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CALIFORNIA TRADITIONAL STORIES
Bierhorst, John ed.; Curtis, Edward S., photog. The Girl Who Married a Ghost. New York, NY: Macmillan ChildGroup; 1984. 113 pages. (elementary/secondary).
This collection contains nine of the 350 tales collected by photographer Edward S. Curtis (1868--1952). These tales represent sacred origin stories, ghost stories, trickster tales, and non-sacred campfire tales. The book is organized by geographic area---Plains, Northwest Coast, and California---each with a short introduction. The book is illustrated with Curtis' photographs. Curtis has received criticism for "staging" his subjects, creating culturally inaccurate portraits. Bierhorst has edited these tales into simple, easy prose. e/s/legend/Plains/Northwest Coast/California.
Curry, Jane Louise; Watts, James, illus. Back in the Beforetime: Tales of the California Indians. New York: Margaret K. McElderry Books; 1987. 134 pages. (lower and upper elementary).
The author retells legends from twenty-two unidentified California Indian tribes are retold. Tales include explanatory stories (e.g. why there is darkness) and Coyote trickster tales. Sources for the tales are not given.
Monroe, Jean Guard; Williamson, Ray A.; Carlson, Susan Johnston, illus. First Houses: Native American Homes and Sacred Structures. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company; 1993. 147 pages. (upper elementary/secondary).
This is a collection of legends associated with American Indian houses and sacred structures from the temperate zone of North America. Stories about the Plains tipi, the Iroquois longhouse, the Navajo hogan, and a variety of other house types show how the designs for these ancient dwellings set the pattern for homes of today. Most of the stories were collected directly from Indian storytellers and were originally published in scholarly books and journals "reduced to lifeless prose." The authors have presented the stories here "in a form that we hope conveys more of the liveliness of the original telling."
Monroe, Jean Guard; Williamson, Ray A.; Sturat, Edgar, illus. They Dance in the Sky: Native American Star Myths. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin; 1987. 118 pages. (upper elementary/secondary) *.
This book is a well-documented presentation of American Indian star stories. The first two chapters compare various legends about the Pleiades and the Big Dipper. The rest of the book is arranged by tribe or region---Southwest, Pawnee, Plains, California, Northwest Coast, and Southeast. An introductory paragraph to each story provides a brief outline of the tribe's history. Where available, explanations are suggested as to how the events described in the stories might relate to the seasonal movement of the stars. A bibliography provides sources (generally scholarly papers) for each myth presented. The preface notes that legends reinforce behavioral standards for the people. It also explains that the stories are meant to be read aloud, since a certain quality is lost when an oral text is set down in print. Illustrated with black-and-white drawings, the book includes an index and a glossary with a pronunciation guide.
Bains, Rae; Guzzi, George, illus. Indians of the West. Mahwah, NJ: Troll Associates; 1985. 30 pages. (lower elementary)?.
This is a very brief overview of the pre-Contact lifeways of the American Indians of the Northwest Coast, Southwest, California, and of the inland Paiute, Bannock and Ute peoples. The book focuses on housing, subsistence, the potlatch, and Southwest and California Indian religions. The effort to cover so much material in such a limited book results in broad generalizations with little attempt to explain underlying structure. For instance, Northwest Coast Indians are characterized as "wasteful," without providing context for understanding the importance of the potlatch as a means of redistributing wealth within the society. The book declares, "Strangely, all the California Indians lived off the rich land without making any effort to develop it into farms," but does not explain why the Indians of that area had no need to farm in order to flourish. No information on contemporary Indian culture is given.
Baylor, Byrd; Ingram, Jerry (Choctaw), illus. They Put on Masks. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons; 1974. 47 pages. (lower elementary).
The forms and functions of masks among the Eskimo, Northwest Coast tribes, Iroquois, Navajo, Apache, Hopi, Zuni and Yaqui are thoughtfully described in this book, which successfully evokes the powerful feelings associated with masks while providing much descriptive information. It is important to note, however, that many American Indians find depicting masks and using them for classroom activities offensive.
Brandt, Keith; Guzzi, George, illus. Indian Festivals. Mahwah, NJ: Troll Associates; 1985. 30 pages. (lower elementary)?
This book briefly describes the festivals of American Indians in the Eastern Woodlands (Iroquois, Algonquian), Southeast (Muskogee), Plains, Southwest (Pueblo), California, and Northwest Coast regions. Inaccuracies, generalizations, and stereotypes are used throughout the book, as are potentially offensive words such as "braves." "The Indians who lived in California did not hunt or farm," the book declares. "They lived entirely on acorns that were gathered from trees. But while their lives were easy and peaceful, their festivals were almost totally concerned with death."
Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West. New York, NY: Holt & Co.; 1991; c1970. 512 pages. * (secondary).
The Western tribes' displacement from their lands, confinement to reservations, and the consequent destruction of traditional culture are carefully and compassionately recounted in this compelling and highly readable history (1860--1890). Unlike other histories covering these topics, the book presents the events as experienced by the victims. The main sources for the history are official records of U.S.-Indian treaty councils and meetings. The reasonableness and humanity expressed by the American Indian spokesmen during these encounters, as recounted here, do much to counter the stereotype of "ignorant," "savage" Indians, and the courageous spirit they reveal evokes admiration and respect. Chapters are arranged chronologically, each devoted to a particular tribe or campaign. The final chapter describes the growth and significance of the Ghost Dance movement and the Battle of Wounded Knee. A map shows the location and dates of the main actions. Sources are cited in the extensive notes. Archival photographs, bibliography and index are included.
Brown, Vinson. Native Americans of the Pacific Coast. Published as Peoples of the Sea by MacMillan (1977) ed. Happy Camp, CA: Naturegraph Publishers; 1985. 272 pages. (secondary).
The book describes lifeways (social organization, economy, religion) of selected tribes from the four culture areas along the Pacific Coast (Arctic, Subarctic, Northwest Coast, and California) during the period 1500--1700. Nine of the eighteen descriptions are followed by fictional stories intended to illustrate the spirit and essence of the people. The author runs a risk inherent to fictionalizing about past societies---that of attributing thoughts and actions to the characters that may be alien or unlikely for people in that society. In one story, a young Kwakuitl girl questions the violence of one of her tribe's rituals. This pairing of fictional opinion with fact might lead the reader to feel that all aspects of the story are culturally accurate. Unfortunately, this combination of lists of facts with fictional stories fails to coalesce into a comprehensible introduction to the many cultures described. Lengthy appendices list Pacific Coast languages, material culture, and religious and social elements of each group. Includes a useful bibliography.
Brusa, Betty War; Bonnot, Eugenia. Salinan Indians of California. Heraldsburg, CA: Naturegraph; 1975. 94 pages.(upper elementary/secondary).
This brief overview of the pre-Contact culture of the Salinans of California includes information on economic life, architecture, dress, material culture, government, religion, and legends. Shorter sections describe neighboring California Indian groups---the Esselen, Chumash, Costanoans, and Yokuts. The Smithsonian Institution's Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8 states, "Although genetic descendants of the Salinan Indians are still living, Salinan culture can be described as ethnologically extinct." Includes an appendix with a short list of Salinan and Esselen vocabularies, a large map, bibliography, and index.
Carrico, Richard L. Strangers in a Stolen Land: American Indians in San Diego, _PHONE_. Newcastle, Ca: Sierra Oaks Publishing Company; 1987. 93 pages. (secondary) *.
This extensively researched work covers the little-known history of Indians in San Diego County between 1850--1880, describing the neglect and exploitation that characterized their treatment by local, state, and federal government authorities. The author seeks to counter the notion that American Indian populations of San Diego..."crept away and died. Indian people fought the advancing tide of white settlement...using a wide variety of methods, revolt, appeasement, cooperation. Their story


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NEW HAVEN, CONN. AND CHICAGO
The image was almost too painful: aging blues singer Jimmie Lee Robinson walking to the middle of Maxwell Street to sing "Maxwell Street Blues" as demolition crews tore down a block of buildings that once framed one of the most vibrant places of cultural creativity in America. In the 1940s and '50s, Maxwell Street and its bustling market became, with the arrival of waves of African-American migrants from the South, the birthplace of the urban electric blues; a place where Muddy Waters, Robert Nighthawk, Little Walter, Hound Dog Taylor, and many other musicians got started, and turned an African-American musical form into a foundation stone of modern popular music. Over the past three months, crews have demolished the heart of the Maxwell Street district, paving the way for commercial development.
In a time when Americans are embracing the vibrancy of our great cities, celebrating the contributions of all groups to American culture, and preserving our physical past as never before, how could we allow this bustling urban area where the Chicago blues was born to die an unnatural death?
Ironically, Maxwell Street fell victim to America's historic preservation movement and its failure to break free of its roots in aesthetic elitism. Obsessively focused on great works of architecture, the movement has been slow to broaden its scope to fight for places of cultural importance, even when those places are not perfect specimens of architecture. Despite some promising efforts at broadening the meaning of "preservation" - as in efforts to challenge sprawl as a threat to our national historical and environmental resources - it is the Victorian house, or the grand mansion, that continues to dominate our national, state, and local historic registers. In the face of the imminent destruction of Maxwell Street by the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), the wider preservation movement had virtually nothing to say. The National Trust was silent. The National Register dismissed an application for landmark status because, in its opinion, all the buildings didn't look enough like they did 60 years ago.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


The misery recorded for the fetus
Q 2: It is said that when the embryo is formed in the womb, the angel entrusted with wombs seeks the Lord's Permission, hence, the Lord commands, "Write". Thereupon, the angel says, "What should I write?" He (Glorified and Exalted be He) orders, "Write their life span, provision, whether they will be happy or miserable, and their time of death". Please advise us on the meaning of Misery and Happiness, are they meant for the life of this world or the Hereafter (Part No. 2; Page No. 30
A: Misery is generally designated for both this life and the Hereafter, as is the case with happiness.May Allah grant us success. May peace and blessings be upon our Prophet Muhammad, his family, and Companions.


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One disadvantage of the simple Darlington pair motor speed control discussed in the previous article is that about 0.7V is lost in each transistor, so the maximum voltage that can ever be applied to the motor is Vs - 1.4V. The circuit shown in figure 1 partially solves this problem by reducing the voltage loss to 0.7V. It is still a Darlington pair configuration, but this time the second transistor is of a type known as 'PNP'. The first transistor is an 'NPN' type of transistor.
To increase the range of the potentiometer you may want to place a low value resistor (try 470Ω) between the lower end of the potentiometer and 0V. This should start the motor turning slowly as soon a the potentiometer shaft is turned.
Building the Circuit
A stripboard layout for this circuit is given in figure 2. The layout includes space for an optional 6-way screw terminal block to make connecting up the circuit easier.
The power supply for this circuit should preferably be un-smoothed (i.e. directly from the power supply rectifier). This helps prevent the motor'sticking' at low speeds. With the TIP32C transistor given, the maximum power supply voltage may be 60V and the maximum motor current consumption may be 3A.
Pin-out diagrams of the two transistors used in this circuit are given in figure 3. The TIP32C transistor will get hot in use because the high current supplying the motor flows through it. You should therefore fit a heat sink to it to dissipate the heat - a suggested heat sink is given in the Shopping List, or you could make one out of Meccano! Space is provided in the stripboard layout for a heat sink, but the positions and sizes of the holes are not shown for they will depend on the nature of the heat sink you choose.
The list below includes all the parts required to build the Darlington pair circuit on stripboard as shown in figure 2. The 470 Ohm resistor is optional.
Order the above items from Maplin via our Circuits Shop and help support the Electronics in Meccano website, without affecting the price you pay! Just click on an item for information about it and/or to add it to your Maplin order.
Orders can also be placed by telephoning Maplin on 0844 _PHONE_, or visiting their website at _URL_. Prices quoted are taken from the Winter 2013 Maplin catalogue and include VAT at 17.5%.


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noun, plural: repellents
(2) A remedy that eases swellings
(3) A waterproofing treatment, as in fabrics
(1) Causing to repel or resist
(2) Tending to ward off
(3) Being resistant (to something)
Animal repellents are available as natural or synthetic agents to repel animals. An insect repellent works by ways that drives away insects (e.g. through a scent). Examples of insect repellents include permethrin, neem oil, DEET, and certain essential oils. Other insect repellents may be in the form of a high frequency sound that is not audible to human ears. For natural repellents, an example is animal urine. Fox urine is claimed to repel rabbits, squirrels, etc.
Word origin: From Latin repellens

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Continuing to educate about basic compositional techniques,
- What is "Lead Room?"
- Why is it important to consider Lead Room when taking pictures?
- When do I apply it to my photography?
What is Lead Room?
Lead Room (also variously referred to as leading, nose room, or leading space) is a foundational compositional technique that is frequently employed in the visual arts such as cinematography, painting, and of course photography. In essence the 'rule' of lead room is that when framing a subject, well composed shots will include 'white space' in the direction that a subject is facing, or in the case of moving objects, in front of the direction that an object is moving.
Why is lead room important?
Lead room is an important compositional technique to keep in mind even if you're deciding to break the guideline and not give a photo lead room because altering the lead room has the potential to alter the mood or 'feeling' of a photograph. For example, in this portrait lead room has been given in the direction the model's body is facing and as a result the portrait feels open and relaxed.
But if we take the same exact picture and shift the model to the other side of the frame, all of a sudden it feels as though the model is cramped within the frame.
The effects of lead room can be even more pronounced when the subject of a photograph is in motion. In the following image the airplane has a sense of moving through the frame from left to right because it appears that it has room to move...
Whereas when the same photograph is cropped so the photograph's white space is behind the airplane all of a sudden there seems to be something missing. There's a sense of motion that has been removed because there doesn't appear to be anywhere for the plane to go!
How do I apply lead room to my photography
Like most things in photography, this is not a 'hard-and-fast' rule... more accurately this is a rule of thumb. Generally speaking, lead room can be applied to living subjects (e.g. humans, animals, etc.), and objects in motion. Inanimate objects that aren't in motion can't really benefit from using lead room. But it is important to understand the effects on a images perception that lead room can have as you compose your pictures in order to take advantage of (or negate the advantage of) this rule of thumb.
Original airplane image courtesy of Alvaretz. Used via Creative Commons Attribution.
|show 4 more comments|
I'd like to add a couple of small things to _USER_'s excellent answer...
I think what lead room is has been answered so I'll add just one thing. Like the rule of thirds, golden ratio and other composition guidelines, lead room is just another tool in the arsenal of composition. Sometimes it applies, sometimes there's no need for lead room (such as a person's face filling 90% of the frame for a portrait).
Lead room should be a naturally occurring composition element, just like the rule of thirds and such. They should come as a result of feeling the need for more space on a specific side of the frame, per sé, not as a result of thinking, "oh yeah, I 'need' lead room".
When I'm composing a photo (even if it's in a fast paced environment), I'm "feeling" my way toward the composition that feels right, then I click the shutter. I rarely ever do a mental check list of composition "rules" in my head.
I hope I'm making sense.


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Ever repeated the location for something so many times you just want to scream the next time someone mentions the words "Where is…"? Or have you had to explain how a process works repeatedly? I love using pictures to explain. It saves time, energy, and can make it so much easier for other people to understand where items belong or how the process works.
View original post 132 more words


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The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children: WHO Collaborative Cross-National (HBSC) Study: origins, concept, history and development 1982–2008
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This paper traces the history of the HBSC study from its origins in the early 1980's to the present day describing how it was first conceptualised scientifically and how this influenced issues of study design. The challenges of managing a cross-national study are explained as are changes and adaptations over time with growth of the study from 3 to over forty country members. The key partnership with the World Health Organisation and its benefits are presented. With developments in scientific management and theoretical perspectives, HBSC has made a substantial contribution to the area of youth health. The last decade has seen increased dissemination to policy makers and evidence that scientific information arising from the study has influenced strategic policy development and practical health improvement programmes. This paper considers some of the key success factors and challenges for the study as it attempts to maximise its scientific output and channels the research findings into health improvement for young people. Future challenges for the study are also considered.
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- The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children: WHO Collaborative Cross-National (HBSC) Study: origins, concept, history and development 1982–2008
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Analysis of European style copper lamp
by：EME LIGHTING 2020-01-23
Modern European style; Also known as neoclassical style;. Modern European-style all-copper lamp design style, from simple to complicated, from the whole to the part, finely crafted, inlaid with flowers and gold, gives a meticulous impression. On the one hand, it retains the general style of all-copper lamp materials and colors, making people feel the historical traces of stealing tradition and the rich cultural heritage. At the same time, it abandons the overly complicated texture and decoration of all-copper lamps and simplifies the lines. The modern European style of copper lamps is more like a diversified way of thinking, combining the romantic feelings of nostalgia with the needs of modern people for life, compatible with luxury, elegance and fashion, it reflects the personalized aesthetic viewpoint and cultural taste in the post-industrial era. 1, the shape is scattered; It is the main feature of modern European copper lamp style. While paying attention to the decorative effect, modern techniques and materials are used to restore the classical temperament of all-copper lamps. The neoclassical style all-copper lamps have both classical and modern aesthetic effects, the perfect combination also gives people spiritual comfort while enjoying material civilization. 2, stress style, all copper lamps in the design is not antique, nor retro but the pursuit of similarity. 3. Use simplified methods, modern materials and processing techniques to pursue the general outline characteristics of traditional all-copper lamps. 4. All-copper lamps pay attention to the decorative effect. Indoor furnishings are used to enhance the historical context. Classical facilities, furniture and furnishings are often copied to set off the indoor environment atmosphere. 5. White, gold, yellow and dark red are the common main colors in European style. A small amount of white is mixed to make the color look bright.
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Date of Award
Master of Applied Science (MASc)
Transportation has proven to be one of the most important infrastructures in the economic development of any country. Safe and effective traffic operations support growth of the economy and help in future developments. Highway alignment design
plays a crucial role in implementing safer traffic operation and management. Road
accidents not only jeopardize safety, but also have a major effect on the national economy. These accidents can be divided in three classes, grouped according to their severity. Statistics in North America and Europe show that one of the major reasons for such road accidents is driver error. Wrong decisions during navigation may be the primary reason for such errors. Wrong decisions occur when a driver is unable to process the range of visual information available in a complex highway situation.
Drivers need to have sufficient visual information in guiding and controlling vehicles along the correct path. Drivers scan the roadway to collect visual information. This visual information consists mainly of the traffic situation, roadway signs, and the information from the highway alignment itself. The information from the highway alignment plays a major role in decision-making during maneuvering. All drivers,
therefore, need sufficient visual information for perfect navigating, and for guiding and controlling their vehicles on the road.
The main focus of this research study was on evaluating visual demands on two-dimensional highway alignments with an emphasis on determining the effect of complex curves on visual demand. Complex curves are defined as combinations of simple, compound, and reverse curves in a series. Eighteen hypothetical alignments for two-lane rural highways have been developed following the standard guidelines of the Transportation Association of Canada (TAC) and American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO). These alignments were simulated in a low-cost driving simulator. A series of experiments was carried out using the visual occlusion method.
Nine subject drivers drove in the simulator, and the output data related to visual demand information and positioning of the subject vehicle were connected. The data relating to visual demand information and lateral positioning on curves and tangents were processed using Microsoft ExceFM and analyzed using SAS, a statistical software. The turning directions, characteristics of preceding elements, and the combination of curve to curve, tangent to curve, or curve to tangent have been considered as nominal variables and analyzed as independent variables with visual demand.
It has been observed that visual demand varies widely with the inverse of radius of curvature of the preceding and current elements, and the characteristics of the combination of the current and the preceding element. Visual demand also varies on identical tangents, depending on the deflection angle, inverse of radius, and turning direction of the preceding curve. The standard deviation of lateral positioning of the subject vehicle was evaluated with respect to the centre-line of the driving lane. This was supposed to have a considerable impact on visual demand evaluation, but it has been observed that this does not bear any significant relationship to visual demand. In addition to curves, tangents, as preceding elements have an immense impact on visual demand evaluation on following curves. Besides, visual demand on tangents has also been observed as highly dependent on the preceding curve and their turning directions.
Ganguly, Chandi D., "Evaluation of driver visual demand in complex two dimensional rural highway alignments" (2003). Theses and dissertations. Paper 27.


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The Effect of Learning Curve on Production
Operations Professor Suresh Chand, with the assistance of PhD student Sunantha Teyarachakul, is seeking to understand the effect of learning and forgetting on batch sizing decisions in a production environment. Batch size is how many units of products should be produced for inventory analysis. Learning occurs where time to perform a task goes down with repetition. Forgetting occurs where time to perform a task goes up due to time elapsed since the last completion of the task. The duo's research draws insights from industry professionals who face batching decisions in their everyday work experiences.
It is up to a firm to determine the production schedule to meet demand. If batch sizes are large and batches are produced infrequently, there is a large amount of learning within the batch, which is positive, but also a large amount of forgetting between two successive batches, which is negative. One practitioner noted, "We produce in large batches because our setup times are large. And our setup times are large because we set up infrequently and do not really learn how to set up."
Professor Chand sought to model the learning and forgetting associated with gaps in batch production. This included looking at the time to perform a task, such as installing the door on an automobile. Task time decreases as the task is repeated and knowledge is gained. This creates a learning curve where the 200th unit produced may require 20% less time than the 100th unit.
The issue of the effect of learning and forgetting on productivity is an important one. In 1990, Argote and Epple noted: "Large increases in productivity are typically realized as organization gain experience in production. These learning curves have been found in many organizations. Organizations vary considerably in the rates at which they learn. Some organizations show remarkable productivity gains, whereas others show little or no learning. Reasons for the variation observed in organizational learning curves include forgetting, employee turnover, transfer of knowledge from other products, and other organizations and economies of scale."
Studies have also shown that the amount of forgetting increases as the gap between two successive repetitions of a task increases. Also, people forget at a relatively lower rate early in the gap and at a quicker rate later in the gap followed by a slower rate again.
Toyota's approach, which is covered in Prof. Chand's operational management course, is to produce a unit and to learn to manufacture better the next production cycle. This continuous improvement philosophy is what inspired Prof. Chand to investigate the subject more in depth. Students across various disciplines can gain insight from the research.
Similar to operations, there are two types of tasks: procedural and autonomous. An example of autonomous is riding a bike, where the skill becomes inherent and is recalled quickly. Procedural would be an activity such as working in Excel. For instance, if a student only works with spreadsheets every six months, there will be some skills that will require relearning when working with them again. Individuals should seek to improve their skills with the repetition of each task, but this can only be accomplished if the skills are retained and built upon.
The result of Prof. Chand's research suggests that firms are better off producing smaller batches. The advantages include producing more frequently, reducing forgetfulness and creating a continuous learning process. Combined with this recommendation is spending time each day on improvement activities. Rather than scheduling work for eight hours a day, spending 30 minutes thinking about improvement processes to get feedback can reduce the amount of forgetfulness.
Prof. Chand has published five papers on modeling batch sizes and teaches operations management in the MBA program.
- Heather Owens (MBA '12)


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Current published statistics show that claims issued in the High Court in respect of contested Will disputes are at a record high.
I thought a will was unchallengeable
Let me start by saying that the above statement is in most cases correct. If a will is drafted correctly by a solicitor, the formalities are completed and the person making the will is of sound mind, then in most cases a Will is very difficult to challenge. My first piece of advice therefore is if your do not have a Will or it needs updating then seek advice from a reputable solicitor and it is likely that that Will cannot be challenged. My colleagues here at Biscoes can help with this.
Why then are challenges to Wills and disputes over inheritance increasing and at an all-time high
There are many factors as to why Will disputes are on the increase, these can be summarised as follows:-
- It is estimated that up to 50% of the adult population do not have a Will at all. This means that if someone dies without a Will the Estate will be distributed in accordance with the Rules of Intestacy and this can lead to disputes.
- The change in families and their diversity, often there are second marriages and children from both marriages believe they should inherit and when this does not happen disputes arise.
- Increased life expectancy often means that a Will is either old and outdated and does not consider a change on circumstances or people are making Wills when they get much older and issues of capacity, i.e. whether someone had the mental capacity to make a Will arises.
- Increase in property prices will often mean that a deceased estate is worth much more than it used to be which means there is more money to argue about and this increases the risk of disputes.
The Reasons for disputing a Will.
There are many reasons why a beneficiary who is disappointed by a Will or lack of one might want to challenge a Will.
This might just be because they have been left out or have not received as much from the estate as they thought they should in those cases, depending on circumstances, a claim under the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975 can be made
Alternatively, there may be arguments that the deceased did not have capacity to make the Will, may not have understood the nature of the Will and their assets or may have been unduly influenced.
There may be other reasons to such as promises that may have been made by the deceased to someone that they might inherit and upon reliance of those promises the disappointed beneficiary may be able to rely in certain circumstances on those promises.
What should you do then if you find yourself in this situation?
Firstly, you should act quickly as in some cases you only have a limited amount of time to claim or protect your position. You should seek advice from a specialist solicitor, preferably one with an ACTAPS qualification to explore your case and your options.
If you require advice on such matters then contact me at _EMAIL_ or by telephone on 02392660261


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This colourful glass bowl has acquired its delightful pattern by means of a special technique called mosaic glass or millefiori, a thousand flowers, as the finished result often emerges as a flower-pattern. Roman, 1st century AD.
The earliest known glass vessels date back to the 16th century BC. They were produced in the Eastern Mediterranean and from here the production of glass soon spread to other parts of the antique world. Whereas the early forms of production – e.g. to wind scorching molten glass around a core of clay – were difficult and time-consuming, the invention of glassblowing in the 1st century BC meant that the objects could be produced far quicker and cheaper.
Due to this, glass changed its status from primarily being a luxury material to also being an everyday material, which was used for anything from oil bottles to window glass. The exhibition GLASS shows this exact development through a selection of antique Egyptian, Greek and Roman glass objects from Thorvaldsen's collection of antiquities.
The collection of antiquities is situated on the first floor of the museum.


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A new investigation could end many of the speculations about the works of El Greco and the man himself. A hand-written annotation to a book, similar to the glosses of Saint Emilianus, found in Spain in a copy of Lives of the most excellent architects, painters and sculptors by Giorgio Vasari, has led Nicos Hadjinicolau, a researcher from the Institute of Mediterranean Studies, to conclude that the artist – contrary to popular belief– was a defender of Byzantine art.
Hadjinicolau says there are no other records of the painter's critical opinion on the art form aside from the hand-written annotation attributed to him. "The passage I have studied is the exception to the rule, the only time that he makes a comment – and a spirited one – against Vasari," the expert tells SINC.
A literal translation of the note attributed to the painter reads: "If [Vasari] really knew the nature of the Greek style of which he speaks, he would deal with it differently in what he says. He compares it with Giotto, but what Giotto did is simple in comparison, because the Greek style is full of ingenious difficulties."
December 19, 2008
El Greco, defender of Byzantine art
Hand-written Note Shows El Greco Defending Byzantine Style In Face Of Western Art


Flight to freedom: War through the eyes of a child
Posted Dec. 24, 2010, at 12:09 p.m.
Last modified Jan. 06, 2011, at 3:35 p.m.
Editor's Note: This is the first in a series of articles based on interviews with Philomena Baker, 76, a Bangor-area portrait photographer and Reiki master, about her flight from Russia with her mother during World War II and their long journey, mostly on foot, into the American-occupied sector of Germany in 1944 and 1945.
Philomena Keller Baker still hesitates when asked where she is from. The inclination to be vague about her origins lingered long after World War II, when telling the truth would have been dangerous.
Once she accepted in recent years that it was safe to share, her stories came pouring out, running this way and that into a multitude of remarkable experiences. The 76-year-old Bangor woman — known throughout Maine for her long career as a talented portrait photographer — has come to realize the value of the personal history she has carried within her for years.
"So many people have expressed an interest in the story of my flight from Russia as a 10-year-old during World War II, I have decided to record my recollections," said Baker, who now practices and teaches Reiki, a Japanese technique for relaxation and healing. "Mine is a story that ends in Maine where I am reminded daily of the blessings of freedom and peace."
It is a story that begins in Russia — a tale of a 40-year-old mother, Philomene, and her 9-year-old daughter, Philomena — set in the midst of World War II. It is also the story of two sisters, Julia and Philomene, widowed by the war, determined to shepherd their children to safety and to shield them from the danger surrounding them. It is a story of cousins, now in their 70s and 80s, who continue to marvel at the extraordinary circumstances that kept them connected through their remarkable flight to freedom.
The two families were swept from the Russia that had been their home, into Germany, the home of their ancestors, and ultimately to the safety of the sector of Germany occupied by the Americans.
So successful were the efforts of the two mothers to protect their children from the fear propelling their escape, that today Baker struggles to reconstruct the events that led them to safety. Periodically, she calls her cousins in Germany to piece together details. As they blend their memories, they recognize their place in history and the good fortune that kept them alive to tell their story.
Philomena Baker's mother
Philomene Keller was descended from Germans who migrated to Russia from the Alsace-Lorraine region of Germany in the 18th century. They had accepted the invitation of Catherine the Great to create their own communities near the port city of Odessa by the Black Sea. After generations of wars between Germans and French over Alsace-Lorraine, life in a new territory must have appealed to the German farmers who formed colonies along the Dnieper River in the Ukraine. The German colonies prospered on Russian soil. Most of the settlers cultivated the land into productive vineyards.
Their good fortune ended with the rise of Josef Stalin. Private ownership of land dissolved, and those who resisted collectivism were captured and sent to work camps in Siberia. As the Russians moved to reclaim the land that had been given to the Germans, farm families were forced to escape into the city of Odessa.
Born in 1903 in Selz, Ukraine, Philomene Keller was the youngest girl of eight children. Too young to work in the fields with her parents and older siblings during the day, Philomene stayed with an aunt who operated an orphanage for German and Russian children. She and her aunt became very close, and her schooling at the orphanage included the Russian language.
She became so fluent in Russian, in addition to the German spoken in her home, that she could pass for a native of either country and eventually was able to become a teacher in a Russian elementary school. Years later her fluency in both languages would enable her to save her whole family during World War II.
Philomene was a teenager during the Russian Revolution. She was 21 in 1924 when Soviet Premier Vladimir Lenin died and Stalin began his reign of terror, liquidating those who obstructed his path to power. Her youth was a time when Germans lived in constant fear of capture and relocation to labor camps where they worked for nothing, like slaves, in forests and mines.
Philomene's memories of those times now live in the stories of her daughter, Philomena Baker.
"One of my mother's brothers hid from the Russians in a chimney," Baker says. "Another one escaped through the backyard. He broke a big branch from a tree and hid behind it, slowly removing himself from the yard to safety.
"One day my mother saw one of her brothers on the street in Odessa. She called to him and they were chatting when they saw another brother. It was such a coincidence they decided to have their picture taken together. That was the last time she saw either of them. I have the picture."
Baker's uncles just disappeared, like millions of others in Russia at that time. She tells of another of her mother's brothers who returned from Siberia marked by the emotional effects of torture. He was never the same.
Philomene's mother, Theresia, was still living on the family farm when the Russians came for her. She had been ill and was bedridden.
"My mother told me they carried her mother from her room, mattress and all, and threw her into the back of a truck."
Philomene was still young and unmarried, working as a teacher in Odessa. Unlike her older sister Julia, she did not have the responsibilities of family. She could act on her outrage — she could devise and execute a plan to rescue her mother. The story has been told and retold in the family for decades.
"Somehow my mother learned where and how her mother was being held," Baker says. "The compound was located in the country. Perhaps it was a place where the infirm were held until they were strong enough to work. It was constructed like a prison, monitored by Russian guards. Inhabitants slept on the floor and had no water, but once a day they were led on a walk to a river behind the building where they were allowed to wash up and drink water."
Philomene planned every detail. When she had everything she needed, she boarded a train for Siberia. Among her provisions for the trip were apples and a few packs of cigarettes. Food was scarce, and cigarettes were a precious luxury. These items could be useful in gaining access to her mother. A modest young woman, she dressed so as not to attract attention, but her beauty still may have been an asset.
"She found the place where her mother was held. It was surrounded by a wall. She could see the heads of the Russian guards and climbed up the wall enough to get their attention. Using her cigarettes as a reward, she persuaded one of the guards to tell her when the people confined in the compound would be making their daily trek to the river. Of course, she spoke perfect Russian."
Then she must have withdrawn to a spot near the river where she would be able to see the procession. When the gates opened for the day's outing and the inhabitants filed toward the river, she was part of the shrubbery, concealed by branches she had broken off for her disguise.
"She must have made some signal that enabled her mother to identify her and to slip into the bushes with her. Together they stood silently, then inched away from the others. They would move a few steps, then stop."
After the group returned to the compound without the two women, Philomene guided her mother to the station to await the train back to Odessa. Once on the train, she instructed her mother to huddle next to the window and feign slumber. Her broken Russian would reveal that she was German if she spoke.
"As the conductor moved down the aisle toward her and asked for their tickets, Philomene said, 'Oh, she's just an old woman. Let her sleep. Here, have an apple,' and she stuffed one of her precious apples into the mouth of the surprised conductor."
Apparently, the conductor was impressed enough with this attention to move on down the aisle without further questions about the old lady sleeping against the train window. The pair was not interrupted again. Philomene took her mother to the home of her older sister Julia in Odessa, where she lived until her death in the late 1930s.
Philomene returned to her rented room near the school where she was teaching in Odessa. But she was not out of harm's way.
"One day my mother was too ill to go to school to teach," Baker recalls. "She could not even rise from the bed when she heard footsteps on the stairs outside her room and a knock on the door. She fell back to sleep. It was late in the day when she awoke and her landlady told her that Russian soldiers had come for her and left when she did not answer."
Philomene did not wait for them to return. She left her room for good. No one knows exactly how long she had been hiding, perhaps a few days, when a young Russian man found her in a cornfield near his home where he lived with his parents. It is known that she took refuge with his family long enough for the two to fall in love.
Wasja Semenenko was tall and good-looking with curly hair. They eventually were married, and Philomene acquired a


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Aboriginal Politics and the Canadian State
This course examines the dynamic impact that Aboriginal peoples have had on the Canadian polity. It focuses on the extent to which the Canadian state has and can accommodate the political, economic, social, and cultural aspirations of Aboriginal peoples. Topics may include self-government, self-determination, land claims, economic development, urban Aboriginal peoples, Métis, the law and the courts, globalization, Aboriginal philosophy and methodology.
Additional Course Information
- Registration status: Year 3 or Year 4 Political Science.


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Ali M. Bazzi with Adviser P. T. Krein
This research is divided into four main projects, shown in Figure 8, that result in an overall optimized field-oriented control (FOC) induction motor drive for different applications, including propulsion, electric and hybrid vehicles. Three optimization considerations are motor losses, drive reliability, and load support. The fourth is an implementation procedure of the optimized FOC drive.
Loss minimization was surveyed using offline and online techniques. Online minimization methods were categorized into model-based, physics-based, and hybrid, as shown in Figure 9. Model-based techniques depend on motor parameters and are sensitive to parameter variations; thus they do not guarantee minimum power losses but have fast convergence around the optimum. Physics-based techniques are independent of motor parameters where they perturb a control variable to minimize the motor input power. Even though they are insensitive to motor parameters, they bounce around the optimum; thus the system never goes to steady-state. Adaptive techniques have been developed to reduce this effect. Hybrid techniques show fast convergence and less parameter sensitivity than model-based techniques. Some can converge to the exact optimum, e.g., ripple correlation control (RCC). RCC application to input power minimization in induction motor drives has been an essential part of this project but with a significant complication: the ripple frequency needed by RCC is less than 10Hz and is not naturally available in an FOC drive. Thus, a compensator to solve this issue was designed and is being tested to operate RCC at higher ripple frequencies.
The second project, recently started, focuses on the reliability analysis and modeling of an FOC motor drive. Faults in the sensors and power electronics have been simulated and implemented and the resulting drive response is compared to performance bounds that are set for an electric vehicle application. The end result would be a complete reliability model of an FOC drive.
The third project, load support, looks at augmenting the load in the cost function of the power losses or input power from the first project. Even though model-based techniques have been reported to include the load in their cost functions, physics-based and hybrid techniques have not.
Once the first and second projects are completed, load support is the next step. Implementation procedures are being developed throughout the progress of the first and second projects and are intended to be used as references in future research or in industrial applications. These procedures already include the implementation of flux, torque, and power estimators on a digital signal processing platform, and will extend to include the implementation of sensorless speed control, loss minimization techniques, and an assembly procedure for a complete platform for motor control and other power electronics applications.
This research is supported by the Grainger Center of Electric Machines and Electromechanics, and the Office of Naval Research under Grant Number N00014-08-1-039.


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Since 1998, the Museum has been
collaborating with Artist Image Resource (AIR) and a number of area schools,
including the former Schenley High School (Warhol's alma mater) and Pittsburgh's
High School for the Creative and Performing Arts (CAPA), on art-making and
art-viewing projects. The focus of these projects is to teach young people all
aspects of the creative process through the lens of Andy Warhol's art and life
and the vision of practicing artists. Artist and School Partnerships are
supported by grants from The Grable Foundation, The Surdna Foundation and The
National Endowment for the Arts.
AIR began in 1995 and is an artist organization
integrating fine art printmaking with education programs exploring the creative
process. AIR provides artists with residency opportunities to work in
collaboration with master printers and is the only facility of its kind in the
tri-state area. AIR education projects create a vital environment where artists
and educators mentor students in an exploration of art, social issues and the
role media plays in our lives.
Pittsburgh's High School for the Creative
and Performing Arts (CAPA)
CAPA is a unique arts magnet
school, one of the first in the nation, where students receive training to
pursue careers in the arts. In 2004 CAPA relocated within walking distance of
The Warhol enhancing collaborative potential. All of the arts programs are
taught by an adjunct faculty of working artists who are committed to providing
students with learning opportunities that offer access to professional artistic
resources outside of school settings.
produced in a school partnersip is often selected by Museum curators to be
exhibited during Youth Invasion.


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Yes, we can. All over the world, people are building homes from materials made from plastic waste.
- Check out this Facebook video to watch it happening in Colombia.
- In Mexico, EcoDomum has built 500 such homes, and they've only begun.
- The Welsh were building this way six years ago.
- In 2007, a Peace Corps volunteer found a way to use plastic bottles to finish construction of a schoolhouse in Guatemala.
- In 2001, EcoTech began building homes in South America. The EcoTech structures provide both food and shelter: their sod-and-turf living roofs provide superior insulation and the foundation for a garden.
Plastic waste as a building material:
a sustainable way to Keep It Out of the Landfill.


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Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duty and so bear ourselves that if the British Commonwealth and Empire lasts for a thousand years, men will still say "This was their finest hour"
1940 was Britain's first full year of war. It was not only the year that the country's very existence was threatened, it was also - as Churchill said - its 'finest hour'. Defeat and occupation by Nazi Germany were very real possibilities, but it was the momentous events of this year that helped to shape the course, and eventual outcome, of the Second World War.
In 1940, Britain needed leadership, determination, courage, effort, sacrifice - and luck - to survive.
Explore these pages and discover how the Museum's unique collections tell the story of 1940 and find out how each of the Museum's branches is marking the pivotal events of this remarkable year.


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Summary. An external hard drive that is formatted as NTFS for Windows will be readable on an Apple computer, however it won't be possible to save to the drive or make any changes to it. To have read/write access to the drive, it will be necessary to format it as MS DOS FAT 32.
Configuration. Follow these steps for proper configuration of a drive for use on both Apple and Windows computers.
- Format the Entire Drive as NTFS. If the drive has become corrupted for some reason, it may be necessary to begin by formatting the entire drive as NTFS on a Windows Vista computer. This process is to prepare it for use on the Apple computer. Otherwise, skip to step #2 below.
- Format Drive or Partition as MS DOS FAT 32. This can be done on an Apple computer using the Disk Utility software (found in Hard Drive > Applications > Utilities). The entire drive could be formatted as MS DOS FAT32, or it could be partitioned to have Apple Mac OS Extended (benefits), Windows NTFS (benefits), and/or Windows MS DOS FAT32 partitions. Some Apple programs may perform better using an Apple formatted drive.
- Format Partition as NTFS. If the advantages of NTFS are desired or needed, then connect the drive to a Windows Vista computer. If the computer icon is on the desktop, then right click on it and choose Manage. If not, from the start menu, find the computer icon, then right click on it and choose Manage. In the Navigation pane, under Storage, click Disk Management. From there, right click on the drive you are interested in modifying for a context sensitive help menu. Be careful not to accidentally format or repartition your working drive.
The drive should now offer read/write access on both Apple and Windows computers for the Windows MS DOS FAT 32 partition.


text: We present global upper tropospheric HCN and C2H6 amounts derived from MIPAS/ENVISAT limb emission spectra. HCN and C2H6 are retrieved in the spectral regions 715.5–782.7 cm−1 and 811.5–835.7 cm−1, respectively. The datasets consist of 54 days between September 2003 and March 2004. This period covers the peak and decline of the southern hemispheric biomass burning period and some months thereafter. HCN is a nearly unambiguous tracer of biomass burning with an assumed tropospheric lifetime of several months. Indeed, the most significant feature in the MIPAS HCN dataset is an upper tropospheric plume of enhanced values caused by southern hemispheric biomass burning, which in September and October 2003 extended from tropical South America over Africa, Australia to the Southern Pacific. The spatial extent of this plume agrees well with the MOPITT CO distribution of September 2003. Further there is good agreement with the shapes and mixing ratios of the southern hemispheric HCN and C2H6 fields measured by the ACE experiment between September and November 2005. The MIPAS HCN plume extended from the lowermost observation height of 8 km up... mehrto about 16 km altitude, with maximum values of 500–600 pptv in October 2003. It was still clearly visible in December 2003, but had strongly decreased by March 2004, confirming the assumed tropospheric lifetime. The main sources of C2H6 are production and transmission of fossil fuels, followed by biofuel use and biomass burning. The C2H6 distribution also clearly reflected the southern hemispheric biomass burning plume and its seasonal variation, with maximum amounts of 600–700 pptv. Generally there was good spatial overlap between the southern hemispheric distributions of both pollution tracers, except for the region between Peru and the midPacific. Here C2H6 was considerably enhanced, whereas the HCN amounts were low. Backward trajectory calculations suggested that industrial pollution was responsible for the elevated C2H6 concentration in these particular air masses. Except for the Asian monsoon anticyclone in September 2003, there were only comparably small regions of enhanced HCN in the Northern Hemisphere. However, C2H6 showed an equally strong northern hemispheric signal between the equator and low midlatitudes, persisting over the whole observation period. Backward trajectory calculations for air masses from this region also point to industrial sources of this pollution. Generally, C2H6/HCN ratios between 1 and 1.5 indicate biomass burning and ratios larger than 1.5 industrial pollution. However, in March 2004 ratios of up to 2 were also found in some regions of the former southern biomass burning plume.


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Full Lab Manual
Introduction & Goals
Chemistry & Background
In Your Write-up
In this two-week experiment, you will learn how to use an ion-exchange column and how to carry out an acid-base titration using an indicator. You will then apply these skills to determine the total concentration of cations in a sample of seawater. This week you will concentrate on understanding the chemistry of ion exchange and estimate the capacity of an ion exchange column from your observations.
1. Which ions are attached to the resin at the start of a given experiment?
2. Which ions are becoming attached to the resin and which are coming off, during each experiment?
3. How many equivalents of H+ will be replaced by the charging solution?
4. What will happen when the column reaches its capacity?
Trustees of Dartmouth College, Copyright _PHONE_


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First International Workshop on Social Innovation and Social Media (SISoM 2011)
Social innovation refers to new strategies, concepts, ideas and organizations that meet social needs of all kinds – from working conditions and education to community development and health – and that extend and strengthen civil society. [Wikipedia]
Objectives: The workshop seeks to integrate views at the intersection of several fields: computer and computational social science, policy design, social innovation, and technology development. The formal objective of the workshop is the collaborative drafting of a Manifesto on Social Media for Social Innovation, summarizing the challenges and proposals discussed at the workshop.
The workshop will explore two dimensions along which research might help social innovation to take place at a larger scale:
- The conceptual and computational development of new frameworks for public policy modeling and implementation to help public authorities to harness the full potential of Social Media and social innovation;
- The design of new Social Media tools offering better support to social innovators and policy designers.
Overview: There is an obvious interest in using Social Media to achieve greater proximity between administrations and citizens. Nevertheless, in most cases public policies are still developed following a top-down approach, with policy frameworks mainly determined by existing policy and Social Media tools. At the same time, the currently most available Social Media tools are quite limited in their support to the kind of interactions involved in sustained large-scale deliberations and cooperation agreements.
Social innovations, encompassing new forms of private-public partnership, are increasingly seen as necessary to better address a number of pressing social problems. The idea behind it is that new forms of engagement of citizens and private organizations can bring about substantial improvements of productivity in the "social sector" (public services plus charity).
Empirical research has allowed to identify some basic design principles and rules behind successful and sustained bottom-up collaborative arrangements, of which communication is one key ingredient. Therefore, it could be expected that properly applying existing and new Social Media tools to those communication procedures will be a means of achieving the improvements on speed and scale required to extend the reach of social innovation. At the same time, research in the design and modeling of policies taking full account of this potential will also be required.
Research Topics: Topics of interest include, but are not restricted to the following:
- Design of innovative tools for social participation and collaboration;
- Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of social participation;
- Challenges and opportunities regarding the use of Social Media to address public policy problems;
- Case studies of successful applications of Social Media to achieve social innovation (in particular, combined with large-scale Social Media data analysis);
- Policy areas best suited to apply Social Media as an instrument for social innovation (e.g. for inclusive audience: older people or developing countries).
Chairs: Ricard Ruiz de Querol (Barcelona Media, Spain), Fausto Giunchiglia (University of Trento, Italy), Imma Tubella i Casadevall (UOC, Spain), Mario Diani (UPF, Spain)
Local Organization: Andreas Kaltenbrunner (Barcelona Media, Spain), Karolin Kappler (Barcelona Media, Spain), David Laniado (Barcelona Media, Spain), Yana Volkovich (Barcelona Media, Spain)
Important Dates: March 22, 2011: Paper Submission / July 21, 2011: Workshop
Submission: We invite original anonymized position papers up to 4 pages long. Papers should focus more on highlighting agenda issues than on research results. Submissions must be in English, must be formatted according to the AAAI template; and must be made in PDF through EasyChair.
At least one of the authors of a submitted paper would be required to review other submissions, and at least one of the authors of an accepted paper would be required to attend the workshop. For further details on the submission process and the writing of the Manifesto, please check the Workshop's homepage.


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CARA : a web-based environment for child protection workers
CARA (Child Abuse Risk Assessment) is a web-based learning environment which may be used by child protection investigators as well as caseworkers and followup workers, to think about the complexity of the factors related to the immediate safety and future risk of children. This is an American collaborative project between the Children & Family Research Center, the School of Social Work at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services.
CARA is built around cases, scenes, factors and commentaries. Each of the cases has the name of the child who was the focus of that particular case investigation. Each case is divided into a number of scenes (written in narrative form), usually on the basis of the chronological development of the case during investigation. All of the scenes in each case have been examined in light of a set of global assessment factors. Each factor has a commentary drawn from the research literature that discusses the relevance of the factor to assessment in general.
CARA may be used by visitors, who are free to read the materials, or registered users, who may contribute comments to the learning environment. Registration is free. The materials may be worked through in a sequential or a non-sequential mode.


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The setup of ET 411C represents a typical refrigeration circuit consisting of a hermetic compressor, condenser, evaporator and expansion element. Evaporator and condenser are designed as finned tube heat exchangers. The pipes of both heat exchangers are partially transparent to visualise the process of the phase transition during evaporation and condensing. Three capillary tubes of different lengths and a thermostatic expansion valve can be compared as expansion elements.
The trainer is equipped with a receiver for refrigerant. Using the receiver, refrigerant can be added to or removed from the refrigeration circuit. This allows for the effects of overfilling or underfilling of the system to be examined.
The flow rate of the refrigerant is read from a flow meter. Temperature and pressure in the refrigeration circuit and the electrical power consumption of the compressor are recorded by sensors. The measured values can be read on digital displays. At the same time, the measured values can also be transmitted directly to a PC via USB.
The data acquisition software is included. Parameter changes in the refrigeration circuit can be viewed dynamically in the software's log p-h diagram.


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Bumper Sticker - Smile! You are on Dash Cam
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Letters Color
Fun Way to Notify of Video Recording In Your Car!
Everyone seems to have a dashcamera in their car now a days. Did you know that in some states you cannot record others without notification? It's true. Even if your camera is safely inside your vehicle and you are using the footage to protect your property, you might be required to offer notice to passers by.
Check out this fun bumper sticker! It easily attaches to your car and you can use it on the bumper, door, window or even the hood of the car. You choose.
Perhaps notification can not only cover you legally so you can use that footage if someone does damage your property, but it might just prevent it all together. After all, people tend to only vandalize things when they think no one is watching.
Choose from White letters or black to better contrast the color of your car or bike.
Don't have a dash cam? Take a look a some dashcams here.
To install your vehicle decal just follow these simple steps:
 1. Clean the application area with rubbing alcohol or soap and water. Do not use Windex or other similar cleaner as it will prevent proper adhesion.
 2. Place the sticker on. Using a credit card gently, but firmly rub the sticker to remove any bubbles and secure the sticker on the transfer tape (built-in the sticker)
 3. Peel off the white paper. (if the sticker clings on, carefully place back the white paper and repeat step 2
 4. Using the credit card gently rub the sticker to secure it.
 5. Slowly peel the clear transfer tape off from a corner and at an angle. If sticker starts pulling off, repeat from step 4.
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Sunday Times Brain Teaser 777 – Feeler Gauges
by L Poulter
I have half-a-dozen feeler gauges on a ring like keys on a key ring. They are attached in a certain order and by selecting a single gauge or combinations of adjacent gauges it is possible to measure from 1 to 31 thousandths of an inch (thou) inclusive in steps of 1 thou. If I remove two adjacent gauges, replace them with a single gauge and rearrange the five on the ring I can now measure from 1 to 21 thou inclusive in steps of 1 thou with these five gauges by again selecting a single gauge or combinations of adjacent gauges.
What are the thicknesses of the gauges and the order of arrangement on the ring in each case? (start with gauge of unit thickness and then its thinner neighbour for the sets).


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Ezra's Round Table/Systems Seminar: Samer Madanat (Cal Berkeley) - Incorporating Environmental Sustainability Objectives in the Planning, Operations and Maintenance of Transportation Systems
From E. Cornelius
Friday, May 9, 2014 at 12:00pm Frank H. T. Rhodes Hall, 253 Incorporating Environmental Sustainability Objectives in the Planning, Operations and Maintenance of Transportation Systems Transportation systems are usually planned, operated and maintained to optimize social costs. Examples include the planning of public transportation networks and their operations to minimize user costs (expressed in units of total travel time) or the scheduling of highway maintenance to minimize vehicle costs, subject to various agency constraints. More recently, there has been an increased awareness of the need to reduce Green House Gas emissions from the transportation sector. In many countries and regions, including California, this has led to mandates to bring total emissions to specific lower levels. Research in the past decade has shown that significant reductions can be achieved through the use of low-carbon fuels for transit vehicles, improved pavement materials, and other technological advances. Less is known about the potential of incorporating GHG reduction as an objective in the planning, operations and maintenance of transportation systems. Recent research at UC Berkeley has shown that the objectives of minimizing life-cycle user and agency costs, and minimizing life-cycle GHG emissions, are usually not aligned. For example, reducing transit frequencies and increasing station spacings in urban areas reduces emissions from infrastructure construction and vehicle operations, but increases user travel times (especially access and waiting times). Likewise, highway pavement resurfacing frequencies that minimize lifecycle costs can be significantly different from those that minimize lifecycle emissions. This presentation will include a demonstration of some situations where these tradeoffs exist. Pareto frontiers that provide a range of optimal solutions will be presented. We will also show cases where focusing exclusively on GHG reduction from the transportation system can lead to unintended consequences. Bio: Samer Madanat is the Xenel Distinguished Professor, Chair of the Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, and the Director of the Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California at Berkeley. He received a B.Sc. in Civil Engineering from the University of Jordan in 1986, and a M.S and Ph.D. in Transportation Systems from MIT in 1988 and 1991 respectively. His research and teaching interests are in the area of Transportation and Infrastructure Management, with an emphasis on modeling facility performance, the development of optimal management policies under uncertainty, and the integration of sustainability considerations in the transportation management process. He has published extensively in refereed archival journals and conference proceedings. In 2000, he received the Science and Technology grant from the University of California Office of the President, an award given annually to one faculty member in the UC system. From 2001 to 2010, he served as the Editor-in-Chief of the ASCE Journal of Infrastructure Systems. He is a member of the editorial board of several technical journals. Many of his former students are faculty members at universities in the US and abroad.


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The mimic octopus, which can imitate flatfish and sea snakes to dupe potential predators, may well be the king of impersonation. By creatively configuring its limbs, adopting characteristic undulating movements, and displaying conspicuous color patterns, the mimic octopus can successfully pass for a number of different creatures that share its habitat, several of which are toxic. Now, scientists have conducted DNA analysis to determine how this remarkable adaptation evolved.
- Octopus mimics flatfish and flaunts itThu, 26 Aug 2010, 9:44:33 EDT
- Fish mimics octopus that mimics fishWed, 4 Jan 2012, 16:35:03 EST
- A convincing mimic: Scientists report octopus imitating flounder in the AtlanticWed, 3 Mar 2010, 17:48:56 EST
- New fossil tells twisted tale of how flatfishes ended up with two eyes on one side of headWed, 9 Jul 2008, 13:36:11 EDT
- An eye gene colors butterfly wings redThu, 21 Jul 2011, 17:04:51 EDT


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Steampunk (Young Adult)
Revision as of 22:04, 1 March 2011 by Sarah Hamfeldt
Steampunk explores what the world would look like if the future, and it's technology, happened earlier.
- Infernal Devices series by Cassandra Clare
- Clockwork Angel is the first book in this new series in which sixteen-year-old Tess must learn to control her Downworlder powers to save her brother in Victorian-era London.
- Airborn series by Kenneth Oppel
- A rich girl and an airship cabin boy search for creatures that may be living in the sky.
- Larklight series by Philip Reeve
- Art Mumby and his annoying older sister Myrtle travel the universe fighting killer spiders, hats and moths in the name of the British Empire.
- Hungry City Chronicles by Philip Reeve
- Known as the Mortal Engines Quartet in the UK, this series envisions a future in which cities on tracks attack each other for resources, especially those from the 21st century.
- The Hunchback Assignments by Arthur Slade
- Can a shape-shifting teen hunchback save Victorian England from the devious Clockwork Guild?
- Leviathan series by Scott Westerfeld
- During World War I, the machines of the Clankers battle the war creatures of the Darwinists.


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Shades of Blue: Patagonia's Glacial Lakes
(Image credit: NASA)
The glacial lakes of Patagonia are blue beacons standing between the richly forested islands and peninsulas of Chile and the high, arid plain stretches east from the Andes in this image taken by NASA's Terra satellite last month.
Like glaciers the world over, Andean glaciers have slowly pulverized the rocks below into fine-grained sediments. When pooled in glacial lakes, glacial (or rock) flour colors the water bright turquoise. Patagonian glaciers have been grinding rocks into flour for at least a few million years.


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Slow Food Los Angeles "Sprouts" Healthy Eaters
Thanks to a program hosted by the Milagro Allegro Community Garden in Highland Park, Los Angeles, we now have proof that nutrition education helps kids stay healthy. The program, called L.A. Sprouts, is one of the nation's first research studies to measure and demonstrate the health benefits of youth focused long-term nutrition, cooking and gardening programs.
The after school course consisted of twelve weekly classes for fourth and fifth graders from a local school. Each meeting included a healthy cooking lesson followed by a gardening session with a master gardener. Workshop leaders demonstrated new recipes to the students weekly and, working together in groups of five, the students then prepared the meal themselves. As part of the program, the students regularly visited a local farmers market and received a voucher to buy a fruit or a vegetable to take home.
With the goal of converting learning into action, the L.A. Sprouts project focuses on making eating healthier a family affair by sharing information about recipes and farmers' markets with the parents of participating children. The result? Workshop leaders found that children and families did make changes to their eating habits as a result of participating in this project.
"L.A. Sprouts participants had increased preference for vegetable intake, specifically carrots and nopales, and increased self-efficacy for cooking and gardening compared to control students, " said one of the project organizers, Emily Ventura, PhD, MPH, University of Southern California.
Using cookware donated by Anolon, through a partnership with Slow Food USA, L.A. Sprouts students gained hands-on experience making complete and healthy meals like quesadillas with greens, quinoa salad with kale and winter squash, and whole-wheat pasta with vegetable ragout. L.A. Sprouts was organized by the Childhood Obesity Research Center at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles.
If your local chapter has a similar garden-to-table project and is in need of in-kind cookware support, Anolon may be able to provide assistance through our Creating A Delicious Future partnership. Please contact _EMAIL_ for more information.
To read more, follow this link:
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Posted on 01/10/2015 by Claudia
Rosetta's first peek at the comet's south pole
Using the Microwave Instrument for the Rosetta Orbiter (MIRO), scientists have studied the comet's southern polar regions at the end of their long winter season. The data suggest that these dark, cold regions host ice within the first few tens of centimetres below the surface in much larger amounts than elsewhere on the comet.
Since its arrival at Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Rosetta has been surveying the surface and the environment of this curiously-shaped body. But for a long time, a portion of the nucleus – the dark, cold regions around the comet's south pole – remained inaccessible to almost all instruments on the spacecraft.
Due to a combination of its double-lobed shape and the inclination of its rotation axis, Rosetta's comet has a very peculiar seasonal pattern over its 6.5 year-long orbit. Seasons are distributed very unevenly between the two hemispheres, each of which comprises parts of both comet lobes and of the 'neck'.
For most of the comet's orbit, the northern hemisphere experiences a very long summer, lasting over 5.5 years, and the southern hemisphere undergoes a long, dark and cold winter. However, a few months before the comet reaches perihelion – the closest point to the Sun along its orbit – the situation changes, and the southern hemisphere transitions to a brief and very hot summer.
When Rosetta arrived at 67P/C-G in August 2014, the comet was still experiencing its long summer in the northern hemisphere and regions on the southern hemisphere received very little sunlight. Moreover, a large part of this hemisphere, close to the comet's south pole, was in polar night and had been in total darkness for almost five years.
With no direct illumination from the Sun, these regions could not be imaged with Rosetta's OSIRIS science camera. In addition, their low temperatures – ranging between 25 and 50 degrees above absolute zero – did not allow observations with VIRTIS, the Visible, InfraRed and Thermal Imaging Spectrometer, either.
For the first several months after Rosetta's arrival at the comet, only one instrument on the spacecraft could observe and characterise the cold southern pole of 67P/C-G: the Microwave Instrument for the Rosetta Orbiter (MIRO).
In a paper accepted for publication in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics, scientists report on the data collected by MIRO over these regions between August and October 2014.
"We observed the 'dark side' of the comet with MIRO on many occasions after Rosetta's arrival at 67P/C-G, and these unique data are telling us something very intriguing about the material just below its surface," explains Mathieu Choukroun from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, lead author of the study.
Observing the comet's southern polar regions, Choukroun and colleagues found significant differences between the data collected with MIRO's millimetre and sub-millimetre wavelength channels. These differences might point to the presence of large amounts of ice within the first few tens of centimetres below the surface of these regions.
"Surprisingly, the thermal and electrical properties around the comet's south pole are quite different to what is found elsewhere on the nucleus. It appears that either the surface material or the material that lies down to a few tens of centimetres below it is extremely transparent at the MIRO wavelengths of 0.5 and 1.6 mm, and could consist mostly of water ice or carbon-dioxide ice," he adds.
The difference between the surface and sub-surface composition of this part of the nucleus and that found elsewhere might originate in the comet's peculiar cycle of seasons. One of the possible explanations is that water and other gases that were released during the comet's previous perihelion, when the southern hemisphere was the most illuminated portion of the nucleus, condensed again and precipitated on the surface after the season changed and the southern hemisphere plunged again into its long and cold winter.
These are, however, preliminary results, because the analysis depends on the detailed shape of the nucleus, and at the time the measurements were made the shape of the dark, southern polar region was not known to great accuracy.
"We plan to revisit the MIRO data using an updated version of the digital shape model, to verify these early results and refine the interpretation of the measurements," adds Choukroun.
Besides, Rosetta scientists will be testing these and other possible scenarios using data that were collected in the subsequent months, leading to the comet's perihelion, which took place on 13 August 2015, and beyond.
In May 2015, the seasons changed on 67P/C-G and the brief, hot southern summer, which will last until early 2016, began. As the formerly dark southern polar regions started to receive more sunlight, it has been possible to observe them with other instruments on Rosetta, and the combination of all data might eventually disclose the origin of their curious composition.
"In the past few months, Rosetta has flown over the southern polar regions on several occasions, starting to collect data from this part of the comet after summer began there," explains Matt Taylor, ESA Rosetta project scientist.
"At the beginning of the southern summer, we had a paucity of observations in these regions as Rosetta's trajectory focussed on the northern hemisphere due to ongoing communication with the lander, Philae. However, closer to perihelion we were able to begin observing the south.
"Rosetta is currently on an excursion out to 1500 km from the nucleus to study the comet's environment at large, but it will soon come closer to the comet, focussing on full orbits to compare the northern and southern hemispheres, as well as some slower passes in the south to maximise our observations there. In addition, as activity will start to wane later this year, we hope to get closer to the nucleus and gain higher resolution observations of the surface."
Mark Hofstadter, MIRO Principal Investigator at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, describes the result as "a great example of how the scientific process unfolds as Rosetta is studying the evolution of this comet up close."
"First, we observed these dark regions with MIRO, the only instrument able to do so at the time, and we tried to interpret these unique data. Now, as these regions became warmer and brighter around perihelion, we can observe them with other instruments, too," he adds.
"We hope that, by combining data from all these instruments, we will be able to confirm whether or not the south pole had a different composition and whether or not it is changing seasonally."
This blog post is based on the paper "The "Dark Side" of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in Aug-Oct 2014 – MIRO/Rosetta continuum observations of polar night in the Southern regions," by M. Choukroun et al, which is accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics.
Science results from MIRO and other instruments on Rosetta are being presented this week at the European Planetary Science Congress in Nantes, France.


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Just as a chameleon can instantly morph its skin color to match its surroundings, a new method of controlling crystals using light and chemistry could make clothing or cars change color on demand.
The method involves shining a laser on tiny latex particles to make them assume a 3D crystalline shape or pattern, such as a letter M. When the laser is switched on or off, the crystals appear or disappear.
Unlike for chameleons or octopuses, creating man-made materials that change color on demand is really difficult, said Mike Solomon, a chemical engineer at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and senior researcher of a study detailed in a forthcoming issue of the journal Nature Communications. [Biomimicry: 7 Clever Technologies Inspired by Nature]
"Wouldn't it be neat if you could change some attribute — such as a display, part of car, or clothing — on demand?" Solomon told Live Science. Solomon and his graduate student, Youngri Kim, sought to develop technology that could ultimately do just that.
Traditionally, researchers have sought to create camouflaged materials by applying electric or magnetic fields to particles. But these methods are cumbersome and expensive, Solomon said.
By contrast, Kim and her team found a way to achieve shapeand color-changing effects using latex paint microparticles — tiny particles about 0.001 millimeters (4/100,000th inch) in diameter — in a kerosene-like fluid, by shining a laser on them. By manipulating these "camouflage crystals," the researchers were able to construct a letter "M," for the University of Michigan. They have also experimented with making optical lenses.
"We can shine the light in a certain region, and the particles create a crystalline region where they all come together and create this crystal structure," Kim said in a statement.
The researchers found that shining light on the microparticles made them react chemically with a layer of indium tin oxide on the bottom of the pool of fluid. The reaction produces an electric current in the fluid, which causes the particles to rearrange themselves.
If the particles are negatively charged, they flow toward the illuminated region of the surface; if the particles are positively charged, they flow away from the area under the light, creating a void there.
Camouflaged clothes and cars
The new method of making materials change their shape or color has many exciting applications. For instance, it could be integrated into clothing or automobile paint, for camouflage purposes, or just for aesthetic reasons.
A significant challenge will be adapting a fluid-based material for use in fabrics or vehicle paints (which ultimately dry). Another question is how much light is needed for the particle method to work. Right now, the technique relies on lasers, but those would be impractical for many applications. Future studies will need to address these issues, Solomon said.


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Today, Katahdin is the northern terminus of the trail. It's celebrated in hundreds of photographs of end-to-end hikers finishing their backcountry pilgrimage by the sign at the top.
Mount Washington, New Hampshire
Originally named Agiocochook, which means "home of the Great Spirit" or "home of the spirit of the forest" in the Abenaki language, Mount Washington in New Hampshire is the highest peak in New England at 6,288 feet.
Native Americans identified Agiocochook as the place where a Native American family fled to the top of the mountain to avoid a great flood, analogous to Noah's landing on Mount Ararat. Plymouth Colony leader John Winthrop reported that the Abenaki were afraid to climb the peak because it was where Manitou lived. Manitou is a universal spirit which, according to Native American belief, permeates all living creatures and natural objects.
A federalist survey expedition circa 1784 renamed the peak after George Washington, the new republic's Moses, who led the people to freedom from royal oppression. That reference associated the peak with the Biblical Pisgah where Moses had his vision of Canaan.
The Hudson River painters produced multiple canvasses of the ethereal mountain, where an inscrutable God ruled the heights, and divine providence flowed down the slopes and watered the pastures and farmsteads of the Promised Land below.
The trail traverses Mount Washington along the crest, through alpine meadows above the timberline. (It's a short side hike to the summit.) It offers panoramic views and some of the most unpredictable and dangerous weather in the Eastern United States, including dense fog and hypothermia-inducing summer sleet.
Mount Greylock, Massachusetts
The Berkshires have long been the terrain of philosophical innovators and religious nonconformists.
Transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau climbed to the top of Mount Greylock in 1844 to meet the sunrise, and view "an undulating country of clouds...as we might see in dreams, with all the delights of paradise." Herman Melville's home Arrowhead (open for visitors), looks out on Mount Greylock. The humpback outline of the mountain reputedly inspired his description of the inscrutable and God-like Moby Dick.


How to Install a Hanging Mirror on a Door
Installing a hanging mirror on a door is a little different from hanging one on a wall. Hollow doors are not strong or dense enough to hold mounting screws, but you can support the mirror from the top of the door. With solid doors, a more traditional approach with screws should hold an average mirror. Extremely heavy mirrors are not suitable for hanging on a door, as the weight can cause the door to sag on its hinges.
Holllow Door Installation
 1. Use Over the Door Mirror Hooks
 2. Slip an over-the-door hanging hook over the top edge of the door, advises Mirror Coop.
 3. Attach the Wire to the Hook
 4. Hang the wire on the back of the mirror over the hook on the door. If the back of the mirror has a pair of D rings and no wire, string picture hanging wire between the two rings and twist the ends of the wire together until the wire is taut and secure.
 5. Stick the Bumper to the Door
 6. Peel the backing off a felt or rubber bumper and stick it to the door behind the mirror, toward the bottom edge of the mirror. It should be high enough behind the mirror not to show, but low enough to protect the mirror from bouncing against the door.
Solid Door Installation
 1. Position the Mirror
 2. Hold the mirror against the door where you want it to hang, with the back side facing out.
 3. Mark the Position
 4. Make a pencil mark on the door at the top of the mirror and at the left and right sides of the mirror.
 5. Take Your Measurements
 6. Measure the mirror from the top edge down to one D ring on the back. If the D rings have picture hanging wire strung between them, remove it.
 7. Measure down from the mark you made on the door for the top of the mirror to the location of the D ring, using the measurement you took in Step 3. Mark the door again at that location.
 8. Use a Level
 9. Place a 4-foot level horizontally against the door, aligning the upper edge of the level with the pencil mark you made for the D ring. Adjust the level, centering the bubble. OOK by Hillman recommends tracing the edge of the level onto the door with a pencil.
 10. Place the level vertically on the door and align the edge with the pencil mark you made for the left side of the mirror. Adjust the level until the bubble is centered, denoting that the line is plumb or vertically straight. Trace the edge of the level with a pencil until it intersects the level horizontal line. Repeat to make a vertical line on the right side.
 11. Take Your Second Set of Measurements
 12. Measure the mirror from the left side straight across to the center of the closest D ring. This measurement denotes where the left mounting screw goes.
 13. Measure across the horizontal line from the spot where the left vertical line intersects it, and mark the spot where the left mounting screw goes, using the measurement you took in Step 8. Repeat for the mounting screw on the right-hand side.
 14. Drill Pilot Holes
 15. Drill pilot holes into the door to a depth of approximately 3/4 inch at the mounting screw marks. Use a power drill and a drill bit that is slightly smaller than the diameter of the screw shank.
 16. Install Wood Screws
 17. Insert a 1-inch, coarse-thread wood screw into the door at each pilot hole using a Phillips head screwdriver. Leave the screw head raised up from the surface of the door approximately 1/8 inch.
 18. Finish Installing the Mirror
 19. Hang mirror on door by lowering the mirror onto the screws until the D rings catch the screws.
 20. Things You Will Need
 - Over-the-door-style hanging hook or wreath hanger
 - Picture-hanging wire (optional)
 - Adhesive-backed felt or silicone bumpers
 - Pencil
 - Measuring tape
 - 4-foot level
 - Power drill
 - Small-diameter drill bit set
 - 1-inch coarse-thread wood screws
 - Phillips head screwdriver
 Some mirrors have hanging mechanisms such as ribbons or cords that are only decorative and not intended to bear the weight of the mirror. Follow the manufacturer's mounting instructions, and use special hardware when recommended or provided.


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Maximum altitude of airplanes
Name: janette l gubala
Date: Around 1995
How high can an airplane go?
Well, an "airplane" can go fly as high as it is designed for. More specifically, fighter planes have been known to go to around 90,000+ feet.
Experimental planes (X15) can go much higher if need be. It all depends on
the type of engine being used. Jet engines cannot be used in highly
rarified (thin) air, because they are air-breathing in nature. Rocket
engines can be use at any altitude, including space.
I thought the official altitude record for a jet powered aircraft was around
80,000 feet, set by the SR-71 Blackbird, although the actual altitude
achievable by the Blackbird is still classified. Experimental aircraft like
the X-15 that can go higher are rocket powered.
Click here to return to the Engineering Archives
Update: June 2012


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Clarence Birdseye
Born: 1886, Brooklyn, NY
Died: 1956, New York, NY
Did You Know?
Birdseye devoted the end of his life to improving paper manufacture. He worked for two years on a plantation in Peru to develop a method of converting sugar cane waste into paper pulp, shortening the process from nine hours to twelve minutes.
Photos: (left) Birdseye Foods; (right) WGBH
Retail Frozen Foods
A venturesome biologist brought convenience and variety to American tables when he invented and marketed retail frozen foods.
Labrador Life
An adventurous biologist and a businessman, Clarence Birdseye devised a way to quick-freeze foods and market them to the public. Birdseye was born in 1886 in Brooklyn, New York, and grew up hunting and practicing taxidermy. After studying biology at Amherst College, he took an assortment of wildlife jobs. In 1912, he went to the northeastern Canadian province of Labrador to buy and sell fox furs. During one of the region's cold winters, he came up with the idea of flash-freezing foods.
Freezing Practices
Observing the practices of the native Inuit people, Birdseye saw the preservative effects of extremely cold temperatures on fresh fish. If the fish was frozen fast enough, its cellular structure was minimally affected, and its appearance, taste, and texture were not changed. He experimented with freezing cabbages for his family to eat in the vegetable-poor winter months.
Making a Business
Birdseye returned to the States in 1917, and eventually went into the wholesale fish business, capitalizing on his interest in quick-freezing under extremely high pressure. In 1924, he founded a company, Birdseye Seafoods, Inc., to market his flash-frozen foods such as fish, meat, and vegetables. The foods were test-marketed in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1930, before their national roll-out. Temperature control had to be maintained from factory to point-of-purchase, so the foods went to retailers in refrigerated boxcars, and Birdseye leased retailers specially-designed freezer display cases.
Big Sellers
By the late 1940s, American consumers were buying freezers for their homes, and the convenience of frozen foods made them big sellers. Food companies soon launched more elaborate offerings: frozen hors d'oeuvres, entrees, and pizza. Birdseye was instrumental in bringing the food industry into the modern era. He died of a heart attack in 1956.
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|Ages: 6;0 through 11;11|
Testing Time: 45 minutes
Social Language Development Test – Elementary: Normative Update complete Kit includes: Examiner's Manual, Scoring Standards and Example Responses Book, Picture Book, and 25 Examiner Record Booklets. Boxed. (2017)
Qualification Level: B
The Social Language Development Test–Elementary: Normative Update (SLDT-E: NU) assesses language-based skills of social interpretation and interaction with friends (the skills most predictive of social language development). Specifically, it measures the language required to appropriately infer and express what another person is thinking or feeling within a social context, to make multiple interpretations, take mutual perspectives, and negotiate with and support their peers. These tasks reflect the developmental refinement of social language comprehension and expression and differentiate typically developing children from those with autism spectrum disorder.
New Features of SLDT-E: NU
- Updated norms based on the 2015 U.S. Census.
- New standard score metric for subtests and composites (M=10, SD=3; M=100, SD=15).
- All new item analysis and item bias studies provide convincing evidence of content-description validity.
- All new reliability and validity studies, including diagnostic accuracy analyses which today are considered the most rigorous techniques for establishing validity. These analyses involve the computation of sensitivity and specificity indexes and the receiving operating characteristic/area under curve statistic (ROC/AUC).
The test has four subtests requiring students to make inferences, interpret photographed scenes, and explain how they would resolve problems with peers. The Examiner's Manual includes a comprehensive discussion of the test's theoretical and research-based foundation, item development, standardization, administration and scoring procedures, norms tables, and guidelines for using and interpreting the test's results. Reliability and validity studies were conducted with individuals within normal language abilities and individuals previously diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.
The average coefficient alpha ranges between.77 and.92 for the subtests and is.94 for the Social Language Development Index. Studies examined the ability of the test to differentiate students who have autism from those who do not. The results demonstrate that a Social Language Development Index cutoff score of 90 resulted in a sensitivity of.82, a specificity of.86, and a receiver operating characteristic/area under the curve of.91.
Social Language Development Test – Elementary: Normative Update Kit
- Examiner's Manual
- Scoring Standards and Example Responses Book
- Picture Book
- 25 Examiner Record Booklets
- Boxed (2017)


Purpose: How to write a GlideRecord loop to batch update Records in ServiceNow using a Functional Programming style
Use: Use this script in a Server Script. Typically this will be used in a Background Script, Scheduled Job, or Fix Script in order to execute a batch operation to fix records, particularly after a data import, system upgrade, or app upgrade. In the following example, a fix could be applied to every incident record and a comment added to annotate the fix.
 * Applies the callback function to each incident record
 * in the query
 * _USER_ {Function} callback - Callback function applied to each incident record
function forEachIncident(callback) {
 var tableName = 'incident';
 var incident = new GlideRecord(tableName);
 while (incident.next()) {
 callback(incident); // Apply callback to the record
 * Adds comment to a single incident record
 * _USER_ {GlideRecord} incident - An Incident GlideRecord instance
function addComment(incident) {
 incident.comments = 'This comment will be added';
// This example will loop through all incident records and add a comment