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Sexual Reparations for Slavery
African Americas have tried to obtain reparations for slavery since the nineteenth century. Many leaders supported them throughout the twentieth century, including W.E.B. Du Bois and Queen Mother Audrey Moore. Taken together, the systematic political repression, economic discrimination, racial abuses of the criminal system (including blacks as both victims and defendants), brutal rending of black families, forced health experiments while denying basic healthcare, repression of literacy, and access to education warrant recognition and monetary reparation. Paying reparations would make us partners with others worldwide who condemn slavery and be a step toward making blacks real citizens in America. However, even with all of the recent writing on reparations, we still have not really grappled with the question of sexual reparations. Religious communities are particularly well poised to exercise leadership on this question. Religious leaders and institutions are especially powerful over matters regarding women, families, and sexuality. Yet, historically, mainstream religion, with few exceptions, refused to condemn, or even address or recognize, sexual abuses under slavery. Even in the face of public pro-slavery defenses of slavery, religious leaders remained largely silent, supporting slavery and its sexual injustices. The contemporary reparations debate offers religious institutions a second chance. They can exercise leadership in bringing reparations to public attention and also draw on their moral influence in the area of sexuality to insist especially that slavery's sexual injustices receive equal attention.


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Media and Micropolitics
This course examines the way social interaction constitutes politics, with a tight focus on interpersonal interactions and with time and space considered as variables influenced by media forms. We consider the relationships among face-to-face deliberation, the printed word, and electronic media. Theoretically, the course attempts to integrate the micro-sociology of Erving Goffman with the political theory of Hannah Arendt. Empirically and historically, cases are examined in which micro-interactions constitute political forms and contests. Normatively, the relationships between free associations, free speech, and free politics are studied.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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57. Piano Sound BoardRepairing Cracks
The sound board is a five eighths inch thick wooden board in the back of the piano. On the back of it, it has one inch ribs which stabilize it by running against the grain of the sound board. A sound board is made one of two ways.
The traditional sound board is made of several five eighths thick boards which are glued side by side across the whole inside of the piano. It is the best sounding board, but with age, it can crack.
More recently, sound boards have been made of laminated wood, or glorified plywood. They never crack, but they are slightly dead or muffled. Pay your money and take your chances.
"My sound board is cracked. Is the piano ruined?"
There is a myth still around that a piano is ruined if it has cracks in the sound board. The Steinway people did a test on this. They made a piano with a quarter inch "crack" in it. The cross ribs were tight and normal. When they tested it with Db meters, they found that the piano with a "crack" in it did just as well as a new piano with a perfect sound board.
So, what's the problem? When a piano develops cracks from old age, the cracks can cause buzzes. Also, the crack is much bigger than it would appear. When a crack develops, the spruce of the sound board warps and pulls away from the cross ribs. The effect is to widen the crack as far as acoustics are concerned. The illustrations will help you see what is happening.
While we are here, let's talk about the graphics at the left. You are looking at the front of the sound board area and the lower end of the treble bridge in the lower left an upright from the turn of the century from Leipzig.
The lower graphic shows a crack in the sound board at an angle to the upper left. The end of the bridge mounting board is also hanging in space. This prevents all the sound from transferring from the lowest strings shown into the sound board. The sound will have to travel up the bridge and find a way to the sound board by traveling far. This mutes the sound greatly at times.
The crack and the bridge mounting board separation call for an examination of the bridge to see if the main bridge is also separating. If so, go to Chapter Sever, Section 6-- Bridge Repair for instructions.
The crack here is not badly advanced, but it should be done at once. I also want you to see the severe deterioration of the varnish on the sound board. This sound board was over varnished I think, for the effect looks very think. Try to keep from adding so much varnish when refinishing a sound board. The weight is a real issue, and the cracking could slightly slow down the board.
The object of repairing the sound board is to return the warped sound board to be tight against the rib again.
All you need to buy is a box of 100 No. 10, inch and a quarter wood screws. I suggest Philips head. Also, if you don't have one, get a counter sinking bit for wood which will fit your drill motor.
If you are working on an upright, you will have to get it well away from the wall so that you can work behind it. If you have a grand, you will have to work under the thing. Extra light is essential in both cases.
Sturdy Philips Screw driver. Slow speed electric screw driver or drill with Philips bit. One drill bit the size of the shank of the screws you bought (see below). Counter sinking bit for wood.
First, clean the whole area behind the upright. The grand will be clean already.
Second, Determine which drill bit to use. The size of the bit must be exactly the same as the diameter of the screw shank. You are NOT going to drill a guide hole for the threads.
Third, Drill two holes on every rib-- One on either side of the crack wherever the rib crosses a crack. Drill them about a half inch from the crack. DO NOT DRILL INTO THE SOUND BOARD. DRILL ONLY THROUGH THE RIB. STOP SHORT OF GOING INTO THE SOUND BOARD. Are you getting the point?
You will bungle the whole job if you drill into the sound board. This hole you are drilling is to let the screw turn freely in the rib as it bites into the sound board. If you are unsure of yourself, go invest in one of those drill bits which have a stop on it. Set the stop so that the exposed part of the drill is only as long as the rib is deep.
The spruce sound board is five eighths of an inch thick, and it is not overly hard wood. Any error could put you all the way through the board.
If the crack has opened and warped a lot, drill four holes in the rib-- One on each side of the crack (totalfour at each point where a rib crosses a crack).
Fourth, Using the counter sinking bit, recess the tops of the holes just enough for the screw heads to be flush with the rib. This is neater work, and it is more secure.
Fifth, Put a screw into every hole. Take a look at your work, and see if you have missed any points that need doing. You will have to let some points go undrilled because they will be behind the wood frame of the piano. Don't worry about this.
Now, run the screws in with the electric drill motor and the Philips bit. The best drill motor is a battery operated one which runs slow. If you cannot control it, use the hand held screw driver for the whole process. You must not over tighten, or you will strip out the screw in the sound board. Leave the screw to be tightened the last couple of turns with the hand held screw driver so you have control.
As you can see in The illustration, the tip of the screw may just come through the other side of the sound board. This is good since the threads of the screw are getting a full bite in the wood this way. In the grand piano, you may not like the tips of the screws showing when you look into the piano. Sorry, but if you use a one inch screw, you will not get a good bite in the wood. Better to have the points showing than the loss of volume or a buzz, right?
If you had to put two holes on each side of a bad crack, tighten the outside holes first, then tighten the inside holes. This will bring the board up in stages and prevent stripping out the screws.
Don't cover the screws for cosmetic reasons as restoration shops do. You may want to snug the screws in a few years. You are done. It may not be real pretty, but your piano's sound board is now good for another fifty years.
You can run some Elmer's glue into all of the cracks, but it is not necessary. I usually don't bother.
There are toggle bolts made just for this repair, and you can get them from your tuner. But, they add too much weight to the sound board, and several cracks could cost quite a lot. I don't like them, and I won't tell you how to use them.
Last thought: If the sound board was severely broken up, and yet you got it all back together, you should do two more things.
First, work glue into the space between the sound board and the sides of the cabinet and the floor of the cabinet or the heavy wood frame in the rear. You want the sound board firmly anchored to the frame and cabinet.
Second, you should check the bearing of the strings over the bridge. This can be done with a bearing gage which we sell in the Catalog Tool Section. Sometimes a sound board warps or is different than when new because of repairs, and the sound will not get into the board through the bridges if there is no bearing or a negative bearing.
Filling Cracks in Sound Boards
Repairing the sound board from the back is essential, and filling the crack from above will not be enough alone to secure the sound board and stop the buzzing. Once the process above is complete, you may want to fill the cracks on the top side of the board for cosmetic purposes.
To accomplish this you must be doing a complete restoration and removing the harp for restringing. Once the harp is removed, you must deepen the grooves where the cracks are. Two "V" shaped tools are available, and either will work. The one with tools on each end and a handle in the middle has the most options for work. See this catalog page for sound board repair items.
The groove made by the tool is "V" shaped. This groove will then receive a spruce shim which is shaped the same way. Elmer's Carpenter's Glue must be used, and the spruce shim is tapped into the "V" groove and allowed to dry. The chisel end of the tool is then used to trim the excess of the spruce shim down level with the sound board You must avoid getting into the sound board Some very modest sanding is in order as a last step, and the sound board should then be lightly sanded and a coat of varnish or lacquer added.
Restoring the Crown and Down Bearing of a Sound Board
CAVEAT EMPTOR: This is strictly an act of desperation. If you use this technique, you must take 100% responsibility for the results. I have never done


Sailing against the wind
How do you design a boat which can sail directly into the wind? And, how can you do it in a practical, simple and inexpensive way, while ensuring that the craft is simple to operate. That was the problem that was faced by the Amateur Yacht Research Society.
To sail directly against the wind it was felt that a rotating sail which converts the wind power into mechanical motion driving an underwater propeller would be needed.
Tests showed it would be most efficient to use a horizontal axis wind-turbine (similar to a wind mill) which could align itself automatically to the prevailing wind direction.
With the experience gained in tests with models, two man-carrying prototypes were tested using 7ft 6in diameter six-bladed rotors with a quite small total blade area of 12ft2. Tests with these prototypes confirmed that the design objectives had been met and that the craft was able to sail directly into the eye of the wind. Speed was reckoned to be about 2 to 3knot into a 10knot wind.
The basic design philosophy was to use large area blades that rotated slowly, rather than small area blades which rotated at high speed.
The advantage of using slow rotating speeds is that the craft is much safer to operate. The blades never travel faster than the windspeed, and the pitch angle, from the fully feathered parked position to a maximum operating angle of about 45, can be adjusted by the helmsman.
To keep the drive axis horizontal at all times, a belt drive is used between the air-rotor and the water-propeller. By arranging the rotor to be positioned well behind the mast about which it rotates automatic wind-seeking can be achieved. If a vertical drive shaft had been used, drive-torque would have made this impossible.
To demonstrate the concept, a12ft 'Seaskater' catamaran named 'Jensa' was converted to use wind power derived from a 7ft 6in diameter wind-turbine.
The turbine is a patented concept that consists of six 'sails' of 2ft2 area/sail. Because of the method of mounting, the rotor head automatically aligns itself with the wind direction. A fortunate safety effect of this is that the rotating sails do not pass anywhere near the operator.
The drive to the underwater propeller is by two belts, upper and lower, the lower one being toothed. The propeller is mounted on a 'skeg' which folds up into a horizontal position to avoid damaging the propeller when the boat approaches the shore.
The rotor assembly aligns itself with the wind direction automatically by weathercock action about the vertical axis pivot. It can swing 90 each way. For downwind sailing, the Windblades are feathered and the craft driven by drag alone.
The prop shaft can swing sideways 90 for landing and sailing downwind, enabled by the universal joint.
Tests on the design have been successful and the general layout of the craft has been finalised and patented.
Amateur Yacht Research Society Tel: 0181 _PHONE_


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AdWords and the 25-Character Elevator Pitch
In the pre-digital era, there weren't many ways of performing an unsolicited business approach:
- Leaflet drops
- Phone calls (often using Yellow Pages)
- Print/TV/radio advertising
The key to success was gaining the attention of people:
- TV ads that yell at you, or scare you, or remind you of your mother
- Leaflets with a few words, in large text
- A door-to-door sales pitch that attempted to interest people in the first few seconds.
Now that we are bombarded with more messages than ever before, getting someone's attention is still the prime objective – the competitive noise is just louder.
In your standard Google AdWords search ads (and not forgetting Bing Ads), you don't have images, you don't have audio, and you can't even change the colour, size or font of your text. Ads will mostly look the same, and all you have to work with is the words that you choose.
The typical Google search results page is filled with words to look at, and searchers only spend a second or so deciding which of those words they should read.
It sounds like an impossible task, but because Google is a search engine, and that means you know what the person is searching for. You will be targeting those keywords, and to do so, you need a headline that works.
The term "elevator pitch" reflects the idea that it should be possible to deliver the summary in the time span of an elevator ride, or approximately 30 seconds to two minutes. The term itself comes from a scenario of an accidental meeting with someone important in the elevator. If the conversation inside the elevator in those few seconds is interesting and value adding, the conversation will continue after the elevator ride or end in exchange of business cards or a scheduled meeting.
Wikipedia fails to mention that sometimes that random elevator meeting is actually contrived to some degree. Ask Hollywood producers how many times writers and actors accidentally bump into them…
In AdWords your elevator pitch isn't 30 seconds long. It is one second. And it isn't 50 words, but a 25 character headline. It is the quickest elevator pitch ever.
It is quite common for ad writers to simply repeat the search query in their headline – Google even allows you to automate this. It works pretty well, but it does depend on what else is happening on the result page. If the headlines of six ads and the top three organic results all parrot the search query, none will stand out.
Contrarian approaches are risky, but when they work, they work very well (ask the famous investor and contrarian Warren Buffett). Examples include:
- The TV ad that is 30 minutes of silence
- The TV ad that yells at you
- The junk mail envelope that seems to be saying you have won something…
- The pregnant Demi Moore magazine cover.
They work because they are contrary to what people are used to – they grab your attention.
We have seen contrarian headlines work in AdWords, but it can be hit and miss, and ads may be disapproved. Still, no harm in trying.
BE BOLD, HAVE FUN
Being in an elevator with someone and bragging loudly might not be something you are comfortable with. But there is no you in a text ad. You can brag about the best aspects of your product or service in an ad, because people don't judge text ads. Just make sure you can back up anything you claim, Google prefers that:
- The World's Sexiest Watch
- Guaranteed Fastest Result
- Biggest, Baddest One Wood.
OWN YOUR UNIQUE SELLING POINT
The shorter your USP, the more likely it will convert, and the easier it is to create an ad headline.
If your business isn't unique, then maybe you are more convenient, or your prices are cheaper. If someone asks why they should buy from you, it is an easier sell if you can say "we are cheaper" or "ours are custom made". This translates easily into ad headlines:
- Cheaper School Uniforms
- Your Local Uniform Store
- School Uniforms Delivered
- Custom School Uniforms
Each headline contains a basic USP. On the landing page you need to show a price comparison, or a map, or information regarding your delivery/customisation options.
It is vitally important that your ad message is reiterated on the landing page. If the ad is visual, make sure they are visually similar. The searcher just wants to be sure they have come to the right place, and that the promise from your ad is genuine. If that is hard for them to achieve, they can leave as quickly as they arrived.
Make sure the messages are matching at each step of the conversion (including checkout and follow-up emails), but especially on the landing page:
- A) Because the searcher expects to see a site that reflects the ad
- B) Because Google understands A, and will reward you with a higher Ad Rank, which means cheaper clicks.
If the landing page reiterates your elevator pitch, then it is worth being repurposed in multiple ways:
- Landing page for any advertising
- Boldly linked to from your home page, giving the link the same wording as your ads
- As the basis for a video.
And your AdWords headline can be reused, because it will fit all these formats:
- Blog post headlines (8-10 words)
- Email subject lines (3-12 words)
- Tweets (roughly 15 words)
- T-shirts and bumper stickers
- Funny memes.
Spending time creating your best 25-character elevator pitch can be a great addition to your marketing arsenal.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Does It Hurt More to Punch With the Side of Your Hand?
by Luke Schmaltz, Demand Media
The side of your fist opposite your thumb has more padding on it than the frontal plane. This layer of flesh serves the striker as a cushion for pain upon impact as well as a layer of protection from internal injuries. Although punching with knuckles inflicts more damage from certain angles, the knuckles, fingers and metacarpals tend to sustain an equivalent ratio of trauma. For these reasons, punches that land with the knuckles result in more painful injuries to the striker than do punches landing with the side of the fist. A strike with the side of a closed hand is called a hammerfist.
The Side of the Head
The human skull is far more durable than the human hand. Punching into the head with the front of a closed fist immediately hurts the puncher far more than the victim. A hammerfist strategically placed into the temple of an opponent may render that person unconscious, while the person punching feels very little thanks to the extra padding of the outer palm. The trick here is gaining position on an opponent in order to strike from the best angle, which is usually from overhead while the opponent is on the ground.
Ground and Pound
When your opponent is on the ground and you have the upper position, you can use a hammerfist effectively without experiencing painful hand damage. Gravity adds power to your blows as your body heaves downward with each strike. A knuckle punch thrown during this action carries great risk of a sprained wrist. This is especially the case if the intensity of the moment makes you forget to clench your fist. A hammerfist from the same angle, although maybe not as powerful requires less range of motion which has the additional bonus of giving your opponent less of a window for escape.
Lateral Backhand vs. Hammerfist
From a lateral position, a circular strike can be thrown at an opponent that originates from the guard position and moves in an outward arcing motion. This is usually aimed at the face or head. If the person throwing the punch chooses a backhand over a hammerfist, she is going to be hitting with the tops of her knuckles onto a equally hard if not harder surface. This carries potential for injury because it is essentially bone hitting bone. That same strike can be landed in the form of a padded hammerfist and deliver the same amount of power with a less painful impact for the striker.
Vertical Backhand vs. Hammerfist
In an infighting scenario, a striker has a choice between landing a punch with the back of the knuckles or with the side of the hand. When an upward elbow strike is thrown at the sternum or chin, it puts the attacker in perfect position to follow that strike with a downward hand hit to the top of the head, bridge of the nose or cheekbone. Choosing a backhand carries more potential for injury to the attacker's hand. If a hammerfist is opted for, the fleshy bottom part of the fist provides a less painful impact for the striker and less potential for a hand injury.
About the Author
Luke Schmaltz has extensive experience in martial arts and personal training, which informs his writing on health and fitness. He also spends time in the entertainment world as a songwriter and performer. He has written and produced numerous studio albums and published many articles online.
Photo Credits
 - Jupiterimages/Goodshoot/Getty Images
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Power, authority and legitimacy.
Using appropriate referencing conventions and paraphrasing wherever possible, define the concepts of power, authority and legitimacy and explain how these concepts relate to each other. Which of these terms best explains what politics means to you?
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Method statement for construction
Method statements are widely used in construction as a means of controlling specific health and safety risks that have been identified (perhaps following the preparation of a risk assessment) such as; lifting operations, demolition or dismantling, working at height (such as work on roofs), installing equipment, and the use of plant.
A method statement helps manage the work and ensures that the necessary precautions have been communicated to those involved.
The process of preparing a written method statement provides evidence that:
- Significant health and safety risks have been identified.
- Co-operation of workers has been ensured.
- Safe, co-ordinated systems of work have been put in place.
- Workers have been involved in the process.
Like risk assessments, method statements are not a requirement of the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations, however they are identified by the Health and Safety Executive as one way of satisfying the requirements of the regulations and as an effective means of assessing risks, managing risks, collecting workers' views and briefing workers. The fact that method statements are not a requirement of the CDM Regulations is evidence of the Health and Safety Executive's (HSE) intention that implementation of the requirements of the CDM Regulations should not be a paper exercise, where the filling out of a standard template is sufficient, but that it should be an integral and fundamental part of the construction process.
At the outset of a project the format in which the method statements are reviewed and used should be set out, this is best done within the Project Execution Plan (or PEP), ensuring not only that the method statement is produced by a competent person, but that it is peer-reviewed as part of the QA system prior to it's use.
Where they are prepared, method statements need be no longer than is necessary for them to be effective. They are for the benefit of those carrying out the work and so should be clear, should not be overcomplicated and should be illustrated where necessary.
Method statements should be written by a competent person who is familiar with the process being described and may need to be agreed between the client, principal contractor and contractor. The HSE suggests that those preparing method statements should consider:
- Is there a safer way of doing this task?
- Will workers actually implement the controls as planned?
- Do these controls make the job difficult or inconvenient?
- Are there small changes that will improve the intended method?
- How will these controls work in adverse conditions, e.g. weather?
- Will workers require additional briefing or instructions?
The contents of a method statement will vary with the work process being described however, they may contain:
- Details of the organisation in control of the activity.
- Details of the individual responsible for the activity.
- A description of the activity.
- A description of how the work will be managed.
- The location of the activity, its boundaries, means of access and how it is segregated from other activities.
- Plant and equipment required.
- The procedure for changing the proposed method of work if necessary.
- A step by step description of the activities to be undertaken.
- Precautions necessary to protect workers, and other people that could be affected, including personal protective equipment and ventilation requirements.
- Training procedures.
- The need for specially-trained operators for certain activities.
- Emergency procedures, including the location of emergency equipment.
- The handling and storage of materials and pollution prevention procedures.
- Temporary works designs.
- The method for safeguarding existing structures.
Together, risk assessments and method statements are sometimes described as 'RAMS'. RAMS may be required by third parties to demonstrate that health and safety has been properly considered and that the requirements of the CDM regulations have been satisfied. For example, a contractor may require submission of RAMS form sub-contractors, a landlord may require submission of RAMS from tenants proposing to carry out works to a property, or a client may require submission of RAMS from contractors operating on their premises.
 Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki
- Deleterious materials.
- Health and safety.
- Permit to work.
- Principal contractor.
- Project execution plan.
- Project risk.
- Reporting accidents and injuries on construction sites.
- Risk assessment.
- Risk assessments and method statements.
- Risk management.
- Temporary works.
 External references
Read about one of the world's most iconic buildings that after over a century continues to inspire affection.
Lendlease to pioneer 'WELL' certification and provide 'WELL ready' workplaces for tenants.
George Osborne's Spending Review confirms new apprenticeship levy that could threaten the viability of the Construction Industry Training Board.
Rebekah Paczec from Snapdragon Consulting gives us her unique take on the spending review and what it means for the construction industry.
HSE publish Occupational health risk management in construction. A guide to the key issues of occupational health provision.
7 uses of lighting to improve health and wellbeing by BRE Buzz.
Free to download, at-a-glance guide published by BRSIA.
NASC publishes revised safety and technical guidance.
BRE announce their acquisition of CEEQUAL to develop a single sustainability rating scheme for civil engineering and infrastructure projects.
BSRIA's Henry Lawson assesses the implications of grid outages for homeowners and business.
For more news, go to the home page.


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Types of Penalties for DUI in Atlanta
Atlanta Municipal Court hands down a variety of penalties to a driver convicted of driving under the influence. These penalties include:
1. Jail Time and/or Probation
You will face jail time even for your first offense DUI (a minimum of 24 hours and a maximum of twelve months). Penalties for subsequent DUI offenses carry more serious jail time. A term of probation can also follow some jail sentence. In certain cases, a judge could replace part of a jail sentence with probation.
2. Clinical Evaluation and Treatment
Everyone who is convicted of DUI is required to undergo a clinical evaluation conducted by a Georgia BHDD (Behavioral Health and Developmental Disabilities) approved counselor. He or she will determine whether or not you have dependency issues. If this is the case, a recommendation for treatment will be made. The court will require you to successfully complete any recommended treatment program. You are also responsible for covering any required costs of treatment.
3. Community Service
Everyone who is convicted of DUI is required to complete a certain amount of community service hours. You must complete your hours at a court-approved nonprofit organization.
4. Withdrawal of Driving Privileges
Your driver's license could be suspended or revoked if you are convicted of DUI. First time offenders face licenses suspension. If your license is suspended, your driving privilege has been temporarily withdrawn. After a specific period of time, you may apply for a driver's license once you pay any required fees and satisfy all Georgia Department of Driver Services requirements. First time DUI offenders face a driver's license suspension of one year. Subsequent offenders could face revocation. If your license is revoked, your driving privileges have been terminated and withdrawn. This is usually for a much longer period of time than a suspension. After this period of time, you may apply for a new driver's license once you pay any required fees and satisfy all Georgia Department of Driver Services requirements.
5. Risk Reduction Program / DUI School
Everyone who is convicted of DUI is must complete a risk reduction program (DUI School). This is a 20 hours program designed to educate drivers on issues of alcohol and drug abuse and the dangers of driving while impaired. You must make sure that the program you attend has been approved by Georgia DDS in order to get credit.
6. Fines and Fees
Everyone who is convicted of DUI will have to pay fines and fees. The amount you pay will depend on your offense and the circumstances of your case. The fines you pay are part of your criminal sentence. There is a broad range of fines: first time offenders can face a maximum of $1,000 in fines, while subsequent offenders can face a fine up to $10,000. You will could also have to pay a variety of fees for clinical evaluation, substance abuse treatment, DUI school, reinstating your driver's licence and/or installing an ignition interlock device.
7. Ignition Interlock Device
If you have been convicted of multiple DUIs within a certain time period, the judge will order you to install an ignition interlock device. To do this, you will need to find a mechanic who has been approved by DDS to install these devices. You are required to pay for this installation at your own expense. An ignition interlock is a machine includes a breathalyzer. When you want to start your car, you must breath into the machine. If any alcohol is detected, the interlock will prohibit your car from igniting.
8. Publication of Conviction in Local Newspaper
If you are convicted of two or more DUIs within a 10 year period, the clerk of courts will publish in your local newspaper a notice containing your name, photograph, city, county and zip code of your residential address and the details of your arrest (including date, time, place, and arresting agency).
This is only a broad overview of the possible DUI penalties you may face. If you would like a clear understanding of exactly what penalty you might face, please contact me. After we discuss your case in detail, you will have a good idea of what will lie ahead. If we choose to also work together, I can immediately begin advocating for your best possible outcome.
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Treaty of the Pyrenees
The Treaty of the Pyrenees
ContextSpain and France end the 1635–1659 war;
Spain cedes Artois and Northern Catalonia;
Louis marries Maria Theresa of Spain
Signed7 November 1659 (1659-11-07)
LocationPheasant Island
NegotiatorsSpanish Empire Luis Méndez de Haro
Kingdom of France Cardinal Mazarin
SignatoriesSpanish Empire Philip IV of Spain
Spanish Empire Luis Méndez de Haro
Spanish Empire Pedro Coloma
Kingdom of France Louis XIV
Kingdom of France Cardinal Mazarin
Kingdom of France Hugues de Lionne
Parties France
The Treaty of the Pyrenees, (French: Traité des Pyrénées, Spanish: Tratado de los Pirineos, Catalan: Tractat dels Pirineus), was signed on 7 November 1659, and ended the 1635 to 1659 Franco-Spanish war.[1]
Negotiations were conducted on Pheasant Island, situated in the middle of the Bidasoa river on the border between the two countries, which has remained a French-Spanish condominium ever since. It was signed by Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain, as well as their chief ministers, Cardinal Mazarin and Don Luis Méndez de Haro.[2]
The geopolitical effects of the Treaty of Pyrenees (1659)
France entered the Thirty Years' War after the Spanish Habsburg victories in the Dutch Revolt in the 1620s and at the Battle of Nördlingen against Sweden in 1634. By 1640, France began to interfere in Spanish politics, aiding the revolt in Catalonia, while Spain responded by aiding the Fronde revolt in France in 1648. During the negotiations for the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, France gained the Sundgau and cut off Spanish access to the Netherlands from Austria, leading to open warfare between the French and Spanish.
After 23 years of war, an Anglo-French alliance was victorious at the Battle of the Dunes in 14 June 1658, but the following year the war ground to a halt when the French campaign to take Milan was defeated. Peace was settled by means of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in November 1659.
Medal celebrating the Treaty (1660)
France gained Roussillon (including Perpignan) and the northern half of Cerdanya, Montmédy and other parts of Luxembourg, Artois and other towns in Flanders, including Arras, Béthune, Gravelines and Thionville, and a new border with Spain was fixed at the Pyrenees.[3] However, the treaty stipulated only that all "villages" north of the Pyrenees should become part of France. Because it was a villa, the historic town of Llívia, once the capital of Cerdanya, was thus unintentionally exempted from the treaty and became a Spanish exclave as part of the comarca of Baixa Cerdanya, in the Spanish province of Girona. This border was not properly settled until the Treaty of Bayonne was signed in 1856, with its final acts accepted 12 years later. On the western Pyrenees a definite borderline was drawn and decisions made as to the politico-administrative affiliation of bordering areas in the Basque regionBaztan, Aldude, Valcarlos.[4]
Spain was forced to recognize and confirm all of the French gains at the Peace of Westphalia.[3] In exchange for the Spanish territorial losses, the French king pledged to quit his support for Portugal and renounced his claim to the county of Barcelona, which the French crown had claimed ever since the Catalan Revolt (also known as Reapers' War).[3] The Portuguese revolt in 1640, led by the Duke of Braganza, was supported monetarily by Cardinal Richelieu of France. After the Catalan Revolt, France had controlled the Principality of Catalonia from January 1641, when a combined Catalan and French force defeated the Spanish army at Battle of Montjuïc, until it was defeated by a Spanish army at Barcelona in 1652.[5] Though the Spanish army reconquered most of Catalonia, the French retained Catalan territory north of the Pyrenees.
The treaty also arranged for a marriage between Louis XIV of France and Maria Theresa of Spain, the daughter of Philip IV of Spain.[3] Maria Theresa was forced to renounce her claim to the Spanish throne, in return for a monetary settlement as part of her dowry. This settlement was never paid, a factor that eventually led to the War of Devolution in 1668. At the Meeting on the Isle of Pheasants in June 1660, the two monarchs and their ministers met, and the princess entered France.
In addition, the English received Dunkirk,[3] although they elected to sell it to France in 1662.
Map of Catalonia, showing the partition of its territory by means of the Treaty of the Pyrenees.
The Treaty of the Pyrenees was the last major diplomatic achievement by Cardinal Mazarin. Combined with the Peace of Westphalia, it allowed Louis XIV remarkable stability and diplomatic advantage by means of a weakened Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé and a weakened Spanish Crown, along with the agreed dowry, which was an important element in the French king's strategy:
All in all, by 1660, when the Swedish occupation of Poland was over, most of the European continent was at peace (though the third stage of the Portuguese Restoration War would soon begin), and the Bourbons had ended the dominance of the Habsburgs.[6] In the Pyrenees, the treaty resulted in the establishment of border customs and restriction of the free cross-border flow of people and goods. The treaty also settled indefinitely the century and half long litigation over the Kingdom of Navarre, while the dispute over the Aldudes remained in place still throughout the 18th century.[4]
French annexations
In the context of the territorial changes involved in the Treaty, France gained some territory, on both its northern and southern borders.
 1. On the east: The northern part of the Principality of Catalonia, including Roussillon, Conflent, Vallespir, Capcir, and French Cerdagne, was transferred to France, i.e. what later came to be known as "Northern Catalonia".
 2. On the west: The parties agree to put together a field group to compromise a borderline on disputed lands along the Basque Pyrenees, involving Sareta—Zugarramurdi, Ainhoa, etc.— Aldude, and the Spanish wedge of Valcarlos.
See also
 1. ^ Cooper 1970, p. 428.
 2. ^ Sahlins 1989, p. 25.
 3. ^ a b c d e Maland 1966, p. 227.
 4. ^ a b M. Gregorio. Jimeno, R. 2012, pp. 72-73, 121-122.
 5. ^ Pendrill 2002, pp. 142–143.
 6. ^ Oakley 1993, pp. 84-85.
 - Cooper, JP (editor) (1970). The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 4, The Decline of Spain and the Thirty Years War, 1609-48/49: (1979 ed.). CUP. ISBN 978-_PHONE_.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
 - Maland, David (1966). Europe in the Seventeenth Century (1991 ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 978-_PHONE_.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
 - Monreal, Gregorio; Jimeno, Roldan (2012). Conquista e Incorporación de Navarra a Castilla. Pamplona-Iruña: Pamiela. ISBN 978-84-7681-736-0.
 - Pendrill, Colin (2002). Martin Collier, Erica Lewis (ed.). Spain 1474 - 1700. Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-435-32733-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
 - Sahlins, Peter (1989). Boundaries: The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees (1992 ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 978-_PHONE_.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
 - Oakley, Stewart P (1993). War and Peace in the Baltic, _PHONE_ (2005 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-_PHONE_.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
External links
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At Commonwealth Bank, it's easy to get your bank statement in several different ways, as detailed below.
You can choose the method that best fits your lifestyle and situation, and save yourself the time of having to go into the branch every month to pick up your statement or making the effort to go online every few days to check your balance via online banking.
So let's take a look at how you can get your Commonwealth Bank statements conveniently in just minutes.
Things required getting Commbank Statement
- PDF readers Such As Adobe reader
- Net banking User Name & Password
- Mobile Banking Login Passcode
What Information is Included in a CBA Bank Statement?
The Commonwealth Bank Statement is a report of transactions for the previous month. It contains information about your account balances, interest earned, and fees charged. You should receive this document at least once a month so that you can keep track of your financial status.
The commbank statement usually includes the following items:
1. Balance your checking account at the end of the previous month
2. Number of transactions that occurred during the last calendar day of the month
3. Amount withdrawn from your checking account (if any such as money withdrawn from ATMs)
4. Amount deposited into your checking account by check or draft (if any)
5. Total interest earned on all check or draft deposits made during the previous month
6. Check overdrafts
Ways to get CommBank Statement
There are several ways to get your Commonwealth Bank Statement. You can either view it online, through the mobile app, or by requesting a physical copy.
To view your statement online, simply follow the Below Steps.
If you want a physical copy of your statement, you can request one at any time by calling customer service or visiting your local branch.
The mobile app also offers the ability to view and download statements.
Get Commonwealth Bank Statement through Net Banking
Step 1: Login to Commbank NetBank.
Step 2: Choose the view accounts & Select Statements option
Step 3: Select the account and statement period you want to review.
Step 4: You may choose to download or send a statement by Email.
Get Commonwealth Bank Statement through Commbank App – CBA
Step 1: Open the CommBank mobile app.
Step 2: Select View accounts.
Step 3: Select an account, and then tap the account name on the following screen to view your statement.
Step 4: Select the statement date after tapping View statement.
Step 5: Click the Share button if you wish to share or print.
How to get 90 day bank statement
Step 1: Login to Commbank NetBank.
Step 2: Choose view accounts Statements
Step 3: Select the account
Step 4: Select the statement period as 30 Days.
Step 5: You may choose to download or send a statement by Email.
Why You Might Need a Commonwealth Bank Statement
Bank statements are a useful tool for checking the balance of your account. They can help you to:
1. Identify any suspicious activity or unauthorized transactions.
2. To prove that you have sufficient funds in your checking account to cover any checks you write. If you don't have enough money in your account to cover checks, you could be charged overdraft fees or bounced checks if they're not paid promptly.
3. Check how much money is in your account. You can then compare this with your monthly income and expenditure. If there has been a large deposit or withdrawal, this may indicate an error in the way that your account was set up.
4. Check whether you are paying too much interest on the debt (such as payday loans). If so, you could contact the lender and ask them to refund some of the interest charged back to you.
How to Read Your Commonwealth Bank Statement
Here are some useful tips when reading a bank statement:
1. Look at all the transactions in detail. What is being paid? What has been paid? Compare one month against another to see if there are any payments or charges that have changed.
2. Check for any new charges or fees attached to your account (for example, for direct debits).
3. Read over each line carefully and check for details such as bank name (Commbank), branch name and account number.
4. Make sure you don't have any outstanding bills that are due in the next few days, as these will be listed on your statement, and you may incur late payment fees if they aren't paid.
5. Be sure to check for any fees or charges that may have been charged by the bank in addition to the interest rate that was paid on the loan (if applicable).
6. Look for transactions that occur at irregular times. For example, if you get paid on Friday each week, but your bank statement shows a transaction on Wednesday, there's probably something fishy going on.
7. Look at all of the transactions within each category and make sure they match up with what you expect to see for each type of transaction (debit card purchases, etc.)
If you're a customer of Commonwealth Bank, you can easily view and download your bank statements through the online banking portal. Simply follow the above steps.
If you have any trouble, don't hesitate to contact customer service for assistance.
As always, please keep in mind that if you see something suspicious on your statement or notice anything unusual, it's important to call them right away so we can investigate it.


1. Technical Help Center
 2. BK6190 Hematology Analyzer
How to clear Diluent/Lyse Empty error.
 1. Check if your Lyse or Diluent containers are empty.
 2. If they are, replace them with new full containers and perform these steps.
 1. Menu>Service>prime all.
 2. Repeat the priming two times.
 3. If you still have Diluent or Lyse in the containers, perform the priming at least three times.


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1. Four sides sealing bag The four-side sealing bag is […]
1. Four sides sealing bag
The four-side sealing bag is usually made by the top, two sides and bottom sealing of two (roll) materials. Compared with the bag mentioned before, it is possible to use two different plastic resin materials if they can be bonded to each other. If it is, it is made into a four-side sealing bag glued on the front. The four-side sealing bag can be made into various shapes, such as heart-shaped or oval.
2. Zipper bag
On the three-side sealing bag and the main body bag, a bag with easy opening zipper is installed.
3. Three-dimensional bag
There are many types of three-dimensional bags, mainly including the following types:
①Standing bag with bottomed boat shape.
②Folded bottom integrated three-dimensional bag.
③The oblique knife heat seals the three-dimensional bag.
④Three-dimensional bag with bottle-shaped knife mold.
⑤ The three-dimensional bag with spout is divided into three-dimensional bag with oblique mouth and three-dimensional bag with roof cover.
⑥ Air pressure upright bag.
4. Shaped bags
Fruit-shaped and cartoon-shaped bags.
5. Bag with hand hole
The hole shape is triangle, butterfly shape, airplane shape, round hole, semicircle, waist drum shape and so on.


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essential nutrients-particularly total N and P. Loss of nutrients in runoff increased with residue removal above 50 percent in no-till wheat and reduced nutrient pools through nutrient removal with residues and via increased runoff."
Results of this study show that crop residues are indeed essential to reduce sediment, soil organic carbon, and nutrient loss in runoff, regardless of tillage system, Blanco added.
"Crop residue removal is not recommended if soil and water conservation, non-point source pollution control, and soil carbon buildup are high priorities. Residue left on the soil surface protects the soil against impacting raindrops, helps maintain the integrity of soil aggregates, and improves rainwater infiltration."
The bottom line: Only a small fraction--about 25 percent--of residue may be available for removal for biomass energy production from no-till soils.
"Further studies that will look at pollutants losses under different scenarios of rainfall intensities as well as soil and topographic characteristics are needed to more fully determine the amount of harvestable residue, Blanco said.
Larry Dreiling can be reached by phone at _PHONE_, or by e-mail at _EMAIL_.


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Let's imagine that you and a friend could converse on the planet Venus — without having to worry about the lack of oxygen, crushing pressure, and beyond boiling temperatures. Your friend would sound so different that you'd actually see her differently.
That's one of the more intriguing conclusions from a team led by the University of Southampton's Professor Tim Leighton, who have calculated all the different sounds we might hear if we could listen in on the other worlds of our solar system. That includes the whirlwinds of Mars, the lightning of Venus, and even the sounds of methane and ethane falling like water on Saturn's moon Titan.
But perhaps the most interesting is how we would sound if we could actually talk on these faraway worlds. Because of differences in atmospheres, pressures, and temperatures on these worlds, the human voice would sound very different, and since we're adapted to hear voices in Earth's atmosphere, these changes would actually play havoc on how we comprehend the voices of those around us. Leighton explains how this would work on Venus:
"We are confident of our calculations; we have been rigorous in our use of physics taking into account atmospheres, pressure and fluid dynamics. On Venus, the pitch of your voice would become much deeper. That is because the planet's dense atmosphere means that the vocal cords vibrate more slowly through this 'gassy soup'.
"However, the speed of sound in the atmosphere on Venus is much faster than it is on Earth, and this tricks the way our brain interprets the size of a speaker (presumably an evolutionary trait that allowed our ancestors to work out whether an animal call in the night was something that was small enough to eat or so big as to be dangerous). When we hear a voice from Venus, we think the speaker is small, but with a deep bass voice. On Venus, humans sound like bass Smurfs."
Of course, this is all strictly theoretical, but I suppose we could test this one day in the far future using humanoid robots that could withstand the conditions of Venus, Mars, or Titan, and perhaps even have advanced enough minds to simulate the perception that their speech partner is smaller than they really are. The next step for the team in their study of space acoustics? Professor Leighton says he's intrigued to find out what music would sound like on other worlds, something we could one day have Mars astronauts put to the test. If nothing else, it's slightly more cultured than taking golf clubs to the Moon...


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Across East Africa, only 1 in 6 pupils in Standard 3 passed a Standard 2 English test
Across East Africa, children from poorer households perform worse on tests at all ages
Our District level results show there is substantial geographic variation in literacy and numeracy skills within each country.
There are minimal differences between boys and girls in their literacy and numeracy skills, although girls outperform boys in the lower grades
Two in every 10 children in Standard 7 in East Africa do not have Standard 2 level literacy and numeracy competencies
The gap in results between public and private schools is largest in Tanzania
Uwezo means 'capability' in Kiswahili. Uwezo is a four year initiative that aims to improve competencies in literacy and numeracy among children aged 6-16 years old in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, by using an innovative approach to social change that is citizen driven and accountable to the public.


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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), citing a study in the journal Preventive Medicine, said there was a sharp decline in breast cancer screenings at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The federal health agency warned, "Prolonged delays in screening related to the COVID-19 pandemic may lead to delayed diagnoses, poor health consequences, and an increase in cancer disparities among women already experiencing health inequities."
The American Cancer Society says women as young as 40 at average risk for breast cancer should get a mammogram every year. With tens of thousands of women getting vaccinated against COVID-19 this year, VERIFY viewer Mydia A. had a question about what kind of impact the vaccine could have on breast cancer screenings.
Mydia asked: Can the COVID-19 vaccine lead to a false-positive mammogram?
- American Cancer Society
- Society of Breast Imaging
- Lisa Mullen, radiologist at Johns Hopkins University
- Kaiser Permanente
Yes, the COVID-19 vaccine can lead to a false-positive mammogram.
WHAT WE FOUND
The COVID-19 vaccine can cause swollen lymph nodes under the arm that received the injection, according to the American Cancer Society.
"Swollen lymph nodes under the arm might show up on a mammogram done to screen for breast cancer, which could cause concern and might lead to the need for further tests," the American Cancer Society says on its website.
Lisa Mullen, a radiologist at Johns Hopkins University, said those enlarged lymph nodes can result in a false-positive mammogram.
Swollen lymph nodes are a natural reaction for the body in response to the COVID-19 vaccine, according to Kaiser Permanente.
"Just as some people feel soreness or swelling at the injection site, or experience a low-grade fever, chills, headaches or muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes are evidence your body's immune system is doing what it should, making antibodies and training other cells to protect you," the health care company says.
Other vaccines have been known to cause similar side effects. Mullen said the flu, shingles, pneumonia and D-TaP (diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis) shots can change the appearance of lymph nodes.
Enlarged lymph nodes caused by the body's response to the COVID-19 vaccine are temporary. Kaiser Permanente said lymph nodes could be enlarged for four to six weeks after vaccination before returning to normal size.
Despite the possibility of a false-positive mammogram, Mullen and Kaiser Permanente said people should get the COVID-19 vaccine as soon as possible.
So, when should people schedule their mammogram appointments to avoid a false positive from the COVID-19 vaccine? The American Cancer Society recommends not delaying a mammogram screen without first speaking with a doctor.
The Society of Breast Imaging advises people to schedule their mammogram screening before they receive their first COVID-19 vaccine dose or wait at least four weeks after receiving the second dose, if possible. However, the group says people overdue for a screening exam should not delay and still schedule their appointment even if it's during the vaccine regimen.
"Regular screening mammograms ensure that breast cancer can be detected as early as possible," the Society of Breast Imaging says.
People recently vaccinated against COVID-19 should tell their doctor at their mammogram screening appointment.
"Tell her when you received the vaccine, and which arm the vaccine was given," the Society of Breast Imaging advises. "State whether it's your first or second dose. This information will help the breast radiologist interpreting your screening mammogram."
More from VERIFY: Yes, a fully vaccinated person exposed to the Delta variant could transmit COVID-19 to others
Our journalists work to separate fact from fiction so that you can understand what is true and false online. Please consider subscribing to our daily newsletter, text alerts and our YouTube channel. You can also follow us on Snapchat, Twitter, Instagram or Facebook.


Just discovered a nifty new-to-me improvement on A*, via a nifty interactive demonstration of various pathfinding algorithms.
I'm supposed to be working on other things today, so I haven't fully digested the paper explaining the algorithm and may be misunderstanding it entirely. But at least part of the trick turns out to be one of those it's-easy-when-you-know-how things: its inventor explains you want to "prune the set of immediate neighbours around a node by trying to prove that an optimal path… exists from the parent of the current node to each neighbour and that path does not involve visiting the current node."
In other words, at each step of the pathfinding, instead of subjecting every neighbor of the current node to A*, you try to draw a path from the previous step in the path to each neighbor. If that path crosses through the current node, then you can discard that neighbor as a possible next step.
Easy once you know how. And the speed increase compared to other pathfinding algorithms is shocking (seriously, play with that interactive demo for a bit, the difference is amazing.)
Now meeting all your syndication needs:
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Vertex Map OperatorBasic Parameter
Vertex Map Operator
Weight maps store a value between 0.0 to 1.0 for each point in an object. These values affect how strongly each point is influenced when deformers are applied to the object. With the Weightmap node, not only can you read these weight values, you can change them also.


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How We Help: Community Members
The National Center for Lesbian Rights tirelessly advocates for federal legislative and policy changes that benefit the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community.
The LGBT community has gained a number of crucial protections through policy and regulatory changes that impact everyday life. Please contact us if you:
- Experienced housing discrimination based on your gender identity or gender nonconformity
- Experienced housing discrimination in public housing (this includes discrimination in Section 8 housing, trying to secure an FHA-backed mortgage, or a homeless shelter) based on sexual orientation, gender identity, or marital status
- Are the victim of a violent crime that you believe you were targeted for based on LGBT identity
- Experienced discrimination or harassment from a law enforcement official
- Experienced discrimination based on gender identity or gender nonconformity in a hospital or other healthcare setting
- Are denied access to services supporting victims of domestic violence or abuse because of your gender or LGBT identity
- Experienced discrimination or harassment from a TSA or Customs agent while traveling
- Were denied access to a partner or family member while they were hospitalized
- Are (or know of) a young person who is being bullied or harassed in school because of LGBT identity
- Are a participant in Job Corps or the Peace Corps and are experiencing discrimination
Please contact Ming Wong at _EMAIL_ if you have any questions or need help.


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A group practice is a group of doctors, dentists, nurse practitioners (NPs), physician assistants (PAs), and possibly other healthcare providers who practice together. Group practice providers share their individual knowledge, skills and resources to provide specialized and coordinated care to patients.
A group practice may be a small group of providers that share a physical space, often located in a clinic, hospital department, or medical or dental office. Group practices may also be large and include hundreds of providers as part of an organized system of care, such as a large health plan or hospital system.
Patients benefit by the medical knowledge of all specialists in a group practice. Group practices may specialize in an area of care (e.g., cardiac care) and include various specialists (e.g., cardiologist and cardiac surgeon). Together, these specialists provide comprehensive and efficient care to patients with simple to complex conditions. For example, a critically ill patient with advanced kidney disease can benefit from the expertise of a provider practice that includes specialists in nephrology and critical care medicine.
Many group practices design care strategies to anticipate patient needs, prevent complications, maintain optimal health and function, and improve quality of care. To help in this goal, group practices frequently include other specialized healthcare professionals. This can include a counselor, dental hygienist, diabetes educator, dietician-nutritionist, and specialized registered nurses (RNs). For example, an orthopedic or sports medicine practice may include physical therapists and athletic trainers as part of the practice.
Teamwork across specialties in a group practice is coordinated through the use of electronic health records; dedicated care managers (or care coordinators); evidence-based, recommended care guidelines; and systematic monitoring of quality and efficiency.


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This chapter provides information on integrating an LDAP directory Server with a repository.
When you add an LDAP directory server to an existing Documentum installation, the users and groups defined in the LDAP directory server are given precedence. If a user or group entry in the LDAP directory server matches a user or group in the repository, the repository information is overwritten by the information in the LDAP directory server when the dm_LDAPSynchronization job executes.
All users in a repository must have three required attributes set. The attributes are user_name, user_login_name, and user_address. Users defined in the LDAP directory server must have LDAP attributes that can be mapped to these attributes. The LDAP configuration set up provides mapped defaults for the required repository attributes or you can define custom mappings. Refer to the Documentum Administrator online help for instructions.
If your LDAP directory server is Active Directory, user_name must be mapped to either a common name (CN) or a display name. If user_name is not mapped to either a CN or display name, the repository inactivation operation does not function properly for the users.
Please refer to Documentum Content Server 5.3 SP1 Administrating Guide to implement LDAP Directory Server.


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Two Methods:Having your Fundal Height Measured by a DoctorMeasuring Your Own Fundal Height
When a woman is pregnant, one of the ways she and her doctor check whether the pregnancy is progressing normally is to determine the growth of the uterus. This can be done by 1 of 3 ways: via a sonogram, by palpating the uterus, and by measuring something called the "fundal height" - essentially the distance between the pubic bone and the top of the uterus. To learn how to have your fundal height measured (or how to do so yourself), see Step 1 below to get started!
Method 1 of 2: Having your Fundal Height Measured by a Doctor
 1. 1
 Make an appointment with your doctor or healthcare practitioner. Though measuring your fundal height doesn't take long, it does typically require an office visit.
 - Being at the doctor's office also gives you the added benefit of being able to immediately discuss the results of your fundal height test with your doctor, should anything out of the ordinary be found.
 2. 2
 Empty your bladder before measuring. Depending on how far along you are in your pregnancy, your doctor may ask you to empty your bladder.
 - The reason for this is that starting at around the 17-week mark, a full bladder can cause the fundal height measurement to off by a matter of centimeters.[1]
 3. 3
 Change into a hospital gown. Fundal height measurements are fairly precise - a discrepancy of only a centimeter or two can make the difference between a "normal" measurement and an "abnormal one".
 - Clothes, belts, and so on can cause small differences in your fundal height, so they are typically removed before measuring. Changing into a hospital gown minimizes the possibility of an inaccurate result and additionally offers your doctor the ability to easily access all areas needed for a good fundal height measurement.
 4. 4
 Lay on the examination table. Your doctor will ask you to lay in a semi-recumbent position (this is simply laying on your back with your head slightly elevated). The semi-recumbent position makes it easy for the doctor to feel for your uterus by palpating the skin near your belly button.
 5. 5
 Lay still and breathe normally as the doctor palpates your uterus. Before the actual measurement takes place, your doctor or his nurse or midwife will palpate your pregnant uterus to determine the baby's size, the baby's positioning and the baby's presentation.
 - The doctor, nurse, and/or midwife will also check the volume of amniotic fluid and also attempt to identify the uterine fundus - the point on your stomach where the "top" of the uterus can be felt.
 6. 6
 Allow the doctor to measure your fundal height. After the palpation, the doctor will hold a metric-based measurement tape at the top of the uterus (or fundus) and stretch it along the top of your pregnant uterus, measuring along the longitudinal axis.
 - This means that the doctor will measure from the highest point of your uterus to the top of your symphysis pubis (the area located below your belly button where your pubic bone begins). The doctor will record your fundal height measurement in centimeters and enter it on your chart.
 - As a very general rule, a woman's fundal height should be within 1 to 3 centimeters of the baby's gestational age in weeks. For example, for a woman who's been pregnant for 20 weeks, a fundal height of about 17-23 cm is expected.[2]
 7. 7
 Get dressed and discuss your results with your doctor. After giving you a chance to dress, your doctor will come back and talk to you. At this point, if your fundal height measurement was abnormal, you'll probably discuss the possibility of additional tests.
 8. 8
 If your fundal height measurement is abnormal, schedule a follow-up. If your measurements do not fall within the normal parameters for your projected due date, this is not always a reason to worry. However, your doctor will probably want you to follow up with a sonogram in order to find out why your measurement was outside of the normal range of values.
 - This can be for a variety of reasons - some completely harmless, others that are cause for concern (but by no means catastrophic).
 - Below are many of the causes for an abnormal fundal height:[3]
 - Being especially tall and thin or short and heavy
 - Having a full bladder
 - Having twins, triplets, etc.
 - Abnormally slow or rapid fetal growth
 - Too little or too much amniotic fluid
 - Uterine fibroids
 - Having a child that has settled into breech or another unusual uterine position
Method 2 of 2: Measuring Your Own Fundal Height
 1. 1
 Empty your bladder and remove your clothing. It's not difficult at all to measure your fundal height on your own. To begin, empty your bladder and shed your clothing as you would in preparation for a fundal height measurement at the doctor's office. If you'd like, you may choose to put on a loose gown or similar garment (like an over-sized tee shirt) to simulate a hospital gown.
 - Because most laypeople aren't medically trained in the procedure of measuring fundal heights and because, as noted above, an abnormal fundal height can have a wide variety of causes, it's important to remember not to make any medical decisions based on the results of a self-performed fundal height test. If you obtain an abnormal result, follow up with a trained doctor, nurse, or midwife for confirmation.
 2. 2
 Grab a measuring tape. Soft, flexible sewing-style measuring tools work best, as they can conform to the curve of your stomach for a more accurate measurement. However, in a pinch, a ruler or even your fingers can work as a measuring tool. Typically, fundal heights are measured in centimeters, but if all you have are tools that measure in inches, use the conversion factor 1 inch = 2.54 cm.
 3. 3
 Lay on your back. Hard surfaces (like the floor) work best - soft surfaces (like some mattresses) can allow your posture to "sink" into the surface somewhat. If desired, feel free to place a pillow under your head.
 4. 4
 Find your pubic bone. The symphysis pubis (pubic bone) is a small, ridge-like bone on the front of the body just above the pubic area. Feel for the top of the pubic bone just below the bottom of your stomach - usually, this is near the top of where your pubic hair naturally extends. The pubic bone is often covered by a layer of subcutaneous fat which can make it somewhat tricky to find - you may need to press gently into your skin with your fingers to feel it.
 5. 5
 Find your fundus. Next, find your fundus (the "top" of your uterus) by feeling near your belly button. Relax your stomach muscles as you gently massage the area above and below your belly button. Feel for a vague "ridge" beneath the skin - this is your fundus.
 - Generally, before the 20th week of pregnancy, the fundus will be below the belly button, while after the 20th week, it will be above it.[4]
 6. 6
 Measure from your pubic bone to your fundus. When you've found both your pubic bone and your fundus, it's time to measure. Hold the "0" end of your tape measure against the top of your pubic bone and carefully stretch it across your pubis, up and over the curve of your stomach, and to your fundus. Record this measurement (in cm). Generally, fundal heights should be within 1-4 cm of the baby's gestational age in weeks. For example, a 20 week-old pregnancy should have a fundal height of about 16-24 cm.
 - If you don't have measuring tape or a ruler handy, use the old, traditional method of using your fingers. The width of one finger in the fundal height is roughly equivalent to one week of gestation time. Thus, for a 15 week-old pregnancy, you should expect roughly 15 finger-widths of fundal height.
 7. 7
 If your fundal height appears abnormal, contact your doctor. As noted above, there are many, many reasons why a woman's fundal height may not be within the expected 1-4 cm range of the baby's gestational age in weeks. Some of these reasons are harmless, while others are causes for mild concern. If you seem to be obtaining fundal height measurements that are outside of your expected range, contact a doctor for a definitive fundal height measurement and, if necessary, follow-up tests.
 - You can do this yourself at home, but it might not be an accurate measurement.
 - Make sure you discuss any questions or concerns with your doctor.
 - If you need to eat something before your appointment, make sure to eat light. The added pressure of palpation could cause a stomach upset or nausea.
 - If you do choose to do this at home, don't be overly concerned if you get


Solaris Advanced User's Guide
Chapter 4 Searching Files
This chapter describes how to search directories and files for keywords and strings by using the grep command.
Searching for Patterns With grep
To search for a particular character string in a file, use the grep command. The basic syntax of the grep command is:
$ grep string file
In this example, string is the word or phrase you want to find, and file is the file to be searched.
Note –
A string is one or more characters. A single letter is a string, as is a word or a sentence. Strings can include blank spaces, punctuation, and invisible (control) characters.
For example, to find Edgar Allan Poe's telephone extension, type grep, all or part of his name, and the file containing the information:
$ grep Poe extensions
Edgar Allan Poe x72836
Note that more than one line might match the pattern you give.
$ grep Allan extensions
David Allan x76438
Edgar Allan Poe x72836
$ grep Al extensions
Louisa May Alcott x74236
David Allan x76438
Edgar Allan Poe x72836
grep is case sensitive; that is, you must match the pattern with respect to uppercase and lowercase letters:
$ grep allan extensions
$ grep Allan extensions
David Allan x76438
Edgar Allan Poe x72836
Note that grep failed in the first try because none of the entries began with a lowercase a.
grep as a Filter
You can use the grep command as a filter with other commands, enabling you to filter out unnecessary information from the command output. To use grep as a filter, you must pipe the output of the command through grep. The symbol for pipe is "|".
The following example displays files that end in ".ps" and were created in the month of September.
$ ls -l *.ps | grep Sep
The first part of this command line produces a list of files ending in.ps.
$ ls -l *.ps
-rw-r--r-- 1 user2 users 833233 Jun 29 16:22 buttons.ps
-rw-r--r-- 1 user2 users 39245 Sep 27 09:38 changes.ps
-rw-r--r-- 1 user2 users 608368 Mar 2 2000 clock.ps
-rw-r--r-- 1 user2 users 827114 Sep 13 16:49 commands.ps
The second part of the command line pipes that list through grep, looking for the pattern Sep.
| grep Sep
The search provides the following results.
$ ls -l *.ps | grep Sep
grep With Multiword Strings
To find a pattern that is more than one word long, enclose the string with single or double quotation marks.
$ grep "Louisa May" extensions
Louisa May Alcott x74236
The grep command can search for a string in groups of files. When it finds a pattern that matches in more than one file, it prints the name of the file, followed by a colon, then the line matching the pattern.
$ grep ar *
actors:Humphrey Bogart
alaska:Alaska is the largest state in the United States.
wilde:book. Books are well written or badly written.
Searching for Lines Without a Certain String
To search for all the lines of a file that do not contain a certain string, use the -v option to grep. The following example shows how to search through all the files in the current directory for lines that do not contain the letter e.
$ ls
actors alaska hinterland tutors wilde
$ grep -v e *
actors:Mon Mar 14 10:00 PST 1936
wilde:That is all.
Using Regular Expressions With grep
You can also use the grep command to search for targets that are defined as patterns by using regular expressions. Regular expressions consist of letters and numbers, in addition to characters with special meaning to grep. These special characters, called metacharacters, also have special meaning to the system. When you use regular expressions with the grep command, you need to tell your system to ignore the special meaning of these metacharacters by escaping them. When you use a grep regular expression at the command prompt, surround the regular expression with quotes. Escape metacharacters (such as &!. * $? and \) with a backslash (\). See Searching for Metacharacters for more information on escaping metacharacters.
Searching for Metacharacters
To use the grep command to search for metacharacters such as &!. *? and \, precede the metacharacter with a backslash (\). The backslash tells grep to ignore (escape) the metacharacter.
For example, the following expression matches lines that start with a period, and is useful when searching for nroff or troff formatting requests (which begin with a period).
$ grep ^\.
Table 4–1 lists common search pattern elements you can use with grep.
Table 4–1 grep Search Pattern Elements
The beginning of a text line
The end of a text line
Any single character
Any single character in the bracketed list or range
Any character not in the list or range
Zero or more occurrences of the preceding character or regular expression
Zero or more occurrences of any single character
The escape of special meaning of next character
Note that you can also use these search characters in vi text editor searches.
Single or Double Quotes on Command Lines
As shown earlier, you use quotation marks to surround text that you want to be interpreted as one word. For example, type the following to use grep to search all files for the phrase "dang it, boys":
$ grep "dang it, boys" *
You can also use single quotation marks (') to group multiword phrases into single units. Single quotation marks also make sure that certain that the system interprets metacharacters, such as $, literally.
Note –
The history metacharacter! is always interpreted as a metacharacter, even inside quotation marks, unless you escape it with a backslash.
Escape characters such as &! $?. ; and \ when you want grep to interpret these characters as ordinary typographical characters.
For example, if you type the following command, the system displays all the lines in the file list.
$ grep $ list
However, if you type the following command, the system displays only those lines that contain the "$" character.
$ grep '\$' list
For more information on the grep(1) command, refer to the man Pages(1): User Commands.


Emergency Tourniquet Trainers
TraumaSim Group were the first inventors and manufacturer of the Emergency Tourniquet Trainer and was developed in conjunction with both the Australian and Israel Defence forces with 1,000 now around the world, allowing students to train repeatedly in a safe environment.
These units are silicone with realistic wounds connected to a pump. Simulated blood flowing from the wound is stopped when the tourniquet is correctly applied. The fleshy wound end can also be used to demonstrate and practice stump dressing technique.


\chapter{Project and Media Attributes}% \label{cha:project_and_media_attributes} When you play media files in Cinelerra, the media files have a certain number of tracks, frame size, sample size, and so on. No matter what attributes the media file has, it is played back according to the project attributes. So, if an audio file's sample rate is different than the project attributes, it is resampled. Similarly, if a video file's frame size is different than the project attributes, the video is composited on a black frame, either cropped or bordered with black. The project attributes are adjusted in Settings $\rightarrow$ Set Format (figure~\ref{fig:set-format}) or can be created in File $\rightarrow$ New. When you adjust project settings in File $\rightarrow$ New, a new empty timeline is created. Every timeline created from this point on uses the same settings. When you adjust settings in Settings $\rightarrow$ Format, media on the timeline is left unchanged. But every timeline created from this point uses the same settings. \begin{figure}[htpb] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{images/set-format.png} \caption{Set Format window - note the Audio Channel positions} \label{fig:set-format} \end{figure} In addition to the standard settings for sample rate, frame rate, and frame size, Cinelerra uses some less traditional settings like channel positions, color model, and aspect ratio. The aspect ratio refers to the screen aspect ratio. Edit decision lists, the EDL stored in XML, save the project settings. Formats which contain media but no edit decisions just add data to the tracks. Keep in mind details such as if your project sample rate is 48\,kHz and you load a sound file with 96\,kHz, you will still be playing it at 48\,kHz. Or if you load an EDL file at 96\,kHz and the current project sample rate is 48\,kHz, you will change it to 96\,kHz. The New Project window has some options that are different than the Set Format window as you can see by comparing figure~\ref{fig:set-format} above with this figure~\ref{fig:new-project}. Mostly notably is the field for a directory path and a Project Name. \begin{figure}[htpb] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{images/new-project.png} \caption{New Project dialog window} \label{fig:new-project} \end{figure} Explanation of the various fields is described next. \section{Audio attributes}% \label{sec:audio_attributes} \begin{description} \item[Presets:] select an option from this menu to have all the project settings set to one of the known standards. Some of the options are 1080P/24, 1080I, 720P/60, PAL, NTSC, YouTube, and CD audio. \item[Tracks:] (in New Project menu only) sets the number of audio tracks for the new project. Tracks can be added or deleted later, but this option is on the New Project menu for convenience. \item[Samplerate:] sets the samplerate of the audio. The project samplerate does not have to be the same as the media sample rate that you load. Media is resampled to match the project sample rate. \item[Channels:] sets the number of audio channels for the new project. The number of audio channels does not have to be the same as the number of tracks. \item[Channel positions:] the currently enabled audio channels and their positions in the audio panning boxes in the track patchbay are displayed in the channel position widget in the Set Format window. You can see this display on the left side in figure~\ref{fig:set-format} above. Channel positions are not in New Project window. The channels are numbered. When rendered, the output from channel 1 is rendered to the first output track in the file or the first sound card channel of the sound card. Later channels are rendered to output tracks numbered consecutively. The audio channel positions correspond to where in the panning widgets each of the audio outputs is located. The closer the panning position is to one of the audio outputs, the more signal that speaker gets. Click on a speaker icon and drag to change the audio channel location. The speakers can be in any orientation. A different speaker arrangement is stored for every number of audio channels since normally you do not want the same speaker arrangement for different numbers of channels. Channel positions is the only setting that does not affect the output necessarily. It is merely a convenience, so that when more than two channels are used, the pan controls on the timeline can distinguish between them. It has nothing to do with the actual arrangement of speakers. Different channels can be positioned very close together to make them have the same output. \end{description} \section{Video attributes}% \label{sec:video_attributes} \begin{description} \item[Tracks:] (in New Project menu only) sets the number of video tracks the new project is assigned. Tracks can be added or deleted later, but options are provided here for convenience. \item[Framerate:] sets the framerate of the video. The project framerate does not have to be the same as an individual media file frame rate that you load. Media is reframed to match the project framerate. \item[Canvas size:] sets the size of the video output. In addition, each track also has its own frame size. Initially, the New Project dialog creates video tracks whose size match the video output. The video track sizes can be changed later without changing the video output. \item[Aspect ratio:] sets the aspect ratio; this aspect ratio refers to the screen aspect ratio. The aspect ratio is applied to the video output. The aspect ratio can be different than the ratio that results from the formula: $\dfrac{h}{v}$ (the number of horizontal pixels divided into the number of vertical pixels). If the aspect ratio differs from the results of the formula above, your output will be in non-square pixels. \item[Auto aspect ratio:] if this option is checked, the Set Format dialog always recalculates the Aspect ratio setting based upon the given Canvas size. This ensures pixels are always square. \item[Color model:] the internal color space of Cinelerra GG is X11 sRGB without color profile. Cinelerra always switches to sRGB when applying filters or using the compositing engine. Different case for decoding/playback or encoding/output; the project will be stored in the color model video that is selected in the dropdown. Color model is important for video playback because video has the disadvantage of being slow compared to audio. Video is stored on disk in one colormodel, usually a YUV derivative. When played back, Cinelerra decompresses it from the file format directly into the format of the output device. If effects are processed, the program decompresses the video into an intermediate colormodel first and then converts it to the format of the output device. The selection of an intermediate colormodel determines how fast and accurate the effects are. A list of the current colormodel choices follows. \begin{description} \item[RGB-8 bit] Allocates 8\,bits for the R, G, and B channels and no alpha. This is normally used for uncompressed media with low dynamic range. \item[RGBA-8 bit] Allocates an alpha channel to the 8\,bit RGB colormodel. It can be used for overlaying multiple tracks.\\ \item[RGB-Float] Allocates a 32\,bit float for the R, G, and B channels and no alpha. This is used for high dynamic range processing with no transparency. \item[RGBA-Float] This adds a 32\,bit float for alpha to RGB-Float. It is used for high dynamic range processing with transparency. Or when we don't want to lose data during workflow, for example in color correction, key extraction and motion tracking. \\ \item[YUV-8 bit] Allocates 8\,bits for Y, U, and V. This is used for low dynamic range operations in which the media is compressed in the YUV color space. Most compressed media is in YUV and this derivative allows video to be processed fast with the least color degradation. \item[YUVA-8 bit] Allocates an alpha channel to the 8\,bit YUV colormodel for transparency. \end{description} In order to do effects which involve alpha channels, a colormodel with an alpha channel must be selected. These are RGBA-8 bit, YUVA-8 bit, and RGBA-Float. The 4 channel colormodels are slower than 3\,channel colormodels, with the slowest being RGBA-Float. Some effects, like fade, work around the need for alpha channels while other effects, like chromakey, require an alpha channel in order to be functional. So in order to get faster results, it is always a good idea to try the effect without alpha channels to see if it works before settling on an alpha channel and slowing it down. When using compressed footage, YUV colormodels are usually faster than RGB colormodels. They also destroy fewer colors than RGB colormodels. If footage stored as JPEG or MPEG is processed many times in RGB, the colors will fade whereas they will not fade if processed in YUV. Years of working with high dynamic range footage has shown floating point RGB to be the best format for


Why Do Shia Pray On Rock?
Do Shias have Friday prayer?
According to a Shiite law, only one Friday prayer may be prayed in a radius of 3 miles (720 yards).
Why is Friday holy in Islam?
The religious significance The Qur'an invokes the importance of Friday as a sacred day of worship in a chapter called "Al-Jumah," meaning the day of congregation, which is also the word for Friday in Arabic. … Muslims believe Friday was chosen by God as a dedicated day of worship.
Does Sunni and Shia read the same Quran?
Why do Shias pray 3 times a day?
Why do some Shias pray three times a day? The Shi'a acknowledge the five obligatory daily prayers. … The Sunni schools of law (fiqh) – with the exception of the Hanafi school – allow the combining of the obligatory prayers (al-jam' bayn al-salatayn) in the case of rain, travel, fear, or other emergencies.
Why do Shias pray differently?
Shia Muslims pray three times a day as they join two salats such as Maghrib and Isha salat together whereas Sunni Muslims pray five times a day. … 'Nawm' is a must for Sunni Athan but Shia Muslims do not say it because it was not said at the time of Prophet Muhammad and Omar. The caliph introduced it during his times.
What is the Kalima of Shia?
In the tradition of the Shia Muslims, there is the addition of "وعليٌ وليُّ الله", ʿAli-yyun wali-yyu-llāh ["Ali is the Vicegerent (cf. … Recitation of the Shahadah the "oath/testimony", is the most important of the Five Pillars of Islam for Muslims.
Can Shia go to Hajj?
Do Sunnis have imams?
Sunni imams The Sunni branch of Islam does not have imams in the same sense as the Shi'a, an important distinction often overlooked by those outside of the Islamic religion.
How many times do Shia pray?
Shia theological beliefs and religious practises, such as prayers, slightly differ from the Sunnis'. While all Muslims pray five times daily, Shias have the option of combining Dhuhr with Asr and Maghrib with Isha', as there are three distinct times mentioned in the Quran.
How are Sunnis and Shias difference?
Sunni judges are known to follow Islamic law to the letter. Shiite judges are known for being more lenient in interpreting the law. Shiite law refuses to accept traditions not transmitted through Ali or one of his descendants. Reject the doctrine of ijma (coming to a decision by consensus).
Why do Shias hit themselves?
Can Sunni pray with Shia?
Yes, it's fine, I'm Sunni and I pray alongside my Shia friends all the time. It's not considered permissible by mainstream Muslim scholars to pray behind a Shia imam.
Which Surah should we recite on Friday?
Al-Jumu'ahAl-Jumu'ah (Arabic: الجمعة, "Friday") is the 62nd chapter (sūrah) of the Quran with 11 verses (āyāt).
Why do Shia say Ya Ali?
"Ya-Ali" (Arabic: یاعلی "O Ali") is an indirect Shiite Muslim prayer to ask Allah for assistance by way of Ali, the first Imam of Shia Islam.
What are Shia beliefs?


text:
Introduction and Features of Flow Control Valves
Flow control valves are used to control the fluid flow in the hydraulic system. According to their functions, flow control valves can be divided into throttle valves, speed control valves and so on. The common feature of these different valves is that you can control the speed of the actuator based on changing the size of the flow area or the length of the flow channel.
In the application of hydraulic system, flow controls valves need to meet these following requirements: sufficient conditioning range; stable minimum flow; small temperature and pressure influence on the flow; small leak and so on.
By adjusting the size of orifice flow area at a certain pressure, flow control valves can change the flow when it goes through the valve. In hydraulic system, the purpose of controlling the flow is to change the actuator speed.
Main features of flow control valves:
1. The fluid will become small when the pressure changes.
2. The change of the fluid will be small if the temperature of the oil changes.
3. Big flow conditioning range. The valve can get a small stable flow and not easy blocked.
4. In fully open situation, the pressure loss would be small.
5. Small leak. And for high-pressure valve, its conditioning torque is small too.
6. Flow control valves are safe and reliable, with high control flexibility and long service life.


What is Earthing And Types of Earthing
Hello friends, today's article is about how earthing works and how many types of earthing work.
What is Earthing:
When there is a fault in the machine or any electrical system, with the help of earth, the surge current goes to the ground, thus with the help of earth, we and Machi get protection.
How The Earthing System Works.
We can understand this very easily.
Example: Anyone is a motor. Understand that we have not earthed it and there is an electrical fault in this motor. Will pass through the body and suppose this time someone touches the body even by mistake then he feels terrible grief.
But if we had earthed the body properly, this current would have easily gone into the ground with the help of earthing wire.
Why Don't We Feel Current By Doing Earthing?
There is no rule for the current to pass through the low resistance side. Our body's resistance is 1000 ohms or more.
But the resistance of the earthing we do is from 1 ohm to 5 ohms. Suppose that the current in the state of fault does not pass through our body and passes through this earthing. Why is the resistance of our body 1000 ohms and the current always? The lower side flows.
How Earthing Is Done.
Earthing is a very simple task involving the body of a motor or any equipment attached to the ground,
Understand By Example: We know that the body of a motor is made of a substance like iron or steel. To do earthing we attach this body to the ground. If a fault condition touches the body of the motor then the current will go to the ground with the help of this earthing wire instead of going through the body.
Also Read: What is Photoelectric Tachometer? | Definition & Explanation
Types of Earthing:
Earthing is usually done in 5 ways which are as follows.
 - Strip And Wire Earthing.
 - Rod Earthing.
 - Pipe Earthing.
 - Plate Earthing.
 - Coil Earthing.
 - Chemical Earthing
Strip and Wire earthing:
Strip and Wire earthing This etching is done in a place where the ground is rocky which means there is more rock in the ground. This earthing is widely used in long-distance transmission lines.
Rod Earthing:
This type of earthing is done by digging very deep in the sandy area as the moisture content is high across the sandy place. That's why we use Pipe Earthing in this.
Pipe Earthing:
This is the most commonly used earthing in which we put a pipe 5 to 10 feet into the ground.
Plate Earthing:
Plate Earthing is considered to be the best earth. This is used in substation and power station Plate Earthing Nose. Such earthing is used in places where a large number of current flows.
Coil Earthing:
Coil earthing is used in the smallest amount. This earthing uses a coil made of G.I wire. Such earthing is mostly used for electric poles.
Also Read: What is Hot Wire Instrument | Construction & Working of Hot Wire Instrument | Advantages of Hot Wire Instrument
What should be the earthing resistance?
Earthing is used to protect us and our equipment. The lower the resistance of the earth, the better. The best earthing is 0 ohms but this is not possible.
Earthing resistance of power plant. 0.5 ohms or less is kept
The earthing resistance of the substation is kept at 2 ohms or less
The earthing of the L.T pole is kept at 5 ohms or less.
The air resistance of the house is considered to be 8 ohms or less.
How to reduce Earthing resistance:
1. Maintain Moisture of earth: Water is used to retain soil moisture so water is poured into the earthing point from time to time.
2. Increase Contact Area of Electrode: Earth resistance can also be maintained by increasing the thickness of the rod used in earthing.
3. Increase Depth of Electrode: Earth resistance can be reduced even if this electrode is placed at a greater depth while earthing.
4.Use of Salt and Coal in Earthing: Salt and coal can be applied to the place where the electrode is inserted in the soil to maintain soil resistance for a long time.
Also Read :
Difference Between AC motor and DC motor
Difference Between MCB and MCCB | MCB VS MCCB
What are Diesel Generator, Parts Names, and their working
What is Earthing | Difference Between Earthing and Grounding
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