text:
One of the main difficulties in the formation and increase of revenues from hydrocarbon resources is the deterioration of the quality of the mineral resource base and changes in the geography of production. One can observe an increase in the depletion and water content of the fields, an increase in the proportion of highly viscous and high-sulfur oil; the share of stocks in hard-to-reach and infrastructural underdeveloped regions is growing. One of the tools for encouraging subsoil users to develop such resources is to ensure lower rates of deductions to state bodies. The study presents an improved methodological approach to estimating and forecasting state budget revenues from hydrocarbon resources. The main stages of development are investigated and the main trends of the system of tax deductions from oil production are revealed. Explained the use of an approach focused on the forecast of production indicators of production, taking into account the structure of the mineral resource base. The calculations showed the need to reform the system of formation of government revenues from hydrocarbon resources. In the structure of government revenues from hydrocarbon resources, there is a tendency to increase the role of the mineral extraction tax in comparison with the export duty.
|Journal||IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science|
|Publication status||Published - 20 Nov 2019|
|Event||International Scientific and Research Conference on Knowledge-Based Technologies in Development and Utilization of Mineral Resources 2019, KTDUMR 2019 - Novokuznetsk, Russian Federation|
Duration: 4 Jun 2019 → 7 Jun 2019


text:
THE Tarkine contains the second-largest temperate rainforest in the southern hemisphere and is also one of Australia's oldest mining fields.
Its boom towns faded back into the wilderness as the minerals which encouraged hundreds of people to move to the region ran out or were no longer in demand.
However, prospective miners are again casting their eyes over the area.
Eighty-six mining tenements are held, or are being applied for, in the Tarkine.
Some of them, including Venture Minerals' Mt Lindsay tin project, near Tullah, and Shree Minerals' Nelson Bay iron ore proposal, are moving closer to becoming working mines but are still waiting for state and federal approvals.
For their part, conservationists are determined to stop this new wave of mines.
The Tarkine National Coalition has threatened to stage an anti-mining campaign to rival the bitter Franklin Dam protests of the 1980s.
The coalition says 10 new mines are planned for the Tarkine in the next five years, nine of them open-cut proposals inside conservation reserves.
It says habitats will be deforested to build mine pits, tailings dams and rock dumps, and that rivers will be poisoned by leaching acid and heavy metals run-off.
Conservationists also fear mine-related road traffic will increase the roadkill pressure on already threatened scavenger species such as the wedge-tailed eagle, spotted-tail quoll and Tasmanian devil.
"I believe that the Government and recalcitrant elements in the mining industry have fatally under-estimated the resolve of the conservation movement to see the Tarkine protected," coalition spokesman Scott Jordan said.
"The sleeping giant of public support seen at the Franklin will rise again larger than ever to defend the Tarkine."
In the 1990s, the Tarkine Tigers fought to save the area from logging, and a State Government plan to build a new road to give tourists and loggers better access sparked a furore in 2009 and was ultimately shelved.
Federal Environment Minister Tony Burke has until the end of next year to decide whether the Tarkine will be granted a National Heritage listing.
Mr Burke, who recently visited the Tarkine, said he had been lobbied heavily by conservationists and the mining industry.
"There is no doubt that there are parts of this area which are truly magnificent and special," he said.
"I camped and kayaked there, and I realise why people are so passionate about the area.
"But it is also true that this area is not... entirely pristine, and in some places there is nothing special to be seen."
The Savage River iron ore mine operates within the Tarkine's boundary. There are also mining "legacy" sites where acid leaches into rivers and needs to be cleaned up.
Mr Burke said any new mining operations might need to clean up the pollution of previous mining. "It is a complex issue and each decision will be made on its merits," he said.
Mining companies and the Tasmanian Minerals Council have joined forces to push for new jobs in their sector.
The Tarkine became a mining frontier in 1871 when a massive tin deposit was discovered at Mt Bischoff near Waratah.
This North-West outpost contributed great wealth to Launceston; and St James Church at Waratah was the first place in Tasmania to use an electric light after the manager of the Mt Bischoff mine had power for the mine's lighting connected to the church.
Western Tasmania soon became the focus of explorers, prospectors and track cutters.
However, the environment began to suffer. Trees were cut down to provide fuel and structural support at the mines.
There are still spots where acid leaches from the sites of these early operations.
As early as 1872 Chinese gold diggers diverted the Arthur River to improve access to mine workings.
Corinna, which is now marketed as a pristine stepping stone to the Tarkine wilderness, was a much rowdier place in the late 1880s when more than 2500 people came to the Pieman River to mine for gold.
It is the only surviving settlement of remote-area historical mining in the state. Trees and buttongrass have reclaimed old towns such as Balfour and Luina.
At Balfour, only the chimney of the Imperial Hotel remains of what was once a thriving tin town of 500.
And the only signs of the mining community at Luina, on the Whyte River, are a few streets, gutters and culverts, and flowers which once had pride of place in gardens.
Some mining companies hope to start digging next year.
Venture Minerals says its workings near Tullah are in an area with more than 120 years of mining history. The roads, railway lines and high-tensile powerlines are already in place.
Venture says it has also received a mining licence for its Livingston ore deposit and is working through the environmental approval processes of state and federal authorities for each of its three proposals.
Venture has attracted the financial backing of Tasmanian entrepreneur Dale Elphinstone.
A Venture spokesman said 60 jobs had been created in the North-West during the past five years as the company spent $1 million a month on developing its mining projects.
The Mt Lindsay project has the potential to deliver $250 million in annual revenue, lifting Tasmania's exports by 5 per cent, and to directly employ _PHONE_ people during its development phase.
The operational workforce would be more than 200.
FOR mining in the Tarkine:
TERRY LONG, Tasmanian Minerals Council
THE Tarkine has a long mining history and new mines will provide economic benefits for 100 years, Mr Long said.
"In the Tarkine's present [area], it covers about 7 per cent of Tasmania's land mass and about 80 per cent of it is already covered by formal, statutory reserves," he said.
Mr Long said the reserves were declared in multiple-use categories of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature in the 1990s.
"The idea is that resource exploitation and nature can co-exist," he said. "Any more restrictions on mining in the Tarkine will result in the withdrawal of potential and substantial investment."
He said Tasmanians needed to trust the Environmental Protection Authority to assess mining applications and objectively decide if they could proceed.
Pointing to widespread support for the industry, Mr Long said Tasmanian Mining -- a website promoting the state's mining industry -- had up to 5000 visitors a week.
The employment and economic benefits of Tarkine mining proposals were massive, he said.
Venture Minerals' Mt Lindsay project would create about 1000 jobs during its construction phase and more than 200 long-term jobs.
"In addition to the $150 million capital outlay, this project will pump $250 million a year into the Tasmanian economy and boost exports by 5 per cent or more," Mr Long said.
AGAINST mining in the Tarkine
SCOTT JORDAN, Tarkine National Coalition
THE Tarkine is an amazing wilderness containing many rare and endangered species, Mr Jordan said.
It is also one of the last disease-free refuges of the Tasmanian devil, he said.
The Tarkine's natural and heritage values have been recognised by the Australian Heritage Council and in the West Report commissioned by the Commonwealth and Tasmanian governments.
The report recommended the Tarkine for National Heritage and World Heritage listings.
Mr Jordan said federal Environment Minister Tony Burke had ignored the advice of the Australian Heritage Council by removing the Tarkine's Emergency National Heritage listing and ordering it to re-assess the area.
"While governments delay, the Tarkine is under threat," Mr Jordan said.
"Six mining proposals before the Commonwealth are being assessed without reference to impacts on national heritage values."
Mr Jordan said Environment Protection Authority permits for Shree Minerals' Nelson Bay proposal included a clause that did not require a copy of the rehabilitation plan until 12 months after mining had started.
"How ludicrous that the clean-up of the site is not even considered as part of the environmental assessments," he said.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
A Description of the energy levels and electric quadrupole transitions of the 92Nb and 92Mo nuclei using nuclear shell model
In current study,92Nb and 92Mo isotopes have been determined for calculating energy levels and electric quadrupole transition probabilities. These isotopes have different model spaces (1g9/2,1g7/2) for one proton and (2d5/2, 1g7/2, 3s1/2, 2d3/2 and 1h11/2 ) for one neutron of 92Nb nucleus while (1g9/2, 1g7/2) orbits for two protons of 92Mo nucleus.Two interaction have been applied in this study which are surface delta and modified surface delta interactions. The calculations have been achieved by using appropriate effective charges for proton and neutron as well as parameter length of harmonic potential. Computed results have been compared with the experimental values. After this comparison, the energy values and the transition probabilities have shown good agreement with the experimental values, it has also found that the values of the total angular momentum and parity are determined and confirmed for some of the experimental energies, undetermined and unconfirmed experimentally. Theoretically, new values of quadrupole electric transition probabilities have been explored which have not been known in the experimental data.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Source code for SNP
import types
import configuration as conf
from pyGenoObjectBases import *
import rabaDB.fields as rf
# from tools import UsefulFunctions as uf
"""General guidelines for SNP classes:
-All classes must inherit from SNP_INDEL
-All classes name must end with SNP
-A SNP_INDELs must have at least chromosomeNumber, setName, species, start and ref filled in order to be inserted into sequences
-User can define an alias for the alt field (snp_indel alleles) to indicate the default field from wich to extract alleles
[docs]def getSNPSetsList() : """Return the names of all imported snp sets""" import rabaDB.filters as rfilt f = rfilt.RabaQuery(SNPMaster) names = [] for g in f.iterRun() : names.append(g.setName) return names
[docs]class SNPMaster(Raba) : 'This object keeps track of SNP sets and their types' _raba_namespace = conf.pyGeno_RABA_NAMESPACE species = rf.Primitive() SNPType = rf.Primitive() setName = rf.Primitive() _raba_uniques = [('setName',)] def _curate(self) : self.species = self.species.lower() self.setName = self.setName.lower()
[docs]class SNP_INDEL(Raba) : "All SNPs should inherit from me. The name of the class must end with SNP" _raba_namespace = conf.pyGeno_RABA_NAMESPACE _raba_abstract = True # not saved in db species = rf.Primitive() setName = rf.Primitive() chromosomeNumber = rf.Primitive() start = rf.Primitive() end = rf.Primitive() ref = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ SNP_INDEL must have a field alt. This variable allows you to set an alias for it. Chamging the alias does not impact the schema altAlias = 'alt' def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs) : pass def __getattribute__(self, k) : if k == 'alt' : cls = Raba.__getattribute__(self, '__class__') return Raba.__getattribute__(self, cls.altAlias) return Raba.__getattribute__(self, k) def __setattr__(self, k, v) : if k == 'alt' : cls = Raba.__getattribute__(self, '__class__') Raba.__setattr__(self, cls.altAlias, v) Raba.__setattr__(self, k, v) def _curate(self) : self.species = self.species.lower() _USER_ def ensureGlobalIndex(cls, fields) : cls.ensureIndex(fields) def __repr__(self) : return "%s> chr: %s, start: %s, end: %s, alt: %s, ref: %s" %(self.__class__.__name__, self.chromosomeNumber, self.start, self.end, self.alleles, self.ref)
[docs]class CasavaSNP(SNP_INDEL) : "A SNP of Casava" _raba_namespace = conf.pyGeno_RABA_NAMESPACE alleles = rf.Primitive() bcalls_used = rf.Primitive() bcalls_filt = rf.Primitive() QSNP = rf.Primitive() Qmax_gt = rf.Primitive() max_gt_poly_site = rf.Primitive() Qmax_gt_poly_site = rf.Primitive() A_used = rf.Primitive() C_used = rf.Primitive() G_used = rf.Primitive() T_used = rf.Primitive() altAlias = 'alleles'
[docs]class AgnosticSNP(SNP_INDEL) : """This is a generic SNPs/Indels format that you can easily make from the result of any SNP caller. AgnosticSNP files are tab delimited files such as: chromosomeNumber uniqueId start end ref alleles quality caller Y _PHONE_ _PHONE_ T AG 30 TopHat Y 2 _PHONE_ _PHONE_ - AG 28 TopHat Y 3 _PHONE_ _PHONE_ TT - 10 TopHat All positions must be 0 based The '-' indicates a deletion or an insertion. Collumn order has no importance. """ _raba_namespace = conf.pyGeno_RABA_NAMESPACE alleles = rf.Primitive() quality = rf.Primitive() caller = rf.Primitive() uniqueId = rf.Primitive() # polymorphism id altAlias = 'alleles' def __repr__(self) : return "AgnosticSNP> start: %s, end: %s, quality: %s, caller %s, alt: %s, ref: %s" %(self.start, self.end, self.quality, self.caller, self.alleles, self.ref)
[docs]class dbSNPSNP(SNP_INDEL) : "This class is for SNPs from dbSNP. Feel free to uncomment the fields that you need" _raba_namespace = conf.pyGeno_RABA_NAMESPACE # To add/remove a field comment/uncomentd it. Beware, adding or removing a field results in a significant overhead the first time you relaunch pyGeno. You may have to delete and reimport some snps sets. #####RSPOS = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ position reported in already saved into field start RS = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ ID (i.e. rs number) ALT = rf.Primitive() RV = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ orientation is reversed _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ Property. Documentation is at _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ each of gene symbol:gene id. The gene symbol and id are delimited by a colon (:) and each pair is delimited by a vertical bar (|) dbSNPBuildID = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ dbSNP Build for RS _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ Allele Origin: 0 - unspecified, 1 - Germline, 2 - Somatic, 3 - Both _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ Suspect Reason Codes (may be more than one value added together) 0 - unspecified, 1 - Paralog, 2 - byEST, 4 - oldAlign, 8 - Para_EST, 16 - 1kg_failed, 1024 - other _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_, 00 - unmapped, 1 - weight 1, 2 - weight 2, 3 - weight 3 or more VC = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ Class PM = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ is Precious(Clinical,Pubmed Cited) _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ Third Party Annotation(TPA) (currently rs from PHARMGKB who will give phenotype data) _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ exist to PubMed Central article _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ 3D structure - SNP3D table _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ SubmitterLinkOut - From SNP->SubSNP->Batch.link_out _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ non-synonymous frameshift A coding region variation where one allele in the set changes all downstream amino acids. FxnClass = 44 _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ non-synonymous missense A coding region variation where one allele in the set changes protein peptide. FxnClass = 42 _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ non-synonymous nonsense A coding region variation where one allele in the set changes to STOP codon (TER). FxnClass = 41 _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ reference A coding region variation where one allele in the set is identical to the reference sequence. FxnCode = 8 _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ synonymous A coding region variation where one allele in the set does not change the encoded amino acid. FxnCode = 3 _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ 3' UTR Location is in an untranslated region (UTR). FxnCode = 53 _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ 5' UTR Location is in an untranslated region (UTR). FxnCode = 55 _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ acceptor splice site FxnCode = 73 _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ donor splice-site FxnCode = 75 _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ Intron FxnCode = 6 _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ 3' gene region FxnCode = 13 _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ 5' gene region FxnCode = 15 _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ other variant with exactly the same set of mapped positions on NCBI refernce assembly. _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ Assembly conflict. This is for weight 1 and 2 variant that maps to different chromosomes on different assemblies. _TAG_ = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ Assembly specific. This is set if the variant only maps to one assembly MUT = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ mutation (journal citation, explicit fact): a low frequency variation that is cited in journal and other reputable sources VLD = rf.Primitive() _TAG_ Validated. This bit is set if the variant has 2+ minor allele count based on frequency or genotype data. G5A = rf.Primitive() #>5% minor allele frequency in each and all populations G5 = rf.Primitive() #>5% minor allele frequency in 1+ populations _TAG_ = rf


text:
Plants flower faster than climate change models predict
Scientific models are failing to accurately predict the impact of global warming on plants, says a new report.
Researchers found in long-term studies that some are flowering up to eight times faster than models anticipate.
The authors say that poor study design and a lack of investment in experiments partly account for the difference.
They suggest that spring flowering and leafing will continue to advance at the rate of 5 to 6 days per year for every degree celsius of warming.
The results are published in the journal Nature.
For more than 20 years, scientists have been carrying out experiments to mimic the impacts of rising temperatures on the first leafing and flowering of plant species around the world.
End Quote This Rutishauser Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research
The bottom line is that the impacts might be bigger than we have believed until now"
Researchers had assumed that plants would respond in essentially the same way to experimental warming with lamps and open top chambers as they would to changes in temperatures in the real world.
Very little has been done to test the assumption until this study lead by Dr Elizabeth Wolkovich, who is now at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.
With her colleagues she studied the timing of the flowering and leafing of plants in observational studies and warming experiments spanning four continents and 1,634 plant species.
According to Dr Wolkovich, the results were a surprise.
"What we found is that the experiments don't line up with the long term data, and in fact they greatly underestimate how much plants change their leafing and flowering with warming," she said.
"So for models based on experimental data, then we would expect that plants are leafing four times faster and flowering eight times faster in the long term historical record than what we're using in some of the models."'Consistent message'
Observational data have been gathered by scientific bodies for many years. In the UK, the systematic recording of flowering times dates back to 1875, when the Royal Meteorological Society established a national network of observers.
Since then, data has also been recorded by full-time biologists and part-time enthusiasts, and in recent years there have been mass-participation projects such as BBC Springwatch.
This new research suggests that these observations of flowering and leafing carried out in many different parts of the world over the past thirty years are remarkably similar according to Dr Wolkovich.
"In terms of long term observations, the records are very coherent and very consistent and they suggest for every degree celsius of warming we get we are going to get a fiveto six-day change in how plants leaf and flower."
She argues that the difficulties in mimicking the impacts of nature in an artificial setting are much greater than many scientists estimate. The team found that in some cases the use of warming chambers to artificially raise temperatures can sometimes have the opposite effect.
"In the real world, we don't just see changes in temperature - we see changes in precipitation and cloud patterns and other factors - so certainly when you think about replicating changes in clouds, we are very, very far away from being able to do that.
"I guess we will never get to perfectly match nature, but I am hopeful as scientists we can do much, much better, given funding resources."
The team found that the greater investment in the design and monitoring of experiments, the more accurate the result.
"We have a very consistent message from the long-term historical records about how plants are changing, but we need to think more critically about how we fund and invest in and really design experiments," said Dr Wolkovich.
"We do need them in the future, they are the best way going forward to project how species are changing but right now what we're doing isn't working as well as I think it could."
Other researchers were equally surprised by the results.
Dr This Rutishauser is at the Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of Bern in Switzerland. He says that in light of this work scientists will have to rethink the impacts of global warming.
"The bottom line is that the impacts might be bigger than we have believed until now. That's going to provoke a lot of work to probably revise modelling results for estimations of what's going to happen in the future for food production especially."
Dr Wolkovich agrees that if the models are so significantly underestimating the real world observations, there could be also be impacts on water the world over.
"If a whole plant community starts growing a week earlier than we expect according to these experiments, it's going to take up a lot more water over the growing season and if you add to that many years of the model projections, you are going to see big changes in the water supply."
She appeals to people to get involved in citizen science projects and help gather data on flowering and leafing, especially in remote areas.
The National Phenology Network in the US logged its millionth observation this week, and similar programmes are underway in the UK, Sweden, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, and a pan-European database is under development.
"We have very few monitoring networks. We need many, many people out there observing this because it is changing faster and across more habitats than we are currently measuring - we need more help!"


Often asked: Why Shiva Is Called Rudra?
Are Shiva and Rudra same?
Shiva as known today shares many features with Rudra, and Shiva and Rudra are viewed as the same personality in Hindu scriptures. A god named Rudra is mentioned in the Rig Veda. The name Rudra is still used as a name for Shiva. In RV 2.33, he is described as the 'Father of the Rudras', a group of storm gods.
Who created Rudra?
The Bhagavata Purana Canto 3 Chapter 3 mentions that Rudra is born from the anger of Lord Brahma. The names are mentioned in Canto 3 Chapter 3 and Verse 12 as follows: Manyu.
What is real name of Rudra?
Rudra Oberoi Real name " Leenesh Mattoo " Actors and cast in Game Of Love, StarLife.
Why is Hanuman called Rudra?
Pawanputra Hanuman was an incarnation of Lord Shiva and is considered to be an exemplification of strength, devotion, and perseverance. Lord Shankar, is known as Rudra. Hanuman is known as his incarnation, that is why he is known as Rudra Avatar.
Who are the 11 rudras?
You might be interested: Readers ask: Why Lord Vishnu Sits On Snake?
Who is father of Lord Shiva?
How did Lord Shiva died?
What are the 19 avatars of Lord Shiva?
The nineteen avatars of Lord Shiva
 - Piplaad Avatar. This avatar of Lord Shiva was born to Sage Dadhichi and his wife, Swarcha.
 - Nandi Avatar. This form of Lord Shiva was born to Sage Shilada.
 - Veerabhadra Avatar.
 - Bhairava Avatar.
 - Ashwatthama Avatar.
 - Sharabha avatar.
 - Grihapati avatar.
 - Durvasa avatar.
What are the 12 adityas?
In the Bhagavata Purana, the names of 12 Ādityás are given as:
 - Vamana.
 - Aryaman.
 - Indra.
 - Tvashtha.
 - Varuna.
 - Dhata.
 - Bhaga.
 - Parjanya.
Who is Rudra God?
Rudra, (Sanskrit: "Howler"), relatively minor Vedic god and one of the names of Śiva, a major god of later Hinduism. In the Vedas, Rudra is known as the divine archer, who shoots arrows of death and disease and who has to be implored not to slay or injure in his wrath.
What is Rudra mantra?
The literal translation of this mantra is "I bow down to Lord Shiva". Powerful Rudra mantra. "Om Namo Bhagavate Rudraya" Meaning: This is one of the most powerful and simplest Rudra mantras used widely for holy chants, worship and meditation.
You might be interested: Often asked: Why Shiva In Linga Form?
Is Rudra a good name?
In Moon sign based Vedic Astrology, person with name Rudra have an inherent quality to take everything very easily. These people are easily loved and preferred by other people. They also like to be praised by their romantic partner. These particular people do not like to drift away from their goal.
Is Hanuman a God?
Hanuman (/ˈhʌnʊˌmɑːn/; Sanskrit: हनुमान्, IAST: Hanumān) is a Hindu god and divine vanara companion of the god Rama. He is an ardent devotee of Rama and one of the chiranjivis. Hanuman is also son of the windgod Vayu, who in several stories played a direct role in Hanuman's birth.
Who is Hanuman wife?
Who is Hanuman's son?
Although he was a brahmchari, He had a son 'Makardhawaja'. Hanuman's Son Makardhwaja was born from the might fish of the same name when Hanuman after burning the entire Lanka with his tail dipped his tail in the sea to cool it. It is said that his sweat was swallowed by a fish and thus Makardhawaja was conceived.
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text:
Here's the post from Wired.com
1888: The earliest known musical recording is made. The piece, Georg Friedrich Handel's Israel in Egypt, is recorded on a paraffin cylinder.
Israel in Egypt, assigned the catalog number HWV 54, is an oratorio, a form in which Handel excelled. Like his more famous Messiah, Israel in Egypt is composed using biblical passages, mainly from Exodus and the Psalms.
Unlike the Messiah, however, it didn't enjoy much of a reception when it premiered in 1739. As a result, Handel shortened the work and inserted a few Italian arias to lighten the mood a bit.
Nevertheless, it was selected by Col. George Gourand, Thomas Edison's foreign sales agent, for the first musical recording. Gourand made his recording in London's Crystal Palace, using Edison's yellow paraffin cylinder -- candle wax, essentially.
(Source: Stanford University, National Park Service)


text:
- Publication date:January 2007
- Dimensions: 228 x 152 mm
- Weight: 0.5kg
- In stock
Examining sites that are familiar to many modern tourists, Valerie Warrior avoids imposing a modern perspective on the topic by using the testimony of the ancient Romans to describe traditional Roman religion. The ancient testimony recreates the social and historical contexts in which Roman religion was practised. It shows, for example, how, when confronted with a foreign cult, official traditional religion accepted the new cult with suitable modifications. Basic difficulties, however, arose with regard to the monotheism of the Jews and Christianity. Carefully integrated with the text are visual representations of divination, prayer, and sacrifice as depicted on monuments, coins, and inscriptions from public buildings and homes throughout the Roman world. Also included are epitaphs and humble votive offerings that illustrate the piety of individuals, and that reveal the prevalence of magic and the occult in the spiritual lives of the ancient Romans.


How to Monkey Patch when using Flex RSLs
Monkey patchers run into problems when using Flex RSLs. In this post I'll explain why monkey patching does not work when using RSLs and provide details of how to make it work. I'll monkey patch the mx.controls.Button class in this post and ListCollectionView and Spark Button in later posts.
Why doesn't monkey patching work when using RSLs? To answer this question it is important to understand two things:
 1. The Flash Player has a first-in-wins rule when loading classes.
 2. Flex applications contain two frames. The first frame contains few classes and loads the RSLs. The second frame contains the rest of the application's classes.
Say you've monkey patched mx.controls.Button, which will end up in frame 2 of your application. In frame 1 of the application, the framework RSL will be loaded which contains the mx.controls.Button class. When frame 2 of the application loads the monkey patched version of mx.controls.Button is ignored because of the Flash Player first-in-wins rule.
When you monkey patch a class that is in frame 1, then you are done, you don't need an RSL.
The basic steps I'll use to monkey patch are:
 1. Create an RSL with just the monkey-patched file and its inheritance dependencies.
 2. Add your RSL to the configuration to get it loaded.
To demonstrate the process I created a project with a simple application that contains one button.
The project was developed using a pre-release version of Flex4, build
Create an RSL
My modification of Button is just a change to set label() so I can see if a Button in my application is a real or patched Button. When the Button's label setter is called I just prepend "Monkey patched " to the original value.
_label = "Monkey patched " + value;
I started by adding to my source tree using the same package as Flex, "mx.controls". Next compile your source into an RSL. From the command line it will look something like this:
>compc -directory -output=button -link-report=link.rpt -include-classes=mx.controls.Button -source-path=.
>optimizer button/library.swf –output -button.swf
>digest button.swf -swc-path=button
After running these commands the size of button.swf is 143,596 bytes. Looking at the link report, there are a lot of classes besides mx.controls.Button that we don't need. Ideally, all we want in the RSL is mx.controls.Button. But the Flash Player requires classes that Button extends or implements to be defined when the Button class is loaded. Since we are loading this RSL before the framework RSL, we need to also include the classes Button extends and implements in framework.swc. For each additional class we include, we also need to include the classes it extends and implements.
Take the link report from the first compile of Button and copy it to a file we will use as our externs file. The externs file is what we will use to remove classes we don't want in the RSL. I actually seeded my externs.xml file by copying and pasting the script children from framework.swc's catalog. My thinking was that I wanted to exclude everything in framework.swc except Button and the classes it extends or implements. But now I can see that the externs file is much larger than it would have been if I had just started with the initial link report.
Next edit the externs file by removing the script elements for mx.controls.Button and all of its inheritance dependencies. After recompiling I was able to get the RSL size down to 35,152 bytes. That is still pretty big but it's the best we can do because we need UIComponent and UICompoment is big. When monkey patching spark components we will be able to remove UIComponent and get a much smaller RSL.
Add your RSL to the configuration
Now that you have your RSL, you just need to add it to the RSL configuration. I created a local configuration file, main-config.xml, with the RSLs I wanted. You can start by copying the elements from flex-config.xml to your local configuration file. Then add the entry for your RSL before the framework RSL.
The order of the runtime-shared-library-path options is important because it determines the load order of the RSLs. The RSL URLs in my configuration file are all local SWF files so before running the application I will copy the RSLs from my SDK frameworks/RSLs directory to where my application lives.
When the new RSL is loaded for the first time you will mostly encounter verify errors because you missed removing an interface from the externs file. As you encounter a verify error, remove that class from the externs file and try again. Eventually the RSL will contain all the classes it needs and load without errors.
Finally, run the application to verify the monkey patched Button is being used.
The postings on this site are my own and don't necessarily represent Adobe's positions, views, strategies or opinions.


#26 Correction of Exchange-Correlation Error (3): Hybrid Functional - Materials Square
MatSQ Blog > Quantum Espresso
2019-12-05 16:45:14
In this weekly tip, following the previous weekly tips #24 DFT+U and #25 van der Waals correction, we will learn how to correct GGA errors using hybrid functional.
1. Hybrid Functional
The methods DFT+U and van der Waals correction, which we learned from the previous weekly tip, correct the correlation part of exchange-correlation potential. Meanwhile, the hybrid functional corrects the exchange part.
The hybrid functional, such as PBE0, B3LYP, and HSE, was known as the high-accuracy correction method of exchange-correlation energy [1]. It has higher accuracy than the GGA method as it mixes the Fock exchange to the exchange-correlation functional of GGA when describing electronic structure [2]. In this time, the exchange energy approximation of GGA and HF is mixed in a different method according to the kind of hybrid functional. Unlike the GGA, the hybrid functional has a long-range interaction effect because the Fock exchange describes some part of the long-range interaction.
The hybrid functional not only corrects the total energy of materials but also serves useful in obtaining the correct electronic structure. In particular, it can almost solve the bandgap underestimation, which is the fundamental error of GGA [3]. GGA always estimates a smaller bandgap than it actually is, while Hartree-Fock always estimates larger than it actually is. Therefore, the hybrid functional that mixes them at an optimal ratio can effectively reduce the bandgap estimation error.
However, the hybrid functional consume a lot of calculation resource than GGA.
In this weekly tip, we will find out the difference between GGA and hybrid functional regarding electronic structure and calculation time through the density of states (DOS).
2. Setting Hybrid Functional in MatSQ
The keyword for hybrid functional can be set at "Scripting option: General." To use a specific hybrid functional, you should write the desired name of hybrid functional at the "DFT Functional" option in &SYSTEM Namelist. The list of available functional can be retrieved from the Documentation.
3. Precautions When Using Hybrid Functional
The calculation with hybrid functional is so complicated that it is not supported in the template mode. Therefore, you should add relevant keywords to the input script in the Manual mode for further calculation setting.
In GGA calculations, the k-point is set to obtain an electronic structure with adequate accuracy while considering efficiency. However, calculation resources are consumed excessively if the GGA k-point setting is applied to exchange energy calculation. Therefore, we should separately set the number of crystal momentum q, which is used for only Hartree-exchange calculation, by adding nqx1, nqx2, and nqx3 keywords under &SYSTEM.
Unlike the general GGA calculation, it consumes extremely high memory to calculate the exchange energy in hybrid functional DFT. Moreover, the memory size of the MatSQ server is set according to the number of cores. Hence, it is better to increase the number of cores if the calculation takes too much time or too big memory.
MatSQ provides a server with 48 cores per node. Thus, you should increase the number of nodes if you want to use more than 36 cores. Moreover, the MatSQ credit is consumed in proportion to the number of cores. Therefore, more credit is consumed when using two more nodes compared to using one node, even it takes the same time.
4. Calculation Results
We can find out the change of electronic structure when using the hybrid functional through the DOS of the silicon primitive unit cell.
👉 Check the result of calcultaion
Based on the DOS graph obtained by three functional, the entire shape of the DOS graph did not show a significant change. However, the bandgap was improved.
Check the table below for a summary of the bandgap data, calculation time, and the credits used to obtain that data.
When using HSE, we found out that PBE0 the hybrid functional can solve some of the bandgap underestimation problems of PBE. However, the calculation time increased more than 10 times. In GGA, the calculation time is generally proportional to three squares of the number of atoms, but the calculation time might be increased more than five squares when using the hybrid functional.
For example, the silicon primitive unit cell, which is the calculation model used in this example, consisted of just two atoms, but it consumed around 50 min in using the hybrid functional.
Therefore, while hybrid provides better results, you need to be careful of the consumption of computing resources.
We checked the changed electronic structure when using the hybrid functional as well as the precautions of calculation and increased calculation time. Moreover, the hybrid functional DFT can provide improved results, but it needs to be careful because of the high consumption of computing resources.
In MatSQ, you can apply the hybrid functional at the simple structure to obtain an improved DFT result!
Thank you for your interest in Materials Square weekly tips until now.
We are ending the weekly tip season 1 with this weekly tip as the last one. However, we will come back season 2 with more content. Thank you!
[1] Martin, R. M., & Martin, R. M. (2004). Electronic structure: basic theory and practical methods. Cambridge university press.
[2] Paier, J., Marsman, M., Hummer, K., Kresse, G., Gerber, I. C., & Ángyán, J. G. (2006). Screened hybrid density functionals applied to solids. The Journal of chemical physics, 124(15), 154709.
[3] Jain, M., Chelikowsky, J. R., & Louie, S. G. (2011). Reliability of hybrid functionals in predicting band gaps. Physical review letters, 107(21), 216806.
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frolep rotrem - 2020-01-12 13:15:01
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Thank you so much!
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I need tutorial for calculation a spontanus polarization of 2D materials whith quantum espresso. Thank you


text:
America Singing: Nineteenth-Century Song Sheets provides a number of opportunities to develop historical thinking skills. A timeline can be created from some of the song sheets to assess presidential campaign tactics. Lyrics responding to Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation provide historical comprehension of the decision and its repercussions. Songs describing John Brown's raid on a fort in Harper's Ferry, Virginia, and his subsequent execution can be used to interpret how Brown's attack related to the national debate over slavery. Minstrel songs and other pieces characterizing ethnic stereotypes can be used to discuss the racial attitudes of historical and contemporary culture.
Politicians in the late-nineteenth century often attempted to gain support by harkening back to the ideological conflicts that sparked the Civil War. Evidence of this tactic, known (for its divisive nature) as "waving the bloody shirt," is available with a search on the term, campaign.
Military analogies were particularly fitting for presidential candidates such as Democrat George McClellan and Republican Ulysses Grant since they played important roles in the Union army.
He led his noble army on Antietam's bloody field,
And he battled for the Union, to make the rebels yield,
'Til owld Abe, the rail-splitter, relieved him from command,
But we'll show him our devotion, and by him we will stand.
From the "McClellan Campaign Song " during the 1864 presidential election.
Throughout our great republic all the patriot hosts to-night,
Are girding on the armor for the battle of the right,
But the fight is at the ballot-box, not on the battle plain,
And we have named the leader who will win the fall campaign.
From the "Grant Campaign Song " during the 1868 election.
This practice ran through the Reconstruction era with pieces such as the 1876 "Republican Campaign Song," which declared,
"By the blood of "Our Soldiers" for liberty shed-- / By the widows and the orphans of our Patriotic dead-- / Our President shall never be a "slimy" copperhead,-- / Thirty million shout to-day for Hayes and Wheeler."
These and other pieces from the collection can be used to construct a timeline chronicling presidential elections and their campaign messages.
- How do these songs relate presidential elections to military campaigns?
- What do you think was the purpose of drawing this comparison?
- What other themes and images are prevalent throughout the timeline of presidential elections? Which themes and images appear only in certain campaigns?
- How do these songs compare to pieces that rallied Union troops during the Civil War such as " Hurrah for the Union"?
- How do you think that voters responded to these songs?


text:
Census of Non-Agriculture Economic Enterprices
The registration of non-agricultural enterprises shall mean a survey of all non-agricultural entities that operate in the whole territory of Albania, to provide complete and economical identification information.
In this recording include public administration, NGO-s and international organizations.
The purpose of registration
Census of non-agriculture economic enterpricess made in order to:
- - provide comprehensive and detailed information for entities non farm territory of Republic of Albania;
- - to provide reliable statistical data needed for planning and implementing the implementation of the general policies of economic development;
- - update the register of non-agricultural entities and create registry local economic units;
- - to improve the quality of existing identifiers and economic indicators, as well as make the definition of new indicators, especially economic ones;
- - identify the relationship that exists between the legal entity and the entity nonagricultural.


text:
On 1 February 2019 Leicester City Council declared a Climate Emergency. In its declaration, the council committed to developing a new action plan to address the emergency through our own services and projects. We also want to inspire schools to join us and take action too.
The city council took the decision to declare a Climate Emergency for several reasons:
- We believe that climate change poses a very great threat to the well-being of present and future residents of the city, and to Leicester's future success and prosperity.
- Cities including our own have been estimated to be responsible for about 70% of worldwide carbon dioxide emissions. We believe that the council and the rest of the city has a responsibility to play our part in tackling the challenge.
- Leicester has a lot to gain from acting decisively now, rather than waiting for other cities and other countries to act first. For example, many of the clean technologies required will make the city a healthier place to live. By adopting them as soon as we can, we think this could help our economy get a head-start in the new emerging low-carbon economic sectors, and the jobs being created in them.
- This could be the last opportunity to put the world on the right path in a planned and manageable way, rather than in a chaotic way which risks causing negative impacts – particularly on the more vulnerable members of society. We think Leicester should plan for change now, not wait for outside events to force change upon us.
You can carry out a climate emergency consultation in your classroom:
- Download the instruction guide and PowerPoint presentation below.
- Read the instructions and select which topics you might like to discuss. We recommend one or two.
- Download the relevant activity pack below (background and explanation documents are also provided).
- Carry out the activities.
Please consider the environment.


text:
In the last couple of years, I've found myself returning repeatedly to the idea of platform literacy. By this I mean a capacity to understand how platforms shape the action which takes place through them, sometimes in observable and explicit ways but usually in unobservable and implicit ones. It concerns our own (inter)actions and how this context facilitates or frustrates them, as well as the unseen ways in which it subtly moulds them and the responses of others to them.
This understanding seems increasingly crucial to me because the alternative might otherwise be a diffuse paranoia. As knowledge of data brokerage and data politics expands throughout society, it generates a certainty that we are being manipulated but an unknowability about precisely who is doing the manipulation, how they are doing it and what the effects might be. Platform literacy helps ground this in a concrete understanding of specific processes and their implications for our agency.
Any recommendations for reading on this are much appreciated! Particularly those with a pedagogical focus. I'll be working my way through the Digital Polarisation Intiative's work and the Polarisation MOOC in the meantime.


text:
Statistical Atlas of the United States Based on the Results of the Ninth Census 1870
In honor of our data mapping site, GEOFRED (_URL_), we have posted a very old data mapping product. Featuring thematic maps, the Statistical Atlas was a landmark publication of the federal government. It displays census information about the United States using choropleth mapping (thematic mapping), a technique common with modern GIS systems. The maps highlight the condition of the country immediately following the Civil War.
This file was originally downloaded from the Library of Congress as JPG2000 and converted into a compressed pdf, for ease of use.
For a historical account of the first national atlas of the United States, please see Donald Dahman's description at the Library of Congress' American Memory website.
Woodlands and Forest Systems of the United States
Download this page from:
Download this page in groups:


text:
Have you ever played with Baby Alive? Perhaps you have one and you have ran out of food for the doll. The Baby Alive food is quite expensive. This how-to will save a lot of your money and most ingredients can be found in your kitchen.
- 3 tbsp baking soda
- 3 tbsp water
- 3 drops food coloring
1First, get out a mixing bowl. Then, add three tablespoons of baking soda in the bowl, making sure you don't add too much or too little.
2After the baking soda has been added into the bowl, pour in three tablespoons of water.
3Once you have poured the baking soda and water into the mixing bowl, you should have a delicious mixture for your Baby Alive. To give the mixture some color, add three drops of food coloring into the bowl.
4Using a spoon, stir the mixture until the contents are completely blended in. While being careful not to spill it and make a mess, serve the food to your Baby Alive doll.
- To make the Baby Alive juice, mix water with food coloring of any color. Pour it into an empty water bottle. After capping the bottle, shake it well and give it to your Baby Alive doll.
- If you don't have food coloring, mix the baking soda and water together.
- To preserve the food, add three teaspoons of salt and place the bowl of food in a refrigerator. Use when desired.
- You can also use sorbitol - a sugar substitute found in health food stores - for the Baby Alive doll's food.
- If you don't have baking soda, mix water and food coloring together.
- Choose warm or hot water to prevent the doll from getting clogged up.
- If you clog your baby alive because you used to much baking soda... Use Apple cider vinegar! Give your baby a rinse with water and then go to the poo hole lol. It will looked very clogged with baking soda. That's okay though! All you need to do is grab a sharp enough object the get all of the baking soda out. after that process rinse with water
- Do not use too much baking soda or it will clog the doll.
- Do not feed your Baby Alive doll with real baby food because this will make your doll smell bad. Also, it might attract insects and small creatures.
- Make sure the mixture is smooth and creamy. If it isn't, it won't work and the doll will get clogged.
Things You'll Need
- Baby Alive bowl or regular bowl
- Baby Alive spoon or any small spoon
- Baby Alive doll
Categories: Playing with Dolls
In other languages:
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 113,905 times.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Typewritten page of canary onionskin, 1912. Note the translucency in the upper right corner, where the red library stamp on the transverse is visible.
Onionskin or onion skin is a thin, light-weight, strong, often translucent paper. Not made from onions, it is named for their thin, papery skins which it superficially resembles. It was usually used with carbon paper for typing duplicates in a typewriter, for permanent records where low bulk was important, or for airmail correspondence.[1] It typically has a 9-pound basis weight, and may be white or canary-colored.
In the typewriter era, onion skin often had a deeply textured cockle finish which allowed for easier erasure of typing mistakes, but other glazed and unglazed finishes were also available then and may be more common today.
Onionskin paper is relatively durable and lightweight due to its high content of cotton fibers. Because of these attributes and its crispness when folding, onionskin paper is one of the best papers to use for toy kites and advanced paper airplanes. Paper airplanes made from onionskin paper tend to fly very well due to their low weight and high integrity once folded.
 1. ^ "Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology". CoOL: Conservation OnLine. Etherington & Roberts. 2011-11-19. Archived from the original on 2014-10-16. Retrieved 2014-10-16.


text: Nevermind, I finally figured it out! 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by y=x^1/2 and the lines y=2 and x=0 about: a. the x-axis b. the y-axis c. the line y=2 d. the line x=4 2. Relevant equations integral from a--b pi[R(x)]^2dx integral from a--b pi([R(x)]^2 - [r(x)]^2)dx 3. The attempt at a solution I solved a, b, and c just fine. a = 8pi b = 32pi/5 c = 8pi/3 However I am confused about part d, particularly how to find the radius. The book gives the answer as 224pi/15, but I get 256pi/15. I did the following: pi*integral from 0 to 2 (4-y^2)^2dy, which gave me 256pi/15 when I worked it out. I may just be messing up the math, though I did the problem a few times the same way and got the same answer every time. I also tried using pi*integral from 0 to 2 16-y^4, but this also yielded the wrong answer. Basically I am not sure how to find the radius of the region it is asking for, when rotating around the line x=4.


^\xi$.
Since $\tfrac 1 2$ is less than the critical probability for oriented bond percolation in two dimensions $\approx.633$, a theorem of Licea-Newman-Piza applies and there is a rigorous lower bound $$\xi \ge 1/3$$ for your model. (cf. Theorem 4.3 in Howard - Models of First-Passage Percolation)
Suppose that $\gamma_n = \gamma^-_n \cup \gamma^+_n$ (i.e. the geodesic $\gamma_n$ meets the origin), so that $$2^\xi n^\xi \approx d(\gamma_n) = \max\{d(\gamma^-_n), d(\gamma^+_n)\} \approx n^\xi, $$ which suggests a contradiction since $2^\xi > 1$ by the lower bound $\xi \ge 1/3$.
Here's why it doesn't work. The exponent $\xi$ is precisely defined as the minimal power of $n$ such that the following hold: $$\lim_{n\to\infty} \mathbb P\left[d(\gamma^\pm_n) \le n^\xi \right] = 1 \qquad \mathrm{and} \qquad \lim_{n\to\infty} \mathbb P\left[d(\gamma_n) \le (2n)^\xi \right] = 1.$$ Since the $\approx$ signs above are really inequalities, there is no contradiction above.
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That's very interesting. I did not know that there is a (provable) lower bound for xsi and this certainly looks very relevant. (In fact stronger than my question...) – Gil Kalai Apr 28 '10 at 6:08
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Here is a sketch of a germ of an idea that might work. But don't take it too seriously.
Consider the space $E_k$ of grid paths from $(0,0)$ to $(2k+1,0)$ with nonnegative $x_2$-coordinate and Euclidean length $2k+3$. Associate such paths with functions in the obvious way. Now there are $\binom{2k+2}{2}$ such paths, $2\binom{k+1}{2}$ (i.e., proportionally just less than one half) of which contain the middle edge. Now there exists an assignment of edge lengths and corresponding coefficients $\{a_j\}_{j=1}^k \in \{0,1\}^k$ s.t. the sum $\gamma = \sum_{j=1}^k a_j \gamma_j$ is a shortest path (provided we require a nonnegative $x_2$-coordinate).
If the $a_j$ and $\gamma_j$ are selected uniformly at random, then the probability that the middle edge will be contained in $\gamma$ is asymptotically $2^{-k/2}$.
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Talking about naive attempts, I thought maybe a simple solution along these lines could be found, but I couldn't:
I denote by $p_k(n,2r)$ the probability that a shortest path from the origin to $(n,2r)$ contains the segment $(\lfloor \frac{n}{2}\rfloor,k)$ to $(\lfloor \frac{n}{2}\rfloor +1,k)$. A simple observation is that $p_k(n,2k)=p_k(n,0)$ (consider reflecting the path on the line $y=k$ in the region $x > \lfloor \frac{n}{2}\rfloor$). The idea is to show that $p_k(n,2k)$ is close to $p_0(n,0)$ for small $k$. One can do this maybe by considering a new rectangular grid spanned by $(1,\frac{2k}{n})$ and $(-\frac{2k}{n},1)$ (with suitable edge weight distribution) and trying to find the new $p_0'(n,0)$ which should be a good approximation of $p_k(n,2k)$.
Now if one can find a slowly decreasing function $f$ so that $p_k(n,2k)\approx f(p_0(n,0))$ in the range, say $|k|\le \sqrt{n}$ then $$1=\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty}p_k(n,0)=\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty}p_k(n,2k)\approx \int_{-\sqrt{n}}^{\sqrt{n}}f(p)dp \geq c\sqrt{n}p_0(n,0)$$ for some constant $c$. If $\lim_{n\to \infty}p_0(n,0)>0$ then the above inequality is obviously false for large enough $n$.
ETA: I realize this approach works if we were able to prove $$\liminf_{n\to \infty} p_{0}(n,0)=\liminf_{n\to \infty} p_k(n,0)$$ for any fixed $k$.
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UPDATE: Fixed typing error in 2nd paragraph (greater than -> less than or equal to)
UPDATE2: Fixed typing errors pointed out by Gil Kalai
UPDATE3: I put off the detailed version from my webpage
UPDATE4: The solution is wrong, as pointed out to me by Nathanaël Berestycki. It is of course not enough to consider only the path that goes directly from the origin to (n,0). I didn't read the problem properly. Sorry.
I don't know whether this problem is still open, but I think I have found an elementary proof for the original question. It is almost too simple to be true, but I don't see any mistake. Here's the sketch:
All numbers here are natural numbers between $0$ and $n$, and $n$ is sufficiently large. Fix a (large) $K$. Let $x_l$ be the smallest $x < n/3$, such that for all $1\le j \le K$, the length of the path $(x,0)\rightarrow (x,j) \rightarrow (x+K,j)$ is less than or equal to the length of the path $(x,0)\rightarrow (x+K,0)$. The arrow indicates that we take the direct path. For definiteness, set $x_l = \lfloor n/3 \rfloor + 1$ if such a number does not exist, but note that it exists with probability going to one as $n\rightarrow \infty$. Note further that since we took the smallest $x$ with the above property, conditioned on $x_l$, the lengths of the edges to the right of the vertical line $x=x_l+K$ are still independent, of the same law as before, and independent of the configuration to the left of this vertical line.
Now define $x_r$ by mirroring the above definition at the line $x=n/2$ (the largest $x>2n/3$, such that....)
Then, the paths $(x_l+K,j)\rightarrow(x_r-K,j)$ are independent for $0\le j\le K$, hence, with probability going to $K/(K+1)$, there exists $1\le j \le K$, such that the path $(x_l+K,j)\rightarrow(x_r-K,j)$ is shorter than $(x_l+K,0)\rightarrow(x_r-K,0)$.
Combining the above observations, with probability $K/(K+1) + o(1)$, there exist $x_l < n/3$, $x_r>2n/3$ and $1\le j \le K$ such that the path $(0,0) \rightarrow (x_l,0)\rightarrow (x_l,j)\rightarrow (x_r,j) \rightarrow (x_r,0) \rightarrow (n,0)$ is shorter than the path $(0,0) \rightarrow (n,0)$. Letting first $n\rightarrow \infty$, then $K\rightarrow\infty$ finishes the proof.
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Dear Pascal, it is a bit too sketchy for me to follow but it looks promising! (Also I supppose the vertical line is x=x_l+K). – Gil Kalai Sep 25 '11 at 13:26
_USER_: Thanks for having a look at the proof and pointing out the typos. I'd be glad to write down a detailed version, if the problem still interests you. – Pascal Maillard Sep 25 '11 at 17:22
Dear Pascal, yes definitely it is an interesting problem on its own, several people tried to prove it (including us) and it has some applications regarding geodesics in the random metric described by FPP. – Gil Kalai Sep 25 '11 at 19:51
Dear Pascal, the conjecture is from 2002 by Benjamini, Schramm and myself in the paper cited in the question itself.front.math.ucdavis.edu/0203.5262. It is mentioned at the bottom of page 2 and the top of page 5. Actually on page 5 a slightly stronger version that we needed is mentioned and maybe your method apply there too. –


text:
Step Into the Painting: Indiana History and Culture Through Art
Students will be given the opportunity to study a historical painting by a Hoosier artist. Several paintings have been pre-selected from the Haan Museum's collection to be used along with this program. Students will apply their growing academic skills and knowledge of Indiana and its relationships to other communities.
The skills and concepts could be related to students' lives and could be presented in a
variety of hands-on activities which include:
- Collecting or examining documents, photographs, or sites
- Making a visual model (a photograph of the student participating in the same activity as the historical painting depicts)
- Talking with community resource persons
- Visiting historical buildings or locations
Vertically articulated lesson plans based on Indiana State Standards are available upon request, as well as reproductions of the pre-selected paintings for class study.


text:
Wollemi Pines--The Dinosaur Tree--Threatened
The Australian pine once thought extinct and then rediscovered was reported in Treehugger when nursery cuttings of the unique Dinosaur Tree with the bubbly bark were put on sale to help support conservation efforts. Now the survival of this species is again threatened; this time by Phytophthora cinnamomi, a root-rotting fungus known for its activity as an invasive species moving out from its point of origin in Southeast Asia.
Studies done in 1995 failed to isolate Phytophthora cinnamomi and it was assumed the area was free of the fungus. Nonetheless, the Department of Environment and Conservation identified the fungus as (along with global warming) one of two key threats to the grove. Therefore, measures have been taken for decontamination of all personnel visiting the area for conservation efforts, and the authorities are confident that the approved activities to research and restore the species is not the source of the spread of Phytophthora cinnamomi to the Wollemi Pine. In spite of the very inaccessible and secret location, news of the discovery of this antique species has lured adventurers as evidence of footprints and fire pits have been noted, so the possibility that an unauthorized person tracked the fungus in cannot be ruled out.
Another name for Phytophthora cinnamomi is "Jarrah dieback" which rather well expresses the effect when the soil-borne fungus confronted native Jarrah trees. The Global Invasive Species Database has this to say about the fungus:
"Phytophthora cinnamomi is a destructive and widespread soil-borne pathogen that infects woody plant hosts. It requires moist soil conditions and warm temperatures to be active, but damage caused by the disease most often occurs in summer when plants are drought stressed. P. cinnamomi is one among the most destructive species of Phytophthora, and has been associated with the decline of several forestry, ornamental, and fruit industries as well as over 900 woody perennial plant species. Identification and diagnostic techniques for P. cinnamomi are expensive and require expert attention. Preventative measures and chemical application are the typical forms of control for this species. There are no eradication methods available to combat this species."
Efforts will now focus on confining the existing fungus by horticultural measures such as drainage patterns. Repressing it with fungicides may be attempted if test show the trees are resistant to the chemicals.


available, we can now start writing scenario selection rules. For example, the following rule selects all the scenarios for which all the rule tasks in the rule flow have been executed.
 the total tasks not executed of trace equals 0
 mark scenario derived from trace as selected ;
The following rule is more complex and involves conditions on both the scenario data and the execution information: it will select the scenario if the primary borrower is retired but the Retired Discount rule has been fired for the request.
Click to see code listing
 the employment status of the primary borrower of 'loan request' is "retired"andthere is one rule info in the rules not fired of trace
 where the business name of this rule info ends with "Retired Discount",
 mark scenario derived from trace as selected ;
In the last example below, the selection rule is looking for scenarios where more than three adjustment rules were applied to the request, and the request was still accepted.
Click to see code listing
 therearemorethan 3 ruleeventsin the execution events of tracewhere the name of the rule information of each rule event contains "Adjustment", and
 the status of 'loan response' is "accepted"
 mark scenario derived from trace as selected ;
Obviously, the rules can be more complex, involving conditions on the sequence of rules fired, the sequence of tasks executed, the objects used in the rules, and so on. It may also become necessary to instrument the raw BOM entry obtained from the JRules trace classes to extend the navigation capabilities through the execution event tree.
Still, since the selection rules are using a combination of the business vocabulary and an extra vocabulary derived from the execution trace properties, they are easily manageable by the business, which can write its specific test scenario mining queries without assistance from the IT group.
Creating the DVS Excel spreadsheet
Once the scenarios have been selected and collected, they need to be exported to a DVS spreadsheet. This last step is facilitated by the existence of the DVS API, which allows you to write, through the IlrExcel2003ScenarioSuiteWriter class, a map of input parameter names and input parameter objects as a test scenario to a given DVS Excel test suite template.
A detailed example of how to use this API can be found in the documentation of the Populate Excel scenario file template sample.
In this short column, I have shown an application of the business rules approach that operates not only on business application objects but also on objects coming from the rule platform API itself. The goal was to avoid as much as possible the design and implementation of a complex and ad hoc technical tool when the requirements were typically suited to the use of business rules.
The test scenario selection problem is indeed a typical validation problem, where the rules need to be written by business people and are bound to change often. These characteristics are a perfect match for the business rule approach.
The same type of approach can be used for other type of problems, where some analysis and processing is needed on objects that belong to the JRules BRMS platform itself. For example:
 - For the authoring phase, the writing of meta-rules (that is, rules acting on rule objects) to explore and validate some characteristics of the business rules written by the business.
 - For the execution phase, the writing of rules on reified rule engine artifacts, such as the execution trace we have presented in this article.
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ArticleTitle=BPM Voices: Using business rules to mine business rules test scenarios


Arab Name Meaning
Arab name meaning is Wish, Desire. Arab is a Muslim boy name and it is an Arabic originated name with multiple meanings and the associated lucky number is 2. Get proper spelling and pronunciation of name Arab.
Name Arab
Meaning Wish, Desire
Gender Boy
Audio How to Pronounce Arab Name
Origin Arabic
Lucky # 2
Religion Muslim
Short Name YES
Name Length 4 Letters and 1 Word
Arab Name Popularity & Rank : 463
Find Top Popular Ranked Names
Arab Name Meaning
Arab name meaning in English is Wish, Desire that clearly describes the expected significance of the name on personality. This name is based on 4 alphabets. According to the numerology prediction of this name, the lucky number is 2 and it impacts positively on personality development. People living in the UK, US, Canada, India, and Saudi Arabia can search for detail about this name online without any hassle. Find the correct meaning of the name along with the origin, gender, classification, and much more about this attractive name.
1) What is the lucky number of Arab?
The lucky number associated with the name Arab is "2".
2) What is the meaning of Arab?
The meaning of name Arab is "wish, desire".
3) What is the name LENGTH of Arab?
The Name Arab consists of 4 alphabets.
4) What is the religion of Arab name?
The religion of the name Arab is Muslim.
Arab Name : Review & Comment


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WebMD Medical News
Laura J. Martin, MD
April 14, 2011 -- The suicide rate in the United States rises when the economy slumps, and falls when economic times improve. And this has been the case at least since the Great Depression, which started with the stock market crash of 1929, the CDC says in a new study.
"Knowing suicides increased during economic recessions and fell during expansions underscores the need for additional suicide prevention measures when the economy weakens," James Mercy, PhD, of the CDC's Injury Center's Division of Violence Prevention, says in a news release. "It is an important finding for policymakers and those working to prevent suicide."
In economic recessions, companies cut back their workforces, leaving many people jobless. Unemployment often is associated with stressful situations such as financial and relationship problems that may increase suicide risk. When economic conditions improve on the other side of normal business cycles, called expansions, companies add workers and unemployment rates fall.
In the CDC study, the strongest association between economic recessions and suicides occurred in people between 25 and 64, which is considered the prime period of employment.
The study finds that:
"Economic problems can impact how people feel about themselves and their futures as well as their relationships with family and friends," Feijun Luo, PhD, a CDC economist and the study's author, says in a news release. "We know suicide is not caused by any one factor -- it is often a combination of many that lead to suicide. But there are many opportunities for prevention."
He says prevention strategies should focus on individuals, families, neighborhoods, and entire communities in order to reduce risk factors.
The CDC report suggests strategies to reduce or prevent suicides during hard times:
Luo says in the article that suicide ranked as the 11th leading cause of death in the U.S. in 2007 and was responsible for 34,598 deaths.
She writes that suicide is not only influenced by economic conditions, but also medical, psychological, social, and cultural factors.
SOURCES:News release, CDC.Luo, F. American Journal of Public Health, April 2011.
Here are the most recent story comments.View All
The views expressed here do not necessarily represent those of CW Arkansas
The Health News section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. See additional information.


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Toy spear throwers are deliberate in their design as they are meant to form part of the education of children. They give them the opportunity to practice spear throwing with games such as malu, a game where spears are thrown at moving pieces of bark. They are an important development process where the boys can improvise and make their own, or their father will make their sons miniature spears and a spear thrower, pre-initiation. They will continue to use this set until 12 to 16 years, when initiation has begun.
In the Rawlinson Range, Western Australia, decoration of spear throwers happens only after initiation, becoming more elaborate as knowledge increases.
Missions did encourage the manufacture of wood carvings, particularly of weaponry, for trade purposes. At Groote Eyelandt, the Northern Territory, Norman Tindale notice variations of form with a bigger body for decorative purposes and less handle space.
TagsAboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation Division Aboriginal Affairs Victoria Archival research Artefact Photography Artefacts Boord House Burial sites City of Marion Cultural Heritage Management Department of Indigenous Affairs Directed Study Excavation Field methods Field School Fieldschools Fieldwork Geophysical Techniques Heritage Legislation Historical Archaeology Indigenous Archaeology Kaurna Legislation Mallala Marion City Council Maritime Archaeology Master Class Mitcham Heritage Research Centre Museum Collections News Ngadjuri Our Achievements Our Staff Our Students OzArk Photography Port Adelaide Seven Stars Hotel South Australia South Australian Museum Space Archaeology Stone artefacts Stone Tools Student Placements Thesis Research World Archaeological Congress


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How do I know when my model is complete?
Your model in AIM is likely approaching completion when:
- The Information panel contains a complete list of Information used by your business, and you've used all of that Information in your model.
- There's no smoke (literally) coming out of your model — you've ensured that your model complies with all AIM information processing rules.
- You can reliably explain the model to business stakeholders and they recognize and endorse the model.
- You can reliably create AIM stories in your model and find that the model is sufficiently detailed (not too detailed, not too high level) to enable your narrative.
- You have used the Explore panel to review model attributes, and confirmed that your model tags are complete.
- You have created Shaders to help visualize different aspects of your business, including discrete and cumulative processing time, and have identified areas of focus for digital transformation.
- You can reliably build a worksheet containing project work packages and your model is sufficiently granular to enable overlaying of work packages. You can use this portfolio view to identify areas where multiple projects may be seeking to drive change without being aware of each other.


text:
Solving Unit Rate Problems
Learn a strategy for solving unit rate problems in this Math Shorts video.
Please visit the PBS LearningMedia library to access the supplementary learning materials included with this video.
Common Core State Standards: CCSS.Math.Content.6.RP.A.3b (Grade 6): Solve unit rate problems including those involving unit pricing and constant speed. For example, if it took 7 hours to mow 4 lawns, then at that rate, how many lawns could be mowed in 35 hours? At what rate were lawns being mowed?
Utah Education Network


text:
FAQ Mini-Roleplays (Practicing Present Simple)
INTRO: This roleplay is a suitable activity for:
Elementary studentsfor present simple requests: "Where is..?"
"Could I?" "How much?" etc.
Pre-Intermediate studentsindirect requests with verb "to be": "Do
you know where it is?" and "to do": "Could you tell me how much it
Intermediate studentsrequests using "if" and gerunds: "Is it Ok
if?" "Would you mind if?" "Would it be OK if..?" "I wonder if I
could? Would you mind telling me if? "I was wondering
Write the words Airline, Fair, Hospital, Ticket Counter, University, Mall,
& Library in a list down the board. Ask the students to give a (local if
possible) name to each place. For example:
Ticket Counter........Skytrain Ticket Counter etc.
Select a student and ask them to choose one location and tell them
they work at the the information counter and that you (the teacher) are a
customer requesting information. Suppose they choose the Skytrain
Ticket Counter and you are teaching an elementary class you might
"When does the next train to downtown leave?"
"How much does a ticket cost?"
"Is there a train at 1AM?
Can I buy a drink on the platform?"
and so on..
Model a roleplay with the student.
Ask pairs of students to select one location. Cross out the locations on
the board as They are selected. Tell the students to write down 5
requests they might at ask at the information counter of their chosen
location. Check their questions as they write.
Finally, for the roleplay, ask one student from each pair to stand up with
the questions. Tell them to walk around the room and talk to the seated
students. For example:
STUDENT A (standing): You are the Bangkok University Information
STUDENT B (seated): OK.
STUDENT A (standing): Excuse me, when does the next term begin?
STUDENT B (seated): : It begins on
STUDENT A (standing): And can I register late?
STUDENT B (seated):Well,..
After the standing students have roleplayed with a number of students
tell them to sit down and get the sitting students to stand and be the


Learn Through Videos: Engineering
Ancient Inventions
This is a BBC documentary series presented by Terry Jones, looking at great inventions of the ancient world and their influences in our modern world.
Ancient Discoveries
This series shows that many inventions which are thought to be modern have ancient roots or in some cases may have been lost and then reinvented.
Leonardo da Vinci
This is a three-part BBC documentary series telling the life story of Leonardo da Vinci who was not only a great artist, but also a great inventor, engineer and anatomist.
Secrets of Lost Empires
This attempts to reveal secrets of ancient architects and engineers through Pharaoh's Obelisk, Easter Island's big statues, Roman public bathhouse, and China's Rainbow bridges.
What the Ancients Did for Us
This is a BBC documentary series presented by Adam Hart-Davis that examines the impact of ancient civilizations on modern society.
Big, Bigger, Biggest
This is a four-part documentary series exploring the engineering breakthroughs behind the world's biggest structures - Burj Dubai, USS Nimitz, Japan's Akashi Bridge, and London Heathrow Airport.
Richard Hammond's Engineering Connections 2
This is a six-part documentary series presented by Richard Hammond, looking at the engineering connections behind the world's most advanced structures.
James Burke's Connections II
This is a twenty-episode documentary television series presented by science historian James Burke, presenting an interdisciplinary approach to the history of science and invention.
The Virtual Revolution
Download: The True Story of the Internet
Digital Nation: Life on the Virtual Frontier
The Age of Big Data
Horizon meets the people at the forefront of the data revolution, and reveals the possibilities and the promise of the age of big data.
Inside the Mind of Google
Maria Bartiromo takes viewers Inside The Mind of Google for a rare look at the world's most powerful technology company and its crown jewel, the Google Internet search engine.
Smartest Machine on Earth
"Watson," an IBM computing system, is gearing up for a first-of-its-kind challenge - taking on human contestants on the game show Jeopardy!
A Science Odyssey - Bigger, Better, Faster
This program tells the hidden stories behind the major technological innovations of the past hundred years, such as the airplane, automobile, synthetic materials, radio, and the Internet.
Page: 1 2 3 4 5 6


Over 200,000 Fish Found Dead in Argentine Lake
Environmental officials have several possible theories about what could have caused this, including insufficient oxygen in the water. That could have led to respiratory dysfunction or water contamination. Another possibility is that some sort of poisonous substance was dumped in the lake.
Because the lake supplies water to several nearby towns, the reservoir's water quality has been tested and the results will be announced in the upcoming days. Lake Ipizca, which attracts about 400 fishermen and water sports fans a week, will remain closed until this mystery has been solved.
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About Site Map Contact Us
|A service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine®|
On this page:
Reviewed July 2012
What is the official name of the ERCC8 gene?
The official name of this gene is "excision repair cross-complementing rodent repair deficiency, complementation group 8."
ERCC8 is the gene's official symbol. The ERCC8 gene is also known by other names, listed below.
Read more about gene names and symbols on the About page.
What is the normal function of the ERCC8 gene?
The ERCC8 gene provides instructions for making a protein commonly called the Cockayne syndrome A (CSA) protein. Little is known about the function of this protein, although it is involved in repairing damaged DNA. DNA can be damaged by ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun and by toxic chemicals, radiation, and unstable molecules called free radicals. The damage caused by these agents can block vital cell activities such as gene transcription, which is the first step in protein production. If left uncorrected, DNA damage accumulates, which causes cells to malfunction and can lead to cell death.
Although DNA damage occurs frequently, normal cells are usually able to fix it before it can cause problems. Cells have several mechanisms to correct DNA damage; one such mechanism involves the CSA protein. This protein specializes in repairing damaged DNA within active genes (those genes undergoing gene transcription). However, its specific role in this process is unclear. The CSA protein interacts with other proteins, probably to identify areas of damaged DNA.
How are changes in the ERCC8 gene related to health conditions?
Where is the ERCC8 gene located?
Cytogenetic Location: 5q12.1
Molecular Location on chromosome 5: base pairs 60,169,658 to 60,240,904
The ERCC8 gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 5 at position 12.1.
More precisely, the ERCC8 gene is located from base pair 60,169,658 to base pair 60,240,904 on chromosome 5.
See How do geneticists indicate the location of a gene? in the Handbook.
Where can I find additional information about ERCC8?
You and your healthcare professional may find the following resources about ERCC8 helpful.
You may also be interested in these resources, which are designed for genetics professionals and researchers.
What other names do people use for the ERCC8 gene or gene products?
See How are genetic conditions and genes named? in the Handbook.
Where can I find general information about genes?
The Handbook provides basic information about genetics in clear language.
These links provide additional genetics resources that may be useful.
What glossary definitions help with understanding ERCC8?
acids ; amino acid ; cell ; deficiency ; DNA ; DNA damage ; DNA repair ; free radicals ; gene ; gene transcription ; mutation ; NER ; nucleotide ; nucleotide excision repair ; pigmentation ; protein ; radiation ; sensitivity ; sun sensitivity ; syndrome ; toxic ; transcription ; UV rays
You may find definitions for these and many other terms in the Genetics Home Reference Glossary.
See also Understanding Medical Terminology.
References (11 links)
The resources on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. Users seeking information about a personal genetic disease, syndrome, or condition should consult with a qualified healthcare professional. See How can I find a genetics professional in my area? in the Handbook.


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Creating JavaFX sequences in Java programs (Part I)
By Michael Heinrichs on Jun 15, 2008
The last article explained, how sequences are represented in the runtime and touched some of the possibilities to create new JavaFX sequences in Java programs. This article and the follow-up will focus on sequence-creation and give an overview of additional possibilities.
The helper-class Sequences
The helper class Sequences in the package com.sun.javafx.runtime.sequence provides a number of methods to create sequences. Most of them have also been presented in the last article.
The methods can be divided in two groups. The first group are distinct factory methods. They create a new sequence from some kind of elements-list:
- make() - Creates a sequence from a java.util.List, a part of an array or from explicitly listed elements.
- fromArray() - Creates a sequence from the elements of an array.
- fromCollection - Creates a new sequence with the elements of a given Collection. Since the elements of a Collection are unordered there is no guarantee about the order in the sequence.
- range / rangeExclusive() - Creates sequences, which represent Integeror Number-intervals.
- singleton - Creates a sequence with a single element.
- emptySequence() - Creates an empty sequence.
The second group alters an existing sequence. As sequences are implemented immutable, a new sequence is created and returned.
- concatenate() - Creates a new sequence by concatenating sequences.
- filter() - Creates a new sequence by masking out some of the elements of a sequence.
- reverse - Creates a new sequence by reversing the order of a sequence.
- subsequence - Creates a sequence, which is a fragment of a sequence.
- upcast - Creates a new sequence by upcasting the elements of a sequence.
- map - Creates a sequence which one would get after applying a mapping-function to the elements of a sequence. The mapping-function must be defined by implementing the interface SequenceMapper, which is also part of the package com.sun.javafx.runtime.sequence.
- sort - Creates a new sequence by sorting the elements of a given sequence. The order can be induced either by the natural order of the elements, if they implement java.util.Comparable, or by providing a java.util.Comparator of the elements.
The class SequenceBuilder
The SequenceBuilder in the package com.sun.javafx.runtime.sequence provides a convenient way to create sequences incrementally. It is similar to the class StringBuilder, which creates Strings.
An instance of SequenceBuilder can only create one sequence at a time. It starts with an empty sequence to which elements are appended by calling one of its add()-methods. The result can be extracted by calling the method toSequence().


How Many Utters does a Cow have?
Do you mean udder? Cows have only one udder, but that single udder contains four teats, and those four teats contain one mammary gland. That seemed like alot to explain.
1 Additional Answer Answer for: how many utters does a cow have
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Bovidae Genus: Bos Species: Bos taurus
Like most domestic animals, Bos taurus, the domestic cow, is currently found throughout much of the world. The wild ancestors of cows were native to northern Africa, Europe, and southern Asia. Domestic cows are large, sturdy... More »
Q&A Related to "How Many Utters does a Cow have?"
1. Gently wash the udders with warm water to soften them before milking. This also cleans the udders. 2. Pick a moisturizer or balm especially designed for moisturizing cow udders
Cows have one udder. That one udder contains four teats which each contain a single mammary gland. Extra teats can occur, but they are not functional.You can find more information
the part that the calf sucks to get milk First answer by ID3434483670. Last edit by ID3434483670. Question popularity: 1 [recommend question].
A cows udders are made of skin. They are the mammary glands of the cow, from which she
Explore this Topic
A milk cow's udder has four separate parts. The right and left halves are separated by a wall called the medial suspensory ligament. All of the parts...
The male cow bulls do not have udders in real life. Males lack a mammary structure, but they do have teats. The teats on them are very small all through their...
The answer to your question of how long after a cow is pregnant does her utter start to fill up is generally a two to four weeks before the calf is born....


By implementing new NMR methods that were designed to map very slow exchange processes we have investigated and characterized the refolding kinetics of a thermodynamically stable 34mer RNA sequence in dynamic equilibrium. The RNA sequence was designed to undergo a topologically favored conformational exchange between different hairpin folds, serving as a model to estimate the minimal time required for more complex RNA folding processes. Chemically prepared RNA sequences with sequence-selective 15N labels provided the required signal separation and allowed a straightforward signal assignment of the imino protons by HNN correlation experiments. The 2D version of the new 1H-detected 15N exchange spectroscopy (EXSY) pulse sequence provided cross-peaks for resonances belonging to different folds that interchange on the time scale of longitudinal relaxation of 15N nuclei bound to imino protons. The 34mer RNA sequence exhibits two folds which exchange on the observable time scale (tau_obs T1{15N} < 5 s) and a third fold which is static on this time scale. A 1D version of the 15N exchange experiment allowed the measurement of the exchange rates between the two exchanging folds as a function of temperature and the determination of the corresponding activation energies Ea and frequency factors A. We found that the refolding rates are strongly affected by an entropically favorable preorientation of the replacing strand. The activation energies are comparable to values obtained for the slow refolding of RNA sequences of similar thermodynamic stability but less favorable topology.


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But why 1335 days instead of 1340 days or 15173 days?
What is the significance of that number?
The two numbers, 1,290 days and 1,335 days, are associated with the time, times and a half
, mentioned in the same chapter. [Dan 12:7] They help us to interpret the expression, a time, times and a half
, as they both fit the pattern
present in that expression.
1,335 days is three and a half years where one year has 12 months, and the rest 13, taking the months as 30 days.
1,290 days is three and a half years where one year has 13 months, and the rest 12, taking the months as 30 days.
Of course, no natural
three years and a half could possibly equal 1,335 days, or 1,290 days, so they must be symbolic
. The largest number represents the whole of the time that Christ waits, for his church to make herself ready for his return. The 1,290 days represents a shorter period, the remaining time after the abomination was set up, the antichrist spirit that John said was already in the church. It "shall speak great words against the most High, and shall wear out the saints of the most High, and think to change times and laws: and they shall be given into his hand until a time and times and the dividing of time." [Dan 7:25] This has happened throughout all the history of the church since the days of the apostles.
Below is another scholarly discussion on the meaning of the "time, times and a half" and related time periods in Revelation.
Patrick Fairbairn (_PHONE_) was a notable Scottish Presbyterian pastor and scholar. He was divinity professor and principal of the Free Church College, Glasgow. The following is part of his discussion of the time periods of chapters 11, 12, and 13 of the Apocalypse, from Prophecy viewed in respect to its distinctive nature, its special function, and proper interpretation. [T. and T. Clark, Edinburgh. 1865]
It remains only to notice the indications of time contained in the portion of the Apocalypse we have been surveying. These appear to be simply three, though one of them is expressed in a threefold manner. It is the period of the church's tried and oppressed condition--denoted first in chap. xi. 2, as a period of forty-two months, during which "the holy city is trodden down of the Gentiles," during which also the beast was to continue in its power to blaspheme and injure (chap. xiii. 5); then as consisting of 1260 days (forty-two months multiplied by 30 days), during which the witnesses, representatives of a faithful, but oppressed and persecuted church, were to prophecy, chap. xi. 3, and the church was to abide in the wilderness, chap. xii. 6, having a place and food prepared for her by God; and finally, as a time, times and a half (corresponding to one year of twelve months, two of the same, and a half-year of six, or to forty-two months, or again to 1260 days), during which the church was to remain and be fed in the wilderness, chap. xii. 14. In Dan. vii. 25, where the expression first occurs, it is the time during which the saints of God were to be given into the hand of the power that was to speak great words against the Most High. These are manifestly but different modes of expressing one and the same period, as the state of things also to which they are applied is substantially identical, though variously represented. For the sojourn in the wilderness on the part of the faithful and proper spouse, the treading down of the holy city by those who belonged only to the court of the Gentiles, and the testifying for the truth of God by a faithful remnant clothed in sackcloth, and wrestling against error and corruption; these are obviously but different symbolical representations of the same abnormal and dislocated state of things. The other two periods mentioned are both very brief, as compared with the one just noticed. The shortest is that during which the bodies of the faithful witnesses are represented as lying dead, though unburied, three and a half days, chap. xi. 12; and the other is the five months during which the scorpion-locusts were to have power to torment the followers of the beast, chap. ix. 5.
Now, it is scarcely possible to avoid being struck even on the most cursory inspection of these periods, with a peculiarity that is common to them all--the broken and incomplete aspect they present. A certain whole was evidently in respect to each of them in the mind of the Divine author of the vision, as that toward which the parties spoken of were aiming, but were arrested midway in their career. This is particularly observable in the largest and by much the most important number, which in every form--whether as time, times and a half, or as the months and days that make up three and a half years--is most expressive of an unfinished course, a period somehow cut off in the middle. In like manner, the three and a half days of rejoicing over the unburied corpses of the slain witnesses, betokens the same violent and abrupt termination of the course indicated; in their ungodly triumph, the adversaries could not complete more than half of one of the briefest revolutions of time--one of the smallest cycles of the whole period allotted to the ascendency of evil. The incompleteness may appear less palpable in the five months specified for the plague of scorpion-locusts; but it will scarcely do so to those who have attended to the use made in Scripture of ten with reference to certain kinds of totality. The five is simply the broken ten.
So marked a peculiarity in the use of all these numbers is itself a strong presumption in favour of their symbolical import It seems to stamp their value as indications of relative, rather than of absolute periods of duration--relative both as regards each other, and also as regards an ideal whole. And it will appear to do so the more convincingly the more the periods are viewed in reference to the parties mentioned, which are the entire spiritual church throughout the world, on the one side, and the whole antichristian power on the other; for in regard to such vast bodies, and their wide-reaching interests, what could such periods avail in their natural sense! They could obviously afford but a mere fraction of the time necessary for the accomplishment of the results connected with them; nor could such results in actual history be shut up into any periods consisting of such exact and definite measures. Another, and very powerful consideration in favour of the same view is the place of these historical numbers--surrounded on every hand, not with the literal, but with the symbolical. The woman that is persecuted, and the dragon who persecutes; the wilderness into which she flees, and the floods sent after her; the beast that rages against the truth, and the two witnesses who testify for it to the death; the holy city that is trodden down, and the Egypt or Babylon by whom the treading is effected; all are symbolically used, and shall the periods of working be otherwise than symbolical? In that case there would be the violation of one of the plainest laws of symbolical writing, and confusion and arbitrariness, as a matter of necessity, would be brought into the interpretation. It is true, the number seven, as applied to the heads of the beast, and the number ten spoken of its ultimate forms of separate organization, have already been found by us to possess a kind of historical verification. But this, when more closely considered, manifests an evident striving after the symbolical. For, it is to make out the number seven, that St John diverges so strikingly here from the representation of Daniel, taking in the two earlier worldly kingdoms, which Daniel had omitted, and making of the divided state of Daniel's fourth empire a separate kingdom--the seventh. Nay, even this seventh he calls in a sense also the eighth--chap. xvii. 11--although seven still is taken as the proper number, because it alone has the proper symbolical import. The beast comes into view mainly as the rival of God, and seven being the common symbol of completeness for the Divine manifestations in the world (Isa. xxx. 26; Zech. iii. 9, iv. 2; Prov. ix. 1; Rev. i. 4, iii. 1, etc.)--originating, no doubt, in the sevenfold acts of God at creation--the worldly rival of God's power and glory in the world is, in token of its God-defying character, presented under the same number of manifestations. For a like reason the divided state of the last manifestation is distributed into the number ten. This also is often used as a symbol of completeness, on which account the ancients called it the perfect number, which comprehends all others in itself. But it commonly denotes completeness in respect to human interests and relations--as in the tithes or tenths (ten being regarded as comprising the entire property, from which one was selected to do homage to him who gave the whole), and the ten commandments, the sum of man's dutiful obedience. When, therefore, the divided state into which the modern Roman world fell, is represented under ten horns or kingdoms,