text:
Most of the victims are adult men, and when archaeologists find a mass execution of men they usually assume they are looking at war captives. There is not much evidence, though, that the Lambayeque people were warriors. Their sites are undefended, their art does not feature warfare, and weapons are not prominent in their tombs. This has led to some strange speculations about where these victims came from, like this one from Haagen Klaus of the University of Utah:
All the dead in the newfound pit were likely willing participants from local communities engaged in a ritual that celebrated death so that "new life could emerge in the world," Klaus said in an email to National Geographic News.
I think it is more likely that there was some warfare in the Sicán world, however little their culture emphasized it, and that these men were the victims of it. Since the site is in many ways unique (so far) it is very hard to know.


The Bride of the Three Virtues
The Bride of the Three Virtues
This article was published on the well known Tibetan blog Choemey (Butter Lamp). The piece, published under a penname, concerns social change and shifting family dynamics inside Tibet.
The Bride of the Three Virtues
By Namkha
My internet friends may laugh when they first see the title of today's article. Possibly they haven't seen this title before. This is a new prize that is becoming popular in Tibetan areas. It reminds me of the time when I worked hard to become a young pioneer at the primary school, and worked hard to become a "student of the three virtues." The student of the three virtues must be: 1. A good student; 2. Have good discipline; 3. Have good hygiene. The student must have these three virtues.
In the twenty-first century, from this idea of "the student of the three virtues" spread this idea of "the bride of the three virtues" in the snowland, a place devoted to love and compassion and karma. I laughed when I first heard of this, but I also wanted to think on this idea and ask some questions about it.
I asked questions of the girl who was discussing this issue with me. She said, "It in't about identifying some prize winners as a result of improvement of thoughts and economy. Both in nomadic and farming areas, elderly parents experience a lot of sufferings." Later I clearly understood the meaning of "the bride of the three virtues."
Listen to what she had to say after this. At this point she took a long breath and said, "These days for both nomads and farmers, economic problems have been slightly relieved by the caterpillar fungus. Sons and brides, leaving their children with their elderly parents, go to the county and prefecture towns to hang out. The elderly parents not only take care of the children, but also do house chores and herd the livestock. They don't come home from the city for a few days. Husbands carelessly waste a few day drinking and playing mahjong. Some brides, disregarding the suffering of the children and the elderly parents, play mahjong and look for lovers."
Here she stopped speaking. Then she continued in a sad and quiet voice, "Last winter I went home for the New Year. As you know the weather in the nomadic areas is quite cold. I was born on the grassland. In the winter, most of the nomads settle in the town or near it. In many nomadic communities, they don't have plumbing at home, so they have to carry water in from outside. In winter the place where they draw water is covered with ice, so it is very slippperly. One day, I think just before noon, an elderly man from the community came to my house. He said they needed me to go with him to the town.
He said, 'The old grandma (Name) fell on the ice and broke her leg when she went to fetch water this morning. In fact, the full bucket of water spilled over her, and she nearly died. Fortunately, a bride (Name) from another family noticed and saved her. Otherwise, she would have frozen to death.'
This elderly couple have a son and two daughters. The two daughter married into another community. The son is the youngest among them. He is about 35 years old. He is a civil servant in the county. He has an attractive wife, a woman who is very proud of her beautiful skin. The result of leaving their son with the elderly 75-year old mother ripened that morning. The reason the old man wanted me with them was that they wanted someone who can speak Chinese when the grandma was treated at the hospital.
My father asked where the son and the bride were, but the the old man said they had gone to the main town for shopping seven or eight days ago. Honestly, the distance between that town and our county town is about one and half hours. Even if they had gone on a motorcycle, they could have reached home in a day. Moreover, there were many cars going back and forth between the county and town.
When I hurried there, the old grandma was in a car, covered in a warm blanket. The driver was the son of the old grandma's younger brother. He was also angry and abusing the the old grandma's son and bride, 'The couple's behavior is always the same. They don't take care of the parents. They bought an apartment in the county town and they live there.'
'They only visit a few times during the New Year and the holidays. I talked to them a few times. Now the parents are old. If you two stay in county town without caring for the parents, it is hard for them even to get water. Maybe you should take the parents to town to live with you. The son indicated that I should not give him advice.'
'Since then I dare not say anything, because I know they wouldn't listen to an illiterate person like me. However, on the one hand, she is my father's younger sister. On the another hand, his parents are old. It is hard for me to bear it in my heart, every time when I see them.' As the driver, with some anger, shared the couple' story, we arrived in the main town. We quickly found the hospital and brought the old grandma inside.
In the hospital, I tried to comfort the grandma and touched her hand, but there was no warmth in her hand. She said, 'My fate is very sad. I have no reason not to die" and tears fell down from her eyes. Her husband, the old grandpa, had also come to the hospital with their 5 year-old grandson. The grandma asked, 'Why did you come here? There is no one at home. Who is taking care of the livestock?' He said a neighbor's name and said that he would take care of the livestock.
What we needed then was a person to take care of the old grandma in the hospital, so we had to look for the son and the bride. The driver said, 'The son must be at the mahjong place, but the bride may be at the apartment' and went in the direction of the apartment. After a moment, he came back and said, 'The wife is not in the apartment. It is impossible to guess where she is. I called him many times but his phone was turned off.' That is true that he called many times while driving. The doctor said, 'Her (grandma's) leg is broken and it takes a while to reattach the bone. As she is in her old age, it is hard to recover as easily as a youth, but there is no need to worry.'
The old man who came to call me said, 'It is certain that we will need a woman in the hospital to take care of the grandma and to help her to the bathroom. We can call the two daughters' families and clearly explain the situation.' I strongly agreed with this idea. I had wondered about how well the son's bride might care for the grandma. At that moment, the grandma's nephew said, 'Let's go eat.'
The old grandpa stayed in the hospital, and we took the grandson with us. One the way to the restaurant, the driver asked someone where we could find the son and the bride. Someone said he didn't know about the son but said the wife was in a restaurant and gave us the name. When we arrived there, she was enjoying a meal with some civil servants from the county and her face was full of smiles. Once she saw us, she looked a bit uneasy.
I knew the driver was very angry. His face had become very red. However, he controlled his anger and explained what had happened to the grandma. He also said they had been looking for her and her husband.
She said she didn't know where her husband was. She left her son and walked out of the restaurant. It seems we were all aware that the 70 year-old grandma wouldn't die this time, so everyone felt very relieved. Everyone said they were hungry now. After everyone ate something they liked, we took some food for the elderly couple and went to the hospital. The bride was on a phone call with someone. After about an hour, the son appeared. His two eyes were very red. To us it looked like he was very tired. Once his father saw him he got very angry.
The father was so angry he couldn't even speak. The dishonest son started to say, 'I went to the prefecture town to run some errands for my bureau. My phone battery died.' Pointing his finger at his wife, he said, 'I told you to go back to the town. You told me you would go that afternoon.' At that, the wife also became angry and said, 'If it's ok for you to look for Chinese prostitutes and wander the streets like a homeless dog, why can't I look for lovers?' They pulled out all their dirty secrets in front of the parents. I was embarrassed and didn't know what to say, so I went to ask the doctor about the patient's condition.
Such things have happened and are happening in both the nomad and farming areas. Actually, there are many cases of parents being abandoned by sons and brides. Because of this, to ensure that the son and the bride would take care of the parents, they established this prize for "the bride of the three virtues" in every village. There are three criteria for "a bride of the three virtues:" 1. She must take good care of the parents; 2. She must have a good relationship with the villagers and neighbors; 3. She


to be left with the unenviable task of figuring out the sources of those costs. For this reason, tagging in your cloud provider is your CMDB! Tagging your resources should be done according to Infrastructure as Code (IaC) principles. Relying on a person tagging resources appropriately and uniformly via a web console's interface is too prone to oversight and inconsistency. At a minimum, each resource in your cloud environment should have tags for: Name Department/Project/Product Role More tags can help, adding redundant information that can be determined by a lookup like memory for an instance is not necessary, but it's essential to have a Project (or similar) tag designated as a "billing tag" if you're working in AWS. These tags should also be applied widely, in order to ensure consistency across containers, Elasticache, RDS, Dynamo, AKS, CloudSQL, etc. Want to know how much of last month's bill was consumed by Project MustBeTheMoney? With proper tagging in place, you can filter for that information. For this reason, resist the urge to use convoluted naming conventions requiring interpreting implicit logic to carry that information. Dozens of tags can be applied to resources, so it's unnecessary to have humans memorize arcane translations to understand the purpose of a resource. Most companies have difficulty maintaining a consistent view in slower moving environments like a data center. For this reason, it's best to rely on the provider's API. It is a core competency for the cloud providers and when we use their services, we can benefit from the fact that the only thing that knows about a thing is itself. 2. The only thing that knows about a thing is itself Part 3 of the Google SRE book has a Site Reliability Engineer's (SRE) representation of Maslow's hierarchy for running resilient infrastructure. It's plain to see that monitoring is a foundational element (pun intended!) of delivering that service. In many respects, the data center implementation of infrastructure is more forgiving than the cloud implementation. For example, In the data center specialized hardware can be purchased for specific tasks and there is very low latency between nodes. In the cloud, the options are what the provider offers and latency is measured in milliseconds. In these situations, it's imperative to be able to see what is happening, as it's happening. While understanding the state of our systems is important whether in the data center or cloud in order to run a resilient system, there are different patterns used in the cloud. Where specialized hardware can't be used to scale up, or enable high availability, it's necessary to have a bias toward horizontal scalability to achieve the same result. The most effective way to be able to manage all that infrastructure is to understand that the only thing that truly knows the state of a system is itself. The monitoring system Prometheus was modeled after monitoring systems inside Google. Ever wondered why the Kubernetes API server has the /healthz (and now the /readyz and /livez) endpoints? It's because the only thing that truly knows about a thing is itself! For Prometheus to understand the state of a system, it chooses to ask that system. When a load balancer needs to bring something in, or take something out of service, what does it use? The health endpoint. It's not enough to rely on a CMDB to provide this anymore. Instrumentation is critical in the cloud. Many of the things that were thought about infrastructure in data centers is no longer true in the cloud. There should be application and infrastructure toolkits so developers and SREs can easily monitor what Google calls the Four Golden Signals: latency, errors, saturation, and traffic. Even within those signals, in the cloud it's important to be mindful of p95 and p99 values. Unfortunately it's not uncommon to discover that some amount of users are having a terrible experience because of small variations in infrastructure that is spread across multiple datacenters (i.e. a properly deployed cloud infrastructure). I typically recommend investing in a high performance, real-time monitoring implementation run by a professional monitoring company over that offered by the cloud providers. At one company I was able to use this instrumentation to match saturation characteristics of different workloads to different hardware that was available and was able to save thousands of dollars a month. This demonstrates the flexibility of cloud to save costs. 3. Flexibility For whatever reason, the most common questions I've had over the years have been trying to compare the costs of data center vs. cloud. I've been shown spreadsheets with servers, bandwidth, disks, etc. All the discussions are well meaning, but Monday isn't Wednesday, and public cloud is not just someone else's data center. The advantage of cloud is flexibility, not cost. As we've discussed above, in the cloud we scale horizontally. In the cloud, we can match workloads to infrastructure. In the cloud we also don't have to pay for resources that are not being used. In the data center if I want to be able to migrate workloads between infrastructure, I need to own all that infrastructure. If I want to do the same in the cloud, I have the flexibility to spin up new infrastructure on demand, and retire that which I'm no longer using. I've worked with companies using this method that replaced their generic storage subsystems with one's they'd developed themselves using standard AWS hardware and were able to reduce their largest cost (storage), by 75%. I've worked with companies that were able to reduce the Time to Recover (TTR) of their primary database systems from 24 - 48 hours down to 10 minutes, all while making the process simpler, better understood, and more flexible in the process. Not because AWS offered them a solution that was competitive with something offered in the datacenter, but because AWS offered the flexibility to assemble components like EBS snapshots that they did not own, in ways that allowed them to achieve stunning results. Set Sail If the company you work for is joining in the move to cloud, it's an exciting time, congratulations! All 3 of the major cloud providers have incredible offerings that allow an organization to take advantage of the flexibility that comes from being able to run rapid experiments to determine the optimal configurations for their specific problems. If those organizations make sure they have solid instrumentation so they have excellent visibility into what is happening in those experiments, and leave rigid sources of truth behind, the future is bright for a cheaper, faster, agile path to achieving their business goals.Dave MangotWhen working with companies on cloud migration, rather than focus on tools or technologies, we focus on fundamentals.Process is a sign of success2021-02-09T18:30:00+00:002021-02-09T18:30:00+00:00"How do you scale an organization?" "How should we make sure this happens correctly?" "What are the inflection points when growing an organization?" I hear questions like these often. I've been part of fast growing startups, enterprise organizations, and even non-profits like Helpful Engineering which began growing by thousands of volunteers, per day! The best part of these questions is that they are signs that the company is experiencing a problem, a good one, or anticipates experiencing one soon. Not all problems are bad problems (our sales team has too many qualified leads!), but in many cases the correct solution to problems, especially scaling problems, is process. Just as not all problems are bad, not all process is bad. More often than not, my advice is wait. When? Waiting is interesting advice, but wait until when? Here are a few things to consider. We know from Lean manufacturing that very often processes can introduce wait (lean calls this waste) into the system. For this reason, it's often necessary wait as long as possible to introduce process. In the absence of burdensome processes (like handoffs), people move as quickly as the system will allow. Ever wonder why startups are able to execute so quickly? They have very few barriers, which equals very few wait states which equals less waste in the system and therefore can move very quickly. This is why so many enterprises opt for cross-functional teams. If one doesn't have to fill out a form and wait (process) but instead can rely on an empowered team member, teams can go as quickly as the system will allow. One advantage of waiting, is that the problem which we are trying to solve will be obvious


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Build Puzzle 15 - Walkthrough
By, 23 Feb 2012
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In one of my articles I wrote about My First Windows 8 Application – Metro Puzzle there I talked about Windows 8 Metro application and demonstrate how to build app for Win 8, the application I built was Puzzle 15. later I started to get requests to explain the steps for building that game.
So I'm writing the steps for building a Puzzle 15 Game.
Step 1: The Puzzle Base
There are several ways to build the puzzle layer, In my demo I chose a simple way of a Canvas with 16 children's type of StackPanel.
Basically I have a lower canvas with the Board image, on top of it I put another canvas with 16 Stack Panels, each panel spread to 100X100
Now, when I have the main puzzle structure I added an image of size 95x95 to each Stack Panel. (the reason it's not 100X100 – is to leave a space between each), for each image I set the Tag property with the value of the image – 1.png Tag = 1
I've also add a timer for counting the time took to solve this puzzle and another int property to count the moves the user made.
Step 2: Find
One of the most common things we'll use in our code, is FIND:
 - Find Stack Panel by Image Id
 - Find the Empty Panel
 - Find the Value by position
Find the parent of image with a specific Tag value
StackPanel FindStackPanelByTagId(int tag)
 if (tag == 16)
 return (from stackPanel in ContentPanel.Children.OfType()
 where stackPanel.Children.Count == 0 select stackPanel).First();
 return (from stackPanel in ContentPanel.Children.OfType()
 from img in stackPanel.Children.OfType()
 where Convert.ToInt32(img.Tag) == tag
 select stackPanel).First();
Find the position of StackPanel without children
int FindEmptyItemPosition()
 int index = 15;
 if (((StackPanel)ContentPanel.Children[i]).Children.Count == 0)
 return index;
 return 0;
Get the Tag value by StackPanel position
int FindItemValueByPosition(int position)
 return ((StackPanel)ContentPanel.Children[position]).Children.Count > 0
 ? Convert.ToInt32(((Image)((StackPanel)ContentPanel.Children
 [position]).Children[0]).Tag) : 16;
Step 3: Scrambles
Now we have are puzzle structure and Find method helpers, the first thing is to Scramble or puzzle.
So I wrote a method that runs n times and generate random numbers from 1 to 16, for each number find the current StackPanel that hold him. (FindStackPanelByTagId).
If First and Second number are smaller then 16 then - swipe the images and tag values.
If One of the values is 16 the swipe - One Stackpanel will be cleared of Items
 void Scrambles()
 var count = 0;
 while (count < 25)
 var a = _rnd.Next(1, 17);
 var b = _rnd.Next(1, 17);
 if (a == b) continue;
 var stack1 = FindStackPanelByTagId(a);
 var stack2 = FindStackPanelByTagId(b);
 if (a == 16)
 var image2 = stack2.Children[0];
 else if (b == 16)
 var image1 = stack1.Children[0];
 var image1 = stack1.Children[0];
 var image2 = stack2.Children[0];
Step 4: Check Board
Each move the user do, perform a loop and checks values from 1 to 16. if the numbers are not in the correct order than nothing happen.
Else You stop the game timer and display a win message.
 void CheckBoard()
 var index = 1;
 for (var i = 15; i > 0; i--)
 if (FindItemValueByPosition(i)!= index) return;
 WinGrid.Visibility = System.Windows.Visibility.Visible;
Step 5: Move Items
Before we can apply move of items we need to check several things, the first thing is:
Check if the Item Can move, Checking all panels around the specific item with -1 +1 -4 +4, if one of them is empty then he can move.
 StackPanel CanMove(UIElement itemToMove)
 var count = ContentPanel.Children.Count;
 if (!(ContentPanel.Children[i] is StackPanel)) continue;
 var stackPanel = (StackPanel)ContentPanel.Children[i];
 if (!stackPanel.Children.Contains(itemToMove)) continue;
 if (!IsBorderSwich(i, i + 1) && i + 1 <= 15 && ContentPanel.
 Children[i + 1]!= null &&
 ((StackPanel)ContentPanel.Children[i + 1]).Children.Count == 0)
 return ((StackPanel)ContentPanel.Children[i + 1]);
 if (!IsBorderSwich(i, i - 1) && i - 1 > -1 && ContentPanel.
 Children[i - 1]!= null &&
 ((StackPanel)ContentPanel.Children[i - 1]).Children.Count == 0)
 return ((StackPanel)ContentPanel.Children[i - 1]);
 if (i + 4 <= 15 && ContentPanel.Children[i + 4]!= null &&
 ((StackPanel)ContentPanel.Children[i + 4]).Children.Count == 0)
 return ((StackPanel)ContentPanel.Children[i + 4]);
 if (i - 4 > -1 && ContentPanel.Children[i - 4]!= null &&
 ((StackPanel)ContentPanel.Children[i - 4]).Children.Count == 0)
 return ((StackPanel)ContentPanel.Children[i - 4]);
 return null;
The Second - if both of the items you want to swipe are in the Board borders do nothing.
private readonly int[] _bordersNums = { 0, 4, 8, 12, 3, 7, 11, 15 };
bool IsBorderSwich(int a, int b)
 return _bordersNums.Contains(a) && _bordersNums.Contains(b);
Now after we have those safety methods we can move the items based on user clicks: Just register to ItemManipulationStarted on the entire windows, for each event check if the item isn't image do nothing,
if it does, call the CanMove method to verify that this item can move around.
 private void ItemManipulationStarted(object sender,
 ManipulationStartedEventArgs e)
 var item = (UIElement)e.OriginalSource;
 if (!(item is Image)) return;
 var to = CanMove(item);
 if (to!= null)
 txtMoves.Text = _moves.ToString();
 MoveItem(item, to);
 e.Handled = true;
MoveItem - Move Item From One StackPanel to Another.
 void MoveItem(UIElement item, StackPanel targetPanel)
 foreach (var stackPanel in
 ContentPanel.Children.OfType().Where(stackPanel =>
 stackPanel.Children.Count > 0 && stackPanel.Children.Contains(item)))
Step 6: Check If Puzzle Solvable
This part of very important, because half of the starting positions for the n-puzzle are impossible to resolve.
The Puzzle 15 (n-puzzle) is a classical problem for modeling algorithms involving heuristics. Commonly used heuristics for this problem include counting the number of misplaced tiles and finding the sum of the Manhattan distances between each block and its position in the goal configuration. Note that both are admissible, i.e., they never overestimate the number of moves left, which ensures optimality for certain search algorithms such as A*.
bool CheckIfSolvable()
 var n = 0;
 for (var i = 1; i <= 16; i++)
 var num1 = FindItemValueByPosition(i);
 var num2 = FindItemValueByPosition(i - 1);
 if (num1 > num2)
 var emptyPos = FindEmptyItemPosition();
 return n % 2 == (emptyPos + emptyPos / 4) % 2? true : false;
Step 7: Setup a New Game
Now, when we defined everything we need, let's write the New Game method, reset all timer and moves number back to 0, call the Scrambles method, and while the game is unsolvable continue scramble the game, once it's solvable start the timer.
public void NewGame()
 _moves = 0;
 txtMoves.Text = "0";
 txtTime.Text = Const.DefaultTimeValue;
 while (!CheckIfSolvable())
 _startTime = DateTime.Now.AddSeconds(1);
 GridScrambling.Visibility = System.Windows.Visibility.Collapsed;
About the Author
Shai Raiten
Architect Sela
Israel Israel
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Debugging Server Starts
If a server isn't starting, the first thing to run is the server log command. It will show you the console log for that server. Note, this dumps the entire log file to the console, which may be very large. We recommend using the tail or --follow tricks below.
server log
server log serverName
Tailing and Following logs
If the log is very large, use the tail command to just see the last few lines of it.
server log | tail
server log | tail lines=100
To get a live stream of the console log from a running server, use the --follow flag and the command will continue streaming new lines to the console until you press Ctrl-C to stop.
server log --follow
You can also look at your server's access log (if enabled) and rewrite log (if enabled).
server log --follow -access
server log --follow --rewrite
Start server in console mode
You can use the --console flag to the server start command to start a server in the foreground. The console log will be live-streamed to the CLI and the log will continue streaming as long as the server is running. Press Ctrl-C to stop the server and stop streaming the log file.
server start --console
Debug Logging
You can get additional information about a server start with the --debug flag. When debug is set, the start command will not exit immediately, but wait for the server to come up and live stream the debugging information and server logs to the console while the server is coming up.
server start --debug
server start --debug --console
Maximum logging! (trace)
You may still really be having issues getting your server to start up correctly due to a setting not getting picked up, rewrites not working, or maybe a jar not loading. You can "drink from the firehose" so to speak by turning on trace level logging. This works best when starting the server via the console so you can watch the logging as it streams past.
server start --trace --console


text:
About this site
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|Sunday school resources - Parable of the talents|
|Written by Andrew Hewlett|
Sunday School Resource: Children's Sermon /
Object lesson on the Parable of the Talents Matt 2514-30
(I just remembered it is Shoe Box (Samaritan's Purse) Sunday at our church. I'm going to substitude the first-aid kit for a Shoe Box gift box.)
Children's talk idea: Show the children a first-aid kit, discuss its contents and demonstrate how items are used to help an injured person. Discuss how tragic it would be to refuse to open it up and use the contents for good. We are a bit like the first-aid kit. God has given us talents and abilities that need to be opened up and used. How tragic it would be to "play it safe" and not share what we have. Discuss the parable of the talents and the danger of burying what has been entrusted to us.
Object lesson items: A small first aid kit. If it is new (wrapped up and sealed) all the better.
Children's Sunday School Sermon:
Good morning children! Have you ever seen a box like this? Do you know what it is? That's right! It is a first-aid kit. What are some things that might be inside? Let's open it up and look inside. It's all nicely wrapped up so I will have to remove this plastic first. Look how nice and neat it is inside. (Examine the contents and discuss how various items could be used to help an injured person. You might have one of the children pretend to be injured.) Now, what if this first-aid kit was so special to me that I was afraid to open it up and use it? (Clutch the first-aid kit in your arms.) What if I said to myself, "I only have 5 band-aids and I don't want to use them up"? Or, "The kit is so neat and tidy, I don't want it to get messed up." Or, "I'm going to keep it safe by wrapping it up and burying it over here in a safe place." That would be very sad. The parent of that child would be angry that we cared more about keeping my kit safe than helping their child.
This is a bit like today's bible reading, the parable of the talents. In this parable, the master gave money to his servants. He wanted them to use money for good. Some of the servants put the money to good use but one of the servants buried it in the ground. He was keeping it safe but it certainly didn't help anyone. He was a bit like someone who was afraid to open up his first-aid kit. God has given each of you special gifts, talents and abilities. (You could give some examples.) It is important that you use what you have for good. Like this first-aid kit, we have gifts and talents that we can use to help others. We certainly don't want to hold them all inside and keep them from being used. What's amazing is that Jesus actually said we would end up having more when we give our gifs away. Now that is a miracle!
Children's Prayer: Dear God, thank you that each of us has gifts and abilities we can use to help others. Help us to open up our lives and share those good things with others in need. In Jesus' name – Amen!
Copyright 2011 Sundaychildrensfocus.com Andrew Hewlett Feel free to use this on Sunday morning but please give credit to Sundaychildrensfocus and consider linking to this site. Thank you! A.H.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Proper Bug Reporting
When testers find bugs, they report it. These reports are really important for developers. Read this article to find out how to write an effective bug report.
What Is a Bug Report
Bug reports are descriptions of bugs found by testers - they help to understand where the product lacks its functionality or performance. Bug reports are the most important tools for developers.
It is necessary to build an independent test environment before letting the customers use the actual product. The quality of tests and the bug reports have a huge impact on the quality of product development. The bug report should contain all the information needed to document, report, and fix problems that occurred during testing the product.
Source: GetApp: Bug Reporting
Why You Might Want the Bug Reporting
Bug reports exist to improve your product. It is worth the effort to learn how to write an efficient bug report.
A good bug reports:
- contain all the information the developer needs to fix the problems
- are an efficient form of communication between the person who reports the bug and the person who fixes it
- should be resolved as soon as possible
- enable cooperation between testers and developers
- help to reduce the number of problems
Problems the Proper Bug Reporting Helps to Solve
- Poor code quality
- Demotivated team
- Increased cost
- Toxic team culture
- Knowledge hoarding
- Long Feedback Loops
How to Implement the Bug Reporting
To write an effective bug report, follow these 10 steps:
Be clear and brief. Ensure that every information in the bug report is relevant.
Ensure that you are reporting a real bug. The problem can be a setup problem, user error or just a misunderstanding of a product. It is better to consult with a more experienced tester than reporting a mistake that is not a bug.
Do not use emotionally charged statements. The report has to be neutral, professional, and factual.
Try to be as explicit as possible. Summarize the problem at the beginning. The goal is to write a description that cannot be misunderstood.
Isolate the problem. If possible, describe what inputs trigger the bug.
Try to find out if the bug is more general than it seems. Sometimes the bug occurs at multiple locations - the bug needs a more general fix.
If it is possible, describe how to re-create the bug. List all the steps, describe the environment.
If it is not obvious, describe the impact on the customer.
What does the developer need to be able to debug the problem? For example, are there any logs he needs?
Provide documentation that can prove the existence of the bug.
Common Pitfalls of Proper Bug Reporting
Underestimated bug reporting
For example, some websites do not offer any opportunity to report a bug. If you find a bug, you cannot submit feedback or contact the person who can fix it.
The developer did not get enough information to fix the bug or cannot meet the mandatory conditions (for example, a regulator that can capture every client's reaction).
The team does not react
The developers get the bug reports, but do not fix the bugs efficiently.
Too much information
If the bug report is too detailed, it can be difficult to understand. It also increases the time and energy of the people who have to read the report.
It is necessary to find a balance between being too vague and too detailed. It saves time when the person who has to fix the bug does not have to ask for more information.
Resources for the Bug Reporting
- IT Knowledge Exchange: What Is A Bugs Report In Software Testing?
- Can Pig Ride: Writing Effective Defect Reports
- Musescore: How To Write A Good Bug Report: Step-by-step Instructions
- Usersnap: What Is A Bug Report?
- InfoWorld: Epic failures: 11 infamous software bugs

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Article thumbnail
Al Kharj diabetic patients' perception about diabetes mellitus using revised-illness perception questionnaire (IPQ-R)
By Sameer Al-Ghamdi, Gulfam Ahmad, Ali Hassan Ali, Nasraddin Bahakim, Salman Alomran, Waleed Alhowikan, Salman Almutairi, Tariq Basalem and Faisal Aljuaid
Abstract Background Illness perception questionnaires for various medical conditions have become more useful in recent years. However, very few have addressed this issue for Type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia. Methods A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to Type 2 diabetic patients attendees of primary health care centers and Al Kharj Military Industries Corporation Hospital in Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia, from November 24th 2016 to April 24th, 2017. Results Overall, 383 of the 500 distributed questionnaires were returned, and 187 were males (48.8). Most participants understood that what led to diabetes was hereditary, including diet or eating habits. The Cronbach's alpha value for identity, timeline (cyclical), and emotional factors were relatively high, showing that these scales had a strong level of internal consistency; it also showed that the timeline (acute/chronic) and treatment control scales were low, thus showing internal consistency of these scales. Cronbach's value of coherence and consequences scales were low. Conclusion Saudis with type 2 diabetes mellitus had appropriate knowledge of their disease. They agreed that diabetes was likely to be permanent and would have major consequences on their lives
Topics: Diabetes, Illness perceptions, Saudi Arabia, Medicine (General), R5-920
Publisher: BMC
Year: 2018
DOI identifier: 10.1186/s12875-_PHONE_-x
OAI identifier:
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Intelligence économique et veille : pour que l'information se transforme en action
Pharma industry, drug life cycle and social listening
At Actulligence, we are deeply convinced that business intelligence should not be a burden on any organization. It should rely on the organization's existing processes to answer operational and business needs and be integrated depending on how the user operates.
The usual cliché of business intelligence is the « intelligence cycle », as defined by Henri Martre who was one of the first to formalize the concept. The intelligence cycle has often been implemented, as much as commented, amended, criticized… but as far as I am concerned, I think that it's a good starting point: it involves the essential steps enabling a virtuous information process. It is obvious that the intelligence cycle should never be applied independently from the existing processes, be they related to business, projects, or information.
That's true as far as strategic, competitive, and technologic information are concerned, but that should be also true for social media information generated by a social listening process.
However, I can only regret that the multiple conferences I attend only focus on the communications and marketing side, with limited real-life examples and limited to « influencer monitoring » (involving the assessment of the influencer process ROI), the monitoring of gained benefits from a campaign (and assessment of the ROI of the services sold by the communications agency), the "share of voices" (who's got the main share of voices).
I exaggerate a bit, because sometimes, in a burst of imagination, people raise their hands and point out the « voice of customers » (because customers also have ideas or because they are not happy: jump directly to the after-sales service.)
5 or 6 years ago, I had the opportunity to reflect on the best way to implement a social listening solution for the pharma industry, which is subjected to dire regulatory and communication constraints, as well as listening issues. Listening to the voice of consumers/patients, key opinion leaders, or health practitioners did not necessarily go without saying..
This work led me to combine social listening tools and the product life cycle (more precisely, a part of the product life cycle from fundamental research to marketing, I dropped the loss of exclusivity step).
We can summarize the drug development cycle in a few simplified steps:
 - The discovery phase: the discovery of a molecule, an active ingredient, a new therapeutic axis for molecules, biologics
 - The pre-clinical phase: before the clinical trials
 - The clinical trials phase, during which a drug is assessed in terms of efficiency on patients
 - The registration phase during which the drug is registered at national health authorities before receiving a market authorization
 - The market phase during which the drug is available for patients.
How social listening can be applied? What is it going to bring and to whom during these phases?
We have identified several leads.
Photo credits : Nikita Kachanobvsky – Unsplash
During the discovery phase, we can use social media to detect weak signals from competitors. What are the Twitter accounts that relay them? What are the interactions on LinkedIn? Do they retweet messages from other labs or are they focused on certain diseases? Let's remain realistic. We are not likely to find 10-year development projects from our competitors, but analyzing some data, particularly interaction or word convergence, the results can sometimes be meaningful.
Likewise, during the discovery phase, it is possible to identify and assess the number of patients impacted or potentially concerned. No specific data, for sure. But the identification of countries, geographic zones in countries, and seasonality prove to be of interest.
As health authorities and governments are key stakeholders in the decision to reimburse a drug or not, their standpoints on a disease, their concerns can enable us to understand what are the countries likely to be interested in allowing the development of a new drug, and what are the stakes in terms of public health.
During clinical trials, one of the costliest points is patient recruitment: i.e. identifying patients wishing to participate in clinical trials for a new drug. While on « common » diseases, recruitment is easier, rarer diseases tend to have difficulties in recruiting patients that have the right criteria and ensure an objective assessment of the drug's efficiency. Social media listening on forums, patient communities, or individual accounts, can facilitate this recruitment phase.
During clinical trials, patients' expectations can also be identified. We are then able to go deeper on the analysis and understand the expectations in terms of quality of life, easiness to stick to a treatment, packaging issues (user-friendliness, readability, security, conservation), inconvenient side effects from existing treatments for the same pathology. These expectations can be integrated to clinical trials criteria.
The registration phase is a favorable ground to prepare the market launch. What are the press releases websites that are the most quoted in health media and by patients' communities or individual patients? What are the existing communities, their main relays and players? Understanding how social and traditional media, patients, interactions work allows to convey the message to the right people.
During the marketing phase, after the marketing authorization, we can collect patient feedback on their treatment : perception of efficiency, decrease or disappearance of their symptoms and, although this is taboo in the heavily regulated pharma industry, detection of unidentified side effects before clinical trials (AKA pharmacovigilance for those in the know).
And finally, all along the process, implementing a long-term routine to spot internal potential information and industrial secrets leakages is not to be set aside. Videos, Slideshare presentations, Linkedin CVs giving too much details on a project… All these aspects of social listening are crucial for pharma or any other industry, but often forsaken.
Various pathways are thus open to us to apply social listening in a process involving conception and product launch. Social listening is not supposed to be restricted to communications teams' needs, but instead has to find its place among other steps and internal clients.
You will find below a recapitulative diagram outlining this reflection, I found that sharing it with you would be of interest.
It is a stance we try to implement at Actulligence. Need for info exist and is widespread in a company. Instead of limiting ourselves in a thematic vision, we incentivize our clients to adopt a functional approach: what information do you need to make your decisions? Can social listening can answer this need?
We are deeply committed to delivering information where the users are. We limit the creation of new platforms in which the info is consulted and try to integrate it in existing spots such as project user groups and corporate social networks.
NB : it is relevant to stress that GDPR strongly narrows the use of personal data. As such, the above recommendations should be implemented with a cautious anonymization of the data collected and subjected to the right declarations.
NB2: integrated social listening solutions are increasingly having trouble in providing a relevant and efficient access to data, because of API restrictions from the main social networks. Agility will thus prevail in the implementation of social listening tools to answer this kind of needs.
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Now that hay fever season has started, sufferers are well aware of the effect of histamines. However it is easy to forget that histamine is also a neurotransmitter involved in controlling memories, regulating sleep, and controlling secretion of gastric acid. New research published in BioMed Central's open access journal BMC Developmental Biology shows that for the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) histamine is also responsible for controlling metamorphosis from a free swimming larval form to the spiny adult living on the sea floor.
Echinoids (sea urchins and sand dollars) have evolved a range of reproductive and developmental strategies. One of them involves a free swimming (pelagic) larval form which after a period of 'competence', while the animal searches for an appropriate settlement site, metamorphoses into the adult form (benthic) which lives on the sea floor. In the purple sea urchin metamorphic changes occur in response to specific environmental cues that competent larvae become responsive to after they are five weeks old. During metamorphosis most larval structures are reabsorbed and juvenile structures, such as their tube feet used for locomotion, feeding and sensing their environment, begin to emerge.
Researchers from University of Guelph and Brown University found that histamine is an important regulatory component of the process of reaching competence. They discovered that histamine regulates the metamorphic process via a sea urchin histamine receptor related to the mammalian histamine receptor 3 (H3R). This receptor has been shown to be involved primarily in neuronal communication in mammals. Similarly, another anti-histamine, AMH, which blocks the production of the sea urchin's own histamine resulted in an increase of number of settled adults.
Dr Andreas Heyland, who led the research, explained, "Histamine is very important in controlling purple sea urchin competence and metamorphosis. We found an extensive network of histamine containing neurones in the pre-metamorphic and metamorphically competent larvae which mature as the larvae develop. When we looked in detail at the effects of histamine we found that histamine seemed to inhibit programmed cell death (PCD), an essential process of the metamorphic transition. In our experiments we were able to induce PCD and arm resorption with antihistamines further indicating that histamine is playing a central function in the complex regulatory signalling network underlying competence and metamorphosis."
Explore further: Help wanted: Public needed to uncover clues in bug collections
More information: Histamine is a modulator of metamorphic competence in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) Josh Sutherby, Jamie-Lee Giardini, Julia Nguyen, Gary Wessel, Mariana Leguia and Andreas Heyland. BMC Developmental Biology (in press)


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Tuesday, April 17, 2012 - 04:00 in Biology & Nature
An innovative study looking at how orangutans build their nests has revealed that the apes use a high level of engineering know-how.
- Orangutan nest building shows high degree of sophisticationTue, 17 Apr 2012, 11:33:12 EDT
- Scientists determine what makes an orangutan an orangutanThu, 27 Jan 2011, 12:23:31 EST
- Orangutan DNA more diverse than human's, remarkably stable through the agesWed, 26 Jan 2011, 13:44:14 EST
- Arctic oil: A boon for nest predatorsTue, 8 Sep 2009, 12:49:57 EDT
- A happy life is a long one for orangutans Wed, 29 Jun 2011, 4:03:24 EDT


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The history behind ancient musical instrument organ reaches back to approximately 270 B.C. when a Greek engineer named Ctesibius of Alexandria invented water organ. In the Middle Ages, swell-organs were built in all the largest European cathedrals. Nowadays, organ with its ranks of pipes of different tonalities possesses a unique ability to produce sounds, similar to trumpet, oboe, trombone, violoncello and even a human voice and the instrument itself has acquired the status of European cultural heritage. The mission of the Netherlands-based organization Stiching Voor de Wind is to make it familiar to wider audience. Initiated and organized by Stiching Voor de Wind, the festival Connecting Arts has set off in autumn 2011 and is based upon the success formula of the previously held Wind Art Festival (2002-2010). It links the sound of organ to fine samples of other art disciplines, like choreography and acrobatic circus acts, spanning musical masterpieces from Brahms' Requiem to famous compositions of Bach and Verdi. Moreover, the interdisciplinary festival encourages usage of this ancient instrument in most various spheres of art. Churches in Denmark, Sweden, France and Netherlands acquire entirely different and surprising artistic settings during this festival, becoming a platform for audiovisual installations, dance improvisations, musical theatre productions, poetry readings and amazing interplays of jazz and organ music.
For more detailed information and the Festival event calendar, please visit the website: _URL_
Keywords: Copenhagen, festival, festivals


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Baby Clouded Leopard Pictures From Ellen Trout Zoo
It's a always a good day when you inbox is filled with pictures of baby animals from Ellen Trout Zoo, instead of actionable emails. These two fluffy kittens will grow up to be big cats, with even bigger appetites.
Two endangered Clouded Leopards were born at the Ellen Trout Zoo. Clouded Leopards are beautiful, medium sized, secretive cats that inhabit dense jungles in Southeast Asia. They are classified as Vulnerable by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and Endangered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service.
Clouded Leopards have been cared for by the Ellen Trout Zoo since 1984. However, this birth is the first for this species in Lufkin. The cubs, a male and a female, are being hand reared following the Association of Zoos and Aquariums SSP protocols. The parents of the cubs arrived at the Ellen Trout Zoo in August of 2016 when they were 6 months old.
Such great news, and amazing that these young Leopards made babies so quickly. Sometimes, even if there is a male and female together, it doesn't always end in a littler, so this is truly a first for our zoo.


Catholic churches in paris
How many Catholic churches are in Paris?
Since religion implies having places of worship, centuries of Catholicism have brought about no less than 50,000 churches in the French territory; the city of Paris alone almost has 200 of them!
What famous cathedral is found in Paris?
Notre-Dame de Paris
What is the most famous church in France?
Notre Dame de Paris
What is the oldest church in Paris?
The Church of Saint-Germain-des-Près is the city's oldest church and the very heart of the vibrant neighborhood.
Are most French Catholic?
Estimates of the proportion of Catholics range between 41% and 88% of France's population, with the higher figure including lapsed Catholics and " Catholic atheists". The Catholic Church in France is organised into 98 dioceses, which in 2012 were served by 7,000 sub-75 priests.
What percentage of Italy is Catholic?
Which church burned down in Paris?
Daily newspaper "20 Minutes" featured another heart-wrenching image of the cathedral ablaze with text, which translates to English as " Notre Dame Devastated." Another daily paper, "Le Parisien," will print the headline, "Our Lady of Tears" in French on their front page Tuesday.
What are the oldest buildings in Paris?
How many churches are in Paris?
197 churches
What is the oldest church in the world?
You might be interested: When did the roman catholic church start
Is Notre Dame a Catholic church?
What is the name of this famous monument in Paris?
the Eiffel Tower
What is the oldest part of Paris?


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Plan International began operating in Laos in 2008 to advance children's rights and equality for girls. We work with vulnerable children, families and communities so they can build the best possible futures for themselves.
We work with communities where there is low school enrolment and completion, poor hygiene, little-to-no access to sanitation, limited safe water and high levels of malnutrition.
Our key areas of work include:
- Providing parents with the facilities and knowledge to give their children a healthy start in life
- Providing access to quality education for all vulnerable children, particularly girls
- Improving the health of children by ensuring good sanitation and hygiene practices and providing sustainable access to clean water.
Toilets improve the health of communities
Plan International Laos is encouraging people to use and maintain hygienic toilets and is helping them understand how it will improve their health and well-being.
Their Time Is Now: Eliminating Child, Early and Forced Marriage
This is the first phase into an extensive research on Child, Early and Forced Marriage (CEFM) in Asia. It provides a snapshot of CEFM in Asia, consolidates and analyses evidence over the past 15 years and outlines actions that must be taken.


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The integrating power of the eye has been tested for short flashes of light, ranging in duration from 10-2 to 8 × 10-9 sec. The shorter flashes were produced by passing the image of the straight filament of an electric lamp across a narrow slit, the light having been reflected from a mirror mounted on an air-driven turbine. The longer flashes were produced by means of a sectored disk. In all cases the number of flashes received by the eye was great enought to avoid flicker and the intensity was well above that required to produce the sensation of vision. It was concluded that the response of the eye depends only upon the total amount of light in the beam and is independent of the length of the light flash. The limit of error was 1.5 percent.
THOMAS E. GILMER, "The Integrating Power of the Eye for Short Flashes of Light," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 27, 386-386 (1937)


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Human dimension is essential for dashboards - During the Heliview BI conference in January Ensior consultant Ton Nagelhout gave a presentation on "Dashboarding and the human dimension".
He stressed the importance of the human perspective in the design of dashboards. From other disciplines than BI he showed interesting and sometimes surprising clues. He showed how human psychology affects the success of a dashboard.
Click here to see this presentation or a white paper on this theme to download.


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This article demonstrates printing of a simple
datagridview using the
Graphics class in C#.NET 2.0.
Using the Code
The best part of.NET is the organization of classes like the
PrintDocument class which is derived from the Printing Class and Printing class is in turn derived from
System.Drawing class which has methods for drawing Shapes, Bitmaps and Text so the same methods can be used by the
To print a
datagridview, we require a table with rows and columns. A table is nothing but a collection of rectangles as mentioned above.
PrintDocument class supports drawing of shapes, so we can easily draw a rectangle given the parameters. The rectangle method is overloaded. The one in which we are more interested is:
DrawRectangle(Pens p,int x,int y, int width,int height)
y are the co-ordinates on the print page in pixel units, the other two parameters specify the
height of the rectangle.
We can specify the co-ordinates, say draw the first rectangle at location 20,20 but how do we get the exact
height of the rectangle? Not to worry! We can get the
width parameter from:
and height parameter from:
At this point, we have gathered all the required information to draw a rectangle but when and where to Draw?
PrintDocument supports an event called
PrintPage which has 2 parameters; the one which we are interested is of type
PrintPageEventArgs which supports drawing of rectangle.
Here's a small snippet:
private void printDocument1_PrintPage
(object sender, System.Drawing.Printing.PrintPageEventArgs e)
e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(Pens.Black, 100, 100,
e.Graphics.FillRectangle(Brushes.LightGray, new Rectangle
(100, 100, dataGridView1.Columns.Width, dataGridView1.Rows.Height));
dataGridView1.Font, Brushes.Black, new RectangleF(100, 100,
dataGridView1.Columns.Width, dataGridView1.Rows.Height), str);
Now we are able to draw or say replicate the first column of the
datagridview on the page at location 100,100.
Now let's draw the second column which adjoins the first column horizontally. The position of y co-ordinate remains the same as columns span horizontally but the x position of the second column will change. It will now become
100 + dataGridView1.Columns.Width.
So repeat the above code in the snippet by just changing the
x position of the
DrawRectangleF method respectively. Here's the first one:
e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(Pens.Black, 100 + dataGridView1.Columns.Width, 100,
To keep things simple, we will restrict our
datagridview to only 2 columns. Now quickly let us draw the rows one by one by using the same trick as discussed above.
Store the origins(
y) in variables, say
width= x + dataGridView1.Columns.Width;
Before coding, there are few more important points to be discussed.
- We can get the number of Rows in a
datagridview view by using the
- We need to run a loop to draw all the rows as is in the
datagridveiw one by one.
- We need to check if your table height is exceeding the page height. If it exceeds, then the printing should continue on a new page, before directly printing the row on the new page first it should draw the column headers and continue drawing the row.
- Every time we print a new row, we need to increase the table height (nothing but
y co-ordinate) by
rowheight and let the
x co-ordinate be at the same position, in our case it's
- When we are printing the cells of a row, we only need to increase the x co-ordinate by
colwidth each time and let the y co-ordinate(
height) remain stationary, i.e.
width += colwidth;
Here's the code snippet
while (i < dataGridView1.Rows.Count)
colwidth= dataGridView1.Columns.Width ;
if (height > e.MarginBounds.Height)
height = x; width = y; e.HasMorePages = true;
height += rowheight; e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(Pens.Black, x, height,colwidth,rowheight);
dataGridView1.Font, Brushes.Black, new RectangleF(x, height, colwidth,rowheight), str);
e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(Pens.Black, y+ colwidth, height, colwidth, rowheight);
dataGridView1.Font, Brushes.Black, new RectangleF(x+ colwidth,
height, width, rowheight), str);
width += colwidth; i++;
Behind the print button, type:
Note: Declare the variable
static or a class level variable:
- 6th November, 2009: Initial post


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Title: Scientific Discourse
Subtitle: Multiliteracy in the Classroom
Publisher: Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd
Author: David Ian Hanauer, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Hardback: ISBN: _PHONE_ Pages: 256 Price: U.K. £ 75.00
This book examines the nature of scientific inquiry in the primary school classroom to show how this interacts with early literacy. Through an examination of the texts used and produced by pupils studying science the author shows how what is at work in this context of scientific discourse is actually multiliteracy. The teacher aids the pupils' learning using different forms of literacy spread across the spoken word, written text, visual text and physical action. The result of this diverse approach is a growth not only in scientific knowledge, but basic literacy.
The book provides a theoretical introduction to developmental literacy theory, current positions of science education and advanced theories of multiliteracy and genre theory. The new theory of scientific discourse presented in this book will be of interest to researchers of applied linguistics, discourse analysis and education.


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Monsoon is believed to be the best time for planting trees and the time between June-end and August is supposed to be the most appropriate as by then, the earth, which is dry and parched due to the scorching summers is able to absorb moisture and becomes more conducive for planting.
Then again, if planted between this period, the issue of water supply to these newly planted saplings or seeds is solved to a great extent because of the continuous rainfall in the monsoons.
So plant a tree this monsoon and contribute to a greener earth.
Let's stop global warming by planting trees
- Please do not wait for government or NGOs to plant trees
- Sowing seeds or planting trees does not cost much
- Just collect seeds of Shatavari (Asparagus), Bel, Peeple, Tulsi, Mango, Lemon, Jamun, Neem, Custard Apple, Jack fruit etc.
- Dig 3-4 inches hole in open space, roadside, footpaths, highways, gardens or in your society or bungalow compound
- Bury these seeds in each hole with soil and then water them every two day in summer
- In rainy season need not water them
- After 15 to 30 days small plants will be born
- Please nurture them and ensure they grow big


text:
I'm solving English grammar exam (MCQ) and one of the questions there is about the next sentence:
This car is my car, and that car is Tom's.
According to what I know the possessive s should come before the name rather than after him or in the end of sentence. Therefore it should be Tom's car rather than car Tom's. Then I'm not sure if what I see in the exam is just a mistake or it has explanation.


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enamelworkArticle Free Pass
- Materials and techniques
- Contributors & Bibliography
- Materials and techniques
- Contributors & Bibliography
This process is the opposite of the cloisonné technique: instead of building up on the surface of the metal object, the surface is gouged away, creating troughs and channels separated by thin ridges of metal that form the outline of the design. The troughs are filled with powdered enamel and fused. The champlevé technique requires a thick metal base and therefore is used on copper and other base metals.
This technique is a sophisticated extension of the champlevé method, for again the metal surface has to be cut away and filled with enamel, but here there are two major differences. First, within the area that has been cut away to receive the enamel, a design or figural composition is chased (chiselled), or sometimes engraved, in low relief. Because the highest point of the relief is below the general surface of the surrounding metal, the enamel, which is level on its outer surface, lies in varying thicknesses over the modelled surfaces of the low relief. Second, because the coloured enamels used in this technique are translucent, the composition of the low relief shows through; and, since the metal used is normally gold or silver, the light is reflected back through the translucent enamelling, adding a brilliant tonal quality to the enamel, just as sunlight enhances the beauty of a stained-glass window. The effect of the reflected light varies according to the thickness of the enamel lying over the undulating surfaces of the low relief; consequently, an impression of plasticity and of three-dimensional modelling is created by the subtle variations in tonal strengths of the enamel colours, which range from bright highlights to the rich tones of the deep recesses.
The plique-à-jour technique is designed to produce an effect of a stained-glass window in miniature through the use of translucent enamels. The technique is exactly the same as cloisonné enamelling except that the strips of metal forming the cells are only temporarily attached—not soldered—to a metal base to which the enamel will not stick. After the enamel is fused and sufficiently annealed, the metal sheet, usually aluminum-bronze, is removed with a few light taps, leaving a network of metal strips filled with enamel "windows." The enamels can be carefully polished to enhance their appearance.
Encrusted enamelling (émail en ronde bosse)
Encrusted enamelling is the term used to describe the technique of enamelling the irregular surfaces of objects or figures in the round or in very high relief. Both opaque and translucent enamels are applied to these small-scale sculptural objects, which are usually made of gold. The great technical problem is to devise methods of supporting and protecting these objects during the firing. Frequently, plaster of paris is used to envelop parts of the object, leaving exposed only those parts on which enamel is to be applied and fused.
This technique differs fundamentally from the preceding five in that the various coloured enamels are not separated from each other by metal strips or ridges. Although these enamels are still applied in their wet, powdered state, the adjacent patch of coloured enamel is first allowed to dry to avoid one running into the other and so blurring the outline between them.
The metal generally used in this technique is copper. It is cut with shears into a plate of the size required and slightly domed with a burnisher or hammer, after which it is cleaned with acid and water. The enamel is laid equally over the whole surface both back and front, and then the object is fired. The first coat of enamel being fixed, the design is delineated by drawing with a needle through a layer of wet white enamel or any other that is opaque and most advantageous for subsequent coloration.
In the case of grisaille enamels, the white is mixed with water, turpentine, spike oil of lavender, or essential oil of petroleum and painted over a dark enamel ground. Light areas of the design are painted thickly; gray areas, thinly to allow the dark ground to tone the white pigment. The technique creates a strong contrast between light and shade, creating an impression of low relief. The scenes in grisaille are sometimes rendered more subtly by hatching, executed with a pointed tool or needle to reveal the dark enamel beneath.
In coloured painted enamels, enamel colours are spread over the grisaille treatment; when fired, parts of the surface are heightened by touches of gold, usually painted in thin lines, like hatchings. Other parts can be made more brilliant by the use of foil, over which the transparent enamels are placed and then fired.
The origins of the art of enamelling are uncertain. While there is archaeological evidence that glass was being made from the 3rd millennium bce in western Asia and from the 15th century bce glass vessels were undoubtedly being made in Egypt, there is no proof that enamelling on metal was practiced in either Asia Minor or Egypt until after the time of Alexander the Great (died 323 bce).
Perhaps the origins of the art are to be found on Mycenaean metalwork of the 13th to 11th centuries bce. Six gold rings, excavated from a Mycenaean tomb of the 13th century bce at Kouklia (near Old Paphos), in Cyprus, are decorated with a cloisonné technique that suggests an intermediary stage between inlay and true enamelling. Scientific examination has shown that the different coloured enamels were not in the form of powder when they were inserted into the cloisons before being fired and fused together; rather they were in the form of fragments of coloured glass. Unfortunately, no report exists of any scientific examination of a more accomplished example of Mycenaean enamelling—the decoration on the gold sceptre found in a royal tomb at Kourion Kaloriziki, in Cyprus—but it is generally believed that this is true enamelling and datable to the 11th century bce.
If true enamelling existed in Mycenaean work, it would be reasonable to expect the technique to have been inherited by the Greeks and transmitted by them to the rest of Europe, perhaps by way of the colonies on the north shore of the Black Sea and in the south of Italy. Unfortunately, however, there is a long gap between the Mycenaean enamels and the Greek gold jewelry of the 6th–3rd centuries bce, which is sparingly enamelled, often having no more than touches of blue and white enamel enclosed by thin gold wire openwork (filigree).
Until recently the most ancient examples of enamelling outside Mycenaean art were said to be on ornaments discovered in a cemetery in the Kuban, close to the Caucasus, variously dated between the 9th and 7th centuries bce; but the most important of these Kuban enamels, the famous Maikop belt buckle (the Hermitage, Leningrad) depicting a griffin attacking a horse, is now regarded by Russian experts as a forgery. Consequently, the earliest enamelling from south Russia may date from the 3rd or 2nd century bce.
A slightly earlier date is given to a number of excavated bronze objects of western European origin, which are said to bear the remains of cloisonné enamel decoration. Until this early Celtic material has been scientifically examined and proved to be true enamel as distinct from inlaid coral, cut stone (chiefly lapis), or coloured glass applied cold, theories about it remain open to question. At the present time it is a matter of conjecture what link, if any, may have existed between the enamellers in south Russia and those Celtic craftsmen who by the 3rd century bce, if not earlier, were using red enamel in place of coral inlay.
During the Roman period, enamelling—both cloisonné and champlevé on bronze—was carried on almost entirely in those old Celtic areas that had become the northern provinces of the Roman Empire. It may well be to these provincial works that a passage from the works of Philostratus, 2nd century ce, refers. The author, describing a boar hunt at which the riders appear with horse trappings ornamented in bright colours, writes:
It is said that the barbarians in the ocean [i.e., the Celtic tribes] pour these colours into bronze moulds, that the colours become as hard as stone, preserving the designs.
This is a fair description of the process of champlevé enamel and suggests that the technique, in use in the British Isles, was not practiced at the time in Greece or Italy. Enamelled horse trappings such as Philostratus describes have been found in many places in the British Isles. This type of Celtic enamelling of the Roman period lived on in northwest Europe, particularly in Ireland, until as late as the 12th century. Some of its more striking effects seem to be derived from Roman glassmaking practices, particularly its use of millefiori glass, a mosaic of very thin glass rods of different colours and shapes fused together and then cut into thin sections, which the Celtic craftsmen fused into a ground of coloured enamel.
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Eating and nutrition
Caffeine in pregnancy
The March of Dimes recommends that women who are pregnant or trying to get pregnant get no more than 200 milligrams (mg) of caffeine per day. This is the amount of caffeine in about one 12-ounce cup of coffee.
How does caffeine affect your body?
Caffeine helps keep you awake. It slightly increases your blood pressure and heart rate and the amount of urine your body makes. Caffeine causes some people to feel jittery, have indigestion or have trouble sleeping.
Some people are more sensitive to caffeine than others. During pregnancy, you may be especially sensitive to caffeine because it may take you longer to clear it from your body than someone who's not pregnant.
Does caffeine during pregnancy affect your baby?
Yes. During pregnancy, caffeine passes through the placenta and reaches your baby. Caffeine may decrease blood flow to the placenta, which may cause problems for your baby.
You may have heard that too much caffeine can cause miscarriage (when a baby dies in the womb before 20 weeks of pregnancy). Some studies say this is true and some say it's not. Until we know more about how caffeine can affect pregnancy, it's best to limit the amount you get to 200 milligrams each day.
Is caffeine safe during breastfeeding?
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) says it's safe for breastfeeding moms to have caffeine. A small amount of caffeine does get into breast milk, so limit caffeine if you're breastfeeding. Breastfed babies of women who drink more than 2 to 3 cups of coffee a day may become irritable or have trouble sleeping.
What foods and drinks contain caffeine?
Caffeine is found in:
- Coffee and coffee-flavored products, like yogurt and ice cream
- Some soft drinks
- Chocolate and chocolate products, like chocolate syrup and hot cocoa
The amount of caffeine in foods and drinks varies a lot. For coffee and tea, the brand, how it's prepared, the type of beans or leaves used, and the way it's served (espresso, latte and others) can affect the amount of caffeine.
The table below lists foods and drinks and the amount of caffeine each contains. The amounts listed are averages, so they may change depending on the brand or how the food or drink is made.
What medicines contain caffeine?
Some medicines used for pain relief, migraines, colds and to help keep you awake contain caffeine. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that label on medicine lists the amount of caffeine in the medicine.
If you're pregnant, talk to your health care provider before taking any medicine that contains caffeine. This includes prescription and over-the-counter medicine. A prescription is an order for medicine given by a health care provider. Over-the-counter means medicine, like pain relievers and cough syrup, you can buy without a prescription.
Some herbal products contain caffeine. These include guarana, yerba mate, kola nut and green tea extract. Herbal products are made from herbs, which are plants that are used in cooking and for medicine. The FDA does not require that herbal products have a label saying how much caffeine they contain. Some herbal products have as much caffeine as 8 cups of coffee! If you're pregnant, don't use herbal products because we don't know how much caffeine they contain.
Last reviewed June 2012
Foods to avoid
- Unpasteurized milk or juice
- Soft cheeses like feta and Brie
- Unheated deli meats and hot dogs
- Refrigerated, smoked seafood
- Undercooked poultry, meat or seafood


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Some species in the citrus family are more technically known as hesperidia, a name derived from a Greek myth about a glorious garden in the west called Hesperides where "golden apples" grew. Scholars believe the Greeks were referring to sweet oranges.
Citrus fruits have been valued by many cultures throughout the millennia that they've been in cultivation. This oddity, called the Buddha's hand, is considered a "freak" variety of citrus that emerged sometime after A.D. 300. Buddhist monks saw the praying hands of Buddha in its strangely graceful shape, and cherished the fruit as a symbol of happiness, wealth and longevity.
While the peel of the Buddha's hand is aromatic and tasty in candy, it has very little flesh and is rarely eaten.


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Ways to Make Money from Goats
Guide to the Various ways to make money from Goat Farming. If you're an animal lover with a strong sense of business spirit, you might be able to merge your two passions into a profitable goat farm. Farms are challenging to start and take a significant amount of land and expertise, but once you have your goat farm up and running, you may be able to turn a nice profit while also enjoying the process of watching your goats grow and flourish.
Goat farming is a farming enterprise that may bring in a substantial amount of money if you are eager to put in some effort and time. Compared to other agricultural operations, it is a part of farming that necessitates the least amount of capital commitment and risk.
Goat farming has several advantages that make it worthwhile to give it a try, one of which is the ability to raise a large number of herds on a small area of ground with a well-designed housing system.
Science and technology are constantly striving to make farming and its associated activities more efficient and productive. To achieve a decent return on investment, you must begin developing new items from both the mother produce and the waste.
Goat meat has emerged as the preferred red meat for those seeking a lean and healthy source of protein. Every goat farmer has the opportunity to enhance the number of marketable products they produce while also increasing their earnings.
Listed below are some methods for making Money from goat farming in the twenty-first century.
8 Best ways to Make Money from goat farming
1. Raising Goats for Meat (Mutton)
Mutton is goat meat. It is considered juicy, and one of the healthiest meats on the planet, and its market is expanding as the world's population shifts toward a more healthy lifestyle.
Obtaining a high-quality breed of meat goat is essential for raising goats, particularly for meat production. Goats that can swiftly convert feed into bodyweights, such as the Boer goat and the Spanish goat, are preferred.
If you want to sell your goats, you can do so to abattoirs, where they will be butchered daily. It is essential to feed your goats appropriately if you want to get a decent deal on them during sales. Always remember that Value = Money when you are raising goats for meat production.
Ensure that your goats are clean and free of disease or insect attack by keeping an eye out for them. You may also sell your meat goat to meat sellers who will resale it to other customers. Make contact with consumers to see if you can negotiate a monthly supply of meat goats for them in order to improve your profits.
2. Raising Goats for Milk
This is yet another goat product that is in high demand on the market nowadays. Dairy goats generate enormous volumes of milk, which the goat farmer can sell and use to supplement his or her income from goat farming.
Goat milk is utilized as a raw material for producing various goat products that you may find in your local grocery store today, such as cheese and yogurt. Goat milk is used in different goods, including yogurt, toddler food, goat cheese, and soap.
Take the time to find a decent breed of goat capable of producing high-quality milk in high demand on both the domestic and international markets. Yogurt makers, as well as goat milk soap producers, are interested in purchasing your goat milk.
Goat milk is used to make toddler food and industries that produce toddler food purchase goat milk in huge quantities for their manufacturing process. Bring your goods to them and ask for their specifications so that you can supply them.
A new crop of cosmetic manufacturers is emerging regularly, and they require your goat milk as a raw material for the production of their goat milk soaps. Because of this fantastic milk, you will be their sole source of nutrition. Ensure that your milk is clean and free of infections because that is the only way to ensure that they continue to buy your brand.
3. Goat Skin:
Goatskin is utilized as a raw material in the manufacture of leather products. Another option to get Money from goat farming is to sell the skins of the animals. In order to make specialized leathers, the leather manufacturing industry needs goatskin.
4. Raising Goats for Fur (Cashmere):
This is another reliable source of income in goat farming, especially in areas with little competition. Goat fur is quite profitable and is used in various items, but cashmere is the most luxurious of them all. Is not all goats capable of producing cashmere, and thus if you want to start selling cashmere, you must breed goats capable of producing cashmere wool.
You can breed numerous varieties of goats that can produce cashmere wool, depending on your preferences. This wool is used to make a winter coat as well as other high-end fabrics. It is essential that you can make cashmere in enormous quantities for fabric manufacturing companies if you want to sell it.
Some breeds of goats generate cashmere all year long and are primarily utilized for cashmere production, while others, such as Pygmy goats, only produce cashmere during the winter season.
5. Goat Cheese:
This is a dairy product made from goat milk. Goat cheese producers require their raw material, which is goat milk from goat farmers, in order to make their cheese. Goat cheese manufacturers often purchase a significant quantity of milk to use in their manufacturing process.
People who are lactose intolerant might enjoy this cheese as a healthy alternative to regular cheese. Investigate the goat cheese manufacturers in your area and notify them that you have obtained their raw ingredients.
6. Goat Milk Yogurt:
If it does not already exist, it should be created. It's true that someone started a black liquid and convinced billions of people to down it as a form of fulfillment. Put in your time and effort to make items.
The world has grown tired of eating the same things over and over again. Goat milk yogurt, like goat cheese, is an alternative to regular yogurt, becoming increasingly popular.
7. Breeding Goats for Stock or Raising Goat for Babies
This is another area where goat rearing can generate income. Farmer's looking for specific characteristics in a goat breed can purchase stock or kids from particular goat breeders who specialize in distinct types. Alternatively, you may breed goats to create your own new stock.
You can also set yourself up as the go-to person when it comes to crossbreeding goats. Allow folks to come to you when they are looking for high-quality goats for breeding purposes. Also available for sale are various goat kinds, each of which serves a specific purpose.
8. Goat Manure:
For the farmer of the twenty-first century, there is no such thing as waste. In agriculture, waste as a whole is no longer an issue. It is more sanitary to use goat manure than other animal excrements.
It is a type of fertilizer that can increase the overall quality and texture of the soil. You can sell your goat dung to crop producers if you keep it properly. They use them as a natural/organic fertilizer to improve the soil's fertility before growing new crops in them.
How Much Can You Make?
The amount of money you make from goat farming will depend on what you want to do with your goats. To begin, it is essential to understand the aim of goat farming before starting your venture.
This enterprise took a little bit of patience, but the rewards in goat farming are worth it after one year of hard work. The most beneficial aspect of goat farming is that you only have to invest Money once on your foundation stock, after which the production cycle will begin again and again. You have to spend money on feed and other low-cost expenditures on farms if you want to succeed.
Goats Profit Types
There are four profit types of goat farming all are profitable
- Goat farming for meat production: In this type of goat farming, you raise goats for meat production and sell your goats to butchers for slaughter. In order to achieve this goal of goat farming, semi-intensive goat farming can provide more revenue for you.
- Milk Purpose Goat Farming: You can raise goat milk breeds and sell their milk to increase profit
- Breeding Purpose Goat Farming: It is one of the most successful types of goat farming, and it requires you to grow purebred goats rather than crossbred since the purebred breed is in more demand mixed breed.
- Selling Goat Manure: If you want to make more money, you can sell goat manure as well.
Best Breeds to Raise on Farms
Goat breeds on farms are divided into two categories, i.e., dairy breeds and meat breeds
Dairy Goat Breeds
When it comes to picking a dairy goat breed for your small farm, you have many options. When selecting a dairy goat species for your farm, aspects such as milk output, milk fat content, and temperament should all be considered. Fortunately, we've developed a list of our top 5 dairy goat breeds for small farms to assist you with this challenging selection.
Although these are giant breeds, they are mild-mannered and require a lot of space to rest and play around. When it comes to milk production, these breeds produce a large amount of milk, averaging 2-3 gallons per day and an average of 1.5 gallons per day, with a low butterfat percentage.
These breeds are typically referred to as dwarfs; however, they produce a substantial amount relative to their diminutive stature when it comes to milk production. Their milk has the greatest butterfat concentration of any milk globally, making it perfect for cheese and cream production. Because of their stature, these breeds are ideal for urban environments and are very safe with children.
They are well-known for being sturdy, dependable goats who are also easy to care for. Their milk has a distinct flavor that varies from breeder to breeder, but aside from that, they are renowned as


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Women in Tech - Jessica Flanagan, Deckard Technologies
Women in Technology: Jessica Flanagan
6 Mins Read | 18-11-2020
Submitted by Surjith on Wed, 11/18/2020 - 13:01
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Jess is passionate about exploring, optimising and creating best practices to develop systems that improve quality and efficiency.
Jessica Flanagan
Collaborating with internal and external stakeholders to understand structural requirements and define standards for how data will be stored, consumed, integrated, and managed across an organisation. She is a skilled trouble-shooter continually focused on identifying, isolating and resolving technical issues.
At Deckard Technologies she leads a team of data engineers, who utilise big data in helping local municipalities navigate the sea of incomplete or inaccurate real estate data sets, and provide them with actionable intelligence for the benefit of the community and its citizens.
Where did your interest in technology come from? How did you decide to pursue a career in technology?
I was exposed to technology from almost birth. My father is a software engineer and shared his love for tech early on. He would read programming manuals such as K&R's C book to get me to go to sleep; this provided the added benefit of allowing him to study simultaneously.
By the time I could read and write I was editing the config files on games in DOS so I could beat him. Tech was always around, and I was elbow deep in it at every opportunity. Initially, I tried to resist the computer science route and carve my own path by enrolling in Chemical Engineering at uni, but it was evident by the end of my first year that I should switch to software.
What are the key things that allowed you to get where you are today and what do you attribute your success to?
First, I think it's important to acknowledge my privilege. Having tech around from an early age was significant. Also, my parents both studied during my childhood - mum worked on her masters, dad always had a textbook out - setting me up to see education as a lifelong activity.
In addition to this, I've made a point of not pigeonholing myself. For a while, I was a software engineer; then I moved into security engineering now, my focus is data and technical leadership. I'm continuously learning and challenging myself by extending my skills inside and outside the office.
Making connections is essential both to find opportunities and to expand your knowledge, it's hard to learn in a vacuum. Taking an interest in what other people are passionate about is a great way to find new passions for yourself.
What is the most valuable piece of advice you have received in your career and how did it help you?
The hardest part of getting into the tech industry is starting. It is easy to come up with reasons why not to, but if you're passionate, make the jump.
Amongst hiring managers within the industry, there can be a stigma around those who haven't completed their computer science degree or attended a less well-known university. I disagree with this mindset, and I believe it to be yet again another barrier to women and other non-traditional candidates.
I would instead encourage any women who want to change careers to do their due diligence and research. Some of the coding boot camps are risky in that they teach students the latest technology; however, they are light on the fundamentals. This becomes a problem when the industry shifts: if you aren't strong in the fundamentals of computer science, you will struggle to pivot with the rest of the industry. Many major universities offer their core courses for free or heavily discounted via online learning platforms; these are a great way to supplement your hands-on skills.
As you transitioned to more senior and leadership roles what was the shift you needed to make?
I needed to learn to take in the right amount of detail on different tasks. It was tough to loosen my grip and not be involved in every decision. You must trust your team, for both them and you. It's important to empower your team - they need to know that if they make decisions in good faith, you will support them.
Changing how I view my work as valuable was also a tough change. It was hard to start judging my productivity based on management tasks as opposed to tangible output. I'm still very hands-on, but I had to learn to let go of the mentality of jumping in and doing it myself.
What was the most challenging situation you've faced in your career and how did you overcome it?
Starting from Day 1 at Deckard was the hardest, so far.
At established companies, when you start a new project, many of the decisions are already made for you, there is a default tech stack to build on, existing relationships with customers and operations teams. We had to start processing vast amounts of data right away, and none of us had used an external cloud provider before. We needed to learn very quickly and correct mistakes as we went. Everything had to be built from the ground up. There were so many decisions to make, a lot of pressure, and if we got it wrong - we were the ones who were going to have to suffer the consequences.
It was necessary to fall back on software/data engineering fundamentals. We kept everything as modular as possible so if we needed to change course we could. We also tried to be conscious of the times we introduced tech debt when getting a Minimal Viable Product out it's inevitable, but you need to budget for it in the future. Two years later, we are still hitting challenging times but having a goal we all believe in really helps.
What advice would you give to other females looking to pursue a career in technology?
Imposter syndrome is genuine, don't let it derail you.
Recognise these feelings when they emerge. The first step is always awareness. Instead of telling yourself, you are going to be found out or you don't deserve success, remind yourself it's normal not to know everything and no one feels confident all the time. Accept that sometimes you will be uncomfortable and that probably means you are learning.
Seeking support is important; building a supportive network of peers and mentors is so crucial for your career and personal development. Be proud of your achievements without needing to compare them.
The impact of COVID-19 and ongoing quarantine measures have been felt globally adversely affecting most individuals and organisations. From your perspective what have been the impacts of COVID-19 within the tech industry?
At least in the short term I've seen a lot more empathy in the industry. Ways of doing things that seemed fixed were quickly reevaluated. I'm a member of a few leadership in tech groups and I was impressed by how quickly companies thought to shut down offices to protect employee health and then followed that up by putting measures in place to support mental health. I really hope those values stay at the forefront of management minds.
Working from home has been a big shakeup, and I hope that it will lead to companies reevaluating needing staff to be on-site or even in the same city. Employing people from where they want to live could lead to a much more diverse workforce.
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Material handling crane rope clamp fixing
Wire rope is an important force components on the Material handling crane, should pay attention to safety during operation. When installing, need to use a rope clamp to fix the rope end, should pay attention to the following points:
1. Wire rope clamp need have the factory certificate and quality certificate. Nut and bolt should be coated with lubricating oil;
2. The clamps specifications should be consistent with wire rope, rope clamp prohibit using on material handling crane which specifications do not meet the requirements;
3. Wire rope clamp should ensure tightening, should be flattened rope diameter of about one-third;
4. In the wire rope fixing process, ensure each two rope close together, otherwise it is not conducive to material handling crane safe using;
5. After wire rope fixing, need to test the wire rope force situation, ensure the wire rope clamp does not appear loose;
6. After testing the wire rope clamp fixed situation, re-tighten to ensure the wire rope clamp fixed.


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Abstract: In this paper, solutions to the problem of voltage sags caused by distributed generators anti-islanding protection are proposed. In a system with both substation and Distributed Generator (DG) supplying in parallel to a load, during any temporary fault condition, the DG will be disconnected from system by anti –islanding protection. After the reclose operation, the whole power has to come from the substation since the DG is no longer present and due to this there is voltage sag at the load end. This problem can seriously affect power quality indices as well as distributed generators reconnection procedure. In this context, this work investigates several potential solutions to be adopted by the utility or the DG owners and presents a thorough evaluation of their main advantages and disadvantages. The presented studies and procedures will guide the utility engineers in the making decision process associated to the choice of reasonable mitigation techniques to this problem. Solutions are simulated using ETAP 12.0 tool and HIL typhoon SCADA software. Certain solutions are simulated by developing a hardware prototype. The results obtained were compared and analysed for the better understanding of the stated solutions.
Keywords: Anti-islanding, Reclosing operation, Voltage sag
| DOI: 10.17148/IJIREEICE.2018.6108


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I carry around a small notebook (usually a 48 page Field Notes) for short fleeting notes. Later I copy them into my commonplace book/zettelkasten/digital garden and expand upon them.
Waste books were used in the tradition of the commonplace book. A well known example is Isaac Newton's Waste Book (MS Add. 4004) in which he did much of the development of the calculus. Another example is that of Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who called his waste books sudelbücher, and which were known to have influenced Leo Tolstoy, Albert Einstein, Andre Breton, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Ludwig Wittgenstein.
Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph (2000). The Waste Books. New York: New York Review of Books Classics. ISBN 978-_PHONE_.