- Ioana-Andreea Suciu
4. semester, Europæiske Studier, Kandidat (Kandidatuddannelse)
This paper contributes to the field of European policy-analysis and
interest group representation. It specifically addresses the Common
Agricultural Policy's reform process and the evaluation of the impact of
interest groups within the EU's institutional representation. Additionally,
it tries to clarify the major reasons for reform occurrence and the
historical evolution of the Common Agricultural Policy whilst in
connection to the main players in policy-making. As such, the case of the
European Parliament, the European Commission and the Council's
positions in the process of reform are analysed. Moreover, the process of
reforming is investigated under the perspective of certain selected
theories of interest group politics. The paper is useful for the thorough
research of the policy chosen in that it provides complex information
from a four point outlook: historical, economical, theoretical and
analytical. Not the least, the latest reform known as the 'Greening of CAP'
is presented, analysed and criticised accordingly to the latest information
Udgivelsesdato26 mar. 2013
Antal sider73
ID: 74955169


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You are viewing X_TRADER Version 7.17 and higher. For earlier versions, click here
The Aggregator Manager dialog box is your interface for creating and managing aggregated instruments.
- The buttons in this dialog include:
Opens a new instance of the Aggregator Configuration dialog box, used to create a aggregated instrument.
Opens the Aggregator Configuration dialog box, populated with the information for the selected instrument. Edit one instrument at a time.
Duplicates the selected instrument and adds it to the list. The word 'copy' is added to the end of the spread title.Clone one instrument at a time.
Deletes the selected instrument from the workspace.
- Your aggregator launching options include:
The first drop-down box lets you choose which window to launch the Aggregator instrument into and whether you want to launch the corresponding legs.
You can launch your aggregated instrument as follows:
The second drop-down box lets you select an Algo Strategy Engine (Algo SE) to run your aggregated instrument. Aggregator requires an Algo SE to execute orders for aggregated instruments.
The Launch button opens the selected aggregated instrument with the launching options you specified.
Note: Hold the Shift or Ctrl keys to select multiple instruments.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Entering Recovery Mode on Samsung Galaxy M30 (6GB RAM + 128GB)
Do you need to enter recovery mode on your Samsung Galaxy M30 (6GB RAM + 128GB) device? Are you struggling to access this important mode on your device? Do not worry as we have got you covered in this guide. In this guide, we will be discussing all the necessary steps that you need to follow in order to access recovery mode on your Samsung Galaxy M30 (6GB RAM + 128GB) device.
Why Entering Recovery Mode is Important
Most users may ask themselves why entering recovery mode is important in the first place. Here are some of the reasons why entering this mode is important:
- Recover lost data: With recovery mode, you can access certain data, which may be hidden in the core system of your device. Such data can be recovered with the recovery mode.
- Perform a Factory Reset: One of the most common means of speeding up a device is by performing a factory reset. Recovery mode allows you to directly access the core of your device to perform the reset.
- Install Firmware Updates: Firmware updates are an important means of adding new features to the devices. Moreover, new firmware updates also fix bugs and other irregularities in devices. To install such updates, you will need to access recovery mode.
- Other Tasks: Other than just the mentioned tasks, the recovery mode also allows you to perform other tasks, such as clearing the cache memory, wipe data, and so on.
How to Enter Recovery Mode on Samsung Galaxy M30 (6GB RAM + 128GB)
Now that you know why the Recovery mode is important, it is now time to discuss the steps of entering the recovery mode on Samsung Galaxy M30 (6GB RAM + 128GB). Here are the steps that you need to follow:
- Step 1: First of all, turn off your Samsung Galaxy M30 (6GB RAM + 128GB) device completely.
- Step 2: After the device is turned off, press and hold the Volume Up and Power Button together for a few seconds.
- Step 3: You will now see a screen with the Android robot icon.
- Step 4: By using the Volume Up and Down keys, go to the 'Recovery Mode' option.
- Step 5: Now, press the Power Button to select the 'Recovery Mode' option to enter it.
- Author: SoundFlaw Staff


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- Creative Cloud User Guide
- Introduction to Creative Cloud
- Download, install, set up, and update
- Manage your account
- Creative services
- Collaboration and storage services
- What are cloud documents
- Cloud documents | Common questions
- Create or convert files to cloud documents
- Set up cloud documents to use offline
- Revert to an earlier version of a cloud document
- Share your work for commenting
- Why can't I see my cloud documents offline?
- Creative Cloud Libraries
- Collaborate on Creative Cloud Libraries and folders
- Collaboration FAQ
- Sync your files using cloud storage
- Find how much cloud storage you have
- Set sync options
- Creative Cloud mobile apps
- Enterprise and teams
Photoshop, Illustrator, and InDesign feature the Start workspace that lets you quickly access your recent files and files stored in Creative Cloud. Within this workspace, you may also have access to various resources tailored for your requirements. You can also search for Adobe Stock assets from within this workspace. In Photoshop, you can even work with your Lightroom photos in the Start workspace.
You will see the new Start workspace in one of the following scenarios:
- When you launch the application
- When there is no document open
Modes in the Start workspace
There are two modes in the Start workspace: Work and Learn.
A set of tabs in the Work mode provides you quick access to the recent files and more:
- Recent: Displays the list of documents you have recently worked on. Select a document to continue working on it. You can view the documents as a list or as thumbnails.
- Creative Cloud Files: Displays the list of files stored in Creative Cloud.
- Mobile Creations (Illustrator): Displays the list of projects that you have created using Adobe Comp
- Lr Photos (Photoshop): Lets you work with your Lightroom photos in Photoshop.
Find Stock assets
You can search from millions of high-quality, royalty-free images, illustrations, and vector graphics in the Adobe Stock search bar located at the lower panel in the Work mode. For more information, see Using Adobe Stock.
The Learn mode of the Start workspace provides access to various resources available to you.
- Learn: Watch and learn about various features, workflows, and more.
- Libraries: Access libraries with free assets and sync them to your Creative Cloud Libraries.
- Mobile: Know more about various mobile applications and download them.
- What's New: Learn about the new features in the application.
Create or open a document in the Start workspace
You can quickly create a document or browse for a document in the Start workspace.
- To create a document, click Create New or use the shortcut Ctrl+N (Windows) / Cmd+N (Mac OS).
- To browse for a document, click Open or use the shortcut Ctrl+O (Windows) / Cmd+O (Mac OS).
Hide the Start workspace
You can hide the Start workspace so that it does not appear when you launch the app.
- Open the application preferences. For example, do the following to open InDesign preferences:
- (Windows) Choose Edit > Preferences > General.
- (Mac OS) Choose InDesign > Preferences > General.
- Clear the Show "Start" Workspace When No Documents Are Open check box.


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Banner Stakes Products can be invaluable in helping to designate areas where equipment is moving about. In this way workers and equipment can keep a healthy separation!
Be Alert Of Moving Equipment
When construction equipment is rumbling around a project, you've got to watch your step. Banner Stakes portable barricade systems can help alert you to possible dangers. If both construction workers and equipment operators keep their eyes open, no one's going to get hurt. Following are ways to help you maintain a healthy respect for cranes, dozers, excavators and trucks:
- Never take for granted that equipment operators see you.
- Never depend upon hearing a horn or other warning signals; it might sometimes be lost in the general noise around a project.
- Equipment shouldn't be backed without someone to check the blind spots and give signals; nevertheless, keep in the clear whenever equipment is traveling backwards, as that's when most equipment accidents happen.
- Swinging counterweights often create a dangerous pinch-point. Don't ever get into a spot where you could get squeezed in between.
- Never hitch a ride on the running board it's fatally easy to fall under moving equipment.
- No riding on top of loaded trucks; the load might shift, and you might not have enough over-head clearance in a tight spot.
- If you're riding in a transport vehicle to a job, or between jobs, keep your arms, legs, and all parts of your body inside the unit.
- Never walk alongside moving equipment. Keep in the clear in case the unit suddenly turns your way, or slides, or the load shifts.
- Stay out from under loads on cranes or hoists. Use established walkways and beware of shortcuts.
- If the boom of a unit ever hits a power line, keep away from the frame of the unit and the load cables.
- Never lubricate, clean or work on a machine that's in operation. Stop the machine. If you have to remove a guard, replace it as soon as the work's done.
Construction equipment is husky, heavy, and extremely unhealthy to tangle with. Always assume that the operator doesn't see you; doesn't even know you're around. Always figure that it's up to you to keep in the clear. Utilizing Banner Stakes' safety barriers will help tremendously in keeping a safe space around moving equipment and also adding another layer of awareness for your workers!
Visit our blog page often to read the latest information from our product lines.
source: "Be Alert Of Moving Equipment." toolboxtopics.com, Tool Box Topics, Web. Feb. 2nd, 2018.


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government employs technically trained people to analyze
patent applications and determine if they are truly novel and worthy
of being awarded a patent. Patent applicants also need patent agents
to ensure that their filings will be found to be novel and approved
by the government.
- Patent Lawyer: Students
with backgrounds in chemistry can go to law school to become patent
lawyers. Patent lawyers help scientists write legally enforceable
patents, ensure that patent rights are maintained, and pursue those
who infringe on an inventors patents. Often law firms or companies
will pay employees to go to law school to become patent lawyers.
- And many, many more
Return to the top

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


These are visual aids for the verbal explanation on track markings which you might want to read. I've chosen the track at California State University, Northridge as my first example. Below each picture are the notes.
This is not a perfect track and I will elaborate on the mistakes they have made. But I did not pick this track to bag on CSUN, quite the contrary. Of all the tracks in my immediate area, this is the BEST marked track. In fact they have put some good ideas into place, which I will also point out. They also have used most of the options I have mentioned.
They obviously have a steeplechase pit built on the outside. That is a dotted line leading the (measured) course to and from the pit. In the foreground, the chute is cut into a hillside. At 140m, this is more straightaway than is necessary.
One particularly good thing they have done is mark what the lines mean--most tracks do not do this. So here the common finish is easy to find. The upside down 100M and 110M in lane 9 shows this is (frequently) the start line for races run in the reverse direction on the home stretch. They have had so much wear here that they had to repair sections of the lanes--thats what the boxes are behind the starting line. The starting blocks use spikes to hold them in place and that constant use in the center of each lane tore out a small section of the surface. The black boxes on the common finish line are for aligning the photoelectronic timer on that line. The sets of blue triangles are both for the 4x400 relay. The staggered ones are for the first exchange. Wherever triangles are used, the point of the arrow points into the zone (but its size is not specific), the flat side is the edge of the zone. The triangles in a row are all the end of the zone for exchange 2 and 3. The curved line is the waterfall start line for lap races. It is marked "10000" because that is the only collegiate race that starts from such a line, but it is also the start for races like the 1600, 3200 or a distance medley relay.
Lane 2, starting at the common finish line usually provides the definition of the track you are standing on. CSUN marked what each line means which defines their color code. From the common finish line in the foreground, the first line is the reverse 200m start. Getting artistic, I included the inset to show a close up of what is at this line. The blue line (which should be green) almost on top of the white line is the 800m 1 turn stagger line. These are two different lines for the start of two different races--while they are used interchangably at most tracks because they are so close, they are not interchangable. The photo below shows how the 800m start lines progressively get further away from the white reverse 200m start lines as you move out in lanes. The black triangle (which should be red) in lane 3 is the beginning of the second 4x200 4-turn passing zone.
In lane 4, there are four marks on top of one another--the significant part of each mark still shows. There is the white reverse 200m start line, the blue (should be green) 800m start line, the black (should be red) 4x200 beginning of the second zone triangle and the blue end of 4x400 (second and third) passing zone. The start lines are really the front edge of the lines, while the wide ends of the triangle are the significant lines.
The 2 turn stagger is clearly marked, along with the races that apply to it. Right next to it in lane 3 are the reverse 200m and 800m (should be green) start lines. The line is the blue 3 turn stagger. Then the row of triangles indicating the end of the 4x400 passing zone. In lane 1 the triangle is split, half blue half black (should be red) to indicate this mark applies to both the 4x400 and (in lane 1 only) 4x200. Around the curve, you can see the curb is on the white line, bringing up the question of the accuracy of the measurement of the entire track.
The curbing at CSUN is definitely marked wrong. You can see the curb has broken off of its mounting screws and waves all over the place. From the inset you can see they intended the curb to mount on the white line. By the rule book, if a white line exists the outer edge should be 10cm from the curb (5cm to the inner edge and 5cm wide).
Now the question is; did they measure the track 20cm from the line, meaning the curb is in the wrong place and runners are running about 2/3 of a meter too long per lap, or did they put the white line in the wrong place and possibly measure all the other lane lines wrong relative to it? To start to answer that is; if lane 1 is 10cm wider than the other lanes, means they properly placed the curb and (we assume) properly measured 30cm from the curb. Without pulling out a measuring tape, this is really only known by whoever measured the track and possibly whoever keeps that surveying data on file, possibly the track coach. If a record is set, we are talking about 9 feet per mile, which is significant. Again, I say this not to pick on CSUN, this happens all over the place. Wherever you go, if you are an outsider, who really knows?
To answer questions above for this particular situation, I did pull out a measuring tape and found that lane 1 is just as wide as the other lanes. Then I had to go the next step, I measured the radius of the track, curb to curb (63.46cm) within the level of accuracy one can do with a measuring tape. This is only possible to do because they did mark a spot the same distance from the turn on both sides of the track--in this case it is the 300m start line and the common finish line (without this information, you could not be sure if you were exactly straight, edge to edge). Adding the 20cm to each side, and multiply by pi and the answer is the curb is in the wrong place (white line is in the correct place), thus the runners are officially running over two feet longer than necessary per lap. I guess that is better than the track being too short in any condition. Not everybody would drive around with a 100m measuring tape--in other words, we should just be able to assume things are done right at whatever track we walk onto. Obviously we can't--you should know your rules and look at things with an eye towards what is right (so you will notice if anything is wrong). We should consider ourselves fortunate we even have a curb here. So many tracks these days are being built without a curb, even though the rule book still calls for one for records to be accepted. And if I've put the credibility of a record at CSUN in doubt, if a record has been set at a distance over 1 lap at CSUN, it would be certainly be accepted because the athlete would have gone too far. I've probably editorialized on this enough.
The 4x200 4 turn start is the next start line in lane 2. This should be red along with the triangles that correspond to this relay. I will guess the painters made an artistic decision to deviate from the rule book because the base color of this track (like most tracks) is a redish orange and they thought it would be hard to see. I only quote what the rule books call for. The white line in lane 3 is the 400m 2 turn stagger start line. Just beyond that on the outside of lane 3 is a white box that is the marker for the steeplechase barrier that you will see in previous pictures is waiting inside of the track. There are four steeplechase marks like this, plus the water jump spaced evenly around the course the steeplechasers follow. This picture shows how staggered lines progress incrementally as you move out lanes.
Moving halfway around the first turn, you see in the foreground, the 4x200 passing zone is just completing, the 4x400 3-turn start line for lane 7 and in the circles in lane 2 are the blue 400H marks. They obviously did not bring green paint with them when they painted here, because these hurdle marks also should be green and this will become significant later around the track.
We are now most of the way through the first turn but in lane 8 we have just reached the first 400H marks and later the 4x200 start line (lane 9 is even further into the turn). The white waterfall line in the foreground is (clearly labeled) the 2000m Steeplechase start line. Over the last decade the women's steeplechase has been evolving into acceptance. At points in time over the evolution of this new event, they had prescribed a 2000m (2K) distance and then standardized the distance at the same 3000m (3K) the men run. Many colleges marked the 2K, which is still applicable in Masters and Youth divisions.
As we reach the back stretch we see they have marked it for reverse hurdles and sprints. The white start line in the foreground is the reverse 100


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A study published in Current Science Journal (March 2012) has reported alarmingly high rate of increase in oil consumption in India. According to the study conducted by DM Hegde, project director at Directorate of Oilseed Research, the per capita consumption of edible oil in India has increased almost five folds during the period of _PHONE_.
The author argues that increase in oil consumption at this rate may pose, on one hand, increased risk of health problems due to high fat consumption on the other hand it will also mean dependence on import to fulfill the additional demand for vegetable oils.
Fat is an essential ingredient of the diet. It supplies energy and essential fatty acids that help body in absorbing fat soluble vitamins and maintaining metabolic balance. According to the dietary guidelines by National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), 15-30 % of the total energy intake should come from fats. The author calculated the average need of fat for Indian population to be 29 g per person per day which is equivalent to 10.585 kg per person per year. The rate of consumption of edible oil in India was 14.2 kg per person per year in 2010-11 which was considerably more than the average need. Consumption of fats in excess has been found to be linked with the increased risks of obesity and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
The per capita consumption of edible oil has almost doubled in last two decades. The authors attribute this increase to the increasing affordability among Indians. This trend is on the uphill and it means an added risk of CVDs. According to a report by WHO on Non-Communicable Diseases in South East Asian countries, CVDs are already the top reason of death in India. They cause 33% of total deaths caused by top ten reasons of death in urban India and 23 % of the same in rural India. CVDs also affect comparatively younger age group in India compared to the developed countries. About 52 % of the deaths caused by CVDs occur below the age of 70 compare to 23 % in the developed countries.
On the trade front, India's status in last few decades has kept fluctuating between net importer and exporter of vegetable oils. However, as the study suggests, the per capita consumption may still keep increasing in recent future and surpass the government predictions as it has done in past, making India more dependent on imports. In order to meet the nutritional requirements of the people, India will require 17.84 mt of vegetable oil with the projected population of 1685 million by 2050. However, since the demand for edible oil has been proven to be very elastic with the affordability of the people, there is every chance that we will need much more of it.


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Definition of jar :
1. A deep, broadmouthed vessel of earthenware or glass, for holding fruit, preserves, etc., or for ornamental purposes; as, a jar of honey; a rose jar.
2. A rattling, tremulous vibration or shock; a shake; a harsh sound; a discord; as, the jar of a train; the jar of harsh sounds.
3. A regular vibration, as of a pendulum.
4. A turn. [ Only in phrase.]
5. Clash of interest or opinions; collision; discord; debate; slight disagreement.
6. In deep well boring, a device resembling two long chain links, for connecting a percussion drill to the rod or rope which works it, so that the drill is driven down by impact and is jerked loose when jammed.
7. The measure of what is contained in a jar; as, a jar of oil; a jar of preserves.
8. To act in opposition or disagreement; to clash; to interfere; to quarrel; to dispute.
9. To cause a short, tremulous motion of, to cause to tremble, as by a sudden shock or blow; to shake; to shock; as, to jar the earth; to jar one's faith.
10. To give forth a rudely quivering or tremulous sound; to sound harshly or discordantly; as, the notes jarred on my ears.
11. To tick; to beat; to mark or tell off.
reorganize, quart, excite, clash, swing, fluff up, electrical shock, joggle, impact, collide, flutter, plump up, vibrate, thrill, jerking, reel, jounce, saccade, conflict, bump, blow, electric shock, agree, shock absorber, pitcher, sway, ewer, wave, stupor, waver, disaccord, rock, fluctuate, cushion, vase, bump around, flap, beaker, chalice, tremble, raise up, seismic disturbance, basin, stir up, jarful, reorganise, discord, contradict, thud, oscillate, succuss, daze, vessel, totter, crock, stimulate, brandish, shake up, contents, vex, jerk, mug, commove, urn
agitate (part of speech: verb)
container (part of speech: noun)
suitcase, container, bladder, purse, locker, pocket, drum, bottle, bucket, tray, holder, shelf, crate, bowl, stomach, vault, box, trunk, wallet, repository, cup, receptacle, bin, tank, can, cabinet, chest, storage, flask, belly, jug, reservoir, sack, pouch, pot, cupboard, drawer, decanter, bag, closet, barrel, case, ladle, vat, basket, cask
displease (part of speech: verb)
bottle (part of speech: noun)
- This was what made the jar and crash. - "The Young Forester", Zane Grey.
- As soon as it is nicely picked, put it into a jar, and cover it down very close. - "A Poetical Cook-Book", Maria J. Moss.
- He peered through this at the lamp and put the jar back. - "O. Henry Memorial Award Prize Stories of 1921", Various.


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Why is TruProof the right product for you?
Two proof comparisons of the same meter, produced simultaneously, show the extent to which pulse delay can affect your bottom line.
The difference in achieved repeatability and improved meter factor through elimination of the timing bias is dramatic. In this case, a savings of nearly 0.25% of meter throughput.
(with and without pulse delay)
Meter with factory programmed signal damping
No signal damping applied


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Spring has sprung (almost), and it's time to give that dull winter skin the TLC it needs to face the sunnier days ahead. In a cheap and easy beauty treatment that is also good enough to eat, a DIY banana face mask can help to calm and clean skin for the change of the seasons.
Before the how, let's start with the why. Wandering into your kitchen and putting a little fresh fruit on your face is not as crazy as it sounds, according to Dr. Kathryn A. Boling, M.D., a primary care provider of Family Medicine at Maryland's Lutherville Personal Physicians. "Bananas contain many beneficial vitamins, including manganese, vitamin C, potassium, biotin and copper. Some of these vitamins are proven to be beneficial to skin," says Dr. Boling.
But this still raises the question: Why the face mask versus eating your favorite fruit? Dr. Boling explains, "Most nutrients are delivered to the skin via the bloodstream, but some can be applied topically. However, the top layer of the skin — called the stratum corneum — is made up of dead skin cells (about 15 – 20 layers) and acts as a barrier to protect the underlying skin from infection and harmful chemicals. Also, it makes absorption of topical vitamins difficult.
Therefore, exfoliation should be the first step prior to using a natural banana mask. Secondly, studies in animals show that vitamin C can be absorbed by the skin in an acidic environment. It may be beneficial to add in an acid (like lemon or citrus of some sort) to encourage vitamin C absorption."
Whether you eat them or put them on your skin, you're bound to see a big change in your complexion when you make bananas your new best friend. When used in a handy DIY mask, bananas can nourish the skin, along with the help of honey to absorb and retain moisture, to deeply hydrate and enhance your natural glow. And as Dr. Boling suggests, just a touch of lemon juice can help to exfoliate and improve vitamin C absorption.
What you will need:
- Small bowl
- Measuring spoon
- Metal spoon for mashing and mixing
- 1 ripe banana
- 1 tablespoon honey
- 10 drops lemon juice
1. Cut or break a banana into small pieces, and place into a mixing bowl. Mash up the banana with a metal spoon.
2. Add honey and lemon juice to the mashed banana. Mix well.
3. Apply the mask to the entire face, and let sit for 15 minutes. Rinse well using a warm washcloth.
For those who don't have time to whip up an entire DIY banana mask, a fresh banana against inflamed skin might do the trick. Dr. Boling reminds us that bananas have medicinal properties that can be used to soothe a number of inflammatory skin conditions, including acne. Dr. Boling says, "According to a 2012 article in the Journal of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, bananas have been used to treat burns or wounds due to their soothing properties. Thus, using a banana peel against the skin to decrease inflammation could also be very beneficial."


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A trebuchet with an arm of negligible mass 3 m long joiningparticles of mass 60 kg and.12 kg at its ends. It can turnon a frictionless, horizontal axle perpendicular to the rod and 14cm from the large mass particle. The rod is released fromrest in a horizontal position.
A) find the maximum speed that the.12 kg object attains
B) While the.12 kg object is gaining speed does it move witha constant tangential acceleration. Does the trebuchet movewith constant acceleration? Does it have constant momentum? Doesthe trebuchet-earth system have constant mechanical energy?


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An advocate is a professional who helps parents of special needs students obtain special education services. An advocate is usually not a lawyer but rather someone who has learned through personal experience how the IEP process is supposed to work. For parents struggling to get their child special education services, an advocate can be a first step before hiring a lawyer. The advocate may sit in on IEP meetings with the parents.
See more special education terms, or click the links at the top for a full list of education terms.


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Customize the SAS Stored Process web application to create amazing tools for end users. This book shows you how to use stored processes―SAS programs stored on a server and executed as required by requesting applications.
While this approach is not common with SAS users, some have had amazing results. People who have SAS skills usually do not have web development skills, and those with web development skills usually do not have SAS skills. Some people have both skills but are unaware of how to connect them with the SAS Stored Process web application. This book shows you how to leverage your skills for success.
What You Will Learn
- Know the benefits of stored processes
- Write your own tools in SAS
- Make a stored process generate its own HTML menu
- Pass data between stored processes
- Utilize data generated by SAS
- Convert a SAS program into a stored process
Who This Book Is For
SAS programmers looking to improve their existing programming skills to develop web applications, and programming managers who want to make better use of the SAS software they already license


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If you want to prevent any class to be used as a base class in inheritance chain, you can mark that class sealed using sealed keyword. Sealed class is normally a last class in the inheritance chain. A sealed class can inherit from other class or interface, but other classes cannot inherit from it. Apart from this condition, a sealed class behaves like a normal class.
The following code is just for demonstration purpose and it would not compile.


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The Coyote Point Museum for Environmental Education was founded in 1954, and welcomes more than 80,000 visitors every year with a variety of hands-on programs, science exhibits, wildlife encounters, gardens and more.
These are some of the museum's ongoing exhibits:
- Invertebrate Corner. Get up close to a Tarantula, Black Widow spider, or an array of Beatles at the museum's new exhibit. For more information visit the Coyote Point Museum website.
- Tinkering! Every invention, from a sewing needle to a solar cell, came about as the result of tinkering and experimentation. The museum's newest exhibit highlights tinkering in the process of innovation.
- Every day except for Sunday, at 11:00 a.m. the museum hosts a talk called "Animals in Action". Visitors will get to meet the Animal Keepers as they discuss a different animal every day and answer questions about animal behavior.
- Every day at 12:00 p.m. the museum hosts a River Otter Feeding. The river otters frolic and play during their daily feeding which can be observed from both above ground and through the underwater observation window.
- Every day at 1pm the museum hosts a Bobcat Feeding. Watch the playful young bobcats chow down during their afternoon feeding.
- Coyote Point Museum hosts a Paws and Claws Wildlife Show on Saturdays and Sundays at 1:30 p.m. and 2:30 p.m. Be entertained and learn more about wildlife.
On Sunday, the museum opens at noon.


Reliable Temperature Compensation is Critical to CNG Vehicle Safety
This Technical Bulletin addresses the potential hazards created by failure of compressed natural gas (CNG) dispensers that do not accurately compensate for the temperature of the natural gas in vehicle storage containers as they are filled and the history of serious incidents as a result.
Accurate temperature compensation is essential to safety whenever a CNG vehicle is fueled, regardless of the type of station. Serious incidents have resulted from the overfilling of CNG containers at fast-fill as well as time-fill fueling locations. NFPA dispenser requirements and the recommendations that follow apply to both fast-fill and time-fill dispensers, including home refueling appliances.
Furthermore, the Clean Vehicle Education Foundation (CVEF) continues to receive anecdotal reports of CNG dispensers that have been intentionally tampered with to get "a better fill." This is always unsafe and violates the basic principle of safe high-pressure system design: know the safe maximum design pressure and control the actual operating pressure accordingly.
 - Station operators should contact their fastand time-fill dispenser suppliers to make sure they have—and are using—the latest set of written instructions and maintenance schedules as required in NFPA 52-2013. The instructions for pressure and temperature calibrations and functional checks are likely unique to each smart-fill dispenser design and may require special technical assistance.
 - Station operators should schedule annual temperature and pressure calibrations and function checks in early fall to allow time for any needed corrective action before winter temperatures. The mass flow meter should also be calibrated since it may be used in the temperature compensation system. Mass flow meters at private stations, which are not checked regularly by weights and measures officials, should still be checked for safety reasons.
 - Station operators should also ask their dispenser suppliers whether existing dispensers comply with the requirements of NFPA 52-2013 edition. If the dispensers do not comply, the operator should seriously consider upgrading the equipment to provide the enhanced level of safety provided by these requirements when filling vehicles.
Rationale/Supporting Arguments for Recommendations
Why Compensate for Temperature?
The underlying safety rationale for limiting the maximum pressure in CNG containers and equipment may seem obvious. However, limiting the maximum pressure in the cylinder is not as simple as limiting the pressure dispensed to the vehicle. This is because the temperature of the gas in the container may increase after fueling if the temperature of the environment increases before fuel from the container is used and pressure is reduced, which may occur with warming outdoor temperatures or when parking indoors. The following recent serious incident illustrates this point. A vehicle was time-filled outdoors on an unusually cold winter night and without accurate temperature compensation; the approximate station pressure setting was 3,600 psi. In the morning, the vehicle was then moved to a heated service garage where temperatures were much warmer. The result was the pressure in the container increased to over 5,000 psi, causing a pressure relief device (PRD) to quickly vent the entire fuel load. The released fuel was ignited and the garage and vehicles burned. There have also been other serious incidents in which the container PRD was not activated by the excess pressure and the container ruptured.
Accurate temperature compensation allows dispensers to place a full fuel load on the vehicle during all weather conditions. Anytime the temperature of the gas in a cylinder is higher than 70° F, the full cylinder pressure will be greater than the commonly rated 3,600 psi service pressure at 70° F. This is allowable as long as the pressure in the cylinder does not exceed 4,500 psi during the fueling process, nor afterward, and the "settled" pressure at 70° F does not exceed 3,600 psi. While temperature compensation is a critical function for CNG vehicles that regularly operate in hot climates, it is also still important in moderate and cold weather to prevent over pressurization if the gas in the container becomes hotter than the surrounding environment was during fueling.
The safety rationale for accurate temperature compensation is especially strong in many areas of the U.S. where wide temperature swings throughout the day and throughout the year are common.
Why Does Pressure Increase with Temperature?
Thermal expansion is the natural tendency of matter to change in volume in response to change in temperature. A clear example of this physical law is what happens to a car tire with changes in temperature. When winter comes and the air in the tire becomes cold, the pressure drops and your tire pressure monitoring system may tell you to add air. The opposite may happen in summer, and if you check the pressure before and after a fast drive on a hot summer day you will find your tire pressure has increased. The same thing happens to a greater extent in a CNG container. A full container, defined as one in which the gas pressure is 3,600 psi at 70° F, will have a pressure of only 1,753 psi at -40° F and a pressure of 4,272 psi at 110° F. The following extreme case further illustrates this point. If a CNG cylinder was filled without temperature compensation to 3,600 psi at -40° F and parked until summer or otherwise exposed to a temperature of 110° F, the cylinder pressure would theoretically rise to 8,775 psi, a completely unsafe level well in excess of the applicable NGV2 CNG cylinder 8100psi burst pressure requirement.
Why Is It More Important Now?
 - Accurate and reliable temperature compensation is more critical today because many newer vehicles, especially light-duty trucks and cars, are being equipped with rupture disc PRDs. Rupture discs can provide an added level of protection for Type 1 (all metal) cylinders in a fire as over-pressurization could occur before tripping a temperature PRD (TPRD). Some manufacturers choose to install them as an added safeguard against improper temperature compensation at some existing CNG stations. CVEF believes that the combination of rupture discs and potential overfilling due to non-existent or faulty temperature compensation at the filling station may present a new hazard in indoor parking and vehicle maintenance facilities, especially in cases like the one described above. Further exacerbating this potential hazard, few states or local authorities currently inspect station dispensing systems for proper temperature compensation calibration and operation. As more of these vehicles come into service, there's potential for more frequent rupture disc-initiated cylinder vent downs inside garages as a result of faulty dispensing temperature compensation, and this presents an unacceptable hazard.
 - The second, subtler change has been the widespread adoption of individual container solenoid valves for multi-cylinder fuel systems. A major selling point of these valves is to stop large gas releases in buildings if a leak develops in a vehicle fuel line while parked or if a fuel line ruptures in a crash. However, an unanticipated threat of these valves is if they do not open properly while the vehicle is running and do not discharge fuel. This would result in gradual over-pressurization of the container by repetitive vehicle fills, which will shorten the container life and make a major reduction in its tolerance of in-service damage. If the station also fails to temperature compensate a container with a stuck solenoid valve, the pressure built on a particularly warm day could cause the rupture of an undamaged container. The 2013 change to NFPA 52 requires vehicles to have solenoid failure detection systems, but virtually no older vehicles are equipped with detection systems.
NFPA 52 Requirements for Station Operators:
NFPA 52-2013 fueling requirements are stated in language that may be difficult to understand so some explanation is added below.
7.14 System Operation:
 - 7.14.1: A container shall not be charged in excess of the design pressure at the normal temperature for that container.
 Explanation: The quantity of the gas in the filled vehicle containers shall not produce a pressure greater than 3,600 psi at a uniform temperature of 70° F. However, the actual gas is almost never at a uniform 70° F. This safety requirement ensures that the filled pressure is compensated for temperatures above and below 70° F.
 - DOT, TC, and ANSI/IAS NGV2 containers shall be charged in accordance with DOT, TC, and ANSI/IAS NGV2 regulations.
 - DOT, TC, and ANSI/IAS NGV2 containers shall not be subjected to pressure in excess of 125 percent of the marked service pressure even if, on cooling, the pressure settles to the marked service pressure.
 Explanation: The maximum container pressure at any point during the filling process shall not exceed 4,500 psi for a 3,600psi service pressure rated cylinder (3,600 x 1.25 = 4,500 psi).
 - 7.14.2: A fuel supply container shall not have a settled pressure above the service pressure that is stamped on the container and displayed on a label near the filling connection, corrected for the ambient temperature at the time of filling.
 Explanation: When the gas in the container reaches equilibrium at a uniform temperature, the container pressure shall not exceed the pressure that would be produced at that temperature by the gas quantity in 7.14.1
 - 7.14.3: CNG dispensing systems shall be equipped to stop fuel flow automatically when a fuel supply container reaches the temperature-corrected fill pressure (see 7.6.3).
 Explanation: An automatic control system independent of the dispenser operator shall be provided to shutoff the dispenser when the maximum fill, as defined in either 7.14.1 or, is reached. Manual adjustments and shutoffs do not meet this requirement.
 - 7.14.4: The dispenser shall be designed to detect any malfunction that fills the vehicle fuel container in excess of the limits


text:
Welcome to Cruise Booking Agency Nelson Bay/Port Stephens the number one place to book your Dolphin Watching adventure
Port Stephens is NSW premium destination for dolphin watching enthusiast, with the beautiful Port Stephens harbour boosting an impressive 99% success rate for spotting dolphins.
Port Stephens is the home of some of the states most beautiful sea cultures. There are two different species of dolphin living in and around Port Stephens, Within the Port Stephens harbour the beautiful bottle nosed dolphin grace the Port Stephens prestige waters and the waters outside of the Port Stephens harbour the larger species of common dolphin brave the outer seas of Port Stephens.
If you visit Nelson Bay/Port Stephens (just north of Newcastle) you will be treated to a privileged view inside the world of the bottlenose dolphin. Around 90-120 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins live permanently in the waters of Port Stephens, making it one of the most popular places in the world for dolphin watching. The rocky coastal headlands and long white beaches of Port Stephens provide an ideal vantage point for dolphin watching from the shore or hope on board one of the many Dolphin Watch Cruises available.
For years the locals of Port Stephens and visiting tourist have been fascinated by both species of dolphin and through cruise booking agency there are various boat cruises that can be undertaken so everyone can take the opportunity to see the dolphins of Port Stephens.
In Port Stephens, the bottlenose dolphin population is divided into two mixed-gender communities. Dolphins often form long-term social relationships with other dolphins living in the same community. These communities have different home ranges, where one community lives predominantly in the eastern section or basin of the port (from the heads to Soldiers Point) and the other lives in the western basin of the port (from Soldiers Point, west to Karuah and Big Swan Bay). The ranges of these communities sometimes overlap, providing for social interaction between the two communities and genetic mixing. The largest community of bottlenose dolphins lives in the eastern section of the Port. This community is mainly comprised of adults, subadults and calves and occupies a small core area focusing on the marine (ocean) environment. Habitats in this area consist of sandy substrates and large seagrass beds with strong tidal influence of coastal waters. A smaller community of generally closely-related bottlenose dolphins inhabits the western section of the Port. These western dolphins focus on riverine (river-like) environments with muddy benthic (bottom) habitats, influenced by often turbid water and freshwater outflow from local rivers. The above paragraph was taken from the Port Stephens Visitor Guide. For further information on Port Stephens – Dolphin Watching – Visitor Guide


A: Citrix XenDesktop supports deployments to Active Directory (AD) environments where user and computer accounts exist in a single AD forest (at all forest and domain functional levels). XenDesktop can also support deployments to AD environments where user accounts are in different forests from the computer accounts of XenDesktop controllers and all virtual desktops. For this second situation, the domain or domains containing the XenDesktop controller and all virtual desktops must trust the domain or domains containing the user accounts. This trust can be a forest trust or an external trust. The situation where XenDesktop controllers and virtual desktops are in separate forests is also supported (at all forest functional levels, and at domain functional levels above Windows 2000 Native) when a bi-directional trust exists between the two domains.


Bookmark Commands
Bookmark Commands
The bookmark commands context menu is available when you right-click on the bookmark in the bookmarks toolbar.
Bookmark Notes
1. Bookmark Notes
Bookmark notes allow you to associate a given log entry with a block of free-form text. Depending on the state of the current log entry, the bookmark notes command will either convert the current bookmark or display the already set bookmark notes.
Filter After
2. Filter After
Reads the time of the bookmarked log entry and creates a new Date Filter showing everything which occurred after that time.
Filter Before
3. Filter Before
Reads the time of the bookmarked log entry and creates a new Date Filter showing everything which occurred before that time.
Filter Between
4. Filter Between
When two or more bookmarks are selected this command will determine the start and end time of the underlying log entries and create a new Date Filter showing everything which occurred between the selected times.
Calculate Elapsed
5. Calculate Elapsed
Calculates the amount of time that has elapsed between the two selected bookmarks.
Compare Log Entries
6. Compare Log Entries
If you have configured LogViewPlus to use a compare tool (like WinMerge) the Compare Log Entries command will open the log entries of the two selected bookmarks using your configured tool. This is helpful for quickly determining the difference between two bookmarked log entries.
7. Copy
The copy commands are used to copy data to the Windows clipboard. You can either copy the full log entry as it was originally written or you can copy a particular cell within the grid. Copying cells is particularly helpful if you intend to create a text filter from the cell data.
8. Find
Finds the currently selected. This action is the same as double-clicking on the bookmark.
9. Delete
Permanently deletes the currently selected bookmark. Any notes associated with the bookmark will also be deleted.
10. Export
Saves all current bookmarks to a log file in your Windows Temp directory. This log file is then opened in LogViewPlus using a predefined pattern. This is helpful when you want to quickly view all log entries associated with your bookmarks. It can also be helpful if you need to remember the bookmarks you have created.
Show Bookmarked
11. Show Bookmarked
The show bookmark detail command opens the docked bookmark view.
< >


text:
verb: to hold oneself back; to stop
verb: to become smaller or less
noun: the act of opposing or resisting
noun: resistance to motion, action, or change
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text:
Health information technicians generally work in hospitals, HMOs or clinics where they organize and evaluate patient health records. They review the patients' records to make sure they are correct and accurate. Then they code patient data according to a system that gives a number to symptoms, disease, diagnoses, surgery, treatments and medications. In hospitals or large clinics, health information technicians supervise medical coders who usually do this task. Using this coded information, health information technicians provide administrators with reports and health statistics that help them evaluate and plan hospital programs. This information is also used by insurance companies and government agencies to keep track of how hospitals and doctors are providing care to patients.
Many health information technicians work as managers, supervising other medical records department employees such as medical records clerks, transcriptionists and coders. They must know coding system regulations and understand payment procedures of health insurance firms, HMOs and government programs such as Medicare.
Health information technicians must be a high school graduate or GED, including English or ESL, math and have an Associate degree from a health information technician program. These programs cover medical terminology, anatomy, statistics, database management, medical coding and legal aspects of health information. Graduates of health information technician programs are eligible to take an exam and be certified by the American Health Information Management Association as a Registered Health Information Technician. Most hospitals require this certification for employment.
Some hospitals may promote medical records clerks who have a high school diploma or GED into health information technician positions, but some related college coursework is usually required.
Links to Additional Career Information
California Health Information Association _PHONE_ _URL_
American Health Information Management Association _PHONE_ _URL_


text:
10 Stunning Ancient Reliefs and Stone Carvings
Since the dawn of human history, we have felt the need to express our creative side. From the earliest surviving rock art and stone carvings to the gloriously refined sculptures and paintings we can produce today, our art continues to be a reflection of society, and of the different cultures we live in.
Ancient reliefs and carvings—being some of the most durable forms of art—can still be found at religious sites, tombs, and palaces. Most of the reliefs and carvings on this list are found at UNESCO World Heritage sites, and are seen as having significance to the legacy of mankind.
At the ruins of Arsameia in Turkey, you can visit the most ancient known relief carving of two figures shaking hands. The famous eleven-foot (3.5m) relief shows the father of Antiochus I of Commagene—King Mithridates—in royal apparel, shaking the hand of Hercules. Believed to have been created between 70 B.C. and 38 B.C., it is splendid to behold to this day.
The intricate carvings on the stone cliffs of Dazu are revered as the most sophisticated and exquisite of their time. Created between the ninth and thirteenth centuries AD, they are a clear testimony to the congenial and harmonious integration of religion, philosophy, and culture that China experienced during this epoch.
Their well-preserved condition make them stand out from the larger carvings found at many other national sites. Varying in size from very small to grandiose, over fifty thousand sculptures and one hundred thousand engravings and etchings can be seen in the sunlight—all of them connected via well-maintained passages and trails.
The cave temple on Gharapuri Island has been called one of the seven wonders of India. It was carved from the natural landscape in the fifth century, and hosts the embodiment of Indian art in the form of staggeringly beautiful carvings and statues. The carvings on the panels portray various Hindu deities, along with their attendants.
The most important and brilliant sculpture depicts the Trimurti. This twenty foot image was carved in relief at the back of the cave, and it presents the three-headed Shiva. To reach the temple, you have to travel from the Indian mainland to the island, traverse the mountain, and find your way through the caves.
The catacombs in Alexandria include tombs, sculptures, and other archaeological artifacts that blend Greek, Roman, and Egyptian features. Carved in the second century and in use as a cemetery until the fourth century, the catacombs were then forgotten until being rediscovered in 1900.
The most beautifully sculptured reliefs and carvings can be seen at the entrance to the temple and inside the main tomb; they feature Egyptian rituals, as well as various gods and deities. The Greek influence becomes more evident in the main tomb, where a relief carving depicts the shield of Athena with Medusa's head pictured on it.
The temple at Angkor Wat has the distinction of being the largest religious monument in the world. Its allure brings more than a million visiting tourists every year. Built in the twelfth century, it is admired not only for its massive size, but also for the tremendous intricacy of the reliefs and the assorted devatas (minor female deities) that adorn the temple walls.
In fact, hundreds of artists carved practically the whole temple—from the pillars, to the lintels, to the roofs. The extensive reliefs mainly portray scenes from the ancient Hindu epics, and they stretch for miles.
Built by Darius the Great around 515 B.C., the palace must have been a wonder to behold. Massive columns—of which thirteen remained standing by the twentieth century—supported the roof. The staircases were embellished with rows of reliefs that displayed successions of delegates, soldiers, guards, and chariots carrying presents and offerings to honor the king. The front walls of the palace were carved with images of the Immortals of 300 fame—the Persian Kings' noble guard.
Sanchi is a small village in India that is famous for its stupas, or Buddhist memorials. The most noteworthy of these is the "Great Stupa," constructed in the third century B.C. The most phenomenal relief and stone carvings in Sanchi are the Toranas, which were placed strategically around the Great Stupa. These are carved with scenes depicting the life cycles of the Buddha. No spot was left bare on any of the Toranas; one even features a sculpture of Yakshini upholding a trestle architrave.
Various memorials were built in and around the town of Mahabalipuram between the seventh and ninth centuries A.D., and today four of them are recognized as World Heritage sites. "Descent of the Ganges" or "Arjuna's Penance"—recognized worldwide as the world's largest preserved open-air relief—measures ninety-six feet (29m) long by forty-three feet (13m) high, and was carved from monolithic rock.
Two different but equally flattering interpretations exist as to the artwork's symbolism. Either Arjuna or Shiva appear to the left of the shrine, and on the right hand side, life-sized elephants shield their young beneath a legion of creatures, all flawlessly suspended for aeons to come.
The carvings of Taq-e Bostan lie along the historic Silk Road caravan route in the Zagros Mountains. The exquisite and wonderfully preserved artworks were created between A.D. 226 and A.D. 650, during the rule of the Sassanid Dynasty. The site's brilliant location, next to a historic waypoint and campground, would have ensured that every traveller saw its splendor—splendor that has remained largely unchanged for the past seventeen hundred years. The artworks include two beautiful arches that depict crowning ceremonies, hunting scenes, as well as various Sassanid patterns. The majesty of the carved mountain is reflected in an adjacent pool of water, which itself is fed from a sacred spring.
The largest stone Buddha in existence was carved out of a cliff face in the Sichuan province around A.D. 713. The construction was begun by a monk, who hoped that the Buddha's presence would pacify the tumultuous river. It is said that so much stone was deposited in the river during its construction that the currents were indeed changed, making the waters safer for passing ships. An exceptional drainage system that is still in working order today was integrated into the artwork—keeping it safe from water run-off.


text: Textile workshop "Latin American Arpilleras, textile stories for peace and Human Rights". Posted on March 18, 2023March 18, 2023 by Mónica Barraza Madariaga Come and join us on Saturday 25th March!. Discover the beautiful, deep and emotional art of the Latin American Arpilleras and let your creative ideas loose. During the Latin Arpilleras workshop, you will learn the technique to create a unique work of art. You don't have to be an artist, just be inspired by your dreams, feelings and desires. Above all, we want you to express your imagination and creativity, through needles, fabrics and threads. Together, we will create a collective work of art in which common stories and experiences are shared with harmony and respect. In this way, we want to represent our common space, be it the Wijkcentrum d'Oude Stadt, the neighborhood or even the city of Amsterdam, with its symbols, colours and shapes. To participate in this workshop, it is not necessary to have prior knowledge of sewing or embroidery. The name Arpillera (or burlap) refers to a type of cloth, usually used for wrapping foodstuffs, such as flour or wheat. It was first used as a canva by the great Chilean artist Violeta Parra around 1960. She named the textile work that resulted from her creative, profound and self-taught way of embroidering her dreams, desires and sorrows on them, arpillera. Soon, the technique was enriched by the hands of the "Bordadoras de Isla Negra", a collective of women embroiderers from this coastal town in Chile.In the 70s and 80s, it became an important popular textile tradition cultivated by hundreds of women in Chile as an act of resistance and denunciation during the Pinochet dictatorship. These "embroidered pictures" became a living testimony of the human rights violations during the dictatorship, but also a form of emotional restraint in the face of the tireless struggle for truth and social justice. Nowadays, this technique is used by women and artists across Latin America. Materials needed: 1. Pieces of coloured fabric (ideally, they should not be elastic or too rigid). The idea is to reuse fabrics and textiles that you already have at home. 2. Sewing and/or embroidery thread and needles 3. Wool. 4. (If you have) Nylon panties and synthetic cotton. We invite you to bring a biscuit to share during the workshop.Free entrance, limited places. Registration in: _URL_ Workshop guided mainly in Dutch.


text:
- Is the opposite of 0 infinity?
- What is the opposite of 0 in math?
- Is 0 even or off?
- What is the product of zero and non zero integer?
- What is the smallest positive integer?
- What's the opposite of pink?
- What is the opposite of integers?
- What's the opposite of 2?
- What's the opposite of 2 3?
- What is the opposite of 8?
- Is 0 a rational number?
- Does 0 belong to integers?
- What number is opposite of?
- Is 1 a positive integer?
- Is a integer yes or no?
- What is a non 0 Number?
- What is the meaning of a non zero integer?
- Is 0 positive or negative integer?
- Is 6 a positive integer?
- Is 1 a integer number?
- Is zero the first even number?
Is the opposite of 0 infinity?
So no, zero is not the opposite of infinity.
The opposite of a number is its additive inverse: a number which, when added to it, gives you zero.
Or, more generally, subtracting a number is the same as adding its opposite.
∞+0≠0, and x-∞ is not the same as x+0..
What is the opposite of 0 in math?
The opposite of zero is negative zero. Zero has no opposite. Zero cannot have an opposite because it cannot be positive or negative.
Is 0 even or off?
The use of the phrase "even number, or the number zero" implies that zero is not even. On the other hand, the mayor is lumping zero together with the even numbers, so he certainly doesn't think it's odd. So what is it – odd, even or neither? For mathematicians the answer is easy: zero is an even number.
What is the product of zero and non zero integer?
ZERO IS THE PRODUCT OF ZERO AND NON-ZERO INTEGER.
What is the smallest positive integer?
1 is the smallest positive integer.
What's the opposite of pink?
greenred and yellow, for example, create orange. Acording color wheel the opposite of pink is green, so have in mind what pink you have you can see what is the opposite green. The composition of the color wheel has been made out of twelve basic shades: three basic, three auxiliary and six tertiary.
What is the opposite of integers?
The opposite of a positive integer is a negative integer. So, the opposite of the integer +20 is −20.
What's the opposite of 2?
Answer and Explanation: The opposite reciprocal of 2 would be -1/2. To find the opposite reciprocal, first find the reciprocal. The whole number 2 can be made into the…
What's the opposite of 2 3?
∴ Reciprocal of that number is 1n. ∴ Reciprocal of −23 =1(−23) =−32.
What is the opposite of 8?
-1/8Answer and Explanation: The opposite reciprocal of 8 would be -1/8. The fraction that is equal to the whole number 8 would be 8/1.
Is 0 a rational number?
Yes, 0 is a rational number. Since we know, a rational number can be expressed as p/q, where p and q are integers and q is not equal to zero.
Does 0 belong to integers?
All whole numbers are integers, so since 0 is a whole number, 0 is also an integer.
What number is opposite of?
The opposite of a number is its additive inverse. The sum of a number and its opposite is zero. (This is sometimes called the property of opposites ). So, the opposite of −999 is 999 ; the opposite of 13 is −13 ; the opposite of 1 is −1.
Is 1 a positive integer?
Positive and Negative Integers Positive integers are all the whole numbers greater than zero: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ….
Is a integer yes or no?
An integer (pronounced IN-tuh-jer) is a whole number (not a fractional number) that can be positive, negative, or zero. Examples of integers are: -5, 1, 5, 8, 97, and 3,043. Examples of numbers that are not integers are: -1.43, 1 3/4, 3.14,. 09, and 5,643.1.
What is a non 0 Number?
A quantity which does not equal zero is said to be nonzero. A real nonzero number must be either positive or negative, and a complex nonzero number can have either real or imaginary part nonzero.
What is the meaning of a non zero integer?
The nonzero integers are [rational] integers other than zero, and thus have positive absolute value; they may be positive or negative numbers. Each integer occurs exactly once: interleaved positive and negative integers (Cf.
Is 0 positive or negative integer?
Because zero is neither positive nor negative, the term nonnegative is sometimes used to refer to a number that is either positive or zero, while nonpositive is used to refer to a number that is either negative or zero. Zero is a neutral number.
Is 6 a positive integer?
Divisors of the Positive Integer 6 The integer 6 is a Composite number.
Is 1 a integer number?
The integers are …, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, … — all the whole numbers and their opposites (the positive whole numbers, the negative whole numbers, and zero).
Is zero the first even number?
Zero is an even number. In other words, its parity—the quality of an integer being even or odd—is even. This can be easily verified based on the definition of "even": it is an integer multiple of 2, specifically 0 × 2. … In this sense, 0 is the "most even" number of all.


Useful Glossary of Coal Mine Terms
We came across a useful glossary of coal mining terms a while ago, here it is:
A Glossary of Mining Terms used in mid 1800's
AFTERDAMP. After an explosion the mine was filled by the products of the burning gas. These were mainly carbon monoxide (CO) which is poisonous and carbon dioxide (CO2) which is suffocating.
BALANCER. The person, usually a boy, who operated the balance.
BALANCE. A slope with a pulley at the top where empty tubs pulled full tubs up the slope.
BLOWER. Large amounts of methane gas is trapped under pressure in the coal and will seep out. If a large reservoir is broken into then it will blow out of the coal.
BRATTICE. Fresh air was directed to the ends of the workings by constructing wooden frames down the centre of the tunnel and covering the frame with thick canvas brattice cloth that was nailed to the frame
by large headed brattice nails. BROW. See downbrow and upbrow.
BANKSMAN The man at the surface who was in charge of the or pit bank. He was responsible for the loading and
BROWMAN unloading the cage and signalling to the engineman responsible for winding the cage.
CAGE. A crude lift that was wound up and down the shaft carrying men and materials. Some cages had more than one deck. The one in use at Wood Pit had two decks.
COAL FACE. The place where the coal is exposed and the colliers "win" it.
COLLIER. The skilled man who worked at the coal face and actually got the coal.
COLLIERY. The site at the surface that includes all the buildings, railways and headgears.
COUPLER. A man or boy who worked on the haulage system coupling tubs together.
CUT THROUGH a short tunnel connecting two roads.
DATALLER A man employed to do service work in the mine and paid by the day.
DELF A Lancashire term to describe a seam of coal e.g. or Ravenhead Main Delf.
DOOR See ventilation door.
DOWNCAST The main shaft of the colliery up and down which
SHAFT men and materials were wound. The fresh air for the ventilation of the main is drawn down this shaft.
DRAWER The person who is employed by the collier to take full tubs from the workplace to the haulage and bring back empty tubs.
DRAWING The act of removing props and allowing the roof to
PROPS fall behind the coal face.
DROP PIT A side tunnel into the shaft. Usually part of the ventilation system.
DUMB PIT A short rising tunnel from the furnace into the upcast shaft. See Ventilation.
ENDLESS A long rope or chain that is driven by an engine
ROPE round two pulleys, one at each end of an incline.
ENGINEMAN The man in the engine house who is in charge of the winding engine and takes his instructions from the banksman.
FACE. See coal face.
FALL. A fall of the roof.
FIREDAMP Methane gas that comes naturally from the coal and is inflammable but when mixed with air becomes explosive.
FIREMAN An official who is in charge of a district in the mine.
FURNACE A coal fire in an iron grate at the bottom of the upcast shaft. The hot air created by the fire rose up the upcast shaft and cold fresh air was drawn into the workings down the downcast shaft. See ventilation.
GOB or GOAF The area behind the coal face where the props have
been drawn and the roof allowed to fall in. HEADING A tunnel driven into the coal.
HEADGEAR The main frame that stood over the shaft on which are fixed the pulleys and guides for the cage.
HAULAGE The system by which the coal is transported from the coal face to the bottom of the shaft. See Endless Rope Haulage.
JIG A pulley wheel in the haulage system, usually at top of an incline.
JIGGER The person, usually a lad, who operated the jig. KNOCKING A system of signalling used to control the cage and the haulage system.
LEVEL A horizontal road in the mine. LASHER ON See hooker-on.
LOWER SIDE The downward-sloping side of the workplace.
METALMAN A man employed to service the tunnels and rails in the haulage system.
MINE The name given in Lancashire to a coal seam. PACK A column of stones built to support the roof.
PIT The shaft from the surface down to the workings. PIT EYE The area around the bottom of the shaft.
PLACE The work place at the coal face where the collier won the coal. Each collier had his own place.
PONY DRIVER A boy who had charge of a pony which pulled the tubs along the haulage roads.
PONY TENTER See tenter.
PROP TAKER See drawing props.
RETURNING A tunnel through which air passes from the
GALLERY. workings to the upcast shaft.
RIB CUTTING A tunnel cut through the coal, usually at right angles to a road.
ROAD A tunnel from the workings to the pit eye. SHAFT. The hole from the surface to the pit eye.
SINKER. A skilled man who contracted to sink new shafts. SPLIT. A branch in the ventilation system.
STEAM JETS Nozzles at the bottom of the upcast shaft through which steam was passed to cause convection currents for the ventilation. They were considered safe since there were no naked flames to ignite inflammable gas.
STOPPINGS Walls built across the roads and tunnels that would seal off an area of the mine.
TAKER-OFF Someone, usually a boy, who unhitched tubs from
TAKER-IN the endless rope.
TENTER Someone who looked after something e.g. furnace tenter, door tenter and pony tenter.
TOP DECK The upper floor of the cage.
TIMBER The wooden beams and props used to support the roof. See Props and Drawing Props.
TUNNEL. See Road.
UNDERLOOKER An official in charge of a mine and responsible to the undermanager and supervising the fireman.
UPBROW A road driven uphill to the seam.
UPCAST The ventilation shaft that carries the foul air away from the workings.
VENTILATION DOOR A wooden door that directs the flow of fresh air around the workings of the mine.
The above is taken from the book 'Weep Mothers Weep' (ISBN 9780950769240).
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text:
I'm working on a website that uses two columns inside a container. The container has a white background that should stretch to the bottom of whichever column is highest, so I'm using the holy grail method for that.
However, both columns should positioned so that a part of it exceeds the white background (this example uses a fixed height, which should be fluid). As far as I know, this can only be done by setting the overflow to visible but this break the equal height of the columns.
How do I fix this with as little additional elements as possible?


The principle of Monowheels is super simple and works on this easy way. For the forward or backward movement, the rider just leans slightly forward or backward. In order to steer left or right, the driver moves his body weight to the left or right.
1. How does the dynamic stabilization of the Monowheel works
The ability to independently maintain balance is the most amazing property on Monowheel and is the key to its operation. To understand how this system works, it is helpful to consider Kamen's model for this utensil – the human body.
If you stand up and lean forward so far that you lose your balance, you nevertheless usually do not fall on your nose. The brain knows that you are not in balance, because of the fluid in your inner ear. So it causes you to put your foot forward, in order to avoid a fall. If you keep leaning forward, your brain will keep putting your legs forward. Instead of falling, you walk forward, one step after another.
The Monowheel does pretty much the same, with the difference that he has a foot instead of a wheel, instead of muscles a motor, a collection of microprocessors instead of a brain and a set of sophisticated equilibrium sensors instead of balance in the inner ear. Like your brain, the Monowheel knows when you are leaning forward. To maintain balance, it turns the wheel in exactly the right speed, so you move forward. Monowheel calls this behavior "dynamic stabilization".
2. The brain and the muscles
The Monowheel consists of an intelligent network of sensors, mechanical components, a drive system and control systems. The moment when you step onto the unit, starting five gyroscopic sensors and two accelerometers 100 times per second to analyze the terrain and your body position.
Monowheel uses a special solid-state angular sensor. This type of gyroscope sensor judges the rotation of an object, taking account of the Coriolis effect on a very small scale.
With the Coriolis force is meant the effect, that moving bodies are deflected in a rotating reference system from the perspective of a co-rotating observer. If you observe a plane flying seemingly in a straight line, this line appears curved, because the earth moves under it.
The Monowheel has five gyroscopic sensors, though it would really only need three to control the weight transfer to the front and rear. The extra sensors add redundancy, to make the product more reliable. The information about the driver and his control weight shifting movements are passed along with the information of additional tilt angle sensors for "brain" of the Monowheels.
The "brain" consists of two redundant electronic circuit boards which are each equipped with a group of microprocessors. The batteries and motor windings are duplicated. They work together and share the power required to drive the workload. The Monowheel has furthermore also some additional microprocessors. The Balance Scooter requires much calculating capacity because it must do precise calculations in the shortest possible time to prevent tipping. If a circuit board while driving fails (or the associated battery, motor windings or wiring), the other half takes over all functions. The system informs the driver of the fault and can be deactivated controlled.
The microprocessors are controlled by an advanced software, which in turn controls the vehicle. This program monitors all information arriving from the gyroscopic sensors and adjusts the speed of the electric motors. The electric motors, which are powered by two rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, can turn each wheel independently at different speeds.
If the vehicle is tilted forward, the motor will move forward the wheel to prevent overturning. If the vehicle is tilted to the back, the engine moves the wheel to the back.


text:
Nyamuragira volcano erupted on July 26, 2002, spewing lava high into the air along with a large plume of steam, ash, and sulfur dioxide. The 3,053-meter (10,013-foot) volcano is located in eastern Congo, very near that countrys border with Rwanda. Nyamuragira is the smaller, more violent sibling of Nyiragongo volcano, which devastated the town of Goma with its massive eruption in January 2002. Nyamuragira is situated just 40 km (24 miles) northeast of Goma.
This pair of images was acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), flying aboard NASAs Terra satellite, on July 26. The image on the left shows the scene in true color. The small purple box in the upper righthand corner marks the location of Nyamuragiras hot summit. The false-color image on the right shows the plume from the volcano streaming southwestward. This image was made using MODIS channels sensitive at wavelengths from 8.5 to 11 microns. Red pixels indicate high concentrations of sulphur dioxide.
Image courtesy Liam Gumley, Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison


Zip Nucleic Acids (ZNA®)
Spermine phosphoramidite is used to produce oligospermine-oligonucleotide conjugates - Zip Nucleic Acids (ZNA®) Oligos. The name reflects the presumed mode of action. The conjugates are believed to use the oligospermine to seek out and move along (scan) oligonucleotide strands until the probe complementary sequence is located. The oligospermine then performs the function of stabilizing the formed duplex by reducing electrostatic repulsion, thereby leading to significantly increased binding affinities. ZNA® Oligos have found use in the following applications: Multiplex PCR; PCR of AT-rich Regions; RT qPCR; Detection of MicroRNA; Improved SNP Discrimination; and Antisense and Antigene Effects. Spermine phosphoramidite is simple to use in oligonucleotide synthesis and can be added multiple times at the 3' or 5' terminus. Deprotection and isolation are also straightforward. HPLC analysis of the conjugates requires high pH to suppress the ionization of the spermine residues.


In the Spotlight
News & Features
Multi-ethnic families increasing
By Brandt Williams
Minnesota Public Radio
April 10, 2002
The 2000 census was the first opportunity for Minnesotans to report their multi-racial heritage. Without past years of data to compare the numbers to, demographers don't know if the state's mixed race population is larger than 10 years ago. But they do know that the multicultural population is very young. That says a lot about the changing face of Minnesota.
Carlos Gallegos
Carlos Gallego is Hispanic, and his wife, Jeunge Yang-Gallego, is Hmong. They and their three children reflect the changing face of Minnesota - as more residents come from multi-racial and multi-ethnic backgrounds. See a photo of the family.
(MPR Photo/Brandt Williams)
The census data released this week shows people who say they are both American Indian and white make up the majority of Minnesotans who reported multi-racial backgrounds.
The next largest multi-racial group is made up of people who are both black and white. Multi-racial people are more likely to live in Hennepin and Ramsey counties.
The state's multi-racial population is also young. The median age of multi-racial Minnesotans is about 17 - less than half of the median age of all state residents.
Minnesota is still overwhelmingly white. But demographers say this data shows that people of different racial and ethnic backgrounds are putting these differences aside, and having children.
This trend is represented by Camilo Gallego, 8, his brother Julian, 5, sister Elena, 2. On a recent morning, Julian and Elena are eating breakfast in their family's Carver County home while Camilo gets ready for school. Their mother, Jeunge Yang-Gallego, makes Camilo a ball of sticky rice filled with pork to eat before he leaves.
Jeunge is Hmong. Her husband Carlos was born in Minnesota, but his parents came to America from Columbia. Jeunge and Carlos have been married for 10 years.
Jeunge Yang-Gallego
Elena Gallego sits on the lap of her mother, Jeunge Yang-Gallego. Jeunge is Hmong, but her father was Chinese. She and Carlos have been married for 10 years. Both of them say their families were hesistant when they planned to marry someone from a different ethnic background. She and Carlos spoke to MPR's Brandt Williams. Listen to the interview.
(MPR Photo/Brandt Williams)
Carlos says his parents were a little nervous about his decision to marry an Asian woman. Jeunge says at first, her parents didn't want her to marry someone who wasn't Hmong.
"They want you to marry your same culture, because my mom can't speak English and cannot communicate with him, and it's really difficult," says Jeunge. "But later they think - if I'm happy, he's happy - then they agree."
The Gallego children speak Hmong, English and some Chinese and Spanish. Jeunge's father was Chinese. She wants the kids to reflect her Chinese heritage, as well as their Hmong and Latin ties.
According to the census, the Gallego children would be considered multi-ethnic, not multi-racial, since the census categorizes Hispanics as an ethnic group, not a racial group.
Minnesotans who come from at least two racial groups make up less than 2 percent of the state's total population, according to the 2000 census. But demographers say those numbers could increase in coming years.
State demographer Barbara Ronningen says the state is seeing the results of a trend towards interracial marriages.
Gallego children
Julian Gallego, 5, and his two year-old sister, Elena, eat breakfast in their Chaska home on a recent morning. Their brother Camilo is 8. The children speak English and Hmong, as well as some Chinese and Spanish - each language representing part of their parents' ethnic heritage.
(MPR Photo/Brandt Williams)
"It's become a more common thing to see mixed-race children. As that occurs nationally, it also has occurred in Minnesota," says Ronningen. "We probably (have) a much smaller mixed-race population than some states. But we've certainly seen changes - and a more open society perhaps - where you have mixed marriages and as a result, mixed race children."
Another way demographers track the growth of multi-racial populations is through household size. Ronningen says minority and multi-racial populations generally have more children than white families, and that means their numbers are growing.
She says the rate of growth will depend on other factors such as the economy. Ronningen says a faltering job market may cause many minorities - especially those who have just moved to the state - to relocate.
The Gallego family has lived in Chaska since October. The Gallego kids say they don't have any playmates who look like them. But their father Carlos says, like many parts of Minnesota, Chaska is slowly becoming more diverse.
"In the city of Chaska, there's been very little immigration of other cultures until very recently," says Carlos Gallegos. "As an example, there were less than 70 Hispanics in the 1990 census. Now there's over 1,000, just in the area of Chaska alone."
Carlos says on the 2000 census form, he classified his children as Hispanic-Asians.
In the 2000 census, there were a total of 885 people who called themselves Hispanic-Asians in Minnesota.
More Information
 - The Faces of Minnesota The 2000 census


text:
posted by Dr. Amber Jenkins
Mimicry is the sincerest form of flattery. At least that's how it goes in the technology world. Today's researchers are developing solar-powered cells that look and behave exactly like plant leaves — they're green, they blow in the wind, and they absorb light and convert it into electrons. Straight from Mother Nature's textbook.
Now an illuminating new design has come to the table. It's less a case of mimicking a plant and more a case of harnessing real-life fruit — in this case, tomatoes. Yep, those acidic little yummies are being used to run an LED table lamp called "Still Light." The lamp, which comes out of d-VISION, an Israeli internship program for Product Development and Industrial Design, hooks up tomatoes to copper and zinc electrodes. The tomatoes act as electrolytes for the current to pass through and help power the LED. Like all good things, it comes to an end — when the tomatoes eventually rot. This isn't nature's solution to our energy problems. But it is a cool new design and might help spur on the next generation of tomato technology.


text:
One of my favorite wild flowers is the Basket Flower, Centaurea americana. It grows in many places across Texas. I love the delicate petals of this flower and their shades of lavender. Basket flowers are members of the Asteraceae family and their flowers are really compound flowers where each petal is associated with a single tiny flower within the composite flower head. They get their name from the phyllaries or bracts that surround the base of the flower head to form a cup of interwoven spines that resemble a basket. They bloom from May till August each year.
The butterfly nectaring on the Basket Flower is an Orange Skipperling, Copaeodes aurantiaca in the family Hesperiidae, the skipper butterflies. Skippers like moist areas along the margins of rivers and streams. This stand of Basket Flowers was beside a bridge over a small stream in West Texas at the edge of the caprock.
In the last image, you can see the proboscis of the skipperling probing the flowerlets for nectar. I am literally amazed at how these tiny creatures unfurl these structures and guide them into the multitude of tiny flowers on a plant like the Basket Flower. This kind of behavior goes on all around us largely unnoticed or appreciated by our species. These images remind me what a complex world we live in and give me a sense of wonder about something as simple as a butterfly and a flower.


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What's the key deference between passing by reference and passing by value in PHP?
function ( &$var1,$var2)
Function that passes an array by reference and value, what would the impact be.
share|improve this question
closed as unclear what you're asking by gnat, GlenH7, Bart van Ingen Schenau, MichaelT, Robert Harvey Jul 9 '14 at 22:18
Did you read the manual? Is there something in there that's confusing you? – Yannis Aug 26 '12 at 21:52
1 Answer 1
It's a question of scope; from the manual:
For instance:
$outer_var = "Hello";
function nullify_by_value($inner_var)
 $inner_var = null;
This will output string 'Hello' (length=5) because the function can not modify the variable passed to it by value (as passing by value creates a copy of the variable in the function's local scope).
function nullify_by_reference(&$inner_var)
 $inner_var = null;
This will output null because the function has modified the variable which was passed to it by reference (i.e., outside the function's local scope).
share|improve this answer


text:
Another version of British road signage commonly used before the adoption of the Kinneir-Calvert system.
Each of Kinneir and Calvert's road signs was designed on a grid of letter tiles, like this layout diagram
The new road signage system fascinated British designers, as illustrated by this cover of the ICI magazine Plastics Today, 1965
Children crossing sign - the image of the girl is based on a childhood photograph of Margaret Calvert, 1964
Jock Kinneir + Margaret CalvertGraphic Designers (_PHONE_) + (1936-)
Designing Modern Britain - Design Museum
Until 26 November 2006
One of the most ambitious and effective information design projects ever executed in Britain is the road and motorway signage system designed by JOCK KINNEIR (_PHONE_) and MARGARET CALVERT (1936-) from 1957 to 1967. Intellectually rigorous yet inclusive and engaging, their system has become a role model for modern road signage all over the world.
Determined to illustrate the haphazard state of British road signage at the turn of the 1960s, the graphic designer Herbert Spencer drove from central London to the recently opened Heathrow London Airport and photographed each of the road signs that he came across along the way. He then published the result in two photographic essays in successive 1961 issues of his graphic design magazine Typographica.
At the time, Britain's roads were littered with a plethora of signs commissioned by various bodies. In the course of Spencer's journey, mostly along the A3, he photographed scores of signs each bearing different symbols, colours and typefaces. His essays prove how chaotic and confusing British road signs must have seemed to motorists at the time. They also demonstrate why the need for a coherent and easily legible signage system was so urgent.
The government of the day took the unusual step of entrusting the development of the new system to the graphic designer Jock Kinneir (_PHONE_) and his assistant Margaret Calvert (1936-). They devised a rigorous signage system of carefully coordinated lettering, colours, shapes and symbols for Britain's new motorways in the late 1950s and for all other roads in the mid 1960s. Efficient and elegant, their system was one of the most ambitious information design projects ever undertaken in Britain. It is a role model for modern road signage in other countries and is still in use today.
When he started work on the motorway signage system in 1957, Jock Kinneir was already regarded as one of Britain's most accomplished graphic designers. Born in Hampshire in 1917, he studied engraving at Chelsea School of Art from 1935 to 1939 and, after World War II ended, was employed as an exhibition designer by the Central Office of Information. He then worked for the Design Research Unit, the multidisciplinary design group founded by the historian Herbert Read, before opening his own practice in 1956 and teaching part-time at Chelsea. Kinneir won his first big commission to design the signage for Gatwick, the new London airport, after meeting one of its architects Yorke, Rosenberg & Mardall in a bus queue. He asked one of his students at Chelsea, Margaret Calvert, to assist him with the project.
Born in South Africa in 1936, Calvert had moved to England as a teenager and specialised in illustration when studying for her National Diploma in Design at Chelsea. Kinneir employed her to help him to produce the artwork, moquettes and drawings for Gatwick. "A job like Gatwick meant something then," she later told the design historian Rick Poynor. "It was really pioneering. You really believed in it and wanted to be part of it – not in the sense of glory. It was just simply thrilling to be building."
When Colin Anderson, the chairman of the P&O-Orient Line shipping company read about the Gatwick signage in a magazine, he commissioned Jock Kinneir to design a baggage labelling system for P&O. Passengers often lost their luggage because porters could not decipher the old labels. In 1957 Anderson was then appointed chairman of the government committee formed to review British motorway signs and asked Kinneir to design them.
The government was planning to build hundreds of miles of high-speed motorways as part of an ambitious road construction programme. The existing roads could not cope with the millions of new British motorists who had started to drive in the 1950s as cars, such as the Morris Minor and Mini, became less expensive and more efficient. The plethora of different road signs was at best confusing and at worst dangerous to Britain's motorists, and threatened to be particularly so when driving at high speed on a motorway. As the problem of motorway signage was so acute, the government decided to tackle it first before modernising other road signs.
The members of the Anderson Committee travelled around Europe to assess how different countries were addressing the problem. Mostly, they found illegible signs designed in capital letters as an after-thought by the engineers appointed to construct the roads. By approaching the problem from an information design perspective, Kinneir and Calvert set about developing a coherent system which would be as easy to read – and understand – as possible. Kinneir said that he started with the question: "What do I want to know, trying to read a sign at speed?" "Style never came into it," recalled Calvert. "You were driving towards the absolute essence. How could we reduce the appearance to make the maximum sense and minimum cost?"
Their system was rooted in the concept of each sign taking the form of a map oriented towards the driver. Concluding that a combination of upper and lower case letters would be more legible than conventional upper case lettering, they developed a new typeface, a refinement of Aksidenz Grotesk, for use in the signs. Later named Transport, it is recognisably modern as a sans serif font, but it is softer and curvier than the blunt modernist lettering used on continental European road signs. Kinneir and Calvert felt that these qualities would make it seem friendlier and more appealing to British drivers.
Each letter within a sign was placed on a letter tile to determine the correct spacing – based on the width of the horizontal strokes in the Transport version of the capital letter I – between it and other letters. By treating each letter as a separate unit, the overall size of a sign was determined by the amount of information conveyed. The width of the capital I stroke was also used to specify the size of borders and the spaces between lines of text.
They tested the signs in an underground car park and mews on the Knightsbridge side of Hyde Park and then in the park itself, where the signs were propped up against trees to determine suitable background colours and reading distances. The official tests took place in 1958 on the new motorway-standard road – the Preston by-pass in Lancashire – and the system was approved. Despite the complaints of a handful of conservative commentators that the signs were too big and abrasive, they were deemed a success.
T. G. Usborne, the Ministry of Transport official in charge of the Anderson Committee, then formed the 1963 Worboys Committee to review signage on all other British roads. Jock Kinneir was commissioned as the designer. In 1964 he made Margaret Calvert a partner and renamed his practice Kinneir Calvert Associates.
Adopting the same rigorous approach to the organisation of information for road signs as for motorways, they compiled codes of carefully chosen shapes and colours. The codes conformed to the European protocol of using triangular signs to warn drivers, circles to issue commands, and rectangles to relay information. Just as their motorway signs consisted of white lettering against a blue background, they used white lettering for place names and yellow for road numbers against a green background on signage for primary roads, and black lettering against a white background for secondary routes.
They decided to adopt the continental style of using pictograms rather than words on the road signs, and Calvert drew most of the pictograms in the friendly, curvaceous style of Transport. Many of her illustrations were inspired by aspects of her own life. The cow featured in the triangular sign warning drivers to watch out for farm animals on the road was based on Patience, a cow on her relatives' Warwickshire farm. Eager to make the school children crossing sign more accessible, she replaced the image of a boy in a school cap leading a little girl, with one of a girl – modelled on a photograph of herself as a child – with a younger boy. Calvert described the old sign as being: "quite archaic, almost like an illustration from Enid Blyton… I wanted to make it more inclusive because comprehensives were starting up."
The road signs proved as efficient and popular as their motorway signage. Kinneir and Calvert went on to complete other public sector design projects. The Rail Alphabet typeface they designed for British Rail was part of the ambitious 1964 identity programme that included cutlery by the metalware designer David Mellor and the rail symbol created by Gerald Barney of the Design Research Unit. They also worked for hospitals and the army, and designed signage for airports in Melbourne, Sydney and Bahrain, as well as for the Tyne & Weir Metro. Both Kinneir and Calvert taught at the Royal College of Art, where each had a stint as head of the graphic design department.
Jock Kinneir died in 1994, but his work has survived him. His road signage system has been modified over the years, and its devote


13th May 2021
What's a credit-builder card and should I get one?
credit builder card
If you have no credit history or poor credit score, you might find it difficult to get approved for a loan. This is because lenders don't know whether or not you're a reliable borrower. A credit builder card is aimed at helping people who need to build up a credit history from scratch, or improve their credit score.
How does a credit-builder card work?
 Credit-building cards usually have a high annual percentage rate (APR) and a low credit limit. This means you won't be able to borrow a large sum of money, while the interest rate will be higher than normal on outstanding balances.
If you repay the balance in full each month, you can avoid paying any interest. Over time, this will build your credit score and make you more attractive to lenders by showing you have your finances under control.
Top tips for managing your credit builder card:
 - It's important that you pay your card off in full every month so you don't pay interest.
 - Avoid late payments by setting up a direct debit or you may be charged a fee and your credit limit reduced.
 - Try to use below 25% of your available credit, or it could lower your credit score (if your credit limit is £2000, use below £500).
 - If you can't pay the outstanding balance in full, make the minimum repayment as missing a payment can damage your credit score.
How do I get a credit builder card?
You'll need to apply for a credit builder card and get approved. Although credit builder cards are generally designed for people with low credit scores this doesn't guarantee you'll be accepted, so you may want to try and improve your score before applying.
Each time you apply for credit, a hard search will be recorded on your credit report. This can temporarily lower your credit score. So, it's important to space out your applications and only make one at a time.
A good way to avoid hard checks is to use an eligibility checker that lets you see a range of credit cards and the likelihood of being accepted. It asks for a few details such as your name, address, income and financial situation, and then shows you a list of credit builder cards to compare.
Different cards will come with different interest rates and some will have added benefits. Choose the card that prioritises what you want from a credit-builder card.
Take away
It's important to only use a credit builder card to your advantage. If you end up paying interest on your debt, it will be very expensive. This will damage your credit score even more and force you to pay more for credit in the future.
There are other ways to boost your credit score to show lenders that you can manage your lending. The key is to keep making regular payments on time and (if possible) in full to prove that you're a reliable borrower.
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