Environmental Impact of Windscreen Repair / Replacement
Green Environment - leaves Green Environment - sea life Green Environment - beach
GlasWeld Environmental Impact
Windscreen repair and Glass Scratch Repair has a positive environmental impact. At GlasWeld, we are committed to helping reduce glass waste in our landfills.
By decreasing the amount of glass that goes into landfills, and reducing the need for new glass manufacturing and transportation we can all make a positive environmental impact.
Did you know...
Glass takes more than 1 million years to decompose in our landfills.
In Europe, 9 million windshields are replaced annually. At an average weight of 25 pounds each, this equates to about 225 million pounds of waste per year.
Glass takes more than 1 million years to decompose in our landfills - Repair Dont Replace
Windscreen glass is difficult to recycle because much of the glass is 2-ply laminated and contains a PVB layer that must be separated. Integrated heating elements or radio antenna are often embedded within the windshields and cannot be returned to the glass furnace for reworking. British Glass, Glass Manufacture: A Mass Balance Study, 2005.
The transportation of glass, which is a relatively heavy product, throughout the supply chain results in high levels of transport-related CO2 emissions. Advances in Glasses and Glass-Ceramics, Frost & Sullivan, 2006.
Glass manufacturing is a high-temperature, energy-intensive activity, resulting in the emission of combustion by-products (sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides) and the high-temperature oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen. Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Glass Manufacturing, World Bank Group.
It takes 15.2 million BTUs of energy to produce one ton of glass. The manufacturing of one ton of glass can generate as much as 385 pounds of mining waste and 28 pounds of air pollutants. Like the production of other materials, glass manufacturing and usage has negative impacts on the environment. The Rhode Island Resource Recovery Corporation.
Thousands of repairs can be carried out for the equivalent environmental impact of 1 replacement.
Why are we bringing these points to light? The more that we all participate in reducing the use of raw materials and the energy needed to produce glass, the better off our environment will be, making glass repair the only environmentally friendly option.
Why Repair?
Repairing a windscreen costs significantly less than replacing them, and can potentially save you hundreds of pounds.
Glass repair is also far less time consuming and can be done on the spot – in addition to being far more environmentally friendly.
Why Windscreen Repair
Windscreen Repair Contact Us Today
Windscreen Repair
GlasWeld Guarantee
However long you own your vehicle, GlasWeld® guarantees its workmanship. This is in addition to your statutory rights.
Glas Weld also guarantees that any windscreen repair it carries out will pass the MOT.
If you are not satisfied with the repair or there is a problem with the windscreen repair in the future we will endevour to resolve that problem or refund your money.


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Internal Bleaching San Rafael, CA
Whiten your teeth from the inside out.
Occasionally a dark area in a tooth may be coming from deep inside the tooth. When this develops it is usually because blood or other liquids have leaked into the inside of a tooth following a root canal procedure. In our office we can use internal bleaching to whiten the tooth from the inside out. We drill a small hole and insert a peroxide gel into the internal cavity of the tooth. The solution is left inside the tooth for about a week during which time it perforates into the dentin (structure inside the enamel, lightening the color of the tooth. Next the gel is drained from the tooth and the hole filled. This method of internal bleaching is highly effective, and the tooth will be significantly whiter. If you notice the appearance of internal stains, and think you may need internal bleaching please contact our office to determine whether it is the correct procedure for you.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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I find the question, "If a tree falls in the woods and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound?", to be very interesting. The reason why no one hears any sound of the tree, for example, is because no one has any knowledge of the tree falling.
This strikes me as peculiar. Isn't it true that by making the very statement, "If a tree falls in the woods--" we are imparting knowledge of a tree falling in the woods to anyone who hears the statement? It's no guess that anyone hearing that statement can imagine themselves next to a falling tree in the woods, and imagine themselves hearing a loud "CRAAACK!".
But the trick is the second part of the statement, which says, "and if no one is around to hear it." This always struck me as strange. Why? Because, technically, there is somone who is around to hear it: The two people discussing the question. It is already established that a tree has fallen in the woods among the speakers discussing the question. Knowledge of a tree falling has reached human minds. How can you then possibly follow up with, "And no one is around to hear it?"?
It may be the truth that for the question to be valid, it can not be brought up into the minds of humans. That would be the only way we can insure that no knowledge of a tree falling in the woods has reached human "ears", so to speak. And of course, do we then hear the sounds of the tree falling? The answer, surprisingly, is that we don't hear the sound of the tree falling.
It would seem that there are an infinite number of things that we could experience but are not able to at this moment, and as a result, do we consistently try to imagine or see if we experience all those possible things at once? We would be here till the heat death of the universe to try and do that. And while it makes sense that if a tree did just fall int he forest, it would make a sound, It is much more practical to assume that because we have not heard the sound of a tree falling, no tree has actually fallen.
After all, if we went about our business trying to pin down all the things that are happening when we aren't around to experience them, we'd go insane, I think.
What do you guys think? :detective:
(p.s. I love that smiley.)


Siebel Consumer Goods Guide > Deductions >
Analyzing Workloads
Customer financial service managers or administrators can analyze the deduction resolution workloads among employees.
This task is a step in Process of Managing Promotions Deductions.
To analyze deductions workloads
 1. Navigate to the Deductions screen.
 2. In the visibility filter, select the appropriate filter:
 - My Deductions. Displays all deductions for accounts to which the user is an assigned team member (primary or not).
 - My Team's Deductions. This view is visible only to users with direct reports, for example, a customer financial services manager. If the manager's direct reports (or their subordinates) have deductions assigned to them, these deductions are displayed here.
 - All Deductions. Displays all deductions within the user's organization.
 - All Deductions Across Organizations. Displays all deductions across all organizations within the Siebel database.
 3. In the Deductions list, query for the appropriate records and select all the deductions you want to analyze.
 4. In the Deductions link bar, click the Charts link.
 5. From the drop-down list, choose the type of chart you want to view.
 In the standard Siebel Consumer Goods application, the chart selections are Aging Analysis, Status and Priority Analysis, Account and Type Analysis, and Rep Workload Analysis.
Siebel Consumer Goods Guide


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District Heating – Community Heating – Heat Sharing Networks™
Traditional District heating is a system for generating heat at a central location and distributing heat at high temperatures for space heating and hot water to residential and commercial properties using heat networks. District heating plants can provide higher efficiencies and lower carbon emissions than local boilers. Some District networks also provide a cold distribution circuit to facilitate cooling.
Heat Sharing – Community Heating – Heat Networks – Decarbonising Heat
There is an alternative means of sharing heat using a lower temperature distribution circuit. This communal circuit, which is linked to a communal ThermalBank, can be accessed by each member of the group which uses its own heat pump to raise the temperature to the temperature it requires for its own heating and hot water requirements. Heat Sharing Networks™ are also termed "Cold Water Heat Networks", "Low Temperature Heat Networks", "Ambient Ground Loops", or "Fifth Generation Heat Networks".
A heat sharing circuit is cheaper to install than a high temperature circuit because it does not require the same degree of insulation to prevent heat losses to the ground. In fact, heat exchange with the ground that the pipes pass through can be beneficial: the ground adjacent to the pipes extends the contact with the ground and the pipes can draw heat from the ground.
Those buildings with excess heat can exchange heat with the Heat Sharing Network. This is more efficient for them than heat exchanging with hot external air. It also raises the temperature of the Heat Sharing Network for the benefit of those whose heat pumps need to extract heat.
Interseasonal Heat Transfer™ has many advantages for district heating. IHT can ensure that building groups have a reliable, independent and sustainable source of Renewable Heating and Renewable Cooling.
Interseasonal Heat Transfer™ can also bring On-site Renewable Energy to district heating, instead of relying on external fossil fuel supplies commonly used in Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems.
Heat Sharing based on Interseasonal Heat Transfer can...
- provide a reliable and low-cost green energy source for space heating and cooling
- save over 70% on carbon emissions on heating compared to emissions from gas boilers
- save over 80% on carbon emissions on cooling buildings compared to emissions (from the power stations) that power electric air conditioning and electric chillers
- provide a low-cost heat energy (or cooling) source for industrial processes
- provide opportunities for reducing carbon emissions by re-cycling solar energy instead of burning fossil fuels
- provide the opportunity to recover heat from buildings with high occupancy and high passive heat gains and transfer it to buildings needing heat
- attract Renewable Heat Incentive cashback for use of ground source heat pumps
- attract Renewable Heat Incentive cashback for use of solar thermal collectors
- improve urban air quality by avoiding combustion of fossil fuels or biomass in densely populated areas
Groups of Buildings
IHT is very well suited to providing Heat Sharing to groups of houses. The cost of providing an efficient installation can be shared across a number of houses, and the benefits increase if the district heating system includes other buildings such as schools or offices whose heating and cooling requirements may follow a different daily pattern (and different weekly pattern) from the heating demand for houses. Where the district covers offices, or data centres, the heat recovered from cooling these buildings can be transferred to homes requiring heating (or other buildings with a heating need such as a community swimming pool).
Where the cooling demand is separated in time from the heating demand, surplus heat can be stored in ThermalBanks from the time it is available to the time it is needed. This efficient use of heat is at the heart of Interseasonal Heat Transfer and enables ICAX to provide cheaper heating and cheaper cooling than conventional methods, as well as proving heating and cooling with a very low carbon footprint.
Sharing heat between buildings
Many commercial buildings have an overall cooling load over the year: they have a requirement to disperse heat. This often applies to modern office buildings in south east England with extensive glazing and high solar gains. These buildings may be adjacent to older buildings with an overall annual heating load. ICAX has developed systems to allow for the transfer of heat between buildings: this form of heat transfer can save fuel and carbon emissions for both buildings.
Both buildings can benefit from a "heat sharing dividend" when they enjoy "joined up heating".
Other buildings with a need to loose excess heat include underground train tunnels, data centres and supermarkets.
A comparison of the advantages of Heat Sharing Networks over traditional gas powered District Heating is shown in the Heat Sharing Table.
District Energy Management System
ICAX has developed a District Energy Management System ("EMS") to control the transfer of thermal energy from the times and places it is most cheaply available to the times and places where it is most needed. This involves control of Thermal Energy Storage to maximise the benefits, minimise costs and minimise carbon emissions.
Even in a group of similar houses there will be variations in the heating requirements between houses: some houses will be unoccupied during the working day, others with small children, or pensioners, may have higher heating loads during the day. IHT can meet these variations in demand successfully – and meter the use of heating in different buildings.
The combined benefits make Interseasonal Heat Transfer an attractive option for offices, schools and universities, hospitals, community centres, urban and suburban housing developments, industrial developments and private houses aiming for low energy use based on solar power.
Energy Hub – sharing warmth feels good
District Heating using Interseasonal Heat Transfer combines the benefits of on-site renewable energy with sharing heating loads between neighbours.
The Intranet of Heat
This new heat sharing infrastructure is the birth of an "Intranet of Heat". The Intranet of Heat enables the exchange of information about sources and needs of heat – and cooling – and then allows heat exchange from those buildings with surplus heat to those in need of heat.
See also Heat Networks Investment Project


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Good news from the Caribbean
Nine protected areas in the European overseas territories in the Caribbean have been listed since 2010 under the SPAW (Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife) Protocol of the Cartegena Convention. The SPAW Protocol is the only legally-binding international agreement on biodiversity in the Wider Caribbean, and a key mechanism for strengthening cooperation and increasing consideration of ecological connectivity within the Wider Caribbean.
Since 2010, 16 protected areas in the Wider Caribbean have been listed in the Protocol. Among these, more than half belong to European overseas territories: six in the French Antilles and French Guiana, and three in the Dutch Caribbean islands. The listing took place after several years of developing criteria and guidelines by a dedicated Caribbean expert working group.
Being listed under SPAW means that the protected area is acknowledged for its quality and the efficiency of its conservation and management. The label can also be an useful tool to promote tourism and strengthen enforcement. Being listed also implies that the protected area is included in the cooperation programme developed by the SPAW Secretariat, and given priority for SPAW funding in view of improving management, developing science, and extending training and networking.
The process of listing protected areas under SPAW starts with countries submitting presentation reports, on a voluntary basis, on the areas they wish to see listed. The reports are then reviewed by the SPAW-Regional Activity Center and assessed by the SPAW Scientific Committee against the criteria that have been developed to that purpose, before a final decision is taken by the Conference of the Parties. For more information on the listing process and the criteria used to assess applications, see here.
You can find the list of all the Protected Areas that have been approved for listing under SPAW and the presentation reports submitted by countries to that purpose on the SPAW-RAC's website here.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Researchers find storm periodicity in southern oceans
first_imgCredit: Tiago Fioreze / Wikipedia Citation: Researchers find storm periodicity in southern oceans (2014, February 7) retrieved 18 August 2019 from This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only. Explore further Future weather conditions are hard to predict due in part to their seemingly random nature, but one part of the world may not be as random as has thought. In this new effort, the research duo pulled out atmospheric data (from balloons, surface temperature readings and satellite observations) relevant to southern hemispheric oceans, covering the past thirty years. In so doing, they focused primarily on circulation of large atmospheric events in the middle latitudes over the southern oceans. That led them to the discovery of a near rhythmic flow of heat as it was carried from the tropical regions into the colder mid-latitudes. That flow, they noted, tended to cause an imbalance in atmospheric conditions that led to the development of storms. It happens, they report, over and over, with storms occurring roughly every 20 to 30 days.Atmospheric scientists have long known about tropic based circulation patterns—so well-known are they that some of them have names, such as the Quasi-Biennial or Madden-Julian Oscillation. What's surprising is that such circulation patterns are apparently indirectly impacting weather patterns in the mid-latitudes in the south—so much so that the weather there has become periodic as a result. At least as startling, perhaps, is that no one until now has noticed this weather system—at least not in the scientific community—anecdotal evidence suggests sailors have known about it for years.The team used what they had learned to build a computer model to simulate the conditions that were evident in the data record and found the same result, which they suggest means that storms really do follow a periodic pattern in the oceanic part of the Southern Hemisphere—a finding that could prove invaluable for weather forecasters in South America, Africa, Australia or even Antarctica. ( —A pair of researchers with the Department of Atmospheric Science at Colorado State University has found that storms in the Southern Hemisphere tend to occur on a 20 to 30 day periodic basis. In their paper published in the journal Science, David Thompson and Elizabeth Barnes describe how they analyzed thirty years of atmospheric data and used it to create a weather model that revealed the periodic behavior of weather patterns in the Southern Hemisphere.center_img Journal information: Science More information: Periodic Variability in the Large-Scale Southern Hemisphere Atmospheric Circulation, Science 7 February 2014: Vol. 343 no. 6171 pp. 641-645. DOI: 10.1126/science.1247660AbstractPeriodic behavior in the climate system has important implications not only for weather prediction but also for understanding and interpreting the physical processes that drive climate variability. Here we demonstrate that the large-scale Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation exhibits marked periodicity on time scales of approximately 20 to 30 days. The periodicity is tied to the Southern Hemisphere baroclinic annular mode and emerges in hemispheric-scale averages of the eddy fluxes of heat, the eddy kinetic energy, and precipitation. Observational and theoretical analyses suggest that the oscillation results from feedbacks between the extratropical baroclinicity, the wave fluxes of heat, and radiative damping. The oscillation plays a potentially profound role in driving large-scale climate variability throughout much of the mid-latitude Southern Hemisphere. © 2014 Changing atmospheric circulation over North Atlantic less likely to steer Sandy-like storms into the US coastlast_img


Female Officer History
Female officer history :
The first woman hired in the United States as a Police Officer was Alice Stebbin Wells.
She was born on June 13 1873.
Alice was a pentecostal minister in Kansas, and through her work with the church, became familiar with issues involving juveniles and women and their victimization in crime.
Particularly due to their vulnerabilities, and what she believed to be an inability of the Police to empathize with their plight, Alice decided to pursue a career with the Police.
It wasn't easy. She wasn't welcomed in with open arms. Alice petitioned the Los Angeles Mayor, police commissioner and city council, before she was finally successful. Alice joined the Los Angeles Police Department, and was sworn in on September 12, 1910, becoming not only the first female Police Officer in the United States, but it is also believed, the world.
During her employment she also founded and was the first president of the International Association of Police Women.
She worked to promote acceptance and hiring of female officers, in both the United States and Canada.
Alice retired from the LAPD in 1940. She passed away on Aug. 17, 1957
Return from Female Officer History to Homepage


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5. They View Food As FuelThere are two types of motivations for eating: hedonic and homeostatic. Hedonic means you eat for pleasure, and homeostatic mean you eat to meet your body's energy requirements. Guess which one Olympians follow?
In order to perform, you need rocket-fuel juice, not fast-processed crap. Learn how exercise can make you start viewing food as a source of healthy fuel instead of a source of (guilty) pleasure.


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Background: Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal autosomal recessive disorder among whites. Among Dutch patients with cystic fibrosis, delta F508 is the most common mutation and A455E the second most common mutation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene on chromosome 7. A455E is associated with preserved pancreatic function and residual secretion of chloride across membranes. We investigated whether it is also associated with less severe pulmonary disease in patients with cystic fibrosis.
Methods: A total of 33 patients with compound heterozygosity for the A455E mutation were matched according to age and sex with patients who were homozygous for the delta F508 mutation. The pairs were analyzed with respect to the following outcome variables: age at diagnosis, pulmonary-function values, and the frequency of pseudomonas colonization, pancreatic sufficiency, and diabetes mellitus.
Results: Cystic fibrosis was diagnosed at a later age in the patients with the A455E mutation than in the delta F508 homozygotes (mean age at diagnosis, 15.0 vs. 3.1 years; P < 0.001). Fewer patients with the A455E mutation had pancreatic insufficiency (21.2 percent vs. 93.9 percent, P < 0.001), and none had diabetes mellitus (0 percent vs. 27.3 percent, P = 0.004). Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were significantly higher in the patients with the A455E mutation (mean FEV1, 73.9 percent of the predicted value vs. 54.3 percent of the predicted value; P = 0.002; mean FVC, 88.7 percent of the predicted value vs. 76.3 percent of the predicted value; P = 0.04). Fewer patients with the A455E mutation were colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (33.3 percent vs. 60.6 percent, P = 0.02).
Conclusions: A455E is a common mutation causing cystic fibrosis in the Netherlands. Although several mutations are known to be associated with less severe pancreatic disease, our findings demonstrate a correlation between the A455E mutation and mild pulmonary disease. Because mortality in this disease depends primarily on the progression of pulmonary disease, patients with the A455E mutation have a better prognosis than patients who are homozygous for the delta F508 mutation.


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The success of The King's Speech and now the airing on BBC of its documentary, The Real King's Speech, have sparked off a number of articles on oratory and speech-making. One of these, " In their own words" in the Guardian, discussed how the oratorial tricks formulated by the classical masters have survived for two and a half millennia.
Demosthenes Practising Oratory. Jean Lecompte Du Nuoy 1876
As the article explains, 'in a culture in which oral persuasion counted for for everything, it was crucial to believe that public speaking was a skill that could be acquired by anyone prepared to put in the hard work'. Advice given to boys training to speak persuasively included dealing with everything from how to move your hands or when to make a joke, the rhythms, cadence and structures of effective oratory.
Whilst oratory and business pitches are very different both aim to persuade and the structure tricks of the ancients still work today. The classical tricolon, sentences in three equal parts, is the precursor to the 'rule of three', accepted by many as one of the easiest and most effective ways of organising content effectively in any pitch. See Content and Staging


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So what's with the "a" in front of familiar words like beam, stern and aft?
Adding the "a-" prefix turns the noun into an adjective. Nouns, you'll recall, name things. They answer the What? or Who? in a sentence. Adverbs, on the other hand, modify a verb. They answer questions like When? Where? Why? and How?
Adding the "a" to parts of a boat tells us where something else is in relationship to our boat. This use of the a- prefix is from Old English use of a- to mean on, in, at.
- A + Beam = On our beam, or beside our boat.
- A + Stern = At our stern, or behind us.
- A + Baft = To the rear (baft is Old English for behind). "Abaft the beam" is a phrase commonly used when practicing the Quick Stop Crew Overboard procedure.
|Pete's class sneaks up astern of our class.|
|After my quick "paparazzi tack," Pete is abeam of our boat.|


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capsized kayak
File photo credit: Wikimedia commons
by Hevina Kaur
Now that you've mastered the right way to use a kayak paddle and how to stop a kayak and turn a kayak, it's time to learn something more advanced. Every seasoned kayaker will experience capsizing one day. It's an essential part of the experience, whether you do it on purpose or for fun, you have to try capsizing at least once to really complete your kayaking experience and to prepare yourself.
The easiest way to recover your kayak after capsizing is employing a technique called the Eskimo Roll.
1. If your kayak is going to fully capsize, you will need to anticipate it. Before you're completely submerged you need to bring your paddle parallel the kayak, rolling your wrist forward.
2. As the kayak is upside down, turn the paddle and reach out to grab the water, bringing your paddle up near the surface of the water.
3. Use your hips to allow you to flip the kayak back upright. This is the most important part. Your arms are not the key part of allowing you to turn back up. They only help position the paddle. Your hips are the ones doing the work here.
While you are underwater, you need to throw your hips to the right and to the left, almost as if you are wiggling in your seat. This is the momentum that is going to allow your kayak to turn back upright.
After this, you should have already recovered your capsized kayak. You need to practise this move a couple times before you can truly master it. It is essential to know this move when you're out kayaking because you never know when you might capsize and you will need to put these skills to test. Safety is truly of utmost importance when you're out at in the open sea.
Falling out of your seat while capsizing
What happens if you fall out of your seat when you capsize though? That requires a different set of skills.
1. Firstly, you will have to return your kayak into an upright position. Simply reach under your kayak and grab on to both sides of the cockpit rim to push it over and flip it upright.
2. Once your kayak is upright, you'll have to reach across to the opposite side of it and simply pull your whole body up and onto the kayak, as if you were getting out of a swimming pool.
3. Now that you're on the kayak again, you need to position yourself back into your sitting position by flipping your body over and sliding yourself back into your seat.
And there you have it, you now know how to get back onto your kayak once you've capsized whether be it while still in the kayak or if you fell out of the kayak.
At the end of the day, you need to be careful when you do this because waters can be rather unpredictable. Although recovering from a capsized kayak can be quite fun to practise, never ever do it without the supervision of your instructor. If you happen to accidentally capsize, make sure you keep calm because nothing will impede a kayak recovery more than someone who is panicking.
Singapore Sports Council location map
3 Stadium Drive, Singapore 397630


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It turns out that it isn't cow flop that's causing the problem, but rather, it's cow belches.
That's according to a study that found less than half the air pollution attributable to cows comes from their excretions. About sixty percent comes from "cow burps".
I'm not surprised, seeing as cows have stomachs with four compartments, compared to the single-compartment stomach in humans.
The reason is the food they eat (it's not just grass). It's hard to chew, and tough to digest. Cows swallow food without chewing much. They store their unchewed meals in their first two stomachs: the rumen and the reticulum.
Later, while at rest, cows belch up parts of their unchewed meals, which is called "cud" (hence the term "chewing their cud"). This time around the cows chew the food well, swallow it, and send it to their third and fourth stomachs: the omasum and abomasum.
That's where it's digested. Some of it becomes milk. The rest becomes air pollution.


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Moravia is located about six miles south of New Castle on the main lines of the P. & L. E. R. R. and the Erie & Pittsburg R. R., in North Beaver township. The village has a historical record and many are the legends handed down from the old inhabitants long ago to the present generation. Years ago away back in the early part of the past century before the white man has reached this part of the country, the red man had undisputed possession of the mighty forests which ranged on either side of the Beaver river. The original town of Moravia was formerly located on the east side of the river. Here is the site of the old Moravian Missions which were established about the year 1755, although the buildings at that time were located further north than the present Pittsburg & Lake Erie depot. Missionaries and their converts passing up the Beaver river in 1772 were surprised to find an Indian village composed entirely of [p. 102] girls, who were pledged never to marry. The village was located between Newport and Moravia, on the west side of the river. In 1772 the Indians moved with the missionaries across the river to the west side and located a village a short distance north of the present E. & P. R. R. depot. In 1773 the Moravians left this part and went to Gnadenhutten, Tuscarawas county, Ohio, where a large number were massacred a short time afterward by a party of whites, who accused them of being spies of the white people's enemies. [The writer was present a few years ago at the 100th anniversary of the massacre at Gnadenhutten and a large number of the descendants of the Moravian Indians were present at the meeting. The descendants live principally in Canada. They are noted for their peace-loving qualities and were a quiet, orderly set of people.] Long after 1773 the white people again settled near Moravia and this time they remained. About 1798 Wm. FORBES settled just below the present village and built a grist mill and a saw mill on the Beaver river. The buildings were erected about the year 1800. They were rude structures of logs, and the first in this neighborhood. A grist mill, however, was erected on the present farm of Hon. Henry EDWARDS in about the year 1790. (See Hon. Henry EDWARDS.) William FORBES operated the mill for some time. The grist mill had one set of stones and the bolting machine was run by a crank that turned by hand. Mr. FORBES was the first Justice of the peace in these parts, and died just before the war of 1812. John ALSWORTH and wife with six children came from Franklin county, this state, in 1804 and located on a farm near here. The village of Moravia was laid out by D.W. FREEMAN in 1864, soon after the Beaver Valley Railroad was opened for travel, and the town grew rapidly from that time on. On the east side of the Pittsburg & Lake Erie and the Pittsburg and Western Railroads have been constructed within the past five or six years and this has been the means of opening up the limestone quarries on that side. The town has increased in size since the railroads were built. Some of the oldest houses in the county are located near here, and from the fact that the old Moravian Missions were established on this side, it is concluded that East Moravia is the oldest settlement in the county. Mrs. Mary MCCONAHY, mother of Joseph MCCONAHY, of the west side, is the oldest settler in the neighborhood.
Was born on the top of Sheep Hill, about three miles south of New Castle, on the 24th day of February, 1839, on the farm of his father, Michael PITZER, who died in 1881, at the age of 85. His mother died in 1873 at the age of 73 years. Mr. PITZER was raised on the old homestead farm, and attended school in that neighborhood and received his education at what was known as the "old Austin school house." In 1860 he was united in marriage with Elizabeth SHAFFER, daughter of Joseph SHAFFER, and is the father of eight children, all living. They are Joseph, married and resides at Moravia; Albert, married and resides at Moravia; David, Emma, Frank, John, Samuel, Dorris, all at home with their parents. A short time after his marriage Mr. PITZER worked on the canal as a boatman
for four years, until 1868 after which he went to Tennessee, taking his [p. 103] family with him. He remained there 13 years and engaged in farming and thrashing in the South. In 1880 he came back here and opened up a general merchandise store which he has successfully run ever since. He also works at the boot and shoe trade as well. Mr. and Mrs. PITZER are enjoying the best of health. He carries a good line of general merchandise which he sells at low prices.
Was born November 16, 1836, near Chewton, on the farm of his father, and resided there until he was 18 years of age, when he left home to attend college at Jefferson College, in Washington county, this State. He graduated with honors in 1857, and went to Kentucky, where he taught school for four years, and went to California in 1861 where he remained until 1867 when he returned home and followed farming until 1880 when he went into the general merchandise business with Alex. DUFF and continued in same until two years ago when he bought out the store of S.W. WILSON, and has remained in his present location ever since. Mr. MCCONAHY has a good stock of goods which he sells cheap. He was married to Mary L. PHILLIPS, of Askum, Ills., June 11, 1872, and has six children. His mother, Mary MCCONAHY, came to Moravia about eighty years ago, at the age of two years. Her father, Joseph HENNON, was one of the earliest settlers in these parts, and a number of his descendants still reside in the neighborhood.
Was born July 21, 1832, near Hillsville, this county. He is a son of James DUFF, who died in 1876, aged 85 years. His father was born on Turtle creek, Allegheny county, and was a soldier of the war of 1812. His mother is still living at the age of 95 years, and is able to ride in a wagon five miles to visit her children. Her mind is clear and perfect. Mr. DUFF has lived on a farm all his life, but still manages to attend to his store business. Since 1863 he has lived within a mile and a half of Moravia on what was known as the "John JUSTICE farm." He went into the mercantile business in 1867 with G.Y. LESLIE, and a short time after sold out to Mr. LESLIE, when he worked at farming and thrashing until 1879, when he opened his present store, and has continued in business successfully ever since. He was married to Alkey S. FULKERSON, daughter of Richard FULKERSON, deceased, of New Castle, July 3, 1851, and has eight children living and one dead. Those living are W.L. DUFF, Mt. Jackson, married; Dr. R.H., Brookfield, Ohio, married; Mrs. Alice YOUNG, New Castle; J. Ed. DUFF, the New Castle druggist; Ella A., at home; Charles W., at Moravia, married, and Harry, at home. He was elected Justice of the Peace in 1873, has been postmaster two years and agent of the Pennsylvania Company, at Moravia, seven years, and has shipped on an average 75,000 bushels of grain annually from this place for several years. Mr. DUFF's great-grandfather, grandfather and father, were all old time Whigs, and he has followed their footsteps, and there is not a firmer Republican in the county than he is. He had both legs broken in 1857 by a stone rolling on him while digging a ditch, which made him a cripple somewhat, but otherwise he is enjoying good health. Mr. DUFF is a citizen of whom any [p. 104] county may feel proud. Frank DUFF, an excellent young man, a son of Mr. DUFF, was killed by being run over by a wagon, in the early part of May, 1887.
ALEY & CO.
The proprietors of the company store on the east side of the Beaver, at Moravia, are doing a nice business. Mr. Franks ANDREWS, of Andrews & Walker, the limestone men, is one of the partners in the store, and he manages the business of the store. Mr. ANDREWS was born in Warren, Ohio, on the 19th day of May, 1850. The limestone company employs over fifty hands and the quarries have a capacity of 500 tons per day. The company store is well stocked with general goods, such as dry goods, tools, shoes, groceries, flour, provisions, etc., which are sold at reasonable prices. Mr. ANDREWS has had years of experience in the management


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A Millennium of Catholicism in Hungary
The Catholic faith has a deep and lasting legacy in the history of the Hungarian people. Not too many nations can boast of the canonization of one of their former monarchs as Hungary can of its beloved King St. Stephen.
The Catholic faith that was established in this western European nation – although challenged by Islam, Protestantism, and Communism – is still solid today. In fact, the new Hungarian constitution that will take effect in January 2012 has strongly reaffirmed the nation's dedication to its Catholic foundations. (Read my Catholic Gene article Hungary's New Constitution Reestablishes its Foundation on the Catholic Faith of its Forefathers.)
Today, November 17, we remember another beloved Hungarian saint, although unlike King St. Stephen, she never actually lived in what is now considered present-day Hungary. This 13th century queen-turned-Franciscan-tertiary is remembered as St. Elizabeth of Hungary (Szent Erzsébet in Hungarian) although she was born in the area that is now known as Bratislava, Slovakia (then part of the Austro-Hungarian empire). Elizabeth was promised in marriage to a prince and at the age of four went to live with his family in what is now Marburg, Germany. Despite her royal status, she lived a life of generosity and simplicity committed to the works of mercy as inspired by St. Francis of Assisi.
Being named Lisa (which derives from Elizabeth) and having Hungarian heritage, I've adopted St. Elizabeth of Hungary as one of my patron saints. Today as I celebrate both my Hungarian heritage and the feast day of this holy young queen, I'd like to take you on a tour of the Hungarian Roman Catholic genealogy resources which are central to every genealogist's search for ancestors in Hungary, no matter what faith they practiced.
Hungarian Genealogy 101
Anyone searching for vital records in Hungary before 1895 will have to rely on church records. Civil registration in the Austro-Hungarian Empire did not begin until that year. The Catholic faith has long been the prominent religion in Hungary, and although there are a handful of other churches that also kept records, even a search for non-Catholic ancestors may benefit from a visit to the records of the Roman Catholic Church. From the years 1730 to 1787, priests were required to keep records for all citizens of this Catholic nation, regardless of their religious affiliation (Greek Catholics*, Reformed Calvinists, Evangelical Lutherans and Jews included). When Protestants were first authorized in 1787 to keep their own registers, Hungarian imperial law required that they do so under Catholic supervision.
The 1563 Council of Trent had first required Roman Catholic churches to keep parish registers, however Turkish rule in many areas of the Austro-Hungarian Empire prevented churches there from complying. A few early Franciscan registers date back to the mid-1600s, however, although most parishes do not have entries until the 1680s or later (after the departure of the Turks). Hungarian Roman Catholic Church records are now the property of the state (through the National Archives of Hungary in Budapest: Magyar Országos Leveltár), although they are stored in various county archives.
Hungarian Roman Catholic records with genealogical interest can come in several languages and include birth and christening registers (Kereszteltek Anyakönyve), marriage registers (Házasultak Anyakönyve) and death and burial registers (Halottak Anyakönyve). In Latin, the sacramental and death records are Matricula Baptisatorum, Matricula Copulatorum, and Matricula Defunctorum, respectively.
For help with simple translations, visit John Jaso's Church Record Translations website, specifically the Hungarian and Latin terms and phrases webpages. (The website also includes help with the Slovak language.)
Hungarian Roman Catholic birth and baptismal records, particularly the more recent ones, will often include the birthdate along with the Baptism date, names of the child, parents, godparents (and sometimes grandparents), and town of residence. Marriage records will include the same basic information in addition to residence of origin for both the bride and groom, previous marital status, ages, names of parents and witnesses, and occupations. Church death records tend to have less genealogical information, although they may also include cause of death, birthdate and birthplace of the deceased, and names of survivors.
Hungarian Roman Catholic sacramental and death records have been microfilmed up to the year 1895 (some later) and are organized by church and then chronologically by date. They are usually not indexed, so without a known date the search can be time consuming.
Genealogist Felix Game has some helpful tips on reading Hungarian parish registers on his Austro-Hungarian genealogy website. Researchers unfamiliar with Hungarian names are often unaware that the family surname is listed before the given name. When the Hungarian records are in Latin, however, this order is switched and the surname is last.
If you are only beginning work on your Hungarian family tree, or you are well into the lifelong search we call genealogy, you may find the following websites and resources helpful:
- FamilySearch's wiki resource page on Hungarian genealogy
- Federation of East European Family History Societies' Hungary webpage
- Nick Gombash's Hungary Exchange (learn more details within my review of Nick's website)
- János Bogárdi's Radix Genealogy Research in Hungary (which includes a Hungarian place locator and index, a Hungarian surname index, an online forum, and a topographical postcards index)
- Hungary GenWeb Project
- Vásony Tamás' Forum and Web Archive of Hungarian Genealogy
- Felix Game's Austro-Hungarian Website
- FamilySearch's Hungary Genealogical Word List
- John Jaso's Church Record Translations website
- Sztaki Szótár English-Hungarian online dictionary
- National Archives of Hungary (see my review of the various online resources of the archives, known as Magyar Országos Leveltár in Hungarian)
- National Archives of Hungary Parish Register Search
- Hungarian Microfilmed Records List
A good printed resource that I have on my shelf is Jared Suess' Handy Guide to Hungarian Genealogical Records published in 1980 by Everton Publishers.
Subscribing to Hungarian genealogy email lists can be also be helpful to get you in contact with others researching similar areas.
In the opening words of the new Hungarian constitution: "O Lord, blessed be the Hungarian nation." And blessed be you who search diligently through records and struggle to translate foreign documents in search of your Hungarian lineage. May St. Elizabeth of Hungary, King St. Stephen, and all of those that have gone before you tracing their Hungarian genes, smile upon you and give you their blessing.
*Note: The Hungarian Greek Catholic Church comes under the category of the Byzantine or Eastern Rite Catholic Church. It originated in the 1600s after the Orthodox Ukrainian Ruthenes, Romanians and Serbs within the empire agreed to come under the jurisdiction of the Pope while being allowed to continue using the Orthodox liturgy. Most of these parishes began keeping registers in the mid-1700s.


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LIVE BLOOD ANALYSIS (MICROSCOPY)
Blood cells have a specific job throughout the body. Blood carries oxygen, vitamins, minerals, and nutrients to every organ tissue, gland, and cell in order to nourish, feed, and energize the body. Those cells also transport waste out of the body. Therefore, it is vital that the blood is in perfect health. If the blood is compromised, then this will compromise your body's overall health.
Unlike traditional medicine, where the blood is drawn and then transported to a lab to be examined. With Live Blood Analysis, we view your blood immediately, giving us a clear picture of how your blood is behaving within your body and what changes can be made to improve its function.
What a Live Blood Analysis can show indications of:
- Acidity / Alkalinity
- Lack of enzymes
- Poor fat intake or digestion
- Poor red blood cell formation
- Liver stress or congestion
- Bowel toxicity
- Thyroid imbalance
- Hormonal Imbalance
- Heavy metals, chemical load
- Plaque, platelet aggregation
- Bacterial infection
- Poor motility of white blood cells
During our Live Blood Analysis, we take a small drop of your blood from your finger and examine it under a high-powered microscope. We study your red and white blood cells, plasma, and other details to determine the health of your blood and your body overall. Your blood sample is displayed on a large screen as we cover everything we see in detail. This is an amazing test and our findings are often very eye-opening.
With Live Blood Analysis, we view your blood immediately, giving us a clear picture of how your blood is behaving within your body and what changes can be made to improve its function.
Educate Not Diagnose
The nutritional blood analysis is an opportunity to become educated on how your blood cells are responding as a result of what you eat, drink and breath. We don't look at a live blood sample and make a diagnosis of a specific medical condition from what we are observing in the blood. We focus on the underlying imbalances that preceded medical conditions and allowed them to develop in the first place.
Live blood analysis is very useful for prevention. It is a valuable test for those who are proactive about their health. Other preventative measures are forms of early detection measures. For example, having a regular blood sugar test is not part of prevention. The test will only show an imbalance once the body has failed at all its attempts to regulate blood sugar. When you get an abnormal blood sugar reading, it is late already and one should really have had preventative measures in place years before the abnormal result.
To summarize, a Live Blood Analysis can show indications of imbalances that, if not addressed, may lead to disease. After the analysis recommendations are given for natural measures that can be implemented to help minimize the likelihood of serious conditions developing in the future.


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The ISS orbits the Earth at 51.6° to the Equator, following the direction of the Earth's rotation from west to east. The Earth itself is tilted at 23.4° to the plane of its orbit around the sun (sun vector), so the ISS is orbiting at 75° to the sun vector. The ISS's altitude varies between 320 to 410 km, and it takes 92 minutes to circle the Earth. The orbit inclination offers good coverage of most of Earth's surface.
Below is a screenshot from TsUP's ISS orbital tracking page showing the ISS's current position. As the map is laid out flat in a two-dimensional view, the orbital ground track appears as a wavy line (sine curve), but it is in reality straight as the Station circles the Earth. Similar tracking maps are projected onto the wall screens at Houston MCC and TsUP, Moscow. The TsUP map shows latitude & longitude, as well as period (time to complete one orbit), degree of orbit, maximum & minimum heights, and the cities in which the main control centers are (or will be) located: Houston (Хьюстон), Ottawa (Оттава), Paris (Париж), Moscow (Москва), Baikonur (Байконур), Tokyo (Токио).
The ISS completes around 15½ orbits per 24 hours at a varying height of 350-400 km. It does not orbit over the same spot every 24 hours, though, as the Earth is also turning eastward. After one orbit, the Earth has rotated approximately 15° of longitude (at the Equator). The ISS's ground track will thus be further behind on a map projection by 15°.
From Star-Crossed Orbits by James Oberg:
It takes about 90 minutes for the satellite to complete one full circuit. When it gets back to its starting point, Earth's surface has moved eastward. It moves 360 degrees in 24 hours, or 15 degrees per hour. So after each satellite circuit of 1.5 hours, the Earth's surface has moved about 1.5 times 15 degrees, or 22.5 degrees, further to the east.
This precession also means that passes over Russian ground sites will also move forward by a certain amount each 24 hours (an hour or so, as best as I can figure out). It is also the reason why the Station sighting times for cities vary from one day to the next, or don't appear at all for a week or so.
Here is a question and answer from NASA's "Ask MCC" segment which explains why 51.6° was chosen:
From: Patrick Donovan, of Cameron Park, Calif.
To: John Curry, flight director
Question: Why is the space station in a 51.6-degree inclined orbit instead of something less or something more?
Answer: Good question, Patrick!
The short answer is that 51.6 degrees is the lowest inclination orbit into which the Russians can directly launch their Soyuz and Progress spacecraft. Both of these vehicles serve an important role in ISS operations.
The Soyuz – there is always one attached to ISS – serves as an escape vehicle in the event the ISS would need to be abandoned in an emergency. The Progress spacecraft is basically a cargo version of the Soyuz and is used to bring up fresh food and supplies to the ISS.
Ideally, one would want to launch due east from a launch site to maximize the cargo-to-orbit capability for a given launch vehicle. This is because the Earth, rotating from west to east, gives rockets a "free" head start in the right direction. Launching due east from Kennedy Space Center would place the shuttle in a 28.5-degree inclination orbit. Notice that the inclination is the same as the latitude of KSC. Launching due east from Russia's main launch site, Baikonur, would place spacecraft in a 45.6-degree inclination orbit – the launch site latitude. However, doing so would also drop the lower stages of the boosters on China. To avoid this, the Russians crank up the minimum inclination to 51.6 degrees.
Although the shuttle does trade some payload capacity for propellant needed to make up the difference between launching at 28.5 degrees vs. 51.6 degrees, doing so allows the Russians to participate in the ISS program. It also has the added benefit to Earth Sciences since ISS flies over more of the Earth's surface – about 75 percent, which covers about 95% of the inhabited lands – at the higher inclination orbit.
I hope this answers your question, Patrick. Thanks for asking MCC!
– Jim Cooney, ISS Trajectory Operations Officer (TOPO), Orbit 3 (planning shift) for STS-112
Latitude & longitude
For those (like me) who haven't done any geography since their school days, here is a quick reminder of what latitude & longitude (as indicated on the TsUP map above) are!
- Latitude (North-South): the lines parallel to the Equator (horizontal on the map), running east to west. Zero degrees is at the Equator, then the lines run to 90° north (+90°) at the North Pole, and 90° south (−90°) at the South Pole. (The North Hemisphere is positive, the South is negative.)
- Longitude (East-West): the vertical lines (meridians) running from the North Pole to the South Pole. These divide the sphere of the Earth into 360 slices. Zero degrees starts at the Prime Meridian, which runs through the observatory at Greenwich, England. The east and west meridians meet at 180° on the opposite side of the Earth; this line is also the International Date Line. It takes 24 hours for any point on the Earth to traverse the full 360°.
- 24 hours of time = 360° of longitude.
- 1 hour of time = 15°.
- 4 minutes of time = 1°.
- 1 minute of time = 15′.
- 1 second of time = 15″.
Both latitude & longitude are divided into degrees (°), then minutes (′) and seconds (″). Degrees can also be expressed as decimal co-ordinates. (Degrees calculator at CSGNetwork.com)
Co-ordinates for main control centers (all in the Northern Hemisphere, Latitude-Longitude):
|ISS Control Center||Latitude||Longitude|
At ~350-400 kilometers altitude, the ISS is above most, but not all, of the Earth's atmosphere, and tenuous though it is at the Station's height, some drag is produced as atoms collide with the ISS. The Station's orbit decays by a few hundred meters each 24 hours. The decay is variable as solar activity causes changes in the density of the outer atmosphere. Periodic reboosts are thus necessary every few months, usually undertaken by a Progress cargo ship docked to the Russian segment, or an Orbiter when docked to Destiny.
ISS orbit data is posted at the end of each daily On-Orbit Report at Spaceref. Here is data for 4 November 2004:
ISS Orbit (as of this morning, 6:37 a.m. EST [= epoch]):
- Mean altitude – 358.1 km
- Apogee height – 364.0 km
- Perigee height – 352.3 km
- Period – 91.70 min.
- Inclination (to Equator) – 51.64 deg
- Eccentricity – 0._PHONE_
- Solar Beta Angle – 32.8 deg (magnitude increasing)
- Orbits per 24-hr. day – 15.70
- Mean altitude loss in last 24 hours – 135 m
- Revolutions since FGB/Zarya launch (Nov. 98) – 34,036
- Spaceref diagram showing the rate of ISS orbital decay (and reboosts) from the first week of orbit to 4 November 2004.
- EarthKAM: Exploring Maps. Downloadable PDF documents
- Heavens Above: a resource for all satellite observing and data, including sighting times for the ISS


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The Business Behind Classroom Economies: An Information Resource Guide
Classroom economy is essential for all students to understand because they will be dealing with the economy in the real world. It prepares the students and provides integral hands-on experience on how the national economy functions. Classroom economy also helps to instill a stronger sense of responsibility in students, nurturing them to grow up to become more responsible adults. Let's take a deeper look at classroom economies. Economics is an elementary part of social studies curriculum but it can be hard for younger students to grasp the principles of economics. In this sense, a classroom economy can invigorate the education process by serving as a fun way for students to act as economists as well as consumers in a classroom setting. A classroom economy can help to promote an understanding of basic economics principles and it also functions as a simple behavior management system wherein students become more responsible financially.
Objective of Class Economy
With the help of a classroom economy, students will:
- Compare their classroom economy system over history and time.
- Perform classroom tasks in order to earn their daily salaries.
- Evaluate the importance of their classroom tasks along with their daily responsibilities.
- Be taught about the importance on saving money.
- Understand that every decision has an opportunity cost.
- Participate in designing their classroom economy to mirror activity in the real world.
- Learn how to make a budget of their funds and balance their bank accounts.
- Study the economic trends in their classroom economy.
- Observe the behavior of classmates as consumers to learn about the law of demand.
- Learn about how inflation works and how it affects their classroom economy.
How Students Can Earn Money
Pay from Their Class Jobs
- In the classroom management system, students can decide how much is a particular job worth, and through the system, they can establish a pay scale. Jobs can be easily divided into various listings such as popular jobs or fun jobs to encourage the kids to sign up for such tasks. Students can either be paid at the end of the day or end of the week, depending on teacher preference.
Hiring Crew Leaders
- Different students can be selected each week to serve as the Crew Leader. The job of a Crew Leader is to check each and every job to ensure that it is performed correctly. In this manner, the working students will be paid appropriately. In fact, two different Crew Leaders can be selected so that they can share the job and check against each other.
Setting up a Bank for the Class
- A trustworthy student can be designated as the Class Banker in order to serve the class. Here, the class money can be stored in a container or a box so that the students can easily save the money which is earned during the day. The banker will be in charge of paying other students in accordance to their work and ensure that this designation is rotated responsibly.
Using Class Money for Reward system
- A stack of small denominations can be kept on the desk for rewarding students for their kind deeds or good behavior. The best way to develop social skills is to reward the positive behavior of students.
Issuing Brain Bucks
The student can print or write up some Brain Bucks on a piece of paper and assign values of worth. Then, the Brain Bucks are to be stored in a stack for easy access in the class room. When a student solves some problem or a puzzle in a creative way, the teacher can praise the student and reward the student by issuing a Brain Buck. An important note is that the teacher has to make sure that the student realizes how much these Brain Bucks are worth.
Spending Money Earned By Students
It is the most important part of classroom economy. As soon as the students earn their money, they will be interested to know how to spend the money. Some of the strategies are:
Offering Special Privileges
- The teacher can help students to use their money to purchase special privileges. For instance, they can spend their money to purchase extra time on the computers.
Setting Up of a Classroom Treasure Chest
- Some common activities include collecting items from free deals, buying items using book club points or asking for donations. Many parents will be willing to donate their money or items to help stock the classroom treasure chest. The teacher can make an appropriate time-table to show when students can visit the chest. Items can be labeled with different prices and visiting charges can also be introduced.
Establishing a Class Store
- The teacher can create a class store in which items can be stored. Furthermore, the students can help to organize the store, make the price tags and determine the prices. Some students can also play the role of store-keepers while others can shop. There should be a schedule for the visiting hours of the store.
Holding Class Auctions
- The teacher can appoint a student to be the auctioneer on the day of auction while others bid on the items. As always, the item is sold to the highest bidder. The class can source for donations from former students who may enjoy participating in the auctions. Local businesses and parents can also be approached for donations or the students can contribute their items for auctions.
All in all, the classroom economy offers useful tools which are used in economic transactions in real life. For instance, students will learn about debits and credits, budgeting of their finances, and getting an in-depth understanding of demand and supply. Eventually, classroom economy will enable the teacher to inculcate the basic principles of economic decisions and provide a firm foundation for students to succeed financially in their later life.
Here are some resources on classroom economies:
- Creating a Classroom Economy
- A Thriving Classroom Economy
- The Classroom Mini Economy (PDF)
- Mrs. Hillman's Classroom Economy
- My Classroom Economy
- Classroom Economy Power Pack (PDF)
- Mrs. Renz's Classroom Economy
- Another Thriving Classroom Economy
- Lesson Plans on Economy and Finance
- Classroom Economy for Fifth Graders (PDF)


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Adam Pendleton: 'Black Dada' (video portrait of Yvonne Rainer)
Just Back from Los Angeles: A Portrait of Yvonne Rainer had its premiere tonight at Anthology Film Archive. From the program, excerpted from Performa Institute:
Begun in 2008, Black Dada is a conceptual paradigm for a body of work, which includes ideas, paintings, sculptures, wall works, videos, a manifesto, and a reader. Black Dada references social and historical conditions through the formal methods of conceptualism, producing a point of convergence — the artwork, which sieves and questions matters pertaining to the freedom of abstraction in language and visual art, the animating force of blackness, and the strategies of experimental avant-gardes. Black Dada instigates and relies upon the possibilities realized through the melding of contradictions and aligning of seemingly incommensurable parts, references, and forms.


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Into Deepest Space
Fred Hoyle, Geoffrey Hoyle
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Fred Hoyle's World of Sc, Fiction, Science fiction
An SF Gateway eBook: bringing the classics to the future.
Sequel to Rockets in Ursa Major
From a great distance the Yela's recorded message crackled through on the micro-earpiece: 'For the time being you have won. But I am not defeated so easily.'
That had been three years ago, after Dick Warboys had repulsed the invading Yela by firing a lithium bomb into the Sun. But now that threat seems near fulfilment as appalled scientists detect the rapid approach of a vast, engulfing cloud of hydrogen. Can humanity survive on Earth or must selected pioneers abandon it in search of a safer region of the Galaxy?
To find the answer Dick and his allies from Space suffer a perilous voyage into the realms that reach the ultimate in understanding the physical universe.
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Fred Hoyle
Sir Fred Hoyle (_PHONE_)


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This part of the "Facts" section is most likely be
the shortest due to the fact that we have never been
able to study Megalodon mainly because they supposidly
don't exist anymore. Considering the evidence gathered
from the teeth, we can assume that it is relatively
similar to the Carcharias's internal structure. Same
setup. So mainly it confides in the same senses and
organs of today's Carcharias. A verifiable living
nightmare in other words. The perfect killing machine.
A weapon of death and pure chaos for the modern world.
Anyways, back to anatomy. The anatomy of the
Carcharocles Megalodon would consist of the sensory
organs of the Carcharias. The electric sensory organ,
directional smell, lateral line, sight, hearing, etc.
Basically though the reason scientists don't use this
in all studies is because this information is not all
accurate. We cannot be sure until we, if ever, see one
of the Megalodons and recieve a chance to study it. Then
we can be sure.


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Enopi Park Ridge Learning Center
About this program
The E. nopi program consists of E. nopi Math, which includes basic and critical thinking math. E. nopi English which includes 4 main concepts; reading, writing, speaking, and listening.
E. nopi Math has two main sections: Basic Thinking Math and Critical Thinking Math. In Basic Thinking Math, students focus on the arithmetic part of mathematics (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division). In Critical Thinking Math, students focus on patterns and relationships, geometry, problem solving, measurement and reasoning. Students are assigned to their levels based on test results, not by their grade levels (hence the "eye level" name).
E. nopi English focuses on four main fundamental skills: Reading, Listening, Writing, and Speaking. Within the program, students have the ability to reinforce their English skills with such activities as Active Listening, writing prompts, and phonics.
Another popular option: Tutors
Park Ridge, IL
Throughout my years at high school, I was a part of the mentors program. This required tutoring students in middle...


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Kineticom's performance evaluation around Generating Energy reads like this:
GENERATING ENERGY: Demonstrating an enthusiastic belief in people and their capacity to do the awesome and the capacity to generate excitement, momentum, and meaningful action.
(The scale is 1 to 5 where 1 = Unacceptable, 2 = Passable, 3 = On Par, 4 = Strong, 5 = Extraordinary)
1. Exhibits enough energy to complete tasks, but isn't always fully engaged and isn't a catalyst for generating energy in others. Can sometimes be a source of negative energy.
2. Can be a good source of energy and team momentum at times, though not consistently.
3. A constant source of resonant energy and force for team momentum. Has developed the emotional maturity to manage disturbing emotions in the face of tough times or new challenges to stated goals.
4. Enthusiastic, creates momentum on projects. Fuels positive energy in others through attitude, heart and pace. Can be relied on in isolation of other extreme leaders to be the force for positive energy.
5. Consistently generates infectious energy and acts as a powerful force for change & action in all situations. A positive fireball of energy that simply cannot be disheartened.


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Learn how to write text quickly and efficiently with your phone's keyboard.
Use the on-screen keyboard
Writing with the on-screen keyboard is easy and fun. You can use the keyboard when holding your phone in portrait or landscape mode.
Tap a text box.
1 — Character keys
2 — Shift key
3 — Numbers and symbols key
4 — Language key
5 — Smiley key
6 — Space key
7 — Enter key
8 — Backspace key
The keyboard layout can vary in different apps and languages. The language key is only shown when more than one language is selected. The example shows the English keyboard.
Tap the shift key. To switch caps lock mode on, double-tap the key. To return to normal mode, tap the shift key again.
Tap the numbers and symbols key. To see more special character keys, tap the shift key. Some special character keys bring up more symbols. To see more symbols, tap and hold a symbol or special character.
To put a full stop at the end of a sentence, and to start a new sentence, tap the space key twice.
To quickly type in a number or special character, while holding the numbers and symbol key, slide your finger to the character, and lift your finger.
Tap a word, drag the circles before and after the word to highlight the section you want to copy, and tap. To paste the text, tap.
Tap and hold the character, and tap the accented character.
Tap the backspace key.
Tap the language key repeatedly until the language you want is shown. The language key is only shown when more than one language is selected.
Tap and hold the text until you see the cursor. Without lifting your finger, drag the cursor to the place you want.
Use keyboard word suggestions
Your phone suggests words as you write, to help you write quickly and more accurately. Word suggestions are available in several languages.
When you start writing a word, your phone suggests possible words. When the word you want is shown in the suggestion bar, select the word. To see more suggestions, swipe left.
If the suggested word is marked in bold, your phone automatically uses it to replace the word you wrote. If the word is wrong, tap it, and you see the original word and a few other suggestions.
If you notice that you have misspelled a word, tap it, and you see suggestions for correcting the word.
If the word you want isn't in the dictionary, write the word, tap it, and tap the plus sign (+) in the suggestion bar. Your phone also learns new words when you have written them a few times.
On the start screen, swipe left, and tap Settings > keyboard. Tap your language keyboard, and clear the Suggest text check box.
Add writing languages
You can add several writing languages to your keyboard and switch between the languages when writing.
Tap Settings > keyboard > add keyboards.
Select the languages you want to write in.
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Tap the language key repeatedly until the language you want is shown. The keyboard layout and word suggestions change according to the language selected. The language key is only shown when more than one writing language has been selected.


At the time of this writing, 3D Systems (NYSE:DDD) is worth about $1.5 billion more than Stratasys (NASDAQ:SSYS), despite the fact that analysts expect the two companies will bring in nearly the same revenues in 2014. In terms of valuation, 3D Systems trades with a forward P/E of more than 90, whereas Stratasys trades with a forward P/E of about 57, indicating that Stratasys will be significantly more profitable than 3D Systems. Although it may seem baffling why investors are assigning such a large premium to 3D Systems, it has everything to do with long-term opportunity.
On a high level, 3D Systems and Stratasys have very different approaches to their market opportunity. 3D Systems is taking more of an approach where it continuously reinvests its earnings into improve its chances of long-term success. As a result, 3D Systems has amassed seven different 3-D printing technologies, allowing it to cast a very wide net on the overall rise of 3-D printing. With only two major 3-D printing technologies suited primarily for prototyping, there is simply less earnings potential for Stratasys over the long-term than 3D Systems.
In the following video, 3-D printing analyst Steve Heller tells investors why he thinks it makes sense for 3D Systems to trade at a premium to Stratasys.


text:
When your project gets complicated, it makes sense to split it up into manageable chunks. Git supports this process using submodules.
When you create a reference to a submodule within your repository, you actually include a reference to a specific commit. If the repository you are referencing is updated, those changes aren't automatically reflected in your repository. This sort of makes sense, since git has no idea whether the submodule you are referencing is under your control or not.
By default, the submodule is checked out in a detached head state. This is fine if you want a read-only copy, but a bit of a pain if you want to commit changes. In addition, by default, submodules aren't updated when you pull changes to your repository meaning you can get out of sync.
Working with submodules on a specific branch, where you want to commit changes to the submodule, requires a slight change to your CLI commands. Because you are no longer working with one repository, but multiple repositories.
Creating Your Submodule
Create your submodule, pointing it to the destination branch
git submodule add -b
Track the Remote Branch
Once you have your submodule, and you are checked out on a branch, you need to ensure that it is configured to track the remote branch of the submodule
cd git branch --set-upstream-to=origin/
Now you are tracking the remote branch. You can make changes to the sub-module, and push them to the remote repository as required.
Updating Your Repository (Including Submodules)
When you make changes to your submodule, then you need to commit the change in the parent to ensure that the pointer is kept up to date. However, this results in two commits - one to the submodule and one to the parent, and this may not always be desirable at the same time.
In order to ensure the submodules are up to date, when pulling changes, use the following commands:
cd git pull git submodule foreach git pull
This will ensure that the repository and submodules are kept up to date on the appropriate branch.


Software Investigate
Hermes: a Context-Aware Application Development Framework for the Mobile Environment
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Executive Summary
This paper describes a next generation software toolkit which provides a framework, including security and intelligibility support, for developing more powerful context-aware applications for the modern mobile environment. Modern mobile computing environments, with reasonable connectivity, processing power and sensing capabilities on portable devices provide a means of achieving truly ubiquitous context-aware computing. To application developers, the mobile environment also presents a new and unique set of challenges such as - restrictions on communication, data storage, power, etc. that vary for each device in the ecosystem and also fusing, filtering and regulating the flow of context information from various sources (sensors, online information sources, etc) bring further overheads to the context-aware application developer's task.
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Money Matters Team
Driven to distraction
By Money Matters Team 18/04/2013
How is your driving?
Seasoned driving instructors share some of the UK's worst driving habits.
How about this for a fact: UK motorists get stuck in traffic on average 1073 times in their lifetime, according to research by location technology company, Skobbler
But it's not just traffic jams that can get us worked up behind the wheel. The bad habits of other motorists can also get our blood boiling. Forgetting to indicate before switching lanes, being inconsiderate to cyclists or simply being 'road hogs' are typical examples, according to seasoned UK driving instructors.
Although we might not like to admit it, the chances are many of us have picked up some bad driving habits since we passed our tests.
Here are some to look out for:
Stay focussed
There are many risks that drivers take when driving; eating is just one, according to Amelia Phillips of Drivers Edge UK. She warns: "Many drivers don't know that [eating] increases reaction times by 44%" and suggests that drivers "eat before hitting the roads (rather than driving on an empty stomach) so [they] can stay safe and focussed".
Pay attention
Are you alert and aware of your surroundings and other road users? Do you always drive in the correct and safest lane? "Occupying the middle or outside lanes when inner lanes are clear of traffic shows you're not paying attention to your driving," highlights Phillip Bingham of miDrive: This is a bad habit and can "encourage tailgating or undertaking from drivers you unnecessarily obstruct".
Drive to conditions
Be prepared for the unpredictable British weather. "Stick to the speed limit [and] adapt your speed to ever-changing conditions", stresses Damien Burke of Blue School of Motoring "especially when the conditions change, [for example in] poor visibility, [caused by] rain, fog, strong sunlight and narrowing roads."
Keep calm and carry on
Rushing to get somewhere can result in driving too fast, cutting corners and being overconfident in our driving abilities and this can also be hazardous. Kathy Higgins from Insight 2 Drive says: "The reason a lot of bad or lazy habits are allowed to develop is because of the optimistic bias we all have, which tells us bad crashes happen to other drivers". Remember, always to drive carefully.
Keep your distance and a cool head
Keeping a cool head on the road is vital even when the car in front is moving slowly. Consider the speed limit and keep a safe distance; tailgating is never the answer, "A driver must leave a safe stopping distance, allowing the driver in front to see [them] and judge [their car's position] better," warns Josef Harle of Belt Up. The advantage of this is that "you will have more time and space to react to hazards, [and] it will save you in vehicle wear, tear and fuel consumption".
Look, look and look again
Mirror, signal and manoeuvre should still echo in all driver's minds. "Always check your blind spots before moving off. This is potentially a life saver," advises Alan Whittingham of Paragon Driving as "cyclists and motorbikes can sneak up on you quickly".
So, next time you hit the road, keep yourself, your passengers and other road users safe by working hard to eliminate those bad driving habits. If you can reduce your chances of having to claim on your insurance policy and keep your no claim discount then even better.


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What Is Brix?
Brix is a Term Popularized by Carey Reams.
When used on plant sap it is primarily a measure of the carbohydrate level in plant juices. The instrument used to obtain a brix reading is the refractometer. Refractometers come in two basic styles, optical and digital. Both types work great. Here is how a refractometer is used: squeeze out some sap from a plant, put 2 drops of the juice on the prism, close the prism cover, point to a light source, focus the eye piece, and read the measurement. The brix reading is indicated where the light and dark fields intersect.
What part of the plant is used for taking a brix reading? Whatever part you eat if it is ripe. If it is not ripe take the most recent mature leaves that have had full sunlight for at least 2 hours. Ideally measurements should be taken at the same time of day as you compare throughout the growing season.
A refractometer measures the amount of bend or refraction in the rays of light as they pass through the plant sap. This is why a brix chart is more properly called a Refractive Index of Crop Juices.
to download the Brix Chart as a PDF.
What causes light to refract as it passes through plant sap?
- The amount of carbohydrates in the juice.
- The amount of dissolved minerals in the plant sap.
- The amount of covalent bonding.
What proof can be offered to show that higher brix readings equal higher quality?
High Brix Foods Have Greater Carbohydrate Levels
Carbohydrates are the fuel the body uses for basic metabolic function. This has tremendous implications on digestion and human health. This is covered more fully in Food Quality & Digestion.
High Brix Foods Have Greater Mineral Density
One of the health rules that Dr. Carey Reams taught was that:
All disease is the result of a mineral deficiency.Carey Reams
This rule clearly shows why it is so important to eat foods with high mineral density. One of the most important nutrients that increases with high brix readings is calcium. According to Dr. Reams calcium levels in produce rise and fall proportionately with the brix levels. This has been independently confirmed by Bob Pike in his research on tissue testing. Disorders and degenerative diseases resulting from a calcium deficiency could fill several books.
In addition to increased calcium levels, high brix foods also supply more trace minerals such as copper, iron, and manganese. Trace minerals function as co-enzymes in the digestive process. Co-enzymes work with enzymes as activators of those enzymes. These trace minerals have higher atomic weights. Due to greater mineral density and the inclusion of heavier trace minerals high brix foods weigh more per unit than lower quality produce.
Minerals in foods are in a naturally chelated form. Naturally chelated minerals are bound to amino acids that have a left-hand spin. Amino acids with a left-hand spin are referred to as L-Amino acids. L-Amino acids are biologically active. This translates into easy assimilation into the body compared to inorganic minerals taken in pill form. Amino acids that have been compounded by man have a right-hand spin, which is known as D-Amino acids, or they are a mixture of the L and D form of amino acids. The D form is not biologically active and is rarely found in nature.
High Brix Foods Taste Better
Why won't little Johnny eat his peas? They taste terrible. Little Johnny instinctively knows that sweet tasting peas are better while poor-quality peas are instantly rejected. Have you ever eaten a 22 brix grape? Once you have you won't forget the taste. A candy bar will be held in disdain by little Jane compared to 22 brix grapes. Ask any old-timer if they like the taste of fruits and vegetables now compared to when they were young. I am sure you won't be able to find a single person that feels today's are better. Taste is built upon the upon the carbohydrate and mineral levels in the produce. When they decline so does the taste. What about aroma? That seems lost as well. Todays average 2-3 brix hydroponic greenhouse tomato looks like a tomato but it has virtually no aroma and is nearly tasteless. It is a poor caricature of what a tomato should be. As a culture Americans are so used to eating low quality produce we don't even know what really good produce tastes like.
High Brix Plants Are Insect And Disease Resistant
Here we see the handiwork of our Creator. Plants in poor health emit an electo-magnetic frequency that insects tune in to. This in effect calls them in for a feast. Plants in good health emit a different frequency that insects do not tune in to. Nature has been designed to use insects to get rid of poor quality plants that are unfit for human consumption. In the same way a poorly balanced soil will produce plants susceptible to disease. Properly balanced soil will produce plants resistant to disease. William Albrecht put it this way:
Insects and disease are the symptoms of a failing crop, not the cause of it. It's not the overpowering invader we must fear but the weakened condition of the victim.William Albrecht
Animals Instinctively Prefer High Brix Foods
Animals have a greater sense of instinct than does mankind. Their instinct for survival can be seen in the multitude of stories arising from the recent tsunami. Wild animals were not caught by surprise—they had fled for higher ground hours before the waves hit the shores. This same level of instinct carries over to their choice of foods. The foods of highest mineral density and health are preferred over poorer quality. Here is something to ponder over. Wild deer will not graze genetically modified corn stalks unless close to starving. This is why conservationists who are planting corn specifically for the deer population will avoid planting genetically modified corn. Production agriculture has found that it takes twice as many acres of genetically modified cornstalks to get the same amount of weight gain on cattle as compared to conventional non-GMO corn varieties.
Here is an easy experiment to prove this point. Buy whole field corn sold in the birdseed section of your local supermarket and some popcorn. Whole field corn will weigh somewhere around 55 lbs. per bushel while the popcorn will be around 66-68 lbs. per bushel. Offer both corn samples to some chickens that are not overly hungry and see which corn they eat first. They first go after the popcorn with great enthusiasm and then the field corn with less enthusiasm. Why? Popcorn has greater mineral density as indicated by test weight. Cattle have the same instinct. They will always prefer the forage with the higher sugar content. This has been proven many times by seeing which hay cattle eat first when offered a choice.
In conclusion Brix has become the gold standard to measure plant quality. Measuring the brix level on plants is quick, simple, and fairly inexpensive. Unfortunately some of the largest detractors of the Brix=Quality movement propagate a system of agriculture that produces low-brix plants. These plants need 'crop protection' in the form of herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides. These pesticides disrupt the delicate microbial balance in the soil and contribute to the continued production of low-brix foods. Another quote from that eminent soil scientist, William Albrecht, seems in order:
The use of (pesticide) sprays is an act of desperation in a dying agriculture.William Albrecht
The good news is that more and more people are demanding higher-quality food and numerous farmers are getting off the pesticide/GMO/low-brix merry-go-round and beginning to produce food that can have a tremendous impact on improving our health and nutrition—and it all starts with our digestive system.
to download the Brix Chart as a PDF.


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text: "The Gulf Stream" was based upon studies made during Homer's two winter trips to the Bahamas in 1884–85 and 1898–99. First exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia in 1900, the picture was subsequently reworked and "improved" by the artist. Early photographs show changes to the sea and to the back of the ship, making the composition more dramatic and vivid. The painting was shown in this state at the Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh in 1900–01, and then at M. Knoedler and Co. in New York, where the artist placed on the picture the record-asking price of $4,000. There were problems selling the work because of either its high price or its unpleasant subject matter. Homer may have reworked the painting again in the face of this criticism in order to add the rigger on the horizon that signals hope and rescue from the perils of the sea.


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which you mount a 40-watt light bulb. Make a 1-inch hole in the end near the bulb. For better viewing, place a felt or cloth cushion around the opening so an egg fits the opening better and so light does not leak around the egg.
This egg candle can be made from a tin can that's about 5 inches in diameter and 7 to 9 inches long.
A shortening can with an easily removable lid works well.
Hold the large end of the egg up to the candling light. You won't see much development until the 4th or 5th day of incubation. White or light-colored eggshells permit better viewing of embryo development. The contents of the egg have a pinkish color or cast when the embryo is developing properly. As the embryo grows, it occupies most of the space within the shell. Toward the end of incubation, the contents will appear dark except for the air cell. Eggs that appear clear at 4 to 5 days in incubation or that show little development at 10 days should be removed from the incubator. They are infertile or contain early dead embryos.
Candling will not influence embryo development if you handle the eggs gently. When eggs are removed from the incubator only a few times and are not allowed to cool to any extent, candling makes little difference in hatchability or the time required for hatching.
There are many reasons for poor hatches. Breeding, feeding, and management of the egg production flock; care of the eggs before incubation; and the incubation environment: these all can influence the hatch. Possible causes for some of the more common problem symptoms are listed here.
|Eggs candling clear
No blood rings or embryo growth.
|Eggs candling clear
But showing blood or very small embryos on breaking.
Before hatching time.
|Eggs pipped but not hatched (Chick pecks hole through shell)
Chicks dead in shells.
Shells sticking to chicks.
|Hatching too early
With bloody navels.
Eggs not pipping until 21st day or later.
Some chicks hatch early, but hatch is slow in finishing.
Newly hatched chicks must be kept warm and free from drafts, be properly fed and watered, and be protected from predators. If you plan to keep the chicks for a long time, consult references for care and management information. See FS-1188, "The Small Flock for Poultry Meat", or FS-1191, "Rearing Chicks and Pullets for the Small Laying Flock". If you want to raise a small number of chicks for only a few days, you can care for them in a simple enclosure and with a minimum of equipment.
A cardboard box can be a satisfactory home for up to 12 chicks. The size and shape of the box is not too important as long as it provides enough space for the chicks and the equipment to feed and water them. A 2 x 2 foot box 12-15 inches high is adequate. A screen or wire mesh should cover the box to restrict handling and to protect the chicks from cats and other predators.
The sides of the box provide adequate protection from drafts. The 1st week, keep the temperature at the level of the chicks at 90-95° F. Reduce the temperature about 5 degrees per week until room temperature is reached. It is best to use a thermometer to measure the temperature, but the actions of the chicks can also be a guide. When the chicks are cold, they bunch up and give a distressed "cheep." When they are too warm, they stand apart with their beaks open, and their throats may have a pulsating or panting motion. In most rooms, a light bulb placed over the box will provide enough heat. A gooseneck study lamp with a 60- or 75-watt bulb works well. The neck of the lamp can be adjusted to provide more or less heat. If necessary, cut a slit in the side of the box so the base of the lamp can remain outside the box, with the gooseneck of the lamp fitting in the slit and the lampshade placed inside the box.
About 2 inches of litter material give the chicks better footing and help keep the box clean. Wood shavings, chopped straw or paper, peat moss, or sand are suitable. Replace the litter when necessary to keep the box clean and dry.
Waterers to be used with pint canning jars are often available at farm supply stores. They should be placed onto a wooden block to help keep them free from litter. A small dishwith marbles or pebbles added to keep the chicks out of the watercan be used for a waterer. You can also use a saucer having an inverted cup placed over it. Replace the water twice a day, or more frequently if necessary to keep the water clean and fresh. Clean the waterer each time you make the change, and refill it with lukewarm water.
Although chicks don't need feed or water the first 48 hours after hatching, both are usually provided as soon as the chicks are transferred to the rearing box. Use a small box or tray for a feeder. Let the chicks scratch around in the feed for the first few days so they get off to a good start on the feed and don't eat too much litter.
Chicks are best started on a chick starter mash. For other poultry, use the appropriate starter feed for that species, of bird, if available. Mashed, hardcooked egg also makes an I excellent starter feed. You can use breakfast cereal for a few days if it is in a form the chicks can readily eat. Rapidly growing chicks must have a well-balanced starter diet for proper growth and development.
In accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, this material is available in alternative formats upon request. Please contact your University of Minnesota Extension office or the Extension Store at _PHONE_.


text:
This movie poster project could be used in the middle of the Progressive Era unit or as closure at the end of the unit. The poster uses various themes from the Progressive Era (Prohibition, The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, 19th Amendment, etc.) that students choose from to create their poster.
Students choose a theme, create a movie title, historical characters, plot, and photo for their movie poster. Students can use various web tools such as Google Docs, Google Slides, Powerpoint, or Word to create their posters or create them by hand.
Scoring guide and examples included. Students grade themselves on the scoring guide before submission and the teacher awards up to 5 extra points based on how accurately they scored themselves.


text:
Mammoth Cave National Park History
Mammoth Cave National Park was established on July 1, 1941 to preserve the cave system, including Mammoth Cave, the scenic river valleys of the Green and Nolin rivers, and a section of south central Kentucky. This is the longest recorded cave system in the world with more than 350 miles explored and mapped.
The Park was designated a World Heritage Site on October 27, 1981 and became the core area of an International Biosphere Reserve on September 26, 1990. The Park merits this extra protection and special status because of its unique features above and below ground.
Since the first tour of world-famous Mammoth Cave in 1816, Mammoth Cave Hotel has provided the finest southern hospitality for all the Cave visitors looking for accommodations in the Park.


text:
Abstract 3426: Approximate Volume Using "XYZ/2" Is Equivalent to Planimetric Volume Mismatch Evaluation
Objectives: In the clinical setting, the extent of mismatch on MRI is frequently assessed with an approximate "XYZ/2" method but the agreement with the "gold standard" planimetric volume and the "visual evaluation" methods are not known. In a published study, we established that the visual evaluation and planimetric methods are equivalent as far as mismatch classification. The objectives of this study were to quantify the agreement of the approximate method with the "gold standard" and "visual evaluation" methods and to compare the mismatch classification results.
Methods: Patients were selected from the Lesion Evolution of Stroke and Ischemia On Neuroimaging (LESION) database if they: had an acute ischemic stroke, were treated with intravenous rt-PA only, and had a pre-treatment MRI with evaluable maps including trace or isotropic b1000 DWI and MTT images. A trained rater viewed the images on the PACS, placed the two perpendicular linear measurements, "X" and "Y", on the slices with the largest DWI and MTT lesion areas, and then used a "XYZ/2" formula where "Z" was the product of the slice thickness and the total number of slices containing the lesion. A separate expert rater measured the planimetric volumes on a slice-by-slice basis with a semiautomated segmentation tool followed by manual editing. Expert readers evaluated the MRI scans for the presence of qualitative mismatch. The expert readers were not the trained reader that performed the approximate volume measurements. Quantitative mismatch was considered present if MTT volume - DWI volume ≥50 ml. Mismatch classifications using the ≥ 50 ml definition were compared by constructing contingency tables.
Results: A total of 194 patients met the study criteria and had median DWI and MTT planimetric volumes of 13.06 ml and 99.27 ml respectively. For both the DWI (n=170) and MTT (n=164), 94% of the measurements were within two standard deviations of the difference between the planimetric and approximate volume measurements. Comparing the planimetric and approximate volume measurements, the Spearman correlation coefficients were 0.855 and 0.886 for the DWI and MTT measurements respectively (p<0.01). Compared to the planimetric method, the approximate "XYZ/2" method had a high sensitivity (0.91), specificity (0.80), accuracy (0.86) and positive predictive value (0.85) to detect mismatch using the ≥ 50 ml definition. Compared to the qualitative method, the approximate "XYZ/2" method had a sensitivity (0.77), specificity (0.76), accuracy (0.77) and positive predictive value (0.87) to detect mismatch using the ≥ 50 ml definition.
Conclusions: The approximate "XYZ/2" method is sufficient for classifying the presence of MRI determined mismatch in acute stroke patients and therefore is a potential tool when using MRI determined mismatch as an inclusion criteria for clinical trials.
- © 2012 by American Heart Association, Inc.