.6 km (average) of the earth to the pluton.
- The eruption is at a constant rate.
- The change of temperature is irrelevant
- The pressure at the opening of the hole is atmospheric
Radius of opening: 0.2m
Possible viscosity of brine:1.3 x 10-3 Pa *s (Francke et al)
Density of brine: 1090 kg/ m3
Q= v/t to 32 m3 / 300s = 0.11 m3/s
Velocity of water:
pgh = ½ pv2 to (9.8 m/s)(56m) = ½ v2
v = 23.4 m/s
Change in pressure from pluton to surface:
Q = pR4(deltaP)/8hL à 0.11 m3/s = p(0.2m)4(deltaP)/8(1.3x10-3 Pa*s)(3600m)
deltaP = 1100 Pa
Francke, Henning. "Density and Viscosity of Brine: An Overview from a Process Engineers Perspective." Sci Verse. Cheme Der Erde - Geochemistry, n.d. Web.


How to Check the Status of Your Money Order
 How to Check the Status of Your Money Order – When you use a money order, you'll want to know if your payment was approved and paid by the person to whom it was intended. The possibility to track money orders is high, but it will take some time and money.
 How Money Order Tracking Works
 Money orders, unlike personal checks, are not directly linked to your personal bank account; you must purchase them with cash as well (though some places will accept a debit card). If you pay in cash, your bank transaction history will show no evidence of a money order clearing. You can, however, monitor money order payments by sending a request to the money order issuer.
 How to Track Money Orders
 United States Postal Service (USPS)
 Submit a form and pay a modest fee.
 Call an automated response line (_PHONE_) or use an online tracking system.
 Western Union
 Call _PHONE_.
 (More information on each of these choices is given below.)
 Typically, the issuer sends a copy of the approved money order (showing who cashed or deposited it and when) or a note that the money order has not yet been cashed after about 30 days. If the money order is still outstanding, you will cancel it and receive a refund. The exact method varies depending on the issuer.
 Making Your Request
 Gather Needed Information
 Anytime you buy a money order, you should get a receipt with the order information. To track the transaction, you will need the money order number and the order amount. Make sure to take a picture of the money order or make a copy of it, so you have the specifics if you need to keep track of it.
 Pay Service Fees
 Tracking a money order takes time and can be expensive. At $6.15, USPS is the most affordable, but other issuers charge $15 or more for potentially lost or stolen testing payments. 1–3 You may also be required to complete paperwork, often in person, and you will not receive a response (let alone a refund) for 30 days or more.
 Contact the Recipient
 Contact the person to whom you sent your payment if appropriate. Individuals and businesses are often unable to process orders efficiently, and they take longer to deposit payments received. Obtaining information directly from your payee could be preferable to complete a questionnaire.
 Consider Waiting
 It could be worthwhile to wait at least two weeks after submitting payment before giving up and canceling a money order. Most letters arrive within a few days of being sent, but payments seem to be taking longer. During holidays and weekends, it can take much longer. Furthermore, the customer may have been busy or out of town at the time the payment arrived. That being said, if anything seems suspicious, it's best to get answers as soon as possible.
 Tracking Money Orders From the USPS
 If you used a USPS money order, you must visit a post office to complete PS Form 6401, Money Orders. 5 To complete this form, you must have a receipt from your original transaction that shows the money order number, amount, and information about the post office from which you ordered.
 The USPS actually charges $6.15 for money order research. The process will take at least 30 days, and you will obtain a copy of the front and back of the money order, whether it has been cashed or deposited. With that information, you can figure out where the money went. 1
 If you can't wait that long, there might be some informal "workarounds" that will allow you to determine if the money order has been cashed or deposited. You may, for example, call the post office or use the Money Order query system to see if the item "does not suit."
 However, the information you obtain could not be correct because the device was not configured to do what you were attempting. The only way to be certain is to fill out Form 6401 and wait.
 MoneyGram Tracking
 It's a bit easier to keep track of a MoneyGram money order. Contact the MoneyGram automated answering service at _PHONE_ or use the MoneyGram online tracking system. You must include your money order number as well as the exact dollar amount; the system will then notify you whether or not the item has been cashed. 6. If you do not have a transaction number, you must fill out a form.
 If it has been cashed and you need a copy of the approved money order, or if you need to file a claim, fill out the Claim Card, pay $18, and wait at least 30 days for a mailed response.
 If you don't have your money order number, you'll have to pay an additional fee and fill out another form to get the information you need. You will be able to request these services in person as well, ensuring that the process runs smoothly.
 Please visit the MoneyGram Money Order Service page for more detail and links to forms in Spanish and English.
 Western Union Process
 Western Union's approach is similar to MoneyGram's. Check that the money order has been charged by calling _PHONE_ before filling out the forms and paying the fees. 8
 If you need a copy of the money order paid and have obtained it, please use the Money Order Tracing/Refund Request form contained on the back of your money order receipt. You can also go to the website of Western Union Track Transfer.
 Read also:Facebook Marketplace, 6 Ways to Make the Most of for your company
 If you want to cancel the money order, don't email a copy of your request until the receiver has approved it. The treatment costs $18 and can take up to 30 days.
 Again, keeping your receipt when purchasing a money order is better. If you do not do so, Western Union will charge you $30 for your money order. 9 Refund requests may be sent by Western Union in person, by mail, by fax, or by email.
 Other Issuers
 Many of the money orders sold in grocery shops, convenience stores, and check cashing establishments are Western Union or MoneyGram money orders. If your money order was issued by a non-covered institution (such as your bank or credit union), there's a decent chance you'll be able to find it. It could be even simpler, particularly if you work for a small bank. Rather than filling out paperwork, a simple phone call can be all that is needed.
 Tracking and Cashing Money Orders You've Received.
 If you accept payment by money order, your bank will handle the payment processing logistics. You will deposit the transfer into your bank account in the same manner as you would have deposited a check or money order.
 If you suspect that the money order you received was fraudulent, please contact the money order issuer and express your concerns. It could be possible to audit the payment funds or, at the very least, determine if they are deemed fraudulent.
 Do not invest the funds until you have received confirmation that they have been cleared.
 The clearing process will take several weeks, even though your bank's funds policy allows you to use the money right away. If you use the funds and the money order turns out to be fraudulent, the bank will demand that you return the funds.
 When accepting money orders, you should ideally know who you're dealing with. Money orders, on the other hand, allow for anonymous transactions, for better or worse. If you need help investigating criminal activity, you may need to contact law enforcement (and they might not be able to help).
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App DescriptionSpeak it - for Wiki gives you access to the Wikipedia knowledge base in an easy way. Just type in your question in the text bar on top, or press the logo button to speak out your question.
You can ask questions like 'When was the battle of Waterloo', 'Who were the Doors', 'Define democracy', 'Paris', etc. The answer to your question will then be presented and spoken out. If available, a relevant image will be shown as well.
You navigate to previous questions and answers by 'swiping' the answer screen to the left and right.
Speak it - for Wiki uses the Wikipedia database directly and will therefore always be up to date with the latest facts and figures.
October 16, 2012 Initial Release


Tel:+86 -_PHONE_ E-mail:_EMAIL_
What should I do if the inflatable rubber boat is in the water?
You are here: Home » News » What should I do if the inflatable rubber boat is in the water?
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For inflatable dinghies, it is inevitable that water will enter the ship when entering the ocean. After all, the ship's side is not very high, but this problem is not to worry. Inflatable assault boats are known as never wrecking, and even if the ship is filled with water, it will not sink. The hull pontoon has a large storage capacity and a strong buoyancy capability. Generally, if the water in the ship is full of buoyancy, it can be fully withstood. Wet body is a must, this is what makes inflatable dinghy different!
 However, even if it is into the sea, the inflatable dinghies rarely have water inflow. Most of the time, the ocean is gentle, there is not much wind and waves, and there is no need to worry about seawater splashing into the ship. If there is a large wind and waves, the sea water constantly rushes into the ship, first keep calm, because even if the ship is filled with sea water, the buoyancy of the hull can still withstand, the only thing to do is to keep the hull stable. When the ship is filled with water, the gravity will oscillate with the water flow, and in severe cases it may cause the ship to turn over, so it is important to maintain the hull smooth. Note: If water is constantly coming in, there is a drain valve at the end of the assault boat. Open the drain valve so that the seawater can flow out by itself.
The solution after the inflatable rubber boat enters the water;There is no way to solve the problem of the water inflated rubber boat. The only way is to keep the hull balance and open the drain valve. However, there are still some solutions to other problems.
1. When the sea water enters the ship, the clothes will be wet. You can buy a waterproof skirt to ensure that the clothes are not wet and keep warm.
2, you can prepare a water scoop, the ship can be crowded out of the sea water for a long time, to avoid excessive weight loss.
3, due to wave fluctuations will cause the hull to appear high and low, so the sea water can not be drained with water scoop and drain valve, you can spare a sponge to drain the remaining water.
The threat of water ingress is not great, and the biggest safety hazard is to overturn the ship. It is also said above that if the ship is filled with sea water, it will cause the hull to lose weight and overturn. If there is a real overturn, we have to use the following self-rescue methods;
1. When the ship has serious weight loss, first grasp the safety rope first, and when the ship turns over, it will not be taken away by the wind and waves. (Note; be prepared before overturning, not to be crushed by an inflatable rubber boat)
2. Before the wind and waves are fixed, do not try to flip the hull back. You should grab the safety rope and keep the head out of the water.
3. After the wind and waves calmed down, I began to think of ways to flip the boat back and board the ship again. (Note; if it is a person, due to the hull being too heavy, you should give up after trying two times without fruit, to avoid losing too much physical strength)
4, when waiting for the ship again, people need to cooperate well for a long time, press the upper right and press the left upper right to avoid losing weight again.
5. After returning to the ship, if it is scraped off the shore by the wind and waves, please do not try to use the paddle to return to the shore. You should use the communication equipment to call for help and wait for the rescue.
1. Before you enter the sea, you must wear a life jacket and other rescue buoys.
2, must bring the communication equipment, and wrapped in a sealed bag in the underwear, in case you need it from time to time.
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combination of Seawinds
> and Stargate, thus referring to the Coastal region. Lupinia is based
> on the scientific name for bluebonnets: lupinus texensis and is
> intended to be the central region.
No, Tivar, not more plant names!!! Those cursed plant-names! When I
moved to Artemisia, I very innocently asked why Artemisia was named
the Ionian kingdom of Artemisia from Classical Greek Antiquity, only to
be met with stares and dropped jaws of incredulity... Artemisia, it
turns out, is named after the one plant that dominates that landscape
even in the mountains: the Artemisia tridentata, better known as the
common sagebrush.
Yep, open mouth, change foot...story of my life...
Therasia, that loud-mouthed new person
"A closed mouth gathers no feet."
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Are you itching to start your own garden or grow more in the one you have, but feel that gardening is too challenging or time-consuming for your busy schedule? Would you like to enjoy fresh, home-grown produce every month of the year?
Backyard Bounty is like having your own Master Gardener to consult every step of the way. This encyclopedic reference demystifies gardening, bringing it back to the down-to-earth, environmentally practical activity that anyone can enjoy. Learn about:
- Planning your garden and preparing the soil
- Organic fertilizers and simplified composting
- Sowing, growing healthy seedlings, transplanting, watering, easy weeding, and mulching
- Planting for winter harvests, intensive planting schedules
- Growing fruit, simple pruning methods
- Greenhouses, tunnels and containers
- Organic pest management, and more.
Packed with a wealth of information specific to the Pacific Northwest, this complete guide emphasizes low-maintenance methods, exposes common gardening myths, includes a monthly garden schedule for year-round planting andharvesting and features plant profiles for everything from apples to zucchini. Perfect for novice and experienced gardeners alike, Backyard Bounty shows how even the smallest garden can produce a surprising amount of food twelve months of the year.close this panel


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BG Chap 8 - Lifespan of Brahmā
Brahmaloka and other planets are destroyed because of limitations of time. Even if Brahmā, the master of the planet, must die, what can be said of others? The persons situated on elevated planets such as Mahar-loka know that one day of Brahmā is a thousand cycles of the four yugas by human calculations and such is the duration of Brahmā's night also. The four yugas are Satya (lasts 1,728,000 years), Tretā (lasts 1,296,000 years), Dvāpara (864,000 years) and Kali (lasts 432,000 years). The total duration of these four yugas is thus 4,320,000 human years. One thousand of this cycle of four yugas is one kalpa or one day of Brahmā. Using a different calculation: One year of human is a day and night of the devatās. Thus 360 days of the devas (1 year of deva) is 360 human years. Twelve thousand devatā years is 4,320,000 human years, and this makes a cycle of four yugas. One thousand of these cycles makes one day of Brahmā. His night is also the same duration. One hundred of those years is the lifespan of Brahmā. After that Brahmā dies. If the Brahmā is a Vaiṣṇava, he will attain liberation. By these calculations the life of Brahmā seems fantastic and interminable, but from the viewpoint of eternity it is as brief as a lightning flash. In the Causal Ocean there are innumerable Brahmās rising and disappearing like bubbles in the Atlantic. Brahmā and his creation are all part of the material universe, and therefore they are in constant flux.


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Ilmenite is a weakly magnetic titanium-iron oxide mineral which is iron-black or steel-gray. It is a crystalline iron titanium oxide (FeTiO3). It crystallizes in the trigonal system, and it has the same crystal structure as corundum and hematite.
Ilmenite is often recognised in many altered igneous rocks (which is most, to some extent) by the production of the white pseudo-mineral leucoxene. Often, ilmenites are rimed in leucoxene, which allows ilmenite to be distinguished from magnetite and other iron-titanium oxides. The example shown in the image at right is typical of leucoxene-rimed ilmenite.
Ilmenite is weakly magnetic, with its response to a hand magnet weak.
Ilmenite most often contains appreciable quantities of magnesium and manganese and the full chemical formula can be expressed as (Fe,Mg,Mn,Ti)O3. Ilmenite forms a solid solultion with geikielite (MgTiO3) and pyrophanite (MnTiO3) which are magnesian and manganiferous end-members of the solid solution series.
Although there appears evidence of the complete range of mineral chemistries in the (Fe,Mg,Mn,Ti)O3 system naturally occurring on Earth, the vast bulk of ilmenites are restricted to close to the ideal FeTiO3 composition, with minor mole percentages of Mn and Mg. A key exception is in the ilmenites of kimberlites where the mineral usually contains major amounts of geikielite molecules, and in some highly differentiated felsic rocks ilmenites may contain significant amounts of pyrophanite molecules.
At higher temperatures it has been demonstrated there is a complete solid solution between ilmenite and hematite. There is a miscibility gap at lower temperatures, resulting in a coexistence of these two minerals in rocks but no solid solution. This coexistence may result in exsolution lamellae in cooled ilmenites with more iron in the system than can be homogeneously accommodated in the crystal lattice.
Altered ilmenite forms the mineral leucoxene, an important source of titanium in heavy mineral sands ore deposits. Leucoxene is a typical component of altered gabbro and diorite and is generally indicative of ilmenite in the unaltered rock.
Ilmenite is a common accessory mineral found in metamorphic and igneous rocks. It is found in large concentrations in ultramafic to mafic layered intrusions where it forms as part of a cumulate layer within the silicate stratigraphy of the intrusion. Ilmenite generally occurs within the pyroxenitic portion of such intrusions (the 'pyroxene-in' level).
Magnesian ilmenite is indicative of kimberlitic paragenesis and forms part of the MARID association of minerals (mica-amphibole-rutile-ilmenite-diopside) assemblage of glimmerite xenoliths. Managaniferous ilmenite is found in granitic rocks and also in carbonatite intrusions where it may also contain anomalous niobium.
Many mafic igneous rocks contain grains of intergrown magnetite and ilmenite, formed by the oxidation of ulvospinel. Ilmenite also occurs as discrete grains, typically with some hematite in solid solution, and complete solid solution exists between the two minerals at temperatures above about 950°C.
Ilmenite is named after the locality of its discovery in the Il'menski Mountains, near Miass, Russia,
The majority of the ilmenite mined is used as a raw material for pigment production. The product is titanium dioxide, which is ground into a fine powder and is a highly white substance used as a base in high-quality paint, paper and plastics applications.
The majority of consumption of titanium dioxide pigment is centralised in North America and Europe, which between them account for around 50% of world demand. Indo-Chinese demand is however rapidly growing and may eventually eclipse Western consumption.
World consumption rises approximately 5% per annum to 8% per annum, with demand growth most strongly centred in Asian economies. World demand in 2004 was 335,000 tonnes of TiO2 units, representing about 2.4 million tonnes of ilmenite.
Ilmenite is converted into titanium dioxide via the sulphate process. Sulphate process plants must utilise low-vanadium ilmenite, as vanadium is a penalty element. Titanium dioxide pigment can also be produced from higher titanium feedstocks such as rutile and leucoxene via a chloride acid process.
Raw ilmenite is refined by decreasing the iron content. Carbon (anthracite) is used to convert some of the iron oxide in the ilmenite to metallic iron. The products of this process are molten iron (pig iron) and a slag rich in titanium.
Ilmenite sand is also used as a sandblasting agent in the cleaning of diecasting dies.
Australia was the world's largest producer and exporter of ilmenite ore in 2005-2006, with 1.1 million tonnes, followed by South Africa (952Kt), Canada (809Kt), China (~400Kt) and Norway (380Kt) 1.
Development of large mineral sands operations in Senegal, Cote d'Ivoire, Madagascar and Mozambique will see extensive supplies of ilmenite, rutile, zircon and leucoxene reach world markets in coming years. This is reflected in the table at right in parentheses. This additional supply of ilmenite and titanium feedstock, approximating 1.5 million tonnes per annum, is in excess to world demand growth of 350Kt per annum.
The world's largest open cast ilmenite mine is the Tellnes mine located in Sokndal, Norway and run by Titania AS (owned by Kronos Worldwide Inc.), a hard rock ilmenite mine, which produces most of Norway's 380,000t of ilmenite production. In Karhujupukka located in Kolari, northern Finland there is a magnetite-ilmenite ore at around 5 million tons. The ore contains about 6.2% titanium.
The Balla Balla magnetitite-iron-titanium-vanadium ore deposit, in the Pilbara of Western Australia, contains ~600 million tonnes of magnetite-ilmenite cumulate ore horizon grading 58% Fe, 14% TiO2 and 0.8% V2O5, one of the richest magnetite-ilmenite ore bodies in Australia. The ore deposit is scheduled to be mined in mid-2009, to produce in excess of 480,000t per annum of ilmenite product, by Australian mining company Aurox Resources Limited.
Major mineral sands operations include: Richard Bay, South Africa; Coburn, WIM 50, Douglas, Pooncarrie, Murray Basin, Eneabba in Australia, VV Mineral in India.
Ilmenite has been found in Moon rocks, and is typically highly enriched in magnesium similar to the kimberlitic association. In 2005 NASA used the Hubble Space Telescope to locate potentially ilmenite-rich locations. This mineral could be essential to an eventual Moon base, as ilmenite would provide a source of iron and titanium for the building of structures and essential oxygen extraction.
|This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Ilmenite". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.|


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By Ross Calman
Read or Download The Treaty of Waitangi PDF
Similar australian & oceanian history books
The Vietnam struggle used to be the longest and so much divisive battle in our historical past. virtually 60,000 Australians served and greater than 500 have been killed. At domestic, millions protested opposed to the battle and conscription and thousands have been despatched to prison. THE VIETNAM YEARS is the tale of each side of that struggle, from the vicious combating of the jungle patroles and the bravery proven through such a lot of Australians on the well-known conflict of lengthy Tan, to households again domestic, ripped aside via confusion and anger.
In 1984, the newly elected Labour Government's anti-nuclear coverage collided with a usa international coverage according to nuclear deterrence. After 3 years of send visits denied, indignant conferences, fraught international relations and press meetings, the stand-off ended in the unravelling of the ANZUS army alliance, proven in 1951.
This monograph is an exploration of the ancient legacy of the Portuguese within the Indian Ocean, specifically in Goa, Macau, Melaka, and Malabar. rather than solving the gaze on both the colonial or the indigenous, it makes an attempt to scrutinise a creole area that's rooted in Indian Ocean cosmopolitanism.
Governments and others succeeded in burying the genuine tale of the Vandemonian battle for almost centuries. And historians did not see throughout the myths and lies – in the past. this can be the tale of ways the British actually occupied Van Diemen's Land, deploying regimental infantrymen and detailed forces, armed convicts and mercenaries.
- Petals and Bullets: Dorothy Morris – New Zealand Nurse in the Spanish Civil War (The Canada Blanch/Sussex Academic Studie)
- The Good International Citizen: Volume 3: Australian Peacekeeping in Asia, Africa and Europe 1991–1993 (Official History of Australian Peaacekeeping, Humanitarian and Post-Cold War Operations)
- The Unmaking of Gough
- Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History (War and Genocide)
- Chasing a Dream: The exploration of the imaginary Pacific
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Additional resources for The Treaty of Waitangi
The Treaty of Waitangi by Ross Calman


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After you create a weighted
distributed topic, you can modify and define general property values,
such as changing the load balancing policy or specifying a SAF export
To configure general values for the members of a weighted distributed
distributed topic that does not have a JNDI Name can be
referenced by passing the Name of the distributed topic to
For more information about
these fields, see Configuration Options.


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A formatter that creates string representations of quantities of time.
- iOS 8.0+
- macOS 10.10+
- tvOS 9.0+
- watchOS 2.0+
- Mac Catalyst 13.0+Beta
Date object takes quantities of time and formats them as a user-readable string. Use a date components formatter to create strings for your app's interface. The formatter object has many options for creating both abbreviated and expanded strings. The formatter takes the current user's locale and language into account when generating strings.
To use this class, create an instance, configure its properties, and call one of its methods to generate an appropriate string. The properties of this class let you configure the calendar and specify the date and time units you want displayed in the resulting string. Listing 1 shows how to configure a formatter to create the string "About 5 minutes remaining".
The methods of this class may be called safely from any thread of your app. It is also safe to share a single instance of this class from multiple threads, with the caveat that you should not change the configuration of the object while another thread is using it to generate a string.


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A distinctive Scottish surname of numerous spellings: Creighton,Crighton,Crichten, which is of territorial origin from the barony of Crichton in Midlothian. The earliest recorded witnessed a charter by King David c.1128
Sanquhar in Nithsdale,Dumfriesshire was home to the Crichtons remembered in the ballad The Lads of Wamphray for their feud with the Johnstones of Annandale.The title Lord Crichton of Sanquhar (1488) in later generations was elevated when 9th Lord Crichton was created Earl of Dumfries (1633). This title was inherited by the Crichton-Stuarts,Marquesses of Bute,whose heir apparent retains the title Earl of Dumfries. The current 7th Marquess was known as Johnny Dumfries when driving in F1 motor racing.
The Crichton,Viscounts of Frendraught in Banffshire acquired this land through marriage with the Dunbars. They were supporters of Montrose and Jacobite sympathisers eventually exiled to France.
Another branch settled in Ireland shortly after the Plantation of Ulster.Taking land about 1613 in Co.Fermanagh they became Earls of Erne and still live at Crum Castle.Accounts differ as to their origins.Some say they descend from the Crichton,Viscounts of Frendraught and others,from the Crichton,Lairds of Brunston near Edinburgh. In 1872 the Earl of Erne changed the spelling from Creighton to Crichton.
The current chief of clan Crichton,David Maitland Makgill Crichton of that Ilk lives at Monzie Castle in Perthshire and is a Member of the Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs.Their tartan is of recent origin, based on the colours of the family arms and the Makgill tartan.It was registered in 2009 for the last Clan Gathering in Edinburgh.
The Crichton name has disappeared from the roll of peerage and their once mighty castles are now no more. Crichton castle in the care of Historic Scotland is a magnificent ruin and testimony of their previous power,Sanquar castle is a much reduced ruin and of Frendraught tower not a vestige remains.


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Popular Printed Graphics
While graphic sheets can be found in all the Wien Museum collections, the "History and City Life" Collection also accommodates a special group of items called "Popular Printed Graphics" which has evolved over time. It encompasses printed items from Viennese publishing houses from the late 18th through to the 20th century.
In the Age of Enlightenment, graphics became a mass product aimed at a bourgeois public. This was due not least of all to the invention of new printing techniques such as lithography (1798). Almanacs, playing cards or congratulation cards conveyed the new social and political ideas, and also frequently documented daily political events. Taking the form of cut-out sheets, board and card games or puzzles for youths, the graphic products were frequently didactic in character.
Among the most outstanding of the Wien Museum collection items of the 18th century are the copper engravings, almanacs, fans and games of the copper engraver and publisher Hieronymus Löschenkohl (_PHONE_), as well as the sheets of the Artaria Publishing House. One key pictorial source of the city is the Artaria series titled "Aussichten der Residenzstadt Wien " ("Views of the Imperial City of Vienna") by Carl Schütz, Johann Ziegler and Laurenz Janscha (_PHONE_). The most significant works from the Biedermeier period in this area come from the Matthäus Trentsensky Publishing House, comprising picture sheets as well as so-called "Mandl" sheets, and also games and theatre leaflets.
The collection contains extensive items in the area of playing cards and cardboard theatre. Sets of playing cards recalling the Turkish Siege of 1683 can be found here as well as "Das Musikalische Kartenspiel" ("The Musical Card Game") by Löschenkohl (1806), tarot games with the title "Industrie und Glück" ("Industry and Fortune") made by the playing cards factory Piatnik, or the "Constitutionstarock" ("Constitution Tarot"), a caricature of 1848, the year of the revolution. The cardboard theatre collection includes items of the "Great Theatre" and the "Mignon Theatre" by Trentsensky, and above all the Botuschan Collection, which is predominantly made up of products from German and Czech publishers.
Illustrations for books and magazines form a further special area of the collection. Among these are the copper plates of the "Eipeldauer-Briefe" ("Eipeldauer Letters", _PHONE_), the picture supplements to the "Wiener Theaterzeitung" from the time before the Vormärz period, as well as original sketches by such well-known illustrators as Theodor Zasche. There are smaller sub-collections of devotional and saints' pictures as well as congratulation cards, and those expressing friendship. The latter include important examples from the Classicism and Biedermeier periods, made mobile by a built-in mechanical device. These were considered a "Viennese speciality".
MAG. ANDREA HÖNIGMANN
Phone: +43-1-505 87 47-84045


Steady-state bioassay approach applied to phosphorus-limited continuous cultures: A growth study of the marine chlorophyte Dunaliella salina
Scott R. Grant, Paul K. Bienfang and Edward A. Laws
Limnol. Oceanogr., 58(1), 2013, 314-324 | DOI: 10.4319/lo.2013.58.1.0314
ABSTRACT: Phosphorus-limited growth and phosphate uptake kinetics of the marine phytoplankter Dunaliella salina were studied using continuous-culture techniques. Determination of residual phosphate concentrations in the cultures were made using a steady-state bioassay approach in which short-term phosphate uptake rates as measured by 33P-radiotracer were balanced with the turnover of phosphorus in the culture. This allowed the determination of low-nanomolar ambient phosphate concentrations (8–95 nmol P L−1) at seven unique specific growth rates, which agreed closely with an alternative kinetics bioassay phosphate determination. The relationship of specific growth rate to ambient phosphate concentration for the D. salina cultures was well-described by the Monod growth equation with μmax = 1.8 d−1 and Kμ = 28 nmol P L−1. Phosphate uptake kinetics were evaluated at three growth rates and adhered to Michaelis–Menten kinetics, with evidence of growth-rate–dependent variability of uptake affinities (1.9–3.0 L µmol−1 h−1) and half-saturation constants (1.85–3.8 µmol P L−1). Maximum uptake rates were constant across growth rates when measured in either carbon-specific (220 µmol P mol C−1 min−1), volume-specific (7 amol P µm−3 min−1), cell-specific (1 fmol P cell−1 min−1), or phosphorus-specific units (7 h−1). This represents a phosphate uptake rate capacity between 200-fold and 600-fold greater than the requirements for growth. Finally, we compared the results from our study with previous studies across four phytoplankton species and found that the Monod half-saturation constant for phosphorus-limited growth (Kμ) is well-predicted by the theoretical ratio of the maximum specific growth rate to the phosphorus-specific uptake affinity.
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"Quinceañera (lit. meaning One (f.) who is fifteen), sometimes called "Fiesta de quince años", "Fiesta de Quinceañera", "Quince años" or simply "quince", is the celebration of a girl's fifteenth birthday in parts of Latin America and elsewhere in communities of people from Latin America." ((From _URL_
"The quinceanera tradition dates back more than 600 years when the Aztec and Maya cultures celebrated the time when a young girl became eligible to marry, have children, and take on the responsibilities of women in the community. Eventually the Spaniards influenced the event and a deeply Catholic connection emerged." ((From _URL_
For information on Quinceañera at St. Clare Parish, please contact:
Monica Herrera