Remoticon: Basics of RF Emissions Debugging
RF is black magic and we're going to learn about it here!
Public Chat
Similar projects worth following
Workshop Details:
Electromagnetic compliance testing is probably the most sneaky-difficult phase of product development for an electronic design, almost regardless of design complexity. On the one hand, adherence to relatively simple rule-of-thumb circuit design and layout guidelines can hugely improve radiated emissions. On the other hand, the "how" and "why" of those rules of thumb makes very little sense without practical, hands-on experience sniffing emissions. The roles of close capacitor placement, minimized loop area, continuous ground planes, and so on become immediately apparent with actual measurements and observations to back up the sometimes hand-wavey theory, and if you know what you're looking for, these measurements don't HAVE to be unattainably expensive.
In this workshop we'll explore a background on theory and what we're trying to accomplish, following along with an example failed EMC test report and how to read it.
We'll work with tools set-up and fabrication (basically, make a couple of coils from magnet wire, soldered to a SMA header).
Instructor: Alex Whittemore
Alex is an electronic + prototype engineer who specializes in turning napkin sketches into proofs-of-concept with a path to production.
 - Software Setup Notes
 alexwhittemore11/07/2020 at 01:45 0 comments
 Setting up a SDR toolchain can be kind of a pain, in all my experience.
 Start Here
 The very baseline to start with is Nooelec's getting started guide for their RTL-SDRs. You should be able to set up CubicSDR with those instructions/driver installations, open it, and get a spectrum with your RTL-SDR.
 1. Launch CubicSDR
 2. File>SDR Devices and select RTL-SDR
 3. Click Start.
 4. Set a center frequency of 100,000,000 Hz (100MHz), which is in the range of FM radio. Click on one of the obvious bright bands, and click FM top left to turn on FM audio demodulation. Listen to your favorite radio station!
 If you can get AT LEAST this far, you can participate in the workshop, so we're in good shape.
 Set up your tools natively (Option 1)
 The next step beyond this is to try to get other tools set up. In particular, the tools I'm most interested in are QSpectrumAnalyzer and SDRAngel, if you want to try to set those up natively on your main system. If you can accomplish this, that would be best, but don't pull your hair out trying. In my experience, it might be very easy on one system and very impossible on another.
 Use a pre-built VM (Option 2)
 I've had good luck running DragonOS LTS in a vm, and it seems acceptably performant even in VirtualBox. Here's a copy of that. Username/password is "dragon/dragon." That said, I strongly recommend per notes below that you don't actually use VirtualBox if you can avoid it - import this VM into Parallels Desktop if you're on MacOS, or VMWare Workstation on Windows. Workstation I believe should be free, and Parallels you can try the trial.
 An older copy I installed of DragonOS Focal worked well too, but I set up Focal R7 today and had terrible luck with it, so I'm not sure what's up. I did upload a copy of that VM in VirtualBox format if you want to try it but I wouldn't recommend it. If you do, the username/password is "dragon/dragon," and I wouldn't click "update" when it prompts you until after you've had a chance to try tools. Maybe if you "update" stuff starts working correctly, I'm not sure.
 If you install DragonOS LTS yourself, be aware that it comes without rtl_power_fftw, which you'll have to install. Run the following in a terminal, and you'll be good to go:
 sudo apt-get install libfftw3-dev libtclap-dev librtlsdr-dev pkg-config
 git clone
 cd rtl-power-fftw/
 mkdir build
 cd build
 cmake..
 sudo make install
 General VM notes:
 - If USB doesn't work, reboot the host. I know VirtualBox has to install some kernel drivers in MacOS for USB passthrough support, and you must restart before that will work.
 - If you're getting weird behavior in the guest where you can't click stuff, disable "mouse integration" and let your mouse be captured. There may be performance issues getting masked. I was running into a problem where I couldn't click anything reliably in the guest. When I disabled mouse integration, I realized the virtual mouse wasn't keeping up with the host system. A reboot fixed that (and disabling integration let me click things in the guest for a clean reboot).
 - VirtualBox kind of stinks. It can be tuned decently for a given host/guest combination, but I'm no expert. On MacOS, I suggest you use Parallels. On Windows, I suggest you use the free version of VMWare workstation. You can import the pre-built VMs above into either, or build them yourself.
 - If you want to import into Parallels, make sure you've configured networking first before installing parallels tools (Settings>hardware>+>network)
 Last but not least, TinyFPGA:
 Follow to install Atom and get a TinyFPGA toolchain set up.
 Being on Mac, my preference is for installing Python and other commandline-y things with Homebrew. You don't have to if you don't want to. The key takeaway here is that your python environment isn't really critical, it's just used during those instructions for installing tools. If you can...
 Read more »
View project log
 - 1
 Building your H-Field Probes
 For this project, we're going to focus on H-field probing, since it tends to offer excellent sensitivity and resolution, and building acceptable and useful H probes I think is easier than building acceptable E field probes.
 But wait, H field vs E field? Magnetic field vs Electric field. Where the electric field radiates out from relevant conductors and stubs, the H field radiates around them, just like a non-contact voltage tester senses the electric field near a live mains wire, while a current clamp senses the magnetic field around it due to current flow.
 In fact, that's an important distinction: E field probes sense AC voltage changes on a wire, where H field probes sense AC current flowing around a circuit. As it turns out, in very close to the circuit board, sensing AC currents gives you a much better sense of which devices and wires are responsible for which noise frequencies compared to sensing voltages. Case in point, have a look at this commercial set of near-field probes:
 You might notice that three of them are loops and only one is a straight stick: three are indeed H-probes, while only one is an E-field probe. In part, that's because different size H probes give different trades between spatial resolution and sensitivity: bigger is more sensitive, but smaller tells you more precisely where the signal is coming from in space. E-probes don't have quite the same trade. But it's also a reflection of how much you'll be using one vs the other in practice. In my experience, you'll spend more time swapping between the H probes to zero in on a particular area of the board, where you might use the E probe to find one trace vs another. And with the ultra-fine H probe we'll be making, you might not even need that.
 I'll skip for now the theory of how to make the perfect probes, because the probes below are MUCH simpler and still totally adequate for our purposes. I'll get into shielding a bit in the actual workshop, and you can experiment with it after the fact if you like - I certainly will.
 Building the "Fine" probe
 If you build only one probe for this workshop, it should look like this:
 It's basically one full turn (so, technically two turns) of fine-gauge enameled magnet wire (in my case, 30 gauge), soldered to an SMA connector to attach to our SDR. Obviously, ultra-fine magnet wire is pretty floppy, so I taped mine to a wooden skewer for stiffness and handling. Anything non-metallic and insulating will do just fine. I intended to build a plastic version by dipping my probe in 3D printer resin and curing over and over, like a candle, but didn't get around to it.
 The trickiest part is getting an ultra-fine loop on the end of the probe, which will result in very low sensitivity but extreme spatial resolution. We'll overcome the sensitivity issue with the LNA in our SDR signal path (see a later instructions post), and the resolution will give us single-trace accuracy looking for offending signals.
 To make mine, I used a sewing needle as a mandrel, though any similarly-fine wire should do. I imagine solid-core 22ga wire would work, if you're careful. Or a clipped LED lead, even better.
 This is what it looks like up close:
 With the loop made, twist the wires around each other as shown. The loop itself is SUP


text:
Major economies across the globe are setting climate neutrality targets. But proper measurement and methodologies are needed to provide transparency and common benchmarks when assessing carbon footprint. At a recent event in China, there was general consensus on the importance of adopting a harmonized approach to carbon footprint calculation and disclosure.
New advances in the use of Artificial Intelligence have the potential to speed up the process of alloy development.
New energy legislation is set to optimize China's energy structure and boost the use of non-fossil energy. Aligning with China's regulatory agenda, nickel will play a vital role in tomorrow's world powered by cleaner energy.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Contact: Sonia Furtado
European Molecular Biology Laboratory
Caption: This electron microscopy image shows Gemmata obscuriglobus. This and other PVC bacteria, the EMBL scientists discovered, have membrane-coat proteins associated with the membranes of sub-cellular compartments like the one shown in green, in which vesicles can be seen as dark green regions. The bacterium's DNA is colored purple.
Credit: Rachel Melwig & Christine Panagiotidis / EMBL
Usage Restrictions: EMBL press and picture releases including photographs, graphics, movies and videos are copyrighted by EMBL. They may be freely reprinted and distributed for non-commercial use via print, broadcast and electronic media, provided that proper attribution to authors, photographers and designers is made. High-resolution copies of the images can be downloaded from the EMBL web site: _URL_
Related news release: Membrane-coat proteins: Bacteria have them too

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Jean Ritchie, folk singer and UK graduate, being presented the school's first Founders Day award by President Donovan.
According to the April 4, 1944 Board of Trustees Minutes President Donovan recommend that the University celebrate the day of its founding. "Some time ago I requested Professor E. L. Gillis, who is probably as familiar with the history of the University as any man connected with it, to study various dates that might be considered as an appropriate date on which to celebrate a Founders Day Program. After considerable research, Professor Gillis has suggested that February 22 would be a very appropriate time for such a celebration. It was on February 22, 1865, that the General Assembly of Kentucky approved a bill establishing an Agricultural and Mechanical College in connection with Kentucky University (now Transylvania). Therefore, February 22, 1865 is the date on which the University of Kentucky actually came into existence as a state institution."


text:
Climate change is a real problem that has to be addressed as soon as possible, before we hit the point of no return. It's something that's affecting every country on every continent, so no one is truly safe.
However, there are some countries that are more likely to survive a climate change collapse, according to a new study published in the Sustainability journal by the Global Sustainability Institute. So, let's see the 6 countries best equipped to survive a global societal collapse.
1. New Zealand
New Zealand it's actually the country most likely to survive the imminent climate change collapse, because it's a remote island that still has some untapped resources.
It seems like some of the cryptocurrency millionaires of the world also think of New Zealand as a solid outlet for survival, as they already have shown interest in buying properties in this country.
Tasmania is a small Australian island with a thriving agricultural infrastructure that can be self-sustainable in case of a climate apocalypse.
Ireland is another island that is both isolated and self-sustainable. It's rich in resources and can keep its population alive with the help of its booming agriculture industry.
Although Iceland is at risk of being affected by the rising sea levels as nearby glaciers are melting, it still has a lot of agricultural potential. Iceland's capacity to support renewable energy is also an important strength that would allow its inhabitants to survive a climate change collapse.
5. The United Kingdom
The United Kingdom clearly has the potential to survive, but only if its agricultural capabilities and renewable energy will be significantly increased.
6. United States and Canada
They both have a lot of potential, but their shared border can be really problematic because of the risk of mass migration. Also, they have to improve their production, agriculture, and energy generation.
Although these countries have the highest chances of survival in the event of a climate change collapse, no one can predict exactly what may happen, so in the meantime we should all try to do our part when it comes to preventing a climate apocalypse.


text: The objective of this NASA Phase I SBIR program is to leverage lightweight, durable materials developed by NanoSonic for use within extra vehicular activity (EVA) space boots to provide the following benefits: weight reduction, increased durability/longevity and thermal protection/comfort. NanoSonic will collaborate with ILC Dover, the manufacturer of the EVA space boot, to develop next-generation designs employing the adaptive thermal control materials described herein. Next-generation designs will increase the comfort and productivity while reducing fatigue and injury risks provided to crew members. Further, these next-generation EVA boot materials shall also provide enhanced instep support and enable better boot sizing as indexing. To address the comfort and thermal concerns within the EVA boot, NanoSonic will work with ILC Dover, the world's leader in EVA spacesuits, who was recently awarded the contract by NASA to develop the Z-2 advanced spacesuit. In addition to providing enhancements for foot indexing and thermal comfort, NanoSonic will work with ILC to ensure that the solutions developed herein provide weight savings and increased durability such that the EVA prototype boots developed in the Phase II effort will afford crew members increased comfort and productivity while reducing fatigue and injury risk. The proposed program would start at TRL 5 and end at TRL 8 after a Phase II effort.


Graham Moore Books In Order
Publication Order of Standalone Novels
The Sherlockian (2010)Hardcover Paperback Kindle
The Last Days of Night (2016)Hardcover Paperback Kindle
The Holdout (2020)Hardcover Paperback Kindle
Graham Moore is an American historical fiction author and screenwriter. He is best known for "The Sherlockian," the debut historical fiction novel he published in 2010 and "The Imitation Game" an Academy Award-winning television script that was based on a biography on Andrew Hodges. His mother was chief of staff for Michelle Obama while his father was an insurance defense lawyer. He was born and spent much of his childhood on the north side of Chicago and had a happy childhood despite the fact that his parents divorced when he was barely in his teens. In 2016, he published his second novel
"The Last Days of Night" that tells of the rivalry between George Westinghouse and Thomas Edison set in New York City in 1888. The story is told from the perspective of Paul Cravath who was attorney to Westinghouse. The novel was made into a film whose script was written by that Moore.
Growing up in North Chicago, Graham Moore got interested in mystery stories as a child when he would read Agatha Christie novels that his mother brought home. Since he always loved music, he intended to find a career in music and hence spent much of his time as a teenager playing and reading about various bands. When he joined Columbia University, he still wanted to work in music though he was starting to get interested in literature having attended classes where he read Western classics such as "The Odyssey" and "The Iliad." However, his interest in music was stronger and thus he kept at it and when he graduated, he built a studio that he worked in with his friends. Moore was in charge of collecting equipment and was also sound engineer when he was not playing with a bunch of bands around New York. He had always been fascinated by Sherlock Holmes but something changed in 2004. A leading archeologist announced that they had found Arthur Conan Doyle's diary which was something of a Holy Grail from Sherlock fans. He was so fascinated with the discovery that he started writing the manuscript for a novel that would later become "The Sherlockian." Soon he was angling to become an author though he still worked in the studio to make rent and wrote whenever he had free time.
In 2004, Ben Epstein who was a student at New York University film school and Graham Moore's best friend made an interesting suggestion. They had been out drinking and were just telling foolish jokes that got funnier as the night wore on. It had not been such a good joke when it all started but over the course of the night, it developed into an idea for a comedy. Moore had never written anything except for a few short stories and the manuscript for his first novel. However, Epstein was adamant that they had to write the script for the comedy he was making for MTV together. While he did not know anything about scriptwriting Graham thought it would be fun. And so for several years he became a scriptwriter during the day working with his friend Epstein and in the studio during the night. When their studio closed in 2008, he had made a few connections in Hollywood after having written several scripts. His agent invited him to go live in Los Angeles. At this time, all he wanted to do was write novels but the agent assured him that he would find him a job to pay the rent while he completed his novel. The agent paid his airfare and got him his first job writing on the staff of "10 Things I Hate About You" that was airing on ABC. "The Sherlockian" was published in 2010 even though he was still better known as a scriptwriter in Hollywood. He then published "The Last Days of Night" in 2016 to establish his name as one of the most promising literary authors.
Graham Moore's "The Sherlockian" is set in 1893 where Londoners bought their magazines hoping to read of Sherlock Holmes's next adventure, only to find that Sir Arthur Conan Doyle had killed the indomitable detective. The unthinkable had happened and London descends into mourning with many railing against Doyle and crowds of people walked around sporting black armbands. But then Doyle had redeemed himself when in 1901 he resurrected the beloved detective. While he had insinuated that the death of Holmes in the novel "The Final Problem" was final, he never bothered to explain why he later changed his mind. After his death, the people in charge of his estate learned that one of his diaries was nowhere to be found. It went missing for decades and had become something of a "Holy Grail" for Sherlock Holmes fans. When Harold White is inducted into "The Baker Street Irregulars," he is thrust into the search for the missing journal. But when a literary scholar is found dead supposedly murdered, Harold uses the methods and wisdom he had amassed from reading Holmes in a quest to find the killer and the missing journal.
Graham Moore's "The Last Days of Night" is set in 1888, where the electric light just made its debut but many streets are still lit by the flicker of gas lamps. The person who controls the technology to convert night into day is set to make a vast fortune and write their name in the books of history. Paul Cravath who is a fresh-faced lawyer out of Columbia has just taken an almost impossible case. He is the attorney for George Westinghouse, who is being sued by Thomas Edison that accuses him of stealing his light bulb invention. By taking the case, he gets the opportunity to rub shoulders with the movers and shakers of New York who conduct insidious dealings in secret. His opponent Edison is a dangerous and wily man who has a lot of resources to call upon including newspapers, private spies and one of the richest men in America, J.P. Morgan. But just like Edison, the young lawyer is determined to win no matter the cost. In his obsessive quest for winning the case, he meets with the brilliant but eccentric inventor Nikola Tesla who may just be the man who knows how to beat Edison. Beautiful opera singer Agnes Huntington will also prove a great ally, though the risks he has to take are ever greater as no one is ever what they seem to be.
"The Holdout" by Graham Moore is the story of a fifteen-year-old heiress named Jessica Silver. She has just inherited a real estate fortune worth billions but then on her way home from school, she goes missing with the prime suspect a 25-year-old African American man named Bobby Nock. The ensuing trial traps straight into what preoccupies most Americans: law enforcement, race, sex, class and the garish sins of the famous and the rich. The prosecution believes that they have their man until a young woman named Maya Seale convinces he jurors that Nock did not commit the crime. But their "not guilty" verdict comes back to haunt all them for years. A decade later, the jury reassembles when a network pays them to do a docuseries and Maya who has gone back to school and is now an attorney also joins the series. But then one of the jurors turns up dead in Maya's room and it seems someone is framing her for the murder. She now needs to get to the bottom of a case that seems to have taken a life of its own and prove her innocence while at it. The current investigation soon has threads tying into what happened ten years back as secrets threaten to be revealed putting all involved in danger.
Book Series In Order » Authors » Graham Moore


Take the 2-minute tour ×
There is a linear function of two variables that I am trying to minimize under an equality constraint. But, the constraint is non linear in the variables. Is there any technique to solve this? or can I use approximations and linearize the constraint?
share|improve this question
4 Answers 4
up vote 2 down vote accepted
In addition to the tip about using Lagrange multipliers, take a look at _URL_ which has a small paragraph about methods for solving nonlinear optimization problems.
If you can know (or can show) that the problem is convex and you want to learn techniques for convex nonlinear optimization, take a look at the following textbook _URL_ (pdf available)
share|improve this answer
You need Lagrange multipliers (_URL_
share|improve this answer
To be precise, the constraint equality is exponential in the two variables. Will Lagrange multipliers help here?
share|improve this answer
As I understand, your problem looks like this:
$\min_{x,y} \Phi=a_{1} x + a_{2}y$
s.t. $f(x,y) = 0$
where $f(x,y)$ looks something like this: $f(x,y) = a_{3} \exp{(a_{4}x)} + a_{5} \exp{(a_{6}y)}$
This looks like a nonconvex NLP can be trivially solved using any NLP solver.
Or are you looking for a closed form solution?
Normally, the first thing I would try is to see if I can substitute constraints into the objective to transform the problem into an unconstrained one, but it looks like it's not possible here.
As mentioned above, you can write the first order optimality conditions for the above system and solve the resulting nonlinear system of equations.
$\nabla L(x,y,\lambda) = \nabla\Phi + \lambda \nabla f(x,y) = 0$
In your case, it would be:
$a_{1} + \lambda a_{3} a_{4} \exp{(a_{4}x)} = 0$
$a_{2} + \lambda a_{5} a_{6} \exp{(a_{6}x)} = 0$
Solve the above system for $x,y,\lambda$. And bam! You're done.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
How to Access eReserves (Students)
You can access eReserves in two ways:
From your online classroom
Go to Content > Course Resources > eReserves and you will see the eReserve items for that particular class.
Or log directly into the eReserve System
You can also log directly into the eReserves System, where you should see a list of your current classes. Click on a class and you will see the items for that class.
Note that eReserve items do not become available until the first day of class, and are unavailable once the class ends.
The eReserves System
- Hot List. You can make a single "Hot List" of selected items from all your classes for quick access to those items.
- Alerts. You can set up e-mail alerts to notify you when new items become available.
- RSS Feeds. You can also subscribe to an RSS feed to be alerted when new items become available.
- Tagging. You can tag items and sort them by the tags. Click on individual items to add tags to them. (Some items may also come with tags from the instructor.)
What is the difference between eReserves, eReadings, and the Webliography?
- eReadings are textbook chapters that are placed in your classroom through UMUC Textbook Services.
- eReserves are additional required readings, provided through the UMUC Library.
- The Webliography is a list of resources freely available on the Web.


text:
This study compared the Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools (CBITS), as it is typically delivered, to CBITS-plus-family treatment component (CBITS + Family), developed through a community partnership. This study used a quasi-experimental design, capitalizing on ongoing CBITS implementation within a school system. In total, 32 parent/student dyads were recruited in CBITS groups and 32 parent/student dyads were recruited in CBITS + Family groups. Parents and students in both conditions completed preand posttreatment measures, in addition to a 6-month posttreatment follow-up assessing symptoms. Families were low-income and predominately Latino. Children were 59% female with an average age of 11.70. Participating parents were 84% female with an average age of 38.18. The majority of parents (80%) were immigrants and 70% reported not finishing high school. Parents who received CBITS + Family showed significant improvements in attitudes toward mental health, school involvement, and primary control coping, while demonstrating significant reductions in involuntary engagement and inconsistent discipline. CBITS + Family appears to be most beneficial for children with high symptom severity in terms of reducing posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and disengagement coping. Finally, greater improvements in parent variables predicted larger symptom reductions among children within the CBITS + Family group. This study suggests that CBITS + Family is beneficial for parents of children exposed to trauma and may be especially helpful for children with high initial symptom severity. Children in CBITS + Family appear to benefit most when their parents show larger improvements in school involvement and greater reductions in parental inconsistency and involuntary engagement.
- Parent involvement
ASJC Scopus subject areas


text:
Christianity is a religion of the image. What does the image seek to do? It attempts to show the Divine, and in this art becomes a pictorial theology and a meditation on the sacred.
Faith Underground: The Art of the Catacombs
A specifically Christian Art emerged hundreds of years after the Gospel Texts. Two hundred years after the birth of Christ. Christian art emerged underground in the catacombs, most notably in Rome. This particular class looks at faith underground. Participants are reminded that the art of the catacombs was not art for art's sake, but art for inspiration and instruction. Christians needed a reminder of the fundamental doctrines of their faith, especially the reassurance, in the face of persecution, that death was not the end.
In three two hour classes the following topics will be presented and discussed:
- Christians in Rome
- Death and Burial in Rome
- History of the Catacombs
- People of the Book
- Christian Iconography
- Frescos of Faith
- Faith in Stone


text:
With OfSTED returning to publishing reports for inspections conducted before the coronavirus lockdown, we wanted to remind education and training providers that there will come a time when training programmes will be back in full operation and OfSTED will start to inspect again. After 6 weeks of lockdown, this is probably a good time to focus again on programme and curriculum design. Also, while there is talk about extending some framework programmes beyond the July 2020 deadline, apprenticeship providers could use this time to make the move to standards for all of their programmes. To support providers in this task we thought it would be helpful to release a short guide to help with this transition.
Difference between Programme and End Point Assessment Plans
Each apprenticeship standard has an assessment plan that sets out how learners complete their programmes. It is the job of the training provider and employer to get them there. To do this, providers, with the agreement of employers have to identify the knowledge, skills and behaviours needed and decide how these will be taught, developed and practised through on and off the job training. For apprenticeship delivery, there should be two types of assessment plans:
- Endpoint Assessment Plan – this is what will be used by the endpoint assessment organisation to assess the learner at the end of their programme with the grading criteria.
- Programme Assessment Plan – this is what will be agreed between the training provider and employer that sets out what learners need to know (knowledge, skills and behaviours) and why they need to know it. This is important as it links to OfSTED Quality of Education judgement. The what and why are the curriculum intent. In the assessment plan, providers should also set out how they are going to measure each work/evidence requirement and what the success criteria are for each – this is how curriculum impact is determined.
Programme assessment plans
Programme assessment plans help providers deliver apprenticeships and support learners in meeting the knowledge, skills and behaviours. By reviewing programme assessment plans teaching and training staff can also get a better understanding of apprentice learning, to make changes to their curriculum and pedagogies in the interest of improving teaching and learning.
Programme assessment plans allow training providers to implement a standardised process for designing and delivering high-quality programmes and meeting the OfSTED Quality of Education judgements. This is our recommended method of designing and developing apprenticeship programme assessment plans and providers make meaningful decisions about areas of strength and weakness in order to improve teaching and learning.
Step 1 – Identify the Apprenticeship standard outcomes
The first step is to identify the outcomes. In an apprenticeship programme, these are knowledge, skills and behaviours.
Step 2 – Determine the assessment measures
What do you need to do so that learners can demonstrate the necessary knowledge, skills and behaviours at the end of the programme? What tasks or evidence will they be required to complete or submit and what benchmark will define success, i.e all learners to achieve 80% pass mark for a test. To repeat what we have said – this is your curriculum intent – what is required and why and how will you determine if learners are meeting the required levels to be successful at the endpoint. In choosing measures and methods, providers should think carefully about what assessments are being set for learner and how they will provide you evidence that the knowledge, skills and behaviours are being met, that programme strengths can be built on and what learning and development needs are required by learners to drive programme improvement.
Step 3 – Mapping outcomes
Once you providers have identified the knowledge, skills and behaviours, they should map these to other assessment plans that may cover additional skills, knowledge an experiences. It is useful to map outcomes to other outcomes sets such as functional skills, safeguarding and Prevent.
Step 5 – Create the curriculum plan
The curriculum plan is critical in the design of the programme as it sets out the implementation. The curriculum should be made up of activities, modules or small courses and these should be mapped to the apprenticeship programme assessment plan. It is important for the curriculum plan to be properly sequenced and that learners, employers and the delivery staff know the logic of the order of delivery.
It is also recommended that as part of the curriculum planning process, staff also identify the 20% off the job training activities too.
Step 6 – Review the assessment plan
It is really important for providers to review their assessment plans. Having set out measures that will set success benchmarks, it is vital that at natural points in a programme these are reviewed and findings added against each of the measures. This should then feed into a programme improvement action plan. Importantly, the findings will also provide the analysis required to measure the curriculum impact.
This has been a difficult time for all education and training providers but it should also be used for positive development activities. Many providers will still be planning the recruitment of learners in September and October – this is now the perfect time to get those course right.


text:
A 1997 letter to the British Medical Journal describes an innovative surgical anesthetic used by Arabs in the middle ages that involved placing a sponge soaked in opium, hashish and scopolamine over the patient's face.
From the ingredients, the patient was probably aware of little, let alone any pain, and it appropriately features in the dreamy Middle Eastern classic, Arabian Nights.
Editor—Anthony John Carter's review of sedative plants skipped several centuries and did not mention the "Arabic anaesthetic sponge." Opium infusion was known to Arab clinicians throughout the middle ages and was used commonly to relieve pain associated with inflammation or procedures such as tooth extraction and reduction of fractures. Poppy seeds were used in oral perioperative analgesic syrups or paste; their boiled solution was often used for inhalation.
Anaesthesia by inhalation was mentioned in R Burton's Arabian Nights, and Theodoric of Bologna (1206-98), whose name is associated with the soporific sponge, got his information from Arabic sources. The sponge was steeped in aromatics and soporifics and dried; when required it was moistened and applied to lips and nostrils. The Arabic innovation was to immerse the "anaesthetic sponge" in a boiled solution made of water with hashish (from Arabic hasheesh), opium (from Arabic afiun), c-hyoscine (from Arabic cit al huscin) [aka scopolamine], and zo'an (Arabic for wheat infusion) acting as a carrier for active ingredients after water evaporation.
Link to full text of BMJ letter.


text:
Previous comparative studies of Losartan and Candesartan, two drugs for treating high blood pressure, have put health service officials around the world in a serious dilemma:
There is an increased risk of death among heart-failure patients who take Losartan – which is cheap because the patent on the drug has expired – while the more expensive Candesartan is more effective. Health service officials have thus had to decide whether to prescribe the dearer Candesartan to save lives.
But making that decision is now easier thanks to a comprehensive analysis of the two types of medicine for treating high blood pressure when the patients are given comparable, medium-to-high doses.
"Contrary to previous observational studies, we cannot see any differences in this new study in the effects of the two drugs," says Henrik Svanström, who conducts research in health statistics at the State Serum Institute. "So it doesn't matter which drug the patient gets."
Svanström is the lead author of a paper describing the study, published recently in JAMA, the Journal of the American Medical Association.
According to calculations made by the Institute for Rational Pharmacotherapy – a partly independent institute under the Danish Medicines Agency – the Danish public health service could have saved €67 million in 2010 alone if doctors had prescribed the cheaper Losartan to treat hypertension instead of Candesartan, which numerous patients received.
"When Candesartan and Losartan have the same effect, these results can lead to cheaper treatment for high blood pressure," says Svanström.
The researchers studied patients over the age of 45 who had been hospitalised for heart failure in _PHONE_.
Because they suffered from heart problems, the health service registered them automatically.
The researchers then downloaded the patients' prescriptions from the health service database to see whether the patients were treated with drugs for hypertension.
As well as the doses prescribed, this information showed that:
To make sure that they did not include patients who died from other diseases or conditions, the researchers cleansed the statistics by discounting the ordinary causes of death among heart-failure patients over the age of 45.
This statistical process showed clearly that if hypertension patients were given comparable standard doses of Losartan and Candesartan, Losartan is just as effective as Candesartan.
However, if patients were given a lower dose of Losartan (of 12.5 or 50 mg) – due to their fragile health – they do run a higher risk of dying.
Patients who were given the smallest Losartan dose of 12.5 mg had a more than two-fold increased risk of dying, compared with patients given high doses of Candesartan (16-32 mg) – presumably because their health was already more fragile.
The conclusions of previous studies may well have been correct – but those studies did not contain enough nuances, says Svanström.
His research team claims that the new study is more thorough than previous studies that have compared the two drugs for treating high blood pressure.
"The population in our study has a better composition," says Svanström. "We have a better balance of doses. Our study has a higher share of Losartan-users who received a high dose. And that was what made the pattern visible to us."
Read this story in Danish at videnskab.dk


text:
The Barn Owl
Wisconsin Status: Endangered
This graceful but ghostly bird can locate a mouse in the dark of night by sound alone without the aid of external ears. Barn owls don't have ear "tufts" like great horned owls or screech owls. They have ear openings hidden behind their round facial disk of feathers. The feathers help direct sound into the ears.
Barn owls are one of Wisconsin's best natural mousetraps, consuming one and-a-half times their weight in food each day! That's like a 100-pound person eating 150 pounds of food. Look out mice, meadow voles, shrews, and other small animals. Some modern agricultural practices have reduced barn owl habitat by shifting from cover crops such as oats and hay to row crops like corn. This removes food and shelter for mice and voles. The owls then lose their local food source. Barn owls have a hard time surviving severe winters if they can't find enough food, since their bodies store little fat reserves. Typically they hunt along uncultivated field edges, fence rows, and wetland edges. On average, barn owls only live 3-4 years.
Their unforgettable shriek or hiss-screams not only warn their young of danger, it is sure to scare off any predator or human bystander. You may hear this sound in the spring or late summer as the owls look after their young. The young owls are reared in tree cavities, abandoned buildings, church steeples, silos, or as their name suggests, barns. Adults lay one egg every 2 days on a bare surface in a dark corner until there are 5-7 eggs. The eggs hatch about 30 days later; one at a time.
Unfortunately, most of their nesting sites are disappearing in Wisconsin as modern, windowless metal farm buildings replace barns with open windows and cracks and as large, dead nesting trees are removed from woodlots. The barn owl can be found all over the United States, except for the very northern states. They are rare in Wisconsin, usually found in the southern one-third of the state. They are considered endangered in Wisconsin. You can help barn owls out by reporting any barn owl sightings.
E-mail EEK! with your sightings.


text:
The courtroom is an opportunity for dialogue, affirmation, recognition, and sanctions when required. By using the physical environment to the court's advantage, the participant's remain engaged and motivated. The court became a friendlier place; where strangers became friends and sometimes mentors, coffee and pastries were served, rehab sessions and counseling, honor roll meetings and award ceremonies, and other pro-social activities occurred. Participants were also expected to engage in the larger community via volunteerism and other activities (i.e. organizing family picnics).
The participant is seated a a small table no more than 10 feet from the judge and fellow participants seated in the jury box area. The judge engages as many persons as possible in a community discussion, affirming the participant's progress and presents a reward at the conclusion of the interaction.


text:
If you've ever played a Kinect game, you'll know that sometimes it can be difficult to work out exactly where to move your body. Researchers from Microsoft and the Department of Computer Science at the University of Illinois have created a prototype system called LightGuide that could help with that and more besides — it projects visual feedback onto users' arms to help teach them correct movements for a variety of tasks. For example, an amateur martial arts trainee could be instructed by the system exactly how far to extend his or her arm while punching so as best to avoid injury.
LightGuide uses the Kinect camera to track an arm in 3D space, and visual cues such as arrows and shadows are projected onto it to help guide the user's movements. The researchers found that users were able to perform various actions significantly faster after training with the new system, and say they want to extend the concept to other parts of the body.


text:
Fundamentals With Elements of AlgebraAuthor:
Pub Date: 2002
Publisher: Cengage Learning
Summary: This student-friendly and non-traditional text provides a solid foundation in algebra concepts before introducing signed numbers, helping to build student confidence. Conversational so that students will actually read it, yet mathematically accurate, this text helps students overcome their fear and dislike of mathematics, develops critical thinking and decision-making skills, and prepares them for subsequent courses.
- Used $39.00
- New $183.36


text:
A consortium of international and national nongovernmental organisations led by the International HIV/AIDS Alliance today announced the launch of Link Up, an ambitious five country programme which aims to improve the sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) of young people living with and affected by HIV in Bangladesh, Burundi, Ethiopia, Myanmar and Uganda.
An estimated five million young people aged 15-24 live with HIV. However, the majority of SRHR/HIV programmes overlook young people, particularly from marginalised groups, instead focusing on adults living with HIV or on women of reproductive age.
Funded by the Government of the Netherlands' Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken or BUZA) through its SRHR fund, Link Up will prevent unintended pregnancies, HIV transmission and HIV-related maternal mortality among young people living with and affected by HIV.
Over the course of three years, Link Up will reach more than one million young people aged 10-24, focusing on those most affected by or at higher risk of HIV including young women and men living with HIV, male and female sex workers, men who have sex with men and transgender people, in order to improve their sexual and reproductive health and rights.
According to Divya Bajpai, the Alliance's senior advisor on sexual and reproductive health: "This is a fantastic opportunity to implement tailored and integrated HIV and SRHR interventions to increase uptake and access which will lead to lower rates of HIV incidence, unintended pregnancy, maternal mortality and sexually transmitted infections as well as provide greater social protection and guidance for vulnerable young people."
She continued: "In many countries the rights of young women living with HIV to start a family and to make informed choices about family planning and maternal health are simply not recognised. Link Up will make a major contribution to the integration of sexual and reproductive health and rights with HIV services in the five project countries and beyond."
In Burundi, Ethiopia and Uganda, Link Up will work to ensure that sexual and reproductive health and rights are integrated into existing HIV services for young men and women, including those living with HIV, and vice versa. In these settings, young people especially girls are highly vulnerable to HIV and there are high rates of unintended pregnancies and maternal mortality.
In Bangladesh and Myanmar, information and services will be tailored to meet the needs of vulnerable groups living with or most at risk of HIV in order to overcome barriers to access such as stigma, discrimination and fear of arrest.
In addition, Link Up will advocate for legislative reforms and work to influence the political landscape to advance the rights of marginalised young people, in particular those who sell sex, are living with HIV or in same-sex relationships, who are often unable to safely access, use and benefit from appropriate user friendly information and services.
Link Up draws on the experience of a consortium of international organisations as well as on the strengths of national implementing partners and is led by the International HIV/AIDS Alliance which has a strong track record in promoting the integration of HIV and sexual and reproductive health and rights work through its programming and policy. The five other international partners are ATHENA Network, The Global Youth Coalition on HIV/AIDS (GYCA), Marie Stopes International, Population Council and STOP AIDS NOW!


Ready to test your little grey cells? Imperial's best minds set the ultimate puzzle challenge.
1: Hard
I have nine coins in my pocket. Some of these are 2p pieces and the others are 5p pieces. I am contemplating buying some buns. I notice that I can buy four buns without requiring any change but, although I can afford them, I do not have the coins to buy five buns without needing to get change. How much does a bun cost and how many coins are there of each type?
Dr Lynda White, Principal Teaching Fellow in Experimental Design, Department of Mathematics
See the answer
See the answer
Solution: A bun costs six pence and there are 4 two pence coins (and 5 five pence coins).
We can infer from the wording of the question that the number of two pence coins is one of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, and correspondingly 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 or 2 for five pence coins.
We are looking for a total value of coins which is a multiple of 5 but which cannot be attained exactly using the two and five piece coins and which therefore require change. In addition, the corresponding multiple of 4 must be attainable exactly.
When the number of two pence coins is 2, 5, 6 or 7, a straightforward check shows that all total costs which are affordable multiples of 5 can be attained exactly so we do not have a solution here.
When the number of two pence coins is 3, all total costs which are affordable multiples of 5 can be attained exactly except for 35. This would lead to a bun price of 7 pence but 28 pence (which would be the cost of 4 buns) is also not attainable. Again, there is no solution.
However, when there are 4 two pence coins we find that all total costs which are affordable multiples of 5 can be attained exactly except for 30. This leads to a bun price of 6 pence and we see that 24 pence (=2+2+5+5+5+5), the price of 4 buns, can be attained exactly. This is the only solution.
2: Very hard
I keep all my worldly wealth in a numbered Swiss bank account. Recently, the bank decided that all account numbers must have between 30 and 80 digits and may not start with a zero. It's complicated, but I can work mine out each time I need it. If I multiply my number by nine I get the same number with the last digit shifted to the front (so that, for example, 134689 would become 913468). Can you help me work out my account number?
Professor Jonathan Mestel, Professor of Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics
See the answer
See the answer
Solution: 10112359550561797752808988764044943820224719
Digit by digit construction:
If an integer has the same number of digits when it is multiplied by 9, it must start with a 1. Its next digit must be either a 0 or a 1. However 11… would give 99… when multiplied by 9 which wouldn't work, as putting a 9 in front would give 911… So the only possibility is that the first two digits are 10:
First two digits are 10
and the product must begin with a 9. This means the last digit is 9. When we multiply by 9 we find 9*9 = 81 so the last digit of the product must be 1, carrying 8 towards the next digit and
The last two digits are 19.
Continuing in this manner we have 9 x 1 + carry over 8 = 7 carry 1, 9 x 7 + 1 = 4 carry 6 so that
The last 4 digits are 4719.
Continuing the backwards construction, we have
9 x 4 + 6 (carried over) = 42 = 2 carry 4
9 x 2 + 4 (carried over) = 2 carry 2
9 x 2 + 2 (carried over) = 0 carry 2
9 x 0 + 2 (carried over) = 2 carry 0
So currently we have 9 x 10………20224719 = 910…….._PHONE_
….and carrying on in this manner (9x2 +0 = 8 carry 1 etc) we eventually find the solution of 44 digits:
Incidentally, instead of terminating after 44, we could have continued the process, going round the loop once more. This would duplicate the 44 digit string giving us an 88 digit solution. 1011235955056179775280898876404494382022471910112359550561797752808988764044943820224719. But this is too large for the bank's specifications, thank goodness.
Construction of entire integer
To construct an integer with the required multiplication property, call it x and suppose it has k digits, with a last digit N. Then removing the last digit is equivalent to subtracting N and dividing by 10. We then put N at the front which is adding N x 10k-1. We deduce that
9x= (x-N)/10 + N(10k-1)
Or 90x = x-N +N(10k )
And solving for x
x = N(10k-1) / 89
This requires 10k - 1 to be divisible by 89. Using "Fermat's Little Theorem", since 89 is prime, this happens for k = 88 (and possibly for smaller values of k which divide 88). We know N = 9 giving a possible solution
x = 9(1088-1)/89 = 1011235955056179775280898876404494382022471910112359550561797752808988764044943820224719
However 88 digits is too long given the specification.
By inspection, we spot the smaller solution 10112359550561797752808988764044943820224719.
Note (1088-1) = (1044-1)(1044 + 1) and 1044 + 1 = _PHONE_……001 which on multiplication appends a 44 digit number to itself. So provided 89 divides 1044 - 1 and not 1044 + 1, we have a smaller solution.
3: Fiendish
A medieval farmer is in their house and needs to get water from a river and then take the water to animals in a barn. The farmer would like to take the shortest route to the barn, but doesn't know about calculus (as it hasn't yet been invented). The farmer's house is 400 yards west of the river, which runs north-south, and the barn is 200 yards west of the river, but 800 yards further north than the house. How can the farmer work out the shortest path, and how long will that path be?
Dr Daniel Mortlock, Lecturer in Astro-Statistics, Department of Physics
See the answer
See the answer
Solution: 1000 yards
There are several ways to solve this problem that don't involve calculus. The simplest is to imagine a "copy" of the barn that is at the same north-south position (i.e., 800 yards north of the farm) but 200 yards to the *east* of the river. The quickest route is then, obviously (at least assuming the farmer knows about Euclid) a straight line from the house to the "copy" barn. The implied path to the real barn is then like the farmer "bouncing" off the river like light off a mirror. The distance is given by Pythagoras's theorem as [(400 yards + 200 yards)^2 + (800 yards)^2]^(1/2) = 1000 yards. (It's actually a classic "3-4-5" triangle, albeit a bit disguised.)


How to Clean Travertine Stone Flooring
Tile travertine Flooring
DougBennett / Getty Images
 - Total Time: 1 - 2 hrs
 - Skill Level: Intermediate
Travertine is a type of stone flooring that is quarried from the earth and then refined into tiles for architectural use. It has been used in a variety of building applications for thousands of years. A form of limestone, travertine is indeed "hard as a rock," but it is also relatively porous when compared to some other natural stone construction materials. For this reason, it has certain inherent vulnerabilities that need to be considered when cleaning and caring for these materials. This includes both long-term, regular maintenance concerns, as well as specific instructions and precautions you should follow whenever working with these surfaces.
How Often to Clean Travertine Flooring
Regular sweeping or vacuuming, plus mopping, should be done weekly with travertine floors, or whenever the surface is visibly soiled. Sweeping or vacuuming the floor removes small particles that can cause minor abrasive scarring to the surface of the tile. Over time, these tiny particles can wear down the luster and finish of the material while also removing the protective sealant coat, leaving the stone beneath vulnerable to discoloration and staining. In addition to regular cleaning, there are three other parts to cleaning and maintaining travertine floors:
 - Disinfect floors during monthly maintenance.
 - Clean grout lines every few months depending on how dirty your floor gets.
 - Surface-seal travertine every three to five years according to most stone flooring manufacturers, though harsh chemicals and heavy use may wear out the sealer more quickly than that, requiring additional applications.
What You'll Need
Equipment / Tools
 - Broom or vacuum cleaner
 - Mop or sponge
 - Mop bucket
 - Towels
 - Small, narrow scrub brush for grout
 - 1 tablespoon mild, non-acidic dish soap
 - Baking soda
 - Warm water
 - Stone cleaner (optional)
 1. Sweep or Vacuum the Floor
 Sweep or vacuum the floor to eliminate small particles of dirt and grit.
 2. Mop the Floor
 Apply a small amount of plain warm water to the floor with a sponge or mop that is nearly wrung dry so that the travertine surface gets just barely damp. Do not saturate travertine tiles with water, as it can penetrate down past sealant or into grout lines, causing discoloration, degradation, and the growth of mold and mildew.
 3. Disinfect the Floor
 If it is time to disinfect the floor, add a tablespoon of mild, non-acidic dish soap to a gallon of water. Damp-mop the floor with this solution. Mop a second time with clean water to remove any lingering residue that may exist. Toweling the surface dry is also recommended.
 4. Clean the Grout Lines
 Cleaning the grout around travertine tiles can be tricky because you don't want to mar the stone, but you need something abrasive to clean the grout. If the grout lines are due to be cleaned, mix equal parts baking soda and water to create a gritty paste. Carefully scrub this slightly abrasive paste onto the grout with a tiny brush as you avoid scratching or etching the edges of the tile with the tool. Also, try a specially formulated stone cleaner (approved to use on travertine) to try to clean the grout.
Tips on Sealing Travertine Stone Flooring
Natural travertine has microscopic pores in the surface which give it a rustic look, but which can also soak up liquids, leading to stains, discoloration, material degradation, and mold growth. The way to combat this is to ensure that the material is properly sealed both during and after installation, and then again periodically throughout its existence.
Types of Sealant
There are two types of sealants used on travertine floors. The first is a deep penetrating material that will seep down and clog the pores, making it difficult for moisture to invade the stone. A surface barrier sealer can then be used to create a clear coating over the tiles to stop spills from causing discoloration. Once the initial below-surface sealer is brushed on, a barrier surface coating can then be reapplied every few years to maintain the treatment.
Color Effects of Sealants
Travertine tiles tend to be light in color, but adding sealer can deepen those hues, and give them a slightly glossy appearance. Some people like this look, and if that is your desired effect you can reapply the sealant frequently. On the other hand, others prefer a weathered look which can be achieved by using the sealer less often.
Tips to Keep Your Travertine Tiles Clean Longer
Maintaining travertine comes down to using mild cleaners and taking care of the grout. Never use abrasive chemical cleaners or anything acidic when caring for travertine floors. Travertine stone is by nature an alkaline substance, and it can stain and discolor if it comes in contact with acidic substances.
The grout lines between tiles are the most vulnerable points in your travertine flooring installation, as these spaces are susceptible to water penetration, stains, discoloration, and the growth of dark, unsightly, and unhealthy mold. Do not use commercial grout cleansers used for ceramic tile because they often contain bleaches which may etch travertine stone.
If necessary, grout lines can also be completely removed and replaced, which can give your flooring installation a brand new and revitalized look. While regrouting can be moderately difficult, it is a much easier and less expensive option than replacing an entire travertine floor.


text:
With 25,000 hectares and 140 km South of Hanoi, Cuc Phuong is the first National Park of Vietnam which was established in 1962. The botanical richness of the forest is impressive as it supports a wide variety of flora species and patches of primeval forest, including ancient trees with thick clusters of roots, and parasitic plants and ligneous creepers.
Some tree species have been introduced from Burma, India, and Borneo. Clusters of orchards grow near cave entrances, where the moisture conditions and light are ideal. Varieties include thousand-year dracontomelum and parashorea trees which can be visited in a one or two hour hiking, and coral, vanilla, snow-white, and butterfly orchids everywhere. Large mammals inhabit the park including panthers and bears, but rarely appear, so the most popular animals you can see are monkeys, gibbons, flying squirrels and pheasants. There are also over 120 species of birds and many varieties of beetles living here, and April and May arrive swarms of butterflies. At night, million of cicadas create a deafening din, and million of fireflies flicker about.
Lying in a limestone area, Cuc Phuong includes numerous caves. At "Nguoi Xua" (Cave of Early Man), two ancient tombs have been discovered, along with Neolithic remains and evidence of stone implements; there have been similar finds at Trang Khuyet (Crescent Moon), Thanh Minh, and Con Mong Caves. Hang Dan Cave is known for its bat population. Hiking in Cuc Phuong is following some kilometers of trails and passing through old-growth forest with long vines wrapped around strangled trees, visiting the caves, waterfalls and streams in the forest or stopping over at a Muong ethnic's village. Since the location in between three provinces, it's easy to combine a trip to Cuc Phuong with a trip to Hoa Binh or Ninh Binh province, or you can depart from Hanoi, spend the whole day exploring the forest and overnight at the Park's guest house
- Visitor center & endangered primate rescue center
- Cave of prehistoric man (0,3km walk)
- 1000 thousand year old tree trail (6km walk on loop trail)
- Pick you up at 8.00am at hotel in Hanoi, then depart for Cuc Phuong national park towards to the Southwest of Hanoi (2 hours on bus)
- Visit the Endangered Primate Rescue Centre- a non-profit organization dedicated to the rehabilitation, breeding, research, and conservation of endangered primates, and to the protection of their habitats.
- Then keep going into the park central, stop to discover ancient human cave
- Have lunch at house-on-stilted in the park central.
- Taking a short trek into the National Park for sightseeing
- Back to the Park Centre, then taking Car / Van to be backing Hanoi.


Oracle8i SQL Reference
Release 3 (8.1.7)
Part Number A85397-01
SQL Statements:
Use the INSERT statement to add rows to a table, a view's base table, a partition of a partitioned table or a subpartition of a composite-partitioned table, or an object table or an object view's base table.
Additional Topics
For you to insert rows into a table, the table must be in your own schema or you must have INSERT privilege on the table.
For you to insert rows into the base table of a view, the owner of the schema containing the view must have INSERT privilege on the base table. Also, if the view is in a schema other than your own, you must have INSERT privilege on the view.
If you have the INSERT ANY TABLE system privilege, you can also insert rows into any table or any view's base table.
subquery: see SELECT and subquery.
Keywords and Parameters
See Also: "Hints" and Oracle8i Performance Guide and Reference for the syntax and description of hints
Specify the schema containing the table or view. If you omit schema, Oracle assumes the table or view is in your own schema.
table | view | subquery
Specify the name of the table or object table, or view or object view, or the column or columns returned by a subquery, into which rows are to be inserted. If you specify a view or object view, Oracle inserts rows into the view's base table.
If any value to be inserted is a REF to an object table, and if the object table has a primary key object identifier, then the column into which you insert the REF must be a REF column with a referential integrity or SCOPE constraint to the object table.
If table (or the base table of view) contains one or more domain index columns, this statement executes the appropriate indextype insert routine.
Issuing an INSERT statement against a table fires any INSERT triggers defined on the table.
See Also: Oracle8i Data Cartridge Developer's Guide for more information on these routines
PARTITION (partition_name) | SUBPARTITION (subpartition_name)
Specify the name of the partition or subpartition within table (or the base table of view) targeted for inserts.
If a row to be inserted does not map into a specified partition or subpartition, Oracle returns an error.
Restriction: This clause is not valid for object tables or object views.
Specify a complete or partial name of a database link to a remote database where the table or view is located. You can insert rows into a remote table or view only if you are using Oracle's distributed functionality.
If you omit dblink, Oracle assumes that the table or view is on the local database.
See Also: "Syntax for Schema Objects and Parts in SQL Statements"for information on referring to database links
Restrictions on the DML_table_expression_clause:
Use the with_clause to restrict the subquery in one of the following ways:
Use the table_collection_expression to inform Oracle that the collection value expression should be treated as a table.
See Also: "Table Collection Examples"
Specify a subquery that selects a nested table column from table or view
Note: In earlier releases of Oracle, table_collection_expression was expressed as "THE subquery". That usage is now deprecated.
Specify a column of the table or view. In the inserted row, each column in this list is assigned a value from the values_clause or the subquery.
If you omit one of the table's columns from this list, the column's value for the inserted row is the column's default value as specified when the table was created. If any of these columns has a NOT NULL constraint, then Oracle returns an error indicating that the constraint has been violated and rolls back the INSERT statement.
If you omit the column list altogether, the values_clause or query must specify values for all columns in the table.
See Also: CREATE TABLE for more information on default column values
Specify a row of values to be inserted into the table or view. You must specify a value in the values_clause for each column in the column list. If you omit the column list, then the values_clause must provide values for every column in the table.
The returning clause retrieves the rows affected by a DML (INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE) statement. You can specify this clause for tables and snapshots, and for views with a single base table.
Specify a subquery that returns rows that are inserted into the table. If the subquery selects no rows, Oracle inserts no rows into the table.
The subquery can refer to any table, view, or snapshot, including the target table of the INSERT statement. The select list of this subquery must have the same number of columns as the column list of the INSERT statement. If you omit the column list, then the subquery must provide values for every column in the table.
You can use subquery in combination with the TO_LOB function to convert the values in a LONG column to LOB values in another column in the same or another table. To migrate LONGs to LOBs in a view, you must perform the migration on the base table, and then add the LOB to the view.
See Also:
 - If subquery returns (in part or totally) the equivalent of an existing materialized view, Oracle may use the materialized view (for query rewrite) in place of one or more tables specified in subquery.
 See Also: Oracle8i Data Warehousing Guide for more information on materialized views and query rewrite.
 - If this subquery refers to remote objects, the INSERT operation can run in parallel as long as the reference does not loop back to an object on the local database. However, if the subquery in the DML_query_expression_clause refers to any remote objects, the INSERT operation will run serially without notification.
 See Also: parallel_clause in CREATE TABLE
Inserting Values Examples
The following statement inserts a row into the dept table:
The following statement inserts a row with six columns into the emp table. One of these columns is assigned NULL and another is assigned a number in scientific notation:
 VALUES (7890, 'JINKS', 'CLERK', 1.2E3, NULL, 40);
The following statement has the same effect as the preceding example, but uses a subquery in the DML_query_expression_clause:
INSERT INTO (SELECT empno, ename, job, sal, comm, deptno FROM emp)
Inserting Values with a Subquery Example
The following statement copies managers and presidents or employees whose commission exceeds 25% of their salary into the bonus table:
 SELECT ename, job, sal, comm
 FROM emp
 WHERE comm > 0.25 * sal
Inserting into a Remote Database Example
The following statement inserts a row into the accounts table owned by the user scott on the database accessible by the database link sales:
INSERT INTO scott.accounts@sales (acc_no, acc_name)
 VALUES (5001, 'BOWER');
Assuming that the accounts table has a balance column, the newly inserted row is assigned the default value for this column (if one has been defined), because this INSERT statement does not specify a balance value.
Inserting Sequence Values Example
The following statement inserts a new row containing the next value of the employee sequence into the emp table:
 VALUES (empseq.nextval, 'LEWIS', 'CLERK',
 7902, SYSDATE, 1200, NULL, 20);
Inserting into a Partition Example
The following example adds rows from latest_data into partition oct98 of the sales table:
 SELECT * FROM latest_data;
Inserting Using Bind Variables Example
The following example returns the values of the inserted rows into output bind variables :bnd1 and :bnd2:
INSERT INTO emp VALUES (empseq.nextval, 'LEWIS', 'CLARK',
 7902, SYSDATE, 1200, NULL, 20)
 RETURNING sal*12, job INTO :bnd1, :bnd2;
Returning Values into a Bind Array Example
The following example returns the reference value for the inserted row into bind array :1:
INSERT INTO employee
 VALUES ('Kitty Mine', 'Peaches Fuzz', 'Meena Katz')
 RETURNING REF(employee) INTO :1;
Inserting with TO_LOB Example
The following example copies LONG data to a LOB column in the following existing table:
CREATE TABLE long_tab (long_pics LONG RAW);
First you must create a table with a LOB.
CREATE TABLE lob_tab (lob_pics BLOB);
Next, use an INSERT... SELECT statement to copy the data in all rows for the LONG column into the newly created LOB column:
INSERT INTO lob_tab (lob_pics)
 SELECT TO_LOB(long_pics) FROM long_tab;
Once you are confident that the migration has been successful, you can drop the long_pics table. Alternatively, if the table contains other columns, you can simply drop the LONG column from the table as follows:
ALTER TABLE long_tab DROP COLUMN long_pics;
Inserting into a BFILE Example
When you INSERT or UPDATE a BFILE, you must initialize it to null or to a directory alias and filename, as shown in the next example. Assume that the emp table has a number column followed by a BFILE column:
 VALUES (1, BFILENAME ('a_dir_alias', 'a_filename'));
Copyright © _PHONE_, Oracle Corporation.
All Rights Reserved.


text:
To date, concerted collective action related to energy has generally been limited to activities where the costs to the individual Governments are either negligible or do not outweigh the short-term benefits. In the meantime, the preference of ASEAN members appears to be for bilateral initiatives, either with other member States or with States outside ASEAN. In order to move forward with energy market integration, ASEAN needs to undertake two separate sets of tasks. The first is to identify which elements of AEMI should be feasible in the current political and economic situation, and then to rank further elements in order of difficulty and importance. The second, and more important, task is to identify what political, economic and institutional changes may be required within ASEAN members, and within the organization of ASEAN itself, in order to allow the more difficult and important elements of energy market integration to be provided. The approach to implementing AEMI is likely to be multi-track – different programmes and speeds for different fuels or types of activity – and involve initiatives by different sub-sets of member States ("2 + X"). Regardless of the approach to be taken to energy market integration, committed and sustained leadership will be required from two or more ASEAN members in order to overcome inertia and maintain momentum.
Philip Andrews-Speed (lead), Principal Fellow, Energy Studies Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Christopher Len, Principal Fellow, Energy Studies Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore


CONES – Bar Cones
Pyrometric Cones are used as witness cones to monitor ceramic firing in all types and sizes of kilns for consistent, repeatable firing temperature. They are made of specifically formulated compositions, including many of the same ingredients as ceramic products. Each cone is designated a number (for example, cone 04), and each cone number measures a fairly small range of firing temperature.
How do they work?
When the kiln temperature reaches the range a cone number is designed to melt in, the tip of the cone begins to bend. The final degree of cone bending depends on the last 100°C (180°F) of the firing profile and temperature, but this significant bending may represent a change over only a few degrees of temperature. Pyrometric cones are therefore valuable for verifying that your kiln is delivering the expected amount of heat work within the kiln ware load at specific temperature and profile settings.
Moreover, while kiln shut-off devices and electronic controllers can drift from their set point over time even though everything appears to be normal, pyrometric cones do not. They will indicate whether kiln firing is under control or subtle changes are occurring, thereby giving you time to take corrective action before these changes impact your ceramic ware.
To select the proper cones: visit
Click to view Temperature Equivalent of Orton Cones.
20% off 12 Boxes of Any (Single) Type of Cones
Large Cones, Small Cones, Self-Supporting Cones, OR Bar Cones
Discounts will be entered manually when your order is processed.


other cases. So, when S&P 500 grows by 20%, the investment into the ETF grows by $12k to become $72k. Now the total investment is $72k + $40k = $112k. The floor is still $80k, meaning that the cushion is now $32k (=$112k-$80k) and the investor will increase the holding of the risky asset, which now becomes $96k (=3*$32k). Notice how whenever the market moves up, the manager following CPPI strategy invests more into equities, and whenever the market falls, he or she sells some shares, thus the strategy is trend-following. Moreover, only the floor and the multiplier are held constant in this case, while both quantities and allocation can change. The CPPI strategy is momentum-driven.
All strategies have their advantages and sound reasonable, so it would be interesting to see how each of them would behave in different market environments and with different rebalancing frequencies. To do that, we used S&P 500 data for the past two decades, which we separated into 3 types of periods: upward-trending market, downward-trending market, and sideways-moving market.
Figure 1: Different Economic Environments
We conduct the simulation using weekly rebalancing in each period (rebalancing costs are not accounted for). Allocations are the same as the ones described in the examples above. Below you can see graphs for each period.
In Figure 2, you can see the results for upward-trending market. In most periods, CPPI tends to outperform the other two strategies, while Constant Weight is the underperformer. This is not a surprise: as has been mentioned above, CPPI is a trend-following strategy, which means that it always behaves as though it expects the market to continue the trend. Meanwhile, Constant Weight is contrarian: after every market move, it expects a reversal. Therefore, during a pronounced trend, a trend-following strategy should theoretically outperform a contrarian strategy. And it does most of the time.
Figure 2: Upward Trend
In Figure 3, you can see similar results during downward-trending markets: CPPI again outperforms the others, while Constant Weight is lagging.
Figure 3: Downward Trend
Figure 4 shows results for the periods classified as sideways movement, without a strong trend. Now the picture is different: Constant Weight outperforms, while CPPI is the new laggard. Just as theory and common sense would suggest.
Figure 4: Sideways Trend
CPPI might seem like the winner of this "race", since it tends to outperform in two out of three scenarios. However, there is one issue to keep in mind with CPPI. It depends a lot on when you start to invest. If you are unlucky and in the beginning of your investment period markets crash, then the cushion might be eliminated, and you will be left with nothing or very little to invest into the risky assets, that bring the most returns. Thus, you might be stuck with low returns for a long time. You can see this for yourself: Figure 5 shows the results of weekly rebalancing accumulated over the past 20 years.
Figure 5: Total Performance
Olga Karpova, Junior Portfolio Manager
zum LinkedIn-Profil
Newsletter abonnieren
Newsletter abonnieren
Abonnieren Sie unseren Newsletter.
Damit erfahren Sie regelmässig per E-Mail Aktuelles.


text:
+ L(di/dt) + R(It)
= VSPD + 1m(1µH/m)(7,200A/8µs) + (0.0068Ω/m)(7,200A)
= VSPD + 900V + 48.96V
= VSPD + 948.9V
The surge current causes a significant rise in the voltage across the equipment ground. Because the equipment ground and the SPD ground are at different points, a voltage difference of an additional 948.9 volts occurs across the equipment (common mode) above the voltage of the surge protection device. The SPD functioned as it was intended, but if the isolation voltage of the sensitive electronics was less than 948 volts, damage would still likely occur!
Scenario 2 (better practice)
Grounding jumper used between sensitive equipment and SPD.
Both sensitive equipment and the SPD still have separate conductors (or pathways) to the system ground. You might not be able to avoid this, but you can improve the situation in scenario one by adding a jumper between the sensitive equipment ground and the SPD ground connection. This provides an additional pathway for the surge current to follow and will still cause a rise in voltage potential of the sensitive equipment relative to ground. However, the effect will be limited to the voltage across the jumper wire. As this can depend on the distance, you should minimize the wire length. In our example we assume the length of jumper wire is 0.5 meters (500 centimeters). We also assume the surge current will divide equally between the SPD ground wire and the jumper and equipment ground.
Voltage stress on equipment (VE) =
= VSPD + VJumper
= VSPD + L(di/dt) + R(It)
= -VSPD + 0.5m(1m)(1µH/m)(7,200A*0.5)/8µs + 0.5m(0.0068Ω/m)(7,200A*0.5)
= VSPD + 225V+12.24V
= VSPD + 237.2V
By adding the jumper wire between the SPD ground and the equipment ground, the SPD and the equipment ground now share the surge current. Therefore, the voltage difference is limited to that across the jumper wire. The shorter this jumper wire is, the lower the additional voltage across the equipment will be.
Scenario 3 (preferred practice)
Sensitive electronic equipment is grounded through the SPD ground.
We make the equipment ground of the sensitive electronic equipment through the SPD's ground connection to the system ground. Now in our calculation, the effect of the surge current shunting to ground only appears across the SPD. This is because the voltage rise of the system ground occurs equally with the SPD and the equipment; therefore, no potential difference occurs and we can see no additional voltage across the equipment. The voltage stress on the equipment is limited to the protection level of the SPD.
Voltage stress on equipment (VE) =
= VSPD + VL3
= VSPD + 0V
Clearly the preferred method of installing SPDs is to ground the sensitive equipment you are protecting through the SPD. This ensures the only transient voltage the load will see is that of the clamping voltage across the SPD itself. In any of the previous examples, you can enhance performance by using SPDs with a DIN-rail grounding foot, provided the mounting backplane is a suitable ground path (as well as the ground path of the equipment).


text:
|balance of trade|
|economics Compare invisible balance Also called: visible balance the difference in value between total exports and total imports of goods|
|a calculus or concretion found in the stomach or intestines of certain animals, esp. ruminants, formerly reputed to be an effective remedy for poison.|
|a stew of meat, vegetables, potatoes, etc.|
Note: A nation whose imports are worth more than its exports is said to have an unfavorable balance of trade, or to be running a trade deficit.


Leaky city plumbing raises Ontario water bills by up to a third on average, new study shows
Aging, leaky and crumbling pipes cost the average household in Ontario up to a third more on its monthly water utility bills, according to a new report on the state of the province's water infrastructure.
56-page RCCAO report says hundreds of millions of litres of drinking water wasted daily
This watermain break along a stretch of Eglinton Avenue in Toronto closed a 100-metre stretch of busy thoroughfare in 2018. A new study says the city has 1,400 watermain breaks a year, almost four a day. (Tony Smyth/CBC)
Aging, leaky and crumbling pipes cost the average household in Ontario up to a third more on its monthly water utility bills, according to a new report by a think-tank created by a consortium of provincial construction unions and contractors.
50 and not so fabulous:
The report said nearly half of all water mains in Ontario are at least half a century old, which is the average age for failure.
The study, on the state of the province's water infrastructure, looked at problems within Ontario's 444 municipalities and doesn't include Indigenous communities, which have struggled with access to clean, reliable drinking water for decades.
The 56-page report was paid for and published this month by the Residential and Civil Construction Alliance of Ontario (RCCAO). It suggests communities need more money to maintain, repair and replace aging and leaking plumbing that wastes hundreds of millions of litres of clean drinking water a day, and taxpayers tens of millions of dollars a year.
In Toronto alone, the study said, it's estimated the city has been losing 103 million litres of clean water per day for the past 15 years.
'Huge amount of waste'
"It's a huge amount of waste, not only in the amount of water being spilled, but also in the energy being used to pressurize these pipes," said Tamer El-Diraby, a professor of civil engineering at the University of Toronto and the study's lead author.
This 2018 images shows a collapsed section of O'Connor Street in Ottawa, as a result of a watermain break. (CBC)
It's not just energy and water, but also repairs and time. Between Canada and the U.S., the study points out, the two countries average 700 watermain breaks a day, costing more than $10 billion a year to repair. A British study estimated traffic delays from utility construction cost the country $2.3 billion US each year.
Leaky pipes:
The cost of water leakage makes up to a tenth to a third of the average water bill in Ontario. In some municipalities, up to half the bill was due to leaky plumbing, the study said.
Watermain breaks however, are only part of the story when it comes to leakage. The study suggests a hole in a water pipe as small as 1.5 mm can waste up to 3,570 litres of water in 24 hours and cost $14.54 a day.
Toronto loses anywhere from 10 to 15 per cent of total drinking water supply to leakage each year, or about 103 million litres per day. Across Ontario, system leakage is estimated at anywhere between 10 to 40 per cent, according to the study.
El-Diraby said it was too difficult to rank which Ontario municipalities were doing better or worse in terms of managing their water infrastructure with any kind of accuracy.
Bad pipes:
The study said Chatham-Kent had the highest portion of its water infrastructure in poor or worse condition, including 37 per cent that had 'expired.' In Windsor, 27 per cent of its plumbing is still operational, despite being 'beyond its useful life.'
Instead, he broke it down in terms of larger and smaller municipalities. While both are experiencing resource shortfalls in terms of managing their water systems, the problem is particularly acute in rural communities, where density is low and there are minimal resources and training to properly maintain a vast network of aging water infrastructure.
"They have this double problem," said El-Diraby. "They don't have enough money to do the most basic analysis and they also do not have the expertise to do that analysis."
While larger cities usually have the knowhow, they lack proper funding, according to El-Diraby, who points to London, Ont., as an example of a community blessed with a highly competent team that gets about half the funding it needs to do its job.
Municipalities don't have funds to replace old pipes
"They have 50 per cent or less than the money they need to keep the assets in good shape. So while we made great gains in the last 20 years since the days of Walkerton, with the current funding levels, it is expected the average quality of water and waste water assets in London is going to decline."
El-Diraby was referring to the Walkerton water crisis over two decades ago that caused Canada's worst e-coli outbreak.
Toronto loses 103 million litres of drinking water a day to system leakage, enough for the daily needs of 250,000 people or to fill 15,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools. (John Badcock/CBC )
According to the RCCAO report, a lack of money is the most chronic problem when it comes to the state of the province's water infrastructure.
"Water infrastructure is a municipal expenditure and responsibility," said Krystle Caputo, a spokeswoman for the Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing, in a written statement to CBC News.
One of the solutions would be to raise the price of water, which many municipalities are already doing. But El-Diraby points out that many municipal councils lack the will to raise prices lest they raise the ire of voters.
"We need to relook the funding scheme. This is not a call for privatization, but a call to rethink and innovate with new ideas."
Holey moley:
A hole as small as 1.5 mm in a water pipe wastes 3,570 L a day and costs $14.54, the study said. A nearly 5-mm hole wastes 32,130 L in 24 hours and costs $130.88.
He suggests municipalities start making water infrastructure part of smart city systems, where city crews don't have to wait until a watermain break happens to fix aging pipes, or the pressure in the water system could be used to generate energy used in electric vehicles.
If that doesn't get people's attention, El-Diraby suggests ratepayers can avoid paying the one-tenth to one-third extra on their water bills if municipalities paid for repairs and replacements at the same rate.
"If the government takes the same amount of money, or even a fraction of that, and put it into fixing the pipes, we will not need to increase water pricing and we will not need to increase property taxes.
"We pay for the leakage no matter what, but it's more efficient if we direct this money not towards wasted water, but fixing the water system. The return on investment goes higher."
Colin Butler
Video Journalist
Become a CBC Member
Join the conversationCreate account
Already have an account?


Comet bomber flyby pics show spaceball belching ancient dry ice
Professor Sunshine bitchslaps wet squirty tail theory
Evaluating the cost of a DDoS attack
Excellent snaps sent back by a NASA probe craft during a rendezvous with the comet Hartley 2 have revealed that the spectacular "jets" of glowing gas which make it so spectacular result from dry ice subliming in its interior.
The nucleus of comet Hartley 2 belching dry ice, imaged by the EPOXI spacecraft. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UMD
A little bit of dry ice fabulousness
NASA's EPOXI* mission has seen the former Deep Impact spacecraft - which successfully bombed the comet Tempel 1 with an impact missile in 2005, gleaning valuable data while so doing - subsequently reassigned to mount a flyby past Hartley 2. During the past five years the probe has carried out cunning gravity-assist flybys past Earth in order to intercept the hurtling comet, and a week ago it zoomed to just 700km from the freezing spaceball. This time, however, there was no impact probe.
This excellent clip from NASA explains:
Since the Hartley 2 intercept last week data has beamed down from the EPOXI craft to NASA's receivers on Earth, and boffins have been eagerly crunching it. Already, traditional notions of how comets work have been upset.
"Previously it was thought that water vapor from water ice was the propulsive force behind jets of material coming off of the body, or nucleus, of the comet," says Professor Jessica Sunshine, who is deputy top boffin for the EPOXI mission.
"We now have unambiguous evidence that solar heating of subsurface frozen carbon dioxide (dry ice), directly to a gas, a process known as sublimation, is powering the many jets of material coming from the comet," continues the prof. "This is a finding that only could have been made by traveling to a comet, because ground based telescopes can't detect CO2 and current space telescopes aren't tuned to look for this gas."
Sunshine and her colleagues believe that it may be commonplace for comets' spurting of gas and dust from their nuclei into their gassy coma, or tail, to be driven by dry ice rather than wet.
"The dry ice that is producing the CO2 jets on this comet has probably been frozen inside it since the formation of the solar system," comments Sunshine's colleague Lori Feaga.
According to the EPOXI pics, Hartley 2's nucleus is peanut or dumbbell shaped, 2km long and 400m across at the narrow point of the neck. The comet-probe boffins expect many more interesting revelations from the probe data, which is still streaming in at a rate of 2,000 images a day.
Many more excellent pics, animations etc can be seen here, courtesy of NASA and Maryland uni where Sunshine and her team work. ®
*Extrasolar Planet Observation and Characterization plus Deep Impact Extended Investigation
Evaluating the cost of a DDoS attack
More from The Register
next story
What did you see, Elder Galaxies? What made you age so quickly?
1.6bn years old and already collecting a pension... boffins baffled by new cosmic riddle
Boffins build bendy screen using LEDs just THREE atoms thick
We all owe our EXISTENCE to lovely VOLCANOES, say boffins
Antarctica lava blasts kept Earth warm 'n' cozy during global cold snaps
Heroic Playmonaut wowed by LOHAN's bulging package
LOHAN team wraps Vulture 2 spaceplane avionics install
166 days later: Space Station astronauts return to Earth
ISS shift change goes off without a hitch
NASA to programmers: Save the Earth and fatten your wallet
Experts team up with space miners to sponsor asteroid finding algorithm contest
Blighty teen boffin builds nuclear reactor INSIDE CLASSROOM
prev story
Transforming your business with flash storage
Evaluating the cost of a DDoS attack
High performance access to file storage
The benefits of software based PBX
5 ways to reduce advertising network latency


text:
||This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2011)|
Today the term also includes the science of the corresponding regions of the atmospheres of other planets. Aeronomy is a branch of atmospheric physics. Research in aeronomy requires access to balloons, satellites, and sounding rockets which provide valuable data about this region of the atmosphere. Atmospheric tides dominate the dynamics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Therefore, understanding of atmospheric tides is essential to understanding the atmosphere as a whole. Other phenomena studied are upper-atmospheric lightning discharges, such as red sprites, sprite halos, blue jets, and elves.
Atmospheric tides
Atmospheric tides form an important mechanism for transporting energy input into the lower atmosphere from the upper atmosphere, while dominating the dynamics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Therefore, understanding the atmospheric tides is essential in understanding the atmosphere as a whole. Modeling and observations of atmospheric tides are needed in order to monitor and predict changes in the Earth's atmosphere.
Upper-atmospheric lightning
Upper-atmospheric lightning or upper-atmospheric discharge are terms sometimes used by researchers to refer to a family of electrical-breakdown phenomena that occur well above the altitudes of normal lightning. The preferred current usage is transient luminous events (TLEs) to refer to the various types of electrical-discharge phenomena induced in the upper atmosphere by tropospheric lightning. TLEs include red sprites, sprite halos, blue jets, and elves.
- Chapman, Sydney (1960). The Thermosphere - the Earth's Outermost Atmosphere. Physics of the Upper Atmosphere. Academic Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-12-582050-9.
- Nagy, Andrew F.; Balogh, André; Thomas E. Cravens; Mendillo, Michael; Mueller-Woodarg, Ingo (2008). Comparative Aeronomy. Springer. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-387-87824-9.