Rank of An Abelian Group
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Rank of An Abelian Group
In mathematics, the rank, Prüfer rank, or torsion-free rank of an abelian group A is the cardinality of a maximal linearly independent subset.[1] The rank of A determines the size of the largest free abelian group contained in A. If A is torsion-free then it embeds into a vector space over the rational numbers of dimension rank A. For finitely generated abelian groups, rank is a strong invariant and every such group is determined up to isomorphism by its rank and torsion subgroup. Torsion-free abelian groups of rank 1 have been completely classified. However, the theory of abelian groups of higher rank is more involved.
The term rank has a different meaning in the context of elementary abelian groups.
A subset {a?} of an abelian group is linearly independent (over Z) if the only linear combination of these elements that is equal to zero is trivial: if
where all but finitely many coefficients n? are zero (so that the sum is, in effect, finite), then all summands are 0. Any two maximal linearly independent sets in A have the same cardinality, which is called the rank of A.
Rank of an abelian group is analogous to the dimension of a vector space. The main difference with the case of vector space is a presence of torsion. An element of an abelian group A is classified as torsion if its order is finite. The set of all torsion elements is a subgroup, called the torsion subgroup and denoted T(A). A group is called torsion-free if it has no non-trivial torsion elements. The factor-group A/T(A) is the unique maximal torsion-free quotient of A and its rank coincides with the rank of A.
The notion of rank with analogous properties can be defined for modules over any integral domain, the case of abelian groups corresponding to modules over Z. For this, see finitely generated module#Generic rank.
 - The rank of an abelian group A coincides with the dimension of the Q-vector space A? Q. If A is torsion-free then the canonical map A -> A? Q is injective and the rank of A is the minimum dimension of Q-vector space containing A as an abelian subgroup. In particular, any intermediate group Zn < A < Qn has rank n.
 - Abelian groups of rank 0 are exactly the periodic abelian groups.
 - The group Q of rational numbers has rank 1. Torsion-free abelian groups of rank 1 are realized as subgroups of Q and there is a satisfactory classification of them up to isomorphism. By contrast, there is no satisfactory classification of torsion-free abelian groups of rank 2.[2]
 - Rank is additive over short exact sequences: if
is a short exact sequence of abelian groups then rk B = rk A + rk C. This follows from the flatness of Q and the corresponding fact for vector spaces.
where the sum in the right hand side uses cardinal arithmetic.
Groups of higher rank
Abelian groups of rank greater than 1 are sources of interesting examples. For instance, for every cardinal d there exist torsion-free abelian groups of rank d that are indecomposable, i.e. cannot be expressed as a direct sum of a pair of their proper subgroups. These examples demonstrate that torsion-free abelian group of rank greater than 1 cannot be simply built by direct sums from torsion-free abelian groups of rank 1, whose theory is well understood. Moreover, for every integer, there is a torsion-free abelian group of rank that is simultaneously a sum of two indecomposable groups, and a sum of n indecomposable groups.[] Hence even the number of indecomposable summands of a group of an even rank greater or equal than 4 is not well-defined.
Another result about non-uniqueness of direct sum decompositions is due to A.L.S. Corner: given integers, there exists a torsion-free abelian group A of rank n such that for any partition into k natural summands, the group A is the direct sum of k indecomposable subgroups of ranks.[] Thus the sequence of ranks of indecomposable summands in a certain direct sum decomposition of a torsion-free abelian group of finite rank is very far from being an invariant of A.
Other surprising examples include torsion-free rank 2 groups An,m and Bn,m such that An is isomorphic to Bn if and only if n is divisible by m.
For abelian groups of infinite rank, there is an example of a group K and a subgroup G such that
 - K is indecomposable;
 - K is generated by G and a single other element; and
 - Every nonzero direct summand of G is decomposable.
The notion of rank can be generalized for any module M over an integral domain R, as the dimension over R0, the quotient field, of the tensor product of the module with the field:
It makes sense, since R0 is a field, and thus any module (or, to be more specific, vector space) over it is free.
It is a generalization, since any abelian group is a module over the integers. It easily follows that the dimension of the product over Q is the cardinality of maximal linearly independent subset, since for any torsion element x and any rational q
See also
 1. ^ Page 46 of Lang, Serge (1993), Algebra (Third ed.), Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, ISBN 978-0-201-55540-0, Zbl 0848.13001
 2. ^ Thomas, Simon; Schneider, Scott (2012), "Countable Borel equivalence relations", in Cummings, James; Schimmerling, Ernest (eds.), Appalachian Set Theory: 2006-2012, London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series, 406, Cambridge University Press, pp. 25-62, CiteSeerX, doi:10.1017/CBO9781139208574.003, ISBN 9781107608504. On p. 46, Thomas and Schneider refer to "...this failure to classify even the rank 2 groups in a satisfactory way..."
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We think of onions as harmless root vegetables, but they're actually clever bulbed bombs ready to defend themselves against all would-be consumers. They quietly lie waiting in farmer's fields and grocery bins, but spring to action when a hungry critter bares its teeth or the chef's blade comes down. The attack is a familiar one. After the first cut, an onion transforms itself into a terrorizing weapon of tear production. But why do onions make us cry? And how can we protect ourselves from this onslaught of tears?
First, some botany. Onions are a part of the genus allium, which includes leeks, shallots, garlic, chives, and scallions. These vegetables develop their characteristic oniony taste and pungent burn from sulfur extracted from the soil as they grow. In particular, the depth and variety of alliums' flavors stem from a class of chemicals known as amino acid sulfoxides, and agricultural scientists have determined that restricting access to sulfur as the plant grows can drastically alter the resulting flavor. The Vidalia onion, for example, grows in the low-sulfur soil of Georgia, resulting in measurably fewer sulfoxides and a sweeter, milder taste (without an actual increase in the sugar content).
This potent onion flavor, however, makes the plants attractive to wild animals looking for a snack. Alliums, therefore, need a defense mechanism that wards off hungry herbivores and makes themselves less enticing as lunch. In addition to the sulfoxides, these vegetables separately produce a number of enzymes that break down the sulfur compounds into irritating agents. In garlic, the enzymes produce allicin, a molecule that stings and burns on direct contact, while certain varieties of chive produce a mild cabbage smell. Onions have the most famous defense of all: Their enzymes produce sulfenic acid that rapidly breaks down into thianosulfinate, the chemical responsible for pungent onion odor, and syn-propanethial-S-oxide, a volatile gas that stimulates our eyes to make tears.
This chemical compound with a mouthful of a name is the reason onions make you cry, but it's only half the story. The real genius of alliums like the onion is that the two ingredients needed to turn on the water works—the sulfoxides and the enzymes—are produced independently and stored separately within the plant; only when an animal bites or a cook chops do the cell walls rupture, bringing the ingredients together. Once the chemical reaction starts, the onion produces the irritant as fast as it can, and the gas begins to bubble out. As the fumes rise and accumulate near your face, your eyes go on the defensive—Make tears! Flush the invaders!—and the build-up of onion vapor reaches peak-pain after about 30 seconds. The reaction is short-lived: Within five minutes, all the available enzymes are used up, and production stops. While the lingering cloud can still do damage, the vegetable salvo is over.
The simplest strategy to protect yourself from an onion attack is to minimize the tearful cloud you produce from the start. Using a freshly sharpened knife and cutting quickly and cleanly means less bruising and breakage—and ultimately less weeping. This is the "trick" employed by professional chefs who don't have time to fuss around, but at best it will limit, rather than eliminate, how much syn-propanethial-S-oxide is produced.
Similarly, small gains can be made if you put limits on how the chemical reaction proceeds. Peeling and soaking your onion in water for several minutes before cutting can flush away some of the sulfur compounds, leaving less raw material to be turned into irritant. This flushing, however, also unfortunately drains away a lot of onion flavor as well. Chilling your onions ahead of time is another option. When the temperature is lowered, the resulting gas produced will be less volatile, and so will be less likely to spread wildly. Fridge temperatures aren't generally low enough (the onion quickly warms back up as you cut it), but frozen onions make fewer tears (though are harder to cut and slipperier to handle.)
Since the breakdown of the sulfur compounds seems hard to stop (and yields a tastier vegetable anyway), maybe we're going about this the wrong way. Can we let the onion vent and just limit our exposure? Wearing goggles is a straightforward, yet fashionably questionable method as it protects your eyeballs until the worst of the gas has past. But if you manage to touch your face or eyes when you remove the goggles, the allicin on your fingertips (that's the skin-burning by-product most potent in garlic, but present in onions, too) may still tickle your tear ducts indirectly. More practical solutions are to cut onions by an oven exhaust or window fan to draw the chemical haze away, or to do your slicing in the sink under running water to flush the annoying enzymes away before they make harm. This last option, though, presents some serious logistical challenges. Wet knife? Wet onions? Lost food bits down the drain, and an increased likelihood that you'll cut yourself? The (potential) reduction in tears hardly seems worth it.
Really, the best method is just to engineer tear-free onions from the start. It happens that the eye-watering syn-propanethial-S-oxide is the product not just of a single onion enzyme, but of a complicated dance between three different enzymes in the onion. If any one of these is cut out of the process, the result is the production only of thianosulfinate—the strong odor and important flavor compound—and none of the eye irritant. Agricultural gurus in New Zealand have used gene suppression to do just this, and claim to have made a tear-free allium (that retains all its tasty onion zest). Though not yet commercially available, this onion's technology might signal the true end to onion's reign of teary terror.
So is there one foolproof protection against a good cry? Not yet. But maybe weeping after vanquishing a worthy opponent isn't such a bad thing after all. Those salty tears can season your dish, too.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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This technique can be used to calculate the difference between any two dates. The worked example shows calculating age and showing this in days and in whole years. It involves using the TODAY and TRUNCATE functions and nesting several functions together.
- Create a table for showing date of birth for required people – start this in row 3
- In cell A1, input the Today function (the today function is always =TODAY(), but can also be inserted using the Formulas tab and is in the Date & Time group)
- To calculate age in days, subtract the date of birth from todays date. To enable you to copy the formula to all rows you should use an absolute cell reference to cell A1. Your formula will read =$A$1-A4
- To convert this into years, you need to divide the age in days by 365.25, so your formula will read =C4/365.25 Were you to use formatting to turn this into whole year (i.e. format the cell to a number showing 0 decimal places, anyone over 6 months towards their next birthday would become a year older! So we need to truncate the number, removing everything after the decimal point and only using the whole years.
- The Truncate function is =TRUNC(Number to truncate, no of decimal places to keep). In the example we want to truncate C4/365.25, but haven't yet put the formula into a cell, as I want just the one formula, so my formula in D4 will be =TRUNC(C4/365.25,0)
- If I wanted to only display age in full years, I could not hide column C or I could have put the whole calculation in one cell, giving a formula of =TRUNC(($A$1-A4)/365.25,0)
- Example 1 below shows the two column solution and Example 2 the one column solution

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Safety Evaluation for Expressways: A Comparative Study for Macroscopic and Microscopic Indicators
- Publication Type:
- Journal Article
- Traffic Injury Prevention, 2014, 15 (1), pp. 89 - 93
- Issue Date:
|Safety Evaluation for Expressways A Comparative Study for Macroscopic and Microscopic Indicators.pdf||Published Version||505.48 kB|
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Objective: This article is to assess the performance of 3 macroscopic safety indicators (speed, speed dispersion, and volume) and two microscopic potential crash risks (time to collision and deceleration rate to avoid crash) on safety evaluation for expressways. Methods: Field data were collected at 3 locations for 4 different time periods on an expressway in Beijing, China. The speed of each vehicle, headway time, and vehicle length were recorded by a traffic management system. The 5 safety indicators were thus calibrated on the basis of the collected data. Further, consistency and comparative analyses were applied to assess the performance of indicators. Results: According to the analyses, speed dispersion was a better predictor of the two microscopic potential risks compared to the two macroscopic indicators. Conclusions: Speed dispersion is recommended to proactively assess road safety because (1) it provides consistent risk evaluation with microscopic potential risks and (2) it makes data collection easier. © 2014 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
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US Knife Laws
KnifeUp provides, for free, knife law guides for all 50 states. Below is a map of the US, click on the state you are interested in to read about it's knife laws. I try to keep these guides as up-to-date and accurate as possible but, for the law changes a lot, please leave a comment if you see something wrong.
Choose Your State
How the US Justice System Works
The United States was founded under the principals of federalism. Under federalism, governing powers are divided between the federal government as well as the state governments. For states existed before the founding of the US, the writers of the Constitution respected the state's authority by limiting federal powers to only those expressly stated within the Constitution. All other governing powers are, therefore, state powers.
For knife law, the only federal law is the Switchblade Knife Act of 1958 as well as the 2009 amendment to the act (see 15 U.S.C. §1244). The federal knife law only applies to individuals who are traveling internationally as well as between states. If you reside in a federal district (see Washington D.C. knife laws), the federal law is the only law that governs knives for you. If you live in one of the 50 states, the federal law would only apply to you if you are traveling from one state to another or if you are entering federal property, such as a military base.
All states have knife laws (click on the map above to find the knife law for a particular state) but some state's knife laws are more up-to-date than others and local municipals often pass their own knife laws as well. For example, if you live in Denver, Colorado, you must abide under the knife laws of Colorado as well as the knife laws of Denver. However, if you travel to Boulder, Colorado (30 minutes away) you must conform to Boulder's knife laws as well. And, during your journey, you must conform to the knife laws of all the municipals in between Boulder and Denver.
This makes knife laws a tricky subject unless your state has a preemption clause. Preemption means that the state government nullifies all knife laws made by municipals. Therefore, when you travel from town to town, you would not have to worry about municipal knife laws.
General Guide to Knife Laws
Knife laws can be divided into these two categories: ownership laws and carry laws.
Ownership Laws
Ownership laws forbid individuals from owning certain types of knives that society has deemed "deadly weapons" or "dangerous." Most of the time, these knives were once associated with unlawful people such as gangs, the mob, and outlaws. It is for this reason that the Bowie knife has been outlawed in so many states.
Carry Laws
Carry laws forbid an individual from carrying, concealed or open, certain knives. For example, some states forbid an individual from conceal carry of knives over a certain length but open carry of that same knife is legal. Other states forbid the carry, concealed and open, of certain knives. Most knives that are barred from carry are ones deemed by society to have no utility uses and, therefore, their only use is as weapons.
Other Laws
Some states have laws that forbid one from aggravated display of a knife as well as committing a crime with a knife. These laws are usually only enforceable after the fact and, for that reason, allows the state to increase the penalty of a crime. For example, robber is a bad crime but robbery with a knife is viewed as an even worse crime and should be punished more than simple robbery.
What is Generally Allowed
If you want to carry a knife that is usually legal everywhere, I highly recommend you buy a knife that is clearly intended for utility use. For example, most pocket knives and all leathermans as well as multi-tools fit this description. As long as the blade is less than 3 or 2.5 inches, you should be fine. Times where this advice might not be true is at: courts, planes, schools, and special buildings that forbid the carry of blades.
17 comments on "US Knife Laws
 1. chad says:
 Map not working on my android phone. Android 2.35 HTC inspire.
 2. Rich S says:
 Even with graphics and javascript on, I can't get the map to load. Can you perhaps but a postal abbrev for the states with a hot link to the laws of that state. Thanks Rich
 3. Nellie Hall says:
 The map was not available. What are the laws for MO and KS? Thanks
 4. david says:
 your US map didn't come up when I clicked to this site
 5. Owen says:
 Are not knives covered under the 2nd amendment also?
 Fewer politicians, more statesmen.
 6. Jay Sheldon says:
 As of July 15, 2013 the ownership and carrying of switchblades in Kansas is now legal. You may want to research this and other states for new laws just put in.
 7. Ken Herman says:
 Map does not work in safari, could you add a list of states or a drop down menu, Thanks
 8. Dan says:
 This is a great resource. I found one area where I was potentially illegal and didn't even know it. Thank you very much!
 9. Brent Pendleton says:
 so are you saying that it is legal to own and carry a switch blade in Utah?
 10. Bret Wolfe says:
 I recently came across your site and noticed that the state of Kansas' section has not been updated to reflect the new laws that took effect in summer of 2013.
 "HB2033 repeals all existing local knife laws in Kansas and enacts statewide preemption of any attempt to pass new local knife laws more restrictive than state law. HB2033 also repeals the ban on the possession of switchblades, dirks, daggers and stilettos."
 11. Jonathan says:
 YES! I've been struggling to get clarity on knife laws for a while. This is a very useful resource!
 12. Paul says:
 13. Dennis Bukovcan says:
 Wisconsin now has Concealed Carry weapons permits. This alows you to carry a knife concealed. Still illegal to carry a switch blade though.
 14. Lee Bell says:
 Information on the types of knives that can be owned and how they may be carried is quite useful, thanks.
 What I came here to find out, however, does not seem to be covered. My question is not whether, or what I can carrry, but where I can carry it. Specifically, I live in Florida and will be traveling in Wyoming and South Dakota in the near future. I need to know what the restrrictions are for carry in various places including bars, government buildings, police departments, etc.
 15. David says:
 I share Lee Bell's difficulties. All of my questions about knife laws begin with 'where' and what I really want to know is which states are off limits with particular blades.
 Please consider adding a way for visitors to select the characteristics of a knife and how they intend to carry it. Then, depending on that input, provide an overview of which states allow such a blade. Ideally, I would suggest color-coding the map.
 For example, someone might select fixed, 4″ blade, open carry. Then he or she would see in which states a knife like that would be perfectly legal, in which states it is completely and utterly illegal, in which states it varies by municipality, and in which states a permit is required.
 This is the most accessible resource for knife law I've found, so I hope this feature request doesn't come across as unappreciative or lazy. I just think that indexing basic knife criteria would be useful to a lot of people.
 16. Bryan says:
 If you could add information about federal motor carrier restrictions, I would be very grateful. I can not find any information about it anywhere. Being an interstate tractor trailer driver, I would really like to know these legalities.
Leave a Reply


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Metals commonly used as anodes include aluminum, brass, bronze, copper, lead, lithium, magnesium, nickel, silver, titanium, zinc and alloys of them. Non-metals also used as anodes include carbon, graphite and silicon. Each of these has a particular set of characteristics that make it better or worse suited for use in different devices and for specific uses. In practice, metal anodes are categorized according to how, and for what purpose, they are used. Electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, structural strength, durability and resistance to corrosion typically are among the characteristics taken into consideration when particular metal anodes are chosen.
Perhaps the most familiar use of metal anodes is in galvanic cells, otherwise known as batteries, where an electric current flows between metal cathodes and anodes immersed in an electrolyte that carries electric current between them. Early batteries used in space missions used silver for metal cathodes and zinc for metal anodes. More recently, rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries have been used to power many electronic devices. Iron and cadmium serve in this way. Light in weight, lithium is also used for metal anodes in rechargeable batteries that are found in portable consumer electronic devices, such as cell phones and portable computing devices. Thanks to advances in technology, lithium also has been used for anodes in lithium ion batteries to power hybrid and all-electric vehicles.
Another common use of metal anodes is to protect metals or other materials from rust or corrosion. For example, sacrificial and offshore sacrificial anodes, which are also known as galvanic anodes, are meant to protect a cathode, typically another metal that needs to be preserved for as long a period as possible, from rust or corrosion. The anode is made from a metal or alloy that corrodes more easily than the cathode. Such is the case with zinc and iron, where zinc, or a zinc alloy, is layered on top of the iron.
With exposure to the elements — air, saltwater or freshwater — oxidation will occur, and electrons will move from the sacrificial anode, the zinc or alloy, to the iron, protecting it from oxidation. By definition, this makes the iron a cathode. Another example of this is the hot water heater anode, where one or more rods of magnesium or aluminum are layered around a steel core, protecting it and the metal outer casing of the tank from the rust or corrosion that would result from regular contact with heated water.


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Updated: 19/09/12 : 07:46:22Printable Version
Russian scientists have revealed that they kept secret a huge deposit of diamonds beneath a gigantic meteorite crater in Siberia for decades.
They claim that the 60-mile wide Popigai crater in eastern Siberia contains "many trillions of carats" of so-called "impact diamonds" - stones good for technological purposes, not for jewellery.
The scientists, from the Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, said the diamond source is bigger than any known reserve in the world.
They are calling for it to be dug up now for the benefits it could bring to industries.
The deposit was first discovered by Soviet scientists in the 1970s, but was left unexplored as the Soviet leadership chose to produce synthetic diamonds for industrial use.
It remained classified until after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Nikolai Pokhilenko, the head of the Geological and Mineralogical Institute in Novosibirsk, told the Russian news agency RIA Novosti that the diamonds found in Popigai include special molecular forms of carbon.
This means they could be twice as hard as conventional diamonds and therefore have superlative industrial qualities.
Mr Pokhilenko said that the diamonds owed their unparalleled hardness to the enormous pressure and high temperatures created by the explosion when a giant meteorite hit the area 35 million years ago.
The institute is planning to send an expedition to the crater in co-operation with Russia's state-controlled diamond mining company Alrosa.


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Compares each student's performance on the whole test and on each learning objective to the corresponding benchmark value. This report allows you to quickly see which students are meeting standards and which students might be falling behind.
The Student Achievement report displays each student's score overall and on each learning objective and compares the score to the benchmark score. Students are sorted by percent score by default, but can also be sorted by name. Several other statistics can also be displayed on this report, including the number of objective and subjective points earned by the student, the student's grade, the scaled score (if applicable), the total number of points earned by the student, the Z Score, T Score, ETS Score, Deviation IQ, percentile and number of questions answered correctly or incorrectly.


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Interaction of lubricin with type II collagen surfaces: adsorption, friction, and normal forces.
One of the major constituents of the synovial fluid that is thought to be responsible for chondroprotection and boundary lubrication is the glycoprotein lubricin (PRG4); however, the molecular mechanisms by which lubricin carries out its critical functions still remain largely unknown. We hypothesized that the interaction of lubricin with type II collagen, the main component of the cartilage extracellular matrix, results in enhanced tribological and wear properties. In this study, we examined: (i) the molecular details by which lubricin interacts with type II collagen and how binding is related to boundary lubrication and adhesive interactions; and (ii) whether collagen structure can affect lubricin adsorption and its chondroprotective properties. We found that lubricin adsorbs strongly onto denatured, amorphous, and fibrillar collagen surfaces. Furthermore, we found large repulsive interactions between the collagen surfaces in presence of lubricin, which increased with increasing lubricin concentration. Lubricin attenuated the large friction and also the long-range adhesion between fibrillar collagen surfaces. Interestingly, lubricin adsorbed onto and mediated the frictional response between the denatured and native amorphous collagen surfaces equally and showed no preference on the supramolecular architecture of collagen. However, the coefficient of friction was lowest on fibrillar collagen in the presence of lubricin. We speculate that an important role of lubricin in mediating interactions at the cartilage surface is to attach to the cartilage surface and provide a protective coating that maintains the contacting surfaces in a sterically repulsive state.
Chang, DP; Guilak, F; Jay, GD; Zauscher, S
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Meet Joey, the winemaker nuclear engineering. In his research, he tracks the winemaking process by analyzing the elements in each stage, from the soil, to the grape, to the wine. In order to figure out what elements are in each phase, he takes samples and then bombards them with neutrons, thus making the samples radioactive. The gamma rays from the samples are then measured and since each radioactive isotope has a unique gamma signature, you can then figure out what elements are in that sample. Learn more about Joey and his research in the video below.
What questions do you have for Joey?


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|Date||2006-10-31 to 2006-12-26|
|Total Depth||1284.85 m|
ANDRILL McMurdo Ice Shelf (MIS) Project
The key aim of the MIS Project is to determine past ice shelf responses to climate forcing, including variability at a range of timescales. To achieve this aim ANDRILL will recover core from beneath the McMurdo Ice Shelf. The primary target for the MIS site is a 1200 meter-thick body of Plio-Pleistocene (0-5 million years ago) glacimarine, terrigenous, volcanic, and biogenic sediment that has accumulated in the Windless Bight region of a flexural moat basin surrounding Ross Island. A single ~1000 meter-deep drillcore will be recovered from approximately 900m of water.
Below is a graphical representation of all core recovered from this hole. Each column represents 10 meters of core. Bright blue areas denote sections of no core recovery. Clicking on the image will allow you to quickly jump to that specific depth in the hole.


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Jan. 26, 2010 Replacing confusing language and icons on standard warnings labels for prescription medicine and listing only the most important warnings could make a big difference in how well patients understand the instructions that are critical to their health, according to a new study from Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.
Simple, concise language on warning labels of prescription medicine bottles is easier for patients to understand than the standard wording commonly used, according to the study. And the fewer warnings on a label, the more likely a patient will actually pay attention to them.
For the study, Northwestern researchers and colleagues worked with patients and nationally renowned graphic designers to simplify and redesign the confusing language and icons of standard warning labels. Many of them have been used for decades without any evidence to show patients comprehend them, or even if they are true.
"The study shows the value of a clear message," said Michael Wolf, associate professor of medicine and of learning sciences at Feinberg and lead author of the study. "A lot of the current warnings were phrased very abstractly and were confusing. For example, we changed 'For external use only' to 'Use only on your skin.' We moved from the intangible to the concise."
Many of these label warnings are critical for patients to take their medications safely. But previous research by Wolf and colleagues found more than half of adults misunderstand common standard drug warnings, putting them at risk for using the medicine incorrectly or even having a life-threatening event.
As a result of the new findings, Wolf and colleagues from Emory, Harvard and Louisiana State universities are working with the U.S. Pharmacopeia on a drug labeling task force to help overhaul the content and use of these labels.
The study also found that newly designed icons improved understanding for patients with low health literacy, a group at greatest risk for misinterpreting instructions and misusing medications. The paper was published in a recent issue of Archives of Internal Medicine.
The graphic designers worked with the researchers and patients to capture their mental images of what each message means. "A current and widely used icon of a pregnant woman resembles an olive," Wolf said. "For most people that probably doesn't convey pregnancy. The new design of a silhouette of a pregnant woman with a bump on her stomach was more easily recognizable to patients."
The design team included Deborah Adler, the co-creator of Target Corp.'s highly innovative and successful prescription bottle and labeling system called the ClearRx system, and Milton Glaser, a co-founder of New York Magazine who is known for creating the "I love NY" logo and a concert poster for Bob Dylan.
Because the study found that patients ignore too many warnings on the bottle, Wolf recommends a limit of two. Those should include the most important few, and these should have evidence confirming their necessity.
Several warning labels found on pill bottles today were created years ago without a scientific base, Wolf said. "There may not be a reason to use many of these," he noted. "And with such limited real estate on a pill bottle, the fewer the better. Our study supports that."
"We need to out which are the most important warnings and only put those on the label. Otherwise you risk the message never reaching the patient," Wolf said. "The more warnings you put on a label, the more you distract them from essential instructions and precautions that ensure they safely use the medicine."
The study included 500 adult patients from two academic and two community health clinics in Chicago and Shreveport, La. The patients were tested on their interpretation of nine drug warning labels that were 1) current standard drug warning labels on prescription containers; 2) drug warnings with text rewritten in simplified language or 3) labels with simplified language and icons developed with patient feedback. The patients reading standard labels had an 80 percent rate of correct interpretations, simplified text was 91 percent and simplified text with new icons was 92 percent.
"Our findings underscore the importance of including patients in the process and using meaningful, plain language to support their understanding and proper use of their medicine," Wolf said.
The study was funded by Target Corp. and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
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Your question: Did yoga originate in Africa?
It is a little-known fact that Yoga first began in Africa, specifically Kemet (ancient Egypt). … According to the book The Metu Neter by Ra UN Nefer Amen, these ancient Africans migrated to India and became what are now known as the Dravidian Indians.
Did Yoga originated in Africa or India?
The popular understanding is that yoga asana dates back at least 5,000 years and was practiced by ancient Indian ascetics. But some say its earliest documentation is actually 10,000 years ago, depicted on temple walls in Egypt.
Where did yoga originated from?
Is yoga an Egyptian?
Kemetic yoga originated in ancient Egypt, then known as "Kemet". Its modern day practice was developed by claiming association with many hieroglyphic texts from the time as well as the wall carvings and paintings on Egyptian temples which portray pharaohs in stretching postures.
IT IS INTERESTING: How many poses are in a yoga sequence?
When was yoga really invented?
How old is the practice of yoga?
Researchers and historians trace the development of yoga back 5,000 years. Some take yoga origins even further back to 10,000 years. Now that's ancient! But because the philosophies and practice of yoga were originally transmitted orally, some mysteries may always remain.
What is Smai Tawi?
Who is known as father of yoga?
Is yoga older than Hinduism?
Who is founder of yoga?
International Yoga Day: The Adi Yogi Shiva is the founder of Yoga. Yoga was developed by the Indus-Sarasvati civilization in Northern India over 5,000 years ago. The word Yoga was first mentioned in the oldest sacred texts, the Rig Veda.
IT IS INTERESTING: What happens if you do 10000 push ups?
Why was ancient Egypt called Kemet?
How long does it take to reach Samadhi?
Samadhi is a painful experience to begin with because you are awarded an extra dimensional layer of spirit. During the initial phase your nerves gets charged from the heavens and it can be disruptive. This process alone takes 4 and a half years to complete.
Is yoga a Hindu or Buddhist?
What happens to your body if you do yoga everyday?
If you do yoga every day, you will get stronger
"You will become stronger and physically fit because you use your body weight to strengthen all your major muscle groups," she explained to The List. "It takes great strength to build up to certain poses that require coordination, poise, and power."
Can Christians do yoga?
This is the beauty of the modern yoga practice – it helps us unite the different parts of ourselves (body, mind, heart, and spirit) and from this place of integrated wholeness, be one with God. … Nevertheless, there are people who will say Christians should not participate in any sort of yoga because of its roots.
IT IS INTERESTING: Question: What can I do with a yoga block?
Beauty Fitness


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For orders to USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand or Japan visit your local Pearson website
Oliver Cromwell is one of the most puzzling and controversial figures in English history. In this excellent introduction, Barry Coward uses Cromwell's own words and actions to analyse the life of Oliver Cromwell as a political figure and look at the historical problems associated with his exercise of power.
Abbreviations and Acknowledgements
1. The Unknown Cromwell
2. Cromwell and the Civil War, 1642-46
3. The Search for Settlement, 1646-49
4. Cromwell and the Rump, 1649-53
5. Cromwell and the Godly Reformation, 1653-54
6. Parliament and Personal Rule, September 1654- September 1656
7. The Continuing Quest for Settlement and Reformation, September 1656 – September 1658
List of Dates
- Invaluable exploration of one of the most overpowering yet elusive characters in British history
- Offers an essential introduction to Cromwell's political career and provides a convincing analysis of his rise from obscurity to power
- Reveals Cromwell's contradictory character and examines his political aims and ambitions.


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- Why are people worried about catching the coronavirus?
- Is there a cure for the coronavirus?
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- What can I do to help?
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To make sure that this book is accessible to every child and family the book is offered totally free of charge to anyone who wants to read it. However, at the back of the book, families can make a donation to help the health service if they find the book useful:
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New Year's Eve is a time to think about our future and take action against climate change. In 2008, the City of Sydney became Australia's first carbon-neutral council and continues to plan Sydney New Year's Eve as part of our commitment to creating a more sustainable Sydney.
A carbon-neutral Sydney New Year's Eve is achieved by:
- Buying carbon credits to offset emissions from the event;
- Recycling approximately 80 per cent of all rubbish collected (about 20 per cent is non-recyclable waste);
- Using recycled water to clean the streets;
- Re-using props and scenic elements;
- Encouraging everyone to take public transport or walk to events and leave the car at home; and
- Measuring the impact of Sydney New Year's Eve.
The City of Sydney will again be conducting an assessment to calculate and offset the greenhouse gas emissions generated by Sydney New Year's Eve, to ensure the event is carbon neutral. The greenhouse gas assessment will measure all emission sources the City of Sydney can control for the event through policy, technology choice or direct authority.
Watch how the City's Zero Waste team maintain our beautiful city on one of the biggest nights of the year!
It is not by chance that Sydney is one of the world's most beautiful cities. The City of Sydney employs around 250 staff in its Cleansing and Waste team, all of whom are dedicated to the continuous task of keeping our city looking its sparkling best. Watch the night unfold in this unique timelapse film where a sea of rubbish is swept away, and spare a thought for the unsung heroes of our annual party.


Your Perfect Assignment is Just a Click Away
Evaluation And Management And Anesthesia Coding
Evaluation And Management And Anesthesia Coding
Please answer all 20 questions correctly and get back to me within the next 3 hours
1. Modifier -P5 indicates that the patient
A. experienced postoperative anemia.
B. is not expected to survive without the operation.
C. received a lower anesthesia dosage.
D. is advanced in age.
2. Code 99217 is assigned for
A. nursing home services.
B. observation discharge services.
C. established patient visits.
D. new patient office visits.
3. Code range 99218–99220 denotes
A. emergency room visits.
B. initial hospital visits.
C. initial observation care.
D. follow-up hospital visits.
4. A physician performs an invasive surgical procedure. Prior to the start of the procedure, the anesthesiologist administers monitored anesthesia. Which modifier should be appended to the anesthesia code?
A. -G10
B. -G8
C. -G1
D. -G9
5. When more than one surgery is performed during one anesthesia administration, the coder should
A. report the anesthesia code with the highest base value unit.
B. assign modifier -QS to the second surgery code.
C. assign add-on code 01900 to indicate more than one surgery was performed during a single operative session.
D. add modifier -QY to the first surgery code.
6. Modifier -P3 indicates that the patient
A. received topical anesthesia.
B. is in a coma.
C. received local anesthesia.
D. has severe systemic disease.
7. ___ modifiers indicate the number of anesthesia cases being directed at one time.
A. Coordinated time
B. Conversion
C. Calculation
D. Concurrent
8. A coder adds modifier -P2 to an anesthesia code. This modifier indicates the patient
A. is allergic to lidocaine.
B. received general anesthesia.
C. is handicapped.
D. has mild systemic disease.
9. The risk of morbidity or mortality would be considered as a part of
A. review of systems.
B. medical decision-making.
C. history of present illness.
D. chief complaint.
10. A patient who has not been seen by a physician or another physician in the same group within the last three years is a/an _______ patient.
A. established
B. new
C. emergent
D. existing
11. The dollar rate of each anesthesia unit is called the _______ factor.
A. unit conversion
B. conversion
C. calculation
D. base value unit rate
12. A patient who has been admitted to a hospital is a/an
A. inpatient.
B. established patient.
C. new patient.
D. ambulatory surgery patient.
13. A patient undergoes an esophagogastric tamponade with a balloon. How would this procedure be coded?
A. 43460
B. 00500
C. 43460-P1
D. 00500-P1
14. Codes in the range of 99224–99226 represent services for
A. critical care services.
B. subsequent observations.
C. consultations.
D. initial observations.
15. Which of the following code ranges are add-on codes reported for prolonged physician services?
A. 99458–99586, 99372
B. 99212–99252, 99344
C. 99673–99873, 99001
D. 99354–99357, 99359
16. A patient who has been treated by a physician or another physician in the same group within the last three years is a/an _______ patient.
A. emergent
B. new
C. transmitted
D. established
17. Modifier -QY indicates that
A. anesthesia administration was abruptly terminated due to surgical complications.
B. the surgeon is administering anesthesia.
C. the physician is supplying topical anesthesia only.
D. an anesthesiologist is directing the CRNA during anesthesia administration.
18. _______ circumstance codes are used in situations that increase the difficulty of administering anesthesia.
A. UNIT administration modification
B. Extenuating
C. ASA relativity
D. Qualifying
19. Other nursing facility services would be reported with code
A. 99305.
B. 99318.
C. 99525.
D. 99211.
20. A patient undergoes a pacemaker insertion. She is not expected to survive if she doesn't have the operation. What code should be reported?
A. 00530-P4
B. 33206-P4
C. 00530-P1
D. 33208-P2
Our Service Charter


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History & Culture
Our History & Culture section is laid out in table format in order to present the large amount of content we have available in a more organized manner. Any questions, comments and/or corrections are welcome and greatly appreciated and will be responded to in a timely manner. Also, if you have information related to the scope-of-history covered by the Fort Smith National Historic Site, please feel free to submit it for review and possible addition to the site (credit is given where credit is due!)
The history of the Fort Smith area abounds with tales of heroism, battles, and social justice. Walk where soldiers drilled, reflect along the Trail of Tears overlook, and stand where justice was served and carried out. There are many individuals who made history at Fort Smith, and their actions and attitudes can serve both as inspiration and lessons learned. The Fort Smith National Historic Site includes the remains of two frontier forts and the Federal Court for the Western District of Arkansas. Judge Isaac C. Parker, known as the "hangin' judge," presided over the court for 21 years.
Did You Know?
The conditions at the federal jail at Fort Smith were so horrible that it received the nickname "Hell on the Border." Up to 50 men were crowded into one large cell with limited ventilation and poor sanitary conditions.


1. Help Center
 2. Supported formats
Episerver XML
What is Episerver XML and how does it work for Episerver-based web applications?
File Extensions.xml
API Extension episerver
Format Options No
Import Yes
Export Yes
Pluralization supported? No
Descriptions supported? No
Episerver is a content management service provider. Episerver XML is its standard localization file format that is used to load translated/localized strings. The localized XMLs are typically saved in the "lang" folder under the web root directory. With a predefined Localization Provider, strings loaded from the XML will override default UI texts.
Each Episerver XML has at least one locale nested in the tag. Therefore, it is possible that an Episerver XML is multilingual.
Code Sample

 --- true
 This translations contains
a line-break.
 I'm a deeply nested key.
 This key is nested inside a namespace.
 Only one pluralization found.
 Wow, you have %s pluralizations!
 You have no pluralization.
 simple key, simple message, so simple.
 This translation is not yet verified and waits for it. (In some formats we also export this status)


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Contemporary esoteric systems almost always play on the desire of mankind to seek or acquire knowledge. All but universally neglected in such systems are the – often unrecognized – barriers which prevent knowledge and understanding. Before learning can take place, certain conditions and basic factors must be in place; in the individual or the group.
Building on the foundations laid in Learning How to Learn and The Commanding Self, Idries Shah in Knowing How to Know illuminates those factors. Like an ultra-violet light shone onto the petals of flowers, it reveals concealed patterns, normally invisible to our customary modes of thought.


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Components overview
Created by Contensis product team, last modified by r.turner on 21 Jul 2020
Components are groups of fields you can add to your content types. A component can be used as single element of a content type, or repeated. For example, an address component is a set of text fields for capturing someone's house number, street name, county, postcode, country, and so on. So, your content type could contain a single address component, or it could use multiple addresses when assigned to a composer field.
Think of components as a set of pre-defined fields that help keep your input types consistent across multiple content types.
As an example, a social component may contain the fields required to generate open graph metadata such as title, description, image, and author. Components are created using the component builder.


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The MK Spectral classification system was founded by W.W. Morgan and P.C. Keenan in the year 1943, with the publication of the first photographic spectral classification atlas, An Atlas of Stellar Spectra (Morgan, Keenan & Kellman 1943). Since that time, the MK system has been extensively revised and refined by Morgan, Keenan and others. In the late 1970's, two important spectral atlases, summarizing the development of the MK system up until that time, were published. These atlases, the Revised MK Spectral Atlas for Stars Earlier than the Sun by Morgan, Abt & Tapscott (1978) and An Atlas of Spectra of the Cooler Stars: Types G,K,M,S and C, by Keenan & McNeil (1976), are the inspiration for this new digital spectral classification atlas. Indeed, some of the pages in this atlas are "digitized" versions of pages from those two atlases.
The MK spectral classification system is a natural, empirical system of spectral classification which uses in the classification process only the directly observable features in the spectrum. The MK system is defined by a set of standard stars, and classification on the system is carried out by the comparison of the program star with the standard stars, taking into account all of the features in the spectrum. The use of standards is vital because it maintains the autonomy of the system as well as ensuring that different observers will classify stars on the same system.
When the MK system was first defined, it was based on photographic spectra in the blue-violet part of the spectrum. This was done by necessity, as photographic emulsions in the 1940's were sensitive only to blue-violet light. However, it was a fortunate choice, as the blue-violet portion of the spectrum (essentially from the Ca II K-line to H) contains a high density of astrophysically important atomic lines and molecular bands, which allow accurate classification of the star in a two-dimensional temperature, luminosity grid. Classification systems can and have been set up in the red, IR and the ultraviolet. These should remain independent of the traditional MK system, as different parts of the spectrum can sample different levels in the atmosphere of the star.
The current spectral atlas should be considered an ongoing work which will likely be completed only in a number of years. The spectra in this atlas have been obtained with the Gray/Miller spectrograph on the 0.8 meter telescope of the Dark Sky Observatory, using a CCD detector. Two spectral resolutions have been used in this atlas. Most of the illustrations use spectra obtained with the 1200g/mm grating, which gives a spectral resolution of 1.8 Å/2 pixels and a spectral range of 3800 Å - 4600 Å, but some illustrations, especially those of the later-type stars (K, M, C and S) use spectra obtained with the 600g/mm grating. These have a resolution of 3.6 Å/2 pixels, and a spectral range of 3800 Å - 5600 Å. The higher resolution spectra are presented in a rectified intensity versus wavelength format, in which the spectral continuum has been normalized to unity. The 3.6 Å resolution spectra, for the most part, are presented in a flux versus wavelength format; this format provides additional information on the energy distribution of the star, and is to be preferred for the cooler stars, as these stars have essentially no continuum points in their spectra. For ease of illustration, the fluxes have been normalized to unity at one consistent point in the spectrum.
Since the publication of the two most recent photographic spectral atlases mentioned in the paragraphs above, the MK system has undergone extensive revision and refinement. Important work in refining and extending the MK system to dimensions beyond the traditional two-dimensional temperature/luminosity grid has been carried out by Keenan and co-workers in the addition of abundance indices for the late-type stars, by Gray (1989), in the extension of the MK system to metal-weak F and G-type stars, by Henry, Kirkpatrick & coworkers in their careful redefinition and extension of the MK system to the M-type dwarfs and most lately the "L-type" stars, and by Walborn in the classification of the O-type stars. Later editions of this atlas will attempt to illustrate more fully these developments.


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Benefits of a coupled-inductor SEPIC converter
The single-ended primary-inductor converter—the SEPIC converter—is capable of operating from an input voltage that is greater or less than the regulated output voltage. Aside from being able to function as both a buck and boost, the SEPIC design also has minimal active components, a simple controller, and clamped switching waveforms which provide low noise operation.
It is often identified by its use of two magnetic windings. These windings can be wound on a common core, in the case of a single dual-winding coupled inductor, or they can be two independent inductors. Designers are often unsure of which approach is best and whether there is any real difference between the two. This article looks at each approach and discusses the impact each has on a practical SEPIC converter design.
Figure 1 shows the basic SEPIC converter with a coupled inductor. When the FET (Q1) turns on, the input voltage is applied across the primary winding. Since the winding ratio is one-to-one, the secondary winding is also imposed with a voltage equal to the input voltage.
Figure 1: The basic coupled inductor SEPIC converter.
But because of the polarity of the windings, the anode of the rectifier (D1) is pulled negative and reversed bias. With the rectifier biased off, the output capacitor is now required to support the load during this on-time period. Additionally, this forces the AC capacitor (C_ac) to be charged to the input voltage.
While Q1 is on, current flow in both windings is through Q1 to ground, with the secondary current flowing through the AC capacitor. The total FET current during the on time is the sum of the input current and the output secondary current.
When the FET turns off, the voltage on the windings reverses polarity to maintain current flow. The secondary winding voltage is now clamped to the output voltage when the rectifier conducts to supply current to the output. Through transformer action, this clamps the output voltage across the primary winding. The voltage on the drain of the FET is clamped to the input voltage plus the output voltage. Current flow during the FET off time for both windings is through D1 to the output, with the primary current flowing through the AC capacitor.
The circuit operates similarly when the coupled inductor is replaced with two discrete inductors. For the circuit to operate properly, volt-microsecond balance must be maintained across each magnetic core. That is, the product of the inductor's voltage and time must be equal in magnitude and opposite in polarity during the FET on and off times.
It can be algebraically shown that the AC capacitor voltage, for separate inductors, is also charged to the input voltage (Reference 1). If we consider the output-side inductor first, it is clamped to the output voltage during the FET off time, as was the secondary winding of the coupled inductor. During the FET on time, the AC capacitor imposes a potential equal to the input voltage but opposite in polarity across the inductor.
With defined voltages clamped across the inductor for each interval, balancing the volt-microseconds determines the duty cycle (D). This is simply:
D = Vo / (Vo + VIN),
for continuous conduction mode (CCM) operation. The voltage imposed across the input side inductor is equal to the input voltage when the FET is on.
When the FET is off, volt-microsecond balance is maintained by clamping Vout across it. It is easy to remember that when the FET is on, the input voltage is applied across both inductors and when the FET is off, the output voltage is imposed across both. The voltage and current waveforms of the two discrete inductor SEPIC converters are quite similar to that of the coupled inductor version. So much so, that it would be difficult to tell them apart.
Two versus one?
If there is little difference in circuit operation, does it matter which one to use? A single coupled inductor is often selected due to its reduced component count, better integration, and lower inductance requirement compared to using two single inductors.
However, the limited selection of higher-power off-the-shelf coupled inductors poses a problem for power-supply designers. If they choose to design their own inductor, they must specify all pertinent electrical parameters as well as deal with longer lead times. Coupled inductors can benefit from leakage inductance, which is beneficial in reducing ac current losses (Reference 2). Coupled inductors must have a 1:1 turn ratio for volt-microsecond balance.
Choosing to use two separate inductors typically offers a much broader selection of off-the-shelf components. Since the currents and even the inductance for each inductor are not required to be identical, different component sizes can be selected for each, providing greater flexibility.
Equations 1 through 3 show the calculations for inductance for both coupled and separate inductors. The equations determine the minimum inductance necessary for CCM operation at maximum input voltage and minimum load. Comparing these equations at 50 percent duty cycle operation (which occurs when VIN equals VOUT) and unity efficiency, the value calculated for the coupled inductor in Equation 1 is twice that of separate inductors.
Since the converter will certainly have losses and most input-voltage sources vary quite a bit, this simplified inductance generalization is usually false, but it's often adequate for all but extreme cases. It usually means that the converter will enter DCM operation slightly sooner (or later) than expected, which in most cases, is still acceptable.
As previously mentioned, with separate inductors, it is not necessary that the output-side inductor be the same value as the input-side inductor, as is often assumed, but can certainly be done for simplicity sake. The output-side inductor's value can simply be determined by scaling the input-side inductor by VOUT/VIN. The benefit of using a lower-value output-side inductor is that it is typically smaller and lower cost.Example design
The specifications shown in Table 1 are the basis for a design comparison. The first design uses a coupled inductor and the second uses two separate inductors. This design is typical of an automotive input voltage range with an output power of 64 W.
Table 1: Prototype SEPIC electrical specification
Equation 1 determines the coupled inductor requires an inductance of 12 μH, with a combined current rating of 13 A (based on IIN plus IOUT). This design poses a particular challenge because of the limited selection off-the-shelf inductors. Therefore, a custom inductor from RENCO was specified and designed.
This inductor was wound on a split-bobbin to intentionally introduce leakage inductance to minimize circulating currents which can induce losses. These losses are due to the AC capacitor ripple voltage being imposed across the leakage inductance. For designs of lower power, coupled inductors from Coilcraft (MSS1278 series) and Coiltronics® (DRQ74/127 series) offer good off-the-shelf alternatives. For the separate inductor design, a 33 μH Coilcraft SER2918 was used for L1 and a 22 μH Coiltronics HC9 was selected for L2.
Each was chosen based on winding resistance, current rating and size. Care must be taken when selecting the inductors because core and AC winding losses must also be considered. These losses reduce the inductor's allowable DC current, but not all vendors provide adequate information to calculate this. Failure to properly calculate this could greatly increase core temperature beyond the typical 40°C rise, decrease efficiency, and hasten premature failure.
Figure 2 show the prototype SEPIC schematic with a coupled inductor. To implement the separate inductors in the design, the coupled inductor was simply replaced with two inductors on the same PWB. Figure 3 shows both prototype circuits, with L1 occupying the space of the coupled inductor and L2 in the upper right corner.
Figure 2: A 16V/4A SEPIC converter schematic with coupled inductor
(click here to enlarge).
Figure 3: Coupled inductor (left) and dual-inductor (right)
SEPIC converter prototypes.
As expected, both circuits operated in a nearly identical fashion, with the switching voltage and current waveforms being essentially the same. But there were several key differences in performance. While the control loop for the coupled inductor design was quite benign, the separate inductor design was initially unstable.
Measurement of the loop gain determined that a high-Q, low-frequency resonance was the culprit, requiring the addition of a damping R/C filter in parallel with the AC capacitor. The resonant frequency, while greatly simplified, appeared to be approximately 1/2π√[Cac×(L1+L2)]. The SEPIC circuit has a quite complex control loop characteristics, necessitating the use of mathematical tools for detailed analysis because the analytical results are often difficult to interpret. Adding this R/C damping filter (220 μF/2 Ω) adds cost, circuit area, and losses.
This is in addition to the 10% area premium that two inductors require over a single, coupled inductor. Figure 4 shows the measured efficiency for both circuits. It can be seen that there is an across the board boost in efficiency of up to 0.5% for the coupled-inductor design.
This is likely due to lower overall core losses in the coupled inductor design, since its DC wiring losses were actually higher than that of the dual in


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The main difference between RIPv1 and RIPv2 is classless routing. RIPv2 incorporates the addition of the network mask in the update to allow classless routing advertisements. This is extremely important for the flexibility needed to efficiently utilize network assignments for an ever-shrinking pool of IP addresses.
There are other differences, as well. In RIPv2, the destination address for the updates is multicast, instead of broadcast, as in RIPv1. This reduces the burden on the network devices that do not need to listen to RIP updates. With broadcast, every device on the broadcast domain must at least open the IP packet and process the initial information to determine relevance. With multicast addressing, if a device needs that information, it will listen to that specific address. If it does not need the RIP information, it does not have to process the multicast address. The multicast address RIPv2 sends to is 22.214.171.124.
Another addition to RIPv2 is authentication. Authentication is used to ensure that routes being distributed throughout the network are coming from authorized sources.Tags: RIPv1 vs RIPv2, auto summarization vs manual summarization, what is the difference between rip v1 pdf, what is the difference between of ripv1 and ripv2?, what is the difference between of ripv1 and ripv2 as far as administrative distance metric?, what is the comparison of ripv1 and ripv2?, What Is RIPv2, What are two differences between RIPv1 and RIPv2?, What are the main differences between RIPv1 and RIPv2?, the difference between ripv1 and ripv2 in cisco packet tracer?


Ash Content ASTM D2584, D5630, ISO 3451
Ash Content analysis of plastics ASTM D2584, ASTM D5630, ISO 3451
An Ash test is used to determine if a material is filled. The test will identify the total filler content. It cannot identify individual percentages in multi-filled materials without additional test procedures being performed. An ash test cannot be used to determine the percent carbon fiber or percent carbon black since carbon burns off during the Ash test.
An Ash test involves taking a known amount of sample, placing the weighed sample into a dried / pre-weighed porcelain crucible, burning away the polymer in an air atmosphere at temperatures above 500°C, and weighing the crucible after it is has been cooled to room temperature in a desiccator. Ash residue remaining in the crucible is considered filler unless the residue is less than 1%. Residues of less than 1% are typically the result of additives that did not burn off.
The Ash test result is expressed as % ash. A magnified optical examination of the ash residue is performed to determine if the ash is glass, mineral, or a combination of both. The total ash content equals the weight of the ash divided by the weight of the original sample multiplied by 100%.
Specimen size:
Six grams of sample is typically used, which represents three crucibles each containing two grams of sample. Smaller sample weights can be tested but accuracy diminishes with smaller sample sizes.
Typically the average of 3 crucibles is reported.
Further Analysis:
Identification of Filler
Smaller sample sizes:
TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis) is an alternative method to determine filler content with smaller samples sizes.
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Public toilet with biogas plant and water kiosk Naivasha, Kenya
Case study of sustainable sanitation projects
This case study is about the first pilot and demonstration project of the Water Services Trust Fund (WSTF) on public sanitation. The EU-Sida-GTZ Ecosan Promotion Project (EPP) spearheaded the implementation in conjunction with a local construction company. The Naivasha Bus Park is a regional bus station that is located in the small town Naivasha in Rift Valley Province (2 hours from Nairobi). It had a neglected and unhygienic public toilet block managed by the town council.
The new public toilet block consists of 2 toilet cubicles, 1 shower and urinal for men and 3 toilet cubicles and 1 shower from women. A biogas plant was constructed to pre-treat the wastewater for reduction of pollution loads released into the sewer system and generation of biogas for cooking purposes. A water kiosk was integrated into the facility to serve in parallel as the operator room for the public toilet. The facility serves about 300 visitors per day (status 2009) and provides biogas for cooking for a nearby kiosk. The facility is managed by the local Water Service Provider, called NAIVAWASS, who contracted a local CBO to operate the toilet on a pay-per-use concept.
More information on the whole management setup can be found in the public sanitation tool kit from WSTF which is also in this library (put WSTF into the search field).
Onyango, P., Rieck, C.
Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)
GTZ, GIZ, EPP
Onyango, P., Rieck, C. (2010). Public toilet with biogas plant and water kiosk Naivasha, Kenya - Case study of sustainable sanitation projects. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA).


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Today's market demands require the balancing of many competing priorities. Specifically, in dealing with the interior furnishings of both residential and commercial projects, there are many factors to consider when selecting the most appropriate decorative panel, including price-point, durability, cutting edge design and overall sustainability. The selection of surface materials is one key to making all of this happen. This continuing education course will guide you through the evolution of decorative surface materials to help you navigate and select the best engineered overlay for any commercial and residential application.
PART 1: A Revolutionary Evolution
No introduction to decorative surface materials would be complete without paying homage to the technological history of plastic laminates and the stage that has been set for future advances.
THE MACHINE AGE [ROUGHLY _PHONE_]
During the Machine Age scientists around the world were working to develop synthetic plastics. They came to understand that plastic is an amorphous solid consisting of long-chain molecules known as polymers, which do not break apart when flexed and are usually made from artificial resins. Plastics were defined as thermosets and thermoplastics, and both would be used to engineer decorative surface materials.
In the early 1900's the first plastic laminate material was made by impregnating kraft paper (similar to brown bag paper) with phenolic resin and compressing it under high temperatures and pressure in a process called thermosetting that irreversibly cured the resin. The resulting material was resistant to heat, water, chemicals and electrical current. Originally it was used as an insulator for industrial products, but designers soon recognized the material's uniform character and durability and started using it for other applications such as radio exteriors.
The Machine Age also saw the emergence of high-speed printing presses and large-scale roduction machinery. In the 1920's, décor papers (printed with solid colors, woodgrains, natural and abstract designs) were added on top of kraft paper before thermosetting to give the finished plastic laminate product different visual effects. Phenolic resins are known for their hardness, durability and resistance to moisture, but they are also dark in color. So in the 1930's a resin called melamine, which produces a clear surface, was developed. In contemporary manufacturing of plastic laminate (commonly referred to as high-pressure laminate or HPL), the top two layers, typically a transparent wear layer and décor paper design, are impregnated with melamine resin, and the bottom kraft layers use phenolic resins.
During this same period industrial chemists were also developing thermoplastic plastics. These turn into a liquid when heated, and solidify when sufficiently cooled. They include polyethylene polymers such as vinyl (PVC), which is flame, water and corrosion resistant – characteristics that made it an excellent insulating material for the wires on U.S. military ships. Despite vinyl's practical beginnings, one of its most remarkable characteristics has proven to be its versatility, making it the second largest selling plastic in the world today. For the production of thermoplastic decorative surface materials, a thin sheetof PVC film is membrane vacuum pressed or profi le wrapped to a substrate. PVC films can be solid color or carry printed designs such as wood grains and abstracts.
THE ATOMIC AGE [ROUGHLY _PHONE_]
From their inception, decorative surface materials derived from plastics offered designers excellent performance. As the visual design offerings improved so did the markets for these materials. By the 1950's, HPL plastic laminate was a popular decorative surface material for everything from cruise ships and soda fountains to high-end kitchens and furniture. Vinyl products, with their characteristic low-cost versatility, were specified for tabletops, seating upholstery and wall coverings, as well as carpets, textiles, plastic wrap and pipes.
The early part of this period reflects the end of wartime and the promise of a brighter future built on mankind's ingenuity and collective work. This philosophy, combined with the ever-evolving palette of available building materials and decorative surfaces, gave architects and designers more room to dream. One result of this was Googie architecture.
Though the space age motifs and giant tiki's of Googie faded away by the mid-1960's, the movement itself stretched the imagination of design professionals and consumers alike. Around the same time that Googie lost its luster, advances in printing technology brought a new standard of consistency and realism to décor printing.
Rotogravure printing is the historical printing process of choice for fine art and photography reproduction due to its remarkable color density light to dark gradient. It is also the industry standard for décor printing. One of the advantages of using decorative surface materials is the infinite design possibilities of décor printing, which can be done on paper of varying thickness (typically with water-based pigments) or on plastic films (typically with solvent-based inks). The photorealistic quality of gravure printing allows designers to replicate natural designs with great fidelity. At the same time, the process makes it possible to create décor papers and films with patterns and dimensionality that do not exist in nature.
Rotogravure printing involves engraving the design image onto an image carrier, which in the case of rotary printing is a cylinder. The development of electro-mechanical cylinder engraving in 1968 greatly increased the fidelity of the engraved designs. During the gravure process, the engraved cylinder is partially submerged into an ink fountain, which then fills the recessed cells with ink. The rotational motion of the cylinder draws the ink out of the fountain, and a doctor blade scrapes the excess color from the non-printing areas of the cylinder before it makes contact with the paper, which is generally fed through the press from large rolls rather than sheets. The paper (or plastic film) is sandwiched between the gravure cylinder and an impression roller, which applies the force that transfers the ink to the paper. This method ensures maximum saturation of ink. Each color in a design requires its own printing unit (engraved cylinder). The paper goes through a dryer to make sure it is completely dry between color units.
In addition to its aesthetic appeal, the performance of laminated surfaces was getting more attention during this period. HPL countertops offered consumers a viable option to solid wood (which was said to crack, warp and hold bacteria) and stone (which was said to be heavy, costly and porous). Kitchens decked out in HPL and vinyl furniture, cabinets and counter tops were the height of fashion. Often these materials were intended to look like what they were, which is to say plastic. While this was initially considered futuristic and cutting edge, it soon would appear dated.
THE INFORMATION AGE [ROUGHLY 1985 UNTIL EARLY 2000's]
This early part of this time frame might be characterized as the pre-pubescence of laminated decorative surface materials. It was a time of great growth and opportunity, as well as some awkwardness and misunderstanding.
New techniques were developed to expand the usage of decorative surface materials. Some of them improved the performance of plastic laminates, such as the 20-fold increase of durability that evolved with the introduction of laminate flooring products.
A classic example is vertical surfaces. HPL is an extremely high performance product. It is perfect for usage in horizontal work surface and high-traffic areas. "Value-engineered" new products were designed and introduced to meet the needs of similar applications with lower manufacturing costs. A good example of this is thermally fused melamine (TFM), which is essentially the top layers of HPL (décor paper impregnated with melamine resins), thermally fused to particleboard or MDF forming a stand-alone decorative panel.
As these derivative products emerged they were not always specified based on the value of their performance, but often purely on cost. This had a negative effect on the perception of laminated decorative surfaces and the term "laminate" took on the connotation of a low quality imitation product, an unfortunate misconception. In a sense, engineered products were victims of their own genius, particularly considering how quickly technology advanced in the information age. But all was not lost, and savvy professionals knew that to maximize the use of any material it was important to understand its strengths and limitations. This explains the resurgence of design interest in the potential of laminated decorative surface materials.
In addition to specialized performance, decorative surfaces were undergoing a paradigm shift in visual realism during this period. Computers and digital scanning technology now allow décor designers to replicate any material with unprecedented fidelity and dimensionality. Imaging software has made it possible to bring any design that can be imagined into being. Laser engraving of rotogravure cylinders enables sharper contrast and more subtle tonal gradients than was previously possible. It has also expedited the process of décor development and sampling. New digital ink-jet printing technologies are driving décor development to move beyond commodity designs and into experimental boutique fashions and customized surfaces such as logos and murals.
Advanced surface treatments and overlay technologies also play important roles in the development of decorative surface materials, enhancing both the visual and tactile qualities of the products. One technique uses engineered press plates to create embossed texture "in register" with the décor paper design. This can include ticking that matches wood grain, or variations in gloss levels to enhance geometric or stone designs. Another method for adding interest to decorative surfaces is the addition of a transparent overlay called an "inclusion" that is embedded with fibers or particles. Inclusions of metal filings, organic materials (such as banana fibers and coffee beans) and textiles are all used to add an extra layer of interest on top of solid or printed décor papers.
THE CONNECTED AGE [EARLY 2000's TO PRESENT]
According to web technologist Anna Zelenka, "the defining characteristic of the information age is the creation and management of information to produce knowledge goods. The subtle shift into the


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Consider adding a calf cart to your maternity pen area. At Duo Dairy in Loveland, Colo., a small, hard-plastic cart is stored in the maternity area to assist employees and improve biosecurity. Here are a few ways it helps:
- The employees place fresh straw in the cart and have it nearby when a cow delivers. "If assistance is required, such as with dystocia births, the calf is delivered directly into the cart," says herd veterinarian Greg Goddell. This makes it easy to provide any extra assistance to the calf and limits the exposure to pathogens that may be in the hospital area.
- If a cow delivers on her own, the cart can ease an employee's job of moving the newborn to the calf facility. The cart can be wheeled right into the pen.
- If you are trying to avoid the spread of Johne's you can place the calf in the cart after delivery and allow the dam to clean the animal through a headlock. This stops the calf from suckling the dam and picking up Johne's from the environment.


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Several years ago, mycologist Ellen Jacobson was preparing a meal in her Colorado kitchen when her cat Cashew appeared, whining and brushing against her legs. She attempted to interpret her feline companion's cries and guessed that he was begging for a taste of the porcini mushroom she was chopping. A sucker for a good meow, Jacobson obliged, tossing Cashew a few pieces, which he gobbled up, immediately meowing for more.
Jacobson soon discovered that Cashew's gourmet tastes weren't limited to boletes, but also included other expensive fungi, such as oyster mushrooms and morels. Her other cat, Lewis, also seemed to have a taste for mushrooms, as did many of the cats belonging to her friends and relatives. But what was it about these mushrooms that made cats crave them so? she wondered.
The answer, it turns out, is all in the taste buds, and specifically in the taste receptor proteins that lie within taste buds. Sensations of sweet and umami (the taste of the amino acid glutamate) are driven by three receptors in the mouth—T1R1, T1R2, and T1R3. Sweet tastes are triggered by the binding of food molecules to T1R2 and T1R3, while umami tastes result from activation via T1R1 and T1R3 receptors. Both sensations are pleasurable to most mammals, including humans, and drive the consumption of carbohydrates and amino acids—necessary components of healthy diets.
But cats are different, says behavioral biologist Gary Beauchamp of Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia. Thirty-five years ago, he recognized that the domestic cats he studied had no interest whatsoever in sweets. Curious to see if that was "an anomaly of domestication," he and his colleagues headed over to the Philadelphia Zoo, where they conducted simple taste tests with a variety of wild felines, including lions, tigers, leopards, and jaguars. Beauchamp's team replicated the same preference result they'd noticed in domestic cats: "there was no particular response to carbohydrate sugars or any other sweetener," he recalls.
It wasn't for another 30 years, however, that the molecular basis for those feline taste preferences came to light. In 2005, a few years after the T1R family of taste receptors had been identified, Beauchamp and his colleagues decided to take a closer look at the receptors in cats. What they found confirmed a suspicion Beauchamp had held ever since those studies on wild felines back in the 1970s: cats didn't have a specific aversion to sweet flavors; they just couldn't taste them at all. Sequencing the genes that coded for the T1R receptors, the researchers identified a 247-base-pair deletion in the feline T1R2 gene, which rendered the gene nonfunctional (PLoS Genet, 1(e3):0027-35, 2005). "I was delighted," notes Beauchamp, who is now exploring the molecular makeup of such receptors in other carnivore species. "It was nice to see that there was a very dramatic explanation for our inability to find any response to sweeteners."
And the results make sense given cats' meat-rich diets, says University of Colorado School of Medicine otolaryngologist Sue Kinnamon, who studies taste transduction and the cellular basis of taste (see "Matters of Taste," The Scientist, November/December 2011). "Because they are hunters, and they don't actually see many sweet things in their diet, there's just no selective pressure to maintain the sweet gene," she says. "It's just become a pseudogene."
These taste preferences also explain Cashew's love of mushrooms, adds cellular and developmental biologist Tom Finger, also of the University of Colorado School of Medicine, and coauthor with Kinnamon of "Matters of Taste." Mushrooms, he explains, have relatively high glutamate levels, which activate the cat's intact umami receptors. "[Cats] are not designed to like mushrooms; they're designed to like protein [and amino acid] sources."
But just because Cashew likes mushrooms doesn't mean they're good for him, warns Deb Zoran, a veterinary internist at Texas A&M University. Unlike omnivores, such as dogs or people, which can synthesize the fatty acids and amino acids their bodies need from other foods, such as plants, cats cannot, she explains. "Their bodies didn't create those enzymes in order to convert those protein sources into the amino acids they need. They have to have them in their diet."
"They are wonderful beasts, but they are very different [from other mammals]," Zoran adds. "A cat diet needs to be very high in meat-based protein."


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Problem setting. Human behavior and unlawful acts in particular, form the organic unity of its external (physical) and internal (psychological) aspects. Consequently, every crime is characterized by both internal and external features. Such a complex approach to considering of human behavior is especially necessary in the field of criminal law.
Furthermore, on the current stage of the criminal-law science development, psychological characteristic of the crime and offender becomes particularly essential. That is contemporary requirement, since, as modern researches in the field of criminal law clearly show, none of aims of the criminal procedure could be achieved without criminal motive and purpose investigation. Moreover, this fact has its impact on the jurisprudence, and that is why enhancing of importance of motive and purpose of the crime in the criminal investigation is observed, notwithstanding their optionality in process of qualification of the offense.
Last scientific researches and publications analysis. The issue of the role of motive and purpose of the crime was researched by such prominent scientists as B. Volkov, N. Miroshnichenko, V. Yakushkin, P. Dagel, D. Kotov, A. Savchenko and others. However, the necessity of complex research of the motive of the crime was not reasoned yet.
Formulation of the article's purpose. The purpose of this article is the theoretical grounding of the complex approach to the issue of investigation of such criminal-law categories as motive and purpose of the crime. Therefore, the task of this research is investigation of the role of the motive and purpose of the crime on the current stage of criminal-law science development.
The statement of basic material of research. The subjective aspect of the crime, except for guilt, is characterized by purpose, motive and emotions. In contrast to the guilt, these features are optional (supplementary) features of the subjective side of the crime, except for those cases, when the Law on Criminal Liability directly states their obligation or this is evident from the content of disposition of the criminal law. However, the grounds of the substantive criminal law, mentioned above, seem to be controversial in regard to the criminal procedure law provisions, as they stipulate the crucial substantive and procedural role of motive of the crime and require it to be investigated and proved in every crime [5, P. 16].
In general, it must be taken into consideration that the concept of the motive of the crime is too subjective for its regulatory consolidation., researching this criminal-law category, we need to refer to the attainments of psychology. This seems to be necessary in the light of the fact that the definition of the motive could be correctly formed only from that point of view. The term "motive" etymologically derives from Latin term "motum", which means "to guide". This could be considered the best reflection of the psychological essence of the motive as it is deemed to be driving force of the crime. Therefore, crime is just the form of expression and embodiment of subject's motive [5, P. 19].
The psychology stipulates that all of human acts are conditioned by particular motives and aimed at some specific purposes. Consequently, any correct human behavior evaluation cannot be done, excluding the motives and purposes and its special impact on the illegal human behavior. First of all, motive is one of the key psychological terms, by the means of which the inner essence of human behavior is revealed. Motive is considered as the most important component of such comportment and its driving force. Motive is that condition that induces human activities and their aims. Any kind of activity derives from some particular motives, like, for example, interest, appeal, emotions, etc. [1, P. 108].
Regarding legal psychology, two stages of the commission of a crime could be identified: the first stage is motivational one (preparatory) and it includes the nascence of the need and transition of needs into motive and goal-directed behavior; the second stage is behavioral (in fact, a criminal act) and it involves objective (criminal situation) and subjective (criminal motivation) aspects of offense. Due to the general rule, this kind of division could not be applied to the so-called "motiveless" crimes, since motivational stage in of them is almost absent. However, this do not exclude the possibility of the motivation state existence in the actions of person (commonly it occurs in reaction crimes, i.e. those which arose as a response to a particular situation) [4, P. 119].
In the context of mentioned above, we should be admit that, characterizing psychology of the social element, special attention should be paid to impulsive and willful actions. Willful action is a specific form of human actions, which is purposeful, consciously regulated and with man as an object. In turn, impulsiveness is a feature of an action that takes place, when person loses ability of self-control and self-examination and acts on impulse [2, P. 100]. In most cases, such action is a kind of affective way to relieve after certain anxiety. People do not usually think about consequences of such actions and analyze the motives that prompt them to commit offenses. However, it does not indicate absence of motivation, but only shows that these motives are hidden deeply in the person's mind. Moreover, often after being in such condition, person does not remember or cannot explain them. In the case of willful actions, determination of motives is much simpler.
Obviously, criminal offenses should be regarded as individual social activity, but such of the most dangerous for the society. However, due to psychologists' thesis, it follows that unmotivated, as well as senseless activities, do not exist. Thus, we understand that motive and purpose are present in every criminal act, as well as in any human act in general. Following that, we may consider that motive is a conscious prompting that is caused by the desire to achieve some specific goals [3, P. 9]. Without a doubt, this feature does not wholly represent essence of the motive in general, but it emphasizes its primary function in the mechanism of human behavior in general and illegal one in particular.
The motive in any particular crime, as in any human behavior in general, fulfills dynamical functions, because it stimulates human actions. Therefore, motive is a source of any activity. Considering the stages of commission of crime mentioned above, motive is the first stage of willful process, and it serves as a motivational force in any crime.
For sure, in each case of criminal offenses, we will deal with specific motives. However, to understand profoundly their nature, we can divide motives into six groups, according to their content: ideological, political, religious, and nationalist types. According to the time of detection, there are motives of continuous detection, long-term motives and short detection motives. Taking to consideration expression and directness of expression, the classification can be expanded by strong, moderate and weak and correspondingly real or actual and potential motives [5, P. 31]. The classification above reflects the diversity and complexity of the crime motives.
Conclusion. Summarizing all above-mentioned, it should be marked that the motive, as a feature of any human behavior in general and illegal in particular, is an integral part of individual social activity. In this respect, it should be appreciated that, when a crime appears to be "motiveless", it is necessary to deepen into criminals motives, hidden in the mind, and to make much more efforts for their identification.
In addition, we should emphasize on the value of the motive that is important primarily because, firstly, it can act as a mandatory element of specific crime, and, secondly, the motive may be included by the legislator in the Law on Criminal Liability as aggravating circumstances of crime. Finally, motive, being an optional feature of the subjective aspect of the crime, might be taken into account by court as a mitigating circumstance in individualization of punishment. This is deemed necessary considering the fact that the primary purpose of criminal liability is criminal's re-education, and motive may be the key to understanding of the flaws in the system of his social values.
- Бедь В. В. Юридична психологія: Навч. посіб. – К.: МАУП, 2004. – 436 с.
- Бочелюк В. Й. Юридична психологія: навч. посібник. – К.: Центр учбової літератури, 2010. – 336 с.
- Волков Б. С. Мотивы преступлений. – Издательство Казанского университета, 1982. – 453 с.
- Петруня О. Э. Юридическая психология: Учебное пособие. – М.: Изд. центр ЕАОИ, 2007. – 171 с.
- Савченко А. В. Мотив і мотивація злочину. Монографія. – К.: Атіка, 2002. – 144 c.
У статті розглянуті особливості значення мотиву злочину як факультативної ознаки суб'єктивної сторони його складу. Також відзначені психологічні витоки поняття та наведена класифікація мотивів.
Ключові слова: злочин, суб'єктивна сторона, мотив.
The article describes the role of motive of crime as optional feature of the subjective aspect of crime. In addition, psychological sources of the conception of motives and their classifications were marked.
Keywords: crime, subjective aspect, motive.


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An excerpt from _URL_ archives copyright © 2000 - 2013
Where did the Scottish Youel family come from? What is the Scottish Youel family crest and coat of arms? When did the Youel family first arrive in the United States? Where did the various branches of the family go? What is the Youel family history?
Spelling variations of this family name include: Yell, Yul, Yuel, Yule, Youll, Yuile, Yuill, Yulle and others.
First found in on the Isle of Yell, in the Shetlands.
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Youel research. Another 305 words(22 lines of text) covering the years 1374, 1391, 1503, 1676 and 1870 are included under the topic Early Youel History in all our PDF Extended History products.
More information is included under the topic Early Youel Notables in all our PDF Extended History products.
Some of the first settlers of this family name were:
Youel Settlers in the United States in the 20th Century
The motto was originally a war cry or slogan. Mottoes first began to be shown with arms in the 14th and 15th centuries, but were not in general use until the 17th century. Thus the oldest coats of arms generally do not include a motto. Mottoes seldom form part of the grant of arms: Under most heraldic authorities, a motto is an optional component of the coat of arms, and can be added to or changed at will; many families have chosen not to display a motto.
Motto: Numine et virtute
Motto Translation: By God's providence and by virtue.
The Youel Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The Youel Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname.
This page was last modified on 20 August 2012 at 09:18.
houseofnames.com is an internet property owned by Swyrich Corporation.


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DEFINITION of 'And Interest'
A slang phrase used when quoting the price of a fixed-income instrument with accruing interest. When revealing the sale price of a bond, a broker or salesman will often express the value as the clean price "and interest".
Also written as "and-interest".
BREAKING DOWN 'And Interest'
For example, let's examine a bond, selling at par, paying an annual coupon of $8, with a par value of $100. It has been exactly half a year since the bond last paid a coupon. If you wish to purchase this bond, the likely quote you will hear is "$100 and interest". The $100 represents the clean price of the bond. The "and interest" is equal to the accrued interest at the time of sale. Since the bond pays a coupon once a year, and half a year has passed, the "and interest" equals $4 ((1/2) x 8).


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The simplest way to load a module is via insmod. This utility is very basic. It simply asks the kernel to load the module you specify. The insmod program does not perform any dependency resolution or advanced error checking. Usage is trivial. As root, simply run
removes the fishing pole module.
These utilities, however, are trivial and unintelligent. The utility modprobe provides dependency resolution, intelligent error checking and reporting, and more advanced features and options. Its use is highly encouraged.
To insert a module into the kernel via modprobe, run as root
modprobe module [ module parameters ]
where module is the name of the module to load. Any following arguments are taken as parameters to pass to the module on load. See the section "Module Parameters" for a discussion on module parameters.
The modprobe command attempts to load not only the requested module, but also any modules on which it depends. Consequently, it is the preferred mechanism for loading kernel modules.
The modprobe command can also be used to remove modules from the kernel. Again, as root, run
modprobe r modules
where modules specifies one or more modules to remove. Unlike rmmod, modprobe also removes any modules on which the given module depends, if they are unused.


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Federico Cargnelutti has a helpful post to his site today for the unit testing/TDD crowd about checking the retuned value from a stub of an object in your tests. He's using the built-in mocking framework here, not something like Mockery.
State verification is used to ensure that after a method is run, the returned value of the SUT is as expected. Of course, you may need to use Stubs on a test double or a real object to tell the object to return a value in response to a given message. [...] In PHP, for example, you dynamically type the return value within the body of the method. This means that PHP mocking libraries cannot check the type of the return value and provide guarantees about what is being verified. This leads to the awkward situation where a refactoring may change the SUT behaviour and leave a stub broken but with passing tests.
He gives an example of a few classes - a Presenter and Collaborator - and a test that mocks out the Collaborator instance, calling a "getStories" method on it. He shows a situation where all tests pass in the initial version, but after some changes to the return type, a test that should fail doesn't. His solution for the issue revolves around DocBlock annotations and the Return Value instead of the built-in mock object return method.