Ways to Rebuild Credit After Bankruptcy
One of the most common myths about claiming bankruptcy is that it will ruin your credit forever. That is just absolutely not true, and in fact more people have better credit scores 1 year after filing for bankruptcy protection than they ever had before. The truth is, bankruptcy will stay on your credit report for a certain number of years, but it does not stop you from rebuilding your credit once your case is discharged (or completed). So what are some of the ways you rebuild your credit after claiming bankruptcy? Here are some suggestions:
 1. Secured Credit Cards: Secured credit cards are a great way to rebuild credit because you essentially set your own credit limit by depositing a certain amount onto the card and only spending what money is available. The opening deposit on secured credit cards range from $300-$1000 dollars depending on the financial institution you choose. Using a secured credit card reports positively on your credit and in some cases after several months of good standing the bank may even extend your credit limit without another deposit, or convert your account to a regular credit card.
 2. Stay Current on Everything: Bankruptcy help can take care of most unsecured debt, but most Americans have several secured debts that require monthly payments that bankruptcy does not wipe away. Some of the most common secured debts include mortgage, car note, utilities, and student loans. It may seem like common sense, but it is imperative that you make on time payments on these items each month to start generating positive credit again. Bankruptcy attorneys will tell you this more than you want to hear, but it is one of the keys to making sure you don't become vulnerable to claiming bankruptcy again.
 3. Store and Gas Credit Cards: Obtaining credit cards from grocery stores and gas stations that you frequent is also a good way to rebuild credit. In most households today groceries and gas are necessities, so you know about how much money you typically spend. The key is to use the store or gas card at the register, but immediately pay it back once you get home so you are not misled by how much you have left in your checking account. By using that method, your credit card companies will report positively to the credit bureau while you are merely spending the same money you would have in months before.
Ultimately, if claiming bankruptcy was a decision you truly needed in the first place then your credit was probably not at the top of its game so the only place you can go is up! Be sure to discuss how to rebuild your credit with bankruptcy attorneys throughout the process. By making positive financial decisions, like the ones listed above, after your bankruptcy discharge you can ensure that your once sore credit will soon be on the rise. Just remember the post bankruptcy basics: make payments on time every month and don't spend more money than you are making.
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text: This is a captivating image showing a group of children surrounded by cabbages that they are preparing. They are refugees from civil war-ravaged towns of northern Spain. In May 1937 nearly 4000 children arrived by boat in Southampton. Suffering terrible sea-sickness, they underwent medical examination before being housed in a temporary camp at nearby North Stoneham. Aged mostly between five and sixteen, and from both sides of the conflict, they were to be rehoused by the Basque Children?s Committee in residential 'colonies? around the country. Refugees were settled as far north as Montrose in north east Scotland.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Re: Multiparticipant processes
From:
Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2001 12:23:22 -0500
To: _EMAIL_
Message-ID:
 It's possible that there is always
 in principle a "correct" level of description from which all
 representations can be derived, but (a) I doubt it; and (b)
 we seem to
 do fine with coarse-grained representations.
 My conclusion from these speculations is that egocentric
 representations are the obvious way to go until someone
 comes up with
 an important application of neutral representations, or
 shows that for
 some central special case (such as web services) you can
 derive the
 egocentric representations for all participants from a
Why do the egocentric representations need to be derived from the
neutral representation? It would be easier to abstract the
coarse-grained neutral representations from the more fine-grained
egocentric representations.
Perhaps I am missing your point, but I believe that multiple
that multiple perspectives are nothing more than scoping the view to
an appropriate subset of the abstractions.
A domain which requires neutral representation is the military, where
process participants form a hierarchy. For example, when "executing a
mission", the commander will monitor the process(es) from a
coarse-grained perspective. Each of the officers "carrying out parts
of the mission", however, will need to monitor their more-detailed
respective process(es) from the perspective of their role in
"executing the mission".... and on down to the actual warfighters...
If a participant "encounters a problem", he/she has the option of
reasoning over the solution space from their perspective or
'drilling-down' to a more fine-grained view of the problem space.
I.e. A given participant's perspective may need to dynamically change.
Obviously, the egocentric representations have to exist and they need
to map into the neutral representation.
Received on Thursday, 4 October 2001 13:24:54 UTC


text:
It's true: travel does broaden the mind and enrich our lives with new experiences. Whether you're a college student abroad or a tourist on holiday, you can reap the educational benefits of travel, according to a study forthcoming in the Journal of Travel Research:
Empirical evidence about the educational outcomes of travel is scattered across many fields of study. This paper reviews the literature on the educational benefits of travel, beginning with the literature on study abroad. Learning outcomes have been found from the travel portion of the study experience, and some research has found that out-of-class experiences were the most impactful portion of study abroad. Personal growth, increase in life skills, and knowledge also result from independent international travel, as well as "objectiveless" travel. A few studies have focused on adults and seniors, but the research primarily has focused on young adults and college students. After a review of the literature, numerous suggestions for future study are provided, including a focus on the educational outcomes of domestic travel, youth travel, and determining which travel experiences result in the most learning benefits.
The paper, "The Educational Benefits of Travel Experiences: A Literature Review" by Matthew J. Stone and James F. Petrick of Texas A&M University, is now available online in the Journal of Travel Research. Sign up for e-alerts to be notified about new articles and issues of JTR.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Not so cheap talk: a model of advice with communication costs
Hertel, Jo and Smith, John (2009): Not so cheap talk: a model of advice with communication costs.
Download (189kB) | Preview
We model a game similar to the interaction between an academic advisor and advisee. Like the classic cheap talk setup, an informed player sends information to an uninformed receiver who is to take an action which affects the payoffs of both sender and receiver. However, unlike the classic cheap talk setup, the preferences regarding the receiver's actions are identical for both sender and receiver. Additionally, the sender incurs a communication cost which is increasing in the complexity of the message sent. We characterize the resulting equilibria. Under an additional out-of-equilibrium condition (Condition L), if preferences for sender and receiver are identical then the only equilibria are the most informative, feasible ones. A similar result appears in Chen, Kartik and Sobel (2008) when their No Incentive to Separate (NITS) condition is applied to the case where communication is costless but preferences diverge. Additionally, we model the competency of the advisee by the probability that the action is selected by mistake. We show that the informativeness of the sender is decreasing in the likelihood of the mistake. When the preferences between players diverge and when there are communication costs, we are not guaranteed uniqueness and we provide an example where an increase in communication costs can improve communication.
MPRA is a RePEc service hosted by
the Munich University Library in Germany.


This article is about the Jedi Master. You may be looking for maru, reptilian creatures.
Vader's revelation.png
No. I am your father!
Warning! This page contains spoilers from Star Wars: The High Republic. Caution is advised.
"He's not what I expected."
―Velko Jahen, on Estala Maru[src]
Estala Maru was a Kessurian male Jedi Master of the Jedi Order during the High Republic Era. Maru was the Jedi head of operations aboard the Starlight Beacon, a space station on the frontier of the galaxy that served as a symbol of unity between the Jedi and the Galactic Republic. Aboard Starlight, he worked with Jedi Master Avar Kriss, marshal of the station, and Controller Rodor Keen, Maru's Republic counterpart. Sarcastic yet hands-on, Maru coordinated numerous tasks on Starlight, monitoring the station's various departments.
During the Great Disaster, which threatened to destroy the Hetzal system, Maru assisted the Jedi rescue effort and coordinated the medical care of victims of both the disaster and its resulting Emergences. From Starlight, Maru also worked alongside Kriss, the Jedi Master Sskeer, the Jedi Knight Keeve Trennis, and the Jedi twins Ceret and Terec as they investigated the circumstances behind a Hutt starship that was attacked by Nihil marauders. Maru provided the Jedi with information pertaining to the Vratixian barley that the ship had carried from the planet Sedri Minor, as well as begrudgingly undertaking an autopsy of the dead Hutt found in the wreckage. The investigation led to the sentient carnivorous plants known as the Drengir emerging from the corpse, and Maru attempted to defend the station from the Drengir attack.
Biography[edit | edit source]
Coordinator of Starlight[edit | edit source]
"My Jedi friends, this is Avar Kriss. I am on the surface of Hetzal Prime. You know I've been watching you all work so hard to save this system and its people. You've done incredibly well. But something else is about to happen, something terrible, and we all need to act together to stop it."
―Avar Kriss calls for help during the Great Disaster[src]
Estala Maru was a Jedi of the Jedi Order during the time of the High Republic Era, attaining the rank of Jedi Master.[1] In around 232 BBY,[5] Maru was placed in charge of organizing operations aboard the Starlight Beacon, a space station situated on the frontier of the Outer Rim Territories and co-managed by the Jedi Order and the Galactic Republic, where he was to work alongside the Republic's own head of operations, Controller Rodor Keen, and would serve Starlight's marshal,[2] at that time set to be Jedi Master Jora Malli.[6] Maru was assisted by the astromech droid KC-78. Due to the hands-on nature of both Maru and Keen, the two men developed a tense working relationship.[2]
The Starlight Beacon space station, where Estala Maru was stationed
Around that time,[2] wreckage from the Great Disaster—an incident in which the freighter Legacy Run was torn apart while in hyperspace—threatened to destroy the Hetzal system. The Jedi and the Republic responded to the distress call of the planet Hetzal Prime with a rescue effort led by Jedi Master Avar Kriss. When a container of tibanna gas from the wreckage headed for Hetzal's largest star, Kriss called to Jedi from across the galaxy to use the Force to redirect the container in order to avert causing a chain reaction that would destroy the system. Maru was one of the Jedi who responded to the call, with Kriss connecting the effort through the Force, and was the first to locate the module of tibanna after it was briefly lost. Kriss directed the other Jedi to its location, coordinating an effort to redirect the tibanna container away from the star and saving the Hetzal system from total destruction.[7]
Disaster aftermath[edit | edit source]
Final preparations[edit | edit source]
"Master Kriss, we are nine hours from the dedication of this facility—a facility, may I add, that is still without a marshal. I am currently organizing the arrival of hundreds of delegates, testing a beacon that will be heard the galaxy over, and coordinating care for millions following the Great Disaster. I cannot be expected to track every Master who decides to go off-station."
―Estala Maru[src]
Maru coordinates the dedication of the Starlight Beacon.
Though the Hetzal system was saved, fallout from the Great Disaster continued to wreak havoc across the Outer Rim Territories in events known as Emergences, during which the Jedi learned of the involvement of the Nihil marauder organization.[7] Following the Great Disaster and the Emergences, the Starlight Beacon took in the most severe victims of the incident, caring for them in its medcenter.[2] Malli was also killed in the Battle of Kur against the Nihil organization,[7] leaving the Starlight Beacon without a marshal. Despite the events, the Starlight Beacon's upcoming dedication was still to go ahead; nine hours prior to the opening, Maru organized the arrival of the hundreds of delegates who were to attend, while also testing the station's signal beacon that helped travelers navigate the Outer Rim and coordinating care for the victims of the Great Disaster.[1]
While coordinating the dedication's preparations, Maru was approached by Kriss, who wished to know the location of Jedi Master Sskeer. When Maru told her that he was not aware of Sskeer's location, Kriss was surprised, and Maru reminded her of his numerous duties, stating that he was unable to track every Jedi Master. Kriss guessed that Maru was displeased with that fact, subsequently expressing concern over Sskeer's wellbeing following the Battle of Kur, and Maru suggested that the Trandoshan Jedi blamed himself for Malli's death. The two were then approached by Grand Masters[1] Pra-Tre Veter[8] and Yoda, who appointed Kriss as the new marshal of Starlight Beacon.[1]
Launched at last[edit | edit source]
"Master Maru, I've rigged the Vector to replicate the Beacon's signal. The ridadi will follow me away from Shuraden."
"A remarkably good idea, Padawan. Meanwhile, I'll relicabrate the Beacon to broadcast on a different frequency."
"One that won't interfere with the swarm?"
"No, one that broadcasts Arcadian Jazz."
―Keeve Trennis and Estala Maru[src]
Keeve Trennis consults Maru about the ridadi and the Starlight Beacon's signal.
Shortly afterward, Keeve Trennis, Sskeer's Jedi Padawan, contacted Maru, having encountered a swarm of insects ravaging the planet of Shuraden. Maru deduced that the creatures were the star-locust known as ridadi, which migrated through that area, but noted that they avoided inhabited worlds. The Jedi Master suggested that Trennis ask the ridadi what had caused the change in their behaviour, prompting the Padawan to connect with the insects, learning, to Maru's surprise, that the signal emitted by the Starlight Beacon was interfering with the ridadi's navigation.[1]
Trennis rigged her Jedi Vector to replicate Starlight's signal, leading the ridadi away from Shuraden, while Maru complimented the Padawan on her idea, recalibrating the station to broadcast on a different frequency. When Trennis asked him if the new frequency would be one that did not interfere with the ridadi, Maru sarcastically remarked that it would instead broadcast Arcadian Jazz in response to the obvious query. With the station recalibrated and the preparations complete, the dedication of the Starlight Beacon was held, and the station was formally opened.[1]
Medcenter tensions[edit | edit source]
"Controller, this entire section is a diplomatic incident waiting to happen. We have patients from warring territories lying side-by-side, with no thought of what they might do to each other when they regain consciousness."
"Unfortunately, the Great Disaster paid little attention to political boundaries. But that is why we are here, to ease any tensions that may arise."
―Ghal Tarpfen and Estala Maru[src]
Controller Rodor Keen, with whom Maru had a tense relationship
At some point, Maru, alongside Controller Keen and KC-78, was present in the station's medcenter, overseeing the care for its patients. The two men were greeted by Administrator Velko Jahen, Keen's new aide, and the Controller apologized for the hectic circumstances. Maru protested, claiming that Starlight was operating at peak efficiency, but admitted that he had identified 173 possible improvements through his constant monitoring of the station. Head of Security Ghal Tarpfen approached to inquire about the improvements, and Maru stated his intention to discuss his recommendations with her.[2]
Tarpfen then noted that Starlight's medcenter held patients from warring territories in close proximity, expressing her concern of an imminent diplomatic incident. Maru responded with a sarcastic comment on the Great Disaster's lack of political boundaries before stating that they were there to ease tensions for that reason. KC-78 reminded Maru that he and Keen had duties elsewhere, and while the Jedi Master claimed that he could perform his tasks from the medcenter with no more difficulty than in the operations hub, the astromech droid gave him an


text:
The plan was
announced at a two-day workshop held in Delhi, India, recently
by the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
(SAARC). Participants at the workshop have begun drawing up a
technical framework for classifying the region's traditional
knowledge and linking it to the international patent
The aim is to create a composite
digital library comprising individual Traditional Knowledge
Digital Libraries (TKDL) from each country in South Asia.
Accessible using the internet, the library will contain
information on traditional medicine, foodstuffs, architecture
and culture. SAARC will fund the infrastructure required, and
individual nations will fund the costs of training and work.
The meeting's delegates said South
Asian nations could use the digital library to fight
contentious patent claims by proving the prior existence of
knowledge, as well as promoting research on novel drugs,
enhancing the region's share of the global herbal medicine
market and helping set the international agenda on
intellectual property rights.
India's own TKDL is the SAARC
The planned initiative follows the
success of India's own TKDL, which will be used as a model by
other South Asian nations. India created its library after
fighting a successful but costly legal battle in 1999 to
revoke a US patent for the use of turmeric to heal wounds - a
property well known in India for generations.
The Indian library contains
information on 36,000 formulations used in Ayurveda - India's
5,000-year-old system of traditional medicine. The information
- presented in English, French, German, Spanish and Japanese -
was created in a format accessible by international patent
offices to prevent the granting of inappropriate patents. The
database set international standards for registries of
traditional knowledge, which were adopted by the
intergovernmental committee of the World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO) in 2003.
In 2001, India developed a system
for classifying resources used in traditional knowledge that
is similar to that used by the International Patent
Classification (IPC). The IPC has agreed to include the Indian
system in its own classification, which will be expanded to
include about 200 sub-groups of drugs derived from Indian
medicinal plants. According to delegates at the Delhi meeting,
this is likely to significantly aid patent offices searching
the databases to ensure that proposed patents are truly novel
and have not been reported before.
Documenting traditional knowledge
has become important as most of it is in the public domain and
is easy to misappropriate, says Raghunath Mashelkar, Director
General of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR). India's National Institute of Science Communication
and Information Resources (NISCAIR) found that in 2000, almost
80 per cent of the 4,896 references to individual plant-based
medicinal patents in the US Patents Office related to seven
medicinal plants of Indian origin.
Indian journals ignored by patent
In 2003, there were almost 15,000
patents on such medicines in the US, European and UK patent
offices' registries. However, according to the institute's
Director Virender Kumar Gupta, none of the 131 academic
journals used by patent examiners when deciding whether to
grant a patent is from developing countries such as Brazil,
China or India.
South Asia possesses significant
traditional knowledge that affects biotechnology, agriculture,
pharmaceuticals and health care. More than 80 per cent of its
1.4 billion population have no access to modern health care
services and medicine, and rely on traditional medicine, the
Delhi meeting heard.
The region shares a common heritage
in traditional medicine - Bangladesh, India and Pakistan share
the Unani system of medicine, whereas Ayurveda is used in
India, the Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka. India's NISCAIR
prepared and circulated a practical guide for classification
of traditional knowledge to other South Asian countries.
The Indian digital library of
traditional knowledge has also attracted attention from other
regions. Representatives from South Africa, the Commonwealth
West African Education Delegation, the African Regional
Industrial Property Organization and International Property
Office in Singapore have discussed with India the possibility
of creating similar databases.
to prevent misappropriation of traditional knowledge
The participants at the meeting,
including staff of the SAARC Documentation Centre in Delhi,
NISCAIR, and WIPO also discussed creating new laws to prevent
misappropriation of traditional knowledge. Mikhail Makarov,
Deputy Director at WIPO's technology retrieval systems service
told SciDev.Net that WIPO is working towards a new legal
instrument to protect traditional knowledge, using a
combination of existing intellectual property laws and sui
generis laws unique to individual circumstances of the
countries developing them.
Brazil, Costa Rica, India, Panama,
Peru, the Philippines, Portugal, Thailand and the United
States are among those that have adopted sui generis laws that
protect some aspects of traditional knowledge. Regional
organisations in the South Pacific and Africa are trying to
define specific rights relating to traditional knowledge and
strategies to protect them, said Shakeel Bhatti from WIPO's
global intellectual property issues division.
Reprinted from SciDev.Net with
permission. Visit SciDev here


text:
Using detailed computer simulations, Oxford University research has revealed why falcons dive at their prey using the same steering laws as man-made missiles.
Published today in PLOS Computational Biology, researchers from Oxford's Department of Zoology use computer simulations of peregrine falcon attacks to show that the extreme speeds reached during dives from high altitudes enhance the raptors' ability to execute manoeuvres needed to successfully attack agile prey that would otherwise escape.
Professor Graham Taylor and PhD student Robin Mills, alongside colleagues from the University of Groningen, built a physics-based computer simulation of bird flight that pits falcons against prey. The team had previously shown that falcons attack their prey using the same steering rules as man-made missiles.
The simulation incorporated the aerodynamics of bird flight, how birds flap and tuck their wings, how falcons perceive their prey and react to it with delay and how falcons target their prey like a missile. It showed that high-speed dives enable peregrines to manoeuvre faster, producing much higher aerodynamic forces, thereby maximising their chance of seizing agile prey.
In addition the simulation showed that high-speed dives require very precisely tuned steering for a falcon to attack successfully, revealing that the stoop is a highly specialist hunting technique. The research team found that optimal tuning of the mathematical laws that control steering in the simulation corresponded closely to measurements of steering for real falcons.
The team is now extending its simulation to explore other unique and specialised attack strategies as well as escape tactics employed by different raptor species.
'Ultimately,' says Mills, 'we aim to understand the arms race between aerial predators and their prey that has led raptors to become some of the fastest and most agile animals on Earth.'


Being in a cramped space with strangers with no easy way to get out can be a very scary thing for a lot of people. We can get nervous, have anxiety fits, and even get physical because of "fear of elevators" As "people", we, at least understand what an elevator is and that we will have the opportunity to get off and feel safe again.
Now, let's turn to our dogs. They understand walks, pools, stairs, houses, rooms, and other fixed objects that contain noises and senses that they can normally understand. For example; if they are in a room and hear a noise from the next room, they can easily investigate. If they feel unsafe in a particular situation, our dogs can use their fight or flight mechanism to return them to their concept of safety.
From an initial, first take; the elevator might seem like a "small room" the first time we take our dog into one. Then, all of a sudden, they feel the sensation of moving and there are all sorts of strange noises coming from all around them.
Because of our need to "keep our dogs safe", we have our dog on a tight leash off to one side. We think that this will keep them safe and won't permit them to bite or jump on anyone. We know that we have to do this. Well, we have just taken our dog's ability to investigate and safety choice of "flight" off their plate.
As you can see, we are building a larger and larger conundrum. We need to use the elevator if we live in a high-rise building. Everything we think we need to do to keep our dog and neighbors safe is really doing the opposite.
We need to figure out a completely different set of training exercises that can fit both our dogs' needs and the needs of our neighbors. If we don't do this, high-rise living will be imp[possible. Robin and I have a great dog training article that will solve your problem. Please read "How Do I Teach My Dog to Behave on the Elevator".
Steps you need to take to keep your dog safe in the elevator


text:
Who's Who — The A to Z Encyclopedia on People of Color who did it first by Eugene LaCorbiniere
Price: $9.99 USD. 351440 words.
Language: English. Published by Fideli Publishing on February 13, 2010. Nonfiction » Reference » Encyclopedias.
Who's Who is the only people of color historically based reference book of its kind. It's a book that contains the names, faces, and life stories of Africans, African Americans, and many other people of color from around the world who have achieved great goals first. We honor those who have made the sacrifice, and gone beyond the boundaries of what was expected of them to better humanity.


Read My Meter
Your PSNC Energy gas meter measures the amount of natural gas you use each month. Though they vary in size and shape, gas meters record usage by tracking the filling and emptying of the compartments inside the meter.
If you would like to track your usage over time, you can record your readings using our meter reading tracking table (PDF,14KB). But first, it will be helpful to understand how to read your meter. Doing so is easy. Just follow the steps below.
How to Read a Meter
The dials that record the amount of gas used are grouped together in a row of four or five on your gas meter. Each represents a single number in the reading. Here's how to read the meter dials on the meter at your home:
 1. Read the meter dials right to left, writing down the numbers in the same order (right to left).
 2. If the hand points between two numbers, use the lower number. When it points between 9 and 0, always read it as 9.
 3. When a dial pointer appears to be exactly on a number, look back at the dial to the right. If the pointer on that dial has not passed zero, the reading on the dial in question is the lower number.
Reading a Sample Meter
Sample meter
 - Dial A - The hand is in between the 9 and the 0, when the hand is in between two numbers, use the lower number. Dial A's number is 9. (this dial goes clockwise.)
 - Dial B - The hand is between the 2 and the 3, so this dial should be read as 2. (this dial goes counterclockwise.)
 - Dial C - The hand is between the 4 and the 5, so this dial should be read as 4. (this dial goes clockwise.)
 - Dial D - The hand is between the 5 and the 6, so this dial should be read as 5. (this dial goes counterclockwise.)
The correct reading for the sample meter is 5429. This means 5429 hundred cubic feet (CCF) of gas or 542,900 cubic feet.
Is Your Meter Accessible?
Even with Automated Meter Reading technology, PSNC Energy field representatives on occasion will need to manually read your gas meter. To provide the best service, make sure we can reach and read your meter.
 - Keep shrubs trimmed; don't block the meter.
 - Secure your animals if you know there is an appointment scheduled for PSNC Energy to visit your meter.
 - Unlock gates that allow meter access.
 - Never tamper with the meter or paint over the read dials
 - Do not chain or electrically ground anything to the meter.
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text:
22. February 2010 21:43
Developers often make use of constants to hold static values to use through the class or even through the application.
Sometimes we use de const and sometimes the static readonly. They seem to do the same but aware of the differences.
The const field is a defined and evaluated at compile time and cannot be changed at runtime.
So therefore a const member can only be of a value type, an enumeration a string literal or null.
The initialization of classes and structures is done at runtime with the new keyword os cannot be used with const.
It behaves like a static member but cannot be decalered like one.
public const string OwnerName = "Sottje";
The value of a readonly fields can be initialized at runtime by declaration of using the constructor.
When having multiple constructors, readonly fields have different values.
A readonly member is not static by default. Make it explicit by using the static keyword.
public readonly string OwnerName = "Sottje";
public class MyClass
public readonly string OwnerName;
OwnerName = "Sottje";


text:
manipulate it using pointer-like notation, but since what it's an array of is other pointers, it can start to get a bit confusing. Though many programmers do write things like
printf("%s\n", *lineptr++);and though this is correct code, and though one should probably understand it to have a 100% complete understanding of C, I've decided that code like that is just a bit too hard to follow, and I'd always write (perhaps more pedestrian and mundane) things like
printf("%s\n", lineptr[i]); or printf("%s\n", lineptr[i++]);
Since I didn't ask you to follow the qsort example in section 4.10 in complete detail, I won't ask you to work through this one completely, either. But if you compare the code here to the code on pages 87-88, you will see that the only significant differences are that the variables and arrays containing the things being sorted have been changed from int to char * (pointer-to-char), and the comparison
if (v[i] < v[left])has been changed to
if (strcmp(v[i], v[left]) < 0)
Read sequentially: prev next up top
This page by Steve Summit // Copyright 1995, 1996 // mail feedback


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Welcome to Rails
This pattern splits the view (also called the presentation) into "dumb" templates that are primarily responsible for inserting pre-built data in between HTML tags. The model contains the "smart" domain objects (such as Account, Product, Person, Post) that holds all the business logic and knows how to persist themselves to a database. The controller handles the incoming requests (such as Save New Account, Update Product, Show Post) by manipulating the model and directing data to the view.
In Rails, the model is handled by what's called an object-relational mapping layer entitled Active Record. This layer allows you to present the data from database rows as objects and embellish these data objects with business logic methods. You can read more about Active Record in files/vendor/rails/activerecord/README.html.
The controller and view are handled by the Action Pack, which handles both layers by its two parts: Action View and Action Controller. These two layers are bundled in a single package due to their heavy interdependence. This is unlike the relationship between the Active Record and Action Pack that is much more separate. Each of these packages can be used independently outside of Rails. You can read more about Action Pack in files/vendor/rails/actionpack/README.html.
Getting Started
 2. Change directory to myapp and start the web server:
 3. Go to localhost:3000/ and you'll see:
 "Welcome aboard: You're riding Ruby on Rails!"
the following resources handy:
Debugging Rails
Sometimes your application goes wrong. Fortunately there are a lot of tools that will help you debug it and get it back on the rails.
First area to check is the application log files. Have "tail -f" commands running on the server.log and development.log. Rails will automatically display debugging and runtime information to these files. Debugging info will also be shown in the browser on requests from
You can also log your own messages directly into the log file from your code using the Ruby logger class from inside your controllers. Example:
class WeblogController < ActionController::Base
 def destroy
 _USER_ = Weblog.find(params[:id])
More information on how to use the logger is at
Also, Ruby documentation can be found at There are several books available online as well:
These two books will bring you up to speed on the Ruby language and also on programming in general.
Debugger support is available through the debugger command when you start your Mongrel or WEBrick server with –debugger. This means that you can break out of execution at any point in the code, investigate and change the model, and then, resume execution! You need to install ruby-debug to run the server in debugging mode. With gems, use sudo gem install ruby-debug. Example:
class WeblogController < ActionController::Base
 def index
 _USER_ = Post.all
So the controller will accept the action, run the first line, then present you with a IRB prompt in the server window. Here you can do things like:
>> _USER_.inspect
=> "[#> _USER_.first.title = "hello from a debugger"
=> "hello from a debugger"
…and even better, you can examine how your runtime objects actually work:
>> f = _USER_.first
>> f.
Display all 152 possibilities? (y or n)
Finally, when you're ready to resume execution, you can enter "cont".
The console is a Ruby shell, which allows you to interact with your application's domain model. Here you'll have all parts of the application configured, just like it is when the application is running. You can inspect domain models, change values, and save to the database. Starting the script without arguments will launch it in the development environment.
To start the console, run rails console from the application directory.
 - Passing the -s, --sandbox argument will rollback any modifications made to the database.
 - Passing an environment name as an argument will load the corresponding environment. Example: rails console production.
To reload your controllers and models after launching the console run reload!
More information about irb can be found at:
You can go to the command line of your database directly through rails dbconsole. You would be connected to the database with the credentials defined in database.yml. Starting the script without arguments will connect you to the development database. Passing an argument will connect you to a different database, like rails dbconsole production. Currently works for MySQL, PostgreSQL and SQLite 3.
Description of Contents
The default directory structure of a generated Ruby on Rails application:
|-- app
| |-- assets
| |-- images
| |-- javascripts
| '-- stylesheets
| |-- controllers
| |-- helpers
| |-- mailers
| |-- models
| '-- views
| '-- layouts
|-- config
| |-- environments
| |-- initializers
| '-- locales
|-- db
|-- doc
|-- lib
| '-- tasks
|-- log
|-- public
|-- script
|-- test
| |-- fixtures
| |-- functional
| |-- integration
| |-- performance
| '-- unit
|-- tmp
| |-- cache
| |-- pids
| |-- sessions
| '-- sockets
'-- vendor
 |-- assets
 '-- stylesheets
 '-- plugins
Holds all the code that's specific to this particular application.
Contains subdirectories for images, stylesheets, and JavaScript files.
Holds controllers that should be named like weblogs_controller.rb for
automated URL mapping. All controllers should descend from
ApplicationController which itself descends from ActionController::Base.
Holds models that should be named like post.rb. Models descend from
ActiveRecord::Base by default.
Holds the template files for the view that should be named like
eRuby syntax by default.
Holds view helpers that should be named like weblogs_helper.rb. These are
generated for you automatically when using generators for controllers.
and other dependencies.
sequence of Migrations for your schema.
This directory is where your application documentation will be stored when
generated using rake doc:app
Application specific libraries. Basically, any kind of custom code that
the load path.
The directory available for the web server. Also contains the dispatchers and the
Helper scripts for automation and generation.
External libraries that the application depends on. Also includes the plugins
Something went wrong with that request. Please try again.


FROM THE EDITOR: Social media and mental health
To the readers of The Lowell,
Here at Lowell, it is widely believed that almost everyone is stressed, and if you're not, a common sentiment is that you must be doing something wrong. On social media pages like Lowell Confessions or students' private "finstas," you will find a plethora of complaints about mental health— students speaking frequently about their stress, depression and anxiety. But is scrolling or venting on social media a healthy coping mechanism for the academic stress facing Lowellites? In this issue's cover story, we untangle the complexities of social media's impact on mental health.
Many staff members contributed to this cover story. The survey required a lot of effort, as it was conducted on paper in 12 different registries. Then came the hours of manually inputting the results. Due to the tight deadline, author Kate Green needed help transcribing her numerous interviews. From new reporters to veteran editors, the staff came to Green's assistance. Pardon the cliche, but it truly was a team effort.
Finally, we extend our thanks to all the interview subjects for their time and honesty, including those that did not end up being featured in the story.
Editors in Chief,
Olivia Sohn and Susan Wong


or even possible. In this case, the serialize method may be split into two as below:
std::ostream& serialize( std::ostream&, unsigned int );
std::istream& serialize( std::istream&, unsigned int );
Though it probably goes without saying, the method taking a std::ostream& as its parameter is the one called for saving, and the method taking a std::istream& parameter is the one used for loading. Also note the lack of the template parameter. Each may perform the operations necessary to save or restore the object. These methods should use the ^ operator as used in the generic method example rather than the normal >> and << operators.
To demonstrate the other features, let's examine a class that builds on the class A above.
struct made_of_prims {
 int i;
 float f;
 double d;
// 1. An unnamed yet persisted class
class persistent_void_test : public calvin::persistent {
 std::string msg;
friend struct calvin::allow_persistence;
 persistent_void_test( void ) : msg( "I'm a calvin::persistent" ) {}
 template
 Stream& serialize( Stream& s, unsigned int version )
 return s ^ msg;
// 2. Subclass of a persisted class
class B : public A {
 B( void ) : A(), b1(0), b2(1), stupid(NULL) {}
 B( const std::string& name ) : A(name), b1(0), b2(1), stupid(NULL) {}
 B( const std::string& name, const char* stupid ) :
 A(name), b1(0), b2(1), stupid(stupid)
 virtual ~B( void ) {}
 void add( made_of_prims& p)
 vec_of_prims.push_back( p );
 int b1;
 unsigned int b2;
 std::vector vec_of_prims;
 persistent_void_test sm;
 const char* stupid;
 template
 // 3. call base class serialize method directly
 return A::serialize( s, version ) ^
 b1 ^
 b2 ^
 // 4. STL containers supported directly
 vec_of_prims ^
 sm ^
 // 5. PtrArray used to persist arrays
 PtrArray( stupid, (stupid == NULL)?
 0 : (unsigned int) strlen(stupid)+1 /*null terminator*/);
// 6. Friendship still needs to be granted even in subclasses
friend calvin::allow_persistence;
The above example highlights some additional features and requirements of the library when making your class persistent.
 1. The type calvin::persistent is a special type that allows a class, not to have a name, but still have a serialize method be called. Since the object does not have a name, it is stored inside its containing object, and therefore may not be the base class for a shared object.
 2. Calvin works with all the objects in your hierarchy, no matter how deeply subclassed.
 3. To use it though, call any base class serialize methods directly and before serializing your own members.
 4. Some of the STL containers are automatically handled. As of this writing, Calvin knows about vectors, lists, and deques. Other container types should be trivial to add and will be as necessity dictates.
 5. Use the helper PtrArray to handle arrays. This is to give Calvin a size to use since it can't be known from the array itself. STL containers such as vector are preferred by Calvin.
 6. Even in subclasses, friendship must be explicitly granted since friendship is not transferred to subclasses.
 7. An additional note, not illustrated above, is that boost::shared_ptr is supported. boost::shared_array is not yet supported.
Calvin and Types
The examples above demonstrate how most types of data are supported, but here is a more thorough reference to how Calvin handles members of different data types in a serialize method.
 - A value type, such as a plain old data (meaning a built in data type) or structure of value types is stored in the record of the named object (see calvin::persistent below for structures that are not collections of value types).
 - A pointer is dereferenced and the value stored in the record as is. Upon loading, if the pointer is NULL, it is allocated with new and then restored, otherwise it is assumed to point to a location of enough size to take the value.
 - A pointer to a pointer (to a pointer, etc.) is dereferenced ad nauseum until the value type is procured. Calvin must assume that space has already been allocated. This can be done in the serialize method before reading the pointer if necessary.
 - An array of known size (declared as T[#]) is stored in the record of the object, its count stored with it. On a load, if the number in the stream is greater than the declared size, an error is signaled.
 - boost::shared_ptr to non Calvin objects are treated as pointers.
 - string is handled as a value type rather than just as an array of characters.
 - Standard C++ containers are handled element by element. How and where each element is handled is determined by its type. For now only vectors, lists, and deques are supported, though using the code in calvin.h as a template (no pun intended), any standard container should be simple to persist.
 - calvin::persistent value objects with a key equal to a default value (using the special template construct T()) have their serialize method invoked with the same stream as their containing object so that they are persisted in the same record.
 - A structure or class that contains a pointer or container cannot be considered a value type and therefore cannot be persisted without inheriting from calvin::persistent. It is not always desirable for a persistent class to contain the overhead of a key though. The calvin::persistent class was created for this purpose. A structure that inherits from calvin::persistent has a serialize method that is called to handle its members, but doesn't have the overhead of a key. They are persisted to and from the store of the containing object.
 - Named objects must be stored using boost::shared_ptr. This is so that Calvin can return pointers to already loaded objects and track them to know when an object's lifetime is expired.
Congratulations on having made it this far. Enabling classes for persistence is the most complicated part of using the Calvin library. Just persist a little more.
"What's in a name?"
Instances to be persisted need to be named. Naming your instances is as straightforward as the snippet at the beginning of the article shows. Simply invoke the object's constructor that takes a name when the object is created, or use the set_name function later to give it a name. That's it.
What are legal names for instances? As mentioned above, it can be any value type that can be converted to a string via the << operator. Also, the name must be compatible with the archive selected. See the documentation for an archive type for what is considered legal.
Names must be unique for each instance. They distinguish instances within the store and the program. As persistent objects are created or loaded, their names are added to a registry. When a second attempt to load an object by its name is attempted, the original instance is returned instead of a new instance. Calvin reports an error when an object is created with a name already used (see Error Handling in Calvin below).
To make unique names to instances possible, Calvin works with boost::shared_ptr exclusively. This way, named objects have an automatic tracking mechanism so that when they are deleted, Calvin can know to load one at the next request. Why doesn't Calvin just keep a permanent reference? Memory issues mostly, but I think that a library shouldn't do things such as that behind the curtains when the facility of another excellent library can already do it with minimal fuss.
"Where do you want this?"
Where do these objects go when they are persisted? They go into archives. Archives are collections of named objects. Archives can conceivably be the front end for any type of store such as files or a database. For now, the only implemented archive is the file_archive. file_archive has a template parameter that must match the key type of the objects to be written and read using it. A convenient filesys_archive is declared as a file_archive.
As its name implies, the filesys_archive simply stores objects in files named the names given to them in the program. For this reason, when using a filesys_archive, names must consist of only valid filename characters, which depends on your particular operating system. A good rule of thumb is to stick with alphanumeric, '.', and '_', if using.
To use a filesys_archive (or file_archive), include fs_archive.h in the appropriate.cpp file and declare your archive with a single string parameter representing the root directory, as so.
filesys_archive ar( "../data" );
Initiating a save requires a boost::shared_ptr to a named object.
boost::shared_ptr p( "p" ); // "p" is the name of p
//... do something here with p... p );
In the above you should see a file named "p" in the directory "data".
To use the object later, an archive loads an object given a name and returns a boost::shared_ptr to the object.
boost::shared_ptr p;
p = ar.load( "p" );
Error


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OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between the ability of a different strains of meningococci to survive in whole blood and the age of the donor. METHODS: A panel of serogroup B and a serogroup C strain of Neisseria meningitidis was tested in an ex vivo whole blood model. Blood from 81 healthy children and 20 adults and from children during convalescence from serogroup B (55 patients) or serogroup C (43 patients) meningococcal infection was assessed. RESULTS: Age-dependent acquisition of whole blood killing of serogroup B and C bacterial isolates was demonstrated in healthy children with an inverse relationship to the reported incidence of disease. After infection with serogroup B or C meningococci, evidence of whole blood killing of the bacteria was found even in blood from children <2 years of age, the survival of a serogroup B strain, MC58, being reduced compared with that in healthy children (median, 64% compared with 194.5% survival at 90 min). In both affected children and controls, there was a significant correlation between whole blood killing of strain MC58 and of other serogroup B and C meningococci. CONCLUSIONS: The whole blood model measures both humoral and cellular mechanisms responsible for the bactericidal activity of blood. The model was first described 80 years ago, but this is the first description of its age dependency. Acquisition of bactericidal activity was more rapid in children infected and is directed at various strains of meningococci, indicating the presence of a cross-reactive antigen(s).
Original publication
Journal article
Pediatr Infect Dis J
Publication Date
868 - 873
Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Antibodies, Bacterial, Blood Bactericidal Activity, Carrier State, Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross Reactions, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Meningococcal Infections, Neisseria meningitidis, Reference Values, Risk Assessment, Serotyping, Serum Bactericidal Test, Statistics, Nonparametric, Time Factors


Document Type
Publication Date
Due to high data volumes and unpredictable arrival rates, continuous query systems processing expensive queries in real-time may fail to keep up with the input data streams - resulting in buffer overflow and uncontrolled loss of data. In this work, we explore join direction adaptation (JDA) to tackle resource-limited processing of multi-join stream queries. While the existing JDA solutions allocate the scarce CPU resources to the most productive half-way join within a single operator, we instead leverage the operator interdependencies to optimize the overall query throughput. We identify result staleness as an impending issue in resource-limited processing, which gets further aggravated if throughput optimizing techniques are employed. For throughput optimization we propose the pathproductivity model and further extend it for fulfilling the Freshness tolerance. Our proposed JAQPOT approach is the first integrated solution to achieve near optimal query throughput while also guaranteeing fulfillment of the desired result freshness. JAQPOT runs in quadratic time of the number of streams irrespective of the query plan shape. Our experimental study, using both synthetic and real data sets, demonstrates the superiority of JAQPOT in achieving higher throughput than the state-oftheart strategies while, unlike the other methods, also fulfilling freshness predicates.


A bioswale (also known as bioretention area) is very similar to a rain garden, the main difference being its linear, swale shape. What distinguishes a bioswale from a conventional swale (or ditch)? The latter are typically vegetated with turf grass and are a conveyance tool, basically a grassy stormwater sewer that conveys water as quickly as possible from point A to point B. In fact, a lot of conventional swales or ditches are required by code to have a minimum flow velocity of, let's say, two feet per second.
We decided to install a bioswale that would infiltrate any overflow we may get from the adjacent cistern, once it is full. Because the bioswale was in the shade of the house, we planted it with native savanna and woodland species, including grasses and sedges that have taken very well. The bioswale turned the awkward, narrow fringe space just north of the house into an area that has beautiful floral and textural interest throughout the year. It also attracts a variety of wildlife.
You can download an INFO SHEET for more detailed information on the bioswale or browse images of the bioswale INSTALLATION, FIRST GROWING SEASON, and SECOND GROWING SEASON.


text:
Rehabilitation may be needed by many sufferers of alcoholism in Scotland.
According to statistics from the Information Services Division Scotland (ISD), chronic liver disease, most likely resulting from excess alcohol consumption, has seen a sharp increase in men and women in Scotland over the past decade.
People aged between 30 and 39 saw the highest mortality rates from chronic liver disease, with almost five times as many people dying from the illness today than in the early 1980s.
Dr Rachel Seabrook, research manager at the Institute of Alcohol Studies, commented: "Liver disease is a problem which has been growing for years, and Scotland particularly has severe problems with alcohol even more so than other parts of the UK."
She added that adjusting people's attitudes towards alcohol through price increases could be one way of tackling the illness.
The Office for National Statistics recently revealed that alcohol-related deaths in males were continuing to increase across the UK with 9,031 people dying from drink problems in 2008.


text:
as a formal single bond. The carbon atom is then considered as a chiral centre and (R,S) nomenclature is applied in the usual way.
For further information see Schl�gl, K., Topics in Stereochemistry, 1967, 39. In some older papers, the molecule is considered overall as a case of planar chirality. However, this convention becomes ambiguous when applied to some more complex structures.
Polyhapto ligand as a substituent on a chiral atom. Several conventions have been proposed for determining the order of priority of ligands where one or more is π-bonded. Probably the one most widely accepted is due to Stanley and Baird, in which the ligand is considered a pseudoatom of atomic weight equal to the sum of all of the π-bonded atoms.
For further information see Stanley, K. et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1975, 97, 6598.
This is an extension of the (R,S)-system for specifying configurations at alkene double bonds. The substituents are ordered as in the (R,S)-system and if the two of higher priority are on the same side of the double bond, the configuration is (Z) (zusammen), while if they are on opposite sides it is (E) (entgegen).
Note that (E) does not always correspond to the transof the earlier literature.
The various coordination polyhedra are depicted using wedged and dashed bonds, the most common polyhedra being:
The shapes of polyhedra greater than 6 are not amenable to clear representation by this means and a textual statement such as'square antiprismatic' is combined with the diagram.
The terms 'tetrahedral' and 'octahedral' are used in a general sense and do not imply strict symmetry types. For the latter, the point group descriptors Td and Oh are employed.
In the case of octahedral complexes bearing two different types of substituents, the stereochemistry is adequately defined using the terms cis, trans, fac or mer:
In more complicated cases, italicised letters are used to designate the positions of ligands in various configurations. The letters are assigned thus:
The first mentioned alphabetical ligand in the name is given the designator a, the second ligand the next lowest designator and the assignments to the remaining ligands then follow from this.
Stereochemistry for polydentate ligands is described using the α and β convention:
The absolute configuration of certain octahedral complexes is described using the Δ, Λ convention:
Molecular formula and molecular weight
The elements in the molecular formula are given according to the Hill convention (C, H, then other elements in alphabetical order). The molecular weights given are formula weights (or more strictly, molar masses in daltons) and are rounded to one place of decimals. In the case of some high molecular mass substances such as proteins the value quoted may be that taken from an original literature source and may be an aggregate molar mass.
The biological source is quoted for all naturally occurring compounds. The taxonomic names for organisms given throughout are in general those given in the primary literature. Standardisation of minor orthographical variations has been carried out. Data in this field may be searched under Source/Synthesis or All Text. Standards used are: Brummitt, R.K. (1992) Vascular Plant Families and Genera, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Willis, J.C. (1973) A Dictionary of the Flowering Plants, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; Gozmany, L. (1990) Seven Language Thesaurus of European Animals, Chapman & Hall London; Chemical Abstracts Service.
Brief synthetic details are provided for the majority of inorganic and organometallic compounds, with the aim of apprising the user with the kind of routes available. Formulae are frequently abbreviated to save space (the most common ones are included in Table 1. For full details of conditions necessary to effect transformations, the user is referred to the appropriate literature citations provided. Information about the sources of compounds occurring as minerals or natural products is also given.
Care has been taken to make the information given on the importance and uses of chemical substances as accurate as possible. Many substances have now been patented for a wide variety of uses but this does not imply that the patented uses are of widespread applicability or even of established utility. In general, information on a particular use is given prominence only when it is documented in a critical source, such as Kirk-Othmer or Ullmann, when it is protected by numerous patents, or when a reference is quoted which will assist the reader to assess the value of the claimed application. Data in this field may be searched under Use/Importance or All Text.
Use of organometallic compounds as synthetic reagents is now widespread and this is reflected in the addition of Synthetic Reagents Classification Codes, which are searchable under the Type of Compound field. Practically all pharmacologically active compounds have been classified according to its mechanism of action (where this is known) and therapeutic use, under one or more headings in the Type of Compound field. Compounds which have several claimed therapeutic uses are indexed separately in each category.
dimensions for inorganic and organometallic compounds usually obtained by
x-ray crystallography, are provided: bond lengths are given in picometres
(pm = 10
This data describes whether a compound is solid, liquid or gas and also gives an indication of its colour (even if colourless), crystal form and recrystallisation solvent. Details of air, moisture and thermal stability are also included where available.
Melting points and boiling points
These are reported in degrees Celsius. The policy followed in cases of conflicting data is as follows:
These are given wherever possible and are expressed in the form: [α]D 20 + 30.6 (c, 1.2 in MeOH). This denotes a temperature of 20�C, wavelength at the sodium D line (589 nm) and a concentration of 1.2 g/100 ml in methanol solution. Where reported in the literature, an indication of optical purity (op) or enantiomeric excess (ee) is recorded after the rotation value.
The degree sign following optical rotations, although still extensively found in the primary literature, has been dropped as it is dimensionally incorrect.
Densities and refractive indices
Although these are now of less importance for the identification of liquids than has been the case in the past, they are still quoted for common substances.
Densities and refractive indices are not quoted where the determination appears to refer to an undefined mixture of stereoisomers.
Spectroscopic data such as ir maxima, uv wavelengths and extinction coefficients are given in many cases where spectroscopic identification has been important in characterisation, particularly for unstable compounds. Efforts have been made, in particular, to include carbonyl and M—H stretching frequencies wherever possible. In many other cases, spectroscopic data can be rapidly located through the references quoted.
Limited thermodynamic data is provided. In many other cases, this information can be located through the references quoted.
Experimentally determined pKa values are given for both acids and bases. The pKaa of a base can be obtained by subtracting its pKb from 14.17 (at 20�C) or from 14.00 (at 25�C).
Octanol-water partition coefficients
Octanol-water partition coefficients are a useful measure of a compound's lipophilicity, and hence its potential biodistribution. Calculated values have been included for as many pharmacologically active compounds as possible, and are denoted by the suffix 'calc' in parentheses. These have been calculated by Tripos, Inc.† using the Hansch and Leo algorithm CLOGP.
This field gives information (when available) about whether a compound has been marketed, or is undergoing clinical trials. If a compound has been withdrawn from the market, this is also stated. Although a variety of sources have been consulted, the transient nature of this type of information means that this dictionary should not be considered as an authoritative or up to date source for a drug's marketing status. Details of the worldwide top 100 prescription drugs (in 1995) are also provided.
Hazard and toxicity information
Toxicity and hazard information is displayed in red type and additionally is highlighted by the sign. It has been selected to assist in risk assessments for experimental, manufacturing and manipulative procedures with chemicals.
Physical, reactive and toxic properties all contribute to the hazard associated with a particular chemical. As part of the physical data, flash points, explosive limits and autoignition temperatures have been included (where appropriate). Flammability classifications, which are based on flash point measurements and boiling points, are also mentioned, and the opportunity has been taken to include UK occupational exposure limits, or for some compounds threshold limit values published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).
For the reactive hazards, a brief comment is made on any explosive (or violent polymerisation) properties and aspects of the chemical reactivity of a substance which are of concern. These include the potential for peroxidation, oxidizing/reducing properties and incompatibility with commonly available chemicals.
Toxicity information has been chosen to show hazardous effects from short-term or long-term exposure. Observations from human exposure are summarised if available (including possible adverse effects of drugs), otherwise experimental (exp.) tests are quoted. Included in the toxicity data are the results of irritancy tests, acute lethality data, target organ toxicity, and carcinogenic and reproductive properties where appropriate. Those chemicals which have been classified by the International Agency for


text:
- What is a good word for amazed?
- What's a synonym for Shocked?
- What does tranquil mean?
- Is Calm an emotion?
- What is a better word than incredible?
- What is the synonym of amazing?
- What is the opposite word of danger?
- What is the opposite word of calm?
- What is opposite of amazing?
- What is a antonym for amazed?
- What is opposite of dark?
- What is a slang word for awesome?
- What is the synonym and antonym of amazed?
- What is a word for calm and relaxed?
- What is another word for dangerous situation?
- What is the synonyms for amazed?
- What is the synonyms for dangerous?
What is a good word for amazed?
amazedastonished,astounded,awestruck.(also awestricken),bowled over,dumbfounded.(also dumfounded),dumbstruck,More items….
What's a synonym for Shocked?
In this page you can discover 70 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for shocked, like: startled, astounded, appalled, astonished, aghast, dismayed, amazed, troubled, offended, stupefied and upset.
What does tranquil mean?
calm, tranquil, serene, placid, peaceful mean quiet and free from disturbance. calm often implies a contrast with a foregoing or nearby state of agitation or violence. the protests ended, and the streets were calm again tranquil suggests a very deep quietude or composure.
Is Calm an emotion?
Is Calmness an Emotion? Although not immediately identifiable as an emotion, calmness is a psychological state that softens and soothes negative emotions like anxiety and stress but also softens anger and frustration. It is the state that encourages the other five emotional habits.
What is a better word than incredible?
unbelievable, unimaginable, preposterous, improbable, ridiculous, absurd, inconceivable, great, fabulous, awe-inspiring, awesome, unreal, astounding, astonishing, extraordinary, amazing, wonderful, prodigious, superhuman, glorious.
What is the synonym of amazing?
What is the opposite word of danger?
What is the opposite of danger?safetysecurityguardinviolabilityinvulnerabilityprotectioncareshelterwelfarerefuge5 more rows
What is the opposite word of calm?
What is the opposite of calm?agitatedanxiousstormywildinsecureangstyfranticrattledroughangry149 more rows
What is opposite of amazing?
amazing. Antonyms: common, ordinary, familiar, trivial, commonplace, customary, frequent, usual. Synonyms: astounding, astonishing, bewildering, marvellous, prodigious, miraculous, vast, portentous, ominous, striking, wonderful, surprising, astounding, extraordinary.
What is a antonym for amazed?
Antonyms of AMAZED dispassionate, unemotional, unconcerned, jaded, bored, emotionless, indifferent, impassive, blase, casual, incurious, uninterested, unsurprised, unimpressed, nonchalant, disinterested, not surprised, unruffled.
What is opposite of dark?
Antonym of Dark Word. Antonym. Dark. Light. Get definition and list of more Antonym and Synonym in English Grammar.
What is a slang word for awesome?
Below are some common teen slang words you might hear: Dope – Cool or awesome. … Lit – Amazing, cool, or exciting.
What is the synonym and antonym of amazed?
Synonyms. stunned astonied surprised astonished astounded. Antonyms. unsurprised conscious clearheaded not surprised.
What is a word for calm and relaxed?
Frequently Asked Questions About calm Some common synonyms of calm are peaceful, placid, serene, and tranquil.
What is another word for dangerous situation?
perilThe adjective perilous comes from the Latin word periculum, meaning dangerous. Words from the same root include peril, a noun meaning a dangerous situation, and imperil, a verb meaning to put in danger.
What is the synonyms for amazed?
What is the synonyms for dangerous?


After spending 80% of his income and giving 10% of the remainder in a charity, a man has Rs.46260 left with him.Find his income.
Answer Verified Verified
Hint-Use how to convert percentage into fraction form. Let's take an example x% of y could be written as $\dfrac{x}{{100}} \times y$.
Let income of a man be x that is 100% of his income.
Now, he spends 80% of his income. So, the remaining income is $100\% - 80\% = 20\% $
Now, man gave 10% of the remaining income in a charity that is $\dfrac{{10}}{{100}} \times 20 = 2\% $ that means man gave 2% of his total income in a charity.
So, the total percentage of income man spends and gives in charity is $80\% + 2\% = 82\% $.
Now, percentage of income left $100\% - 82\% = 18\% $
So, the man has Rs.46260 that is 18% of his total income.
 \Rightarrow \dfrac{{18}}{{100}} \times x = 46260 \\
 \Rightarrow x = \dfrac{{_PHONE_}}{{18}} \\
 \Rightarrow x = 257000 \\
So, the income of man is Rs.2, 57,000
Note-Whenever we face such types of problems we use some important points. First we assume the 100% income is x then find the total percentage of income spent by man and also calculate the percentage of left income. We know the percentage of left income is equal to the amount left.
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Endomorphism Breaking in Graphs
Wilfried Imrich, Rafał Kalinowski, Florian Lehner, Monika Pilśniak
We introduce the endomorphism distinguishing number $D_e(G)$ of a graph $G$ as the least cardinal $d$ such that $G$ has a vertex coloring with $d$ colors that is only preserved by the trivial endomorphism. This generalizes the notion of the distinguishing number $D(G)$ of a graph $G$, which is defined for automorphisms instead of endomorphisms.
As the number of endomorphisms can vastly exceed the number of automorphisms, the new concept opens challenging problems, several of which are presented here. In particular, we investigate relationships between $D_e(G)$ and the endomorphism motion of a graph $G$, that is, the least possible number of vertices moved by a nontrivial endomorphism of $G$. Moreover, we extend numerous results about the distinguishing number of finite and infinite graphs to the endomorphism distinguishing number.
distinguishing number; endomorphisms; infinite graphs
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text:
||Measuring motivation for medical treatment: Confirming the factor structure of the Achievement Motivation Index for Medical Treatment (AMI-MeT)
Hatta, Taichi,
Naria, Keiichi,
Yanagihara, Kazuhiro,
Ishiguro, Hiroshi,
Murayama, ToshinoriYokode, Masayuki
BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making
162016-02-19, BioMed Central Ltd.
Background: Developments in chemotherapy have led to changes in cancer care in Japan, with the government promoting a transition to outpatient chemotherapy. This requires patients and their families to participate more actively in treatment than in the past. However, it remains unclear how patients' motivation for medical treatment affects clinical consultations with their physicians. To investigate this, we developed a psychological index called the Achievement Motive Index for Medical Treatment (AMI-MeT), which comprises self-derived achievement motivation (AMS) and achievement motivation derived from others (AMO). However, its factor structure has not yet been confirmed in populations other than healthy university students. Thus, the aims of this study were to confirm the factor structure of the AMI-MeT in other groups and to determine the convergent and divergent validity of the AMI-MeT. Methods: The AMI-MeT was administered to university students (n = 414), apparently healthy workers (n = 154), and cancer patients (n = 51). Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was conducted and the mean scores of the AMI-MeT were compared between the groups. Correlations between the AMI-MeT and the Self-Construal Scale, comprising independent self-construal (IndSC) and interdependent self-construal (InterSC) subscales, were investigated in another group of students (n = 335). Results: The multi-group confirmatory factor analysis supported a two-factor structure of the AMI-MeT: The weak invariance model was the best fit for the data. The mean scores of the AMI-MeT in apparently healthy workers and cancer patients were significantly higher than that in students (P <.01). The correlation analysis revealed that AMS scores were associated with IndSC scores (r =.25, P <.01) and AMO scores with InterSC scores (r =.30, P <.01). Conclusion: The two-factor model of the AMI-MeT was deemed appropriate for all three groups, and the subscales of the AMI-MeT successfully reflected the self and other dimensions. The AMI-MeT appears to be an effective tool for measuring medical treatment motivation, making it useful in participant observational research on medical consultations for Japanese cancer treatment.


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We're all Homo here
Icon evolution.svg
Relevant Hominids
A Gradual Science
Plain Monkey Business
Teleonomy is a deliberately non-theistic way to describe nature in terms of purpose-driven language, with contributions[1] from Richard Dawkins, a biologist and New Atheist. Teleonomy is contrary to teleological arguments related to purpose, and seeks to be strictly scientific, while concerning goal orientation and apparent purpose with respect to organisms in nature. Teleonomy underscores that religion does not have a monopoly on purpose.
Teleonomy and evolution[edit]
Conceived by biologists Ernst MayrWikipedia and Colin Pittendrigh,Wikipedia teleonomy sought to separate biological evolution from teleology, since biologists had become overly cautious regarding the use of goal-based language; thus enabling biologists to describe species' goals and behaviours, minus the inadvertent invocation of religiosity/teleology. Explicitly, Mayr underlines that although organisms may undergo teleonomic processes, evolution itself is inevitably non-teleonomic.[2]
Teleonomy and humans[edit]
Richard Dawkins introduced "archeo purpose" and "neo purpose", in the regime of natural selection and evolution by adaptation respectively.[1] Richard Dawkins argues that "neo purpose" concerns the ability to disregard "archeo/natural purpose"; i.e. humanity's intelligence is seemingly a way to disrupt the natural/Darwinian order. This "subversion of goals", or "neo purpose", is described as purpose attributable to human-made intention, where Dawkins seems to posit that humanity, equipped with organic general intelligence, may dream up many particularly non-Darwinian goals.
Jordan Micah Bennett, an atheist/computer scientist, introduced "limited or fractional neo purpose"[3], built atop Richard Dawkins' neo purpose. Jordan proposes that instead of actually disrupting Darwinian-like processes as Dawkins would seem to express, that humanity's likely creation of "Artificial General Intelligence" or strong AI, is reasonably yet another way to enforce a Darwinian-like cycle, with the "survival of general intelligence" via the likely emergence of said "Artificial General Intelligence", in the natural scope/limit afforded by principles related to entropy.
Jordan agrees with Dawkin's idea of "subversion of goals" in this scope, where the creation of Artificial General Intelligence, may not necessarily warrant the communication of human-aligned genes, nor ultimately value human activities that lend to the survival of the human species, as humans draw nearer and nearer to probably inventing Artificial General Intelligence. Notably Demis Hassabis (founder of Google's Deepmind[4]) and Geoffrey Hinton (referred by some in the Artificial Intelligence community as supposedly the "Godfather of Deep Learning or Deep Artificial Neural Networks"[5][6][7][8][9]), express that Human Level Artificial Intelligence is "nowhere nearby", where they seek to solve this problem by for example, combining more neuroscience research with artificial intelligence research.[10] In particular, at a recent talk, Demis Hassabis expressed that Human Level Artificial Intelligence is "several decades away".[11]


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As a kid, cleaning dirt off a carrot meant a couple of quick swipes across my jeans. To be honest, I don't remember tasting the dirt, but I vividly recall the joy of pulling the first carrot of the season out of the garden and enjoying its crunchy texture and sweet taste.
I often had a black ring around my mouth because I ate a lot of carrots straight from the garden. So did most of the kids I knew. Sadly, vegetable gardening declined to the point that many kids never experienced that ring-around-the-mouth syndrome, nor tasted the sweetness of a just-pulled carrot. But, thankfully, the current resurgence in edible gardens means more kids will learn the joys of gardening. So this year, even if you're not a gardener, consider a couple of pots or a small veggie or fruit patch and change the way your family looks at food. Here are my Top 10 reasons why your kids should be sporting a black ring around their mouths this summer.
1. Kids who are actively engaged in food gardening are much more likely to eat what they've helped to grow. So, if your child doesn't like carrots or broccoli, the chances of her trying some will be much greater if she made it.
2. When kids are munching away in a pea patch, they're not at computers or parked in front of TVs snacking on chips and soft drinks. Fill their stomachs with tasty, nutritious peas and carrots, and there'll be way less room for junk food.
3. Getting to the pea patch also means kids have to get out of the computer chair or off the couch, open the door, walk to the garden and bend over to pick the vegetables. This is commonly referred to as exercise, which in conjunction with a good balanced diet helps to combat childhood obesity. Every bit helps.
4. Vegetable gardening will teach children that the round, red things found in grocery stores are just facsimiles of the homegrown tomato. Kids who say they hate tomatoes might only hate the mushy, tasteless fruit that's common to many grocery stores. I hate those kinds of tomatoes, too. A sweet, juicy homegrown tomato might just change their opinions.
5. You can show young gardeners that the transportation of vegetables doesn't have to involve bins and tractor-trailers. When you grow food in your own yard, all you need is a pail or bag and a pair of shoes (optional) and the word "carbon" disappears from your footprint.
6. Besides being environmentally sound, vegetable gardens are also excellent settings to learn about some "ologies." There's nothing like a few potato beetles or cabbage worms to educate children (and adults, for that matter) about ecology and entomology. National Geographic online has great bug photographs and articles, but nothing compares to picking beetles and worms off plants to truly understand the natural world.
7. In a garden, kitchen food waste takes on a whole new meaning. When kids discover that kitchen scraps become compost, which in turn is food for plants, it teaches them that the term waste is often a misnomer.
8. The true value of water is more clearly understood when you have to lug a 20-litre (that's five gallons and heavy in either system!) water can across the yard or when a plant withers and dies from dehydration. Water is a precious resource. You can emphasize that point with another bit of science: A head of lettuce is 95 per cent water.
9. Gardening also teaches our kids about sharing. Whether they want to or not, they'll likely have to share their harvest with rabbits, deer, porcupines and voles, or perhaps elk, moose and bears (if you live in a more rural area). It might also make kids realize that even cute Disney-like animals need timeouts.
10. Finally, at the risk of offending hand-sanitizer manufacturers and germophobes, put away the disinfectant and grow a crop of free-range kids, who thoroughly engage in gardening. Because the best reason I know to get kids growing is to see a bunch of dirt-ringed smiles.
To keep abreast of what's new in the gardening world, follow facebook.com/HolesGreenhouses.


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Star Wars: Edge of the Empire, Beta (Careers)
Star Wars: Edge of the Empire brings a new twist for character creation and development. In Star Wars D20 (Original Core Rules, Revised Core Rules and Saga) characters had classes and levels. In West End Games Star Wars characters could be built from a starting template and then expanded by the selection of skills.
In this version from Fantasy Flight Games, players choose a starting Career. Each Career, at least those presented in the Beta guide, have three Specializations to choose from as a starting Specialization. Each Career grants a character certain skills as career skills and the specializations add their own unique set of skills. Career skills cost less to improve, but that doesn't prevent a character from getting lots of skills that aren't part of the Career or Specialization during creation or in play.
Specializations are what define the character as each specialization grants the character access to a Talent tree. Within the Talent tree are 5 tiers. Each tier is composed of 4 abilities whose cost is set by the tier (5 for level 1, up to 25 for level 5). Within a tree some talents might have prerequisites. This is shown by having connecting lines leading to the abilities that you have to buy before you can open up access to this specific Talent.
Talents are either Ranked or Non-ranked. Ranked means that if they appear multiple times or in different trees, they have to be bought to open up other things in that tree they link to, but they also stack with each other. One example of this is Grit. Each time it is bought the character gains a point in their Strain threshold (mental damage a player can absorb). Non-ranked Talents need only be bought once. Other appearances of that Talent in a tree are also considered as bought by the player for purposes of determining if they meet the prerequisites of following the tree.
Characters can have access to up to three Specializations at a time. To gain access to a new Specialization the player pays either 10XP for a Career Specialization, or 20XP for a Specialization in another Career. Buying access to the Specialization grants the character access to the skills as Career skills and now Talents from that tree can be purchased. If a player wishes to access a fourth or later Specialization, then they have to give up access to an already accessed Specialization. This means that all the purchased Talents from that Specialization are lost, unless they are marked as being permanent Talents.
Overall this is an interesting system for allowing characters who are unique, yet not railroading characters down an overlly narrowly defined pathway as the older Class/Level system would do. Players are able to gain access to Force abilities, but since this is set in the Rebellion Era, the main book does not provide for full-blown Jedi as only two are known to exist during this time frame, Obi-Wan and Yoda.


The Automatic Transmission Flush Explained
Automatic transmissions are extremely complicated, and they need to operate at peak performance for your car to shift smoothly and properly. Keeping the transmission fluid clean and fresh is one key to extending the life of your automatic transmission. Like engine oil changes, the fluid in your transmission must be changed at regular intervals. Many car owners have no idea what this service entails nor how much it will cost. This article will help explain both.
The Transmission Flush Process
If you have never heard of this before, you might be wondering, "What is a transmission flush?" Quite simply, this is a way to remove the old fluid from your transmission and refill it with fresh, clean fluid. This varies from a simple fluid drain and change for a few reasons. First, draining the fluid from the transmission only removes about 60-70% of the old fluid. Much of the old fluid remains inside the torque converter and other components, so gravity alone is not enough to remove all the old fluid.
However, a proper fluid flush removes all the old fluid from the transmission. When a flush is performed, special equipment is connected to the car's transmission. It uses either a vacuum type pump or the pressure from the transmission itself to push the old fluid out of the system. As the old fluid is removed, new fluid is pumped into the system.Your transmission is now filled with completely new fluid to help protect it from heat and friction.
How Often Should a Flush Be Performed?
The answer to this question depends on what type of car you own. Always consult your owner's manual for the manufacturer's recommendation on service intervals. Some vehicles require a transmission flush every 30,000-40,000 miles while others only require this service every 100,000 miles. Waiting too long to perform this service could have serious consequences, but there is no need to waste money performing it too often either.
Even if you are not at the recommended service interval yet, if you are experiencing any automatic transmission issues, then you might consider doing a transmission flush. Many times, a simple flush can help to correct shifting or slipping issues without breaking the bank. Always consult a qualified mechanic to help diagnose the problem, but a flush is an easy thing to try before tearing apart the transmission.
Can a Transmission Flush Be Harmful?
This is a highly debated topic, but the general consensus seems to be this. If you have gone far too long without performing your transmission service, then a flush might not be the best idea. Flushing your transmission at that point could potentially push metal shavings and debris into parts of your transmission where damage could be caused. In that case, a simple drain and refill might be your best bet. However, if a transmission flush is performed at the recommended intervals, then there is very little chance that it will be harmful to your car.
If you decide to drain and refill instead of flushing, then most mechanics recommend performing another drain and refill in 10,000 miles. This will help to get even more of the old fluid out and refill with clean fluid. These back-to-back fluid changes will help to extend the life of your transmission without taking the risk associated with a transmission flush of an older transmission.
How Much Does a Transmission Flush Cost?
Luckily, a transmission flush is a relatively inexpensive repair. On average, you can expect to pay $250-$400 for a transmission flush. Most of the cost comes from the transmission fluid itself. Modern transmissions can require 16 quarts or more of fluid to refill. At several dollars per quart, the fluid alone will cost over $100.
While this is not an extremely expensive repair, some people do not have a few hundred dollars sitting around for a car repair. Instead, you might opt to sell your used car and get some money in your pocket for it. Many car buying services will purchase your vehicle regardless of its condition, so they will still pay cash even if the car has transmission problems.
Automatic transmissions require regular flushes or fluid changes to continue operating at peak performance. This service is relatively inexpensive and should be performed at regular intervals following your manufacturer's recommendation. While a flush will cost a couple hundred dollars, this is a fraction of the cost of a transmission rebuild or repair. If it is time for a service or you have any transmission problems, talk to your mechanic about performing a flush of the system today. It might just save you an even larger repair bill down the road!
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text:
Translate Estonian into 80 different languages.
Insert your text
Estonian language is a type of Finno-Ugric language that is somewhat similar to the Finnish language being used by around 1.1 million individuals in Estonia. The language contains several loanwords from Greek, German, English, and Latin languages. The alphabet used in this language is based on Latin script. The unique phoneme length of the Estonian language has caused much interest on several linguists. Written examples of the Estonian language can be seen in some texts found in the 13th century. The language serves as the official language of the European Union and Estonia. Estonian language is being regulated by the Institute of the Estonian Language.


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What is 2 step on a car?
Two step is simply a secondary rev-limiter. Under a certain speed or when a switch is turned on, or a combination of both, ignition or fuel is cut at a certain RPM. This holds the engine at that set RPM, which is ideally the best RPM to launch the car at.... Two step can be used on naturally aspirated and boosted engines.
Is a 2 step bad for your car?
A two-step is a secondary rev limiter that holds a certain RPM for optimum power delivery, akaLaunch control. Unless the setup is wired to increase pressure inside the exhaust manifold, two-step rev limiters are generally not bad for your engine.
What does 2 Step do to dogs?
Aldicarb, also known as "Two-Step" is a common substance that is used to poison dogs and has been proven to be extremely toxic to the environment, people and animals. Aldicarb is primarily used as a nematicide which kills insects that are commonly found amongst crops and vegetation.
What are the signs of a dog that has been poisoned?
The following symptoms may indicate that your dog has been poisoned:
- Nausea and/or vomiting.
- Heart problems.
- Kidney failure.
Can a dog die from licking rat poison?
Rat poison is incredibly dangerous for your dog, not to mention incredibly toxic. If your dog ingests rat poison, it could easily kill or endanger your pup. Rat poison has a very distinct scent, and your dog, being led by scent, is certainly going to be attracted to it.
What rat poison can kill a dog?
Anticoagulants, bromethalin, cholecalciferol and zinc phosphide kill rodents as well as cats, dogs, raptors, other wildlife and humans. Nontarget species are exposed by eating the bait or through relay toxicosis, which occurs when mice that ingested the toxin are eaten by predators such as cats.
Can Tomcat poison kill a dog?
A: Tomcat® has bait stations that are Child & Dog Resistant. They have been proven resistant to tampering by children and dogs. However, as with all poisons, care should be taken to keep them away from children, pets, and wildlife.
Do rats bleed when poisoned?
The poisons in most rat baits cause depletion of the body's stores of Vitamin K, which is involved in the ability of blood to clot. This makes an animal more prone to bleeding, to the point where they can spontaneously start to bleed, both internally and externally, without the ability to stop.
How do rats act when poisoned?
When they consume the poison, they will suddenly have a strong, unquenchable thirst. That will lead them outside, in search of water, where they will eventually die.... Poison is not going to have this effect on rats or mice, or any other animal for that matter. Use of Poison Poison does not lead to thirst.
Is vitamin D rat poison?
Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is used both as a dietary supplement and a rodenticide. It appears to be toxic at a much lower dose when consumed in a bait form than when ingested as a technical grade agent. Most rodenticide baits contain 0.
Where do poisoned rats go to die?
When rats are dying from poison, they will sometimes come out into the open in search of water due to severe dehydration. However, they are often too weak to leave their lairs and die within walls or other out-of-reach places.
Is it dangerous to touch rat poison?
All rodenticides can be toxic to mammals and birds when eaten. Most rodenticides are also toxic when breathed in or touched. People, pets, and wildlife can suffer from serious health effects after exposure to just a single dose of rodenticide.
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I've been asked what the advantages are of using Wikisource over simply uploading scanned books to a website. The people who asked me about this speak languages of India, but my replies apply to all languages.
First, what is Wikisource? It's a sister project of Wikipedia, which hosts freely-licensed documents that were already published elsewhere. The English Wikisource, for example, hosts many books that passed into the public domain, such as Alice in Wonderland, the Sherlock Holmes stories and Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (my favorite pet project). It also hosts many other types of texts, for example speeches by US presidents from Washington to Obama, because according to the American law they are all in the public domain.
And now to the main question: Why bother to type the texts letter-by-letter as digital texts rather than just scanning them? For languages written in the Latin, Cyrillic and some other scripts this question is less important, because for these scripts OCR technology makes the process half-automatic. It's never fully automatic, because OCR output always has to be proofread, but it's still makes the process easier and faster.
For the languages of India it is harder, because as far as i know there's no OCR software for them, so they have to be typed letter-by-letter. This is very hard work. What is it good for?
In general, an image of a scanned page is a digital ghost: It is only partially useful to a human and it is almost completely useless to a computer. A computer's heart only beats ones and O's – it usually doesn't care whether an image shows a kitten or a text of a poem.
It's possible – and easy – to copy a digital text
It's almost impossible to copy text from a scanned image. You can, of course, use some graphics editing software to cut the text and paste it as an image in your document, but that is very slow and the quality of the output will be bad. Why is it useful to copy text from a book that was already published? It's very useful to people who write papers about literary works. This happens to all children who study literature in their native language in school and to university students and researchers in departments of language and literature. It is also useful if you want to quickly copy a quote from a book to an email, a status update on a social network or a Wikipedia article. Some people would think that copying from a book to a school paper is cheating, but it isn't; copying another paper about a book may be cheating, but copying quotes from the original book to a paper you're writing is usually OK and a digitized book just makes it easier and helps you concentrate on the paper.
In the previous point i mentioned copying text to an email from a book. It's easy if you know what the book is and on which page the text appears. But it's hard if you don't know these things, and this happens very often. That's where searching comes in, but searching works only if the text is digital – it's very hard for the computer to understand whether an image shows a kitten or a scanned text of a poem, unless a human explains it. (OCR makes it only slightly easier.)
The letters "ht" in "http" and "html", the names of the central technologies of the web, stand for "hypertext". Hypertext is a text with links. A printed book only has references that point you to other pages, and then you have to turn pages back and forth. If they point to another book, you'll have to go the shelf, find it, and turn pages there. Digital texts can be very easily linked to one another, so you'll just have to click it to see where you are referred. This is very useful in scientific books and articles. It is rarely needed in poetry and stories, but it can be added to them too; for example, you can add a footnote that says: "Here the character quotes a line from a poem by Rabindranath Tagore" and link to the poem.
This one is very simple: Scanned images of texts use much more bandwidth than digital texts. In these days of broadband it may not seem very important, but the gaps between digital texts and images is really huge, and it may be especially costly, in time and in money, to people who don't have access to broadband.
The above points are relatively easy to understand, but now it starts to get less obvious. Most modern machine translation engines, such Google, Bing and Apertium rely at least partly on pairs of translated texts. The more texts there are in a language, the better machine translation gets. The are many translated parallel texts in English, Spanish, Russian, German and French, so the machine translation for them works relatively well, but for languages with a smaller web presence it works very badly. It will take time until this influence will actually be seen, but it has to begin somewhere.
Linguistic research and education
This is another non-obvious point: Digital texts are useful for linguists, who can analyze texts to find the frequency of words and to find n-grams. Put very simply, n-grams are sequences of words, and it can be assumed that words that frequently come in a sequence probably have some special meaning. Such things are directly useful only to linguists, but the work of linguists is later used by people who write textbooks for language learning. So, the better the digital texts in a language will be, the better textbooks the children who speak that language will get. (The link between advances in linguistic research and school language textbooks was found and described in at least one academic paper by an Israeli researcher.)
Big collections of digital texts in a language can be easily used to make better language software tools, such as spelling, grammar and style checkers.
And all this brings us back to thing from which we began: OCR technology. More digital texts well help developers of OCR software to make it better, because they'll be able to compare existing images of text with proofread digital texts and use the comparison for testing. This is a wonderful way in which non-developers help developers and vice-versa.
So these are some of the advantages. The work is hard, but the advantages are really big, even if not immediately obvious.
If you have any more questions about Wikisource, please let me know.