A Godly Leader Takes Action (Nehemiah 3)
(This is blog 3 in a series of blogs about leadership lessons from the life of Nehemiah. If you missed the previous blogs, you can email me at _EMAIL_)
In the last blog we talked about the importance of being careful to get all the information needed to make a good decision. Being careful is fine and important, but then there comes a time when a leader must act. After he had gathered all the information that was available, prayed, thought and planned, then Nehemiah took action. He challenged the leaders and the people to move ahead and rebuild the city and its walls (Nehemiah 2:17-18).
It is important to know when to be careful, but also important to know when to take action. Sometimes a leader can move ahead quickly without taking time to gather all the details. Others can hesitate too long and not act when it is time to act. Both extremes must be avoided. We all tend to go to one extreme or the other. My wife and I balance each other out with this. Perhaps God has given you a mate or friend who can help you as well.
Notice, too, how Nehemiah motivated them to act. He didn't blame or criticize. That just discourages people. He identified with them. He said, "You see the trouble WE are in… Come let US rebuilt so WE will no longer be in disgrace" (Nehemiah 2:17-18). A godly leader identifies with the people to motivate them to action, so they want to follow. A good leader knows where he is going, knows how to get there and knows how to take others there with him. Nehemiah could take others with him because he was one with them. He didn't act like he was more important than them, telling them what do. Nehemiah shared his God-given vision and plan to rebuild the city and gave them hope it could be done, so they were willing to follow him.
Do you have a balance between caution and action? Who has God put in your life to help you find that balance? Can you identify with people you counsel, teach or lead so they trust you and willingly follow because you give them hope for the future? Or do you scold and criticize them for where they fail? How does God motivate you, with hope and encouragement or with criticism and condemnation?
When the time is right to act, a godly leader must have the plans ready to move ahead. These plans must include others in the work. He must give direction, but he needs the cooperation and help of others to make it happen. He must wisely delegate the work, no matter the size of the project. That's what Nehemiah did. He assigned various groups of people to different sections of the wall and made rebuilding it their responsibility (Nehemiah 3:1-32). He was wise in how he did it. He assigned people sections of the wall near their own homes. That way they wouldn't have to travel far to get to work, they would do their best job because they were protecting their own homes, and if attacked while building they would stay to defend their own homes. They were motivated to do a good job, not forced to do something they weren't sure about.
Also, Nehemiah expected everyone to work. Those who were leaders or who were rich were used to having others do work for them. Nehemiah said there were none too good to work, and all were treated the same. No job was too unimportant to be done. He set an example of that by helping with the work himself. He worked right along with the people.
Nehemiah prayed and had great faith in God, but he didn't stop there. He planned ahead and he organized the work. He delegated work to others. Faith is not a substitute for organization and delegation. God is an organized God. Look at the world around us and how well everything works together. Everything God does is planned and well organized. Our work should also be that way.
Are you able to delegate work in your ministry, or do you think you need to do everything so it gets done right? Can you trust others to share your work, even if they do things differently than you? Would others say you are organized? Is your time organized so you are able to do all the important things first? If you aren't good at organizing things, who can you get to help you who is good at it?
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What is weight bearing?
Putting weight on your affected (weaker) leg is called "weight bearing." Your physical therapist will check one of the categories below. Read what is beneath the category. This is your "weight-bearing status." It tells if you may or may not put any body weight on your affected leg. It also tells you how much weight you may place on the affected leg.
Non-weight bearing (NWB)
Place no weight on your affected leg. Do not touch the floor with your affected leg. While you stand or walk, you must hold your affected leg off the floor (see Figure 1 at right).
Touch-down weight bearing (TDWB), or toe-touch weight bearing (TTWB)
When you stand or walk, you may touch the floor only for balance. Do not place actual weight on your affected leg (see Figure 2 at left).
Partial weight bearing (PWB)
When you stand or walk, you may place ____ percent of your body weight ( _____ pounds) on your affected leg (see Figure 2 at left).
Weight bearing as tolerated (WBAT), or weight bearing to tolerance (WBTT)
When you stand or walk, place only as much weight as feels comfortable on your affected leg. Let pain be your guide. If you feel pain, place less weight on the affected leg (see Figure 2 at left).
Full weight bearing (FWB)
You may place your full body weight on your affected leg when you stand or walk.
Note: Your therapist may give you other instructions about weight bearing.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text: - Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR), including standing spin-wave resonance (SWR) modes, were measured in NiZn ferrite films, which have high permeability even up to the gigahertz range. They were prepared from an aqueous solution by spin spray ferrite plating at 90/spl deg/C. The perpendicular field FMR spectra exhibited SWR modes whose line separation had linear dependence on spin wave number, deviating from the quadratic behavior. This indicated that the films have inhomogeneous distribution of magnetization perpendicular to film plane, and have different magnetic surface anisotropies between the inner and outer surfaces of the respective films. The in-plane field FMR spectra revealed no SWR mode. A possible model is proposed to explain the features not only of the FMR spectra, but also of the initial permeability spectra measured on the films.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Pekin Chicken
The Pekin is a breed of chicken, and a genuine bantam of Chinese origin. They have no real relationship to the large breed of Cochins, are rather short, and often only 20-30 centimetres tall. The Pekin possesses a wealth of feathering about their feet and legs, quite nearly obscuring them. The breed is remarkably popular, and seems to almost encompass the gamut of chicken colours.
Pekin Chicken - History
The first Pekins are alleged to have been looted from the private collection of the Emperor of China at Peking (now known as Beijing) by British soldiers towards the end of the Second Opium War around 1860. However, some sources suggest that a consignment of birds from China around 1835 were given to Queen Victoria, assuming the name of 'Shanghais' and that these birds were bred with further imports and were developed into the breed we know today as Pekins. The Pekins first brought to the United Kingdom are said to have been Buff in colour, with Blacks and Cuckoos arriving later on
Pekin Chicken - Characteristics
The Pekin is a True bantam, a breed of miniature chicken which has no large fowl counterpart. They are rather round-shaped, and their carriage tilts forward, with the head slightly closer to the ground than their elaborate tail feathers. This 'tilt' is a key characteristic of the Pekin. The bird on the whole, though the tail especially, should be abundantly feathered, and well rounded. The cockerels often have longer feathers that protrude outwards from their feet. The range of Pekin colours is extensive, and the list is continually growing. Colours include black, blue, buff, cuckoo, mottled, barred, Columbian, lavender, partridge, white, birchen, and silver partridge Rarer colours are in great demand, and many breeders spend much time perfecting new lines of colours in their birds. Frizzled Pekins are common.
Pekin Bantams are very docile, and with careful and regular handling they make ideal pets, especially for families with younger children. However, the Pekin bantam cocks can still be aggressive and defensive of their territory and mates once they reach sexual maturity, but are generally gentle natured.
The hens are regularly broody and are known to be good sitters and attentive mothers. They are not very productive egg layers.
Pekin Chicken - Use
Pains are ornamental birds that only lay about 2 eggs per week. However what they lack in egg production they make up for in personality.
Pekin chicken on grass
Pekin chicken
Origin: China
Other names: Pekin Bantam
Use: Ornamental
Male weight: 680g
Female weight: 570g
Egg colour: white / cream
Comb type: single
Back to the breeds page
Photos of Pekin Chickens
Bantam Peking rooster / cock on green grass background
Bantam Peking rooster / cock
Illustration of Pekin Chickens from a book by Jean Bungartz, 1885
Illustration from a book by Jean Bungartz, 1885
Pekin bantam female in chicken run
Pekin bantam female
Young Pekin chickens (accompanied by Sebright in the background)
Young Pekin chickens (accompanied by Sebright in the background)
Back to the breeds page


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The clean oven is also called a dust-free oven. It is mainly used to purify the environment through an air filter to prevent fine particles in the air from entering the box. The air inside the box is closed and self-circulating, and is repeatedly filtered by a high-temperature and high-efficiency air filter of 100 levels, so that the working room is in a dust-free state. The dust-free oven is suitable for pre-treatment baking of silicon wafers, gallium arsenide, lithium niobate, glass and other materials in semiconductor manufacturing, high-temperature baking after hard coating and curing after coating; also applicable to electronics Liquid crystal display, LCD, CMOS, IS, pharmaceutical, laboratory and other production and scientific research departments; dust-free industrial oven can also be used for drying, heat treatment, aging and other high temperature tests of non-volatile and non-flammable and explosive materials.
[Clean oven product features]:
1. Structure: It is assembled from the box part, electrical control cabinet, electric heating and air duct circulation system, and the structure is reasonable.
2, sealing design: full-circumferential argon welding, high temperature resistant silicone rubber dust-free sealing strip insulation to ensure sealing and cleanliness;
3, external dust-proof treatment: the outer material is SPCC steel plate through powder spray, wear-resistant without dust;
4, high-efficiency filter: HEPA filter structure clean room, 99.99% effective filtration, cleanliness level 100;
5, energy saving: insulation material is high-density fiber, heat preservation and energy saving;
6. Hierarchical structure design: the inner box laminate is adjustable in height and can be taken out freely;
7. Temperature control instrument: automatic control of temperature, constant temperature and time control, with over-temperature automatic power-off and alarm circuit, reliable control and safe use.
8, electrical accessories: all use the first-line brand, PID calculation of the temperature control system and over-temperature protection device, intelligent constant temperature, small temperature difference, suitable for long and short baking of different products.
1, temperature range: normal temperature -250 ° C, adjustable thermostat
2. External dimensions: H1660*W770*D920mm Internal dimensions: H900*W600*D600mm
3, heating rate: from room temperature to 200 ° C in about 30 minutes
4, thermal insulation performance: the outer wall temperature does not exceed 45 ° C (when the furnace temperature reaches 200 ° C)
5, temperature control accuracy: ± 1 ° C
6, temperature uniformity: ± 3 ° C%
7, the use of power: 380V/50HZ (three-phase five-wire)
Yihe Xing main oven products include: aging oven, large oven, hot air circulation oven, etc.; more oven parameters, prices and other details are welcome to consult.


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Thermal Expansion and Contraction -Why It's Important
All modular trench drain systems on the market require a concrete encasement, therefore selecting a trench drain that will meet the wide assortments of conditions is critical to the performance and life span of a properly performing system. Unlike typical drainage pipe, which is buried; and at a relatively stable temperature, trench drain systems are at the surface and subject on a daily basis to wide temperature fluctuations.
ABT Inc's polymer concrete blend is specially formulated to handle the wide temperature fluctuations that are often associated with surface conditions during a daily and seasonal cycle.
HDPE has a lower modulus of elasticity and higher coefficient of thermal expansion than other trench drain materials. These properties cause HDPE trench drains to expand and contract much more from changes in temperature than other trench drain materials. Because of HDPE thermoplastic polymeric nature,its performance is significantly related to its operating temperature.
Because the thermal expansion coefficient of HDPE is approximately 10-15 times that of the steel and concrete it is surrounded by, when exposed to extreme temperature changes, HDPE will experience undesirable structural movements.
Thermal Load in a typical Civil Environment
Daily Temperature Variance in a 24 hr period
50°F to 90°F = 40°F Change
Seasonal Temperature variance in a 12 month period
20°F to 110°F = 90°F Change


Latent Semantic Indexing
Describing documents and profiles with single terms has several drawbacks. The same concept can usually be described with several words (synonymy) which means that profiles and document will need to contain exactly the same terms in order to be matched. The words "car" and "vehicle" for example can be used to refer to the same type of information. Conversely, many words have more than one distinct meaning (polysemy). A profile containing the term "mouse" for example will produce a match with documents that also contain this term, regardless of whether it was used in the context of computers or
Latent semantic indexing (LSI) is an extension of the vector space model that tries to overcome these deficiencies by incorporating semantic information. Latent semantic indexing starts with the construction of a term-document matrix in which each entry indicates the number of occurrences of a specific term in a specific document. This matrix is decomposed into three matrices by a process called singular value decomposition (SVD). These new matrices represent documents and terms as vectors of factor values that capture the pattern of term usage among documents. By reducing the number of factor values the underlying semantic structure is revealed while irrelevant noise is filtered out.
Note that Latent semantic indexing does not attempt to interpret the meaning of the factors but merely uses them to represent documents and vectors. A mathematical description of the LSI method is given below.
Schematic of the matrix
From the complete collection of documents a term-document matrix X is formed with t rows (one for every term that appears in the set of documents) and d columns (one for every document in the set). A SVD of matrix A results into the product of three matrices:
These three matrices consist of a t x m matrix U that contains the term vectors, an m x m diagonal matrix S of positive singular values, and a d x m matrix V that contains the document vectors. The singular values in S are then sorted by magnitude and only the k largest singular values are kept in S while the others are set to zero. Value k is determined via experimentation. The matrices U and V are also altered such that only the corresponding k columns in U and V remain. With these matrices a new matrix can be computed that approximates the original matrix X.
The result of the SVD can be interpreted geometrically as a k dimensional space where the rows of U and V are taken as coordinates of points that represent terms and documents respectively. When the axes are rescaled with the associated diagonal values of S the cosine or dot product between any two points in the k space can be determined. The matrix for example contains the dot products between every term:
The dot products between all the documents are given by the following matrix:
The major advantage of LSI is the fact that terms in documents and profiles can be very different but still produce a match based on the semantic relation. A disadvantage is the computational complexity of the matrix computations which could reduce run-time performance to an unacceptable level.
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Live Online Event | Design for Racial Equity (slides)
How can social impact designers use their skills to generate greater racial equity in the communities they work? How can they make their practices and organizations more equitable? In June, Impact Design Hub, in partnership with Enterprise Community Partners and the Enterprise Rose Architectural Fellowship surveyed the field to find organizations that are creating more racial equity through design. In this webinar, select practitioners share a look under the hood of their initiatives, discuss successes and challenges along the way, and highlight replicable approaches to generating racial equity through design in our practices and communities.


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What You Need:
- Printer paper
- Paper plate
What You Do:
- Explain to your child that birds have hollow bones. Hollow objects are lighter than solid objects and, because of this, birds use less energy in flight and need less food. Hollow bones may not seem very strong to your child, but in this experiment she'll see how strong hollow bones can be!
- Starting at one of the shorter sides, have your child roll a sheet of printer paper into a tube approximately 1 inch in diameter and 11 inches tall. Tape the edges of the paper so the tube doesn't unroll. Repeat this step with two more sheets of paper so you have three "bones" in all.
- Have your child stand the three bones on end and then balance a paper plate on top. It may help to tape the bones to the bottom of the plate to keep the structure from falling.
- Ask your child how many pennies she thinks it will hold. Have your child write her estimate down on paper, then write down your own estimate.
- Add pennies to the plate one at a time to see how many the structure can hold. Distribute the pennies evenly around the center of the plate to keep the structure balanced.
- Continue adding pennies until the bones collapse and the structure falls. Have your child count the pennies. Were either of your estimates close?
Extension Idea: Practice using the scientific method by asking your child to state a theory and then work to prove, or disprove, that theory.


Comparative Cognition
In 1871 Darwin famously wrote that, in his opinion, there was no fundamental difference between man and the higher mammals in their mental faculties. In the past decades this claim has driven much empirical investigation and, by and large, the evidence supports Darwin's hypothesis. One mental faculty, however, has been particularly difficult to study empirically with little progress being made until recently: the faculty of language. A primary focus of our research efforts is to explore and understand the biological origins of the different mechanisms required for language and culture. To this end, we mainly study non-human primates in their natural habitats.
Chimpanzés de Budongo
© Florian Moellers
Prof Robert Seyfarth
Origins of Language
Updated news on
Budongo!
Budongo web page
The Philosophy of Animal Minds
25th-29th August 2014,
Häusern/St. Blasien
Post-Doc positon at MPI, Leipzig
still available! (deadline postponed)
Post-Doc position available at
Aarhus University, Denmark


Smarter Ways To Create Your Unique Dental Practice
Smart Ways to Create Your Unique Dental Practice
Whether it's when you're laying in bed at night, or in between seeing patients during the day, the next time you find yourself fantasizing about starting your own dental practice, ask yourself 'WHY'? If the answer is purely for financial reasons, then that might not actually be enough. Gone are the days when dentists could open dental clinics anywhere and have patients flock in.
Determining the core reason you want to start your own practice is critical to the longevity of the business you're considering building. Starting your own business isn't an easy feat, so if you don't have a solid 'why', you might not be able to go the distance when times get tough – which during the early stages of your journey, is bound to happen.
In the modern dental era, you're competing against the likes of corporates like Dental Corp (Bupa) and Australian Unity who have massive amounts of resources, vast networks and refined business processes behind them. That said, you also need to ensure you stand out among other independent dentists who also started their own practices. How do you ensure your practice stands out from the competition? The answer is to find your niche, or as they call it, your sub-specialisation. This can be a cultural advantage, a special interest in a specific field of dentistry or even a specific demographic or location. The key is to ensure your practice is unique enough that your ideal patients will pick you over your competitors. When you find your niche, you'll never need to compete on price, because if you do, there will always be someone else willing to do it for less.
Whether you decide to start a dental practice from scratch or to buy into an existing practice, it's important to ensure you don't over capitalise. This could be performing a due diligence evaluation of an existing practice, or to do thorough demographic research on a new location. Learn to leverage the experience and knowledge of experts in the field to maximise your chances of succeeding and help you make the right decisions. Think of it this way: patients wouldn't extract their own wisdom teeth, just as you wouldn't build your own website!
It's important to be smart when making decisions about which third party vendors to work with. An alternative to engaging with faceless large corporate suppliers who might not prioritise your needs might be smaller reputable boutique vendors who will value your business. (See 'finding the right vendor' blog).
Finally, it's important to talk to your fellow peers and people who has been there and done that (opened their own successful practice) and pick their brains on their thoughts and experience. This is invaluable as you can learn from their success and mistakes (which is often more helpful).
At 20-80 Solutions we believe in helping dentists create unique dental practices that are as unique as the owners themselves. To accomplish this, we've partnered with industry leading experts and dental practice owners themselves to create a special one day event aimed to provide you all the necessary knowledge and resources to launch your own unique practice.
Check out: for more details and register for the event on the Saturday 25th of March. Get your tickets early as it's extremely limited to ensure the event is exclusive and intimate.
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text: |Abstract:||Subject agreement and synthetic negation for the verb 'be' show extraordinary local variation in the Survey of English Dialects (SED, Orton et al. 1962-71). Extracting partial grammars of individuals, we confirm leveling patterns across person, number, and negation (Ihalainen 1991; Cheshire, Edwards, and Whittle 1993; Cheshire 1996). We find that individual alternations of forms bear striking structural resemblances to invariant dialect paradigms, and also reflect typologically observed markedness properties (Aissen 1999). In the framework of stochastic Optimality Theory (Boersma and Hayes 2001), variable outputs of individual speakers are expected to be constrained by the same kinds of typological and markedness generalizations that are found cross-linguistically. The stochastic evaluation of candidate outputs in individual grammars reranks constraints by perturbing their ranking values, often matching the individual grammar to variable frequencies encountered in the linguistic environment. As a result, individual variation samples the typological space of possible grammars and reflects features of categorical grammars it comes into contact with. In addition to relating individual and group dialectal variation to typological variation (Kortmann 1999; Anderwald 2003), the findings suggest that an individual grammar is sensitively tuned to frequencies in the linguistic environment, leading to isolated loci of variability in the grammar rather than complete alternations of forms as in a competing grammars model.


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Research Applied: FBR Précis for the Practitioner
We continue our series of Research Applied with summaries and practical applications of two articles on philanthropy from the September Special Issue of FBR: Social Issues in the Family Enterprise
- Does Family Involvement Make Firms Donate More? Empirical Evidence from Chinese Private Firms
- Firm Philanthropy in Small and Medium-Sized Family Firms: The Effects of Family Involvement in Ownership and Management
Summary 1: Does Family Involvement Make Firms Donate More? Empirical Evidence From Chinese Private Firms
Junsheng Dou, Zhongyuan Zhang and Emma Su
This article's research question is: Whether and under what condition family involvement positively impacts firms' charitable donations?
The authors studied 2,921 private Chinese firms' charitable donations, which are seen as a main part of firms' proactive stakeholder engagement (PSE). Donations are a discretionary responsibility, which means that firms make their own decisions on whether and how much to donate. Donations also put pressure on firms' flow of cash and other resources, and thus are short-term sacrifices for the potential long-term advantages of enhancing firms' reputations and public images and accumulating moral and social capital for the firm.
The authors define family involvement as composed of three dimensions:
- Family ownership describes the ownership percentage of the family
- Family management describes how many family members are practically involved in management
- Family duration of control describes how long the family has control over the firm
The authors argue that these three dimensions of family involvement positively influence the level of donations. They further tested whether or not the willingness of the next generation to assume control of the firm altered these relationships.
The importance of measuring the influence of family involvement on charitable donations lies in its theoretical implications since it demonstrates the different logic attributed to family firm owners as compared to nonfamily ones. An empirical validation like this study could help researchers and practitioners answer questions such as:
- Do family firms really have a different decision making process?
- Do family owners really sacrifice economic short-term gains for the long-term ones?
- What dimension of family involvement influences the social initiative at the firm level?
- What is the negative influence of the next generation's unwillingness to assume control of the firm on charitable donations?
This study found that family ownership and duration of control were positively associated with charitable giving. The study further shows that family percentage of ownership and a longer duration of family control have a significant positive influence on charitable donations.
However, the next generation's unwillingness to assume control of the firm weakened the positive family ownership-charitable giving relationship. This study reinforces the role of the next generation of family business leaders on the long-term orientation and pro-social behavior of family firms.
Practitioners will find that this study continues the stream of recent family business research which demonstrates the power of non-financial pursuits in family firms. Practitioners need to continue to be cognizant of the strength of the non-financial pursuits of their clients.
Summary 2: Firm Philanthropy in Small and Medium-Sized Family Firms: The Effects of Family Involvement in Ownership and Management
Giovanna Campopiano, Alfredo De Massis and Francesco Chirico
This study of 130 small and medium sized firms in northern Italy was conducted with the purpose of learning about the effects of family involvement in ownership and management on firm philanthropy. (Small and medium-sized firms are defined as having an annual turnover of between 2 and 50 million Euros.) The authors describe "firm philanthropy" as:
- altruistic activities intended to serve others
- the act of donating money, goods and services to support a socially beneficial or humanitarian cause
- a discretionary wealth transfer of net income to stakeholders
The study draws on stewardship theory, which considers the family as a source of competitive advantage based upon three main aspects:
- significant investment in the business and its future
- virtually unconditional funding of this investment
- a strong willingness to pursue long-term goals even at the expense of short-term gains
Social networks and reputational capital, which can be fueled by philanthropy, are key resources to maintain competitive advantages.
The authors describe the study results as supporting the propositions that the propensity for philanthropic activity in a family firm:
- increases with the degree of family ownership
- increases as ownership becomes more dispersed among family members
Reasons for this propensity include the higher motivation in family owned businesses to create a multi-generational family enterprise which, in turn, depends upon a number of factors, some of which are strengthened through firm philanthropy, such as:
- building the reputation of the firm
- helping to build a working environment that rewards support and collaboration
- fostering and developing a skilled workforce
- making connections to stakeholders in the community
As the number of family owners involved in the business increases, their social networks are likely to expand as well.
In a somewhat counterintuitive perspective, the authors interpret some mixed survey data to conclude that a greater concentration of family members as managers, in proportion to all family members involved in the company, reduces the propensity for firm philanthropy. They argue that a significant number of family managers leads to more conflict, more divergent views of priorities, less stewardship behavior and more allocation of resources inwardly toward business needs. Further studies are needed to determine whether these propositions apply to larger family firms or might change with a larger sample size across countries and cultures.
Practitioners should consider some useful lessons that arise from the authors' work. To maximize the positive impact of firm philanthropy on the long-term success of a family firm, efforts are needed to help family firms understand the benefits of firm philanthropy and its relationship to business sustainability. Governance efforts are important to help align family managers, family employees and family ownership goals for firm philanthropy. The larger the number of family managers in the firm, the more challenging the governance process to focus and sustain firm philanthropy commitment.
About the Contributor:
Karen L. Vinton, Ph.D. is a 1999 Barbara Hollander Award winner and Professor Emeritus of Business at the College of Business at Montana State University, where she founded the University's Family Business Program. An FFI Fellow, she has served on the FFI board of directors and chaired the Body of Knowledge committee. From 1997 through 2011, Vinton served on the editorial board of Family Business Review and is the current assistant editor. Karen can be reached at [email protected].
Yours in Practice,


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Unformatted text preview: Skill 1.A #1
Identify and describe the rhetorical situation. How is purpose influenced by audience?
The purpose is influenced by the audience because by determining who their
audience is, the writer/speaker can determine what rhetorical choices would
work best to achieve their purpose with said audience. What are three considerations a writer might make in regards to audience?
3. Values Skill 1.A #1
Identify and describe the rhetorical situation. What are two predictions or assumptions you might be able to make based
only on the text in the prompt?
1. Who the audience is
2. What the writer/speaker knows about their audience
What are two things a text might reveal about an audience? How so?
1. Their level of education
2. Their personal values Skill 1.A #2
Identify and describe the rhetorical situation. Explain the relationship between occasion, context, and exigence.
The occasion is the immediate situation of a particular piece of writing,
context is society around it, and exigence in what inspires the speaker/
writer to write the text. What is the distinction between occasion and exigence?
The occasion is what is currently happening about the topic a piece of
writing is about, while the exigence is a certain thing that compels the
speaker/writer to write, or their personal thoughts on a certain occasion.
The exigence primarily concerns the speaker while the occasion
concerns the audience. Skill 1.A #2
Identify and describe the rhetorical situation. The genre of a text can reveal occasion, context, exigence, and audience.
Analyze the occasion, context, exigence, and audience of a Harvard
commencement address in December of 2020.
Audience: Graduating class Context: A Global Pandemic is occurring,
there is much unrest in the US Occasion: Harvard Graduation
Exigence: The Harvard class 2020 is is graduating What rhetorical choices would you assume this commencement speaker will
make based on this understanding?
They would try to relate to their audience, as well as try to give them
hope in these unprecedented times. Skill 1.A #3
Identify and describe the rhetorical situation. How to exigence and occasion give rise to purpose?
Exigence and occasion helped the speaker/writer shape their purpose as
well as create a text that achieves their purpose overall. PURPOSE is what a writer wants the audience to understand (and possibly
do) after reading or listening to the text. Skill 1.A #3
Identify and describe the rhetorical situation. Which rhetorical mode/method of development will you employ in writing a
thesis for a rhetorical analysis essay? Explain what this will look like.
Cause-and-effect thesis. In this method, one analyzes that choices a
writer makes (causes) to achieve a desired effect or purpose. What are three appeals that a writer (and you) should consider in making
your own arguments?
A writer should appeal to an audiences emotions (pathos), their logic and
reasoning (logos), and their own credibility (ethos) Skill 1.A - Unit 4
Identify and describe the rhetorical situation. What are the biggest takeaways from the
Unit 4 Skill 1.A videos?
A writer must consider their audience to create the most compelling argument.
The context, occasion, and exigence can reveal a lot about a writer's rhetorical
The thesis for a rhetorical analysis essay should follow the cause-and-effect
method. Skill 2.A #1
Write introductions and conclusions appropriate to the rhetorical situation. What is the rhetorical situation for the RA essay on the AP Language exam?
The rhetorical situation for the RA essay is that I have to write an essay
showing my skills of interpretation of the rhetoric used by another writer to
the people scoring my essay. What are some rhetorical choices you should make?
Academic style writing, applying formal/elevated diction, writing in third
person, reference the text, refer to the author/speaker by last name,
employ the literary present tense, and move chronologically through the
text. Skill 2.A #1
Write introductions and conclusions appropriate to the rhetorical situation. The thesis for your RA essays will be cause and effect. What does that
mean and how does it look?
A Thesis that answers the question, "How does the writer craft the
meaning or purpose of the text?" The cause is the rhethorical
choices the writer makes, and the effect is the meaning and
purpose of the text; or the effect on the reader. What information should be included in your introduction? SOAPS/SPACECAT plus the cause and effect of the text. Skill 2.A #1
Write introductions and conclusions appropriate to the rhetorical situation. You should ensure that your thesis is specific about
The choices and overall purpose the writer
makes. Why is it preferable to analyze a text based on overall development and
choices rather than specific literary devices? It does not box you in as the writer to stick to a few specific choices, but
the overall method the speaker used to achieve their purpose. Skill 2.A #2
Write introductions and conclusions appropriate to the rhetorical situation. What is the rhetorical situation for Q1 and Q3 on the AP Language exam?
Exigence: The issue itself that you've observed, Purpose: Write and
effective argument that truly engages the issue, Audience: Someone you
want to convince, Context: The present-day world around you, Writer: A
person who has a stake in the issue, Message: Your position on the
topic/issue What rhetorical choices should you should make in responding to Q1 and Q3?
Write in first person or third person, connect to the issue on a personal
level, argue what you truly believe on the issue, think about methods of
development, use a variety of sentences and create a strong voice on the
page, support your claims with evidence. Skill 2.A #2
Write introductions and conclusions appropriate to the rhetorical situation. What should you avoid when writing a Q1 introduction?
Avoid repeating the top matter given to you about the topic on your essay;
only use it as a springboard What are some possible entry points for the Q1 prompt?
Introduce the topic with a discussion based on your own observation of the
issue or topic, share a personal connection to the topic or issue, consider a
philosophical/ethical approach to the topic, or share some knowledge you
may have on the issue. Skill 2.A #2
Write introductions and conclusions appropriate to the rhetorical situation. What should you avoid in writing a Q3 introduction?
Avoid using the top matter information given about the topic in
the prompt. What are some possible entry points for a Q3 essay?
Introduce the topic with a discussion based on your own observation of
the issue or topic, share a personal connection to the topic or issue,
consider a philosophical/ethical approach to the topic, or think about
methods of development. Skill 2.A #3
Write introductions and conclusions appropriate to the rhetorical situation. While a conclusion isn't required for any of the essays, a solid conclusion can
increase your chances of earning the ________________
___________. What are some reasons you might not earn this point?
You only hint or suggest other arguments, you attempt the contextualize
your argument, but you only end up generalizing, or use complicated or
complex sentences or language that does not enhance the argument. Skill 2.A #3
Write introductions and conclusions appropriate to the rhetorical situation. Conclusion DOs Conclusion DON'Ts Leave a lasting impression
Consider the counterargument
Broaden and think about
implications Repeat your thesis/introduction
Neglect to write a conclusion
Forget about the purpose of
Use a cliche
State the obvious
Use overstatement, hyperbole,
sentimentality Skill 2.A Videos
Write introductions and conclusions appropriate to the rhetorical situation. What are the biggest takeaways from the
Unit 4 Skill 2.A videos?
Do not use the information given in the prompt in your intro for Q1
Always write a conclusion; it can provide you with the
Write about a position you believe in...
View Full Document


Beginning in fall 2007, Arizona State University will offer students undergraduate and graduate degree programs focusing on Alternative Energy Technologies, specifically solar, wind, ocean, geothermal and biomass, promoting the dual energy-crisis strategy of conserving efficiency as well as developing renewable energy sources.
With access to the Photovoltaics Testing Laboratory, one of three in the world, and fuel cell research on the campus, students will gain first-hand knowledge about various systems and how they work.


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Delivering professional 3D navigation and advanced ergonomic design, SpaceMouse® models are the optimal tool for engineers, designers and architects to create 3D designs across a variety of industries.
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Find your SpaceMouse® - Five different models to perfectly fit your challenges:


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IJUC HomeIssue Contents
Solving Minimum Hitting Set Problem and Generalized Exact Cover Problem with Light Based Devices
Masud Hasan, Shabab Hossain, Md. Mahmudur Rahman and M. Sohel Rahman
We suggest a new way for solving the exact cover and the minimum hitting set problems using massive parallelism of light. The idea is to build an optical device that will generate all possible solution sets and then to select the correct one among those sets. The device has a graph like structure. There are several nodes connected by arcs (optical fibers). The light ray passing through an arc is delayed by some predefined time represented by the number assigned to the arc. The arcs are connected in such a way that the existence of a solution is represented by the arrival of a light signal at the destination at a predefined time.
Keywords: light based device, optical computing, NP-Complete problems
Full Text (IP)


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U-46 Plazas Comunitarias
U-46 Plazas Comunitarias is an educational program designed to provide literacy, primary and secondary education to parents who have not completed these educational milestones. The Plazas Comunitarias objectives are to: provide education, information, and communication to the Latino adult population in the community, use education as a tool for self-improvement, and bring parents and children together to improve academic achievement. School District U-46 has a partnership with the National Institute for Adult Education INEA in Mexico.
For further information about Plazas Comunitarias, contact ELL office at _PHONE_
Navigating the American Educational System - A Curricular and Training Program to Increase Hispanic Parental Involvement
The purpose of Navigating the American Educational System (NAES) is to increase parental Imageinvolvement in the academic careers of their children. NAES does this by increasing parents' ability to navigating the American educational system. Through a series of four parental seminars, NAES will provide Spanish-speaking parents with the knowledge, skills, and confidence to interact with the school system and to better manage the academic experiences of their children.
- Seminar One will provide Hispanic parents with an understanding of the role of education in the American society and enable these parents to identify and discuss appropriate parental involvement that may improve the academic performance of their children.
- Seminar Two will enable Spanish-speaking parents to identify and explain how to communicate with school personnel so that these parents can initiate and maintain successful school experiences.
- Seminar Three will empower Spanish-speaking parents to identify and utilize strategies to maximize their children's academic potential. This includes topics like managing homework, developing reading skills and planning for post-secondary training or education.
Seminar Four the U.S., helping Hispanic students to reach proficiency is a big step in achieving the goals of the No Child Left Behind Act.
Bilingual Parents Advisory Committee (BPAC)
Following State regulations, each district or cooperative shall establish a parent advisory committee consisting of:
- parents/legal guardians,
- transitional bilingual education teachers,
- and community leaders.
ISBE 23 ILLINOIS ADMINISTRATIVE CODE 228.30
This committee participates in the planning, operation, and evaluation of programs. The majority of committee members are parents or legal guardians of students enrolled in these programs.
(Section 14C-10 of the School Code [105 ILCS 5/14C-10])
The members of this committee represent the languages served in programs to the extent possible.
- meets at least four times per year;
- maintains on file with the school district minutes of these meetings; and
- reviews the district's annual program application to the State Superintendent of Education.
In partnership with the ELL Educational Services Office, BPAC offers a series of parent education-training sessions to provide the parents of students in ELL programs with the necessary information to become knowledgeable of current policies and procedures in School District U-46. For more information on how to be part of the Bilingual Parent Advisory Committee, please call _PHONE_, 5332 or you may ask your student's teacher or principal.


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As witches and ghouls ready their toadstool brews for Halloween, we are taking a look at a few of mushroom's most peculiar facts and making some devilish recipes of our own. So at your Halloween soiree this season, impress your guests with the following "did you knows" then tantalize their tongues with our magical mushroom menu:
- Though they may seem like any other plant life, mushrooms in many ways more like animals. After all—they're alive! They breathe in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide just like us—and the monster from Frankenstein.
- Toadstools' hearty texture and taste makes them a welcome addition to risotto, sandwiches and stews. But be warned, if you venture out of the grocery aisle and into the forest—some varieties are downright deadly. Famed Roman Emperor Claudius is rumored to have experienced "death by shroom" after his combative wife Agrippina poisoned him with the highly potent death cap variety.
- Mushrooms are grown from spores, not seeds. A single mature mushroom can release as many as 16 billion spores causing them to spread faster than a zombie outbreak at the Monroeville Mall.
- In the tombs of Egypt, where groaning mummies still slump through narrow corridors (you know they do!), faded hieroglyphics etched into the wall give praise to the almighty mushroom—better known to them as "the plant of immortality." In fact, these swaddled pharaohs were the only people allowed to eat the distinctly flavored delicacies back in their day.
—By Emily Arno


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At NIDA's last Drug Facts Chat Day, Razorfang asked this question:
"can you get viruses from drugs?"
The answer to this might surprise you. Although you can't get viruses directly from drugs, using drugs can increase your chances of catching a virus like HIV (the virus that causes AIDS). In fact, behaviors associated with drug abuse are one of the biggest factors in the spread of HIV across the US.
That's because drugs can mess up your judgment and lead to bad decisions—bad decisions like unsafe sex. And risky sex can lead to more than pregnancy. It can also lead to becoming infected with HIV or other sexually transmitted viruses.


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Toxic Turtles: Long-lasting Chemicals Could Be Harming Sea Turtles | Environmental Health News
From the moment they are born, sea turtles fight to survive. Buried alive, they dig themselves out and evade hungry crabs and birds as they crawl to the ocean, where they begin a long and treacherous migration. One out of 1,000 will survive into adulthood. And those that do will bear a toxic burden. Scientists are discovering that sea turtles, long ignored by toxicologists who study wildlife, are highly contaminated with industrial chemicals and pesticides.


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Article – Decomposing the Drivers of Changes in Inequality During the Great Recession in Ireland using the Fields Approach
O'Donoghue, C., Loughrey, J., & Sologon, D. M. (2018). Decomposing the Drivers of Changes in Inequality During the Great Recession in Ireland using the Fields Approach. The Economic and Social Review, 49(2, Summer), 173–200.
In this paper we take as a case study a developed country that both experienced one of the highest sustained growth periods in recent decades, but also had one of the largest economic declines during the recent crisis period; Ireland. In particular, given the availability of data and the period from the peak before the economic crisis and the lowest point in the crisis, we focus on the period around the boom 2007-2012. We find that inequality in terms of disposable income decreased over the period, with an increase in the redistributive effect of the tax-benefit system offsetting a rise in market income inequality. We utilize the Fields regression decomposition to understand the impact of demographic, labor market and other drivers. We find that the explanatory power of the Fields regressions fell over time, reflecting the asymmetric shock induced by the economic crisis. Labor market drivers had the largest impact on the level of income inequality over the period, accounting for 64 per cent of variability in 2007, but rising to 75 per cent in 2012. Educational attainment is positively associated with inequality. However, the effect greatly diminished between 2007 and 2012. Changes in the demographic structure and changes in the level and distribution of market incomes increased inequality. We also decomposed the change in inequality into price and quantity effects that result from a change in the return and composition respectively.


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is a confectionery made primarily of chocolate, and can either be solid, hollow, or filled with cream.
Chocolate has been the center of several successful book and film adaptations. In 1964, Roald Dahl published a children's novel titled Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. Roald Dahl ( 13 September 1916 – 23 November 1990) was a British Novelist Short story Writer Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964 is a children's book by British Author Roald Dahl. The novel centers around a poor boy named Charlie Bucket who takes a tour through the greatest chocolate factory in the world, owned by Willy Wonka. Willy Wonka is a fictional character in the Roald Dahl novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and its sequel Charlie and the Great Glass Two film adaptations of the novel were produced. The first was Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, a 1971 film which later became a cult classic. Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is a 1971 motion picture based on the 1964 Roald Dahl novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory A cult film is a Film that has acquired a highly devoted but relatively small group of fans. Thirty-four years later, a second film adaptation was produced, titled Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory is a 2005 Film directed by Tim Burton and starring Johnny Depp. The 2005 film was very well received by critics and was one of the highest grossing films of its year, earning over US$470,000,000 worldwide. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was also recognized at the 78th Academy Awards, where it was nominated for Best Costume Design for Gabriella Pesucci. The 78th Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 2005, were held on March 5 2006 at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood California This Academy Award was first given for movies made in 1948 when separate awards were given for black-and-white and color movies
Chocolat is a 1999 novel by Joanne Harris. Chocolat is a 1999 Novel by Joanne Harris. It tells the story of Vianne Rocher a young mother who arrives at a fictional insular A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Joanne Michèle Sylvie Harris (b 3 July 1964, Barnsley, Yorkshire) is a British author It tells the story of Vianne Rocher, a young mother, whose confections change the lives of the townspeople through magic. The 2000 film adaptation, Chocolat, also proved successful, grossing over US$150,000,000 worldwide, and receiving Academy Award and Golden Globe nominations for Best Picture, Best Actress, and Best Original Score. Chocolat is a 2000 Film based on the novel of the same name by Joanne Harris, directed by Lasse Hallström. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. The Golden Globe Awards are American awards for motion pictures and Television programs given out each year during a formal dinner The Academy Award for Best Motion Picture is one of the Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS to artists working
Chocolate chips are small chunks of Chocolate. They are often sold in a round flat-bottomed teardrop shape " Big Chocolate " is a Pejorative business term assigned to multi-national Chocolate food producers much akin to the terms assigned to " Big Oil CACAO is a research Java Virtual Machine developed at Vienna University of Technology. Candida krusei is a budding Yeast (a species of Fungus) involved in Chocolate production Cocoa is the dried and fully fermented fatty seed of the cacao tree from which Chocolate is made Chocolate milk is a sweetened Cocoa - Flavored milk Drink. It can be purchased pre-mixed or made at home with either cocoa powder and a Fudge is a type of Confectionery which is usually very sweet extremely rich and sometimes flavored with Cocoa. Military chocolate has been a part of standard United States military ration since the original Ration D or D ration bar of Chocolate Activism is a form of Social activism and Fundraising involving the wrapping or sale of Chocolate. The chocolate game is a Game often played at Children's Parties, originating in Germany. The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory


Narrative 101: 4 Ways To Use Symbolism In Your Novel
One of the words you hear a lot about when it comes to literature is symbolism. Whether you're in an English class reading through the classics, or attempting to write your own novel, you may be wondering what symbolism is and why it's important.
Symbolism is the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities. These can be words, people, markings, locations, or abstract ideas. Anything that demonstrates an idea beyond its literal meaning. It can also refer to the symbolic meaning of natural objects or facts. It exists not only in literature, but in our everyday lives through things like signs, art, religious objects, logos, slogans, gifs, emojisthe list goes on. A symbol can also be subtle or obvious depending on its use.
One of the biggest benefits of using symbolism is that it automatically elevates your story. Being able to use one device that allows you to say multiple things while using fewer words is not only efficient, but also effective. It can be used to say both the literal and figurative simultaneously, allowing readers to gain insight into a situation or conversation that they otherwise might overlook.
Here are 4 reasons you should use symbolism in your writing:
 - Show not tell: Every writer has heard this piece of advice numerous times, but what does it mean in terms of symbolism? To put it simply, it means that you use a specific image or object to represent an underlying message or theme. For example, the raven in Edgar Allen Poe's famous poem, The Raven. In his poem the raven is an obvious symbol for "mournful, never-ending remembrance", or the loss of his love, Lenore. Here rather then telling his readers directly about his grief, Poe uses the symbol of the raven to help get his point across.
 - Connect Themes: Symbols are the vehicle through which themes are said. Think of them as the main mode of transportation that connects your readers to your theme or main point of your novel. An example is the green light from The Great Gatsby. In the story the green light represents Gatsby's pursuit of Daisy, but under the surface it also represents his pursuit of the American Dream. Fitzgerald uses a green light to represent this because the color green is associated with money, power, and materialism.
 - Add imagery: The number one reason we use symbols is because they are visual. Where concepts, ideas, themes, and messages are abstract, having a tangible representation helps a lot. Readers are at their core, visual. They count on us to paint a picture in their mind that they can then explore. One novel that does this particularly well is Lord of the Flies. In this one novel there are several examples of visual representation, such as the conch shell which represents authority and order, a pig head that symbolizes pure evil, and the island itself which represents the Garden of Eden.
 - Deeper meanings: Symbolism is also used to communicate the darker themes of stories, the unpleasant truths that otherwise would be too on-the-nose or too depressing to say directly. In The Scarlett Letter, Pearl symbolizes her mother's supposed sin. In Game of Thrones, Tyrion represents the ugliness of society and the mistreatment of those who are viewed as different. In Shadow and Bone by Leigh Bardugo, the Fold represents the oppressive nature of the Darkling and the end of society as it is currently known.
Start with your story and characters
Begin in the brainstorming phase. Form your characters and your outline. See what you have to work with and learn about the types of people that make up said story. Don't worry about adding in symbolism until after you have your basics covered. Once you do, there are opportunities to sneak in some tiny symbolic details that will help make your story more interesting overall. In Harry Potter, Harry's lightning-shaped scar is a symbol of his lifelong struggle against Voldemort as well as of his mother's love. In The Lightning Thief, Percy associates a trident with his father's presence, and you see this symbol appear throughout the series as their relationship develops.
Use small and large-scale symbolism
Symbolism can take two forms: small and large-scale. Using a balance of these two can help bring depth and deeper meaning to your work in both a subtle and obvious way. Small-scale symbolism focuses on the details. For example, the way a person dresses, a specific object that holds meaning for them (like a locket or picture), etc. These are used to help your readers understand the inner workings of your character's mind and personality. Large-scale symbolism serves to indicate general moods and physical location. Examples of this are weather events and physical descriptions of cities and buildings. They generally make statements about broader, all-encompassing themes such as death, love, grief, power etc. You should strive to use both of these methods to place further emphasis on your story's theme.
Don't use common symbols
This is where you need to challenge your creative mind and put it to the test. There are certain symbols that are universally the same regardless of cultural differences. Roses (love), doves (peace), sunrise (new beginning), rain (sadness), we see these all the time in movies and literature. While they communicate what the author is trying to convey, it becomes boring to see these symbols repeated. That's why you must challenge yourself to come up with your own brand of symbolism rather than following the crowd. Some of the best instances of symbolism are the ones that are unique to the circumstance and meaning of the story it appears in, like the pig representing Joseph Stalin in Animal Farm. Here the comparison is brilliant because it was fitting but also had never been done before.
Create emotional resonance
Last but not least, it all comes down to emotional relevance. Symbols can be used to represent deep emotional impacts that linger after traumatic events. In Macbeth, the guilt-ridden Lady Macbeth is tortured by a spot of blood on her hands that will not wash clean after she kills King Duncan. In The Secret Garden, Mary Lennox keeps a white ivory elephant as the only keepsake after she is orphaned. It represents the emotional pain she feels over the lack of relationship she shared with her mother and her grief after she is dead. These stories retain their emotional depth and significance long after a reader finishes reading because these symbols are so effective.
Symbolism is a powerful literary tool. There are multiple ways it can be used, and depending on how well you succeed, they can help you to create stories that remain timeless and true despite the passing decades.
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By Evan Ackerman
I'm not sure what it is about fish that inspires people to create technologically bizarre fish tanks to try and elicit some sort of deeper meaning from their movements. This particular example is the Rhythmfish system, designed by Sangmin Bae. Webcams surrounding the tank record the movements of the fish, and the images are combined with data from flow sensors inside the tank which measure the currents generated by the swimming fish. The results are translated (somehow) into an audiovisual, uh, something, which is performed through an LCD screen and speakers mounted on the tank. The designer says: "even if the fish can't speak and express its feelings in a human way, it has an energy and communication skill in its own way. Vibration is the medium of interaction, and I chose it for its universality in the physical, emotional, and spiritual realms." Hm. I wonder if the fish feel the same way, or maybe they're just trying to figure out what the heck all this weird electronic stuff is doing in their tank.
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There must be a mathematical description of the difference that an extension tube makes to a lens -- is it something that can be easily described?
(For example, with teleconverters you can say things like "a 2x teleconverter will turn a Y-mm lens into a 2Y-mm lens, and will lose you 2 stops." Is there something similar for extension tubes?)
If there's nothing much you can say about magnification, in general, what about the change in closest focal distance? Is that also lens-dependent?
What about if we factor out the lens: is there any general way to compare the effects of (say) a 12mm and a 24mm extension tube on the same lens?
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3 Answers
up vote 10 down vote accepted
I do believe there are some formulas you can use. To Matt Grum's point, I have not tested these with zoom lenses, and to my current knowledge, they apply only to prime (fixed focal length) lenses. You did not specifically specify zoom lenses, so...
The simplest way to calculate the magnification of a lens is via the following formula:
 Magnification = TotalExtension / FocalLength
 M = TE / F
To calculate the magnification with an extension tube, you need to know the total extension...that is, the extension provided by the lens itself, as well as that provided by the extension tube. Most lens statistics these days include the intrinsic magnification. If we take Canon's 50mm f/1.8 lens, the intrinsic magnification is 0.15x. We can solve for the lenses built in extension like so:
 0.15 = TE / 50
 TE = 50 * 0.15
 TE = 7.5mm
The magnification with additional extension can now be computed as follows:
 Magnification = (IntrinsicExtension + TubeExtension) / FocalLength
 M = IE + TE / F
If we assume 25mm of additional extension via an extension tube:
 M = 7.5mm + 25mm / 50mm
 M = 32.5mm / 50mm
 M = 0.65x
A fairly simple formula that allows us to calculate magnification fairly easily, assuming you know the intrinsic magnification of the lens (or its intrinsic extension.) If we assume the wonderful 50mm lens is the lens you are extending, to create a 1:1 macro magnification, you would need 50mm worth of extension. The problem here is that if you add too much extension, the plane of the world that is in focus (the virtual image) might just end up inside the lens itself. Additionally, this assumes a "simple" lens, one with very well-defined and well-known characteristics (i.e. a simple single-element lens.)
In a real-world scenario, having a clear understanding of any particular lenses characteristics is unlikely. With lenses that focus internally, or zoom lenses, the simple formula above is insufficient to allow you to calculate exactly what your minimum focusing distance and magnification can be for any given lens, focal length, and extension. There are too many variables, most of which are likely to be unknown, to calculate a meaningful value.
Here are some resources that I have found that provide some useful information that might help in your endeavor:
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Your lack of parenthesis threw me for a momentarily loop. Should be Magnification = (IntrinsicExtension + TubeExtension) / FocalLength? – rfusca Dec 11 '10 at 1:55
_USER_: You are correct, I forgot to stick in parens. Its totalExtension / focalLength, so intrinsic and tube extension lengths have to be added together. – jrista Dec 11 '10 at 4:25
Oddly enough, the 50mm f/1.8 is the lens (well, OK, one of the lenses) I'm extending -- and those links look really useful, too. Thanks! – Matt Bishop Dec 11 '10 at 12:29
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I think it can be described, in fact Wikipedia has the relevant formula:
1/S1 + 1/S2 = 1/f
Where S1 is the distance from the subject to the front nodal point, S2 is the distance of the rear nodal point to the sensor, and f is the focal length. Since extension tubes increase S2, it then allows you make S1 smaller, thus you can focus much closer to the subject.
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That formula assumes you know the front and rear modal points which in general aren't manufacturer specified, so you'll have to measure them for each lens. Plus the formula isn't valid for lenses which change focal length when focussing, so I don't think it's quite what the questioner as after. – Matt Grum Dec 10 '10 at 15:11
With a simple (i.e. single-element) lens, the focal length never ever changes (unless you change the shape of the lens -- or unless you're being very specific and talking about different colors of light, or the like), and this is absolutely correct (in fact, moving the position of the lens is all you're doing to change the focus anyway, so an extension tube just lets you move it further). For complex (multi-element) lenses, I don't understand the optics principles well enough to be sure if the same holds true. But the film plane is always the "target" of the focus, right? So... I'd think so. – lindes Dec 10 '10 at 17:51
Some of my sources for learning (which I'll hopefully later pull together in an answer of my own -- no time for that now, though): -- and in particular, these two: and – lindes Dec 10 '10 at 18:14
_USER_ Grum - I think the equation illustrates the principle behind it which seems to be the crux of the question. At least it did to me. :) – John Cavan Dec 10 '10 at 18:28
_USER_ Cavan - the formula illustrates well why extension tubes decrease the minimum focussing distance, but I think the questioner was looking for a formula that he can use to judge what length extension tube you need to buy for a given lens in order to increase magnification x times, which unfortunately is not possible in the general case... – Matt Grum Dec 10 '10 at 18:39
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edit to respond to follow up questions given you know the effects of a tube of a certain length on a certain lens you can work out the missing values from John's equations you should be able to get an estimate of the effect of a different length tube. Again the values will be subject to the foibles of the lens focussing method, but should give you a good enough idea.
In general no. There is a formula, of course, but you need to know the internal configuration of the lens and usually some elements of the lens design.
Extension tubes usually change the effective focal length slightly (the actual focal length of the lens is a property of the bending power of the glass so doesn't change when you move it) but how much depends on the lens design. A lot of it is to do with the angle at which the light rays leave the back of the lens. If you take an object space telecentric lens (a special type of lens where the rays exit parallel to each other) then the distance to the film plane doesn't matter since the rays are parallel they wont converge or diverge any more.
If you look at the back of a wide angle lens the rear element is very close to the rear of the lens. Now look at a telephoto lens, there will be a gap between the last piece of glass and the mount, as if the lens already has an extension tube. An extension tube will behave quite differently on these two different lenses. The method of focus (internal vs. external) also affects the results of adding extension tubes.
So in short I'm afraid there is no formula that's as simple as the one for telecoverters.
share|improve this answer
Is it truly accurate to say that the focal length changes? My understanding of optics in any detail is in its infancy, but my understanding thus far is that by moving the lens (which is all an extension tube really does), the focal length won't change (though perhaps the magnification might? Or what we've collectively started calling the "effective focal length"), but rather, the distance changes for the focal plane, which causes the in-focus plane to change... I'll try to find some resources and post them in an answer. I -think-, though, that this answer is factually questionable. I think. – lindes Dec 10 '10 at 16:44
Whether or not the focal length changes and to what degree depends on the lens, as I stated. For the simplest case of a pinhole lens it's easy to see that the focal length changes if you move the pinhole further from the camera, since the focal length is defined as the distance from the pinhole to the imaging plane! – Matt Grum Dec 10 '10 at 17:21
Ahh,


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This paper, submitted to Astronomy Education Review, describes a series of activities in which students investigate and use the models of planetary motion introduced by the Hellenistic astronomer Claudius Ptolemy in the 2nd Century, by the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus in the mid-16th Century, and by the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe in the late16th Century. The activities involve the use of open source software to help students discover important observational facts, learn the necessary vocabulary, understand the fundamental properties of different theoretical models, and relate the theoretical models to observational data. Once they understand the observations and models, students complete a series of projects in which they observe a fictitious solar system with four planets orbiting in circles around a central star and construct both Ptolemaic and Copernican models for that system.
Activities on Using Stellarium to Observe Solar and Planetary Motions
This zip archive contains two activity handouts that guide students through using open source planetarium software (Stellarium, available at… more... download 211kb.zip
Published: January 4, 2013
Modeling the History of Astronomy Poster
A poster describing the same material, presented at the Winter Meeting of the American Association of Physics Teachers, January 2013, New Orleans, LA. download 370kb.pdf
Published: January 11, 2013
%A Todd Timberlake %T Modeling the History of Astronomy: Ptolemy, Copernicus and Tycho %D January 10, 2013 %U _URL_ %O application/pdf
%0 Report %A Timberlake, Todd %D January 10, 2013 %T Modeling the History of Astronomy: Ptolemy, Copernicus and Tycho %8 January 10, 2013 %U _URL_
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Ancient Chinese Paper Armor Put to the Test – You Won't Believe How Strong It Is!
While Greco-Roman civilization was developing in the West, an equally advanced and complex civilization was emerging in the land along the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers on the western coast of the Pacific Ocean. Ancient China independently developed paper, firearms, advanced astronomy and mathematics, and sophisticated metallurgy at the same time and in some cases before parallel advances in the Mediterranean world. There are also rumors of technology used by the Chinese that were never put to use in the West. One of these is paper armor, which according to some scholars was used in ancient China by 600 BC. Although this seems strange, it has been confirmed as entirely plausible.
The Chinese began using metal armor during the time of the Shang kings. During the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, metal plate armor or leather armor were typically used. The ancient Chinese are particularly known for their advanced metallurgy during the early Iron Age. Later, chainmail also come into use but it was by no means common. The Chinese however had more materials at their disposal than leather or metal to produce armor.
Ancient Chinese metal armor ( public domain )
The Early Invention of Paper
China is the civilization responsible for the invention of paper as we know it. Its invention is usually attributed to a court official by the name of T'sai Lun who is said to have made the first paper from mulberry fiber in about the year 105 AD. However, there is recent evidence that hemp paper may have been invented earlier, closer to 100 BC. Paper eventually replaced the earlier forms of written media which had been used in China such as bamboo, tortoise shells, and silk. It was a more convenient writing medium than bamboo which was heavy and less expensive than silk.
Fragments of hemp wrapping paper dated to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han (141–87 BC) ( CC by SA 3.0 )
2,600-Year-Old Paper Armor
Greg Martin, an expert on ancient armor, told Mythbusters that the Chinese used paper armor as early as 600 BC, which may have been injected with shellac or some other resin. He said that this armor was more effective in some ways than the steel armor used at the time. The time-period for the use of this armor pre-dates the traditional date for the invention of paper, but the invention of paper armor, regardless of the date, is still an interesting idea to consider. To test this idea, Mythbusters set up a test to compare the strength, durability and freedom of movement of paper armor versus historical Chinese steel armor used around time paper armor is said to have been used.
Putting Paper Armor to the Test
For the test, they made the paper armor both with and without the resin. The paper used for the armor was about 13 mm thick. They used a variety of weapons against the armor including swords, bows, an 18th century flintlock pistol and a 19th century 0.45 revolver. In almost all cases the paper armor without resin either did just as well as the steel armor or outperformed it. The paper armor did more poorly with blunt-force attacks. The paper armor also performed poorly against the 19th century revolver. Overall though, the paper armor proved to be just as effective as the steel armor. For this reason, it was declared at least plausible that the ancient Chinese used such an unusual type of armor. One problem that they noted with this idea is that the paper armor rapidly disintegrated when it got wet or if it was subjected to repeated blows. This suggests that paper armor, if used, would have been limited to situations where the armor getting wet or being used excessively would have been unlikely.
Chinese paper armor didn't do so well after getting wet (Discovery)
Advanced Non-Metal Armor
Iron armor was predominant in the West from the Greek Dark Age beginning around 1200 BC to the time that firearms made it obsolete. As a result, Westerners tend to assume that metal armor, specifically iron armor, is superior to non-metal forms of armor against pre-gunpowder weapons. There are, however, several historical examples, including this one, of armor that was actually more effective than the most advanced steel armor used by Western or Chinese civilization.
The Aztecs, for example, developed woven armor in order to withstand atlatl darts and obsidian swords. These were darts that would actually pierce the steel armor of the conquistadors. Aztec armor was made of cotton about a finger's width. Warriors of elite status also wore an extra tunic. This cotton armor was made strong by soaking it in brine and then leaving it to dry. The salt crystals left behind would make the woven material strong enough to withstand the darts as well as the blows of obsidian blades. This relatively simple method of armor making which did not require any metallurgical knowledge was able to make armor stronger in some ways than the metallurgically advanced steel plate armor of late Medieval and Renaissance Europe and probably ancient China.
It is interesting to consider what might have happened had it been Chinese civilization which became globally dominant rather than the West. The Chinese for example, already had the technology for rockets, firearms, and ships which were more seaworthy than Portuguese caravels before the 15th century. Would the industrial revolution have happened sooner or perhaps later if at all? Would the Chinese have conquered the Americas the way that the European powers did? We cannot answer these questions with certainty. One thing that is highly probably though is that there would have been more paper armor!
Top image: Reconstruction of Chinese paper armor, on the right ( Discovery)
By Caleb Strom
Hassig, Ross. Aztec warfare: Imperial expansion and political control. Vol. 188. University of Oklahoma Press, 1995.
Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. Gunpowder, explosives and the state: a technological history. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006.
"Invention of Paper." Georgia Institute of Technology Robert C. Williams Museum of Papermaking. Available at: _URL_
"MythBusters Episode 170: Paper Armor." (2011). MythBusters Results. Available at: _URL_


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What is the correct spelling for PAYBALE?
This word (Paybale) may be misspelled. Below you can find the suggested words which we believe are the correct spellings for what you were searching for. If you click on the links, you can find more information about these words.
Click here to check the spelling and grammar
Correct spellings for PAYBALE
- able I might have been able to help you.
- am orderly
- bale "Now you can bale a bit," he said.
- cabal He brought with him to the camp at Cambridge two who were ambitious to displace him, yet of Lee and Gates, both retired English officers, the first never won a personal following, and the second achieved but the meagre dignity of leadership of a cabal.
- cable We'll cable it ourselves to the United States.
- capable He had not expected this from Tommy, had not believed him capable of it.
- editor in chiefs
- fable The first, however, struck us at once with the origin of the fable formerly adopted, of the birds of paradise wanting legs, and sufficiently explained that circumstance.
- gable 12. See where they sit under the hall's gable, as if to shun thee: the pillar stands before them."
- Pablo As the party had several spare horses, Pablo and I were at once provided with steeds.
- pale Elsie was very pale.
- papal Coloured glass is mentioned, which may have been used either for coats of arms-and we know that the Papal Arms were to be set up in the Bibliotheca secreta-or for subjects.
- parable We Jews are a parable people.
- parboil Or parboil, and then cover them with crumbs, herbs, and seasoning, and brown them in a Dutch oven.
- passable They carried baskets of fruit over such roads and down such precipices as were scarcely passable by any creatures except goats, and over which we could scarcely scramble with the help of our hands.
- payable 2595. The lines bear to be payable in goods?
- Peale In 1842 the entire contents of Peale's Museum was purchased, and in 1850 the Peale collection of Philadelphia was added.
- pebble Yes, a pebble; a very pebble, a common pebble.
- playbill There was, besides, another drawback unfortunately in that, during the eighteenth century, the part of Lady Macduff dropped out of the playbill, thus removing from the play the one person in it whose presence was necessary for the proper understanding of Lady Macbeth's character.
- pliable After the fine sorts have been pounded in a rice-mortar, in order to render the fiber soft and pliable, they are severally knotted into one another, and converted into web.
- puebla Puebla resisted not, and the army marched into the city of Mexico August 7. The road was rendered disagreeable by strong fortifications and thirty thousand men who were not on good terms with Scott.
- PYLE At length I escaped down a side street, from which I took the road to Pyle Street to get my pencil.


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The most famous smile in history belongs to Leonardo da Vinci's famous painting, the Mona Lisa. Generations of art analysts have speculated over its meaning. Seductive? Bashful? Secretly knowing? Or could it be, given her upturned—but firmly closed lips, that she was ashamed of showing her teeth? Could they have been chipped, stained, crooked or gapped?
These days there's no need to hide your smile because your teeth aren't perfect. Modern cosmetic technology can straighten, repair, contour and whiten teeth, using twenty-first century techniques to create a natural-looking smile in a less-than-perfect mouth.
Leonardo, Mona Lisa's creator, was not only a painter but also a mathematician and engineer. So it's not surprising that her mouth and eyes form a perfect equal-sided triangle. Four centuries later, social scientists tell us that humans are naturally attracted to symmetry of features. Today, Abbett & Associates crafts smiles that emphasize your own individual identity. It's the smile that is you—and only you.
Glimpse your smile in the mirror—you'll smile even more when you see yourself looking so GOOD!


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COLLEGE STATION - What could be coming from the Surgeon General: "Warning -- What You Read on the Web Could be Hazardous to Your Health."
There is yet no disclaimer on health web sites that contain a Surgeon General's warning that what you read can be harmful, but perhaps there should be. Health web sites can be downright unhealthy.
Health web sites can have information that is inaccurate, misleading, unproven and even false, and many of them aren't worth the eyestrain it takes to read them, according to a study by a Texas A&M University professor.
Dr. Steve Dorman, professor of health and kinesiology, has studied the vast array of health web sites and has reached this conclusion: reader beware.
"The basic problem is one of accountability - there is none," says Dorman, whose study has been previously published in the Journal of School Health.
"The freedom of the Internet means that anybody can say anything. There is no governing body that acts as a gatekeeper of Web pages, and we found that a lot of health information out there is inaccurate and just not true."
There are more than 43 million web sites, Dorman says, and at least 10,000 of those post health information. One big problem deals with getting the information on the screen.
"About 60 percent of the time, people cannot call up the web address that is listed," Dorman notes. "That can be frustrating early on - trying to get information and you can't."
Another big problem: credentials of the person posting the web site. Very often, the author of the page does not list any degrees earned in a medical or health field, has no affiliation with a reputable health agency and fails to cite references in his or her findings.
"If the author fails to list his credentials, that should raise a big question mark about what is posted," Dorman believes.
"Some basic questions the reader should ask are, 'Is this author qualified to publish health information, and does the author list hi
Contact: Keith Randall
Texas A&M University


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John McCarthy
John McCarthy
John McCarthy Papers
John McCarthy, after earning his Ph.D. in mathematics at Princeton in 1951, taught at Stanford, Dartmouth, and MIT. In 1962 he returned to Stanford as professor of computer science. From 1965 to 1980 he was organizer and director of Stanford's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. In 1987 he was named the first Charles M. Pigott professor in the School of Engineering. McCarthy invented the computer-programming language LISP in 1958 and the concept of time-sharing on large computers in the late 50s and early 60s. In 1990 he received the National Medal of Science for helping to create the science of artificial intelligence.
Related collections
Edward A. Feigenbaum, circa 1970s
Edward A. Feigenbaum Papers
Primarily concerns his work in artificial intelligence at Stanford University.


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The Primary Assembly is a legislative body under the Illuminatian government's Ultrabureau of the Legislative (UBL). The Primary Assembly is the lower legislative body of the legislative ultrabureau's tricameral legislature. The other continent-wide legislative houses include the Ancillary Assembly—the upper house relative to the Primary Assembly, and the Paramount Assembly—which is parallel to the other two houses. Additionally, specific municipalities are represented by Tertiary assemblies.
The Illuminatian Primary Assembly is composed of representatives who are democratically elected by a direct popular vote from geographically-defined electoral districts, very similar to most representative legislative bodies of early Earth. The Primary Assembly has multimember districts, with voters electing three members per representative district using ranked choice voting.
The multimember nature of electoral districts for the Primary Assembly allows for a highly proportional and balanced representation of constituents by a diverse roster of political candidates and elected representatives. The result is a more representative, less polarized legislative body compared to many of the historical political systems of Earth. Generally, this system provides for representation by multiple political parties in each geographic Primary Assembly district. Representatives are free to express support for multiple major and minor political parties, and the political parties as a result can afford to be less polarized toward extreme political viewpoints and less antagonistic toward one another.
The Primary Assembly is the largest of the three legislative bodies based on membership and is one of two bodies of the legislature in which the majority of members are accountable to a constituency from a defined local geographic area.
All Primary Assembly electoral districts in Illuminatia represent an equal number of constituents. Each district is centered on a primary population center, with the outer boundaries of the districts in sparsely-populated areas varying slightly from election to election based on new projected population numbers provided by the Office of Demography. Automated processes for defining district boundaries prioritize the numerical equity of district populations to guarantee equal representation and also prioritize the geographic compactness of the electoral district to ensure an absence of gerrymandering. Thanks to the intelligent nature of the Polling and Balloting Network, electoral districts can be defined with granular borders precise to the individual constituent level. Locations where the selection of electoral district boundaries might form irregularly-shaped borders are handled, when necessary, with randomizing algorithms, which place individuals in adjacent electoral districts on an even and uniform basis. The general geographic shape of most Primary Assembly electoral districts tend to resemble circles or hexagons.
Primary Assembly representatives, like all elected representatives in the Illuminatian government, are unpaid. They receive no salary for their role as representatives. However, they do receive full reimbursement for expenses incurred in the representation of their constituencies—including travel to Voston—as well as communication expenses.
- See article: Legislative process
Illuminatia's Primary Assembly is one of two possible entry points for legislation into the Ultrabureau of the Legislative's (UBL's) lawmaking process. The other legislative house through which legislation may originate is the Paramount Assembly. Legislation proposed by the Primary Assembly must be approved there by a majority vote or other agreed-upon level of majority before being passed on to the Ancillary Assembly—the upper house of the UBL.
Alternatively, legislation can be introduced in and passed unilaterally in the Paramount Assembly without approval of either the Primary or Ancillary assemblies, but only with a supermajority vote in Paramount Assembly exceeding 75%. Failing that, legislation may also pass from the Paramount Assembly with a lesser majority or plurality vote, but can only be approved with a supermajority vote in either the Primary or Ancillary assemblies.
After final approval by the legislative bodies of the UBL using any of the aforementioned channels, accepted legislation is traditionally forwarded to the Ultrabureau of the Executive (UBE) for final approval by Illuminatia's chief executive(s). Legislation approved via the appropriate UBL legislative processes but rejected by the Executive can instead be overcome with approval, jointly, in both the Ultrabureau of the Judiciary and the Ultrabureau of Control. This legislative process elegantly illustrates the effectiveness of both a tricameral legislature as well as the checks and balances afforded by a four-branch government.