DWI Lawyers and Car Crashes
Tysons, VA DWI Lawyers
Tysons VA DWI lawyersIf you or someone you love has been injured in an accident with a driver who was driving while intoxicated in Tysons, Virginia, it may be in your best interest to discuss the situation with Tysons, VA DWI lawyers who have a track record of successfully defending the rights of DWI victims and their families.
Everyday, people get involved in car crashes, due to a number of reasons. In many of these collisions, the driver may have been intoxicated or impaired due to alcohol or another substance. When someone gets behind the wheel while not sober, they are risking harming not only themselves, but others too in the event of an accident. Here in this article, we have answered a series of questions about those who drive while intoxicated, and how you should respond if you were hit by an impaired driver.
When someone is injured in an accident involving an intoxicated driver in Tysons, it is recommended that they find out what their rights are from reputable VA DWI lawyers.
How can someone know whether they have had too much to drink?
Those who are drunk may feel they are more capable of driving than they actually are. Even one drink could cause someone to experience physical and mental function impairments including an inability to make sound judgements. Every person's body is different in how it responds to alcohol and their tolerance to it. Factors that can contribute to your blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level include:
 1. Whether you are male or female
 2. Your body weight
 3. Number of drinks consumed
 4. Amount of food in your stomach
If you know or just suspect that a driver who injured you or someone you love was intoxicated, enlisting the help of Tysons, VA DWI lawyers may help you to get compensation for expenses related to your accident.
What are the repercussions for being charged with a DWI?
The consequences for being pulled over and charged with driving while intoxicated or impaired (DWI) can include steep fines, jail time, driver's license suspension, and an increase or cancellation in car insurance premium. If a driver were to cause a tragic crash, they may also have to live with the guilt of their poor judgement. So not only may an impaired driver have to pay thousands of dollars in fines and spend time behind bars, they have added despair of knowing their actions led to tragedy.
In what scenario could someone be arrested for a DWI?
If an officer pulls over a driver that is deemed to be intoxicated or impaired due to an unknown substance, he or she can be charged with a DWI. Even if the driver's BAC level was below the legal limit of.08 percent, the officer can still make an arrest.
If someone is injured in an accident where the driver was intoxicated, it does not matter whether or not the driver was arrested and convicted for them to be liable for your injuries. If you or someone you love has been injured in an accident with an intoxicated driver, it may be in your best interest to discuss your situation with Tysons, VA DWI lawyers.
What should I do if I was hit by a driver who was impaired or intoxicated?
Those who have been hit by a driver who was not sober may want to consider meeting with an attorney about their legal options. There may be expenses that need to be paid including injury care, vehicle repairs and loss of pay from missing work. Experienced Tysons, VA DWI lawyers can consult with with you and help you decide if filing a lawsuit against the driver is the route to take. Depending on the details surrounding the accident, the victim may be entitled to receiving financial compensation.
What should I bring with me to my first consultation?
When meeting with an attorney, you should bring as much information about the accident as you can. Important details your attorney will probably want to know about include:
 - Medical bill costs
 - Out of pocket expenses
 - Charges for diagnostics and the results
 - Details of doctor evaluations
 - Ambulance ride fee
 - Driver's name and insurance company
For a free consultation and case evaluation from highly rated Tysons, VA DWI lawyers, contact Cohen & Cohen, P.C., today.
 © 2021 Cohen & Cohen | Disclaimer


text:
On the results page, you could create a download form in the results row, you would need a hidden form element and a submit button. Set the value hidden form element to use the fileName column from the results recordset. Then add a Download File Behavior
insert -> Webassist -> File Manipulation -> Download if you have Universal Email 4 or Webassist -> File Manipulation -> Download in Form builder 2
Set the Folder to the folder that contains the files. Set the File field to use the Hidden form element.
Creating a download link on another page would be pretty similar, you just need a way to pass the file name into the download server behavior.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Throughout the day, students gain critical information from informal interactions both inside and outside of the classroom. These interactions rely on spoken language to which deaf students do not have access. These informal interactions result in what researchers call "incidental learning." We will discuss a study comparing incidental learning for deaf students compared to their hearing peers, identify the barriers they face to incidental learning, and the strategies to overcome those barriers.
Mindy Hopper, Ph.D.
Faculty, Department of Liberal Studies
National Technical Institute for the Deaf at Rochester Institute of Technology
Biography: Dr. Mindy J. Hopper is now entering her 35th year of teaching. She earned her Masters in Education at the Illinois State University and Doctor of Philosophy in Education at the University of Rochester. Dr. Hopper's pedagogy is based on access to language and students' motivation to participate in a community of scaffolding events. A professor at Rochester Institute of Technology, she asserts that Deaf students have been positioned as relegated bystanders due to spoken language privileges and embedded institutional ideologies. Professor Hopper reminds her colleagues that incidental learning, in addition to formal and informal learning, is a vast and critical component of daily learning. Finally, she argues that schools are accountable for ensuring that their environments be conducive to deaf students' access to incidental learning opportunities.
Denise Kavin, Ed.D.
DeafTEC at RIT/NTID
Biography: Denise Kavin is a Co-PI for DeafTEC at Rochester Institute of Technology's National Technical Institute for the Deaf. DeafTEC is a National Center of Excellence funded by the National Science Foundation. In addition, Denise has been teaching at RIT/NTID for over seven years. As an instructional faculty member in the NTID Department of Liberal Studies, Denise teaches a variety of developmental English courses to deaf students in associate-level programs. Finally, she serves as the Special Assistant to the President of NTID for Strategic Decisions 2020.
Both speakers are deaf, and Dr. Hopper conducted her dissertation on incidental learning. The term "incidental learning" is widely used by Deaf Academics. Their deaf epistemologies inform and elicit a common concern. There is a growing trend among deaf students attending schools with hearing peers, and it is typical to find only one deaf student in a class, often isolated even when receiving access services such as sign language interpreting and notetaking. Research has indicated that deaf adults or college students do not realize how much learning through incidental learning they have missed until later in life, often after completing school, including college.
The key is access to incidental information. The research question for the dissertation was posed as "What do deaf students say about the informal interactions that happen at their schools?" This phenomenological study involved middle-school-aged deaf students who attended school with their hearing peers. This qualitative inquiry interpretive study involved a triangulation of seven data sources. Utilizing a constructivist grounded theory analytical approach enabled a discovery of pertinent themes, relationships, and a theory.
Poignant pieces of data from each theme will be shared. The findings asserted that the deaf students have been positioned as relegated bystanders, thus limiting their access to incidental learning and scaffolding opportunities. Moreover, the deaf students in the study argued that they did not have equal access and prefer to have immediate access in order to have a sense of membership with their hearing friends when they convene and engage in discourses. The overall and main theme was that the deaf students have been savvy navigators. It was confirmed that the deaf students transcended the covert challenges through their patterns of resilience and navigation. The Access-Participation Theory explains how the deaf students were positioned as relegated bystanders. The theory calls for a simple principle: The more increased and immediate access one has to incidental information, the more choices that person has for participation. Deaf students have been excluded from participating and learning from informal interactions, crucial dimensions of school learning–the informal curriculum.
It is often that schools overlook the benefits of informal curricula, and it is proven that school environments are often not conducive for deaf students' access to incidental learning opportunities. Because deaf students are denied access to the wealth of incidental information and scaffolding opportunities because the spoken language is privileged and not accessible, are our educational systems accountable for this dilemma?
Because implications of accessing incidental learning opportunities will be highlighted, some strategies or ideas will be suggested for educators, vocational rehabilitation, mental health providers, and school personnel to consider and attempt in order to support deaf students' access to such emergent surrounding interactions.
o Participants will learn and identify the difference between formal, informal, and incidental learning.
o Participants will learn how incidental learning is defined.
o Participants will be able to identify the barriers to incidental learning for Deaf/HH individuals
o Participants will learn about strategies to open up incidental learning opportunities for individuals who are Deaf/HH
People who work with individuals with disabilities, individuals with limited English proficiency, and deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals would benefit from this presentation. It is not enough to simply provide access services (e.g., sign language interpreting, real-time captioning, and/or notetaking) in formal settings (e.g., the classroom) to ensure that members of the above identified groups have access to the material that is being shared. Much information is obtained through incidental learning–informal conversations that take place outside of the classroom or other formal settings.


text:
|The History of Locks Museum|
Other Galleries include:-
Ancient Style Padlocks
Sliding Key Padlocks
Padlocks whereby the barbs are compresed by a sliding action.
Screw Key Padlocks
Padlocks whereby the barbs are compresed by a winding action.
Puzzle or Secret Padlocks
Padlocks whereby the barbs are compresed by a sliding, turning or winding action, but there is no obvious place to insert the key.
Animal Shaped Padlocks
Padlocks whereby the barbs are compresed by a sliding, turning or winding action, but are formed in the shape of an animal.
With the hype about the benefits of without footwear jogging for conditioning the feet along with hip and legs, avoiding accidents, along with enhancing harmony, gait, and healthy posture, Nike Free Run 2Nike has generated a light-weight, very adaptable sneaker to replicate the effects ofwithout running shoes working referred to as the Nike No cost several.Men and women who are looking for some amazing Nike Free Run 2, comfortable, lightweight and highly supportive Nike Free Run 2 running shoes, should definitely consider the Nike Lunarswift+.
Spring Barb Padlocks
The spring barb padlock is a very ancient form of locking mechanism and is capable of an amazing variety of variations. No one knows who or where it was invented but is widespread in the Old World and seems to have its roots in the Middle and Far East regions. It first appears around the 1st or 2nd century BC and spreads to most parts of the Old World. It's also likely that it's one of those inventions that was transmitted via the activities of merchants and trade routes. The question is unlikely to be definitively answered.
The key, whether sliding or turning compresses a number of spring barbs which when locked block the shackle from being withdrawn. As the name suggests the barb, which is made from spring material and attached to the shackle, can be pushed forward through apertures, compressing the spring barbs as it goes and springing apart once locked, thereby preventing withdrawal. The correct key whether sliding or turning style compresses the barbs so that the shackle can be withdrawn back through the apertures and removed. Many locks also contain fixed ward elements as well.
Locks have been found in a variety of metals including cast brass, bronze and iron. Some are assembled by soldering or braising the various parts together whilst others are totally assembled by riveting. Embellishments in the form of decorated brass panels, or symbols add another dimension to the security of the lock
Each region or culture imbedded into their everyday products a certain amount of their own culture or belief system, padlocks by their very nature of keeping possessions safe were subject to design and embellishment features to increase its effectiveness. For example the Chinese Foo Dog, Fu Dog or Lion Dogs is a well-known symbol representing the Chinese guardian lions which in turn had its roots in the Buddhist tradition symbolising majesty and loyalty. They are depicted in pairs and are placed at the entrances to Temples, public buildings and even the home for protection and to ward of negative energies. One, a female with a cub, guarding or looking after the building owner's family and interests, and the other, a male with a ball symbolising the globe and looks after the interests of man and civil order. When used in padlock form, particularly in pairs, they would have also been a powerful psychological deterrent.
Many other animal-shaped padlocks can be found which would convey a subliminal or subconscious message. The fish padlock for instance, popular in China at a very early date. The fish sleeps with its eyes open and therefore the inference is its always watching and on guard, or the elephant indicating strength. Its possible that a prospective purchaser of a padlock would base his decision primarily on his affinity with the deity, or spirit animal that was represented.
Another method adopted was the puzzle or secret padlock. Some with sliding keys others with turning keys and even some with both! However on first inspection no place can be found to insert the key. A secret shutter, panel or flap had first to be moved in such a way as to reveal the key hole. In 1889 a certain Sun Kam Shing patented his puzzle padlock (dated April 1st 1889 number 5556) which featured a secret or concealed keyhole, a feature which had been adopted for centuries!
Not all padlocks were intended to physically protect property. There were in many cultures other purposes for employing a padlock. In the Islamic world for instance, when visiting a shrine a pilgrim would tear of a strip of his clothing and attach it to the shrine grillwork with a padlock thus locking an affirmation, a practice which still continues today. Locksmiths would set up at the entrance making and selling padlocks for this purpose.
Another tradition, relating to women during confinement was the ceremonial application of a special knotted cord with a loop at each end and secured with a padlock. A cleric would chant and at the appropriate moment during the proceedings lock the tiny padlock around the waist of the mother to be. This would not be removed until the ninth month again with ceremony. The females of the family treasured these cords and padlocks, which were handed down from generation to generation.
In China a miniature padlock was traditionally given, particularly to the new-born, as an token of protection and well-being. These miniature padlocks were often made of gold or silver in wealthy families, and were also inscribed with symbols such as a five petal heart shaped blossom of the Prunus fruit trees. Five, being a sacred number, is also known as the Five Blessings or Happiness Blessings. Another motif popular for newly weds was a pair of birds which represent happiness. When used on a padlock the symbolic intention in either case is a wish locked to the individual or couple.
In fact the lock or the key has been used symbolically throughout the ages as a material expression of binding the intangible, providing insight or enlightenment. Take for instance the Papal cross keys to the gates of heaven or keys used in rituals and ceremonies – an aspect of the locksmiths craft that crops up again and again.
In modern times some padlocks carry on the symbolic or sub-conscious aspect such as Squirrel brand with the logo of two squirrels, implying "keeping goods safe until required". Or Chubb's fish logo suggesting it's constantly on guard – could these also have been chosen as a psychological deterrent reinforcing the physical deterrent.
The spring barb padlock is still made today using the age old skills and techniques of a charcoal fire and a boulder as an anvil. As such it is almost impossible to date an example taken out of context and without provenance. Since the Industrial revolution discarded metal was recycled into all sorts of items including locks. One can imagine the Bedouin camped alongside a discarded steam engine gradually reducing the metal parts into a new lease of life. When travelling in the Middle and Far East very often these locks can be found in the more out of the way bazaars and flea markets and are even found without to much difficulty here in the UK, they were originally brought back as souvenirs. Most collectors accept that locks bought today at Bazaars whilst travelling or on holiday abroad may only be a few years old but what is important is that they are made in the traditional style and in the traditional way as generations of locksmiths did before. And in some small way this helps to keep the traditional craft of the locksmith alive.
|Page 1 of 1 Page for Spring-Barb Padlocks|
|Museum Entrance ||Galleries||Forum|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
720 DEGREE IMAGE Bog roll camera. (2 x 360 degrees).
One of the most rewarding as well as bewildering approaches to pin-holing is imaging on the inside of a cylinder. This is an excellent teaching tool, forcing the user to mentally combust whilst getting a healthy understanding of aiming without a viewfinder. It is also a great use for the inside of a used toilet roll. For teaching and general experimentation, photographic paper works fine for all the methods below.
Pringles box (10 x 8), Poster tube (5 x 7) and toilet roll tube (5 x 4) cameras.
The last time I taught this, the insides of toilet rolls were taken from all the conveniences of the University, making me highly unpopular with the cleaners!
1. Get the inside of a toilet roll.
2. Flatten a sheet of aluminium cut out from a beer – coke can.
3. Cut out two circles of aluminium the same diameter as the roll, using it as a template.
4. Push a pin through the center of each of the circles of aluminium.
5. Sand down on both sides of the hole using 1200 grit emery paper, making the area of the hole as thin as possible. (This enables the hole to image at an acute angle, through a slot rather than a circular hole).
6. Check how thin the metal is by tilting the circle of metal up to a light and observing when the hole disappears.
7. Use black insulation tape to fix the pinholes onto each hole of the tube.
8. Cut the roll in half and adhere a strip of black card to form a light tight sleeve for the other half of the tube to slide into.
9. Make two shutters out of black insulation tape to cover each of the holes.
The roll needs to be kept still which can be done with a rubber band and a short pen. Avoid sunlight entering either of the holes. Each shutter can be removed to expose either side alternately.
Getting ones head around two 360-degree images back to back is great fun, making this one of the most enjoyable bouts of pre-visualisation chaos one can have! Try and position the roll close to a subject so no area is left blank (ie the sky). In the same way, if the roll is positioned on the ground, placing the camera on a newspaper will put detail into the foreground the camera is resting on. Initially 'pointing' the camera towards a wall (from a distance of about a foot), will give the user some vague idea as to what is happening. The area directly in front of the pinhole is excluded from the picture, but with a circular 360 degree area either side of the hole being recorded. Due to the increasing pinhole – emulsion distance (inverse square law stuff) the image fades the further it is from the hole, so allowing the second image to form from the halfway point.
About 3 seconds each side in sunlight when using photographic paper, (semi matt reduces internal reflections.) The final photo can be rolled into a cylinder, (Image outwards), to show the two images joining up.
Advanced - Using film.
If you fancy using film, the toilet roll has the same inside area as a sheet of 5x4. Make a smaller hole by pushing only the tip of the pin through the metal then follow the same procedure with the emery paper. This can also be used (for close ups) with a couple of flashguns to avoid camera shake. (see the self portrait on the main index page of the website). If you have a 10x8 enlarger lying around, as well as loads of spare cash, a Pringles box takes a sheet of 10x8 film.
A shiny cylinder, the same diameter as the roll used to create the image can be placed on the photograph and the image viewed in correct perspective off the reflection in the same way as in the 18th century bods used to do with paintings reflected in goblets. They didn't have toilet rolls though.


text:
Manzanillo, Cuba (CNN) -- At first the Cuban doctors thought they were dealing with an outbreak of food poisoning.
The patients that arrived for treatment in mid-June at hospitals in Manzanillo had all gone to the same birthday party held at a house in the hilly countryside on the perimeter of the eastern Cuban city.
The sick had eaten shrimp at the party and doctors thought that meal might be the cause for the patients' heavy vomiting and diarrhea.
Then more people began walking into hospitals with similar symptoms.
But they had not attended the party.
"They started coming in a few at a time," said Julio Cesar Fonseca Rivero, the director of the Celia Sanchez Manduley Hospital, the largest in the region. "The first day five came, and then eight. That's not normal, that five people would come with the same symptoms. The most critical days were when there were 30 to 32 patients who arrived in a single day."
A sudden spike in cases of diarrhea is not unusual for Manzanillo's hospitals that treat the surrounding rural communities. There residents often live without indoor plumbing and in the summer months endure the scorching heat and heavy rains.
This summer had already been particularly hot with heavy rains that caused outhouses to flood into several drinking wells.
Still, doctors suspected they were dealing with something they hadn't seen before.
"We became alarmed with the number of cases arriving. We usually see one or two cases of diarrhea each day," said Dr. Oyantis Matos Zamora, who oversees a clinic on the edge of the city that attends to rural residents.
The symptoms some patients exhibited -- the rapid onset of watery diarrhea and dehydration — had also not been seen in generations.
"The way that the outbreak developed and the appearance of other similar cases in the region, we realized this was a problem of a different magnitude," said Dr. Manuel Santin Peña, Cuba's national director of epidemiology.
The "problem" was cholera.
Cuba's last cholera outbreak occurred over a century ago. Although eradicated in many countries, the disease, according to the World Health Organization, still infects between 3 million and 5 million people each year, killing between 100,000 and 120,000.
In Manzanillo the outbreak has taken on a name of its own. There it's simply referred to by residents as "el evento."
So far "el evento" has taken three lives and infected at least 110 people, said Santin. He said doctors were waiting on test results for tens of other possible cases but said so far fewer than 30% percent of suspected cases had been shown to be cholera.
He denied reports that the Cuban government has underreported the death toll or that the outbreak is spreading to other provinces.
He said a handful of suspected cases had been identified elsewhere in the country. But he said those cases had come from the same region where the original outbreak took place and are believed to have been infected there.
"We can categorically say that there is no other outbreak in any other province," Santin told CNN, outside the entrance to the Celia Sanchez Manduley Hospital, where three more people had arrived suffering from severe diarrhea.
Cuban health officials allowed a CNN crew to be the first media to film in the hospital and speak with doctors there about the ongoing effort to control the cholera outbreak.
To combat the outbreak, the local government has closed 12 contaminated wells around Manzanillo, Santin said. Clean water is being trucked in for residents until a different source of water can be found.
At the entrances to hospitals and government buildings in the city stand buckets for people to wash their hands and soles of their shoes with chlorine bleach.
Kiosks throughout Manzanillo that sell milkshakes, iced drinks or other foods that come into contact with water have been shuttered.
A temporary ban has also been issued for fishing and bathing in waters off the coast that may be contaminated.
While in the rest of the country little has been said in the official press about the cholera, in Granma province, the site of the outbreak, residents are now shown a nightly program on how to prevent infection.
Santin told CNN those efforts appear to be working and that doctors are seeing a decline in the rate of infection. The perception that the outbreak was increasing, he said, came from the seven to 10 days it takes for Cuba's labs to return results of tests on the infected.
"The number of cases is dropping," he said. "That doesn't make us confident so much as make us work to intensify all our preventive measures so that in the next few weeks we can stop the outbreak."
Maria Rosa Rodriguez has seen up close what cholera can do.
The Manzanillo schoolteacher was hospitalized for a week with cholera and only recently was allowed return home to finish her recovery. She winced as she recounted the agony that the infection caused her.
"You're very nervous because we had never seen this before here," Rodriguez said. "You're feeling bad with diarrhea, vomiting and you lose weight very quickly. You think the worst."


Technology Overview
How the NuScale Module Works
NuScale Power is creating a new kind of nuclear power plant, one that is smarter, cleaner, safer and cost competitive. The innovative concept incorporates all of the components for steam generation and heat exchange into a single integrated unit called the NuScale Power Module (NPM). Each NPM operates independently within a multi-module configuration. Up to 12 modules are monitored and operated from a single control room. The compact design of the NPM allows it to be built and assembled in a U.S. factory, then shipped to a prepared site for easy deployment.
The reactor measures 65 feet tall x 9 feet in diameter. It sits within a containment vessel measuring 76 feet tall x 15 feet in diameter. The reactor and containment vessel operate inside a water-filled pool that is built below grade. The reactor operates using the principles of buoyancy driven natural circulation; hence, no pumps are needed to circulate water through the reactor. Water is heated as it passes over the core. As it heats up, the water rises through the central riser within the interior of the vessel.
Once the heated water reaches the top of the riser, it is drawn downward by water that is cooled passing through the steam generators. The cooler water has a higher density. It is pulled by gravity back down to the bottom of the reactor where it again flows over the core. Water in the reactor system is kept separate from the water in the steam generator system to prevent contamination.
As the hot water in the reactor system passes over the hundreds of tubes in the steam generator, heat is transferred through the tube walls and the water inside the tubes turns to superheated steam. The steam is directed to a small skid mounted turbine that is attached by a single shaft to the electrical generator. After passing through the turbines, the steam loses its energy. It is cooled back into liquid form in the condenser then pumped by the feed water pump back to the steam generator where it begins the cycle again.
NuScale Reactor Diagram
Thermal capacity 250 MWt
Electrical capacity 77 MWe (gross)
Capacity factor >95 percent
Dimensions 76' x 15' cylindrical containment vessel module containing reactor and steam generator
Weight ~700 tons in total are shipped from the factory in three segments
Transportation Truck, rail or barge
Cost Numerous advantages due to simplicity, modular design, volume manufacturing and shorter construction times
Fuel Standard LWR fuel in 17 x 17 configuration, each assembly 2 meters (~ 6 ft.) in length; up to 24-month refueling cycle with fuel enriched at less than 5 percent


text:
Objective: To examine interactive relations of blood pressure (BP) and age to MRI indices of subclinical cerebrovascular disease in middle-aged to older adults.
Methods: One hundred and thirteen stroke-free and dementia-free, community-dwelling adults (ages 54–81 years; 65% men; 91% white) engaged in (1) clinical assessment of resting SBP and DBP; (2) MRI rated for periventricular white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and deep WMH silent brain infarction (SBI) and brain atrophy (i.e. ventricular enlargement and sulcal widening ). Principal components analysis of the MRI ratings yielded a two-component solution – (1) periventricular and deep WMH SBI; and (2) ventricular enlargement, sulcal widening.
Results: Relations of SBP, DBP and pulse pressure (PP) (and their interactions with age) to each MRI component were examined in multiple regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, fasting plasma glucose and cholesterol, and antihypertensives. For component 1, results indicated significant interactions of SBP and PP with age (P < 0.05); higher levels of SBP and PP were associated with greater white matter disease and brain infarction at younger ages (≤68 years). Significant interactions of SBP and DBP with age were also noted for component 2 (P < 0.05); higher levels of BP were associated with greater brain atrophy at younger ages (≤63 years).
Conclusion: Higher BP and PP are associated with greater subclinical cerebrovascular disease most prominently in the 'young old'. Appropriate management of hypertension and arterial stiffening may be critical to the preservation of brain structure with ageing.


Non-Stress Test
Pregnant patient laying in bed getting a non stress test
Your healthcare provider may also schedule a non-stress test to check the well-being of your baby. This test involves monitoring the baby using an external fetal monitor to produce a tracing of your baby's heart beat and looking for specific criteria that will tell us if the tracing is normal. This test normally takes about 20-30 minutes but in some cases, it may take longer depending on baby's activity. NST done in triage in Childbirth unit.
A non stress test (NST) can provide information about the well being of your baby. During this test which takes approximately 20-60 minutes, the baby's heart rate and movements are monitored using a fetal monitor. Non-stress tests are done in the Triage area of the Childbirth Centre.


text:
Key destinations for the Embassy's expeditions:
1. Major habitats ("world capitals") of dolphins and whales.
During the expeditions the conditions and possibilities of immediate contact with cetaceans are studied, as well as the state of mind of human individuals in the course of and after such encounters.
2. Unique natural objects, traditionally associated with extraordinary manifestations of possibilities for interaction between Man and Nature (so called places of power – sacred mountains, springs believed to be healing, etc.).
3. Places where contacts with large free-living mammals (elephants, horse, anthropoid apes, wolfs) are possible.
4. Centers of culture geared to unordinary development of consciousness and human potential in general (e.g. schools of transformative practices).


text:
Findings underscore the need for interventions to reduce the costly dysfunctional outcomes in families of children with ADHD.
Parents of children with ADHD are keenly aware of the added expense of raising their children versus raising children without ADHD. But a recent study sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health in the U.S., and published by the Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, reveals the extent of the extra burden. And the study does not even include the costs of actual treatment for ADHD.
The Costs of Raising Children with ADHD Assessed by the Study
Researchers at Florida International University assessed data from questionnaires completed by parents of children with ADHD between the ages of 14 and 17. They looked at two sources of added cost.
- Direct Costs Related To Their Children's Behaviours, Excluding Treatment Expenses
- The need for private tutoring and software programs to compensate for learning and behavioural difficulties in regular classroom settings.
- The cost of lost belongings, damaged items, missed classes, and incomplete participation in activities for which parents had paid in advance.
- Costs due to the higher rate of delinquency, outbursts and car accidents in teens with ADHD
- Indirect Financial Burden on Parents
- Reduced income due to job loss, missed work and/or the cost of treating their own mental health issues that result from raising children with ADHD
Results of the Study
The study found that, on average, parents of children with ADHD faced costs that were five times higher than the costs of raising children without ADHD.
The average costs for raising ADHD children in the study was US $15,036 per child versus US$2,848 per non-ADHD child.
How to Minimize the Added Costs of Raising Children with ADHD
Of course, parents naturally assume the costs of raising their children, ADHD or not. But that doesn't mean they can't take steps to lower those costs, especially the added costs of raising children with ADHD. The immediate benefit of doing so is the ability to use the saved resources to further improve the life and experience of the family in other ways.
Parents can find ways to improve their children's ability to focus on the tasks at hand; to learn in step with standard school curricula; and even help them self-regulate when faced with the challenges of ADHD symptoms.
When they do, not only does a child's behaviour, confidence and overall quality of life improve dramatically, but the costs of dealing with ADHD behaviours later in life are greatly reduced.
The Maxi Mind Brain Training System™
ADHD behaviors are rooted in certain conditions in the brain. These include underdevelopment of the frontal lobe and cerebellum; poor connections between regions of the brain and a brain wave imbalance.
The Maxi Mind Brain Training System™ is a natural, drug-free solution that applies the science of neuroplasticity, the brain's remarkable ability to rewire itself, to effectively address the root causes of ADHD. It uses an activity-based approach to strengthen connections in the brain and re-balance the brain's energy with music, movement and technology, all under the guidance of a trained and qualified personal coach for each child.
For more information visit: ADHD Solution


text:
Recent paper by QUILL researches features on inside cover of Green Chemistry.
A class of ionic liquids with a built-in active ketone functionality is shown to form adducts with structurally diverse alcohols. The positions of the equilibria for adduct formation are shown to be dependent on the structure of the alcohols. How these functionalised ionic liquids could be applied in altering vapour phase compositions of alcohols and in separations of perfumery alcohols are demonstrated.
The full article is available on the journal's website.


text:
|ROSAT Home Page||ROSAT
The time variability of X-ray emission can be studied with the HRI since each detected photon has its time of arrival recorded by the detector. The accuracy of this time is limited by the electronic resolution of the HRI processor which is 61 sec relative to the ROSAT spacecraft clock. The relative arrival times of photons during a single observation is accurate to this value. The absolute accuracy of the ROSAT spacecraft clock, and its conversion to UT, is expected to be a few milliseconds.
The HRI has a processing dead time during which events may not be counted which varies between 0.36 and 1.35 msec per event. The variation is discussed in section 188.8.131.52 and depends on the fine position of the event. Thus there is a dead time correction that needs to be made for calculating the true event rate from a source. A mean dead time of = 0.81 msec can be used for this purpose, and the true rate is then given by:, where n is the observed rate.
Due to the telescope wobble and the small variations in the QE of the HRI on spatial scales of a few arc minutes (see Fig. 5.13), the count rate of a source can vary by 5% between the extremities of a wobble. This can produce a low amplitude source variability on a time scale of approximately 100-400 seconds in some sources.
As for the PSPC, the HRI observations are typically interrupted once per orbit, and sometimes as much a three times per orbit. Typical continuous viewing times for a source will be about 2000 seconds, with some cases lasting up to 4000 seconds. Long term monitoring of sources on time scales of weeks of more will be limited by the solar view constraints of the satellite. This limits source accessibility to about one month every six months for a source in the elliptic plane, with greater access time for sources closer to the ecliptic poles.


King of terror hits Moscow cinema screens
A new film, The Horseman Named Death, directed by Karen Shakhnazarov, general director of the Mosfilm concern, has been released in Russia. It is the story of Boris Savinkov, a prominent theoretician of terrorism, which he also perpetrated. In 1909 this "Russian bin Laden" published an autobiographical novel, The Pale Horse, which has now been adopted for the screen at Mosfilm.
"It is a serious attempt to analyse the emergence of terrorism," said Mikhail Shvydkoi, the head of the Federal Culture and Cinema Agency, at the recent Moscow premiere of the psychological drama with elements of action. "The message is that in the long run a terrorist comes to a complete moral collapse," Shakhnazarov says. "By taking the path of murder, a person degrades even if he is driven by a noble idea".
Savinkov's book is both a confession and a study of terrorism from the King of Terror. "He accurately describes the types and characters of people who become terrorists, and the causes of terrorism," the director says. "Terrorism does not appear out of nowhere, there are always reasons, first of all, social injustice. And there is always ground where people who do not see any other way than to resort to terror can appear. As a rule, they are young men, who see terrorism in a romantic light and as a way to fulfil their ideas".
According to Shakhnazarov, those people working to counteract terrorism should read Savinkov. "Of course, The Pale Horse is not devoid of showing-off, but, more importantly, it has an inner truth," he says. "Savinkov described what he knew. If we are to draw parallels, it would be like bin Laden writing a novel about terrorism today."
However, the intellectual level of Russian terrorists in the early 20th century was much higher, the director points out. Savinkov was one of the intellectual killers. A socialist revolutionary, the mastermind of notorious terrorist attacks, including the assassination of several governors and interior ministers, and later of anti-Soviet revolts and attempts on Lenin and Stalin, he was at the same time admirer of Dostoevsky and Nietzsche. He had a certain writing talent himself. His prose was approved reading in the literary circles of that time. Although Savinkov was an irreconcilable enemy of the Soviet authorities, his works were published in the USSR until the mid-1920s. In 1924, he was arrested when crossing the Soviet border and apparently committed suicide in prison in 1925. The mystery of whether he threw himself out of the window or was pushed has still not been cleared up.
"Boris Savinkov was a suffering person, who lived during the turn of the 19th century, a humanitarian, cultural and harmonic epoch, into the 20th century, an era of mass culture, totalitarianism and destruction," Shakhnazarov says. "He was a complicated person who tried to answer some questions of his life, could not find the answer and so he died. And George, the main character of The Pale Horse and The Horseman Named Death is not a killing machine. He has overcome a great spiritual crisis, has driven himself to complete moral devastation and has come to think of suicide. If you want, The Pale Horse is an anti-terrorist book. Interestingly, its name comes from an image from the Apocalypse..."
The plot of the film evolves around preparations for the assassination of Moscow governor, Grand Prince Sergei Aleksandrovich. He was blown up by the young bomber Kalyayev, who in the film is named Vanya. Shakhnazarov managed to make the action dynamic, psychologically and historically accurate. "It was important to create the atmosphere of the early 20th-century Moscow streets, to fill the camera with life of that time," the director explains.
To do this, Mosfilm, Europe's largest film concern, built impressive scenery featuring old Moscow with life-size streets, squares and houses, even with pavements from real cobblestone. Last November, the general director showed the scenery to President Vladimir Putin who visited Mosfilm. Shooting took only 12 weeks, but Shakhnazarov used enormous crowd scenes, thinking over every costume. The movie was later supplemented with different special effects (the explosions alone were something!)
This scale of direction and immersion in the epoch was typical of Soviet cinema, when hundreds of feature films were released every year. It is unlikely that the Russian film industry will reach the same height in the next five years, yet in the technical respect, Mosfilm is up to the mark thanks to a recent modernisation, Shakhnazarov points out. "In a little more than five years we have created a film studio that is no inferior to any European one from the technological point of view," he concludes.


text:
A funny thing happened recently. When Lauren Drewes Daniels at The Dallas Observer featured TexasRestaurantLaw.com last week at this link, a controversy ensued between folks that commented on the article. The dispute involved whether non-competes were valid and enforceable in Texas. Apparently, it is a common myth that non-compete agreements are not enforceable in Texas, and it is just that: a myth.
Non-Compete Agreements Are Enforceable In Texas
Despite the myth, non-compete agreements are enforceable in Texas. There are certain requirements that must be met, including independent consideration and a limitation on the geography, the time-period, and the scope of these agreements. Some situations make them easier to enforce, like the sale of a business, but as long as the requirements are met, Texas courts can and will enforce non-compete agreements.
Why Do People Think Otherwise?
The myth that non-compete agreements are unenforceable comes from a few sources. For instance, they have been historically difficult to enforce because people fail to hire professionals who know the requirements when they draft these agreements. The law on non-compete agreements (like any law) changes often, and it is important to avoid using on-line forms that are not specifically designed for Texas. Also, there is a line of case law that says that non-compete agreements are "disfavored" in the law. This does not make the agreements unenforceable; instead, it just means that they must be carefully written to comply with Texas law.
Are Non-Compete Agreements Worth The Trouble?
Every business, especially restaurants, should consider using non-compete agreements. So long as they are carefully prepared, they can be enforceable. Restaurants can use them to protect, among other things, recipes, business plans, and any other typical trade-secrets that are used or developed by the restaurant.
In light of the above, please remember the following:
1. Non-compete agreements are enforceable.
2. Restaurants should use them to protect recipes, business plans, and any other typical trade-secrets that are used or developed by the restaurant.
3. Non-compete agreements must be carefully prepared to comply with the strict requirements under Texas law.
Do you use non-compete agreements? Have you ever signed one? What difficulties have you experienced in this area? Please share your thoughts!
About the author: Matthew Sanderson is a restaurant lawyer in Texas. "Good service with a smile" is his motto. Click here to find out more about Matthew Sanderson's legal practice and how he can help you today. Follow him on Twitter _USER_.


Incredible and fun facts to explore
Boise Idaho facts
While investigating facts about Boise Idaho Weather and Boise Idaho Real Estate, I found out little known, but curios details like:
Due to the large Basque population in Idaho, Boise state university is only one of two universities in the US (the other being University of Nevada-Reno) to offer a Basque language course.
how much snow does boise idaho get?
The USA's current passenger airbag laws resulted from a tragic accident where a child's head was knocked off and flew out the broken window when airbags deployed in a fender bender in Boise, Idaho in 1996.
What's boise idaho like?
In my opinion, it is useful to put together a list of the most interesting details from trusted sources that I've come across answering what boise idaho zip code. Here are 11 of the best facts about Boise Idaho News and Boise Idaho Homes For Sale I managed to collect.
what to do at boise idaho?
 1. Boise, Idaho, USA has a (relatively) large ethnic Basque population.
 2. Idaho's capital city is Boise.
 3. Boise, Idaho used to have an electric trolley system which was discontinued and paved over. Some tracks have been unearthed during recent construction projects in the city.
 4. Boise, Idaho has a long history of Basque culture
 5. In 1985 a 7ft. "Mr. Potato Head" ran for Mayor of Boise, Idaho. It was the "first vegetable and the first toy to run for public office."
 6. For celebrating the New Year, Boise, Idaho drops a giant potato.
 7. It takes only 10 letters to write Boise, Idaho. It takes 24 letters to write Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They are first and last in state name + capital city length.
 8. The fewest number of letters to spell a U.S. State AND its capital is 10. (Boise, Idaho)
 9. Kevin Spacey's brother is a limousine driving Rod Stewart impersonator in Boise, Idaho (You have to see this website).
boise idaho facts
What is the population of boise idaho?
This is our collection of basic interesting facts about Boise Idaho. The fact lists are intended for research in school, for college students or just to feed your brain with new realities. Possible use cases are in quizzes, differences, riddles, homework facts legend, cover facts, and many more. Whatever your case, learn the truth of the matter why is Boise Idaho so important!
Editor Veselin Nedev Editor


Selected genera represented by recent and peatified woods common to the southeastern US and their lignitic equivalents from Vermont and North Dakota have been characterized by Curie-point pyrolysis-mass spectrometry and Curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography, mass spectrometry. Pyrolysis data have shown that similar chemical trends are exhibited during the peatification and early coalification of both hardwood and softwood cell wall components. These trends are:
 1. (1) the relatively rapid removal of pentosans i.e., hemicelluloses),
 2. (2) the initial enrichment followed by the gradual removal of cellulose (and other hexose sugars), and
 3. (3) the gradual modification of lignin to a less functionalized aromatic polymer. These observations imply that cell wall-derived huminitic macerals in coals consist predominantly of demethoxylated, demethylated, and more highly condensed lignin derived macromolecules.
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
Stout, S. A, Boon, J. J, & Spackman, W. (1988). Molecular aspects of the peatification and early coalification of angiosperm woods. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 52, 405–414. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(88)90096-8


text:
Understanding Installation of Steam Tracing for Long-Term Application Success
QMax recently released a detailed whitepaper on how HTC thickness and installation quality affect tracing performance. Here is a short segment along with a link to download the complete whitepaper. One of the most misunderstood and misused components of conductive steam tracing systems is heat transfer compound, or HTC. HTC is a viscous mastic designed to fill small air gaps between the tracing element and the object to be heated. Heat transfer compound is considerably more effective at transferring heat than static air, but has relatively poor thermal conductivity compared to the other components in a steam tracing system. If used in very thin layers, however, HTC helps maximize the performance of heating systems. This paper discusses and demonstrates why the performance and success of conductive steam tracing systems is highly dependent upon proper installation and use of HTC. Around the world, sulfur operations rely heavily on high performance steam tracing and jacketing to heat piping, equipment, and vessels. Failure to properly heat these systems can cause sulfur to freeze and ultimately shut down a processing plant or even an entire refinery. To ensure that a steam tracing system will operate as designed, especially for critical processes like liquid sulfur and vapors with sulfur compounds, proper system installation is critical for long-term success. To help understand how HTC thickness and installation quality affect tracing performance in critical operations like those involving sulfur, QMax Industries Inc. focused on testing two high performance steam tracing technologies: FTS (Fluid Tracing System) and CST (Carbon Steel Tracing). The systems were tested extensively with controlled HTC thicknesses for their effectiveness in melting elemental sulfur by tracing a sulfur-filled vessel in a QMax Industries Inc. facility. The outcome of improperly installing HTC, regardless of the reason or steam tracing technology used was consistent: as the HTC layer thickness between the tracing and pipe or vessel increases, the overall heat transfer rate from steam to process decreases. Increasing HTC thickness by only 1/16-inch from an optimal thickness of 1/32-inch increased the time required to melt elemental sulfur by as much as 70%. Click to download the complete whitepaper on "Understanding Installation of Steam Tracing for Long-Term Application Success". If you have questions about using steam tracing in your facility, contact the team at Campbell-Sevey.


text:
Moving Forward To Modernize Environmental Approvals
McGuinty Government Seeks Public Input On Proposed Direction
Ontario wants to make it easier for businesses to apply for and obtain environmental approvals while increasing protection of the environment.
Public comment is being invited on a proposed model until April 16, 2010.
The new model would be introduced over the next two years and focus resources on activities that pose the greatest risk to human health and the environment. Anticipated changes outlined in this Environmental Registry posting include:
- improving and simplifying the application process
- introducing a new, public electronic environmental registry to enhance transparency
- focusing on businesses or facilities with poor compliance records
- improving standards of environmental protection and compliance.
Known as a risk-based approach, the proposal recognizes that not all requests require the same level of review. The province is looking at an approach that streamlines approvals for low-risk activities and focuses resources and efforts on activities that pose the greatest risk to public health and the environment.
Modernizing approvals is a key part of the government's Open for Business initiative which aims to create faster, smarter government-to-business services while protecting the public interest.
- The proposed risk-based approach is consistent with practices in other jurisdictions, including California and Oklahoma.
- A round table of experts from environmental groups and the business community will also provide advice on matters related to developing and implementing the new process.
- Ontario receives more than 6,000 requests for Certificates of Approval each year. These certificates ensure that facilities in the province comply with environmental laws.
- As of September 2009, Ontario eliminated a backlog of approximately 1,700 applications for Certificates of Approval.
"This is the first step in building a modern approval system for the 21st century. We need to continue enhancing Ontario's environmental protection while improving service delivery to business. We look forward to working with stakeholders and the public to develop an approvals system that achieves that balance."
"Pollution Probe recognizes the need to streamline approvals for industrial activities. A relative risk approach could help align the process with changing market needs, while maintaining environmental protection. This is a considerable challenge, and Pollution Probe looks forward to being engaged in this process."
"We are pleased that the Ontario government has heard our call to action and has committed to developing modern environmental approvals that are more effective for business, while continuing to protect the environment."


text:
Located in El Paso, Ysleta Independent School District serves over 41,000 students. In 2015, as members of the district leadership team recognized significant gaps in reading levels, they sought the Raising Blended Learners opportunity to redesign learning and improve reading outcomes for all students. The district's pilot is designed to facilitate a shift from whole group, traditional instruction to student-centered, personalized learning to improve academic outcomes, increase ownership, and build lifelong learners.
"The students are confident. The students can communicate what they are doing, why they are doing it, and how they are making progress." – Norma Osuna, Principal at Ysleta Elementary School
Ysleta ISD observed chronically low reading levels from the elementary to secondary levels. The gap is particularly wide among English Language Learners, who are simultaneously learning both English and Spanish languages. Campus leaders are also concerned about student engagement and students' ability to articulate the purpose for why they are learning. In their blended learning pilots, the district is increasing data transparency with students and providing differentiated and timely support in reading through a personalized station rotation model in K-5 reading classrooms and increased personalization in 6th grade reading classrooms to drive improved academic outcomes and an increase in student progress ownership.
The districts' vision for blended learning embraces data-driven instruction and rigor and is guided by the the Ysleta ISD Strategic Plan (supported by the district's Technology Plan.). In addition to closing gaps in reading levels, Ysleta ISD's pilots focus on building student agency through increased ownership and engagement to build lifelong learners who are prepared for success beyond their time in Ysleta ISD.
With a strong track record of data-driven instruction and strong centralized district leadership, Ysleta ISD set out to address the literacy challenges and foster student success at the elementary level. In year one, two elementary schools piloted blended learning in nearly 20 K-5 reading classrooms. In year 2, the pilot expanded to four total elementary schools in 76 K-5 reading classrooms and one middle school in four 6th grade reading classrooms. Initially, the pilot was only in reading but other teachers noticed changes in the classrooms around them and the pilot organically spread to math and science classrooms. In the Ysleta model, students receive an on-grade level mini lesson for the day, then engage in a combination of individualized station work, collaborative standards-based activities, strategic small group lessons with the teacher, and self-directed work on online content. Students choose their own station work based on their current mastery of standards and the goals they have set with teachers.
In year two, the pilot expanded to two additional elementary schools and one middle school. The middle school pilot in four 6th grade reading classrooms includes daily flexible instructional groups based on data, weekly goal setting, and student choice in station activities. These elements, in addition to the tracking their progress throughout the year aim to increase academic achievement in reading and foster authentic student engagement and ownership of the content in the class.
Flexible Instructional Grouping
Design pillars are used among all Raising Blended Learners sites to identify the essential design elements upon which each site's student experience in based. The Ysleta design pillars are: Data-Driven Instruction/Flexible Instructional Grouping, Rigor, Student Agency, and Competency-Based Learning.
Data-Driven Instruction is the backbone of the entire Blended Learning Model and drives the use of Flexible Instructional Grouping to remediate individual standards for students on a daily basis. Data also drives the creation of stations that students choose in order to fill in gaps from previous grade levels or to move on to content that they are ready to master.
In order for small group instruction and independent to be effective, all work must be aligned to the Rigor of the standards and be relevant so that students see the purpose in the work.
Student agency refers to the level of control, autonomy, and power that learners have in their experience at school. To foster choice and develop ownership, pilot teachers develop systems, and strategies to build students' capacity be responsible for the learning process, monitor their progress, and set learning goals.
Competency-Based Learning ensures appropriately challenging experiences that push students to practice standards and skills when they need them. Through stations, adaptive software, and formative assessments, students are provided with work that maximizes their academic growth.


text:
Compound of 変わり (kawari, "substitute") + 身 (mi, "body").
変わり身 (hiragana かわりみ, romaji kawarimi)
- (sumo) a quick shift of position
- flexibility in adapting one's words and deeds to changing circumstances
- A ancient ninja art revolving around misdirection and the split-second timing of a switch between a 'body' and a location, or between two or more bodies: A technique utilized by ninja in ancient Japan, involving the ninja and anything that can be mistaken for them, (such as a dummy or a mannequin.)
- 変わり身の術 (kawarimi-no-jutsu)
- 変身 (へんしん, henshin)
- 分身 (ぶんしん, bunshin)


text:
|Caring for children|
|Outside the home|
|Institutions and standards|
Babysitters are usually ages 12 and above The type of work for babysitters also varies to the babies, from watching a sleeping child, changing diapers, to playing games, preparing meals, teaching the child to read, or even driving (if the age is right), depending on the agreement between the parents and the babysitter.
In some countries various organizations produce courses for babysitters, mainly focusing on child safety and first aid appropriate for infants and children. These classes or courses can be provided at local hospitals and sometimes even schools. These classes can equip the babysitter with information to keep both the child, or children, and sitter safe in various health and weather scenarios.
Word History
The term "baby sitter" first appeared in 1937, while the verb form "baby-sit" was first recorded in 1947. The American Heritage College Dictionary notes "One normally would expect the agent noun babysitter with its -er suffix to come from the verb baby-sit, as diver comes from dive, but in fact babysitter is first recorded in 1937, ten years earlier than the first appearance of baby-sit. Thus the verb was derived from the agent noun rather than the other way around, and represents a good example of back-formation." The use of the word "sit" to abbreviate to refer to a baby-sitter is recorded from 1800. The term may have originated from the action of the caretaker "sitting on" the baby in one room, while the parents were entertaining or busy in another.
International variations in definition
In British English the term refers only to caring for a child for a few hours, on an informal basis and usually in the evening when the child is asleep for most of the time. In American English the term can include caring for a child for the whole or most of the day, and on a regular or more formal basis, which would be described as childminding in British English.
- Dupaix, Madison. "Age ForÂ Babysitting." About.com Kids & Money. About.com, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013.
- Greenwald, Ken. "Babysitting." Word Wizard. Google.com, Sept.-Oct. 2003. Web.
- "baby-sit", The American Heritage College Dictionary, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002, p. 103
- Admin. "10 Interesting Facts About the Etymology of Babysitter | Babysitters." Babysitters. Babysitters.net, 23 Jan. 2012. Web. 13 Mar. 2013.
- Miriam Forman-Brunell. Babysitter: An American History. New York University Press, June, 2009.
|Look up babysitting in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
- Babysitting courses provided by the American Red Cross
- YourChild: Babysitter Safety University of Michigan Health System
- A guide to the business of babysitting in the United States
- Quality Child Care From University of Florida/IFAS Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences, Factors in choosing quality child care.


Accessibility navigation
Test expectancy and memory for important information
Middlebrooks, C. D., Murayama, K. and Castel, A. D. (2017) Test expectancy and memory for important information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 43 (6). pp. 972-985. ISSN _PHONE_
Text - Accepted Version
· Please see our End User Agreement before downloading.
To link to this item DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000360
Prior research suggests that learners study and remember information differently depending upon the type of test they expect to later receive. The current experiments investigate how testing expectations impact the study of and memory for valuable information. Participants studied lists of words ranging in value from 1-10 points with the goal being to maximize their score on a later memory test. Half of the participants were told to expect a recognition test after each list, while the other half were told to expect a recall test. After several lists of receiving tests congruent with expectations, participants studying for a recognition test instead received an unexpected recall test. In Experiment 1, participants who had studied for a recognition test recalled less of the valuable information than participants anticipating the recall format. These participants continued to attend less to item value on future (expected) recall tests than participants who had only ever experienced recall testing. When the recognition tests were made more demanding in Experiment 2, value-based recall improved relative to Experiment 1: though memory for the valuable information remained superior when participants studied with the expectation of having to recall the information, there were no longer significant differences after accounting for recall testing experience. Thus, recall-based testing encouraged strategic, value-based encoding and enhanced retrieval of important information, while recognition testing in some cases limited value-based study and memory. These results extend prior work concerning the impact of testing expectations on memory, offering further insight into how people study important information.
Item Type:Article
ID Code:67946
Publisher:American Psychological Association.
Downloads per month over past year
Page navigation


text:
How art reflects the society
Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper on how art reflects the society in" rel="nofollow">in which it was made that responds to the followin" rel="nofollow">ing:1.What image of America was communicated by the in" rel="nofollow">innovations and buildin" rel="nofollow">ings presented at the 1883 Chicago's World Fair?
2.How was this image communicated? -How and why was the art produced by the Ashcan School different from that of the Gilded Age?
3.To what changes in" rel="nofollow">in social history were artists reactin" rel="nofollow">ing? -How is art a reflection of society? Explain" rel="nofollow">in with at least two examples to illustrate the relationship between art and society. These two examples may be from the text or of your own selection. Discuss the subject or theme of your selected works.


text:
MAPP (Method for Impact Assessment of Projects and Programmes) is in a way the origin of the Tiny Tools. It combines a number of Participatory Rural Appraisal tools in order to systematically explore both changes and causes of change in a community in a very differentiated way. It has been frequently used to evaluate NGOs, as well as large government programmes.
MAPP combines the Tiny Tools Lifeline, Trend Analysis, Activity List and Influence Matrix, plus three more tools, in a 2-day workshop with representatives of a community. It gives a very thorough understanding on the community's perception of change and its causes, including a number of steps of triangulation and validation. These are not only very informative, they are also great, elating learning experiences for the representatives of the community.
Tiny Tools were developed by taking out the single tools from MAPP and searching for many more. We are sure – you can adapt them to your situation and develop your own.
MAPP Description and Examples (13 pages, 300 KB) Download.
A comment on MAPP by Robert Chambers can be found in his article "A Revolution Whose Time Has Come? The Win-Win of Quantitative Participatory Approaches and Methods, IDS Bulletin 41/6, Nov 2010, click here.
More descriptions of methods that combine Tiny Tools can be found in the Overview Tiny Tools (14 pages, 900 KB) Download.


From Wikizilla, the kaiju encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
The Underworld (地獄, Jigoku) is a fictional location thought to be deep below the surface of the Earth. Many religions have a version of the Underworld, and in many of them which have a Heaven, the location is simply referred to as Hell.
Go! Greenman
Although the Underworld is never seen on screen, Maoh is said to be the ruler of it before he was banished by God himself to a desolate cave deep underground.
Orochi, the Eight-Headed Dragon
In Yamato Takeru, the god Tsukuyomi is the lord of the Underworld.
Godzilla in Hell
Issue 1
In the first issue of the five-part miniseries, Godzilla arrives in Hell via falling into it, plummeting into the vestibule where he leaves a crater. After being greeted by a gigantic monument with the inscription "ABANDON ALL HOPE YE WHO ENTER HERE," and subsequently destroying it, Godzilla moves forward and encounters a number of hellish cities.
The first city is lined with glowing red eyes, and features large dome-shaped rocks with eerily human faces sculpted into them, and a second has towers with impossible geometry, large tetrahedrons balanced on tiny rods. There is also a nuclear reactor here, and Godzilla, upon peering into the smoke stacks, is attacked by a demon resembling a mass of tumorous organs. After stomping the demon to death, he moves on and passes through a third city, composed of building with strange hieroglyphic engravings.
Past this, Godzilla encounters an enormous cloud of souls, tossed around in the air by an infernal storm, which he is able to walk through without much resistance. But when he emerges from a cloud bank into the eye of the storm, he finds what appears to be another Godzilla. Soon the creature reveals itself to be another demon and attempts to eat Godzilla, which has the same outcome as when Orga attempted to devour him. In the process of destroying the demon, Godzilla weakens the edge of the ledge of the current tier of Hell and plummets deeper downwards.
Issue 2
Issue 3
Issue 4
Issue 5
Planets and continents Earth (Asia) • MarsJupiterMonster PlanetPlanet Torendiru
Planets and continents Earth (AsiaAmericaEuropeOceaniaAntarcticaNew Guinea) • GorathPlanet Fire God
Geographic points Mount FujiTanzawa PassPacific OceanTokyo Bay
Miscellaneous National Diet BuildingTokyo TowerTokyo StationAratrumOratio
American films
Planets and continents Earth (AmericaOceaniaEuropeAsiaAntarctica)
Printed media
Geographic points Pacific Ocean (Monster IslandMonster IslandsInfant IslandMoansta IslandSatan Atoll)
Planets and continents Earth (AmericaAsiaEurope)
Miscellaneous Golden Gate BridgeEiffel TowerHell
Loading comments..
Era Icon - Toho.png
Era Icon - Showa.png
Era Icon - Heisei.png
Era Icon - Greenman.png
Era Icon - Godzilla.png


1.4. Abstract measure spaces 87 To put it another way: When can we ensure that one can interchange integrals and limits, lim n→∞ X fn? = X lim n→∞ fn dμ? There are certainly some cases in which one can safely do this: Exercise 1.4.41 (Uniform convergence on a finite measure space). Suppose that (X, B,μ) is a finite measure space (so μ(X) ∞), and fn : X [0, +∞] (resp. fn : X C) are a sequence of unsigned measurable functions (resp. absolutely integrable functions) that converge uniformly to a limit f. Show that X fn converges to X f dμ. However, there are also cases in which one cannot interchange limits and integrals, even when the fn are unsigned. We give the three classic examples, all of "moving bump" type, though the way in which the bump moves varies from example to example: Example 1.4.39 (Escape to horizontal infinity). Let X be the real line with Lebesgue measure, and let fn := 1[n,n+1]. Then fn converges pointwise to f := 0, but R fn(x) dx = 1 does not converge to R f(x) dx = 0. Somehow, all the mass in the fn has escaped by moving off to infinity in a horizontal direction, leaving none behind for the pointwise limit f. Example 1.4.40 (Escape to width infinity). Let X be the real line with Lebesgue measure, and let fn := 1 n 1[0,n]. Then fn now converges uniformly to f := 0, but R fn(x) dx = 1 still does not converge to R f(x) dx = 0. Exercise 1.4.41 would prevent this from happening if all the fn were supported in a single set of finite measure, but the increasingly wide nature of the support of the fn prevents this from happening. Example 1.4.41 (Escape to vertical infinity). Let X be the unit interval [0, 1] with Lebesgue measure (restricted from R), and let fn := n1[ 1 n, 2 n ]. Now, we have finite measure, and fn converges pointwise to f, but no uniform convergence. And again, [0,1] fn(x) dx = 1 is not converging to [0,1] f(x) dx = 0. This time, the mass has escaped vertically, through the increasingly large values of fn. Remark 1.4.42. From the perspective of time-frequency analysis (or perhaps more accurately, space-frequency analysis), these three escapes are analogous (though not quite identical) to escape to spatial infinity, escape to zero frequency, and escape to infinite frequency respectively, thus describing the three different ways in which phase space fails to be compact (if one excises the zero frequency as being singular).
Previous Page Next Page


text:
Classroom Management Skills For Young Learners
The American TESOL Institute is a pioneer in world education. It has left a mark world wide because of its contribution in the field of education. However, we have come to realize that education does not only include academics, but classroom management also plays a major role at all levels, whether Primary or secondary. Classroom Management goes much beyond the classroom whereby the teacher is expected to meet the demands of varied students and also cater to their needs. The trainee teacher during the Teacher Diploma Course is trained to handle the students very tactfully, especially in a young Learner class. We believe that teaching is actually a People's Management Skill whereby in a very subtle manner the teacher creates a suitable learning situation. Most Primary teachers may be teaching from different books and following different techniques and methodology but all of them are confronted with the same problem, that of classroom management. So, in the Pre Primary Teacher training Diploma Course a lot of emphasis is laid on effective classroom management as this ultimately leads to effective teaching and learning. We, in the teacher certificate course understand and respect the fact that no Young Learner class can be similar and so are teachers are trained to be flexible and change, alter and adjust according to the needs of the students. A Young Learner teacher is expected to be equipped with the professional skills along the sensitiveness and flexibility of a teacher. The course equips the trainee teachers with a clear understanding of the intricacies and tactful handling of a Young Learner class. Emphasis is given to discipline, Classroom layout, different classroom activities, students' background, teacher-student relationship and last but not the least disaster management and emergency management, which is considered to be an integral part of classroom management.
Basic points of the Pre & Primary Teachers Training Course or TESOL Young Learners


text:
Athens, Ga. – A new University of Georgia study suggests that health agencies investigating Salmonella illnesses should consider untreated surface water as a possible source of contamination.
Researchers, whose results appear in the March issue of the journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology, tested water over a one-year period in rivers and streams in a region of south Georgia known for its high rate of sporadic salmonella cases. The team found Salmonella in 79 percent of water samples, with the highest concentrations and the greatest diversity of strains in the summer and after rainfall.
"Streams are not routinely tested for Salmonella, and our finding is an indication that many more could be contaminated than people realize," said Erin Lipp, associate professor in the UGA College of Public Health. "We found our highest numbers in the summer months, and this is also the time when most people get sick."
Lipp, who co-authored the study with former UGA graduate student Bradd Haley and Dana Cole in the Georgia Division of Public Health, said that although contaminated water used to irrigate or wash produce has been linked to several well-publicized outbreaks of salmonellosis in recent years, the environmental factors that influence Salmonella levels in natural waters are not well understood. She said understanding how Salmonella levels change in response to variables such as temperature and rainfall are critical to predicting—and ultimately preventing—the waterborne transmission of the bacteria.
The team studied streams in the upper reaches of the Suwannee River Basin, which begins in south Georgia and flows into central Florida. The study area contains a mix of forested lands, row crops, pasturelands, wetlands and small cities. The researchers chose sampling sites near a variety of those environments but found little variation in Salmonella concentrations by location. The diversity of Salmonella strains, however, was highest near a farm containing cattle and a pivot irrigation system, suggesting that close proximity to livestock and agriculture increase the risk of contamination. The researchers also found a strong and direct correlation between rainfall for the two days preceding sample collection and the concentration of Salmonella, suggesting that runoff contributes to the contamination.
Salmonella can be found in the intestinal tracts of several species of animals and in humans. The bacteria are shed in feces, but Lipp said recent data suggest that they can persist and possibly grow in water if given the right conditions. Her study found that the diversity and concentration of Salmonella increased as temperatures increased. The highest concentrations and greatest diversity of strains were found in August, the warmest month of the year. Lipp adds that her study, which was funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Joint Program on Climate Variability and Human Health, lends support to the idea that Salmonella illnesses could increase as a result of global warming.
Lipp notes that her study area had 58 cases of Salmonella illness per 100,000 people in 2007, the last year for which figures are available, compared to a state average of 22 cases per 100,000 people and a national average of 15 cases per 100,000 people. She said the exact mechanisms by which people in her study area are being exposed to environmental Salmonella are unclear, but the most commonly detected strain in the studied streams was among the top ten associated with human infections in the health district. The porous nature of the soil in the study area means that surface water and groundwater are prone to mixing, especially after rainfalls, and Lipp said that poorly sited wells might be a factor in many illnesses. Another possibility, especially common among children, is so called incidental exposure by which people become infected with the bacteria when playing in or near contaminated waterways.
"Understanding the environmental factors that contribute to salmonella illnesses can guide our efforts to educate people about how they can avoid being sickened through the proper construction and maintenance of wells, basic hygiene such as hand washing and good food safety practices," Lipp said. "We also have the potential to decrease the likelihood of larger outbreaks related to produce, because in many cases contaminated irrigation water, and not the produce itself, may be the cause of the outbreak."


text:
of the XXVI RadioAstron Meeting
Moscow, 18-20 July 2001
The meeting was hosted by the Astro Space Center, Moscow, Russia
A demonstration of the engineering model of the 10-m space radio telescope (SRT) antenna unfolding, and the engineering models of spacecraft were given by Lavochkin Association (LA). These models will be tested at LA in 2001-2002.
The SRT test facilities were inspected at the site of Pushchino Radio Astronomical Observatory. The facilities are ready for radio astronomical tests of engineering model of SRT in 2002.
The general status of the project was presented by N.S. Kardashev. Main achievements since the previous meeting (Moscow, October 1999) are:
- the engineering model of SRT antenna with many elements of flight model is
manufactured and ready for space qualification tests;
- the complete engineering model of electronic SRT complex (with exception of the Neuchatel/ESA Hydrogen maser) was tested as interferometer with "zero" base line;
- upgraded 22 GHz on-board LNA and MFS converter are under preparation;
- the high apogee orbit were studied in details and it was approved as principal, 28-h orbit is considered as a reserve one;
- vibration tests of spacecraft engineering model was completed, electrical tests was started and the first flight model of spacecraft is under fabrication;
- the construction of special building for test calibration of SRT in Pushchino was completed.
V.E. Babyshkin presented the overall timeline of the RadioAstron
mission implementation. It has the following main components:
- end-to-end tests in Pushchino of the RadioAstron radio telescope:
engineering model - September 2002,
flight model - May-July 2003;
- final assembly of the S/C EM - December 2003.
Current results and the plans for STR and Interferometer tests were reported during meetings at LA and PRAO ASC (see Agenda).
During the Meeting with Deputy Director of ROSAVIAKOSMOS Mr. G.M. Polishuk it was declared that status of the SRT development and the current situation with the test facilities in Pushchino, as well as the provision of necessary funding, ensure the possibility that the scientific payload and spacecraft bus will be ready for launch in the autumn of 2004 - middle of 2005.
Presentations and discussions concerning scientific program of RadioAstron mission have shown necessity to increase angular resolution compared with the VSOP project.
The following actions items have been formulated as a result of general discussion:
- The meeting expresses concerns about continuing support and funding for the
NASA & NRAO tracking stations which were built for Radioastron and VSOP
- ASC & NRAO should speed up preparation of the contact for construction and
delivery of the 22 GHz LNA for the SRT. A meeting between the ASC and NRAO
representatives in Green Bank or in Moscow is desirable for shortening the
- The ASC asks ESA and Neuchatel Observatory to resume construction of the SRT
onboard Hydrogen maser. This maser is particularly crucial for the RadioAstron
project with the high (350,000 km) orbit currently planned.
- The meeting encourages the participating observatories and institutes to consider pre-launch observations that would be used for determining the best observing strategies for RadioAstron mission.
- The ASC and Green Bank Tracking Station have to test the interfaces to be used in tracking of RadioAstron.
- It was recommended to ASC, LA and JPL to study the necessity of a high accuracy on-board accelerometer for orbit determination.
- Next RadioAstron meeting will be held in Moscow on August 26-29, 2002.


sacrifice a humanoid ; sacrifice is a female elf
Sacrifice Female elf, bound to the altar Actually a dark elf spy the orcs caught; didn't reveal herself because while the orcs don't like elves, they really hate dark elves and there would be nothing to be gained.
Altar Stone altar, blood channels, well-used sacrificial stone Bloodstained, defaced, was originally an altar to It still is; the orcs are not worshipping the god they thought they were.
And so on, with the various elements of interest having such information provided for them.
Not all parts need to be present. If there is nothing hidden, that column could be dropped. An element may be present but hidden, in which case the Obvious and Inobvious columns might be empty.
Closing Comments
When exploring, there are several layers of discovery. By arranging the information gained into those groups, you gain several benefits.
First, you can set the scene for the players, focusing on what they will (likely) most care about before anything else. You can point primarily at the obvious that they are likely to interact with and provide hints at deeper things. The players can treat things superficially (kill the ogres and take their stuff) or possibly gain more by engaging.
Second, attentive characters can gain more from the events. By investigating the obvious (or getting lucky, true, but that tends to draw them in also), they can find insight into the inobvious, and possibly gain more. More treasure, more trouble, it's all the same to me :)
Third, tenaciousness can pay off, but not nearly as well as gaining knowledge first. You could pry up every flagstone in the dungeon and possibly find something (unless it's hidden behind a false stone in the wall…), but learning specifics before you go in pays off better.
Finally, multiple layers of knowledge to be gained while exploring often leads to the possibility of multiple visits to an area, making the work worthwhile. If it is possible, especially if it is easily possible, to learn everything in one pass, it becomes difficult to engage with a place. Exploration works best when it holds the attention of the explorers.
No related content found.
 1. Actually, in retrospect I probably would drop the elf and orc stats here in order to focus on the narrative elements. I might keep treasure stats here generally because they tend to be pretty short, but monster stat blocks can be long enough I don't want to clutter what should be a summary table.
 Not that that changes a lot, since I'm revising the entire thing anyway to try to fit to a narrower text column.
 2. I have slightly different categories for hex contents: obvious, hidden, and landmarks. I don't really distinguish between inobvious (concealed?) and hidden, assuming that the difference will usually be clear in play.
 The presentation proposed here seems pretty heavy for what is otherwise a pretty simple room. If it were me, I would probably write it up like this:
 Sacrifice chamber. Altar. Female elf (actually drow spy, orcs don't know) about to be sacrificed by 12 orcs + 1 orc priest who worship Some God.
 There's not really anything here that requires being extra careful about clues (like a nasty trap), so I feel like the formal template is mostly getting in the way. That's a lot of text to parse. There's really no need to write details about the sounds; that should be clear from the contents.
 In general, I've become pretty suspicious of templates in RPG information presentation, as it seems they often encourage including unimportant information.
 - The presentation here is pretty heavy, I won't dispute that.
 I can do abstract things very well, and it's part of why I'm so good at my day job, but quickly generating detail consistently, without being repetitive[1], is harder work to me. I find that things work better when I have a little more prepared than you would use. I overlook too many pieces if I don't.
 [1] that is, quickly coming up with the sorts of things I want to come up with, at a consistent grade, without repeating myself a lot or forgetting things.
 - That makes sense.
 Maybe more of a focus on nouns with simple description, to support the desire for anchored details? And there is some redundancy that could be cut out (example: the word altar shows up five times; could probably be cut down to 1).
 - Possibly so, the text could be made quite a bit shorter. I like having lots of notes so I can focus on interaction rather than invention or remembering during play, because I can use the help. Depending on what I'm writing and the audience I can see sticking with presentation like this (especially for beginning DMs who could use the same help I do), including the copious whitespace that hopefully makes it easier to find things. I can also imagine greatly reducing the detail (and what would for this audience be wasted space) if this were, for example, an encounter reference to deliberately be expanded on, such as Matt Stater's hex crawl information in _NOD_. Summarizing an entire site with a paragraph or two is very concise, and useful for idea mining, but I would likely want to expand on anything like that that I use.
Leave a Reply
Back to Top


.
To answer this, one should study the precise relation of $F_d(\omega_k)$ and $F(\omega)$ in the corresponding frequencies. $F_d(\omega_k)$ is equivalent to the "exact" (DTFT) transform of the original signal windowed, i.e., multiplied by a rectangular signal. Then, $F_d(\omega_k)$ can be seen as obtained by the following procedure: take the true Fourier transform $F(\omega)$ of the original signal, do a convolution it with a sinc function (with a width equal to the "bin" width), and sample it at discrete equispaced points. Notice that the convolution with a sinc is conceptually similar to a blurring, or a integration that 'averages' the values of neighbour frequencies. But this integration is not limited to neighbour frequencies (that of the 'bin'), it actually includes a little all frequencies. This (undesirable) effect is known as Spectral Leakage. (To alliviate this -only partiallyone frequently apply a smooth window to the sampled signal)
So, your intuition is only partially right. $F_d(0)$ correspond, yes, to an integration of the true values of the transform around frequency 0, mainly for your cero 'bin' - but, sadly, it's not limited to those frequencies.
Given that there is not a simple relation between $F_d(\omega_k)$ and the true transform at the points $\omega_k$, even less definite can be said for intermediate frequency values. I think that one could do an interpolation (a sinc would be the ideal one, but one typically uses some linear o cuadratic approximation) for other frequencies, but that would anyway give us the interporlated values of $F_d(\cdot)$ (the transformed of the windowed signal, not the true signal).
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


The Test of the Properties of Scouring Agent Determination of textile's Whiteness - HT Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.
HT Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.
The Test of the Properties of Scouring Agent Determination of textile's Whiteness
The Test of the Properties of Scouring Agent Determination of textile's Whiteness
Time: Click: 1249
There are so many testing methods of whiteness, and the reliability and applicable range are varied, especially as the increasing use of the fluorescent whitening agent in recent years, making the determination of whiteness become much more complicated. Nowadays, the determination of whiteness can be divided as two kinds generally: the first one is to use the spectrophotometer to determine the reflectance of each wavelength. The L value, a value and b value are obtained by computer calculation, and then the whiteness is obtained by the whiteness calculation formula. At present, there are a lot of whiteness calculation formulas, but they are all have weakness, proving that it is hard to find a formula that is corresponded to the fact. Taking ZBD whiteness calculation as an example: Determination of the specific wavelength light through the filter that transmitted wavelength less than 500nm is irradiated to the sample light except for the blue light, and purple light, so that whiteness measurement can be carried out with samples of fluorescent whitening agents. In the determination, the instrument is adjusted with a standard white plate, and then the relative whiteness of the sample is determined.
1. Instrument. XBD whiteness calculation.
2. Operating steps. To cut the semi-cloth products with no optical brightener for 12cm refined * 24cm, and fold into 5cm * 5cm 8 layers (thin fabric is 18cm * 24cm, 5cm * 5cm folded into 12 layers). And then to determine whiteness in whiteness meter, which requires each specimen shall keep the warp and weft consistent. In this case it should be measured 3 times in different parts, and eventually to take the average value.
3. Illustrations
◎ Other instruments which can determine or can calculate after determination are favorable to be applied. Even though the data gained may not consistent, using the same instrument to determine the data can still illustrate the situation about whiteness. The date of whiteness given in the report should be marked the type of the instrument.
◎ The layers folded of textile should be the same.
Related News
Pretreatment Auxiliaries
Dyeing Auxiliaries
Hand Feels Finishing Agent


text:
Friedrich Hayek once noted that "A successful free society will always in large measure be a tradition-bound society." In pursuit of Hayek's wisdom, this podcast with Donald Devine, author of America's Way Back: Reclaiming Freedom, Tradition, and the Constitution focuses on his attempt to revive fusionism by harmonizing freedom and tradition in the manner once proposed by Frank Meyer.
While conservatives and libertarians have long been fractured, Meyer attempted in a series of essays almost fifty years ago to find the principles that would unite them. He observed that individual freedom emerges from the religious and moral heritage of the West. However, this freedom presupposes virtue that individuals must practice in order to be free. This heritage of freedom and its underlying principles forever remove the state from possessing a comprehensive ordering role in the lives of its citizens. So the state should not and cannot make virtuous individuals, but freedom, Meyer argues, requires virtue and the commitment to excellence in the use of one's choices. Freedom is high drama and welcomes family, religion, and the arts of association for its support. Believing that we are a nation exhausted by the size of government and the inefficacy of our major parties to defend the American tradition of liberty, Devine discusses why we need to recover Meyer's fusionism today.


text:
Our UWAR product is a must have need in schools for the following reasons:
- Athletic department could utilize this adaptive equipment to help injured athletes rehab injuries at home or at facility faster.
- Physical education department needs the product to teach kids safe and effective strength training and the importance of this as to ward off obesity and teach healthy habits early on.
- OT's need the UWAR product at schools to be able to work with kids on any and all needs from mobility to therapeutic and motor skills etc.
- Curriculum tool for schools to teach a class around products that work well as adaptive fitness and rehabilitative equipment and all the different needs in society for this.
- Great recreational tool for highly energetic kids at any age to utilize to get out that excess energy in a safe structured way


text:
generally assume that the Alberta, Canada, oil sand deposit formed when dinosaurs
prowled Earth during the late Cretaceous. But new isotopic measurements reveal
that these previous estimates may be off by tens of millions of years.
The Western Canada Sedimentary Basin is a large source of recoverable oil, and researchers have recently redated the deposit to some 60 million years older than previously thought. Photo courtesy of Syncrude Canada Ltd.
About the size of Ireland, the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin is the largest oil sand deposit in the world. But the age and source of that oil has remained unknown. One idea has held that the oil formed and moved to fill the basin 60 million years ago during the Laramide orogeny a series of mountain-building events that greatly affected the Rocky Mountains in western Canada. But according to David Selby and Robert Creaser in the May 27 Science, measurements of rhenium and osmium ratios in the oil date the deposit to about 112 million years old.
The thing that is significant about this paper is timing, says Larry Cathles, a chemical geologist at Cornell University in New York, who was not involved in the study. The formation of an oil field first requires an abundance of decayed organic material, which is compacted by sediment until it turns into a source rock, the pressure from which creates intense heat that converts the components to liquid oil at about 90 degrees Celsius (194 degrees Fahrenheit). The oil then buoyantly migrates uphill until it reaches an impermeable layer that traps it to pool into a reservoir. Its similar to rainwater collecting in ponds, Cathles says. Think of that inverted.
According to Bruce Schaefer, a geoscientist at Monash University in Australia, attempts by other researchers to date the oil focused on determining the age of either the initial source rock or the current host rock. However, these can differ by up to hundreds of millions of years from the actual time of migration, Schaefer says. Researchers also tried sampling the oil directly and measuring isotopes, such as rubidium and strontium, without much success. None of them have been able to investigate that critical moment when oil is actually extracted from a rock and migrates, Schaefer says. They generally preserve errors that are so large as to be meaningless.
But Selby and Creaser say they knew that a phenomenon specific to a different isotopic system, rhenium-osmium, could significantly reduce the error in dating oil. Selby says that the exact mechanism has not been determined, but it is known that at the time of petroleum generation when oil containing rhenium-osmium isotopes leaves the source rock the isotope ratios are somehow reset. Without the isotopes, the age would apply not to the oil deposit but to the source rock itself, which, in the case of Alberta, is about 250 million years older. There has to be some sort of resetting going on, Selby says. Thats the key thing.
Taking advantage of that phenomenon, using isotopic analysis they were able to determine the time the oil began migrating. This technique is exciting and holds a lot of promise, Schaefer says.
The rhenium-osmium oil dating technique has the potential to date oil reservoirs all over the world, and could help geologists identify the rocks from which known oil deposits originated, Selby says. Its not going to let us find new oil, he says, but it will help us understand the basin in greater detail.
Back to top