text:
Exploring is Learning for Life's career education program for young men and women who are 14 (and have completed the eighth grade) or 15 through 20 years old. Adults are selected by the participating organization for involvement in the program. Color, race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, ethnic background, economic status, and citizenship are not criteria for participation.
Exploring's purpose is to provide experiences to help young people mature and to prepare them to become responsible and caring adults. Explorers are ready to investigate the meaning of interdependence in their personal relationships and communities.
Exploring is based on a unique and dynamic relationship between youth and the organizations in their communities. Local community organizations initiate an Explorer post by matching their people and program resources to the interests of young people in the community. The result is a program of activities that helps youth pursue their special interests, grow, and develop.
Explorer posts can specialize in a variety of career skills. Exploring programs are based on five areas of emphasis: career opportunities, life skills, citizenship, character education, and leadership experience.
- Career Opportunities
- Develop potential contacts that may broaden employment options
- Boost self-confidence and experience success at school and work
- Life Skills
- Build physical and mental fitness
- Experience positive social interaction
- Encourage the skill and desire to help others
- Gain a keen respect for the basic rights of others
- Character Education
- Help make ethical choices
- Fulfill one's responsibility to society as a whole
- Leadership Experience
- Acquire leadership skills to fulfill one's responsibilities in society
Young adults involved in Exploring will
- Gain practical knowledge of and experience in a career
- Engage in a program of activities centered on career opportunities, life skills, service learning, character education, and leadership experience to encourage the development of the whole person
- Experience positive leadership from adult and youth leaders and be given opportunities to take on leadership roles
- Have a chance to learn and grow in a supportive, caring, and enjoyable environment
The methods of Exploring have been carefully chosen to meet the needs of young adults.
- Voluntary association between youth and adults. Because Exploring is voluntary, youth are receptive to new ideas, experiences, and relationships. For the Explorer, these relationships provide a connection to new ways of thinking and acting as well as a new identity as a responsible young adult.
- Ethical decision making. Exploring asks young people to be responsible for themselves, for a program of activities and experiences, and for other people, thereby providing numerous opportunities for youth to make effective and ethical decisions. These opportunities are enhanced by the influence of capable adults and structured activities.
- Group activities. Exploring activities are interdependent group experiences. Success depends on the cooperation of all.
- Recognition of achievement. Recognition might come through formal awards, but it also is achieved through the acknowledgment by peers and adults of a young person's competence and abilities.
- Democratic process. Explorer posts provide exposure to democratic ideals and skills that are needed throughout life.
- Curiosity, exploration, and adventure. Curiosity is encouraged and a sense of exploration and adventure is developed through new experiences that provide opportunities for youth to acquire new skills and participate in action-oriented activities.
Every Explorer post specializes in a specific career program area. More than 100 different specialties have been organized, ranging from accounting to zoology. Some specialty programs, such as the following, have grown to include a national committee, activities, and staff support.
- Arts and Humanities
- The Arts and Humanities specialty area includes posts that are organized around interests in arts and hobbies, acting, commercial art, drama/theater, fashion design/modeling/buying, interior design/decoration, jewelry/watch-making, and movie directing/producing.
- The Aviation specialty encompasses a range of programs, including maintenance, operations, construction, flight attendants, airport management, and aerospace. The Federal Aviation Administration supports this growth, along with aviation organizations, unions, and industries.
- Through the Business specialty area, young adults become prepared for many types of careers, from accounting to financial planning. Many posts organize their program around knowledge of business planning and practices in addition to career preparation.
- This specialty is endorsed by the Broadcast Education Association, International Association of Business Communicators, National Association of Broadcasters, National Press Photographers Association Inc., Public Relations Society of America, and Women in Communications. The Exploring program can serve as an effective outreach program that exposes high school students to careers in communications and public relations.
- Many national engineering societies endorse this specialty area of Exploring. Its goal is to promote post programs that open and expand Explorers' understanding of the many opportunities in engineering and technology.
- Fire/Emergency Services.
- This specialty is endorsed by International Association of Fire Chiefs, National Volunteer Fire Council, U.S. Fire Administration National Fire Academy, and local fire authorities. Posts are organized around interests in fire/emergency services, civil defense, first aid/ambulance corps, fire fighting, rescue service, paramedic, EMT, and volunteer fire fighting. The national Fire/Emergency Services Exploring committee conducts every odd number year the national Fire/Emergency Services Exploring conference, which is open to all fire/emergency services Explorers and post Advisors.
- Law and Government
- The American Bar Association and other organizations support the high interest of many youth in law or government participation through Exploring. Law Day activities, mock trials, and other law-related activities provide firsthand experience in America's legal and court system.
- Law Enforcement
- This specialty is endorsed by the International Association of Chiefs of Police and the National Sheriffs' Association and is helped by other national law enforcement organizations and industries. Departments and Explorers gain firsthand knowledge of each other. Explorers can support many community-based programs of the department. The post program is supported by national law enforcement competitions and academies.
- Medical and Health Careers
- The American Medical Association and other national health organizations support the establishment of posts in hospitals, clinics, medical centers, schools, and other health-care organizations. These posts render valuable community service and give members an insight into a variety of career opportunities.
- The Science specialty area includes posts that are organized around interests in general science, anthropology, archaeology, a career as an astronaut, astronomy, biochemistry, biology, chemistry, computers/programming, conservation/ecology, environmental science, wildlife/fish management, and zoology/zoo direction.
- Skilled Trades
- The Skilled Trades specialty area includes posts that are organized around interests in auto repair, cosmetology, electrical, carpentry, and construction, to name a few.
- Social Services
- The Social Services area includes posts that are organized around interests in social service, adult care, child care, drug/alcohol counseling, exercise attending, funeral direction, home economy, librarian work, museum curation, school counseling, social work, teaching, volunteer work, youth organization volunteerism, and disabled career profession.
- In addition to the above, other popular Explorer post specialties include conservation, computers, music, rescue, radio-TV, architecture, photography, and journalism.
An important goal of Exploring is to help young adults be responsible and caring people, both now and in the future. Exploring uses "character education activities" to help young adults develop the ability to make responsible choices that reflect their concern for what is at risk and for the people involved. Because a character education activity is a problem-solving situation, leaders expect young adults to use empathy, invention, and selection when they think through their position and work toward a solution.
What an Explorer post does is limited only by the imagination and involvement of its leaders — build a glider, make an electric car, produce a play, conduct a mock trial, or teach disabled people to swim. Posts across the country today are experiencing all these adventures and many more. All that is needed are concerned adults who are willing to share a little bit of themselves with today's youth —tomorrow's citizens.


Pat Johnston
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Array Changing Program. Suggestions or ideas please! Help?
I need a program that allows user to change the array of text by entering a single character like 'c' as the first input. Followed by the total number of text lines to be inputted into the array and then the text lines themselves.
Here is the array of text and beginning of the program
_TAG_
_TAG_
_TAG_
_TAG_
using namespace std;
_TAG_ K 2000
void main(){
char array2[z]={"A gentle, dull flickering flame, burns in the marble hearth.\
Its dim light scarcely illuminates the small, cozy room with its\
 The dismal light plays softly causing shadows over the solitary \
figure of a wooden desk at which Allen was roaming through his \
memories. Thinking back in the past where he once had a\
friendship which was out righteously incredible. \
She was the girl of his dreams, in a way which she \
had everything he had ever sought out in a beautiful and clever girl.\
 Most of all she had his heart. Her style was incredible in the way\
 the outfits she would wear would match perfectly\
giving a deep vibrant lively feeling."};
Any Ideas Or Suggestions as how i can do so?
Last edited on
say the user inputs
c 6
Thus is allowed to change the existing characters of array by inputting after
Twinkle Twinkle little star,
How I wonder what you are,
 Up above the world so high,
Like a diamond in the sky,
Twinkle twinkle little star,
How I wonder what you are!
Last edited on
Why does no one ever wanna help me. haii...
Read the string into a 2 dimensional array of chars. Then use a pointer to run through the particular rows of characters replacing the characters with the input.
first find the longest line of text characters that will be the width +1 for a terminating null of each line and use the \ character as a marker to jump into the next line of the array when reading the current text in as well as checking for the max size of the longest line. Initialize the array with null characters. So as not to get any strange character appearing from what the allocated memory once had.
What is the c supposed to represent?
What is the meaning of _TAG_ K 2000? Why is that there?
Also when replacing the characters. is it supposed to replace everything in the line or just the characters it writes over and where is it designated to start?
Last edited on
Topic archived. No new replies allowed.


text:
Launch of Waterbirds around the world
Ramsar welcomes major new assessment of threats facing the world's waterbirds
Monitoring waterbirds in Sudan. Photo: Niels Gilissen - MIRATIO.
A major new publication on the status of the world's waterbirds was welcomed today by Ramsar's Deputy Secretary-General Dr Nick Davidson at its launch by the Dutch and UK Environment Ministers in The Hague, Netherlands.
The work to publish Waterbirds around the world commenced at the Global Flyways Conference in Edinburgh in April 2004. It is a landmark assessment: comprising 264 papers and reviews relating to 614 waterbird species from 162 countries. It has new data on 170 globally and near-threatened species and their habitats. Its 960 pages contain the work of 452 authors from 59 countries, and gives a telling insight into the current status of the world's waterbirds. Its content is available at _URL_
The studies reported demonstrate widespread declines of waterbird populations in most regions of the world caused principally by loss and degradation of wetland habitats. A key message is that conservation responses must urgently address causes of wetland loss and degradation, as well as enhancing monitoring and research so as better to inform appropriate conservation policies. Numerous reported studies highlight the importance of the Ramsar Convention in providing a national policy framework.
Nick Davison said: "Maintaining the health of ecosystems is fundamentally a matter for societal choice, so it is essential that the science and conservation community gets its message across better to civil society and global governance. However, species-focused arguments are unlikely to have any influence on decision-making on trade-offs between the maintenance of wetland ecosystems and sustainable development, and more potent arguments are likely to involve the importance of maintaining and enhancing ecosystem services so that they continue to support human livelihood. To achieve this requires the maintenance of wetland biodiversity and processes, which in turn will help maintain the ecosystems upon which waterbirds depend. Using waterbirds as flagship indicators of the health of wetland ecosystems can help to secure adequate trade-offs to ensure that these ecosystems can continue to deliver their services. However, more clearly articulating these arguments for continued research and monitoring of waterbirds for the benefit of decision-makers is much needed."

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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This article is about the Semitic letter. For the band, see Qoph (band).
Phonemic representation kˤ, q, g
Position in alphabet 19
Numerical value 100
Alphabetic derivatives of the Phoenician
Qoph or Qop is the nineteenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Qōp Phoenician qoph.svg, Hebrew Qof ק, Aramaic Qop Qoph.svg, Syriac Qōp̄ ܩ, and Arabic Qāf ق (in abjadi order). Its sound value is an emphatic [] or [q]. In Hebrew gematria, it has the numerical value of 100.
The origin of qoph is uncertain. It is usually suggested to have originally depicted either a sewing needle, specifically the eye of a needle (the Hebrew קוף means "hole"), or the back of a head and neck (qāf in Arabic meant "nape").[1] According to an older suggestion, it may also have been a picture of a monkey and its tail.[2]
Hebrew Qof[edit]
The Oxford Hebrew-English Dictionary gives the letter Qoph a transliteration value of q or k; and, when word-final, it may be transliterated as ck. The normal English spellings of Biblical names containing this letter may represent it as C or K, e.g. Cain for Hebrew Qayin, or Kenan for Qenan (Genesis 4:1, 5:9).
Orthographic variants
Various print fonts Cursive
Serif Sans-serif Monospaced
ק ק ק Hebrew letter Kuf handwriting.svg Hebrew letter Kuf Rashi.png
Hebrew spelling: קוֹף
In modern Israeli Hebrew the letter is also called kuf. The letter represents /k/; i.e., no distinction is made between Qof and Kaph. However, many historical groups have made that distinction, with Qof being pronounced [q] by Iraqi Jews and other Mizrahim, or even as [ɡ] by Yemenite Jews under the influence of Yemeni Arabic.
Significance of Qof[edit]
Qof in gematria represents the number 100. Sarah is described in Genesis Rabba as בת ק' כבת כ' שנה לחטא, literally "At Qof years of age, she was like Kaph years of age in sin", meaning that when she was 100 years old, she was as sinless as when she was 20.
After a child says something false, one might retort: "B'Shin Qoph, Resh" (with Shin, Qoph, Resh). These letters spell sheqer, which is the Hebrew word for a lie. It would be akin to an English speaker saying "That's an L-I-E."
Arabic qāf[edit]
The letter ق is named قاف qāf and is written in several ways depending on its position in the word:
Position in word: Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form: ق ـق ـقـ قـ
It is usually transliterated into Latin script as q, though some scholarly works use.[3]
According to Sibawayh, author of the first book on Arabic grammar, the letter is pronounced as a voiced phoneme.[4] As noted above, Modern Standard Arabic has the voiceless uvular plosive /q/ as its standard pronunciation of the letter, but dialectical pronunciations vary as follows:
This variance has led to the confusion over the spelling of Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi's name in Latin letters. In Western Arabic dialects the sound [q] is more preserved but can also be sometimes pronounced [ɡ] or as a simple [k] under Berber and French influence.
The Maghribi text renders qāf and fā' differently than elsewhere would:
منكم فقد ضل سواء السبيل فبما نقضهم ميثـٰـقهم لعنـٰـهم وجعلنا قلوبهم قـٰـسية يحرفون الكلم عن مواضعه ونسوا حظاً مما ذكروا به ولا تزال تطلع
Maghrebi variant[edit]
The Maghrebi style of writing qāf is different: having only a single point (dot) above; when the letter is isolated or word-final, it may sometimes become unpointed.[5]
The Maghrebi qāf
Position in word: Isolated Final Medial Initial
Form of letter: ٯ ـٯ ـڧـ ڧـ
The earliest Arabic manuscripts show qāf in several variants: pointed (above or below) or unpointed.[6] Then the prevalent convention was having a point above for fā' and a point below for qāf; this practice is now only preserved in manuscripts from the Maghribi,[7] with the exception of Libya and Algeria, where the Mashriqi form (two dots above: ق) prevails.
Within Maghribi texts, there is no possibility of confusing it with the letter fā', as it is instead written with a dot underneath (ڢ) in the Maghribi script.[8]
In Persian, the letter is pronounced [ɣ]~[ɢ].
Character encodings[edit]
Character ק ق ܩ
Encodings decimal hex decimal hex decimal hex decimal hex
Unicode 1511 U+05E7 1602 U+0642 1833 U+0729 2066 U+0812
UTF-8 215 167 D7 A7 217 130 D9 82 220 169 DC A9 224 160 146 E0 A0 92
Numeric character reference ק ק ق ق ܩ ܩ ࠒ ࠒ
Character 𐎖 𐡒 𐤒
Encodings decimal hex decimal hex decimal hex
Unicode 66454 U+10396 67666 U+10852 67858 U+10912
UTF-8 240 144 142 150 F0 90 8E 96 240 144 161 146 F0 90 A1 92 240 144 164 146 F0 90 A4 92
UTF-16 55296 57238 D800 DF96 55298 56402 D802 DC52 55298 56594 D802 DD12
Numeric character reference 𐎖 𐎖 𐡒 𐡒 𐤒 𐤒
 1. ^ Travers Wood, Henry Craven Ord Lanchester, A Hebrew Grammar, 1913, p. 7. A. B. Davidson, Hebrew Primer and Grammar, 2000, p. 4. The meaning is doubtful. "Eye of a needle" has been suggested, and also "knot" Harvard Studies in Classical Philology vol. 45.
 2. ^ Isaac Taylor, History of the Alphabet: Semitic Alphabets, Part 1, 2003: "The old explanation, which has again been revived by Halévy, is that it denotes an 'ape,' the character Q being taken to represent an ape with its tail hanging down. It may also be referred to a Talmudic root which would signify an 'aperture' of some kind, as the 'eye of a needle,'... Lenormant adopts the more usual explanation that the word means a 'knot'.
 3. ^ e.g., The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
 4. ^ Kees Versteegh, The Arabic Language, pg. 131. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001. Paperback edition. ISBN 9780748614363
 5. ^ van den Boogert, N. (1989). "Some notes on Maghrebi script" (PDF). Manuscript of the Middle East 4. p. 38 shows qāf with a superscript point in all four positions.
 6. ^ Gacek, Adam (2008). The Arabic Manuscript Tradition. Brill. p. 61. ISBN 90-04-16540-1.
 7. ^ Gacek, Adam (2009). Arabic Manuscripts: A Vademecum for Readers. Brill. p. 145. ISBN 90-04-17036-7.
 8. ^ Muhammad Ghoniem, M S M Saifullah, cAbd ar-Rahmân Robert Squires & cAbdus Samad, Are There Scribal Errors In The Qur'ân?, see qif on a traffic sign written ڧڢ which is written elsewhere as قف, Retrieved 2011-August-27
External links[edit]


text:
What kind of ape was Tarzan raised by?
Dear Straight Dope:
Who or what type of critter was Tarzan raised by? I recall from the books that he disliked gorillas and from the descriptions, chimps are too small. Did old Edgar just make up a whole class of apes?
First answer: yes, it's fiction, and Edgar Rice Burroughs made up the whole thing. He wasn't a naturalist, zoologist or anthropologist, and his jungle animals behaved as he wanted them to, to tell a good story. Reality definitely took a second place. Hell, about a 102nd place. Burroughs did distinguish his great apes from gorillas, but did not identify them further than that.
Now, second answer: The identification of the tribe of apes who raised Tarzan is a matter of serious debate (yes, serious debate) among Tarzan aficionados, much as discussions of the location of Watson's wound are among Sherlock Holmes enthusiasts. The game is the same: Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote accounts of a real person, Tarzan, just as John Watson wrote accounts about a real detective, Sherlock Holmes. The problem is that Burroughs (like Watson, or like his editor Arthur Conan Doyle) tried to conceal the true identities of many of the people and incidents; hence, the accounts are full of distortions and seeming inconsistencies. True aficionados try to pry behind the camouflage, to determine the true events, dates, people, places, etc., and to reconcile the inconsistencies.
(ASIDE: In fact, the Burroughs enthusiasts and the Holmes enthusiasts sometimes find points in common--after all, Tarzan's father John Clayton would have been around the same age as Sherlock Holmes, living contemporarily in London.)
OK, so that's the game: assume the stories are true, and try to explain the inconsistencies.
The first Tarzan book, Tarzan of the Apes, was published in 1912. The first chapters describe how, in 1888, John Clayton, Lord Greystoke, was commissioned to make a "peculiarly delicate investigation" of conditions in an unnamed British colony on the west coast of Africa. He was accompanied by his young wife, Lady Alice. (ASIDE: The exact peerage is somewhat confused, as his wife is sometimes called Lady Alice and sometimes Lady Greystoke. She wouldn't normally be addressed as both. Since Edgar Rice Burroughs says he heard this tale from someone else, it is likely that ERB, an American, was unfamiliar with British peerage and titles. However, this spurs on much debate in the Burroughs Bulletin and among fans, trying to identify who the Greystokes really were, etc.)
There was a mutiny on their ship, and they were abandoned somewhere on the West African coast; they built a hut, foraged for food, kept the dangerous beasts away with guns and fire... and then their son was born. One year later, Alice died in her sleep. The next night, the hut was attacked by apes who killed Clayton. One of the female apes, named Kala, had recently lost her child; she grabbed the infant in the crib, nursed him and adopted him to replace her dead baby. The child was raised by the apes and learned the ways of the jungle. The combination of jungle cunning and his superb British brain not only helped Tarzan survive, they made him leader of the ape tribe, self-styled King of the Apes.
He later discovered the hut, including children's books that the Claytons had brought with them. He learned his origin, that he was not a mutant born of Kala, but a son of the tarmangani (white folks.) He taught himself how to read English, and finally met English-speakers. He learned his true identity as the offspring of a British lord, and became the Tarzan we all know and love, whose exploits are told in 24 books by Burroughs, and in countless movies, radio programs, and TV series.
So, to your question: who or what were these "apes" that raised a human baby? Burroughs described them first as "great man-like figures," dimly seen through the foliage. Then one attacks Alice, and we have the description: "The ape was a great bull, weighing probably three hundred pounds. His nasty, close-set eyes gleamed hatred from beneath his shaggy brows, while his great canine fangs were bared in a horrid snarl as he paused a moment before his prey."
Clayton described it in his diary as an "anthropoid ape," but Clayton (like Burroughs) had not studied either anthropology or zoology. In fact, they are clearly not gorillas, as will be discussed in a moment.
The tribe of great apes call themselves mangani and they appear to be far more humanoid than gorilloid. They have a spoken language and social structure. They are often described in the first two Tarzan books as "gorilla-like apes." But Burroughs had, at that time, no information to the contrary. Once he had taken that approach, of course, he was stuck--even though he later learned more about the mangani, he could not contradict his earlier versions. Consequently, the erroneous description of the mangani as apes was in stone. But Burroughs didn't care; Philip Jose Farmer says, in Tarzan Alive, that Burroughs "was writing novels, and the facts did not always have to be adhered to. Indeed... he sometimes went out of his way to make sure that the reader thought that his Tarzan books were entirely fictional."
So, what are the clues?
In The Jungle Tales of Tarzan, Burroughs mentions "these great manlike apes which the natives of the Gobi speak of in whispers" who "unlike the chimpanzee and the gorilla... walk without the aid of their hands quite as readily as with." The ability to walk entirely upright for long periods of time requires that the pelvises and legs of the mangani must have been more human than ape.
We also know, from several stories, that the mangani were well-developed meat eaters. They also ate insects, birds, eggs, fruit, and nuts; this again suggests an evolution that is more human than gorilla (gorillas are vegetarians). Presumably, Tarzan's adopted mother pre-chewed his food for him; otherwise, his comparatively fragile teeth would not have proved adequate.
The mangani have a spoken language of some complexity. Again, this puts them closer to humans on the evolutionary scale than to any other creature.
And so, although they are called "great apes," the conclusion drawn by most people who study the Tarzan stories is that they are subhumans rather than super-apes, perhaps some rare hominid, such as language-using pithecanthropoids. Philip Farmer speculates that the mangani may be a smaller African variety of the Himalayan yeti or the giant sasquatch of the Pacific Northwest. He offers that they may have been a giant variety of Australopithecus robustus, a hominid supposed to be extinct. They may have been the agogwe of native African legend.
We also know that male mangani were subject to maniacal fits of rage. Farmer speculates that this may be a "nonsurvival trait that had tended to reduce the population of the genus, which had been very low for thousands of years. This instability may have helped them lose out in the race for the kingship of Earth in the dawn of sentience. The gorilla, their closest relative after man, had also lost the race.... The huge vegetarian gorillas, though not nearly as intelligent as the mangani, and not numerous, still outnumbered the mangani by a hundred to one. It is doubtful that there were over two hundred [mangani] left in equatorial Africa in 1889."
Presumably, they are extinct today.
As a final aside, there are only two passing reference in the entire 24 books to chimpanzees. "Cheetah" is an invention of the movie people, and thus not canonical.
Tarzan Alive, by Philip Jose Farmer, Popular Library, New York, 1972.
_URL_, the official website
And, of course, Tarzan of the Apes and The Return of Tarzan, the first two books of the series.
If you'd like more, don't overlook the Burroughs Bulletin, the official journal that has published the speculation, analysis, and praise of fans.


text:
Definitions for ROCKETˈrɒk ɪt
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
any of various tubelike devices containing combustibles that on being ignited propel the tube through the air: used for pyrotechnic effect, signaling, hurling explosives, launching a space vehicle, etc.
a space capsule or vehicle put into orbit by such devices.
Ref: rocket engine.
(v.t.)to move or transport by means of a rocket.
(v.i.)to move like a rocket.
(of game birds) to fly straight up rapidly when flushed.
Origin of rocket:
1605–15; (< F roquette ) < It rocchetta, dim. of rocca distaff (with reference to its shape) < Go *rukka, c. ON rokkr, MD rocke, OHG rocco (G Rocken )
any of various plants belonging to the genus Hesperis, of the mustard family, and related genera.
Ref: Compare dame's rocket.
Ref: Also called roquette.; arugula.
Origin of rocket:
1520–30; < F roquette < It ruchetta, dim. of ruca < L ērūcaarugula
any vehicle self-propelled by a rocket engine
rocket, rocket engine(noun)
a jet engine containing its own propellant and driven by reaction propulsion
rocket, roquette, garden rocket, rocket salad, arugula, Eruca sativa, Eruca vesicaria sativa(noun)
erect European annual often grown as a salad crop to be harvested when young and tender
propels bright light high in the sky, or used to propel a lifesaving line or harpoon
sends a firework display high into the sky
shoot up abruptly, like a rocket
propel with a rocket
Kernerman English Learner's Dictionary
a powerful jet engine that drives a vehicle
the rockets on the space shuttle
a space vehicle or weapon that is driven by a rocket
to launch a rocket
a firework in the shape of a cylinder
He lit one of the rockets.
a cruciferous plant (Eruca sativa) sometimes eaten in Europe as a salad
rocket larkspur. See below
an artificial firework consisting of a cylindrical case of paper or metal filled with a composition of combustible ingredients, as niter, charcoal, and sulphur, and fastened to a guiding stick. The rocket is projected through the air by the force arising from the expansion of the gases liberated by combustion of the composition. Rockets are used as projectiles for various purposes, for signals, and also for pyrotechnic display
a blunt lance head used in the joust
to rise straight up; said of birds; usually in the present participle or as an adjective
Translations for ROCKET
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary
a tube containing materials which, when set on fire, give off a jet of gas which drives the tube forward, usually up into the air, used eg as a firework, for signalling, or for launching a spacecraft.
- صاروخ الألعاب النّاريَّهArabic
- foguetePortuguese (BR)
- die RaketeGerman
- ρουκέτα, πύραυλοςGreek
- موشک؛ ترقه فشفشکFarsi
- fusée, roquetteFrench
- eldflaug; flugskeyti; flugeldurIcelandic
- raca, rakietaPolish
- موشک؛ ترقه فشفشکPersian
- จรวด; พลุThai
- roket, füzeTurkish
- 火箭，沖天炮Chinese (Trad.)
- خلاءی گاڑیUrdu
- pháo hoa; pháo sángVietnamese
- 火箭Chinese (Simp.)
Get even more translations for ROCKET »


When Belief in Chance Surpasses Reason
Posted on by Reasons for Hope 315 in Design, Misconceptions | Leave a comment
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When Belief in Chance Surpasses Reason
The odds of some things happening by chance alone (like the creation of the universe and life) are highly improbable, and yet we know improbable things do happen. So how improbable does an event have to be to rule out chance alone? At what point should our doubts about something happening by chance alone cause us to reject that explanation as unreasonable?Design
If something is highly improbable to happen by chance it may still be reasonable to believe that it will happen by chance, depending on the probabilistic resources. The probabilistic resources are the number of opportunities there are to generate the event. In the game of roulette it is improbable that the ball will land in the red 16 pocket twice in a row. In two spins of the wheel there are 38×38, or 1,444, possible outcomes. Therefore there is one chance in 1,444 of the ball landing on the red 16 twice in a row. So that's improbable. But if a casino worker has 1,444 opportunities to spin the wheel in a week, he will quite likely witness this improbable event during that time.
But how good are we at estimating the probabilistic resources for unlikely events? People realize that the odds of the universe and life itself coming into existence by chance alone are highly improbably but they may just think that the probabilistic resources are sufficient to make the unlikely event likely. With enough time anything can happen, we might think.
A Coin Toss
William Dembski uses a coin-tossing scenario to illustrate the human tendency to over-estimate the power of our probabilistic resources. He tells the story of a man who had been arrested and convicted of running a crooked gambling operation. He was brought before the judge for sentencing and the judge decided it was appropriate to offer him a choice. He offered the criminal either ten years in prison or a term in prison that is determined by the outcome of a game of chance. Specifically, the judge tells him that he can leave prison as soon as he flips a coin and it turns up heads 100 times in a row. Or course the coin must be fair.
What should he choose? Ten years in prison or the coin-flipping option?
He might think, "Even if it takes two or three years, I'll be better off than sitting in prison for a guaranteed ten years." However, his accountant sitting behind him hands him a calculator and reminds him that the judge is one of the people he fleeced in his crooked casino. But what's he supposed to do with the calculator? The accountant whispers "Two to the 100th power." Then it comes back to him. As a casino operator he knows something about calculating probabilities. He punches in 2100 and sees the figure _PHONE_.
He suddenly realizes that it's a life sentence without any realistic possibility of parole. For any given 100-toss series, he would have only 1 chance in 1,267,650,600,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 of getting all heads. The ten year window isn't enough to give him a realistic chance of flipping 100 heads in a row. Demski says that if a prisoner flipped a coin once every five seconds for eight hours a day, six days a week for ten years, he would only generate 17,797,120 trials. A hundred years isn't even enough. A trillion years wouldn't be enough. He should ignore his initial intuition and take the ten year sentence.
When It Is Reasonable to Think That Something Is Up
Imagine that the criminal decides to go with the coin-flipping option. He begins to flip a quarter in front of a surveillance camera, as required by the court to verify any winning result. After two days, the criminal calls for a prison guard and asks to have the tape reviewed. After viewing the tape of the criminal's last 100 flips, the guard and the warden verify that, yes indeed, the prisoner flipped 100 heads in a row.
So what would the court conclude about the prisoner's unexpected success? That the prisoner just got lucky on one of his first attempts? This is, of course, possible, though incredibly improbable. But knowing the odds and the prisoner's probabilistic resources, the court, and probably you, would reasonably think that something else was up. The court would reasonably suspect that the prisoner cheated. So they investigate before releasing him, and sure enough, they find that the prisoner had snuck a biased coin into his cell.
When something happens that's highly improbably to happen by chance alone, when there aren't the probabilistic resources for it, it's reasonable to suspect that there's else something up, that more than chance alone was at play. What's the more reasonable position to take in the case of our "lucky" prisoner? I'm not sure how many of us would feel comfortable stating that we believe it was just incredible luck. A lot of people would think that such a position is rather naive.
And yet when it comes to those who believe that "something was up" when it came to the creation of the universe and life itself – that, given the probabilistic resources for that, chance alone just isn't a reasonable enough explanation – those who hold that position are somehow made out to be the naive, unreasonable, unscientific-thinking ones. Why is that?
I think that we should follow the evidence wherever it reasonably leads, even if that goes against any presupposition we might have. If the evidence says that something was probably up in the creation of the universe, like there being an intelligent designer directing it all, I think we should be open to that possibility, or at the very least, acknowledge that it's reasonable for others to do so.
Source: Signature in the Cell by Stephen C. Meyer
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100 Billion Times
Posted on by Reasons for Hope 315 in Design, Why Jesus Came | Leave a comment
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100 Billion Times
I had to share this song as it ties into so much of the evidence for God that I've shared here. Knowing God by faith involves both the mind and the heart and this song really grabs both for me. It's a little long but I think it's worth the listening/watching to the end. I hope it speaks to you as it does me.
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How Do I See Myself and the People Around Me?
Posted on by Reasons for Hope 315 in Design, More Than Matter | Leave a comment
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How Do I See Myself and the People Around Me?
Whether we realize it or not, what we think about the origins of human life can have a dramatic effect on how we view ourselves and others. If I think I'm just an evolved animal, or going further back, just an accidental blob of chemicals that happened to come together in the right way, what reason do I have to think that there's much value to my life? Or what about the people around me?
On a sinister scale, views of human life as just being an evolutionary accident, no different than an animal or the chemicals that make us all up, have been used to justify atrocities against entire races and groups of people. While I may not identify with that, what about in smaller ways in my daily life?
What about those people I have to wait in line behind at the Kwik Trip as I try to quickly stop for a doughnut on the way to work? If I think of them as just other accidental blobs of chemicals that happen to be in my way, I might degrade them in my mind as I watch them slowly put their wallet back away instead of quickly grabbing their stuff and moving out of my way. What about people that have some skills of abilities that I am in need of? I might think of them just as tools to be used. Or what about people that I find attractive? If I think of them as attractive, accidental arrangements of chemicals, I might think of them simply as objects that are there to be seen.
When I have a low view of human life, it's easy just to see others as nuisances in my way or as a way to get what I want. But are we just accidental arrangements of chemicals, that beat incredible odds in coming together just right, or are we something more?
Made in His Image
As I've written here on this blog many times, I believe that the evidence from the fine tuning of the universe and our amazing planet, along with the start of life from non-life itself, makes a very strong case for a designer of it all. The odds against it just happening by accident are astronomical. I believe that it took a creator, it took God to bring about life and ultimately human life. The Bible says that humanity is special. It says that God made all living things on Earth and then as a culmination, he made human beings.
Genesis 1 says
Then God said, "Let us make human beings in our image, to be like us. They will reign over the fish in the sea, the birds in the sky, the livestock, all the wild animals on the earth and the small animals that scurry along the ground."
Genesis 1:26-27
God created human being as special. He created us in his image. I don't claim to know exactly what all that means but it


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Pennsylvania weather is variable during May and June, frequently changing from periods of cold wind and rain to stretches of abnormally high temperatures. These climatic irregularities govern the activities of the plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar, a pest injurious to pome and stone fruits throughout the state.
Adult plum curculios first appear in apple orchards during bloom. The beetle is 1/4 inch long, dark brown with whitish patches, and has four humps on its back. The adult has a long snout (one-third its body length) projecting forward and downward from its head. Most beetle activity occurs during the first warm period after petal fall, when the maximum temperature is 70°F or higher. Periods of cool, rainy weather with maximum temperatures below 70°F are not suitable for curculio activity. The plum curculio is usually more abundant on fruit trees adjacent to woods, fence rows, and trashy fields. Adults can be found in orchards for 5 to 7 weeks.
Small, pearly white eggs are laid singly in a small cavity underneath the fruit skin during the first warm periods after petal fall; eggs hatch in 7 days. Slight feeding occurs on petals, buds, and blossoms, but little injury occurs until the fruit is available. When the fruit is approximately 1/2 inch in diameter, it provides abundant food and a suitable place for egg laying. Early blooming varieties are the first to provide suitable locations for feeding and depositing eggs.
The yellowish-white larva has a brown head and is 1/4 inch long when fully grown. It burrows into the fruit's center, where it makes large irregular cavities, feeding for 16 days before maturing. Larvae then leave the fruit and enter the soil, where they transform into adult curculios that emerge during August and feed for a short time before seeking winter quarters.
Adults make both feeding punctures and egg punctures in the fruit. Feeding punctures are small, round holes extending 1/8 inch into the fruit; egg punctures are distinguished by a characteristic crescent-shaped cut that partly surrounds the sunken egg. An adult averages more than 100 feeding and/or egg punctures during its normal life. Feeding punctures cause deformed fruit and contribute to premature drop.
The critical period for controlling plum curculio is during the first few days of warm weather following petal fall, when the maximum temperature remains approximately 75°F. Control is more difficult when feeding is greatly reduced by low temperatures and moderate rains because spray deposits are washed from fruit and foliage. However, low temperatures also extend the period during which curculio is active in orchards. It is advisable to spray perennial trees or trees adjacent to woods more frequently. The length of time between sprays is as important as the insecticide combination. Kaolin clay (Surround) can be used to reduce the plum curculio infestation.
In trees with a history of plum curculio injury, the following are important considerations: (1) shorten the interval between sprays during peak curculio activity (this might be necessary on outside rows only), (2) increase the insecticide rate during peak activity, and (3) select the most effective insecticides without sacrificing control of other pests or interfering with the integrated pest management program. On stone fruits, time sprays for the shuck split stage.


Do You Need A Cast For A Broken Finger?
What does a fractured finger look like?
A broken finger may have a bone either visibly sticking out of the skin or will be protruding toward the skin.
A person may hear a cracking or popping noise with finger movement if they have a broken finger.
A doctor will also ask the person to try to move their finger..
How long does the pain last for a smashed finger?
Most smashed fingers start to feel much better within three to four days. More complicated or severe cases may take a few weeks or more to fully heal.
How much does it cost for a broken finger?
Procedure Details On MDsave, the cost of Open Treatment of Finger Fracture ranges from $4,178 to $5,745. Those on high deductible health plans or without insurance can shop, compare prices and save.
Can bones move in a cast?
Many joints will tolerate six weeks of immobility from casting. Ankle fractures and wrist fractures commonly immobilize the broken bone with a cast, and these joints get moving pretty quickly when out of plaster. This only becomes a problem if the joint has a lot of arthritis.
Do you need a cast if you break your finger?
Is my knuckle broken or just bruised?
They can usually use a physical examination combined with imaging to diagnose a broken knuckle. The more severe the symptoms, the more likely it is that the knuckle is broken. If the injury does not dramatically affect the knuckle's movement or cause much pain, it may just be a bruised knuckle.
Why does my finger joint hurt when I bend it?
What happens is that the movement of the finger joints causes cartilage in these joints to wear out over time. Once the cartilage is worn to a certain point, your bones might start to rub together. This can produce the pain you feel when your fingers bend.
Can I wear a finger splint to bed?
Should a cast feel tight?
A cast that is too tight could cut off the blood supply or damage nerves. The fingers/toes on the arm/leg with the cast should stay pink and feel warm, like on the fingers or toes on the other side. Call your doctor if your fingers/toes become swollen, cold, pale, or blue, or if you can't move them.
What happens if a fracture is left untreated?
Does a broken bone need a cast?
Doctors treat most broken bones with a cast, splint, or brace. This keeps the broken bone from moving while it heals. Even broken bones that don't line up (called displaced) often will heal straight over time. Sometimes the displaced bones are put back in place before the cast, splint, or brace is put on.
Can U bend a broken finger?
How do you tell if finger is broken or sprained?
Symptoms of a Broken FingerSwelling that lasts for several days.Swelling that may extend to other parts of the hand.Bruising around the injured area.Extremely sharp pain.Limited range of motion of the finger.The finger looks misshapen or deformed.Stiffness.Burning or tingling.More items…•
Can you move your thumb if it's broken?
Can a broken finger heal without a cast?
How long does it take for a broken finger to heal without a cast?
Your Care Instructions. Breaks in the bones of the finger usually heal well in about 3 to 4 weeks. The pain and swelling from a broken finger can last for weeks. But it should steadily improve, starting a few days after you break it.
Is a fracture a break?
A crack (not only a break) in the bone is also known as a fracture. Fractures can occur in any bone in the body. There are several different ways in which a bone can fracture; for example, a break to the bone that does not damage surrounding tissue or tear through the skin is known as a closed fracture.
Can a fracture heal in 2 weeks?


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BAL in the News
In 2015, a BAL learning initiative focused on the importance of racial diversity in the classroom was featured on WNYC:
The American School Counselor Association recommends a counselor-student ratio of 1:250. But the students are in impoverished districts, and many have been affected by the trauma that comes with living in neighborhoods with high crime rates, gang activity or unstable housing situations. Listen to the feature on WNYC below to hear our principal discuss the importance of this guidance.
"We have someone every year of the way through high school who's going to be able to make sure a kid is tuned in and focused on the academic prowess that's going to allow them to access college and careers," said Cardet-Hernandez.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Characterized by two coinciding histories since its first cities were founded six thousand years ago, Iraq has experienced both the pinnacles of world civilization and large scale destruction at different times in its history. Subjected to unyielding violence and ruin, Iraq currently has the world's attention. Yet its rich cultural narrative continues in the work of its artists. Conscious of their complex history, contemporary Iraqi artists employ a diverse visual culture that utilizes and projects its multiple identities.
Having lived through various periods of Iraq's modern history, the art of Kareem Risan reflects a multidimensional cultural heritage that has survived decades-long devastation. Born in 1960 in Baghdad, like countless Iraqi artists of his generation, Risan's work is visibly rooted in what seminal Palestinian writer and artist Jabra Ibrahim Jabra described as "an indigenous quality...achieved when they [Iraqi artists] have struck roots in their own soil and delved into the historical layers of a vast uneven heritage, the accumulation of forty centuries or so."1 The fundamental nature and creative force that has propelled the evolution of Iraqi art is what curator Ulrike al-Khamis has described as "Its conscious and committed attempt to create a synthesis between historical Iraqi art forms and modernism."2 Concurrently, modern and contemporary Iraqi art has remained impacted by that endured by its people. Whereas the function of art and its role in a given society continues to be disputed, for nearly a century art has negotiated every defining juncture of Iraqi society for the majority of its artists--whether political, historical or cultural.
"Occupied Baghdad" by Kareem Risan
This element is ubiquitous in Risan's paintings, books and objects. Drawing from a vast history of modern painting in the Arab world, one which incorporates both regional and international aesthetics, his work is often a testimony of a dramatically shifting environment. Early on in his artistic development, painting became a response to turbulent surroundings. After graduating from Baghdad's Academy of Fine Arts in 1988, Risan served in the Iraqi military, an experience he subsequently explored in a series of drawings. Despite the increasingly tragic fate that befell his homeland and the difficult living conditions that resulted, Risan continued to live and work in Iraq until 2005; he was forced to leave when the violence following the 2003 American-led invasion escalated to such heights that his life was threatened. Consequently, much of his recent work was created while living in exile in Jordan and Syria, an experience that separated Risan from his native country only in physical proximity, as his work remains absorbed in its past, present and future. Thus we find reflections of Iraq's changing political landscape in his work, while the cultural and social ramifications of living under repression, wars, sanctions and occupation are articulated in composition, palette and title.
Two compelling examples are the commanding mixed media hand-made books Uranium Civilization (2001) and Occupied Baghdad (2004). Several of Risan's books recently appeared in the British Museum's groundbreaking 2006 exhibition "Word into Art" and "Dafatir," a touring exhibition of contemporary Iraqi book art that originated at the University of North Texas in 2005. Comprised of several double page spreads, the artist's accordion books are part of a recent resurgence in Arab art that pursues a cultural legacy derived from a reverence for literature, calligraphy and text--one that has transformed and traversed visual culture in the region for centuries.
"Uranium Civilization" by Kareem Risan
In Uranium Civilization, the artist employs text and painted imagery to create powerful expressions reflecting the lingering turmoil plaguing his homeland, while simultaneously calling attention to the fact that the destruction of Iraq began long before the recent invasion. Rendered in dark unsullied colors, the painted series speaks of the nightmarish effects caused by depleted uranium used during the Gulf Wars by American and British forces. On one page of the artist's book, aggressive crimson red brushstrokes seep through a tar-like black formation evoking an oil spill, while elsewhere Arabic writing insinuates a human form and tallied marks suggest a body count. 3 In another section, a black form placed in the center of two pages is punctured by separate foreign bodies. Gaping holes marked by thick red brushstrokes are reminiscent of blood stains, as the black form is caught moments before its inevitable destruction. Caught in motion, the destruction appears slow, as the cancer-like orange and purple forms rip apart the central body. In 1994, in her critically acclaimed collection of diary entries "Baghdad Diaries," Iraqi artist Nuha al-Radi wrote: "The depleted uranium left by the U.S. bombing campaign has turned Iraq into a cancer-infested country. For hundreds of years to come, the effects of the uranium will continue to wreak havoc on Iraq and its surrounding areas."4 In 2004, al-Radi died of leukemia, a fact that points to the tragic state with which Iraqi artists are faced and thus respond to with profound urgency, as seen in Risan's Uranium Civilization.
"Uranium Civilization" by Kareem Risan
Dominated by a vibrant and warm palette consisting of mostly red, black and brown hues, Occupied Baghdad employs Risan's distinct abstract color-saturated compositions. Dramatic lines fragment spaces, rendering multiple planes in which inundated colors merge as colliding forces. The precision of these thin lines, as they cut through, interrupt and dictate the nature of the composition, resemble military barricades, checkpoints--even the foreboding of the "security" barriers now dividing the city. Various nuclei formations of color lie surrounded or marked by dark blotches and holes where the white, grainy nature of the paper from which the book is constructed is revealed. This serves as a haunting reminder of the extent to which the peril effects of the American occupation of Iraq have permeated and destroyed every aspect of daily life in the war torn country.
Evident departures from earlier works in which compositions were executed in earth tone palettes that evoked Iraq's celebrated sun-drenched terrain, Uranium Civilization and Occupied Baghdad speak of an artist's response to an unfathomable reality, while simultaneously demonstrating that just as one's home becomes unrecognizable amidst mass destruction, creative expression responds.
Maymanah Farhat is a freelance writer and researcher of visual arts and culture, and is a specialist in Modern and Contemporary Arab art.


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Water wheelchair in Dubai – level 3
Dubai has begun offering specialist wheelchairs that have been modified to allow disabled people the chance to enjoy bathing in the sea or in swimming pools.
The two armrests act as flotation devices and the user lays flatter and lower than normal to make it easier to change positions.
"So we are studying right now four parks in Dubai, and we're changing actually the playground area according to that needs exactly for those who are coming with wheelchairs so they will be mixed with the normal children."
Twenty chairs have been put out across Dubai's two main beach parks and can be reserved and used for free, and by October they plan for at least 20 percent of areas in the country's 80 parks to be equipped with entertainment facilities for disabled visitors.
"We'll try to remove the wheels. It's easy to remove the wheels because there's a lock. When we remove the lock, the wheels will come out."
The chairs are part of a specialist project to make Dubai more accessible for disabled visitors for the World Expo in 2020.
Difficult words: floatation (action of floating – moving slowly in the water), device (thing).
LEARN 3000 WORDS with NEWS IN LEVELS
If you read and listen to two articles every day, your reading and listening skills can improve fast. You can learn quickly and after some time you will not have to translate into your own language. You will simply understand. Why should you do this?
When you listen to people in your native language, you do not translate. You simply understand. The same has to be in English. When you learn English, you have to learn the whole sentences in context.
Students, who translate English texts, do exercises and do tests are very good at translating, doing exercises and doing tests, but they have problems with understanding English in real life. In real life, nobody waits for your translation. People usually use simple English when they speak but they use it fast. You have to understand with no translation to your native language. If you translate, you cannot be part of communication because you are thinking about the language too much. These words are maybe hard to read but they are true.
You also have to hear every new word 5 to 10 times if you want to remember it. That's why we use the same words in one level. If you read and hear the same words again and again, you will understand them and remember them. If you know words from one level, you can go to a higher level and learn new words. It is important to go step by step, and read and listen to words which are used in English often. This is what we do with our news. In our short news, we use words which are used in English often. Level 1 has the 1000 most important words. Level 2 has the 2000 most important words, Level 3 has the 3000 most important words.
So, if you want to understand English fast and learn fast, read two articles or more a day. You can improve your reading and listening quickly when you read easy English news. We will help you learn English fast and understand it. When you use this website every day, you can learn 3000 words which you need for communication with anybody in English.
How to improve your English with News in Levels:
- Read all today's articles and translate all words which you don't understand.
- Read the articles from the day before and see if you remember all new words.
- Listen to all today's news.
- Stop the video after every sentence and repeat the sentence.
- Repeat point 2 for the news which you listened to the day before.
- Answer the questions under today's news and write them into the comments.
- Chat in our Facebook Group for at least 2 minutes. You can write about today's news.


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Born of the Sea - A History of Waxed Canvas
Born of the Sea - A History of Waxed Canvas
For you to truly appreciate the uniqueness waxed canvas as the material of choice in your wet weather bag, it helps to understand a bit of the history of the product. It's not a modern material by any means in fact it's double-dipped in a history of Maritime tradition, hard men of the sea and military conquest of the globe. To know how it came to be is what makes it special to me and it's why owning one of my pieces is like maintaining a small part of that history for yourself.
Looking back in time to the 15th century and most sailing ships were powered by Flax Sails. Flax is the early term for Linen and it's is one of man's earliest and oldest resources. We think of cotton as the most common fabric of the 20th century but before that it was flax all the way back to unrecorded history. Flax sails were heavy and broad weaved. In other words they had tiny gaps between the fibres what leaked air. So when the sails were full, they lacked complete efficiency.
Sailors soon began to realise that a wet Flax sail increased the wind capturing efficiency of the sail because the water swelled the fabric and the molecules closed the gaps between the fibres thus allowing it to hold more wind. However, as you can imagine it also made the sail heavier and vessel slower.
Linen with a wider weave
By the 15th century innovative seafarers were realising that applying oils such as fish oils and linseed oil created the same membrane as water but made the sails water resistant, lighter and faster.
Did you know that linseed oil comes from Flax plants? So the "Lin" in "linseed" is a reference to linen.
Soon we see Mariners using offcuts of old sails to make wet weather gear such as hats and capes. Linseed became the most prominently used substance to treat linen sails and wet weather gear but over time its properties broke down causing it to stiffen crack and go yellow. This is where the yellow colouring of Fisherman's wet weather gear originated.
Vintage maritime wet weather gear
By the late 1800's, two things of significance happened. Cotton overtook linen as the fabric of choice in the international thread trade. And with the waning efficiency of linseed oil in the waterproofing of sails, millenaries in the British Isles began experimenting with applying wax to what was now dual layered cotton sails. Something truly innovative was discovered. The wax was lighter than linseed oil, didn't stiffen as much in cold weather and didn't deteriorate to the same extent. Waxed cotton canvas was born! Soon several British companies were competing with recipes for waxed cotton to provide sails and wet weather gear for the British Navy and competitive Tea Clippers.
During WW2 the innovative fabric was being used by the British to equip its soldiers with wet weather gear; some of the best in the world at that time.
Cotton sails were eventually replaced with synthetic materials throughout the 20th century but waxed cotton canvas has stuck around to become something of a novelty in the fabric industry.
As a side note here, I remember in the Australian Army in the 1990's I was issued a Japara brand wet weather coat. I don't think they still issue these. They were very sought after pieces of kit and forever being nicked.
So there you have it a more definitive origin story of Waxed Cotton Canvas.


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|Friday, February 21|
|PS2 Poster Session II & Refreshments||
Fri, Feb 21, 4:45 PM - 6:15 PM
Mixed Effects Model for Comparing Treatments That Alter Length of Life in the C. elegans Model (302800)Robbie Beyl, Pennington Biomedical Research Center
*Jeffrey H. Burton, Pennington Biomedical Research Center
William D. Johnson, Pennington Biomedical Research Center
Keywords: Mixed effects model, group-level data, C. elegans, survival
In some laboratory experiments, researchers can only measure survival on group-level data. One such study concerns survival of C. elegans (roundworms) following treatment with the insecticide imidacloprid. Groups of worms were randomized to wells (replicates) containing one of three doses of insecticide, and counts of living worms within each well were recorded at multiple time points. Due to worm reproduction, counts of living worms increased within some wells from one observation to the next. Since it is not possible to track individual worms, one cannot measure individual survival times. Thus, traditional survival analysis is not appropriate for these data. Instead, a generalized linear mixed model assuming a Poisson distributed response (counts) may be used. Here, a Poisson model is used to obtain estimates of least squares means of counts of living worms at each time. From the means, proportions are calculated, used to estimate survival probabilities for each dose, and compared between doses at the final time point. The purpose is to show that this method is a viable alternative to traditional survival analysis when data are available only on the group level.


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The exhibition Inside Out: Pompeian Interiors Exposed at the Italian Cultural Institute includes a virtual-reality model of the Villa dei Papiri (Villa of the Papyri) in Herculaneum that I recently developed at UCLA's Experiential Technologies Center with support from the Friends of Herculaneum Society. The model presents a digital walkthrough of the grand ancient villa, which was located by the sea and decorated throughout with mosaics and frescoes. Named after the collection of papyrus scrolls found on its premises, the Villa dei Papiri is famous for inspiring the design for the Getty Villa, though the Getty Villa's groundplan is adapted to its narrow canyon site.
The VR model incorporates data from both past and recent excavations and proposes a scientifically documented reconstruction, as opposed to commercial reconstructions that are influenced by the Getty Villa. I developed the model in discussion with the excavators of the site with the purpose of making it available as a research tool for archaeological excavation. The Villa dei Papiri is located below ground level under layers of rock, and still has not been entirely excavated.
My aim in creating the virtual-reality model of the Villa of the Papyri was threefold. First, I set out to create a digital architectural model that incorporates the architectural structures known from the 18th century as well as those found in recent excavations. Second, I wanted to present a reconstruction that distinguishes the structures known from Karl Weber's groundplan made in 1758, when the villa still lay mostly underground, from the structures that have been unearthed in excavations conducted between 1986 and 1998, and again since 1999, as well as from proposed restorations. These areas are color-coded on the model: beige for areas known from the 18th century plan, gold for areas revealed during the recent excavations, and grey for reconstructed areas.
My third aim in creating the VR model was to reincorporate the surviving known fragments of the finds from the villa, such as wall paintings, mosaics, sculptures, and papyri. In the model, visitors can see images of these artworks, which dot the site as shown in the diagrams below.
Reinhard Förtsch and I are currently working together to publish the model online through the websites of the Archaeological Institute at the University of Cologne and the German Archaeological Institute, with the support of the Thyssen Foundation, so that people around the world can pay a virtual visit to this striking Roman villa.
All Images © 2012 Mantha Zarmakoupi. Modeling undertaken at the Experiential Technologies Center, University of California, Los Angeles.
The virtual reality model of the Villa dei Papiri was created at the Experiential Technologies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, with the support of the Friends of Herculaneum Society, University College London, and the Excellence Cluster Topoi (Freie Universität, Berlin). Special thanks to Diane Favro, Lisa Snyder, Chris Johanson, and Dean Abernathy.


Families > Fall >
Christiana Fahl Gravestone
posted May 18, 2010, 6:35 AM by James Wise [ updated Aug 29, 2010, 10:32 PM by Travis Wise ]
Gravestone of Christiana Fahl found through "FindAGrave" at Beavertown Cemetery, Beavertown, Snyder Co, PA. According to the gravestone she was born around Jan 16, 1777 and died Feb 7, 1861. She was 84 years and 22 days old. Other Falls found using "FindAGrave" in the Beavertown Cemetery were Samuel Fall and Cora Fall.
Could Christiana Fahl and Christena Falls be the same person. It is possible, since consistent spelling of names was hit or miss. As far as ages, according to Christiana's gravestone in 1861 when she died she was 84 years old. Her approximate birth date would have been 1877. On the 1860 Census, Christena's age was indicated at 75, giving her a possible birth date around 1885.
Neither the differences in names or age preclude them from being the same person, but more information is needed to know either way.


Image_3_Development of the Caecal Microbiota in Three Broiler Breeds.pdf (764.71 kB)
Image_3_Development of the Caecal Microbiota in Three Broiler Breeds.pdf
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posted on 25.06.2019, 04:39 by Peter Richards, Jo Fothergill, Marion Bernardeau, Paul Wigley
The development of the caecal microbiota plays a role in the metabolism and immune competence of chickens. A detailed understanding of normal succession in the caecal microbiota can inform the use of probiotics and other interventions to optimize the caecal microbiota. The development of the microbiota in caecal mucus and lumen samples from three breeds of broiler chicken (Cobb 500, n = 36; Hubbard JA87, n = 38; and Ross 308, n = 36) was observed between 0 and 42 days post hatch. Chicks were housed in the same room of a climate-controlled, biosecure chicken housing unit. Between 0 and 14 days post hatch, chicks were kept in brooder pens ensuring a mixture of breeds in each brooder. From 22 days post hatch, chicks were removed from the brooders and kept in the same room. DNA was extracted from a pooled sample of caecal mucus and luminal contents from five birds of each breed at 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 days post hatch. High-throughput Illumina sequencing was performed for the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. The early caecal microbiota was characterized by poor diversity and dominance by one or two bacterial species. Early colonizers of the caecum included Bifidobacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroidaceae and Burkholderiaceae with some amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) assigned to Ruminococcaceae. Later colonizers of the caecal microbiota were most apparent from 14 d.p.h and included Ruminococcaceae, Clostridiales vadin BB60 group, Christensenellaceae and Bacillaceae. The caecal microbiota continued to change until 42 d.p.h when the microbiota was characterized by a high abundance of Bacteroidaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae. The lumen microbiota was significantly different to the mucus with some ASVs assigned to Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Christensenellaceae and Bacillaceae showing increased abundance in the mucus. ASVs assigned to Bacteroidaceae, Lactobacillaceae and Burkholderiaceae showed a preference for the lumen. Analysis of five caecal mucus samples from each breed at 42 days post hatch showed differences in microbiota composition between Ross and Cobb as well as between Ross and Hubbard. Since performance data was not collected no functional inferences as to the significance of this finding can be made.


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There's big doings down there in Corvallis, Oregon as Oregon State University begins construction on an ambitious $5 million facility to test a "hot" new nuclear technology. Although a number of new tech designs incorporating small size and passive water-cooled systems - making them meltdown-proof - have been tested (and Corvallis spinoff NuScale has reportedly begun marketing such modular systems), the design this facilty will test is a new "superhot" version, cooled by helium.
Operating temperature is about 2000 degrees; three times hotter than other nuke plants, but the design precludes meltdowns while producing electricity some 50% more efficiently than current alternatives - with half the waste. Moreover, than can also produce hydrogen for fuel cells, and efficiently desalinate water.
And the apocalyptic Greenies will love this part: it produces zero "greenhouse gas" emissions. Better yet, the system's being built in Newberg, Oregon. Sort of like "farm to fork" science. Think of the reduction in "carbon footprint" achieved by buying locally!
There is one teeny problem: the planet's running out of helium, and man-made global warming aside, we're presently too cold to make more of the stuff. If this tech takes off, we may need to send robot ships off-planet to capture and return more.


Last modified July 15, 2020 by John Mcgrath
Qminder logoQminder is a queuing solution for safe, touch-free customer service—greet, inform, and interact with your customers while maintaining safe physical distance. Create Qminder tickets based on user actions within the app and trigger ticket status update messages from Swrve with Swrve's Qminder integration.
Supported actions
Swrve's Qminder integration supports the following actions:
Outbound actions
 - Create a new Qminder ticket; for example, add a customer to a queue.
Inbound actions
 - Process ticket status update events from Qminder.
Use cases
Create Ticket
Using the Qminder connector, Swrve triggers the creation of a ticket in Qminder upon receipt of a selected user action that is configured as a mobile event. There are two main steps involved in triggering ticket creation via the Qminder integration:
 1. Create a custom event in the Swrve SDK for the user action that you want to use to trigger the creation of a ticket; for example, create_ticket.
 2. Create a rule in Swrve that is triggered on receipt of the designated event and uses the Create Ticket action to create the ticket.
The Create Ticket action configuration includes mandatory fields, such as the Swrve User ID and Line ID. If the values vary by user and you want to include them as dynamic content when configuring the rule, ensure the values are included as part of the trigger event payload or set up in Swrve as a user property.
Send push notification
The Qminder connector sends ticket status events to Swrve, which you can use to trigger push notifications in Swrve. For example, when a customer's ticket is called, use the receipt of the Ticket Called event to trigger a rule in Swrve that sends a push notification to a user with pertinent details about their ticket (line number, ticket status, desk number, and so forth).
Qminder configuration
In most instances, your CSM will set up your Qminder configuration, however you might need to provide them with certain credentials. To view your active Swrve integrations, on the Manage menu, select Adaptors.
Step 1: To access the configuration settings, on the Qminder card, select Configure.
Step 2: Complete the following fields as required:
Field Description
API Key Your Qminder API access key
Step 3: To save the configuration settings, select Save.
After you select Save, the configuration status changes to Active and the Deactivate button is available. If you Activate or Deactivate the configuration at any time, the changes apply to both the outbound and inbound actions.
Configuring Qminder actions
This section describes the fields that are included when creating a new rule using the selected action. For certain inbound actions, Swrve automatically creates a rule, while your CSM will likely configure any outbound actions. Most fields have the option to manually enter the value or to select a user property from the list to have Swrve automatically populate the value when the rule is processed.
Create Ticket
Adds a user to a line in Qminder. Complete the following fields to include the values required to create the ticket.
Field Description
Swrve User ID The Swrve User ID of the user to create the ticket for.
Line The Line ID to create the ticket under.
First Name The user's first name. (Optional)
Last Name The user's last name. (Optional)
Phone Number The user's phone number. (Optional)
Email The user's email address. (Optional)
Source PHONE, MANUAL, or NAME. (Optional)
Extra Attributes Custom fields/values to attach to the ticket. (Optional)
Scheduling Options Send Immediately – the action is performed as soon as the rule is triggered.
Send after – the action is performed after X minutes, hours or days.
Inbound actions
The Qminder inbound actions use webhooks with the Qminder system to receive asynchronous ticket status update events. The webhooks are set up when you activate the Qminder integration. Qminder sends the following events to Swrve:
Event Description
Ticket Called Ticket has been called.
Ticket Cancelled Ticket has been cancelled (removed).
Ticket Changed Ticket has been changed (edited) or a label was added.
Ticket Created Ticket has been created.
Ticket Recalled Ticket has been recalled.
Ticket Served Ticket has been served.


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Public Statements
Murkowski Takes Frankenfish Fight to Senate Floor
Press Release
Location: Washington, DC
Senator Lisa Murkowski today filed an amendment to require a comprehensive analysis of the environmental and economic impacts of genetically-engineered fish by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The legislation would mean the same NOAA analysis and standards in place for federal fisheries would be required before the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves genetically-modified salmon.
The FDA is presently evaluating the scientific and biological risks of so-called "Frankenfish" -- but the agency is not required to evaluate how a worst-case scenario of fish escaping into the ocean ecosystem could adversely impact the seafood industry. Senator Murkowski's amendment (attached) would require NOAA's research staff to prepare a review of potential drawbacks of genetically-engineered salmon becoming a reality, using the public review process Alaska's fishermen are used to.
"We need to look before we leap here, and make that a long hard look," Murkowski said. "This means that we not only make sure that genetically-engineered salmon is healthy to put in our bodies and doesn't endanger our fishery resources, but also that it is healthy to our coastal environments and economies. Alaska produces over half of the nation's seafood, and constructing fish in a lab is a science experiment that adds a new variable to the equation -- we need to fill in all the blanks before we put Frankenfish on our plates."
Senator Murkowski's legislation has been co-sponsored by Senators Begich, Cantwell (D-WA), Leahy (D-VT), Merkley (D-OR) and Sanders (I-VT).
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hrm 531 human capital management select a company that has violated an hr law 1
Employment Strategy
HRM/531: Human Capital ManagementTop of Form
Select a company that has violated an HR law.
Imagine that you are a HR manager within that organization. You have been tasked with developing a training to help prevent future violations of the HR law.
Compile research and information to include in your training.
Address the following in 700 to 1,050 words from your research:
 - Summarize the situation. The situation is described with enough detail to clearly communicate the problem. A cited source is used demonstrating the importance of resolving the issue.
 - Discuss the law's requirements. Include information regarding what the law does, how it is executed, and the execution gaps of your selected organization. The law being violated is clearly identified and cited details are provided about what the law does, how it should be executed, and the execution gaps to the current organization.
 - Recommend steps that organizational leadership should take in order to avoid challenges such as this one from happening in the future. Detailed remedial steps and training objectives are thoroughly identified based on the prior two sections.
Cite your outside sources with APA formatting. (at least 3 References)Bottom of Form


text:
Add new a user to your site is very easy to do, and there are many reasons to do that. Users can have different access type. As Super User you can modify as needed. The Following steps will guide you how.
- Log into Joomla 3.0 dashboard.
- Right in the top menu, go to Users then Users Manager and click Add New User.
- Adds the information requested in Account Details, as shown below.
- On the tab Assigned User Groups, assign the new user the appropriate group. Once you have assigned the group, you can save and close.
- You have successfully added a new user; finally as a super user you can disable it or deactivate, or change the user group.


It's all well and good to make fun of Mike Huckabee for saying that rape has created some "extraordinary" people, but — believe it or not, Rep. Akin — approximately 12,000 babies are born from rape each year. Should mothers tell their kid if he or she was conceived out of rape, and if so, when?
I'm no psychologist, but my gut response would be a resounding "nooooooooononononono." For Slate, however, the answer is "probably." According to site "Explainer" Brian Palmer:
The few scholars who have addressed the question of how to parent these children suggest that honesty is usually the best choice. Concealing the facts of the child's conception requires an elaborate lie. Many children eventually discover the truth, often when a family member refuses to participate in the fabrication. When the facts come out, the child usually expresses frustration or rage at the mother.
I can definitely see how it would be potentially hurtful and dangerous to come up with an elaborate lie about your kid's father if too many family members know the true story — but not if the true story is that you were forced to have sex with his dad. That seems like a disclosure that should wait until adulthood, doesn't it? To me, an "elaborate lie" would be like saying "your dad is the prince of a small European country" when he's really a freelance blogger, not witholding the fact that your kid's pregnancy was worse than just "unplanned."
Imagine worrying that your dad's "rapist genes" would be passed down onto you, or feeling guilty for the conditions of your existence having caused pain for your mother, and all this before you really even understand the meaning of rape, because you only recently learned that Santa Claus isn't real. Perhaps worst of all: imagine wondering whether your mom even wanted you to exist in the first place.
Palmer goes on to admit that "children who learn about the circumstances of their conception at an earlier age often struggle psychologically, but eventually report that they prefer knowing to not knowing." He says mothers sometimes use what psychologists call a "soft truth" to answer questions, like that "the father wanted to be with her more than she wanted to be with the father." Most mothers wait until their kid is 12 or 13 to explain that the father committed an act of violence. "Children at this point become curious about the full details of the incident, and mothers typically feel that the only option is to answer those questions honestly," Palmer says.
The question of whether a parent should tell their kid if they were conceived from rape is a horribly, inconceivably tough one. I'm not a fan of Slate's advice, but I admit that I'm not sure what the right answer is, either.
Should a Mother Tell Her Child He Was Conceived in a Rape? [Slate]
Image via Nailia Schwarz Shutterstock.


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Thirteen-year-old Richard Turere's bright idea is aimed at preserving his family's cattle, and Kenya's dwindling lion population...
at the same time. To prevent lions from attacking the cattle at night,
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Thirteen-year-old Richard Turere's bright idea is aimed at preserving his family's cattle, and Kenya's dwindling lion population at the same time. To prevent lions from attacking the cattle at night, the schoolboy has invented a 10 dollar lighting system to scare them off...and away from farmers who kill the predators on sight. SOUNDBITE (English) LION LIGHTS INVENTOR, RICHARD TURERE, SAYING: "Lions were eating our cattle at night, which made me very annoyed, and I thought that I have to come up with an idea of making bulbs. Because I knew that the lions were afraid of something moving. When someone wakes up at night and moves with a torch, they are afraid. So I made the bulbs which flash at night and keep away lions." The LED bulbs came from broken flashlights. Richard attached them to poles on the roof of the open-air enclosure housing the family cattle. He wired the lights to the solar-powered car battery which powers his family's TV. SOUNDBITE (English) LION LIGHTS INVENTOR, RICHARD TURERE, SAYING: "This is the negative one and this is the positive one and these wires carry the power to the lights outside." Lions frequently wander onto farm land from the nearby, unfenced, Nairobi National Park and, in increasing numbers are being killed by farmers protective of their herds. Conservationists like Paula Kahumbu say Kenya's lion population has plummeted as a result, from 15,000 to just 2,000 in a decade. And she says the killing of lions is accelerating. SOUNDBITE (English) EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, WILDLIFE DIRECT, PAULA KAHUMBU, SAYING: "Since October 2011, we documented 169 killings of livestock by lions in that location and nobody harmed the lions, and now suddenly they did kill these lions." But since installing the lights, the Turere family hasn't lost any cattle, and neighbouring families want Richard to install similar set-ups for them. And local environmentalists are now paying for Richard to attend Nairobi's prestigious Brookhouse International School. Teacher Raymond Wyngaard says he's impressed. SOUNDBITE (English) BROOKHOUSE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL TEACHER, RAYMOND WYNGAARD SAYING: "He seems to have a passion for it, a passion for nature and things that are good, which in terms of the school is a good addition..also for the other students who have been here a while, sometimes they take things for granted and then someone like Richard comes in and he sees things in a different light." Lions are a major tourist attractions in Kenya's game parks. But for the masai, cattle herding is essential to survive. Thirteen year old Richard Turere has found a way for the two to coexist. Jim Drury, Reuters


text: Tromso, town in northern Norway, capital of Troms County. Tromsø is located on the island of Tromsoy off the northwestern coast of mainland Norway, in the Norwegian Sea. It is the largest Norwegian town north of the Arctic Circle. Troms County includes the adjacent mainland; Tromsoy Island is linked to the mainland by a bridge. As the county seat, Tromsø is the administrative, communications, cultural, and educational center of northern Norway. It is also a fishing port with fish-processing industries. Other industries include shipbuilding, brewing, prefabricated houses, high technology, and tourism. The town is served by an airport and is a starting point and support base for arctic expeditions. A meteorological station, an institute studying the aurora borealis, or northern lights, and the University of Tromsø (founded in 1968) are all located in Tromso. Tromso was founded in the mid-13th century, and granted a town charter in 1794. The Norwegian government was based in Tromsø for a short period during World War II (_PHONE_). The modern Tromsdal Church, built in 1965, is known as the "Cathedral of the Arctic;» there is also a wooden cathedral (1861) in the center of the town. Tromso Museum contains an aquarium, and is devoted to natural history and to the history and culture of the Saami (Lapp).


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Dec. 9, 2010 A researcher at the University of Luxembourg has demonstrated a new class of attacks against mobile phones at the security conference DeepSec in Vienna. Using a base transceiver station (available for 1000 euro) he has shown how common programming errors in the communication stack of mobile phones can be exploited to gain control of the devices.
Ralf-Philipp Weinmann found devastating flaws in a large percentage of cellular communication stacks. According to him, sufficiently motivated attackers are able to attack phones in a way that is almost undetectable. Vulnerable cell phones can be taken over if they are within the range of the rogue transceiver, which may mean hundreds of phones at a time in crowded urban areas. Attackers can cause billing problems by either dialing premium numbers or sending text messages to premium services; or they can monitor the complete communications of the cell phone user.
Eavesdropping on nearby cell phones is also possible by making the vulnerable cell phone pick up incoming calls automatically -- without the user noticing.The attacking transceiver needs to be online for just a couple of seconds to perform the attack.
The University of Luxembourg, is working together with a number of vendors for both cellular communication chips and mobile phones. The objective is to fix the security flaws found and to prevent similar flaws from happening in the future.
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See also: Stern
Wikipedia has articles on:
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle English stern, sterne, sturne, from Old English styrne (stern, grave, strict, austere, hard, severe, cruel), from Proto-Germanic *sturnijaz (angry, astonished, shocked), from Proto-Indo-European *ster-, *ter- (rigid, stiff). Cognate with Scots stern (bold, courageous, fierce, resolute), Old High German stornēn (to be astonished), Dutch stuurs (glum, austere), Swedish stursk (insolent).
stern (comparative sterner, superlative sternest)
 1. Having a hardness and severity of nature or manner.
 - John Dryden
 stern as tutors, and as uncles hard
 2. Grim and forbidding in appearance.
Etymology 2Edit
Most likely from Old Norse stjórn (control, steering), related to stýra (to steer), from Proto-Germanic *stiurijaną, whence also English steer. Also possibly from Old Frisian stiarne (rudder), from the same Germanic root.
Wikipedia has an article on:
stern (plural sterns)
 1. (nautical) The rear part or after end of a ship or vessel.
 2. (figuratively) The post of management or direction.
 3. The hinder part of anything.
 4. The tail of an animal; now used only of the tail of a dog.
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
Old English
stern (plural sterns)
 1. A bird, the black tern.
From Old High German sterno, from Proto-Germanic *sternǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr.
stern m (please provide plural)
 1. star (luminous dot appearing in the night sky)
 - Anthony R. Rowley, Liacht as de sproch: Grammatica della lingua mòchena Deutsch-Fersentalerisch, TEMI, 2003.
Last modified on 18 February 2014, at 18:55


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respectively [9,13].
3.1. Magnetic Analysis
In the electromagnetic actuation mechanism, the magnet is electroplated on the PDMS diaphragm which is positioned such that its center coincides with the vertical centerline of the micro coil. When an electrical current is passed through the coil, the resulting electromagnetic force acting on the diaphragm is given by equation (1) :where Hz is the vertical magnetic field produced by the coil, Br is the retentivity of the magnet, and Sm, hm and Vm are the surface area, thickness and volume of the magnet, respectively. From Figure 1, it can be inferred that Hz is symmetrical about both the x- and the y-axes. Equation (1) indicates that the magnitude of the magnetic force varies with the rate of change of the magnetic field in the vertical direction. To maximize the diaphragm deflection, the magnetic diaphragm should be positioned such that it coincides with the point in the magnetic field at which the gradient attains its maximum value. In the current study, this position is identified by evaluating the magnetic field, Hz, and the gradient of the magnetic field, ∂Hz / ∂z, numerically using the Ansoft/Maxwell 3D FEA software.
3.2. Actuator Displacement Analysis
In the current study, PDMS was specifically chosen as the diaphragm material since it has good flexibility characteristics, excellent biological compatibility and a high yield strength (elastic modulus E = 750 kPa, Poisson's ratio ν = 0.5 and yield strength σy = 20 kPa). Therefore, the diaphragm ensures a safe yet efficient pumping operation even under resonance conditions. In Figure 1, the maximum deflection takes place in the center of the diaphragm. Since the load imposed by the magnet is uniformly distributed, the diaphragm experiences a deflection over the circular area corresponding to the position of the magnet (Figure 2). The analysis commenced by considering the general case in which the load is uniformly distributed over a circle of radius b (0 < b < a). From Figure 2, the displacement field of the diaphragm is given respectively by (2) [9, 10, 12, 17]:where P is the total load applied over the circle; a is the radius of the diaphragm; and D = Eh3 / 12(1 − ν2) is the flexural rigidity of the diaphragm, in which E, ν and h are the elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio and thickness of the diaphragm, respectively.
The diaphragm displacement field induced by a uniform load q acting over the central circular area of radius a can be obtained by substituting P = 2πbqdb into Equation (2) and then integrating from 0 to a with respect to b. The displacement field of the diaphragm is therefore given by (3) [9,10,12,17]:
The maximum deflection of the loaded region of the diaphragm at radius 0 can be obtained by setting the radius parameter r equal to 0 in Equation (3), i.e.:where F is the electromagnetic force generated between the electroplated magnet and the micro coil and can be calculated either from Equation (1) or by using the Ansoft/Maxwell3D software.
3.3. Pumping Analysis
The physical model of the impedance pump developed in the present study utilizes a two-dimensional model with the Navier-Stokes equations, which are written as:
The actuation amplitude, w0, was calculated in equation (4) at various applied electrical current. Non-uniform meshes are generated over the pumping chamber, the buffers and channels for the simulation, which are illustrated in Figure 3. In order to capture the detailed flow fields, the meshes are refined in the junctions between the chamber and the channels, and the junctions between the buffers and the channel ends. A mesh independent analysis was conducted to ensure reasonable results. The simulations were carried out by using the FLUENT 6.3 CFD software. The pressure at the pump inlet and outlet were set to be equal, and the pumping flow rates were calculated by averaging the periodic flow rates over one period.
4. Results and Discussion
The magnet considered in the study is a CoNiMnP electroplated magnet with a magnetic coercivity of 47.7 kA/m and a magnetic remanence of 0.2 Tesla. When a current is applied to the micro-coil located beneath the central axis of the magnetic diaphragm, the direction of the magnetic field generated by the coil coincides with the direction of the magnet alignment and an attractive force can be produced. On the contrary, a repelling force is produced as the direction of the magnetic field of the coil is reversed.
In the current study, the radius of the PDMS diaphragm is 4,000 μm and its thickness is designed to be 30, 80 and 200 μm, respectively. Meanwhile, the electroplated magnet should be designed to possess the largest remanence and appropriate dimensions to obtain a sufficient magnetic force and to avoid influencing the safe operation of the diaphragm with a low stiffness. Therefore, the magnet thickness is specified to be 60, 110 and 170 μm, respectively.
In the characterization tests, the coils were supplied with input currents of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 A and the variation of the resulting flux density was simulated in the vertical direction along the central axis of the coil using the Ansoft/Maxwell3D FEA software. Figure 4 shows the simulation results obtained for the three micro-coil designs. It can be seen that the intensity of the magnetic field increases as the input current increases in every case. Furthermore, it can be observed that the intensity of the magnetic flux increases as the coil width decreases due to the corresponding enhancement of the concentration of the magnetic flux. Figure 5 illustrates the variation in the rate of change in the magnetic flux density along the vertical centerline of the micro-coils as a function of the input current. It can be found the performance of the electromagnetic actuator can be enhanced as the magnetic PDMS diaphragm is positioned at a height corresponding to the maximum rate of change of the magnetic flux. From an inspection of Figure 5, it is therefore concluded that the magnetic diaphragm should be positioned at a height of 500 μm above the planar surface of the micro-coils.
The ANSYS FEA software was used to model the deflection at the center of the magnetic diaphragm and it was found the deflection ranged from 1.8 to 31.5 μm in the current range of 0.2–0.5 A. Figure 6 presents the simulation results for the three micro-coil fabricated in the current study. A maximum displacement of 31.5 μm is obtained using a coil current of 0.5 A. It is also observed that for a constant coil current, the displacement increases as the coil width decreases due to the greater concentration of the magnetic flux. Figure 7 shows the variation of the maximum diaphragm displacement with the input current as a function of the PDMS diaphragm thickness. It can be seen that for a constant coil current, the diaphragm displacement increases with a reducing PDMS diaphragm thickness due to the corresponding reduction in the stiffness of the diaphragm. Figure 8 shows the correlation between the maximum diaphragm displacement and the magnetic layer thickness. For a constant coil current, it is observed that the diaphragm displacement increases with a reducing magnetic layer thickness.
Overall, Figures 7 and 8 confirm that the thickness dimensions of the PDMS diaphragm and the electroplated magnetic layer have a critical effect on the diaphragm displacement and therefore play a crucial role in determining the overall performance of the impedance pump. Though the magnetic force is proportional to the magnetic layer thickness [Equation (1)], the diaphragm displacement is inversely proportional to the cube of the magnetic layer thickness. It is apparent that the thinner the magnetic layer is, the bigger the diaphragm displacement is. In the study, the optimal thickness of the magnetic layer is 30 μm because the magnetic property is poor as the thickness of the electroplated magnetic layer is less than 30 μm.
Figure 9 shows the relationship between the flow rate and the input current for a constant excitation frequency of 240 Hz and various magnetic layer thicknesses. The results show that the flow rate increases approximately linearly as the input current increase. Furthermore, the flow rate increases with a decreasing magnetic layer thickness due to the corresponding improvement in the change of traveling wave amplitude induced within the microchannel of the impedance pump.
Figure 10 illustrates the variation in the flow rate with the input power for a constant magnetic layer thickness of 60 μm and three different PDMS diaphragm thicknesses in the range of 30–200 μm. In accordance with general thin plate theory, the diaphragm stiffness reduces with a reducing diaphragm thickness. Thus, as shown in Figure 10, the flow rate increases as the PDMS diaphragm thickness reduces. From inspection, a maximum flow rate of 52.8 μL/min is obtained at an input current of 0.5 A and a PDMS diaphragm thickness of 30 μm. In Ref, the experimental result of corresponding flow rate is 1.5 μL/s at the same input current and PDMS diaphragm thickness. Both the simulated and experimental results show high correspondence for periodic flow conditions.
This