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Medical Foods Policy and Regulatory Developments
Global Policy and Regulatory Medical Foods Developments
- Codex Alimentarius was created by FAO and WHO in 1963 to develop food standards and guidelines, as well as related texts such as codes of practice under the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme. The Codex Alimentarius Commission aims to protect consumer health, ensure fair trade practices, and promote coordination of all food standards work undertaken by international governmental and non-governmental organizations.
- The Codex Committee on Foods for Special Dietary Uses agreed to develop guidelines on labeling and claims for medical foods in 1980 and accepted the offer of the United States to prepare a set of proposed draft guidelines for consideration at the next session in 1982. Report of the Twelfth Session of Codex Committee on Foods for Special Dietary Uses, ALINORM 81/26.
- The draft guidelines on labeling and claims for medical foods prepared by the United States were discussed at the 1982 meeting. Report of the Thirteenth Session of Codex Committee on Foods for Special Dietary Uses, ALINORM 83/26.
- The draft guidelines on labeling and claims for medical foods prepared by the United States were also discussed at the 1985 meeting. Report of the Fourteenth Session of the Codex Committee on Foods for Special Dietary Uses, ALINORM 85/26.
- The Committee developed a standard instead of a guideline in 1987 and agreed to use "foods for special medical purposes" instead of "medical foods." The Proposed Draft Standard was submitted for step 3 comment. Report of the Fifteenth Session of Codex Committee on Foods for Special Dietary Uses, ALINORM 87/26.
- The Proposed Draft Standard was submitted to the 1989 session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission for adoption as a draft standard. Report of the Sixteenth Session of the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses, ALINORM 89/26.
- The Committee decided essential information for health professionals should be on the label but was not necessary for consumer labeling. Report of the Meeting of Intergovenmental Working Groups (CX/FSDU 87) and Report of the Sixteenth Session of the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses, ALINORM 89/26.
- Medical foods were to be labeled in accordance with the Codex's "General Standard for the Labelling of and Claims for Foods for Special Dietary Uses." Codex Alimentarius Committee on Codex General Standard for Labeling of and Claims for Foods for Special Dietary Uses (1985).
- Certain additional provisions were required for labeling medical foods. Specifically, medical foods must label the energy value and the content of protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals, and if applicable, amino acids or essential fatty acids. Osmolality and acid-base balance, where appropriate, must also be on the label. Report of the Sixteenth Session of the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses, ALINORM 89/26.
National Policy and Regulatory Medical Foods Developments
- Defines a "food for special dietary use" as a food that has been specially processed or formulated to meet the particular requirements of a person: (a) in whom a physical or physiological condition exists as a result of a disease, disorder, or injury; or (b) for whom a particular effect, including but not limited to weight loss, is to be obtained by a controlled intake of food. 9.9 Foods for Special Dietary Use [Division 24, FDR]
- Compiles European Union rulings and resources relating to foods for special medical purposes.
- Vitamin-Mineral Amendments, Pub. L. No. 94-278 (1976)
- Prohibited the FDA from classifying vitamin and mineral supplements as drugs based solely on their combinations or potency, unless drug claims were made. The legislation also incorporated FDA's 1941 definition of special dietary use into the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
- Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, Pub. L. No. 75-717, § 201 (f), (g), 52 Stat. 1040, 1041 (1938), as amended 21 U.S.C § 321 (f), (g) (1982)
- Medical foods were regulated as drugs prior to 1972 according to Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C.321(g)(1)(B).
- Orphan Drug Act, Pub. Law. 97-114 (1983)
- Congress amended Orphan Drug Act to formally define a medical food in 1988; reaffirmed in 1992, and again in 1996.
- Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 and subsequent amendments give the FDA authority to require nutrition labeling of most packaged foods regulated by FDA and requires all nutrient claims and health claims meet FDA regulations. The legislation incorporated the definition of medical foods from the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and exempted medical foods from nutrition labeling, health and nutrient claim requirements, and identified five criteria characteristics of medical food (21 CFR 101.9(J)(8)). FDA incorporated the statutory medical food definition of this Act into 21 U.S.C.343. FDA provided guidance on medical foods indicating that Section 101.9(j)(8) exempted medical foods from nutrition labeling, nutrient content claims, and health claim regulations if the product is:
- Specially formulated and processed product for the partial or exclusive feeding of a patient by means of oral intake or enteral feeding by tube;
- Intended for the dietary management of a patient who, because of therapeutic or chronic medical needs, has limited or impaired capacity to ingest, digest, absorb, or metabolize ordinary foodstuffs or certain nutrients, or who has other special medically determined nutrient requirements, the dietary management of which cannot be achieved by the modification of the normal diet alone;
- Provides nutritional support specifically modified for the management of the unique nutrient needs that result from the specific disease or condition as determined by medical evaluation;
- Intended to be used under a medical physician's supervision; and
- Intended only for a patient receiving active and ongoing medical supervision wherein the patient requires medical care on a recurring basis for, among other things, instructions on the use of the medical food.
- Medical Foods Equity Act of 2011 (S.311 and H.1311) have been introduced and referred to Committee to provide coverage for medically necessary food under Federal health programs and private health insurance.
United States Department of Health and Human Services
Food and Drug Administration
- FDA provided guidance on medical foods in 1997.
- FDA announced a new proposed regulations (ANPR) in 1996 but withdrew a couple years later.
- Exempted foods for the use solely under medical supervision to meet nutritional requirements for specific medical conditions from certain labeling requirements. 21 C.F.R. §§ 101.9, 101.9 (h) (3),(4)
- In 1991, FDA published in the Federal Register information on what a medical food is and the distinctive nutritional and medical supervision requirements of medical foods.
- FDA contracted to develop enteral products with high nutritional efficacy to improve tissue repair and shorten convalescence during World War II and to address needs of the aerospace program for easily consumable, low residue, high calorie dietary products. Fisher K, et al. A review of foods for medical purposes. FDA Contract No. 223-75-2090 June 1977; as noted in Hattan DG & Mackey DR. A review of medical foods: Enterally administered formulations used in the treatment of diseases and disorders. Food Drug Cosm. L. J. 44;479-501(1989).
- FDA implemented a compliance program for medical foods in 1988, requiring all products to be manufactured according to Current Good Manufacturing Practice regulations.
- FDA expressed during rulemaking in 1973 on vitamin and mineral dietary supplements that the Commissioner recognized medical foods as foods. 38 Fed. Reg. at 2152.
- FDA reclassified medical foods as "foods for special dietary use" to encourage product development in 1972. 37 Fed Reg. at 18,230.
- FDA defined foods for "special dietary uses" in 1941. 21 C.F.R. § 105.3
Non-Government Developments & Reports


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History of Paper Research Materials
We thank you for your interest in our web site. If youíre here, you are either interested in papermaking wetend chemistry or youíre curious as to whether a Britt Jar is a object díart or a special form of seismic aftershock. We are papermakers and the following is a short history of the development of the Britt Jar and the papermaking application it fulfills.
The Britt Jar was developed to study how chemicals added to the wetend system of a paper machine effect the retention of fines solids during the papermaking operation. Fines are the mineral and cellulose solids (less than 76m in diameter) that pass through the forming fabric during paper manufacture. In the late 1960ís new retention aids (water soluble polymers that carry charge) were being introduced to the paper industry at a phenomenal rate. At that time the effectiveness of these retention aids was being evaluated by either making handsheets or directly on the papermachine. Because the handsheet is formed in a low shear environment, all additives, including alum, deliver high levels of fines retention. It was difficult to differentiate between retention aids of different charge and molecular weight. In addition, the results did not correlate directly with those seen on papermachines. This was due to the fact that, in contrasts to a handsheet, a commercial sheet was formed on the papermachine in a dynamic, high shear environment. Testing directly on the papermachine, although being a true test of performance, proved to be risky (sheet breaks, unacceptable formation, contamination of the white water system) and expensive.
In the early 1970ís, research being carried out on retention and drainage by Ken Britt and John Unbehend at the Empire State Paper Research Institute at Syracuse, New York, led them to develop a device that would more closely mimic the retention and drainage responses they had observed in their work with water soluble polymers in the lab and on various papermachines. Kenís original interest, sparked by work he had done on papermachine water removal during his many years in the paper industry, was to learn about drainage under dynamic conditions. This new device, the Britt Jar, soon proved to be more useful in measuring fines contents of papermaking stock system as well as the retention of fines. Not only did this provide an excellent means of rating the effectiveness of retention aids, it also proved to correlate well with the retention responses seen with additives on papermachines.
Although the drainage work was de-emphasized at this time, one hold over of the original work was the name original coined to describe the equipment: The Britt Dynamic Drainage Jar. This has been a source of confusion through the years in that scientists seeking to measure drainage with this device would be told that the primary function of the device is the measurement of fines retention.
The Britt Jar has been used extensively through out the industry as a quick, accurate and uncomplicated way of studying fines retention. It has been used by those carrying out research on polymer additives and retention aids because of its ability to mimic performance on the papermachine. Those in the sales / service end of the industry have found it to be an excellent way of demonstrating the effectiveness of their chemical additives to the papermaker. The papermaker has used it to great effect to screen the wide variety of chemicals that are offered. It also insures that before these materials are trialed on the papermachine they will not interfere with the action of other additives in the system.
In the past 35 years over 2500 Britt Jars have been sold through out the world. It has become the standard in the industry (Tappi Standard-261) for the evaluation of chemical additive performance. It has given colloid chemists, papermakers, chemical sale technicians, and paper chemists a tool to study the dynamics of the wetend of a papermachine. This in turn has allowed a clearer understanding of the molecular interactions and the ultimate performance of polymer additives on the papermachine.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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There are two types of Phase Dimming: Leading Edge Dimming and Trailing Edge Dimming
Hatch LED drivers with a "P" in the part number after the current rating are compatible with both Leading Edge and Trailing Edge Phase Dimmers
Leading Edge dimming is sometimes called Forward Phase or TRIAC dimming
Trailing Edge dimming is sometimes called Reverse Phase or Electronic Low Voltage Dimming.
There is a massive installed base of phase dimmers which is why they are so popular.
There are no additional wires on a Phase Dimming driver. The dimmer is wired in line with the output of the driver.
Phase dimming is only available in 120V input

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Currently there seem to be two efforts under way:
The latter source (an article in the Popular Mechanics by Anatoly Zak) intimates that structural creep is a major engineering hurdle.
However, I'm not convinced it's the only one.
What are the engineering problems that we have to watch out for while building and deploying inflatable structures in LEO and beyond?
Problem 1: Material Strength
Strong and Flexible generally means heavy. The material has to be strong enough to handle the stresses of both the internal pressure when inflated, but also the localized pressures during inflation.
Problem 2: Inflation Sequencing
As the Russians discovered, inflation sequencing can go awry. This can result in a variety of issues, from wrapping around the launching craft, to binding against itself into the wrong shape.
Problem 2.1: Vacuum effects on materials
Many projects tested in pressure react differently in the lack of pressure. It must be accounted for. It affects lubricants, expanding pressure-driven components, and a variety of other factors.
Problem 2.2: Microgravity effects on containers
Microgravity can allow some aspects to deform in ways that can be anticipated, but in gravity tend to be overlooked.
Problem 3: Utilization Based Requirements
At present, all such proposals are either for fuel depots or for habitat modules. The fuel depot proposals are for planetary use, either on Luna or Mars, and so have related considerations, but are not "inflatable space modules", and thus beyond the question
Which leaves habitation modules.
Problem 3.1: Radiation Resistance
Modules must provide protection for occupants from 2 forms of radiation, both high energy particles (solar wind) and electromagnetic radiation (especially US, Gamma, and X). Spacecraft at present do not provide adequate protection from Gamma, X, and particulate radiation, so lifetime space travel limits are imposed by NASA. The particulates are supposedly better stopped by liquids rather than solids, but shipping that much liquid up isn't cheap. It is, however, a 1-time deal for a long-term module.
Problem 3.2: Puncture Resistance
The resistance to microbody interactions, specifically, being hit by mirco-asteroidal bodies and space-junk, requires a specific set of engineering challenges. Note that space-suits share this requirement, and extensive NASA documentation is available for them.
Problem 3.3: Internal Fittings
An inflatable structure still may require additional fittings inside. A habitation module will, at a minimum, require air circulation fittings, while a science lab will require workspaces. How to attach and configure these is a significant issue.
Problem 3.4: Human Psychological Needs
Humans are not well adapted to enclosed spaces. This is part of the reason for inflatable modules; more open spaces are expected to be helpful in long duration spaceflight. Also, view-ports, privacy enclosures, designated work spaces, and similar considerations require engineering consideration.
Problem 4: Overall Launch Weight
The proposed inflatable modules are intended to reduce the launch weight per unit volume of habitation modules. Still, the limit on size is a function of weight lofted, and individual launchers still have relatively limited payloads.
Problem 5: Overall Cost
While not strictly an engineering consideration, no engineer can work on a project without considering the costs. All projects have budgets, and Engineers who can't keep designs within them don't see their work built.
Problem 6: Inflation & Assembly Crew Requirements
Spaceflights have very limited crews. If the inflation and assembly require 5 men, then it's going to be impractical for a soyuz launch to inflate, but the ISS could do so at a changeover.
 - $\begingroup$ Would using foam to inflate be helpful (and sufficiently beneficial to compensate for greater mass)? $\endgroup$ – Paul A. Clayton Aug 10 '13 at 3:04
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_.Clayton I honestly don't know. $\endgroup$ – aramis Aug 10 '13 at 3:14
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_.Clayton - not really, what you are planning to do with foam next is pretty unclear. $\endgroup$ – Deer Hunter Aug 10 '13 at 9:41
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ The thought was that the foam would solidify (a bit like the foam insulation that is sprayed on for houses) and be part of the structure. (It was just a wild thought. If I could generate a million, a thousand might be useful but obvious to one skilled in the art and one might be useful and not entirely obvious.) $\endgroup$ – Paul A. Clayton Aug 10 '13 at 12:01
 - $\begingroup$ Thinking about most of the insulfoam applications, stuff's curing process vents fumes that are semi-toxic. (If you watch, the shuttle's ET's foam layer is applied by guys in respirators.) And application in vacuum would probably be unpredictable, adding to the inflation and assembly issues to consider... but use of foam would fall into the above considerations. $\endgroup$ – aramis Aug 10 '13 at 17:13
It can burst as did one of the earlier, 1991 attempts to produce a large inflatable object. That has happened because the envelope hitched an antenna. during deployment.
enter image description here enter image description here enter image description here
Or as did the IRT -- an even earlier attempt (1984). Because "the lanyards pulled loose from the orbiter instead of pulling out of the canister. The nitrogen inflation cartridge did fire as scheduled, and the balloon burst as it began to inflate inside its canister."
enter image description here
Also it can wrap around your spacecraft during inflation phase. See the picture number three there. Note the Progress space craft completely covered by the thin envelope.
enter image description here
Your Answer


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Turning her back on her privileged life in Victorian England, Gertrude Bell (_PHONE_), fired by her innate curiosity, journeyed the world and became fascinated with all things Arab. Traveling the length and breadth of the Arab region, armed with a love for its language and its people, she not only produced several enormously popular books based on her experiences but became instrumental to the British foreign office.
When World War I erupted, and the British needed the loyalty of the Arab leaders, it was Gertrude Bell's work and connections that helped provide the brain for T. E. Lawrence's military brawn. After the war she participated in both the Paris and Cairo conferences, played a major role in creating the modern Middle East, and was generally considered the most powerful woman in the British Empire.
In this incident-packed biography, Janet Wallach reveals a woman whose achievements and independent spirit were especially remarkable for her times, and who brought the same passion and intensity to her explorations as she did to her rich romantic life. Too long eclipsed by Lawrence's fame, Gertrude Bell emerges in this first major biography as a woman whose accomplishments rank as crucial to world history (especially in light of the continuing geopolitical importance of the Middle East) and whose life was a grand adventure.
©1996 Janet Wallach (P)2012 Random House Audio
Details of the Arab world in the early 20th century and the extraordinary personality of Gertrude Bell
One cannot compare apples and oranges. Each biography is therefore different because of the different personalties and situarions
The narrator did an excellent job, especially with all the arab names
That would have been impossible and there was so much information one had to pause to digest each bit
The author took too long to describe Bell's character and personalikty and I preferred the last third with all the facts and details
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Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus in Men Living in the Northern Plains
HPV infection is associated with cervical and other anogenital cancers. HPV may also be associated with the development of prostate cancer. The purpose of the study is to determine the prevelance of HPV infection in men living in South Dakota. Because American Indian men have a higher prevalence and death rate due to prostate cancer, the investigators are specifically including this group of men in the study.
Human Papillomavirus Infection
|Study Design:||Observational Model: Ecologic or Community
Time Perspective: Cross-Sectional
|Official Title:||Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus in Men Living in the Northern Plains|
- Determine the prevalence of HPV in men living on the Northern Plains [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
Biospecimen Retention: Samples With DNA
Epithelial skin swabs collected for the purpose of HPV DNA detection. DNA extraction and HPV testing will be performed.
|Study Start Date:||September 2010|
|Estimated Primary Completion Date:||September 2013 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)|
Prostate cancer is a major health problem among American Indian men. Recent studies indicate marked prostate cancer disparity among American Indian men in South Dakota compared to the Caucasian population in United States (1.86 times higher mortality due to prostate cancer). In terms of incidence and mortality American Indian men are suffering from prostate cancer at a rate similar to African-American men. While there has been a concentrated effort to reduce prostate cancer mortality in the African American population; no efforts have been initiated to improve upon the prostate cancer disparity in the American Indian population. According to the researchers, this is the first prostate cancer study which is focused on American Indian men. This study is aimed to determine why prostate cancer is so highly prevalent in American Indian men. Recent studies have suggested a link between HPV infection and prostate cancer and a recent study from the group demonstrated very high incidence of HPV infection in American Indian women, suggesting that American Indian men are equally exposed to HPV infection due to the sexually transmitted nature of the disease. Additionally, smoking is a known risk factor for prostate cancer and the American Indian population has a high incidence of smoking. Taken together, the high rates of HPV infection and smoking have prompted us to determine the association of HPV infection with prostate cancer in American Indian men. Information gained from this proposal will lead to advanced understanding of the role of HPV infection and smoking in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. This study will also determine if HPV infection is a risk factor for the development of prostate cancer in American Indian men.
The potential study participant will be identified while at a routine physician visit and asked if he would like to participate in a research study. If yes, the questions for eligibility will be asked. If eligible, a clinic nurse will explain the details of the study to the potential participant and the participant will be allowed to consent or to decline. If consent is obtained, the participant will answer the epidemiology questionnaire in a private interview with a clinic nurse. The participant will allow the participating physician to take samples from his genital area using 3 moistened Dacron swabs (similar to Q-tips) while in a private examination room. The 3 areas are: 1) the glans of the penis, 2) the shaft of the penis and 3) the scrotum. This process will not be invasive or painful and will take less than 2 minutes. The study participant has ended his role in the study at this time and will not be contacted further. After the samples are collected, each swab will be placed into a pre-labeled container and stored at -20C (freezer temperature). The samples, consents and questionnaire will be batch shipped to the laboratory. At the laboratory, the sample will be processed for DNA/RNA analysis (PCR based technology) which will determine the presence or absence of HPV DNA as well as determine the type of HPV present (high or low risk genotypes). This information will be used to determine the prevalence of HPV infection in men living in South Dakota.
The investigators expect to learn the prevalence of HPV infection in South Dakotan men. This information is important because of the connection between HPV infection and the development of cancer. HPV is well known for its role in cervical cancer and cancers of the head and neck. There is a growing body of literature suggesting that HPV infection may also play a role in the development of other cancers, including prostate cancer. American Indian men suffer from prostate cancer at a greater frequency and severity than Caucasian men; therefore, the investigators have specifically included this group of men in the sample. The HPV prevalency data will be used in combination with laboratory experiments and examination of prostate cancer tissues to examine the association between HPV and prostate cancer.
|Contact: Diane Maher, _EMAIL_|
|United States, South Dakota|
|Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States, 57104|
|Contact: Diane Maher, PhD _EMAIL_|
|Principal Investigator: Subhash C Chauhan, PhD|
|Principal Investigator:||Subhash C Chauhan, PhD||Sanford Health|


muscles when they detect food in their direction, and perhaps also turn the creature away if they spotted a predator. The question is, will evolution build the same kinds of computers that we would?
 Mouth cells are vulnerable for both plants and animals. Thus, I think an efficient strategy might be to have the mouth cells in a recessed area, surrounded by armor, to keep larger creatures out. A ridge of armor is a waste of mass, though -- smaller cones would do the same with less. And the way the growth buds work, things might tend to grow in cones anyway. In the highest life forms, these cones might be tipped with teeth cells, to rip apart a large creature and kill it, thus turning it into food before its mouth can come into contact with your mouth.
This would lead to the evolution of genuine teeth.
 Another strategy might be to forget about teeth, forget about eating other organisms, and armor your front end heavily, with little holes big enough to let single food cells through into a hollow mouth area. These mouths would be like the balleen of a blue whale.
 Of course, one of the beauties of a program like this is that organisms could develop that you do not anticipate.


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Ashoka's four areas of focus and investment help people to understand and adapt to a world of accelerating change where everyone is called on to be a leader:
- Social Entrepreneurship: Ashoka selects world-class social entrepreneurs who are leading the way to an everyone-a-changemaker world.
- Every Child Practicing Empathy: To thrive in today's rapidly changing world, everyone must be a changemaker, and changemaking starts with empathy.
- Lead Young: Ashoka is leading a movement to transform how young people grow up so they have the power to lead, to contribute — to be in charge.
- Team of Teams: Living and working in our changemaker world requires breaking through silos, tearing down walls, and organizing in fluid, open, teams of teams.
Through the promotion and support of social entrepreneurs and agents of change at different levels (formal education system, social organizations, governments and companies), our work creates stories and examples of impact in a wide variety of fields within societies around the world. Scroll down to find links to stories and examples of how Ashoka and Ashoka's network are making an impact in these fields.


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Liz Nelson ■ Tax abuse and human rights: NEW REPORT
"Tax justice is a feminist issue. Tax is a human rights issue."
Today the Tax Justice Network publishes a new report Tax Justice and human rights: The 4 Rs and the realisation of rights. The report focuses on two main bodies of argument. The first addresses the failure of tax and broader fiscal systems to deliver intersectional equality and human rights. The second highlights how those failures are caused by illicit financial flows and the actors and structures behind them. Together, these arguments provide the backbone of the case for tax justice to be understood fundamentally as a feminist issue and human rights issue. They support the recognition of human rights' dependence on tax justice to deliver rights and intersectional equality.
Our report, written with contributions from researchers at the Universities of Leicester and St Andrews School of Medicine (GRADE) in the UK and presented at the annual Tax Justice Network conference today (6th July), models the impact that the $427 billion lost globally could have if it went to governments rather than tax havens. GRADE modelling tells us that if there were an increase in government revenue equivalent to the tax abuse, for countries where there is data available, the additional numbers accessing their fundamental human rights projected over a ten year period would be as follows:
- Sanitation – 34 million people.
- Drinking water – 17 million people.
- An additional year at school – 3 million children.
- Mortality reduction – 600,000 children and 73,000 mothers.
This shocking analysis reinforces previous research acknowledging the importance of revenue to make a well-functioning, democratic and accountable government that fulfils its obligation as a duty bearer of human rights. It also underlines that while the absolute scale of revenue lost from tax abuse in high income countries is greater than in lower-income countries, smaller losses have a more profound impact on improving the rights of people in low income countries.
Women and girls who make up over half of the world's global poor can therefore disproportionately benefit from increased access to sanitation and drinking water, and to additional years in education. Through progressive advancement of these 'gatekeeper' rights, women and girls – especially those most marginalised, gain increased opportunities for greater well-being and development.
Finally, the report calls for a shift in power. It recommends an urgent step change in the reform of global tax rules. Specifically, the report calls on governments to establish an ABC of tax transparency and to support the FACTI Panel recommendations for greater fiscal accountability and transparency. Pivotal to this is the establishment of a UN Tax Convention that will set international standards of transparency and cooperation, a UN intergovernmental body to set global tax rules and a decisive shift of power away from the OECD, the existing tax 'rule setter' and widely acknowledged as a 'rich countries club'. The establishment of a Centre for Monitoring Taxing Rights is seen as crucial in analysing and understanding the impact of the scale and distribution of tax and to ensure that structurally and systemically the approach to policy reform is both gendered and intersectional and can support the advancement of the full range of human rights.
The press release is here
Amazon's tax challenge: the Tax Justice Network podcast, the Taxcast
Taxation, illicit financial flows and human rights – Submission to UN Expert
29 June 2022


Zen & Buddhism Q&As
What kinds of Zen are found in the West?
Of the five schools of Zen, only two have any significant presence in the West; Soto and Rinzai.
In Rinzai there is more emphasis on acheiving enlightenment. Koans are sometimes used as part of meditation practice,and the relationship between teacher and student is more intense, often comprising one to one interviews (dokusan) where the student may well be questioned on his understanding of the koan he has been given. Pure Rinzai isn't so common in the West, but if you wanted to find it, a good place to start would probably be Mount Baldy Zen Centre in California, who could point you in the right direction. Master Maezumi had lineages in both Soto and Rinzai,and his successors teach both. You can find them at the White Plum Sangha. D.T.Suzuki was in the Rinzai tradition.
Soto is the more widespread school, both in Japan and in the West, and it is the tradition that we practice within.In Soto, rather than a conscious striving for something,the emphasis is on shikantaza, which is often translated as 'just sitting'. Shunryu Suzuki's Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind is an excellent introduction to Soto.


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Is there any connection? Oh yes there are!
That was what I have learned (and a whole lot of facts) when me and friends gathered together for the Amazing Kidneys talk that was put up by race organizer Edward Kho with friend, runner, blogger and most of all doctor Dingdong Biruar (runmd) over breakfast at the Paul Calvin's Deli last Sunday right after the Century Tuna Superbods race.
The talk centered mainly on topics about the kidneys and how we should take care of them. The most important part of the talk though was during the presentation of the FAQs which directly connects kidneys to running. These items are what I would really want to share with you. Here goes:
The Kidneys and Athletic Performance
Q: Why do some runners reach the point of urinating blood during intense and prolonged physical activity such as running?
A: This is because of the condition called Haematuria. This is characterized by the presence of reddish tints to the urine which usually happens when a person/runner increases the duration or intensity of his training in an abrupt manner. In most cases, the red cells and haemoglobin are being filtered into the blood via the kidneys, but the bladder may also be letting blood ease into the urine.
Haematuria usually happens to:
- males more than females
- to people whose age is beyond 50 (their risk is higher)
- to those who perform strenuous exercise more than those who do only light exertion
- people after running more than after biking
Possible causes of Haematuria:
- foot-strike haemolysis (breaking down of red blood cells as a result of the impacts of the feet with the ground during sporting activity)
- renal ischaemia (lack of adequate blood flow to the kidneys)
- hypoxic damage, the release of a haemolyzing factor during exercise
- bladder and/or kidney trauma associated with exertion
- the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- peroxidation of red blood cells
Q: How much should we drink prior to, during, and after maximal prolonged exercise like long distance races?
A: No single formula fits everyone.
- The length of exercise/activity, heat, humidity and the amount of sweat are all major considerations for keeping the body's proper fluid balance.
- During long bouts of intense exercise, it's best to use a sports drink that contains sodium because it reduces chances of hyponatremia.
- It's generally not a good idea to use thirst alone as a guide for when to drink.
- For maximum efficiency and well-being, drink about one-quarter liter of water every 10 to 15 minutes during periods of intense exercise
- Cool water gets absorbed faster than warm water
- In some conditions you will lose water faster than you can replace it. Hence, rest breaks, during which fluid is consumed, become important.
* Tests indicate that a drink of six to eight percent sugar–specifically glucose, maltodextrin, or sucrose–gets absorbed as fast as plain water during periods of hard exercise with the added benefit of supplying energy for improved physical performance.
Q: Is it advisable to use salt tablets during long, intense workouts or runs/races?
-It increases the chances of disrupting the optimum electrolyte balance in the body.
Premise: Salt helps you retain water during exercise and, for another, salt stimulates the need to drink.
Fact: A balanced diet meets even the most active person's requirements for electrolytes.
-Actually, most sports drinks are low in salt.
Q: Is it alright to consume alcohol and/or fatty foods immediately after an intense and prolonged physical activity?
- Fats decrease the body's rate of absorption of nutrients.
-Alcohol is a toxin that draws water out of your cells to "water down" increasing blood toxicity."
* You must drink eight ounces of plain water just to balance one ounce of alcohol.
- Studies show: small amounts of alcohol increase muscular endurance and strength output, but, these benefits are very short lived.
* Reduction of strength, endurance, recovery capabilities, aerobic capacity, ability to metabolize fat and muscle growth
- prompts more muscle soreness after exercise making recuperation periods longer
- increases heat loss which causes muscles to get cold thus becoming slower and weaker during contractions which leads to reduction of endurance capacities
- increases metabolism of glycogen, thereby sparing fat making fat loss more difficult.
THE AMAZING KIDNEY RACE
The talk was held in connection with the celebration of the World Kidney Day 2010 and is to be concluded with a foot race entitled, "The Amazing Kidney Race". The said race will be held on March 7, 2010 at the UP Diliman Campus.


text: There are key ethical skills that are crucial to psychiatric practice and of relevance to psychopharmacology. You are asked to evaluate a psychiatric colleague's clinical practice at your medical center. He is an attending on the inpatient psychiatry unit. You learn that he was recently devastated by the suicide of one of his patients. From a review of his medical records and a discussion with clinical staff on the unit, you learn that he has been much more aggressive in using pharmacotherapy, and there are instances where it appears that patients whom he is treating were not provided with appropriate informed consent to treatment. Which of the ethical skills for this psychiatrist may be affected?


text:
Language education for law professionals
Increasing globalisation has led to English becoming the lingua franca of international legal practice requiring L2 legal professionals to develop high level skills in English thus creating significant challenges for language educators who may not have a background in law. This article provides an overview of language education for L2 legal professionals. Developments and practice in English for Legal Purposes (ELP) viewed within English for Specific Purposes (ESP) are presented to provide a model focusing on the interrelated dimensions of learner context, methodology and teacher background. I acknowledge the contribution of genre studies in providing pedagogical descriptions of written legal language and stress the need for further ethnographic investigation to identify and describe relevant oral legal genres.


Mason Koelm
Mason Koelm, Undergraduate student, International Relations and Criminology, Law, and Justice
Returns Native American artifacts
Hometown: St. Louis, Missouri
Faculty mentor/advisor: Dr. Lara Noldner
What is your degree program and expected graduate date?
- International Relations (B.A.), Criminology, Law, and Justice (B.S.), Museum Studies Certificate, Anthropology Minor. Anticipated graduation in May 2021
Please describe your research: This research project was funded by a federal NAGPRA (Native American Graves Protections and Repatriation Act) grant and sought to identify any NAGPRA items in the UI Office of the State Archaeologists' (OSA) collections that are from sites with mortuary features. The OSA has full inventories of all human remains and associated funerary objects in their possession, but many older collections have not been re-examined for possible unassociated funerary objects and sacred items. I analyzed archival material to determine which objects were included under the terms of NAGPRA, curated spreadsheets which compiled information on such objects, conducted physical inventories, and created graphics for a tribal summit which was postponed due to COVID-19.
In simple terms, why does this research matter? Museums and research collections have long been instruments of colonization. NAGPRA and collaboration between tribes and archaeologists serve as ways to decolonize museums, improve relations, and right historic wrongs.
How soon after starting at the University of Iowa were you able to participate in research? I was a junior when this project began, so about 2 and a half years.
How has being involved in research made you more successful at the University of Iowa? I have been interested in the legal dimension of archaeology since high school. Working at the Office of the State Archaeologist was the first opportunity for me to take what I had read about and apply it to the field, in an extremely meaningful way. It also opened the door to my current work: researching the provenance of African art objects for the Stanley Art Museum.
What are your career goals and/or plans after graduation? After graduating, I will attend law school, where I hope to continue research into cultural heritage law. After that, I would love to work with museums, collections, and nonprofits to act as a liaison on other legal puzzles regarding museums, art, and cultural heritage.
Banner location: online—


text:
(Dale e-mails: "Do you know what's happening at the Fish Hatchery? There's some digging and excavating going on.")
The Answer Person says: "Decorah Fish Hatchery's Brian Malaise has the answer: 'The Fish hatchery received a grant to install a Stormwater Bioretention cell that will capture all of the water that runs off the cement after heavy rain events. The rainwater will then percolate down through the sand/soil mixture instead of letting it run directly into the stream. They are slated to hydroseed the area around the bioretention cell this winter yet. In the spring they will plant prairie plants into the cell to increase in the water uptake.'
Thanks, Dale, for your question—and thanks, Brian, for your answer!"


20.5. urllib — Open arbitrary resources by URL
The urllib module has been split into parts and renamed in Python 3 to urllib.request, urllib.parse, and urllib.error. The 2to3 tool will automatically adapt imports when converting your sources to Python 3. Also note that the urllib.request.urlopen() function in Python 3 is equivalent to urllib2.urlopen() and that urllib.urlopen() has been removed.
This module provides a high-level interface for fetching data across the World Wide Web. In particular, the urlopen() function is similar to the built-in function open(), but accepts Universal Resource Locators (URLs) instead of filenames. Some restrictions apply — it can only open URLs for reading, and no seek operations are available.
See also
When opening HTTPS URLs, it does not attempt to validate the server certificate. Use at your own risk!
20.5.1. High-level interface
urllib.urlopen(url[, data[, proxies[, context]]])
Except for the info(), getcode() and geturl() methods, these methods have the same interface as for file objects — see section File Objects in this manual. (It is not a built-in file object, however, so it can't be used at those few places where a true built-in file object is required.)
The getcode() method returns the HTTP status code that was sent with the response, or None if the URL is no HTTP URL.
The urlopen() function works transparently with proxies which do not require authentication. In a Unix or Windows environment, set the http_proxy, or ftp_proxy environment variables to a URL that identifies the proxy server before starting the Python interpreter. For example (the '%' is the command prompt):
% http_proxy="_URL_"
% export http_proxy
% python
The no_proxy environment variable can be used to specify hosts which shouldn't be reached via proxy; if set, it should be a comma-separated list of hostname suffixes, optionally with :port appended, for example cern.ch,ncsa.uiuc.edu,some.host:8080.
In a Windows environment, if no proxy environment variables are set, proxy settings are obtained from the registry's Internet Settings section.
In a Mac OS X environment, urlopen() will retrieve proxy information from the OS X System Configuration Framework, which can be managed with Network System Preferences panel.
# Use _URL_ for HTTP proxying
filehandle = urllib.urlopen(some_url, proxies=proxies)
# Don't use any proxies
filehandle = urllib.urlopen(some_url, proxies={})
# Use proxies from environment - both versions are equivalent
filehandle = urllib.urlopen(some_url, proxies=None)
filehandle = urllib.urlopen(some_url)
The context parameter may be set to a ssl.SSLContext instance to configure the SSL settings that are used if urlopen() makes a HTTPS connection.
Changed in version 2.3: Added the proxies support.
Changed in version 2.6: Added getcode() to returned object and support for the no_proxy environment variable.
Changed in version 2.7.9: The context parameter was added.
Deprecated since version 2.6: The urlopen() function has been removed in Python 3 in favor of urllib2.urlopen().
urllib.urlretrieve(url[, filename[, reporthook[, data]]])
Changed in version 2.5: urlretrieve() will raise ContentTooShortError when it detects that the amount of data available was less than the expected amount (which is the size reported by a Content-Length header). This can occur, for example, when the download is interrupted.
The Content-Length is treated as a lower bound: if there's more data to read, urlretrieve() reads more data, but if less data is available, it raises the exception.
You can still retrieve the downloaded data in this case, it is stored in the content attribute of the exception instance.
If no Content-Length header was supplied, urlretrieve() can not check the size of the data it has downloaded, and just returns it. In this case you just have to assume that the download was successful.
import urllib
class AppURLopener(urllib.FancyURLopener):
 version = "App/1.7"
urllib._urlopener = AppURLopener()
20.5.2. Utility functions
urllib.quote(string[, safe])
Replace special characters in string using the %xx escape. Letters, digits, and the characters '_.-' are never quoted. By default, this function is intended for quoting the path section of the URL. The optional safe parameter specifies additional characters that should not be quoted — its default value is '/'.
urllib.quote_plus(string[, safe])
Like quote(), but also replaces spaces by plus signs, as required for quoting HTML form values when building up a query string to go into a URL. Plus signs in the original string are escaped unless they are included in safe. It also does not have safe default to '/'.
Replace %xx escapes by their single-character equivalent.
urllib.urlencode(query[, doseq])
Convert a mapping object or a sequence of two-element tuples to a "percent-encoded" string, suitable to pass to urlopen() above as the optional data argument. This is useful to pass a dictionary of form fields to a POST request. The resulting string is a series of key=value pairs separated by '&' characters, where both key and value are quoted using quote_plus() above. When a sequence of two-element tuples is used as the query argument, the first element of each tuple is a key and the second is a value. The value element in itself can be a sequence and in that case, if the optional parameter doseq is evaluates to True, individual key=value pairs separated by '&' are generated for each element of the value sequence for the key. The order of parameters in the encoded string will match the order of parameter tuples in the sequence. The urlparse module provides the functions parse_qs() and parse_qsl() which are used to parse query strings into Python data structures.
Convert the path component path from a percent-encoded URL to the local syntax for a path. This does not accept a complete URL. This function uses unquote() to decode path.
This helper function returns a dictionary of scheme to proxy server URL mappings. It scans the environment for variables named _proxy, in case insensitive way, for all operating systems first, and when it cannot find it, looks for proxy information from Mac OSX System Configuration for Mac OS X and Windows Systems Registry for Windows. If both lowercase and uppercase environment variables exist (and disagree), lowercase is preferred.
urllib also exposes certain utility functions like splittype, splithost and others parsing URL into various components. But it is recommended to use urlparse for parsing URLs rather than using these functions directly. Python 3 does not expose these helper functions from urllib.parse module.
20.5.3. URL Opener objects
class urllib.URLopener([proxies[, context[, **x509]]])
Base class for opening and reading URLs. Unless you need to support opening objects using schemes other than http:, ftp:, or file:, you probably want to use FancyURLopener.
By default, the URLopener class sends a User-Agent header of urllib/VVV, where VVV is the urllib version number. Applications can define their own User-Agent header by subclassing URLopener or FancyURLopener and setting the class attribute version to an appropriate string value in the subclass definition.
The context parameter may be a ssl.SSLContext instance. If given, it defines the SSL settings the opener uses to make HTTPS connections.
Additional keyword parameters, collected in x509, may be used for authentication of the client when using the https: scheme. The keywords key_file and cert_file are supported to provide an SSL key and certificate; both are needed to support client authentication.
open(fullurl[, data])
open_unknown(fullurl[, data])
Overridable interface to open unknown URL types.
class urllib.FancyURLopener(...)
prompt_user_passwd(host, realm)
exception urllib.ContentTooShortError(msg[, content])
New in version 2.5.
20.5.4. urllib Restrictions
 - Currently, only the following protocols are supported: HTTP, (versions 0.9 and 1.0), FTP, and local files.
 - The caching feature of urlretrieve() has been disabled until I find the time to hack proper processing of Expiration time headers.
 - There should be a function to query whether a particular URL is in the cache.
 - For backward compatibility, if a URL appears to point to a local file but the file can't be opened, the URL is re-interpreted using the FTP protocol. This can sometimes cause confusing error messages.
 - The urlopen() and urlretrieve() functions can cause arbitrarily long delays while waiting for a network connection to be set up. This means that it is difficult to build an interactive Web client using these functions without using threads.
 - The data returned by urlopen() or urlretrieve() is the raw data returned by the server. This may be binary data (such as an image), plain text or (for example) HTML. The HTTP protocol provides type information in the reply header, which can be inspected by looking at the Content-Type header. If the returned data is HTML, you can use the module htmllib to parse it.
 - The code handling the FTP protocol cannot differentiate between a file and a directory. This can lead to unexpected behavior when attempting to read a URL that points to a file that is not accessible. If the URL ends in a /, it is assumed to refer to a directory and will be handled accordingly. But if an attempt to read a file


text:
Opinions expressed by entrepreneur contributors are there are six basic, universal needs that make us tick and drive all we all have the same six needs,. Home news almost one third of families of children with cancer have unmet of children with cancer have unmet basic needs of diagnosis and six. Why is social-emotional development page 2 z mid-state central early childhood direction center their newborn by attending to their basic needs. Personality development in childhood the basic psychological needs fromm outlined six basic psychological needs to gain security and escape loneliness. Here are some needs adolescents that teenagers have six basic needs which need to be progressively separate themselves from their childhood.
Most of us are familiar with the maslow's hierarchy of needs though we tend to think of them as five basic needs, maslow had modified the hierarchy later to include. Learning basic trust versus basic mistrust occurs during early childhood, what every college student needs august 1,. Our state pages on salaries for early childhood education jobs offer you information that tend to children's basic needs when parents six strategies for.
Development during middle childhood: the years from six to development during middle childhood: what is known and what needs to. Families who can meet their own basic needs for food, clothing, housing and transportation and know how to access essential services such as childcare,. We explain the six aspects of the montessori prepared environment, a prepared montessori classroom that is designed to meet the individual needs of all. Assessment in early childhood and needs within the context of the pre-kindergarten or child care classroom is through observation (sixto eight-year. The first five years of life are critical for child development thinking and communication skills she needs for including early childhood educators.
Read chapter 10 conclusion: the status of basic research on middle childhood: for the first time, a report focuses specifically on middle childhood--a dis. A dysfunctional family is a family in which conflict, in totality or selectively allowing children's needs to go unmet the six basic roles. Separate special education needs provision in early childhood and school education - eurydice there are six state-owned special basic schools. This lesson introduces the concept of basic needs students learn about events that prevent people from getting their basic needs they also explore how people and.
In early childhood therefore, early childhood is a period in development of pattern and pace basic a follows early childhood development is linked. Issues and challenges of implementation of early childhood education from conception of six years of adults for almost all their basic needs physical. Early childhood education lenges and needs related to training and technical assistance included in this high-level definitions document.
Global education teacher resources to encourage a global write a statement about children's access to basic needs select one of the needs and use picture books,. Child development and early learning in many settings, early childhood programmes support parents and their children from infancy through age 8,. The level to which basic needs are met quality early childhood programs, and identifies six structural policy at the center for american progress. One of the basic physical needs of a human being is food humans are motivated to fulfill this basic need before trying to fulfill more complex needs like education.
From childhood to our relationship with ourselves, six elements of self-care in adults with and are dependent on others for basic needs and relational. Six major principles of idea (iep) must be developed and implemented to meet the unique needs of each student with a disability. Childhood nutrition refers to the dietary needs of healthy scientists began to discover essential nutrients for basic growth and development and began the.


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If you take a tour through Seattle, you are bound to encounter colorful signs posted in neighborhoods opposing development of the Seattle light rail. Opponents suggest that the light rail would lead to a degradation of neighborhood quality. They may be right. A public nuisance is defined generally as an unreasonable interference in another's right to use and enjoy property. A public nuisance (one affecting a large group of residents) creates liability for the City of Seattle.
For the past 10 years, Attorney General Rob McKenna has as evolved into an active opponent of the light rail.
However, the Light Rail promises to bring Seattle up to speed with the rest of the nation in terms of mass transportation, reduce green house gases, dependence on oil, and create tax credits. (Currently, many of these tax credits are being funneled into renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power).
Reduction of green house gases (GHG's) may even be a state imperative.
Eco Law Group has brought us up to speed. In a more novel approach to the climate change issue, various groups have commenced lawsuits seeking to use the common law of public nuisance to compel companies to reduce their GHG emissions. After several initial failures, plaintiffs convinced two different federal courts of appeal to allow their GHG-based public nuisance claims to proceed in the face of arguments that the cases raised nonjusticiable political questions and must therefore be dismissed. In State of Connecticut v. American Electric Power Co., 582 F.3d 309 (2d Cir. 2009), the plaintiffs—a group consisting of several states and the City of New York—alleged that GHG emissions from power plants owned by the defendant companies pose a threat to the general public and therefore constitute a public nuisance. The suit sought to hold the defendants jointly and severally liable for contributing to a public nuisance and requested an injunction requiring each of the defendants to abate the nuisance by instituting a declining emission cap. The district court granted defendants' motion to dismiss the case, concluding that the complaint raised nonjusticiable political questions that were beyond the limits of the court's jurisdiction. The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit reversed and remanded the case back to the district court after finding that the facts did not differ significantly from other complex public nuisance cases decided in the past and that judicial resolution would not contradict prior decisions made by the other branches of government.
A few months later, the more conservative Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reached a similar conclusion in Comer v. Murphy Oil USA, 585 F.3d 855 (2009), reh'g en banc granted, 598 F.3d 208 (5th Cir. 2010). The plaintiffs in that case filed a class action against a group of energy, fossil fuel, and chemical companies alleging that GHG emissions from their facilities contributed to global warming which, in turn, caused a rise in sea levels that contributed to the damage to their property caused by Hurricane Katrina. As an initial matter, the court concluded that plaintiffs' claims easily satisfied Mississippi's liberal standing requirements. The court went on to find that the public nuisance, trespass and negligence claims raised by plaintiffs did not present any specific question that was exclusively committed by law to the legislative or executive branch. According to the court,
There is no federal constitutional or statutory provision making such a commitment, and the defendants do not point to any provision that has that effect. The most that the defendants legitimately could argue is that in the future Congress may enact laws, or federal agencies may adopt regulations, so as to comprehensively govern greenhouse gas emissions and that such laws or regulations might preempt certain aspects of state common law tort claims.
Id. at 870. In so holding, the court effectively authorized climate change-related nuisance and trespass claims against major GHG emitters by private property owners seeking damages. Assuming the decision is not reversed, the success of the plaintiffs' case will likely depend on whether they can establish a sufficient causal link between defendants' actions (emitting greenhouse gases) and plaintiffs' harm (property damage from Hurricane Katrina).
A California district court faced with similar allegations that defendants' GHG emissions gave rise to a cause of action for public nuisance reached a different result in a pair of recent cases. In the first case, the State of California sued several leading automakers in federal court, alleging that carbon dioxide emissions from vehicles manufactured by the defendants created a public nuisance in violation of federal common law and the California Civil Code relating to public nuisance. The court in California v. General Motors Corp., 2007 WL _PHONE_ (N.D. Cal. 2007) dismissed the case after concluding that it raised a nonjusticiable political question.
Although the light rail does not promise to ultimately change the current hot weather we are having, it does have a positive effect on reduction of GHGs and correlative effect on neighborhood conditions.
Do you know if your company is considered a "manufacturer" under the Washington Products Liability Act? Or to what extent you are liable for product defects or defective design? Here's a rough and dirty primer to our complex statute.
In general, the Act covers injuries to people or property resulting from products that are not reasonably safe. The Act defines a "product" as virtually everything new. "New" is a term of art and is meant to exclude those occasional re-sellers or used car guys. The product must also be of value and capable of delivery in e-commerce, so MTV virtual currency or Facebook Gifts are out.
Then, the act divides the world into "manufacturers" and "non-manufacturers." Manufacturers are defined as anyone who takes part in the assembly process in any manner exceeding "minor" assembly. However, if you hold out manufacturing under your own label (think: Safeway Select), provide plans/specs to a manufacturer, or are what's called an integrated company (Nike Town), you are considered a manufacturer notwithstanding no or minor assembly. Also, if there is no solvent manufacturer within Washington's reach, you may be liable as a manufacturer.
There are three kids of liability involved. First, if your product involves an unreasonably safe product defect which injurers a person or property, you are strictly liable. Second, you may be liable under breach of warranty theories, or failing to provide adequate instruction materials. Third, you may be liable under the negligence theory for defective designs. The key here is whether there is a reasonable alternative design — i.e., no barbed wire around your pacifier.
If you get into trouble here are your defenses: First, if you are in compliance with a government contract, you're good. Second, products on the shelf longer the 12 years are out. Third, there is a 3 year Statute of Limitations on claims. Finally, all the general negligence defenses such as assumption of risk are available. So, if Timmy injures himself on your basketball hoop, it may help to remind him that he's not Shaq.
That's it! Go forth and make products!
Often, companies can save money and provide valuable resources to the community by initiating an intership program. Generally, the idea is the intern gets marketable experience and the company gets some cheap labor. As a previous intern, I learned the ropes the hard way. No pay, but long hours and lots of paper cuts. I remember staying up until midnight reviewing trademarks for a domain reseller. Taught me so much about the law. Since the beginning of the recessions, slave labor is on the rise rise. However, the workman's intership seems to be a thing of the past:
Convinced that many unpaid internships violate minimum wage laws, officials in Oregon, California and other states have begun investigations and fined employers. Last year, M. Patricia Smith, then New York's labor commissioner, ordered investigations into several firms' internships. Now, as the federal Labor Department's top law enforcement official, she and the wage and hour division are stepping up enforcement nationwide.
Crap. No more internships? Well, not exactly. There are new federal guidelines to keep in mind as your are hiring an unpaid intern. The gist here is a six factor test to determine if that kid doing all your filing is merely a trainee or a bona fide employee who deserves wages and various other coddling. Read more…
If you're like us at Consumer SEA, then you purchased a countdown clock last year, anticipating the beginning of the McDonald's Monopoly game. Getting free stuff, like cars and boats is cool. Having the chance win those cool things while eating a burger is also cool. Sweepstakes also promote business and generate good advertisement. However, if you're thinking of starting a sweepstakes, you should be careful you're not considered a lottery under federal law.
The U.S. has strict laws barring private lotteries. A lottery is a promotion that has three elements:
- Winners Chosen by Chance
- Consideration Read more…
What kind of wine would you like to drink? One that involves "an ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity[,]" or Boone's Farm? Yes, organic wines have taken center stage lately as the green trend runs strong. Although organic vinters have yet to provide a "jug" format for their wine, they have managed to succeed despite a typical 5% extra-overhead due to the certification process.
If you want your wine to be "Organic" you have two choices. You could adapt to green practices on your vineyard or buy grapes from vineyards that have adapted such practices. Either way, you will have to jump through a few certification hoops.
Organic products in the United States are regulated by the USDA. Products labeled as "organic" must be certified according to standards for ingredients and production set by the National Organic Standards Board (


text:
Basic Income as an Answer to Poverty
Economist Stewart Lansley is the co-author (with Howard Reed) of the Compass reports, Basic Income for All: From Desirability to Feasibility, and Universal Basic Income, An Idea Whose Time Has Come? These reports have been cited as evidence that basic income is not a solution to poverty, in this blog Stewart examines this claim.
A key claim for a basic income (BI) — a universal payment to all citizens, no questions asked — is that it would be a powerful way of radically reducing poverty in the UK. This notion however has remained a controversial subject for some. Chris Goulden, Policy Director at the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, for example, has argued that, far from tackling poverty, a BI would increase it. It would be better, he claims, to improve the existing system. The Conservative government has sometimes cited Goulden's blog to support its defence of Universal Credit, so it's worth directly addressing this question in more detail.
So would a BI cut poverty or raise it? To find out, Compass has tested the feasibility and impact of two distinct models of BI. First, a full scheme, which would largely tear up the existing system and replace it with a generous system of payments. This 'big-bang' approach is promoted most fully by advocates of a utopian 'post-capitalist', 'post-work' world. Secondly, a partial scheme, with a more modest level of payment, at least initially, and grafted onto the existing system.
Conservative critics point to the fact that our report found that a full scheme would be either too expensive or would create too many losers, and is not feasible in current circumstances. This is because the current system, partly because of its reliance on means-testing, is able to deliver large sums to some targeted groups. But this is not what most BI advocates are calling for and critics are ignoring the benefits of a so-called partial scheme.
Instead, a partial scheme (with rates of £60 for adults (under 65), £40 for children and £175 for adults over 65) that retained most of the current system would be feasible and affordable. These rates would pay £10,400 a year for a family of four. This scheme would:
- be highly progressive.
- by boosting the incomes of the poorest families, cut child poverty by more than a third and working-age poverty by over a fifth.
- reduce inequality, strengthen universalism and cut means-testing.
Other studies have shown similar outcomes and the 'partial' approach is now favoured by models done by the RSA, Reform Scotland and Citizens Basic Income Trust. Moreover, BI is also not just a way of tackling poverty. It would boost incomes for the majority of households, with the gains concentrated amongst the poorest. While a BI is not a silver bullet, it would also promote greater personal choice over work, education, caring and volunteering. It would provide a protective cushion, lower the risk of poverty, and strengthen family security. Goulden dismisses the 'partial scheme' as 'not a real BI'. This is simply wrong. It would deliver a guaranteed, no-strings-attached — if initially modest — income for all.
The net cost could be met by the abolition of the personal tax allowance, and by small rises in tax and national insurance rates. Though other forms of funding could be used, these tax changes would ensure that the benefit of the BI payments would be clawed back from higher income households.
There is a strong case for reframing this debate around the idea of a firm and guaranteed income floor. Sitting below the existing benefit system, this floor would constitute a significant new anti-poverty instrument and safety net and it's an approach that's backed by the likes of NEF and Fabians. The idea of a 'guaranteed national minimum' has a long history in the UK, but while it was highly influential in the making of the post-war social security system, it has never come close to realisation. Creating such a floor would finally upgrade the existing benefit system, built and modified in twentieth century conditions, for a 21st century world.
The scheme could be introduced at one go or phased in incrementally, with the starting-level income floor raised over time, through for example, the returns from a targeted, citizen's wealth fund, owned on an equal basis by all citizens. Giving everyone an equal stake in economic success, the fund would automatically capture and distribute economic gains equally to all and across generations.
The history of progressive change shows that originally controversial ideas — from the NHS to the national minimum wage — take long periods of debate and campaigning to come to fruition, but then become so popular that they are embraced by former critics. Like these radical predecessors, a BI scheme has huge potential strengths. It would lock a new anti-poverty bias into our social structures, while providing a new springboard for more stable and fulfilling lives.


What is the X in X-mas?
[huh-ben-yuh-luh] /həˈbɛn yə lə/
noun, plural habenulae
[huh-ben-yuh-lee] /həˈbɛn yəˌli/ (Show IPA).
a narrow bandlike structure, as the stalk attaching the pineal gland to the thalamus.
1875-80; < Latin: small strip of skin, equivalent to habēn(a) strap, thong, rein (derivative of habēre to have, hold, possess; cf. able, habit1) + -ula -ule
Related forms
habenular, adjective Unabridged
Cite This Source
habenula in Medicine
habenula ha·ben·u·la (hā-běn'yə-lə)
n. pl. ha·ben·u·lae (-lē')
 1. A frenulum.
 2. The stalk of the pineal gland. No longer in technical use.
 3. A circumscript cell mass embedded in the posterior end of the medullary stria of the thalamus, from which it receives most of its afferent fibers. Also called habena, pedunculus of pineal body.
ha·ben'u·lar adj.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Stress-timed)
Jump to: navigation, search
Isochrony is the postulated rhythmic division of time into equal portions by a language. Rhythm is an aspect of prosody, others being intonation, stress and tempo of speech.[1]
 3. The temporal duration between two stressed syllables is equal (stress-timed);
The idea as such was first expressed by Kenneth L. Pike in 1945; though the concept of language naturally occurring in chronologically and rhythmically equal measures is found at least as early as 1775 (in Prosodia Rationalis). While many linguists find the idea of different rhythm types appealing, empirical studies have not been able to find acoustic correlates of the postulated types, calling into question the validity of these types.[2][3][4]
Syllable timing[edit]
In a syllable-timed language, every syllable is perceived as taking up roughly the same amount of time, though the absolute length of time depends on the prosody. Syllable-timed languages tend to give syllables approximately equal prominence and generally lack reduced vowels.
Icelandic, Cantonese Chinese, Mandarin Chinese, Georgian,[5] French, Welsh,[6] Italian, Slovene and Spanish are commonly quoted as examples of syllable-timed languages. This type of rhythm was originally metaphorically referred to as machine-gun rhythm because each underlying rhythmical unit is of the same duration, similar to the transient bullet noise of a machine-gun.
Since the 1950s, speech scientists have tried to show the existence of equal syllable durations in the acoustic speech signal without success. More recent research claims that the duration of consonantal and vocalic intervals is responsible for syllable-timed perception.[citation needed]
Mora timing[edit]
Some languages such as Japanese, Gilbertese or Ganda also have regular pacing but are mora-timed rather than syllable-timed.[7] In Japanese, a V or CV syllable takes up one timing unit. Japanese does not have long vowels or diphthongs but double vowels, so that CVV takes twice the time as CV. A final /N/ also takes as much time as a CV syllable, and, at least in poetry, so does the extra length of a geminate consonant. However, colloquial language is less settled than poetic language, and the rhythm may vary from one region to another or with time. Ancient Greek[8] and Vedic Sanskrit[9] were also strictly mora-timed, and it is probable that Proto-Indo-European was, as well.
Stress timing[edit]
In a stress-timed language, syllables may last different amounts of time, but there is perceived to be a fairly constant amount of time (on average) between consecutive stressed syllables. Stress-timing is sometimes called Morse-code rhythm. Stress-timing is strongly related to vowel reduction processes.[10][11] English, Thai, German, Russian, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Faroese, Dutch, Portuguese,[12][13] and Persian are typical stress-timed languages,[14] Some stress-timed languages, for example Arabic, retain unreduced vowels.[15]
Degrees of durational variability[edit]
Despite the relative simplicity of the classifications above, in the real world languages do not fit quite so easily into such precise categories. Languages exhibit degrees of durational variability both in relation to other languages and to other standards of the same language.[16]
There can be varying degrees of stress-timing within the various standards of a language. Some southern dialects of Italian, a syllable-timed language, are effectively stress-timed.[17] English, a stress-timed language, has become so widespread over the globe that some standards tend to be more syllable-timed than the British or North American standards, an effect which comes from the influence of other languages spoken in the relevant region. Indian English, for example, tends toward syllable-timing.[18] This does not necessarily mean the language standard itself is to be classified as syllable-timed, of course, but rather that this feature is more pronounced. A subtle example is that to a native English speaker, for example, some accents from Wales may sound more syllable-timed.
A better-documented case of these varying degrees of stress-timing in a language comes from Portuguese. European Portuguese is more stress-timed than the Brazilian standard. The latter has mixed characteristics[19] and varies according to speech rate, sex and dialect. At fast speech rates, Brazilian Portuguese is more stress-timed, while in slow speech rates, it can be more syllable-timed. The accents of rural, southern Rio Grande do Sul and the Northeast (especially Bahia) are considered to sound more syllable-timed than the others, while the southeastern dialects such as the mineiro, in central Minas Gerais, the paulistano, of the northern coast and eastern regions of São Paulo, and the fluminense, along Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo and eastern Minas Gerais as well the Federal District, are most frequently essentially stress-timed. Also, male speakers of Brazilian Portuguese speak faster than female speakers and speak in a more stress-timed manner.[20]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Wells, John (2006). English Intonation: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-521-68380-7.
 2. ^ Mark Liberman (May 5, 2008). "Slicing the syllabic bologna". Language Log.
 3. ^ Mark Liberman (May 6, 2008). "Another slice of prosodic sausage". Language Log.
 4. ^ Antonio Pamies Bertrán. "Prosodic Typology: On the Dichotomy between Stress-Timed and Syllable-Timed Languages".
 5. ^ George Keretchashvili (May 5, 2008). "Recording in Georgian at Omniglot".
 6. ^ [1] Timing patterns in Welsh, Gibbon & Williams, 2007
 7. ^ Clark John, Yallop Collin, Fletcher Janet (2007). Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. (pp)340.
 9. ^ [2] Charles Philip Brown. Sanskrit prosody and numerical symbols explained (1869).
 10. ^ Gimson, A.C. (1989), An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English (4th ed.), London: Edward Arnold
 11. ^ (German)Kohler, K.J. (1995), Einführung in die Phonetik des Deutschen (2nd ed.), Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag
 12. ^ Azevedo, Milton Mariano. 2005. Portuguese: a linguistic introduction. P.54
 13. ^ Silva, David James. 1994. The Variable Elision of Unstressed Vowels in European Portuguese: A Case Study
 14. ^ Grabe, Esther, "Variation Adds to Prosodic Typology", B.Bel and I. Marlin (eds), Proceedings of the Speech Prosody 2002 Conference, 11–13 April 2002, Aix-en-Provence: Laboratoire Parole et Langage, 127-132. ISBN 2-_PHONE_-0-4. (.doc)
 15. ^ Kenworthy, J. (1987). Teaching English pronunciation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 16. ^ [3] Durational Variability, Low & Grabe
 17. ^ Grice, M.; D'Imperio, M.; Savino, M.; Avesani, C., 1998. "Strategies for intonation labelling across varieties of Italian" in Hirst, D. ; Di Christo, A., 1998. Intonation Systems. Cambridge University Press.
 18. ^ UTA Working Papers in Linguistics. ed. Susan C. Herring and John C. Paolillo. P.83
 19. ^ Bisol, leda, PUCRS – O Troqueu Silábico no Sistema Fonológico (Um Adendo ao Artigo de Plínio Barbosa)
 20. ^ Meireles, Alexsandro R.; Tozetti1, João Paulo; Borges, Rogério R.; Speech rate and rhythmic variation in Brazilian Portuguese; Phonetics Laboratory, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Speech Prosody Studies Group, Brazil (English)
Further reading[edit]
 - Kono, Morio. (1997). "Perception and Psychology of Rhythm." Accent, Intonation, Rhythm and Pause. (Japanese)
External links[edit]


text: The social facilitation effect describes the change in the performance of the task under the influence of the presence of observers. The effect itself consists of two components: social facilitation in simple tasks and social inhibition in complex tasks. In the context of the dynamic development of new technologies, the question of the possible influence on human behavior by virtual characters gains importance. We attempted to critically describe and summarize current research on social facilitation in order to answer the question of whether it occurs in virtual environments. We found 13 relevant studies, 3 of which demonstrated social facilitation, 4 social inhibition and 1 demonstrated the whole effect. The conclusions drawn from the analysis are ambiguous. Firstly, we identified that 12 out of 13 analyzed studies failed to show the whole effect. Secondly, we encountered several shortcomings of the summarized research that further complicated its interpretation. The shortcomings: presence of the researcher, unclear usage of "agent" and "avatar", evaluation of activation, no pilot tests of observers and no description of how their characteristics are generated, among others, are discussed. Furthermore, we investigated the effect sizes and their variability. The average effect size for social facilitation was g = 0.18, CI [-0.28; 0.64] and for social inhibition g = -0.18, CI [-0.40; 0.04]. In social facilitation, a substantial level of heterogeneity was detected. Finally, we conclude that it is still too early to provide a definite answer to the question of whether social facilitation exists in Virtual Environments. We recommend limiting evaluation activation to the lowest possible level, conducting pilot tests prior to the experiment, avoiding the presence of the researcher in the experimental room and a clear distinction of "agent" and "avatar", as measures to achieve a better quality in future research.


Introducing Kubebuilder: an SDK for building Kubernetes APIs using CRDs
Author: Phillip Wittrock (Google), Sunil Arora (Google)
How can we enable applications such as MySQL, Spark and Cassandra to manage themselves just like Kubernetes Deployments and Pods do? How do we configure these applications as their own first class APIs instead of a collection of StatefulSets, Services, and ConfigMaps?
We have been working on a solution and are happy to introduce kubebuilder, a comprehensive development kit for rapidly building and publishing Kubernetes APIs and Controllers using CRDs. Kubebuilder scaffolds projects and API definitions and is built on top of the controller-runtime libraries.
Why Kubebuilder and Kubernetes APIs?
Applications and cluster resources typically require some operational work - whether it is replacing failed replicas with new ones, or scaling replica counts while resharding data. Running the MySQL application may require scheduling backups, reconfiguring replicas after scaling, setting up failure detection and remediation, etc.
With the Kubernetes API model, management logic is embedded directly into an application specific Kubernetes API, e.g. a "MySQL" API. Users then declaratively manage the application through YAML configuration using tools such as kubectl, just like they do for Kubernetes objects. This approach is referred to as an Application Controller, also known as an Operator. Controllers are a powerful technique backing the core Kubernetes APIs that may be used to build many kinds of solutions in addition to Applications; such as Autoscalers, Workload APIs, Configuration APIs, CI/CD systems, and more.
However, while it has been possible for trailblazers to build new Controllers on top of the raw API machinery, doing so has been a DIY "from scratch" experience, requiring developers to learn low level details about how Kubernetes libraries are implemented, handwrite boilerplate code, and wrap their own solutions for integration testing, RBAC configuration, documentation, etc. Kubebuilder makes this experience simple and easy by applying the lessons learned from building the core Kubernetes APIs.
Getting Started Building Application Controllers and Kubernetes APIs
By providing an opinionated and structured solution for creating Controllers and Kubernetes APIs, developers have a working "out of the box" experience that uses the lessons and best practices learned from developing the core Kubernetes APIs. Creating a new "Hello World" Controller with kubebuilder is as simple as:
 1. Create a project with kubebuilder init
 2. Define a new API with kubebuilder create api
 3. Build and run the provided main function with make install & make run
This will scaffold the API and Controller for users to modify, as well as scaffold integration tests, RBAC rules, Dockerfiles, Makefiles, etc. After adding their implementation to the project, users create the artifacts to publish their API through:
 1. Build and push the container image from the provided Dockerfile using make docker-build and make docker-push commands
 2. Deploy the API using make deploy command
Whether you are already a Controller aficionado or just want to learn what the buzz is about, check out the kubebuilder repo or take a look at an example in the kubebuilder book to learn about how simple and easy it is to build Controllers.
Get Involved
Kubebuilder is a project under SIG API Machinery and is being actively developed by contributors from many companies such as Google, Red Hat, VMware, Huawei and others. Get involved by giving us feedback through these channels:


text:
Type of Culminating Activity
Doctor of Education in Curriculum and Instruction
Curriculum, Instruction, and Foundational Studies
Jennifer Snow, Ph.D.
Critics of the American education system point to student boredom, lack of personalized and relevant instruction, and a deficit of 21st century skills as challenges to producing productive citizens of a modern, digital society (Barab et al., 2009; Eccles & Wingfield, 2002; Ketelhut, 2007; U.S. Department of Education Office of Educational Technology, 2010). Digital learning, including game-based approaches, offers opportunities to bring about meaningful, engaging, individualized learning (Barab & Dede, 2007; Gee, 2005; Squire, 2003). Quest-based learning is an instructional design theory of game-based learning that focuses on student activity choice within the curriculum, which offers promising pedagogical possibilities in the area. This study expands upon current research of video game characteristics and variables of attractiveness in learner choice. Identifying these attractive characteristics in game-based educational design can increase engagement (Barab et al., 2009), educational effectiveness (Sullivan & Mateas, 2009), and impact instructional design decisions.
Quests were coded and tagged to identify features and attributes. An educational quest taxonomy was developed building on Merrill's Knowled ge Object (Redeker, 2003; Wiley, 2000) classification and expanded to include current digital tools and thinking. Electronically collected decision data from a quest-based learning management system was analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis and data mining techniques. Educational quests were differentiated by a number of data points and identified as more or less attractive using an initial interest score and a completion score. User rating was also considered for descriptive purposes. Data mining and text mining highlighted the specific characteristics of attractive quests including clusters of characteristics identified as most attractive as well as their significance. Suggestions for future attractive quest-based learning design are suggested. (Keywords: Quests, quest-based learning, game-based learning, 3D GameLab, play styles, learner preferences, rewards, badges, gamification, MMORPGs, virtual environments, informal learning.)
Haskell, Charles Christopher, "Design Variables of Attraction in Quest-Based Learning" (2012). Boise State University Theses and Dissertations. Paper 285.


text:
Hawaii Experimental Tropical Forest selected as a candidate core site for the National Ecological ObservatoryUniversity of Hawaiʻi
Boone Kauffman, _PHONE_
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry
The Laupahoehoe unit of the new Hawaiʻi Experimental Tropical Forest has been selected by the National Ecological Observatory Network to be funded by the National Science Foundation as one of twenty Ecological Observatories to be established across the country. The documents leading to its selection were authored by a group of more than 80 researchers, educators and land managers and led by scientists from the U.S. Forest Service Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry and the Universities of Hawaiʻi at Manoa and Hilo.
The National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) is a 30-year long project designed to thoroughly describe and monitor natural landscapes — including the vegetation, animals, streams and climate across a wide range of ecosystems within the United States. The Laupahoehoe forest on Hawaiʻi island was the only tropical rain forest selected as an observatory.
"The Laupahoehoe unit of the HETF — consisting of 12-thousand acres on the windward slope of Mauna Kea — is an ideal location for a National Ecological Observatory," says Boone Kauffman, Director of the Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. "It encompasses a remarkable diversity of forests, streams, and rare and endangered species that make it the perfect place to learn about Hawaiʻi ecosystems."
"Selection of the Laupahoehoe site is very important for the State of Hawaiʻi because it will allow us to find answers to some of our islands' most serious and pressing environmental issues," says Becky Ostertag, a UH Hilo science co-leader of the project. "These include climate change, biodiversity loss, invasive species and much more."
"The Ecological Observatory will greatly facilitate efforts in Hawaiʻi to conduct ecological research and monitoring that could help shape land management decisions and greatly improve educational opportunities for students of all ages," says Lawren Sack, NEON project co-leader from UH Manoa. "The project will link important new ecological research in Hawaiʻi with research at other sites across the U.S., enabling local researchers to contribute to the global effort to track, understand and ameliorate the impacts of global change on ecosystems."
"The NSF first proposed the NEON a number of years ago, and we are pleased that progress is being made," says Gary Ostrander, Vice Chancellor for Research and Graduate Education at UH Manoa. "This will be a unique opportunity for partnerships among the University of Hawaiʻi, other universities and government agencies."
NEON will provide educational opportunities for students and community members to increase their environmental awareness and understanding as research results from Hawaiʻi forest observations become available.
The Pacific NEON coordinating committee is composed of scientists from the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa, the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry.
For more information, visit: _URL_


text:
Inversion of Control Framework for Python
Epoxy is an inversion of control framework for Python applications packaged with a set of adapters that can be used with a number of existing technologies. Epoxy allows you to clearly separate out the concern of mapping dependencies to components from defining those components.
Epoxy is probably overkill for small apps (like the example below) but shows its true value on larger projects where a higher degree of flexibility and lower degree of coupling is desirable.
This library is available under the terms of the MPL. Please see the LICENSE file for details.
Here's an example of an epoxy component:
from epoxy.component import Component, Dependency class PrinterComponent(Component): prefix = StringSetting(required=False, default="PRINTING") def print(self, stuff): print ("[%s] %%s" % self.prefix) % stuff def start(self): print self.print("Warming up printer") class ScreenRenderer(Component): printer = Dependency() def render_screen(self): self.printer.print("My Stuff") def start(self): self.printer.print("Screen Renderer Initialized")
In this example, ScreenRenderer does not need to know the precise printer which will be used as a dependency at runtime, it just needs to declare the dependency and use it (there is an assumed interface, as with much in python we just use duck typing).
To wire, these components up at runtime, we would write a yaml file that would have something like this:
components: printer: class: my.module:PrinterComponent settings: prefix: PREFIX screen_renderer: class: my.module:ScreenRenderer dependencies: printer: printer entry-point: screen_renderer:render_screen
Finally, to load in our configuration and run the application, we would write something like the following:
from epoxy.configuration import YamlConfigurationLoader from epoxy.core import ComponentManager loader = YamlConfigurationLoader("myapp.yml") config = loader.load_configuration() component_mgr = ComponentManager() component_mgr.launch_configuration(config)
This would run our entry point and print the following to the screen:
[PREFIX] Warming up printer [PREFIX] Screen Renderer Initialized [PREFIX] my stuff
Writing a Component
Any Component that is written should follow these basic rules in order to play nicely:
No-args constructor: Components should have a no-args constructor in order to be instantiated by the framework. To initialize a Component in your own code (maybe from a unit test) you can use the "from_dependencies" classmethod available on any component and pass in any relevant dependencies/settings as keyword arguments.
For instance, instantiating our previous object graph would look like the following:
printer = PrinterComponent.from_dependencies(prefix="FROM_DEPS") renderer = ScreenRenderer.from_dependencies(printer=printer)
When __init__ is executed it is guaranteed that all dependencies will be present and initialized (but not started).
Implement start() method: After all objects in the graph are instantiated, they will be started. Like with __init__, dependencies will be present and will have had start() called. Calls to start() should not block. For long-running tasks, using an entry-point is more appropriate.
Avoid Dependency Cycles: If the object graph has dependencies, you will get errors when trying to build the dependency graph and you will not be able to run your application. There are many different strategies for breaking these cycles. If you run into this issue and are ticked off, just know that fixing this issue is making your application better.


text:
If you see something presented as information (as opposed to opinion, fictional story, joke etc) along with "please copy and paste", ask yourself: what is served by copy and pasting, thus erasing the source?
There are valid reasons for asking people to copy and paste before sharing to obscure the sources of some things. Some common reasons include:
- Managing distribution of information about protests and similar activities where the source can become a target of law enforcement, but many copy and pasted sources are more than law enforcement can do anything productive with.
- Minimizing spectator influx when something on Facebook gets shared beyond the sphere of people you're up for interacting with.
- Getting past the shared-with-friends wall set by the poster of something you'd like to share.
The first of these is likely to include information that, by its nature, can't easily be confirmed. The latter two have no reason not to have sources. Included sources. If you see "please share by copy and paste" on information without sources, ask yourself:
- Can I verify this information?
- If I am unable to verify, is it worth sharing on the off chance that it is misinformation?
Not that actually sharing the original post makes that info good. But sharing an original post with the "share" button, or sharing a link to it, gives a source for that info. If you copy and paste it, you take responsibility as another source of that info.
This specific method of info transmission without source caught on over the course of the last year and is now used all. The. Damn. Time. And I have seen so many of these that are easily verifiable as false. An easy way to check is often to search the first sentence on Google. That involves copy and pasting too. An extra copy and paste. Two extras, if you do the right thing and upon verifying that the thing is true, you paste a link to a reputable source along with your Facebook (or whatever) copy and paste. If it's bad info, hey, copy and paste the source disputing it into a comment on your friend's post. Don't even have to type words.
Who benefits when you share inflammatory misinformation and outright lies?


How to Memorize: Photographic Memory
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Phonetic Alphabet - Memorizing Numbers
Quick Notes - Phonetic Alphabet:
 - Memorize the phonetic alphabet and you will use it to memorize numbers for the rest of your life.
Using the Phonetic Alphabet for remembering numbers is a simple memorization strategy that only takes a few minutes to learn and you will use it for the rest of your life.
The Phonetic Alphabet
To be able to remember a long number, you must first learn the phonetic alphabet. Each number in the phonetic alphabet (0-9) symbolizes a sound:
0 - has a Z, S or a soft C sound
1 - has a T or D sound
2 - has a N sound
3 - has a M sound
4 - has a R sound
5 - has a L sound
6 - has a sh or ch sound
7 - has a K, hard C, or hard G sound
8 - has a F, V, or ph sound
9 - has a B or P sound
Take some time to memorize the phonetic alphabet. You will want to be able to recite it easily before you can begin to use it. After you can recite the phonetic alphabet smoothly, it is time to start associating your numbers to words or images. Our article on memorizing numbers will teach you exactly how to do this. You will soon be able to remember a phone number or any long number the first time you hear it.