Natural navigation in the UK
Navigate Without a Map
The abilities to find north, navigate short distances and tell the time of day without a map, compass or watch are key bushcraft skills. In this latest blog, we will look at we will introduce you to these skills and show you how you can get started in navigating without a map or compass.
As always, feel free to read the whole blog or skip to the section that interests you the most.
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Navigate without a map: how to find north
Finding North without a map or compass
The ability to find north without a compass when out in the woods is a key bushcraft skill. In the following section, we're going to show you some different ways of finding north when you are out in the woods. First though, a word on the different kinds of north.
Grid north, magnetic north and true north
There are, essentially, three different types of north. Grid north is the direction of the grid lines on your map, magnetic north is the direction indicated by a magnetic compass while true north is north on a longitudinal line that converges on the North Pole. For more information about the differences between grid, magnetic and true north see the Ordnance Survey site here.
Why does this matter?
Over an extended distance, magnetic variation will start to matter, likewise, it's a good idea to factor it in when walking on a bearing in the Scottish mountains in a whiteout. However, when trying to navigate using natural features then it's almost impossible to be accurate enough that it will matter when you try to relate the bearing you've taken from natural features to the lines on the map.
Learn more about natural navigation by taking part in our weekend bushcraft course.
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Finding north using the sun
Find north without a map or compass
Despite what you might read about finding north using an analogue watch, this method is, in reality, far from reliable. An easier way of finding north is by using a shadow stick. Place the stick in the ground and mark the tip where the shadow ends. Wait about 15 minutes or so then mark the new position of the shadow tip. Draw a line between the first marker and the second. Stand with your left foot on the first marker and your right on the second marker, you're now facing in a northerly direction.
Finding north using the stars
Keep in mind that this blog is written for those of us in the Northern Hemisphere, and the UK in particular. For those of you in the Southern Hemisphere finding north using the stars is a very different matter.
As you might remember from Scouts or the like, the key to finding direction by using the stars is by locating the North Star.
How to locate the North Star
In order to locate the North Star, you first need to find the constellation known as 'the plough', 'the saucepan' or, for the Americans, 'the big dipper'. What you're actually seeing is the seven brightest stars of the constellation Ursa Major, but it doesn't really matter what you call it as long as you can identify it.
Remember, the Plough rotates around the North Star so will sometimes look like it is upside down. However, this doesn't change how you can find the North Star.
The North Star, or Polaris, sits directly over the North Pole. In order to find it is to go straight up from the two stars that make the 'edge' of the 'saucepan bowl' for about five times the distance that these two stars are apart. This will lead you to a bright star on its own. This is Polaris or the North Star, and there you are, you've found North.
Navigating using the north star
Learn more about natural navigation, fire lighting, shelter building, water sourcing and other key bushcraft skills in our weekend bushcraft course.
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Navigate without a map: calculating pace and distance
Use natural navigation to measure pace and distance
Calculating pace and therefore distance covered is key to successful navigation without a map or a compass. In our blog last week we looked at how to judge distances without a map, knowing the distance you are from an object you then need to be able to calculate how long it will take you to walk that distance. This is particularly important if the light is fading or weather conditions are worsening, you need to be able to judge if you will be able to reach your objective in time or if it is better to stay put and wait it out. Perhaps the best-known method for calculating distance is by using Naismith's rule.
Naismith's rule
Naismith's rule is a rule of thumb for judging pacing when out walking. It was originally devised by the Scottish mountaineer William W. Naismith in 1892. The basic principle of Naismith's rule is that each 5km takes one hour to walk, for every 600 metres ascended during that hour add an additional one hour. Another way of looking at it is an hour for every 5km with an additional minute for every 10 metres of ascent (this would be one contour line on a map but you will need to judge ascent yourself if you don't have a map).
Modifications to Naismith's rule
Weather, weight carried, terrain, conditions underfoot and fitness of your party can all impact on Naismith's rule. Generally speaking though when walking on rough or hard terrain alter the pace from 5km per hour to 4km per hour, a strong headwind will reduce this further to around 2km per hour. Walking with a heavy pack will also cut your speed on flat ground to around 50% of your unladen speed.
Telling the time of day
Natural navigation for telling the time
Now you can estimate the direction in which you are traveling, the distance (see our earlier blog), and how long it will take you, you need to know the time of day. Knowing the current time (without a watch or phone) and the time of sunset will let you work out whether you have time to make the distance of whether it will lead to you being benighted.
Estimating the remaining time before sundown
A handy little trick to estimate the amount of time you have left is to measure, in terms of horizontal fingers, the distance between the sun and the horizon. Extend your hand out in front of you so that your palm is facing across your body with your little finger horizontal to your feet. Remove or add fingers until your palm covers the gap between the horizon and the sun. Each finger represents about 15 minutes, so four fingers represent an hour.
Direction of the sun in the sky
The sun rises in the east (roughly) and settles in the west (again roughly), at midday the sun will be directly overhead. Therefore, knowing what time sunrise is and being able to see the current position of the sun in the sky will enable you to make a rough estimate of the current time of the day.
Coming up
Next week we will be looking at how to navigate accurately on the UK's rivers. In the meantime, why not join our Facebook group for bushcraft tips, advice, and discussion.
Learn more about natural navigation, foraging, water sourcing and other bushcraft skills in our weekend bushcraft course.
Click here for more information.
Read the UK weather
Natural Navigation in the UK
The natural world has been helping people find their way since the paleolithic era, and it's been helping animals to do the same for even longer. This is still the case, for those that know how to spot them, the natural world provides signs and markers that can help find water, food, and direction. This blog post introduces the concept of natural navigation and provides an overview which will help you get started.
As always, please feel to read the whole blog or click on the links below to skip to the section that interests you.
Join our Facebook group Wildway Bushcraft - Bushcraft tips and advice, where you can ask any questions that you might have about bushcraft and meet like-minded people.
Click here to join our Facebook group.
What is natural navigation
Natural navigation is something that, theoretically, all of us, can access. In his seminal book 'Finding your way without map or compass' the legendary Harold Gatty states;
"a man with a good sense of direction is, to me, quite simply an able pathfinder - a natural navigator - somebody who can find his way by the use of the five senses (sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch, the senses that he was born with) developed by the blessing of experience and the use of intelligence".
In short, someone who is merely skilled at noticing the signs around him and interpreting these signs.
Learn more about natural navigation, foraging, water sourcing and other bushcraft skills on our weekend bushcraft course.
Click here for more information.
Early examples of great uses of natural navigation
Natural navigation early examples
Humankind has always been developing methods of navigation. The compass can be dated back to around 206 BC, and issues determining longitude and latitude plagued early modern navigators well into the 17th and 18th centuries. Despite this, early humans traveled hundreds, if not thousands, of miles using only the natural signs around them to find their way out and of course, home.
Navigation in 3000-1000 BC
There is evidence to suggest that between the years 3000 and 1000 BC the people that


Rule of Three Marketing: Market Share and Market Dynamics
October 15, 2010
Rule of three in marketingWhy do some companies thrive and dominate their market, only to later become an afterthought? Market dynamics and the Rule of Three can explain a lot.
Most industries and market segments, including the specialty equipment aftermarket industry, will have market share dominated by three competing companies. This article will take that a step further and show how companies using the Rule of Three can plan a market share strategy that will help ensure profits in the future.
Rule of Three marketing defined
To revisit an October 2003 article we wrote for SEMA News, market share is the result of a complex combination of market dynamics, strategy, products and consumer demand, among other things.
In mature industries or market segments, where growth and market share have stabilized, three companies usually end up dominating market share. Marketing experts are still divided on why this phenomenon occurs but the fact remains that it usually does.
If an industry does not have three dominating companies, that in itself can predict the future and indicate that the market hasn't yet matured and a shakeout or consolidation is on the way.
It was also shown that these dominating companies usually have common characteristics: they will be broad line manufacturers or retailers, with high sales volume, serving many different types of customers and market segments. Companies like this will usually sell a lot of commodity type products, and usually have to slug it out in the marketplace competing on price.
Two research studies examined dozens of industries over a 25 year period, from 1950 through 1975. The researchers discovered that more than half of the companies that were market leaders lost their number-one position to a competitor during over that 25-year period.
At the other end of the scale, there are many smaller companies that also have common characteristics. They thrive by concentrating on a narrow segment, and their customers usually look up to them as experts in their field. These smaller, agile companies usually don't have to compete on price, but instead offer superior customer service and can quickly react to, or create, new trends. These companies can quickly respond to new trends within their fields, or even create new trends. These smaller companies are rarely successful selling commodity products, either they avoid them intentionally or they've just never had success with them in the first place.
In the middle of most industries are less profitable companies that are stuck between a marketing rock and a strategic hard place: They're too small to compete with the giants and their economies of scale and distribution, and too big to compete with the nimble specialized companies.
These mid-sized companies are often those that started out small and grew but now lack a good long-term strategy, or mid-sized companies that tried to chase the much larger companies that dominate a market. Some may be smaller, specialized companies that have been successful in one market segment and tried to expand into new segments, forcing them to compete as a newcomer against other established experts as they try to grow into a broad-line company.
There are clear lessons in all of this for SEMA-member companies. In this article those lessons will be taken a step further: What long-term competitive strategies offer the greatest chance for survival?
Business Strategy 101: Define your core competencies
The initial step a company must take is simple but usually overlooked: Figure out what it does best.
A company should make an honest appraisal of its core competency, and employees need to understand what the company is good at doing. Is it good at developing new products and bringing them to market quickly? Is it good at marketing itself? Does it excel at distribution and logistics? Does it have superior customer service? Sometimes it is difficult for managers and employees to take a step back and make this impartial appraisal.
Most often the best-run companies will have a core competency that falls into one of three areas: product development and innovation, customer relationships and customer service, or operations. Take a look at successful companies in any industry, including the performance automotive aftermarket, and they can usually be categorized by excellence in one of these three categories.
Companies that excel in product development and innovation might be good at developing innovative new products, and the best ones will even obsolete their own products by bringing out better ones before their competitors have a chance to. Or they might be good at developing new trends as a result of their innovation. These companies don't bother competing on price, they don't have to. Today's best example: Apple.
Companies in the next category, having excellent customer relationships, can take a variety of forms. Smaller companies in this category can offer personalized one-on-one attention and service to their customers. Larger ones can use powerful databases to understand and service their customers better than their competitors. These companies know their customers and their customers' needs inside and out. The really good ones know their customer's future needs.
The last category is operational excellence. These companies can do amazing things, like ship a package from coast to coast overnight, and be able to tell their customer exactly where it is the entire time and when it will arrive. Or serve millions of cheeseburgers at thousands of locations around the world, all tasting mostly the same, in less than a minute after a customer places a custom order.
Market Strategy 101: Evaluate your company's market share
The second step a company must take is to determine how much market share it has, and how much is available to gain and at what cost? If a company already has a significant share of the market, it should know how its market share can be defended or how it could expand the market.
It is also necessary to understand how stable the marketplace is-is it growing slowly or rapidly?
If a company is not already a dominant player in an industry or market segment that is not growing rapidly, then odds are it will never be-unless it comes up with a radical, disruptive new product or technology.
Even then it has to gain market share, typically at great cost, before being out maneuvered by the entrenched market leaders who are not going to just give in.
Once a company understands what its core competency is, and what its market share is, it can then plot a course to maximize profits in the long term.
Strategic planning for small companies
Smaller SEMAand AAIA-member companies have several strategic options open to them. Remember, to maximize profitability in the long term these will be smaller, specialized companies looked upon as experts in their market segment. They will also have a core competency in product development, customer relationships, or operations-although smaller companies will tend to excel in the first two categories.
One thing smaller specialized companies can have the greatest success with is maintaining their expertise in their own backyard. Instead of looking at other market segments to grow into, they can look at smaller, overlooked segments under their noses.
For a hypothetical manufacturer of truck parts, for example, before expanding into automotive parts for the sake of growth might look at even smaller specialized truck segments, like rock crawling or mud bogging. A strategic question to ask in this example is if there is more money to be made being a small fish in a big pond (starting to make automotive parts), or a big fish in a small pond (dominating many small segments).
Marketers call companies like this "super-nichers," and these companies will wisely invest a lot of money to completely dominate small market segments that other companies wouldn't dream of fighting over. To be successful at this strategy, core competencies like product development or customer relationships are critical.
Another strategy is to control growth, which can mean either controlling the rate of growth, or controlling the direction of growth. For example, small retailers that don't control the direction of growth and expand geographically beyond their home turf risk becoming one of those companies stuck in the middle of a market, now forced to compete with coast-to-coast retailing giants and ultimately losing.
Strategic planning for large companies
Large SEMAand AAIA-member companies have several strategic options open to them as well. These companies, in order to maximize their long-term profitability, must already have a dominant market share position or in the case of a rapidly growing market segment must be able to invest to gain significant market share. Like the example for smaller companies, they will also must have a core competency either product development, customer relationships, or operations.
Larger companies can take advantage of economies of scale, and have a strategic advantage on price or product offerings. They might be able to compete with smaller companies on price and maintain adequate profitability. They may have an advantage over the competition by having a larger customer base or more efficient distribution.
Big companies with a core competency in product development can successfully compete by bringing out innovative products, but not necessarily being first to market. Many companies are successful following a "second but better" strategy, letting their competitor be first to market and learning from its mistakes. Two famous examples of this strategy from outside our industry are Diet Coke and Bud Light. Both the Coca-Cola Company and then-Anheuser-Busch resisted jumping in to their respective markets with reduced-calorie versions of their flagship brands for years. Only when they were ready did they jump in with their full resources and today Diet Coke and Bud Light have dominating market share positions.
Rule of Three marketing conclusion
The appropriate business strategy for a large or small SEMAand AAIA-member company looking for long-term survival will become clear if a few critical steps are taken. First, focus on a core competency that a company does well, probably in the area of product development, customer relationships, or operations. Next, take a realistic evaluation of existing market share vs. the competition and the stability of the industry or market segment. Finally, decide on a strategy that makes sense for a company's size, and realize there are very different strategies to help ensure success for large companies and small.
SEMAand AAIA-member companies can


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If I have a holomorphic function $f(z)$, then I can write it as $$f(z)=\sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n z^n.$$ So these functions can be viewed as a generating function of the coefficients $\{a_n\}$ which have a certain structure. There are nice finite differential problems, solved exactly by some sequences $\{a_n\}$ encoded in a generating function. From what I see, they are like a set of numbers with incredibly low Kolmogorov complexity (see comments). The property of being holomorphic is tied to the derivation $f'(z)$ being defined/existent/computable for the function. And this derivation is also used in the "algorithm" for generating the $a_n$'s, namely the series expansion. Is this a valuable perspective?
In this same vain, I wonder if there is a class of functions, let's denote one by $F$, for which there are unique $A$, such that
$$F(z)=\int A(t)z^t\ \mathbb{d}t.$$
Thoughts: This reminds me of the Laplace transform, which is essentiall the same thing, only with $z\equiv\mathbb{e}^{-s}$. Hence, in the sense of the discussion abov, $F(z)$ would encode information $A(t)$, which solves some problem. One of my motivations really is just to understand the Laplace transform better. Some differential equations are solved via Laplace transform, but to see how their information relates to the differential equations is not so straight forward to me as in the case with the countable series expansion numbers $a_n$. I assume there must be something coming from the fact that the exponential function is tied to the derivative operation.
Trying to "grok it", I've come across some (category theoretical) approaches to these integral transforms, which reseble the Pontryagin duality construction. This approach seems sensible to me. (And after all, I find it kind of arbitrary that this theory is exclusively centered around the hom's to the circle group.)
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I don't understand the first paragraph. What is the "certain structure"? What "incredibly low Kolmogorov complexity"? – Qiaochu Yuan Jan 21 '13 at 10:03
_USER_: That's just mean. – Nikolaj K. Jan 21 '13 at 10:10
_USER_: I apologize then, but if it's not on purpose - it rather means that both the OP and the comments are written without being well-thought about, which is not something welcomed. – Ilya Jan 21 '13 at 10:12
_USER_: I mean the infinite number of coefficients $a_n$ can be encoded in one expresstion for the function, e.g. the string "$x/(1-x-x^2)$" as input for the "trylor expansion algorithm" generates the Fibinacci numbers $0,\;1,\;1,\;2,\;3,\;5,\;8,\;13,\;21,\;34,\;55,\;89,\;144$. All complex differentiable functions, i.e. all strings with which the algorithm could work with, generate some numbers $a_n$ this way. – Nikolaj K. Jan 21 '13 at 10:12
_USER_: That's kind of mean too, but I try to take it as constructive criticism. – Nikolaj K. Jan 21 '13 at 10:17
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Fix Missing Msnp32.dll Error On Windows 98 or 95
The following error message may be displayed when you start your Microsoft Windows 95, Microsoft Windows 98 or Microsoft Windows 98 SE computer.
Unable to load the dynamic link library:
The system cannot find the file specified.
Some or all of the following features are not available:
Microsoft Network
When you click the OK button in the message to continue loading Windows, you may find the icon for Network Neighborhood missing from the Desktop. Additionally, you will not be able to access other computers and resources on the network.
Cause of the Error
Resolution Method
You can solve the missing msnp32.dll error in this case by extracting a new copy of the DLL file from the Windows installation disk, and then copying it to its location on the hard disk.
To do this task on Window 98, perform the following steps:
 1. Open Start menu, select Run, type sfc and then press Enter.
 2. In the System File Checker dialog box, select the Extract one file from installation disk option.
 4. Click Start.
 6. Here, browse to the location where the Windows installation files are located. If you have Windows 98 or 98 SE OEM version on your computer, then you maybe able to locate the files in the C:\Cabs folder on your hard disk. Otherwise, provide the path to the Windows setup files on the Windows Setup CD.
 7. Click OK, and then follow the screen instructions to extract the msnp32.dll file to your computer.
Note: This is the path to the folder where your Windows operating system is installed.
On Windows 95, perform the following steps to extract the msnp32.dll file to your computer:
 1. Use the Find command in the Start menu to locate the folder in which the Cabs files are located. By default, the folder is C:\Cabs. If you are unable to locate this folder, insert the Windows 95 setup disk in the CD-drive.
 2. Next, perform a search to find the location for the Extract.exe file. In case you do not find this file on the system, then copy the file from Windows 95 setup floppy disk 1 or the Windows 95 CD-ROM to the root folder of your computer. By default, C: is the root folder. To copy the file at MS-DOS Prompt, type the following commands-assuming that your CD-drive is represented by E:
 3. copy E:\extract.exe C:\
 If you are extracting from the floppy, then use the following command:
 copy A:\extract.exe C:\
 4. Now, use the extract command to replace msnp32.dll file to your computer.
 5. If you are extracting from C:\Cabs folder, use the following command at MS-DOS prompt:
 extract C:\Cabs\msnp32.dll /L c:\windows\DLLFilePath
 If you are extracting from CD-drive, use the following command at MS-DOS prompt:
 extract E:\Cabs\msnp32.dll /L c:\windows\DLLFilePath
 To prevent missing DLL errors from occurring on your computer, it is essential that you maintain a healthy and error-free Windows registry. To do this, you may use a compatible and user-friendly registry cleaner tool, such as RegServe to regularly scan and clean your Windows 95 or 98 registry.


Memory Alpha
Riemannian geometry
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Riemannian geometry is a branch of mathematics, first defined by Bernhard Riemann in the nineteenth century, which gives a way of describing the geometry of multidimensional objects. It was used by Einstein to describe the geometry of space-time; his Theory of General Relativity would have been impossible without it. (TNG: "The Nth Degree")
Wesley Crusher studied a Riemannian tensor field in Ten Forward in 2366. (TNG: "The Vengeance Factor")
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LA 2.3: Examining Definitions of Immigrants
|Learning Outcome||Pedagogical Intent||Student Position|
Interpret the historical context of diversity and discrimination and evaluate how it impacts current practices.
Assessment: 25 pts.
TA: 30 Minutes
Teachers connect their assumptions and thinking about immigrant populations to a reading about thin slicing.
Students have learned terminology around culture and explored their own culture as well as asking questions about the culture of their students. In this activity students will develop understandings around immigrant families by reading an article on thin slicing.
- Take three sticky notes.
- Pay attention as the instructor writes a word on the board, and without talking, write or draw the first word/image that comes to your mind. No erasing is permitted.
- When the instructor asks you to do so, place your sticky note under the word it was your response to.
- Participate in the discussion as the instructor categorizes the notes. On the recording chart provided, record the categories that emerge from the class responses.
- Read the article by Ramona Cutri "The dangers of thin-slicing". After reading, if you want to change your response on your sticky note go to the board and write your new response on the sticky note you posted and jot down the new ideas posted by classmates as well in the chart in the link in item 4 above.

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text:
R. W. Pemberton in Driesche, F.V.; Blossey, B.; Hoodle, M.; Lyon, S.; Reardon, R. Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team. Morgantown, West Virginia. FHTET-2002-04. August 2002. 413 p.
Pest Status of Weed
Water chestnut (Trapa natans L.) (Fig. 1), also known as horned water chestnut or water caltrop, is an aquatic weed of the northeastern United States that can dominate ponds, shallow lakes, and river margins (Fig. 2). It displaces native vegetation and limits navigation and recreation. It occurs from the northeast, west to the Great Lakes, and south to Washington, D. C. The plant has the potential to spread into the warm temperate and subtropical regions of the United States, such as Florida, which prohibits importation of the plant (State of Florida, 1996).
Nature of Damage
Economic damage. This weed is difficult and expensive to control, and if unmanaged can increase dramatically (Bogucki et al., 1980). When the plant occupies a site, most recreational activities such as swimming, fishing from the shoreline, and the use of small boats are eliminated or severely impeded. The primary economic costs related to T. natans are associated with the costs of chemical and mechanical control efforts. Vigorous management efforts by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers during the 1950s and 1960s brought T. natans populations in the United States. largely under control, but these control programs were suspended because the programs' success and because of budgetary constraints (Madsen, 1994). During the 1970s, T. natans populations began to increase, and by 1994 the weed infested more areas than before the control programs (Madsen, 1994). The cost of these control programs was not well documented (J. Madsen, pers. comm.). Currently, the largest control program is in Vermont, where $500,000 will be spent for the year 2000 to remove the plants, primarily by use of mechanical harvesters and hand removal. (H. Crosson, pers. comm.).
Ecological damage. Trapa natans grows best in waters that are nutrient rich and moderately alkaline (Papastergiadou and Babalonas, 1993; Kiviat, 1993). It can grow in water up to 5 m deep, but prefers shallow waters (0.3 to 2.0 m deep) (Papastergiadou and Babalonas, 1993). Where T. natans is abundant, up to 50 rosettes can grow in 1 m2, which enables it to cover the water with up to three layers of leaves (Tsuchiya and Iwaki, 1984). Heavy shade from T. natans suppresses both submersed and other floating plants. The weed's extensive clonal propagation ability enables it to successfully colonize and monopolize aquatic habitats (Groth et al., 1996). The Nature Conservancy's (TNC) concern about water chestnut's impact on local flora in the Vermont areas of Lake Champlain has stimulated the TNC to create large teams of volunteers to hand pull the rosettes (S. Crawford, pers. comm.)
Trapa natans was first observed in North America, growing "luxuriantly" in Sanders Lake, Schenectady, New York, in 1884 (Wibbe, 1886). The plant subsequently spread to many other areas in the northeastern United States including Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington D.C. (Crow and Hellquist, 2000). The plant is now present in the Great Lakes Basin (Mills et al., 1993; Groth et al., 1996) and recently has been found in Quebec, Canada (C. B. Hellquist, pers. comm.).
Background Information on Pest Plant
Trapa natans often is considered to belong to the Trapaceae, a monogeneric family that is widely distributed in the Eastern Hemisphere (Cook et al., 1974). Historically, the genus Trapa has been placed in both the Onagraceae (Cronquist, 1981) and the Lythraceae (Fassett, 1957). After being considered part of an independent family for some years, modern molecular research places Trapa species once more in the Lythraceae in the order Myrtales (The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 1998). Because of the morphological variation in Trapa species, there has been little agreement about the number of species in the genus. Various classification schemes have designated from one to 30 Trapa species (Cook, 1978). Trapa species are determined by fruit morphology and plants with four stout horns on the fruit most often are called Trapa natans. The two commonly cultivated species in Asia, Trapa bicornis Osbeck and Trapa bispinosa Roxburgh, have two horns and are considered by some workers to be agricultural selections of T. natans (Kadono, pers. comm.). Unfortunately, an unrelated edible aquatic plant, Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trin. ex Henschel, a sedge in the Cyperaceae, also is called water chestnut. The corm of E. dulcis is the familiar water chestnut, or Chinese water chestnut, sold in cans and commonly served in Chinese restaurants.
Trapa natans is an annual herb with a floating rosette of leaves around a central stem that is rooted in the hydrosoil. The spongy inflated leaf petioles enable the rosette to float. The plant produces new leaves from a central terminal meristem in the rosette near the surface of the water. The inconspicuous flowers are born in the leaf axils of younger leaves above the water. As the meristem elongates and produces new leaves, the older leaves and developing fruit move, in effect, down the stem and underwater. The single-seeded mature fruit are woody and bear four sharply pointed horns. When mature, the fruits fall from the plant and sink to the bottom of the water body. A seed dormancy period of four months has been found (Cozza et al., 1994). The horns may act as anchors to limit the movement of the seed, keeping them in suitable depths of water. The seeds overwinter at the bottom of the water body and germinate during and throughout much of the warm season to produce shoots that grow to the water surface, where the typical rosette is formed. Seed can remain viable for up to five years (Kunii, 1988).
Analysis of Related Native Plants in the Eastern United States
If T. natans is considered to be a member of the mongeneric Trapaceae, a family native to the Eastern hemisphere, then there are no native family members in the New World. If, however, Trapa is considered to belong to the Lythraceae, it has confamilial native relatives in North America. The Lythraceae is a small family in North Amercia containing 18 to 20 species in eight genera (Ammannia, Cuphea, Decodon, Didiplis, Heimia, Lythrum, Nesaea, and Rotala) (Soil Conservation Service, 1982). Six of these genera (all but Heimia and Nesaea) have species that are broadly sympatric with T. natans in North America (Soil Conservation Service, 1982).
History of Biological Control Efforts in the Eastern United States
Area of Origin of Weed
The native area of T. natans is from western Europe and Africa to northeast Asia including eastern Russia, China, and southeast Asia, through to Indonesia (Sculthorpe, 1967; Oliver, 1871; Voroshilov, 1982). The starchy nut-like fruit of T. natans and its cultivars have been used as food by people in much of the native range and are widely cultivated in Asia (Tanaka, 1976).
Areas Surveyed for Natural Enemies
The specific geographic origins of the T. natans genotype(s) that has become a problem in the United States are unknown. The weed usually is thought to be from Eurasia but recent work considers it of Asian origin (Crow and Hellquist, 2000). The two regions surveyed for insect and pathogen natural enemies of T. natans are northeast Asia and western Europe, which represent the eastern and western areas of the plant's temperate zone distribution (Pemberton, 1999). China, Japan, eastern Russia, and South Korea were surveyed in 1992 and 1993. These areas were selected because of previous records of damaging insects on wild populations of Trapa and published accounts of pest insects of cultivated Trapa in the region (Lu et al., 1984; Hayashi et al., 1984). Some of these natural enemies on Trapa occurred in areas with climates similar to those of the infested areas of North America. In Asia, surveys were carried out on populations of the wild forms of Trapa japonica Flerov and T. natans, and on the cultivated forms of T. bicornis and T. bispinosa, which are thought to be agricultural

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
1. Failure of a connection This is one of the most critical and most frequent failure in the steel structure. We can design any steel member quite beautifully with exact precision, but to design a joint, it becomes tedious.
Failure of a column depends on its overall strength. Since the column could fail in either shear, bond splitting or flexure, the lateral force capacities according to the various failure modes were determined.
Failure Modes in beams. There are two common types of failure in slender, non Prestressed flexural elements that carry the load in one direction only are. Compression failure of the Compressive Chord
When the height to least lateral dimension is less than 3, it is called a pedestal and if it is between 3 and 12, it is called as a short column.The load carrying capacity and modes of failure of a reinforced concrete column is based on the slenderness ratio.
Steel Interchange is an open forum for Modern Steel Cotlstructio11 readers to exchange useful and practical professional ideas and in formation on all phases of steel building and bridge construction.
Failure pattern of short column is totally different than long column patterns. Short column directly fails at the maximum value of direct stress it can take. In result of this, column material fails and get crushed.
In science, buckling is a mathematical instability that leads to a failure mode. When a structure is subjected to compressive stress, buckling may occur.Buckling is characterized by a sudden sideways deflection of a structural member.
mainly two types of failure occurs in beam 1-flexural failure 2-shear failure Flexural strength, also known as modulus of rupture, bend strength, or fracture strength, is a material property, defined as the stress in a material just before it.
This research classifies the failure modes of the columns in a typical beam–column-framed building based on field investigations and historical data. It also proposes the collapse mechanism for columns damaged by debris flow, with reference to their failure modes.
UNRESTRAINED BEAM DESIGN-I Table 1 Main failure modes of hot-rolled beams Category Mode Comments 1 Excessive bending triggering collapse This is the basic failure mode
9.1 Short and Long Columns – Modes of Failure Column slenderness and length greatly influence a column's ability to carry load. • Very short, stout columns fail by crushing due to material failure.
modes of failure we're looking at when we have buckling the failure stress is going to be when we reach the critical buckling load divided by the area, and we put that in terms of our slenderness ratio, or l effective divided by r.
There are three modes of failure of concrete columns (compression members) i.e. failure due to pure compression, combined compression and elastic instability. These modes of failures of concrete compression members are discussed. Reinforced concrete column is a compression member and transfers the.
Ductility is the main attribute of steel moment connections and the failure modes control it. This study reanalyzes the results of 66 past experiments in Taiwan, comparing connection ductility across failure modes.
This type of failure occurs when the steel member is stretched to a level that exceeds the material strength of the member. This occurs in stages, the first being yielding, necking and then the material fails at the point with the least cross section area.
Column failure modes differ generally because of their height variation. Long column failure pattern is totally differ from that of short column. Consider the two columns made of the same material and are of same cross sections.
Structural integrity and failure is an aspect of engineering which deals with the ability of a structure to support a designed load (weight, force, etc...) without breaking, and includes the study of past structural failures in order to prevent failures in future designs.
concrete, corroded or fatigue-cracked metal, bent or buckling columns, beams or braces, loose or missing connectors, cracked, broken or inadequate welds, etc. • Inspect structural elements for reduced load-carrying capacity, thinned or missing
Columns consist of two major material one is concrete and second one is steel. Architects do calculate the total stress caused by the live and dead load of the entire building and will design the internal components (foundation, beam, and columns) of the building.
failure occurs by yielding of the material at the point of maximum moment. The beam is thus capable of reaching its plastic moment capacity under the applied loads.


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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Lateral inhibition is a mechanism by which neurons are able to determine more precisely the origin of a stimulus.
When, for instance, the skin is touched by an object, several sensory neurons in the skin next to one another are stimulated. To determine more exactly the origin of the stimulus, neurons that are stimulated suppress the stimulation of neighbouring neurons. The amount of inhibition is greater when its own stimulation is more powerful. By doing so only the neurons that are stimulated the most will fire. These neurons are more in the center of the stimulus, while the surpressed neurons lie sidewards. hence, lateral inhibition.
Lateral inhibition can be compared with increasing the contrast in images.
References & BibliographyEdit
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|


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This paper deals with the activity of a group of cells in the cat's spinal cord and with some sensory phenomena in man. These cells in the cat's cord receive afferents from the skin and respond to all stimuli to which the cat's skin is sensitive. The discovery of a system of cells on which many types of peripheral fibers converge should be interpreted with great caution. The behavior of a cat shows that it is capable of differentiating between various types of skin stimuli, including various degrees of pressure, temperature, and "itch-producing" stimuli. In addition to these differentiated responses, the animal shows reactions such as the flexor reflex and the startle response, in which the modality of the stimulus seems largely irrelevant and only the intensity and rate of increase of the stimulus are important. Therefore, one expects to find convergent central pathways in which cells respond to several
WALL PD, CRONLY-DILLON JR. Pain, Itch, and Vibration. AMA Arch Neurol. 1960;2(4):365–375. doi:10.1001/archneur.1960.03840100003002
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Journal of Fluid Mechanics
On mass transports generated by tides and long waves
J. M. Huthnance a1
a1 Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Bidston Observatory, Merseyside L43 7RA
Article author query
huthnance jm [Google Scholar]
For small-amplitude barotropic wave motion in a shallow fluid, Moore (1970) found that the associated mean mass transport is geostrophic, but otherwise arbitrary in the absence of friction. We show how weak friction, or starting the motion from rest, determines the mass transport by restricting circulation around closed geostrophic (f/h) contours. The resulting transport is quadratic in oscillatory quantities and depends on the friction type, but not on its (weak) magnitude. Comparison is made with earlier results in particular geometries. A tendency for anticyclonic circulation around shallow regions is found, and extends to large-amplitude oscillations where particle excursions exceed the topographic length scale. We suggest that numerical schemes for calculating tidal residuals should conserve mass and vorticity.
(Published Online April 20 2006)
(Received November 3 1979)
(Revised May 19 1980)


Exterior decoration of the Temple of Mars Ultor
The Temple of Mars Ultor is generally held to be the first time that the Corinthian order was used in Roman architecture. Supported by an unusually high podium (3.55 m) made out of large blocks of Grottascura tufa stone faced in white Luna marble, the huge external order is anchored to the walls in square blocks and, as in many other buildings in the Forum, the constituent parts of the trabeation are made of several different sections.
Decorazione esterna del Tempio di Marte Ultore
The design features eight columns along the front and seven at the sides. They support a trabeation on top of which there is an architrave made up of three fascia (sections) divided lengthwise into two blocks with smooth moulding and a corbelled cornice, also divided into three blocks. The uppermost block comprises the sima (curved edge that acts like guttering) complete with spouts in the shape of lion's heads. The reconstruction displayed in the Museum makes it possible to appreciate the effect of these feline heads, attributed with the ability to ward of evil spirits or bad luck, all in a row and facing the sacred building, the fixed stare of their wide-open, bulging eyes underlining the fact that they are on guard.
The excavations carried out in 1988 and 1996 revealed that the grid pattern (corbels) on the ceiling above the peristyle which featured large central rosettes and other, random decorative elements all bore traces of paint, specifically the same Egyptian blue paint discovered in the Hall of Colossus. Despite the fact that the recycling of building materials used in the Temple began as long ago as the beginning of the 6th century AD, what remains of the structure is sufficient to identify the constituent elements of the order and let to appreciate on the one hand, the sophisticated evolution of the Corinthian capital and on the other, a certain sense that the way in which the lion heads had been carved was somewhat old-fashioned.


Ψάξε όποια λέξη θες, όπως plopping:
1 definition by The A Group
1. Shut up
2. The act of shutting off one's genitals from the general public
Person 1: It would be most opportune for you to shut your balls at this juncture.
Person 2: Indubitably
Person 1: Pip pip tally ho
Person 2: Touche
από The A Group 27 Ιανουάριος 2007


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votes for vice president, who decides who will be vice president?
Under the Twelfth Amendment, if there is no majority of total electoral votes for vice president, the winner is determined by the U.S. Senate from the top two candidates, each senator having one vote. (Students need only identify the Senate to correctly answer the question.)
This article was written by Margaret E. Fisher, director of the Institute for Citizen Education and the Law at the Seattle University School of Law in Tacoma, Washington. It first appeared in the ABA publication, Update on Law-Related Education, 20.3, 1996, © 1996 American Bar Association.
Law Day For Schools Home | Law Day Lessons Home


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Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia
versão On-line ISSN 0718-686X
CARDENAS M, Carlos; JOHNSON G, Erling e CARVALLO B, Rubén. Surface an subglacier topography near to the O'Higgins Base Station at north of the Antarctic Peninsula. Anales Instituto Patagonia (Chile) [online]. 2011, vol.39, n.2, pp. 97-101. ISSN 0718-686X. _URL_
In January 2009, Radio Echo Sounding (RES) measures were made during the campaign in the northern part of the Antarctic Peninsula, at the surroundings of the Chilean Base Bernardo O'Higgins (63° 19' S; 57° 53' W). The system has three main components: Transmitter, Receiver and a Data Acquisition System. The transmitting antenna, penetrating the ice and then returning to the receptor after their refection in an internal target or bedrock, carries out radio frequency signals generated by the transmitter. The records are stored in a data acquisition system for post processing purposes. All radar data collected was georeferenced with post-processed GPS measurements. With the Radar and GPS data we will obtain the surface and subglacial topography.
Palavras-chave : radar; surface; subglacial topography.


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Game of Names
The children sits in a circle, with outstretched legs and feet toward the middle. A person is placed in the center with a glove in his hand. It is now his task to beat the feet of the person whose name is said. The person whose name is mentioned can avoid getting in the middle if he says a name of one of the other children in the circle before his feet are hit. If the name is wrong or not said before you get hit over the feet you swap space with this person in the middle.


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A cash register also referred to as till is a mechanical or electronic device for calculating and recording sales transactions, and an attached drawer for storing cash. The cash register also usually prints a receipt for the customer.
In most cases the drawer can be opened only after a sale, except when using special keys, which generally only the owner (if not also some employees) have. This reduces the risk of employees stealing from the shop owner by pocketing the money without recording a sale, when a customer does not need a receipt but has to be given change (cash is more easily checked against recorded sales than inventory). In fact, cash registers were invented for the purpose of eliminating employee theft or embezzlement; the original name was Incorruptible Cashier. It has also been suggested that odd pricing came about because by charging odd amounts like 49 or 99 cents, the cashier very probably had to open the till for the penny change and thus announce the sale.
The first cash register was invented by James Ritty following the American Civil War. He was the owner of a saloon in Dayton, Ohio, USA, and wanted to stop employees from pilfering his profits. He invented the Ritty Model I in 1879 after seeing a tool that counted the revolutions of the propeller on a steamship. With the help of John Ritty, his brother, he patented it in 1883.
The first registers were entirely mechanical, without receipts. The employee was required to ring up every transaction on the register, and when the total key was pushed, the drawer opened and a bell would ring, alerting the manager to a sale taking place. Those original machines were nothing but simple adding machines.
Shortly after his patent, Ritty became overwhelmed with the responsibilities of running two businesses, so he sold all of his interests in the cash register business to Jacob H. Eckert of Cincinnati, a china and glassware salesman, who formed the National Manufacturing Company. In 1884 Eckert sold the company to John H. Patterson, who renamed the company the National Cash Register Company and improved the cash register by adding a paper roll to record sales transactions, thereby creating the receipt. The original purpose of the receipt was enhanced fraud protection. The business owner could read the receipts to ensure that cashiers charged customers the correct amount for each transaction and did not embezzle the cash drawer.
In 1906, while working at the National Cash Register company, inventor Charles F. Kettering designed a cash register with an electric motor.
A leading designer, builder, manufacturer, seller and exporter of cash registers in the 1950s until the 1970s was London-based (and later Brighton-based) Gross Cash Registers Ltd., founded by brothers Sam and Henry Gross. Their cash registers were particularly popular around the time of decimalisation in Britain in early 1971, Henry having designed one of the few known models of cash register which could switch currencies from £sd to £p so that retailers could easily change from one to the other on or after Decimal Day. Sweda also had decimal ready registers where the retailer used a special key on decimal day for the conversion.
In current use
||This article duplicates, in whole or part, the scope of other article(s) or section(s).|
Cash registers include a key labeled "NS", which is abbreviated for "No Sale", and opens the drawer, printing a receipt stating "No Sale" and recording it in the register log that the register was opened. Some other cash registers require a numeric password or physical key to be used when attempting to open the till. In some jurisdictions the law also requires customers to collect the receipt and keep it at least for a short while after leaving the shop, again to check that the shop records sales, so that it cannot evade sales taxes.
Often cash registers are attached to scales, barcode scanners, checkstands, and debit card or credit card terminals. Increasingly, dedicated cash registers are being replaced with general purpose computers with POS software. Cash registers use bitmap characters for printing.
Today, point of sale systems scan the barcode (usually EAN or UPC)) for each item, retrieve the price from a database, calculate deductions for items on sale (or, in British retail terminology, "special offer", "multibuy" or "buy one, get one free"), calculate the sales tax or VAT, calculate differential rates for preferred customers, actualize inventory, time and date stamp the transaction, record the transaction in detail including each item purchased, record the method of payment, keep totals for each product or type of product sold as well as total sales for specified periods, and do other tasks as well. These POS terminals will often also identify the cashier on the receipt, and carry additional information or offers.
Currently, many cash registers are individual computers. They may be DOS, Windows or Unix based. Many of them have touch screens. They may be connected to computerized Point of sale networks using any type of protocol. Such systems may be accessed remotely for the purpose of obtaining records or troubleshooting. Many businesses also use tablet computers as cash registers, utilizing the sale system as downloadable app-software.
Cash drawer
A cash drawer is the compartment underneath a cash register in which the cash from transactions is kept. The drawer typically contains a removable till. The till is usually a plastic or wooden tray divided into compartments used to store each denomination of bank notes and coins separately in order to make counting easier. The removable till allows money to be removed from the sales floor to a more secure location for counting and creating bank deposits. Some modern cash drawers are individual units separate from the rest of the cash register.
A cash drawer is usually of strong construction and may be integral with the register or a separate piece that the register sits atop. It slides in and out of its lockable box and is secured by a spring-loaded catch. When a transaction that involves cash is completed, the register sends an electrical impulse to a solenoid to release the catch and open the drawer. Cash drawers that are integral to a stand-alone register often have a manual release catch underneath to open the drawer in the event of a power failure. More advanced cash drawers have eliminated the manual release in favor of a cylinder lock, requiring a key to manually open the drawer. The cylinder lock usually has several positions: locked, unlocked, online (will open if an impulse is given), and release. The release position is an intermittent position with a spring to push the cylinder back to the unlocked position. In the "locked" position, the drawer will remain latched even when an electric impulse is sent to the solenoid.
Due the increasing amount of notes and varieties of notes, many cash drawers have opted to store notes in a vertical side facing position instead of the traditional horizontal upward facing position. It enables faster access to each note and allowed more varieties of notes to stored. Sometimes the cashier will even divide the notes without any physical divider at all. Some cash drawers are also the Flip Top in design, where they flip open instead of sliding out like an ordinary drawer, resembling a cashbox instead.
Manual input
Registers will typically feature a numerical pad, QWERTY or custom keyboard, touch screen interface, or a combination of these input methods for the cashier to enter products and fees by hand and access information necessary to complete the sale. For older registers as well as at restaurants and other establishments that do not sell barcoded items, the manual input may be the only method of interacting with the register. While customization was previously limited to larger chains that could afford to have physical keyboards custom-built for their needs, the customization of register inputs is now more widespread with the use of touch screens that can display a variety of point of sale software.
Modern cash registers may be connected to a handheld or stationary barcode reader so that a customer's purchases can be more rapidly scanned than would be possibly by keying numbers into the register by hand. The use of scanners should also help prevent errors that result from manually entering the product's barcode or pricing. At grocers, the register's scanner may be combined with a scale for measuring product that is sold by weight.
Receipt printer
Cashiers are often required to provide a receipt to the customer after a purchase has been made. Registers typically use thermal printers to print receipts, although older dot matrix printers are still in use at some retailers. Alternatively, retailers can forgo issuing paper receipts in some jurisdictions by instead asking the customer for an email to which their receipt can be sent. The receipts of larger retailers tend to include unique barcodes or other information identifying the transaction so that the receipt can be scanned to facilitate returns or other customer services.
Security deactivation
In stores that use electronic article surveillance, a pad or other surface will be attached to the register that deactivates security devices embedded or attached to the items being purchased. This will prevent a customer's purchase from setting off security alarms at the store's exit.
Self checkout
Some corporations and supermarkets have introduced self-checkout machines, where the customer is trusted to scan the barcodes (or manually identify uncoded items like fruit), and place the items into a bagging area. The bag is weighed, and the machine halts the checkout when the weight of something in the bag doesn't match the weight in the inventory database. Normally, an employee is watching over several such checkouts to prevent theft or exploitation of the machines' weaknesses (for example, intentional misidentification of expensive produce or dry goods). Payment on these machines is accepted by debit card/credit card, or cash via coin slot and bank note scanner. Store employees are also needed to authorize "age-restricted" purchases, such as alcohol, solvents or knives, which can either be done remotely by the employee observing the self-checkout, or by means of a "store login" which the operator has to enter.
- Bryson, Bill (199


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Lending a helping hand to develop African soil information
2 December 2011
Six West African soil scientists are visiting the Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources to undertake intensive training in digital soil mapping coordinated by the University of Sydney's Associate Professor Inakwu Odeh. The visiting fellows are sponsored by AusAID as part of the Australian Leadership Awards Fellowships program.
Associate Professor Inakwu Odeh and colleagues from the Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources-Dr Thomas Bishop and Dr Budiman Minasny - have organised a six week program for the African visiting fellows to run in November and December 2011.
Coming from universities and government research and soil management agencies in Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon and Senegal, the six visitors will further their soil science expertise using the latest soil mapping techniques.
"There is a lack of accurate soil information in many developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa," said Associate Professor Inakwu Odeh, from the Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources.
"This is particularly disturbing because agriculture, which should be based on careful selection of suitable soil and land resources, is the dominant economic activity in the continent," explained Associate Professor Odeh.
"So we're working with local African scientists to share our digital mapping expertise and software, so they can use these techniques in their home countries."
Associate Professor Odeh will run training sessions on using geographic information system data for digital soil mapping and agricultural statistical analysis.
"We're using open source and free statistical analysis software that our visiting fellows can access and use when they return to their home countries," said Associate Professor Odeh.
Soil is fundamental to important ecosystem services such as food production, biodiversity, and climate and environmental regulation. As such, there has been increased interest in accurate soil information at high spatial resolution for the purpose of management decisions regarding these services.
"According to statistics published in 2010 by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, agricultural production in sub-Saharan Africa has grown over the past 50 years, but more slowly than the population. That means that there has been a decline in per capita energy accessibility - so not enough food being produced per person in these countries," explained Associate Professor Odeh.
"Additionally, it turns out this very modest growth in production has been primarily through area expansion, with yields per hectare especially stagnant over the same period," said Associate Professor Odeh.
"The problem is there's been ill-informed selection of production areas, rather than strategically developing areas with more productive soils. Soil mapping is key to this strategic selection of agricultural areas."
To meet the increased soil information demand in sub-Saharan Africa, a regional project called Africa Soil Information Service was launched in 2009 under the guidance of the GlobalSoilMap.Net consortium in which the University of Sydney is a major player under the leadership of Professor Alex McBratney.
The six visiting fellows are all key participants in the Africa Soil Information Service project, with their time spent at the University of Sydney aimed at capacity building in the new techniques of digital soil mapping and assessment - techniques developed at the University of Sydney and now used internationally.
This multilateral program will enable the participants to work on this regional goal and achieve high standards in the production of the functional soil information and the subsequent management recommendations across the region.
"As part of our University's contribution to the effort of creating digital soil information for Africa, I recently spent six months in Africa and the Netherlands, lending a helping hand to the efforts of creating digital soil maps for Nigeria," said Associate Professor Odeh.
"This current training in November and December of the West African soil scientists will further enhance the collaboration between our University and a number of key institutions in the region."
Contact: Associate Professor Inakwu Odeh
Phone: 02 8627 1055


3 Fun Activities to Play and Bond with your Preschoolers this June Holiday
- By Wei Xuan & Yi Yun
The June holidays are finally here! If you didn't manage to sign up for a holiday program with us in time, fret not, for we have compiled a list of fun and simple activities to do with your preschooler.
Between CCA activities and TV time, these activities are a good way to bond with your kids by having fun and learning together at the same time.
In the true spirit of STEAM education, the following list of activities require minimal materials, including things that can be obtained from your friendly neighborhood stores.
1. Build a Mini Catapult
Ever wanted to play a real-life battleship game with your son? As far as mini-weaponry go, this catapult works just as well (if not better) than any toy you can buy off a Toys'R'us shelf.
Materials Needed:
7 Ice-cream Sticks
4-5 Elastic Bands
1 Bottle Cap
Pompoms (or any soft and light material for ammo)
How to Build:
1. Stack 5 ice-cream sticks and tie them together using an elastic band at each end respectively. This will form our bulk body.
2. Tie 2 ice-cream sticks together at one end using an elastic band and place the bulk body from step 1 in-between the two sticks. The rubber band might fall off at this point, but don't worry, simply try again placing the bulk body further from the bands.
3. Secure the catapult by tying with an elastic band at the conjunction.
4. Glue or tape the bottle cap on the end without any rubber bands and your catapult is ready!
Tips to Encourage Experimenting and Creativity:
 - Try out different types of ammo and see how far each one shoots
 - Have a competition with your kid to see who can build the catapult that shoots the furthest
 - Go crazy designing the catapult - Paint, stickers, anything goes!
 - Explore different ways of building the catapult - Where can you add another launcher? How about a pocket to hold ammo? Perhaps if you use one more ice cream stick for the launcher...
Learning Points:
 - The catapult is a simple example of energy conversion, from stored energy to kinetic energy. When you release the catapult, energy stored in the elastic band and ice cream stick is being converted to kinetic energy for the ammo to fly.
 - Different materials (size, weight, shape, etc.) can have vastly different flying abilities - too heavy and the ball will fall too quickly (gravity), too thin and the paper will barely fly (air resistance)
 - Fun fact - Catapults that launched heavy boulders were most commonly used as siege breakers in ancient war times because of their destructive capabilities!
2. Build a Clothespin Car
Next time your child asks you to spend money buying him/her a toy car, try suggesting you build one with him/her together instead.
Building this toy car not only saves you money, it also helps your child learn about the way wheels work. With just simple materials, you can build a few cars and have a race together.
Materials Needed:
1 Clothespin
2 Short Pipe Cleaner
1 Straw
4 Big Buttons
How to Build:
1. Cut the straw and pipe cleaner to the desired length. Slot the pipe cleaner into the straws
2. Secure the pipe cleaners to the buttons. Each pair of wheels should look like dumbbells.
3. Attach the pipe cleaners to the clothespin and the car is ready to go!
Tips to Encourage Experimenting and Creativity:
 - Vary different parts about the car - Size of wheels, number of wheels, length of straw etc. - and see whether it affects the speed of the car
 - Allow your child's creativity to run wild and let him/her decorate the car as much as they like
 - Try creating a racing track using everyday items (books, rulers, bowls – anything goes!) to see who's car can go the fastest!
Learning Points:
 - The invention of wheels made it possible to transport heavy objects across long distances - which was crucial in the days where farms were far apart from each other
 - A simple way to think about wheels is to compare between a flat piece of cardboard and a cardboard roll. Both have the same texture and weight, but because of the shape, the cardboard roll can move a lot faster than the flat cardboard when it's pushed.


How does the Period Panty work?
Because the COCORO-INTIM company has developed a high quality product you may be curious to know more about it.
Three different types of materials are used to offer absorption and the other properties of COCORO-INTIM knickers.
1- First you have a layer of cotton that stays in contact with your sensitive and intimate skin keeping the soft touch, freshness and freedom. Few models are totally lined with cotton avoiding reactions for the most sensitive ones (who is allergic for other materials), including 2 models made of GOTS Certificate Organic Cotton.
2- The internal fabrics made of high-tech layers that do not touch your skin are responsible for all the magical. This technical material are based on polyester which is developed to be absorbent, water-repellent, antibacterial and breathable.
3- The outer layer is always a piece of design to make you feel comfortable and protected while staying beautiful in different models that are.
English en


Speech Is The Major Vehicle Of Human Communication
909 Words4 Pages
Introduction: Speech is the major vehicle of human communication through which ideas and thoughts are conveyed by the speakers to the listeners. During this process, the conveyed message is heard, understood and the meaning is extracted. Here, it is important to distinguish between Hearing, Listening and Perception. Hearing is the sensation of sound. Sounds produced by a source are transmitted through a medium and into the ears of the listener which converts vibrational energy into neural impulses which travel to the brain. Listening is the act of paying attention to the spoken word, not only in hearing symbols but also reacting with understanding. A person with normal hearing sensitivity may have poor listening skills which may result in poor Speech Perception. Unlike hearing which is an innate process, listening is an acquired skill. Perception involves identification, categorization and integration of input from various sources so as to make sense from one's environment. Interactions with one's environment provides information about - how stimuli result in different sensations in different modalities, meaningfulness of different stimuli and their relevance in the environment. We organize perception and experiences into different categories thereby making it easy to establish order in the world and by identifying relationships shared by elements in the environment. It basically involves hearing, interpreting and comprehending all of the sounds produced by a speaker.
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Tax Administrators. Membership is open to employees of any First Nation who are interested or engaged in the development, implementation or administration of a program, or department of taxation or revenue generation on behalf of a First Nation.
How do I transition to the FMA from s.83?
In order to transition to the FMA from s.83, you must first pass a resolution of Council to be added to the schedule of the FMA. Once on the schedule, you must develop new property tax and assessment laws to replace existing s.83 by-laws. For more information and further steps, go to the property tax toolkit
How do I borrow under the FMA using property tax revenue?
As with other jurisdictions collecting property tax, First Nations now have the ability to use their tax revenues to access long term debt financing. Under the FMA, First Nation governments can participate in the debenture financing system, and borrow money based on the certainty of collecting property tax each year.
To begin borrowing with property tax revenues under the FMA, First Nations must satisfy several prerequisites. Briefly, First Nations must have:
- Property tax jurisdiction under the FMA;
- Financial management system certification from the First Nations Financial Management Board;
- FNFA Membership;
- Sufficient borrowing room capacity; and
- An eligible project.
First Nations opting to lever their property tax revenues to access long term capital financing through the provisions of the FMA may only do so through a FNTC approved borrowing law made under section 5(1)(d) of the FMA. The Commission has developed a sample borrowing law, and a sample borrowing agreement law. Debt servicing will be based on a percentage of annual property tax revenue. The percentage will depend on the composition of the tax base, support of membership, security of leasing arrangements, expenditure obligations, and other factors.
Are there any other types of taxes beyond property taxation?
Provision of Services
Whereas property taxes generally serve the entire reserve area of a First Nation, taxes for the provision of services are imposed on a specific area within a First Nation to fund the service or improvement applied to a particular area only.
The taxes are generally applied to parcels of land. This means that the owner of the parcel of land is responsible for paying the services tax. A services tax is allocated as an annual charge that may be levied for a set number of years depending on the law. Types of local services include:
- Street improvements;
- Bridge developments;
- Sewer and water-works; and,
- Park acquisitions and improvements.
The cost of work undertaken as a provision of services is paid up front by the First Nation then recovered from property owners within the service area using the tax. The tax may be based on a single amount for each unit or the taxable frontage of the parcel. In some instances, owners may commute the charges imposed on them for payments in cash. Typically, First Nations will contribute a portion of the cost from the local revenue generated through the First Nation's property tax law.
Development Cost Charges
Development Cost Charges ("DCC") are taxes collected from developers of reserve land to pay the capital costs of servicing the development with transportation (roads), water/sewer/storm-water drainage, and providing park and recreation lands and facilities. DCCs must be collected under the authority of a DCC law made under
As a taxpayer on reserve, how are my interests considered?
There are many measures that are taken to ensure the interests of taxpayers are taken into account.
For instance, a First Nation must give fair and adequate notice to taxpayers. This includes notice of their property tax laws, assessment inspections, assessments, assessment appeals, taxation, enforcement, and any FNTC reviews.
First Nations are required to provide 60 day noticeand an opportunity for persons to make representations concerning most local revenue laws. The Council must consider these representations before it makes its law. Some First Nations may also have taxpayer representation to Council laws which provide a formal structure for taxpayer representation to Council.
Taxpayershave access to the First Nation and the First Nations Tax Commission in the event disputes arise. Formal mechanisms for dispute resolution are also available through the FNTC.
The FNTC has taxpayer representation on the Commission with considerable expertise in the field of real property taxation which is represented in all decision-making.
In addition, the FNTC has a policy objective dedicated to reconciling the interests of taxpayers with those of First Nations. First Nations may develop Taxpayer Representation to Council Laws to support the interests of taxpayers. These laws provide formal structures and procedures to address taxpayer issues or concerns.
Taxpayers are encouraged to form and participate in taxpayer advisory bodies and associations. Individual and collective ideas in dialogue can create greater awareness of how real property taxation can improve services to taxpayers.
Can assessments be appealed?
Yes. Each First Nation provides a right to appeal to a First Nation appointed appellate body. Sometimes called an Assessment Review Board or Board of Revision, the appellate body uses procedures that are similar to assessment appeal procedures used throughout Canada. The process ensures appeals are conducted in an efficient, timely and fair manner. In some cases, a First Nation may have two appellate bodies for appeals.
As an efficient alternative to launching a formal appeal, some First Nations use a mechanism called a request for reconsideration of assessment. A request for reconsideration, in this instance, is where a taxpayer asks an assessor to reconsider the original assessment.
Taxpayers usually have 30 days from the time the assessment notices are mailed to make a request for reconsideration. Specific deadline dates are printed on the assessment notice. In this process, the assessor reviews the assessment of the taxable property in question and provides the taxpayer with the results of the reconsideration. If the assessor modifies the assessment, a revised notice is sent to the person who requested the reconsideration and to any other persons who were sent an assessment notice concerning the property. Typically, a request for reconsideration will deal with valuation; however, reconsiderations can also concern classification, errors, omissions, or use of exemptions.
For more information, contact the First Nation Tax Administrator.


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|Grade span:||3 to 5|
|Duration:||One week of observation followed by a one-hour lesson|
Description:This sample lesson is one example of how you can implement the Math Tools practice. In this activity, students will watch the growth of rock candy over a given length of time, describe the varying rate of change they observe, and graph these changes.
- Recognize patterns and the rules that explain them
- Use mathematics vocabulary to discuss observed growth patterns
- Select and use appropriate tools to make measurements
- Organize and display data in simple charts and graphs
- Observe growth patterns from a table and graph
- Graph paper
- Pencils (two per student)
- Ruler (cm)
- One six-inch piece of string per student
- Three cups of granulated sugar per student
- One cup of water per student
- One clean glass jar per student
- Food coloring
- Prior to the activity, make the rock candy solution. Or, you might choose to incorporate cooking into the activity.
- In a medium saucepan, heat two cups of the sugar and the water. Stir until the sugar is completely dissolved. Gradually add a few drops of the food coloring and the additional sugar, stirring continuously until all the sugar is dissolved.
- Designate an area where the rock candy can grow without being disturbed for approximately one week. Students will need access to this area in order to measure growth. Limit movement of the rock candy once it has started growing.
What to Do:
- Using the rock candy solution, set up the growing area for the candy. Pour the solution into a clean glass jar, tie the string to the pencil, and suspend it across the mouth of the jar so that the ends hang into the sugar water. See Rock Candy Diagrams (PDF).
- Have students develop a table containing three columns: Time (days), Height (cm) and Change (cm). They should fill in the initial row with Time 0 and Height 0, leaving the Change blank.
- On day two, give students 10-15 minutes to measure their rock candy growth. The students should remove the string from the water and carefully measure the height of the rock candy. Place this information on the next row of the chart, this time completing the change blank (today's height-yesterday's height).
- Continue charting growth over multiple days until measurable growth has ceased.
- On the final day, have students use graph paper to give visual representation to the candy growth. One axis should be height and the second axis should be time.
- Using this data, have students describe how the rate of growth varied over time. Encourage them to look not only at the height per day, but at what has happened between the recorded heights.


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an infinite loop or some other problem). Typical cues include changing the mouse cursor, printing a message, or displaying something in a buffer as Emacs does when the emacs-lisp interface is running.
Unfortunately, providing such a cue for every scavenge is a difficult problem and if it is done wrong, the consequences to Lisp can be fatal. However, we have provided an interface for the brave. The functions gc-before-c-hooks and gc-after-c-hooks return settable lists of addresses of C functions to be called before and after a gc.
Luckily, scavenges are usually fast and so failing to provide a cue may not be noticeable. Global gc's, however can be slow but it is possible to provide a cue for a global gc even without using C functions. There are two strategies: (1) determine when a global gc is necessary and either schedule it when convenient or warn the user that one is imminent; (2) do not give advance warning but provide a cue when it happens. Looking at these examples, you can probably craft your own method of warning or cue.
Note that in these examples, we replace the value of
*gc-after-hook* with a new
value, destroying the current value (which provides for the default
automated behavior). The default function is named by the (internal)
One way to implement the first strategy is to set a flag when a global gc is needed and then have code that acts on that flag. This code can be run at your choosing -- but be sure that it is run at some point. You might do this:
(defvar *my-gc-count* 0) (defvar *time-for-gc-p* nil) (defun my-gc-after-hook (global-p to-new to-old eff to-be-alloc) (declare (ignore eff to-new to-be-alloc)) (if global-p (progn (setq *my-gc-count* 0) (setq *time-for-gc-p* nil)) (progn (setq *my-gc-count* (+ *my-gc-count* to-old)) (if (> *my-gc-count* excl:*tenured-bytes-limit*) (setq *time-for-gc-p* t)))))
Make sure you compile my-gc-after-hook before
making it the value of
*gc-after-hook*. Now, define a function that
triggers a global gc (calls
(gc t)) when
*time-for-gc-p* is true. This function can be called by a
user of your application, or when your application is about to do
something that the user expects to wait for anyway, or whenever, so
long as it is called at some point.
In the second strategy, we provide some cue to the user that a global gc is occurring. We have not included the code for the cue (you should supply that) and notice we have gone to some pains to avoid a recursive error (where the garbage collector calls itself).
(defvar *my-gc-count* 0) (defvar *prevent-gc-recursion-problem* nil) (defun my-gc-after-hook (global-p to-new to-old eff to-be-alloc) (declare (ignore eff to-new to-be-alloc)) (when (null *prevent-gc-recursion-problem*) (if global-p (setq *my-gc-count* 0) (progn (setq *my-gc-count* (+ *my-gc-count* to-old)) (if (> *my-gc-count* excl:*tenured-bytes-limit*) (excl:without-interrupts (setq *prevent-gc-recursion-problem* t) ;; () (gc t) ;; () (setq *my-gc-count* 0) (setq *prevent-gc-recursion-problem* nil)))))))
;; () ;; ()
with whatever code you want, but be careful that there is no possibility of waiting (for user input, e.g.) or going into an infinite loop because you are in a without-interrupts form and waiting is wrong and an infinite loop is fatal in that case.
The following list contains information and advice concerning gsgc. Some of the information has already been provided above, but is given again here for emphasis.
nilunless some other method of stepping the generation is enabled (including specific action by you). If objects are not tenured, newspace will grow, filling up with long-lived objects, and performance will degrade significantly.
:tenure(which will cause all live objects to be tenured) or with the tenuring macro. There is no way to prevent a specific object from ever being tenured except by disabling generation stepping and thus preventing all objects from being tenured.
It is not easy to cause a gsgc error. Such errors are usually catastrophic (often Lisp dies either without warning or with a brief message that some unrecognizable object was discovered). Once the garbage collector becomes confused, it cannot be straightened out.
Such errors can be caused when Lisp code is compiled with the compiler
optimizations set so that normal argument and type checking is
disabled. For example, if a function is compiled with the values of
speed and safety such that the compiler:verify-argument-count-switch
nil, and that function is passed the wrong
number of arguments (usually too few), it can trigger a fatal gsgc
error. Before you report a gsgc error as a bug (and please do report
them), please recompile any code where checking was disabled with
settings of speed and safety which allow checking. See if the error
repeats itself. See Declarations and optimizations in
compiling.htm for more information on compiler
optimization switches and values of speed and safety.
Garbage collector errors may also be caused by foreign code signal handlers. Note that foreign code signal handlers should not call lisp_call_address or lisp_value. See foreign-functions.htm for more information on signals.
See the information on the
Section 5.4 Gsgc switches.
The Allegro CL image will grow as necessary while running. If it needs to grow and it cannot, a storage-condition type error is signaled (storage-condition is a standard Common Lisp condition type). While these errors might arise from insufficient swap space, the typical cause is a conflict in the virtual address space. That is, something else (a program or a library location) has grabbed virtual address space in a range that Lisp needs to grow the heap. (Allegro CL does not allow discontinuous virtual address ranges.)
Whatever the cause, the error is triggered by a request for space which cannot be fulfilled. Here we show the error when a largish array is created (this example is contrived in order to show the error: a request for such an array does not typically cause a problem).
CL-USER(25): (setq my-array (make-array 100000)) Error: An allocation request for 483032 bytes caused a need for _PHONE_ more bytes of heap. The operating system will not make the space available. [condition type: STORAGE-CONDITION] CL-USER(26):
A global gc may free up enough space within Lisp to continue without growing. Killing processes other than Lisp may free enough space for Lisp to grow. But it may be the case that other allocations of virtual address space conflicts with Lisp usage. Please contact Franz customer support for assistance in determining whether this is the case if the problem persists.
You trigger a global gc by evaluating (see gc):
When the garbage collector gets confused, usually by following what it believes to be a valid pointer, but one that does not point to an actual Lisp object, Lisp fails with a two part message. The first part is a brief description of the specific problem. The second part is a general statement about the gc failures and the fact they cannot be recovered from, along with an opportunity of get a core file (which may be useful for later analysis). Here are some examples of the second part:
The gc's internal control tables may have been corrupted and Lisp execution cannot continue. [or] The internal data structures in the running Lisp image have been corrupted and execution cannot continue. [then] Check all foreign functions and any Lisp code that was compiled with high speed and/or low safety, as these are two common sources of this failure. If you cannot find anything incorrect in your code you should contact technical support for Allegro Common Lisp, and we will try to help determine whether this is a coding error or an internal bug. Would you like to dump core for debugging before exiting(y or n)?
Here are some examples of the first part:
system error (gsgc): Unknown object type at (0xc50ec9a) system error (gsgc): Object already pointing to target newspace half: 0x42c43400 system error (gsgc): Scavenger invoked itself recursively.
As the text says in the second part, there is no recovery.
The causes of such errors can be one or more of the following:
Diagnosing and fixing the problem can be difficult. Here are some initial steps to take where possible:
(gc :print), see gc.)
If you cannot quickly determine the cause of the problem and a solution for it, contact Franz Inc. technical support at _EMAIL_. Be sure to include the output of a call to print-system-state, and provide any information about foreign code, optimizations, etc. that you can. We may ask you for a core file (which, as said above, can be optionally generated when there is a failure).
A Lisp object becomes garbage when nothing points to or references it. The way the


Home » Value » Knowledge base » Distribution and behavior of change capacity
If change has to occur
Every environment, whether this is a country, a company, an government body or any other group of people working in a closed environment, forms a culture. Such culture develops over time and is persistent.
As in every environment, the island of St. Maarten contains a mix of local people from the island (most in numbers) and off-island individuals, either from The Dutch Caribbean, The Netherlands or other foreign countries. In this mix the island has been operating for many years.
In most cases, the only reference the local population has, is their own environment they live in every day. Sometimes they are in disagreement with things around them, but do not see abilities to change that around. These changes are always and in any case very hard to undertake.
Ingredients for change – The Burning Platform
There is one main ingredient to undertake a change: A strong reason, a burning issue, something threatening. This is called a "Burning Platform". If the fire remains burning, your clothes, your shoes, everything begins to catch on fire. Eventually you begin to be physically harmed by the fire. It is a situation where your back is against the wall. You cannot simply step away from the fire because you are standing on a burning platform. You cannot run away from the problem. This example shows that at a certain point change is unavoidable: the first step has to be made.
UPG - Distribution and behavior of change capacity
UPG – Distribution and behavior of change capacity
People entering such a cultural environment will do that for two main reasons:
 1. To be absorbed in the environment (to live, to work, to educate, etc.)
 2. To change something general or in particular in the social economic environment (from work, assignment, engagement, ideology, or other standpoints)
Ad. 1. The first group does not bother too much about change. In fact, they strengthen the local community by their work. It is in most cases not in their main interest to change something. If a solution is given to an issue, they might loose their income. They accept the environment as it is and simply do their work while a vision and purpose remains absent.
Ad. 2. The second group falls into three main categories, where category A and C are paying respect to the environment and to change and category B is not. The latter is looked upon as change capacity by the community and contrary to this, B is in most cases unconsciously hampering the change instead of being a part of the change. We refer to this category as the L+
Change Capacity is scarce
UPG - Distribution of change capacity
UPG – Distribution of change capacity
All categories are represented on the island and we will have to pay respect to all of those groups. If we want change we must quickly realise that no category is more valuable than the other. They are interconnected.
The real change capacity is therefore scarce. It consists of a unique combination of local people from the island and people from abroad. We have to appreciate and respect the local the environment.
We want to work together with the local population. They are the ones who have the know how on how to address most of the issues. We will assist the island with having a clear set of goals. When the population works together we can do large scale change with little individual work. In other words working together makes more sense then trying to be superman. Having clear goals will faciliate and drive the environment to be open to change.
Reason for change has to be clear
What is causing and driving the need for change has to be made very clear and understandable for everyone. Change is not a purpose by itself; it has to serve a purpose, that something gets better; To turn something that is unwanted into a benefit. Your reason for change has to present a clear analysis of what happens if no changes are done. The reason has to show what steps are needed for change and it has to make clear what the ultimate benefits will be.
Change is a painful process
Yes, it is. Non painful ways of changing serious things are unfortunately non existent. That is the main reason that most people avoid change and move away from it if it approaches them. It seems a lot easier to bypass or to walk away from having to change. It is easier to not do anything. But in reality procastinating leads to things piling up. Stepping away from the necessity to change only makes things worse. If measures are neglected the result will be a self fulfilling prophecy.
Well manageable, controlled process
Now that change is defined as a painful process, it does not mean that it has to be a uncontrolled process. If you are receiving an injection, we all know that you can get the same positive results if you gently approach the process. Force will add unneeded pain. In other words there are good ways to do this. If structural measures are taking, in which respect is given and clarity is given, the end result will be beneficial to everyone. Especially to the ones that are part of the process. We are making clear where we stand and what we have to overcome for change to happen.
Explaining the odds
UPG will start doing research and create a database. A lot of information will have to be provided for others to grasp our angle. We want our purpose to be clear so that it can be understood by anybody. In time our database will grow and as more people begin to contribute to it the benefts that it provides to everyone will be understood.


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How to Write Your Own Math Rap
The Rappin' Mathematician presents a step-by-step guide to creating an academic rhyme.
This how-to article accompanies the feature "Rapping Math Teachers Bring It."
Want to rap a math concept for your class, but not sure where to start? Alex Kajitani, the Rappin' Mathematician, breaks down how to write a rap.
Step 1: Identify Your Concept
What do you want your students to learn? Successful math raps have been written on concepts such as fractions, negative and positive numbers, and integers.
Step 2: Find Your Rhymes
Write out all the key words related to your concept. For a rap about the order of operations, Kajitani lists operations, order, parenthesis, exponent, multiply, divide, add, and subtract.
Then find what rhymes with these words. Kajitani recommends going to Rhymezone.com and plugging in your word: "Divide" brings up 147 results. He chooses the rhyming word guide.
Not every word needs to rhyme perfectly. Kajitani also uses words and phrases that sound similar, such as exponent and "own it," to form a rhyme. If you are writing a four-line rhyme, the second and fourth lines should rhyme.
Step 3: Craft the Hook
A catchy hook -- a rhyme repeated at the beginning, middle, and end of the rap, like a refrain -- is essential to a good math rap. It quickly explains what the rap is all about.
Using the rhyme he found on Rhymezone.com, Kajitani shows how to craft a hook that explains the order of operations:
Parenthesis then exponents,
Multiply and divide,
Then add and subtract
PEMDAS is your guide.
Step 4: Back It up with a Beat
No rap is complete without the musical beat behind the words. A Google search for "free rap beats" could provide some leads. Garage Band, a Macintosh program that comes with the iLife package ($79), can also be used to create rap beats. Kajitani will buy beats for about $20-$100 per song to use commercially from sites such as Gotchanoddin.com.
Kajitani suggests sampling some background music and practicing lyrics to different songs until you find a combination that feels right. Any music software will allow you to shorten the beat's track -- Kajitani notes that a math rap doesn't have to be long -- to fit the length of your math rap. (One option is the free, cross-platform Audacity Sound Editor.)
Step 5: Perform
Kajitani says you might start a math lesson with your new rap. Or you may want to record your voice into a computer and bring a recorded version into class. (Garage Band can also be used for this type of recording.) Your students might also enjoy performing the rap.
Now that you have a new learning tool, it's time to show it off.
Extra Credit: Make the Video
The after-school video club at Kajitani's school, Mission Middle School, in Escondido, California, produced his video So Many Lines. The students drew a storyboard of the scenes for the video, selected actors for the various parts, and then filmed and edited the piece themselves -- and their creative efforts didn't go unnoticed: They won the 2007 iVIE award for the most innovative video in education.
The Rappin' Mathematician:
Alex Kajitani teaches through rhymes.
The school was so impressed with the students' work that they created a regular video-technology class during the school day. This year's class may make another video for Kajitani's song "The Itty Bitty Dot." After that project, the students will surely remember Kajitani's hook about adding and subtracting with decimals: "Just line up the dot and give it all you've got."


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