DNA Assembly
Workpackage D: Genome Engineering
Hierarchical DNA assembly methods are a necessary part of genome construction and modification. Large-scale assemblies require specialized cloning vehicles like artificial chromosomes for construction and transfer of genetic circuits to target organisms. Recent developments are producing efficient tools for modifying chromosomal sequences in situ.
 OpenPlant is setting standards for plant synthetic biology and establishing registries for sharing of plant-specific DNA parts. We are also creating standard tools for the engineering of plant genomes. Development of Phytobrick and UNS standards for efficient hierarchical assembly of DNA circuits extends DNA Assembly using Gibson assembly and higher order MoClo and Golden Braid techniques.
Type IIS restriction endonuclease mediated cloning
An introduction to Type IIS restriction enzymes and how they differ from classical Type II restriction enzymes.
 - Type IIS-mediated assembly methods are based on the original description of "Golden Gate" cloning and allows efficient simultaneous assembly of multiple DNA parts, without requiring the isolation of individual fragments.
Nicola Patron has assembled a short online course on Type IIS that covers:
 - How type IIS restriction enzymes enable a one-pot reaction
 - How to easily and reliably assemble multiple standard parts in a single reaction, and
 - How to make new parts
You can order the Universal Acceptor Plasmid, pUAP1 and other plasmids via Addgene.
Image credit: DNA by MIKI Yoshihito on Flickr, licensed under CC-BY 2.0


Definition:Divisor (Algebra)/Real Number
From ProofWiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Let $\R$ be the set of real numbers.
Let $x, y \in \R$.
Then $x$ divides $y$ is defined as:
$x \divides y \iff \exists t \in \Z: y = t \times x$
where $\Z$ is the set of integers.
That is, that $y$ is an integer multiple of $x$.
A more old-fashioned term for divisor is part:
In the words of Euclid:
(The Elements: Book $\text{V}$: Definition $1$)
Let $x \divides y$ denote that $x$ divides $y$.
Then the following terminology can be used:
$x$ is a divisor of $y$
$y$ is a multiple of $x$
$y$ is divisible by $x$.
In the field of Euclidean geometry, in particular:
$x$ measures $y$.
To indicate that $x$ does not divide $y$, we write $x \nmid y$.
Also known as
A divisor can also be referred to as a factor.
The conventional notation for $x$ is a divisor of $y$ is "$x \mid y$", but there is a growing trend to follow the notation "$x \divides y$", as espoused by Knuth etc.
From Ronald L. GrahamDonald E. Knuth and Oren Patashnik: Concrete Mathematics: A Foundation for Computer Science (2nd ed.):
The notation '$m \mid n$' is actually much more common than '$m \divides n$' in current mathematics literature. But vertical lines are overused -- for absolute values, set delimiters, conditional probabilities, etc. -- and backward slashes are underused. Moreover, '$m \divides n$' gives an impression that $m$ is the denominator of an implied ratio. So we shall boldly let our divisibility symbol lean leftward.
An unfortunate unwelcome side-effect of this notational convention is that to indicate non-divisibility, the conventional technique of implementing $/$ through the notation looks awkward with $\divides$, so $\not \! \backslash$ is eschewed in favour of $\nmid$.
Some sources use $\ \vert \mkern -10mu {\raise 3pt -} \ $ or similar to denote non-divisibility.
Also see
 - Results about divisors can be found here.


text:
Blue Crab is a versatile program that you use to copy the contents of a web site to your computer, in whole or in part.
- Conduct fast offline browsing and searching without an internet connection.
- Perform batch downloads of URL's
- Create a snapshot of a website for historical archiving.
- Collect specific types of resources such as images or email addresses.
- Search current content more thoroughly than a search engine right on your own computer.
- Check a site for broken links, or generate an HTML sitemap
- Create full page images of URL's (JPEG, BMP, TIFF, PNG, PSD, etc.)
With Blue Crab you can download all the content including HTML, PDF, graphics, video, file archives, etc., or use selective filtering to restrict downloads to specific kinds of files. For example, you can choose to save only the JPEG images Blue Crab finds, or just the PDF's.
Blue Crab is always gentle on the server, processing only one URL at a time. (You can even make it pause between successive downloads so as to not overwhelm the server.)
The demo version you download now is fully functionaly and runs for about ten days.
What's new in this version:
- Fixed registration bug.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


landing at 3.5V ~ 3.6V per cell.
 Would this be the voltage read while flying (i.e. under load), or the voltage level once landed (i.e. "cooled down")?
 And if it's read whilst flying, how much would this be when measured on the ground / accounted for voltage sag?
 Greetings from a newby,
 1. Oscar Post author
 This would be in the air. The voltage sag really depends on how powerful your quad is.
 If you land when it drops to 3.5V in the air, it will recover higher than 3.5V and you can ensure it won't damage the battery.
 5. David C Lockwood
 Obviously just trying to get into this hobby. Sorry for dumb questions but these are thorough how tos. First, you mention checking the draw of the motors. How is that done? Second, on the chart you used to come up with amps it says 16v. For what reason is that selected over 14 or 15? Lastly, until this article I've only heard of the frames expressed in mm. Did you just use inches because that's what we use or is it common to know both. Is one used more than the other?
 1. Oscar Post author
 Data for motor amp draw is normally provided by manufacturers, check product pages.
 Motor Amp draw is higher when voltage is higher, so we tend to use a higher voltage to test motors. For 4S lipo, 16V-16.8V are commonly used to test motors.
 frames expressed in mm are the size of wheelbase. When it's in inches, it's normally refereed to the maximum prop the frame can swing. Check out my tutorial about mini quad frames. Both units are commonly used.
 6. matt
 I have a small drone, HS200. I have batteries from a previous drone that fit, however they are much higher capacity. the HS200 drone uses a 3.7v 650mah battery and I have 5, 3.7v 1200Mah batteries. Can I use those batteries in the drone without an issue? I
 1. Oscar Post author
 You can use it, the voltage is the same. Only concern would be weight, the 1200mAh might be a bit heavy :) but give it a try :)
 7. Edu
 Hi I got the hobbywing xrotor 2405 2850kv I have already seen how kill the battery in few minutes. I'm thinking to build KISS FC with MATEK PDB 184A, hobbywing 40A blheli 32 with these motors in a lighter freestyle frame. What battery do you recommend me? The weight of the quad will be probably 500g aprox. I would like the most possible time flying.
 1500mah 4s 95C to up? or better 1800mah?? I have tested 4S 1300mah 75C and 1500mah and killed all the batteries…
 8. joe fpv
 Can i combine my 2s 1300mah with 2s 1500mah = it will be 4s in series mod but how about the may is it getting higher or dangerous??
 1. Oscar Post author
 If you are using batteries in series, they should be of the same model (same brand and same capacity) for maximum safety and performance.
 9. Danny
 Thanks for posting. I've spent the last hour trying to work out what the connectors on my set of 1s LiPos are. I am never disappointed when I visit your website, there's always something new to learn or something of interest.
 Thanks again.
 10. Bob Smith
 Nice explanation and very thorough. It doesn't actually solve my problem of what battery to buy. I know I want a 10000mAh x 6S battery and 20C is fine.
 Now, what do I buy? Why are some batteries with the same superficial specifications $89 and others $300?
 I know we can use hand waving terms like "quality" but ifs there a quantitative difference? Do the expensive ones last longer? Do they store charge when not used any differently?
 What am I missing? This is a $200 per battery question.
 cheers, Bob
 1. Oscar Post author
 Just like anything else, "more expensive" doesn't equal to "better".
 But quality is actually one major factor when it comes to the price of the battery, how much they invest in the material, quality control, marketing etc…
 It's hard to know how good a battery is without actually use it. Too many manufacturers simply provide too little information or even false information on the box. The good thing is there are many battery testing and review online you can go and check out.
 The general rule of thumb is, always buy from well known brands in the industry, you normally wouldn't go wrong with it. At least if something goes wrong you still have a responsive and reliable customer support to go to. If you are not sure if a brand is legit, just ask on our forum (intofpv.com)!
 11. Tom
 I really like your website :)
 I cant find one answer on my question anywhere.
 as all my quad components can supports 2S-4S
 I have 218mm frame with 2205 2300KV motors sometimes I want to put my gopro on it and make long fly
 Let say I have 6 batteries (I just all made that up, they probably dont exist)
 2s 2000mAh (150grams)
 2s 3500mAh (200 grams)
 3s 1500mAh (150grams)
 3s 3000mAh (200 grams)
 4s 1200mAh (150 grams)
 4s 2300mAh (200 grams)
 which one will give me longer fly time?
 I think that will help me understand :)
 12. Daniel
 Great article. One thing I've been wandering about is the optimal storage temperature for Lipos. You wrote "Store it at room temperature" but I've read posts that some people prefer to store their lipos in a fridge which supposedly prolongs lipo life. Chemically speaking this makes sense since colder temps slow down chemical reactions but I'm not sure if that's also true for lipos.
 Have you heard of such a thing and do you think there is any benefit storing your lipos in a fridge long-term?
Leave a Reply


text:
What are orifice flanges
|Materials Used||Key Features||Uses|
Orifice flanges are used instead of the standard pipe flanges when orifice plate or flow nozzle is used. In other words, orifice flanges are used with orifice meters. The basic purpose for this is to measuring the flow rate of either gases or liquids in the respective pipeline. They are, for all intensive purposes, the same as weld neck and slip-on flanges with extra machining. They have modifications of radial tapped holes in the flange ring for meter connections and orifice plate carriers for the reason of fitting meter connections. The additional bolts act as a jack to allow the separation of the two flanges to change the orifice plate or for other inspection services.
Orifice flanges are for metering the volumetric flow rate of liquids and gasses through a pipe. Two orifice flanges are called an orifice flange union. Each flange comes with two pipe taps for measuring the pressure drop of the flow through an orifice plate. Orifice plates do not come with the flanges and are sized based on the requirements of the process. Two jack screws are used to spread the flanges apart in order to change the orifice plate. This flange is normally available in weld neck, slip-on, and threaded flanges. These flanges have a raised face.
Orifice flanges are installed in a straight run of pipe in order to avoid turbulence at the plate. As a rule of thumb, an orifice flange has ten diameters of straight pipe upstream and five diameters of pipe downstream.
When installing the orifice plate flange the pressure taps need to be at the same elevation to each other. The assumption when making the calculation for the orifice plate is that static head of the tubes is the same on both sides of the orifice plate. Pressure taps should not be installed facing down as the taps could become plugged with debris in the line.
- Cast iron
- Stainless Steel
- Carbon Steel
- Copper etc.
- Come with either raised faces or ring type joint (RTJ ) facings.
- The orifice flanges have modifications of radial tapped holes in the flange ring for meter connections.
- There are the orifice plate carriers in these flanges for the reason of fitting meter connections.
- The additional bolts available serve as a jack to allow the separation of the two flanges to change the orifice plate or for other relevant services like inspection.
- The basic purpose of an orifice flange is used to flow/rate metering of piping systems.
- They are used for all intensive purposes, similar to weld neck and slip-on flanges with extra machining.


Divinely Appearing Demons
When creators want to emphasize the similarity of traits between the forces of the divine and the forces of the infernal, several strategies are used. This trope is about the strategy of similar appearance. Mortal characters encountering both the divine person and the infernal person must rely on subtle clues instead of obvious markers.
In many works of fiction, angels and demons are depicted with obvious markers. Like the two are distinct "races", and often polar opposites. Divine creatures (including good gods) are often Winged Humanoids that glow with Angelic Beauty, while Infernal creatures (and evil gods) are Big Red Devils with horns, cloven feet, and nasty big pointy teeth. You'd never mistake one for the other, or even think they have much in common. But this trope is for when you can confuse them. When the two are very similar, and easily mistaken for each other.
If there are any distinctions in appearance at all, they are likely to be subtle. Perhaps Good Wings, Evil Wings are involved, with the two groups looking otherwise identical. Or differences in costume while Acting for Two, where the same actor is used to portray both a Christian God/angel and Satan/demon. That specific technique is most likely codified by George Burns in Oh, God! You Devil. The similarity of appearance is Older Than Feudalism: The story of the Old Testament is that Lucifer (Satan) himself was the most powerful of the Heavenly Host, before deciding to turn away from his God. He can still appear as an angel of light because he is one, not because he's disguised. In other words, the difference between angels and demons is the same as between a good muggle and an evil one.
This trope can be used to complement other similarities. The creator may be trying to show the two groups are Not So Different or God Is Evil. It can also be used to explain why a normally good person is willing to make a Deal with the Devil, instead of turning it down out of principle.
Beware Beauty Equals Goodness: just because an infernal creature can choose to have Angelic Beauty doesn't mean they are angelic. Compare Face of an Angel, Mind of a Demon, where a person with an evil mind has a beautiful and innocent face. Compare Fallen Angel. Contrast Ascended Demon. See also Our Demons Are Different and Our Angels Are Different.
 - Devilman features the character of Satan as a beautiful, intersex human with twelve golden wings.
Comic Book
 - Lucifer. In this series (a spinoff of The Sandman), Lucifer is depicted as a handsome man with golden wings, consistent with his description in The Bible.
 - An Inverted Trope in the New-52 version of Resurrection Man, where the angels that Mitch runs into sometimes look (and act) a hell of a lot like demons.
 - The Sandman has Lucifer, Be'elzebub, and Azazel, the Demon Lords and Archdevils of Hell. Each of them are depicted with a different appearance, making this trope played straight and averted. Lucifer looks like his angelic biblical appearance, while Azazel appears made of shadows, eyes, and teeth, and Be'elzebub is a giant bug.
 - Hellblazer occasionally has demons looking like angels to trick mortals.
Film - Live Action
 - In Cosmic Christmas, Satan assumes his angelic (Lucifer) form in an attempt to fool Archangel Gabriel into thinking he never rebelled and the whole uprising was just a test by him and God to test Gabriel's faith. It's implied only he can do this, as a previous demon Gabriel encounters who pretends to be trying to return to the angels remains in a demonic form.
 - Good Omens. Crowley notes that there's "not that much difference" in appearance between angels and demons, except the demons are better groomed. One of the running themes of the book is that angels and demons are Not So Different.
 - Paradise Lost: Lucifer's depiction in this book is as his angelic self, and the work presents him as a tragic Anti-Villain rather than Made of Evil.
 - In Robert Louis Stevenson's short story "Markheim" the protagonist meets a supernatural creature and assumes it is the devil. The creature offers to help him with the crime Markheim is committing -apparently a classic temptation from the devil. Markheim resists the temptation and calmly admits his crime and waits for the police, knowing full well he will hang for it. Unseen to Markheim the creature undergoes a strange transformation and is triumphantly happy with Markheim's decision. The ending suggests it might actually have been the exact opposite.
 - The Silmarillion: Sauron's "angelic" guise as Annatar belied his demonic nature and enabled him to manipulate the Elves and Numenoreans. However he ends up with Shapeshifter Mode Lock due to being caught in the destruction of Numenor, meaning he is unable to return to his fair form after that.
 - The demons in the Book of Swords make themselves appear this way to Vilkata, as they provide his vision. He isn't fooled for a moment, but given his character, it doesn't stop him from making use of their services.
Live-Action TV
 - The series Brimstone follows Detective Ezekiel Stone, as he is sent on a mission to hunt down 113 damned souls that escaped from Hell. Satan visits at least Once an Episode, played by John Glover and wearing a good-looking business suit. When an angel appears later on, John Glover is dressed in a very worn-out shirt and pants outfit. Ezekiel first mistakes him for Satan, wondering why the new outfit.
 - In the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Penumbra" the Pah-Wraiths (Prophets exiled from their home in the Wormhole) appear to Kai Winn Adami in a vision, claiming to be the Prophets.
 - An example of Acting for Two was found in an episode of Touched by an Angel, where an evil twin of Monica (one of the regular angels "touching" human lives) showed up.
 - In Supernatural, both angels and demons require host bodies to manifest, making their appearance similar in that sense. But higher tier demons are also capable of calling upon holy white light (like angels!), one of the most powerful spells of the series.
 - Kamelot. In the song "Descent of the Archangel", Mephisto (named for a demon in The Bible) appears to Ariel in his full angelic glory, offering Ariel a bargain for his soul.
 - As mentioned in the page quote from The Bible, Paul the apostle warns the Corinthians in his second letter to them about false apostles who disguise themselves as apostles of Christ, saying that even Satan disguises himself as an angel of light, so it's no big surprise that his ministers would also disguise themselves as "ministers of righteousness".
Tabletop Games
 - In Demon: The Fallen, the low-Torment demons are virtually indistinguishable from non-Fallen angels, allowing the former to pass for the latter to the mortals.
 - In Demon: The Descent, the Unchained take their appearances from the mission on which they Fell and adapt them from there.
Video Games
 - As pictured on the trope page, Lucifer in the Shin Megami Tensei franchise can appear as his original self: the seraphic "Helel". Whether it's his true form or not is really dependent on the game: sometimes it is, sometimes it's a disguise, sometimes Helel is treated as a separate demon entirely, or not even a demon at all.
 - One of the most basic powers that a Fallen Angel has in Nexus Clash is the ability to appear as a good angel. This lasts until someone notices the trail of bodies...or tries to heal them, since this is a setting where No Cure for Evil is very much in effect.
 - Both played straight and subverted in The Elder Scrolls. While some of the Daedra are as horrifying and disgusting as most depictions of demons, others would qualify in the domain of good deities in other fantasy settings. Meridia, whose domain is life and light, appears as a brilliant glowing light, yet is actually considered one of the Daedra.


Can you tell your Rock Pipit from a Meadow Pipit?
Meadow Pipit vs Rock Pipit
When you first spot a Pipit you might be forgiven for thinking you have spotted a small thrush of some kind
At the time of writing this article (mid March) the Pipits have started their mating flight. You can usually hear their song first - a repetetive "twit" which gradually speeds up (accellerando if you're a musician) should help you spot them as they energetically fly on an upward trajectory into the sky. Then at a certain calculated point they stop flapping and lock their wings and tail feathers gliding down to the ground like a paper plane. When they do this their song suddenly changes into a downward scale with longer "tweet"s like an electronic toy that has suddenly run out of battery. Now both the Rock Pipit and Meadow Pipit show off in this way. If the feet are visible you can also spot their super long hind claw.
Pipit hind claw
The most common Pipits are the Meadow Pipit and Rock Pipit
The Rock Pipit is larger and stockier built. The general impression is a scruffier grey/brown diffused colouring, Depending on the time of the year the beak and legs can be dark coloured (but not always!)
The Meadow Pipit gives an impression of a slender more 'graceful' look. It is a more yellow/brown colouring and the markings are much cleaner defined - a bit like a Song Thrush. The legs and beak are never dark with a yellow/orange tinge.
The other thing that will help you is location. Rock Pipits are never more than a few hundred metres from the edge of the sea often picking their way through the seaweed. If you see a Pipit more than half a mile from the sea you can almost certainly say it is not a Rock Pipit.
So why not test your knowledge and have a go at this quiz...
Try the Rock Pipit or Meadow Pipit Quiz
Please feel free to add your comment below...


text:
posted by Leslie-To:Writeacher.
True or False
Is the following sentence properly functuated.
The young appearing patient went to the doctor's office.
Answer is FALSE
My question is WHY? - Is it BAD sentence structure - we have ruled out that the apostrope is CORRECT.
Should there be a comma after patient?
or the intire sentence should be re-written.
"young appearing" is a very awkward phrasing. If it MUST be used, then there should be a hyphen there.
(With or without a hyphen, I still don't like it!)


text:
New book connects the human community to its cosmic roots
January 8, 2013
The 1969 "Woodstock" song by Joni Mitchell, it turns out, was onto something: "We are stardust / billion-year-old carbon."
University of Chicago evolutionary biologist, Neil Shubin, PhD, makes that connection between astronomical events and the human species in his new book, "The Universe Within: Discovering the Common History of Rocks, Planets, and People," a follow up to his 2008 best-seller, "Your Inner Fish."
Where "Your Inner Fish" goes back millions of years to look at the evolutionary links between human anatomy and other animals around the world, "The Universe Within" goes back billions of years and extends out to the universe to trace the impact of cosmic events on the human body.
Shubin explains in the prologue for "The Universe Within" that it became clear while writing his first book that the creatures he initially focused on, such as fish, worms and algae, "are but gateways to ever deeper connections -- ones that extend back billions of years before the presence of life and of Earth itself."
He goes on to explain how the molecules that compose our bodies "arose in stellar events in the distant origins of the solar system." Written inside humans, Shubin argues, "is the birth of the stars, the movement of heavenly bodies across the sky, even the origin of days themselves."
"Every organ, cell, and gene of our bodies contains artifacts of the history of the universe, solar system and planet," said Shubin, Robert R. Bensley Professor of Organismal Biology and Anatomy at the University of Chicago. "This is the story of our deep connection to the physical world as seen in stars, rocks, and the workings of DNA."
The book, to be released Jan. 8, received advanced praise.
The Universe Within is a "fascinating, accessible tour of how life on Earth, including our own, has been shaped by many upheavals in our planet's long history," Sean Carroll, PhD, vice president for science education of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and professor of molecular biology and genetics at the University of Wisconsin, said in a review blurb.
Shubin's new book, said Lawrence M. Krauss, Director of the Origins Project and Foundation Professor in the School of Earth and Space Exploration at Arizona State University, tells the tale, "with great authority, accuracy and a wonderfully light touch, a grand synthesis that manages to incorporate forefront research in astronomy, geology, paleontology, and genetics."
Themes in "The Universe Within" are presented chronologically, beginning with the big bang 13.7 billion years ago, followed by the birth of stars about a million years later. Shubin then follows the story through the formation of the solar system 4.6 billion years ago, the appearance of water on Earth 4.1 billion years ago, the emergence of life 3.5 billion years ago and the rapid and ongoing evolution since then of extraordinary diversity.
Shubin presents key aspects of this vast, multifaceted and potentially overwhelming cosmic history through personal tales of scientific exploration and discovery, including his own arctic adventures. He provides brief, anecdotal portraits of the brilliant but often quirky scientists who made the connections that have shaped our understanding of the world around us, as well as their struggles to convince colleagues.
Shubin pulls together data from geology, biochemistry and anatomy to help readers gain an appreciation for the wonders of how life works.
"The first 2.7 billions years of our history was entirely in water," he writes, "and its imprint is in every organ system in our bodies."
But the last 300 million years have been defined by how land animals, including humans, deal with separation from water. He describes how humans form three different kinds of kidneys while in the womb. The first and most primitive is like those seen in jawless fishes, the second develops from bony fishes, and the third, the system used by mammals, appears at the end of the first trimester.
After we are born, "our body dries out with every passing year," he notes. Newborns are "about 75 percent water, not much different from an average potato," but adults are only 57 percent water by weight.
The magic of Shubin's appeal "is that you can open to any page and in a paragraph or two witness an entire revelation," says science writer Craig Childs, author of "Apocalyptic Planet." "Shubin weaves very human stories into an earthly and universal narrative that without this book might seem too vast or too miniscule to matter."
The hardcover (190 pages, Pantheon) will be available online and at major bookstores beginning Tuesday, Jan.8. Shubin will appear on Comedy Central's "The Colbert Report" on Jan. 9. He will lecture in Chicago on Jan. 10 at the University of Chicago Seminary Bookstore, 5751 S. Woodlawn Ave., and at the Chicago Public Library on Feb. 11.
The University of Chicago Medicine
950 E. 61st Street, Third Floor
Chicago, IL 60637
Phone _PHONE_ Fax _PHONE_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


, from a knowledge discovery point of view, the reproduction of known knowledge may not necessarily be the intended result.[32]
The F-measure can be used to balance the contribution of false negatives by weighting recall through a parameter \beta \geq 0. Let precision and recall be defined as follows:
 P = \frac {TP } {TP + FP }
 R = \frac {TP } {TP + FN}
where P is the precision rate and R is the recall rate. We can calculate the F-measure by using the following formula:[30]
 F_{\beta} = \frac {(\beta^2 + 1)\cdot P \cdot R } {\beta^2 \cdot P + R}
Notice that when \beta=0, F_{0}=P. In other words, recall has no impact on the F-measure when \beta=0, and increasing \beta allocates an increasing amount of weight to recall in the final F-measure.
 J(A,B) = \frac {|A \cap B| } {|A \cup B|} = \frac{TP}{TP + FP + FN}
 FM = \sqrt{ \frac {TP}{TP+FP} \cdot \frac{TP}{TP+FN} }
where TP is the number of true positives, FP is the number of false positives, and FN is the number of false negatives. The FM index is the geometric mean of the precision and recall P and R, while the F-measure is their harmonic mean.[35] Moreover, precision and recall are also known as Wallace's indices B^I and B^{II}.[36]
Clustering Axioms[edit]
Given that there is a myriad of clustering algorithms and objectives, it is helpful to reason about clustering independently of any particular algorithm, objective function, or generative data model. This can be achieved by defining a clustering function as one that satisfies a set of properties. This is often termed as an Axiomatic System. Functions that satisfy the basic axioms are called clustering functions.[37]
Formal Preliminaries[edit]
A partitioning function acts on a set S of n \ge 2 points along with an integer k > 0, and pairwise distances among the points in S. The points are not assumed to belong to any specific larger set or space; the pairwise distances are the only data the partitioning function has about them.[citation needed] We may label the points in S using the numbers \{1, 2, \ldots, n\}. The pairwise distances define a distance function d: S \times S \rightarrow R which should have the properties of a semimetric: for any i, j \in S, we must have d(i, j) \ge 0, d(i, j) = d(j, i), and d(i, j) = 0 if and only if i = j. In other words, the distances must be nonnegative, symmetric, and two points have distance zero if and only if they are the same point.
A partitioning function F takes a distance function d on S \times S and an integer k \ge 1 and returns a k-partition of S, a collection of non-empty disjoint subsets of S whose union is S. The sets making up the k-partition are the clusters. Two clustering functions are equivalent if and only if they output the same partitioning on all values of d and k.
Now in an effort to distinguish clustering functions from partitioning functions, we lay down some properties that one may like a clustering function to satisfy. Here is the first one. If d is a distance function, then we define \alpha \cdot d to be the same function with all distances multiplied by \alpha.
For any distance function d, number of clusters k, and scalar \alpha > 0, we have F(d, k) = F(\alpha \cdot d, k)
This property simply requires the function to be immune to stretching or shrinking the data points linearly. It effectively disallows clustering functions to be sensitive to changes in units of measurement - which is desirable. We would like clustering functions to not have any predefined hard-coded distance values in their decision process.
The next property ensures that the clustering function is "rich" in types of partitioning it could output. For a fixed S and k, Let Range(F(\bullet, k)) be the set of all possible outputs while varying d.
For any number of clusters k, Range(F(\bullet, k)) is equal to the set of all k-partitions of S
In other words, if we are given a set of points such that all we know about the points are pairwise distances, then for any partitioning \Gamma, there should exist a d such that F(d, k) = \Gamma. By varying distances amongst points, we should be able to obtain all possible k-partitionings.
The next property is more subtle. We call a partitioning function "consistent" if it satisfies the following: when we shrink distances between points in the same cluster and expand distances between points in different clusters, we get the same result. Formally, we say that d' is a \Gamma-transformation of d if (a) for all i,j \in S belonging to the same cluster of \Gamma, we have d'(i,j) \le d(i,j); and (b) for all i,j \in S belonging to different clusters of \Gamma, we have d'(i,j) \ge d(i,j). In other words, d' is a transformation of d such that points inside the same cluster are brought closer together and points not inside the same cluster are moved further away from one another.
Fix k. Let d be a distance function, and d' be a F(d, k)-transformation of d. Then F(d, k) = F(d', k)
In other words, suppose that we run the partitioning function F on d to get back a particular partitioning \Gamma. Now, with respect to \Gamma, if we shrink in-cluster distances or expand between-cluster distances and run F again, we should still get back the same result - namely \Gamma.
The partitioning function F is forced to return a fixed number of clusters: k. If this were not the case, then the above three properties could never be satisfied by any function.[38] In many popular clustering algorithms such as k-means, Single-Linkage, and spectral clustering, the number of clusters to be returned is determined beforehand – by the human user or other methods – and passed into the clustering function as a parameter.
Biology, computational biology and bioinformatics
Plant and animal ecology
clustering is used to build groups of genes with related expression patterns (also known as coexpressed genes). Often such groups contain functionally related proteins, such as enzymes for a specific pathway, or genes that are co-regulated. High throughput experiments using expressed sequence tags (ESTs) or DNA microarrays can be a powerful tool for genome annotation, a general aspect of genomics.
Sequence analysis
High-throughput genotyping platforms
clustering algorithms are used to automatically assign genotypes.
Human genetic clustering
Medical imaging
On PET scans, cluster analysis can be used to differentiate between different types of tissue and blood in a three dimensional image. In this application, actual position does not matter, but the voxel intensity is considered as a vector, with a dimension for each image that was taken over time. This technique allows, for example, accurate measurement of the rate a radioactive tracer is delivered to the area of interest, without a separate sampling of arterial blood, an intrusive technique that is most common today.
IMRT segmentation
Clustering can be used to divide a fluence map into distinct regions for conversion into deliverable fields in MLC-based Radiation Therapy.
Business and marketing
Market research
Grouping of shopping items
World wide web
Social network analysis
Search result grouping
Slippy map optimization
Computer science
Software evolution
Image segmentation
Evolutionary algorithms
Recommender systems
Markov chain Monte Carlo methods
Social science
Crime analysis
Educational data mining
Field robotics
Clustering algorithms are used for robotic situational awareness to track objects and detect outliers in sensor data.[39]
Mathematical chemistry
To find weather regimes or preferred sea level pressure atmospheric patterns.[41]
Petroleum geology
Physical geography
The clustering of chemical properties in different sample locations.
See also[edit]
See also[edit]
Related methods[edit]
 3. ^ Cattell, R. B. (1943). The description of personality: Basic traits resolved into clusters. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 38, 476-506.
 4. ^ a b c d e f Estivill-Castro, Vladimir (June 2002 2002). "Why so many clustering algorithms — A Position Paper". ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter 4 (1): 65–75. doi:10.1145/568574.568575.
 5. ^ R. Sibson (1973). "SLINK: an optimally efficient algorithm for the single-link cluster method". The Computer Journal (British Computer Society) 16 (1): 30–34. doi:10.1093/comjnl/16.1.30.
 6. ^ D. Defays (1977). "An efficient algorithm for a complete link method". The Computer Journal (British Computer Society) 20 (4): 364–366. doi:10.1093/comjnl/20.4.364.
 7. ^ Lloyd, S. (1982). "Least squares


Skip over navigation
Jurassic Park
Michael Crichton
Key Facts
Important Quotations Explained
Study Questions and Suggested Essay Topics
full title · Jurassic Park
author · Michael Crichton
type of work · Novel
genre · Science fiction, thriller
language · English
time and place written · Late 1980s, United States
date of first publication · 1990
publisher · Alfred A. Knopf
narrator · The narrator is always a single, detached third person voice; generally, the perspective changes several times within a chapter, switching from character to character; the narrator describes everything from the actions and feelings of the individual characters to pertinent background information and personal histories
point of view · The point of view is third person omniscient.
tone · The narrator delivers the story in a dry, almost clinical tone, relating the events that transpire almost as if they are evidence being presented in a trial.
tense · Past tense
setting (time) · 1990
setting (place) · Primarily Costa Rica and Isla Nublar, a small island off of Costa Rica; several scenes take place in various locations across the United States
protagonist · Primarily Grant, though certain scenes focus on the events that befall Tim
major conflict · Though Malcolm and others repeatedly warn Hammond that the park is unsafe, his combination of greed and obsessive vision cause him to refuse to close the park; when the power shuts down, the dinosaur run loose and try to hunt down their creators and former captors
rising action · Nedry jams the computer system, which shuts down the security system, deactivates the electric fences, and stalls the automated touring cars
climax · The tyrannosaurus, the largest dinosaur in the park, attacks the Land Rover in which Hammond's grandchildren are riding
falling action · Regis and Malcolm run from their cars; Grant and the kids are forced to flee into the park; Arnold restores the computer network
themes · The potential dangers of technology
motifs · Similarities between birds and dinosaurs; chaos theory
symbols · The hupia
foreshadowing · The three-toed lizard that attacks Tina at the novel's opening has all of the descriptive features of a young velociraptor, the same species seen sneaking onto the supply ship
More Help
Previous Next
Follow Us


text:
Okay, let's just rip this bandaid off right away. Not these dragons:
Mostly because those dragons, despite the recent publication of their phylogeny, are mythical. But also because Operational Health & Safety would never approve the risk assessment. The dragons I work with are much more adorable:
The dragons I study are part of the mostly Australo-Papuan group of lizards which are referred to as "dragons". The scientific name for this group is Amphibolurinae. To anyone outside of Australia, the most familiar members of this group are probably the bearded & Chinese water dragons, both of which are commonly sold in pet shops across the Americas, Europe, and Asia. In Australia, dragons are well known because they're diurnal and like to bask in the sun from conspicuous locations such as rock piles, bushes, and trees.
How can you tell a dragon from any other lizard? Well, you probably can't. Neither could I. I cannot think of a single morphological character that would allow me to look at a lizard and identify it as a dragon (i.e. a member of the Amphibolurinae), nor can I find any in the literature. Genetically, however, they are distinctly their own group. Amphibolurine dragons are part of a larger group of lizards called agamids, which are identifiable from skeletal characteristics, but still there are no external morphological features that would allow you to look at an agamid and identify it as such. Here's a non-dragon agamid:
Some agamids that are not amphibolurines may also be called "dragons", notably the flying dragons of the genus Draco and the mountain horned dragons of Acanthosaura. These are members of another agamid group, the Draconinae. Since, as any HP fan can tell you, "draco" means "dragon" in Latin, that's fair enough. It's interesting, though, that every species of amphibolurine carries the name dragon (with one notable exception), however the name seems to be only haphazardly applied to a few species within Draconinae, a group literally called "the dragons".
There is another lizard out there referred to as a dragon:
Komodo dragons are not closely related to the agamid dragons. They are members of the Varanidae, which are known as goannas (to Australians) or monitor lizards (to the rest of the world) and they are closely related to gila monsters and snakes. Agamids are off quite a different branch of the lizard evolutionary tree. Their closest living relatives are the chameleons and iguanids. Here's a sample chameleon, the closest living relative of the agamids:
There is one last dragon I can think of. I would love more than anything to be able to study this dragon:
And by "study" I mean "be best friends with".


Koob de
American Factory
de Julia Reichert, Steven Bognar par Kirsten Courault
publié le 25/03/2020
By reading this koob, you will learn how an American factory got a second chance from a high-tech Chinese company and moved forward through optimism, cultural exchange, and international friendship.
You will also learn how:
 - Blue-collar American workers received a fresh start from a Chinese company
 - Cultural differences led to both positive exchange and workplace setbacks
 - Workplace conditions and workers' rights radically differ between the U.S. and China
 - A Chinese company in the U.S. prevented their American workers from unionizing
 - The future of work depends on how governments and businesses deal with automation
Because of free trade and China becoming the world's leading exporter, many blue-collar American workers suffered the harsh consequences of prolonged job loss and economic depression. The community of Dayton, Ohio came head to head with this reality when the local General Motors plant closed on December 23, 2008, taking away 10,000 local jobs. But in 2010, Chinese companies started reopening American factories, heavily investing in U.S. manufacturing. Discover how a Chinese billionaire revived a factory, bringing in American and Chinese workers who, together, faced the difficulties of cultural clashes, unionization, and automation.
Commentaires :
Soyez le premier à commenter.


text:
Tata Sky makes Classroom service available for free to all subscribers
Mumbai: COVID-19 has brought about a significant disruption when it comes to classroom learning and education, thereby necessitating the need for virtual learning to be a part of the new normal. In order to adequately equip students across India, Tata Sky, India's leading content distribution and Pay-TV platform, is now providing free unrestricted access to educational content on TV through the Tata Sky Classroom service. This service is powered by Tata ClassEdge, a pioneer in digital education, will help students across India gain access to learning through just the click of a button on their TV remote.
Commenting on the announcement, Pallavi Puri, Chief Commercial and Content officer, Tata Sky, said, "Online education in India is currently beset by several challenges, prime amongst them being the lack of adequate infrastructure. With Tata Sky's vast reach, millions of children will get access to quality education for free via their television sets. The service is mapped with children's CBSE school syllabus and offers concept learning videos, delivered in an interesting story led format."
Characterized and enabled by an engaging, interactive learning process, the service is targeted towards improving the digital learning scenario in Tier 2, 3 & 4 cities. Tata Sky Classroom enables immense flexibility to students in far off and remote areas to access quality education via the TV without any hassle thereby saving money, time and energy.
Focusing on concept learning, Tata Sky Classroom enables students to strengthen their core understanding of the fundaments of Science & Maths via fun & engaging animated concept learning videos. The service available in both Hindi and English offers curriculum-based content for students from class 5th to 8th in Maths and Science. Apart from video lessons, students can also avail of fun curriculum-based games, full length practice tests and sample papers with answers to help reinforce their learning from the videos.


text:
considered at first in the case of Levuka which is home to Fiji's only cannery.
Before the extension of the waste water outfall, all raw fish organic waste was carelessly dumped into the sea and, as a result, corals in nearby reefs died.
"The water quality was very poor and turbid. The waste coming out of the factory was raw organic waste from fish which were gutted there and just washed off the bench," Ms Tamata said.
"Such waste is a very good source of nutrients so, apart from high turbidity, there were very high levels of nitrate and phosphate from the breakdown of the organic waste.
"Nitrate and phosphate kill coral and is food for algae or brown seaweed called sargassum which smothers or suffocates coral."
She said people in the area were concerned about the effects of the waste because they saw coral dying so a survey was done.
The Australian government funded the water outfall which extended way out to the passage in the reef.
Ms Tamata said the IAS did some water quality monitoring to see if the extension brought any improvement.
"It did and we had to measure clarity (clearness) of the water before and after the extension. We found clarity of the water and just when we finished the monitoring we could see live coral coming back not too far from the wharf."
Australia's kind initiative did improve the water quality but it created a problem elsewhere.
The waste water was being taken down with the drift following the current so the reef was being degraded and in its place was this brown algae that is called sargassum which affected the reef, Ms Tamata said. "So in that reef passage, they have coral on one side and sargassum on the other side and to avoid that we needed to take the tides and currents into account before we dump waste into coastal waters."
Dr Tamata said the surveys of the three ports was done about the mid-80s and 90s and more surveys still need to be carried out.
Laucala Bay and the Suva harbour lagoon have been identified as one of the most overfished and polluted reefs in the South Pacific.
USP researchers and students have done various studies in the two areas which is the most studied and documented, according to the Fisheries resource assessment report on Suva harbour compiled by Aisea Batibasaga, Nanise Kuridrani and William Saladrau.
Suva harbour has been continuously degraded for the past 30 years from factories and industries, oil, chemicals, heavy metals, residential effluent and coral harvesting and overfishing.
Ms Tamata said waste from chemicals and heavy metals from industrial areas and factories that manufacture paints or batteries are found in the area so it was not advisable to collect shellfish or clams.
"We have done researches and our studies have found high level of metal in shellfish in urban areas especially in Lami and Walu Bay.
"For fish, the metals accumulate in the fat tissues and it builds up.
"So the more fish we eat is a risk for us."
And because of the increase in unemployment, clams, other bi-valves, shellfish and fish from those areas including Vatuwaqa would be a source of food so the problem of waste should be addressed.
The Fisheries report also included waste water and sewage disposal discharged from septic tanks and sewerage systems.
Because of high rainfall in the Suva area, they are leaked on to the ground and nearby creeks ending up in the marine environment.
And the average fecal coliform concentration generally exceeds internationally acceptable standards in most Suva creeks.
Results of a study by the USP indicated that the general water quality in Suva Harbour is a concern.
Reports from locals who fish in the area say that fish caught in the area had a distinctly oily and kerosene flavour because some industries discharge their waste directly to the sea, the report revealed.
Sand mining for the manufacturing of cement by Fiji Industries in Lami still continues from the time it started at Laucala Bay reef in 1962.
It damages coral reefs because it increased the turbidity of the water and blocks out the sunlight for photosynthesis in the zooxanthalle or algae that thrive on coral.
Also, there were so much non-biodegradable pollution such as plastic and bottles thrown into the sea, creeks and mangrove swamps.
And then there are the rusting ships in the bay which could poison marine life in surrounding waters.
Overfishing and use of destructive methods of fishing such as scuba gear added to the problems.
Ms Tamata said plastic choked turtles and smothered coral or suffocate them because coral polyps are animals.
Plastic, Ms Tamata said, was not bio-degradable and it was better to use shopping bags when one goes shopping or better, use bio-degradable plastic bags.
But the Fisheries ministry report highlighted that Fiji has a very poor record in the area of legislation enforcement for the ocean.
Ms Tamata concluded that even though we were moving to address the waste problems there should be more drastic measures taken to control pollution discarded into the ocean.
Only then will we see a change.
Alumeci Nakeke is an ocean science reporter with SeaWeb, a non-government organisation that helps the media promote and protect a healthy ocean.
A major study of ancient DNA has produced a grim outlook for endangered animals as a result of climate change.
Adelaide-based scientist Professor Alan Cooper is the head of the Australian Ancient DNA Centre, and will present his findings to the University of Adelaide today.
He says the study has helped identify the process and consequences of extinction.
Professor Cooper says his research conducted on bisons, mammoths and sabre-tooth cats produced worrying evidence suggesting climate change tens of thousands of years ago was largely responsible for their extinction.
"Our current idea is that humans were the cause of all the megafauna extinctions, is things like large mammoths and lions and ground-sloths, well humans might have killed the last members, but it looks climate change is the thing that did all the damage in the first place," he said.
Professor Cooper says many scientists already fear that large animals in Africa such as great apes, elephants and rhinoceroses will be extinct within 20 or 30 years.
He says he hopes his study brings about more awareness of the aftermath of climate change.
"What I really want to do is use that sort of research to identify what happens in the process of extinction," he said.
"What are the signs, so we can start measuring what we've got around us today and try to determine what's at greatest risk of being extinct and in particular what the consequences of that are."
WELLINGTON, New Zealand (AP) — The New Zealand government banned coastal net fishing and announced new marine mammal sanctuaries Thursday in a bid to prevent the extinction of two indigenous dolphin species.
The tough new measures ban net fishing and trawling in areas ranging out to 1.2 to 7.7 miles from the coast in the dolphins' living areas around both main islands.
They are expected to cost the country's coastal fishing industry $62 million and as many as 295 jobs over the next five years.
The number of indigenous Hector's dolphins has declined from an estimated 29,000 in the 1970s to just 7,000, while there are only 111 remaining Maui's dolphins.
Officials said the tiny Maui's dolphin could be extinct within a few years — a warning that prompted the government action.
"Clearly we've got iconic species here … they only exist in New Zealand," said Fisheries Minister Jim Anderton. "And under business as usual inevitably (we will) watch the Maui's dolphin … (become) an extinct population."
"We're going to give it a go, particularly for Maui's dolphins, to see if on our watch we can save them. We may not be able to," he told National Radio.
The coastal fishing ban will protect most of the dolphins' habitats, Anderton said.
"This is not an easy decision to make when you know you're going to put fishermen … out of business," he said.
Seafood Industry Council chief executive Owen Simmonds said it was unhappy with the decision because the government was putting small fishermen out of business without any compensation "and for no real gain" to the dolphin.
"It will not save one extra Maui's dolphin," he said, asserting that previous catch controls already ensured that dolphins were not captured or harmed by fishermen.
Chris Howe, executive director of the World Wildlife Fund's New Zealand branch, earlier said that photographs of 22 common dolphins killed in trawler nets off North Island's west coast last December — released by the government in mid-March — proved that the fishing controls would not protect the endangered dolphins.
The Forest and Bird conservation group's advocacy manager, Kevin Hackwell, praised the government for taking the most significant action in 20 years to save the two species.
"The measures will go a long way toward halting the decline of the endangered dolphins and begin the slow path to recovery," he said.
But Green Party lawmaker Metiria Turei said the sanctuaries needed to extend farther out into the ocean.


Hybrid implementation of the FDTD and moment methods
Krishna Naishadham*, Karu Esselle
*Corresponding author for this work
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
3 Citations (Scopus)
The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is a commonly used electromagnetic simulation method. However, in the analysis of electrically large structures with curved boundaries, the FDTD method suffers from cumulative errors introduced by inadequate resolution of curvature (stair-casing errors), reflection from absorbing boundaries, numerical dispersion, etc. On the other hand, integral equation based methods such as the method of moments (MoM) have available a wide variety of shape functions and grids for accurate resolution of the field on curved boundaries. In this paper, we propose to hybridize the FDTD method and the MoM such that FDTD can be implemented on a relatively crude mesh, and the resulting 'crude' solution employed as an initial guess to the solution of the MoM matrix equations using the conjugate gradient (CG) method.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)574-577
Number of pages4
Publication statusPublished - 1998
Externally publishedYes
Dive into the research topics of 'Hybrid implementation of the FDTD and moment methods'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this


text:
Seed dispersal mchanisms
remove.this.ecology at ozemail.com.au
Tue Jul 11 18:38:46 EST 2000
I am working with the native Australian tree species Cadellia pentastylis an
obscure species (and a monotypic genus) belonging to the family Surianaceae.
My question relates to seed dispersal mechanisms and whether the strategy
employed by this species is at all unique.
The small fruits of C. pentastylis remain attached to woody sepals which
swell and twist following pollination and seed maturation. The sepals
enhance seed dispersal as they maintain good bouyancy in the air rotating
like the rotor blades of a helicopter.
Typically plant seeds or fruits themselves develop membranes or wings to aid
dispersal. Is this unusual for sepals to be used in this way? Are there
examples of co-evolution from other continents?
More information about the Plantbio


When quoting this document, please refer to the following
URN: urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-4498
URL: _URL_
Go to the corresponding Portal
Pustejovsky, James ; Littman, Jessica ; Sauri, Roser
Argument Structure in TimeML
Document 1.pdf (424 KB)
TimeML is a specification language for the annotation of events and temporal expressions in natural language text. In addition, the language introduces three relational tags linking temporal objects and events to one another. These links impose both aspectual and temporal ordering over time objects, as well as mark up subordination contexts introduced by modality, evidentiality, and factivity. Given the richness of this specification, the TimeML working group decided not to include the arguments of events within the language specification itself. Full reasoning and inference over natural language texts clearly requires knowledge of events along with their participants. In this paper, we define the appropriate role of argumenthood within event markup and propose that TimeML should make a basic distinction between arguments that are events and those that are entities. We first review how TimeML treats event arguments in subordinating and aspectual contexts, creating event-event relations between predicate and argument. As it turns out, these constructions cover a large number of the argument types selected for by event predicates. We suggest that TimeML be enriched slightly to include causal predicates, such as {it lead to}, since these also involve event-event relations. We propose that all other verbal arguments be ignored by the specification, and any predicate-argument binding of participants to an event should be performed by independent means. In fact, except for the event-denoting arguments handled by the extension to TimeML proposed here, almost full temporal ordering of the events in a text can be computed without argument identification.
BibTeX - Entry
 author = {James Pustejovsky and Jessica Littman and Roser Sauri},
 title = {Argument Structure in TimeML},
 booktitle = {Annotating, Extracting and Reasoning about Time and Events},
 year = {2006},
 editor = {Graham Katz and James Pustejovsky and Frank Schilder},
 number = {05151},
 series = {Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings},
 ISSN = {_PHONE_},
 address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
 URL = {_URL_
 annote = {Keywords: Temporal annotation, event expressions, argument structure}
Keywords: Temporal annotation, event expressions, argument structure
Seminar: 05151 - Annotating, Extracting and Reasoning about Time and Events
Issue Date: 2006
Date of publication: 23.01.2006
DROPS-Home | Fulltext Search | Imprint Published by LZI


What is the Budget and how does it affect me?
The Chancellor of the Exchequer with his red Budget briefcase The current Chancellor of the Exchequer is George Osborne
Every year the government explains how it will spend the country's money for the next 12 months.
The Budget is worked out by the man in charge of Britain's money - the Chancellor of the Exchequer - with help from his office, the Treasury.
The current Chancellor of the Exchequer is George Osborne.
Why do we have a Budget?
Just like you decide how to spend your pocket money, the government has to decide how to spend money on services like schools, hospitals, the police and housing.
The government needs to work out how much money it has in the bank, so it can work out how to spend it on the country.
What's the red briefcase about?
Usually when you see the Chancellor make the Budget statement on TV, he is waving around a red briefcase. It traditionally contains the Budget speech.
Money, credit cards and a piggy bank In the Budget the government works out how much money it can spend on the country
The original red briefcase was first used by politician William Gladstone in 1860.
But in 1997 the former Chancellor Gordon Brown had a new one made as the old one was looking a bit tatty!
Where does the money come from?
The government gets the money from different types of taxes:
Income tax: Everyone in the UK who earns money has to pay some of that money to the government. Most people have to pay about a fifth, but richer people pay more.
VAT: You pay tax when you buy things. You may not realise it but 20% of the cost of many things goes to the government as VAT (Value Added Tax).
Duties: These are extra taxes charged on certain things like cigarettes, alcohol and petrol. Most of the money people pay for these goes to the government as 'duty'.
Does it affect me?
You might not think it but the Budget does affect your life.
The Chancellor may decide to spend more or less money on schools and he may also choose to spend money on youth schemes in your area.
Adults may find they have more or less money to spend - which could mean more or less pocket money for you!
What happens on Budget day?
The Chancellor makes his speech to MPs about how he's spending the public's money.
He tries to explain why he may be raising or lowering taxes on things.
At the end of the speech, MPs discuss the Budget, then vote on whether or not to accept it.
More on This Story
 - Newsround logoWatch Newsround


text:
The name Ketchikan comes from kitcxan, a Tlingit word meaning "where the eagle's wings are," a reference to the shape of a sand spit at the creek mouth. The sand spit was dredged in the 1930s to create Thomas Basin Boat Harbor. Rumor has it that several bodies were found then, and suspicious fingers were pointed toward the denizens of nearby Creek Street, the local red-light district.
One of Southeast Alaska's youngest major towns, Ketchikan began when the first of many salmon canneries at the mouth of Ketchikan Creek opened in 1885. By the 1930s it had become the "Salmon Capital of the World" (13 canneries), and Alaska's largest town. Overfishing caused salmon populations to crash in the 1940s, and the fishing industry was supplanted in the 1950s by a new pulp mill that turned the town into a major logging center.
For several decades Ketchikan's pulp mill was the biggest employer in Southeast Alaska, processing spruce and hemlock for the production of rayon and cellophane. The pulp mill closed in 1997, just as Ketchikan's economy shifted full-bore into tourism.
The big story today for Ketchikan—as in Juneau and Skagway—is cruise ships. More than 800,000 cruise ship travelers step onto Ketchikan's docks annually, with four or five ships tied up along Tongass Narrows most summer days. The rough old downtown with its sawmill, flophouses, and bars has been transformed into rows of jewelry stores (63 at last count!) staffed by employees from the Caribbean, and trinket shops selling plastic totem poles and stuffed animals made in China.
Crossing guards at the intersections, horse-drawn wagon rides, amphibious "duck" tours, a pseudo-logging show, and thousands of cruise shippies add to what Edward Abbey labeled "industrial tourism." It makes the cash registers ring, at least for those businesses willing to accept kickback deals with the cruise lines in exchange for promotion on board the ships.
Fortunately, the cruise ships generally depart by early evening, allowing locals and overnight visitors to rediscover this fascinating town.
© Don Pitcher from Moon Alaska, 10th Edition


HomeSmall PetsGuinea Pig Skin Problems All Owners Have To Know
Guinea Pig Skin Problems All Owners Have To Know
Being easy mammals to care for, guinea pigs are a popular choice for pet lovers who'll like to commit to something bigger than a hamster. However, some take advantage of their low-maintenance, with negligence and bad hygiene causing skin diseases that the pigs could contract in the long run. Expensive veterinary fees aside, this also causes discomfort to the fur balls and may even affect their mobility. So before committing yourself to a guinea pig, here's 8 of their common skin problems you can learn to prevent.
Bumble Foot
We've all experienced the pain of having blisters on our feet, so imagine the agony a guinea pig has to go through when their footpad develops sores. Bumble Foot is a condition in which a guinea pig's footpad becomes inflamed, develops sores, or becomes overgrown. If left untreated, the infected leg may even have to be amputated.
There are a few underlying causes for the condition, but the main ones include the lack of vitamin C and wire floor caging, which causes excessive pressure on their feet.
Just like how termites burrow under wood, all guinea pigs are hosts of fur mites which burrow underneath their skin. They are usually present in small numbers that do not affect their host, but their numbers increase when the guinea pig is stressed or low on immunity.
To prevent an infestation, a pig's living quarters should always be kept sanitary. Ectoparasites can infect other household pets too, so unless we're looking for a reenactment of Resident Evil, let's keep the homes of our guinea pigs spick and span.
If your guinea pig is constantly drooling, chances are that it isn't because they're hungry. Slobbers is a condition where the fur under the jaw and down the neck remains wet from constant drooling of saliva, causing dermatitis. It is most commonly found in guinea pigs of ages 3 and up, where the upper and lower premolar teeth meet improperly while chewing.
As slobbers can also be caused by dietary reasons, your fur baby should also be fed a well-balanced and nutritious diet to supplement any lack of vitamin and minerals that they may have.
Just like how Scurvy plagued pirates of history, it is also a disease that commonly affects guinea pigs. Like humans, guinea pigs lack the physical ability to manufacture their own vitamin C, requiring an outside source of vitamin C in the form of vegetables and fruits.
This condition interferes with their ability to produce collagen, an important part of bone and tissue formation which in turn causes blood clotting and problem with their skin or joints.
Fungal infections
Often confused with mite infection, a fungal infection affects a guinea pig's hair and top layer of skin. It is easily identifiable via dry and scaly skin on the ears, nose and feet, sometimes with dandruff-like skin on the coat. High humidity, age and stress are the top factors in producing this condition.
If the infection is caught on the early stages, coconut oil can be used as a cheap and effective treatment on the affected areas.
Urine Scald
As greedy eaters, guinea pigs would always squeal at the sight of food and gobble up as much as they can. So if you've noticed that yours isn't eating, it may be a symptom of urine scald. Urine scald causes red swollen skin between their back legs and the area may even have open sores.
It can also be a sign of serious medical problems like bladder or urinary tract stones. The stones irritate your pig's bladder, and may even completely block the urethra and prevent your pig from urinating. Unsanitary conditions can also lead a pig to hold their urine to prevent adding on to the filth, so the rule of thumb is to always keep their cages clean!
Just like how we're prone to pimples, guinea pigs can have cysts too. They are pockets of pus causing pain, inflammation and swelling. Cysts and abscesses most often occur on the jaw line, rump and backs of guinea pigs, but can occur anywhere on the guinea pig's body and be the result of a hay poke, fight or a bacterial infection.
But don't go popping them by yourself like you do with your pimples – any lump should be seen by a vet to determine if it's a fatty lump or tumour. Once diagnosed, cysts are either drained or may require surgery to remove.
Greasy Seborrhoea
When handling your guinea pig, you may have noticed a gunky spot around the area where you'd find your guinea pig's tail. The grease gland, also known as the caudal gland, produces secretions for scenting and marking purposes. While all pigs have this gland, males are particularly prone to contracting Greasy Seborrhoea.
This happens when excessive gland secretions leads to a smelly, greasy, matted hair coat, sometimes with secondary infections. Treatment involves topical application and medicated baths.
Other Skin Conditions
Preventing Skin Diseases For Guinea Pigs
As adorable as they get, guinea pigs are known to be prone to many health conditions. They may be cheaper to maintain as compared to a dog or cat, but a visit to the vet would cost roughly the same price as their bigger counterparts. Cleaning their cages and ensuring that that they've always enough fresh fruit and veggies will also require a lot of attention, so be sure that you're really ready for such commitment before purchasing one!
Article by:
As an avid home baker, Madeleine spends a significant portion of her free time scouring the internet for recipes for next her baking project. When she's not hands deep in kneading some form of dough, you can find her making music with a bunch of like-minded musicians at her alma mater's alumni band.
- Advertisment -
Most Popular
Recent Comments
Now hiring: retail assistants, warehouse assistants, pet groomers, pet care consultants & pet guardians.
We are hiring


text:
Of moms and men: what two small words reveal about big social changes
The Oxford English Dictionary's evidence files reveal an interesting trend: in recent years, the number of phrases designating types of mothers (on the model of [X] mother) has grown much faster than the number of comparable terms for fathers. Since 1990, OED has tracked roughly 40% more maternal terms than their paternal counterparts. But why are there more kinds of mothers than fathers?
From soccer moms to yummy mummies
Mom's high lexical profile dates back at least as far as the 1996 US Presidential election, when a new demographic group, the suburban soccer mom, was regarded as a crucial category of swing voter (although the term itself goes back much further, to 1973). Since then, pollsters, pundits, and politicians have coined ever more variations on the theme, describing post-9/11 security moms, northern hockey moms, and pervasive minivan moms. In the UK, where impossibly attractive female parents are yummy mummies, that convenient rhyme has also begotten the hapless slummy mummy and the misguided chummy mummy. Most recently, the stereotype of the pushy Chinese Tiger Mother, coined in the title of Amy Chua's book, has dominated playground conversations from Los Angeles to London, as parents debate the relative merits of a demanding, allegedly Asian method of child-rearing and a lenient so-called Western style. The speed with which this term leapt from publisher press-release to common parlance suggests that it struck a deep chord in contemporary society.
Of course, when it comes to compounds, nouns can be modifier (mom [X]) as well as modified. Thus, maternal neologizing has brought us unfashionable mom jeans and unsightly mummy tummies. Women who cease working to spend time with their young children are on the mommy track, and may choose to write a mommy blog. In most cases, we see versions of these terms with both the American mom/mommy and the British mum/mummy, suggesting that similar forces are in play on both sides of the Atlantic. It is tempting to chalk this international lexical explosion up to yet another mom term: the so-called mommy wars between stay-at-home mothers and their working counterparts. As a new generation of mothers navigates between the twin shoals of neglectful career mom and overbearing helicopter parent, new terminology is spawned of necessity by a language struggling to stay abreast. Of course there are new dad phrases in the OED files as well (dad dancing is among the better attested ones), but not as many. Another masculine word, however, has been dwarfing both parents as a creator of new words and compounds: man.
Man has begotten a bevy of new phrases in recent years. In fact, a semi-scientific survey of the OED files shows as many compounds built on man– as on mother words and father words combined. Manbag, a man's handbag, hit the scene in 1968, and there has been an avalanche of similar formations in the years since. Many of these follow the example of man bag in referring to a male version of something typically regarded as feminine, like mandal (a blend of man and sandal), or man boobs (self-explanatory; aka moobs). Some manwords reveal consciousness of a potential homosexual subtext, like man hug (denoting a half-handshake/half-embrace between two men; aka bro hug) or man date; others, like man cave or man flu, denote amusing male peculiarities. What all of these terms share (besides their first three letters) is a sense of modern masculinity as an area of flux and re-examination. Like motherhood, manhood is a popular topic of conversation today simply because we have so much to say about it, and our vocabulary is doing its best to keep up. Cultural change, as always, is the mother of lexical invention.
The opinions and other information contained in OxfordWords blog posts and comments do not necessarily reflect the opinions or positions of Oxford University Press.


text: Actors in the Prisoner's Dilemma agent-based model presented here decide between cooperation and defection in binary interactions determined by players' distance and overall gains. Two kinds of noise and the reward for mutual cooperation oscillating between temptation and punishment payoffs with a variable speed were introduced as well. Results of the Axelrod's famous tournament were replicated as the necessary first step before removing errors in formalization of several rules and introducing further modifications and additional strategies inspired by the foreign policy behavior of states. Initial success of generous reciprocal altruists was no surprise, but lacking relationship between frequency of interactions and cooperativeness at the level of pairs already suggested some similarity with the system of states. Yet the most important outcome was victory of the balance of threat strategy in all reruns with a heterogeneous pool of actors and that despite the fact that this strategy was one of the least cooperative ones. At the same time, rules preselected in the homogeneous and cooperative environment were still able to sustain intensive cooperation among themselves even within the heterogeneous pool of strategies.


September 11, 2008
Study Suggests Women More Likely To Have Nightmares
New research suggests women experience significantly more nightmares than men and have more emotional dreams.
There was no difference in the overall number of dreams reported, said researcher Dr. Jennifer Parker of the University of the West of England.
Previous research has shown women tend to have more disturbed sleep than men.
Changes in a woman's body temperature during her monthly cycle have been linked to such sleep disturbances.
"It has been known for a long time that pre-menstrual women report more vivid and disturbing dreams," said Dr. Parker, a lecturer in psychology.
"The consistent finding in this research was that women report more unpleasant dreams than men."
The women who took part in the study were much more likely to report dreaming about very emotionally traumatic events such as the loss of a loved one.
"In terms of processing emotional information, women may be more prone to taking unresolved concerns into their sleep life." Parker added.
"The research showed a gender difference but what is difficult to pick out is whether women are having more nightmares or remembering them better," said Dr. Chris Idzikowski, director of the Edinburgh Sleep Centre.
He said the results fit in with what's in the literature, as women's sleep tends to be more disrupted and they have more insomnia.
"And more frequent wakening could cause them to pick up on the dream.
"But it could be that disturbed sleep is contributing to the fears."
Nightmares in everyone were probably more common than people realized as they are quickly forgotten about, he added.
On the Net:


text:
Secondhand smoke is dangerous for people and pets, too. According to a study conducted at Tufts College of Veterinary Medicine, kitties face a higher chance of getting certain types of cancer including malignant lymphoma, a cancer that is fatal to three out of four cats within 12 months of developing it. However, simply because of felines natural grooming habits, they also face a great risk of getting mouth cancer. When your pet licks her paw, she is licking up the cancer-causing carcinogens that accumulate on her fur. The study found that more kitties get squamous-cell carcinoma if they live in smoking environments versus those residing in a smoke-free home. The cats are not the only pets in danger, exposure to secondhand smoke can also result in nasal and lung cancer in dogs – pups noses have a greater surface area to be exposed to carcinogens and a shorter nasal passage that allows more carcinogens to reach their lungs. If you're still trying to quit smoking, make sure you don't light up around your pets!
Nov 20 2007


How can we help you?
Why do tumble dryers occasionally turn after the cycle has finished?
After the cycle has finished, some dryers may make the drum move occasionally until you open the door. This technique is to stop creases forming in the clothes – it may move sporadically until you are ready to collect your dry laundry.
Did we answer your question?
Thank you for your feedback


Motion Trajectory Based Video Retrieval
Original Video Query
It's a sample video taken from UCF Sports Action dataset. The content of the video is difficult to
express in words and will vary from person to person. On the right-hand side a sample online
user sketch which can be used to retrieve the video has been shown
Content based video retrieval is an active area in Computer Vision. The most common type of retrieval strategies we know about are query by text (Youtube, Vimeo etc) and query by example-video or image (Video Google). When the query is in the form of a text, most of the current systems search the tags and metadata associated with the video. A problem with such an approach is that the tags or metadata need not be the real content of the video and are misleading. Moreover, often the queries may be abstract and lenghty. For example, " a particular diving style in swimming where the swimmer does three somersaults before diving " The other method i.e the query by example paradigm is limited by the absence of an example in hand at the right time.
Instead, certain videos can be identified from unique motion trajectories. For example the query mentioned above or another query like "the first strike in carrom where three or more carrom men or disks go to pockets" or "All red cars which came straight from North and then took a left turn". Clearly, queries like these describe the actual content of the video, which is unlikely to be found from the tags and metadata. Under these circumstances, queries can be framed using sketches. A basic sketch containing the object and the motion patterns of the object should suffice to describe the actual content of the video. Sketches can be offline (images) or online(temporal data collected using a tablet).
In this project we are trying to build a sketch-based video retrieval system using online sketches as queries.
Although sketch-based search appears to be a very intuitive way to depict the content of a video, it suffers from perceptual variability. In simple words multiple users perceive the same motion in different ways. The variability is in terms of spatio-temporal properties like shape, direction, scale and speed. The following figures illustrate the problem precisly.
Original Video User: 1 User: 2 User: 3
A sample sinusoidal motion and its three different user interpretations
If we try to match these different representations in 2D Euclidean space then they wont match. Beacause quantitatively they are different. But they have qualitative similarity. So we have to project these sketches to a space where they are mapped similarly.
Another set of challenges is involved with extraction of robust trajectories from unconstrained videos. Real word videos taken using handheld or mobile cameras contain camera motion and blur. On the other hand dynamic background, illuminated surfaces, non-separable foreground and background are very common. Fast moving objects also pose serious challenges to tracking. Tracking in unconstrained videos is a very active problem in Computer Vision.
We have defined and extracted features from the user sketches and videos which give us a qualitative understanding of the trajectories. There are four different type of features that we extract. We try to capture approximate shape, order and ditection of the trajectories and then combine them using a multilevel retrieval strategy. Our mutilevel retrieval strategy gives us a two-fold advantage.
 1. Firstly, it lets us combine the effect of multiple feature vectors of the same trajectory. The different feature vector captures different aspect of motion which is difficult.
 2. Secondly, temporal data suffers from the problem of unequal length feature vector. Our method handles this issue intelligently.
 3. Thirdly, our filters are arranged in increasing order of complexity and hence like a cascade they reduce the search space at each stage.
The adjacent figure explains our algorithm for retrieval. There are four different representations for the query and sketch. They are compared and matched at four different filters. The updated score is used for the final outcome.
Currently, we are focussing on extracting robust trajectories from unconstrained videos by improving some of the state of the art algorithms.
For a detailed description of the features used, please refer to our publication :
Koustav Ghosal, Anoop M. Namboodiri "A Sketch-Based Approach to Video Retrieval using Qualitative Features Proceedings of the Ninth Indian Conference on Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing, 14-17 Dec 2014, Bangalore, India.
To validate our algorithm we had developed a dataset containing.
 1. A set of 100 Pool videos. Each video has been extracted from multiple International Pool Championship matches. All of them are top-view and HD videos
 2. A set of 100 Synthetic Videos. Each synthetic video represents a particular type of motion seen in real world scenarios.
Our datasets can be downloaded from the following links:
Please mail us at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. for the codes.
retrievedPool mrrpool
Related Publications
 - Koustav Ghosal, Anoop M. Namboodiri - A Sketch-Based Approach to Video Retrieval using Qualitative Features Proceedings of the Ninth Indian Conference on Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing, 14-17 Dec 2014, Bangalore, India. [PDF]
Associated People


Dialogical argument as an interface to complex debates
Chris Reed, Simon Wells
 Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
 19 Citations (Scopus)
 The Magtalo prototype environment harnesses dialogue protocols to support flexible, intuitive interaction with data in complex, contentious domains and provides mechanisms for eliciting structured knowledge. Magtalo represents the first example of an implemented online system that uses a closely specified argument-based dialogue protocol combined with a rich language for representing monologic argument to provide a tool for intuitive user exploration of a disagreement space. This approach also enables the expansion of argument resources through knowledge elicitation, which is structured by the argument dialogue protocol. The continuing aim of our research is to use advances in argumentation theory to push the practice of argumentation technology in providing tools and interfaces that have wide appeal.
 Original languageEnglish
 Pages (from-to)60-65
 Number of pages6
 JournalIEEE Intelligent Systems
 Issue number6
 Publication statusPublished - Nov 2007
 Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Dialogical argument as an interface to complex debates'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
 Cite this


text:
How Monitoring Skype in the Workplace Can Improve Employee Efficiency
In work environments, regular ways of communications like social networking platforms, smartphones, and chatting platforms are frowned upon. Only acceptable way to talk to each other is through a single approved medium, which in many workplaces happens to be Skype. However, some employees misuse this privilege as well and keep on talking to their colleagues or even their friends and family through the VoIP and chat platform. People like these waste their own time and the time of the person they are talking to. When people aren't focused on the assigned tasks, it affects the overall performance of the company, which just isn't acceptable. You as an employer certainly shouldn't tolerate this in your company, which is why it is advised that you start monitoring their Skype usage as it'll help discourage them from wasting their time on it. Now the main question is that how can you keep tabs on your employees' Skype usage?
Monitoring Software is the Key
To resolve the issue of Skype abuse in the workplace, you'll need to get help from monitoring solutions like Mobistealth. Such tools enable you to read each and every message being sent and received over the communication platform, allowing you to identify time wasters. Once you have this information, you can do whatever you want with it. You can either use it to penalize the person responsible, or you can ignore it completely, depending on the situation and the extent of time wastage. The thing that is most important is that you do not stay in the dark about what's happening right under your nose.
How Monitoring Skype Can Raise Efficiency
Now that we are done with the first part, which was how to monitor Skype, now the question arises how reading other people's Skype chats helps in getting your employees to perform better? Well, the answer is pretty simple. Once you know which one of your employees are messaging excessively on Skype, you just have to punish them in one way or another. It doesn't have to be too harsh. It can be a warning as well, but you do have to let them know that you're watching. Once the thought of you watching their activity goes into their head, they will start focusing on their work. Some of them will to do it because they don't want to lose their job, whereas others will start working harder, hoping that they will get rewarded for their hard work. Both cases create win-win scenarios for you both as they help raise the overall efficiency of employees on one hand, whereas on the other hand, it boosts the overall performance of business


text:
How To Hit A Forehand In Tennis
Learning how to hit a forehand in tennis may take you a little practice, but hitting a tennis forehand is a great way to exercise and have fun. Hitting a good forehand in tennis will depend primarily on the technique you use. Using the correct technique will have you impressing your opponent in no time.
To hit a forehand in tennis, you will need:
- Tennis Racquet
- You have to select a hand grip to be able to hit any stroke in tennis including a tennis forehand. A tennis grip is how you hold the racquet in your hand. There are three types of tennis grips, western, continental, and semi-western. The western or semi-western grip is ideal for a tennis forehand. To hold the racquet in a western position you simply hold the racquet in a hand shape position making sure your thumb is pointing up.
- To hit a forehand in tennis you will need to first get into the ready position. The ready position is the stance you take before you actually hit the ball. Being in the ready position will allow you to hit your tennis forehand hard. The ready position also allows you to remain balanced so that you can hit a tennis forehand.
- Hold the racquet vertically in front of your body with both hands on the grip of the racquet. To hit your tennis forehand, you will need to turn your racquet to horizontal. Now spot the tennis ball and aim to place the tennis ball in the center of the racquet. Brush up through the ball and bring the racquet across your body.
- Buy a racquet that is big enough for your body.
- Never leave tennis balls laying around of the tennis court.
- Make sure you use the right grip.


text:
How to search the contents of the current page for text or links
When you are viewing a website in Firefox, you can search for words and phrases on the page. Firefox will show you where the search phrase you've typed appears next on the page, and lets you highlight all the places where it appears.
Table of Contents
Using the Find bar
To start searching for text on a page:
- Open the Find bar:
- Use the Ctrlcommand+F keyboard shortcut.
- Click on the button ( menu on Windows XP), then select.
- Type a search phrase into the Find Bar's Find: field. Firefox will start highlighting instances of your search phrase as you type.
- If no instances of your search phrase occur on the page you're viewing, the Find bar will show Phrase not found.
When the Find bar is open, the following actions are available:
- X: Close the find bar.
- Next: Highlight the next instance of the search phrase you've entered.
- Previous: Highlight the previous instance of the search phrase you've entered.
- Highlight All: Highlight every instance of the search phrase you've entered. Click Highlight All again to turn off highlighting.
- Match case: Make searches case sensitive. Normally if you search for search phrase, instances of Search Phrase on the page will also be found when you use the Find bar. If you Match case is selected, only instances of the phrase as you've typed it will be found.
Search links only
If you want to find phrases that occur in links on the page you're viewing:
- Type'(single quote character) to bring up the Quick Find (links only) bar.
- Type a search phrase into the Quick Find (links only) field. The first link that contains the phrase you've typed will be selected.
- Press Ctrlcommand+G to highlight the next link that contains your search phrase.
To close the Quick Find bar, wait a moment then press the Esc key on the keyboard, or click somewhere in Firefox that is not part of the Quick Find bar.
Find while typing on a page
Firefox can start searching for phrases you enter without having to open the Find bar. To enable this feature:
- At the top of the Firefox window, click on the button and then select At the top of the Firefox window, click on the menu and then select On the menu bar, click on the menu and select At the top of the Firefox window, click on the menu and select
- Select on the panel.
- Click on the tab.
- Check mark Search for text when I start typing.
- Click to close the Options windowClick to close the Preferences windowClose the Preferences window.
After you enable the feature:
- Type a search phrase while you are viewing a website. As you type, the first instance of your phrase will be highlighted.
- Press Ctrlcommand+G or F3 to highlight the next instance of your search phrase.
To close the Quick Find bar, wait a few moments for it to disappear then press the Esc key on the keyboard, or click somewhere in Firefox that is not part of the Quick Find bar. Since the the Quick Find bar is meant to disappear after a few moments, it does not have the Next, Previous, or Highlight All commands the full Find bar does.
If you find that the Quick Find bar interferes with typing in text fields, see Quick find bar opens when typing in text fields.


How do you install a gable vent?
A vinyl gable vent is designed to ventilate stale air from the attic during the summer and prevent rain and snow from dripping through. Gable vents reduce heating and cooling costs.
Before installing the gable vent, remove any insulation that may be in the way with a utility knife.
Next, install the vent frame. Use boards to build a 2-by-4 square frame. Place the frame between the studs and the gable ends, and secure it with screws or nails. Factor in a 1 1/8 inch gap around the entire frame. When you are finished constructing the frame, drill 3/8-inch holes into the vent corners. These holes connect to the exterior of the house.
Mark the position of all of the holes with a pencil or piece of chalk on the roof, and connect the marks. This outline represents the vent opening. Saw along this line to cut out the opening.
Once the vent opening has been cut, see how the vent fits. If the vent fits straight, draw an outline for a flange. Use a circular saw to cut through the siding. Place the vent in the opening, and place the flange against the sheathing.
Finally, install flashing material around the vent opening. Flashing helps prevent water from seeping into the attic. Once the flashing is installed, lower the vent into place. Secure the vent with screws.
 1. doityourself.com
Is this answer helpful?
Similar Questions


text:
BSL Curriculum Outline
Within the BSL Curriculum Guide there are several routes that you can explore.
Each of these routes will explain different elements of BSL teaching. For example there is the BSL Curriculum Outline, BSL Teaching Sample, pro-forma of BSL lesson plans, Assessment Procedures and much more.
There is also a guide to resources that would be useful in the classroom. There are explanations of the linguistic elements of BSL to further enhance the teaching. There is also cultural explanations that bring greater understanding of BSL.
There are not only different routes to explore but also there are different levels to many of the routes. For example there is A1 but there is also an A2 stream. Likewise a B1 and a B2 and so on.
You will be able to navigate your way through the site to find specific and highly relevant material for you and for your level of teaching.
Get the Flash Player to see this player.


STH-10 - Sales Tax Holiday - Qualifying Computers
A computer is defined as a central processing unit (CPU), along with various other components including monitor, keyboard, mouse, cables to connect components, and preloaded software. While the CPU may be purchased separately, other items must be part of a bundled computer package in order to be eligible.
Items excluded from the holiday are individual computer parts, such as monitors, keyboards, speakers, and scanners when not sold in conjunction with a CPU; individually purchased software or other software not part of a preloaded software package on the initial purchase of a computer; storage media, such as diskettes and compact disks; handheld electronic schedulers; personal digital assistants (PDAs); e-readers, video game consoles; and computer printers and supplies for printers, such as paper and ink.
Not finding answers? Submit a request
Powered by Zendesk