text:
Potatoes are one of the easiest plants to grow because they are not extremely picky about the soil that they are grown in. Growing the best potatoes, however, requires preparation and diligence during the growing stages. As potato plants spread and the potatoes start to grow, the gardener needs to be sure that the tubers remain covered with soil.
Chit (pre-sprout) the seed potatoes. This step is optional but recommended. Cut out the crown sprouts or eyes to allow the potato to grow sprouts from the shoulders and sides. To find the crown sprout, look closely at the potato for a cluster of more than four or five eyes. Cut out these eyes with a potato peeler and set the potatoes in an egg carton, crown side up.
Check the potatoes every few days and mist them lightly with a water/fertilizer mix. When the sprouts have grown to about an inch, they are ready to plant.
Clear the planting area of all weeds and debris, using a shovel and garden rake. Remove any rocks and roots, as they can interfere with the growth of the potatoes. Prepare the soil to approximately 1 foot deep.
Spread a 2-inch layer of compost or planting mix onto the cleared soil and mix in with a shovel. Dig into the soil with the shovel and turn the dirt several times until the compost and soil are mixed thoroughly.
Plant the sprouted (or unsprouted) seed potatoes at a depth of about 1 inch and about 1 foot apart. If the seed potatoes are small, less than 2 oz. each, they do not need to be cut; if they are larger than 2 oz., cut the potatoes into chunks that include at least one eye each. Each chunk should be no smaller than 1 square inch.
Water the potatoes thoroughly at least once each week. Over-watering will cause potatoes that have black centers, but potatoes need to be watered consistently to avoid misshapen tubers.
Check the leaves and stems daily for insect damage and treat as necessary. Bring in dirt from other areas of the garden to bury the tubers as they grow in size; do not let the potatoes become uncovered while growing.
Harvest the potatoes at any desired stage of growth. New potatoes are small, tender potatoes and are used in many recipes. Allow baking potatoes to grow larger.


text:
Home / Store / Journals / Electronic Articles / Fusion Science and Technology / Volume 29 / Number 4 / Pages 459-467
Ronald D. Boyd, Xiaowei Meng
Fusion Science and Technology / Volume 29 / Number 4 / Pages 459-467
Format:electronic copy (download)
Several existing heat transfer models for uniformly heated channels were examined to accurately represent the boiling curve and to characterize the local heat transfer coefficient under high-heat-flux (HHF) conditions. Comparisons with HHF data showed that major correlation modifications were needed in the subcooled partial nucleate boiling (SPNB) region. Because the slope of the boiling curve in this region is important to ensure continuity of the HHF trends into the fully developed boiling region and up to the critical heat flux, accurate characterization in the SPNB region is essential Approximations for the asymptotic limits for the SPNB region have been obtained and have been used to develop an improved composite correlation. The developed correlation has been compared with 363 water data points. For the local heat transfer coefficient and wall temperature, the overall percent standard deviations with respect to the data were 19 and 3%, respectively, for the high-velocity water data.
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text:
Managed by | Updated.
Workflow scripts can fail and errors must be handled appropriately. A common approach is to have a failing workflow script exit with a non-zero exit code so that Funnelback can detect the problem and fail the update (sending a notification email if it has been configured).
To achieve this in shell scripts, make sure you set the -e flag in the hashbang line: #!/bin/sh -e or #!/bin/bash -e. This will cause the shell to immediately exit with an error code if one the script commands fail.
To achieve this in Groovy script, throw an exception with a message of why the script cannot continue:
throw new Exception("Unable to connect to remote system");
Never use System.exit() as it will cause the JVM to shutdown. Depending on the context it may have bad consequences, such as shutting down the Jetty webserver if the script is being run by Jetty.


Watch this mercury drop suspended on Teflon as the surface is vibrated at specific amplitude and frequency. The frequencies create different modes of resonance, because the molecules vibrate faster when shaken at a certain speed.
This is similar to how your glass of water will form ripples if exposed to the right sounds (like the thumping of a T-rex walking toward your car). The vibrations from the sounds moves the molecules of mercury and form them into different geometric shapes.
At mode two, the mercury switches between two elliptical shapes that are perpendicular to each other.
In mode three, the form has three corners, and the mercury blob switches between two "directions." The cycle continues, four, five, six, seven and eight cornered shapes. When subjected to a random vibration, one that didn't resonate with the liquid element, chaos ensues.
The noises used in the video are too low in frequency for us to hear, but they are on par with the very deep tones elephants use to communicate long distances.
The video was uploaded in 2007 by YouTube user alextremes. Make sure to heed its warning: "Mercury is extremely dangerous so don't play with it. It can go through skin and mercury vapors are toxic. DON'T TRY TO DO IT AT HOME."
(via Fuck Yeah Fluid Dynamics)


text:
Have you ever heard of Egypt's largest natural woodland? It's Elba Protectorate. This is the largest natural protected area in Egypt, out of her officially declared 29 protectorates so far; it encompasses an area of 35,600 km2 (3,560,000 hectares) at the farthest south east of Egypt.
Elba Protectorate is considered by taxonomists, botanists and ecologists to be the northernmost Afrotropical ecozone on Planet Earth, being located between the latitudes 23.3°N and 22°N in the north hemisphere.
The region was officially declared a national park by the Egyptian government in 1985, and since then it has been managed by the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) and is administratively part of Abu Ramad City at the southernmost east of Egypt.
The most famous Gebel Elba, although not being the highest mountain in the protectorate -just 1,437 m-, yet the entire natural reserve is named after it.
Other high peaks in the region include the 1,911 m- Shendib Mountain, Shendodai Mountain (1,526 m) and Shellal Mountain of 1,409 meters above sea level.
The entire natural protectorate also records the highest rainfalls precipitation in Egypt, even more than the Egyptian western Mediterranean coast. That's because the Red Sea is just 15 km away from the core of the mountain ranges complex and because of the east-twisted shoreline, giving more plain space for the moist air to be pushed upwards by winds to the tops of the mountains.
In addition to the cluster of coastal mountains, the protectorate is an extensive and complex natural reserve comprising a number of ecosystems; for instance: the mangroves of the Red Sea, the 22 islands, coral reefs, coastal sand dunes, coastal salt marshes and coastal arid plains.
Elba P. Biodiversity Richness
|Elba's Panthera pardus specie is one of two Leopard populations in Egypt. The other subspecies is Panthera pardus jarvisi of Sinai Peninsula.|
With some 458 plant species, which account for almost between 14% - 25% of all plant species recorded for Egypt and a diverse fauna, zoologists and ornithologists consider Elba Mountain specifically as a biodiversity hotspot, with a biological diversity unparalleled in all Egypt's other North African, Mediterranean, Turani/Asian, European, and arid terrestrial environments and ecosystems.
Elba Protectorate has a green cover of Acacias, Delonix, Balanites aegyptiaca and other scrubs. There is at least one endemic species of "Biscutella elbensis" plant. Dracaena ombet and Moringa are from the plants which grow there at high elevations there.
In this beautiful natural reserve you could see ferns, mosses, Acacia tortilis, Delonix elata, Aerva persica, Euphorbia cuneata and several medically-useful herbs. Mangroves, Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata and Salt-marsh vegetations stretch along the long coasts.
Beside flora, Elba Protectorate is home for 30 species of reptiles, one for amphibians and 23 mammal species such as: Vulpes rueppelli, rare Panthera pardus, Gazella dorcas, Capra nubiana and Ammotragus lervia, in addition to 173 avian species, 31 of which are found in Wadi Aideib (Aideib Valley).
Birds found there include Ostriches "Struthio camelus", Lappet-face Vultures "Torgos tracheliotus", Terathopius ecaudatus, Oena capensis, Caprimulgus nubicus, Eremopterix nigriceps, Nectarinia habessinica, Sylvia leucomelaena, Rhodophoneus cruentus, Lonchura cantans, Passer luteus, Gypaetus barbatus, Neophron percnopterus, Aquila verreauxii and Hieraaetus fasciatus.
The region's off-shore islands are important habitats for sea birds and turtles like: Hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata, green Chelonia mydas, olive ridely Lepidochelys olivacea, loggerhead Caretta caretta, and leathery turtle Dermochelys coriacea. The marine ecosystem in Elba Protectorate is a well-known habitat for 2,441 marine invertebrates, as well as 123 types of corals reefs.
History & Nearby Settlements
|Aqua Temple of Abu Sa'fa Valley in Abraq.|
Elba Protectorate is close to the villages of Ras Hadarba and Adledib, in addition to Halayeb and Abraq towns, Abu Ramad City, the current capital of the region Shalatin city and the major historic city of Berenice.
The region, which was always used by the ancient Egyptians as a wealthy province of gold mining and extracting precious minerals, was part of Egypt since the old kingdom and the 1st Egyptian dynasty at least.
Starting from the 18th Egyptian dynasty, the ancient Egyptian imperial army used the local indigenous Beja tribes as mercenaries and guards for Egypt's south borders which stretched during the imperial age from Taurus Mountains, Mersin Turkish province and the Greek Aegean Islands like Rhodes in the north, to Djibouti in the south and from the Libyan Gulf of Sidra in the west to western Iraq in the east.
This is majorly evidenced in the continental mountainous town of Abraq which has a rich history of pre-historic paintings and pre-dynastic artifacts made by Proto-Egyptians. Dynastic Pharaohnic monuments decorated with ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics have been excavated in Abu Sa'fa Valley inside Abraq. Additionally, several ruins of Roman fortresses and castles could be visited atop Mount Abraq and Mount 'arqa.
Economic Advantages & Natural Resources
|Numerous species of Elba Protectorate's flora and herbs are of notable medical values. Some of the plants and trees there are good sources of biofuels and clean coal, while others could be useful for timber.|
Numerous species of Elba Protectorate's flora and herbs are of notable medical values. Some of the plants and trees there are good sources of biofuels and clean coal, while others could be useful for timber. Furthermore, some species are used for extracting their oil, as well as for human diet.
Good and wise usage of such herbs and medicinal flora could minimize Egypt's imports of chemical and natural ingredients which come from India and South Asia for medicine manufacturing.
Taking this into consideration, Egypt could become a notable phytotherapy hub between three continents and a major centre for studies of the use of extracts from natural origin like health-promoting agents.
The region is well-known since the ancient Egyptian times for its gold mines and gemstones in addition to other metals. In the modern age, geologists discovered precipitates of uranium and little reserves of the rare precious metal "Platinum". In addition to that, refining companies have discovered that the region is also rich in natural gas and a number of oil fields.
All this wealth and natural resources make the region an Egyptian powerhouse and a fossil fuel stronghold for Egypt which seeks development and improvement in the light of the 25th of January revolution.
- BirdLife International. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Gebel Elba. February 14, 2012.
- Baha el Din (1997), Boulos (1995), Goodman (1985a), Goodman and Meininger (1989), Kassas and Zahran (1971), Osborne and Helmy (1980).
- Mark Hunter. The Great and Lesser Wild Cats of Egypt. Touregypt.net. June 12th, 2011.
- Hoath, Richard. Field Guide to the Mammals of Egypt, A. American University in Cairo Press. The ISBN 977 424 809 0. 2003.
- Hoath, Richard. Natural Selections (A Year of Egypt's Wildlife). American University in Cairo Press. The ISBN 977-424-281-5. 1992.
Related Links:Difficult Choice: Oil Profits or Rich Biodiversity
A Forest in Danger
Africa "Water Towers" Pressured, New Atlas Reveals
Africa's Vanishing Landmarks
Droughts and Guns in Uganda

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


we have to use a type called IO that wraps our bad Future.
That brings us to the last part, what is this IO type? and how do I finally get my list of usedIds back?
scala> import cats.effect.IO
import cats.effect.IO
scala> Stream("bob", "alice", "joe").evalMap(name => IO.fromFuture(IO(loadUserIdByName(name)))).compile.toList
res8: cats.effect.IO[List[Long]] = IO$_PHONE_
It now gives us back a List but still, we didn't get our IDs back, so one last thing must be missing.
What does IO really mean?
IO comes from cats-effect library. First let's finish our program and finally get out the ids back from the DB.
scala> userIds.compile.toList.unsafeRunSync
:18: error: not found: value userIds
The proof that it's doing something is the fact that it's failing.
When??? is called you will get this exception, it means the function was executed (as opposed to before when we made the point that nothing was really happening). When we implement this function it will go to the DB and load the ids, and it will have an effect on the world (network/files system).
IO[Long] is a description of how to get a value of type Long and it most certainly involves doing some I/O i.e going to the network, loading a file,...
It's the How and not the What. It describes how to get the value from the network. If you want to execute this description, you can use unsafeRunSync (or other functions prefixed unsafe). You can guess why they are called this way: indeed a call to a DB is inherently unsafe as it could fail if, for example, your Internet connection is out.
Let's take a last look at Stream[Effect,Output].
Output is the type that the stream emits (could be a stream of String, Long or whatever type you defined).
Effect is the way (the recipe) to produce the Output (i.e go to the DB and give me an id of type Long).
It's important to understand that if these types are separated to make things easier, breaking down a problem in subproblems allows you to reason about the subproblems independently. You can then solve them and combine their solutions.
The link between these 2 types is the following :
In order for the Stream to emit an element of type
 - Output
It needs to evaluate a type
 - Effect
A special type that encodes an effective action as a value of type IO, this IO value allows the separation of 2 concerns:
 - Description:IO is a simple immutable value, it's a recipe to get a type A by doing some kind of IO(network/filesystem/…)
 - Execution: in order forIO to do something, you need to execute/run it using io.unsafeRunSync
Putting it all together
Stream[IO,Long] says:
This is a Stream that emits values of type Long and in order to do so, it needs to run an effective function that producesIO[Long] for each value.
That's a lot of details packed in this very short type. The more details you get about how things happen the fewer errors you make.
 - Stream is a super charged version of List
 - Stream(1,2,3) is of type Stream[Pure, Int], the second type Int is the type of all values that this stream will emit
 - Pure means no effect on the world. It just makes your CPU work and consumes some power, but besides that it does not affect the world around you.
 - Use evalMap instead of map when you want to apply a function that has an effect like loadUserIdByName to a Stream.
 - Stream[IO, Long] separates the concerns of What and How by letting you work only with the values and not worrying about how to get them (loading from the db).
 - Separating program description from evaluation is a key aspect of FP.
 - All the programs you write with Stream will do nothing until you use unsafeRunSync. Before that your code is effectively pure.
 - IO[Long] is an effect type that tells you: you will get Long values from IO (could be a file, the network, the console...). It's a description and not a wrapper!r
 - Future does not abide by this philosophy and thus is not compatible with FS2, you have to use IO type instead.
FS2 videos


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Potential effects of herbivores on plant species diversity depend on herbivore size, species and density. In this study we examine the effect of different-sized herbivores (cattle and rabbits) on recruitment of subordinate herbs in grasslands. We show that in a grazed floodplain, grassland plant species richness is mainly determined by the presence of many species of subordinate herbs. These herbs experience high colonization and extinction rates. We conclude that the creation of colonization opportunities for subordinate herbs plays a crucial role in maintaining plant species richness in productive grasslands. We found that cattle disperse large amounts of seeds via their dung, over ten times more than rabbits. Rabbits create more and on average larger bare soil patches than cattle. In a field experiment artificial disturbances improved germination success tremendously for four tested herb species. We found that bare soil is the best regeneration site, while cattle dung gave a too strong nutrient stimulus, resulting in tall vegetation and therefore light limitation. These results can be confirmed with results from field monitoring plots where plant species richness was positively related to the occurrence of bare soil patches. Therefore both large and small herbivores have a major impact on dispersal and colonization, but for different reasons. Cattle are identified as most important for seed dispersal whereas rabbits have a main effect as creators of disturbances. These results emphasize the importance of distinguishing between herbivore species in assessing their (potential) effects.
Nomenclature: van der Meijden (1990).


text:
If you're like me, you've heard people tell you a million times that video games will screw up your eyes. Well, guess what? Turns out video games can actually make your (lazy) eye all better. That's right. Using games to improve your health isn't just for Wii fit any more.
Researchers at the University of California Berkeley have found that playing video games can significantly improve both depth perception and visual acuity for people with lazy eye. As it turns out lazy eye, whose scientific nomenclature is "amblyopia," is a neurological disorder, not a problem with motor control or muscular alignment. The look that we usually associate with amblyopia - one eye looking off to the side - is actually a different issue altogether, called strabismus, that sometimes co-occurs with amblyopia (called strabismic amblyopia). Therapy for amblyopia usually consists of some poor kid wearing a patch over one eye until their youthful neurons (which are renowned for their plasticity) are exercised up to a healthy (or perhaps I should say "normative") level. Unfortunately, there are a lot of adults suffering from the disorder. Many may not know that they are, and adult neurons are not nearly as plastic as their younger counterparts.
Back on point: The researchers performed a few studies in which they had participants play Medal of Honor: Pacific Assault or Sim City Societies for a few hours nightly, and they found that visual acuity, depth perception, and other spatial elements of vision in the participants' amblyotic eyes were significantly improved following the course of the study. This news is a particularly big deal because these are adults who are responding well to the video game-based therapy - adults with their old, crotchety neurons that might not otherwise respond well to treatment.
Though the sample sizes for these studies are not large, the team behind them has received a $1.7 million US grant to perform a large-scale follow-up to compare video game therapy to the traditional patch-over-the-eye treatment.
The results of the pilot studies have been published in PLoS Biology and can be accessed freely here.


text:
tail - output trailing portion of one or more files
tail [ options ] [file...]
copies one or more input files to standard output starting at a designated point for each file. Copying starts at the
point indicated by the options and is unlimited in size.
By default a header of the form ==> filename <== is output before all but the first file but this can be
changed with the -q and -v options.
If no file is given, or if the file is -, tail copies from standard input. The start of the file is
defined as the current offset.
The option argument for -c can optionally be followed by one of the following characters to specify a different unit other
than a single byte:
- 512 bytes.
- 1 KiB.
- 1 MiB.
- 1 GiB.
For backwards compatibility, -number
is equivalent to -n number
to -n -number
may also have these option suffixes: b c f g k l m r
- -n, --lines=lines
Copy lines lines from each file. A negative value for lines indicates
an offset from the end of the file. The default value is 10.
- -b, --blocks
Copy units of 512 bytes.
- -c, --bytes[=chars]
Copy chars bytes from each file. A negative value for chars indicates
an offset from the end of the file. The option value may be omitted.
- -f, --forever|follow
Loop forever trying to read more characters as the end of each file to copy new data.
Ignored if reading from a pipe or fifo.
- -h, --headers
Output filename headers. On by default; -h means --noheaders.
- -l, --lines
Copy units of lines. This is the default.
- -L, --log
When a --forever file times out via --timeout, verify that the curent file has not
been renamed and replaced by another file of the same name (a common log file practice) before giving up on the file.
- -q, --quiet
Don't output filename headers. For GNU compatibility.
- -r, --reverse
Output lines in reverse order.
- -s, --silent
Don't warn about timeout expiration and log file changes.
- -t, --timeout=timeout
Stop checking after timeout elapses with no additional --forever
output. A separate elapsed time is maintained for each file operand. There is no timeout by default. The default timeout
unit is seconds. timeout may be a catenation of 1 or more integers, each followed by a 1 character suffix. The suffix may be
omitted from the last integer, in which case it is interpreted as seconds. The supported suffixes are:
- -v, --verbose
Always ouput filename headers.
- All files copied successfully.
One or more files did not copy.


text:
This page explains how to interpret the graphs that are generated by doxygen.
Consider the following example:
This will result in the following graph:
The boxes in the above graph have the following meaning:
- A filled gray box represents the struct or class for which the graph is generated.
- A box with a black border denotes a documented struct or class.
- A box with a grey border denotes an undocumented struct or class.
- A box with a red border denotes a documented struct or class forwhich not all inheritance/containment relations are shown. A graph is truncated if it does not fit within the specified boundaries.
The arrows have the following meaning:
- A dark blue arrow is used to visualize a public inheritance relation between two classes.
- A dark green arrow is used for protected inheritance.
- A dark red arrow is used for private inheritance.
- A purple dashed arrow is used if a class is contained or used by another class. The arrow is labeled with the variable(s) through which the pointed class or struct is accessible.
- A yellow dashed arrow denotes a relation between a template instance and the template class it was instantiated from. The arrow is labeled with the template parameters of the instance.


text:
It's not (just) about privacy: a new perspective on health databases.Introduction
Low-cost computing power has made possible the storage and analysis of large quantities of health data. Individual electronic health records (EHRs) offer the potential for major improvements both in patient care and in the extent and quality of data available for population health research. The Canadian government has committed more than $1 billion in infrastructure funds for the so-called Canada Health Infoway Canada Health Infoway is a strategic investor working with Canadian jurisdictions to accelerate the development of electronic health records. According to their website, it is an independent, not-for-profit organization whose Members are Canada's 14 federal, provincial and, with a specific mandate to accelerate the development of EHR (Electronic Health Records) Computerized medical records that bring patient care into the digital age and save time, money and lives. The push to adopt comprehensive electronic documentation between doctors' offices and hospital settings intensified after the RAND systems across Canada Across Canada was an afternoon program that formerly aired on The Weather Network. The segment ran from early 1999 until mid 2002. The show ran from 3:00PM ET until 7:00 PM ET.. Several provincial governments are actively supporting complementary initiatives. (1) In addition to facilitating secondary uses of data that were gathered in the course of providing and financing health care, the 'information revolution' facilitates multiple, low-cost analyses of data gathered for research purposes. The proposed Canadian Lifelong Health Initiative (CLHI) relies on this capability. This longitudinal prospective research program would involve both an early birth cohort and an aging cohort. Health status information, information related to various social determinants of health Social determinants of health are the economic and social conditions under which people live which determine their health. Virtually all major diseases are primarily determined by specific exposures to these conditions., and biological materials would be collected and maintained as a "research platform" to support multiple individual research studies, over a period of decades. (2) A larger scale study in the UK (Biobank) will collect baseline data and blood samples from 500,000 people aged 45-69 years, who will be followed for at least 10 years. (3) Such projects offer unprecedented opportunities to study interactions between genetic variations and environmental variables, which can and should be defined in the broadest sense, and to provide an evidence base for policies and interventions to improve population health.
Somewhat belatedly, legislative and policy attention has focussed on the ethical and social implications of these new technological capabilities. In the United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area., the main national response has been a health information privacy rule under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1996.
According to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) website, Title I of HIPAA protects health insurance coverage for workers and their families when (HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act of 1996, Public Law 104-191) Also known as the "Kennedy-Kassebaum Act," this U.S. law protects employees' health insurance coverage when they change or lose their jobs (Title I) and provides standards for patient health, ) of 1996. (4) In Canada, legislation governing commercial users of health information and federally regulated industries--the Protection of Personal Information and Electronic Documents Act (5)--which came fully into force in January 2004, complementing a variety of existing federal and provincial privacy statutes. (6) However, this article is concerned not with the content and implementation of these requirements, but rather with a key omission in the underlying ethical and public policy rationale.
Privacy, and Beyond
At least in the Anglo-American countries, ethical analysis of research involving health data is highly individualistic. It tends to focus on potential encroachments on individual privacy; on preventing unauthorized or inappropriate access to data related to the health status of a particular, identifiable individual; and (when data are gathered specifically for research purposes) on the nature of the process by which consent is obtained from research participants. (7) If confidentiality can be assured, then many ethical problems are considered solved, even if data were originally collected with no indication that they would subsequently be used for research purposes. For instance, the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS TCPS Tissue Culture Polystyrene
TCPS Transportable Collective Protection Shelter
TCPS Telemetry and Command Processing System
TCPS Tcp for Ssl ) that provides guidelines for ethics review of federally funded research in Canada states that secondary use of data "becomes of concern only when data can be linked to individuals." (8) Commentators often presume that a legitimate tradeoff exists between individuals' wishes to control use of information they have provided and society-wide benefits in the form of improved health system performance or improved understanding of the determinants of health. (9) When data are gathered specifically for research, ethical debate tends to focus on the question of whether and how the process of obtaining consent can take into account uses of data that might not be envisioned at the time the participant is originally recruited, and the circumstances under which renewed or amended consent should be sought. (10) Somewhat paradoxically, this has the effect of setting a more demanding ethical standard when individuals are clearly informed that data are being gathered for research purposes than for research involving administrative and clinical data gathered in the course of providing health care or other services.
Ethics analysis of research uses of health data, whether or not they were gathered for research purposes, generally ignores harms or benefits that may result for individuals not because they are personally identified, but because of shared characteristics: they are part of a population whose interests and well-being are affected by the research or by its subsequent dissemination and use. A partial exception to this generalization involves literature on population genetics Population genetics
The study of both experimental and theoretical consequences of mendelian heredity on the population level, in contradistinction to classical genetics which deals with the offspring of specified parents on the familial level., where some authors acknowledge that potential harms to individuals, by virtue of their identification as members of a definable group or community (e.g., with high genetic vulnerability to a particular condition), should be considered when choices are made about such matters as how research is explained to participants and how consent is obtained. (11) The issue of "group consent", however, remains contentious. (12)
As important as they are, privacy and confidentiality are only part of the ethics equation. Justice is one of the canonical "four principles" of bioethics bioethics, in philosophy, a branch of ethics concerned with issues surrounding health care and the biological sciences. These issues include the morality of abortion, euthanasia, in vitro fertilization, and organ transplants (see transplantation, medical)., at least in its North American North American
named after North America.
North American blastomycosis
see North American blastomycosis.
North American cattle tick
see boophilusannulatus. version. (13) Crucially, justice includes distributive justice DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE. That virtue, whose object it is to distribute rewards and punishments to every one according to his merits or demerits. Tr. of Eq. 3; Lepage, El. du Dr. ch. 1, art. 3, Sec. 2 1 Toull. n. 7, note. See Justice., and should (in the author's view) incorporate special concern for populations disadvantaged by one or more of the interacting gradients of power and powerlessness (class, gender, education, (dis)ability, stigmatization stigmatization /stig·ma·ti·za·tion/ (stig?mah-ti-za'shun)
1. the developing of or being identified as possessing one or more stigmata.
2. the act or process of negatively labelling or characterizing another. ) that characterize contemporary society.
The central argument of this article is that ethical analysis and institutional approval of population health research must be explicitly concerned with avoiding harms to subordinated or marginalized populations. Terminology is important here: 'population' is preferable to 'community' or 'group,' since each of these implies an element of self-recognition and internal cohesion. (14) The descriptors'subordinated' and'marginalized,' although imperfect, are preferable to 'vulnerable.' Vulnerability connotes lack of agency and a need for paternalistic pa·ter·nal·ism
A policy or practice of treating or governing people in a fatherly manner, especially by providing for their needs without giving them rights or responsibilities. protection, and references to vulnerable populations in bioethics often address individual inability to provide fully informed consent for legal or other reasons, which is not the issue here. Suggestions for improvement are invited.
The argument made here was, in fact, noted but not elaborated upon in a recent compilation of case studies on secondary use of personal information published by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) is the major federal agency responsible for funding health research in Canada. It is the successor to the Medical Research Council of Canada. (CIHR CIHR Canadian Institutes of Health Research
CIHR Cambodian Institute of Human Rights ): "While the right to privacy is essentially recognized in law as an individual human right, collecting, using and linking personal information about many individuals, then analyzing


text:
Family Maps of Hancock County, Illinois
by Gregory A. Boyd, J.D. 328 pages with 83 total maps
Locating original landowners in maps has never been an easy task-until now. This volume in the Family Maps series contains newly created maps of original landowners (patent maps) in what is now Hancock County, Illinois
, gleaned from the indexes of the Illinois State Archives. But it offers much more than that. For each township in the county, there are two additional maps accompanying the patent map: a road map and a map showing waterways, railroads, and both modern and many historical city-centers and cemeteries.
Included are indexes to help you locate what you are looking for, whether you know a person's name, a last name, a place-name, or a cemetery. The combination of maps and indexes are designed to aid researchers of American history or genealogy to explore frontier neighborhoods, examine family migrations, locate hard-to-find cemeteries and towns, as well as locate land based on legal descriptions found in old documents or deeds.
The patent-maps are essentially plat maps but instead of depicting owners for a particular year, these maps show original landowners, no matter when the transfer from the federal government was completed. Dates of patents typically begin near the time of statehood and run into the early 1900s.
List of Details Found Below... What's Mapped in his book? What YEARS are these maps for? What Cities and Towns are in Hancock County, Illinois (and in this book)? Acts of Congress Authorizing... Indexes in this book Reviews by the Experts... Surnames found in this book Book Specifications
What's Mapped in this book (that you'll not likely find elsewhere)...
3877 Parcels of Land (with original landowner names and patent-dates labeled in the relevant map)
93 Cemeteries plus...
Roads, and existing Rivers, Creeks, Streams, Railroads, and Small-towns (including some historical), etc.Back to Top of Description
What YEARS are these maps for?
Here are the counts for parcels of land mapped, by the decade in which the patent applications were made:
Back to Top of Description
What Cities and Towns are in Hancock County, Illinois (and in this book)?
Adrian, Augusta, Basco, Bentley, Bowen, Breckenridge, Burnside, Carthage, Chili, Colusa, Dallas City, Denver, Disco, Durham, Elderville, Elvaston, Ferris, Fountain Green, Hamilton, Joetta, La Crosse, La Harpe, McCall, Middle Creek, Nauvoo, Niota, Old Niota, Plymouth, Pontoosuc, Powellton, Pulaski, Quashquema (historical), Saint Mary, Sonora (historical), Stillwell, Sutter, Tioga, Warsaw, Webster, West PointBack to Top of Description
Acts of Congress Authorizing the Land Patents in this book:
April 24, 1820: Sale-Cash Entry (3 Stat. 566)
May 6, 1812: ScripWarrant Act of 1812 (2 Stat. 728)Back to Top of Description
Indexes in this book
-Surnames in the County * number of times each Surname occurs
-Surname/Township Index * every Surname and the frequency in which each appears in relevant Township-level Maps
-Full-Name Index (of Original Landowners) for each Township
-Multi-Patentees (Groups of people who acquired land together)Back to Top of Description
Reviews by the Experts
What they are saying about the Family Maps
Back to Top of Description
- instant gratification! - Elizabeth Shown Mills, Author, Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace
- incredible on-going series... - Christine Rose, Author, Courthouse Research for Family Historians
- must have publications... - Dick Eastman, Eastman's Online Genealogy Newsletter
- a great service... - Sharon Tate Moody, former President, Association of Professional Genealogists
SURNAMES found in this Book:
ABBOT, ABBOTT, ABEL, ABERNATHY, ABERNETHY, ACCOR, ADAMS, AGNEW, AIRS, ALBRIGHT, ALDRICH, ALEXANDER, ALLARD, ALLEN, ALLISON, ALLTON, ALTERFIET, AMBLER, AMES, AMOS, ANDERSON, ANDREWS, ANGEL, ANNIS, ANSON, ARCHDEACON, ARCHER, ARMSTRONG, ASHER, ASHLEY, ATCHISON, ATHERTON, ATKINS, AUGUR, AUSTIN, AUTINGER, AVERY, AVISE, AYERS, AYLWARD, AYRES, BABBIT, BABCOCK, BABCOOK, BACON, BAGBY, BAILES, BAILEY, BAINTER, BAKER, BALDWIN, BALL, BANCROFT, BANGS, BARBER, BARGER, BARKER, BARLOW, BARNES, BARNETHY, BARNUM, BARR, BARRET, BARRETT, BARROW, BARTLETT, BARTOL, BARTON, BASELY, BASS, BATES, BATTELL, BAYARD, BEALS, BEAMER, BEAN, BEARD, BEASELY, BEATTLE, BEATY, BEAUSSEIR, BECK, BECKWITH, BEDELL, BEDINGER, BEEBE, BEEBEE, BEEDE, BEEDLE, BEEHLER, BELKNAP, BEMAR, BENBOW, BENDER, BENNETT, BENNUM, BENSON, BENTON, BERLSTEIN, BERNARD, BERRY, BERTHOLD, BESOM, BETTESWORTH, BETTING, BETTISWORTH, BIBB, BIGFORD, BINGHAM, BIRD, BISBEE, BISSELL, BITHER, BIXBY, BIXLEY, BLACK, BLACKBURN, BLACKMAN, BLACKWELL, BLAGG, BLAKE, BLAND, BLAUVELT, BLOOMFIELD, BLOYD, BLYTHE, BOBBIT, BOBBITT, BOCKOUR, BODWELL, BOHANNAN, BOID, BOLDEN, BOLTON, BONCK, BOND, BONE, BONNER, BONNY, BOOTH, BOOTHE, BOSTROM, BOTHWICK, BOTTS, BOUCK, BOURNE, BOWEN, BOWLES, BOWLSBY, BOWMAN, BOWTELL, BOX, BOYD, BOYDE, BOYLE, BOYNTON, BRADBURY, BRADFORD, BRADISH, BRADLEY, BRADLY, BRADY, BRAFFORD, BRAGDON, BRAGG, BRANSFORD, BRANTON, BRATTAIN, BRENT, BREWER, BREWSTER, BRIANT, BRIDGES, BRIGGS, BRIGHT, BRILEY, BRINKMAN, BRINN, BRISLOW, BROCK, BROCKWAY, BRODHEAD, BROOK, BROOKS, BROSS, BROUGHTON, BROWER, BROWN, BROWNELL, BROWNING, BRUMLEY, BRUNSON, BRYANT, BRYERLY, BUCHANAN, BUCK, BUCKALEW, BUCKALLEW, BUCKELS, BUCKEN, BUDD, BUGBY, BULLARD, BUNDAGE, BUNNELL, BUNTON, BURGAN, BURGESS, BURGMAN, BURK, MCALLISTER, MCARTHUR, MCATEE, MCAULEY, ST CLAIR, BURKE, BURKLOW, BURNHAM, BURNS, BURROWS, BURRS, BURTON, BUSAN, BUSEY, BUSHNELL, BUTCHER, BUTLER, BYER, BYRAM, BYRE, CABAN, CAIN, CALL, CALLIGHAN, CALLISON, CALUMBER, CALVER, CAMBSON, CAMBURN, CAMEREN, CAMPBELL, CAMPUNELL, CAMREN, CAMRON, CANE, CANNON, CAPPENGER, CARELS, CARGILL, CARL, CARMACK, CARMEAN, CARNS, CARPENTER, CARR, CARRIER, CARSON, CARTEN, CARTER, CASE, CASH, CASON, CASS, CASSON, CASTLEBERRY, CASTLEBURY, CASWELL, CATLIN, CAUGHLAN, CAULDER, CAVAN, CAVEN, CAZE, CHADBOURN, CHADWICK, CHAMBERLAIN, CHAMBERS, CHAMPINOISE, CHAMPLIN, CHANDLER, CHANEY, CHAPMAN, CHARLES, CHASE, CHATTIN, CHEDAL, CHENEY, CHILDERS, CHILDRESS, CHITTENDEN, CHRISTEE, CLANDENNING, CLAPP, CLARK, CLARKSON, CLAUGES


The real cost of crashes and deaths on NSW roads
Car crash
windscreen shattered
Be it as a passenger or driver, you've likely seen close calls on the road or experienced them yourself. But have you ever wondered how many road crashes occur each year?
In a bid to understand the trends in fatal road accidents, we analysed the number of lives lost and casualties on NSW roads, as well as quantified the cost by region and main arterial road.
Here, we provide a snapshot of our findings taken from the NRMA Cost of Crashes report.
The loss of life due to road crashes in NSW is on the increase since 2015
Over the past decade there has been a steady decline in the number of lives lost on NSW roads. However, 2015 and 2016 has seen an upward trend.
During 2011-2015, 1,723 lives were lost and 129,320 people were injured on NSW roads. While the number of fatalities decreased 20.3 per cent over the period 2006-10 to 2011-15, the number of total serious injuries increased 4.6 per cent to 61,130.
Source: NRMA Cost of Crashes report
Regional NSW has a higher proportion of road fatalities than metro NSW
Fatalities in regional NSW represent a disproportionate share of the NSW road toll, while serious, moderate, and minor injuries represent are larger proportion of casualties in the Sydney region.
In 2011-15, 67.1 per cent of fatalities occurred in regional NSW. By comparison, 55 per cent of serious injuries in 2011-15 occurred in the Sydney region.
Total cost of road trauma has decreased
During 2011-15, the cost of trauma on NSW roads totalled $35.7 billion. While the total cost of road trauma decreased 8.2 percent when compared to 2006-10, the total cost of serious injuries increased by 4.0 per cent to $17.8 billion in 2011-15.
Lives lost
For the period 2011-15, there was a 20.3 per cent decrease in the number of lives lost across NSW roads when compared to 2006-10. This means the total cost of fatalities declined from $15.57 billion in 2006-10 to $12.43 billion during 2011-15.
The average cost of a life lost on a NSW road for the period 2011-2015 was $7.21 million.
Serious injuries
Over the 10 year period from 2006 to 2015, there were 119,563 people seriously injured on NSW roads. For the period 2011-2015 there was a five per cent increase in the number of serious injuries (matched) to 33,560 from 31,971. This cost to the community is $9.71 billion compared to $9.35 billion for the period 2006 to 2010.
The average cost of someone being seriously injured on a NSW road for the period 2011-15 was $289,417.
What are the biggest problem regions in NSW?
Taking population density into account, the biggest increase in fatalities and injuries occurred in the Illawarra and Hunter regions of NSW.
There was a massive increase in the number of lives lost on the Oxley Highway in particular, from 11 to 25 in 2006-2010 and 2011-2015 respectively. To put it in perspective, that's up by a whopping 127.3%.
The Cost of Crashes report
Keeping Australians safe on our roads is a key part of why the NRMA exists. Safe mobility is a core of focus of the NRMA, incorporated into every aspect of our business.
There will never be an acceptable number of lives lost on our roads and industry, government and the community need to work together to continue to reduce the NSW road toll. The NRMA supports the NSW Government's target to reduce annual road deaths and serious injuries by at least 30 per cent by 2021, and will continue to shoulder some of this responsibility, championing safer vehicles, road upgrades and education campaigns to ensure all road users arrive safely at their destination.
Discover more in depth insights into the cost of crashes in NSW, including the cost of casualties to the Sydney region and Regional NSW, and the cost of casualties by NSW highways in the Cost of Crashes report.
Save up to 25% on insurance as a Member


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Thu January 24, 2013
Feature Reporting-- The Littlest Victims of Isaac
Not every beachfront resident in Alabama lives in a condo. APR's Pat Duggins reports how, during the final hours before the arrival of Hurricane Isaac, a volunteer group of gulf coast residents staged a last minute rescue operation to save loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings from drowning in their nests from the rough surf. Alabama is home to one hundred and forty eight nests of endangered loggerheads. Mike Reynolds leads the group "Share The Beach," which scoured the Alabama gulf coast for nests. In the dark of night, he zips around the shore in a vehicle known as the "turtle mobile." It's a cross between a golf cart and a dune buggy, equipped with red head lights to avoid distracting hatchlings out of their nights and using star light to find the waters of the Gulf. Once a nest was found, a doctor's stethoscope was used to determine if loggerheads hatchlings were out of their shells and struggling to the surface. Only then, would volunteers, wearing surgical gloves, would dig the baby turtles out and release them in the gulf.


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Empowering Online Learning: 100+ Activities for Reading, Reflecting, Displaying, and Doing
July 2008, Jossey-Bass
Empowering Online Learning has 25 unique activities for each phase of the R2D2 model as well as summary tables helping you pick and choose what to use whenever you need it. Each activity lists a description, skills addressed, advice, variations, cost, risk, and time index, and much more.
This title is loaded with current information about emerging technologies (e.g., simulations, podcasts, wikis, blogs) and the Web 2.0. With a useful model, more than 100 online activities, the latest information on emerging technologies, hundreds of quickly accessible Web resources, and relevance to all types and ages of learners--Empowering Online Learning is a book whose time has come.
About the Authors.
1 The R2D2 Model: Read, Refl ect, Display, and Do.
2 Phase 1 of the R2D2 Model: Verbal and Auditory Learners.
3 Activities for Phase 1: Verbal and Auditory Learners.
4 Phase 2 of the R2D2 Model: Refl ective and Observational Learners.
5 Activities for Phase 2: Refl ective and Observational Learners.
6 Phase 3 of the R2D2 Model: Visual Learners.
7 Activities for Phase 3: Visual Learners.
8 Phase 4 of the R2D2 Model: Hands-On Learners.
9 Activities for Phase 4: Hands-On Learners.
10 Integrating R2D2 and Final Refl ections on the Web of Learning.
Web Links, Examples, and Resources.
Buy Both and Save 25%!
Empowering Online Learning: 100+ Activities for Reading, Reflecting, Displaying, and Doing (US $44.00)
-andConquering the Content: A Step-by-Step Guide to Online Course Design (US $32.00)
Total List Price: US $76.00
Discounted Price: US $57.00 (Save: US $19.00)


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Ford has recalled Firestone Wilderness AT and Radial ATX tires installed on multiple lines of Ford trucks from 1991 to 2000. On some tires, under extreme conditions, the tread could separate, which can cause immediate tire failure. This may lead to a loss of vehicle control, injury, and death. Dealers replaced the affected tires.
Recalls are issued for cars with safety-related defects or problems
1995 Ford Ranger recalls
Summary: THIS IS NOT A SAFETY RECALL IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE SAFETY ACT. HOWEVER, IT IS DEEMED A SAFETY IMPROVEMENT CAMPAIGN BY THE AGENCY. EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION: FORD IS REPLACING ALL FIRESTONE WILDERNESS AT 15, 16, AND 17 INCH TIRES MOUNTED ON FORD TRUCKS AND SUVS. FORD REPORTS TREAD SEPARATION CAN OCCUR DUE TO A COMBINATION OF THE SENSITIVITY OF THE TIRE DESIGN TO STRESS, AGING, AND MANUFACTURING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANTS. FORD IS REPLACING THESE TIRES TO PREVENT POSSIBLE PREMATURE TIRE FAILURE. VEHICLE DESCRIPTION: THE VEHICLES LISTED BELOW MAY HAVE BEEN ORIGINALLY EQUIPPED WITH FIRESTONE WILDERNESS AT TIRES OR MAY HAVE HAD WILDERNESS AT TIRES INSTALLED DURING THE FIRESTONE RECALL LAUNCHED IN AUGUST 2000. CERTAIN 1991 THROUGHT 2002 FORD EXPLORER CERTAIN 2001 THROUGHT 2002 EXPLORER SPORT, AND SPORT TRAC CERTAIN 1997 THROUGH 2002 MERCURY MOUNTAINEER CERTAIN 1991 THROUGH 2001 RANGER CERTAIN 1999 THROUGH 2001 EXPEDITION CERTAIN 1991 THROUGH 1994, AND 1997 MODEL YEAR F-SERIES CERTAIN 1991 THROUGH 1994 BRONCO NOTE: BOTH ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT AND REPLACEMENT TIRES ARE AFFECTED.Learn more »
RepairPal Expert Overview:


4 common and relevant questions about UVC disinfection after the Covid-19 vaccine
The Covid-19 changed many things, global-wide, but the main change was probably the understanding that public health matters can reflect on every part of our life: education, economy, employment, etc. With this understanding, businesses have started to look for a constant solution to preventing contagion in public places. As the vaccine turned out to be effective, some questions remained open:
Is it still relevant to invest in UVC disinfection, considering the vaccine?
Absolutely yes. Even with a high recent of people who got vaccinated, some are not yet vaccinated for different reasons: cannot get the vaccine for medical background reasons, choose not to vaccinate, or not in the relevant age. Also, even with knowing more about the vaccine, it is still not proven that the vaccine can prevent contagion without symptoms.
Can UV light disinfection replace regular cleaning?
No. traditional cleaning is still needed but the UVC sanitizing has an important role in accomplishing traditional cleaning. UVC sanitizing can obliterate 99% of germs, viruses, and microorganisms.
Does UV light disinfection effective only against Covid-19?
 no. UVC sanitizer has been proven to be effective (even up to LOG 6 in some cases) for many Pathogens such as E-coli, Rota, hepatitis A, Salmonella, etc. For example, the PXL UV sanitizer designed and develop by Izak Scientific was proven to sanitize antibiotic-resistant pathogen and the MARSA up to Log 5.
Can UV light sanitizer be used in restaurants and dining rooms?
Like the restaurants, hotels, and dining rooms return to full activity this question is relevant, especially when it comes to food. the answer, by the way, is yes. The technology of UVC disinfection using pulsed xenon light has been checked and approved by the FDA (for food and beverages)
For more information about UV sanitizing at your business contact our experts
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Computerized control and command software setup utilizing LabVIEW
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1. About
 2. Features
 3. Explore
Firstly, I just bought a G2S mini pro from Geeetech and it is my first 3D printer (therefore I'm 100% newbie in this area).
The first extruder seems to be ok, the temperature varies from 23°C to 201°C and if you touch it you can see that it is hot. However, for the second extruder, the temperature is shown with more than 400°C:
Second extruder at 400°C
The cables are connected correctly and the firmware is updated.
Do I have to return the printer? Or is there another solution?
1 Answer 1
If you have access to an IR thermometer, it would be interesting to verify what the actual temperature is. I doubt the hot end actually reaches that temperature, but:
 - if it actually does, then it could actually be dangerous, as most extruders are designed for temperatures well below 300°C. The problem would likely be in the firmware in this case.
 - if it stays cold, then probably is a problem with the temperature probe or its cables/connectors being broken. Most printers use thermistors as temperature probes, and thermistors let less and less current pass through the higher the temperature is, so: no current would be interpreted as the hot end being "extremely hot" and the firmware would not heat the hot end further.
 - if it is hot but at another temperature than the one displayed, then it could either be a problem with the probe over-reading or a firmware bug (e.g.: the temperature is shown in Fahrenheit, or the firmware mis-process the signal from the probe).
Either way: thermistors and cables are cheap to replace, while problems with the firmware may be fixed only if you have access to the code.
If you just bought the printer in a physical store, I would simply swap it with another unit, rather than fiddling with it, though.


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KETO BOMB™: The First Ever Ketogenic Creamer
- December 29, 2016
Introducing KETO BOMB™, the first ever ketogenic creamer that helps fuel weight loss and boost energy. Made with a high-performance blend of electrolytes, MCTs and other essential fats, KETO BOMB™ is designed to fuel your ketogenic weight loss goals.
Ketogenic diets turn your body into a fat-burning machine by forcing your body into ketosis: the state in which you transition from using carbohydrates (glucose) as your main energy source to burning fat instead. This can only be accomplished by restricting your daily carbohydrate intake and consuming large amounts of healthy fats.
KETO BOMB™ is an easy, delicious way to help those on a ketogenic diet get their daily fat intake. Just one scoop of KETO BOMB™ added to coffee, tea or your favorite beverage provides the following keto-friendly ingredients:
- Electrolytes – Help the body to maintain proper hydration levels. This is important while in the "adaptation phase" of a ketogenic or low-carb diet.
- MCTs – Some studies have shown that medium chain triglycerides (MCTs), found in oils such as coconut oil, can aid in the process of excess calorie burning, resulting in weight loss. Since MCTs are digested quickly and bypass the liver, they can be used as instant fuel for the body and the brain, thus preventing them from being stored as body fat.
- Avocado Oil Powder – Avocados are a natural source of important electrolytes, which are important for healthy muscle function and fluid balance.
- Sunflower Oil Powder – A natural source of fatty acids that are important to maintain various elements of human health.
- Saffron Extract – Traditionally used to support appetite control.
Combined, this great-tasting, high-performance blend helps support weight loss, maintain hydration and mineral levels, and suppress appetite – with ZERO sugar!
Offered in French Vanilla Latte and Caramel Macchiato, KETO BOMB™ is currently only available for purchase on our website. However, look for it at a retailer near you soon!


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Indian Spring Hotel/Museum
Open for tours on weekends from Memorial Day to Labor Day. The Indian Spring Hotel was built in 1823 as an Inn by Chief William McIntosh and his cousin, Joel Bailey, who also operated it. In 1825, a two-story addition was built. The addition included the Tavern known as the Treaty Room and a large ballroom above it.
The hotel is unique and extremely significant to the history of the State of Georgia. It is the only known ante-bellum mineral springs hotel in Georgia still standing. It's history yields much data on the culture, society, and architecture of Georgia throughout the 19th century. The Federal style architecture, hand-planed wide boards, wooden pegs, and handmade bricks clearly indicate an early 19th century construction date. The foundation was made of native stone. The alcove in the wall, where the treaty was signed remains intact.
Indians had been coming to the Spring for many decades prior to 1800. They believed in the medical qualities of the water. No permanent structures were built near the waters due to the fear that crying children and talking women would scare the "healing spirits" away from the waters. However, William McIntosh built a cabin here in 1800.


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Graphitic corrosion is a process that may happen in equipment made of iron, particularly grey cast iron, but also ductile cast iron. Graphitic corrosion can lead to unexpected catastrophic failure of the affected part because the cast iron can lose its strength without a visible warning such as a change in size, shape, or appearance.
Cast irons subject to graphitic corrosion have a metal alloy structure formed from iron and graphite (a form of carbon). In graphitic corrosion, the iron corrodes preferentially to the graphite. The iron oxide corrosion product can leach from the structure, leaving a mostly graphite structure that has little of its original strength.
Graphitic corrosion is usually a form of galvanic corrosion that takes place in wet or moist environments where water acts as an electrolyte and allows a weak electrical current created by dissimilarities in the iron and graphite to remove the iron from the more cathodic graphite. Physical changes include the structure becoming weak, becoming very much lighter than the original cast iron, and losing its magnetic qualities.
Graphitic corrosion is often found in cast iron piping used for water mains and sewage systems. Such piping is usually buried in damp soil where the corrosion is unnoticed until there is a catastrophic leak. Graphitic corrosion is also common in fire sprinkler valves, steam system heat exchangers, and marine exhaust systems.
The presence of graphitic corrosion can be difficult to determine before a failure. Rust bleeding from the part, corrosion that extends beneath the normal surface corrosion present on cast iron, and a loss of attraction to a magnet are symptoms indicative of galvanic corrosion.
Initial field confirmation of a failure resulting from graphitic corrosion can be made by checking for a gross weight loss, loss of attraction to a magnet, and most importantly a loss of strength that can result in additional fractures by hand pressure or tapping with a hammer. The remaining graphitic structure can also leave marks similar to that of a pencil when rubbed on the hands or paper.
John Phillips, senior consulting engineer at Warren, has more than 30 years of crane and heavy equipment experience and more than 20 years of experience in forensic engineering. A licensed professional engineer in South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana and Ohio, he's NCEES registered both as a model engineer and with The United States Council for International Engineering Practice, USCIEP. John has designed crane systems, supervised installation, tested and certified lifting equipment even serving as a project engineer for maintenance and certification of nuclear weapon lifting and handling systems. He is a certified fire and explosion investigator and fire and explosion investigator instructor by the National Association of Fire Investigators. John is a member of the American Society of Materials and American Society of Testing and Materials, as well as a voting member of ASTM Ships & Marine Forensic Sciences, Forensic Engineering, and Performance of Buildings committees.


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CASH MANAGEMENT UNIT
The Roles of the unit include the following:
- Maintaining Proper books of Accounting records
- Maintaining and safe keeping of adequate security books such as cash books, vouchers.
- Updating and balancing of all accounting books.
- Arranging paid vouchers into their respective folders according to Heads and Sub-heads.
- Giving attention to both staff and contractors in respect of unpaid claim vouchers.
- Presenting of all accounting books to internal auditors for audit purpose.
- Presenting of documents and accounting records to Federal auditors as at when demanded.


of someone's nature in regards to safety does not necessarily mean they are blatantly dangerous nor does a negative safety nurture mean a company is trying to overtly hurt people. There are many nuances and variations that can be in play with this very complex topic (see first paragraphs). The goal is to simply look at a very high level the outcome of when nature and nurture come together in the evolution of an occupational safety schema.
I am simply going to define nature as the way someone is before they enter the workplace in regards to safety. Nurture will be defined as the safety environment of the organization.
Nature can only be positive or negative while nurture can be positive, negative, or non-existent. A non-existent nurture is simply an organization that neither has fully embraced a total safety culture nor has it completely ignored safety. It is organization safety purgatory which could also be defined as an organization that feels it is "good enough" and has no reason to make or seek improvement to safety systems or culture.
Now that the terms have been defined as much as can be for such a topic, here is what it will represent for the upcoming discussions:
Screen Shot 2016-03-23 at 8.43.05 PM
Five Stages of Behavioral Change: Part 7
Stage 1: Time = Unknown
Stage 2: Time = 6 months
Stage 3: Time = 30 days
Stage 4: Time = 6 Months
Stage 5: Time = Ongoing
Five Stages of Behavioral Change: Part 5
Stage 4: Action(currentaction)'
In the last post, the causal relationship of the Gemba (go and see) and communication was discussed.
Screen Shot 2016-02-20 at 8.26.17 PM
This is the phase where the change is new. The organization is working to create the new behaviors and culture. The work is to keep the team focused on the goal that has been set. The organization has to keep the team motivated and focused. Small wins have to be celebrated! When people do not see the benefit of the change, they will lose the motivation to continue.
Here is a real example that is near and dear to me. I make the decision to loose some weight through diet and exercise. After a couple of weeks of feeling tired and deprived, I step on the scale and see no change. Suddenly, the desire for a cheeseburger and milkshake is overwhelming.
Just in the example, it is our job to help keep the motivation flowing. This can be through peer-to-peer interactions, congratulatory meetings, or even through showing of some metrics that people may not have seen before.
In the example of the weight loss issue, maybe the focus should be to track blood pressure or resting heart rate to show that the body is changing. The single data point of weight lead me to believe that the process was ineffective or at least not worth the effort invested.
Safety cultural change is worth the investment. The injury rate may not immediately make a large difference, but are we really measuring the right metrics. How many observations helped eliminate hazards? How many safety work orders were completed? Are there annual cultural surveys that could be affected? Are people more willing to talk about issues openly with ideas of resolution? There are many ways to measure change in a way that helps keep the team motivated. The organization has to be committed to this new change or it will fall to wayside as another failed attempt. This is also why change has to be taken in small sections. It is hard to keep many programs fully motivated all at the same time.
Through many turnarounds and culture experiences in safety, I have an analogy to summarize how too many changes too fast can get out of control.
"It like spinning plates on poles, except you're in maze"
Screen Shot 2016-02-20 at 8.39.55 PM
There are many changes coming: once we get one going, we forget where the ones were before and we are not sure which ones are coming next.
The ultimate goal of this phase is motivation:
The change is worth it!
We can do it!
We are willing to invest fully in this change!
Five Stages of Behavioral Change: Part 2
In 1983, Prochaska & DiClemente theorized that there was process of making behavioral change. This five step model was developed while evaluating how people changed from unhealthy to healthy behavior. From a safety standpoint, there are many similarities in how behavioral change is made. Safety is about choices and behaviors that come with a healthy approach to the workplace and risk. There is a process for behavioral change, and it does not occur overnight.
Stage 1: Precontemplation (Subconsciousness)
If you have any involvement with safety, let me ask you a question. How many times have your heard the statement after someone is injured, "I just knew that (insert any piece of machinery or process here) was going to hurt someone."?
It is the great frustration. After the incident has occurred, there are many people who come the realization that they knew an injury could happen. This is the stage of precontemplation. The person/team/organization is subconsciously aware that the process or equipment could hurt someone, but it is not to the point where conscious action is ready to be taken.
This is not a conscious choice to ignore a hazard. They may not even be fully aware of the hazard or how the hazard will occur. As the definition implies, they on on the cusp of starting to become aware of the change that needs to happen, but they need some motivation or understanding to help their mind open up to the potential.
This is not the post for solving safety behaviors. This series of posting will take us through that journey as we explore the other four stages. What I will say is that in this stage there is a vague recognition of a hazard but the clarity and the awareness has not become apparent.
Here is a generic example: A worker is on a production floor where there is a potential for water or oil to be present creating a potential slipping hazard. There are many processes going on in the area including mobile equipment moving around. The employee has an odd feeling about the issue, but cannot conceptualize the root of it. One day, someone slips. Suddenly, the realization hits that the issue is the slick floors. Management is now involved to train people on recognizing slick floors, increase the PPE for slip resistant shoes, and increase housekeeping.
The example is reactive. The goal, of course, is to create awareness and behaviors that prevent the injury. In this phase of the behavioral journey, the team is not aware yet of the need for proactive change.
The takeaway is that an organization in this phase has a choice progress to the next stage through reactive or proactive approach. The next postings will describe the behavioral change approach along with the time and investment it takes to really create behavioral change.
Cognitive Dissonance in Safety: Part 3
Typologies of Safe Behaviors and Safety Programs – Part 5


-counsel grounds if it disqualifies the defendant's chosen lawyer, or on ineffective-assistance grounds if it permits conflict-infected representation of the defendant. Id. at 161-64, 108 S.Ct. at _PHONE_.
We have rigorously applied Wheat's rationale--which emphasizes the primacy of the court's concern for integrity of the process--to the point of reversing for abuse of discretion a district court's refusal, because of party waiver, to disqualify even though the conflict was obvious and palpable. See Hoffman v. Leeke, 903 F.2d 280, 288 (4th Cir.1990) (disqualification mandated where counsel previously had represented a person who would be the state's "star witness" against the defendant and had, in fact, made the arrangement for the witness to testify).
An Eleventh Circuit case, United States v. Ross, 33 F.3d 1507 (11th Cir.1994) is particularly instructive for Wheat's application to the specific kind of conflict presented here. In Ross, as in this case, a defendant wished to be represented by counsel who earlier had represented a person who had pled guilty to related charges and who would now be called as the government's witness against the defendant. The Ross court upheld the district court's disqualification of this counsel, emphasizing the threat his former representation necessarily posed to his ability to conduct effective and fair cross-examination of the potential witness. He would face the dual risks of improperly using privileged communications from the previous representation or, by protecting those communications, failing effectively to cross-examine the witness as his present client's interest required. Id. at 1523.
Under Wheat and Hoffman, and as is well illustrated by Ross, disqualification of Williams's counsel was well within the district court's discretion here. As in Ross, Williams desired representation by the same lawyer who had represented a significant potential witness for the government with respect to the same crime. That lawyer would have faced exactly the potential conflict that properly concerned the Ross court. Nor could that conflict so surely have been avoided by the device of retaining auxiliary counsel for the special purpose of cross-examining Ms. Williams that abuse occurred by not employing it rather than disqualifying counsel. Significant, unavoidable risks would have remained. After all, Crawley would remain at counsel table and likely be the auxiliary lawyer's chief source of information about the case. And at the time Crawley was disqualified, arrangement for auxiliary counsel had not, in any event, been made. While allowing such a procedure might have been within the court's discretion, declining to use it cannot be held an abuse of that discretion. Cf. United States v. O'Malley, 786 F.2d 786, 789-92 (7th Cir.1986) (holding that a conflict of interest arising from a defendant's lawyer's former representation of a witness might be cured by such devices as limitation of cross-examination to matters already within the public record but that preference for such a cure over disqualification was within the discretion of the trial judge).
Williams next claims that the district court erred in admitting the testimony of his wife after she attempted to assert her spousal privilege not to testify against him. The government contends that this issue is not properly presented because Williams failed to object to her testimony at trial. Williams counters that his motion in limine to require that any assertion by Ms. Williams of testimonial privilege at trial be made and ruled upon outside the jury's presence sufficed to preserve the issue.
We agree with Williams on the general question of the effect of motions in limine, but disagree with his contention that his sufficed to preserve the issue he seeks to raise in this case. As a general rule, motions in limine may serve to preserve issues that they raise without any need for renewed objections at trial, just so long as the movant has clearly identified the ruling sought and the trial court has ruled upon it. See generally 21 Charles Alan Wright and Kenneth W. Graham, Jr., Federal Practice and Procedure § 5037, at 195 (1977) ("If a ruling is made at the pretrial stage, it is 'timely' and there is no need to renew the objection at trial."); United States v. Mejia-Alarcon, 995 F.2d 982, 986 (10th Cir.1993) ("[A] motion in limine may preserve an objection when the issue (1) is fairly presented to the district court, (2) is the type of issue that can be finally decided in a pretrial hearing, and (3) is ruled upon without equivocation by the trial judge."); but see, United States v. Graves, 5 F.3d 1546, 1552 & n. 6 (5th Cir.1993), (contra: but with acknowledgment that rule is otherwise in most circuits).
That said, we nevertheless conclude that Williams's motion in limine here was inadequate to preserve the specific issue he wants preserved--for two reasons. First, the motion in limine was not based upon nor did it seek a ruling on the precise issue Williams now seeks to raise--whether Ms. Williams's invocation at trial of spousal privilege entitled him to exclusion of her testimony. His motion sought only a ruling that if she asserted such a privilege,1 it should be heard and determined outside the jury's presence. Second, the district court never ruled on the motion in limine as made by Williams. The court did of course, ultimately make a ruling, at the government's request, against Ms. Williams's later assertion at trial of spousal privilege. But Williams had not requested a ruling on that assertion and did not then object to the ruling made. Under these circumstances, we conclude that any error that may have occurred in denying Ms. Williams's assertion of spousal privilege has been procedurally defaulted by Williams, so that we may only review the ruling for plain error.
Under the Supreme Court's interpretation of Fed.R.Crim.P. 52(b) in United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993), we have authority to correct forfeited error only if it is "plain" in the sense of being obvious, and if a defendant has shown, the burden being upon him, that the error affected his "substantial rights." Olano, 507 U.S. at 732-36, 113 S.Ct. at 1777-78. And even then we have discretion to decline to correct the error unless we conclude that it "seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings." Id. at 736, 113 S.Ct. at 1779 (quoting United States v. Atkinson, 297 U.S. 157, 160, 56 S.Ct. 391, 392, 80 L.Ed. 555 (1936)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Here, even if we assume arguendo that the district court erred in denying Ms. Williams the spousal privilege and that that error was sufficiently clear to satisfy the first two parts of plain-error analysis, we conclude that Williams has not shown that the error affected his "substantial rights." On that basis, we have no authority to correct any error that may have occurred, and need not reach the further question whether it "seriously affect[ed] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings."
To show that admission of his spouse's testimony affected his "substantial rights," Williams must persuade us that it caused him actual prejudice, in the sense that it "affected the outcome of the district court proceedings." Id. at 734, 113 S.Ct. at 1777.2 We are not so persuaded.
Under Olano, the question whether a forfeited plain error was actually prejudicial is essentially the same as the question whether nonforfeited error was harmless--the difference being only in the party who has the burden on appeal to show the error's effect. Id. at 734-36, 113 S.Ct. at 1778. Hence, in considering whether Williams has shown actual prejudice from the admission of his wife's testimony, we apply the obverse of the harmless error test as expressed in Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 66 S.Ct. 1239, 90 L.Ed. 1557 (1946). See Olano, 507 U.S. at 734-36, 113 S.Ct. at 1778 (harmless error test of Kotteakos equivalent to actual prejudice test of plain error under Rule 52(b)). Under that test, our question is whether Williams has shown that "without stripping the erroneous action from the whole," i.e. without simply disregarding Ms. Williams's testimony, we can say, taking everything into account, that it "substantially swayed" the jury's verdict. Kotteakos, 328 U.S. at 764-65, 66 S.Ct. at 1247-48. In making that inquiry, we must consider the whole record, United States v. Adam, 70 F.3d 776, 780 (4th Cir.1995), and in doing so, we may take into account the closeness of the case as a whole, the centrality of the issue affected by the error claimed, and any steps taken by the trial court to mitigate its effect. United States v. Nyman, 649 F.2d 208,


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Can girls play softball? Can girls be school crossing guards? Can girls play basketball or ice hockey or soccer? Can girls become lawyers or doctors or engineers?
Of course they can...today. But just a few decades ago, opportunities for girls were far more limited, not because they weren't capable of playing or didn't want to become doctors or lawyers, but because they weren't allowed to. Then quietly, in 1972, something momentous happened: Congress passed a law called "Title IX," forever changing the lives of American girls.
From the Sibert Honor-winning author of Six Days in October comes this powerful tale of courage and persistence, the stories of the people who believed that girls could do anything -- and were willing to fight to prove it.
Hundreds of determined lawmakers, teachers, parents, and athletes carefully plotted to ensure that the law was passed, protected, and enforced. Time and time again, they were pushed back by fierce opposition. But as a result of their perseverance, millions of American girls can now play sports. Young women make up half of the nation's medical and law students, and star on the best basketball, soccer, and softball teams in the world. This small law made a huge difference.
"Few books cover the last few decades of American women's history with such clarity and detail, and this comprehensive title draws attention to the hard-won battles, the struggles that remain, and the chilling possibility that rights, if not fiercely protected, can easily be lost." -- School Library Journal
This product has not been reviewed. You could write the first review.


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New Space Roadmap Released
August 23, 2013
Space agencies participating in the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) have developed a new report that has just been released, the Global Exploration Roadmap for 2013. The participating space agencies represent Italy, France, Canada, Germany, the European Space Agency, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, the United States, the Ukraine, Russia and the United Kingdom. The report presents a plan of action for space exploration.
The initial roadmap issued in September 2011 identified two potential pathways toward the driving goal of human exploration of Mars: "Asteroid Next" and "Moon Next."
Building on this work, the 2013 roadmap includes a single reference mission scenario that reflects the importance of a stepwise evolution of critical capabilities that are necessary for executing increasingly complex missions to multiple destinations, leading to human exploration of Mars.
Lunar Vicinity/Surface Missions
As spelled out in the just-released report, using planned and conceptual capabilities, the ISECG Mission Scenario "identifies a set of missions in the lunar vicinity and on the lunar surface that advance readiness for human Mars missions after 2030."
Extended duration crew missions in the lunar vicinity and missions to an easily accessible asteroid will enable discoveries and allow demonstration of the transportation, habitation, robotic servicing, and other key systems on which long duration missions into deep space must rely. As cited in the report, "Human missions to the lunar surface will allow critical demonstrations of planetary exploration capabilities and techniques, while pursuing the highest priority lunar science objectives."
In a conclusion section, several "observations" are made:
- In order to build a sustainable human space exploration endeavor that lasts decades, agency leaders should maintain a focus on delivering value to the public.
- With the goal of enabling several partners to contribute critical capabilities to future human missions, agencies note that near-term collaborative missions on the International Space Station, in the lunar vicinity, on the lunar surface, and robotic missions may be used to simulate and better inform preparations for future international missions to Mars.
- New mission concepts, such as human-assisted sample return and tele-presence, should be further explored, increasing understanding of the important role of humans in space for achieving common goals.
- Robotic science missions provide an important technique for obtaining the data needed to prepare for human exploration beyond low-Earth orbit. It is generally accepted by both the science and exploration communities that measurements and datasets obtained from robotic missions support both the advancement of science and preparation for human exploration.
- Agencies should increase efforts to pursue a coordinated approach to mitigating the human health and performance risks of extended duration exploration missions, putting priority on efforts to reduce countermeasure mass and volume, and on driving risks to an acceptable level.
To view the report, visit _URL_
Last updated August 23, 2013


← Quest for Fire Began Earlier Than Thought
Alan4discussion's Avatar Jump to comment 16 by Alan4discussion
Comment 8 by katy Cordeth
Isn't it quite probable that the first cooked food that early man ate on a regular basis would have been prepared by immersing raw meat into hot springs - boiling it rather than broiling it?
It is possible to use hots springs, but there are serious limitations.
1. They are often heavily contaminated with chemical minerals.
2. A flowing spring washes away the nutrients.
3. A small fixed pool cannot be cleaned after earlier meals.
4. Hot water is difficult to transport without modern containers, and cools rapidly.
Naturally occurring volcanic springs would have provided a much more reliable and permanent source of heat and wouldn't have required him to sit around twiddling his opposable thumbs waiting for a forest fire or a lightning strike to occur.
Where there are hot springs, there are usually volcanic sources of fire, which will start natural fires, and from which burning material can be moved to a safe distance.
On the link I give _USER_ they actually run a barbecue directly from the volcanic heat, without combustible material being used at all.
Sun, 08 Apr 2012 09:46:23 UTC | #933038


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Dog and cat lovers continually debate about which animal is man's best friend. But ask marine education specialist Bill Hall his opinion, and he will tell you that the hands-down winner is the horseshoe crab. While few may know it, this prehistoric creature with the helmet-shaped body and spear-like tail has saved countless human lives.
On Thursday, May 27, at 7 p.m. at the University of Delaware's College of Marine Studies in Lewes, Hall will present "The Horseshoe Crab: Man's Best Friend, or How Well Do I Know the Crab That Saved My Life?" His talk is part of the college's Ocean Currents Lecture Series, which will be held at the Hugh R. Sharp Campus once a month through September.
"Horseshoe crabs are critical to the welfare of migrating shorebirds that stop along the Delaware Bay each spring to fuel up for the flight north to Arctic nesting grounds. Some of these birds double and even triple their weight by feasting on horseshoe crab eggs," Hall says.
"Yet the horseshoe crab is just as important to humans as it is to wildlife," he notes. "This animal's blood contains a unique clotting agent that the pharmaceutical industry uses to test intravenous drugs for bacteria. No IV drug reaches your hospital pharmacy without its horseshoe crab test. So if you or someone you love has ever been hospitalized, you owe a lot to the horseshoe crab."
As the marine education specialist for the University's Sea Grant Marine Advisory Service, Hall develops marine science education programs for teachers and students, as well as writes popular publications about marine life that are used by schools and agencies throughout the region, from the National Park Service to the Smithsonian Institution.
Hall also helps organize a regional census of the Delaware Bay's spawning horseshoe crab population. Now in its sixth year, the census is conducted on selected bay beaches by volunteers from Delaware and New Jersey. This year, the census will be expanded to additional beaches along both sides of the bay with support from the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission.
"Delaware Bay is the world's population center for horseshoe crabs, but recently, we've noted a significant downturn in the animal's population," Hall says. "Scientists believe the decline is due to overfishing of the crab for eel and conch bait and to the loss of the sandy beaches it needs for spawning. The census is designed to help resource managers and scientists gain a better understanding of the horseshoe crab's status and what we can do to guard our 'golden goose.' "
Hall received his bachelor's degree in education from Bloomsburg State College, his master's degree in biology from the University of the Pacific Graduate School of Marine Science, and his doctorate in education from the University of Delaware.
His lecture will begin at 7 p.m. in Room 104, Cannon Laboratory, at the Hugh R. Sharp Campus, 700 Pilottown Road, Lewes. The hour-long talk will be followed by light refreshments.
While the lecture is free and open to the public, seating is limited and reservations are required. To reserve your seat for Hall's presentation, please contact the college at _PHONE_. For more information, visit the college's Web site at _URL_.


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The HFE Act (and other legislation)
The HFE Act 2008 is divided into three parts:
- amendments to the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990
- miscellaneous and general.
The main new elements of the Act are:
- ensuring that the creation and use of all human embryos outside the body - whatever the process used in their creation - are subject to regulation
- a ban on selecting the sex of offspring for social reasons
- requiring that clinics take account of "the welfare of the child" when providing fertility treatment, and removing the previous requirement that they also take account of the child's "need for a father"
- allowing for the recognition of both partners in a same-sex relationship as legal parents of children conceived through the use of donated sperm, eggs or embryos
- enabling people in same sex relationships and unmarried couples to apply for an order allowing for them to be treated as the parents of a child born using a surrogate
- changing restrictions on the use of data collected by the HFEA to make it easier to conduct research using this information
- provisions clarifying the scope of legitimate embryo research activities, including regulation of 'human admixed embryos' (embryos combining both human and animal material).
Read the legislation
When was the HFE Act 2008 implemented?
The HFE Act 2008 came into force in three stages:
Phase one: On April 6 2009 part 2 of the Act, the revised definitions of parenthood, took effect.
Phase two: In October 2009 the amendments to the 1990 legislation take effect. Examples of these amendments include research on human admixed embryos, and removal of the 'need for a father'.
Phase three: In April 2010 people in same sex relationships and unmarried couples are able to apply for orders allowing them to be treated as parents of children born using a surrogate.
Development of the HFE Act 2008
In 2005, the House of Commons Science and Technology Select Committee published a report on Human Reproductive Technologies and the Law.
This inquiry investigated the legislative framework provided by the 1990 Act and challenges presented by technological advance and "recent changes in ethical and societal attitudes".
In light of the Committee's report, and legislative changes that had already been made, the Department of Health undertook a review of the 1990 Act. They then held a public consultation based on their review of the Act, and following this published a White Paper, Review of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act, within which Government presented its initial proposals to revise the legislation.
Following this stage, a Joint Committee of both houses scrutinised the Government's recommendations, and provided its views on what ought to be the final form of the Bill to be brought to parliament.
The Bill was finally brought to the House of Lords in November 2007, passing through the House of Commons through Spring and Autumn of 2008, and finally receiving Royal Assent on 13 November 2008.
Page last updated: 28 June 2012


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10 Questions: Miriam Robbins Dexter on the Power of Female Display
Miriam Robbins Dexter, a lecturer in the Department of Women's Studies and expert on ancient heroines and goddesses, and a co-author have completed a cross-cultural study of stories and artifacts in which women lift their skirts and expose their genitals, a performance that drives away enemies and returns joy and fertility to the land.
Miriam Robbins Dexter, who earned both her BA and her PhD at UCLA, translates some 20 classical Indo-European and Near Eastern languages. With Victor Mair, professor of Chinese language and literature at the University of Pennsylvania, the UCLA lecturer in Women's Studies has published a study of women in the ancient Near East, Asia and Europe — in stories, artifacts, and also real life — who expose their genitals to empowering effect (Sacred Display: Divine and Magical Female Figures of Eurasia, Cambria Press, 2010). Although the work may bump up against contemporary Western taboos about sex, the fact remains that history is replete with representations of the unfettered feminine able to ward off evil and bring joy and fertility.
Magical female genital display: Are you talking about history or, more specifically, the history of art?
This is history, not just the history of art. For the prehistoric age, we don't really know exactly what is and isn't history. That it's history is more recently shown in a 19th-century letter we found in the Irish Times. The letter's author was an older man who wrote that as a child he observed a woman who was being besieged by people with pitchforks — she lifted up her skirts and they ran away. There's also a 19th-century story about rows of older Chinese women frightening off invaders by standing on the city wall and exposing themselves.
Your material depicts not just genital display but also women dancing. How are the two related?
If you look at the Kiltinan Sheela who graces the cover of our book, she's doing both. We find magical dancing figures from the Upper Paleolithic era on. By the Neolithic era, we begin to see display figures sometimes dancing, sometimes crouching. I think it's an evolution.
What are the crouching position and genital display all about?
The earliest display is probably saying, "Look, out of here comes babies." To this was added magic. We don't know why. We can hypothesize that this was because, until very recently, childbirth was a dangerous act. Women died. Infants died. If you add a little magic to it, asking the deities for help, maybe it will be successful.
This display could turn back an army or bring on rain?
Yes, it's such a powerful position. There's genital display for repelling an enemy. If you look at the way [Irish] Sheela na gigs are placed on castle walls — sometimes on the keystone of the arch over the door — and on church walls, they're protecting the structure. Perhaps they're saying, "Okay, only those of you who have the right intent may enter."
There's also genital display for bringing joy and fertility back to the land — bringing the sun back, bringing the rain back — and this is quite cross-cultural. We're calling it "Eurasian," but I've found evidence all over the globe in myths and rituals.
How did these images find their way to so many different places?
We think that the concept was carried along the Silk Road. It's not simply that there are display figures in Europe and there are also display figures in Asia — these figures more closely echo one another. It's clear to us that it wasn't just an abstract concept, but concrete images that were finding their way from place to place.
The petroglyphs at Qutubi, in west China — huge petroglyphs with dancing male and female figures. The female figures have triangles for their upper and lower bodies. Just as we were beginning to do this work, I edited a paper by a Romanian archaeologist. She had images collected from her excavations in Eastern Europe, including dancing female figures with triangle bodies. Another example is the crouching female figure on a pot from Machang in western China. While there's been some discussion over whether the figure was female, male or hermaphroditic, it's so clear to both Victor and me that it is a female figure with little knobby breasts — just like the breasts on a crouching "fish" figure from the ancient site of Lepenski Vir in Eastern Europe.
How did these cross-cultural connections become lost to the extent that you and your co-author had to unearth them again?
I think that in some areas the subject becomes somewhat taboo, especially in the Western world. In India today, there doesn't seem to be embarrassment about these female images. The display of the vulva isn't sex. It's not that there isn't an erotic value to the female genitals, but that this display is never about a male and a female having sex. In fact, display figures in Indian temples will be right next to Mithuna figures — figures of men and women copulating. These figures clearly represent very different functions.
Do you find that these ideas about the power of the female body are alien to people you might speak with, and to your students?
Certainly in the United States it is uncommon to think in this way. Instead, we have a very odd puritan/pornographic take on the female body. We think that women should be covered and that women should be exposed — all at the same time.
Is that perspective hard for students and for you as a teacher to overcome?
Don't you think that depends on the person?
Fair enough. Why is it important for people today to know about "sacred display"?
Young women need to stop being ashamed of their genitals. This society tends to make women feel shy and ashamed. Obviously, I'm very interested in empowering women, and so for that reason I think these concepts are of contemporary value.


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Country/Date of Origin: England/1500s
There are two sizes of the Manchester Terrier, the standard and the toy. Both spring from the same stock, one of the oldest strains of British terrier. In the Manchester district of England the breed was developed for "poor man's sports": rat killing and rabbit coursing. Judicious crossings of the now extinct Black and Tan Terrier and Whippets gave the Manchester what was wanted in a rat and rabbit dog: the fire and courage of the terrier and the speed of the little greyhounds. In 1923 the American Kennel Club adopted the name of Manchester Terrier. Until 1959 the toy and the standard were registered as two separate breeds although interbreeding between the two breeds was permitted. Since that date they have been registered as a single breed with two varieties. A single litter may have both varieties; those under 12 pounds being shown as toys and the larger ones as standards.