On Feb. 27, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court issued an opinion that narrows the SEC's ability to seek civil penalties in its enforcement actions. In Gabelli v. SEC, the Supreme Court held that the SEC cannot use the "discovery rule" to extend the five-year statute of limitations on the government's claims for civil penalties. Given that SEC investigations often take years, the Supreme Court's adoption of this bright-line rule will likely reduce the number of civil penalty claims that the SEC brings.
When the SEC files a civil action in federal court, it usually seeks three types of relief: 1) a permanent injunction from future violations of the securities laws; 2) disgorgement; and 3) civil penalties. Congress long ago imposed a five-year statute of limitations on actions seeking civil penalties. See 28 U.S.C. § 2462. Relying on the "discovery rule," the SEC has often argued that the five-year statute of limitations should not begin to run until the SEC discovered the fraud, and courts have reached different results on the issue. The Supreme Court has now put the issue to rest.
In Gabelli v. SEC, the Supreme Court held that the government cannot use the "discovery rule" to extend the statute of limitations, but must be held to the strict five-year limitation. In reaching this decision, the Court drew a contrast between cases brought by victims of fraud and the agencies charged with responsibility for policing fraud. The Court explained that the "discovery rule" is intended to protect victims of fraud, where a defendant's deceptive conduct prevents a victim from knowing that he or she had been defrauded. In that situation, the fraud is " 'deemed to be discovered when, in the exercise of reasonable diligence, it should have been discovered.' " Gabelli, Slip Op. at 6 (quoting Merck & Co. v. Reynolds, 130 S.Ct. 1784, 1794(2010)). The Court said it has never applied the "discovery rule" to government enforcement actions because unlike a victim who may have no reason to suspect fraud, it is the SEC's mission to investigate and root out fraud. And the SEC is imbued with considerable resources to carry out that mission, including the ability to subpoena documents and testimony before filing an action. The Court held that "[c]harged with this mission and armed with these weapons, the SEC as enforcer is a far cry from the defrauded victim the discovery rule evolved to protect." Gabelli, Slip Op. at 8. The Court also recognized the practical difficulty of applying the discovery rule to a government agency, given the challenge of determining when a government agency should have discovered the fraud "in the reasonable exercise of diligence."
Although Gabelli arose in the context of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, it is certain that courts will apply the ruling with equal force in actions brought under the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The civil penalty provisions of the three acts are very similar. Compare 15 U.S.C. § 77t(d) with 15 U.S.C. § 78u(d)(3) and 15 U.S.C. § 80b-9(e). Moreover, the Supreme Court left room for courts to apply Gabelli to any case involving a government claim for civil penalties, noting that Section 2462 governs "many penalty provisions throughout the U.S. Code." Gabelli, Slip Op. at 2.
Finally, the Court's ruling does not address whether Section 2462 applies to claims for disgorgement or injunctive relief, and the SEC will undoubtedly argue that Section 2462 does not apply to such claims because they are not penalties. Thus, while Gabelli may not deter the SEC from bringing enforcement actions where there is a considerable amount of disgorgement to be recovered, the ruling may cause the SEC to think twice about bringing cases involving old conduct, where a defendant has obtained little or no ill-gotten gains.
The full Supreme Court opinion can be found here: _URL_
To learn more about the Gabelli case, the SEC litigation release can be found here: _URL_


text:
They survived a "mission to Mars" that helped us understand the challenges of long-term isolation. Now the crew who participated in a mock trip to the Red Planet may have helped overturn a long-standing assumption of how our body deals with dietary salt.
The Mars 500 mission, which ended in November 2011, was a dry run for a real Mars mission. It saw six volunteers confined for 520 days in a mocked-up spacecraft at the State Research Centre Institute for Biomedical Problems in Moscow, Russia. It also provided a chance to perform otherwise difficult experiments on diet.
It is known that dietary salt is rapidly excreted in urine. As it passes through the kidneys it helps them to eliminate unwanted fluids. But too much salt in the bloodstream can hamper the ability of kidneys to remove water, increasing blood pressure and adversely affecting health.
It is a challenge to measure the long-term effects of salt because of difficulties in regulating dietary intake. However, Mars 500 "mission controllers" were able to dictate the amount of salt that the crew received each day.
During this mission, and a preliminary mission with a different crew that lasted 105 days, 12 crew members consumed either 6, 9 or 12 grams of salt per day for 29 to 60 days. Previous research suggests that there should be roughly the same amount of salt in urine as has been eaten that day.
Instead, the crew excreted different amounts each day, revealing a six to seven-day cycle of salt retention and excretion. The patterns varied between crew members, but were consistent within individuals. For example, on a 12-gram daily salt diet a crew member might excrete as little as 6 grams on day three of the cycle, and peak at 18 grams on day five.
The fluctuations tallied with levels of the hormones aldosterone and cortisol. It is not yet known why the cycles lasted six to seven days. Jens Titze of Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee, who headed the study, suspects it could be influenced by sleep.
In the 105-day mission, crew members performed a night shift every six days. Blood pressure on the morning after a night shift was higher compared with day shifts. No night shifts were performed during the experiment on the longer mission, however.
Graham MacGregor of the Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine in London says the results are fascinating, but adds that they don't compromise previous studies. "It doesn't matter if there are [cyclic] fluctuations, because if you average single results across a large number of people, you'll still get a close correlation between the salt going in and out," he says.
Together with previous animal studies, the fluctuations indicate that salt might be stored away from the kidneys, which might otherwise sustain damage through salt overload. Subsequent MRI scans performed by Titze suggest that muscle and skin may also store salt. These results will be published in March, but more work will be needed to identify how such storage might affect health.
In another study published this week from the Mars 500 experiment, researchers report that the "cosmonauts" slept for longer periods, and became less physically active, the longer the mission went on. In the first quarter of the 520-day mission, the six crew members averaged 7.12 hours of sleep a day, which increased to 7.7 hours during the final quarter (PNAS, DOI: 10.1073/pnas._PHONE_).
More sophisticated lighting could improve acclimatisation to the required daily sleep cycle in future experiments or indeed aboard long-haul space modules. Blue light intensity is particularly important, says Mathias Basner of Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, for setting day-night cycles, so lighting could be more carefully attuned to this intensity in future.
Journal reference: Cell Metabolism, DOI: 10.1016/j.cemet.2012.11.013
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And Man Divided The Light From The Darkness
Thu Jan 10 13:24:33 GMT 2013 by Eric Kvaalen
On a space mission, there's no natural day and night. So if you want day and night lighting, you have to create it artificially.
I don't see why the areonauts would need to spend one "night" awake every week, but if there is some reason, why not divide the crew into two groups. One group could be active from, say, 0h00 GMT till 12h00, and be in a dark bedroom the other half of the day, and the other group would do the opposite. That way you would have some areonauts active at any given moment.
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Skip to navigationSkip to content
India's data localisation plans could hurt its own startups the most
REUTERS/Alessandro Bianchi
Locally sourced.
 - Aria Thaker
By Aria Thaker
Published This article is more than 2 years old.
India's push for data localisation won't abate anytime soon. And neither will the resistance by international lobbyists.
Data localisation is a key area covered by the Srikrishna Committee's draft bill, which, if passed, will become India's first privacy law. Released this July, the draft bill includes provisions that require a copy of all online personal data of Indians to be stored within the country, and certain "critical personal data" to be processed only in India. Also, the Reserve Bank of India has issued a circular mandating all payments companies to store their Indian customers' data locally.
While some major companies, such as Facebook-owned WhatsApp, have already lined up to complymany global players, including US trade groups that represent companies such as Amazon, American Express, and Microsoft, have lobbied against data localisation.
On Sept. 26, up to 10 industry bodies and organisations together wrote to India's law and IT minister, Ravi Shankar Prasad, requesting the removal of localisation requirements from the draft bill. The signatories included the US-India Business Council (USIBC), the Information Technology Industry Council (ITI), DigitalEurope, and the Japan Information Technology Services Industry Association (JISA), among others.
Allied for Startups, a Brussels-based advocacy group, also signed the letter. The organisation is a global network that helps startup communities understand and effectively interact with public policy and governments.
In an email interview with Quartz, Lenard Koschwitz, director of Allied for Startups, shared his thoughts on data localisation and the damage it stands to do to India and the global startup economy. Edited excerpts:
According to research, what are the overall economic effects of data localisation?
Where data localisation is happening, economies suffer. According to a 2016 study by the European Centre for International Political Economy, the EU's GDP would gain €8 billion, the same amount as all EU free trade agreements, by abolishing data localisation measures. On the other hand, with data localisation measures as strict as those proposed in India, the EU would lose over €50 billion annually: 0.5% of its entire GDP. If we assume similar effects, India could lose nearly $8.4 billion (over Rs62,000 crore) annually.
(Note: Data localisation will largely be abolished in the EU around next May, when the recently passed regulation on the free flow of data will begin to be enforced.)
What would mandating data localisation in India mean for people and businesses?
The consumer and the society at large will notice data localisation measures through the cost and the number of services available. Data localisation is a bit like having a national internet, a splinternet. Rather than choosing the best, fastest, and cheapest providers to store data, the choice is limited to domestic providers who have little incentive to provide superior services due to the lack of competition.
It might hinder Indian startups from growing globally and selling abroad because the cost for servers and cloud infrastructure may give them a competitive disadvantage. For startups from Europe, data localisation measures could be a reason not to scale to India because of an additional burden and cost of storing data locally.
Without localisation, are there ways to protect sensitive data and ensure that law enforcement can investigate crimes?
Data security and integrity is best provided through encryption and clear legal frameworks. Let's assume data is stored locally but encrypted, or that data required for a criminal investigation is stored in another territory, where there are strict data localisation laws (which prohibit the flow of data outside the country). In both scenarios, criminal investigations might become impossible and the economy may suffer. Regardless of the actual location of data, the government should invest in legal frameworks and judicial oversight to provide clarity for law enforcement authorities, companies, and citizens alike.
What would be the ideal way forward for India when it comes to data localisation and privacy policies?
India is in an incredibly interesting situation right now. On the one hand, there is an incredible growth and uptake in digital services and entrepreneurship. On the other hand, India's policymakers have the opportunity to examine what other economies, the EU for example, have done when it comes to data localisation and privacy. Two things are crucial for India to stay ahead of the curve. First, policymakers must believe in the transformative power of Indian entrepreneurs to succeed globally and allow those entrepreneurs to sit at the table and be part of decisions regarding privacy and data flows. Second, rather than simply copying foreign legislation, the Indian government could cut red tape and legal uncertainty for businesses while providing an adequate protection of data in a global context.


text:
Pascal is an influential imperative and procedural programming language, intended to encourage good programming practices using so called structured programming and data structuring.
: What is the reason for this problem? If I leave pascal doing anything
: in loop, After ~30 secs loop is runiing slower than before, but loop returns at normal speed when i move mouse or press a...
: Hi There
: I'm using Turbo Pascal for Windows 1.5, and using WinCrt in my program.
: 1. How can I use color text or color background? I try to use
: Textcolor(1); Textbackground(4);, but it...
: when using this code:
: procedure TForm1.ApplicationEvents1Message(var Msg: tagMSG;
: var Handled: Boolean);
: if (Msg.message = wm_KeyUp) or (Msg.message=wm_KeyDown) then
There are a lot of applications where speed is a critical factor -- such as real-time programs. MS Windows and Unix are not real-time operating systems, so speed is not all that...
Is there any way in Pascal (or asm) to shut down the computer (you know, as in Windows - you press shut down and its turning itself off power).
I'd be grateful.


Scheme 48 Manual | Contents | In Chapter: Module system
Previous: Semantics of configuration mutation | Next: Configuration packages
Command processor support
While it is possible to use the Scheme 48 static linker for program development, it is far more convenient to use the development environment, which supports rapid turnaround for program changes. The programmer interacts with the development environment through a command processor. The command processor is like the usual Lisp read-eval-print loop in that it accepts Scheme forms to evaluate. However, all meta-level operations, such as exiting the Scheme system or requests for trace output, are handled by commands, which are lexically distinguished from Scheme forms. This arrangement is borrowed from the Symbolics Lisp Machine system, and is reminiscent of non-Lisp debuggers. Commands are a little easier to type than Scheme forms (no parentheses, so you don't have to shift), but more importantly, making them distinct from Scheme forms ensures that programs' namespaces aren't cluttered with inappropriate bindings. Equivalently, the command set is available for use regardless of what bindings happen to be visible in the current program. This is especially important in conjunction with the module system, which puts strict controls on visibility of bindings.
The Scheme 48 command processor supports the module system with a variety of special commands. For commands that require structure names, these names are resolved in a designated configuration package that is distinct from the current package for evaluating Scheme forms given to the command processor. The command processor interprets Scheme forms in a particular current package, and there are commands that move the command processor between different packages.
Commands are introduced by a comma (,) and end at the end of line. The command processor's prompt consists of the name of the current package followed by a greater-than (>).
,open structure*
The,open command opens new structures in the current package, as if the package's definition's open clause had listed structure. As with open clauses the visible names can be modified, as in
,open (subset foo (bar baz))
which only makes the bar and baz bindings from structure foo visible.
The,config command sets the command processor's current package to be the current configuration package. Forms entered at this point are interpreted as being configuration language forms, not Scheme forms.
,config command
This form of the,config command executes another command in the current configuration package. For example,
,config,load foo.scm
interprets configuration language forms from the file foo.scm in the current configuration package.
,config-package-is struct-name
The,config-package-is command designates a new configuration package for use by the,config command and resolution of struct-names for other commands such as,in and,open. See below for information on making new configuration packages.
,in struct-name
The,in command moves the command processor to a specified structure's underlying package. For example:
user>,config
config> (define-structure foo (export a)
 (open scheme))
config>,in foo
foo> (define a 13)
foo> a
In this example the command processor starts in a package called user, but the,config command moves it into the configuration package, which has the name config. The define-structure form binds, in config, the name foo to a structure that exports a. Finally, the command,in foo moves the command processor into structure foo's underlying package.
A package's body isn't executed (evaluated) until the package is loaded, which is accomplished by the,load-package command.
,in struct-name command
This form of the,in command executes a single command in the specified package without moving the command processor into that package. Example:
,in mumble (cons 1 2)
,in mumble,trace foo
,user [command]
This is similar to the,config and,in commands. It moves to or executes a command in the user package (which is the default package when the Scheme 48 command processor starts).
,user-package-is name
The,user-package-is command designates a new user package for use by the,user command.
,load-package struct-name
The,load-package command ensures that the specified structure's underlying package's program has been loaded. This consists of (1) recursively ensuring that the packages of any opened or accessed structures are loaded, followed by (2) executing the package's body as specified by its definition's begin and files forms.
,reload-package struct-name
This command re-executes the structure's package's program. It is most useful if the program comes from a file or files, when it will update the package's bindings after mutations to its source file.
,load filespec...
The,load command executes forms from the specified file or files in the current package.,load filespec is similar to (load "filespec") except that the name load needn't be bound in the current package to Scheme's load procedure.
,for-syntax [command]
This is similar to the,config and,in commands. It moves to or executes a command in the current package's "package for syntax," which is the package in which the forms f in (define-syntax name f) are evaluated.
The,new-package command creates a new package, in which only the standard Scheme bindings are visible, and moves the command processor to it.
,structure name interface
The,structure command defines name in the configuration package to be a structure with interface interface based on the current package.
Previous: Semantics of configuration mutation | Next: Configuration packages


text:
The 2008 Merrimack College Environmental Audit is now available for download. Simply click here.
The overall goals of the campus audit project were four-fold:
- To introduce students to the tools of investigation and the process of quantification of resource use and sustainability using the Merrimack Campus as a study site
- To analyze various resource use patterns and levels of resource use on the Campus from 2000 to 2007
- To establish a baseline to assess ongoing and future sustainability projects To identify and catalog existing efforts to make the College a more sustainable institution
To accomplish these four objectives, we analyzed resource use and the campuses environmental impact through a series of environmental or sustainability lenses. Merrimack College needed to conduct an audit, in order to judge how we are using our resources and if we can use them more efficiently. The audit results will also give us the opportunity to evaluate ourselves in comparison with other schools in the area that have conducted similar audits.
The campus environmental audit is a common tool that many colleges and universities have employed in recent years. A campus environmental audit is both a summary and a report card for a campus and a way to evaluate where and how resources are being used. An environmental audit is also the first step in being able to quantify whether or not current and/or future environmental efforts are actually making a difference. As such, an environmental audit is the beginning of the sustainability planning process. The results can be used to quantify what kinds of impacts the campus community has on the environment and what steps the college can take to reduce these impacts.
It is hoped that the results presented in this audit will serve as a guide for educating people on the current practices and resource use at Merrimack College as well as spawn innovation and new initiatives.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Adult Learner
Systems Change
Adult Learner > Factors > Socioeconomic Status
Socioeconomic Status
Factor Connections
How Socioeconomic Status connects to...
Socioeconomic Status (SES) refers to an individual or family's social standing as compared to other families. It is usually measured by a combination of factors, including a family's education, occupation, and income, as well as access to social and cultural resources. Socioeconomic Status and educational attainment are tightly interconnected, and adult learners are often seeking to improve their Socioeconomic Status through continuing education and training opportunities.
Main Ideas
According to the National Center for Education Statistics, 30% of adults living at or below the federal poverty line have not completed their high school credential. Many adults who are experiencing poverty struggle with basic reading, math, and digital skills, and having a high school credential does not guarantee that basic skills are in place.
In addition to inequitable access to high quality education and training opportunities, people who experience poverty or earn less than a family-sustaining wage may also be impacted by: housing insecurity, food insecurity, and job insecurity.
 - Housing insecurity and mobility often affects low-income families such as those who have high housing costs relative to their income. This disparity can result in difficulty paying monthly rent and utilities, which can lead to housing instability, eviction, and in some cases, homelessness.
 - Food insecurity refers to lack of access to sufficient amounts of nutritious food. People experiencing food insecurity may also live in food deserts, areas where there is limited access to grocery stores or farmer's markets that supply healthy and affordable food.
 - Job insecurity and unemployment also negatively impact adults living below family-sustaining wages, and can be major sources of psychological stress. It is important to note that unemployment disproportionately affects Black men, who are historically more likely to experience mass incarceration and have limited opportunities to advance in education, build their skills, and access well-paying jobs.
Additional factors such as the cost of continuing education, childcare, and transportation may also prevent individuals with lower SES from participating in adult and continuing education opportunities. The cost of digital devices and reliable broadband internet access may also widen what is often referred to as the digital divide. For many individuals, the childhood trauma associated with economic hardship and lack of access to financial, social, and educational resources at home and in the community can have long-term effects on academic achievement, health, and well-being into adulthood.
Learn More
View Measures and References


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Roman Ruins, Amman
The Roman Amphitheater
An imposing monument set into the side of the mountain down the hill from the Citadel and connected to it via long and deep hidden tonnel. It is the most impressive legacy of Roman Philadelphia (Amman) built under Emperor Antoninus Pius (138-161 AD).
Its 33 rows once seated 5000 spectators for performances and possibly also had religious significance. It is still in regular use for theatrical and entertainment productions. The Forum was built in front of the Theater under Commodus in 189-190 AD.
The Roman Amphitheater, Amman
The Odeon
Adjacent to the theater and set on the east side of the Forum is the Odeon. It dates back to the late 2nd century AD. The lower seats of this monument, which could accommodate up to 500 spectators, have been restored and it is used occasionally for concerts.
Roman cities always contained ornamental fountains, where water has always played such an important role, and Philadelphia was no exception. The main fountain or Nymphaeum, dedicated to the water nymphs, is close to the theater complex and dates back to 191 AD.


text:
using flash buttons
Adding sound to each button
In this next step, we will add some audio to each of the buttons. Adding sound to the button timeline is a little counter-intuitive due to the way sound was originally designed to work in Flash. The idea is to have some audio play when we move the mouse arrow over a piece of equipment, and have the audio stop when we move the mouse off of the equipment.
First, we must import the audio files from tutorial materials to our Flash project. Click on the File menu at the top of the screen and from the import option select import to library.
Navigate to your sounds folder and while holding the shift key, select all of the sounds. This is an easy way to import multiple sounds at one time without having to repeat the process for each file.
Once you import your sounds, it is good practice to keep them organized in your library. Click on the new folder icon at the bottom of your library window and name the new folder sounds. Drag each audio file to the folder.
Now let's add some sound to each of the buttons. To start, double-click on one of the buttons on the stage that you created from the previous lesson. This will bring you into symbol editing mode. In this example, we will use the helmet button. Click on the over state in your timeline, highlighting the keyframe.
Next, click on your properties window. Look under the section for sounds. (if you do not see the sounds menu in your properties window, try clicking on the over state keyframe again.) The sound name option will list all sounds that it finds loaded into your library. Pick the corresponding sound that matches with your button.
Next set the sync option to start. The sync describes how the sound will be synced with the timeline. If we choose event, every time a person moves the mouse over the button a new instance of the sound will be played, and this will sound chaotic. The start option will make sure only one instance of the sound file is played until it is stopped.
If you test the project now, you will see we are only have way done with the sound. It will play when we move the mouse arrow over the button, but will not stop when we move off of the button. This next step seems a little counter-intuitive, but it allows Flash to stop the sound that is playing. Next, click on the Up state in your timeline.
Then in your properties window, you will repeat the process of setting the sound name to your audio file. However, this time set the sync to stop.
Now test your project and you will see how the sound plays when you move the mouse arrow over a button, and stops when you move it off of a button.


text:
Churchill's Bears, Whales and Northern Lights
Canada's only sub-Arctic seaport, the town of Churchill* has made its international reputation as the Polar Bear Capital of the World. This community of hardy northerners sits on the bears' annual fall migratory route back to Hudson Bay from the Arctic tundra. But Churchill boasts even more natural wonders. Whether it's dazzling Northern Lights or Aurora Borealis, the aerial drama of migratory birds overhead, or deep, rich summer and fall colours of tundra mosses and wildflowers, or thousands of curious beluga whales in the Churchill River, Churchill is filled with life.
Day 1 - Lords of the Arctic
The best time of year to catch sight of polar bears is in October and November, when these massive beasts move from their summer habitat on the tundra back to seal-hunting territory - the pack ice that forms every winter over Hudson Bay. The unique local tundra vehicles, designed to move smoothly over snow and ice, protect passengers from curious or hungry bears.
Day 2 - Hear Sea Canaries Sing
From late June until mid-August, thousands of beluga whales or "sea canaries" - named for their underwater vocalizing - feed in the Seal and Churchill rivers emptying into Hudson Bay. Some tour operators enable visitors to listen in on the belugas, and adventurous travellers can kayak or snorkel with these friendly, curious sea mammals.
Day 3 - Want a Night Light?
At night under clear winter skies, the highest intensity of aurora activity in the Arctic happens over this region, so chances are good for a genuinely dramatic display of Aurora Borealis - dancing "light curtains" glowing green, red, yellow and white. Watch outdoors or enjoy comfortable viewing inside the Tundra Domes, with its plexi-glass covered seating areas.
Day 4 - Scenic Beauty, Tundra-style
The sub-Arctic summer landscape offers up surprising bursts of colour. More than 400 native plants species can be found here, from mosses and lichens to bearberries and yellow willows. Look for the delicate beauty of dozens of varieties of wildflowers, and keep an eye out for woodland caribou and nesting swans.
Day 5 - The Sky's the Limit
In spring and fall, birders flock here to watch avian migrations as northern species, including bountiful snow and Canada geese, head north or south. Tundra and taiga provide habitat for more than 200 species of native birds, including a large variety of hawks and falcons like the gyrfalcon and peregrine falcon. Snowy owls are common here, as are tundra swans, terns, and gulls. Harlequin ducks and the rare Ross' gull are less commonly seen, but when they are, it's the sight of a lifetime for an avid birder.
Day 6 - Human History
In and around town, the Eskimo Museum houses soapstones sculpture and artifacts, and Parks Canada Visitor Receoption Centre explains the area's natural and human history. Pick up local crafts like carvings, prints, beadwork and moccasins in town shops. Near town, the National Historic Sites of Cape Merry, Prince of Wales Fort, and Sloop Cove offer eloquent testament to the fierce challenges early explorers faced. The Churchill Northern Studies Centre offers public courses in Arctic studies. Once you've spent time here, you'll agree: this really is a different world. Refer to the Tour Operator section on page 42 for a list of Churchill packages.


107. Developing an Appropriate Posture towards Followers of other Religions
When engaging in evangelism and Discovery Bible Studies (DBS), it is important to be mindful of our posture towards other belief systems. The assumptions we hold and how we present our perspectives can either build bridges towards or alienate those we are seeking to reach. I also believe that our role as believers is not to help people change their religious "brand" to our particular expression of Christianity. Rather, it is to introduce Jesus to them in such a way that they use Scripture and the person of Christ as the grid through which they evaluate their life and beliefs. We walk with them on a journey in which both of us move on a trajectory of faith as we learn to live out our faith in a way that corresponds to God's revealed desire for us. This will challenge the assumptions we have been enculturated into, whether that comes from Christian roots or from another belief system.
My approach to the followers of other religions is based on a personal theology of religions. We all have a theology of religions. Although seldom articulated and often muddled, our view of the validity of other religious beliefs, how religions function and how they ought to be addressed affects our relationship with believers in other traditions. I would encourage all those relating to people from a different religious background to become mindful of their personal theology of religions that determines how they engage others. To aid in the process, please consider the following definition of a theology of religions from a Christian perspective followed by a series of questions that can guide you in that task.
A theology of religions from a Christian perspective is a reflection on how the worldview, beliefs and values of other religions intersect with biblical faith. It includes conflicts, areas of agreement and, in particular, how the Gospel message and God's mission to the world guide Christian believers in how they are to respond and relate to the followers of other belief systems. The goal is to develop a deeper level of understanding of and appreciation for how others find meaning in life, as well as establish an appropriate posture for the Christian who proclaims the Gospel of Jesus. "Theology of religions also aims to formulate principles and guidelines regarding the practical coexistence, witnessing toward and dialogue with members of other faiths."1
Questions that can be used as a guide in this task:
 - How are concepts of the Absolute consistent with and how do they contradict the biblical revelation of God's nature?
 - In what way is the mission of God reflected in the other religion?
 - What descriptions of the nature of humanity resonate with the biblical picture? How can the contrast be described and addressed?
 - What are the big questions of life being asked by the other religion and how compatible are they to the big questions addressed in the Bible?
 - Does the "problem of the world" addressed by the other religion reflect the biblical focus?
 - How does the solution to the "problem of the world" correspond with the story of the cross of Christ?
 - How do answers in the other belief system resonate with the Christian faith, and how do they "miss the mark"?
 - What language (e.g., terms for God, worship, etc.) can be used that communicates in a receptor sensitive way while maintaining integrity with the biblical record?
 - What form of interreligious dialogue is appropriate and profitable? Why?
 - How do the followers of another belief system view Christianity? Why? What are the implications for interreligious dialogue?
 - What posture should a Christian have towards other belief systems and their followers? How is that posture to be expressed and developed?
 - What priority should be given to an understanding of and appreciation for religious thought outside of Christian faith? Why?
 - What kind of participation in other religious practices is appropriate for a follower of Jesus? Why?
 - How do the perspectives on God, humanity and the big questions of life in the other religion help shape your own personal theology?
 1. Beyers, J., 2017,'A historical overview of the study of theology of religions', in HTS TheologicalStudies/Teologiese Studies, suppl. 12, 73(6). _URL_ Page 3.
About Mark Naylor
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text:
Spring 2011 Edition
Best Practices for Creating and Using Terrain Datasets
- For lidar data, use LAS rather than ASCII formatted data.
- Because personal geodatabases have a 2 GB limit, use a file or enterprise geodatabase.
- Terrain datasets must be stored in a feature dataset.
- Use projected coordinates; geographic coordinates, such as decimal degrees, are not supported.
- Z-values should be in the same units of measure as the x,y values.
- Do not build or perform schema editing on a terrain in an edit session.
- The data in the terrain dataset should be contiguous.
- Use terrain dataset groups to boost performance at smaller scales.
- Don't use large single-point feature classes. Instead, use a multipoint feature class for large point collections (i.e., any collection of more than 500,000 points).
- Ensure feature classes that contribute to the terrain dataset have correct extents.
- Avoid adding polygon features using polygon-based SFTypes where possible; they are more expensive to enforce than breaklines.
- Use as few feature classes as possible. For example, instead of using a feature class with 50 features, use one with multipoint features instead.


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WHAT IS NUNU?
Nunu is an indigenous sacred medicine made from medicinal trees, barks, and leaves from the Amazon Forest. Nunu is also referred to as rape, which is pronounced, "ha-peh" in English. Nunu is primarily made from tobacco but also includes cacao and macambo nut, all of which are ground down into a fine powder. Rape is consumed through bamboo or bone pipes, either from a shaman, or self-administered. The powder is blown into each nostril in a quick motion. This initial intake of the medicine creates a break in thoughts, and feels quite intense, and not very pleasant. After the medicine has been shot into the nostrils it will clear the emotional, mental, physical, and spiritual bodies. The powder will move through the body by expelling mucus back out through the nose, or down the back of the throat.
Some people experience nausea or purging with nunu, but this is not always the case. The medicine releases acetylcholine, dopamine, and epinephrine in the brain. It clears bacteria, viruses, and illnesses from the body. It is also said to heal the pituitary gland, and decalcify the pineal gland (although there is no scientific backing for this yet). The pineal gland is responsible for regulating circadian rhythms, the immune system, and melatonin, and is also responsible for neurodegenerative diseases, if it is not cleared of fluoride or toxic buildup.


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Try This at Home: Fish Out of Water
A persistence of vision illusion occurs when several discrete images are quickly flashed before the eye. These individual images are melded together by the eye and the brain to form a continuous image. This is the same sort of illusion that makes movies and cartoons appear as moving images.
What You Need
- 2 index cards
- Crayons or markers
- Clear tape
- 1 pencil
What To Do
Make sure you have an adult with you to supervise this experiment.
Draw and color a fishbowl, without any fish in it, on one index card.
Draw and color a fish, without a fishbowl or water, on the other index card. Make sure that the fish is the right size, and in the right place on the index card, to fit inside of the fishbowl.
Place the index cards back to back, so that both drawings are showing and are right-side up, and tape the top and sides of the cards together.
Stick the pencil in between the cards so that it is perpendicular to the bottom of the cards. Tape the pencil to the cards in this position.
Make a hypothesis! The fish and the bowl are not together. By spinning them quickly, do you think the fish will ever appear in the bowl?
Spin the cards by rolling the pencil in between both hands quickly. Do you see the fish in the bowl?
As you spin the pencil, each index card will flash before your eyes. The cells in the back of your eye, on the retina, will retain this image for just a little longer than you actually see it. The next image will flash so your cells will see this image as well. Your brain helps to combine the two images into one image; the fish looks like itís inside the fishbowl! You can also do this experiment using two different images, such as a bird in a tree or a puppy in a window. Similarly, many discrete images flash before your eyes when you watch television or go to a movie. The combination of your eyes and your brain work to form the images into one continuous image.
All humans are born colorblind–our color-seeing cells don't start working until we are 4 months old.


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NOTE: Hover over the bold words for definitions or see the Glossary.
Rafinesque described this species in 1820. As with most species of the genus Lampsilis, the wavyrayed lampmussel exhibits sexual dimorphism in shell shape. Females are relatively circular, while males are more elliptical. The periostracum is a shiny golden yellow with wavy green rays usually distributed over the entire shell surface. The nacre is white to bluish white and may be iridescent in fresh shells. The pseudocardinal teeth are triangular; two in the left valve, one in the right. Lateral teeth are slightly curved.
This species is distributed from the Great Lakes, through the Ohio and Mississippi river drainages, and into the Tennessee River Basin (Parmalee and Bogan 1998). In addition to the species' current North Carolina distribution, its historical distribution in North Carolina included the French Broad and Pigeon river basins. Distribution by County: Cherokee Co. (Hiwassee River); Macon Co. (Little Tennessee River); Swain Co. (Little Tennessee River); Mitchell Co. (Nolichucky River Basin); Yancey Co. (Nolichucky River Basin). NOTE: All headwater areas that flow into these occupied habitats should receive special management.
This species is typically found in rivers and streams with coarse sand and gravel beds.
Fish hosts for this species include the small and largemouth bass (Zale and Neves 1982, Watson 1999). The sexual dimorphism in shell shape suggests that this species, like many other members of the genus Lampsilis, is bradytictic. Females in the Little Tennessee River display exceptional variability in the types of mimics used to attract the fish host.
General Life History For Mussels


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Sensitization is the word used to describe an allergic reaction that develops after repeat exposure to an allergen. Often, the first time a body is exposed to a substance it does not seem to know what to do with it and basically just observes it. However, in subsequent exposures, it apparently recognizes the substance, and if it deems the material a dangerous intruder, it mounts an attack (immune response) against it.
Occasionally, sensitization occurs after one small exposure, but more often it occurs after a single high dose or large surface area exposure, or after prolonged, repeat exposures over either small or large surface areas. This is why products such as hair dyes and relaxers recommend that you patch test a small area of skin every single time you plan to use the product.
Symptoms of sensitization to ingredients in hair care products can include development of a painful, pimply rash, scaly, itchy atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, eczema, inflammation and itchy, flaky scalp. Systemic and/or anaphylactic reactions are unlikely given the typical quantity of any ingredient in a hair product and the relatively small area of exposure, but they are not entirely unheard of.
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The main traditional food in Eritrean cuisine is tsebhi (stew), served with injera (flatbread made from teff, wheat, or sorghum), and hilbet (paste made from legumes; mainly lentil and faba beans). Eritrean and Ethiopian cuisine (especially in the northern half) are very similar, given the shared history of the two countries.
Eritrean cuisine strongly resembles those of neighboring Ethiopia and Somalia, except for the fact that Eritrean and Somali cooking tend to feature more seafood than Ethiopian cuisine on account of their coastal locations. Eritrean dishes are also frequently "lighter" in texture than Ethiopian meals. They likewise tend to employ less seasoned butter and spices and more tomatoes, as in the tsebhi dorho delicacy. Additionally, owing to its colonial history, cuisine in Eritrea features more Ottoman and Italian influences than are present in Ethiopian cooking, including more pasta specials and greater use of curry powders and cumin.
Common foods and dishes
Eritrean food habits vary regionally. In the highlands, injera is the staple diet and eaten daily among the Tigrinya. When eating, diners generally share food from a large tray placed in the centre of a low dining table. Numerous injera are layered on this tray and topped with various spicy stews. Diners break into the section of injera in front of them, tearing off pieces and dipping them into the stews.
The stews that accompany injera are usually made from beef, chicken, mutton or vegetables. Most Eritreans, with the exception of the Saho, like their food hot and spicy. Berbere, a spice mixture that consists of a variety of common and unusual herbs and spices, accompanies almost all dishes. Stews include zigni, which is made of beef; dorho tsebhi, which is made of chicken; alicha, which is a vegetable dish made without berbere; and shiro, a puree of various legumes. Influenced by its past as an Italian colony, Eritrean cuisine also features unique interpretations of classic Italian dishes, such as pasta sauces spiced with berbere.
In the lowlands the main dish is akelet (also known locally as ga'at), a porridge-like dish made from wheat flour dough. A ladle is used to make an indentation in the dough, which is then filled with berbere, butter sauce and surrounded by milk or yogurt. When dining, a small piece of dough is dipped into the berbere and the butter sauce, and then plunged into the milk or yogurt.
Suwa is the name for the homebrewed beer common in Eritrea. It is made from roasted corn, barley and other grain and is flavored with gesho, a type of buckthorn leaf. It is often made for celebrations. A sweet honey wine is also common. The coffee ceremony is one of the most important and recognizable parts of Eritrean and Ethiopian cultures. Coffee is offered when visiting friends, during festivities, or as a daily staple of life. If coffee is politely declined, then tea (shahee) will most likely be served.
- Pamela Goyan Kittler, Kathryn Sucher, Food and culture, (Cengage Learning: 2007), p.214.
- Carman, Tim (9 January 2009). "Mild Frontier: the differences between Eritrean and Ethiopian cuisines come down to more than spice". Washington City Paper. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
- "Man Bites World, Day 64: Eritrea". March 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
- "Mu'ooz Eritrean Restaurant menu". March 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
|This Eritrea-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
|This African cuisine-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


Not really a tool but certainly a device that few woodworkers should leave out of their tool box.
Prior to the mid 1800s nails were forged or cut. These nails began to fall out of vogue during the19th century as cheaper steel or wire nails took over.
However, cut nails grip better than wire nails.
When a nail is hammered home the fibres of wood are forced downwards. To remove a nail the force has to be greated that the hold of the wood fibres acting like barbs/shark teeth on the surface.
Modern nails are round or oval and tapered only at the end, therefore wood fibres in contact with the nail bend downwards. Cut nails on the other hand taper from thick at the head to thin at the tip. The deeper the nail is driven into the wood the greater the wood fibres are bent thus increasing the force needed to remove the nail.
The other advantage is that with their squared off ends there is less likelihood of the wood splitting as the nail is driven in. Wire nails need their points dulled to achieve the same effect.
So. I was quite excited when I found these 9 assorted boxes (4Kg) of cut nails for $8.00. How could anyone resist!?


- I understand that by signing this form, I am entering into a therapeutic agreement. I also understand that my therapist will work with me to develop greater insight and awareness into my issue(s), help develop understanding and coping, and actively engage in steps that lead to solutions. I understand that therapy requires a willingness and motivation to examine parts of the issue(s) that cause distress, experience emotions about the issue(s) and engage in new behaviours to bring about resolution. I understand that my involvement is directly linked to the impact upon my successful outcomes. I have been informed about the treatment process, expected benefits and risks. I understand that as part of my treatment, additional referrals may be recommended to support my well-being.
 In a face-to-face session that takes place in the office setting, the therapist is responsible to ensure privacy. For in-home service, the therapist and client share responsibility for choosing quiet place away from people not involved in the session and to manage other interruptions.
 Information shared in a therapeutic session is private and restricted from sharing. If I want information shared with another person, professional or agency, I understand that I will be asked to sign a form indicating my consent. In this case, a summary and not the entire content will be provided, based upon what I want shared. If I am attending counselling as part of a couple or family, or as a youth under 16 years, I wish for a parent to be involved, I must sign a form to share the information. If a youth attends counselling at the behest of a legal guardian, the information is confidential. With integrity and care, Heidi Spiar will do her best to encourage relevant sharing with a parent where fit and where a consent has been signed. Some situations limit or fall outside of the commitment to confidentiality. If this occurs, Heidi Spiar will use care and discretion while meeting legal and ethical obligations in the following cases:
 - When my therapist is ordered to provide information (such as with a subpoena) in writing or by verbal testimony
 - If information shared falls under the law requiring a mandatory report (example-child or elder abuse) where safeguarding information is not possible
 Heidi Spiar uses an encrypted email account to protect you. It is your responsibility to ensure that your email account and other telecommunication hardware are safe. Unless otherwise arranged, sharing of identifiable, personal and lengthy information via email is discouraged. I thereby consent to corresponding by electronic mail if helpful for the purpose of general communication and that no confidential record will be sent in this way that could compromise my privacy without my consent. (strike for no consent)
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 I understand that Heidi Spiar will exercise confidentiality to collect and store records and that records are available upon request. Release of documents is free however clients are responsible for fees associated with transmission or postage. I understand that Heidi Spiar cannot guarantee the confidentiality of documents after they leave the office. If I wish Heidi Spiar to share information with another person, agency or professional that is relevant to my situation and could help my success.
 Safety of self and others:
 At times, a client wants to reach a trained professional after hours and since this practice does not offer crisis service, an additional strategy for self-care is recommended. These situations will be discussed in session and an individualized plan for my protection can be created. If I feel unsafe at the hands of another person or if I wishes to hurt myself, I will be encouraged to seek emergency services in my own physical community. In rare, urgent cases where risk to one's self falls outside the realm of confidentiality, certain information from Heidi Spiar may be shared with a crisis support or other emergency service to protect personal safety and life.
 By returning this agreement by one of the three options below, you are providing authorization for treatment and that you consent to the terms in the agreement. The receipt of the document will be interpreted as constituting a signature of consent to the terms set out in the document for ethical and legal purposes.
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A Peruvian elder visited Mt. Mitchell, NC in 2009 and performed a despacho ceremony. He stated that the Appalachian Mountains "were crying out for ceremonies". I feel many places around the earth could benefit from us doing whatever we can to honor, appreciate, and show our respect. It doesn't need to be elaborate or hours in length. You don't need to fast or pray for days. Here are some ideas, always follow your heart with what feels right to you.
1. Say thank you and acknowledge beautiful landscapes. Leave natural offerings based on what feels right to you as you say thank you. Many cultural groups offer everything from tobacco to flower petals.
2. Create a special land blessing ceremony for where you live. Just say and do what comes from your heart. No rules when from the heart. If you need "instructions" find books or consult others who have done one.
3. Meditate in places of power for you.
4. Join in on global water blessing meditation or create your own.
5. Say thank you every time you shower/take a bath or use a natural resource in some way.
6. Donate time to clean up places you care about or donate money to state parks or organizations that preserve areas.
7. Hike, camp, canoe, do something out in nature and be fully present…greatest gift we can give ourselves and each other is to be present…same applies to the natural world. Be present.


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apping switch to omniidl. The consequence of this is that some uses of _var types for inout arguments that are normally acceptable in omniORB can now lead to memory management problems.
In summary, to use local interfaces derived from normal unconstrained interfaces, you should compile all your IDL with the omniidl flags:
According to the IDL specification, it should be possible to declare a valuetype that supports a local interface:
omniidl accepts the IDL, but unfortunately the resulting C++ code does not compile. The C++ mapping specification has a problem in that both the CORBA::LocalObject and CORBA::ValueBase classes have _add_ref() and _remove_ref() member functions defined. The classes generated for the valuetype inherit from both these base classes, and therefore have an ambiguity. Until the C++ mapping resolves this conflict, valuetypes supporting local interfaces cannot be used in omniORB.


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Three-dimensional view of Hurricane Floyd as it approached landfall at Cape Fear on September 16, 1999. Results were obtained from a forecast made using the dynamical Hurricane Prediction System developed at NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamic Laboratory (GFDL). The model correctly forecast the path of Floyd up the East Coast of the United States. In the figure, winds in excess of gale force are indicated by the magenta and white arrows at the surface and top of the storm, respectively. The color shading at the earth's surface represents the precipitation
, with red indicating higher intensities. The gray three-dimensional "cloud-like"? feature is the 80% relative humidity
surface, cut away on its eastern side to reveal the hurricane's interior structure, including the tube-like eye down the center. The horizontal plane slicing through the middle of the storm, and the red vertical arrows, indicate the upward motion in the storm's interior. Note the north-south asymmetry of the storm, as Floyd gets swept up in the larger-scale southwesterly flow. Image credit: NOAA/GFDL.


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, and also the value of the factor involving the following current, the constant is given such a value as will maintain the ratio approximately constant. The value of thus found is for the Bancroft 329, and ratio. The resistance of the unloaded engine is assumed at 2 lbs. per square inch of the area of the low-pressure pistons. Using these values, the power at the several speeds hsa been calculated and is given in Table I, where the observed powers are also given show the degree of approximation.
In order to illustrate the scope of the formula the ratio is given in Table II together with explanatory data for each of seven vessels, five of them being twin-screw ships of the U.S. Navy, and the two others the S.S. Umbria of the Cunard line and the torpedo boat Sunderland, built by Messrs. William Doxford and Sons, Sunderland, England. With the exception of the Umbria these vessels may be regarded as approximations to the form of least resistance in smooth water. The Umbria has a quasi-parallel middle body, the length of which has been approximated by ascribing to the combined entrance and run a prismatic coefficient of fineness of 0.56. Table III contains the results of the progressive trial of the Umbria together with the calculated power. The same comparison is shown in Figure I.
In making these calculations, the constants of the Bancroft have been employed, their values being. If should be stated that the application of this value of to all of these vessels is not strictly warranted, for they are undoubtedly dissimilar in cross section and also in mode of distribution of displacement. Nevertheless it is assumed that they possess a sufficient degree of similarity to serve the purpose of illustration.
The resistance of the unloaded engine is based on two pounds per square inch of the area of the low-pressure pistons in all cases. The length is the combined length of entrance and run, being the length of the immersed body in all cases except the Umbria. The ratio given as an index to the character of the ship form a propulsive point of view. If all these vessels possessed the required degree of similarity, and had propellers and engines of equal mechanical efficiency, the ratio should be the same for all, provided the speeds were within the limit indicated.
Limit of Speed
Since the formula gives only the power absorbed in surface friction and in waves generated without interference, it is obvious that it may be used as a measure of the total power only when these elements constitute the entire resistance. The earliest departure from the condition of applicability may be expected to accompany an interference by the recurring transverse bow wave in the generation of the stern wave. Since the relative magnitude of the bow and stern waves is dependent upon the form of the ship, it is clearly impossible to formulate generally the limit at which such an interference will occur. The limit must therefore be found form the performance of the model ship whence the constants in any case are derived.
The U.S.S. Bancroft, within a speed of 14.52 knots, gives no evidence of the limit, as may be seen by reference to Table I. At this speed.
The S.S. Umbria gives no indication of the limit within the speed of 20 knots, as may be seen by Table III or Fig. I. At 20 knots length of ship.
On the other hand, the progressive trial of the torpedo boat Sunderland affords a convenient illustration of the inapplicability of the formula. Figure 2 shows the power curves, both actual and calculated.
At the speed of 14 knots the value of the ratio is such as to warrant the conclusion that at this speed the formula gives the power with sufficient accuracy. A glance at the curves, however, shows that this cannot be said of any higher speed until 20 knots is approached. Fourteen knots may then be regarded as the limit of speed at which the formula may be applied. At this speed. Beyond this speed the familar hump appears. It may be of interest to note that the curves intersect again in the region of 20 knots, at which.
It is not intended to question the existence of minor humps at speeds below the limits here noticed, but simply to observe that in the published curves of the Bancroft and Umbria they are not appreciable. It is possible that such humps may be partially neutralized by the action of a simultaneous increase in the wake current upon the propeller. In any event, their existence must affect the accuracy of the calculated power, although commonly to such as slight extent as to be inappreciable.
Since the magnitude of the waves of the ship varies with the ratio it follows that both the size of the hump and the speed at which it appears will be influenced by this ratio.
The method of this analysis may be summarized thus: The resistance of ships is so largely due to surface friction and wave making that all other forms may be neglected except at very high speeds. Within the limit of speed at which interference occurs in the generation of waves, the formula (eq. 8) enables the power absorbed by these two principal elements to be computed, provided the constants and have been experimentally determined by means of a model ship having the same mode of distribution of displacement as the projected ship. The ratio of the power thus computed to the net power of the engine is constant so long as the propeller efficiency is constant. Finally, the indicated horse power may be obtained by adding to the net power the power absorbed in the constant resistance of the engine.


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The Hyperbolic Toolbox:
Non-Euclidean Constructions in Geometer's Sketchpad
Example 6.2: "Proving the Parallel Postulate"
The geometry that essentially arises from Euclid's first four postulates (see
the Introduction) is called Neutral (or Absolute)
Geometry. Historically, before the discovery of hyperbolic geometry,
there were numerous attempts to prove Euclid's fifth postulate in neutral
geometry. Of course, these attempts were doomed to failure since hyperbolic
geometry provides an example of a neutral geometry in which Euclid's fifth
postulate is violated (noting that hyperbolic geometry is no less consistent than
One type of activity that can help students understand the axiomatic
distinction between hyperbolic and Euclidean geometry is considering historical
attempts to prove Euclid's fifth postulate in neutral geometry. Each
of these flawed attempts contains at least one unjustifiable (in neutral
geometry) statement, else the proof would be valid and Euclid's fifth postulate would be a theorem. The flawed statement logically implies and most
often is equivalent to the parallel postulate. A terrific exercise
for students is to consider one of these proofs, with the justifications
Below is an attempted proof of the parallel postulate in neutral
geometry. This "proof" was the work of Farkas Bolyai, who was the father of
Janos Bolyai, one of the discoverers of hyperbolic geometry. Your job
is to justify all the steps that can be justified in neutral geometry and
to identify the statement that is equivalent to the parallel postulate (i.e.
find the flaw!). Be complete! Some statements might require more than one
Given: point P not on line k.
Where is the flaw?
Let Q be the foot of the perpendicular from P to k.
Let m be the line through P perpendicular to line PQ
Line m is parallel to line k.
Let n be any line through P distinct from m and line
Let ray PR be a ray of n between ray PQ and a ray
of m emanating from P.
There is a point A between P and Q.
Let B be the unique point such that Q is between A
and B and AQ is congruent to QB.
Let S be the foot of the perpendicular from A to n.
Let C be the unique point such that S is between A and C
and AS is congruent to SC.
A, B, and C are not collinear.
There is a unique circle G passing through A, B, and
k is the perpendicular bisector of AB, and n is the
perpendicular bisector of AC.
k and n meet at the center of G.
The parallel postulate has been proven.
How the tools can help:
Students with some experience in geometry from an axiomatic standpoint
will typically be able to recognize many of the above statements
as propositions in neutral geometry and justify those statements.
However, they may have difficulty precisely identifying the unjustifiable
statement and how it is flawed. When students are stuck, it helps
to encourage them to try reproducing the proof in one of their hyperbolic
models. The statement that is unjustifiable in neutral Geometry
becomes false in hyperbolic geometry.
Below is a Java Sketchpad script that illustrates the proof's constructions
in the Klein model. (This particular applet may take a few moments to load.)
Click on "Construction Steps" then click on each step in turn to see
After observing the construction, manipulate
the free (red-colored) points to find the flaw:
The dynamic figures on this page were produced
a World-Wide-Web component of The
Geometer's Sketchpad. Copyright ©_PHONE_ by Key Curriculum
Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
Back to Teaching Examples


Is the language Sol decidable or not?
I define the language Sol as a turing machine M with alphabet{s,o,l} and we want to decide if sol $ \in$ L(M).
Is this decidable? How can I prove it? It seems that three case could occur either sol $ \in L(M)$ or sol $ \notin$ L(M) or the Turing machine M would loop. Is trying to use mapping reducibility with the language $ A_{TM}$ defined as a Tm M that accepts w a good idea? If possible this would prove that Sol is undecidable because $ A_{TM}$ undecidable.


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C. Mackenzie Brown, Professor of Religion at Trinity University, One Trinity Place, San Antonio, TX 78212-7200; e-mail _EMAIL_.
Avataric evolutionism is the idea that ancient Hindu myths of Vishnu's ten incarnations foreshadowed Darwinian evolution. In a previous essay I examined the late nineteenth-century origins of the theory in the works of Keshub Chunder Sen and Madame Blavatsky. Here I consider two major figures in the history of avataric evolutionism in the early twentieth century, N. B. Pavgee, a Marathi Brahmin deeply involved in the question of Aryan origins, and Aurobindo Ghose, political activist turned mystic. Pavgee, unlike Keshub, used avataric evolutionism in expounding his nationalistic goals for an independent India. His rationale was bolstered by the idea that India was the fountainhead of all science and civilization. Aurobindo saw in avataric evolutionism a possible key to understanding the involution and evolution of the supreme spirit in the realm of matter as taught in traditional Vedanta. This material-spiritual evolution represented for Aurobindo the necessary knowledge for the true liberation of India, transcending purely political independence. Such knowledge he also saw as the means for the spiritual liberation of the whole of humankind. The processes of involution and evolution he claimed were not in conflict with modern science, and Western evolutionary thinking seems to have inspired many of his own evolutionary reflections, even though in the end he rejected the Darwinian transmutation of species. I conclude with an overview and assessment of recent, post-colonial Hindu assimilations of avataric evolutionism.


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Knysna Woodpecker (Campethera notata) - HBW 7, p. 459
French: Pic tigré
Spanish: Pito de Knysna
Taxonomy: Picus notatus M. H. K. Lichtenstein, 1823, southern South Africa.
Forms a superspecies with C. abingoni and C. mombassica. Variation in plumage darkness and markings rather large, but based on individual rather than geographical differences, so that no races are recognizable. Monotypic.
Distribution: S South Africa, from Swellendam region E to extreme S Natal.
- Near Threatened Enlarge map
- No videos available yet
Male Knysna Woodpecker, one of a pair, at the entrance to their tree-hole.
Locality Sedgefield, Western Cape Province, South Africa
Dave Kennedy 9 November 2005 2 years ago 3.4
- No sound recordings available yet


Paul Richmond | CUDA Spotlight | NVIDIA
CUDA Spotlight: Paul Richmond
Paul Richmond
GPU-Accelerated Agent-Based Simulation of Complex Systems
This week's Spotlight is on Paul Richmond, a Vice Chancellor's Research Fellow at the University of Sheffield (a CUDA Research Center). Paul's research interests relate to the simulation of complex systems and to parallel computer hardware.
Within his current position he is developing novel software enabling modelers to accelerate large simulations of interacting autonomous individuals (agents) for the purposes of interactive visualization, prediction and intelligent decision support.
This interview is part of the CUDA Spotlight Series.
Q & A with Paul Richmond
NVIDIA: Paul, tell us about the FLAME GPU software which you developed.
Paul: Agent-Based Simulation is a powerful technique used to assess and predict group behavior from a number of simple interacting rules between communicating autonomous individuals (agents). Individuals typically represent some biological entity such as a molecule, cell or organism and can therefore be used to simulate systems at varying biological scales.
The Flexible Large-scale Agent Modelling Environment for the GPU (FLAME GPU) is a piece of software which enables high level descriptions communicating agents to be automatically translated to GPU hardware. With FLAME GPU, simulation performance is enormously increased over traditional agent-based modeling platforms and interactive visualization can easily be achieved. The GPU architecture and the underlying software algorithms are abstracted from users of the FLAME GPU software, ensuring accessibility to users in a wide range of domains and application areas.
NVIDIA: How does FLAME GPU leverage GPU computing?
Paul: Unlike other agent-based simulation frameworks, FLAME GPU is designed from the ground up with parallelism in mind. As such it is possible to ensure that agents and behavior are mapped to the GPU efficiently in a way which minimizes data transfer during simulation.
One of the most exciting aspects of GPU-accelerated simulation is that simulations can often be run faster than real-time. For example, a pedestrian evacuation model can be matched to real-world conditions and an evacuation plan can be simulated, essentially looking into the future for potential danger or problems. This forms the basis of my current work into using such agent simulation techniques for prediction and decision making.
Example of pedestrian evacuation modeling simulation with FLAME GPU
NVIDIA: What challenges did you face?
Paul: GPUs are very good at simulating homogeneous groups of agents where behavior is consistent across a population. In homogenous cases, behavior can be executed as kernels with very little divergence, which results in high performance. However, as the complexity of agents within a population increases, so too does the heterogeneity, ultimately impacting performance.
The main challenge in parallelizing a generic agent-based model is ensuring that agents can be maintained in homogeneous groups. The use of a state-based representation is the main technique which is used to ensure homogenous grouping of agent behaviors.
The creation of spare lists of agents is another area which is challenging to performance. Spare lists can be introduced by agents transitioning between states or through the creation and deletion of agents during simulation. Parallel stream compaction, a process of using prefix scan to remove empty gaps in agent lists, is used heavily in many places within the FLAME GPU software to prevent sparse data.
NVIDIA: Which CUDA features and GPU libraries do you use?
Paul: Initially FLAME GPU used my own implementations of sorting and stream compaction techniques. However, this functionality has been migrated, initially to CUDPP and more recently to Thrust. It is likely that CUB will be used in the future to gain even more performance.
I am currently re-engineering a large amount of the FLAME GPU code to take advantage of newer GPU features such as concurrency through parallel streams, GPUDirect for multi GPU architectures and faster sorting methods based on improved atomics performance.
NVIDIA: What is ACRC and how is it using the outputs of FLAME GPU?
Paul: The Advanced Computing Research Centre (ACRC) at the University of Sheffield is a gateway to collaborating with industry, with simulation as one of the key focus areas. FLAME GPU and similarly the FLAME HPC software (for distributed architectures) are used to provide simulations with an industrial focus impacting areas such as planning, construction, the environment, medical research and economic policy. It is very exciting to see the impact of high-performance simulation techniques being applied to real industrial needs. So far there has been lots of varied interest.
NVIDIA: Tell us about Osteolytica.
Paul: Osteolytica is the result of a training program to promote interdisciplinary research and is a great example of how CUDA is being applied to a wide range of domains within the University of Sheffield CUDA research Center.
During the training program I met with Dr. Andrew Chantry, a clinical researcher in the school of medicine. We discussed a particular problem related to not having a robust method for quantifying the extent of cancer-induced osteolytic lesion damage of bone samples obtained through microCT volumetric scans.
I realized that GPU computing could be used to provide a novel algorithm for localized bone surface reconstruction, effectively providing a metric to measure damage. This software is now used heavily within Dr. Chantry's research to evaluate cancer treatments and the university is exploring commercialization options.
Osteolytica lesion analysis software
NVIDIA: When did you first see the promise of GPU computing?
Paul: My background is in computer graphics, so I was an early convert to GPU computing. Before CUDA arrived I was accelerating general purpose code using GPGPU techniques relying on graphics primitives. GPU programming has come a long way since then and GPUs are now infinitely easier to work with.
NVIDIA: What are you looking forward to in the next five to ten years?
Paul: In the immediate future I look forward to the increased performance, memory sizes and scalability (through NVLink) of future architectures, as described at the recent GPU Tech Conference. This will enable agent-based models of increasing scale and complexity to be simulated with the potential to offer new insights into biological processes.
More generally, I suspect that over the next ten years limitations in scaling simulations will be not be in hardware, instead software will have to evolve to become increasingly parallel. Platforms such as CUDA are extremely helpful for programming GPU devices. However, in some cases additional algorithms and data parallel techniques will be required.
I am interested in the idea that biological brain function can offer some insight into how future hardware and software techniques can scale to the extreme levels evident in nature.
Bio for Paul Richmond
Dr. Paul Richmond is a Vice Chancellor Research Fellow in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Sheffield. He is currently working on the acceleration of complex systems simulations using accelerator architectures such as GPUs. His research interests relate to the software engineering challenges of how complex systems can be described using high level or domain specific tools and how automated mapping to parallel and distributed hardware architectures can be achieved.
Paul is particularly interested in applying agent-based techniques to cellular biology, computational neuroscience, pedestrian and transport systems as well as working with industry through the University of Sheffield's new Advanced Digital Research Center (ACRC), of which he is a member.
Relevant Links
Contact Info
Email: p.richmond (at) sheffield [dot] ac [dot] uk


Metabolomics Core
Core Aims:
 1. To develop and validate metabolomic methods and data analysis software, including flux analysis
 2. To engage in collaborations that result in major advances in diabetes research
 3. To provide high quality routine metabolomic services
Core services:
 1. Quantitation of selected water-soluble metabolites, fatty acids, and lipids
 2. Quantitation of metabolic fluxes using stable isotope tracers
 3. Identification of novel metabolites involved in diabetes pathophysoiology
A typical metabolomics project involves appropriate sample preparation and handling, metabolite measurement at the core, and data analysis and interpretation. Interested users are encouraged to contact core staff to discuss the scientific objectives and experimental design before initiating a project. Contact staff at:
Wenyun Lu, Ph.D., Technical director
210 Carl Icahn Lab, Lewis-Sigler Institute
Princeton University
Washington Rd
Princeton, NJ 08544
Phone: _PHONE_ or _PHONE_
Joshua D. Rabinowitz, M.D., Ph.D., Director
Visit Rabinowitz Lab
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Metabolomics Core
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Organization of Tropical Convection: Self-aggregation and Spontaneous Tropical Cyclogenesis
Tropical clouds and relative humidity play a key role in both the planetary energy balance and the sensitivity of global climate to radiative forcing. Both clouds and relative humidity are also strongly modulated by the organization of tropical convection, which results in a large fraction of tropical cloudiness and rainfall. Here, we investigate the organization of tropical convection in the context of self-aggregation, a spontaneous transition in idealized numerical simulations from randomly distributed to organized convection despite homogeneous boundary conditions. Specifically, the System for Atmospheric Modeling is used to perform 3-d simulations of radiative-convective equilibrium in a non-rotating framework, with interactive radiation and surface fluxes and fixed sea surface temperatures. The results of simulations employing a highly elongated 3-d channel domain, in which self-aggregation takes the form of multiple moist and dry bands, are compared to that of a square domain, in which self-aggregation takes the form of a single moist cluster. We characterize the fundamental physical mechanisms that lead to self-aggregation. Cloud-radiative feedbacks and surface flux feedbacks are found to be important in the initial instability, but advection only contributes to aggregation in the square geometry.
Self-aggregation has primarily been studied in a non-rotating framework, but it has been hypothesized to be important to tropical cyclogenesis. In numerical simulations of tropical cyclones, a broad vortex or moist bubble is often used to initialize the circulation. Here, we instead allow a circulation to develop spontaneously from a homogeneous environment in 3-d cloud-resolving simulations of radiative-convective equilibrium (RCE) in a rotating framework, and compare the resulting tropical cyclogenesis to non-rotating self-aggregation. We find that in the initial development of a broad circulation, the feedback processes leading to cyclogenesis are similar to the initial phase of non-rotating aggregation. Sensitivity tests in which the degree of interactive radiation is modified are also performed to determine the extent to which the radiative feedbacks that are essential to non-rotating self-aggregation are important for tropical cyclogenesis.


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We're on the subject of viscosity maintenance again, and for good reason too. The matter is one that needs to be addressed year round, in both hot and cold weather. However, this time we're talking about maintaining the proper viscosity of your liquids under all perceivable circumstances, whether in room temperature, on cold or hot days.
Viscosity Maintenance Has Two Sides
In previous articles, we've discussed viscosity maintenance as it applies to maintaining low viscosity levels in your liquids through the use of Powerblanket® heating products. Of course, the reason we've talk so much about this is because it's pertinent to so many scenarios. However, maintaining low viscosity levels is only half the story when it comes to the entire viscosity conundrum. Some operations and product maintenance require the other side of the spectrum. In other words, Powerblanket can help with maintaining high viscosity levels as well.
If you store or use liquids that need to be very low in viscosity, then Powerblanket heating solutions can help you keep your liquids at temperatures high enough to keep the viscosity of the liquid very low. But, if the opposite challenge is your concern, Powerblanket can help there too. Our new Powerblanket ICE cooling products can keep your liquids cool enough to maintain high viscosity levels, even in really hot weather.
If the liquids you're storing are at risk of losing their viscous qualities when the temperatures rise, then Powerblanket ICE is going to be an invaluable ally for your operations. Powerblanket ICE comes in three performance levels and will help you keep your liquids cool and viscous, even in really hot weather.
- Keep your liquids cool during hot weather, maintaining viscous qualities and eliminating spoiled product
- Eliminate downtime associated with lost viscosity and the need for expensive cooling interventions
- Increase output and profit by increasing operational efficiency
Powerblanket ICE Features:
- Powerblanket ICE uses Powerblanket patented heat-spreading technology in reverse to draw heat away from the container and cool the contents inside.
- Powerblanket ICE covers and insulates your container with the same robust system used in the Powerblanket heating products.
- All three performance levels of Powerblanket ICE, the ice pack, ice box, and chiller-driven systems are portable (120VAC required).
- Powerblanket ICE allows you to control the temperature of bulk materials with ease:
- Increase yields (Bulk materials that sit at high temperatures will reduce yield for most viscous liquids. With Powerblanket ICE, you can bring the temperature down, and keep it there.)
- Maintain the viscous quality of your liquids
- Decrease operational inefficiencies
- Blankets can be left installed and running while bulk material containers are in use.


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Event ID 1022 is an Exchange database error. The error normally occurs as a result of hardware errors, especially those of a disk sub system such as device driver, bad hard disk drive or even a faulty disk controller. There are ways that you can deal with this error, and, in fact, help to ensure that you don't get them at all.
The 1022 error results in the database engine requesting a page from disk, but receiving an error from the I/O subsystem instead. When this error occurs the best way to start troubleshooting is by examining the System Log. Start the Event Viewer and click on System Log in the left-hand pane. Of course, you can also run disk diagnostics, such as ScanDisk, available through the Management Console, to determine if the disk has a problem.
A good proactive approach you can apply to detect physical corruptions is to perform regular online backups. Online backup is one of the best ways to determine whether there is a corruption in a database file, because it uses a process that systematically checks every single page in the database. Also setting up redundant disk arrays for the Exchange databases can rule out the possibility of a disk going bad, which can result in corrupted Exchange databases.
System logs can also provide early warning detection of any problems occurring.
Of course periodic visits to the System logs can also provide early warning detection of any problems occurring.
Adesh Rampat has 10 years
experience with network and IT administration. He is a member of the Association Of Internet Professionals, the Institute For Network Professionals, and the International Webmasters Association. He has also lectured extensively on a variety of topics.
This was first published in July 2002


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Remounted Diamonds Into White Gold
-Two sparkly diamond rings in yellow gold. They were to be changed into two new ring designs, this time in white gold mounts.
-Martin and our client's discussed different options, Martin drew a couple of sketches and the designs were decided. The diamonds were measured and this enabled us to provide exact costs to remount the stones into their new settings.
-The next step was to order the cast ring parts that would be used to create the new ring mounts.
-Once these arrived the diamonds were unset from their original settings and the old ring mounts were put to one side.
-Firstly the seven diamonds were set into the basic cast ring. Once set in to the surface, the setting edge and grain surround was created by Martin.
-Next the single stone diamond ring was assembled. The ready cast setting and twisted shank were soldered together after the shank wrap around had been adjusted to the correct angle and height. Then the diamond was set.
-At this stage our client came and tried on both rings to check the finger size was correct. They fitted perfectly.
-The final stage was to polish and rhodium both rings.


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*Partner at FBK & Partners, Attorney at Law at Istanbul Bar Association
* PhD Candidate at Istanbul University
The term of "originality", as a requirement for the existence of a work all around the globe, constitutes the very core of the term of copyright and so of the intellectual property law. That's to say, it is agreed in the domestic laws of many states and in the relevant international agreements that to name something as a "work" for the purpose of copyright, it should meet the criterion of "originality" alongside with other criteria sought in the relevant laws and agreements. Keeping in mind that the criterion of "originality" is a common condition under many domestic laws and under almost all relevant international agreements, the definition and interpretation of the term gains tremendous importance. Yet, up to the moment, there has not been established a precise definition and interpretation for this term in any state law. Instead, the term has been attempted to be explained in ambiguous words which are far away from setting a standard. As a result, the notion of "originality" is still a hot topic the borderlines of which are still attempted to be drawn. In this article, being aware of the impossibility of describing and construing the notion in an absolute manner, the effort will be put in so as to figure out what was/were taken into consideration by the Turkish Court of Cassation when it comes to construing the concept. After the evaluations of the judgments, all the knowns in the notion shall be listed as below:
- The term is not a stable term. Instead, it is a flexible term. That's why, it shall be described pursuant to the case at hand.
- The factual assessments for the term will be held by experts. The legal assessment should be held by courts. Courts should perform their duty according to the flexible nature of the term. For the purpose of such legal assessment, the "exclusive method" mentioned above seems as a convenient method for the interpretation of the term.
- Originality is only available for the expressed ideas. The mere ideas do not have originality.
- Although similarity between works may have some effect on their originality, that is not a decisive factor in terms of a similarity between their originality. Originality of works should be analyzed separately than their scripts, expressions.
- Aesthetics and originality are two different concepts. Originality does not necessarily entail a work to be aesthetic or unique.
- Anyone claiming that a work lacks originality bears the burden of the proof.
- For a work to be accepted as original, it has to bear a certain amount of creativity. It should not be usual.
- While deciding upon originality, the point of view of a regular listener/addressee should also be taken into consideration.


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our company, we take pride in providing you with the most comprehensive and expert advice on long range shooting tips. Whether you're a seasoned shooter or just getting started, having the right scope can make a significant difference in your accuracy and overall shooting experience. In this article, we'll share valuable tips and insights to help you choose and utilize a long-range shooting scope effectively.
Understanding Magnification Levels
When it comes to long-range shooting, one of the critical factors to consider is the magnification level of your scope. Higher magnification allows you to see distant targets more clearly, but it may also reduce your field of view. It's essential to strike a balance between magnification and field of view based on your specific shooting needs.
Opt for Quality Optics
Investing in a high-quality scope with excellent optics is crucial for achieving optimal performance. Look for scopes with fully multi-coated lenses, as they enhance light transmission and reduce glare. These features result in brighter and sharper images, even in low-light conditions. Additionally, high-quality optics provide better color accuracy and contrast, allowing you to identify targets more effectively.
Consider Reticle Options
The reticle, also known as the crosshair, plays a vital role in long-range shooting. There are various reticle options available, each with its unique benefits. For precise and accurate long-range shooting, consider a reticle with hash marks or bullet drop compensation (BDC) features. These allow you to adjust for bullet drop at different distances, improving your accuracy.
Evaluate Turret Adjustments
Turret adjustments on a scope allow you to compensate for bullet drop and windage. Look for scopes with easy-to-use and reliable turret adjustments, preferably with crisp and audible clicks for precise adjustments. Some scopes even offer zero-stop features, which enable you to return to your original zero settings quickly.
Choose the Right Objective Lens Diameter
The objective lens diameter determines the amount of light that enters the scope, affecting image brightness and clarity. While larger objective lenses can gather more light, they also add weight and bulk to the scope. Consider your shooting conditions and personal preferences to strike a balance between light transmission and portability.
Take Eye Relief into Account
Eye relief refers to the distance between your eye and the scope's eyepiece. It is crucial to have sufficient eye relief to prevent scope eye injuries and ensure a comfortable shooting experience, especially when using high-caliber rifles with significant recoil. Most scopes offer a generous eye relief range, but it's essential to verify this specification before making a purchase.
Consider Durability and Weather Resistance
Long-range shooting often takes place in demanding outdoor environments. Therefore, durability and weather resistance are critical factors to consider when selecting a scope. Look for scopes constructed from robust materials, such as aircraft-grade aluminum, and those featuring O-ring seals to prevent moisture and dust from entering the scope. Additionally, scopes with nitrogen or argon purging are more resistant to fogging, ensuring clear visibility in various weather conditions.
Practice Proper Scope Mounting
To maximize the effectiveness of your long-range shooting scope, it's essential to mount it properly. Use high-quality scope rings and bases that are compatible with your rifle. Follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully to ensure a secure and aligned mounting. Properly mounted scopes contribute to better accuracy and consistency in your shooting.
Improving accuracy with long range shooting
To achieve accuracy in long-range shooting, it is crucial to have a solid understanding of ballistics. Ballistics refers to the science of how projectiles, such as bullets, behave in flight. Factors such as wind, gravity, and bullet drop can significantly impact the trajectory of your shot. By familiarizing yourself with these concepts, you can make adjustments to compensate for external factors and improve your accuracy.
Choosing the Right Rifle:
Selecting the right rifle is another crucial aspect of improving accuracy in long-range shooting. Factors to consider include caliber, barrel length, and overall weight. It is important to choose a rifle that suits your specific needs and preferences. Additionally, investing in a high-quality scope with precise adjustments and clear optics can greatly enhance your shooting accuracy.
Developing Proper Shooting Techniques:
Proper shooting techniques are fundamental to achieving accuracy in long-range shooting. Here are some key tips to keep in mind:
Stance and Grip: Maintaining a stable stance and a firm grip on your rifle is essential for accuracy. Your feet should be shoulder-width apart, with your body aligned with the target. Gripping the rifle tightly but not excessively will help minimize recoil and improve shot placement.
Breathing Control: Controlling your breathing is crucial to steady your aim. Take a deep breath, exhale halfway, and hold your breath momentarily while taking the shot. This technique helps reduce body movement and allows for more precise aiming.
Trigger Control: Mastering trigger control is vital for consistent accuracy. Apply steady pressure on the trigger without jerking or flinching. A smooth and deliberate trigger pull will ensure a more controlled shot.
Follow-Through: Maintaining proper follow-through after taking a shot is often overlooked but essential for accuracy. Keep your sights aligned with the target even after firing the shot. This practice helps minimize any disturbance to the bullet's trajectory.
Utilizing Range Estimation Techniques:
Accurate range estimation is critical for long-range shooting. Several methods can be employed to determine the distance between you and your target:
Mil-Dot Reticle: Many scopes feature a mil-dot reticle, which can be used for range estimation. By comparing the size of the target to the mil-dot reticle, you can estimate the distance effectively.
Laser Range Finders: Laser range finders use advanced technology to precisely measure distances. These devices emit a laser beam that reflects off the target, providing an accurate reading of the range.
Reference Points: In the absence of specialized equipment, you can also rely on reference points in your environment to estimate range. Familiarize yourself with objects of known size at various distances to develop a sense of scale and improve your estimation skills.
Continuous Practice and Training:
As with any skill, continuous practice and training are essential for improving accuracy in long-range shooting. Regularly visiting the shooting range and engaging in realistic training scenarios will help you refine your technique and build confidence. Additionally, seeking guidance from experienced shooters or enrolling in shooting courses can provide valuable insights and feedback to further enhance your skills.
In conclusion, improving accuracy with long-range shooting requires a combination of knowledge, technique, and practice. By understanding ballistics, choosing the right equipment, mastering shooting techniques, utilizing range estimation methods, and engaging in regular training, you can significantly enhance your accuracy and achieve remarkable results in long
Now that you have understood The Best Way to Use a Scope for Long Range Shooting, you can as well checkout most relevant questions regarding Optics on the topics:
- Effective Scope Techniques
- Long Range Shooting Scope Tips
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FAQs on The Best Way to Use a Scope for Long Range Shooting
What is long range shooting? Long range shooting refers to engaging targets at extended distances, typically beyond 300 yards/meters. It requires specialized equipment, accurate marksmanship, and an understanding of ballistics.
How do I choose the right scope for long range shooting? Consider factors such as magnification range, reticle type, turret style, and durability. Look for scopes designed for long range shooting with features like target turrets, adjustable parallax, and clear glass quality.
What is zeroing in a scope? Zeroing a scope means aligning the point of aim with the point of impact at a specific distance. It ensures that your shots consistently hit the desired target at that distance.
What is holdover and holdoff? Holdover is aiming higher than the target to compensate for bullet drop, while holdoff is aiming to the side of the target to compensate for wind drift. These techniques help make accurate shots without adjusting the scope turrets.
How often should I practice long range shooting? Regular practice is essential for improving your skills in long range shooting. Aim for consistent practice sessions, focusing on accuracy, stability, and mastering the use of your scope.