The following is the information provided in the program and some screen shots.
 A representation of the atomic orbitals of the hydrogen atom.
 Stuart Prescott 1996
 Using the program (and a bit of Quantum theory):
 Firstly, select the orbital which you wish to view. This may be
 done by clicking on the icon corresponding to the name of the
 The graphs of the wave (or density) functions passing through
 the maximum in the other two variables are shown. Here,
 theta is the azimuth (angle with the Z-axis) and phi is the colatitude (the angle from the X-axis in the XY-plane).
 The surface drawn in the 3D drawing of the orbital is a surface
 of constant wave (or density) function. The value of this
 surface level is shown above the plot and may be changed by
 dragging the horizontal bars that appear on the graph. (Note
 that a surface level of zero cannot generate a surface, so the
 minimum surface level is 10e-7)
 The view of the orbital may be rotated using the ArcBall
 which appears in the top left hand corner of the window.
 To use the ArcBall, imagine that the circle represents a
 sphere, and then use the mouse to 'drag' the sphere around.
 The large triangle drawn indicates the axis about which
 the rotation will be performed, and the length of the arc
 corresponds to how much the rotation will be.
 To return the orbital to the original viewing position, click
 on the"Reset View" button.To select a new orbital to view,
 click on the "Select Orbital" button.
 The "Show Wavefunction"/"Show Density" button changes
 the function displayed by the program. The wave function
 is the representation of Schrodinger's equation, the green
 lobes are where the wavefunction is negative and the red
 lobes are where is is positive. The density function shows
 the probability of finding an electron at any point in space,
 and is the square of the wave function.
 Advanced Features:
 For those who aren't happy with the quality of the images
 produced by the interpolation (or for those with plenty of
 time on their hands), the size of the interpolation cell
 can be changed.
 By clicking with the right mouse button in the vicinity of
 the 3D orbitals, a window is produced allowing the choice of
 interpolation cell sizes.
 The smaller the cell size, the more memory is required to do
 the drawing, and the longer will be the time taken to draw
 the 3D representation, but the quality of the image will be
 higher. On some systems, the memory requirement of running
 at a higher resolution will cause memory management faults.
 On some orbitals striped or checkerboard patterns may be
 observed. These patterns are due to the interpolation.
 Basically, it comes down to a speed v accuracy issue, and
 speed won.
 A cell size of 5 pixels is the default (and recommended) size.
 About the development:
 This program was written by Stuart Prescott in 1996 as a
 project for the First Year Talented Student Program within
 the Basser Department of Computer Science at the
 University of Sydney. This project was supervised by Dr Ian
 Parkin of the same department. It is both a first program
 in C++, and a first computer graphics application.
 The calculation engine used by the program was taken from
 the "H2 Workshop Program" written in FORTRAN by George
 Bacskay and Jeff Reimers, Department of Physical and
 Theoretical Chemistry, University of Sydney.
 The ArcBall was developed by Ken Shoemake, Computer
 Graphics Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, as
 an intuitive, easy-to-use way of rotating objects using
 the computer mouse.
 The graphics routines were written using Libsx (The
 Simple X library) version 1.1 - a friendly overlay to the
 Athena Widget Set. Libsx was developed by Dominic
 Giamapolo (_EMAIL_) and is available from
 Copyright (c) Stuart Prescott MCMXCVI
The main selection screen
The density function of the 4fz^3 orbital
The wave function of the 4fz^3 orbital
A rotation of the density function of the 4fz^3 orbital
Other screenshots
Last edited: Wednesday June 23, 2004
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obvious, there is no variable ND filter in square format.
How are ND filters characterized?
The power or at least the light attenuation factor is often represented by multiples of 2.
ND2, ND4, ND8, ND64, ND400 up to ND 1000 are available.
For example, an ND2 corresponds to a filter that divides the amount of light passing through it by 2.
By deduction, if the filter reduces the light passing through the lens, it increases the exposure time proportionally.
Note that ND filters can be accumulated.
This results in much higher light reduction powers and therefore very long exposures.
Illustration of the light attenuation factor of ND filters
Illustration of the light attenuation factor of ND filters
If you want to learn more about ND filters, here's a video tutorial dedicated to the use of photo filters.
The equipment of an amateur long-exposure photographer must meet specific requirements:
 - a camera that allows exposure times of more than 30 seconds
 - a stable tripod that absorbs all vibrations and avoids blurred movement
 - a remote control or interval meter that allows you to comfortably adjust the exposure time and shooting frequency without touching the body directly
ND filters to significantly attenuate the amount of light received by the sensor
Buying a quality ND filter is a budget, whether it is circular or square.
Some filters easily exceed 100 or 200 euros.
Manufacturers such as Cokin or Nisi, have designed more reasonably priced kits with a set of 3 or 6 filters.
Best Settings for long Exposure
Generally speaking, the device is set to the following basic configuration:
 - Aperture priority or manual mode (I recommend the manual mode).
 - 100 iso (best possible quality)
 - Aperture between f/8 and f/14
Banish all sources of vibrations that could alter the sharpness of your entire image.
Therefore, be careful to use a remote control or interval meter (in the worst case, use the self-timer of the camera).
Also avoid positioning your tripod on a surface that generates vibrations (example: wooden bridge crossed by passers-by).
And finally, do not expose your installation to the wind.
For the same obvious reasons, pay attention to the flapping of your camera strap.
The viewfinder of an SLR may let light in during the shooting for several seconds or even tens of seconds.
Do not hesitate to block your eyepiece to guarantee the quality of your image.
Good to know: after a long exposure, your camera will remain unavailable for some time.
Count approximately 1 to 2 times the exposure time you have just made.
For a 1-minute shot, your camera can process the shot for another 1 to 2 minutes.
Setting without an ND filter
As mentioned above, long exposure in the middle of the day, without a dedicated photo accessory, is impossible to achieve.
Long exposure without an ND filter is therefore preferable in very low light conditions.
Do not hesitate to activate the liveview to assist you in focusing in this dark situation.
If your exposure time is less than 30 seconds, you don't have to switch to Bulb mode.
The cell of your photographic equipment calculates the exposure time needed to shoot your long exposure.
If you exceed 30 seconds, bulb mode allows you to continue shooting for as long as you keep your finger pressed on the shutter release button.
With ND Filter
Adding this accessory to reduce the amount of light received by the sensor requires recalculating the ideal exposure time.
The first step is to record the exposure settings for normal shooting.
I also advise you to focus and frame your image at this stage.
Make a test image to make sure that the focus and exposure metering is correct.
In the second step, you will calculate a new exposure time in accordance with the light attenuation power of the filter.
Here is a concrete example.
For normal shooting, your camera settings indicate an exposure time of 1/100s.
If you attach an ND 1000 filter (corresponding to 10 stops or 10 f-stops) to your lens, you will need 10 seconds of exposure time! (1/100X1000 or 0.01 x 1000=10)
If you're like me, you don't like taking your smartphone out all the time to calculate a new exposure time based on the power of the ND filter.
I advise you to always keep a reminder with you.
Of course there will always be situations that won't fit into the boxes, but in 98% of the cases, you'll save precious time.
On the internet there are mobile aids or applications, such as the Nisi brand application, which is just perfect.
Post processing for long exposure photography
3 characteristics related to this photographic discipline should catch your attention:
white balance: this should not happen but it may be that the colorimetry of your image is shooting at magenta.
long or very long laying can generate noise: this is why we recommend a configuration at 100 iso
the large closure of the diaphragm may cause spots to appear on the sensor.
Think of removing these defects and automate this treatment on your other shots.
These "flecks" will always be in the same place on the image 😀
Find your own style in long exposure photography
Not everyone likes long exposure, when it is not mandatory or dictated by a specific subject (astrophotography, fireworks).
For all other occasions the long pose is a personal artistic approach.
As we have seen previously, there are practical ways to calculate the ideal exposure time for your long exposure.
But what determines the amount of yarn on a waterfall, apart from yourself? Beyond the technical considerations, you have to make this practice your own artistically.
This way, your image will look like no other!
What is a long exposure photo?
Before going into technical details, it is important to understand our subject.
A long exposure photo can be defined by an image obtained with a sufficiently long exposure time (or shutter speed).
But what kind of exposure time are we talking about? 1 second? 2 seconds? 30 seconds? 20 minutes? Well all these answers are correct.
Pragmatically speaking, we often talk about long exposure photography when, in the same photo, some elements photographed are sharp and others are blurred.
For example, if you take a long shot at night in the middle of the city, you will have the (still) buildings in focus and the headlights of (moving) cars tracing threads of light.
However, it is quite possible to photograph a still life in a long exposure and the result will be an image in which all elements are completely still.
Why use the long exposure technique?
This is an interesting question to ask oneself.
Why use a long exposure to capture a scene when it is very possible to expose the scene in a different way? The answer here depends on the time of the day when you are going to do your long exposure.
The long exposure at night: due to lack of light
At night or in a dark situation, you have three possibilities to properly expose your image: use a relatively long exposure time, use a very large aperture (with a bright lens such as a 50mm f/1.4) or increase the ISO sensitivity.
The use of long laying in these conditions will allow you to :
 - maintain a low ISO sensitivity to reduce the appearance of digital noise on your image
 - use a small aperture (e.g. f/11 to f/16) to obtain a sufficiently large depth of field and thus have different planes of your image sharp.
On the other hand, a slower shutter speed means that your sensor will be exposed to the scene you're shooting for a longer period of time, capturing the movement of what you're shooting and "stacking" it on top of each other.
This technique allows you to obtain artistic renderings such as light spinning, light painting, etc.
Long daytime pose: for an artistic rendering
In daylight, you usually have enough light to photograph a scene at the correct speed without having to use too high an ISO sensitivity or a very large aperture, unless you want a photograph with a very shallow depth of field.
Even so, long daytime exposure can reveal, just like macro photography, a world and a universe completely different from what we are used to seeing.
For example, these photos we took in the middle of the day in the center of Paris.
At the extreme, if you use an extremely long exposure time (several minutes), it is possible to remove any moving subject from the picture.
This is the case of the first photo of a human being taken by Louis Daguerre in 1838.
At the time, the photographic technique required such a long exposure time that only one man is in focus in the photo: he is having his shoes shined in the streets of Paris.
Louis Daguerre – 1838 – on this photo taken in the middle of the day, we see no movement in the street because the exposure time was very long.
We can however see on the lower left the silhouette of a man having his shoes shined.
But how can we not end up with a completely white image with such a slow shutter speed? This is where an important accessory, the ND filter, comes into play, which we talk about in the next section.
The equipment needed to make a long exposure picture
To photograph in long exposure, you need very few things.
The most important thing is to have a camera with manual settings that allows you to use exposure times of several seconds (usually up to 30 seconds).
It's even better if you have a camera with B and T exposure settings.
In B exposure, the shutter is open as long as you keep your finger on the shutter release button, while in T exposure,


text:
The distances from both of the watch hoops to the watch binding ought be the same. Make sure the three hands are suitably set and the binding of the face and hands of the watch is soft without any black spot.2. Check the sensitivity. Shake lightly the watch which has not been winded higher and has wrapped higher operating, and afterward discern how the second hand ticks with the augment of the shaking. If the second hand suspends operating in no time, afterward it will be able to closing ticking as in the past prolonged as the watch is winded higher, and the sensitivity is high. In evaluate, if the second hand saves ticking for a prolonged time, afterward it not able to be able to final outlook resultant the watch is winded higher, and the sensitivity is low, or there is something wrong with the Swiss watch.
Check the placement of each hand and the space among them. There ought be definite distance between the face and the hands and among the three hands, or they will graze one another, which will affect the yardstick running of the watch.4. Check the twisting mechanism. Normal watches inhalation easily. When twisting higher, you ought firstly contact it loose, and afterward tight. When you can't go on spinning the button, which process the watch has been fully winded higher and the twisting supplies is in toiling order. On the divergent, if there is unusual clatter later you spin the button, afterward the twisting supplies is out of order.5. Check the hand setting system. A high quality Swiss watch ought be flexible and honourable and the hands ought turn evenly later you are setting the hands.
Replica Rolex watch
Replica Tag Heuer watch

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Positive Psychology & UT's Undergraduate Experience
UT Instructor and ClassroomUndergraduate Student Success through a Strengths-Mindset Lens
Higher education is in transition as technology, finances, changing demographics of our country, and enrollment challenges are at the forefront of our competitive landscape. As such, to remain competitive, we must move beyond merely recruiting and retaining student scholars through traditional measures. Generation Z wants morethey are questioning the value of higher education.
UT can set itself apart by creating the conditions in which each undergraduate student scholar feels empowered to thrive. We propose developing a positive psychology alternative to most student success programs that often operate from a deficit-oriented perspective with little focus on college student scholars' unique strengths that they bring to post-secondary education. Empirical evidence supporting positive psychology in higher education continues to emerge as researchers recognize the relation between a person's wellbeing and personal and professional goals and dreams. Consequently, we believe strengthening our curricular and co-curricular experiences through a strength-based perspective will be particularly useful to prepare UT's undergraduate student scholars to change the world, not just change with it.
Working closely with the campus community, we propose three preliminary strategic pathways to transform the UT undergraduate experience through a personalized strength and talent-based initiative
After reviewing popular positive psychology theories such as Growth Mindset, Hope, Grit, and Self-Determination, each with its own sets of opportunities and limitations, we decided to develop a conceptual framework that best fits the Volunteer spirit. A spirit that values courage, creativity, flexibility, and hard work. As such, UT's positive psychology framework is defined in three ways.
We believe that our student scholars can learn at high levels. We share this message often and consistently.
High Expectations
We challenge every student scholar intellectually. We believe expectations are attainable.
Every Story Matters
We will provide the structures necessary for every student scholar to reach their potential.
Preliminary Strategic Pathways
1. Person. Maximize each studentinnate talents and build the relationships necessary to:
 1. Meet their academic, career, and leadership potential
 2. Increase self-awareness and learn ways to enact new knowledge of self
 3. Understandappreciate, and draw upon the talents of others
2. InfrastructureEvaluate and reimagine academic and social support infrastructure to facilitate student success, high-resiliency, and self-efficacy.
3. CommunityReimagine the curricular and co-curricular efforts that elevate transformational, strengths-based, active-learning deliberately woven throughout the UT undergraduate experience across time and diverse experiences.
Preliminary Metrics for Success
 1. Students strengths awareness will positively impact fall and spring GPA and academic persistence through students' engagement, heightened awareness, and academic self-efficacy.
 2. Increased knowledge of self and appreciation of others' perspectives will increase students' ability to identify and solve problems and communicate with others more effectively.
 3. Increased engagement in Vol Success teams, student organizations, leadership experiences, and co-curricular activities (such as co-op experiences, internships, undergraduate research)
 4. Student scholars will respond to academic belongingness survey questions at the following rates:
 1. I feel a part of the UT community-70% agree or strongly agree
 2. I believe that I will excel academically at UT—70% agree or strongly agree
 3. I would rate my current overall stress level since enrolling at UT this fall is—70% average or less than average stress.
Strengths-Mindset Consultants & Advisory Council
Partnership with Teaching & Learning Innovation
To support the university's Strengths-Mindset initiative, Student Success is partnering with Teaching & Learning Innovation to launch two faculty-specific programs.
TLI's Course Redesign Institute
A virtual three-week event during the May 2021 mini term, the Course Redesign Institute will bring together faculty from across UT to share ideas from their own pedagogies and participate in a focused track to redesign one of their courses.
TLI's Certificate Curriculum
The six evidence-based certificates were developed by TLI staff and piloted by select UT faculty and staff and will allow participants to pursue beneficial, in-depth self-paced learning experiences and professional development.
What Is Deficit Thinking? An Analysis of Conceptualizations of Deficit Thinking and Implications for Scholarly Research
Impact of Positive Psychology
Towards a Positive University
Challenging the Deficit Mindset Handout
In the News


text:
To teach tone and mood in literature, utilize word activities based on the type of literature or write prompts that allow students to create their own tone and mood examples. Use song selections, poetry, short stories or novels as examples.Continue Reading
When using songs or poetry, identify tone by determining the author's purpose, ideas, feelings or technique. Identify mood by describing what emotional response the piece evokes. On a chalkboard, use a line to divide the board in half with "tone" and "mood" written on the top of each half. The students listen to the poem or song and give suggestions of words that describe the tone of the piece, such as playful, angst-ridden or boisterous. Next, the students suggest what mood the piece evokes, such as happy, sad or upset.
For a writing prompt, have students write a sentence or short paragraph that communicates feeling and causes readers to feel a particular emotion. Have students create a light image drawn on top of a copy of the literary work that conveys the emotion of the piece. Students are given a specific passage of the work, and they take an image derived from the work and add words that inspire the image, such as one wide-open eye with words that evoke paranoia or suspicion for a passage from the novel "1984."Learn more about K-12


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Argillite" may also refer to Argillite, Kentucky.
Grey chunks of graptolitic argillite below the cliffs of Pakri Islands, yellowish and white chunks are limestone
An argillite /ˈɑrɨlt/ is a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed predominantly of indurated clay particles. Argillaceous rocks are basically lithified muds and oozes. They contain variable amounts of silt-sized particles. The argillites grade into shale when the fissile layering typical of shale is developed. Another name for poorly lithified argillites is mudstone. These rocks, although variable in composition, are typically high in aluminium and silica with variable alkali and alkaline earth cations. The term pelitic or pelite is often applied to these sediments and rocks. Metamorphism of argillites produces slate, phyllite, and pelitic schist.
Belt Supergroup[edit]
The Belt Supergroup of rocks is composed mainly of argillite, as well as other metamorphosed or semi-metamorphosed mudstones. This supergroup is mainly exposed in Western Montana, including the Bitterroot Valley and Bitterroot Mountains, Missoula area, Flathead Lake, and Glacier National Park, and is also exposed in parts of Northern Idaho, and British Columbia. Belt Supergroup rocks are also thought to be present in what is now Korea, Northeast China, and Eastern Siberia as well as possibly Australia.[citation needed] Glacier National Park in northwestern Montana and Wolf Creek Canyon along the US Interstate 15 in west-central Montana are well known for their exposed deep purple, wine red, red, blue, turquoise, and green argillites.[citation needed]
"Black slate"[edit]
A piece of raw black argillite from Haida Gwaii.
The Haida carvings of (Haida Gwaii) along the coast of British Columbia are notable aboriginal art treasures created from a type of a hard, fine black silt argillite, sometimes called "black slate". The black slate occurs only at a quarry on a Slatechuck Mountain in the upper basin of Slatechuck Creek, near the town of Skidegate on Graham Island. At one time, around 1900, it was shipped to Victoria for manufacturing; today the Haida have a monopoly on use of the argillite. This artwork has been of high quality and prized around the world since the Haida first began carving it to sell to sailors around 1800; modern Haida carvers continue the tradition.
See also[edit]


text:
Forest Responses to Climate Change: Why African Forests Matter
This session is jointly organized by the Austrian Federal Ministry for Sustainability and Tourism (BMNT), the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research (BMBWF) and IUFRO.
In this session policy makers and scientists will discuss the role of forests and trees and their sustainable conservation and management in limiting climate-related risks in the context of the Paris Agreement and the UN Sustainable Development Goals. In particular, the importance of forests in Africa will be underlined and examples of cooperation between Austrian and African partners will be highlighted.
Three renowned experts from Africa will talk about the opportunities and challenges for people and the environment related to forests, trees and forest products in the face of climate change. The Austrian Minister of Education, Science and Research, Mr. Heinz Faßmann, will present new science cooperation initiatives between Austria and partners in Africa. This is followed by a panel discussion which will look into the expectations of research and science cooperation as well as into opportunities of collaboration to support sustainable forest management. Concrete examples of forest research and development cooperation projects will finally be presented during a poster session organized by the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna.
Breakout Session FOREST RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE: Why African Forests Matter
29 May 2019, 09:00 – 12:30 h
The R20 AUSTRIAN WORLD SUMMIT is a long-term initiative to create a network platform that will help regions, states and cities implement the UN Sustainable Development Goals and meet the global climate protection targets outlined in the Paris Agreement. _URL_


text:
What is a Bilateral Condition?
A bilateral condition is a disease or condition that affects both sides of the body. Examples of a bilateral condition include hip dysplasia or luxating patellas, where both hips or kneecaps are affected. Often, the condition starts with one side of the body and will later develop on the other side of the body.
How Bilateral Conditions Work
Bilateral conditions can be considered a pre-existing condition with many pet insurance plans and providers. For example, if your pet had hip dysplasia on the left side of their body before they were insured, it may be considered a pre-existing condition if they develop hip dysplasia on their right side, even though their right side was unaffected when they started the policy.
If your pet has any conditions prior to signing up for pet insurance, it's important that you look into whether they would be considered bilateral conditions and if your pet would be covered under the pet insurance plan you choose.
- Bilateral conditions are diseases and conditions that have a high rate of affecting both sides of the body.
- Some pet insurance plans will not cover bilateral conditions if the bilateral condition had already affected one side of the body before your pet was insured.


text: Ni is the most frequent cause of contact allergy induced by metals. However, the underlying mechanism of this induction is unknown. Our previous research demonstrates that activation of dendritic cells (DCs) through p38MAPK/MKK6 is required for Ni-induced allergy in mice. In the current study, we investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying Ni-induced allergy using a mouse model that involves injecting Ni into the ear, with or without Freund's incomplete or complete adjuvants. Nickel had greater potential to cause allergic reactions compared with palladium and gold. Among the proteins expressed at higher levels in mice with Ni-induced allergy, we focused on thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), which is produced in abundance by keratinocytes. We detected increased expression of the TSLP receptor (TSLPR) in DCs from cervical lymph nodes of mice with Ni-induced allergy, suggesting that DCs in ear tissues were activated through TSLPR signaling induced by keratinocyte-derived TSLP. Furthermore, delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in mice with Ni-induced allergy were decreased significantly by injection of a Tslp-short interfering RNA along with atelocollagen in the ear skin. These results suggest that Ni allergy may be triggered by a TSLP/TSLPR-mediated interaction between epithelial and immune cells.


The Law of Webnovels
Chapter 193
Chapter 193: Chapter 193
Among the people I knew, he was the second most or even much more self-possessed person than Yoo Chun Young; however, the Jooin I knew was behaving so disconcertingly that I smiled somewhat sheepishly to him for now. He then put an awkward grin on his face.
'Ok, so he isn't that nonplussed than expected…' I thought. As I got up, Jooin also gently raised himself up. Shaking the dust off his pants, he dropped a remark.
"I thought about something."
"What do you mean?"
His face was too pale and stiff to conduct something rational, putting on his thinking cap, that what he just said surprised me. Regardless of my response, he glanced around the classroom as well as the hallway with a cold gaze.
He then continued, "So, to think of it commonsensical, the light can't be turned on in this classroom. Earlier, you pressed the switch after stepping backward in the surprise of the spider. We also found out that the lights went off since the school has been out of electricity from years ago.
"I know that it doesn't make sense, but if we assume that we're now in a different universe, I've thought the electricity can be a totem to distinguish the two parallel dimensions."
Jooin made a conclusion so casually that he struck me dumb once more. 'So, um…' I murmured to myself in perplexity.
As I was used to shifting dimensions, I tried to understand how confused he might be right now and comfort him to get through the current situation. While I rambled those useless thoughts in mind, Jooin was already analyzing the phenomenon inside his head.
As I faced the front after perceiving a gaze, Jooin was there staring at me in wonder. I shook my head.
"Nothing… keep on."
"Um, yeah… so, why don't we go inside each classroom and turn on the lights?"
His unexpected suggestion made my eyes open round. Still, Jooin continued his words in a calm voice.
"Of course, it should be attempted when all the methods we try, such as escaping through the entrance or getting in touch with the kids, fail."
"Staying with you can make things like this happen. Wow, a different universe!"
With that said, Jooin, showed something like a naughty smile on his face for the first time. It was then that I realized we were walking the hallway grabbing each other's arms tightly in awkward silence just a few minutes ago. We were that much uncomfortable just until now… how could this happen?
I held out my hand again to Jooin hesitantly. With a smile, he grabbed my arm and put it next to his arm as if it was a very usual thing. He then firmly grasped my hand and put it down.
'Weird,' I murmured, looking down at my hand tightly linked to his palm.
Unlike the one in my room, the pouring white fluorescent light felt like a sharp tip of an arrow. Outside the entrance door, the swings were still swinging back and forth against each other as if people were riding them, and the black branch hitting the window…
However, when thinking about how long it has been to talk with Jooin so naturally like this, everything seemed to be somewhat thankful.
* * *
Instead of wandering this dark hallway, we thought it would be better to just look around from the start to the end. We, therefore, walked across from Class 1-8 to Class 1-7, 1-6, and 1-5 and turned on the lights in each classroom one after another. Holding my hand, Jooin stretched out the other side of his hand to the dark classroom. I stared at his white ear in silence.
The light pouring through the window of the class next door drew an illuminated square over the hallway. I could see the dust piled up between the wooden boards from here.
Looking out of those sceneries, I gave careful attention to the call over the phone. It looked as though no one was about to answer this time as well.
While checking four classrooms, I called four people in order from Ban Yeo Ryung to Eun Hyung, Yoon Jung In, and Kim Hye Hill; however, no one took the call.
Only the flat beeping sound continued over the phone. I hung up eventually, and at the same time, the space above our heads turned bright with a clicking sound.
I turned to look back. Jooin, who had his hand on the switch, was stumped while facing up at the ceiling.
"The lights come on so far."
"Was there some error in the theory? If the time and space of this school were unstable, we could've fallen into that crack, and there would be other places where it happened too. A place where it doesn't light up could exist, which might be the passage connecting this universe with the original world."
What came out through Jooin's mouth so smoothly were closer to a murmur instead of a talk directing at me; therefore, it was less explicative. From that aspect, I realized how cordially he always clarified things to me. What came across my mind after listening to his explanation was something utterly different from the cracks in space-time thing.
I spoke in a low mumble involuntarily.
"How's the courage test going…"
Jooin, who bent his steps while holding my hand, switched his gaze to me. His pure gold eyes directing at me somewhat looked unfamiliar against the messily scattered desks behind him. I suddenly smiled.
"Although I brought it up, it's really hilarious. A courage test… we did that during the retreats in elementary school, but now we're high school students…"
With that thought in mind, I giggled. My thoughts then suddenly reached the fact that we still had four more classes left to check the lights coming on. We also weren't sure whether the entrance door was open or locked too.
I tried to stretch out my hand and pull Jooin's arm, but his eyes looked a little strange. He seemed to be lost in thought while fastening his gaze at the floor.
I called him, "Jooin?"
"Huh? Oh…"
"What are you thinking about?"
'Did you come up with another new theory?' I was about to ask like that, but when I lifted my eyes to look at his face, I figured out that what he had in mind wasn't about the law of this universe or something like that. 'I don't know…' It was just that when I looked at him in the eyes, his thought seemed to be reaching somewhere more distant and frigid. Jooin's lips then detached simultaneously at a slow pace.
"Mama, the thing that happened between you and Class 1-1," he said.
"Aren't you even angry?"
'Oh, I thought it was something serious…' with that thought, I shrugged my shoulders and replied while turning my head.
"Honestly, I didn't really think about it further because it just went on while I was flummoxed. Come on, let bygones be bygones."
With that said, I tried to walk forward, but at the same time, I noticed that there wasn't any sign of movement from behind. As I turned back, Jooin was standing there still with the same look that he had when asking me if I weren't angry about the happening.
It was then when I tilted my head in wonder. Jooin took a step forward me. His eyes slightly contorted.
"Mama, aren't you really mad?"
"Um… huh?
I became perplexed for a second as to never hearing him talking that way.
Jooin always gave morally correct answers in a sweet tone or with a cheerful grin. If it was an inevitable situation to respond in that manner, he moved on to a completely different topic. He was, however, having an unanticipated look and a way of speech. I raised my eyes instinctively to look at his face.
Jooin wasn't joking with me. He wasn't playing games either. In his truly serious eyes, there reflected my face in surprise.
I stepped back in befuddlement, then suddenly paused my step while biting my lips tightly. I raised my eyes again to face him in the eyes. Now it could be the moment to find out his true nature in the first place; therefore, I shouldn't stand back from him.
At least, I should confront him toe-to-toe. From that thought, I stared at his eyes, and at the same time, he continued his words.
"No wonder they were bad. They spread out groundless, fake rumors thoughtlessly, disrespected, and blamed you just to stand by their friend. Now that the rumor turned out to be false, they didn't say a word of apology but acted as if nothing had happened. When you remained silent as you were unwilling to dispute, they made a fuss about it that things were actually true."
"You didn't receive any sincere apology yet, but how can you say that you want to turn a blind eye to them? Why? For what?"


text:
by Staff Writers
Merced CA (SPX) Nov 07, 2012
California isn't going to face a superstorm like Hurricane Sandy because the Pacific Ocean is too cold to feed that kind of weather system. But that doesn't mean California won't see extreme weather, say researchers from the University of California, Merced. "We can see very big storms, and there are a couple of issues related to climate change to think about," said Roger Bales, director of the Sierra Nevada Research Institute.
"Most of our biggest storms are snow storms, which builds up snowpack in the mountains. The snowpack is a reservoir, storing water that will be used throughout the year across the state.
"But if you warm the climate," he said, "those storms become rain events - there's more immediate runoff, less water storage, and the rain will actually melt some of the existing snowpack."
The worst-case winter scenario would be a series of storms that cause flooding, said James Brotherton, warning-coordination meteorologist for the National Weather Service in Hanford.
"We definitely have the potential to be impacted by major winter storms, or a series of them," Brotherton said.
"It's not uncommon during the winter, at least once, that we will see storms coming off the Pacific and drop more than 100 inches of snow in the mountains over short durations," said project scientist and lecturer Robert Rice, with SNRI.
"That could translate into 10 inches of precipitable water - numbers similar to what they're measuring in Hurricane Sandy. Snow events, which we commonly see in the Sierra, and across the western U.S., are generally unheard of on the East Coast, even during Hurricane Sandy, or a Nor'easter."
There have been years when what's commonly called The Pineapple Express - a persistent, strong flow of atmospheric moisture coming from the area near Hawaii - has pummeled the West Coast. Those kinds of "atmospheric rivers" historically caused problems in California, flooding Sacramento and the Central Valley. But land use has changed dramatically from the last time that was a problem - in the 1800s - and California has much more control of its waterways, Brotherton said.
"We have very large storms that cross into California and affect our region - not with the same widespread damage as Hurricane Sandy, but with water and wind that are comparable to hurricanes and tornados," Rice said.
Rice cited a storm over the last weekend of November 2011 that included a wind event similar to a Category 3 tornado or Category 4 hurricane, with sustained winds higher than 100 mph and gusts of more than 150 mph.
"These storms would be very destructive and costly to urban areas," Rice said, "and they are more frequent than most people imagine. Not much attention is focused on them because they rarely affect large urban populations, more often being restricted to the Sierra."
While scientists say it's impossible to attribute a single storm to climate change, the overall weather patterns across the U.S. are changing as the oceans warm.
UC Merced researchers have repeatedly pointed out that California is likely to experience an increase in wildfires because of warmer temperatures.
Because the state depends on snowpack in the mountains for its year-round water supply - and if the state sees less snow and more rain, as Bales has written - it's going to be even more critical that the state be able to accurately understand what its available water resources are each year.
Bales, Rice and UC Merced and UC Berkeley colleagues have designed a low-cost senor system that could be used as to monitor water and snowpack statewide.
They advocate for a unified system that would help maintain control of water resources more efficiently, and give users a clearer, real-time picture of the state's water resources.
This year, forecasters aren't sure what the winter will look like because a weak El Nino climate pattern is in place across the southern Pacific this year.
"A strong El Nino means Northern California and the Pacific Northwest have a greater chance of below-normal precipitation, Southern California and the Southwest have a greater chance of above-average precipitation, and the center of the state has equal chances of either," Bales said. "But with a weak El Nino or neutral condition, either above or below normal conditions could prevail across the state."
University of California, Merced
Climate Science News - Modeling, Mitigation Adaptation
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Or that Alaska Air already uses it on all its planes..
 - Using it, does not mean you rely on it...
 Relying on it means: if it is broken you are completely lost and don't know what to do and where to go.
 This is simply not the case.
 - Planes and Ships don't rely on GPS.
 They don't HAVE to use it but in actual practice they most certainly do rely heavily on GPS. It's the best system available so of course they rely on it.
 Just because people are trained to do without GPS in case of problems doesn't mean they don't rely on it in actual daily practice.
 - The word rely implies: "you can not without".
 However they can. That was my point, so the TFA is either wrong or the summary is wrong.
 E.g. my body functions rely on a working pancreas for insuline (or on insulin injections). I can not live without insulin. Hence I rely on it.
 As a navigator on a ship you are required to crosscheck your positions with non GPS means.
 That is either si
 - by dj245 (732906)
 Having gone to a maritime school, a lot of my friends are on the bridge of large ships. A lot.
 They can go without it, but GPS is so easy, convenient, and reliable that they basically rely on it. Shooting the stars with a sextant is relegated to trainees and practicing for the various exams which are required to be promoted to second mate, first mate, and finally master.
 - So they don't use landmarks, no signals like lighthouses no depthsfinders etc?
 How exactly should it work to drive by GPS?
 You don't plot your course on a map? Or if you do and your GPS tells you you are left, you steer more right?
 That means you don't use a compass to define your heading? You don't know what the "missdirection" of your compass is in your sailing area? You don't know the influence of your ship/boat on your compass?
 Sorry, to pilot a boat with GPS only is simply retarded. Regardless how convenie
 - by PvtVoid (_PHONE_) on Sunday December 09, 2012 _USER_:08PM (#42238417)
 What the fuck is with the science press in Britain / Australia about the word "boffins"? Why does every single science article, without fail, have to have some supposedly clever pun or alliteration around the word? (Extra points for using the word astro-boffins [theregister.co.uk].)
 I've gotten to the point that if I see the word "boffins" in a science article, I immediately click away. Please make it stop!
 - I don't know, I can't imagine el Reg without the gratuitous use of the word. It fits the tone of the tech rag quite nicely, I think.
 - Why is that any different to researcher or expert or scientist? They are just as useless or even less useful terms
 It is an Australian article using "Australian English" or "British English"... the term is well understood to define an academic/researcher with a very strong but narrow focus in a typical theoretical area.
 It is no more problematic than terms like futurist (who has a broader focus) or your typical engineer/scientist labels (for those who are more problem solving focused).
 - by grcumb (781340)
 Because if it didn't exist, the tech pundits wouldn't know how to tell the gurus from the wonks.
 Vocabulary: Get used to it.
 - by Inda (580031)
 Fuck yeah bro!
 We should'll use words like, you know, axed, irregardless, regift, and toileting.
 Those limies and convicts should speak like they know the good words like, you know, compartmentalize, operationalize, overexaggerate, professionalization, rationalize, utilize
 Make them special people talk good, ya'll.
 - by holophrastic (221104) on Sunday December 09, 2012 _USER_:09PM (#42238423)
 heh, "unnamed" drones.
 - by PPH (736903) on Sunday December 09, 2012 _USER_:17PM (#42238469)
 Also known as a HARM [wikipedia.org] target.
 - by viperidaenz (_PHONE_) on Sunday December 09, 2012 _USER_:21PM (#42238491)
 Some poor bugger drives to the wrong destination.
 GPS isn't trusted. It's already known to be hackable.
 It would be news if they hacked the anti-spoofing [wikipedia.org] system the military has been using for the last 6 years
 - Novel attack... demoed at TEDxAustin back in February and posted online for everyone to see ;-) _URL_ [ted.com]
 - by tylerni7 (944579)
 The TEDxAustin talk you mentioned is focused on GPS spoofing to make a receiver think that it is somewhere else. Spoofing in that sense has been around for a long time, and while it is very cool and everything, it isn't what is novel about this paper/attack.
 This paper goes from just making a GPS receiver think it is located somewhere else to actually exploiting software vulnerabilities in GPS receivers to cause them to crash and things like that. The attacks are related, but the position based spoofing i
 - send in 007
 - Isn't this exactly why the P-Code is encrypted in the military signal? Spoofing the C/A data has been a known vulnerability in the system since day 1. The rest of the problems are simply bad programmers. That's not a limitation or vulnerability in the GPS system - it's a problem with the receiver manufacturers and the BS test & validation done by the civilian side of the government when they put those receivers in the CORS stations. I saw the code in some of the old reference receivers (in the 90s) - it
 - For me "middle of the earth" attack was a new and interesting idea... otherwise this paper would have read a heck of a lot better had the hyperbole been left at home.
 The contorted attempt to say changing time is not "spoofing" or including offtopic segways such as hacking web servers and perl CGI scripts was a little too much to stomach.
 No mention at all of RAIM and similiar technologies.
 - Geez, these guys were unable to find $50 GPS jammers on Alibaba?
 - is what the Navy and the rest of the Military/Covert Ops use they are sorely misled. In fact, general researchers would be required to have top secret classified clearance and most certainly would not be publishing their findings. NASA has several levels of GPS solutions. We lowly consumers use very old tech for GPS/GIS.
 - Are receivers for other global positioning systems like Galileo and GLONASS also vulnerable to these attacks? If so, is it too late (or even possible in theory) to fix the problem in those systems, given that they aren't fully online or in widespread use yet?
 - by ceoyoyo (59147)
 You can fix the problem in your GPS receiver by plugging it into your computer and flashing the firmware. Or buying another one, if the company ever stops being lazy and fixes their software bug.
 GPS receiver software has bugs just like any other computer system. Who woulda thought?
 - I can't fucking believe it. Do you mean to tell me that if you have a receiver tuned to a certain frequency, and you have a transmitter on that same frequency, then you can transmit information from the transmitter to the receiver?
 Top it off though! If you have not one but two - TWO transmitters, and one is vastly more powerful than the other, then you can get the receiver to receive the stronger one over the weaker one?
 Completely fucking amazing, if you ask me. I had no idea you could do something like tha
 - Bump keys [wikipedia.org] can be used to unlock just about any door, and yet crime statistics remain in line and have even been dropping in many parts of the world since the Internet has raised their profile in recent years.
 This would be more interesting if someone were droning my neighborhood, but some of the hacks took days, not minutes to perform (and as others pointed out, affects individual receivers, not the entire system). Hardly a James Bond villain level of manipulation.
 - Almost. The manipulation is irrelevant.
 Proper summary should be, "In other news, shitty software is shitty." THAT aspect is interesting, largely because few people realize how shitty most of it is, nor where that shittiness is found, vs. where we expect that shittiness should not be. That you can brick a receiver with a divide by zero in a cached almanac... the genius pool at $GPSCO being of THAT quality may be news to most.
 - And now we can say it wasn't our fault...


text:
Understanding Stave Bearings
There are several possible arrangements for shafts and bearings. The most common arrangement involves having a bearing with a fixed portion surrounding the majority of the shaft; the fixed portion may consist of either one or two pieces. A stave bearing is different because instead of just one or two parts that surround the shaft, it features a system of axial staves to provide support. A stave bearing typically has many such axial pieces.
Applications for Stave Bearings
Stave bearings are generally used in nautical applications and are most commonly associated with propeller shafts. This is because this type of bearing holds up well under the conditions that go along with boat propulsion: high loads and relatively low speeds. In addition, a stave bearing can easily be adapted to be used in water, which makes it a perfect match for outboard motors.
Stave bearings are also commonly used on rudder shafts. This is because motion for this component of a watercraft consists of rotation that is both reciprocating and intermittent, instead of continuous rotation in only one direction. Ball bearings tend to fail more often when used with rudders.
Materials Used in Stave Bearings
Because stave bearings historically contained some wooden components, the choice of wood used had to be one that could resist softening and swelling as well as actual rotting. In practice, tropical hardwoods were well suited for this application, but modern stave bearings frequently feature composite materials such as polyester resin in place of wood. Nitrile rubber is another popular material used in stave bearings.


Search billions of records on
Signature of Edward B. Walker Genealogy of Edward B. Walker
Edward Walker Jr.'s House
Edward Walker Jr house on Mulberry Creek
Edward Walker Jr. house at 8826 Mulberry Gap Road, Sneedville; photo taken by Roberta J. Estes.
Note: Many additional photos are posted in the Piscasa Web Album.
Edward Walker, Jr.offsite link to WorldConnect, known as Ned, and his wife Mahala, known as Haley, settled on Mulberry Creek around 1816; both died there, and Ned's second wife continued to live there for almost two decades after his death. Remarkably, the home is still standing and has been carefully restored.
Soon after purchasing the property in the early 1990s, the then-owners received a call from a person they remember as a heart surgeon in Houston, although the name has now been lost. He described to them details of the house, including the fireplace, that they themselves did not find until they restored the home. He also described the exact locations of the graves, which the homeowner was able to find after more than a day of searching in the weeds. The identity of the caller of course would be of great value to know, but clearly, whoever he was, he knew details passed down by someone who had been in the house before the 1920s.
Age of the House
The Houston caller traced the home and the Walker possession of it to a land grant issued to an Elijah Walker in 1789, who the caller claimed was the father of Edward B. Walker, Sr. Such a land grant has not been found and does not appear in major indices; in addition, Edward B. Walker was not even married until a year later and was married in Sullivan County, and Ned married a woman from Sullivan County as well. Quite possibly, the grant mentioned by the Houston caller had been issued to Elisha Wallen, a name easily confused in the old handwriting as Elijah Walker, and was sometimes even written that way; he was not related to the Walkers, but he was a long hunter and a land speculator in the area and had a large number of early land grants in the Mulberry area.
Still, the house itself may well date to 1789 or around that time. Log houses, of course, could be as individual as their builders, and sometimes older building techniques were used in newer houses according to the curator of the Museum of Appalachia. There are several facets to the Walker house, however, that do suggest a very early date. According to Mike Walker, a descendant who has restored a number of these types of homes, people began using saws in the very early 1800s to finish the squared-off logs; quite clearly, the logs at the Walker house were finished with an axe, a very labor-intensive process that presumably the builders would have avoided if at all possible.
Other construction techniques, such as the design of the windows, indicate that the house, or at least the bulk of it, was built in the late 1700s or very early 1800s at the latest, being consistent with the 1789 date. Several layers of flooring were found, including clapboards and even a dirt floor; dirt floors were rarely found after 1800 in that part of Tennessee. Finally, the homeowners found Kentucky papers from 1823 lining a wall, indicating a very early occupation in any event. The University of Tennessee or other research group could date the logs in the house exactly by analyzing the tree rings or with carbon dating.
Walker Occupancy
When the Walkers first settled the area, presumably around 1816, Ned and his brother Joseph were married. If emerging research can be confirmed, brother William was also married and moved to Claiborne County about the same time. Martha may have been; in fact, evidence is accumulating that Martha never left Sullivan County, although proof is lacking. All of the other children of Edward Sr. and Jane Horn were unmarried and ranged in age from 17 to 3. It may have been Edward Sr. and not Ned who first settled on the land, or they may have settled together. Married couples often lived with parents the first few years of their marriage, especially before children were born.
So who built the home and when are certainly questions, but the newspapers in particular prove a very early date, making the house probably one of the older still-standing log homes in all of Appalachia. Adding to the mystery, though, is the fact that the house was probably not built entirely at the same time in any case; according both to the owners and even the untrained eye, one side of the house is different from the other and may even reflect different builders. Both sides, though, use American chestnut wood with an occasional poplar log.
Dogtrot Style
The house as it currently stands appears to be the dogtrot style, namely two different houses that shared a chimney and were later connected. The original front of the house is now the back; in the 1920s, a paved road was laid where the current road runs, but the older road known to the Walkers ran along the creek. When the owners in the 1920s started using the back as the front, they also built an addition on to the original front which destroyed many of the architectural details of it.
By the time that the Walkers presumably settled the land, neighbors on both sides had been well-settled for about 10 years, suggesting that they moved to an established farm regardless who established it and whether relatives had owned it earlier. Typically, when a family settled on new land, they would build quite hastily a log cabin where they would live for a few years until they had the time to build a more permanent home. The current Walker home, both sides of it, are clearly the latter and would each have taken months to build; both sides are two stories with finished logs on full limestone foundations.
The late date established by the Kentucky newspapers, 1823, seemingly would have given the Walkers the time necessary to construct their finished house after having occupied the land for some time. However, one side if not both may have already been built when they moved to the property; perhaps the Walkers themselves bought the house and then built the second side immediately given that Edward Sr. and Edward Jr. may have been sharing the home, or they built it later as other children married. In any case, both sides were clearly constructed and connected by the Civil War, as that connection was necessary to form the secret room they used to hide food and valuables from the soldiers of all stripes passing through the area.
Assuming that the original house was only one side of the existing house, it may have been built in the English "hall and parlor" style, with two rooms on the first floor separated by a staircase and a single room on the second floor; nearly every two-story home of the era was built in this fashion. The only known early staircase, though, was in front of the chimney, possibly external to the first side of the house built.
Fireplaces and Spring Box
Fireplace in Edward Walker Jr house on Mulberry Creek
One side of the double fireplace; the other side is similar but now contains a wood stove. Photo by Phillip A. Walker 9/2/2005.
The chimney is made of limestone cut from the yard and was located at the back of the original house between the two halves of the house; two fireplaces, one in each half of the house, open to the same chimney. Presumably, when the second half of the house was built, the existing chimney was opened up to create the second fireplace. To the untrained eye, at least, the stone appears to be roughly cut and the construction quite old.
The hearth on the original left side of the house was quite large, taking up much of the room; it then curved around to the other fireplace on the other side of the house. This design begs for further research as to the possible uses of such a large hearth. According to the Houston caller, Ned was a leatherworker, and the homeowners found evidence of leatherworking in the house near the hearth. Ned's son William was definitely a leatherworker.
Spring box in Edward Walker Jr house on Mulberry Creek
Spring box. Photo by Phillip A. Walker 9/2/2005.
One of the more interesting features of the house still exists but is not currently operational. According to the homeowners, at least six natural springs flow from the ridge across the creek from the original front of the house. They had not yet found evidence of the actual piping, but the Walkers or some previous owner had tapped one of those springs to keep a supply of water running through a spring box inside the house.
Such a supply of spring-fed water would help to keep items cool and may have been used for drinking water as well. Evidence of various outbuildings has been found on the property as well, as would be expected.
Occupancy Document Chain
Proof that Ned Walker at least lived in this house does not rely on an unknown caller from Houston. The house is clearly on the land that Ned owned at the time of his death as mapped from the 1852 survey and the 1881 Bishop deed; the Bishop deed still referred to the land as the Edward Walker place as the restorers indicate that their deed still does; they own 100 acres of the original farm.
Deed map for Edward Walker of Mulberry Creek
Deed map; click for larger view
Not only is the house clearly on his land, other evidence provides overwhelming proof that this particular house was exactly the house in which Ned lived and was not a replacement house built after a fire or some


text:
India Birding Tours
Joining a birding tour in India, a vast country twice the size of South Africa, should be on any birder's wish list! The country shares borders with Pakistan to the west, China and Nepal to the north, Bhutan to the northeast, and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. Sri Lanka lies to the south, the Maldives to the southwest, and Indonesia to the southeast of India in the Indian Ocean. India is the seventh-largest country in the world by area and, with over a billion people, is second only to China in population, although its much higher birthrate makes it likely to reach pole position in less than ten years. It is an extremely diverse country, with vast differences in geography, climate, culture, language, and ethnicity across its expanse, and prides itself on being the largest democracy on Earth.


text:
SAT Subject Test World History with Online TestsAutor William V. Melega, M.Ed.
en Limba Engleză Paperback – oct 2017
- The emergence of early human communities
- The development of agricultural societies
- The emergence of civilizations
- Global exchange among peoples
- The development of industry
- Global demographic, economical, ecological, social, and cultural changes
The chronicle of the world's civilizations is reviewed to the present era. The manual concludes with two full-length model tests with all questions answered and explained.
BONUS ONLINE PRACTICE TESTS: Students who purchase this book will also get FREE access to one additional full-length online SAT World History test with all questions answered and explained. The online exam can be easily accessed by computer, tablet, and smartphone.


text:
Residents in 11 Midwestern cities would generate $7 billion in improved air quality, reduced health care costs and increased physical fitness by biking rather than driving for roughly half their trips of five miles or less, according to the work of researchers at the University of Wisconsin – Madison.
In addition, the decrease in air pollution and increase in fitness would save about 1,100 lives per year.
The findings of the team working at the Global Health Institute were published Wednesday in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives. The calculations were based on computer models projecting reduced emissions, hospital visits and deaths if a moderate change to self-propelled travel would cut down residential vehicle use about 20%.
In the U.S. roughly 28% of all car trips are one mile or less, another 41% are two miles or less. Those short trips are particularly damaging, based on research that shows 25% of volatile organic compounds and 19% of particulate matter are emitted by cars in the first few minutes of operation.
The researchers concluded: "The current fossil fuel-based transportation system of the U.S. negatively impacts human health by increasing air pollution and automobile accidents and decreasing physical activity.
"Transport-related inactivity, i.e. the use of motorized transport rather than walking and bicycling, has been linked to increased mortality and decreases in healthy life years, with the greatest impacts on chronic diseases including heart disease, stroke, colon cancer, diabetes mellitus type 2, obesity, breast cancer, and osteoporosis."
The health care savings would be generated through a reduction of roughly 93,607 emergency room visits and hospital emissions annually for respiratory symptoms and another 660 fewer cases of cardiovascular disease.
Roughly 425 lives would be prolonged via improved air quality and another 687 due to improved physical health from activity.
According to the study, nearly one-third of the U.S. population is fully inactive.
Cycling advocates touted the study during a news conference in Madison, and used it to support a push for more state dollars devoted building bike lanes.
"This study shows why Governor Walker and the Legislature should adopt the new bill sponsored by Rep. Mark Pocan and Senator Fred Risser to restore funding for bicycling to save lives, reduce health costs, cut traffic and save money," said Rep. Brett Hulsey (D-Madison.). "It makes no sense for Governor Walker to slash bicycle funding when there are so many benefits, in addition to supporting the 13,000 jobs in the $1.5 billion Wisconsin bike industry."
In the 2011-'13 budget, Walker and the Legislature eliminated $5 million in state transportation funding dedicated to cycling and pedestrians projects.
Pocan and Risser have introduced a bill to restore that funding.
Writing for the Bicycle Federation of Wisconsin, Dave Schlabowske pointed to the study findings as a call for greater personal responsibility.
"The citizens of our great country have a long and proud history of making personal sacrifices for the good of the nation in troubling times," Schlabowske wrote. "Given we are already effectively rationing healthcare, perhaps it is once again time for our leaders to ask that people take more personal responsibility to reduce the cost of healthcare by making these very short trips on foot or by bike."


text:
The science of paper airplane folding is a great way to learn about flight. This guide takes you through the process of building a motorized paper airplane launching platform. This can be used for fun, or as a standardized way to test different airplane designs.
The tools and materials for this project (aside from the motors and microcontroller) are things you can find around the home or in any craft store. Paired with the versatile robotics platform, CRICKIT for Circuit Playground Express, simple household materials can spring to life and take on any form your imagination desires!
This project demonstrates basic programming skills using Microsoft MakeCode and allows for easy experimentation and adaptation.
In addition to the household materials listed below, you'll also want to pick up the following electronics:
For this project you will need:
- Some large pieces of scrap corrugated cardboard
- Scissors and/or box cutter
- Hot glue & hot glue gun
- Rubber band
- Double-sided foam tape
- Small screwdriver


image provider
Persistent Object Database
A persistent object database lets you do two things:
 1. Code as if you had unlimited amounts of virtual RAM (Random Access Memory) for your objects.
 2. Shutdown and restart a program without losing your objects.
There are a number of commercial persistent object databases. The catch is they are all very expensive. The world needs a cheap or free POD (Persistent Object Database) that can be used by students, demos, small businesses and for prototyping large projects,
How could you write a very simple one? Start by implementing the Hermit Crab variable length file class. Use ordinary serialization to save and restore objects. You can retrieve objects from the hermit crab file by serial number.
Basically you are simulating a segmented virtual memory system with an LRU (Least Recently Used) cache of objects. You need an array indexed by object number. With that array you can find out if the object is currently in RAM and if so where in RAM it is. If it is not in RAM, you can use the object number to retrieve it. You also have to keep track if each RAM-based object is clean or dirty. Dirty means it has been changed and eventually the disk copy will have to be updated. The simplest way to implement an LRU is to maintain a chain. Every time an object is touched, you move it to the head of the chain. The object on the tail end of the chain is then the least recently used.
Ideally you would code your application that used the POD as if the POD were not there. Some commercial PODs (Persistent Object Databases) automatically insert code in your application to help give that illusion. The trickiest part of this project involves techniques to make the POD as transparent as possible. You might want to study some commercial PODs to get some ideas on how to handle this.
Let's look at some of the problems:
Another totally different approach would spin off some independent jobs and use inter-task communication. You create as big a metavirtual VM as you need by spinning off additional jobs. You serialise the entire thing to disk only at startup and shutdown. A simple version would keep all the objects in a single VM, perhaps even the main VM.
You might like to study a commercial POD before attempting to write your own. See Objectstore and Poet.
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Recession Survival Strategies For A Chartered Accountant
When Australian businesses and companies recruit a chartered accountant, then they anticipate someone who has those specialized skills along with the technical experience which goes with being an expert.
You can get more information about the best-chartered accountant via
Recession Survival Strategies For A Chartered Accountant
Image Source: Google
They expect quality work, and they'll pay extra cash to an experienced professional chartered accountant in Sydney. Truly, accountants are in the ideal position of assisting their business to survive the downturn and its own fiscally messy aftermath.
The followings hints can help devise approaches to accomplish that:
1. Plan ahead. A respectable chartered accountant at Sydney understands the intricacies of fiscal planning. These financial experts attempt to predict the need in the forthcoming months. If you're among many public accountants in Sydney, then you understand this could be anywhere from a few months to a few years.
2. Assist your clients. If you can find a means to supply exactly the same (if not better) level of support at a lower price or at least, without raising the price tag, you've got a better prospect of keeping customers despite the financial recession.
3. Request discounts from providers. As they say, nothing ventured nothing gained. In an economic recession, competition for the company might be fiercer.
4. Use your tools wisely. If you're a chartered accountant at Sydney, you understand how to examine your accountancy requirements in addition to your organization.
5. Track prices. All companies have variable and fixed costs, as chartered cost accountants understand. Careful financial planning involves making comprehensive reports. Reports will be able to help you monitor and analyze prices.
6. Control expenses. Understanding what those variables are and placing steps to minimize its impact can help considerably in restraining prices.
7. Make strategic decisions depending on the large image. Think about the company your company is in and the market generally. As an expert accountant at Sydney, be informed of business and financial trends through surveys, investigations, and studies.


Netherlands: 'Religious revival' for 2nd generation Moroccans
Netherlands: 'Religious revival' for 2nd generation Moroccans
Second generation Moroccan-Dutch go more often to the mosque. the first generation goes less often than in the past, according to the annual integration report of the Institute for Social Research (SCP).
63% of older Moroccans come often or less often to the mosque, compared with 72% in 1998. This includes people who go just twice a year. Their children's generation go more often. In 1998 46% regularly went to the mosque, compared to 66% today.
The SCP says that the data points to a'religious revival' among second generation Moroccans. It's also possible that the fact that the second generation is becoming older plays a part. Research shows that people go more often to the church or mosque when they get to the age where they establish a family.
In addition to religious issues, the SCP also researched educational levels and crime among immigrants. The general conclusion is that things are going better with integration on some points, in other points not. The differences between White and Black neighborhoods are still increasing, immigrant students are still behind in education and crime remains high.
Source: Trouw (Dutch)


Smoking After Sex? Think Again
For decades, smoking cigarettes has been portrayed as sexy and sophisticated on movies and television. Just try and find one of those renowned black-and-whites where the actors aren't constantly lighting and puffing away on combustible cigs.
Well, it's 2019 now and it's time to put the myth of the sexy smoker to rest, one of the many reasons for this being that traditional smoking is just plain bad for your sexual health.
Some of the chemicals in cigs can act as vasoconstrictors. Think of the term vasectomy, which is the procedure a man goes through to take away the ability to get a woman pregnant.
Last week, we wrote about how smoking affects blood flow. Since blood flow to the penis is what causes an erection, it only makes sense that smoking cigs would make a man a little, shall we say, softer than his non-smoking counterparts. One study found that just two cigs could soften an erection in men. Another study found that men with erectile dysfunction are two times as likely to be current or former smokers.
The effects smoking has on blood flow could be a primary cause of inhibited sexual arousal in both men and women. Then, of course, there are the various secondary causes brought on by other smoking-related health problems.
For instance, the shortness of breath and lowered lung capacity caused by smoking certainly isn't going to help you in the sack. And there are few things less sexy than getting into bed with someone who coughs up phlegm from their dirty lungs every few minutes. So get sexy and quit smoking!


text:
In relation to health status, Papua Province is one of the most alarming parts of Indonesia, especially in maternal health. Papua Province maternal mortality ratio is disconcertingly higher than the national average. This within country disparity may be caused by the inequality in socioeconomic status, but perhaps more in the health system. This study aims to explore the factors within the health system associated with poor maternal outcome in Jayawijaya district, Papua, Indonesia.
Materials and methods
A case study was conducted for Jayawijaya district, which is one the districts in Papua with high maternal deaths. Bottleneck analyses were used, using the WHO's Health System and the Tanahashi's health system Framework. Secondary data from available national surveys and government reports were analyzed, combined with direct observations on Jayawijaya's health system to identify bottlenecks that may impede the success in improving maternal health.
Prominent causes for limited success in maternal health care were both in the demand and supply sides of the health system. The poor distribution of health workforce and the low utilization rate for essential obstetric intervention lowered the overall quality of service delivery. Information on health care coverage and basic epidemiology were limited and largely undocumented, leading to poor health financing allocation and health planning in general. Strong leadership, managerial skills, and political commitment are still lacking in Jayawijaya district.
Jayawijaya district, and potentially Papua Province at large, still needs to improve its health system's commodities. Lack of skilled staff, inadequate infrastructure, and poor monitoring as well as limited information system have led to the slow progress health. Strong political commitment and local leadership should be encouraged in order to improve the overall health system.


text:
The population development of Fatehgarh Sahib as well as related information and services (Wikipedia, Google, images).
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (web), Delimitation Commission of India (web).
Explanation: Districts in the boundaries of 2017. Population figures of new delimitated districts are mostly computed by using subdistricts in the boundaries of 2011. Thus, slight deviatiations from the actual population are possible in some cases. Area figures of new delimitated districts are derived from geospatial data.
Further information about the population structure:
|Gender (C 2011)|
|Urbanization (C 2011)|
|Population Group (C 2011)|
|Literacy (A7+) (C 2011)|
|Age Groups (C 2011)|


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Black DTMF Decoding Algorithm
Decoding DTMF tones on the minimum PIC hardware - a new algorithm.
Roman Black - 5th March 2011.
Note!! This page is about decoding DTMF. If instead you want to generate DTMF I have a nice sinewave DTMF generator algorithm in C code you can see here.
DTMF is Dual Tone Multi Frequency, (or "Touchtone") these are the sounds made by telephones to dial a number. Each DTMF sound is made by two frequencies which are mixed together.
Standard DTMF encoding
DTMF decoding normally uses a specialty IC that receives the DTMF waveform and "decodes" it to one of the 16 possible outputs, usually as a 4bit binary output. These IC's are hard to get for hobby and project use, and can be expensive in small quantities, and require extra components including a 3.79MHz xtal.
DTMF decoding can be done in software on a high power microcontroller or DSP micro using FFT (Fast Fourier Transform).
DTMF decoding can be done reasonably well in software using mid power micros using a modified Goertzel's algorithm or a similar form of DFT (Direct Fourier Transform) but this still requires a decent amount of processing power, ROM for the sin/cos tables and the process is complex and not very versatile.
My DTMF decoding algorithm
I decided to try a totally different approach. Rather than use a math system like Goertzel or DFT and then try to squeeze it into a tiny low-cost PIC, I would start with the small PIC then try different techniques which are each optimised for the strengths of the small PIC and hopefully combine the techniques to work synergistically to get a "good enough" finished result that will decode DTMF reasonably reliably with simple and tunable code.
Capitalising on the strengths of a small PIC meant starting with the things it could do well;
1. Internal comparator; good zero-crossing detection
2. Since the PIC has a xtal; accurate period measurement
And well, that's about it. :)
I made up some standard DTMF waveforms in a spreadsheet program, and analysed the waveforms. These waveforms have zero "twist" which means the high DTMF tone and the low DTMF tone have the same amplitude. This is a reasonable enough representation of the received DTMF tone from a telephone line. The minimal hardware dictated that the DTMF waveform would simply be AC coupled to the PIC comparator input pin through a capacitor, to make a zero crossing detector. This produces a simple ON-OFF signal or "1 bit DAC".
If this was going to be possible using period measurement I needed a way to reduce the period triggering to the most secure parts of the waveform, which was done creating the "HI-LO debounce system" that is very good at removing zero-cross noise and high frequency mis-triggering and produces reliable periods, synchronised to the DTMF waveform.
The HI-LO debounce system detects the more reliable parts of the DTMF wave, the major peaks and troughs. This is done by cyclic testing using a debounce feature;
1. Wait until it detects a 220uS period that is at least 90% high (sampled every 5 uS)
2. Grab the timer value (used to capture a period)
3. Wait until it detects a 220uS period that is at least 90% low (sampled every 5 uS)
4. (repeat)
As you can see above, this seems to work quite well in theory, it eliminates the noise and high frequencies and zero-cross fluff very well, and seems to capture the major periods fairly reliably. It also reduces the need for external hardware as it provides a significant filtering effect by software alone.
This debounce feature works synergistically to be more than just a period measurement, because it is only triggered on a certain characteristics of the DTMF waveform it perfoms a crude pattern recogniton too, as you can see it triggers only in response to certain major peaks. This will be very useful later.
Another benefit of this system is that unlike Goertzel or DFT this is not limited to any specific frequency, so the same hardware and code can just as easily detect the dial tone, ring tone, or ringback tones etc, and can detect a single tone if needed or dual tones, all of which may be of benefit in a PIC telephone application.
Analysing the periods - ideas?
Since these periods looked reliable (in theory) and are closely correlated to the frequencies of the 2 sinewaves in the DTMF waveform, the next step was to see if a small PIC could somehow analyse the periods to deduce the DTMF tones.
Fortunately these periods are fairly long, from 800 to 1600 uS (a synergistic benefit of the HI-LO debounce system) so there is plenty of time even on a small PIC to do some processing or testing between each period capture.
The obvious thing would be to test the frequency spectrum, (period spectrum?) for the most popular periods that are detected and see if these periods can be directly used to indicate the DTMF frequencies. For convenience, instead of trying to detect the 2 separate sine frequencies it would be simpler to test for a "match" to each one of the 16 DTMF combinations and it's particular signature.
The DTMF _PHONE_ example from above produces a lot of periods of about 1155 uS and some periods of about 788 uS, and not much of anything else. In fact there are about 5 of the longer periods for every 2 of the shorter periods. So for 50 periods tested, the spectrum analyser should look something like this;
Testing it in real world hardware
First I made a spectrum analyser, this was actually easier than it sounds. I used my trusty MikroElektronika SmartGLCD and wrote some code so it can capture periods on the PIC comparator input using the zero-cross HI-LO debounce system I designed above. This enabled testing of the actual comparator system as well as just being a period spectrum analyser.
I simplified the HI-LO debounce by just checking for 200uS continuous HI and 200uS continuous LO to trigger each cycle. The DTMF was generated by another PIC using my PIC dual sine accurate DTMF generator (see link at page top). The systems were linked by a 3k trimpot to adjust the DTMF waveform amplitude and a 0.1uF AC coupling cap. A very crude and simple hardware setup.
The software is quite simple; it measures 50 consecutive "debounced" periods, records them as 50 entries in ram, and then draws them on a bar chart where each period is drawn as 1 pixel high on the bar. Only 128 bars were used, keeping it simple as this will be ported to a small PIC 12F or 16F later.
I really didn't expect this good a result, but it worked perfectly. :)
Using the simplest period measurement possible, the PIC TMR0 was set to 16uS per timer tick. So the period of 72 shown above = 72 x 16uS = 1152uS. On the right of the bargraph is shown the 6 most common periods, ranked vertically.
It matches the expected result very well, although each period may be +/- 1 count because of the crude resolution used to measure period. (In reality it tested significantly better than +/- 1 count). The most common period was detected as period 72 and 73, with a total number of samples of 27+8 = 35 samples. The next period was detected as 49 and 50 with total samples of 10+3 = 13. Then there are a couple of defective samples, due to noise etc.
This result almost perfectly matches the math model generated in the spreadsheet as the original concept waveform! That predicted 36 and 14 samples for the two main frequencies, the actual hardware produced 35 and 13.
I set the spectrum analyser to continuously log and display, and turned the DTMF waveform amplitude up and down. The result was always good, with DTMF waveforms ranging from 2.6v p/p (the max) down to about 0.4v p/p and all amplitudes gave a very similar result on the spectrum analyser. This was excellent!
Can this simple period data decode the DTMF?
The periods shown below are from my testing in hardware. A period of 100 = 1600uS. Percentages are approximate but seemed reasonably reliable over many sample iterations and different DTMF waveform amplitudes. I have guesstimated fractional periods based on the appearance of the spectrum analyser bars. The time taken to get 50 period samples is somewhere in the 40 to 70 mS range.
DTMF pair per1 % per2 %
_PHONE_ 98 56 66 30
_PHONE_ 63.3 46 94 44
_PHONE_ 60.7 65 90.4 35
_PHONE_ 58.1 70 86.5 26
_PHONE_ 92 74 62 5?
_PHONE_ 88.7 66 60 26
_PHONE_ 85 52


How long does a Colonoscopy take and What to do?
how long does a colonoscopy take
When we go for a Colonoscopy, usually one thing is around in our mind that how long does a Colonoscopy take. Colonoscopy is a test that is used to discover transformations or irregularities in the massive rectum and intestine, which is named colon. A long, elastic canal named colonoscope is injected into the anus during Colonoscopy.
At the end of the canal is attached with a small video camera that helps the doctor to observe the inner of the whole colon. Polyps or other abnormal tissues can be eliminated with a scope during Colonoscopy if necessary. The specimens of tissue can furthermore be invaded during a colonoscopy.
Analyze bowel symptoms and indications. Colonoscopy can assist your physician in investigating probable reasons for rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea, chronic constipation, and other bowel difficulties if you are 50 or more and have an intermediate chance of colon cancer. There is no harm element for colon cancer different than your age. Most of the doctors may suggest a colonoscopy to awning for colon cancer every ten years or sometimes. Colonoscopy is an alternative to colon cancer shrouding. Discuss to your physician about your selections. So we should know how long does a Colonoscopy takes before going for it.
Peek for extra polyps. Your physician may instruct a checkup colonoscopy to inquiry and discard any leftover polyps if you have any previous record of polyps. These are the sure way to lessen your chance of colon cancer. Let's find out how long does a Colonoscopy take.
How long does a Colonoscopy take
People afraid to do Colonoscopy as they don't know how long does a Colonoscopy takes. Don't worry the colonoscopy procedure usually takes 30 minutes to 1 hour. But the process of colonoscopy pre-option or post-option and preparation agreement appears to take amply extended. Though, once you contemplate the years a colonoscopy can expand your esprit, the period expended on this life-saving process appears into standpoint.
If any polyps or abnormal tissue is seen during this test, the doctors will cut it out and send it for testing. The colonoscope contains this tissue or polyp cutter. Polyps are not uncommon, and in most cases, they are less likely to cause cancer. However, some polyps tend to become cancerous. They are caught on biopsy. This test is not painful, as the patient is kept asleep during the trial. But before performing a colonoscopy, it is essential to make sure that there is no excrement or water inside the colon. Most of the people don't know how long does a Colonoscopy take.
For those who have diabetes or who are taking aspirin, doctors may tell you to prepare differently. Within an hour after the Colonoscopy, the patient's dizziness subsided. But the doctors said not to drive or do any other worrying work that day. It is not uncommon to see a little blood when you go to the bathroom for the first time after the test. But if you continue to bleed later, you need to contact a doctor. These types of blood can fall from a polyp if it is cut or if any tissue is cut for examination.
The use of Colonoscopy to prevent colon cancer is now routine in Western countries. Cutting out cancer-prone polyps and checking for recurrence is now part of cancer prevention. Doctors perform a colonoscopy to see if there are any abnormalities in the colon. So now you get how long does a Colonoscopy take.
The Facts About Having a Colonoscopy
When a tumor in the mucosal epithelium of the colon becomes a malignant tumor due to various carcinogenic factors such as environmental or hereditary influences, it is called colon or colon cancer. It is usually at the junction of the rectum and anus. It ranks second among gastric, esophageal and colon cancers in terms of potential. This cancer is more common in patients aged 40-50 years. And a 15% chance of developing colon cancer under the age of 40. The ratio of males to females is 2: 1.
Causes of colon cancer
 1. Diet: Eating more fatty foods and less fibrous foods can lead to cancer.
 2. Genetic effects: If someone in the family has had this cancer in the past, others are at risk.
 3. Colon Polyps: Polyps grow on the lining of the rectum or rectum, which is initially a benign tumor but can later become malignant.
 4. Ulcer Inflammation: People with ulcerative colitis are 30 times more likely to get this cancer than others,
Usually, who have the risk of colon cancer
 1. If someone in the family has a history of polyposis, others may have colon cancer.
 2. If someone's parents, siblings have this cancer, it can also happen to him.
 3. Suffering from chronic ulcer pain is more likely to cause this cancer.
 4. Chronic diarrhea and constipation can also cause this cancer.
What are the symptoms of colon cancer?
 1. Stomach pain or bloating, digestive problems, and loss of appetite.
 2. Any changes in the stool such as constipation, frequent bowel movements, and even diarrhea.
 3. If there is more than a standard toilet.
 4. Rectal sores or persistent abdominal pain.
Colon cancer diagnosed
 1. Digital rectal exam: In this case, the doctor examines the anal canal by hand to see if there is any flesh.
 2. Fecal Premature Blood Test: In this method, if there is blood in the stool, it is checked to see if there are any cancer cells. If no cancer is detected after many tests, then it is necessary to understand which organ is involved in the digestive process, and in this case, another examination should be done quickly.
 3. X-ray test: The presence of a colon in the organs involved in the process of digestion. It is also known whether there are multiple polyps or multiple center points of cancer.
 4. Colonoscopy: This test is performed if blood is found in the stool, changes in the seat are noticed, and a positive result after a digital rectal exam. This test is done to see if there is any lesion in the rectum, and if any lesion is found, the biopsy is done with the tissue of that part.
What care should the patient take after the operation
 1. Diet: The patient should eat fresh fruits and vegetables, along with nutritious food.
 2. Exercise Needs to do the necessary activities to increase cold tolerance and normalize the body.
 3. Psychological help to keep the patient free from frustration and anxiety and to make him smile and happy all the time.
What to do After a Colonoscopy
Doctors ask the patient to have a colonoscopy if there is a risk of any disease of the colon or rectum. Also, after 45 or 50 years, as part of a routine checkup, Colonoscopy is recommended. But before the Colonoscopy, a laxative or laxative is given to remove the stool from the body almost completely. Repeated bowel movements can take several hours to clear the rectum during Colonoscopy. This preparation, before Colonoscopy, may seem annoying or even frightening to many. But there are ways to make it easier. Find out the ways-
1) Know your toilet habit
Everyone's toilet habit is different. Someone empties their stomach every morning like a routine. No one has any way again. This preparation can be quite tricky for those who have IBS or Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Also, many people have a good stomach, but during this preparation, abdominal pain or vomiting may occur. If you have constipation, let your doctor know in advance.
2) What to eat, what not to eat
You can follow a low-fiber diet two to three days before the Colonoscopy. Foods that are easily digested and excreted from the body are beneficial at this time, such as mashed potatoes, rice, pasta, bread, chicken, eggs, and dairy foods.
It may be advisable to eat only liquid food the day before the Colonoscopy. Also, 3-6 days before Colonoscopy should stop eating foods rich in corn, nuts, and grains. Also, it is better to stop eating whole wheat bread or biscuits, raw fruits, and vegetables, pulses, and popcorn.
3) How to take the medicine
This liquid tastes very bad, so many people may vomit if they drink too much. You can mix a small amount of sugar with it. You can also mix ginger or lemon. However, do not mix anything red or purple; it may be wrong to say blood in the Colonoscopy. You can use a straw for a quick drink, or swallow with your nose closed. And after drinking, you can take a piece of lemon in your mouth and suck it. However, do not consume less laxative. Use the amount that the doctor will allow you to drink.
4) Relieve pain and nausea
Frequent bowel movements cause abdominal pain, cramps, or nausea. If so, rest yourself for half an hour. Tell your doctor if this problem does not go away. Not only before Colonoscopy but also after Colonoscopy, many people have flatulence and gas problems. This problem will go away in a few hours.
5) Take care of the back
Spend


text:
History rises from the ashes
THOUSANDS of everyday items from the 15th century homes of bishops, lords and ladies have been uncovered in a four-metre deep seam of archaeological remains discovered beneath the Cowgate.
Fragments of medieval pottery and leather and wood, thought to be the remains of shoes and kitchen barrels, are among the artifacts uncovered during a five-year excavation which has proved to be one of the most significant in the UK in decades. Experts say the discoveries on three sites in the Cowgate have put Edinburgh on a par with York and London in archaeological terms.
It will take up to three years for experts to analyse all the fragments that have been dug up. Most of the items uncovered are expected to go on show in Edinburgh museums.
The devastation caused by the Cowgate fire of December 2002 gave archaeologists a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to dig at perhaps the most significant of the three sites.
Archaeologist John Lawson said: "It was a disaster at the time.
But it gave us a fantastic opportunity to record some of the outstanding archaeology of Edinburgh. It also gave us a good picture of the physical development of the area since the 18th century, and a glimpse of what was there before."
Developments behind the Radisson Hotel, at the Cowgate Nursery, and the Scottish Law Courts gave them further opportunities to explore the Cowgate's history.
Archaeologists have discovered that today's Cowgate is built on four metres of historically-rich ruins, created over a thousand years, beneath which is a bog.
Mr Lawson said: "If you're standing in Cowgate today the ground surface is probably a building which was demolished in the 16th century. Houses have been built on the same plot over and over again. But instead of destroying buildings entirely, they've demolished to a certain level.
"Often when you're doing this sort of dig all you get is a line of stones or the tracks of a foundation. Here we have found a 15th century building almost complete in archaeological terms."
Since the 15th century, the Cowgate has gone from being the fashionable home of Edinburgh's richest gentry, to a poverty-stricken slum in which one seven-storey building might house 250, to its present-day form.
The murderers Burke and Hare claimed at least 12 of their 16 victims in the Cowgate, and human bones, as well as animal bones, are among the items dug up by the archaeologists.
The Edinburgh World Heritage Trust hailed the work as highly significant.
A Trust spokesman said: "This shows that despite developments in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Old Town of Edinburgh has archaeology that puts it on a par with London or York.
"In places there are archaeological deposits of up to four metres in depth, including the ruins of 15th century houses, human remains and waterlogged features.
"These are particularly important as it means that wood, leather and perhaps even textiles will have survived."
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Friday 24 May 2013
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text:
To search using enclosed characters:
grep -n '[dD]on't' tasks
This uses a regular expression to find and display each line in the file tasks that contains the pattern don't or Don't. The line number for each line is also displayed.
To turn off the meaning of a special character:
grep '^\$' money
This lists all the lines in the file money that begin with a $ (dollar) sign. This character is preceded by a \(backslash) to remove its meaning as a special character.
To search from the beginning of a line:
ls -l | grep '^d........x'
This lists all the directories in the current directory for which other users have execute permission.
To search for lines ending in a particular pattern:
ls -l | grep '[^.xdh]$'
This lists all the files and directories in the current directory which do not end in.xdh.