text:
Metal rigging is increasingly becoming a thing of the past on racing boats and large yachts. During the past decade, four companies — Future Fibres, Navtec, SmartRigging and Composite Rigging — as well as several emerging smaller players, have succeeded in overcoming the considerable challenges that underlie adapting polybenzoxazole (PBO), carbon fiber and other space-age fibers to sailboat rigging.
The greatest technical hurdle in adapting the new fibers to rigging has been finding mechanisms to attach end fittings without compromising the strength of a rig. With traditional rigging in mind, initial attempts focused on bonding or clamping a fitting to the ends of the fibers. There are two considerable challenges: the first is to ensure that all the fibers in a bundle are adequately gripped; and the second is to ensure that they are all equally loaded. Because of the incredibly low stretch of these fibers, if loading is unequal, the most loaded fibers will try to take all the load, resulting in overload and failure, and then the next most loaded will load up and fail, and so on, producing a sequential failure.
Early on, Navtec developed a bi-conic socket-and-cone end fitting for Kevlar rigging. This fitting traps the fibers between a tapered plug inside a cone. The plug is partially tightened. The fitting is loaded up to stretch the fibers, allowing them to slip between the plug and cone until all are equally loaded, and then the tapered plug is fully tightened. A traditional threaded terminal screws into the base of the cone. Navtec later successfully adapted the bi-conic fitting for PBO, but Future Fibres simultaneously did an end run around Navtec with the continuous winding process (also known as the sling process), which has come to predominate.
Continuous winding uses two titanium or stainless steel thimbles placed apart at a distance equal to the length of the finished piece of rigging. Fibers are then pulled off a spool and wrapped around and around the thimbles in one continuous run until sufficient fiber has been added to achieve the desired strength and stretch properties for this piece of rigging. There is now no risk of the fibers pulling out of the end fittings, but the challenge of maintaining an even load on the fibers remains. In fact, the loading challenge is greater.
Consider a bundle of fibers wrapped around a thimble. If, when under load, the outermost fibers work their way in towards the thimble, the tension on these fibers will reduce, transferring the load to the other fibers, with a risk of the kind of sequential failure described above. Future Fibres, Navtec and SmartRigging have all developed very expensive, highly customized, proprietary machines and processes to wind the fibers with equal tension and then to maintain this tension over the life of the rigging, which requires a mechanism to maintain the relative position of the fibers on the thimbles.
Carbon-fiber rigging has evolved in a different fashion. In the past, carbon-fiber rods have been extruded in whatever diameter is necessary to achieve the desired strength and stiffness. However, not only is it expensive to extrude custom rod sizes, but it is also difficult to attach end fittings because the fittings are only gripping, or glued to, the fibers on the outside of the rod. Problems are compounded by the fact that conventional carbon rod pultrusion techniques require a mold-release agent that inhibits the bond between end fittings and rods. Composite Rigging's breakthrough lay in finding a way to both reduce the cost of making the rods and at the same time improve the security of the end fittings. We have to go back to the fiber optic industry to see how this came about.
Fiber optic cables are pulled in bundles. The cables are not strong enough in and of themselves to withstand the stresses of being pulled. Another high-strength fiber is added to the bundle to take the pulling loads. Composite Rigging created a mechanism for continuously and economically extruding small diameter (1 mm) carbon-fiber rods at relatively high speeds for use as strength elements (Composite Rigging can produce up to 48 rods at a time per process line at a speed of 40 feet per minute; there are 12,000 carbon fibers in each 1-mm rod).
When applied to rigging, instead of changing the diameter of the extruded carbon rods to match the loads on a rig, Composite Rigging decided to bundle up however many of the 1-mm rods were necessary to achieve the desired properties. This substantially drops the cost of the rig over custom-extruded carbon while greatly accelerating the pace of rigging construction. One of Composite's engineers, Rob Sjostedt, was a sailor and devised a mechanism for preloading all the rods in a bundle to an equal tension and then splaying them out inside a cone where they are glued in place with epoxy. Once set, the glue bonds to the surfaces of all the rods, creating a large bonded surface area to absorb the loads. The incompressible glue plug cannot be pulled out of the cone.
To keep weight out of these terminals, the cones are machined from stainless steel or titanium that is pared down to a minimum thickness and then bound in pre-preg carbon fiber. This provides the hoop strength necessary to keep the load on the epoxy plug from splitting the cone. The net effect is a very effective, high-strength terminal that places a balanced load on all the rods. Clever stuff!
Protecting the fibers
At this point in the process, whether it's Aramid, PBO or carbon, we have bundles of parallel fibers with end fittings in place. These fibers need to be packaged up to minimize their cross-sectional area (to reduce windage) and must be protected from chafe. That's about it for carbon, but PBO and other fibers also need to be protected from various environmental conditions. PBO, for example, is damaged by ultraviolet rays (UV) and moisture intrusion, with the effect of moisture being exacerbated at higher temperatures. In practice, at temperatures below 100° F, which is what is normally found in rigging applications, damage from moisture intrusion is generally limited. For any reasonable life expectancy, PBO fibers must be kept in the dark and sealed inside a watertight sheathing.
All four manufacturers have devised mechanisms for wrapping the fiber bundles in a manner that holds the fibers tightly together. For example, Future Fibres and Navtec spiral wrap a high-strength debulking tape around the fibers to compress them, then spiral wrap self-amalgamating (heat shrink) tape around this and shrink it down. SmartRigging has a mechanism to slide a continuous heat-shrink tube over the fibers. This is then shrunk down. In all three cases, the heat shrink provides both UV protection and waterproofing.
Composite Rigging pulls the carbon rods together with Kevlar thread. As noted, the carbon needs no additional protection against the environment.
For the three PBO users, so long as the heat shrink is not damaged, it does a good job of keeping moisture out along the length of the rigging. Waterproofing the cable itself is thus relatively easy.
What is not so easy is making the terminals watertight, and ensuring the watertight integrity of the transition from the terminal to the heat shrink on the rigging itself. Each manufacturer has a somewhat different approach to this. Navtec, for example, has a carbon shell glued around the terminal and to the thimble, and sealed to the heat shrink on the rigging with additional heat shrink. Whereas SmartRigging has devised a mechanism to create a poured terminal in which the PBO and thimble are fully potted in a dense, hard, rubber-like substance. Future Fibres clamps a mold over the terminals and injects resin. Naturally, each thinks it has the best approach to this rather critical issue!
Finally, whether PBO or carbon, the rigging needs protecting against chafe. This is provided by a braided sheath. Future Fibres and Navtec have a weaving machine that allows the density of the weave to be varied along the length of the piece of rigging according to the anticipated chafe. SmartRigging has devised a mechanism to slip the sheath over the rigging and then tension it. Given the inherent durability of its pultruded carbon rods, Composite Rigging only applies chafe protection in areas where chafe is anticipated. In all cases, the sheath is invariably some exotic material such as one of the Aramids (e.g., Kevlar or Technora), or high-density polyethylene (e.g., Spectra or Dyneema), chosen for such properties as its moisture, UV and chafe resistance.
Aramid versus PBO versus carbon
The finished pieces of rigging have different properties. Typically, when comparing one technology to another, the baseline that is used in any given application is the stretch of the Nitronic 50-rod rigging that would have been used prior to the advent of fiber rigging. Because Kevlar stretches more than PBO, it takes more to achieve an equivalent stretch and as a result it ends up being larger and heavier. This is why PBO has largely supplanted it in recent years. Today, when money is no object (for example, many high-profile racing boats) the primary comparison is between PBO and carbon. Here we see, at least on the surface of things, that for a given amount of stretch, carbon is significantly heavier. Then there are the end fittings and spreader fittings that must also be taken into account. Given the fact that the thimble-style fittings used in continuously wound PBO rigging tend to be lighter than the socket-and-cone approach used by Composite Rigging, once again, P


Date: Mon, 30 Nov 2020 11:58:21 +0100 (CET) Message-ID: <> Subject: Exported From Confluence MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="----=_Part_1048_150338971.1606733901914" ------=_Part_1048_150338971.1606733901914 Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: file:///C:/exported.html Configuration
In CONTENIDO there are a lot of configuration variables av= ailable to control and change the behaviour of the system. In this section = you can look after all variables that you might use in your implementations=. Configuration is a systemwide ressource.
Using env= ironment based configuration
Since CONTENIDO 4.9 configurations are stored in a special folder = in data/config. The so called environment configuration folder (per default= : "production") contains all configuration which are needed to run the syst= em.
However, the name of the environment configuration folder can be c= hanged to be able to load completely different configuration values for the= system.
The name of the environment configuration folder is controlled via= the constant "CON_ENVIRONMENT". This constant for example also can be set = through the Apache webserver configuration.
SetEnv =
Then, CONTENIDO would search for configuration files in the folder data/= config/development instead of data/config/production.
The current value of the environment constant is also displayed on the s= ystem variables information page in backend.


text:
Wilkes-Barre Academy offers a peer tutoring program allowing peer volunteers to assist other students in subjects where help is needed. Tutoring may be requested by the teacher or parent, however final approval must be by the classroom teacher.
Peer tutoring is an educational approach that joins students from grades K to 4 who are tutored by older students from grades 5 to 8. Our goal is to develop skills and confidence in the subject area where help is needed.
The research literature on peer tutoring is extensive and international studies have clearly shown that peer interaction is conducive to a host of important early achievements, such as:
- children's understanding of fairness
- their self-esteem
- their proclivities toward sharing and kindness
- their acquisition of role-taking and communication skills
- their development of creative and critical thinking.
Research literature also shows that the gains for tutors often outdistance those of the students receiving assistance. These gains result from reworking what the tutors know in order to make it understandable to their students.
The benefits of peer tutoring include:
- development of reading, writing skills and language development
- development of social behaviors, interpersonal and communication skills
- improvements in self-esteem
- opportunities for leadership and social responsibility
- gaining a heightened sensitivity to younger student's needs and concerns

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Working with recurrence relations in SAS
Many textbooks and research papers present formulas that involve recurrence relations. Familiar examples include:
 - The factorial function: Set Fact(0)=1 and define Fact(n) = n*Fact(n-1) for n > 0.
 - The Fibonacci numbers: Set Fib(0)=1 and Fib(1)=1 and define Fib(n) = Fib(n-1) + Fib(n-2) for n > 1.
 - The binomial coefficients (combinations of "n choose k"): For a set that has n elements, set Comb(n,0)=1 and Comb(n,n)=1 and define Comb(n,k) = Comb(n-1, k-1) + Comb(n-1, k) for 0 ≤ k ≤ n.
 - Time series models: In many time series models (such as the ARMA model), the response and error terms depend on values at previous time points. This leads to recurrence relations.
Sometimes the indices begin at 0, other times they begin at 1. Working efficiently with sequences and recurrence relations can be a challenge. The SAS DATA step is designed to processes one observation at a time, but a recurrence relation requires looking at past values. If you use the SAS DATA step to work with recurrence relations, you need to use tricks to store and refer to previous values. Another challenge is indexing: most SAS programmers are used to one-based indexing, whereas some formulas use zero-based indexing.
This article uses the Fibonacci numbers to illustrate how to deal with some of these issues in SAS. There are several definitions of the Fibonacci numbers, but we'll look at the definition that uses zero indexing: F0 = 1, F1 = 1, and Fn = Fn-1 + Fn-2 for n > 1. In this article, I will use n ≤ 7 to demonstrate the concepts.
Recurrence relations by using arrays
The SAS DATA step supports arrays, and you can specify the indices of the arrays. Therefore, you can specify that an array index starts with zero. The following DATA step generates "wide" data. There is one observation, and the variables are named F0-F7.
data FibonacciWide;
array F[0:7] F0-F7; /* index starts at 0 */
F[0] = 1; /* initialize first values */
F[1] = 1;
do i = 2 to 7; /* apply recurrence relation */
 F[i] = F[i-1] + F[i-2];
drop i;
proc print noobs; run;
You can mentally check that each number is the sum of the two previous numbers. Using an array is convenient and easy to program. Unfortunately, this method is not very useful in practice. In practice, you usually want the data in long form rather than wide form. For example, if you simulate time series data, each observation represents a time point and the values depend on previous time points.
Recurrence relations by using extra variables
In the DATA step, you can use the concept of "lags" to implement a recurrence relation. A lag is any previous value. If we are currently computing the n_th value, the first lag is the (n-1)th value, which is the previous observation. The second lag is the (n-2)th value and so forth. One way to look at previous values is to save them in an extra variable. The following DATA step uses F1 to hold the first lag of F and F2 to hold the second lag of F. Recall that the SUM function will return the sum of the nonmissing values, so sum(F1, F2) is nonmissing if F1 is nonmissing.
data FibonacciLong;
F1 = 1; F2 =.; /* initialize lags */
i=0; F = F1; output; /* manually output F(0) */
do i = 1 to 7; /* now iterate: F(i) = F(i-1) + F(i-2) */
 F = sum(F1, F2);
 F2 = F1; /* update lags for the next iteration */
 F1 = F;
proc print noobs;
 var i F F1 F2;
Recurrence relations by using the LAG function
The DATA step supports a LAGn function. The LAGn function maintains a queue of length n, which initially contains missing values. Every time you call the LAGn function, it pops the top of the queue, returns that value, and adds the current value of its argument to the end of the queue. The LAGn functions can be surprisingly difficult to use in a complicated program because the queue is only updated when the function is called. If you have conditional IF-THEN/ELSE logic, you need to be careful to keep the queues up to date. I confess that I am often frustrated when I try to use the LAG function with recurrence relations. I find it easier to use extra variables.
But since the documentation for the LAGn function includes the Fibonacci numbers among its examples, I include it here. Notice the clever use of calling LAG1(F) and immediately assigning the new value of F, so that the program only needs to compute the first lag and does not use any extra variables:
/* modified from documentation for the LAG function */
data FibonacciLag;
i=0; F=1; output; /* initialize and output F[0] */
/* lag1(F) is missing when _N_=1, but equals F[i-1] in later iters */
do i = 1 to 7;
 F = sum(F, lag(F)); /* iterate: F(i) = F(i-1) + F(i-2) */
proc print noobs; run;
The values are the same as for the previous program, but notice that this program does not use any extra variables to store the lags.
Recurrence relations in SAS/IML
Statistical programmers use the SAS/IML matrix language because of its power and flexibility, but also because you can vectorize computations. A vectorized computation is one in which an iterative loop is replaced by a matrix-vector computation. Unfortunately, for many time series computations, you cannot completely get rid of the loops because the series is defined in terms of a recurrence relation. You cannot compute the n_th value until you have computed the previous values.
The easiest way to implement a recurrence relation in the SAS/IML language is to use the DATA step program for generating the "wide form" sequence. The PROC IML code is almost identical to the DATA step code:
proc iml;
N = 8;
F = j(1, N, 1); /* initialize F[1]=F[2]=1 */
do i = 3 to N;
 F[i] = F[i-1] + F[i-2]; /* overwrite F[i] with the sum of previous terms, i > 2 */
labls = 'F0':'F7';
print F[c=labls];
The program is efficient and straightforward. The output is not shown. The SAS/IML language does not support 0-based indexing, so for recurrence relations that start at 0, I usually define the indexes to match the recurrence relation and add 1 to the subscripts of the IML vectors. For example, if you index from 0 to 7 in the previous program, the body of the loop becomes F[i+1] = F[i]+ F[i-1].
Linear recurrence relations and matrix iteration
The Fibonacci sequence is an example of a linear recurrence relations. For a linear recurrence relation, you can use matrices and vectors to generate values. You can define the Fibonacci matrix to be the 2 x 2 matrix with values {0 1, 1 1}. The Fibonacci matrix transforms a vector {x1, x2} into the vector {x2, x1+x2}. In other words, it moves the second element to the first element and replaces the second element with the sum of the elements. If you iterate this transformation, the iterates generate the Fibonacci numbers, as shown in the following statements:
M = {0 1, /* Fibonacci matrix */
 1 1};
v = {1, 1}; /* initial state */
F = j(1, N, 1); /* initialize F[1]=1 */
do i = 2 to N;
 v = M*v; /* generate next Fibonacci number */
 F[i] = v[1]; /* save the number in an array */
print F[c=labls];
You can use this method to generate sequences in any linear recurrence relation. Previous methods work for linear or nonlinear recurrence relationships. The SAS/IML language also supports a LAG function, although it works differently from the DATA step function of the same name.
This article shows a few ways to work with recurrence relations in SAS. You can use DATA step arrays to apply relations for "wide form" data. You can use extra variables or the LAG function for long form data. You can perform similar computations in PROC IML. If the recurrence relation is linear, you can also use matrix-vector computations to apply each step of the recurrence relation.
About Author
Rick Wicklin
Distinguished Researcher in Computational Statistics
 - Rick Wicklin
 Most children first encounter a recurrence relation in school when arithmetic sequences are introduced. For example, the arithmetic sequence
 1, 5, 9, 13,....
 can be described by the recurrence relation


text:
Date: ca. _PHONE_
Country of Origin: United States of America
Overall: 5 ft 2 in. tall x 4 ft. 10 in. wide x 19 ft. 6 in. deep, 11 ft. wing span, 560 lb.(157.5 x 147.3 x 594.36cm, 254kg, 60.96 x 335.28cm)
Frame and skin, aluminum; nose, aluminum; pulsejet tube and grill, steel; tubular spar through main wing, steel; wood in wing roots; two plastic tubes at rear.
The Gorgon 2C was one of a family of missiles of the U.S. Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics. It was powered by a pulsejet, much like the one used on the famous V-1 German cruise missile of World War II. However, the Gorgon 2C never became operational because it was developed too late in the war. The 2C was converted into a control test vehicle and was used to test missile heat homing and radar homing systems and techniques. About 100 were built and tested altogether, starting in September 1946. This is probably one of the few if not the only remaining Gorgon 2Cs extant. The Gorgon program was cancelled in 1951.
The missile was donated to the Smithsonian in 1966 by the U.S. Navy.
Transferred from U.S. Navy

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


in Chitral 1897/99 (on the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan); this xerophytic fern is found from Madeira and the Canaries east to Gilgit and Baltistan
After arduous service in BURMA, William Griffith was directed to accompany the British Army invading AFGHANISTAN in the FIRST AFGHAN WAR (1839-42). He entered from BALUCHISTAN by the CHAMAN route. he made a tour of the country from west to east, and was the first to collect in KAFIRISTAN, now NURISTAN, the easternmost province, which is adjacent to CHITRAL, GILGIT and HUNZA of Pakistan with a flora entirely different from that of the rest of the country, because it benefits from the summer monsoon. The rest of the country is dry all summer except in the alpine zone where there is melting snow on the mountain tops.
Due to the non-cooperation of the KAFIRS (unbelievers in Islam) he was unable to do as much collecting as he had hoped. One day he was ambushed and his servant was wounded. the forests in Nuristan, like those of the Himalaya, have a closed canopy while the forests in the rest of the country are the open, park-like type without a definite tree-line.
Griffith collected from April 1839 to September 1840. He was a keen collector and inspired a number of army officers to collect for him and encouraged locals to bring him specimens of both plants and animals. DAVID RITCHIE (1809-66) and GRANT were surgeons. There was a CAPT. E. SANDERS. LT. THOMAS HUTTON was a zoologist and HENRY MORTIMER DURAND was a Political Officer. The DURAND LINE, the boundary between the NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE of Pakistan, was named for him. GRIFFITH died of Malaria in 1845 before he could write up his work.
DR. J.E.T. AITCHISON (1836-98) a British Civil-Surgeon, who wrote on the plants of HOSHIARPUR and JHELUM districts of the Punjab, through the influence of GEN. COLLETT (1836-91), QUARTERMASTER GENERAL, was permitted to collect in the KURRAM VALLEY. GEN. COLLETT also did some collecting there and RHODODENDRON COLLETIANUM is named for him. In 1902 COLLETT published 'FLORA SIMLENSIS'.
In 1879 AITCHISON collected both in the UPPER and LOWER KURRAM VALLEYS. In 1880 he was not able to work in the HARIAB, the upper district, but only in the lower valley, based in PARACHINAR. At that period both portions of the valley were AFGHAN territory, but since this war the lower valley has been a Political Agency under the NWFP of Pakistan. The inhabitants of this valley are Shias in a sea of Sunnis.
AITCHISON published two reports, the first to be written on this flora, which is remarkable for being, like that of NURISTAN, largely Sino-Himalayan. His first report was on his work in 1879. It would have been better if he had waited and published on the two years work at one time. If he had done so he would have avoided much repetition and some confusion for each year he numbered his specimens beginning with No. 1, so that in citing his specimens the collecting years needs to be added. He studied his collections at Kew and the report on the first year's work was published in Journ. linn. Soc. 18: 1-113. (1880) and the result of the second in 19: 139-200, with 26 plates, 1881. He published some new species and others were named only to the genus.
From Sept. 1884 to Aug. 1885 AITCHISON explored the southern and western parts of Afghanistan. Starting from QUETTA he entered Southern Afghanistan exploring along the HELMAND river to where it flows into marshes. He then went north to HERAT. His report entitled'THE BOTANY OF THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION' was published in the TRANSACTIONS OF THE LINNAEAN SOCIETY Series 2 Vol. 3:1-139 with 48 plates (1888).
POLYSTICHUM LONCHITUS - collected in Chitral 1897/99 (on the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan); this cosmopolitan high level fern is common in the birch zone including Kashmir @ 2700-3600m
The next collector seems to have been PROF. A.A. VON BUNGE (1803-90) a Russian baron who collected in Western Afghanistan in 1858-59.
In 1924 and 1926-27, N.T. VAVILOV and P.P. BUKINICH toured in Afghanistan looking for cultivated plants. Between 1923 and 1929 C.MANGER collected some plants near KABUL. In 1935 G. KERSTAN of the GERMAN HINDU KUSH EXPEDITION collected especially in NURISTAN and part of the results were published in FEDDE REPORT. BEIH. 108. 1938.
During 1937 and 1939 DR. WALTER KOELZ of the University of Michigan, USA, with his collector RUP CHAND toured in Afghanistan, especially in the north, collecting herbarium specimens and seeds for the U.S. DEP'T OF AGRICULTURE in Beltsville, MD. There is a set of these collections here in Michigan. A set went to DR. RECHINGER in VIENNA and many determinations were published in SYMBOLAE AFGHANICAE and are being published again in FLORA IRANICA.
MR and MRS KOEIE and L. EDELBERG, members of the third DANISH EXPEDITION TO CENTRAL ASIA collected in Afghanistan in 1948-49. Between 1948-51 H.F. NEUBAUER collected especially in eastern and northern Afghanistan and in Nuristan in 1951 and O.H. VOLK in 1950-53. The list of collections of all of these expeditions, like those of KOELZ, are being published in the FLORA IRANICA and some were printed in the SYMBOLAE.
Since 1952 Japanese botanists have been much interested in the flora of Afghanistan and the Central and N.W. Himalaya. The first to arrive in Afghanistan to collect was DR. O. SUZUKA who collected many plants while studying ARTEMISIA MARITIMA.
In 1955 a team of botanists from KYOTO UNIVERSITY went to Afghanistan along with other scientists. The botanists were DR. KIHARA, DR. YAMASHITA, DR. KITAMURA and ASSIST' PROF. NAKAO. Their large collections were named by DR. KITAMURA with the aid of many taxonomists and edited by him. The results were published by KYOTO University in 1960 and are entitled 'FLORA OF AFGHANISTAN'. The book is well illustrated, has a good introduction and lists about 2680 species. This number is far from complete as the Japanese have not had the advantage of having access to the specimens of a good many collectors which are available for DR. RECHINGER and his collaborators. We will have to wait for the completion of RECHINGER'S monumental work before we can estimate the number of species growing in Afghanistan. Though incomplete, Kitamura's book will be much used until someone prepares a second edition, adding many species from Rechinger's volumes because Kitamura's work is in English while Rechinger's is chiefly in German and Latin. Rechinger's volumes provide keys and descriptions while there are only descriptions of the new species in Kitamura.
I recently went through DR. BOR's list of Afghan grasses is SYMBOLAE AFGHANICAE No. 6 and find that omitting varieties, he lists 279 species while Kitamura lists 165. DR. MARCEL RAYMOND of Montreal lists 95 sedges as coming from the whole of Afghanistan while the Japanese only have 64. In COUSINIA, however, Kitamura lists 103 and only 78 are in SYMBOLAE. I think that when the FLORA IRANICA is complete that the number of species listed from Afghanistan will be at least a third larger than Kitamura listed in 1960.
To be continued....


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The Last Good Man
A Novel
By A.J. Kazinski, Tiina Nunnally
Reading Group Guide
 This reading group guide for The Last Good Man includes an introduction, discussion questions, ideas for enhancing your book club, and a Q&A with author A.J. Kazinski. The suggested questions are intended to help your reading group find new and interesting angles and topics for your discussion. We hope that these ideas will enrich your conversation and increase your enjoyment of the book.
 In Jewish scripture there is a legend: there are thirty-six righteous people on earth. When humanitarians the world over begin turning up dead—all with the same tattoo-like mark on their backs—an enterprising Italian policeman named Tommaso di Barbara link the deaths. In Copenhagen, Barbara's Interpol alert lands on the desk of veteran detective Niels Bentzon. His task: find the "good people" of Denmark and warn them of the threat. But Bentzon is a man who is trained to see the worst in humanity, not the good. One by one, people are crossed off his list, as he sees through their upright façade and learns of their secrets and wrongdoings. Just as Bentzon is ready to give up, he meets Hannah Lund, a brilliant astrophysicist. With Hannah's help, Bentzon begins to piece together the puzzle of these far-flung deaths. It is, they realize, a perfect plan of murder. There have been thirty-four deaths. According to the pattern, Bentzon and Hannah can predict the time and place of the final two murders. The deaths will occur in Venice and Copenhagen. And the time is now.
 Topics & Question for Discussion
 1. In the world of The Last Good Man, being "good" doesn't necessarily mean doing good works or being charitable. In your opinion, how does The Last Good Man define "goodness"? Do you agree with this interpretation? Why or why not?
 2. The novel begins with short, intense chapters from a wide variety of characters' viewpoints. How does this structure contribute to the book's suspense level? How did these chapters impact the rest of the narrative?
 3. The events of the book take place during the 2009 climate conference in Copenhagen. How does this backdrop affect your interpretation of The Last Good Man? Can you draw any parallels between the conference and the quest to solve the murders?
 4. The Last Good Man begins with a description of the near-death experience experiment created by Agnes Davidsen. How does the concept of the near-death experience relate to the phenomenon that Niels and Hannah are investigating?
 5. Abdul Hati is a Muslim terrorist who serves as a type of "red herring" or distraction for the first half of the book. What did his character traits convey to you about the nature of good and evil as explored in The Last Good Man?
 6. Severin Rosenberg says, "Situations may arise when doing wrong is the right thing to do." Do you agree? How does this quote apply to the outcome of the book? How does it apply to your own life?
 7. Niels' phobia prevents him leaving Copenhagen and strains his relationship with his wife. But are there positive aspects of his illness? In what ways does he compensate? Has his weakness in some ways made him stronger? If you had to stay in one place for the remainder of your life, where would it be?
 8. The myth of the thirty-six righteous people comes from Jewish scripture, but the pattern of how the thirty-six die is based on the atomic structure of the element Krypton. How do religion and science interact in The Last Good Man? Where do they intersect? In your opinion, can you prove faith?
 9. What qualities do Tommaso and Niels have in common? Do you think "good" people tend to be more troubled than average people? Explain your answer.
 10. Hannah warns: "No matter what you do, Niels, no matter what, you're going to end up at the National Hospital six days from now." Are Niels and Hannah mere pawns in this grander scheme? Where does the idea of free will fit in? In your opinion, how much of their fate—and ours—is predetermined?
 11. The Biblical story of Abraham and Isaac is integral to the book's conclusion. How does the idea of sacrifice impact your own life? How does it influence the outcome of the novel?
 12. Do you think Niels becomes "bad" or unrighteous when he shoots Hannah? How does Niels and Hannah's relationship complicate his position as a "good" person?
 13. What did you make of the book's conclusion? Who is the villain of the story? Do any questions remain unanswered?
 Enhance Your Book Club
 1. As Niels found out in his investigation, those who do charitable works aren't necessarily good people. But it certainly couldn't hurt! Pick the charitable organization of your choice and volunteer with your book group. To get started, visit
 2. Although Niels has a phobia of leaving Copenhagen, he communicates with a variety of people across the globe via the Internet. Visit book-related websites, such as or and start an online discussion of The Last Good Man. How does this conversation differ from your in-person, book club discussion?
 3. The authors of The Last Good Man both have backgrounds in film. Discuss with your book club who you would cast in the movie adaptation of the book.
 A Conversation with
 A. J. Kazinski (AKA Anders Rønnow Klarlund and Jacob Weinreich)
 The name A.J. Kazinski is a pseudonym for your collaborative writing efforts. How did you two work together? Did you divide the writing by characters or locations, or by some other means?
 Four years ago we met and began talking about an idea for a movie. Anders is a well-known film director in Denmark, and Jacob is a screenwriter. We worked on that for a while, but in the end we decided to write The Last Good Man as a novel. We divided the writing by chapters in the first draft, but now after lots of rewrites it's impossible for us to say who wrote what in the first place. It became a seamless whole.
 The novel deals with scientific and religious theory, and is set in various locations throughout the world. What research did you conduct in order to write the book?
 We did a lot of research. In fact everything in the book is researched to the smallest detail. We have been sailing through the canals of Venice with the Italian police and have met with so many people—astrophysics, policemen, mathematicians, doctors, etc.—to get all the details right.
 How did you choose the Jewish legend of the thirty-six "good" people as the basis of this novel?
 We almost stumbled into it and were immediately fascinated. Thirty-six righteous men, thirty-six good people. For us it was the perfect myth-based setup for a story dealing with the complex subject of "goodness." Most crime writing, of course, deals with evil. Chasing bad men. We wanted to turn things upside down—and make it just as exiting. Or even more exciting.
 You both have backgrounds in the film world. Do you think there are particularly cinematic elements about The Last Good Man?
 Probably. Both of us know about dramatic structure, turning points, dramaturgy, etc. And most important: About characters and the importance of the story moving forward. And right now there is a lot of buzz about The Last Good Man being turned into a film.
 When police officer Lisa Larsson appears, you write, "That would be a good name for a porn actress, thought Niels when she introduced herself. Or a Swedish detective novelist." Is that a nod to the phenomenon that is Scandinavian crime fiction? Do you think The Last Good Man fits easily in the genre of "Scandinavian thrillers"?
 Yes and no. The Last Good Man is of course a "Scandinavian thriller." Lots of snow. Lots of dark streets in a freezing-cold Copenhagen. But The Last Good Man is also something else, we hope. For us it's not enough just to find the killer. The story has to be a little bit more complex to be interesting. But of course: It's a crime novel; it's supposed to be a page-turner.
 The Last Good Man
 is being published in countries around the world. What do you think makes the appeal of the book so universal?
 What is a good man? Is there more between heaven and Earth than we know of? Questions like that are, of course, universal. And the whole premise of a single cop trying to save us all from an unknown murderer with a master plan of biblical dimensions—that thrills everybody, whether you're from Denmark, Brazil, USA, France, Germany, Korea, Russia, Japan, and so on.
 In the context of the book, what does "goodness" ultimately mean, and what ideas about morality do you hope readers will take away from The Last Good Man?
 We cannot define "goodness." Who can? But The Last Good Man deals with the subject on several levels. Ultimately we want our readers to think about their own definition. And, another theme of the book, think about what you could call "the arrogance of mankind." Do we in the western world still have the ability to believe in anything larger than ourselves? Are we still able to listen? Or do we consider ourselves "small gods" who already


text:
Patriot missile system (Red Alert 2)
|For the disambiguation page, see Patriot missile system|
Static air defense
Patriot missiles (RedEye2)
Background[edit | edit source]
It consists of a pair of Patriot Missile launchers mounted on top of a thin traversing pylon, which in turn rotates on apex of a hemispherical base. The Patriot system employs advanced targeting systems and detection equipment that allows it to attack all forms of aircraft from MiGs to Rocketeers and also most forms of heavy missiles, such as V3s.
It was upgraded into the more powerful Missile turret during Post-war Crisis. After Cherdenko's trip to 1927, it was erased from the timeline and replaced by more versatile Multigunner turret in the War of the Three Powers
Game unit[edit | edit source]
Extremely effective against all kinds of Soviet aircraft, it can shoot planes, helicopters, and even parachuting Conscripts out of the sky with ease. The tiny missiles it fires are fast and impossible to hit, unlike Soviet V-3 missiles, which can be shot down by groups of Patriot defenses. The missile system is utilized by the IFV and a handheld version is fired by Guardian GIs. The handheld version was effective against aircraft and vehicles.
Patriot Missile Systems in the Third World War were incapable of attacking land units. Furthermore, they were vulnerable to enemy long range missile strikes, as long as there were sufficient incoming attacks. As the system used guided missiles, it gave a limited ability to destroy retreating targets. For example, if a Spy plane is heavily damaged through sustained fire, the patriot can fire, and the missile has sufficient fuel to track beyond the range at which it can acquire targets, give it the chance to destroy it. Partially for this reason (as well as concerns of friendly fire and collateral damage) the missile was set to self destruct in the event it ran out of fuel and could no longer pursue its target, if its original target is destroyed the missile is set to increase its altitude and detonate.
Furthermore, Patriot missile systems and Flak cannons are there for when Yuri's Gattling Cannons just won't cut it, or are distracted by ground units such as a tank rush.
It cannot harm ground-based units, or interfere with them in any way other than potentially distracting them from attacking a more valuable target (e.g. the Construction Yard).
Gallery[edit | edit source]
Trivia [edit | edit source]
- Although the construction icon shows it has dual six-tube launchers arranged like a hexagram, the actual in-game turret voxel only features dual four-tube launchers arranged like a square.
- Interestingly, it can be placed farther than the Soviet Flak cannon.
- In vanilla Red Alert 2, the English cameo had a typo - it read "Patriot Missles".
See also[edit | edit source]
Internal[edit | edit source]
External[edit | edit source]


text:
A person with antiquarian tendencies is someone who has an unhealthy or pathological obsession with the past. They value objects for their age, state of decay, and meaning rather than purely for their aesthetic value. They also seek to preserve history as it was before the creation of the written word.
Most antiquarians specialize in the study of the past and trades in rare books and other antique objects. The term "antique" rarely carries its sense of "antique object" but refers to someone who studies or trades in ancient artifacts, documents, and books. Some antiquarians build extensive personal collections, while others do not.
An antiquarian bookseller has a keen interest in rare books, particularly those with rare texts and illustrated texts. The value of an antiquarian book depends on various factors, such as its quality, binding, and illustrations. In some cases, an antiquarian book has a high monetary value but is not worth much in terms of content. For example, a hardcover reprint of Gone With the Wind can cost less than $1, but it contains the same text as the first edition.
As a scholar, an antiquarian is also an expert in self-preservation, making them useful on the battlefield. While their damage output is among the lowest among all classes, they make up for it with their defensive skills. An antiquarian's abilities vary depending on the skills that are given to them and the composition of their party.
There are many reasons why you may want to know the value of your antiques. For example, you may want to sell a treasured family heirloom but don't know how much it's worth. You may also need an official appraisal for estate or insurance purposes. Fortunately, the internet has a wealth of information.
Whether you are buying a single piece or a whole collection, the value of antiques depends on several factors. The most important factor is the condition of the piece. Antiques that are in their original condition are more valuable than those that have been refurbished or repainted.
Antique books are particularly valuable. The value of a book may depend on its edition, its condition, its illustrations, or its provenance. The text of a rare book may be pristine, but its price is determined by its condition and its provenance. However, this is not a guarantee that a particular book is valuable.
Before selling an antique, you must first have it appraised by an antiquarian. An appraiser will determine the value of an antique based on a variety of factors, including the condition of the item, its restoration, its rarity, and its provenance. The appraiser will then provide you with a legal document stating how much your antique is worth.
As an antiquarian, identifying and determining the value of your antiques is essential for both you and your potential buyer. Antiquarians look for items that are valuable and have a market. Knowing the value of your antiques is crucial in avoiding duping or buying something for less than its true value.
The philosophy of history is a broad discipline that considers the past through the lens of human action and its symbolic expressions. This field of study is suited to the study of history because it invites an active construction of meanings and intentions. Philosophers of history have derived a rich tradition in hermeneutics, the study of language and meaning. The tradition of hermeneutics is particularly useful for understanding history because it emphasizes that historical knowledge involves the interpretation of meaningful human actions.
In Philosophers of History, W. H. Walsh distinguishes between critical and speculative philosophy and hopes to offer a framework for the fundamental questions of historical study. For example, he proposes that historians are presented with a vast array of historical events and must determine how they relate to one another and to larger historical processes.
A historical explanation must consider the social, institutional, and situational environment in which the events took place. The social environment, for example, includes an ensemble of institutions such as property relations, political institutions, family structures, and religious values. Historical explanations should be as sophisticated as possible in the treatment of these institutions.


A Twi'lek Jedi General with Republic clone troopers in ground warfare during the Clone Wars.
"They're good. No words needed. Perfect sync. Like clones in a way. Better. They're the best. That's why they command."
―Republic clone trooper commander "Bly"[src]
While the Jedi Order was not a military organization, in times of need its members often became Jedi Generals to lead Republic military forces.
The earliest generals fought in the Mandalorian Wars as Revanchists, opposing the Neo-Crusader invasion. The end result was them falling to the dark side of the Force and forming a Sith Empire.
During the Great Galactic War and following Galactic War, many Jedi led Republic troopers into battle against the reconstituted Sith Empire.
Jedi were assigned to serve as generals (some as Lords) of the Army of Light during the New Sith Wars. Most of those still alive by the Seventh Battle of Ruusan perished in that battle.
During the Clone Wars, most Jedi Knights and Masters were given the rank of general. ORBAT for the Grand Army of the Republic accommodated for 80 Jedi Generals in command of corps (along with a clone marshal commander) and 320 in command of legions (along with a senior clone commander). There were also High Jedi Generals in command of the ten Systems Armies, and Senior Jedi Generals in command of the twenty Sector Armies. Padawans were given the rank of Jedi Commander and put in command of each of the army's 1,280 regiments. There were also Jedi of other rank, such as Colonel Tyneir Renz.
Some Jedi refused to accept their new military status and left the Order, while others still chose to work undercover rather than on the battlefield. Many of the Jedi officers died during the war against the Separatists, and clone troopers killed most of the remaining generals when Order 66 was executed by Supreme Chancellor Palpatine, a Sith Lord.
Jedi Generals during the Mandalorian Wars[]
Lord Hoth, a Jedi Lord during the New Sith Wars.
Jedi Generals during the New Sith Wars[]
Jedi Lords[]
Other Generals[]
Jedi Generals during the Stark Hyperspace War[]
Jedi Generals during the Clone Wars (as of 19 BBY)[]
High General Kenobi and General Skywalker
Divided into High Jedi Generals, Senior Jedi Generals, and the common Jedi Generals. Specific rank stated where known.
Rahm Kota, a Jedi General during the Clone Wars and survivor of Order 66
Jedi General Yoda with clone troopers Rys and Jek
Jedi Generals during the Yuuzhan Vong War[]
Unlike the Clone Wars Generals, Jedi who served as commanders in the New Republic and Galactic Alliance forces were generally serving members of those Governments' military arms, often with long decades of professional experience behind them.
A Jedi General leading his troops
Non-canon appearances[]
I find your lack of faith disturbing.png
I find your lack of sources disturbing.


text:
The Case for Earth Station FCC License Modifications
Earth station licenses are intangible but valuable assets, and like any other company asset, an Earth station license can depreciate in value or lose its value completely if not properly maintained.
It had been several months since I had moved to a new house in Houston. One day while driving I was stopped by a traffic officer. After examining my documents, the officer asked if I still lived at the address shown on my driver's license. I answered in the negative, and what followed was a requirement for me to make an involuntary donation to the city of Houston for failing to keep my license updated. The duty to modify FCC licenses when certain circumstances change is no different.
The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates communications by the granting of licenses. According to Black's Law dictionary, a license is a "revocable permission to commit some act that would otherwise be unlawful." FCC licenses outline precisely the nature of permitted transmissions. Any substantial deviation from the license parameters constitutes an unlawful transmission. Therefore, every time there are certain modifications to the Earth station characteristics, the license also must be modified.
Situations Requiring License Modifications
FCC Earth station licenses are valid for 15 years, but events along the way may require such licenses to be modified. FCC regulations outline the Earth station system changes that lead to a requirement to modify a license.
Increase in EIRP: An increase in data rate can require an increase in effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP). Similarly, a change in modulation or forward error correction can lead to an increase in EIRP. To the extent that any system change causes an increase in EIRP and this increased EIRP exceeds the limit in the license, the license must be modified.
Increase in EIRP Density: Because EIRP and signal bandwidth combine to determine EIRP density, changes in modems, transponders, counterpart receive stations sizes, and other factors can cause EIRP density to increase — sometimes independently of EIRP. If a system hardware or setting change leads to an increase in EIRP density and the increase exceeds the EIRP density limitation in the license, then the license must be modified.
Change of Satellites: The use of a satellite not listed in the license requires a license modification. Some licenses are granted for ALSAT operation, meaning all U.S.-owned satellites. This is common with Ku-band licenses. However, C-band licenses may have a satellite arc limitation when the entire visible arc cannot be cleared during frequency coordination. In that case, operation outside the coordinated arc requires a license modification. A modification is also required when international satellites must be used and such satellites are not listed in the license.
Change of Frequencies: It is advantageous to license the entire frequency band, be it C-, Kuor Ka-band. But for frequency bands that are shared, such as C-band, it is not always possible to do this because sometimes the entire band cannot be cleared during frequency coordination. In these instances, operation outside the coordinated band requires a license modification.
Change of Location: Minor movement of a licensed Earth station system is permitted. However, any relocation greater than 10 seconds in latitude or longitude for Ku-band, or 1 second for C-band, requires a license modification.
Once a system change is identified as requiring a license modification, it is important to understand specifically what kind of regulatory action is required. Some changes require only after-the-fact notification to the FCC; while others require prior FCC approval. Therefore, it is essential to consult with your regulatory counsel ahead of making Earth station changes as some license modifications may take months to grant.


This file describes some problems that can occur with the script in relation to various distributions' Python installations. 1. Python 3 Python 3, version 3.2 or greater, is required for If you do not wish to use, maybe because you plan to run all commands by hand, you can disable the Python check in CMake by setting NO_PYTHON_CHECK to any non-empty string in See for a template. Some operating systems don't have a Python 3 interpreter installed by default. The safest bet is to install a distribution-supplied package for Python 3. If no such package is available, you can download the Python source code, compile and and install it by yourself. For a good introduction to installing Python from source, see 2. Sqlite 3 The Python script requires sqlite3. Unfortunately, not all distributions install the Python sqlite3 module by default. In fact, two things are required: the binary sqlite3 library, and the Python module called "sqlite3" which provides a Python interface to the sqlite3 library. The binary sqlite3 library is installed by default on most systems, but it is worthwhile to check that it is. Use your distribution's package manager, and look for a package called "sqlite", "sqlite3", or "libsqlite3", which should contain a file "*" The Python sqlite3 module unfortunately is not installed by default by some distributions, known culprits include Gentoo. Gentoo: For Gentoo, the Python 3 package by default does not include the sqlite3 module. This link to a forum post briefly describes the situation: The sqlite3 module can be included in the Python installation by adding the sqlite USE flag to /etc/portage/make.conf as shown in this example: # These are the USE flags that were used in addition to what is provided by the # profile used for building. USE="bindist mmx sse sse2 sqlite" and then running emerge --deep --newuse world If you compile Python 3 yourself from source code, be aware that the sqlite3 development package with the header files for the sqlite3 library must be installed on the system; without them, the Python 3 build will seem to succeed but will not include the sqlite3 interface. When compiling Python 3, be sure that the "make" output does NOT include a warning of the form: The necessary bits to build these optional modules were not found: _sqlite3 3. Python 2 or 3 for the workunit client The client script can run under both Python 2, version 2.6 or newer, and Python 3, version 3.2 or newer. This backward compatibility is supported to simplify deployment on many different machines over which the user may not have administrative control. 4. SSL The workunit server and clients use SSL for communication to prevent an attacker on the same network from injecting text into workunits which could be used to execute arbitrary commands on the client machines. Generating a server certificate requires that OpenSSL is installed on the computer running the server. 5. MySQL If you wish to use MySQL you first need to install the Python MySQL connector library available at You then pass the -mysql flag to./


text:
WITHDRAWN, NO REPLACEMENT
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training standard for the secondary assessment of ill or injured patients of all ages.
1.2 Frequently repeated primary surveys are an essential and integral part of the complete care of the acutely ill or injured patient.
1.3 This guide identifies the components of patient secondary assessment.
1.4 This guide is one of a series which together describe the minimum training standard for the emergency medical technician (basic).
1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.


text:
It turns out that alligators do not live on meat alone. Neither do Nile crocodiles. A new study led by the Wildlife Conservation Society says that the American alligator and a dozen other crocodile species enjoy an occasional taste of fruit along with their normal meat-heavy diets of mammals, birds, and fish.
The study gives new insight into the possible role that crocodilians, some of which have large territories, may play in forest regeneration through digesting and passing seeds from fruits.
The study appears in the July issue of the Journal of Zoology. Authors include: Steven Platt of the Wildlife Conservation Society; Ruth M. Elsey of the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries; Hong Liu of Florida International University and the Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden; Thomas R. Rainwater of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; James C. Nifong of the University of Florida; Adam E. Rosenblatt and Michael R. Heithaus of Florida International University; and Frank J. Mazzotti of University of Florida.
The authors looked at 18 species of crocodilian ranging from the American alligator to the fearsome Nile crocodile and found 13 of the species consumed some form of fruit including a variety of berries, legumes, nuts, and grains.
While the authors say some of the fruit ingestion may have been incidental to prey capture, evidence shows that other fruit is consumed deliberately and in large quantities. Much remains to be learned about how crocodilians process carbohydrates and other plant-based nutrients, though studies suggests that fruit eating is likely to yield nutritional rewards for crocodilians.
"Although underreported, fruit eating appears widespread among crocodilians," said the study's lead author, Steven Platt of the Wildlife Conservation Society. "Given the biomass of crocodiles in many subtropical and tropical wetlands and their capacity for ingesting large numbers of fruits, we consider it likely that crocodilians function as significant seed dispersal agents in many freshwater ecosystems."


text:
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. The shell of the acorn.
- n. One of the cirripeds of the genus Balanus; a barnacle: called by this name from a supposed resemblance of some of the species to acorns. See Balanus and Cirripedia.
GNU Webster's 1913
- n. (Zoöl.) One of the sessile cirripeds; a barnacle of the genus Balanus. See barnacle.
"In an acorn-shell, if the training data spans the REAL range of data in the periods of interest, it should be as good at capturing internal multivariate projective variation as anything."
"Down came spiralling a few bits of bark and acorn-shell, quite in the old familiar way."
"But not less important is the fact that the open waters afford a safe cradle or nursery for many a delicate larva, e.g. of crab and starfish, acorn-shell and sea-urchin, which could not survive for a day in the rough-and-tumble conditions of the shore and the shallow water."
'acorn-shell' hasn't been added to any lists yet.
Looking for tweets for acorn-shell.


Legal audit of company activities prior tax audit
Every corporate manager or private entrepreneur knows: one sould always be ready for a tax audit. It is likely even if bookkeeping and tax accounting are set up transparently, and tax authorities show no interest in the company.
Legal audit of a company is a kind of "dress rehearsal" of tax audit, the purpose of which is to put in order the primary documentation and reports, prepare reasonable retorts to the tax authorities inquiries in order to prevent additional tax charges and avoid their judicial and administrative claims.
The legal audit of the company, which VigoLex conducts prior tax audit, is as follows:
 1. Checking the legality and validity of the impending tax audit:
 - verifying the legality of administering an unscheduled tax audit, analysis of the prospects of appealing its designation;
 - checking the legality of the company's inclusion to the schedule of tax audits and analyzing the possibility of appealing such decision.
 2. Checking the primary documentation of the company regarding the main transactions:
 - checking the primary documents for the presence of obligatory details (compliance with formal requirements);
 - checking the primary documents for the degree of business transactions detailization (compliance with the content requirements);
 - removal of defects in the primary documentation.
 3. Legal assessment of the existing taxation mechanism of the company:
 - determination of the main factors affecting tax indicators;
 - assessment of the methods for tax payment accounting;
 - legal expertise of the existing tax payment accounting system;
 - preparing reasonable written answers to potential questions from tax authorities.
 4. Briefing by VigoLex lawyers for the director, chief accountant and other employees of the company regarding the tax audit.
VigoLex recommends that business owners do not neglect a legal audit of the company activities before a tax audit. This will help prevent additional tax charges and avoid significant costs of appealing the audit results in court.
Get a consultation
 +38 (068) 520-88-88


text:
Not exactly, no. In a microcoded processor, what happens is that the ISA is read by the processor and each instruction (and, potentially, some part of the current state of the processor, e.g. flags) is used as an index into a lookup table that determines what exactly the processor does. Each instruction is allowed to have multiple entries in that table that are then performed sequentially. No direct translation from the primary ISA to a "hardware language" is ever produced -- it's more a case of an extra level of indirection between the ISA and the hardware is used, with the contents of the microcode usually just being a bunch of signals that directly control the hardware of the processor (e.g. selecting the inputs to multiplexers, controlling when registers are written to, etc).
The real difference between this and a hardwired processor is that the microcode is written as a lookup table rather than the controls being generated by fixed logic. Of course, as we all know the two are actually logically equivalent, so in reality there's not much actual difference between the two.
Where a hardwired processor really differentiates itself from a microcoded one is that it is much easier to implement pipelining for a hardwired design, so most pipelined designs avoid using microcode as much as possible. This is made easier if the ISA doesn't specify many operations that need to be performed sequentially, which is where RISC comes in -- RISC instructions are generally different from CISC ones because they only do one thing, i.e. either access memory or perform calculations, whereas CISC architectures often do both in the same instruction. This makes designing a fixed pipeline for a RISC architecture much easier.


The Vestfold Monitoring Project - VEMOP
The use of non-invasive methods in cultural heritage management has helped us in our mission to find, study, protect and manage archaeological sites in Vestfold and Telemark fylkeskommune. But tools such as the georadar are complex and need to be thoroughly understood in order to yield the best results possible. The Vestfold Monitoring Project takes a closer look at how environmental factors, for example precipitation and different soil types, do influence the quality of georadar data.


text:
The U.S. War Department determined in 1907 that Alcatraz would be abandoned as a fort, but instead be used for military detentions. A plan was
created for a cellhouse that could hold 600 prisoners. When the cellhouse was completed five years later in 1912, the structure was the largest steel-reinforced
concreted building in the world. The cellhouse was designed by Major Reuben B. Turner who became the first commandant of the military prison.
The facility was modern to the time with central steam heat, skylights, and electric lighting. All materials and equipment for construction
were brought in on barges. Labor was primarily handled by inmates -- who became the first guests of the prison upon completion. One challenge was the mixing of
concrete which required fresh water not available on the island.
Upon conversion to a maximum security prison from military detentions, the bars were fortified and gun galleries added at each end of the
cellblocks. The guard towers were added with barbed wire and chain link fences. Metal detectors also were installed. The final
renovation was _PHONE_ when D-Block or the Segregation / Treatment Unit was improved and electric doors added.
Standard Alcatraz Prison Cell
This cell would be for one prisoner...
Alcatraz Solitary Confinement
Reserved for prisoners that were receiving special reprimands...


text:
Electron multipliers are perhaps the most common detectors in modern mass spectrometers due to their exceptionally high gain and low noise. A single ion entering the front of the multiplier can result in upwards of one million electrons exiting the back.
Principle of Operation
The operation of electron multipliers is fundamentally based on the concepts of "dynodes" and "secondary emission". A "dynode" is simply an electrode in vacuum that emits electrons when an ion or electron with sufficient kinetic energy slams into it. This process of emitting electrons is termed "secondary emission". Electron multipliers esentially string together a series of dynodes so that the process of secondary emission happens repeatedly, amplifying the number of electrons exponentially at each step along the way. There are two common geometries for electron multiplier: the "continuous dynode" and the "discrete dynode"...
The "discrete dynode" geometry utilizes a series of dynodes that are chained together by resistors. A relatively large negative voltage is applied to the "front" dynode where the ions enter the detector. Meanwhile, the "back" dynode is held at ground. The voltage difference between the front and back of the dynode chain along with the resistors between each dynode results in a gradual voltage drop down the line. Each dynode is typically 100-200V more positive (less negative) than the preceeding dynode:
The large negative voltage on the front dynode pulls strongly on a positive ion, which slams into the dynode with high kinetic energy. This event causes a handful of secondary electrons to be emitted from the first dynode; for this example, let's just say two electrons are emitted. These electrons now see an electric field between the first dynode and the less negative second dynode. The 100-200V difference between these two dynodes will cause the two negatively charged electrons to accelerate toward the second dynode, slamming into it with 100-200 eV of kinetic energy. When each of these two electrons strikes the second dynode they will emit more secondary electronds. Again, for this example, let's say that each electron generates two secondary electrons. Now we have four electrons being emitted from the second dynode. These electrons see a 100-200V potential drop toward the third dynode, causing them to accelerate into the third dynode with 100-200eV of kinetic energy, emitting even more secondary electrons. This process continues all the way down the dynode chain, with secondary electrons being accelerated into the subsequent dynode. An exponential increase in electron count occurs down the length of the chain, with all of the electrons eventually reaching the back dynode, which is held at ground. These electrons (viz. current) are usually passed into another circuit that further amplifies the signal.
The "continuous dynode" geometry has very similar characteristics to the discrete dynode geometry, with a high negative voltage at the front end and ground at the back end. As with the discrete geometry, an ion is accelerated into the front of the dynode by the high negative potential. The chief difference is that the continuous dynode geometry has one continuous electrode that has sufficient resistance to make the voltage gradually drop from front to back:
As with the discrete geometry, electrons are made when the ion initially strikes the front of the dynode. The secondary electrons are accelerated toward the back of the detector by the potential drop, generating more electrons each time they strike the detector's walls. The increase in electron count is again exponential down the length of the detector. At the end/back of the detector, the electrons are passed into circuitry that further amplifies the response.
Electron multipliers have a few weaknesses as detectors. Among them is their inability to readily detect negative ions and their mass discrimination. Both issues are addressed through the use of a "conversion dynode", which is another electrode that is placed in front of the electron multiplier with an exceptionally high voltage applied to it (e.g. ±15-25kV). Ions are accelerated into the conversion dynode first, causing secondary emission of ions and electrons, which then enter the electron multiplier like normal.
With a standalone electron multiplier whose input is at approximately -1500V, heavy ions (e.g. peptides, proteins, etc.) produce significantly less secondary electrons than light ions when striking the first dynode of the multiplier. This mass discrimination is significantly lessened if the first dynode is held at a much higher voltage, such that ions strike it with much more energy; this is the role of the "conversion dynode". For example, take the figure above, which shows a conversion dynode that is placed in front of the conventional electron multiplier and has -15kV applied to it. Positive ions will strike the conversion dynode with much larger kinetic energies than they would with the multiplier alone. This higher kinetic energy tends to level the playing field across the mass range such that heavy ions produce more secondary particles than they otherwise would. Once the ions strike the dynode, the electrons and negative ions that are emitted from the dynode surface see a steep downhill potential drop between the conversion dynode and front dynode of the multiplier. This causes the secondary particles to accelerate to the front of the electron multiplier, which then operates as explained above.
Negative Ion Detection
In addition to improving the high mass response of the detector, conversion dynodes also provide a means for detecting negative ions, which would be otherwise impossible with a multiplier alone. In order to detect negative ions, the conversion dynode is held at a high positive voltage (15-25kV):
Negative ions are accelerated into the conversion dynode because of its high positive voltage. Upon striking the conversion dynode, positive ions are emitted as secondary particles. These positive particles are then accelerated away toward the front dynode of the electron multiplier. From this point on, the electron multiplier acts as normal.


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Someone I know is trying to figure out if the following concepts already have an established name in the literature, and MO is a great place to ask around.
1) Suppose $X$ is a metric space equipped with an associative product and a unit element. Let $m: X \times X \to X$ be the product. Suppose also that $m$ is nonexpansive, i.e. $$ d\big( m(x,x'),m(y,y') \big) \le d\big((x,x'),(y,y')\big) $$ say when $X\times X$ is given the Euclidean metric with respect to the given metric of $X$. Is there a standard name for this type of structure?
2) Let $f : X \to Y$ be a map between metric spaces with the property that for all $x,y \in X$ $$ d(f(x), f(y)) \geq d(x,y). $$ So in a way this is the opposite of a nonexpansive map. Is there a name for such maps?
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2) Expansive. – Bill Johnson Sep 27 '10 at 18:01
2) noncontracting map – Anton Petrunin Sep 28 '10 at 0:06
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Inspired by Ovid's Metamorphoses, the Latona fountain illustrates the legend of Apollo's mother and Diana protecting her children against the insults of the peasants of Lycia, and calling on Jupiter to avenge them. He heard their plea and transformed them into frogs and lizards.
The central marble group sculpted by the Marsy brothers represents Latona and her children. The group was originally placed on a rock in 1670. It was surrounded by six frogs emerging partly from the water, and twenty-four others around the fountain on the lawn. The goddess then looked towards the Château. This arrangement was modified by Jules Hardouin-Mansart between 1687 and 1689. The rock was replaced on a concentric marble base and the Latona group henceforth gazes towards the Grand Canal. The Latona fountain is prolonged by a parterre holding the two lizard pools.


text:
The enhancement mode and bottom gate Al-doped ZnO transparent thin-film transistors (ZnO:Al TTFTs) were investigated. To provide a suitable amount of free carriers and reduce the associated resistance, the ZnO:Al channel layer with Al imperceptibly doped into the ZnO was deposited using a cosputter system. To investigate the function and optimal thickness of the ZnO:Al channel layer, ZnO:Al layers of various thicknesses were deposited in the TTFTs. The maximum effective field-effect mobility (in the linear region) and the on/off current ratio of the ZnO:Al TTFTs with a 30-nm-thick ZnO:Al channel layer were 32.5 cm 2 V -1 s -1 and larger than 10 7, respectively. In this work, the effective field-effect mobility of 32.5 cm 2 V -1 s -1 is larger than the previous published performances of the ZnO TTFTs. To investigate the mechanisms of the optimal 30-nm-thick channel layer, the induced thickness of the channel layer was estimated. The estimated induced thickness is about 27 nm. The other 3-nm-thick ZnO:Al channel layer is used to passivate the induced channel layer.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Physics and Astronomy(all)


Friday, March 5, 2021
Bad News and Good News
By Paula Gaikowski
Last week, there was bad news for transgender persons and there was good news.
First the good news, the House passed the Equality Act, a bill that would extend basic rights to the LGBTQ community. It just needs to get past the Senate with 60 votes where I am sure it's in for a fight. Ironically the overwhelming majority of Americans are in favor of the law (many assume that LGBTQ already have these protections).
If you walk down the hallway in the Capitol, you will see the transgender flag proudly displayed in front of the office of Congresswoman Marie Newman. The congresswoman put it there in support of her 20-year-old transgender daughter.
Now for the bad news, Congresswoman Marjorie Greene reacted to the flag by posting a transphobic sign meant to appeal to people's fears and prejudices in the culture war that the GOP stokes daily in their only hope of gaining the electorate.
The sign she posted reads, "There are only two genders, Trust the science."
There are so many things wrong with that statement besides just being hurtful and hateful.
1. Gender is a social construct, not biological. Ironically, after denigrating science when it comes to climate change and the pandemic, Greene uses science as a tool, although incorrectly.
2. Greene probably was referring to biological sex. However, it is scientifically evident that intersex persons exist. A common argument amongst transphobic people is that you are either XX or XY chromosomed and that defines your sex and gender absolutely. Intersex persons are much more common than one would think. Here's a list of famous intersexed persons.
3. Her statement that there are only two genders is also incorrect. Let us not forgot the non-binary members of our community. Our culture has predominately recognized two genders, male and female and that Ms. Greene, is where most of us transgender persons struggle. We struggle with being the wrong biological sex and along with our biology, we are assigned a social gender. Gender and sex are two different things and transgender persons struggle with both.
All of this illustrates how far we have come in the battle for transgender rights, but also how far we must go. When I think back to my 20's, the idea that a congressperson would plant the transgender flag on Capitol Hill and be advocating for her transgender daughter was a distant dream. Add to it the fact that being transgender is no longer a tabloid curiosity, but common in all our communities.
Wherever you are in your journey, whether closeted or transitioned, remember not to be afraid to advocate for our community. It's time to speak up and defend transgender people by showing our support. We can object to rude jokes and stereotypes, correct persons misconceptions and support gay and transgender colleagues. We need to take a stand and show acceptance and support for transgender persons and make transphobic behavior socially unacceptable.
Wearing London Times
Wearing London Times
Mateusz Jakubiec femulated Lene Nystrøm Rasted (Aqua) on Polish television's Twoja Twarz Brzmi Znajomo.
You can view this femulation on YouTube.
 1. "Trust the science", says the lemming who swears by science as interpreted by Q, whatever or whomever that alphabet letter is -- or isn't.
 2. Together we can win this battle!
 Thank you Paula for a great column.
 Marjorie Taylor Greene is a quaint, 'late to the party' Trump wannabee. Her rantings and ravings are merely re-hashed, old-hash of a fading party line of "Let the Democrats bring forth a legitimate issue so 'we' can find, (with the aid of our well paid, yet morally bankrupt, psychological consultants) a BOGEYMAN TROPE' inside the argument and then wail 'oh, woe' we are all going to burn in the deepest depths of HELL for all eternity.... Be scared! Vote conservative!
 Here in NC, the 'Bathroom Bill' was a convenient, negative conservative reaction to the need for social clarification of a legitimate social need. If this specific issue had not come forth, the next social issue-regardless of social valuewould have been a just as convenient target.
 The idea is to incite the quaint bible thumping, Southern art of 'holier than thou--righteous indignation' toward 'the other'.
 This behavior is a tradition here in the formerly impoverished southern states, as it was the only thing of 'value' the individuals possessed.
 The problem is the conservatives are running out of BOGEYMEN.
 This week, progressives got blamed for BANNING:
 Mr. Potato Head
 Dr. Suess Books
 The BIG LIE is there was NO GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION! These decisions were done inside of CORPORATIONS who owned the brands/franchises involved, who could do as they so wished.
 No 'gubment' intervention.
 If this is the best they got......
 4. Well said Velma the "Culture Wars" are running out of steam with the next generation.
 They are not going to win votes with anti abortion, anti trans, anti gay, anti environment, and anti gun safety, anti minimum wage, anti health care.


What causes the pink stain on bathroom fixtures?
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The reddish-pink stain or residue that is frequently found around bathroom sinks, shower stalls, and pets' water bowls, is not by the water supply but by naturally occurring airborne bacteria that produce a reddish pigment. There are numerous bacteria in the environment that find their way onto bathroom and kitchen fixtures. Most do not cause disease. These bacteria are found in soil, food, and on animals, and they may become airborne because of construction or wind. It is not uncommon to find the pinkish film appearing after new construction or remodeling activities.
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Extension Organizational Principles
University of Georgia Cooperative Extension values:
- the work ethic;
- the land grant concept;
- its rich heritages as an agency for change and problem-solving;
- the extension of knowledge to people; and
- excellence in programming with continuous improvement through technology, communication and training.
University of Georgia Cooperative Extension believes in:
- the hopes and aspirations of people;
- the value of local programming;
- the ideal that through education people can be empowered to enlarge and enrich their own lives;
- the land grant concept and in the public institutions of which it is a part, and in the mutual benefits that come from working together;
- the county delivery system;
- the importance of agriculture;
- its people. In humility, but with sincerity of purpose, Cooperative Extension staff offers to work with Georgians to help them become healthier, more productive, financially independent and environmentally responsible;
- its work and the opportunity to be of service to society and to the economic success of the state and the country;
- the concept that, families and communities depend on each other;
- the concept that families are crucial to the success of society;
- youth and their longings for opportunity; and their right to trained minds, healthy bodies and the opportunity to develop to their fullest potential; and
- the value of cultural diversity in the workforce and among the clientele it serves.
University of Georgia Cooperative Extension is committed to excellence in:
- providing technical support to agriculture and consumers;
- taking the lead to help Georgians become, healthier, more productive, financially independent and environmentally responsible;
- educating Georgians with timely, accurate, comprehensive information;
- building coalitions to address issues facing communities, families and youth; and
- earning a reputation for integrity and respecting all people.
University of Georgia Cooperative Extension responds to the people's needs and interests in agriculture, the environment, families and 4-H/youth in Georgia with unbiased, research-based education.
University of Georgia Cooperative Extension:
- is a valued component of the land grant system and of The University of Georgia Public Service Program;
- is a people organization that demonstrates care for every client and values every employee;
- hires top quality employees, offers continual training, provides the necessary operating and managerial support, and rewards good work;
- adheres to a strong code of ethics and conduct, respecting the trust the people of Georgia place in its employees; and
- operates with a vision of Georgia's future and Extension's place in it under the guidance of action-oriented managers.


text:
Look has two related but different senses.
On the one hand it aligns with verbs like gaze and stare, intransitive verbs denoting the action of an animate subject.
Jack stared nervously at the girl.
Jack looked nervously at the girl.
In these cases nervous is an Adjunct which modifies the verb stare and thus must be cast in adverbial form. If you to transform the predicate into an adjunct modifying Jack it retains this form:
Looking nervously at the girl, Jack shuffled his feet.
On the other hand, look aligns with verbs like be and appear, copulas which attribute a particular character to the subject.
The girl was nervous.
The girl looked nervous.
In these cases nervous is an Argument of the sentence; it is attributed to the subject, the girl, and is therefore cast in adjectival form. When you transform this predicate you employ a different structure but retain the adjectival form:
The nervous-looking girl licked her lips.
Other verbs of sensation have similar but not always identical properties. Taste for instance is a transitive verb in its agentive use:
Amy tasted the candy. — The candy tasted sweet. — sweet-tasting candy
With hear, the distinction between agentive and copular is expressed lexically, with a different word — and that word has its own copular and agentive senses:
Bob heard the bell. — The bell sounded loud. — the loud-sounding bell... BUT ALSO
Frank heaved on the bellrope and the bell sounded loudly, waking the entire quarter. — the loudly sounding bell.
So the rule governing adjective vs adverb depends on how the verb is used; but how any given verb may be used is a matter of historical contingency.


30 November 2020
Pinned: Never Change Streams in the Middle of a Horse
Did I ever tell you about the little red corpuscle who was swimming in the bloodstream of a horse?
This little corpuscle was always in a hurry. One day, he decided to play hooky from the school of red corpuscles, so he told his teacher he had a headache.
Well, this was a mistake. As he swam down the main artery, using the Australian crawl, he came to a fork in the stream - it was high tide.
The little red corpuscle took the fork on the starboard side. He proceeded to swim lazily down the new stream when disaster suddenly struck!
The little red corpuscle was swallowed by a huge virus.
The virus' name was Cyrus.
Thus, our moral: Never change streams in the middle of a horse!


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Most observers agree that human consumption is on a crash course with the environment. Although recycling programs have been implemented in many cities around the world, people do not participate as often as they could. In this university podcast, Canadian scholar Kate White shares research examining the effectiveness of messages that highlight the negative consequences of not recycling (loss frames) versus those that emphasize the positive consequences of recycling (gain frames) in influencing people's behavior. The report finds that the effectiveness of one type of messaging over another depends on whether interventions activate concrete thinking, which focuses on behaviors (such as how one might go about recycling), or abstract thinking (such as why one might go about recycling). White spoke at The Science of Getting People to Do Good briefing held at Stanford University.
Kate White is associate professor of marketing at the Sauder School of Business at the University of British Columbia, Canada. Her current teaching interests include principles of marketing, undergraduate buyer behavior, and MBA buyer behavior. White previously held teaching positions at both Simon Fraser University and the University of British Columbia. She completed her PhD at the University of British Columbia, her MA at the University of Waterloo, and her BA at Simon Fraser University.


calendar time, at the resolution of one day, for a particular Object or Process. desires (desires?AGENT?FORMULA) means that?AGENT wants to bring about the state of affairs expressed by?FORMULA. Note that there is no implication that what is desired by the agent is not already true. Note too that desires is distinguished from wants only in that the former is a PropositionalAttitude, while wants is an ObjectAttitude. direction (direction?PROC?ATTR) means that the Process?PROC is moving in the direction?ATTR. For example, one would use this Predicate to represent the fact that Max is moving North. disjoint Classes are disjoint only if they share no instances, i.e. just in case the result of applying IntersectionFn to them is empty. disjoint relation This predicate relates two Relations. (disjointRelation?REL1?REL2) means that the two relations have no tuples in common. distributes A BinaryFunction?FUNCTION1 is distributive over another BinaryFunction?FUNCTION2 just in case (?FUNCTION1?INST1 (?FUNCTION2?INST2?INST3)) is equal to (?FUNCTION2 (?FUNCTION1?INST1?INST2) (?FUNCTION1?INST1?INST3)), for all?INST1,?INST2, and?INST3. duration (duration?POS?TIME) means that the duration of the TimePosition?POS is?TIME. Note that this Predicate can be used in conjunction with the Function WhenFn to specify the duration of any instance of Physical. during (during?INTERVAL1?INTERVAL2) means that?INTERVAL1 starts after and ends before?INTERVAL2. earlier (earlier?INTERVAL1?INTERVAL2) means that the TimeInterval?INTERVAL1 ends before the TimeInterval?INTERVAL2 begins. element (element?ENTITY?SET) is true just in case?ENTITY is contained in the Set?SET. An Entity can be an element of another Entity only if the latter is a Set. elevation (elevation?OBJECT?HEIGHT) means that the physical Object?OBJECT is located on the surface of PlanetEarth at the vertical distance?HEIGHT above (or below, for a negative quantity) SeaLevel.?OBJECT may be a superficialPart of Earth's surface, such as a GeographicArea. Elevation is measured from SeaLevel to the vertical top of the object. entails The operator of logical entailment. (entails?FORMULA1?FORMULA2) means that?FORMULA2 can be derived from?FORMULA1 by means of the proof theory of SUO-KIF. equal (equal?ENTITY1?ENTITY2) is true just in case?ENTITY1 is identical with?ENTITY2. equivalence relation on A BinaryPredicate is an equivalenceRelationOn a SetOrClass only if the relation is reflexiveOn the SetOrClass and it is both a TransitiveRelation and a SymmetricRelation. equivalent content class A BinaryPredicate that relates two subclasses of ContentBearingPhysical. (equivalentContentClass?CLASS1?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of?CLASS1 is also expressed by each instance of?CLASS2, and vice versa. An example would be the relationship between English and Russian editions of Agatha Christie's 'Murder on the Orient Express'. Note that (equivalentContentClass?CLASS1?CLASS2) implies (subsumesContentClass?CLASS1?CLASS2) and (subsumesContentClass?CLASS2?CLASS1). equivalent content instance A BinaryPredicate relating two instances of ContentBearingPhysical. (equivalentContentInstance?OBJ1?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by?OBJ1 is identical to the content expressed by?OBJ2. An example would be the relationship between a handwritten draft of a letter to one's lawyer and a typed copy of the same letter. Note that (equivalentContentInstance?OBJ1?OBJ2) implies (subsumesContentInstance?OBJ1?OBJ2) and (subsumesContentInstance?OBJ2?OBJ2). fills Holes can be filled. (fills?OBJ?HOLE) means that the Object?OBJ fills the Hole?HOLE. Note that fills here means perfectly filled. Perfect fillers and fillable entities have no parts in common (rather, they may occupy the same spatial region). finishes (finishes?INTERVAL1?INTERVAL2) means that?INTERVAL1 and?INTERVAL2 are both TimeIntervals that have the same ending TimePoint and that?INTERVAL2 begins before?INTERVAL1. flows (flows?FLUID1?FLUID2) means that the Physical?FLUID1 moves towards the Physical?FLUID2, to which it is connected. frequency (frequency?PROC?TIME) means that the Process type of?PROC recurs after every interval of?TIME. geographic subregion (geographicSubregion?PART?WHOLE) means that the GeographicArea?PART is part of the GeographicArea?WHOLE. geometric part (geometricPart?PART?WHOLE) means that the GeometricFigure?PART is part of the GeometricFigure?WHOLE. geopolitical subdivision (geopoliticalSubdivision?AREA1?AREA2) means that?AREA1 is any geopolitical part of?AREA2, that is,?AREA1 is an integral geographicSubregion of?AREA2 (not a DependencyOrSpecialSovereigntyArea), having its own associated GovernmentOrganization which is subordinated to or constrained by the government of?AREA2. Cf. dependentGeopoliticalArea. granularity Granularity is a sub-property of the timing requirements property of real-time systems. Granularity is defined by how a timing requirement is specified in units of time. graph part A basic relation for Graphs and their parts. (graphPart?PART?GRAPH) means that?PART is a GraphArc or GraphNode of the Graph?GRAPH. has purpose This Predicate expresses the concept of a conventional goal, i.e. a goal with a neutralized agent's intention. Accordingly, (hasPurpose?THING?FORMULA) means that the instance of Physical?THING has, as its purpose, the Proposition expressed by?FORMULA. Note that there is an important difference in meaning between the Predicates hasPurpose and result. Although the second argument of the latter can satisfy the second argument of the former, a conventional goal is an expected and desired outcome, while a result may be neither expected nor desired. For example, a machine process may have outcomes but no goals, aimless wandering may have an outcome but no goal, a learning process may have goals with no outcomes, and so on. (hole?HOLE?OBJ) means that?HOLE is a Hole in?OBJ. A Hole is a fillable body located at the surface an Object. inhabits A very basic notion of living within something else. (inhabits?ORGANISM?OBJECT) means that?OBJECT is the residence (either permanent or temporary), nest, etc. of?ORGANISM. inhibits A very general Predicate. (inhibits?PROC1?PROC2) means that the Process?PROC1 inhibits or hinders the occurrence of the Process?PROC2. For example, obstructing an object inhibits moving it. Note that this is a relation between types of Processes, not between instances. initially contains part Every instance of the second argument initially contains an instance of the first argument, even though it might lose that part later in its lifetime. Every normal human starts life with an appendix for example. While the whole must initially contain such a part, this does not say that each part necessarily initially exists as part of such a whole. This is a class-level relation roughly corresponding to part. instance An object is an instance of a SetOrClass if it is included in that SetOrClass. An individual may be an instance of many classes, some of which may be subclasses of others. Thus, there is no assumption in the meaning of instance about specificity or uniqueness. interior part (interiorPart?OBJ1?OBJ2) means that?OBJ1 is part?OBJ2 and there is no overlap between?OBJ1 and any superficialPart?OBJ2. involved in event (involvedInEvent?EVENT?THING) means that in the Process?EVENT, the Entity?THING plays some CaseRole. located (located?PHYS?OBJ) means that?PHYS is partlyLocated at?OBJ, and there is no part or subProcess of?PHYS that is not located at?OBJ. material (material?SUBSTANCE?OBJECT) means that?OBJECT is structurally made up in part of?SUBSTANCE. This relation encompasses the concepts of 'composed of','made of', and 'formed of'. For example, plastic is a material of my computer monitor. Compare part and its subrelations, viz component and piece. measure A very general Predicate for asserting that a particular Object is measured by a particular PhysicalQuantity. In general, the second argument of this Predicate will be a term produced with the Function MeasureFn. member A specialized common sense notion of part for uniform parts of Collections. For example, each sheep in a flock of sheep would have the relationship of member to the flock. member type (memberType?GROUP?TYPE) means that all the members of the Collection?GROUP belong to the SetOrClass?TYPE. meronym A relation similar to WordNet meronymy relation. If class A is a meronym of class B, it means that instances of A typically are parts of instances of B. modal attribute A BinaryRelation that is used to state the normative force of a Proposition. (modalAttribute?FORMULA?PROP) means that the Proposition


text:
The word kiddush has at least three meanings, each one built on the one before it. Let's start at the beginning.
1. Sanctifying Shabbat
The Hebrew word kiddush translates as "sanctification" or "separation." It's a mitzvah to verbally declare Shabbat, the seventh day of the week, separate and holy. We do this on Friday nights—once during prayers, and then again holding a cup of wine before we begin our evening meal. This declaration of sanctification is known as kiddush.
The declaration is comprised of three parts: recitation of verses from the Torah regarding the holiness of Shabbat (taken from the verses in Genesis that describe the first Shabbat in history, right after G‑d created the world), the blessing over the wine, and a blessing in which we thank G‑d for having chosen our nation and given us the gift of Shabbat.
You can find the text for the Friday night kiddush here.
2. Shabbat Morning Reception
As an extension, we also hold a cup of wine and recite Shabbat rest–related verses and a blessing over wine before we begin our Shabbat daytime meal.
You can find that text here.
In many synagogues, morning services are followed by a reception. Since it is preceded by the blessing over wine, the reception is often called a kiddush as well. (It is sometimes called an oneg.) Kiddush fare can range from basic herring and crackers to elaborate meals with carving stations and sushi. People often sponsor these kiddush receptions in honor of milestones, in memory of loved ones, or just because.
3. It's a Girl!
It is customary to sponsor a Shabbat morning kiddush in honor of the birth of a new baby girl. These receptions can take place anywhere, in synagogues or even in private homes. There are a number of reasons for this custom:
- We thank G‑d for the gift of a new baby girl.
- People often hold the kiddush following the service when they named their new baby at the Torah. The Jewish soul enters the body at the time of the baby-naming, and the celebration is in honor of the new soul. (Note that the Chabad custom is to name the baby at the earliest opportunity, even if it is not Shabbat, but the kiddush is held on Shabbat.)
- At the kiddush, it is customary to wish the parents that they raise their child to "Torah, chuppah, and maasim tovim [good deeds]." Blessings are very potent, and the kiddush celebration is a great way to snag as many blessings as possible.
Note: When a person says he is "making kiddush," you know he is referring to the blessing over wine. However, if he says he is "making a kiddush," you can assume it means he will be sponsoring a reception on Shabbat morning.
More Miscellaneous Meanings
Kiddush Wine: Since kiddush is the way that Jews honor the beloved Shabbat, at times people went through great effort to secure wine. For a long time most Jews could only afford cheap, sweet wine (sometimes made from raisins). To this day, thick, sweet kosher wine is often referred to as "kiddush wine."
Kiddush Cup: You can use pretty much any cup for kiddush, provided that is holds a significant amount of wine (and it isn't disposable, according to some). People tend to have special cups just for this mitzvah, often made of silver or other decorative materials. This cup is also called a becher, a Yiddish word probably related to the English word "beaker."
Holiday Kiddush: Like Shabbat, we say declarations over wine before the meals on major Jewish holidays. These are also known as kiddush.
Kiddush Levanah: Once a month, there is a special prayer thanking G‑d for the moon. It is called kiddush levanah, "sanctification of the moon," and is unrelated to the blessing said over wine. Learn more
Kiddush Hachodesh: In ancient times, the Jewish month would begin after two witnesses would testify before the court that they had seen the "new" moon. The court would then declare the start of a new month. This is called kiddush hachodesh, "sanctification of the month." Learn more
Kiddush Hashem: This phrase means "sanctification of the [Divine] name." We Jews are G‑d's ambassadors to the world. When we act in accordance with His will, we sanctify His name (reputation) here on earth. The prime example of a kiddush Hashem is when a person sacrifices his or her life rather than transgress the Torah. A less extreme, and thankfully more common, example is when a person acts in an ethical, moral and gracious way, causing people to have positive feelings toward G‑d and His people. Doing this is making a kiddush Hashem. Learn more