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Several of us were talking this week about how to finish cards and frame small projects. Someone mentioned they weren't sure which products to use. So today's topic is….. sticky stuff!
"An adhesive, or glue, is a mixture in a liquid or semi-liquid state that adheres or bonds items together. Adhesives may come from either natural or synthetic sources. The types of materials that can be bonded are vast but they are especially useful for bonding thin materials. Adhesives cure (harden) by either evaporating a solvent or by chemical reactions that occur between two or more constituents." (reference link)
Who knew that glue would have a long, documented history? A birch bark and tar adhesive was found in Italy dating back to around 200,000 BC. It was used to adhere stone flakes to a wood shaft to create a spear. Similar finds dating back to 70,000 BC in South Africa used plant gun and red ochre earth.
So, what other things have been used as glue throughout history?
In France, there is proof the Neanderthal used glue in their paint so that the cave paintings were protected somewhat from moisture. Animal glues from things like horse teeth can be dated back 6000 years. Tars, tree sap, and gum have been used separately or combined with other products. The Egyptians used various types of glue for furniture production with inlayed decorations. Their papyrus also contained glue. Even egg whites were used to attach gold leaf to parchment in medieval Europe. Ancient mosaics on floors and walls throughout Europe have held up over the centuries because of their knowledge of adhesives.
For centuries, people had their own special recipes for making the glue for a variety of uses. However, Holland had the first commercial glue factory in the early 1700s. England, with its fishing industries, made glue from fish parts in the middle 1700s. The United States entered the glue market with the U.S. Glue factory in 1899. This factory was established by the Milwaukee tanning industry, recycling scraps of animal hides.
As I researched this subject, I had flashbacks of the many times I have licked an envelope or stamp. I wondered what type of glue was used. The best answer was given by Jane Ormrod, of the Royal Mail, in London. "The gum on British stamps is composed of polyvinyl alcohol and dextrin. The dextrin is derived from starch (e.g. potato) and the vinyl alcohol is a synthetic derived from petroleum. The gum used on ready-stamped stationery items is a blend of polyvinyl acetate and dextrin with the exception of aerogrammes, where the gum is a blend of polyvinyl acetate and polyvinyl alcohol. Slimmers (dieters) may be interested to know that a single standard postage stamp contains 5.9 calories and Special or Commemorative stamps 14.5 calories. To avoid offending any religious groups or vegetarians, no animal products are involved." (reference link) Now who in the world would have ever thought about figuring out the calories for licking a stamp?
According to statistics, each of us uses an average of 40 pounds of glue or adhesives per year. Let's look at some of the most popular ones.
White glue (Elmer's) is made of polyvinyl acetate, PVA. PVA is a vinyl but not the same as vinyl siding, LP records or PVC pipe (white plumbing pipe.)
Adhesives on envelopes is made from the sap of acacia trees called gum Arabic. These trees grow in India and Africa. This substance is in many snacks like gumdrops, marshmallows and even M&Ms. Now, figuring the calorie count for the gum in these products has some use! This is a very versatile product which also has non-edible adhesive uses in shoe polish and some watercolour paints according to Rik Sargent, of the Science Museum. (reference link)
There are many brand names for super glue. This is a chemical compound called cyanoacrylate. The form we are most familiar with is a great glue for repairing broken toys, ceramics, and other important objects. If the type of alcohol in the formula is changed to butyl or octyl, it creates a chemical compound that can be used in place of stitches for humans and pets. That comes to no surprise to those of us (including me) who have glued our fingers together by mistake. The Super Glue company has a great article on how to remove superglue from your fingers (acetone) and other areas of your body where using acetone is not recommended, like your lips. (reference link)
Another product most of us use is hot glue called hot melt adhesive (HMA). This product is useful when heated with a hot glue gun. The glue is warm to hot when ready to use yet hardens within a minute when applied. A similar product is the hot-fix embellishments that are backed with heat activated glue. The glue is heated using a special tool.
Glues and Adhesives for Needleworkers
This is a tough, permanently flexible polymer film. It dries clear, is non-yellowing and water soluble. Janice Love recommends this product for attaching needlework to glass, such as night light covers or glass ornaments. For best performance and longest shelf life store Muck in area with temperature between 50-75 degrees. Please note that we cannot ship Bottom of Form
Miracle Muck when the outside temperature is consistently below freezing because it will spoil if it is allowed to freeze.
This glue is 100% water soluble, pH neutral, dries clear and flexible. Instead of pinning or basting your edges, apply tiny glue droplets with the applicator tip. The Glue becomes tacky immediately and dries in 3 to 5 minutes. The glue will hold until washed out with soapy water. You can even iron it. This glue is great for temporarily placing appliqué pieces. It is made in the USA. It also comes in a 2 oz. size (6620). View video on how to use it.
This is a permanent, washable adhesive that works perfectly for punch needle embroidery, securing stitches on the back of the fabric designs especially if the threads are going to be cut or brushed. It dries clear and flexible plus it is machine washable and dryable.
Stitchery tape is a contact adhesive and is great for framing your needlework. This is the ultimate double-sided tape, perfect for mounting needlework to mat board, foam board or stretcher bars. This acidand solvent-free archival quality tape is coated on two sides and will adhere to fabrics as delicate as silk, linen, or velvet without adhesive bleeding through and damaging the fabric. Repositioning is possible for up to 48 hours. This tape is also ideal for other crafts including scrapbooking and card making. Also available in 1.5" x 30 feet (7409).
Another set of products are quite popular with needle workers, those that stop fraying.
Stop cross-stitch fabric from fraying safely with this nontoxic, nonflammable product. To use, first shake the bottle well. Then apply a small amount on the edge of the fabric and let dry. It dries soft, clear and pliable. It does not say whether it is washable or not. That may be why it clearly states "cross-stitch fabric" on the label. This comes in a 1 oz. squeeze bottle.
The packaging says that this product prevents fraying on fabric and ribbon. It dries quick, clear, soft and flexible. It is washable and dry cleanable, so it can be used on more than just your cross stitch fabric. To use this product you run the tube under hot tap water for 3 minutes and then shake it for 30 seconds. Poke a tiny hole at the end of the tube and screw the applicator cap back on the tube. Place your fabric on a thick paper or cardboard so it doesn't leak through to the surface of the table. Apply the glue with the tip of the tube against the fabric. Experiment on a scrap first to get your squeeze pressure figured out, because it comes out faster than you think. You should pre-test your fabric if it is in an area that discoloration might show. This product is flammable so don't use near heat or flame. This product is Made in the USA and comes in a 1.5 ounce tube.
According to the Fray Check label, it prevents fabrics from fraying and secures thread ends. It is washable and dry cleanable. Fray Check will not discolour or stain most fabrics. Always test on an inconspicuous seam to be sure. To use, place a piece of cardboard between area being treated and other fabric layers. Unscrew the blue cap and puncture tip with fine pin. Gently squeeze the bottle to apply a very small amount of Fray Check. Allow to dry for 15-30 minutes. This product is flammable both as a liquid and as a vapor so do not use near heat or flame or where there might be a chance for sparks. It is made in the USA and comes in a.75 fluid ounce squeeze bottle.
I came across an on-line forum comparing the usage of these three products. I have only used Fray Check, so I found their comments interesting. Here are two of them that recommended Fray Block over Fray Check. "I greatly prefer Fray Block. I have had Fray Check leave marks and it definitely dries stiffer. I have also had it change the sheen of embroidery thread. They serve the same purpose but I only buy Fray


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Strands in original proposal
Significant changes noted
1. Additional support for children looked after at home will build on existing family liaison work but will link in with designated teachers.
2. Additional support for two residential units, building on existing provision of LAC link teacher, designated teachers, LAC nurse and LAC counselling staff.
3. IT for looked after children based on learning programme for travelling children.
Strand 3 did not progress.
Dumfries and Galloway
1. Appoint a project officer.
2. Developing My Learning Plan.
3. Piloting the effectiveness of intervention models (e.g. education key working).
4. Staff training.
5. Reducing barriers to learning through individuals' applications to a fund.
1. Study support and tutoring, aimed at young people taking Standard Grade and National Qualifications.
2. Outreach activities for children and young people in residential units.
3. Support and training for parents and carers.
Pilot evolved to include a nurture group for pupils failing to attain, literacy and self-esteem for a group of young women, and improvements to data collection. Strand 3 became multi-agency training using Learning with Care materials.
Develop computer assisted learning materials. Provide supported study package, associated training, staff development, support for carers, and allied support materials.
1. Providing individual support to pupils (with priority to those who are excluded) through holistic support and intervention packages.
2. Support for parents and carers.
3. Identify 'what works' through an evaluation and training programme.
Team of learning assistants to work closely with group of P 7 looked after children in a transition programme. Learning assistants will work with primary and secondary school staff, social workers, support workers, parents and carers. Support: group and individual work, in-class, out of school. Enhance whole-school approach to looked after pupils in six target high schools and associated primaries providing enhanced training opportunities.
1. Identify educational needs of looked after young people in crisis care and build on existing good practice and positive working relationships. Develop educational programmes which deliver in the key areas of literacy, numeracy and personal/social development and which cover a broad and balanced curriculum as defined in the 5-14 guidelines or qualifications such as Standard Grade, Access 1,2,3 or ASDAN modules.
2. Offer a specific service for young people accommodated in placements outwith the Falkirk Council area: quality assurance role - visiting the schools, talking to the young people about their education, looking at what's being offered, and giving guidance and advice to the schools about options.
1. Develop data systems for tracking the education of looked after children.
2. Enhance planning and monitoring by developing existing personal planning model.
3. Provide enhanced educational support at key transitional stages (particularly at point of entry).
1. Expansion of existing tutorial support to children looked after at home.
2. 'Flexible Education Support Scheme' focussing on educational achievement.
3. Guidance leaflets for parents, carers and social work staff on Services to support education; attendance; attainment; English folios; ESPs; and, exclusions.
Strand 3 did not progress.
1. Home education link worker for children looked after at home.
2. Teaching base, in partnership with Highland Football Academy which facilitates re-engagement into fulltime education and assists in development of positive patterns of attendance and personal development.
3. Educational achievement facilitator to work with residential units and staff.
4. Out of school study support programme.
1. Better learning opportunities in residential units.
2. Developing an inclusive tutoring service.
3. Mentoring for young people.
Strand 3 did not progress.
New Futures Project: Individual tutoring and behavioural support with regards to curricular courses and providing alternative curricular routes to re-engage the young person.
1. Support for children looked after at home at an early stage to focus on developing core skills, work with staff in pre-5 centres: behaviour support, work with parents.
2. Support for looked after children and parents/carers to engage in educational process, enable looked after children to identify and achieve goals and to provide family learning opportunities.
3. Enhance life experience and opportunities for children in residential units by attending cultural and sporting activities.
1. Consult with looked after children, school staff, parents, carers to develop, pilot and evaluate child-friendly Personal Education Plans.
2. Work with carers and parents, developing or maintaining a care environment that promotes and celebrates learning. Use of HGIOS. Focus on equipping adults to promote learning.
1. Literacy: centres on story-telling initiative in four residential units with help of Children 1st and literacy co-ordinators in the units.
2. Reducing exclusion: involves the development of packs for home-school link teachers when child is excluded from school.
3. Hardware and educational software in children's units.
4. Delivery of Learning with Care Training.
Individually tailored educational interventions for looked after children who have experienced a sustained period of disengagement from mainstream education. In addition to an academic curriculum, flexible packages of support may include voluntary work, ASDAN, outdoor education, PSE, careers advice and art work. Stirling expects improved levels of achievement & attainment at 16, reduced numbers in NEET and/or offending.
1. Improve the coordination and analysis of available assessment information for all children in residential care and where necessary carry out a detailed educational assessment.
2. Work with parents of looked after children, to increase their involvement in child's education, improving confidence in supporting child's education.
3. Tackling high exclusion rates for looked after children by promoting 'alternatives to exclusion'.
1. Promotion of nurture groups in an education setting, targeting two schools with significant numbers of looked after children.
2. Developing flexible curricula for young people: one pilot secondary school to promote full time education, further education, employment and training.
3. Development of a buddy scheme where older looked after children support other looked after children as they enter secondary school.
4. Extension of an existing programme, Physical Activity for Confidence and Esteem, run in collaboration with Leisure Services to encourage young people to use sports and leisure facilities.
Strand 3 changed to become an issues forum.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


What Do Quails Eat?
Quails spend very little time in the air or in the water but spend a lot of time on the ground. They will eat plants, seeds, low hanging fruits, flowers, and leaves. Young quail will eat an occasional insect.
3 Additional Answers
Ask.com Answer for: what do quails eat
Quails eat insects and seeds.
A quail will mostly eat seeds, including acorns. Other common foods are alfalfa sprouts, cabbage, small insects, and, on occasion, small amounts of grass.It is important that a quail be fed many insects during the first few days of its life - though quail are mostly herbivorous, protein is important to their growth.
The diet of the quail varies depending upon the time of year or the individual's age or sex. Quail mostly eat seeds, but sometimes they will eat invertebrate animals. You can find more information here: _URL_
Q&A Related to "What Do Quails Eat?"
Quails will eat a lot of vegetation. They like seeds from weeds, and will eat ryes, oats, and other crop grains. Quails will eat insects, too. Look here for more information: http
The quails like to nest in open grasslands and forest clearings leaving them open to attacks from predators. Domestic animals such as cats are more than big enough to hunt quails
Larger bird of prey, example eagle.
Quails are seed eaters but will also take insects and similar small prey.
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Patient Experience: How Easy Are You To Do Business With?
Every patient should expect a remarkable experience every time, for every interaction at any time on any device.
That remarkable experience, in addition to their care, will contribute to their decision to return to that hospital and whether they will refer others.
A large part of a patient's experience comes down to this; How easy are you to do business with?
Most patients would rather be anywhere but the hospital. They expect to be in pain, inconvenienced, frightened and humbled. The nearest experience for comparison most of them have regarding sleeping overnight and having their meals delivered probably comes from having spent hundreds of nights in hotels. That plays into their expectations, but hospitals do not ask about their expectations ahead of time. Instead hospitals allow CMS to define the parameters for good and bad experiences, and they package it in a survey of a few dozen questions.
What do hospitals miss if all they rely on are surveys and purchasing their own data.
 1. Surveys only focus on patients. They provide zero data on prospective patients, ignoring all of the potential patients whose opinion of the hospital is defined by a visit to the hospital's website, calling the call center, and social media posts by prior patients. The number of people each day who "visit" the hospital online and over the phone greatly exceeds the number treated each day. What was the experience of the visitors? Did they select the hospital? Why not? How many potential patients were lost because they had a bad experience online or on the phone? If patient experience warrants spending millions on business development, sales and marketing, and the hospital's lobby, is spending an equal amount on their web presence and call center not of equal or greater value?
 2. Hospitals do not know the experiential expectation of a single patient.
 3. Patient expectations of their experience begin to be set the moment they first feel a lump, or when their child has a high fever in the middle of the night. For some their experience continues well beyond when they have completed the survey and left the hospital. Whether those interactions provide a remarkable experience will help determine where that person will go the next time they decide where to be treated.
 4. Hospitals should add to their efforts to improve patient experience by also looking at touchpoints and processes that affect the experience of every patient. They could start with their website and call center. They should look at those business processes that map almost one-to-one with the hospitality industry. To name a few, those processes include scheduling, admissions, billing, claims, food service, and housekeeping.
I spoke with executives at three different hospitals last week and heard the following.
A hospital CEO said, "The greatest improvement I could make to improve patient experience is to add parking and improve the food." An executive in charge of quality said, "Seventy percent of our patients are Hispanic." When I asked about their plan to make their website available in Spanish she told me they had no plan. An executive in charge of customer satisfaction at a third hospital said they were having problems with their call centers. Those call centers are open between the hours of eight and five-thirty. Even cable television companies provide better hours.
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Two commonly confused words are forward and foreword. Forward is a directional term meaning "near, being at" or "moving, tending, or leading toward a position" (Merriam Webster Online). Foreword is a section of a book for "prefatory comments … especially when written by someone other than the author" (Merriam Webster Online). For example:
As we move forward in this project …
As the author mentioned in the foreword to her volume ….
A useful device for remembering how to spell foreword is to think of its constituent parts: fore (near the front) + word (something written).
For additional commonly confused terms and guidelines for proper word usage, see CMS §5.220.


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Intellient Lens Memory?
So does this actually re-scale the video from the source to use the entire panel, or as I would suspect just zoom the image to fit the screen?
In other words, the 2.40:1 image is zoomed to fit the screen but there is no increase in the number of pixels being used as in a true anamorphic compression/lens set up.


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To search for all classes by location:
1. Click on the Students Tab or Academics Tab
2. Find the Course Schedules 'Portlet' and click on 'Course Search' just underneath the heading
3. A basic search screen will be presented. Click on the 'More Options' selection by the search button.
4. A campus dropdown will be presented, choose the campus you would like to see.
5. Choose the Session and or term that you would like to view.
6. Click on the Search button and all classes will be shown for the campus and session or term selected.


Edit Article
Two Methods:Removing gripsApplying grips
On a bicycle, sometimes it's very hard to get your new rubber handlebar grips on. This will help you put it on easily and not have it slip off later.
Method 1 of 2: Removing grips
 1. 1
 Sometimes careful cutting with a razor blade is necessary. Try not to scratch your chrome. If you want to save the grips without cutting, spray WD-40 between grip and handlebar. It WILL penetrate all the way down. Twist to spread WD-40 inside, and pull off. Stick a screwdriver between the bar and the grip if you cannot get under the grip well.
 2. 2
 Clean bar with soap/water to remove WD-40. Dry bar thoroughly! Don't leave handlebars soapy or wet.
 3. 3
 You can also use compressed air from a compressor or can to remove a grip. Place a needle/nozzle between the grip and the handlebar, and the air will allow the grip to slide off the bar. Since you won't be placing a lubricant on the bar, you will not need to clean it off. Use the proper precautions whenever you use compressed air tools or products to prevent explosions or other injuries.
Method 2 of 2: Applying grips
 1. 1
 Apply a squirt of hairspray or hand sanitizer inside the grip.
 2. 2
 3. 3
 - Ordinary spit will also work, if you don't have hairspray or sanitizer.
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Arthur de Gobineau
From New World Encyclopedia
Arthur Comte de Gobineau
Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau (July 14, 1816 - October 13, 1882) was a French aristocrat, writer, diplomat, and social thinker. He became infamous for advocating developing the racist theory of the Aryan master race, in his book, An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (_PHONE_). Gobineau approached his work from a scholarly viewpoint, trying to understand the course of human history and the factors involved in the development of civilizations. He concluded that race was the single most important factor determining the nature of human society, with the white race being responsible for all the great advances in history. He saw the barriers between the races as natural, having existed from the beginning of human history, and that breaking them down through miscegenation would lead to the destruction of civilization. Unfortunately, his ideas were taken and abused by Nazism, leading to genocide against the Jews and World War II.
Resolving the issue of racism has indeed been identified as key to resolving problems in the world. Breaking down racial barriers through marriage between those of different races has come to be seen not as destructive to society but rather as an integral part of the solution, and a vital component in the establishment of a peaceful world.
Joseph Arthur de Gobineau was born on July 14, 1816, in Ville-d'Avray, near Paris, France, into an aristocratic royalist family that cherished loyalty to the House of Bourbon. His father, Louis Gobineau, was an officer in the French army, and his mother, Anne-Louise Madeleine de Gercy, was of a Creole origin. When he was seven, his mother left her husband and fled with her lover and children to Switzerland, where young Gobineau attended the local gymnasium in Bienne. His mother tried to give him a solid Germanic and Germanophile education, and the schools in Switzerland were the ideal place for that.
In 1834, Gobineau returned to France to his father, and enrolled into general studies of the classics, folklore, and oriental studies. He tried in 1835, to enroll into the military academy, but failed the entrance exam. Instead, he left for Paris and worked different manual jobs to make a living. Between 1840 and 1848, he published several works, including Mademoiselle Irnois. In 1846, he married Clémence Monnerot.
In February 1848, the revolution broke out, which ended the French monarchy. About the same time Alexis de Tocqueville, an aristocrat and a mentor of Gobineau, became French foreign minister. In 1849, de Tocqueville made Gobineau his private secretary, and later the main chief of the cabinet. Subsequently, Gobineau became the first secretary in the embassy at Bern, and later he held posts in Hanover and Frankfurt.
Gobineau wrote his famous Essay on the Inequality of Human Races between 1853 and 1855. The book did not receive immediate attention, and passed rather unnoticed. In 1854, Gobineau became the first secretary in the embassy in Tehran, and later in 1861, the minister to Persia. There, he wrote several works on Persian society.
In 1864, Gobineau served as French emissary to Athens, Greece, and in 1868, he moved to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to carry the same position. In Brazil he became a friend of the Brazilian emperor, Dom Pedro II. After Brazil, in 1872, Gobineau moved to Stockholm, Sweden, which was his last post. In 1876, he was forced to retire from the diplomatic corps.
Gobineau spent the rest of his career in Italy, writing novels and sculpting. Many of his works were published posthumously. In 1876, Gobineau met Richard Wagner in Rome, and visited him several times in his home in Bayreuth. Wagner was rather inspired by Gobineau's views and, together with his friends from the Bayreuth circle, helped him propagate those views. Gobineau's racial theories became popular in Germany after his death.
Gobineau spent his last days writing poetry and sculpting, two of the loves he always cherished. He died in Turin, Italy, on October 13, 1882.
Gobineau published his famous Essay on the Inequality of Human Races in the period between 1853 and 1855, and dedicated it to King George V of Hanover (1851-66). He expressed his views on the times he lived in and tried to explain the reasons behind revolutions. Gobineau was a royalist and despised democracy, holding that revolutions and wars were the result of the degeneration of society in general.
In the Inequality of Human Races Gobineau attempted to create a science of history, connecting the rise and fall of civilizations with race. He came to believe that race created culture, arguing that distinctions between the three "black," "white," and "yellow" races were natural barriers, and that "race-mixing" breaks those barriers and leads to chaos.
According to his definitions, the people of Spain, southern France, southern and western Iran, most of Italy, and a large part of Britain, consist of a degenerative race arising from miscegenation. Also he stated that the whole of north India consisted of a yellow race.
Gobineau believed that the "white" race was superior to the others. He thought it corresponded to the ancient Indo-European culture also known as "Aryan," with Germany having just enough of the Aryan strain to revive the white race. He believed himself to be a descendant of Nordic Vikings.
Gobineau claimed that ethnicity was the most important issue in history, and that ethnic differences existed permanently from the beginning of human history. Gobineau considered the Bible to be a reliable source of history. In the Inequality of Human Races he wrote that "Adam is the originator of our white species," and all other races were not part of the human species. The biblical division into Hamites, Semites, and Japhetites, according to Gobineau, is a division within the white race.
In the last chapter of the Inequality of Human Races, Gobineau claimed that throughout human history there have been ten great civilizations, all of them started by the white race:
 1. The Indian civilization—built by white Aryans.
 2. The Egyptian civilization—founded by an Aryan branch from India.
 3. The Assyrians—to which are attached other civilizations such as the Jewish and the Phoenician. According to Gobineau, these are Hamites and Semites. Gobineau places the Iranian civilizations here, but mentions that they are Aryans.
 4. The Greeks—originally Aryans, but with Semitic elements.
 5. The Chinese civilization—like the Egyptian founded by an Aryan colony from India.
 6. The old civilization of the Italian Peninsula—became a mosaic of Celts, Iberians, Aryans, and Semites.
 7. The Germanic races transformed in the fifth century the western spirit—they were Aryans.
 8. The Alleghanian civilizations in America.
 9. The Mexican civilizations in America.
 10. The Peruvian civilization in America.
Gobineau believed that civilization appeared as the result of conquest by a superior Aryan race over inferior races. He wrote that Aryans were brave, intelligent, and strong, but had a weakness in creativity. A small influx of blood of other races, especially Semitic, improved this weakness. However, Gobineau warned, too much race mixing would result in the ultimate destruction of civilization.
Gobineau also wrote novels, notably Les Pléiades (1874). His study, La Renaissance (1877), was also admired in his day. Both of these works strongly expressed his reactionary aristocratic politics, and his hatred of democratic mass culture.
Although his racial theories did not receive immediate attention in Europe, it was through the influence of the Bayreuth circle and Richard Wagner that his views became popular, and his anti-Semitic theories developed.
Josiah Clark Nott, a leader of the polygenist movement (that suggested that Whites and Blacks were two distinct species), translated Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines into English. Gobineau's work has been continuously republished, most recently by contemporary white nationalist groups.
Adolf Hitler and Nazism borrowed much of Gobineau's ideology, though Gobineau himself was not particularly anti-semitic. Gobineau saw Jews as strong, intelligent people who were very much a part of the superior race and who, if anything, stimulated industry and culture. As such, when the Nazis adopted Gobineau's theories, they were forced to extensively edit his work, much as they did in the case of Nietzsche's writings.
To Bahá'ís, Gobineau is known as the person who obtained the only complete manuscript of the early history of the Bábí religious movement of Persia, written by Hâjji Mirza Jân of Kashan, who was put to death by the Persian authorities in 1852. The manuscript is now in the Bibliothèque nationale at


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"One language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way." – Frank Smith
18 MONTHS TO 2 YEARS
Crossing Borders International Preschool is not your typical child care center. Crossing Borders International Preschool offers enriching academic programs in 2 different languages; Spanish and English. You can choose one language or both. Our teachers nurture and guide your child, so they can learn a second language and become independent.
For our toddlers, the morning routine is an important part of the day. During this time, teachers speak completely in the targeted language, going over colors, numbers, the alphabet, the weather, the days of the week, and the months of the year. Children are introduced to their new language and culture through play, individual and group interactions, and age-appropriate activities that capture and hold their attention. Adhering to the TPR approach, using language and physical cues, we teach our students about topics that deal with daily life, such as how to be a friend and get along well with others.
Our Beautiful Houston location offers:
– English Immersion (18 months +)
– Spanish Immersion (18 months +)
– French Immersion (must be 3 years old and potty trained)
– Mandarin Immersion (must be 3 years old and potty trained)
-Starting August 21, 2019 Arabic Immersion (must be 3 years old and fully potty trained)
We are currently offering 2 (T/TH), 3 (MWF), and 5-day options. If you want your child to be in two languages you must sign up for 5 days.
Top 10 Reasons Parents Choose Crossing Borders International Preschool
1. Crossing Borders International Preschool is an elite school where we encourage students to meet academic challenges while developing multilingual children in a competitive environment.
2. We are the only school in the entire state of Texas that offers 4 different languages to choose from under one roof. Language options are: Spanish, English, French, and Mandarin.
3. Our curriculum is designed to immerse children in their target language in an organic way using games, songs, activities, to help them participate, understand, and speak the new language.
4. Our language immersion curriculum teaches children reading and writing skills in addition to arithmetic and science.
5. Children develop their fine motor skills through exercises and games in addition to acquiring vital social and communication skills.
6. Children are surrounded by many cultures, providing them with a thorough understanding of other people, their traditions, and their countries. This helps facilitate language learning, and, for many kids, it gives them the desire and confidence to explore far-off lands and study or work abroad.
7. Crossing Borders language classes and programs offer certified native speaking teachers, some even with master's degrees from their original countries.
8. Daily reports sent to you directly to your phone/computer. You can see how happy your child is and what he/she is learning or doing throughout the week.
9. Crossing Borders students pass all assessments when evaluated to enter into private schools like Awty, St. James, St. Marks, St. Matthews, as well as Dual language schools like Wharton and Mark Twain, etc. This is an excellent success rate.
10. Testing and evaluation for children, ages 3 through 6 is offered. Our program enables us to monitor our students' academic skills and development.
Please contact us to schedule a visit so you can see for yourself why parents are choosing Crossing Borders International Preschool. We look forward to hearing from you soon!


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RUBE GOLDBERG was a cartoonist, an inventor, and the only person to ever to be listed in a dictionary as an adjective. Of the nearly 50,000 cartoons he drew in his lifetime, he is best known for his drawings of goofy contraptions that used a chain reaction of simple machine, animal and food motions
Full video previews are available for the first 24 hours after a resource kit is uploaded. Follow my store to know when a new resource is available! Get students excited about Engineering and STEM with this video and activity BUNDLE! This bundle includes: 1. Engineering and STEM timeline: VIDEO KIT!
Get students excited about Engineering and STEM with this timeline video activity kit. This is a short (4 minute) educational video highlighting 40 significant events, discoveries, and inventions. Also included: -Powerpoint slideshow of the video slides-fun timeline worksheet + answer key-word searc


LAURENT D'ENTREMONT: French newspaper published in Digby 75 years ago
Laurent D'Entremont
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Desire' d'Eon. Courtesy of the Acadian Museum, West Pubnico.
By Laurent d'Entremont
Le Courrier de la Nouvelle-Ecosse is the only French newspaper published in Nova Scotia today. Its origin goes back 75 years to 1937 when it was first printed under the banner of Le Petit Courrier.
The idea for this small newspaper was the brainchild of Desire d'Eon, born October 2, 1905, when it was expected every able-bodied man would earn his living either from the sea or a trade. Instead, d'Eon studied at Le College St. Anne in Digby County and at the Normal College in Truro with plans of earning his living as a teacher. His teaching career only lasted a few years, until he decided to further his education by going to Washington DC, where his studies were in English. He graduated with an MA from Catholic University of America.
Although d'Eon was more educated than most at the time, he never lost touch with what was going on around him, including the fishing industry and the "every day working man".
Near the end of the Great Depression, he returned home again to Yarmouth County and decided to start a small newspaper in French to report the Acadian news and the local happenings. The big city papers could report the hard core news; his would be the friendly neighborhood paper in those pre-World War Two days, before TV and when radio was just static, noise and dead batteries. The Digby Courrier printed its first copy February 10, 1937. Later the Yarmouth Herald printed it until it was eventually published and printed in West Pubnico where Desire d'Eon called home.
The purpose of Le Petit Courrier was to entertain and inform the Acadians, those in other French villages and, especially, those living away on what was going on back home. Birth, marriages, deaths, would be announced on a regular basis, fishing and farming news would be there also. During the war years it reported the activities of our soldiers serving their country, letters from overseas, the war front, etc. it was a paper for the people and the editor/owner kept it that way for thirty five years until it was sold in the early 1970s.
Many of my generation will remember the "Courrier Building" with the printing press and equipment on one side and the Credit Union, with Desire d'Eon also as treasurer/manager, on the other side.
 D'Eon, who commanded lots of respect, looked every bit the newspaperman that he was. He was always attired in a dark suit, tie and hat. When he did some proofreading the tip of his necktie would drop into the fresh ink and act as a blotter. The local joke was he had gotten his tie stuck in the press and stopped it just in time to save his neck. Of course, we only made that joke when he was out of hearing distances.
Desire d'Eon was a true gentleman. If you tried to engage him in conversation about himself, or on a subject like his honorary doctorate from the University Ste. Anne, he would say little - this was not what he wanted to talk about. He would talk about places he had been and people he had met, as a way of changing the subject.
 The Petit Courrier/credit union man retired at 70, but would make the news one more time. D'Eon who had been single for seventy years, surprise everyone when, at 71, he married the one who danced in the songs of his dreams, Jane-Rose Twomey of Massachusetts, formerly of Yarmouth County. They settled in a new house they simply called "Chez-Nous" (home) and there they lived for the next twenty years. As the Acadian legend grew older he never lost interest in what was going on and had a keen interest in the Acadian Museum where every copy of Le Petit Courrier and the first printing press form part of the permanent collection.
As a former coworker and friend I kept in touch with Desire d'Eon. Time creeps up on one and the last time I visited him, death was lurking behind the door less than two weeks away. He spoke of how important it was to save the local stories, because every time an older person died these tales which formed the character and culture of our lives were lost forever. A few days later, his wife Jane-Rose died at 87 and, on November 3, 1996, d'Eon came home to an empty house, took off his overcoat and threw his car keys on the kitchen table. It was the last thing he ever did; at 91, his heart was just worn out.
When his personal belongings were sorted from the house, many plaques, awards and citations were found, enough to plaster a whole wall. How many did this humble man display? None.
Lots of people had known Desire d'Eon, but perhaps it was the late John Nicholson, a professor from the University College of Cape Breton, who said it best at a Credit Union Convention in Antigonish many years ago. As d'Eon took his seat with the other director, Nicholson leaned over and whispered to me, "there goes a true Christian gentleman. Indeed he was.
Organizations: Normal College, University College of Cape Breton, Catholic University of America Yarmouth Herald University Ste Acadian Museum Credit Union Convention
Geographic location: Nova Scotia, Yarmouth County, Digby County Truro Washington DC West Pubnico Massachusetts Antigonish
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Here is the final logo design and identity package for Goshen Education Consulting. The logo mark is made out of overlapping books which form a star and a flower. The star represents guidance and enlightenment, and the flower represents growth.
Below are the other two logo design options we provided. In our discovery stage, the owner mentioned he had used the lighthouse as a symbol in the past and wanted to explore that option, so we came up with the logo on the left, which is a lighthouse combined with a Greek column. The column represents the educational industry, and the lighthouse represents the company and how it "guides" educational institutions to "enlightenment" through consulting. The logo design option on the right is simply a book with a bookmark, that when combined, forms the letter "G" for Goshen.


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The cassowary looks like the bastard offspring of a turkey and an ostrich. It has blue skin, mainly because it does not breathe. The cassowary is so fierce, that it holds the air hostage, so it does not have to breathe. Cassowaries also have thick bony head crests, which are used for defense purposes or when they want to head-butt you in the crotch. You can tell by their glowing red eyes that they hate you. Cassowaries are the most dangerous birds in the world, it even said that on Guinness Book of Records (I'm not kidding).
For many years the Cassowary had a cousin species, the Caassounwary, so-named because of its inability to detect danger. The Cassounwary went extinct hundreds of years ago, upon the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan and his crew of Globetrotters, during their globe-trotting globe-trot of 1520. Magellan himself failed to complete the trip due to an extreme allergic reaction to Cassounwary meat; the voyage was completed under the command of another Globetrotter, Captain Meadowlark Lemon y Curly-Neal.
Cassowaries are also the missing links between man-eating birds and the Blue Man Group (another explanation of their blue skin).
Distribution and habitat
The cassowary is native to the tropical forests of Australia, but has also been reported in Iceland and northeastern Chicago. Some nearby islands also have small cassowary populations, but it is not known if these are natural or the result of a Communist conspiracy.
Cassowaries are frugivorous, meaning they mostly eat people who are obsessed with money. Chef Jeff "The Frugal Gourmet" Smith was killed and eaten by a Cassowary, who prepared Jeff as a traditional baked cassowary-roll using Mushroom Ketchup and fried onion bits. They also eat fungi, kanji, punji, steak, and dogs. Recently, they have also been observed to attack humans, though this usually only occurs when humans are in their proximity or when they piss them off.
A cassowary will hunt its prey by stalking it. Since they are nocturnal hunters, cassowaries will wait until nightfall. When the time is right, the cassowary will break into the home of its prey by shattering the windows with its head crest. It will then head-butt its prey in the crotch to waeken it. Once the prey is on the ground, the cassowary will use its big bird feet to stomp on it. It may also beat its prey with a baseball bat, a shovel, or anything else that's long and hard. Any part of the carcass that isn't eaten by the cassowary will be left for vultures, zombified nazis, or baby clowns.
Cassowaries are also pursued by coyotes along the highways of the United States Southwest. The pursuits always end in favor of the cassowary, due to its incredible speed and deft reflexes (or is that the roadrunner?). Oh well, It's not like Warner Bros. knew what cassowaries were anyways.
In popular culture
Cassowaries are not very popular in society (not that I care. I just added this information 'cuz I was bored).
- The original name of Captain Jack Sparrow in Pirates of the Caribbean was Captain Jack Cassowary. As nobody beyond the screenwriter knew what the crap a cassowary was--and upon finding out that he would have been required to wear his hat vertically to mimic the distinctive headcrest of the cassowary--the name was changed.
On an unrelated note, Captain Barbosa was to have been named Captain Nemesis Ridiculii. Concurrent with the name revision, his tallish and floppy ears were replaced by a red beard. Actor Geoffrey Rush, however, complained that he looked silly with a red beard where his ears were supposed to be, so it was moved to his chin in post-production using sophisticated computer graphics techniques.
- Big Bird is actually a cassowary. He once lived in Beijing, but found life hard because of his annoying communist neighbors. He decided to move to Sesame Street, but found difficulties doing so (mainly because his species wasn't popular enough). So he covered himself in yellow feathers from the baby chickens he huffed and/or ate. He then changed his name to Big Bird.


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The Greek poet Archilochus stated, "The fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing."
Archilochus split people into two groups: hedgehogs, who behave in accord with one defining principle, and foxes, whose behavior and principles vary based on circumstances.
Is your work style that of a hedgehog or a fox?
The answer to this simple question may affect your career in ways you never imagined.
Let's take a closer look at the difference between hedgehogs and foxes and come to some conclusions about the style or approach that culminates in greater achievement.
Hedgehogs possess one overarching idea or principle and try to explain the world through the prism of this viewpoint. Always approaching work from the same perspective, the hedgehog applies similar methods or solutions to most problems. Hedgehogs' strong guiding principle is coupled with a rigidity of thought and action. Hedgehogs steadfastly concentrate their efforts but may try to put a square peg in a round hole. Hedgehogs typically stay in similar roles and industries for their careers.
Foxes are crafty, resourceful, complex thinkers who can balance and account for a variety of circumstances. They know a little bit about a lot of things. The fox is content looking at events on a case-by-case basis and coming up with circumstance-based solutions.
The flexibility and adaptability of a fox allows for innovative behavior. Foxes are adaptable to change and consistently reassess their approaches but may not see things through to the end, be inconsistent or possess diffuse focus. The fox is someone who is susceptible to trends and fads and rapidly changes his mind. The fox can switch roles and business models successfully.
Now the million-dollar question: Is it better to be a hedgehog or a fox?
Well, it depends on the situation and the moment.
Some business situations call for a hedgehog approach and others require the wiliness of the fox. The most important tenet is knowing when to behave as a hedgehog or a fox instead of using the same approach all the time. This would seem to favor the fox since the hedgehog is more set in his ways and views the world through a clear and rigid set of ideals and doctrines. But there is good news for all the hedgehogs out there.
I am dubious of absolute categories. Instead, I believe in analyzing a challenge, identifying potential approaches and deciding which one will work best.
This varies based on the organization, situation and moment in time. We rarely live in a world of absolutes; instead, ours is one of continuums. There are few pure hedgehogs or foxes, rather people with greater tendencies, predispositions and preferences to one approach or the other. Few are so unmalleable as to be unable to adapt to new situations.
In other words, since most of us are neither pure hedgehogs nor pure foxes, minor movement on the continuum, in one direction or another, is not only possible but imperative.
However, major change in a person is not very likely to occur. To paraphrase Albert Einstein, it is easier to denature plutonium than people.
Therefore, instead of trying to change yourself or others, it is important to identify strengths and play to them. But as importantly, one must understand when to move on the continuum. By knowing when it is best to be more of a hedgehog or a fox you can maximize your influence and the results you generate.
Sometimes it is better to hedge your bets. Both the hedgehog and the fox may be too extreme in their behaviors.
Hedgehogs can be seen as stubborn and single-minded and foxes as overly pliable.
Try to adapt your approach to different work situations. Enable your disparate skills and abilities to shine when appropriate.
The enduring lesson from the hedgehog and the fox is that in a world of grays having multiple competencies can enable higher performance and achievement.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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ENGL-343 Revolution & Respect: Writing for a Cause
Spring for 2010-2011
Using Black protest literature of the Civil Rights era as a model, this course will show students how to craft fiction for a purpose. Do you want to reform schools, expose genocide, stop abortion, end a war, promote or limit immigration? Whatever your political agenda, you can advance it—as writers always have—through thoughtful and intentional storytelling.
Readings will include authors such as James Baldwin, Lorraine Hansberry, and John A. Williams, and students will be asked to reflect, in writing, on how these artists identify and attack injustice in their work. The goal of the course, however, will be for each student to produce, through various exercises and extensive drafts, one solid piece of short fiction that advocates a position on a public issue.
Prerequisites: ENGL 040, 041, 042, or 043
Other academic years
There is information about this course number in other academic years:


What is Geomatics?
Geomatics is a word that describes a collection of activities that are common across a number of disciplines in the geosciences. It involves the collection, management, integration, representation, analysis, modelling and visualization of geographic information.
Let's go GEO!
It's about how everything has a "where"...
Anything can be mapped.
Your data can be turned into GeoData.
GeoVideo Links
GeoSpatial Revolution
How Does LiDAR Work?
Geomatics is an Art …
What is GPS
What are Geomatics Engineers?


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How Long Is the Cantor Set?
In the problem The Cantor Set, we met the Cantor set, which is the limit of $C_n$ as $n$ tends to infinity.
C_1, C_2, C_3
We can talk about the length of one of our sets $C_n$.
The set $C_1$ has length 1.
The set $C_2$ has length $\frac{2}{3}$, as this is the total length of the line segments in $C_2$.
What are the lengths of $C_3$, $C_4$ and $C_5$?
Can you find a general expression for the length of $C_n$?
By considering what happens as $n$ tends to infinity, can you find the length of the Cantor set?


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In Access, the Max function returns the maximum of a set of values in a select query.
The syntax for the Max function is:
Max ( expression )
The expression argument represents a string expression identifying the field that contains the data you want to evaluate or an expression that performs a calculation using the data in that field. Operands in expression can include the name of a table field, a constant, or a function (not one of the other SQL aggregate functions). You can use Max to determine the largest values in a field based on the specified aggregation, or grouping.
In Access, you can use the Max function in the query design grid, in an SQL statement in SQL view of the Query window, or in an SQL statement within Visual Basic code. It is used in conjunction with the Group By clause.
Select SellerID, Max(Price) as MaxPrice From Antiques Group by SellerID


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Breaking down DME
The word "durable" brings a sense of long standing, like the words "endure" and "duration." Durable medical equipment, or DME, refers to the sturdy devices and supplies injured workers need to maintain their daily lives as they recover. And it might be little surprise that until 2020, the most commonly ordered types of durable medical equipment remained largely the same from year to year.
The coronavirus pandemic changed everything. The resulting layoffs, shutdowns, and shift to a home-based workforce in many industries meant fewer workers' compensation injuries. We also saw a drastic difference in the types of devices and supplies ordered.
Reparative surgeries needed for workers' compensation cases are considered elective—that is, not emergency or life-saving, as well as scheduled in advance. Because most doctors and hospitals were postponing or canceling elective surgeries during the shutdown, the items typically needed after such procedures were not in high demand like before. For instance, pneumatic and compression devices used to help rehabilitate patients after surgery are historically among the most common DME items ordered, but they fell far in their ranking in 2020. Although a few post-surgery DME items were still in demand, most of the items remaining in the top 10 were needed to treat short-term injuries. They included mobility devices, like crutches and walkers, and equipment needed in the bathroom. Here is some of what we've seen:
a. Crutches: These are most common type of DME ordered every year by far, usually paired with an imaging referral such as an X-ray or MRI.
b. Crutch substitutes, also known as a knee walkers or knee scooters: These steerable devices keep patients off one a foot without requiring them to bear their body weight on their wrists and armpits. Crutches are not recommended for people who have weak or injured upper bodies, such as hurt backs, or people with limited strength or mobility. Knee scooters can be helpful alternatives in such cases.
c. Folding walkers: These are typically used after surgery, such as a hip replacement.
d. Arm slings: These are used after an injury to the shoulder, arm, or wrist to keep the limb immobile against the body.
e. Bathing chairs: As with the common mobility devices listed above, these are frequently ordered when patients have injured one or both legs or their back so they can get in and out of a shower or tub safely. These chairs are also helpful for people who may already be prone to falling.
f. Synthetic sheepskin pads: These are used with continuous passive motion (CPM) devices, such as those frequently used after knee surgery to keep patients' joints mobile and flexible without their having to use their muscles. The soft pad is used as a cushion with the CPM device and greatly outnumber the orders for the CPM devices themselves, because patients often rent those directly through the facility where they were treated. Also, each CPM device usually needs two pads and the pads need to be replaced periodically.
g. Canes: Unlike crutches and knee scooters, which keep weight off a foot entirely, a cane is preferable when some pressure on the foot is acceptable yet patients need help staying steady or walking with care. Canes are useful to help maintain balance, to go up and down stairs, and when patients have conditions such as arthritis or tender feet.
h. Pads for hot-water-circulating units: Heat therapy is often needed to treat a variety of localized conditions such as muscle and joint pain, arthritis, and swelling. Cold-therapy units are also sometimes needed, but pads are more frequently needed with heat therapy in order to prevent burns. And like synthetic sheepskin pads, they are ordered much more often than the machines they accompany.
i. Commode chairs with arms: Like bathing chairs, these are needed when patients' lower bodies are weak or injured, or if they struggle with balance.
j. Inner limb compression devices: These are sleeves that gently squeeze the legs after injury or surgery to relieve swelling and help prevent blood clots. Because injury to the lower body is still common when a worker is hurt on the job, these devices are still frequently needed, just like crutches, walkers, and canes. The demand, however, is not as it was in 2019 or earlier.
The impact of 2020 is clearly fading in some aspects of DME needs today. Elective surgeries are slowly returning, with their subsequent therapies, devices, and accessories. Some industries such as restaurants, manufacturing, and retail are still reeling, hit hard by workforce shortages, so the types of injuries more often seen in those workers are abating too. What's next for DME? Only time will tell.


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Tax Act, State of Maine, 1827
In 1827 the state of Maine issued a tax act, which delineated the amount of taxes that each town was responsible for paying to the state. The state of Maine determined that the town of Baldwin was responsible for $76.30 of the fifty thousand dollars in taxes that it was assessed the inhabitants of the state owed. This tax act also lists exclusions and rules to include property to be taxed. Elias Thomas, the signer of this document, was the treasurer for the state of Maine from 1824 to 1827 as well as in 1829 and 1830.


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Northern Crayfish Frog
The northern crayfish frog grows to a length of nearly four inches. It has dark round spots surrounded by light borders on its chin, and the back is noticeably humped. This somewhat stubby frog lives in the southern half of Illinois and is closely associated with the hardpan clay soils south of the Shelbyville Moraine. This nocturnal frog spends the daytime hiding in crayfish or other animal burrows or under boards or logs in wet prairies, pastures or golf courses. It lays its eggs from early March to mid-April in flooded fields, farm ponds and small lakes. The call of the crayfish frog carries a considerable distance. It resembles a deep, roaring snore.


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Analysis of Parallel Algorithms for Matrix Chain Product and Matrix Powers on Distributed Memory Systems
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Keqin Li ; New York State Univ., New Paltz
Given N matrices A1, A2,...,AN of size NtimesN, the matrix chain product problem is to compute A1timesA2times...timesAN. Given an NtimesN matrix A, the matrix powers problem is to calculate the first N powers of A, that is, A, A2, A3,..., AN. We solve the two problems on distributed memory systems (DMSs) with p processors that can support one-to-one communications in T(p) time. Assume that the fastest sequential matrix multiplication algorithm has time complexity O(Nalpha), where the currently best value of a is less than 2.3755. Let p be arbitrarily chosen in the range 1lesplesNalpha+1/(log N)2. We show that the two problems can be solved by a DMS with p processors in Tchain(N,p)=O((Nalpha+1/p)+T(p))((N2(2+1/alpha/p2/alpha)(log+p/N)1-2/alpha+log+((p log N)/Nalpha)) and Tpower (N,p)=O(Nalpha+1/p+T(p)((N2(1+1/alpha)/p2/alpha)(log+p/2 log N)1-2/alpha+(log N)2))) times, respectively, where the function log+ is defined as follows: log+ x=log x if xges1 and log+ x=1 if 0


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Abstract #1025
Organ-based estimation of the chronological age based on 3D MRI scans
Sherif Abdulatif1, Karim Armanious1,2, Anish Rao Bhaktharaguttu1, Thomas Küstner2, Bin Yang1, and Sergios Gatidis2
1University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, 2University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Age is an essential clinical parameter. It is often utilized as a risk factor for various disorders with the potential of influencing therapeutic decisions. However, a discrepancy exists between the chronological age (CA) and the biological age (BA) of an individual due to many factors such as medical history, genetics and lifestyle. In this preliminary work, we propose a novel deep-learning architecture for organ-specific CA estimation from 3D MR volumes for the brain and knee. We hypothesize that the introduced organ-specific approach would enable future analysis of the BA as different organs are expected to exhibit different aging characteristics.
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This updated article examines the 'Grinding Square Wheels of Bureaucracy'. Includes pertinent observations on HMRC the UK Tax Office; Government; Councils; and of course the European Commission.
The Slow Grinding Square Wheels Of Bureaucracy
The mechanics of a bureaucracy in 'action' can be best illustrated with a number of examples; and where else to commence proceedings than with the Tax Office. The collection of tax is full of paradoxes. On the one hand a Tax Office does not have business customers to worry about, they can create as large a bureaucratic empire as desired, reinforced by the law (and on occasions working beyond the legal system) they can impose long winded bureaucratic routines, in conjunction with draconian, threatening, and harassing collecting tactics to strictly enforce tax collection. However, what isn't always obvious that all this can be self defeating in the prime task of efficiently collecting tax. If a country's tax collecting regime is too strict, time consuming, or simply too high - the earning business or individual ultimately relocates out of the regime with net result of nil tax collected. A successful business generally minimises bureaucracy, this can be the difference between the winners and losers. If a bureaucratic tax regime imposes too much time wasting 'red tape' onto the businesses it wishes to collect from, this imposed inefficiency results in less or even nil tax collected. It is an ironic and recurring feature of burgeoning bureaucracies that they can lose sight of their original aim, and act in a manner that generates the polar opposite of their advertised purpose.
The United Kingdom's Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC) department is a prime example of an out of control bureaucracy. By way of example: the UK's HMRC requests information from new businesses registered as a limited company with a three month deadline. The company is then harassed and threatened with various fines, in the period preceding the target date. Most private companies on chasing up clients, say for overdue bills, are normally very conciliatory on the first hastener. Not HMRC they issue threats two months before expiry of their own deadline! The United Kingdom tax system is currently so complicated that you can get numerous calculations, deadline requirements, and varying answers to straightforward enquiries depending on whom and what section of the Tax Office is approached. It is also known that if HMRC wrongly assesses tax in the taxpayers favour and issues a small rebate, on discovery it will treat the taxpayer as a backdated debtor, and in conjunction with its poorly design computer system, bully and harass the taxpayer with threats of legal action and bailiffs, again a month prior to the publicised date a debt is due.
Local government can also exhibit an immense amount of bureaucracy, albeit generally not on the sheer scale and audacity of main government. Examples are numerous, here's one as a sampler. Located in the area of Ryde St John's on the Isle of Wight is a recently introduced elaborate and costly traffic light scheme. This has resulted in:- a waste of electricity, an eyesore, conversion of a smooth traffic flow to constant queuing blocking side roads, a timing system resulting in setting drivers to perpetually drive through red lights, an illogical 'no-man's land' where cars can be trapped on a light change into an illegal parking position, and a hazardous environment for pedestrians to cross. This illustrates one of the problems with a bureaucracy, once it makes and implements a bad decision; it is next to impossible to make the bureaucracy change its mind. It must be said to be fair, that the Isle of Wight council is considered one of the more efficient councils - there are some truly horror stories from 'loony' councils in the United Kingdom that would fill a book of monumental proportions.
However it does appear a truism that the larger the bureaucracy the more inherently inefficiently it becomes. The true nightmare evolves when a number of countries combined to form a joint bureaucracy of colossal proportions. In Europe they have done just that, with the ever growing European Commission (EC) trashing all sense of a fair democracy to apparently head towards the ultimate super state. The USSR tried this and the rest is history. There really is far too much material to consider in this article, but inefficiency and European Commission are true soul mates. Even the EC's own auditors have refused to sign the accounts for years!
One can only really fight a bureaucracy with two weapons. These are fear of adverse of publicity and the threat of legal action. To achieve this, an individual needs to be meticulous in documentation, complete with as much supporting evidence as possible. If there is a dispute, often the best strategy is to covertly operate within the bureaucracy's (legitimate rules) and expose a breach by the organisation or individual working within the bureaucracy. Nobody likes bad publicity, and even the most soulless bureaucratic organisation does not relish being front page of a national tabloid newspaper!
People can wonder what purpose a bureaucracy serves. If they are inherently inefficient, what is the point? The answer is remarkably simple, and it is perhaps easiest to think of bureaucracy as akin to a living organism. There can be no wider motive, than to simply exist, grow, and multiply. Within a bureaucracy an individual or section may release that the same functions can be achieved with, say 25% of the existing staff. However, whoever dares to propose such a suggestion, may well find themselves in the 75% redundant! Furthermore in the real human world people tend to look after themselves and their colleagues. If their wider circle of family and friends can be accommodated with employment within the organisation so much the better.
Another factor not to be overlooked is the type of people attracted to working for a bureaucracy. The risk taking, entrepreneurs are not likely to be attracted to such a position. Indeed for the Richard Branstons and Alan Sugars of this world, a pure bureaucracy would be highly counterproductive to achieving a successful business. Wasteful routines mean wasted resources, which equals loss of profit. It is no coincidence that the very worst and most inefficient bureaucracies are found in taxpayers funded government organisations.
It is therefore no surprise that government agencies are the ones that tend to implement political correct policies with gusto. Companies that want to be productive and show a meaningful profit generally pay lip service to political correct ideology. Yet again the recurring theme of a bureaucracy resulting in the direct opposite of what is supposed to be achieved can be highlighted by political correct organisations. By simple way of illustration in the interests of eradicating alleged discrimination (notwithstanding successful companies are primarily interested in profits) on the sole grounds of sex, orientation, and ethnic group is to issue quotas and standard manipulation to discriminate on the sole grounds of sex, orientation, and ethnic group! For any bureaucracy there is a wealth of material here, for needless regulation, creation of meaningless non-productive jobs, and to generally justify needless and expensive expansion.
Government bureaucracies, whether centrally or locally governed invariably fail to live up to expectations. This is simply because unlike successful free market enterprises that has the consistent marker and incentive of 'profit'; markers in a government are often intangibles or politically determined, the incentive to the bureaucracy is survival and expansion. Indeed government bureaucracies can have a perverse financial incentive to fail and be inefficient, as this can result in an increased budget to solve the further problems. Yes, bureaucracies do exist in the private market, but ultimately market forces will favour the more efficient (and hence profitable) company over the one that is more bureaucratic.
Government bureaucracies invariably fail to live up to their promises because they are not market institutions. As such, there is no possible way of ascertaining how efficiently the bureaucracy is run since there are no profit-and-loss statements in the government sector, only 'budgets' and often meaningless 'targets'.
All government bureaucracies have powerful incentives to grow, regardless of whether or not such growth actually serves the public. To survive the bureaucrat must inherently be an empire builder, because that is how he advances in his career. The route to promotion in managing a bigger and better-paying bureaucracy is to prove that one can 'manage' a large number of people.
Returning to the European Union, this really ticks all the dismal boxes of an inefficient and ever growing bureaucracy. Five years ago the Eurozone currency crisis kicked off with Greece getting into deep trouble. The currency Euro, really cannot ever work, unless the European Countries who belong to this dubious club work like a country with common tax, benefits, and fiscal policy regimes. As it stands it makes no sense that Germany shares the same rate of exchange than the Southern Mediterranean countries such as Greece and Italy. The EU seems to be looming towards disaster, still retains a huge debt problem, growth has been stifled, and possible deflation is looming. Democracy is conspicuous by its absence, and the EU has failed to have its own accounts passed in 19 years. The bureaucratic nature of the EU will not see that its own structure and decisions is the source of these problems - and similar to the former USSR will reach a point in the future where it will collapse - the ultimate fate of ever enlarging inefficient bureaucracies.
To quote Ludwig Von Mises from his classic 1949 book 'Human Action - A Treatise on Economics':- 'Whenever the operation of a system is not directed by the profit motive, it must be directed by bureaucratic rules.' This cast iron law


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|Latitude 34 North|
Historic Markers Across Georgia
Gantt House C. 1880
John D. Gantt came to Cobb County in the 1850s with his parents and siblings, and married in 1858. Although the family's farm was destroyed during the Civil War, they rebuilt and continued to acquire land. Years later, the family built this house, which featured 6 rooms, 2 porches and 4 fireplaces. After John's passing in 1903, the property remained in the Gantt family. John's son Jasper eventually became sole owner and in 1922 owned approximately 195 acres. Jasper died in 1937 without heirs. The land including the house was soled in 1950, but the vast majority of the estate was eventually developed into the surrounding subdivisions.
Cobb County Historic Preservation Commission - Source Information


College Kid Perfects the Pot Fridge
If you live in a primitive environment, like a desert, modern amenities aren't going to do you much good. A refrigerator would come in handy, but what are you going to do, plug it into your camel!
However, rural farmers in Nigeria, who don't have access to water, electricity or even transportation, have been refrigerating things for years.
They use a simple contraption. One big pot, with a small pot placed in the middle, wet sand goes in between the two and as the water evaporates it cools whatever's in the center pot.
And now, a British college student has modernized the contraption.
Unlike the third-world fridge, 21 year old, Emily Cummins's supped up version is made with metal cylinders, wire mesh and wood, but it works the same way. In between the cylinders is some sort of wet absorbent material, like soil, wool or sand, and evaporation does the rest.
The sustainable refrigerator requires no electricity and can keep foods, like meat and milk, cool for days, holding steady at about 43 degrees Fahrenheit; The Guardian reports.
I don't know how practical it is, especially since you have to keep rewetting the sand. Also, it kind of looks like a birdfeeder.
Via EarthFirst.
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Stefanie Kiwi Menrath / Alexander Schwinghammer (Hrsg.)
What does a Chameleon Look Like?
Topographies of Immersion
In the anthology What Does a Chameleon Look Like? scholars from art, culture and media studies backgrounds consider immersion in terms of aesthetic, historical, ethical, and political issues. Science and technology studies persistently took up the term immersion as an engulfing momentum of interactive engagement of man and technological device. Consequently, and as a result of the influence and prevalence of the concepts and terminology of computer related discourse, the phrase ›immersive environment‹ has been generally assumed to denote a ›virtual‹ environment. However, the extent to which immersion should be considered solely in terms of new media is questionable: the interconnection of modern society entails that considerations of contemporary art, theory, culture and consumer capitalism all lead towards viewing cultural practice and experience as forms of immersion. After all, technology is not only the pre-condition for contemporary culture, but is actively generated by it (Fassler 2005); and rather than suggesting a restricted analysis confined to the consideration of particular media, the problematic of immersion encourages investigations into the long histories of »interfaceless interface(s)« (Bolter/Grusin 1999:23) within art and media practice.
Liberating the concept of immersion from the technical and digitally-oriented rubrics under which it is often thought, What does a Chameleon Look Like? indicates that concept's applicability throughout the humanities. The publication assembles recent interdisciplinary work on immersion as technique and cultural topos: While the human-machine relationship has long been one of fascination and utopian positivism (manifested for example in the motif of the virtual voyager), we have seen the advent of new visual technologies such as television in the 1960s create a certain uneasiness towards immersion, or indeed an outright fear of it. As our societies become increasingly technologically determined immersion has become a pervasive phenomenon. In the 1990s the topos of immersion merged with discussions on artificiality and the aestheticization of everyday life. The focus of this discussion of immersion has been less technology per se, but rather the consumer worlds that it constructs and the reality that they give rise to. This apparent ›society of immersion‹ lead into a field for critique on the spectacle. Since the 1990s then, technology became conceptualized as a second nature, albeit one that is both internal and external (Huhtamo 1995: 171). As a result, debates around human-computer-relationships (HCI) returned – although this time with immersion taken as a basic human capability.
What does a Chameleon Look Like? holds that the concept of immersion extends far beyond the remit of virtual reality, and provides enquiries into the historical and contemporary significance of immersion offering new perspectives on aesthetics, technology and ethics.
AUTOREN / HERAUSGEBER
Stefanie Kiwi Menrath is a doctoral student in the international research training group InterArt. With Alexander Schwinghammer she organized the Interkollegiale Conference ›That's what a chameleon looks like. Illusion – Imagination – Immersion‹ 2008 at FU Berlin. She is currently working on a PhD-project about the Pop Music Persona at CCS Goldsmiths....
Alexander Schwinghammer is a research associate at the Bauhaus University in Weimar and he was a fellow at Image-Body-Medium in Karlsruhe. His research project on visual dramaturgies of war is jointly based at the CCS Goldsmiths and the Institute for Cultural Anthropology, Goethe-University Frankfurt....
- 376 S., 62 Abb., 1 Tab., engl.
- Broschur, 190 x 120 mm
- ISBN 978-3-938258-51-4


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 CD Camera produces a new camera that it claims can take an average of more than 7 photographs per second. A test of 25 randomly selected cameras yielded the following sample values mean = 7.15 photo/sec S =.58 photo/sec.
 Use alpha = 0.01. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
 Note: You will be doing several problems using the CD Camera problem situation. Be sure to check the given data each time, from problem to problem, because the given numbers will likely be different.
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The digital age is very much a part of 21st century youth culture, and we need to ensure that young people are prepared for the multi-media and social media world through an 'interactively active, actively interactive' Curriculum for Life.
The social, cultural and economic benefits and the potential to provide a truly holistic physical, mental and emotionally well-rounded British citizen through 21st century interactive mobile lifestyles presents as many challenges as it does opportunities going forward.
The YC Digiwise project provides an integrated intergenerational youth centred approach that will see digital equality, diversity and inclusion through sport, art, culture and digital technology - an _TAG_…
Please see - Changing Lives: the social impact of participation in culture and sport
YC DCMS Social Impact Inquiry submission (2018)


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Nepenthes Tenax * Extremely RARE Australian Lowland * Pitcher Plant * 5 SeedS
Nepenthes tenax is a lowland species of tropical pitcher plant native to northern Queensland, Australia. It is the third Nepenthes species recorded from the continent and its second endemic species. Nepenthes tenax is closely related to the two other Australian Nepenthes species: N. mirabilis and N. rowanae. Nepenthes tenax grows to a height of around 100 cm with pitchers rarely exceeding 15 cm. The stem is usually self-supporting. Its leaves are short, rigid, V-shaped in section, arched and arranged (apical ones) more or less in a whorl. Pitchers are held vertically in mid-air on short strong tendrils that are tightly coiled once or twice mid length. In its natural habitat, it is sympatric with N. mirabilis and N. rowanae. Simple and complex natural hybrids involving both of these species have been found.
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The Contour tool is used for normal editing of the contours. It is the default tool in Fontlab VI, and the first item on the toolbar. It is selectable using the A key or the Contour arrow on the Toolbar.
Always use the Contour tool instead of the Element tool, unless you are sure you need to work at the Element level!
The functions of the Contour tool require that you already have outlines drawn. You need to either create a font, or open an existing font, before using this function.
Temporarily Activating the Contour tool»
There are two methods to temporarily activate the Contour tool while you are using another tool: holding down the A key, or holding down the Cmd key. The first mode is active by default, and that means that you can press and hold the A key while using most tools to temporarily activate the Contour tool. To use the Cmd key mode, open the Editing page of the Preferences dialog box and turn on this option:
When this option is active, you can temporarily activate the Contour tool by pressing the Cmd key on the keyboard. Releasing the Cmd key will return to the tool you were using before.
Hit-to and Snap-to Distances»
When you need to select a node or any other object on any of the layers, you need to click it with the mouse. You don't need to click the object precisely, but you must be within a certain distance for the object to get selected. This distance is called the "hit-to distance".
By default the hit-to distance is set to 3 screen pixels for nodes and 4 screen pixels for guidelines, but you can change it on the Distances page of the Preferences dialog box.
If you are moving an object close to another object, for which the Snap-to feature View > Snap is activated, the first object snaps to it even if you don't move the first object precisely to touch the latter. By default, the snap-to distance is set to 5 screen pixels, but you can change it on the Distances page of the Preferences dialog box.
Selecting Nodes and Contours»
To select an individual node, move the mouse cursor close to it and click. The selected node will appear red in color.
To select several nodes, Shift-click on them. Segments between selected nodes will be selected as well. To remove nodes from the selection, Alt-click (or Cmd-click) on selected nodes.
To select an individual segment, move the mouse cursor close to it and click. The selected segment with two nodes will appear red in color. You can turn this off on the Editing page of the Preferences dialog box.
To marquee select part of a contour, click in the empty space and drag around the area which you need to select. Use Shift to add to the selection or remove from it. Alt-drag for a freeform marquee selection. Marquee selection does not select handles (off-curve points), but this can be changed on the Editing page of the Preferences dialog box.
To select the whole contour, double-click on the contour or Alt-click on the white space near the contour. Use Shift to add to the selection or remove from it.
To move individual nodes:
If nodes are hidden, switch nodes on with the View > Show > Nodes command, or click on the node to select it. If you miss, and accidentally select an incorrect node, use the Page Up and Page Down keys to move to the correct node.
Drag the node to its new place. It will stick to the other objects if they are visible and snap-to those objects, where that feature is activated (View > Snap menu). Hold down the Shift key to move it vertically or horizontally.
While you are dragging the node you may see red dotted lines with arrows at their ends. These are snapping suggestions which help you position objects better:
Press Ctrl at any time when dragging points to temporary disable snapping and snapping suggestions.
If you are moving a node that is connecting two PostScript (Bézier) curves you have the following options:
If the connection of the curves is smooth, press the Alt key to constrain movement to a line between the curves' control points:
If the connection is sharp, press the Alt key while dragging the node to move it without moving the adjacent control points:
If the connection is smooth, press the Alt and Cmd keys to keep the connection's curvature optimised. All 4 control points will be involved in the process:
Press the Alt and Shift keys to slide the node along a segment. The control points will be recalculated to keep the current shape of the segment:
When you are editing control points of a Bézier curve, press the Shift key before clicking the button to keep the direction of the control vector unchanged:
If you are moving a control point of a curve with a sharp connection, press the Alt key to temporarily change the connection type to smooth, so that the adjacent control vector will be collinear.
If you have a node or handle that is nearly aligned (in either X or Y) with an adjacent node, Shift-double-click on the node or control point and it will shift to become aligned.
Do not forget that you can press the ' key (usually the key between Shift and Z) at any time to get an instant high-quality preview of the glyph outline as it will print.
Changing Node Types»
The type of connection between segments is very important in maintaining the smoothness of contours. Connections can be of two types: smooth and sharp (non-smooth).
To make connection marks visible, click on the button on the Toolbar.
If a connection is smooth, the direction of the adjacent curve control vectors or of the curve control vector and line is collinear and the contour is smooth at the connection.
To change the type of connection, double-click on the node or Ctrl-click the node and select the connection type in the popup menu:
Sometimes you may want to modify a contour in a more flexible way than by moving nodes. For example, to adjust the shape of a curve in node editing you would usually make the control points of a curve visible and move them to modify the curve. A more intuitive way would be to "grab" the curve somewhere between the nodes and move this imaginary "inside" point. The curve's shape changes accordingly. We call this method "non-node editing". This means that you can not only move nodes, but every point of a glyph's contour. You can even switch off nodes and still be able to edit the contour as you wish.
To modify a curve or line segment using the non-node editing method:
- Move the mouse cursor onto the place on the segment that you want to move.
- Press the mouse button. You will see a small color point that will show you the temporary point that you are moving.
- Drag the mouse and observe how the shape of the curve changes. After a few experiments (which can be undone) you will have enough experience to use this method of editing.
Several notes that you should remember:
- In non-node editing, guiding objects are sticky. So, temporary points snap to the grid, guidelines, hints or anything else.
- If you choose a temporary point near one of the ends of a curve, you will move that end, not just change the curve's shape. This is a useful method to locate a curve's endpoints.
- When you press the mouse button to begin non-node editing you will see that the endpoints of the curve as well as the control vectors appear, simplifying the editing of this segment.
- If you drag a "point" on a curve, its control vectors may change direction.
CtrlAlt-click near a line segment to convert the segment to a curve segment. CtrlAlt-click near a curve segment to Balance the segment (make both handles proportionally the same length). To convert a curve segment to a line segment, simply remove one of its handles using Edit > Delete (Backspace).
To insert a new node on a segment with the Contour tool:
- Position the mouse cursor on the segment where you want to insert the node.
- CtrlAlt-click where you want the node to be inserted or ShiftCtrlAlt-click on a segment to add an extremum node to that segment.
You can also use the Knife tool to insert nodes.
Deleting Nodes and Handles»
To delete nodes and handles using the Contour tool, click on the node or the control point to select it, and press Backspace (or Del key on small keyboards). The node or the handle will be removed. Or Ctrl-click on the node and select the Delete node command in the context menu for the same result. In these two cases, FontLab VI tries to keep contours closed. On the other hand, using the Del key (FnDel keys on small keyboards) doesn't delete the selected node, but breaks the contour.
Another one way to delete the handle is to ShiftAlt-click on it.
To delete a line or a curve, click on it with the Contour tool and then select the Delete command in the Edit menu (Backspace key). This method removes the segment with both its nodes but doesn't break the contour. On the other hand, if you wish to leave both end nodes intact, but break the counter, then you can delete the segment using the Del (FnDel) key as well.
- Hold Ctrl at any time when dragging Points (Handles or Nodes) to disable snapping and snapping suggestions.
- Tap ShiftC key or use the Contour > Power Nudge menu item to toggle the Power Nudge mode. With Power Nudge on, when you drag some points, FontLab will automatically guess which other points should be moved. This works well most of the time. If Power Nudge is off, you can enable it temporarily (while dragging) when you hold the C key (without Shift).
- Tap L key or use the Contour >


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A dozen graves are marked with similar stones. The names identify prevalent share cropper families and former slaves who quickly climbed the economic ladder in their community.
Dozens more are marked by flat, rust colored limestone. They are nameless, weathered by time and remain only a symbol of a life lived and a resting place to be revered not disturbed.
For decades the Pinkston Cemetery was forgotten and swallowed by forest and underbrush.
Marilyn Kelley, Pinkston's great-granddaughter, brought the cemetery back to life. She painstakingly researched the cemetery to establish its significance to Smith County and Texas history. With the help of the Smith County Historical Society members, Ms. Kelley garnered a state historical marker for the site in 2011.
"It was lost, but now it is found and protected," she said. "It's an honor to give back."
Attorney and local historian Randy Gilbert encouraged and helped Ms. Kelley along the way. He and his cohorts at the historical society have been seeking and finding forgotten cemeteries around the county since the 1970s. Many of the cemeteries date back to the establishment of the county seat in 1846. Some date before.
Gilbert, along with the historical and genealogical society, has uncovered documents referring to 246 cemeteries around the county. They include cemeteries drivers on Broadway Avenue pass daily, family and community plots located after years of neglect and those that remain lost. Of those lost cemeteries, Gilbert has an approximate idea that 40 sites are close to roads or near geographical identifiers but he has not set eyes on or mapped them.
Locating the cemeteries and mapping them for posterity is much easier now with Google Earth and GPS, he said. In the 1970s it took digging through deed records, obituaries and finding landowners willing to talk, he said.
"You know by old road records and church listings that there was a cemetery in the area but actually finding gravestones and putting your hands on them and putting a name to the location to check it off the list takes crossing fences," he said.
Gilbert said a substantial number of cemetery sites are on private property with little to no access other than trespassing. But it's important enough for Gilbert that he tracks landowners down. On occasion, he said, a hunter will come across what appears to be graves and reports them to the Historical Society.
One landowner in eastern Smith County who has a cemetery with graves predating the county seat and who asked that he and the location of the site remain anonymous, said fear of vandalism, trespassing and the liability of having people cross onto his land make him hesitant to discuss the site.
"We're trying to protect it," he said. "I don't want to bring any attention to it at all."
Secrecy is required, because 15 years ago gravestones were vandalized and knocked over, he said. Other times the owner found curious trespassers who had a general idea where the cemetery was located.
It sits about a mile from the nearest road in a grove of trees. There are no roads or trails to the site with around 100 gravestones ranging from weathered limestone to large marble markers. Seclusion provides security, but it also makes the site difficult to monitor.
He also fears attention from the state, which might demand easements and access roads across his land. Secrecy can save cemeteries, but it also can disturb them and leave landowners in the lurch.
In 2012, Gilbert became aware of a possible gravesite being disturbed by a landowner building a home on recently purchased land. Smith County Sheriff's Department investigated the reports and determined with ground-penetrating radar that "anomalies were consistent with that of graves."
Investigator Bobby Van Ness said the landowner cooperated fully with investigators and faced no criminal charges, because he was unaware the land he bulldozed covered graves. The landowner may file civil litigation against the seller who may have not disclosed the graves.
Texas Historical Commission Debbi Head said reporting, identifying and protecting is important to safeguard historic and forgotten cemeteries. The Record, Identify and Protect program by the commission works closely with counties and local historic preservation groups to chart cemeteries.
State laws exist to protect cemeteries from vandalism, theft and desecration. Disturbing sites can lead to charges from misdemeanors to a state jail felony.
But protecting the cemeteries takes interest by communities, she said.
"That's why it's so important to have them in the record that spells out their boundaries so they are there for future generations," she said. "They are a part of our history."
Gilbert asked that anyone with information regarding possible gravesites, community plots or cemeteries around the county, to contact the Smith County Historical Society at _PHONE_ or the Texas Historical Commission.


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Changing display properties
By changing the 'Resolution' setting you can make text and images look either larger or smaller all the time. domgen.com is designed to be viewed at a screen resolution of 800 x 600.
On PC, go to the 'Start' menu and select 'Settings'. When you are given further options select the 'Control Panel' folder. The 'Control Panel' folder will then appear on your screen. At this point you should select the 'Display' icon.
Next click on the 'Settings' tab on the top of your page. You will see a box labelled 'Desktop Area'. Move the slide across so that the '800 by 600 pixels' is displayed. Finally, click on the 'OK' button.
On an Apple Macintosh, you can use the Monitor & Sound Control Panel to change the resolution.
If careers.domesticandgeneral.com's colour scheme makes it difficult for you to read the text, you can change it in your browser.
If you are using Microsoft Internet Explorer, click on 'Tools and then Internet Options'.
To ignore the colours and fonts specified on the site, click on the 'Accessibility' button towards the bottom of the window and check the relevant boxes.
To specify your own colours for both the text and the background, click on the 'Colors' button and then uncheck the 'Use Windows Colours' box. Simply click on the 'Text' and 'Background' boxes to choose your preferred colour scheme.
Last updated 21st November 2012


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A unique 800-yr-long record of annual temperatures and precipitation over the south of western Siberia has been reconstructed from the bottomsediments of Teletskoye Lake, Altai Mountains using an X-ray fluorescence scanner (XRF) providing 0.1-mm resolution timeseries of elementalcomposition and X-ray density (XRD). Br content appears to be broadly correlative with mean annual temperature variations because of changesin catchment vegetation productivity. Sr/Rb ratio reflects the proportion of the unweathered terrestrial fraction. XRD appears to reflect water yieldregime and sediment flux. Sedimentation is rather continuous because annual clastic supply and deposited mass are the same. The artificial neuralnetworks method was applied to convert annual sedimentary time-series of XRD, Br content, and Sr/Rb ratio to annual records of temperature andprecipitation using a transfer function. Comparison of these reconstructed Siberian records with the annual record of air temperature for theNorthern Hemisphere shows similar trends in climatic variability over the past 800 yr. Estimated harmonic oscillations of temperature andprecipitation values for both historical and reconstructed periods reveal subdecadal cyclicity.
Helmholtz Research Programs > MARCOPOLI (2004-2008) > POL6-Earth climate variability since the Pliocene