text:
The following glossary provides definitions for terms and descriptions for acronyms that are used in the AML Handbook. This glossary does not supersede definitions in relevant laws or regulations.
Abandoned Mine: An abandoned hardrock mine on or affecting public lands administered by the BLM, at which exploration, development, mining, reclamation, maintenance, and inspection of facilities and equipment, and other operations ceased as of January 1, 1981 (the effective date of the BLM's Surface Management regulations codified at 43 CFR Subpart 3809) with no evidence demonstrating that the miner intends to resume mining. For many abandoned mines, no current claimant of record or viable potentially responsible party exists. Abandoned mines generally include a range of mining impacts, or features that may pose a threat to water quality, public safety, and/or the environment.
Abandoned Mine Land (AML) Program: A BLM program that focuses on reclaiming hardrock abandoned mine lands on or affecting public lands administered by the BLM. The primary goal of the program is to remediate and reduce actual or potential threats that pose physical safety risks and environmental degradation. The BLM applies risk-based criteria and uses the watershed approach to establish project priorities. The program also works to return mine-impacted lands to productive use(s).
Applicable and Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs): ARARs are State, local, and Federal standards that are directly applicable or may be considered relevant and appropriate to the circumstances on the site. ARARs include clean-up standards, standards of control, and other environmental protection requirements, criteria, or limitations. These standards are an inherent part of the scoping process, but will affect the long-term remediation, especially in the setting of clean-up standards and meeting other land use regulations.
Categorical Exclusion: A category of actions (identified in agency guidance) that do not individually or cumulatively have a significant effect on the human environment and for which neither an EA nor an EIS is required (40 CFR 1508.4).
Environmental and Disposal Liability (EDL): An anticipated future outflow or other sacrifice of resources (e.g., costs) associated with cleanup due to past or current operations that have environmental closure requirements or a release of hazardous substances, pollutants, and contaminants on BLM lands or facilities.
Geographic Information System (GIS): A computer system capable of storing, analyzing, and displaying data and describing places on the earth's surface.
Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA): The GPRA (Pub.L. 103-62, Aug. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 285) holds Federal agencies accountable for using resources wisely and achieving program results. GPRA requires agencies to develop plans for what they intend to accomplish, measure how well they are doing, make appropriate decisions based on the information they have gathered, and communicate information about their performance to Congress and to the public.
Hardrock: This term is used here strictly in the context of the AML program and has traditionally been used by the BLM and other agencies to apply to non-coal mining environments where environmental risks such as acid-mine drainage, heavy metal contamination, and threats to water quality and the environment are of concern. Hardrock minerals in this context, generally include, but are not limited to gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, magnesium, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, uranium, and select other minerals where priority AML problems may occur. Most hardrock minerals are locatable under the Mining Law of 1872. Non-hardrock minerals include coal (which is addressed by the Office of Surface Mining and State coal reclamation programs) and some common-variety mineral materials, such as sand and gravel.
Hazardous Substances: CERCLA term identifying those substances designated pursuant to section 1321(b)(2)(A) of Title 33, or 42 USC 9602, or listed in 40 CFR 302 or 355.
Hazardous Substance Release: Any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment (including the abandonment or discarding of barrels, containers, and other closed receptacles containing any hazardous substance or pollutant or contaminant).
Hazardous Waste: Refers to a solid waste, or combination of solid wastes, which because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics may pose a substantial threat to human health and the environment.
Mine: An underground opening or open pit used for the purpose of extracting minerals. Mines commonly include features, such as shafts, adits, pits, trenches, tunnels, waste rock dumps, tailings, and structures including, but not limited to, mills, buildings, head frames, hoists, and loading chutes.
Potentially Responsible Party (PRP): Any individual or entity, including current and past owners, operators, transporters, arrangers, or generators who may be liable for clean-up costs for hazardous substances under CERCLA Section 107(a) or for injuries to natural resources on public lands from hazardous substance releases under section 311(f) of the CWA and CERCLA section 107(f).
Project: The investigation, cleanup of safety risks, stabilization, or reclamation of an abandoned mine land site or sites. A project may include one or more individual abandoned mines. The project area may be based on geologic, geographic, hydrologic, watershed, ownership, or other legal boundaries, or based on practical or logistical convenience, and is often contiguous.
Remedial Action: Permanent remedy taken to prevent or minimize the release of hazardous substances into the environment. Long-term actions (5-8 years) are necessary to return a site to its original conditions.
Removal Action: Short-term actions necessary to remove or mitigate a release or threat of release of hazardous substances.
Site: The area identified as being impacted by physical safety and/or environmental hazards. This can include any area where hazardous substances have been released or have migrated. The area size is influenced by the extent of the investigation, migration, evaluation, and past, current, and future clean-up activities.
Special Status Species:
Includes proposed species, listed species, and candidate species under the ESA; State-listed species; and the BLM State Directordesignated sensitive species (see BLM Manual 6840 - Special Status Species Management
Strategic Plan: A plan that establishes the overall direction for the BLM. This plan is guided by the requirements of GPRA, covers a 5-year period, and is updated every 3 years. It is consistent with FLPMA and other laws affecting the public lands.
Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL): Pursuant to the Clean Water Act, an estimate of the total quantity of pollutants (from all sources: point, nonpoint, and natural) that may be allowed into waters without exceeding applicable water quality criteria.
Watershed: This term, when used generically, is the land area that drains water to a particular stream, river, or lake. It is a land feature that can be identified by tracing a line along the highest elevations between two areas on a map, often a ridge.
Watershed Approach: Refers to the methodology of working within the geographic boundaries of a watershed with partners (Federal, State, private, and Tribes) to jointly resolve problems that affect the physical, chemical, and biological quality of that watershed. A scientific approach is used to prioritize sites, develop clean-up action plans, and evaluate effectiveness of actions in the watershed. Partnering agencies and organizations share and exchange information, collaborate on project management, and reduce costs through fund leveraging and avoiding duplication of efforts and conflicting actions.


text: There is a growing need for the comparison of binary executables in application such as threat-detection via malware analysis and copyright infringement. For malware analysis in particular, finding matching binaries involves searching extremely large (e.g., millions) of malware. Additionally, it is important that the comparison algorithms account for changes due to code evolution, changes in compiler optimizations, and post-compile obfuscation. Various technologies have been developed for these purposes; however most suffer from low sensitivity, scalability and robustness. In the current invention, researchers at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette introduce the concept of 'juice' – an algebraic generalization of the denotational semantics of a program. The juice captures the essential relations established by a piece of code, independent of choices of registers and literal constants. The juice then serves as a template of the code that is invariant against choices made by compilers or by code obfuscation tools and permits fast-matching of related code.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Earth Day Every Day With Guy Harvey
By Fred Garth, Editor of Guy Harvey Magazine
Shouldn't Earth Day really be called Water Day? I mean, most of Earth is covered in oceans, right?
 - Guy Harvey Foundation
 Okay, well, regardless of the name, the point is to focus our positive energy on protecting our precious blue planet. After all, it's our life and our water playground. Celebrating the Earth one day per year is incredible, but at the Guy Harvey Ocean Foundation (GHOF), marine conservation happens every day, not just on April 22nd. That means cavorting with wild slippery creatures like sharks, stingrays, sailfish, and other critters with spines and stingers and such. The GHOF's daily commitment to marine conservation also includes an all-out effort to educate K-12 students and teachers about our marine ecosystem's challenges.
 Back in 1970, when the first Earth Day was launched, a young Guy Harvey was studying marine biology and on his way to earning a Ph.D. Today, he's come full circle and has dedicated his organization's full attention to educating the next generation of ocean lovers.
 - Kids learning from Guy Harvey
 "Education has always been a passion of mine," Harvey said. "Now we're connecting the dots, so future generations learn that a healthy environment is directly related to a vibrant economy. This is especially true among coastal communities that enjoy boating, fishing, and other aquatic recreation. Red tides, algae blooms, and beaches cluttered with plastic aren't just unhealthy to humans but are also devastating to the growth and sustainability of the community."
 This educational message attracts a myriad of other conservation-minded groups to hop on the Earth Day train with Guy Harvey.
 - Discovery Education
 For example, during the entire month of April, Discovery Education focuses on "The Earth, The Sea, and The Sky" and will be highlighting educational videos from Guy and his daughter Jessica Harvey, who is also a marine biologist.
 In addition, will offer numerous Earth Day specials on selected merchandise as well as unique Earth Day products that you can buy or give as gifts to your friends and family.
 So, when you celebrate Earth Day this year, remember that without water, the planet would be a dry, boring, lifeless wasteland - kind of like Walmart at 2:00 AM. Sure, they can keep calling it Earth Day, but we know that the wet stuff is what we're really saving.
 - Kicked off in 1970, the first Earth Day set the tone for modern environmentalism. That same year, the Environmental Protection Agency was created, and the National Environmental Education Act was passed. Two years later, Congress approved the Clean Water Act. In 1973, the Endangered Species Act came to be, and famed explorer Jacques Cousteau started the Cousteau Society.
 Those early 1970s of eco-awaking (and amazing music), was transforming the world in many ways. Vietnam protests dominated the news cycle, President Nixon resigned after the Watergate scandal, and the Beatles broke up. Over the following 50 years, literally, thousands of grassroots conservation organizations were formed, such as the Ocean Conservancy (1972), Oceana (2001), and, of course, the Guy Harvey Ocean Foundation (2008), paving the way for cleaner water and a better Earth.
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text:
A Story from Colorado
- In 2003 and again in 2004, the Colorado legislature drastically reduced Master Settlement Agreement funding for the State Tobacco Education and Prevention Partnership (STEPP) within the Colorado Department of Public Health.
- Based on CDC's Best Practices funding recommendations, Colorado should be spending a minimum of $24.5 million a year on its comprehensive tobacco control program. In 2004, the state spent $4.3 million a year on tobacco prevention and control.
- Prior to November 2004, Colorado's 20-cent cigarette excise tax was one of the lowest in the nation. The state cigarette tax had last been raised in 1986.
- A coalition called Citizens for a Healthier Colorado was formed to work toward passage of Amendment 35: Tobacco Tax Increase for Health–Related Purposes.
WHAT did Citizens for a Healthier Colorado want?
- To raise the cigarette excise tax from 20 cents to 84 cents and the excise tax on other tobacco products from 20% to 40% of the manufacturer's list price.
- To earmark revenues from the tax increases for tobacco use prevention and treatment: for the expansion of health care for low–income Coloradans: and for the prevention, early detection, and treatment of cancer and heart and lung disease.
WHO could give this to them?
- Voters (the Colorado constitution requires all tax increases to be voted directly by the people)
- Legislature (to appropriate funds when the referendum passed)
WHAT did voters and legislators need to hear?
- A health care crisis existed in Colorado, and tobacco excise tax revenues could be used to address this crisis.
- Funds would be used to address health issues such as cancer and heart and lung diseases.
- Higher taxes would prevent many young people from starting to smoke.
- The money would be protected by the state constitution and could not be reallocated for other purposes without a vote by the people.
- Colorado had one of the lowest cigarette excise taxes in the nation.
- The promise made to the voters needed to be kept by appropriating funding for the initiative.
- The bill was comprehensive and would address not only tobacco prevention and control but also the prevention, early detection, and treatment of cancer and heart and lung disease.
From WHOM did the voters and legislators and heart and lung disease. need to hear these messages?
- Voluntary health organizations such as the American Heart Association, the American Lung Association, and the American Cancer Society.
- The Children's Hospital and other health care groups.
- Doctors and patients affected by cancer and heart disease.
- Co–chairs of the Citizens for a Healthier Colorado Campaign— Barbara O'Brien from the Colorado Children's Campaign and Al Yates, president emeritus of Colorado State University. These were two well–respected and prominent professionals who were able to gather broad support for the effort.
HOW did Citizens for a Healthier Colorado get Higher taxes would prevent many young people from voters to hear their messages?
- Advertising on television and radio and through direct mail.
- A total of $2.1 million was raised for the campaign, almost $1 million of which went toward an extensive television advertising effort.
WHAT did Citizens for a Healthier Colorado and the State Tobacco Education and Prevention Partnership get?
- A 64–cent–per–pack increase in the state cigarette excise tax.
- An excise tax of 40% of the manufacturer's list price on non–cigarette products.
- Overwhelming support for the excise tax increase as indicated by the large majority who voted in favor of the ballot initiative.
- Both the tax increase and the proposed use of funds are part of the Colorado constitution thus preventing reallocation of revenues without a vote of the people.
- Earmarked revenues to go toward health initiatives such as the expansion of Medicaid Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) and Community Health Centers, and include at least $25 million (16% of expected revenue) each year for tobacco prevention and treatment. This brings Colorado to the CDC–recommended minimum funding level for its comprehensive tobacco control program.
Get email updates
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- CDC/Office on Smoking and Health
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Although recent studies of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) have begun to explore the potential energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission impacts from an operational perspective, little is known about how the full life cycle of the vehicle will be impacted. We report the results of a life cycle assessment (LCA) of Level 4 CAV sensing and computing subsystems integrated into internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) and battery electric vehicle (BEV) platforms. The results indicate that CAV subsystems could increase vehicle primary energy use and GHG emissions by 3−20% due to increases in power consumption, weight, drag, and data transmission. However, when potential operational effects of CAVs are included (e.g., eco-driving, platooning, and intersection connectivity), the net result is up to a 9% reduction in energy and GHG emissions in the base case. Overall, this study highlights opportunities where CAVs can improve net energy and environmental performance.
CSS Publication Number:
life cycle assessment
greenhouse gas emissions
April 22, 2019
Gawron, Jim. (2019) "Evaluating the Potential Environmental Impacts of Connected and Automated Vehicles." Master's Thesis, University of Michigan: Ann Arbor: 1-53.


BeachesJeeps Corolla
My Beach Cars website
February 24, 2020
Why Cleaning The Car Upholstery is Important
Upholstery cleaning is one of the most important parts of the cleaning in your car. Your car carpet and upholstery is one of the greatest air filters at home and thus it goes without saying that it needs to be cleaned thoroughly. It works as a basic air filter and stops different pollutants and allergens to re-enter the air. Many believe that surface flooring is the new trend and it is better than the carpet. However, the reality is different. Surface flooring re-circulates the dust in the air along with all the harmful materials. However, a well-maintained carpet does the opposite. It basically clears the air and improves indoor air quality.
However, in order to achieve the best results with upholstery cleaning, one must understand that deep cleaning is very important. It helps the carpet to function as it should. This ensures that the trapped dirt is removed from the carpet on a periodic basis. However, do you know what happens when you do not deep clean your carpet? It basically contributes to bad air quality and ultimately leads to poor health and the environment.
Here is how the lack of deep cleaning of the upholstery can impact your health.
Biological messes are very common in carpet especially if you have pets and kids at home. It can be urine, saliva, feces, vomit, and others. These are the source of many health issues. Unless the carpet is cleaned deep, this could create a lot of diseases.
Bacteria and contaminants are usually found in many places. It comes to the carpet from shoe, food spillovers and pets as well. These bacteria get settled on the carpet. Unless the carpet is deep cleaned, the bacteria would re-circulate in the air and ultimately would enter the bodies creating an unhealthy environment.
Dust is not good for health. Dust can come from wooded furniture and it can also come from shoes and other means from outside. If you wish to open your window during the spring and summer for fresh air, it brings much-unwanted material along with it and dust is one of the prominent ones. Dust can be dangerous for our lungs. Thus it must not be allowed to re-circulate in the air. The best way to deal with it is too deep clean the carpet and make the dust is removed from the upholstery.
Stains from different food items or pets are normal in the carpet. Now, the stains are not only bad for carpet beauty but also from a health point of view. Stains do contain harmful bacteria and get settled into the carpet. They can hinder any road trip you might plan. Unless periodically deep cleaned, the stains can cause health issues for everyone at home as well.
If you have just moved then you don't know what the carpet has gone through previously. Hence, a deep clean becomes inevitable for better health and protection of the family.
Carpet is meant for home decor and improved air quality. However, if the carpet is not deep cleaned, it would never serve your purpose of good indoor air.
February 23, 2020
Simple Tips to Choose the Best Car Rental Service Company
Renting a car from the car rental services does not sound daunting task. Does it? Well, all that needs to be done is to pick a rental service and select the car. Then you hop into the car and travel from one point to another. If you believe this is the case, then it is time for some reality check. This does not really happen every time. Different people have different experiences from rental services. This is the very reason why we should be very careful while renting a car from rental services. There are a few things that should always be considered before making the final call.
It is said that if you cannot define your requirement, then you are most probably going to end up with a bad experience. The first thing that needs to be told to the car rental company is that what your requirement is. The travel plan should be elaborately described. The second thing to let them know is how many passengers would be traveling. If you have any special in mind, like stopping somewhere on the way, then that should be told as well. The requirement of the car must also be spoken. Some people like to travel in SUV whereas few in Sedan. It depends on personal choice, so that must also be spoken. This would be helpful for the car rental service company to sketch the plan upfront and share it with you. So, you are basically aware of your plans well in advance and there is no last-minute hassle or change in the plan. Make sure the cars carpets are clean, you can use Thornhill Carpet Cleaning for information,
Size of the car
This is understandable that you have a choice. However, there is also something called need. If you travel to a place where the roads are narrow and there is really a lack of space for parking, then would you be interested to take a huge vehicle with you? Well, perhaps not. It is always better to do some research about the place you would visit and then choose the size of the car. It does really matter contrary to popular thought.
The third thing that is important is to take travel insurance. Travel insurance is always a helpful and risk transfer process. All you have to do is to contact the best insurance and get it. This would make your travel comfortable and it would also take care of the unforeseen risks during the journey or at the place of travel.
The last but never the least important point is to have a look at the review of the car rental service company. The car rental service companies generally publish testimonials but that could be self-made. It is best to get real-time reviews from the users who have used their services before. There are many review forums or communities over the internet that can help you to decide on the professional service.
Renting a car is not easy but these simple steps can help you to get the best experience you desire from the car rental service companies.
February 21, 2020
Reasons for Pest Infestation in Your Car
Water Source
Food Source
December 16, 2019
Top Truck For Off-roading
As seen on many magazines below is the highlight of the top cars for off-roading this year!
November 10, 2016
Car rental tips
July 28, 2016
Summer Travel Tips In Your Car
The Time of Travel
May 17, 2016
Did cars ever not have windshields?
March 04, 2016
November 09, 2015
Pick your Party Limo Bus to get a dream ride
Lincoln Navigator Limousine
Hummer Limousine
Cadillac Escalade Limousine
Chryster three hundred Limousine
November 03, 2015
Tourist Attractions in Miami Beach
South Beach
Children Museum
Hire a Jeep
Parrot Jungle


text:
The definition of Montagnais is a Native American Indian tribe from Northern Quebec in Canada.
Facts About the Montagnais
- Many of the current tribe still exist and live in the same area of Quebec today.
- It is commonly believed that the name of Quebec actually came from one of the names given the tribe, Kebik.
- Montagnais speakers refer to their native language as Innu-Aimun. Most Montagnais children can speak their native language.
- The Montagnais tribe were nomadic and moved according to the changing of the seasons.
- The Montagnais tribe depended on the environment to save in a number of ways including for their:
- Food - In the spring, salmon and eel were their main sources of food. In winter they depended on the hunting of both small and large game, such as porcupine, caribou, moose, and elk.
- Clothing - It was typical to see clothing made of buckskin or other animal skins and natural materials.
- Shelter - The Montagnais lived in wigwams and covered the wigwams with animal skins, reeds, mats and bark from trees.
- Transportation - In spring months, the Montagnais relied on canoes crafted from strong trees. In winter, when they were forced to follow the migration of caribou as their main food source, the Montagnais constructed snow shoes using components of the environment.
An example of Montagnais is the 13,000 Indian Americans living in Labrador and Quebec today.


text:
View your list of saved words. (You can log in using Facebook.)
Action of using one's mind to produce thoughts, or covert symbolic responses to stimuli. Theories of thought and thought processes have concentrated largely on directed thinking, including problem solving. At the beginning of the 20th century, researchers focused on studying mental associations. Theorists of Gestalt psychology in the 1920s and '30s believed the elements of thought to be in the nature of patterns elicited from experience. Today these elements are often regarded as bits of information undergoing processing. See alsocognitive psychology, information processing.
Variants of THINKING
thinking or thought
This entry comes from Encyclopædia Britannica Concise. For the full entry on thinking, visit Britannica.com.


XRSession: squeezeend event
Secure context
The WebXR event squeezeend is sent to an XRSession when one of its input sources ends its primary action or when an input source that's in the process of handling an ongoing primary action is disconnected without successfully completing the action. Primary squeeze actions include things like users pressing triggers or buttons, tapping a touchpad, speaking a command, or performing a recognizable gesture when using a video tracking system or handheld controller with an accelerometer.
Bubbles Yes
Cancelable No
Interface XRInputSourceEvent
Event handler property onsqueezeend
For details on how the squeezestart, squeeze, and squeezeend events work, and how you should react to them, see Primary squeeze actions in Inputs and input sources.
The following example uses addEventListener() to establish handlers for the squeezeion events: squeezestart, squeezeend, and squeeze. This snippet is the core of an event handler to allow the user to grab objects in the scene and move them around.
In this case, a single function is used to handle all three events, allowing them to share certain code that's the same regardless of which of the three events is received. Only after completing those tasks does the onSqueezeEvent() function below dispatch the action out to a specialized function to handle things.
After checking to ensure that the received event is a tracked-pointer event (the only kind we handle here), the target ray's pose is obtained using getPose().
If the target ray pose was fetched successfully, the code then uses the value of Event property type to route control to an appropriate function to handle the event which arrived:
 - For squeezestart events, a myBeginTracking() function is called with the target ray pose's matrix. The myBeginTracking() function would presumably start the presentation of the object-dragging process, using the transform to perform a hit test, determining which object to pick up. myBeginTracking() returns an object representing the object the user has begun to drag.
 - Upon receiving a squeeze event, the myDropObject() function is called with the target object and the current target ray pose transform as inputs. This places the object into its new position in the world and triggers any effects that may arise from doing so (like scheduling an animation of a splash if dropped in water, etc).
 - The squeezeend event results in a myStopTracking() function being called with the object being dragged and the final target ray pose's transform.
xrSession.addEventListener("squeezestart", onSqueezeEvent);
xrSession.addEventListener("squeeze", onSqueezeEvent);
xrSession.addEventListener("squeezeend", onSqueezeEvent);
function onSqueezeEvent(event) {
 let source = event.inputSource;
 let targetObj = null;
 if (source.targetRayMode!= "tracked-pointer") {
 let targetRayPose = event.frame.getPose(source.targetRaySpace, myRefSpace);
 if (!targetRayPose) {
 switch(event.type) {
 case "squeezestart":
 targetObj = myBeginTracking(targetRayPose.matrix);
 case "squeeze":
 myDropObject(targetObj, targetRayPose.matrix);
 case "squeezeend":
 myStopTracking(targetObj, targetRayPose.matrix);
You can of course also set up a handler these events by setting the XRSession object's onsqueezeend event handler property to a function that handles the event:
xrSession.onsqueezestart = onSqueezeEvent;
xrSession.onsqueeze = onSqueezeEvent;
xrSession.onsqueezeend = onSqueezeEvent;
Specification Status Comment
WebXR Device API
The definition of'squeezeend event' in that specification.
Working Draft Initial definition.
Browser compatibility
No compatibility data found for api.XRSession.squeezeend_event.


text: Hello, i need some help solving a few questions. please help :) thankyou a)A pool Cue exerted an average force of 160N on a cue ball over a distance of 0.012m How much work did the cue do on the ball. b)If all the work done on (a) was transformed into kinetic energy of 0.0200kg cue ball, what was the speed of the ball? c) Light from the sun reaches the earth in 8.3min. The speed of light is 3.00x10g m/s. in kilometer, how far is the earth from the sun? d)An electron travels at a unifor velocity of 3.2x10g m/s, how much time is required for a displacement of 1.0m? e)A person walks 5.0 km torwards the east in 2.0 hours,then 1.5 km towards the west in 0.5 hour, and finally 10.0 km torwards the east again in 2.25 hour. What is the person's average velocity?


text: Allowance & Chores Bot makes it easy to keep track of your family's allowances and chores. With Allowance & Chores Bot, children won't lose or misplace paper money and you won't have to keep track of allowances and chores by hand. If your family has more than one device, Allowance & Chores Bot will automatically keep your whole family's allowances and chores in sync. Unlike other allowance and chore apps, Allowance & Chores Bot does not require any third-party service or special setup to sync all your family's devices. With Allowance & Chores Bot you can create a daily, weekly, or monthly allowance for each child. Each chore can be a one time chore, or repeated on a daily, weekly, or monthly schedule. Each chore can be configured so completion is required for the child's periodic allowance, or the chore can be configured as an extra reward in addition to their allowance. With Allowance & Chores Bot, you can approve or unapprove all allowance and chore payments for up to 30 days. Kids see how much they have saved and when and how much they've spent. The Allowance Graph lets your kids watch their allowance savings grow. Kids can see what chores need to be done and check them off when completed. Kids can receive chore reminders without having to open the app. Allowance & Chores Bot gives you everything you need to manage your children's allowances and chores and teach them about saving money, spending money, and earning money. Features: * Automatic sync between multiple devices - no setup required, just login with the same email and password. * Set up daily, weekly, or monthly allowances. * Choose whether allowances accrue automatically or only after parental approval. * Keep track of how much money children have saved. * Deduct money from a child's account when they spend money. * Easily withhold any number of future allowance payments as punishment. * Supports many international currencies. * Supports several pretend currencies like Points, Smiley Faces, Federation Credits & more. * Assign chores with a daily, weekly, or monthly schedule. * Give rewards for good behavior or good grades. * Allowance Graph lets you see a 30 day history of savings, spending, and chore activity. * Receive notifications when each chore is done, and when approvals are waiting. * Receive reminders when you forget to approve an allowance or chore payment. * Photos can be added to each chore to help kids understand what needs to be done. * Pre-readers can have things like chore names, chore descriptions, allowance amounts and savings amounts read to them by the app. * Approve or unapprove allowance and chore payments for up to 30 days. * Optional parental passcode stops kids from making changes without permission. * Optional child passcode allows children to block siblings from having access their account information. * Works on iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch.


Thursday, September 12, 2013
Smarter playlist length calculations
For my playlist controller/generator application, I wanted to have a way to produce an accurate list length to reflect about one day's worth of songs. I figured that if I knew how long every track was in my library, I should be able to get a good estimate as to how many tracks I could potentially play in a single day. From that, I then can figure out how many tracks to load into the playlist. So, first I need to have the lengths, in seconds (and fractions of seconds) for each and every track in the library.
I have my library partitioned into different categories, one category per track. I did not want to use the genre for this, as the genre could be something that does not reflect my own personal preference for categorizing my music. I have the categories organized in my settings file so that they are listed in order of my preference. This is done in a two-dimensional list configuration in python. The placement order in this list determines the "weight" of a particular category, which effectively determines how much more or less I'd like to hear songs in that category.
I divide up the tracks based on category, and take the geometric mean of the lengths of each track in each category. For those who are unfamiliar with a geometric mean, it is another kind of average that can be taken. The more common arithmetic mean is you sum up the values, then divide the sum by the number of values present. The geometric mean is taken by multiplying all of the values, then take the Nth root of the product, where N is the total number of values. So, if you have three values, 3, 2, 4, the arithmetic mean of these would be (3 + 2 + 4) / 3 = 3. Th geometric mean would be the cube root of (3 * 2 * 4), or the cube root of 24, which would be 2.88... This kind of average tends to predict lower than the arithmetic mean, which in this particular scenario would be like assuming what might be possible if a lot of smaller-length tracks were played within a single day.
Unfortunately, the calculation for geometric means results in insanely huge numbers due to multiplication, and actually can end up going out of bounds for floating-point numbers due to the size of the number that is calculated. So, there is a trick that can be done to avoid this. The trick is to use the arithmetic mean, and the harmonic mean. The harmonic mean is summing the reciprocals of the values, and then multiplying that by the total number of values (in the above example, you would do 3 * (1/3 + 1/4 + 1/2) = 2.77...). then you do the geometric mean of the arithmetic and harmonic means (square root of 3 * 2.77... = 2.88...).
Because I process favorites vs non-favorites differently, I run this geometric mean on all tracks in a category, and then just the favorites in that category, and apply the weights I've defined in my settings file for favorites or normal tracks to the results, and sum the two together to get the adjusted geometric mean for the whole category.
I then do a weighted average for the adjusted geometric mean for each category, based on the weights I've calculated earlier. A weighted average is to multiply the category's geometric mean by the category's weight, and summing that with the product of each category, and dividing it by the sum of the weights. The end result is a very good estimate for the average length, in seconds, for each track. I divide the number of seconds in a day by this average length, and I get the total number of tracks per day, which will be the basis for the number of tracks I load into the playlist. The end result is that different tracks impact this calculation in different weights based on the category and whether it is a favorite track or not. My favorites in my favorite category have a bigger impact than a non-favorite track in my least favorite category. Smaller-length tracks have a bigger impact on this number than longer tracks.
Tuesday, September 10, 2013
Making my playlist processing be concurrent.
This may come as a shock to some people, but I have this itch to continually tweak my music playlist. It started with me having a set of songs I liked... And [un?]fortunately, this collection grew, and grew. Soon, I wanted to have a way to organize my music and ensure that I'm listening to a certain set of songs. Enter the iTunes Smart Playlists, which let me define, in Set Theory-like notation, multiple playlists each following a different set of rules, that I could combine together and randomize to produce a "daily playlist", which I loaded into my Gen 1 iPhone. This worked fairly well.
Well... eventually I replaced that phone, and chose a less technologically-advanced phone (read: not a smart phone), and had to come up with some other way to get my music. So I took my music, and used a plethora of different streaming servers, building the same kind of functionality as I had with the iTunes smart playlists, building a daily playlist to stream to me at work (or wherever I can get the stream from). I eventually got fed up with most of the streaming servers, and settled onto Music Player Daemon (MPD). I also found a nice python library to interface with the MPD server, and control it (python-mpd2). This meant I could basically write my own playlist generator, how I wanted it, and have my music streamed through MPD, without all of the annoyances that the proprietary streaming servers were doing.
Now, several generations and revisions later, I have my own music database (the backend is unimporant, it will work with any database backend that SQLAlchemy can use) for my playlist generator, which has transformed into a playlist controller (it continually runs, and updates as songs are played through the day, eventually loading in a new batch of songs as the internal playlist gets used up). I have rebuilt it so that the database updating, and the playlist generating is all done concurrently, with multiple "worker processes" that drive handles chunks of the processing of each independently of the other processes. The beauty of this is that I can leverage multi-core computers for the playlist controller, and be able to have the processes spread around the different cores, which gives a nice performance boost.
Now, I am trying to add in new features to it. I want it to scrobble to I want my holiday music playlist modifications to work again. I want it to play stuff from podcasts, I want to be able to mix in music from Pandora. These will keep m busy, now that I think I have the core processing working in a way I am comfortable with.
Thursday, May 23, 2013
A Christian's Response To: A Christian's View of World of Warcraft (published in 2008)
I found this little jewel out on the 'net, and feel a need to respond to the blatant misconstruing of what is or isn't OK with World of Warcraft. I am a Christian (Confessional Lutheran, to be precise), and I also enjoyed playing World of Warcraft. I don't like it when people muddy the name "Christian" with stuff that is not Christian, and feel compelled by my Christian Freedom and Christian Responsibility to respond to this, even if I am about 5 years late on finding it. I am not a fan of the Legalism or the Moralism that plagues American Protestantism. So... here we go:
Evil Character and Quests
The classic argument about playing "evil characters" in a game. This has recently been touched upon quite well by Rev. Jonathan Fisk at Worldview Everlasting. This is basically an arbitrary line in the sand being drawn. Why do I say that? Because in the game, you pretend to be a different person, basically, you lie. So this line is drawn claiming that one kind of lying (role-playing a good character) is better than another kind of lying (role-playing a bad character). Further, this argument could be applied to condemn any writer to ever have evil characters portrayed in their books. Because they have to get into the role of those characters to know how the characters would act/react in the book. Or, for that matter, you better just not read any book with conflicts between good and evil characters within it, because the author was obviously being evil when writing about the evil characters, and it is better to avoid it entirely. Oh, wait, this means you better skip reading the Bible, because it is filled with all kinds of conflicts between good and evil, most notably between the triune God and sin, death, and the Devil. Like I said, it is an arbitrary line... and one that is not made in the Bible at all. As it is not expressly forbidden in the Bible, it becomes a matter of Christian Freedom. The correct term for it is "adiophra", which means those things not expressly forbidden in the Bible.
Sorry, but psychology is not a study based on the Bible, or even remotely connected to the Bible (and in fact, is arguably contrary to the Bible on many points). This has absolutely nothing to do with Christianity, and everything to do with human reason. The jury is still out as far as gaming "addiction" is concerned, and I don't see this as any kind of point with merit when defining Christian reasons to oppose playing WoW.
So what? It is, by definition a game, with rules connected to how to play the game. A game without rules would be


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Aspects of gender mutation in Welsh
Research on the acquisition of grammatical gender has shown that for many languages, children gain an early command of gender. However, often in these languages gender marking is quite overt and provides a clear one-to-one correspondence between a marker and the gender encoded. In Welsh, gender marking is more complex. Gender is marked by mutations, a set of morphophonological changes that affect the initial consonants of words, and the mapping between mutation and gender is quite opaque. Two mutation types are used in part to mark feminine gender: both feminine nouns modified by the definite article and adjectives following feminine nouns undergo Soft Mutation, and the feminine gender of the possessive adjective ei is marked by Aspirate Mutation on the modified noun. The four studied in this thesis examined children's productive command of gender as expressed in the mutation of nouns modified by the definite article, of adjectives modifying nouns, and of nouns modified by the homonymic feminine and masculine possessive adjective. Mutation in non-gendered contexts was also examined. Subjects were 4- to 9 1I2-year-old children from North Wales. First, a seminaturalistic study was conducted to obtain knowledge about children's ability with gender marking. A Cloze procedure was also used to elicit children's production of masculine and feminine forms, both real words and nonsense forms, in a variety of linguistic contexts. Some of these contexts provided cues to gender status, some did not. The data obtained indicated that the acquisition of the Welsh gender system is a drawn-out process, and children have not mastered the system even by 9 112years of age. In addition, children become proficient in marking feminine nouns modified by the definite article and adjectives modifying feminine nouns before they do so on nouns modified by feminine ei. Results suggest that when a language has a complex gender system that is marked by opaque morpho-phonological processes the course of development is protracted and variable.


Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects
Difference Between MP3 and AAC
mp3_logoMP3 vs AAC
MP3 is already a quite well known audio codec that is used mostly in mobile media players, which has now been dubbed as MP3 players, due to the significant reduction in file size it offers. AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) was a later addition to the MP4 standard and presents multiple and substantial improvements to the MP3 standard. Since both are lossy formats, it is therefore understood that they both sacrifice parts of the original audio data in order to come up with a much smaller file size. The key difference is in the quality of the recording after it is encoded with either AAC or MP3.
AAC has corrected a lot of the shortcomings of MP3 when encoding sound files and this has been duly noted both by technical people and casual listeners. The difference is so significant that it is not uncommon for people to equate the sound quality of an MP3 file coded with a specific bit rate with an AAC encoded file with a much lower bit rate. The difference in quality gets more pronounced as you go down to lower bit rates; 128kbps and lower.
The general advantage of the MP3 format is in its popularity. Because it was the first one to be introduced, it has become widely accepted by most software and hardware music players. AAC only gained popularity when Apple adapted it as the default format for its iPod music player and the music files sold in its music store. Before that, most portable music players, like those created by Creative, only supported MP3 files and not AAC. Now, most modern players being produced have added support for AAC and this gap is slowly beginning to close.
When choosing a file format for storing your music files, it is no longer under debate that AAC would be the clear winner. But before you encode your files to AAC, you should first examine if your existing devices are able to work with this format, as low quality is always better than not playable. When looking for a new player, its always better to find one with AAC support even when you have no intention of converting your files to AAC any time soon.
1. MP3 and AAC are both lossy file formats for audio recording
2. AAC is generally better than MP3, more so at lower bitrates
3. The MP3 format has more support, especially in portable devices, compared to AAC
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 1. I've done extensive personal testing of AAC, WMA, mp3 and mp3PRO. This is what I've found:
 1. mp3 requires more bits to equal the same quality as the newer codecs: AAC/WMA/mp3PRO.
 A. 4 MB "standard" mp3 (128 kbps, constant-bit-rate) equals..
 B. 3 MB 96 kbps, cbr AAC/WMA/mp3PRO
 In other words, the newer codecs are all roughly 30% better.
 2. Copy Protection.
 The overwhelming reason why mp3 is still popular is because of its LACK of copy protection.
 3. At super-low bit rates, i.e. 32 kbps cbr, AAC and mp3PRO seem to be the best.
 4. Most like original.
 For critical listening, i.e. "audio snobs" like me, I've found that mp3s at 160/192kbps sound the best.. period.. regardless of the AAC/WMA/mp3PRO setting used. It is "warmer" and more faithful to the original WAV file. The newer codecs tend to "lack air" and sound "more metallic". However, the average person can't tell the difference.
 5. Favorite.
 I like mp3PRO the best. It has the best of both worlds: mp3 compatibility AND newer algorithms/smaller file sizes of AAC/WMA.
 6. AAC Popularity.
 The reason AAC is gaining in popularity is solely because of iTunes. In fact, there is a firmware update to the Nintendo Wii that makes it play AACs and dumps mp3 playback.
 1. Difference Between iPod and MP3 | Difference Between | iPod vs MP3
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text:
Antarctic researchers have a new hypothesis that could solve the century-old mystery of why some icebergs are green.
Icebergs are normally white or blue, but sailors and explorers to Antarctica since the early 1900s have reported sightings of lustrous jade and emerald green icebergs in parts of the Southern Ocean.
Tests on ice samples collected from underneath the Amery Ice Shelf suggest that iron oxides in seawater are the likely the explanation for these rare, frozen curiosities.
The research, led by Professor Steve Warren from the University of Washington, has been published in the journal JGR Oceans, and includes Australian Antarctic Division Glaciologist, Dr Mark Curran, as a co-author.
Dr Curran said the study suggests that the unique colour of the icebergs is the result of yellow-tinted iron oxide in seawater combining with the crystalline blue of the ice, to produce the distinctive jade green.
"I first saw one of these intriguing icebergs from the deck of the Aurora Australis in Prydz Bay in 1992, and no one could tell me what caused the colour," Dr Curran said.
"It's a question that has intrigued many seagoing Antarctic scientists and explorers over the years, and so it was a real honour to play a part in this fascinating piece of research."
The most commonly sighted Antarctic icebergs are made from glacial ice, which is fresh water from the snow that falls on the Antarctic plateau and becomes compacted over thousands of years.
Jade icebergs are formed under very different conditions, when mineral-rich seawater freezes to the underside of an ice shelf in layers, then eventually breaks off and floats away.
These jade bergs contain layers of the pure blue-white ice from the glacier and greener ice below, formed from frozen seawater. Some icebergs of blue glacial ice contain green stripes of marine ice, formed by seawater freezing up into basal crevasses.
A number of theories have previously been put forward about why frozen seawater turns such a remarkable shade of green, including the presence of dead phytoplankton or dissolved organic carbon. The researchers found that these materials were not present in large enough amounts to explain the colour.
The scientists also believe that these mineral-rich ice blocks could play a role in promoting biological activity in the Southern Ocean, by transporting nutrients to areas where iron is in short supply.
Iron is an essential trace nutrient for the growth of marine phytoplankton, which are the tiny plants at the base of the Antarctic food web.
The research is based on iron measurements published in 2016 by Laura Herraiz-Borreguero of CSIRO, Professor Delphine Lannuzel of the University of Tasmania's Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, and their colleagues.


text:
The Voyage Of The Dawn Treader Study Guide
by Progeny Press
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Description of The Voyage Of The Dawn Treader Study Guide by Progeny Press
With Progeny Press study guides, students will not only receive quality literary analyses, but also learn to review literature in relation to biblical standards. By utilizing this focus on Scripture, students develop and refine strategies for recognizing and examining man's philosophies while learning about the craft of writing. Each study guide focuses on literary terms, plot construction, character studies, themes, and ideas.
This paperback study guide for The Voyage of the Dawn Treader provides easy-to-use, reproducible lessons on literary terms, comprehension and analysis, critical thinking, related scriptural principles, vocabulary, and activities, plus a complete key.
|Product:|| The Voyage Of The Dawn Treader Study Guide|
|Vendor:|| Progeny Press|
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|Minimum Grade:|| 6th Grade|
|Maximum Grade:|| 8th Grade|
|Number of Pages:|| 68|
|Weight:|| 0.4375 pounds|
|Length:|| 11 inches|
|Width:|| 8 inches|
|Height:|| 0.25 inches|
|Subject:|| Literature, Reading|
|Curriculum Name:|| Progeny Press|
|Learning Style:|| Auditory, Visual|
|Teaching Method:|| Traditional, Unit Study|
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text:
I would like to track total CPU and memory use on an Ubuntu 20.04 machine. For that purpose, I am about to install the sysstat library. I read the manuals of and posts on
sar and related functions, but am still confused about the syntax.
What I would like to do: Record total CPU and memory use every five seconds. Export the data once a day as CSV and delete the binary data.
What confuses me: 1. There are multiple settings specifying time intervals.
sar -u %system -r %memused 5 records CPU and memory use every five seconds. On top of that, the package generates "activity reports" every ten minutes as defined by
5-55/10 * * * * root command -v debian-sa1 > /dev/null && debian-sa1 1 1 in
/etc/cron.d/sysstat. I am confused about what happens every five seconds and what happens every ten minutes. Does the program first cache the data every five seconds and then writes it to a file every ten minutes? 2. Multiple functions write to disk. Which of them do I need?
sar -u %system -r %memused -o 5,
sadc -u %system -r %memused 5 -, or
sa1? 3. Do I need to execute the code that generates a daily CSV file (
sadf -d /var/log/sysstat/sa$(date +%d -d yesterday) > /home/some_user/sar_data.csv) as a chron job?
As a side note: if anyone knows of a solution that would be computationally more efficient than this sysstat approach, feel free to suggest it.


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Kids Valentine Craft
We're in full swing with our Valentine crafting around here. The kids are having a blast! The other day we did their favorite Valentine craft yet: marbled hearts strung into a garland. Here's how to do it…
Marbled Heart Garland Valentine Craft
- table covering (we used parchment paper)
- cookie sheets or wide cardboard boxes
- shaving cream
- a towel for wiping hands
- watered down paint in at least 2 colors (we used some finger paint we had on hand)
- paint brushes
- white cardstock
- a credit card or square of stiff cardboard for a scraper
- hole punch
- Fold the cardstock and cut out hearts of various sizes. Set them aside.
- Squirt a layer of shaving cream on the cookie sheet(s) and let the kids have fun using their hands to spread it out into a (approximate 1″) smooth layer. (Have a towel handy for quick hand cleanup.)
- Dribble some of the paint (watered down just enough to pour) onto the shaving cream.
- Have the kids use the back of a paintbrush to swirl the colors into the shaving cream to make a marbled effect. Make sure to stop before the colors mix together in too much.
- Place a cardstock heart down onto the shaving cream, making sure all of the heart presses onto the cream.
- Lift the heart off of the shaving cream and set aside (leaving the excess shaving cream on it) for a few minutes.
- Continue with the other hearts.
- Use the credit card (or cardboard square) to "squeegee" the shaving cream off of the hearts. The swirled (or "marbled") paint colors should remain on the heart. Set hearts aside to dry.
- Throw the kids in the tub with the messy shaving cream cookie sheets and brushes to let them have fun while cleaning them (optional, but really fun!).
- When the hearts are dry, punch holes in them and string them into a garland. Tada: a beautiful Marbled Heart Valentine Garland!


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The dome, constructed in 1881, originally housed a 12-inch Clark
refractor. The two foot wide dome slit was widened to accomodate the
1-m Nickel reflector. The new slit is not overly generous for the
Nickel, with only a few inches of clearance on each side when the
telescope is centered. Also, the slit does block part of the aperture
(maximum occultation of about 40%) when the telescope is at zenith
distances less than 6.9 degrees.
During regular operations the dome is slaved to the telescope to ensure that the telescope aperture is not blocked. Dome tracking of the telescope is enabled with the DomeAuto setting in the POCO telescope control software. It is also possible to manually position the dome via the POCO software (select DomeHold and use the Manual Dome function) or via a manual rocker switch in the Nickel dome (you must select DomeFloor in POCO to position the dome using the rocker switch).
The dome shutter can be opened or closed remotely via the naux_fe software or manually from a control box mounted on the dome itself (see Figure 2). The Dome shutter button is the bottom of the switches and simply pushing it once will open or close the shutter (it is actually a garage door opener that activates the dome shutter). Occasionally the shutter will fail to open or close fully, usually due to wind blowing on the shutter. Often a second or third try to open/close the dome will be successful. If it continues to fail to open or close fully, try rotating the dome to another location and try again.
The windscreen (Figure 3) is controlled with the naux_fe software. It may also be moved manually with the three position toggle switch (shown in Figure 2). The toggle switch has three positions: up moves the windscreen up, down moves it down, and the central position stops its motion. The software control has three buttons, intuitively labeled Up, Down, and Stop.
The windscreen is quite good at reducing wind shake of the telescope, but caution should be observed when using the windscreen at wind speeds greater than about 30 mph. When the telescope is not in use, the windscreen should be stowed in its full up position.
There are both white and red lights in the dome. The light switch and dimmer for the red light are next to the door. The lower white lights also have a switch by the door or can be controlled from naux_fe. Observers using the Nickel from a remote site may want to turn on these lights to check the state of the telescope and dome via the video cameras before moving the telescope or if they perceive any problems with telescope or dome motion or control.
There is a second set of brighter lights mounted on the rotating dome. Their power switch is located on the dome shutter controller (see Figure 2). These lights are not remotely controlled.
Dome Flat Field Screen
The dome has a flat field screen that can be used with either the dome flats lamp or the telescope lamps. Either way the dome needs to be rotated +38 degrees in azimuth and the telescope needs to be at least Dec -05:00:00. A standard flats position is Dome Az 218, Telescope HA 0, Dec -05:00:00.
Figure 1: Photo Courtesy of Laurie Hatch
Figure 2: Shutter and Windscreen Control
Flat Field Screen
A flat field screen (Figure 3) is mounted to the left of the dome slit. The windscreen may also be used as a flat field screen. The flat field screen is recommended when taking direct imaging flat fields, particularly with the bluer filters. For spectral flats we recommend using the windscreen because of flexure of the instrument and fringing at the red end of the detector. Using the windscreen enables you to get an appropriate spectral flat field no matter what the position of the telescope.
Figure 3: Windscreen and Flat Field Screen


text:
may be found in SAM, appendix 3.
Not all subset relations are equally significant. For instance, the statement that the major chord is a subset of the 12-note set, although true, is insignificant, because all sets are subsets of the 12-note set; i.e., the statement is not discriminating. The larger the superset is, the less significant are its subsets. A 3-note subset is more significant if it is a subset of a 4-note set, than it is if it were a subset of an 9-note set. This observation leads to a method for establishing subset significance. It is suggested here that a subset whose cardinality is more than half of the superset is more significant than one that is not. In this way one may make a distinction between significant-subsets (mapping>50%) by labelling them with an S, and a less-significant subset (mapping<=50%) by labelling it with a +.
To determine if one set is contained in another place both in prime form. In some cases, the pins of the smaller set will be the same as those of the larger set and can, thus, reveal the subset relation. But, most of the time this will not be the case.
Figure the intervals between successive pins of both sets. These intervals should, as usual, be considered cyclic. If the div of the smaller set can be aligned with the larger or with successive sums of the larger, then the subset relation applies.
Two sets are in the complement relation when one contains all the pcs that are excluded from the other. For example, a C major scale excludes "black keys". The five black keys are its complement, and vice versa. Thus, a 7-note set has a 5-note complement, a 4-note set has an 8-note complement, etc., where the complement cardinalities always add up to 12.
In the table of sets, sets with complementary cardinalities and the same ordinal number are complements. But, if one has a B ending, the complement does not. Exceptions to this are indicated with a < sign in the table of sets. This sign indicates that the complement has the same name ending.
All hexachords have hexachord complements. Many are there own complements, except for the B ending. Those that are not their own complements identify their complements by the ordinal number that follows two dots in the set name. These dots also identify Z-sets, those that have the same interval vector.
Every set is in the subset relation to its complement except for the complementary couple 7-Z12/5-Z12.
The cardinality of the two sets must add up to 12. Write the pins of the complement of one of the sets and place it in prime form. If this matches the other set, the two sets are complements.
Similarity relations are used to describe the relationships between sets of the same cardinality. These are based upon pc similarity and ic similarity.
Allen Forte describes four basic types of similarity relations, which he designates Rp, Ro, R1, and R2. Rp is determined by pc similarity, and the other three are determined by ic similarity.
Rp, maximum similarity of pc, exists when the two sets of cardinality C have at least one common subset of cardinality C-1, which is the same as saying that there is one unmatched pc.
Forte remarks that Rp by itself is "not especially significant" because it is too common, and leaves it at that. By Forte's Rp criteria, for example, 014 would be just as similar to 047 (major chord) as is 037 (minor chord). And, 014 is just as similar to 037 (minor chord) as is 036 (diminished chord). This does not agree with the way these chords are commonly perceived.
For a revision of Rp that would agree more with our perceived notions of similarity, one could require that the unmatched pc pair be within a semitone of a match. This makes the criteria for maximal similarity more selective, more distinguished, and corresponding more closely to our perceived notions of similarity. This type of similarity could be designated as simply P.
Ro, called "minimum similarity", exists when two set of cardinality C have no corresponding interval vector digits in common.
R1 and R2 are known as maximum similarity of interval class. Such is the case when four out of their six iv digits are equivalent. The remaining two dissimilar digits determine the difference between R1 and R2. If these are the same numbers but switched in position, then the relation is R1. If the two dissimiar digits are simply not equivalent, even if switched, the relation is R2.
1. They must be the same cardinality C.
2. They have four out of six iv digits corresponding and parallel (same position). (R1/R2)
3. They have all but one pc correspondence. (Rp)
Maximal similarity exists when two pc sets of the same cardinality can be mapped to one another, with the exception of one pc in one of the sets. Additionally, the interval vectors of the two sets must have four out of six matches.
These may be called the X relation (Forte's R1) when the unmatched digits are switched and the O relation (Forte's R2) when they are not. (The reasons for changing Forte's symbols become apparent when a single letter is needed on a "Relations Triangle". Additionally, X and O are easier to remember, because they neatly describe their respective relations in the shape of the letters.)
Another type of maximal similarity, called simply the R relation, is more selective, and is based upon a perception model that is statistically determined. By this criteria it is assumed that the perception of the similarity of small sets is easier than is the perception of the similarity of large ones; i.e., the similarity of, say, 9-note sets would be more difficult to perceive than their complements, 3-note sets. Thus, a formula is constructed to simulate this difference in perception. To satisfy R the sets must meet the following criteria:
1. Two pc sets of the same cardinality can be mapped to one another, with the exception of one pc in one of the sets, which must be within a semitone of a match with the unmatched pc of the other set.
2. There must be a minimum of interval correspondence T, where T equals the total number of ics corresponding in the two sets. T must be equal or greater than SC/8, where S is the sum of the ics in the set cardinality (the sum of the digits in the iv), and C is the cardinality.
As an example, compare the following two sets, given in prime form with their interval vectors:
C=6, the cardinality. Comparing the primes, only one pin pair is unmatched (8 and 9), and they are a semitone apart, which satisfies condition 1. Then observing the ivs, the sum (S) of the ics in this cardinality is 15. (This is determined by adding the numbers in either iv. All sets of cardinality C will have the same S.)
To determine T: The number of ics common in each iv position is equal to the smaller number (comparing each pair of digits in the same position), and 132321 is the result. Adding these together gives T, which is 12 in this case.
The number 8 is the cardinality chosen to represent a reasonable limit to the perception of R; i.e., sets having cardinalities greater than 7 cannot have the R relation (although they may have other maximally similar relations).
Since SC/8=11.25 and T=12 is greater, the two sets of our example meet the criteria for the R relation.
Various operations are commonly performed on pc sets. These include rotations (CEG becomes EGC, GCE, ECG, etc.) and registral displacement. These operations have no effect on pc content. That is, they remain invariant under these operations.
Two operations that are commonly performed on pc sets that can alter pc content are (1) transposition and (2) inversion.
Pc sets often maintain some pc invariance after a transposition. A common example is the whole-tone scale, 02468A, or 6-35*. When this set is transposed by 2 semitones all of its pcs are held invariant. This would, of course, have important compositional consequences. It would be important, then, to know when pcs are held invariant under the operation of transposition. We can determine this by examining the iv of a pc set. 6-35* has an iv of 060603. The number that appears in each position indicates the number of pcs held invariant when transposed by its respective ic. Thus, the 6 that appears in ic position 2 reveals that when this set is transposed by 2 semitones (t2), 6 pcs (all) are held invariant. Since this is an ic transposition it may be either up or down, i.e., t2 or t10. A zero in the first position reveals that when this set is transposed by 1 semitone no pcs are held constant (also true for t11). The same is true of t3 and t9. There is a 6 in the ic4 position, meaning that at t4 or t8, 6 pcs (all) are again held constant. The 3 in the ic6 position, however, may seem puzzling at first. But, recall that 6 is its own inversion; therefore, the number of invariant pcs is double the number in the ic6 position


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Honduras - Flora and fauna
Honduras has a rich and varied flora and fauna. Tropical trees, ferns, moss, and orchids abound, especially in the rain forest areas. Mammal life includes the anteater, armadillo, coyote, deer, fox, peccary, pocket gopher, porcupine, puma, tapir, and monkeys in several varieties. Fish and turtles are numerous in both freshwater and marine varieties. Among the reptiles are the bushmaster, coral snake, fer-de-lance, horned viper, rattlesnake, and whip snake, caiman, crocodile, and iguana. Birds include the black robin, hummingbird, macaw, nightingale, thrush, partridge, quail, quetzal, toucanet, wren, and many others.


All about the BBC mini-series on Charles Darwin:
Many visitors to have asked me about a video put out by the BBC in the 1970's on the life of Charles Darwin. Being curious to find out if it was still available, I wrote to the BBC and received a reply from them and have learned the following -
The television program was called: "The Voyage of Charles Darwin". It was first aired in the UK by BBC/Time-Life Television on October 31, 1978, then in Belgium on February 16, 1979, and finally in the United States (via PBS) on January 27, 1980. There was a second showing in the UK in December of 1995. The mini-series was in seven episodes of sixty minutes each.
"The Voyage of Charles Darwin" was produced by Christopher Ralling and starred Malcolm Stoddard. The ISN number is 0467-58660, and the Library of Congress catalog number is 68991532 (they have one copy of the video in their collection).
There was a companion book also titled "The Voyage of Charles Darwin" which was edited by Christopher Ralling, and published by Parkwest Publishers. The ASIN number is _PHONE_. The book is out of print, but I am told it is possible to find used copies of this in bookshops.
According to the BBC, "The Voyage of Charles Darwin" video is not commercially available and for copyright and contractual reasons, they are unable to supply copies.


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This French manuscript Bible was written around 1275 A.D. The text is in a minute Gothic scribal hand, written on vellum, and decorated throughout with fine penwork in red and blue inks and historiated illuminated letters. The opening illustration shown is from the Book of Genesis. The first word of the verse is "Incipit" and the full-page illuminated letter "I" that decorates the page contains representations of the Seven Days of Creation and, in the bottom lobe, the Crucifixion of Christ. The illuminations and penwork are characteristic of thirteenth-century French manuscript illumination design, and this Bible is a particularly fine example of the art form.
Call number: Rosenwald #3
2 of 16


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Baumgardt Family History
Baumgardt Surname History
This page is the home for the complete history of the Baumgardt last name, Baumgardt etymology, and records of people with the Baumgardt name. The Baumgardt family name is an old lineage that has migrated all across the world over the centuries, and as the name Baumgardt has migrated, it has changed making its origin challenging to piece together. Baumgardt family history has a complex evolution of which the particulars are beginning to be understood by Baumgardt family researchers.
No content has been submitted here about Baumgardt. The following is speculative information about Baumgardt. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
The evolution of Baumgardt starts with it's early ancestors. Even in the early generations of a name there have been different spellings of that name simply because last names were infrequently written down that long ago.
It was common for a last name to change as it enters a new country or language. Baumgardt family members have migrated across various regions all throughout history. As these families moved between countries, the Baumgardt name may have changed with them.
Baumgardt country of origin
No content has been submitted about the Baumgardt country of origin. The following is speculative information about Baumgardt. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
The nationality of Baumgardt can be very difficult to determine in cases which country boundaries change over time, making the original nationality a mystery. The original ethnicity of Baumgardt may be in dispute depending on whether the family name came about naturally and independently in multiple locales; for example, in the case of last names that are based on a profession, which can come into being in multiple countries independently (such as the family name "Archer" which was given to people who were bowmen).
Meaning of the last name Baumgardt
No content has been submitted about the meaning of Baumgardt. The following is speculative information about Baumgardt. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
The meaning of Baumgardt come may come from a craft, such as the name "Gardener" which was given to people of that profession. A lot of these profession-based surnames can be a profession in some other language. Because of this it is important to research the country of origin of a name, and the languages used by its ancestors. Many modern names like Baumgardt originate from religious texts like the Bhagavadgītā, the Bible, the Quran, and other related texts. Often these names are shortened versions of a religious phrase such as "Favored of God".
- Katherine Baumgardt 1888 - 1978
- Frederic H Baumgardt 1907 - 1991
- Rose Baumgardt 1899 - 1983
- Jacob Baumgardt 1908 - 1978
- Sophie Baumgardt 1890 - 1969
- Fredrick Baumgardt 1922 - 2010
- Lois M Baumgardt 1926 - 2003
- Gertrude M Baumgardt 1906 - 2000
- Hans Baumgardt 1904 - 1984
- Louis W Baumgardt 1925 - 2009
- D R Baumgardt 1949 - 1991
- Dorthea Baumgardt 1910 - 1972
- George Baumgardt 1885 - 1967
- J H Baumgardt 1947 - 1994
- Maude E Baumgardt 1894 - 1989
- Toni C Baumgardt 1908 - 2001
- Elsie I Baumgardt 1907 - 2009
- Katharine Baumgardt 1886 - 1975
- Beatrice E Baumgardt 1908 - 1987
- John Baumgardt 1886 - 1963
Baumgardt Family Tree
Famous people named Baumgardt
No famous people named Baumgardt have been submitted. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
Nationality and Ethnicity of Baumgardt
No content has been submitted about the ethnicity of Baumgardt. The following is speculative information about Baumgardt. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
We do not have a record of the primary ethnicity of the name Baumgardt. Many surnames travel around the world throughout the ages, making their original nationality and ethnicity difficult to trace.
More about the name Baumgardt
Fun facts about the Baumgardt family
We have no fun facts about Baumgardt. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
Baumgardt spelling variations
No content has been submitted about alternate spellings of Baumgardt. The following is speculative information about Baumgardt. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
In early history when few people could write, names such as Baumgardt were transcribed based on their pronunciation when people's names were recorded in public records. This could have led to misspellings of Baumgardt. Last names like Baumgardt vary in how they're spelled as they travel across tribes, family lines, and countries across time. Understanding misspellings and spelling variations of the Baumgardt family name are important to understanding the etymology of the name.


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|man pages section 4: File Formats Oracle Solaris 11 Information Library|
- file for ftp remote login data
The.netrc file contains data for logging in to a remote host over the network for file transfers by ftp(1). This file resides in the user's home directory on the machine initiating the file transfer. Its permissions should be set to disallow read access by group and others. See chmod(1).
Tokens can be separated by SPACE, TAB, or NEWLINE characters. The following tokens are supported:
Supply an additional account password. If this token is present, the auto-login process supplies the specified string if the remote server requires an additional account password. If the remote server does not require an additional account password, the auto-login process initiates an ACCT command.
Same as machine name, except that default matches any name. There can be only one default token, and it must be after all machine tokens. The default token is normally used as follows:
default login anonymous password user@site
Such an entry gives the user automatic anonymous ftp login to machines not specified in.netrc.
Identify a user on the remote machine. If this token is present, the auto-login process initiates a login using the specified name.
Identify a remote machine name. The auto-login process searches the.netrc file for a machine token that matches the remote machine specified on the ftp command line or as an open command argument. Once a match is made, the subsequent.netrc tokens are processed, stopping when the EOF is reached or another machine token is encountered.
Define a macro. This token functions the same as ftp macdef. A macro is defined with the specified name; its contents begin with the next.netrc line and continue until a null line (consecutive NEWLINE characters) is encountered. If a macro named init is defined, it is automatically executed as the last step in the auto-login process.
Supply a password. If this token is present, the auto-login process supplies the specified string if the remote server requires a password as part of the login process. If this token is present in the.netrc file, ftp aborts the auto-login process if the.netrc is readable by anyone besides the user.
Skip the SYST command that is sent by default to all remote servers upon connection. The system command is what enables the automatic use of binary mode rather than the protocol default ascii mode.
As some older servers cannot handle the ftp command, this directive is provided to allow inter-operability with these servers.
Example 1 A Sample.netrc File
A.netrc file containing the following line:
machine ray login demo password mypassword
allows an autologin to the machine ray using the login name demo with password mypassword.
Contains data for logging into a remote host.


What Student Tours and Admissions Meetings Won't Tell You About a College
Do you know how to improve your profile for college applications?
Show me what areas I need to improve
If you decide to visit a college campus, you may be wondering what it's like to be a student there — how do students live on their own, what is a typical day like for them, and what do they do all day? Attending an admissions session or taking a campus tour may give you some answers, but the time will probably mostly be spent discussing the prestige of the university, their application process, and the most iconic spots on campus. You may not get some of the in-depth and personal information that you're looking for.
However, that in-depth and personal information can be useful in deciding whether a college campus is right for you and can even be an important factor when you're deciding whether to accept an offer of admission. In this post, we outline seven questions that most likely won't be addressed in a student tour or admissions meeting that are worth researching. We'll also provide some tips on how to get the answers you're looking for.
1. What is the surrounding town like?
Each college campus is located in a different environment — in a relatively isolated rural area, a quaint suburb, or the middle of a big city. Regardless, as a student, you will likely step outside of campus and visit the surrounding area frequently.
It is worth noting what the schools' surroundings are like — whether they're safe, whether you'll have access to public transportation, and whether it's a good place to live. Unfortunately, an admissions information session or campus tour may only briefly mention the area outside of campus, and sometimes they won't even give you the whole truth in regards to how safe it is. Instead, they'll focus on things that pertain directly to the college like the class sizes, the scenery on campus, and all the safety precautions that exist on campus grounds.
2. What is the housing situation?
You may hear mention of on-campus housing at an information session, you can ask your tour guide about housing if they happen to be a student, or if you're lucky, you may even get a peek at a typical campus dorm. However, none of the above will give you a full picture of the housing situation at that university.
For example, a university representative is unlikely to reveal information about off-campus housing options (even if they're the better or cheaper option). Also, a tour guide probably won't give you the insider tips about university housing like which dorms are more social, which have the best dining halls, etc.
3. What are the classes ACTUALLY like?
Are students at this university often stressed out because of classes? Do classes fill up quickly? Is finding a place to study on campus a pain? How much homework do professors assign on average? How long does midterm season last? Do students get a break in between the end of class and finals (this is called a "dead week" on some college campuses)?
These questions, along with others that pertain to the student life at the university, should be taken into consideration when you're thinking about which university you want to spend your next four years at. An admissions meeting may gloss over the academic life at the university with a typical response — that "many students find that college courses are more rigorous and challenging than classes in high school," for example — but they usually won't tell you the details that you need to know.
What do students do in their free time?
By the end of a college tour and information session, you will probably have a pretty good idea of what the campus looks like and what the admissions process is. However, you may not have heard a lot about what students do that isn't related to academics.
Admissions tours and information sessions don't usually give more than a basic overview of what most students do outside of class in their spare time. They may not delve into details like which spot on campus most students hang out at, what quirky extracurricular many students support, or which spot close to campus students like to meet up at.
Understanding what most college students do in their free time on campus can help you visualize yourself at that university and assess whether you are a good fit for the college. If you can see yourself doing all the leisurely activities that most students do, there's a good chance you'd enjoy your time at that university.
What are some hidden study spots on campus?
Campus tours don't usually hit all the spots on the campus, but rather the most iconic, aesthetically appealing, and impressive parts. While these are great spots to know about, you may find that they are not where many students like to spend their time.
Oftentimes, a university will have an overlooked and secluded spot on campus that isn't well known. These spots are great to go and study while you're a student or even get some alone time if you feel like it. Unfortunately, these hidden gems don't usually make it into a campus tour because there are too many bigger things to see on campus in a short amount of time.
Where can I go near campus to eat?
Even if a college campus has the best dorm food ever (most do not), you will inevitably get sick of it from time to time while you're a student. When that happens, you'll need a restaurant or cafe near campus to eat at. While student tour guides may know about the best off-campus eateries, it likely won't come up as part of their tour.
Pro tip: Late night study sessions in college are more common than you might think. If you're going to search for the best places to eat off campus, try to discover ones that are open late.
Where do I go when I need to get away from it all?
College can be both exciting and overwhelming, especially when you're just entering as a freshman. It is perfectly normal to sometimes need a break from the stress and responsibility associated with attending university. So where do you go to get a break from campus life?
The university representatives who run information sessions may not know the answer to this question since they likely have never been students at that university themselves. Current student tour guides may know, but they are unlikely to include that information on their campus tour.
Do Your Research: How to Find Out This Information
Even if a student tour or information session isn't telling you everything you want to know about campus life and what it's like to attend the university in question, here are some ways that you can fill in those information gaps on your own:
 - Ask a Student: Current students have the most up-to-date information about what it's like to be a student at that university. If you happen to have a friend or peer who attends the university in question, it's worth reaching out to them with any questions you may have. If you don't know somebody at the university, the campus tour guides are generally university students. See if you can pull them aside after the tour and ask them questions.
 - Explore the surrounding area: If you have time after your student tour and admissions meeting, take some time to roam around campus and the surrounding area on your own. You're likely to find things like hidden study spots, the best off-campus eateries, places to spend your free time, and other things you were looking for just by walking around and observing where you see the most college students.
 - A basic Google search: You won't find such detailed information about student life at most official university websites, but there are chat websites and forums like College Confidential that may have the answers you're looking for. If the answer isn't already there, you can always post your questions and let current college students answer them. Be wary of this research method, however. Oftentimes, you will have no way of knowing whether the information you are getting is accurate or up-to-date.
 - Meme pages: This is a more recent fad that has made its way into college culture. A meme is a humorous image, video, or piece of text that is modified and shared with internet users. Students at some of the top colleges like UC Berkeley, Stanford, UPenn, Cornell, Dartmouth, UCLA, and Harvard have recently started creating meme pages on Facebook where students will post memes that talk about student life and the university from an insider's perspective. If you want to get a laugh, get an inside look at some campus lingo, and get a feel for the campus culture, join that university's meme page.
Final Remarks
Even though a campus tour or admissions meeting may not give you all the insider information you're looking for, it's still worth doing a campus visit and attending those infosessions. Despite their shortcomings, these can still tell you the information you need to know about admissions, and they can give you a good idea of what the campus culture is like.
For more information about campus visits and what you can (or can't) get out of them, check out these blog posts:
Want more college admissions tips?
Sadhvi Mathur
Senior Blogger
Short Bio


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In the previous installment of this series, we laid out the performance management lifecycle and its four phases. We also explored in detail the first phase of the PM lifecycle, strategize and prioritize, where we develop and set the strategy, plan risks and set KRIs, plan compliance and set controls, and put together strategic action plans and initiatives. The next phase, planning and execution, gets into the details of planning the strategic initiatives both from a financial and operational standpoint. The details of this phase can be depicted as such:
Align Corporate Budget to Departmental Budget and Link Corporate and Departmental Initiatives
The budgeting process takes each of the outcomes or actions from the planning process and aligns revenues and expenses against them. Decisions regarding investment priorities and resource allocations define how the company will operate and set the bar for measuring performance.
To create risk-adjusted budgets, incorporate the range of possible revenues and costs of each action into the budget at the appropriate organizational level. A risk-adjusted budget is one that responds to changing circumstances, providing the financial capability to react to events in a planned, proactive manner. Align risk adjusted budgets with contingency plans should risk events occur, or if risks exceed the acceptable threshold to achieving budgets.
Align Departmental Budget to Departmental Operational Plans
The operational planning process links the financial budget to specific operational factors. Plan out each step of each initiative. Consider what risks you have in each area of the operational plan. For example, in a risk-adjusted operational plan, for every decision to allocate resources to one set of operational activities versus another, you determine the impact and probability of the highest priority operational risks on those individual line items and use this to set a range of expected and forecasted values instead of fixed values. If the risk materializes, you would want a contingency plan in place that showed the performance and risk implications if we moved the budget from one initiative to another.
Forecast Performance and Risks
Create rolling, risk-adjusted forecasts of the budget (revenues and costs) and operational plan (including number, capacity, and cost of resources necessary to achieve plan) so that you can see trends over a rolling time horizon for those risks whose probability, consequence, and resiliency over time. That way if you have to make adjustments, you can see where you've been and the direction in which things are likely to go. Predictive analytic techniques can be a particularly powerful tool for building risk-adjusted forecasts by modeling the impact previous risks had on previous forecasts.
This step is essential but obvious; put the plan into action. Be prepared to execute on the type of risk associated with the plan once the threshold or tolerance is exceeded.
In the next installment, we'll look at the the monitor and analyze phase, which is most traditionally associated with reporting and dashboarding capabilities in the business intelligence arena.


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Whistling Helium: Supercold Sound May Lead to Better GPS in Submarines
Dr. Richard Packard, left, and graduate student Emile Hoskinson, right, are shown with the cryostat insert, where the experiment was performed.
Researchers working with a type of super-cooled helium have made the frigid stuff whistle, an attribute they say might make it the crux of better global positioning systems (GPS) in submarines and airplanes among other things.
The trick, it turns out, resides in cooling a specific flavor of helium - called helium-4 - down to just two degrees above absolute zero (2 degrees Kelvin or -271 degrees Celsius), where it becomes a frictionless superfluid.
It is that superfluid, the scientists said, that whistled unexpectedly when squashed through tiny holes and could be the foundation of new superfluid gyroscopes for submersible GPS navigation and seismic measurements on Earth and in space. [Click here to hear the helium-4 whistle.]
"The fact that they do whistle coherently means that we could make a sensitive gyroscope," explained UC Berkeley physicist Richard Packard, who led the study, in a telephone interview
The research, which was funded by NASA and the National Science Foundation, appeared in the Jan. 27 issue of the journal Nature.
Submarine GPS and earthquake studies
With almost no moving parts, superfluid gyroscopes promise much more sensitivity to rotational motion than their mechanical counterparts, a useful trait considering that changes in the Earth's rotation must constantly be added to the GPS system.
"Presently, the Earth's rotation is measured by radio telescopes around the world," Packard said. "But if a superfluid gyroscope were used, it could make the measurement with a faster turnaround."
In Packard's study, cooled liquid helium-4 was forced through a network of holes, each of which was 1,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair. But instead of an ever-increasing acceleration, the frictionless fluid reached a critical velocity where microscopic whirlpools formed around each hole and abruptly slowed the helium flow. The changes from fast to slow helium flow caused vibrations detected by a microphone and heard as a quantum whistle by graduate student Emile Hoskinson.
Since the whistle changes volume relative to a vehicle's motions, submarines, as well as ships and airplanes in regions where GPS may not be available, could rely on whistling superfluid gyroscopes in their navigational systems.
Inertial navigation systems in ships rely on a combination of three gyroscopes and three accelerometers to determine position, Packard said.
A rotation-sensitive superfluid gyroscope could also help seismologists measure how the Earth's surface twists during an earthquake and build a better picture of the planet's structure, he added.
A warmer alternative
Despite helium-4's frigid temperature, researchers said it is actually the warmth of the gas that makes it a prime candidate for superfluid gyroscopes.
To stay a superfluid, liquid helium-4 must be kept at about 2 degrees Kelvin, a temperature range offered in commercially-available instruments called cryostats. Previous whistling helium gyroscopes experimentsincluding some by Packard - have centered on helium-3, which must be kept much colder (about one-thousandth of a degree above absolute zero) in complicated refrigerators.
"That kind of refrigerator has the complexity of a rocket engine," Packard said. "There are lots of tiny wires and tubes...it's not the kind of device that a seismologist wants to [mess] around with."
Gyroscopes in space
Just as superfluid gyroscopes could be used to help researchers on Earth, the may also prove handy in spacecraft and planetary seismometers as well.
"The beauty of the superfluid gyroscope is that it's absolute," Packard said, adding that the devices could one day be pressed for spacecraft navigation and studying earthquakes on other planets. "It has an uncanny knowledge of the absolute inertial position."
But Packard conceded that there is still much to be done, not the least of which is determining the fundamental sensitivity of a helium-4 based gyroscope would be, then incorporating it into a commercially available cryogenic cooler.
Current commercial cryogenic coolers, for example, generate their own vibrations, which could contaminate the measurements of a sensitive superfluid gyroscope.
"So there is the need to filter that out," Packard said. "But I think that's a straightforward engineering task."
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