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Custom Build Scripts
docker build is the common way to build container images, but there are others.
Tilt supports these other tools with the function custom_build instead of docker_build.
All custom_build calls require:
 - A name of the image to build (as a ref, e.g. frontend or '_URL_-name/frontend')
 - A command to run (e.g. bazel build //frontend:image or build_frontend.sh)
 - Files to watch (e.g. ['frontend'] or ['frontend', 'util', 'data.txt']). When a dependency changes, Tilt starts an update to build the image then apply the YAML.
There are a couple different image-building patterns.
The Easiest Way: Get Someone Else to Write it For You
Before you write your own custom builder, check out the Tilt Extensions repo to see if someone has already written a custom_build wrapper for your tool.
Tilt Extensions can be simple. Here's an example that uses Ko, the Go image builder.
Ko Tilt extension
Custom Docker Builds
Suppose you have a script that wraps docker build, but adds some application-specific abstractions.
Here's a simple example that invokes docker build to build an image named frontend from the directory frontend:
 'docker build -t $EXPECTED_REF frontend',
Tilt will run this command to build the image, verify that the image is in the Docker image store, then push the image to the appropriate image registry.
You can also use this pattern to use docker flags that the docker_build() function doesn't support.
Jib, Bazel, or any other builder that interoperates with Docker
Many tools can create Docker images, then write them to the local Docker image store.
For example, Jib has plugins that integrate with your existing Java tooling and create Java-based images.
The tilt-example-java repo has an example Tiltfile that uses custom_build to generate images with Gradle and Jib:
 './gradlew jibDockerBuild --image $EXPECTED_REF',
Bazel, the general-purpose build system, also takes this approach. Bazel's rules_docker extension assembles Docker images and writes them to the local Docker image store.
See the tutorial on how to use custom_build to build images with Bazel.
Buildah (or any image builder indepdendent of Docker)
Buildah is an independent Docker image builder.
Buildah has its own API and own image store. A custom_build() call needs to both build and push the image.
 'buildah bud -t $EXPECTED_REF frontend && buildah push $EXPECTED_REF $EXPECTED_REF',
The skips_local_docker parameter indicates that we don't expect the image to ever show up in the local Docker image store. Tilt shouldn't try to verify the image locally.
There are a couple of caveats you should be aware of with buildah (and similar builders):
 - They often require privileged access. You may need to run Tilt with sudo or inside an appropriate sandbox
 - If you're using Tilt to push to an insecure registry, you will need to configure your builder for that registry. For example, to use buildah with Microk8s, you need to add localhost:32000 to registries.insecure.
How to Write Your Own
We've looked at a couple simple recipes for how to write a custom build script.
To write more complex ones, we need to understand in more detail how they work.
All the commands above contain $EXPECTED_REF. What is that?
Tilt always pushes a content-based, immutable tag, not a bare ref. (Instead of _URL_-name/frontend, Tilt injects _URL_-name/frontend:tilt-ffd9c2013b5bf5d4, where the ffd9c2013b5bf5d4 part is based on the contents of your image). Before explaining why (see below), let's describe what this means for your Tiltfile and build script.
There are two ways for Tilt and your build script to coordinate image builds.
The Good Way
Most tools take a destination of the image as an argument (e.g. docker build).
 - Before running your build script, Tilt sets the environment variable $EXPECTED_REF with a randomized tag (e.g. EXPECTED_REF=_URL_-name/frontend:tilt-12345).
 - The custom build script builds the image and tags it with $EXPECTED_REF.
 - After the build script exits, Tilt reads the new image at $EXPECTED_REF, re-tags it with a content-based tag, and pushes it to the image registry.
The Hacky Way
Other tools have an image ref hard-coded in configuration. They'll build to the same tag each time.
Instead of writing a wrapper script around your tool, tell Tilt what tag the build image will have with custom_build(..., tag='_URL_-name/frontend:dev').
After Tilt runs your build command, it will find this image and retag and push it with a content-based tag.
This method is generally less robust, because the script is building to a mutable tag instead of an immutable tag.
An Improvement on the Hacky Way
If you're willing to invest more into your custom build script, you should use content-based tags!
custom_build(outputs_image_ref_to='ref.txt') will tell Tilt that your custom build script intends to write a tagged image reference to the file ref.txt.
Tilt will then inject that image into your deployments.
If Tilt has detected a local registry, it will populate the environment variable REGISTRY_HOST (e.g., REGISTRY_HOST=localhost:5000) before calling the build script.
Determining the Content-based Tag
In rare cases, another script in your build system may need to know what tag Tilt is going to deploy. This typically only comes up if your team has written their own artisanal image build system that's closely coupled with Kubernetes.
Tilt has a special command to help with this. After you build the image, run:
tilt dump image-deploy-ref $EXPECTED_REF
Tilt will read the image, determine the hash of the context, and print out the full name and content-based tag.
NOTE: This is not a common use-case. Usually, when teams ask about this, they're writing a workflow engine that creates its own pods (like Airflow), and need a way to get the deploy tag at runtime. So they hack custom_build to grab the deploy tag at build-time, and plumb it through to their runtime pods. There's a better way to do this. Use this guide instead.
Live Update and Other Features
Tilt's docker_build supports other options. The most impactful is Live Update, which lets you update code in Kubernetes without doing a full image build. custom_build supports this as well, using the same syntax.
custom_build supports most other options of docker_build, and a few specific to non-Docker container builders. If you find an option you think should exist but doesn't, let us know in the _TAG_ channel in Kubernetes Slack.
Adjust File Watching with ignore
While most of the points in our Debugging File Changes guide hold true for custom_build, the ignore parameter (which adjusts the set of files watched for a given build) works a bit differently, and is worth discussing briefly.
The ignore parameter takes a pattern or list of patterns (following.dockerignore syntax; files matching any of these patterns will not trigger a build.
Of note, these patterns are evaluated relative to each dep. E.g. given the following call:
 'docker build -t $EXPECTED_REF.',
 deps=['dep1', 'dep2'],
Tilt will ignore dep1/baz and dep2/baz.
Why Tilt uses Immutable Tags
Immutable tags have a long history in the Kubernetes community.
The Knative team has this presentation that gives a good overview: Why we resolve tags in Knative (join _EMAIL_ for access).
Mutable tags have good usability and security properties. For example, a registry:v2 image that has the latest, most secure minor version of the v2 major version.
Immutable tags have good reliability and caching properties. For example, if you're rolling out 3 pods of registry:v2, you want to be sure all pods have the exact same version. Deploying with a mutable reference creates a race condition. Pods created at different times from the same definition may end up running different code as the reference is overwritten.
Tilt only deploys immutable tags. Instead of pushing to _URL_-name/frontend, Tilt re-tags the image as _URL_-name/frontend:tilt-ffd9c2013b5bf5d4. The unique bit is a Nonce or a digest of the contents. (Technically the tag isn't write-protected in any way, but the improbability of collisions means we can pretend it's immutable.)
Tilt then injects the new tag into the container spec. This makes the Tilt experience faster and more reliable, because we can instruct Kubernetes to cache the tag aggressively as if it's immutable.
Knative uses a similar strategy, but the immutability is enforced by a Kuberentes operator, instead of by client-side tooling.
When You're Done
If you have a more complex build script that you're not sure how to integrate with Tilt, we'd love to hear about it. Come find us in the _TAG_ channel in Kubernetes Slack or file an issue on GitHub.
We'll love you even more if you share it with other Tilt users as an extension!
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Performance is measured as positive predictive value (PPV); it measures TP/(TP+FP), the ratio of true positive calls over all true and false positive calls. It informs us how much cross-calling has been observed between the desired barcode pairs. It is also known as precision. In order to compute a PPV, distinct amplicons of known lengths and origin are barcoded, sequenced, demultiplexed, and mapped back to the set of known references. With this approach, true and false positive calls can be counted per barcode pair. The resulting PPV is due to misidentification by the demultiplexing algorithm, caused by many different external factors, such as poorly synthesized barcode molecules, contamination between barcode wells, and insert contamination during the library preparation.
Depending on the barcoding mode, same or different barcodes on the ends of the insert, and the number of barcodes used, PPV varies.
Examples for different barcoding schemes, (x) indicating use of a barcode pair:
8-plex same / symmetric
28-plex different / asymmetric
36-plex same+different / symmetric+asymmetric
Following libraries contain 2kb amplicons with vector-sequence-specific primers amplified. Sequencing movies are 6 hours long with additional 2 hours pre-extension. The instrument version is 5.0.0 and the chemistry is S/P2-C2. For each ZMW, all sequenced barcode regions were respected.
- With increasing number of barcodes, PPV decreases.
- Same barcode pair libraries have higher PPV than different barcode pair libraries.
- Mixing same and different barcode pairs in one library leads to very bad PPV and is not supported.
The yield is, after the PPV, the next most important metric. Lima removes unwanted barcode pairs that are undesired to increase PPV, accepting a decrease in yield.
Example 384-plex symmetric (look at the bars above the x-axis):
Compare it to a 384-plex asymmetric run:
The reason behind the yield decrease for asymmetric is, in order to identify a ZMW as asymmetric, both flanking barcodes of an insert have to be observed; ZMWs whose polymerase read does not contain at least two adapters have to be removed. In contrast, for the symmetric case, it is sufficient to see a single barcode region.
A 96-plex barcoded adapter library with 2kb insert, 30 hour movie.
ccs version 5.0.0,
lima version 2.0.0.
ZMWs input (A) : _PHONE_ ZMWs above all thresholds (B) : _PHONE_ (94.69%) ZMWs below any threshold (C) : 108579 (5.31%) ZMW marginals for (C): Below min length : 0 (0.00%) Below min score : 0 (0.00%) Below min end score : 0 (0.00%) Below min passes : 0 (0.00%) Below min score lead : 7651 (7.05%) Below min ref span : 292 (0.27%) Without SMRTbell adapter : 0 (0.00%) Undesired diff pairs : 104029 (95.81%)
Following the raw numbers for the PPV/Yield curve below. Yield percentage is w.r.t. the
_PHONE_ ZMWs from above. The initial 0.44% yield loss is due to how we process the data for PPV analaysis, requiring at least a 600 bp mapped to the originating reference.
Without any filtering, PPV is at 99.96% and with the recommended
--min-score 80 PPV increases to 99.992% with an additional 2.2% yield loss.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Grandview at a Glance (REGPCEC)
This lesson will give a broad view of the Rick Evans Grandview Prairie Conservation Education Center (CEC) and wildlife management area (WMA).
K - 12
Indoor or outdoor classroom
Rick Evans Grandview Prairie Conservation Education Center, Columbus
Education Program Coordinator, _PHONE_
45 minutes to 1 hour
Suggested Number of Participants:
10 - 30
- Learn when and why Arkansas Game and Fish Commission (AGFC) purchased Grandview.
- Learn why the nature center is named Rick Evans Grandview Prairie.
- Talk about conservation education centers versus wildlife management areas.
- Discuss WMA and CEC resources: wildlife, fisheries, habitat, facilities and culture.
- Talk about the mission of the center.
Conservation education center
Tall grass prairie
Wildlife management area
*See glossary for definations
Application for facility use
Conservation education centers brochure
Current AGFC hunting and fishing guidebooks
Current range brochure
Directions and locator map, if applicable
Fiscal year 1999 – 2003 master plan
General information sheet/public use policy
Gift shop flyer
Grandview at a Glance trunk
Grandview programming list
Leader Information flyer
Plan for conservation highlights – July 1997 - June 1998 annual report
Rick Evans Grandview Prairie site map
The Nature Conservancy Blackland fact sheet
Rick Evans Grandview Prairie has 4,885 acres of Blackland prairie. It was bought in May 1997, the first major land acquisition using money provided by Amendment 75. It fulfills several commitments made in the plan for conservation including land acquisition and improvement, habitat protection and restoration and conservation education. It is in rural Hempstead County in southwest Arkansas off Highway 73 near Columbus, Arkansas
- Begin by discussing when and why Rick Evans Grandview Prairie became a part of AGFC.
- Acquisition – Grandview Plantation was bought for $2.8 million in May 1997 from Ted Kengla. It was the first major land acquisition using money provided by Amendment 75. It was officially named the Rick Evans Grandview Prairie Conservation Education Center and wildlife management area in honor of Rick Evans of Callion, Arkansas. Rick Evans was an AGFC commissioner in the 1990s (chairman, _PHONE_) who was instrumental in acquiring this imperiled property.
- Location – rural Hempstead County in southwest Arkansas, near the cities of Columbus and Washington.
- Background – Capital improvements on the site: two area residences, two buildings for dining and overnight accommodations, one large metal building for game care and dog kenneling, a walk-through sporting clays range and four livestock barns.
- Man-made resources: approximately 25 watering holes, two watershed lakes, archeological sites and the Ozan canal.
- Natural resources: thousands of acres of lowto high-quality Blackland prairie habitat and a variety of fish and wildlife species.
- Current Public Use Resource Inventory – Shortly after AGFC purchased the property, the area was divided into two sections – The CEC and WMA.
- The focus of the conservation education center is to use more than 300 acres of the Blackland prairie as a youth conservation teaching tool. Personnel from the agency's education and outreach division are assigned here.
- The focus of the wildlife management division is on the remaining 4,500 acres with emphasis on prairie restoration.
- Facility resources
- There is a wildlife check station located at the WMA entrance.
- There is a visitor's center at the CEC entrance.
- Lodging facilities are located on the CEC. They are designed for dining, meeting and overnight use (max overnight capacity is 40).
- In addition, a small classroom facility is on-site.
- Currently a portable shooting tower is used for sporting clays and a trap/skeet/five-stand sporting clays range is in the works.
- Wildlife resources
- Grandview prairie has been designated by the Audubon society as an important bird area. It has been used in the Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship (MAPS) program. This is a study which documents birds and collects data.
- Wood ducks, mallards and doves are trapped and tagged for population study.
- Grandview prairie has an excellent white-tailed deer herd.
- Eastern wild turkeys were restocked and are common, and there is a small population of bobwhite quail.
- Small mammals, birds and turtles endemic to Arkansas are on the property.
- Doves, woodcocks, waterfowl and raptors including bald eagles are seasonal visitors.
- Limited hunting is available for deer, squirrel, rabbits, dove, crows and fur bearers. The permit deer archery hunt and small-game hunting is on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays only. Refer to current regulations.
- Fisheries resources
- Two watershed lakes and area watering holes serve as fisheries on the wildlife management area. Many fish species live in these habitats including largemouth bass, bluegill, redear sunfish, crappie and channel catfish.
- A covered fishing pier, boat ramp and small boat dock are available on lake No. 1. Lake No. 2 is equipped with a small boat dock and boat ramp only.
- A fishing pond is available at the center for those under 16 or 65 and over and is occasionally stocked with channel catfish. This pond is also home to special fishing derbies.
- Regulations differ for each body of water.
- Habitat resources
- Grandview prairie represents the largest national example of Blackland prairie in public ownership.
- Seasonal wildflowers and native warm-season grasses spring up.
- Cultural resources – The AGFC and the University of Arkansas archeological survey/society cooperate in surveying an archeological site. (Paleo, Caddo, Plantation Era, etc.)
- Personnel resources
- Three full-time CEC employees work on-site and in an eight-county region surrounding the Grandview prairie.
- Part-time, contract, temporary or intern labor is available.
- Our mission is to provide people with educational and recreational opportunities to promote responsible stewardship and ensure the future of Arkansas' natural resources.
- Programs are offered in conjunction with the above resources.
- Discuss some of the popular programs that are offered.
- Answer questions.
- If time permits, shift focus to information outlined in the Blackland biography lesson plan.
- How did REGPCEC get its name?
- How many acres are on the conservation education center? wildlife management area?
- What is the mission of the CEC?
- Name five features of REGPCEC.
Conservation – planned management of natural resources (including wildlife and habitat) to prevent exploitation or neglect and to ensure their availability to future generations
Conservation education center (CEC) – rural property and facilities designated for conservation education
Cultural resources (REGPCEC) – primarily Native American and plantation era sites and information found at Rick Evans Grandview Prairie Conservation Education Center
Fisheries – a unit that raises or harvests fish
Habitat – an arrangement of food, water, shelter or cover, and space suitable to animals' needs
Imperiled – in danger
Interpretation – communication that emotionally and intellectually connects the interests of the audience and the meanings intended by the source
Mission – purpose that addresses primary service and primary audience
Resource – a portion of an environment that enhances the quality of human life; also a natural source of wealth or revenue
– AGFC commissioner in the 1990s (chairman from _PHONE_) who was instrumental in acquiring Grandview, a 4,885-acre portion of the Blackland prairie ecosystem of southwest Arkansas
Skeet (high house and low house) – shooting where clay targets are thrown to simulate the angled flights of birds; angles differ through eight shooting positions, and speed and target size are consistent
Sporting clays (walk-thru, tower, 5-stand) – shotgunning sport where clay targets simulate ducks, dove, quail, and/or rabbits; angles may vary throughout shooting stations and target sizes can vary
Tall grass prairie – habitat characterized by few trees and abundant grass which grows three or more feet tall
Trap (standard) – shooting sport where clay targets are thrown in a flight pattern in front and away from the shooter through five stations; targets are the same size and can veer left or right
Wildlife – animals that are not tamed or domesticated including insects, spiders, birds, reptiles, fish, amphibians and mammals


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Illicit Financial Flows and Stolen Asset Recovery: The Global North Must Act
by Abdul Muheet Chowdhary and Sebastien Babou Diasso
Domestic resource mobilization is essential for developing countries to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals by the deadline of 2030. Concomitantly, Illicit Financial Flows (IFFs), which also lead to asset theft, are major means through which these countries are losing resources. This research paper analyzes the World Bank's Stolen Asset Recovery (STAR) database and shows that countries from where assets have been stolen are mostly developing countries, and countries where the stolen assets have been hidden are developed countries. The paper also shows that regarding the pending or ongoing asset recovery cases, there is a clear pattern where the majority of countries waiting to have their assets returned are developing countries, and those who must return them are developed countries. There is an unexplained and unjustified delay by developed countries in the process of returning the frozen assets to developing countries which needs to be addressed as soon as possible. There is also an evaluation of international legal reforms which can be implemented to accelerate the asset recovery process. However, all these will need the full commitment of Global North countries where most of the stolen assets are hidden and which bear the brunt of responsibility for returning them to the developing countries.
WTO Public Forum 2022 Working Session: Mainstreaming Development in the WTO
30 September 2022
WTO Room E
Time: 11:30-12:45 CEST
The Global South has a fundamental interest in the WTO. In framing the future of trade, reforming and strengthening the organisation requires mainstreaming development in the WTO. The primary question is how to ensure that the broader development dimension of the multilateral trading system is advanced and not simply relegated to polarising conversations about special and differential treatment. This session explores ways in which the multilateral trading system can meaningfully address the needs of developing countries including LDCs. These include assessing different approaches to build greater equity in the trading regime, considering ways to improve the capacity for developing countries to benefit from trade, establishing a deeper role and voice for developing countries including LDCs in developing balanced trade rules, and examining how they can exercise their right to fully participate in the consensus-based decision-making processes of the WTO.
The South's Role and Responsibilities in the Next Phase of Multilateralism
By Elizabeth Sidiropoulos and Luanda Mpungose
The global erosion of trust in the global institutions is the direct result of non-delivery on the most crucial challenges that face humanity such as inequality, poverty, and climate change. South-South Cooperation can play a vital role in reinvigorating multilateralism. Beyond its horizontal engagements it has already begun supporting and enriching processes, institutions and norms-building at the global level. However, changing the superstructures that have discriminated against many developing countries will require a strategy that involves prioritising, coalition-building and coordination.
COVID-19 Vaccines as Global Public Goods: between life and profit
By Katiuska King Mantilla and César Carranza Barona
In the context of a health emergency like the COVID-19 pandemic, the global availability of and access to vaccines are imperative. This research paper provides an analysis from the perspective of international political economy, of the financing of COVID-19 vaccines and of the market strategies adopted by some of the companies that developed them. It notes that the development of vaccines was supported by substantial public funding from countries that later received preferential access to those vaccines through advance purchases. Despite such public support, the vaccines were not deemed as public goods but remained under the control of their developers.
A New Treaty on Pandemics: Some Key Issues from a Global South Perspective
By Tamara Luciana Bustamante, Josefina del Rosario Lago, Mariana Magliolo, & Lucas Javier Segal, Facultad de Derecho, Universidad de Buenos Aires
In view of both the difficulty that negotiations on a possible new treaty will present for States of the Global South and their special needs, this paper aims to contribute by identifying and giving content to certain key issues —though not exhaustive— that should be taken into account by negotiators of a possible new treaty on pandemics or any other instrument on the subject in the future. The selected key issues are addressed through four cross-cutting questions: (i) Why is each issue relevant for the Global South, (ii) where it is currently regulated, (iii) what are the problems it entails, and (iv) how could a new instrument address them.
The Proposed Pandemic Treaty and the Challenge of the South for a Robust Diplomacy
By Obijiofor Aginam
The motivation for a pandemic treaty is infallible because of the 'globalization of public health' in a rapidly evolving interdependence of nations, societies, and peoples. Notwithstanding the lofty purposes of the proposed pandemic treaty as a tool for effective cooperation by member-states of the WHO to address emerging and re-emerging disease pandemics in an inter-dependent world, the proposal nonetheless raises some structural and procedural conundrums for the Global South. The negotiation of a pandemic treaty should, as a matter of necessity, take into account the asymmetries of World Health Organization member-states and the interests of the Global South.
South facing unfavourable global conditions; rethinking growth strategies is imperative
By Yilmaz Akyüz
The high-growth performance of many developing countries in 2003 to 2008 and then their quick recovery from the 2008-9 global financial crisis was largely due to favourable external conditions, including the policies in developed countries. (This was analysed in the previous issue of South Bulletin). However, these conditions do not exist today and in fact the global conditions have turned unfavourable. Hence developing countries are now facing serious vulnerabilities and risks to their economic situation, with each category of countries facing their own specific problems. Developing countries have to consider changing their growth and development strategies, in light of the changing global situation.
The Staggering Rise of the South?
The theory that developing countries have de-coupled from growth in advanced economies and can continue with high growth even during the global slowdown is not based on proper examination of facts. A South Centre paper challenges the concept of the inexorable rise of the South. This is a summary of the arguments.


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Signal Detection Theory
The theory of signal detection theory evolved from the development of communications and radar equipment the first half of this century. It migrated to psychology, initially as part of sensation and perception, in the 50's and 60's as an attempt to understand some of the features of human behavior when detecting very faint stimuli that were not being explained by traditional theories of thresholds.
The situation of interest is this:
What makes this different from traditional threshold theories is that the subject makes a decision, a cognitive act, as to whether the signal is present or not. This basic sensory act of determining if a stimulus occurred now is understood to have a cognitive component.
If you want a concrete example, click here.
Now what can happen in this situation. If the signal is present the person can decide that it is present or absent. These outcomes are called hits and misses. If the signal is absent the person can still decide that the signal is either present or absent. These are called false alarms or correct rejections (CR) respectively.
A common way to display these outcomes is below in Table 1.
Where to from here:

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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CHOUTEAU, Rene Auguste
The dividing line between Chouteau's property and that belonging to Dubuque lay at the mouth of CATFISH CREEK. Dubuque's buildings were to remain in his possession during his lifetime with another section of land to be granted to Chouteau if necessary. During his lifetime, Dubuque maintained control over Chouteau's land. The deed was recorded on December 3, 1804, in St. Louis.
Chouteau later sold half of his Dubuque claim to John Mullanphy of St. Louis. A final accounting finds Chouteau paid about six cents an acre for just less than one-fourth of Dubuque's MINING operation.
Chouteau, the administrator of Dubuque's estate, sent his nephew Pierre CHOUTEAU to the mines in June 1810, to inventory Dubuque's personal property. At the auction that followed, Rene Auguste Chouteau paid himself a 10 percent commission of $1,424.35.
The issue of who finally owned the land was not settled until the case of CHOUTEAU vs MOLONY.


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Title: Documenting persistence of most Eastern North American bee species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) to _PHONE_ Authors
|Colla, Sheila -|
|Arduser, Mike -|
|Ascher, John -|
|Deyrup, Mark -|
|Droege, Sam -|
|Gibbs, Jason -|
|Hall, Glen -|
|Neff, John -|
Submitted to: Journal of Kansas Entomological Society
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: October 11, 2011
Publication Date: January 1, 2012
Citation: Colla, S.R., Arduser, M., Ascher, J.S., Cane, J.H., Deyrup, M.A., Droege, S., Gibbs, J., Griswold, T.L., Hall, G., Neff, J. 2012. Documenting persistence of most Eastern North American bee species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) to _PHONE_. Journal of Kansas Entomological Society. 85(1): 14-22. Interpretive Summary: Bees are important pollinators in most regions, but understanding their conservation status in North America is hindered by the lack of comprehensive early collections. We have tried a different approach, going through major museum collections to find which species are still being collected and which ones have not been seen in a long time. Nearly all (95%) of the 770 native bee species in eastern North America are still being found and collected. The 37 species that have not been found in the past 20 years were all rarities to begin with; they may still exist too. There has been no major bee extinction event in the eastern US and Canada over the past century.
Technical Abstract: The status of wild bees, the major group of pollinators in most biomes, has gained recognition as an important ecological and economic issue. Insufficient baseline data and taxonomic expertise for this understudied group has hindered efforts to assess the conservation status of the majority of wild bee species. To more objectively address their current conservation status, we drew upon museum collections and the expertise of melittologists to compile a complete list of bee species for eastern North America, discriminating those which have and have not been detected during the past 20 years. The vast majority (95% of over 770 eastern North American bee species) have been found again, at least once since 1990. The remaining 37 species were rarely collected before 1990 as well. Some may truly be at risk (or lost). Others are undoubtedly data deficient due to inadequate knowledge of their biologies or hosts, or the geographic regions or local habitats where they occur. Distributional and ecological patterns among these missing species are discussed. Most were recorded in the region only from peripheral areas or areas known to be undersampled by recent collectors, such as the southeastern United States. Others are characterized by specialized life histories or they cannot be identified routinely in the absence of taxonomic revisions. Clearly, most eastern North American bee species have persisted until recent times, with no evidence of widespread recent extinctions. An absence of well-documented global extinctions of bees does not warrant complacency regarding pollinator conservation, as our qualitative method does not lend itself to documenting range contractions, range fragmentation, or declines in abundance and species richness in local bee communities.


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Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Treatment
Individuals with PSP should remain physically, mentally, and socially active as long as they are able.
- Daily physical exercise helps keep the body strong and flexible and stimulates the mind. A physical therapist can recommend safe exercises. Walking aids can help keep a person mobile while reducing the danger from falls.
- The individual should engage in as much mental activity as he or she can handle. Puzzles, games, reading, and safe hobbies and crafts are good choices. Ideally, these activities should be interactive. They should be of an appropriate level of difficulty to ensure that the person does not become overly frustrated.
- Social interaction is stimulating and enjoyable for most people with PSP. Most senior centers or community centers have scheduled activities suitable for people with dementia.
A balanced diet that includes low-fat protein foods and plenty of fruits and vegetables helps maintain a healthy weight and prevent malnutrition and constipation. An individual with PSP should not smoke, both for health and safety reasons.
SOURCE: eMedicineHealth.com. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy


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A southern white rhino at the San Diego Wild Animal Park. Often referred to as the "zoo of the future", the park allows animals to roam freely on 2,000 acres around the foothills of San Diego County, California. The park houses 325 species of birds and 12
The world Wide Web may have been created on this day in 1990 but nature is sometimes too hot for technology. Here a rancher must keep his telephone in the refridgerator because of the heat in Drysdale River Station, Wyndham. Australia.


Engineers set new world record in generation of high-frequency submillimeter waves
Researchers at the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science have achieved a new world record in high-frequency submillimeter waves. The record-setting 324-gigahertz frequency was accomplished using a voltage-controlled oscillator in a 90-nanometer complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit, a technology used in chips such as microprocessors.
The signal generator, which produces frequencies nearly 70 percent faster than other CMOS oscillators, paves the way for a new generation of submillimeter devices that could someday be used in high-resolution sensors on spacecraft, and here on Earth in a new class of highly integrated and lightweight imagers that could literally cut through fog and see through clothing fabrics. And because frequency ultimately means bandwidth, "the higher frequency increases the available bandwidth," said M.C. Frank Chang, UCLA professor of electrical engineering, who leads the research team. That greater bandwidth translates into faster communication speeds.
With traditional 90-nanometer CMOS circuit approaches, it is virtually impossible to generate usable submillimeter signals with a frequency higher than about 190 GHz. That's because conventional oscillator circuits are nonlinear systems in which increases in frequency are accompanied by a corresponding loss in gain or efficiency and an increase in noise, making them unsuitable for practical applications.
Chang, who also is director of UCLA Engineering's High Speed Electronics Laboratory, and researchers Daquan Huang and Tim LaRocca skirted the issues using a technological sleight of hand — and some unique analog signal processing.
The researchers first generated a voltage-controlled CMOS oscillator, or CMOS VCO, operating at a fundamental frequency of 81GHz with phase-shifted outputs at 0, 90, 180 and 270
degrees, respectively. By linearly superimposing these four (or quadruple) rectified phase-shifted outputs in real time, they ultimately generated a waveform with a resultant oscillation frequency that is four times the fundamental frequency, or 324 GHz. This new frequency generation method, in principle, has high DC-to-RF conversion efficiency (up to 8 percent) and has low phase noise, comparable to that of the constituent fundamental oscillation signal.
"When you go back to the fundamental math and physics, you find that you can do this and not pay much of a price. That's the beauty of it," Chang said. "If you use digital signal processing, you can synthesize this and synthesize that, but you pay the price for it with a loss of energy."
The measurement test of the 324-GHz signal was conducted by engineers Lorene Samoska and Andy Fung of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, which has facilities to test these high-frequency ranges. JPL and NASA are particularly interested in submillimeter technology because submillimeter-range wavelengths are ideal for deep-space remote sensing — there is no atmosphere in space to dampen the signals. Higher frequency signals, in turn, produce higher resolution images. "You can see better," Chang said.
Chang and Huang, in collaboration with JPL colleagues, have jointly applied for government grants to use the technology to design lightweight, low-power and highly integrated signal generators that can produce signals at frequencies up to 600 GHz. Applications for these high-frequency VCOs include imaging systems for both commercial and future space missions.
Creating 600-GHz signals requires a relatively straightforward modification of the circuit — either by increasing the fundamental frequency of the VCO or increasing the number of superimposed oscillator outputs (using eight or 16 instead of four).
"Because the algorithm has been validated, we know that we can achieve these frequencies," Chang says.
For example, if quadruple 85-GHz VCO outputs are used, the resulting output frequency would be 340 GHz. That frequency is something of a Holy Grail to the commercial aerospace industry and the military because it represents a "window" in our atmosphere where there is very little attenuation of submillimeter signals. (Essentially, they are invisible to the air.)
Normally, millimeter-range waves excite the atomic and molecular bonds in water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other molecules in the atmosphere, and the gases absorb the waves. Signals at 340 GHz, however, "sneak through," Chang said, and can propagate long distances.
"One result is that waves of these frequencies can see through the fog, which is of interest to commercial aerospace companies," he said. Chang estimates that he and his colleagues will be able to produce the 340-GHz signals within the next six months
Another application of the high-frequency CMOS VCOs of interest to the United States military is in submillimeter wavelength imaging.
"Because the wavelength is submillimeter, you may image through people's clothing," Chang said. "For example, it would be possible to remotely view if some civilian walking up to you has plastic explosives hidden under his coat."
CMOS technology makes future submillimeter-wave devices easily integrated with advanced microprocessors on-chip and can be very lightweight, so these sensors would be portable. "Foot soldiers could backpack them into the battle zone," Chang said.
Source: University of California - Los Angeles
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text: Immunogerontological studies in man have often led to conflicting results. One of the main reasons is the selection of the subjects to be studied. Admission criteria such as "apparently healthy" or "without overt disease" seem insufficient to exclude underlying disease which might influence the immune system and thereby the results. In an attempt to solve this problem, the SENIEUR protocol described in this paper was developed by a working party in the framework of the EURAGE Concerted Action Programme on Ageing of the European Community. This protocol establishes strict admission criteria for immunogerontological studies in man based on clinical information and laboratory data, and it sets limits to pharmacological interference. The use of this protocol will lead to standardization between centers and also to a closer study of the influence of age as such on the immune system. These findings in the immunologically "optimally aged" can also serve as reference values for immunogerontological studies in subjects who do not meet the SENIEUR criteria. In this way the use of this protocol can contribute to the dissection of the influence of disease versus ageing on the immune system.


Opening doors.
Two people compete in a game of chess
Community building and engagement
Building homes, enhancing lives and community.
Truly building community requires the direct engagement of the people who live there. That means reaching out to those neighbors, listening, learning and understanding their fears and concerns, but also their hopes and dreams.
It means being there through thick and thin. It means putting in the time to work with neighbors to change a neighborhood's perception as "low income," or a "problem" to seeing the neighborhoods and people as the asset they truly are.
At New Directions, we know that our role in a neighborhood revitalization is that of facilitator, not savior. The needs, dreams, and the choices of the people in the neighborhood have already been determined. Our charge is to amplify those voices so the entire neighborhood is represented, and that those dreams are fulfilled.


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Granulomatous Meningoencephalomyelitis in Dogs
Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that leads to the formation of granuloma(s) -- a ball-like collection of immune cells formed when the immune system tries to wall off foreign substances -- which can be localized, diffused, or involving multiple locations, such as the brain, spinal cord and surrounding membranes (meninges).
This disease is the most well recognized and accepted CNS inflammatory disorder in dogs. However, dogs between the ages of 6 months and 10 years are most commonly affected with GME. And although both sexes can be affected, there is a slightly higher prevalence in females.
Symptoms and Types
The symptoms depend on the form of disease and its location. For example, the ocular form of GME will affect the eye region, while multifocal GME will affect the brain or brain and spinal cord, and focal GME will focus singly on either the brain or spinal cord. Common symptoms associated with GME include:
- Behavioral changes
- Weakness of hind limbs (parapresis)
- Weakness of all four limbs (tetraparesis)
- Constant head pressing against objects
The exact cause of GME is currently unknown.
You will need to give a thorough history of your dog's health to your veterinarian, including the onset and nature of the symptoms. He or she will then perform a complete physical examination as well as a complete blood count, biochemistry profile, and urinalysis -- the results of which are typically within normal ranges unless an infection is present. In those cases, the white blood cell count will be abnormally elevated.
The preferred method for diagnosis, however, is an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scan, which will reveal single, multiple, or well circumscribed lesions within the nervous system. Your veterinarian may also take a sample of cerebrospinal fluid, a nourishing fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord. Though not a good test to confirm a diagnosis of GME, it can confirm inflammation associated with the disease.
In addition, conducting a brain biopsy can help confirm GME, but it is rarely done due to the dangers involved with removing a small sample of brain tissue.
Often, immediate intensive care and hospitalization is required for dogs with severe forms of GME. For debilitated patients, intravenous fluid therapy is initiated to counter the body fluid deficits. Long-term steroid therapy, meanwhile, is used to alleviate the symptoms -- though never after the use of NSAIDs and only under the supervision of your veterinarian. In case of focal nature of disease, radiation therapy may also be suggested by your veterinarian.
Living and Management
The overall prognosis is highly variable and will depend on the form of the disease and its location. In addition to following the veterinarian's instructions for the dosage and frequency of the medication, it is vital you provide extra care to once your dog is home. If it still active, your veterinarian may recommend restricting its movements to prevent injury or trauma. Dogs that are immobile, meanwhile, should be allowed to rest in a padded cage or bed, and turned every four hours to prevent bed sores.
Your veterinarian will recommend follow-up exams once or twice a month to conduct neurological tests and to verify that the dog is being adequately nourished.
A treatment of certain neoplasms that is administered using an x ray
The term for a type of medication that impacts immunity, metabolism, sexual characteristics, and other such elements of a living thing
An in-depth examination of the properties of urine; used to determine the presence or absence of illness
The prediction of a disease's outcome in advance
Anything having to do with the eye
Losing of strength; becoming weaker.
The term for the connective tissue around the brain and spine
The process of removing tissue to examine it, usually for medical reasons.


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Alpha-lipoic acid treatment ameliorates metabolic parameters, blood pressure, vascular reactivity and morphology of vessels already damaged by streptozotocin-diabetes.Diabetes Nutr Metab. 2000 Dec; 13(6):308-18.DN
The present study investigated the effects of alpha-lipoic acid treatment (50 mg/kg/day) on the metabolism and vascular condition already damaged by streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetes in rats. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and antioxidant status were assessed in non-diabetic controls, 12-week untreated diabetic and 12-week treated diabetic (untreated for 6 weeks and then treated with alpha-lipoic acid for the last 6 weeks) rats. Blood pressures of rats were measured by tail-cuff method. Vascular reactivity was evaluated in isolated aortic rings. Morphology of aorta was examined by electron microscopy technique. Alpha-lipoic acid treatment effectively reversed body weight, blood glucose, plasma insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides and lipid peroxidation levels of diabetic animals. STZ-diabetes resulted in increased blood pressure, which was partially improved by alpha-lipoic acid treatment. Although the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in aortic homogenates was not changed by diabetes or antioxidant treatment, catalase or glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity significantly increased in untreated diabetic rats. Alpha-lipoic acid treatment improved catalase activity in diabetic aorta. The contractile effect of phenylephrine markedly increased in diabetic rings, which was completely reversed by alpha-lipoic acid treatment. The maximum vasorelaxant response of pre-contracted aortic rings exposed to cumulatively increased concentrations of acetylcholine was unaffected by diabetes or antioxidant treatment. Sodium nitroprusside-induced endothelium-independent relaxations were similar in all experimental groups. Various alterations caused by STZ-diabetes in aorta structure were partially ameliorated by alpha-lipoic acid treatment. The potency of alpha-lipoic acid on the reversal of hypertension by affecting vascular reactivity and morphology as well as general metabolism of diabetic rats confirms the importance of hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in the development of diabetes-induced vascular complications and suggests a potential therapeutic approach.


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& Meaning •
Meaning and etymology of the name Ammihud
There are four men named Ammihud in the Bible: The father of Elishama of Ephraim (Numbers 1:10), the father of Samuel of Simeon (Numbers 34:20), the father of Pedahel of Naphtali (Numbers 34:28), a son of Omri and the father of Uthai who returned to Jerusalem after the exile (1 Chronicles 9:4).
Most sources also list the father of Talmai, king of Geshur (2 Samuel 13:37) among the men named Ammihud, but his name is (Ammihur). The difference between the two names is in the element after the Ammi-part. This element consists of three letters and two out of three are different. Ammihud and Ammihur are really very different names.
The name Ammihud consists of two elements:
2) There are two ways to go about the second part of the name Ammihud:
Alfred Jones (Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names) inclines towards the verb (yada) meaning to confess, praise, give thanks, and which also gave us the name Judah. But instead of translating Ammihud with People Of Praise or My Kinsman Praises, Jones reads One Of The People Of Judah. Since three out of four Ammihuds in the Bible are typically not of Judah, this rendering seems a bit out of kilter.
Jones' approach would make the name Ammihud kindred to the names
BDB Theological Dictionary and the learned body that produced the NOBS Study Bible Name List see relations with the noun (hod), meaning splendor or majesty. This noun occurs frequently in the Bible, from the authority or majesty of the king (Jeremiah 22:18) or a prophet such as Moses (Numbers 27:20), to the divine splendor of God (Psalm 104:1), and the splendor of Israel due to the blessings of God (Hosea 14:7 - his beauty will be like the olive tree).
Hence NOBS Study Bible Name List reads My Kinsman Is Glorious and BDB Theological Dictionary reads My Kinsman Is Majesty.
Related names are
Other names that contain the word am are
-Look for baby names
-Augment your Hebrew language study
-Deepen your knowledge of the Bible
-Enrich your cruise to or travel holiday in Israel


Interpretation of Special Relativity
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What do we mean when we say we observe an object in motion? Let's say we are at a position, say, O. The object is at position \vec{x}_1 at time t_1, and at \vec{x}_2 at t_2. Although most people may not notice it, in the last sentence, I already embedded an unreasonable number of assumptions about space and time, which will become clear very soon.
 1. We could say that when the object is at \vec{x}_1, it emits a ray of light, which reaches us at \vec{O} at time t_1. Similarly for \vec{x}_2 and t_2. Note that we are defining t_1 and t_2 (and assuming what x_1 and x_2 mean) with this statement. Then the velocity of the object becomes (\vec{x}_2 - \vec{x}_1)/(t_2 - t_1). We will call it the perceived velocity. It is how the object appears to move, from our perspective.
 2. Another thing we could say is this: Since we know that light takes a certain amount of time to reach us from \vec{x}_1 and \vec{x}_2, the real time for the object is and. And then the real velocity would be. Let's call this quantity its absolute velocity, or its velocity in the absolute reality. Note that we are again assuming what \vec{x}_1 and \vec{x}_2 mean, but handling the time at the object a bit better.
 3. A third way of looking at it is this: Let's say we send out a pulse of light to the object at time \tau_1. It gets reflected back to us at our time. So, at time, the object is at a distance. If the object is going directly away from us (this is important), we can define another distance x_2 at t_2 in exactly the same way. Then its speed would be (x_2 - x1_)/(t_2 - t_1).
Special Relativity takes the third view (or something very close to it). Based on this view, SR defines a coordinate transformation between two frames of reference. But having done that, it insists that the transformation is real, and not a perceptual effect. And, this is the subtle point, we still have to do computations of the kind described in the view number 2 above in order to understand motion. Since this post is meant for a non-technical crowd, I won't belabor the point, but how it pans out mathematically is quite interesting.
Here is a real lecture on the co-ordinate transformation part of SR by Prof Susskind of Stanford. Although it looks formal and rigorous, it does have the same subtle issues. If you watch the derivation of the transformation from (x, t) to carefully, from around the timestamp 47:05 in the video, you will see that he makes the statement and. This statement is true only on the axis and axis (or when and ) respectively, which he explicitly states, but then he silently goes on to assume it is true for all and. In other words, what is written is the same as 0 = 0. f(|v|) and 0 = 0. g(|v|). It does not follow that f(|v|) = g(|v|). So the coordinate transformation is derived with insufficient mathematical or physical reasoning.
My belief is that one has to decouple the constancy of the speed of light (and the resultant covariant transformation of space-time as required by Maxwell's equations) from the perceptual effects of light travel time. Such an approach would be equivalent to developing a framework based on second one of the views of speed and motion listed above. I did this in আমার বই,,en,আলবার্ট আইনস্টাইন,,de,উপলব্ধি,,en,বাস্তবতা,,en,বাস্তবতা,,en,ওয়ার্ল্ডভিউ আর্কাইভ,,en and my published papers. In fact, I went one step further, and investigated the nature of space, and what we mean by it — space is a cognitive model created in our brain and mind to represent the electrical signals generated by light falling on our retinas. Let me quote Einstein again.


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At some point, all pitchers hit their hip while pitching. It happens when they fail to create enough room alongside their bodies for their arm, hand and ball. So how do pitchers create space?
It depends on the athlete. Great pitchers learn to adjust their body mechanics to create spacing. Yet it's important to note that each player does this in different ways because mechanics vary from player to player. Learn more about creating space from UCLA's Kirk Walker and why he cautions against changing a pitcher's natural "pitching DNA" too much.


Prepared4ALL Course 2: The Prepared4ALL Process in Action
It may not look like it but the people in this room are socially distanced. There is an American Sign Language (ASL) Interpreter in this room to sign for anyone who needs it.
Learning Objectives
- Describe the Prepared4ALL process and what each letter in the process stands for
Apply the Prepared4ALL process to create inclusive COVID-19 vaccine emergency dispensing sites (EDS)
Prepared4ALL: Course 2: The Prepared4ALL Process in Action Pre-Test
 - We want to know more about you. Please answer the questions below.
 - Please enter a number less than or equal to 1000.
 - Please rate how confident you are that you could do the following activities as of today.
 - Content Questions


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. Teach them how to pick something out of a group, swim through mazes and even play fetch! There are training kits that can be found online.
19. Are You a Boy or a Girl?
Female goldfish are known to be chubbier and boys are thinner and have longer and more angular pectoral fins. A female's vent will be more prominent. You can find the vent on the underside of the goldfish.
During mating season, the male will grow breeding stars and that makes it easier to tell. During normal months, you can find white pimply like growths on the male's gills.
20. The Mozart of the Tank
These fish are musically talented. They can recognize different symphonies just like us with regular training.
You can test this on your goldfish. They are easily trained, despite having a sheet of glass between you. A study in Japan proved that goldfish have the ability to distinguish the difference between the music of Stravinsky and Bach.
I don't know about you, but I sure can't. It's quite impressive how much these fish can learn.
So what have we learned? Goldfish live long, they're easy to train, they eat anything smaller than their mouths and they hibernate and can change color. Who knew that goldfish, such unassuming little creatures could be so fascinating?


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Resources to build digital communities
The Institute of Museum and Library Services has released two new publications to help communities bridge the digital divide.
Building Digital Communities: A Framework for Action identifies three categories of principles that define digital inclusion (access, adoption, and application) and outlines strategies that individuals, organizations, businesses, and policy makers can implement to achieve the goals of each principle.
Building Digital Communities: Getting Started is a companion primer that describes common steps that communities take to develop an understanding, assess needs and develop strategies.
Both publications emphasize the importance of working across sectors to increase opportunity to connect with citizens and sustainability for digitally inclusive communities. If you play a role in government, community organizations, business, or are interested in being involved in the discussion about what this Framework means for Minnesota communities, please consider getting involved with the Technology Literacy Collaborative.
April 5, 2012
Posted by Katherine D


Discovering an entirely new animal species has to be rather exciting for scientists. Not only will you go down in history as the person (or persons) that found a creature nobody even knew about, you also — in most cases — get to pick its new name.
Some scientists choose names for species based on where they were discovered or even add their own names into the mix. For the research duo of Luiz Rocha and Yi-Kai Tea, the name of a new fish species of bright purple fish they discovered off the east coast of Africa near Zanzibar was inspired by something close to their hearts: the Marvel cinematic universe.
The fish is a previously unknown species of fairy wrasse. Its bright purple appearance and its African home conjured images of the fictional material Vibranium, leading the scientists to call the new fish the Vibranium fairy wrasse. In Marvel fiction, Vibranium is found in Wakanda, and Black Panther's suit is crafted from the material. Its scientific name is equally nerdy (in a good way): Cirrhilabrus wakanda.
As Earther explains, the fish is a lot like other fairy wrasses in that it's tiny, feasts on floating bits of plankton, and seeks refuge coral reefs. It resides at depths of roughly between 160 and 260 feet, making it a challenge to observe for casual divers. The two researchers now credited with its discovery donned SCUBA suits and trained specifically for the chance to observe the fish in its natural habitat.
There will, of course, be varying opinions of whether scientific naming should include references to pop culture. In this case, the researchers themselves have emphasized their desire to make science more digestible (and interesting) for people who might not otherwise be drawn in by the discovery of a new fish species.


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The Data Availability Report enables researchers to preview the number, demographics, and diagnostic results of RADC study participants before submitting a request for data and/or biospecimens.
Choose up to five criteria below to produce a demographics report giving information on age, sex, race, ethnicity, and education.
- If one criterion is chosen, a demographics report is given for participants matching that criterion.
- If two criteria are chosen, a demographics report is given for participants matching both criteria.
If three to five criteria are chosen, a cross calculation report is given that shows how many participants are available for each combination of the chosen criteria.
Choose the desired combination of criteria to produce the demographics report.


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Except when they are breeding, herons spend much of their time alone, feeding in damp places or wading in water. Sometimes large numbers of birds can be seen together at a particularly good feeding site. They are wary and suspicious birds, choosing quiet areas to feed.
A heron uses stealth and speed when hunting and will wait, poised and silent, at the water's edge, or stand up to its breast in water, hoping unwary prey will approach. When a victim comes within reach, the heron strikes quickly, stabbing down its long, sharp bill to grab the prey tightly. Fish are swallowed whole, head first so that the spines or fins do not get stuck in the bird's throat. Large fish may be brought to land and broken up into smaller pieces before being eaten. A heron is often difficult to spot when it is resting, head hunched between its shoulders, motionless and silent. If it is alarmed it will suddenly stretch its neck and take to the air, perhaps with a loud, harsh 'fraaank'.
The plumage of a heron may become dirty when it is catching wet and slippery prey. To help clean away the dirt and slime it has a patch of crumbly feathers called 'powder down' on its breast and rump; a specially shaped claw on the third toe is used to comb through the plumage.Read More: Breeding


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Shichao Ou, Rod Grupen
This paper presents a learning framework that enables a robot to learn comprehensive policies autonomously from a series of incrementally more challenging tasks designed by a human teacher. Psychologists have shown that human infants rapidly acquire general strategies and then extend that behavior with contingencies for new situations. This strategy allows an infant to quickly acquire new behavior and then to refine it over time. The psychology literature calls such compensatory action prospective behavior and it has been identified as an important problem in robotics as well. In this paper, we provide an algorithm for learning prospective behavior to accommodate special-purpose situations that can occur when a general-purpose schema is applied to challenging new cases. The algorithm permits a robot to address complex tasks incrementally while reusing existing behavior as much as possible. First, we motivate prospective behavior in human infants and in common robotic tasks. We introduce an algorithm that searches for places in a schema where compensatory actions can effectively avoid predictable future errors. The algorithm is evaluated on a simple grid-world navigation problem. Results show that learning performance improves significantly over an equivalent flat learning formulation by re-using knowledge as appropriate and extending behavior only when necessary. We conclude with a discussion of where prospective repair of general-purpose behavior can play important roles in the development of behavior for effective human-robot interaction.


blob: 35a29fd60c4aa70fbbd7c05ed40e4b545225c74d [file] [log] [blame]
gitattributes - defining attributes per path
$GIT_DIR/info/attributes, gitattributes
A 'gitattributes' file is a simple text file that gives
'attributes' to pathnames.
Each line in 'gitattributes' file is of form:
glob attr1 attr2...
That is, a glob pattern followed by an attributes list,
separated by whitespaces. When the glob pattern matches the
the path.
The path has the attribute with special value "true";
this is specified by listing only the name of the
attribute in the attribute list.
The path has the attribute with special value "false";
this is specified by listing the name of the attribute
prefixed with a dash '-' in the attribute list.
Set to a value::
The path has the attribute with specified string value;
this is specified by listing the name of the attribute
followed by an equal sign '=' and its value in the
attribute list.
No glob pattern matches the path, and nothing says if
the path has or does not have the attribute, the
attribute for the path is said to be Unspecified.
When more than one glob pattern matches the path, a later line
overrides an earlier line. This overriding is done per
When deciding what attributes are assigned to a path, git
consults '$GIT_DIR/info/attributes' file (which has the highest
precedence), '.gitattributes' file in the same directory as the
path in question, and its parent directories (the further the
directory that contains '.gitattributes' is from the path in
question, the lower its precedence).
Sometimes you would need to override an setting of an attribute
for a path to 'unspecified' state. This can be done by listing
the name of the attribute prefixed with an exclamation point '!'.
Certain operations by git can be influenced by assigning
particular attributes to a path. Currently, the following
operations are attributes-aware.
Checking-out and checking-in
These attributes affect how the contents stored in the
repository are copied to the working tree files when commands
such as 'git checkout' and 'git merge' run. They also affect how
git stores the contents you prepare in the working tree in the
repository upon 'git add' and 'git commit'.
This attribute controls the line-ending convention.
Setting the 'crlf' attribute on a path is meant to mark
the path as a "text" file. 'core.autocrlf' conversion
takes place without guessing the content type by
Unsetting the 'crlf' attribute on a path is meant to
mark the path as a "binary" file. The path never goes
through line endings conversion upon checkin/checkout.
Unspecified 'crlf' attribute tells git to apply the
'core.autocrlf' conversion when the file content looks
like text.
Set to string value "input"::
This is similar to setting the attribute to 'true', but
also forces git to act as if 'core.autocrlf' is set to
'input' for the path.
Any other value set to 'crlf' attribute is ignored and git acts
as if the attribute is left unspecified.
The 'core.autocrlf' conversion
If the configuration variable 'core.autocrlf' is false, no
conversion is done.
When 'core.autocrlf' is true, it means that the platform wants
convert them back to the normal LF line endings when checking
in to the repository.
When 'core.autocrlf' is set to "input", line endings are
converted to LF upon checkin, but there is no conversion done
upon checkout.
When the attribute 'ident' is set to a path, git replaces
'$Id$' in the blob object with '$Id:', followed by
40-character hexadecimal blob object name, followed by a dollar
sign '$' upon checkout. Any byte sequence that begins with
'$Id:' and ends with '$' in the worktree file is replaced
with '$Id$' upon check-in.
A 'filter' attribute can be set to a string value that names a
filter driver specified in the configuration.
A filter driver consists of a 'clean' command and a 'smudge'
command, either of which can be left unspecified. Upon
checkout, when the 'smudge' command is specified, the command is
fed the blob object from its standard input, and its standard
output is used to update the worktree file. Similarly, the
'clean' command is used to convert the contents of worktree file
upon checkin.
A missing filter driver definition in the config is not an error
but makes the filter a no-op passthru.
The content filtering is done to massage the content into a
shape that is more convenient for the platform, filesystem, and
intent is that if someone unsets the filter driver definition,
or does not have the appropriate filter program, the project
should still be usable.
Interaction between checkin/checkout attributes
with 'filter' driver (if specified and corresponding driver
defined), then the result is processed with 'ident' (if
specified), and then finally with 'crlf' (again, if specified
and applicable).
Generating diff text
The attribute 'diff' affects if 'git diff' generates textual
A path to which the 'diff' attribute is set is treated
as text, even when they contain byte values that
normally never appear in text files, such as NUL.
A path to which the 'diff' attribute is unset will
generate 'Binary files differ'.
A path to which the 'diff' attribute is unspecified
first gets its contents inspected, and if it looks like
text, it is treated as text. Otherwise it would
generate 'Binary files differ'.
Diff is shown using the specified custom diff driver.
The driver program is given its input using the same
calling convention as used for GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF
program. This name is also used for custom hunk header
Defining a custom diff driver
wrong place to talk about it. However...
[diff "jcdiff"]
command = j-c-diff
When git needs to show you a diff for the path with 'diff'
attribute set to 'jcdiff', it calls the command you specified
with the above configuration, i.e. 'j-c-diff', with 7
parameters, just like 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' program is called.
See linkgit:git[7] for details.
Defining a custom hunk-header
Each group of changes (called "hunk") in the textual diff output
is prefixed with a line of the form:
The text is called 'hunk header', and by default a line that
begins with an alphabet, an underscore or a dollar sign is used,
which matches what GNU 'diff -p' output uses. This default
selection however is not suited for some contents, and you can
use customized pattern to make a selection.
First in.gitattributes, you would assign the 'diff' attribute
for paths.
*.tex diff=tex
Then, you would define "diff.tex.funcname" configuration to
specify a regular expression that matches a line that you would
want to appear as the hunk header, like this:
[diff "tex"]
funcname = "^\\(\\\\\\(sub\\)*section{.*\\)$"
Note. A single level of backslashes are eaten by the
configuration file parser, so you would need to double the
backslashes; the pattern above picks a line that begins with a
backslash, and zero or more occurrences of 'sub' followed by
'section' followed by open brace, to the end of line.
There are a few built-in patterns to make this easier, and 'tex'
configuration file (you still need to enable this with the
attribute mechanism, via '.gitattributes'). Another built-in
pattern is defined for 'java' that defines a pattern suitable
for program text in Java language.
Performing a three-way merge
The attribute 'merge' affects how three versions of a file is
merged when a file-level merge is necessary during 'git merge',
and other programs such as 'git revert' and 'git cherry-pick'.
contents in a way similar to 'merge' command of 'RCS'
suite. This is suitable for ordinary text files.
Take the version from the current branch as the
tentative merge result, and declare that the merge has
conflicts. This is suitable for binary files that does
not have a well-defined merge semantics.
driver as is the case the 'merge' attribute is set.
However, 'merge.default' configuration variable can name
different merge driver to be used for paths to which the
'merge' attribute is unspecified.
3-way merge is performed using the specified custom
explicitly specified by asking for "text" driver; the
built-in "take the current branch" driver can be
requested with "binary".
Built-in merge drivers
can be asked for via the 'merge' attribute.
Usual 3-way file level merge for text files. Conflicted
regions are marked with conflict markers '<<<<<<<',
'=======' and '>>>>>>>'. The version from your branch
appears before the '=======' marker, and the version
from the merged branch appears after the '======='
Keep the version from your branch in the work tree, but
leave the path in the conflicted state for the user


text:
Definitions of solitary:
- noun: confinement of a prisoner in isolation from other prisoners
Example: "He was held in solitary"
- noun: one who lives in solitude
- adjective: enjoyed or performed alone
Example: "Took a solitary walk"
- adjective: separated from or unfrequented by others; remote or secluded
Example: "A solitary retreat"
- adjective: of plants and animals; not growing or living in groups or colonies
Example: "Solitary bees"
- adjective: characterized by or preferring solitude in mode of life
Example: "A man of a solitary disposition"
- adjective: lacking companions or companionship
Example: "A solitary traveler"
Search for solitary at other dictionaries: OneLook, Answers.com, Merriam-Webster
Help, Feedback, Customize, Android app, iPhone/iPad app
Copyright © 2013 Datamuse


text:
Hudson River Almanac February 4 - 9, 2004
The Hudson remained frozen nearly all the way south from Newcomb in the Adirondacks to northern Ulster and Dutchess Counties, a reach of over 200 miles. Along tidewater, the snow cover on the ice cloaked the fact that a river flowed beneath, especially at slack tide when the ice was silent. The salt front stayed well upriver, in the vicinity of the Newburgh-Beacon Bridge. Conservative estimates of the number of wintering bald eagles, still being pushed south by the lack of open water, exceeded 150 birds.
HIGHLIGHT OF THE WEEK
2/7 - Hannacrois, HRM 132.5: Claudia, our husky-collie mix, and I walk the fields daily; lately I've been on snowshoes. We both enjoy looking for tracks, and have been tracking a bobcat for quite some time. As the winter has progressed, the prints have reflected the gait of an animal bounding through ever-deepening snow. Today we were lucky enough to see the bobcat in the flesh, about thirty yards away as it ran from the cover of a hedgerow, through a field and into the woods.
- Liz LoGuidice
NATURAL HISTORY NOTES
2/4 - Troy, HRM 153: Near twilight I was checking out the river along Route 797 near Troy. I saw a large flock of birds sitting on the ice, then a second. By the time the third flock appeared, I realized it was a murder of crows massing to go to their evening roost. There were a few groups of birds in trees on the river's edge, but the vast majority of them were gathered in the middle of the river. There were hundreds of crows. I wondered at their choice of gathering spots and came up with two possible motives: There may have been a lot of springtails or stoneflies on the ice and snow due to the relatively warm weather of the day; perhaps the birds were enjoying an evening meal. Or perhaps they were seeking a safe massing location. Albany and Troy have undertaken a campaign to deter crows from gathering in winter night roosts in urban settings. Perhaps the frozen river is a refuge for this congregation of crows.
- Liz LoGuidice
[The phrase "a murder of crows" is one of the many colorful terms applied to groups of specific birds and animals. Examples include a murmuration of starlings, an exaltation of larks, and a raft of ducks.]
2/5 - Ulster Park, HRM 87: We had four white-tailed deer looking for food in our yard at dusk. While deer are common enough, we do not ever recall as much activity as we have had this winter. There are tracks all over the lawn whenever there is snow and they even seem to be eating evergreen shrubs. Blue jays have been very numerous and the spring songs of the chickadees and titmice are starting to be heard as the days get longer.
- Bill Drakert, Fran Drakert
2/5 - George's Island, HRM 39: In late afternoon, an hour from low tide, we spotted nine immature bald eagles floating downriver on a single ice floe. An adult was nearby, drifting on its own private mound of ice. None of them seemed to be fishing; they were just knocking one another off the ice from time to time. In the trees on Dogan Point were at least twelve more, four of them adults. Two of the adults were perched very close, preening each other's feathers.
- Dorothy Ferguson, Bob Ferguson
2/6 - Stissing Mountain, HRM 96: It was late afternoon when I spotted two golden eagles in a bare deciduous tree on a hillside. One was an adult, the other an immature. Nearby were three ravens harassing an unfortunate juvenile red-tailed hawk.
- Larry Federman
2/7 - Ulster Park, HRM 87: When a juvenile red-tailed hawk sat in a tree in our yard today, the songbirds totally ignored it and were feeding and moving all about. Several hours later a sharp-shinned hawk was sitting near the same spot and there were no songbirds to be found. Do you suppose they know which raptor is a threat and which is not?
- Bill Drakert
[Red-tails are not inclined to pursue small birds, preferring small mammals. The sharp-shinned, much more agile in the air, is a woodland "bird hawk" well known for snatching birds at backyard feeders.]
2/7 - Hudson Valley: An organized effort was made to conduct a census of bald eagles in night roosts along the Hudson tidewater south of Beacon (HRM 60). Several teams of observers visited known roosting locations at dusk and counted no fewer than 140-150 birds.
- Ed McGowan
[Wintering bald eagles have distinct perching locations. During the day they have observing, feeding, and loafing perches, often in tall white pines or deciduous trees with open spots in their canopies for easy in-easy out access. At night, depending on the weather, they may move inland to communal roosts in sheltered stands of conifers. Often, an accurate count can be made in these night roosts just before total darkness.]
2/8 - Catskill, HRM 113: In late afternoon the sun was disappearing behind the Catskills. Except for the narrow ribbon of tightly packed ice floes in the channel, the Hudson was a wide, glowing expanse of snow-covered ice from bank to bank. High tide had brought the river under the ice to a stop. It was totally silent. An adult bald eagle was perched on the west side of Rogers Island and a second adult was across the way at Greendale.
- Tom Lake
2/8 - Garrison to China Pier, HRM 50-43: We encountered a beautiful female northern harrier at the Castle Rock Unique Area fields along Route 9D. The bird tilted and banked its way quite close, its owl-like face clearly in view, as we watched for several minutes in marvel. At China Pier we met ten birders from New Jersey who were counting eagles at the edge of the ice in Peekskill Bay. They had concluded there were at least twenty.
- Marc A. Breslav, Arlene Seymour
2/8 - George's Island, HRM 39: It was difficult to get an accurate count because of all the activity, but I'm sure we saw a dozen eagles going in and out of the trees on Dogan Point. Most of them were adults. Two of them were perched so close together that I thought I was looking at one bird. While we were watching, a chubby robin alighted ten feet away as if to suggest that the eagles were not the only show in town. Later, a half dozen bluebirds appeared from the wetland on the north side of the parking lot, flitting between the lawn and the birches.
- Peter Fanelli, Diane Fanelli
2/8 - Croton Point, HRM 34.5: We walked up the icy slope to the top of the landfill where the wind was blowing. It was very cold, but worth the effort. We saw two short-eared owls roosting on the ground. Later, along the lower road in a stand of white pines, we spotted a great horned owl. We were also pleased to see an adult male Eurasian wigeon in the Croton River a quarter mile upstream of its confluence with the Hudson. Other waterfowl present included wood ducks, ring-necked ducks, mallards, gadwall, and common mergansers.
- Joe O'Connell, Ellen O'Connell
2/9 - Newcomb, HRM 302: During our walk this morning, Toby and I encountered a small flock of pine grosbeaks gathering grit on Santanoni Drive near the Hudson River pump house. A "life bird" for me! I've been finding many, many snowshoe hare tracks all over Winebrook, a suburb of Newcomb. Though I have yet to actually see one, I remain hopeful. The pine marten visits here almost nightly. We see its tracks all over. I think it even snuck in yesterday during the day. I was busy enough that I never looked out the window to notice, but there were more marten tracks at 4:00 PM than there were at 9:00 AM.
- Ellen Rathbone


More for:
The Instrument Lab
Tweak, tinker and listen to all your favourite instruments! Explore! Listen! Enjoy!
What's In An Orchestra?
Orchestras are comprised of instruments from four different sections:
Begin by learning about the whole orchestra...
An orchestra is a group of musicians playing different musical instruments under the direction of a conductor. It can be large or small, depending on the pieces that are performed.
In this Instrument Lab you can listen to and "virtually" handle all the instruments of the orchestra.
The NAC Orchestra
The National Arts Centre Orchestra specializes in the music of the Classical Period.
There are 50 full-time musicians and 10 regular additional musicians in the NAC Orchestra.
That is only about one half the number of instruments in the full-sized Vancouver, Toronto and Montreal symphony orchestras. The NAC Orchestra uses additional musicians and instruments (like the piccolo, trombone, tuba, various percussion instruments, etc.) for pieces requiring a larger orchestra.


Identification of Jiles-Atherton model parameters using genetic algorithms
Type : Article de conférence
Auteur(s) : Mounir AMIR, Mourad ZERGOUG, S. AZZI, Y. BENNEDJOUE
Année : 2013
Domaine : Electronique
Conférence: 3ème Colloque sur l'Inductique (CN'03)
Résumé en PDF : (résumé en pdf)
Fulltext en PDF : (.pdf)
Mots clés : Jiles-Atherton model, hysteresis loops, Identification of parameters, genetic algorithms (GA)
Résumé :
The purpose of this paper is to propose a robust and fast method to estimate the parameters of Jiles-Atherton model of ferromagnetic hysteresis by using genetic algorithms for reconstruction of hysteresis loops. The performance of the method is evaluated by experimental data. Jiles-Atherton model with five parameters describes the hysteresis behavior of ferromagnetic materials. To calculate the model parameters, many researchers use analytical and classical iterative methods, the most often those methods does not converge or give unphysical results. Because the characteristic equations are sensitive to the initial values of iteration and has non-unique solutions, which is caused by nonlinearity of the characteristic equations and the fact that there are more unknown quantities. The optimization by genetic algorithms method allows to avoid local minima and find global roots is then applied to obtain the model parameters. The proposed method overcomes the difficulties of the other techniques which assume zero remanence. It is also robust as it is guaranteed to converge to physical solutions.


text:
PETKUS Gravity Table G40 - The next Generation29.08.2014
Founded in 1852 PETKUS was the first company worldwide to specialize in the design and production of seed sorting and cleaning machines. The focus on continuous improvement and development throughout the changing decades has led to its standing as a traditional and reputable force in Thuringia. After two years of research and in cooperation with scientists PETKUS has landed a coup with its new Gravity Table G40. The objective of the new design was to achieve the best possible separation effect and a cleaning efficiency of nearly 100%. To achieve this goal, research was conducted with state-of-the-art fluid mechanics simulation tools.
Sorting by weight
PETKUS gravity tables are applied where product of different weights need to be separated and are usually utilized as last process step in grain and seed processing plants. Their main task is to separate diseased grains, fractional parts or debris from the good / healthy grains. Due to the different specific weight of the individual grains, the sorting can be performed easily. The new PETKUS Gravity Table G40 is characterized by an almost 100% pure sorting result in grain and seed. This has a positive effect on two important aspects: the efficiency in the seed business and in terms of healthy grain in the food industry.
With the new Petkus Gravity G40, the mechanical selection already begins in the front section – shortly after filling. The adjustment of the flags or fins directs the material to be sorted already when fed into the inlet zone. The so-defined direction of the grain movement makes a mechanical separation and an increased flow rate possible from the start. The fins and the unique secondary zone ensure a high sorting efficiency and separation effect.
Also important for an optimal separation result is the height of the product layer on the sorting table. The vibrating table surface of the gravity table must be filled continuously and consistently, so that the surface is always completely covered. This is achieved by setting the flaps at the outlet.
Besides the mechanical separation the vibration of the working surface and the resulting micro throws perform an additional separation. The newly developed secondary zone ensures that the poor (light) grains do not reenter the main separation zone. This way the clearly defined separation zones can already be seen on the sorting table.
The length of the gravity table has been exactly calculated so that the heavy grains – the good ones – have enough time to separate themselves from the bad. The setting of the table has an enormous impact on the performance respective the quality of the goods to be separated. The longitudinal inclination determines the performance of the sorter, while the lateral inclination is responsible for the quality of sorting.
Optimizing the air distribution
PETKUS developers and designers have improved the air distribution so that an optimal ratio between levitation force and gravity arises. Equipped with a new aerodynamic system that not only increases the performance but also the precision of the separation. Due to the new design of the fan and the table surface a laminar and therefore a consistent air flow is produced, whose speed and pressure is consistent at every point of the table surface.
The PETKUS Gravity Table G40 is equipped with three high-performance fans, each of which is responsible for an individual zone: input, sorting and exit. At the input the air flow is precisely controlled by an innovative iris – similar to a camera – and is the key controller for each individual fan. A new type of sieve diffuser on the fans ensures a homogeneous air distribution. Modified perforated plates optimize the air speed profiles within the three separation zones.
Installation and Ease of Operation
A key optimizing factor was the reduction of the frame's vibration. For this purpose it was necessary to reduce the forces acting at the foundation to achieve a complete mass balance. This was done by decoupling the air distributor box from the machine frame. The new PETKUS Gravity Table G40 is characterized by a very smooth, almost vibration-free operation and as such it does not require a large foundation for the installation.
The completely electrically controlled inclination adjustment contributes to a significant operation. A large number of setting parameters can be stored on the touch panel to allow for faster adaption when changing products.
Accessibility and serviceability were also seen as key development factors. The cover can be easily opened by means of gas springs and because of the open structure there is limited adherence of dust and light materials. The reduced cleaning effort therefore allows for a longer run time.


text:
Conservation agriculture systems for Malawian smallholder farmers: Long-term effects on crop productivity, profitability
Lambert, Dayton M.
MetadataShow full item record
Conservation Agriculture systems seek to increase crop yield, recycle nutrients, and minimize production costs through crop residue retention, inter-cropping, and crop rotation. The study seeks to clarify how Conservation Agriculture influences farming profits, soil health, and crop productivity in two areas in Malawi - the drier farming village of Lemu of Bazale Extension Planning Area and in the high-rainfall farming village of Zidyana Extension Planning Area. The study also seeks to supplement lacking agronomic research in the identified areas. While both regions have different soil conditions, they both revealed marked improvements in crop yield, soil quality, water infiltration capacity, and improved economic profits with the adoption of conservation agriculture. However, cultural beliefs concerning agriculture pose an impediment to the widespread adoption of conservation agriculture in the region.


text:
Ognitive-behavioral therapy for OCD patients
HERE is what theyre looking for:
For this paper and presentation select a patient population or clinical problem (e.g., bipolar depression, borderline disorder, geriatric patients, etca¦) and a specific psychotherapeutic approach that we have covered in class, or one not covered in class (with our permission). Conduct a review of research and clinical literature on the use of this approach with this specific population or clinical problem. Describe application of the approach to the population/problem, including modification, specific considerations, etc. Provide information about what is known regarding the effectiveness of the approach. This is to be a scholarly paper presenting theoretical and clinical background and implications well-supported with clinical and research literature.
Paper page length: 10-15 pages.


text:
Research Data Proposals
A lot of data is available for research. This is a list of proposals for data that researchers want to see provided, as well as notes about a computing platform they would like to have access to in order to work with some of the very large datasets that the Wikimedia Foundation provides.
See also notes from what data to collect?, another session at WikiSym (incorporate these notes here?).
- 1 Computing platform needs
- 2 Data
- 3 Usage statistics
- 4 Misc
Computing platform needs[edit | edit source]
Processor and Disk Space for processing dumps[edit | edit source]
Researchers often don't have enough processor and disk space to process these huge (5T uncompressed for English Wikipedia; 30GB in 7z) dumps; they need a shared computing platform where these dumps could be processed without the need for downloading elsewhere.
- The tools created by researchers would be made available publicly; this would be a requirement of obtaining an user account.
- meta:Toolserver serves this purpose to a lesser degree now.
- Perhaps some cloud provider could donate in kind services for such a platform.
Researcher tool package[edit | edit source]
A package of tools could be created that researchers might use in common; many do similar sorts of analysis.
- Some basic tools for processing will be added to svn.wikimedia.org/svnroot/mediawiki/trunk/tools/analysis/
Data[edit | edit source]
API[edit | edit source]
Special:Export[edit | edit source]
Special:Export when it hits its limit simply stops adding revisions to the output; this should be indicated in the XML file and indicated on import.
Dump[edit | edit source]
Additional formats[edit | edit source]
SQL dumps in CSV format for processing.
Samples[edit | edit source]
We could provide a few standard samples, for example all pages in a given reasonable size WikiProject's domain, a few thousand pages, that a researcher could run tests on in order to verify that their tools are working.
- Standard large-ish samples could be provided for actual statistical analysis, so that researchers could for example run quality assessment metrics of their choice against the same dataset and compare with results of others.
- A packet of controversial articles (for example, those of a political nature) or those with few incoming links but many outgoing links, could be provided, based on specifications of researchers. In this case, perhaps the researchers themselves would create scripts to generate such subsets.
- XML dumps could be segmented according to namespace (produce one dump per namespace), according to timeframe (all pages created in a given year), by title (all pages with titles starting with unicode range X to Y).
- Be able to filter the dumps for specific types of pages: disambiguation pages, redirections, other.
Recent revision sample[edit | edit source]
The revisions generated in the past 24 hours could be made available on a daily basis, various automated jobs could run against them and produce various filtered output on the shared collaboration research platform. These scripts could be maintained by the research community.
- A day-to-day revisions + log events (page moves, deletions, restorations, username changes, etc.) would be useful for maintaining an up-to-date mirror or collection of meta-data. This should be much easier to generate than an entire dump. --EpochFail 16:26, 23 July 2010 (UTC)
- I can see this functionality as useful in ordinary Wikipedia operations, as well as research. DGG 00:36, 24 July 2010 (UTC)
Additional dumps[edit | edit source]
- All Commons images
- on archive.org by WikiTeam (with about 6 months embargo; needs mirrors) Done
- Centralauth tables (private dump) for accurate user counts across projects
- Commons images with selection/reduction: e.g. featured pictures, good pictures, all images used by en.wiki scaled down; or, implement a web interface to generate custom "dumps" and see what users need).
Additional data[edit | edit source]
- Software version, what versions of which extensions are enabled, with http link to revision in source code repo
- Timestamp of when the dump was taken
- Aliases for namespaces
- Interwiki prefixes
- Magic words
- Content language(s) of wiki
- Specific request that was used to generate the dump or the export
- Image creators, other metadata about images
Include the target of the redirect for pages that are redirects -- added by Diederik-- done Revision length (since it is now populated in the db)-- done
- Unique ID for files dumped based on the request, record this someplace (where?)... for all requests? For scheduled dumps only?
- Data about the subjects of the pages, rather than metadata about the pages themselves
- Dumps with pages that have certain markup removed (i.e. infoboxes and images) to be used by language researchers (for corpora)
- Type of protection added to page (nimish)
Add page_namespace element to complement the title element-- done, see element
- Add page_title element (without namespace prefix) to complement the title element
- Whether the dump contains multiple revisions or not
- Total number of pages in the dump, total number of revisions
- Full uncompressed size of the dump file in bytes and, if possible, lines
- All the metadata that would go in the filename (en, wiktionary, 20110412, pages-articles v. pages-meta-history) since this info is lost if the file is renamed, or not put in the filenames by some 3rd party sites such as hitchwiki and wikivoyage or even our own "latest" dumps
For more items to be added to XML dump, see:
Wikidata[edit | edit source]
- A XML-dump of the current version of NS 120 (Property), should be very tiny & very usefull.
NLP[edit | edit source]
XML dump marked up with parts of speech for linguistic / natural language processing.
Long term storage of dumps[edit | edit source]
Keep all dumps around forever, get a tape library.
Usage statistics[edit | edit source]
[edit | edit source]
- Which pages are being viewed, relationship between viewer and editor activity
- Navigation paths
- History of most recent session for a given user (without identification of course)
- Tracking the behavior of different classes of users, e.g. casual readers, researching readers, editors reading, vandal tracking
- Pages visited frequently or rarely in a given timeframe
- This can be done with Domas visits logs Emijrp 17:13, 29 November 2010 (UTC)
- Logging all visits to a specific set of pages (currently all visits are based on a sample of 1 out of every 1000 requests)
- Get old page view stats from Matthias Schindler --done and available for download
- Were they uploaded to Internet Archive? w:en:User:Emijrp/Wikipedia_Archive#Domas_visits_logs
- More complete (or visible) documentation of Domas' page view stats (formerly at _URL_ and now at _URL_ - done, see that page
- Log access to media files, including thumbnails; log if referrer is internal or external
- Document all the existing filters in production for statistics collection, and who has which data
- An API that, given a page_id and a timeframe (with, say, day or week granularity) gives an estimate of the page views of that page.
- URLs of external referrer pages. This will be very useful to research on linking pages to Wikipedia, as it will provide real-world example data of pages linking to Wikipedia.
Misc[edit | edit source]
Logging[edit | edit source]
- Log search terms from Lucene (internal) search or from Google search (referrer)
- Which searches were "successful" and which failed
- Have a session id for searches
- "Did you find what you were looking for?" at the bottom of the search page
Surveys[edit | edit source]
Standard user survey once a year with various questions the research community wants to get information about, with a proper sample etc.
Registry[edit | edit source]
Registry for researchers to use samples or subsections of dumps they used
Chunked uploading[edit | edit source]
Get chunked uploading working