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About the Workshop
Funded by the Champlain Local Health Integration Network, this evidence-based program is designed to help people with chronic health conditions overcome daily challenges and take control of their health.
Who can participate?
- Ontario residents experiencing chronic conditions (such as arthritis, kidney disease, chronic pain, cancer, depression, asthma, respiratory disease or any other chronic condition).
- Individuals with all levels of computer skills can participate from anywhere that they can access a computer (or mobile device) and internet.
- Caregivers, friends, and family members are also welcome to participate.
About the Program
- A FREE, six-week, highly interactive workshop that takes place entirely online
- Participants log on at their own convenience 2-3 times per week for a total of about 2 hours per week
- Each workshop is led by two trained peer facilitators
- Groups of about 25 individuals participate together
- New lessons are posted each week
- Confidential and anonymous
Topics covered by the program include:
- How to handle issues such as pain and fatigue
- Activities for improving strength, flexibility, and endurance
- Medication management
- Healthy eating
- Effective communication with health care providers and loved ones
- Dealing with difficult emotions
- Making an action plan, problem-solving, and decision making
Benefits of Participation
- Gain confidence in managing your own health and maintain an active and fulfilling life
- Learn how to better manage your symptoms
- Learn tips to make your daily activities easier
- Develop self-help tools and strategies
- Mutual support with other participants living with chronic health conditions
Prefer an in-person workshop?
Click here to learn about in-person workshops in the various regions across Ontario.


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As we have already solved this bunch of answers : Jeopardy Words Level 2002, we will provide you the answer in this topic. At the moment the game is still ranking well both all devices types as it provides a unique concept of crossword with exceptional graphics. By playing it, you will get youe word and trivia skills grow your knowledge! You may solve the levels by finding the word bowl or the trivia question.
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- His Only Heir, Francois Charles Joseph, Was Born To Empress Marie-Louise In 1811
- In Japanese The Name Of This Martial Art Means "Empty Hand"
- Oloroso Is A Golden Type Of This Fortified Wine For Which Spain Is Famous
- Though It Has A Different Number In Our Calendar, Its Name Comes From The Latin For "Eight"
- Tyrone Guthrie Directed The First Production At The Stratford Festival In This Canadian Province
Next level's answers are just here : Jeopardy Words Level 2003
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Does conditioner or oil really need to penetrate hair?
Oops I forgot to post this yesterday but here it is now! The question about whether oil or conditioner NEEDS to penetrate hair arises time and time again in the comments section and therefore I thought it deserved its own post.
Short Answer
No, the effectiveness of a hair conditioner or an oil is not based on whether it penetrates hair or not.
Long Answer
Different ingredients have different purposes, some work most effectively outside hair while others perform their best function inside hair. We also have to bear in mind that hair is individual, someone with bleached hair may require different ingredients than someone without it. Someone who regularly straightens their hair will require different ingredients too compared to someone who is heat free. Someone whose hair is drier and more prone to breakage, again will have different requirements to someone who really never experiences breakage.
 Penetrating vs Non-Penetrating Ingredients
Ingredient Situation Reason why it does not need to penetrate
Surfactants e.g behentrimonium chloride, behentrimonium methosulfate, stearalkonium chloride, cetrimonium chloride, dicetyldimonium chloride Used in a hair conditioner - rinse out or deep conditioner These ingredients act on the surface of the cuticle to help smooth it down (remember that the negative charge in shampoo can raise the cuticle). They also soften the cuticle layer and when co-washing, these are the same ingredients needed to clean the surface of hair.
Hair softeners e.g the surfactants listed above, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, cetearyl alcohol, some polyquaterniums Used in hair conditioner - rinse out, deep conditioner or a leave in These ingredients again deposit on the surface of hair and soften the outside of hair..
Water During a wash or for moisture Water does not always have to penetrate hair. When cleaning hair, some water is necessary to wash extra product off. It can also help with creating slip for detangling when on the outer surface of hair. For proper moisture, some water needs to remain outside of the hair shaft to create a humidity barrier.
Silicones In a hair shampoo or conditioner - rinse out, deep conditioner or a leave in Silicones in shampoo counteract the cuticle raising of the negatively charge surfactants. This leads to less damage and breakage to hair while shampooing. In hair conditioner they add slip to the outer surface of hair allowing easier combing. They need to stay on the outside surface of hair to be effective for these purposes
Mineral oil In a leave in Mineral oil is known not to penetrate hair. It is useful as a barrier from humidity after hair has been appropriately moisturised with water, humectants and/or a leave in conditioner.
Hydrolysed protein In a hair conditoner Protein can act to patch breaks, flaws and chips in the cuticle. For this purpose, the protein should stay on the outside of the surface.
Humectants e.g aloe vera, glycerin, honey
Oil or butter e.g olive oil, jojoba oil, coconut oil, shea butter, castor oil etc
As as leave-in Both of these products when applied to the outside of hair help to create a humidity barrier and keep hair moisturised.
Ingredient Situation Reason why it needs to penetrate
Penetrating oils e.g coconut oil
As a pre-wash treatment on dry hair Given sufficient time, coconut oil can penetrate hair and prevent it from expanding too much when soaked in water during a wash - (use the search button, tons of great info on coconut oil)
Water During a wash, in a hair conditioner or when moisturising (dampening hair) When water penetrates hair it softens it. This can help when detangling hair, provided detangling is done with care. Trapping the water inside the hair is also the key to having moisturised hair.
Hydrolysed protein In a hair conditioner - rinse out, deep or leave in Protein of the right size can penetrate hair and help to strengthen it.
Ceramides In a hair shampoo or conditioner - rinse out, deep conditioner or a leave in Ceramides can penetrate hair in a shallow way, normally underneath the cuticle and just a little bit into the cortex. They act to replace the cuticle cement (a fatty acid complex that holds the multiple cuticle layers). In general hair that is relaxed or bleached benefits the most from ceramides as normal washing of hair in general does not greatly deplete the cuticle cement but some naturals do still like ceramides.
 1. Perfect timing!! This is the first time I'm hearing of using ceramides for hair. Do you have any info about specific products with ceramides? I'm the meantime, I see what I can dig up on my own.
 1. L'Oreal makes such products
 2. Hi JC, are ceramides useful for those with highly porous strands, even when natural?
 3. I used the L'Oreal restore 5 conditioner in the red and white bottle today, it has ceramides and I think (best to check yourself though) that it is 'cg' for anyone doing cg/cowashing.
 2. Thanks
 Your blog is always so useful!
 3. Very interesting article, I really like how you address the things that I haven't seen confronted and demystified elsewhere. I'd also love to know more about products where we can find helpful ceramides, and if they are present in oils (like rice bran) and can be used that way.
 4. Great comprehensive article, Jc!
 5. After reading your articles on dandruff, I found myself wondering what I should use as a deep conditioning prepoo; after learning that coconut oil, Shea butter...pretty much all of the great oils that soften my hair are ruled out for usage, I thought about Neem oil as an alternative DC prepoo.
 1.Would it be safe to use pure Neem oil as an overnight DC prepoo,or would that be dangerous? It seems like it has powerful anti-fungal properties, so strong that people mix it in carrier oils that feed Malassezia.
 2. Are there any oils, aside Neem oil, that people prone to dandruff can use as DC prepoo's?
 Just an observation, I've noticed that the natural care brand "Jason" has a dandruff treatment with the olive and jojoba oil in it which seems counter intuitive. :/
 Thank for all of your help. I've benefited so much from your expertise. As I am writing this comment I am trying the honey treatment you mentioned.
 1. I hope the honey works for you. For dandruff, I generally would recommend avoiding placing oils or any other products on your scalp for prolonged times. Things like doing an overnight DC can really irritate sensitive skin. If you perhaps focussed on just the ends, it may be ok but it is pretty hard to completely avoid the scalp especially if you intend to lie down at night.
 6. Thanks for the article! I mostly use argan oil from pro naturals to treat my hair and it penetrates really deeply.
 7. Hi Jc! This is not exactly related...but I believe I've read on here that DCing overnight with conditioner (or "prepooing" overnight) can lead to overmoisturizing the hair. Do you think the hair will react similarly if one uses conditioner as a leave-in?
 The more I think about it the more I'm led to believe that conditioner would be okay (as any leave-in will be waterbased) but I still wonder. I use a lot of conditioner/leave-in.
 1. Using a conditioner as a leave in will not have the same effect as keeping it on your hair overnight with a plastic cover to keep the conditioner wet. As a leave in the water content of the conditioner will naturally go down over the day.
 8. Great article! I've been looking over your blog and not only do you research things but you stay accurate. Thank you!
 9. What about conditioners with mineral oil in them? For example I hear some naturals and relaxer for that matter talk about Silicon Mix Conditioner as one of their staples. The ingredients are as follows: Water, Mineral Oil, Cetyl Alcohol, Stearyl Alcohol, Glycerine, Citric Acid, Cetrimonium Chloride, Dimethycone Copolyol, Cyclomethicone, Keratin, Ceramide, Diazolidinyl Urea (and) Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate, Fragrance. Would the mineral oil in product allow the water to penetrate and then seal it in? I hope that I am making sense in asking this question
 1. Mineral oil does not prevent water entry into the hair, it does slow it down a little. I think everyone has to make their own choices about ingredients and the only way someone will know if it works or not, is to try it.
 10. Can I use a strengthening ceramide mask instead of clay for the max hydration of natural hair?
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The OpenUP is an iterative software development process that is minimal, complete, and extensible.
- The process is minimal in that only fundamental content is included
- The process is complete in that it can be manifested as an entire process to build a system
- The process is extensible in that it can be used as a foundation on which process content can be added or tailored as needed
- Collaborate to align interests and share understanding
- Balance competing priorities to maximize stakeholder value
- Focus on the architecture early to minimize risks and organize development
- Evolve to continuously obtain feedback and improve

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Understanding Catalan's Conjecture
1 mainNumbers are deceptively simple. We use them everyday in a variety of contexts. It's beautiful how there are so many mysteries hidden inside these numbers. Catalan's Conjecture is a mathematical problem that's really easy to understand, but extremely difficult to prove. In fact, it took around 158 years to come up with a mathematical proof. It was Preda Mihăilescu, the amazing Romanian mathematician, who came up with a proof in 2002. In solving these problems, mathematicians come up with profound ideas and formulations that impact many fields within mathematics. Let's go ahead and peel this metaphorical onion, shall we?
What is the conjecture?
This marvelous conjecture was proposed by the Belgian mathematician, Eugène Charles Catalan, back in 1844. It started with the concept of perfect powers. Perfect power refers to a positive integer multiplied by itself a certain number of times. For example, 81 is a perfect power because it can be expressed as 34 (3 x 3 x 3 x 3).
These perfect powers don't usually appear consecutively on the number line. This means that if 81 is a perfect power, then it is very unlikely that 80 or 82 would also be a perfect power. Now being the curious cat that Catalan is, he asked the question — How unlikely is it? The more he thought about it, the more he realized that this is extremely unlikely. In fact, he said that it is so unlikely that 8 (23) and 9 (32) are the only consecutive perfect powers to exist on the number line. This is a pretty powerful statement!
What does it actually look like?
If you are feeling a bit mathematical, then Catalan's Conjecture says that the only solution to the following equation:
am - bn = 1
for a, b > 1 and m, n > 0
is the following set of values:
a = 3, m = 2, b = 2, n = 3
Just for fun, you can try to see out if you can find any other numbers that can be a solution here. Spoiler alert, you can't!
How did Mihăilescu prove it?
Since he proved the conjecture, it was renamed from Catalan's Conjecture to Mihăilescu Theorem. Quite an honor! He used deep theoretical results from cyclotomic fields to prove it. What exactly are cyclotomic fields? A cyclotomic field is a number field with some special properties. A number field is a set of numbers that follow a set of predefined rules. Number fields are used extensively across many branches of mathematics, physics, and engineering.
Now, it's difficult to explain cyclotomic fields in this blog post without discussing the complex roots of unity and talking about the difference between primitive and non-primitive roots. So let's just say that cyclotomic fields are really crucial in number theory because of their properties. He used the properties of cyclotomic fields to prove that 8 and 9 are in fact the only two consecutive perfect powers on the number line.
What's the point of proving it anyway?
Okay he proved the 158 year old conjecture. So what? It's not like we can use it anywhere, right? Well, that's not true. Even though the conjecture looks plain and simple, the underlying mathematics that was employed to prove this conjecture is exquisite. Cyclotomic fields are used extensively in algebraic number theory. A lot of these ideas and tools make their way into engineering, design, and construction of a variety of real world systems. The beauty of number theory is that it embraces almost everyone with welcoming arms, but whispers its elegant secrets to the chosen few.
4 thoughts on "Understanding Catalan's Conjecture
 1. Nice, there are several other mathematical mysteries which are proved in last 100 years. However, not sure where exactly the catalan's conjecture is used in engineering?
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however, hard to see why the absolute continuity and transversality statements necessary to formulate the zigzag properties, so basic to repeat the idea of Theorem 5.4, would hold. \subheading {Remark 8.5.b} In \kssh, the statement of Theorem 8.1 is also settled for the case $N=3, \nu=2$. However, for obtaining it for this particular case, one also had to verify Conjecture 8.4 for the case of a one-element \scs $\Sigma=(\sigma)$. This was actually done in \kssh through a concrete analysis of the concrete situation and so far it is not clear how this argument generalizes. Having seen the limitations of the method of pasting, we will now turn to another method, which we call the mechanical method. \bigskip \centerline {\it B. Mechanical Method} \bigskip \bigskip The mechanical method was elaborated by Sim\'anyi in \sima. It will be presented in the simple case of a weak type theorem borrowed from \ssz8. A novelty and an essential advantage of the upcoming formulation is that it is absolute, i. e. it is not inductive; afterwards we will also see inductive statements. A non-inductive formulation is needed if one is only able to show hyperbolicity of hard ball systems since this is a weak property to permit a possible induction. For the convenience of the reader and the brevity of exposition, the setup is simplified to the case when the masses of the balls are identical, though, in essence, the assumption on the identity of masses is only a minor technical one. Denote by $R^*=R^*(N, \nu)$ the maximal number $R$ such that for every $r\in (0, R)$ the interior of the configuration domain $\boq$ of the hard ball system is connected. \proclaim{Theorem 8.6 \ssz8} Consider a system of $N$ $(\ge 3)$ particles on the $\nu$-torus $\bt^\nu$ ($\nu\ge 2$) satisfying $r < R^*$. Let $P=\{P_1,P_2\}$ be a given, two--class partition of the $N$ particles, where, for simplicity, $P_1=\{1, \dots, n\}$ and $P_2=\{n+1, \dots, N\}$\ \ $(n 0$ $$ \liminf _{R\to \infty} \inf _H \inf _{z \in H} \dfrac{\text {\rm meas}\left(B_R(z) \cap \Cal L_{2r}\right)} {\text {\rm meas}\left(B_R(z)\right)} \ge \gamma(\vec n). \tag 8.13 $$ \endproclaim \medskip Assume that the statement (8.11) is not true, i. e. the measure of the subset $K$ of $ S^{\nu-1}$ described by (8.11) is positive. Select then and fix a Lebesgue density point $\vec n$ of $K$ with the property that at least one ratio of the components of $\vec n$ is irrational. Denote by $G_\varepsilon \subset S^{\nu-1}$ the ball of radius $\varepsilon$ around $\vec n$. By (8.13) we can choose $R_0$ so large that for $R\ge R_0$ $$ \inf _H \inf _{z \in H} \dfrac{\text {\rm meas}\left(B_R(z) \cap\Cal L_{2r}\right)} {\text {\rm meas}\left(B_R(z) \right)} \ge \frac{\gamma(\vec n)}{2}. $$ The set $\lambda tG_\varepsilon$ can be arbitrarily well approximated by a ball of radius $\lambda t\varepsilon=R$ ($R$ is fixed, $R\ge R_0$) in the hyperplane orthogonal to $\vec n$ through the point $\lambda t\vec n +f(t)$ if only $t$ is sufficiently large. Consequently, if $ R \ge R_0$, then by choosing $t$ sufficiently large and at the same time putting $\varepsilon = (\lambda t)^{-1}R$, we have $$ \dfrac{\text {\rm meas}\left((\lambda tG_\varepsilon+f(t))\cap \Cal L_{2r}\right)}{\text {\rm meas}\left((\lambda tG_\varepsilon+f(t) \right)} \ge \frac{\gamma(\vec n)}{4}. $$ But this inequality contradicts to the fact that $\vec n$ was chosen as a Lebesgue density point of the subset $K\subset S^{\nu-1}$. Hence Theorem 8.6 follows. \qed \bigskip \subheading {Remark 8.14} An essential advantage of the formulation, and of the mechanical method as well, is that the definition of $F_+$ only uses the ball avoiding property of the non-negative semi-trajectory. For a weak theorem this is not surprising (cf. Lemma 2.1) but for strong theorems this is a great advantage over results like Theorem 5.2. Actually, Sim\'anyi used the mechanical method to show \proclaim{Theorem 8.15 \sima} Let $(M,\{S^t\},\mu)$ be the {\it standard hard ball flow} of $N$ $(\ge 3)$ particles on the unit torus $\bt^\nu$ $(\nu\ge 2)$. Suppose that $r < R^*$. Assume that for all $n0$ and with the property that for every $i=1,\dots,n$ either $L_i\subset B_1$ or $L_i\subset B_2$. We say that the symbolic collision sequence $\Sigma=(\sigma_1, \dots, \sigma_n)$ is {\sl C-rich}, with $C$ being a natural number, if it can be decomposed into at least $C$ consecutive, disjoint collision subsequences in such a way that each of them is connected. \endproclaim \noindent {\bf Remark 9.6.} The condition of connectedness is exactly identical to the Orthogonal Non-Splitting Property, formulated in [S-Sz(1998)], of the system of subspaces $L_1, \dots, L_n$. Moreover, by Theorem 4.6 and Proposition 4.9 of the same work, in the particular case of hard ball systems our Definition 9.5 reduces precisely to Definition 6.5 given above. \proclaim {Conjecture 9.7} For an arbitrary natural number $C$, the subset of orbits whose \scs is not $C$-rich, is a slim subset of $\bom$. \endproclaim Finally we formulate a stronger conjecture than the previous one. In principle it is adapted to a possible proof of ergodicity by an induction on to the number of cylinders. Fix a finite \scs $\Sigma$ and two cylinders: $C_{j^-}$ and $C_{j^+}$. Denote by $F(j^-, \Sigma, j^+)$ the subset of phase points $x \in \bom$ for which $S^{\br_-}x$ avoids the cylinder $C_{j^-}$, and there exists a $t >0$ such that $\Sigma(S^{(0, t)}x)=\Sigma$, and, moreover, $S^{t+\br_+}x$ avoids the cylinder $C_{j^+}$. \proclaim {Conjecture 9.8} For an arbitrary \scs $\Sigma$ and any pair of cylinders $C_{j^-}$, $C_{j^+}$, the set $F(j^-, \Sigma, j^+)$ is a closed zero-set of codimension two. \endproclaim This conjecture generalizes Conjecture 8.4 and its eventual proof has an analogous difficulty as of that one. \heading {\bf III.Related Directions} \endheading \heading {10. Replacing Topological Dimension by the Hausdorff-One} \endheading Let $T: \bom \to \bom$ be a transitive Anosov $C^2$-diffeomorphism of a compact Riemannian manifold $\bom$. Our ball-avoiding theorems discussed so far expressed the fact that for an orbit to be non-dense is an atypical behaviour, at least as far as the notion of dimension we are considering is the topological one. Surprisingly enough, if we take Hausdorff dimension, then we can not recover this atypicality as this will be shown by the following selection of theorems. \proclaim {Theorem 10.1\ \ [U(1991)]} Let $G$ be a non-empty open subset in $\bom$. Then $$ \text {\rm HD}(G\cap ND) = \dim \bom $$ where $$ ND= ND(T):=\ \{x \in \bom:\ T^{\bz}x\ \text {is not everywhere dense in} \ \b


text: © 2013, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc. All rights reserved.A design optimization method based on three dimensional Euler equations is developed. A finite volume method is implemented to discretize the Euler equations. Newton's method is used to solve the discretized form of Euler equations. Newton's method requires the calculation of the Jacobian matrix which is the derivative of the residual vector with respect to the flux vector. Different upwind methods are used in the calculation of flux vectors. Numerical and analytical methods are utilized in the evaluation of Jacobian matrices. The efficiency and accuracy of the analytical and numerical Jacobian evaluations are compared. In order to improve the accuracy of numerical method, detailed error analyses are performed. The optimum finite difference perturbation magnitude that minimizes the error is searched. The computation time of numerical Jacobian evaluation is reduced by calculating the flux vectors with perturbed flow variables only in related cells. The performances of different sparse matrix solvers are also compared. The effects of errors in numerical Jacobians on the accuracy of sensitivities is analyzed. Results show that the finite-difference perturbation magnitude and computer precision are the most important parameters that affect the accuracy of numerical Jacobians. Approximately the same optimum perturbation magnitude enables the most accurate numerical flux Jacobian and sensitivity calculations.


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PowerPivot and Pivot Table are the same and also different. The way they are managed is the same but the data sources are different. PowerPivot has it's own working area to manage the data source while Pivot Table usually use data stored in an Excel worksheet.
To create a "Pivot Table" using the PowerPivot function, you have to use the Pivot Table icon in the POWERPIVOT ribbon.
To create a normal Pivot Table in Excel, you have to use the Pivot Table icon in the INSERT ribbon.


February 21
Questions for February 21, 2021
 1. What opportunities did God give you this week? What has God been teaching you this week or this morning through the message?
 2. Scott Shared about his Friendship with his friend Scott. Would you say that these types of Deep friendships are hard to find/develop or they happen a lot?
 3. Interesting that Phileo means "Brotherly Love" yet many say that women have deeper friendships then men. Do you agree with this why or why not?
 4. What are your thoughts on Jesus exchange with Peter? Especially with Jesus asking if Peter Agape's him and Peter says yes, I Phileo you?
 5. Practically speaking what would be the difference between someone you have an Agape relationship with and someone you have a Phileo relationship with?
 6. True or False believes are ALWAYS called to AGAPE others?
 7. How can we be lifting you up in prayer this week?


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Demonstrations 21 - 40 of 95
Collatz Sequence Computed by a Turing Machine
Twelve-Tone Equal-Tempered Scales
Collatz Sequence Computed by a Tag System
Uniform Convergence of a Sequence of Functions
Two Types of Hexagonal Polyominoes Counted by Area and Number of Columns
Stirling Numbers of the Second Kind and Nonattacking Rooks
Almost Repunit Primes
The Sequence of Primes
Fibonacci and Padovan Spiral Identities
A Procedure to Compute the Digit Sequence of a Rational Number
Difference in Digit Sequences by Changing Initial Conditions
A Procedure to Compute the Digit Sequence of a Square Root
Mrs. Perkins's Quilts
A Family of Generalized Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers
Regular Paperfolding Sequence
A Graph Theory Interpretation of the Sum of the First n Integers
Plot of a Geometric Sequence and Its Partial Sums
The Four-Number Game
Periodicity of Euler Numbers in Modular Arithmetic
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September 5, 2013
All of us would have probably heard the words, ".....Jambudveepe Bharatha Varshe Bharata Khande....." during the sankalpa mantram which forms an integral part of all Vedic rituals. However, most people in foreign countries regularly come to our page with the doubt as to how they must modify this sankalpa mantra to suit the etymology of those countries. This post hopes to throw some light on this aspect.
What exactly is this "Jambudwipa"?
Jambudveepa consisted of modern Asia, Europe, Africa and North America and not merely the Indian subcontinent.
This Jambudvipa was divided into nine varshas (geographical regions) of which one was Bharatha Varsha. The other eight varshas were:
2.Ketumula Varsha
3.Hari Varsha
4.Ilavrita Varsha
5.Kuru Varsha
6.Hiranyaka Varsha
7.Ramyaka Varsha
8.Kimpurusha Varsha
9.Bhadrasva Varsha.
(Refer to the picture to get a clear idea of this).
India which was then called Bharathavarsha extended in the west including the regions of modern Egypt, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Iran, Sumeria upto Caspian Sea (which was called Kashyapa Samudra in those days). Within this Bharata Varsha was located the Bharata Khanda which was the heart of the Vedic civilization & the place where we Indians currently reside. This is one of the innumerous proofs that the Indo-Aryan race theory is a conspiracy theory moulded by western countries to show us in poor light. All of the regions so mentioned in the race theory are a part of Bharata Varsha & there was never a so called "invasion".
What is amazing is the fact that our ancestors had an excellent overview of the geography of the world back then.
It can be observed that in those times, most of South American continent, southern half of African Continent and entire Australia were submerged under water. On the other hand most of modern day Atlantic ocean and Pacific ocean, and the entire Arctic ocean were above sea level.
This also proves the logical fallacy of the Western missionaries which claim that the Vedic civilization is just 5000 years old, Kurukshetra war took place just a few thousand years back,etc. The vedic civilization existed at times when Australia was submerged below the ocean! Imagine how long back that must have been!
What is rather disappointing is the fact that our government to this day teaches all sorts of disproved, anti-Indian & illogical theories in our textbooks solely for "minority appeasement" & to support the slow conversion on Hindus to Christianity, a mission well sponsored by the missionaries of the West.
The credits for this discovery go to the great soul Lokamanya Balagangadhar Tilak. More info can be found in his book �The Arctic Home in the Vedas�.
Its disgusting that our government teaches our younger generations to think how worthless our ancestors were rather than teaching them about these great discoveries by such patriots.
I am reminded of the time when the Congress & other pseudosecular parties cried about "Saffronisation of India!" when LK Advani made a proposal to introduce lessons about the great sages of our country. Its time we wake up & understand who is ruling us & what their true agenda is. Are our sages not Indians? Can you name one country which shows its own personalities in poor light to appease its minorities(although minorities are not at all benefitted by it!)?
Its not that we are siding with any political party, but we shall certainly not accept those parties which intend to slowly destroy Sanatana Dharma through covert means!
1 comment:
 1. superb yaar,i'm really excited to read this!we need to release such news to all to educate them
Thank you,
- Hinduadhyathmikam.


text:
Editors Note: This post is a modified version of an article that originally appeared in the Virginiana section of Virginia Memory.
The Watkins Family Papers (Accession 42063) include certificates, newspaper clippings, photographs, postcards, programs, and yearbooks documenting a prominent African American family in New Kent County, Virginia. While much of the collection consists of Jones and Watkins family photographs from Richmond and New Kent County, the collection is also significant for its connection to the struggle for school desegregation in Virginia.
Dr. George Washington Watkins (_PHONE_) was born in Pickens County, South Carolina, the son of James and Lattie Watkins. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree (and later an Honorary Doctorate of Divinity) from Virginia Union University, and a Master of Arts degree from Hampton Institute.
Watkins is perhaps best known for his work in education, chiefly as principal of the New Kent Training School (renamed the George W. Watkins School in 1950). This school played an important role in the education of African Americans in the area and was at the center of one of the most significant school integration rulings to follow Brown v. Board of Education (1954). He was also a pastor, heading congregations at Second Liberty Baptist Church of Quinton, and Elam Baptist Church of Ruthville.
In 1930, there were 15 elementary schools in New Kent County, Virginia. Although … read more »


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Some people who have diabetes may experience increased levels of blood sugar in the morning. It turns out that high blood sugar levels in the morning it can be lowered by eating vegetables.
Vegetables are not only good at night when a person consumed a diet, because eating the right vegetables in the morning can help achieve the blood sugar to normal levels while providing essential nutrients.
Increased blood sugar levels in the morning is often caused by several factors. Experts from Clevelend Clinic describes one person's body store sugar that is consumed at night. By morning, the body will pull it from the storage of sugar so that the blood sugar to rise.
High blood sugar levels or hyperglycemia called marked by increased thirst, the urge to urinate continues, slightly blurred vision and fatigue.
Some vegetables are known to help lower or stabilize blood glucose levels. This is because vegetables contain fiber that can help lower blood sugar, as quoted from MayoClinic.
Foods that are known to contain soluble fiber can help lower blood sugar, such as vegetables, carrots, broccoli, cauliflower, fruit bits, certain mushrooms and green vegetables including spinach and kale.
These vegetables can be mixed with breakfast foods, such as mixing the eggs with broccoli, asparagus and a little cheddar cheese, or eating boiled eggs and spinach leaves. In addition it can also be juiced vegetables, such as carrot juice, beet juice or spinach.
Yet the American Diabetes Association recommends to avoid starchy vegetables because they contain high carbohydrates that cause blood sugar to rise. Should avoid peas, corn or squash in the morning. If the consumption of vegetables in a can then read the label because it usually contains added sugar.
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In my world wide web exploration, I just learned today how to read and interpret a fen standard or notation.
FEN stands for Forsyth-Edwards Notation. It is used to describe the particular position in a chess game. As compared against a PGN (Portable Game notation) file, a FEN describes the position at that particular point in time, while PGN describes how the game went on from the first move to the last. It's weird that I was able to relate this two types of chess files to accounting and financial reporting. FEN is like the balance sheet, which presents the financial condition of an entity at a certain point in time. While, on the other hand, PGN is like the income statement, which presents how the operation went during a period of time.
Usually, when using chess applications, the program has the ability to save fen files as well as read and show automatically what is described in the fen file. However, what if you have no chess program to analyze this series of codes? How do you set up the position in say an actual chessboard to analyze that particular position?
One might wonder, why do you still need a fen file when you can have a position illustrated by an image (i.e., jpg, gif, bmp, tif, png, etc. type of files)?
- You cannot import the image file into your chess program and play through the game to analyze the position
- An image alone lacked a lot of data
To illustrate, take a look at the diagram below:
In this illustration, what do you miss?
- Active Color – which color is to move next
- Castling Availability – Is queenside or kingside castling (in-rook) still available to either black or white?
- En Passant Target Square – Can white/black make an en passant capture? In this specific example, how can you determine whether white can capture en passant at the pawn at d6?
This is where FEN comes into the picture. The following notation depicts the same position as above, with additional useful information to analyze the position:
r2qk2r/pp2ppp1/1n4n1/2ppP1Bp/1b1P2b1/P1N2N2/1PP1BPPP/R1Q1K2R w KQkq – 0 8
This notation is composed of six data fields. The first being:
…which is the piece placement data. It corresponds directly to the board coordinates starting from the eighth rank, from left to right. The small letters represent black, while the capital ones are white (where q-queen, k-king, b-bishop, r-rook, n-knight, p-pawn). The numbers represent the number of blank squares between last and next pieces described.
The second field, "w", describes the active color and tells that white is to move next.
Castling availability is the third field. "KQkq" enjoins that both colors can still castle queenside or kingside. Of course, without this field, how would you know if the white or black king or the rooks have already moved and back to prohibit castling on that side? Note that this pertains to the "potential" future castling availabilitty, regardless of if there are any other pieces that block the rook and king at the moment. Capital letters represent white, and small letters black. K/k=kingside, Q/q=queenside. Other possible combinations include: Kkq, Kq, kq, etc. White always precede black, and the kingside always precede the queenside. If there are no castling available a "-" is used.
The fourth field ("-" in this case)is the en passant target square. It is only given if the last move was a pawn advance of two squares. Otherwise, "-" is again used. If given, it should represent the coordinates of the square at which the active player can capture via en passant. Obviously, it should be one of the squares in the 3rd and 6th rank. Examples include: e3, e6, d3, f6, etc.
The fifth field (0 in this example) is the halfmove clock. It is the measure of the number of halfmoves since the last pawn advance or capturing move. This value is used for the fifty move draw rule.
The sixth and the last field (8 in this case) is the fullmove number. It is measured by adding 1 to the nth move by black.
So, in conclusion, it's not always true that a picture paints a thousand words.


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On March 12, 2002 the first results from the 2001 Census - population and dwelling counts - were released by Statistics Canada. Information on other characteristics of the B.C. population such as age, ethnicity, education, income, etc. will be released over the next two years.
British Columbia was the third fastest growing province in Canada, increasing 4.9% between 1996 and 2001. On May 15, 2001, the population of B.C. was counted as 3,907,738, compared with 3,724,500 in May 1996. B.C.'s population growth was slightly stronger than the national rate of 4.0%. In the previous five year period, B.C.'s population had increased 13.5%, more than double the 5.7% increase in the Canadian population. Between 1996 and 2001, Alberta (10.3%) and Ontario (6.1%) had the strongest population growth among the provinces. Nunavut's population grew by 8.1%.
Fewer than half (12 out of 28) of the regional districts in the province experienced population growth between 1996 and 2001. The regions that grew were concentrated in the southwest mainland, eastern Vancouver Island and Okanagan areas. Squamish-Lillooet (12.3%), Greater Vancouver (8.5%), Central Okanagan (8.2%) and Fraser Valley (6.8%) regional districts registered the strongest growth. On Vancouver Island, most of the growth occurred in the Nanaimo (4.3%) and Capital (2.4%) regional districts. The northern and Kootenay regions registered population declines over the 5-year period, with the largest decreases in Skeena-Queen Charlotte (-12.5%) and Mount Waddington (-10.2%).
Among large municipalities (those with populations of more than 100,000), the strongest growth in the _PHONE_ period was posted in Surrey (14%), followed by Coquitlam (11%) and Richmond (10%). Among smaller municipalities (those with populations of more than 5,000), Whistler had the strongest growth (24%), although the small neighbouring community of Pemberton had even stronger growth (91%).
Top Municipalities (> 5,000 people) in terms of growth from 1996 to 2000
|Municipality ||2001 Population || % Change |
|Whistler ||8,896 ||24.0% |
|Surrey ||347,825 ||14.2% |
|Port Moody ||23,816 ||14.2% |
|View Royal ||7,271 ||12.9% |
|Maple Ridge ||63,169 ||12.5% |
|Coquitlam ||112,890 ||10.9% |
|New Westminster ||54,656 ||10.8% |
|Richmond ||164,345 ||10.4% |
|Port Coquitlam ||51,257 ||9.8% |
|Abbotsford ||115,463 ||9.6% |
Urban and Rural Population
Between 1996 and 2001, the population has become more urbanised with 85% of the provincial population now living in urban areas, up from 82% in 1996 and 80% in 1991.
Characteristics of Population Growth
Although information on the characteristics of the population growth between 1996 and 2001 is not yet available from the 2001 Census, current population estimates provide insight into some aspects of the growth. About two thirds of the population growth between 1996 and 2001 was due to migration with natural increase (births minus deaths) accounting for the rest. The growth due to migration was entirely from international sources, as a large number of people left B.C. for Alberta and only small numbers arrived from other parts of Canada. Between 1991 and 1996, a similar number of people had arrived from international sources but there had also been almost as large a net inflow from other parts of the country. More than three quarters (77%) of the immigrants to B.C. over the _PHONE_ period were from Asian countries, followed by European sources (12%) and North and Central America (4%).


Saccharimetrical meanings in Urdu
Saccharimetrical meanings in Urdu is مقدس Saccharimetrical in Urdu. More meanings of saccharimetrical, it's definitions, example sentences, related words, idioms and quotations.
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Idiom related to the meaning of Saccharimetrical
What are the meanings of Saccharimetrical in Urdu?
Meanings of the word Saccharimetrical in Urdu is مقدس - muqaddas. To understand how would you translate the word Saccharimetrical in Urdu, you can take help from words closely related to Saccharimetrical or it's Urdu translations. Some of these words can also be considered Saccharimetrical synonyms. In case you want even more details, you can also consider checking out all of the definitions of the word Saccharimetrical. If there is a match we also include idioms & quotations that either use this word or its translations in them or use any of the related words in English or Urdu translations. These idioms or quotations can also be taken as a literary example of how to use Saccharimetrical in a sentence. If you have trouble reading in Urdu we have also provided these meanings in Roman Urdu.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What do you mean by saccharimetrical?
Meaning of saccharimetrical is مقدس - muqaddas
Whats the definition of saccharimetrical?
Definition of the saccharimetrical are
What is the synonym of saccharimetrical?
Synonym of word saccharimetrical are sachemdom, holy, sanctified, holystoned, sanctiloquent, heavenly, saclant, sacrist, consecrated, venerated
What are the idioms related to saccharimetrical?
Here are the idioms that are related to the word saccharimetrical.
 - Sacred ape


Press Releases
2020-04-16 Korenix LPWA Solution for Environmental Monitoring
IoT applications such as smart meters, traffic tracking, environmental monitoring and other industrial services that connect devices to the cloud are adopted by more and more companies nowadays. When deploying network in environmental monitoring, operators might find multiple challenges, such as, finding or building power source in the filed site, lacking devices that can cover long range area to complete the topology. Moreover, when in the field site, harmful dust or immersion into water happen a lot and devices with IP67 are often required.
LPWA network, Low-power-wide-area network, is a technology that helps operators in IoT or smart city field to meet the specific cost, coverage and power consumption needs. As a communication system to connect IIoT devices and network, LPWA networks are drawing much attention for its major features as follows:
- Low power operation: Battery lifetime of several years with a coin cell battery
- Long range: One base station covers tens of kilometers
- Low data rates: Several dozen bps to 1M bps
- Low communication fees: Several dozen to several hundred yen per month (per connection)
Successful Case
Korenix has offered solution through LPWA solution for street light control at port. The primary point of Smart Street light is to reduce power utilization when there are no activity moments on the road. This project requires a wide range of network cover. The control room needs to connect to the port street light with over 5km distance. Since it is hard to find an extra power source, the end-customer like to use solar panel existing power to supply the wireless device power. By using Korenix LPWA product end-user can easily control the street light from the control room.
Why Korenix:
 1. Require wide range wireless communication. JetWave 4110L can reach 10km transmit range
 2. IP67 housing require
 3. Provide Modbus RTU protocol and commend to sync up the data from sensor to PLC.


Beuronese Murals - The Visitation
The Visitation of Mary to Elizabeth
After the Annunciation, Mary went with haste to a Judaean town in the hill country, where she visited her pregnant cousin, Elizabeth. When Elizabeth heard Mary's greeting, the child in her womb, John the Baptist, leapt with joy. The story is told in Luke (1:39-42). The basilica mural of "The Visitation" shows Mary greeting her cousin just outside the house of Elizabeth and Zachary.
Elizabeth said, "How is it that the mother of my Lord should come to me?" Her kneeling position is a sign of her humility before the Lord and his mother. The two pregnant women, framed by the palm tree, are flanked on one side by a hatted Joseph, with his walking stick and donkey (all of which will appear in the panel of "The Flight into Egypt"), and Zachary, depicted as an aged person (as Elizabeth and Zachary invariably were). Mary's response to Elizabeth's question is the text of the Magnificat, the canticle sung daily at Evening Prayer (Luke 1:46-55).
You are here: Home Basilica Beuronese Murals


text: ||Abstract In the study of animal emotions, emotional valence has been found to be difficult to measure. Many studies of farm animals' emotions have therefore focussed on the identification of indicators of strong, mainly negative, emotions. However, subtle variations in emotional valence, such as those caused by rather moderate differences in husbandry conditions, may also affect animals' mood and welfare when such variations occur consistently. In this study, we investigated whether repeated moderate aversive or rewarding events could lead to measurable differences in emotional valence in young, weaned pigs. We conditioned 105 female pigs in a test arena to either a repeated startling procedure (sudden noises or appearances of objects) or a repeated rewarding procedure (applesauce, toy and straw) over 11 sessions. Control pigs were also regularly exposed to the same test arena but without conditioning. Before and after conditioning, we measured heart rate and its variability as well as the behavioural reactions of the subjects in the test arena, with a special focus on detailed acoustic analyses of their vocalisations. The behavioural and heart rate measures were analysed as changes compared to the baseline values before conditioning. A limited number of the putative indicators of emotional valence were affected by the conditioning. We found that the negatively conditioned pigs showed changes that were significantly different from those in control pigs, namely a decrease in locomotion and an increase in standing. The positively conditioned pigs, however, showed a stronger increase in heart rate and a smaller decrease in SDNN (a heart rate variability parameter indicating changes in autonomic regulation) compared to the controls. Compared to the negatively conditioned pigs, the positively conditioned pigs produced fewer vocalisations overall as well as fewer low-frequency grunts but more high-frequency grunts. The low-frequency grunts of the negatively conditioned pigs also showed lower frequency parameters (bandwidth, maximum frequency, 25% and 50% quartiles) compared to those of the positively conditioned pigs. In any of the statistically significant results, the conditioning accounted for 1.5–11.9% of variability in the outcome variable. Hence, we conclude that repeated moderate aversive and rewarding events have weak but measurable effects on some aspects of behaviour and physiology in young pigs, possibly indicating changes in emotional valence, which could ultimately affect their welfare. The combination of ethophysiological indicators, i.e., the concurrent examination of heart rate measures, behavioural responses and especially vocalisation patterns, as used in the current study, might be a useful way of examining subtle effects on emotional valence in further studies.


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Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has been found to survive longer in water and mucus, compared to other materials like soil and metal. If a persistently infected animal is present in your herd, mucus harboring the virus could transmit BVDV to other animals that share the same waterer.
"Cleaning water tanks is very important for many reasons including food safety, animal performance and general upkeep of facilities," says Dan Thomson, veterinary researcher at Kansas State University.
An article in the May-June 2012 issue of Bovine Veterinarian looks at BVDV survival in water tanks in a feedlot setting. However, the information and advice on disinfecting water tanks is applicable to dairy operations as well.
Source: Bovine Veterinarian, May-June 2012


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|| A - B - C -D | E - F - G - H | I - J - K - L | M - N - O - P | Q - R - S - T | U - V - W - X - Y - Z|
Also known as dark current noise. Part of the noise due to thermally generated free electrons. It is currently considered that thermal noise doubles for an increase of 8° of the ambient temperature. This noise is particularly visible in low-light.


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In genetic studies, the variation in genotypes may not only affect different inheritance patterns in qualitative traits, but may also affect the age-at-onset as quantitative trait. In this article, we use standard cross designs, such as backcross or F2, to propose some hazard regression models, namely, the additive hazards model in quantitative trait loci mapping for age-at-onset, although the developed method can be extended to more complex designs. With additive invariance of the additive hazards models in mixture probabilities, we develop flexible semiparametric methodologies in interval regression mapping without heavy computing burden. A recently developed multiple comparison procedures is adapted to identify the QTL in dense maps. The proposed methodologies will be evaluated by simulation studies and demonstrated in an actual data analysis of forest tree growth.
Genetics | Statistical Methodology | Statistical Models | Statistical Theory | Survival Analysis
Chen, Ying Qing; Hu, Chengcheng; and Wu, Rongling, "Semiparametric Quantitative-Trait-Locus Mapping: II. on Censored Age-at-Onset" (July 2004). U.C. Berkeley Division of Biostatistics Working Paper Series. Working Paper 152.


Spiked Eigenvalue Test for Pathway data
Tests gene expression data from a biological pathway for biologically meaningful differences in the eigenstructure between two classes. Specifically, it tests the null hypothesis that the two classes' leading eigenvalues and sums of eigenvalues are equal. A pathway's leading eigenvalue arguably represents the total variability due to variability in pathway activity, while the sum of all its eigenvalues represents the variability due to pathway activity and to other, unregulated causes. Implementation of the method described in Danaher (2015), "Covariance-based analyses of biological pathways".
Reference manual
1.0 by Patrick Danaher, 6 years ago
Browse source code at _URL_
Authors: Patrick Danaher
Documentation: PDF Manual
GPL-2 license
See at CRAN


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Proficiency Exam Information
The week of March 4, 2013, is crucial for high school students in the Clark County School District. It is when high schools will administer the High School Proficiency Exams (HSPE) in mathematics, writing, reading and science.
Students are strongly encouraged to prepare for the exams and attend school on the test days. Seniors who have already passed the HSPE in mathematics, writing, reading and science, along with all ninth, tenth and eleventh grade students, should check their school's testing schedule and attendance requirements.
Seniors who still need to pass any portion of the exam - mathematics, writing, reading or science - are advised to be at school on those test day(s) and ready to go.
CCSD's HSPE campaign will include posters in schools and a ParentLink telephone message.


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322 GLOSSARY
Elemental: Simple; not compound or complex; of the nature of
an element.
Oliver Apprentice; student.
Elicit: To call forth; bring out
Eliminate: To remove; expel.
Elocution: The art of correct utterance or delivery of words;
training in correct utterance, etc.
Elongate: To lengthen; extend.
Elucidate: To make clear; explain; illustrate.
Emanate: To come from; issue; proceed.
Embryonal: Relating to embryology, the science of development.
Emotive: Relating to emotion; expressing emotion.
Emotivity: Emotion; capacity for emotion.
Empirical: Relating to experience and observation rather than
to scientific knowledge; used and applied without science;
relating to quackery.
Empiricism: Empirical practice; quackery.
Encomium: An expression of praise; a commendation.
Encroach: To make inroad upon; trespass upon.
Encumbrance: Burden; hindrance; load.
End-organs: Sense-organs.
Endow: To enrich or furnish with.
Enervate: To render feeble; weaken.
Engender: To produce; cause; bring forth.
Enhance: To increase; advance; intensify.
Enigmatical: Obscure; puzzling; relating to a riddle.
Enjoin: To order; direct; admonish; prescribe.
En masse: In mass; as a body; all together.
Enounce: To pronounce; enunciate.
Enregister: To register; record.
Entail: To involve; impose; necessitate; bring about as a
Entity: A thing existing individually.


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The Chip Swap Game
Library Home || Primary || Math Fundamentals || Pre-Algebra ||
Algebra || Geometry || Discrete Math || Trig/Calc
|Algebra, difficulty level 4. The object of this game is to swap the positions of the different colored chips. Count the number of moves and, as you increase the number of chips, find the general formula.|
|Please Note: Use of the following materials requires membership. Please see the Problem of the Week membership page for more information.|
© _PHONE_ Drexel University. All rights reserved.
The Math Forum is a research and educational enterprise of the Drexel University School of Education.


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- Enrollment in Virginia Public Schools
- Virginia School Entrance Laws
- School Entrance Physical Exam Form (PDF) and Instructions (PDF)
- School readiness describes the capabilities of children, families, schools and communities that promote student success in kindergarten and beyond. Each component plays an essential role in the development of school readiness.
Graduation RequirementsStudents have many options for earning a high school diploma and opportunities ways to maximize course selections.
- Graduation Requirements for students entering the ninth grade in fall 2018 (Class of 2022).
- Graduation Requirements for students entering the ninth grade prior to fall 2018
- Frequently Asked Questions about Earning a Virginia High School Diploma for students entering the ninth grade prior to fall 2018
- Academic and Career Plan – Students in middle and high school must now have a personal Academic and Career Plan that aligns academic and career goals with the student's course of study.
- Parents: How to Connect Student Learning to Careers: Parents, Start Early! (PDF)
Virginia's Revised Standards of Accreditation (SOA)
- Impact on Schools and Students
- Revisions to School Accreditation
- Revisions to Virginia Graduation Requirements (Class of 2022)
The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) is the federal law that protects the privacy of student education records. FERPA gives parents certain rights with respect to their children's education records. For more information about FERPA, see Student Records & Privacy.
- To obtain copies of your public school records, contact your local school division's administrative offices. Contact information on Virginia school divisions and schools is available on the Education Directories page.
- To obtain copies of your private school records, contact the private school's administrative offices or the Virginia Council for Private Education (VCPE).
Resources for Families
- Career Clusters - planning tools for career and college readiness. Career Clusters help students investigate careers and design their courses of study to advance their career goals.
- Driver Eduation
- Health and Medical Support
- Home Schooling
- Human Trafficking
- Local Alternative Education Options for Suspended and Expelled Students in the Commonwealth (PDF)
- Military Families - includes contact list for school liaison officers
- Parent's Guide to Additional Services - includes information about summer school
- Private Schools
- School Nutrition Programs – including:
- National School Lunch Program
- School Breakfast Program
- Afterschool Snack Program
- USDA Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program
- Summer Food Service Programs
- Special Education
- A Parent's Guide to Special Education (PDF)
- Guía de Educación Especial para Padres (PDF)
- Virginia Family Special Education Connection
- Guidance for Military Families with Students in Special Education (PDF)
- Steps to Success: Communication with Your Child's School (This is available in the following languages: Arabic, Chinese (Simplified), Haitian Creole, Hmong, Korean, Marshallese, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Somali, Spanish, and Vietnamese.)
- Student Discipline – Understanding Student Discipline Policies and Practices in Virginia Schools (PDF)
- TestNav8 SOL Practice Items - by subject and grade level allow students to practice using the same online tools and formats they will use for their actual test.
- Summer Learning - grade level content for parents.
- Virtual Virginia - offers pre-Advanced Placement (AP), honors and AP classes as well as academic electives and world languages classes online. Eligible students enroll in Virtual Virginia through their local schools.
- US Department of Education Family and Community Engagement
- SOL Innovation Committeeworks identifying ways to improve the Standards of Learning testing and accountability system. The committee is made up of educators, legislators, administrators, business leaders, parents and advocates selected from across the commonwealth who are committed to implementing lasting changes to our current system. To request to be added to the committee's listserv, or to give your input, please send an email to: _EMAIL_.
- Virginia 529 College Savings Plan
- FAMIS, low cost health insurance- A Virginia family of four can make as much as $49,713 a year and still qualify for FAMIS, low cost health insurance for kids. Call _PHONE_ or apply for FAMIS online.
- The Senate and House of Delegates programs
- Preparing for College – Resources for Virginia high school students to learn how to prepare, apply, and pay for college.
- Internet Safety
Ways to Stay Involved in Education
Families are busy, but there are many different ways you can get involved in your child's education. No matter how little or how much time you have, there are many ways you can positively impact your child's education at school and at home. Remember, when families get involved and stay involved, all students achieve at higher levels.
- Volunteer at School: Schools often send home lists of various ways that parents can volunteer. If they don't, let your child's teachers, principal, or counselors know your special skills and ask what you can do to help.
- Show Your Child That You Care: Have a conversation with your child about school and homework regularly. Ask specific questions that inform you about your child's day. Know what classes your child is taking, who your child's friends are, and other essential information.
- Keep In Touch With The School: Get to know your child's teachers, principal, counselors and school's parent involvement coordinator. Make it a point to stay in contact with them throughout the school year.
- Express High Educational Expectations: Encourage your child to take challenging courses and monitor your child's academic performance (homework, grades, and test scores) throughout the year. Emphasize effort and achievement.
- Attend School Meetings, Functions & Events: Make time to attend parent-teacher conferences, parent fairs, curriculum nights, award ceremonies and other school events. Your attendance and support matters to your child.
- Seek Out Information: Request a meeting with your child's teacher regarding any aspect of your child's education. If you have other questions, ask the school by calling or sending a note so they can link you with the appropriate person who can respond to your needs.
- Be An Active Part of Decision Making Committees: Participate in parent or school leadership organizations. Ask your school about the Parent Teacher Association or Parent Teacher Organization, school council, parent advisory committee or other parent organizations and then join one.
- Make School Important: Talk positively about school with your child. Send your child prepared for school each day with pens, pencils, notebooks, and homework completed. Make school a priority by ensuring they are at school every day and arrive on time.
- Be Seen At School: Arrange a visit to your child's classroom, have lunch with your child at school, or visit the Parent Center. Your presence matters and shows the school that you are invested in your child's education.
- Be Informed and Responsive: Ask, collect, read, and respond, if needed, to all information (school policies, field trip information, student handbook, etc.) that is sent from your child's school or teacher. If you need to receive information in a language other than English, call or visit the school.
- Visit Your School's Website: Access all kinds of information, including homework assignments, class schedules, lesson plans, test dates, and grades on your child's school website. If you don't know your school's Website, ask your child's teacher or the school. Find your school division or school using these tools:
- Participate in Workshops: Look for great opportunities to meet other parents at school through workshops that cover topics such as child development, school standards, and other shared parent concerns. If workshops are not offered regularly, help plan one or suggest ideas to your school counselors or parent involvement coordinator.
- Provide a Rich Learning Environment at Home: Make time for meaningful dinner conversations, trips, games, reading time, family sports, and daily routines. Activities like these will contribute to your child's academic achievement at school.
- Drop in On After-School or Extracurricular Activities: Pick your child up from after-school activities or stop by a few minutes early to watch your child in action, if you are unavailable during the school day. It is also important to know your child's after school teacher, instructor, or coach.
- Partner With The Community: Encourage local businesses, churches, clubs or civic organizations that you are involved with to volunteer or financially support the school. Have community partners provide schools and families with information about services and resources they provide that support student learning such as mentoring, tutoring, and service learning activities.


Decimal Trading
DEFINITION of 'Decimal Trading'
A system in which the price of a security is quoted using a decimal format rather than fractions. For example, a decimal trading quote would be $56.25; using fractions, the same quote would appear as $56¼. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ordered all stock markets within the U.S. to convert to decimals by April 9, 2001. Prior to 2001, markets in the United States utilized fractions in price quotes. Since decimalization, all quotes appear in the decimal trading format.
BREAKING DOWN 'Decimal Trading'
Decimalization has led to tighter spreads since smaller price movements can be accounted for. For example, prior to decimalization, one-sixteenth (1/16) of $1 was the minimum price movement represented in a price quote (this is equal to $0.0625).
With decimalization, the minimum price movement is 1 cent for stocks over $1, providing a greater number of price levels and allowing for tighter spreads between the bid and the ask levels for trading instruments.
 1. Quoted Price
 The most recent price at which an investment (or any other type...
 2. Ask
 3. Bid
 4. Bid-Ask Spread
 5. Decimalization
 A system where security prices are quoted using a decimal format...
 6. Futures Market
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OTHER ESL TOOLS
READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
A White House's dog best friend
STEP 1 - Read the following article:
READING COMPREHENSION ARTICLE 39
STEP 2 - Answer these questions (choose the
1. Who's "Buddy"?
Barry Landau's friend
Betty Currie's cousin
Bill Clinton's dog
2. Which of the following is NOT true about Barry Landau?
He uses to work as a gardener for George W. Bush
He's a writer.
He has played with many presidential dogs
3. Who was the first president to have a dog in the White House?
John F. Kennedy
4. Where does Landau live?
Manhattan, New York City
5. According to Landau, why is it important for a president to have a dog?
It increases his chances of being reelected.
It humanizes the president, making him easier to relate to.
It shows that the president can care for an animal.
Back to list of exercises
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text:
|Character Sketch for Dickens' A Christmas Carol|
|Fred has asked every person who comes to the party to write a short
essay that can be presented to the group. You'll leave a copy of the
paper for Scrooge to add to a scrapbook that he's creating so that he
can read over this information about his new friends after the party.
Your task is to understand the character you are portraying. Know the character well enough so that you can deliver a convincing performance to your audience.
You'll write a character sketch that Scrooge will add to his scrapbook. Since Scrooge will return to your writing later, it needs to show him who you are. Describe who you are, what you do, what you like, and so on. Everything that Scrooge needs to know to learn more about all the people he meets in his daily life.
You can use the Party Planner to gather ideas; then use the questions and tips below to organize and write your character sketch, which you'll present during the party.


1. A coil of copper wire has a resistance of 90Ω at20oC and is connected to a 230V supply. By how much mustthe voltage be increased in order to maintain the current constantof the temperature of the coil rises to 60oC? Take thetemperature coefficient of resistance of copper as 0.00428 from0oC.


Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin's Regular Press Conference on July 23, 2020
CCTV: China and France held a strategic dialogue and a high-level economic and financial dialogue recently. Can you talk about the items on the agenda and the consensus reached? Does this signal a full post-pandemic relaunch for China-France relations?
Wang Wenbin: On July 15, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi and Diplomatic Counselor to French President Emmanuel Bonne successfully held the 20th China-France Strategic Dialogue. On July 21, Vice Premier Hu Chunhua of the State Council and French Economy and Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire co-chaired the 7th China-France High Level Economic and Financial Dialogue. Press releases of the Chinese side have offered detailed information about the dialogues. I would like to stress that it was an important consensus of the two heads of state in their fourth telephone call of the year to hold the two dialogues as soon as possible. They are the first high-level institutional dialogues between China and another major country. It is of great significance to preparing for the resumption of high-level exchanges between China and France at an early date, and to realizing new and greater development in bilateral relations after standing the test of COVID-19.
The two dialogues have yielded fruitful results, which can be summarized in the following aspects. First, the two sides had extensive and in-depth exchanges on international and multilateral cooperation against the pandemic, deepening bilateral practical cooperation, and promoting the sound and steady development of China-France and China-EU relations, which deepened mutual understanding and enhanced political mutual trust. Second, both sides identified future priorities in bilateral relations, and agreed to maintain the momentum of frequent high-level exchanges, seek steady progress in key cooperation projects in such areas as emerging infectious diseases prevention and control, agri-food and aviation. Fast-track arrangement will be fully leveraged to boost resumption of work and production and keep industrial chains and supply chains stable. The two sides will actively explore new areas of cooperation conducive to economic recovery and industrial transformation and upgrade. In particular, 42 concrete cooperation outcomes were reached at the High-Level Economic and Financial Dialogue, which is quite impressive. Third, the two sides stressed the importance of China-EU relations and in this context, agreed to speed up negotiations on an investment agreement, sign an agreement on geographical indications as soon as possible, earnestly strengthen cooperation in climate change, biodiversity protection and other fields, and uphold multilateralism with concrete actions. Fourth, the two sides undertook to adopt effective macroeconomic policies to support economic growth, strengthen policy coordination to jointly tackle the fallout of COVID-19, support G20's role as a premier forum for international economic cooperation, and oppose all forms of protectionism. Both support WHO's critical leading role in promoting and coordinating the global pandemic response and call for efforts to keep regional and global industrial chains and supply chains stable to help resumption of work and production. The two sides also agreed to jointly safeguard a fair and non-discriminatory market environment and encourage companies from all countries to participate in 5G development in accordance with market and security principles.
As can be seen from the dialogues, relations between China and France, both permanent members of the UN Security Council and influential major countries, have comprehensive and strategic connotations at a very high level. Deepening and expanding this comprehensive strategic partnership is not only in the interests of both countries, but also conducive to promoting China-EU relations, safeguarding world peace and development, and bringing more stability into an uncertain world.
Xinhua News Agency: On July 22, US Secretary of State Pompeo and some other senior officials claimed that the closure of China's consulate general in Houston was a response to China's interference in US internal affairs, stealing of American intellectual property and espionage in business activities over the years, and the aim was to "protect American intellectual property and Americans' private information". They also claimed that the US insists on fairness and reciprocity, and it cannot tolerate Chinese violations of its sovereignty and intimidation of its people. Do you have any comments on it?
Wang Wenbin: Chinese diplomatic missions in the US, including our consulate general in Houston, have been promoting bilateral friendship and cooperation and observing international law and local laws in the US. The consulate general in Houston is China's first consulate general opened in the US after the two countries established diplomatic relations. For more than 40 years, the consulate general has been promoting bilateral friendship, cooperation and mutual understanding. The US accusations that China's consulate general in Houston engaged in activities inconsistent with its capacity are nothing but vicious slanders.
The US demand of the closure of China's consulate general in Houston is in serious violation of international law, basic norms governing international relations and the bilateral consular agreement between China and the US. It severely damages bilateral relations, a move that undercuts the bond of friendship between Chinese and American people.
CRI: The US Department of State tweeted a link to China's military-civilian integration policy with the following words: "The Chinese Communist Party is seeking to build its military by exploiting American research institutions, academia, and private firms for their key technologies". Do you have a response?
Wang Wenbin: China has stated its position on this issue repeatedly. Lately the US has been misrepresenting and smearing China's military-civilian integration policy, employing moral hijack, political pressure and even threat of sanctions against Chinese and American businesses and researchers. China deplores and rejects this.
It is a customary international practice to promote integrated military and civilian development. It is no exception for the US, where this practice dates back to before WWI. In recent years, it has been pursuing all-dimension and all-sector integration at an even faster pace. The US Defense Department and military conduct various cooperation projects with American universities, R&D institutions and private companies. Some American multinational companies like Lockheed Martin are the result of "military-civil fusion" themselves, with business operations and products covering both ends.
The US allegation against China is typical double standards by forbidding others to do what it is doing itself. Its true purpose is to create excuses to justify a high-tech blockage against China. The root of this is the Cold War mentality the US still clings to as it attempts to contain China's development. It goes against the spirit of international cooperation and the trend of the times and will eventually damage the interests of China, the US and the whole world.
China's military-civilian integration policy is aimed at effectively mobilizing military and civilian resources, coordinating socioeconomic growth and national defense development, and benefiting the public with scientific and technological progress. This policy is aboveboard and beyond reproach. Our scientific progress is achieved with the Chinese people's industry and innovation. We urge the US to immediately correct its mistake, stop deliberate provocations and malicious denigration against China, and return to the right track of win-win cooperation.
NPR: Yesterday China threatened retaliation if the US does not reverse the decision to close the consulate in Houston. Can you elaborate on what that retaliation might look like? Second, yesterday China alleged that on two occasions the US opened and confiscated diplomatic pouches belonging to the Chinese foreign missions. Can you elaborate on the circumstances under which these pouches were opened and the nature of the objects that were confiscated by the US?
Wang Wenbin: I will take your second question first. In July 2018 and January 2020, the US opened China's diplomatic pouches twice without permission, which was a flagrant violation of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, and a grave infringement on China's diplomatic dignity and security interests. After these incidents happened, the Chinese diplomatic mission in the US immediately made solemn representations to the US side. The US side didn't deny the relevant facts, but repeatedly used technical reasons as an excuse to shirk responsibility for its wrong acts. What the US has done runs counter to international law and norms governing international relations and should be condemned.
As for your first question, China will make necessary reactions to the US unreasonable actions and safeguard its legitimate rights and interests.
Bloomberg: There have been reports that the consulates in Chengdu and also in Hong Kong are possibly subject to closure on the Chinese side. Can you confirm this? My second question relates to the China' CCTV taking the English Premier League football match off the air, according to a report citing a person familiar with the matter. Some interpret this as China's retaliation against the UK because of UK's actions on Huawei and Hong Kong. How does the Foreign Ministry respond to this?
Wang Wenbin: Regarding your first question, China will take necessary measures to safeguard its legitimate rights and interests in response to the unreasonable actions of the US side.
On your second question, I'm not aware of that. Please refer to the competent authorities.
Reuters: How many consular staff and diplomatic envoys does China have in the US? And How many diplomatic staff and envoys the US has in China?
Wang Wenbin: As I said yesterday, the US claim that US-China relations are not reciprocal is an old ploy and totally unreasonable. In fact, the US far outnumbers China in terms of diplomatic missions and staff in each other's country.
New York Times: Some in the US have suggested that President Trump may have an election-year advantage if there is a showdown of confrontation with China this year, as the Americans would rally behind their president. How would China balance its desire to defend its sovereignty in disputes with the US with China's commitment to not to interfere in other countries' elections?
Wang Wenbin: You are right in saying that China remains committed to the principle of non-interference in other countries' internal affairs. We have no interest in interfering in


text:
Dogs encourage 'low-risk' exercise in pregnant womenFeb 16, 11:40 am
Washington, Feb 16 (ANI)): Pregnant women who owned dogs are approximately 50 percent more likely to achieve the recommended 30 minutes of exercise a day through high levels of brisk walking than those without dogs, according to a new study.
Scientists suggest that as it is a low-risk exercise, walking a dog could form part of a broader strategy to improve the health of pregnant women.
The study of more than 11,000 pregnant women was conducted by the University of Liverpool in partnership with Mars Petcare.
Previous studies have shown that maternal obesity and large weight gain during pregnancy has adverse outcomes for mother and child. Studies show, for example, that obesity in pregnant women can result in difficult births and may also have implications for future obesity in the child.
As a result, pregnant women, and those contemplating pregnancy, are advised to contact health professionals to manage their weight and exercise.Recommended exercise during pregnancy includes walking, hiking, jogging and swimming, but many women prefer walking as their primary means of exercise.
In the first study to investigate whether dog walking could help promote exercise in pregnant women, researchers anticipate the findings could be of value to health experts who offer advice on maintaining general fitness and healthy eating habits during pregnancy.
"Although the higher physical activity levels of adult dog owners has already been demonstrated in the US and Australia, this is the first study of its kind to examine whether the effects also apply to pregnant women," said Dr Carri Westgarth, from the University's Institute of Infection and Global Health.
"By not managing their weight and exercise, pregnant women risk unnecessary weight gain, as well as a difficult labour or weight problems for the child in later life.
"We found that owning one or more dogs was associated with pregnant women taking part in brisk walking on a regular basis, helping them to achieve the recommended 150 minutes of activity a week. Findings suggest that ownership of a dog provides some motivation to go for a walk, even during pregnancy.
"Dog walking alone cannot reduce the numbers of obese pregnant women, however, and we found no association between the weight of women with dogs compared to those without them. We also found that some pregnant women with dogs didn't go out walking. This means that we need to look at how promotion of dog walking could be integrated into a wider strategy, which includes advice on healthy eating, to encourage exercise during pregnancy and reduce weight gain.
"We now need to investigate why some people do not take up the health enhancing opportunity to walk their dogs regularly, and what barriers and motivators there are to walking. We also need to find out how factors such as the type of dog many affect the intensity of physical activity; for example whether owners with large dogs walk more briskly, compared to owners with small dogs. This will help us identify the advice health professionals could recommend to pregnant women for dog walking activity," he explained.
Dr Sandra McCune, Research Programme Manager at Mars Petcare, added: "Mars Petcare at WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition undertake a variety of research into benefits of pet ownership. We believe that owning a pet, and taking care of it properly, is hugely positive for the mental and physical wellbeing of the owner. This research shows that dog walking can form part of a healthy lifestyle for pregnant women, who may otherwise find it difficult to meet their exercise objectives."(ANI)
- Exposure to high pollution levels during pregnancy may double risk of having autistic kids
- Regular use of talcum powder ups risk of ovarian cancer by 24pc
- Exposure to traffic-related pollution early in life linked to childhood asthma
- Why people find it easier to lose 2-4 pounds rather than 3 pounds?
- Potential 'genetic driver' behind male heart disease identified
- Infections up risk of mood disorders
- 'Smoking alcohol' trend more dangerous than downing a glass or two
- Short-term antidepressant use, stress, high-fat diet leads to long-term weight gain
- Obese adolescents at higher risk of hearing loss
- Waking hours' quality determines how quickly you doze off


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Case Model predictive control of phenolic resin production
Cybernetica delivers Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Endpoint Prediction of phenolic resin manufacturing processes based on Cybernetica CENIT. This system is currently controlling numerous resole phenolic resin reactors in North America, Oceania and Europe.
MPC is used for control of reactor temperature and reaction rates, by controlling cooling and heating utilities and metering (dosing) rates of formaldehyde, phenol and catalysts.
The main benefits of using this technology compared to conventional control are:
- Stable, accurate and consistent control of reactor temperature and reaction rates.
- Shorter and less variations in batch cycle times.
- Improved consistency of product quality parameters.
- Improved safety.
- Endpoint (cut-off) determination using kinetic model.
- Less need to take grab samples from the reactor.
- Less operator intervention – higher degree of automation.
The essential features of the Cybernetica CENIT, which enable these benefits, are:
- Online parameter estimation – the model adapts online to changes in process conditions.
- Predictive control – the future process performance is continuously predicted and optimized.
The mechanistic process model utilized within Cybernetica CENIT is adapted to each specific process unit. Reactor design data are acquired from the customer. Other model parameters are estimated off-line from logged process data using Cybernetica ModelFit.
Model of phenolic resin reactor
- Kinetics and thermodynamics:
- Methylolation reactions
- Condensation reactions
- Formaldehyde, hemiformal and ionization equilibria
- Cooling and heating utilities:
- Coil cooling is dependent on estimated heat transfer coefficients and on the liquid level in the reactor.
- Reflux condenser and vacuum system.
- Steam heating.
- Feed systems for raw materials
Model predictive control (MPC)
MPC enables safe and accurate control of reaction rate and reactor temperature by controlling:
- Coil cooling, jacket cooling and steam heating.
- Vacuum and condenser cooling during polymerization and distillation.
- Metering (dosing) rates of formaldehyde, phenol and catalysts.
MPC allows fast response to step changes in temperature setpoints, which will reduce batch cycle times. Predictive temperature control is illustrated in the video below.
Temperature control during initial exotherm and step change of temperature setpoint. The predicted cooling water flow and reactor temperature, during the 15 minutes prediction horizon, are shown to the right of the vertical line indicating present time. A 15 minutes history is shown to the left.
Safe and efficient metering of raw materials
The metering (dosing) rates of raw materials are safely controlled such that the predicted reaction heat does not exceed the currently available cooling capacity, and such that other constraints (e.g., maximum reactor temperature rate of change) are not violated. The available cooling capacity may typically vary significantly during a batch due to
- changes in cooling water temperatures,
- changes in available cooling water flow rates,
- varying heat transfer coefficients,
- and varying liquid level in the reactor.
All these changes are immediately compensated for in the calculation of raw material metering rates.
Optimal metering rates of formaldehyde will typically vary greatly from start to end of the metering phase, and there is a lot to gain in batch cycle time, in addition to the safer operation, by utilizing MPC.
Cybernetica CENIT ensures that the polymerization reactions are safely controlled in spite of uncertain and rapidly changing cooling capacity. The adaptive model will also compensate for deviations between the reaction heat predicted by the model and the actual reaction heat observed from reactor measurements.
In addition to the inherent safety associated with the model predictive control methodology and the online model adaptation, CENIT includes functionality for fault detection and diagnosis.
Automatic endpoint determination
Endpoint determination of "shortly condensed" resins of low viscosity development are often accomplished by manually analysing grab samples from the reactor, e.g. for free phenol content or based on cloud point determination. This is undesirable when full automation is aimed for.
The degree of polymerization, as calculated from the kinetic model, is successfully being used for endpoint determination of shortly condensed resins, resulting in improved consistency of product quality parameters.
Operator graphic for polymerization monitoring
The system includes an operator graphic display where temperature, reaction heat and cooling capacity profiles are compared to those of a previously manufactured "golden batch". The "golden batch" profile is "time warped" to make the two batches comparable even though the reaction rates progress differently with time. The purpose of the polymerization monitoring system is to:
- Monitor the development of the current batch, as compared to the golden batch.
- Detect deviations between the current batch and the golden batch.
- Predict the future progress of the current batch, including the endpoints.
A snapshot of the graphic display is shown in the figure below. The history is displayed to the left of the vertical line indicating present time, and the future predictions are shown to the right. The graphic display is used to monitor the current batch (solid lines) by comparing with a previously manufactured "golden batch" (dashed lines). The reaction heat and the maximum cooling capacity are shown in the upper graph; the reactor temperature and the temperature setpoint are shown in the middle graph. A selection of user defined variables can be shown in the lower graph.
Cybernetica CENIT applications typically runs on a dedicated application station (Windows server). It communicates with a DCS system via the Open Platform Communications (OPC) protocol.
Cybernetica employees have extensive experience in industrial implementation and commissioning of advanced process control (APC) applications.
Integration with sequential batch control system
Cybernetica CENIT can run independently of a batch control system, with the operator providing essential inputs such as temperature setpoint profiles and raw material amounts. CENIT can, however, preferably be integrated with a sequential batch control system, in which case the batch control system will provide a number of input parameters to CENIT, dependent on the current stage in the batch process and on the specific resin grade being manufactured.
Cybernetica's maintenance programme ensures that all applications perform at their best at all times. Cybernetica rapidly responds to customer requests. Cybernetica CENIT has built-in functionality for reproduction and diagnosis of current or past process situations, facilitating efficient analyses of issues reported by the customer.
The most common and important issues are reported directly to the operators, enabling the operators to act when necessary.


text:
1. Introducing PASS
2. How a PASS Works
3. The Impact of PASS
4. PASS Candidates
5. Students & Transition Planning & PASS
6. When First Considering a PASS
7. The Occupational Goal
8. Starting a Business
9. A Viable Plan
10. The PASS Life
Amendments, such as changing the length of the PASS, can occur at any time during the life of a PASS but SSA must approve them. There is no limit to the number of amendments that can be approved. The key is to inform the SSA PASS expert so they can adjust the PASS accordingly.
SSA will suspend a PASS when the PASS is not terminated pursuant to the criteria discussed below and the criteria for extending a PASS are not met. A PASS may be suspended for up to 12 consecutive months. If not resumed, within this period it will be terminated.
A PASS terminates when one of the following events occurs:
MAY WANT TO CONSIDER INFO INSERTED HERE ON PASS SUSPENSIONS, AMENDMENTS, ETC


small remark on OWL Guide
From: edhel
Date: Sat, 27 Sep 2003 22:42:08 +0800
Message-ID: <000801c38505$8834acb0$36bcfa50@ed>
In chapter 3.3. Property Characteristics written:
If a property, P1, is tagged as the owl:inverseOf P2, then for all x, y, and z:
P1(x,y) iff P2(y,x)
Note that the syntax for owl:inverseOf takes a property name as an argument. A iff B means (A implies B) and (B implies A).
1) imho it is better to write simply "for all x and y" (without z)
2) but below in explanation of InverseFunctionalProperty there is written vice versa "for all x and y" but need x,y,z
3) "IFF" was explained here, but already was used above
edhel, Russia
Received on Saturday, 27 September 2003 11:51:24 GMT


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Automatic Fuel Switch & Marine Diesel Fuel Cooler Unit
A solution for safe low sulphur fuel adoptation for vessels operating in Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECA).
Vessels operating in SECAs need to reduce Sulphur Oxide (SOX) emissions in accordance with the revised Marpol Annex VI, which contains regulations on the prevention of air pollution from ships. The Wärtsilä Automatic Fuel Switch and Marine Diesel Fuel (MDF) Cooler Unit is a solution for low sulphur fuel adoption for vessels operating in SECAs, switching from the use of HFO to continuous or temporary operations using LFO. An uncontrolled changeover may cause severe damage to the injection equipment and increase maintenance and spare part costs. In worst case scenarios, it may cause a complete loss of propulsion power.
The Automatic Fuel Switch, which controls the temperature change before the fuel injection equipment is, together with the MDF Cooler Unit, a solution for switching from HFO to LFO fuel, and vice versa. The MDF Cooler Unit, which ensures controlled cooling, and the correct fuel oil injection viscosity and temperature, is a solution for continuous LFO operation.


Introducing the TWIP strengthening mechanism
TWIP (Twinning Induced Plasticity) is the strengthening mechanism behind Forta H-Series, Outokumpu's nickel-free, fully austenitic manganese-chromium alloyed stainless steel developed for safety critical structural vehicle components. This article provides a basic explanation of how TWIP provides exceptional strain hardening properties.
TWIP starts with the iron crystal structure
Pure iron exists normally in one of two main kinds of crystal structure: alpha-iron with a body-centered-cubic (bcc) lattice – forming a material known as ferrite, and a gamma-iron face-centered-cubic (fcc) lattice – forming austenite - see Figure 1.
Ferritic cubic structure (BCC-lattice) versus austenitic cubic structure (FCC-lattice)
Figure 1. Pure iron can take on two crystal structures.
At room temperature, pure iron exists as ferrite. It transforms into austenite at temperatures above 911°C. However, special alloying elements called austenite formers - like nickel, manganese, cobalt or nitrogen – enable austenite to exist at room temperature. Because of their characteristic microstructure, austenitic steels show different properties than ferritic steels.
There is a further crystal structure that results in another material important in steel – martensite. The fcc structure of austenite that exists at high temperatures allows carbon atoms to fit easily into the spaces between the iron atoms. In contrast, there is much less space for carbon atoms in the bcc ferrite structure. If a hot steel is cooled very quickly (quenched), the carbon atoms become trapped in the ferrite. The result is a distorted crystal structure that forms martensite. This is important as martensite is very hard and is a significant factor in the strengthening of steel.
One of the main influences on the hardening mechanism of austenitic steels is the stacking fault energy (SFE), a material property at the atomic scale. The SFE is defined as the necessary energy to create a stacking fault as a two-dimensional lattice defect on a crystal face. A material with an SFE lower than 20 mJ/m² will form martensite during deformation – this is the TRIP-effect (Transformation Induced Plasticity). On the other hand, steels with an SFE between 20 mJ/m² and 30 mJ/m² can be characterized by a massive twinning effect called TWIP (Twinning Induced Plasticity).
TWIP hardening results from the creation of an increasing number of deformation twins in the austenitic microstructure, with the growing number of twin boundaries acting in the same way as grain boundaries to strengthen the steel. The TWIP effect also gives the steel a high instantaneous hardening rate (n-value) as the microstructure becomes increasingly finer.
TWIP steel advantages
TWIP austenitic stainless steels produced by Outokumpu are mainly alloyed with manganese (Mn) and chromium (Cr). The Forta H-Series comprises the Forta H500, H800 and H1000 grades – named according to their yield strength. The properties of these grades are shown in Figures 2 and 3.
 Typical values
 Forta H500 530 900 51
 Forta H800 _PHONE_ 31
 Forta H1000 _PHONE_ 13
Figure 2. Forta H-Series' mechanical properties.
The closely controlled addition of austenite forming elements gives TWIP steels a fully-austenitic microstructure. That means that the austenitic microstructure from the initial state remains stable throughout forming and metal cutting processes, deformation (such as in a crash impact) or welding, without transforming into martensite.
A key property of austenitic steels is that they are not magnetic. TWIP steels remain fully austenitic during forming and machining processes, such as drilling, turning and milling. Therefore, they are ideally suited for electric motor applications where it is essential to use non-magnetic materials to ensure maximum efficiency.
Comparison of Forta H-Series with other automotive materials
Figure 3. Comparison of Forta H-Series with other automotive materials.
During a crash impact, the Forta H-Series with its fully austenitic microstructure and the TWIP hardening effect demonstrates its full benefit: the material hardens in relation to the impact force, providing high resistance to the impact while simultaneously absorbing the impact energy. Simulations of structural elements, such as a b-pillar, show a direct lightweight potential of 35 % in relation to press hardened steels like 22MnB5, without brittle failure.
Figure 4. In a crash test at a speed higher than 30 km/h, Forta H1000 (on the right) absorbed the impact energy without failing. The test compared Forta H-Series to a hot-formed steel profile (22MnB5) on the left, which could not withstand the impact and suffered a brittle failure.
TWIP steels for the vehicles of the future
In addition to the direct possibilities for reducing the weight of existing designs, the Forta H-Series offers further advantages for designing new components, e.g. a significant thickness reduction is possible. Furthermore, this new material can enable the utilization of innovative geometrical degrees and forming processes to address weight and size challenges while also increasing component stiffness.