Architectural language help?
Oct 3 '13 10 Last Comment
Oct 3, 13 4:37 pm
I am a first year student studying architecture, one of our first briefs was to go out and sketch a list of structures relating to certain phrases used in architecture. I was just wondering if anyone could help me with a few as I'm not quite sure of their meaning.
these phrases are:
Surface plane
Dynamic space
Static space
all of these phrases must relate to a structure or space that I can go out and sketch.
Non Sequitur
Oct 3, 13 4:47 pm
Now, why would we do your homework for you?
Your problem is that these things are predominantly subjective. These "phrases" do not have set definitions (like a doorknob for example, not much room for elaboration) and it's up to you to hunt for an equivalent to their abstract "meanings" in your environment.
What is axial but a crossing, or a perpendicular, or a parallel, etc relation of one "thing" to another thing, or perhaps it's 8 other things. That's the fun of first year.
Paul van den BerghPaul van den Bergh
Oct 3, 13 4:51 pm
Yes, just make up some bullshit story to accompany your sketches and you'll be fine. Start working on storytelling. You'll fail a few times, but it'll get better and you can get away with almost anything you design.
boy in a well
Oct 3, 13 5:03 pm
>weeps quietly
>returns to 4chan
>starts thread about hot female architects
Oct 3, 13 5:12 pm
I'll bite.
Axial - Think of a structure that acts as an axis for its surroundings, or incorporates an axis. This could be a space too. You could interpret that a boxing ring is axial, because everything that happens in the stadium revolves around the boxing ring. Food for thought. Or a carousel, but that's too obvious.
Node - Think of a structure that is perhaps a rest stop, or a "point" on the urban grid. It could be one of many.
Dynamic space - Think of a space with lots of movement; a large circulatory area, perhaps a mall or a plaza. It doesn't have to be human movement.
Static space - Opposite of above. Space where movement (again, doesn't have to be human movement) is minimal.
Surface plane - Pretty open to whatever, any fancy facade you find.
Oct 3, 13 5:32 pm
The faster you learn this, the better off you will be.
boy in a well
Oct 3, 13 5:42 pm
run, 4aarksey
just run.
run to a dictionary, but run.
there is no help to be found amongst these bitter sods.
Paul van den BerghPaul van den Bergh
Oct 3, 13 5:46 pm
Oct 3, 13 5:53 pm
what are you talking about boy in a well? we all know this poor kid's professor is full of shit and hiding his cluelessness behind obfuscated words. if the professor wanted to speak clearly and provide reasonable direction to his students, he would have.
boy in a well
Oct 3, 13 7:21 pm
ok guys.
back to your regularly scheduled programming.
Oct 4, 13 12:35 am
Reading those phrases and thinking back to my first year... Oh the memories, we had to question so much...
Anyway, I digress, it seems to me that all of those things can be found co-existing in a few select structures, perhaps you should think about that, it only took me a minute (or less) to think of a good one that combined all of them.
Sketch something that combines all of them, tell some b.s. about it being a transcendent place where the astral plains meet and architecture levitates the mind in a sublime tribute to the august infinitude of the universe due to the convergence of the selected elements, and call it an A.
Really just do it like a starchitect: draw what you like and post-rationalize it.
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There's a distinction to be made between two notions: foliations and distributions.
A distribution is the data, at each point m of M, of a subspace of Tm(M). These subspaces are all of the same dimension (say r), and depend smoothly on the point m, which means that they are generated by r smooth vector fields.
A foliation is a partition of the manifold into (not necessarily closed) submanifolds, such that, locally, this partition looks like the standard decomposition of ℝn into translates of ℝd. Ok, there's a caveat in my description since a same leaf could come infinitely many often in the neighborhood of a given point m. Anyways... I'm assuming that you know what a foliation is.
Foliations of M form a subset of distributions on M.
The Frobenius integrability criterion (mentioned by Tom in him remark) states that a distribution D comes from a foliation iff for any vector fields v and w tangent to D, their Lie bracket is again tangent to D.
It turns out that that criterion is always satisfied for one-dimensional distributions, and so one-dimensional distributions are indeed in bijection with one-dimensional foliations. But that's no longer true for r ≥ 2.
The operation of taking orthogonal complement is a very good operation for distributions: it's always well defined, and the orthogonal complement of the orthogonal complement is the distribution you started with.
But the orthogonal complement of a foliation is typically only a distribution.
The standard example that illustrates that situation is the vector field sin(z)d/dx + cos(z)d/dy on ℝ3. It defines a perfectly good foliation, but its orthogonal fails to satisfy the Frobenius integrability criterion, and therefore fails to be a foliation (in this particular case, it's a contact structure, another beautiful mathematical notion...).
Ah! You also wanted the foliation to be defined by the orbits of a group acting by isometries... That can be arranged: take the action of S1 on S3 given by the Hopf fibration. The orthogonal distribution is the standard contact structure on S3.
You also said that you wanted you Riemanninan manifold to be flat... In that case, you can take ℝ4=ℂ2 with its S1-action by complex multiplication. That example contains the above S3 example as an
invariant submanifold, and therefore reproduces all its features.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Economic Botany History
The original collection was assembled for the World's Colombian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago. Over 10% (1438 ite ms) of the economic botany specimens date from this exposition with especially rich representation from the national exhibits of British Guiana, the Philippines, Japan, Brazil, Burma and India. These collections can essentially be considered the historic beginning of the Botany Department. The majority of collection acquisition occurred during the four decades following the World's Colombian Exposition
- Paris Exposition (1901)
- Louisiana Purchase Exposition (1904)
- Panama-Pacific Exposition (1915)
US government sources:
- crop cultivar samples
- fiber samples of raw flax and processed linen
Foreign institutions or governments:
- India Forest Research Institute
- Philippines Board of Education
- Australian Technological Museum
Commercial or Industrial sources:
- Fritzsche Brothers, Inc., New York
- Chicago Varnish Co.
- Archer-Daniels-Midland Co.
- S.B. Penick & Co.
- Parke, Davis & Co.
- Frederick A. Stokes & Co.
Field Museum sponsored expeditions:
- Mrs. T. B. Blackstone Expedition _PHONE_ (Eastern Tibet)
- Mulford Biological Exploration 1921 (Bolivia)
- Stanley Field Expedition 1922 (British Guiana)
- Marshall Field Expedition _PHONE_ (Peru)
- Marshall Field China Expedition 1923
- Marshall Field Brazil Expedition 1926
- F.M.-Oxford U. Joint Expedition 1926, 1928, 1942 (Iraq)
- Marshall Field Amazon Expedition _PHONE_ (Brazil, Peru)
- F.M. Venezuelan Expedition 1942
The collection is currently housed in a compactorized storage unit that was designed to meet the unique demands for these objects. The collection is named in honor of Timothy C. Plowman, former curator of Botany, who was instrumental in obtaining funds to preserve this collection.


text:
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- n. A state of open, armed, often prolonged conflict carried on between nations, states, or parties.
- n. The period of such conflict.
- n. The techniques and procedures of war; military science.
- n. A condition of active antagonism or contention: a war of words; a price war.
- n. A concerted effort or campaign to combat or put an end to something considered injurious: the war against acid rain.
- v. To wage or carry on warfare.
- v. To be in a state of hostility or rivalry; contend.
- idiom. at war In an active state of conflict or contention.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A contest beween nations or states (international war), or between parties in the same state (civil war), carried on by force of arms. International or public war is always understood to be authorized by the sovereign powers of the nations engaged in it; when it is carried into the territories of the antagonist it is called an aggressive or offensive war, and when carried on to resist such aggression it is called
defensive. Certain usages or rights of war have come to be generally recognized and defined under the name of the Laws of War, which in general (but subject to some humane restrictions which in recent times have been greatly increased) permit the destruction or capture of armed enemies, the destruction of property likely to be serviceablo to them, the stoppage of all their channels of traffic, and the appropriation of everything in an enemy's country necessary for the support and subsistence of the invading army. On the other hand, though an enemy may be starved into surrender, wounding, except in battle, mutilation, and all cruel and wanton devastation are contrary to the usages of war, as are also bombarding an unprotected town, the use of poison in any way, and torture to extort information from an enemy: but it is admitted that an enemy may be put to death for certain acts which are in themselves not criminal, and it may be even highly patriotic and praiseworthy, but are injurious to the invaders, such as firing on the invaders although not regularly enrolled in an organized military force, or seeking to impair the invaders' lines of communication.
- n. A state of active opposition, hostility, or contest: as, to be at war (that is, engaged in active hostilities).
- n. Any kind of contest or conflict; contention; strife: as, a wordy war.
- n. The profession of arms; the art of war.
- n. Forces; army. Compare battle.
- n. Warlike outfit.
- n. Specifically— In Roman history, the war between Sulla and Marius (commencing 88 b. c.) or that between Pompey and Cæsar (commencing 49 b. c.)
- n. In English history, the war of the great rebellion. See rebellion.
- n. In United States history, the war of secession. See secession.
- n. of 1828–9, ending in the defeat of Turkey;
- n. of 1853–6 (see Crimean);
- n. of 1877–8, between Russia and its allies (Rumania, etc.) and Turkey, resulting in the defeat of Turkey and the reconstruction of southeastern Europe.
- n. 343–341 b. c.
- n. 326–304 b. c.
- n. 298–290 b. c., ending in the triumph of Rome.
- To make or carry on war; carry on hostilities; fight.
- To contend; strive violently; be in a state of opposition.
- To make war upon; oppose, as in war; contend against.
- To carry on, as a contest.
- Same as worse.
- To defeat; worst.
- A Middle English form of ware.
- A Middle English form of were.
- n. uncountable Organized, large-scale, armed conflict between countries or between national, ethnic, or other sizeable groups, usually involving the engagement of military forces.
- n. countable A particular conflict of this kind.
- n. countable By extension, any conflict, or anything resembling a conflict.
- n. uncountable A particular card game for two players, notable for having its outcome predetermined by how the cards are dealt.
- v. intransitive To engage in conflict (may be followed by "with" to specify the foe).
- v. To carry on, as a contest; to wage.
GNU Webster's 1913
- adj. obsolete Ware; aware.
- n. A contest between nations or states, carried on by force, whether for defence, for revenging insults and redressing wrongs, for the extension of commerce, for the acquisition of territory, for obtaining and establishing the superiority and dominion of one over the other, or for any other purpose; armed conflict of sovereign powers; declared and open hostilities.
- n. (Law) A condition of belligerency to be maintained by physical force. In this sense, levying war against the sovereign authority is treason.
- n. Poetic Instruments of war.
- n. Poetic Forces; army.
- n. The profession of arms; the art of war.
- n. a state of opposition or contest; an act of opposition; an inimical contest, act, or action; enmity; hostility.
- v. To make war; to invade or attack a state or nation with force of arms; to carry on hostilities; to be in a state by violence.
- v. To contend; to strive violently; to fight.
- v. rare To make war upon; to fight.
- v. rare To carry on, as a contest; to wage.
- n. the waging of armed conflict against an enemy
- v. make or wage war
- n. an active struggle between competing entities
- n. a concerted campaign to end something that is injurious
- n. a legal state created by a declaration of war and ended by official declaration during which the international rules of war apply
- From Middle English werre, from Late Old English werre, wyrre "armed conflict" from Old Northern French werre (compare Old French guerre, guerre, whence modern French guerre), from Frankish *werra ("riot, disturbance, quarrel") from Proto-Germanic *werrō ("mixture, mix-up, confusion"), from Proto-Indo-European *wers- ("to mix up, confuse, beat, thresh"). Akin to Old High German werra ("confusion, strife, quarrel") (German verwirren ("to confuse")), Old Saxon werran ("to confuse, perplex"), Dutch war ("confusion, disarray"), Old English wyrsa, wiersa ("worse"), Old Norse verri ("worse") (originally "confounded, mixed up"). Compare Latin versus ("against, turned"), past participle of vertere ("turn, change, overthrow, destroy"). More at worse, wurst. (Wiktionary)
- Middle English warre, from Old North French werre, of Germanic origin. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
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"Edwards: "End 'preventive war' doctrine" yahooBuzzArticleHeadline = 'Edwards: "End \'preventive war\' doctrine "'; yahooBuzzArticleSummary =' Article: John Edwards talks about ending Bush\'s" preventative war doctrine "and how to diplomatically engage with Iran. "
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"Bushs insistence that he treated war with Iraq as a last resort and that Saddam Hussein was the one who chose war by refusing to let"
"Thats funny Lynn Cheney is a war monger of the AEI enterprise$$ for$$ war$$ think tank."
"While the phrase The war to end war is often associated with Woodrow Wilson, its authorship was claimed by Wells in an article in Liberty, December 29, 1934, p. 4."
"At the same time, if we have the choice of continued war or a cowardly peace -- _we vote for war_."
"_It is the war which kills slavery, and not the man who leads


text:
To the untrained ear, monkeys of a certain species may all sound the same, but Japanese researchers have found that, like human beings, they actually have an accent depending on where they live.
The finding, the first of its kind, will appear in the December edition of a German scientific journal, Ethology, to be published on December 5, the primate researchers said on Tuesday.
"Differences between chattering by monkeys are like dialects of human beings," said Nobuo Masataka, professor of ethology at Kyoto University's Primate Research Institute.
The research team analysed voice tones of two groups of the same species of primates, the Japanese Yakushima macaque—also known as Macaca fuscata yakui—between 1990 and 2000.
One group was formed by 23 monkeys living on the southern Japanese island of Yakushima, and the other group comprised 30 descendants from the same tribe moved from the island to Mount Ohira, central Japan, in 1956.
The result showed that the island group had a tone about 110 hertz higher on average than the one taken to central Japan.
Monkeys on Yakushima Island have an accent with a higher tone because tall trees on the island tend to block their voices, Masataka said.
"On the other hand, monkeys on Mount Ohira do not have to gibber with a high tone as trees there are low," he said. "Each group adopted their own accent depending upon their environment."
This suggests differences in voice tones are not caused by genes, Masataka said, adding the results "may lead to a clue to the origin of human language".—Sapa-AFP.


Question: Is Psychology Hard In A Level?
Is Psychology hard to study?
How difficult is it to study psychology.
Psychology ranks as a very prestigious degree.
An awful lot of coursework, exams and lectures are in store for you here..
Does psychology need math?
Is Psychology hard to get a job?
Is Psychology a good A level?
Psychology is one of the most popular subject choices at A-level. It gives you experience of scientific theory, maths & research skills, history and essay writing, so it can compliment a range of subjects.
What is the hardest a level?
What are the 12 Hardest A Level Subjects? The 12 hardest A-Level subjects are Maths, Further Maths, History, Chemistry, Biology and Physics. The list also includes English Literature, Art, Psychology, Computer Programming and Music.
Is there a lot of maths in psychology a level?
Overall, at least 10% of the marks in assessments for Psychology will require the use of mathematical skills. These skills will be applied in the context of A-level Psychology and will be at least the standard of higher tier GCSE mathematics. … These skills could be developed in other areas of specification content.
Is Psychology a level harder than sociology?
What is the easiest a level?
A-level Film Studies is the easiest A level subject. A level Film Studies has a pass rate of over 99%. … A-level film studies is a really enjoyable and effortless subject.
Is Psychology a useless degree?


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Two Methods:Daily Household RoutineWeekly Household RoutineCommunity Q&A
House cleaning can be a great way to reduce mess, sanitize the home and burn calories. Many homeowners and renters do not realize that they burn anywhere from 80 to 500 calories through regular house and garden maintenance. By expanding on your daily and weekly cleaning routine, you can develop muscles in your legs, arms, back and abdominal muscles. It is important to maintain good form in all exercises in order to avoid injury. You should also be creative with your household tasks, creating new exercises and motions as your body develops. Read more to find out how to exercise and lose weight by turning everyday household chores into an exercise routine.
Method 1
Daily Household Routine
 1. 1
 Pick up items on the floor or tables by squatting. Keeping your back straight, squat deeply by bending your knees. Hold for 15 seconds before rising up again.
 - Repeat with each item of clothing, toy or other item. If you are unable to hold for 15 seconds, start with 5 seconds and increase as your hamstrings and quadriceps grow larger.
 - If you have a small child, put the child on 1 hip and do the squat to burn extra calories. Switch the hip on which the child sits halfway through your clean up.
 2. 2
 Squeeze in your stomach and oblique muscles as you sweep. Keep your back straight, bring the broom bristles as far away as possible and pull in. Do this for 5 minutes in each room up to 3 times per day.
 3. 3
 Dance while cooking dinner. Most people in the United States spend approximately 30 minutes cooking dinner. Turn on your favorite music and move your hips while you stir. Do spins and walk in place while you wait.
 - While you stand still you can do shoulder squeezes. Pull your shoulders together for 3 seconds at a time and then release. Repeat at least 10 times or until you are done waiting.
 - Depending upon the amount you decide to dance, you can burn 80 to 400 calories while you cook.
 4. 4
 Increase the pace of any household activity. Just like dancing while you are cooking, you can turn on upbeat music and try to achieve a pace where you are slightly out of breath. You can do this as you clean up, wash windows or sweep the floor.
Method 2
Weekly Household Routine
 1. 1
 Wash the windows inside and out. This is a great shoulder conditioning workout as long as you use a cloth in a circular motion. Do this for at least 30 minutes to work your shoulders and arms and burn approximately 150 calories.
 2. 2
 Do a deep squat as you clean your toilet. Instead of sitting on your knees and leaning forward, you can stand straight and squat, trying to stay balanced. Apply your cleaning product, brush the toilet and wipe clean.
 3. 3
 Rake your yard for at least 30 minutes. Just like sweeping the floor, you should flex your stomach and oblique muscles and keep your back straight. Pull as far away as possible and squat, rather than bend, to pick up the leaves.
 - This activity can be extended to other garden activities, such as mowing the lawn, flower planting, composting or general gardening. These activities, when done for at least 1/2 hour, will result in burning between 150 and 190 calories. Try to keep your back straight, as many people can end up with lower back strain.
 4. 4
 Move your furniture each time you plan to vacuum the house. Moving furniture in good form, by bending your knees and straightening your back, is a form of weightlifting. Move each piece of furniture slightly and vacuum behind and replace it again.
 5. 5
 Squeeze in your abdominal and buttock muscles as you vacuum. Use large sweeping motions and smaller motions. Reach up high with your vacuum extension.
 - Vacuuming a house can burn approximately 80 calories, where moving furniture can burn over 200 calories.
 6. 6
 Scrub your floors each week by hand. Use a knee pad or do deep squats while you reach the corners with a cleaning product and a brush. Mopping the floors burns just a portion of the 190 calories you can burn by hand-cleaning 1 floor.
 7. 7
 Wash your car by hand every week. Grab a sponge, some mild liquid detergent, water and a bucket and wash all areas of the car. Use long sweeping motions to get hard to reach places and squat down to clean tires and the running board.
 - Cleaning your car by hand can burn approximately 150 calories and work your arms, core muscles, and legs.
 8. 8
 Do some laundry by hand every week. Fill a bathtub with water, laundry detergent and dirty clothes. Rub the clothes against themselves and each other for 10 to 20 minutes.
 - Rinse the clothes twice in fresh water and squeeze to dry. For more delicate items, allow them to hang and drip dry or lay flat. Be careful not to lean too far into the bathtub, as that can put extra strain on your back. Make sure your core muscles are flexed the entire time and you will be getting an excellent core workout.
 - Cleaning upholstery and curtains by hand can also have the same effect. This may only need to be done monthly or yearly.
 9. 9
 Choose 2 to 4 activities to engage in everyday, in order to attempt to burn between 300 and 400 calories, what many people aim to burn during a gym workout.
Community Q&A
Ask a Question
 - It is a good idea to do some stretching exercises and a few abdominal crunches to activate your core before you do your household cleaning workout. This will help to keep your back and ab muscles tight while you twist, bend and lift.
 - A core workout is a series of exercises that engages the muscles around the back, hips and abdominal muscles. Developing a strong core supports your spine.
 - The calorie projections are based on a 150 lb. (68 kg) female doing approximately 30 minutes of an activity. Actual calorie burning will differ from person to person.
 - Be careful to protect your back while doing all the household chores. Women between the ages of 20 and 40 are especially susceptible to herniated discs, usually caused by sharp forward bending movements. Engage your core muscles at all times to protect your body. You can also protect your lower back by stretching your hamstring muscles.
Things You'll Need
 - Scrub brush
 - Cleaning products
 - Mower
 - Rake
 - Broomstick
 - Towel
 - Music
 - Bucket
 - Sponge
 - Bathtub
Article Info
Categories: Calisthenic Exercises
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Español: ejercitarte y perder peso convirtiendo tus quehaceres domésticos en una rutina de ejercicio
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M4D2: Decision in the Colonies: Revolt or Assist? This discussion addresses the following outcomes:
Critically evaluate the role that imperialism played in the expansion of World War I outside of Europe into Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia and the reactions of colonial citizens (CO2, CO3, CO5)
For this discussion, imagine that you are a leader in the community of a colonized state. Your European colonizer is embroiled in World War I and is calling upon you to supply them with soldiers and equipment. You and your people are tired of being subjugated by them, so you decide to take advantage of this opportunity. Launching a war for independence might be fruitful, as the armies of the colonizer are otherwise busy, and you have obvious allies abroad in the form of your colonizer's enemies. They could supply advisors, weapons, and money to your cause, and offer to advocate your interests in the peace process; however if you fail you are likely to be executed and many of your people will have died for nothing.
If, on the other hand, you cooperate with your colonizer, not only will your people receive formal military training that could be put to good use in a later revolt, assuming they survive the war, but your European colonizer might be so grateful for your assistance that they will reward you with some version of home rule within the empire. But, imperial powers rarely give up their authority without coercion, and if you wait too long for your revolt your colonizer will be able to direct the full force of his military against you.
What do you do?
In preparation for this discussion, make sure you read the following: the Module Notes, (see attachement) in the Neiberg textbook, and view World War I in Photos: Global Conflict (Links to an external site.). Then, in an initial post of at least 250 words discuss the following:
- In your opinion do you believe that it is better to resist or assist your colonizer in their war? Why? Use the reading to back up your opinion with real examples from World War I.
Your initial post must use evidence from the assigned readings, including at least two full citations in proper APA or Chicago style.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Hi there,
I know that power law decay can be expressed as the combination of multiple single exponential decays (or another way of saying it is that if there are multiple timescales in a decay process, when there is no dominant timescale, then power law behavior emerges). Empirically, it's fairly easy to see that this is the case (and see _URL_ for an example of expressing power law decay as a sum of exponentials). However, I'm trying to understand *why* this is the case. Does anybody have an intuitive explanation for why power law decay contains multiple exponential decays? Thanks!


text:
Encyclopedia - The Rainbow Division
The 'Rainbow Division' was the nickname given to the U.S. 42nd Division. It was so-named because it was comprised - deliberately - from National Guard Units from 26 states and the District of Columbia. Colonel Douglas MacArthur, the new division's Chief of Staff (and ultimately its commander), remarked that "the 42nd Division stretches like a Rainbow from one end of America to the other".
In addition to the National Guard Units the 42nd Division (created in August 1917) also included four infantry regiments from New York, Ohio, Alabama and Iowa along with men from many other U.S. states.
One of the first American divisions to reach the battlefields of the Western Front in November 1917, the Rainbow Division first saw action fighting alongside the French in February 1918. The division played a notable role in six major campaigns, including the Battle of Champagne in July 1918, in addition to fighting at Chateau-Thierry, St. Mihiel, Verdun and the Argonne.
With the armistice the Rainbow Division was assigned German occupation duties. Its service officially came to an end in May 1919. The division was re-activated with America's participation in the Second World War.
A "red cap" was a British military policeman.
- Did you know?


UH Moment
UH Moment: "Smartphone Research"
We use them to text, tweet, post and sometimes make a call. Now smartphones are helping with public health research.
"Many people try to quit smoking upwards of eight, nine, 10 times before they're successful," said Lorraine Reitzel, associate professor of health in the University of Houston College of Education. "For the rest of your life you have to be vigilant and fight to stay tobacco free."
Reitzel used smart phones in a study to understand how real-time, physical proximity to tobacco retail outlets impacts those trying to quit smoking. She used a technique called geo-mapping. Participants who were attempting to quit smoking answered questions at random times throughout the day on the smart phones. The phones were equipped with GPS.
"When people were answering questions about their urge to smoke, we knew where they were at that time," she said. "We used that information to better understand what the tobacco retailer outlet environment was like around them at that time."
Lorraine ReitzelParticipants used the phones for a week after their "quit day." The smartphone research suggested that it wasn't the number of locations to purchase cigarettes that increased the urge to smoke, but the proximity of the closest tobacco retail outlet to the participant's home.
"From a policy perspective, this suggests that if we are going to help people quit smoking, especially those in lower income areas which tend to have a higher prevalence of tobacco stores, we need to think about disallowing the sale of tobacco products in close proximity to residential areas to make it more difficult to get tobacco when the urge to smoke strikes," Reitzel said. "If people can't access cigarettes within three to five minutes, the urge to smoke usually passes."
"Maybe there's power in knowledge. Maybe if people understood that 'place' influenced their smoking urges, they'd be better armed to deal with that when trying to quit."


text:
Progression of Keloids Over Time
Keloid disorder is an active biological process. Over time, keloid lesions grow and become larger, and often merge with the nearby keloids. This aspect of keloid biology has not been adequately studied. Clearly, from observation alone, we can conclude that certain growth activating pathways remain active over time and result in progression and enlargement of keloids. Formation of keloid lesions is triggered by an injury to skin which results in the induction of pathological pathways that ultimately lead to development of keloid tissue. These "keloidal" pathways are either shut down at some point in future, resulting in a growth arrest of the keloid, or the pathways remain autonomously active and are not shut down, thereby causing growth and progression of the keloid lesions. Images below clearly show the progression of the chest keloids in this particular patient. The images were taken are approximately one year apart.
The blue arrow above points to the area where two adjacent keloids have now merged. Much research is needed to better understand the biology of this understudied disorder.


HackCWRU brings student inventors together for 36-hour marathon
Angeline Xiong/Observer
Inventions at the third annual HackCWRU included a lightbulb that synchronizes to its holder's heartbeat, a genetic simulator for children, and a set of clothing for a couple that light up brighter as they get closer to each other. The event was open to high schoolers, current CWRU students and alumni.
Thirty-six hours, computer code, hardware and a lot of sweat don't make for a typical Valentine's Day weekend, but that was exactly how many Case Western Reserve University students spent this year's Feb. 12-14.
Friday, Feb. 12, marked the beginning of the CWRU Hacker Society's third annual HackCWRU, and saw teams of one to four high school or college students and alumni working speedily on projects ranging from a sonar safety system to virtual reality headsets to an app that lets you rent out driveway space. While normally spread over the quad, this year the competitors were also able to make use of two stories of the new Sears think[box] and all of the tools it came with.
Making use of these think[box] resources, fourth-year students Joshua Tang and Olga Eliseeva designed a heart shaped bulb they called the "Khalima Candle" for which the couple won the "Most Repurposed" award. The light flashes in sync with the heartbeat of the person holding it and was made using a heartbeat sensor and a microcontroller they coded.
Both passion and ingenuity were in the air. The two-man team of second-year students Andrew Dupuis and James Timotiwu designed an electronic medicine dispenser that could hold up to eight medicines and was controlled by a touch screen. The two hadn't met before the event and explained that the device included a customized time-controlled delay for each slot to avoid accidental overdoses. They won the Gaverick Memorial Award.
"We did most of this on a whim," said Timotiwu. "Even though we knew what we wanted to do, we gradually built each part. Once we're done with this part, [we said] okay, what's the next part?"
Not all students had a computer science focus. Molecular biology major Sid Sivakumar designed a genetic simulator called "ChromoSim" that could help teach children learning about genetics for the first time. Sivakumar explained that genetic simulations have existed and been used by researchers, but they were too complex for children.
"What I wanted to do was build a simulation that's visually appealing and easy to understand for someone who has no idea what is happening," Sivakumar said.
There were even students attempting to learn a completely new programming language. The "Best Project with a Beginner on the Team" award went to the one-person team of Mackenzie Kinzel for a game app, "Cookie Chaos." Kinzel had never used iOS software programming, but learned how to and made an app wherein the player taps on cookies that show up increasingly often, all within the 36-hour time span.
For those who aren't musically inclined but want to jam with their friends, "Air Band," designed by visiting Mickey McCargish and third-year students Jack Liddy and Ted Chen, comes with no strings attached. The app lets users shake their phone like a guitar or blow into it like a flute, and a nearby speaker emits the selected instrument's noises.
The "Undergraduate Student Government Most Helpful to Student Life" award went to Aron Gates, Istvan Gates and Zac Yu for "Geohunt," a Google Chrome extension that compares items already in apartments you're interested in renting to items you've bought, based on your financial transaction history. Those searching for apartments are likely interested in ones that have goods they have already bought.
High school students and alumni weren't eligible for awards, but two CWRU alumni made a device they will use for sure. Kate Hart and Ray Krajci, engaged and planning to marry this summer, modified a wedding dress and bow tie so that they light up blue. As they move closer to each other, both change to a bright red.
The device, "You Light up My Life," is a prototype for the one they plan to use at their wedding.


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Archimedes Screw - History of Archimedes Screw
The Archimedes screw is a machine that can raise water with much less effort than lifting buckets. It was invented by the Greek scientist Archimedes, though the year is not known. Archimedes lived in Syracuse, Sicily (now part of Italy) between the years 287 B.C. and 212 B.C. The Archimedes screw is an ancient invention that continues to be important in the modern world.
This tool had many historical uses. It was used to empty water out of leaking ships and flooded mines. Fields of crops were watered by using the screw to pull water from lakes and rivers. It was also used to reclaim flooded land, for instance in Holland where much of the land lies below sea level.
- There are a few different designs of the Archimedes screw, but the key feature is the angled spiral around a center shaft (the typical screw shape). The screw can sit in a half pipe (trough) or a full pipe.
- To use the Archimedes screw to lift water, the pipe must sit on an angle with one end in a body of water. Then, the screw must be turned with a hand crank or motor. As the bottom of the screw turns, it will scoop up water. The shape of the screw will trap it, the water will be carried up to the top of the pipe, and it spill out.
- Today, there are many other uses for the Archimedes screw. Things like grain, sand, and sawdust flow in a similar way to water, and so the Archimedes screw can be used to move them as well.
- Archimedes screws appear in many unexpected places. Power drills, snow blowers, augers, crop harvesters, and many other machines operate using the principle of movement of these devices.


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Poly(vinylidene fluoride) gels were formed in y-butyrolactone; the critical polymer concentration for gel formation was 4.5 g per 100 cm 3. Gelation was caused by liquid-liquid phase separation, even if solid-liquid phase separation by crystallization occurred in the late stage of gelation, as shown by the formation of transparent gel, a relatively small enthalpy of gel formation and the existence of two types of crystal structures. In the dried gel films many spherulites connected by tie molecules were observed by scanning electron microscopy; the existence of such tie molecules is likely to make the formation of the gel films possible.
Посилання на статтю:
Thermoreversible gelation of poly(vinylidene fluoride) in -butyrolactone solution / Jae Whan Cho* and Ha Yool Song and Sang Yong Kim // Polymer. – 1993. – Vol 34. – P. _PHONE_.


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The issue of High Tech Materials profiles research advances in material technologies for various industries. The issue highlights the development of a biocompatible adhesive for healthcare, a high-energy density cathode for sodium-ion batteries, and a reflective silicon material. Research efforts that has led to the development of a self-healing hydrogel, a microporous material to remove radioactive iodine from water have also been captured.
The High-Tech Materials TechVision Opportunity Engine (TOE) provides intelligence on technologies, products, processes, applications, and strategic insights on various materials across industries. Some material technologies include lightweight materials, bio–based materials, ceramics, smart materials, fibers, nanomaterials, responsive materials, polymers, woven and non woven materials, polymers and plastics and packaging materials.
The Chemicals and Advanced Materials cluster tracks research and innovation trends and developments across specialty chemicals, plastics, polymers, chemicals, bio-chemicals, metals, coatings, thinfilms, surface treatments, composites, alloys, oil and gas, fuel additives, fibers, and several other related technologies and its impact and application across industries.
1. Research Advances in Material Technologies
- Inorganic Biocompatible Materials for Soft Tissue Adhesion
- Reflective Silicon Metasurfaces with Reversible Thermal Tuning Function
- Conductive Self-healing Hydrogel with High Mechanical Stability
- Crystalline Microporous Material for Radioactive Iodine Removal from Water
- High Energy Density Cathodes for Advanced Sodium-ion Batteries
2. Key Contacts


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input - Yagi-Uda project antenna defining program
input [ - h ]
The program input is one of a number of executable programs
that forms part of a set of programs, collectively known as
the Yagi-Uda project, which were designed for analysis and
optimisation of Yagi-Uda antennas. input is an interactive
program, that asks the user for information about a Yagi
design, such as position of elements, spacing between elements, frequency span of interest and a filename to save the
data to. input then writes this information into an ASCII
file, which can be read by yagi or optimise The file is
ASCII and it's format is easily understood by inspection
(there are comments printed in it), so it can if necessary
be edited manually.
After running input and specifying a filename (for example
144e10) you should then type yagi 144e10 and then output
144e10 and optionally optimise 144e10
-h Print a help message.
filename ASCII data file in which design is put.
Both DOS and Unix versions have been built. The DOS version
as distributed requires a 386 PC with a 387 maths coprocesDr. David Kirkby G8WRB (_EMAIL_). with help
with in converting to DOS/PC from Dr. Joe Mack NA3T
first(1), yagi(), output(1), optimise(1), input (5),
first(5), yagi(5), output(5) and optimise(5).
Bugs should be reported to
Bugs tend actually to be fixed if they can be isolated, so
it is in your interest to report them in such a way that
they can be easily reproduced.
If a mistake is made during inputting of data (such as
entering an incorrect length), it is not possible to go back
and correct this. You should make a note of the error, and
edit the ASCII text file with a text editor (vi, DOS edit
Man(1) output converted with


For the MIPS insturction Load Word I have got the following Datapath:
enter image description here
How does the datapath for the Instruction Load Upper Immediate looks like?
 - 2
 \$\begingroup\$ Pretty much the same, but with no reading from Memory(data)? The value for LUI is encoded as the lower 16-bits of the 32-bit opcode. \$\endgroup\$ – Majenko Oct 15 '14 at 23:28
I had these pictures sitting around except for the red lines.
The two instructions differ in semantics:
LUI and LW instructions
$t is the destination register, $i is an immediate value.
LUI data path
LW data path
The images are all links to their full size versions.
In a real implementation the muxes to the ALU could likely produce 0 and 1 constants.
And along the bottom of those pipeline diagrams the $t should actually be t, the pointer to the target or destination register.
Your Answer


text: A customised African release of CAST (Computer Assisted Statistics Textbooks) has provided much-needed access to a series of modern statistics textbooks for many students in Africa. The recent addition of a collection of interactive CAST exercises has proved valuable in strengthening the learning of statistical concepts by students. A new CAST testing system has been developed to present the exercises as formal test questions. Students can practice beforehand with similar randomised exercises and can get immediate feedback as soon as the test is finished. This paper describes a pilot study in Kenya to evaluate the added benefit of using the CAST tests and is its first evaluation. Use of these tests is linked to an on-line course called "Statistics Made Simple". The effectiveness of the tests is discussed.


Is there a cure for MCAS?
There is currently no cure for MCAS and experts in the field are of the widespread belief that there will no cure for MCAS for the foreseeable future.
MCAS is driven by somatic genetic mutations within the hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow that give birth to mast cells. The mutations found thus far are known to involve defects in mast cell regulatory genes such as KIT. The KIT gene provides instructions for making a member of a protein family called receptor tyrosine kinases.
These somatic (not inherited) mutations are a one way ticket. Whether these mutations occur due to chemical exposure from substances like benzene or whether they occur due to endogenous mast cell mediator overload (which can occur during trauma), they CANNOT be undone.
Can antihistamines cure MCAS?
No antihistamines do not cure MCAS, there is no cure for MCAS.
When mast cells degranulate they release chemical mediators in a controlled manner to drive other actions within the body. In fact even without degranulation, mast cells "leak" potent chemical mediators constantly as part of their normal function of guiding growth & development throughout the body.
When mast cells are behaving normally they output the correct mediator, for the correct reasons and for the correct duration. When a patient suffers Mast Cell Activation Syndrome their mast cells output incorrect mediators for incorrect reasons and for incorrect durations.
Aberrant mast cell behaviour as described above can cause utter havoc in every system within the body. Cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, lymph system, the integumentary system, the central nervous system and so on.
One of the mast cell mediators that appears to be consistently over produced in approximately a quarter of MCAS patients is histamine. Most people will know that histamine is involved in inflammatory response and with allergies & anaphylaxis.
However, people may not be aware that histamine has a wide array of effects and is known to be involved in erections, emotions, cervix to brain communication, water retention, temperature regulation and the sleep wake cycle. So if histamine is being produced for the wrong reason and for the wrong duration this one single chemicals mediator can cause problems in all bodily systems.
If we know that histamine is a mast cell mediator that is overproduced in some MCAS patients then it makes sense to try to control what happens when it is overproduced. For example histamine landing on a H1 or H2 receptor of another mast cell can trigger that mast cell to itself produce histamine leading to a cascade effect.
As well as mast cells, other cells in the body can produce & respond to histamine and as a result a problem with histamine overproduction can lead to such varied symptoms as anxiety, flushing, itching, diarrhea & hypotension.
Antihistamines do not directly block the production of histamine but if histamine is produced, antihistamines lessens the body's response to it.
At the time of writing (June 2020) there are no doctors in Ireland with MCAS expertise and so there are likely no doctors actively testing, diagnosing or treating MCAS.
For patients who suspect they may have MCAS, antihistamines are the first line of self help treatment along with a strategy to identify & avoid environmental triggers in what they eat, drink, breathe & wear. For many, self help is the only current hope they have for any MCAS treatment.
For the record mast cells can produce over 1,000 different potent mast cell mediators all with an array of effects. Histamine is just one of these.
Can a drug called Imatinib cure MCAS?
No Imatinib does not cure MCAS, there is no cure for MCAS.
Imatinib, sold under the brand name Gleevec in Ireland,is an oral medication" (of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor class) which has been shown useful for treating a variety of illnesses including both certain malignant conditions & certain non-malignant conditions.
Imatinib that was developed by a process called "rational drug design" and was designed to treat a particular philadelphia chromosome mutation that lead to a fatal cancer called chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Imatinib was a game changer for CML and converted a fatal cancer into a manageable chronic condition.
It has been found that Imatinib can be very effective for "some" MCAS patients. For these MCAS patients who respond to Imatinib it has converted their MCAS into a manageable chronic condition.
The current cost of Gleevec in the USA is approximately $150,000 for a 1 year supply or $4111 per day.
In the USA, Imatinib is licenced to treat various cancers and also approved to treat some MCADs. In the EU, Imatinib is only licenced to treat cancer and is believed to be currently unavailable to MCAD patients in Ireland.
So if there is no cure for MCAS what is the point of a diagnosis?
While there is no cure, MCAS is a treatable illness and the aim of MCAS treatment is for patients to enjoy more good days than bad.
Correct diagnosis of any illness should lead to the most appropriate treatment.
For MCAS patients, suffering a variety of linked illnesses, an MCAS diagnosis offers the possibility of different treatments that may potentially offer a better outcome than their current treatment.
Initial simple steps that involve a strategy to identify & avoid triggers and trialling a H1 & H2 antihistamine regime may bring considerable relief to many patients but certainly not for all patients.
Further steps will require the involvement of a suitably qualified clinician or at least a doctor who is willing to work with the patient to learn how to get the illness under control. Further steps usually involve another class of drugs called mast cell stabilisers.
What are the consequences of not treating MCAS?
The consequences of not treating MCAS usually means not getting chronic inflammation under control and therefore allowing it to slowly escalate unhindered.
 - Chronic inflammation of the GI/GU tract may drive eventual malignancy
 - Chronic inflammation of the cardiovascular system is known to drive atherosclerosis and may lead to subsequent heart attacks.
 - Chronic inflammation of the central nervous system is known to drive anxiety & depression in some cases this can unfortunately lead to suicide.
 - There are many more symptoms that can escalate and lead to further harm.
How long before I feel better?
Some simple interventions as detailed above can sometimes make considerable improvements quickly.
Knowledge & research in mast cell biology & disease remains in its infancy and at present there is no way to reliably predict which treatments will best help which MCAS patients.
Trials of many medications often are needed by the individual patient to find the regimen which will best serve that patient.
Although a few MCAS patients are fortunate as to find very helpful medications within weeks to months of diagnosis, and quite inexpensively, it is common for MCAS patients to have to patiently, persistently & methodically try many medications over many months to years, eventually including quite expensive medications, before the available regimen which works best for the individual patient has been identified.
In time, advancing research likely will lead to better tests for identifying which particular MCAS patients are more likely to respond to any particular medication. This will hopefully shorten the time & lower the cost of getting an individual patient to the point of optimal management.


text:
One interpretation often given is that if a plane surface contains two points, then it contains the line connecting the two points. If that were the meaning, then it would be just as well to make that the explicit definition or to make it a postulate. But that does not seem to be Euclid's intent. His proposition XI.7 has a detailed proof that the line joining two points on two parallel lines lies in the plane of the two parallel lines. No proof at all would be necessary if that line were by definition or by postulate contained in a plane that contained its ends.
Note that a plane surface may be infinite, but needn't be infinite. It can be a square, a circle, or any other plane figure (Def.I.19).
There are no postulates in the Elements for the existance of plane surfaces, either finite or infinite. Post.3 says circles can be drawn, but a ambient plane is implicitly required there. Rectilinear figures are assumed to exist once the bounding lines have been constructed, but again, a plane is presumed to exist first. Throughout Books I through IV and Book VI, the books on plane geometry, there is the implicit assumption of one plane in which all the points, lines, and circles lie. In the books on solid geometry, Books XI through XIII, there is sometimes mentioned a "plane of reference," and proposition XI.2 claims that two intersecting lines determine a plane as does any triangle (but its proof fails completely).
Next definition: I.Def.8


text:
Trisecting an Angle
Date: 11/21/96 at 12:45:13 From: Tracy J Henson Subject: Trisecting an angel I've recently been pondering the possibility of trisecting an angle. I wasn't sure if it was possible and found a FAQ submitted to you that stated it was indeed impossible. Has it been proved to be impossible or is it that no one has proved it possible? The reason I ask is that I think (but am not sure) that I have found a way to trisect an angle. I am a seventh grade math teacher, so I am not completely ignorant of mathematical proofs. I would appreciate some information on who would be the best person to contact with my "proof". I hope you believe me because I think this actually works.
Date: 11/21/96 at 14:47:32 From: Doctor Tom Subject: Re: Trisecting an angel Hi Tracy, There is, in fact, a proof that a trisection is impossible. Many people think they have found trisections, but they either don't understand exactly what the problem is or their method is flawed. The problem requires the construction of the trisection using an (unmarked) straightedge and a compass. If, for example, you were allowed to make 2 marks on the straight-edge, there is a trisection. The straight-edge can only connect points already constructed, or use arbitrary points, and the compass can only be used similarly. An exact trisection in a finite number of steps is also required since it's easy to do a trisection that doesn't require too much accuracy. As a limiting case, it might be possible to perfectly trisect an angle in an infinite number of steps. The proof that it's impossible basically considers the arithmetic form of the points that can be obtained using a compass and straight-edge. In a sense, they are "quadratic" devices - the new points generated are solutions of quadratic equations of previously constructed points. So you can clearly get things like square roots, fourth roots, eighth roots, and so on (and it's a bit more complicated than that - what you can get are field extensions of degree 2 over whatever you begin with). But you CANNOT solve irreducible cubic equations this way - such solutions require extensions of degree 3, and no combination of multiples of 2 gives a multiple of 3 (to put it in an inexact, but hopefully clear, way). You can, beginning from nothing, construct a 60 degree angle. So if you can trisect anything, you can trisect the 60 degree angle which you produce. So if you have a trisection, you can construct, from scratch, a 20 degree angle. Hence you can construct the sine and cosine of 20 degrees. But it's easy to show that the sine and cosine of 20 degrees are roots of an irreducible cubic equation over the rational numbers. This is a contradiction, so a trisection is impossible. To get the details, read about fields and field extensions in an abstract algebra book. Also, to find out more about trisecting angles (or not being able to do so!), do a search under "trisecting an angle" at: _URL_ or take a look at this site: _URL_ So the bottom line is, there's probably something wrong with your trisection, not because I've seen it, but because I've studied field extensions and irreducibility. (And I'm not sure about trisecting "angels" as in your title - you'll need to talk to a Bible expert about that :^) -Doctor Tom, The Math Forum Check out our web site! _URL_
Date: 11/21/96 at 22:36:25 From: Tracy J Henson Subject: Re: Trisecting an angel Thanks for your swift response. I thought I found all the typos. I surely would never attempt to trisect or even bisect an angel.
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Papal Address to Education-Seminar Participants
"Human Being Must Not Be Sacrificed to Success of Science"
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VATICAN CITY, MAY 2, 2006 ( Here is a Vatican translation of Benedict XVI's address to participants of a seminar on "The Cultural Heritage and Academic Values of the European University and the Attractiveness of the European Higher Education Area."
The Pope gave the address in Paul VI Hall on April 1. The seminar had been organized by the Vatican Congregation for Catholic Education.
* * *
Your Eminence,
Venerable Brothers in the Episcopate and in the Presbyterate,
Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen,
I am pleased to welcome you and cordially greet all of you who are taking part in the seminar on the theme: "The Cultural Heritage and Academic Values of the European University and the Attractiveness of the European Higher Education Area." You come from about 50 European countries that adhere to the so-called Bologna Process, to which the Holy See has also made its own contribution.
I greet Cardinal Zenon Grocholewski, prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education, who has addressed courteous and respectful words to me on your behalf, at the same time explaining the objectives of your meeting, and I thank him for organizing this meeting in the Vatican in collaboration with the Conference of Rectors of the Pontifical Universities, the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, UNESCO-CEPES and the Council of Europe, with the sponsorship of the European Commission.
I address a special greeting to the ministers and representatives of the various international bodies who have wished to attend.
In these days, your reflection has focused on the contribution that European universities, enriched by their long tradition, can offer to building the Europe of the third millennium, taking into account the fact that every cultural reality is both a memory of the past and a project for the future.
The Church intends to make her own contribution to this reflection as she has done over the centuries. She has taken a constant interest in the study centers and universities of Europe which, together with "the service of thought," have passed on to the young generations the values of a special cultural patrimony, enriched by two millenniums of humanist and Christian experience (cf. "Ecclesia in Europa," No. 59).
At first, monasticism exercised considerable influence. Its merits, both in the spiritual and religious context, also extend to the economic and intellectual spheres. In Charlemagne's time, real schools were founded with the Church's contribution, and the emperor wanted as many people as possible to benefit from them.
A few centuries later, the university came into being, receiving an essential impetus from the Church. Numerous European universities, from the University of Bologna to those of Paris, Krakow, Salamanca, Cologne, Oxford and Prague, to mention but a few, rapidly developed and played an important role in consolidating the European identity and building up its cultural heritage.
University institutions have always been distinguished by love of wisdom and the quest for truth, as the true purpose of universities, with constant reference to the Christian vision that recognizes the human being as the masterpiece of creation, since he is formed in the image and likeness of God (cf. Genesis 1:26-27).
The conviction that there is a profound unity between truth and good, between the eyes of the mind and those of the heart: "Ubi amor, ibi oculos," as Riccardo di San Vittore said (cf. "Beniamin minor," c. 13), has always been typical of this vision: Love makes one see. Universities came into being from the love of knowledge and from the curiosity of knowing, of knowing what the world is, what man is, but also from a knowledge that leads to action, that leads ultimately to love.
Distinguished ladies and gentlemen, with a quick glance at the "old" Continent it is easy to see the cultural challenges that Europe faces today, since it is committed to rediscovering its own identity, which is not exclusively economic or political. The basic question today, as in the past, remains the anthropological question: What is man? Where does he come from? Where must he go? How must he go?
In other words, it is a matter of clarifying the conception of the human being on which new projects are based.
And you are rightly asking yourselves which human being, which image of man, does the university intend to serve: an individual withdrawn into the defense of his own interests, a single perspective of interests, a materialistic perspective, or a person who is open to solidarity with others in the search for the true meaning of existence, which must be a common meaning that transcends the individual?
We also wonder what the relationship between the human person, science and technology is. If in the 19th and 20th centuries, technology made amazing progress, at the beginning of the 21st century, further steps were taken: Technology also took charge, thanks to computer science, of part of our mental processes, with consequences that involve our way of thinking and can condition our very freedom.
It must be forcefully stated that the human being cannot and must not ever be sacrificed to the success of science and technology: This is why the so-called anthropological question assumes its full importance.
For us, the heirs of the humanist tradition founded on Christian values, this question should be faced in the light of the inspiring principles of our civilization, which found in European universities authentic laboratories for research and for deepening knowledge.
"From the biblical conception of man Europe drew the best of its humanistic culture," John Paul II noted in his postsynodal exhortation "Ecclesia in Europa," "and, not least, advanced the dignity of the person as a subject of inalienable rights" (No. 25). Thus, "the Church," my venerable Predecessor added, "helped to spread and consolidate those values which have made European culture universal" (ibid.).
But man cannot understand himself fully if he ignores God. This is the reason why, at the time when the Europe of the third millennium is being built, the religious dimension of human existence cannot be neglected.
Here the special role of the university emerges as a scientific universe that is not merely limited to various specializations: In the current situation the university is required not to stop at teaching or imparting technical and professional knowledge, which are very important disciplines but do not suffice, for it must also undertake to play an attentive educational role at the service of the new generations, making use of the legacy of ideals and values that marked the past millenniums.
Thus, universities will be able to help Europe to preserve and rediscover its "soul," revitalizing the Christian roots that brought it into being.
Distinguished ladies and gentlemen, may God make your work and your efforts benefit the many young people who are the hope of Europe. I accompany this wish with the assurance of a special prayer for each one of you, and I implore the divine blessing for you all.
© Copyright 2006 -- Libreria Editrice Vaticana [adapted]


text:
Oct. 25, 2011 Osteoporosis is blamed for backbone fractures. The real culprit could well be our own vertebrae, which evolved to absorb the pounding of upright walking, researchers at Case Western Reserve University say.
Compared to apes, humans have larger, more porous vertebrae encased in a much thinner shell of bone.
The design works well until men and women age and suffer bone loss, leaving them vulnerable to cracks and breaks, the scientists say. Apes, on the other hand, can suffer comparable bone loss as they age, but have much thicker vertebral shells to begin with so that their vertebrae remain intact.
The findings are now published in the online journal PLoS ONE.
"In evolution we have great adaptation, but there is sometimes a tradeoff," said Meghan Cotter, an instructor in anatomy at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and a lead author of the study.
"The structure is great for walking around, but not good when you have osteoporosis," she said.
Cotter worked with former master's student David Loomis, from the Musculoskeletal Mechanics and Materials Laboratory in the department of mechanical and aerospace engineering; Anatomy Professor Scott W. Simpson and Anthropology Professor Bruce Latimer, both of the Center for Human Origins, and former Case Western Reserve Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Professor Christopher J. Hernandez, who is now at Cornell University.
In his studies of early hominids, Latimer found fractures in the vertebrae of human skeletons but not in ape remains in the Hamann-Todd collection. The collection of more than 3,000 human and more than 1,200 ape specimens is housed nearby at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.
The researchers took measurements and used CT scans, Micro CT scans and computer modeling to compare the size, shape, structure, microstructure, biomechanics and strength of the 8th thoracic vertebra from skeletons of humans, gorillas, chimpanzees and orangutans. The 8th thoracic vertebra is the one of the bones most often fractured in humans with osteoporosis.
They found that just like the broad heel bone and broad ends of the leg bones in humans, the large, porous bone of the vertebra dissipates impact. The architecture is useful for mitigating the forces of walking on two feet, protecting cartilage in joints and the discs between vertebrae.
In apes, the vertebra is shorter and wider and has a thick ring of shell around a center of porous tissue -- a design well-suited to providing stability needed to climb in trees and for knuckle-walking.
Much recent research has suggested that our sedentary lifestyle and modern diet are to blame for the susceptibility to bone loss and damage.
But, looking back in time, other researchers have found the same vertebral fractures in skeletons from medieval humans in England and Africa -- people who likely had an active lifestyle.
Further back, early hominids such as Neanderthals and Australopithecus have larger vertebrae like those seen in people today, but certainly had a different diet and a more active lifestyle.
The fossil record is hardly complete, but clearly in order for human forebears to become upright walkers required a major reorganization of the musculoskeletal system from ancestors that walked on all fours, the researchers say.
"We're now living about twice as long as when the adaptation evolved and that results in major problems," Cotter said. "It highlights we are not perfectly evolved specimens."
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
- Meghan M. Cotter, David A. Loomis, Scott W. Simpson, Bruce Latimer, Christopher J. Hernandez. Human Evolution and Osteoporosis-Related Spinal Fractures. PLoS ONE, 2011; 6 (10): e26658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone._PHONE_
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


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Remote, Rugged & Natural; that's North Harris
"There are some large areas of Scotland, particularly in the north and west, whose largely semi-natural landscapes show minimal signs of human influence. These can be mountains and moorland, stretches of undeveloped coast or large areas of peat bog. These wild and remote areas have a distinct and special character, which is increasingly rare to find. A key component of Scotland's identity, they bring significant economic benefits, attracting visitors and tourists. Many people derive psychological and spiritual benefit from their existence, and they provide increasingly important havens for Scotland's wildlife." – from the Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) website.
An exercise is now underway to map Scotland's wildness and wild land. SNH is analysing Scottish land, and reporting on its:
- Percieved naturalness
- Absence of modern artifacts
The preliminary findings have been published at the link below for discussion. No suprises – North Harris is marked highly in all categories.


text:
Dec 30, 2019 Nashville, Tenn.
Bridgestone Americas Manufacturing Group names Classroom of the Quarter grant winners
Bridgestone Americas Manufacturing Group (BAMG) recently selected the second-quarter 2019 winners of its Classroom of the Quarter grant program. Science teachers from West Middle School and Central Middle School in the Muscatine Community School District were selected for their application, titled, "The Air We Breathe."
Through this initiative, students at the schools will learn causes of air pollution and investigate various pollutants, such as toxic gases and particulate matter. Students will then examine technologies developed by engineers to reduce air pollution, and they will build data-collecting air quality detectors that will be placed at various locations around the community after different weather events. They will act as environmental engineers and present their findings to local engineers in the community, as well as other students. Through this semester-long activity, students will build science skills, engineering-design process skills and professional communications skills.
BAMG created the Classroom of the Quarter grant program to ensure students in the Muscatine Community School District receive a quality, well-rounded education. Bridgestone awards $500 to a teacher or team of teachers each quarter to help provide the resources they need to shape the classroom environment and enhance learning for every child.
Our employees' dedication to programs like Classroom of the Quarter demonstrates the Bridgestone corporate social responsibility commitment, Our Way to Serve. This commitment reflects how Bridgestone and its employees employ innovation and technology to improve the way people move, live, work and play. Our Way to Serve provides a framework for how Bridgestone does business, develops products and interacts with customers and the communities it serves.
Congratulations to this quarter's winners!


News Release
Fossils reveal how bizarre mammal beat extinction
Peer-Reviewed Publication
Society of Vertebrate Paleontology
Image 2 Solenodon, a Bizarre Venomous Mammal from the Caribbean
image: Solenodon, a bizarre venomous mammal from the Caribbean, survived extinction due to its generalist ecology. view more
Credit: Photo by Alexis Mychajliw
CALGARY, ALBERTA (August, 2017) -Animals that live on islands are among the most at risk from extinction. A remarkable eighty percent of extinctions occurring since 1500AD have been on islands, with inhabitants facing dangers from climate change, sea level rise, invasive species, and human interactions. However, new research presented this week at the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology conference in Alberta, Canada, suggests that one island mammal may hold the key to survival -- a flexible diet.
Alexis Mychajliw, a PhD student at Stanford University mentored by Dr. Elizabeth Hadly, is using the Caribbean islands as a living experiment to understand factors driving the extinction of mammals. Since before the time of Columbus, humans have been altering the environments of the Caribbean. Mychajliw wanted to know how the native species responded, which survived and why. She explains "The Caribbean is now full of introduced mammals -- cows, pigs, rats, dogs -- that look nothing like the original fauna. Are they doing similar things ecologically, or have we created an entirely different dynamic? And where do the remaining native mammals fit in this new ecosystem?"
As part of an international team, Mychajliw gathered data on fossil mammal species and ancient human populations coexisting in the Caribbean for 7000 years. She correlated changes in size and diversity of Caribbean mammals over time with human population growth and climate change. She discovered that there have been extinctions on the Caribbean islands associated with arrival of both indigenous and European human populations, wiping out many of the smallest and largest species. "By piecing together the radiocarbon record, our analysis makes it clear that people had a hand in Caribbean extinctions -- both before and after Columbus' arrival", says collaborator Dr. Siobhan Cooke. However, one mammal has persisted throughout, the enigmatic Solenodon.
These bizarre mammals resemble giant venomous shrews. "Looking at solenodons today, you might think of them as a strange relictual creature that, like many ancient lineages, can't keep up with modern threats. But the recent fossil record tells a different story: the solenodon is a survivor, persisting when nearly every other mammal around it went extinct." Mychajliw explains. To understand the hardiness of Solenodon documented in the fossil record, Mychajliw turned to an unusual source of data -- their feces. Using a technique called'metabarcoding', she could genetically analyze the feces of modern Solenodon and piece together variations in their diet. Based on this data, she classified Solenodon as a 'flexible generalist' -- an animal capable of eating virtually anything. Mychajliw thinks that it is this flexibility that allowed Solenodon to survive human and climatic changes that made other species extinct.
Mychajliw hopes that by teaming with Caribbean conservationists, such as Grupo Jaragua of the Dominican Republic, this work can provide vital clues to tackling our current biodiversity crisis. "By partnering with a conservation group in the community where we work, we've been able to directly translate our fossil discoveries into a tangible example of what extinction really looks like and why we need to prevent it"
About the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
Journal Web site: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology:
Alexis Mychajliw
Stanford University
Sam Turvey
Senior Research Fellow at the Zoological Society of London
Rosalind Kennerly
Program Officer of the IUCN Small Mammal Specialist Group
Melissa Kemp
Assistant Professor at UT Austin
Robert McAfee
Assistant Professor at Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine
SVP media response team contact:
DARIN CROFT Department of Anatomy Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH USA Phone: _PHONE_; _PHONE_ (cell)
Image 1: Mychajliw and colleagues search caves for fossil evidence of extinction in the Caribbean (photo by Lauren Gibson).
Image 2: Solenodon, a bizarre venomous mammal from the Caribbean, survived extinction due to its generalist ecology (photo by Alexis Mychajliw).


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This paper describes a new stress-intensity factor (SIF) solution for an external surface crack in a sphere that expands capabilities previously available for this common pressure vessel geometry. The SIF solution employs the weight function (WF) methodology that enables rapid calculations of SIF values. The WF methodology determines SIF values from the nonlinear stress variations computed for the uncracked geometry, e.g., from service stresses and/or residual stresses. The current approach supports two degrees of freedom that denote the two crack tips located normal to the surface and the surface of the sphere. The geometric formulation of this solution enforces an elliptical crack front, maintains normality of the crack front with the free surface, and supports two degrees of freedom for fatigue crack growth from an internal crack tip and a surface crack tip. The new SIF solution accommodates spherical geometries with an exterior diameter greater than or equal to four times the thickness. This WF SIF solution has been combined with stress variations common for spherical pressure vessels: uniform internal pressure on the interior surface, uniform tension on the crack plane, and uniform bending on the crack plane.
This paper provides a complete overview of this solution. We present for the first time the geometric formulation of the crack front that enables the new functionality and set the geometric limits of the solution, e.g., the maximum size and shape of the crack front. The paper discusses the bivariant WF formulation used to define the SIF solution and details the finite element analyses employed to calibrate terms in the WF formulation. A summary of preliminary verification efforts demonstrates the credibility of this solution against independent results from finite element analyses. We also compare results of this new solution against independent SIFs computed by finite element analyses, legacy SIF solutions, API 579, and FITNET. These comparisons indicate that the new WF solution compares favorably with results from finite element analyses. This paper summarizes ongoing efforts to improve and extend this solution, including formal verification and development of an internal surface crack model. Finally, we discuss the capabilities of this solution's implementation in NASGRO® v10.0.


text: 台灣經濟發展過程中，進口替代及中間財有重要之地位在，因此本文選定中間財來衡量進口替代之效果。 本研究採用Hsu（2006）之Chenery及Full-information衡量公式來衡量進口替代效果。兩衡量公式結果皆顯示台灣中間財產業於民國70、73、90年有進口替代現象產生，主要原因在於部門影響，而引發其為主因可追究於紡織業、化工原料業、塑膠業、石油煉製品業所致。進一步探討中間財產業下之石化業的進口替代現象，化工原料業及石油煉製品業引發的效果最為顯著，肇因於石化原料的國內需求增加使得其增產，增產原因來自於中油及台塑這兩家公司的石化原料擴產所致。中油及台塑這兩家公司對台灣石化業及中間財之進口替代現象，有極大之重要性在，而政府所給予的協助也不可抹滅。 Abstract: In the development of Taiwan economy progressing, the import substitution and the intermediate goods industry have the important involvement; therefore this study designated the intermediate goods industry weighs effect of the import substitution. This study uses Hsu (2006) Chenery and Full-information weight formula weighs the import substitution. The results of these two weights formulas all illustrate there are import substitution in the Taiwan intermediate goods industry in 1981、1984、2001 periods. The main reason lies in the effects of the sectors, and the initiating principal factor to be possible to investigate to the textile industry, the industrial chemicals industry, the plastic industry and the petroleum products industry. Further discussions of the intermediate goods industry import substitution phenomenon indicate the initiation effect of the petrochemical industry, the industrial chemicals industry and the petroleum products industry are most remarkable. The causal reason is that the increasing of the petrified raw material domestic demand makes the production increase. Moreover the reason of increasing production comes from the expansion of Chinese Petroleum Corporation and Formosa Plastics Group petrified raw material produces. Chinese Petroleum Corporation and Formosa Plastics Group both have the enormous importance to the import substitution phenomenon of the intermediate goods industry in Taiwan petrochemical industry, and the assistance from the government puts a lot of support on it.


full name / name of organization:
Cynthia Calhoun
contact email:
World, she claims that pain is language destroying, essentially
establishing a barrier between the self and reality that eliminates
meaningful communication with the outside world. Therefore, not only is
it impossible to adequately describe pain, but the possibility of empathy
is all but destroyed. This panel seeks critical and creative
presentations that explore and engage the question: How can a subject
effectively communicate the experience of pain? How can a community
understand or empathize with that subject? Topics may include specific
writers â€" such as Sylvia Plath or Philip K. Dick â€" or a more general
theoretical study.
include any A/V requirements with your submission.
Submit all proposals and questions to (Attention:
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In the world of fashion, where trends evolve and styles change, hand-embellished zari clothing stands as a timeless testament to craftsmanship and elegance. Hunting through the historical chronicles, one discovers a rich variety of traditions woven with golden threads, tracing the evolution of hand-embellished zari clothing. This article embarks on a journey through time, exploring the cultural significance, craftsmanship, and enduring charm of this amazing art form.
The roots of hand embellished zari clothing can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where skilled artisans meticulously wove golden and silver threads into fabrics. The use of zari, a metallic thread traditionally made of fine gold or silver, added a touch of regality to garments. In royal courts and aristocratic circles, hand-embellished zari clothing became synonymous with prestige and grace, symbolizing both status and taste.
The Mughal Influence
The Mughal era played a crucial role in shaping the trajectory of hand-embellished zari clothing. Mughal emperors, known for their patronage of arts and culture, fostered an environment where skilled artisans flourished. Intricate patterns, inspired by nature and geometric designs, adorned garments, making zari clothing a hallmark of Mughal elegance. The legacy of this influence is still evident in contemporary zari collections.
As centuries passed, different regions embraced zari clothing, brewing their unique cultural refinement into the art form. From the vibrant hues of Banarasi sarees in India to the delicate artistry of Persian zari embroidery, each region contributed to the diverse tapestry of hand-embellished zari collections. The amalgamation of varied techniques and styles resulted in a visual feast, with each piece telling a distinct story.
The Renaissance and Beyond
The golden age period witnessed a resurgence of interest in the classical arts, including hand-embellished zari clothing. European royalty, inspired by the allure of the East, integrated zari into their courtly attire. The Renaissance not only breathed new life into the art form but also paved the way for cross-cultural exchanges, further enriching the tradition of hand-embellished zari clothing.
Revival in the Modern Era
While the industrial revolution brought about mechanization in many industries, this type of clothing retained its charm through a commitment to craftsmanship. In the modern era, designers and artisans alike continue to explore innovative techniques and reinterpret traditional motifs, keeping the art form relevant. Today, a zari collection is not merely a wardrobe choice; it is a celebration of history, culture, and artistic ingenuity.
In the contemporary fashion landscape, hand-embellished zari clothing has transcended its traditional confines. Designers experiment with unconventional fabrics, blending traditional techniques with modern aesthetics to create avant-garde pieces. The appeal of a zari collection lies not only in its historical resonance but also in its ability to seamlessly integrate into the diverse wardrobes of fashion enthusiasts around the globe.
Amidst the rapid pace of the fashion industry, there is a growing awareness of the need to preserve and celebrate heritage. Hand-embellished zari clothing, with its deep-rooted history, serves as a tangible link to the past. Artisans and designers work hand in hand to ensure that the legacy of this craft endures, passing it on to future generations.
Unveiling the history of hand-embellished zari clothing is akin to unwrapping a precious gift—one that encapsulates centuries of artistry, culture, and tradition. From ancient civilizations to contemporary runways, the journey of zari clothing reflects the resilience and timeless allure of a craft that continues to captivate and inspire. As we celebrate the gilded traditions of the past, we also look forward to witnessing the ongoing evolution of hand-embellished zari clothing, ensuring that its golden threads remain an integral part of our impeccable legacy.


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1st Grade Research and Inquiry Resources
- Children will use the computer to do research and inquiry on telescopes.
- Children will learn more about how things in outer space look through a telescope.
- Children will complete a worksheet by drawing different objects as seen through a magnifying glass.
- Have children look at the pictures on the Web site that were taken using a telescope. Give them different arts and crafts materials, such as pipe cleaners and yarn, and have them construct one of the planets, the sun, or the moon, now that they have seen some of these up close.
- Have children gather the different objects shown on the worksheet. Pass magnifying glasses out to the children. Have them examine the different objects using the magnifying glasses. Ask them to compare what they see to their drawings of what they imagined they would see.


InsuranceLast week, the Eighth Circuit upheld a lower court's ruling in State Bank of Bellingham v. BancInsure Inc., finding that a bank employee's negligence in securing its computer network did not preclude coverage for a data breach resulting in a fraudulent funds transfer. The decision affirms the lower court's ruling granting summary judgment in favor of the Bank of Bellingham, holding that the loss was covered even if employee negligence contributed to the loss.
The Underlying Breach: The underlying coverage action between BancInsure and the Bank stemmed from an October 2011 incident in which a hacker gained access to the bank's network with a "Zeus Trojan horse" virus and fraudulently transferred funds to accounts in Poland, resulting in a $485,000 loss. The hacker was able to gain access because a bank employee inadvertently failed to remove two physical security tokens (which bank employees were required to insert into a computer in order to perform wire transfers via a specialized VPN device provided by the Federal Reserve) after performing a legitimate wire transfer.
Court Ruling: The Eight Circuit agreed with the trial court that an exclusion in the Bank's financial institution bond for employee-caused losses did not apply based on Minnesota's concurrent-causation doctrine, which states that when a loss results from multiple risks, some covered and some not covered, the loss is covered unless the excluded risk is the "overriding cause" of the loss. The Eighth Circuit concluded that the overriding cause of the loss was the hacker's criminal conduct rather than employee negligence, even though the employee's negligence "played an essential role" in the loss and created a risk of intrusion into the bank's computer system. The court reasoned that an illegal wire transfer was not a "foreseeable and natural consequence" of the failure to follow proper computer security policies, procedures, and protocols.
The court also rejected BancInsure's argument that the bond's exclusions for loss due to the theft of confidential information or mechanical failure of a computer avoided application of the concurrent-causation doctrine, finding that the exclusions' reference to "indirect" losses was not the type of "clear and specific" language needed to prevent the doctrine's application.
The Takeaway: The Eighth Circuit's ruling is a significant victory for policyholders. Fidelity bonds and commercial crime policies commonly exclude "indirect loss." Insurance carriers frequently argue in disputes regarding such bonds or policies that the negligent actions of the policyholder's employees converts an otherwise covered loss caused by a third party's criminal acts into an "indirect," uncovered loss. The Eighth Circuit's holding provides policyholders helpful authority to argue that employee negligence does not bar coverage or render an otherwise covered loss uncovered.
Although the decision is favorable to policyholders, there are a number of important caveats. For instance, insurance policy language can vary substantially between carriers, and many commercial crime policies contains specific exclusions for data security breaches. Additionally, the Eighth Circuit recognized that courts will enforce "anti-concurrent causation" provisions where the language is clear and specific.


Hackers are on the hunt for Oracle servers weak to potent exploit
Johannes Ullrich, dean of research at the SANS Technology Institute, said his organization's honeypots had detected Internetwide scans that probe for vulnerable servers. CVE-2020-14882, as the vulnerability is tracked, has a severity rating of 9.8 out of 10 on the CVSS scale. Oracle's October advisory accompanying a patch said exploits are low in complexity and require low privileges and no user interaction.
"At this point, we are seeing the scans slow down a bit," Ullrich wrote in a post. "But they have reached 'saturation' meaning that all IPv4 addresses have been scanned for this vulnerability. If you find a vulnerable server in your network: Assume it has been compromised."
Honeypots are servers that are deliberately left exposed or unpatched. They're meant to act as a barometer for tracking Internet attack activity. When hackers scan or exploit them, researchers know that specific vulnerabilities are under threat of attack.
Ullrich said in an interview that SANS honeypots have received GET Web requests that attempt to query whether a server is running a vulnerable version of WebLogic. The honeypots weren't set up to respond that they were vulnerable, so he doesn't yet know if the attackers are simply compiling a list of vulnerable machines or are actively exploiting them once they're found. Advertisement
In the past few hours, he configured the servers to indicate they're vulnerable, but so far he has yet to see active exploits. He also said it's possible that some of the scans are coming from people doing benign research.
The scans come amid warnings that Russian ransomware hackers are targeting hundreds of US hospitals and healthcare providers. Exploits as potent as those against CVE-2020-14882 would likely provide everything needed to initiate such an attack.
Vulnerable versions of WebLogic include,,, and Oracle credited voidfyoo of Chaitin Security Research Lab with its discovery.
Steven Gregory


Università degli Studi di Milano Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: _URL_
Title: Molecular characterization of Xp chromosome deletion in a fertile cow
Authors: PARMA, PIETRO (Last author)
Abstract: A young cow of the Marchigiana breed (central Italy) with normal body conformation and external genitalia underwent routine cytogenetic analyses prior to its use for reproduction. After normal chromosome staining, only one X chromosome was observed with a normal diploid number (2n = 60) in all 200 studied cells. Subsequent cytogenetic analyses by using both CBAand RBA-banding techniques evidenced that almost all the p arms of the other X chromosome was lacking. Detailed FISH-mapping analyses with BAC covering this Xp arm region demonstrated that this large chromosome region was deleted. RBA-banding showed that the deleted X was late replicating. CGH array analysis evidenced that deletion involves the Xp arm from the telomere to around 39.5 Mb, referring to the BosTau6 cattle genome assembly. This abnormality deletes about 40 Mb of the X chromosome sequence, but, despite the large number of genes deleted, none of them are programmed to escape from inactivation. This can explain the normal phenotype of the female which is actually pregnant. Finally, we evidenced, by analysis of an SNP mapped to the deleted region (SNP rs29024121), that the only normal (e.g. nondeleted) X chromosome present derives from the father. Hence, the deletion has a maternal origin.
Keywords: Cattle ; CGH array ; Deletion Xp ; FISH
MIUR subjects: AGR/17 - Zootecnica Generale e Miglioramento Genetico
Publication date: 2012
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1159/000342189
Citation: Molecular characterization of Xp chromosome deletion in a fertile cow / L. De Lorenzi, E. Rossi, V. Genualdo, S. Gimelli, E. Lasagna, A. Perucatti, A. Iannuzzi, P. Parma. - In: Sexual development. - ISSN _PHONE_. - ISSN _PHONE_. - 6:6(2012), pp. 298-392.
ISI identifier: 000311899400005
Scopus identifier: 84870814615
Type: Article (author)
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90% stolen over three weeks? Does this mean the person spending endless hours tending to the park's Federally protect plant notice on day one a few plants were missing and every day thereafter until the population was at 10%?
Poaching native Venus Flytraps is not a new occurrence. If people are that concerned with protecting the plants, why hasn't someone installed at least one trail camera with night vision capabilities in a location where it cannot be destroyed or stolen?
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Picasso used common house paint
Physicists used an X-ray nanoprobe to'see' details of the paint down to the level of individual pigment particles.
Mon, Feb 11 2013 at 10:20 AM
The Red Armchair is the most emblematic of Picasso Ripolin usage and is the painting that was examined with APS X-rays at Argonne National Laboratory. (Image: Art Institute of Chicago)
Pablo Picasso, famous for pushing the boundaries of art with cubism, also broke with convention when it came to paint, new research shows. X-ray analysis of some of the painter's masterworks solves a long-standing mystery about the type of paint the artist used on his canvases, revealing it to be basic house paint.
Art scholars had long suspected Picasso was one of the first master artists to employ house paint, rather than traditional artists' paint, to achieve a glossy style that hid brush marks. There was no absolute confirmation of this, however, until now.
Physicists at Argonne National Laboratory in Lemont, Ill., trained their hard X-ray nanoprobe at Picasso's painting "The Red Armchair," completed in 1931, which they borrowed from the Art Institute of Chicago. The nanoprobe instrument can "see" details down to the level of individual pigment particles, revealing the arrangement of particular chemical elements in the paint.
The analysis showed that Picasso used enamel paint that matches the precise chemical composition of the first brand of commercial house paint, called Ripolin. The researchers were able to compare the painting's pigment with those of paints available at the time by analyzing decades-old paint samples bought on eBay. [9 Famous Art Forgers]
What's more, the detailed study, which used X-rays to probe the painting's pigment down to the scale of 30 nanometers (a sheet of copier paper is 100,000 nanometers thick), was able to pinpoint the manufacturing region where the paint was made by studying its particular impurities.
"The nanoprobe at the [Advanced Photon Source X-ray facility and the Center for Nanoscale Materials] allowed unprecedented visualization of information about chemical composition within a singe grain of paint pigment, significantly reducing doubt that Picasso used common house paint in some of his most famous works," one of the research leaders, Argonne's Volker Rose, said in a statement.
Art scholars think Picasso experimented with Ripolin to achieve a different effect than would've been possible with traditional oil paints, which dry slowly and can be heavily blended. In contrast, house paint dries quickly and leaves effects like marbling, muted edges, and even drips of paint. Still, experts couldn't be sure house paint was the key to Picasso's look without proof.
"Appearances can deceive, so this is where art can benefit from scientific research," said Francesca Casadio, senior conservator scientist at the Art Institute of Chicago. "We needed to reverse-engineer the paint so that we could figure out if there was a fingerprint that we could then go look for in the pictures around the world that are suspected to be painted with Ripolin, the first commercial brand of house paint."
The scientists detailed their findings in a paper published last month in the journal Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing.
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