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Nar (companion of Bilbo)
| The name Nar refers to more than one character, item or concept. For a list of other meanings, see Nár (disambiguation).
| "there are Tolkien's latest thoughts, his best thoughts, and his published thoughts and these are not necessarily the same." — Tolkien's Legendarium|
|This article is non-canon.
Nar was one of the four Dwarves that accompanied Bilbo Baggins on his journeys after his birthday party.
In the early writings of the chapter "A Long-expected Party", Nar was given some dialogue and a bit more development. However, Tolkien later changed his mind, and did not disclose his name in the book nor gave him any dialogue.
Nár is a dwarf from the Dvergatal. His name means "Corpse".
J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Return of the Shadow, "The Second Phase: XIV. Return to Hobbiton"
- ↑ Chester Nathan Gould, "Dwarf-Names: A Study in Old Icelandic Religion", published in Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, Vol 44 (1929), issue #4, pp. 939-967


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Mortality is a fancy word for the inevitability of death. "To the Virgins" talks about the death of a flower, the setting of the sun (another kind of death, and a metaphor for human life), about how getting older means getting closer to death, and about the possibility of a sort of living death, exemplified in the poem's nightmarish vision of an unmarried life. Even though death is everywhere, we can still make the most of what time we have.
Although the speaker emphasizes the brevity of life, and thus the importance of acting during one's "prime," both the sun (stanza 2) and the flowers (stanza 1) suggest the possibility of rebirth or second chances. The rosebush will grow new flowers, and the sun will rise again.
"To the Virgins" describes both literal deaths (the flower) and a number of figurative ones (the setting of the sun; the "tarrying" of the last stanza), and it remains undecided about which is worse.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Adaptive learning technology pioneer recognized for innovation in education at annual
ASU GSV Summit April 18 – 20 in San Diego, CA
SAN DIEGO—April 19, 2016—DreamBox Learning today announced CEO Jessie Woolley-Wilson was honored as GSV's Innovator of Color for her work fostering educational equity and driving innovation for both students and educators. Woolley-Wilson was recognized this week at the 2016 ASU GSV Summit, an annual event that supports education and human capital innovation and catalyzes the entrepreneurial ecosystem. The GSV Innovator of Color Award celebrates the roles of individuals of color in leading critical education and talent innovation. The award honors an entrepreneur who has had a significant impact on advancing innovation at scale, and is an inspiring role model for fellow innovators.
"I am honored and humbled to be recognized by GSV as an innovator in education," said Jessie Woolley-Wilson, president and CEO of DreamBox Learning. "I am proud to continue breaking down barriers for all students regardless of race, gender, or socio-economic status. When educators are empowered with dynamic, relevant, and actionable information about where each student is in their own unique learning path, we can impact learning at the point of instruction in new and compelling ways. When we engage and empower students, we build competence and confidence while cultivating life-long learners. I believe that to unlock human potential, we must first unlock the learning potential of every student."
Woolley-Wilson is chair, CEO & president of DreamBox Learning®, Inc., the company that pioneered Intelligent Adaptive Learning™ and is heralded as a "game changer" in the Ed-Tech sector by nationally renowned academic and technology experts. Throughout her career, Woolley-Wilson has been driven by the belief that all children need and deserve high-quality learning opportunities, regardless of who they are or where they live. She has worked in the education technology sector for nearly 20 years, supporting school and district leaders to improve access to quality learning opportunities to improve life outcomes for K-12 students.
"We are proud to recognize Jessie as a true trailblazer in education technology," said Deborah Quazzo, managing partner of GSV Advisors, LLC. "Technology has enabled unprecedented access in education and we are honored to recognize someone who continues to be an inspiration to all who advocate for equality, both inside and outside the classroom."
About DreamBox Learning
DreamBox Learning was founded in 2006 in Bellevue, Washington, and the company's pioneering Intelligent Adaptive Learning platform has since won over 40 top education and technology industry awards and is in use in all 50 states and throughout Canada. DreamBox Learning Math® offers a groundbreaking combination of Intelligent Adaptive Learning, a rigorous K–8 mathematics curriculum, and a motivating learning environment. The innovative DreamBox platform captures every decision a student makes and adjusts the student's learning path and scaffolds support based on the student's input, delivering millions of individualized learning paths, each one tailored to the student's unique needs. DreamBox Learning Math is available for Mac, PC, and iPad. For more information, visit DreamBox.com.
RH Strategic for DreamBox Learning

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


the second order reaction in Eq. 3, the equations for the means are coupled to the second moments. In fact, the n th moment equations contain terms that involve the n+ l moments. Thus, there is no closure to the system. The simplest closure scheme is to assume that all moments factorize (e.g., ). This represents the macroscopic limit in which fluctuations are ignored. In this limit, we recover Eqs. 6–8 from the master equation.
The diffusion limit and the chemical langevin equations
The general form of the master equation for a system consisting of N chemical species and M reactions is
where n is a N-dimensional vector of species numbers, F i and B i are the backward and forward rates for the i th reaction, and the vectors δ i contain the stoichiometric constants for the ith reaction. For the simple model given by Eqs. 1–3, N = 3, M = 3, and p n (t) = Pr[A(t) = n1, B(t) = n2, and A_B(t) = n3]. The forward and backward rates are F1 = γ, B1 = δn1, F2 = k1n1, B2 = k2n2, F3 = k3n1n2, and B3 = k4n3. The δ i vectors are the rows of the stoichiometric matrix
The (i,j) element in the above matrix represents the change in the j th chemical species when the i th reaction proceeds in the forward direction.
If the molecule numbers are large as compared to 1, then the master equation Eq. 16 can be approximated by the continuous process [28, 35]
This result can be derived in several ways. One method is to note that Eq. 15 represents a second order finite differencing of Eq. 18, with a grid size of 1. Another method is to make use of the shift operator
where f(n) is an arbitrary smooth function and for our purposes k is an integer. If the shift operator is used in Eq. 15, the diffusion limit is achieved when the Taylor series expansion given in Eq. 21 is truncated at j = 2.
Sample paths consistent with Eq. 18 can be generated using the following set of SDEs
where the w k (t) are independent Gaussian white noise processes. These equations are often referred to as the chemical Langevin equations. For Eqs. 1 – 3, the explicit form of the SDEs are
BioNetS generates numerical solutions to the SDEs given by Eq. 22 using either an explicit or semi-implicit Euler method. The form of these methods is
where ε = 0 for the explicit method and ε = 1 for the semi-implicit method and the Z k (t) are independent standard normal random variables. The advantage of using the chemical Langevin equations is that in the appropriate parameter regime, numerical solutions to the set of SDEs given by Eq. 22 can be generated much more efficiently than using the Gillespie algorithm. We expand upon this point in the Examples section. Higher order numerical algorithms for SDEs are available [36], but the noise structure of the chemical Langevin equations makes these schemes very cumbersome to implement. In the Examples, we verify that the Euler methods given by Eq. 26 are sufficient to produce reliable results. We note that the Δ matrix is generally sparse, and BioNetS takes advantage of this sparseness to optimize the efficiency of the two Euler methods (see Numerical Methods, below).
Hybrid schemes
It is often desirable to allow some of the chemical species to be treated as continuous random variables and some to be treated discretely. This is particularly true for the case of transcriptional regulation by transcription factors. In this situation there can be as few as one DNA/transcription factor binding site and mRNA abundances can be as small as 10 or fewer. In contrast, protein abundances can be in the thousands. The technical difficulty with implementing hybrid schemes that include both discrete and continuous random variables is that the Gillespie method requires constant transition rates between reactions. This may not be the case, if some of the chemical species are evolving continuously in time. BioNetS overcomes this problem in one of two ways.
Let N d ε, then the discrete reactions determine the fastest time scale in the system. In this case the Gillespie algorithm is used to update the discrete reactions, and the random time stepΔt j is used to update the SDEs.
A pseudo-code description of the above algorithm is displayed in Table 3:
Numerical methods
BioNetS generates code that is tailored to efficiently simulate biochemical reactions. The optimization techniques used by BioNetS allows the software to simulate large systems in reasonable times without requiring high-end computational hardware.
Techniques used to optimize the Gillespie method are:
 - For the discrete variables, the program uses data structures that allow only the chemical species and reaction rates that are affected by the current reaction to be updated.
 - A bisection search is used to determine which reaction occurred.
The code has both an explicit and a semi-implicit solver, for simulating the chemical Langevin equations. The user specifies at runtime which method to use. By default the semi-implicit solver will be used. The semi-implicit solver uses Newton's method to solve the implicit equations, and for that the program needs to compute the Jacobian and solve a linear system at each iteration. For updating the chemical Langevin equations and hybrid models optimization techniques include:
 - The sparse nature of the stoichiometric matrix is used to efficiently store and per form matrix operations.
 - After every reaction, only the species and reaction rates affected by that reaction are updated. This can be seen in the Rates.cpp file, where all the different cases have been worked out and written for optimal execution speed.
 - The Jacobian is sparse, and the code takes full advantage of this fact. The program solves and factorizes the Jacobian using sparse methods. Before the code generation, BioNetS computes the entries in the Jacobian symbolically and finds a permutation that decreases the number of fill-ins during the LU factorization. As a result, no zero entries are saved, and the sparse structure is fully exploited. The sparse structure is then used in the LU solve. In the code, no pivots are visible, and no if-statements are left.
Results and discussion
In this section we present several examples which serve as illustrations of how to use BioNetS and test the accuracy and efficiency of the numerical methods. One particular concern is the accuracy of the Euler methods. While these methods are only of order
, we show that when the approximations that lead to the chemical Langevin equations are valid, the difference between the numerical solutions of the SDEs and the exact discrete Gillespie method are negligible. Currently, the graphical user interface to BioNetS runs on the Macintosh OS X operating system, though the software will generate portable C/C++ code that can be compiled and run in any computing environment. The files needed to install and run BioNetS can be downloaded from The following examples illustrate the way in which models are entered and run in BioNetS. More detailed documentation is available with the software package.
We begin with a simple system that consists of the following two reactions:
In this system, monomer molecules M are produced at an average rate γ and degraded at an average rate δ m M(t). Two monomers can then bind to form a dimer molecule D. The average forward and backward rates for the this reaction are k1M(t)(M(t) - 1) and k2D(t), respectively. The dimers are degraded at a rate δ d. We will treat two cases. In the first case the cell volume is assumed to be constant, and in the second case the cell is allowed to grow and divide. To model cell growth, the cell volume V c is treated as a random variable V c V, where V is a non-negative discrete random variable and α represents a unit of volume. The random variable V is governed by the reaction
The above reaction causes V to grow exponentially fast with an average rate of k3. Note that logistic growth is produced when the backward reaction in Eq. 32 is included.
Constant volume
We start by considering the simple case in which the volume of the cell remains constant. To use BioNetS follow these steps. Copy BioNetS onto your machine, and double click to launch. Help is included as part of the program, and accessed from the Help menu. The Help document


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Proper and successful government procurement rests upon certain core principles of behaviour - the Five Pillars of Procurement. They are best described as pillars because if any one of them is broken the procurement system falls down.
The Five Pillars are:
Value for Money
This is an essential test against which a department must justify a procurement outcome. Price alone is often not a reliable indicator and departments will not necessarily obtain the best value for money by accepting the lowest price offer that meets mandatory requirements.
Best value for money means the best available outcome when all relevant costs and benefits over the procurement cycle are considered. The procurement function itself must also provide value for money and must be carried out in a cost-effective way.
Procurement organisations, whether centrally located or devolved to individual departments, should:
- avoid any unnecessary costs and delays for themselves or suppliers;
- monitor the supply arrangements and reconsider them if they cease to provide the expected benefits; and
- ensure continuous improvement in the efficiency of internal processes and systems.
Open and Effective Competition
- a framework of procurement laws, policies, practices and procedures that is transparent, i.e. they must be readily accessible to all parties;
- openness in the procurement process;
- encouragement of effective competition through procurement methods suited to market circumstances; and
- observance of the provisions of the Preferential Procurement Policy Framework Act.
Departments need to apply effort and research to get the best possible outcome from the market by ensuring that:
- potential suppliers have reasonable access to procurement opportunities and that available opportunities are notified at least in the Government Tender Bulletin;
- where market circumstances limit competition departments recognise that fact and use procurement methods that take account of it;
- adequate and timely information is provided to suppliers to enable them to bid;
- bias and favouritism are eliminated;
- the costs of bidding for opportunities do not deter competent bidders
Ethics and Fair Dealing
In procurement, if all parties comply with ethical standards they can:
- deal with each other on a basis of mutual trust and respect; and
- conduct their business in a fair and reasonable manner and with integrity.
All government staff associated with procurement, particularly those dealing direct with suppliers or potential suppliers, are required:
- to recognise and deal with conflicts of interest or the potential therefor;
- to deal with suppliers even-handedly;
- to ensure they do not compromise the standing of the state through acceptance of gifts or hospitality;
- to be scrupulous in their use of public property; and
- to provide all assistance in the elimination of fraud and corruption.
Accountability and Reporting
This involves ensuring that individuals and organisations are answerable for their plans, actions and outcomes.
Openness and transparency in administration, by external scrutiny through public reporting, is an essential element of accountability.
Within the procurement framework:
- heads of departments are accountable to their ministers for the overall management of procurement activities;
- Heads of Procurement and senior procurement directors are accountable to heads of departments for various high-level management and co-ordination activities;
- individual procurement officers are accountable to Heads of Procurement, and to their clients, for the services they provide; and
- all people exercising procurement functions must have regard to these guidelines and be accountable to management.
The word 'equity' in the context of these Guidelines means the application and observance of government policies which are designed to advance persons or categories of persons disadvantaged by unfair discrimination.
This fifth pillar is vital to public sector procurement in South Africa. It ensures that government is committed to economic growth by implementing measures to support industry generally, and especially to advance the development of Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises and Historically Disadvantaged Individuals.
In accordance with the Reconstruction and Development Programme, SMMEs and HDIs need to play a bigger role in the economy. Greater participation in the economy and more diversified representation of blacks and gender in ownership is essential.
The government has implemented the Preferential Procurement Policy Framework Act as the foundation on which all procurement activities are to be based. Its aim is to:
- advance the development of SMMEs and HDIs;
- promote women and physically handicapped people;
- create new jobs;
- promote local enterprises in specific provinces, in a particular region, in a specific local authority, or in rural areas; and
- support the local product.
No public procurement system should be operated if it is not founded on these pillars


How important is braking in mountain biking?
I was never the most fit guy at the races, but by using my brakes smarter than others I was able to put together some good races. My strategy was always to minimize the time I lost on the climbs and to make up time on every corner and every descent.
10 years ago, power meters weren't popular in MTB, but we really didn't have any great way to compare ourselves anyway just by looking at power.
OK, you're normalized power was this and mine was that. So….?
Well as it turns out, pedalling hard is only one important aspect of mountain biking–it's no wonder power output only has a pretty good relationship with performance on an XC lap. Time and time again the research has backed this up.
This isn't to say that pedalling isn't import—it is very important—but in mountain biking especially, there are so many factors working for and against each other for speed.
I always ask this one important question: What wins races?
Speed wins races.
And how do you go fast? Well, lots of ways.
Anyone who has every mountain biked would probably know that braking is important. But how important?
In the first ever study using a brake power meter (well, second actually. The first one proved that the device worked!), we set 10 riders off through a short XC lap. There were three short climbs and three short descents. We measured their propulsive power (the power on the pedals using a standard power meter), their brake power using our newly invented brake power meter, and recorded the time it took to complete the lap.
OK, the world's first brake power meter is a bit of a dinosaur by now, but it did the job!
It turned out that average propulsive power was strongly related to lap time. That is to say, those with higher [relative] propulsive power output we able to go faster around the track. But this was no surprise.
We also found that braking was important, too.
With combined measures of braking and propulsion, we could explain more of the variation in lap time than pedaling alone. Science calls this a regression equation and it was the first time we saw the important of braking and pedaling together.
What this equation meant was that by measuring brake power AND propulsive power, we had a much better idea of what was going on out on the trails. Namely, a combination of pedaling hard and braking for a short time went along with really fast lap times.
Riders had the same lap time every lapbut how did they do this?
In our test, riders did 3 laps and there was no statistical difference in lap time between the first, second or third lap. However, when we compared averages of propulsive power, this was higher in the first lap and then dropped off for laps 2 and 3. That is to say that they did not pedal as hard on lap 2 or 3 than in the first lap.
But laps were the same time–how could this be?
This answer came after looking at the braking, and results showed how braking changed across laps.
By lap 3, riders had significantly changed how much braking they were doing—both brake work and brake time were reduced! This reduced in braking appeared to counterbalance the reduction in propulsive power.
In other words: by changing braking, riders could go just as fast around an XC lap even if they didn't pedal as hard!
This rider's average propulsive power was 328 W on lap 1 and 306 W on lap 3. He reduced his braking from 20,300 J to 18,500 J and was able to maintain his lap time to within 0.5 seconds. You can see where he saved time by braking differently.
To me, this one of the coolest findings. And on a personal note, I thought this did a pretty good job at explaining why I was able to finish with XC riders who were much more fit than myself. I couldn't pedal as hard, but was able to make up for some of this by braking better.
At the moment, it isn't totally clear why riders changed their braking. This might have something to do with learning the course at speed, though they did get a few laps of practice before testing started. If you look at the above figure there are a few instances of braking that were not present in lap 3, so this gives a good idea.
So how much braking do we actually do?
In our group of well-trained mountain bikers, their average propulsive power was 275 W across the entire lap. This included uphills, flats and -if it happenedon the descents. Across the ~5 minutes it took to do one lap, this was 85,000 joules of energy expended for pedaling.
Braking on the other hand was primarily done on the descents. The energy removed during braking was 21,000 J.
Riders used the brakes about 1/4 as much as they pedaled. That's a lot!
The time they spent braking was short overall at 28 seconds per lap.
Brake power was calculated using the brake work divided by brake time. This was 800 W as an average during the lap. The fastest riders were doing all of their brake work in a short window, which meant that they had the highest brake power.
Of course, this is course dependent, especially since some trails might be very very fast and could require you to slow down almost to a stop while other may be slow and require minimal slowing.
It's interesting because we can easily feel that work going through our legs to the pedals, but we can't feel what we are taking away with the brakes. Holding 800 W while pedaling would be pretty hard, but we can do this same thing with the brakes without much thought.
But let me ask you this: how many 800 W (or 200 or 400) intervals have you done? Probably many.
It's time we start thinking more about our braking.
It's not just in the numbers
This was the earliest braking research, and we've come a long way since then.
Some of the more important things we've learned is that it's not just how much you brake or how long your brake, but where you brake that is important.
You can brake really really hard for a short time, but if you do this at the wrong spot, you could be doing it better.
Linking brake power with a helmet camera is one of the most telling ways to use the data.
A lot of this we learned by linking braking data to a helmet camera, but also in a number of studies that followed on from the original one.
More on this soon. And more
Until then, check out these other articles:
5 Things You Need to Add to Your MTB Training Plan
Talking MTB on the radio!
3 Reasons Why You Should Have Bigger Rotors
5 Ways to Use the Brake Power Meter to Train Yourself to Ride Faster
Why do you have to be fit for gravity racing?
Picking the right power meter for mountain bike racing


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|Ph.D Student||Oxman Rivka|
|Subject||Expert Systems for Generation and Evaluation in Architectura|
|Department||Department of Architecture and Town Planning||Supervisor||Professor Emeritus Edna Shaviv|
The research is involved with the development of a theoretical basis for knowledge based systems in design. A concept of 'design interpretation' is formalized for the definition of desired characteristics of expert systems for design. A new approach for dual mode interpretation between graphic and verbal interaction is proposed and developed. A new representation scheme for complex architectural knowledge termed "The Generation and Refinement Scheme of a Design Prototype" is developed. PRODS - a prototype based expert system Shell for design, which utilizes these ideas is implemented. Hybrid representation, and a knowledge based interpreter which provide communications between the different representational schemes are employed. Two applications of PRODS are developed and demonstrated. PREDIKT - a graphic verbal dual interpretation expert system which is capable of both generation and evaluation, and PROUST - an expert system for the generation and refinement of a design prototype.


How To Decide which Tense to Use
Video Overview
In English, there are a number of tenses that share some uses or can be interchangeable in most circumstances. In this video, we explain when to use these tenses so you can remember the rules easily.
Video Analysis
The tenses that share some uses are:
 1. Present Continuous and Present Simple
You could say 'I work with John', or 'I am working with John'.
The first sentence is in the present simple. The second sentence is in the present continuous. The only slight difference is that by using the Present Continuous we might understand that you intend to stop working with John at some point in the future.
2. Present Simple and Future Continuous
In the present continuous you can say 'She arrives tomorrow' in the present simple or 'She will arrive tomorrow' in the Future Continuous. Both sentences indicate that we expect the woman to arrive in the future.
3. Present Continuous and Future Simple
I am studying on Friday. (On Friday I will begin the action of studying and expect to continue for a time)
I will study on Friday. (I plan to study on Friday)
When we add a specific time to the Present Continuous we can use it to talk about events that are expected to happen in the future. In this way, it can be applied in the same way as the Future Simple.
4. Present Simple and Future Simple
The train leaves at 7. (usually, every day)
The train will leave at 7. (The train is expected to leave at 7)
There is very little difference in the meaning between these two sentences. We can use the Present Simple or the Future Simple to talk about actions that will take place after now.
Watch our video on 'Tenses with Adopted Structure' for more information.
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Games – Pass the Clap
By Randall | Games for Workshop
25 Dec 2011
Everyone stands in a circle. One person starts by making eye contact with the person next to them, and then both of them clap at the same time. The second person then turns to the next person, and they clap together. The "clap" is passed in this way around the circle until a pair does not clap in sync. The direction of the clap can also reverse, if the receiver does not turn and claps with the sender again. The receiver is in control of whether the clap will continue in its current direction, or switch, and they should use their body to indicate this to both of their neighbors.
Naturally, a rhythm develops, and the group will tend to clap with the rhythm, which is good, but you should never forsake your partner for the sake of the rhythm. If you see in their eyes or hands that they are not ready, slow down so you can clap together. However, once the group breaks the rhythm, they should all try to refocus and get back to it.
Variation 1: Pass the bear/chicken
Played on top of Pass the Clap. Instead of clapping, take a bear stance (with arms outstretched above your head into ferocious claws) and roar with your partner. Or fold your arms and flap them like a chicken while clucking like one. Once the clap is moving at a good, steady pace, someone can initiate the bear, and then the chicken. Since both of these movements are more involved than clapping, the bear and the chicken will move around the circle more slowly. That's ok! The result will be: receive bear, pass bear, receive chicken, pass chicken, receive clap, pass clap, catch breath for a second and prepare to receive bear again. It will feel very harried as you are constantly doing something, which is good training for the mental gymnastics your brain has to do if you are really working and paying attention in an improv scene. Do not try to switch direction, or a bear will end up eating a chicken.
Variation 2: Pass the RAP
Played the same way as Pass the Clap, but in addition to clapping at the same time, each pair of people also chooses a "rap" word (like "YAY-ah", "Bitches","Money","Gat","Bling", etc.). The first time around the circle, have the initiator clap and say the word, then have both people in the pairing clap and say the word together. Definitely include some direction switches; repetition makes this game even more fun than it already is.
Purpose: This games helps us communicate very quickly and watch for non-verbal clues, while also reinforcing group focus. The variations give us an opportunity to do stop worrying about looking stupid and just have fun with the group.
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system 'let me know when I can read so I don't have to wait for it, and I can process other connections in the meantime'.
Furthermore, there are some limited tricks to do the same for reading a file. The problem is that back in the 1970s when most operating system theory was being invented, disks were considered so fast, nobody thought it possible you'd ever need to meaningfully wait for one. Of course disks weren't faster back then, but computers were slower, and massively so. So by comparison, disks were really fast.
The upshot is that in most operating systems, disk reads are grouped with "stuff that should happen instantly", whereas every computer user by now has experienced this is emphatically not the case.
Modern operating systems offer only a limited solution to this problem, called 'asynchronous input/output', which allows one to more or less tell the computer to notify us when it has read a certain piece of data from disk.
However, it doesn't offer the same facility for doing a lot of other things that might take time, like finding the file in the first place, or opening it. Things that in the real world take a lot of time.
So, we can't truly enjoy the best of both worlds as sketched above, which would mean the programmer could write simple programs, which would be switched every time his program has to wait for something.
Enter 'Generic AIO'
Zach Brown, who is employed by Oracle to work on Linux, has now dreamed up something that appears to never have been done before: everything can now be considered something that "might take time".
This means that you can ask Linux to find a certain file for you, and immediately allows you to process other connections that need attention. Once the operating system has found the file for you, it is available for you without waiting.
Although almost every advance in operating system design has at one point been researched already, this approach appears to be rather revolutionary.
It has ignited vigorous discussion within the Linux community about the feasibility of this approach, and if it truly is the dreamt of "best of both worlds", but to this author, it surely looks like a breakthrough.
Especially since it unites the worlds of "waiting on a read/write from the network" with "waiting for a file to be read from disk".
Time will tell if "Generic AIO" will become part of Linux. In the meantime, you can read more about it on LWN.
Posted by bert hubert
Fri, 24 Nov 2006 21:55:00 GMT
Yesterday I visited a "software development seminar" of ASML, a rather well disguised recruiting event of this Dutch manufacturer of the world's most advanced lithography machines.
When I studied physics, I organized the Delftse Bedrijvendagen, the then largest carreer fair for university students of The Netherlands. As part of that, I was exposed to almost all recruiters of large Dutch companies, including ASML. And the ASML people never failed to leave me light headed.
In brief, lithography is a major piece of the process of actually making chips. It is the part where you actually put the chip on the substrate, using high energy photons. Current 65nm chips consist of many layers, each of these layers needs to be overlaid with the previous one to a precision of a few nanometres.
To achieve this precision, the individual positioning tolerances of the wafer need to be exact within a nanometre. This is a stunning achievement in itself. For those of you in the non-metric world, there are around 25 million nanometres to an inch. So you should be impressed.
However, this is nothing yet. The lithography machines ('wafer steppers') are very expensive, as is the facility that hosts them. And, as there are many layers in a chip, the actual speed of the wafer stepper is of utmost importance.
The machines ASML builds actually illuminate the 'reticle' at speeds exceeding 5 metres a second. This is 11 miles/hour. At nanometre precision.
You should have progressed beyond "impressed" to "stunned" by now.
But this is nothing yet. As in microscopy, where water is used to improve resolution, it makes sense to immerse your chip in water while it is being exposed. So the ASML people do that. At nanometre precisions, at those stunning speeds.
To put things in perspective, the wafer is NOT flat to within a nanometre, it bends a bit. So to achieve the precision desired, the wafer is first scanned, so all its imprecisions can be compensated for.
Extreme stuff. I'm sure they don't have this in "Star Trek".
I left the event deeply confused - I'm already completely busy with everything I do, and PowerDNS is getting to be quite the empire. The rest of my business is doing great as well.
But my physics background makes me appreciate the incredible things happening over at ASML. Oh well. Like any job, I'm sure it would have downsides. Also, I'm not the kind of person to hold a regular job. But if you want to do stuff on the leading edge of technology, you should at least consider working there. I hear they have 300 vacancies planned for software engineers. They also have some blogs, by the way.
Their current challenge is to move their 15 million lines of C to a new platform that will control their next generation of devices, some of which need to move terabyte amounts of data in under a second.
Anyhow, the seminar was interesting. Tom Gilb presented his "Evolutionary Project Management" concepts, which match rather well with how I tend to manage my projects. One of his main points is that when people start to apply "waterfall" diagrams to software projects, you are lost anyhow. I thought so all along, but it is nice to hear a "guru" confirm it.
Inspired by the breakthrough technologies over at ASML, I've picked up my own speech recognition research again, after an 18 month hiatus. The initial results bode well. I get very good frequency and time definition on real speech, with code totalling 750 lines. I hope to get some actual recognition going in the coming week.
Posted by bert hubert
Fri, 06 Oct 2006 22:52:00 GMT
Well, I reported previously that the server that powers this blog fell 9 feet, and appeared to have survived? Since that event, one of the disks reported odd errors every once in a while, but those appeared to point to a bad cable. I replaced it, but no joy, problems remained.
So tonight I decide to back up that disk completely, and take it out of use. And lo, during the backup it decides to pack up! It made a noise like a passing moped, and ceased to work. Backup was almost entirely done.
I restored the backup to another computer and mounted it via NFS (over wifi no less!), and things (including this blog) are back in production again. I'll have to buy new disks ASAP though.
PowerDNS RIPE presentation
RIPE was lots of fun, although my presentation did not go as well as I'd hoped. I've been distracted by grave medical problems in my family, which mean that I spend a lot of my time in the hospital. It might've been better to not do the presentation. Some people did tell me they enjoyed it though. Oh well.
For the first time, I've had the pleasure of answering a question from a webcam viewer! RIPE offers the great service that remote attendants can ask questions over IRC or Jabber, and a RIPE employee will then relay the question. A tremendous service!
Lunch at RIPE was fantastic, and it was very nice to meet many friends again. All in all a good day.


Pedagogical approach
The technique which Stephanie teaches can be defined as contemporary, demanding, quick, circular and fluid. The ground and surrounding space are fundamental tools. Class warm ups are structured to awaken the body precisely and globally through a gradual flow, eventually leading the body to disassociate and isolate during accelerated movement. Travelling diagonals, jumps and turns are often included in the exercises that follow. Classes either end with a choreographic combination that varies in complexity or an explorative session and outlook on partnering.
Much more then a simple class structure and teacher development, Stephanie Decourteille develops a true philosophy on dance and teaching. Convinced that dance is a way of living art daily with the body at any age, she applies her expertise and choreographies towards dancers in training. Stephanie works closely with dancers, actors, circus artists and figure skaters. In order to motivate the body to perform to its full capacity, Stephanie pays close attention to detail. While observing both globally and individually the figures in front of her, she studies the pathway of movements, placement, coordination which is where she also evaluates the body's state and corrects to adjust the body in relation to the imposed series of movements. She has the ease of adapting to every level. In a beginner class, her desire is to portray the fun in dance; in advanced classes, she wants to share her energy and experiences as well as accompanying and guiding these artists in their personal goals within the artistic realm. Each class is built to combine fun, dancing movement, discipline and learning. Dancers become present amongst their own selves, the space around them and their evolution in dance where they are sure to experience both the vulnerability and strength behind their growth.


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The Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery provides investigators and clinicians with services to support health care delivery research that informs evidence-based practice and improves the quality and value of care.
The center offers researchers the following shared services:
- Economic Evaluation Service. The Economic Evaluation Service team analyzes economic costs and health care resource utilization to help researchers show that the expected benefits of a new agent, technology or intervention are worth the costs.
- Knowledge Synthesis. The center's Knowledge Synthesis team evaluates and summarizes all available evidence on a particular topic to ensure that research efforts are comprehensive and efficient.
- Qualitative Research Services. The Qualitative Research Services team offers clinicians and investigators specialized knowledge and experience for planning and conducting the four interconnected phases of qualitative research: research design, data collection, data analysis and dissemination of research findings.


Can Chickens Eat Peaches?
Can Chickens Eat Peaches
Plenty of people domestically keep chicken coops at their homes or farmhouses. Feeding your chickens a good diet is one of the best ways to harvest quality eggs at home. While chickens are foragers and eat several foods, fruits are known to be great for them. Chicken owners often wonder whether or not chickens can eat peaches. Let's find out.
So, can chickens eat peaches? Yes, absolutely! Besides being delicious, peaches are also great sources of antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and are packed with several other nutritious elements that are beneficial for chickens. Peaches' soft and hydrating nature allows chickens to gobble them up in seconds! However, you must always remove pits while feeding them to chickens.
Nutritional benefits of peaches – All you need to know
Loaded with pulpy goodness, peaches are amazing summer fruits. A medium-sized peach gives 50 calories, half a gram of healthy fats, carbohydrates (15 grams), fiber (2 grams), sugar (13 grams), protein (1 gram), and no cholesterol or sodium. Sounds amazing, doesn't it?
Peaches are part of the stone familyOpens in a new tab.. They have one big seed instead of several small ones. Besides being healthy for humans, they are beneficial for chickens too! They contain balanced amounts of vital nutrients that make them healthy and allow them to lay healthy eggs.
Here are the key nutrients in peaches.
Vitamin C
Vitamin C is beneficial for chickens since it helps produce collagen. It also aids the body in fighting a number of diseases by building immunity.
CollagensOpens in a new tab. are extremely helpful in improving skin health as well as for accelerating the recovery from injuries and wounds.
Potassium is important for a chicken's internal cell function. It decreases the risk of many diseases and health problems like high blood pressure, stroke, and kidney stones.
Fiber helps keep a chicken's weight in control. It also promotes colon health. Besides, it protects chickens from severe health problems like diabetes, cancer, and obesity as well.
Carbohydrates obtained from peaches help keep a chicken active and help improve their overall health and wellness.
Natural Sugar
Their natural sugar content makes peaches sweet. Besides, they act as a natural taste enhancer. They are also healthy substitutes for sweet treats or processed food.
Peaches have good water content, which helps in keeping chickens hydrated.
Are there other benefits of feeding chickens peaches?
Feeding chickens peaches
In addition to the array of health benefits, you must also know the correct way of feeding this tasty fruit. Let's explore some other benefits of adding peaches to your chicken's meal before discussing the best way to add it in your chickens' feed.
Encourages physical stimulation
Chickens are hyperactive and curious creatures. You will always see a chicken pecking on something or the other. Furthermore, chickens are not domestic animals by origin.
They are not accustomed to living in confinement. Even though domesticated chickens adjust easily, they need to be kept occupied and physically fit.
Peaches are great treats for chickens and can be used as a tool for physical activity. Chickens kept in domestic environments tend to get stressed or plain bored. This takes a toll on their health and can make them aggressive and obese. This will also affect the quality of the eggs they lay.
You can use peaches to bring out their foraging instincts. You can keep slices or cubes of peaches hidden under some hay for them to discover. This will keep them entertained, active, as well as super-healthy.
Prevents scavenging for unsafe foods
Chickens are natural foragers and omnivorous by nature. Thus, you need to keep an eye on what they are eating while on their own. Peaches are a great way to distract chickens from unsafe foods.
For instance, nothing will stop a chicken from feeding on small rats or poisonous insects when they are hungry. You can prevent this by giving them tastier and healthier food like peaches.
How to feed your chickens peaches?
Do chickens eat peaches
Peaches are great for chickens and can act as delicious treats too! They are packed with nutrients and help keep your chickens healthy. However, precautions are a must when feeding pit-fruits to your chickens. Here's what you can do to feed your chickens peaches safely.
Wash peaches before feeding your chicken
Chickens tend to be restless when it comes to treats. You must not give in to their tense and pressing demands. Always wash peaches before you feed them to your chicken. This is a must before you slice or chop it to tiny bits.
Fruits have wax and other contaminants on their surfaces when kept in grocery stores. These can be harmful if consumed by your chicken. Thus, you should always soak or rinse peaches with lukewarm water to avoid any health risks.
Do not overfeed your chickens
Chickens have tiny appetites, given their small body structure. This is why you should never feed your chicken more than they can digest. Peaches may be a portion of ultimate health food but can harm your chicken if overfed.
It is ideal to restrict treats to twice a day to maintain your chicken's health. Moreover, overfeeding can lead to obesity, diabetes, and an upset stomach.
Slice peaches before feeding chickens
The ideal way to feed your chickens peaches is to cut them into thin, small cubes or slices. Peaches are already soft, and cutting them into cubes will make it easier to eat and digest. However, be mindful of the cubes' size since chickens are fast-eaters.
Other fruits, such as berries, also appeal to chickens due to their convenient size and interesting taste. You can consider them for your chickens if you want more variety in the feed you provide.
Nonetheless, you must be careful of the berries you feed chickens since some wild species can be poisonous.
Try to feed fresh peaches
Peaches taste the best when fed raw. Sometimes, you may lay peaches as a treat under a pile of hay and forget about it. Stale peaches taste horrible and contain harmful toxins that your chickens should not consume.
Thus, you should be careful of feeding chickens only fresh peaches.
Are there any risks of feeding chickens peaches?
Risks are natural when it comes to fruits, or any other food, whether raw or cooked. That said, it is always good to be aware of risks associated with certain foods to avoid health issues. Peaches are amazing for your chickens, but you must be mindful of the following risks.
No Canned Peaches
Canned peaches have artificial sweeteners and sugar for increasing shelf life and enhancing taste. Thus, it is strictly advised against feeding your chickens processed and canned peaches since it makes them sick.
Choking Hazard
Chickens have tiny, long beaks. They cannot eat large chunks or pieces of fruit. If they accidentally consume a large bite, they can choke. This may even be fatal.
As we have mentioned before, overeating can lead to obesity and several other health problems. Thus, it is important to control the amount of food you give your chickens. Peaches may seem harmless, but overeating can lead to digestion and other issues.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is there a fun way to introduce peaches to my chickens?
Absolutely! You can hang peach cubes on a thin string and tie it on sturdy poles or sticks in their coop. This will make them jump and run around for their treat. Besides this, you can even hide peaches under hay to make your chickens work hard for the treat.
What else can I feed my chicken?
There are not many restrictions when it comes to chicken feed. You can add a variety of fruits, grains, vegetables, and pulses to your chicken's regular diet.
What should I refrain from feeding my chicken?
You should not feed your chicken avocado skins and pits, green potatoes, tomatoes, chocolates, or tea.
Summing Up
Chickens require a balanced diet to produce healthy eggs. They are not very fussy when it comes to food. And peaches? They love them!
Since peaches are fit fruits, several people wonder if it may be safe for chickens. It is safe, provided you keep the pit away from your chickens' feed.
Note: Pits contain amygdalin that further breaks down to cyanide, which is very dangerous. However, pits are extremely hard so there are rare chances of your chicken accidentally consuming them.
Moreover, you should remember to remove the seed at all times even though the risk of them eating it runs very low. So what are you waiting for? Slice and dice a peach and give your chicken a healthy treat!


According to his coworkers, Edward Horatio Girling did not have much experience handling snakes when he took a job as a zookeeper at the London Zoological Gardens in 1852—which might help explain his apparent ignorance about the effects of mixing alcohol and venomous snakes. Namely, a fatal bite.
Let's back up. According to a paper published several years ago in the journal Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (and quoted from here), Girling spent the night of October 19, 1852 celebrating a boozy goodbye to a friend leaving for Australia:
Together with Edward Stewart, a temporary employee of the zoo, they stayed up all night, having three pints of beer at the friend's house before moving to a pub in Shoe Lane where they drank quarters of gin until eight in the morning. From there it was straight to work where Edward Stewart, presumably still inebriated from the night before, was occupied in the relative safety of the hummingbird enclosure.
Unfortunately, Girling didn't work with hummingbirds—he worked with serpents. Stewart found his friend gallivanting about the reptile house with the not-super-deadly Morocco Snake in his hands.
Despite the protests of his friend, he draped this snake around the unfortunate Stewart, crying "I am inspired!" His friend bent down, protesting that the snake would bite him at any moment. Girling relented and put the snake back where it belonged.
But the dangerous revelry didn't end there. Stewart had returned to the hummingbirds when he heard Girling cry "Now for the cobra!" Back at the reptile house, Stewart watched helplessly as Girling put the cobra into his waistcoat. From there, the snake coiled around the inebriated man's body and when Girling tried to grab a hold of him, the snake bit him five times on the nose.
Girling was rushed to the nearby University College Hospital, but by the time he got there, his head had swollen and his face had turned black. Thirty-five minutes after arriving, the zookeeper was declared dead. And although the doctors were able to study the infected blood for the sake of medical improvement, let this stand as an important warning: Never handle cobras while intoxicated.
[h/t History Weird]


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This post describes the simplest possible way to transform a form into a page in NAV 2009. Both Pages and Transformation is documented in more details elsewhere. Here, I just want to make the simples possible example, just to get a simple form transformed into a simple page.
You need to have at least a NAV 2009 classic client and the Transformation tool. To test the page, of course you also need the Rolebased client. But to just transform a form, you don't need it.
Import the tool:
1) Open a classic client, go to Object Designer and import the files DevTool.fob and TIF.fob from the folder TransformationTool\TIF Editor\
2) Create a new form in NAV, as simple as possible. For example a Card form based on the customer table, with just a few fields on it. This is the form you want to transform.
Setup and use the Transformation tool:
3) Run form 97000 "Transformation Forms"
4) Click Import -> "Import PageType – FormType mapping", and select the file TransformationTool\TIF Editor\FormToPagetypeMapping.txt.
5) Click Functions -> Get Forms. Filter on Type = Form, and ID = the new form, then click OK. This gets the form(s) that you want to transform.
6) In the FormType field, select "Card" ("Form with TabControl only and a source table").
Run the transformation:
7) Export the settings from form 97000: Click on Export -> "Transform Pages". You must export it to the TransformationTool folder, and it must be called TransformPages.xml.
8) From Object Designer, export the form (Tools -> Export) as xml.You must export it to the folder TransformationTool, and it must be called Forms.xml.
You now have the form you want to transform, and the meta-data that tells the TranformationTool how to transform it.
9) Run the file FormTransformation.exe from the TransformationTool folder. This generates a new file called Pages.xml. It also logs any progress or errors in the file Transformation.log.
Import the new page:
10) Back in NAV (classic client): Go to Object Designer, and import the file Pages.xml, and then compile it.
If all steps ran without any errors, you have now transformed your form into a page which can be displayed in the rolebased client.
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System policies define what to do with all incoming, outgoing, and transit communications that do not match the explicitly defined rules. The system policies are usually displayed at the bottom of the list of rules.
To allow or deny communications of specific type:
- Go to Extensions > Firewall > Modify Plesk Firewall Rules.
- Click the icon to the left of the policy name you want to change. If the policy currently allows all connections, clicking this icon will prohibit all connections and vice versa.
- To apply the changes, click Apply Changes, and then click Activate.
Note: Unless your configuration is activated, you have a chance to discard changes to all the policies you configured. To do this, click the Discard Changes button.


The Bird Nursery
Rookery breeding plumage…Spectacular
Prothonotary Warbler
Roseate Spoonbill
Wood Thrush
Indigo Bunting
Painted Bunting
Great Egret and young
Egret Babies
Indigo Bunting and Catbird chit chatting
Tricolored Heron
Indigo Bunting
American Bittern
Juvenile Little Blue Heron (I think!!)
Long-billed Dowitcher
Greater Yellowlegs
Rose-breasted Grosbeak
American Bittern
Royal and Caspian Terns
Hooded Warbler
The Rookery
Roseate Spoonbill with Chick – Smith Oaks Bird Sanctuary
The Rookery
In the Spring the cacophony of sound that surrounds the High Island Rookery can be deafening. Just what is a Rookery? Think of it as a giant baby nursery for several species of birds. Cormorants, Roseate Spoonbills, Great Egrets, Snowy Egrets and Herons arrive each Spring from their wintering grounds in Central and South America. Driven by instinct to procreate, they begin the arduous task of building nests, laying their eggs and then waiting for the pipping to begin. As each new chick emerges from its shell and makes its way into the world, the parents begin hunting for food to feed the hungry begging mouths of their offspring. Featherless, flightless and totally dependent on Mom and Dad, they must eat, grow feathers and practice all the skills that will enable them to successfully fledge at the proper moment in time.
One of my favorite rookeries is located on High Island. High Island is so named because it is the highest point of land on the Bolivar Peninsula, a small barrier beach that borders the Gulf of Mexico. A huge salt dome rose from the earth to form this piece of land that is approximately 38 feet above sea level. A predator-free island is located in Clay Bottom Pond, which was originally created to help supply drinking water for the employees of the growing oil industry. Surrounded by marshy water, the birds find it to be an ideal location for building nests and raising their young. See more history of High Island at:
Great Egret Incubating Eggs
Once sites are selected in the trees and large shrubs on the island, the building begins. Each limb of the available trees is laden with nests, stacked one above the other. Picture a condominium for birds. Some wooden platforms have been built that are several layers high which are probably considered prime real estate in the bird world. (Take a moment here and think about where you might want your nest to be in a tree….on the top with blue sky above or on the bottom where bird droppings might fall upon you). The birds begin gathering sticks and fashioning their nests to their satisfaction.There is much stick stealing that occurs on the island as nest-building season begins. It appears frantic as everyone tries to "keep up with the Jones" in building a bigger and better nest. Once nest-building is completed, everyone gets busy laying their eggs followed by the boring job of incubation. They must be kept warm and turned periodically to keep the developing embryo from adhering to the inside of the egg-shell. It is an important job and all birds seem to instinctively know how to do these tasks. And of course, if one parent leaves the nest to forage for food, then the other parent usually steps in to take on the incubating duties. The ultimate goal is one that carries a heavy burden of responsibility….survival of their species on our planet.
Juvenile "Teenage" Egrets
The spectacular show bursts into full glory when the eggs start hatching. The noise factor increases with the added voices of babies begging for food. Incoming and outgoing flights of the parents increase as they continually are fishing for food to fill their offspring's bellies. As the young mature and their feathers begin to appear, they are unruly teenagers and some of their spiky feathers give new meaning to the term "bad hair day". As they grow, food demands increase and the babies begin doing other things like inspecting their environment, spying on other birds and nests, pulling at small sticks and "flappercizing". They practice flapping their wings and working on building the muscles in preparation for their first flight. A fall from the nest or an aborted first flight that lands a chick in the water surrounding the Rookery could mean death since there are alligators lurking just waiting for a tasty appetizer to come close to their waiting jaws.
Tri-Colored Heron
I have stood for hours watching the activity surrounding the Rookery. I have snapped thousands of pictures trying to capture that which cannot be captured. It simply must be witnessed to be believed. So if you happen to get the opportunity to visit High Island,Texas, be sure to make time to visit the Smith Oaks Bird Sanctuary. I promise you won't be disappointed.
No happy bird searching here. If you visit the Rookery, it's Happy Bird Watching guaranteed!
PS: Don't forget your bug spray!!!!


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Introduction to Enzymes
The following has been excerpted from a very popular Worthington publication which was originally published in 1972 as the Manual of Clinical Enzyme Measurements. While some of the presentation may seem somewhat dated, the basic concepts are still helpful for researchers who must use enzymes but who have little background in enzymology.
Effects of pH
Enzymes are affected by changes in pH. The most favorable pH value - the point where the enzyme is most active - is known as the optimum pH. This is graphically illustrated in Figure 14.
Extremely high or low pH values generally result in complete loss of activity for most enzymes. pH is also a factor in the stability of enzymes. As with activity, for each enzyme there is also a region of pH optimal stability.
The optimum pH value will vary greatly from one enzyme to another, as Table II shows:
In addition to temperature and pH there are other factors, such as ionic strength, which can affect the enzymatic reaction. Each of these physical and chemical parameters must be considered and optimized in order for an enzymatic reaction to be accurate and reproducible.


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Prospective study to compare antibiosis versus the association of N-acetylcysteine, D-mannose and Morinda citrifolia fruit extract in preventing urinary tract infections in patients submitted to urodynamic investigation
AbstractBackground: The abuse of antimicrobical drugs has increased the resistance of microorganisms to treatments, thus to make urinary tract infections (UTIs) more difficult to eradicate. Among natural substances used to prevent UTI, literature has provided preliminary data of the beneficial effects of D-mannose, N-acetylcysteine, and Morinda citrifolia fruit extract, due to their complementary mechanism of action which contributes respectively to limit bacteria adhesion to the urothelium, to destroy bacterial pathogenic biofilm, and to the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. The purpose of this study was to compare the administration of an association of D-mannose, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and Morinda citrifolia extract versus antibiotic therapy in the prophylaxis of UTIs potentially associated with urological mini-invasive diagnostics procedures, in clinical model of the urodynamic investigation. Methods: 80 patients eligible for urodynamic examination, 42 men and 38 women, have been prospectively enrolled in the study and randomised in two groups (A and B) of 40 individuals. Patients of group A followed antibiotic therapy with Prulifloxacine, by mouth 400 mg/day for 5 days, while patients of the group B followed the association of mannose and NAC therapy, two vials/day for 7 days. Ten days after the urodynamic study, the patients were submitted to urine examination and urine culture. Results: The follow up assessment didn't show statistical significant difference between the two groups regarding the incidence of UTI. Conclusions: The association of mannose and NAC therapy resulted similar to the antibiotic therapy in preventing UTIs in patients submitted to urodynamic examination. This result leads to consider the possible use of these nutraceutical agents as a good alternative in the prophylaxis of the UTI afterwards urological procedures in urodynamics.
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Copyright (c) 2017 Antonio Luigi Pastore
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.


Tour Fenghuang Ancient Town
Located in the southwest of Hunan province, at the foot of a mountain and along the banks of Tuojiang River, Fenghuang is an ancient town with long history. The town is named after the mountain shaping like a flying phoenix behind the town. With quite a long history, the town is particularly well-preserved with many distinctive architectural remains of Ming and Qing styles. There are well-preserved ancient residential buildings with the history over 200 years, ancient lanes and alleys, as well as ancient town walls in the Fenghuang Ancient Town. Besides, the town harbors many unique ethnic languages, customs and folk arts.
What to See in Fenghuang Ancient Town
Tuojiang River
The Tuojiang River is the largest river within Fenghuang County. It is the mother river for the ancient town Fenghuang. It would make you feel like traveling in a scroll painting to get on the local boat, enjoying the folk songs sung by the helmsman, watch the unique stilted houses of Tujia Nationality all along the river bank.
The ancient town
The town is with long history. You can feel its history in every corner of the town. The city wall along the south bank of the Tuojiang River is built with mauve stones and sands, presenting an elegant and marvelous style. Tow ancient towers with distinct Qing Dynasty style sit at the east and north part of the city wall respectively.
Gate Towers
There are four ancient city gates in the town, protecting the town from ancient times.
Museums, Temples and Former Residences of Celebrities
You can find many mesuems, temples and formaer residences of celebrities in the ancient city. They are all free tickets.
Hongqiao Bridge
With a classic designing of three arches, the bridge is also called Wind and Rain Bridge.
 Fenghuang Old Town
Things to do in Fenghuang Ancient Town
Tasting ginger candy
The ginger candy is a well-known local snack in Fenghuang. The procedure of it is all man-made, with a history of more than 100 years.
Trying local dish
One of the most famous local dishes is the Xuepaya, a dish made by sticky rice, duck blood and duck meat.
Rafting on the Tuojiang River
There are many local style buildings (they call Diaojiaolou, a kind of stilted building of Miao, Buyi, Dong and Tujia minorities) along banks of the Tuojiang River. Some of these building are with the history of more than 100 years. You can take a closer look at the real life of local people and culture of the ancient town by rafting on the Tuojiang River.
Fenghuang Old Town
Weather of Fenghuang Ancient Town
Fenghuang has a subtropical monsoon humid climate featured distinct four seasons, sufficient rainfall and abundant sunshine. With an average temperature of 16 Celsius degrees, it is a place that suitable for travel in all seasons. In spring, the weather is quite fine with a temperature of about 20 Celsius degree. The plants turn to green and the beautiful Tuojiang River is often under the mist and fog in the early morning. In autumn, the temperature decrease to cool from the hot summer and at the same time, all tasty wild fruits are ripe and sold in the streets. In winter, if it snows, the whitening Fenghuang is of great charming.
 Fenghuang Ancient City Dragon Boat Race
How to Get Fenghuang
By air
There is no airport in Fenghuang now. However, you can take flights to the three airports near Fenghuang, and then take bus to Fenghuang Ancient Town. These airports are: Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport, Changsha Huanghua International Airport and Tongren Fenghuang Airport.
By train
There is no train station in Fenghuang. You have to transit through the nearby cities of Jishou, Huaihua or Tongren in Guizhou. Jishou is the closest and it seems that most travelers arrived by train from Changsha, Zhangjiajie or Nanning.
By bus
Fenghuang is directly connected by bus to most cities of Hunan province including Changsha (mostly from Changsha West Bus Station), Changde, Wulingyuan (Wulingyuan Bus Station is in Wulingyuan District of Zhangjiajie), Zhangjiajie (Zhangjiajie Central Bus Station is in Yongding District), Huaihua and Jishou. Jishou is the main town near Fenghuang, just taking 45 minutes of driving to arrive at Fenghuang Ancient Town.
Fenghuang Old Town
Travel Tips
1. Coins can not be used in the ancient town so please bring paper money. All the shops, restaurants, inns and hotels accecpt Alipay and Wechatpay.
2. Don't accept the free services or gifts like the joss sticks and candles burning at a temple as you will finally pay a lot for it.
3. Take care for the butter-tonsiled drivers, service suppliers and never trust on cheap tickets or the so-called perfect extra itineraries.
4. Never open your umbrella while visiting the local peoples' houses and don't step on the door sills.
5. Take a coat, umbrella or raincoat when you visit Fenghuang as it often rains and there is still wind at night due to the location and climate in Fenghuang.
Fenghuang night view
Sample Fenghuang Tours
6-day Fascinating Zhangjiajie & Fenghuang Tour
9-day Shanghai Zhangjiajie Fenghuang Tour
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- Effects of nuclear orientation on fusion and fission in the reaction using 238U target nucleus (2010)
- Fission fragment mass distributions in the reaction of 30Si+238U were measured around the Coulomb barrier. At the above-barrier energies, the mass distribution showed a Gaussian shape. At the subbarrier energies, triple-humped distribution was observed, which consists of symmetric fission and asymmetric fission peaked at AL/AH ~ 90/178. The asymmetric fission should be attributed to quasifission from the results of the measured evaporation residue (ER) cross-sections for 30Si+238U. The cross-section for 263Sg at the abovebarrier energy agree with the statistical model calculation which assumes that the measured fission cross-section originates from fusion-fission, whereas the one for 264 Sg measured at the sub-barrier energy is smaller than the calculation, which suggests the presence of quasifission.


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Multiple inheritance, tracer objects as event emitters, membranes to wrap entire object graphs.
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Octocat-spinner-32 browser
Octocat-spinner-32 examples
Octocat-spinner-32 lib
Octocat-spinner-32 index.js
Octocat-spinner-32 meta-objects.browser.js
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Tools for making meta-objects. These are broken down into two categories. One category is lower level tools that would be used for library authors, people making virtual objects, etc. The other is tools built on top of those, that are ready to use out of the box for easy usage.
Easy to use interfaces
 - callable - Takes an object and returns a callable and constructable version of it, which use the $$call and $$construct properties on the object.
 - multiherit - Creates a meta class from multiple constructors that combines all of them into one. Prototypal inheritance with multiple prototypes and multiple constructors.
 - tracer - Creates a clone object from the provided object that emits all things that happen to it. It's like databinding on crack.
 - doppelgangar - An object with mutatable persona. That is, it has a single JavaScript identity (used in === for example) but allows you to arbitrarily reassign what object it mirrors, at any time.
Lower level interfaces
 - interceptor - Turns normal getters/setters on prototypes, get/set/length into indexed properties like buffers, and get/set/has/list into named properties like DOM css objects.
 - proxy - Simplifies creation of ES6 proxies by handling everything you don't want to and providing ways to forward and subtly modify a target object.
 - membrane - Accepts the same parameters that would be provided to proxy but returns an object that will automatically wrap and unwrap all sub-objects gotten from property access, function calling, constructors, etc.
Semi-standalone classes
 - WrapMap - Mostly internal use tool for wrapping/unwrapping objects, used by membranes. It builds upon WeakMaps with the goal of providing object identity management for cases where objects are being wrapped by some other object (usually but not always a proxy) by preventing redundent, rewrapping, unwrapping if wrapped or return, and checking for primitive values to prevent accident type errors.
 - Emitter - A cross-between Node's emitters and the DOM event system. Used by tracer.
This library relies on features from the next version of ECMAScript and isn't going to work in most environments.
WeakMap and Proxy are required. This library works in:
 - Firefox 4+
 - Chrome 18+ with the experimental javascript flag enabled
 - Node 0.7+ when run like so node --harmony
npm install meta-objects
var meta = require('meta-objects');
The interceptor function turns an existing Constructor and its prototype into a more versatile interface, depending on what methods you provide on the prototype. For any properties that aren't intercepted by the below methods the properties will simply work like normal.
All of the below are created by just calling meta.interceptor(Constructor). The interface bestowed on your prototype will base based on the methods available on it.
 - Interceptor - is the baseline. It simply uses any getter/setters on your prototype and shows instances as having them as own regular properties.
 - IndexedInterceptor - If your prootype has length, get, and (optionally) set functions then the interface will additionally show indexed properties as own normal properties, utilizing those functions to fulfill interaction with numbered properties. This allows you to implement objects with buffer type interfaces that previously would be done in C++.
 - NamedInterceptor - If you provide a list and has function instead of length (along with get/optional set) your class will be be upgraded to an interface that provides those properties as named own normal properties.
You will receive a new constructor with a new prototype that will denend on the originally provided ones in order to work, but any objects created will be instances of the new prototype and the new prototype will show have the new constructor as its constructor.
The doppelganger is a simple interface. Calling meta.doppelganger(callable?) will return a function that changes the identity of your new doppelgagner instance, and also returns it. Whether an object is callable as a function is not mutable after creation, so you have to decide up front. A callable one will be typeof === 'function'.
var changeInto = meta.doppelganger();
// the first call actually provides the object to you
var doppel = changeInto(document);
changeInto([1,2, 3]);
## Callable Objects
A simple to use function that takes an object and returns a mirror of it that is callable and constructable. All changes to one reflect the other so they are in effect the same object, except the returned version is a function and they are not '==='.
* __obj.$$call__ - If present, this function will be called when the callable object is in any manner. 'obj()' or ', args...)'. 'this' is bound to the object itself so using call, bind, or apply won't have any effect on 'this'.
* __obj.$$construct__ - If preset, this function will be called whenever the object is constructed using 'new obj(...args)'. 'this' will be a newly created object as if created using 'Object.create(obj)' but it will also be callable and not just an object.
If 'obj.$$call' is not present then the call will simply do nothing. If 'obj.$$construct' is not present, then the newly created callable child of the object will be returned as is, so it's still useful for creating new instances without any constructor logic.
'obj.$$call' and 'obj.$$construct' are completely invisible properties but (currently) are still gettable and settable. It's likely this will be changed so there's some specific procedure for assessing these essentially private properties.
var obj = {
 y: 10,
 $$call: function(){
 return this.y++;
var cobj = callable(obj);
 { y: 10, $$call: [Function] }
 { [Function] y: 10 }
 { [Function] y: 11 }
Multiple Inheritance
The multiherit function provided allows for simple creation of classes that inherit from multiple objects. That is, you provide a set of constructors (and implicitly the.prototype for each) and in return you receive a single constructor with a single prototype. The constructor invokes all of the provided constructors in the order provided. The prototype combines all of the properties of the prototypes, in preference to the order provided.
 - options.ctors is an array of constructors that will be composed. The prototype property will be used for determining the list of prototypes.
 - options.params(strings) is an array of names that will be used to map params given to the combined ctor to each of the individual ctors. The names are matched to the named parameters of each ctor.
 - options.params(number arrays) can be used instead to map the parameters by input order to the matching index ctor.
 - optionally sets a specific name for the resulting Ctor. If not provided it will be made from combining the names of the given ctors.
 - options.onCall optionally make instances callable and provide the function to call when they are called
 - options.onConstruct optionally make instances constructable and provide the constructor function
function Talks(name, says){ = name;
 this.says = says;
Talks.prototype = {
 speak: function speak(at){
 at( +'says:'+ this.says);
function Walks(name, stride){ = name;
 this.stride = stride;
Walks.prototype = {
 move: function move(where){
 var self = this;
 where[] = self;
 self.location = where;
 }, this.stride);
function Fondles(desires){
 this.desires = desires;
Fondles.prototype = {
 touch: function touch(who){
 this.felt = who[this.desires];
// parameter names are used to map the combined ctor's parameters to the set of constructors
var WalksTalksFondles = multiherit({
 ctors: [Walks, Talks, Fondles],
 params: ['name','says','stride', 'desires']
 [Function: WalksTalksFondles]
// the combined prototype can also have its own properties separate from any it inherits
WalksTalksFondles.prototype.type ='man';
// the inheritance is dynamic, just like normal [[prototypes]]
Walks.prototype.speed = 1000;
 { type:'man',
 move: [Function: move],
 speed: 1000,
 speak: [Function: speak],
 touch: [Function: touch] }
var bob = new WalksTalksFondles('bob', 'hey guys', 100, 'name');
bob.speak(console.log); //bob says: hey guys
 { name: 'bob',
 stride: 100,
 says: 'hey guys',
 desires: 'name',
 felt: 'Object' }
 [Function: WalksTalksFondles]
Tracer Objects
The tracer function takes any object and produces an event emitter along with a clone of the object. All interactions with the cloned version


text:
Microsoft Windows Vista: Exam 77-600
July 2007, ©2008
The program is based upon the same curriculum as the Microsoft IT Certifications to build the skills students need to succeed at work and the preparation they need to validate those skills and get the jobs they seek.
All the support instructors need to deliver great courses on Microsoft software is in the program. Microsoft Updates will bring you the latest information on new products and curriculums and are a part of the program. MOAC is a great way for instructors to get ready to teach and for students to get ready to learn.
About Microsoft Windows Vista
Lesson 2. Working with Files and Folders
Lesson 3. Organizing Files and Folders
Lesson 4. Personalizing the Vista Workspace
Lesson 5. Customizing Folder Windows
Lesson 6. Working with Multimedia Files
Lesson 7. Searching for Files and Folders
Lesson 8. Getting Help and Support
Lesson 9. Monitoring the Vista Environment
Lesson 10. Managing System Resources
Lesson 11. Managing Software
Lesson 12. Using Windows Vista and the Internet
Lesson 13. Managing a Networked Environment
Lesson 14. Collaborating with Others
Lesson 15. Customizing Your Computing Environment
- 180 day trial version of Microsoft Office Professional Edition 2007 packaged with each corresponding textbook
- Task based approach to learning software uses, features, and commands
- L1 Assessment and Learning software from Certiport available with the book
- Microsoft Updates – Technology and curriculum seminars delivered through the Wiley Faculty Network
- L2 Certification Assessment from Certiport available with the book
- Free MSDNAA license for the department available upon adoption
- Microsoft Certified Application Specialist mapping throughout the text The certification exam objectives are introduced and summarized in each lesson, and they are called out at the point of introduction throughout the lesson
- Three levels of assessment at the end of each chapter build student confidence from competence to proficiency to mastery
- A wealth of authentic business scenarios are introduced and used in each lesson
- Early introduction of hands on activities in each lesson
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text:
Locate a target by shift from a known point
TASK: Locate a target by shift from a known point.
TEST CONDITIONS: During daylight hours, given a lensatic compass, protractor, binoculars, a 3- by 5-inch card indicating the distance and direction to the known point, and a target.
1. Determine the observer-target direction within +100 mils of the actual direction (expressed to the nearest 10 mils of the actual direction).
2. Announce the lateral shift from the known point to the target (expressed to the nearest 10 meters). The announced lateral shift must be within 6 degrees x 18 mils x range of the actual lateral shift. (R = the distance to the known point divided by 1,000.)
3. Announce the range change from the known point to the target (expressed to the nearest 100 meters). The announced range change must be to within 20 percent of the actual distance to the target. Example: At a range of 2000 meters, 20 percent would be 400 meters.
4. Complete steps 1 through 3 within 30 seconds.
SOLDIER'S MANUAL CROSSWALK: This task is based on STP 7-11, BCHM14-SM-TG task number _PHONE_, and on FM 6-30. For this manual only, the Infantry School has modified this task to require the candidate to use a lensatic compass.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR POINT: Binoculars, lensatic compass, a 3- by 5-inch card indicating the distance and direction to the known point, target, field table, pencil, stopwatch, clipboard, and FB Form 20-11.1-R.
SITE SETUP: Provide an unobstructed view of the target and known point at the site. Indicate the direction and distance to the known point. Place binoculars, compass, and a 3- by 5-inch card on a field table.
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: Say to the candidates--
"Let me have your attention. At this point you must locate a target by shift from a known point.
"You will determine the direction, range, and deviation corrections to shift fire from the known point to the target and announce those corrections to me within 30 seconds."
Point to the known point and the target.
"Do you understand what you must do?"
If anyone has questions, repeat the instructions but do not elaborate on what you have read.
Pause for five seconds and then say--
Allow the candidate to proceed for 30 seconds and then say--


text:
The Himalayas formed due to the collision between the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates. Although the original collision occurred 40 to 50 million years ago, the Indian plate is still moving further north, causing the mountains to grow at a rate of approximately one to two centimeters a year.Continue Reading
When the two plates collided, the land in each began to fold and pile up on top of itself, as both plates were the same density and neither could slide underneath the other. The force of the collision resulted in the largest mountains on the planet, with the largest, Mt. Everest, rising to a height of more than 29,000 feet above sea level. Although they have only grown around nine kilometers in 50 million years, the current growth rate of the Himalayas equals an astonishing 10 kilometers for every million years. This means the Himalayas are currently growing faster than ever.
The Himalaya range stretches for more than 1,500 miles across the entire northern section of the Indian landmass. Prior to the collision, this landmass began as an island off the coast of Australia after the break-up of the Pangaea supercontinent, before slowly moving towards Asia over a period of several hundred million years.Learn more about Landforms


text: The usage of lignocellulosic biomass in energy production for biofuels and other value-added products can extensively decrease the carbon footprint of current and future energy sectors. However, the infrastructure in the processing of lignocellulosic biomass is not well-established as compared to the fossil fuel industry. One of the bottlenecks is the production of the lignocellulolytic enzymes. These enzymes are produced by different fungal and bacterial species for degradation of the lignocellulosic biomass into its reactive fibers, which can then be converted to biofuel. The selection of an ideal feedstock for the lignocellulolytic enzyme production is one of the most studied aspects of lignocellulolytic enzyme production. Similarly, the fermentation enhancement strategies for different fermentation variables and modes are also the focuses of researchers. The implementation of fermentation enhancement strategies such as optimization of culture parameters (pH, temperature, agitation, incubation time, etc.) and the media nutrient amendment can increase the lignocellulolytic enzyme production significantly. Therefore, this review paper summarized these strategies and feedstock characteristics required for hydrolytic enzyme production with a special focus on the characteristics of an ideal feedstock to be utilized for the production of such enzymes on industrial scales.


Units of Measurement/Acceleration
< Units of Measurement
The SI unit for acceleration is m*s^-2. Acceleration is equal to change in velocity over change in time. Taking a second derivative of speed or first derivative of velocity is equal to acceleration.
Young, Hugh. University Physics: With modern Physics. 12. Pearson College, 2007. Print.


DBLP FAQ: What is the preferred format to enter publications into DBLP?
DBLP was started in 1993 as a pure HTML application. Later essential parts were converted to XML, but the input "language" remains to be in HTML style. The idea is to enter tables of contents (TOCs) in a format, which is very close to their appearance on the DBLP TOC web pages.
The TOC of a journal issue is the smallest unit of information we usually enter. For a first example compare
A TOC entry, that is the bibliographic description of paper, always has the same format:
A sequence of TOC entries always has to be placed into an -element. Empty -elements are illegal. You may add additional text between -elements, for an example look at input file / DBLP page.
For conference proceedings the input format is very similar. Our input file example shows the main difference: HTML -elements (and , ,...) may be used organize large tables of contents. For DBLP users tables of contents are simply more readable if the papers are grouped by sessions etc. as in our example.


Dignity, Equality, and Security
These words have specific protections in law, but are equally contested in law. Law and the courts is a place where everything needs to be defined and scaled into a test that judges can apply to a particular situation.
The Barbra Schlifer Clinic is a resource on legal issues relevant to victims of violence. We raise our voice on a number of important legal issues so that all women can build lives free from violence, and provide expertise to other community agencies working with women experiencing violence.
"Any erosion of access to justice for a sexual assault victim
makes all women more vulnerable to attack."
former executive director, Amanda Dale


From Wed Feb 14 19:13:34 2001 Date: Sun, 4 Feb 2001 14:24:48 -0600 (Central Standard Time) From: Karen Frederick To: Subject: Submission for Scan 12 challenge Hi! Thanks for doing these Scan of the Month challenges. I've done the last few, although I didn't submit anything because I knew I didn't have the answers... :) I've been learning so much by trying to figure out what the heck the scans are. Anyway, I appreciate the time that all of you take to make this possible. Thanks! Well, here's my submission for Scan 12. Let me know if you have any questions or comments about it... Karen ================================================================== SCAN OF THE MONTH #12: February, 2001 QUESTION 1: What is the operating system of the honeypot, how do you know? The honeypot is running Windows NT 4.0. The most obvious indication of this is the C:\ directory listing, which shows WINNT, boot.ini, Program Files and other things that we'd expect to see on an NT system. Also, it's running Microsoft IIS 4.0, which would normally run on NT 4.0. More subtle information supporting this is the server's packet characteristics: TTL of 128, DF set, window size of 0x2238 (decimal 8760), all of which fingerprint it as an NT system. (NT systems typically use a window size between 5000 and 9000 decimal). QUESTION 2: What is the name of this attack? Microsoft calls it the Web Server Folder Traversal vulnerability. Most other folks refer to it as the Unicode bug. QUESTION 3: What is the attack attempting to accomplish? It is attempting (successfully) to return a directory listing for C:\ on the IIS server. QUESTION 4: How does the attack work? The Snort logs show that the attacker first connects to the server's port 80 with a TCP three-way handshake. The attacker then enters a URL like this one: cmd.exe?/c+dir+c:\ The significance of "..%c0%af../" is that "%c0%af" is a Unicode representation of "/". So "..%c0%af../" will be translated to "../../". By using this as part of a URL directed toward an unpatched IIS system, an attacker can traverse past the web root directory. There's a reason why msadc is used as the initial directory. In order for this exploit to work, the initial directory must exist and must have the execute attribute set. msadc is installed by default and normally has the execute attribute set, so it's a good choice. The attacker is attempting to execute "/winnt/system32/cmd.exe /c dir c:\" on the IIS server. We see the directory listing for c:\ in the session file, so the attack has been successful. BONUS QUESTION: Is it possible to gain remote control of the system using this technique? If so, how? This technique alone could not be used to gain remote control. The commands run with the privileges of the IUSR_machine account, which is part of the Everyone and Users groups. However, since the attacker can run various commands as a member of these groups, he or she could utilize this technique as part of an attempt to exploit other vulnerabilities that are accessible through membership in these groups.


text: 'Good governance' – the current buzzword of the international development community, despite its elusiveness – promises prosperity and democratic justice for all citizens of the world. Good governance commonly espouses the efficient management of a country's institutions and social and economic resources in an open, accountable manner. Upon its emergence as the prevailing developmental paradigm in the early 1990s, Australia's official aid agency, AusAID immediately caught the good governance wave. Initially a peripheral concern for AusAID, the governance agenda had, by the mid-1990s come to dominate the character and objectives of the Australian aid program – with a decidedly greater emphasis on democratic governance. The promotion of 'good governance' in developing countries – with the pursuit of open trade – is declared by AusAID as the ticket to poverty reduction. This paper aims to deconstruct the Australian approach to promoting 'good governance' with a view to answering four key questions: (1) What does the elusive concept of 'good governance' mean in the context of development theory and practice? (2) How did this concept evolve and become institutionalised as a core objective of AusAID's work? (3) How does Australia's conception of 'good governance' facilitate the pursuit of national interest? (4) To what extent does AusAID's foreign policy-focused conception of governance conflict with a more developmentally-focused conception of governance?


text:
Defined as the change in position of an object (displacement) per unit of time. Velocity, unlike speed, takes into account the direction of travel relative to a base point.
v = s/t (where v and s are vectors)
Where (using SI units):
v is the velocity of the body in metres per second (ms^-1)
s is the displacement of the body in metres (m)
t is the time taken to travel from the initial point to the final point in seconds (s)
1. (One dimension) If you start at point A and travel directly north to point B which is ten metres away, and it takes you five seconds to get there, your velocity will be 2ms^-1 due north.
2. (One dimension) If you travel west for a ten seconds at 1ms^-1, take a break for twenty seconds and then travel for another ten seconds at 1ms^-1, your velocity for the trip will be.05ms^-1 due west.
3. (Two dimension) If you start at point A and travel north at 3kmh^-1 for two hours, and then instantaneously change direction and travel due east for four hours at a speed of 2kmh^-1 to point B, your velocity for the trip is 10kmh^-1 N53°E (53°T)
Change in position over change in time. A measure of how fast something is moving. Measured in m/s, ft/s, mph or km/h.
The velocity of the roller coaster is 20 meters per second.
Smackdown's version of Heat where it mostly features Cruiserweight action with such cruiserweights as Paul London, Billy Kidman, Spike Dudley, Funaki, Akio, etc.
Chavo Guerrero vs. Billy Kidman is gonna be on Velocity this Saturday night!


Listen carefully,
the universe beckons
In this beautiful intricate phenomenon,
Come, grow with me as time moves on
Universe is a gorgeous new collection for the autumn 2019 by Kristian Saarikorpi that was no more or less inspired by the universe itself. The spiral shape occurring in nature, that can be found in flowers and pine cones as well as in galaxies has always enthralled Kristian. Therefore, Kristian wanted to bring his own interpretation of the powers guiding the whole universe into the world of jewellery, and this interpretation was the start of Universe. The pieces of the Universe collection have a cracked rock crystal in the centre of them and they have been produced using 3D printing technique.