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Pine straw is comprised of the needles that have been naturally shed from pine trees, mainly longleaf, slash and loblolly pines, making it an ecologically friendly product. Its fine texture makes it easy to apply around small plants, and its attractive brown color complements their flowers. It is often sold by the bale and is fairly inexpensive.
When applied to a depth of two to four inches, pine needles are an effective weed suppressant. This protects your plants from competition from other plants for water and minerals. The fine texture of pine needles makes it easy to mulch close to the crown, the growing point, of annuals and perennials, reducing the potential for bare spots.
Pine straw is light and airy, and the air spaces within it give it the potential to act as a natural insulator, keeping the ground cool in summer and protecting it from frost in the spring and fall. This is especially beneficial for bulbs, reducing the cycle of freezing and thawing that can heave them out of the ground.
Under a mulch of pine straw, the ground stays more evenly moist than it would exposed to the sun and drying winds. You'll use less water during the summer, and your plants will grow roots closer to the surface with protection. This is especially useful for plants such as fuchsias, ferns and wildflowers that like a moist but well-drained soil.
Contribution to Soil Fertility
Pine needles are leaves and, like other leaves, have a balanced mineral composition that adds nutrients to the soil as they decay. Pine straw decays slowly, making it a long lasting mulch, but when it breaks down into small flakes of organic matter and a sticky substance called humus, it helps the ground hold water and nutrients, benefiting the growth of subsequent plantings.
The Question of Acidity
Pine needles are often thought to be acidic and to make the ground beneath them more acid. While green needles are acid, the dried ones are closer to neutral, making them suitable for both acid-loving plants, such as rhododendrons and blueberries, and plants that like a more neutral soil, such as spinach and corn.
Pine straw is the best mulch for erosion control since it is not washed away by rain. This keeps the soil in place around the roots of shrubs and groundcovers planted on a slope, resulting in faster growth.


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Paper Topic:
Humor and Empowerment of Women in Carol Satyamurti's
I Shall Paint my Nails Red
Carole Satyamurti, a poet and sociologist cleverly weaved the plight of ordinary women in I Shall Paint my Nails Red : women who are seen as a mere background of the societyneglected and lost in the mundane of her existence. While it is easy to discern that I Shall Paint my Nails is nothing but the showcasing of a woman's vanity seeking attention, a closer look at the poem would reveal a deeper and multi-layered analysis
of women. In essence, Carole Satyamurti's I Shall Paint my Nails Red was able to show the different roles and interpretations of women of her self, to her daughter, to her lover, the society and to lifethat painting her nails red symbolizes a departure from her customary role in to show an intelligent, interesting and valuable person capable of so much more than her ordinary routines. It is a declaration of a woman's importance
The color red is interpreted in poetry as a figure of speech for passion, anger and strong emotions. In this light, Satyamurti used this color to depict a seemingly humorous and trivial poem into one that speaks of a woman's importance. In the first line "because a bit of color is a public service (line 1 " Satyamurti departs from the convention that public service is about service, the economy and production. Essentially, the poem recognizes that it is not only men who are components of production and economics that can perform public service but also women who provide not only entertainment but beauty and compassion. This is affirmed in her second line when Satyamurti declared that "because i am proud of my hands (line 2'connoting that her hands that are used to do household chores are also important. By painting it red, Satyamurti calls attention to the role of women in the society and in the familythat while they are not being paid for work they do everyday of their lives, it should not be neglected. Thus, being proud of one's hands and putting a red paint on it declares that the woman is aware of her economic and sociological role and significance
On the other hand, the third and fourth lines of the poem points to the theme of strength and empowerment in women. In the line "because it will remind me I'm a woman (line 3 " and "because I will look like a survivor " the woman is declaring that being a woman means being brave and strong. Thus, by re-affirming her gender identity, the person in the poem is also recognizing that women in general possess strength of characters. Furthermore, because the color red symbolizes intense emotions, it evokes attention thereby, reminding us that women are not ordinary. For instance, in the fifth line "because I can admire them in traffic jams (line 5 " it is easy to note that this is vanity...


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play a given note. Then at the highest speed. Add these points to the graph.
What's Going on?
When the frequency of whirly rotation is plotted versus the number of the harmonic which it is playing, the data lies near a straight line. This means that the frequency of the note played by the whirly is proportional to the frequency with which it is twirled.
Tape a garbage bag to one end of the whirly.
Inflate the garbage bag with a blower by blowing air through the whirly. (You can also inflate the bag by blowing into the bag with your mouth. If you blow into the bag do not press your mouth against the whirly, hold your mouth a few inches from the end of the whirly to promote entrainment of surrounding air, this will increase the flow of air into the bag and decrease the time it takes to fill the bag.)
Play the lowest note by twirling the whirly. Time how long it takes to empty the air from the bag. (For consistency rotate the whirly as slowly as possible to play this note.) You can also time how long it takes to fill the bag while playing the note with a blower. (It is easier for beginner whirly players to control the note with a blower.)
Play the second note, then the third etc. Plot the time to empty the bag versus the number of the harmonic, i.e. plot the time it takes to empty the bag playing the lowest note at the number 2, the number of its harmonic. Notice that the plot is a straight line. The time it takes to empty the bag is proportional to the frequency of the note being played.
If you measure the volume of the bag using the Math Root below you will be able to compute the speed of the airflow through the bag. See the other Math Root below.
Math Root, Measuring the volume of the bag
Measure the volume of the bag. Fill the bag with dog food, Styrofoam chips or any other cheap granular material. Weigh the amount of material in the bag, weigh a liter of the material, then compute the volume of the bag.
Weigh the empty bag and whirly, then weigh them full. Subtract the empty mass from the full mass to find the mass of the fill, M.
Measure the mass of a liter of the fill material, ml.
The volume of the bag in liters, V, is then the mass of the bag divided by the mass of one liter of fill material.
V = M/ml
convert the volume to cubic meters. There are 1,000 Liters in a cubic meter.
Alternatively, place the bag into a large body of water and pour a measured amount of water into the bag through the whirly until it is full.
Math Root, The speed of flow through the whirly.
Measure the time, t, it takes to empty a bag of
Measure the area of the inside of the whirly tube, A.
The area is A = pi r2
where r is the radius of the inside of the
Our whirly had an inside diameter of 2.5 cm and so a radius of 1.25 cm.
Express the area in square meters, ours was 4.9 x 10-4 m2.
The speed of airflow through the whirly, s, can be found by knowing the time it takes for a volume of air to flow through the cross sectional area of the tube.
s = V/At
The speed will be in meters per second.
Calculate the speed of the airflow for each of the notes played by the whirly.
Measure the frequencies of the notes using a
frequency meter or oscilloscope.
(If you do not have a frequency measuring device you can estimate the frequency from the length of the tube. For a tube of length L the fundamental frequency will be
f1 = v/2L
where v is the speed of sound in air (about 350 m/s)
for our tube of length 0.78 m
the fundamental frequency is
350/(2 * 0.78) = 220 Hz
Plot the speed of the airflow versus the frequency of each note.
Note that the speed is proportional to the frequency.
Find the constant of proportionality, the slope of
the plot of speed versus frequency.
The slope will have units of meters.
Measure the distance from the center of one ridge
on the whirly to the center of a neighboring ridge. This is the
wavelength of the ridges in the whirly. Ours was 0.65 cm or 0.0065
At the speed of airflow in the lowest note calculate the number of ridges the air will hit each second.
What's going on?
Theory says that when the whirly plays a note the
airflow will collide with the ridges as it flows through the whirly.
The air tumbling over each ridge makes a donut-shaped vortex. Each
vortex includes a back-and-forth motion of the air, this back and
forth motion drives the resonant frequency of the tube. This
phenomenon is known as impinging shear flow instability, it is what
makes your tea kettle whistle. In the mouth of a whistling tea kettle
there is a plug with two disks separated by a space, there is a hole
in the middle of each disk. When the air, or steam, flows through the
first hole and then flows through the second hole it exits in
vortices which cause oscillating pressure in the air, heard by the
human ear as a whistle. The ridges in the whirly tube play the same
role. As the air flows first over one ridge then over a second it
tumbles into a vortex. The faster the air flows through the tube the
higher the frequency of the sound produced by the vortex. When the
frequency of the vortex matches one of the natural resonant
frequencies of the tube it is amplified.
To drive the resonant frequencies of the tube, air must tumble over each ridge in the whirly. This means that there must be turbulent flow of air in the tube. At low speeds the air can flow through the whirly tube smoothly, this is called laminar flow, such a smooth and quiet laminar flow will produce no turbulent eddies to drive the resonant frequencies of the tube.
Whether the airflow is laminar or turbulent depends on the Reynolds number of the airflow. Osbourne Reynolds studied the flow of fluids through tubes and found the conditions under which fluids flowed in laminar flow versus turbulent flow. This depended on the density of the fluid, r, the viscosity of the fluid, h, on the speed of fluid flow, v, and on the diameter of the tube, d. For a given fluid such as air through a tube like the whirly, the transition from laminar to turbulent flow happens as the speed of the flow is increased past a critical value at which the Reynolds number exceeds 2,000.
The Reynolds number is
R = r v2r/ h
where v is the velocity of the flow in meters per
second, 4.8 m/1.3 s = 3.7 m/s
r is the density of air, 0.8 kg/m3
h is the viscosity of the air 1 centipoise, 0.01 poise
r is the radius of the tube r = 1.25 cm = 0.0125 m
Calculate the Reynolds number for the fundamental note of your tube and for the second harmonic.
R = 0.8 * 16 *.01/.01 = 10
way too low for turbulence.
Return to the Summer Institute
25 May 2000

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


math 7+
Trevor's sister is 1/8 the height of a 40-foot dinosaur. She is
A. 6 feet tall
B. 5.5 feet tall
C. 5.3 feet tall
D. 5 feet tall
So that is my homework question i don't understand how to make a propotion to answer the question.
 1. 👍
 2. 👎
 3. 👁
 1. 1/8 = x/40
 Cross multiply and solve for x.
 1. 👍
 2. 👎
 Ms. Sue
 2. 5 feet tall or D.
 1/8 times x/40 (the proportion)
 You would then cross multiply.
 So then you'd have 40=8x.
 Then you can divide by eight on each side and you'd get 5 feet.
 Hope this helped!
 1. 👍
 2. 👎
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Deconstructing "Search Neutrality"
The concept of "search neutrality" that has recently emerged is an attractive idea to many, appealing to notions of even-handedness and fair play. However it completely breaks down when one seriously considers its implications in practice. We've written a great deal about the challenges and problems lurking behind "search neutrality."
Now in an academic article, Some Skepticism About Search Neutrality, NYU associate law professor James Grimmelmann closely examines and deconstructs the arguments behind the idea of search neutrality:
- Equality: Search engines shouldn't differentiate at all among websites.
- Objectivity: There are correct search results and incorrect ones, so search engines should return only the correct ones.
- Bias: Search engines should not distort the information landscape.
- Traffic: Websites that depend on a flow of visitors shouldn't be cut off by search engines.
- Relevance: Search engines should maximize users' satisfaction with search results.
- Self-interest: Search engines shouldn't trade on their own account.
- Transparency: Search engines should disclose the algorithms they use to rank web pages.
- Manipulation: Search engines should rank sites only according to general rules, rather than promoting and demoting sites on an individual basis.
Though not unsympathetic to the objectives behind "search neutrality," Grimmelmann argues that search is not like other media and that it must inherently "discriminate" among results to best serve user needs. His conclusion, like ours, is that "search neutrality" is unworkable and even undesirable in practice.
Cut to Europe: it's unlikely that the current European antitrust investigation against Google will conclude without at least some negative findings for Mountain View. The broad concern playing out in the context of the specific complaints in the action is that Google is simply too powerful and has too much control over online user behavior and thus the fate of websites and online businesses.
If the Europeans do in fact make adverse findings against Google it's not clear what any remedy would be. With billions in the bank fines against Google would be almost meaningless and regulating the search results page itself — what results may appear in what places and in what order — is highly problematic to say the least.
- European Google Antitrust Questionnaire Revealed
- Europeans Go "Fishing" For Bad Google Behavior In Anti-Trust Inquiry
- Once Again: Should Google Be Allowed To Send Itself Traffic?
- The Incredible Stupidity Of Investigating Google For Acting Like A Search Engine
- The New York Times Algorithm & Why It Needs Government Regulation
- Companies Ask Courts, Regulators To Restrain Google To Compensate For Own Competitive Failures
- Do Search Engines (Google) "Harm Minority Owned Businesses"?


text:
Children's rights in India : parents' and teachers' attitudes, knowledge and perceptions
Deb, Sibnath & Mathews, Benjamin P. (2012) Children's rights in India : parents' and teachers' attitudes, knowledge and perceptions. The International Journal of Children's Rights, 20(2), pp. 241-226.
Individuals' attitudes influence their behaviour towards children, including whether children's rights and welfare are promoted. The attitudes generally present in a society shape a culture of how children are perceived and treated. This study explored the attitudes and knowledge of 300
Indian parents and teachers regarding children's rights, and their perceptions about whether selected rights were secured in reality. Findings revealed that most parents and teachers had positive attitudes about children's rights, including rights to health and education, and freedom
from child marriage and inappropriate work. Yet, about one quarter of participants did not think children should have the rights to freedom of expression and association. Knowledge of laws promoting children's rights was poor. Most parents and teachers perceived a denial of seven key rights in Indian children's lived experience. Overall, fĳindings suggest a need to heighten awareness of children's rights and needs, which can improve attitudes towards the treatment of children. Effforts to heighten awareness and attitudes towards children's rights are
needed across society and in key sectors to enhance children's lived experience.
Citation countsare sourced monthly fromand citation databases.
These databases contain citations from different subsets of available publications and different time periods and thus the citation count from each is usually different. Some works are not in either database and no count is displayed. Scopus includes citations from articles published in 1996 onwards, and Web of Science generally from 1980 onwards.
Citations counts from theindexing service can be viewed at the linked Google Scholar™ search.
|Item Type:||Journal Article|
|Keywords:||children's rights, India, law, maltreatment, attitudes, knowledge, parents and teachers|
|Subjects:||Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification > LAW AND LEGAL STUDIES (180000) > LAW (180100) > Comparative Law (180106)|
Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification > LAW AND LEGAL STUDIES (180000) > LAW (180100) > Human Rights Law (180114)
Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification > LAW AND LEGAL STUDIES (180000) > LAW (180100) > Law and Society (180119)
|Divisions:||Current > Research Centres > Children & Youth Research Centre|
Current > QUT Faculties and Divisions > Faculty of Law
Current > Schools > School of Law
|Deposited On:||13 Aug 2012 10:29|
|Last Modified:||20 Aug 2012 11:35|
Repository Staff Only: item control page

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Property Registration System in China: Theory, Practice and Future Challenges
27 Pages Posted: 14 Oct 2013
Date Written: October 14, 2013
This article aims to provide a general understanding of Chinese property registration system combining an institutional analysis with a selected case study. By conducting a case study, it attempts to assess the extent to which the property registration system is considered appropriate and effective by the market users and legal actors responsible for enforcing it. However, this article is not a quantitative study in the sense that collecting empirical data to examine black-letter provisions' application relative to objective performance indicators. It attempts to depict a general picture of the system by answering the following questions: whether Chinese property registration system is a mandatory registration system or voluntary recordation system? What is its property transfer theory underpinning the system of land registration? How close it is related to Torrens system? The answers will be provided in Part B and C of this paper. In the remaining sections, a survey carried out in Qingdao on Qingdao's registration system will be presented with the aim to illustrate the functionality of the property registration system in China.
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation


Theories Of Equity Theory
2143 Words9 Pages
Equity theory suggests that employee' perceptions of a working situation in terms of how fairly they are treated compared with others influence their levels of motivation; motivation is a consequence of perceived inequity (Adams, 1965). According to equity theory, employees make comparisons. Employees determine their own work outcomes versus the effort or inputs required to achieve the outcomes, and compare these with outcomes and efforts of other employees. If they recognize that their compensation is equal to what others receive for similar inputs, they will believe that their treatment is fair and equitable. Education, experience, effort, ability etc. are the inputs to the job by the employees. Outcomes that employees
…show more content…
Adams (1965) pointed out that perceived inequity creates a tension that can motivate individuals to bring equity into balance, in four common ways: 1) altering effort: Individuals may change their level of input to the organization. For example, underpaid individuals may decrease their level of effort or increase their absenteeism. Overpaid individuals may correct the inequity by working harder or getting more education. 2) Altering outcomes: An underpaid person may request a salary increase, other forms of recognition or a bigger office. A union may try to improve wages and working conditions in order to be consistent with a comparable union whose members are paid higher (Samson and Daft, 2002). 3) Changing how people think about inputs or outcomes: According to research, people may alter perceptions of equity if they are unable to change efforts or outcomes (Samson and Daft, 2002). Thus, individuals may unnaturally increase the status attached to their jobs or distort others' perceived rewards to ensure equity. 4) Leaving: Individuals who feel they lack equity in the work place may choose to quit their jobs rather than bearing the inequity of being underpaid or overpaid. They may seek balance of equity applying for new jobs. The implication of equity theory for organizations is that, to motivate employees it is necessary to ensure a state of equity in the work place by establishing mechanisms to deal with perceived inequity situations. Otherwise organizations may face low motivation, low performance, high absenteeism and turnover. As it is mentioned before, a typical example of perceived inequity in a work organization is the situation of an employee who believes that his/her peers does not exert as much effort as him in the work place, although they are all
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text:
A vesicle is a bubble of liquid within a cell. More technically, a vesicle is a small, intracellular, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances within a cell. Vesicles form naturally because of the properties of lipid membranes. Vesicles can fuse with the plasma membrane, and release their contents outside the cell. Vesicles can also fuse with other organelles within the cell.
A vesicle is sometimes formed when the cell is doing endocytosis. Endocytosis is a process in which a cell's membrane takes in a particle from the outside and brings it inside the cell with a vesicle around it. Vesicles are also more commonly known as nuclear membranes, because their very similar to the cell membrane.


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other places. The Green Papaya fruit are harvested at the
optimal moment before fully ripened. The Papaya is known to have
an abundance of two very important enzymes that break down
proteins: Papain and chymopapain. These are proteolytic enzymes,
which assist proper digestion in humans by breaking down
proteins into simpler and more soluble forms. What is
Papain? Papain is a milky juice, which is found only in the
green papaya fruit. Used internally, papain is very effective in
the treatment of indigestion originating in the stomach or
intestines. Papain transforms proteins into peptones, which are
more easily absorbed into the bloodstream, thus facilitating
protein assimilation and improving digestion. As the green
papaya ripens, the papain content diminishes while the amount of
fructose increases. So, to ensure the highest level of enzymatic
activity Royal Tropics has been using only green papaya since
1982 and has developed a special low temperature drying method
to naturally retain the most papain possible. Most other papaya
digestive supplements are made from the ripe fruit, rich in
fructose and low in papain. It becomes necessary to add papain
as an ingredient rather than use it from the original source.
Laboratory analyses of dehydrated green papaya show that it
contains approximately 8% protein (mainly enzymes), 70%
Green papaya is also rich in potassium (1950mg per lOOgms),
which is important to balance sodium levels and protect cells
against harmful substances. Vitamin A, an anti-oxidant and
lOOgms. Green papaya contains many other useful nutrients and
trace elements which play an important role in human nutrition.
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EMF Client Platform: Make It Happen! Day 0 and 1
EMF Client Platform: Make It Happen! Day 0 and 1
This part of the series describes how to get started with the EMF Client platform.
The EMF Client Platform is a framework that allows you to create and iteratively develop applications very efficiently starting with the bare description of the data entities of your application (e.g., as an EMF model or an XML Schema Definition). From the very start, the EMF Client Platform will provide you with a fully functioning application, including UI editors and a backend, everything based only on the data model.
Because frameworks are easier to explain and demonstrate with a real-world example, we are providing an example application for the EMF Client Platform called "Make It Happen". It is a very basic ToDo management application with a simple data model containing tasks and assignees. The example application is enhanced in different parts of the EMF Client Application and, therein the features of the framework are described. Every step provides a link to the respective tutorial that explains in detail how to implement the requirements using the EMF Client Platform.
This blog post will describe day 0 and 1 on a conceptual level.
Day 0: Creating the Model
Every EMF Client Platform application starts with an EMF model. In fact, creating a model is already enough to start a fully functioning application that is capable of creating, modifying, storing and browsing instances of this model. Creating a model is not directly related to the EMF Client Platform, so we will call this step "day 0". Day 0 is basically about defining the data entities of your application. On day 1, we will launch the application and enjoy all the features that are there without any additional effort. In this tutorial, we describe how to create the example model including different possibilities for your custom model. If you are already familiar with EMF, you can actually skip day 0 and continue with day 1.
For the example application "Make It Happen", we have chosen a very simple model containing two entities: Task and User. Tasks can form a hierarchy with subtasks and can be assigned to users.
A model of the example application "Make It Happen".
Please refer to this tutorial to learn how to create models in EMF. Alternatively, you can use the example above and continue with day 1.
Day 1: Start the Application
After creating the model shown above, you can immediately start the first version of the "Make It Happen" application without any additional configuration or code generation. This tutorial describes how to install the EMF Client Platform, launch the application and enjoy all the features that are there without any additional effort.
This first application already supports a lot of features such as:
Model Explorer: Showing the hierarchy of model instances, grouped in projects, which allow users to create new elements and change the hierarchy using drag and drop:
Editor: Showing one model element instance, selected in the Model Explorer. Allows users to modify attributes and references of one model element:
Repository Explorer: Showing data sources from which entities can be retrieved, e.g., local files, EMFStore, CDO or a database:
Please see the complete tutorial describing all available features in detail and explaining how to set-up the EMF Client Platform with a custom model.
If you prefer to create your own custom model, please refer to the tutorial describing how to create EMF models.
Please use the links below to see all posts in this series:
Make It Happen! Day 0 and 1
Make It Happen! Day 2
Make It Happen! Day 3
Make It Happen! Day 4


Harassment Grievance Processes Including Title IX
Beale Garden
Hollins University's primary concern is the community's well-being and ability to participate equally in educational and employment opportunities. Within the context of its mission statement, Hollins University strives to recognize human dignity, and is committed to providing equal educational and employment opportunities to all persons, regardless of sex (including gender identity and sexual orientation), race, color, ethnic origin, nationality, disability, genetic information, veteran status, marital status, age, and political and religious beliefs.
It is the goal of Hollins University that, when possible, individuals have a responsibility to resolve conflicts between or among themselves. Hollins will strive to create an environment that promotes mature discussion and resolution of issues, and expects that the members of the Hollins community will strive to do the same. All members of the campus community should work to understand that what is perceived as unwelcome conduct by one individual may not be similarly perceived by another where differences of attitude, beliefs, experiences, and/or culture apply. If and when, unwelcome conduct is believed to have occurred, internal policies, process, procedures, people, education, and training are in place to report and investigate complaints; provide prompt, equitable, and remedial action to resolve complaints; and provide onand off-campus assistance and resources to support complainants and respondents.
Hollins University Harassment Policy
Hollins University Harassment Policy (PDF)
Sexual Harassment Under Title IX Policy (PDF)
Harassment Policy Brochure (PDF)
Harassment Grievance Board


text:
Definitions for acanthosis nigricans
acanthosis nigricans, keratosis nigricans(noun)
a skin disease characterized by dark wartlike patches in the body folds; can be benign or malignant
U.S. National Library of Medicine
A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder.
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"acanthosis nigricans." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2013. Web. 23 May 2013. .


text:
According to the United States census in 2000, the five most common last names for citizens who identified as American Indians or Alaskan Natives were Smith, Johnson, Begay, Yazzie and Locklear. Other common names included Jones, Williams, Brown, Davis and Wilson. Historically, government officials gave many Native Americans English names. Some Native Americans still carry both English and traditional names.
In the late 19th century, most Native Americans had traditional names, such as Lone Bear, Night Horse or Yellow Calf. Surnames were rarely used, and names were sometimes changed because of life events. Government officials were concerned that the lack of surnames would make it difficult to determine property ownership rights, heirs and family relationships.
Beginning around 1890, government officials gave many Native Americans on reservations English names, which were loose translations of traditional names or merely names based on the whims of the officials. They also attempted to stop traditional naming practices. Names such as William Shakespeare, Abraham Lincoln or George Washington were not uncommon. Students in schools were often assigned new first and last names to make them easier for teachers to remember. Today, many Native Americans use surnames given to their ancestors as well as formal names; they also often use traditional names given through traditional practices.


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Hematite Iron ore beneficiation process flow
The haematite's another name is red iron ore,and its chemical structural formula is Fe203. it's a weak magnetic iron ore and the floatability is better than magnetite. And it is a main material of ironmaking. The main beneficiation process includes:gravity separation,floatation,strong magnetic beneficiation or mix several beneficiation process,and another process is magnetization roasting and then weak magnetic separation. The early haematite beneficiation mostly used the gravity separation process,and the main machines are:jigger,centrifugal separator,spiral chute,spiral washing machine,shaking table etc. Because some other beneficiations's production capacity was small,the grade after processing was low,recovery ratio is low and then was dumped as time goes on. Later as the haematite beneficiation developing,the floatation process ans high intensity magnetization process. It mainly use oxidized paraffinum sodium salt as the collector for floatation and electromagnetic strong magnetic separator as beneficiation equipment for strong magnetic separator. But the others beneficiation technology target were all not good enough. These latest years,the beneficiation process of haematite has developed very well. Especially use the high intensity magnetic separation which is can improve the grade of iron ore concentrate very well,and the recovery of Iron ore concentrate is satisfying.
Other mineral category:
1. Beneficiation process of magnetite ore
2. Beneficiation of hematite iron ore
3. Beneficiation process of tungsten ore
4. Beneficiation process of molybdenum ore
5. Beneficiation process of mirror iron ore
6. Beneficiation process of manganese ore
7. Beneficiation process of Lead Zinc(Zn) Ore
8. Beneficiation process of gold ore
9. Beneficiation process of Fluorite ore
10. Beneficiation process of copper ore
Note:This is just reference,if you want to know more please contact us to get offer and process.


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Costumes and Dress-up
Dressing up in costumes is a popular activity for children on Halloween. It is also a fun way for children to express their creativity and imagination on any other day of the year.
All costumes can burn when exposed to an open flame or other fire sources. Costumes sold in Canada must meet flammability requirements. Many children also like to dress up in their parents' clothes, but they should avoid dressing up in loose clothes since they present a higher flammability risk.
Health Canada reminds parents to:
- keep a close eye on children when they are playing dress-up
- avoid loose-fitting costumes and clothing
- use non-toxic make-up on children instead of masks - masks can be dangerous since they can make it hard to see
- keep lighters, cigarettes and matches out of the sight and reach of children
- keep children away from open flames
- teach children that if their clothing does catch fire, to "Stop, Drop, and Roll"
For more information
More about costumes and dress-up safety:
General information about the safe use of children's products:


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Hatcher, P. E. and Paul, N. D. and Ayres, P. G. and Whittaker, J. B. (1994) The effect of an insect herbivore and a rust fungus individually, and combined in sequence, on the growth of two Rumex species. New Phytologist, 128 (1). pp. 71-78. ISSN 1469-8137Full text not available from this repository.
The chrysomelid beetle Gastrophysa viridula and the rust fungus Urmnyces rumicis both occur on leaves of Rumex crispus and R. obtusifolius. We investigated the effect of beetle grazing or rust infection individually and when combined in sequence on the growth of their hosts in the field. Singly, beetle or rust reduced leaf area and plant biomass; the effect was greater on R. crispus, and rust caused greater damage than the beetle. Beetle grazing with subsequent rust infection caused damage no greater than that caused by rust alone, although on R. obtusifolius damage was greater than that from beetle grazing alone. Rust infection of R. obtusifolius with subsequent beetle grazing produced damage similar to that from other treatments; involving rust infection. In R. crispus this treatment produced the greatest reduction in biomass, The reductions in root and total plant weight from rust infection with subsequent beetle grazing were accurately predicted by a model including the damage produced by beetle and rust alone and the length of time each was present on the plant. This model also predicted accurately the damage to R. obtusifolius from the beetle followed by rust treatment, but over-estimated by up to 40% the damage to R. crispus. This can be explained mainly by an inhibition of rust infection by beetle grazing.
|Journal or Publication Title:||New Phytologist|
|Uncontrolled Keywords:||Chrysomelidae • Gastrophrsa viridula • grazing • induced resistance • Polygonaceae • Uromyces rumicis|
|Subjects:||G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > GE Environmental Sciences|
|Departments:||Faculty of Science and Technology > Lancaster Environment Centre|
|Deposited On:||29 Jan 2009 16:26|
|Last Modified:||26 Jul 2012 16:01|
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Running a Shop Leadership Shop Customers Education+Training Strategy+Planning Customer Service Estimator+Admin Training
Developing a Preblueprint Inspection
Order Reprints
Mark's Body Shop in Baltimore always attempted to get the repair process started as quickly as possible. To get techs working on vehicles right away, the office staff only acquired a small amount of information from customers, says vice president Mark Schaech Jr. But technicians always needed more information from customers to develop repair plans, which slowed work. So Schaech implemented a new standard operating procedure (SOP) to ensure employees documented the right information up front, which improved repair plans and efficiency, and helped his team set proper customer expectations.
Schaech explains how he developed a preblueprint inspection routine at his facility, and how the standardized process has become a valuable tool.
We implemented this inspection routine about five years ago. It's a 30-minute data collection process conducted prior to blueprinting procedures in which we acquire and assess a standard set of information on every job, regardless of the vehicle type or amount of damage that exists. It's a methodical collection of information that helps us document the state of the vehicle, and understand how to properly blueprint the job. It has become a strong tool that we use every day to save time and improve the customer experience.
The inspection routine includes three key steps:
#1: Repair Contract. We complete a repair contract for every customer before looking at their vehicle. The repair contract is a document designed to gather basic customer and vehicle information, and to educate the customer about the repair process.
The four-page contract includes the vehicle's make, model, VIN and color. We also provide information about things like repair payment options and parts usage. We explain the pros and cons of various parts choices, parts recommendations, and insurance-related issues. It takes about 10 minutes to complete the repair contract, which every customer signs.
Step #2: Prerepair Checklist. We conduct a physical walk-around of the vehicle along with the customer to assess 12 standard items outlined on our pre repair checklist. It's an opportunity to gather more detailed information. The checklist takes about 15 minutes to complete, and includes the following:
1. Check lights, horn, wipers and washer nozzles
2. Check door handles, mirrors, power locks and alarm key fob
3. Check dash lights and cigarette lighter
4. Check fuel level
5. Check vehicle mileage
6. Identify paint code
7. Identify wheel lock location
8. Acquire details of the crash
9. Identify the location of vehicle passengers at the time of the crash
10. Identify the payment method (customer-pay or insurance-pay)
11. Identify the customer's interest in additional work, such as paintless dent repair, mechanical repair, or other self-pay items
12. Identify how the customer heard about the shop
The checklist should be a living document at every shop because some items could vary between facilities. So build the document over time in a way that works for you. Shop owners should regularly assess whether any new information could be added to the checklist to prevent common delays during the repair process or customer complaints.
Step #3: Pre-existing Damage Diagram. The final step of the inspection routine is completion of a pre-existing damage document, which includes a diagram of a vehicle. We identify where any pre-existing issues exist on the vehicle, and note the information in the appropriate place on the diagram. Every customer signs and dates that document to verify they were aware of those issues in advance.
Documenting pre-existing issues this way ensures customers won't blame us for certain imperfections. It also provides a convenient opportunity to upsell customers on additional unrelated items. Make sure you assess the vehicle thoroughly, though, because customers could hold you liable for damages that were not included on the document.
We use an iPad to complete the inspection routine, which is performed by our front office staff (every estimator and customer service representative is trained on the process). The iPad is linked directly to our management system where these three documents are housed. Customers sign each form on the iPad, and the information is automatically attached to the repair order and electronically saved in the management system. That's a much more efficient and organized strategy for completing, tracking and saving these forms, since paper documentation generates clutter and gets misplaced. Any employee who accesses the customer's file can easily refer to these forms at any time from any location.
This inspection routine has become very important and valuable to our company. Spending more time with customers up front to obtain this data reduces the need to call them several times throughout the repair, and eliminates work stoppages. This information is also needed to determine the best possible repair plan.
Related Articles
Developing a Marketing Plan
Developing a Vehicle Donation Program
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Certificate in Trauma-Focused Therapy with Mark Widdowson
May 6 @ 9:30 am - September 3 @ 4:30 pm£540
This five day online course will provide practicing counsellors and psychotherapists with a detailed understanding of how to work effectively with trauma in therapy.
You will learn a range of practical techniques and approaches which will enable you to work effectively with clients who have experienced trauma. The entire range of traumatic experiences, from single-incident and multiple trauma to severe and prolonged trauma and will include protocols for working with trauma, PTSD and complex PTSD. The course will also explore the impact of different kinds of trauma on the individual and how to work with them effectively in therapy.
The course is based on the New Haven competencies for the psychological therapy of trauma. These evidence-based competencies were developed by a group of international experts on trauma as a means of identifying best practice, and have subsequently been adopted by the American Psychological Association. Additionally this course complies with the guidelines for mental health and interventions training developed by the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies
The course will be taught using a range of evidence-based teaching and learning methods.
A five day training programme, delivered over 5 modules in all and will include;
1. Understanding trauma and its impact, trauma-informed practice and therapeutic assessment
2. Evidence-based models of trauma therapy
3. Techniques and Interventions for trauma
4. Providing individualised, personally tailored trauma therapy
5. Understanding and working with Complex Trauma


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Iberian mesopotamia alignments
- The Toponym Monfurado Mountain Range Origin
José Cirilo Rodrigues
(Start editing on September 2014)
|This is a research project at Wikiversity.|
This project research is aimed to guide a new generation of scientific researchers using free tools and collaborate with wikipédia. Everyone with a critical thinking and wanting to explore our earth can use Google Earth and astronomy software to observe and analyze the Iberian Mesopotamia Alignments. The region between the three Iberian rivers: Tagus, Guadiana, and Sado in inner Alentejo, Portugal, was called as Iberian Mesopotamia by the archaeologist Manuel Calado. The alignments are located in the Monfurado (Holed Mountain) Mountain Range near the Almendres Cromlech.
Behind every Portuguese geographic accident, such as promontories, mountains, and rivers there are a lot of tales and mysteries. This article is intended to demystify the toponomic name Serra de Monfurado, which means in Portuguese language 'a mountain with a hole'. Monfurado maintain range is located in the inner Alentejo region south Portugal at a middle distance between the Iberian rivers Tagus and Guadiana and the Portuguese river Sado, so this region is known by archaeologists scholars as the Iberian Mesopotamia. This region constitutes the principal diffusion center of the megalithic culture with a central point at the Almendres Cromelech located 13 km west from the capital district city Évora. This study shows the alignment between the menir of Almendres, located at 1.5 km distance in the summer solstice sunrise - live direction, and the Cromelech with the most important stars for a shepherd people - the Capella star, Pollus and Regulus-. On the other hand towards the sunset - death direction at the equinox there exist some earthwork alignenment perfectly oriented east-west. This special construction - a mountain with a hole - is the name origin of the Portuguese toponym - Monfurado-. Due to the simplicity of the tools used and the probability to exist more similar constructions, it is highly recommended to continue searching for other possible alignments with satellite technology such as Google Earth and free astronomy software to better understand prehistoric megalithic science and scientists.
Keywords: prehistory science, archaeoastronomy, archaeology, prehistoric alignments, megalith, toponymy
In the late 1960th at the Portuguese primary school, every kid learned the place-name history of the Cape of the Good Hope, located at the bottom of the African continent, in South Africa. This cape was primarily named by Portuguese navigators as Cabo Adamastor, but, as it was refused by his majesty the King of Portugal, they still had tried the name: Cabo das Boas Tormentas to remember their difficulties without success. This story lets us remember that place-names are given by the authority of the people who needs them as references and the continuity of their use. The importance of the continuity of the place-name is well demonstrated in the recent archaeoatronomy study led by archaeologist Fabio Silva about the origin of the name of the Star Mountain range. Despite the Roman authority have called it as Montes Herminios during seven centuries. Fabio Silva study argues that the origin of the name - Star mountain range - is the due to the continuity of the name used by the first megalithic sheep herders which settled the region. These two examples illustrate the importance of place-names, as well as the reason why, today, to give or to change a place-name, it is a matter held by specialists of the United Nations and people directly affected. To be short, the study of place-names, must consider the authority and continuity of the people, which uses and needs them.
Following the above line of thought, this article is about the authority or prestige of the people since the first megalithic settlers of the Iberian Mesopotamia region, continuously used and needed to denominate the Monfurado mountain range, as a geographic reference seven millennia ago. According to some archaeologists, these first settlers, mixed with local people, implemented a new social style of life well tested, during some millennium after, in other distant places such as the middle east, Cantabria or Danube regions (*). The importance of the study of the Iberian Mesopotamia alignments is not only the ability to shape the mountain (with a hole – Monfurado -) but the scientific knowledge behind the live alignment - sun rise direction - of the manor of Almendres and to plan and dig the death alignment (sun set direction) of the dug hole. The mystic knowledge, which associates direction with life and death at the Cromelech of Almendres, has real meaning because the west direction is the Atlantic ocean and land to the east (see Figure 1).
Our ancestors made any difference between scientific knowledge and believe; everything was a question of death and life. For them orientation knowledge was a matter of survival as a social group sharing the same space and way of live. To better clarify and demystify our ancient society this study is divided in two parts: the live alignment and the death alignment, to discuss each specific method, tools and results separately.
Edwin C. Krupp in his book "In Search Of Ancient Astronomies" shows the vital importance of the star knowledge to develop agriculture and shepherds. The Menir of Almendres located 1.5 km northeast from Cromelech of Almendres indicates the sunrise direction at summer solstice (see figure Live Alignment). This article confirms that its scientific construction purpose is to indicate the stars rise direction as suggested by archaeologist (*). With specific free software, it is possible to simulate the sky five millennia ago and discover what stars were aligned at that time between the menir and the Cromelech.
The following two sections are focused on software and star names.
The two free astronomy software Stellarium and Celestia are available for many operating systems ready to install and use. Just set local coordinates of Almendres Cromelech (38.00, 8.00), select time to 3.000 BC, and start seeing the sky as five millennia ago as our ancestors used to do. Start moving the time scale to summer solstice, its possible to verify that the stars Capella, Pollus and Regullus rise at the same position.
Capella, Pollux and Regullux
Google earth has the ability to simulate the sun movement. At Almendres Cromlech the sun sets every day at a different point behind the Monfurado mountain range; from left in the winter solstice to the right in the summer solstice position indicated by the two respective yellow arrows as shown beside in figure Death Alignment.
The earthwork alignment reproduces the reflection phenomenon of the Arrábida mountain range, which became invisible at a distance greater than about 30 km during day light. For instance, from Cabrela, located at a middle distance between the Cromlech and Arrábida mountain range, this mountain is not visible during most part of the day. Just only one hour before sunset the "Two Sun Mountains", starts to reappear in the Horizont.
- Silva, Fabio (2012). "Landscape and Astronomy in Megalithic Portugal: the Carregal do Sal Nucleus and Star Mountain Range". w:Papers from the Institute of Archaeology (Ubiquity Press) 22: 99–144. doi:10.5334/pia.405. _URL_ Retrieved 17 March 2013.
- Cirlot, Juan-Eduardo (1984). Dicionário de Símbolos. São Paulo: Moraes. p. 430.
- Krupp, Edwin C. (1978). Krupp, Edwin C.. ed (PDF). In Search of Ancient Astronomies. New York: McGraw-Hill.


CEP: Process Safety Beacon - Mechanical Integrity of Tubing
Proper installation, maintenance, and inspection of metal tubing is important in preventing fires and toxic material releases in process plants. Do not forget about tubing just because it is usually small. Even a small leak can cause a fire that can grow much larger, and small releases of toxic materials can be dangerous. Here are some reported incidents.
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from Iceland using DNA Isolation and Sequencing
Faculty Advisor: Hutchison, Ron
Soil microorganisms such as algae, fungi, and single-celled eukaryotes can offer insight to the biological history of a glacier and have potential application in reconstructing successional timelines when a glacier is receding. DNA was isolated from samples of Icelandic glacial soil and sequenced in order to characterize the microorganisms present in the soil. The soil samples used in this experiment were collected from four different sites at the Vatna glacier in southern Iceland. In order to analyze the diversity of microorganisms represented in these samples, the soil was subjected to DNA isolation, purification, and amplification; the DNA product was sequenced and analyzed using a BLAST search to identify the organisms present in the samples. Two methods were used for cloning the DNA: the first followed the Invitrogen T-Easy protocol and the second followed the Clontech In-Fusion cloning protocol. The DNA isolated via the Invitrogen protocol was of high enough quality to be sequenced using a Beckman Coulter sequencer. The In-Fusion protocol gave poor cloning efficiencies. Using BLAST online database for comparison, the microorganisms that were most prominent in the soil samples included fungi from the genera Fusarium and Beauveria and protists from the phyla Cercozoa and Apicomplexa. The distribution of these organisms from the sample sites will be discussed. Future research on this topic will continue to analyze the DNA of soil microorganisms in order to create a biological timeline of glacial recession through identification of soil organisms.
45. Bone Modeling Using COMSOL and SolidWorks
Faculty Advisor: Sharobeam, Monir
The purpose of the research is to use computer software to model the bones of animals and eventually be able to study the biomechanics. The research is in its preliminary stages as I am just learning the techniques needed to use the software packages together for the study of the bones. A scan of a rat humerus was done and the resulting stereolithography file(.stl) was imported into the 3D CAD software SolidWorks creating a completely solid representation of the bone. This rat bone has been the focus of the project so far. The SolidWorks program is used to manipulate the structure of the bone such as removing protrusions to create flatter surfaces to make it easier to test particular areas. Also, currently being worked on is trying to hollow out the center of the bone and adding material of different property to more accurately simulate the less dense internal structure of bones. The COMSOL multiphysics software was used to perform evaluations on the rat bone to see the effects of stress/strain and the deformation that will occur. The bone can be given specific material properties such as density and elasticity. The bone had forces placed on it specifically in areas where it was connected to other bones or connective tissues to simulate loading due to animal weight (normal situation) or an activity such as landing from a jump (stress situation). The SolidWorks software is linked to the COMSOL multiphysics software via an add-on tool so that the changes made in SolidWorks are automatically updated in the COMSOL file. This allows all other set parameters such as material properties and forces exerted on the bone to remain unchanged and the study to just be recomputed. This process will be used on larger animal bones further into the research project. In doing this, the further goal will be the ability to study the biomechanics of the various types of animal bones by creating models of them.
46. Ecology of Stockton's Vernal ponds
Yeager, Jillena B.; Gordon, Sabol; and Gunn, Evan
Faculty Advisor: Cromartie, Jamie
This study compared this year's vernal ponds with previous years. The main goal was to investigate how changes in yearly weather patterns affect frog diversity and abundance. Data collection from the beginning of March was recorded and will proceed until the end of May. Water temperature, pH, and conductivity readings were measured to add to the existing compilation of measurements. Frog species were identified through recognizing specific frog calls and identification through capture. Approximation of the total population of a frog species in a particular pond was measured by estimating the total number of frog calls heard. Up until now, VPM, VPN, VPS, and VPE have had the most frog activity. Spring Peepers (Pseudacris crucifer), NJ Chorus frogs (Pseudacris triseriata), Wood frogs (Rana sylvatica), and Southern Leopard frogs (Rana sphenocephala) were the most abundant this year. 2012 was a drier and warmer year than 2013 and many vernal ponds including VPI, VPJ, VPK, VPN, and VPP were dried up. Last year's dry conditions had no significant impact on this year's frog abundance, as predicted. This year's breeding season also began later than last year's, and frogs were more spread out over the campus than last year.


The following reaction mechanism was given as a solution to a solved problem in my textbook1 for the addition of hydrogen iodide to 3,3‐dimethylbut‐1‐yne:
Author's mechanism
It can be seen that that 2,2-diiodo-3,3-dimethylbutane (a geminal dihalide) is the product according to this mechanism. I arrived at a different product 2,3-diiodo-2,3-dimethylbutane (a vicinal dihalide) by using the following mechanism:
My mechanism
The difference is due to the methanide shift I did on the second step, converting 3,3-dimethylbut-1-en-2-ylium cation to 2,3‐dimethylbut‐3‐en‐2‐ylium cation. I consider this to be a reasonable carbocation rearrangement because after the methanide shift, the 2,3‐dimethylbut‐3‐en‐2‐ylium cation is tertiary as well as in conjugation with the double bond. Moreover, the initial carbocation has a positive charge on a more electronegative $\mathrm{sp^2}$ hybridized carbon atom. Due to this, I believe, the methanide shift produces a more stable carbocation. But, why did the author proceed without making this rearrangement?
When I discussed this in chat, there was a consensus that the product of this reaction must be a geminal dihalide as obtained by the author. The only way, I could think of, by which I can obtain the geminal dihalide even after the rearrangement discussed earlier is to do another rearrangement during the addition of second molar equivalent of hydrogen iodide as given below:
Modified mechanism
The problem with this mechanism is the carbon bearing the postitive charge after the methanide shift also has an iodine atom attached to it. Earlier, I learnt that chlorine atom is the only halogen for which the positive mesomeric effect is stronger than the negative inductive effect thereby stabilizing the positive charge. But here, due to the presence of iodine, I think the carbocation is not stable after rearrangement.
Even after neglecting this fact, there seems to be a major difference betweeen the author's mechanism and the modified mechanism, which I've emphasized using a carbon-12 labelled reactant as given below:
Comparison between author's mechanism and modified mechanism
It can be seen that even though we obtain geminal dihalides through either of the mechanism, the products formed aren't exactly the same. One has the iodine attoms attached to the normal carbon whereas in the other they are attached to the carbon-12 atom.
In short, what happens when hydrogen iodide is added to 3,3‐dimethylbut‐1‐yne?
 1. Solomons, et al. Organic Chemistry for JEE (Main & Advanced). Edited by MS Chouhan, Third Edition; Wiley India Private Limited. ISBN 978-81-_PHONE_-3
There seems to be an issue with both mechanisms on the front that an SN1 reaction would not take place since the carbocation formed is a vinylic carbocation which is highly unstable.
The actual reaction follows a termolecular mechanism where the rate of reaction is given to be:
Now, according to Advanced Organic Chemistry by Francis A. Carey, the reaction mechanism would be as follows:$^1$
Step $1$:
A concerted termolecular reaction...
This involves an acid/base reaction, protonation of the alkyne developing positive charge on the more substituted carbon. The π electrons act pairs as a Lewis base.
The other part is attack of the nucleophilic bromide ion on the more electrophilic carbocation creates the alkenyl bromide.
hydrohalogenation of alkyne
Step $2$:
In the presence of excess reagent, a second protonation occurs to generate the more stable carbocation.$^2$
carbocation formation
Step $3$:
Attack of the nucleophilic bromide ion on the electrophilic carbocation creates the geminal dibromide.
geminal dihalide formation
[$1$]: The reaction mechanism stated above uses $\ce{HBr}$ and not $\ce{HI}$ instead. However this reaction takes place for $\ce{HX}$.
[$2$]: The same reaction using $\ce{HI}$ would have a comparatively lower yield of the geminal product since geminal diiodides are unstable due to the steric hinderance posed by the large size of the iodine atoms.
Your Answer


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The bear-friendly label was designed to award practices that promote coexistence between bears and humans. Bear friendly practices include:
- the effective protection of livestock, beehives or orchards;
- preventing bears from losing fear of human (habituation of bears to humans) by using bear-proof garbage bins. When bears relate food to human, they will try to find it close to humans and their settlements. So, let's keep bears wild and do not leave your trash everywhere;
- development of responsible tourism programs;
- active promotion of bear conservation in the local area.
Honey, cheese, meat products and handicrafts equipped with the bear-friendly label highlight the connection between bears and local communities, which are deeply intertwined in the northern Dinaric region and Alps. Such products give additional value and sense of recognition to the use of bear-friendly practices and improve the coexistence between humans and bears.
Support bear friendly products and services to benefit local community and contribute to coexistence with bears.


FUTA Overview
COVID-19: FUTA Researchers Recommend Cocoa-Zobo-Ginger Beverage as Immunity Booster against Diseases
In the wake of the rampaging Corona Virus Pandemic, a group of Researchers at the Federal University of Technology Akure,FUTA led by Nathaniel Fagbemi a Professor of Food Science Technology, has recommended the regular consumption of a blend of Cocoa-Zobo-Ginger beverage which has the potential to boost immunity of people against communicable diseases and viruses. The Cocoa-Zobo-Ginger beverage with high antioxidant potential was developed by the FUTA Researchers from blends of Hibiscus sabdariffa (zobo) and ginger blends and Natural Cocoa Powder. The cocoa–zobo–ginger beverage possesses high antioxidant activities and show potential as a health security beverage that can boost immunity against diseases and viruses.
The researchers say though Oxidation reactions are necessary for life especially during respiration, complex electron transfer and incomplete reduction of oxygen can result into generation of highly reactive and damaging Reactive Oxygen Species leading to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress has been associated with the cause of significant damage to biological molecules such as lipids, proteins, DNA and development of chronic diseases such as cancer, arteriosclerosis, coronary heart disease, diabetes, neurological disorder and weakening of immune system.
They said research has shown that though the human body has physiological defense mechanism, which produces antioxidants to reduce oxidative damage, additional antioxidants may be necessary during severe oxidative stress and for constant maintenance of oxidative balance. Functional beverages that are high in antioxidants like the Zobo-Ginger-Cocoa drink can adequately protect against oxidative stress and boost immunity in case of stress or diseases. They said a better immunity help to fend off diseases and also improves chances of survival of ill persons. The Cocoa-Zobo-Ginger beverage could be made in cold or hot water extracts making it vital in the hot tropical climate as well as in the cold Harmattan seasons obtained in Nigeria. They said its ingredients are easily available and can be made and enjoyed by all strata of the society.
The University has the Cocoa-Zobo-Ginger beverage blends in sachets which has been developed and exhibited in many NUC organized university trade fairs and scientific exhibitions and would be ready to enter into partnership with Government agencies and other interested stakeholders for mass production. The Vice Chancellor, Professor Joseph Fuwape, said FUTA will continue to respond to emerging national and global trends and challenges through relevant researches and product development.


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How to Look On Top of the World, When You're Actually Crashing
Groom to Win
Looking like a winner when you feel down and out is essential for survival. Perception is reality and success depends on how that perception is crafted. Here are some tips to make it appear that business is booming:
- Show success in the face of adversity. Create a newsworthy story that shows how business is transcending economic challenges. Instead of relying on a hard luck story, excite consumers with a relevant story of how the company is thriving, growing and trend setting;
- Have a consistent message. In a sound-bite world, sales people and staff must convey the same upbeat message and tone quickly and effectively. Create talking points for everyone in the company to follow. Locate and accentuate the positives of the business and the corresponding benefits they bring. Then, construct the story that will establish that message to clients in unison. This simple act of consistency may seem simple but the wrong information in the right hands can spell disaster. The right story, being told simultaneously, can create a wave of momentum;
- Demonstrate your impact. When a magic trick is performed, it's hard to dispute what was just seen, regardless of jaded beliefs. Anytime a product or service can be demonstrated or shown to be effective, it's a win. Collect and use testimonials of customer results as a backbone to build image and credibility. Also, using case studies dispels "smoke and mirrors" criticism, fueling much needed self-belief and public trust.
Looking like you are on top of the world when you're actually crashing is vital to inspire consumer buying, maintain cash flow, drive company morale and increase profit. Not to mention, feeling like a superstar never hurt anyone.
This article was written by Ryan Prucker, an image specialist and award-winning marketing executive and national media contributor. He is also the author of the book and audio program "The Image to Succeed."
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Vegan Handbag Guide
Apr 10, 2021
How to choose a sustainable and fashionable bag for any occasion
With so much talk of fast fashion in the media and sustainable fashion choices, it's hard to know where to begin. One wardrobe staple you can easily change while embracing conscious consumerism is your handbag.
In this guide we'll explain how to pick the best vegan handbag. Whether you're looking for a new tote, crossbody, bowler, or business bag – we've got you covered!
What does vegan and sustainable fashion mean?
Sustainable fashion considers the way an item is made. What kind of footprint will the production leave? How are consumers likely to interact with it?
It's the opposite of fast or faster-than-fast fashion, which sees consumers buying low-cost fashion, quickly and easily. The impact of rapidly creating clothing is that it becomes throwaway and quickly loses value.
What makes a handbag sustainable?
To be truly sustainable, a handbag or purse should be made from eco-friendly recycled or upcycled materials. But more than that, environmental issues and ethics including fair compensation for workers should be embraced.
Which bag materials are sustainable?
The materials used to make a handbag can increase (or decrease) its sustainability. Using natural, recycled, and upcycled fibres for the outer material and lining can boost the eco-friendliness of a product.
Of course, it would be impossible to talk about this without discussing vegan leather…
Is vegan leather better than real leather?
Vegan leather can be eco-friendly, but it depends on what it's made from. Polyurethane is vegan and arguably better than PVC, but it's made from petroleum (not environmentally friendly).
As a brand, we focus on upcycling materials that offer the same quality as leather, but without the environmental impact.
Animal leather vs artificial leather – what's the difference?
This is a question many people (understandably) ask. The biggest difference is the fact that animal leather is made from animal skin, while artificial leather is made from different materials.
What is vegan leather made from and is it sustainable?
Vegan leather can be made from materials including cork, recycled plastic, and rubber. For instance, recycled truck tyre inner tubes make a great alternative because of the textures, patterns, and durability. Find out more about vegan leather by reading our guide.
Why vegan leather?
If you want to commit to a sustainable lifestyle, vegan leather is one of the easiest swaps you can make. You won't notice the difference in quality or style, but you'll make a positive difference to the environment.
How to choose the best vegan handbag
You might ask, 'how do I choose a handbag for everyday use?', 'how do I choose a handbag: size, colour, style, and more', 'what is the most versatile handbag colour?' - and you're not alone.
Buying a handbag is a big deal, so we're going to answer as many of your questions as possible.
We offer eco-handbag designs to suit all styles. Every woman should own the handbags of their dreams, regardless of whether you want something practical or a cute weekend purse!
Tote bags are great! Our Anna Recycled Rubber Vegan Tote Bag is ideal for everyday use. You can use it every day as your work bag, you can stuff your gym kit in it, or use it for shopping.
anna recycled rubber tote bag
As well as being big, Totes are durable - if you look after your bag, it should last for years. The handmade Anna Recycled Vegan Rubber Tote Bag is made from reclaimed inner bike tubes, find out more here.
If you are hoping to go to lots of events this summer, you may be interested in our Maggie Inner Tube Vegan Bag crossbody.
maggie inner tube paguro vegan handbag
It is lightweight yet practical and ideal for storing your festival essentials. Each compartment features a zip for added security, which means you have peace of mind and can enjoy your favourite band without worrying about losing your valuables. View the full range of colour options here
Our Reina Black Vegan Handbag is a super cute crossbody or one shoulder handbag. Simple yet elegant in design, you can carry everything you need, whether you're out for the night or having brunch with the girls.
reina handbag vegan friendly
It's easy to clean and as every bag is handmade from reclaimed materials, each is unique in design. Find out more about the Reina here
Our version of the Bowler bag offers a twist on the classic as it's made from upcycled seatbelts. The Penyau Upcycled Vegan Seatbelt Bowler Bag is compact in design yet spacious. It features two handles and a detachable crossbody strap adding a touch of elegance to any outfit.
penyau seatbelt bag
It is easy to keep your valuables safe while you are out, as there is an inside pocket. View Paguro's Bowler Bag here.
Alternatively, if you need a smart business bag with eco credentials, our Slimline Inner Tube Padded Vegan Laptop Bag is ideal. It's suitable for a 13 inch laptop or A4 notebook and is padded for extra protection.
paguro vegan laptop handbag
How to care for your faux leather handbag
Cleaning your vegan leather is simple, just empty your bag and use a damp cloth to wipe it. The inner tube material is completely waterproof, so you can use water and dish soap to clean it. Remove any soapy residue before leaving it to air dry.
As for the lining of your bag, you can keep that clean by emptying your bag and wiping with a damp cloth. If it's detachable, you can deep clean it to remove makeup or pen marks.
Either way, make sure your lining dries quickly and thoroughly by leaving it on a radiator.
To maximise the life of your bag – don't hang it! Store it on a shelf! When you hang it, you will distort the handles. If your bag is taller than your shelf, lie it flat to prevent it from being squashed.
General handbag FAQs
How many handbags does the average woman own?
What is a shoulder handbag?
A purse or bag carried with at least one strap attached.
How do you carry a shoulder bag?
The strap should sit comfortably on your shoulder.
What is the difference between a handbag and a shoulder bag?
A handbag has two handles to make it easy to carry, while a shoulder bag has a strap making it hands-free.
What is the difference between a tote and a handbag?
A tote bag does not have pockets, whereas a handbag is smaller and has different compartments.
Is a tote bag a handbag?
Which is better: backpack or shoulder bag?
It depends on your needs. For instance, a backpack is good for weight distribution, whereas a shoulder bag is ideal for quickly retrieving items.
Is it rude to put your purse on the table?
Yes (and unhygienic!)
Do you wear or carry handbags?
You carry them.
How long should a shoulder bag be?
This depends on where you want your bag to sit - close to your arm or near your hip.
What does hobo bag mean?
A hobo bag is crescent shaped with long straps to give it a slouchy look.
What is considered a small handbag?
6-12 inches wide.
What's your favourite handbag?
For a limited time, our handbags are on sale here
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Berkeley Lab
WWII Aircraft Carrier Used in Atomic Bomb Tests Found Intact on Sea Floor
USS Independence in 1943.A team from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has located the wreck of the 623-foot USS Independence, an American light aircraft carrier that served in World War II before being rocked by two atomic blasts during the famous bomb tests at the Bikini Atoll. The ship was scuttled off the coast of San Francisco in 1951, but scientists say that it is still in remarkably good condition despite having spent more than 60 years underwater.


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The modern day supermarkets offer a wide variety of edible oils ranging from olive to rice bran. There are heart friendly oils which promise you a healthy heart in their advertisements. And finally there are different brands of the latest craze, olive oil. Its very difficult for an average consumer to make this choice. However this choice is very important as it has major implications on health. In this article we will guide you through some parameters basis which you could navigate this maze. We shall use four criteria to make this choice:
1. Process of Extraction
2. Composition of fat types in an oil
3. Quality of the seed
4. Essential Fatty Acid Profile
5. Type of cooking
6. Season of the Year and geography
The Process of Extraction: Refined vs Cold Pressed
This by and large is the most important parameter in this choice. Most oils that are sold in supermarkets are refined oils. The process of refining involves various stages like extraction, degumming, neutralisation, bleaching and deodorisation, finally resulting in a product which is colourless, odourless, tasteless and can literally last on the grocery shelf for eternity. Lets look at each of these processes.
Extraction involves crushing and steaming the seeds. But to make this more efficient, solvents like hexane ( a petroleum product) are used. There are often residues in the oil and cake. And the cake makes way into our food as its used as animal feed. Sometimes its more direct through products like soya meal maker.
The next process is degumming where phosphatides are removed by adding water.
Neutralisation involves removal of free fatty acids that reduce the shelf life. However free fatty acids by themselves could be useful for health. This is done by adding phosphoric acid.
Bleaching is done to remove any colour pigments like chlorophyll and other antioxidants. This process strips the health benefits of antioxidants.
Finally deodorisation is done to remove any odours which give different oils their unique character. This step involves very high temperatures and could also result in formation of harmful transfats.
Cold pressed oils on the other hand are extracted in a traditional wood press without heat. This retains all the vitamins like tocopherols and the unique flavour of the oil. It also retains the natural antioxidants which are protective.
Bottomline: Always prefer cold pressed oils over refined oils
Farmer Abhinav with his cold press oil machine at Beyond Organic Farm
Quality of the seed
The quality of the oil is only as good as the quality of the nut or seed from which it is extracted. While this might sound obvious, the devil lies in the detail. The nutrient profile of the seed/nut is a function of the soil fertility. Chemically grown produce have a very weak nutrient profile as the yield is driven by chemical fertilisers. For example the iron content of apple has gone down by 60 % in the last few decades, however we eat apple and think its giving us a lot of iron. The same applies to chemically grown oil seeds. The micronutrient profile of the same would be lesser than seeds grown without any fertilisers in natural farming methods.
Bottomline : If you can afford it, make sure you buy oil extracted from naturally grown oil seeds or nuts.
Type of Fats : Saturated vs Monounsaturated vs Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Saturated Fats have no double bonds in their structure and most commonly found in animal fats. These fats have been demonised for quite some time, thanks to the Diet Heart Hypothesis by Ancel Keys and the fear of cholesterol. However recent evidence has proved it to be beneficial and thus our good old ghee has made a comeback. In fact 60% of human brain is made of saturated fats and these play a key role hormonal balance of the body.
Types of Fats
Types of Fats
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) have a single double bond and are known for their health benefits. Olive oil owes it health benefits to the presence of MUFA. Groundnut oil also has a considerable amount of MUFA.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids are mostly found in vegetable/seed oils and have two double bonds. These oils are easily susceptible to oxidation especially when refined.
Bottomline: Saturated fats and mono unsaturated fats are the best. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are better consumed in minimal quantities.
Essential Fatty Acid (EFA) Profile : Omega 6 vs Omega 3 ratio
Essential Fatty Acids are those fats that the body can not synthesise and needs to supplemented through diet. There are mainly two types of EFA's. Omega 3 and Omega 6. While both of these are essential there is a catch. We need the right balance of these for healthy bodily functions. Both these help in synthesis of prostaglandins that form hormones. However if the ratio of omega 6 is higher, it produces inflammatory prostaglandins and a consistent production of these could result in disease.
Omega 6 : Omega 3
Omega 6 : Omega 3
Oils like sunflower, safflower, sesame are very high in omega 6 and are better avoided if you have inflammatory conditions like allergies, heart problems etc. Mustard oil is a good example of the right balance. It is also worth noting that within mustard oil the ratio is much better in cold pressed oil. Even groundnut oil has a good balance.
Bottomline : Minimise the use of oils rich in Omega 6 like seed oils and seek oils with a balance like mustard, groundnut.
Type of Cooking
This also plays a major role in the selection. Olive oil inspite of all the benefits, is not very suitable for deep frying and should ideally be used for dressing and saute.
Groundnut oil is very good for deep frying as it has a high smoke point.
Ghee is good for preparations that involve repeated frying like sweets. The reason why all old sweet houses had a tag line of "Pure Ghee Sweets"
Bottomline : Use ghee for sweets and groundnut or mustard for deep frying.
Olive oil is best for saute. But so is sesame!!
Season of the Year and Geography
Some oils are better for us in certain times of the year. Sesame oil is highly recommended for winters as its very good for joint health and skin. Also sesame and mustard oil generate heat which is needed in the body in winter. Mustard oil is also known to reduce phlegm.
Groundnut oil is good for summer season.
Ghee is good for most part of the year but is good for winter in particular. No wonder Diwali and Dussera fall in this season.
It is strongly advised to consume oils that are native to your area. Coconut oil could work wonders along sea coast. Mustard oil is preferred in the north and groundnut in Gujarat. These aspects of local biodiversity have to be respected.
Bottomline : Eat local and Seasonal
Finally a note on the pricing. Cold pressed oils are much more expensive than refined oils as it takes around 3 kg of groundnut to extract 1 litre of oil in cold press whereas in refined process it takes just 1.8kg. Further cold press is a labour intensive process. However it does make up for the cost in terms of health benefits. If you can afford cold pressed and also naturally grown seeds, thats the best money can afford and of course its expensive. But the right question is not why is cold press expensive but " WHY IS REFINED SO CHEAP?"


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Some companies, particularly losing incumbents on existing contracts, are gaming the protest system. They seek to use the protest process to delay having to relinquish their position and lose the revenues. During these protests, the government has to choose between doing without a particular good or service or extending the period of performance of the rejected company. For the company initiating the protest, delay can mean lots of additional money. An egregious example of contract protest abuse is the behavior of the losing bidder on the State Department's Worldwide Aviation Support Services contract. I have written a commentary for National Interest here.
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Leet (1337) is an alphabet of ASCII characters used by 'elite' internet users. Purposes for using Leet can vary, but I find it particularly useful for creating passwords. Here's an example:
Leet sentence: 1337 |$ \/3|2′/ |_|$3|o5|_|1 |o50|2 [|2347||\|9 |o4$$\/\/0|2|)$
Plain English: Leet is very useful for creating passwords
Basically, Leet is just another way to write words using numbers and symbols. I know, incredibly geeky, but it can be a lot of fun! There are several different ways to write Leet, so you kind of have to settle on a standard format for your own use, or you may find yourself using 20 different versions of "M". For a complete chart, click here.
Like I said, Leet can be used for just about anything, but I like to create passwords using Leet. Reason for doing so, is simply more security. Symbols and characters add a whole new level of security to passwords. It's not for everyone, but I find 1337 intriguing.
Have you heard of 1337? Do you use it for anything?


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List of capitals in the United States
Washington, D.C. has been the capital of the United States since 1800. Eight other cities have served as the meeting place for the U.S. Congress and are therefore considered to have once been the capital of the United States. In addition, each of the fifty U.S. states and the five principal territories of the United States maintains its own capital.
In 33 of the 50 U.S. states, the state capital is not the state's most populous city. Only two of the state capitals — Trenton, New Jersey, and Carson City, Nevada — border another state, while Juneau, Alaska, shares a border with the Canadian province of British Columbia.[a] The dates listed in the following table indicate the year in which the city started to continuously serve as the state's sole capital. Most states have changed their capital city at least once--see Historical state capitals for details.
|State||Abr.||Date of statehood||Capital||Capital since||Land area (mi²)||Most populous city?||Municipal population||Metropolitan population||Notes|
|Alabama||AL||1819||Montgomery||1846||155.4||No||205,764||374,536||Birmingham is the state's largest city|
|Alaska||AK||1959||Juneau||1906||2716.7||No||31,275||Juneau is the largest capital by land area. Anchorage is the state's largest city.|
|Arizona||AZ||1912||Phoenix||1889||474.9||Yes||1,445,632||4,192,887||Phoenix is the most populous U.S. state capital and only capital with more than 1 million citizens|
|Arkansas||AR||1836||Little Rock||1821||116.2||Yes||193,524||877,091||Little Rock is the Capital of Arkansas, Pulaski County, Arkansas Seat as well as the Township Seat.|
|California||CA||1850||Sacramento||1854||97.2||No||466,488||2,527,123||The Supreme Court of California is headquartered in San Francisco. Los Angeles is the state's largest city.|
|Colorado||CO||1876||Denver||1867||153.4||Yes||600,158||2,552,195||Denver was called Denver City until 1882.|
|Connecticut||CT||1788||Hartford||1875||17.3||No||124,512||1,212,381||Bridgeport is the state's largest city, but Hartford is the largest metro area.|
|Delaware||DE||1787||Dover||1777||22.4||No||36,047||162,310||Longest-serving capital in terms of statehood. Wilmington is the state's largest city.|
|Florida||FL||1845||Tallahassee||1824||95.7||No||181,412||367,413||Jacksonville is the largest city, and Miami has the largest metro area.|
|Illinois||IL||1818||Springfield||1837||54.0||No||116,250||208,182||Chicago is the state's largest city.|
|Indiana||IN||1816||Indianapolis||1825||361.5||Yes||829,718||1,756,221||In addition to being the second-largest state capital, Indianapolis is also the second largest city in the Midwest.|
|Kansas||KS||1861||Topeka||1856||56.0||No||127,473||230,824||Wichita is the state's largest city.|
|Kentucky||KY||1792||Frankfort||1792||14.7||No||25,527||70,758||Louisville is the state's largest city. Frankfort ranks as the twelfth most populous city in the state.|
|Louisiana||LA||1812||Baton Rouge||1880||76.8||No||229,553||802,484||New Orleans is the state's largest city and home to the Louisiana Supreme Court.|
|Maine||ME||1820||Augusta||1832||55.4||No||19,136||117,114||Augusta was officially made the capital 1827, but the legislature did not sit there until 1832. Portland is the state's largest city.|
|Maryland||MD||1788||Annapolis||1694||6.73||No||38,394||Annapolis is the third-longest serving capital in the United States after Santa Fe and Boston. Its capitol building is the oldest still in use. It is also the smallest capital by land area. Baltimore is the state's largest city.|
|Massachusetts||MA||1788||Boston||1630||48.4||Yes||617,594||4,522,858||Boston is the longest continuously serving capital in the United States. The Boston-Worcester-Manchester Combined Statistical Area encompasses the state capitals of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island.|
|Michigan||MI||1837||Lansing||1847||35.0||No||114,297||464,036||Lansing is the only state capital that is not also the county seat of the county in which it is situated.Detroit is the state's largest city.|
|Minnesota||MN||1858||Saint Paul||1849||52.8||No||285,068||3,502,891||Minneapolis is the state's largest city; it and Saint Paul form the core of the state's largest metropolitan area.|
|Missouri||MO||1821||Jefferson City||1826||27.3||No||43,079||149,807||Kansas City is the state's largest city, and Greater St. Louis is the state's largest metropolitan area.|
|Montana||MT||1889||Helena||1875||14.0||No||28,190||74,801||Billings is the state's largest city.|
|Nebraska||NE||1867||Lincoln||1867||74.6||No||258,379||302,157||Omaha is the state's largest city.|
|Nevada||NV||1864||Carson City||1861||143.4||No||55,274||Las Vegas is the state's largest city.|
|New Hampshire||NH||1788||Concord||1808||64.3||No||42,695||Manchester is the state's largest city.|
|New Jersey||NJ||1787||Trenton||1784||7.66||No||84,913||366,513||Newark is the state's largest city. Trenton served as the US capital for a short period in the late 18th century.|
|New Mexico||NM||1912||Santa Fe||1610||37.3||No||75,764||183,732||Santa Fe is the longest serving capital in the United States. El Paso del Norte served as the capital of the Santa Fe de Nuevo México colony-in-exile during the Pueblo Revolt of 1680–1692. Santa Fe has the highest elevation of any state capital. Albuquerque is the state's largest city.|
|New York||NY||1788||Albany||1797||21.4||No||97,856||857,592||New York City is the state's largest city.|
|North Carolina||NC||1789||Raleigh||1794||114.6||No||403,892||1,130,490||Charlotte is the state's largest city.|
|North Dakota||ND||1889||Bismarck||1883||26.9||No||61,272||108,779||Fargo is the state's largest city.|
|Ohio||OH||1803||Columbus||1816||210.3||Yes||787,033||1,836,536||Columbus is Ohio's largest city, and the fourth-largest state capital, but the Cincinnati and Cleveland metropolitan areas are both larger.|
|Oklahoma||OK||1907||Oklahoma City||1910||607.0||Yes||580,000||1,252,987||Oklahoma City is the shortest serving current state capital in the United States.|
|Oregon||OR||1859||Salem||1855||45.7||No||154,637||390,738||Portland is the state's largest city.|
|Pennsylvania||PA||1787||Harrisburg||1812||8.11||No||49,528||647,390||Philadelphia is the state's largest city.|
|Rhode Island||RI||1790||Providence||1900||18.5||Yes||178,042||1,630,956||Providence also served as the capital 1636–1686 and 1689–1776. It was one of five co-capitals 1776–1853, and one of two co-capitals 1853–1900.|
|South Dakota||SD||1889||Pierre||1889||13.0||No||13,646||Sioux Falls is the state's largest city.|
|Tennessee||TN||1796||Nashville||1826||473


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Rain lilies, or Zephyranthes, are so named because they produce vibrant blooms after exposure to rain, and can bloom and rebloom again and again as they are exposed to rainfall, making them a favorite of beginning and experienced gardeners alike. These lovely and delicate plants have migrated stateside via Mexico, South America, and Guatemala. They will at first develop in small tightly bunched clumped formations and it may take several growing cycles before they show themselves as the expressive, lyrical blossoming plants that they are known to be. Rain lilies are extraordinarily adaptive and do very well alongside a wide variety of botanical friends and neighbors, requiring little care other than access to rainfall in order to thrive. Plant bulbs can be planted nearly anywhere and will thrive with very little care.
Preparing to Plant Rain Lilies
Rain lilies can grow up to one and a half feet in height, and when planting, spacing should consider this. Rain lilies do best in a sun to partial shade situation. They will produce white or ivory blossoms anywhere from late winter to mid fall of the following year. Rain lilies are considered to be herbaceous and do well in neutral or mildly acidic soil. One consideration for where to plant rain lilies is that they do not do well indoors due to a lack of access to rainfall.
Planting Rain Lilies
Once a location has been chosen, ensure that bulbs are planted at a minimum of three inches apart and one or two inches deep in free soil or pots outdoors. Rain lilies do well with a fertilizer once per month and regular watering if rainfall is not readily accessible. Soil should be maintained in a moist but not wet condition at all times. As leaves grow older and become dry, they can be pruned away. As more and more leaves fall into this state, the plant is indicating it is going dormant for winter. In milder climates the bulbs can remain in a dormant state in the free soil throughout the winter, but in colder climates the bulbs should be removed from the ground and stored in a cool dry place such as a garage, basement, or refrigerator over the winter. Bulbs can be stored in loosely closed plastic bags filled with a mixture of soil and peat.
Caring for Rain Lilies
Rain lilies are remarkably resistant to common garden pests and diseases. They can be disturbed by snails and slugs, which enjoy the flavor of rain lily leaves, but the plant itself has toxic properties to humans, birds, animals, and other insects so it is generally spared. Rain lilies can develop red blotch, which causes leaves to appear with a red streak or splotch across the leaf face. The disease is not otherwise harmful to the rain lily, except for its cosmetic affect, and generally goes away on its own. Oddly, it is caused by overexposure to rainfall. If drought occurs, rain lilies will go dormant, but will reappear with renewed access to rainfall once again.


Modelling airborne grass pollen over Australia (#36)
Jeremy D Silver 1, Tony Bannister 2, Paul J Beggs 3, Janet M Davies 4 5, Elizabeth E Ebert 2, Kathryn M Emmerson 6, Bruce J Graham 7, Simon G Haberle 8, Alfredo R Huete 9, Connie H Katelaris 10, Fay H Johnston 11, Penelope J Jones 11, Edwin R Lampugnani 1, Edward J Newbigin 1, Grant J Williamson 11
 1. University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
 2. Bureau of Meteorology, Docklands, VIC, Australia
 3. Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
 4. Metro North Hospital and Health Service, HERSTON, QLD, Australia
 5. Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
 6. CSIRO, Aspendale, VIC, Australia
 7. Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
 8. Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
 9. University of Technology, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
 10. University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
 11. University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
Airborne grass pollen is a major outdoor aeroallergen, triggering conditions such as hayfever, allergic conjunctivitis and asthma in many people. By international comparisons, Australia has a high rate of allergic illness, and most if not all of this burden of allergy is preventable with appropriate treatment. Grass pollen is also understood to be an ingredient in episodes of 'thunderstorm asthma' (a sudden surge in community-level asthma during or immediately after a thunderstorm) in Australia. In response to the major thunderstorm asthma incident in Melbourne in 2016, a warning service has been developed by a consortium of Federal and State government agencies and Australian universities. Part of the thunderstorm asthma forecasting service is a model for airborne grass pollen concentrations across Victoria. The grass pollen modelling method has thus far shown reasonable skill in Victoria, however by its nature it will not generalise across Australia.
In this work, we will present the progress towards generalising the methodology used for the Victorian case to the whole of Australia. Factors considered include current and recent surface weather, remotely-sensed vegetation indices, and maps of the distributions of major grass taxa. The work is built on grass pollen data collected in five Australian States and Territories, and across a wide range of climates and ecotypes.