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Comparing relative release potential
Comparing relative release potential
To fulfil their specific functions, additives should stay in the plastics they have been added to. They may nevertheless be released from plastic products during their use, which can result in potential risks to human health and the environment.
The release of an additive depends on some properties of the substance itself (e.g. the molecular weight), its concentration in the plastic material, the diffusivity of the polymer matrix, the dimensions of the article (e.g. the size of surface) and the conditions of use of the article (e.g. temperature). Producers of high quality plastic materials and articles will normally aim to optimise the combination of these parameters to limit release.
Whether the released amount of an additive is of concern for human health and the environment depends on its toxicological and eco-toxicological properties, and how it behaves in water, on skin and in air after release. For confirming or ruling out a concern usually a more in depthassessment is needed.
Under the joint project, ECHA and industry developed a screening method based on the comparison of relative release potential, to enable the identification of plastic additives that should be prioritised for assessment in the light of available hazard data.
The method enables the comparison of the relative release potential of different additives used in plastics. It is meant for screening purposes among those substances not yet under regulatory scrutiny. It therefore makes use of information inputs expected to be readily available for the majority of additives, including substance properties, concentrations, and types of plastic materials they are found in. The tonnage of the additive on the market and its breakdown by article type are is not taken into account, as available data are scarce.
The method is based on existing models for plastic articles. More details on the modelling approaches and how they were used within the framework of the joint initiative are provided in the Supplementary Information on Scope and Methods.
The relative release potential among a set of additives is described by two indicator values, one for the dermal route (covering also oral contact and release to water) and one for the inhalation route.
Based on the available models, it is not possible to derive indicator values for all substance types, and thus more qualitative considerations were applied in the comparison. For pigments with very low solubility in water and octanol, for example, a low release potential is assumed by default. Additives where the release behaviour is very uncertain, such as those with charged migrants, are excluded from the comparison at all.
How it works
Where more than one function or polymer type is relevant, the type leading to the higher release is used as a reference. Where industry could not provide information on the typical concentration in plastic material, a default concentration for the function is used. Where information on the function and/or the polymer matrix was not available, a high default concentration (35 %) and a high diffusivity polymer matrix (polyethylene or soft PVC) is used as the default.
Table 1: Examples for comparing the release potential for organic plastic additives
Substances D, G and M have the highest potentials for release, while substances B, H, I and S have the lowest. This illustrates how the release potential of additives belonging to the same functional group may differ by various orders of magnitude.
Substance name Molecular weight (Da) Vapour pressure (Pa) Water solubility (mg/L) log Kow (-) Technical function Polymeer Matrix Conc. nn polymer (%) Release indicator (dermal) Release indicator (inhalation)
A 403.0 5.63E-04 4.85E-02 5.6 plasticiser PVC (soft) 35 -2 -2
B 637.0 4.21E-21 2.19E-06 9.61 n.a. PA 0.5 -7 -10
C 403.0 1.65E-11 1.26E-01 5.12 n.a. n.a. 35 -2 -8
D 218.0 3.31E-01 5.80E+04 0.36 plasticiser PVC (soft) 10 0 0
E 795.0 3.28E-22 6.60E-11 13.7 heat stabiliser Polyolefin-I 2 -6 -9
F 553.0 1.39E-18 2.75E-04 7.79 antioxidant Polyolefin-I 1 -5 -9
G 255.0 5.93E-16 2.70E+00 -2.28 flame retardant PUR 30 0 -8
H 685.0 9.51E-14 4.68E-06 10 UV/light stabiliser PMMA 1 -7 -9
I 593.0 1.06E-15 2.05E-10 14 Other stabiliser Polyolefin-I 0.3 -7 -10
L 355.0 1.29E-03 1.14E-05 10.2 n.a. n.a. 35 -4 -3
M 350.0 1.10E-11 2.30E+03 0.51 n.a. n.a. 35 0 -9
N 214.0 9.48E-06 1.34E+05 -0.19 flame retardant ABS 25 -3 -4
O 414.0 1.95E-12 2.20E+00 3.57 nucleating agent Polyolefin-I 2 -3 -9
P 451 9.83E-10 4.97E+01 2.9 UV/light stabiliser Polyolefin-I 0.8 -3 -8
Q 224.0 6.28E-03 2.33E+02 2.51 Other stabiliser PVC (soft) 2 -2 -2
R 254.0 2.32E-10 2.80E+03 -2.61 heat stabiliser Polyolefin-I 2 -1 -5
S 733.0 1.07E-14 2.95E-12 15.1 antioxidant Polyolefin-I 0.2 -7 -10
T 483.0 4.05E-06 4.78E-08 12 plasticiser PVC (soft) 35 -4 -4
Table 2: Release potential comparison for different constituents in the same substance
A comparison is made between the intrinsic properties of constituents contained in a single additive and the resulting release potential. The concentrations of the constituents in the substance have not been taken into account, as this information is usually not publicly available. The example shows how the release potential of different constituents in the same substance may differ by various orders of magnitude. This illustrates that proper judgements on the release behaviour of such substances depend on identifying the constituents that best represent the hazard and the release behaviour of the substance.
Name Molecular weight (Da) Vapour pressure (Pa) Water solubility (mg/L) log Kow (-) Technical function Polymer matrix Conc. in polymer (%) Release indicator (dermal) Release indicator (inhalation)
A1 204.0 9.30E-04 3.82E+03 1.21 n.a. n.a. 35 0 -3
A2 457.0 6.30E-09 6.33E-05 9.18 n.a. n.a. 35 -4 -8
A3 849.0 2.73E-17 2.28E-19 22.46 n.a. n.a. 35 -5 -8
B1 331.0 9.51E-08 1.25E-01 5.63 n.a. n.a. 35 -2 -6
B2 569.0 9.35E-13 5.31E-09 13.11 n.a. n.a. 35 -4 -8
B3 892.0 2.64E-18 6.53E-21 23.94 n.a. n.a. 35 -5 -8
C1 326.4 5.38E-04 6.80E-01 4.8 plasticiser PVC (soft) 35 -2 -2
C2 348.0 1.65E-03 1.93E-02 6.46 plasticiser PVC (soft) 35 -2 -2
C3 384.6 1.85E-03 1.70E-04 8.61 plasticiser PVC (soft) 35 -3 -2
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Cision PR Newswire
XPRIZE Rings New York Stock Exchange Closing Bell to Address Global Climate Crisis
News provided byXPRIZE
Sep 19, 2023, 10:00 AM ET
NYSE ceremony during Climate Week NYC underscores XPRIZE's ongoing commitment to climate solutions, followed by panel of alumni innovators
NEW YORK, Sept. 19, 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- XPRIZE, the world's leader in designing and operating incentive competitions to solve humanity's greatest challenges, rings the closing bell at the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) today to celebrate its impact incentivizing innovators to create climate solutions. This esteemed opportunity, timed during Climate Week NYC, commemorates XPRIZE's long-standing commitment to accelerating breakthroughs and setting audacious goals to address threats posed by climate change.
The closing bell marks a significant milestone in XPRIZE's 29-year history as a global leader in designing, launching, and executing large scale global innovation competitions to accelerate a world of equitable abundance for all.
"Over the years, XPRIZE competitions have driven solutions to a range of climate-related challenges, including cleaning and restoring our oceans, increasing access to fresh water, and capturing and recycling carbon dioxide emissions," said Anousheh Ansari, CEO, XPRIZE. "At this moment, all of our active prizes totaling $136 million will directly impact climate, conservation and sustainability work around the world; we're building a movement and inspiring innovators around the world to help us create a positive future."
By ringing the closing bell at the NYSE during Climate Week, XPRIZE hopes to underscore the importance of climate action and demonstrate how setting moonshot goals can help solve the unprecedented challenges we face. XPRIZE's current active prizes working to address various climate solutions include:
- XPRIZE Rainforest - a $10M competition to develop technologies that will change the way we evaluate and support biodiversity and conservation efforts in rainforest communities.
- XPRIZE Feed the Next Billion - a $15M competition to produce accessible and sustainable meat alternatives that outperform chicken or fish in accessibility, taste and nutrition.
- XPRIZE Wildfire - a $11M competition to develop new technologies that autonomously detect and manage potentially destructive wildfires, and enable the safe management of all high-risk fires.
- XPRIZE Carbon Removal - a $100M competition to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or oceans and sequester it sustainably, demonstrating the ability to reach gigatonne scale.
"Our climate challenges cannot be solved with a single solution. They require bold innovation across many industries which contribute to the problems we face today. Developing more sustainable systems across the board from innovations in food production, to assessing and protecting our natural surroundings, and undoing the damage done so far all must happen concurrently and urgently," added Ansari. "I'm confident that each of these prizes will make a measurable impact in their respective industries and move us closer to a balanced and hopeful future."
The bell ringing ceremony will be followed by a panel discussion among XPRIZE competition alumni, including representatives of Air Company, CERT, Clean Robotics, and Quest Institute. These leading innovators will offer insights on the opportunities and major developments in their respective industries, including carbontech, robotics and AI, and STEM. They will also discuss how their participation in various XPRIZE incentive competitions helped lay the groundwork for their current endeavors.
XPRIZE is an established global leader in designing, launching, and executing large scale competitions to solve humanity's greatest challenges. Our unique model democratizes innovation by incentivizing crowd-sourced, scientifically viable solutions to create a more equitable and abundant future for all. Donate, learn more or join a team at xprize.org.
Director of Communications, Marketing
_PHONE_ - xprize.org
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) guiding as conforming and (ii) guiding as complying. I think the "conforming" and "complying" talk is taken from Raz's _Practical Reason and Norms_, but I might be mistaken. Here's what I take the difference to be (I intend these terms to be technical terms). You _conform_ to a rule that enjoins you to V iff you V. You _comply_ with a rule, reason, or command to V only if you V and only if you V for that rule, reason, or command.
Let the moral truth, M, be that you are obligated to be in Samarkand. Suppose you cannot know M but M is a moral truth. Let's suppose you can get yourself to Samarkand. If M is unknowable, you might not be there because you complied with whatever reasons there were by virtue of which you ought to be in Samarkand, but you can surely conform to them. You can conform to them iff you are in Samarkand. If "guide" is understood as "conform", I think 2 is false.
Suppose we read "guide" as comply. So understood, 2 is true. So understood, 1 is false. You can be under an obligation to be in Samarkand and so obliged to act in a way that suffices to get you to Samarkand. You cannot, however, be obligated to act from a particular motive (e.g., the motive of duty). Why not? Because of 3. If ought implies can, you can be obligated to act from one motive rather than another only if you can do that. But, that's not something you can do. Even if you can V, V-ing from some motive rather than another is not something you do. (It is something that happens when you do something, but that's not the same thing.) So, this cannot be what your obligation is.
I can't think of a third way of understanding "guide", so I think the argument against the possibility of unknowable moral truths fails.
I think it's right to argue that at least *some* moral truths must be knowable because of the action guidance aspect of morality. In fact, I gave another argument for that here on Pea Soup earlier. But, I don't think it's plausible to say that all moral truths must be knowable.
Here's another way to argue for that conclusion. Consider the following two claims:
1) Julius Caesar did something wrong on his 16th Birthday.
2) Julius Caesar did nothing wrong on his 16th Birthday.
Now, intuitively and assuming the law of the excluded middle, one of these claims is true. Whichever one of them is true, that moral truth is an unknowable truth if it happens (as it probably does) to be the case that all evidence is lost about what he did on his 16th Birthday. So, it does seem like there are unknowable moral truths. Or, otherwise, certain moral truths that were moral truths stop being moral truths once we lose the evidence about the past.
Also, many expressivists like Gibbard who think that moral truths must be action-guiding accept that this kind of past moral truths can be and are action-guiding (well, beliefs about them more properly). So, I don't think you get a direct argument from the action-guidingness to there not being unknowable moral truths. I do think there's slightly more complex argument to be made to the conclusion that some moral truths must be knowable.
Instead of what's morally permissible, let me introduce the concept of "the things Fred is rationally required to do", or for short: what's FRR. I will assume that you accept a structurally similar argument showing that there are unknowable truths about what's FRR. And I'm pretty certain I would want to deny that conclusion, and deny your premise 2 in that case. So you ask: What's special about FRR, such that the "margin for error" principle doesn't apply to it, whereas we can arguably all accept that it does apply to knowledge about, for example, tree heights?
I think the answer has to be that you're misunderstanding the concept of what's FRR by presupposing a picture of it as a set of truths that exists prior to Fred's coming along and discriminating between cases, as for the case of tree heights. Fred's powers of discrimination between cases are of course still limited in the sense that he is often unsure of what's FRR - for example: when there are considerations of very different kinds pointing in opposite directions, Fred may be unsure of whether one set of considerations outweighs the other, or whether they are equal. But crucially, Fred is not unsure in these instances because he's trying to properly describe some fact about what's FRR that exists prior to and independent of his actual or ideal judgments. What he's unsure about is, rather, how to solve his practical problem about what to do.
Your argument for unknowable truths depends on the margin for error principle: Fred can't know that doing p is FRR in a given case unless doing p is FRR in the neighbouring cases that Fred can't distinguish from it - cases, say, where the considerations in favor weigh just slightly more or slightly less - otherwise Fred's belief would be too unreliable to constitute knowledge. Then you need to assume that there exists a case right at the margin, where the considerations in favour have _barely enough_ weight to make doing p FRR. From these two assumptions, you can derive that doing p is FRR in this marginal case, can't Fred know that it is.
But how can this description of the marginal, unknowable case be a coherent description of any case of what's FRR? After all, what I *mean* when I say that Fred is rationally required to do p is that Fred's own reasoning should lead him to the conclusion: do p. And that's why what's FRR is different from tree heights. The fact that a tree is 60 inches high does not depend on whether or not Fred ought to believe it. But the fact that doing p is FRR does depend on whether Fred ought to reach the conclusion: "do p" by his own reasoning. So whenever Fred does reason in the right way to the conclusion: "do p", it's implausible to deny either that doing p is FRR in this case, or that Fred knows that doing p is FRR in this case. The marginal case could only be a case where, if the considerations in favor of doing p were very marginally weaker, Fred's reasoning in the right way would produce a different result. But then the margin for error principle can't be applied: there *are* no neighbouring cases where the truth might outstrip Fred's ability at least in principle to recognize it. Fred *can*, at least in principle, know just where the threshold lies.
If you will agree with me about the case of what's FRR, then you could only run the Williamsonian argument with respect to moral truths by start out with the assumption that moral truths are like tree heights rather than like what's FRR. So I think the argument about unknowable moral truths is question begging.
Since (1) and (2) are not basic in the sense I discussed, I don't really think their unknowability is problematic. I agree with you that only some moral truths must be knowable. But it's a specific class that must be knowable: moral propositions whose truth does not depend on anything contingent (i.e., basic moral truths). It is those truths that are meant (ultimately) to be action-guiding, and thus those that are the referred to in Premise 1 of my argument.
This is great. Your reply is just the sort I tend to worry about (this stuff is part of my dissertation) and if you have time to read a bit more and hash it out a little, it would be great. All that is by way of explaining why the following is so absurdly long.
I think it is clear that we have a classic sort of "one man's modus ponens..." going on. You take it that there can be unknowable moral truths, and thus you read "guide" as "conform" because otherwise there is a conflict with OIC. I, on the other hand, start from a different reading of "guide" (more on this below) and thus conclude there can be no unknowable moral truths. We may, of course, just have a conceptual stalemate. But I'd like to say a bit more before we reach that sad conclusion.
One clarification before I start: One might object to my Premise 1 because one disagrees that the moral ought is overriding (thus it is not always the case that we ought to be guided by morality). If that's right, then we can just replace each instance of "moral" with "normative." Since the moral is a subset (though perhaps not a proper subset) of the normative, if all normative truths are knowable, so are all moral truths. So I don't think this will affect the argument between us in any way.
Here is an expression of the action-guiding nature of morality (similar to my Premise 1):
Premise*: The moral [or normative] facts are facts by which we ought to guide our actions.
If we read "guide" as "conform," this is the same as saying:
Conformation: The moral facts are facts about what we ought to do.
Conformation is, of course, a conceptual truth. But I take it that the action-guiding nature of morality is stronger than this.


Case-Sensitive Calls to SQL
Published on October 14, 2010 | Filed Under SQL
Storing case-sensitive information in a SQL database can be a bit of a challenge. Traditionally, if you're going to store information that needs to be retrieved based on the case, you need to encrypt it. But what happens when you are brought in on a project and a data set has been given to you, which has been created over a long period of time? Sure, you can create an application that goes through and encrypts the data, then go through thousands of lines of code, to ensure that every reference to that field is changed to use your encryption method. But maybe that's not an option.
Since the string-based SQL objects are not case-sensitive, you won't ever be able to specify that it be called in such a manner. Over the next few weeks, I'm going to explore several options and try to make a series out of this post. I do believe that SQL is a very important language for all programmers to learn, so I highly recommend doing more research than what I may suggest in any articles relating to it.
SQL Strings and Case-Sensitivity
For today's post, I'm going to show you a quick method for converting your strings to Binary. The advantage here is that capital and lower-case characters differ in the world of Binary.
Let's use the following bit of data:
ID SpecialCode
1 DXbvcf?L^D
In this example, I have ID set as an Auto-Incrementing INT and SpecialCode is set as an NCHAR with a length of 10.
If we wanted SpecialCode to only be accessible when someone properly specifies the correct case, we can't just use a basic SELECT statement. We would get results for the following statements:
 --Proper Casing:
 FROM My_Table
 WHERE SpecialCode = 'DXbvcf?L^D'
 --Incorrect Casing:
 FROM My_Table
 WHERE SpecialCode = 'dxBVCF?l^d'
Notice the casing on the string
It's unfortunate, but at the same time, SQL couldn't possibly make it case-sensitive. Would you want to try to create a login control, where 10,000 people would have to remember how they capitalized their username? You'd get requests all day long for people who "can't login".
Casting a SQL String to SQL Binary
This brings in our solution for telling SQL to make your strings case-sensitive: VARBINARY.
The purpose of VARBINARY is to cast a string to a binary value. The VAR should be used, since you aren't going to be 100% sure how long you want this to be. (We'll re-address this in a moment, but for now, we'll pretend like we don't know.) So your SQL statement has to be altered a bit:
 DECLARE _USER_ NCHAR(10)
 SET _USER_ = 'DXbvcf?L^D'
 FROM My_Table
That seems simple enough, but look at the first two lines again.
 DECLARE _USER_ NCHAR(10)
 SET _USER_ = 'DXbvcf?L^D'
SQL objects need to be explicitly declared! Basically, if you put your code to validate inline, the binary value comes out differently. I can't, for the life of me figure out why this is, but all I can tell you is that it does! You will save yourself from a huge headache if you can just remember this. It doesn't even appear to matter what data type you use, either. I've changed NCHAR to NVARCHAR and the results came out alright.
As stated before, I'm going to try to do some more research on ways to help you make your SQL data case-sensitive. If you have any suggestions, please feel free to leave a comment and I'll share them in future posts.
~Derek Torrence
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Typical large scale duck farm has the number of 2000 duck heads. These ducks are raised for the purpose of laying. The eggs are then incubated to produce balut and penoy, which are one of Filipino's must loved street food. Balut and penoy business depends heavily on the continuous supply of eggs. Being able to take into account that Filipinos love balut and penoy, the business of duck farm is a sure profit business. Proper management should always be observe, just like any business.
The layer ducks will be producing eggs. For 1 male to 3 female duck ration, the egg production cost will be optimum for daily production consideration. Female ducks will require area, feeds, clean water, and shelter. Same goes to male ducks, which are raised to help the females.
With a ratio of 1600 female ducks and 400 male ducks, the farm can generate 800 to 1000 plus eggs a day. Applying good management and techniques on the farm operation, one can have such productive farm. Care for these bird will make the farm produce more eggs, compared to poorly managed farm.
Focusing on the need of the ducks is essential. Among the primary needs of ducks are:
 1. Bathing Water Pond. The ducks, being birds fond of bathing on water, need bathing pond. The water is contained on an improvised water pond, possibly made of cement and hollow blocks. It is important for the ducks to cool down on such ponds, and clean their feathers. The water must be replaced when already dirty, since the ducks will not bathe on dirty water pond. Providing a bathing pond increase egg laying and productivity.
 2. Food. The ducks are nourished with quality feeds, rich in protein and energy giving nutrients. The ducks when properly nourished will give more eggs. The ducks must be feed equally as much as possible. Distribute the feeds in many feeding areas in order for each bird to eat.
 3. Shelter. The shelter is needed to protect the birds from sun, heat, and rain. The house can be made of concrete or wood posts, and galvanized or coconut nipa roof. The area needs to be well ventilated. The flooring can be filled with rice hull for egg laying.
Collection of eggs involves careful collection of eggs in the shelter. Eggs can be laid anywhere the farm, hence spotting eggs around the area is needed. The eggs can be transported by pale, basket, or available container that can safely handle the eggs.
The eggs are incubated for balut and penoy making. Prior to incubation, the eggs are cleaned by wiping it with clean cloth. Care must be done in order to not break the eggs. The eggs will be incubated in secure incubator for 18 days. The eggs will be ready for marketing and pickup from dealers and balut business partners.
By techno
Techno is an IT professional dedicated to providing proven reviews and insights to technology. With constant exposure to the latest innovations, technical interpretation is given in specific manner yet, also provides digestible exquisiteness of the topic in various fields in IT, Business, and Lifestyle.


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Objective: This study examined the association of proximal femur shape with ipsilateral medial and lateral compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA). Design: Radiographs were obtained from the NIH-funded Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI). Cases of isolated radiographic lateral compartment knee OA were defined on baseline radiographs as Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) Grade≥2 and joint space narrowing (JSN)>0 in the lateral compartment and JSN=0 in the medial compartment; isolated medial compartment knee OA had K/L≥2 and JSN>0 medially with JSN=0 inthe lateral compartment. Controls had K/L<2 and JSN=0 in both compartments. Controls were frequency matched to cases by sex and 10-year age intervals. We characterized the shape of the proximal femurs on radiographs using Active Shape Modeling (ASM) and determined the association of proximal femur shape with knee OA using logistic regression. Results: There were 168 lateral compartment knee OA cases (mean body mass index (BMI) 29.72±5.26), 169 medial compartment knee OA cases (mean BMI 29.68±4.83) and 168 controls (mean BMI 26.87±4.2). Thirteen modes were derived for femur shape which described 95.5% of the total variance in proximal femur shape in the population. Modes 6, 8 and 12 were associated with prevalent lateral compartment knee OA. Medial compartment knee OA was associated with proximal femur modes 1, 5, 8, and 12. Conclusions: Prevalent lateral and medial compartment knee OA are associated with different ipsilateral proximal femur shapes. Additional studies are needed to better define how the shape of the proximal femur influences compartment-specific knee OA.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Biomedical Engineering
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine


text:
Like I said...
Have you ever said the above? It's common (and perfectly tolerable) in informally spoken and written English; I'd expect to see the above construction in blog posts and emails, and to hear it in conversation. But in terms of proper grammar, as would be required in a formal research paper, the above is incorrect. The correct construction should be:
As I said...
The same problem occurs here:
You look like you've seen a ghost.
That should actually be:
You look as if you've seen a ghost.
[NB: Purists may see the above and argue that "as though" is more appropriate, claiming that "as if" is counterfactual. A question for another blog post, perhaps?]
"But, WHY?" I hear you screech. The general rule is this:
Use as (if) before a clause (or verbal construction); otherwise, use like.
CORRECT: You look like my sister. ("my sister" is a noun phrase, not a clause)
CORRECT: You look as if you're hungry. ("you're hungry" is a clause)
CORRECT: As I mentioned earlier... ("I mentioned" is a clause)
CORRECT: But in terms of proper grammar, as would be required in a formal research paper, the above is incorrect. (though not a clause, the phrase "would be required" is a verbal construction)
Simple? Clear? Try your hand at the following. Answers will be between the brackets following the quiz; highlight that space to see them.
1. Do _____ I do, not _____ I say.
2. Why can't you be more _____ your brother?
3. You've failed, Your Highness, for I am a Jedi, _____ my father before me.
4. _____ I was saying before I was rudely interrupted...
5. _____ sands through the hourglass, so are the days of our lives.
6. This case isn't _____ that case at all!
7. _____ you wish.
8. Please make corrections _____ necessary. (Watch out! This one's tricky.)
9. I am, _____ you now clearly see, a vampire.
10. All the same, I am not _____ other vampires, for I am a vegetarian.
ANSWERS (highlight the space between the brackets to see)
1. as, as ("I do" and "I say" are both clauses)
2. like ("your brother" is not a clause)
3. like (from "Return of the Jedi"; "my father" is not a clause)
4. As ("I was saying" is a clause)
5. Like (from an old daytime soap opera)
6. like ("that case" is not a clause)
7. As ("you wish" is a clause)
8. as (the sentence can be written out more fully as "Please make corrections AS THEY ARE necessary," or "...AS YOU DEEM necessary.")
10. like ("other vampires" is not a clause)


Quick Answer: What Is The Most Common Wall Texture?
What are the 2 types of texture?
The Two Types of Texture — Tactile and VisualTactile texture is the real thing.
Visual texture is not real texture.
Basic Art Element — Texture.The information in this art lesson is provide FREE of charge..
What does knock down texture look like?
Knockdown texture is a drywall finishing style. It is a mottled texture, more intense than a simple flat finish, but less intense than orange peel, or popcorn, texture.
Can you put knockdown over orange peel?
Two common texture types are orange peel and knockdown. You can apply new texture right over the top of the existing texture as long as you are using a heavier texture style, such as the random trowel.
What is example of texture?
An example of texture is the smooth feeling of satin. A structure of interwoven fibers or other elements. The distinctive physical composition or structure of something, especially with respect to the size, shape, and arrangement of its parts. The texture of sandy soil; the texture of cooked fish.
What is the texture of a wall?
Wall textures are commonly used to finish interior wall surfaces and hide taped drywall seams along with other imperfections. At the same time these textures transform flat walls into a finish that reflects light and adds interest to any room.
Are textured walls still in style?
Textured, even excavated interior walls—the sort with charmingly exposed plaster or peeled-back wallpaper—are trending. … Not so much the other sort of textured walls: the "orange peel," popcorn, or faux-stucco walls that might plague your house or rental.
What does orange peel texture look like?
Orange peel has all the textural excitement of popcorn without any of the pain. In fact, it looks exactly like its name: a dimpled surface that is textured, yet smoother to the touch, much like an orange.
Do I need to prime painted walls before texturing?
You could prime before texture if you want, but it is an unnecessary step when the fresh bare drywall is the perfect surface to accept texture as it is. Just brush the surfaces down with your hand or a dust brush beforehand so as to remove as much of the surface dust as possible.
How do you roll texture on walls?
Fill a paint tray with the texture material or texture paint. Dip a paint roller into the paint tray, roll it out, and then apply the texture over the wall or ceiling surface. An ordinary roller cover will produce a texture, but there are also special roller covers available that are designed for stippling.
Can you knockdown orange peel texture?
Homax® sells drywall texture spray cans that work just like most aerosol cans. You can buy them specifically for knockdown or orange peel texture. Though they are convenient for small patches or repairs, it is very difficult if not impossible to match the original texture using this method.
What are the 3 kinds of texture?
The four common texture types are monophonic, polyphonic, homophonic, and heterophonic. Monophonic texture includes only a single melody line. If more than one musician plays the same melody together, this is called playing in unison.
Which is better orange peel or knockdown?
Orange peel is actually a tiny splatter and has become very common. It can be sprayed on both walls and ceilings, as well as painted however you like. It can be varied in it's application from fine to course. Knockdown texture makes a nice modern ceiling or wall finish.
There are many types of textures you can make for your ceilings, such as Skip Trowel, Knockdown, Swirl, Lace and Spray Sand or Popcorn. These five textures are the most popular ones.
What is the best texture for walls?
Here are 10 wall textures to consider.Comb. Comb textures are popular for those who favor highly stylized wall surfaces and they are created through techniques which create lines of varying widths. … Popcorn. … Orange Peel. … Sand Swirl. … Knockdown. … Skip-Trowel. … Slap Brush. … Rosebud.More items…
What are the 4 types of texture?
What is an example of homophonic texture?
Homophonic Texture Definition Homophonic texture is the most common texture in Western music. … A rock or pop star singing a song while playing guitar or piano at the same time is an example of homophonic texture.
What is a homophonic texture?
A musical texture consisting of one melody and an accompaniment that supports it. Homophony is a musical texture of several parts in which one melody predominates; the other parts may be either simple chords or a more elaborate accompaniment pattern.


liquor liabilityUnder dram shop liability laws, a party injured by an intoxicated person can sue establishments contributing to that person's intoxication. The term "dram shop" was derived from 18th century English taverns that sold gin by the spoonful, called a dram. Dram shop laws are established by each state.
Dram shop laws can apply to:
 - bars
 - liquor stores
 - restaurants
 - social clubs and private events where liquor is served
The laws also include prohibitions against selling liquor without a license, selling liquor after hours, and selling liquor to minors. For example, if a person has several alcoholic drinks at a restaurant or bar and is visibly intoxicated, and then gets in a car and kills someone on the way home, the owner of the serving establishment can be sued for damages. A dram shop case is often a component of a larger accident case such as a DWI. The statute of limitations on the dram shop portion of the case differs from those that apply to the other claims made in the case.


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This effect lets you adjust the brightness and/or contrast of the movie you are creating. It's commonly used when the video or images added to the Timeline are too dark (or bright) or need sharpening or softening. You can adjust:
Drag the slider to increase or decrease brightness. The values range from -100 to 100. Values below 0 will darken the video and values above 0 will brighten the video.
Contrast is the difference between the dark and light areas of the video. Increasing this number can make details stand out more, while decreasing it can make an image look "softer" and less harsh. The values range from -100 to 100. Values below 0 will reduce the contrast of the video and values above 0 will increase the contrast of the video.
Gamma slider is used to alter the gamma of the video. The values range from -100 to 100.


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Special Education Teacher - SPED
As part of our mission to pave the way for children's success worldwide, Therapy Source is currently seeking several Special Education Teachers(SPED) to provide services for both elementary and middle school students in a charter school setting. These positions are for the remainder of the 2018/19 school year.
1st position: Maternity leave coverage for a 10 student caseload in a middle school setting.
2nd position: Caseload of 15-20 students in a high school setting.
Special Education Teacher (SPED)Days/Hours Needed: 7:30 am to 4:30 pm /37-40 hours per week
Special Education Teacher (SPED)Qualifications:
- Bachelor's degree required; Master's degree preferred
- Certification in Special Education highly desirable
- Possession of (or willingness to obtain) up-to-date clearances
- Proof of individual professional liability insurance (or willingness to obtain)
Special Education Teacher Responsibilities May Include:
- Driving student achievement for students with disabilities
- Responding to progress monitoring results and student assessment data
- Establishing a positive, structured, achievement-focused classroom
- Providing support to students, parents, and general education staff and supporting student learning
- Mentoring and coaching students on self-regulation and organizational skills
- Developing effective IEPs that translate into measurable results for students
Enjoy scheduling flexibility, impressive hourly rates, and amazing support from our dedicated account team!
Along with your resume, please be sure to include the best time of day and phone number to reach you. We will then reach out to discuss your qualifications, and answer any questions you may have about the position.


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Linden (Tilia) Tea And Its Benefits
Linden flower tea may be your new go-to beverage when you are suffering from common ailments such as indigestion, a cold, or a headache. Often used as a diuretic, this healthy tea strives to boost your immunity and rid your body of disease. However, as with all natural remedies, speak with your physician first, especially if you take prescribed medications such as Lithium, as linden tea may interact with the drug.
What is Linden?
Linden is a tree. It is in the same species as the Tilia, or lime, tree and grows in Europe, Asia and North America in temperatures that are not consistent. The northern areas of these countries are perfect for growing these tall trees that often stand up to 90 feet tall. The trees leaves drop in the fall, but the tree can live up to 1,000 years. These early-blooming trees have flowers that exude a strong, sweet smellone that often carries over into the tea. The dried lime flower blossom in addition to the leaves are used to make Linden tea. Even the wood from these trees which is turned into charcoal has been used for medicinal purposes.
What is Linden Tea Good For?
This health-boosting tea has shown many benefits. Its uses range from every day ailments to unique skin disorders. Try Linden tea when:
- you want relief from the common cold as it makes it easier to cough up phlegm
- you need a reduction in fever or inflammation
- your blood pressure is high
- a sore throat continues from coughing or nasal drainage
- your stomach is irritated from foods and you are experiencing indigestion, gas or bloating
- you are anxious or have difficulty sleeping
- you have an ear infection and want relief
- your joints are swollen
- your skin is itching
- your heartbeat is irregular, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center
Linden tea may provide relief for all the above conditions. This herb is helpful is creating sweating which can boost a fever and help your body fight infection.
What Does Linden Tea Taste Like?
Although often referred to as the lime flower, linden tea does not taste like the small, green, citrus fruit. It does have a sweet, pleasant taste due to the strong aroma from the flowers, which also produce a sticky substance to make honey. You may find the tea delicious on its own as it has a strong flavor.
If the flavor of Linden tea does not agree with your, but you still want the health benefits, you can pair the tea with others such as peppermint or chamomile. Chamomile will help to increase the anti-anxiety benefits of linden tea. If the taste is too sweet, you can calm it with cream or with with teas that have the opposite flavor such as green tea. Choose decaffeinated options if you are using the beverage to help you sleep.
Healing Benefits of Linden Tea
Linden tea contains properties that help you to overcome the common cold, lessen your headache, reduce your ear ache and treat your gastrointestinal disorders. The properties from the flower and leaves work together in linden tea as:
- an anti-spasmodic
- an anti-inflammatory
- a diuretic
- an immune-booster
- a nerve tonic
- a fever inducer
- an astringent, since it contains tannins
- a sedative
- a mucus-reducer
The anti-spasmodic properties are helpful to those suffering from muscle spasms, IBS, or excessive gas and bloating. The anti-inflammatory benefits of linden tea can be used internally to provide relief from conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or externally, applied to the skin to help with conditions such as cellulitis or edemaskin swelling. If using linden tea as a diuretic, you may find relief from high blood pressure and incontinence. Linden tea's sedative properties are beneficial to those who need help sleeping, or to reduce their anxiety.
Biochemical Profile of Linden Tea
Tilia cordata, one of the linden trees that is small-leafed and Tilia platyphyllos, the larger-leafed tila species, both contribute to the benefits of linden tea. The flavonoids in linden flowers are what provide the immune-boosting and antioxidant benefits of linden tea. Also in the flowers, is volatile oil which helps to reduce anxiety. According to the University of Michigan, linden tea is part of the "nerve tonic" group which is beneficial to those suffering from anxiety. The mucilage components of the flowers and leaves are what help to reduce inflammation.
Are There Any Side Effects from Linden Tea?
The benefits of Linden tea have not been promoted for use in children, so speak with your health care provider before giving the tea to a child. Females who are pregnant or nursing should also avoid the tea, as its safety has not been monitored for this population. For adults who use the recommended dosage, side effects are limited. You may experience an allergic reaction in the form of hives or skin irritation. If so, please discontinue use immediately.
Linden tea may interfere with other medications or conditions. Since it is a diuretic, it may contribute to an excess of Lithium remaining in your system, so speak with your doctor about adjusting your dosage if you take Lithium. If you already take a diuretic, also check with your doctor or pharmacist to determine if linden tea will interfere. If you have an existing heart condition, check with your physician first, as linden tea has been linked with heart damage.
Dosage and How to Make Linden Tea
The dried flowers and leaves from the linden tree are used to make tea. You can purchase pre-made teas, or purchase the dried flowers and make your own tea. The dosage will vary depending on your age, weight and general health, so use caution at first. Steep two to three teaspoons with one cup of boiling water for approximately 10 minutes, or until it reaches your desired taste. Let the beverage cool before you drink it or apply it to your skin. You can drink two or three cups a day.
Who Can Benefit from Linden Tea?
Those who frequently suffer from the common cold or who need to boost their immunity will benefit from linden tea. If you have discomfort from inflammation, linden tea may provide relief. If you suffer from frequent headaches or excessive bloating, linden tea can help reduce your discomfort. You may also turn to linden tea for its anxiety-reducing properties to help you sleep.
What We Like About Linden Tea
It it useful for common ailments not just rare conditions or diseases. You can add this your daily routine to help strengthen your health. Plus, the flavor is easy to tolerate and does not have to be masked with many additions.
Did You Know?
- The sweet, sticky flower substance of the linden tree is used to make a type of honey.
- Although referred to as the lime tree, it does not grow, or taste like the lime fruit.
- The small leafed tree is known as the winter linden and the larger leaf variety as the summer linden.


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A dialect continuum
means a large geographical area, where the spoken language differs only slightly from village to village, but over a longer distance the differences become that huge, that mutual intelegibility is not possible, which would indicate, that these dialects are Abstandsprachen (pl. of Abstandsprache
). But these dialects can be seen as dialects of a single language, as long as if there is a common standard language, through which communication is possible. Such a situation is called Diglossia
The Romance languages of Portugal, Spain, France and Italy are often cited as an example of this, although the intermediate dialects are tending toward extinction.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


What we do
Follow ODI
What Kenyan ghost-writers can teach us about prejudice in the digital gig economy
Written by Susan Njambi-Szlapka
Hero image description: Young men working on laptops. Image credit:Matt Biddulph Image license:CC BY-SA 2.0
Would you trust a Kenyan to write your Bachelor's or Master's thesis? Recent research finds that Kenyan nationals are not trusted by American students to do so, forcing academic ghost-writers to hide their identity to win work.
Besides obvious ethical issues, this raises wider questions about the online gig economy including exploitation, trust and discrimination, including how we talk about equality in digital labour.
Coronavirus has also fuelled a sharp decline in demand for and an increase in supply of online workers. Online "place-based" platforms that require physical on-site delivery such as Deliveroo or GetBoda are seeing an increase in demand. But online gig workers on platforms like UpWork are facing more competition for fewer jobs as clients curb non-essential spending and more people seek digital sources of income. These same platforms are even asking online workers to pay in order to bid for work.
Under these circumstances it is crucial to understand how online gig workers in developing countries, who often have no access to any form of social protection, compete in the online gig economy to earn their livelihoods while identifying ways to combat the discrimination many experience.
One account, many identities: the online gig economy labour market
There are 6 million people in developing countries participating in online labour according to the Online Labour Index, while 60 to 70% of all online gig workers in Kenya are ghost-writers. However, this wrongly assumes accounts on gig economy platforms like UpWork have just one user per account.
Instead, accounts with good reviews are often shared between ghost-writers and traded on the black market, making ghost-writers key contributors to this underreporting. Owners of such accounts employ others to do the actual work, while using VPN's (Virtual Private Networks) to hide user's locations, making many ghost-writers in Kenya and elsewhere invisible.
Therefore, the real number of online workers is estimated to be up to 8 times higher. So why is this behaviour so widespread?
The false promise of digital globalisation
In the flat-world narrative of globalisation, online work is based on merit and value for money, as technology levels the playing field between workers in the Global North and South by removing the impediment of geography. This apparently allows workers in the Global South, as long as they have internet access and possess the right skills, to outcompete their northern counterparts by underbidding for online work generated in a small number of rich countries in the Global North.
However, recent studies find that prejudice around geography and identity are still key drivers in who wins work and under what conditions. Young ghost-writers in Nairobi even report that advertised jobs sometimes go as far as saying that people from certain countries should not even "bother bidding".
Reputation is everything, but it is more costly for Global South workers
Cognitive shortcuts have been well-established in hiring practices on the platform Nubelo. Clients assume workers from lower income countries will provide less valuable work and therefore pay them disproportionately little or don't hire them at all. In the absence of organisational affiliation, workers from developing countries are perceived as representatives of a nationality, rather than individuals with different experiences, credentials and personalities.
The exception is where a worker has a good reputation.
The reputation of an online worker, captured through ratings by previous clients, is key for their competitiveness and is much more costly for those in lower-income countries when it impacts their likelihood of employment.
However, if a client has a good experience with someone from a developing country, they are more likely to hire other workers from that same country. Therefore, while in the short-term hiding identity and location helps, it could inhibit worker's future long-term ability to find work.
Four ways we can mitigate online discrimination
 1. Online platforms can learn from analogue labour market measures to enable merit-based hiring practices (including for instance anonymised CVs).
 2. More rigorous research could help us understand what is exacerbating discriminatory hiring practices including language barriers, sense of shared values and expectations around education systems.
 3. Increasing fairness through algorithms could include prioritising displaying information relevant to a person's qualifications or credentials, rather than their location (this could even go further and place people from certain regions at the top of search results). Nubelo has already used this to help newcomers compete against established online workers.
 4. Finally, increasing awareness among clients hiring online workers could also help address these biases.
How we navigate the world of online work
There is still a global division of labour determining what type of jobs online workers in the Global South are entrusted with and those they are presumed unqualified for. This division, based on prejudice, will likely reinforce old power structures where repetitive or less complex tasks are left to the Global South, while complex and better paying tasks remain in the Global North. However, as the former become automated, this could leave workers in low-income countries vulnerable.
If demand for online workers is diminishing in the wake of Covid-19, the situation in developing countries will only worsen. Governments, donors and online platforms in the north and south will need to devise ways to overcome these issues of discrimination, while also supporting online gig workers both now and post-Covid.


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How does he deal with the paper?
He doesn't he posts them on his blog and students access them as needed.
The format of the following graphic organizer has been changes because I can not download tables in this post. For further information you can contact Dan at: _EMAIL_
Think: Pair : Share:
As you read, identify the change, or changes, the speaker wants. Include a line from the text to prove it. And then discuss what this might tell us about the speaker. On the back, compare and/or contrast yourself to the speaker of this piece in a brief paragraph or two.
Changes the Speaker Wants:
Page # & Quoted Text to Prove It :
What Does This Tell You about The Narrator?:
Word (Page #):
Definition In Your Words :
Doodle to Help You Remember:


Global Leader in Phase Change Materials
Call Us : _PHONE_ | Email:
Passive Thermal Energy Storage [P-TES]™
Whether in a greenhouse or an indoor grow facility, managing both temperatures and energy usage represents one of the most extreme and toughest challenges. Yet these severe changing conditions represent an ideal opportunity for phase change materials.
Templok™ uses PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS to absorb and release that thermal heat within your building naturally.
It works just like ice inside a cooler, but it freezes and melts at the temperature you need to sustain your facility. Templok™ can be installed over walls inside greenhouses and grow rooms, or can be used within our proprietary duct solution.
DURING DAYTIME: Templok is used to absorb free heat from the sun in winter, or unwanted heat in summer as the PCM inside the tiles goes through a melting phase.
DURING NIGHTIME: Templok is used to release this heat back to the facility to save energy in winter, or can exhaust heat or recharge using fresh air or cheap cooling in summer.
Wall Mount - PASSIVE
Templok PCM is mounted to framing spaced approx 24″ c/c horizontally or vertically. The Templok panels have a 3/4″ flange, which is secured to the framing.
Insulation is suggested behind the PCM to protect from exterior conditions.
PCM is then covered for protection. Recommended is a metal or aluminum wall panel. Green helps absorb heat from sun, silver/galvanized helps reflect sun to boost sunlight on plants.
Ducted CommercialACTIVE
DAYTIME – As greenhouse warms during the day, the PCM will melt and absorb free heat from the space. This provides cooling to the space, which results in summer benefits and free heat storage in winter.
For indoor grow rooms with high internal heat, this is hugely beneficial for absorbing heat for cooling load reductions.
Fans, dampers and controls (by others) help control the system. Insolcorp can assist with sequence of controls and system design.
NIGHTTIME – As greenhouse or grow room drops in temperature at night or when grow lights are turned off, the fan still operates and circulates cooler air through the PCM core.
As the air flows through the PCM core, the PCM begins to refreeze and release it's heat (eg. 25ºC/78ºF) back to the greenhouse. Essentially releasing free solar or waste heat from the daytime for heating benefits.
PCM Sizing Information
Greenhouse Insulation & Design:
We typically recommend having as much insulation and energy efficiency in greenhouse design as possible, to increase the capability of PCM cycling. Hoop house / poly type greenhouses for instance, can sometimes be challenging to get enough heat in winter to melt PCM. They also suffer from significant heat loss compared to more passive solar greenhouse designs.
How Much PCM is Enough?
Many greenhouses suffer from significant heat loss in winter. PCM can be used to extend of improve the growing season, or can be used to help reduce how much energy is using to maintain growing conditions.
Wall Applications:
A typical Templok™ tile contains 100 btu's of thermal storage potential per square foot. Or 2,500 joules per m2.
Therefore, a case of (x10) tiles is equal to:
 - 4,000 btu's
 - 4,200 kJ
 - 1,172 Watthours
Templok™-AIR Duct System:
Insolcorp offers a standard sized duct unit which can be co-ordinated with your project. This unit is 24″x24″x48″ in size, and can be linked to a 500 to 750cfm fan (by others). For more customized approaches, talk with our team and we'll help you design the right solution.
A 24″x24″x48″ unit will typically provide the following energy outputs
 - 6,000btu/h Output
 - Average 10ºF drop or rise in temperature with 500cfm of air flow.
 - Average 36,000 btu's (3 tons, 10kWh) of total energy storage per day,
PCM vs Water Storage
Assuming a temperature difference (Delta-T) of 20ºC or 36ºF, a 55 gallon drum of water could store approximately 9,000 to 10,000 btu's of thermal energy. However this energy would not be concentrated at any one temperature, and would instead be evenly distributed across all temperature ranges.
With just 24 Templok™ tiles, the same amount of energy could be stored. However the PCM in Templok ensures this energy is concentrated at a much narrower range. Helping keep greenhouse and grow-houses closer to target temperature.
Furthermore, the 1/4″ thick profile of Templok helps significantly improve thermal conductivity compared to the slow process of extracting energy from a large water barrel.
The result? A more efficient storage solution that takes up ZERO growing floor space.


Mathematics Construction
Mathematics is constantly used in construction.
Consider your own room. If you want to put a new carpet in your room, and you know that your room is 4m long and 3 meters wide, calculate the number of square meters of carpet you will need.
Let l = length, w = width then the area = l w = 4(3) = 12 m2.
The store has a roll of carpet 4 meters wide with 2 meters left on the roll. Is that enough for your room?
The square footage on the roll = f(x) = 4x where x = number of meters left on the roll.
f(x) = 4(2) = 8. Since you needed 12 m2, this remnant is not large enough for your room.
More complicated construction involves drawing quadratic equations in order to cut out the parts. In a simple example of this you may be given a quadratic equation for the wing of a model airplane. There is a simple way to determine whether the parabola will cross the x-axis and how often. Using this will make drawing your part easier.
Remember the quadratic formula: x = (-b ±√( b2 -4ac))/2a
The part of the formula b2– 4ac is called the discriminant.
If the discriminant is
 - Negative, then the graph does not cross the x-axis.
 - Zero, then the graph is tangent to the x-axis, i.e. touches it at one point.
 - Positive, then the graph crosses the x-axis at two points, the solutions to the equation.
Try these questions
1. A water tank in the shape of a right circular cylinder is 20 ft long and 6 ft in diameter. How much sheet metal was used in its construction?
If the diameter is 6 ft, then the radius is 3 ft. The surface area of each end is given by the area formula for a circle with radius rA = (pi)r2
The surface area of the cylinder is the circumference of the circle, multiplied by the height: A = 2(pi)rh.
Then the total surface area of this tank is given by:
2 ×( (pi)r2 ) + 2(pi)rh
 = 2( (pi) (32) ) + 2(pi) (3)(20)
 = 2( (pi) × 9 ) + 120(pi
 = 18(pi) + 120(pi
 = 138(pi)
Therefore, 138(pi) square feet was used.


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Did you know that the food our kids eat can play a crucial role in shaping their behaviour?
Food can even address aggressive behaviours like bullying?
A recent study, the 2019 Canadian Health Survey on Children and Youth (CHSCY), shed light on a concerning statistic – a whopping 71% of Canadian adolescents aged 12 to 17 reported encountering bullying in the past year. Bullying, whether it's physical, verbal, or emotional, has far-reaching consequences on social, physical, and mental well-being.
Let's look at an exciting solution to address children's aggressive behaviours through nutrition!
Nutrition & Bullying
What if I told you that nutrition can make a difference here?
Research suggests that implementing prevention programs, with a focus on supplementation or improved nutrition, can be a game-changer.
Picture this: in juvenile correctional institutions, adopting nutrient-dense diets aligned with World Health Organization guidelines led to a jaw-dropping 50% reduction in violence and antisocial behaviour. Now, don't get me wrong; I'm not saying we should turn our homes into mini correctional facilities. But the connection between nutrition and behavior is too fascinating to ignore!
And guess what: These positive outcomes extend beyond correctional facilities to our regular school-going kiddos aged 6-12.
The Power of Childhood Nutrition
In a fascinating study, school-aged kids who received low-dose vitamin-mineral tablets showed significantly less violence and antisocial behaviour compared to those given placebos.
This highlights the potential of supplementing with a good multivitamin to address antisocial and aggressive behaviours in our school-aged children. It's not just about boosting vitamin concentrations in their blood; it's about enhancing brain function, leading to a nearly 50% decrease in institutional violence and antisocial behaviour.
To sum it up, we've got a powerful tool in our hands – nutritional interventions.
Addressing Aggressive Behaviours
If we want to tackle bullying, we need to recognize the pivotal role of nutrition. Research strongly supports the significant impact of supplementing with essential vitamins and minerals, providing a cost-effective opportunity to reduce aggression and violence in both correctional institutions and regular school environments.
So, let's work together to foster healthier relationships and creating safer school environments for our incredible youth. Because when it comes to our kids, every little step toward a brighter future matters.
Recommended Nutrients / Vitamins for Kids 3-12:
The study mentioned above gave the inmates a daily multivitamin and an omega-3 supplement that contained about 50% of the RDA for 4 weeks. Here are some great multivitamins and omega-3 options for you to try at home:
Natural Factors Big Friends Multivitamin & Minerals


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International accounting harmonization has always been a significant issue in accounting study at the recent time. With the development of international capital market and the growth of global economic, international accounting harmonization has become a mainstream trend all over the world (Senin,2012). Also, the hot issue drew a great attention with extensive debates. Goeltz (1991) stated that all of the harmonization of international accounting standard has not intrinsic value as well as practically abilities, and capital market has well-developed in the absence of international accounting standard with a number of relevant evidence.Therefore,the purpose of this essay will critically assess the related viewpoints and arguments in the article of Geoltz.
According to the relevant arguments of Goeltz (1991),due to a single standardization of accounting standard has a lack of practical feasibility. so the universal accounting standard with consistency is a quite tough objective. Taking a instance in that article, FASB in US has only notified a new intact standard during three years, and the rest of previous standard in that time period has not any substantial development as well, it just like the speculation problem can not be settled as the consequence of the lack of field test or completion for deferred tax asset of continual deferral over and over again,therefore, it may leads to taking a long time to setting a efficient accounting standard. In addition, another reason from Goeltz (1991) is that the harmonization can not exist without tremendous support and authorize,countries usually sustaining their own standards instead of focusing the globalization of accounting standard due to some restriction of factors, as Baker and Barbu (2007) demonstrated, there were vitally impediments to get accounting harmonization,which is caused by a lot of elements like historical,cultural or political issues.
Moreover, another significant opinion of Goeltz (1990) is that the capital market can be growing normally without international accounting harmonization, With respect of the related statistics, stock value was risen sharply in the international capital market without international accounting standard, financial derivatives just like swaps of currency or other oversea investments generate sustainable benefits, which make a strong capital market as well. But contrary to what different accounting principles have adversely affected to value of equities, because of accounting differences among countries. users of accounting information could have misleading for making a decision in capital market.After that,in Geoltz's (1991) final argument concludes that the market can not affected by accounting standard.
Through the analysis of the Geoltz's article, the author basically has a clear comment about the unnecessary and obstacles of global accounting harmonization and unworthiness or inapplicable of the international accounting standard in the market. It may be true that the viewpoints of Geoltz is proper to some extent in 1990s or the several years before,because this is exactly no doubt that Accounting international harmonization is a difficult process, which could not be solved overnight due to the differences in accounting or other factors, despite all this, my perspective is that the author should not deny all of the necessary functions of the global accounting standard harmonization.The reason is that with the continuous development of international accounting standard, it seems like more applicable in the modern world. Firstly, there are number of benefits about international accounting standard harmonization. Senin (2012) stated that Internationally recognized standards not only for the cost reduced but also for countries become a part of mainstream global accounting standards at once.Moreover,the global transaction and investment are increasing reliance on the applicable international accounting…


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3 reasons chewing gum is good for your teeth
The act of chewing gum sounds rather naughty, doesn't it? And maybe even a little childlike? This is true where bright coloured balls of flavoured gum are concerned, but the sugar-free varieties you see dotted around the supermarkets and convenience stores are actually anything but.
Chewing sugar-free gum as an adult is actually ridiculously good for your teeth, and something we should all be doing daily. So, instead of reaching for a sweet treat after each meal, tuck into some minted gum and you'll not only satisfy your craving, but make your teeth extremely happy, too.
3 REASONS CHEWING GUM IS GOOD FOR YOUR TEETH
#1. It helps clean your teeth
Do you brush your teeth each time you've finished eating? Didn't think so. But don't worry – just pop some gum into your mouth and consider the job done. Well, almost. Because the act of chewing sugar-free gum stimulates a high rate of saliva flow, food particles wedged in between your teeth, in your mouth and on the surface of your teeth are rinsed away. This doesn't mean you can ditch the toothbrush altogether, but it does mean you don't need to take it with you here, there and everywhere.
#2. It reduces acid wear
After you eat, the acid levels in your mouth rise, which is bad news for your teeth. Too much acid in your mouth causes your tooth enamel to soften, putting them at great risk of dental erosion, which leads to cavities. Chewing gum reduces this acid attack by helping the mouth produce more saliva. As its main natural defence against acid, the mouth can then help replace any lost minerals through the increase in saliva, effectively re-strengthening the teeth.
#3. The sweetener Xylitol actually helps prevent cavities
Sugar is bad for your teeth, this we know. Yet despite its sweet, sugary taste, Xylitol is actually good for your teeth. This naturally occurring sweetener that's commonly used in gum is mighty effective at preventing cavities because it doesn't act as fuel for the nasty organisms living in your mouth like real sugar does. The means bacteria levels are reduced, making your mouth a safer place for your teeth to inhabit.
Added bonus: chewing gum also combats bad breath and dry mouth, which are caused by a lack of saliva. Yes, we already know the minty flavour makes our breathe smell instantly fresher, but because your mouth naturally produces more saliva while you're chewing, it targets the cause of your stinky breath at the same time.
Did you know chewing sugar-free gum had so many health benefits for your teeth? How often do you chew gum? Will you be popping a few pellets into your mouth after eating from now on?


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This domain includes the larger expanses of Holocene sediments and landforms throughout Britain, with the exception of blanket peat on the hills. It mainly includes areas of very low relief and low-lying coastal tracts.
The domain has almost complete cover of superficial deposits (~85%). Organic deposits form about 10% of the area (~12% of the area of superficial deposits).
This area is underlain by thick sequences of alluvial, lacustrine, estuarine, beach, aeolian and marine deposits, locally concealed by and extensively interbedded with peat. This includes the extensive lowland peats of the Fenland, Broadland and the Somerset Moors and Levels. These peats are mainly the product of rising water tables in response to rising relative sea levels during the Holocene.
|Subjective guide to dominance within this domain||Topogenous mires||Soligenous mires||Ombrogenous mires|
|Locally present||Open water transition mire||Valley mire|
|Rare||Basin mire||Spring mire||Raised mire|
For further information please contact Marieta Garcia-Bajo


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Open Access Thesis
Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering (M.S.M.E.)
Year Degree Awarded
Month Degree Awarded
The influence of symmetry breaking on the flow induced oscillations of bluff bodies in the steamwise direction is studied. First, a series of experiments is conducted on a one-degree-of-freedom circular cylinder allowed to exhibit pure translational motion in the streamwise direction over a range of reduced velocities, 1.4 < U* < 4.4, corresponding to a Reynolds number range of 970 < Re < 3370. Two distinct regions of displacements were observed in reduced velocity ranges of 1.6 < U* < 2.5 and 2.75 < U* < 3.85. Measured force coefficients in the drag and lift direction were examined, along with the wake visualization, through the range of reduced velocities, to infer the resulting wake modes. A new Alternating Symmetric (AS) mode was found. This transition from symmetric to AS shedding occurred near the end of the first region of response. Similar tests were run with a square prism in the parameter space of 2.4 < U* < 5.8 and 757 < Re < 1900 over angles of incidence of 0° ≤ α ≤ 45°. A distinct region of lock-in is observed for α = 0°, 2.5°, 5°, 7.5° over 3.2 < U* < 5.4 for α = 0°, and decreasing with increasing α. The wake structures were found to be roughly symmetric for α = 0°, but transitioned towards asymmetry with increasing α. For α = 0° and 2.5° a gradual increase in the asymmetry of the fluid forcing was observed with increasing U*, similar to the circular cylinder.
Gurian, Tyler, "Streamwise Flow-Induced Oscillations of Bluff Bodies - The Influence of Symmetry Breaking" (2018). Masters Theses. 646.


Image: Sotheby's International Realty
Castiglione, Capri, Italy
Image: Sotheby's International Realty
If you'd like to live like a Roman emperor (and really, who wouldn't?), living in a villa once occupied by an actual Roman emperor might be a good place to start. As luck would have it, just such a villa hit the market a few weeks ago. Called Castiglione, it's one of twelve villas on the Italian island of Capri built for Tiberius, second emperor of Rome early in the first century AD. The asking price, a mere 45.5 million dollars, includes the 6,921 square-foot fortified villa, a swimming pool overlooking the Mediterranean, a 9.8-acre terraced garden, and slave, er "staff" quarters.
You might be surprised that Castiglione isn't a museum or a protected monument, given the structure's cultural and archaeological significance. But as far as I can tell, no one has ever advocated preserving Castiglione as a heritage site. There are a number of good reasons for this, but the greatest contributing factor may be that cultural heritage – the idea that certain places are of such historical and cultural importance that they should be preserved and made accessible to the public – didn't become popular until the 20th century. And in Europe, where a continuous cultural tradition stretches back thousands of years, many historically significant places like Castiglione remain privately owned simply because they've always been privately owned.
The sales listing for Castiglione refers to the villa as "one of the twelve villas of Tiberius" but, to be fair, not much of Tiberius' original villa remains. It isn't clear when the villa was abandoned, but at some point between Tiberius' death and the fall of Rome it was left at the mercy of the elements. By the Middle Ages, the villa had gone the way of indoor plumbing and literacy in Europe – very little of it remained. Centuries of neglect reduced the once-opulent structure to a few crumbling walls and battered marble floors. Adding insult to injury, the site was thoroughly looted by a series of enterprising, medieval treasure hunters. Even the marble floors were eventually sold off to be used in the construction of royal palaces elsewhere in Europe.
Sometime around the year 1000, a small castle was built on top of the original villa ruins. In 1283 Charles of Anjou, a French noble who managed to become King of Naples through an improbable combination of papal grant and military conquest, restored and reinforced the castle. Perched atop a limestone crag overlooking the town of Capri and the Gulf of Naples, the castle remained an important military outpost in later centuries. The British occupied Capri in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars and used the castle in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to defend the island against Murat and his French and Neapolitan troops. The castle was damaged during the battle and was later abandoned. By 1950, when it was purchased by an Italian duke, it had once again fallen into ruin. The duke, who at the time seemed to be more interested in the property's killer sea views than its history, restored the castle walls and built the modern residence within them that is for sale today.
If someone were to begin the process of designating Castiglione a piece of cultural heritage and preserving it for future generations, they would face a great deal of uncertainty. Who's to say future generations will value the villa in the same way we do? And what would Tiberius think of all this? Would he want his villa preserved as a monument, or would he rather it continue to be used for its original purpose: as an extravagant private residence? Does it even matter what Tiberius would have wanted? These aren't easy questions to answer, but these are the sorts of things people consider before conferring protected status on a place.
There's also the question of resources. Castiglione is one of twelve Tiberian villas concentrated within Capri's 4-square-mile land mass. There's only so much money, time, and effort set aside for the preservation of cultural heritage, and in situations like this, governmental and private organizations must use the resources available to them to the greatest effect. It's not hard to see how Castiglione, a 45-million-dollar mansion, could have escaped consideration as a heritage site.
Several of Capri's other Tiberian villas remain ruins and are protected and open to the public. The largest and best-preserved of these ruins is Villa Jovis, which is thought to have been Tiberius' primary residence on the island. Archaeologists excavated the site in the early 20th century, and the villa ruins have been open to the public since 1937. Unlike most of the island's Tiberian villas, Villa Jovis wasn't completely covered over with layers of later construction. So if the goal is to preserve structures from the time of Tiberius, the ruins of Villa Jovis offer a more complete picture of an original Tiberian villa than Castiglione, which more closely resembles a heavily modified, 13th-century castle. Of course, the choice to preserve structures and sites associated with the Roman Empire is deeply subjective, and in a broader sense, the places we designate cultural heritage sites say something about which parts of our history we value most.
History has conspired to make Castiglione a private residence. This means that the property, which has been home to a Roman emperor, a strategic fortification, and a battlefield, among many other things over the last 2000 years, is now owned and maintained by a single person. If I were this person, I would feel a crushing sense of responsibility to maintain the property and honor the history of the place. Tiberius is remembered as a stereotypical, hard-partying-binging-and-orgies kind of Roman emperor. So luckily for Castiglione's new owner, honoring the property's history may include an obligation to throw lavish parties.
This short video was created back in 2008 as an advertisement for the European Union's Marie Curie science fellowship program. It imagines what elements would look like and how they would interact if they were people, and the result is pretty funny. But weirdly enough, this approach to understanding the elements isn't so far off from how many chemists actually think about chemistry. Chemists often talk about "promiscuous" atoms or molecules when discussing particularly reactive chemicals – even within the otherwise unimaginative text of an academic journal. And chemists are constantly concerned with the emotional wellbeing of atoms and molecules: 'Is this atom happy or unhappy?' they'll think to themselves, and occasionally say out loud, while figuring out how a chemical reaction works. By "happy" they mean stable and by "unhappy" they mean reactive. A carbon atom, for example, is happy when it's bound to four other atoms. But strip away one of these bonds and the incensed carbon will do whatever it takes to reestablish the lost bond.
In my own work as a chemist, I'm guilty of occasionally imbuing molecules with personalities and other human traits as well. Some molecules, for instance, are wallflowers. They seem shy and sensitive and need to be carefully coaxed into participating in a reaction with just the right set of conditions. And other molecules seem to have a one-track mind, reacting in the same way over and over again, no matter how much you try to persuade them to do otherwise. I imagine them as creatures of habit, like people who order the same dish every time they go out to eat. Still other molecules are extreme extroverts, forming bonds with anything and everything around them. These are the aforementioned "promiscuous" molecules.
It's not just chemists who anthropomorphize their work. I suspect that most scientists do this to some degree, whether they admit it or not. After spending months or years or even decades studying a single, specific topic, it's only natural to form a one-sided relationship with a research subject. Humans are social creatures after all, and thinking about the world in social terms is something we're prone to do. And although this is a very unscientific way to think about things, I don't think it necessarily prevents scientists from doing good science.
Except when it does. Even though I sometimes invent a personality for a molecule, I know the molecule is really just a non-sentient collection of atoms held together by electromagnetic forces. But when the research subject is a living thing, the situation gets muddier. During the 20th century, scientists discovered that certain species of bacteria produce a wide array of antibiotic compounds. Of course, they then went on to isolate some of these compounds and used them to treat infections in humans, revolutionizing the field of medicine. The flip side to this story is that for decades after these antibiotics were discovered, biologists generally assumed that the bacteria that produce them use them for the same purpose we do: to kill other bacteria. In a 2010 article in Nature, biologist Julian Davies describes how this assumption led many biologists to describe bacterial ecosystems as "battlefields" where bacteria employ "chemical weapons" in a competition for space and nutrients. This view of bacterial ecology mirrored the human world, where resource competition often leads to war.
Davies argues that the idea of "bacterial warfare" made sense to biologists because it matched up well with human experiences. It made so much sense, in fact, that biologists didn't consider the possibility that bacteria might produce these antibiotic compounds for some other purpose. For some bacteria


text:
POUR LA SOLIDARITÉ – PLS takes multiple initiatives for strengthening:
- participatory democracy,
- citizen participation in politics,
- integration of immigrants,
- efforts to combat discrimination.
The think & do tank conducts activities, which - in a direct or indirect way – motivate the inhabitants of all European countries to make use of the possibilities European citizenship creates. Thus, PLS works for the creation of a larger dialogue between public authorities, civil society and companies in order to create an inclusive European Union until 2020.


text:
The X Games (ESPN competition)
Xare (a sport played with a racket)
The X Games is an extreme sporting event that includes dirt bike riding and Snowboarding. BMX and Rally are also featured.
Well, Cross Country is sometimes abbreviated as "X" Country, the X standing for cross.
quoits [there is actually a Victorian Association with teams and ladders]
X-treme skate boarding
There are several sports starting with letter X, but they aren't very popular or widely-known. For example, Xingyiquan - type of Chinese martial arts; Xare - a racket sport and Xiangqi - a Chinese table game, similar to Chess.
* If playing the xylophone is a sport, then the sport would be called xlylophony. and a player would be called a xylophoner. * Lacrosse begins with the cross (x) * + all sports that are exciting ( x citing) How about this:
The X Games is an annual event with a focus on extreme action sports. The Winter X Games are held in January or February and the Summer X Games are usually held in August. Participants compete to win bronze, silver and gold medals, and prize money.
For more information, try this site:
Why do you care what sports start with the letter x???
One sport is called X GAMES.
Get ur answer somewhere else cause i got nothin type in,"fruit that starts with d"
From the Bounty books crossword dictionary Under the Games,sports and pastimes section xyst xystos.
Xingyiquan - type of Chinese martial arts;
it took me a while to find this
there is an argentinian sport named XARE.
The most famous sports word that begins with x is the X-Games. They are games where people skate and bike across complex courses and do lots of tricks. It is extremely interesting to watch.
Xingyiquan is a martial art.
well it endsx with x s*x
I don't think so...
x games and the xhare
No river in Texas starts with the letter X.
There are no English words that begin with the letter x that mean adventurous.
If you mean what adjective means 'dog-like' then 'canine' is the word.
Xavier University Musketeers
There are no Olympic sports that begin with the letter x.
There are no countries in Africa that begin with the letter X.
Equestrian is a sport that involves horseback riding. To the best of my knowledge there are no sports that begin with the letter x.
what are some places in Mexico that begin with the letter X
Plants that begin with the letter X:XanthocerasXanthorrhoeaXeranthemumXerophytexylemXylosma.xylem
There are no US states that begin with X. == ==
Xeranthemum and Xanthoceras are flowers. They begin with the letter X.
there is no feelings that start with an x
· x-rated · xenophobic


text: COMPARE THE MALE CHARACTERS IN THE TWO POEMS. COURSEWORK ESSAY Between 500 -1000 words. The first paragraph should tell the reader which poems and which author, and mention the title as the subject of the essay. STRUCTURE – make a point, then use a quotation to support your point, then go on to explain your point. Look at THEME RHYME METAPHOR PERSONIFICATION ATMOSPHERE IMAGERY SYMBOLISM EMOTIVE WORDS Points to write about – What we find out in the poems about the setting, the worlds they come from. One is rich and luxurious. The other? In each case who is the man addressing in the poem. Their attitudes towards the women -Both men are possessive, but in different ways. How does this manifest. Both are passionate and want to 'own' the women. How does each man describe the woman in the poem – what can we tell about his character and his emotions from his description of her. Porphyria's lover is very emotional and passionate – describe, explain, quotations - how does this lead to her death. How emotional is the Duke? Describe in detail again. How does this lead to the death of the Duchess. One death is clearly described, one is more ambiguous. Is either death justified? What does each man do after the woman is killed. Different reactions – describe and explain. What do these differing reactions tell us about their states of mind, their guilt.. Describe the ending of each poem The last paragraph should refer back to the title of the essay and form the conclusion.


text:
National Post (National Edition)
Re: An inspiring true-life tale of surviving mental illness, Marni Soupcoff, Dec. 18
The elephant in the room as it pertains to treating schizophrenia, is that 50 to 90 per cent (as commonly cited in medical literature) of those with the illness don't believe that they have it or require treatment. This lack of insight into their illness is unequivocally, by leaps and bounds, the greatest obstacle to their receiving adequate treatment. After all — why would anyone accept treatment for an illness that they don't have?
Fortunately the mental health laws in Ontario and generally throughout Canada do under certain circumstances allow for involuntary treatment for such individuals. This allows them to remain stable and living their lives out of hospital. Unfortunately, in much of the United States and a number of other countries, such individuals are allowed to languish in the types of squalid and dangerous lifestyles described in the article, all in the name of protecting civil liberties above all else — no matter the cost to the patients and their families. David Kantor MD FRCP, Toronto


text:
WHAT IS A POINT OF SALE SYSTEM?
Point of sale (POS) or checkout is the location where a transaction occurs. A "checkout" refers to a POS terminal or more generally to the hardware and software used for checkouts, the equivalent of an electronic cash register.
A POS terminal manages the selling process by a salesperson accessible interface. The same system allows the creation and printing of the voucher.


Benefactress in a Sentence 🔊
Definition of Benefactress
who gives money or other help to a person or cause
Examples of Benefactress in a sentence
Many celebrities donated small amounts to the charitable organization, but Oprah and one other benefactress gave over a million dollars each. 🔊
Although the benefactress asked to be kept anonymous, most people knew that wealthy heiress was responsible for the building of the hospital. 🔊
A banquet will be held to honor the mayor's wife, a caring benefactress, who always gives large sums of money to the local food drive. 🔊
Other words in the Generous category:
Most Searched Words (with Video)


text:
Definition: An elegant program is the shortest program that produces a given output. In other words, a program P is elegant if no program shorter than P produces the same output as P.
NOTE: "Program" here means code plus input data. Every elegant program produces a single, unique (but possibly infinite) output. Some obvious but important consequences of this definition are 1) every output from an elegant program is computable and 2) there are an infinite number of elegant programs, one for each possible computable output.
Theorem (Chaitin): It is not possible in general to determine whether or not a given program is elegant. (In particular, it is not possible to determine whether or not a program P is elegant if P is larger than a certain threshold size.)
Proof by reductio:
Assume that there exists en elegance-testing program ET. ET accepts as input a program P and outputs true if P is elegant and false if P is not elegant.
Construct a program B that takes as input a number N and enumerates all possible programs Pk longer than N. B runs the elegance tester ET on each enumerated program Pk in turn until it finds some Pk which ET claims is elegant. B then runs that Pk, thus producing the same output as that Pk.
Lemma: B must produce some output.
Proof: There are an infinite number of elegant programs, as noted earlier. So if ET works as assumed, B must eventually find one of those elegant programs whereupon it will produce that program's output.
Now run B with N set to the length of B plus 1 (See note 1). (This is the "threshold size" mentioned in the theorem.) B now will produce the same output as some program Pk which ET claimed was elegant. But Pk is longer than B, so Pk cannot be elegant because B, which is shorter, produced the same output. Therefore, ET was wrong when it claimed Pk was elegant. QED.
1. Strictly speaking we have to set N to the length of B plus the length of the bitwise representation of N, i.e. N=length(B) + ceiling(log2(N)) + 1. Showing that this is possible regardless of how long B turns out to be is left as an excercise for the reader.
2. J. P. Lewis wrote an interesting paper on some practical consequences of this result.
3. If you really want to blow your mind, read this, particularly the last paragraph.
Assume that there exists a program H that solves the halting problem, that is, H takes two input parameters, a program P and an input I and returns true if P halts when run on input I, false otherwise.
Construct a program B that does the following: B accepts as input a program P and computes H(P,P), that is, it calls H as a subroutine to determine if program P halts when run on a copy of itself as the input. If the result from H is true then B enters an infinite loop, otherwise B halts (that is, B does the opposite of what P would do when run on a copy of itself).
Now consider what happens if we run B on a copy of itself. B will halt iff H(B,B) is false. But H(B,B) is false iff B doesn't halt, which is a contradiction. Therefore, our assumption is false, and H is impossible. QED.
Turing's original proof of this theorem was remarkable (and complicated) because in his day there were no computers. Not only did Turing have to more or less invent the idea of a program, but he had to conceive of the rather mind-bending idea of running a program with a copy of itself as input. Nowadays this is commonplace. The unix command "cat 'which cat'" is one of the simplest examples of a program operating on itself as input. A compiler that compiles itself is another.


text:
Continuous-fiber extrusions make strong thermoplastics
Continuous-fiber thermoplastic (CFT) materials are a new family of engineered extruded composites that combine the cost advantages of extrusions with the high-strength, lightweight capabilities of composites. CFTs are viable alternatives to conventional metal extrusions and highly filled extruded plastics that have mechanical performance limitations.
The key feature, as the name implies, is that this new process produces parts with continuous reinforcing fibers running axially from end to end. Short and long-fiber-filled thermoplastic extrusions, on the other hand, have discontinuous reinforcing fibers. CFTs also have higher fiber volume. The result is better modulus values, impact strength, and overall durability than possible with other filled-plastic extrusions.
CFTs are manufactured through a hybridization of extrusion and pultrusion processes. Pultrusion techniques create a high-glass-content fiber architecture, and extrusion delivers molten thermoplastic to the reinforcing fibers.
Thermoplastics include polypropylene, polyurethane, PET, nylon 6, and PEEK, with other materials to be available in the near future. Reinforcing fibers are primarily glass or carbon fiber, but the process is suitable for aramids, metaramids, and other fibers.
Here's a closer look at some other features and capabilities:
Part size. The manufacturing process places few limits on part dimensions. Current production parts have a maximum envelope of about 12 in., but larger parts are certainly possible. Thickness is not an issue because the process does not involve exothermic thermosets that could cause thick profiles to crack. The reinforcing fiber determines minimum thickness, and the process places no practical limits on part length.
Mechanical properties. The composites can have a wide range of mechanical properties depending on the thermoplastic, the type and volume of reinforcing fiber, as well as whether or not the extruded profile is composed entirely of CFT.
Typical flexural modulus values range from 3 to 6 million psi. Transverse mechanical properties are typically 2.5 to 4 times better than equivalent fiberglass pultrusions. Overall system durability is fundamentally better because thermoplastic resins have superior elongation characteristics versus thermosets.
Targeted reinforcement. A proprietary process called inSERT technology strategically embeds high-strength CFT material within an extrusion. This two-stage process combines CFT with conventional overextrusion technology. A symmetrical or asymmetrical profile is extruded over a CFT insert, resulting in finished profiles with high-strength materials only where needed.
For example, CFTs can improve the mechanical properties and lower costs of a PVC patio-door frame. Adding four CFT reinforcements in the corners of the extruded profile increases stiffness by 30 to 45%, with the same wall thickness and minimal added cost. Higher stiffness also makes it possible to reduce the wall thickness and save on materials. For instance, using CFT inserts while maintaining the original stiffness reduces PVC volume by more than 35%.
Dual and triextrusion. CFT offers the ability to selectively place material over, around, or in a portion of the extruded profile. As an example, a coextruded TPE strip can create a handgrip on a tool without secondary assembly. Selectively extruded materials can also increase bond-line integrity, provide an electrically conductive path, or perform many other functions within the CFT profile.
Surface effects. As with many extruded materials, CFT permits various surface effects in the host material. In-line knurling, embossing, logo imprinting, or other surface effects can be added at high speeds.
Postforming capabilities. Because CFT materials are based on thermoplastic resins, limited postforming is possible. The high fiber volume of CFT material, however, means postforming capabilities are more limited than with filled thermoplastic. Because the CFT profiles contain continuous axial fibers, postforming geometries must not overstress individual fibers.
For more information:
CFT polypropylene compositeUnidirectional construction, roving only
|Tensile properties (ASTM D3039)|
|Tensile modulus||38 Gpa||5.5 X 106 psi|
|Tensile strength||690 Mpa||100 X 103 psi|
|Flexural properties (ASTM D790)|
|Flexural modulus||32 Gpa||4.65 X 106 psi|
|Flexural strength||517 Mpa||75 X 103 psi|
|Compressive properties (ASTM D695)|
|Compression strength||170 Mpa||24.5 X 103 psi|
|Unnotched Charpy impact||445kJ/m2||-|
|HDT (1.82 Mpa)||159°C||318°F|
|Mechanical properties of CFTs are generally superior to fiber-filled extrusions and fiberglass pultrusions.|