Cross-reactivity of Can f 1 with Syrian hamster and Fel d 1 in children
Main Article Content
Jeongmin Lee
Se-ah Jeon
Sooyoung Lee
Syrian hamster; dog allergy; cross-reactivity
Introduction and objectives: With increasing pet allergies among pediatric patients, the need for precise environmental care is increasing. We investigated the clinical, immunological, and environmental characteristics of pediatric patients sensitized to a dog to evaluate the cross-antigenicity of canine lipocalin Can f 1 with feline lipocalin Fel d 1 and Syrian hamster
Materials and methods: The protein fractions of the processed and commercial Syrian hamster extracts were compared using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) inhibition test was performed on Can f 1, Fel d 1, and processed Syrian hamster extract, and the antigen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding capacity for each antigen was analyzed using serum samples from patients.
Results: Twelve of 19 patients with a median age of 40.5 months were symptomatic when exposed to dogs. Eleven (91.7%) patients showed a positive IgE response to Can f 1. Two patients were positive for Fel d 1-specific IgE antibody, and one was positive for hamster-specific IgE antibody. SDS-PAGE confirmed the presence of different patterns of protein bands
between the commercial and processed hamster extracts. There was no cross-antigenicity among Can f 1, Fel d 1, and processed Syrian hamster extract.
Conclusions: Since the standard commercial hamster extract did not contain Syrian hamster antigens that were diverse enough, caution should be taken when using it. In children allergic to cats and dogs, sensitization to isolated Can f 1 or Fel d 1 is unlikely to cause cross-reactivity to Syrian hamster hair and epithelium.
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Power generation is a continuous requirement on board ships. A blackout situation even for a few minutes can lead to devastating results such as grounding, collision etc., resulting in heavy losses and danger to the ship and its crew.
A ship is equipped with multiple generators/ auxiliary engines to supply continuous power at all times. These power generating units are watched over and maintained by ship engineers.
A sensible ship engineer will try to run a minimum number of generators at any given period of time and look for maximum load, which not only ensures goodwill for the auxiliary engines but also reduces overall fuel consumption and harmful emissions. This can happen when the auxiliary engine rated output is achieved without any deviation in the engine parameters (temperature, pressure etc.).
If the engine performance is deteriorating, it will result in reduced output with high exhaust temperature and low peak pressure. The reduced output of one generator will require another generator to run in parallel and compensate the power demand.
Ship engineers must know the probable reasons which can lead to a reduced power output of auxiliary engines.
Following are 20 possible causes, which will lead to reduced power output and performance of an auxiliary engine on board ship:
1. Fuel oil pressure too low: The fuel oil pressure is lower than the requirement, which can be due to faulty fuel oil attached pump or the fuel oil viscosity is very low
2. Type of Fuel Burned: The fuel oil pressure will also drop when the fuel grade is changed from HFO to MDO/ MGO/LSFO. This will lead to a decrease in engine performance
3. Fuel leakage: If the fuel pump parts i.e plunger and barrels are worn out, the fuel will leak out and the fuel pressure will drop at the discharge point
4. Fuel Temperature: If the fuel temperature is inadmissibly high (>60 deg C), the fuel viscosity will reduce and it will affect the fuel pressure
5. Firing Pressure Difference: If there is a high difference firing pressure in between individual cylinders, it will lead to a reduction in the overall output of the engine
6. Blocked Filter: Blocked or dirty line filters in the fuel oil system will reduce the oil pressure and hence the performance
7. Wrong Valve Clearance: The clearance between the intake/ exhaust valve and its guides is of extreme importance. If the clearance is more than required, the combustion mixture will leak out from this gap and reduce the engine performance
8. Damaged Exhaust Valve: A damaged exhaust valve or seat will not seal properly causing blow-by of exhaust gasses on combustion. This will increase the exhaust temperature and reduce engine output
9. High Exhaust Back Pressure: If there is a flaw in the exhaust piping installation or the silencer is fouled, it will lead to high exhaust gas pressure and an increase in exhaust temperature of all units
10. Contaminated Passages: A contaminated exhaust manifold will lead to hindrance in the exhaust gas flow and increase the exhaust temperature
11. Insufficient Fresh Air Supply: Correct amount of fresh air supply is a must for efficient combustion, if there is a reduction in the scavenge air supply, the combustion will be incomplete, which will reduce the engine output
12. High Suction Air Temperature to T/C: When a ship plies in hotter temperature regions (For e.g near the equator or Gulf regions in summers) the atmospheric air sucked by T/C compressor is already at a higher temperature. If this air is not cooled properly, it will decrease the performance of the engine
13. Charge Air Pressure Too Low: If the scavenge air pressure is low, the amount of air required for combustion to each the cylinder will not be sufficient, which will lead to incomplete combustion
14. Wrong Charge Air temperature: If the cooler controller is set at a higher temperature, the temperature of the output air supplied to the engine will be higher, which is not good for engine performance. Similarly, if the setting is on the lower side, the resulting combustion will not be efficient
15. Charge Air Cooler Contaminated: A contaminated and dirty charge air cooler will not allow seawater to cool the air properly, leading to an increase in exhaust temperature
16. Air Cooler S.W Temp High: If the seawater temperature is on the higher side, the air-cooled by it in the air cooler will be warmer than normal which will lead to high exhaust temperature
17. Air Cooler S.W Bypass Open: The air coolers provided with S.W bypass valve controls the cooling medium i.e seawater. If the bypass is open more than required, then the air supplied to the engine will have a higher temperature
18. Blower, Turbine or Nozzle Ring Worn/ damage: Fouled or damaged part of turbocharger will lead to either problem in the passage of exhaust gas or less amount of fresh air supply. These will lead to a sudden reduction in the output of the engine
19. Scavenge Air Leakage: Leaking scavenge air from the inlet pipe to the cylinder will result in less supply of air and incomplete combustion
20. Wrong Tappet Clearance Setting: Wrong tappet clearance will allow inlet/ exhaust valves to open more or less than required. This will result in either inappropriate combustion or the combustion mixture drawing out of the chamber at an earlier stage
Over to you..
Do you know any other important point that can be added to this list?
Let's know in the comments below.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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SPICE and the art of preamplifier design
Part 1: Background
by Norman L. Koren
Updated Sept. 18, 2001
Introduction | Design goals
Negative feedback | RF interference
Inverse RIAA network | Interpretation of figures
Original PAS phono preamp | Line amplifier
Modification history | References
New phono preamp | Line amplifier choices
Line amplifiers: Purist (no tone controls)
With tone controls | Construction tips
With rotary switch tone controls
Purist II: no global feedback | Conclusions
This page is adapted from an article that originally appeared in Glass Audio, Vol. 9, No. 2, p. 1 and No. 4, p. 38, 1997. Internet links have been added. Circuits with current regulator diodes for linearizing the output have been eliminated because the small reduction in low order harmonic distortion was offset by a significant increase in noise-- overall sound quality was degraded. A design with rotary switch tone controls has been added.
Portions of the material here are repeated in Feedback and Fidelity, which was intended for a more popular and less technical publication than Glass Audio.
In this article we use SPICE to design preamplifiers of exceptional quality. The platform for experimentation was the venerable Dynaco PAS.5 So yes, we must confess that this article contains yet another PAS modification (several, really), but the emphasis will be on insight into the design rather than on construction details. All observable flaws of the original PAS have been eliminated, and we have even been able to replace the unobtainable tone controls (in the line amplifier versions that use them) with easy-to-find linear potentiometers. The most important construction details-- the chassis and power supply modifications-- have been presented previously5 and will only be summarized here.
The simulations in this article were run on the PSpice evaluation package, which consists of Schematics for entering circuits, PSpice for simulating them, Probe for viewing the simulation results. LTspice can apparently be used for these models. Appendix A contains some tips on running Pspice. Duncan Munro has a list of SPICE vendors that could contain some hidden treasures. Current versions of PSpice may enforce the maximum number of components more rigorously than the version I've been using, 6.3. All schematics in this article should run on current versions, but I've had circuits rejected by 7.1 that ran on 6.3.
The essential design goals are low distortion (sspecially high order), high headroom (the ability to produce a much larger output voltage than required to saturate power amplifiers), flat frequency response well beyond the audio range, non-inverting output polarity, and no frequency response irregularities at any stage of the circuit. I don't seek unlimited frequency response extension because I've found that RF interference picked up in the cables can cause serious sonic degradation. The preamplifier must be able to drive any reasonable load over any reasonable length of cable. This requires low output impedance and a feedback loop that remains stable under significant capacitive load.
I use negative feedback because it has great advantages and no drawbacks when properly implemented in a preamplifier. I design for high input impedance in each gain stage because it allows the use of small coupling capacitors, which have high self-resonant frequencies, well above the frequency range where they can affect the feedback loop. I've taken special pains to minimize the effects of RF interference introduced from the cables. I didn't use the highly linear mu-follower circuit, which operates with the full gain (mu) of the tube (too much gain in many cases and variable from tube to tube) because the compatible type of negative feedback reduces input impedance. I minimize the effect of electrolytic capacitors, which are highly nonlinear at best, in the signal path by configuring the tubes to draw for zero net ac current (or close to it) from each power supply tap.
The principal limitation imposed on the design was that it had to be constructed on a Dynaco PAS chassis using the original power transformer, whose high voltage winding is specified at a wimpy 10mA. I squeezed a little extra current out of it by using a separate filament transformer mounted on the back,5 but I was still limited to six tubes (two in new sockets mounted in chassis holes behind the line amplifier PC board). The tubes must be 12AX7s, which perform well at plate currents around 1mA, lower than other popular tubes used in preamplifiers (12AT7, 12AU7, 6DJ8). The 12AX7 is ideal for use with negative feedback (local or global) because of its high amplification factor (mu). A high-mu tube with NFB has much more precisely controlled gain than a low-mu tube without NFB.
I'm skeptical about the advantages of super-premium parts in well-designed circuits, although I use good quality partspolypropylene capacitors, metal film resistors, etc. I believe that when it comes to designing for optimum sound quality, the magic is in the circuit.
I'm pleased to report that with the help of SPICE modeling, all the design goals have been met with no compromises. The only limitation is that it doesn't have enough gain for low output moving coil cartridges, but its performance with high output cartridges is so outstanding that many listeners may not be tempted.
Much of the material in this and the next sections is covered in greater detail in Feedback and Fidelity.The advantages of negative feedback are well-known: It extends frequency response, reduces distortion, allows precise control of gain, reduces output impedance and decreases a circuit's sensitivity to component variations. Nevertheless, its audible side-effects can be so bothersome that it's fallen out of favor with many audiophiles. We have identified three side-effects.
The first is that NFB causes clipping to become much more abrupt as an amplifier is driven into saturation: the greater the feedback the harsher the clipping. This can result in the generation of really nasty sounding high order harmonics. For this reason feedback must be applied sparingly in power amplifiers. Saturation is not an issue in the modified PAS because of its enormous headroom. It can put out up to 50VRMS into high impedance loads (over 75k). The 1.27mA dc current drawn by the output cathode follower allows it to source roughly 0.0012RLOAD V(0-Peak) = 0.00085RLOAD VRMS into low impedance loads. Even with an extremely low load of 5k (driving two power amplifiers, each with a low 10k impedance: a worst case for biamplified speakers), the PAS can put out 4.25VRMS: well above the 1VRMS that can drive most power amplifiers into saturation.
The second side-effect of NFB is that it reduces an amplifier's stability. Poor stability is expressed as a low phase margin, the amount of additional phase shift (which could result from capacitance shunting the load) needed to drive the amplifier into oscillation. An amplifier with poor phase margin will have a high frequency peak in its frequency response and will ring in response to transient signals, especially when driving difficult, i.e., reactive loads. This ringing can cause sonic degradation. The capacitance of long output cables (20-40pF per foot) is sufficient to cause ringing in the unmodified PAS. There are several well-known circuit techniques for stabilizing feedback loops. The original PAS uses the most common of them: 33pF capacitor CLFB in shunt with 47kilohm feedback resistor RLFB (Fig. 1). As we shall see, this "solution" is something of a Trojan Horse! We shall describe a superior technique that has no discernible ill-effects.
RF interference is caused by a wide variety of sources: radio,
TV, cellular phones (with digital on the way), microwave ovens, lamp dimmers,
flourescent lights, and digital appliances such as computers and CD players.
(It is particularly difficult to eliminate inside CD players, where it
may be as responsible as jitter for "digititis.") It is virtually
omnipresent in urban, suburban, and all but the most remote rural areas.
It varies from time-to-time and place-to-place, and may be responsible
for many of the discrepancies in published amplifier reviews.
The exact mechanism by which RF interference degrades audio quality is not well-understood. The most likely cause is intermodulation distortion. Paul Miller6 described a series of experiments in which he inserted strong RF signals (swept to 200MHz) modulated with random audio noise (0-20kHz) into several amplifiers, and measured the resulting audio noise spectra. He claimed to find a strong correlation between the measured noise spectra and an amplifier's subjective sound quality. Although RF interference is occasionally mentioned in audiophile media7, it tends to get lost among dubious tweaks. There is a very simple test for determining if an amplifier is overly sensitive to RF interference: Turn the volume up and listen for a pop when you turn a nearby appliance on and off. A well-designed amplifier will remain silent.
There are five paths through which RF can enter an amplifier: (1) direct radiation, (2) power lines, (3) internally generated by digital circuitry or rectifiers8, (4) the input cable, and (5) the output cable (potentially the most serious in feedback circuits, and certainly the most neglected). Direct radiation (1) should have little effect on the well-enclosed PAS. RFI power line filters (for example,


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When news happens, text SDE and your photos or videos to 80360. Or contact us by email and phone.
'Revolutionary' new hip replacement procedure
IT is a risky operation that can take months to recover from.
But researchers in Southampton say they have discovered a "revolutionary"
method that could prevent many from having to undergo painful hip replacements.
Surgeons based at hospitals in the city have developed a stem cell treatment that could treat the common bone disease, osteonecrosis.
The illness can cause significant bone damage in the hip, when poor blood supply causes bone tissue to die.
At the moment, the main treatment for the condition is a total hip replacement – but city scientists say their new procedure could dispense with the need for that operation.
The method has been developed by Doug Dunlop, a consultant orthopaedic surgeon at Southampton General Hospital, and Professor Richard Oreffo, a specialist in musculoskeletal science at the University of Southampton.
The treatment involves extracting stem cells from the bone marrow of the patient and mixing it with other cleaned, crushed bone.
Dead and damaged tissue is then removed from the hip joint by surgeons, and the resulting hole is filled with the bone marrow mixture.
Mr Dunlop says initial test results are encouraging.
He said: "Although this work is still ongoing, several patients who have had the procedure have reacted very well and, if we get the results we are hoping for, these patients won't need to have their hip joints replaced – they should be fixed completely."
Professor Oreffo added: "By using stem cells to send out chemical signals to blood vessels, we hope the body will continue to create new vessels in the hip which supply enough nutrients to maintain bone strength."
Mr Dunlop will be joined by other medical experts at the University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust's orthopaedic open evening on Thursday, at the Lyndhurst Park Hotel in Lyndhurst.
Anyone interested in attending the event, which takes place between 7pm and 9pm, should call _PHONE_ 4853 or email _EMAIL_.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Cognitive Decision Entities for Cooperative Management in Networks of the Future (CoDECoM) is a collaboration project between DAI-Labor and Huawei, funded by Huawei's Innovation Research Program (HIRP). CoDECoM targets an efficient implementation of a knowledge plane based on distributed cognitive nodes and a distributed decision making solution, to address the problem of lacking efficient methods to re-configure the network for a highly dynamic environment. The project intends to design cognitive agent and converged control/management agents and to evaluate cognitive functions in the network nodes that collaborate to provide dynamic management (operation) and resource optimizations based on operator policies.
Within this research direction, CoDECoM proposes:
- A new cognitive node architecture consisting of two sub-components – The cognitive agent takes part in a distributed control process with all other agents on the end-to-end service path. It incorporates the network operator policies in making optimal decisions. The converged control/management agent implements reconfigurable routing based on the decisions of the cognitive agent.
- An efficient implementation of the knowledge plane based on a distributed peer-to-peer storage on individual network entities – Access to the knowledge plane will be through an efficient implementation of publish-subscribe paradigm. The organization of knowledge, as well as the subscription to contents will be through low-weight ontologies, which allow efficient establishment of meaning across different domains.
- A network-application interface gateway – An important part of the knowledge plane information comes from the applications. Furthermore it is important for the applications to describe their requirements to the network entities. CoDECoM's simple network API will serve for this purpose.
- A testbed on which diverse application scenarios can be tested – The node architecture and integration of CoDECoM components will be tested on a proof-of-concept demonstrator.


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Sometimes one needs to simulate a Poisson point process on a disk. I know I often do. A disk or disc, depending on your spelling preference, is isotropic or rotationally-invariant, so a lot of my simulations of a Poisson point process happen in a circular simulation window when I am considering such a setting. For example, maybe you want to consider a single wireless receiver in a Poisson network of wireless transmitters, which only cares about the distance to a transmitter. Alternatively, maybe you want to randomly sprinkle a virtual cake. What to do? A Poisson point process on a disk is the answer.
I will simulate a Poisson point process with intensity \(\lambda>0\) on a disk with radius \(r>0\). The simulation steps are very similar to those in the previous post where I simulated a homogeneous Poisson point process on a rectangle, and I suggest going back to that post if you are not familiar with the material. The main difference between simulation on a rectangle and a disk is the positioning of the points, but first we'll look at the number of points.
Number of points
The number of points of a Poisson point process falling within a circle of radius \(r>0\) is a Poisson random variable with mean \(\lambda A\), where \(A=\pi r^2\) is the area of the disk. As in the rectangular case, this is the most complicated part of the simulation procedure. But as long as your preferred programming language can produce (pseudo-)random numbers according to a Poisson distribution, you can simulate a homogeneous Poisson point process on a disk.
To do this in MATLAB, use the poissrnd function with the argument \(\lambda A\). In R, it is done similarly with the standard function rpois. In Python, we can use either the scipy.stats.poisson or numpy.random.poisson function from the SciPy or NumPy libraries.
Locations of points
We need to position all the points randomly and uniformly on a disk. In the case of the rectangle, we worked in Cartesian coordinates. It is then natural that we now work in polar coordinates. I'll denote the angular and radial coordinate respectively by \(\theta\) and \(\rho\). To generate the random angular (or \(\theta\)) values, we simply produce uniform random variables between zero and one, which is what all standard (pseudo-)random number generators do in programming languages. But we then multiply all these numbers by \(2\pi\), meaning that all the numbers now fall between \(0\) and \(2\pi\).
To generate the random radial (or \(\rho\)) values, a reasonable guess would be to do the same as before and generate uniform random variables between zero and one, and then multiply them by the disk radius \(r\). But that would be wrong.
Before multiplying uniform random variables by the radius, we must take the square root of all the random numbers. We then multiply them by the radius, generating random variables between \(0\) and \(r\). (We must take the square root because the area element of a sector or disk is proportional to the radius squared, and not the radius.) These random numbers do not have a uniform distribution, due to the square root, but in fact their distribution is an example of the triangular distribution, which is defined with three real-valued parameters \(a\), \(b\) and \(c\), and for our case, set \(a=0\) and \(b=c=r\).
In summary, if \(U\) and \(V\) are two independent uniform random variables on \((0,1)\), then random point located uniformly on a disk of radius \(r\) has the polar coordinates \((r\sqrt(U), 2\pi V)\).
From polar to Cartesian coordinates
That's it. We have generated polar coordinates for points randomly and uniformly located in a disk. But to plot the points, often we have to convert coordinates back to Cartesian form. This is easily done in MATLAB with the pol2cart function. In languages without such a function, trigonometry comes to the rescue: \(x=\rho\cos(\theta)\) and \(y=\rho\sin(\theta)\).
Equal x and y axes
Sometimes the plotted points more resemble points on an ellipse than a disk due to the different scaling of the x and y axes. To fix this in MATLAB, run the command: axis square. In Python, set axis('equal') in your plot; see this page for a demonstration.
I'll now give some code in MATLAB, R and Python, which you can see are all very similar
%Simulation window parameters r=1; %radius of disk xx0=0; yy0=0; %centre of disk areaTotal=pi*r^2; %area of disk %Point process parameters lambda=100; %intensity (ie mean density) of the Poisson process %Simulate Poisson point process numbPoints=poissrnd(areaTotal*lambda);%Poisson number of points theta=2*pi*(rand(numbPoints,1)); %angular coordinates rho=r*sqrt(rand(numbPoints,1)); %radial coordinates %Convert from polar to Cartesian coordinates [xx,yy]=pol2cart(theta,rho); %x/y coordinates of Poisson points %Shift centre of disk to (xx0,yy0) xx=xx+xx0; yy=yy+yy0; %Plotting scatter(xx,yy); xlabel('x');ylabel('y'); axis square;
Note: it is a bit tricky to write "<-" in the R code (as it automatically changes to the html equivalent in the HTML editor I am using), so I have usually used "=" instead of the usual "<-".
_TAG_ window parameters r=1; _TAG_ of disk xx0=0; yy0=0; _TAG_ of disk areaTotal=pi*r^2; _TAG_ of disk _TAG_ process parameters lambda=100; _TAG_ (ie mean density) of the Poisson process _TAG_ Poisson point process numbPoints=rpois(1,areaTotal*lambda);_TAG_ number of points theta=2*pi*runif(numbPoints);_TAG_ of Poisson points rho=r*sqrt(runif(numbPoints));_TAG_ coordinates of Poisson points _TAG_ from polar to Cartesian coordinates xx=rho*cos(theta); yy=rho*sin(theta); _TAG_ centre of disk to (xx0,yy0) xx=xx+xx0; yy=yy+yy0; _TAG_ par(pty="s") plot(xx,yy,'p',xlab='x',ylab='y',col='blue');
Of course, with the amazing spatial statistics library spatstat, simulating a Poisson point process in R is even easier.
library("spatstat"); _TAG_ spatial statistics library _TAG_ Poisson "point pattern" object ppPoisson=rpoispp(lambda,win=disc(radius=r,centre=c(xx0,yy0))) plot(ppPoisson); _TAG_ point pattern object _TAG_ x/y values from point pattern object xx=ppPoisson$x; yy=ppPoisson$y;
Actually, you can even do it all in two lines: one for loading the spatstat library and one for creating and plotting the point pattern object.
Note: "lambda" is a reserved word in Python (and other languages), so I have used "lambda0" instead.
import numpy as np; _TAG_ package for arrays, random number generation, etc import matplotlib.pyplot as plt _TAG_ plotting _TAG_ window parameters r=1; _TAG_ of disk xx0=0; yy0=0; _TAG_ of disk areaTotal=np.pi*r**2; _TAG_ of disk _TAG_ process parameters lambda0=100; _TAG_ (ie mean density) of the Poisson process _TAG_ Poisson point process numbPoints = np.random.poisson(lambda0*areaTotal);_TAG_ number of points theta=2*np.pi*np.random.uniform(0,1,numbPoints); _TAG_ coordinates rho=r*np.sqrt(np.random.uniform(0,1,numbPoints)); _TAG_ coordinates _TAG_ from polar to Cartesian coordinates xx = rho * np.cos(theta); yy = rho * np.sin(theta); _TAG_ centre of disk to (xx0,yy0) xx=xx+xx0; yy=yy+yy0; _TAG_ plt.scatter(xx,yy, edgecolor='b', facecolor='none', alpha=0.5 ); plt.xlabel("x"); plt.ylabel("y"); plt.axis('equal');
The third edition of the classic book Stochastic Geometry and its Applications by Chiu, Stoyan, Kendall and Mecke details on page 54 how to uniformly place points on a disk, which they call the radial way. The same simulation section appears in the previous edition by Stoyan, Kendall and Mecke (Chiu didn't appear as an author until the current edition), though these books in general have little material on simulation methods. There is the book Spatial Point Patterns: Methodology and Applications with R written by spatial statistics experts Baddeley, Rubak and Turner, which covers the spatial statistics (and point process simulation) R-package spatstat.


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As part of the Dunkeswell War Stories project, the team worked with the children of Broadhembury Primary School to introduce the important role played by Dunkeswell during the second world war and to give children a first-hand look at documentary film-making.
Lesson plans relating to this project, along with printable resources and a memory bank for schools, are available on the Dunkeswell War Stories website.
Lesson plans and printable resources are suitable for children of Key Stage 2 (KS2) and beyond. Also available is the schools video bank suitable for classroom use for Key Stages 2 & 3.
Looking at the local iron-working industry through the Iron Age, Romano-British, Saxon and Medieval periods and modern archaeology, these resources supporting the Key Stage 2 (KS2) history curriculum. The topic connects local heritage with wider developments in history and technology. The resources were developed as part of our Metal Makers project in collaboration with All Saints Primary School near Axminster.
Hembury Hillfort, near Payhembury in the Blackdown Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), is an excellent site to use to introduce Key Stage 1 (KS1) children to life in the Iron Age. For Key Stage 2 (KS2) pupils, Hembury can be used as a basis to demonstrate how archaeological enquiry can be used to investigate local prehistoric sites.
These lesson plans and resources provide inspiration for both KS1 and KS2 lessons.
These resources introduce preschool and Key Stage 1 (KS1) children to ancient iron-working in the Blackdown Hills. The theme is presented through a story set in the Iron Age, Noni the Blacksmith[CG1]. The downloadable lesson ideas contain suggestions on art, craft, movement and play activities to accompany the story. The resources were developed as part of our Metal Makers[CG2] project in collaboration with Hemyock preschool and primary School.


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Mighty countries have often been ruled by children who were grade-school age, or even younger! Take a look at the cute little faces of monarchy gone wrong.
LOUIS XIV, AGE 5
Just a year after Louis became King of France in 1643, the Venetian Ambassador wrote, "He knows that he is King and wants to be treated as such." At 7, he signed his first decree with his own hand, granting amnesty to defected enemies.
At age 10, when other boys liked to pretend they were kings, Louis would make-believe he was a valet! He ruled for 72 years.
LOUIS XV, AGE 7
The great-grandson of Louis XIV, this Louis liked to pretend he was a cook. Shortly after he became King in 1715, he hid behind a curtain to avoid giving an audience to an ambassador.
Those caring for the young King were so concerned about assassination they kept his food under lock and key – and stored his handkerchiefs in a triple-locked safe, fearing someone would lace them with poison.
KING TUT, AGE 8
The Egyptian ruler assumed the throne in about 1366 B.C. It is unclear on who his parents were, but historians believe his uncle was the ruler Akhenaten. Tutankhamun spent his eleven years as ruler reversing the monotheistic changes his uncle had made to the Egyptian religion.
King Tut died at the young age of nineteen, apparently from gangrene contracted from a broken leg.
Pages: 1 2


text:
# Build Your Module
You will integrate your module with the minimal chain that you cloned previously. To facilitate integration and speed up feedback, you will direct the Go package manager to look for this dependency on a local disk. The simplest way is to put the module folder into a folder next to the minimal chain's folder:
ls command should give you:
You can now define the module:
In the new file, you define your module name and the Go version:
# Protobuf files
On top of the regular Protobuf files, like message and query types, your checkers module type will also be identified with a Protobuf file. You have chosen the package
github.com/alice/checkers, so go ahead and create the necessary folders:
# Module proto
You define your module in a new
proto/alice/checkers/module/v1/module.proto, taking inspiration from
Note how the package is
alice.checkers.module.v1 and the message name is
Module. This means that later on, when you integrate the module in your chain, you will identify it with:
# Necessary Protobuf files
The compilation of your Protobuf files will be done with the
scripts/protocgen.sh script, which you can copy from
Note how it mentions two files:
buf.gen.pulsar.yaml. Go ahead and copy them from
minimal-module-example. In fact, also copy
buf.yaml and the version lock file to avoid surprises:
To make your life easier,
minimal-module-example also provides a
make target to compile all the Protobuf files. Copy the whole
Note how it uses the
_URL_-builder:0.14.0 (opens new window) Docker image here to run the
protocgen.sh script. This helps with making sure all necessary software is available.
# First Protobuf compilation
Before you run the compilation, because you have not yet defined any Protobuf files for messages, you can comment out this
Now run the compilation:
This creates a new
api/module/v1/module.pulsar.go (opens new window) file and updates your
go.mod. It also creates a new
Now you need a couple more Protobuf files.
# Minimum Protobuf objects
You are not defining your games, messages, and queries just yet. However, you already define the facts that your module:
- Has a genesis, which has a type.
- Uses params, which also have a type.
Go ahead and define them in a new
proto/alice/checkers/v1/types.proto, taking inspiration from
Because you added a new Protobuf file, you need to compile it too. Uncomment the
cp line in
And run it:
If the process tells you that it downloads a Cosmos SDK version different from 0.50.1, make sure to manually edit your
go.mod after the fact.
Next, tidy up the dependencies:
The script has created two new files:
Your module is not viable yet. You need to define it and at least have it conform to the interface expected by an app, in this case
# Module interface
Once again, you can take inspiration from
# General files
Prepare the basics around codec, params, genesis, and module name. You can keep them in the root folder:
The files have a lot of missing dependencies, so go ahead and, once more, run:
See the previous troubleshoot if it updates to a
cosmos-sdk other than
With this done, you can move to defining some necessary functions of the module's keeper.
# Keeper files
minimal-module-example is a good guide. Create the keeper folder:
In it, you define what the keeper holds, its genesis actions, and eventually its message and query servers:
You may need to run
go mod tidy again.
At the moment you have not defined any message or query types, so you do not bother with defining the corresponding servers.
# Module files
To be correctly called, the module needs to conform to the
chain-minimal expectations. You define functions for the module, the dependency injection, and accessorily to open the possibility to add CLI commands. Create the
In it, again copying from
Once more, you need to run:
Your checkers module is not prepared as a standalone module. It is time to integrate it into
# Integrate checkers in
You now have to direct
chain-minimal to integrate your checkers module. Your checkers module is known with the
github.com/alice/checkers package, and located in a parallel folder.
Direct chain-minimal to the right dependency, so it does not look for the module on
github.com. Go to your
go.mod and add:
Now, you can define the module in the
app/app.yaml file in two locations:
What remains is to update
app/app.go, where you place your checkers keeper at the right locations:
And that's about it.
depinject and the rest take care of initialization and runtime.
The side-effects comments refer to the
init() function of Go packages. If you omit the new empty
import call, the corresponding
init function will not be called. Because of that, your
alice.checkers.module.v1.Module Protobuf objects will not be known, which can lead to an unpleasant runtime error such as
unable to resolve "alice.checkers.module.v1.Module".
The missing object is only detected at runtime because its value is in
# Run your checkers chain
Just like you did in the previous section, you compile the minimal chain, re-initialize, and start it. You need to re-initialize because your genesis has changed:
There you have it: your minimal chain with a checkers module is running. After stopping it with CTRL-C, confirm that the checkers module was correctly integrated by calling up:
In there, you can find:
This is as expected.
# Up next
Now that you have integrated your empty checkers module, it is time to make it interesting.


text:
QUESTION: Cease and desist letter, what can we do with the merchandise?
We create and sell card games. Recently we received a cease and desist letter for trademark infringement on one of the games. We did stop selling the item, but what can be done with the merchandise on hand. Can we donate them to Children's hospitals, or after school programs without risking potential issues in the future? Or do they have to remain in storage?
ANSWER: Typically, part of the settlement agreement to stop selling infringing goods includes "what can the infringer do with the remaining goods". Simply because you stopped selling the infringing goods does not mean you have the right to "dispose" of the remaining goods.


Tuesday, February 19, 2019
Running Veeam PowerShell Scripts in Non-Interactive Mode - Credentials
This time we get back to some PowerShell basics and how to run scripts in non-interactive mode.
Veeam Backup & Replication and scripting go hand in hand really well. And the first thing you do when running a script is to connect to backup server
Connect-VBRServer -Server $ServerName -User $User -Password $Pass
Placing user and pass in clear text in a script may not be the best option. We could use PSCredential object to hold the username and password.
$PSCredential = Get-Credential
Connect-VBRServer -Server $ServerName -Credential $PSCredential
However getting the credentials in the objects implies using Get-Credential cmdlet which is interactive and will prompt to type the user and password. This makes it hard to run the script in non-interactive mode.
To make it non-interactive we need password saved somewhere. To save and encrypted password we can use ConvertFrom-SecureString cmdlet and pipe the output to a file:
(Get-Credential).Password | ConvertFrom-SecureString | Set-Content $encPassFileName
Since the username could be stored in the script itself, we retrieve only the secure string for the password, pipe it to the encrypting cmdlet and then output it to a file. Opening the output file will list something similar to:
Now we need to create the PScredential object:
$password = Get-Content $encPassFileName | ConvertTo-SecureString
$psCredential = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PsCredential($username,$password)
First, we loaded the content of the file storing the encrypted password and convert it to a secure string (PScredential objects use secure strings). Next we created the object with the username and the password. The generated object can be used to connect to VBR Server
Connect-VBRServer -Server $ServerName -Credential $PSCredential
By default, ConvertFrom-SecureString encryption is done using Windows Data Protection API (DPAPI). For this reason the file cannot be moved to another computer and used from that one. On each computer from where the script is being run, the password must be encrypted separately.


text:
PAGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION:
FOR INFORMATION ON THE PROJECT DOWNLOAD THE ROUGH DRAFT REPORT BELOW
The motorcycle is built around the chassis of a Buell cyclone which was purchased at a salvage yard. In the original internal combustion form the engine served as a structural member. Therefore when the motor was removed a piece was designed to provide the structural support needed for the swingarm, frame, motor, and rear shock connection.
We are using a Ballard fuel cell stack for electrical generation. The unit is a Polymer Exchange Membrane (PEM) device which reacts oxygen from the air and pure hydrogen across a membrane to create electricity with a maximum of 1.2 kw (1.6HP) and water vapor as its only bi-product. The unit has an integrated blower for cooling as well as to compress the air needed to complete the reaction. The stack consists of 47 graphite cells which provide the mechanical support and requisite chanels around the membrane. The unit has a digital control system which regulates inputs as well as outputting data on system health and performance.
The pure hydrogen is stored in two Ergenics metal hydride cylinders. The metal hydride cylinders each hold 900 std. liters of hydrogen. Unlike compressed hydrogen storage the metal hydride cylinders store hydrogen by taking advantage of a chemical reaction involving the loose hydrogen bonding of gas and certain materials. The inside of the cylinders are filled with a metal powder consisting of Lathnium, Nickel, and Aluminum. The metal reacts with hydrogen to form a hydride thereby storing large amounts of hydrogen at low pressure in a small volume. However to release the hydrogen requires energy in the form of heat.
Without heating the cylinders the hydrogen pressure would fall below an operable level within twenty minutes in the best case. By optimizing the geometry of ducting and constriction of the waste heat from the fuel cell and transferring it to the cylinders we were able to extend the runtime so that at the worst case the system runs for one hour.
The voltage from the fuel cell is a large range from 22 volts at full power to 52 volts at idle. The large range is a challenge to motor control. The motor controller on the motorcycle is a Curtis Instruments AC motor controller. By changing the software of the controller we were able to accommodate the full range of the voltage without the need for external voltage conditioning. The motor controller uses variable frequency to control the speed and torque of the motor, this specific method of control yields greater torque for a larger range of rpm than a constant voltage control.
Data Storage and Display
For the data subsystem we designed a microcontroller setup which reads serial values in RS-232 and RS-485 from the fuel cell and motor controller while displaying the values on a led display and saving values to a USB drive. For signal conversion we used two Maxim chips and for USB saving we used a Vindicum VDIP1 in UART mode.
The bike is powered through a 1.2kw AC 6-pole induction motor built by CFR Italy. The motor powers the rear wheel through a number 35 roller chain drive. The gear ratio is a constant 1:5.3. A chain idler and tensioner is used to keep a constant tension throughout the entire arc of the rear swingarm.


Minecraft: Xbox 360 Edition Wiki
Dragon Egg
282pages on
this wiki
Minecraft enderdragon egg
A Dragon Egg is a block that spawns on top of the bedrock portal created by the defeat of the Ender Dragon in The End. When they are clicked by the player, it will teleport several blocks away. They currently have no explicit purpose, but are tricky to collect. One of the ways to collect them is to make them teleport off the bedrock they spawn on, dig the block underneath the block the egg is on top of, place a torch in that place and break the block underneath the egg; it will drop as an item. Another way to obtain the egg is placing a piston facing the dragon egg and then pushing the dragon egg. Be careful not to let the dragon egg fall into the portal. And as last you punch a block near the dragon egg and then slowly move to the dragon egg without releasing the mouse button. Punching with the hand is enough to break it.
They currently serve no purpose, other than as a trophy or decoration.
Clicking on the egg in survival or creative causes it to teleport to a place nearby (up to seven blocks vertically and fifteen blocks horizontally), creating the same particles as Endermen, Nether Portals, and Ender Chests. It may teleport into the air and subsequently fall to the ground.
Like Sand, Gravel, primed TNT, and Anvils, Dragon Eggs fall when unsupported (due to the fact that they are affected by gravity), and if they land on a non-solid block, (such as a Torch, Slab or Tall Grass) they will drop as an obtainable item. They cannot suffocate the player from falling onto them.
To obtain the dragon egg, the player may push it with a piston or place any non-solid block (like a torch) under the block the egg rests on and then destroy that block so the egg falls onto it. It is possible for the player to hit one while it is still moving to the point it breaks, however this is difficult. You may also use a parried sword to break the egg and get it that way. It is also possible to obtain a dragon egg in Creative by defeating the dragon.
The dragon egg will not burn in the lava upon teleportation or falling.
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where the writers are
Searching for Kau Kau
I first came across the word kaukau in a note that the Hawaiian Princess Ka'iulani wrote to Robert Louis Stevenson more than a century ago.
The Scottish novelist and his family had arrived in Honolulu in the afternoon of January 24, 1889, and the beautiful princess dropped them a short note, inviting them to her family's estate and adding that "Papa promises "good Scotch kaukau….
To try to track down the word's meaning, I went to the Hawaiian Electronic Library Web site, which searches several Hawaiian dictionaries simultaneously. But because Hawaiian words can have multiple meanings depending on their diacritical marks (which weren't used in the 19th century) the modern Web site offered an array of possible spellings and definitions.
RL Stevenson and Kaiulani on a postage stamp
The relationship between R.L. Stevenson and Ka'iulani was depicted on a commemorative postage stamp in 2000.
Could it mean "to slow down, linger or procrastinate?" Hmm. Stevenson and Ka'iulani did famously sit together under the spreading banyan tree at 'Āinahau, her family's estate at Waikīkī. But probably not, given the context of the sentence.
Or did kaukau mean, in another definition, "a hemorrhoid or exterior obstruction to bowel evacuation"? Almost certainly not. A well-educated Victorian lady, no matter how earthy her humor might have been, would never had written such a thing to the eminent author of of Treasure Island, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and Kidnapped!.
Or could it be Pidgin, the uniquely Hawaiian language that developed from the islands' mix of immigrant influences? Checking a Pidgin-specific dictionary at e-Hawaii.com, the definition was "food; meal; to eat." This clue led me to the right entry on the original dictionary site.
Author Arnold Hiura and his book Kau Kau
Arnold Hiura signs a copy of his book. (photo courtesy Arnold Hiura)
This week in Honolulu, I came across the word kaukau again, in a small notice for a talk on Sunday afternoon by Arnold Hiura at Native Books in the Ward Warehouse. In his first book, titled Kau Kau: Cuisine & Culture in the Hawaiian Islands, Hiura relates that growing up, "when someone bellowed, 'Kau kau time,'" it was the equivalent of saying "Chow time!" or "Come and get it!"
Originally he'd thought the word was from the native Hawaiian language. But over the three years he took to write his marvelous food history of the islands, he learned the original derivation of the word, stemming from "chow chow," which is Chinese for "food."
The mystery deepens, though. Chinese contract workers were first brought to the islands in 1852 to labor on sugar plantations. Would the princess, who was born in 1875 and died at age 23 in 1899, have known the slang that these workers used to describe their food?
The fact is that by 1889, when Ka'iulani wrote her note, Chinese cultural influence on the islands was ubiquitous enough to have influenced everyday language at all levels of society. By the 1884 census, according to Thrum's Hawaiian Annual, there were nearly 18,000 Chinese in Hawai'i, making them the largest immigrant group by far – dwarfing the American presence and rapidly catching up to the native Hawaiian population, which had dwindled to just over 40,000. Honolulu's Chinatown had long been a bustling waterfront commercial hub, and in 1889 the district was rapidly recovering from a fire three years earlier that destroyed 7,000 Chinese homes and caused $1.5 million in damage (more than $30 million today).
Hiura himself grew up on a sugar plantation on the Island of Hawai'i, working there periodically until his early twenties. He remembered how he and the other workers would stop work when the whistle blew mid-day and take out their metal lunch cans – the bottom half filled with rice and the top with vegetables or pickles. They'd all squat down to eat, reaching over and picking from their co-workers' cans for tastes of different toppings.
The night before his book talk, he and his wife Eloise had attended a "plantation potluck" in Hilo in which everyone brought their favorite dishes from the old days, when the islands still had sugar plantations (there is only one left now: the Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar Co. on Maui). As they described the way in which sharing their food created feelings of closeness, another Pidgin term popped up: real ono – an allusion to the prized ono tuna fish, slang among young Hawaiians for something truly fabulous.


Montessori Material
(Sources: Montessori Compass and Transparent Classroom)
Pink Tower
Pink Tower is usually introduced as the second activity in the area of Sensorial work.
This lesson consists of a series of ten graduated pink cubes, which vary in size from 1cm³ to 10cm³. This indicates variations in size of three dimensions and helps develop a basis for the cubes of numbers.
The purpose of this material is also to develop a visual sense in perception and differences in dimension; improve awareness; develop attention in working with sequences and systematic operations; encourage the power of reasoning; develop the habit of correcting work until it is the best it can be; development of motor control; development of muscular memory; set the groundwork for the understanding of the science of numbers and to develop quite complex comparative and superlative vocabulary (such as 'bigger','smaller', 'heavier', or 'lighter' to compare and describe the shape and size) as well as geometric vocabulary.
Initially the tower is built with the cubes placed centrally on another. Later the tower is built with two flat sides and the smallest cube travels down the steps fitting each step exactly to reinforce the relationship between it and the change in size of the series of cubes.
The Brown Stair and Pink Tower can be combined and the interrelationships of size explored.
Brown Stairs
The Brown (or Broad) Stair activity is usually the third lesson within the Sensorial area. This lesson consists of ten wooden rectangular prisms, which are 20cm long and have both varying widths and heights from 1 square centimeter to 10 square centimeters. This represents a variation in two dimensions. This lesson specifically helps develop an understanding of rectangular prism and comparative and superlative adjective vocabulary, allowing the child to notice the squares of numbers from 1 - 10. The purpose of this material is also to: develop a visual sense in perception and differences in dimension; improve awareness; develop attention in working with sequences and systematic operations; encourage the power of reasoning; develop the habit of correcting work until it is the best it can be; development of motor control; develop muscular memory; set the groundwork for the understanding of the science of numbers; and develop the language of size (width, height, length), comparative and superlative adjective comparisons relating to size (as well as many geometric terms).
World Puzzle Map
Using the World Puzzle Map, the child matches the continent pieces from the Puzzle Map to their outline shapes on the corresponding Outline Control Map. Once this first step is complete, the child then moves on to constructing the map without using a control, then will make a personal map using the puzzle pieces to trace. The final part to working with this material is for the child to read the continent and ocean names and place them on the corresponding puzzle.
Langage / Letter sounds
Sandpaper Letters
Sandpaper letters and objects
Beginning sounds sorting pictures
Alphabet roll
The Sandpaper Letters are a series of alphabet letters in either cursive or manuscript form, which have a rough feel to them so as to stimulate the child's sense of touch and to assist in the development of sound recognition and writing. Usually, vowel sounds are presented on red and consonants on a blue background. The child is shown how to trace the letter using two fingers, the index and middle finger of the child's dominant hand. Once the letter has been traced, the sound of the letter is said. Tracing the letter and associating it with the letter sound both prepares the hand and the mind for future writing. The muscle memory goes beyond just a memory of how to form the letter, it also helps the child internalize and remember the sound of each letter symbol. In this activity the child is introduced to the lower-case and capital sandpaper letters and their corresponding sounds.
In this activity the child builds their auditory sense by connecting the sandpaper letters and their corresponding sounds to actual objects. Initially, the child begins with a single letter and an assortment of objects that begin with that letter sound. For example, the sandpaper letter "b" might have the corresponding objects of a ball, book, bike, and boat. The child first makes the sound of the sandpaper letter, and then names the corresponding objects, understanding that they all start with the 'buh' sound. As the child progresses with this work they sort mixed objects beginning with multiple sounds to their corresponding letters. With this activity the child develops their ability to hear the initial sound in a word and match it to the appropriate symbol.
In this activity the child continues to build their auditory sense and letter sound knowledge by matching pictures to the letter corresponding to their initial sound. The child works with groups of letters arranged on a mat. They then pronounce the name of the object in the pictures and place the picture beneath it's corresponding letter. The child continues until all of the pictures are placed. They can then check their own work by turning the pictures over and seeing if they match the main letter (correct matches will have the same color or symbol on the back).
In this activity the child matches individual letters to an 'alphabet roll' on a mat and pronounces the sound of the letter as they do so. The child might match lower-case letters to capital letters or vice-versa.
Beginning Handwriting
Metal inserts
The Metal Insets (often pronounced by young children as the "metal insects!") are made of metal frames with metal inserts all of which are specific geometric figures. The child is invited to do a variety of activities with this material. The main aim of the material is to develop fine-motor control, particularly in preparation for pencil control and, ultimately, to prepare the child for writing. This is a fun activity because it involves tracing, drawing different types of lines or creating designs and patterns that can be colored - all this as the child progresses with the use of the material, which satisfies both the creative side of the child while assisting in developing beautiful handwriting. In the initial activity, the child works to create a single outline of a shape. The outlines created are filled in, first with lines drawn far apart, then lines drawn close together, then a single continuous line and eventually they will fill a single outline completely.
Grace and Courtesy
Handling conflicts
The lessons in Grace and Courtesy are central to Montessori education. They are the essential lessons and exercises by which we create a peaceful and cooperative classroom. Students learn kind and polite ways to handle everyday situations. Students also learn how to communicate and behave in a manner that is considered kind, gentle and polite in society. As students learn these skills they feel a sense of internalized order and self-discipline. They learn to respect themselves and others. Ultimately, as students grow in these skills they become confident and active members of the community. Teachers and other students work on handling conflict through the process of conflict resolution. This is done through role modeling, practice and discussion. Through this process students practice using effective language to share their own feelings and ideas with others. Students also practice using active listening techniques as they listen to the feelings and ideas of others. The long term goal is that, through this consistent practice, students will feel empowered to resolve conflicts within their communities with respect and success.
Montessori Birthday
The Montessori birthday ceremony takes place whenever a child in the class has a birthday. For many very young children this is their first exposure to the idea that the earth moves around the sun. This "lesson" is repeated many times over the course of the year, and the young child simply "absorbs" an understanding of these concepts as she watches the child who is having a birthday carry the globe around the sun (represented by a candle). Some classes discuss events in the child's life, that help create an impression of growth connected to the passing of time, as well the passing of the seasons. This experience is followed by a range of lessons that introduce the child to the use of different timers and clocks, calendars and concepts related to the passing of time.
Control and Coordination of Movement - Silence Game
What is it?
* This is a game we play with the children to encourage the ability to be silent when needed. The guide can facilitate this game through gathering a group of children, having them sit quietly and whispering each child's name until they are all gathered around her.
* Another way to play this game when all the children are very familiar with it, is for the guide to write silence on the chalkboard. As children notice the sign, they begin to let other children know, until the whole class is quite. At this point the guide may choose to do many things: call the children's names quietly (as previously), sit quietly for a moment before inviting the children to return to their work, recite a poem, etc...
Why do we do it?
* Coordination and refinement of movements of the whole body
* Development of the will
* Social cohesion
How to help at home?
* Spend some quite time with your child at home. If you meditate, invite your child to join you for some of that time.
Sensorial - Olfactory - Smelling bottles
What is it?
* 3-6 pairs of jars. The sets of jars are distinguishable from each other and have matching pairs of familiar substances with distinctive smells. We begin with familiar scents (ex. lavender, garlic, mint, Vick's vapor rub). Then introduce less familiar scents (ex. vanilla, soap, wood polish, coffee, lemon). As scents are rotated, the contrast may be narrowed. (ex. all floral scents, all culinary scents). We avoid putrid smells or having all sweet smells and keep the scents mild.
* The child takes one bottle from one set and, by smelling each bottle, pairs it with its mate in the other set


text:
Follow do's and don'ts for livestock disposal
You can burn, bury or compost carcasses, says Chris Augustin, area nutrient management specialist at North Dakota State University's Carrington Research Extension Center.
But burning and burying have drawbacks, he says.
When burying dead animals, you need to avoid areas with sandy soils and shallow water tables. The site should be nearly level to moderately sloping and at least 200 feet away from surface water. The bottom of the disposal pit should be at least 4 feet above the water table and underlain with loamy, silty, clay soils. Carcasses should be covered by 4 feet of soil.
Also, do not locate the burial pit near residences, wells, shallow aquifers or areas that may be flooded, and avoid pipelines, utility easements and historically significant sites.
Burning can be difficult because the law requires use of organic fuels, such as wood, which can make creating enough heat to effectively combust a carcass difficult. Also, the state Department of Health must grant an open-burning variance prior to the burn.
- Composting may be the best way to dispose of carcasses.
- Composting is simple, but it needs to be managed properly.
- The carcass needs to be covered with wood or straw and turned regularly.
Composting may be best
Composting may be the best solution for handling dead animals because it is effective and cost-efficient, Augustin says. Composting carcasses is a simple process that, through time, changes the animal to a soil-like product.
However, the composting pile needs to be managed properly. You need a bulking material high in carbon, such as wood chips or straw. Place about 2 feet of the bulking material in an area that drains well, but where runoff will not reach waters, such as rivers, lakes or streams. Place the carcass on the bulking material and add another 2 feet of bulking material on top of the carcass. The animal will undergo thermophylic decomposition.
During this period, temperatures in the pile will range from 120 to 160 degrees F as bacteria feed on the animal and bulking material. Temperatures should be monitored with a probe-type thermometer.
The pile also requires adequate moisture and oxygen. The pile should have about 60% of the pores filled with water and the remaining pores filled with air. The bulking material helps the pile maintain oxygen.
After about 90 days, the pile should be turned with a front-end loader to incorporate more oxygen. More bulking material and water may need to be added at this time. You should continue to monitor the pile's temperature. When the temperature falls below 120 degrees F, the pile should be turned again. After about six months, and three to five turns, the carcass should be entirely composted.
The benefits of composting include reducing the amount of animal carcasses, destroying pathogens and eliminating odor. Also, pests tend to stay away from the pile.
"The finished product is an odor-free, soil-like fertilizer that adds a little value to a dead animal," Augustin says.
Source: NDSU Extension Communications
STEP 1: A calf carcass is covered with straw. Water is added to begin the composting.
STEP 2: The compost pile is turned to maintain oxygen and moisture levels.
STEP 3: After about six months, all that remains of the carcass are some bones.
All Photos BY: Chris Augustin, NDSU
This article published in the April, 2010 edition of DAKOTA FARMER.
All rights reserved. Copyright Farm Progress Cos. 2010.


text:
Following months of discussion, 250 delegates have, at the base of Uluru, made a historic statement for the future of Indigenous affairs in Australia. In the milestone year of 2017 – 50 years after the 1967 Referendum – the First Nations National Constitutional Convention has culminated in calls for Makarrata, the coming together after a struggle.
The delegates from across the country expressed their support for enshrining the voice of the First Nations in the Constitution, and for the establishment of a treaty between governments and the First Nations. Prominent themes that emerged from the talks are the rejection of simple 'tokenistic' constitutional acknowledgement in favour of meaningful structural reform, as well as a focus on supporting the continued sovereignty of Indigenous peoples and on 'truth-telling' about Indigenous history.
Met with a standing ovation from those involved, the 'Uluru Statement from the Heart' marks a monumental step for the future direction of Indigenous affairs in Australia to address the structural problems communities face and to empower these communities for an improved future.
Full Statement can be found at: _URL_


text:
What is MAG
The Maricopa Association of Governments (MAG) is a Council of Governments (COG) that serves as the regional agency for the metropolitan Phoenix area. MAG is the designated Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) for regional planning in the Maricopa region. MAG provides regional planning and policy decisions in areas of transportation, air quality, water quality, and human services. When MAG was formed in 1967, local elected officials recognized the need for long range planning and policy development on a regional scale. They realized that many issues such as transportation and air quality affected residents beyond the borders of their individual jurisdictions. MAG was founded in the spirit of cooperation. MAG members believe that by uniting, they can solve common problems, take an active role in long range regional issues and address concerns that affect all of the communities.
Purpose of MAG
The MAG By-Laws contain an underlying concept for the organization:
"The Maricopa Association of Governments is based on the principle that cities, towns, counties, and Indian Communities, which are closest to the people, should exercise the basic initiative and leadership and should have the primary responsibility for addressing those local problems and needs which require action on an area-wide or regional basis."
The Articles of Incorporation for MAG state that the association was formed to do the following:
- Provide a forum for discussion and study of regional problems of mutual interest to the governments in the region.
- Ensure, through cooperation and the pooling of common resources, maximum efficiency and economy in governmental operations, which will provide every citizen with the utmost value for every dollar.
- Identify and comprehensively plan for the solution of regional problems requiring multi-city, town and county cooperation.
- Facilitate agreements among the governmental units for specific projects or other interrelated developmental actions or for the adoption of common policies with respect to problems that are common to its members.
- Attain the greatest degree of intergovernmental cooperation possible in order to prepare for future growth and development of the region.
In the greater Maricopa County, local government cooperation in the early 1960's resulted in the implementation of the multi-city sewage treatment plant at 91st Avenue. This regional activity occurred prior to federal and state initiatives and incentives for regional planning and cooperation. In 1962, changes in federal policy required more local and state involvement. As a result of changes in the Federal Aid Highway Act, cooperative transportation planning occurred with the creation of the Valley Area Traffic and Transportation Study (VATTS). As part of the federal government decentralization initiatives, federal regions were established to bring federal programs closer to the people and incorporate greater review of federal programs through the Intergovernmental Cooperation Act.
Because of these changing federal policies requiring more local planning and review, and due to the demonstrated success of previous regional efforts, the local governments in Maricopa County formed MAG in 1967 as a nonprofit corporation to act as the vehicle to address areas of common regional interest. At the first meeting of MAG, the consensus of the Regional Council was that the areas of water, air pollution and solid waste disposal were of primary concern. It was also agreed that there was a need for the standardization of building materials and for public works specifications. In addition, the transportation planning efforts begun with VATTS were incorporated into the scope of MAG's work. Several key events in the early history of MAG are outlined below:
- Regional cooperation was encouraged by success of multi-city sewage system in the early 1960s.
- The 1962 Federal Aid Highway Act required regional transportation planning, which resulted in the formation of the Valley Area Traffic and Transportation Area Study (VATTS) on March 12, 1965.
- The 1965 Federal Housing Act Amendments and 1966 Metropolitan Development Act provided legal and financial impetus for a full-fledged regional agency.
- MAG was formed in 1967 by concurrent resolutions from its member agencies to foster regional cooperation and to address regional problems.
- VATTS was incorporated into MAG in 1967.
- Executive Order 70-2 established six Planning Districts in Arizona in 1970.
- MAG designated as the Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) by the governor in 1973.
- MAG designated as the Water Quality Planning Agency by the governor in 1975.
- MAG designated as the Lead Air Quality Planning Agency by the governor in 1978.
- MAG designated as the Solid Waste Planning Agency in 1979.


text:
Delivered Source Instruction
(DSI) One line of source code (LOC) developed by a project.DSI is the primary input to many tools for estimating software cost. The term "delivered" is generally meant to exclude non-delivered support software such as test drivers. However, if these are developed with the same care as delivered software, with their own reviews, test plans, documentation, etc., then they should be counted. The "source instructions" include all program instructions created by project personnel and processed into machine code by some combination of preprocessors, compilers, and assemblers. It excludes comments and unmodified utility software. It includes job control language, format statements, and data declarations.
Last updated: 1996-05-29


Multiple Payments Instructions
Overview: This Help document provides instructions for attaching tickets for two or more Web applications into one total bill, payable in one lump sum.
Table of Contents
 1. Multiple Payments
 2. Why Is My Email Address Needed?
 3. What Are Cookies?
 4. How Do I Make Multiple Payments?
Multiple Payments
Each Web Application allows multiple tickets to be paid within the application using the "Add Another Bill" feature. However, tickets within separate applications (such as Real Estate and Personal Property) can also be combined and paid at one time.
Back to Top
Why Is My Email Address Needed?
Your email address is a unique identifier used to combine all your tickets marked for payment into one lump sum.
Back to Top
What Are Cookies?
Cookies are small chunks of text sent between a personal computer and a web server. When a website is contacted, certain information is sent from the web server and stored on the computer. The next time the website is visited, the web server checks the cookie and gathers the information stored there. In this case, your email address.
Back to Top
How Do I Make Multiple Payments?
Search and designate tickets for payment as normal (see specific instructions for each application under "Payment Options Help"). When the Checkout screen is reached, click on another application (using links on the left side). Proceed normally. The Summary screen now shows tickets from both applications and a Total Amount Due. The user can add as many tickets from as many applications as desired using this method, and then pay everything at once. Applications use the user's email address to lump tickets together.
Back to Top
Version: _PHONE_


text:
Democratic Republic of Congo / Rwanda
1.47 S, 29.492 E
summit elevation 3711 m
Visoke Volcano is located on the Democratic Republic of Congo / Rwanda border. The volcano contains a 450-m-wide lake in the summit crater. An eruption in 1957 formed two small cones on the north flank, 11 km from the summit.
Visoke volcano - John Seach
A field of cinder cones is located between Visoke and Sabinyo volcanoes.
The volcano has produced leucitite, olivine nephelinite, basanite and hawaiite
lavas. Visoke leucitites exhibit a relatively restricted compositional range.
No recent eruptions.
In 1957 an eruption occurred at Mugogo volcano, 11 km north of the summit.


text:
Microwave Frequency Analysis
Microwave Pro uses the
FCC's ULS database to identify usable BAS and Part 101 (950 MHz, 2 GHz, 6 GHz,
7 GHz, 11 GHz, 13 GHz, 18 GHz and 23 GHz) microwave frequencies in the
U.S.A. and to examine
paths over terrain elevation plots while acknowledging interference to and
from other microwave links. The program uses
terrain based analysis in conjunction with methodology found in TIA-EIA
Telecommunications System BulletinTSB10-F. When supplied with the parameters for a proposed path,
Microwave Pro can quickly load all stations that have a potential interference
relationship and calculate Carrier to Interference (C/I) ratios. A
mergeable list of contact
information for paths within the "keyhole" radius from the proposed
path can be generated to be used in the prior notification process.
screen below shows the study of a single link on 943.5 MHz. The C/I In
and C/I out columns show the carrier to interference ratio in dB for
"outgoing" and "incoming" signal relationships, while
the margin columns show the difference between the desired C/I ratio and the
available C/I ratio.
paths below show the spatial relationships between the new
path, D to E, and the existing path from A to B (Both shown in green).
Possible interfering paths are shown in red between A to E and D to B. The
arrows indicate the transmission directions.
profile shown below graphs the actual path over terrain. The terrain
elevation is graphed in red, while the path is plotted in green and the
fresnel zone in orange. The A to E interfering path is shown below.
The user can select the profile of either the proposed path or the
interfering paths simply by clicking one of the buttons on the Microwave
Path Information screen.
You can select a microwave antenna pattern from the
many built in patterns available to the user:
In the screen below you can see that we selected the Scala PR-950 for
the transmit antenna of our reference transmitter.
Reference receive patterns can be selected in the
The receive and transmit patterns of STL
transmission systems in the ULS database are automatically applied according
to the registration in the FCC's ULS database.
If the user clicks the "Contact Info" tab
the contact information is displayed as is shown below:
Microwave-Pro also has a built in link budget system
analysis tool that can be used to generate complete link budget report. The 'wizard'
based interface allows the user to enter path information, transmitter power,
antenna gains, and other system gains and losses. The program will calculate
the EIRP, path loss, fade margin, and provide a minimum recommended fade margin.
A sample link budget report may be downloaded here
(PDF format). Pictures of the Link Budget Wizard may be seen below:
|Key Features of Microwave-Pro include:
|Calculates C/I ratios that consider terrain obstruction.|
|Plots terrain profiles of all protected and interfering paths.|
|Includes a large pattern library for specifying many common antenna patterns.|
|Gives a graphical representation of both protected and interfering path geometry.|
|Can search both license and application microwave databases.|
|Performs frequency searches for the radio, TV BAS and Part 101 bands to determine available
|Generate mergeable address information needed for PCN coordination letters.|
|For more information on MicrowavePro call us at _PHONE_
or email _EMAIL_.|


text:
In this exercise, students will learn how to:
|Figure 5.4.1 - Enhancing a viewpoint to better communicate a conflict requiring resolution|
- Create a viewpoint that highlights the conflicts between the concrete beams and the exposed oval duct HVAC system in the ceiling space of Level 1. Try making the lighting fixtures transparent to reduce clutter in the view.
- Duplicate a viewpoint from that same camera angle and fine-tune the appearance to highlight the clearance problems that existing between the lighting fixtures and the exposed oval duct HVAC system. Try making the beams transparent and hiding any elements that obstruct the view.
- Create an exterior rendering of the composite model testing different material finishes on the architectural shell of the building. Use a natural sky as the background for the image.
Figure 5.4.2 - Rendered preview of the interior of retail space on Level 1


Europe unveils British astronaut
By Jonathan Amos
Science reporter, BBC News, Paris
The BBC's Alasdair Sandford speaks to Timothy Peake
Timothy Peake, a 37-year-old test pilot in the Army Air Corps, has been accepted into the European Space Agency's (Esa) Astronaut Corps.
The spaceman, who hails from Chichester, was unveiled at a ceremony in Paris, along with five other new colleagues from across Europe.
The other recruits to emerge from Esa's latest trawl for new candidates include a woman astronaut.
There are two Italians, a Frenchman, a German, and a Dane.
But it is the UK citizen who is sure to command a lion's share of the headlines.
Successive British governments have considered human spaceflight an expensive distraction, preferring to fund robotic exploration instead.
This policy has made it extremely difficult for British-born individuals to get into orbit.
"I hope it will now encourage the British government to contribute," said Jean-Jacques Dordain, director-general of Esa. "With such a good guy [in Timothy Peake], how can they not contribute?"
Major Peake currently lives in Salisbury, Wiltshire. He is a helicopter test pilot and has a degree in flight dynamics.
He has been in the armed forces for 18 years. He flies primarily Apache helicopters and has over 3,000 hours to his credit.
New recruits
The 37-year-old Briton thanked his friends and family for their support during the selection process. He said: "It has been quite a difficult year and the waiting has been quite difficult during the past few weeks.
"If it wasn't for the British Army, I wouldn't be in this position, so I'm very grateful for the training and support I've received from them also."
The first Briton in space was Sheffield-born chemist Helen Sharman. She had to secure private funding to fly to the Mir space station on a Russian Soyuz craft in 1991.
Four British-born astronauts have flown into space under an American flag: Michael Foale, Piers Sellers, Nicholas Patrick and Greg Johnson.
Esa astronauts (Esa)
From 8,000 to six: Esa announced its new astronauts in Paris
The most recent non-governmental British-born astronaut was Richard Garriott. The wealthy games developer paid for his trip, again through the Russians.
But the European Space agency says its new astronauts were judged solely on their ability to do the job, not on national government policy.
Timothy Peake and his new colleagues will now train to fly to the space station and with renewed interest in the Moon, they could conceivably also get to walk on the lunar surface one day.
He reflected on how he might feel, sitting on a launch pad atop a rocket waiting to blast into space.
J-J Dordain (AFP)
"I think it's going to be the most incredible experience in the world, without a shadow of a doubt. The adrenalin will be thoroughly flowing at that stage," he told BBC News.
The other new recruits comprise Frenchman Thomas Pesquet, Italians Samantha Cristoforetti and Luca Parmitano, Germany's Alexander Gerst, Denmark's Andreas Mogensen.
"One day hopefully I will have the opportunity to walk on the Moon. That's the biggest dream I have at the moment," said Mogensen, who has been working in the UK at the Surrey Space Centre.
The astronauts will begin their basic education in September for a period of 18 months. They will then get assigned to a mission for more specific training.
But it will be a minimum of 3.5 years before they can get into orbit.
Pressed about the selection of a Briton as one of the astronauts when the UK chose not to fund manned spaceflight, Mr Dordain said: "I have taken the decision after consultation and there was unanimity about the ranking of the candidates."
Mr Dordain named British-born officials who had taken prominent roles in the running of Esa's human spaceflight programme, adding: "You can contribute with something other than money... you can contribute with expertise."
Nick Spall, co-ordinator of the UK human spaceflight campaign at the British Interplanetary Society, told BBC News: "The UK astronaut campaign is delighted that a British candidate has been chosen by Esa to join the growing cadre of European astronauts.
"Despite its rich heritage of aerospace experience, for many years the UK has been absent from government-organised human spaceflight activity.
"As a result, the nation has missed out on the science, industrial, exploration and inspirational benefits that this international endeavour has provided for the rest of the developed world"
Print Sponsor
Understanding the UK's space 'anomaly'
20 May 09 | Science & Environment
Meet Europe's new astronauts
20 May 09 | Science & Environment
It's ground control to Major Tim
20 May 09 | Science & Environment
Space station module handed over
16 May 09 | Science & Environment
European prepares to command ISS
07 May 09 | Science & Environment
Europe expects busy year in space
14 Jan 09 | Science & Environment
Europe's 10bn-euro space vision
26 Nov 08 | Science & Environment
'No bias' against UK astronauts
08 May 08 | Science & Environment
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What Is A Gustnado? (Hint: It May Have Collapsed The Indiana State Fair Stage)
Last weekend, a deadly tragedy struck the Indiana State Fair when the main performance stage collapsed during a freak storm. A witness to the event captured this terrifying moment on video.
After looking at the weather data and videos of the event, at least one meteorologist believes a gustnado may be responsible. So what exactly is a gustnado?
A gustnado is a short-lived, ground-based vortex that forms during a severe thunderstorm...
A gustnado is gust storm that forms ahead of a thunderstorm. It's a pocket of powerful, swirling air that extends between 30 to 300 feet high.
...its winds can be as strong as an F1 tornado...
A gustnado produces intense wind bursts that can reach up to 80 MPH, as powerful as an F1 tornado. This is powerful enough to uproot trees with shallow roots, knock down billboards and cause minor damage to roofs, chimneys and windows.
... its not a tornado, but can be confused with one...
Gustnadoes are often confused with tornadoes as both can occur during a thunderstorm. A gustnado forms on the gust front of a thunderstorm, while a tornado forms from a giant rotating thunderstorm called a supercell. Unlike tornadoes, gustnadoes stay on the ground and their vortex does not reach the storm clouds above. Gustnadoes are like whirlwinds and dust devils, but they are more powerful and devastating.
...a gustnado may be the cause of the stage collapse at the Indiana State Fair.
AccuWeather.com Senior Meteorologist Henry Margusity studied the unusual storm that hit the Indiana State Fair last weekend. After looking at radar data and video footage from the fair, he believes the evidence points to a gustnado. You can read his argument here. [Accu-Weather, Weather Savvy via Scientific American]


text:
Plastics manufacturing and other plastics related activities requires temperature control, we manufacture several temperature sensors to support the plastics industry. We manufacture plastic extruder temperature sensors, also know as bayonet thermocouples for plastic extrusion machines. We also supply to other organisations involved in plastics such as plastic recycling.
Whatever the process, whether it is new or existing, we can supply the appropriate temperature sensor. If you are unable identify the specification of thermocouple or resistance thermometer you require, we can also help identify your requirements.


text:
Where did the Rudman coat of arms come from? When did the Rudman family first arrive in the United States?
Coat of Arms > Rudman Coat of Arms
Some noteworthy people of the name Rudman
The term Ashkenazic refers to Yiddish speaking Jews and their descendants. There are numerous other Jewish groups, such as the Sefardim, who were the Jews of the Iberian Peninsula and their descendants.More
THE HEBREW LANGUAGE
The Hebrew language belongs to the Semitic family and is generally divided into three historic and linguistic periods: Old Testament Hebrew, Postbiblical and Modern Hebrew. Modern Hebrew was developed in the 19th century and is now the official language of Israel. It has a special script, based on the Phoenician alphabet.More
The Yiddish language dates back to about the 9th century. It was developed mainly from Middle High German and spoken by Jews in Germany. Yiddish was also infused with Hebrew words and it is written using the Hebrew alphabet. It also shows a strong Slavic influence.More
Coat of Arms
Hand Painted Plaques
Plaques and Frames
houseofnames.com is an internet property owned by Swyrich Corporation.


text:
Absolutism In England
World History: (17th-19th century)
Name/School: Carol M. Conti, Blackstone-Millville Regional High School
Grade Level: 9
Topic: Absolutism in England
Lesson: England: From Absolutism to Limited/Constitutional Monarchy
Overview: Using objects from the Historic Deerfield collection to highlight England's move from Absolutism to Limited/Constitutional Monarchy.
Time: one class period (45 minutes)
- Student's notes on English monarchs, _PHONE_
- Overhead projector
- Transparency of 18th century Delftware bowls, (Images courtesy of Historic Deerfield)
- Punch Bowl containing Queen Anne's Image – HD76.006
- Punch Bowl containing inscription of George & Sarah Jenings – HD57.109
- Concepts (Big idea/central theme): Using objects from the Historic Deerfield collection to highlight England's move from Absolutism to limited/constitutional monarchy.
- Content (What students should know): Identify how Delftware bowls created in England reflect both a move to limited/constitutional monarchy and a growing sense of individualism.
- Skills (What students should be able to do): Develop skills necessary for object study and recognize historical significance of objects.
- In the previous class, students will have analyzed the factors that led England to move from Absolutism in the 17th-century to a limited monarchy by the18th-century by examining how factors either strengthened or weakened the power of the monarch. In addition, students will have experienced a prior lesson in which they have analyzed objects as a part of historical understanding.
- Opening activity (homework review): list three facts about Delftware; list two places in which Delftware was made, list one reason why Delftware was popular in the colonies. Use this activity as a means to review the homework assignment, which provided students with background about the Delftware industry.
- Divide the class in half. Group A will be given a picture of the Delftware bowl containing Queen Anne's image. Group B will be given a picture of the Delftware bowl containing the names of a British couple who were to be married. Both groups should answer the guiding questions.
- A. What is this object?
- B. What would this object have been used for?
- C. What image(s) is contained within the object?
- D. Both of these objects were created in the 18th century in Britain. Approximately when do you think this object was created?
- Pair up students; one from group A and one from group B. Students should share their images and their answers to the guiding questions. Working with their partner, students should use that information as well as their prior knowledge to determine the following: How can these objects be used to support the idea that England moved from Absolutism to limited/constitutional monarchy? How do these objects reflect a growing sense of individualism in England?
- This lesson is part of a larger unit on Absolutism. For the unit evaluation project, students, working with a partner or individually, create a guide to absolute rule (based on the popular "Idiots/Dummies Guides" in which they demonstrate the steps one needs to obtain and hold absolute rule, as well as the steps one needs to avoid. As the final project must include text and images, this concept should be incorporated in the guide.
- There would also be a quiz following the completion of this segment of the unit. This quiz would include an evaluate question relating to this lesson.
Extension Possibilities/Interdisciplinary Connections:
- Students could create their own "Delftware" that reflects their sense of individualism or an idea important to them.
Tips and Reflections from Author
- I hope to give each student a copy of the image; however, given budget restraints I may have to put the image of an overhead.
History/Social Science Curriculum Frameworks Learning Standards:
WHII.2 – Explain why England was the main exception to the growth of absolutism in royal power in Europe.


there are the so-called primitive data types, these are:
byte short int long, float double, char String, boolean,
 1. so these Java types could correspond to certain XTT basic types
 2. please note: at this level the Java system is NOT exandable at all!!!
 3. so primitive types map to the above Java primitive types, but we could have
integer (a special case of numeric) for (byte short int long), numeric (general) for (float double), symbolic for (char String), bool for (boolean),
Semantic annotation
FIXME In defining attributes, a relation to system semantics, other attributes, etc. may be stated. predicate(thermostat_setting,A,B).
RDF Atts
FIXME the attribute specification (ATTML) should be in RDF.
FIMXE the ARDML including TPH in OWL.
Attributes and ARD
Considering the ARD process and TPH, certain relationships should be defined/discovered between:
 - attribute groups
 - attribute types
 - scope as in ARD
 - gen-spec/composition and finalization/split in ARD


text:
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A genus of parasitic fungi very closely related to Glœosporium, from which it differs in having elongate several-septate conidia. About 25 species have been described. S. acerinum occurs on leaves of the maple.
Sorry, no example sentences found.
'septoglœum' hasn't been added to any lists yet.
Looking for tweets for septoglœum.


text:
The following error prevents me from running simulation:
# ** Fatal: (vsim-3471) Slice range (35 downto 32) does not belong to the prefix index range (31 downto 0).
# Time: 0 ns Iteration: 0 Process: /block_level_tb/cpri_wrapper_top_master/cpri_reuse_inst_inst_cpri_jb_inst_wrapper_jb_ram_inst_jb_ram_mram_jb_ram/
ramb18sdp_inst/safe_mode/prcs_clk File: C:/Xilinx/10.1/ISE/vhdl/src/unisims/unisim_VITAL.vhd
# Fatal error in Process prcs_clk at C:/Xilinx/10.1/ISE/vhdl/src/unisims/unisim_VITAL.vhd line 152747
What does the error come from and how can I resolve it?
The error is possibly caused by an undesired width of initial value assigned to the RAM component in the code either by inference or instantiation.
For example, if RAMB36 is instantiated, it is expected to have any 36-bit value for INIT_A and INIT_B in order that output of each port (DO & DOP) can obtain appropriate initial value bits. If the value you specified is less than 36-bit, you can encounter this error in simulation.
The error can also occur if using the Simple Dual Port RAM macro (BRAM_SDP_MACRO) with different read and write port widths which is not supported.
Please refer to the libraries guide or user guide for allowed values of INIT attribute.


Información Legal: Kansas
State Gun Laws
21 de junio de 2021
What is a felony?
Throughout these gun law pages, we will refer to gun laws that make it illegal for someone convicted of a felony to have a gun. Kansas defines a felony as crimes that are:
 - punishable by death;
 - punishable by imprisonment in any state correctional institution; or
 - defined as a felony by law.1
1 Kan. Stat. § 21-5102(a)
I am a victim of domestic violence and the abuser has a gun. Is this legal?
Kansas state law says that it is illegal for the following people to own or possess a firearm:
 - a person who is addicted to, and illegally using, drugs;
 - a person who is/was mentally ill or an alcohol or drug abuser and subject to involuntary commitment for care and treatment;
 - someone under age 18, unless the barrel of the gun is at least 12 inches long;
 - someone who is a fugitive from justice, which means that the person knows that there is a warrant issued for him/her for committing a felony;
 - an immigrant who is not authorized to be in the United States;
 - someone who, within the past five years, has been convicted of a misdemeanor for a domestic violence offense in Kansas or a similar misdemeanor crime in another state;
 - someone who has a current protection order against him/her (a "respondent") that meets the following three conditions:
 1. It was issued after a hearing and the respondent received notice of the hearing beforehand and had the opportunity to participate in the hearing;
 2. It restrains the respondent from doing any of the following:
 - harassing, stalking, or threatening an intimate partner, the intimate partner's child, or the respondent's child; or
 - engaging in other conduct that would place an intimate partner in reasonable fear of bodily injury to himself/herself or his/her child; and
 3. The protection order:
 - includes a finding by the judge that the respondent represents a "credible threat" to the physical safety of the intimate partner or his/her child; or
 - has terms in it that clearly prohibit the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the intimate partner or his/her child that would reasonably be expected to cause bodily injury;1
 - a person who has been convicted of a "person felony," which are various drug crimes listed in sections K.S.A. § 21-36a01 through 21-36a17 of the law, or convicted of any violation of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act prior to July 1, 2009;
 - someone who was a "juvenile offender" of:
 1. an act which comes under:
 - the "person felony" crimes;
 - Uniform Controlled Substances Act prior to July 1, 2009; or
 - certain other felonies listed in K.S.A § 21-6304; and
 2. was in possession of a firearm when s/he committed the crime; or
 - someone who was convicted of certain felonies within the past five or ten years; or
 - has been released from imprisonment for a felony.2
1 Kan. Stat. § 21-6301(a)(10), (a)(13), (a)(14)-(18), (m)(2)
2 Kan. Stat. § 21-6304(a)