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Global vaccine action plan 2011-2020
The Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) ― endorsed by the 194 Member States of the World Health Assembly in May 2012 ― is a framework to prevent millions of deaths by 2020 through more equitable access to existing vaccines for people in all communities. The Plan aims to strengthen routine immunization to meet vaccination coverage targets, accelerate control of vaccine-preventable diseases with polio eradication as the first milestone, introduce new and improved vaccines and spur research and development for the next generation of vaccines and technologies. The plan is expected to reduce global childhood mortality, surpassing the United Nations Millennium Development Goal 4 target to reduce by two-thirds the under-five mortality rate.
Size: 8.96 MB


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Most fruits and vegetables have a very limited life after harvest if held at normal harvesting temperatures. Postharvest cooling rapidly removes field heat, allowing longer storage periods. Proper postharvest cooling can:
In addition to helping maintain quality, postharvest cooling also provides marketing flexibility by allowing the grower to sell produce at the most appropriate time. Having cooling and storage facilities makes it unnecessary to market the produce immediately after harvest. This can be an advantage to growers who supply restaurants and grocery stores or to small growers who want to assemble truckload lots for shipment. Postharvest cooling is essential to delivering produce of the highest possible quality to the consumer.
Although small, commercial, contractor-built cooling rooms are available, they are often much more expensive than owner-built structures. In addition to avoiding a substantial amount of the construction cost, you can tailor a cooling facility to your individual needs by designing and building it yourself. Whether the cooling facility is built or bought, you can ensure its effectiveness by giving careful thought to the topics discussed in the following sections.
Types of Produce. Different types of produce have different cooling requirements. For example, strawberries, apples, and broccoli all require near-freezing temperatures, whereas summer squash or tomatoes can be injured by low temperatures (Table 1). If small quantities of produce with different cooling requirements must be cooled or stored together, the temperature will have to be set high enough to prevent chill injury of susceptible produce. This temperature, however, will not provide optimum quality and storage life for other types of produce.
Table 1. Products That Sustain Cold Injury
Chill sensitive Freeze Sensitive (below 40-45 F) (below 32 F)
Beans (all types) Apples Eggplant Asparagus Okra Brambles Peppers Cabbage Potatoes Peaches Pumpkins Sweet corn Squash (summer) Strawberries Sweetpotatoes Squash (winter) Tomatoes Watermelons
Some fruits and vegetables produce ethylene gas as a natural product of ripening and respond to this gas by accelerating their ripening. Others do not produce ethylene but are very sensitive to it (Table 2). For sensitive produce, minute quantities of ethylene gas will greatly accelerate the ripening process even at low storage temperatures. It is very important not to store items sensitive to ethylene with those that produce this gas.
Table 2. Products That Produce Ethylene or Are Ethylene Sensitive.
Ethylene Producers Ethylene SensitiveApples Broccoli Cantaloupes Cabbage Honeydew melons Carrots Peaches Cucumbers Pears Cut flowers Plums Eggplant Tomatoes Green beans Leaf greens Okra Peas Peppers Squash Sweetpotatoes Watermelons
In addition to ethylene sensitivity, some types of produce generate odors that are readily absorbed by other items. The odor of apples and onions in particular are easily transferred to other produce items. Consequently, care should be exercised when storing other products with either of these items.
Most conflicts in storing mixed produce are avoidable, but serious problems may develop if the unique requirements of each commodity are not kept in mind. Complete information on postharvest cooling and storage requirements may be obtained from Introduction to Proper Postharvest Cooling and Handling Methods.
Quantity and Movement of Produce. Although the primary function of any cooling facility is to remove field heat, an important secondary function is to provide cold storage space. Cooling capacity and storage capacity are separate characteristics, but together they determine the size of the facility. Cooling capacity and, to a lesser degree, storage capacity depend upon the size of the facility and the capacity of its refrigeration system. Therefore, it is important to determine the amount of produce you are likely to cool and store.
A refrigeration system can be thought of as a pump that moves heat from one place to another. Refrigeration capacity, a measure of the rate at which a system will transfer heat energy, is normally expressed in tons. A ton of refrigeration capacity is the ability to transfer the amount of heat required to melt 1 ton of ice in a 24-hour period (288,000 Btu). Said another way, a refrigeration system of 1-ton capacity is theoretically capable of freezing 1 ton of water in 24 hours. That is, it can transfer 288,000 Btu in 24 hours or 12,000 Btu per hour.
The correct size for a refrigeration unit is determined by three factors, the first of which is the weight of produce to be cooled. Since most produce is sold by volume (by crates, boxes, or bushels) you may have to determine its weight per unit of volume. Obviously, the more produce to be cooled, the larger the refrigeration unit must be.
The second factor is the minimum time required from start to finish of cooling. Ideally, cooling should take place fast enough to prevent serious degradation of the produce but no faster. Cooling produce faster than necessary is unduly expensive because the refrigeration system must be larger and the demand cost for electrical energy is greater. To cool a load of produce in 2 hours instead of 4 may require twice the refrigeration capacity, and the cost of electricity may be three times as high.
The third factor is the nature of the refrigerated space: its size, how well it is insulated, and how it is to be operated. Because as much as one-half of the refrigeration capacity in a typical facility is used to overcome heat gained through the floor, walls, ceiling, and doors, it is important to minimize these gains. Selecting a refrigeration unit of the proper size will be discussed in a later section.
Storage Capacity. The decision to cool and ship produce immediately or to store it for a time often depends not only on the type of produce and market conditions but also on the availability of space in the storage facility. The type of produce you grow will determine, in part, how much storage space you need. Obviously, highly perishable produce requires less storage space than less perishable items simply because it cannot be held for long periods without losing quality.
If the construction budget will allow, it is advisable to construct enough storage space for at least one day s maximum harvest of the most perishable commodities and even more for the less perishable items. It is much easier to build adequate storage space initially than to add space later. Cost per square foot decreases and energy efficiency increases with the size of the facility. Adequate storage space should not be overlooked, since one of the major benefits of a postharvest cooling facility is the marketing flexibility it allows by providing shortterm storage. On the other hand, excess (unused) storage space is a waste of energy and money.
To determine the amount of refrigerated space to build, use the following formula:
V = 2.5 X (C + S)
Where:V = volume of the refrigerated space in cubic feet C = maximum number of bushels to be cooled at any one time S = maximum number of bushels to be stored at any one time
After you have determined V, divide it by the ceiling height in feet to obtain cooling room floor area in square feet. Keep in mind that the ceiling height should be no more than 18 inches greater than the maximum stacking height of the produce you intend to cool. For produce packaged in bulk, volume must be converted to bushels before applying the above equation.
Produce Packages. The fresh produce industry uses a bewildering array of packaging containers, such as fiberboard cartons, bulk boxes, baskets, wirebound cartons, and trays (Figure 1). The types of package you select should always conform to the standard type used by the wholesale market. Produce marketed in nonstandard containers often does not sell easily.
Figure 1. Common produce packages.
Be sure to allow enough space in your floor plan for aisles and walkways. They must provide ready access to all the produce stored in the room. For small to medium cooling rooms, devoting 25 percent of the total floor space to aisles and walkways is not excessive. Since produce containers should never be allowed to touch interior or exterior walls, reserve at least an additional 6 inches of space for good air circulation.
There are also limits as to how high produce containers may be stacked. The maximum height varies with the commodity and type of package but should not exceed a safe level nor damage the produce. To allow for good air circulation, produce should never be stacked closer than 18 inches to the ceiling. Whether or not you anticipate the use of forced-air cooling, allow sufficient space for active cooling. That is, allow space to install forced-air fans or to spread the produce out for rapid cooling.
If the produce volume is sufficient to justify the use of a lift truck and hence palletized loads, their dimensions should be considered in the design of the facility. Doors and aisles should be no less than 1 1/2 times the width of the lift trucks. Ramps leading to floors above grade should be inclined at a slope of no more than 1 to 5. It is also convenient to include a raised dock for loading trucks and trailers.
Location and Layout. The location chosen for the cooling facility should reflect its primary function. If you plan to conduct retail sales of fresh produce from the facility, it should be located with easy access to public roads. A retail sales operation located away from the road, particularly behind dwellings or other buildings, discourages many customers. Adequate parking for customers and employees, if any, must be provided. If the cooling facility is used in connection with a pick-your-own operation, it is best to locate it near restrooms and retail sales areas.
If, however, the primary function of the cooling facility is to cool and assemble wholesale lots, ease of public access is less important. In this case, the best location may be adjacent to the

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Definitions for quechuaˈkɛtʃ wɑ, -wə
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
Quech•ua*ˈkɛtʃ wɑ, -wə(n.)(pl.)-uas; -ua
a group of closely related American Indian languages spoken in Andean South America, from S Colombia and Ecuador to NE Argentina.
the form of Quechua spoken in Cuzco and its environs that served as the administrative language of the Inca state.
an American Indian speaker of Quechua.
* for 2..
a member of a South American Indian people in Peru who were formerly the ruling class of the Inca empire
a community of South American Indians in Peru who were formerly the ruling class of the Incan Empire
Quechua, Quechuan, Quechuan language, Kechua, Kechuan(noun)
the language of the Quechua which was spoken by the Incas
A member of one of several South American ethnic groups that spans Peru, Bolivia, northwestern Argentina, northern Chile, and in Ecuador and southern Colombia.
The language spoken by these people.
Origin: from qichwa


Tolkien Gateway
Mat Heathertoes
Mat Heathertoes
Biographical Information
DeathT.A. 3019
Physical Description
"All good fellows, and they're missed"
Barliman Butterbur[1]
Mat Heathertoes (died Third Age 3019) was a Man of Bree.
[edit] History
With the War of the Ring raging in the South-east, many refugees came up the Greenway to Bree. Not all these refugees came with the same intentions: a group of ruffians was ousted from the town near the end of T.A. 3018. With the help of Bill Ferny and Harry Goatleaf, they returned soon after New Year, and a fight ensued. The number of casualties on the side of the ruffians was not recorded, but five of the Bree-folk, three Men and two Hobbits, were killed. Mat Heathertoes was one of them.[1]
[edit] Etymology
Mat was a name employed by Tolkien to translate the common (but untranslated) Hobbit name Matta.[2] The name Heathertoes was, like all surnames of the Men of Bree, a plant name,[3] though this seems to have escaped Tolkien when he wrote a list for translators. In it he said Heathertoes was a Hobbit name, and was given in joke to the unshod Hobbits. While walking, they would gather twigs and moss between their toes.[4] However, Mat was most certainly a Man: given that two of the five were Hobbits[1], and the last two named victims - Willie Banks and an Underhill were both positively identified as Hobbits as well.[3][4]
[edit] Portrayal in adaptations
Though the "set-to" with the ruffians is mentioned by Butterbur, he does not give the names of the casualties.[5]
 2. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix F, "II: On Translation"
 5. Brian Sibley, Michael Bakewell, The Lord of the Rings, "Homeward Bound"


Based just outside of Bordeaux, France, biotech Fermentalg is designing a groundbreaking street lamp that absorbs enormous amounts of CO2, over 150-200 times more than a tree -- using microalgae.
The microalgae street lamp is a tube-shaped tank filled with green algae. Each street lamp absorbs 1 ton of CO2 per year, more than 150-200 times more than a tree.
As 25% of carbon emissions come from car exhaust, placing these sci-fi looking street lamps on roads and parking lots could have an enormous impact on CO2 emissions.
Moreover, the lighting structure of the lamp operates on a battery that charges during the day by "microalgal photosynthesis". I understand that the microalgae will feast on CO2 and sunlight to grow and produce sugars - but I'm still unclear about how this energy is converted to charge a battery. Clarification anyone?
The algae street lamp was recently tested in a parking lot in Bordeaux.


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How economic, humanitarian, and religious concerns shape European attitudes toward asylum seekers
What types of asylum seekers are Europeans willing to accept? We conducted a conjoint experiment asking 18,000 eligible voters in 15 European countries to evaluate 180,000 profiles of asylum seekers that randomly varied on nine attributes. Asylum seekers who have higher employability, have more consistent asylum testimonies and severe vulnerabilities, and are Christian rather than Muslim received the greatest public support. These results suggest that public preferences over asylum seekers are shaped by sociotropic evaluations of their potential economic contributions, humanitarian concerns about the deservingness of their claims, and anti-Muslim bias. These preferences are similar across respondents of different ages, education levels, incomes, and political ideologies, as well as across the surveyed countries. This public consensus on what types of asylum seekers to accept has important implications for theory and policy.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Horticulture/Seed Banking
< Horticulture
Seed Banking refers to populations of seeds in the soil over long periods, primarily applied to weeds. Many weeds create seed banks, which allow them to germinate even if the previous year's plants did not have an opportunity to set seeds.
What can be doneEdit
 1. Prevent weeds from going to seed. Though this will not affect the seeds already in the soil, it will help prevent the problem from getting any worse, and eventually will run the seed bank down (as most seeds are not immortal, even though they might seem that way).
 2. Mulching in late winter or early spring will keep seeds from being exposed to light, which is the most common metabolic signal for germination.
 3. "Stale beds" can be created by repeated tilling or other methods of cultivation
 4. Pre-emergent herbicides can prevent the germination of many weed seeds.


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Children's Residential Care
Birmingham City Council has 20 Children's Homes that work with children and young people.In addition, there are six Children's Homes for children with disabilities and one home known that is a Community Home with Education (CH(E)).
A Children's Home is a large house where children and young people live together as a group, with professional staff to look after them.
Children's Homes aim to ensure that the needs of children are met when they cannot live with their own family. They are a place for children to develop and grow, as well as providing food, shelter, and space for play and leisure in a caring environment. Children's Homes look after children with many different needs.
When children and young people come to live in a Children's Home they will have a Care Plan. Their Care Plan says why a child is living in residential care, what is supposed to happen while they are living there and what is supposed to happen at the end of their stay. Most children return home, but a few go to live with other families and a few go to live in other homes. Older children who are not planning to return home are given help to prepare them for living on their own - this is called the Careleavers Service.
Education is important. Children go to their own school if they have a school place, or we help to get them back into school. The exception to this is the CH(E) and in the two specialist Children's Homes where education is available on site. Some young people may still attend resources in the community, for example school, college, etc.
It is very important that children and young people stay in touch with their family and friends. It is only when they might be hurt, or a Court Order says that contact is forbidden, that some children are unable to have visits from their family or are unable to visit them.
Children and young people are respected as individuals. By providing for their religious and cultural needs children are encouraged to keep their sense of personal identity and community.
Eligibility for the serviceChildren and young people have to live away from their own families for all sorts of reasons. These may include:
- their parents are unwell;
- they have problems with their family and need to spend some time away from home; eg: behaviour problems or educational difficulties;
- they may have a disability and need a break from living with their families;
- they are in the care of local authority, subject to a Court Order or an Interim Care Order.
Generally, when children and young people need to live away from their families, they will stay with foster carers. It is only when Foster Care is either not possible or not desirable accommodation or may not be what the young person would choose that children will live in a children's home.
In all cases, we make sure that all the alternatives are fully considered before recommending residential care.


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Hydroinformatics is the rapidly developing field in which information technology is applied to address water-related issues such as flood estimation and rainfall-runoff modeling. This book is a thorough overview of all the latest developments in this increasingly vital discipline.
Hydroinformatics is an emerging subject that is expected to gather speed, momentum and critical mass throughout the forthcoming decades of the 21st century. This book provides a broad account of numerous advances in that field - a rapidly developing discipline covering the application of information and communication technologies, modelling and computational intelligence in aquatic environments. A systematic survey, classified according to the methods used (neural networks, fuzzy logic and evolutionary optimization, in particular) is offered, together with illustrated practical applications for solving various water-related issues. These include, but are not limited to, flood estimation, rainfall-runoff modelling, rehabilitation of urban water networks, estimation of ocean temperature profiles, etc. Particular attention is also given to certain aspects of the most recent technological progress in hydroinformatics including the development of protocols for model integration and of computer architectures for modern modelling systems.Invited contributions were obtained from leading international experts - including academics, hydrological practitioners and industrial professionals - such that this edited volume constitutes an authoritative source of reference material and is essential reading for active workers in this field.


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What can reduce the itch?
Massage and moisturising
Massaging the healed area with non-perfumed moisturising cream can help to keep it soft and supple, and can also help prevent itching. The service that treated your child's burn will give specific advice on your child's scar massage regime.
"You need a humongous wad of cream because you don't do a little bit, you work it in loads and loads. You really work it! A palm full at least, and that would just be for one area."
When it is not possible to massage the area to alleviate itching, your child could try gently pressing, tapping or pinching their scar until the urge to scratch has passed.
Wearing pressure garments can help to reduce itching. They can reduce the itch but also prevent your child from damaging the delicate skin. Speak to the service that treated your child's burn if you have any questions about pressure therapy or your child's pressure garments.
"Pressure garments really helped, they really pushed down the itch."
Help your child to concentrate on something else. This can prevent them from noticing that their scar is itching.
They might find it helpful to clench their fists or squeeze a squidgy ball for 30 seconds. Your child might also find it helpful if you suggest things that they can do to alleviate the itch. For example, say, "tap your skin" or "squeeze your fists tight", instead of saying things like "don't scratch" or "stop scratching".
Other things that might distract children from the itch include: watching TV, playing with friends, singing songs, playing computer games or on iPads, painting or crafts. Their imagination might also help them to overcome the urge to scratch.
Talk to your child's burn service if they are really struggling with itch. There may be medication that they can take which can help to reduce the itch.
"He was scratching it so much is was drawing blood a little bit and so they said enough. They would never let that kid be in any discomfort, they just said 'right, let's find a treatment and sort it out'."
Relaxation is a skill, just like playing a musical instrument, a sport, or reading. It gets better the more it is practiced. Learning to relax will help your child to relax their muscles and mind so that they can escape the tense feelings and frustration caused by itching.
Relaxation can also help them to fall asleep at night and to get back to sleep if they wake up during the night. Your child might find listening to their favourite music or story relaxing.
Many children like a story to help them to relax because it is fun and takes their mind away from how their scar feels. It can be any story they like, they just need to imagine a place and all the sights, sounds, textures, and smells that are there.
Another way to help them to relax is using the relaxation recording below.
Click here to download the script for the exercise above. Read it slowly to your child whilst they lie on their bed or sit in a comfortable chair.


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Following in the footsteps of Lewis and Clark can be a fascinating day trip, or the theme of an entire vacation. Visiting the many historic markers, interpretive centers, and monuments along this long trail is a marvelous way to learn more about their journey through present-day Montana, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. As you stand at the same sites where they once stood, look out at landmarks recorded in their journals, and view artifacts from their actual trip, their amazing story comes alive in a remarkable way.
The Long Journey into Uncharted Lands
The journey of Lewis and Clark and the Corps of Discovery stands as one of the United States' great adventure tales, its fascinating history gripping our imagination as both children and adults. Many of us fantasize about what it must have been like to travel into uncharted territory, surviving on our wits, teamwork, and the help of people met along the way. The journey took Lewis and Clark through the present-day states of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, South Dakota, and North Dakota, which had already been traveled and charted by white explorers. They then moved into the uncharted lands of Montana, Idaho, and Washington, culminating with a passage along the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean.
Plan Your Own Lewis and Clark Adventure
You can choose from a long list of Lewis and Clark sites to visit on your own adventure. Along the way, you'll see amazing scenery, fabulous wildlife, and diverse landscapes. Some sites along the Lewis and Clark Trail are easy to get to, others require off-road or water transportation. These travel guides, broken down by region, will help you plan your itinerary for one or more Lewis and Clark-themed trips.


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Mewlana Jalaluddin Rumi (1207 - 1273 / Balkh / Afghanistan)
Biography of Mewlana Jalaluddin Rumi
Jalal al-Din Rumi was born on September 30, 1207 in Balkh (Afghanistan). His father Baha' Walad was descended from the first caliph Abu Bakr and was influenced by the ideas of Ahmad Ghazali, brother of the famous philosopher. Baha' Walad's sermons were published and still exist as Divine Sciences (Ma'arif).
He fled the Mongols with his son in 1219, and it was reported that at Nishapur young Rumi met 'Attar, who gave him a copy of his Book of Mysteries (Asrar-nama). After a pilgrimage to Mecca and other travels, the family went to Rum (Anatolia). Baha' Walad was given an important teaching position in the capital at Konya (Iconium) in 1228 by Seljuk king 'Ala' al-Din Kayqubad (r. _PHONE_) and his vizier Mu'in al-Din. Rumi married and had a son, who later wrote his biography. In 1231 Rumi succeeded his late father as a religious teacher. His father's friend Burhan al-Din arrived and for nine years taught Rumi Sufism. Rumi probably met the philosopher ibn al-Arabi at Damascus.
In 1244 Rumi's life changed dramatically when he met the dervish Shams al-Din of Tabriz. Rumi spent so much time with him that his disciples became jealous until Shams was murdered in 1247. To the music of flute and drums Rumi invented the circling movements of the whirling dervishes and began writing mystical love poetry. his disciples formed the dervish order called the Mevlevis.
After 1249 the Seljuk governors paid tribute to the Mongol empire. As vassal of the Mongol Baiju, Mu'in al-Din governed Rum for twenty years starting in 1256, and he patronized the mystical poet.
His disciple Husam al-Din Hasan urged Rumi to write mystical poetry and tales called Masnavi in the style of Sana'i and 'Attar. Rumi completed six books of these before he died on December 17, 1273. Many of his talks were written down in the book Fihi ma fihi, which means "In it what is in it" and is often referred to as his Discourses.
- A Moment Of Happiness
- A Stone I died
- All through eternity
- Any Lifetime
- Any Soul That Drank the Nectar
- At the Twilight
- Be Lost In The Call
- Be With Those Who Help Your Being
- Because I cannot sleep
- Book1 Prologue
- Bring Wine
- Come, Come, Whoever You Are
- Confused and Distraught
People who read Mewlana Jalaluddin Rumi also read
Rise, lovers, that we may go towards heaven; we have seen this world, so let us go to that world.
No, no, for thought these two gardens are beautiful and fair, let us pass beyond these two, and go to that Gardener.
Let us go prostrating to the sea like a torrent, then let us go foaming upon the face of the sea.
Let us journey from this street of mourning to the wedding feast, let us go from this saffron face to the face of the Judas tree blossom.
Trembling like a leaf and twig from fear


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Suppose you want to predict the price of some stock. Let's say you use the following features.
OpenPrice HighPrice LowPrice ClosePrice
Is it useful to create new features like the following ones?
BodySize = ClosePrice - OpenPrice
or the size of the tail
TailUp = HighPrice - Max(OpenPrice, ClosePrice)
Or we don't need to do that because we are adding noise and the neural network is going to calculate those values inside?
The case of the body size maybe is a bit different from the tail, because for the tail we need to use a non-linear function (the max operation). So maybe is it important to add the input when it is not a linear relationship between the other inputs not if it's linear?
Another example. Consider a box, with height $X$, width $Y$ and length $Z$.
And suppose the real important input is the volume, will the neural network discover that the correlation is $X * Y * Z$? Or we need to put the volume as input too?
Sorry if it's a dumb question but I'm trying to understand what is doing internally the neural network with the inputs, if it's finding (somehow) all the mathematically possible relations between all the inputs or we need to specify the relations between the inputs that we consider important (heuristically) for the problem to solve?


The Chinstrap Colony of Sando Point, Antarctica
Category: Nature
Photo and caption by Bojil Vassilev
Penguins making the most of the scarce land and raising their chicks in a dense grid of nests. The distance between nests is strictly determined by the maximum distance an adult penguin can expel his poo. Chinstrap penguins are able to generate considerable pressure to propel their faeces away from their nest. Polar scientists Meyer-Rochow and Jozsef Gal calculate the pressure at around 10 kPa, well above that known for humans and permitting the 60 cm tall penguins to defecate as far as 40 cm away from their nest. The reason for this behavior remains unknown.
Location: Sando Point, Livingston Island, Antarctica
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 1. Catch of the Day
 By Brenda Stevens
 2. Floating on Calm Water
 By Gian Luigi Fornari Lanzetti
 3. Green Rice Paddies of Ubud
 By Chris Fries


Somatic Movement, Costume and Performance Research
How does what we wear affect
how we move and perceive
and what we create and perform?
Read more
BETWIXT is an international interdisciplinary collaborative duo consisting of visual artist/costume designer Charlotte Østergaard (DK) and somatic dance/theatre artist Sally E. Dean (USA/UK). Together they aim to create a total work of art (Gesamtkunstwerk) where the costume and choreographic material co-create both the movement and the costume itself. How does the material of the costume move/shape the body and how does the body move/shape the costume
Read more
The Kolaborasi Project Research
"Kolaborasi" means "collaboration" in the Indonesian language. How do the principles and stylistic elements from more than one cultural and technical background meet? In this process, what questions emerge about performance training and making? How does our cultural background affect our perceptions of performance itself?
Read more


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Brian de Luna + James Vincent had been designed this proposal for the new art gallery in Maribor, Slovenia. It is based on a relationship where the new building creates a dialog between its local environment and the larger urban context of Maribor. The project sets to create a dynamic relationship between the old city of Maribor and the new Art Gallery by creating a constant state of fluidity through the site, becoming a vital cultural hub along the Drava River. The building is composed of four continuous loops that merge into one space. Each loop contains it own separate program-the Children's Museum, the Architecture Museum, the Creative Industrial Museum, and the Digital Arts Museum.
By allowing the museum program to be separated into four distinct programmatic and topological elements a space is created that is simultaneously public and private. With the new art gallery being located along the Drava River Front, it became critical to create a landmark that that would enhance and contribute to the regeneration of the city both locally and globally. While the new art gallery naturally erodes the sites initial spatial qualities the four components come together to frame and create unobstructed vistas towards the Drava River and the city's surrounding local landmarks.


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There are oftentimes some source systems in a business intelligence solution that are less than critical for your reporting. It is possible to configure the Jet Data Manager so that the entire execution does not stop because the software cannot reach any of these non-critical systems. Instead, the organization can choose to keep the newest data from the failing data source until fresh data can be retrieved. This ensures that the rest of the solution will continue to be updated if an Excel file used as a data source is moved, for example.
Follow the steps below to allow a data source to fail.
On the Data tab, right-click on the data source to be allowed to fail and select "Data Source Settings"
In the When transfer fails list, click on the option to use if the transfer should fail. The available options are:
- Fail stop execution : Stops execution and reports the execution as failed.
- Continue without data : Continues the execution, pretending that the source contains no data.
- Continue with existing data : Continues execution, retaining the existing data from the source.
If using Replicate Data Sources you need to configure this setting on the additional data source as well as the template data source.


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Food Quality Assurance Managers will oversee the quality and safety of a company's food products to ensure they meet standards set by both their company and regulatory authorities. They may be involved in developing and improving new policies and making sure they are adhered to.
A degree or HND in food science, food/chemical engineering, biochemistry, nutrition, microbiology or chemistry will normally be required. Entry without a degree may be possible with relevant experience.
- Excellent problem solving skills
- Confidence in your own abilities
- Good organisation and planning skills
- Good IT skills
- Excellent communication skills
- Able to present your ideas to others effectively
£22,000 to £30,000


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Bio::Ontology::DocumentRegistry - Keep track of where to find ontologies. Allows lookups by name.
my $registry = Bio::Ontology::DocumentRegistry->get_instance(); my($ont,$def,$fmt) = $registry->documents('Sequence Ontology'); my $io = Bio::OntologyIO->new(-url => $ont, -defs_url => $def, -format => $fmt); my $so = $io->next_ontology(); #...
Do not use this directly, use Bio::Ontology::OntologyStore instead. Bio::Ontology::OntologyStore uses Bio::Ontology::DocumentRegistry to load and cache ontologies as object graphs, you can just ask it for what you want by name. See Bio::Ontology::OntologyStore for details.
User feedback is an integral part of the evolution of this and other Bioperl modules. Send your comments and suggestions preferably to the Bioperl mailing list. Your participation is much appreciated.
_EMAIL_ - General discussion _URL_ - About the mailing lists
Please direct usage questions or support issues to the mailing list:
rather than to the module maintainer directly. Many experienced and reponsive experts will be able look at the problem and quickly address it. Please include a thorough description of the problem with code and data examples if at all possible.
Report bugs to the Bioperl bug tracking system to help us keep track of the bugs and their resolution. Bug reports can be submitted via the web:
The rest of the documentation details each of the object methods. Internal methods are usually preceded with a _
Title : get_instance Usage : my $singleton = Bio::Ontology::DocumentRegistry->get_instance(); Function: constructor Returns : The Bio::Ontology::DocumentRegistry singleton. Args : None Usage
Title : documents Usage : my($ontology_url, $definitions_url, $format) = $obj->documents('Sequence Ontology'); Function: Maps an ontology name to a list of (local or) remote URIs where the files can be located. Returns : A 3-item list: (1) URI for the ontology file (2) URI for the ontology definitions file (3) format of the files (dagedit, obo, etc) Args : Name of an ontology, e.g. 'Sequence Ontology', or 'Cellular Component (Gene Ontology)'


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The term paraskevidekatriaphobia was first coined in the early nineties by Dr. Donald E. Dossey, an American psychotherapist specialising in phobias and stress management, who reputedly claimed that when someone was able to pronounce the word they were cured. The term is based on the Greek words paraskevi ('Friday') and dekatria ('thirteen') with -phobia as a suffix to indicate 'fear'.
No-one is quite certain why people associate Friday the 13th with bad luck. Various theories have been put forward over the years, including Friday as the day of Christ's crucifixion and the ancient Egyptian belief that the 13th stage of life is death. Whatever the roots of this irrational fear, it seems to represent a very real concern to many people, so much so that a 1993 article in the British Medical Journal investigated the relation between 'health, behaviour and superstition surrounding Friday the 13th in the United Kingdom'.
The study reported the surprising finding that, despite the fact that fewer people chose to travel on Friday 13th, there were significantly more hospital admissions due to accidents than there were on 'normal' Fridays!


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Alternative conceptions of introductory geoscience students and a method to decrease them
College students often leave introductory geoscience courses with alternative conceptions, and these alternative conceptions are a barrier to their grasp of geological conceptions. This dissertation clarifies the problem and suggests pedagogical strategies for correcting it. It is an integration of research on students' conceptions of geoscience topics with the application of that knowledge to the development of materials to change these conceptions to be more scientifically accurate. This research identifies and documents alternative conceptions students have in several key geoscience topics and the consequences of these alternative conception in terms of preventing understanding. After documenting the alternative conceptions, I investigate their sources. In addition, I develop ways in which the alternative conceptions can be addressed in classrooms in terms of non-traditional teaching techniques, and I assess the success of these methods. ^ Chapter 1 addresses alternative conceptions in general introductory geoscience topics. I use known student alternative conceptions to develop a series of interactive materials to help reduce students' alternative conceptions. After their development, I assess the efficacy of these materials, and my research indicates that they are successful in helping students better learn the geoscience concepts. ^ Chapter 2 deals with a particularly difficult topic for students—that of phylogenetic systematics. Students have an intuitive way of categorizing organisms, and this categorization is different from the system used by experts within the field. My investigation indicates the conceptual change required of students to fully understand the topic leads to great difficulties with learning. Drawing upon results of the research in Chapter 1, I developed and assessed interactive materials to help students better understand phylogenetic systematics. ^ Using the insight gained from Chapters 1 and 2, Chapters 3 and 4 further examine students' conceptions in an area critical to understanding geology: rocks and their formation. My research indicates that students view rocks as objects independent from the processes that form and change them. In addition, I document students' alternative conceptions of rocks. Using these alternative conceptions, I look more deeply into the underlying factors that cause the difficulties students have with learning rocks, their formation, and their importance to the geosciences. ^
Karen Melissa Kortz,
"Alternative conceptions of introductory geoscience students and a method to decrease them"
Dissertations and Master's Theses (Campus Access).


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NGSS.1-PS. PHYSICAL SCIENCE.
The resources above correspond to the standards listed below:
Next Generation Science Standards
NGSS.1-PS. PHYSICAL SCIENCE
1-PS4. Waves and their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer - Students who demonstrate understanding can:
1-PS4-2. Make observations to construct an evidence-based account that objects can be seen only when illuminated.
1-PS4.DCI. Disciplinary Core Ideas
PS4.B: Electromagnetic Radiation
PS4.B:1. Objects can be seen only when light is available to illuminate them. Some objects give off their own light. (1-PS4-2)
NewPath Learning resources are fully aligned to US Education Standards. Select a standard below to view correlations to your selected resource:


How do wireless speakers work for Home Theater?
 - 2 min read
The Home Theater Problem: Why so many wires?
 Home theatres
For decades, home theater speakers meant two wires per speaker carefully installed and threaded around your living room to pump power over copper wires to get you full immersive sound from 5.1 tracks on your DVD's. It required an audio visual receiver (AVR) that no one remembers how to set up and has a remote with too many buttons.
Why did it need so many wires?
Speakers need power to make sound.
Speakers need power?
The short answer is: yes because of physics. Your wired home theater system relies on an AVR to first take your DVD's Digital signal and convert an Analog signal (Digital to Analog Converter: DAC) to amplify that signal's "vibrations" to each of your speakers.
What you hear from a speaker is air being vibrated from a cone/diaphragm that's being pushed and pulled by magnets. And those magnets are powered by electricity that's flowing through those positive/negative speaker wires across your living room. The bigger the speaker, the bigger the magnets. The bigger the magnets the more power that needs to be amplified to get a louder sound.
What about wireless speakers?
Basically, wireless speakers have both a built-in DAC (to receive a digital signal such as bluetooth, WiSA, WIFI) and a built-in amplifier to power the speaker drivers inside the speaker. This is known as an "Active Speaker" where everything is built-in and just needs power vs a "Passive Speaker" which needs an external AVR or Stereo Amplifier to function.
Wireless speakers digital signals
How does Enclave make wireless home theater work?
Our CineHub transmitter uses a single cable to your TV to take audio from your Netflix, Hulu, Spotify apps or cable box and sends out that audio signal to each of our speakers in perfect synchronization and no compression/signal loss. This means no more speaker wires, simply connect each of our CineHome's speakers with power and our CineHub will take care of the rest.
Resource: How stuff works


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Answer: You don't become like the teacher, you specifically develop in your own way and form. Externally, as a result of a shared connection, forms of speech and grammar or something similar like the teacher's may appear in you, but this has no connection to spirituality. Everyone is unique in spirituality.
Question: Do you suppose that not being like your teacher is the right message?
Answer: It makes no difference. Even if a student thinks one way or another, the curve always leads a person to the "straight line." Sooner or later the students will understand and everything will work out. I don't give guidance about this. A student must gradually understand everything for himself.
From the Kabbalah Lesson in Russian 8/7/16


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Optional Arguments in VBScriptBy Francis Chau
A frequently asked question about VBScript is "How can I make an argument of a Function or Sub optional?" and matter of factly, it's been answered on ASPFAQs.com at _URL_ The answer to this question? VBScript does not support optional arguments, however, JScript does and the FAQ shows an example of this in JScript.
To circumvent this VBScript limitation, I will show you a technique that can be used to simulate optional arguments in VBScript that I call the Array-based approach. I'll also demonstrate the more widely accepted NULL-checking approach.
Using the Array-Based Approach
To see how to use the array-based approach for creating subroutines with optional arguments, let's start by an example subroutine:
Notice in the subroutine declaration, we've only defined one argument,
rArgs will be an array of values we would like to pass into our
The next few lines declare our local variables and initializes them to default values (empty
strings, in this case).
Next, we use the
UBound() function to determine the number of arguments passed.
Then assign the array elements to the local variables:
Since the array is zero-based, our first
Case branch assigns the first element to
v1 variable. As we need to add more arguments to our function, we can easily
We conclude our subroutine by printing out the values of our local variables.
To call this subroutine we need to create an array of the size based on the number of arguments we wish to pass into the function, and then populate this array with the values we wish to pass to the function. Finally, we pass along the created array as the single argument to the function:
Notice that you can also use the
Array constructor syntax like so:
Now that we have a way to pass only the arguments we choose using the array-based method, let's take a look at another approach at optional arguments: the NULL-checking approach, which we'll examine in Part 2.


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Pediatric Emergency Health Care Providers' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Experiences Regarding Emergency Contraception
Abstract:ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:605–612 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Abstract Objectives:
The objective was to describe knowledge, attitudes, and experiences regarding emergency contraception (EC) among pediatric emergency health care providers (HCPs). Methods:
This multicenter, focus group study elicited thoughts and experiences from pediatric emergency HCPs about EC. Participants were physicians, nurse practitioners (NPs), and nurses in one of three urban, geographically distinct, pediatric emergency departments (EDs). A professional moderator used a semistructured format for sessions, which were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed for recurrent themes. Participants provided demographic information and completed a written survey evaluating EC knowledge. Results:
Eighty-five HCPs (41 physicians, eight NPs, and 36 nurses) participated in 12 focus groups. Overall knowledge about EC was poor. Participants identified barriers including cost, privacy, knowledge, and provider refusal. Provision of EC for adolescents was supported by the majority of physicians and NPs; however, many nurses were not supportive, especially following consensual intercourse. The authors identified use of social judgment by nurses as a novel barrier to EC provision. The majority of HCPs did not support screening for potential EC need. The majority of physicians and NPs felt obligated to provide adolescents with all contraceptive options, while more nurses supported provider refusal to provide EC. Conclusions:
This study identified important HCP perceptions and barriers about EC provision in the pediatric ED. These findings may inform future efforts to improve EC provision for adolescents. Specifically, future studies to evaluate the differences in attitudes between nurses, physicians, and NPs, and the use of social judgment in EC provision, are warranted.
Document Type: Research Article
Publication date: June 1, 2011


fixation - definition and synonyms
noun [countable/uncountable]
Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio
 1. 1
 a very strong interest in something that prevents you from paying attention to anything else
 Doug has a fixation with sports cars.
 fixation about:
 She seems to have a fixation about someone called Tony.
 2. 2
 in psychology, a mental condition in which someone's feelings about sex have not developed normally because they loved someone or something a lot as a child


5 Key Features of an Effective Document Management System
Read about the 5 key features of what makes an effective document management system for airlines in Vistair's article
Airlines need to be able to run efficiently and safely - and the best way to do this is to ensure you have the best systems and processes in place that can help effectively utilise your employees' time. However, if one cog is "out of place", the whole system can grind to a halt, affecting this utilisation.One such area that can be overlooked as affecting utilisation is document management.
The right document management system can mean all the difference between a smooth running operation, where all employees can have access to the right information at the right time, or a halted operation where employees are left waiting for that information because their document management system couldn't deliver. In aviation the delivery of a new platform can have far reaching document management affects as we have seen with the recent A350 fleet deliveries.
While there are many different kinds of solutions, systems and services out there, it's important that the one you choose should not only help your employees effectively manage all important documentation and data, but to also help save your organisation time and increase efficiency overall (and money).
In this article, we list five of the most important features that an effective document management system should have.
1. A Centralised Repository
The ability for your employees to be able to view all of their flight and operation manuals, both digitally and in one central location, is incredibly useful, particularly when instant access to mission-critical data is paramount. With DocuNet, for example, the latest versions of all manuals are digitally stored in one place and in the same format, allowing access to revised content with ease.
Comprehensive document distribution and tracking features also provide a controlled environment that ensures all manuals are up-to-date before take off.
2. Super-Fast Updates
The nature of manual content is always in flux, so it's essential that updates can be completed quickly and as easily as possible. With DocuNet, you get super-fast delta updates, meaning that only the elements that have been changed are downloaded, instead of the entirety of the manual.
For your pilots, this means less time waiting to download important revisions. For your organisation, it means huge savings in data costs, making information easier to be updated, even when in remote locations.
3. Instant Access
Much of your employees' time can be wasted on mundane manual tasks such as sifting through thousands of pages on their viewer looking for the correct information. With DocuNet's powerful built-in search function, this can help employees access the necessary information - almost instantly.
Searches can be performed in current manuals, a group of manuals or even the entire library of manuals. This could take several minutes on other platforms, but with DocuNet can be done in seconds. Additionally, hyperlinks can provide easy access to the right information where required.
FREE INSIGHT: Aviation Document Management System Selection Guide >
DocuNet also offers the ability to seamlessly jump between sections in the same manual, a different manual or even go to external websites without delay. Your employees can go from OMA to their FCOM to their QRH and back again instantly by opening multiple manuals in multiple tabs.
4. Multimedia Content
You never know what your employees might need when they're 25,000 feet in the air. That's why DocuNet's offline viewer accommodates extensive multimedia content such as animations, audio and video (such as a new airfield briefing), and they can do this from within the OMC easily.
5. Customisation
DocuNet includes "revision-resilient annotations" - which means your employees can benefit from annotating all published content instantly, which will survive any frequent document updates. This allows for large, persistent annotation libraries that act as personal memory aids. Being cloud-based, any personal annotations will also sync across other devices, saving precious time from having your employees do this manually. This level of customisation will also mean your employees can have manuals which are their own personal copy.
Document management is a key and often under valued component in an airline organisation. With the right system, it can truly benefit the utilisation rates of your employees and vastly improve your organisation's efficiency in the long-term. So to recap, five effective features of a document management system are:
 1. Being able to access documents from within a centralised repository
 2. Providing quick and efficient updates at any time
 3. Giving instant access to the right information, from any location
 4. Providing multimedia content access in a range of formats
 5. The ability for customisation such as personal annotations to be done easily, without fear of deletion through frequent manual updates
Keeping your mission-critical manuals and documents up-to-date is a vital aspect of an airline's operations - therefore, using a good document management system is an absolute must. However, finding the most reliable, optimal and compliant system can be a dilemma. Download our free insight to learn how to choose the best document management system for your airline and the key points you should consider.
Aviation document management system selection guide


Tips on Searching Models
 1. Case doesn't matter in your field entries.
 2. Yo'll notice that each search criterion is in a horizontal bar. To get to a particular search option (e.g. "Name"), simply click on that title or bar and it will open up to give you an entry box.
 3. If there is a checkbox shown along with your search option (i.e. for categories with drop-down lists), always check it, as well as selecting from the drop-down listif it's not checked the site won't search by that option, regardless of whether you've picked an item from the list.
 4. Under the ID section, you can only enter one type of ID for search. If you enter more than one, it will use only the one closer to the bottom for the search.
 5. If you search by a range of IDsmake sure the first ID number is less than the second, otherwise the search will fail. Also, If searching for multiple UMIDs, if you make the first number an 'LR' number and the second an 'SF', you will get a LARGE range of results!
 6. Under the General Model Information section though, you can choose one or multiple categories to search by (e.g. Vehicle type=car, AND Vehicle Make=Ford). This section always uses "AND" logicit will match only those models that meet all of the criteria entered.
 7. Note that all "generic" modelsthose made up by Matchbox/Mattel are entered with a Vehicle Make of "Matchbox" and Country of "US".
 8. Unreal models (i.e. half of the 2004 lineup or Batmobile) are listed with Vehicle Type of "Fantasy".
 9. The "Text on the Model" section will look for any models that have the entered text on their Body (i.e. as part of their design). It doesn't include text on the base of the model.
 10. If you select "Text on the Model" and don"t get a match, try entering less text, or more prominent text. Don't use punctuation.
 11. If you make selections in both the ID and General Model Info sections, it will search based on the General Model Info only. Similarly if you select "Text on the Model", it will search only by that text.
 12. Once you've entered criteria, click on the "Search" button to execute the search.
 13. Clicking on the Clear button will clear out whatever has been entered/selected on the page, giving you a clean slate.
 14. Once you've run a search and are on the models page, you can return to the search page in 2 ways:
 1. Click on the "Return to Model Search" menu option; this gives you a blank search page for your next search
 2. Click on the browser back button. This will leave whatever you last search info was on the search page, which may give you unexpected results if you don't notice it. If you do use the back arrow, best to hit Clear before entering your next search, unless you want to return to the same search criteria (i.e. if you searched on vehicle type and want to search again on vehicle type, hitting back arrow will leave that box checked and you can choose your next type from the dropdown).
 15. If you are not getting the results you expect, please send me a comment and I will check the database- I could easily have made a typo!
Note Regarding Regular Wheels Variations & Releases
 1. Unlike the later Superfast models, Regular wheels models and variations were not carefully tracked by Lesney by year of production and release. As a result, the organization I 'impose' on Regular wheel variations and releases is somewhat artificial. It is based it on information gleaned from a viariety of sources, but...DO NOT TAKE IT AS GOSPEL!
 2. For example, Lesney tended to use whatever boxes they had available for a model/variation. So although it seems logical that a 'B' box would come in a year before a 'C' or 'D' box (and I've organized the releases that way here), in truth any box possibly could show up any year of a model's run. Similarly, variations tended to intermix rather than succeed one another, though I've laid them out as though when var 'b' comes out it replaces var 'a'.
 3. So, please bear in mind that the years listed for Regular wheels variations and releases are based on best estimate, and there will be plenty of exceptions.


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Parts of Puget Sound could rise 2 feet
Scientists offer projections on higher sea level
January 17, 2008
A study released Thursday by scientists with the University of Washington and state Department of Ecology could help answer that question.
In the worst case — which assumes high levels of greenhouse gas emissions and faster melting of ice sheets — Puget Sound is inundated with nearly 2 feet of water by midcentury, more than 4 feet by 2100.
Experts indeed tell us that greenhouse gases are rising faster than expected and ice sheets are also melting faster than expected (at -50C.)
Sea level in the region has been completely steady since 1975, Tamino's period of modern global warming. Once again, scientists are trying to pretend that they know something scary, when in fact there is not one shred of evidence to support their claims.


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The St. Lawrence River is one of the longest rivers in North America. And, is the outflow for the entire Great Lakes system. The Great Lakes hold nearly 20% of the world's fresh water.
The River flows 744 miles from Lake Ontario into the world's largest estuary, the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Only 114 miles of the River are located in New York State.
The River is 250 feet at its deepest point.
Flowing through both Canadian and US lands, the St. Lawrence River is a bi-national waterway, providing drinking water to local municipalities on both sides of the River and a vital tourism-based economy to local towns.
The St. Lawrence River has a discharge rate of 347, 849 cubic feet of water per second.
The Upper St. Lawrence is home to the Thousand Islands region. There are exactly 1,864. To be counted as an island, the piece of land must be surrounded by water, above water all year long, and support at least one tree.
For more information about the St. Lawrence River and Thousand Islands, visit:
- Seaway Trail - The Seaway Trail is a National Scenic By-Way that leads tourists along the many historic and natural features of the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario in New York state.
- Thousand Islands Photo Art - View the Thousand Islands with a birds-eye view through the photography of Ian Coristine.
- Thousand Islands Life - An on-line magazine devoted to the history and culture of the Thousand Islands region.
Executive Director discusses GLEAM Project on WPBS Public Eye
The GLEAM research team built new tools to integrate spatial information for environmental management decisions on the Great Lakes. The goal was to build maps to visualize and understand environmental impacts on the lakes and benefits humans enjoy from the lakes; many, if not most of which make their way to the St. Lawrence River. read more
See our blog for more news!


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As a savvy investor, I'm always looking for the best opportunities to make money. One of the markets I'm keeping a close eye on is the foreign exchange market, or forex. In particular, I'm interested in the euro and how it will fare in the coming years.
The euro has had a strong start to 2021, with the currency gaining ground against the US dollar and other major currencies. This is largely due to the European Central Bank's (ECB) decision to keep interest rates low and its commitment to quantitative easing. This has helped to boost investor confidence in the euro, and the currency has been able to maintain its strength despite the ongoing pandemic.
Looking ahead to 2023, I'm optimistic about the euro's prospects. The ECB is likely to continue its accommodative monetary policy, which should help to support the currency. Additionally, the European Union is expected to continue its economic recovery, which should also be beneficial for the euro.
Of course, there are risks to the euro's performance in 2023. The most significant risk is the potential for a resurgence of the pandemic, which could lead to a renewed economic downturn. Additionally, the euro could be affected by geopolitical tensions, such as the ongoing Brexit negotiations.
Overall, I'm cautiously optimistic about the euro's prospects in 2023. The currency has had a strong start to 2021, and I expect this trend to continue. However, there are risks to the euro's performance, and investors should be aware of these risks before investing in the currency.
When trading forex, it is important to focus on long-term trends rather than short-term fluctuations. By understanding the long-term trends of the Euro, you can better position yourself to take advantage of potential opportunities.
Technical analysis can be a powerful tool when trading forex. By utilizing technical analysis, you can identify potential entry and exit points, as well as identify potential support and resistance levels.
Risk management is an essential part of trading forex. It is important to understand the risks associated with trading and to manage them appropriately. This includes setting stop-losses, taking profits, and using leverage appropriately.
Staying up-to-date on economic news is essential when trading forex. By understanding the economic news and events that could affect the Euro, you can better position yourself to take advantage of potential opportunities.
Diversifying your portfolio is an important part of trading forex. By diversifying your portfolio, you can reduce your risk and increase your potential for profits. This includes investing in different currencies, commodities, and other asset classes.
Research the current economic situation in Europe, including the current state of the Euro, the economic outlook for the Eurozone, and the current political climate.
Analyze the Euro's performance over the past few years, including its highs and lows, and any major events that have impacted its value.
Consider the impact of global events, such as Brexit, the US-China trade war, and the US-Iran conflict, on the Euro's performance.
Analyze the Eurozone's economic outlook for the next few years, including its GDP growth rate, inflation rate, and unemployment rate.
Consider the impact of political events, such as upcoming elections, on the Euro's performance.
Analyze the impact of other currencies, such as the US dollar, on the Euro's performance.
Make predictions for the Euro's performance in 2023, based on the research and analysis conducted in the previous steps.
The Euro is the official currency of the European Union and is used by 19 of the 28 member states. It is the second-most traded currency in the world after the US Dollar.
The outlook for the Euro in 2023 is uncertain. Factors such as the economic performance of the Eurozone, the strength of the US Dollar, and the impact of Brexit will all play a role in determining the Euro's performance.
The performance of the Euro in 2023 will be affected by a number of factors, including the economic performance of the Eurozone, the strength of the US Dollar, and the impact of Brexit. Other factors such as geopolitical tensions and global economic trends may also have an impact.
The best way to stay up to date on the Euro's performance is to follow news and analysis from reliable sources. You can also use currency trading platforms to track the Euro's performance in real-time.
The best way to trade the Euro is to use a reliable currency trading platform. It is important to do your research and understand the risks associated with trading the Euro before you start trading.
John Smith: Hey James Anderson, what do you think the Euro will look like in 2023?
James Anderson: I think the Euro will remain strong in the next few years. The European Central Bank has been taking steps to ensure the currency remains stable, and I think that will continue.
John Smith: That's good to hear. What do you think the biggest factors will be that will affect the Euro in 2023?
James Anderson: I think the biggest factors will be the economic policies of the European Union, as well as the global economy. If the global economy is doing well, then the Euro should remain strong.
John Smith: That makes sense. Do you have any recommendations for traders looking to invest in the Euro in 2023?
James Anderson: Yes, I would recommend that traders do their research and stay up to date on the latest news and developments in the European Union. It's also important to keep an eye on the global economy and how it may affect the Euro. Finally, I would recommend diversifying investments to spread out risk.
Our recommendation is that traders should do their research and stay up to date on the latest news and developments in the European Union, keep an eye on the global economy, and diversify investments to spread out risk when investing in the Euro in 2023.
Sign up to our newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and analysis on the Euro's outlook for 2023. Follow us on our Youtube channel for exclusive interviews and analysis from our team of experts. Join our Telegram channel to get the latest updates and insights on the Euro's performance in 2023.


Will Persistent Rains Impact Corn Pollination?
According to the National Agricultural Statistics Service (_URL_ for the week ending 7-19-15, 43% of the state's corn was silking compared to 53% for the 5-year average. The pollination period, the flowering stage in corn, is the most critical period in the development of a corn plant from the standpoint of grain yield determination. Stress conditions (such as hail damage and drought) have the greatest impact on yield potential during the reproductive stage.
This year's excessive rainfall has resulted in highly variable conditions within corn fields with regard to saturated soils and ponding, which may impact uniformity of pollination. The NASS Ohio report indicated that 65% of the fields surveyed were characterized by surplus topsoil moisture. In a recent Purdue newsletter article, Dr. Bob Nielsen observed that the development of ear shoots removed from stunted, waterlogged plants was distinctly delayed relative to those from healthier plants. He noted that the latter were in the early stages of silk emergence (R1), while those of the nearby stunted plants were only in the initial stages of silk elongation within the husk leaves, and surmised that silk emergence of stunted plants would likely be at least a week delayed.https://www.agry.purdue.edu/ext/corn/news/articles_15/TwoEars_0715.html. In Ohio, uneven pollination may be more pronounced in corn planted in late May, which is generally exhibiting more waterlogging damage.
One of the concerns some growers have is that persistent rains will wash pollen off the silks before fertilization occurs. However, pollen shed is not a continuous process. It stops when the tassel is too wet or too dry and begins again when temperature conditions are favorable. Pollen stands little chance of being washed off the silks during a rainstorm as little to none is shed when the tassel is wet. Also, silks are covered with fine, sticky hairs, which serve to catch and anchor pollen grains.
Crop Observation and Recommendation Network


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The purpose of this society shall be to promote musical education with particular reference to the horn. In pursuit of its aims and purposes, the Society and its members:
- Hold and encourage workshops, lectures, and seminars open to the public.
- Publish a Journal consisting of materials appropriate to the horn, as well as periodic newsletters and membership lists.
- Encourage the awarding of grants and scholarships to competition winners.
- Encourage composers and arrangers to write music featuring the horn.
- Foster competitions for and the commissioning of new repertoire featuring the Horn.
- Establish and foster an Archives/Research Facility pertaining to the IHS.
- Establish close working relationships with music teachers.
- Present honors and recognition for distinctive service relating to the horn.
International Horn Society
PO Box 5486
Toledo, OH 43613
The International Horn Society recommends that HORN be recognized as the correct name for our instrument in the English language. [From the Minutes of the First General Meeting, June 15, 1971, Tallahassee, Florida USA]


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Enterprise information systems implemented in the organizations are critical assets to provide competitive advantage in changing sectoral conditions and continuity of business processes and management of enterprise resources. In this regard, information security approaches and assessment techniques are used to examine the maturity level of enterprise and determine the risks and potential solutions for enterprise information systems. This study aims to measure information systems in terms of information security and risks. On the other hand, it is also aimed to describe the potential effects of assessment techniques and tools for state organizations to manage their critical assets. In order to achieve these aims, information systems of one of the large scale health sector organizations in Turkey were assessed via an international assessment tool that is adapted to Turkish conditions in some parts like legal regulations. The results obtained through assessment tool provide the current maturity level of the organization and remark the points that should be improved for the security of information systems and the critical components such as risks, processes, people, IT reliance and technology.
Eroğlu, Ş. ve Çakmak, T. (2016). Enterprise information systems within the context of information security: a risk assessment for a health organization in Turkey. Procedia Computer Science, 100, 979-986. DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2016.09.262


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|Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute||Home|
Because students are naturally inclined to read and write about topics that concern themselves and their experiences in the world, autobiography is an appealing genre to students. In reading autobiographical novels and essays, students can find realistic role models. In writing autobiographical essays, students can find a rhetorical method for self-reflection. In this sense, a unit on autobiography can prove to be a valuable teaching tool for students of all ages and ability levels. Esmeralda Santiago's novel When I Was Puerto Rican is an autobiography that traces Santiago's memoirs through her childhood in Puerto Rico and her transition from Puerto Rico to New York City. Her second memoir, Almost a Woman continues the spirited documentation of her adjustments and experiences as she grows up in New York City and attends the High School for Performing Arts. Santiago presents her work as an exploration of her search for identity and as a model for young people in their own search.
This curriculum unit is designed for an Advanced Placement (AP) English course for high school juniors, however it is easily adaptable to other secondary levels. The AP course is structured as an analysis of writing and rhetoric with an intense focus on preparation for the national Advanced Placement exam in language and composition, which students take in May. The main objectives of the unit are as follows. (1) Students will be able to identify and analyze and author's use of point of view. (2) Students will be able to identify and analyze the author's use of literary devices. (3) Students will be able to respond to the novel in terms of narrative style and technique as well as in relation to the novel's plot and themes.
(Recommended for English and AP English, grades 9-12.)


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5 Benefits of Life Care Planning in Old-Age
As we age, our health and care needs can become more complex and require more attention. It can be challenging for seniors and their families to navigate the healthcare system and identify the appropriate care and support. That's where senior helpers and life care planning come in. Senior helpers are professionals who provide assistance and care to seniors in their homes. Life care planning is a comprehensive approach that addresses the medical, social, emotional, and financial aspects of care for seniors. In this blog, we will discuss five benefits of life care planning in old age and how senior helpers can assist in achieving these benefits.
As we age, the likelihood of needing long-term care increases. Life care planning is a comprehensive approach to managing the challenges that come with aging, including healthcare, financial, and legal issues. This proactive approach can provide many benefits to seniors and their families. In this blog, we will explore 5 benefits of life care planning in old-age.
Peace of Mind
One of the most significant benefits of life care planning is the peace of mind it provides. Knowing that you have a plan in place for your future healthcare needs, finances, and legal matters can alleviate anxiety and uncertainty. It also gives your loved ones the confidence that they are acting in accordance with your wishes.
Life care planning is a holistic approach that considers all aspects of aging. It takes into account not only medical care but also social, emotional, and financial needs. This approach can help seniors maintain their independence and dignity while receiving the care they need.
Life care planning can also provide cost savings. By planning ahead for long-term care, seniors can make informed decisions about their healthcare options and avoid costly mistakes. They can also explore different funding options, such as long-term care insurance or government programs, to help cover the cost of care.
Life care planning involves working closely with family members to develop a comprehensive plan that meets everyone's needs. This can help alleviate the burden on family members who may otherwise have to make difficult decisions on their own. It also promotes family harmony by reducing the potential for conflicts that can arise when dealing with healthcare, financial, and legal matters.
Life care planning is a flexible approach that can adapt to changing needs over time. As health conditions change, the plan can be modified to reflect new care needs. It can also adapt to changing financial circumstances, such as a sudden loss of income or unexpected expenses.
In conclusion, life care planning is a proactive approach to managing the challenges of aging. It provides peace of mind, takes a holistic approach, offers cost savings, promotes family support, and is flexible to adapt to changing needs. It is never too early to start thinking about your future care needs and working with a life care planner to develop a comprehensive plan that meets your unique needs and preferences. By doing so, you can ensure that you receive the care you need while maintaining your independence and dignity.


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Trial Search Results
CTLA4-Ig (Abatacept)for Prevention of Abnormal Glucose Tolerance and Diabetes in Relatives At -Risk for Type 1
The study is a 2-arm, multicenter, 1:1 randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial.
All subjects will receive close monitoring for development of AGT or T1DM. Subjects will receive Abatacept or placebo and close monitoring for development of AGT or T1DM. To assess the safety, efficacy, and mode of action of Abatacept to prevent AGT and T1DM.
The primary objective is to determine whether intervention with Abatacept will prevent or delay the development of AGT in at-risk autoantibody positive non-diabetic relatives of patients with T1DM.
Secondary outcomes include: the effect of Abatacept on the incidence of T1DM; analyses of C-peptide and other measures from the OGTT; safety and tolerability; and mechanistic outcomes.
Stanford is currently accepting patients for this trial.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Collaborator: Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
- Drug: CTLA4-Ig (Abatacept)
- Drug: Placebo
- Participant in TrialNet Natural History/Pathway to Prevention Study and thus, a
relative of a proband with T1DM.
- Between the ages of 1-45 years at the time of enrollment in TN01 and age ≥ 6 at time
of randomization in this trial.
- Willing to provide Informed Consent or have a parent or legal guardian provide
informed consent if the subject is <18 years of age.
- Normal glucose tolerance by OGTT confirmed within 7 weeks (no more than 52 days) of
baseline (visit 0). If previous abnormal glucose tolerance, has had two consecutive
OGTTs with normal glucose tolerance.
1. Fasting plasma glucose < 110 mg/dL (6.1 mmol/L), and
2. 2 hour plasma glucose <140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L), and
3. 30, 60, or 90 minute value on OGTT< 200mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
- At least two diabetes-related autoantibodies confirmed to be present on two occasions,
not including mIAA. Confirmation of 2 positive autoantibodies must occur within the
six months prior to randomization, but the confirmation does not have to involve the
same 2 autoantibodies.
- Weight ≥ 20 kg at Baseline Visit.
- If a female participant with reproductive potential, willing to avoid pregnancy and
undergo pregnancy testing prior to each infusion.
- At least three months from date of last live immunization.
- Willing to forgo live vaccines while receiving treatment on study and for three months
following last study drug administration.
- Abnormal Glucose Tolerance or Diabetes
1. Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 110 mg/dL (6.1 mmol/L), or
2. 2 hour plasma glucose ≥ 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L), or
3. 30, 60, 90 minute plasma glucose during OGTT ≥ 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
- Insulin autoantibodies (mIAA).
- Are immunodeficient or have clinically significant chronic lymphopenia.
- Have an active infection at time of randomization.
- Have a positive PPD test result or history of previously treated TB, or positive
interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) test.
- Be currently pregnant or lactating, or anticipate getting pregnant within 3 months of
the last study drug administration.
- Use of medications known to influence glucose tolerance.
- Require use of other immunosuppressive agents.
- Have serologic evidence of current or past HIV, Hepatitis B (positive for Hepatitis B
core antibody or surface antigen), or Hepatitis C infection.
- Have serological evidence of current CMV infection.
- Have evidence of active EBV infection.
- Have any complicating medical issues or abnormal clinical laboratory results that
interfere with study conduct or cause increased risk. These include pre-existing
cardiac disease, COPD, neurological, or blood count abnormalities (such as
lymphopenia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia).
Ages Eligible for Study
6 Years - 45 Years
Genders Eligible for Study


1st Edition
The Psychology of Art
ISBN 9780367609931
Published October 9, 2020 by Routledge
150 Pages 28 Color Illustrations
USD $14.95
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Book Description
Why do we enjoy art? What inspires us to create artistic works? How can brain science help us understand our taste in art?
The Psychology of Art provides an eclectic introduction to the myriad ways in which psychology can help us understand and appreciate creative activities. Exploring how we perceive everything from colour to motion, the book examines art-making as a form of human behaviour that stretches back throughout history as a constant source of inspiration, conflict and conversation. It also considers how factors such as fakery, reproduction technology and sexism influence our judgements about art.
By asking what psychological science has to do with artistic appreciation, The Psychology of Art introduces the reader to new ways of thinking about how we create and consume art.
Table of Contents
1. Art and psychology
2. The neuroscience of art
3. Why do we engage in art?
4. Depicting space, contour and form in art
5. Depicting colour and motion in art
6. What makes great art?
7. Creativity in art and science
Further reading
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George Mather is Professor of Psychology at the University of Lincoln, UK. His main research interests are in the perception of movement, art and visual illusions.


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According to the model, the prevailing wind at Aramoana Spit blows from the ENE. If the rose graph shows a fairly circular pattern, it means there is no strong bias in wind direction at Aramoana Spit. Converseley, dominant spokes represent favoured directions, and the more deep blue, the stronger the wind. Spokes point in the direction the wind blows from. During a typical October, the model suggests that winds are light enough for the sea to be glassy (pale blue) about 1.0% of the time (0 days each October) and blows offshore just 6% of the time (1 days in an average October). Over an average October wind stronger than >40kph (25mph) was predicted for only a single days at Aramoana Spit


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The theory was put forward by Schuepp It is similar to the tunica-corpus theory of the shoot apex. It is based on differences in the planes of cell division. The theory says that the cells in the root apex divide in a pattern called T-divisions. The outer region of the root apex is the Kappe.
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The theory was put forward by Schuepp It is similar to the tunica-corpus theory of the shoot apex. It is based on differences in the planes of cell division. The theory says that the cells in the root apex divide in a pattern called T-divisions. The outer region of the root apex is the Kappe. The cells of this region divide first horizontally.
The lower daughter cell then divides longitudinally, i. Thus the planes of the two divisions form a T in a median longitudinal section of the root. The inner region of the apex is the korper. In this region the T is inverted, i. This type of division has been found among the members of Gramineae and Fagaceae. In this type, three groups of initials are found at the apex — outer dermatogen, middle periblem, and inner plerome.
In this type there is a single row of initials which, ultimately, gives rise to various zones of the root including the root cap. In this type, generally two rows of initials are observed at the apex. One of the layers gives rise to the stele and the other to the cortex and root cap.
In certain members of the families Juglandaceae, Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Tiliaceae etc. The epidermis arises from the outermost layer of the cortex. The first type is found in Zephyranthes sp. The second type is very rare and found in Allium sativum, Aloe vera, Amaryllis, Eucharis etc. The third type is found in Haemanthus coccineus. Differences between the shoot apex and the root apex: 1.
In contrast to that of the shoot apex, the apical meristem of the root apex generates cells not only toward the axis but also away from it to form the root cap. The apical meristem of the root is subterminal in position as the root cap remains terminal. The root apex forms no branches, and no lateral structures like the leaves.
For that reason the root apex shows no change in morphology. The root apex grows uniformly as it never produces nodes and internodes. The root branches arise endogenously beyond the region of most active growth. Related Articles:.
The theories are: 1. Apical Cell Theory 2. Histogen Theory 3. Korper-Kappe Theory. Apical Cell Theory: This theory was proposed by Nageli who drew the attention to the occurrence of a single apical cell or apical initial that composes the root meristem. A single apical cell is present only in vascular cryptogams, e.
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Megasporogenesis and Megagametogenesis in Plants Embryology Biology. It divides longitudinally and the two daughter cells thus formed have the potentiality of cell division. In this region the T is inverted, i. The body-cap concept and tunica-corpus concept both are based solely on the planes theeory cell division. It is based on differences in the planes of cell division. The root apex forms no branches, and no lateral structures like the leaves.
The Korper-Kappe Theory of Root Apex | Essay | Botany


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Consider the $\mathbb Z$-module that consists of the polynomials in $\mathbb Z[x,y]$ that are homogeneous polynomials of degree $d$ in the indeterminates $x$ and $y$ (homogeneous meaning that all terms of the form $c_{ij} x^i y^j$ are such that $i+j = d$, where $d$ is the degree of the polynomial). One can see that there is a unique way of writing an homogeneous polynomial of degree $d$ in the form $$ \sum_{j=0}^d c_k y^{d-k} \prod_{i=0}^{k-1} (x-iy) $$ because there is precisely one term where $x$ is at the $k^{th}$ power for any $k$ in the range $[0,d]$, hence we can compute coefficients. Therefore, the polynomials $y^{d-k} \prod (x-iy)$ form a basis of the $\mathbb Z$-module.
Is it possible to write any homogenous polynomial of degree $d$ in the form $$ \sum_{k=0}^d c_k \left( \prod_{i=0}^{d-k-1} (y-ipx) \right) \left( \prod_{i=0}^{k-1} (x-iy) \right) $$ where $p$ is a prime number? (The larger context is a number theory context, thus the prime is the thing I need. The fact that $p$ is prime might not be needed to prove this though!) Note that the polynomials formed by the 2 products are actually homogenous polynomials of degree $d$ in $x$ and $y$, so this would be a basis of the $\mathbb Z$-module of homogenous polynomials of degree $d$.
The reason for this question is because I am looking for a characterization for a certain class of polynomials that are always 0 with respect to a prime power modulus and the existence of this decomposition would help me very much. =)
If you have any suggestions please feel free to comment.
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One remark for those who might consider inverting some kind of matrices : the fact that it is easy to generate polynomials when there is no "$ipx$" term in the linear factors for $y$ is that you can rewrite this problem in the form of solving a linear equation of the form $AX = Y$, where $X$ and $Y$ are the coefficient vectors and $A$ is the coordinate switch matrix. The "easiness" comes from the fact that $A$ is either upper or lower triangular (depending on which way you place coefficients...), hence it is easy to see that $A$ needs to be invertible with integer non-zero determinant. – Patrick Da Silva Aug 29 '11 at 0:51
Re: Your background question. You do know the classification of single variable polynomials with values (at integer points) vanishing modulo a prime power, don't you? That not-too-well-known result has been rediscovered periodically (Singmaster in '69, Niven & Warren in '57, Carlitz says that it was in Dickson's old book,...) – Jyrki Lahtonen Aug 29 '11 at 5:56
Yes, I know it, and it is quite simple to read (but took me weeks to prove...). Write $$ f(x) = \sum_{k=0}^d c_k(x)_k. $$ It is always possible to do this in $\mathbb Z[x]$. Now note that $f(\ell) = \sum_{k=0}^{\ell} c_k k! \begin{pmatrix} \ell \\ k \end{pmatrix}$, hence you can show by induction that $c_k k! \equiv 0$ $\mathrm{mod}$ $p^m$ by assuming that $f$ vanishes $\mathrm{mod}$ $p^m$. Conversely, a polynomial with this property vanishes because $f(\ell) = \sum_{k=0}^{\ell} c_k k! \begin{pmatrix} \ell \\ k \end{pmatrix} \equiv \sum_{k=0}^{\ell} 0 = 0.$ – Patrick Da Silva Aug 29 '11 at 7:32
The result I had in mind goes as follows. Write $p_k(x)=\prod_{i=0}^{kp-1}(x-i)$. Then the values $p_k(n), n\in\mathbf{Z}$ are always divisible by $(kp)!$, so if you multiply these polynomials with the appropriate power of $p$ you get polynomials with values vanishing $\pmod{p^\ell}$. If you take such polynomials up to the first monic one, you have a generating set for the ideal of polynomials in $\mathbf{Z}[x]$ that vanish module $p^\ell$. – Jyrki Lahtonen Aug 29 '11 at 7:55
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I don't think that you have a $\mathbf{Z}$-basis. I claim that if $d>1$, then all the polynomials $q(x,y)$ in the $\mathbf{Z}$-span of your generators have the property $p-1\mid q(1,1)$. Thus, if $p>2$ the span cannot consist of all the homogeneous polynomials of degree $d$.
Proof: If you evaluate the polynomial $$p_k(x,y)=\prod_{i=0}^{d-k-1}(y-ipx) \prod_{i=0}^k(x-iy)$$ at $x=y=1$, the second product shows that $p_k(1,1)=0$ unless $k=0$ (if $k>0$, then the factor $x-y$ coming from $i=1$ makes this happen). But if $k=0$ and $d>1$, then the first product has a factor $y-px$ (again coming from $i=1$), and this forces $p_0(1,1)$ to be divisible by $y-px\vert_{(x,y)=(1,1)}=1-p$. For all $k$ we have $p-1\mid p_k(1,1)$, so the same holds for all the $\mathbf{Z}$-linear combinations of the polynomials $p_k(x,y)$.
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Given that $p-1$ is a unit in your eventual ring this may not ruin your approach, but it does seem to settle the question over $\mathbf{Z}$. – Jyrki Lahtonen Aug 29 '11 at 6:10
I am a little confused by your argument because there are many assumptions along the way... but maybe it's clear and I should read this tomorrow XD But in my ring, $p-1$ is indeed a unit, so I think that if you're right there is still work to do, and I would be really pissed to find out that it's not possible to do this... – Patrick Da Silva Aug 29 '11 at 7:36
For your curiosity : I have shown a few hours ago (heehee) that for $f(x,y)$ homogeneous of degree $d$ and $m \le p$, vanishing mod $p^m$ is equivalent to be able to write it in the following form : $$ f(x,y) = \sum_{j=0}^{m} \left( \left( p^{m-j} y^j \prod_{i=0}^{jp-1} (x-iy) \right) \gamma_j (x,y) \right) $$ where the $\gamma_j(x,y)$'s are homogeneous polynomials of degree $d-j(p+1)$ that can be arbitrary. When working on these kind of vanishing question, understanding what happens up to $p^p$ and then moving to $p^{p+1}$ and $p^{p+2}$ in a clever manner is the key point. – Patrick Da Silva Aug 29 '11 at 7:38
_USER_: I made an attempt to make the structure of my argument clearer. – Jyrki Lahtonen Aug 29 '11 at 10:18
Okay, so $p-1 | q(1,1)$. So since for instance $x^2$ (or $x^d$ for generality) is such that $p-1 \nmid q(1,1) = 1$, we're done. =) Thank you! – Patrick Da Silva Aug 29 '11 at 14:38
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smaller set of all sequences of length less than L without collisions (because the compression is lossless), a possibility which the pigeonhole principle excludes.
Variants occur in a number of proofs. In the proof of the pumping lemma for regular languages, a version that mixes finite and infinite sets is used: If infinitely many objects are placed into finitely many boxes, then there exist two objects that share a box.[17] In Fisk's solution of the Art gallery problem a sort of converse is used: If n objects are placed into k boxes, then there is a box containing at most n/k objects.[18]
Alternative formulations[edit]
The following are alternative formulations of the pigeonhole principle.
Strong form[edit]
This can also be stated as, if k discrete objects are to be allocated to n containers, then at least one container must hold at least objects, where is the ceiling function, denoting the smallest integer larger than or equal to x. Similarly, at least one container must hold no more than objects, where is the floor function, denoting the largest integer smaller than or equal to x.
Generalizations of the pigeonhole principle[edit]
Infinite sets[edit]
The pigeonhole principle can be extended to infinite sets by phrasing it in terms of cardinal numbers: if the cardinality of set A is greater than the cardinality of set B, then there is no injection from A to B. However, in this form the principle is tautological, since the meaning of the statement that the cardinality of set A is greater than the cardinality of set B is exactly that there is no injective map from A to B. However, adding at least one element to a finite set is sufficient to ensure that the cardinality increases.
Another way to phrase the pigeonhole principle for finite sets is similar to the principle that finite sets are Dedekind finite: Let A and B be finite sets. If there is a surjection from A to B that is not injective, then no surjection from A to B is injective. In fact no function of any kind from A to B is injective. This is not true for infinite sets: Consider the function on the natural numbers that sends 1 and 2 to 1, 3 and 4 to 2, 5 and 6 to 3, and so on.
This principle is not a generalization of the pigeonhole principle for finite sets however: It is in general false for finite sets. In technical terms it says that if A and B are finite sets such that any surjective function from A to B is not injective, then there exists an element b of B such that there exists a bijection between the preimage of b and A. This is a quite different statement, and is absurd for large finite cardinalities.
Quantum mechanics[edit]
Yakir Aharonov et al. have presented arguments that the pigeonhole principle may be violated in quantum mechanics, and proposed interferometric experiments to test the pigeonhole principle in quantum mechanics.[22] However, later research has called this conclusion into question.[23][24] In a January 2015 arXiv preprint, researchers Alastair Rae and Ted Forgan at the University of Birmingham performed a theoretical wave function analysis, employing the standard pigeonhole principle, on the flight of electrons at various energies through an interferometer. If the electrons had no interaction strength at all, they would each produce a single, perfectly circular peak. At high interaction strength, each electron produces four distinct peaks for a total of 12 peaks on the detector; these peaks are the result of the four possible interactions each electron could experience (alone, together with the first other particle only, together with the second other particle only, or all three together). If the interaction strength was fairly low, as would be the case in many real experiments, the deviation from a zero-interaction pattern would be nearly indiscernible, much smaller than the lattice spacing of atoms in solids, such as the detectors used for observing these patterns. This would make it very difficult or even impossible to distinguish a weak-but-nonzero interaction strength from no interaction whatsoever, and thus give an illusion of three electrons that did not interact despite all three passing through two paths.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ a b c Herstein 1964, p. 90
 2. ^ a b c Rittaud, Benoît; Heeffer, Albrecht (2014). "The pigeonhole principle, two centuries before Dirichlet". The Mathematical Intelligencer. 36 (2): 27–29. doi:10.1007/s00283-_PHONE_-1. hdl:1854/LU-_PHONE_. MR _PHONE_. S2CID 44193229.
 4. ^ Fletcher & Patty 1987, p. 27
 5. ^ Diskrete Mathematik - Page 367
 6. ^ The Induction Book - Page 13
 7. ^ Mathematics Dictionary - Page 490
 8. ^ Pandey, Avinash. "D3 Graph Theory - Interactive Graph Theory Tutorials". Retrieved 2021-01-12.
 9. ^ Rignano, Eugenio (1923). The Psychology of Reasoning. Translated by Holl, Winifred A. K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company, Limited. p. 72.
 10. ^ To avoid a slightly messier presentation, this example only refers to people who are not bald.
 12. ^ <>
 13. ^ <>
 14. ^ <>
 15. ^ Leurechon, Jean (1622), Selecæe Propositiones in Tota Sparsim Mathematica Pulcherrimæ, Gasparem Bernardum, p. 2
 16. ^ Grimaldi 1994, p. 277
 17. ^ Introduction to Formal Languages and Automata, Peter Linz, pp. 115–116, Jones and Bartlett Learning, 2006
 18. ^ Computational Geometry in C, Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science, 2nd Edition, Joseph O'Rourke, page 9.
 19. ^ Brualdi 2010, p. 70
 20. ^ Brualdi 2010, p. 74 Theorem 3.2.1
 21. ^ In the lead section this was presented with the substitutions m = n and k = r − 1.
 22. ^ Aharonov, Yakir; Colombo, Fabrizio; Popescu, Sandu; Sabadini, Irene; Struppa, Daniele C.; Tollaksen, Jeff (2016). "Quantum violation of the pigeonhole principle and the nature of quantum correlations". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (3): 532–535. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113..532A. doi:10.1073/pnas._PHONE_. PMC _PHONE_. PMID 26729862.
 23. ^ "Quantum pigeonholes are not paradoxical after all, say physicists". 8 January 2015.
 24. ^ Rae, Alastair; Forgan, Ted (2014-12-03). "On the implications of the Quantum-Pigeonhole Effect". arXiv:_PHONE_ [quant-ph].
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