Interfacing GSM Module with 8051 microcontroller (AT89C51) without using PC
Developed By:
Himanshu Choudhary
This project presents a way to interface GSM module with microcontroller AT89C51 without making use of computer to send AT commands to the module. This is an improvement over the previous projects (see MC074 & MC075). Instead of using HyperTerminal or any other PC interface, the controller itself sends a fixed AT command to the GSM/GPRS module. The information response and result codes are received and displayed on a 16x2 LCD.
Interface GSM with 8051 Microcontroller (AT89C51)
Instead of sending commands from the HyperTerminal, AT commands are sent to the GSM/GPRS module by the microcontroller itself. In this case, the receive (Rx) and transmit (Tx) pin of the GSM module's RS232 port are connected to the transmit (Tx) and receive (Rx) pin of AT89C51's serial port, respectively. This eliminated the role of computer and just the controller's circuit provides a complete user interface for the module.
The controller is programmed to send a fixed command 'AT' to the module. The command AT is used to check the communication with module. It returns a result code OK if the module and the controller are connected properly. If either of the module or SIM are not working, it returns a result code ERROR.
The program complexities for display of information responses and result codes on LCD mentioned in MC075 remain same here as well.
Circuit Diagram
MAX232 | IC MAX232
The MAX232 IC is used to convert the TTL/CMOS logic levels to RS232 logic levels during serial communication of microcontrollers with PC. The controller operates at TTL logic level (0-5V) whereas the serial communication in PC works...
AT89C51 Microcontroller, Atmel 89C51 Controller Image
AT89C51 Microcontroller
16 x 2 LCD | 16x2 Character LCD Module
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Document Type: Research Paper
Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
The present study examines the role of gender in reading comprehension of short stories taught through awareness-raising among Iranian EFL learners. In so doing, twelve male and eighteen female learners with lower intermediate English proficiency were selected as the research sample. Next, they were randomly divided into two fifteen-member groups (i.e., a control group and an experimental group). The control group followed the conventional methods and the experimental group was taught the same short stories using awareness-raising activities. Consequently, an independent sample t-test was run. The obtained results indicate the experimental group demonstrates a better performance than the control one. According to the means, the female learners in both groups outperformed the male ones.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


This figure shows the Rules Designer. It contains the following tabs: Facts, Functions, Globals, Bucketsets, Links, Decision Functions, and Rulesets. The Facts tab is selected. The Facts area contains the following tabs along the bottom: XML Facts, Java Facts, RL Facts, and ADF Business Components Facts. The XML Facts tab is selected. The XML Facts area contains a table with the following columns: Alias, Name, Description, XML Name, and Generated From. The XML Facts area also contains the following icons: Refresh, Add, Edit, Delete, and Reload XML Facts From Updated Schemas. The Edit and Delete icons are greyed out.


Tsuga canadensis (Canadian Hemlock, Eastern Hemlock)
SKU: tsuga_canadensis_001 Categories:,
Tsuga canadensis (Canadian Hemlock, Eastern Hemlock) Seeds
Zones: 3 to 7.
Native to eastern North America.
The Canadian or Eastern Hemlock is native to northeastern North America, thriving in its natural habitat of moist woods, wooded ravines and valleys. It is a is a dense, pyramidal conifer having short, dark green needles with two lines of white stomata underneath, arrayed in flat sprays giving it a graceful form. Small, egg-shaped, pendant, cones 3/4 inch (2 cm) long are tan-brown. The bark is greyish-brown, scaly and fissured.
It prefers part shade to shade and can therefore be planted where other conifers would not grow. It likes moist, well-drained soils and is intolerant of drought. It is ideal for shady areas of the landscape, as a lawn specimen or as a screen.
Size: Height 40 to 70 ft; Width 25 to 35 ft.
Germination Instructions
Stratification: Provide about 60 to 120 days cold, moist stratification at 3° C (37° F) to 5° C (41° F).
 1. Soak seeds in water for 24 hours.
 3. Place the bag(s) with seeds in refrigerator for about 60 to 120 days.


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SECTION 2: What?
What can be shared?
Although it is widely acknowledged that the industry definition of Shared Services refers to the sharing of business processes, business functions or expertise, it is recognised that many different aspects of an organisation can be shared, each in themselves providing incremental benefits to a participating organisation. Sharing may start with collaboration and adoption of best practice. The more detailed level of sharing leads to greater levels of efficiencies, higher quality service and an increased ability to react to market or legislative change. However these benefits come coupled with higher risk and need for a strong change management culture.
Shared Services is a journey without a fixed end point, but has an agreed vision of what good looks like, for an organisation and the strategy defined to deliver that vision. It needs measurable milestones to mark achievements and the journey involves collaboration, change management, change of culture regardless of the level of sharing.
There are numerous areas and levels of sharing that can and do occur on a Shared Services journey. They start with collaboration and shared practices. Many stop at the early stage as they entail the least risk and organisational and cultural change. Others go on in accordance with their strategy or build on their initial experiences to achieve the full level of Shared Services.
Most Shared Services efforts begin by focusing on Centres of Scale: volume-based services - transactional, processing and administrative, those that are delivered to most employees or to external customers and can be maximised by aligning economies of scale.
Glasgow City Council have implemented an internal Shared Service for financial, HR and procurement processes
Typically, success in these areas leads organisations to search for other services where similar operational efficiencies and cost reductions can be achieved. The logical choices for this second stage are Centres of Expertise: knowledge-based services - specialised expertise, consultative and integrated solutions, supported by common business processes to provide consistent delivery.
The Advanced Procurement for Universities and Colleges programme (APUC) is creating a centre of expertise for procurement for further education and higher education institutions
Centres of Expertise and Scale are candidates for Shared Services because they provide the greatest opportunities for leveraging efficiency and effectiveness.
Listed below are examples of the types of sharing and collaboration that can occur, with different levels of benefits being achieved, depending on the nature and extent of the sharing. They all encompass many of the attributes and skills required to achieve Shared Services, e.g. collaboration of requirements, negotiation, change of culture and process review, all of which are invaluable on the journey to Shared Services and achieve incremental benefits as well as credibility and experience. This is not intended to be an exhaustive list but should give an indication of the types of sharing that can occur and further examples of sharing across the public sector in Scotland are listed in Appendix B.
Level of Sharing
Common business processes and shared execution
Commercial model, Service Level Agreement, performance measures,Sharing of requirements, operating model, design and ICT operational configuration.
NSS Health procurement
South Lanarkshire Payroll Services
Common business process design (Best Practice)
Sharing of requirements and design (Best Practice)
Local Authority CRM system procurement
Sharing of requirements and remit for tendering, producing one tender document, lowering cost of procurement
ICT Software and Infrastructure Standards
Operating Systems and application software and standards, executing on a shared ICT infrastructure
Provides common operational standards and practices, consistency in execution and increased service levels, affords different working cycles up to 24/7
Uni) Edinburgh High Performance Computing Facilities ( UK, JANET
OSIAF Approved Stds; SEAS
Property Gazetteer; Entitlement Card
data centres, hardware, networks, telecoms, disc management,ICT Infrastructure:
Sharing of ICT skills and knowledge at a lower cost, less risk of attrition effecting business
Common operational standards and practices, consistency in execution and increased service levels, affords different working cycles up to 24/7
South Lanarkshire ICT Hosting
Property, co-location and sharing of buildings and services
Sharing of building and utility costs, sharing of services e.g. transport, vehicle maintenance
Highland Service Point Network
e.g. Legal, IT skills, trading standards, procurement, pension, IS, medicalCentres of Expertise, working to standards, accreditation, providing expertise in subject matter
Excel; APUC; National Collections collaboration
Definition of Terms for Service Provision
The industry wide definition of Shared Services can be summarised as the convergence and streamlining of an organisation or organisations functions to ensure that they deliver the services required of them as effectively as possible.
Shared Services are more than just centralisation or consolidation of similar activities in one location. Shared Services mean running these service activities like a business and delivering services to customers at a cost, quality and timeliness that is competitive with alternatives.
South Lanarkshire Council provide a Shared Service delivering Payroll services to several organisations within their community
Is the process by which the activities of an organisation or organisations, become concentrated within a particular location and/or group. There are two types of centralisation, the first involves organising workers into groups that support business processes for the entire organisation or across multiple organisations. The second organises workers by specific skill set and experience to provide services for the entire organisation or across multiple organisations. Provides economy of scale, reducing costs and overheads whilst providing resilience and can be used as a step in the direction of providing a full Shared Services model or an end state operational model in itself.
SEAS (Scottish Executive Accounting Service) provide a centralised Financial service for Scottish Executive, Agencies and NDPBs
There are many and varied types of services that are often associated with Shared Services and sometimes confused as being Shared Services. The section below defines some of the most common service provisions and their definitions. All of the services listed can be used to support a Shared Services operation, and equally all can be used to support centralised and distributed operations as well.
Became part of the business lexicon during the 1980s and often refers to the delegation of non-core operations from internal production to an external entity specialising in the management of that operation. The decision to outsource is often made in the interest of lowering firm costs, redirecting or conserving energy directed at the competencies of a particular business, or to make more efficient use of worldwide labour, capital, technology and resources. Fundamentally and historically, outsourcing is a term relative to the organisation of labour within and between societies.
Over the years various forms of outsourcing services have evolved and provide services for all type of business operations, eg Shared Services, Distributed and Centralised. Further definitions of outsourcing are as follows:
CapGemini provide ICT outsource services to customer across the UK from the Highland Region
Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) is the contracting of a specific business process, such as payroll, to a third-party service provider. Usually, BPO is implemented as a cost-saving measure for tasks that a company requires but does not depend upon to maintain its position in the marketplace. BPO is often divided into two categories: back office outsourcing, which includes internal business functions such as billing or purchasing, and front office outsourcing, which includes customer-related services such as marketing or technical support.
Use of a BPO as opposed to an Application Service Provider (ASP) usually also means that a certain amount of risk is transferred to the company that is running the process elements on behalf of the outsourcer. BPO includes the software, the process management, and the people to operate the service, while a typical ASP model includes only the provision of access to functionalities and features provided or'served up' through the use of software, usually via web browser to the customer. The most common examples of BPO are call centres, human resources, accounting and payroll outsourcing.
BT use Accenture and Xansa as BPO providers for Financial processes
Application service provider (ASP) is a business that provides computer-based services to customers over a network. Software offered using an ASP model is also sometimes called On-demand software or software as a service (SaaS). The most limited sense of this business is that of providing access to a particular application program (such as medical billing) using a standard protocol such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), a communications protocol used to transfer or convey information on the World Wide Web.
The need for ASPs has evolved from the increasing costs of specialised software that have far exceeded the price range of small to medium sized businesses. As well, the growing complexities of software have led to huge costs in distributing the software to end-users. Through ASPs, the complexities and costs of such software can be cut down. In addition, the issues of upgrading have been eliminated from the end-firm by placing the onus on the ASP to maintain up-to-date services, 24 x 7 technical support, physical and electronic security and in-built support for business continuity and flexible working. Customers of ASP services include businesses, government organisations, non-profits, and membership organisations.
The Covalent performance management system is used by a large number of councils across Scotland and UK
Hosted Service Provider (Xsp) is a business that delivers a combination of traditional IT functions such as infrastructure, applications (Software as a Service), security, monitoring, storage, Web development, website hosting and email, over the Internet or other wide area networks (WAN). An Xsp combines the abilities of an application service provider(ASP) and an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
This approach enables customers to consolidate and outsource much of their IT needs for a predictable recurring fee. XSPs that integrate Web publishing give customers a central repository to rapidly and efficiently distribute information and resources among employees, customers, partners and the general public.
Hosted Service Providers benefit from economies of scale and operate on a one-to-many business model, delivering the same software and services to many customers at once. Customers are charged on a subscription basis.
South

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Readers ask: How To Slow Cook Beans?
How long do you cook beans in the crockpot on low?
Cook on low for 6 to 8 hours: Cover the pot and cook on low for 6 to 8 hours. If this is your first time cooking beans or you're cooking an unfamiliar kind of bean, begin checking the beans after 5 hours and then every 30 minutes until they are cooked to your liking. Beans generally finish cooking in 6 to 8 hours.
How do I cook beans in 30 minutes?
What do I do if my beans are too hard?
Beans that have been stored for over 12 months or in unfavorable conditions may never soften. Hard water may also cause hard beans. If the cooked beans still seem tough, add a 1/4 teaspoon sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) for each pound of beans to increase tenderness.
Do you have to soak black beans before slow cooker?
Black beans, as you may remember from this Black Bean Soup post, never need to be (and in fact maybe shouldn't be) soaked, regardless of how you cook them: slow cooker, Dutch oven, pressure cooker. Add aromatics, such as an onion, garlic, a bay leaf, all of which will impart the beans with good flavor.
Is it safe to cook beans in slow cooker?
Do Not Cook Dry Beans in Your Slow Cooker It's low and slow, cook -it-all-day technique makes it a perfect vessel for turning tough ingredients into tender deliciousness. But research now suggests that one tough ingredient shouldn't be cooked in the slow cooker at all — beans.
You might be interested: How To Cook Pot Roast In The Oven?
Can I cook dried beans in a slow cooker?
Put 2 cups dried beans into the slow cooker crock and soak overnight in cold water, enough to cover by several inches. Turn cooker to HIGH and cook beans until they're tender and cooked through, about 3-4 hours for soaked beans. (You can also cook the soaked beans on low, which would take about twice as long.)
What to put in beans to prevent gas?
Method 1: Baking soda To cut down on the gassy properties, you can add a little baking soda to your recipe. The baking soda helps break down some of the beans ' natural gas – making sugars.
Should beans be cooked covered or uncovered?
Your beans will be creamy. When we tested both methods, we found the beans with the lid cooked about 15 minutes faster, but the flavor of the beans cooked with the lid off was much better. This is because the liquid reduced more, creating a more flavorful bean broth that coated the beans. Takeaway: Leave the lid off.
Does putting a potato in beans reduce gas?
She put in a whole potato in the pot as well while boiling them supposedly for the purpose of "absorbing" the gas from the beans. The result is that the beans are supposed to make you less gassy but if you eat the potato you'll get super gassy.
Why are my beans still hard after cooking?
The main reason for beans that are still hard after cooking is the quality of the beans. Drying beans preserves them for a long time, but not forever. And make sure to cover them with plenty of water, as beans above the level of the water will take longer to get soft. Even in a pressure cooker.
You might be interested: How Long To Cook Pork Chops At 375?
Why won't my beans get soft?
2 Answers. There are three primary reasons why dried beans do not soften despite extensive cooking time: 1) they are old; 2) hard water; or 3) the presence of an acid. If you don't think your beans are old, then perhaps your water is the problem. Beans cooked in hard water will never soften properly.
How do you make beans soft quickly?
Quick Soak. This is the fastest method. In a large pot, add 6 cups of water for each pound (2 cups) of dry beans. Heat to boiling; boil for 2–3 minutes. Remove from heat, cover and soak for at least 1 hour.
Are black beans toxic?
All legumes, including black beans, contain a compound called phytohemagglutinin, which can be toxic in high amounts. However, the amount of phytohemagglutinin in black beans is typically much lower than the levels in kidney beans, and reports of toxicity have not been linked to this type of bean.
How many cups is 1 lb of black beans?
1 pound dry beans = about 2 cups.
Does slow cooking beans remove lectins?
Cooking with wet, high-heat methods like boiling, stewing, or soaking can deactivate most lectins. However, undercooked or raw beans simmered at low heat or cooked in a slow cooker will not remove all lectins because the heat is not high enough to help break down the enzymes.
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Productivity development of Norwegian institutions of higher education 2004-2013
Lenke til artikkel:
Edvardsen DF, Førsund FR, Kittelsen SaC.
Journal of the Operational Reseach Society
Sammendrag (engelsk)
Productivity growth of institutions of higher education is of interest for two main reasons; education is an important factor for productivity growth of the economy, and in countries where higher education is funded by the public sector accountability of resource use is of key interest. Educational services consist of teaching, research and the "third mission" of dissemination of knowledge to the society at large. A bootstrapped Malmquist productivity change index is used to calculate productivity development for Norwegian institutions of higher education over the 10 year period 2004-2013. The confidence intervals from bootstrapping allow part of the uncertainty of point estimates stemming from sample variation to be revealed. The main result is that the majority of institutions have had a positive productivity growth over the total period. However, when comparing with growth in labour input the impact on productivity varies a lot.
Institutions of higher education; Farrell efficiency measures; Malmquist productivity index; Bootstrapping
C18, C43, C61, D24, H52, I21
Prosjekt info:
Oppdragsgiver: Kunnskapsdepartementet
Oppdragsgivers prosjektnr.: KD 1337 Arneberg
Frisch prosjekt: 2363 - Oppdatering av analyse om produktivitet i UH-sektoren


Quick Answer: Do Guinea Pigs Become Attached To Their Owners?
Can guinea pigs get attached to their owners?
Guinea pigs generally enjoy the company of their fellow cavies.
Although it is not a good idea to house too many of them in one cage, most guinea pigs appreciate having a companion.
They definitely recognize and respond to their owners and are very interactive..
How long does it take guinea pigs to get used to you?
You may have to wait a little while before your new pet settles in and gets used to you and their new environment. So if that's that case, how long does it take for a guinea pig to get used to you? It can take a guinea pig anywhere from three days to as much as three weeks or more to get used to their new owner.
How do you bond with guinea pigs?
Asking How to Bond with Your Guinea Pig?Lay down some fleece liners and lay with them to bond with your guinea pigs.Hand-feed them veggies, treats, or hay, to increase bonding with guinea pigs.Talk to them so that they recognize your voice, so that guinea pig will trust you.Conclusion.Feb 7, 2020
What is Chutting?
Is it normal for my guinea pig to be scared of me?
Guinea pigs are prey animals. Their instinctive response to a strange or sudden noise or shadow is either to freeze or flee. Your girl is a very small baby, she has to learn to overcome her natural instinct to flee and to be afraid of you. You are going to have to be very patient and calm and kind.
Do guinea pigs like to be in the dark?
Do Guinea Pigs Like the Dark? Yes, as your cavy's nighttime antics would suggest, guinea pigs do like the dark. However, that doesn't mean they're nocturnal animals. In fact, guinea pigs are crepuscular, which means they're most active at twilight.
What does it mean when your guinea pig cuddles with you?
Guinea pigs are more likely to become cuddly if they are comfortable, so you need to create an environment where the animal can feel safe and relaxed. … Guinea pigs love when you give them things to play with and areas where they can get some peace and quiet will help to put your pets in a better state of mind.
Can a guinea pig sleep with you?
You can sleep with your guinea pigs, but it is not a good idea to do so. There are a few reasons for the same. … So if you sleep with your guinea pigs and they don't have access to their food and water, then they might make a lot of noises, thus disturbing your sleep.
Can you kiss your guinea pig?
Never try to kiss nervous guinea pig: You should never try to kiss a shy guinea pig as it can misunderstand your sign of love and can react unexpectedly by biting or scratching. Never kiss your guinea pig if you have a cough and cold: If you are suffering from cold means, you have developed HSV 1 virus.
Where do guinea pigs like to be touched?
Why does my guinea pig lick then bite me?
A guinea pig may nibble on your hand as a reaction to fear or uncertainty. By nibbling on you, he is basically conveying the message that something is wrong. … If your guinea pig is particularly anxious or scared, that subtle nibble could escalate into something a little bit more painful — think a bite.
Why does my guinea pig chew when I pet him?
It's a less threatening version of the teeth chatter. It could also indicate pain. But in your case, it's more likely annoyance.
Is it better to have 1 or 2 guinea pigs?
Guinea pigs are social creatures. They thrive off communicating and being around animals of their own species. … So even if you have a little space, it's a good idea to get at least two guinea pigs. That way, they can keep each other amused – plus, they can have cavy chats all day long!
Can I leave my guinea pig alone for 4 days?
4 days is too long to leave them alone. Too much can happen. Water bottles leak, they need fresh veggies each day, hay can run out – they need unlimited access to it. Pigs can get hurt, stuck, sick.
Why does my guinea pig randomly run around like crazy?
Some people think this behavior looks like your piggy is a bucking bronco. But fear not if your piggy is popcorning about! It's a good thing; it means your pet is happy! Healthy, excited guinea pigs will exhibit this behavior on occasion.
Do guinea pigs show affection?
Licking. Guinea pigs do a good bit of licking. … Most guinea pigs don't like to get wet. A guinea pig might also lick their person's fingers/hand, which can be a sign of affection — after all, that's how guinea pigs show affection to one another.
Do guinea pigs recognize their name?
Do guinea pigs learn their name? The answer is they can, but with the help of some excellent training. It's not as simple as training a dog to respond when they are called. Guinea pigs are smart, but some don't ever respond to their name regardless of the training.
Is it good to hold your guinea pig a lot?
Many guinea pigs love quality time with their owners, so handling your guinea pigs is great fun. Once your guinea pig gets to know you, then they'll enjoy being hand-fed and petted, so it's up to you how much you hold them – do so as often as you like.
What do guinea pigs hate?
Guinea pigs are scared of other animals, especially larger than themselves. They are also afraid of predator pets such as cats or dogs, which is quite normal. It's not advisable to keep your guinea pigs with other pets. Some people do keep their guinea pigs with rabbits, but even this combination is not the best one.
Do guinea pigs like to watch TV?
Guinea pigs love to watch tv once they are used to the home, and they feel safe. They don't usually do that on their own but will sit with their owners when they're watching TV. … You may even see your guinea pig looking at you when you change the channel.


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Link Management Protocol (LMP), October 2005
- Canonical URL:
- File formats:
- PROPOSED STANDARD
- Updated by:
- RFC 6898
- J. Lang, Ed.
- ccamp (rtg)
Discuss this RFC: Send questions or comments to _EMAIL_
For scalability purposes, multiple data links can be combined to form a single traffic engineering (TE) link. Furthermore, the management of TE links is not restricted to in-band messaging, but instead can be done using out-of-band techniques. This document specifies a link management protocol (LMP) that runs between a pair of nodes and is used to manage TE links. Specifically, LMP will be used to maintain control channel connectivity, verify the physical connectivity of the data links, correlate the link property information, suppress downstream alarms, and localize link failures for protection/restoration purposes in multiple kinds of networks. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
For the definition of Status, see RFC 2026.
For the definition of Stream, see RFC 4844.


Metrology Software
Twin Coast Metrology's software, SurfaceGage, excels at fully automated, camera based, optical metrology for manufacturing environments. SurfaceGage is at its core, photogrammetry software, that unifies single camera photogrammetry, white light/structured light scanners, and complex multi-camera, multi-projector measurement networks into one seamless software package.
In its simplest hardware configuration, a single camera, it is a like a photogrammetry system. Configure it with 2 cameras, and a video projector, it is a white light/structured light surface scanner. On the high end, it can support up to 16 cameras, FANUC industrial robots, Allen Bradley PLC's, stepper and server motion control systems, stepper motion control systems, and fixed structured lights. This flexibility gives Twin Coast Metrology, great leeway for tailoring solutions to individual customer needs.
SurfaceGage has a state of the art bundle adjustment optimizer. The software can handle hundreds of thousand features, 500+ images, one to sixteen cameras, any focal length lens with full lens correction, self-calibration of cameras, automated data cleaning, uncertainty tracking, references systems, and temperature compensation, 100% automated, all at production rates.
SurfaceGage can calibrate video projectors, which allows projecting color maps directly on the part post measurement.
Calibrated video projector is also useful for accurately applying light patterns (dots, lines, grids, etc) on the part independent of the part position. For example, projecting dots of light at programmed locations enables high-speed surface measurements by skipping processing of features that are not of interest. A large point cloud is never created.
3D Data Collected from an RC Truck Body


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Impact of Sulfur on Density of Tetranychus pacificus (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Galendromus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in a Central California Vineyard
Sulfur is the oldest and most widely used fungicide in the vineyards of California, where it is used for control of powdery mildew (Uncinula necator [Schw.] Burr). For decades, sulfur use has been associated with outbreaks of Tetranychus pacificus McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) on cultivated grapes in the San Joaquin Valley. I undertook large-scale field studies to test this association, to evaluate the impact of sulfur on Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbit) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), a major predator of T. pacificus, and to determine if timing of sulfur applications with respect to grape bloom has an impact on T. pacificus density. The studies took place in a 32 ha vineyard in Fresno County, and all fungicide applications were made with commercial-scale equipment. In 1998 a 'high sulfur' treatment, a combination of wettable sulfur and sulfur dust, was compared to 'low sulfur,' in which demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides partially substituted for sulfur. In 1999 treatments were 'sulfur,' 'DMI,' 'sulfur pre-bloom' (here sulfur was applied prior to grape bloom, in late May, and then DMIs were applied until mid-season) and 'sulfur post-bloom' (the reverse of 'sulfur pre-bloom'). In each year, the T. pacificus population increase came after the end of fungicide applications, and results clearly show a relationship between sulfur use and T. pacificus density. In 1998, mean T. pacificus density was 2.7 times higher and mean G. occidentalis density 2.5 times higher in 'high sulfur' compared to 'low sulfur.' In 1999, the highest T. pacificus counts were in the 'sulfur' and 'sulfur pre-bloom' treatments, 4.8 times higher than 'sulfur post-bloom' and 2 times higher than 'DMIs.' Density of G. occidentalis was 2.3 times as high in 'sulfur' or 'sulfur pre-bloom' than 'DMIs.' The predator/prey ratio was not significantly different among treatments in 1998, but in 1999 it was highest in the 'sulfur pre-bloom' treatment. In 1999, density of Homeopronematus anconai (Baker) (Acari: Tydeidae) was 2.7 times higher in 'sulfur pre-bloom' compared to 'sulfur,' and higher by 2.7 times in 'DMI' compared to 'sulfur post-bloom,' suggesting a negative effect of sulfur on this tydeid. These results do not support the hypotheses that the cause of the increase in T. pacificus density is due to negative effects of sulfur on phytoseiids or tydeids. Rather, it appears that a plant-based explanation is likely, first, because of the differences in pre-bloom versus post-bloom sulfuring, and second, because of the long lag time between the end of the sulfur applications and the corresponding increase in spider mite density.
Michael J. Costello. "Impact of Sulfur on Density of Tetranychus pacificus (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Galendromus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in a Central California Vineyard" Experimental and Applied Acarology 42.3 (2007): 197-208.
Available at: _URL_


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angle on the joint
- Step 2: solve static equilibrium
- Step 3: record the moment in the connection joint
- Step 4: Repeat steps 1-3 for the given range
- Step 5: remove joint that was added in step 0. Calculate GM from GZ-curve
This way of calculating the stability is very flexible and fully correct. It allows for calculation of static stability for situations where the traditional method become more and more complex:
- lifts with multiple cranes on the same vessel
- lifts with multiple cranes on different vessels
- lifting items out of or into the water
- half suspended items (one end in the crane, on end on the deck)
- partially or fully restrained cargo
These will be subject of a next post.
Another possible issue with stability calculations is that vessels may not be symmetric between bow and stern and/or between portside and starboard. This means that a heel angle will introduce a trim angle or draft change as well. An example are triangular jack-ups.
These will be subject of (another) next post.
If there are any other situations you would like to see then leave your suggestion in the comments are. I like challenges 🙂


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Banyan Trees, Aloe Masculata, and Taro
- Description: Numerous plants and trees along a path. The two large trees in the background of the photograph are called banyan trees. They can be identified by the long aerial roots hanging from the tops of the tree. The pink flowers to the left along the wall are aloe maculata.
- Keywords: tree, banyan tree, Kampong Garden, aloe masculata, plant, leaf, flower
- TIFF File: A high resolution TIFF of Banyan Trees, Aloe Masculata, and Taro (7.3 Mb) is available for download. This is a very large file suitable for printing. For most on-screen purposes, you should use the image displayed on this page instead of this TIFF.
- Source: Florida Center for Instructional Technology, Exploring Florida: Social Studies Resources
for Students and Teachers (Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, 2009)
- County: Miami-Dade
- Date of Photo: 5/28/2008
- Photographer: Roy Winkelman


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Off-campus WSU users: To download campus access dissertations, please use the following link to log into our proxy server with your WSU access ID and password, then click the "Off-campus Download" button below.
Non-WSU users: Please talk to your librarian about requesting this dissertation through interlibrary loan.
Date of Award
Civil and Environmental Engineering
Timothy J. Gates
Analysis of traffic queues at signalized intersections which are in close proximity to highwayrailroad grade crossings is of primary importance for determining if the normal signal operation needs to be preempted for railroad operations by providing a special signal mode for safe clearance of the queued vehicles from the tracks before the train arrival, and prohibiting any conflicting traffic movements towards the crossing. Such queuing analysis becomes even more critical where direct observations of traffic queues are not possible or where the assessment is needed for a future location. Inadequate estimation of queues from signalized intersections to the nearby railroad grade crossing can lead to severe safety issues. Underestimation of queue lengths may lead to an unsafe design while significantly overestimated queues may cause unnecessary traffic delays consequently leading to violations of the active traffic control devices at the crossing. In order to determine an adequate approach for reasonable estimation of queue lengths at signalized intersections near highway-railroad grade crossings, this dissertation first evaluated and compared different currently used microscopic simulation-based methods (i.e. Sim-Traffic and VISSIM) for their adequacy in estimating the queue lengths. After that several comparisons are made between the queue estimation from the simulation-based and other deterministic analytical methods including Highway Capacity Software, Synchro, and Railroad Assessment Tool.
The comparisons drawn between each method helped identifying the differences and specific limitations of each method in including the impact of various important factors on the resulting queue estimation. The recommendations are provided on the basis of model capability to adequately count the impact of various significant traffic factors on queue estimation and considering minimizing the risk of underestimated queues.
Based on the analysis findings, a microscopic simulation based procedure is developed using Sim-Traffic for estimating the 95th percentile queue lengths on various existing signalized intersection configurations near highway-rail grade crossings to help evaluate the need for signal preemption. In addition, recommendations are developed, if preemption is necessary, for determining queue clearance distance and minimum track clearance time. The recommended procedure is developed considering minimizing the risk of underestimated queues or unsafe design at such locations, and simplify the design and decision-making process.
Chaudhry, Amna, "Analysis Of Queue Characteristics At Signalized Intersections Near Highway-Railroad Grade Crossing" (2016). Wayne State University Dissertations. 1368.


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It goes without saying that tomorrow, June 11, 2010, literally kicks off the FIFA 2010 World Cup in South Africa. The media has been throwing around stories on projected winners, South Africa's history in the making and even possible flu outbreaks from vuvuzelas. Fans around the world wait in anticipation; meanwhile in South Africa, staff from the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the South African Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) are trying to meet an ambitious "green" goal.
According to a UNEP-GEF press release, the long-term initiative has three main goals: "renewable energy interventions in six World Cup host cities, an awareness-raising drive on green tourism both funded by GEF and a UNEP program to offset the carbon emissions of eleven World Cup teams." The 2006 FIFA World Cup hosted in Germany managed to achieve the first carbon-neutral tournament in the history of the event.
An article in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment reported that the "initiative in Germany included the use of rainwater tanks, reusable cups in public areas and eco-electricity to lessen the environmental impact." Even excess carbon emissions of around 90,000 metric tons were offset by contributions to environmental projects, said the article's author Jen Fela.
The challenge this year is the location of South Africa, which is situated on the southern tip of Africa and relies primarily on coal-generated electricity. In the 2009 Feasibility Study for a Carbon Neutral 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa by South Africa's Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, "the estimated carbon footprint of the 2010 FIFA World Cup is 896,661 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) with an additional 1,856,589 tCO2e contributed by international travel."
In an effort to offset these staggering numbers, the GEF has contributed $1 million to installing energy-efficient street lights, stoplights and billboards, and it started a Green Passport project aimed at reducing the carbon emissions generated by overseas travelers. The passport is a 32-page booklet on tips for sustainable travel to be handed out to 100,000 visitors.
Other projects include Solar Cookers by Sunfire Solutions, soil composting by Soil and More Reliance, LED energy efficient lighting retrofit program by Lemnis Lighting, wind energy by Mainstream and Domestic fire lighting by the Nova Institute. All of the projects will be attached to a carbon calculator to keep track of emissions and offsets.
Photo credit: Crystian Cruz
Jen Fela (2010). Dispatches Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 8 (5), 228-232 DOI: 10.1890/_PHONE_-8.5.228


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UNDATED (WSAU) Wisconsin has almost 50,000 Hmong residents, the third-largest population in the country behind Minnesota and California. That's according to a review of 2010 Census figures by the Hmong Studies Journal of Saint Paul.
Wisconsin was among the first places where refugees started settling in the late 1970's, after many served side-by-side with U-S forces in Vietnam. Today the Wisconsin Hmong has its greatest numbers in Wausau, Eau Claire, La Crosse, Appleton, Green Bay, Sheboygan, Madison, and Milwaukee.
Nationally, there were over 260,000 Hmong-Americans in 2010 – and over half are now American-born. Mark Pfeifer, the editor of the Hmong Studies Journal, says Hmong residents have made considerable advancements over the last 30 years in their educational, social, and economic plight. But they still face unique challenges which include poverty. The national Hmong poverty rate in 2010 was 25-percent, compared to 11-percent for Americans as a whole.


Fight Song
Get Fight Song essential facts below,, or join the Fight Song discussion. Add Fight Song to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media.
Fight Song
In U.S. and Canadian sports, a fight song is a song associated with a team. In both professional and amateur sports, fight songs are a popular way for fans to cheer for their team, and are also laden with history; in singing a fight song, fans feel part of a large, time-honored tradition.[1] Although the term "fight song" is primarily used in the United States, the use of fight songs is commonplace around the world, but they may also be referred to as team anthems, team songs or games songs in other countries, even such as Australia, Mexico and New Zealand. Fight songs differ from stadium anthems, used for similar purposes, in that they are usually written specifically for the purposes of the team, whereas stadium anthems are not.
Hundreds of colleges have fight songs, some of which are over a century old. The oldest collegiate fight song in the United States is Boston College's "For Boston", composed by T.J. Hurley in 1885.[2]
One of the oldest games songs in Australia is Melbourne Grammar's 'Play Together, Dark Blue Twenty', which is sung to the tune of 'The March of the Men of Harlech'.[3][4] It was composed by Ambrose John Wilson who was principal of the school from _PHONE_.[5] This is not to be confused with the school hymn 'Ora et Labora' which is now sung to the tune of 'Jerusalem'.[6]
List of professional sports team fight songs
United States
List of college fight songs
See also
 1. ^ "High School Fight Songs | LoveToKnow". LoveToKnow. Retrieved.
 2. ^ "_USER_ » Feature Archive » Beyond "For Boston"". At.bc.edu. 2008-04-29. Retrieved.
 3. ^ The Melbourne Grammar games song comprises verses from the school's three main sports at the time, Australian rules football, cricket and rowing. For example the Australian rules verse is:
 'Play together, Dark Blue Twenty,
 Long and little marks in plenty;
 Get your kick, let none prevent ye,
 Make the leather roll.
 Mark your men, keen effort straining,
 On the ball and show your training;
 Still though short the time remaining,
 Get another goal.'
 The chorus between each verse is:
 'None our ranks shall sunder.
 Who will shirk or blunder?
 If all are true
 To our Dark Blue,
 Our foemen must go under.
 Honour ye the old School's story,
 Those who played and won before ye,
 Bear the Dark Blue flag to glory,
 Grammar to the fore.'
 The cricket verse:
 Bat with patience unremitting,
 Yorker, shooter, break outwitting,
 All the loose ones freely hitting,
 That's the game to play.
 Skill the bat and ball in wielding,
 Smartness, judgement in the fielding,
 Iron nerve and pluck unyielding,
 Scarce can lose the day.
 The rowing verse:
 Row the race, boys swing together,
 Sinews tough as cords of leather,
 Strong, yet light upon the feather,
 Lift her, make her go!
 Get the catch at the beginning,
 Churn the tide in eddies spinning,
 Now a spurt, you gain! you're winning!
 Melbourne Grammar, row!
 A fourth verse with its own chorus was added in the early 20th century with imperial connotations:
 'Some, in strife of sterner omen,
 Faced the Empire's stubborn foemen;
 Fought, as erst their sires - her yeomen;
 Won the deathless name.
 Praise ye these who stood for Britain,
 These by foreign marksmen smitten;
 Praise them, for their names are written
 High in storied fame.
 None their ranks could sunder;
 Who could shirk or blunder?
 So stood they true
 To the old Dark Blue,
 And all their foes went under.
 Honour ye the old School's story,
 Heroes who - her sons before ye -
 Died or lived, but fought for glory,
 Honoured evermore.'
 While it is not officially discontinued, this addition is no longer sung.
 4. ^ Eagle, Chester (1986). Play together, dark blue twenty. Melbourne: Trojan Press.
 5. ^ Senyard, June (May 2002). "From Gentleman to the Manly: A Large Step for the Amateur" (PDF). Sporting Traditions. 18. Retrieved 2016.
 6. ^ "The song book of the Church of England Grammar School, Melbourne". handle.slv.vic.gov.au. Retrieved.
 7. ^ a b c d e f Smith, Gordon P. (June 6, 2017). "A scientific breakdown of the best AFL team songs". The Roar. Retrieved 2020.
 8. ^ "The Baltimore Fight Song". Archived from the original on 21 March 2013. Retrieved 2013.
 9. ^ "Pantera - Puck Off (Dallas Stars Fight Song)" on YouTube
 10. ^ "Alumni Spirit Zone". Franklin College. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved 2010.
 11. ^ See Marching 97 Website
External links
Music Scenes


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Flying in a circulated air, pressurized plan at 30,000 feet has some negative affects the skin. For some people, the difference is very noticeable (to them, if not to others) whereas others experience little effect. There are 2 main ways that plane travel affects the skin:
#1: UV exposure
Studies indicate that there is a high level of UV radiation that makes it through the planes windows because of the higher elevation (closer to the sun + less other atmospheric elements in the air filtering the UV rays). If you love the window seat, it is advisable to apply a layer of sunscreen (or moisturizing sunscreen) before your flight. You likely will not burn regardless, but remember that sun damage is cumulative whether or not the skin burns or tans.
The main symptom of being on a plane is dehydration. Not only of the body, but of the skin as well! For some of us, that may actually lead to acne breakouts because the skin gets dry and overcompensates with increased oil production! For non-oily types, skin may feel dry, itchy or even irritated (because of that barrier function we've discussed already this series). To combat this, try applying a moisturizer before you fly and/or during flight if it's particularly long (6+ hours).


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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Birching is corporal punishment with a birch rod, typically given on the delinquent's buttocks or back. It was the most common school, home and judicial punishment in Europe up to the 19th century when caning gained increasing popularity.
A birch rod is a bundle of leafless birch twigs bound together, much like a bunch of flowers, to form an implement for whipping.
Today birching is no longer used for judicial punishment, and has also almost completely died out as a corporal punishment for children. In Britain birching as a judicial punishment for young offenders was abolished in 1947, but the Isle of Man (a small island between Britain and Ireland with its own legal system) caused a good deal of controversy by continuing to birch young offenders into the 1970s.
It remains as a nostalgic sadomasochistic practice, mainly in Northern and Eastern Europe.
In Finland and Russia there is also a tradition to strike one's body with soaked birch twigs in the sauna to increase blood circulation. These birch rods, however, don't have their leaves removed and thus there is no pain involved.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


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Mormons, also known as the members of the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, have strong beliefs on the importance of Mormon Genealogy. They value genealogy on a high level and through the church; they believe that every Mormon ever lived should have the option to be baptized, proper marriage, and even an endowment. Therefore, their ancestry is important, especially since some never had the opportunity. Mormons establish an arrangement for their ancestors since they never experienced it. Mormon religion clearly believes that even after death, the Mormon spirit has the right to accept Jesus Christ and still learn the gospel. The ordinances mentioned are conducted in a temple in which someone stands in for the ancestor chosen. As mentioned previously, the church ordinances are sacred; established for all Mormons to have the opportunity whether living or dead. Therefore, Mormon Genealogy is vital to the beliefs of the Mormons.
What Exactly Is Mormon Geneology?
Mormon Genealogy is known as the tracing of Mormons and the history behind them. Typically, the research is done through historical records, but they also utilize other records necessary to obtain the information needed. Family History Centers (FHCs) are one of the other resources utilized in Mormon Genealogy. There are almost 5,000 centers in 88 countries, providing many different resources on Mormon Genealogy and history. Modern technology has certainly played a significant role on making it easier to research Mormon ancestors. Most FHCs have computers which contain historical data. This modern day technology project continues to expand as well as continue to grow with information. Using FHCs is completely free and provide Mormons with an unsurpassable amount of information for their research. FHCs carry millions of microfiche, microfilms, and books on Mormon Ancestry.
So How Are Mormon Genealogy Records Obtained?
Mormon Genealogy records are typically obtained in several different ways. This includes many Mormon missionaries who gather primary records and other people that volunteer to submit names of members from the family. Originally, people submitting names had to fill out papers and charts. Aside from those sources, governmental records are obtained and inputted into the system. Following all sources and their data, the information is transcribed and indexed by both Mormon and non-Mormon volunteers. With modern day technology, it is all done on a computer. Once, spending endless hours in microfiches was an inconvenience and very time consuming. With modern day technology, it is now more convenient when researching Mormon Genealogy.
Mormon Genealogy Records Include:
- Birth records
- Death records
- Marriage and christening records
- Census records
- Land records
- Probate records
- Town Records
- County Records
- Immigration records
- Church records
- Names of submitters
- Other genealogical records
Another method in obtaining records includes volunteers who search for tax records, immigration records, military records, parish records, and even census info. Usually, pictures are taken and then transferred to computer databases verses creating microfiches in the past. From there, the data is sent to numerous locations, but master records are reported to be kept in Salt Lake City, Utah at the Mormon Family History Library.
As mentioned earlier, Mormon faith believes that even the dead can be baptized to the faith of Jesus Christ. Many Mormons search Mormon Genealogy records to find dead ancestors who never experienced the restored Mormon Gospel. They believe that dead ancestors shall have the opportunity to be baptized and that all can be together in the after-life. By having someone act as a proxy and sit in their place for a baptism at one of their holy temples, they believe they are serving the members of the afterlife with a holy tradition. LDSs (Latter-day Saints) believe that Mormon Genealogy is essential to the journey of blessing the afterlife. Also, they feel they are strengthening the eternal family of Mormons, while saving their souls through Jesus Christ.


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, with a fall in pressure after the shoulder (so-called C-type waveforms) or in subjects with markedly elevated heart rates, there may be greater difficulty in fitting the monoexponential segment of the reservoir pressure, although the concept of the reservoir phenomenon would still hold true. Ethically, it was only possible for us to make hemodynamic measurements in subjects already undergoing coronary angiography on clinical grounds, and subjects younger than 35 yr rarely require this invasive procedure.
The arterial reservoir makes a large contribution to the aortic blood pressure waveform in humans and is the principal component of the AIx. In contrast, wave reflection only made a minor contribution to the AIx. This reservoir pressure is the aggregate pressure resulting from the net difference between the total arterial system inflow and outflow divided by an effective arterial compliance. Reservoir pressure increases markedly with aging, probably as a result of decreased compliance, and this is the major factor accounting for the associated change in morphology of the aortic pressure waveform. Modifying the behavior of the arterial reservoir rather than changing wave reflection may be a useful target for future therapy.
This work was funded by a grant from the Coronary Flow Trust. J. E. Davies (FS/05/006), D. P. Francis (FS/04/079), N. Hadjiloizou (FS/05/034), and Z. I. Whinnett (FS/05/068) are British Heart Foundation fellows. C. H. Manisty (077049/Z/05/Z) is funded by the Welcome Trust. J. E. Davies, D. P. Francis, A. D. Hughes, I. S. Malik, and J. Mayet acknowledge the support of the National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre funding scheme.
None of the authors has a conflict of interest to disclose.
- Copyright © 2010 the American Physiological Society


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Zuni Fetishes
In the Northwest portion of New Mexico a people called the Shiwi created detailed animal carvings that became known as Zuni Fetishes. These beautiful bits of Zuni art are far more than nick-knacks, however. They represent a part of a relatively untouched culture with strong spiritual beliefs. By definition a Fetish is any object that people believe houses a powerful spirit, or in itself has some type of mystical, magical influence. A Fetish carver looks to a stone or crystal seeking the animal spirit that lives inside. The Zuni tribesman or woman would then carve that animal giving it a kind of life and power for those that carried them. Once blessed, the Fetish can endow the owner with its traditional traits and characteristics ranging from healing and fertility to transforming perspectives. Some of the most carved stones and crystals used for this purpose include turquoise and onyx.
Zuni Fetish Origins & History
Zuni mythology tells us that Fetishes were with humans from the very moment we became conscious beings who crawled out from lower realms into the bright light of day. The sun had Warrior twins who were able to make the swampland firm, but could not keep the beasts of the land from eating humans. As a result, they created bows and arrows crafted from rainbows and lightning and shot the animals. Each of these creatures became a rock with an animal's spirit tucked inside. The stones now lay waiting for rediscovery with all their potential blessings. Sacred Six: In Zuni religion there are six sacred directions each of which has a specific color and animal association both prey beasts and guardians.
 Below: The earth. Its color is black and the symbolic animal is the mole West: Color - blue and its animal spirits are the Bear or Coyote (Predator) South: Color - red and its animal spirits are the Badger or Bobcat (Predator) East: Color - white and its animal spirit is the Wolf North: Color - yellow and it animal spirit is the Mountain Lion Above: All-colors and its animal spirit is the beloved Eagle
So what does all this have to do with Zuni Fetishes? The animals appear in Fetish form and are considered even more powerful if their color is correct based on this association. Additionally each creature of the Four Cardinal Directions can mediate with the elements and spirits on behalf of an individual or tribe. This grand circle of cardinal directions characterizes the connection that Zuni's saw between humankind, the Creator and all of creation.
Art vs. Faith
As Native American art became more popular Zuni Fetishes moved into the marketplace. These are not "active" Fetishes in the strict sense of the world in that they are not blessed. However there is still a strong sense of tradition attached to the creation process. In fact, until the late 20th century the fetishes rarely, if ever, bore a maker's mark. For one thing most carvers have distinctive styles that have been handed down over generations – that style is as unique as a fingerprint. Secondarily, many worried that adding even a small mark would scratch or crack the sacred crystal and thereby harm its latent metaphysical properties. Beyond pragmatic considerations the Zuni also consider such arts as tribal property that serves the good of the whole.
Zuni Fetishes in Modern Society
Zuni artisans continue to carve the Fetishes but use many other materials that are now readily available for their work. While some carvers design realistic pieces to appease collectors, many prefer the simple approach that honors the Spirit of the stone. The prevailing belief is the less one modifies the original crystal or stone, the greater the magic upon completion. Whichever you prefer, take care. There are numerous knock offs that do not come from Zuni artists. Find a rock and crystal purveyor you know you can trust.
Zuni Fetish Care and Feeding
Fetish creation is part of the Zuni faith intended to help humankind reconnect with higher powers including those we might call spirit, totem and power animals. The Fetish becomes a mediator between the owner and the spirit world. All that effort makes for hungry fetishes, but what do you feed them? Tradition tells us to carry your Fetish in a pouch of cornmeal or powdered turquoise and periodically give it access to water. Think of this as a relationship. Treat your Fetish well, with respect, and it responds in kind.
Zuni Fetish Factoids
 - History tells us that Zuni Fetishes first appeared around 650 CE.
 - In the 1800s the power of Zuni Fetishes was researched extensively by Frank H. Cushing, an emissary from the U.S. Government.
 - The space shuttle Endeavor took Zuni Fetishes into space as a form of protection in 1994.
 - As of 2014 there were an estimated 300-600 known Zuni carvers.
 - Zuni beliefs say that the Fetish chooses the owner, not vise-versa.


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Suppose a specific number of evenly distributed light rays is incident on an observer at rest. For a moving observer at the given location, with scaled velocity, these light rays appear to be tilted in the direction of motion (aberration), as indicated by the yellow triangle. As a result of the Doppler effect, light that comes from the direction of motion is blue-shifted, while light from the opposite direction is red-shifted.
A detailed discussion of relativistic aberration can be found in the standard literature of special relativity. Here, we use the aberration formula to transform between the stationary reference frame (unprimed coordinates) and the moving reference frame (primed coordinates). The Doppler factor is defined as, where is the wavelength of the emitted light from a source at rest with respect to, and is the wavelength measured by the moving observer. From the point of view of the moving observer, there will be no Doppler shift,, for.


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This problem has many valid solutions. One of them works a little like your description, but instead of slicing the polygons at "random" locations you can do it purposefully in a way designed to minimize the amount of computation.
Here is the basic algorithm. Its input consists of any plane sweep direction, a polygon P of nonzero area, a target area a between zero and the polygon's area, and a nonnegative threshold t (in units of area). Its purpose is to split P with a line perpendicular to the sweep direction into two parts, one to the right of the line and the other to the left of the line, such that the difference between the righthand area and the target area a is no greater than t.
Let L be any oriented line perpendicular to the sweep direction. Define f(L) to be the area of P found at the right of L, minus a. In these terms the task is to find a zero of f. Because f is unlikely to be differentiable, but is continuous, use either a bisection method, the secant method, or--my favorite--Brent's method. All are simple and guaranteed to converge. Use t for the convergence tolerance for the argument.
That's it. Let's consider what goes into coding this. The root finding is routine--you can use a generic chunk of code for it--so the GIS work comes down to coding f. Doing so requires
1. Splitting the polygon by a line.
2. Computing the area of the piece(s) to the right of the line.
Both operations are implemented in almost any vector-based GIS. If not, you can replace the line by a very large rectangle representing the half-plane to the right of the line. Step 1 becomes
1'. Clip the polygon to the rectangle.
That is a really basic operation.
To get started with root finding, you need to find an interval in which the zero of f is guaranteed to lie. This is easy: project the polygon's envelope ("bounding box") into the direction of the line sweep. The projection is the interval you want.
This question has a long history. I implemented this algorithm for ArcView 3.x long ago and described it many times in the old ESRI user forums. Google
huber split polygon site:forums.esri.com
for discussions, links to code, enhancements and variations (such as splitting polygons into parts of desired sizes which are as compact as possible) and algorithms for raster data.
Here is what the continental US states look like (in an equal area projection) with the bottom third of each state shaded. Evidently the sweep direction was vertical.


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Service cloud console by Salesforce provides a customer service solution that is designed to offer very effective customer service activities from anywhere.
Service cloud console is a Salesforce application for users who wants to work on multiple records at once or need to find, update and create records quickly. Service cloud provides a tabbed environment for the users to look at different grouping of records in one screen via Primary and Secondary tab.
The tab-based interface makes it easy for the customer service agents to see records and their related items together on one screen, as well as work on multiple items simultaneously.
Service cloud console optimize the agent experience by helping him to manage cases faster.
Service cloud console has a footer which gives access to Live Agent as well as CTI softphone (if licensed).
Features offered by Service cloud console
- It offers keyboard shortcuts which enables users to save time switching between tabs and saving information.
- It can include the Live Agent (Chat), Softphone (call) and several tabs including the Visualforce pages.
- It also provides an interaction log which allows agents to quickly create tasks whilst on the phone with customers.
- It is very easy to plug in custom Visualforce pages within the console and the ability to build custom integrations directly into the console making it very extensible.
- The refresh of one tab will not impact other open tabs.
Why to use Service Cloud Console
- It reduces the agent's response time by displaying customer information with a pop up window that provides all of their relevant information needed to address the Case.
- It eliminates switching between pages, to access data from different objects.
- It improves agent productivity by providing more context for the problem at hand.
- User will see records and their related items as tabs on one screen so that user never loses context or navigate too far from a record.
- We can easily integrate Live Agent and Soft Phone to Service cloud console.
Service Cloud Console also streamlines the process of customer interaction process by offering the following powerful tools:
Live Agent is a native Salesforce tool that provides the ability to interactively communicate with your web site users. Salesforce Live Agent was introduced into Salesforce platform in the Spring 12 release.
Live Agent enables real-time, online chat between an organization and its customers, prospects etc.
The chat sessions can be initiated via clicking a button or link on a web page, or via automated invitation based on page access metrics.
The information collected during the chat can then be saved into your Salesforce instance and reported on.
- User can save the transcript.
- User can manage multiple concurrent chats within the console.
- User can find and open existing records related to chats.
- Create new records based on incoming chats.
- Choose records or pages to open as sub tabs of each chat session.
- Attach a file to the chat session.
- Supervisor tab for monitoring one or more Agent chats.
- It is very convenient for a customer to resolve a query through chat, avoiding the usual frustrations of calling a support line and waiting for the turn.
- An expert team can efficiently manage multiple concurrent chats (routed by skill) which can hugely impact on the incoming call volume.
- The handling cost of a chat session is generally one third of the cost of a phone call resulting in huge cost benefits for the business.
CTI (Computer Telephony Integration)
CTI enables computers and telephone system to work together for enhanced communications between the two technologies and enables you to leverage computer-processing functions while making, receiving, and managing telephone calls.
CTI applications allow you to perform such tasks as retrieving customer information from a database on the basis of information that caller ID provides. CTI applications can also enable you to use information that an interactive voice response (IVR) system captures, so the call can be routed to the appropriate customer service representative and also the right information can be provided to the individual who is receiving the call.
- Make calls by dialing a number in the Softphone, choosing a number in an online directory, or clicking a phone number in any contact, lead, activity, or account.
- Receive calls.
- Quickly view all Salesforce records that are related to the call, such as contacts, cases, or accounts.
- Transfer calls.
- Attach records to calls.
- Generate automatic call logs.
- Add phone numbers to call center directories for future use.
- The Salesforce user interface is able to perform all the interaction management and the customer service.
- The system computer integration blends intelligently and routes the interaction of the customer service based on skills and availability.
- It can also allow agents to place, get and transfer the interactions directly in the Salesforce user interface.


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LINK TO TVRA
How to become a HAM
Q Signals & Phonenics
How to become a Ham
What is Ham Radio?
Amateur Radio (nicknamed "ham radio") is the greatest hobby in the world! Ham radio operators use a variety of different radio frequencies to make friends with people all over the world, communicate over orbiting space satellites, and provide emergency communications during disasters.
In the United States, Amateur Radio is administered by the Federal Communications Commission. The FCC requires hams show competency and knowledge of electronics, radio frequency safety, operating procedures, and basic rules and regulations ( Part 97) by passing different written and Morse Code proficiency exams.
This website is intended as a resource for those studying to pass a amateur radio exam within the United States. The complete question pools are available on the ARRL web site in both PDF and Text format, and you can even take a sample written Clicktron/QRZ Practice Amateur Radio Exams and/or a morse code test to gauge your progress! Also study manuals may be obtain at your local Radio Shack.
A good source of information on how to get started and eventually receive your Amateur Radio License is to monitor the 147.090 repeater located in Phelps, Ky. or search between 144.000 thru 148.000 on your police scanner, these will be local Hams in your area. Also if you own a shortwave receiver you may tune in and listen to Hams around the world. A frequency chart may be found here. We have a special net called the Nightly Talk Around Net that starts at 9:00 P.M. each night. The schedule can be found at NTAN. Other Nets may be found at Local Nets.
Many people that come into the hobby find help from someone which we call a Elmer. A Elmer is a Ham who offers their time teaching you how to become a good Ham.
Regardless of your age or technical expertise, there is something that Amateur Radio can offer to everyone. Here are some of the activities or benefits that can be realized as a licensed amateur operator:
- World wide communications (DX)
- Transmit data from computer to computer (Packet Radio)
- Provide public emergency communications (ARES)
- Communicate via satellite
- Bounce signals off the moon
- Operate at very low power levels (QRP)
- Develop technical expertise by experimentation
- Send your own television pictures. (ATV)
- Meet new friends around the World.
We hope that you have enjoyed your visit to the Tug Valley Radio Association Home Page. We welcome your comments and suggestions about changes and improvements that you would like to see on this web page..
Copyright © 2000 by TVRA. All Rights Reserved.
Page Designed By: Eddie Tussey/AI4UK


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Organic Farming Footprints (OFoot)
This project addresses needs of 3 stakeholder groups: organic producers, organic certifying agents and agencies, and purchasers/traders of carbon credits. These groups need a scientifically sound yet simple estimation of the carbon and nitrogen sequestration and net greenhouse gas (GHG) balance likely in a given organic cropping system scenario.
Both a research model and a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) tool will be developed through this project. The LCA tool will evaluate the impacts (contribution or mitigation) of organic farming methods on climate change. Currently, LCA is the purview of academics and consultants. Working with organic producers to develop a generally useful LCA tool could lead to organic farming methods and systems that maximize soil carbon storage, minimize greenhouse gas production, minimize total carbon footprint, and thereby contribute further to critical ecosystem services including global temperature moderation. A small set of "Focus Farms" will be involved in shaping the contents and format of the LCA tool, serving as validation sites for the model outputs, and as assessment sites for system-level LCA analysis.
Goal 1. Determine the carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas balance, and nutrient availability effects of common inputs, crops, and practices used in organic farming. Conduct laboratory and field experiments to parameterize and evaluate predictive models.
Goal 2. Elaborate on the current CropSyst® model to enable quantitative prediction of the carbon-, nutrient-, and greenhouse gas-related ecosystem services of operations common to organic farming.
Goal 3. Develop a simplified model with LCA capabilities (OFoot 1.0) to allow the evaluation by farmers, agencies,extension personnel, and organic certifiers of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, carbon sequestration, and nutrient balance under user-specified organic farms conditions.
Goal 4. Conduct educational outreach and trials. Train organic producers and organic certifiers to use the LCA tool for soil C management.
Goal 5. Utilize the LCA tool for a minimum of 5 commercial certified organic farms and 2 certified organic research fields. Assess the relative importance of C sequestration, N2O efflux, transportation, and input choices on a total farm carbon footprint.
OFoot Focus Farms
Summary of how focus farms will be used in the OFoot project and a list of which farms are participating.
Summary presentation of Organic Farming Footprints project.
Greenhouse Gases and Agriculture: Where Does Organic Farming Fit?
Agriculture can be both a source and a sink for greenhouse gases. In this webinar, the presenters discuss these roles of agriculture, how management affects them, and ways in which organic farming systems in particular may influence greenhouse gases.


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BALTIC GAS is a research project exploring emissions of the greenhouse gas methane from the seabed of the Baltic Sea into the overlying water column and further into the atmosphere.
BALTIC GAS applies seismo-acoustic and geochemical approaches to map shallow gas in Baltic Sea sediments and to analyze how climate change and eutrophication impact methane gas production, gas accumulation and methane flux
The project will bring together a multidisciplinary team of scientists with the goal to:
Key areas of study
- quantify and map the distribution and flux of methane in the Baltic Sea
- analyze the controls on the relevant key biogeochemical processes
- integrate seismo-acoustic mapping with geochemical profiling
- model the dynamics of Baltic Sea methane in the past (Holocene period), present (transport-reaction models), and future (with predictive scenarios)
- identify hot-spots of gas and potential future methane emission in a Baltic database available for national authorities and scientists.
Key areas of study will include deep basins (e.g. Bornholm and Arkona Basin), shallow waters (e.g. Mecklenburg Bay), fjords (e.g. Himmefjärden) pockmark areas (e.g. Gdansk Bay, Stople Channel, Gulf of Finland) and low salinity waters (Bothnian Bay).Methane - an important component of the Baltic Sea ecosystem
The goal of the project will be a new understanding and quantitative synthesis of the dynamics and budget of methane in the seabed, an important component of the Baltic ecosystem response to natural and human-induced impacts. This will be achieved through the acquisition of new key data by advanced technology and novel combinations of approaches combines with mining of existing data.Gas accumulation and emission – a predictive model
A common open-access database and GIS-based mapping will be made available to the national authorities of Baltic Sea sates as an instrument to understand the significance of methane fluxes and to predict gas hazards. A novel combination of seismo-acoustic mapping of gas with geochemical data calibration will provide the first quantitative dataset on methane fluxes in a coastal sea based on high spatial coverage of both hotspots and background levels. The project aims to develop a predictive model of gas accumulation and emission under realistic scenarios of climate change and eutrophication, which will improve the knowledge base for necessary future policy actions.


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What Is the Imagery in a Short Story?
Fundamentally, a fully formed short story must reveal a particular instance in a character's or series of characters' lives that will dramatically influence the course of their existence. Writers can use a great number of literary techniques to ensure that a short story develops to such a level. Imagery, a mental picture that literature creates for readers with certain uses of language, can help do so, and it is among the most powerful tools a writer has for imprinting a vivid picture in the reader's mind. By examining the elements of a short story where imagery often creates clarity, you can better understand why imagery is such an essential part of writing a truly great short story.
Short story writers can develop an interesting and intriguing setting in many ways, and imagery is one important technique that will breathe life into their characters' surroundings. If a writer provides intricate details of the landscape where the short story takes place, you will be able to picture the setting clearly. No two trees look the same, so details about the size and shape of the leaves or color and shade of the bark can help your understanding of the setting. If while reading a short story, you have a clear picture in your mind of a place you've never been, the writer has succeeded in creating a vivid image and has used imagery in a successful way.
Just because a short story writer gives a character a name and a setting to live in doesn't mean that you'll be able to form a vivid picture of the character while reading. As concrete details can enliven a setting, they can do the same for particular characters. Small details, such as the color of a character's shirt or a description of the way a character's hair moves in the wind, help to form an image in your mind and are a way for a writer to use imagery in a way that engages you.
What a character says and how he says it has a great deal to do with a writer's use of imagery. The speech pattern of a character, whether it reflects a foreign accent or a domestic one, can humanize him and force you to build an even clearer image of the character in your mind. Writers can also empower one of their characters to describe themselves, another character or their surroundings, which creates a clearer picture in your mind of such elements.
Sound and Smell
When you turn up the sound on the television, it often seems as though you are able to see what's on the screen more clearly. This is true because all five senses are connected, and one builds off the other to make up a person's holistic conscious experience. If a writer has the narrator or a character describe what sounds are surrounding them (birds chirping, cars honking or metal crunching), you will be able to imagine the short story more vividly. This applies to your sense of smell, too. If a rotten apple is a main symbolic object in a short story, you'll be able to see it more clearly if you know it smells like a dirty foot.
- Creatas Images/Creatas/Getty Images


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.00
OS: +4.00 - 0.50 x 180 ADD +2.00
Once again, let's transfer the numbers to a power cross to aid with visualization:
The right eye is a little more complex due to the oblique axis. The table below illustrates how to compute power in the horizontal and vertical meridian when dealing with oblique axes.
This can often be a source of confusion, so here's a simplified way to view it. It can be seen that axis 45 is halfway between the horizontal and vertical meridian. If 100 percent of the cylinder power is present 90 degrees from the cylinder axis, it stands to reason that 50 percent of the cylinder power is present 45 degrees from the cylinder axis. Thus, in this case, in both the horizontal and vertical meridian, 50 percent of the cylinder power is present. Therefore, the power in the vertical meridian for the right eye is: +2.50 plus (50 percent of -1.00) = +2.00. And the power in the vertical meridian for the left eye is: +4.00 plus (100% of -0.50) = +3.50.
Now, consider a reading position 10 mm below the OC. Induced prismatic effect can again be calculated using the Prentice rule:
- Prism = Distance from OC (cm) x Lens Power
OD: = 1 x +2.00 = 2D and the direction is BU (Because the lens is "+")
OS: = 1 x +3.50 = 3.5D and the direction is BU (Because the lens is "+")
Both lenses are base up which results in 1.5D of vertical imbalance (the difference between the two). The lenses are both plus, and slab-off is always applied to the most minus or least plus lens. Therefore, this can easily be neutralized by using 1.5D slab-off on the right lens. 1.5D reverse slab could just have easily been used on the left lens.
What if the cylinder axis differs from those included in the table? The cylinder axis almost always falls somewhere between the listed values. In such cases approximations are accurate enough for evaluation purposes. Let's explore how to approximate.
Approximation Example: Presented with the following prescription, the objective is to determine the effective power in the 90-degree meridian.
- Rx: -1.50 -1.00 x 050
- Axis is 40 degrees from the vertical, or 90-degree meridian.
Based on the above table, approximately 45 percent of the cylinder power is effective in the 90-degree meridian = -0.45D which can be rounded to -0.50D.
Therefore, the approximate effective power in the 90-degree/vertical meridian = -2.00D.
Using this approximation technique provides a relatively efficient way to determine if vertical prism might present itself as a problem. With some practice, this will become second nature and a very useful tool for the optician.
VERIFICATION OF SLAB-OFF
There are two basic ways to verify slab-off:
- Comparing the vertical prismatic effects of the two lenses through a lensometer and checking for actual image displacement at the reading level. The amount of the slab-off is the difference between the calculated amount of vertical imbalance and the amount found using lensometry. ("Clinical Optics," Fannin and Grosvenor)
- Calculated vertical amount from the Rx = 3D
- Image displacement at near point observed using lensometry = 1D
- Slab-off prism applied = 3 - 1 = 2D
- Using a lens clock is a much easier method. First, position the lens clock horizontally across the lens center in the distance portion paralleling the slab line and record this base curve. Second, rotate the lens clock through 90 degrees with the pins perpendicular to the slab line with the central pin directly on the line and record this base curve. The difference between these two base curves indicates the amount of slab-off prism applied.
The goal of this discussion is to help dispel the belief that dealing with such topics is overwhelming and intimidating. Using tools such as the power cross and being able to visualize lens meridian powers can significantly simplify matters. Having knowledge of the techniques and options covered in this program empowers the optician to confidently handle complex prescriptions such as those presented here and provide the patient with superior eyecare. Our role as eyecare professionals involves using our skills and knowledge to predict the outcome of the written prescription so there are no surprises. It is our responsibility to complete the eyecare chain by "filling" the written prescription, watching for any foreseeable complications and intercepting them with preventative measures. Only by doing so, we can provide our patients with the best and most comfortable vision possible.


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Hidden Word Squares
A Fiendishly Difficult Word Game
Hidden Word Squares
The origins of many word games are hidden in the mists of history: nobody can tell who invented them. However, we know that the game of Hidden Word Squares was devised by Hubert Phillips, author of numerous puzzle books.
Readers are presented with a short piece of nonsense verse. A word is hidden in each line of the poem. If these words are found and placed in order, they make up a word square (in which the words 'across' are the same as the words 'down').
The example is borrowed from Hubert Phillips himself.
What gives a cynic ample food for thought?
To have repeated when the tempest howls,
This doom eternal, which descends unsought;
You can't stop Reynard's slaughter of your fowls.
The first line conceals the word camp (in 'cynic ample'); the second line conceals the word aver (in 'have repeated'); and so on. The hidden words make the following word square:
1. Marianne stood on the train,
Wringing her hands with glee:
Soon she would arrive in town,
A go-go dancer she would be.
2. The moon shone on the village inn,
But no pal could Nellie see.
She climbed upon a nag so fair:
A novel setting for a love story.
3. Getting rid of visitors is not easy,
Especially when they come as a surprise.
I sleep uneasily, fearing their arrival,
Thus I'm made edgy, with bleary eyes.
4. Why call an elephant Jumbo?
Are all the elephants fat?
Most have an ear that is floppy,
But none the less dear, so that's that!
5. Now orders should always be heeded,
It's no very hard task, I would say.
If traffic lights are red or green,
Only bad ropy drivers will disobey.
6. Writing verses (O men!) is quite simple,
And poets are not mad, every one.
You will like it once you have tried it,
And sonnets are easily done.
7. The skipper at sea gave the order:
A butter pat for all of the crews.
The butter tub at last became empty,
So margarine was the best able-seaman could use.
See the Answers
Return to Oxford Word Challenge home page


'Fighting for Thirlmere'
A 19th century struggle over a narrow English lake still frames arguments for and against conservation of rural areas, according to MIT historian Harriet Ritvo.
In addition, a wider view of environmental rights--that the citizenry as a whole has a vested interest in preserving certain rural landscapes--took hold during this struggle and persists today, Ritvo writes in a new article, "Fighting for Thirlmere--The Victorian Roots of Environmentalism," published in Science magazine on June 6, 2003.
In the Science article, Ritvo portrays the Victorian-era conflict over Thirlmere, a lake located in England's famed Lake District.
In 1876, everyone had a vision for Thirlmere, a lake about the size of one of New York's smaller Finger Lakes and renowned for its natural beauty. Those who lived near Thirlmere wanted it to remain untouched; those who lived in Manchester, an industrial city 100 miles away, wanted to dam the lake, raise its level by 50 feet, and pipe its water to the city's cisterns to support its growing demand for water.
Also, people with no formal ownership or connection to Thirlmere at all felt they, too, should weigh in on its future. Their "spectatorial rights," common today as people in one region express opinions about environmental issues elsewhere, were a "novel idea 125 years ago," Ritvo said.
The Thirlmere Scheme, as the development plan was known, won out, and in 1894, a dam was completed. The effect of the controversy was greater than water gushing to Manchester, Ritvo writes.
"What made the Thirlmere Scheme predictive... was the prominence of interests unconnected with property in the narrowest sense. [It] was broached at a time when the notion of public ownership of landscape was being expanded and consolidated. In tandem with organized attempts to protect physical access to private property, there came assertions of a new kind of spectatorial right or lien on land," Ritvo writes.
In her article, Ritvo states that grand-scale river dam projects, such as the Aswan on the Nile and the Three Gorges dam on the Yangtze, have been debated using arguments arising from the Thirlmere controversy, but with far greater--and growing--environmental, demographic and political impact.
Topics: History
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Fragment of 1919 shipwreck unearthed by Hurricane Sandy
Published: Sunday, November 11, 2012 at 5:25 p.m.
Last Modified: Sunday, November 11, 2012 at 5:25 p.m.
A piece of history unique to Surf City emerged on the beach when Hurricane Sandy skirted Topsail Island's shore, drawing curious onlookers who are reminded to look, but not touch.
A section of the William H. Sumner, a three-masted schooner whose young captain died under suspicious circumstances after running the ship aground in 1919, has been protruding from the sand a short distance from the Dolphin Street beach access.
The wreckage is a chunk of the ship that floated ashore when the Coast Guard blasted the vessel shortly after it ran aground, to remove the navigation hazard, said Nathan Henry, assistant state archaeologist and conservator with the Underwater Archaeology Branch of the North Carolina Office of State Archaeology.
"This piece broke completely off of the wreck," Henry said. "It's really been there for quite some time. At this point it's in a perfect place. It will last under that sand just being exposed every once in a while. For that reason we really prefer that these things stay in place."
At least part of the 489-ton, 165-foot ship is believed to be resting at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean near the southern end of the island. Erosion caused by strong coastal storms routinely exposes what has been identified as a side portion of the ship.
A large frame of the ship that once rested on the shore is in the state archaeology lab in Fort Fisher. Henry said he moved the frame to the lab after a group of fishermen was caught trying to illegally remove it from the beach about a year ago.
The state claims all abandoned shipwrecks still in the water.
Surf City Mayor Zander Guysaid when the wreckage was initially exposed more than 10 years ago it was a public safety concern. Large iron bolts used to hold the ship's frame together eventually erode into spikes – a potential hazard to beachgoers.
The state can permit beach towns to relocate and re-bury ship wreckage, Henry said.
For the most part, beach towns leave the artifacts in place, giving a residents and visitors a rare glimpse of the past outside of museum walls.
Henry said the Sumner is a valuable resource unique to Surf City since most shipwrecks on the North Carolina coast are in the Outer Banks. He encourages anyone intrigued by the wreckage to "look and enjoy."
Archaeologists have studied the ship, a "heavily-built" vessel that hauled lumber and phosphate rock for about 30 years. On Sept. 7, 1919, it was sailing precariously close to the shore, catching the attention of swimmers and sunbathers at Wrightsville Beach.
Shortly after it ran aground, the Sumner's 24-year-old captain was dead. His ship's mate, Charles L. Lacey, claimed that his boss, Robert E. Cockram, shot himself to death. This was Cockram's first command after a promotion only two weeks before.
But evidence pointed to foul play, and Lacey was charged with murder. He was convicted of the crime but later acquitted in an appeal.
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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
A hole saw used in surgery to remove a circle of tissue or bone.
- 'The instrument for this is still called a trephine.'
- 'The only difference in processing of the BM core and clot was decalcification of the trephine core biopsy.'
- 'An instrument that acts like a cookie cutter, called a trephine, cuts a precise circular shape.'
- 'The bone marrow aspirate was similar to the trephine, with 15% of blasts showing monocytoid differentiation together with an absolute monocytosis and mild dyserythropoiesis.'
- 'In 2 cases, a bone marrow trephine biopsy was also available for examination.'
Operate on with a trephine.
- 'The invention relates to a method and apparatus for trephining corneal tissue in preparation for keratoplasty.'
Early 17th century: from Latin tres fines 'three ends', apparently influenced by trepan.
Top tips for CV writingRead more
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV.


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Annie Kevans hopes that her images will raise questions about how and why a person, or group of persons, behaves in a certain way. As Foucault explained, a person's identity is not preset – rather, it is determined by the interactions of a person with another and is, therefore, a shifting temporary construction. Annie's work looks at ideas of personal responsibility within structures determined by time and place and the role of those who create those structures.
bron: Artist Statement
foggy GRIZZLY: Interview with Annie Kevans