text:
Using Positron Emission Tomography to Predict Intracranial Tumor Growth in Neurofibromatosis Type II Patients
- Neurofibromatosis type II (NF2) is associated with tumors of the nerves, brain, and spinal cord. Most people with NF2 develop vestibular schwannomas, or tumors on the hearing and balance nerves. As they grow, vestibular schwannomas can cause hearing loss and balance problems. If they grow very large they can cause more serious problems, such as seizures, loss of eyesight, weakness, speech problems, and problems with the sense of touch. More research is needed into NF2 because researchers do not completely understand why these tumors occur or what makes them grow over time.
- Currently, tumor size is measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. However, MRI scans cannot predict how fast a tumor will grow. By using positron emission tomography (PET) scanning, researchers hope to be able to predict sudden growth spurts of tumors associated with NF2 and develop better treatment methods for this type of cancer.
- To use magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography to better understand the growth of brain tumors in people with neurofibromatosis type II.
- Individuals between 18 and 50 years of age who have been diagnosed with NF2 and have at least three untreated intracranial tumors.
- This study requires an initial set of outpatient visits to the NIH Clinical Center that will last 7 to 10 days.
- Participants will have a physical and neurological examination and blood tests at the first visit. Participants will then have the following imaging studies to examine the tumors:
- MRI scans of the brain
- PET scans of the brain, combined with a computed tomography (CT) scan. The PET scans will be performed on separate days. Different contrast agents will be used for both scans, so researchers will inform participants if they need to fast or follow other procedures before having the scan.
- After the initial imaging studies, participants will have additional MRI scans every 6 months for 2 years to track tumor growth.
Nervous System Disease
|Study Design:||Time Perspective: Prospective|
|Official Title:||Using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) to Predict Intracranial Tumor Growth in Neurofibromatosis Type II (NF2) Patients|
|Study Start Date:||September 2010|
The objective of this prospective observational study of intracranial tumors in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is to gain insight into the use of 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) and 3'-deoxy-3'-18F-fluorothymidine (FLT) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) as a predictive measure of future tumor growth patterns.
Twelve patients, ages 18-50, with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of NF2 and harboring at least 3 unoperated intracranial tumors (meningiomas and/or vestibular schwannomas) will participate in this study.
Study participants will be evaluated with a thorough physical and neurologic examination upon enrollment. This initial outpatient evaluation will include contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, FDG-PET/CT and FLT-PET/CT scans.
Subjects will be followed as outpatients for two years, during which time MRI evaluation will be performed every six months.
Based on data derived from this study, we hope to correlate FDG-PET/CT and FLT-PET/CT scans with metabolic activity and cellular proliferation within tumors. These findings will help us better forecast tumor growth and senescence. These findings should permit the safer treatment of the subset of tumors that will grow and cause symptoms and avoid the unnecessary treatment of lesions that will remain stable (not requiring treatment) in these patients.
|Contact: Gretchen C Scott, R.N.||Not _EMAIL_|
|Contact: Ashok R Asthagiri, M.D.||(301) _EMAIL_|
|United States, Maryland|
|National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 9000 Rockville Pike||Recruiting|
|Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892|
|Contact: For more information at the NIH Clinical Center contact Patient Recruitment and Public Liaison Office (PRPL) _PHONE_ ext TTY8664111010 _EMAIL_|
|Principal Investigator:||Ashok R Asthagiri, M.D.||National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)|


Quick Answer: How Do Funeral Directors Collect A Body?
Who picks up body after death?
The median salary for a coroner is $67,870..
Do undertakers sew mouths shut?
Undertakers close the mouth by means of what they call a jaw suture: a long stitch made inside the mouth with a curved, threaded needle through the bottom lip beneath the teeth, up under the top lip, through the septum and back down into the mouth. … Be sure to tell your undertaker what he or she may or must not do.
Do bodies explode in coffins?
Do you poop when you die?
Do morticians remove eyes?
Do they bury you with clothes on?
It's been a common practice for centuries to be buried or cremated in fine clothing and surrounded by mementos of a life well lived. But every cremation is different, and not all clothing or accessories are safe to include.
What does a funeral director do to a body?
To embalm the body, they inject preservative chemicals into the circulatory system. Using a special machine, the blood is removed and replaced with the embalming fluid. Refrigeration can also preserve the body, but it's not always available. If it's necessary to transport unembalmed remains, they may be packed in ice.
Do funeral homes put undergarments on deceased?
Most funeral homes keep a supply of undergarments on hand to protect the modesty of the deceased and will always have cosmetics available. … If the decedent comes into the funeral home wearing jewelry it is common practice for it to either remain with the body or be given to the family/ person making arrangements.
Do morticians sew mouths shut?
Mouths are sewn shut from the inside. Eyes are dried and plastic is kept under the eyelids to maintain a natural shape. After the embalming, the body is washed. … Makeup—but not too much—is applied to lessen the 'waxy look' a dead body might have.
What do funeral homes do with the blood from dead bodies?
Can you have an open casket after gunshot to head?
In the rare instance, but it does happen, that the gunshot has come out somewhere in the back of the head and is not visible in the face; then the funeral home should be able to clean up the body well enough for an open casket.
How long can Funeral Homes hold a body?


text:
I wish to calculate connection, curvature, Ricci curvature etc. for a
Riemannian metric given as follows: there is an orthogonal frame of vector
fields with stipulated Lie bracket relations between them. The frame is
orthogonal but not orthonormal, and the lengths of its vector fields are functions
of a single function on the manifold. Given these metric values on the frame and the
Lie bracket relations, the covariant derivatives are in principle computable from the
Koszul formula, hence connection and curvature are all determined.
When I try to define the metric using a dual coframe in ATLAS's Metric
routine, it allows me to define it but claims there is not actual curvature.
From the help it seems the coframes used in this routine are always given
as differentials of coordinates. Is there a way to get the metric via the data
given above without putting in by hand all the different Koszul formulas etc.?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Even though water heaters are typically used on a daily basis, most homeowners know very little about water heaters. Generally, homeowners tend to only notice their water heater when there is no hot water.
While homeowners typically know very little about water heaters, there are many regulations concerning water heaters that must be carefully followed. These regulations are put in place for safety reasons. If used incorrectly, water heaters can cause serious damage to property and people.
Even though there are numerous regulations concerning water heaters, some of the regulations are more important than others because of what the regulations involve. Three of the main water heater regulations that can impact water heater operations are:
1. Physical dimensions of water heaters.
2. How manufacturers build water heaters.
3. Water heater energy efficiency standards.
Physical Dimensions Of Water Heaters
The physical dimensions of water heaters can have a huge impact on water heater operations. The height, width, and depth dimensions of water heaters are typically determined and set through water heater regulations.
It is important to have regulations pertaining to the physical dimensions of water heaters. The reason is that water heater size can affect how and where water heaters can be installed along with the amount of energy that is consumed on a daily basis.
How Manufacturers Build Water Heaters
Manufacturers have water heater regulations that they must adhere to regarding the design and development of water heaters. Manufacturers cannot just build water heaters in any desired manner. Water heater regulations are important because the regulations give all manufacturers set guidelines concerning how water heaters can be built.
In addition, the regulations ensure that all water heaters must meet the same guidelines to be placed on the market. This helps protect consumers and allows all activities concerning water heaters to be the same for everyone.
Water Heater Energy Efficiency Standards
The amount of energy that water heaters consume can have a large impact on power bills. Therefore, water heater regulations are in place to set standards for water heater energy efficiency. Water heaters that utilize energy more efficiently reduce the amount of energy required to use the water heaters. This helps individuals and everyone as a whole because energy is conserved.
Regulations are very important concerning water heaters. These regulations benefit everyone from manufacturers to consumers. The water heater regulations give everyone the same guidelines to follow related to water heaters and this develops uniformity for all water heater related matters.
Any hold-ups regarding your water heater? Call All City Plumbing at _PHONE_ today for any of your repair or maintenance requests.


text:
Novel microRNA families expanded in the human genome
BACKGROUND:Most studies on the origin and evolution of microRNA in the human genome have been focused on its relationship with repetitive elements and segmental duplications. However, duplication events at a smaller scale (<1 kb) could also contribute to microRNA expansion, as demonstrated in this study.RESULTS:Using comparative genome analysis and bioinformatics methods, we found nine novel expanded microRNA families enriched in short duplicated sequences in the human genome. Furthermore, novel genomic regions were found to contain microRNA paralogs for microRNA families previously analyzed to be related to segmental duplications. We found that for microRNA families expanded in the human genome, 14 families are specific to the primate lineage, and nine are non-specific, respectively. Two microRNA families (hsa-mir-1233 and hsa-mir-622) appear to be further expanded in the human genome, and were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. These novel microRNA families expanded in the human genome were mostly embedded in or close to proteins with conserved functions. Furthermore, besides the Alu element, L1 elements could also contribute to the origination of microRNA paralog families.CONCLUSIONS:Together, we found that small duplication events could also contribute to microRNA expansion, which could provide us novel insights on the evolution of human genome structure and function.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Customized statistical tables
The statistical tool includes economic and social data from 195 countries and territories, with particular reference to children's well-being. Users can choose their countries and indicators to build tables on the fly, or download the numbers into an Excel spreadsheet.
Download the 10 statistical tables in one single PDF file or as individual files in PDF or excel formats.
Go to the downloadable statistical tables >>


text:
Use Select menu commands
Use commands on the Select menu to select objects in your document window.
To select all unlocked objects
On the Select menu, click All (or press CTRL+A).
Note that guides, locked objects, and objects on locked layers are not selected.
To deselect all selected objects
On the Select menu, click Deselect (or press CTRL+SHIFT+A).
If you want to deselect all the selected objects and select all the previously unselected items, use the Invert command. For example, if you have only the objects on the right side of your page selected when you select this command, those objects will become deselected and all the objects on the left side of the page will become selected. Of course, locked objects remain unselected.
To invert your current selection
On the Select menu, click Invert.
If you have an object selected, you can select all similar objects (with the same stroke name, stroke color, fill, or font) using the Select By command.
To select objects with specific attributes
On the Select menu, click Select By.
Click one or more attributes for your selection criteria.
For more information about how to use this command, see Select objects using shared attributes.
If you select the clone of any path, you can select the original path (the master path) by using the Select Master command.
To select the master path
On the Select menu, click Select Master.
To select a slice and the contents of the slice
Under Slice Layer in the Layers panel, make sure that the slice is visible and unlocked. Otherwise, you will not be able to select it. If a slice is hidden, click the Toggle Visibility button. If the slice is locked, click the Toggle Lock button.
Select a slice on the artboard or under Slice Layer in the Layers panel.
On the Select menu, click Select Slice Contents.


text:
Sea sponges have been used to soak up menstrual blood for decades. Much like a tampon, a sea sponge is inserted into the vaginal canal, where its super absorbency slurps up what your uterus is shedding. In fact, according to the Museum Of Menstruation and Women's Health:
Women have probably used sponges to absorb menstrual discharge for thousands of years, but they have also used them as contraceptives and for putting medication into the vagina (as with tampons; see hieroglyphics from about 1550 BCE). Sometimes it's hard to say which sponge was used for what - but maybe women sometimes used them for all three purposes.
So. Sea sponge: Not new. What is new? Calling it the Jam Sponge. As in jam it up in there? As in, what comes out looks like strawberry jam? Back to the drawing board with you.
The Jam Sponge: The Feminine Product With An Attitude! [BWE]
Jam Sponge [Official Site]


text:
Published on December 10, 2012 by Casey
The industriousness and cooperative spirit of ants sometimes features in Native American folktales, as it does in the folklore of many cultures around the world. In some southwestern tribes, ants played a more important mythological role– in the Cahuilla creation myth, it was ants who spread the earth out for people ant animals to live upon, and in Hopi mythology, it was the Ant People who sheltered humans underground during the destruction of the First World. In northern California tribes, ants were said to predict earthquakes, and it was considered taboo to disturb their nests. In South America, ants are more often portrayed as warriors in Indian legends, probably because of the painful sting inflicted by South American fire ants, and some Native South American initiation rites involve young people subjecting themselves to ant bites.
dna testing, dna ancestry testing, ancestry, genealogy, indian genealogy records, paternity testing, turquoise jewelry, native american jewelry
Ants are not a common clan animal, but there are some southwestern tribes with Ant Clans, including the Hopi, Pueblo, and Akimel O'odham (Pima) tribes. Ant groupings were particularly important among the Pimas, where the people of every Pima village used to be divided into one Red Ant Clan and one White Ant Clan.


scipy.signal.place_poles(A, B, poles, method='YT', rtol=0.001, maxiter=30)[source]
Compute K such that eigenvalues (A - dot(B, K))=poles.
K is the gain matrix such as the plant described by the linear system AX+BU will have its closed-loop poles, i.e the eigenvalues A - B*K, as close as possible to those asked for in poles.
SISO, MISO and MIMO systems are supported.
A, B : ndarray
State-space representation of linear system AX + BU.
poles : array_like
Desired real poles and/or complex conjugates poles. Complex poles are only supported with method="YT" (default).
method: {'YT', 'KNV0'}, optional
Which method to choose to find the gain matrix K. One of:
 - 'YT': Yang Tits
 - 'KNV0': Kautsky, Nichols, Van Dooren update method 0
See References and Notes for details on the algorithms.
rtol: float, optional
After each iteration the determinant of the eigenvectors of A - B*K is compared to its previous value, when the relative error between these two values becomes lower than rtol the algorithm stops. Default is 1e-3.
maxiter: int, optional
Maximum number of iterations to compute the gain matrix. Default is 30.
full_state_feedback : Bunch object
full_state_feedback is composed of:
gain_matrix : 1-D ndarray
The closed loop matrix K such as the eigenvalues of A-BK are as close as possible to the requested poles.
computed_poles : 1-D ndarray
The poles corresponding to A-BK sorted as first the real poles in increasing order, then the complex congugates in lexicographic order.
requested_poles : 1-D ndarray
The poles the algorithm was asked to place sorted as above, they may differ from what was achieved.
X : 2D ndarray
The transfer matrix such as X * diag(poles) = (A - B*K)*X (see Notes)
rtol : float
The relative tolerance achieved on det(X) (see Notes). rtol will be NaN if the optimisation algorithms can not run, i.e when B.shape[1] == 1, or 0 when the solution is unique.
nb_iter : int
The number of iterations performed before converging. nb_iter will be NaN if the optimisation algorithms can not run, i.e when B.shape[1] == 1, or 0 when the solution is unique.
The Tits and Yang (YT), [R195] paper is an update of the original Kautsky et al. (KNV) paper [R194]. KNV relies on rank-1 updates to find the transfer matrix X such that X * diag(poles) = (A - B*K)*X, whereas YT uses rank-2 updates. This yields on average more robust solutions (see [R195] pp 21-22), furthermore the YT algorithm supports complex poles whereas KNV does not in its original version. Only update method 0 proposed by KNV has been implemented here, hence the name 'KNV0'.
KNV extended to complex poles is used in Matlab's place function, YT is distributed under a non-free licence by Slicot under the name robpole. It is unclear and undocumented how KNV0 has been extended to complex poles (Tits and Yang claim on page 14 of their paper that their method can not be used to extend KNV to complex poles), therefore only YT supports them in this implementation.
As the solution to the problem of pole placement is not unique for MIMO systems, both methods start with a tentative transfer matrix which is altered in various way to increase its determinant. Both methods have been proven to converge to a stable solution, however depending on the way the initial transfer matrix is chosen they will converge to different solutions and therefore there is absolutely no guarantee that using 'KNV0' will yield results similar to Matlab's or any other implementation of these algorithms.
Using the default method 'YT' should be fine in most cases; 'KNV0' is only provided because it is needed by 'YT' in some specific cases. Furthermore 'YT' gives on average more robust results than 'KNV0' when abs(det(X)) is used as a robustness indicator.
[R195] is available as a technical report on the following URL:
[R194](1, 2, 3) J. Kautsky, N.K. Nichols and P. van Dooren, "Robust pole assignment in linear state feedback", International Journal of Control, Vol. 41 pp. _PHONE_, 1985.
[R195](1, 2, 3, 4) A.L. Tits and Y. Yang, "Globally convergent algorithms for robust pole assignment by state feedback, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 41, pp. _PHONE_, 1996.
A simple example demonstrating real pole placement using both KNV and YT algorithms. This is example number 1 from section 4 of the reference KNV publication ([R194]):
>>> from scipy import signal
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> A = np.array([[ 1.380, -0.2077, 6.715, -5.676 ],
... [-0.5814, -4.290, 0, 0.6750 ],
... [ 1.067, 4.273, -6.654, 5.893 ],
... [ 0.0480, 4.273, 1.343, -2.104 ]])
>>> B = np.array([[ 0, 5.679 ],
... [ 1.136, 1.136 ],
... [ 0, 0, ],
... [-3.146, 0 ]])
>>> P = np.array([-0.2, -0.5, -5.0566, -8.6659])
Now compute K with KNV method 0, with the default YT method and with the YT method while forcing 100 iterations of the algorithm and print some results after each call.
>>> fsf1 = signal.place_poles(A, B, P, method='KNV0')
>>> fsf1.gain_matrix
array([[ 0.20071427, -0.96665799, 0.24066128, -0._PHONE_],
 [ 0.50587268, 0.57779091, 0.51795763, -0.41991442]])
>>> fsf2 = signal.place_poles(A, B, P) # uses YT method
>>> fsf2.computed_poles
array([-8.6659, -5.0566, -0.5 , -0.2 ])
>>> fsf3 = signal.place_poles(A, B, P, rtol=-1, maxiter=100)
>>> fsf3.X
array([[ 0.52072442+0.j, -0.08409372+0.j, -0.56847937+0.j, 0.74823657+0.j],
 [-0.04977751+0.j, -0.80872954+0.j, 0._PHONE_+0.j, -0.29322906+0.j],
 [-0.82266932+0.j, -0._PHONE_+0.j, -0.56348322+0.j, -0.43815060+0.j],
 [ 0.22267347+0.j, 0.54967577+0.j, -0.58387806+0.j, -0.40271926+0.j]])
The absolute value of the determinant of X is a good indicator to check the robustness of the results, both 'KNV0' and 'YT' aim at maximizing it. Below a comparison of the robustness of the results above:
>>> abs(np.linalg.det(fsf1.X)) < abs(np.linalg.det(fsf2.X))
>>> abs(np.linalg.det(fsf2.X)) < abs(np.linalg.det(fsf3.X))
Now a simple example for complex poles:
>>> A = np.array([[ 0, 7/3., 0, 0 ],
... [ 0, 0, 0, 7/9. ],
... [ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]])
>>> B = np.array([[ 0, 0 ],
... [ 0, 0 ],
... [ 1, 0 ],
... [ 0, 1 ]])
>>> P = np.array([-3, -1, -2-1j, -2+1j]) / 3.
>>> fsf = signal.place_poles(A, B, P, method='YT')
We can plot the desired and computed poles in the complex plane:
>>> t = np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, 401)
>>> plt.plot(np.cos(t), np.sin(t), 'k--') # unit circle
>>> plt.plot(fsf.requested_poles.real, fsf.requested_poles.imag,
... 'wo', label='Desired')
>>> plt.plot


text:
isn't completely linear because we need to solve for a. However it is close.
This is linear and we can solve it for some known point. After we solve the system of equations, we need to solve for a using the value of α. Let us demonstrate using the points: (0,5) and (ln(5),125).
Place into a matrix:
Now we have values for α and b. We just need to use the value for A to solve for a.
Take the exponential of each side:
Now fill in the known value of α:
So despite the equation being non-linear, it can be solved in a linear fashion.
This is useful because if we can do this for an ordinary system of equations, we can also do it for an overdetermined system like we do for polynomial regression. Let us take the an earlier example and solve an overdetermined case using least-squares.
First, the equation:
The square of the residual:
Substitute in the function f:
To minimize the square of the residual, take the derivative and set it equal to zero:
Set this to zero:
Factor out the constant 2:
The two goes away when we divide two into both sides. Now break up the summations:
Pull out the constants and reduce:
Rearrange a bit:
And place into matrix form:
We now have a least-square solution to our starting function. This isn't too different from our normal equation for linear regression. In fact, we can place any two coefficient equation that can be linearized into least-square regression. The input must have the form:
Where each of the terms is a function of their lower-case part. We we work out the least-square math, the result will be:
We can use this as a template to solve for an other function we can make linear:
We already saw that this can be turned into:
Now place calculate the variables:
And place this in our matrix:
Note that the matrix when solved will give us the natural log of a. That will have to be undone in order after the matrix has been solved by taking the exponential of ln( a ). Normally I would leave the equation in matrix form, but let us take this one step further so the this last step can be demonstrated.
Take out of matrix form:
Now to solve for a in the second equation, take the exponential of both sides.
Where exp( x ) = ex.
Here is an example plot of the algorithm being used on a set of 50 noisy data points.
So we have a method to linearize some two coefficient non-linear functions and preform least-square regression using them. I was looking for some equations that had more than two coefficients I could demonstrate but did not find any. That will have to wait for an other day.
This section will attempt to explain the math behind polynomial regression. It requires a solid understanding of algebra, basic linear algebra (using matrices to solve systems of equations), and some calculus (partial derivatives and summations). The algebra is worked out, but the computation of matrices and derivatives are not. Someone with access to a computer algebra system (like WolframAlpha) should therefore be able to follow the math knowing only algebra and treating the higher level math functions like a black box.
Polynomial regression is an overdetermined system of equations that uses least squares as a method of approximating an answer. To understand this let us first look at a system of equations that is not overdetermined. We can start by constructing a line function that intercepts two points: (0.1, 0.1) and (0.7, 0.8). First let us solve the problem algebraically. Remember the equation for a line:
There are two unknowns in this equation: m and b. With two unknowns we need two solutions. These we have from the two given data points. So let us create two equations from this data:
Now to solve for the system, we can start with the top equation and solve for one of the unknowns. Let us choose b:
With b known, let us substitute the solution into the bottom equation:
Simplify this a bit:
Now we have a single equation with one unknown, which we can solve for:
Now that m is known, we can choose either of our original equations and solve for b. Let us choose the top equation and solve for b.
So with m and b known, our original equation can be turned into the line function:
This is a system of equations, and this is a pretty textbook example of how to solve it algebraically. Rather than use the algebraic approach we can also solve this system using matrices and linear algebra. The reason we are using matrix math is to simplify higher order polynomials, and we will get to those latter. Let us first rearrange the system of equations and add in the redundant multiplier of 1 in front of the b coefficient.
Now we can place the system into matrix form:
And using linear algebra, we can solve.
Or solve the system using Cramer's Rule.
Regardless the results are the same, but using matrix representation will make things easier when it comes to applying the math to higher order polynomials.
Now onto the overdetermined system. Let us say we now have 3 data points rather than two, and these points are: (0.1,0.1), (0.35,0.45), and (0.6,0.8).
We end up with 3 equations and two unknowns. That is too much data. If these points are on the same line, we could simply ignore one of the equations. However, if they are not we need a way of calculating coefficients that take all our data points into consideration. This is where least squares come in.
To preform a least square approach we need to define a residual function. This is a function that specifies the amount of error between our true data, and that produced by our estimation function. As a very simple example, let us say we have the data point (10,8) and our line function is y = 2 x - 12. Fill this in for x = 10 and we get y = 2 (10) - 12 = 6. The residual is the difference between the observed value (8) and the estimated value (6), or 8 – 6 = 2. For any point (xi, yi) on the line, the residual would be:
Where i is the index into the set of known data points. We can generalize this for any known data points:
In fact, we can generalize it for any function:
Now consider that we have a set of data points. What does the residual tell us? Well, for each data point the residual denotes the amount of error between our estimation and the true data. How about the overall error? To get this, we could just sum up the error for all data points. However error can be positive or negative. So we could end up with a lot of error uniformly distributed between negative and positive values. For example, if our error was (6, -8, 2) then our total error sum would be 0. So this doesn't give a good indication of error. We could sum the absolute value of all the error. The absolute value is equivalent to:
Then our (6, -8, 2) absolute error sum would total 16, and that's more like what we want. Since we just want an indication of error, we can drop the square root as the square function is enough to produce the always positive value we are looking for. There is an other reason to use just the square that will become clear latter.
So now that we have a function that measures residual, what do we do with it? Well, if we are trying to produce a function that models a set of data, we want the residual to be as small as possible—we want to minimize it. This would produce a function that deviates from the observed data as little as possible.
To minimize, we need to be able to modify the function's coefficients as the coefficients are the variables we have to manipulate for finding the best fit. In our line function y = m x + b, the coefficients are m and b. There is an added benefit to squaring the residuals—the square of residual forms a parabola. To see why this is useful, consider a 1st degree polynomial with three known points (10, 8, 11). Let's make the function:
You will notice x isn't used, but this is legitimate. Use this to construct the residual function:
And expand this for our data:
If we multiply everything and collect like terms we end up with:
Now graph this function, but use c0 as the variable:
The graph is a parabola. A parabola always has one and only one lowest point—it's vertex. The lowest point is the point with the lowest amount of error. So if we find coefficients that yield the vertex we have the coefficients that produce the lowest error.
Finding the vertex of a parabola for a function that has a single coefficient is easy. Take the derivative of the function and find where that function is equal to zero. This works because any time the derivative of a function is equal to zero, that point is either a local maximum or minimum. A parabola only has one such point: the minimum.
Using our example start by taking the derivative:
And set this equal to zero:
Now solve for c0:
So the coefficient that best fits this data is c0 = 9 2/3. Our function is then:
We have just solved a 0 degree polynomial using least squares, and our coefficient is the average of our data set:
As stated, the mean average is polynomial regression with a 0 degree polynomial. The reason


Imri Goldberg | 10 Sep 20:23 2010
Re: Is there a Python module for handling Python object addresses?
Several points:
1. Unless you are doing something very special (like a debugger), needing this seems like a bad design choice. Just my shnekel.
2. Although you can (in some cases for some value of some) define it, talking about an "official address" of an object, seems extremely non-pythonic.
3. To your actual question: you can use the gc module to get the referrers to a specific object. By traversing this tree structure, you can probably extract the information you want. Furthermore, for many objects, such as instances and functions, finding the definition point is not that hard (using the inspect module). In any case it seems to me that what you seek to do seek to do will be very hard to accomplish correctly, require some "deep magic", and IMHO, yield low returns.
On Fri, Sep 10, 2010 at 5:46 PM, cool-RR > wrote:
Hello everyone!
I have a question:
Is there a Python module for handling Python object addresses?
When I say "object address", I mean the string that you type in Python to access an object. For example ''life.State.step''. Most of the time, all the objects before the last dot will be packages/modules, but in some cases they can be classes or other things.
(Another note: When I say "object", I mostly mean classes, modules, functions, methods, stuff like these, which usually do not change their address.)
In my Python project I often have the need to play around with object addresses. Some tasks that I have to do:
 1. Given an object, get its address.
 2. Given an address, get the object, importing any needed modules on the way.
 3. Shorten an object's address by getting rid of redundant intermediate modules. (For example, '''' may be the official address of an object, but if ''life.State.step'' points at the same object, I'd want to use it instead because it's shorter.)
 4. Shorten an object's address by "rooting" a specified module. (For example,''garlicsim_lib.simpacks.prisoner.prisoner.State.step'' may be the official address of an object, but I assume that the user knows where the prisoner package is, so I'd want to use ''prisoner.prisoner.State.step'' as the address.)
Is there a module/framework that handles things like that? I wrote a few utility modules to do these things, but if someone has already written a more mature module that does this, I'd prefer to use that.
One note: Please, don't try to show me a quick implementation of these things. It's more complicated than it seems, there are plenty of gotchas, and any quickly-written code will probably fail for many important cases. These kind of tasks call for battle-tested code, and I just want to know if such code exists or whether I will have to write it myself.
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text:
Pathfinding is an important piece of gameplay that is taken for granted until you try to make or edit a map. It is processed by a series of functions to ultimately determine how in-game actors can or cannot move on, around, or under objects in the map. This page is intended to do two thingsto document the process that is run to generate the pathfinding data and to describe its impact on and how to work with it when map editing.
Step One - Floor and Ceiling Tracing
The first step in determining where an actor can move is to search for horizontal surfaces that can be stood on, then determining if there is a sufficient opening to accommodate the actor if it were to stand in that surface. This trace is meant to be ran once for every size actor that will be used in the game.
This is started by sending a 4 unit * 4 unit (in model units) box trace from the highest untraced part of the map down towards the base of the model. This box is centered at the center point for an actor of a given size, so a 2 cell * 2 cell actor (UGV) will have the tracing box centered in the corners of the four adjacent cells, where a 1 * 1 actor will trace through the center of each cell. If no cell is found, the cells traced are considered "bottomless" and no actor may enter.
When a potential surface is found, another box trace is prepared. This second trace starts at the found floor and extends up through the point above the floor that is the minimum distance that any actor may step up. (Step up refers to the maximum height that any given actor may "step up" or increase its height when traveling from one cell to another before the climb is too steep and is considered a wall, which currently is 20 units.) This test is to ensure that there is legroom for the actor to stand. If any brush is found, this floor is considered unusable and this whole step is restarted at a point beneath this found floor.
DISCUSSION ITEM: Should this legroom test be made wider? It currently is not the same size as the actor's width to prevent unwanted brush detections in irregular floors.
The third and final trace is from that minimum step up point to the top of the model. The first suitable brush found that would obstruct an actor from occupying the cell is marked as the ceiling. This ceiling must be a minimum specified height above the floor that was found, otherwise this process is repeated at a point beneath this found floor.
If the ceiling is acceptable, the cells that occupy the traces between the floor and the ceiling are assigned both floor and ceiling values. The values stored are relative to the base of the cell that the value is for, and are recorded in "step up" units. One "step up" unit is 4 model units. Any negative floor values indicate that the floor is at a point below the base of the current cell and that an actor would likely fall if that cell was entered. Any ceilings that are 16 or greater indicate that the brush was found in a cell above the current cell.
If no ceiling is found, the top of the model is treated as an acceptable ceiling, and the above applies.
If there are any cells that have a ceiling below them and a floor above them and contain no usable floor brushes, the cell is marked as "solid" by setting the ceiling value to 0.
Step Two - Wall (Passage) Tracing
Note: This section is highly outdated due to a new commit. However, a good discussion of what has changed can be found in this SourceForge tracker article. I will update this page to reflect those changes shortly. --Wilminator 06:00, 18 March 2009 (UTC)
The next step in pathfinding is to trace for walls. However, this is done by looking for the openings (passages) between cells. Just like floors and ceilings, the passages found can span multiple cells vertically. This trace is also meant to be ran once for every size actor that will be used in the game.
A couple of mathematical checks are made first to see if traces should even be made. If the current cell or the destination cell cannot be occupied, the whole test is skipped. The difference in height from the original cell into the destination cell may not exceed the maximum step up height, but the destination may be lower than the original cell.
DISCUSSION ITEM: I never separated out the minimum and maximum step up heights. We can do that, but it could make map compile times slower and maybe even buggier. Split them so we can have per-actor step up heights or make that a fixed value in game?
The first trace ran checks the space between the maximum step up height and the minimum opening size between the original cell and the destination cell. A tracing box with the actor's x and y dimensions is traced from the original cell to the destination at this height and must be completely void of obstructions. If any obstruction is detected, then there cannot be a passage here, and so this step is restarted in the cell *above*.
A series of traces is then ran from the maximum step up height to the higher of the two floors to look for the passage's lowest point. Next, a series of traces is ran from the minimum opening height to the lower ceiling. This difference is then calculated and stored as the size opening available for an actor to move through into the destination cell. If this opening extends into the cells above, the opening is recorded as if the bottom of the opening only dropped to the bottom of the current cell. If theory, we can now accommodate actors that are taller than one cell, as well as making some openings that only allow for crouching actors to pass through.
If no opening is available, a 0 is stored as the size of the opening.
Step Three - Path Finding
Now that there is enough data collected that describes the terrain, we can begin generating available paths from a place in the map. However, before I write about the process used to figure out where an actor can move, I want to talk about a few features taht can affect how an actor can move through the map.
The first feature to discuss is the concept of crouching. This feature allows an actor can now move while crouched and have the adjusted height of the actor used to determine if a passage big enough exists for the actor. The default pathfinding function will consider both the actors standing and crouching heights when determining where an actor can move. This allows for a path to be determined that will require an actor to crouch in order to get to a desired location, and enables an actor to crouch through an opening if it is the optimum path in terms of TUs used.
A new feature that has been added is flying actors. In order for an actor to be a flier, it must be able to fly and intend to fly. If the actor cannot fly or does not want to, then gravity affects its movements. To fly, one of two conditions must be met: the player must have turned on the actor's ability to fly (which then allows the actor to select airborne cells to move into) or a land-based destination is selected that may only be reached if the actor were to fly. By default, an actor will walk to the destination if possible as it will save TUs.
NOTE: The flying feature is partially written into the pathfinding code, but is not in the user interface or built into the game. At this time it is for reference only, and flying is turned off in the pathfinding code.
Another feature that has been added is the ladder feature. Brushes can be marked as ladders and used to climb up and down through the map. Actors that face the direction of the ladder brushes will not be affected by gravity while they face the direction of the ladder brush. If the actor climbs to the top of a ladder, the actor may stand and face any direction, but may only climb down when facing the direction of the ladder brush. There is the possibility of the actor using weapons while on the ladder, but may not turn to face the target unless a ladder brush would permit it.
NOTE: The ladder feature is written into the pathfinding code, but is turned off. The ladder attribute for brushes needs to be defined, as well as some additional housekeeping items for fully implementing ladders.
Please note that when a move is recorded, both the TUs needed to get to the cell, the direction moved to get into the cell, and the z coordinate from the originating cell is recorded. Also remember that there is different map data depending on the actor's size (not height) that was generated in the last two steps.
When determining if an actor can move from one cell into another, the first check is to ensure that we are not trying to see if a non-flying actor is trying to fly. We also check to see that the actor is not trying to fly while crouched. We then identify the TUs used to move in this direction. NOTE: A move may also indicate a crouching toggle or a fall.
Next, we check to see if we can stand from our crouch or move into a crouch and check to see if it is the least TU expensive move. If so we record the move. Either way, we are done if we we crouching or standing.
Next, if we are trying to fly, we only need to ensure that the direction we are flying in can accommodate the size of our actor. If so, then we check to ensure that this is the least TU expensive move, and record the move if it is. If we were trying to fly, we are now done.
If the actor is trying to walk, we also


Integrative crosscutting themes include research that contribute both to fundamental scientific understanding and to more informed decision making. There are important synergies among the nine themes identified by the Klimapolis Laboratory partners, and they are not completely independent. For instance, research on climate impacts or air pollution control will clearly contribute to better understanding of both urban planning and stakeholder engagement. Therefore, all the research to be done under all nine themes will benefit from increased dialogue with decision makers across a wide range of sectors and scales.
Research to improve understanding of climate impacts in urban areas
1. Climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability
2. Urban climate
3. Flooding, water shortage and other extreme events
Research to advance understanding of environmental interactions with on society
4. Air pollution control and source attribution
5. Urban Health
6. Regional urban footprint
Research to improve urban design and stakeholder engagement
7. Urban planning and design from city to neighbourhood scales
8. Social learning
9. Governance including regulations, procedures, accountability
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text:
|Ada 95 Quality and Style Guide||Chapter 8|
Reusability is the extent to which code can be used in different applications with minimal change. As code is reused in a new application, that new application partially inherits the attributes of that code. If the code is maintainable, the application is more maintainable. If it is portable, then the application is more portable. So this chapter's guidelines are most useful when all of the other guidelines in this book are also applied.
Several guidelines are directed at the issue of maintainability. Maintainable code is easy to change to meet new or changing requirements. Maintainability plays a special role in reuse. When attempts are made to reuse code, it is often necessary to change it to suit the new application. If the code cannot be changed easily, it is less likely to be reused.
There are many issues involved in software reuse: whether to reuse parts, how to store and retrieve reusable parts in a library, how to certify parts, how to maximize the economic value of reuse, how to provide incentives to engineers and entire companies to reuse parts rather than reinvent them, and so on. This chapter ignores these managerial, economic, and logistic issues to focus on the single technical issue of how to write software parts in Ada to increase reuse potential. The other issues are just as important but are outside of the scope of this book.
One of the design goals of Ada was to facilitate the creation and use of reusable parts to improve productivity. To this end, Ada provides features to develop reusable parts and to adapt them once they are available. Packages, visibility control, and separate compilation support modularity and information hiding (see guidelines in Sections 4.1, 4.2, 5.3, and 5.7). This allows the separation of application-specific parts of the code, maximizes the general purpose parts suitable for reuse, and allows the isolation of design decisions within modules, facilitating change. The Ada type system supports localization of data definitions so that consistent changes are easy to make. The Ada inheritance features support type extension so that data definitions and interfaces may be customized for an application. Generic units directly support the development of general purpose, adaptable code that can be instantiated to perform specific functions. The Ada 95 improvements for object-oriented techniques and abstraction support all of the above goals. Using these features carefully and in conformance to the guidelines in this book, produces code that is more likely to be reusable.
Reusable code is developed in many ways. Code may be scavenged from a previous project. A reusable library of code may be developed from scratch for a particularly well-understood domain, such as a math library. Reusable code may be developed as an intentional byproduct of a specific application. Reusable code may be developed a certain way because a design method requires it. These guidelines are intended to apply in all of these situations.
The experienced programmer recognizes that software reuse is much more a requirements and design issue than a coding issue. The guidelines in this section are intended to work within an overall method for developing reusable code. This section will not deal with artifacts of design, testing, etc. Some research into reuse issues related specifically to the Ada language can be found in AIRMICS (1990), Edwards (1990), and Wheeler (1992).
Regardless of development method, experience indicates that reusable code has certain characteristics, and this chapter makes the following assumptions:
In addition to these criteria, a reusable part must be easier to reuse than to reinvent, must be efficient, and must be portable. If it takes more effort to reuse a part than to create one from scratch or if the reused part is simply not efficient enough, reuse does not occur as readily. For guidelines on portability, see Chapter 7.
- Reusable parts must be understandable. A reusable part should be a model of clarity. The requirements for commenting reusable parts are even more stringent than those for parts specific to a particular application.
- Reusable parts must be of the highest possible quality. They must be correct, reliable, and robust. An error or weakness in a reusable part may have far-reaching consequences, and it is important that other programmers can have a high degree of confidence in any parts offered for reuse.
- Reusable parts must be adaptable. To maximize its reuse potential, a reusable part must be able to adapt to the needs of a wide variety of users.
- Reusable parts should be independent. It should be possible to reuse a single part without also adopting many other parts that are apparently unrelated.
This chapter should not be read in isolation. In many respects, a well-written, reusable component is simply an extreme example of a well-written component. All of the guidelines in the previous chapters and in Chapter 9 apply to reusable components as well as components specific to a single application. As experience increases with the 1995 revision to the Ada standard, new guidelines may emerge while others may change. The guidelines listed here apply specifically to reusable components.
Guidelines in this chapter are frequently worded "consider..." because hard and fast rules cannot apply in all situations. The specific choice you can make in a given situation involves design tradeoffs. The rationale for these guidelines is intended to give you insight into some of these tradeoffs.
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mouth or throat.
 Opening the t-shirt reveals the remaining pulp. Since the psychoactive components have already been extracted from this material, it is discarded.
Figure 25
 1. Finally, the juice from the blender is poured into a cup.
Figure 26
A shot of cactus juice is much easier to swallow than chewing bitter-tasting fresh cactus or peyote buttons. Each swallow of the mixture can be accompanied by a drink of water or other beverage to counter the mildly bitter taste of the san pedro juice. Eliminating the chewing of the cactus material also helps attenuate feelings of nausea commonly associated with ingesting cactus. Swallowing this juice slowly over a half-hour or so (rather than rapidly drinking it down) can help acclimate the body to the material gently and avoid shocking the nervous system.
Copyright 2005 John W. Allen and Erowid


As installed, the Oracle ATG Web Commerce default configuration enables event messaging for distributed TCP caching mode; you only need to ensure that the das_gsa_subscriber table is properly created in your database.
Event server
All SQL repositories in a given Oracle ATG Web Commerce instance set their eventServer property to the same event server component. The default component path is:
Event server ports
By default, each event server listens for cache invalidation events on a port that is randomly assigned by the operating system. Alternatively, you can set an event server component's port property to a permanent port number—for example, in order to bypass a firewall.
Event server connection timeout
Occasionally, an Oracle ATG Web Commerce instance's event server is inaccessible—for example, the host machine has gone down. You can control the length of time allowed to establish a socket connection to an event server through its connectTimeout property—by default, set to 60000 milliseconds.
If a connection attempt times out, the event server attempting to connect prints a warning message. Also, the routing information for the item descriptor on the unresponsive Oracle ATG Web Commerce instance is removed from das_gsa_subscriber. The event server starts a new connection attempt after the time span specified in its connectRetryTimeout property, initially set to 120000 milliseconds.
GSAEvent timeout
An event server determines whether other event servers are alive by their responses to the GSAEvents that it sends. If an event server does not respond within the time span specified by its sendRemoteEventTimeout property—by default, 60000 milliseconds—the sending event server assumes an invalid socket connection to the non-responding event server and drops the corresponding GSAConnection from its connection table. It then attempts to reconnect within the time span specified by its connectTimeout property.
An event server uses its sendRemoteEventTimeout property only if its enableSendRemoteEventTimeout property is set to true (the default setting).


text:
What is in this article?:
is a cover crop that also shows promise as a cash crop. Its low cost of production and high oil content make it an ideal feedstock for biodiesel, Gesch says. Camelina oil can also be used to make jet aircraft fuel.
The plant: Cool-weather annual oilseed, 12-36 in. tall; seeds contain 30-40% oil, 25% protein; oil is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids; meal can be used for poultry feed.
Production: Plant in late-September or October, broadcast or drill; harvest in mid-June; low inputs, no herbicide needed.
Yield: In Midwest,1,300 lbs./acre.
In a corn-soybean rotation: Excellent weed suppression.


text: This book presents a synthesis of Electronics through keynotes which are substantiated in three volumes. The first one comprises four chapters devoted to elementary devices, i.e. diodes, bipolar transistors and related devices, field effect transistors and amplifiers. In each of one, device physics, non linear and linearized models, and applications are studied. The second volume is devoted to systems in the continuous time regime and contains two chapters: one describes different approaches to the transfer function concept and applications, and the following deals with the quadripole properties, filtering and filter synthesis. The third volume presents the various aspects of sampling systems and quantized level systems in the two last chapters.


With little time to spare before employers finalize their plan designs for 2014, we now have the final rules for wellness programs. The Agencies officially released the final rules on June 3, 2013, which apply to group health plans for plan years beginning on or after January 1, 2014 (even if the plan is grandfathered under the Affordable Care Act).
The Agencies re-designed, some would say dramatically re-designed, the final rules from what was proposed late last year. Under the final rules, wellness programs are divided and sub-divided into three general categories (as explained below). The Agencies even say that there may be wellness programs hiding within other wellness programs – requiring employers and plan sponsors to examine the rules at even a more granular level than ever before. With all the differentiation in wellness programs and the hyper-analysis that is now required, all of this leads employers and plan sponsors to what is now becoming a familiar tune for wellness programs. That is, if you have seen one wellness program, you have only seen one wellness program.
For a wellness program to be exempt from the HIPAA nondiscrimination rule, the wellness program must meet certain requirements. The requirements vary depending on whether the wellness program is participatory or health-contingent and also depending on whether the health-contingent program is "activity-only" or "outcome-based". Examples of a participatory program include reimbursements for the cost of a fitness center, rewards for completing a voluntary health risk assessment or biometric screening and rewards for attending a no-cost health education seminar. Examples of health-contingent programs include premium surcharges for smokers and requiring employees to have a certain cholesterol or body mass index level.
Participatory Wellness Programs
A participatory wellness program (which either does not provide a reward or does not include any conditions for obtaining the reward that are based on a health factor) is permissible under the HIPAA nondiscrimination rules, as long as it is made available to all similarly situated individuals, regardless of health status. These types of programs are excluded when an employer or plan sponsor is calculating the 30% or 50% financial limits (as explained below).
Health-Contingent Wellness Programs
The 2012 proposed rules provided five requirements for health-contingent programs, and these five requirements continue to apply. However, the final rules subdivide health-contingent programs into two separate types – activity-only and outcome-based programs.
An activity-only program refers to those programs where an individual is required to perform an activity related to a health factor to obtain a reward (such as walking or diet programs), but no specific outcome is required. An outcome-based program is one where an individual must actually attain or maintain a particular health outcome to obtain the reward (such as not smoking or attaining specific biometric results). If a measurement or screening is used as part of an initial standard and only those who meet the standard obtain the reward without any further action, the program is outcome-based. As explained in the final rules, if a program tests for high cholesterol and provides a reward to those within a normal or healthy range but requires others to take additional steps, such as meeting with a health coach or participating in a walking program, the program is outcome-based (even though the additional program does not require the attainment of any specific goal).
The requirements that apply to health-contingent programs are:
 - Individuals must be eligible to qualify for the reward at least annually.
 - The total reward for all health-contingent programs under a plan cannot exceed the "applicable percentage" of the total cost of employee-only coverage. If dependents can participate in the wellness program, the total cost is determined based on the coverage in which the employee and dependents are enrolled (such as the total cost of family coverage). The applicable percentage is 30%, with an additional 20% solely for programs designed to reduce or prevent tobacco use. If a plan has both a tobacco cessation program and another wellness program, special rules apply for how to calculate the 30% and 50% financial limits.
 - The program must be reasonably designed to promote health or prevent disease without being overly burdensome, a subterfuge for discrimination or highly suspect in the method chosen to achieve the goal.
 - The full reward must be available to all similarly situated individuals.
 - For an activity-based program, this requires that a reasonable alternative standard (or waiver) be provided for those for whom it is unreasonably difficult due to a medical condition to satisfy the standard and for whom it is medically inadvisable to attempt to satisfy the standard. If reasonable, a plan may seek verification from a physician. For an activity-based program, the reasonable alternative standard does not need to be provided in advance, and the plan can require the individual to first request an alternative.
 - For an outcome-based program, this requires that a reasonable alternative standard (or waiver) be provided to any individual who does not meet the initial standard based on a measurement, test, or screening that is related to a health factor.
 - Whether a standard is reasonable will depend on facts and circumstances. The final rules do provide a few guidelines about reasonable alternatives. One of the guidelines requires that if an individual's personal physician believes that the standards are not medically appropriate for that individual, the plan must provide another reasonable alternative that accommodates the personal physician's recommendations. This applies to both activity-based and outcome-based programs.
 - The plan must disclose the availability of a reasonable alternative standard to qualify for the reward in all plan materials describing the terms of the program, including contact information for obtaining the alternative and must include a statement that recommendations of an individual's physician will be accommodated. This disclosure must also be included in communications relating to an outcome-based program notifying an individual that s/he did not satisfy the initial standard. This disclosure is not required if the materials only mention that the program is available but does not describe its terms.
 Americans with Disabilities Act
 The final rules explain at great lengths that these rules only cover the applicable tax, ERISA and health plan requirements. If a wellness program satisfies these rules, it does not mean that the program will satisfy any other applicable laws.
 The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) prohibits covered employers from requiring medical examinations or from making disability-related inquiries of an employee, unless such examination or inquiry is "shown to be job-related and consistent with business necessity." The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) has issued guidance defining "disability-related inquiry" as a question or series of questions that are likely to elicit information about a disability. It has also defined "medical examination" to include procedures or tests that seek information about an individual's physical or mental health or impairments, such as vision tests, genetic tests, blood pressure screening and biometric tests.
 Exceptions exist for voluntary wellness arrangements and arrangements involving "underwriting." However, the EEOC has not been very forthcoming as to what types of wellness arrangements satisfy the ADA exception. In fact, informally, the EEOC has indicated that arrangements that satisfy the HIPAA wellness rules may not even satisfy the ADA wellness exception. This lack of guidance has led to one lawsuit that has reached the United States District Court level (Seff v. Broward County). While this lawsuit was favorable to employers, the lack of EEOC guidance along with the EEOC's more stringent approach to wellness programs likely means more lawsuits in the future.
 For more information about these final rules and how they may impact your wellness programs, please contact the author(s) of this Legal Alert or your existing firm contact.
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text:
Plectin and IFAP-300K are homologous proteins binding to microtubule-associated proteins 1 and 2 and to the 240-kilodalton subunit of spectrin.
Structural and functional characteristics of plectin from intermediate filament preparations of rat glioma C6 cells were compared to those of the intermediate filament-associated protein of Mr = 300,000 (IFAP-300K) of baby hamster kidney cells (Yang, H.-S., Lieska, N., Goldman, A.E., and Goldman, R.D. (1985) J. Cell Biol. 100, 620-631). After radiolabeling and proteolytic digestion under varied conditions, both proteins yielded nearly identical peptide maps. Immunological cross-reactivity, co-migration on oneand two-dimensional high-resolution gels, chromatofocusing, and amino acid analysis demonstrated structural homology as well. In vivo labeling with 32Pi showed that plectin was the target for cAMP-independent protein kinases which phosphorylated 18-kDa domains at the end(s) of the molecule. Previously reported phosphorylation sites for cAMP-dependent and a newly identified site for Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases were located on different domains. In solid-phase binding assays, plectin bound to vimentin, microtubule-associated proteins 1 and 2, the 240-kDa chain of brain fodrin, and alpha-spectrin from human erythrocytes. Similar characteristics were revealed for corresponding 300-kDa components of various other cell lines, supporting the concept that plectin is a general cytoskeletal cross-linking element, probably of multiple function.
Pubmed ID: _PHONE_
The Journal of biological chemistry
January 25, 1987
- Carrier Proteins
- Cell Line
- Chemistry, Physical
- Cyclic AMP
- Intermediate Filament Proteins
- Microfilament Proteins
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins
- Molecular Weight
- Physicochemical Phenomena
- Protein Kinases


text:
Fall Junior Year
In the Fall semester of your junior year, you will participate in small group tutorials to discuss research papers from the primary literature. These tutorials provide an interactive format for you to learn to read and analyze current primary scientific literature — this is essential for you to develop new ideas about research and for formulating hypotheses.
You will participate in discussions headed by postdoctoral instructors once a week for 1.5 hours. The tutorial is broken into two 4-week sections, each with a distinct topic area. At the end of each section, you will be asked to write a short critique of a relevant research paper assigned by the instructor. Students will attend and participate in a total of 8 discussion groups and will write 2 short papers for the fall tutorial.
- See the NEU Fall Junior Tutorial Guide for important details.
Spring Junior Year
One major product: Students' Spring Independent Work culminates with the submission of a research proposal. This proposal will serve as the basis for your senior thesis work. As is typical of research proposals, the document will include a short survey of the literature. You should expect to meet with your advisor ~5 times during the semester to formulate the project and discuss the literature.
- See the Junior Spring Independent Work Guidelines and Structure for more information.
The senior thesis in neuroscience is the culmination of original research conducted by the student with the guidance of a faculty member in the Princeton Neuroscience Institute (including associated and affiliated members). This comprehensive written work, ideally, is the application of the skills learned in coursework, Junior tutorials and Junior papers to an original research project.
It is worth noting that a number of students generate original findings that are eventually incorporated into peer-reviewed scientific articles.


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I am new to OpenCL programming and my input is a 3D array. I am calculating the index as:
 int gidX = get_global_id(0)?1:get_global_id(0);
 int gidY = get_global_id(1)?1:get_global_id(1);
 int gidZ = get_global_id(2)?1:get_global_id(2);
 int index = gidX + (gidY*SizeX) + (gidZ*SizeY*SizeZ);
Is this the right way to do it? How do I use the local thread ids with 3d arrays? I had used it with 2d arrays as:
 int tid = get_local_id(0);
 int gid = get_global_id(0);
 int index = tid + gid*width;
And, is there a way I could use image3d_t type for my 3D volume?
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It depends how you have your 3D array linearized to memory.. but Rick's answer coded as an inline function would work fine. The other optimization you may want are prefetching to local memory when possible.
/* Visualize as a cube. You are looking at the front in x,y coordinates. Z is depth. You have stored it by starting at (x=0, y=0) and taking the depth z lists of elements one by one and placing them in a contiguous array.*/
//Inline this
int matrix3D_lookup(int x, int y, int z, int sizeZ, int sizeX){
 return z+ sizeZ*x +(sizeZ*sizeX*y);
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What you seem to need is some basic information about the functionality and working principles of OpenCL. Please have a look to the following links:
 1. _URL_
 2. _URL_
 3. _URL_
You code samples for getting gidX, gidY and gidZ do not make much sense and the calculation of the index is wrong, too. The calculation depends on the ordering of your 3D matrix. It should look something like:
int index = x + y * sizeX + z * sizeX * sizeY;
But you should check the documentation first. Especially the working principle of the local ids are not explained quickly.
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Thailand Travel Tips & Useful Info
Ayutthaya Temple - Thailand Tours - On The Go Tours
If you're planning a trip to Thailand then you'll want to be prepared and here's where our Top Travel Tips come in handy. Packed with info on everything from what currency to use to whether you should leave a tip at a restaurant, these tips will have you ready for your holiday in no time.
What vaccinations do I need for Thailand?
You should seek medical advice from your local health practitioner before travelling to Thailand and ensure that you receive all of the appropriate vaccinations. As a guide Hepatitis A, Typhoid and Tetanus are strongly recommended. If travelling to remote areas, further vaccinations including TB, Hepatitis B, Rabies, Diphtheria and Japanese encephalitis may also be necessary.
Do I need anti-malaria tablets for Thailand?
Malaria may be present in rural areas, including forested areas that border Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia and Laos, and rural, forested areas in the districts of Phang Nga and Phuket. Malaria is not found in the cities of Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Koh Phangan, Koh Samui, Pattaya, Phang Nga and Phuket. The risk of contracting Malaria in Thailand is low but be sure to contact your local health practitioner to find out whether or not you should take anti-malarials with you. There is also a risk of dengue in some parts of the country so avoiding mosquito bites is important. This can be achieved by wearing long sleeves and trousers, sleeping under a mosquito net and covering yourself in an insect repellent that contains at least 50% DEET. For more information on the malaria risk in Thailand visit the NHS Fit to Travel page or the CDC Traveler's Health page.
This chronic disease may be present in some rivers and lakes and we recommend it best to avoid swimming in untested waterways.
Is it safe to drink tap water in Thailand?
Tap water in Thailand is not considered safe to drink. It's recommended to only drink bottled mineral water, which is readily available in hotels, shops and restaurants, or purified water. Avoid having ice in your drink as it might have been made with tap water.
Pad Thai - Thailand - Top Travel Tips - On The Go Tours
Noodles, prawns, peanuts and a tamarind sauce make the perfect Pad Thai
What's the food like in Thailand?
Safe eating while travelling in Thailand
Due to the vast numbers of tourists that head to Thailand every year, food hygiene standards have risen to accommodate the requirements of foreigners. Restaurants that look clean and aren't abnormally empty will generally serve good, safe food and street food is also usually fine to eat provided the food hasn't been sitting in the sun for ages, getting attacked by flies. Be wary of meat and fish that might not have been cooked properly and insist that it is served piping hot before you eat it. Travellers should also avoid eating ice, which might have been made with unhygienic water, and salad, raw vegetables and fruit, which may have been washed in dirty tap water.
Is it standard to tip in Thailand?
Tips are not expected in Thailand but given that it is such a poor country, a little extra can go a long way for those in the service industry. Generally, adding 10% to bills in restaurants and rounding taxi fares up is a good way to show your appreciation. If you stay in a hotel with room service, it is a good idea to leave a dollar or two per day for the housekeeping staff and bell boys. It also polite to leave a donation when you visit any of the wats (temples).
Please note that our Tipping Made Easy amount does not include a tip for your group tour leader, where we suggest an amount of approximately USD $3-$6 per day of your tour. Naturally, though, the amount is up to you. If travelling on a group tour with less than 6 participants or on a tailor-made holiday, in place of Tipping Made Easy we recommend the following amounts per person per day be allocated to cover tips paid directly by you to bellhops, luggage handlers, your driver and local guides: USD $10 if the day includes a local guide & sightseeing; and USD $5 if the day does not include a local guide and sightseeing.
Souvenirs - Thailand - Top Travel Tips - On The Go Tours
Colourful woven bags on sale at a market in Thailand - great souvenirs!
What is good to shop for in Thailand?
Offering a mix of contemporary and traditional, Thailand has a reputation for providing top quality items at low prices as well as having a notorious trade in 'copies' or fake goods, such as Havaianas and Ray-Bans. Items for which Thailand is famous include Thai silk, tailored clothing, colourful hill-tribe artefacts and finely crafted silver jewellery. Even the smallest Thai town has a market offering fresh produce with larger ones selling everything from household items to crafts and artefacts.
Bangkok itself has several famous markets, including the vast Chatuchak market held each weekend with more than 6,000 stalls selling everything from seafood to second-hand jeans to antiques, textiles, animals and food. Take the opportunity to visit the wonderfully aromatic stalls of the Pakklong Talad (Flower) market and visit any one of the many night markets including Khao San, Patpong and Sukhumvit.
Many travellers to Thailand will want to stock up on cheap clothing, including harem pants and vests with various beer logos emblazoned across them. Buying in bulk will reduce the price if this is the case. Other fun souvenirs include Thai boxing shorts, hand carved soaps and sarongs.
How to bargain in Thailand
Prices in chain and department stores are fixed, however, in markets bargaining is expected. If bargaining, figure out what the going rate is so that your starting offer is not embarrassingly low. Once bargaining has started, there is an expectation that you intend to purchase the goods and are not just bargaining for 'fun'. Remember to keep a smile on your face the whole time and do not get stressed or aggressive with the vendor. If the price hasn't dropped enough to suit your budget, simply walk away. If the vendor wants the sale he will chase after you, if not, you are likely to be able to find the same thing elsewhere for cheaper.
Is it safe for a single woman to travel in Thailand?
Yes, Thailand is absolutely safe for solo female travellers. Thai people are constantly surrounded by foreign women, given that it is one of the world's most popular holiday destinations, and so they attract very little attention. In fact, in Bangkok, men are much more likely to be grabbed in the street than women due to the city's thriving sex tourism industry. Nevertheless, women should be wary of walking around in big cities at night alone and should dress appropriately when straying off the beaten track. In the main tourist areas, however, women can feel free to wear whatever they want.
How should I behave when visiting temples in Thailand?
When entering temples in Thailand it is important to remember to take your shoes off beforehand. Women wearing trousers or a short skirt will usually be required to put a long skirt on over the top. These are available to borrow at most temples. It is never acceptable to touch somebody on the head in Thailand as it is the highest point of the body and therefore considered the most important and holy. On the flipside, feet are the lowest part of the body and gesturing with them will often be considered both disrespectful and disgusting.
Fortunately, because Thais are so used to seeing tourists in their temples and holy sites, the ignorance of foreigners is usually just dismissed without too much offence being caused.
Is Thailand a suitable family holiday destination?
With a wealth of activities in every corner of the country, blissful sunshine, mouth-watering food and friendly locals, Thailand might just be one of the best family holiday destinations on the planet. The country is easily accessible by train, plane and bus, making travelling from city to city hassle free, an essential factor for those travelling with small children. Water sports, ziplining and elephant riding all cater to children and teens, while parents can enjoy the thick swathes of jungle and magnificent temples that pepper the landscape.
Although Thailand is rapidly developing and modernising, touching down in Bangkok for the first time can be a culture shock for the less experienced traveller. Gleaming supermalls sit alongside slums while children beg for coins and food on the streets, a distressing sight to say the least but an eye-opening experience, particularly for young ones who might not appreciate just how fortunate they are.
Teenagers and children of all ages are welcome on our private tours and tailor-made holidays to Thailand.
What is the duty free allowance for Thailand?
Travellers are permitted to bring the following into Thailand:
 - 200 cigarettes or 250g of cigars or tobacco
 - 1 litre of alcohol
 - Goods to the value of USD $288
The following are banned from importation into Thailand: Obscene and pornographic objects and publications, goods displaying the Thai national flag, narcotics, counterfeit currency, fake Royal/official seals, and pirated and counterfeit goods. Restricted imports include drugs, food, weapons and ammunition, antiques, artworks, and endangered species.
What is the currency in Thailand?
The official currency in Thailand is the Baht. Check OANDA for the latest exchange rates.
Tuk tuk in Bangkok - Thailand - Top Travel Tips - On The Go Tours
Tuk tuks are a cheap way of getting around in Thailand
What do things cost in Thailand?
One of Thailand's main selling points is its affordability so, despite the rising prices


text:
Response and recovery in the brain may predict well-being
Feb. 4, 2013
It has long been known that the part of the brain called the amygdala is responsible for recognition of a threat and knowing whether to fight or flee from the danger.
Now, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, scientists at the Center for Investigating Healthy Minds at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Waisman Center are watching the duration of the amygdala response in the brains of healthy people when exposed to negative images. How long the recovery takes may be an indicator of personality traits like neuroticism.
Recently published in the journal Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, the study specifically examines how the amygdala responds and recovers from negative stimuli. One of the more primitive parts of the mammalian brain, the amygdala is central to processing emotion, including activating changes in the body that often accompany emotion. In terms of its evolutionary function, this region of the brain is part of a circuit that is key to our sense of fear recognition and alertness to danger.
While the role of the amygdala has been understood and well documented, the time course for the response-recovery process has never been investigated, nor observed, until the recent advance of fMRI analysis methods.
"Past studies looking at the temporal unfolding of emotional responses have focused on reports of emotional experience obtained from interviews and questionnaires," says Tammi Kral, research specialist at the Center for Investigating Healthy Minds and an author of the paper. "This study is different because it looks at the temporal activity in the brain via fMRI."
Through the lens of fMRI, scientists can measure the activation in the amygdala as it reacts to negative stimuli, and the subsequent recovery after the stimulus ends. This study shows that while the initial reactivity of the amygdala does not predict personality traits, a sluggish response-recovery time may be a predictor of neuroticism.
"People's responses to negative emotional stimuli, and their ability to regulate those responses, can be a major factor in depression, anxiety and other psychological disorders," says Kral. "In the case of depression, the person is often ruminating, perseverating — they're unable to let go of the negative experience."
The study could have clinical applications because it implies that changing the way people recover from negative occurrences may be a good way to improve their emotional well-being. Research from other groups also supports the idea that individual differences in emotional recovery affect overall well-being.
"People's responses to negative emotional stimuli, and their ability to regulate those responses, can be a major factor in depression, anxiety and other psychological disorders."
A separate study has shown that subjects who use a process called reappraisal show less activity in the amygdala, for example. These people are taught to recast a negative image in a more positive way, making it less emotionally charged. Meditation may be another way to affect the activity of the amygdala.
"Our study is part of a larger effort comparing the response-recovery in the amygdalae of experienced meditators versus those in people who do not practice meditation," she says.
Meditation practices such as mindfulness train the meditator to be open and accepting of thoughts as they arise, and then let them go without continuing to focus on them. The study suggests that the ability to recover more quickly from emotion may have a large impact on mental health. Thus, the practice of "letting go" of negative emotion can play a major role.
"I think this is important because we're getting biological evidence of emotional recovery to complement more subjective evidence from questionnaires, and it's giving us more information about the fundamental nature of human emotion," Kral says.
Scientists at the center conduct rigorous scientific research on healthy qualities of mind such as kindness, compassion, forgiveness and mindfulness. The first author on the paper was Brianna Schuyler; others were Jolene Jacquart, Cory A. Burghy, Helen C. Weng, David M. Perlman, David R.W. Bachhuber, Melissa A. Rosenkranz, Donal G. MacCoon, Carien M. van Reekum, Antoine Lutz and Richard J. Davidson.
The work was funded by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) P01AT004952 to RJD, grants from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) R01-MH43454, P50-MH084051 to RJD, grants from the Fetzer Institute and the John Templeton Foundation to RJD, and a core grant to the Waisman Center from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development [P30 HD003352-449015]. BSS was supported by a Neuroscience Training Program training grant [T32GM007507; Tom Yin PI] from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences.


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text:
MIT team finds that the ratio of component atoms is vital to performance.
Judith L. Rapoport, chief of the child psychiatry branch at the National Institute of Mental Health, is this year's winner of the McGovern Institute's Edward M. Scolnick Prize in Neuroscience, an annual award recognizing an outstanding discovery or significant advance in the field of neuroscience.
Rapoport was selected for her groundbreaking studies of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Childhood Onset Schizophrenia, according to Robert Desimone, director of the McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT, which established the award in 2003.
Rapoport will receive $50,000 with the award. She will present a public lecture at MIT, hosted by the McGovern Institute and followed by a gala awards dinner sometime this spring.
"Dr. Rapaport has contributed significantly to our current understanding of the human brain," said Desimone. "Her groundbreaking research has benefited thousands around the globe, while fundamentally changing the way in which we view child psychiatry."
Rapoport pioneered the fields of neuroanatomy and neurochemistry ADHD studies, was the first to document that the symptoms of OCD in children and adolescents are similar to those seen in adults, and was the first to use structural magnetic resonance imaging to examine developmental changes in brain size and structure in children with schizophrenia.
She is known for her book, "The Boy Who Couldn't Stop Washing," which was on The New York Times Bestseller list for 10 weeks.
The Scolnick Prize provides an important focus for the international neuroscience community, building bridges that will promote future collaborations and an accelerated pace of neuroscience research. It honors Edward M. Scolnick, former president of Merck Research Laboratories.


text:
is in the process of building a network of high-speed trains, similar to French TGV or Japanese Shinkansen bullet trains. These trains are already in service on several routes. They are called CRH and train numbers have a "G", "C" or "D" prefix. If your route and budget allow, these are much the best way to get around. For more detail, see High-speed rail in China.
 Train types
Chinese trains are split into different categories designated by letters and numbers indicated on the ticket. A guide to the hierarchy of Chinese trains from fastest to slowest are as follows:
On the regular non-CRH trains there are five classes of travel:
The soft seat and soft sleeper cars, and some of hard seat and hard sleeper cars are air-conditioned.
The CRH trains have usually five classes - second class (3+2 seat layout), first class (2+2 layout) and three VIP classes (2+1 layout just behind the driver's cabin). There are three different VIP classes, named "商务座" (business class), "观光座" (sightseeing class) and "特等座" (deluxe class). Unlike on airliners, 商务座 (business class) is in fact better than "一等座" (first class) on CRH trains. 商务座 (business class) and 观光座 (sightseeing class) priced the same, while 特等座 is usually more expensive than "一等座" (first class), but cheaper than 商务座 and 观光座.
 Train tickets
At the point where a given train starts, train tickets can usually be bought up to seven days in advance. After the point where a given train starts, a small number of tickets might be reserved for purchase in larger towns along the route of travel. Usually these are the "standing" class. If you want to get a seat assignment (zuowei) or a sleeper (wopu), then find the train conductor and he will tell you if there is availability. The biggest demand is for hard seats and hard sleepers, so it' is a good idea to ask a local friend to buy hard seat tickets as the sellers are not always willing to sell them to foreigners although this is rapidly changing. As of January 2012, nationals and foreigners alike must present ID in order to purchase a ticket (e.g., national ID card or passport). The purchaser's name is printed onto the ticket and each individual is required to be present, with ID, to pick-up their ticket.
There are local state railway ticket agencies in many locations remote from train stations, clearly marked "Booking Office for Train Tickets" in English and Chinese and a locomotive emblem, but easily overlooked as these are simple "hole in the wall" shops. They are equipped with computers networked with the central booking system. Tickets purchased at these types of locations can be bought up to 10 days in advance at face value prices which can be half of what commercial travel agencies charge. Staff usually does not speak English.
Do not expect English-speaking staff at station cash desks either, even in big cities. And if the cashier finds some English-speaking colleague, don't expect that he can work with the reservation system. If you don't speak Mandarin, write the departure and destination station, date and time of departure, train number and required class on paper. You can write the station name in pinyin, as the cashier enters them in the same way to the reservation system. Beware that many cities have different stations for normal trains and high-speed trains. High-speed station names usually consist of city name and cardinal direction (for example Héngyángdōng "Hengyang East")
During busy seasons (Chinese New Year, for example) tickets sell out rapidly at train stations. It may be better to get tickets in advance through an agent. In major cities there are also agents who sell tickets in the normal time frame with a nominal markup. The convenience of avoiding a trip to the train station and waiting in the queue is well worth the small increase in cost. Travel agencies will accept money and bookings for tickets in advance but no one can guarantee your ticket until the station releases them onto the market, at which point your agency will go and buy the ticket they had previously "guaranteed" you. This is true anywhere in China.
 Travel tips
The toilets on trains tend to be a little more "usable" than on buses or most public areas because they are simple devices that empty the contents directly onto the track and thus don't smell as bad. Soft sleeper cars usually have European throne-style toilets at one end of the car and Chinese squat toilets at the other. Be aware that on non-CRH trains if the train will be stopping at a station, the conductor will normally lock the bathrooms prior to arrival so that people will not leave deposits on the ground at the station.
Long distance trains will have a buffet or dining car, which serves hot, but generally overpriced, at ¥25 or so and frankly not very tasty, food. The menu will be entirely in Chinese, but if you're willing to take the chance, interpret some of the Chinese characters, or ask for common dishes by name, you can eat very well. If you are on a strict budget, wait until the train stops at a station. There are normally vendors on the platform who sell noodles, snacks, and fruit at better prices. Trains generally have boiled water available so bring tea, soups and instant noodles to make your own food.
Be careful with your valuables while on the train; property theft on public transportation has gone up in recent years.
On most higher-level trains (T, K, Z and CRH trains) pre-recorded announcements are made in Chinese, English and occasionally Cantonese (if the train serves Guangdong province or Hong Kong), Mongolian (in Inner Mongolia), Tibetan (in Tibet) or Uyghur (in Xinjiang). On local trains there are no English announcements so knowing when to get off can be harder.
Motion sickness pills are recommended if you are inclined toward that type of ailment. Ear plugs are recommended to facilitate uninterrupted sleep. In sleeper cars, tickets are exchanged for cards on long distance trains. The cabin attendants return the original tickets when the train approaches the destination station thus ensuring everyone gets off where they should even if they can't wake themselves up.
If you have some things to share on the train, you'll have fun. The Chinese families and business people traveling the route are just as bored as the next person and will be happy to attempt conversation or share a movie shown on a laptop. All in all, the opportunity to see the countryside going by is a neat experience.
You'll need your ticket to enter and exit the station - usually there will be an inspection at the departure hall entrance or the boarding gate and another at the exit gate. Once in the departure hall, follow the digital indicator boards to find the right boarding gate (they are in Chinese but will display the train service number which is printed at the top of your ticket). Approx 10 minutes before boarding your train and platform will be announced and the gate will be opened, just follow the crowd to the platform - at larger stations the train will already be waiting, in smaller stations look for your car number written on the platform edge - make sure you're waiting in the right place because often the train will only stop for a couple of minutes. Some newer stations have high-level platforms that are level with the door, but at smaller stations the platforms are very low and you have to ascend several steep steps to board the train so be prepared if you have a large suitcase. Generally passengers are friendly and will offer to help you with bulky luggage.
Smoking is not permitted in the seating or sleeping areas but is allowed in the vestibules at the end of each car. On the new CRH trains, the Guangzhou-Kowloon shuttle train and the Beijing Suburban Railway smoking is completely forbidden. Smoking is banned inside station buildings apart from in designated smoking rooms, although these places are often unpleasant and poorly ventilated.
 Useful websites
 By bus
Travelling by public city buses (公共汽车 gōnggòngqìchē) or long distance buses (长途汽车 chángtúqìchē) is inexpensive and ideal for in-city and short distances transportation.
City buses vary from city to city - generally expect plastic seats, many people, no English signs and unhelpful drivers. However, if you can understand the bus routes then they are cheap and go almost everywhere. Buses will normally have recorded announcements telling you the next stop - examples of which might include 'xia yi zhan - zhong shan lu' (next stop Zhongshan Road) or 'Shanghai nan huo che zhan dao le' (Shanghai South railway station - now arriving). Some major cities such as Beijing or Hangzhou will have English announcements on some major routes. Fares are usually about 1 or 2 yuan (the former for older buses with no air-conditioning, the latter for air-conditioned modern buses) or more if travelling into the suburbs. Most buses simply have a metal cash-box next to the entrance where you can insert your fare (no change - save up those 1 yuan coins and notes) or on longer routes a conductor that will collect fares and issue tickets and change. Note that the driver usually prioritises speed over comfort so hold on tight.
Coaches, or long-distance buses, differ drastically and can be a reasonably comfortable or very unpleasant experience. Coaches originating from larger cities on the east coast tend to be air conditioned with soft seats or sleepers. The roads are very good and the ride is smooth, allowing you to enjoy the view or take a snooze


Use analyze in a sentence
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text:
This study was designed to examine the interaction of neonatal ethanol and cocaine exposure on isolation induced ultrasonic vocalizations using an oral gavage method of drug administration. There were 5 neonatal treatment groups including 3.0 g/kg ethanol, 20 mg/kg cocaine, both 3.0 g/kg ethanol and 20 mg/kg cocaine, an intubated control and a nonintubated control. Drug was administered twice daily from postnatal days (PND) 4-10. On PND 14, subjects were tested for a 6 min test to assess the rate and type of ultrasonic vocalizations displayed. As previously reported using an intragastric "artificial rearing" administration procedure, pups exposed to ethanol displayed reductions in the number of ultrasonic vocalizations across the test session. Pups exposed to both drugs showed similar deficits to those pups receiving ethanol alone. In contrast, cocaine had no effect on this outcome measure. Sonographic analysis of the vocalizations revealed that ethanol's effects appeared to be selective to certain waveforms rather than a general reduction across all wave types and again, cocaine had no impact on the proportion of the various wave types. These findings provide further support that neonatal ethanol exposure can have significant effects on maternal/infant communication and may play a role in many of the long-term effects associated with ethanol exposure during development.
|Number of pages||10|
|State||Published - Jan 2005|
Bibliographical noteFunding Information:
This work was supported in part by NIAAA grant # 09723 awarded to SB. The authors would also like to thank Josh Yahr, Autra Pointer and Bryan Baseheart for their assistance with data collection and Dr. Tomonari Akamatsu for his expertise in acoustical analysis.
- 3rd trimester ethanol exposure
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
- Social behaviors
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics


text:
Functional Modelling of Systems with Multiple Operation Modes: Case Study on an Active Spoiler System 06-14-03-0014
This also appears in
SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems-V130-6EJ
This article presents the application of the Enhanced Sequence Diagram (ESD) for the analysis of the functionality of a system with shape-changing aspects in the context of its multiple operational modes, considering an active rear spoiler as a case study. The article provides new insights on the ESD support for model-based capture and articulation of functional requirements across multiple operation modes of the same system, with appropriate detail on attributes and metrics, and the alignment of these attributes and metrics in line with the concept of time through scope lines. The article also provides a comprehensive argument and discussion, exemplified based on the case study, for the support that the ESD provides for early systems functional and architecture analysis, within the context of a broader model-based Failure Mode Analysis methodology.