Can Absolute Velocity be Measured?
 1. Just a silly idea i have, please debunk it since i cannot figure it out:
 The Thought Experiment:
 Provided to us is a spacecraft equipped with a particle acceleration and detection systems.
 The craft is set on a course where it would not be interrupted by any interstellar objects and cuts its propulsion systems for the entire duration of the experiment.
 A stream of electrons are accelerated to a certain speed (let's say 0.8c) in the particle accelerator. The mass of an electron in the stream is then measured when the electron stream passes, say, in the direction the spacecraft is traveling.
 This measurement of electron mass when the electron stream passes in the direction the spacecraft is traveling is repeated for various speeds (0.82c, 0.84c, 0.86c, 0.88c and 0.9c). We then plot these values on a graph (e.g Figure 1). This graph represents the increase in mass of the electron at various velocities relative to the spacecraft.
 (Figure 1)
 The graph we obtained is then compared to the graph of:
 (Figure 2a)
 *9._PHONE_-31 kg is the rest mass of an electron
 to see where it fits in. This can be achieved by comparing the change in gradients of both graphs. We then superimpose the graph we got (Figure 1) onto the graph of the equation of Figure 2a
 (Figure 3)
 We are now able to determine our velocity through spacetime in the direction the electron was traveling when it was measured by taking a point on the graph we obtained and subtracting the relative speed of the electron from its actual speed as reflected from the superimposed graph.
 Example: In Figure 1, we measure the relative speed of the electron, W, to be say 0.8c. When we superimpose the graph, the point which contains W now reads off the new graph as X (lets say 0.83c), so we deduce that we are moving through spacetime at a velocity of 0.03c in the direction the electrons were traveling when their mass was measured.
 This experiment is repeated where the mass of the electron is measured as it is traveling in various other directions to determine our absolute velocity through spacetime. The direction which yields the largest velocity will give us the absolute velocity of the spacecraft through spacetime.
 Further Applications
 The absolute velocity of the spacecraft through spacetime can be compared with the velocity of the spacecraft relative to the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) reference frame.
 If both velocities are the same, we can assume that the CMBR reference frame (and the black hole/object that gave birth to big bang) is/was moving at an absolute velocity of 0 m/s through space.
 However, if both velocities were different, we can deduce that the CMBR reference frame (and the black hole/object that gave birth to big bang) is/was moving through space at a certain velocity.
 This comparison would shed some light on the physical nature of the big bang itself, allowing us to eliminate a few of the seemingly infinite number of theories that surrounds the beginning of the universe we know today.
 Thanks for reading!
 Attached Files:
 2. jcsd
 3. russ_watters
 Staff: Mentor
 Welcome to PF!
 Without reading your post, I can tell you this: the question posed in the title is misguided in that it assumes that there exists such a thing as absolute velocity. Current theory holds that there is no such thing, so it is meaningless/wrong to ask if it can be measured.
 4. The experimental graph will always yield the graph of γm and nothing else, leading you to conclude a speed of zero every time, regardless of the spacecraft's velocity relative to other bodies.
 5. Mentz114
 Mentz114 4,525
 Gold Member
 Yawn. There is no absolute velocity through spacetime.
 You misunderstand the nature of the big-bang. The BB was the actual unfolding of space embedded in a 4-dimensional spacetime. At time t-zero, there was no space.
 Imagine a balloon, whose surface is a 2-D space embedded in 3-D. Now try to imagine that the surface is a 3-D space embedded in 4-D. Just as the surface area of a balloon of zero radius is zero, so the volume of the embedded 3-D space was zero at t-zero.
 6. Thank you for your time and comments.
 1. There is no such thing as absolute velocity? Maybe I am using the wrong term, but what would you define the velocity at which *God (an observer external to this universe)* measures you travelling at?
 If you accelerate (in your point of view) in one direction, time may pass slower for you but if you accelerate in another direction, time may pass faster for you as you are'slowing down' in space. The point at which time dilation does not apply to you (except for gravitational time dilatation) can be considered a'special' reference frame where absolute velocity and mass can be measured?
 2. I know the most accepted theory holds that space and time exploded from the big bang, but I dun think that there is anything absolutely against space and time existing before the big bang.
 Spacetime could have been seen to have exploded out from the singularity as the singularity had sucked so much in to begin with. In any case, comparing 'absolute velocity' to the CMB reference frame would mean something either way. Dun want to argue too much about this.
 3. ZikZak, would the experimental graph be the same? IMHO, One of the parameters in the equation is the rest mass of the electron measured relative to you. If you were travelling, you would weigh the electron rest mass to be more. The experimental graph you obtain should be of the same shape but translated away from the original graph.
 Thank again and have to GOOD Friday.
 7. PAllen
 PAllen 5,890
 Science Advisor
 Gold Member
 An observer outside this universe is not covered by science. You can posit anything you want - it is untestable, unknowable, and not subject to discussion in a scientific forum.
 According to all known physics there is simply no such thing as absolute velocity - period; no qualifications or dancing around it. Any speculations otherwise should be pursued in a forum outside physicsforums (e.g. a religious forum).
 This is complete nonsense, at odds with known observations. No matter what your state of motion or acceleration, time flows normally for you. It is true that for two clocks following different histories, one that never accelerates will show more time elapsed compared to one that accelerates away and back such that it meets the first clock. However, the direction this occurs in does not matter, nor does any supposed 'absolute velocity' of the non-accelerating clock matter.
 No, completely false. Time dilation is relative. If Katy and Robyn are moving apart from each other at 90% of light speen, each concludes the other has a slower clock. If Justin is sees both moving away from him at the same speed, then he concludes both clocks are running slow. Further Katy determines Justin's clock is running slow, and Robyn's clock running even slower. Meanwhile, Robyn concludes Justin's clock is running slow, and Katy's even slower.
 Your personal beliefs, not subject to publication of a research paper, based on data or analysis, in a reputable journal, are not a proper subject for discussion in physicsforums. Note, we are not called 'idle speculation forums without understanding or knowledge'.
 Forgetting absolute velocity as the nonsense that it is, you can measure velocity relative to CMB. Either the frequency of CMB is isotropic or it is not. If it is not, the degree of anisotropy measures your velocity relative to CMB radiation. This is cosmologically interesting, but it is not an absolute velocity. It is similar to noting that velocity relative to galactic center is interesting.
 More complete nonsense. Let's clarify. If one particular observer is accelerating the electrons, then some other observer moving relative to the first will detect anisotropies consistent with their motion relative to the first observer. Similarly, if this second observer accelerates electrons, the first observer will detect anisotropies consistent with relative motion. There will be no observation that can distinguish which one has absolute motion, or even which one has motion relative to some third observer.
 You are just throwing out purported observations that are contradicted by experiment, and by the most elemantary understanding of relativity.
 8. mfb
 Staff: Mentor
 This is undefined. He can measure whatever speed he wants (less than c), depending on the inertial frame he chooses.
 No. For you, time passes with 1 second per second on your clock. And if you compare your clock with another one, only the relative velocity is interesting. And this comparison will be symmetric - both see that time passes slower at the other ship.
 You can find an inertial system where the CMB has no dipole moment. But in terms of the laws of physics, there is nothing special about this system.
 It would.
 Note that different observers can measure different particle energys (and therefore different relativistic masses (I don't like this word)).


text:
Turner to Monet
Friedrich painted his canvases in different, standard sizes. The format of Scudding clouds was the smallest he used, in the Saxon measure 8 Zoll high and 10½ Zoll wide. A letter of 21 July 1821 to the collector Dr Wilhelm Körte gave the price as '4 Louisdor', or French gold coins.1 For such a tiny painting, with its palette restricted to white, blue, green and brown, the artist achieves a large impact, both intellectually and visually.
Scudding clouds 'is based on a study from nature showing a view from the Brocken, which he made on 29 June 1811'.2 The ten years that passed between Friedrich's original plein-air excursion and the finished painting demonstrate how the artist thought and rethought his conceptions of religious art. By 1820 a physical, material Christian cross was no longer needed to signal our inevitable spiritual journey through the landscape. The Brocken is the highest peak of the Harz mountains, and thus the highest in northern Germany. Here Friedrich shows a mountaintop where a small lake reflects the sky. Beyond the grass is an invisible valley that we look straight across to distant ranges. Far beyond the obstacle of mountains, obscuring clouds or mists, lies a sunlit vista. For the traveller – the artist, the viewer – to achieve this heaven, he or she must:
… climb all the way down through the valley of death before he can reach this paradise which he can just glimpse vaguely through the clouds. The rocks in the foreground symbolize the Christian faith.3
Scudding clouds is a painting of great intensity, concentrated into a small space. Even the title is ambiguous, since Friedrich's intent is surely to show the arduous journey from ordinary, sensuous human life to eternal salvation. Ziehen in German means 'to pull'. The clouds scud or drift across the canvas: accurate translation depends on how fast they appear to move. Fluffy mist in the mountains becomes little white billows of cloud, then a grey curtain across the top of the painting. The whole is composed of horizontal fields of colour. Normal recession, from brown and green foreground to misty blue mountains, is contradicted by clouds that move through the scene, obscuring those peaks and valleys where the traveller must venture.
1Sigrid Hinz (ed.), Caspar David Friedrich in Briefen und Bekenntnissen, Berlin: Henschelverlag, 1968, p. 55, quoted in Caspar David Friedrich 1774–1840, Munich: Prestel and Hamburger Kunsthalle, 1974, p. 241.
2 Helmut Börsch-Supan, Caspar David Friedrich, London: Thames and Hudson, 1973, p. 124.
3 Börsch-Supan, p. 124.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Types of people who seek help with accent modification
- Non-native English speakers
- Native speakers who want to change their accent
- Professionals who wish to communicate more effectively
- Actors learning a new accent for a role
Accent modification, also known as accent reduction, is the process of learning a new accent or changing your speech production. Everyone has an accent, and while accents are not speech impairments, they can sometimes make communication difficult between people with different accents. Accent Modification is employed by native and non-native speakers who want to communicate more effectively with listeners who have a different accent. The process involves the speaker perfecting the desired accent's pronunciation, intonation, and syllable stress of words, as well as the general rhythm and timing of speech.
Accent modification can reduce frustration of speakers with strong regional or foreign accents who are often misunderstood or asked to repeat themselves. It can also increase social and professional opportunities for these individuals.
A speech language pathologist can help individuals modify accents by working with:
Hearing and Speech AgencyHarry and Jeanette Weinberg Building 5900 Metro Drive Baltimore, MD 21215 _PHONE_ _EMAIL_


text:
Boost Your CI/CD Efficiency with pnpm
In the world of modern software development, Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) have become essential practices. They allow teams to rapidly deliver high-quality software while maintaining a streamlined development pipeline. One critical aspect of CI/CD is package management, and in this article, we will explore the benefits of using pnpm over the traditional npm install command. Let's dive in and discover why pnpm is a game-changer for your CI/CD workflows.
If you've read this far, you're probably a DeployBot user and familiar with version control systems, CI/CD, and other related topics. If not, we've compiled several beginner's guides: Laravel, Digital Ocean, Ruby on Rails, Docker, Craft CMS, Ghost CMS, Google Web Starter Kit, Grunt or Gulp, Slack, Python, Heroku and many more.
When it comes to installing dependencies, pnpm takes a unique approach. Unlike npm, pnpm uses a shared package store, which means that if multiple projects use the same package, it is only downloaded once. This greatly reduces duplication and speeds up the installation process. In CI/CD pipelines, where speed is crucial, pnpm's ability to cache packages provides a significant advantage. With pnpm, you can save precious build time by avoiding repetitive downloads of identical dependencies across multiple jobs or stages.
Reduced Disk Space Usage
As software projects grow in complexity, so does the size of their dependencies. Over time, the node_modules folder can become bloated and consume a substantial amount of disk space. However, pnpm uses a unique approach called a "virtual store," where it stores dependencies in a global cache and creates symlinks to them instead of physically copying them. This approach dramatically reduces the disk space requirements for your projects. By leveraging pnpm, you can free up valuable storage resources on your CI/CD infrastructure and keep your pipelines running smoothly.
Security is a critical concern for any software development team. With pnpm, you can benefit from its security features that help safeguard your projects. pnpm enforces a content-addressable storage system, ensuring that dependencies cannot be tampered with or modified. Additionally, by using a shared package store, pnpm reduces the risk of downloading malicious packages from external sources. These security enhancements make pnpm a reliable choice for CI/CD workflows, where ensuring the integrity and safety of your codebase is paramount.
Maintaining a large number of projects, each with its own set of dependencies, can be challenging. Updating packages across multiple projects can be time-consuming and error-prone. However, pnpm simplifies this process. With its unique approach to package management, pnpm makes it easier to update dependencies across all projects simultaneously. By centralizing package updates, you can ensure consistency and save time during maintenance tasks in your CI/CD pipelines.
Integrating pnpm into your existing CI/CD workflows is straightforward. pnpm provides a command-line interface that is compatible with npm commands. This means you can seamlessly replace npm install with pnpm install in your build scripts without any major modifications. The transition from npm to pnpm is smooth, enabling teams to adopt pnpm without disrupting their current development processes.
pnpm vs npm
npm maintains a flattened dependency tree as of version 3. This leads to less disk space bloat, with a messy
node_modules directory as a side effect.
On the other hand, pnpm manages
node_modules by using hard linking and symbolic linking to a global on-disk content-addressable store. This nets you the benefits of far less disk space usage, while also keeping your
node_modules clean. There is documentation on the store layout if you wish to learn more.
The good thing about pnpm's proper
node_modules structure is that it "helps to avoid silly bugs" by making it impossible to use modules that are not specified in the project's
Source it's here.
As CI/CD becomes an integral part of modern software development, optimizing package management is crucial. By leveraging pnpm instead of npm install, you can reap numerous benefits in your CI/CD workflows. Faster installations, reduced disk space usage, improved security, simplified maintenance, and seamless integration are some of the advantages that pnpm brings to the table. Embrace pnpm and unlock a more efficient and streamlined CI/CD experience for your development team.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


the umpire. The back judge ensures that the defensive team has no more than 11 players on the field and determines whether catches are legal, whether field goal or extra point attempts are good, and whether a pass interference violation occurred. The back judge is also responsible for the play clock, the time between each play, when a visible play clock is not used.
 - The head linesman/down judge is positioned on one end of the line of scrimmage. The head linesman/down judge watches for any line-of-scrimmage and illegal use-of-hands violations and assists the line judge with illegal shift or illegal motion calls. The head linesman/down judge also rules on out-of-bounds calls that happen on their side of the field, oversees the chain crew and marks the forward progress of a runner when a play has been whistled dead.
 - The side judge is positioned twenty yards downfield of the head linesman. The side judge mainly duplicates the functions of the field judge. On field goal and extra point attempts, the side judge is positioned lateral to the umpire.
 - The line judge is positioned on the end of the line of scrimmage, opposite the head linesman. They supervise player substitutions, the line of scrimmage during punts, and game timing. The line judge notifies the referee when time has expired at the end of a quarter and notifies the head coach of the home team when five minutes remain for halftime. In the NFL, the line judge also alerts the referee when two minutes remain in the half. If the clock malfunctions or becomes inoperable, the line judge becomes the official timekeeper.
 - The field judge is positioned twenty yards downfield from the line judge. The field judge monitors and controls the play clock, counts the number of defensive players on the field and watches for offensive pass interference and illegal use-of-hands violations by offensive players. The field judge also makes decisions regarding catches, recoveries, the ball spot when a player goes out of bounds, and illegal touching of fumbled balls that have crossed the line of scrimmage. On field goal and extra point attempts, the field judge is stationed under the upright opposite the back judge.
 - The center judge is an eighth official used only in the top level of college football. The center judge stands lateral to the referee, the same way the umpire does in the NFL. The center judge is responsible for spotting the football after each play and has many of the same responsibilities as the referee, except announcing penalties.
Safety and brain health
Football is a full-contact sport, and injuries are relatively common. Most injuries occur during training sessions, particularly ones that involve contact between players.[113] To try to prevent injuries, players are required to wear a set of equipment. At a minimum players must wear a football helmet and a set of shoulder pads, but individual leagues may require additional padding such as thigh pads and guards, knee pads, chest protectors, and mouthguards.[114][115][116] Most injuries occur in the lower extremities, particularly in the knee, but a significant number also affect the upper extremities. The most common types of injuries are strains, sprains, bruises, fractures, dislocations, and concussions.[113]
Repeated concussions (and possibly sub-concussive head impacts[117]) can increase a person's risk in later life for CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy) and mental health issues such as dementia, Parkinson's disease, and depression.[118] Concussions are often caused by helmet-to-helmet or upper-body contact between opposing players, although helmets have prevented more serious injuries such as skull fractures.[119] Various programs are aiming to reduce concussions by reducing the frequency of helmet-to-helmet hits; USA Football's "Heads Up Football" program aims to reduce concussions in youth football by teaching coaches and players about the signs of a concussion, the proper way to wear football equipment and ensure it fits, and proper tackling methods that avoid helmet-to-helmet contact.[120] However, a study in the Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine found that Heads Up Football was ineffective; the same study noted that more extensive reforms implemented by Pop Warner Little Scholars and its member teams were effective in significantly reducing concussion rates.[121]
A 2018 study performed by the VA Boston Healthcare System and the Boston University School of Medicine found that tackle football before age 12 was correlated with earlier onset of symptoms of CTE, but not with symptom severity. More specifically, each year a player played tackle football under age 12 predicted earlier onset of cognitive, behavioral, and mood problems by an average of two and a half years.[122][123][124]
Leagues and tournaments
The National Football League (NFL) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) are the most popular football leagues in the United States.[125] The National Football League was founded in 1920[126] and has since become the largest and most popular sport in the United States.[127] The NFL has the highest average attendance of any sporting league in the world, with an average attendance of 66,960 during the 2011 NFL season.[128] The NFL championship game is called the Super Bowl, and is among the biggest events in club sports worldwide.[129] It is played between the champions of the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC), and its winner is awarded the Vince Lombardi Trophy.[130]
A high school football game during the first quarter
College football is the third-most popular sport in the United States, behind professional baseball and professional football.[131] The NCAA, the largest collegiate organization, is divided into three Divisions: Division I, Division II and Division III.[132] Division I football is further divided into two subdivisions: the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) and the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS).[133] The champions of each level of play are determined through NCAA-sanctioned playoff systems; while the champion of Division I-FBS was historically determined by various polls and ranking systems, the subdivision adopted a four-team playoff system in 2014.[134]
Other professional leagues
Several professional football leagues have been formed outside the auspices of the NFL. One such league, the XFL, is currently operating as of 2020.[137]
Rival leagues
The most successful league to directly compete with the NFL was the American Football League (AFL), which existed from 1960 to 1969. The AFL became a significant rival in 1964 before signing a five-year, US$36 million television deal with NBC. AFL teams began signing NFL players to contracts, and the league's popularity grew to challenge that of the NFL. The two leagues merged in the 1970 season, and all the AFL teams joined the NFL. An earlier league, the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), was in play from 1946 to 1949. After it had dissolved, two AAFC teams, the Cleveland Browns and the San Francisco 49ers, became members of the NFL; another member, the Baltimore Colts joined the league, but folded after just a year in the NFL.[138]
Other attempts to start rival leagues since the AFL merged with the NFL in 1970 have been far less successful, as professional football salaries and the NFL's television contracts began to escalate out of the reach of competitors and the NFL covered more of the larger cities. The World Football League (WFL) played for two seasons, in 1974 and 1975, but faced such severe monetary issues it could not pay its players. In its second and final season the WFL attempted to establish a stable credit rating, but the league disbanded before the season could be completed.[139] The United States Football League (USFL) operated for three seasons from 1983 to 1985. Originally not intended as a rival league, the entry of owners who sought marquee talent and to challenge the NFL led to an escalation in salaries and ensuing financial losses. A subsequent US$1.5 billion antitrust lawsuit against the NFL was successful in court, but the league was awarded only $1 in damages, which was automatically tripled to $3 under antitrust law.[140]
Complementary national leagues
The original XFL was created in 2001 by Vince McMahon and lasted for only one season. Despite television contracts with NBC and UPN, and high expectations, the XFL suffered from low quality of play and poor reception for its use of tawdry professional wrestling gimmicks, which caused initially high ratings and attendance to collapse.[141] (The current XFL, also owned by McMahon, does not include those gimmicks.) The United Football League (UFL) began in 2009 but folded after suspending its 2012 season amid declining interest and lack of major television coverage.[142] The Alliance of American Football lasted less than one season, unable to keep investors.[143]
International play
American football leagues exist throughout the world, but the game has yet to achieve the international success and popularity of baseball and basketball.[144] It is not an Olympic sport, but it was a demonstration sport at the 1932 Summer Olympics.[1] At the international level, Canada, Mexico, and Japan are considered to be second-tier, while Austria, Germany, and France would rank among a third tier. These countries rank far below the United States, which is dominant at the international level.[145]
NFL Europa, the developmental league of the NFL, operated from 1991 to 1992 and then from 1995 to 2007. At the time of its closure, NFL Europa had five teams based in Germany and one in the Netherlands.[146] In Germany, the German Football League (GFL) has 16 teams


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Lets say I am using IMAP IDLE to monitor changes in a mail folder.
The IMAP spec says that IDLE connections should only stay alive for 30 minutes max, but it is recommended that a lower number of minutes is selected - say 20 minutes, then cancel the idle and restart.
I am wondering what would happen if the mail contents changed between the idle canceling, and the new idle being created. An email could potentially be missed. Given that RECENT is a bit vague, this could lead to getting a message list before the old idle ends, and a new idle starts.
But this is almost the same as polling every 20 minutes, and defeats some of the benefit of idle.
Alternatively, a new idle session could be started prior to terminating the expiring one.
But in any case, I think this problem has already been solved so here I am asking for recommendations.
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 9 down vote accepted
As you know, the purpose of IMAP IDLE command (RFC 2177) is to make it possible to have the server transmit status updates to the client in real time. In this context, status updates means untagged IMAP server responses such as EXISTS, RECENT, FETCH or EXPUNGE that are sent when new messages arrive, message status is updated or a message is removed.
However, these IMAP status updates can be returned by any IMAP command, not just the IDLE command - for example, the NOOP command (see RFC 3501 section 6.1.2) can be used to poll for server updates as well (it predates the IDLE command). IDLE only makes it possible to get these updates more efficiently - if you don't use IDLE command, server updates will simply be sent by the server when the client executes another command (or even when no command is in progress in some cases) - see RFC 3501 section 5.2 and 5.3 for details.
This means that if a message is changed between the IDLE canceling and the new IDLE command, the status updates should not be lost, just as they are not lost if you never used IDLE in the first place (and use NOOP every few seconds instead, for example) - they should simply be sent after the new IDLE command is started.
share|improve this answer
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Vienna, Austria: For the first time, scientists have been able to identify genetic factors that influence the age at which natural menopause occurs in women. Ms Lisette Stolk, a researcher from Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, told the annual conference of the European Society of Human Genetics today ( Monday 25 May) that a greater understanding of the factors influencing age at menopause might eventually help to improve the clinical treatment of infertile women.
Ms Stolk and her team performed a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) in 10,339 menopausal women. The data analysed were taken from 9 different studies undertaken in The Netherlands (the Rotterdam Study 1 and 2), the UK (the TwinsUK study), USA (the Framingham study, the Cardiovascular Health Study, the ARIC study, the HAPI Heart Study), Iceland (AGES-Reykjavik) and Italy (the InCHIANTI study). The scientists found 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in four different places on chromosomes 19 and 20. SNPs are common genetic variants that influence how humans look, behave, develop disease or react to pathogens. In genetics they are used to compare regions of the genome between different groups of individuals and to identify those regions that are associated with a particular disease or characteristic. The SNPs the researchers found had not been identified before, and the part of the body where they might have an effect has yet to be identified, though the researchers speculate that this is likely to be in the ovaries or brain.
"We found that the 20 SNPs were all related to a slightly earlier menopause", said Ms Stolk, "and women who had one of them experienced menopause nearly a year earlier than others. We know that ten years before menopause women are much less fertile, and five years before many are infertile. In Western countries, where women tend to have children later in life and closer to menopause, age at menopause can be an important factor in
|Contact: Mary Rice|
European Society of Human Genetics


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(full paper is archived in the Miller Library)
Title: A comparative study of lethal temperatures in the limpets Acmaea scabra and Acmaea digitalis (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Prosobranchia)
Student Author(s): Hardin, Dane D.
Faculty Advisor(s): Epel, David
Location: Final Papers Biology 175H
Date: June 1966
Abstract: The lethal temperatures of two species of limpets which occupy the same intertidal levels were studied. It was found that A. scabra (with a critical range of 40-44 degrees Celsius) is better able to withstand high temperatures than is A. digitalis (with a critical range of 39-42C). Concurrent field studies showed that A. scabra experiences higher microhabitat and body temperatures than does A. digitalis at similar air temperatures. It was found that the limpets' body temperatures were 2-6 C higher than surrounding external temperatures. Intraspecific differences in temperature tolerence were also found, with the highest intertidal members of each species surviving better than the lowest members. Possible causes of intraspecific differences are acclimation or size of the animal.
Notes: Published 1968, Veliger 11(Suppl): 83-88


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CR-39 is transparent in visible spectrum and is almost completely opaque in the ultraviolet range. It has high abrasion resistance, in fact the highest abrasion/scratch resistance of any uncoated optical plastic. CR-39 is about half the weight of glass and index of refraction only slightly lower than that of crown glass, making it an advantageous material for eyeglasses and sunglasses lenses. A wide range of colors can be achieved by dyeing of the surface or the bulk of the material. CR-39 is also resistant to most of solvents and other chemicals, to gamma radiation, to aging, and to material fatigue. It can withstand the small hot sparks from welding. It can be used continuously in temperatures up to 100 °C and up to one hour in 130 °C.
In the radiation detection application, raw CR-39 material is exposed to proton recoils caused by incident neutrons. The proton recoils cause tracks, which are enlarged by an etching process in a caustic solution of sodium hydroxide.
The enlarged tracks are counted under a microscope (commonly 200x), and the number of tracks is proportional to the amount of incident neutron radiation.
Effect of alpha-particle energies on CR-39 line-shape parameters using positron annihilation technique.(Polyally diglycol carbonate )
Jul 01, 2006; Polyally diglycol carbonate "CR-39" is widely used as etched track type particle detector. Doppler broadening positron...


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How can health care professionals improve verbal communication with patients and families?
The average consumer is not familiar with health terminology and does not think about health information in the same way as health professionals. Patients don't understand or forget at least 50% of what is discussed in a typical office visit.15
There are many simple techniques to improve verbal health communication, such as
 - assessing patients' baseline understanding
 - using plain language
 - effectively soliciting questions
 - using teach-back to confirm understanding
 - focusing on a few key points
 - giving patients clearly written information to take home
 1. Assess patients' baseline understanding before providing extensive information. This allows the explanation to be tailored to the patients' needs.
 1. Example: For a patient just diagnosed with diabetes, you can state, "before we go on, could you tell me what you already know about diabetes?"
 2. Explain things clearly in plain language.
 1. Avoid medical jargon. Example: Say "chest pain" instead of "angina" and "high blood pressure" instead of "hypertension."
 2. Avoid vague statements that require interpretation. Example: Don't say, "You should get some aerobic exercise." What is "some"? What is "aerobic"? Instead be specific by saying, "Since you enjoy walking, I'd like you to try walking for 30 minutes each day, 3 or 4 times a week. Walk fast enough to break a light sweat, but not so fast that you can't carry on a conversation."
 3. Avoid terms that have different meanings in medicine and normal conversation, such as "stool," "gait," or "negative." Example: Don't say, "Your biopsy was negative for cancer." Say, "Your biopsy was normal. You don't have cancer."
 3. When you ask patients for their questions, use an open-ended approach.
 1. Example: If you ask, "Do you have any questions?" it's easy for patients to simply say, "No." Instead, ask, "What questions do you have?"
 4. Confirm understanding through teach-back. This involves asking the patient to repeat back their understanding of the information you have discussed. Teach-back can also be used to confirm that the patient can demonstrate a new skill. Teach-back takes about 1 minute, and it is one of the most important things you can do when counseling patients. There are a few key steps to performing an effective teach-back.
 1. First, make it normal, so the patient does not feel singled out. Example: "I do this next part with all my patients."
 2. Second, put the burden on your shoulders. It's your job to have explained things clearly. Example: "I want to be sure I explained things clearly today."
 3. Third, be specific about what you would like the patient to tell you. Example: "We talked about starting a new medicine today. Please tell me your understanding of why it's important… Ok, now please tell me your understanding of how to take it."
 4. Fourth, if the patient's explanation is insufficient, put the burden on your shoulders, reteach the information, and reassess understanding. Example: "I must not have explained that very well. The new medicine is for… I'd like you to take it… Now, let's see I did a better job explaining it that time. Could you please tell me again what the new medicine is for, and how you should take it?" When the patient teaches back the information correctly, this is called closing the loop.
 5. Teach-back can also be used to assess a skill. Example: "Please show me how you would use this inhaler."
 5. Focus on a few key points. It is very difficult for patients to remember more than this. Emphasize those points through repetition and teach-back.
 6. Give the patient written information or instructions to take home. Writing down a few key points or providing good quality educational materials is very helpful for reinforcement.
15Kessels RP. Patients' memory for medical information. J R Soc Med. 2003;96(5):219-222.


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It is an absolute guarantee that water will find its way into your (wooden) boat, due to rain, waves, or leaks. I can hear you saying: But that's what bilge pumps are for! But, my friend, it's a bit more complicated than that.
Way down, deep in your boat's bilge, there is a place where several parts of the boat come together: the keel, the frames, and the hull (specifically the garboard strakes). For strength, the frames usually go all the way across the keel, and sometimes, frames on opposite sides of the keel overlap each other.
But this presents a problem: The keel ends of each set of ribs serves as a wall, dividing the bilge into several compartments. Without any modification, each compartment would independently collect water. Your pump could remove all the water over the tops of the frames and keep the boat from sinking, but it's a bad idea to let water sit in the bilge, because that is asking for your keel and garboards to rot away.
Sometimes the geometry of the boat's construction creates a small gap near the keel between the bottom of each frame and the hull planks. But this is not always the case, and such gaps are frequently too small to be of any use.
The solution to the problem is to drill small holes across the bottom of each frame, right next to the keel (or keelson, if your boat has one). It will weaken the ribs a little, but will also allow water to pass between each bilge compartment. If you place your pump in the compartment at the deepest part of the boat, it will be possible to pump all of the water out.
\___ ___/
'-. | .-'
'-.'-.________o_.--._o__|_____.-'.-' HULL
 | |
 | | KEEL
Limber holes are not advisable in a very small boat with very narrow frames, but since the bilge pump for such a boat is usually a cut-down bleach bottle, and there is usually access to all bilge compartments, this isn't a problem. Fiberglass boats and small metal boats are likely to have limber holes built into the boat's pseudo-frames. And large metal ships will not have limber holes, since they will be built with bulkheads separating watertight compartments (each with its own pumps), to prevent sinking in case the hull is penetrated.
Au contraire, mon frère fromage!
There are, in fact, large metal ships with limber holes. They're called submarines.
Submarines have a problem not faced by the boats above. Actually, they have a bunch of them, but let's stick to the one or two that are relevant. First of all, many submarines are composed of two hulls - a pressure hull and a light hull. In nearly all cases, the area between the light hull and the pressure hull is allowed to flood freely when the submarine submerges (which is the second specific problem the submarine has, namely that it will in the normal course of operation be entirely underwater).
When the submarine surfaces again, it is desirable for the spaces between the light hull and pressure hull to be allowed to drain themselves free of water. As a result, submarines with light hulls typically have one or more rows of limber holes along their sides above the waterline. This has been true for ages; look at any picture of a World War II submarine on the surface for an example. Modern U.S. nuclear submarines typically are single-hull above their waterline, but modern Soviet/Russian-designed submarines have visible limber holes.


Chlamydomonas photoreceptor gene editing by zinc-finger nucleases and CRISPR/Cas9
New genome editing technology, such as zinc-finger nucleases and CRISPR/Cas9, are revolutionizing reverse genetics studies because they allow fast and precise genetic modifications in many species. However, they require efficient transformation and selection methods. This is notably a problem for algae such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Greiner et al. describe a procedure that creates antibiotic-resistant clones after successful genetic modification, thus making the selection step much more rapid. In addition, they made several improvements to current transformation protocols for both zinc-finger nucleases and CRISPR/Cas9. Their optimized methodologies allowed the disruption of photoreceptor genes and led to a better understanding of phototropism in Chlamydomonas. (Summary by Elisa Dell'Aglio) Plant Cell
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Primary objective: To determine the incidence of autonomic arousal vs. Dysautonomia following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) setting and to prospectively evaluate these groups against injury severity and outcome variables. Research design: Prospective observational group comparison (cohort) study of consecutive ICU admissions to a major trauma hospital over a 2-year period. Main outcomes and results: Eighty-nine of 113 subjects met inclusion and exclusion criteria, with consent gained for 79 subjects (61 male, 18 female: 89% of potential subjects). During the first 7 days post-injury, elevated autonomic parameters were almost universal in the sample (92%), predominantly hypertension and tachycardia. Nineteen of 79 subjects (24%) were autonomically aroused on day 7 (that is, had elevated heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure and temperature). Dysautonomia was diagnosed on day 14 post-injury in six of 79 subjects (8%) using previously published criteria. Autonomically aroused subjects had significantly more severe injuries, poorer outcomes and greater estimated costs than non-aroused subjects. Furthermore, Dysautonomic subjects within the autonomically aroused group had significantly worse outcome and, excluding early deaths, a greater period of hospitalization and higher estimated costs. Conclusions: The 8% incidence of Dysautonomia during ICU admission was in broad agreement with previous research. While day 7 autonomic arousal indicated a greater degree of injury, the diagnosis of Dysautonomia provided additional prognostic information. A coordinated multi-centre research effort into this condition appears appropriate.
- Autonomic overactivity
- Traumatic brain injury


Principles-Based Standards and the Determination of Control for Consolidation
By Leslie Kivi, Pamela Smith, and Colette Wagner
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A growing number of stakeholders have endorsed replacing the current rules-based approach to setting accounting standards with principles-based standards. During his time as SEC chief accountant, Robert K. Herdman captured concerns with recent standard setting before a congressional subcommittee: "[E]xtremely detailed rules that attempt to contemplate virtually every application of the standard … encourage a check-the-box mentality to financial reporting that eliminates judgments." The Sarbanes-Oxley Act [section 108(d)] required the SEC to conduct a study and report to Congress on the feasibility of principles-based standards. The SEC recommended a transition to a form of principles-based standards. The SEC, in turn, requested that FASB solicit input from its constituencies on the merits of a principles-based system. The comment letters to FASB were mixed but show a substantial amount of support for some form of a principles-based system. Shifting from a rulesto a principles-based system will have wide-ranging consequences for public accounting firms, industry, education, and enforcement.
One area ready for the shift to a principles-based standard is that of the basis for consolidation. The majority of Fortune 500 companies present consolidated financial statements; therefore, any change in accounting for consolidations will have a wide impact.
The FASB proposed a change in the determination of control for the purposes of consolidation in 1999. The proposed definition focuses on economic substance and requires consolidation whenever there is "effective" control rather than legal control. Although this definition has gained little support to date, it is a good example of a principles-based standard. Comparing the rules-based definition of control to the proposed principles-based definition provides insight into the issues that may arise when adopting a principles-based system.
Rules-Based Approach to Accounting Standards
Financial statement preparers, management, and auditors want precise "rules" that unambiguously specify the accounting for a transaction. Exhibit 1 summarizes the benefits and criticisms of a rules-based approach. The major criticism—that, no matter how technically detailed, there is a way around every rule—underscores the extent of the problem faced by accountant or auditor challenged with, "Show me the rule that says I cannot do this." Consequently, even if a transaction circumvents the spirit of the standard, it is difficult for the accountant or auditor to argue that the standard itself is violated. Perhaps equally troubling is the situation where the auditor applies individual accounting rules and does not step back and consider whether the reported results actually reflect the big picture.
Accounting standards that are developed under a rules-based approach must be continuously updated. Whenever a new transaction is engineered, or a variation of an existing transaction occurs, guidance or a new amendment must be added. Therefore, a rules-based approach is always at least one step behind. The detailed level of interpretative guidance, amendments to existing guidance, and rulings issued by various bodies add to the complexity and have caused a rules explosion. As business processes have become more complex, accounting rules have rapidly changed and expanded. Many standards are so complex that their application, implementation, and implications require explanation. Rules-based GAAP has become more complicated because of the numerous exceptions woven into the standards. These exceptions make applying a standard to a given transaction even more difficult.
Principles-Based Approach
Principles-based standards use broad guidelines that focus on the spirit of an underlying principle. The standards are based on underlying principles with the application and implementation in the hands of the preparers. Exhibit 2 presents the benefits and risks of adopting a principles-based standard system.
The most compelling argument for a principles-based system is that of presenting substance over form. Application of a principles-based approach would focus on the intent of the principle rather than the bright-line rule, thereby reducing the gamesmanship of circumventing the rules. Another benefit of a principles-based system is reduced complexity. Principles-based standards would not require detailed guidance to deal with increasingly complex transactions. Accordingly, a principles-based system requires professional judgment. Many argue that the application of professional judgment is what determines fair presentation in a particular case, not rules for all possible circumstances.
When business practices and technology evolve in a principles-based system, preparers can focus on applying the core principles rather than searching for or demanding specific guidance. More important, a principles-based approach focuses financial statement preparers and auditors on the fairness of the overall financial presentation rather than on satisfying detailed provisions.
Over the past several years, FASB has worked with the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) on converging U.S. GAAP with International Accounting Standards (IAS), which are generally less detailed than many SFASs. If the European Union adopts IAS on its scheduled 2005 deadline, the IAS principles-based standards will have increasing international acceptance. A shift of U.S. GAAP toward principles-based standards could simplify the international convergence process.
Concern that a principles-based system creates even greater potential for fraud is a powerful counterargument. Some fear that if financial statement preparers and auditors feel unconstrained by clearly defined rules, they are unlikely to follow even broader principles. Both rules-based and principles-based standards, however, are effective only when rigorously applied. Neither principles nor rules will prevent fraud. We have no way of knowing if principles-based accounting would have stopped the recent accounting debacles.
Opponents argue that a principles-based system will require the SEC to spend considerably more time in enforcement and that evaluating accounting decisions made in good faith will be difficult. As a consequence, de facto rules may form in the absence of adequate guidance, thereby defeating the purpose of a principles-based system. The considerable judgment that a principles-based system requires invokes another significant concern: legal liability. Both auditors and managers could be exposed to litigation despite good-faith application of the principles. Many also argue that principles-based standards will reduce comparability, because different outcomes are bound to occur when different individuals apply professional judgment to the same situation.
Many investors find it difficult to understand the financial information presented in a corporation's annual report. Some argue that this is due not to the complexity of the rules, but to the complexity of business models in the marketplace. While using a principles-based system might improve reporting the economic substance of a transaction, eliminating rules may not make the financial information more understandable.
Applying a Principles-Based Definition of Control
Consolidated financial statements are critical to the evaluation of the economic entity. Control is the criterion for consolidation, and the debate is over how to define control. Since 1959, control has meant either direct or indirect ownership of more than half of the outstanding voting shares of another company's stock, unless the control is determined to be temporary (ARB 51, 1959). The Enron debacle demonstrates the need for a principles-based definition of control; Enron did not consolidate hundreds of off-balance-sheet entities and therefore failed to recognize the associated liabilities. The irony is that even though Enron violated the core principles of financial reporting, the financial engineering complied with the rules.
In 1999, FASB issued an exposure draft that proposed a principles-based definition of control. "Exposure Draft (Revised), Proposed Statement of Financial Accounting Standards, Consolidated Financial Statements: Purpose and Policy" (October 16, 1999) stated the following:
Control is the ability of an entity to direct the policies and management that guide the ongoing activities of another entity so as to increase its benefits and limit its losses from that other entity's activities. For purposes of consolidated financial statements, control involves decision making ability that is not shared with others.
When a company has "exclusive power" over another entity, it can "direct the use of and access to another entity's assets." This would generally be true when a company has the power to set policies that guide how subsidiaries' assets are used in ongoing activities.
This definition would apply to the control of entities other than corporations, such as partnerships and joint ventures. It would also include control by a minority shareholder as long as that person has nonshared decision-making ability to guide the activities of the subsidiary. Applying the principle underlying this definition of control requires ascertaining which entity is the decision-maker. In many instances this will require assumptions about the entity in control and the entities not in control.
For example, if a minority shareholder is determined to be the one that has nonshared decision-making, and therefore control, then it is necessary to assume that another holder (or the majority holder) will not step in and overpower that controlling holder. Possibly, however, the majority holder is happy with the decisions made by the minority shareholder and therefore is silent. If the majority shareholder were not satisfied, it could usurp power and take over the decision making. The principles-based definition essentially requires the assumption that another holder will not exercise its majority ownership rights. This scenario illustrates the professional judgment required under a principles-based system.
The use of convertible preferred stock, stock options, redeemable instruments, and convertible bonds must also be addressed. Some observers have pointed out that these instruments are taken into consideration for purposes of determining control. To do so would be consistent with how accounting principles (presumably) treat convertible instruments when calculating fully diluted earnings per share (EPS); however, currently, convertible instruments are not taken into consideration when determining ownership interest. If these instruments are taken into consideration, assumptions must be made regarding the probability that the nonactive but potential majority owner will actually exercise the conversion rights and also exercise control by making decisions.
Additional assumptions would be needed if the conversion were mandatory. The holder of a convertible instrument may not hold it until the date of mandatory conversion. Is one to assume the convertible instrument is always held to maturity? That assumption may be complicated if a conversion has a benefit that would be too great to forfeit. Clearly, a principles


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Is high-frame-rate projection the future of filmmaking or an assault on the human brain? Peter Jackson's The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey — shot and projected at 48 frames per second, twice the traditional number — has drawn a lot of irritated muttering and heavy thoughts about the limits of perception and "the way our brains see things." (Not to mention the way we emotionally experience things — the author of a fascinating piece posted today at Gizmodo cops to having had radically different reactions to the film after seeing it in both 48 and 24 FPS.) Some viewers have described the ultraclear picture as looking like an HD TV version of the film and others have noted that some scenes look like sped-up Benny Hill–esque outtakes.
But why does it all appear so odd, so abnormal? And is it actually? To find out, Vulture asked two experts: Marty Banks, a professor of optometry and vision science at Berkeley, who was sought out by Jackson before The Hobbit's release to weigh in on a 48 FPS trailer for the film, and Rob Allison, an associate professor of computer science and engineering at York University in Toronto, who specializes in human perceptual responses and stereoscopic vision.
One of the major issues with the new frame-rate projection is how smooth it all looks. That's because 48 FPS erases much of the blurring that occurs at 24 FPS. To perceive motion on a screen, our brains need a projection rate of at least fourteen frames per second — and the higher the frame rate, the smoother the motion seems. "We see continuously and smoothly, not in frames," notes Allison. "We don't perceive at 24 frames per second. We don't think at 24 frames per second. I've seen silly things on the Internet about how we think at 40 frames per second. But there is no perception limit."
The difference is psychological, not visual — there's what we are accustomed to, and then there's the new. We're used to making certain assumptions about what we see on a screen. "Colors are not as rich on TV sets or desktop monitors," said Banks. "The motion is not as smooth. Brightness is not as great. We've adjusted to that, and we accept it. So when we see a projection that is closer to reality than what we are used to, our brains go, 'Whoa!' and we get this 'hyper-real' sensation. I think that's what's happening to people. Things look unusually sharp [in The Hobbit], and we're seeing something closer to reality.
"If people are frustrated, it's because this seems a violation of what has been considered normal," he continued. "Look at how people reacted when color was first introduced, or Hi-Definition, or Dolby sound. There were negative reactions to all of those at first, too. But now if you don't have them, you feel deprived."
"Think about what some of the reaction [to 48 FPS] has been. The characters look too sharp? You're too aware of the makeup and the wrinkles? Some of the sets look like sets? Of course they do. You've created a format where the viewer sees more of what is actually there. Filmmakers will have to learn to make sets better and makeup better. That probably happened when color was introduced, too."
Both Banks and Allison said that in the real world, we're presented with far more detail than what we get onscreen so the more we see films projected in 48 FPS, the more natural it will appear. "You become more attuned to things as you look at them," Allison said. "By your fourth or fifth high-frame-rate film, you'll be used to it. This isn't about perception as much as expectation. If you've grown up playing video games at 60-frame rates, you'll already know what to expect." (Most modern video games use a 30 to 60 frame rate, although some go as high as 125 for action/adventure and racing. To see what frame rate your favorite game has, go here. Additionally, much TV is displayed at 60 FPS.)
One thing that could mitigate some of the negative audience response in the future is if filmmakers use a transitional system of sorts — variable frame rates within single movies: higher for action, back to 24 FPS for close-ups. "During the first scenes in The Hobbit," he said, "with Bilbo and Frodo at the house in the Shire, there was a shallow depth of field, so it was fairly traditional. You probably didn't need a high frame rate there. But once you got to the Dwarves at Erebor and the people in Dale, the town nearby, that was a good time to get used to 48, because there was a lot of richness in those scenes to explore. And once you get to the attack of the dragon, the first big action scene, the 48 is useful, because there are lots of effects and it will heighten the experience. Plus, the dragon's cool. Who doesn't like a dragon?"
If there is an obvious problem with 48 FPS, Banks said, it's still a subtle one — an element of depth distortion. Allison agreed. "One of the things 48 FPS can do for you is to allow less motion blur and make the details crisper," he said. "But some things that were meant to be blurry in the background are sharper, so it's a matter of adjusting for that. Some things that are fake look fake."
And what about some viewers' complaints of headaches or motion sickness while watching The Hobbit? "People do get cinema sickness," Allison said. "People get flight simulator sickness. You can get sick on theme-park rides. And if you already have a headache, you might attribute it to the movie. But I don't think the movie will cause headaches. And if you have photo-induced epilepsy, you should actually be less susceptible watching a higher frame rate film because there is less flicker."
So the bottom line on the brave new world of 48 FPS movies? "It's an aesthetic question," Allison said. "But perceptually, I think it's a win." Of course, the matter of "will we get used to it" and "will we want to get used to it" are two different things altogether.


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Anti-Fatigue Lenses Relieve Stress On Overworked Eyes
Spending numerous hours multitasking between your computer, smartphones, tv, and reading materials can make your eyes feel tired and over worked. Hoya, Zeiss, and Essilor have developed revolutionary eyeglass lenses that are specifically designed to complement modern multitasking, tech-savvy lifestyles and minimize the strain placed on the eyes when frequently switching between near (e.g., smartphone) and intermediate (e.g., computer screen) visual tasks. Providing relief from the eyestrain and visual stress resulting from the eyes frequently changing focus between far/intermediate and near activities, anti-fatigue lenses are a real game-changer for anyone who wants to be at their absolute best all day! Whether you're a busy professional, a tech-savvy student, or someone who visually multitasks throughout the day, anti-fatigue lenses will help you say goodbye to blurred vision, headaches, and discomfort, and say hello to a relaxing, enhanced, and energized visual experience.Schedule An Exam Our Optometrists
Modern Eye Glasses in Edmonton.
What Are Anti-Fatigue Lenses?
Technically, anti-fatigue lenses are a single vision eyeglass lens - they contain a single prescription intended to correct vision at all distances, but have a near vision zone (i.e., for activities within 30 cm) with increased magnification, or BOOST in the lower portion of the lens designed to reduce the muscular strain required to focus on near-distance tasks, such as reading or using a smartphone. Similar to progressive lenses, anti-fatigue lenses have no visible line between viewing zones.Schedule A Anti-Fatigue Fitting
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How Do Anti-Fatigue Lenses Work?
Anti fatigue eyeglass lenses work by providing a slight magnification, or BOOST, at the bottom portion of the lens. The magnification applied to the near distance zone of the lens is typically selected from predefined options (e.g., +0.6, +0.9, +1.2) by the optometrist based on testing and feedback provided by the patient. The zone of the lens in which the magnification is applied is determined by precision digital measurements performed by our licensed optometrists and opticians. Theses measurements are unique for each individual and eyeglass frame and are essential to providing the best optical performance.Schedule A Anti-Fatigue Eye Glass Consult
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Are Anti-Fatigue LensesFor Me?
If you are an individual that spends a considerable amount of time multi-tasking between digital devices or switching between viewing computer screens and reading materials throughout the day, then you will most certainly benefit from anti-fatigue eyeglass lenses. This is especially true if your eyes often feel extremely tired and/or you experience headaches during, or following, extended periods of visual multitasking. Anti-fatigue lenses are generally well suited for individuals between 15 and 40 years of age - individuals that would benefit from easier reading vision, are pre-presbyopic, and do not yet require progressive lenses.Schedule A Anti-Fatigue Lens Fitting
Customizing Your Anti-Fatigue Lenses
Anti-Fatigue lenses from Hoya, Zeiss, and Essilor, can be customized with additonal lens coatings and features.
Blue Light Filter
- Greaty For Heavy Screen Use
- Improved Sleep
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UV Reactive Lenses
- All-In-One Glasses/Sunglasses
- Easy Eyewear Care
- UV Protection
- Dynamic Sun Protection
- Customize Light Transmittance
- Choose Your Favourite Colour
- Mirror Tints Available
- Polarization Available For Sunglasses
Lifestyle Tailored Eyeglasses.
Anti-Fatigue Lenses Are Not Progressive Lenses
Anti-fatigue lenses are often referrred to as baby progressives or introductory progressives, and are often a precursor to progressive lenses. While sharing similar no-line transions between lens zones, tt is important to note that anti-fatigue lenses differ from progressive eye glass lenses. Differences between anti-fatigue lenses and progressive lenses include:
|Lens Type||Single Vision||Multifocal|
|Benchmark Rxs||1 + Boost||3|
|Field Of View||Wide||Narrower|
New Generation Eye Glasses.
Benefits Of Anti-Fatigue Eyeglass Lenses
The reading zone boost and continuous, seamless design of anti-fatigue lenses offer wearers several important functional and aesthetic benefits:
- Anti-Fatigue lenses minimize the eye strain, blurry vision, and the dry eye symptoms encountered during screen-heavy or extended multitasking days.
- bifocals, resulting in a seamless, modern look. Like progressive lenses, anti-tatigue lenses are lack the lined focal zones of
- The small area of added power at the bottom of the lens that gives your vision a slight magnification to help relax your eye muscles and make focusing easier.
- Anti-fatigue lenses reduce the demand placed on eye muscles to contract and maintain focus to read a varous focul length, which in turn results in fewer headaches.
Specialty Eye Glass Lenses.
Anti-Fatigue Lenses Need To Be Professionally Measured
Despite what online sellers may suggest, crafting anti-fatigue lenses that provide clear, high-definition vision requires numerous precise measurements. These measurements include pupillary distances for both near and far focal lengths, optical center, heights, vertex (i.e., the distance between the eye and the back of the lens), pantoscopic tilt (i.e., the angle of the lens from vertical), and wrap angle (i.e., the angle at which the lenses curve around the head). These measurements are specific to each individual's combination of biology, behavioral preferences, frame type, frame fit, and prescription. Modern digital tools should be utilized to obtain the most accurate measurements, and the selected frame must be properly fitted and professionally adjusted to ensure that measurements are precise and customized to the individual.Schedule V-eye-P Eyewear Fitting
Prescription Lens Brands
Frequently Asked Questions
Our Edmonton Optometrists
Searching for an optometrist in Edmonton? Our experienced Edmonton eye doctors use advanced modern technologies and devote upwards of 500% more time towards providing personalized patient care than elsewhere so that they can see more and ensure that you may never see less. Position yourself to see the future with a visit to our eye clinic and Edmonton's best eye care!
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Articulatory speech synthesis
Articulatory speech synthesis is used if the input of this type of synthesiser is a phonetic symbol string and the output is an acoustic speech signal.
A movement pattern is calculated for the model articulators (lips, tongue, velum, glottis) on the basis of a segmental or a gestural production model. Then, the articulator model calculates the geometry of the vocal tract (the area function) for each time instant. Lastly, the aerodynamic-acoustic model calculates the acoustic speech signal.


Improve English
When something develops, improves and changes over time we call that activity an "evolution". ECTV's Evolution also expects a development, improvement and change within you. It is a programme that brings you evolutionary facts to develop English.
Chris Wilson is the well-informed host of this programme who improve English for learners. His talent is to start with something very simple that he gradually develops to an advanced topic.
For example, a door is something you use in everyday life. It is so common that you never trouble your head about it. But Wilson does. He goes back to history and returns to the present, explaining how that door evolved over the centuries. Evolution is ideal to increase your knowledge and to improve English language.


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What must any nonstatutory double patenting rejection made under the obviousness analysis make clear?
Any nonstatutory double patenting rejection made under the obviousness analysis should make clear:
- (A) The differences between the inventions defined by the conflicting claims — a claim in the patent compared to a claim in the application; and
- (B) The reasons why a person of ordinary skill in the art would conclude that the invention defined in the claim at issue would have been an obvious variation of the invention defined in a claim in the patent.
The answer to this question can be found in chapter 800 of the MPEP. This chapter covers restrictions.
The answer is from the 9th Edition, Revision 07.2015. Depending on future changes to the MPEP, the question and answer may be applicable in later Editions or revisions.
This question and answer comes from section 804 of the MPEP. The following is a brief summary of section 804.
804 Definition of Double Patenting
This section provides specific details on double patenting. Essentially, double patenting seeks to prevent the unjustified extension of patent rights beyond the term of a patent. This section covers when double patenting is possible along with the requirements of double patenting rejections. Obviousness type nonstatutory double patenting is also discussed including two-way obviousness.
This section also discusses disclaimers which may be used to disclaim or dedicate part of a patent term. The topics discussed include terms, terminal disclaimers, statutory double patenting rejections, and nonstatutory rejections.


Martial life
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Dr. Bruce Clayton: an interview on The secret history of Shotokan karate
Dr. Bruce D. Clayton, Ph.D
Dr. Bruce D. Clayton, Ph.D, is known by many, as a noted forest fire and biological control ecologist as well as an influencial author within the survivalist movement. He has authored many books, amongst which includes "Life After Terrorism: What You Need to Know to Survive in Today's World" and the subject of interest of this interview, "Shotokan's Secret: The Hidden Truth Behind Karate's Fighting Origins".
How did you start your martial arts path?
My early training was in the area of military combative measures, which include unarmed defense against military weapons plus significant amounts of jujutsu. From my first day in Shotokan, I could see combative techniques peeking out of the katas. I asked about them, and was told that I would be taught the applications when my "level" was high enough. I waited patiently. Twenty-five years later I decided that my level must be high enough to learn the applications of the beginner katas, and I began to press for that information.
What were your main sources of information?
There have been hundreds of information sources, as you can see from the 500+ footnotes in the book. Technically, the research isn't finished yet. I have been collecting and collating information on Shotokan history since approximately 1994. I have a personal library of over 2000 martial-arts video clips,collected over a lifetime, organized by topic to support the research.
Was there a source of information in particular that stood out?
If I were to point at the one indispensable volume it would be Admiral Perry's official report on the Japan Expedition, published in 1854. That and Perry's personal diary provided many insights into Okinawa at the time of Matsumura's prime and Itosu's youth. One of the photos in the report seems to be a picture of Matsumura and Itosu themselves, on duty protecting the Okinawan king.
Is that the picture you used as book cover?
Yes, that's the cover art. Later in the book I set up side-by-side comparisons of this photo with "known" images of Matsumura and Itosu. The similarity in the faces is striking, and it is fitting that they would have been in that photo. They were the close-in defense team for the king, and the photo was taken during Admiral Perry's unwelcome invasion of Shuri Castle with 200 U.S. Marines. Matsumura and Itosu would have been standing right next to the king during that confrontation, exactly as we see them in the photo.
Shotokan secrets: The Hidden Truth Behind Karate's Origins' book cover
What is so special about "Shotokan Secrets" compared to other books of the genre?
The book doesn't tell you how to perform the dances. It tells you what the dances mean, and how they make sense in the historical context of 19th-century Okinawa. Every application I proposed is a real technique taught in a real martial art--- not just another dumb block-punch combination. The applications of a kata all link up to tell one story, the lesson the kata teaches. In the case of the Heian katas, each kata corresponds to one of the five enemies Matsumura's students trained to overcome. The katas focus on the enemies, their weapons, their armor, their training, and their weaknesses. The training program was very, very practical and absolutely deadly.
No other Shotokan book has ever struck out in this direction before.
Why did you feel the need to thoroughly research and write about Shotokan karate's history?
I was unable to find any Shotokan sensei who could see the combative lessons in the katas, and worse than that, they didn't care. They actually had no idea what the katas were about, except that they were dances that had to be mastered.
Aren't the many books on Shotokan katas found in libraries and bookstores good enough?
The existing sources of information about kata applications were empty, worthless. Most of the applications my Shotokan friends shared were just embarrassing to watch. I started digging for every scrap of information about the Okinawan lords who created the original katas. Who were they? What lives did they lead? Who were their friends and enemies? Why did they create and practice these lessons? There was abundant information available, but I had to turn my back on official Shotokan in order to find it. Japanese teachers have created a culture of ignorance there that one cannot penetrate from the inside.
What do you mean when you say kata applications were empty and worthless worthless? Are you saying that they are impractical?
It isn't just that traditional explanations of kata are impractical. They reveal the profound ignorance of the teacher, which creates a severe loss of credibility. I call these embarrassing explanations "dinglehoppers." I explained it better in the book:
"A "dinglehopper" is a kata application that is pathetically wrong. The word comes from the Disney movie The Little Mermaid, where Ariel the mermaid brings a fork to Scuttle, the seagull, and asks him to explain it. Scuttle, full of false wisdom, says the fork is a "dinglehopper" and is used to comb and curl your hair...."
...The most obvious dinglehopper in shotokan is the first move of empi kata. In this move, we kneel on the right knee and make a gesture that looks like a down block. In his Best Karate series, Masatoshi Nakayama gave us his explanation of this move. He advised us to disrupt a punch to the head by dropping down on one knee and blocking the side of the attacker's leg![1]
If we respond to a real attack by getting down on our knees, we'll be beaten unconscious in seconds. In spite of this, traditional sensei teach this horrifying application every day. Why? Because empi is all about grappling, and most hard-style teachers have never studied grappling. Karate's tournament rules prohibit grasping the opponent so they just don't go there.
The one-knee-down stance at the beginning of empi is called handachi. Handachi is a very common posture in jujutsu and aikido. For instance, in George Kirby's beginning[3] and intermediate[4] jujutsu textbooks, there are 36 throws that finish in handachi. Many of them end in arm-bar submissions that exactly match the hand positions we see at the beginning of empi kata. Empi opens with one of these throws.
[1] Nakayama, M., Best Karate 7: Jitte, Hangetsu, Empi, Kodansha, 1981, p. 138.
[2] McCarthy, 1995, p. 185.
[3] Kirby, George, Jujitsu, Basic Techniques of the Gentle Art, Black Belt Books, 1983.
[4] Kirby, George, Jujitsu: Intermediate Techniques of the Gentle Art, Black Belt Books, 1985.
Confronted with the opening move of Empi kata, jujutsu beginners instantly recognize the throw. Life-long Shotokan masters like Nakayama often don't, and completely lose credibility as a result.
What was the general reaction of your friends and readers after they read your book?
My Shotokan friends reacted to Shotokan's Secret in one of four ways.
1. Vindication. There are many western sensei who have been silent about the ignorance of their traditional teachers for far too long. I have become a hero to these men (and a few women).
2. Enthusiasm. Some of my karate friends have abandoned karate to take up various forms of grappling. The book showed them how much of the martial-arts world they had missed by devoting their lives to karate alone. They washed their hands and moved on.
3. Stealth. Many friends remain loyal to their karate sensei in every way, but are studying jujutsu/aikido in secret. I was surprised at a recent karate seminar to find that most of the middle-rank sensei now know how to fall. They didn't learn that in karate class. There is a big underground movement to learn grappling as well as striking.
4. Rejection. A few of my friends embrace old Shotokan like a religion. To them I am a heretic. I respect them for their many virtues and achievements, but it is hard to think of them as "masters" anymore. A master should know more than just dancing, or punching and kicking for points.
There is a common consensus that Itosu created the Heian (Pinan) katas inspired by the Kanku kata in order to be better assimilated by students. Yet, you claim Itosu really codified techniques the the advent of possible hostile encounters of his era/environment.


Second industrial revolution: features and inventions
The Second Industrial Revolution was a period of important industrial, social and economic changes that emerged after the first stage of the Industrial Revolution initiated in Britain. This was developed between 1870 and 1914. However, there are those who frame its beginning since 1850.
The second stage of the Industrial Revolution spread through several countries and resulted in the emergence of major industrial and economic powers such as Germany, France, the United States and Japan.
These powers applied the new processes of industrialization, production, economic growth, technological and scientific advances, as well as the use of natural energy sources, among others.
It should be noted that there was no such division of stages of the Industrial Revolution, however it is emphasized that there was a second moment of accelerated production growth from technological and scientific advances.
It was at this stage that steelmakers emerged, the automotive and transportation industry developed further, and the new oil, chemical and electrical industries were created.
This led to industrial, market and cross-country competitiveness, generating new economic and market models that are part of the initial globalization process.
Characteristics of the Second Industrial Revolution
Among the main characteristics of the Second Industrial Revolution, the following can be mentioned:
 - As such there was no break or division of stages of the Industrial Revolution, however, there is talk of a second part since this industrial, economic and social process expanded rapidly in various countries and led to multiple changes worldwide.
 - Scientific studies and research began to be applied in industries.
 - Significant advances emerged in the automotive and communications area.
 - Important scientific advances such as Darwin's Theory and various medical advances were made.
 - New sources of energy began to be used from electricity, gas and petroleum products.
 - It began to make use of resources and alloys such as steel, coal or aluminum.
 - The automated machines used in large industries appeared.
 - The percentage of unemployment increased.
 - Serial production was applied as a work system.
 - They emerged from new economic models.
 - Market expansion.
 - New economic and industrial powers emerged that rivaled to have greater control of the markets, for example, Germany, the United States and Japan.
Causes and consequences of the Second Industrial Revolution
The main causes and consequences of the Second Industrial Revolution are presented below.
Causes of the Second Industrial Revolution
The causes of this second stage of the Industrial Revolution derive from the continuous technological and scientific development initiated in the first stage of this revolution.
Population growth
During this stage the world population began to grow rapidly, and it was accompanied by a decreasing mortality rate due to the control of epidemics and various diseases.
Agrarian revolution
Although agricultural production increased, many farmers moved to large cities in search of better jobs and quality of life, which generated greater unemployment and the reorganization of cities.
As new sources of energy were discovered and their utility, such as oil, gas and electricity, new types of industries also emerged. Even the chemical industry was developed for alloys that allowed the use of aluminum, steel, nickel, among others.
Industrial development was rapid and generated new work, economic and market models in order to obtain greater wealth and commercial control.
However, this situation caused the creation of monopolies, the dissatisfaction of the workers, the concept of capitalism took hold and, consequently, initiated various struggles of a social and labor nature.
Consolidation of the bourgeois class
During this time the bourgeois class was growing and strongly supported the creation of new economic and political laws and regulations to encourage industrial production.
Consequences of the Second Industrial Revolution
The consequences of this industrial process were both positive and negative and had an impact on the lives of citizens in general, the most important are presented below.
Social order
There was an important demographic growth, the farmers moved to the big cities and the cities grew, especially those where there was a greater possibility of getting a job, hence talking about a social exodus.
Consequently, the working class or proletariat emerged, which led to the creation of trade union organizations that began social struggles in search of a labor and social improvement of employees. By then, there were marked differences between social classes.
On the other hand, the woman began to perform work outside the home and to demand equal rights with men.
Economic order
A new industrial order was established that implemented serial production, hence the industrial processes were faster and at a lower cost than the labor force, thus leading to the dismissal of a large number of employees. Series production generated the increase in economic gains.
Thus was born capitalism, an economic system that allowed the creation of new companies, led to commercial competition, established new trade codes, displaced artisanal production and led to the accumulation of great wealth.
Political order
A new political order was established to create laws based on new industrialized systems, commercial mechanisms, the new social order and workers' rights.
In this sense, the bourgeois class dominated much of the political activity and had to face the discontent of the working class that lived in conditions of poverty. The first socialist ideals that proclaimed improvements in work and living conditions also appeared.
Inventions and advances of the Second Industrial Revolution
During the Second Industrial Revolution, important social, political, economic, scientific and technological research was carried out to improve people's lives.
Energy sources
Through various scientific research, new energy sources were found that led to significant development in various areas. That is how gas, oil and electricity began to be used.
In the area of electricity stand out the inventors Nikola Tesla and Thomas Alva Edison, the latter created the electric bulb. Also with the discovery of oil and its derivatives, combustion engines were created, among the researchers highlighted the German engineer Rudolf Diesel.
Advances and technological inventions
Technological advances included new transport systems such as the airplane created by the Wright brothers (used in World War I), the automobile, the electric railroad and boiler-powered boats.
As for the communication, the creation of the telegraph by Samuel Morse, of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell, of the cinematography developed by the Lumiere brothers (images without sound were transmitted), and the radio stand out.
Advances and scientific inventions
In the scientific area there were also important advances, among which the Theory of Evolution of Charles Darwin, the processes of pasteurization and food preservation of Luis Pasteur, and the discovery of tuberculosis by Robert Cosme.
Scientists also discovered how to make use of certain metals such as aluminum, zinc or copper, as well as various chemical materials used in large industries to make fertilizers, including explosives.


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The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) cares for more than 270 million acres of public lands. In Arizona the numbers exceed 12 million. Many of these lands are open to exploration and we invite you to consider these lands your largest classroom.
Several areas around the state offer programs to teach yourself, your children, or your students about the many different BLM programs. You can watch wildlife thrive along 40 miles of the upper San Pedro River in the San Pedro Riparian National Conservation Area. Sign up for an interpretative tour of Betty's Kitchen Watchable Wildlife and Interpretive Area and receive a teacher's classroom guide which describes the desert environment. Choose from the list below the opportunity that best suits your interests.
To learn more about BLM's Environmental Education Program, visit the national Learning Landscapes website.
Download our coloring book, or our Tori Tortoise Turns 100 companion coloring book (right-click the link to download without opening).


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Can You Escape Tower is a new room-escape puzzle game from MobiGrow, creators of Can You Escape and Can You Escape 2. Like their other games, the purpose of this is to solve the puzzles and find all of the hidden objects that you have to use in order to break out of the room and advance to the next floor. Currently, Can You Escape Tower is available for Android devices, but will likely be heading to iOS soon.
Can You Escape Tower Room/Level 6 Walkthrough:
1. Tap the barrel on the left and take the shovel that's behind it.
2. Tap the sword rack and take a sword of the rack. Also take the mallet head next to the rack.
3. Take a spear off the rack against the back wall.
4. Use the spear tip to get the bow off the wall.
5. Use the shovel to remove the bricks. Take the wooden pole underneath.
6. Combine the wooden pole with the mallet head.
7. On the right wall, notice the off-colored spot. Use the mallet on that spot to break it open, revealing a clue (squares, triangles, and a bunch of circle targets).
8. Use the sword on the barrel to break it open and take the arrow tip. Combine the bow with the arrow tip.
9. Notice the shields on the wall. They show you clues for which targets to hit. The "X" indicates which target to shoot, while the shapes on the left and right show you the position of X.
10. Shoot the following targets:
- Row 2: 1st target (triangle)
- Row 1: 3rd target (triangle)
- Row 1: 4th target (circle)
11. Go back and the door will be open.
Congratulations! You've completed level 6 of Can You Escape Tower. Continue to level 7.


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One such challenge involves breaking cracked rocks to reveal stowed away insider facts, collectibles, and new paths. This guide will dive into various strategies and techniques to break these obstinate obstacles, including fusing to create a demolishing weapon, utilizing bomb blossoms, and harnessing the power of the Sage of Fire. By mastering these procedures, you'll uncover stowed away treasures and open additional opportunities in TotK.
Fusing to Create a Demolishing Weapon:
Cracked rocks can be formidable barriers, yet with the right hardware, you can easily conquer them. One compelling strategy involves fusing things to create a powerful weapon capable of shattering even the sturdiest of rocks. Here is a bit by bit guide on the most proficient method to accomplish this:
Distinguish the necessary things: Search for explicit things or assets within the game world that can be combined to create a demolishing weapon. These things could include a solid hammer, a magical pearl, or a rare material.
Acquire the necessary materials: Investigate prisons, complete missions, or engage in side activities to gather the expected materials for the combination cycle. These materials may be concealed in chests, dropped by defeated foes, or rewarded for completing explicit challenges.
Locate a combination master: Search out NPCs or characters within the game world who have the information and abilities to meld things. These specialists may be tracked down in specialized shops, secret locations, or within certain story-driven missions.
Initiate the combination cycle: Interact with the combination master and follow the on-screen prompts to initiate the combination cycle. Select the ideal things to be intertwined and affirm the combination.
Test your recently created weapon: When the combination is finished, prepare the recently created demolishing weapon and approach cracked rocks. Utilize the weapon's one of a kind abilities to break them apart and reveal stowed away areas, treasures, or easy routes.
Utilizing Bomb Blossoms to Obliterate Rocks:
In the vast expanse of TotK, bomb roses are nature's dangerous gift to adventurers. These volatile plants can be used as powerful tools for breaking cracked rocks. Here is an aide on using bomb blossoms really:
Spotting bomb blossom patches: While exploring TotK, watch out for patches of bomb blossoms. These vibrant and distinctive plants are often tracked down near rough areas or within prisons.
Approach with caution: Bomb blossoms are profoundly hazardous, so practice caution while interacting with them. Avoid striking or jostling them, as they can detonate and cause damage.
Picking up bomb blossoms: Approach a bomb bloom patch and carefully interact with a completely developed bomb blossom. Link, the protagonist, will get it, allowing you to involve it as a dangerous tool.
Throwing bomb blossoms: Aim your toss by adjusting Link's heading. Be mindful of the trajectory and distance to guarantee accurate placement. Recollect that bomb blossoms have a restricted clock before they detonate.
Breaking cracked rocks: Stand at a safe distance and toss the bomb bloom towards the cracked stone. The blast will shatter the obstacle, granting you access to stowed away areas, treasures, or alternate routes.
Breaking Cracked Rocks Using the Sage of Fire Power:
As you progress through TotK, you'll experience strong sages, each possessing special elemental powers. The Sage of Fire is particularly adept at breaking cracked rocks using their blazing abilities. This is the way you can harness their power:
Embark on the journey: Engage in the main storyline or seek after unambiguous side missions that lead you to the Sage of Fire. Follow the pieces of information, interact with NPCs, and unravel the secrets surrounding their whereabouts.
Earn the Sage's favor: To harness the power of the Sage of Fire, you should substantiate yourself commendable. Complete trials, address confuses, or satisfy journeys assigned by the sage. Demonstrate your determination and expertise to gain their trust.
Learn the Fire spell: After earning the Sage's favor, they will impart their insight and teach you the sacred Fire spell. Master the expected procedures and motions to channel the flames really.
Approach cracked rocks: Locate the cracked rocks obstructing your path. They may be tracked down in prisons, far off areas, or within intricate mazes. The Sage's fire power is particularly compelling against these obstacles.
Cast the Fire spell: Center your energy and invoke the Fire spell. Direct the flames towards the cracked stone, allowing the intense heat to fracture the obstacle, granting you access to stowed away mysteries and treasures.
In Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom, breaking cracked rocks is an essential ability to investigate stowed away areas and uncover valuable rewards. By utilizing various procedures, for example, fusing to create a demolishing weapon, utilizing bomb blossoms strategically, and harnessing the power of the Sage of Fire, you'll defeat these obstacles and uncover the mysteries that lie past.
Make sure to approach these challenges with patience and careful observation. Investigate the universe of TotK completely, interact with its inhabitants, and embark on missions to find new tools and abilities that will aid you in your stone breaking endeavors.
Thus, furnish yourself with the information and abilities shared in this aide, and let the sound of shattered rocks be the herald of your victory in Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom.


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Really nice free geometric font by Brian Jacob.
"Kotori Rose started as a rough sketch of the capital letter K, in a sketch book given as a gift by someone who believed in me. The exploration of the letterforms turned into an exploration away from self doubt and instead trusting my intuition. The process became more about believing in ones self."
The letter forms were inspired by the bold, simple, balanced nature of geometric fonts, and how these forms symbolically could emit determination and courage.
You can download the font for free here.


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at the time of slaughter the bread had not yet formed a crust in the oven...
(m) Question: What is the source of this?
(n) Answer (Beraisa): "Al Chalos *Lechem* Chametz Yakriv Korbano Al Zevach" - it must be bread, (i.e. a crust must have formed) at the time of slaughter;
1. "Yakriv Korbano Al Zevach" - only slaughter is Mekadesh the bread;
2. "Zevach Todas" - if the slaughter was not Lishmah (l'Shem Todah), the bread is not Mekudash.
(o) (Beraisa): One fulfills his obligation (to eat Matzah on the first night of Pesach) with Matzah that is Na (this will be explained), or with Matzah baked in a pan.
(p) Question: What does it mean 'Na'? (Surely, it does not mean (fully) raw, this is not *Lechem* Oni!)
(q) Answer (Rav Yehudah): If one cuts it and strands do not extend from one side to the other. (Tosfos - this is the same degree of baking as forming a crust.)
(r) (Rava): The same applies to Lachmei Todah.
(s) Question: This is obvious, both of these are called 'Lechem'!
(t) Answer: One might have thought, minimally baked loaves that can fall apart are considered to be broken, this is invalid for Lachmei Todah, since "Echad" teaches that that a full loaf must be taken (from each kind, for Terumah);
1. Rava teaches, this is not so.
4) A "TODAH" THAT WAS SLAUGHTERED FOR 80 LOAVES
(a) (Chizkiyah): If a Todah was slaughtered for 80 loaves, 40 of them become Kodesh;
(b) (R. Yochanan): None of them become Kodesh.
(c) (Amora'im argue about their argument.)
(d) Opinion #1 (R. Zeira): All agree that if the slaughterer said that 40 of them should become Kodesh, 40 become Kodesh;
1. All agree, if he said that all 80 should become Kodesh, none become Kodesh;
2. They argue when he did not specify:
i. Chizkiyah holds that he only intends to Mekadesh 40, the others are Acharayos, R. Yochanan holds that he wants to bring a big Korban of 80 breads.
(e) Opinion #2 (Abaye): (All agree that he intends to Mekadesh all 80, therefore his intent does not Mekadesh the bread - this is unlike the bracketed text.) They argue about whether or not Klei Shares (the same applies to slaughter) are Mekadesh without intent:
1. Chizkiyah holds that they are, R. Yochanan holds that they are not.
(f) Version #1 - Opinion #3 (Rav Papa): All agree that Klei Shares are Mekadesh without intent - they argue about whether or not the knife is Mekadesh like a Kli Shares;
1. Chizkiyah holds that it is, R. Yochanan holds that it is not.
(g) Version #2 - Opinion #3 (Rav Papa): All agree that Klei Shares are not Mekadesh without intent - they argue about whether or not the knife is Mekadesh;
1. Chizkiyah says, since it is Mekadesh even though is does not have an inside, this shows that it has more power to Mekadesh than Kli Shares, it is Mekadesh without intent;
2. R. Yochanan says, it is no better than a Kli Shares.
5) IS AN INVALID SLAUGHTER "MEKADESH" THE BREAD?
(a) (Mishnah): If Todah was slaughtered (with intent) Chutz li'Zmano or Chutz li'Mkomo, the bread becomes Kadosh;
(b) If it was slaughtered and found to be Treifah, the bread is not Kadosh.
(c) R. Eliezer says, if it was slaughtered and found to be a Ba'al Mum, the bread is Kadosh;
(d) Chachamim say, it is not Kadosh.
(e) If Todah, Ayil ha'Milu'im or Kivsei Atzeres were slaughtered Lo Lishmah, the bread is not Kadosh.