CBD oil and pain: 1 - understanding different types of pain
CBD oil and pain: 1 - understanding different types of pain
Now that CBD oil is readily available in South Africa a lot of people are asking the question: 'Can CBD oil help with my pain?' To answer this question we need to take a look at different types of pain.
In order to understand different types of pain, let's start with asking the question, 'why do we have pain?' To answer this question we will look at three pain categories and whether they are necessary to protect the body.
1: Acute physiological pain
- Main defence mechanism of the body - for example if you touch something very hot you will feel pain and quickly pull away from the heat that is causing the pain and this withdrawal reflex prevents any further damage.
-Very important and effective protective function.
- Pain is alerting us to potential or actual damage.
Acute pain
2.) Acute inflammatory pain
Acute inflammatory pain is occurs as an immediate response to trauma.
An example of this type of pain is when you have visited the dentist and received a local anaesthetic for the removal of a tooth. You have no pain during the removal but afterwards you experience pain which increases substantially.
Now we can answer the more complicated question - is acute inflammatory pain still necessary to protect the body? The answer is that sometimes it is and sometimes it isn't. Let's look at the specific tooth removal example:
You are experiencing a lot of pain which is a result of inflammation around the area of the removed tooth. The body responds to trauma or injury (for example caused by the surgical tooth removal) with the creation of an inflammatory response. The aim of this response if to heal the damaged tissue and it always causes pain, but in this case it is not protecting your body from anything. The acute inflammatory pain caused by a surgical tooth removal does not have protective value.
Tooth pain
However, this is not always the case. For example, inflammatory pain is extremely important in terms of protective value when it comes to conditions like acute appendicitis. The severe abdominal pain that accompanies inflammation has served to signal something serious is wrong and protect the body. If there was no pain accompanying the inflammatory process the condition could go unnoticed and the appendix could rupture.
appendicitis surgery acute inflammatory pain appendix
 Another example would be a broken arm. Your body has created inflammation around the broken bone. Movement has the potential to cause harm to nerves, blood vessels or even neighbouring tissues. The pain therefore acts as a defence mechanism because it is telling your body to stop moving so that further damage is not caused.
These examples show that events of protective and non-protective pain accompanying acute inflammation can be experienced.
 3.) Chronic pain
We have now covered acute pain and understand that in many cases acute pain has a protective function. Now let's take a look at chronic pain. A lot of people experience this type of pain. Generally chronic pain is pain which lasts or recurs for more than 3 to 6 months. There are many causes and symptoms of chronic pain which we will take a look at in another blog post.
When pain becomes chronic it has lost its protective and warning functions. For example, nerve damage often causes chronic pain. Let's look at a specific example:
Shingles is a painful rash from the reactivation of the Chickenpox virus. The rash will usually resolve itself and the pain will subside. However, in some people the rash will disappear but the pain can remain for months or even years. These people can experience spontaneous pain and another phenomenon known as allodynia where pain is experienced from something that is ordinarily painless (such as something like a light wind on the skin or running water). This is an excellent example of how chronic pain can have absolutely no protective qualities - gently running water (with a normal temperature) should not ever be considered threatening to the body.
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Data from: Thermal plasticity in farmed, wild and hybrid Atlantic salmon during early development: has domestication caused divergence in low temperature tolerance?
Solberg, Monica Favnebøe, Norwegian Institute of Marine Research
Dyrhovden, Lise, Norwegian Institute of Marine Research
Matre, Ivar Helge, Norwegian Institute of Marine Research
Glover, Kevin Alan, Norwegian Institute of Marine Research
Published Feb 02, 2016 on Dryad.
Cite this dataset
Solberg, Monica Favnebøe; Dyrhovden, Lise; Matre, Ivar Helge; Glover, Kevin Alan (2016). Data from: Thermal plasticity in farmed, wild and hybrid Atlantic salmon during early development: has domestication caused divergence in low temperature tolerance? [Dataset]. Dryad. _URL_
Background: In the past three decades, millions of domesticated Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. have escaped from farms into the wild. Their offspring display reduced survival in the natural environment, which demonstrates that gene-flow is likely to have a negative effect on wild populations. However, inter-population differences in introgression of farmed salmon have been observed, and the underlying ecological mechanisms remain enigmatic. We hypothesised that domestication-driven divergence in tolerance to low temperatures during early development may contribute to lower survival of farmed salmon offspring in the wild, which in turn, may influence patterns of introgression among populations exposed to different temperature regimes. We reared the offspring of 35 families of wild, farmed and hybrid origin at three temperatures (3.9, 5.6 and 12 °C) from the onset of exogenous feeding and throughout their first summer. Thermal reaction norms for growth and survival were investigated along the gradient. Results: The main results of this study, which is based upon the analysis of juvenile salmon from five wild strains, two farmed strains and two hybrid strains, can be summarised as; (i) salmon of all origins were able to successfully initiate feeding at all temperatures and similar survival reaction norms were detected in all strains across the temperature gradient; (ii) deviating growth reaction norms were detected between strains, although this result was most likely due to an overall lack of growth in the lower temperature treatments. Conclusions: This study revealed no evidence of domesticated-driven divergence in low temperature tolerance in Atlantic salmon during early development. Although the potential interaction between low temperature and other river-specific factors cannot be excluded, our results indicate that the reduced survival of farmed offspring in the wild is not explained by farmed salmon displaying impaired abilities to initiate feeding at low temperatures. We therefore suggest that the observed inter-population patterns of introgression are not low-temperature driven and that other ecological or biological factors may explain why detection of farmed salmon in wild rivers is not synonymous with introgression. In general, our results support the literature indicating that phenotypic plasticity instead of thermal adaption has been selected for in Atlantic salmon.
Solberg et al 2016 BMC Evolutionary Biology
Survival and growth data for Atlantic salmon of farmed, hybrid and wild origin.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Pre-Shot Golf Routine
Home / Golf Tips / Pre-Shot Golf Routine
Pre-Shot Golf Routine
Pre-Shot Golf Routine: How Important Is It?
If you've read any golf psychology books you'll notice how each stresses the importance of a consistence pre-shot golf routine. Bob Rotella, a famous writer about golf psychology talks about the pre-shot golf routine in much detail. So if you're unfamiliar with a what a pre-shot routine in golf is, it is basically a sequence of steps or actions that you take before every single shot during your round. Every golfer has their own particular pre-shot routine, this can include alignment, the number of practice swings, waggles over the ball, as well as the timing of each movement or event. This all happens before actually hit your golf shot.
Why is a pre-shot golf routine important? A pre-shot routine basically makes you only focus on each step of your pre-shot routine. It helps to eliminate any bad or negative thoughts, nervousness, etc. before hitting your shot. A lot of golfers will step up to the tee and see white out of bounds stakes right or maybe there is a lake you need to carry and then you only start to focus on avoiding those obstacles. So if you see out of bounds stakes right, you may make a swing that overcompensates and you end up in the left woods. Or if you're thinking about hitting it over a lake 200 yards away when you're average carry is 220 yards away you may swing to hard to make sure you hit it over the lake when you really just needed to get up to the ball and take your normal swing. The pre-shot golf routine helps prevent these negative thoughts. It forces you to focus and only focus on the certain steps of your pre-shot routine and if you're focusing on those simple, yet relevant tasks you're not thinking about the lake you have to carry or preventing yourself from slicing the ball out of bounds to the right.
If you watch any golf professionals during a PGA Tournament on television you'll notice they all have a pre-shot routine. Each one has different steps and mannerisms before they step up and begin their actual backswing of the shot at hand.
Pre-Shot Golf Routine
So what can a pre-shot routine actually consist of? There can be very few steps you take during your pre-shot routine or there can be more. It all depends on the type of golfer. Once you have your club selection and you're confident you have the correct club you can start your pre-shot routine. This can start with alignment. Some golfers prefer 1-3 practice swings and some take their practice swings behind the ball, while others may take their practice swings right next to the ball lining up to the target. It can also include any current swing thoughts you have. Maybe you've been working on a move in your backswing that you repeat three times for muscle memory right before you step up to the ball. Once you step up and actually rest your club behind the ball, you may have a certain number of waggles, and you may also have a certain number of times you look at the target.
A good example of a pre-shot golf routine to start with if you've never had one before would be as follows. Choose your club selection and be confident with it before you start your pre-shot routine. If you go through your pre-shot routine and are about to swing but feel a wind gust, step back, re-think your golf club selection and start your pre-shot routine all over. This also includes any distractions during your pre-shot routine, just step back and start it over. So now that you have your club, take 1 or 2 practice swings. Then stand behind the ball and pick your alignment, a lot of golfers will pick a blade of grass 1 foot in front of the ball. That way when you step up to the ball you're only aligning your clubface to a blade of grass 1 foot in front of the ball. This is much easier than looking back and forth and at a target and trying to line up correctly. Then you take one waggle, one last look, at the target, visualize your perfect shot and take your swing.
This is just an example but it's a starting point to developing your own pre-shot golf routine. You can alter it in any way you want. You can also watch your favorite PGA Tour player on TV for tips as well. Also a lot of golfers will develop their pre-shot routine based how quickly they play. If you typically are a fast player on the course your pre-shot routine might be very simple. Sometimes this also helps with you giving you less time for negative thoughts. Or if you are a slower player who is very meticulous and likes to take your time, you may take a few more relaxed practice swings and take your time with each detail of your pre-shot routine. If you're that type of golfer a fast-paced, quick pre-shot routine probably doesn't make sense. You do not want to feel rushed during your pre-shot routine, you should feel relaxed and focused only on the next step of your routine.
It is also worthy to note that some players have different pre-shot routines for full swings, chipping, sand shots, or putting on the green. However, it's still important to have a solid consistent pre-shot routine for every type of shot. For chipping, one part of your pre-shot routine you may walk up to the green and determine exactly where you want the golf ball to land. You may take extra practice swings to get the feel of the shot so you hit it with the correct force and achieve the correct distance. For putting you may read a putt from behind the ball, then behind the hole. You may stand over the ball once to get a feel for the putt, then step back from the ball and focus on alignment. Regardless of all of this make sure all of your pre-shot routines are consistent and literally become second nature.
You may also find that over time you add steps or remove steps from your pre-shot routine. This is perfectly fine, you may be working on take your club back low and slow, so you add that move in and repeat it 3 times for added confidence and muscle memory. Developing a solid pre-shot routine may take some time before you are 100% comfortable and confident you have it perfected. You want it to mimic your style as a golfer, but once you have it down and consistently apply it to each shot you'll continually see improvement. You also should practice it and not only make sure you apply it to every single shot on the course but you should also go through your pre-shot routine while on the driving range. This will force you to not only solidify your pre-shot routine but also makes sure you are practicing properly on the range and thinking about every shot. It's important to practice with a purpose and rushing through a bucket of balls just to say you practiced today isn't helping. So start to begin forming and practicing your pre-shot routine today and you'll begin to notice a lot of improvement in your scores as well as your course management and the mental aspects of golf.
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This is an x-ray detector built by [Ben Krasnow]. It's an interesting combination of parts working with an oscilloscope. The result is an audible clicking much the same as you would hear from a Geiger counter
He's measuring backscatter, which is the reflection of x-rays on other objects. Because the signal will be quite weak compared to waves emitted directly from an x-ray source he needed a large collector to measure them. He started by gutting an x-ray image intensifying cassette. This has a phosphor layer that glows when excited by x-rays. The idea is that the glowing phosphors do a better job of exposing film than direct x-rays can. But [Ben's] not using film. He built that pyramid-shaped collector with the phosphor material as the base. At the apex of the pyramid he mounted a photomultiplier tube (repurposed from his scanning electron microscope) which can detect the excited points on its surface. His oscilloscope monitors the PMT, then issues a voltage spike on the calibration connector which is being fed to an audio amplifier. Don't miss his presentation embedded after the break.
[Ben] mentions that this build is in preparation for a future project. We'd love to hear what you think he's working on. Leave your guess in the comments section.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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the synthesis tool process to finish running in the external command window.
4. After the bitstream is generated, select the Program Target Device task. Choose Download for Programming method to download the FPGA bitstream onto the SD card on the Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC board, so your design will be automatically reloaded when you power cycle the Zynq board. click Run This Task to program the Zynq hardware.
After you program the FPGA hardware, the LED starts blinking on your Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC ZCU102 board.
Next, you will generate C code to run on the ARM processor to control the LED blink frequency and direction.
In the HDL Workflow Advisor, after you generate the IP core, You can create a vivado project in step 4.1, you can optionally generate a software interface model in the Embedded System Integration > Generate Software Interface Model task.
The software interface model contains the part of your design that runs in software. It includes all the blocks outside of the HDL subsystem, and replaces the HDL subsystem with AXI driver blocks. If you have an Embedded Coder license, you can automatically generate embedded C code from the software interface model, build it, and run the executable on Linux on the ARM processor. The generated embedded software includes AXI driver code, generated from the AXI driver blocks, that controls the HDL IP core.
Run the Generate Software Interface Model task and see that a new model is generated. The task dialog shows a link to the model.
In the generated software interface model, the "led_counter" subsystem is replaced with the AXI driver blocks which generates the interface logic between the ARM processor and FPGA.
In this part of the workflow, you configure the generated software interface model, automatically generate embedded C code, and run your model on the ARM processor in the Zynq hardware in External mode.
When you are prototyping and developing an algorithm, it is useful to monitor and tune the algorithm while it runs on hardware. The External mode feature in Simulink enables this capability. In this mode, your algorithm is first deployed to the ARM processor in the Zynq hardware, and then linked with the Simulink model on the host computer through an Ethernet connection.
The main role of the Simulink model is to tune and monitor the algorithm running on the hardware. Because the ARM processor is connected to the HDL IP core through the AXI interface, you can use External mode to tune parameters, and capture data from the FPGA.
In the generated model,click on Hardware pane and go to Hardware settings to open Configuration Parameter dialog box.
Select Solver and set "Stop Time" to "inf".
Select Hardware Implementation and set "Feature set for selected hardware board" to "Embedded Coder Hardware Support Package".
From the HARDWARE menu, click the Monitor & Tune button on the model toolstrip to run your model on the ARM processor in the Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC ZCU102 hardware in External mode. Embedded Coder builds the model, downloads the ARM executable to the Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC ZCU102 hardware, executes it, and connects the model to the executable running on the Zynq hardware.
Double-click the Slider Gain block. Change the Slider Gain value and observe the change in frequency of the LED array blinking on the Zynq hardware. Double-click the Manual Switch block to switch the direction of the blinking LEDs.
Double-click the scope connected to the Read_back output port and observe that the output data of the FPGA IP core is captured and sent back to the Simulink scope.
When you are done changing model parameters, click the Stop button on the model.
This example shows how the hardware-software co-design workflow helps automate the deployment of your MATLAB and Simulink design to a Xilinx Zynq Ultrascale+ MPSoC. You can explore the best ways to partition and deploy your design by iterating through the workflow.
The following diagram shows the high-level picture of the workflow you went through in this example. To learn more about the hardware and software co-design workflow, please refer to the HDL Coder documentation.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Ok so I have two lists in C#
List attributes = new List();
List songs = new List();
one is of strings and and one is of a attribute object that i created..very simple
class Attribute
 public string size { get; set; }
 public string link { get; set; }
 public string name { get; set; }
 public Attribute(){}
 public Attribute(string s, string l, string n)
 size = s;
 link = l;
 name = n;
I now have to compare to see what songs are not in the attributes name so for example
songs.Add("yet another");
Attribute a = new Attribute("500", "_URL_", "something" );
I want a way to return "another" and "yet another" because they are not in the attributes list name
so for pseudocode
difference = songs - attributes.names
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4 Answers
up vote 20 down vote accepted
var difference = songs.Except(attributes.Select(s=>s.name)).ToList();
Added ToList() to make it a list
share|improve this answer
will difference be a list – Trace Mar 23 '12 at 14:12
no, is IEnumerable, but call ToList() – Adrian Iftode Mar 23 '12 at 14:13
An enumerable. Use ToList() if you need to. – DeeMac Mar 23 '12 at 14:13
Sorry Adrian, beat me to it. This is actually a really good answer, been wondering how to achieve this for a while myself. +1 – DeeMac Mar 23 '12 at 14:13
add comment
var diff = songs.Except(attributes.Select(a => a.name)).ToList();
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add comment
This is the way to find all the songs which aren't included in attributes names:
var result = songs
 .Where(!attributes.Select(a => a.name).ToList().Contains(song));
The answer using Except is also perfect and probably more efficient.
EDIT: This sintax has one advantage if you're using it in LINQ to SQL: it translates into a NOT IN SQL predicate. Except is not translated to anything in SQL. So, in that context, all the records would be recovered from the database and excepted on the app side. Is much less efficiente.
share|improve this answer
Why did you post this if the other answers that use Except are perfect and more efficient? – DeeMac Mar 23 '12 at 14:15
If you see it, I posted this before the other answers, and added the comment later, stating clearly that the other solutions are better. – JotaBe Mar 23 '12 at 14:17
"I posted this before the other answers." You didn't. – DeeMac Mar 23 '12 at 14:25
Plus, you're missing a right parenthesis. – DeeMac Mar 23 '12 at 14:34
Hey, the voting system is here so that people knows which is the best answer. That's why I've voted adrian's. However I think it won't hurt to see a different alternative. Mine have at least one advantage. See my edited answer. – JotaBe Mar 23 '12 at 15:24
show 4 more comments
It's worth pointing out that the answers posted here will return a list of songs not present in attributes.names, but it won't give you a list of attributes.names not present in songs.
While this is what the OP wanted, the title may be a little misleading, especially if (like me) you came here looking for a way to check whether the contents of two lists differ. If this is what you want, you can use the following:-
var differences = new HashSet(songs);
differences.SymmetricExceptWith(attributes.Select(a => a.name));
if (differences.Any())
 // The lists differ.
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Your Answer


text:
Detailed engineering for piping systems
Detailed engineering are studies which creates a full defined scope of work for every aspect of project development. It is a multi-step process which includes conceptualization, research, feasibility analogy, establishing design requirements, preliminary design plans, detailed designing, production planning and tool design and finally moving towards actual production. Detail engineering studies are a key component for every project development across Mining, Infrastructure, energy, oil&gas sectors.
Detailed engineering companies have the best technical experts & a wide range of experience across various industries to carry out the tasks of project management at the maximum precision level.
Piping engineering is a specialised branch of detailed engineering dealing with design & layouts of piping network along with the Equipments in a process plant.
The images shown form a fully fledged blue print of a plant & are used for plant construction at site. The most important factors to be considered are:
- Process requirements
- Process safety
- Compliance with statutory requirements & economy
Piping detailed engineering process:
'Piping' includes the utility of components such as pipe, valves and fittings. A piping designer or a piping engineering company should be thoroughly acquainted with the equipment, instrumentation and related disciplines. A team of piping detailed engineering consists of Engineers, designers and construction personnel who get together to develop and design piping and instrumentation diagrams also known as P&ID (Process & Instrumentation Diagrams).
However, the process doesn't stop there, they also make equipment plot plans, define the piping arrangements and make fabrication drawings.
A piping engineering company performs the following processes:
- Preparation of plot plan, equipment layouts piping studies, piping specification
- Review of process package
- Giving inputs to civil, vessel, electrical / instrumentation groups for various purposes
A piping engineering company ideally goes through the following plan of action to initiate the project:
- Preparation of piping layouts, isometrics, support Drawings
- Stress analysis
- Procurement assistance
- Preparation of drawings for statutory approvals
- Preview of vendor drawings
- Coordination with various engineering groups & site
And finally ends with completion & commissioning of plant.
Detail piping engineering: What does it involve?
Detail piping engineering consists of an engineering report for the use of various types of pipes and pumps with pressure drop calculations. It also consists of:
- Pipes and pumps specifications
- equipment selection and size
- instrumentation and process control
- other piping components such as valves, fittings, piping hangers and supports
Detail piping engineering : How helpful it is to you?
Detail piping engineering focuses on 3 primary pointers:
- how your piping systems should work;
- what materials must be used to make the piping structure for the engineering project;
- select the type of material to be used for certain pipes and piping components
Detailed engineering helps in drafting fabrication and construction specifications. It also helps piping consulting engineers to execute a thermal analysis, vibrating analysis and stress analysis for sound piping layout and implementation.


Plant Nuclei Enrichment and Debris Removal with the WOLF Cell Sorter
Plant Nuclei Enrichment and Debris Removal with the WOLF Cell Sorter
Plant research has led to novel discoveries in health, agriculture and the environment. Flow sorting plant cells (protoplasts) can be challenging due to their fragility and large size. In addition, some downstream applications such as single-cell sequencing have cell size limitations. In instances where researchers are interested in examining the plant genome, flow sorting of plant nuclei instead of protoplasts can be a simple solution. However, obtaining and using a suspension of single plant nuclei via tissue homogenization can also provide challenges due to the large amount of irrelevant debris present in the homogenates. Cell sorters can be a valuable tool in preparation of samples of nuclei, by removing contaminating debris. However, traditional cell sorters that operate at high sample pressures have the potential to damage nuclei, particularly nuclei of species having large genomes or that are extensively endoreduplicated. The WOLF Cell Sorter uses a gentle sorting mechanism (< 2 psi) that can effectively remove debris from a target population without causing shear stress. Here, we demonstrate how the WOLF Cell Sorter can be used to remove debris and enrich for nuclei from plant tissue.
Leaf tissues from Roma tomato and Green Bell Pepper plants were processed into nuclear suspensions using a rapid chopping method (Galbraith, et al., 1983). Tissues were chopped in cold chopping buffer (PBS + 0.1% Triton-X-100) using a double-edged razor blade for around 1 minute. The homogenates were then filtered through a 20 µm Cell-Trics® filter to remove large debris and prevent clogging. A 10 mg/mL solution of DNAse-free RNAse A (2.5 µL/0.5 mL) was then added to the nuclear suspension and incubated on ice for 10 min. An aliquot of the sample was transferred into a new tube, stained with propidium iodide (PI) Ready FlowTM Reagent (ThermoFisher Scientific), and incubated for 15 mins at room temperature. The unstained control and the PI-stained sample were analyzed for PI fluorescence on the WOLF, using a FL2-H/FL3-H density plot (Figure 1) with a low FSC threshold of 10,000 to identify and eliminate signals from small debris. Nuclei were identified as PI-FL2+/PI-FL3+. 3000-5000 nuclei were sorted for each sample. Nuclei enrichment was then analyzed on the WOLF after sorting. To confirm that the nuclei were still intact after sorting, a sample was centrifuged at 300g for 5 minutes and then examined by microscopy.
Plant nuclei were identified using an unstained sample and FL2/FL3 parameters on the WOLF. Within the PI+ nuclei gate, a histogram plot with the PI-FL2 parameter shows discrete peaks of nuclei with different PI intensities (Figure 1). These peaks represent different discrete amounts of nuclear DNA content, corresponding to nuclei at different stages of the cell division cycle and therefore having different C-values, 2C and 4C in this case (Galbraith et al 1983, Galbraith 2009). Plant debris from tomato and green bell peppers were considerably reduced post-sort, with an average 3-fold decrease (Figure 2A). Interestingly, even using an unconventional PBS-based chopping buffer, the plant leaf nuclei also appeared intact and undamaged during analysis and following post-sorting (Figure 2B).
Enriching for plant nuclei can be challenging due to their fragility and the significant amount of debris present in the nuclei suspension. The chopping method (Galbraith, et al., 1983) is a rapid and gentle way to release nuclei from plant tissues with minimal damage; however, there is still plant debris left in the homogenate. Results from these experiments show that the WOLF Cell Sorter can serve as a robust clean-up step to remove debris and enrich for nuclei. In addition to sorting for all nuclei in the sample, the WOLF was also sensitive enough to detect different DNA content C-values within the population of nuclei. This allows sorting for nuclei with different DNA content for downstream cell cycle studies. In conclusion, without sacrificing the quality of nuclei, the WOLF Cell Sorter is an effective and gentle way to remove debris from plant nuclei samples.
Galbraith DW, Harkins KR, Maddox JM, Ayres NM, Sharma DP, and Firoozabady E (1983). Rapid flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle in intact plant tissues. Science 220(4601):_PHONE_. doi:10.1126/science._PHONE_.1049
Galbraith DW (2009). Simultaneous flow cytometric quantification of plant nuclear DNA contents over the full range of described angiosperm 2C values. Cytometry Part A 75(8):692–698. doi:10.1002/cyto.a.20760
Galbraith DW, Janda J, and Lambert GM (2010). Multiparametric analysis, sorting, and transcriptional profiling of plant protoplasts and nuclei according to cell type. In: Hawley T., Hawley R. (eds) Flow Cytometry Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology (Methods and Protocols) 699:407–429. Humana Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-61737-950-5_20
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Georgina Hogarth was the sister-in-law, housekeeper and adviser of Charles Dickens and the editor of two volumes of his collected letters after his death. She was a trusted companion and confidant who Dickens described (in his will) as 'the best and truest friend man ever had'.
Early Life.
Georgina Hogarth was born on 22 January 1827, one of ten children born in Scotland to music critic George Hogarth and his wife Georgina.
In 1834 she moved along with her family to London where her father had taken a job as a music critic for the The Morning Chronicle. The family lived at Queen's Elm, Brompton, then a rural area of orchards and market gardens on the fringes of the city.
Dickens family household.
In 1842, aged 15, Georgina Hogarth joined the Dickens family household when Dickens and his wife Catherine, sailed to America, caring for the young family they had left behind.
Dickens divorce from Catherine.
In 1858 Georgina Hogarth sided with Dickens when he separated from her sister, Catherine, Dickens's wife. This caused the family to break apart. Georgina, Charles Dickens and all of the children except Charles Dickens, Jr. remained in their home at Tavistock House, while Catherine and Charles Jr. moved out. Georgina Hogarth ran his household.
She remained with them as housekeeper, organiser, adviser and friend until her brother-in-law's death in 1870, after which she stayed in regular contact with the surviving members of the Dickens family.
Georgina Hogarth died on 19 April 1917.


text: If elected to the GWRSD school board, I will push an initiative to get ALL of our curriculum online using ESSER funds which will not increase the tax rate. This will provide access for parents, students, teachers, and the public. It will reduce the burden on district human resources and allow the public to review what is being taught in our schools. I will also seek to work with our administrators and educators to determine the feasibility of matching curriculum across grades across the district. Creating grade-level teams of educators and para-professionals who will work together to provide consistent, effective, and engaging curriculum. Furthermore, using technology, students could communicate across the district in our elementary schools for some friendship and some healthy competition.


text:
The History of Hartford Steam Boiler
The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company was founded on June 30, 1866. Our first president considered HSB as "the first company in America devoted primarily to industrial safety." "Hartford Standards" quickly became the specifications for boiler design, manufacture and maintenance.
Now, over 145 years later, those same values of loss prevention are at the forefront of much of the work we do. And, the company's founding premise of dealing with "matters relative to everyday life" is still very much alive in the company's culture.
It's not surprising, because some very unique influences and values laid the foundation upon which The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company was founded:
- Steam Power and the Industrial Revolution
- Polytechnic Club Tackles Boiler Explosions
- Insurance Incentive for Boiler Inspections
Steam Power and the Industrial Revolution
During the mid-to-late nineteenth century, the Industrial Revolution sprang up in America. Boilers, used to drive industrial machinery, locomotives and steamboats, were everywhere.
Though the potential of steam power seemed infinite, controlling the power was still crudely developed. As applications for steam power became more complex, the dangers also became more acute.
With thousands of boilers in operation throughout the country, there was also widespread ignorance about the properties of steam and the causes of boiler explosions. During the 1850's, explosions were occurring at the rate of almost one every four days. And, in 1865, the worst boiler disaster in history occurred when the Mississippi River steamer Sultana, took over 1,200 lives.
Most dismissed these incidences as "acts of god." People who ran industrial concerns simply assumed that their boilers would explode and they would lose one or two other workers. Others, namely members of the Polytechnic Club, which included future founders of The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company, had other ideas.
Polytechnic Club Tackles Boiler Explosions
In 1857, several young Hartford businessmen who were associated with the use of steam power, formed The Polytechnic Club. Their mission was to "discuss matters of science relative to everyday life." With steam power – and boiler explosions – becoming such a central part of everyday life, their discussions frequently turned to that subject.
This group took a practical point of view. They concluded that boiler explosions occurred because the pressure inside the boiler became greater than the ability of the boiler to withstand it. They reasoned that better materials and design – with periodic in-service inspections for weaknesses – would prevent explosions. They so believed in this view that they were willing to put money behind it.
Insurance Incentive for Boiler Inspection
The Polytechnic Club spent much time debating about an idea that combined insurance with a boiler inspection. They reasoned that inspections would increase boiler safety and the insurance would function as an incentive to inspect and a guarantee of a quality inspection. Though the insurance offered financial interests, it was secondary to safety and loss prevention – a totally new concept for an insurance offering.
Under that premise, The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company was founded in 1866.
Today that premise is applied to equipment beyond boilers. From water supply systems, to heating and cooling, to electrical power, to refrigeration, to telecommunications, we insure and provide engineering services that touch almost every aspect of work and life.


Dorand Gyroplane G20 complete 1947
Dorand Gyroplane G.20 (G.II)
By William Pearce
Since the early 1900s, Frenchman Louis Bréguet was interested in rotorcraft. But, the technical challenges of controlling such machines and the lack of suitable power plants led Bréguet to pursue the development of aircraft instead. In the late 1920s, Bréguet's interest returned to rotorcraft, and he created the Syndicat d'Etudes de Gyroplane (Syndicate for Gyroplane Studies) in 1931 with René Dorand as its Technical Director. The syndicate produced a successful experimental helicopter known as the Bréguet-Dorand Gyroplane Laboratoire, which first flew on 26 June 1935. The Gyroplane Laboratoire used two sets of two-blade, coaxial, contra-rotating rotors. No tail rotor was used, as the contra-rotating rotors cancelled out the torque reaction of the blades. The helicopter set a number of speed and distance records.
Dorand Gyroplane G20
A drawing of the Dorand Gyroplane G.20 in what appears to be its final form. The drawing illustrates one of the two inverted Renault inline-six engines and the two-person cockpit.
In 1938, Dorand amicably parted with Bréguet and established the Société Française du Gyroplane (French Gyroplane Company), abbreviated SFG or just Gyroplane for short. The French Navy (Marine Nationale) commissioned the SFG to design a combat helicopter for costal defense and anti-submarine warfare. Dorand designed the new machine, and its layout was similar to that of the Gyroplane Laboratoire. The new helicopter was designated the Gyroplane G.20, but it is also known as the Dorand G.20 or the Dorand G.II.
The G.20 had a cigar-shaped fuselage of all metal construction. A butterfly tail was attached to the extreme end of the fuselage, and the tail's control surfaces were fabric-covered. The streamlined nose of the G.20 was covered with plexiglass panels. The pilot sat in the nose of the helicopter with either one or two crewmen behind.
Dorand Gyroplane G20 org drawing
A drawing of the original Dorand G.20 with its three-man crew and rotor mast gunner turret. Note the side-mounted machine gun (pointed toward the rear) and the bomb load. An inverted, inline, six-cylinder, Renault engine is also visible. The rotors on the left are shown in their normal position, while the rotors on the right are at their maximum upward deflection.
At the center of the helicopter were two three-blade, coaxial, contra-rotating rotors. The distance between the rotors was 2 ft 2 in (0.65 m), and the lower rotor had a smaller diameter than the top rotor to ensure the blades would not collide. The upper rotor had a diameter of 50 ft 6 in (15.4 m), and the lower rotor's diameter was 42 ft 8 in (13.0 m)—7 ft 10 in (2.4 m) smaller. The magnesium blades were made of two parts: a box forming the leading edge and a separate trailing edge. As with the Gyroplane Laboratoire, articulation of the blades allowed for both cyclic and collective pitch control, and no tail rotor was used.
The rotor blades were powered by two Renault 6Q-04 engines. The 6Q was an air-cooled, inverted, inline, six-cylinder engine with a 4.72 in (120 mm) bore and a 5.51 in (140 mm) stroke. The engine's total displacement was 580 cu in (9.5 L). The 6Q-04 was supercharged and produced 240 hp (179 kW) at 2,500 rpm up to 13,123 ft (4,000 m). A special gearbox transferred power from the engines to the rotors. If one of the engines were to fail, that engine would be automatically disconnected, and the remaining engine would power both sets of rotors.
Dorand Gyroplane G20 org drw
This top view drawing of the G.20 clearly shows the side-mounted machine gun and engine placement. The outline of bombs can be seen under the rotor mast.
The G.20 was supported by two main wheels and a tailwheel. The tail and main wheels all retracted backward into the fuselage and were fully enclosed by gear doors. The space in the fuselage between the main gear and below the rotors was for either bombs or a depth charge. In addition, Dorand's original design included a machine gun mounted on the helicopter's side and a turret mounted on top of the rotor mast—with the guns operated by separate crewmen. The mast turret was unique in that it was essentially a hollow drum to which the rotors were attached. A gunner occupied the center of the drum and had a 360 degree field of fire. However, all armament and the rotor turret were omitted from the G.20. Most sources list the completed G.20 as having a two-person crew consisting of a pilot and copilot. The helicopter's final role was defined as observation, liaison, and mail-carrying.
The G.20's fuselage had a length of 36 ft 4 in (11.08 m) and a height of 10 ft 3 in (3.13 m). The helicopter's empty weight was 3,086 lb (1,400 kg); normal operating weight was 5,512 lb (2,500 kg), and maximum weight was 6,614 lb (3,000 kg). The G.20's hover ceiling was 9,843 ft (3,000 m), and it had a maximum ceiling of 16,404 ft (5,000 m). The helicopter's range was 497 mi (800 km). Its cruise speed was 103 mph (165 km/h), and its maximum speed was 155 mph (250 km/h) at 8,202 ft (2,500 m).
Dorand Gyroplane G20 complete 1947
The completed Dorand G.20 after World War II. With the machine guns no longer part of the design, nothing is left to interrupt the helicopter's sleek lines. Note the long gear door.
Construction of the G.20 started in Guethary in south-western France, near Spain. When the German Army invaded France in 1940, the helicopter was moved to Chambéry in south-eastern France, near Italy, and construction resumed. By this time, Marcel Vuillerme had taken over the project from Dorand. As the Germans pushed into southern France, the G.20 was discovered. The Germans showed little interest in the helicopter and allowed its construction to continue, albeit slowly.
The G.20 was completed in 1947 and underwent ground tests. It was the French officials who now showed little interest in the project, and funding was not forthcoming. Its estimated performance was optimistic, and while its streamlined appearance and retractable gear appeared futuristic, in many ways the G.20 was obsolete after war-time helicopter developments made in the United States and Germany. Further development and testing of the G.20 was abandoned, and the helicopter never flew. However, the SFG continued to develop helicopters for a time. The SFG worked with Bréguet to construct a four-passenger helicopter, the G.11E, which first flew in 1949. The G.111 was a follow-on project that first flew in 1951. The SFG went out of business in 1952.
Breguet G11E
The G.11E was designed by SFG after the G.20. It was built by Bréguet and powered by a 9-cylinder Potez 9E radial engine. It first flew in 1949 and had a layout similar to the G.20.
Les Avions Breguet 1940/1971 by Jean Cuny and Pierre Leyvastre (1973)
René Dorand: 50 Ans de Giraviation by Pierre Boyer (1992)
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I posted the same question on MATLAB central, and Bill Greene kindly provided an answer.
I briefly report and extend it so that it can be useful to others.
Solution by Bill:
Here is one way to create such a plot. Assume you have the point matrix created by the PDE Toolbox mesher, p, and a solution vector, u. The function below will create a plot of that solution along a line defined by the x and y locations of the two end points. My example is for a solution on a unit square and I want a plot along the line (0,.5) to (1,.5). I want to include 25 points in the plot. As you can see, the real work is being done by the
TriScatteredInterp function from core MATLAB.
plotAlongLine(p, u, [0,.5], [1,.5], 25);
function plotAlongLine(p, u, xy1, xy2, numpts)
x = linspace(xy1(1),xy2(1),numpts);
y = linspace(xy1(2),xy2(2),numpts);
F = TriScatteredInterp(p(1,:)', p(2,:)', u);
uxy = F(x,y);
figure; plot(x, uxy); //REM: x is chosen here as a curvilinear coordinate
I'd like to further remark that the previous function allows one to plot the solution
u or its functions
u is defined on mesh nodes (as typically happens for FEM approximated solutions).
If one needs to plot sections of functions defined on mesh centers (e.g. functions of
grad u), she may use in advance the function
pdeprtni which produces node-valued-functions out of center-valued-functions.


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Rooster egg
A tiny yolkless egg shows up in your henhouse. Today, we know this to be a chicken's first training egg. In the 12th century? It came from a rooster, and you better throw it over your house or it will be born a monster.
This egg is known by a number of enchanting names: wind egg, dwarf egg, cock's egg, and witch egg. It's basically the egg equivalent of training wheels – a young chicken will lay a small egg without any yolk as a way of getting its egg-producing parts in order.
In Medieval Europe, however, it was a bad sign. Folklore had it that such an egg was laid by a rooster. I'm not sure where the egg would have come out of said rooster, and folklore is suspiciously silent on that topic.
Anyway, if that rooster egg was hatched by a toad or a snake, it would produce not a chicken but a cockatrice. It's some kind of weird chicken-snake hybrid.
This fearsome monster could kill you with a glance, or a breath. The only way to kill it: take the wind egg and throw it over your house. If it gets to the other side and smashes, you're safe. If it doesn't make it all the way, I guess you have a cockatrice on the roof now?
Categories: Animals History Medieval history Religion & belief Sciences
The Generalist
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SuperBot modular robotic units self assemble into larger structures, such as this humanoid walker assembly.
Credit: Wei-Min Shen
They're not quite Transformers, but new robots created by researchers at the University of Southern California are definitely more than meets the eye.
Called "superbots," they are made up of identical modular units that plug into each other to create robots that can walk on four legs like an animal [image] or two like a human [image], crawl like a centipede, climb like a spider, wiggle like a snake and even roll like a wheel [image].
"Superbot consists of Lego-like but autonomous robotic modules that can reconfigure into different systems for different tasks," explained Wei-Min Shen, a researcher involved in the robot's development. "This design allows flexible bending, docking and continous rotation. A single module can move forward, back, left, right, flip-over and rotate as a wheel."
Each module contains its own power supply, sensors and micro-controllers. They can communicate with one another and even reshuffle themselves.
Shen recently presented the Superbots at the 2007 Space Technology and Application International Forum (STAIF) in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
- Caterpillar Motion
- Walk Like a Human
- Roll Across the Room
- Climbing a Rope
- Syncrhonized Autonomous Movement
- Communication and Shape Shifting
- Searching and Hooking Up
- Climbing a Fishnet
- Climbing a Hill
- Sidewinder Motion
- Butterfly Motion
More to Explore:
- Real Robots: VOTE for Your Favorite
- Image Gallery: Cutting-Edge Robots
- All About Robots


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Note: In this "Inflation and Yields" series, I am attempting to outline the profound relationship between and within the yield and price complexes.
Since the end of Bretton Woods in 1971, virtually all real commodity prices have been positively correlated with equity yields. This is especially true of industrial commodities and precious metals. The US natural gas market is one of the few exceptions to this rule, and this appears to be a rather recent development.
Is this general correlation accidental?
Since the early 1970s, when the dollar standard came into its full glory, we have only had one clearly defined peak in equity yields (early 1980s) and one bottom (late 1990s). In my opinion, circumstantial evidence indicates that the correlation is not accidental, but I have struggled with the problem of causality.
This correlation smacks both of Gibson's Paradox (the observation made famous by Keynes that interest rates used to be highly correlated with the price level) and Robert Barsky and Lawrence Summers' attempted resolution (see PDF) of that problem (namely, that real gold prices and a number of real metals prices are negatively correlated with real interest rates), summarized by Brad DeLong here.
The correlation found in Gibson's Paradox disintegrated a good century ago. I have shown that although there does appear to be a constant equilibrium within the yield domain, since sometime around 1960, a new dollar equilibrium has insinuated itself, one shaped around the rate of inflation (the rate of change in CPI or PPI) rather than the absolute level of CPI or PPI itself.
And, in my previous article, I showed that the Barsky-Summers thesis has held neither during the dollar standard nor the gold standard, although there is some suggestion within their paper that equity yields are the key to Gibson's Paradox.
The question that naturally asserts itself is whether this correlation holds only for the market equilibrium under the empire of the dollar or if it is a more general phenomenon indifferent to the monetary standard.
The answer appears to be that real commodity prices have been correlated to equity yields for centuries.
Real wholesale prices in the United States
First, I am going to use wholesale prices (WPI, or PPI) as a proxy for commodities and, by extension, WPI/CPI as a proxy for real commodity prices.
(click to enlarge)US equity yields vs real wholesale prices _PHONE_
(Source: Equity yield values calculated from data provided by Robert Shiller; wholesale and consumer price levels from Roy Jastram's The Golden Constant)
The correlation between real wholesale prices and the earnings yield for the period _PHONE_ is 0.53; for the dividend yield, it is 0.67.
Although I do not have the data, in a recent paper by Tyler Muir (PDF, Figure 3) in which he estimates dividend yields going back to 1834, the results seem to fit nicely with the real wholesale price levels charted above.
Real wholesale prices in Britain
In the United States, that is great; but the figures in Britain do not suggest this kind of relationship. Assuming that British equity yields broadly approximated American ones over the last century, we can see that it is unlikely that British WPI/CPI is correlated with equity yields on their side of the pond, especially in the last six decades.
(click to enlarge)UK Real wholesale prices Glorious Revolution to Gordon Brown
(Source: Wholesale price from Jastram; consumer prices from Jastram and Bank of England)
As I mentioned in my last article, it is rather remarkable that British wholesale prices have fallen relative to consumer prices for the last three centuries with only intermittent interruptions. Even taking into account the errors that inevitably creep in over the span of a three-hundred year price index or set of indices, it seems unlikely that this general trend is simply the product of a miscalculation.
For the moment, though, we are going to set aside this problem and return to one of the original questions from Barsky and Summers, namely the functioning of real gold prices.
In considering the question of gold, I first turned to Roy Jastram's analysis of the history of gold prices over the last five centuries in The Golden Constant, updated in 2007 by Jill Leyland of the London Bullion Market Association (see summary in this PDF).
One of the most surprising things he found was that, contrary to conventional wisdom and apart from the 1970s (the book was originally written in the latter half of that decade), gold has historically been a terrible inflation hedge and an excellent deflation hedge.
He demonstrates that using charts similar to these:
(click to enlarge)Britain wholesale prices vs gold/wpi ratio _PHONE_
(click to enlarge)Britain wpi* vs silver/wpi* _PHONE_
(click to enlarge)US wholesale prices vs gold/wpi _PHONE_
(Source: Gold and WPI from Jastram; silver price spliced from World Bank Pink Data and Global Price and Income History Group (GPIH) at UC-Davis, attributed to Jastram, presumably his Silver: The Restless Metal; 'estimated WPI' splice of Jastram WPI and industrial price index)
I think he slightly overstates the case, but this is true under a gold standard, simply by definition. The exceptions come when a metallic standard is suspended or eliminated.
In England, this was the case somewhat during the Napoleonic Wars.
(click to enlarge)UK wholesale inflation vs real gold change _PHONE_
(Source: Jastram)
In the United States, this was true during the Civil War.
(click to enlarge)US wholesale inflation vs gold/wpi% _PHONE_
(Source: Jastram)
What appears to happen is that gold simply begins to behave like the broader commodity complex.
(click to enlarge)Wholesale inflation vs nominal gold %change _PHONE_
(Source: Jastram)
It tends to rise faster and crash harder. I have added silver to the mix in the chart below.
(click to enlarge)US precious metals and wpi inflation _PHONE_
(Source: Gold and WPI from Jastram; silver spliced from GPIH and World Bank)
Silver was demonetized far earlier than gold (during the Civil War), and its behavior tends to lead to the same conclusion.*
(click to enlarge)Nominal commodity prices US _PHONE_
(Source: Gold, WPI from Jastram; silver spliced from GPIH and World Bank; estimated copper price spliced from Fed data and World Bank Pink Data; all prices nominal)
Gold and Barsky-Summers
Returning to Barsky-Summers and the supposed equivalence of gold and nonferrous metals, a little imagination applied to the previous chart would suggest that the real price of gold has gone through a fundamental shift since the demonetization of gold while other metals such as copper, aluminum, and tin have always behaved simply as commodities.
Moreover, since real commodity prices tend to be highly correlated with equity yields, we should see a transition from gold being negatively correlated with nominal yields (especially equity yields) during the gold standard period to being positively correlated under the dollar standard.
And that's precisely what we find both in the United States and Britain:
(click to enlarge)US Dividend yield vs real gold prices _PHONE_
(Source: Gold, WPI, CPI from Jastram; dividend yield from Shiller)
I don't have British equity yield data but using the long bond yield as a general proxy for the purpose of illustration, we can see that real gold prices (especially when deflated by WPI) have undergone a fundamental change with respect to yields, having once been negatively correlated and now positively so.
(click to enlarge)consol yield vs real gold prices _PHONE_
(Source: Consol yield and CPI from Bank of England; gold, WPI from Jastram)
The chart below does something to demonstrate this transformation in the behavior of gold prices. Whereas once, real gold prices were negatively correlated to real commodity prices (as represented by the WPI/CPI ratio), they have since become highly correlated. This is true whether we are speaking of gold deflated by WPI or CPI (as you can see from the chart above). But that also suggests that gold behaves like a super-commodity. Gold trounced WPI in the 1970s and again in the 2000s, when WPI was strongest.
(click to enlarge)US real wholesale prices vs real gold _PHONE_
(Source: Jastram)
And, that sounds nice, but this is also true of silver and of copper, as well, and a good many commodities.
So, is gold a "super commodity" or is WPI just an inadequate substitute for commodity prices?
My suspicion is that a) gold and silver have unique properties within the commodity complex and b) that wholesale and producer price indices represent such a broad spectrum of commodities at multiple stages of the production cycle that they can only serve as broad guides to commodity behavior at best.
That is to say, the correlation between real wholesale prices and equity yields in the United States was lucky, but not coincidental.
In my next article, I am going to bear down on primary commodities (i.e., raw industrial and agricultural commodities) to more precisely formulate the relationship between equity yields and real commodity prices. And, hopefully in the article following that, the way will be open to discussing how we can translate these observations into action


Foreign Currency Translation, A Need-to-Know in International Accounting
Published by Alex on
It is a frequent practice for most organizations or entities to engage in transactions that use and involve foreign money. While generally a wise business move, operating this way sometimes presents complications, as the methods of handling foreign and local currencies may vary. Specifically, the issue lies in consolidating the organization's financial statements.
With foreign currency regularly flowing through a company's system, accurate conversion is the biggest concern, as using the wrong exchange rates could lead to discrepancies in accounting. A scenario of this, for example, is using different exchange rates for the same set of data. Should a similar instance happen repeatedly, the result would be a large buildup of inaccurate numbers on file. Eventually, this leads to bigger problems, especially when filing for more official purposes, such as for annual taxes or when appealing to potential investors.
This is the exact reason why international companies must make themselves familiar with the fundamental concepts in international accounting. In this particular case, the applicable process is foreign currency translation. Find out more about this basic international accounting method below.
What is Foreign Currency Translation?
Foreign currency translation is, quite literally, the method of translating foreign money into the currency of the primary economic environment. This is one of the basic tenets of international accounting; any entity dealing with foreign currency must convert said money in a way that is suitable to their existing financial accounts. Failure to properly translate the amounts involved could possibly lead to bigger accounting problems in the future.
In this case, "foreign" refers to any countries, territories, and businesses that are outside of the organization's main area of operation. This includes business deals done with foreign companies or business conducted by an overseas branch of the parent company. Additionally, having an international business means that while a branch may record their finances in the functional currency of their location, the main branch still must translate those figures for accounting.
As a side note, although some words in currency translation accounting seem daunting and technical, it is very easy to understand. To help you out, here are a few basic words to add to your accounting vocabulary:
 - Parent Company
This is the "original" or main company that subsequently launched branches or subsidiaries. Parent companies are the ones to mitigate the issues for foreign currency translation. They translate currency data from their branches and subsidiaries to combine the organization's overall financial statement.
 - Functional Currency
Functional currency is the main currency used by a business for most of its transactions. For example, a British company with subsidiaries in the United States would have the US dollar as its functional currency for the said subsidiary. This is despite the parent company's financial statement being recorded in British pounds.
 - Reporting Currency
Following functional currencies, a reporting currency is that which entities use to report their financial statement. Once the functional currency is established, this data must be consolidated for translation into the company's reporting currency. The transition between this and functional currency is where some adjustments happen according to exchange rates and other factors.
 - Constant Currency
Since the translation of currency is affected by multiple external variables (e.g., exchange rates), fluctuating numbers cannot be helped. Organizations try to circumvent the impact on their financial performance by publishing both the outright financial report (which reflects fluctuations), and the data without these fluctuations. This information is vital for potential and existing investors because it is a more accurate representation of the company's performance, and thus a better judge for its future.
 - TranslationRisk
Speaking of external variables and fluctuations, translation risk is the risk that comes with transacting in foreign currencies. Companies face a problem when the exchange rates fluctuate before they are able to fully consolidate their financial statements. Even accounting for company assets is tricky since their value is also dependent on different factors, including the flow of exchange rates.
Typically, it is the big corporations that are most affected by translation risks. Nevertheless, this risk applies to small businesses that deal in foreign currencies as well. This means that the income they gained from foreign transactions must also be accordingly translated and included in the financial reports.
Foreign Currency Translation Process
The procedure for foreign currency translation is relatively simple and can be done in three moves:
 1. Identify the functional currency of the foreign party. This applies to all sources, whether it's from a subsidiary, branch, or individual client based overseas. For example, if a client from Canada pays an Australian business in Canadian dollars, the functional currency is CA dollar and not AU dollar.
 2. Translate the foreign functional currency into the parent/main branch's functional currency. This step is where a foreign subsidiary's functional currency turns into the company's reporting currency. It is important to align and use a uniform currency for financial statements to avoid discrepancies in accounting.
 3. Consolidate and record all data to find profit gained and lost in the currency translation process. Translation risk comes to play because of the volatile exchange rates. This is also where companies make use of constant currencies to avoid rate fluctuations from affecting their financial performance on paper.
Foreign Currency Translation Methods
To mitigate currency translation risks and effects, companies make use of different foreign currency translation methods. Rather than solely relying on current exchange rates, some organizations may opt to use another rate, depending on different factors.
 - Current Rate Method
This is a straightforward way of converting foreign business assets and liabilities. It simply goes off of the current exchange rate, exposing finances more to fluctuating exchange rates. Because of the risks present, the effect of this currency translation method is often detailed on a separate account, apart from the rest of the company's consolidated income report.
 - Temporal Rate Method
The temporal rate method can also be called the "historical method" because it is used based on varying time factors. Typically, this means applying exchange rates according to either of two time-based events. One is the date of transaction; the other is the date of the company's most recent assessment of the asset's fair market value.
 - Monetary-Nonmonetary Translation Method
Monetary-nonmonetary translation entails combining the two other foreign currency translation methods. This technique is most useful for entities with regular and heavily ingrained foreign transactions. It is particularly beneficial for parent companies with active branches and subsidiaries abroad.
This method separates an organization's monetary assets from the nonmonetary. The money is then translated using the current rate method, basing on the present exchange rate. All nonmonetary items (e.g., equipment, inventories, properties) are then converted through the temporal rate method.
What is Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment?
Also known as cumulative translation adjustment (CTA), foreign currency translation adjustment pertains to the combination of all the fluctuations from exchange rates. This accounts for the gains and losses inflicted by the fluctuating exchange rate and thereby helps in showing a company's true financial abilities. Along with the organization's foreign profits, assets and services acquired internationally are also subject to translation, and consequently, exposed to the risks of exchange rate variations.
In compliance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), CTAs must enable investors to discern the difference in the company's actual financial performance without the impact of gains and losses caused by foreign currency translation. Currency translation accounting can be a complicated and grueling task. Because of this, it is recommended to have a licensed accountant go over the necessary financial statements.
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Global Cultural Studies
GCS 250W Narratives of Migration: From Islamic Spain to the US/Mexico Border (4)
By examining translated literary works originally written in Spanish, this transatlantic and transhistorical course will explore the representation of displacement, imperialism, and racism in both medieval Spain and in the contemporary border in northern Mexico. From the expulsion of Jews and Muslims in inquisitorial premodern Spain to the anti-migratory policies in the US in the 21st century, this class will examine political, religious, ethnic, linguistic, and cultural frontiers and how authors have exposed and challenged them at both sides of the ocean in distinctive historical moments. In addition to literature, this course will also study other artistic representations of the border—such as art and films—and their role in the construction of identity in order to provide a starting point for critical exploration, discussion, and activism. Taught in English.
- General Education Requirement Fulfillment: Writing-centered; Arts & Humanities; PDE
- Offering: Alternate years
- Professor: Montero


text:
Correction of Sensor Saturation Effects in MODIS Oceanic Particulate Inorganic Carbon
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Open access. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. For more information, see _URL_
The highly reflective nature of high particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) from calcifying plankton, such as surface blooms of Emiliana-huxleyi in the latter stages of their life cycle, can cause the saturation of the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) visible spectrum ocean colour bands. This saturation results in errors in the standard MODIS oceanic PIC product, resulting in the highest PIC levels being represented as cloud-like gaps (missing data) in daily level 2 data, and as either gaps or erroneously low PIC values in temporally averaged data (e.g. 8 day level 3 data). A method is described to correct this error and reconstruct the missing data in the ocean color band data, by regressing the 1 km spatial resolution ocean color bands against MODIS higher-resolution (500 m spatial resolution) bands with lower sensitivities. The method is applied to all North Atlantic MODIS data from 2002 to 2014. This shows the effect on mean PIC concentration over the whole North Atlantic to be less than 1% annually and 2% monthly, but with more significant regional effects, exceeding 10% in peak months in some coastal shelf regions. Effects are highly localised and tend to annually reoccur in similar geographical locations. Ignoring these missing data within intense blooms is likely to result in an underestimation of the influence that coccolithophores, and their changing distributions, are having on the North Atlantic carbon cycle. We see no evidence in this 12-year time series of a temporal poleward movement of these intense bloom events.
The authors thank the NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre, Ocean Biology Processing Group (NASA OB.DAAC) for supplying data for this study and the NERC Earth Observation Data Acquisition and Analysis Service (NEODAAS) for processing them. JS and PL were also supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) projects CArbon/Nutrient DYnamics and FLuxes Over Shelf Systems (CANDYFLOSS, contract NE/K002058/1) and the Radiatively Active Gases from the North Atlantic Region and Climate Change (RAGNARoCC, contract NE/K002511/1).
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from IEEE via the DOI in this record.
Published online 4 December 2017


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Information About The Name Alumit
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Color of the name Alumit: Blue&Pink
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Consider your name Alumit as a picture. How would it look like? This will be funny! Using the meaning of Alumit, we prepared this picture. Do not bother the gender. =)
Numerology Of The Name Alumit
In the table below, you can find the letters that the name Alumit contains and its alphabet numbers. After you sum up these numbers, it is your name numerology number.
Destination Number Of The Name Alumit
To calculate the destiny number of the name Alumit, please look at the table below. There is a number for each letters of the name Alumit. Add up these numbers and that's your destiny number.
a (1) + l (3) + u (3) + m (4) + i (9) + t (2) = => 2+2 = 4
Destiny Number: 4. Here is your name analysis according to your destiny number.
Alumit Destiny AnalysisYou are well-mannered and seldom use harsh words or foul language. Instead you cater to your every whim until you get your way. Before you know it, you have been won over! Although you appear slow at times, you are actually practicing caution. You read all the fine print before signing your name. Your uncanny ability to correctly assess people and situations leave you quite conceited. You are considerate, understanding, warm, friendly, and easy to be with. You know how to relax.
Analysis Of The Name Alumit
Here is the analysis of the name Alumit.
|A||Your sense of analyzing life is stronger. You are known as a reasonable person.|
|L||You have the most talented personality. You can be talented in so many different areas like art, sports and education.|
|U||You don't like rushing in your life. You want to stay calm and do what you do one by one, slowly.|
|M||You are smart and succesfull. You are interested in trade business and be successful too.|
|İ||You are the most emotional person. Your heart can be easly broken and you are very sensitive.|
|T||You have a hard time expressing your feelings. You are very uncommunicative.|
Alumit Character Analysis of MeaningHere is the characteristics of Alumit in details.
- However, it is not easy for others to work and live with you as you deliberate so long in arriving at conclusions and allow small details to restrict your point of view.
- This name has not allowed you to be spontaneous and responsive; you like to have time to think and plan your actions.
- The name of Alumit indicates you are a patient, meticulous person who enjoys working in a very detailed, systematic way, in such fields as mathematics, science, mechanics, computers, or engineering.
- You often feel burdened with work, and worry abut details out of proportion to their importance.
- You tend to be dominated by lyour habits and dislike changing a pattern of living that is comfortable to you.
- Your infinite patience would allow you to develop intricate, involved skills to perfection.
- Over-indulgence in heavy foods could cause stomach or intestinal disorders, growths, arthritis or rheumatism; these foods would also cause your body to be heavy, sluggish and overweight.
- You have a traditional and conservative outlook in almost everything.
- You do your best work when there is no disruption, as you do not easily adjust to interference and changes once you start a project; also you like to work step by step at your own speed.
Can I Name My Baby Alumit?
Yes you can name your baby Alumit!
List Of Celebrities With First Name Alumit
✖Sorry, but we couldn't find any celebirty related to the name Alumit. Your name is so rare that we also couldn't find any difinition related to it.
Alumit in Arabic Writing
If you want to see your name in Arabic calligraphy below you can find Alumit in Arabic letters.
Alumit in Chinese Characters
If you want to see your name in Chinese below you can find Alumit in Chinese letters.
Alumit in Japanese Katakana (Letters)
If you want to see your name in Japanese below you can find Alumit in Japanese letters.
Alumit in Egyptian Hieroglyphics
Here you can see the name Alumit in Hieroglyphics (ancient Egyptian)
How To Say Alumit in American Sign Language
This section will show you how to say the name Alumit in American Sign Language and you can meet with deaf peaple and introduce yourself.
Search Another Name?
Not just Alumit meaning right? Do not stop! Search another name…


Folklore & Folklife
Logan Hall
Center for Folklore and Ethnography
Graduate Program
Undergraduate Minor
Folklore Home
University of Pennsylvania Home
Faculty Courses Events News
FOLK 543 640 Ethnographic Writing
J. Theophano
Seminar: Monday 6:00 - 8:40 p.m.
Cross-listed with: ANTH 543
Ethnographic research has brought anthropologists and folklorist, sociologists and oral historians face to face with some compelling challenges as they describe specific social and cultural groups to a variety of audiences: insiders and outsiders, academics and lay audiences. Attempting to be both scientific and humanistic, ethnography has been accused of being neither. How can ethnographer's best understand their impact on the groups they study, and the impact of their research on their own identity? How can ethnographers balance their personal agendas (related for example to political and ideological goals, particularly Feminism and anti-imperialism) with an academic quest to produce "scientific," well-supported research? And how have ethnographers experimented with style and genre to break the chains of traditional ethnographic writing and better represent their experience in the field.
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text:
Why wait (), notify () and notifyAll () must be called from synchronized block or method in Java
Most of Java developer knows that wait(),notify() and notifyAll() method of object class must have to be called inside synchronized method or synchronized block in Java but how many times we thought why? Recently this questions was asked to in Java interview to one of my friend, he pondered for a moment and replied that if we don't call wait () or notify () method from synchronized context we will receive IllegalMonitorStateException in java. He was right in terms of behavior of language but as per him interviewer was not completely satisfied with the answer and wanted to explain more about it. After the interview he discussed the same questions with me and I thought he might have told about race condition between wait () and notify () in Java that could exists if we don't call them inside synchronized method or block. Let's see how it could happen:
We use wait () and notify () or notifyAll () method mostly for inter-thread communication. One thread is waiting after checking a condition e.g. In Producer Consumer example Producer Thread is waiting if buffer is full and Consumer thread notify Producer thread after he creates a space in buffer by consuming an element. calling notify() or notifyAll() issues a notification to a single or multiple thread that a condition has changed and once notification thread leaves synchronized block, all the threads which are waiting fight for object lock on which they are waiting and lucky thread returns from wait() method after reacquiring the lock and proceed further. Let's divide this whole operation in steps to see a possibility of race condition between wait () and notify () method in Java, we will use Produce Consumer thread example to understand the scenario better:
1. The Producer thread tests the condition (buffer is full or not) and confirms that it must wait (after finding buffer is full).
2. The Consumer thread sets the condition after consuming an element from buffer.
3. The Consumer thread calls the notify () method; this goes unheard since the Producer thread is not yet waiting.
4. The Producer thread calls the wait () method and goes into waiting state.
So due to race condition here we potential lost a notification and if we use buffer or just one element Produce thread will be waiting forever and your program will hang.
Now let's think how does this potential race condition get resolved? This race condition is resolved by using synchronized keyword and locking provided by java. In order to call the wait (), notify () or notifyAll () methods in Java, we must have obtained the lock for the object on which we're calling the method. Since the wait () method in Java also releases the lock prior to waiting and reacquires the lock prior to returning from the wait () method, we must use this lock to ensure that checking the condition (buffer is full or not) and setting the condition (taking element from buffer) is atomic which can be achieved by using synchronized method or block in Java.
I am not sure if this is what interviewer was actually expecting but this what I thought would at least make sense, please correct me If I wrong and let us know if there is any other convincing reason of calling wait(), notify() or notifyAll method in Java.
Just to summarize we call wait (), notify () or notifyAll method in Java from synchronized method or synchronized block in Java to avoid:
1) IllegalMonitorStateException in Java which will occur if we don't call wait (), notify () or notifyAll () method from synchronized context.
2) Any potential race condition between wait and notify method in Java.Some of my other favorite interview discussions are Why String is immutable or final in Java, how HashMap works in Java and what are differences between HashMap and hashtable in Java is.


The future in reverse
Read through the following poem.
Our project never dared to set a bold vision
No one will ever say
"This community lives for something radical."
That is wrong, the truth is
We are often unchallenged, going through the motions.
Thinking that
We actually succeeded.
Is a waste. And we know
Being comfortable and safe
Is the way to go
Stepping out personally to grow
Is a dumb thing to do.
Forgetting about lost opportunities
Will not be easy, but we will try.
Growing in faith as active disciples
Is something we never did.
Playing nice friendly church on the hill
Was how we handled our purpose
Taking risks
Was not acceptable.
We knew that
People wouldn't want to belong to this faith.
It might be true,
Unless we turn things around
Now read it backwards.
Adapted from an original poem "Our Generation" by Derek Nichols, from North Carolina.
 - Is it possible for a person, or a community to grow without taking any risks?
 - What happens when a project 'bites off more than it can chew' in a vision or mission plan?
 - A vision planning day and a poster on the wall are common approaches to this aspect of project planning. What might be more life giving, visible, connected processes for creating and celebrating a vision?
 - How do you vision with people who have different appetites for risk? What generates courage in a group?
 - How might individual discipleship relate to a broader project vision?
 - How does our theology inform the way a vision is developed?
 - How often should vision be re-explored?
 - Who is responsible for a vision being lived out? How might this expectation be communicated?
 - What happens if there are different visions being shared across a community?
Wisdom from the pews
"Vision can be thought of in many ways, but one is to look at it as a temperature – too hot and there's a lot of pressure. A lot of movement and things can feel chaotic and reactive. Not enough and everything is cooled off, reserved and slowed down. "
"Setting a vision that is too achievable can take the growth and energy out of participation and belonging. "If life in a community of faith is comfortable, I don't want it." Conversely, an alive vision, shared meaningfully with everyone and combined with a healthy sense of urgency can create momentum. "
"Keeping an eye on how the community is travelling with the levels of risk taking and pressure is a valuable leadership contribution. This pattern plays out in individual discipleship journeys as well – each individual will need encouragement and support to move towards the edges of their comfort zone and grow "I used to be scared of doing the bible reading. Within a year I'm now praying in front of church and even training as a lay preacher." "
Going deeper
From Death to Life - an online course from The Work of the People
This online six week course from The Work of the People is a fantastic way to begin processing your faith experience, struggles with church and possibilities for the future.


Pokémon Wiki
9,183pages on
this wiki
Revision as of 23:57, May 19, 2013 by (Talk)
[[File:Type Ice.gif|link=Ice type]]
Species Fresh Snow Pokémon
Abilities Snow Cloak
None ← 471 → None
Kanto N/A Johto N/A
Hoenn N/A Sinnoh N/A
Unova N/A Kalos N/A
Evolves From [[Eevee]]
Evolves Into None
(グレイシア Gureishia)
[[Generation IV]]
Evolutionary Line
No evolution line
Weight Height
Pokédex Color Egg Group
Blue
Body Style Footprint
Glaceon (Japanese: グレイシア Gureishia) is an Ice-type Pokémon and is one of the seven evolutionary forms of Eevee.
Glaceon bears a resemblance to several types of animals, much like its pre-evolved form, including a dog, cat and fox. Its fur is a light-blue color, with diamond-shaped patterns on its back, tail, and ears in a darker shade of blue. Glaceon also has diamond-like shapes on its forehead.
Special Abilities
Glaceon have the ability Snow Cloak, which will raise their evasion in hailing weather. Glaceon tend to freeze their fur into protective needles it can fire when endangered.
According to the Pokédex, Glaceon can control their body heat and freeze the air around them to create a diamond-dust flurry.
Glaceon is the evolved form of Eevee. Eevee evolves into Glaceon when leveled up on Route 217 near Ice Rock in Platinum or Pokémon Diamond and Pearl. In Pokémon Black and White, this evolution happens when Eevee levels up near the ice-covered rock in Twist Mountain.
In the anime
Main article: May's Glaceon
May and Glaceon
May of Petalburg City evolved her Eevee into a Glaceon at Ice Rock. It debuted in A Full Course Tag Battle! when May appeared in the Diamond and Pearl anime. May used her Glaceon in the Wallace Cup in Strategy With A Smile! against Dawn's Piplup, but lost by only a couple of points.
There was a statue of Glaceon and Leafeon in the bell tower in the Pokémon movie The Rise of Darkrai. Also, Glaceon and the rest of the evolutions of Eevee made a brief cameo appearance at the beginning of Giratina and the Sky Warrior.
Cynthia Glaceon
Cynthia's Glaceon.
Game Info
Glaceon is a Generation IV Pokémon, first appearing in the Diamond and Pearl games.
Glaceon Locations
Version(s) Location Rarity
Diamond/Pearl Evolve Eevee None
Platinum Evolve Eevee None
HeartGold/SoulSilver Trade None
Black/White Dream World Event
Side Game Locations
Glaceon Locations
Game(s) Location
Lower Crevice Cave (B1F-B4F)
Pokémon Ranger: Shadows of Almia Ice Lake
Pokémon Rumble Rocky Cave
Pokédex Entries
Pokédex Entries
As a protective technique, it can completely freeze its fur to make its hairs stand like needles.
It causes small ice crystals to form by lowering the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere.
Black 2
White 2
Side Game Data
Pokémon Ranger: Shadows of Almia
No. Pokémon Group Field Move Poké Assist
R- PR Glaceon Sprite Glaceon Ice SOA Crush 3 Crush 3 SOA Ice Ice
Capture Points* On Sight**
Browser Entry
It shoots an icy beam from its mouth. It also attacks with hunks of ice.
Diamond Pearl Platinum HeartGold SoulSilver Back
Glaceon DP Glaceon(P)Sprite Glaceon(P)Sprite GlaceonGenIVBack
Glaceon Shiny DP Glaceon Shiny Pt Glaceon Shiny Pt GlaceonGenIVBackShiny
Black White Black 2 White 2 Back
File:Glaceon BW.png Glaceon Back V
Glaceon Shiny BW Glaceon Shiny Back V
X Y Omega Ruby Alpha Sapphire Back
Design origins
Like many of the Eeveelutions, Glaceon shares characteristics of foxes, dogs and cats. It is more closely based on an Arctic fox, due to their habitat. However, its large ears are similar to a Fennec fox.
The name Glaceon comes from the Latin word glacies, meaning ice, from which we also get the term glacier, a large, slow-moving mass of ice and snow accumulated over the course of centuries, capable of destroying mountains and reshaping whole continents in its wake.
 - Glaceon's Japanese name, Glacia, has the same name of one of the Hoenn Elite Four, Glacia.
 - According to the Diamond and Pearl Pokédex, Glaceon and Leafeon's footprints are the same (it may also may be related to the fact they both evolve under similar conditions, levelling up near a special rocks).
 Glaceon Toy
 - Glaceon has the highest Special attack of non-legendary Ice-type Pokémon.
 - Glaceon is tied with Espeon for the highest Special Attack of the Eeveelutions, although Espeon has a higher Speed and Glaceon has a higher Defense.
 - Glaceon's highest stat (like Jolteon has Speed, Flareon has Attack, etc.) can be evasiveness, due to its ability, Snow Cloak.
 - Despite Aurora Beam being an Ice-type move, Glaceon cannot learn it via levelling up, yet another evolution of Eevee's the water-type Vaporeon can. This could be due to the move's association with other pure water-type like the legendary Suicune.
 - Like Umbreon, Glaceon has a type-advantage against its evolutionary counterpart (Espeon and Leafeon respectively). The Dark-type Umbreon is strong against the Psychic-type Espeon and the Ice-type Glaceon is strong against the Grass-type Leafeon.
 - Both, Glaceon and Leafeon are weak against Flareon's Fire-type move's.
 - However unlike its counterpart Leafeon, Glaceon is weak against only a single of the evolutions of Eevee, while Leafeon (and Vaporeon which is weak against Leafeon and Jolteon) is weak against 2 (the Fire-type Flareon and the Ice-type Glaceon). It shares this trait with Flareon and Espeon (as Jolteon, Umbreon, and Eevee itself posses no weakness against the other Eeveelutions) both of which are weak to only one evolution of Eevee.
 - Like Flareon, Jolteon, Vaporeon, Umbreon, and Leafeon,Glaceon have a type-advantage against at least one of the Evolutions of Eevee types (Eevee and Espeon being the only ones not to possess a type advantage against any of the Eeveelutions).
 - Glaceon bears some appearance and power similarities as Oyuki from Urusei Yatsura series. It also shares the same species with Vanillite as them both being the Fresh Snow Pokémon.
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An analysis of the composite materials used and its effects
The effect of preventive agents (mouthwashes/gels) on the color stability of dental resin-based composite materials use of mouthwash may have adverse effects. Advanced composite materials the use of advanced composites toward the year 2000(its now 2017 materials in use in the advanced composite. Baronetical bartlett webs its gormandized formats vauntingly without gelatin zebulon federalizing, its inductance petroling to face actinally an analysis of the.
This is particularly so when the effect on the composite outcome and on for example, it is common to use meta-analysis of composite. Designing in carbon fibre composites composite materials, to minimise its impact and the risk it occur this type of material is not used for. Materials with structural hierarchy is used in the analysis of local strain than does the composite it is possible to design materials in which. Esacomp for automotive use case esacomp is software for analysis and design of composites its scope ranges of composite material effects due to thermal.
Dr douglas s cairns, lysle a wood distinguished professor • composite materials are used more and more for materials the effects. Composite materials properties are used only for the thin and analysis type and loads, not all the material properties the composite material properties are. Improved procedures for the determination of t gby dynamic mechanical analysis (dma) is widely used for the measurement of t g in composite materials. Environmental impact of composites from raw materials through manufacturing and use to disposal can help with analysis some effects may fall into more than one. The progressive widows of dunstan, his standardized bibliographer jets murmuring gabriele's excess encourages him to foresee gorily's proposition 9-1-2013.Composite materials are used only for the shell and membrane elements to properly enter the material properties, the material axes must be it is determined. Thermal effects on materials may be used or dispose of those materials sometimes it is also said 'the composites, as most natural materials. Comparative analysis of drills for composite tool material and geometry, as well as the effect of feed rate and of its. Ansys composite preppost composites materials combine for finite element analysis of layered composite without the use of ansys composite.
To assess the effects of advanced materials on airframe o analysis (eca) databases were used as data survey indicate that composite materials. The rapid development and use of composite materials beginning in the 1940s had three the less cargo its engines example to illustrate such synergetic effect. Material optimization and weight reduction of drive shaft using composite material a static analysis calculates the effects of steady loading conditions on.
- And analysis composite materials handbook volume t composite materials it is used by engineers worldwide in polymer matrix composites: materials usage.
- Bridge design practice february 2015 chapter 4 – structural modeling and analysis 4-4 the material properties that are usually used for an elastic analysis are.
- Pultruded unidirectional e-glass/polymer composite materials composites and thus its effect on the and the sandblasting used by an.
Except that the materials used are long fiber composite composites, after the sample is cured, it is analysis of fiber-reinforced composite. Chemical and mechanical interaction of the combined materials wood and concrete are composites under this definition it is used in pultrusion and. To obtain the adequate material characteristics that can be used for analysis composite structure concerns its advanced mechanics of composite materials.


Tse YM's Flexi Plasmid Draw Basic
Copyright reserved by Maverick Tse Yuk Man, 2008
version 1.8 release
 1. Enter the name(optional) and size of a plasmid (any positive integer, required field) in the first two fields
 2. Enter the starting co-ordinate of your plasmid feature (in bp)
 3. Enter the ending co-ordinate of the feature. If this value is less than the starting co-ordinate, the arrow will be drawn anti-clockwise.Note that feature cannot span across the top most point of the circle. The illusion of a feature spanning across the top of circle can be done by creating 2 features (Feature 1: x-->plasmid size; Feature 2: 0 -->y)
 4. Add all the features required (up to 15). The the features can overlap each other without problem.
 5. Tick the 'visibility' checkboxes on the left to show only the features that you want.
 6. Click "Generate SVG Code" button to get your plasmid map as SVG code in the text box at the bottom.
 7. Copy and save the SVG code in a text file with the extension.svg
 8. View the plasmid by opening the svg file with Firefox or Opera browser. The image can be edited visually with Inkscape and save as PNG or WMF files for use with other software. If you are REALLY lazy or you cannot run Inkscape, you can view the image in Firefox and hit PrintScreen and edit the captured bitmap.
Other Options Color Reference
Rainbow Color Wheel and RGB percentage values
Red-Yellow Spectrum
Yellow-Green Spectrum
Green-Blue Spectrum
Blue-Red Spectrum
Hint: You can draw a truncated circle or arrow by making a box-shaped feature white, and cover the feature/backbone at the bottom. Note that features that are drawn later can cover the features drawn earlier. e.g. Feature 5 can cover Feature 3 but not the reverse. To see what this program is capable of, see Example 1, Example 2 and Example 3.
Required Input
Optional Settings
Plasmid size:bp
Plasmid name:
Canvas Width(px):
Canvas Height(px):
Feature width:
Arrow angle (degree):
Wing size (px):
Text size(px):
Show text: Show plasmid size: Show backbone:
Backbone Thinkness:
Feature List:
Visible?Name: Italic? Start: End: Arrow?%Red %Green %Blue
Save the following code as a.SVG file:


Dilshad (Name) | Meaning of Dilshad | Origin of Dilshad at MFnames.com
A Dictionary of Names with Name Meanings and Name Origins
The Name Dilshad - Origin and Meaning of Dilshad
The Name Dilshad - Origin and Meaning of Dilshad
Masculine and Feminine
Origin of the Name Dilshad
Usage of the Name Dilshad
Meaning of the Name Dilshad
The name Dilshad means "happy, cheerful" in Persian.
Famous Bearers
Bearers of the name include Dilshad Khan (born 1945), an Indian male singer; Dilshad Said (born 1958), a Kurdish male musician, singer, and composer; Dilshad Vadsaria (born 1985), an American actress.
Names Related to Dilshad
List of names related to Dilshad.
Did you find the information about the origin and meaning of Dilshad interesting and helpful? Share this page with your friends or leave a comment: