Type parameter bounds and variance
Published on 2015-02-11
Edited on
Tagged: compilers gypsum
I have two cool new features of the Gypsum type system to show off: type parameter bounds and variance. I'll try to define these briefly, then explain with a longer example.
Type parameters for functions and classes can now be defined with an optional upper bound, using the <: operator. If an upper bound type is specified for a parameter, the compiler will ensure that any type argument is a subtype of that upper bound. Because of this, it's safe to call methods and access fields defined in the upper bound type.
This could be used, for example, to create a hash table class. The elements of a hash table can be anything, as long as they are hashable.
abstract class Hashable
 abstract def hash-code: i32
 abstract def equals(other: Hashable): boolean
class HashTable[static T <: Hashable]
Bounds must be class types (no primitive types allowed for now). If no upper bound is specified, the default is Object, the root class type.
For comparison, upper bounds in Gypsum are basically the same as generic upper bounds in Java. C++ does not have explicit upper bounds for templates, but the compiler checks that any members you use from a template parameter are present in any template argument.
Unlike Java, Gypsum also allows you to specify a lower bound with the >: operator. When a lower bound type is specified, the compiler will guarantee any type argument is a supertype of that bound. Java lets you specify lower bounds for wildcards but not for generic parameters.
Covariance and contravariance
Type parameters for classes (not functions) may now be marked as covariant or contravariant. This is used to determine when a class type is a subtype of another.
Consider the following set of classes:
class Reader[static +T]
 def read: T =...
class Writer[static -T]
 def write(x: T): unit =...
class ReaderWriter[static T]
 def read: T =...
Reader's type parameter is marked with a +, which makes it covariant. A class type with a covariant parameter is a subtype of another type of the same class if its type argument is a subtype of the corresponding type argument. In other words, Reader[String] is a subtype of Reader[Object] because String is a subtype of Object. If we have some method which expects a Reader[Object], we could give it a Reader[String] instead, because the read method returns an Object in either case.
Writer's type parameter is marked with a -, which makes it contravariant. This flips the rule mentioned above. Writer[Object] is actually a subtype of Writer[String] because String is a subtype of Object. The former can be used anywhere the latter can, but not vice versa.
If a type parameter is not marked with a + or -, it is invariant. A class type with an invariant parameter is only a subtype of another type of the same class if the type arguments are equal. So ReaderWriter[String] is neither subtype nor supertype of ReaderWriter[Object].
When a type parameter is marked covariant or contravariant, there are some restrictions on where it can be used. Covariant type parameters can be used for method return types and immutable field types. Contravariant type parameters can be used for method parameter types. Both kinds can be used freely in constructor parameters and in method bodies. Only invariant type parameters can be used in mutable fields.
Gypsum's type parameter variance is heavily inspired by Scala, which I think has an excellent type system. Java does not allow you to specify variance in a type parameter definition, but it does allow wildcards when a type is used, which gives you essentially the same effect (but with a lot more typing). So you could have a method which takes a Reader, and you could pass it a Reader, for example.
Extended example
I've added a new example in Github, list-sort.gy, which uses both of these features. It defines an immutable linked list with a covariant type parameter for the element type. It then defines a function which sorts a linked list of any type, as long as its elements can be compared to each other.
The linked list is defined using three classes. List represents linked lists in general. Nil-class is a singleton class, which represents the empty list. The singleton instance is called Nil. It's easier to deal with the Nil object instead of null because you can call methods on it and not worry about errors. Cons represents non-empty lists; it contains a value and a pointer to the result of the list.
abstract class List[static +T]
 // Returns the first element of the list.
 abstract def head: T
 // Returns everything after the first element.
 abstract def tail: List[T]
 // Returns the number of elements in the list.
 abstract def length: i64
 // Returns the first n elements of the list.
 abstract def take(n: i64): List[T]
 // Returns a list without the first n elements.
 abstract def drop(n: i64): List[T]
 // Returns a list with all the elements in reverse order.
 def reverse: List[T] =
 var reversed: List[T] = Nil
 var list: List[T] = this
 while (list!== Nil)
 reversed = Cons[T](list.head, reversed)
 list = list.tail
 abstract def to-string: String
class Nil-class <: List[Nothing]
 def head = throw Exception
 def tail = throw Exception
 def length = 0
 def take(n: i64) =
 if (n == 0)
 throw Exception
 def drop(n: i64) =
 if (n == 0)
 throw Exception
 def to-string = "Nil"
let Nil = Nil-class
class Cons[static +T](value: T, next: List[T]) <: List[T]
 def head = value
 def tail = next
 def length = 1 + next.length
 def take(n: i64): List[T] =
 if (n == 0)
 Cons[T](value, next.take(n - 1))
 def drop(n: i64): List[T] =
 if (n == 0)
 next.drop(n - 1)
 def to-string =
 let value-str = value.to-string
 if (next === Nil)
 value-str + ", " + tail.to-string
Note that Nil-class is a subtype of List[Nothing]. Nothing is a special built-in type, which is a subtype of all class types. Because List's type parameter is covariant, this means Nil can be used anywhere any kind of List is expected. There are no instances of Nothing.
In the example, we want to sort a list of integers. Since integer types like i64 are primitive and only class types can be used as type arguments, we define a wrapper class Integer. We also want to make sure our list of integers can be sorted, so we define a base class, Ordered, for objects that can be compared to each other and make sure Integer subclasses it. The compare method is expected to return negative, zero, or positive for less, equal, or greater, respectively.
abstract class Ordered[static T]
 abstract def compare(other: T): i64
class Integer(value: i64) <: Ordered[Integer]
 def compare(other: Integer) = value - other.value
 def to-string = value.to-string
The sort function implements the standard merge sort algorithm. It ensures the elements of the list being sorted can be compared to each other using an upper bound.
def sort[static T <: Ordered[T]](list: List[T]): List[T] =
 if (list.length <= 1)
 // Base case: empty lists and single element lists
 // are already sorted.
 // Recursive case
 // Divide the list in half.
 let length = list.length
 let first = list.take(length / 2)
 let second = list.drop(length / 2)
 // Sort each half.
 var first-sorted = sort[T](first)
 var second-sorted = sort[T](second)
 // Merge the two halves together in a single, sorted list.
 var reverse-merged: List[T] = Nil
 while (first-sorted!== Nil || second-sorted!== Nil)
 if (first-sorted!== Nil &&
 (second-sorted === Nil ||
 first-sorted.head.compare(second-sorted.head) <= 0))
 reverse-merged = Cons[T](first-sorted.head,
 first-sorted = first-sorted.tail
 reverse-merged = Cons[T](second-sorted.head,
 second-sorted = second-sorted.tail
The main function ties it all together.
def main =
 let list = Cons[Integer](Integer(3),
 Cons[Integer](Integer(2), Nil))))
 let sorted-list = sort[Integer](list)
 print(sorted-list.to-string + "\n")
Type parameter bounds and variance provide a huge amount of flexibility and precision in the Gypsum type system. They let you handle many cases where you would normally have to fall back to casting and run-time type checking. Because the Gypsum can check these cases ahead of time, your code will be not only cleaner but also faster.


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Any sound recorded by one mic is a mono sound or track and will never truly be stereo even when placed into a "stereo" mix. At this juncture lets discuss some mono or single microphone techniques.
The first and most commonly used technique is "close" micing which places the mic very near to the source, thus excluding virtually all other incident sound and environmental effects and gives the most control over the sound. This is the preferred technique for multitrack recording which is based primarily on mono tracks of many instruments and/or vocals. Since the final resulting mix is generally an unknown factor, the purer and more uncolored the initial tracks are, the better the mix options at final mixdown. For example, a coloration from room acoustics in the initial recording cannot be deleted later. Tracks resulting from close micing will be far freer from artifacts.
The direct opposite of this technique is distant or ambient micing, where the desired result is to pickup the effects of environment along with the specific sound. Often when a collection of instruments that are in the same immediate physical location (such as drum sets), they can be recorded together to give a cohesive whole kit sound by using "room" mics that record all sounds within the room, plus the reverberant character of the room. In this example most often close mics are also used to give precise control over critical portions of the sound. The room mic simply adds the ambience from the environment.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Only deletions with sequenced breakpoints are included. Reported deletion junctions may be approximate due to the presence identical repeat sequences at the break points. Alternate junctions may be reported in the cited literature due to the inherent ambiguities of the direct repeats. Other reports of multiple deletions mapped within an individual have been published without specific sequence data for the deletion breakpoints.
D = direct repeat;
I = indirect repeat, homology as specified;
Patient ID # = identification number of specific individual examined in cited work.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Drawing Daisy Wheel Angles
250 x 160 mm / 6 pages / full colour
The compass drawn daisy wheel is a precision geometrical protractor giving six 60 degree sectors that can be geometrically subdivided into 30 degree, 15 degree and smaller subdivisions or combined to give greater angles such as 90 degrees and upwards.
The wheel is also a major source of triangulation. The six petal tips on the wheel's circumference can be connected to generate 30 60 90 degree triangulation but also, perhaps unexpectedly, four and six point rectangles. Dividing the four point rectangle along its diagonal produces two identical 30 60 90 degree triangles that are perfect set squares.


Rmxprt to Maxwell creation
Whenever I convert Generator (Rmxprt Design ) to Generator (Maxwell-2D) it shows give me the different result of power and torque calculation of permanent magnet synchronous generator. can anyone help how these results are different in Rmxprt and Maxwell-2D? and one more thing how the Moving torque calculated in Simulation.
Rajesh Sirvi
IIT Kanpur
 - nchodenchode Forum Coordinator
 RMxprt result depends on the load type selected during the solution setup.
 For example, if you selected a constant power operation and defined the rated output power and rated speed. Rmxprt will output the proportional torque that will satisfy this condition, provided if it is achievable as per your configuration.
 So, the power output will be the rated output power you defined in the solution setup and torque will be such that it satisfies the power and speed condition.
 Coming to maxwell, It will calculate the max power that can be developed at the specified motion setup(angular velocity). thus the torque and output power may be different.
 Best Regards
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text:
(also genipap treeˈjenəˌpap)
Definition of genipapo in English:
noun (plural genipapos)
1A tropical American tree of the bedstraw family that yields useful timber. Its fruit has a jellylike pulp that is used for flavoring drinks and to make a black dye. Also called genip.
- Genipa americana, family Rubiaceae
- The heavy leaf fall of the genipap is important in improving the soil of the plantation.
- The Kayapo wear intricate beadwork and headdresses in ceremonies and decorate their bodies with dye coming from the plants genipapo and urucu.
- The hillsides are intensely covered by molle pepper trees, ferns and genipaps that make a deep contrast with the grey and pink coloured rocks.
1.1A drink, flavoring, or dye made from the genipapo fruit.
- They are famous for tattooing around their mouths with genipapo, a black dye made from an Amazonian fruit.
- They also collect large quantities of genipapo for body painting, vines for fishing, and a great variety of medicinal plants.
- They have their bodies painted with annatto dye and genipap.
Definition of genipapo in:
- British & World English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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text:
Teams are given a 3D object, which will be their canvas as well as black and white and primary coloured paints. They explore basic information about contrast, artistic style and colour theory. They learn about the relationship between colour and our emotions and feelings. Teams decide on a customer profile and then determine how they will represent it in colour. They decide on a relevant artistic style, draw a sketch plan and then paint their artwork. Once complete, participants walk around the artworks discussing the characteristics of the profiled client.
In Think Art participants learn about the relationship between colour and emotions.They address customer profiling in a light-hearted and discussion evoking manner.Creativity is unleashed as they represent a customer profile in art. For teams to be successful, individuals must listen to each other, be respectful of differing opinions and reach a common consensus within a limited time frame.
It was a great experience going through this activity! Very relaxed and intriguing, a way to better understand art, and what it means to create an ovre d'art, but also a really good way to know my colleagues better and create something wonderful together.


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In and of the current draft standard restrictions are placed on specializations injected by users into namespace std.
The behavior of a C ++ program is undefined if it adds declarations or definitions to namespace std or to a namespace within namespace std unless otherwise specified. A program may add a template specialization for any standard library template to namespace std only if the declaration depends on a user-defined type and the specialization meets the standard library requirements for the original template and is not explicitly prohibited.
I cannot find where in the standard the phrase user-defined type is defined.
One option I have heard claimed is that a type that is not std::is_fundamental is a user-defined type, in which case std::vector would be a user-defined type.
An alternative answer would be that a user-defined type is a type that a user defines. As users do not define std::vector, and std::vector is not dependent on any type a user defines, std::vector is not a user-defined type.
A practical problem this impacts is "can you inject a specialization for std::hash for std::tuple into namespace std? Being able to do so is somewhat convenient -- the alternative is to create another namespace where we recursively build our hash for std::tuple (and possibly other types in std that do not have hash support), and if and only if we fail to find a hash in that namespace do we fall back on std.
However, if this is legal, then if and when the standard adds a hash specialization for std::tuple to namespace std, code that specialized it already would be broken, creating a reason not to add such specializations in the future.
While I am talking about std::vector as a concrete example, I am trying to ask if types defined in std are ever user-defined type s. A secondary question is, even if not, maybe std::tuple becomes a user-defined type when used by a user (this gets slippery: what then happens if something inside std defines std::tuple, and you partial-specialize hash for std::tuple).
share|improve this question
It doesn't mean a type that's defined by the programmer? A type that's not already present in the C++ specification? – Robert Harvey May 14 '14 at 15:42
_USER_ No, at least not historically. Historically, a UDT is any non-fundamental type, i.e. any type other than enums and builtin types such as int, char etc. But I agree that this makes the usage in the context cited here weird. – Konrad Rudolph May 14 '14 at 15:43
Yes, that's essentially my understanding. Anything you might define with class or struct. – Robert Harvey May 14 '14 at 15:45
_USER_ Forget it, brain fart. I was thinking of (non-)POD, not UDT. – Konrad Rudolph May 14 '14 at 15:57
BTW: I've seen this type of question several times and I always wondered why the definition of "user-defined type" is questioned instead of simply questioning if the restrictions in simply need to be fixed (by extending the wording to not just rely on UDTs) – Daniel Frey May 14 '14 at 16:41
4 Answers 4
Prof. Stroustrup is very clear that any type that is not built-in is user-defined. See the second paragraph of section 9.1 in Programming Principles and Practice Using C++.
The article explicitly mentions that not everyone seems to agree, but this is IMHO mostly wishful thinking and not what the standard (and Prof. Stroustrup) are actually saying, only what some people want to read into it.
share|improve this answer
TC++PL 4th edition (2014), p139 "The standard library provides many user-defined types." -- same page: "Enumerations and classes are called user-defined types because they must be defined by users rather than being available for use without previous declarations, the way fundamental types are." – dyp May 14 '14 at 17:14
_USER_ Sure, but that is just the words and intentions of the inventor of the language: I was hoping for something definitive. ;) – Yakk May 14 '14 at 19:01
_USER_ Yeah... I had this discussion before (with Potatoswatter?) and I agree that paragraph is ambiguous. I just wanted to add some more quotes to Daniel's answer. – dyp May 14 '14 at 19:27
_USER_ related:… – dyp May 14 '14 at 19:34
Stroustrup is using the term as it is used in Clauses 1-16, but Clause 17 uses it in a different way, and does not consider e.g. std::string to be a user-defined type (even though that most certainly is a user-defined type according to clauses 1-6) – Jonathan Wakely Jan 6 at 1:10
When Clause 17 says "user-defined" it means "a type not defined in the standard" so std::vector is not user-defined, neither is std::string, so you cannot specialize std::vector or std::vector. On the other hand, struct MyClass is user-defined, because it's not a type defined in the standard, so you can specialize std::vector.
This is not the same meaning of "user-defined" used in clauses 1-16, and that difference is confusing and silly. There is a defect report for this, with some discussion recorded that basically says "yes, the library uses the wrong term, but we don't have a better one".
So the answer to your question is "it depends". If you're talking to a C++ compiler implementor or a core language expert, std::vector is definitely a user-defined type, but if you're talking to a standard library implementor, it is not. More precisely, it's not user-defined for the purposes of 17,
One way to look at it is that the standard library is "user code" as far as the core language is concerned. But the standard library has a different idea of "users" and considers itself to be part of the implementation, and only things that aren't part of the library are "user-defined".
Edit: I have proposed changing the library Clauses to use a new term, "program-defined", which means something defined in your program (as opposed to UDTs defined in the standard, such as std::string).
share|improve this answer
And std::vector depends on a user-defined type, so you can also specialize hash for std::vector, etc – Ben Voigt Jan 6 at 1:18
This makes me sad. Not the answer. The answer is great. – Lightness Races in Orbit Jul 10 at 15:55
The logical counter argument is that users do define std::vector. You see std::vector is a class template and as such has no direct representation in binary code.
In a sense it gets it binary representation through the instantiation of a type, so the very action of declaring a std::vector object is what gives "soul" to the template (pardon the phrasing). In a program where noone uses a std::vector this data type does not exist.
On the other hand, following the same argument, std::vector is not a user defined type, it is not even a type, it does not exist; only if we want to (instantiate a type), it will mandate how a structure will be layed out but until then we can only argue about it in terms of structure, design, properties and so on.
The above argument (about templates being not code but... well templates for code) may seem a bit superficial but draws it's logic, from Mayer's introduction in A. Alexandrescu's book Modern C++ Design. The relative quote there, goes like this :
Eventually, Andrei turned his attention to the development of template-based implementations of popular language idioms and design patterns, especially the GoF[*] patterns. This led to a brief skirmish with the Patterns community, because one of their fundamental tenets is that patterns cannot be represented in code. Once it became clear that Andrei was automating the generation of pattern implementations rather than trying to encode patterns themselves, that objection was removed, and I was pleased to see Andrei and one of the GoF (John Vlissides) collaborate on two columns in the C++ Report focusing on Andrei's work.
share|improve this answer
Umm... just to put it into simple-english, except the note, you say "std::vector is not a user-defined type, because it is not a type at all (unless T is type and it gets instantiated). It's a template.", am I right? However, any instantiation would be an UDT. – luk32 May 15 '14 at 9:11
The draft standard contrasts fundamental types with user-defined types in a couple of (non-normative) places.
The draft standard also uses the term "user-defined" in other contexts, referring to entities created by the programmer or defined in the standard library. Examples include user-defined constructor, user-defined operator and user-defined conversion.
These facts allow us, absent other evidence, to tentatively assume that the intent of the standard is that user-defined type should mean compound type


UW researcher links storytelling and mathematical ability
Two years later, the children were brought back to the laboratory and were given a number of tests of academic achievement that included a test of mathematical achievement. What O'Neill found was that those children who scored highly on the mathematics test had also scored highly on certain measures of their storytelling ability two years earlier.
"It was only certain aspects of storytelling that were related to later mathematical ability. Most strongly predictive of children's mathematical performance was their ability to relate all the different events in the story, to shift clearly from the actions of one character to another, and to adopt the perspective of different characters and talk about what they were feeling or thinking," explained O'Neill.
UW researcher links storytelling and mathematical ability (Eureka Alert (press release))
My English-major brain is reeling with puns on "perspective" and "story problems." While I've only read the press release, and not the full academic article, I wonder whether there will be anything in it to shed light on the narratology vs. ludology debate in computer games studies.


text:
Medieval London Guilds
Interesting history, facts and information about the life of the people
who lived in England during the Medieval times
Medieval London Guilds
London was the biggest and most important city during the Medieval times and era. The Medieval London Guilds played a major role in the lives of the people in the city. The members of the Medieval Guilds became powerful. The Guilds controlled the way in which trade was conducted in the town. The members of the Guilds also became involved with civic duties and were appointed to important and influential positions in the community.
The chief spokesman of the Guilds became the Mayor of London
The leading delegates of the Guilds became the Aldermen of London
The other members of the Guilds became the burghers of London
The guilds effectively ran the city and controlled commerce. Each guild had its own hall and their own coat of arms, but there was also the Guildhall (_PHONE_) where representatives of all the various London guilds met together. The word "guild" derives from the Saxon "gilden" meaning "to pay" and refers to the subscription paid to the Guilds by their members. Other words associated with the term guild include association, society, brotherhood, company, fellowship, fraternity and livery.
Medieval Craft Guilds
Medieval Merchant Guilds
Names of Medieval London Guilds
The list of names of Medieval London guilds provides an insight in the many jobs and occupations which were available to the people of London during the Medieval times and era. The names of some of the Medieval London Guilds included the following:
Armourers & Brasiers (armour-makers and workers in brass)
Barbers (also surgeons and dentists)
Bowyers (longbow makers)
Chandlers (candle makers)
Cordwainers (workers in fine leather)
Curriers (dressers of tanned leather)
Farriers (shoers of horses)
Fletchers (arrow makers)
Girdlers (girdles and belts as clothing)
Loriners (stirrups and other harness for horses)
Mercers (general merchants)
Pattenmakers (makers of wooden clog-style footwear)
Scriveners (writers of court letters and legal documents)
Tallow chandlers (Candle makers)
Wax Chandlers ( candle makers)
Woolmen (winders and packers of wool)
It is interesting to note that many of the streets in London were named after the particular trade which practiced there. These names have survived to the modern day and include names such as Bread Street, Mlk Street, Pudding Lane and Threadneedle Street.
The major towns of Medieval England had a guildhall. A Guildhall is a building historically used by guilds for meetings. A deed of 1369 refers to the "gildaule", and a charter of 1439 states that "pleas happening in the said borough...shall be pleaded and holden in the guildhall there, before the mayor and bailiffs for the time being". The name for guildhall occurs in early records as "Gialle," "Gihalle," "Guyhalle," "Gihale," "Guihalle," "Gyhale," "Gilda Aula," "Gildaula," "Gyhalda," and "Gildaule" and is derived from "gild " meaning payment or "gildan" meaning to pay. The Guildhall would be the appointed place where the burgesses would "yield" or pay their taxes, hence another name for Guildhall - "Yeldehall". The purpose of the Guildhall building was to conduct the commercial business of the Guilds. It was also used for the civic and administrative duties of the guilds and its members including the mayor who also held the post of chief magistrate in the later period of the Middle Ages. The great hall of the London Guildhall was second in size only to that of the king's hall at Westminster. The mayor of London even sat on a dais as the king did in his hall.
Medieval London Guilds - Ceremonial Livery
The Medieval Guilds of London had their own Ceremonial Livery. The formal name for the London Guilds are livery companies. This referred to the elegant apparel, called livery, that Medieval London guild members wore on special and ceremonial occasions. The livery clothing was adopted by the Medieval London guilds in the reign of King Edward III (1312 - 1377). The clothes, or livery, worn by the guild merchants were extremely important as they identified the merchants with a specific guild and distinguished their members from one another. The Guild merchants wore their livery when they marched in parades and processions and attended ceremonies and other Royal gatherings during the Medieval times and era.
Women and Medieval Guilds
There were women in Medieval Guilds. A law called 'femme sole' allowed women to trade in their own right in the case of a widow continuing her husband's craft. The whole family were involved in the Craft Guilds helping the craft guild member who was the head of the family. A wife, daughter or son would work accordingly in the trade of the family. Women were therefore able to take over the trade upon the death of a husband.
Medieval London Guilds - Candle making guilds / Soapmakers Guilds
Candle makers were called Chandlers in the Medieval times of the Middle Ages. there were two types of candle making guilds - the Wax candle makers and the tallow candle makers. The tallow candle makers were made with animal fat and therefore closely associated with butchers or skinners. The tallow candle makers also became soapmakers, although it is unclear whether there was a seperate medieval ages soapmakers guild. The Tallow candles were much cheaper, leading to chandlers laws being passed regulating the percentage of a candle which could be tallow. Rich people used the wax candles and poor people used the tallow candles. The wax candle makers, made predominantly from beeswax, were often quite wealthy due to the constant demand for their product. The church was one of their best customers. The incidence of widows taking over the family business and access to the Candle making guilds was high due to the profits made in such a business.
Medieval London Guilds
The Medieval Times website provides interesting facts, history and information about these great people and important historical events which scatter the Medieval History books including Medieval London Guilds. The Medieval Times Sitemap provides full details of all of the information and facts about the fascinating subject of the lives of the people who lived during the historical period of the Middle Ages. The content of this article on Medieval life and times provides free educational details, facts and information for reference and research for schools, colleges and homework for history courses and history coursework.


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Germanium is a hard, brittle metalloid that was first used about a half century ago as a semiconductor material in radar units and as the material for the first transistors. Today, it is used as a polymerization catalyst for polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a commercially important plastic; as a component of glass in telecommunications fiber optics; as a lens or window in infrared night-vision devices; and as a semiconductor and substrate in electronic circuitry and solar cells.Because of its small band gap, it reponds efficiently to infrared light and is used in infrared spectroscopes for thermal imaging devices. Germanium oxide has an index of refraction that makes it useful in wide-angle lenses. IBM uses germanium for the avalanche photodetectors in their zEnterprise 196 microprocessor systems.
Domestic Production and Use: The major end uses for germanium, worldwide, were estimated to be fiber-optic systems, 30%; infrared optics, 25%; polymerization catalysts, 25%; electronics and solar electric applications, 15%; and other (phosphors, metallurgy, and chemotherapy), 5%. Domestically, these end uses varied and were estimated to be infrared optics, 50%; fiber-optic systems, 30%; electronics and solar electric applications, 15%; and other (phosphors, metallurgy, and chemotherapy), 5%. Germanium is not used in polymerization catalysts in the United States. The estimated value of germanium metal consumed in 2009, based upon the annual average U.S. producer price, was about $52.7 million.
Recycling: Worldwide, about 30% of the total germanium consumed is produced from recycled materials. During the manufacture of most optical devices, more than 60% of the germanium metal used is routinely recycled as new scrap. Germanium scrap was also recovered from the window blanks in decommissioned tanks and other military vehicles.
Events, Trends, and Issues: The global market for germanium metal and germanium dioxide generally weakened through the first 10 months of the year. The estimated market price of germanium metal (99.99%) in late September was $950 per kilogram, a 33% decline from that of January, when it was about $1,425 per kilogram. Germanium dioxide prices also declined during the year and as of late September, germanium dioxide was selling for about $580 per kilogram. Slumping demand for germanium appeared to be a product of the overall downturn in the global economy in 2009.
Throughout much of the year, many Chinese suppliers, accounting for the majority of the germanium produced globally, held an excess supply of material as the market continued to decline, in anticipation of an eventual turnaround, instead of selling at reduced prices. As a result of the falling prices, some consumers became hesitant to place large orders, expecting that cheaper material would be available in the future. Demand for germanium dioxide from polyethylene terephthalate manufacturers, used primarily to make plastic beverage containers in Asia, declined from that of the previous year. Consumption of germanium tetrachloride through the first half of the year declined as well when compared with the same time period in 2008 owing to reduced demand for fiber-optic cable.
In May, the Yunnan Province in China announced that it would attempt to reinvigorate the Chinese germanium market by stockpiling 8 metric tons of germanium ingots. Domestically, demand for germanium was fairly stable owing to the continued use of germanium lenses and window blanks by the military for various infrared applications. Ongoing military engagements have led to increased spending on thermal weapon sights and related thermal imaging technology over the past several years.
In most satellite applications, germanium substrates continued to be favored for use in photovoltaic solar cells, and the development of terrestrial-based applications was ongoing.
In August, a leading manufacturer of solar cells announced that it had manufactured a multijunction solar cell with a germanium substrate that set a new world record for terrestrial concentrator solar cell efficiency, converting 41.6% of sunlight into electricity. A high-efficiency solar cell such as this would potentially allow energy producers to generate more electrical power from typical industrial solar panels and pass on lower costs to consumers. Another producer reported that sales of germanium substrates through the first half of 2009 were greater than those in the corresponding period of 2008 owing to their increased use in high-brightness, light-emitting diodes for backlighting liquid crystal display screens and in vehicle headlights.
A company from the United Kingdom that developed a tarnish-resistant silver alloy containing germanium in the early 1990s called Argentium continued to market the material to jewelry manufacturers. Several jewelry manufacturers in Asia and Europe began incorporating Argentium silver into their collections during the past 2 years.
World Resources: In 2009, the world's total supply of germanium was estimated to be between 100 and 120 tons. This comprised germanium recovered from zinc concentrates or fly ash from coal and recycled material. The recycling level remained about the same as that in 2008 and supplied about 30% of the world's total supply of germanium. Owing to the value of refi ned germanium, new scrap generated during the manufacture of fiber-optic cables, infrared optics, and substrates is typically reclaimed and fed back into the production process. Recycling of germanium recovered from used materials, such as fiber-optic window blanks in decommissioned military vehicles or fiber-optic cables, has increased during the last decade. The vast majority of germanium production was concentrated in Canada and China.
Substitutes: Silicon can be a less-expensive substitute for germanium in certain electronic applications. Although some metallic compounds that contain gallium, indium, selenium, and tellurium can be substituted for germanium, germanium is more reliable than these materials in many high-frequency electronics applications and is a more economical substrate for some light-emitting-diode applications. Zinc selenide and germanium glass substitute for germanium metal in infrared applications systems but often at the expense of performance. Titanium has the potential to be a substitute for germanium as a polymerization catalyst.
Germanium Producers AXT, Inc (NASDAQ: AXTI) - manufactures and sells raw materials to the semiconductor substrate industry through joint ventures in China. These materials include germanium, arsenic, boron, and gallium. Yunnan Chihong Zinc & Germanium Co. (SHA: 600497) - Germanium dioxide and high purity germanium.
Edmund Optics - _URL_ - Germanium infrared aspheric lenses
Emcore (NASDAQ: EMKR)
Selwyn Resources (CVE: SWN) - Zinc-lead project in Howard's Pass District, eastern Yukon, Canada. American Photonics - _URL_ - Optical grade germanium
Spectrolab - A subsidiary of Boeing (NYSE: BA)
Teck Cominco (NYSE: TCK) - Their specialty metals division produces germanium, bismuth, cadmium, and indium.
Umicore (EBR: UMI) - _URL_ Yunnan Lincang Xinyuan Germanium (SHE: 002428)
Yunnan Luoping Zinc & Electricty Co. (SHE: 002114) - Germanium concentrate
(wiki) - Germanium on Wikipedia
Germanium News 2011-06-01 - (bw) - Research and Markets: China Germanium Industry Report, 2011
2011-06-01 - (bw) - Unfavorable export taxes force China to cut the germanium sales according to Merchant Research & Consulting
2011-05-23 - (tmw) - Edmund germanium lenses target IR applications
2011-05-20 - (nw) - Nanoelectronics with germanium
2010-11-19 - (gt) - Rare metal germanium left for dead
2010-11-18 - (mmd) - Flat polished silicon and germanium now being offered by Lattice Materials
2010-11-01 - (fc) - How a handful of countries control the Earth's most precious materials
2010-10-29 - (po) - Edmund Optics Introduces New TECHSPEC Germanium Infrared (IR) Aspheric Lenses
2010-10-29 - (fz - Plessy comes up with new process
2010-10-27 - (prn) - Voltaix announces plans to bring its germane (GeH4) production to Korea via agreement with Wonik Materials
2010-10-26 - (pr) - Global germanium market to exceed 126.4 thousand kilograms by 2015, according to a new report by Global Industry Analysts, Inc.
2010-10-14 - (csc) - Umicore opens "world's most advanced" germanium wafer production facility
2010-10-13 - (no) - Newly opened plant in Quapaw to help harness energy
2010-09-01 - (mw) - ATMI(R) and Ovonyx announce important advance toward commercialization of germanium antimony telluride phase change memory using chemical vapor deposition
2010-09-01 - (wsj) - IBM claims fastest mainframe
2010-08-19 - (tm) - Selwyn Resources forms joint venture with Yunnan Chihong Zinc & Germanium
2010-02-10 - (pw)


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Can China Beat Internet Addiction?
A new plan targets kids' Internet use after a young gaming addict poisons his parents.
China has announced a new initiative to curb a growing problem with Internet and gaming addiction. The plan is geared towards intervening at a young age, and comes on the heels of an incident in which a 14-year-old Chinese boy poisoned his parents after his mother took away his video games. "Internet addiction has become a serious problem in China," says Li Jianwei of the Ministry of Culture. "Although some rules restricting students from playing online games have been introduced, the problem has not been solved completely." Under the proposal, steps will be taken to diagnose the problem early on by developing a definition for Internet addiction. "The unhealthy content online, such as violence and obscenity, has damaged young people, physically and mentally," says Wang Ping, of the Chinese Society for Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Research. "But what symptoms define Internet addiction? How to diagnose young addicts, and at what level of addiction, is still vague." Next, the nation plans to introduce tighter regulations on internet cafes and online gaming companies, and stricter supervision of kids' internet use. This may take a few years to complete; in the meantime, parents may continue to come up with creative solutions to the problem.


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Interracial Unions and Marital Dissolution: Changes over Time
Kate H. Choi, University of Western Ontario
Interracial marriages dissolve at considerably higher rates than endogamous unions: a phenomenon that often serves as signal for the significant barriers to social interaction across race/ethnic groups. Yet, the rise in the prevalence and acceptability of interracial marriages suggests that barriers to interaction across race/ethnic groups are eroding in recent decades, which make us wonder whether marital stability differences between interracial and endogamous unions are also diminishing over time. Using data from the 1995, 2002, and 2006-10 NSFG, I ascertain whether the marital stability differences are diminishing over time. I also investigate the extent to which changing selectivity into interracial unions and shifts in behavioural differences across union type explain these changes. Preliminary results suggest that marital stability differences between interracial and endogamous unions are decreasing over time. These changes are partly due to the declining selectivity in intermarriages as well as diminishing behavioural differences between interracial and endogamous unions.
Presented in Session 13: Race and Ethnicity and Families


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Saturday, February 20, 2010: 11:30 AM-1:00 PM
Room 5B (San Diego Convention Center)For the first time, the National Science Foundation (NSF) and NBC News are partnering to offer specialized instruction for scientists and engineers in the use of hand-held camera technology and techniques. Participants will emerge with enhanced expertise in the communication of science research. Knowledge of digital journalism is significant because journalists are storytellers who sift through information and make the crucial distinction between fact and opinion. By integrating audio and video into their stories, journalists enhance the depth, impact, and credibility of news. In some cases, entire narratives can be explored, and entire worlds accessed, with only the use of audio and visual cues. This workshop will equip scientists and engineers with similar skills to share their research in an effective and compelling manner.
Marian Porges, NBC News and New York Film Academy Journalism Program
See more of: Sponsored Workshops


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Who are We?
The Story Sailboat is an independent bookmobile on the water that sails the San Francisco Bay area and Sacramento Delta setting a course that promotes literacy and libraries. We distribute thousands of books and install many small, easily accessible libraries through our Guerrilla Library and Book Seeding Campaigns. We want to remind people that reading is one of the most fundamental influences on in a person's life and we do this through promoting reading and libraries.
Did you know that it's estimated that 30 million people who are over 16 in the United States can't read past an elementary school level? Literacy is absolutely essential for an individual to understand information in the information age. Without basic literacy skills a person will have trouble with fully comprehending math, technology, science, and other basic subjects. A person can't apply for a job, full out an application, or use computers to further their careers. If we are to eradicate poverty at home, it begins with our workforce having a grasp on literacy skills. We want to remind people that Literacy and our library system that supports adult and child literacy is intensely important to the success of our country and improvement of ourselves.
What Is a Guerrilla Library?
A Guerrilla library is part social service and part street art installation. It can be any repurposed box, shelf space, nook, or cranny that holds books for the public to take and enjoy – for free. Discovering a library in an unexpected or repurposed space adds to excitement. There have been many versions of this in quite a few cities across the country and the world. We want to bring as many of these installations to the San Francisco Bay Area and Sacramento Delta as we can.
What is Book Seeding?
Bookseeding involves placing books in widely populated or highly trafficked areas – like subways, bus stops, coffee shops and parks. Within these books we've placed information about the importance of literacy and libraries. Not only will people find something to read and inspire them, but they will also learn about why reading is important. Book Seeding and Guerrilla Libraries let people serendipitously find something that inspires them, encouraging them to re-engage with their love of reading and libraries.
Why do it by Sailboat?
Sailing is the world's oldest green energy powered transportation. The entire Bay Area and Sacramento Delta are accessible by our little 22 foot Sailboat and the majority of the population in this area lives within a few miles of the coastline. Our boat has taken us all over the bay and has allowed us to access some otherwise hard to reach coastal communities. Our boat has taken us all over the bay and through some fairly heavy wind and weather without any trouble. In the same way, we believe that reading and literacy can help everyone weather life's tempests and come out on top.
You Can Follow Us Along the Journey
We invite you to follow along in our journey here on our website as we promote libraries and literacy throughout the Bay. We also have a page on Facebook and you can follow our more personal journeys on Twitter as PC Sweeney and Joey Elle.


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to be empirically investigated, and described. Much evidence has been accumulated by experimental psychologists on the nature of these "hooks. " Thus, the antecedents of conviction (B-->) are psychodynamic hooks linking the individual's attentional processes to setting factors or "stimuli. "
The description of the antecedents of conviction has been explored in two broad areas in psychology. One might be called implicit psychology, and the other, neurosemantics.
Implicit psychology is the term we use to refer to the research and theory, quite vast, dealing with such psychodynamic processes as: attitude formation; cognitive flexibility; imagery; problem solving heuristics; interpersonal perception; attribution; evaluation; judgment; and so forth.
Neurosemantics is the term we use to refer to the research and theory, also vast, dealing with the psychodynamic-neurophysiological interface of socialized behavior. Neurosemantics refers to the availability pattern of attentional mechanisms: i. e., whether you notice X or Y or Z in a setting depends functionally on prior (antecedent) habits of focus. These habits are viewed as grounded in neurophysiological function. Thus, one might say that the individual is hooked to a setting through connections established between situation cues ("semantic") and the body's connection is therefore a neurosemantic one - Jakobovits and Nahl, 1975-77, Vol. 3, Series I: Experiments in Neurosemantics).
Implicit psychology and neurosemantics are, thus, two psychodynamic accounts of the antecedents of conviction.
The consequences of conviction (C-->) are also psychodynamic processes. They include behavioral characteristics such as persistence, motivation, drive. Purposive behavior, goal orientation, strategy, and so forth. These psychodynamic consequence of situational reactivity are the empirical, observable indices of involvement. In summary, then, we can say that involvement is a psychodynamic hook governing the individual's attentional conduct in a setting through habituation and imparting a coherent direction to the sequencing of acts. This statement is represented in the CHART by the triangle [A. B. C, ].
The Ethnodynamic Phase: SPONTANEITY
4. [INVOLVEMENT] --AA--> [SPONTANEITY]
5. [INVOLVEMENT] --BB--> [PRECIPITATION]
6. [PRECIPITATION]--CC--> [SPONTANE ITY]
The ethnodynamic phase of spontaneity is represented in the CHART by the triangle [AA. BB. CC. ]. The pathway, AA, is a possible occurrence. This is a direct route coupling the two sociodynamic phases. Automated programs in behavioral sequencing, i_, spontaneity, has two antecedents: one, psychodynamic, which proceeds from involvement (AA), and leads to spontaneous action. For example, judgemental acts in B, or goal-directed orientations in C, produce involvements which directly trigger spontaneous acts of movement of the eyes, head, and face, or voicing in talk. Think of tasting your soup as a situation: as you place it in your mouth, you assess, evaluate, and judge the sensations; that produces involvement which can be observed by the goal-directedness of the activity. At the next phase, you react spontaneously by running off automatic sequences such as swallowing, managing the food in the mouth, placing more soup in it, and so on. Should anything occur that yields an involvement incompatible or conflictual with the on-going one, the spontaneity of the on-going behavioral sequence is interrupted and a new sequence is initiated, governed by the new involvement (~., you find a stone in your soup, or you find it too salty, etc. ).
This direct route between involvement and spontaneity may be conditioned by other factors to be mentioned; these are added on as contextual features of any particular social occasion, and we title these, precipitation. The antecedents (BB-->) and consequence (CC-->) of precipitation are interposed between involvement and spontaneity and act as a ethnodynamically charged "buffer zone" between the two. That is, the psychodynamic consequences of involvement and conviction are modifiable through ethnodynamic antecedents and consequents of precipitation. The latter is thus the link between a pre-established habit and its applicability to any particular occasion. Precipitation modifies the character and style of spontaneous acts, which otherwise would have a rigid character or one-to-one relation.
Antecedents of precipitation (BB-->) include emotionalizing episodes; discourse thinking reports; interior dialogue; and other forms of microdescrlptions and annotations, including indexing and cataloguing. Consequents of precipitation (CC-->) include presentations, performances, enactments, records, and so forth. These are topological phenomena in that they are transforms of involvement such that an underlying or deep level mechanical process (A, B, C) is transformed into a surface, visible process (AA, BB, CC. ). The underlying level is both psychodynamic and pre-topical (~ CHART T/2; and HEXAGRAM in Index): the surface level is ethnodynamic and topical.
Conditions for the etiology of individual variability may be found in both phases of an act. In the psychodynamic phase of involvement, habituation phenomena to topic focus (i.e.,what we notice on any particular occasion) operate cumulatively; hence, individual history or biography sets up implicit and neurosemantic patterns of automatic adjustments to a setting. These patterns are unique and difficult to recover or reconstruct. In the subsequent ethnodynamic phase, spontaneity is conditioned by topicalization phenomena (~, what we represent symbolically or through content) which operate ritually, i.e., by conventionalized routines; hence, individual uniqueness in cumulative history gets transformed into the standardized, according to transformation procedures dictated by community practices in language use, meaning, interpretation, coherence, continuity, precedence, and so on. All of these imply that precipitation is a phenomenon closely related to what we've called ethnicity, local ethnography, style, standardized imaginings (see these in the Index ).
Note, finally, the term enactology, which is defined in the glossary (part 2) as the topological study of social settings. The drawing in the CHART (T/21) attempts to symbolize the notion that the two phases of an act are solid, even if formal, mechanism--the two triangles; these are then projected onto a surface, i. e., they undergo a topological transformation--striated surface. Thus, acts occur in a field whose dimensionality is fundamentally altered. This alternation is seen, in ethnosemantics, as a quantum jump, from the pre-topical to the topical, and is represented in the hexagrammatic morphology by the double line (~ cover design and Appendix for details on this). The theory of social acts is thus an accaunt of the details of how ethnodynamic rituals spontaneously condition svchodvnamic involvements and habits. This i8 essentially and purely the problem of how the standard conditions the unique, how, in other words, the social occasion demands the adaptation of learned habit and style to the particular set of conditions.
There is a profound dialectic of complementarity and reciprocity in this relation between the setting and the individual, the ethnodynamic and the psychodynamic, the standardized and the particular. This figure attempts to specify this interesting conceptual dialectic or form. On the right, you see depicted the fact that the antecedents and consequent9 of conviction are etiological or formative processes, e. g. personality, individuality, uniqueness, style, subjectivity, etc. These pertain to biographic records, psychohistory, and other psychodynamic records. The outside frame of ethnodynamics encompasses 'personality' and surrounds it with reference points, norms, standards, conventions, rituals, etc. Now, however, moving over to the left, the particular vs. the standardized dialectic takes a reciprocal transformation (as in a/b = b/a relation). Now you'll note that the psychodynamic involvements in a setting (triangle ABC on the CHART - T/21) eventuate from setting factors already in the field (light striations on the left of CHART T/21). For example, you bring the soup to your mouth, you notice the color, vapor, etc., and you think about the T. V. program last night where the person was poisoned by something in the soup! This particular and unique setting or social occasion--i. e., your thinking about the poison while tasting the soup today--is unique with respect to the episode and its official history, but is standard with respect to the settin~ involvement. The latter assertion (underlined) is justified by the concept of STANDARDIZED IMAGININGS (see Index) which designate implicit psychological or cognitive processes involving private speech, interior dialogue, discourse thinking, and so forth. These cognitive processes are standardized versions of dramatized interpretations of on-going features of a setting. In other words, the "stories" or narrative sequences that occur to one in a setting are standardized versions of norms, models, themes, etc., which are familiar to regulars on a daily round. Hence the poison story that occurs to you as you taste the soup today. The story line is standard ("Maybe It's Poisoned! ") but the occasion or episode is unique ("This one, today, right now!"). Thus, there is a reversal in the polarity of the two dynamic processes with respect to the dialectics of unique vs. standard:
There are interesting deductions here, which will only be briefly mentioned. This theory called enactology implies that behavior in social settings has at least two independent aspects or versions. The forward version


Five Largest American Flags in the World
Posted by Patriot Home & Yard on Mar 1st 2020
Five Largest American Flags in the World
Five Largest American Flags in the World
Posted by Patriot Home & Yard on Mar 1st 2020
What are the largest American flags in the world?
Since 1777, the contemporary American flag has been prominently displayed not solely as a representation of the United States, but as a representation of the ideas and themes that the United States encompasses. In this way, the flag's stripes signify much more than the 13 original colonies, and its stars signify much more than the 50 states. Together, these stripes and stars signify freedom, honor, and fairness--the opportunity for anyone, of any background, to reach the pinnacle of life's achievements.
The following five flags showcase the hard work of Americans who understand and love Old Glory, and who have gone above and beyond the call of duty to create and display some of the physically largest American flags in the country and the world.
5. Gastonia, North Carolina's 114-Foot-Long Mega Flag
Gastonia, North Carolina, a vibrant, thriving city that's about 20 miles west of Charlotte, is home to one of the world's biggest American flags.
The remarkable feat of craftsmanship measures 114 feet wide by 64 feet tall, for a grand total of 7,410 square feet, and can be seen from over 30 miles away. Its 225-foot-tall pole weighs approximately 80,000 pounds!
Both the flag and the pole were built by the Gaston County Chapter VA, and the flag's desirable placement--a short way from Crowder's Mountain State Park, which is breathtaking in its own right--makes for easy and stress-free access.
4. Hanover, Pennsylvania's Colossal Chalk Flag
In 1998, 200 artistically gifted volunteers used chalk to create a detailed, gorgeous-looking American flag on the pavement of a Walmart store in Hanover, Pennsylvania. Overcoming the ever-present threat of inclement weather, the artists completed the project on June 28th. With an area of 17,700 square feet, the flag was (promptly) awarded the title of "Largest Chalk Pavement Art" by Guinness World Records.
Obviously, the chalk flag has disappeared at the hands of the elements, but the overhead image captured on the day of its completion--along with the spirit of those who contributed--lives on.
3. Acuity Insurance's 340-Pound Flag--The Biggest Free-Flying American Flag in the World
Acuity Insurance's Sheboygan, Wisconsin, headquarters boasts a talented team of insurance professionals and the largest free-flying American flag in the world. Additionally, the public is welcome to visit the flag as they wish, at any time of the day or evening, for the ultra-affordable cost of free.
Measuring 70 feet tall and 140 feet long, with a weight of 340 pounds and an area of 9,800 square feet, Acuity's huge American flag is supported by a pole that weighs approximately 420,000 pounds! The pole and the flag were built to withstand Wisconsin's notorious winters, and save for especially devastating winds, the flag remains at full mast, swaying honorably over Wisconsin.
2. The 1929 Flag Day Variation
In 1929, during President Herbert Hoover's administration, what was then the largest American flag--measuring 90 feet tall by 165 feet wide--was delivered to the Capitol.
Having been loaned to the government by a Detroit department store, the flag was part of a Flag Day parade and subsequent ceremony, which was attended by the vice president. Children dressed in red, white, and blue and were organized to replicate the flag's image, and remaining Civil War veterans--from both sides of the conflict--were welcomed. Lastly, 13-year-old Betsy Ross--a direct descendant of the Betsy Ross--attended the event.
This flag is no longer the largest (or even the second largest) in the world. But its significance cannot be understated, and it's easy to imagine the one-of-a-kind scene it accompanied nearly a century ago, when all manner of Americans united in Washington, D.C.
1. Ski Dempski's Superflag--The World's Largest American Flag
The Superflag is far too large to fly for any sizable period, but its ability to dazzle onlookers is without question.
Measuring 505 feet wide and 225 feet tall, the Superflag was originally crafted in 1992, by Ski Dempski, an ambitious, flag-loving California native. The flag rose to fame after being unfurled at the Hoover Dam (coinciding with the 1996 Summer Olympics and the running of the torch), during which time it was awarded the title of "Largest Flag" by Guinness World Records. At 1.36 tons, the Superflag required both machinery and hundreds of human volunteers to unfurl.
Nearly 25 years later, the Superflag is still the largest American flag in existence, and it continues to inspire.
And, what's Patriot Home & Yard's largest wooden American Flag? Well, we can't say it's as big as the top five, but my husband is working on an 6-footer right now!


21 Ella
According to Greek mythology, Ella was the daughter of Athamas and Nephele. The name Ella may have been derived from Hellas, the Greek name for the country of Greece. Ella is also said to be a Norman version of the Germanic short name Alia meaning "other. You can name your beloved baby girl Eleanor, Elizabeth or Eloise and call her Ella for short.
In the Hebrew language, the word Ella meanings 'goddess'. It also carries the meaning 'a Pista tree'. Girls named Ella tend to brunettes with a bubbly personality. Her vivid imagination allows her to dream big. She can be quite absent-minded as her mind tends to wander and get caught up in fantasy land. She is a dreamer who wants to make the world a better place for everyone in it.
20 Harper
The unisex baby name Harper is actually a Scottish family name that is said to have originated in the Dalriadan region of Scotland and is associated with Clan Buchanan. It may have also been derived from the German family name Härpfer. The origin of these names is the musical instrument harp.
Girls named Harper always have a smile on their face and can lights up the room when they walk in. Harper is intelligent and funny. She is so beautiful that she comes across as a Goddess. She stands up to bullies and speaks up for what's right.
19 Emilia
Emilia is a baby girl name derived from Aemilia, the feminine form of the Latin name Aemilius. It has the same Latin root word aemulus, meaning: to rival, excel, or emulate. The corresponding masculine name is Emil. Germanic names like Amalia may seem related to Emilia, Emily, and Aemilia, but they actually have a different origin.
Girls named Emilia will never let you down. They are good listeners who have the interest and patience to help other people and listen to them sincerely. She can be a little too serious at times. She likes to be treated with courtesy and respect and gives the same in return. She ignores or avoids negative personalities.


Can I still mediate with a current domestic violence order?
Updated: Feb 7
If you have a protection order it may or may not affect the mediation process, it depends on the conditions set out in your order. Before we launch into that it might be worth noting the basics of a protection order. What they are, how they work and what does it mean for mediation if you have one.
What is a protection order or DVO?
A Domestic Violence Order (DVO) or Apprehended Domestic Violence Order (AVO) court orders made by the court to stop threats or acts of domestic violence. The purpose of a DVO is to recognise that Domestic Violence has occurred and to prevent further domestic violence from occurring.
How does a DVO work?
DVOs generally come in two forms:
o Protection order – An order made by a magistrate when they make a final decision.
o Temporary protection order – An order made by a magistrate that only lasts for a short, allocated time.
Every domestic violence order has a standard condition that the respondent must be of good behaviour and must not commit acts of domestic violence. Depending on the circumstances of the case, the court can impose extra conditions to help protect the victim from the respondent.
Extra conditions might exclude the respondent from:
o approaching the victim at home or their place of work. If the parties live together, there maybe extra conditions allowing the respondent to enter the property to collect their things.
o approaching the victim's relatives or friends.
o going to a child's school or day care centre
o communicating with the victim directly or indirectly.
What if the DVO is breached?
A DVO is only a civil matter until it is breached and then it becomes a criminal matter. A breach is when the respondent breaks the condition/s of the DVO.
If you believe that a condition of the DVO has been breached by the respondent, then you can report this breach to the police and/or to your lawyer (if you have one). It's important to try and gather any evidence supporting your claim of breach i.e. copies of text messages, call logs etc.
How does a DVO impact mediation?
A DVO may affect mediation depending on the conditions placed in the order by the magistrate. A copy of the order will need to be forwarded onto your mediator to assess. It is important to ensure that any contact with by the mediator to the other party does not breach conditions of the protection order.
It is generally clear if the DVO allows the parties to participate in mediation. Where it is not clear can be problematic and the mediator will need to decide how to proceed.
The mediator may suggest the following to you:
1. Wait for the order to expire before mediating. If the order is due to lapse soon and you are not renewing it.
2. Seek to vary the order from the magistrate so participation in mediation is clearly set out.
3. Issuing a section 60i certificate that reflects that the case is not appropriate. This will allow you to proceed to Family Court to have your parenting matter heard.
4. Where the order is silent or unclear, the mediator may make a judgement call based on the information and circumstances of the case and allow your case to proceed.
How to apply for a DVO?
To apply for a protection order you can apply for one at any Magistrates Court. There are forms available online or at the registry of your local Magistrates Court and the filing fee is FREE. You can apply for it yourself or a police officer may apply for you.
If you or someone you know needs help to navigate through family mediation or would like more information please contact Latoya Percival or Anna Oxford via our website
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Chelsea Coon: Contact
1 min. excerpt of 9 min. 26 sec. performance. Chelsea Coon, contact (2021), Performance for video. Digital. Black and white. Sound. Courtesy of the artist. Filmed in the artist's home studio during Covid-19 quarantine.
The following prompt (in bold) was input into OpenAI's GPT-3 Beta Playground using the Davinci model. The text in italics was the output for the prompt completed by GPT-3.
 Instructions for a noise music performance for one person using contact microphones:
1. Find a location where you can make a lot of noise.
2. Make a lot of noise.
3. Make more noise.
4. Make more noise.
5. Make more noise.
6. Make more noise.
7. Make more noise.
Production date: February 14-20, 2021. Filmed: February 21, 2021. Performed by Chelsea Coon.
Initial Response / Development Notes:
A performance produced in my apartment under snap-lockdown restrictions in Melbourne, Australia. I chose to make my own decision for use of a similar, but distinctly different, Stadium "dynamic microphone."
As I understood it, the GPT-3 instructions called for 6 phases of incrementally making more and more noise. I chose to develop a performance around the idea of 6 videos that would be stitched together. To make *more noise* over time, I decided that the volume of a chosen audio track would increase on the same computer desktop that I was recording the performance on. This sonically would layer in the video with the noises I made with my materials—significantly which were projectiling confetti and bursting balloons.
"contact" was filmed in my bed where I divided 12 party poppers and silver foil balloon letters into two separate piles. I oriented my body in the middle of these piles, with a microphone in front of my knees. I utilized "Arguing Robot Bass," a Loop Packs sample from the application "Garage Band" as the performance track. The volume was incrementally increased across the 6 successive videos that comprise this work.
My actions consisted of repetitious cycles in which I broke the poppers to expel confetti streamers across the bed, then I held and ripped open the letter balloons with my teeth. At the end of each phase, in the microphone I mouthed the word "boom." These actions were repeated in 6 phases over the duration of the work.
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Posted in Embodying the Algorithm, Performances


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role in man-machine model
...The simplest model of a man-machine unit consists of an individual operator working with a single machine. In any machine system, the human operator first has to sense what is referred to as a machine display, a signal that tells him something about the condition or the functioning of the machine. A display may be the position of a pointer on a dial, a light flashing on a control panel,...
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Parents, this new app can tell you EXACTLY why your baby is crying
Say bye-bye to hours of endless crying. - photo by Tamsyn Valentine
For many parents with babies -- especially first-time parents -- a crying baby can be difficult to handle.
At times it may seem that there is nothing you or your spouse can do to console your crying child.
You try to play a guessing game that no one seems to win.
Wouldnt it be so nice if you could just understand what your baby means when he cries? Well, a new app called Cry Translator may be the answer to your prayers.
The app, which is available in the App Store, records 10 seconds of your baby's cries and then tells you what the infant needs.
Then the app tells you whether your baby is hungry, hurting, sleepy, or has a wet diaper.
Is this too good to be true?
Apparently, the apps developers say it is 92 percent accurate for babies younger than two weeks old.
The app took two years to research, and its developers recorded over 200,000 crying episodes from over 100 different babies. The researchers then correlated the data to allow the app to interpret babies' needs based on their type of cry.
There is no medical or childcare knowledge that is necessary to use it. So there you go -- now you can understand your adorable baby, and hopefully catch a few more z's.
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SUP is a fast growing industry and ASI SUP instructors update their SUP skills and knowledge each 3 years.
This half day course is for SUP Instructors to update industry knowledge and guidelines and review SUP practical paddling skills, video analysis criteria and delivery methods. It applies to all SUP instructors regardless of Instructor level held.
Receive a copy of the most updated SUP instructor manuals, so you can use as a reference in your own time.
Update SUP instructor industry guidelines and technical knowledge and skills.
This course is conducted in flat water locations.
- key changes to the industry and standards
- paddling skills and paddle stroke competencies
- feedback on your SUP skills
- Hold current ASI SUP Instructor qualification
Workshop: 3 hours.
At the workshop:
- Industry updates. On water practice and updates on paddling techniques / skill.
What we provide:
Most up to date paper manuals, for the SUP levels you hold:
- Level 1 SUP Instructor (Enclosed Flat Water) manual
- Level 2 SUP Instructor (Exposed Waters) manual
The following equipment and clothing is required to complete the training:
- Flat water stand up paddle board
- Paddle, coiled leash
- SUP clothing suitable for paddling
SUP Instructor Professional Skills Update certificate
Additional certificate issued:
Do you have a question? See the FAQ's page. click here


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Write down or draw a picture of 20 items in your house or garden.
Estimate their length, then use a tape measure or ruler to measure their exact length and write down your findings.
Were your estimations accurate or not?


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Overview and Objectives
Critical World is a virtual research laboratory that explores the relationship between popular culture and globalization. As a web-based experiment in project-oriented teaching and research, Critical World provides resources for critical engagement with the products of global popular culture and creates a space for debate about the role of globalization in our everyday lives.
Critical World has three objectives:
- Encourage critical engagement with the products of global popular culture
- Increase our knowledge about the way that globalization functions in everyday life
- Improve access to research and teaching materials on popular culture and globalization
The multi-media modules presented in Critical World are organized around three distinct but related principles: non-linearity (the idea that web-based learning does not necessarily follow the linear reading path pre-determined by the structure of the written text), intermediality (the way that different media interact with each other to suggest novel meanings), and free association (the practice of spontaneously associating thoughts, feelings, and words without recourse to logic).
Critical World includes the participation of professors, researchers, students and artists from various cultural backgrounds and disciplinary perspectives and is based in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Montreal. Critical World has been online since September 2004 and received funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC).


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The Cochrane Collaboration is an international non-profit and independent organisation dedicated to making up-to-date, accurate information about the effects of healthcare readily available worldwide. It produces and disseminates systematic reviews of healthcare interventions and promotes the search for evidence in the form of clinical trials and other studies of interventions.
This review covers effective practice in parenting support within the youth justice. It was commissioned to serve as a background source document on which the accompany guidance produced 'Key Elements of Practice - Parenting' is based. It is aimed primarily at managers and practitioners working in the youth justice field who are directly involved in providing, or brokering access to, services for young people who offend and their families. It offers an accessible guide to the current state of the evidence base on effective interventions and services.
Report presenting the findings of a study which carried out a systematic review of the published review literature on the harms and benefits of alcohol consumption for children and young people. The quality of the evidence found is assessed as is its relevance to the UK population. Gaps in the research are also identified.
Systematic mapping is a transparent technique for describing research literature on a broad topic. It allows us to take stock of the research available in any given area of social care, so that we can decide how to develop it. A map provides both a searchable database for researchers and policy makers, and a stand-alone piece of work describing the literature on that topic.
This is the report of a systematic review that was undertaken to investigate how adults with mental health problems experience civil, family and criminal justice. The findings are presented and discussed under the following headings: associations and characteristics of adults with mental health problems; services and agencies accessed by adults with mental health problems and their effectiveness; experiences, barriers and potential barriers to accessing justice for adults with mental health problems.


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The foundation of a good TAM program is a set of principles that establishes the values of the agency and the standards by which the TAM program will be carried out. TAM principles are the underpinnings of all of the activities that will be taken in an agency's TAM program and connect to its desired end results.
Policy-Driven. TAM should capture and respond to policy objectives, and provide meaningful information about how changes in the transportation system support these objectives. A TAM policy can set boundaries, clarify intent, and communicate the scope of a TAM program including types of assets that will be managed and what work activities to emphasize.. [NCHRP 551]
Performance-Based. TAM should have concrete objectives that are translated into system performance measures used for both day-to-day operation and longer-term strategic management. The use of performance data to support the management of assets enables agencies to select and deliver projects that achieve its objectives. Transparent processes allow for accountability to both internal and external stakeholders.
Risk-Based. Risk management plays a role in resource allocation, project selection, long-term planning and other essential parts of the TAM process. As such, an organization's approach to risk management and the outcomes resulting from a risk assessment have important implications for TAM. An agency must establish a risk management approach and integrate risk management in TAM planning and decision making.
Strategically Aligned with Agency Priorities. TAM measures should be aligned with agency priorities and goals to ensure that investments made to extend asset service life provide the maximum impact to achieve long-term goals. Connecting performance measures to higher level strategic goals also supports an agency's ability to communicate to customers and stakeholders how technical measures relate to system performance.
Transparent. TAM planning and results should be monitored and reported for both impact and effectiveness. Feedback on actual performance should influence agency goals and objectives, as well as future resource allocation and project decisions. Transparency and agency accountability are key in ensuring the long-term support of project partners, customers and stakeholders.
Information-Driven/Evidence-Based. Strategic decisions with respect to agency goals and TAM objectives should be evaluated using credible and current data. Decision support tools such as management systems should be applied to help in accessing, analyzing and tracking data, and must be an integral part of business and decision processes. Data requirements for performance measures should be realistic and feasible. [NCHRP 551]
Option Oriented. By taking a structured and repeatable approach to TAM decision-making, an organization improves its own resilience and ensures that it will continue to succeed even as new challenges arise and personnel changes over time.
Continuously Improved. TAM processes should provide managers with sufficient information to understand problems and suggest solutions. The agency should be committed to regular, ongoing processes of monitoring and reporting results in order to identify and implement improvements to system performance or further the effectiveness of TAM. [NCHRP 551]


60-Second Science
Rats Direct Inhalations for Smell Focus
Rats change the way air flows across the insides of their nostrils to direct the scent to the nasal region where it can be best detected. Gretchen Cuda Kroen reports
Imagine if you could focus your nose, the way you focus your eyes. Scientists now believe that animals with a highly developed sense of smell, like rats and dogs, do just that.
Similar to the way we taste sweet, salty, sour and bitter on different parts of the tongue, animals detect various smells in different parts of the nose. Researchers at the University of Chicago hypothesized that rats, by changing the way air flows across the insides of the nostrils, could direct the scent to the nasal region where it could be best detected.
Turns out they were right. When presented with different odors, rats actually changed the way they sniffed. For example, long slow sniffs for hard to detect scents, or short fast ones for easy ones.
Rats even sniffed differently while learning a new scent than when the smell was familiar. The study is in the Journal of Neuroscience. [Daniel Rojas-Libano and Leslie M. Kay, Interplay between Sniffing and Odorant Sorptive Properties in the Rat]
The researchers say the finding shows that there's more to a good sense of smell than originally thought. A sensitive nose is important, but so is how you use it.
—Gretchen Cuda Kroen
[The above text is a transcript of this podcast.]
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In the world of weightlifting, coaches and athletes have a plethora of snatch, clean, and jerk variations, each of which can be used to address specific weakness and/or faults a lifter may possess. In an earlier article, I discussed the behind the neck split jerk and why nearly every lifter (any level) can benefit from performing them either on jerk-emphasis days or within overhead complexes.
The behind the neck push press is another similar movement that coaches and athletes can use to develop stronger and healthier shoulders, overhead positioning, and even upper back strength. Additionally, the behind the neck push press can drastically improve jerking performance and even one's ability to stay braced and packed (upper back) while heavy squatting.
//platform.instagram.com/en_US/embeds.jsIn this article we will discuss three reasons why weightlifters can benefit from behind the neck push presses, and how they can implement them into their current training routines.
The Behind the Neck Push Press
This movement starts in the same back racked position as the behind the neck jerk (jerk grip) and employs a dip and drive phase with the legs to accelerate the barbell in a vertical path. Similar to the front racked push press, this exercise ends with a lifter fully erect with no re-bending of the hips, knees, or ankles, but rather a strong locked-out finish of the elbows.
Here is a quick training clip of the legendary Donny Shankle doing behind the neck push presses at 157kg (345.4lbs) for five repetitions.
1. Upper Back Strength
While this exercise offers similar benefits as the standard push press, it also can help to fully develop the upper back, traps, and posterior shoulders, all of which are highly critical in lockout stabilization and packing of the upper back (most strength lifts, such as the back squat). The behind the head starting point in the lift also allows lifters to potentially overload this pressing movement (when compared to the front racked push press), allowing for increased strength development over time. Both push press variations (behind the neck and front racked) can offer athletes unique strength and muscular development and should be trained regularly to maximize overhead performance.
2. Overhead Performance
Shoulder stabilization is critical for joint integrity, force production, and optimal performance overhead in the snatch and jerk. This push press variation can improve stabilization AND increase shoulder range of motion, all while strengthening the muscles and connective tissues that are loaded during jerks (split jerks, power jerks, and squat jerks). Lastly, because lifters may be able to do more loading from behind the neck position (barbell is placed directly over the hips), these can help to overload the triceps to increase overhead lockout strength and stability.
3. Jerk Dip and Drive Mechanics
Lastly, this exercise delivers the exact dip and drive mechanics that are employed in jerking movements. This exercise can be used to help beginners develop a vertical bar path (as well as help intermediate and more advanced athletes continue to progress with heavier loads), overhead mobility, and ingrain jerking mechanics, as well as strengthening the muscles needed.
While push presses and jerks are common staples within most weightlifting programs, I have found the behind the neck push press to be a highly beneficial movement to overload the push press movement. By having the ability to overload, a lifter can move through a strength plateau, learn to stabilize heavier loads overhead, and most importantly, fully develop the upper back, traps, and shoulder muscles and connective tissues that may have went unnoticed if always trained from the front racked variation.
Editors note: This article is an op-ed. The views expressed herein are the authors and don't necessarily reflect the views of BarBend. Claims, assertions, opinions, and quotes have been sourced exclusively by the author.
Featured Image: _USER_ on Instagram
The post 3 Reasons Why Weightlifters Can Benefit from the Behind the Neck Push Press appeared first on BarBend.


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Sailors Knot
Sailors Knot
Description: The Sailors Knot is considered a variation of the Josephine knot, but you use two separate cords. There are also two loops, rather than three.
This decorative knot is a great technique to use when making jewelry projects, such as the Leather Bracelet.
You can also use it to link 2 cords together, or as a mounting knot.
Below the main instructions I have shown you two other ways to use this knot; in a sennit (chain), and with an alternating design.
Step 1: You need 2 cords to practice, each at least 36 inches long. Using two colors really helps while you are learning.
 Loop 1
Secure both cords to your board vertically.
Make the first counter-clockwise loop with the cord on the left (brown).
Make sure the working end passes under the secured end to make the crossing point.
 Loop 2
Step 2: Move the cord on the right (green) over the loop, and under the working end of the left cord.
Bring it over the secured end (left cord), as you rotate it clockwise.
 Complete Loop 2 Step 3: Weave the working end of the right cord through the loop made by the left cord, passing under - over - under the three segments.
 Tighten the Knot
Step 4: Tighten the Sailors Knot by pulling on the ends.
Macrame Cord Divider
Creating a Sennit
 Sailors Knot Sennit
There are two types of patterns that can be tied with the Sailors knot.
The first is a sennit, which is tying several knots in a vertical direction. The knots can be close together, or be separated slightly.
A design like this can be used as a bracelet, a belt, or a strap.
Step 1: Tie the first Sailors Knot following the instructions above, close to one end of the cords. Secure it to your board. The working cords will be the long ends, at the bottom.
 Loop 1
Make a counter-clockwise loop with the working cord on the left (Black).
Make sure the end goes under to make the crossing point.
 Loop 2
Step 2: Bring the working cord on the right (green), over the loop.
Pass it under the working end of the left cord.
Pass it over the segment of the left cord coming from the knot above.
Step 3: Weave the right end through the three segments of the loop, under - over - under.
Pull on the two loops first, to tighten the area above the knot.
Pull on the ends to tighten the loops.
Step 4: Repeat steps 1 - 3 to make the remaining knots in the sennit.
Macrame Cord Divider
Alternating Pattern
 Alternating Sailors Knots
The other way the Sailors Knot can be used is in an alternating pattern, similar to Alternating Square Knots.
Start by securing 3 folded cords to your board, so you have 6 ends to work with.
 First Row
Step 1: Mentally number the cords, moving from left to right.
Make the first row of knots using cords 1 - 2, 3 - 4, and 5 - 6. Tie them as you did in the first set instructions, near the top of the page.
 Second Row Step 2: For the second row, alternate the cords.
The first knot is tied with cords 2 - 3. The following one is tied with cords 4 - 5. Tie them as you did in the second set of instructions (for the sennit).
Design Tip: In the images shown, I left space between the rows to help you see the details. You can either mimic this arrangement when you practice, or place the rows close together.
 Third Row Step 5: Repeat step 2 to make additional rows, alternating the cords each time.
Have any comments about the Sailors Knot? Contact Me.
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Newberry Math & Science Academy prepares students from diverse backgrounds for college and career through a rigorous and integrated curriculum. At our school, differences are celebrated. We nurture children by balancing the academic and social aspects of learning so as to prepare them to envision their place in the world. To that end, we teach, develop, and heighten the social engagement skills and strategies necessary for learning to take place.
How We Group Students at Newberry
We pride ourselves on being a place in the city where students from diverse backgrounds come to learn together; we see this as a moment in the lives of our children where they learn about one another, with one another, and about themselves as individuals. We recognize that in a setting such as ours, children come to Newberry with a variety of background knowledge and we wish to capitalize on this whenever possible. In order to both teach at the instructional level as well as challenge our students cognitively, our teachers draw on multiple strategies in their classrooms.
Teachers meet with the whole class to set the tone for the class period of each school day. Our teachers also group students with in many different ways depending on the lesson so that they can deepen their understandings of the content. When students are not working in small groups with their teacher, they may be working with small groups of peers so that they are fully engaged in their learning tasks.


University of Cambridge > Talks.cam > Biological Anthropology Seminar Series > Anthropology, mass graves and the politics of the dead
Anthropology, mass graves and the politics of the dead
If you have a question about this talk, please contact Michael Rivera.
In the past few decades, anthropologists, among other experts, have been called to assist in the investigation of mass graves by conducting exhumations, anthropological examinations and identifications of human skeletal remains. The reasons for this choice of specialists are several: anthropologists are trained in methods of grave location, archaeological excavation and identification by constructing the biological profile of the exhumed remains. In recent years, DNA analyses have been employed to verify the anthropological findings, bringing into the picture yet another scientific specialisation. The use of anthropologists in the investigation of mass graves started in Argentina in the mid-1980s and it has since become common in similar situations. When an international organisation such as the United Nations or even a government decide to investigate a mass grave, this can be for either legal or humanitarian purposes. In the legal context, the focus is to bring those responsible to justice, while in the humanitarian the main goal is to identify the remains and return them to their families for a proper burial according to local customs. The involvement of experts who employ scientific techniques in these investigations, is aimed at providing the objectivity and impartiality required in this context. But are the investigations always objective?
This talk is part of the Biological Anthropology Seminar Series series.
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|Error distributions for 3 different metrics used to characterize the accuracy of flux estimates.|
The measurement of channel flow within all channels of a river delta is not feasible due to the sheer number of channels and large spatial extents of delta landscapes. Consequently, researchers have developed methods to estimate the relative discharge in distributary channels from remote sensing imagery. In collaboration with scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory, we quantified the accuracy of these estimation techniques by comparing field observations reported in the literature to estimates from channel network graphs extracted using RivGraph (see above figure). The delta channel networks used to conduct this analysis are shown on the map below.
|Networks analyzed in this study.|
Hariharan, J., Piliouras, A., Schwenk, J., & Passalacqua, P. (2022). Width-Based Discharge Partitioning in Distributary Networks: How Right We Are. Geophysical Research Letters, 49, e2022GL097897. _URL_
In Other Media
"Width-Based Discharge Partitioning In Distributary Networks: How Wrong Are We?," 2021 AGU Fall Meeting. _URL_


History Professor Tracks Explorers
Alexander L. Jaffe
Joyce Chaplin, James Duncan Phillips Professor of Early American History, speaks Thursday night at the Harvard Book Store. Chaplin discussed her newly released book, "Round About the Earth: Circumnavigation from Magellan to Orbit."
Chaplin said the inspiration for her book, called "Round About the Earth: Circumnavigation from Magellan to Orbit," came from a research project in the middle of the ocean, during which her only form of entertainment was a French edition of Jules Verne's classic, "Around the World in Eighty Days."
Launching into a brief summation of circumnavigation as an act spanning 500 years of history, Chaplin described it not as a study of geography, but as a "geodrama."
"While geography engages the human eye, hand, and mind, geodrama requires all of the human being—the entire body in relation to Gaia, or the Earth," Chaplin said.
Chaplin's book divides this drama into three distinct acts. The first spans from 1519—the year of Ferdinand Magellan's departure for his around-the-world expedition—to 1779, the year of James Cook's death in Hawaii. It was a time when mariners traversed the earth in fear.
During the second act, from the 1780s to the 1920s, travelers gained confidence that they could survive circumnavigation. Not only did they view the journey as plausible, but it also became a popular pastime.
The third and final act, from the 1920s to the present, has given rise to concerns about circumnavigation's impact on the environment. "Confidence has given way to doubt. There is a growing sense that the planet is beginning to bite back or shrug us off," said Chaplin.
After a ten minute reading and an extensive question and answer session, some audience members voiced strong reactions. "I loved the way she links [circumnavigation] to power structures and empires. I just think it's so interesting. A great way to intersect so many periods of history," said Lisa Ford, a visiting academic from the University of New South Wales in Australia.
Ultimately, Chaplin emphasized the enormously transformative nature of circumnavigation on humanity. "Having a sense of the individual human in physical relation to the entire planet," said Chaplin, "people might have thought about that metaphorically, but to make it real has hugely impacted human thought."