What is Bone Broth and is it Really All That Healthy?
Bone broth is more than a buzzword—it's a food with a long tradition that may come with several health benefits.
Many proponents claim it can strengthen bones, relieve joint pain, speed up wound healing, promote good digestive health and improve sleep.
But what does the evidence say?
Here, we'll discuss what bone broth is, how it may be beneficial to your health and how to make it yourself.
What is Bone Broth?
What is Bone Broth?Bone broth is made by slowly simmering bones, skin and connective tissue from animals—often chicken, beef, pork or fish—in water, typically for several hours.
Most recipes recommend a cooking time of anywhere from around 8 to 48 hours. Many also call for adding apple cider vinegar, which helps extract even more nutrients from the bones (1).
Once fully cooked, the mixture is strained to create a gelatinous liquid broth.
Bone broth has long been a staple of many traditional diets in places as far-flung as China, Japan, and France. It adds flavor, texture and a satisfying richness to food.
Bone broth can be used for soups, stews, sauces and gravies, and has even become a popular drink to sip all on its own.
There are also several bone broth protein powders available on the market. These are made by dehydrating the broth and turning it into a powder. They can be mixed with water or another beverage and consumed.
What is Gelatin?
What is Gelatin?Gelatin—taken from the Latin word gelatus, meaning "frozen" or "stiff"—is produced from the breakdown of collagen when cooking bone broth.
Collagen is the most abundant protein in both humans and animals, and can be found in the skin, bones, ligaments and tendons (2).
Gelatin holds the nutrients that have been drawn out of the bones and connective tissue. Some claim that the traditional method of using chicken feet can extract even more gelatin, though this is not necessarily proven (3).
Whatever your animal source, the final gelatin product will be mostly made up of amino acids including: glycine, proline, hydroxyproline, glutamic acid, arginine and more (4).
The actual percentage of each amino acid will vary from broth to broth, depending on the animal source and tissue, as well as how the broth is cooked.
The powdered form of gelatin, often referred to as hydrolyzed collagen, is used for everything from Jell-o to vitamin capsules. The hydrolysis stage breaks up the amino acids into smaller pieces, which may be easier to digest.
Summary: Bone broth is made by slowly simmering bones, skin and connective tissue from animals. It can be used for soups, stews, sauces and gravies, or drunk on its own. Gelatin is produced from the breakdown of collagen when cooking bone broth, and contains many amino acids, including glycine, proline, glutamic acid and arginine.
Bone Broth Nutrients
Bone Broth NutrientsGelatin, and thus bone broth, is almost exclusively made up of amino acids, the building blocks of protein.
Amino Acids
The following amino acids are most abundant in bone broth and gelatin:
 - Glycine: Gelatin is the richest source of glycine, a conditionally essential amino acid, meaning some people may not produce enough of it themselves. Glycine is important for producing collagen (which is essential for skin, joint and bone health), as well as glutathione (an important antioxidant).
 - Proline: Collagen is also one of the richest sources of proline, a nonessential amino acid that is important for the immune system, wound healing and antioxidative responses (5).
 - Valine: Bone broth also contains a significant percentage of valine, an essential amino acid, meaning it must be obtained from food. It's one of three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), which are necessary for protein synthesis and glucose metabolism, and promotes muscle growth and tissue repair (6).
 - Hydroxyproline: Roughly 14% of collagen contains hydroxyproline, which is produced from proline with the help of vitamin C. It helps give strength to skin, bones, tendons and cartilage.
 - Glutamic acid: Bone broth is also rich in glutamic acid (or glutamate), the most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain. It also helps produce the antioxidant glutathione, and protects the gut, bones and immune system. Read more on glutamate's benefits here.
 - Glutamine: Closely related to glutamate, glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid that is important for the immune system and intestinal health.
 - Arginine: Gelatin also contains a good amount of arginine, another conditionally essential amino acid, which can help support muscle growth and fat loss, wound healing, the immune system and a healthy heart (7, 8).
It's important to note that amino acid content of bone broth can vary drastically. In fact, a recent study concluded that bone broth is unlikely to provide a consistently reliable source of amino acids unless following a standardized recipe.
The study also found that amino acid concentrations in bone broth were significantly lower than those provided by therapeutic doses of collagen supplements (9).
Other Compounds and Minerals
Using connective tissue in bone broth can also provide glucosamine and chondroitin, compounds that produce and maintain cartilage (the tissue between the joints), and have been shown to reduce joint pain and inflammation.
Some claim that bone broth is also rich in vitamins and minerals, but there's not much science to back that up.
Of course, bone itself will contain some minerals, like calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, so it seems likely they would end up in the broth.
However, one study from way back in 1934 found that bone broth contained about 12-68 mg of calcium per cup. To compare, one cup of milk contains over 300 mg of calcium. That's roughly 10 times more.
In fact, cow's milk also beat out bone broth in amounts of magnesium (with twice as much) and phosphorus (more than seven times) (10).
Another more recent study from 2017 found similar results. The researchers concluded that homemade and commercial bone broths only contained roughly 5% of the recommended daily levels of calcium and magnesium per serving (11).
Adding more ingredients to the broth, like vegetables, could help boost the vitamin and mineral content.
Summary: Bone broth is abundant in amino acids that are essential for protein synthesis, producing collagen, supporting the immune system, promoting muscle growth and tissue repair and more. It also contains anti-inflammatory compounds like glucosamine and chondroitin. However, bone broth lacks in minerals like calcium and magnesium.
Bone Broth Benefits
Bone Broth BenefitsThere are still few studies specifically focused on bone broth itself, so we have to look at collagen and gelatin and the amino acids they are rich in to understand bone broth's potential health benefits.
Because of its unique amino acid concentration, bone broth advocates claim that it can improve digestive health and "leaky gut," promote strong bones and joints, aid in sleep, and rejuvenate skin, hair and nails.
Let's take a look at what the evidence shows.
Promotes Bone and Joint Health
Studies on gelatin and collagen have shown their potential to increase collagen in the human body, which can protect the bones and joints.
A recent review on nutritional strategies for athletes concluded that supplementation with gelatin and vitamin C can improve collagen synthesis in connective tissues, nearly twice as much as individual amino acids (12).
However, vitamin C alone could also help accelerate bone healing and increase collagen synthesis (13).
That said, collagen supplementation by itself may help relieve osteoarthritis symptoms, as shown in a 2016 study of people suffering with pain and stiffness in the knee. It may also improve bone mineral density in postmenopausal women, according to a 2018 study (14, 15).
The glucosamine found in bone broth could also offer protection for the bones and joints. Daily use of glucosamine supplements has been shown to help reduce pain and other symptoms for those with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (16, 17).
A few small studies on athletes have also found that glucosamine supplementation can help prevent the breakdown of cartilage (18, 19).
Overall, most of these studies have been very small. The effects of bone broth and its amino acids and compounds on bones and joints is still mostly unknown.
Improves Skin, Hair and Nail Quality
Given that collagen is most abundant in the skin, it seems that consuming it would have a direct positive impact.
Indeed, several small studies have shown that taking collagen supplements can help increase skin elasticity and hydration, and possibly reduce signs of skin aging (20, 21, 22, 23).
Oral collagen can also improve nail growth and texture. In one study, it promoted an increase of 12% nail growth and a decrease of broken nails by 42% (24).
Again, many of these studies were small, and some were even sponsored by skin care companies, so there's still no conclusive evidence that taking collagen, or even bone broth, can lead to healthier, age-defying skin.
Meanwhile, the amino acid proline, which is abundant in bone broth, could be the answer to healthier hair. After all, hair is made up of the protein keratin, which is mostly made up of proline.
While there's little evidence to prove this, a few small studies have found that taking gelatin can promote hair growth and thickness


approach towards waste management and plethora of private sector waste management expertise in the country.
1 The 'polluter pays' principle is an economic principle for allocating the costs of pollution control. It means that the polluter should be legally bound to bear the costs of pollution prevention and control measures to take to protect the environment.
2 The hybrid annuity model is a PPP model, where the government contributes a percentage (typically 40%) of the total capital expenditure for the project through annual payments, with the rest (typically 60%) contributed by the private sector developer.
3 Viability gap funding is a capital grant, subsidy or equity from the government to render a PPP project financially viable and bankable.
This article was collated and written by Daniel Gan, Lead, Infrastructure Asia.
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Armour Thyroid and Insomnia
Side effects usually occur when you take too much Armour Thyroid (thyroid USP), and insomnia appears to be one of these side effects. However, it can be difficult to determine if insomnia is actually caused by the medication itself or other, unrelated reasons. Therefore, be sure to talk to your healthcare provider if you are taking Armour Thyroid and insomnia occurs.
Armour® Thyroid (thyroid USP) may cause insomnia. Because this may be a sign that you are getting too much Armour Thyroid, you should let your healthcare provider know if you develop any symptoms of insomnia while taking the drug.
People with insomnia often experience one or more of the following symptoms:
- Trouble falling asleep (often lying awake in bed for hours)
- Waking up often during the night and having trouble going back to sleep
- Waking up too early in the morning
- Non-refreshing sleep.
Insomnia is a common symptom of hyperthyroidism, which can occur if your Armour Thyroid dosage is too high. However, it is also possible that your insomnia could be completely unrelated to the drug. The best way to find out if you are taking too much is through a simple blood test. Also, you should be aware of other symptoms of hyperthyroidism, which may also signal that your dose is too high. Some of these symptoms include:
- A rapid heart rate (tachycardia)
- An increased appetite, along with weight loss
- Feeling hot all the time and increased sweating
- Shakiness or muscle weakness
- Heart palpitations
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
- Emotional changes
- Chest pain
- Difficult or painful breathing
- Diarrhea, vomiting, or abdominal cramps (stomach cramps)
- Hair loss (see Armour Thyroid and Hair Loss)
- Menstrual problems or fertility problems.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


"Photographic Memory" book review
Verna Posever Curtis's book Photographic Memory (Aperture/Library of Congress) is an intimate look at some of the oldest and most historical photo albums found within the Library of Congress's collection. The book starts out by recounting the historical and philosophical value of the photo album. While albums were around before the invention of photography, they were transformed into something more once the photographic prints were introduced. In fact, once the Kodak Brownie was invented, albums became more prevalent as a way to document people's travels and momentous occasions in their lives.
From the burlap cover of the book, to the chapters inside, it's apparent that the content within is something special and unique. Just short of looking at the actual albums themselves, this book does a terrific job at portraying the importance and intimacy that the makers poured into their albums. The albums range in style and contentwhile some are direct, only showing pictures and dates, such as the album Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, other are more ornate, depicting photos, drawing and various stories, such as Alaska. Posever Curtist introduces each album with a brief summary and historical recount of its origin.
Alaska is a scientific recount of what was called "The last great scientific exploration of the nineteenth century." As per doctor's orders, Howard H. Harriman set out on a journey to Alaska to hunt the Kodiak bear. He brought with him photographer, Edward Curtis and a team of various scientists. The album is thought to be compiled by George F. Nelson, however, many contributed to its content. While Harriman's journey was described as a scientific exploration, the actual album is somewhat whimsical with its poems and drawings. In particular, the story of catching an octopus is a two page layout with a poem about the tale on the right and photos on the left, completed with a watercolor painting of an octopus weaving between the pictures.
Ultimately, Photographic Memory shows the viewer why preserving photographic albums is as important to our culture. Unlike a printed book, the album has everlasting traces of the maker throughout it. Each element in the album was placed there with great intent of the maker. Also, the album connects us to the past in a much more emotional and visceral level that a simple book could ever do.
Krystal Morgan
ISBN: 9781597111317
Publisher: Aperture/Library of Congress
More Stories
DOT will be at Photobook Fair, London


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And you will be able to:
- find new friends who would share your interests;
- write reviews and comments to the games;
- be the first to know about news and updates;
- to participate in contests and win prizes;
- and much more!
Registered users: _PHONE_
Join Eva and her family as they take a cruise on a ship following the ill-fated Titanic's route. After wearing her grandmother's necklace, Eva starts to experience flashbacks and finds herself on board the Titanic, not as herself, but as her beloved grandmother. Should she try and stop the Titanic from colliding with the iceberg and change the course of history forever? And, if she prevents the disaster, what impact might it have on the future and ultimately the safety of her own family! Test your hidden object and logic skills in this tense and exciting adventure game!
- Weave your way in and out of 1912 and the present as you play in two time periods
- Tense and exciting adventure storyline
- Hundreds of hidden objects to find
- Interact with characters who will both help and hinder you!
- Challenging mini-games and puzzles
- Play in timed or relaxed mode so you can choose the game's pace
- Stunning scenes depict iconic locations on the Titanic


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Erlang Git Implementation
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This is a pure-Erlang implementation of a bunch of Git functionality.
Currently it is capable of reading Git objects out of loose or packfile formats and parsing tree and commit objects into more meaningful data structures.
It is currently slower than a slow-motion replay of a cold-weather molasses drip-race judged by sloths who just took Nyquil. Slowly.
To compile ErlanGit, run the following from within the project directory:
$ rake build
To test that everything is working properly, run the tests:
$ rake
When you run the test, the project is built with tests enabled. Before deploying to a production system make sure you do a normal build.
Basic API
First you initialize a Git object with the path to a Git repository:
Git = git:open("test_git")
You can get the type, size and data for any object in Git with the git:object_data call:
{Type, Size, Data} = git:object_data(Git, "8d47f3435ce5dfd0b2ab5758590c2db21b5294b4")
Type is a term (one of commit, tree, blob, tag), Size is an int of the size of the object and Data is a binary of the object data.
You can use object_exists to get a true/false back as to if a given object exists in the database.
Result = git:object_exists(Git, "8d47f3435ce5dfd0b2ab5758590c2db21b5294b4")
You can get a topographically ordered listing of the commit SHAs reachable froma given array of commit SHAs with the git:rev_list command
RevList = git:rev_list(Git, ["25daa907ccb6feb267bfec70a130d5fe13e48a79"])
That command will return an array of commit SHA strings:
RevList: ["25daa907ccb6feb267bfec70a130d5fe13e48a79",
You can get formatted data back for tree and commit objects (and blobs, but it just returns a string of the blob) with the git:object/2 call
{ok, Commit} = git:object(Git, "25daa907ccb6feb267bfec70a130d5fe13e48a79")
That will return a Commit object who's record looks like this:
-record(commit, {sha, parents, tree,
 author, committer, encoding, message}).
So you can then get the array of parent SHAs with Commit#commit.parents, or the commit message with Commit#commit.message.
If you run git:object/2 with a tree SHA, it will give you back an array of tree entries, each of which is a tree record:
-record(tree, {mode, name, sha}).
There are also a few output functions to help look at the data returned. You can get the equivalent of the 'git log' output with the git_io:print_log command.
git_io:print_log(Git, ["25daa907ccb6feb267bfec70a130d5fe13e48a79"])
That will print to stdout something like this:
commit 61fa970afbf82f79611220203213cd9562a809e3
Author: Scott Chacon <> _PHONE_ +0100
added test one
commit a361a3163a1b521f277e3877232d94b787750c36
Author: Scott Chacon <> _PHONE_ +0100
first commit
Something went wrong with that request. Please try again.


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Get the best from your author-narrators
We provide the missing step in author narration: preparation BEFORE the recording, with the special interests of authors in mind.
With our backgrounds in audiobook directing, media production, voice acting, and narrator training, we help your authors connect to their material and to their listener.
We offer any combination instructional video, coaching, and directing.
Praise for Paul:
You are a teacher in every beautiful sense of the word. Your heart and humanity spill over into every lesson we had, and there were many, way beyond VO technique. Your patience and caring gave us the confidence to open up and dive in. There is no bigger gift than being given permission to be ourselves. Somehow "thank you" doesn't begin to cover it, but thank you!
Praise for Gordon:
Gordon Rothman skillfully guided my husband, James Fallows, and me through the recording of our book, Our Towns: A 100,000-Mile Journey into the Heart of America. He turned a famously arduous process (think of going to the dentist!) into one that was as delicate and pleasant as could be (think of taking the happy gas!).


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Presentation on theme: "Development of a Chromaticity measurement application using Head-Tail phase shift technique."— Presentation transcript:
Development of a Chromaticity measurement application using Head-Tail phase shift technique.
Overview Discussion of measurement needs in the Tevatron Introduction to Theory of Head-Tail Phase Shift Results from initial tests in the Tevatron Coupling and Bunch Amplitude profiles Limitations of current set-up Conclusion
Measurement needs in the Tevatron Moving from uncoalesced to coalesced protons during machine tune-up Measurement during Acceleration ramp. - Chromaticity, Tune, and Coupling. Current RF chromaticity system draw-backs - Requires uncoalesced protons - Requires three acceleration ramps.
Chromaticity Measurement Using Head-Tail Phase Shift In the presence of non-zero chromaticity the betatron equation of motion becomes: Thus from phase difference between two locations in a bunch the chromaticity can be calculated:
Using the vertical and horizontal strip-line detectors installed in the Tevatron at the F0 location we extract a profile of the transverse behavior of the beam over a single longitudinal bunch. Extracting Transverse position
Difference Signal (A-plate – B-plate) Reflected Signal Reconstructed Signal Sum Signal (A-plate + B-plate) The Raw Signal is Processed to remove the Reflected Signal
From the Sum and Difference (A-plate B-plate) Signals the Transverse position can be calculated using: Here G is the ratio of the A-B gain over the A+B gain.Once the Transverse Position as a function of longitudinal bunch position is known ( ) we can use this to analyze the phase shift between the Head and the Tail to Calculate Chromaticity.
Vertical and Horizontal turn by turn position after horizontal 1.6 mm kick
Vertical and Horizontal turn by turn position after vertical 1.75 mm kick
Limitations of current set-up The major drawback of this system of measurement is its destructiveness. For measurement during tune up current system is ok. For a store we need more work. In addition both the kickers and scope have limitations which restrict operations.
F17 and E17 kickers The Horizontal kicker requires a ramp up time of 2.5 secs. (~30 possible horiz. Meas.) The E17 kicker produces a half sinusoid current pulse with a base width of 10 micro secs. The F17 kicker produces a square current pulse with a width of 1.8 micro secs. Thus the E17 kicker is too slow hit only one bunch during 36x36 store. But the F17 kicker could accomplish this if fired at the right time in the abort gap.
Scope With all four channels Scope can store only 12048 turns which means the max number of measurements possible is 23 (everyother-turn). The scope resolution is limited by the bit size and closed-orbit offset which set our minimum resolution to.1 mm.
Moving towards less destructive measurements By removing the closed-orbit current offset we should be able to reduce this resolution down to the signal noise floor from the beam and cables. Thus we could increase effective scope resolution and possibly reduce the required kick amplitude. Excite beam adiabatically (ac dipole technique) Run the damper kickers resonantly. This method of chirp excitation has been tested successfully at HERA. Can be gated to hit only one bunch.
Conclusion This system is nearing completion –Last major issue: E17 kicker timing –Rigrous comparison with RF technique on ramp. Now time for beam physics studies: –Study chromaticity and coupling changes during ramp. –Study of Bunch amplitude using color contour plots Possible future improvements –Minimally destructive measurements –Measure beam-beam effects on chromaticity and coupling. –Measure Pbars?


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Welcome to the
Become the Next eSafety Champion MOOC
With its virtually limitless content and opportunities, the internet has become so popular, we now carry it in our pockets to everywhere we go. However, its popularity and wide reach also bring about risks along with it. In a world where education is increasingly reliant on technology and online tools, it is essential that schools provide an online environment where students and staff can make the most of the internet while staying as safe as possible.
The eSafety Label+ MOOC aims to support education professionals to create an online safety strategy tailored to their school's needs in order to ensure their pupils learn and interact in a safer digital environment. How will this be achieved? Through an introduction to the concept of 'eSafety strategy' and a thorough analysis of the schools' strengths and shortcomings. As a participant, you will reflect upon and be better prepared to make informed decisions about a safer technological infrastructure, school policies and practices for your students. Moreover, the eSafety strategy developed throughout this MOOC will pave the way for your school to receive an eSafety Label, the European online safety accreditation service for schools!
With a view to creating your own personalised eSafety strategy, in this MOOC you will:
- Reflect on the importance of appropriate eSafety policies in a school context,
- Identify the eSafety risks and challenges your school and students may face,
- Learn how to embrace a whole-school approach and encourage all relevant parties (teachers, parents, school managements, ICT professionals, and so on) to develop an eSafety strategy tailored to your school's needs.
- Learn to implement, monitor and assess your eSafety strategy.
This course is open to anyone interested in eSafety in a school context, but it is primarily designed for practising primary and secondary school teachers. Other stakeholders such as heads of schools, ICT teachers or parents may also benefit from this course.
- Module 1: How to build an eSafety strategy
- Module 2: Identifying eSafety challenges at your school
- Module 3: Start building your strategy
- Module 4: Implementing and monitoring your strategy
Each module includes some suggested learning activity that supports the design of an eSafety strategy to be submitted at the end of the course. The final learning activity consists of two mandatory elements: 1) submitting an eSafety strategy (as progressively defined during the course) and to peer-review 3 other participants' strategies. Both tasks are a pre-requisite in order to receive the Course Badge and the final Digital Certificate. During the first module of the MOOC, the participants will be provided with guidelines to develop their eSafety strategy and an eSafety strategy template including all the relevant sections required for the final strategy submission.
The final deadline to complete all activities is 27 November 2019, 23:59 CET. Register now


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This component belongs to the category of ForceField. This component allows to simulate springs with Polynomial stress strain behavior. If we note:
- the spring force
- the cross section (always 1.0)
- the stress-strain non-linear function
- the original length and the current length of the spring
- the point displacement
the generic non-linear force can thus be written: where is polynom as follows: and
The dedication of jacobian matrix for PolynomialSpringForceField is given below:
Note that a RestShapePolynomialSpringsForceField does exist. It will compute the same non-linear force with regards to the rest shape of one single object. To avoid Nan problems when a spring has a zero length, an exponential addition to the denominator has been added. As a result, the stress simulation is shifted compared with polynomial values, but it keeps its nonlinearity:
More details were given in the pull-request #1342.
The polynomial parameters are set as two arrays:
- polynomialDegree: describing the set of polynomial degrees for every spring
- polynomialStiffness: describing the set of polynomial coefficients sequentially combined in one vector.
The coefficients are put from smaller degree to bigger one, and the free coefficient is always zero (since for no strain we have no stress). For examples the coefficients for polynomials [3,2,4] will be put as [a1,a2,a3,b1,b2,c1,c2,c3,c4].
- firstObjectPoints corresponding to the indices of the points related to the first object
- secondObjectPoints corresponding to the indices of the points related to the second object
- compressible: indicating if object compresses without reaction force
The PolynomialSpringsForceField requires two different objects to link, which means two MechanicalObjects on which the non-linear spring will act. On the other hand, RestShapePolynomialSpringsForceField will act on one single body, i.e. one MechanicalObject.
This component is used as follows in XML format:
or using Python:
An example scene involving a PolynomialSpringsForceField is available in examples/Components/forcefield/PolynomialSpringsForceField.scn
Last modified: 15 May 2023


text: Motivated by potential financial savings, four-day school weeks have proliferated across the United States in recent years, reaching public schools in 25 states as of 2018. The consequences of the four-day school week for students, schools, and communities are largely unknown. This paper uses district-level panel data from Oklahoma and a difference-in-differences research design to examine the causal effect of the four-day schedule on school district finance and academic achievement. Results indicate that four-day weeks decrease districts' federal and state revenues and their non-instructional and support services expenditures. Decreases are concentrated specifically in food services and transportation expenditures and amount to approximately 1.36% of the average four-day district's budget. I find no detectable effect of the four-day week on academic achievement.


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GMEG - Mineral and Environmental Resources
Project work for Mineral Systems of the Ancestral and Modern Cenozoic Cascades Arcs and central California Coast Ranges, Western USA
Project status is complete. Please check the project list for currently active projects
This project will construct a comprehensive metallogenic model for the Cenozoic Cascades arcs and late Cenozoic magmatism in the central California Coast Ranges and refine genetic mineral deposit models, especially for epithermal deposits that are abundant in these areas. The initial phase of the project will be the development of geologic, geochemical, geophysical, geochronologic, and mineral deposit databases for the southern Cascades arc in northeast California and western Nevada. Once completed, these databases will augment similar databases compiled for the Humboldt River Basin BLM assessment project (northern Nevada), as well as the soon-to-be completed Resources and Hazards of Hydrothermal Systems in Cascades Volcanoes project which pertains to the Western Cascades arc in Washington, Oregon, and northernmost California. Database compilation will identify high-priority data gaps, such as for the Cascades arc in northwest Nevada and northeast California, and selected new data will be collected to fill these gaps. In addition, detailed studies of selected fossil and active hydrothermal systems, both mineralized and un mineralized, will be conducted to improve mineral deposit models. The comprehensive data synthesis and interpretation phase of the project will result in products that specifically address land-use planning and scientific needs. The project will be undertaken with collaboration of the Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, the University of Nevada, Reno, the Great Basin Center for Geothermal Energy, and other Federal, State, and Academic organizations.
Task 1 - Metallogeny of the southern Cascades arc
Mineral deposits in continental-margin volcanic arcs are the major source of the worlds copper, gold, silver and other important byproduct trace metals. Magmatic-hydrothermal systems form episodically throughout the evolution of volcanic arcs including the waning stage of arc volcanism. The southern Cascade arc in California and Nevada, and geochemically similar, coeval volcanic rocks in the California Coast Range provide an arc setting in which to understand the major magmatic and tectonic controls on the development of ore deposits throughout the evolution of the arc and its demise as a result of establishment of a transform plate boundary. This task seeks to better characterize known mineral deposits and areas of hydrothermal alteration in the southern Cascades arc and define the magmatic and tectonic controls of ore deposit generation in the arc. Research on the metallogeny of the southern Cascade arc will be combined with previous MRP studies of the northern (Western) Cascade arc in Oregon and Washington in order to create an integrated metallogenic model for the entire Cenozoic Cascade arc. This research will provide knowledge about mineral deposit generation in a continental arc setting that will be more broadly applicable to magmatic arcs worldwide. This task also contributes to the development of quantitative models for both hydrothermal alteration and mineralization in the near surface environment and the interior parts of stratovolcanoes and flow-dome fields.
- Field, geochemical, geophysical, and geochronologic studies will continue to delineate the volcanic centers and hydrothermal systems in the Bodie Hills, CA-NV. The age, character, and distribution of 11 major volcanic centers will be delineated and the relationship of associated hydrothermal systems and ore deposits will be established. The significance of large areas of hydrothermal alteration as defined by ASTER and AVIRIS data will be interpreted. A detailed aeromagnetic study of the Bodie Hills will be used to interpret the subsurface extent of the volcanic centers and intrusions and the extent of hydrothermal alteration. A detailed gravity survey previously acquired will be completed and used to evaluate the geophysical character of the volcanic centers and the 3-d structure of the arc. The evolution of each of the centers will provide the basis for documenting the evolution of the ancestral arc magmatism to extensional related volcanism in the period from 15 to 5 Ma.
- Detailed field studies of epithermal deposits and associated large areas of hydrothermal alteration will be completed in the Monitor, Paramount, and Bodie districts, California, and Aurora district in Nevada. Hydrothermal systems outside known districts will also be studied and include Hg and S deposits in Cinnabar Canyon, and alunite alteration along the Walker River. The age of the ore deposits and hydrothermal alteration will be documented through Ar/Ar dating of alteration minerals and volcanic rocks. The lateral extent of the hydrothermal systems will be delineated by mapping and ASTER data. Areas of focused fluid upwelling within the hydrothermal system will be mapped based on the presence of sinter, hydrothermal eruption craters and pools, and vein systems. The geochemistry and character of each hydrothermal system will be summarized and described within the context of the volcanic center that host the hydrothermal system.
- Structural studies within each of hydrothermal systems will be carried out to document the stress field during evolution of the arc. Geophysical magnetic studies will document the nature and magnitude of the various blocks within the arc segment and the structural studies will be evaluated and interpreted with respect to the amount rotation that has occurred in this part of the arc.
- Geochronologic and radiogenic isotope studies of the Warner Range and associated arc rocks to the southwest will be integrated with geochemical and geologic studies to provide a basis for characterizing the nature and evolution of Oligocene to late Miocene ancestral arc magmatism in NE California. These studies are being done in collaboration with Stanford University, Carleton University, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, and UCSC.
- Digital compilation of geologic, geochronologic, geochemical, and mineral occurrence data by mining district on the northern and southern Cascades arc and time equivalent volcanic fields in the Coast Range will be completed. An interim publication will summarize the present knowledge on the geology, geochemistry, structure, mineral deposits and geophysical anomalies associated with the ancestral and modern arc. This report will also document fundamental questions about arc volcanism and related ore deposits that are being studied by the project.
- The research and data bases will be utilized to create a synthesis of regional tectonics, geology, and geophysics of the southern Cascades arc. Quantitative analysis of the relationship between geophysical anomalies, magmatic centers, areas of hydrothermal alteration, and mineral deposits will be carried out for the important mining districts and large areas of hydrothermal alteration that have not been mined.
- The compilation of geochemistry of igneous rocks and interpretation of petrochemical trends during evolution of the arc will be completed and results from the southern arc will be compared to the northern Cascade arc.
Task 2 - Young hydrothermal systems
Epithermal mineral deposits and weakly mineralized hydrothermal systems in the diverse and complex geologic settings of the Cenozoic Cascades arc, northwestern Great Basin and in the central Coast Ranges, California, are considered the products of magmatic, amagmatic (extensional, non-magmatically heated), and mixed hydrothermal systems. In addition, several types of magmatic hydrothermal systems that develop different types of epithermal mineral deposits are present in these areas. Identification of the origin of many of the epithermal deposits remains uncertain. The criteria used to discriminate among the alternate origins are poorly constrained and commonly limited to empirical observations. The implications of this uncertainty to reliable mineral resource assessments are great, because assessments need to apply appropriate occurrence and grade and tonnage models.
- Define criteria to verify the importance of the three proposed types of hydrothermal system (magmatic, amagmatic, and mixed) on the genesis and characteristics of epithermal mineral deposits resulting from these hydrothermal systems, and to distinguish types and characteristics of epithermal deposits formed from different types of magmatic hydrothermal systems.
- Identify differences in the geologic settings and hydrothermal systems between barren and mineralized terranes. Test the potential of the identified parameters to aid in focusing mineral resource assessments.
- Refine genetic models of epithermal precious and base metal deposits particularly as related to extent and grade of metal accumulations that may result.
- Contribute to the understanding of resource potential to land management agencies.
Return to Project Homepage | All Mineral Resource Projects | Center Homepage


text:
If you're a victim of counterfeiting, you might expect to be recoup the losses—but that's not how it works. Victims aren't compensated, so it pays to verify your bills.
With each new series of banknotes comes ever more sophisticated security features – but they're only effective if you use them. Here are some of the security features of the latest series.
- TOUCH the large number, the shoulders of the large portrait, and the words 'Bank of Canada'/'Banque du Canada' on the front of the bill. You should find they are raised to the touch.
- TILT the top of the bill towards you and you should see sharp colour changes in the metallic building in the large transparent window.
- LOOK at the metallic portrait in the large window – it should match the large portrait on the front of the bill.
- LOOK at the numbers in and around the large window; they should match the value of the note and some will appear in reverse.
- LOOK at the frosted maple leaf window and check for the transparent outline.
- Note: the $20 bill is the most widely used and counterfeited banknote
The Canada 150 commemorative $10 bill has some additional security features:
- Raised ink on the large number, four portraits, the word "Canada", the vertical landscape panels and the text "Canada _PHONE_."
- Colour-shifting ink on the checkered pattern in the arch.
- The large window containing metallic symbols and images should be transparent.
- Sharp colour-changes in the metallic elements (coat of arms, Canadian flag, owl).
- The 3-D maple leaves appear to be raised but are actually flat.
The first vertical bill, featuring Viola Desmond, also has additional security features:
- Raised ink on the portrait, the word "Canada", and the large number at the bottom
- Colour-shifting ink on the eagle feather
- The large maple leaf appears to be raised, but feel it to confirm the surface is actually flat
- The transparent maple leaf is clear and feels slightly raised
- In the large window, look for sharp colour changes in the metallic elements. Turn the note over to see the library ceiling and maple leaves in the same colours on the other side.
- There are three maple leaves above the portrait; the gold to green colour-shift of the eagle can be seen through two and the largest leaf is a clear window
- TOUCH the surface and you should feel raised printing. The Federal Reserve paper is actually one-fourth linen and three-fourths cotton.
- TILT the bill and you should see a watermark from both sides of the note. A security thread is also visible from both sides of the note under ultra-violet light. The numeral on the bottom right of the portrait side of the note has colour-shifting ink.
- LOOK for the serial numbers – a unique combination of 11 numbers and letters that appear twice on the front of the note. A green seal to the right of the portrait represents the Department of the Treasury.
For a complete list of security features on U.S. bank notes, please visit the U.S. Currency Education program.
On top of these security features to look for, you and your employees should practice good cash-handling habits:
- Leave currency on the cash register ledge or other secure area visible to the customer until the transaction is complete in order to avoid disputes over the amount being paid.
- Count change back to the customer to avoid mistakes.
- Make sure the cash or cheque from the transaction is placed in the cash drawer or other secure container before handling the next transaction.
- Don't make change for someone who is not making a purchase.
- Purchase a counterfeit bill detector and use it.
- Check for the security features mentioned above.
- Create a company policy on the acceptance of non-Canadian currency and post in a prominent place. Include the exchange rate that will be used.
- Have a company policy on rounding cash transactions due to the elimination of the penny and post in a prominent place.
- It is against the law to knowingly use a counterfeit bill or to keep one without a lawful reason. If you suspect a bill is counterfeit:
- Politely explain your concerns to the customer and request another bill
- Advise the customer to check the note with the local police
- Notify the local police of a possible attempt to pass counterfeit money.
- Avoid putting yourself and your employees at risk.
- Be courteous to the customer; they may be an innocent victim, unaware the bill is suspicious.
Note: All suspected counterfeit bank notes (U.S. and Canadian) must be turned over to local police.


What is the meaning of the Hamsa? The Meaning of the Hand of Fatima.
by Hulyah London
The hamsa is a fascinating ancient symbol often found in jewellery, clothing and art. But what does the hamsa represent?
Let's take a look at the meaning of this enigmatic symbol in Buddhism and Hinduism, as well as Jewish and Muslim cultures.
The hamsa is an ancient Middle Eastern symbol that holds a variety of meanings across cultures. Nevertheless, it is regarded in all faiths as a protective talisman that brings good fortune, health and happiness.
The hamsa is primarily used to protect its owner from the 'Ayin Ha'ra,' also known as 'The Evil Eye'. The hamsa wards off any potential negative forces, with the most common being envious glares from those with ill intentions. The earliest use of the hamsa can be traced back to ancient Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) where it was worn as an amulet to protect against the evil eye.
In Jewish faiths, the hamsa represents the hand of God and is known as 'The Hand of Miriam'. Miriam was the virtuous sister to Moses (who led the Israelites out of Egypt) and Aron (who became the first High Priest). Miriam's honourable life led her to becoming a symbol of great protection and luck.
Hamsa is also the hebrew word for five, and while some believe this represents the five fingers on the talisman, others say this symbolises the five books of the Torah: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.
In Muslim culture, the hamsa is known as 'The Hand of Fatima'. Fatima Al Zahra was the daughter of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) and his first wife, Khadija. 'Al Zahra' is said to mean the shining one. As Fatima is seen as pure and without sin, The Hand of Fatima is considered a symbol of protection, power and strength.
The Hand of Fatima symbolises the Five Pillars of Islam: Faith, Prayer, Pilgrimage, Fasting and Charity. Muslim communities also refer to the hamsa as 'Khamsa', the Arabic word for five.
In Buddhism and Hinduism, the hamsa takes on a very different meaning. For Hindus and Buddhists, the hamsa represents the chakras, the five senses and their associated mudras (hand gestures) that re-direct energy flow throughout the body.
 - ThumbFire element / solar plexus chakra.
 - ForefingerAir element / the heart chakra.
 - Middle FingerEthereal elements / throat chakra
 - Ring FingerEarth element / root chakra
 - Pinkie FingerWater element / sacral chakra
Whatever your cultural interpretation of the hamsa, keeping this symbol closeby is said to bring positivity, good luck and happiness.
(Taken from ishka )


- Main Menu
 - DSN (Data Source Name)
 A DSN (Data Source Name) is an identifier that is used to store information relating to a database connection. DSNs can store a database's name and server location, the directory that is used to store offline content, the database driver, and the user's ID and password. DSNs can be used for a wide variety of database applications, such as SQL databases and FTP connections.
 How DSN Works
 A DSN is simply a file that contains all information regarding a particular database. DSNs allow the user to quickly connect to a specific database without having to re-enter its information every time. Like a Notepad document, a DSN stores text-based information, but is also able to automatically fill in the database's information when the user launches an appropriate database client. While DSNs are usually stored in the Windows Registry, they can also be stored in configurations files belonging to a specific database client that ends in a ".dsn" extension.
 DSNs have a wide variety of applications and can be used on both server-side and client-side programs, but are most often used for the latter. In addition to the user's information and database's location, a DSN can also store information relating the database's permissions and may allow the user to change the database's permissions by being integrated with the user's database client. Likewise, the user may be able to change information in a DSN by changing the appropriate factors in the database client.
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text:
Dashboard Design for Non-Profit
Small Can Be Big connects donors directly with families and individuals who are on the verge of homelessness. The organization allows donors to choose a family to help and make a donation that is directed to that family. The organization was looking to update its website to provide more information and guidance to donors. In addition, the organization wanted to develop an administration website for managing donors, charities, information on families in need, and write-ups family stories.
I was the only UX specialist working on the development of the administration website. I collaborated with the project manager, lead visual designer, and lead developer. My primary objectives were to understand the goals of the different users who would use the administration website, develop workflows based on their goals, and create wireframes representing the workflows.
- Building an administrative workflow that always gave first preference to the urgent needs of the families.
- Understanding the prevalent complexities in the workflows, and separating goal-based tasks from problem-circumventing workarounds.
- Providing the same, if not similar, interaction experience for multiple user roles; often, an individual assumed various user roles.
- Interviewed various members of the organization to elicit requirements and determine the primary user groups.
- Drew sketches to map workflows for various users and iterated on the workflows with the team.
- Identified prevalent workarounds at various steps in the workflow so that the new design could eliminate them.
- Converted workflow information into paper prototypes for rapid iteration with the team.
- Developed a common information architecture to represent various users.
- Using Omnigraffle, created detailed wireframes that represented user interactions.
Tools and Technology
- Pen and paper to draw workflows and initial wireframes
- Omnigraffle to develop detailed wireframes


text:
When was the last time someone told you she had "cold feet" about doing something– getting married, going skiing, having a baby? "Having cold feet" means having a case of nervous jitters. And nerves are one of the keys to the problem of icy cold feet.
Why are your feet always so cold?
Your feet get cold because your warm blood isn't circulating properly through the veins and arteries into your legs and out to your toes. Normally, the skin temperature down there should range between 75 and 90 degrees F. If it drops below 65 degrees, you've got a problem with your vascular, or circulatory, system. Your arteries, the smaller-sized blood vessels called arterioles, and your veins aren't letting enough blood through.Read More


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A computer system designed to analyse the motion of traffic has found a new role: tracking the movement of sperm to help in the treatment of male infertility.
Geoff Hobson developed the traffic tracking system while a professor at the University of Sheffield. He collaborated with Bill Holt of the Institute of Zoology in London to produce the Hobson Sperm Tracker which is now being sold by Hobson's Sheffield-based company, Sense and Vision Electronic Systems.
The sperm tracker can analyse live sperm via a video camera attached to a microscope, which is trained on a sample of semen. Alternatively, video recordings of sperm movement can be fed straight into the system's computer.
The sperms' motion is detected by comparing each frame of the video image with the previous one and registering the difference. The system displays the results as colour tracks superimposed over the microscope image. Information on eight aspects...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Waters:Most varieties breed in the saltWaters of the Atlantic near the coast of Bermuda. The eggs then float their way back towards Europe where they hatch (becoming elvers) along the coast and wriggle their way inland by rivers and streams till they reach the ponds, bogs, and swamps which are their...
Found op _URL_
[n] - large somber-colored scaleless marine eel found in temperate and tropical coastal waters
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Con'ger noun [ Latin conger, congrus, akin to Greek...: confer French congre.] (Zoology) The conger eel; -- called also congeree. Conger sea (Zoology), the sea eel; a large species of eel (
Found op _URL_
conger eel noun large dark-colored scaleless marine eel found in temperate and tropical coastal waters; some used for food
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- (n.) The conger eel; -- called also congeree.
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USS Conger was an American Corsair Class submarine of 1570 tons displacement launched in 1944. The USS Conger was armed with one 5 inch gun; two 40 mm anti-aircraft guns and ten 21 inch torpedo tubes.
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[syndicate] The conger was a system common in bookselling in 18th and early 19th century England, for financing the printing of a book. The term referred to a syndicate of booksellers, mostly in London, who bought shares to finance the book's printing. Each member agreed to take so many copi...
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Conger is a genus of marine congrid eels. It includes some of the largest types of eels, ranging up to 3 m (10 ft) in length, in the case of the European conger. Large congers have often been observed by divers during the day in parts of the Mediterranean Sea, and both European and American congers...
Found op _URL_
Any large marine eel of the family Congridae, especially the genus Conger. Conger eels live in shallow water, hiding in crevices during the day and active by night, feeding on fish and crabs. They are valued for food and angling
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[disambiguation] Conger and similar can mean:...
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All species of Conger
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1) Big eel 2) Certain eel 3) Conger eel 4) Eel 5) Eel type 6) Eels 7) Sharp-toothed eel
Found op _URL_
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text:
Q: What can we notice about the motion of the marble on the roller coaster tube?
1. Explain: Share the concept of forces and motion using a United Streaming video clip or using a nonfiction text. I like to use snippets from United Streaming to show a real roller coaster in motion. The kids get a "Wow" factor and an immediate hook....
2. Label a diagram of a roller coaster to show:
*marble's position (near the top, traveling down, etc…)
*force – push or pull (we use a push to start the marble, then gravity pulls it along)
*motion – how the marble moves (up, down, forward, backward)
This may seem "elementary" but many kids do not connect the science behind the "fun" until they draw it out on a diagram in their notebooks.
This student, on the other hand, uses the correct terms of motion as well as push and pull for force. She included a key with blue to show force and red to show motion. This shows me she is connecting the science terms to the activity.


Expressiveness of ADL and Golog: Functions Make a Difference
Gabriele Röger, Bernhard Nebel
The main focus in the area of action languages, such as GOLOG, was put on expressive power, while the development in the area of action planning was focused on efficient plan generation. An integration of GOLOG and planning languages would provide great advantages. A user could constrain a system's behavior on a high level using GOLOG, while the actual low-level actions are planned by an efficient planning system. First endeavors have been made by Eyerich et al. by identifying a subset of the situation calculus (which is the basis of GOLOG) with the same expressiveness as the ADL fragment of PDDL. However, it was not proven that the identified restrictions define a maximum subset. The most severe restriction appears to be that functions are limited to constants. We will show that this restriction is indeed necessary in most cases.
Subjects: 11. Knowledge Representation; 1.11 Planning
Submitted: Apr 24, 2007


Question: Why Per Capita Income Is An Important Criterion For Development?
What is an income goal?
It's also important to remember that your income goal should be specific.
Aiming for a "six figure" gross income for your small business isn't specific enough.
You need to aim for an amount that will net you an income that helps you to reach your personal goals, and live a happy and fulfilled life..
What are the other criteria that associated with income?
Higher income alone cannot bring about development. Several criteria other than per capita income are used to evaluate the economic development in different countries and states. Some criteria other than income used to compare development are: Life expectancy.
What is income and other goal?
Income is the most important component of development. Besides seeking more income one way or the other, people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, education, security, respect of others, job, peace, pollution free environment etc. All these are important goals.
What are the different criteria for checking development in country other than income?
The other criteria besides income to determine the development of a country are public facilities like health which we can know by the infant mortality rate and education that is determined by the literacy rate and net attendance ratio of the country.
What are the different criteria of development?
Standard criteria for evaluating a country's level of development are income per capita or per capita gross domestic product, the level of industrialization, the general standard of living, and the amount of technological infrastructure.
Why is income considered an important goal?
Greater income is an important economic goal because: … Greater income certainly accounts for an individual to raise his standard of living and fulfill his basic needs. Explanation: *The higher the income, the better it is for an individual to consume more.


text:
An excerpt from _URL_ archives copyright © 2000 - 2013
Origins Available: French, Scottish
Where did the French Lorey family come from? What is the French Lorey family crest and coat of arms? When did the Lorey family first arrive in the United States? Where did the various branches of the family go? What is the Lorey family history?The origins the old family name Lorey can be found within medieval France. While the patronymic and metronymic surnames, which are derived from the name of the father and mother respectively, are the most common form of a hereditary surname in France, occupational surnames also emerged during the late Middle Ages. Many people, such as the Lorey family, adopted the name of their occupation as their surname. However, an occupational name did not become a hereditary surname until the office or type of employment became hereditary. The surname Lorey was an occupational name for a person who worked at a granary. The name translates literally from the Old French as of the granary.
Spelling variations of this family name include: Delor, De Lor, Delore, Delaur, De Laur, Delaure, Deloret, De Loret, Delauret, De Lauret, Delorey, De Lorey, Delaurey, De Laurey, Loré, Lorée, L'Orée, Laur, Laure, Lauré, Laurée, Loret, Lauret, Lorey, Laurey, Loreillard, Laureillard, Loreilleux, Laureilleux, Loriet, Lauriet, Loriey, Lauriey, Deloriet, Delauriet, Deloriey, Delauriey, Deslor, Délor, Deslaur, Délaur, Desloret, Déloret, Deslauret, Délauret, Deslorey, Délorey, Deslaurey, Délaurey, Desloriet, Déloriet, Deslauriet, Délauriet, Desloriey, Déloriey, Deslauriey and many more.
First found in Picardy, where the family took their name from Delor, a village in the department of Aisne, in the district of Neufchâtel.
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Lorey research. Another 143 words(10 lines of text) covering the years 1665 and 1785 are included under the topic Early Lorey History in all our PDF Extended History products.
Another 57 words(4 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Lorey Notables in all our PDF Extended History products.
Some of the first settlers of this family name were:
Lorey Settlers in the United States in the 18th Century
Lorey Settlers in the United States in the 19th Century
The Lorey Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The Lorey Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname.
This page was last modified on 15 April 2013 at 08:47.
houseofnames.com is an internet property owned by Swyrich Corporation.


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I'm just about to graduate from the university of Sydney with an honours level bachelors degree in animal and veterinary bioscience. I am Passionate about science and English. I have always been an avid reader and enjoy exploring ideas and concepts through literature. I completed my high school certificate in 2015 completing both HSC advanced english and biology.
How I'd Tutor You
1. I explore and ensure students understand the fundamental concepts of the unit (i.e. the fundamental concepts of biology or the basic concepts of the area of study in English) 2. I address the dot points of the syllabus ensuring each is understood and in connection with the overarching aims of the unit of study 3. I explore exam techniques and study tools i.e. how to construct essays in English and different methods of study science such as through the use of flash card, notes and past exams
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I am extremely passionate about science and literature. I love learning and plan to embark on a masters degree of PhD next year. I am a kind and patient person and love sharing my knowledge about science and English.


text:
by Ansley Herring Wegner, Research Historian, NC Office of Archives and History, 2008.
Reprinted with permission from Tar Heel Junior Historian Fall 2008.
Tar Heel Junior Historian Association, NC Museum of History
Originally titled "Historical Hound."
The Plott Hound was officially adopted as the State Dog on August 12, 1989. (Session Laws, 1989, c. 773).
See also: Plott Hound
Back in the midto late 1800s, people from as far away as Georgia traveled regularly to Haywood County to get puppies from the Plott family. They would arrive with sacks on the backs of their mules or horses to carry home the prized dogs. The Plotts raised hardworking, tenacious, and loyal dogs that would hunt bear and wild boar with boundless courage. The dogs—once black, brown, or brindle—are now usually brindle (which is a mix of black, browns, and tans). They stand twenty to twenty-five inches at the shoulder, weigh about forty-five to fifty-five pounds, and are strong and fast. The Plott hound, as this kind of dog is known today, has a unique high-pitched bark that alerts hunters as it tracks and corners prey. What's the rest of the story behind North Carolina's state dog?
The Plott hound is the only officially recognized breed of dog developed in North Carolina. (It is one of only four dog breeds native to the United States.) The foundation stock (or ancestors) for the dogs that became Plott hounds came to America with Johannes Plott in 1750. These five dogs had been a gift from Plott's father, Elias, a gamekeeper near Heidelberg, Germany. Elias Plott bred canines to be multipurpose workers—they needed to be exceptional big-game hunters, as well as farm and herding dogs. He probably started with the Hanoverian hound in developing his dogs. In the North Carolina Mountains, the Plott family further refined the breed into the tracking and hunting Plott hound that we know today.
Little is known of the first nine years of Johannes Plott's life in America. After his ship's record of his travel, he does not appear in public records again until 1759, when he bought land in Bute (now Warren) County. He had changed his name to the Anglicized, or translated to English, name of George Plott. Within a year, Plott moved to Cabarrus County, where he lived until moving to Lincoln County in 1784, raising a family and breeding dogs. His dogs likely had much work to do in the forests and small farms of the Tar Heel backcountry.
George Plott's son Henry kept improving the Plott hound. He moved to Buncombe (now Haywood) County about 1800. Within a few years the area was known as Plott Valley; the mountain, Plott Balsam; and the waterway, Plott Creek. The region is still home to many Plott descendants. Here the family's dogs learned to hunt bear in the wilderness, much as their ancestors had hunted in Germany's Black Forest.
The Plott family did not keep written records about its dogs, but it was skilled in raising them. By the time Montraville Plott was born in 1850, Plott hounds were well established and highly prized in western North Carolina. He continued to improve the breed's temperament and performance. Word spread about their superior working and hunting talents, courage, and tenacity. Montraville Plott was dedicated to his dogs, passing along that devotion to his children and many friends. Two of his sons, John A. Plott and Henry Vaughn "Von" Plott, along with a few other hunters, captured the interest of hunters nationwide in the 1930s and 1940s with the dogs.
In 1998 the American Kennel Club (AKC) recognized the Plott hound as a distinctive breed. The Plott has been North Carolina's state dog since 1989, but having been bred for hunting and tracking, it is not often seen walking on a leash around a suburban neighborhood. People who love Plott hounds describe the dogs as gentle with people and loyal to their owners. But if you were walking a Plott hound on a trail, and the dog caught the scent of a wild animal, it likely would want to take off on a hunt. Bold and energetic, Plotts want to work, no doubt about it.
References and additional resources:
"Plott Hound." American Kennel Club. _URL_
Resources in Worldcat
Styers, Tom. "Lucky." 2008. Staying on Track with Lucky's Plott.
Slideshow from the North Carolina State Archives Flickr feed.
Additional Plott Hound images available from Haywood County Public Library through DigitalNC.
1 June 2007 | Wegner, Ansley Herring


used anywhere the dot operator can be used. If pointP is a promise for a point, then pointP! getX() denotes an eventual send, which enqueues a request to call the getX() method in the event loop of point. The syntax fP! (x,y), where fP is a promise designating a function f, enqueues a request to call f(x,y) in the event loop of f. The! operator is actually syntactic sugar for calling a method on the promise object itself: Immediate syntax p.m(x,y) p(x,y) p.m
Eventual syntax p! m(x,y) p! (x,y) p! m
Expansion Q(p).send("m",x,y) Q(p).fcall(x,y) Q(p).get("m")
Remote object references. A local reference to an object is guaranteed to be unique and unforgeable, and only grants access to the public interface of the designated object. When a promise comes to designate a remote object, the promise effectively becomes a remote object reference. A remote reference only carries eventual message sends, not immediate method calls. Whereas local references are unforgeable, for remote references over open networks, we use unguessability to approximate unforgeability. Primitive values such as strings and numbers are pass-by-copy—when passed as arguments or returned as results in remote messages, their contents are serialized and unserialized. JavaScript arrays default to pass-by-copy. All other objects and functions default to pass-by-reference—when passed as an argument or returned result, information needed to access them is serialized, which is unserialized into a remote reference for sending messages back to this object itself. Over the RESTful transport [5], we serialize pass-by-reference objects using unguessable HTTPS URLs (also called web-keys [13]). Such a reference may look like _URL_ where the fragment (everything after the #) is a random character string that uniquely identifies an object on the example.com server. We use unguessable secrets for remote object references because of a key similarity between secrets and object references: If you do
not know an unguessable secret, you can only come to know it if somebody else who knows the secret chooses to share it with you. Q.passByCopy(record) will override the pass-by-reference default, marking record as pass-by-copy. The record will then be shallow-copied to the destination, making a record with the same property names. The values of these properties get serialized according to these same argument passing rules. 2.5 NodeKen: Distributed Orthogonal Persistence Rights, to be useful, must persist over time. Since object-references are our representation of rights, object references and the objects they designate must persist as well. We have already covered the distributed and secure aspects of Dr. SES. Here, we cover resilience against failures. To introduce resilience, Dr. SES builds upon the Ken platform [6]. Ken applications are distributed communicating event loops, which aligns well with JavaScript's de-facto execution model. The event loop of a Ken process invokes application-level code to process incoming messages (one turn, i.e., one event loop iteration, per message). In addition, Ken provides: Distributed Consistent Snapshots. Ken provides a persistent heap for storing application data. All objects stored in this heap are persistent. Ken ensures that the snapshots of two or more communicating processes cannot grow inconsistent, by recording messages in flight as part of a process' snapshot. Reliable Messaging. Under the assumption that all Ken processes eventually recover, all messages transmitted between Ken processes are delivered exactly once, in FIFO order. A permanently crashed Ken process is indistinguishable from a very slow process. To deal with such situations, applications may still want to do their own failure handling using time-outs. A set of Ken processes can tolerate arbitrary failures in such a way that when a process is restarted after a crash, it is always restored to a previously consistent state. To the crashed process itself, it is as if the crash had never happened. To any of the process's communication partners, the process just seemed slow to respond. A crash will never cause messages to be dropped or delivered twice. To achieve orthogonal persistence of JavaScript programs, the Ken platform must be integrated with the JavaScript runtime. NodeKen is our attempt at layering the Node.js runtime on top of Ken.5 NodeKen can then be used as a stand-alone JavaScript environment to run persistent server-side Dr. SES programs. It is not our aim to embed Ken into the browser. This leads to two types of Dr. SES environments: Dr. SES in the browser runs in an ephemeral environment that ceases to exist when the user navigates to a different page, or closes the page. Objects and object references in such environments are not persistent. 5
At the time of writing, NodeKen does not yet exist. We are actively working on integrating Ken with the v8 JavaScript virtual machine, upon which Node.js is based. See _URL_
Distributed Electronic Rights in JavaScript
By contrast, Dr. SES on NodeKen runs in a persistent environment. JavaScript objects born in such an environment are persistent by default, as are object references spanning two persistent Dr. SES environments. Eventual message sends made using the "!" operator over persistent references are reliable. Following the philosophy of Waterken [4], the persistent Java web server where the Ken ideas originated, we expect it to be common for ephemeral and persistent Dr. SES environments to communicate with each other, The ephemeral environment (inside the browser) primarily deals with UI and the persistent environment stores durable application state, a distributed form of the Model-View-Controller pattern. In the remainder of this paper, we assume that all Dr. SES code runs in persistent Dr. SES environments. Implementation. Ken achieves distributed consistent snapshots as follows: • During a turn, accumulate all outgoing messages in an outgoing message queue. These messages are not yet released to the network. • At the end of each turn, make an (incremental) checkpoint of the persistent heap and of all outgoing messages. • After the end-of-turn checkpoint is made, release any new outgoing messages to the network and acknowledge the incoming message processed by this turn. • Number outgoing messages with a sequence number (for duplicate detection and message ordering). • Periodically retry sending unacknowledged outgoing messages (with exponential back-off) until an acknowledgement is received. • Check incoming messages for duplicates. When a duplicate message is detected, it is dropped (not processed) and immediately acknowledged. The key point is that outgoing messages are released, and incoming messages are acknowledged, only after the message has been fully processed by the receiver and the heap state has been checkpointed. The snapshot of a Ken process consists of both the heap and the outgoing message queue. It does not include the runtime stack (which is always empty between turns) nor the incoming message queue. Checkpointing a program's entire state after every event loop turn may be considered costly. Ken takes care to only store those parts of the heap to disk that are updated during a turn. Further, the availability of cheap low-latency non-volatile memory (such as solid-state drives) has driven down the cost of writing state to "disk" to the point that making micro-snapshots after every turn becomes practical. Ken and security. The Ken protocol guarantees distributed snapshots even among mutually suspicious machines. An adversarial process cannot corrupt the distributed snapshots of benign processes. The implementation of Ken underlying NodeKen currently does not use an encrypted communications channel to deliver messages between Ken processes. Hence, the authenticity, integrity or confidentiality of incoming messages cannot be guaranteed. In NodeKen, our plan is to actively secure the communications channels between NodeKen processes using a cryptographic library.6 6
An outline of such a design, due to Brian Warner, is available online: eros-os.org/pipermail/cap-talk/2012-September/015386.html
Now that we've seen the elements of Dr. SES, we can proceed to explain how to use it to build erights and smart contracts.
3 Toward Distributed Electronic Rights The elements of Dr. SES demonstrate how JavaScript can be transformed into a distributed, secure, and resilient system. At its core is the recognition that object references represent a right to perform a set of operations on a specific, designated resource. This emphasis on distributed rights has its counterpart in society: a system of rights is society's answer to creating distributed, secure, and resilient commercial systems. Global commerce rests on tradeable rights. This system is: "the product of thousands of years of evolution. It is highly complex and embraces a multitude of actions, objects, and individuals.... With minor exceptions, rights to take almost all conceivable actions with virtually all physical objects are fixed on identifiable individuals or firms at every instant of time. The books are kept up to date despite the burden imposed by dynamic forces, such as births and deaths, dissolutions, and new technology." [14] Rights help people coordinate plans and resolve conflicts over use of resources. Rights partition the space of actions to avoid interference between separately formulated plans, thus enabling cooperative relationships despite mutual suspicion and competing goals [15]. This rights-based perspective can shed light on the problem of securing distributed computational systems. All computational systems must address the problem of open access. Global mutable state creates a tragedy of the commons: since anyone can access and change it, no one can safely rely on it. Use conflicts arise from both intentional (malicious) and unintentional (buggy) actions. Preventing use conflicts over shared state is one of the main challenges designers face in building computational systems. Historically, two broad strategies for avoiding the tragedy of the commons have emerged: a governance strategy and a


text:
The Cherry Orchard
Cite This Page
The Cherry Orchard Allusions & Cultural References
When authors refer to other great works, people, and events, it's usually not accidental. Put on your super-sleuth hat and figure out why.
Literary and Philosophical References
- Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy (_PHONE_), "The Magdalen" (3.72). This poem is about a woman living in sin.
- The Emancipation of the Serfs (2.79). In 1861 Alexander II freed the serfs on private Russian estates.


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An ACIDIC BODY is one of the most under-appreciated, yet the most significant health condition markers that reflects a metabolic capacity of a human body to handle physiological and psychological stresses.
An acidic body is a body that is so weak metabolically that it is no longer able to handle normal daily activities, effectively deal with pathogens and clear it's naturally accumulated metabolic waste.
When a person becomes metabolically slow he or she starts to feel unwell. It may take an individual many years to learn and recognize each symptom and realize that the health keeps progressively deteriorating as the body becomes susceptible to even small stress factors. By the time this condition is realized, these individuals become gradually aware of each isolated symptom they experience. This awareness promotes a natural reaction of an intelligent living organism – avoidance of behavioral patterns and stressors that cause any type of discomfort. Whether its psychological such as an anxiety and insomnia or physiological such as fatigue and inflammation, metabolically slow people make the connections between the life events and their affect on their bodies.
As the result, the natural avoidance reaction of the "acidic bodies" is to attempt to make the living more tolerable via following:
- Dietary adjustments such as vegetarianism, paleo diet, fruit and vegetable based diets or protein based diets
- Forced chelation and detoxification of chemical product toxicity byproducts with mineral or herbal agents and physiological therapy such liver and bowel cleansing.
- Avoidance of physical stressors and excessive physical activity
- Allowing more time to sleep in attempt for a better recovery
- Sleeping in a completely noise proof bedrooms with strictly regulated temperature
- Restricting socializing in energy draining events and isolating from community due to the stress and its effects
- Limiting physical activity to the boundaries of tolerance
- Usage of sedative herbs and medications to adapt to the way a body handles stress
- Consumption of coffee, vitamins and herbs to speed up metabolism during the day time to cope with fatique while increasing the detoxification pathway wellness
- Having more orgasms as it feels relaxing
- Consuming comfort foods to alleviate the anxiety and stress
"Acidic bodies" start to supplement with vitamins, amino acids and herbs inaccurately, thus disturbing the natural balance. Having success with one symptom, they continue to take the remedy that provides a temporary relief while this leads to a significant negative health impact over time. The real purpose of this attempt should be a carefully planned routine to provide the body with nutrients it needs to restore the impaired functions.
Too little protection from too much acid. A human body is a very sophisticated organism that can adapt and function with a moderately narrow range of ingredients. The fact that more and more people become aware of nutritional deficiencies along side of food intolerances and allergies indicates an underlying pathology where the food intake alone is not responsible for symptoms.
Unlike an acute metabolic acidosis (a.k.a., systemic acidosis), when the body is unable to sustain a proper pH ratio in the blood, an acidic body is a marked condition characterized by an increase of toxic metabolism byproducts. In chronically unwell people it is commonly a result of a hypoalimentation, very gradual mineral depletion that leads to a depletion of intracellular glutathione. This occurs either due to a sustained imbalance in nutritional intake, a chronic metabolic stressor such as a recurring psychological stress or any physiological condition that results in an impaired bio-assimilation. A poor kidney function that deviates from a normal kidney function accompanied by an unhealthy life style might be one of the contributors.
The deficiency of nutrients that is required for hormone and alkalizing buffering agents production affects the digestive and detoxification functions. The net result is a build up of an unneutralized acidifying metabolic waste that requires more bioavailable nutrients than available within the body.
The mineral malnutrition forces the body into the energy crisis and a state of a sustained metabolic stress. It's facilitated by hormone and neurotransmitter disorders that profoundly affect the functions of the entire human body. As the course of the condition progresses downward, the spectrum of the symptoms gradually increases. The quality of one's life progressively decreases with the development of adverse health conditions such as persistent fatigue that initially resolves with afternoon naps, indigestion, burping and acid reflux, very light brown or yellow bowel movements, chronic inflammation, weight gain, insomnia, anxiety, neurological and autoimmune disorders such as chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, costochondritis, kidney stones and many others.
Despite the fact that the condition is very easy to prevent, diagnose and treat at the earlier stages, this marker is practically and completely ignored by the medical health care practitioners due to lack of scientific knowledge and other uncertain (?) factors. This results in devastating consequences arising from misdiagnosis followed by development of adverse health conditions and treatments aimed at the symptomathology and not the root of their cause.
The symptoms are treated with drugs that further contribute to deterioration of overall health while masking the body's functions that are designed to alert of an approaching metabolic disaster. The vicious loop never ends prompting people to sick alternative treatments that often serve as merely a "band aid" to one's misery as any more substances introduced into the body such as an overload of herbs or proteins place more strain on metabolic cycles creating more acidic waste in the end.
The abundance of drugs, dietary supplements and outlets that sell them creates an overwhelming competitive market. Promotion of these products leads to inappropriate methods of marketing such as blog sites that appear to be personal, forged product reviews and miracle cure campaigns that claim to virtually reverse any health condition. Mislead consumers try these products and perhaps even gain a temporary relief. This adds to more artificially created popularity of one product or another. As time goes by, the symptoms come back and are often accompanied by new conditions that are indicative of a more serious systemic involvement that starts to severely affect organs such as skin, pancreas, liver, kidney, stomach and many others. Misdiagnosed, this complex leaves people with incapacity to function and enjoy the lives they were once given.


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Last Updated on
Interest Payments Per Year
Interest Payments Per Second
National Debt Per Citizen
Debt as % of GDP
GDP Of Romania
The National Debt Of Romania
Romania is a part of the EU but has its own currency and isn't part of the Euro. This means that it does not have the same degree of oversight of its state debt reporting that other countries in the EU, such as France and Germany have. That gives the Romanian government a little more flexibility when calculating its national debt. However, the government chooses an even more comprehensive debt measure than the requirements placed on all EU countries by the Maastricht Treaty.
The IMF counts "general government debt" when it calculates the national debt of a county. That includes the debts of the central government and all other levels of government in a country. At the end of 2017, the IMF estimated that the gross national debt worked out at 37% of the country's GDP. At the same time, the IMF put Romania's net debt to GDP ratio at 28%.
Gross debt just country the money that the governments in a country owe. Net debt deducts all of the financial assets that the government owns.
Thee debt levels are very healthy and give the government of Romania scope to borrow a lot more should the country face a financial crisis.
Is Romania's national debt rising?
The chart below shows the general government debt of Romania as recorded by Eurostat. This show that Romania always had a low amount of national debt. However, that debt rose dramatically during the financial crisis of 2008. The stimulus required by the government to counter the effect of the banking liquidity crisis meant that it had to take on debt itself. The effects of those actions rapidly increased Romania's national debt, which kept rising as a proportion of GDP until 2014.
Since 2014, the Romanian government has managed to bring down the debt as a proportion of GDP. However, the government's own figures show that the actual debt amount has continued to rise year on year even in recent years when the country's debt to GDP ratio fell.
Year Amount (Lei millions) Percent 2006 63,340.8 18.3% 2007 82,324.3 19.2% 2008 109,795.1 20.4% 2009 147,329.0 28.0% 2010 194,459.2 36.7% 2011 223,268.0 39.7% 2012 240,842.6 40.5% 2013 267,150.9 41.9% 2014 295,655.5 44.3% 2015 315,933.7 44.3% 2016 339,080.2 44.5% 2017 368,448.9 42.9%
The government's annual budget deficit, shown in the chart below, became particularly severe in 2009. However, the government still runs a small budget deficit, which adds to the national debt each year.
The reason that the country's debt to GDP ratio has started to fall is that the growth in GDP now outstrips the rate at which the national debt is increasing.
Who manages Romania's national debt?
The central government is responsible for the national debt of Romania and is answerable to the country's parliament. The government department that is specifically tasked with overseeing the debt is the Ministerul Finanțelor Publice, which is the country's Public Finance Ministry.
Although the Ministry sets the government's budget and so decides whether the country will need to take on more debt, it gives the job of raising that debt, making interest payments, and redeeming expired debt instruments to the central bank of Romania.
The Banca Naţională a României calls itself the National Bank of Romania in English. That name is abbreviated to "NBR."
How does the Romanian government raise loans?
The NBR is in change of both the primary and secondary markets for Romanian government debt. The "primary market" refers to the Bank's method for creating new debt instruments and selling them. The "secondary market" is any open trading system where any trader can buy and sell already-existing government securities.
The initial offering of an issue of debt instruments is conducted by auction. Only authorized financial institutions can take part and each has to submit a tender for a part of the issue of debt. Other financial institutions and large-scale traders can get a slice of this initial sale, but only buy getting one of the authorized dealers to act as an agent.
The authorized bidders, called Primary Dealers, often already have buyers lined up before they bid in an auction. When they don't they place their allocation onto the secondary market to resell them. Thisis how government securities become available for everyone else to buy and sell.
When the government wants to issue bonds in foreign currencies, the NBR deals with a syndicate of banks within the country of that currency and sells the whole issue in one transaction to that group. That syndicate will then float the securities on their local market.
What government securities does the Public Finance Ministry sell?
The government has two time horizons for the debt that it needs to raise. These are:
- Short-term financing
- Long-term financing
The cut off length in the definition between short-term and long-term is one year. A debt agreement with a duration of one year is defined as long-term, so the longest period that a short-term debt agreement can have is one year minus one day.
The government of Romania uses the Treasury bill format to raise short-term debt. In Romanian, these are called Certificate de Trezorerie. These devices are only ever issued in Romania's currency, which is the Leu. The bills do not pay interest. However, they are sold at a discount and redeemed at face value.
For long-term financing, the government issues Obligațiuni de Stat, which are bonds. Most of the bonds issued by the Romanian government are denominated in Leu (ISO code RON). However, the government also occasionally issues bonds in Euros and US Dollars.
Romania uses the "benchmark bond" format for its long-term debt. Bonds pay a fixed rate of interest for their duration and are redeemed at full face value on the maturity date. The government has also issued floating-rate bonds both in Leu and in foreign currencies.
What facts should you know about Romania's national debt?
- You could wrap $1 bills around the Earth 341 times with the debt amount.
- If you lay $1 bills on top of each other they would make a pile 9,557 km, or 5,938 miles high.
- That's equivalent to 0.02 trips to the Moon.


How does biology explain the low numbers of women in computer science? Hint: it doesn't.
It comes up a lot in discussions of women in computer science, women who write code, women in open source. Eventually, someone brings up the fact that women score slightly lower on math tests. Clearly, they claim, this biological inferiority must explain why there are fewer women in math heavy fields.
It sounds like a compelling reason, and it gets a lot of play. Except, you know what? It's a lie.
I'm a mathematician. I've looked at those numbers, I've read some papers. The research into biologically-linked ability is fascinating, but it simply isn't significant enough to explain the huge gender gap we see in the real world. I used to do this presentation on the back of a napkin for people who tried to spout this misconception to my face, and I finally put it online:
Love it? Hate it? Learn something? Catch the Mathnet reference? Let me know.
44 thoughts on "How does biology explain the low numbers of women in computer science? Hint: it doesn't.
 1. Ann (kudra)
 I think it's a nice presentation. I was already of the opinion that biology doesn't explain the difference, and being a programmer I'm also aware that the amount of math required for the majority of programming jobs is quite minimal.
 However, the graph was not what I expected. I thought there would be a steeper curve for women and a more flattened curve for men, because I remember reading somewhere that men tend more to the extremes than women do (ie there are more very smart men than very smart women, but also more very dumb men than very dumb women). Of course that wouldn't have affected the outcome given the rather low level of math ability required for programming, but it would have explained the difference in the number of programmers if the math requirement was high. Now you've made me want to search for this study and read it myself, rather than relying on second-hand media reports, which so often get things wrong.
 1. Terri
 There are actually differences in the curves, but it complicates the explanation a fair bit without changing the results, so I went with the simpler graphs — it's a simplified explanation as is.
 I do recommend you check out the study I cited, because it's quite interesting and talks about how the graphs change based on age… but it doesn't have any of the graphs that show the flatter curves, so you'll have to search a bit further afield.
 Short version of the longer explanation: Yes, the curves for men are flatter, which means there's a few more geniuses and a few more imbeciles. But frankly, most people at that genius level of math won't go in to CS, so it's pretty much irrelevant to the argument — you wind up having to chop off the tail to get anything resembling accurate. And at that part of the tail, you're talking so few people that it's a tiny percent difference anyhow.
 (There's a study that talks about that, but I couldn't find it online, either because I misremembered the keywords or because it simply isn't online — psych and biology papers are often not freely available.)
 2. Mary
 Someone pointed me at some interesting blog commentary on the women in Open Source numbers some time back:
 … most egregiously, there is this implicit assumption behind all of these protestations that it is one's "intelligence" (whatever that is) that is the primary predictor of success and great contribution in fields such as physics or software development. That is, at best, a naive view. As with anything else, success is largely predicated on your ability to market yourself, how aggressive you are in pushing yourself and your agenda, and how good you are at networking with the other people who are going to be judging you and deciding whether or not you are able to stay in the field and hence to be able to keep making contributions. "Intelligence" of a certain level is a prerequisite, but you don't have to be the best to make great contributions…
 This should not be taken to read "actually, programming and physics [to which he's comparing it] aren't actually all that hard after all, so women could do them." But the resistance to women does seem related to this point: our field requires such rarefied intelligence results that you can't look at the big bit of the bell curve to judge us: how many women are in that top 0.00001%, do tell? (In reality my understanding is that 'even' mathematics is accessible to women and men who are 'merely' quite intelligent.)
 1. Terri
 I believe there's actually significant evidence that IQ is a terrible predictor of future performance, but I didn't even bother touching that since it's a little more contentious.
 1. Mary
 I tend to avoid using the term "IQ" for that reason, although "intelligence results" is starting to shade in that direction.
 2. gord allott
 somputer science? ;)
 also just to note, Im a software engineer. i *suck* at maths. i have to google what the squiggly lines mean in papers i read that are even slightly mathematical in nature.
 3. S
 I was also under the impression that the means for for the two curves are pretty close as shown in the graph, but the stdev for males was much wider resulting in more males with mental retardation and also with extreme ability such as Carl Friedrich Gauss and Kim Peek (the basis of the character in Rain Main). As the group under question becomes more intellectually demanding, the gender gap would widen and become widest at the end such as Nobel laureates in Chemisty, Physics, Economics or the Field's Medal.
 I've always thought that the reason girls are better at math in elementary school but boys are better by high school was the difficulty involved in the subjects taught to those groups. It's pretty easy to teach anyone basic arithmetic and algebra as long as they're will to put some effort into it and spend an hour a day learning it. It's much more difficult to teach calculus or quantum mechanics to someone who doesn't have an a strong enough interest to stare at numbers on a page for hours on end trying to make a tiny bit of progress in a single problem.
 I also think practical CS (e.g. Software Engineering or CompEng) require the same level of obsession. In my college, there were fewer women in SE than CS, and CE had the widest gender gap. Similarly, I find that there are fewer women in computer related professions as the level of obsession required increases. The gender gap exists in IT, but it becomes wider as you progress into QA automation, web development, applications programming, and systems engineering.
 I tend to agree with the view that there is a link between autistic spectrum disorder and being a good programmer, though my agreement is based on personal experience and anecdotal evidence. I think men and women are much closer in ability for undergrad level computer fields than the enrollment and matriculation figures suggest, but I think men have more of an inherent obsession than women which is why there are more of us in college educated computer fields and also in self taught computer professions. Though, my experiences are limited to Computer Engineering rather than pure CS so the reasons might be different over there.
 1. Asad
 This is a commonly-cited fallback position when confronted with the idea that men and women just aren't very different when it comes to the cognitive capacities required for technical fields: that instead we can account for the difference by observing differences in other kinds of personality and emotional traits that make women less well-disposed to succeed in these fields.
 I have a difficult time believing this considering the prevalence of hobbies like knitting among women. It strikes me (as a non-knitter) that it requires a certain amount of "programmatic" thinking and planning ahead to do it well, as well as a certain amount of persistence.
 1. G
 I have certainly never observed that QA automation, web development, applications programming, and systems engineering required obsession. The few who start new companies or invent new technologies in those areas are usually obsessed with their projects but the vast majority of practitioners in those areas are doing routine work.
 And the requirement of math in programming (assumed by many) has always struck me as odd as well as irrelevant to the question of whether it makes programming less attractive to women. For example, women are now the majority in accounting so they're clearly not averse to using some math skills there.
 I suspect that part of the reason that CS students and open source communities have so few women is the negative feedback loop where an early shortage of women led to new women feeling conspicuous and uncomfortable joining groups with overwhelming majorities of men.
 Only part of the reason, though. I used to assume it was more coincidental than not that my own area of open source had so few who are not young, white, and male but the Aimonetti incident and the reaction to it showed me that there is a fair amount of active resistance to diversity.
 2. spz
 just two very short notes:
 when you do maths or physics, you very rarely look at actual numbers, you mostly look at formulae.
 I'm a physicist by training; my starting year for physics at university had 10% women, and every single one of them was at a all-girls school at least for a large part of their pre-university schooling. Less than 5% of pupils in my school-finishing year went to