Can plausibility be quantified?
As the probability of a specific occurrence or outcome tends towards 0 it becomes less likely, but even the most unlikely events rarely attain classification as an absolute impossibility. However, there appears to be a need to address the misunderstanding that theoretical possibility is the same as plausibility, if only to save the funds spent, and the subsequent time of peer reviewers, on research that pushes the boundaries of credibility.
A solution to this problem has recently been proposed in an article published in Theoretical Biology & Medical Modelling. Dr Abel draws upon previous descriptions and concepts in his article The Universal Plausibility Metric (UPM) & Principle (UPP) and describes an equation, featuring the pre-defined concepts of UPM and UPP, to determine the threshold for implausibility and suggests that it should be used to assess the plausibility of a hypothesis as part of the methods for future research.
Although the biggest impact of this application would be within the fields of astrobiology and life-origin research, it could be applied in all fields of scientific investigation.
Should this equation be used to identify whether a hypothesis is too far-fetched to justify scientific expenditure and investigation? Or do we have a need to test the nigh on impossible in order to satisfy curiosity and to continue to delve into the unknown and improbable?
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Category:Polar Bear Expedition
The Polar Bear Expedition (also known as the Northern Russian Expedition, the American North Russia Expeditionary Force - ANREF or the American Expeditionary Force North Russia - AEFNR) was a contingent of about 5,000 U.S. troops that landed in Arkhangelsk, Russia as part of the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War and fought the Red Army in the surrounding region during the period of September 1918 through July 1919.


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A typical manufacturing plant consists of many critical process parameters such as temperature, pressure, level of chemical/water, time setting, power supply, etc. which need to be monitored closed otherwise it may affect product quality and efficiency of a plant.
Traditionally, these parameters are monitored and recorded manually by production or maintenance personnel through routine patrol. This process has high chance of human error and low productivity. It can't provide process trending to provide alert such that to trigger preventive measures. Since the data in hardcopy, it is hard for management to visualize the process performance and formulate long term plant performance optimization.
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) and HMI (Human Machine Interface) is a powerful data visualization solutions for manufacturing to help our clients transfer their real-time production and operational data into actionable information through graphically-compelling, functional, and intuitive user interfaces.
HMI is the apparatus which presents process data to a human operator, and through which the human operator controls the process. HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system's database and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting guides.
The HMI system usually presents the information to the operating personnel graphically, in the form of a mimic diagram. This means that the operator can see a schematic representation of the plant being controlled. For example, a picture of a pump connected to a pipe can show the operator that the pump is running and how much fluid it is pumping through the pipe at the moment. The operator can then switch the pump off. The HMI software will show the flow rate of the fluid in the pipe decrease in real time. Mimic diagrams may consist of line graphics and schematic symbols to represent process elements, or may consist of digital photographs of the process equipment overlain with animated symbols.
An important part of most SCADA implementations is alarm handling. The system monitors whether certain alarm conditions are satisfied, to determine when an alarm event has occurred. Once an alarm event has been detected, one or more actions are taken (such as the activation of one or more alarm indicators, and perhaps the generation of email or text messages so that management or remote SCADA operators are informed). In many cases, a SCADA operator may have to acknowledge the alarm event; this may deactivate some alarm indicators, whereas other indicators remain active until the alarm conditions are cleared.
- Improve productivity and safety while reducing downtime.
- SCADA systems allow one to monitor and control equipment from a remote location.
- Provide early alert or alarm enables preventive measures to be triggered.
- Centralized database management – this data could be used for report generation, process monitoring or for the purpose of process study or optimization.
- Provide good data visualization to management for better plant management and improvement of plant efficiency.
- Improve profitability of plant operation and better customer satisfaction.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


V7 Ethics and Supplier Code of Conduct Statement
Last modified June 6, 2020
No Previous Versions available
V7 Ltd is committed to the use of artificial intelligence in areas of meaningful and positive impact. We understand that this resource may also be effectively used to cause harm, and that its ultimate application reflects itself onto V7 as a supplier of said resource. It is important for us, both strategically and ethically, to make known the ares where we believe our products may be used against the principles that inspired the founding of this company.
Ethical use of V7 artificial intelligence resources
With limited access to knowing of what customers may use V7's AI resources for, we hereby list a number of application areas where further vetting may be requested before the sale of our products and services can be completed:
 1. Weapons targeting systems.
 2. Surveillance within correctional facilities or detention centers.
 3. Surveillance within locations where privacy is expected.
 4. Surveillance of underage labour, forced labour, or human trafficking.
 5. Impersonation of individuals, whether real or fake, for the purpose of advertising or deception.
 6. Recognition of physical traits for the purpose of targeted discrimination.
 7. The handling or disposal of environmentally damaging waste.
 8. The research or manufacturing of items restricted by the UN CCWC or OPCW CWC.
Customer Vetting
Prospective customers who explicitly indicate or are suspected of lawfully operating within the use cases above may need to supply V7 with additional written information on the intended use of our AI resources. V7 reserves the right, to its discretion, to refuse a sale of our products or services should a prospective customer's reported intended use case fall within these areas without a justified scientific, regulated, investigative, or ethically constructed goal.
Supplier Code of Conduct
Fair Treatment
Suppliers shall commit to a workplace free of harassment. Suppliers shall not threaten workers with or subject them to harsh or inhumane treatment, including sexual harassment, sexual abuse, corporal punishment, mental coercion, physical coercion, verbal abuse, or unreasonable restrictions on entering or exiting company-provided facilities. Suppliers shall prohibit harassment and unlawful discrimination in the workplace.
Prevention of Involuntary Labor and Human Trafficking
Suppliers shall not traffic in persons or use any form of slave, forced, bonded, indentured, or prison labor. This includes the transportation, harboring, recruitment, transfer, or receipt of persons by means of threat, force, coercion, abduction, fraud, or payments to any person having control over another person for the purpose of exploitation. All work must be voluntary and workers shall be free to leave work or terminate their employment with reasonable notice. Workers must not be required to surrender any government-issued identification, passports, or work permits as a condition of employment. Suppliers shall ensure that third-party agencies providing workers are compliant with the provisions of the Code and the laws of the sending and receiving countries, whichever is more stringent in its protection of workers. Suppliers shall ensure that contracts for both direct and contract workers clearly convey the conditions of employment in a language understood by the worker. Where workers are required to pay a fee in connection with obtaining employment, Suppliers shall be responsible for payment of all fees and expenses in excess of the amount of one month of the worker's anticipated net wages. Such fees and expenses include, but are not limited to, expenses associated with recruitment, processing, or placement of both direct and contract workers.
Prevention of Underage Labor
Child labor is strictly prohibited. Suppliers shall not employ children. The minimum age for employment or work shall be 15 years of age, the minimum age for employment in that country, or the age for completing compulsory education in that country, whichever is higher. This Code does not prohibit participation in legitimate workplace apprenticeship programs that are consistent with Article 6 of ILO Minimum Age Convention No. 138 or light work consistent with Article 7 of ILO Minimum Age Convention No. 138.
Juvenile Worker Protections


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In a facility that generally runs with a high degree of stability, layers of protection that don't get used can form holes, both figuratively and literally.
Examining the Buncefield fire in 2005 could be a textbook example of layers of protection and the "Swiss Cheese Effect." It's the illustration that if you take slices of Swiss cheese and lay them on top of each other, if there is a hole in the same position on every slice, now matter how many you stack up, that hole will go all the way through.
Buncefield had traditional layers of protection as part of its safety management system:
- Basic process control system (BPCS)
- Safety instrumented system (SIS), and
- Physical containment.
Each of these was a single point of failure with no redundancy. Each failed in its own way with disastrous results, so let's look at them one by one.
BPCS—The key to keeping the facility safe was having accurate measurements of the level in every tank. Provided that the tanks retained their structural integrity, the biggest fear was pumping too much fuel into a tank causing it to overflow. Level sensors were supposed to tell operators how much there was in each tank via the control system. Climbing to the top of a tank to check level manually is dangerous, so the more that can be done automatically, the better. However, on tank 912, the sensor had a reputation for sticking and giving inaccurate readings.
Alarms—The alarm system depended on the level sensor from the BPCS. If that sensor didn't work, neither did the alarms. The gasoline level in tank 912 moved past three points that should have alerted the control room, but with the level sensor inoperative, there was no warning. The fact that this level sensor had a history of malfunctioning without an identifiable cause should have provided sufficient incentive to replace it. Having a second sensor that used a different type of measuring technology could have also provided a redundant measurement to the BPCS.
SIS—There was a high level sensor that functioned independently of the BPCS, but it failed due to complex operating instructions that were not clear to the operators. Individuals who were trying to verify the sensor's operation likely rendered it inoperable because they were not trained adequately on the correct configuration procedure. There is a question if the company that installed it understood it as well. Following the incident, the sensor company changed the design and sent safety bulletins to its customers. Again, for an installation of this size, it would be simple to justify a redundant sensor of a different design as a backup.
Physical containment—Each group of tanks had a system of surrounding bunds to prevent fuel from spreading in the event of an overflow or tank rupture. However these had been constructed with small leaks as a result of the concrete forms, and there were numerous pipe penetration points that were not sealed. Much of the 250,000 liters of gasoline that flowed out of the tank got through the bund, flowed into adjacent areas and rendered the fire-fighting system unusable. Had the bund been effective, it would have been much easier to fight the fire earlier.


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Meet the Air Potato, an Invasive Vine (Part I)
January 29, 2013
The air potato, Dioscorea bulbifera) is an invasive species.
How Invasive is it?
It is so invasive … that some communities stage annual round-ups where they collect tons of the tubers (bulbils).
It is so invasive … that it has been listed as one of Florida's most invasive plant species since 1993 and, in 1999, the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services placed it on the Florida Noxious Weed List.
It is, in short, among the most aggressive weeds ever introduced into Florida. It was brought to the Americas from Africa during the slave trade and introduced into Florida in 1905. It has spread throughout the state.
The air potato is a twining vine. It grows fast – up to eight inches per day. It can grow 70 feet or more in length. Do the math: it can get that long in less than two weeks! It typically climbs to the tops of trees and utility poles and can overtake native plants.
It gets its name from the aerial tubers (bulbils) which are roundish in shape and actually look like a potato. (Don't make the mistake of trying to eat them. They are poisonous.) These tubers are the primary way the plants spread. Even tiny bulbils can sprout and form new plants. Bulbils can move in contaminated brush, debris or soil. Mowers and other brush-cutting equipment, birds and other animals may also help spread them. They can also spread via water bodies and floods.
This is one persistent plant — hard to control or get rid of. Chemical control can be effective, but multiple applications are usually required because above-ground bulbils or underground tubers can re-sprout. Many communities in Florida, including Hernando, Alachua and Duval counties, stage air potato roundups. (Gainesville just completed one last weekend.) Volunteers typically collect the tubers, which are then carefully disposed of.
Current air potato management practices are costly, time consuming, temporary, and have negative effects on surrounding vegetation and organisms. Fortunately, there is now a natural alternative to this sweat and toil in the form of a natural enemy, a leaf-eating beetle, Lilioceris cheni, whose sole purpose in life is to find and eat D. bulbifera.
State and federal scientists are rearing and releasing the beetle throughout the state. More about that shortly.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Sleeping with bottle leads to higher chances of obese baby?
Sleeping with bottle leads to higher chances of obese baby?
Studies show babies that fall asleep with a bottle have a higher chance of becoming obese.
Childhood obesity Parents who let their babies fall asleep with milk bottles may cause them to become obese.
Sleeping with bottles
Recent studies show that a baby who sleeps with a milk bottle has a higher chance of becoming an obese baby. The study was led by sociology professor, Ben Gibbs, who has studied 8,000 mothers that either breast-fed or fed their nine-month-old babies with formula, and recorded their body weights after 24 months.
Daily Mail reported that out of 8,000, Mr. Gibbs found that formula fed babies were more likely to be clinically obese. On top of this, babies who end up falling asleep with their bottles had a 30 per cent higher likelihood of obesity.
RELATED: Prolonged bottle feeding can harm
Obese baby
What these findings suggest, according to Mr. Gibbs, is that formula-fed babies who have a higher chance of being obese will also have a harder time regulating their appetites in the future. This puts them at an even higher risk of being obese later on in life.
Furthermore, Mr. Gibbs claimed that mothers who measure their babies' formula by the ounces usually overfeed them as compared to breastfeeding them. A baby who feeds on solid food is also 40 per cent more likely to be an obese baby.
RELATED: Overweight kids can develop spine abnormalities
obese baby A lot of times obesity really depends on habits taught early in life
Not always true
Even though feeding techniques play an important role in determining whether your baby will be an obese baby or not, paediatrician, Dr. Cynthia Mann insists that babies should never be labelled as 'fat' just because they feed on formula or fall asleep with the bottle.
It is normal for babies to have layers of fat because they keep them warm. Furthermore, some babies are simply fatter than other babies. But the only way parents can really enable an obese baby is to rectify every situation with a milk bottle, causing the baby to consume excessive calories.
Mr. Gibbs summed up, "The takeaway here is that the habits we adopt early on for our babies matter later in life."
RELATED: Calculating BMI in children
Formula feeding
Mothers are usually encouraged to breastfeed their infants. As Dr. Yong Tze Tein says, "Breast milk is preventive medicine at its best." However, if a mother opts for formula instead, we suggest different types of infant formulas to look out for before making a purchase. There are three main types:
 - Cow's milk - It's the closest thing to breast milk
 - HypoallergenicEasier to digest
 - Soy based (for a vegan diet) - Alternative to cow's milk formula
Do you think sleeping with a bottle will make your baby obese? Tell us your opinion. We'd love to hear from you! For more on this topic, watch this video:
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Making Homelessness Applications for Single Refugees
When receiving leave to remain, refugees commonly become homeless.
With demand for housing high, it can be difficult to prove that individuals have a priority need for accommodation. Yet many single refugees suffer from mental and physical health conditions that make them more vulnerable. If this vulnerability is exacerbated by being homeless, councils may have a duty to house them.
Providing an overview of how to support single refugees through a homelessness application, the training will include:
- Understanding what duties councils have towards homeless applicants
- How to support refugees to make a homelessness application
- When and how to challenge homelessness decisions


The Anatomy Of The Helicopter Parts – Helimart.com
Helicopter Resources
Helicopter Parts Common To Most Helicopter
There are some helicopter parts that are common amongst and essential to most helicopters you see flying in the sky, whether it's a police helicopter, a rescue helicopter, a transport helicopter or a helicopter doing aerial research. Some of these parts are the main and tail rotor, blades, and the cab. There are many, many more parts that most helicopters share, and while these may not be any more important than some of the others, they are the most visible.
Together, the main rotor and main rotor blades provide the energy and mechanism necessary to lift the helicopter off the ground. The main rotor turns the blades, and those blades (once the pilot tilts them) act as an airfoil, or aerofoil in England. An airfoil describes a situation where there's a pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of a wing or collection of blades, allowing a craft to put some distance between it and the ground. Needless to say, the main rotor and the main rotor blades are very important helicopter parts.
The main rotor creates an enormous amount of torque – and to provide an equal and opposite force helicopters need a tail rotor. To keep the helicopter from spinning around in place due to the torque created by the main rotor, every helicopter has some sort of tail rotor that can counteract that torque. Most helicopters have a tail rotor with tail rotor blades, which by spinning in the same direction (but vertically) fulfill this requirement. One exception to this is Notar technology found on 500N & 600N MD Helicopters. Both the main rotor and the tail rotor keep the helicopter, and its passengers or cargo in the cab, in the air safely.
The cab of a helicopter can vary drastically depending on what the helicopter is intended to do. For example, some rescue helicopters have enormous cabs, with more room than you can imagine, while some transport helicopters you see above downtown skylines only have enough room for two,four, or six passengers. The cab is one of the few helicopter parts that enjoys significant design and utility variations.
Heli-Mart: Helicopter Parts, Helicopter Component Overhaul & Repair, and Helicopter Sales
Your helicopter doesn't work from 9 to 5…Neither do we. When you are in need of helicopter spare parts, we strive to fulfill your orders with access to our large, on-shelf inventory. In situations that are more urgent, such as Aircraft On Ground (AOG), we are always a phone call or email away in getting you your needed replacements or repairs.
Heli-Mart Inc provides the highest level of expedited service to its worldwide customer base. Our extensive, on-shelf inventory contains spare parts for all major helicopter manufacturers, including: MD Helicopter, Bell Helicopter, Airbus (Eurocopter) Helicopter, and Sikorsky (Schweizer) Helicopter parts. We continue to buy helicopter inventories with thousands of new and used surplus helicopter parts, helicopter accessories and helicopter components. Furthermore, our in-house overhaul and repair facility, California Aero Components, enables us to maintain additional stock on items for the MD product line such as, main and tail rotor transmissions, pitch-controls, landing gear dampers, etc. This allows us to provide our customers with an added level of service and support in critical times.
With over 40 years of helicopter parts, helicopter repair, and helicopter sales experience, we will get you the parts and support you need, when you need it. Please give us a call so we can discuss your helicopter related needs.


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Driven by our shared dream to see Sarawak take on its role as a nation-transformer, we at R.O.S.E. believe that the key is to create awareness among and empower rural communities in Sarawak. To this end, we have chosen to focus our resources on several initiatives, including:
- Building awareness and empowering Sarawakian voters about their rights as electorate in a democratic nation.
- Voter Registration Drives in and around Kuching
- Civic Education Training for youths and rural communities e.g. Projek Rumah Baru which includes modules on good governance and decision-making
- Rural community transformation
- Financial literacy training
- Collaborating with other NGOs involved directly with rural community empowerment and transformation
- Championing Free and Fair Elections
- Polling and Counting Agents (PACA) Training
- Collaborating with other NGOs and creating awareness of the Election Comission's Electoral Delineation proposals
If Not Now, When?
If Not Us, Who?


AICPA responds to CPA exam myths
Another season, another batch of new CPAs are being sworn in. Jeff, a CPA and the author of "Another 71 - A CPA Exam Blog," recently posed these questions to the AICPA in hopes of clearing up some confusion about the infamous exam.
1. A Curve on the CPA Exam? A common myth that circulates among CPA exam candidates is that CPA exam scores are curved according to the performance of other candidates taking the same section. Is a candidate's score entirely independent of the performance of other candidates? Does the AICPA employ any curving mechanism to keep pass rates at their historical levels of 45 to 50 percent on average per section?
AICPA: The CPA exam is not curved. And yes, every candidate's score is entirely independent of other candidates' examination results.
The CPA exam is a criterion-referenced examination, which means that it rests upon predetermined standards. Every candidate's performance is measured against established standards to determine whether the candidate has demonstrated the level of knowledge and skills that is represented by the passing score. Every candidate is judged against the same standards, and every score is an independent result.
2. BEC - Why the wait? A widely held frustration among people who sit for BEC is that they don't get their score right away. Since there are no subjective elements to BEC since it is 100 percent multiple choice (currently), why is a candidate not given at least a "preliminary" score with the caveat that it is subject to review?
AICPA: Scores - even preliminary ones - cannot be released without state board review and the application of standard quality control procedures. For these reasons, issuing scores at test centers is impractical and the possibility is not being considered.
3. Re-score: Worth the hassle (and time and money)? When candidates score a 74 on an exam, the inevitable question that they ask is, "Should I apply to get it rescored?" In 2008, approximately how many candidates submitted applications to have their exams regraded? What percentage of those applications had a score that changed due to the regrading process? How many candidates went from fail to pass due to submitting an application for a regrade?
AICPA: There is no such thing as a rescore or a regrade. The service available is "score review," an automated score verification process. It involves making certain that the approved answer key was used in scoring and that it was correctly applied. In 2008, score review requests did not result in any score changes.
4. Grading Transparency A common complaint about both the grading process and score reporting process for the CPA exam is that they are not very transparent. Candidates feel very much left in the dark. What steps is the AICPA taking to improve the transparency of these processes and to keep candidates better informed?
AICPA: When it comes to scoring, "How is the CPA exam scored?" is a very successful AICPA effort to bring transparency to the process. It is a non-technical overview providing insight into scoring without the use of psychometric jargon. The technical aspects of scoring are, of course, much less accessible to the layman. However, for those who wish to tackle the technical, a wealth of information is readily available on the Internet about Item Response Theory (IRT), the psychometric model that is the basis of CPA exam scoring.
The current score reporting in two waves seems to be well understood by candidates but much more needs to be done to erase candidate misconceptions about why some scores are released earlier than others. For example, candidates need to know that those who are presented with simulations that have not been tested previously will receive their scores in the second wave, even if they test at the beginning of a testing window. A sufficient number of responses to new simulations must be available for psychometric analysis before scoring can begin. and it is impossible to predict who will receive new simulations as simulations are assigned at random.
5. Real-time scoring in the works? Currently, scores are released in two waves per testing window - commonly referred to as Wave 1 and Wave 2. A candidate who sits for an exam early in the testing window and does not get their score in Wave 1 has to wait for yet another month to get their score and oftentimes their study progress and motivation wanes because of it. Are there plans in the future for the AICPA to move to real-time score reporting to better serve the candidates?
AICPA: Faster and more frequent score release will be introduced after the implementation of CBT-e - a program of major CPA exam improvements. However, "real-time" score reporting is not a realistic option and is not being considered. (Refer to the response in question 2.)
6. Borderline Candidates? Another widely held sentiment about score releases is that if a candidate doesn't receive their score in Wave 2 of a testing window, then they are "borderline" - i.e., 72-77. Would you say that in general, the most candidates who don't receive their score by Wave 2 are "borderline?"
AICPA: There are several possible reasons why some scores are released faster than others. If psychometric analysis is required, for example, the scores of all candidates who took a articular examination version - whether passing, failing or on the brink - are held until the analysis is completed. For those who took AUD, FAR or REG, the "second reads" of written communication responses may also be a factor. "Second reads" are additional reviews of essays for candidates whose scores are close to passing.
7. Is a raw score possible? Another question that candidates have in regard to score reporting is the fact that they leave a testing center with little more than a ventured guess as to how they performed. Has the AICPA looked into a reporting format that gives a candidate their raw score on the exam prior to leaving the testing center or soon thereafter?
AICPA: As indicated previously, plans are in place to introduce faster and more frequent score reporting after CBT-e, the new CPA exam, is implemented. There are no plans, however, to provide candidates with raw scores - or any other kinds of scores - at the test center. (See response to question 2.)
8. 18 Month Rule In regard to the "18-month rule," candidates often feel they are at a disadvantage due to a relatively slow score reporting process. For instance, if a candidate sits for FAR on Day 1 of the testing window and misses the cut for the Wave 1 score release in the second month, by the time they get their score in Wave 2 of the third month, nearly three months of their 18-month window has expired. If you count the fact that four of those 18 months are not testable months, they have even less time left. Has there been any discussion of expanding the arbitrary 18-month timeframe to 24 months?
AICPA: Perhaps the real issue here is the test-taking strategy. A better approach might be to take two sections in the first window, two in the next, and use the remaining four windows to retake any sections failed on the first attempt.
reprinted with permission
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Le Seur, Minnesota
For many years, farmers and local residents near Le Seur, Minnesota have reported seeing a red light, that looks like a lantern, bobbing along the Omaha Railroad tracks south of the town. These sightings date back many years and have been connected to an unsubstantiated report of an old hermit who lived in a nearby cave. Does his ghost still haunt the area?
The area south of town was known as Old Brewery Hill for the brewery that was started there around 1875 by George Kienzli. He constructed a small building on the hill and beneath it dug two deep cellars into the earth. Large wooden casks were brought in to store the beer while it aged and to hold ice that would keep the earthen chambers cool in the summer. The beer that was brewed there was hauled to nearby towns and it was fairly successful for a number of years. Eventually, it was sold twice more and closed down. The buildings later burned down but it is said that visitors along the east side of Ottawa road can still see the remains of the cellars if they can find the right side of the hill.
While the brewery is long since gone, the story of a ghost in the vicinity remains. It was believed that a man lived in one of the brewery caves and people claimed to see him leave the cave, walking along and carrying a red lantern. It was said that if you tried to approach him, he and the lantern would disappear. Curiosity-seekers who explored the cave found some old clothes, a straw mattress, a shoe box.... and human bones.
Apparently, the hermit who lived in the cave had died long ago, but someone was seen leaving the place at night and walking along the railroad tracks! A brakeman aboard a passing train reported that one night, the train was forced to stop because of someone carrying a lantern along the tracks. When the brakeman got down from the train to removed the man from the path of the train, there was no one there. The engineer and several workers on the train all swore that they had seen a red lantern.
As time has passed the ghost of the old hermit still haunts the stretch of tracks near Old Brewery Hill, still waving his red lantern as he walks along and still vanishing if anyone gets too near. Why he haunts this place remains a mystery....
The small town of Le Seur, Minnesota is located in the south central part of the state, about fifty miles southwest of Minneapolis/ St. Paul. Old Brewery Hill is located south of town along the road to Ottawa. The hill is located on the east side of the highway.
Copyright 1998 by Troy Taylor
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2011 International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Stamp Detection in Color Document Images
Barbora Micenkov'a1,2 Department of Computer Science Aarhus University (AU) Aarhus, Denmark [email protected]
Joost van Beusekom2 Multimedia Analysis and Data Mining Group German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) Kaiserslautern, Germany Joost.van [email protected]
desirable to determine whether there are no outliers, for example a document with a missing stamp. The difficulty of stamp extraction is that, in general, there is no template for stamps. It is a partially graphical and textual object that can be placed on any position in the document. The variations are in its shape and color, print quality or rotation and even two imprints of the same stamp can look very different. We present a new approach to detect stamps of different colors and extract them properly even if they are overlapped with a signature or a text of another color. We do not focus on stamps of any particular shape so business stamps with addresses, official seals as well as decorative stamps can be extracted. Detection of black stamps still remains a challenge, but the method allows further extension for black stamps too. Good results have been achieved detecting stamps in documents containing other color objects such as logos and texts. The proposed method consists of the following steps. First, the chromatic part of the image is separated from the approximately achromatic text and background. Then, color clustering is performed on it to obtain several cluster images, each containing just elements of the same color. The cluster images are cleaned from noise and segmented by XY-cut algorithm to extract candidate solutions. Finally, the candidate solutions are classified using the set of features described in Section IV.
Abstract—An automatic system for stamp segmentation and further verification is needed especially for environments like insurance companies where a huge volume of documents is processed daily. However, detection of a general stamp is not a trivial task as it can have different shapes and colors and, moreover, it can be imprinted with a variable quality and rotation. Previous methods were restricted to detection of stamps of particular shapes or colors. The method presented in the paper includes segmentation of the image by color clustering and subsequent classification of candidate solutions by geometrical and color-related features. The approach allows for differentiation of stamps from other color objects in the document such as logos or texts. For the purpose of evaluation, a data set of 400 document images has been collected, annotated and made public. With the proposed method, recall of 83% and precision of 84% have been achieved. Keywords-stamp detection; image segmentation; computational forensics; color clustering
I. I NTRODUCTION Despite an enormous utilization of computer technology in various areas of our lives, paper documents still play an important role. Contracts, wills, certificates, invoices and all documents issued by formal authorities are printed on a solid paper and a signature or a stamp guarantee the authenticity of the content. Official stamped documents are often accepted without questioning, omitting the fact that there is an advanced computer technology available to public which can be easily misused for fraud. The process of modern forgery involves either photocopying or scanning the original document, digital image modification and printing. A huge volume of documents is processed daily in offices such as insurance companies or banks and the degree of automation is still increasing. For example, the printed invoices incoming to an insurance company are immediately digitized and there is no time and resources to manually check if the stamp is authentic, which makes the forgery rather easy. For that purpose, an automatic system is needed which is able to detect a stamp in a scanned document and, in a second step, to differentiate whether it is authentic or forged. Moreover, detection of stamps is important in other levels of document security too. For example in the scenario where there are invoices incoming from the same source, it is _PHONE_/11 $26.00 © 2011 IEEE DOI 10.1109/ICDAR.2011.227
n io ic at at r pa om s Se chr art of p
r lo in g Co ter us cl
XY cut segmentation
Diagram of the stamp detection algorithm.
In Section II, previous work on stamp detection is summarized. Section III describes the proposed method on segmentation of the document image and Section IV covers 1125
of a stamp. Row and column projections are made on each of the two images separately to detect these areas. Simple features (size and width-to-height ratio) are applied to discard inappropriate candidate solutions. This approach is restricted to detection of red and blue stamps only. Evidently, all the published methods have considerable limitations (on shape, color or background) and therefore a generic approach to stamp detection is proposed in this paper.
feature extraction and classification. In Section V, the data set for evaluation is presented and the results are given in Section VI. II. R ELATED W ORK The number of published methods on stamp segmentation is quite limited. As prior knowledge of the structure (shape or color) of the stamp is helpful to localize it in a document, previous research was focused on detection of stamps of a particular type. Detection methods based on shape information require an outer frame to be present around the stamp. Chen et al. detect seals on Chinese bank checks with a region-growing algorithm. They assume the seal to be the only object in the check to have an outer frame. The method proposed by Zhu performs Hough Transform to search for elliptical/circular candidates for stamps. The author claims the method to be robust on degraded documents and successful even for stamps overlapping with text. However, due to the shape restriction is its usage limited. In content-based image retrieval, the information carried in stamps (seals) contained in documents could be used for their indexing. Roy et al. compute spatial feature descriptors from the positions of characters in the queried seal and apply Generalized Hough Transform to detect the seal in documents in the database. In this scenario, the template (user query) seal must be given. A stamp is a plain-color object although some parts of the imprint might have different brightness due to an imperfect ink condition. Ueda was one of the first authors to apply color analysis for extraction of signatures and seals from Japanese bank checks. He works with the RGB color histogram of pixel intensities and makes orthogonal projections to separate different clusters. The author assumes exactly 3 clusters to be in the document – a background, a seal and a signature – and such an approach is not suitable for generic document images. Cai and Mei also present a simple approach based on color analysis dividing the RGB cube into 8 subspaces, assigning a label to each pixel and choosing just those pixels that belong to the red and blue subspace. With this approach, the color of the seal must be known beforehand. Soria-Frisch presents a fuzzy integration method for combining color channels to segment stamps of one particular color. Berger et al., are able to separate overlapping objects of very similar colors (e.g. a stamp and a signature) by means of SVM. However, small areas belonging to each object have to be chosen manually which makes their approach inapplicable to automatic segmentation. In the latest method proposed by Forczma'nski and Frejlichowski in 2010, the authors transform the document image into Y Cb Cr space and work with Cb and Cr components which carry the information about chromaticity. Areas with high Cb or Cr intensities denote the presence
III. I MAGE S EGMENTATION A stamp is treated as a single color object. This characteristic is considered to be invariant and it is utilized for segmentation of the document image. Only chromatic parts are extracted and clustered according to their color. The clusters are then partitioned to obtain candidate solutions. A. Separation of Chromatic Pixels RGB color model is not convenient for segmentation because of high correlation among the channels. To segment color stamps, it is desirable to separate out the gray-level (achromatic) parts of the document image that correspond to the printed text and background. For this purpose, Y Cb Cr color space has been chosen. In this model, Y is the luma component and Cb, Cr are chroma components meaning the blue and red difference. Y = 0.299 · R + 0.587 · G + 0.114 · B Cb = −0.169 · R − 0.331 · G + 0.5 · B Cr = 0.5 · R − 0.419 · G − 0.081 · B.
Figure 2. Ink colors in the image form clusters of elongated shapes. A scatter plot in Y Cb Cr color space in (a) and a projection of pixel intensities onto the Cb Cr plane in (b).
To separate out the pixels close to gray levels, a projection on Cb Cr plane is made and eachppixel point is treated as a polar vector (r, θ), where r = Cb2 + Cr2 and θ = atan2(Cb, Cr ), θ ∈ [0, 2π). A threshold T is set and all vectors with r > T are marked as chromatic and further used for color clustering.
B. Color Clustering in Cb Cr plane
By nature, stamps are not connected objects – they consist of many small components that need to be grouped properly. The resulting cleaned masks can be segmented by the well-known XY-cut algorithm. The resulting rectangles are handled as bounding boxes of the candidate solutions. With this approach even multiple stamps can be extracted.
From pixel scatter plots of various document images one can learn that the clusters formed by inks have elongated shapes like clouds stretching from the white color cluster as it can


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Ethical Principles and Code of Business Conduct
Ekol has published Ethical Principles and Code of Business Conduct to instill ethical principles – having applied them in business processes since its inception – in its employees, suppliers, subcontractors, and all social stakeholders. This code of conduct serves as a guide for ensuring that all stakeholders apply the very same ethical values in business processes by embracing them, and for taking the necessary precautions when this is not followed.
Ekol's Ethical Principles and Code of Business Conduct mainly involve:
- Pursuing public good,
- Compliance with laws and other regulations,
- Looking out for employee rights and work conditions,
- Interaction with business partners and social stakeholders,
- Striving for company rights and transparency.
For enquiries and further information, please contact ethics board members at _EMAIL_.


Greetings! Thank you for your interest in our data. Below is a brief description of the data included in each file. Throughout, experimental water columns are labeled Towers 1-8, with Tower 1 being the lowest nutrient concentration input and each progressive number increasing in nutrient concentration input (Tower 8 has the highest nutrient concentration input). Depth can be labeled in meters or ports. Ports are spaced every 2.5 centimeters along the vertical dimension of the tower with port 1 being located at the water's surface and port 60 being located 2.5 centimeters above the bottom of the tower. Experiments were conducted in late 2006 into early 2007. light.csv - Light measured at the bottom of the water column (I_out) measured in micro mol photons m^-2 s^-1. nutrients.csv - phosphorus concentration in water column ( R) measured in micro g dissolved phosphorus L^-1. tower1.csvbiomass concentration in the water column (B) measured in cells mL^-1. (tower2-8.csv are the other towers) phys_and_stoich.csvphysiological and stoichiometric data measured in the water column. In the column headings, anything separated by a '.' should be read as the division sign (e.g. is cells per mL). treatment is nutrient input micro g dissolved phosphorus L^-1 corresponding to tower number. depth is in meters. Chl is in micro g L^-1, as is P for phosphorus, N for nitrogen and C for carbon. If the column heading has'moles' in it, it is the molar ratio. Data was collected by Jarad Mellard, Kohei Yoshiyama, Christopher Klausmeier, and Elena Litchman. Any questions should be directed to the author, Jarad Mellard ( or


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Nova Gorica is one of the rare cities in Slovenia which can boast of having such a large, preserved and interesting forest with numerous domestic and foreign tree species in the direct vicinity of the town.
The Panovec forest lies between Kromberk and Rožna Dolina right at the southern edge of Nova Gorica. It is in the direct vicinity of the town, and of a suitable diversity. Paths and trails that run all around the forest attract a great number of visitors to the forest in all seasons of the year. Lovers of peace and nature, joggers, cyclists, riders, walkers, mushroom pickers and researchers meet each other in the Panovec forest.
The forest was owned by the Counts of Gorica until the time of the death of the last Count of Gorica in 1500 when it came under the ownership of the Habsburg Dynasty following the provisions of feudal legislation.
The first records of the Panovec forest are found in the legal documents of the Court dated in 1470. Under the Habsburg Dynasty the Panovec forest was given special protection and care and it was managed by the Forest Service of Gorica under the direct leadership of the Emperor's administration. Many disputes were created among the nobles of Gorica and the forest caretaker owing to the exploitation of the wood, which is why there are several records of interventions of the highest level of administration of the Emperor in Vienna. The forest kept its intact nature also after 1785 when the ownership issue was regulated by means of a cadastre. After the abolition of feudal ownership the forest became state-owned which has continued up to the present time. In the middle of the 19th century, a forester, Jožef Ressel, understood the need for an expert management of the Panovec forest. Jožef Ressel is also known as an inventor of the propeller and many other inventions and designs (agricultural machinery, road network, plans in the field of forest management).
The Panovec forest lost its original shape during the First World War since the first battle line of the war was positioned running across it. The Second World War also left severe damage particularly during the period when there was no control over the forest (upon Italy's capitulation). Many people then used the opportunity to cut trees near the paths without any proper control over preservation.
The vicinity of the administration centre of Gorica has had an impact on technical and scientific engagement in the Panovec forest since various tree species test areas were already sited here at the time that forest science became important as a discipline in the last third of the last century and when the planting of various foreign tree species was favoured. As a result both the Mediterranean as well as mountainous tree species thrive. The animal world is also at home in this forest, finding shelter in the bushes and climber species and nests in dried-up old tree trunks.


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Everyone wants to have a full bank account — including bank accounts that hold seeds.
The U.S. Forest Service recently held a workshop with the Dominican Republic Ministry of Environmental and Natural Resources in Dry Branch, Ga., focusing on ways to increase the capacity to develop and maintain a seed bank for reforestation in the Dominican Republic.
The workshop discussed methods and approaches to compiling the seeds and best practices for preservation. The workshop included seed biology and procedures that contribute towards the success of the bank. Dry Branch is the home of the USFS National Seed Laboratory. Participants of the workshop will manage the Nigua Seed Bank in the Dominican Republic. Official protocols for seed purity throughout the Dominican Republic were drafted for the new seed bank based on workshop outcomes.
Technical expertise was provided by the Forest Service with the help of an agreement with the US Agency for International Development. Through the agreement, the Forest Service aids in equipment administration as well as the training of staff and facility management.
According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, the Dominican Republic enacted the Forestry Action Plan in 1991 that established the goal of becoming a self-sufficient timber and fuelwood producer by 2016. The seed laboratory work will contribute to the achievement of this goal and the forestry improvements that the nation plans to make towards reforestation.
In November, an unprecedented Presidential Decree was passed to solidify the Government's commitment to biological diversity and protected area habitat conservation. The seed bank workshop contributed to these goals.
For more information on these and other projects, take a look at the U.S. Forest Service International Programs website.


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Boulder Daily Camera file photo
Boulder Daily Camera file photo
BOULDER (AP) – On Sept. 14, 1954, President Dwight D. Eisenhower became the first sitting president to visit Boulder when he toured the sparkling new lab facilities that had just been constructed for the bureau now known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology. He delivered a dedication speech to an estimated 10,000 – about half the size of Boulder's total population at the time.
The content of Eisenhower's speech is well known – a transcript was published in the newspaper at the time and it is easy to find online today – but until recently, an audio recording of the speech was not so easy to come by.
Now, Boulder's Carnegie Branch Library for Local History has digitized a recording of the speech made by KBOL radio.
"What he said has been known for a long time," said Laura Ost, director of media relations for the institute in Boulder. "Something about hearing him say it is very powerful."
Ost's research into the 1954 speech led to the uncovering of the recording. She was looking for historical material about the National Institute of Standards and Technology, originally called the National Bureau of Standards, for an exhibit that the lab is developing. That led her to the Carnegie library to sort through historic photos.
But she also found an entry in the library's catalog for the KBOL radio collection. The entry noted that the collection was a box of reel-to-reel tapes, which mostly had not been listened to since the collection was donated. But many of the reel boxes had topics taped onto them, including one that read "1954 Bureau of Standards dedication."
Library archivist Marti Anderson helped Ost get a first listen to the tape.
"Years and years ago, somebody had donated to the library a reel-to-reel tape player," Anderson said. "I Googled how to put the tape in the tape player."
And it worked.
"She set it up and we listened to it – just enough to hear what was on it – it was so old," Ost said. "I got pretty excited."
Until this past April, when President Barack Obama made the first of two trips to the University of Colorado this year, Eisenhower was the only sitting president to visit Boulder.
In his speech, which can be heard at dailycamera.com, Eisenhower calls science America's next great frontier for discovery.
"... The frontier days when we could go out and discover new land – new wonders of geography and of nature – has seemed largely in the past. But here, inside this building, we have a frontier possibly of even greater romantic value as well as greater material value to us than were some of the discoveries of those days," he said.
Eisenhower also spent a large part of his speech talking about how science can be used both for good and for evil and challenging the audience and the people who would work in the lab to leverage scientific discoveries to make America better.
"... Possibly each one of us is a laboratory to discover what we can contribute toward the growth of that kind of spirit among men that will make all of these discoveries of these dedicated scientists become assets to us," Eisenhower said, "as we try to develop for ourselves and our children a better life, a richer life – one that gives us more opportunity to grow intellectually and spiritually."
Anderson said helping Ost find the recording was fun – but it's just part of the job of being an archivist.
"That's what Carnegie is all about, is helping people on their quest," she said. "It takes all sorts of different turns. It's a fun experience to work at Carnegie, and it's really fun to watch people find what they thought they never could find."


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OLR Bill Analysis
AN ACT CONCERNING THE ASSAULT OF A LIQUOR CONTROL AGENT.
This bill makes assault of a liquor control agent a class C felony (punishable by one to 10 years in prison, a fine of up to $ 10,000, or both), the same penalty as for assault of public safety, emergency medical, and public transit personnel, among others. A person commits this crime by assaulting a reasonably identifiable liquor control agent performing his or her duties, with intent to prevent the agent from performing them, by doing any of the following to the agent:
1. causing injury;
2. throwing objects capable of causing harm;
3. using tear gas, mace, or a similar harmful agent;
4. throwing paint, dye, or any other offensive substance; or
5. throwing bodily fluid, such as feces, blood, or saliva.
Current law does not have the specific crime of assault of a liquor control agent. Generally, assaults are punishable, depending on the conduct, by penalties ranging from a class A misdemeanor (up to one year in prison, a fine of up to $ 2,000, or both) to a class A felony (punishable by 10 to 25 years in prison, a fine of up to $ 20,000, or both).
EFFECTIVE DATE: October 1, 2013
Liquor Control Agents
Department of Consumer Protection liquor control agents conduct investigations and enforce the civil and licensing portions of the Liquor Control Act. In addition, agents provide training and assistance to local and state police officers on criminal aspects of liquor law enforcement.
General Law Committee


SJPH_General_CoverAims. Labour force activity and marriage share some pathways through which they potentially influence health. In this paper, we examine whether marriage and labour force participation interact in the way they influence mortality in the USA and six European countries.
Methods. We used data from the US National Health Interview Survey linked to the National Death Index, and national mortality registry data for Austria, England/Wales, Finland, Hungary, Norway and Spain (specifically, the Basque country) during 1999–2007, for men and women aged 30–59 years at baseline. We used Poisson regression to estimate both the additive (relative excess risk due to interaction) and multiplicative interactions between marriage and labour force activity on mortality.
Results. Labour force inactivity was associated with higher mortality, but this association was stronger for unmarried, rather than married, individuals. Likewise, being unmarried was associated with higher mortality, but this association was stronger for inactive than for active individuals. To illustrate, among US women out of the labour force, being unmarried was associated with a 3.98 times (95%CI 3.28–4.82) higher risk of dying than being married; whereas the relative risk (RR) was 2.49 (95%CI 2.10–2.94), for women who were active in the labour market. Although this interaction between marriage and labour force activity was only significant for women on a multiplicative scale, there was a significant additive interaction for both men and women. The pattern was similar across all countries.
Conclusions. Marriage attenuated the increased mortality risk associated with labour force inactivity; while labour force activity attenuated the mortality risk associated with being unmarried. Our study emphasizes the importance of public health and social policies that improve the health and well-being of unmarried and inactive men and women.
K. van Hedel, F.J. van Lenthe, M. Avendano, M. Bopp, S. Esnaola, K. Kovács, P. Martikainen, E. Regidor and J.P. Mackenbach. "Marital status, labour force activity and mortality: A study of the United States and 6 European countries." (2015). Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 43(5):469-80. doi: 10.1177/1403494815578947.
Also freely available through Pubmed Central.
Van Hedel et al., 2015, SJPH


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Thailand - Thai Hornbills
Several endangered species of hornbills inhabit the forests of Thailand. These magnificent birds are threatened by habitat destruction, hunting and illegal trade. The Hornbill Nest Adoption Program is run by the Hornbill Research Foundation. Contributions towards this project helps researchers investigate the biological and ecological aspects that these birds have in the forests such as seed dispersal. The funds also go towards educating and involving the local communities in protecting these species. Over 40 former poachers or illegal loggers have been employed to now act as protectors of these bird's nests rather than try to sell the feathers and chicks in illegal markets. There has been a 95% reduction in poaching of hornbills since the HRF's campaign started in 1994. Providing a financial incentive and greater appreciation for the local environment has had a dramatic impact on the populations of these imperiled species. Zoo Miami contributed to the Hornbill Nest Adoption Program in 2010.
Find out more: _URL_


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What is meant by attributing texts to Moses in the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Judaism? The answer depends not only on the history of texts but also on the history of concepts of textuality. This book critiques the terms "pseudepigraphy" and "rewritten Bible," which presuppose conceptions of authentic attribution and textual fidelity foreign to ancient Judaism, and instead develops the concept of a discourse whose creativity and authority depend on repeated returns to the exemplary figure and experience of a founder. Attribution to Moses is a central example whose function is to re-present the experience of revelation at Sinai. Distinctive features of Mosaic discourse are studied in Deuteronomy, Jubilees, the Temple Scroll, and the works of Philo of Alexandria.
Hardback edition available from Brill Academic Publishers (_URL_)
© 2014, Society of Biblical Literature. All Rights Reserved.


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From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
Dracaena (romanized form of the Ancient Greek δράκαινα - drakaina, "female dragon") is a genus of about 40 species of trees and succulent shrubs classified in the family Ruscaceae in the APG II system, or, according to some treatments, separated (sometimes with Cordyline) into a family of their own, Dracaenaceae or in the Agavaceae. The majority of the species are native in Africa, with a few in southern Asia and one in tropical Central America. The segregate genus Pleomele is now generally included in Dracaena. The genus Sanseviera is closely related, and has recently been synonymized under Dracaena in the Kubitzki system.
Dracaena have a secondary thickening meristem in their trunk. This monocotyledonous secondary thickening meristem is quite different from the thickening meristem found in dicotyledonous plants and is termed Dracaenoid thickening by some authors. This character is shared with other members of the Agavaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae among other related families.


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Origin of diversity in falling snow
- ISSN: _PHONE_
- DOI: 10.5194/acp-8-5669-2008
This paper presents a systematic way to examine the origin of variety in falling snow. First, we define shape diversity as the logarithm of the number of possible distinguishable crystal forms for a given resolution and set of conditions, and then we examine three sources of diversity. Two sources are the range of initial-crystal sizes and variations in the trajectory variables. For a given set of variables, diversity is estimated using a model of a crystal falling in an updraft. The third source is temperature-updraft heterogeneities along each trajectory. To examine this source, centimeter-scale data on cloud temperature and updraft speed are used to estimate the spatial frequency (m−1) of crystal feature changes. For air-temperature heterogeneity, this frequency decays as p−0.66, where p is a measure of the temperature-deviation size. For updraft-speed heterogeneity, the decay is p−0.50. By using these frequencies, the fallpath needed per feature change is found to range from ~0.8 m, for crystals near −15°C, to ~8 m near −19°C – lengths much less than total fallpath lengths. As a result, the third source dominates the diversity, with updraft heterogeneity contributing more than temperature heterogeneity. Plotted against the crystal's initial temperature (−11 to −19°C), the diversity curve is "mitten shaped", having a broad peak near −15.4°C and a sharp subpeak at −14.4°C, both peaks arising from peaks in growth-rate sensitivity. The diversity is much less than previous estimates, yet large enough to explain observations. For example, of all snow crystals ever formed, those that began near −15°C are predicted to all appear unique to 1−μm resolution, but those that began near −11°C are not.


Global Challenges: What challenges would you face if your company were a global conglomerate?
Request is for a 500 word min article review, see details.
Locate and review a recent (no more than 5 years old) scholarly article found in a peer-reviewed journal related to HR selection methods, analyzing work, designing jobs, or HR planning.
Use the following two headers for the body of your paper.
 - Recruiting Program: this is where you take into consideration how you would approach a recruiting program for your company based on the author's ideas on the subject matter.
 - Global Challenges: What challenges would you face if your company were a global conglomerate?
Select article and follow the below criteria:
 - There is a minimum requirement of 500 words for the article critique.
 - Write a summary of the article. This should be one to three paragraphs in length, depending on the length of the article. The paper has to follow the standard style of scholarly college writing with an "introduction", "body" and "conclusion". Include the purpose for the article, how research was conducted, the results, and other pertinent information from the article.
Any sources used, including the textbook and the article, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations in APA format.
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All HSPT Verbal Resources
Example Question #1 : Antonyms: Adjectives And Adverbs
An antonym of "substantial" is __________.
The word "substantial" can mean that something is not ideal but instead is real and tangible. (Something "tangible" can be touched. This is related to the word "tactile.") In contrast to something substantial, the word "intangible"—not touchable—is an excellent antonym.
Example Question #2 : Antonyms: Adjectives And Adverbs
An antonym of "opaque" is __________.
When something is "opaque," that thing prevents light from passing through it. For example, a house wall is opaque to the light in a given room, preventing it from passing into the next room. In contrast to this, the windows in the room are "translucent," meaning that they allow light through them. This word comes from the combination of the prefix "trans-," meaning across, and "lucent," which comes from light. Translucent surfaces literally allow light to shine through or across them.
Example Question #3 : Antonyms: Adjectives And Adverbs
Select the answer choice that most nearly means the opposite of the word in capital letters.
"Placid" is an adjective that can mean calm; not easily excited when talking about a living organism. It can also mean calm when describing water. When taking a test, if there is more than one meaning for a word, it is best to look at all of the possible answers and eliminate the ones that don't fit any definition.
Using this strategy, we can eliminate "tranquil," because it means peaceful. This is a synonym of "placid," not an antonym.
"Perplexed" can also be eliminated because it means confused. This is not the opposite of "calm."
"Innocent" means harmless and free of guilt. Again, this is not the opposite of calm.
This leaves us with two possibilities: "excitable" and "aggravating." "Excitable" is an adjective meaning easily excited. "Aggravating" is an adjective meaning irritating. "Excitable" is the best antonym for the first definition of "placid."


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Photograph by Joel Sartore, National Geographic
It's the colors in this abstract photograph that allow us to recognize the birds in flight as macaws. Because macaws have such bright and distinctive colors, photographer Joel Sartore was able to create a successful abstract image, one in which birds of quieter hues would have disappeared. —Annie Griffiths
Photo Tip: Distinct colors can help the viewer recognize objects in an abstract view. When presented with this advantage, the photographer has more leeway to be creative with time exposures and motion while still allowing the subject to read.
Enjoy more photos and buy the book Simply Beautiful Photographs »


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Does cultural policy matter in public-art production? The Netherlands and Flanders compared, 1945 – present
Cultural policy has produced divergent intentions underlying the direction of public art since its advent in Western Europe in 1945. Literature has feebly demonstrated the extent to which differentialities in cultural policy have affected the production of public artworks over time and space. This paper fills this gap as regards Amsterdam and Ghent, cities that are situated in different national institutional contexts. It shows dissimilarity—in that one finds a relatively higher number of public artworks, more spatially dispersed and more diversified public artworks in Amsterdam than in Ghent, which is particularly a result of institutional differences—and similarity between these cities, in terms of initiatives by local communities and arts actors, irrespective of the local policy context. These results provide insight into policy concern with public-art production and the everyday practices and cultural traditions that underpin it.
When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:pio:envira:v:43:y:2011:i:12:p:2953-2970. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: (Neil Hammond)
If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.


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Grosse Île and the Irish Memorial National Historic Site of Canada
Descriptive and Visual Dictionary of Objects
The Descriptive and Visual Dictionary of Objects
© Parks Canada
By Rosemary Campbell, National Collections Manager, Ottawa, with the assistance of Gynette Tremblay, Ethno linguist, Quebec City.
The Descriptive and Visual Dictionary of Objects was conceived in English and French as part of a national project managed by Louise Bernard, Rosemary Campbell, Richard Gauthier and Rodger McNicoll. This new publication, which is designed to educate people about Canadian material culture, includes descriptions and illustrations of objects conserved and presented in national historic sites. The project was prepared by Parks Canada teams in Ontario and Quebec with the assistance of academics and professionals in the field.
The first volume of the dictionary includes 2,000 entries, 600 illustrations and over 3,000 terms. It shows everyday objects from the past to the present, ranging from heating to hairdressing, including furniture, clothing, household items, toiletries and more, all classified according to Parks Canada's Classification System for Historical Collections.
Drawing on linguistics principle to define ethnological collections, this dictionary provides an innovative reference for the casually curious and specialists alike. It is also an invaluable tool for the identification and cataloguing of objects which reflect our rich Canadian heritage. Volume one is the first volume in a series that is sure to appeal to anyone with an interest in history, ethnology, culture, and historical objects.
A dictionary for historical object aficionados and ethnology enthusiasts!
The publication is available from:
Parks Canada Publications Service,
Heritage Presentation and Public Education Branch
25 Eddy Street, 6th Floor
Les publications du Québec
P.O. Box 1005
Tel.: _PHONE_ or _PHONE_
Fax: _PHONE_ or _PHONE_


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A newly discovered statue of a curly haired man gripping a spear and a sheath of wheat once guarded the upper citadel of an ancient kingdom's capital.
The enormous sculpture, which is intact from about the waist up, stands almost 5 feet (1.5 meters) tall, suggesting that its full height with legs would have been between 11 and 13 feet (3.5 to 4 m). Alongside the statue, archaeologists found another carving, a semicircular column base bearing the images of a sphinx and a winged bull.
The pieces date back to about 1000 B.C. to 738 B.C. and belong to the Neo-Hittite Kingdom of Patina in what is now southeastern Turkey. They were found at what would have been a gate to the upper citadel of the capital, Kunulua. An international team of archaeologists on the Tayinat Archaeological Project are excavating the ruins.
The Neo-Hittites were a group of civilizations that arose along the eastern Mediterranean after the collapse of the Hittite Empire around 1000 B.C. When the statues were carved, the area was emerging from the Bronze Age and entering into the Iron Age.
The male sculpture boasts a beard and inlaid eyes made of white and black stone. He wears a crescent-shaped pectoral shield on his chest and lion-head bracelets on his arms. On his back, a long inscription records the accomplishments of Suppiluliuma, the name of a king of Patina already known to have banded together with Syrian forces in 858 B.C. to face an invasion by Neo-Assyrians. [ Top 10 Battles for the Control of Iraq ]
The column base stands about 3 feet (1 m) tall, with a diameter of 35 inches (90 centimeters). The column likely stood against a wall, as only the front is decorated with carvings of a winged bull flanked by a sphinx.
The presence of such statues was common in Neo-Hittite royal cities, the researchers said. The newly discovered carvings would have guarded a passageway of gates to the heart of the city.
"The two pieces appear to have been ritually buried in the paved stone surface of the central passageway," Tayinat Project director Tim Harrison, a professor of archaeology at the University of Toronto, said in a statement.
The passageway and gates seems to have been destroyed in 738 B.C., when Assyrian forces conquered the Neo-Hittite city. The area then appears to have been paved over and turned into a courtyard. Archaeologists have also uncovered smashed Neo-Hittite slabs and pillars as well as two carved life-size lions.
- Album: The Seven Ancient Wonders of the World
- 8 Grisly Archaeological Discoveries
- In Photos: Excavating a Mysterious Ancient Structure
© 2012 LiveScience.com. All rights reserved.


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Interactive timeline of Anglo-Dutch exchanges (50BC-1830)
This interactive multimedial timeline on Anglo-Dutch relations from antiquity to 1830, uses MIT's Simile technology and is based on the manuscript 'The Stranger's case : a timeline of Cross-Channel Interactions' by Jaap Harskamp, curator of the Dutch and Flemish collections at the British Library, in which he has compiled and annotated a comprehensive list of over 800 events relating to Anglo-Dutch relations throughout the centuries. It is part of the Open Learning Environment in early modern Low Countries history (_URL_
|Added On:||22 Jul 2010 05:35|
|Creators:||Jaap Harskamp & UCL Dutch|
|Tags:||ukoer;, virtualdutch;, dutch;, low, countries;, anglo dutch, relations;, netherlands;, belgium;, luxemburg;, holland;, flanders;, brabant;, history|


Human Beings Have Dramatically Reduced Mammal Populations in the Atlantic Forest
A new study shows that human interactions have hurt the once ecologically "exuberant" and "megadiverse" South American region.
Publish date:
A brush fire burns in a deforested section of the Atlantic Forest.
South America's Atlantic Forest was once home to an "exuberant... megadiverse" swath of animal and plant life, according to ecologist Juliano Bogoni. But in a paper published in the journal PLoS One on September 25th, Bogoni and his colleagues report that the forest's collision with humans over the past 500 years has dramatically cut through its mammal populations.
"We documented thousands of local extinctions," Bogoni, the paper's lead author and currently a post-doctoral scholar at the University of São Paulo in Brazil, writes in an email.
Once stretching from the coast up to mountains topping out above 9,800 feet in southeastern Brazil, the tropical Atlantic Forest has dwindled from 425,000 square miles to just 55,000 square miles as people have cleared away the trees for timber and agriculture and to make room for human settlements. That loss and splintering of habitat, combined with relentless hunting, has driven down the numbers of many mammal species, especially large and medium-sized ones, and biologists have taken note in dozens of studies in parts of the Atlantic Forest.
What's more, we humans have concentrated our farming and hunting in the low-lying areas, which once held greater densities of mammal species than the higher-elevation areas of the Atlantic Forest.
"The historical pressure on those landscapes has been huge," says co-author Carlos Peres, a conservation biologist at the University of East Anglia, where Bogoni earned his doctorate.
Until now, however, no one had looked at the entire Atlantic Forest biome to assess the scale of the hemorrhage of mammal species. So Bogoni set out to pull together the data from those localized studies, examining nearly 500 different sets, or "assemblages," of species throughout the Atlantic Forest. At each site, he and his colleagues compared the sets of mammal species currently present, taken from research from the past 30 years, with those found around the time of Europeans' arrival in the region about 500 years ago.
The team found that, while no single mammal went completely extinct from the entire forest, an average of more than 70 percent of the species disappeared from each of these assemblages.
The researchers also looked beyond species diversity, incorporating analyses of how human activity affected species grouped by their functions in the ecosystem. Larger mammals were more likely to be extirpated, probably because they're favored by hunters and are slower to reproduce than smaller animals, Peres said.
The effects of the loss of these important species could ripple through the ecosystem, Bogoni said, throwing off the forest's ability to regenerate. Larger herbivores play crucial roles as seed dispersers. And the loss of large predators, such as jaguars, could mean that plant eaters, such as capybaras, aren't kept in check.
"A Margay"—a small wild cat—"is [not] able to prey [on] a Capybara," Bogoni says. "Thus, Capybara can increase their population numbers (uncontrollably until they succumb for other reasons)."
In the Amazon, curbing deforestation to save the remaining primary forest is a major priority. But the goals are different for the Atlantic Forest, Bogoni says.
"We're not talking about slowing down deforestation because pretty much there isn't anything else to cut down," Peres says. "All of the attractive forests have already been hammered."
Peres calls for ramped-up restoration efforts throughout the Atlantic Forest. Restoration can be costly, requires the will of political leaders, and can have mixed results. Still, it's worth the effort, Peres says. "This is the right time to start clawing back those bits of nature. If you create the habitat, the animals will come."


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3 minutes reading time (633 words)
Real Presence: Jesus Is Really Present in the Eucharist. Am I?
Other respondents, however, pointed out the weakness of the survey itself. It isn't possible, they said, for even faithful Catholics to explain their nuanced understandings of this profound mystery, certainly not in a multiple choice test question. Nonetheless, I think the survey does call us to look again at how we teach our children to understand what Catholics mean when we say that Jesus is really present in the Eucharist. And even more important: how we, as catechists, can make this profound mystery more meaningful in the daily lives of our students.
As a person who has been trying for many decades to teach children and teens about the mystery of Eucharist, I have found it helpful to point out the difference between two kinds of presence: spatial presence and personal presence.
I write the word PRESENCE on the board, then pick up a small box into which I have placed my keys and ask: What does it mean to say that my keys are present in this box? Then I discuss with the class what the word presence means in each of these other exhibits:
- a family picture: the parents are present in each child, even the adopted child
- a love letter: his wife is present in the letter this marine is reading
- a baby sitter: your parents are present in you when you are babysitting
- a simple gift: this little boy is present in the dandelions he is giving to his mom
- a handshake: I am present in the friendly handshake I am offering you
The students easily grasp the difference between the spatial presence represented by the keys in the box, and the various kinds of personal presence indicated by each of the other examples.
I then pull out the documents of Vatican II (I use my yellowed, dog-eared copy for emphasis) and the Catechism of the Catholic Church and distribute a copy of SC 7 and CCC 1373. I help the class to find the phrases in these official documents that describe the many ways Jesus is present in the Eucharist: in the gathered community, in the liturgical celebration, in the words of scripture, in the specially chosen minister, in each individual person who is part of the celebration, and "most especially" in the bread and wine, which the documents call the "Eucharistic species".
They catch the parallels between the Catholic understanding of Eucharistic Presence and the kind of presence represented by my exhibits. Each exhibit tells them something about how the event we call the Holy Eucharist helps us Catholics to understand that Jesus continues to be present in our midst. I remember one sophomore boy telling me that even the keys-in-the-box helped him to understand that mystery. "I can't see the keys, Sister," he explained, "but I believe they are there because I believe in you."
What I want the students to understand is that the Mass is not some magic trick by which bread and wine are changed into the body and blood of Christ. Rather, the entire Eucharistic liturgy is meant to be a celebration of the many ways Jesus chooses to be present to us, the people who love and follow him.


text:
Over the past 20 years, U.S. assistance has helped to rebuild and reform the educational system in Georgia. USAID's programs have helped to train teachers, renovate schools, improve the management of the educational system, and create vocational and higher educational programs that serve the needs of a growing economy. USAID continues to invest in primary education to improve reading and math skills for girls and boys in primary school and support targeted vocational training programs in the areas where high employer demand exists. Programs that advance university-level teaching in Georgia's most promising competitive sectors enhance the workforce with competitive skills and higher paid job opportunities.
Georgia Primary Education Project (G-Pried)
Oct 2011 – Oct 2015
The goal of the G-Pried project is to provide comprehensive assistance to the primary education system to improve reading and math competencies of Georgian and ethnic minority students. This will be achieved through supporting instructional improvements, testing and improving standards, use of technology, and development of subject experts in reading and math in schools as well as in the education departments of Georgia's universities.
Last updated: May 10, 2013


The third part of the John Colet School Creed considered - image on
The third part of the John Colet School Creed considered
This week we are considering that part of the School Creed which recommends that we learn about the Universe.
This is a simple one (although not necessarily easy!) The universe is a highly complex mechanism of interacting material and energetic forces; but it is governed by a few simple principles. There is the law of attraction which can be seen in the form of gravity and magnetism, but also as love and friendship.
There is the principle of exchange of substances where everyone and everything provides food and support for everything else. Plants feed us with oxygen, and we supply them with carbon dioxide. And this also works on a subtle level we provide love, and happiness, and encouragement to others; and we find that we receive these in return. On the other hand if we approach people and events with suspicion, anger and selfishness we will find our lives become, in Shakespeare's phrase, cabined, cribbed, confined, bound in.
One formulation of this rule is do unto others, as you would have them do unto you. Another way of putting it, which Leon MacLaren often used, is: Give what you think you lack.
On another front of learning about the universe each class is going to institute Fun Facts activities and quizzes, because we would like all children to have good general knowledge: continents and countries; rivers and mountains; planets and constellations; famous men and women. You may like to join in by testing their general knowledge and your own.
Here's one: what is the longest word in English with one vowel? (Hint: it has 9 letters; and the first and last letters are the same; and the vowel is e ).


BALLYA BLOG - Articles of Food Safety upstream & downstream supply chain
How to choose the right nutrients food to your baby?
Posted on August 20, 2019, Edited by Samantha, Category
We all know that the human body needs more than 100 kinds of facts about nutrients, summed up as seven major nutritional facts, including protein, carbohydrates, fat, minerals, vitamins, water, dietary fiber and so on. Today, let's talk about how to eat and absorb some typical nutrients better.
Common minerals such as calcium, iron, zinc, and selenium are familiar to everyone. There are comprehensive calcium, iron, zinc and selenium mixtures. Calcium, iron, zinc and selenium mixtures will be proportioned according to the recommended amount of application according to dietary guidelines. They are more suitable for all kinds of babies who are short of anything, and relatively short fewer babies. It is recommended to take them after breakfast. For individual calcium, iron, and zinc preparations, it is "early zinc, late calcium, iron at noon", that is, to eat zinc supplement products in the morning, calcium supplement products in the evening, iron supplement products at noon.
Zinc: I believe you are familiar with it. You often see advertisements for Zinc on TV. When is zinc better to eat? It is suggested that zinc be absorbed better after breakfast or before breakfast. For example, protein zinc is recommended to eat before breakfast. Zinc is a good supplement of nutrients, but also relatively easy to lose, zinc will be lost with our sweat, urine, especially in the hot weather season, it is recommended to give appropriate zinc supplements to babies.
Calcium: It can be said that Calcium is the nutrient we are the most familiar with. It is recommended that we take it before going to bed after dinner. It can not only promote sleep but also help the baby grow up. From 10 p.m. to 2 a.m. is the time when the secretion of growth hormone is the most vigorous. Eating cod liver oil while supplementing calcium can help the group to promote calcium absorption. What is the relationship between calcium and cod liver oil?
Fish liver oil: Calcium and cod liver oil can be said to be "golden partnership". For example, besides the highway, there is a high-quality Ferrari sports car. Calcium is equivalent to Ferrari's "engine". So what kind of car is needed to start? It's gasoline, so cod liver oil is quite a gasoline. So many mothers complain that the baby has been supplementing calcium for a long time, or there is a lack of calcium. What can we do at this time? Ask if you have some cod liver oil when supplementing calcium to your baby.
The best time to take cod liver oil is before breakfast and lunch. Fish liver oil is fat, which is better for digestion and absorption at this time. If some babies may have vomit and diarrhea on an empty stomach, then some mothers will ask why they can't eat with calcium at night, and eating with calcium at night is not conducive to the digestion and absorption of cod liver oil. When it comes to cod liver oil, many mothers will say that my baby does not eat it. Why not? Most mothers do not feed their babies the right way. Be sure to remember to teach beginner mothers how to eat cod liver oil for their babies, that is, to cut off the cod liver oil and drip it into the baby's mouth.
Iron: It is a relatively unfamiliar nutrient, but also a relatively difficult nutrient to supplement. Iron supplementation should be maintained for at least three months. Iron generally has a bad taste and a greater irritation to the intestine and stomach. It is recommended to supplement it after lunches. Vitamin C supplementation can also help iron absorption by eating some vitamin C, or fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin C, especially vitamin C supplementation can increase iron absorption by four times.
Vitamin: There are many types of vitamins or vitamin fudge, but also a separate vitamin C, vitamins can be taken with meals. There are also pregnant women multivitamins, pregnant women multivitamins generally contain a variety of vitamins and minerals, it is recommended to take after lunch or with meals. It is also a familiar nutrient, commonly known as "Brain Gold", which contributes to the development of the brain and eye retina, and plays an important role in enhancing memory and thinking ability and intelligence. Common fish oil and algae oil, algae oil is relatively better. DHA recommends eating one hour after breakfast to avoid eating in the evening. It is not recommended eating on an empty stomach, which may cause yellow diarrhea in the baby.
Probiotics: It's also familiar to everyone. It's recommended to eat it in the morning. Babies with constipation symptoms and indigestion are advised to take it before breakfasts. Babies with diarrhea are advised to take it after breakfasts. If the baby is sick with antibiotics, take probiotics two hours apart. When taking probiotics, warm water should be used at about 37 degrees Celsius.
Stachyose and dietary fiber: It is easy to be confused. Stachyose is water-soluble dietary fiber. Stachyose is the best probiotic, nicknamed "super probiotic". Probiotics can be understood as food for probiotics, promoting the proliferation of probiotic bacteria, protecting intestines, and helping to detoxify and remove lead. Warm water is recommended for meals. Dietary fiber can improve intestinal peristalsis, alleviate constipation, and help to detoxify and remove lead. It is recommended that warm water be taken with meals. The above nutrients are more common in our daily lives. Supplementary awareness is good, but absorption is more important, nutrition facts will be better to eat and absorb! Do you remember?
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Total Costs with Shipping for OpenCart (v. 1.5*-3.*)
Using the payment matrix, the module allows you to determine the total cost of the goods, including additional charges
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 The Total Costs with Shipping module helps to display the valid price of the goods to buyers from different countries using clear parameters.
 Increase customer loyalty and reduce purchase rejection using the Total Costs with Shipping module.
 Since the total cost of the product is calculated dynamically based on price adjustments, area-specific shipping costs and other criteria available to the buyer.
 How it works?
 The module provides an understandable system of rules with many options. That's, you can quickly and easily customize methods of shipping and payment to suit your business needs.
 Add a method, assign cost values, and enable.
 When a testing mode is enabled, you can see what expenses are displayed during ordering on the website, and what are not.
 All settings are saved in the database to a backup file. You can also manually restore a backup of the settings or save the backup file after editing the settings.
 The following types of rules are available for choose:
- Adjustments: fee adjustments, minimum / maximum fees, rounding fees, application of tax classes, determination of total cost.
- Location criteria: country, geographic area, zone.
- Order criteria: currency, language, store, customer group.
 For the created rules, you can define the sort order relative to each other. This sets the priorities for the rules.
- Improve customer satisfaction.
- Let the customer choose the shipping method himself.
- Add unlimited quantity of payments using the admin panel.
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Heroin Withdrawal
Heroin Withdrawal
Approximately 4 million Americans have tried heroin at some point in their lives. Because of its addictive nature, many of these individuals end up having to suffer withdrawal from the drug. This article focuses on heroin withdrawal symptoms, the duration of withdrawal, and how to better understand someone trying to quit heroin.
What is heroin withdrawal?
Taking heroin regularly can lead to physical dependence. This means that the person needs to consume heroin regularly to prevent withdrawal symptoms. The severity of these symptoms can vary depending on the dosage, regularity, and the time frame (when they last took heroin). Heroin withdrawal symptoms will usually occur 6-24 hours after the last dose of heroin was administered.
What are some heroin withdrawal symptoms and how long do they last?
The length and severity of withdrawal symptoms will vary depending on the individual's tolerance towards heroin. Heroin withrawal symptoms include:
 - Sweating
 - Anxiety
 - Depression
 - Cramps
 - Insomnia
 - Cold sweats
 - Severe muscle aches, notably in legs
 - Nausea
 - Vomiting
 - Diarrhea
 - Fever
Heroin withdrawal can take between 3-7 days of physical withdrawal. However, complete psychological recovery can take several months. For a detailed description of the phases of heroin withdrawal, consult our heroin withdrawal timeline.
Can heroin withdrawal kill you?
While withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, heroin withdrawal is rarely fatal. However, people undergoing withdrawal will often consume large amounts of alcohol or other narcotics to lessen their symptoms. This can be extremely dangerous and can result in death.
How should I quit heroin?
For thorough recovery, we recommend checking into a rehab center. We have also written another article about how to quit heroin and a brief summary of withdrawal symptoms.
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January 28, 2011
Marbleized Paper
It seems like so many of the best projects are also the messiest! This one is definitely fun and messy, but yields some really cool results.
Here's what you need:
* shaving cream
* food coloring or acrylic paint
* white cardstock paper
* toothpicks
* shallow tray
* ruler or something smooth for scraping
* aluminum foil or waxed paper
* old washcloth, rags or paper towels
Here's what to do:
1. Squirt some shaving cream onto the tray. Allow your child to smooth it out.
2. Put a few drops of food coloring or acrylic paint onto the shaving cream. You don't need a lot, maybe 4-5 drops at most. Drag a toothpick or plastic knife through to swirl the color.
3. Place the cardstock down onto the colorfully swirled shaving cream. Gently press down so all parts of the paper is "dipped" in the shaving cream.
4. Carefully lift up the paper and put on the piece of foil or waxed paper. Using the edge of the ruler, carefully scrape off the shaving cream to reveal your marbleized design. You can reuse the shaving cream a few times before the colors get too muddied and you'll want to make a fresh batch.
5. I kept a big bowl of water and some old washcloths on the table to wipe off hands and the ruler in between uses. You might want to use smocks for this activity, because the food coloring WILL stain, but it really was fun and worth the mess. I think it might be cool to use the marbleized paper to make notecards, since the kids wanted to make several sets of their fancy new paper.
 1. looks great! would you be able to do the same thing on canvas?
 2. this gave me an idea to do this tom on our toddlers room :) surely they will love this :)
 3. I want to try this on a t-shirt. Wonder if we can put a design in the color before the t-shirt.
 4. We just did this today and it was great. I will just reiterate the messiness warning. We used an entire roll of paper towels. Also, I had planned to do it with my two kids (ages 2 and 4) but my son fell asleep. That turned out to be a good thing because I think it would have quickly spun out of control if I had had to navigate two little ones through the task. I will do it separately with my son one morning when my daughter's at school.
 5. Could you just put the shaving cream right on to the paper?
 Would that work.
 1. Hmm, I've never tried it and it could possibly work. However, I'm not sure that the paint or food coloring would make it through the shaving cream onto the paper in the same swirly way as it does when you press the paper right onto it.
 6. We did a similar project in my high school crafts class. We painted with water colors on shaving cream, and then swirled it with toothpicks. We used the papers from this to make accordion-style books by covering mat board with it and putting paper folded in special ways in between. It was awesome. I have about fifty.
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