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Perfume is used in order to make something have a fragrant odor. It is a fragrant liquid which is typically made from oil extracts of flowers or spices. In today's time, the most popular type of perfume has the fragrance of the rose. However, rose oils are quite expensive to have since its production or extraction process is a hard task. You have to do most of the things manually like when harvesting, you have to do it by hand before sunrise. Also, the harvested petals should be extracted at the same day since rose petals might be withered and lose its oil extracts. In addition, it takes many pounds of rose petals to make just one ounce of oil.
In order to understand how laborious the extraction process is, here are the three methods which are mainly used for getting the oil out of the rose petals. First is the solvent extraction method. In this process, a kind of solvent like hexane is used as a mixing component with the rose petals. Hexane is the preferable to choose since it is the type of solvent that draws out the aroma of the rose as well as some wax and pigments.
After drawing out the aroma of the rose, the hexane is removed by a vacuum process leaving a thick wax-like or commonly called as Concrete in the perfume industry. The Concrete is then applied with alcohol to draw out the scent. In order to remove the alcohol mixture, it is evaporated under low pressure, leaving the pure scent extract behind with an amber yellow to deep red in color. Such extract is identified as Rose Absolute. Among the three methods, this one is the least expensive one.
Second is the extraction of oil by steam distilling. This process involves large stills filled with rose petals and water. Obviously, the still is heated for a period of time. After that the water is drained off, leaving only the concentrated oil from the rose petal. Then, red is still the drained off water in order to extract water-soluble oils. The water-soluble constituents produced from the drained off the water are then mixed with the original concentrated oil to produce Rose Otto or Attar which has a pale yellow to olive green color that could possibly crystallize at room temperature. Rose Otto is made up of around 20% of the concentrated oil and 80% of the water-soluble products.
And the last is extraction via superficial carbon dioxide. Among the three methods, this one is the most expensive one because of the use of superficial carbon dioxide. Liquefied carbon dioxide is mixed with the rose petals and heated at very low temperatures. The rest of the process is similar to the solvent extraction method. The only difference is that this method uses carbon dioxide rather than hexane.


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- If necessary, build soil up around the well so that all surface water drains away from it.
- Avoid areas that are prone to flooding.
- Groundwater flow generally follows surface drainage patterns. Unless you know the exact direction of groundwater flow on your property, place the well so that pollution sources are between the well and the nearest creek, river or lake. Groundwater generally flows from upland areas and discharges in a body of surface water. In all cases, place your well on ground higher than surrounding pollution sources such as fuel tanks, livestock yards or pesticide mixing areas.
- Make the well accessible for pump repair, cleaning, testing and inspection.
- Hire a competent, licensed well driller and pump installer. Be sure the driller disinfects the well with chlorine after construction,tests the water for bacteria after drilling (as required by state law) and provides detailed information about the well's depth and construction.
Many farms have unused wells. No one knows how many of these wells exist in Missouri, although estimates range in the hundreds of thousands.
If not properly filled and sealed, these wells can provide a direct conduit for surface water carrying pollutants to groundwater without filtering through soil, or they can allow contaminant movement from one aquifer to another.
Hire a licensed, registered well driller or pump installer to close these wells. Effective well plugging calls for experience with well construction materials and methods as well as a working knowledge of the geology of the well site. You may, however, do your own well-abandonment work. You don't need a license, but you must meet the minimum well-code requirements when you abandon and fill a well.
You often need special equipment to remove old pumps and piping and to install sealing material inside the well. Use of inappropriate materials and methods can lead to well settling, collapse and continued groundwater contamination. If plugging materials are improperly installed in a well, you'll find patching up defective work is nearly impossible.
The most obvious places to find unused wells are where pipes stick out of the ground around the farmstead, in an area where a farmstead used to be or under an old windmill. You may not know the history of your property, however, and unused well locations may not be obvious. A depression in the ground may indicate an old well. Also, wells often were drilled in house basements, under front steps or near old cisterns.
State well regulations (RSMo 256.600) require reports of well plugging. These regulations also explain well-closing requirements:
- Remove pump, piping and any other obstructions from the well.
- Close the entire length of unused wells with slurries of cement or clay.
- Chlorinate the well before sealing it. Seal the entire length of the well to prevent surface water from entering the groundwater and to prevent contamination movement from one aquifer to another.
The goal of proper sealing is to restore as closely as possible the geologic conditions that existed before the well was built. For specific requirements, consult the Missouri Geological Survey Division, Missouri Department of Natural Resources in Rolla, Mo., at _PHONE_.
Proper well closing takes time and money. Costs vary with the well depth, diameter and geology of the area. Spending a few hundred dollars plugging an unused well near your home may prevent contamination of your drinking water.
A method of well closure that may be less expensive was approved in February 1990. Chipped bentonite products may now be used to fill wells and drillholes.
More information on this topic and related topics is available from the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Division, _URL_ MU Extension, 205 Agricultural Engineering Building, Columbia, Mo., 65211, _PHONE_, extension.missouri.edu; and the Natural Resources Conservation Service office _URL_
A list of certified well-water testing laboratories is available from the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Division, P.O. Box 250, Rolla, Mo. 65401, _PHONE_, _URL_
Local MU Extension offices or the regional DNR offices listed below can help interpret well results:
- Kansas City
- Northeast (Macon)
- Southeast (Poplar Bluff)
- Southwest (Springfield)
- St. Louis
For more information about drinking water quality standards, contact:
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Safe Drinking-Water Hotline
- Missouri Department of Natural Resources (DNR), Geological Survey Division
- Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, State Public Health Laboratory
For help locating possible sources of contamination, contact qualified plumbers, well drillers, pump installers, MU Extension regional specialists, DNR regional offices listed above or district and county health department sanitarians. Besides locating contamination sources, they also can recommend improvements.
For well construction or inspection, contact DNR regional offices (listed above) or registered well drillers or pump installers.
For well abandonment issues, consult:
- Your regional DNR office or your local MU Extension center
- Revised Missouri Statutes well-driller regulations (RSMo 256.600) are available online
For copies of well construction reports filed with the state, contact the state Geological Survey Division, Wellhead Online Services, at _URL_ Provide the legal description (county, township, range, section and quarter section) of the well's location. If your farm covers more than one section, make a note of that in case well drillers reported the wrong section. If known, provide the year the well was installed and the owner's name at the time.
For more information on contamination, testing and interpretation, contact the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Drinking Water Management Branch, 11201 Renner Blvd., Lenexa, Kan.; _PHONE_ or the Safe Drinking Water Hotline, _PHONE_

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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On the first day of June we've hosted a joint webinar with our client, Confidence Pharmaceutical Research.
"Why did you decide to implement CTMS?" is one of the first questions our CTMS clients get during a presale. We've collected top-5 answers for you to check and see if something hits close to home, and it's time to start thinking about your own CTMS implementation.
Here they are:
- Efficient study start-up: CTMS helps automate the study start-up process, including site selection, investigator contracts, and regulatory compliance. A study published in the Journal of Clinical and Translational Science found that implementing CTMS improved study start-up times, reducing the time required to initiate clinical trials by 50%.
- Improved patient recruitment and enrollment: CTMS helps to track patient recruitment and enrollment, identify recruitment issues, and facilitate communication between study staff and the project team. According to a survey by the Society for Clinical Research Sites, 75% of clinical research sites that use CTMS reported increased study enrollment. In comparison, 58% reported a reduction in screen failure rates.
- Centralized study management: CTMS provides a central hub for all study-related data, such as patient data, study protocol, and trial documentation.
- Real-time access to study data: CTMS provides real-time access to study data, which can help identify issues and make informed decisions during the study.
- Enchased study monitoring: CTMS is the best tool for monitoring study progress, including tracking the study milestones, site performance, and data quality.
And when it comes to Flex Databases, the further you get into digitalizing your processes, the more you earn. We can make the systems talk: patient enrollment from any of your EDC can be automatically transferred into CTMS, and monitoring reports from CTMS can go into eTMF. This is a humble example of data migration, saving time for multiple teams involved in a study.
Overall, CTMS can help improve the efficiency and accuracy of clinical trial management, reduce the risk of errors, and facilitate compliance with regulatory requirements.
Sounds like something you'd like to try? Send us a demo request to _EMAIL_ to learn more!


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If you ever find yourself in an Australian forest, don't be surprised if a parrot swears at you. Across Australia, people are reporting that wild parrots are talking to them and that they are not always polite. In fact, some wild birds have learned to speak English and in particular, to use expletives. It is thought that the language skills have been learned from pet birds that escaped from their cages and returned to the wild. The wild birds have picked up the new sounds and have even taught them to their offspring. The result is a weird chorus of English nonsense high in the treetops.
Read by Tina Williamson (Australian accent)
Study the wordsSwears – uses bad language Politecivil, well-mannered Expletivesbad language, vulgar expressions Petdomestic (animal) Skills– abilities The wildthe natural habitat Offspringbabies Weirdstrange Nonsenselanguage with no meaning Treetopsthe highest branches of the trees
Listen on audioboo (and subscribe to i-tunes podcast) here
Do the takeaway test: Wild Parrots Learn to Swear


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Tritum has a half-life of 12.3 years. Pretend you started with 100 kilograms of tritium. After 12.3 years (one half-life), only half (50 kg) of the tritium would be left (yellow lines). After 24.6 years (two half-lives), only one-quarter (25 kg) of the original 100 kg of tritium would be left (blue lines).
Click on image for full size
Original artwork by Windows to the Universe staff (Randy Russell).
Some materials are radioactive. Their atoms give off radiation. When an atom gives off radiation, it turns into a different kind of atom. That is called radioactive decay. Some atoms decay very quickly, in seconds or minutes. Others take a long time to decay... sometimes millions of years! Scientists use the term "half-life" to describe how fast or slow the radioactive decay is.
Let's say you had 100 kilograms of tritium. Tritium is a radioactive form of hydrogen. The half-life of tritium is about 12 years. After 12 years, half of the tritium would be "gone". It would have given off radiation and decayed... and turned into helium. Only 50 kg of tritium would be left. After another 12 years (a second half-life), half of what was left would decay. There would only be 25 kg of tritium left after 24 years from the start. That's one-quarter (half of half) of the 100 kg we started with.
Different radioactive materials have different half-lives. Carbon-14 has a half-life of nearly 6,000 years. The half-life of uranium-235 is more than 700 million years! On the other hand, the half-life of nitrogen-13 is less than 10 minutes!
Scientists use radioactive materials with different half-lives in various ways. Carbon-14 dating is used to find out how old things that were once alive are. The more radioactive carbon-14 that is "missing" from a sample, the longer ago it must have died. Doctors use radioactive materials to treat some diseases. They use materials with short half-lives so the radiation doesn't hang around in the body too long. Old fuel from nuclear power plants can be a problem if it has a long half-life. It is hard to find a safe place to store radioactive materials with long half-lives.
Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store!
Learn about Earth and space science, and have fun while doing it! The games
section of our online store
includes a climate change card game
and the Traveling Nitrogen game
You might also be interested in:
Radiation comes in two basic types: electromagnetic radiation transmitted by photons, and particle radiation consisting of electrons, protons, alpha particles, and so forth. Electromagnetic radiation,...more
Isotopes are different "versions" of an element. All atoms of an element have the same number of protons. For example, all hydrogen atoms have one proton, all carbon atoms have 6 protons, and all uranium...more
Some materials are radioactive. They emit radiation. When an atom of a radioactive substance gives off radiation, it becomes a new type of atom. This process is called radioactive decay. There are two...more
An element (also called a "chemical element") is a substance made up entirely of atoms having the same atomic number; that is, all of the atoms have the same number of protons. Hydrogen, helium, oxygen,...more
Carbon-14 is an isotope of the element carbon. All carbon atoms have 6 protons in their nucleus. Most carbon atoms also have 6 neutrons, giving them an atomic mass of 12 ( = 6 protons + 6 neutrons). Carbon-14...more
Carbon-14 dating (also called "radiocarbon dating") is used to determine the age of materials that contain carbon that was originally in living things. It is often used in archeology and some...more
Atoms and the tiny particles from which they are made strongly influence the world around us. The fields of atomic physics and particle physics help us understand the life cycles of stars, the forms of...more

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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In November, voters in California will vote on Proposition 2, which seeks to increase cage sizes for egg laying hens, pregnant pigs and veal calves. The new regulations, which would go into effect in 2015, would require cages to be large enough to allow these animals to be able to stand up, lie down, turn around and to be able to fully extend their limbs without touching the side of an enclosure or other egg-laying hens.
To show the size of some animals' quarters in large-scale farm operations, Oprah stands with replicas of cages and crates for each animal affected by Proposition 2. In an egg-laying hen cage, five to six hens could be in a single cage. The typical crate for a young male calf being raised for veal has enough room for him to stick his head out. Pregnant pigs—which can weigh more than 500 pounds—are about 5 to 6 feet long, while the cages they live in are about 7 feet long.
Those who support Proposition 2 say these animals have the right to more space during their lives. Opponents of Proposition 2, including farmers and industry representatives, say the new law would drive up costs, put farmers out of business and end the egg industry in California, and deny consumers the right to choose less-expensive food.


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|A to Z of |
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- Arrange the meeting for a group of the right size and makeup (typically 4-8 people)
- Write the initial topic on a flipboard, whiteboard or other system where everyone can see it. The better defined, and more clearly stated the problem, the better the session tends to be.
- Make sure that everyone understands the problem or issue
- Review the ground rules
- Avoid criticising ideas / suspend judgement. All ideas are as valid as each other
- Lots, Lots & Lots - a large number of ideas is the aim, if you limit the number of ideas people will start to judge the ideas and only put in their 'best' or more often than not, the least radical and new.
- Free-wheeling. Don't censor any ideas, keep the meeting flow going.
- Listen to other ideas, and try to piggy back on them to other ideas.
- Avoid any discussion of ideas or questions, as these stop the flow of ideas.
- Have someone facilitating to enforce the rules and write down all the ideas as they occur (the scribe can be a second person)
- Generate ideas - either in an unstructured way (anyone can say an idea at any time) or structure (going round the table, allowing people to pass if they have no new ideas).
- Clarify and conclude the session. Ideas that are identical can be combined, all others should be kept. It is useful to get a consensus of which ideas should be looked at further or what the next action and timescale is.


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The Varying Permeability Model: A Decompression Razor
The Varying Permeability Model: A Decompression Razor
BY DR. ERIC MAIKEN
DETAILS OF THE VPM
Microscopic bubble nuclei have been observed in many types of aqueous (water-containing) media under equilibrium conditions. The VPM therefore presumes that even prior to beginning a dive, with the non-equilibrium cycle of compression and decompression, these nuclei also exist in a diver's tissues. VPM decompression procedures are designed to eliminate bubbles that grow from these seed nuclei as well as gas that is dissolved in the diver's tissues. The term "Variable Permeability" refers to the different responses of bubble nuclei to pressurizations encountered on dives deeper than approximately 9 ATA, compared to shallower dives. On deep dives, nuclei are thought to become impermeable to the flow of gas, and the VPM generates more conservative tables for these deeper dives. The VPM postulates that as a diver ascends, nuclei larger than a specific "critical" size, which is related to the maximum dive depth, descent rate, and breathing mix, will grow upon decompression. The VPM aims to minimize the total volume of these growing bubbles by keeping the external pressure large (through deep stops), and by keeping the inspired inert gas partial pressures low during decompression. The VPM uses an iterative procedure to refine decompression schedules. In each iteration step, a new ascent schedule is calculated. The total decompression time is fed back into the calculation to revise the critical gradients, and a more liberal schedule is produced at each step. This process repeats until the decompression time converges to a length that corresponds to the formation of the maximal allowable amount of free gas bubbles. The total decompression time depends on the contributions of the magnitude of the growth gradient and the time that the gradient acts to drive bubble growth. After a short dive, the tissues will off-gas rapidly to circulation. Hence, because the time that the gradient G acts is small, the magnitude of G can be increased in each VPM iteration to allow shorter and shallower stops. So, for short or no deco dives, the first and last iterations produce substantially different ascent schedules.
A divergence of the VPM from conventional calculations is in the details of how a diver's ascent is controlled. Rather than setting predefined limits (like M-values) on the maximum pressure ratio between gas dissolved in tissues and ambient pressure, ascents are limited by gradients that depend on specific details of a particular dive, which include factors such as depth, gas mix, and descent rate. The objective is to control the volume of gas that evolves in the body due to the inevitable formation of bubbles. As long as this volume is kept smaller than a certain "critical volume," it is presumed that a diver's body has the ability to tolerate the bubbles. If the volume of bubbles exceeds the critical volume, then the diver is at risk of developing DCI.VPM decompression computations handle the inand out-gassing of dissolved gas in a set of compartments the same way as standard dissolved gas algorithms. However, the VPM does not associate individual compartments with specific organs or tissues in the body. Parallel compartments with exponential half-times ranging from minutes to hours are used to model the body's range of time scales governing the uptake and elimination of dissolved inert gas. This is simply a method for replacing the complex reality of human metabolism under pressure with a tractable set of metrics that span the space of the body's response time scales to pressurization and depressurization. There has been a tendency for vendors of commercial decompression software to market a large set (say, more than 16) of compartments as an enhancement to their products. This dubious exercise is counter to the responsible modeler's objective of minimizing the free parameters that relate a system's responses to measurable inputs. Whether you abide by Ocam's razor, Hogarth, or K.I.S.S., a deco modeler's guiding principle should be to eliminate arbitrary and unnecessary parameters. Towards these ends, the VPM differs from conventional dissolved gas algorithms by replacing the ascent-limiting matrix of M, or a-b values, with only five constants for mixed gas single dives, and seven for repetitive dives. These quantities correspond to measurable physical and physiological quantities, and are used to limit ascents by specifying critical over pressure gradients. In contrast to conventional M-values, which have no direct physical interpretation, gradients are related to linear gas transport and to the rate of bubble-growth via the diffusion equation.
BENCHMARKING THE VPM
If an ascent made with a closed oxygen window is compared to an ascent made with high ppO2 deco mixes, then not only are the stops with high ppO2 mix shortened, but so also are the preceding deeper stop times for the low ppO2 ascent. There is no analogy to this effect in a supersaturation calculation (where only the stop times when the mix is breathed are reduced). This is an artifact of the iterative procedure used in the VPM model. Because the dissolved inert gas will wash out faster when high ppO2 mixes are used in shallow stops, the total deco time is reduced-- thereby reducing all of the stop times. Practically, it is prudent to plan deco only for gas supplies that can be guaranteed to be with the diver during ascent.Oxygen toxicity must be preeminent in dive planning. A DCI incident is inconvenient, whereas a toxicity-hit is final. Within toxicity limits, it's best to open the O2 window as wide as possible and as early as possible in the ascent (keep ppO2 high). However, given a limited number of stage gases, and short deep stop times, remember that because the volume of bubbles depends on growth time, one shouldn't sacrifice high ppO2 on the longer shallow stops for an early switch. Inert gas management is also important, withÊlong decompression dives favoring high helium content in decompression mixes to take advantage of the fast desaturation rate and deep no deco saturation depth.
MIXED GAS AND THE VPM
Extension of the VPM algorithm to Trimix (or multi-inert-gas) diving was done by fractioning the inand out-gassing of inert gases in compartments as originally described by H. Keller, who was responsible for the algorithms employed by A. Bühlmann. Weighted critical ascent gradients are formed from the partial pressures of the inert gases, and a numerical method is employed to keep the sum of the helium and nitrogen partial pressures less than the critical gradient. Although this is a conventional procedure for modeling multiple inert gasses, the physiological and physical basis of this technique is somewhat dubious because both helium and nitrogen diffuse into bubbles independently--yet the rates of transfer of each gas are coupled through the dependence of bubble pressure on bubble volume.
YOU ARE THE FUTURE OF THE VPM
With the ready availability of technical details of VPM algorithms, open source code, and freeware decompression programs, divers have essential information available to them to make judgments and modifications on this new set of decompression procedures. The VPM model is considered by many diving practitioners of deep-stop-driven ascents to be a more robust and accurate analog to physiological processes occurring within the body compared to conventional methods. After all, if you can't decompress Jello™, how can you expect to ascend from a frontier level dive? Further benefits, including greatly shortened ascent times, as well as cleaner decompressions, potentially arise from VPM-based methods. This holds true especially in cases where dives are made far beyond the tested limits of conventional procedures, where the grounding of the VPM in basic scientific observations provides leverage for extrapolation. Deep stops and the related VPM modeling continue to peak the interest of technical divers everywhere. As individuals continue their quest to obtain a reasonable approximation of decompression procedures, one can hope that continued explorations offer a sound, repeatable, and trouble-free calculation scheme. Nonetheless, in this early stage of deployment of the VPM, caution is the word. It is advisable to plan dives for ample deco and only rely on the enhanced safety of initial deep stops or theoretically shorter ascent times for insurance. For example, in the case that a direct ascent to the surface is required due to a hazardous operational situation or other emergency, you have a built-in safety backup through making an optimal ascent every step of the way home.
(1) D.E. Yount, D.C. Hoffman, On the Use of a Bubble Formation Model to Calculate Diving Tables. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, February 1986. (2) D.E. Yount, E.B. Maiken, E.C. Baker, Implications of the Varying Permeability Model for Reverse Dive Profiles, AAUS, January, 2000. _URL_ (3) D.E. Yount, E.B. Maiken, E.C. Baker, A New VPM Algorithm for Repetitive Dives, UHMS, June, 2000. _URL_ VPM_Repetitive_Poster.ppt
Copyright ©2004 Global Underwater Explorers.
All rights reserved.


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|Minimum legal requirements|
|Failure by employer or employee to give notice|
|Rights during notice|
|Payments in lieu of notice|
- Both employers and employees have a legal right to minimum notice if the contract is terminated.
- Once notice has been by either the employer or employee it cannot unilaterally be withdrawn.
- In certain circumstances, employees have the right to be paid a minimum wage during their statutory notice period, even where they do not actually work during that period.
Minimum legal requirements
- Once an employee has worked continuously for at least 1 month, he or she is then entitled to 1 week's notice for each completed year of service up to a maximum of 12 weeks' notice. Thus: from 1 month to 1 year - 1 week's notice; 2 years - 2 weeks' notice; 3 years - 3 weeks' notice etc.
- An employee who has been continuously employed for 1 month or more must give at least 1 week's notice of termination.
- These are the legal minimum periods. The contract of employment can provide for more notice from either party but cannot provide for less than the statutory minimum.
- The written statement must set out the periods of notice.
- If the contract does not mention notice, a tribunal/court will imply'reasonable' notice - which will vary according to the seniority and length of service of the employee.
- Once either party has given notice, the legal position is that notice cannot be withdrawn unilaterally.
Failure by employer or employee to give notice
- If the employer fails to give proper notice, it amounts to a breach of contract and entitles the employee to sue for damages (i.e. the pay and benefits due during the notice period). An employer will usually avoid this scenario by giving pay in lieu.
- If the employee fails to give proper notice, it also amounts to a breach of contract.
- An employer's options in such a case are limited. It cannot withhold pay lawfully due under the contract. The only option is to sue the employee for breach of contract for any loss suffered. In most cases retrieving such a loss through the courts would not be worthwhile unless the amount was quantifiable and substantial, e.g. where the employee's breach had led directly to the loss of a large order.
- Should the employee leave without giving notice, the employer is not obliged to give the employee a reference. Contractual leave over and above the statutory leave entitlement can also lawfully be withheld, but only if there is provision for this in the contract.
- The employer cannot refuse to pay accrued holiday pay as this would breach the Working Time Regulations.
Rights during notice
- Employees who are on sick leave, holiday or absent because of pregnancy or parental leave during any part of their notice period are entitled to their full weekly pay even if they have exhausted their contractual sick pay entitlement - unless their contractual notice is at least 1 week longer than the statutory minimum. For example, if an employee with 2 years' service is entitled to 1 month's notice, he cannot take advantage of this provision, whereas if the notice period was 2 weeks, the provision would apply.
- An employee who is under notice of redundancy is legally entitled to take reasonable paid time off during working hours to look for a new job or make arrangements for training. The employee must have 2 years' service to take advantage of this right.
Payments in lieu of notice
- Where an employer dismisses an employee without proper notice, it will be in breach of contract. However, if the employer has given a payment in lieu of notice (PILON), an employee will not be able to recover damages for such a breach.
- Any PILON must compensate the employee fully for all the pay and benefits which would have accrued during the notice period, e.g. company car or private medical insurance.
- Employers who ask an employee to leave with pay in lieu must make it clear that the effective date of termination is the date the employee leaves and not the date on which the notice would have expired.
- Claims for PILONS cannot generally be pursued under the protection of wages provisions as they do not fall within the definition of wages.
- The one exception to this is so-called 'garden leave' where the employer gives proper notice of termination, tells the employee that he need not work until the termination date and gives him the pay attributable to the notice period in a lump sum. This involves no breach of contract by the employer as the employment relationship continues until the notice expires and the lump sum payment is simply of advance payment of salary. Such 'garden leave' payments are wages and protected by the law on deductions from wages.
- If the contract of employment provides for a PILON it will be chargeable to income tax in the normal way. Where there is no contractual provision for a PILON, and importantly no custom or practice of making such payments, the first £30,000 of such a payment will generally be tax free.


What is the weight limit for your mini cribs?
As every child grows at a different rate, it's mostly critical to pay attention to your child's height. We recommend that you stop using your mini crib when your child begins to climb or reaches 35" in height.
Cribs & Sleeping
How can we help you?
For press and media enquiries, please contact _EMAIL_


text:
KeepIt course module 4, Southampton, 18-19 March 2010
Tools this module: Plato, EPrints preservation apps
Tags Find out more about: this module KeepIt course 4, the full KeepIt course
Presentations and tutorial exercises course 4 (source files)
We continue our journey through the KeepIt course modules, adding commentary and context to the core materials for those who want to follow and apply the course at their own speed.
Module 4 is the penultimate module, and in some ways the culmination of the course – certainly it is the culmination of modules 3 and 4 and our approach to put preservation in the repository interface.
We've seen in courses 1 and 2 that digital preservation should be built into general information management – institutional policy and costings – but there's an area that differentiates digital preservation, it's somewhat technical and concerns file format characteristics. We learned about those characteristics in the previous module, KeepIt course 3.
In this module we will be using another tool, Plato, to create a preservation plan to manage file format characteristics, and applying this to files in a repository based on EPrints. The PLANETS project provided opportunities to learn about and practice with Plato, and EPrints offers regular training courses some of which will feature preservation, but this course module, and its final live incarnation, is the only place to put these pieces together. Once again we have top class presenters, who designed and built the tools you will be using.
Putting it in the interface: the importance of a familiar workspace
Apple recently launched a new machine – the iPad. It provoked differing opinions, from 'can't wait to use' to 'not revolutionary, just a bigger iPhone'. Why expect another revolution so soon? The key is the familiarity of the interface: "That's all people who already know how to use the iPad", said Steve Jobs, in perhaps the line that epitomised Apple's design approach to the interface of the new device.
EPrints is not Apple, but it is attempting to put preservation in the repository interface, to enable tasks to be accomplished in a familiar working environment.
First, the previous module was a primer for this one, so a quick recap might help. We began with preservation workflow (slide 7). This will underpin our work in this module. We looked at the two ends of the workflow – finding out what we have (identification), and considering the type of preservation actions we may have to take (if any). We recognised risk as an area we will wish to control and moderate.
As an example we looked at the broad risks (slide 8) associated with some formats we identified in a typical repository format profile. Our teams compared and rated some familiar formats (slide 9). But note, we also came up with reasons why our 'winning' formats might not be the best choice in all situations.
We next looked at significant properties using the F-B-S engineering design framework (slide 13):
- Function-the purpose of the design
- Structure-of the designated digital object
- Behaviour-what a user wants from the object
In this way we aim to identify and understand the critical characteristics of an object that we seek to preserve, recognising that it's not just what you preserve but how you preserve it that can affect its use.
We did an exercise to analyse the structure of emails (slide 14), where we were seeking to identify the behaviours required of the structural elements of an email (slide 15), and then classified these in five high-level categories (slide 16). A second exercise revealed that the expected behaviours of our email can be different depending on the user (slide 17).
In two rapid sessions we looked at two means to document these characteristics (slide 19):
- Open Provenance Model
Not forgetting we began module 3 with a simple numbers exercise to show why it matters to document the significant characteristics and history of objects: numbers can change, features can change, information can change whenever it is transmitted and transcribed. Unless you are careful, you will not end up with the information you started with (slide 21).
There we have it, module 3 in a single slide (slide 22).
Digital preservation fundamentals: a recap
Now we will put it all to work in a repository. First, Andreas Rauber and Hannes Kulovits from the Vienna University of Technology will answer the question Why do we need digital preservation? This broad recap of digital preservation fundamentals will be familiar to many, but Rauber and Kulovits are skilled presenters and held KeepIt course particpants rapt.
What follows in this module, KeepIt course 4, is:
- Discover support for large-scale storage in EPrints (version 3.2) – go here next if you wish to follow this course module in the order of presentation
- Create a test set of data in our training repositories to investigate how we can manage format risk with EPrints
- The output of this stage we will take forward to create a preservation plan in Plato
- Finally, we will enact that plan back in our EPrints repository
Although we are using training repositories based on EPrints, we expect similar approaches to become available for other repository softwares.


FTSE Group, USGBC, NAREIT Develop Investable Green Property Indexes
11/14/2012 | By Ron Kuykendall
FTSE Group, USGBC, NAREIT Develop Investable Green Property Indexes
The FTSE global REITs universe represents $1.07 trillion today. US REITs account for 48% of this universe, valued at $512bn. The green property indexes are based on the analysis of over 14,300 LEED and 18,400 Energy Star projects that have received third-party certification based on their green achievements and performance. These projects represent over 5 billion square feet (465 million square meters) of commercial real estate. USGBC certifies an average of 1.5 million square feet of additional property per day. More information about LEED and Energy Star projects can be found at gbig.org, search "REIT".
Mitigating and adapting to climate change, resource depletion and environmental erosion are some of the biggest challenges for the 21st century and will be major structural drivers of economic change. Because of this a growing number of investors are seeking to understand how their portfolios will be affected and how they can reduce their risk.
The global building and construction sector is a good example of this change. It consumes a significant proportion of the world's key resources making it highly exposed to the risks and rewards associated with the transition to the low carbon economy. The sector accounts for at least 30% of greenhouse gas emissions1, buildings and construction materials use three billion tons of raw materials per annum (40% of total global use1), and account for 55% of the wood cut for uses other then fuel. Buildings are one of the heaviest consumers of natural resources and account for a significant portion of the greenhouse gas emissions that affect climate change. In the U.S., buildings account for 38% of all CO2 emissions and represent 73% of U.S electricity consumption.


text: This is going to be another tutorial on a very cute Pokemon that has been looking adorable since forever. How would all of you like to learn "how to draw Mudkip", step by step? I know he seems like such a simple Pokemon character to draw and your right he is. I really did have fun with this lesson because I used to be such a Pokemon freak back when I was 12. The phase actually lasted for a while and because of that I had a lot of Pokemon cards, plushies, Pokemon balls and even a bunch of VHS movies of the series. The only thing I have left from all that stuff I used to own is the movies. Anyways let's talk about Mudkip for a minute shall we? First off Mudkips are small blue Pokemon that have sparked shaped cheeks that re orange in color. The orange cheeks are their gills and they also have a blue fish like fin on top of their heads. The tail is a lighter blue and looks very much like their head fin. The Mudkip is water-type specie of Pokemon and when they reach level sixteen they evolve into Marshtomp. These Pokemon have a strong sense of protection toward their kind and because of that they like to form groups to combine their powers to defeat and intimidate their enemies. Since they are water specie they live and thrive in swamps and other wetlands that have lots of vegetation like marshes. Brock (Ash's buddy) owns a Marshtomp that he had since it was a baby Mudkip. The hatchling was offered to Brock when Old Man Swamp told Brock to sit and watch Mudkip hatch. These adorable Pokemon have a laid back personality and they are quite strong as well. I know you guys will have fun learning how to draw Mudkip from Pokemon step by step. This tutorial was a filled request, and I hope to do a lot more in the future. I will be back again so stay tuned.


was in my class instead of Dong-min, the Boss of Prestige, it would bring more trouble.
At least, that dude lived a quiet school life, didn't he?
"That scared me. Why are you standing here instead of entering?"
1. Also known as College Scholastic Ability Test or CSAT, is a type of standardized test accepted by South Korean universities.
2. Derived from the Chinese characters 七星子. Lit. trans: Seven-star baby. A term used to describe premature birth during the third trimester but before the supposed due date
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3 years ago - 41 Seconds
100th anniversary of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
Today in Azerbaijan, celebrations are being held on the occasion of the 100 years anniversary since the establishment of the Azerbaijan Republic.
100th anniversary of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
The ceremony held at the Cumhuriyet Monument in Istiklaliyet Avenue started with the Azerbaijan National Anthem. President Ilham Aliyev who attended the ceremony left a wreath on the Republic Monument.
Due to the Republic celebration, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Italy, Finland, South Korea, Switzerland, Sweden, Sudan, Morocco, Greece, Cuba, Hungary, Spain, United Arab Emirates, Iraq, China, Russia, Romania, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, the United States, Germany, Kyrgyzstan, Egypt, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Belgium, India, Norway, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Croatia and many other countries send messages of celebration to President Aliyev.
On May 28, 1918, the National Council of Azerbaijan headed by Mehmet Emin Rasulzade, declared the independence of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in Tbilisi, Georgia. The temporary Azerbaijani government was established in the city of Ganja under the chairmanship of Fethalin Khan Hoyski and the government missions was carried out there for a while.
The first state to recognize the independence of Azerbaijan was the Ottoman State. The Republic of Azerbaijan ended with the invasion of the Soviet army on 28 April 1920.


Seven Forms of Waste
When a facility produces too much of a product, it is a form of waste. Even if the product does eventually sell, it causes certain types of waste. For example, if you have too much of a product, it needs to be stored in a warehouse, which is wasting space.
When speaking about waste, lean experts usually refer to seven specifically. These include: transportation, inventory, motion, waiting, over processing, overproduction, and defects. Elimination of these seven kinds of waste can help companies reduce costs, increase employee engagement and customer happiness, and increase profits.
The waste of inventory involves storing products or materials that are not needed at this time. Excess inventory results in a waste of space, and it wastes the cost associated with the physical inventory. Although it is a significant concern in manufacturing, it occurs in other sectors as well.
Seven Forms of Waste diagram. This is one of the top business frameworks encompassing strategy, project management, IT, internal processes and client experience.
Seven Forms of Waste
Tags:,,,,,,,,


text:
Negotiating with Labor Under Financial Distress
We analyze how firms renegotiate labor contracts to extract concessions from labor. While anecdotal evidence suggests that firms tend to renegotiate down wages in times of financial distress, there is no empirical evidence that documents such renegotiation, its determinants, and its magnitude. This paper attempts to fill this gap. Using a unique data set of airlines that includes detailed information on wages and pension plans we document an empirical link between airline financial distress, pension underfunding, and wage concessions.
Document Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3386/w17192
Users who downloaded this paper also downloaded* these:


text:
I have two questions:
1. My character is of Polish descent, but his grandfather became a german citizen through naturalization. My question is, since his grandfather was a naturalized citizen, would my character be automatically considered a german citizen? He also served in the army during WWI, would that be enough to grant him citizenship if he wasn't before?
2. Second question, would it be plausible for this character to serve as a representative of that party in the Reichstag? My understanding of elections during this time is that the party chose the candidates and the proportion of the vote they received in the region determined how many of those candidates served in the Reichstag.
I've tried Wikipedia. And I've found a couple chapters on google books about citizenship, but it doesn't cover Naturalization. I've also been unsuccessful trying to find a book or articles on restrictions for participation in the Reichstag or how elections were conducted during the 1920s, early 30s.


Ford anticipates 40% of its global vehicle volume to be all-electric by 2030; spending to $30+B by 2025, IonBoost batteries
Chalmers study: ban on sales of fossil-fuel cars greatly reduces lifecycle GHG mainly due to tailpipe emissions; risk of carbon leakage in manufacturing
PEUGEOT e-EXPERT Hydrogen now in series production
PEUGEOT has become one of the first manufacturers to offer in series production, from 2021 onwards in the compact utility van segment, an electric version powered by a hydrogen fuel cell in addition to its battery-electric version.
The new PEUGEOT e-EXPERT Hydrogen includes a new mid-power plug-in hydrogen fuel cell electric system, specific to STELLANTIS. Based on the EMP2 (Efficient Modular Platform), the new PEUGEOT e-EXPERT Hydrogen is a fully electric vehicle, combining two on-board sources of electrical energy. The vehicle includes:
 - A hydrogen fuel cell, located in the engine compartment at the front of the vehicle, which supplies electricity to the electric engine by recombining the hydrogen contained in the tank with oxygen from the air. It emits only water vapor through the exhaust pipe.
 - A permanent magnet electric motor with a maximum power of 100 KW, delivering 260 N·m of maximum torque. Located on the front axle, this electric drive train is similar to that of the PEUGEOT e-EXPERT (battery-electric model), which stands out in particular with a gearbox adapted to the loading constraints inherent to the use of commercial vehicles.
 - A high-voltage lithium-ion battery, located under the cab seats, with a capacity of 10.5 kWh and a power of 90 kW.
 - A three-phase on-board charger of 11 kW, located in the engine compartment.
 - A tank system consisting of 3 hydrogen storage tanks located under the floor, with a total capacity of 4.4 kg at a pressure of 700 bar.
The new PEUGEOT e-EXPERT Hydrogen can fill up with hydrogen in 3 minutes for a range of more than 400 km in the WLTP homologation cycle (currently undergoing approval).
The different operating phases of the mid-power plug-in hydrogen fuel cell electric system are:
 - At start-up and at low speed, the high-voltage battery alone provides the electric engine with the power it needs for traction.
 - At steady speed the fuel cell supplies the energy directly to the electric motor.
 - During acceleration, overtaking or hill climbing the fuel cell and the high-voltage battery are combined to supply energy to the motor.
 - During braking and deceleration, the electric motor recharges the high-voltage battery.
The new PEUGEOT e-Expert Hydrogen offers 3 driving modes from the mode selector:
 - Eco (60 kW, 190 N·m): for better range
 - Normal (80 kW, 210 N·m): optimal for everyday use
 - Power (N·m) to optimize performance when carrying heavy loads.
Two braking modes are available, with suitable battery regeneration:
 - Moderate, for a similar feeling to a combustion engine vehicle
 - Increased (accessible via the "B" push button for "Brake" located on the gearbox control), for enhanced deceleration when the accelerator pedal is released
The high-voltage battery is guaranteed for 8 years or 160,000 km for at least 70% of its charge capacity.
The van features up to 6.1m³ load volume, up to 1100 kg payload, and up to 1000 kg towing capacity.
The new PEUGEOT e-EXPERT Hydrogen will first be offered to professional customers (direct sales), in France and Germany, from the end of 2021. It will be produced in France, in Valenciennes, and then transformed in the Stellantis competence center dedicated to hydrogen technology in Germany, in Rüsselsheim.
The compact van segment market represents more than 750,000 vehicles per year in Europe. The PEUGEOT Expert has increased its market share every year since its launch in 2016.
This technology can help to reduce in the medium term the massive demand a transition to long range BEVs only, where the need for rapid increases in output is phenomenal, far, far greater than those required to go to a very high proportion of solar and wind in the grid;
' The metal resource needed to make all cars and vans electric by 2050 and all sales to be purely battery-electric by 2035. To replace all UK-based vehicles today with electric vehicles (not including the LGV and HGV fleets), assuming they use the most resource-frugal next-generation NMC 811 batteries, would take 207,900 tonnes cobalt, 264,600 tonnes of lithium carbonate (LCE), at least 7,200 tonnes of neodymium and dysprosium, in addition to 2,362,500 tonnes copper.
The level of demand is currently forcing materials prices higher for both renewables and batteries, and putting a real crimp in the story of ever falling costs
Or you could use PHEVs or HEVs with 10 kWh or 2 kWh batteries and range extenders running on just petrol or diesel (or some biofuel) and keep it simple.
It isn't a perfect solution, but at least you might get it implemented.
Interesting post. Though, your comment the most resource-frugal next-generation NMC 811 batteries is not correct. Cobalt-free batteries are the most resource frugal and many are available and not only LiFePo (there are NMx, ORNL has NMFeAl, and Zinc Air).
Solid State batteries and recycling will reduce demand for Lithium Carbonate as well as new sources of supply from Bromine in Arkansas, Geothermal salts, and Ocean extraction.
In 2018 Honda hybrid motors started using magnets that do not contain dysprosium and terbium. Other automakers also have done this as well.
For some reason you left out Platinum Group Metals which have had resource issues for he past two decades. Check out this article: "Is automotive demand for platinum increasing or decreasing?"11Aug2020 (
They make a real good point:
"The economic theory of substitution suggests that manufacturers will substitute a cheaper input for a more expensive one, up to a point where it is no longer economically logical to do so. That point can be price/cost driven, as rising demand for the initially cheaper alternative drives up prices of that input or related to the impact of substitution on the performance of the output product."
PHEVs are not ZEV at point of use. For high mileage delivery vehicles that is important, and currently PHEVs have high emissions at the point when the engine switches on, although I would imagine that that can be engineered around.
Places like Germany and South Korea will have enough density of hydrogen stations to support FCEVs in many places soon.
The report I quoted was from 2019, so the precise details are not current.
Nor did I personally analyse or quote any other documents, as in my view it highlights the issues with sufficient clarity.
For the platinum group metals as far as that pertains to FCEVs it appears that the loading in them will approach that in ICE catalytic converters soon enough that little if any additional resources are needed, even if PEMs remain the choice of fuel cells for cars and trucks.
I would agree that substitution and non magnetic engines etc will be used, and that there will be a huge expansion of capacity also.
But it takes time to build a mine and the logistic chain, and in my view the projected time lines for 100% long range BEVs are not realistic.
HTPEM with bio fuel
The PEUGEOT e-EXPERT Hydrogen Van looks like it will accomplish what Peugeot describes as an "answer to the expectations and needs of professional customers...".
It combines the 100 kW drive of the Stellantis Group with a 45 kW fuel cell from Symbio. This combination might also work with the larger Peugeot e-Boxer electric van maybe with the e-Boxer 37 kWh battery and a larger H2 tank for even greater range.
The Peugeot Boxer is built at the same plant as the Fiat Ducato, so maybe this could come to the USA as the Chrysler Ram ProMaster (which btw is already used by the USPS).
For the US I am very interested in this leasing system for converting truck to hybrids or pure hydrogen ICE, with the hydrogen also supplied at guaranteed cost:
Although a partial and temporary solution, on the face of it it sounds like a no brainer to enable very large speedy reductions in emissions, and the roll out of hydrogen infrastructure.
If anyone has more info, please post!
I was surprised to see Scania on the other hand have stopped fuel cell work and intend to focus on BEV trucks. So their 29 tonne truck has a 300 kWh battery and range of 150 miles - 0.5 miles per kWh. And going to 500 kWh or more in their 40 tonne trucks. 10 cars worth. Where do they think the lithium is going to come from? Meanwhile Oxis Energy are going bankrupt so their goes 16 years work on Lithium Sulphur which had reached a claimed 400 Wh/kg and no cobalt or nickel.
As for motors, there's no good reason not to use induction motors. That's what the EV1 used. Bill Moore made a very interesting observation in his book about what he saw when he tested the EV1 on the freeway.
Induction motors work just fine
Scania is part of the


text:
Over a half-million workers are exposed to fumes from asphalt, a petroleum product used extensively in road paving, roofing, siding, and concrete work. Health effects from exposure to asphalt fumes include headache, skin rash, sensitization, fatigue, reduced appetite, throat and eye irritation, cough, and skin cancer.
There are currently no specific OSHA standards for asphalt fumes. Exposures to various chemical components of asphalt fumes are addressed in specific standards for the general and construction industries, such as personal protective equipment (PPE). This section highlights OSHA standards, preambles to final rules (background to final rules) and standard interpretations (official letters of interpretation of the standards) related to asphalt fumes.
Note: Twenty-five states, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands have OSHA-approved State Plans and have adopted their own standards and enforcement policies. For the most part, these States adopt standards that are identical to Federal OSHA. However, some States have adopted different standards applicable to this topic or may have different enforcement policies.
General Industry (29
Construction Industry (29 CFR 1926)
- Natural or mined asphalts do not fall within the scope of the Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles Standard. (1983, May 26). Natural or mined asphalts do not fall within the scope of the Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles (CTPV) Standard. Again, the CTVP Standard, as stated in 29 CFR _PHONE_, applies to emissions only from products that are residues of distillation processes. Thus, "natural" or mined asphalts, which are not distillation residues, do not fall under the CTPV standard.
- Petroleum asphalt removed from coverage under the Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles Standard. (1983, April 8). OSHA believes that removal of petroleum asphalt from coverage under the Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles (CTPV) Standard was appropriate based on both scientific and technical considerations. Data indicate that there are qualitative and quantitative chemical differences between the volatiles arising from coal tar and asphalt. OSHA does recognize, however, that asphalt
fumes can present a health hazard to employees.
- Citations for the wearing of short pants engaged in hot tar and asphalt construction work. (1997, April 17). Compliance officers will be instructed to balance the need for personal protective clothing, such as long pants, during hot asphalt operations against the need for clothing that is appropriate for severe environmental conditions such as extremely warm weather.
- Search all available standard interpretations.
Exposure to asphalt fumes can cause serious injury and permanent damage. Workers that may be exposed to asphalt fumes need to be aware of the potential hazards in their work environment. The following references aid in recognizing asphalt fume hazards in the workplace.
- Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Asphalt Fumes. US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publication No. 78-106, (1977, September). Provides links to documents containing information on occupational exposure to asphalt fumes.
- TOXNET for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. The National Library of Medicine Hazardous Substance Database.
- Report on Carcinogens (ROC). US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Toxicology Program (NTP). Identifies and discusses agents, substances, mixtures, or exposure circumstances that may pose a health hazard due to their carcinogenicity. The listing of substances in the RoC only indicates a potential hazard and does not establish the exposure conditions that would pose cancer risks to individuals.
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks for Humans [65 KB PDF, 18 pages]. World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, (1998).
- ToxFAQs for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), (1996, September). Answers the most frequently asked health questions about polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a component of concern in asphalt.
- Health Effects of Occupational Exposure to Asphalt. US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publication No. 2001-110, (2001). Reviews current scientific data on health effects related to occupational exposures to asphalt, describes further research needs in this area, and suggests measures to minimize worker exposures while studies continue.
- Asphalt Emissions including Fumes. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Workplace Safety and Health Topic. Links to resources that provide safety and health information relevant to asphalt fumes.
- Crumb-Rubber Modified Asphalt Paving: Occupational Exposure and Acute Health Effects [615 KB PDF, 51 pages]. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Health Hazard Evaluation (HHE) Report No. HETA-2001-0536-2864, (2001). The study protocol included the following objectives: develop and field test new methods to assess asphalt fume exposures, characterize and compare occupational exposures to crumb-rubber modified (CRM) asphalt and conventional (CONV) asphalt and evaluate potential health effects associated with CRM asphalt and CONV asphalt. Seven site evaluations were completed between 1994 and 1997. These have been reported separately in individual HHE Reports. The numerous paving jobs were evaluated for exposure concentrations and worker health symptoms, comparing CRM asphalt paving with CONV paving.
- NIOSHTIC-2. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). NIOSHTIC-2 is a searchable bibliographic database of occupational safety and health publications, documents, grant reports, and journal articles supported in whole or in part by NIOSH. Contains a list of references pertaining to asphalt fumes.
- Mineral Products Industry. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission factors AP-42, 5th ed., Volume I, Chapter 11. Contains information and process overviews of hot mix asphalt and roofing material plants and the emissions and controls associated with these processes.
- Jane Y. C. Ma, et al. "Inhalation Exposure of Rats to Asphalt Fumes Generated at Paving Temperatures Alters Pulmonary Xenobiotic Metabolism Pathways without Lung Injury." Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP) 111.9(2003, July).
- For additional information, see OSHA's Safety and Health Topics Page on:
- Chemical Sampling Information. OSHA, (1999, January 14). Presents, in concise form, data on a large number of chemical substances that may be encountered in industrial hygiene investigations. Basic reference for industrial hygienists engaged in OSHA field activity.
- OSHA Occupational Chemical Database. OSHA maintains this chemical database as a convenient reference for the occupational safety and health community. It compiles information from several government agencies and organizations. This database originally was developed by OSHA in cooperation with EPA.
- Asphalt Fume Exposures During the Manufacture of Asphalt Roofing Products. US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publication No. 2001-127, (2001, August). Increases awareness among plant managers, safety and health professionals, and engineers of the potential for occupational exposure to asphalt and asphalt fumes during the manufacturing of asphalt roofing products.
- An Explosion in an Asphalt Patching Truck. Professional and Specialized Services, Ministry of Labour, (1996, January). Describes an explosion that occurred while an operator was cleaning an asphalt patching truck. Control measures and precautions to prevent similar incidents are discussed.
- Reducing Roofers' Exposure to Asphalt Fumes. US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publication No. 2003-107, (2003, September). Provides a guide for roofers and contractors who work with hot asphalt on roofs, including steps for reducing exposure to asphalt fumes.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
- NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM). US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publication No. 2003-154, (2003). NMAM is a collection of methods for sampling and analysis of contaminants in workplace air, and in the blood and urine of workers who are occupationally exposed. NMAM also includes chapters on quality assurance, sampling, portable instrumentation, etc.
After performing an exposure assessment, measures of control for worker safety can be put into the right places. Controlling exposures to asphalt fumes can be done through engineering controls, administrative actions, and personal protective equipment (PPE). Engineering controls include heating systems that maintain a constant asphalt temperature and emission capture and destruction devices consisting of a vent or exhaust system that evacuates fumes from the headspace inside the kettle. Administrative actions include substituting low-fuming asphalt and limiting the worker's exposure time. Personal protective equipment includes following all applicable OSHA
requirements for wearing the proper respiratory protection and clothing. The following references aid in controlling and preventing asphalt fumes in the workplace.
- Cleaning of Asphalt Truck Hopper with Diesel Fuel. OSHA Hazard Information Bulletin (HIB), (1995, December 6). Compliance and consultation personnel should be aware of the recommended procedure checklist to control the hazards of improper cleaning of asphalt trucks which can result in an explosion.
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-149, (2007, September). Provides physical description,


Did you know?
cladding - definition and synonyms
What are red words?
noun [uncountable] cladding pronunciation in British English /ˈklædɪŋ/
 1. a hard substance such as wood, stone, or metal that is put on the outside of a structure, especially a building, to protect it or make it look more attractive
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Just because someone has a
Just because someone has a Spanish last name, or a Spanish name at all, doesn't mean they belong somewhere else. For all you know, she could have been born here in the U.S.A. which would make her an American citizen. Either way, who are we to pass judgment on someone else simply based on a name? To me, that is pure ignorance.
As far as having American festivals in Mexico, maybe you haven't traveled much outside of the U.S.A. Americans are catered to in many countries where signs are written in English, our restaurant chains line up several blocks, and even some countries use the American dollar as their currency. So what if they had a festival here to celebrate their heritage. Did it hurt you in any way? No!
The real issue here is a child is missing. A mother and father don't know where their daughter is tonight. That's the real issue, not the origin of the missing person or the festival she attended.
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The ability of birds resting on telephone wires to stand in balance without difficulty must have called the attention of many people. Neither the continuously shifting wind nor the wires vibrating by force of the wind disturbs this balance.
When we think of the acrobats who work in circuses, only then we can understand how superior the ability of birds to stand in balance is. For instance, an acrobat who tries to walk on a steel tightrope has to use a long stick made up of special substances in order to poise.
This stick gives the acrobat a sort of balance mechanism and helps him stand on the rope without falling down. Birds, on the other hand, do not use any kind of equipment to poise but they are more talented than even the best acrobat: They can dive floating on air when stand on the wire and can enable their balance in less than a second.
Prof. Reinhold Necker, a German scientist, has carried out a four-year research in order to find how birds that behave like a superior acrobat can stand on a thin wire without falling down. The researcher, who worked in the University of Bochum Ruhr, discovered that birds are equipped with a very special balance mechanism. According to this research, two different organs took part in this balance mechanism.
One of these organs is the inner ear, which is also seen in other vertebrates. This organ helps when the bird is flying and prevents it to turn upside down when flapping its wings.
The other organ is in the pelvic cavity of the bird. This organ that works perfectly is composed of the semicircular canals on the left and right hand-sides of the spinal cord. These symmetrical canals tied to the spinal cord are filled with a special liquid. Prof. Necker explains how this system works:
"These semicircular canals work like a pair of scales. This liquid moves in the same direction as the bird's body and goes to this canal or the other one.1
This system works by means of the nerve cells that work very much like a computer system. The nerve cells in the lobes that are mechanically stimulated, sends the signal to the leg of the cerebellum. Necker says, "The muscles control the movement in such a good way that birds can enable balance perfectly."
The scientist who tested the role of this organ plays on balance, also observed that birds with imperfect organs in the pelvic area cannot maintain balance and that they fall down."
Without the existence of these outstanding balance organs of birds, found as a result of research, birds would fall down a wire or a wig in the face of a mild wind blowing.
When the features of the organs are examined, it is understood that the canals are specially created and then filled with a liquid with a specially adjusted fluidity. Of course, such an organ cannot come into existence on its own. In addition, muscle and nerve cells made up of blind atoms cannot 'want' to hold the bird in balance or 'calculate' the required specifications.
These balanced movements seen in birds occur by the leave of Almighty Allah Who holds everything He created under His control:
"Have they not looked at the birds above them, with wings outspread and folded back? Nothing holds them up but the All-Merciful. He sees all things." (Surat al-Mulk)
1- "Neurobiologie: Warum Vögel nicht umfallen", Geo, January 2003


text:
SCP is a network protocol for the encrypted transfer of data between two computers. This article explains how to set it up for use with HiDrive.
- HiDrive Pro package or another HiDrive package in combination with add-on protocols
- Administrator permissions in HiDrive or administrator privileges granted by another HiDrive administrator
Activation in HiDrive
To activate SCP in your HiDrive account:
- Open the HiDrive web app in your browser.
- Select Settings > Access rights and protocols in the menu bar.
- Click the pencil icon.
- Activate SCP.
- Complete your entry with Save.


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One of my physics books has a nice example on how to use Gauss's Law to find the electric field of a long (infinite) charged wire. However, at the very end of the example, the author ends by saying Gauss's Law cannot be used to find the electric field of finite-length charged wire. I could not understand why not.
Please this is not a homework problem or nothing like that. This is just a question I have and I have not being able to solve it in my mind yet.
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up vote 5 down vote accepted
Gauss' law is applicable for a finite wire. But, it's useless in this case.
In the infinite example, you assume some things due to symmetry, namely:
enter image description here
It's pretty obvious why these things can be assumed--moving up and down the wire should not change $\vec E$, so we take it constant. Also, there should be no direction bias, so $\vec E$ has no component along the wire.
In this way, $\oint \vec E.\mathrm dS\to\oint|\vec E|\mathrm dS_{curved}$ (since it's perpendicular), and then $\oint|\vec E|\mathrm dS_{curved}\to |\vec E| \oint\mathrm dS_{curved}$ (since it's constant at a given radius)
Once E is outside the integral, we can easily integrate the $\mathrm dS_{curved}$ term.
On the other hand, for a finite wire, we have:
enter image description here
There is no symmetry, and the form of $\vec E$ is not predictable{*}.
So we can't remove the dot product, and we can't take $\vec E$ out of the integral. Since the integral is a closed integral, it is sort of like a definite integral in that we can't just differentiate the equation to get an answer. So we can't solve the Gauss' law integral, so we're stumped. You have to use Coulomb's law and find it by taking elements.
*$\vec E=\frac{k\lambda}{R}\left((sin\alpha+sin\beta)\hat e_r +(cos\alpha-cos\beta)\hat k\right)$. See? Not predictable.
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Thanks for the answer. But I have a quick question. I understand that if the Electric field is tangent to the Gaussian surface on the ends, then the electric flux will be zero. However, I don't understand why you said that the electric field cannot have any component along the wire? I don't see why not? By the way, my book agreed with you. – leocod Apr 23 '12 at 4:26
_USER_: If you don't want to wait for another answer and are satisfied with this one, you can "accept" it by clicking the green tick next to it :) – Manishearth Apr 23 '12 at 4:28
_USER_: However, consider the situation where you have a pretty dang long wire of length $l$. Now you can approximate the situation as an infinite wire except at distances $\Delta l \not\ll l$ from the ends. – dmckee Apr 23 '12 at 4:37
_USER_: Aah, you edited it. The "no component along the wire" is for infinite wires. See, the wire should not have an "up" or "down". An ant walking up the infinite wire should feel the same as an ant walking down it. But, if the electric field had a $\hat k$ component, then the ant walking up could say "I am walking along $\vec E$", and the ant walking down would say "I am walking against $\vec E$". This goes against the symmetry of the situation. – Manishearth Apr 23 '12 at 4:40
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Volume 37 - Article 36 | Pages 1231–1244
Entry into first marriage in China
|Date received:||24 Feb 2017|
|Date published:||18 Oct 2017|
|Keywords:||China, cohabitation marriage, conception marriage, direct marriage, marriage, pathways to marriage|
Background: China has experienced substantial socioeconomic and institutional changes over the past few decades. The literature has documented a variety of demographic changes during this time, including the delay and decline of marriage and the recent prevalence of cohabitation. However, we have little knowledge about how the Chinese enter into marriage.
Objective: This study demonstrates the diversification of first marriage entry over time.
Methods: We applied event-history analysis to longitudinal data from the China Family Panel Studies (2010–2012 waves) and estimated the competing risks of the identified marriage entry types. The observation covered the period from 1960 to 2012.
Results: Our estimations from the competing models demonstrated four notable types of first marriage entry, including a general decline in the traditional 'direct marriage,' a rise and decline in 'conception marriage,' and two recently increasing innovative practices of 'cohabitation marriage' and 'cohabitation and conception marriage.' The 1980s marked a turning point when traditional family practices began to decay and innovative family practices began to emerge and spread.
Conclusions: The diversification of marriage entry in China since the 1980s occurred in tandem with the development of China's economic reform and 'opening-up' policies. This simultaneity exemplifies the notion that socioeconomic changes at the macro level interact with family behavior changes at the individual level.
Contribution: This study demonstrates an increasingly wide array of marriage entry types over time, reflecting the evolution of marriage behaviors from tradition to modernity in contemporary Chinese society.
Other articles by the same author/authors in Demographic Research
Most recent similar articles in Demographic Research


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Given the value of 1st party data, it's becoming increasingly popular for publishers to ask users to register on their website. A registration wall does just this, blocking access to content and requiring registration before continuing.
Once a reader has created an account, their behavior can be analyzed across devices, providing important and actionable insights to the content producer. What's more, registration brings a user one step closer to subscribing, so it can also play a huge role in a paywall subscription strategy. For readers, having an account on a site means more personalization, ultimately improving their user experience as a whole, and so encouraging them to subscribe.
This is why we're back with a new article series! Our first one covered the user journey to subscription (including The Washington Post, Netflix and Audible) whilst this one will analyze the journey of an anonymous reader into a registered user. We aim to see what motivates readers to become members and how the different publishers employ a regwall.
By now we hope you're aware that the most important aspect to turn readers into members, and even subscribers, is your value proposition and content. This is what our series is all about, understanding the number of clicks, scrolls, amount of information and time taken for a reader to create an account, but also to understand the value proposition and why the publisher wants users to do this action.
Remember, any online content-producer can employ a registration wall, including editorial publishers, broadcasters, e-learning platforms and more. To highlight this fact, our 'From content to registration to content' series includes a wide range of different publishers.
- The New York Times
- Journal du Net
- Harvard Business Review
- MY TF1
- Open Classrooms
To find out more about registration walls, see our blog post on 'What is a Registration Wall?'. You might also like our other article series on the subscription conversion funnel, with a white paper to summarize our findings, available here.
So let's start.
Ornikar is a French, online driving school. Their content makes it faster, cheaper and easier for you to earn your driving theory and 'on the road' licence.
- The user journey to register
- Ornikar's value proposition
- Why Ornikar uses a registration wall
The user journey to register
- 3 clicks are needed to register and return to content
- 1 scroll is needed to see the registration form in its entirety, except on mobile where two scrolls are necessary
- 7 fields are required to create an account
So, step by step.
STEP 1 - The user arrives on the website
Someone who wants to get their driving licence arrives on the Ornikar website and decides they want to access the content.
(This is a translated version of the Ornikar landing page)
On the landing page, the user must decide which licence they want to acquire:
- Driving theory licence / highway code licence
- Driving licence
In this case, we're interested in the driving theory licence because our analysis is based on online content.
STEP 2 - Registration to gain access to the content
The user is then taken to a page specifically for this type of licence, outlining the overall cost of obtaining it. However, below is a button saying 'create an account for free'.
Note that, on every page, there's the option to 'log in' for any users who already have an account.
Step 3 - Creating an account
After clicking on 'create an account for free', the user isn't taken to a different page but a simple side banner is presented with the registration form.
We're required to scroll once to see the whole form, but it's a smooth action because the main page remains the same as the form moves.
To access Ornikar's content, the user must provide 7 pieces of information:
- Date of Birth
- Zip code
- Phone number
- Email address
This information will help the company to better understand who their users are and why they're on the site.
As Ornikar's end goal is to encourage a user to pay to subscribe (as we'll see in a minute), so asking a user to register and collecting first-party data is hugely valuable in their subscription strategy. The data can help them understand how users act before subscribing, why someone might be less inclined to subscribe, what incentives different people need, etc. They could also segment their audience based on this data and present a different user subscription journey for each grouping.
A registration wall also brings a user one step closer to subscription, allowing them to discover the value proposition and content for free all the while Ornikar collects data to more easily encourage them to subscribe in the future. For example, Ornikar now has the users email address, so can send promotions and subscription offers by mail.
The New York Times also uses this strategy, employing a regwall as a step towards subscription. Find out more about the NYT registration wall in this article.
STEP 4 - Presenting subscription offers
The user now has another choice. They can continue to access the free version as a registered user or pay to subscribe and receive unlimited access. Ornikar have clearly divided their content into free and premium, with free being solely for registered users (behind a regwall) and premium being behind a paywall, requiring a payment to view.
Note how they have already filled out my name (which I provided in the registration form) making payment even easier.
If you're interested in paywalls and subscription journeys, we have another series of articles 'From content, to subscription to content' which you might find useful.
STEP 5 - The user decides not to pay for subscription
There's a little button in the right hand corner that gives a user the option to refuse payment and simply use the free version. By clicking on this, the user is taken to this page and can now try a series for free.
STEP 6 - The user has access to a free series
The user is automatically redirected to the content that they wanted to try.
Now the reader has access to content for free.
Note that this is only the free version. The user is constantly encouraged to subscribe and is limited in progressing through content if they don't pay the subscription. The registration wall therefore plays a role in collecting first-party data as well as helping to lead a user towards subscription and allowing them to discover Ornikar's value proposition.
It's very important to analyze the publisher's value proposition too, as it shows what a registered user is or isn't entitled to.
Ornikar's value proposition is really clear and explicit when we register.
- A user can have access to free series to practice for the highway code test
- This also allows them to try out the platform and discover content before paying to subscribe
Why does Ornikar use a register wall?
There isn't just one answer here and we can only assume, but we imagine that integrating a regwall meets several goals simultaneously.
- Collect first-party data
- Gather possible leads to sell subscription offers via email if a user doesn't subscribe on their first visit
- Learn about their audience and gain a better understanding of their behavior on the Ornikar site
- Create a personalized user experience thanks to the user being required to login on every visit. This way, Ornikar can save their progress, allow the user to personalize their account and maybe set reminders to revise
- Bring the user closer to subscription
What about mobile?
It's exactly the same on the website and on mobile, the only difference is the fact that we must scroll further down the page in order to see the whole registration form, but this is expected given the smaller screen.


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UCSF Springer Lab
Healthy Air! Among other important work, Springer Lab is researching the marijuana smoke, e-cigs such as JUUL, and cigarillos, from the standpoint of heart health. This important research has been leading revolutions in health, proving that healthy change can begin with a researcher in a lab coat. The lab's research has so far demonstrated how breathing burnt/evaporated particles harms health – whether you light up, yourself, or breathe the second-hand of others. This has been observed for both tobacco smoke and marijuana smoke, and for vaping as well. Vaping is insidious, because the cloud of droplets remains long after the visible "smoke" has disappeared. In past years we have also supported the lab with fundraising advice and have created a public service announcement to encourage people to quit smoking.
One study at Springer Lab laid the groundwork for an important editorial entitled Marijuana, Secondhand Smoke, and Social Acceptability, in JAMA Internal Medicine (The Journal of the American Medical Association), a peer-reviewed medical journal covering original research, reviews, and editorials covering all aspects of the biomedical sciences. Here is a brief excerpt:
"The evidence that secondhand exposure to marijuana smoke, like the evidence for all health effects of marijuana is more limited than for tobacco. But smoke from any source is a complex mixture of thousands of chemicals, including ultrafine particles and toxic gases. Other than nicotine and cannabinoids, tobacco and marijuana smoke are similar. Indeed, the California Environmental Protection Agency identified marijuana smoke as a human carcinogen based largely on the smoke's toxicology. Cardiovascular effects of breathing secondhand smoke are particularly important because about 80% of the deaths attributed to secondhand tobacco smoke are due to heart disease, including acute myocardial infarction."Research funded by the National Institute of Drug Abuse, the California Tobacco Related Disease Research Program, and The Elfenworks Foundation.
Most recently, the Springer Lab is investigating how repeated exposure of rats over many weeks to tobacco or marijuana smoke, or JUUL, affects the blood vessels and the heart. They will also continue ongoing projects aimed both at understanding how blood vessels grow in the heart and how specific cells from the bone marrow might be used as a therapy after a heart attack. We are supporting all of these efforts and have made it possible for the lab to acquire crucial equipment and to carry out experiments to further these goals


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COM+ Tracking
The COM+ tracking service enables you to build your own administrative and diagnostic programs that track the status and performance of running COM+ applications. COM+ tracking provides statistical information about the use of COM+ applications as well as status information, such as whether a COM+ server application instance is paused or has been recycled. Tools can use tracking information in diagnostic monitoring or for display purposes. For example, the Component Services administrative tool uses COM+ tracking to display the status of COM+ application instances in the COM+ Applications and Running Processes folders.
COM+ tracking calculates and periodically updates a set of commonly-used metrics, making this information available to programs that need it. It is similar to COM+ Instrumentation in that both services automatically collect data from COM+ application instances and make this data available to consumers. However, there are some important differences between these services, both in the functionality provided and typical usage. The following table summarizes these differences.
COM+ InstrumentationCOM+ Tracking
Fine-grained data. The COM+ instrumentation service notifies registered subscribers of individual discrete events (for example, method called, object destroyed) that occur in a COM+ application instance.
Aggregated data. COM+ tracking calculates and periodically updates commonly-used metrics for the status and performance of COM+ application instances.
Event subscribers typically calculate metrics on their own, using ad-hoc algorithms and policies.
Metrics are calculated automatically by the COM+ tracking service. All consumers get the same data, with no support for custom metrics.
After registering a subscription, the consumer does not receive any information about a COM+ application instance until an event occurs.
Tracking data for all COM+ application instances may be retrieved at any time.
Supports only a COM+ events-based subscription mechanism for consumers.
Supports both a COM+ events-based subscription mechanism and polling on a COM local server interface.
Notifications when a method is called or returns.
Average call response time, number of method calls that succeeded or failed in a recent time period, number of objects currently in a method call.
Notifications when an object is added to or obtained from the object pool.
Number of objects in the pool, total number of objects.
Notifications when a COM+ server application is started, paused, or recycled.
Status of the COM+ server application process (for example, whether it is paused or recycled).
Notifications of transaction start, prepare, abort, and commit events.
No equivalent.
Notifications of successful and failed method call level authentication attempts.
No equivalent.
Although COM+ tracking is more limited in terms of data scope and flexibility for calculating metrics, the metrics it provides should be sufficient for a wide variety of administrative and diagnostic programs. Using COM+ tracking, when possible, can simplify the design of these programs. Additionally, using COM+ tracking in production systems can have a significantly lower performance impact, making it more appropriate for real-time monitoring tools.
How COM+ Tracking Collects Data
When a COM+ server application process is started, COM+ registers the process with the tracker server, a component of the system application. Components in COM+ library applications and services without components (SWC) contexts also support tracking. When a library component or SWC context is created in a process, COM+ registers the process with the tracker server if it has not been registered already.
COM+ updates statistics for a tracked process when certain events occur in the process, such as the creation of an object or the completion of a method call. Updated data is periodically submitted to the tracker server, at which point it becomes available to consumers. The tracker server is also responsible for calculating some of the metrics used by the COM+ application recycling and hang monitoring features. This data is also available to consumers.
Tracking data is organized according to the process that generated the data. Data at the level of individual COM+ applications or components in the process is also available for consumers that need this information.
Events versus Polling
COM+ tracking supports two mechanisms for a consumer to obtain tracking data from the tracker server, a COM+ events-based subscription mechanism and a COM local server interface.
Programs that need to be notified periodically with updated tracking data can register a subscription for the IComTrackingInfoEvents event interface. Roughly every three seconds, the tracker server calls each subscriber's IComTrackingInfoEvents::OnNewTrackingInfo method, sending the most recent tracking data in the form of a collection object. This object implements the IComTrackingInfoCollection interface, and subscribers can navigate this collection to find the data they are interested in.
For various reasons, it might make more sense for a program to poll tracker server for data. For example, a monitoring tool may need updates much less frequently than a program that displays status in a user interface. Also, a program may use only a small portion of the tracking data available for the system (for example, a tool might only monitor the performance of instances of a single COM+ application). The subscription model sends each subscriber the tracking data for all COM+ applications in each notification, and it is the responsibility of the subscriber to find the data it wants. Finally, COM+ events is a best-effort event notification mechanism. Reliable message delivery services are not provided, and there is no way for a subscriber to detect that the tracker server failed to send it a notification.
A program that needs greater control over its retrieval of tracking data can use the IGetAppTrackerData interface of the tracker server.
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One timer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In this diagram, the blue team is executing a one-timer on a scoring play.
In ice hockey, a one timer is a shot that occurs when a player meets a teammate's pass with an immediate slapshot, without any attempt to control the puck on his stick. An effective one timer requires precise timing on the part of both players involved, especially the shooter. This play often results in a good chance at a goal. A wrist shot can also be done on a one-timer, though the puck is released far slower than a slapshot one-timer.
The effectiveness of the one timer comes from three things:
 1. The angle from goal between the pass and the shot
 2. The change of direction of the puck
 3. The speed of the puck after the shot
Greater angle, change of direction and/or speed increases the chances of the puck going into the net. Lesser angle, change of direction and/or speed decreases the chance of the puck going into the net.
Either way, the one-timer enjoys a greater success rate than a one-on-one shot between shooter and goalie.
The reason its called a one timer is because the player only has one time to connect.


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Subject: bug in Belize
Location: near San Ignacio, Belize
January 25, 2016 4:06 am
I saw this bug while in Belize last november. I was walking through the jungle at night near the town of San Ignacio. It is about 5 centimeters long en was sitting on a plant hanging over water. No idea what it is. Hope you can tell me! Thanks!
Though you found it in the jungle, this Centipede is a member of the order Scutigeromorpha and that orders members are commonly called House Centipedes. We haven't the necessary skills to identify your species, but there is an introduced species, Scutigera coleoptrata, found in North America that has adapted quite well to living in homes where it helps to keep populations of undesirable insects and arthropods in check. Of that species, BugGuide notes: "Mostly encountered indoors in damp areas such as bathrooms, cellars, and crawl spaces. It will venture beyond these areas and is often seen quickly scurrying across floors or climbing a wall. Outdoors, they live under logs, rocks, and similar moist protected places." It is our understanding that in some parts of the world, House Centipedes are found in caves. Your individual on a branch is quite unusual.


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General Physics Lab
The general physics laboratories employ a range of experiments, many of which are computer controlled, with computer acquisition of data. Cadets analyze their data and turn in a printout or an electronic submission.
For physics majors, we teach basic analog and digital electronics appropriate for conducting physics experiments, and cadets obtain a wide range of experience with basic circuit elements, including circuit components, transistors and operational amplifiers, along with basic electronic instruments, e.g., oscilloscopes, function generators, and frequency counters.
Labs for Upper Level Physics Courses


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Geoscientists do more than just look at rocks and minerals. We are happy to answer questions that you may have about the natural environment around you - rocks, minerals, fossils, landslides, earthquakes, water quality, fracking, climate... we have expertise in all fields of earth science.
Questions about local geology
- We have a number of useful pages about local geology, local earthquakes, local water resources, fracking in North Carolina, landslides in western NC, etc.
Help with mineral/rock/fossil identification
- Most minerals collected in western NC can be identified using our mineral ID tables.
- You can also send an email with high-resolution, clear images and details about where you found your specimen to Anthony Love at _EMAIL_ for assistance. When you send Anthony an email, please be aware of how Ask-a-Geologist works:
- Our agenda is to identify your geological sample (if we can) and answer your geology questions. We have limited familiarity with archaeological artifacts; please contact the Department of Anthropology if you want archaeological artifacts identified.
- Feel free to request we personally examine a sample (if we can arrange it, we will try!)
- We cannot identify specimens based off blurry or low-resolution images, or shaky video that does not show the specimen clearly. Please be sure your images are clear and well-lit. Including some sort of a scale in the image (a ruler, or a standard-sized object such as a pen, key, or coin) is very helpful.
- We do not provide estimates for the monetary value of your specimen or your land.
- We are not qualified to test gemstones; please contact a licensed jeweler for that purpose.
- We use established scientific principles to identify your samples; our professional opinion may therefore differ from your personal hypothesis.
- Ask-a-Geologist is a service we provide to the community free of charge, but please be aware that administering this program is not our department's primary mission. We get a lot of requests, so please be patient. If we have not gotten back to you within a week, please reach out again.
- If you think you have a meteorite...
- See how heavy it is. Does it feel unusually heavy for its size, and does a magnet stick to it? Or is relatively light or full of holes and nonmagnetic? If it's relatively light or normal weight compared to other rocks, and contains holes, and is not magnetic, it's likely a piece of volcanic rock used as ballast/fill or slag from an old industrial furnace. Volcanic rocks and furnace slag sometimes look like a meteorite but they are lighter and generally not magnetic.
- It used to be very common to use furnace slag in place of rip-rap or gravel, and furnace slag is commonly found along old railroad tracks where steam trains used to travel.
- Volcanic rocks and other large, unusual-looking rocks can be found on NC beaches near shipping ports, where they were used as ship ballast, and can later wash ashore with storm surges.
- Before you contact Anthony, this site is a fantastic resource for determining if you have a meteorite: METEORITE OR METEORWRONG? Self-Test Check-List.
You can also visit the F. Kenneth & Marjorie J. McKinney Geology Teaching Museum at Appalachian State University to learn more about geology. It's free and open to the public.