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Entry Level Server Computers
Server Computers Overview
Servers are computers that are generally single purpose machines built to work independently of the users. They are built out by system administrators to run websites, stream video or provide support to businesses. The servers are advanced versions of workstation computers in that any workstation can run the programs that servers are meant to run. The biggest difference is that servers are optimized to run their programs without interrupting, slowing down or stopping. Many times multiple servers are used in conjunction to balance the load between them.


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Pronunciation: (wān), [key]
—v., waned, wan•ing,
1. to decrease in strength, intensity, etc.: Daylight waned, and night came on. Her enthusiasm for the cause is waning.
2. to decline in power, importance, prosperity, etc.: Colonialism began to wane after World War II.
3. to draw to a close; approach an end: Summer is waning.
4. (of the moon) to decrease periodically in the extent of its illuminated portion after the full moon. Cf. wax 2 (def. 2).
1. a gradual decrease or decline in strength, intensity, power, etc.
2. the drawing to a close of life, an era, a period, etc.
3. the waning of the moon.
4. a period of waning.
5. a defect in a plank or board characterized by bark or insufficient wood at a corner or along an edge, due to the curvature of the log.
6. on the wane, decreasing; diminishing: The popularity of that song is on the wane.
Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Copyright © 1997, by Random House, Inc., on Infoplease.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Listen to war stories at the Fries Verzetsmuseum. Touching and confrontational stories that make you think.
War up close
Experience the impact World War II had on Friesland. In this museum, you will get to know the people that lived in Friesland in the early 1940s. Frisians and non-Frisians alike share their experiences of the war from the vantage point of the countryside of Friesland. They faced resistance and persecution but, luckily, did not have to deal with famine (Dutch famine of 1944–1945). However, Friesland saw many refugees that had traveled a long way to find milk and food.
Resisting the occupation
The museum focuses on topics such as the air war over Friesland, the resistance movement and hiding from the Germans. The history of the spectacular raid on the jail in Leeuwarden by the Frisian resistance plays a key role in the exhibition.
Netherlands Museum Pass valid
Would you like to purchase a Netherlands Museum Pass?
- Parkeergelegenheid voor auto's
Purchase a Netherlands Museum Pass or a ticket to a museum
Netherlands Museum Pass
Purchase the Netherlands Museum Pass to visit more than 400 museums in the Netherlands for one year.
|Type of Museum Pass
|Young Person Pass
Standard tickets Fries Verzetsmuseum
|Peuters 0-3 jaar, Kinderen 4-17 jaar
|free of charge
|Studenten / docenten


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Date of this Version
Suboptimal feed intake during lactation is associated with reduced litter weight gain and increased sow weight loss. This weight loss may lead to a prolonged weaning-to-estrus interval and decreased embryo survival in subsequent parities. Feed intake is a particular concern in primiparous sows, which consume 15% less feed than multiparous sows.
The consequences of low feed intake and excess body weight loss during lactation have received considerable attention. However, little research has focused on the mechanisms that regulate feed intake in the lactating sow. Furthermore, the progress being made in increasing litter size will continue to increase milk production and nutrient demands during lactation.
Numerous researchers have found that adding relatively large amounts of fat to the diet of lactating sows (e.g., 10% of the diet) results in increased energy intake, increased milk fat and energy, and increased litter weight gain. At these levels of fat addition, energy intake is increased by approximately.8% for every 1% addition of fat to the diet. However, adding fat seems to have little effect on reducing lactation weight loss.
Our research sought to identify possible physiological mechanisms whereby energy intake is increased when tallow (fat) is added to the diets of lactating sows.


Now Reading
How do New Year's resolutions apply to men living with HIV?
How do New Year's resolutions apply to men living with HIV?
a group of men standing in a warehouse, topless with body parts painted on their torsos
The following article was written with support and funding from Gilead Sciences Europe Ltd.
With the start of a New Year, how many of your friends are planning and promising their resolutions for 2019?
Millions of people across the world will ring out the refrain 'new year, new me' as they make major life changes to coincide with the start of a new year.
But how does the 'new year, new me' mantra apply to men living with HIV?
In the early days of the epidemic, receiving an HIV diagnosis was often seen as a death sentence. But now, people living with HIV (PLHIV) have a life expectancy much the same as the general population.
In fact, 1 in 3 PLHIV in Europe are aged over 50, with many living well into senior years, some even living into their 90s.
20 years ago an HIV diagnosis could literally mean a death sentence for many people, but nowadays, wherever antiretroviral treatments are available, we can live long and fully,' said Paolo, a man living with HIV in Portugal.
'Therefore, it can be useful to know more about our own health, as we need to get ready for a possibly long life, full of challenges and experiences.'
New Year, New Me
Paolo is one of many men with HIV who, beyond taking their antiretroviral HIV treatments, are very serious about looking after their bodies. He joined the 'HIV is: Just a Part of Me' campaign to help people start thinking about their health beyond their HIV viral load.
Even though HIV is considered a long-term health condition, there are increased chances of other health problems – comorbidities – for people with HIV.
Those health problems could be as the result of lifestyle choices, the progression of HIV in their bodies or as a side-effect of treatments.
Some of the comorbidities include: diabetes, heart disease, reduced kidney function, cancer, liver disease, lung infections, bone problems and mental health issues.
For Paolo, looking after his lungs is one of his top priorities.
My lung health is important to me and it has been challenging as I've been smoking since I was a kid,' he said.
'Now that I'm growing older and I am more aware if my overall health, I'm doing my best to smoke less.'
How does Paolo do it?
Paolo has committed to making positive goals for his health over the next 12 months. One of those goals is to avoid smoking.
As I live in a city in which it is still possible to smoke in many bars and pubs, I try to avoid those where I know everybody is smoking around, I use my lunch break to go to the gym, instead of sitting and having a heavy meal followed by coffee and cigarettes,' he said.
'Generally speaking, I try to avoid situations in which I may want to smoke, so it is easier to keep it under control.'
What you need to consider
When setting health goals people with HIV have four simple questions they need to ask themselves and their healthcare team.
 1. Does living with HIV or any of my lifestyle factors put me at increased risk of diabetes/heart disease/kidney problems/bone problems /cancer/liver disease/lung disease/mental health issues?
 2. Do I need to make changes to my lifestyle or treatment choices?
 3. Can I be screened or tested?
 4. What signs or symptoms should I look out for?
Gilead's disease awareness website HIV is: Just a Part of Me has a lot of information about these topics.
HIV is: Just a Part of Me
Paolo joined the original campaign along with 10 other men from across Europe to share their stories about the way they live with HIV.
Each man had a tattoo-style body art painted on their skin to show the serious impact HIV can have on the body.
Paolo had lungs painted on his skin and he suggests people should find individual methods that work for them to look after their health.
'My advice is to not underestimate health issues when they are present, and get checked timely, but more generally I would advise to try the healthiest possible strategies within your lifestyle,' he said.
'If you hate lifting weights, but you want to be fit, probably a traditional-gym workout will be frustrating for you in the long run, but you might have fun engaging in other forms of exercise that better suit your personality and needs.'
He also recommends understanding how your HIV antiretroviral treatment works and the impact it may have on your body.
'HIV is just a part of me because it has affected many things in my life, but not the way I am,' Paolo said.


Raise A Toast To Building Better Beer Bubbles Through Chemistry
Nov 14, 2012
Scientists may have finally solved a problem that has plagued beer drinkers for ages: Insufficient foam resiliency.
As any beer drinker can tell you, a tall glass of lager without a white, foamy head on top just doesn't look right. And even if you start out with one, it can dissipate fast. And that's just sad.
Now, microbiologists have identified the specific gene in yeast responsible for a beer's head and they say this discovery can lead to stronger, longer lasting, more aesthetically pleasing foam on your favorite brews.
Tom Villa, the chair of microbiology at the University of Santiago de Compostela in Spain, says something called the Carlsbergensis foaming gene, or CFG1, is responsible for the white stuff at the top of your mug. As Villa and his colleagues write in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, the gene resides in the yeasts used to ferment beer and it produces a protein that binds to the drink's CO2 bubbles, preventing them from escaping from the glass too quickly.
"The bubbles from the CO2 have to stay as long as possible," Villa says. "The longer they stay, the better the beer, as you know."
Now that we know exactly which gene is responsible for beer foam, Villa says it's possible to manipulate that gene to create beer with foam that lasts longer — potentially for hours and hours, as our colleagues at Science Friday reported.
He also says the same gene responsible for creating the head on a beer is present in wine as well. His team experimented with these genes and came up with a wine that looks like a beer. "It creates a different kind of wine with a lot of foam," Villa says. "You can play around a little bit."
Since most people probably wouldn't be into sipping a frothy merlot, Villa's discovery will mainly impact the world of beer. And even then, he says, this gene has no impact on the flavor of a beer.
How does he know this? Naturally, he called in his students for a little taste-testing experiment.
"It's only the physical aspect of the beer," Villa says. "We all want the foam to stay there, the longer the better. You don't want to drink a beer that when you pour it, the foam collapses the next minute."
So while this discovery may not necessarily lead to better tasting beer, foam is surprisingly important to the overall experience of drinking a beer, so much so that a Japanese company has made a frozen version, as we've previously reported. And anything that improves the beer drinking experience, even if only superficially, is something we here at The Salt will cheer.


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Common Name: Cardoon, Artichoke thistle. Scientific Name: Cynara cardunculus. Family: Asteraceae. Genus: Cynara. Plant type: Perennial. Height: 6-8 ft. (1.8-2.4 m). Flower color: Purple/Lavender. Foliage Color: Silver. Flowering time: June to September.
The cardoon or Artichoke thistle (Cynara cardunculus), is a thistle-like plant which is member of the aster family,Asteraceae. It is native to the Mediterranean. It can grow to 8 ft (2.4 m) tall and can spread to 6 ft (1.8 m) wide. It is in flower from June to September. The flowers are hermaphrodite.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Monday, May 02, 2011
Direct Reference and the Christ Myth theory
I posted a comment on Vallicella's blog this morning, which this post largely incorporates. According to Vallicella, most direct reference theories of proper names would seem to be committed to four theses which I summarise here.
1. A proper name denotes, designates, refers to, its bearer directly without the mediation of any properties.
2. Proper names are introduced at a 'baptismal ceremony' in which an individual is singled out as the name's bearer.
3. The connection established between name and bearer at the baptism is rigid: the name signifies that bearer in any modal context.
4. The name refers to the bearer only if there is a causal chain extending from S's use of N back to the baptism, where each user to whom the name is transmitted uses it with the intention of referring to the same object as the previous user.
This seems to leave out the most important characteristic of direct reference theory, namely the one expressed by Russell when he says "Whenever the grammatical subject of a proposition can be supposed not to exist without rendering the proposition meaningless, it is plain that the grammatical subject is not a proper name, i.e. not a name directly representing some object" (Principia Mathematica vol i p. 66). As I have argued elsewhere, this makes Frege a direct reference theorist, on one interpretation of Frege - essential reading here is Gareth Evans The Varieties of Reference, chapter 1.
This is a bullet that all direct theorists have to bite. The semantics of empty proper names do not obviously differ from that of non-empty names. For example, I cannot tell whether the 'Christ Myth' theory is true by examining the meaning of the proper name 'Christ'. (According to this theory, there never was such a historical person as Christ, the gospels are complete fiction). But according to a direct reference theorist, the name has no proper meaning at all if it is empty, and thus the semantics of empty proper names are manifestly different from non-empty proper names. Hoc absurdum et incredibile est.
The other features of direct reference theory that Bill mention are either features that follow from the primary claim of direct reference theory - the claim that the meaning is the bearer - or are props for the theory. Rigidity (thesis 3) follows from the meaning-bearer thesis. If the name has a meaning at all, it is because it means that very same object. Thus, in whatever context it has a meaning - and this includes modal contexts - it means that object. Thus it must 'rigidly' refer.
The baptismal requirement (thesis 2) follows from the primary thesis plus Russell's principle - the principle that we cannot make a judgment that is strictly about anything unless we know which object the judgment is about (see Problems of Philosophy p.58). Only when I am directly presented with an object in sense-perception can I truly know which object I am trying to name. We can 'pick out by sight or hearing or touch or otherwise sensibly discriminate' that object (Strawson, Individuals p.18). Perception affords a more 'intimate' or 'direct' relation in which the person stands to the object, in which the subject is en rapport with the object to be named.
The causal chain thesis (4) is a adjunct and buttress, rather than a consequence, of the theory. Given that the one imposing the name by baptism is en rapport with the bearer of the name, and so can use the name in a special way, and so any judgment he makes using that name, involves truly knowing which object the judgment is about, how do we explain the way in which the meaning of the name is communicated to others, who are not en rapport with the name-bearer?
Direct reference theorists introduce causation plus intention to explain this. It is by no means clear how this is to work. Suppose someone witnessed the ministry of Christ on earth, and so stood in an intimate and direct relation to the person of Christ. Then Christ died, rose, appeared to certain people, and then the witness sat down and wrote a gospel. The gospel is intended to communicate Christ's ministry and his death and resurrection to those who did not witness any of these events, and who had no such rapport with his person. How then can the name 'Christ' have the same meaning for one who was not a witness, as for one who was? In the understanding of the witness, 'Christ' has its baptismal meaning. For one who grasps this meaning, it is impossible that Christ should not exist. It would be like saying "this person here [pointing to Peter] does not exist". But in the understanding of one who was not a witness, the gospel is semantically indistinguishable from a mere story. One can read that story and reasonably ask whether Christ existed at all. Semantic analysis of the gospel will not resolve the 'Christ myth' controversy.
So it is clear that, even if the writer of the gospel is using the name 'Christ' in the special meaning that requires rapport with the person of Christ, and even if he uses it with the intention of referring to that person, he cannot communicate that special, direct meaning to the non-witness. Otherwise, as I say, the Christ myth controversy would not be a controversy.
In conclusion, the primary distinguishing characteristic of direct reference theory is that the meaning of a proper name is its bearer, i.e. that the bearer must exist in order for the name to have a meaning at all. The theses that Bill mentions are either logical consequences of this primary thesis, or are mere props, futile attempts to save it.
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High-Def Time-Lapse of Embryo Division is Straight Out of THE TREE OF LIFE
Anybody who's seen Terrence Malick's 2011 experimental drama The Tree of Life definitely remembers the roughly 14-minute cosmic sequence where the universe and life itself explodes miraculously into existence in a stunning combination of CGI and a wicked cinematic score. And while the above clip of a European Common Frog embryo undergoing cell division looks like it belongs right in the middle of that sequence—another wondrous life process modeled by a computer—it is in fact real, and unedited.
Cell-Division-GIF-03212017The stunning (and, let's be honest, slightly squirm-inducing) footage comes via Colossal, and was recorded by YouTuber and "supplier of short educational films/clips about Wildlife behavior and Science subjects," FrancisCheeFilms. In order to record the breathtaking time-lapse, which condenses 33 hours of cell division into 23 seconds of video, the person behind the channel (presumably named Francis Chee), had to customize a microscope that uses "an infinity optical design," which is a design that enables "the insertion of auxiliary optical devices." In this case, Chee used LEDs to light the frog embryo, although the description below the video makes clear that "there [were] countless other variables involved in performing this tricky shot," including taking into account ambient temperature, collection time of the eggs, how the eggs were handled, and what type of water was used.
As far as what you're actually watching in the video, it's cleavage taking place just after a sperm has fertilized an egg. The fertilized egg is a zygote with a diploid nucleus, or a single cell that has two complete chromosomes, one coming from each parent cell. The cleavage of the embryo begins an exponential division of that single cell, from 1 to 2 to 4 to 8, and on and on. Note that the size (volume and mass) of the embryo does not change. Chee puts it pretty succinctly in the video's comments: "Think of cutting up a sphere, no matter how many pieces you cut it up into, the overall size will remain the same."
If you want to see a more complete video of a frog's early growth stages, somebody else in the video's comments posted another pretty fantastic time-lapse. Or you can just marvel at this GIF from the The Tree of Life:
What do you think about this footage? Does it make you feel a bit squirmy too? Let us know in the comments below!
Images: francischeefilms


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The War of the Worlds
by H.G. Wells
The War of the Worlds Book 2, Chapter 2 Summary
READ THE BOOK: Book 2, Chapter 2
What We Saw from the Ruined House
- Maybe you want to hear about the brother's adventures in Belgium but, no, we're stuck with the narrator and the curate. And they're stuck, too – trapped in a ruined house while the Martians are just outside. Through a little peephole, the narrator and the curate can see the crater and the cylinder and the work going on there.
- There is a tripod guarding the hole, but that's old news – who hasn't seen a tripod by now? More interesting are the other machines that the narrator describes, especially the handling-machine, which looks like "a sort of metallic spider with five jointed, agile legs, and with an extraordinary number of jointed levers, bars, and reaching and clutching tentacles about its body" (2.2.6).
- The handling-machine moves so much like a living animal that the narrator has to remind himself that it's a machine and that the living creature is the Martian controlling it.
- Wells takes a moment here to do something that we're not sure we've ever seen before: through the narrator, Wells criticizes the illustrator of his own book. That is, the narrator notes that he saw illustrations of the tripods that made them look stiff and boring, totally unlike what they're really like (2.2.8).
- This is almost definitely a reference to an early magazine publication of The War of the Worlds (in Pearson's Magazine) that had illustrations that Wells was not happy with. They are pretty cheesy. Here's an illustration of a tripod from the original magazine publication.
- The narrator takes this opportunity to observe the Martians closely. They disgust him less now, but he finds them "the most unearthly creatures it is possible to conceive" (2.2.10). To which we want to respond, "duh, they're unearthly because they're not from Earth."
- Anyway, according to the narrator, the Martians are just heads and tentacles (which serve as hands). They have no nose and (as a later dissection revealed) no guts.
- In fact, they don't eat like we do, but instead inject blood from other creatures directly into their own veins. That may sound horrible to us, but let's think what an intelligent rabbit would feel about our meat-eating habits, says the narrator (2.2.13).
- In fact, injecting blood means they are free from all sorts of work digesting their food and all of the mood swings that come with being hungry or full. (And this is the narrator telling us about mood swings, so he really knows what he's talking about.)
- The narrator also notes that the Martians have probably attacked humans because their usual food was some Martian creature that looked vaguely human.
- The narrator also takes this opportunity to provide three big differences between humans and Martians: 1) the Martians don't sleep; 2) the Martians don't have different genders – they're really just big brains with hands; and 3) the Martians have no microorganisms.
- But rather than talk about that last part (which is surely not important), the narrator wants to tell us about the red weed, which is an invasive plant species that spreads everywhere very quickly.
- (For an example of real-life invasive plant species, check out the famous is kudzu, a.k.a. "the vine that ate the South.")
- As the world's leading expert on Martians, the narrator also wants to tell us that he thinks they communicate through telepathy. The Martians do make sounds, but those are just sounds, not language of any kind.
- And lastly, the narrator remarks that the Martians don't wear clothes (which is utterly scandalous in Victorian Britain), but the Martians do have a lot of technology that they "wear." "They have become practically mere brains, wearing different bodies according to their needs just as men wear suits of clothes and take a bicycle in a hurry or an umbrella in the wet" (2.2.25).
- The narrator then makes the connection between people and Martians super clear: "We men, with our bicycles and road-skates, our Lilienthal soaring-machines, our guns and sticks and so forth, are just in the beginning of the evolution that the Martians have worked out" (2.2.25).
- The curate wants to spy on the Martians too, so the narrator has to give up the peephole for now.
READ THE BOOK: Book 2, Chapter 2


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hyperbole examples for kids: story
A hyperbole is simply a phrase with an exaggeration that is meant to have impact. Hyperboles are not literal. They're meant to paint a funny picture or make a point. Here are some examples of hyperboles to illustrate the point and to help you identify them when they come up in speech or writing.
* I'm so hungry, I could eat a horse!
* You snore louder than a freight train.
* He sleeps like a log.


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FOOD PRIZE: Conservation Home And Abroad
The Des Moines based World Food Prize Organization is known for its work to improve the quality and availability of food throughout the world.
On the home front, the organization completed an eco-friendly project that was ten years in the making.
The good deeds that stem from the World Food Prize Organization are extensive, helping people all across the globe.
President, Dr. Kenneth Quinn knows how preserving and utilizing resources can help save lives in a career that included being a U.S. Ambassador to the Kingdom of Cambodia.
Back home on American soil the organization knew it could make better use of their resources.
"It's close to impossible to take a 19th century building like this and make it the highest level of efficiency. There are only about 4 other buildings anywhere in the United States, 19th century, to ever get to that level."
After over 10 years of planning and execution and $30-million later, the building constructed the highest level of an eco-friendly space called Leed Platinum.
"Leadership, energy, efficiency and design and it means 'what are you doing to make your building energy efficient and resource conservation."
They've put 90 solar panels on the roof to soak up the suns energy, placed 130 geothermal wells in the garden to provide heating and cooling for the building, to name a few.
"It's just an architectural treasure."
Ambassador Quinn says the way the organizations helps others around the world is no different than applying it to their own situations, "If we're going to feed the world in the 21st century, we need to have sustainable agriculture. We can use everything up and have nothing left. You also will learn about what you can do to make a building amazingly energy efficient."
It just goes to show you can learn a lot from your own teachings.
The World Food Prize is also creating a new million dollar education exhibit that they plan to open by the end of the summer.


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Cloak of deceit.
Dear Word Detective: I was just reading an old column of yours on the phrase "made it up out of whole cloth" to mean "lying" and wondered, given the textile reference, if there is any connection between "fabrication" and "fabric." — Tim Maguire.
That sounds like the foundation of a bad pun, but it's actually a good question. Of course, that presumes that there is such a thing as a "good" pun, an assertion I would contest. For some reason, probably born of a childhood trauma now buried in a cobwebbed corner of my psyche, I loathe puns. Feh.
Don't mind me; I'm in a bad mood because I have to type this with an index finger badly bitten by an ungrateful cat. Long story. Where were we? Yes, there is a family connection between "fabric" and "fabrication," but the connection between "fabric" in the "cloth" sense and "fabrication" in the "lie" sense is very indirect, akin to that between two second cousins who only met once, as children.
But before we proceed, we'd better take a moment to explain "to make something up out of whole cloth," meaning to invent a story that contains not even a smidgen of truth. "Whole cloth" has been used since the 15th century to mean a large piece of cloth in its original state, not yet cut up for sewing. As a metaphor in use since the 19th century for a story completely invented out of thin air, "from whole cloth" carries the same sense of "starting from the absolute beginning" as is found in the phrase "starting from scratch," which originally referred to a scratch or line drawn on the ground as the starting line for a race.
In the case of "fabric" and "fabrication," the connection is a common root, the Latin noun "faber," meaning a craftsman such as a carpenter or blacksmith. The derivative "fabrica" meant "workshop" or "product," and the verb "fabricare" meant "to make or build."
That verb "fabricare" eventually gave us the English word "fabricate," which appeared in the late 16th century with the meaning of "to make, construct or manufacture" anything that requires skill, but by the early 20th century "fabricate" had taken on the specific meaning of "to semi-finished materials into a finished product," as one might "fabricate" bumpers from rolled steel. (Whatever happened to steel bumpers, anyway?) Meanwhile, back in the 18th century, that "make or construct" sense had led to the use of "fabricate" to mean "constructing" a story that was utterly untrue, which gave us "fabrication" meaning just such a lie.
The original meaning of "fabric," when it first appeared in English in the late 15th century (derived via the French "fabrique" from the Latin "fabrica") was, literally, "building" ("A vaulted fabric without wood or iron-work, three stories high," 1756). "Fabric" went on to mean pretty much anything that could be built or manufactured, but settled down in the mid-18th century to being used in our modern sense to mean "textile, cloth." Interestingly, so complete has this narrowing process been that even figurative references to "the fabric of the universe," etc., are usually based on this "textile" sense of "fabric" ("Faith in the Unseen and reverence for the Divine … are inwoven in the very fabric of our nature," 1877).
So there is a connection between "fabric" and "fabrication," but it has nothing to do with "whole cloth" and making stuff up. Honest.


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Date: 01/30/97 at 20:21:52 From: M.Quinn Subject: proof problems For the following statement, give a proof if the statement is true, or a counterexample (with explanation) if the statement is false: If r is any nonzero rational number, and s is any irrational number, then r/s is irrational. I think this is true, but I can't prove it. I know s must be an integer and an integer isn't irrational Am I going the right way?
Date: 01/31/97 at 11:15:50 From: Doctor Wilkinson Subject: Re: proof problems Well, so far so good. You're correct that the statement is true. Let's try to figure out a proof. "Irrational" is a negative concept. That is, a number is irrational if it's NOT the quotient of two integers, so you typically have to use an "indirect" proof. That means, assume the number is rational and show that that assumption leads you to something you know is false. So suppose r/s is rational. That means r/s = m/n, where m and n are integers. Let's multiply by ns to get rid of the fractions. That gives us rn = ms. But now what we're really interested in is s. So let's divide both sides by m. (We know we can do this because if m were zero, r would be zero: that's what that extra hypothesis was for!). This gives us: s = rn/m r is rational, n and m are integers, so that makes s rational. But we know it isn't. Contradiction! So our original assumption was wrong, and r/s is irrational. Do you see how this works? This is a typical indirect proof. I hope this helps a little. You seem to be on the right track. -Doctor Wilkinson, The Math Forum Check out our web site! _URL_
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text:
The simple act of placing the fingertips of either hand
together in front of you to form a steeple is a very effective gesture that is
rarely offensive and will establish you as someone [who is] both evaluative and
in control. --Susan Bixler (The
Professional Image, p. 238)
Gesture. A position in which the tactile pads of the fingertips of one hand gently touch their counterparts on the other.
Usage: The steeple cue, perhaps first identified by Ray L.
Birdwhistell (Blum 1988) reflects precise thought patterns. It may be used while
listening, speaking, or thinking, to entertain a provocative or novel idea, or
to contemplate a creative solution to problems at hand.
Business. Steeple gestures may be used above a conference table to show that one is listening thoughtfully to a colleague's ideas and comments.
Media. 1. In a classic black-and-white photo by Alfred Eisenstaedt, physicist Robert Oppenheimer steepled his fingers while conversing with Albert Einstein on December 29, 1947. 2. In a Today Show interview with Katie Couric on June 24, 2003, Bernard Kerak, U.S. administrator for Iraq, steepled as he calmly explained that the postwar situation in Iraq was largely in control. When Katie asked about the exploding crime rate there, Kerak broke the steeple and vigorously scratched the palm of his hand. After explaining his side of the issue, he resumed steepling until the interview concluded. (On June 25, 2003, USA Today's lead article was about the escalating crime rate in Iraq.)
Observation. 1. The condominium president
steepled his fingers at chest level at his body's midline and replied,
"I know what I'm going to do about the board meeting." 2. The
CEO steepled and leaned back in his boardroom chair as he asked senior
staff, "What shall we do about this problem?" 3. Steeple
gestures may be observed at training lectures, news briefings, and seminars on
financial planning, e.g., where precise digital opposition reflects careful
reasoning, calculation, scheming, and thought.
Parallel palms. A common variant of the steeple cue is the widespread parallel-palms gesture. In parallel palms, the open hands are held facing--i.e., parallel to--one another as they are raised and lowered together (i.e., in tandem) in beating or chopping motions to strengthen a verbal point. As demonstrative speaking gestures, parallel palms are often seen in the courtroom as lawyers seek to manifest or prove an oral argument. Parallel palms are used by politicians, as well, to present arguments which they believe to be cogent, sound, and valid. Thus, parallel palms is an "exploded" version of the steeple cue, in which a speaker's opened hands are extended and aggressively shaken at listeners to show a. precise thought and b. a strong emotional conviction about the thought's validity. (N.B.: Note how, because the hands are held midway between the palm-down and palm-up positions, parallel-palms cues suggest the physical act of grasping, holding, or seizing a concept.)
World politics. Winston Churchill and Mikhail Gorbachev used the
steeple gesture to signal self-confidence as they spoke and listened. Regarding
Gorbachev, "He steeples in Moscow. He steeples in Washington. He steeples when
he listens. He steeples when he talks. He steeples high. He steeples low. He
even steeples when he smiles" (Blum 1988:3-14).
RESEARCH NOTES: 1. Finger-thumb steeple: "One hand movement which we filmed in a wide variety of places, is habitually used in speech. This involves placing the tips of the thumb and forefinger together to emphasize a line of argument. Usually, the hand moves agitatedly to and fro, and the speaker often concludes the gesture by abruptly baring his open palm at the other party" (Hass 1970:148). 2. "When a person in a private session with me displays this behavior and I ask what they are feeling, I can get a range of responses. If, however, I phrase my question in a leading way such as, 'I sense you're feeling pretty confident about what you've just said...,' I will invariably get an affirmation. If the person does not verbally confirm confident feelings, the steepling generally stops when I ask the question this way" (Blum 1988:3-13). 3. Fingers steeple, a widespread gesture, means "I am thinking" (Morris 1994:65).


text: Poster sessions have become a standard feature at sport psychology conferences. Although these sessions are intended to facilitate interaction between presenters and audience members, recent research suggests that the exchange of information in poster sessions is less than optimal (Rienzi & Allen, 1994). This study examined the extent to which authors of poster presentations at a sport psychology conference mailed handouts or manuscripts containing details of their presentations to interested colleagues. Results indicated that authors of only 39% of the posters responded to the requests for written information, and some of those responses were not timely. By failing to provide handouts or manuscripts to interested individuals, poster presenters may impede scientific and applied progress. Presenters are encouraged to honor their ethical and professional obligations to disseminate information on their work to the sport psychology community.


I want to know what were the names of the bows of the warriors of the Mahabharata, their abilities and how they got them
The partial list of names of bows that was mentioned in Mahabharata are :
Krishna : Saranga
Arjuna : Gandiva
Rukmi : Vijaya
Siva : Pinaka
Yudhishthira : Mahendra
Bhimasena : Vayavya
Nakula : Vaishnava
Sahadeva : Aswina
Ghatotkacha : Paulastya
Prativindhya, Sutasoma, Srutakarman, Satanika, and Srutasena : the Raudra, the Agneya, the Kauverya, the Yamya, and the Girisa.
For detailed explanation, see the following passages from Mahabharata.
From Udyoga Parva of Mahabharata, we have the following excerpt
From of Sabha ParvaMahabharata, we have the following excerpt
From of Drona Parva of Mahabharata, we have the following excerpt
In Yudhishthira's hands was the celestial bow called Mahendra; and in the hands of Bhimasena, O king, was the celestial bow called Vayavya. For the protection of the three worlds Brahman created a bow. That celestial and indestructible bow was held by Phalguni. The Vaishnava bow was held by Nakula, and the bow called Aswina was held by Sahadeva. That celestial and terrible bow called the Paulastya, was held by Ghatotkacha. The five jewels of bows born by the five sons of Draupadi were the Raudra, the Agneya, the Kauverya, the Yamya, and the Girisa. That excellent and best of bows, called the Raudra, which Rohini's son (Valadeva) had obtained, the latter gave unto the high-souled son of Subhadra, having been gratified with him.
 - 3
 I appreciate the efforts taken by you for collecting separate names. +1. – Vineet Nov 13 '18 at 3:16
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text:
All students attending Sunday School are asked to register online. If you can, please register during the Summer months, in order to help us anticipate classroom sizes and textbook needs.
Age and Grade Level Requirements
A child must be two years old by the first day of classes to enroll in the Sunday School.
Students are placed in classrooms according to grade level. In the unusual event that a student is studying at levels much higher than their age would imply, we require that they remain with their age-level peer group.
We are using the curriculum from the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese Department of Religious Education, with supplementation from other Orthodox Christian and Christian sources.
The Sunday School term roughly follows the calendar of the local public school districts, beginning the Sunday after school opens and finishing the Sunday before school finishes. Check the annual Sunday School calendar here to confirm exact dates.
Students should arrive at the beginning of Divine Liturgy and sit with their parents. After receiving Holy Communion, they should walk quietly to the Hall for a short Hymnology session, from which they'll be released to go to their classrooms. Our Sunday School program assumes that our students are truly engaging in the sacramental life of the Church, so it would not be appropriate to miss all or part of the Divine Liturgy before class.
Classes are 50 minutes long. Because the length of Divine Liturgy may vary, parents may find that Coffee Hour is often underway before their students are released from class. Unless your child is very young (preschool or pre-Kindergarten) please wait for them to come to you. Please do not go to the classroom to take your child out early. If you have an unavoidable need to remove them early, please notify the teacher with a note and we will escort your child out of class at the requested time.
Children should attend regularly to benefit from the program taught.
Please help your child follow these rules while on church property, in order to ensure a safe and loving environment:
- Please walk; do not run.
- Be quiet in Church.
- Keep your hands and feet to yourself.
- Take care of church property.
- Show respect to others.
Here are some concrete ways that you can help strengthen the foundation of your child's religious education:
- Bring your child to Church at the beginning of the Divine Liturgy.
- Be consistent. Attend Church regularly. Your child's regular attendance in the classroom is vital to the flow of information and to your child's feelings of group membership and acceptance.
- Get to know your child's Sunday School teachers. Be aware of what your child is learning in class and how your child is behaving.
- After Church on Sunday, ask your child about the lesson he or she learned in Sunday School. Discuss your child's lesson with him or her after Church and during the week.
- Practice the faith at home, observe fast days and schedule family prayer time. Children are great imitators — what they see you do, you will see them do. If you bring God into your home, your children will more readily bring Him into their hearts.
Our Sunday School program and all of our Youth Ministries rely on the work of volunteers. We could really use your help! If you are interested in offering your time and talents for any ministry, please contact the listed coordinator or the church office.
Family Link Newsletter
Please take a few moments to go online and sign up for our Archdiocese's Family Link Newsletter, a monthly email message packed with links to timely articles on family life and other useful resources. This service is provided by the Archdiocese's Center for Family Care.


Does Bluetooth Use The Same Frequency As WiFI?
Is 2.4 GHz good for a mouse?
2.4GHz RF wireless allows for faster polling, more accurate mice for gaming..
Does Bluetooth kill your battery?
Similarly, each Android software variant likely has different algorithms for Bluetooth wake-up and pairing scan intervals. No two devices will see exactly the same amounts of battery drain, but results vary from zero to negligible in any case.
What radio frequency is WiFi?
WiFi frequency bands are frequency ranges within the wireless spectrum that are designated to carry WiFi: 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz.
What GHz is Bluetooth?
2.4 GHzBluetooth® technology uses the 2.4 GHz ISM spectrum band (2400 to 2483.5 MHz), which enables a good balance between range and throughput. In addition, the 2.4 GHz band is available worldwide, making it a true standard for low-power wireless connectivity.
Can Bluetooth be used as WiFi?
Bluetooth works using short-range radio waves, not an internet connection. This means that Bluetooth will work anywhere you have two compatible devices — you don't need any sort of data plan, or even a cellular connection.
Can WiFi replace Bluetooth?
In fact, it operates in the same 2.4 GHz band used by many non-Bluetooth wireless peripherals like mice and keyboards, some cordless phones, and even some Wi-Fi networks. …
Which channel is best for 2.4 GHz?
The recommended channels to use on 2.4 Ghz are Channel 1, 6 & 11. As can be seen in the above diagram, these channels do not overlap into each other. In general 2.4 Ghz should be considered a legacy band for older devices that do not support 5 Ghz. It is often more crowded and less performant than 5 Ghz.
Does Bluetooth make WiFi slower?
Because Wifi and Bluetooth use the same frequency 2.4ghz. If your wifi signal strength is low, using bluetooth will degrade it further. Get closer to the base station and you will mitigate this effect.
What are 3 disadvantages of Bluetooth?
There are some important disadvantages of Bluetooth are given below,It can lose connection in certain conditions.It has low bandwidth as compared to Wi-Fi.It allows only short range communication between devices.Security is a very key aspect as it +can be hacked.
Will 5g interfere with WiFi?
Interference – Interference in Wi-Fi is incredibly common. … Microwave ovens, cordless phones, and baby monitors are all common sources of interference on the 2.4GHz frequency band. The 5GHz frequency band sees a lot less interference than the lower 2.4GHz frequency band.
Is 2.4 GHz wireless the same as Bluetooth?
Bluetooth uses 2.4 GHz. Bluetooth is a standard wireless communication protocol. It's a "language" that lets multiple devices talk to each other wirelessly. Bluetooth protocols use the 2.4 GHz as the method to transmit or communicate that language between the devices.
What devices still use 2.4 GHz?
Phone. Main articles: Cordless telephone and Baby monitor. … Bluetooth. Main article: Bluetooth. … ZigBee / IEEE 802.15. 4 Wireless Data Networks. … Microwave oven. Main article: Microwave oven. … Car alarm. Main article: Car alarm.
Is it better to connect by WiFi or Bluetooth?
Bluetooth and WiFi are different standards for wireless communication. Wi-Fi is better suited for operating full-scale networks because it enables a faster connection, better range from the base station, and better wireless security (if configured properly) than Bluetooth. …
Will 5g replace WiFi?
While it's certainly possible that 5G can replace WiFi, there's a good chance that it won't. 5G has too many limitations – like capacity and coverage issues. Plus, 5G and WiFi are better as complements rather that competition.
Which is better Bluetooth or 2.4 GHz?
2.4GHz audio is noticeably better when compared with Bluetooth wireless audio. Often, there's no pairing involved and it's simply a plug-and-play experience. However, the real advantage is a better sound quality. 2.4GHz wireless chipsets boast a long range and lag-free experience.
Is it better to connect to 5GHz or 2.4 GHz?
Can I use both 2.4 and 5GHz at the same time?


[Effect of xiaochaihu decoction and different herbal formulations of its components on cytokines of carrageenan induced pleuritis in rats].
ABSTRACT To explore the anti-inflammatory effect and possible mechanism of Xiaochaihu Decoction (XCHD) and the different herbal formulations of its components.
Rat model of pleuritis was established by thoracic injecting 0.2 ml of 1% carrageenan. Rats in the treated groups were medicated with XCHD (11 g/kg) and the different herbal formulations of its components respectively as follows: thorowax root-scutellaria root (A, 3.5 g/kg), fresh ginger-pinellia tuber (B, 3 g/kg), ginseng-licorice root-jujube (C, 4.5 g/kg), A + B (6.5 g/kg), A + C (8 g/kg) and B + C (7.5 g/kg), and those in the normal group and the model group were given equal volume of instilled water, by way of gastrogavage for successive 5 days. Modeling was performed 2 hrs after the last medication. The amount of pleurorrhea, and leucocyte (WBC), marrow peroxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in pleurorrhea, and serum level of interleukin-8 (IL-8) were measured 12 hrs after modeling.
As compared with the model group, all the parameters measured were lower in all the treated group (P < 0.05), and IL-1beta content in pleurorrhea in the XCHD group and Group A, B and C were significantly lower (P < 0.01).
XCHD and the different herbal formulations have obvious anti-inflammatory effect, showing certain preventive and therapeutic effect on pleuritis. Among the different formulations, the XCHD, A, B and C had better effects. The effects might be related to inhibiting the increase of cytokines as TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-8 to suppress the activation, infiltration and wandering of leucocytes.
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A gas-cooled reactor (GCR) is a nuclear reactor that uses graphite as a neutron moderator and carbon dioxide (helium can also be used) as coolant. Although there are many other types of reactor cooled by gas, the terms GCR and to a lesser extent gas cooled reactor are particularly used to refer to this type of reactor.
The GCR was able to use natural uranium as fuel, enabling the countries that developed them to fabricate their own fuel without relying on other countries for supplies of enriched uranium, which was at the time of their development only available from the United States or Soviet Union.
There were two main types of generation I GCR:
The main difference between these two types is in the fuel cladding material. Both types were mainly constructed in their countries of origin, with a few export sales: Magnox plants to Italy and Japan, and a UNGG to Spain. Both types used fuel cladding materials that were unsuitable for medium term storage under water, making reprocessing an essential part of the nuclear fuel cycle.
Both types were, in their countries of origin, also designed and used to produce weapons-grade plutonium, but at the cost of major interruption to their use for power generation despite the provision of online refuelling.
In the UK, the Magnox was replaced by the advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR), an improved Generation II gas cooled reactors. In France, the UNGG was replaced by the pressurized water reactor (PWR). More recently, GCRs based on the declassified drawings of the early Magnox reactors have been constructed by North Korea at the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center.
Gas-cooled reactor types include:
- Heavy Water Gas Cooled Reactor (HWGCR)
- Gas-cooled reactor (graphite moderated)
- Advanced gas-cooled reactor
- Gas-cooled fast reactor
- Gas turbine modular helium reactor, General Atomics design : He-cooled, Graphite moderated
- High temperature gas cooled reactor
- Pebble bed reactor
- Very high temperature reactor
See also
|This article about nuclear power and nuclear reactors for power generation is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


text:
Healing Circle Garden
Posted 04/26/2011 by Childhelp
The American Indian medicine wheel was an ancient way of creating sacred space and calling forth the healing energies of nature. Medicine wheels were constructed by laying stones in a particular pattern; usually including a center stone with lines radiating towards the outer circle. Staff at the Alice C. Tyler Village in Virginia recently called upon the healing energies of the medicine wheel to help the children who reside at the Village.
A circle garden was constructed near one of the residential cottages on the Village grounds in 2006. One young resident helped to draw the circle of the garden using stakes and string while several others helped to collect rocks used to outline the garden. The children created planting areas by collecting and piling pine needle mulch and spoiled hay within the circle. Children also helped to build two beautiful Leopold benches that grace the garden.
A garden club was formed of several children who help with garden maintenance each week. This not only keeps the garden looking great, but helps boost the children's self-worth as well. The garden is currently filled with perennials, self seeding plants, and the beautiful Sunflowers which have been a prominent part of the garden every year. Often during the spring and summer, children and staff will stop to peek at the swallow or bluebird babies in the nesting boxes located near the garden.
Several growing seasons have come and gone since the garden was built back in 2006, but the children of the Village continue to enjoy the healing powers that it brings. Whether it's building self esteem or simply offering a chance to reflect on the beauty of nature, the circle garden continues to be a sacred space for the abused and neglected children who make the Village their home.
To protect the identities of the children in our care, we cannot show their faces publicly.
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Consulting on electricity production power plants
The services provided in the field of consulting and research on the development and supervising of electricity production power plants are:
1. Operation simulation of electricity production power plants with or without the Renewable Energy Sources power plants penetration.
2. Maximisation of R.E.S. power secure penetration in autonomous electricity systems. Estimation of dynamic security.
3. Design and development of algorithms for the R.E.S. and hybrid power plants penetration simulation in electricity systems under alternative optimization criteria (maximization of annual R.E.S. penetration, optimization of the required investments economic indeces, minimization of the project's life cycle cost etc).
4. Study, dimensioning optimization and operation simulation of electricity production pilot plants (e.g. hydrogen production and storage from R.E.S., combined operation of a R.E.S. power plant and a desalination unit etc).


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Three points $z_1$, $z_2$, $z_3$ on the complex plane are given by the coefficients $a_k$'s of the cubic polynomial $f(z)=(z-z_1)(z-z_2)(z-z_3)=\sum_{k=0}^3 a_k z^k$. How does one express the (signed) area $V$ of the triangle with vertices $z_1$, $z_2$, $z_3$ in terms of $a_k$'s and $\overline{a}_k$'s? One is tempted to try to expand $V^2$ in the symmetric functions in the roots of $f(z)\overline{f}(z)$, as well as these of $f(z)$ and of $\overline{f}(z)$, e.g. starting from $$ V=\frac{\sqrt{-1}}{4}\det \begin{pmatrix} 1& 1&1 \\ z_1&z_2&z_3 \\ \overline{z}_1&\overline{z}_2&\overline{z}_3\end{pmatrix}, $$ (this not so well-known formula can be found in R.Deaux, Introduction to the Geometry of Complex Numbers, Ungar, New York, 1956, pp.59-60), but this rather calls for some kind of joint invariants of $f$ and $\overline{f}$ to be used.
Any pointers etc. are much appreciated.
Added: the motivation comes from a moment problem: suppose one is given a part of the sequence $\mu_n=\int_\Delta t^n dx dy$, where $t:=x+\sqrt{-1}y$, and wants to find the triangle $\Delta$, e.g., its vertices $z_i$'s. P.Davis in his paper "Triangle formulas in the complex plane" (Math.Comp. 18(1964)) shows that the first 4 moments $V=\mu_0$,...,$\mu_3$ determine $\Delta$; this is one more parameter than needed to determine the $z_i$'s. We can do better, but were unsure how $V$ depends upon $\mu_1$,...,$\mu_3$, which boils down to this very question.
share|improve this question
the area with sign depends on the order of the points, so it cannot be expressed in terms of the symmetric functions $a_k$. – rita Nov 23 '11 at 9:28
But the square of the area is clearly a symmetric function... – Igor Rivin Nov 23 '11 at 9:31
The volume, or rather its square, is a symmetric polynomial in the three pairs $(x_1,y_1)$, $(x_2,y_2)$, $(x_3,y_3)$. So the geometric object underlying your hoped-for formula is not the symmetric cube of the complex affine line, but the symmetric cube of the affine plane. In other words, you need generators of the algebra $K[X_1,Y_1,X_2,Y_2,X_3,Y_3]^{\mathfrak S_3}$, where the symmetric groups acts via the obvious permutations. – ACL Nov 23 '11 at 10:58
Wouldn't you expect $V$ to be the root of a polynomial of degree $12$ whose coefficients are polynomials in the $a_k$ and $\bar a_k$? After all, the $a_k$ and $\bar a_k$ are fixed by two independent actions of $S_3$ and $V$ is only fixed by the diagonal $A_3$ action, so, in the worst case (which might hold), you'd expect the polynomial to have degree $(6\times6)/3 = 12$. Unless that polynomial factors, I wouldn't expect that there'd be a simpler formula. – Robert Bryant Nov 23 '11 at 13:22
Just out of curiosity, I checked (using Maple). The polynomial relating $(V,a_1,a_2,a_3,\bar a_1,\bar a_2,\bar a_3)$ is, indeed, irreducible of degree $12$ in $V$. (It is, of course, even in $V$.) It has total degree $22$ in these $7$ variables and is a sum of 646 monomials in these variables, with a typical integer coefficient having $7$ digits (when the highest common factor of the coefficients is $1$). I suppose I could paste the Maple output into an answer box if you wanted to see it, but, is there really any point to doing this? – Robert Bryant Nov 23 '11 at 16:38
5 Answers 5
up vote 13 down vote accepted
NB: Note that my $a_k$ have different signs from those defined in the question. For me, $$ (z - z_1)(z-z_2)(z-z_3) = z^3 - a_1\ z^2 + a_2\ z - a_3, $$ so that $a_k$ is the $k$-th elementary symmetric function of the $z_i$. This doesn't really affect the answer in any significant way.
While I don't think that the final result relating $V$ to the $a_k$ and $\bar a_k$ is that interesting or useful, people might want to know a way to derive it. Here is what I did: Start with the formula $$ V=\frac{\sqrt{-1}}{4}\det \begin{pmatrix} 1& 1&1 \\ z_1&z_2&z_3 \\ \overline{z}_1&\overline{z}_2&\overline{z}_3\end{pmatrix}, $$ and note that multiplying the matrix on the right by its transpose yields $$\begin{pmatrix} 1&1&1 \\ z_1&z_2&z_3 \\ \bar z_1&\bar z_2&\bar z_3\end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 1&z_1&\bar z_1\\ 1&z_2&\bar z_2\\ 1&z_3&\bar z_3\\\end{pmatrix} =\begin{pmatrix} 3&a_1&\bar a_1 \\ a_1&{a_1}^2-2a_2& S \\ \bar a_1&S&{\bar a_1}^2-2\bar a_2 \\ \end{pmatrix} $$ where $S = z_1\bar z_1 + z_2\bar z_2 + z_3\bar z_3$. Thus, one has the polynomial relation $$ R := 16V^2 - 3S^2 + 2 a_1\bar a_1 S + {a_1}^2{\bar a_1}^2 - 4{a_1}^2\bar a_2 - 4{\bar a_1}^2a_2 + 12 a_2 \bar a_2 = 0. $$ It remains to find a relation between $S$ and the $a_k$ and $\bar a_k$. To do this, note that $S$ will be a root of the polynomial $$ Q := \prod_{\pi\in S_3} \bigl(S - z_1{\bar z_{\pi(1)}} - z_2{\bar z_{\pi(2)}} - z_3{\bar z_{\pi(3)}}\bigr). $$ Note that $Q$ is a polynomial of degree $6$ in $S$ that is symmetric in the $z_i$ and the $\bar z_i$ separately. Hence, $Q$ can be regarded as a polynomial of degree $6$ in $S$ with coefficients that are polynomials in the $a_k$ and $\bar a_k$. The resulting expression for $Q$ as a polynomial in $S$, the $a_k$, and the $\bar a_k$ has $66$ terms. (Actually expressing $Q$ this way is not easy by hand. However, it's very easy to implement the algorithm for writing a symmetric polynomial in three variables as a polynomial in the elementary symmetric functions in those variables on a computer, which is what I did.)
Finally, $R$ and $Q$ are polynomials in $S$ with coefficients that are polynomials in the variables $V, a_1,a_2,a_3,\bar a_1,\bar a_2,\bar a_3$. Set $$ P(V,a_1,a_2,a_3,\bar a_1,\bar a_2,\bar a_3) := \text{Resultant}_S(R,Q). $$ Then $P=0$ is the desired relation. Computation (using Maple) shows that it has the following properties: $P$ is irreducible, is even and of degree $12$ in $V


How do I get better at Krav Maga?
 - Work on your core skills, especially your strikes, footwork, and breathing. Clean form is key to good Krav Maga.
 - Attend many classes consistently. Remember, you also get what you put into it. Yes, you can pick up the moves quickly, but to perform them well under pressure takes a lot of time.
 - Take classes you find challenging. If sparring or groundwork are hard for you, invest more time in it.
 - Do work outside of class, like strength and flexibility and mobility and endurance training.
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text:
Study on Application of Parallel Computing Based on GPU
|School||National University of Defense Science and Technology|
|Course||Electronics and Communication Engineering|
|Keywords||Algorithm optimization Graphics Processing Unit(GPU) ComputeUnified Device Architecture(CUDA) Data Encryption Standard (DES)|
In recent years, graphics processing unit GPU(Graphics Processing Unit) in terms ofarchitecture and programming level development is very rapid, computing power continues toincrease. High-speed computing power of the GPU is now increasingly being used in generalpurpose computing. This thesis is mainly on GPU architecture and CUDA programming modelfor an in-depth analysis, summarizes the algorithm in parallel implementation and operationoptimization method in heterogeneous environments. Using highly parallel GPU computingoperating features and SIMT（Single Instruction Multiple Thread）the modalities for theimplementation of the DES encryption algorithm for the parallel operation, proposed a DESencryption technology on GPU parallel implementation feasibility analysis, there is a technicaldifficulty and optimization strategies for parallel execution, the following results have beenachieved:1、Under GPU hardware features and CUDA(Compute Unified Device Architecture)programming model of operation way on application algorithm in heterogeneous environmentof parallel implementation and operations optimization for has research summary; mainincluding: clear algorithm parallel implementation process in the calculation task andcalculation core of division method; by meet merged visit save mechanism further optimizationmemory access, avoid memory bandwidth became operations bottleneck; by function calledimprove hardware resources of utilization; ensure application algorithm in parallelimplementation process in the hardware of calculation resources to balanced distribution; withthe use of memory's high-bandwidth and high-speed advantages for data traffic optimization.2、According to the algorithm in the CPU+GPU optimization of parallel implementationstrategy on heterogeneous platforms, combined with implementation of the DES encryptionalgorithm features, the DES encryption algorithm in CUDA mode for parallel execution, betteracceleration effect had been made. Through research and analysis of the encryption algorithm,presented the DES encryption algorithm on the GPU is porting and optimization strategies.According to the implementation process of the DES encryption algorithm and hardwarecharacteristics, this thesis divides the DES encryption algorithm into three core functions:kernel_mov circular left shift operation, parallel operation of the Statute of kernel_xor,kernel_LaR iteration operations. DES encryption algorithm optimized calculation core division,mainly from the division of computing tasks, data communication, data memory, kernelfunction, branch elimination, asynchronous calls, streaming operation optimization and manyother aspects. These measures not only greatly improve the operational performance of thealgorithm as a whole, and deep mining of parallel implementation of GPU hardware efficiency advantages. Test results show that DES encryption algorithm in the NVIDIA GeForce8800GTX operation platform relative to Intel Pentium IV, its accelerated ratio of3.86times theoperation proceeds.


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Punctuation Ė Commas, Periods and More!
Punctuation really gains in importance as studentsí progress through their studies. If you do not have a lot of experience teaching punctuation or are simply looking for creative ways to include it in your lessons, Busy Teacher has 23 worksheets that can help you. For instance, to review the rules of comma placement, take a look at this punctuation worksheet
which you can use to structure one of your lessons or as a handy review sheet for students. If commas are not what you are interested in, browse the section for a free, printable worksheet that focuses on your target material.
Punctuation is often overlooked in ESL courses.
With beginners and even intermediate learners, structures are often too simple to really require special punctuation lessons but students should be made aware of the importance of punctuation early on. You can include short reviews on punctuation in your lessons to help students keep it in mind. For a lot of learners speaking is the most significant aspect of learning a language but writing and punctuation are important too especially for students who may have to write in English. Plan to devote some extra time to punctuation when teaching advanced learners and business students.


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Novel therapies for Propionic acidemia
Nicola Brunetti-Pierri, MD, Fondazione Telethon, Italy
This proposal was focused on the characterization of a fish model of propionic acidemia (PA) and on the development of novel therapies. The PA medaka fish model was found to recapitulate several clinical and biochemical features of the human disease, including reduced survival and locomotor activity, hepatic lipid accumulation, increased propionylcarnitine, methylcitrate, and propionate. Moreover, PA fishes showed better survival when fed with low-protein diet.
To gain insight into the disease pathogenesis and to search for potentially novel therapeutic targets, we performed an unbiased 3'-mRNA-Seq and NMR-based metabolome analyses. Both analyses showed global differences between PA and wild-type (wt) medaka. Interestingly, metabolism of glycine and serine resulted affected both at transcriptional and metabolites level and further studies are ongoing to investigate the role of these changes in the disease pathogenesis. Moreover, we found a marked increase in protein propionylation in PA fishes compared to wt controls. Protein propionylation is a post-translational modification occurring under normal conditions but its physiological role is unknown. Like protein acetylation, it is likely involved in regulation of gene expression, protein-protein interactions, and enzyme function. Interestingly, NAD-dependent sirtuins that are responsible of deacetylation of multiple proteins and have also de-propionylating activity, were significantly reduced in PA fishes. We speculated that aberrant protein propionylation in PA is toxic and proteomic studies are ongoing to reveal proteins with aberrant propionylation. With the support of this grant several drug candidates have been also investigated with the goal of developing new pharmacological approaches for PA.
In conclusion, we performed extensive phenotyping of the PA fish model that can be useful to unravel novel disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets.
updated September 2018


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The aim of this study was to determine if infrared thermography can be used as a tool to detect jugular venipuncture in the horse to support United States Equestrian Federation drug administration rule enforcement. This is a blinded, randomized clinical trial, and eight adult Thoroughbreds were used. For each horse, thermographic images of both jugular grooves were obtained by a blinded examiner, prior and subsequent to jugular venipuncture (10-mL sterile saline). Injected sides were randomized, and images were acquired before injection and then 0.5 hours, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, and 36 hours after injection. Horses were maintained in a temperature-regulated stall. Images were reviewed and analyzed with standard thermography software to determine if venipuncture could be detected. Images of treated sites were minimally visibly different from those obtained at baseline or for the control sites. Following image analysis, a significant reduction (P <.05) was identified when mean jugular groove injection site temperature measurements were compared to baseline mean temperature measurements. The greatest observed difference (1.4 ± 0.8°C) was identified at 2 hours after injection. At time points 0.5 hours, 6 hours, and 12 hours, delta T (difference between the mean temperature at each time point and the baseline temperature) was significantly different between the jugular injection site and the control site. Infrared thermography detects a significant change in surface skin temperature from baseline following jugular venipuncture for sterile saline injection. No significant comparable observed changes were identified at the control sites.
- Infrared thermography
ASJC Scopus subject areas


mean Definition in Cambridge British English Dictionary
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Definition of "mean" - British English Dictionary
See all translations
uk us /miːn/ (meant, meant)
mean verb (EXPRESS)
A2 [T] to express or represent something such as an idea, thought, or fact: What does this word mean? [+ that] These figures mean that almost six percent of the working population is unemployed. What do you mean by that remark? She's kind of strange though. Do you know what I mean? "They all showed up." "You mean the entire family?" [T] used to add emphasis to what you are saying: I want you home by midnight. And I mean midnight. Give it back now! I mean it.
More examples
mean verb (HAVE RESULT)
B1 [T] to have a particular result: Lower costs mean lower prices. [+ that] Advances in electronics mean that the technology is already available. [+ -ing verb] If we want to catch the 7.30 train, that will mean leaving the house at 6.00.
More examples
mean verb (INTEND)
B1 [I or T] to intend: I'm sorry if I offended you - I didn't mean any harm. The books with large print are meant for partially sighted readers. [+ to infinitive] I've been meaning to call you all week. Do you think she meant to say 9 a.m. instead of 9 p.m.? They didn't mean for her to read the meant to do sth to be intended to: These batteries are meant to last for a year. This exercise isn't meant to be difficult. We were meant to have gone away this week, but Debbie's ill so we couldn't go. You are meant to rub the medicine on the affected area, not swallow it.
More examples
 - I didn't mean to be rude - it just came out like that.
 - He doesn't really mean it - he's just being contrary.
 - He's always making flattering remarks, but he doesn't really mean them.
 - I didn't mean to upset her - it was just a bit of fun.
 - He didn't mean it - he said it in the heat of the moment.
B1 [T] to have an important emotional effect on someone: It wasn't a valuable picture but it meant a lot to me. Possessions mean nothing to him.
More examples
 - Her children mean all the world to her.
 - Gerald means nothing to me now.
 - Her career means everything to her.
 - Nothing means more to me than my children's happiness.
 - Her approval meant a lot to me.
uk us /miːn/
mean adjective (NOT GENEROUS)
B2 mainly UK not willing to give or share things, especially money: He's too mean to buy her a ring. My landlord's very mean with the heating - it's only on for two hours each day.
More examples
mean adjective (NOT KIND)
B2 unkind or unpleasant: Stop being so mean to me! She just said it to be mean.
More examples
mean adjective (VIOLENT)
mainly US frightening and likely to become violent: a mean and angry mob a mean-looking youth
mean adjective (GOOD)
[before noun] informal very good: She's a mean piano player. She plays a mean piano (= she plays very well).
mean adjective (BAD QUALITY)
[before noun] informal poor, dirty, and of bad quality: He was born in the mean streets of Detroit in 1945.
mean adjective (MATHEMATICS)
C2 [before noun] specialized mathematics a mean number is an average number: a mean value Their mean weight was 76.4 kilos.
meannoun [S]
uk us /miːn/
mean noun [S] (MATHEMATICS)
specialized (also the arithmetic mean) mathematics the result you get by adding two or more amounts together and dividing the total by the number of amounts: The mean of 5, 4, 10, and 15 is 8.5.
mean noun [S] (METHOD)
formal a quality or way of doing something that is in the middle of two completely different qualities or ways of doing something: We need to find a mean between test questions that are too difficult and those that are too easy.
(Definition of mean from the Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
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I'm just going through the original book by Anosov, where he tries to proof this result. I don't quite understand it.
So let $\phi_t:TM\rightarrow TM$ be a geodesic flow on a compact surface $M$ of negative curvature. Let $\theta=(x,v)\in TM$, then there exists an isomorphism $T_\theta TM\cong T_pM\oplus T_pM$
So how can we find stable and unstable directions and show that vectors in this direction contract or expand exponentially, as it is required by an Anosov flow?
First of all, I understand that the direction of the flow itself is invariant and the phase velocity stays constant there. Then I have also understood that a vector $\xi=(\xi_h,\xi_ v)\in T_pM\oplus T_pM$, that is transversal to the flow direction will have a length that is convex for all $t$, i.e. \begin{equation} \frac{d^2}{dt^2}\Big|\;\xi\;\Big|^2>0 \end{equation}
But how do we conclude the existence of contracting and expanding directions from this?
What is your approach? Sometimes I have seen people using Jacobi fields. But I don't know how to do that?
Thanks in advance
btw. do you know how to show that the geodesic flow on $M$, as above, has no conjugate points?
share|improve this question
Hey, I thought I should let you know that I figured it out. I'll post an explanation, once I get around to it. – Leo Apr 28 '13 at 14:21
I am stuck on the same exact problem. Could you please post what you figured out, or tell me where to look? – Krishnan Mody Jun 12 at 15:12
Hi Krishnan, sory for the late response. It was clear at the time, but now I am not in this field anymore and I can't recall the argument unfortunately. I can look at the work if i find it and let you know. – Leo Jun 20 at 11:37
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The main applications of size exclusion chromatography are desalting of the feedstock, removal of aggregates in a final polishing step and virus purification. In general it can be used to fractionate and purify synthetic and biological polymers, such as proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids based on size. The technique is generally combined with others that further separate molecules by other characteristics, such as pI, charge, and affinity for certain compounds and is typically used as a polishing step.
TOYOPEARL SEC Resins
TOYOPEARL and TSKgel chromatography media are polymer based macroporous resins for biopurification. Their rigid polymer backbone has better pressure-flow properties the most other commercially available materials. This simplifies column packing and allows for higher operating velocities thereby increasing throughput and decreasing recycling and sanitization times.


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OECD Home › Agriculture and fisheries › Publications & Documents › News Release
OECD governments have made little overall progress in reducing water contamination from farming over the past decade. More rigorous policies are needed to reduce the use of pesticides and encourage sustainable management of water quality in agriculture.
Agricultural policies to reduce poverty in developing countries should focus on strategic investments to raise productivity and benefit from high food prices, according to a new OECD study.
Experts, manufacturers and government officials meeting in Paris this week reaffirmed their commitment to maintaining safety standards in farm machinery by expanding and updating the OECD's harmonised tests and codes.
Government support to agriculture in OECD countries fell to 18% of total farm receipts in 2010, a record low linked to high commodity prices, but has been rising in large emerging economies, according to a new OECD report.
Surging food and commodity prices are undermining efforts to tackle global poverty and hunger and threaten economic growth, said OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurría.
Politikgrundsätze für die Bereiche Ernährung und Landwirtschaft sowie Orientierungshilfen zur strategischen Ausrichtung der künftig von der OECD zu leistenden Arbeiten.
Policy Principles for Food and Agriculture and Guidance Concerning the Strategic Orientation of Future Work to be Undertaken by OECD- (Text agreed by representatives of the OECD countries, the EU and of Chile, Estonia, Israel, Romania, the Russian Federation, and Slovenia).
With billions more people to feed, world food production will have to rise by nearly 50 % in the next 20 years. The farming sector will also be faced with diminishing land and water resources and the impact of climate change.
Secretary-General Gurría called for the need to agree on common international targets in areas such as innovation and green growth predicting "they could become the overarching umbrella for the G20 Framework's structural agenda".Gurria's remarks to G20 leaders reflected the fact that the focus on structural policies will constitute the principal element of the OECD's contribution to future work on the G20 Framework Strong, Sustainable
食料が生活必需品であることから、農業部門はグローバルな経済危機に対し他の産業よりも強い耐性を示しています。しかし、OECDと国連食糧農業機関(FAO)の新報告書『 Agricultural Outlook 2009-2018』によれば、今後景気低迷がさらに深刻化すればリスク上昇の可能性があります。


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Visioning 2035: The future of the higher education sector in the UK
The concept of 'university' has been around for centuries and yet the majority of British Universities have yet to reach their 50th birthday. The higher education sector has been through extensive change over a relatively short period of time and this is likely to continue in the future. This paper presents the results of a futures study focussed on the Higher Education sector in the UK in 10 and 25 years time. Following an extensive, broad ranging literature review covering business, education, futures, and socio-political texts and studies, a series of scenarios were developed for the future of the sector as a whole. This study differs from other studies in its field as it is does not focus on individual institutions, but rather at the environmental factors that are going to impact on the sector, setting out a range of scenarios within which institutions will need to shape their individual futures. Five scenarios are presented in this paper with their underlying driving factors, and their implications for the academic workforce being employed in the sector.


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How Plants Are Named
Tagged as: scientific names
Common or Trade Names
Plants can have many different common names. Depending on where it grows, the same plant may have many different regional names. It may also have other common names in other countries in which it grows. For example the plant we know as serviceberry is also known as sarvisberry, shadbush, shadblow, saskatoon, Junebush, and Juneberry depending on in what part of North America it is growing. The common dandelion is also known as blowball, canker wort, Irish daisy, leotodon taraxacum, lion's tooth, puffball, and wild endive in various English speaking countries. It also is know as dent de lion or pissenlit vulgaire in France, Löwenzahn in German, dente-de-leão in Portuguese, achicoria amarga, amargón or diente de león in Spanish, and there are many others.
Making common names even more confusing is the fact that a single common name can be applied to many different kinds of plants which may not even be remotely related to it. For example, the plant we know as bluebells belongs to the group of plants known to the scientific community as Campanula. The common name bluebells has also been applied to plants belonging to Hyacinthoides (Europe), Endymion (Asia), Polemonium, Mertensia, Penstemon (North America), and Wahlenbergia (Australia).
Trade names are special names with legal standing that are protected by laws. These are designated by the trademark™ and registered trademark® symbols. Examples of trade names are: Camelot ® crabapple, Celebration ® maple, Royal Heritage ™ hellebore. The place to go for more information about trademarks is the US Patent and Trademark Office website: _URL_.
Botanical or Scientific Names
Unlike common names, botanical or scientific names are applied to only one kind of plant. They typically consist of two words; the first is called the genus name the second the species name. Together they define a single unique type of plant. This system of using binomials or two names to describe a specific plant was begun in the 18th century by the famous Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus. Since that time, botanists and taxonomists (people who study plants and their classification and naming) have developed a system of international rules that determine how these names are created and used. This set of rules is called the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
These rules set out how a scientific name is created, used and printed. A scientific name should be in italics or underlined. The genus name always begins with a capital letter, and the rest of the name is always in lower case letters. These names are in Latin, or are Latinized. A person's name following the scientific name is the name of the person who first described the plant using that name. For example our common white oak is known as Quercus alba L. The genus name for oaks is Quercus. The species name for white oak is alba, and the author of the combination describing white oak Quercus alba is Carl Linnaeus which is abbreviated as the letter L. Occasionally you may find the letter x or the multiplication sign used in a scientific name. This signifies that the plant is a cross of hybrid derivation. Acer x freemanii is a cross between silver and red maple. Quercus x bebbiana is a cross between bur oak and white oak, x Amelosorbus or ×Amelosorbus is a cross between Amelanchier and Sorbus.
In some cases a sub-group of the name is created. In these cases scientists use a threepart name using a special abbreviation to show what kind of plant sub-group is being described: ssp. (subspecies), var. (variety) or f. (forma). Of these, subspecies and varieties pertain to different sub-groups of a plant that are tied to geography. A forma pertains to a variation that can occur anywhere in the range of a plant. For example; Cercis canadensis var. texensis refers to the sub-group of our common redbud tree that is found growing in Texas. The name Cercis canadensis f. alba refers to a sub-group of our common redbud tree that blooms with white flowers rather that the more typical pink flowers.
Horticulturists have created special names for individual plants with unique characteristics called cultivars. A cultivar name is always printed in normal type and is enclosed in single quotes. For example; Quercus alba 'Fastigiata' is the name of an narrow, upright growing form of our white oak. The letters PP followed by a number signify that the plant has been patented. The place to go for more information about plant patents is the US Patent and Trademark Office website: _URL_.
The words that make up the scientific name of a plant all mean something. They are Latin or Latinized words. Sometimes they are the old Roman name for a particular kind of plant (Acer, Cornus, Quercus), Latinized words of other languages are also used especially Greek names (Scilla, Artemisia, Pyrethrum), descriptive names or terms (alba-white, laciniata-cut, sanguinea-blood-red), or names of people for which the plant was named (Forsythia, Fothergilla, Magnolia). Finding out with the words of a scientific name mean can be fun, and enlightening. A trip to the Sterling Morton Library will get you started on how and why plants are named.
Even though scientific or botanical names may seem daunting, we use them every day without knowing it. Aster, chrysanthemum, forsythia, fothergilla, magnolia, narcissus, protea, rhododendron, sansevieria, scilla, and sorghum are a few examples of the scientific names for plants that we grow in our yards, gardens, or in our houses and use in our everyday language.


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It depends. First, cedar chips take a very long time to decompose, and will affect the soil and water, but not significantly differently than the decomposition of cedar in the forests which occurs naturally. However, I suggest that you avoid trying to decompose them with other materials such as garden waste or household vegetable matter.
I assume by "Household Compost" you are talking about vegetable/fruit waste from inside the home. In this case, the important thing is to ensure that the composting is done in a container that is fully protected from rats in particular. Some things, like red worms, significantly improve the efficiency of composting these wastes.
It is best that you have good drainage to ensure the composted material dries out fairly well. It is a good idea to turn it once in a while, i.e. mix it up. There is a neat tool which makes this quit easy. Done properly, this will not adversly affect the water or soil.
The one thing that I would NOT include in my compost pile is evergreen clippings, needles or cones. These don't compost very well, and will make the soil too acidic.
making a small donation to science.ca.


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Forktail Rainbowfish (Pseudomugil furcatus)
From The Aquarium Wiki
57 Litres (15 US G.)
5.1-6.1cm (2-2.4 ")
6.5 - 8.0
24 -27 °C (75.2-80.6°F)
- Forktail Rainbowfish, Furcata Rainbow, Forktail Blue-Eye Rainbow, Forktail Blue Eye
Additional scientific names
- Popondetta furcata, Popondichthys furcatus
Origin[edit | edit source]
- Oceania: known only from the lowlands of eastern Papua New Guinea between Dyke Ackland Bay and Collingwood Bay.
Sexing[edit | edit source]
- The males of this species are brighter coloured than the females. They have vivid yellow fin tips.
Tank compatibility[edit | edit source]
- They do well with other active peaceful species. Will attempt to school with similar sized fish such as Zebra Danios. Are very active fish which may bother slower moving fish such as Angelfish or Gouramis. Should be kept in a ratio similar to livebearers with more females than males.
Diet[edit | edit source]
- Should accept most foods including small flake and granular foods as well as brine shrimp and daphnia and other small live/frozen foods.
Feeding regime[edit | edit source]
- Up to three times daily. Generally a top to middle feeder, though they have been seen to take food from the bottom on occasion.
Environment specifics[edit | edit source]
- Is fairly adaptable to most environments and do well in well oxygenated tanks with current. Prefers a well matured heavily planted tank which gets regular water changes.
Behaviour[edit | edit source]
- A peaceful and sociable community fish.
Identification[edit | edit source]
- A small silver fish with yellow trimmed fins. Their pectoral fins (yellow tipped in males; transparent in females) are placed high on the body, giving them a wing-like appearance. Colouration of tails gives them a forked appearance.
Pictures[edit | edit source]
[edit | edit source]
- Fishbase (Mirrors: )


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This story is especially for my students. We use two types of cameras, the red Kodaks, and the black Olympus ones. Both have strengths and weaknesses. The red Kodak cameras do not have earphone jacks, and the internal microphone is quite poor. The black Olympus camera instead has both a mic and earphone jacks, and has excellent stereo microphones.
Red Kodak cameras: Through the year, someone will forget to do a sound check, and record their speaking test with the microphone either switched off or pointed away from the speakers.
Black Olympus cameras: The video does not play with sound on Windows Media Player. WMP is a cheap simple player, and so it lacks some important codecs, including the one used by the Olympus cameras. Consequently, you'll need to download and use either:
If you still have problems, please ask.


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TODAY'S WORD — INTRUSION (INTRUSION: in-TROO-zhun: The act of entering inappropriately or without invitation.)
Average mark 26 words
Time limit 40 minutes
Can you find 36 or more words in INTRUSION? The list will be published tomorrow.
YESTERDAY'S WORD — PALAVER pale paler pare pave paver peal pear pearl plea
aper area aver larva lava leap vale veal earl rale rape rave ravel real reap
To purchase the Word Game book, visit WordGameBooks.com. Order it now for just $5 while supplies last!
RULES OF THE GAME:
1. Words must be of four or more letters.
2. Words that acquire four letters by the addition of "s," such as "bats" or "dies," are not allowed.
3. Additional words made by adding a "d" or an "s" may not be used. For example, if "bake" is used, "baked" or "bakes" are not allowed, but "bake" and "baking" are admissible.
4. Proper nouns, slang words, or vulgar or sexually explicit words are not allowed.
Contact Word Game creator Kathleen Saxe at _EMAIL_.


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- Created on Thursday, 19 January 2012 17:24
The question of ornamentation in Lowland music is probably the most confusing for pipers. Most come from a background of highland piping and have put a great deal of effort and time into acquiring the necessary repertoire of gracings that form the distinctive character of highland pipe music. They are also familiar with the inclusion of these gracings in any notated source. However, when it comes to lowland music, whilst indications of ornamentation do appear in some sources, they are uncommon, and where they do appear we have no direct information about how they are to be interpreted.
It is not surprising then that performances of items from the lowland repertoire almost always involve the introductionof highland gracings, albeit often 'unorthodox' ones. It is a consequence of the changes that have occurred in highland piping in recent decades that more attention has been paid to the earlier sources of notated music and an interest has grown in the graces used there which have, for one reason or antoher, fallen out of the accepted canon.
However, there is no reason to presume that any such highland gracings were in use by the pipers of the Lowlands before the mid-18th century. Traditions of piping exist across the whole of Europe in which such gracings play no part, which have developed their own solutions to the challenges of articulation and phrasing on an instrument whose sound is continuous. What is more, we have in the lowlands two quite separate bagpipes, the'small' and the 'big' and both have unique characteristics.
Since I play almost exclusively on the smallpipes, I shall have more to say on that topic than on that of the big pipes - however, I will say that at present I can see no reason why one should not approach the performance of the lowland repertoire on the big pipes from the starting point of, say, French piping, or Irish piping and proceed towards a performing style from there rather than from a highland direction. As far as I am aware we know more or less nothing about the finer points of tuning and fingering of the oldest survivng sets of big lowland pipes.
As for the smallpipes, we have further complications, since there is evidence, though meagre, that these pipes were played with a system of fingering which is much closer to that of the Northumbrain smallpipes than to that of the highland pipes - indeed, many tutors of smallpipes now stress the hazards of importing some highland gracings onto the smallpipes. Since I came to lowland piping from an English music background, with no highland experience whatsoever, I happily adopted this 'covered' fingering system, which immediately seemed to me to be convincingly appropriate. Only much later did I notice that almost all European'smallpipes' are played in this fashion, especially those those from the east of Europe, from where, it is currently considered, the Scottish smallpipes originated. It is also my opinion that that part of the repertoire which includes developed sets of 'variations' is more suitably performed on the smallpipes, it being, apparently, 'parlour' music, rather than 'public' music.
[to be continued]


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- Walk around the ruins of medieval Dunwich. Why are these buildings ruins?
- Look for the signs of the past. Take in the beautiful view. Can you imagine the lost city just out of sight?
- What was life like for the inhabitants of the busy medieval town?
- Borrow our Role Play props and hats to help your children bring the medieval town to life.
- Download our Medieval Role Play plan. Ask us about having Sister Luke, a C13 nun to guide you. Or download our maps to plot what you see on your walk around the sleepy village looking for the traces of a very different past.
- Download our Gingerbread sheet for recording thoughts and sensations.


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The Twelve Dogs of Christmas, by Kevin Whitlark, is a lovely take on 'The Twelve Days of Christmas', with each day being represented by a different breed of dog doing the things dogs love to do!
Here are some activities:
- Sing 'The Twelve Days of Christmas' or 'The Twelve Dogs of Christmas' – you could even make up your own version of the songs about another animal…what would 'The Twelve Cats of Christmas' sound like?
- There is a movie of this name that has some nice reviews that you might like to explore – let us know if you think it's worth a watch! 🙂
- Practice counting while reading this book with a younger child.
- Talk about the similarities and differences between different dog breeds and sort them out according to their characteristics.
Watch out for our next Christmas book review and activities, and happy reading!
Jenna Golab – Speech Pathologist, Listening & Spoken Language Specialist