Documenting Components
Serve a System's Audiences with Well-Architected Content
#1 of 6 of the series Documenting Components:
Overview | Intros | Examples | Design | Code | Authoring
High-quality component documentation is a hallmark of an effective library. We describe each UI component robustly, aiming to drive effective design decisions and speed development. Good doc isn't free. It takes planning, effort, and process to make examples and guidelines that make a difference.
Starting here, this collection of six articles spans the story of documenting components. I begin with the strategy of audience, content, and architecture. Next, I expand article by article on introductions, examples, and guidance on design and code, and conclude with process. The tips reflect what I've learned over years and am inspired by what our community shares publicly today.
And so I begin by asking the question: what audiences is this doc for, what content do they need, and how do we optimally architect pages to convey it?
First things first: who it is this for? And since the answer usually spans more than one discipline, who's more important?
Engineers, Designers, and Everyone Else!
When a library offers code, engineers are an audience. Obviously. If a library is only code, should doc serve designers too? If doc only offers design guidance without code (e.g., Google Material), do engineers care?
In my opinion, in both cases, yes. Absolutely, yes. Component documentation must serve both audiences, always, to varying degrees.
Beyond that, is it for anyone else? Possibly, especially as a system entrenches itself into how teams get things done. Powerful, pithy intros sensitize product managers. Examples expose states to QA specialists. Style, behavior, and editorial concerns guide researchers and content strategists alike. Accessibility practitioners can revel in a place their guidelines calls home.
Diagram of different disciplines
Many system teams also publish a system as publicly visible to a community. While intrinsically they seek to share, extrinsically they justify a visible site as a recruiting tool. The system shall expose rigor and quality, craft and collaboration, practices elevated so that a talented recruit sees strength.
The documentation's primary goal remains: equips practitioners — engineers, designers, and everyone else — to use a system efficiently and effectively. As it grows, it can serve many despite their varying needs and frequency of use.
Engineers, then Designers, then Everyone Else
Serving everyone doesn't mean serving each equally. Engineers may visit doc 5, 10, or even more times daily. It may even be an open window adjacent to their code editor! A designer may visit less frequently, comparing this to that and occasionally absorbing details. A content strategist or researcher may visit rarely to support a decision.
So, who's most important? My experience suggests a clear starting point: systems are first made of, by, and for engineers and designers. While others welcomely contribute and benefit, they are secondary. Serving secondary audiences less than optimally may be a necessary tradeoff. If we skimp on engineers or designers, it's a problem. A big problem.
Diagram prioritizing disciplines
What about engineers versus designers? Every system I've worked recently serves both, guiding both design and code. Some doc I observe from other orgs reflects a strong bias towards one or the other, or separates destinations for each (more on that later). There are many dimensions to consider: your objectives, their frequency of use, content depth, quality, cost of content production, and relevance to their work.
Diagram of design versus engineering discipline
I'm a designer. But I'm also a pragmatist. If I had to choose one, without any context, I'd favor engineers. Getting 50 engineers to code well-designed components is more likely to result in cohesive, efficiently built experiences compared to 50 designers reading tomes of guidance about decisions already built into that code.
Takeaway: Audience priority depends on many factors. Expect designer and engineer needs to collide, and attempt to optimize for both. If you can't, orient tradeoffs towards those using the material closest to the final product, usually code. That means engineers first, designers second.
Component doc connects the your audience with content you can provide. The content takes many forms, they don't all cost the same, and it's up to you to weave them together.
Diagram of introduction and example content
Diagram of design reference and code reference content
At a high level, component doc usually includes these four types:
 1. Introduction of component's name and succinct descriptive content that sets the tone of what's there. (Required)
 2. Examples illustrating a component's named variation, states, and other dimensions, preferably paired with and rendered by code instead of presented via static images. (Required)
 3. Design Reference including Use Whens, Do's and Don'ts, and guidelines for visual, interaction, and editorial concerns. (Recommended)
 4. Code Reference detailing the code's API (such as Props) and other implementation concerns. (Required, if code exists)
Content Production Cost Varies by Type
The cost of each varies. An Introduction should be quick and cheap, riffing off an example to write a sentence or two. Well-organized Examples are an essential investment, over time becoming predictably produced. Code references should emerge via straightforward if tedious templates that engineers use to fill in the blanks.
Chart indicating the cost versus level of detail of content types, with design reference having greatest cost.
But, take a deep breath. Effective Design reference can be very costly, skimped to achieve only basics, or skipped altogether. Design narratives depend on a system's goals, team capacity and talent, and a community's appetite.
Takeaway: Component doc can include a wide variety of content. So start discussions at the top to evoke a team's values and discuss authoring types designers and engineers may distinguish (code vs. design reference), overlap (intro), or share (examples, including naming, content and order).
Architecting the Component Page
Design & Code: To Fragment or Combine?
In practice, component doc can emerge from both deliberate choices and unfavorable constraints ("get it out there!"). Often, component doc ends up a split story: designers publish for designers here, engineers publish for engineers there. This fragmentation can occur by accident, design, or both. As a result, discuss a component page's information architecture early.
Google Material's doc ecosystem illustrates fragmentation. Material's design foundation arose prior to its implementations, from Material Design Lite and the Polymer Project to Android Developer's design section and Material UI (built for React). These implementations reference loosely link to their design parent, which remains unencumbered by code concerns.
Diagram of many code sites referring to one design site
Google Material propagates stories across Material Design, Material Design Lite, and Material UI's Demos and API.
This fragmentation isn't just essential, it's meaningful and justified. Material's spread across frameworks, teams, platforms, and—let's be honest—the world exceeds every other design system in practice today. Newsflash: we all aren't aiming to be Google Material!
For the rest of us, a design goes here engineering goes there mentality is common. This intent focuses content by discipline, optimizing a reading experience for each audience separately.
Diagram of a code site and design site separate but paired together
Component design guidance and code & API docs, loosely coupled via separate sites. Example: Atlassian.
A design/code separation carries risks, too. Over time, sites fall out of sync as:
The lack of agreement feels ok. The stories are separate, right? Well, they are conveniently separate for an author's workflow, at least.
Yet adopters yearn for a single source-of-truth. Those interested in both stories find themselves in a tennis rally, back and forth, back and forth. Useful details exist in both places, architected distinctly as narratives adopters must knit together themselves.
Takeaway: Be wary of a design & code split. While convenient to author and publish early on, long term risks may outweigh benefits. Sibling sites can indicate of a corrosive divide between design and engineering, too.
For Threaded Content, Stack or Tab?
In many systems programs I've led in recent years, such as the Morningstar Design System, we've thread design and code together. Adopters find unified names, guidance, and narratives on how to use variations and features.
Diagram of single page content stacked together
Component documentation page that threads design and code content together in one scrollable view, as shown in Morningstar Design System.
A threaded page comes with tradeoffs: it runs longer with content varyingly relevant per discipline. As an alternative, other systems follow an introduction with content organized into tabs.
Diagram of a component page with tabs for examples, design and code
Takeaway: Blend design and code is possible, and a team can choose the UI—stacked, tabs, something else—that suits their interest.
Grouping and Ordering Content by Type
Whether stacked or tabbed, I've come to advocate for a consistent content order and priority of:
 1. Introduction.
 2. Examples— the venerable "goods" they are most after—front and center.
 3. Design guidance expanding on examples yet drifting into storytelling of uncertain length.
 4. Code reference, predictably structured and dependably authored. If engineers are the priority and Props paramount, elevate that reference table into a dominant position.
Examples rule, and so long as deeper design and code reference is a click away, you'll be ok. Interestingly, industry examples name and prioritize design and code concerns with inconsistent labels and varied order.
Diagram of tab order,


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Sir.—While in my genetics fellowship, I performed isozyme analysis on serum samples from two children with hyperphosphatasia. Both these cases conformed to the criteria suggested in the recent article by Kraut et al.1 These children presented with failure to thrive, which was present in most of the cases reported by Kraut et al. It may be that during failure to thrive (a state of prolonged starvation) there is bone resorption (due to likely inadequate calcium and phosphorus intake) and liver degeneration, resulting in the leakage of alkaline phosphatase into the blood, and that reversal of starvation returns the liver and bone metabolism to normal.
GOLDSTEIN DJ. Failure to Thrive in Children With Hyperphosphatasia. Am J Dis Child. 1986;140(5):408. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1986.02140190018006
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Detoxify Your Life
The Ultimate Happiness Prescription
Ultimate Happiness Prescription Book Cover
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The Ultimate Happiness Prescription is about following certain life practices that bring you joy and fulfillment every day in your life, so you can turn so-called problems into opportunities, improve the conditions in your life for happiness, and make choices every day that will bring joy to you and happiness not only to yourself but to the people in your environment. It's called The Ultimate Happiness Prescription because it goes into an understanding of how to deal with existential unhappiness: how do you deal with old age, infirmity, and the fear of death? So, The Ultimate Happiness Prescription is not only about creating joy and happiness every day in your life, but about enlightenment: how do you get in touch with that part of yourself that is always happy, no matter what.
The Ultimate Happiness Prescription also deals with seven keys to joy and fulfillment. One: how do you get in touch with your body, the little computer that's connected to the cosmic computer. Number two: how do you find real self-esteem instead of confusing your self-esteem with your self-image. Number three: how do you detoxify your life? Get rid of emotional toxins, toxic relationships, toxic environments, toxic habits, and toxic substances. Number four: how do you find yourself, that part of you which does not feel the need to defend its point of view. How do you become so defenseless that there's nothing to attack? Number five: how do you see the world as your own reflection? In every moment of your life, the situations, circumstances, events, and people in your life are reflecting what's going on inside of you. So if you want to change the world, you have to make the shift inside of you instead of fighting or finding problems with the reflection. Number six: how do you live in the present moment? And number seven: how do you find the keys to enlightenment, move from ordinary states of consciousness to higher states of consciousness - cosmic consciousness, God consciousness, unity consciousness - so you lose the fear of death.
Learn more about The Ultimate Happiness Prescription.
Read an excerpt from The Ultimate Happiness Prescription
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Whether comparing a man and a woman or a parent and a baby, we can still see when two people of different age or sex are genetically related. How do we know that people are part of a family? Findings from a new study published in the Journal of Vision increases our understanding of the brain's ability to see through these underlying variations in facial structure.
"Being able to see the family resemblance between faces that have some underlying difference, such as the difference between male and female faces, is an ability that is not well understood and merits further investigation to work out how visual information about faces is organized," says author Harry J. Griffin, PhD, of the Department of Cognitive, Perceptual and Brain Sciences at University College London.
As described in the paper "Relative faces: Encoding of family resemblance relative to gender means in face space" researchers conducted two experiments using original and synthesized cross-gender "sibling" faces that resemble each other and "anti-sibling" faces that have the opposite characteristics of the original face.
In the first experiment, participants were asked to identify male-female sibling pairs. Possible pairings included a face with its synthesised opposite-gender sibling, a face with its opposite-gender anti-sibling, and a face with a randomly selected opposite-gender face. Participants chose the sibling pair significantly more often than the randomly selected cross-gender pairings and the random pairings more often than the anti-face pairings.
"This pattern of results shows that when we see a face, we compare it to an average face for that gender, allowing us to pick out only the face cues that tell us about family membership while disregarding the irrelevant gender cues," explains Griffin.
In the second experiment, using the visual adaptation method of biasing an observer's perception of objects through prolonged exposure, participants were shown a male anti-sibling generated from a female face. The results indicate that adapting to the male face clearly influenced the perceived identity of a subsequent identity-ambiguous female face. According to the researchers, this implies that the cues underlying family resemblance for both male and female faces are processed within the same brain space.
"We used this simple, non-invasive method to show that the facial appearance of men and women are processed by overlapping populations of brain cells," says Griffin. "This takes our understanding beyond the conceptual and gives a picture of how the brain actually works."
The research team hopes their findings will prompt other researchers to investigate the perception of similarity in other aspects of facial appearance such as underlying differences in age or racial groups. They s also suggest the results may have an impact on the computer science industry.
"Understanding how we encode faces can inform computer scientists who are building face recognition systems for security applications and computer graphics teams building synthetic faces for applications in the film and gaming industry and to enhance human computer interaction," added computer scientist and team member Peter McOwan from Queen Mary, University of London.
The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
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Undergraduate Thesis Projects Show Just How Versatile the Study of Statistics Can Be
Each fall, the Consortium for the Advancement of Undergraduate Statistics Education (CAUSE) and the American Statistical Association host the Undergraduate Class Project Competition. Teams from across the globe submit projects completed in an introductory or intermediate statistics class, which are then judged on their accuracy, clarity and significance.
In 2020, Duke students, mentored by professors Maria Tackett and Yue Jiang, swept the top three places of the introductory category, along with both honorable mentions. But even more impressive than the wins were the breadth of projects included. They covered the impact of COVID-19 on domestic violence and EMS calls, racial disparities in traffic stops, resiliency in children who suffer maltreatment and the correlation of between education rates and life expectancy.
The wide array of topics—and the fact that undergraduate students are doing real-world research in all of them—are indicative of the Department of Statistical Science as a whole.
"Statisticians are like scientific detectives," said Jerry Reiter, who chairs the department. "There's some truth in data, and we use mathematics, computation, understanding of science and communication skills to find that truth. Our students and faculty work on projects with pretty much every department on campus."
To see how true that is, you only have to review the thesis projects seniors wrote this year and the careers they are leading to.
Who's listening to the CDC?
Anna Darwish headshot
Anna Darwish
Anna Darwish started with a simple question during a class project, driven by the fact that both of her parents are doctors on the frontlines of COVID: who is following social distancing protocols? Using survey data from Duke's Social Science Research Institute, Darwish extended that project into an honors thesis, examining how adherence rates differed among various demographic groups and how political affiliation impacted rates within each demographic.
"The immediate implication is that you could estimate, within a given population, how well people will be socially distancing," Darwish says. "It might help with predicting the number of cases. And if political affiliation was significant, it means there might be a necessity to create a stronger protocol for the way people speak about COVID."
In fact—despite complications with a high number of incomplete surveys—that's just what Darwish found: Republicans were slightly less likely to socially distance. But that wasn't the only factor. Another was the relationship between age and race. "Some older groups were more likely to socially distance than their younger counterparts, but it depended on the race/ethnic identity," Darwish explains.
Now that she has graduated, Darwish will use her statistical skills, alongside the knowledge she gained from a second major in Computer Science, as a software engineer at Microsoft. But writing a thesis sparked a passion for research, so Darwish is also making plans to return for a Ph.D. in statistics en route to becoming a professor.
Survival in medicine and education
Darwish is far from alone in pairing statistics with computer science: it's a common combination for students who like math and want to focus on data-centric applications. Malavi Ravindran is another. She came to Duke intending on a math major, but while taking Introduction to Data Science and Statistical Thinking alongside a multivariable calculus class, she had a realization.
"I noticed the math clicking for others in a way it wasn't for me," Ravindran says. "I thought, maybe I do want to continue with math, but pure math isn't the way for me to go about it. And concurrently, I was doing this very applied stats class where we were actually coding in R [a statistics software] and making visualizations and working with real data."
When COVID-19 cancelled her planned summer internship, Ravindran found one with online education company Coursera through Project Phoenix. But it was only a few hours a day, so she also applied to help with statistics research projects on Muser. She eventually found one, and that project grew into her own thesis.
It involves a branch of statistics called "survival analysis," which predicts the amount of time that will elapse before some outcome occurs, like death from a disease or mechanical failure in a machine. Though Ravindran analyzed ovarian cancer data in the project, her focus was less about health outcomes and more about statistical methodology.
She was looking for a way to analyze datasets with a large number of variables—like sex, age, genetic background and more in medical patients—in order to pinpoint the impact of each variable, so she examined a method called "latent-factor modeling." "It's a way to reduce them down to a smaller set," Ravindran says. "Once you have this smaller number of latent factors, then it's easier to understand interaction effects between them."
As it turns out, that method may come in handy: Ravindran will join Coursera's data science team, helping get more people to sign up for classes and stay in them to the end. It's survival analysis all over again, just in a different field.
The data of the beautiful game
Ethan Shen headshot
Ethan Shen
The same class that inspired Ravindran also inspired Ethan Shen. He had planned on an economics major, but after taking Introduction to Data Science, he realized statistics offered the balance of theory and application he was looking for.
"There are a lot times where we'll learn to prove things and derive things," Shen says, "but also how you can apply this theory to any field or real-world example. That's why I was drawn to it."
While studying abroad in Greece after his first year at Duke, Shen found an unexpected topic to use as an example: soccer. Inspired by the excitement around World Cup games and the Champions League final, he developed a new passion for the sport, which eventually became his honors thesis.
Shen examined the pace of play in the top five European soccer leagues, analyzing which teams play fastest and when. But doing so requires defining what "pace" means and what counts as a possession for each team.
"The classic way is passes between teammates," Shen says. "But if you look at it that way, passes between two defenders would be weighted equally with a pass between a midfielder or a winger. And that first pass means nothing because you're in your own half and you're not really creating a chance [to score] or anything."
Instead, Shen measured pace of play by taking into account the velocity of each pass. He found that teams play fastest in their attacking area, and that those findings are consistent across the five leagues. Perhaps unexpectedly, he also found that the worse teams are, the faster they play. But that's the result of his definition of pace.
"For [better] teams to maintain possession for a longer period of time, it makes sense for them to play shorter passes," Shen says. "Those passes are more likely to be completed than a long cross. But if a team takes shorter passes, then their pace would be slower."
After Duke, Shen will join the financial markets advisory team at the financial planning and asset management company BlackRock. But his dream is to eventually work as an analyst for a professional soccer team, which will likely require a graduate degree in statistics.
What makes a home?
Steven Herrera Tenorio headshot
Steven Herrera Tenorio
Another student going on to graduate school studied the role statistics can play in social justice.
Steven Herrera Tenorio is an immigrant from Guatemala who grew up in the small town of Sanford, North Carolina. Drawn to math early—"I was an [English as a Second Language] student, so I never considered myself someone who was a good writer or reader," he says—he chose to major in statistics because of its interdisciplinary nature.
Originally on a path to the tech industry, Herrera Tenorio interned at the Twitter headquarters in San Francisco after his sophomore year. But it was not the experience he expected. "I was not used to living in a big city like that," he says. "What particularly stood out to me was gentrification, segregation and homelessness. I grew up low income and not understanding, but I made more money in that summer than my parents did the entire year."
Rethinking his career plans in light of his encounter with rampant inequality, Herrera Tenorio discovered an interest in sociological research. Inspired by his conversations with Latina mothers navigating the Bay Area's tech hubs, he began looking into theories of assimilation and neighborhood segregation. That research morphed into Herrera Tenorio's thesis, which was written outside of the Department of Statistical Science but with their support.
A color coded map of the US South showing Latin American immigrant populations
A map from Herrera Tenorio's thesis shows where Latin American immigrants settled.
Called "The Nuevo South: A Latent Class Analysis of Neighborhood Integration Among Latin American Immigrants in the U.S. South, 2012–2018," it statistically investigates three different theories of how Latin American immigrants choose their neighborhoods. "I'm not predicting which neighborhood they'll move into," Herrera Tenorio says, "I'm measuring which qualities of this neighborhood enticed them to move there in the first place, and if that is motivated by race and socioeconomic factors specifically."
To do that, Herrera Tenorio used a method called "latent class analysis" in order to measure which neighborhoods are desirable or not. That measure allows him to account for whether immigrants are choosing to live in certain places or forced to live there by racism, poverty or other forms of discrimination. "That's when it gets really, really difficult to measure these outcomes," he says.
It's just those kinds of big, tricky questions that Herrera Tenorio will take on after Duke as he begins a joint Ph.D. in sociology and demography at the University of California, Berkeley. But he's clear that his statistics background will be crucial to his soci


iPhone Security Issues Not Exclusive To Jailbroken Devices
In the past few months there have been multiple worms released into the wild that affected inadequately protected jailbroken iPhones. However a Swiss iPhone developer has published research that indicates that there are also security vulnerabilities affected un-jailbroken devices too. This doesn't come as much of a surprise to most as it was only a matter of time.
The developer, Nicholas Seriot has created a proof of concept app called SpyPhone to demonstrate how Apple's own APIs can be used to read and edit user's address books, gain access to the user's web surfing history or even recent location information. Although this is not as bad as what can be done with root permissions to the device, it can still effect users, especially when they think they are safe.
For the attacks to work, the application with the malicious code would need to get through the App Store approval system, however this wouldn't be very hard as pointed out by many developers, as Apple doesn't check source code but does have a kill switch on every app. The code would be delayed, so that it only beings to work so many weeks after the app is released or it could be an encrypted payload.
Nicholas Seriot detailed these possible iPhone privacy risks in a talk he delivered in Geneva, during which he also outlined possible defense strategies, suggesting that Apple should design the iPhone OS to require users to authorize read or read-write access by iPhone applications to potentially sensitive on-device information such as the Address Book, add firewall functionality to the device and ensure the keyboard cache is not as readily available to third-party applications.
Developers Research
How To: Change Your iPhone's SSH Password
Dutch Hacker Hack's Into Jailbroken iPhone's
iPhone Worm Rickrolls Jailbroken Devices
Second iPhone Worm Used For Malicious Purposes
iPhone Worm Rickrolls Jailbroken Devices
Over the past week there has been a lot of news over unsecured SSH on iPhone. First about the Dutch hacker who wasscanning the network for jailbroken users who had not changed their default SSH password. Now a hacker who goes by the name of "ikee" from Australia, created a worm that changes the home screen background to Rick Astley.
As I'm sure your aware by now this only affects users who have jailbroken their phone and installed OpenSSH, not just general users or who have jailbroken their device. If you have jailbroken your device and have got OpenSSH installed please read this guide on how to change your default password to ensure none of these worms or hacks will affect you.
Rickroll iPhone Worm
ikee says this is how the worm spread: "The code itself is set to firstly scan the 3G IP range the phone is on, then Optus/Vodafone/Telstra's IP Ranges (I think the reason Optus got hit so hard is because the other 2 are NAT'd) then a random 20 IP ranges. I'm guessing a few phones hit a range that another vulnerable phone was on."
Once one phone is infected it searches for phones with the default password and then begins the process again.
Dutch Hacker Hack's Into Jailbroken iPhone's
How To: Change Your iPhone's SSH Password


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Stories of Islanders in the railways
Discover the stories of Torres Strait Islanders to lived, worked and grew up around the railway tracks of northern Australia.
After the collapse of Torres Strait marine industries in the 1960s, hundreds of young Islander men made their way to the mainland in search of work. Little did they know they would end up scattered across northern Australia laying the veins of the mining industry: railway tracks.
Approximately 10 per cent of the Torres Strait population left the islands to support their families from the mainland. Their contribution to the development of Australia is not often written about, and because of this, university lecturer and railway child Leah Lui-Chivizhe has started a project to research these stories and write a book.
Leah is a lecturer at the University of Sydney's Koori Centre, and her research partner is Shino Konishi, an indigenous research fellow at the Australian Centre for Indigenous History, Australian National University.
The pair began work on the project "Laying the Tracks" in 2007 after receiving a grant from the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies.
Leah says the idea for the project came from looking at the reasons why people migrated in the first place. "One of the key reasons was for employment, and employment in the railways."
In the late 50s the islander population was about 7000 to 8000 people. After interviewing several men who migrated, Leah estimates that up to 700 men came to the mainland to work on the railways in the 60s and early 70s. "Because of the large numbers, the story of the railways is known by most families in the Torres Strait," Leah says.
Though there is a concentration of Islanders in Northern Queensland (including Cairns, Townsville and Mackay), there are still communities of Islanders on the Pilbara, in Perth, Central Australia, Darwin and even Sydney.
Through the project, Leah also wants to highlight the contribution that Islanders made through their work. "Their efforts in the Pilbara, or in relaying the track between Mount Isa and Townsville, and putting in new rail links in the mining areas around Moura and Gladstone."
During the interview process, Leah has heard some touching stories. "One woman told us how her husband worked on the line between Mount Isa and Townsville. When he would go off for work, and it might be for about a week, she was pretty well left on her own at this small railway site. All she had for company was her pet pig that she would walk down to a local creek and take him fishing."
Often whole families moved to the railway sites, so many kids grew up in these isolated areas far away from the Islands. "People know on the basis of where people are born whether they're railway children or not," Leah says.
In many cases, the conditions the men worked in were tough. "In parts of Western Australia they were working six days a week for 10 hours a day in searing heat, in the red bauxite dust, which is very foreign to where they've come from."
For Leah, this project is a personal discovery as well. Her father came to the mainland in the 60s, so Leah is a railway child, born in Hughenden. At the time, Hughenden became one of the key recruitment places. "There was one guy who said that by the time he ended up there all he could see was a sea of island faces, as men waited to be signed up to work on the relaying project which ran from 1960 to 1963."
Leah and Shino hope to have a manuscript by the end of 2009. "A lot of the men who worked in the late 50s have passed away and there is some pressure on us to do this as quickly as we can so the people of that generation will see their efforts in print," she says.
Leah also believes it's important for the children and grand children to know that their elders did contribute something to the development of Australia.
"From many quarters there's this sense that Islanders or Indigenous people in Australia did as little as possible in terms of contributing to building the country but there was a lot that people have done."
Leah and Shino are always looking for people who would like to share their stories, particularly from people who hail from the central and western Torres Strait. You can contact Leah at the University of Sydney and leave her a message on the toll free number: 1800 622 742, or leave us a comment by clicking on the yellow link below.
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The Seine River Environment is a blend of smaller environments and represents a wide diversity of plant and animal species. The Riparian Environment as a habitat, "supports aquatic, semi aquatic and upland wildlife." Animals like beavers, muskrats, ducks, herons, cormorants, fish, frogs and turtles live within the vegetation along the river's edge.
The physical Riparian Zone is described by Johnathan Labaree in his book How Parkways Work: A handbook on ecology (1992) as composed of, "... the stream, its flat flood plain, the steeper banks, and the uplands which are often wooded." Each of these components has a different mix of plants (aquatic), grasses, shrubs, small trees or larger trees (canopy). This environment naturally resists erosion with strong roots and benefits from natural, seasonal flooding.
Where an organism lives is a habitat. The Seine River Task Force describes Habitat as, "The total requirement of plants and animals to sustain their species, including food, light, heat, cover, water, and opportunities for breeding replacement individuals of the population."
The Quality of Habitat varies along the Seine River Corridor. In the City's Assessment of Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Quality for the Seine River Parkway(1995), has ranked the corridor's areas into 'A, B, C and D' Quality Habitat. Below are the descriptions that determine a site's habitat quality ranking.
'A' Quality Habitat (Maximum Sensitivity to Disturbance):
Virtually undisturbed by man or recovered to an extent where community structure and composition is intact and reflects historical natural vegetation and wildlife habitat. Other factors examined included soil disturbance, a high degree of native vegetation present and conversely, a lack of weedy or non-native plant species.
'B' Quality Habitat (High Sensitivity to Disturbance):
Light to moderate disturbance, for example flood suppression (resulting in the encroachment of non-native species), may have a minimal amount of weeds but maintains a more natural condition where native species are still the major community.
'C' Quality Habitat (Low Sensitivity to Disturbance):
Moderate disturbance, a significant number of weed species which have replaced native species, few native species present. For example, an old agricultural clearing that has not been used in recent times, or an area that is regularly mowed.
'D' Quality Habitat (Minimum Sensitivity to Disturbance):
Heavily disturbed site, the vegetation is dominated by weed species or absent all together. None or very few native plant species present."


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Capital allowances is a tax relief that allows businesses to offset the cost of certain expenditure against its taxable profits. It has been eroded by previous governments offering little scope for residential investors.
But the boom in domestic holidays in 2020 predicted to continue into 2021 has seen a renewed interest in furnished holiday lets. Property investors, and sometimes their advisers, often wrongly assume capital allowances are not available in respect of such properties due to them often being managed much like normal residential dwellings.
The capital allowances regime has the potential to offer investors in holiday lets considerable tax savings but certain criteria must be met to qualify.
Firstly, a property must qualify as a furnished holiday let. This means that it must be furnished for occupation, and meet the following three qualifying tests during a 12-month period or a tax year:
- The availability condition (availability test/threshold) – during the tax year the accommodation was available for commercial letting as holiday accommodation to the public for at least 210 days.
- The letting condition (occupancy test/threshold) – during the tax year the accommodation was commercially let as holiday accommodation to the public for at least 105 days.
- The pattern of occupation condition – the accommodation was not let for periods of longer-term occupation for more than 155 days during the year. Longer term occupation is letting that exceeds 31 days.


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I've been hearing the phrase "whose job it is to" quite often lately. Consider these two sentences:
 1. We have a guy whose job is to clean windows.
 2. We have a guy whose job it is to clean windows.
I would prefer the first one because of the less redundancy, though both sentences seem to be grammatically correct (are they?). What do you think about the grammar of these sentences? Is there any (subtle) difference in meaning (accentuation)?
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3 Answers 3
"..whose job is to..." indicates that you're talking about a primary purpose of the person's job, whereas "...whose job it is to..." doesn't necessarily mean it's the primary purpose of their job (though it can be) but just that performing that particular task is that person's responsibility.
For example, in the case of the window-washers, if their full-time job is window washing, it's quite fine to say "A person whose job is to clean windows."
But, let's say you have a secretary at a company who, when clients come in for a meeting, is the person who is supposed to bring in coffee. You generally wouldn't say that "we have a woman whose job is to bring coffee to client meetings," because it makes it sound like she's a full-time coffee-bringer.
However, you could say that "we have a woman whose job it is to bring coffee to client meetings," because when that task has to be done, she's the one whose responsibility it is.
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The version with it is the one most style guides will probably recommend. The other version is also acceptable, but it is probably considered less formal and less traditional by most. You will probably hear that one more often in casual speech.
To analyse the sentence, it helps if we transform the relative clause into a main clause and see how it works with and without it:
 1. (?) His job is to clean windows.
 2. It is his job to clean windows.
 3.? To clean windows is his job.
In the first sentence, his job is subject, because it comes before the verb. That works all right. It simply describes what his job entails, what he's probably doing every day. But for some reason I'd prefer the gerund here; the infinitive may be more acceptable in a longer sentence of this type; I'm not sure why:
1.a. His job is cleaning windows.
1.b. His job is to clean the windows of the Tower next Sunday, before the Queen arrives.
It may have something to do with balance inversion; to clean is only put after the verb here because of the long phrase that must come directly after it: otherwise, this phrase would go somewhere in the middle of the sentence, which would make it much harder to read.
Sentence 2 looks most idiomatic. I think the phrase "it is his job" is a fixed expression with a slightly different connotation: it is his duty to clean windows. You could say it puts focus on it is his job, presents it as the new and salient information—this as opposed to sentence 1, in which focus is on to clean windows.
The reason why this indicates different focus is that, in 2, to clean windows is subject, which is expressed by the place-holder subject it that points forward to to clean windows. In a regular sentence, the subject is topic (non-focus, known information) and the predicate has focus, so that fits nicely. In sentence 1, the predicate was is to clean windows, and indeed that is what the focus was on.
In sentence 3, to clean windows is subject; it is of the same type as sentence 2, except that the deferred subject is filled in at the place of the place-holder subject it. But then we are troubled by an entirely different problem: English usually doesn't like it when an infinitive with to is used as the (direct) subject. In this case, it doesn't look too good; that is exactly why place-holder subjects are used at all. We could use the gerund instead to get an acceptable sentence:
3.a. Cleaning windows is his job.
This would be just as fine as sentence 2, with similar focus on is his job.
Now let's return to the relative clause:
We have a guy whose job is to clean windows.
This would be of type 1 above, if you consider word order. It may be acceptable, but it doesn't sound as good as type 2 in formal language, at least not to me. This is probably for the same reason as concerning sentence 1 above.
We have a guy whose job it is to clean windows.
This is of type 2, and it sounds better. That is probably because it is his job is a fixed expression and focus is in the right place. It may not be entirely evident that what applies to a main clause carries over to a relative clause, but I think it is a fairly reasonable hypothesis.
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They're both grammatically correct. They're also almost identical in meaning.
There's room for suspicion that someone whose job is to clean windows has no other job, but someone whose job it is to clean the windows might have other jobs too when not discussing cleaning windows. But that's extremely tenuous; I'd not want to make an argument based on that fine a distinction.
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|"I show not your face but your heart's desire."|
The Fire Seed Caves were a section of Rubeus Hagrid's garden in the Forbidden Forest, so named because they were where Rubeus Hagrid grew his Fire Seed Bushes. Other than the Fire Seed Bushes, the caves were infested with Doxies, Streelers, Venomous Tentaculas, and Fire Crabs. Massive subterranean waterfalls ran through sections of the caves. Though mostly natural in environment, the Fire Seed Caves showed some sign of Hagrid's presence in them, most notably wooden portcullises blocking off certain areas.
In 1991, Hagrid, who had recently acquired a Norwegian Ridgeback egg from a hooded stranger, required Fire Seeds to increase the heat in his fireplace and hatch the egg properly. As he could not leave the fire unattended, he sent Harry Potter into the Fire Seed Caves to collect seeds for him. Harry successfully collected the required number of seeds and returned them to Hagrid.


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Asset building organizations use Money Habitudes as a teaching tool, instructional game, conversation starter, and money personality assessment. Asset building is the process of supporting and encouraging low-income and moderate-income (LMI) earners, and those living in poverty, to accumulate, develop, and preserve all types of assets (including credit, savings, housing and education).
Organizations using Money Habitudes in an asset building context include:
- Housing agencies (pre-purchase, post-purchase, foreclosure prevention, transitional housing)
- Tax preparation organizations (EITC, VITA)
- Unemployment agencies, job readiness, welfare-to-work (and those involved with TANF and SNAP)
- Credit counseling and credit repair agencies
- Parenting programs: Head Start, Social Services, and Healthy Marriages and Responsible Fatherhood grantees
- Microloan, microenterprise and entrepreneurship programs
- Prison re-entry programs
- Community financial educators, including Cooperative Extension and universities
- Individual Development Accounts (IDAs) and other matched savings accounts
- Are easy to learn and to use as a facilitator.
- Are non-threatening.
- Provide countless helpful conversation starters.
- Appeal to men and women. They are tactile and hands-on format. People associate cards with fun and being social.
- Are a way to get couples to talk about finances and make joint financial decisions. This leads to them managing their money better. This may mean feeling comfortable to make a budget, share duties like paying the bills or meeting with a financial planner.
- Work across the spectrum of age, income and education to fit most asset building programs.
- Complement other skills programs (e.g., communication, budgeting, saving, etc.) and can be used as an icebreaker, integrated module or standalone activity.


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- Do plants need salt?
- Is salt bad for soil?
- Is Fruit dead or alive?
- What are 5 non-living things?
- What are 10 living things?
- Can humans eat non-living things?
- Is salt the only non-living thing we eat?
- Is onion living or nonliving?
- What are 5 living things?
- Are dead leaves living things?
- Is salt water living or nonliving?
- Which things are nonliving?
- Does salt kill slugs?
- Does Salt Kill Grass?
- Is an apple dead or alive?
- Is everything we eat living?
- Is hair a living thing?
- Is water living or non-living?
- Is Sun a living thing?
- Why is a car not alive?
- Are bananas living or nonliving?
Do plants need salt?
Salt's Effect on Plants Salt is a very common substance in the soil as well in the sea.
Plants need a small amount of salinity to survive, since salt is one of the nutrients necessary for plants to grow, so the presence of some salt is necessary..
Is salt bad for soil?
In saline and saline-sodic soils, high concentrations of soluble salts reduce the amount of available water for plants to use. High levels of sodium can be toxic to certain plants. Also, the very high soil pH in high-salt soils greatly changes the nutrients available to the plants.
Is Fruit dead or alive?
The fruits and vegetables we buy in the grocery store are actually still alive, and it matters to them what time of day it is. … "Vegetables and fruits don't die the moment they are harvested," said lead researcher Dr. Janet Braam, Professor of Biochemistry and Cell Biology at Rice University in Houston, Texas.
What are 5 non-living things?
Some examples of important nonliving things in an ecosystem are sunlight, temperature, water, air, wind, rocks, and soil. Living things grow, change, produce waste, reproduce, and die. Some examples of living things are organisms such as plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria.
What are 10 living things?
10 Living things: human being, plants, bacteria, insects, animals, lichens, reptiles, mammals, trees, mosses. Non-Living things: chair, table, books, bed, newspaper, clothes, bed sheets, curtains, bag, pen.
Can humans eat non-living things?
We — along with all other animals — are not autotrophs, but heterotrophs. This means that we cannot produce organic compounds by ourselves but need to 'reuse' the ones that are produced by autotrophic organisms. That's why no human will ever be able to live without consuming other life.
Is salt the only non-living thing we eat?
The most common one is, of course, salt, aka halite, which provides us with sodium and chloride. Some humans who are unable to obtain enough calcium, potassium, iron, etc. from once-living food also eat other mineral substances such as various kinds of clay, ground-up seashells.
Is onion living or nonliving?
Onions are loaded with cells so onions must be a living thing.
What are 5 living things?
Living things are divided into five kingdoms: animal, plant, fungi, protist and monera. Living things are divided into five kingdoms: animal, plant, fungi, protist and monera.
Are dead leaves living things?
A leaf that has fallen off a tree is dead, which also means not alive. This must mean dead leaves are non-living things. People need water to live, so water must be a living thing too.
Is salt water living or nonliving?
High Biodiversity. Salt water ecosystems are the most diverse repository of living things on the planet. They support nearly half of all Earth's current known species, with possibly up to a million more still to be discovered.
Which things are nonliving?
Non-living things cannot move by themselves. They respire and exchange of gases takes place in their cells. Non-living things do not respire. Example: Humans, animals, plants, insects.
Does salt kill slugs?
Many people suggest controlling slugs with salt. But salt will kill them, rather than simply control them. … Making a direct slug kill using salt will draw out the water from a slug's moist body, resulting in death by dehydration.
Does Salt Kill Grass?
Because salt not only inhibits grass growth but also kills grass in high doses, you can destroy unwanted grass, such as grass sprouting in driveway crevices, by dosing it with salt. It absorbs moisture, preventing it from reaching the roots of all types of plants, including grass.
Is an apple dead or alive?
After apples are picked, they are still alive – they continue to carry out the chemical processes of a living plant, more or less, as they take in oxygen, create energy, and get closer and closer to ripeness.
Is everything we eat living?
Everything else is a heterotroph and must eat autotrophs for food. We can get nutrition from substances that were not once an organism themselves (milk and honey), but everything we eat comes from living organisms. everything we eat that you count as food is based on plant matter.
Is hair a living thing?
Even though the hair you can see isn't made of living cells, your hair is very much a living thing. Taking care of your hair properly can make all the difference in helping your hair strands last longer and look healthier.
Is water living or non-living?
Living things need food to grow, they move, respire, reproduce, excrete wastes from the body, respond to stimuli in the environment and have a definite life span. Water, sun, moon and stars do not show any of the above characteristics of living things. Hence, they are non-living things.
Is Sun a living thing?
For young students things are 'living' if they move or grow; for example, the sun, wind, clouds and lightning are considered living because they change and move. Others think plants and certain animals are non-living.
Why is a car not alive?
A car is not a living thing because it does not fulfill some key characteristics that define living things. All living things are composed of cells. … A car is not composed of cells. All living things grow and develop over time.
Are bananas living or nonliving?
Fruits and vegetables when they are in plants they grow and hence they are called as living things. But once plucked from the plants or trees, they do not grow and hence they become a non-living things.


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1 day ago
With the cars becoming more powered and connected to the internet and operated by computers, the risk of cyberattacks have arisen. The US based National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), believes that the interconnected electronic system is helpful in creating opportunities for vehicle safety and reliability but these systems now also pose cybersecurity threats of a very different nature. According to a report by Stuff.co.nz, a new office within the agency will research upon the vehicle electronic safety and analyze the potential cyberattack risks leading to catastrophic accidents. As cars are increasingly controlled electronically rather than manually, NHTSA will be conducting the research in bringing car technology to prevent crashes. NHTSA has prepared a testimony for a Senate Commerce Committee meeting in order to establish the new office for analyzing the possible cyber security attacks, the reports added.


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Several experimental studies have indicated that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (Nox) exert detrimental effects on ischemic brain tissue; Nox-knockout mice generally exhibit resistance to damage due to experimental stroke following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Furthermore, our previous MCAO study indicated that infarct size and blood-brain barrier breakdown are enhanced in mice with pericyte-specific overexpression of Nox4, relative to levels observed in controls. However, it remains unclear whether Nox affects the stroke outcome directly by increasing oxidative stress at the site of ischemia, or indirectly by modifying physiological variables such as blood pressure or cerebral blood flow (CBF). Because of technical problems in the measurement of physiological variables and CBF, it is often difficult to address this issue in mouse models due to their small body size; in our previous study, we examined the effects of Nox activity on focal ischemic injury in a novel congenic rat strain: stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats with loss-of-function in Nox. In this review, we summarize the current literature regarding the role of Nox in focal ischemic injury and discuss critical issues that should be considered when investigating Nox-related pathophysiology in animal models of stroke.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Molecular Biology
- Computer Science Applications
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Organic Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry


Girl opens fire in high school Idaho
A student of a high school in the U.S. state of Idaho has opened fire on fellow students. Two kids and a janitor were injured before a teacher could disarm the girl.
The shooter, who would be around 12 years old, had taken the firearm in her backpack. At the beginning of the class day, she started shooting. Its not yet known what her motive is.
We were in class with our teacher and suddenly we heard a loud bang, and then twice more. Then there was screaming, says a schoolmate. Our teacher went to look and saw blood lying down.
Hit in limbs
The three victims were hit in limbs. None of them are in mortal danger. The 1500 students of high school have been given free to deal with the incident.
Shootings are more common in American schools, but in the state of Idaho they are rare: the last time a student fired a weapon in a school was in 1999, when one fellow student was injured by a ricochet bullet.


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channels are modified by signaling proteins and molecules, which often bind to the channels themselves to form a heteromeric channel complex2,3
. Traditional assays examining the interaction between channels and regulatory proteins require exogenous labels that can potentially alter the protein's behavior and decrease the physiological relevance of the target, while providing little information on the time course of interactions in living cells. Optical biosensors, such as the X-BODY Biosciences BIND Scanner system, use a novel label-free technology, resonance wavelength grating (RWG) optical biosensors, to detect changes in resonant reflected light near the biosensor. This assay allows the detection of the relative change in mass within the bottom portion of living cells adherent to the biosensor surface resulting from ligand induced changes in cell adhesion and spreading, toxicity, proliferation, and changes in protein-protein interactions near the plasma membrane. RWG optical biosensors have been used to detect changes in mass near the plasma membrane of cells following activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), receptor tyrosine kinases, and other cell surface receptors. Ligand-induced changes in ion channel-protein interactions can also be studied using this assay. In this paper, we will describe the experimental procedure used to detect the modulation of Slack-B sodium-activated potassium (KNa
) channels by GPCRs.
Bioengineering, Issue 84, Ion channels, potassium channel, Slack, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), label-free screening, high-throughput screening (HTS), channel-protein interactions, optical biosensors
Measuring Frailty in HIV-infected Individuals. Identification of Frail Patients is the First Step to Amelioration and Reversal of Frailty
Institutions: University of Arizona, University of Arizona.
A simple, validated protocol consisting of a battery of tests is available to identify elderly patients with frailty syndrome. This syndrome of decreased reserve and resistance to stressors increases in incidence with increasing age. In the elderly, frailty may pursue a step-wise loss of function from non-frail to pre-frail to frail. We studied frailty in HIV-infected patients and found that ~20% are frail using the Fried phenotype using stringent criteria developed for the elderly1,2
. In HIV infection the syndrome occurs at a younger age.
HIV patients were checked for 1) unintentional weight loss; 2) slowness as determined by walking speed; 3) weakness as measured by a grip dynamometer; 4) exhaustion by responses to a depression scale; and 5) low physical activity was determined by assessing kilocalories expended in a week's time. Pre-frailty was present with any two of five criteria and frailty was present if any three of the five criteria were abnormal.
The tests take approximately 10-15 min to complete and they can be performed by medical assistants during routine clinic visits. Test results are scored by referring to standard tables. Understanding which of the five components contribute to frailty in an individual patient can allow the clinician to address relevant underlying problems, many of which are not evident in routine HIV clinic visits.
Medicine, Issue 77, Infection, Virology, Infectious Diseases, Anatomy, Physiology, Molecular Biology, Biomedical Engineering, Retroviridae Infections, Body Weight Changes, Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures, Physical Examination, Muscle Strength, Behavior, Virus Diseases, Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis, Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena, HIV, HIV-1, AIDS, Frailty, Depression, Weight Loss, Weakness, Slowness, Exhaustion, Aging, clinical techniques
Ratiometric Biosensors that Measure Mitochondrial Redox State and ATP in Living Yeast Cells
Institutions: Columbia University, Columbia University.
Mitochondria have roles in many cellular processes, from energy metabolism and calcium homeostasis to control of cellular lifespan and programmed cell death. These processes affect and are affected by the redox status of and ATP production by mitochondria. Here, we describe the use of two ratiometric, genetically encoded biosensors that can detect mitochondrial redox state and ATP levels at subcellular resolution in living yeast cells. Mitochondrial redox state is measured using redox-sensitive Green Fluorescent Protein (roGFP) that is targeted to the mitochondrial matrix. Mito-roGFP contains cysteines at positions 147 and 204 of GFP, which undergo reversible and environment-dependent oxidation and reduction, which in turn alter the excitation spectrum of the protein. MitGO-ATeam is a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) probe in which the ε subunit of the Fo
-ATP synthase is sandwiched between FRET donor and acceptor fluorescent proteins. Binding of ATP to the ε subunit results in conformation changes in the protein that bring the FRET donor and acceptor in close proximity and allow for fluorescence resonance energy transfer from the donor to acceptor.
Bioengineering, Issue 77, Microbiology, Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, life sciences, roGFP, redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein, GO-ATeam, ATP, FRET, ROS, mitochondria, biosensors, GFP, ImageJ, microscopy, confocal microscopy, cell, imaging
Hydrogel Nanoparticle Harvesting of Plasma or Urine for Detecting Low Abundance Proteins
Institutions: George Mason University, Ceres Nanosciences.
Novel biomarker discovery plays a crucial role in providing more sensitive and specific disease detection. Unfortunately many low-abundance biomarkers that exist in biological fluids cannot be easily detected with mass spectrometry or immunoassays because they are present in very low concentration, are labile, and are often masked by high-abundance proteins such as albumin or immunoglobulin. Bait containing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (NIPAm) based nanoparticles are able to overcome these physiological barriers. In one step they are able to capture, concentrate and preserve biomarkers from body fluids. Low-molecular weight analytes enter the core of the nanoparticle and are captured by different organic chemical dyes, which act as high affinity protein baits. The nanoparticles are able to concentrate the proteins of interest by several orders of magnitude. This concentration factor is sufficient to increase the protein level such that the proteins are within the detection limit of current mass spectrometers, western blotting, and immunoassays. Nanoparticles can be incubated with a plethora of biological fluids and they are able to greatly enrich the concentration of low-molecular weight proteins and peptides while excluding albumin and other high-molecular weight proteins. Our data show that a 10,000 fold amplification in the concentration of a particular analyte can be achieved, enabling mass spectrometry and immunoassays to detect previously undetectable biomarkers.
Bioengineering, Issue 90, biomarker, hydrogel, low abundance, mass spectrometry, nanoparticle, plasma, protein, urine
A Microplate Assay to Assess Chemical Effects on RBL-2H3 Mast Cell Degranulation: Effects of Triclosan without Use of an Organic Solvent
Institutions: University of Maine, Orono, University of Maine, Orono.
Mast cells play important roles in allergic disease and immune defense against parasites. Once activated (e.g.
by an allergen), they degranulate, a process that results in the exocytosis of allergic mediators. Modulation of mast cell degranulation by drugs and toxicants may have positive or adverse effects on human health. Mast cell function has been dissected in detail with the use of rat basophilic leukemia mast cells (RBL-2H3), a widely accepted model of human mucosal mast cells3-5
. Mast cell granule component and the allergic mediator β-hexosaminidase, which is released linearly in tandem with histamine from mast cells6
, can easily and reliably be measured through reaction with a fluorogenic substrate, yielding measurable fluorescence intensity in a microplate assay that is amenable to high-throughput studies1
. Originally published by Naal et al.1
, we have adapted this degranulation assay for the screening of drugs and toxicants and demonstrate its use here.
Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent that is present in many consumer products and has been found to be a therapeutic aid in human allergic skin disease7-11
, although the mechanism for this effect is unknown. Here we demonstrate an assay for the effect of triclosan on mast cell degranulation. We recently showed that triclosan strongly affects mast cell function2
. In an effort to avoid use of an organic solvent, triclosan is dissolved directly into aqueous buffer with heat and stirring, and resultant concentration is confirmed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry (using ε280
= 4,200 L/M/cm)12
. This protocol has the potential to be used with a variety of chemicals to determine their effects on mast cell degranulation, and more broadly, their allergic potential.
Immunology, Issue 81, mast cell, basophil, degranulation, RBL-2H3, triclosan, irgasan, antibacterial, β-hexosaminidase, allergy, Asthma, toxicants, ionophore, antigen, fluorescence, microplate, UV-Vis
Pre-clinical Evaluation of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Treatment of Acute Leukemia
Institutions: University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, University Hospital of Essen.
Receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the


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How to write a Letter of Employee Transfer? Download this Internal Employee Transfer Marketing Manager letter sample now!
We support you and the HR department by providing this sample Letter of Internal Employee Transfer, which will help you to create a perfect one! When initiating an internal transfer, from one department to another, this can be done within companies depending on the agreement of the employee and the employer. An internal transfer needs a formal internal transfer letter to be given to the person involved in the transaction. There are many rules to follow when writing a formal letter like a Transfer Letter, and these are the essential rules to follow:
Step 1: Type your address
Type your address and telephone number, flush left on the top of the page. It is not necessary to include your name or title here, it will be included in the closing.
Step 2: Type the date
Type the date, in the format: month, day, and year on one line below your address and telephone number, flush left.
Step 3: Type the recipient's address
Type the name of the recipient's, include the title, and address one line, flush left. Whenever possible, address the letter to a specific individual.
Step 4: Type the salutation
Type the recipient's personal title and full name in the salutation, one line after the recipient's address, flush left, followed by a colon. Leave one line blank after the salutation. Hereby a suggestion: use the recipient's full name unless you usually refer to the individual by a first name.
Step 5: Compose the letter
In the first paragraph of the letter's body, you state the purpose of the letter.It is very important to write a letter stating all the items about the internal transfer request so that all the people involved in the process will be at the same phase with regards to the internal transfer to be made. The way you present yourself is important and should always get your utmost attention. In the paragraphs following, you can use examples to support your main argument. In the final paragraph, you need to summarize the purpose of your letter again and suggest a suitable course of action to follow. Do not indent the paragraphs. But instead, leave an empty line between each paragraph.
Step 6: Close the letter
Close the letter without indentation, leaving three or four lines for your signature between the closing and your typed name and title.
As you know, communicating in a professional manner will get you respect and will bring you new opportunities in life and business. Therefore, we support you by providing this Internal Transfer Letter Format template and you will see you will save time and increase your effectiveness. This will save you or your HR department time, cost, and efforts and provides a proper letter that you can use when you internally transfer a worker to another department!
This Letter of Internal Employee Transfer has ways to grab the promoted employee his or her' attention. In this sample letter, the employee is actually promoted within the same department to the position of the manager (of Marketing). This is good news for the individual and definitely draws their attention. It is drafted by professionals in Human Resource, is intelligently structured, and easy-to-modify.
Download this Letter of Internal Employee Transfer to Manager level now!


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I have always thought that Aleinu was a piyyut (liturgical poem), not a "prayer" since it does not have a bracha in it. I was surprised to find that the Wikipedia page for piyyut does not list it, and that the page for Aleinu calls it a prayer. I realize that Wikipedia may not be the most authoritative source for Jewish answers, so I am asking it here. Is Aleinu considered a piyyut or a prayer? Either way, why? A related (unanswered) question is: Why are Ashre and Alenu considered communal prayers?
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What is the difference? – Double AA Mar 2 at 13:23
_USER_ I am not entirely sure. I had thought that tehillim, most zemirot, Aleinu, were all piyyut, but based on the answer Ypnypn submitted below, I might have my criteria wrong. – Mike Mar 2 at 16:00
1 Answer 1
Actually, a text can be both a prayer and a piyyut. A prayer is a type of content, whereas a piyyut is a type of style. A prayer is when one talks to God (OED, MW); it need not contain a bracha. A piyyut is a style of a text (which may or not be a prayer) similar to poetry.
Therefore, there are selections which are prayers, piyyutim, both, or none. Mi Sheberach is a prayer (note the absence of a bracha), but not a piyyut. Yigdal is a piyyut, but not a prayer. Veye'esayu (on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur) is a piyyut and a prayer.
Specifically, the second part of Aleinu is a prayer (since we acknowledge God as the ruler of all, and pray that He be universally recognized as such soon). It can be argued that since part of it is a prayer, the whole thing is. It is not a piyyut.
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For the Birds!
Today was the first day of summer reading program at the library! It was for the birds! We made bird feeders! This year our summer reading program is built to encourage creativity. The kids were given a juice or milk carton, scissors, paper, markers, crayons, glue and tape. Each child designed their own bird feeder and we had some pretty clever designs!
Here's some interesting facts we learned about birds today:
 1. Birds are the only animals that have feathers.
 2. Songbirds have between 3500-5000 feathers; water birds have around 12,000 feathers.
 3. Raptors can see up to 8X more clearly than a human. Eagles can see a rabbit on the ground from a mile away.
 4. The state bird of Montana is a Meadowlark.
Next week the creativity will continue as the kids design and build their own working (hopefully!) roller coaster.
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Basic Facts About Low-income Children, 2010: Children Under Age 6
Sophia D. Addy; Vanessa Wight
- Basic Facts About Low-income Children, 2010: Children Under Age 6
Addy, Sophia D.
- National Center for Children in Poverty
- Permanent URL:
- Columbia University. National Center for Children in Poverty, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
- Publisher Location:
- New York
- Children represent 24 percent of the population. Yet, they comprise 34 percent of all people in poverty. Among all children, 44 percent live in low-income families and approximately one in every five (21 percent) live in poor families. Our very youngest children, infants and toddlers under age 3, appear to be particularly vulnerable, with 48 percent living in low-income families, including 25 percent living in poor families. Winding up in a low-income or poor family does not happen by chance. There are a range of factors associated with children's experiences of economic insecurity, including race/ethnicity and parents' educational attainment and employment. This fact sheet, which is an update to the series based on the 2010 American Community Survey (ACS), describes the demographic, socio-economic, and geographic characteristics of children and their parents -- highlighting the important factors that appear to distinguish low-income and poor children from their less disadvantaged counterparts.
Individual and family studies
- Item views:


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From Zappa Wiki Jawaka
Like the catalog number, the ISRC and the EAN code, the matrix number is an additional information which can help to identify a sound recording. It consists of engraved (and/or printed) characters located around the label of a vinyl record. By extension, the terms "matrix numbers" may also refer to the complete sequence of codes visible around the inner circle of a CD. These characters and codes are used by the factories in the stages of records pressing.
It is important to notice that:
- several records manufactured in the same series usually have exactly the same matrix numbers, this is not a unique identifier for each individual item
- records containing different sound masters might have same matrix number, so this might not be a unique and infallible way to distinguish different versions
- reversely, records having exactly the same content can have different matrix numbers
Definition from the Elektra Master Discography FAQ by Andy Finney, August 2006:
- "When a vinyl disc was made, the first stage (after recording the music of course) was to cut an [sic] master disc, usually on an oversized disc made of aluminium coated in acetate or lacquer. A heated stylus (sometimes cooled by helium) would literally cut the groove of the disc into the lacquer and this master would be coated, electroplated (usually more than once) and finally stamped in a steam-heated press to produce the vinyl disc. In order to identify the acetate disc used to make a particular disc the cutting engineer would inscribe or stamp a reference number into the surface of the cut disc, between the end of the music and the space for the label. This is where the run-out-groove or scroll would be. Often this so-called Matrix Number would just be the disc catalogue number with A or B or 1 or 2 after it to show which side. Sometimes obliterated matrix numbers on discs can show changed release schedules.
Some companies (such as EMI on discs such as the 1960s Beatles albums) decoupled matrix numbers from catalogue numbers although there would almost always be a listing of the matrix number on the disc label. Even in these cases the matrix for the 'A' side would be lower than that for the 'B' side. In this way you can often identify discs where the A and B sides have been 'flipped'. Other information would sometimes be added to denote the pressing plant (many Elektra discs have this since individual LPs were pressed in more than one plant across the US) or give a sequence number to the cut or stamper. In the 1970s it became the fashion for disc cutting engineers to'sign' their matrixes. (An example being Porky's Prime Cut') Sometimes cryptic remarks would be inscribed, and on one notorious occasion an Elvis Costello album had a message in the run-out asking people to phone the record company press officer and claim a prize! (But I digress.)
Elektra albums usually had matrix number consisting of the catalogue number and the side, but the 10-inch discs had JH numbers."
For instance, the matrix numbers engraved on Baby Snakes BPR 1115 side 1 are P. BPR-1115-AS-RC1 (1) Dinkum
The following paragraphs are illustrated with Francesco Zappa RCD 10546 which matrix numbers are IFPI 2U3Q WEA mfg. OLYPHANT ifpi L901 W6063 A4 P2 310546-2 01 M1S1
The SID Code is an anti-piracy standard defined by the IFPI and Philips in order to track the source of optical discs mastering and replication. The use of SID Codes started in 1994 and grew until nowadays it has become almost systematic.
Since not all plants have both mastering and replication facilities, two identification codes have been implemented:
- the Mastering SID Code that identifies the plant that manufactured the master
- the Mould SID Code that identifies the plant where the disc was replicated
Mastering SID Code
Sometimes also refered to as LBR Code (Laser Beam Recorder Code), it indicates the plant and LBR that manufactured the master or stamper used for the disc production.
It consists of the letters "IFPI" followed by a four or five alphanumeric digit code commencing with the letter "L".
Example: the Mastering SID Code printed on Francesco Zappa RCD 10546 is IFPI L901
The Mastering SID Code must:
- Be positioned between 18.0 mm from the centre of the disc and the start of the "lead-in" (which is at a radius of 22.9 mm from the centre).
- Be a minimum of 0.5 mm high.
- Be legible without magnification.
- Be located in the metallised region of the disc.
- Read from left to right when viewed from the read-out, or play side of the disc. However many records seem not to follow this recommendation.
- Be installed in either the firmware of the LBR (i.e. the software that forms an intrinsic part of the machinery and is not readily accessible by the operator of the facility) or embedded in the system controller (i.e. the signal processing system that controls the operation of the LBR) in such a way that the operator of the system is not able to alter or remove/disable the code.
It is recommended that the space allocated exclusively for the code (determined by the user and LBR supplier) shall consist of an arc of 30º for the Mastering SID Code. It is mandatory that it is clearly separate from other features.
Mould SID Code
The Mould SID Code indicates the plant where the disc was replicated and a serial number which can be set freely by the plant.
It consists of the letters "IFPI" followed by a four or five alphanumeric digit code. The first two digits (in the case of a four digit SID Code) or the first three digits (in the case of a five digit SID Code) are assigned to the operator of the manufacturing or mastering plant by Philips Intellectual Property & Standards. The last two digits of this code are allocated by the plant to give each mould on the site, including spare moulds, a unique code.
Example: the Mould SID Code printed on Francesco Zappa RCD 10546 is IFPI 2U3Q
- The implementation guide implicitely recommends not to use "I", "O", "S" and "Q". However many records seem not to follow this recommendation.
- The Mould SID Code must be positioned within the zone that has a maximum radius of 22.5 mm.
- If Burst Cutting Area - Code is used, then the position of the Mould SID Code will be adjusted to compensate.
- The Mould SID Code must not be imprinted in the clamping area.
- The Mould SID Code must not be placed in an area that obscures the Mastering SID Code or any other user defined characters.
- The Mould SID Code must be imprinted on all substrates whether containing valid programme content or not, including blank discs, and even if not metallised. Overprinting of the Mould Code for decorative purposes is permissible.
Code 39 (barcode) is used to encode uppercase alphanumeric characters (A through Z and 0 and 9) and a few other characters such as the dollar or minus signs. This barcode is called Code 39 because there are 9 light and dark bars in each character code, and 3 of these bars are wide (39 means 3 "wide" of 9 "bars").
Example: the barcode printed on Francesco Zappa RCD 10546 is
The DVD SID Code follows the same rules as the CD plus addionnal requirements:
- The Mastering SID Code must be placed within the zone that has a maximum radius of 22.5 mm.
- If Burst Cutting Area - Code is used, then the position of the Mastering Code should be adjusted to compensate.
- No minimum radius is specified, but due regard should be paid to the following points:
- The Mastering SID Code must be located in a metallised region of the disc.
- The Mastering SID Code must not be obscured by the stack ring.
- It is recommended that the space allocated exclusively for the code (determined by the user and LBR supplier) shall consist of an arc of 30º for the current code. It is mandatory that it is clearly separate from other features.
- A further arc of 30º shall be reserved for future use.
Single layer, single side disc
If the dummy side of the disc is made from a scrap program disc, it shall bear the SID Code, even if not metallised.
Dual layer, single side disc
The Mastering SID Code must be recorded for both layers (Layer 1 and Layer 0 in DVD format discs). At least one of the Mastering SID Codes (for either Layer 1 or Layer 0) must be clearly visible.
Single layer, double side disc
The Mastering SID Codes must be recorded on both sides of the disc. It is desirable that both Mastering SID Codes are clearly visible, but it is acceptable if the code is obscured due to restrictions of the printed area.
- Article about the history of matrix numbers before the rock era: Matrix Numbers in Recordings of Gilbert & Sullivan.
- Wikipedia Matrix Numbers article
- RIAA ISRC FAQ
- IFPI Codes


About Craig
Craig Hospital in Englewood, Colorado is one of the most established rehabilitation hospitals in the world. Our patient outcomes are some of the best in the field of rehabilitative medicine. Craig Hospital is a private, non-profit, free-standing hospital licensed by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, and is accredited by the Joint Commission.
Craig Hospital Patients
Over the past five decades Craig Hospital has helped more than 31,000 patients with spinal cord and traumatic brain injuries. Each year, Craig Hospital treats and average of 500 inpatients and 1,400 outpatients. One of the most important benefits of Craig is the opportunity for patients with similar ages, backgrounds and injuries to teach, encourage and support one another during rehabilitation. At any given time, there are approximately 50-55 inpatients with spinal cord injury and 25-30 with traumatic brain injury.
Rehabilitation at Craig
Craig provides a highly individualized and personal approach to treatment, focusing on the patient's physical, cognitive, and psychological well-being. Craig sets high expectations for patient participation in therapy and helps patients set their own high expectations.
Patients typically stay in the inpatient program for two to four months. Length of stay is individualized based on diagnosis, severity of injury, rate of progress and possibility complications.
Each patient and family has a consistent interdisciplinary team of professionals that includes: a physician, nurses, physical therapist, occupational therapist, speech pathologist, neuropsychologist, clinical care manager, respiratory therapist, recreational therapist and others. The team meets regularly with the patient and family to set goals, develop treatment plans, review progress and coordinate services needed at home following discharge.
Craig therapists regularly take patients into the community and the mountains for valuable, real-life learning experiences such as navigating streets, rough terrain, and public buildings, and interacting with the public, etc.
Patient Outcomes
On average, Craig graduates are more independent when they are discharged; functionally make greater gains during their initial treatment, are discharged home at higher rates, are more functionally independence and require less attendant care and have fewer re-hospitalizations than other rehab facilities.
Return to work and school averages exceed the averages of other rehabilitation programs across the country. A high rate of return to work and school results in greater productivity, greater contribution to the economy, decreased burden on taxpayers and welfare programs and greater patient satisfaction with life.
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Java6 added a new utility class for reading input data from character based devices including command line. java.io.Console can be used to read input from command line, but unfortunately it doesn't work on most of IDE like Eclipse and Netbeans. As per Javadoc call to System.Console() will return attached console to JVM, if it has been started interactive command prompt or it will return null if JVM has been started using a background process or scheduler job. Anyway java.io.Console not only provides way to read input from command prompt or Console but also reading passwords from console without echoing it. Console.readPassword() method reads password and returns a character array and password is masked during entering so that any peeping tom can not see your password while you are entering it. here is a code example of How to read password and input from command prompt or console using java.io.Console. By the way apart from Console, you can also use Scanner or BufferedReader to read input from command prompt, as shown in this example.
Saturday, May 18, 2013
Saturday, April 27, 2013
In this article I am giving example of some SQL query which is asked when you go for interview who is having one or two year experience on this field.whenever you go for java developer position or any other programmer position interviewee expect that if you are working from one or two years on any project definitely you come across to handle this database query, so they test your skill by asking this type of simple query.
Question 1: SQL Query to find second highest salary of Employee
Answer : There are many ways to find second highest salary of Employee in SQL, you can either use SQL Join or Subquery to solve this problem. Here is SQL query using Subquery :
select MAX(Salary) from Employee WHERE Salary NOT IN (select MAX(Salary) from Employee );
See How to find second highest salary in SQL for more ways to solve this problem.
Question 2: SQL Query to find Max Salary from each department.
SELECT DeptID, MAX(Salary) FROM Employee GROUP BY DeptID.
Question 3:Write SQL Query to display current date.
Ans:SQL has built in function called GetDate() which returns current timestamp.
Question 4:Write an SQL Query to check whether date passed to Query is date of given format or not.
Ans: SQL has IsDate() function which is used to check passed value is date or not of specified format,it returns 1(true) or 0(false) accordingly.
SELECT ISDATE('1/08/13') AS "MM/DD/YY";
It will return 0 because passed date is not in correct format.
Question 5: Write a SQL Query to print the name of distinct employee whose DOB is between 01/01/1960 to 31/12/1975.
SELECT DISTINCT EmpName FROM Employees WHERE DOB BETWEEN '01/01/1960' AND '31/12/1975';
Question 6:Write an SQL Query find number of employees according to gender whose DOB is between 01/01/1960 to 31/12/1975.
Answer : SELECT COUNT(*), sex from Employees WHERE DOB BETWEEN '01/01/1960'AND '31/12/1975' GROUP BY sex;
Question 7:Write an SQL Query to find employee whose Salary is equal or greater than 10000.
Answer : SELECT EmpName FROM Employees WHERE Salary>=10000;
Question 8:Write an SQL Query to find name of employee whose name Start with 'M'
Ans: SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE EmpName like 'M%';
Question 9: find all Employee records containing the word "Joe", regardless of whether it was stored as JOE, Joe, or joe.
Answer : SELECT * from Employees WHERE upper(EmpName) like upper('joe%');
Question 10: Write a SQL Query to find year from date.
Answer : SELECT YEAR(GETDATE()) as "Year";
Hope this article will help you to take a quick practice whenever you are going to attend any interview and not have much time to go into the deep of each query.
Other Interview Questions posts from Java67 Blog
Wednesday, April 17, 2013
Though modern IDE like Eclipse, IntelliJ or Netbeans allows you to generate equals, hashCode and compareTo methods for your value classes, it's equally important, you know how to do that by hand. By overriding equals and hashcode method by yourself, you know how they work, what kind of errors you can get, and most importantly, it's expected form you, as a Java programmer in any core Java interview. More often, you would see a coding question in Java, which ask you to override equals(), hashcode(), compare() and compareTo() methods for a value class. Since I have already shared some tips on How to override compareTo method in Java, and couple of example of writing your own comparator in Java, here I am sharing another simple example of overriding equals and hashCode methods. If you know rules of overriding equals and hashCode, you might know that, whenever you override equals, you must have to override hashCode, otherwise your object will not behave properly on various collection classes e.g. Map or Set, which uses equals, compareTo, hashCode to implement there invariants e.g. Set implementations should not allow any duplicates.
Sunday, March 31, 2013
String class provides split() method to split String in Java, based upon any delimiter, e.g. comma, colon, space or any arbitrary method. split() method splits string based on delimiter provided, and return a String array, which contains individual Strings. Actually, split() method takes a regular expression, which in simplest case can be a single word. split() is also overloaded method in java.lang.String class and its overloaded version takes a limit parameter which is used to control how many times pattern will be applied during splitting process. if this limit is positive n, then pattern will be applied at most n-1 times, if it's negative or zero than split operation is applied any number of time. For example, if we split String "First,Second,Third" on comma and provide limit as 2 then pattern will run one time, and split() will return String array with 2 Strings, "First" and "Second,Third". Since this method accepts a Java regular expression, it throws PatternSyntaxException, if syntax of regular expression is invalid.
Saturday, March 23, 2013
String class in Java provides several methods to replace characters, CharSequence and substring from String in Java. Since String is immutable in Java, every time you performance an operation on String either replacement or removing white space from String, it generates a new String object. There are four overloaded method to replace String in Java :
replace(char oldChar, char newChar)
replace(CharSequence target, CharSequence replacement)
replaceAll(String regex, String replacement)
replaceFirst(String regex, String replacement)
Out of these, 2nd one which takes a CharSequence is added on Java 1.5. CharSequence is actually a super interface for String, StringBuffer and StringBuilder in Java, which means you can pass any of String, StringBuffer or StringBuilder Object as argument to this replace method. replaceFirst() and replaceAll() are very powerful and accepts regular expression. replaceFirst() only replace first match, while replaceAll replaces all matches with replacement String provided.
Tuesday, March 12, 2013
wait, notify, and notifyAll methods are used for inter thread communication in Java. wait() allows a thread to check for a condition, and wait if condition doesn't met, while notify() and notifyAll() method informs waiting thread for rechecking condition, after changing state of shared variable. One good example of how wait and notify method works is Producer consumer problem, where one thread produces, and wait if bucket is full; and other thread consumes and wait if bucket is empty. Both Producer and Consumer thread, notify each other as well. Producer thread notifies consumer thread after inserting an item in shared queue, while consumer thread notify producer, after consuming item from queue. Though Both notify() and notifyAll() are used to notify waiting threads, waiting on shared queue object, but there are some subtle difference between notify and notifyAll in Java. Well, when we use notify(), only one of the sleeping thread will get notification, while in case of notifyAll(), all sleeping thread on that object will get notified. This concept confuses many Java programmers, both beginners and experienced alike, Infact this is one of three question which is very popular on wait and notify concept, along with why wait and notify is defined in Object class and why wait and notify called from synchronized method. In this article we will focus on difference between wait, notify, and notifyAll method in Java.
Friday, March 8, 2013
There are 3 main ways to convert String to int in Java, using constructor of Integer class, parseInt() method of java.lang.Integer and Integer.valueOf() method. Though all those method returns instance of java.lang.Integer, which is a wrapper class for primitive int value, it's easy to convert Integer to int in Java. From Java 5, you don't need to do anything, autoboxing will automatically convert Integer to int. For Java 1.4 or lower version, you can use intValue() method form java.lang.Integer class, to convert Integer to int. As name suggest, parseInt() is the core method to convert String to int in Java. parseInt() accept a String which must contain decimal digits and first character can be an ASCII minus sign (-) to denote negative integers. parseInt() throws NumberFormatException, if provided String is not convertible to int value. By the way parseInt is an overloaded method and it's overloaded version takes radix or base e.g


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The impact of disease-causing defects is often not limited to the products of a mutated gene but, thanks to interactions between the molecular components, may also affect other cellular functions, resulting in potential comorbidity effects. By combining information on cellular interactions, disease–gene associations, and population-level disease patterns extracted from Medicare data, we find statistically significant correlations between the underlying structure of cellular networks and disease comorbidity patterns in the human population. Our results indicate that such a combination of population-level data and cellular network information could help build novel hypotheses about disease mechanisms.
cellular networks, population-level statistics
Comorbidity, Diseases, Genes
EMBO and Nature Publishing Group
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 license (_URL_ which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
© 2007 EMBO and Nature Publishing Group
Park, Juyong; Lee, Deok-Sun; Christakis, Nicholas A.; and Barabási, Albert-László, "The impact of cellular networks on disease comorbidity" (2009). Physics Faculty Publications. Paper 109. _URL_
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Separate parenthetical expressions with commas.
Definition of Parenthetical Expression. These are expressions that do not add essential content for understanding the sentence, such as an off-topic comment or a phrase inserted in a sentence that breaks the flow of the idea. These expressions may be placed in parentheses; hence the name.
Rule AA is something of a catch-all, a grammatical version of "other duties as assigned." Many phrases and clauses are considered parenthetical expressions, including appositives, direct addresses, interpolated asides, and interjections.
Basically, any expression, description, comment, etc. that interrupts the flow of ideas, that can be moved around in the sentence, and that can be placed in parentheses without confusing the reader needs to be separated from the rest of the sentence with commas.
Sample 12.1. The new mall, I have heard, will be huge.
In sample 12.1, the parenthetical expression is I have heard. This is not part of the idea being expressed in the sentence. It can be moved to the front or end of the sentence. And it could be placed in parentheses. As such, it is separated from the rest of the sentence with commas, one before and one after. Also, if I had written it at the end of the sentence, I would still need to separate it from the rest of the sentence.
Sample 12.2. This economic forecast model, compared to other models, shows flat growth.
In sample 12.2, the parenthetical expression is compared to other models. Wherever I put it in the sentence, it will need to be separated by commas.
Sample 12.4. Compared to other models, this economic forecast model shows flat growth.
Sample 12.5. This economic forecast model shows flat growth, compared to other models.
Sample 12.4 uses the parenthetical expression as an introductory adverbial phrase (Rule G), and sample 12.5 uses it as a non-grammatical final description (Rule X). Because it is a parenthetical expression, no matter where it is in the sentence, it needs to be separated from the rest of the sentence with commas.
Need help with commas? Get Zen Comma, an instructive reference guide on the 17 major uses and misuses of commas, available in PDF and Kindle formats. Read more about Zen Comma.


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Johari Window definition
Johari Window is a technique that aims to help people understand their emotional and physical relationship with self and other people. It is used in both a self-help context, group setting and in the corporate environment to improve individual and team performance.
The Johari Window concept was created by Joseph Luft and Harrington Ingham in 1955 – some consider it derived from the psychological theories of Carl Jung.
Participants are given a list of 56 adjectives and told to select five or six they feel best describe their personality. Colleagues, peers, family members or friends (depending on the context) are then asked to do the same for the participant.
These answers are then mapped onto a grid of four different boxes:
- Arena: Adjectives selected by both participant and others, representing personality traits that are known to both groups
- Façade: Adjectives selected only by the participant, representing personality traits that outsiders are not aware of
- Blind spot: Adjectives chosen by others that the subject doesn't select, representing personality traits the subject is not aware of
- Unknown: Adjectives that were selected by neither party, either representing personality traits that don't apply to the participant or hidden traits that neither group are aware of
Once the grid has been mapped, both the participant and the other contributors are given the opportunity to inform each other of the adjectives that only they selected.