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Each month there is a special South Carolina token or medal that is highlighted as the Token or Medal of the Month. This month we will showcase an interesting early 20th century trade token from the city of Charleston.
The city of Charleston has always played a significant role in the history of the state of South Carolina. From its beginnings in 1670 as a small colonial settlement at the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, through its growing importance as a seaport for the fledgling nation, to its part as the incendiary flashpoint in the sectional conflict which became the Civil War, the city has enjoyed a prominence that seemingly lifted it above similar communities in the state. It is no small wonder then, that some of its citizens thought the city to occupy a pedestal raised above its South Carolina neighbors.
It was this feeling of superiority that occasionally led some Charlestonians to consider themselves immune from the laws and social mores governing the rest of the state. And this sentiment, in turn, gave rise to the issuance of this month's token, which so publicly flaunted Charleston's opposition to the state dispensary law and the temperance movement behind it.
On its surface, the 29mm aluminum token shown above does not appear to carry any hint of its true nature. The innocuous inscription on the obverse reads GOOD FOR 5¢ IN TRADE AT CHICCO'S CAFE. The pictorial of the blindfolded tiger on the reverse, however, is a blatant advertisement for the "supposedly" clandestine saloon which Vincent Chicco operated in conjunction with his cafe. And, as such, the token speaks volumes on Charleston's open opposition to the state legislature's attempts to outlaw saloons and the sale of liquor by the drink in the late 1890s and early 1900s.
During the aforementioned time period hundreds of "blind tigers," as they were commonly called, sprung up in Charleston and other cities in South Carolina. The illegal drinking establishments were a logical response to Governor Ben Tillman's attempt to legislate the drinking habits of a populace which liked its liquor. Tillman had much difficulty in controlling the "blind tigers" across the state, but especially so in the city of Charleston. Several times during his tenure in office he had to send out state constables to arrest any proprietors they could catch selling alcohol illegally. Vincent Chicco was one of the first people arrested after the enactment of Tillman's dispensary bill. A scant two weeks after the bill became law, Chicco was arrested and brought before a judge for illegal liquor sales. The details of his arrest and subsequent legal proceedings were covered prominently in the Charleston newspapers and Chicco's case became infamous. Despite his brush with the law, he continued to sell alcohol to his customers in open defiance of the dispensary law and was subsequently arrested at least three times, in 1901, 1902, and 1903.
Chicco apparently operated more than one clandestine saloon, and became known as the "King of the Blind Tigers." His main base of operations was at 83 Market Street, where he and his growing family lived in an apartment above the premises. At times Chicco's business was listed in the city directories as a grocery, a delicatessen, a cafe, and a restaurant. Prior to July 1893, when the dispensary act came into effect, Chicco was listed as a saloonkeeper. In 1894 and beyond, his business was never again described as a saloon, but his advertisements in the city directories certainly made it known that he sold wines and liquors.
Chicco parlayed his notoriety for opposing the dispensary law into his election to the Charleston City Council as alderman for his ward. He was elected to five consecutive terms and for his earnestness in representing the members of his district he gained the unofficial epithet "Mayor of Ward 3." Chicco died in 1928 at the age of 78. His obituary in the Charleston newspaper characterized him as "possessing a forceful personality" and a "raconteur of ability." The newspaper mentioned his emigration to this country from Italy as a teenager after a short stint as a merchant seaman. Chicco then worked on one of the local railroads for a short period, after which he was employed as a policeman for the city of Charleston. He started his saloon business in 1892. He married Miss Mary Ann Burke of Charleston and had four children, Joseph, Vincent, Jr., Natalie, and an unidentified daughter.
Incidentally, the term "blind tiger" as a synonym for an illegal drinking establishment can be traced back to the 1850s. A sister term "blind pig" dates from the 1870s. The terms derive from clandestine establishments that would advertise exotic animals on their window blinds, charging admission to see the said animals, which of course were not inside. Once admitted, patrons were then served with the illegal refreshment of their choice. The following limerick summarizes the ruse:
On the store, though behind it you'd find
Neither bengal nor cat,
Just a liquor-filled vat
And the patrons who paid didn't mind.
Copyright 2006 by Tony Chibbaro.
The South Carolina Dispensary & Embossed S.C. Whiskey Bottles & Jugs, _PHONE_ by Harvey S. Teal and Rita Foster Wallace, Midlands Printing Company, Camden, S.C., 2005.
South Carolina Postcards, Volume I, Charleston, Berkeley, and Dorchester Counties by Howard Woody and Thomas L. Johnson, Arcadia Publishing Company, Charleston, S.C., 1997.
The Red Tape Cocktail: Charleston's Reaction to the South Carolina Dispensary System by Helen Glenn Smith, published in Chrestomathy: Annual Review of Undergraduate Research, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, College of Charleston, Volume 4, 2005: pp 195-217, College of Charleston, 2005.
Chicco Funeral This Afternoon in News & Courier, October 26, 1928.
OEDILF: The Omnificent English Dictionary in Limerick Form online at _URL_.
If you collect or have a casual interest in South Carolina tokens or tokens issued by cotton mills, lumber companies, or other types of businesses, you may want to purchase my book, South Carolina Tokens and its three supplements. To read a description of these standard references, please click on this link: Books.
Token or Medal of the Month Main Page
A Short History of Token Use in South Carolina
South Carolina Trade Tokens for Sale - Page 1
South Carolina Trade Tokens for Sale - Page 2
Other South Carolina Exonumia for Sale
Trade Tokens from Other States for Sale
eBay Auction Listings
South Carolina Stereoviews
The Charleston Exposition
Links to Other Sites


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Tripropellant rocket
By Wikipedia,
the free encyclopedia,
A tripropellant rocket is a rocket that uses three propellants, as opposed to the more common bipropellant rocket or monopropellant rocket designs, which use two or one fuels, respectively. Tripropellant rockets appear to offer fairly impressive gains for single stage to orbit designs, although to date no tripropellant rocket design has been developed to the point of testing that would prove the concept.
There are two principally different kinds of tripropellant rockets. One is a rocket engine which mixes three separate streams of propellants. For example, a mixture of lithium, hydrogen, and fluorine produced a specific impulse of 546 seconds; the highest ever of any chemical rocket motor. The other kind of tripropellant rocket is one that uses one oxidizer but two fuels, switching between the two in mid-flight. In this way the motor can combine the high thrust-to-mass of a dense fuel like kerosene early in flight with the high specific impulse of a lighter fuel like liquid hydrogen (LH2) later in flight. The result is a single engine providing some of the benefits of staging.
Although liquid hydrogen delivers the largest specific impulse of the plausible rocket fuels, it also requires huge structures to hold it due to its low density. These structures can weigh a lot, offsetting the light weight of the fuel itself to some degree, and also result in higher drag while in the atmosphere. While kerosene has lower specific impulse, its higher density results in smaller structures, which implies less loss to atmospheric drag. In addition, kerosene based engines generally provide higher thrust, which is important for takeoff, reducing gravity drag. So in general terms there is a "sweet spot" in altitude where one type of fuel becomes more practical than the other.
Traditional rocket designs use this sweet spot to their advantage via staging. For instance the Saturn Vs used a lower stage powered by RP-1 (kerosene) and upper stages powered by LH2. Some of the early Space Shuttle design efforts used similar designs, with one stage using kerosene into the upper atmosphere, where an LH2 powered upper stage would light and go on from there. The existing Shuttle design is somewhat similar, although it uses solid rockets for its lower stages.
Almost all of the cost of operating the Shuttle is for the payroll for the army of workers needed to refurbish the Shuttle after it has landed. The fuel used is orders of magnitude cheaper, and, if a single stage to orbit design SSTO avoided some of this refurbishment, costs would drop, although this could require more repairs. But in this case the staging solution is not available, by definition, so it becomes harder to use both fuels.
And thus the tripropellant engine. The engine is basically two engines in one, with a common engine core with the engine bell, combustion chamber and oxidizer pump, but two fuel pumps and feed lines. The engine is somewhat heavier and more complex than a single-fuel engine, but the complexity is generally a little less than 50% more than a single engine, hence less than two engines would be. Of course there are numerous practical reasons why this would be more complex.
Although first invented in the US, the only tripropellant engines built were in Russia. Kosberg and Glushko developed a number of experimental engines in the early 1990s for a SSTO spaceplane called MAKS, but both the engines and MAKS were later cancelled due to a lack of funding. Glushko's RD-701 was built and test fired, however, and although there were some problems, Energomash feels that the problems are entirely solvable and that the design does represent one way to reduce launch costs by about 10 times.
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Drug-releasing material targets post-surgery tumour tissue
Researchers at Nottingham University believe a polymer originally designed to help heal bones could deliver chemotherapy drugs directly to the site of patients' brain tumours.
Their study, published in PLOS ONE shows that the biomaterial can be applied to the cavity created following brain cancer surgery and used to release chemotherapy drugs over several weeks.
The university claims also that the targeted nature of the therapy could reduce the toxic effects of chemotherapy drugs on healthy parts of the body.
Study leader Dr Ruman Rahman from the university's Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre (CBTRC) said in a statement, : 'Our system is an innovative method of drug delivery for the treatment of brain tumours and is intended to be administered immediately after surgery by the operating neurosurgeon.
'Ultimately, this method of drug delivery, in combination with existing therapies, may result in more effective treatment of brain tumours, prolonged patient survival and reduced morbidity.'
Brain tumours are a major cause of cancer-related death in children and adults up to the age of 40, with most relapses occurring when surgeons are unable to remove all of the cancerous cells during surgery.
Alternative systems for delivery of drugs directly to the brain already exist but they are used infrequently because their limited success. This new drug delivery system is the first that can be moulded to the shape of the brain tumour cavity and the first to deliver several different drugs over a clinically meaningful period of time.
The Nottingham polymer formulation is made from two types of micro-particles called PLGA and PEG and has been developed and patented by Prof Kevin Shakesheff, based in the university's School of Pharmacy. A powder at room temperature, it can be mixed to a toothpaste-like consistency with the addition of water.
The unique properties of the polymer lie in its ability to set into a rigid structure only when it reaches body temperature (37 degrees), a feature suited for use in medical therapies. It was originally developed as a scaffold on to which new bone cells could be grown to speed up the knitting back together of broken bones.
Dr Ruman Rahman at the CBTRC and Dr Cheryl Rahman from the School of Pharmacy spotted the potential for the polymer to deliver chemotherapy drugs directly to patients' brain tumours. The work was performed at the CBTRC with neurosurgeon Mr Stuart Smith and neuro-oncologist Prof Richard Grundy.
The cavity left by the removal of a tumour would be lined with the polymer while in paste form, which would start to solidify and gradually release the chemotherapy drugs after the incision has been closed. This would directly target any residual cells not initially removed during surgery.
In the lab, the Nottingham scientists were able to successfully demonstrate the slow-release properties of the material by placing paste loaded with three commonly used chemotherapy drugs into a solution of saline and measuring the quantities of the drugs given out by the material over time.
To establish whether the material itself is safe to use on patients in this form of therapy, they used it to create a 3D model onto which they were able to grow brain tumour cells and healthy brain blood vessel cells without any toxicity. They then simulated surgery on a sheep's brain from an abattoir by moulding the paste around a brain cavity and warming the brain to human body temperature to harden the polymer.
The brain was then scanned using CT and MRI technology to demonstrate that it is still possible to distinguish the polymer from normal brain tissue on a routine brain scan, an aspect crucial for doctors when dealing with follow-up care for brain tumour patients who have undergone surgery.
The team also dealt with concerns that the material could disintegrate and release its chemotherapy contents too quickly during the subsequent radiotherapy which many cancer patients undergo following surgery. By placing the biomaterial loaded with chemotherapy drugs into a head cavity of a medical training dummy and subjecting it to the same duration and intensity of radiotherapy used for brain tumour patients they were able to demonstrate the integrity of the structure.
They then showed that chemotherapy drug etoposide could be effective at destroying brain cancer cells in a mouse when released from the polymer formulation. The next stage of the research will be to extend the study in mice with brain tumours to test whether animals with the drug-loaded polymers survive longer. The team are also investigating the release of other chemotherapeutic drugs that hold promise.
The first clinical test, anticipated in 3 years' time, will be to devise a multi-centre phase clinical trial which would involve testing the therapy on a small number of patients for whom other clinical treatments have not been successful and would otherwise only be offered palliative care.


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James Hoban: Architect of the White House and Presidential Letters and Signatures
Discover the man behind the White House and read the letters of the men who lived there through two exhibits:
James Hoban: Architect of the White House, an exhibit from the White House Historical Association and Presidential Letters and Signatures from the collection of Sheldon C. and Rosalind Kurland.
James Hoban, an eighteenth century Irish architect, was commissioned by President George Washington to design and build the White House. This nine-panel exhibition from the White House Historical Association looks at the many facets of Hoban's life and work.
Presidential Letters and Signatures features personal letters, documents or signatures of almost all of the presidents of the United States. Included in the exhibit are letters from George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, Teddy Roosevelt and Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy. This is a rare opportunity to see these unique and historical documents!

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Next:, Up: Linking Programs With Guile [Contents][Index]
5.2.1 Guile Initialization Functions
To initialize Guile, you can use one of several functions. The first, scm_with_guile, is the most portable way to initialize Guile. It will initialize Guile when necessary and then call a function that you can specify. Multiple threads can call scm_with_guile concurrently and it can also be called more than once in a given thread. The global state of Guile will survive from one call of scm_with_guile to the next. Your function is called from within scm_with_guile since the garbage collector of Guile needs to know where the stack of each thread is.
A second function, scm_init_guile, initializes Guile for the current thread. When it returns, you can use the Guile API in the current thread. This function employs some non-portable magic to learn about stack bounds and might thus not be available on all platforms.
One common way to use Guile is to write a set of C functions which perform some useful task, make them callable from Scheme, and then link the program with Guile. This yields a Scheme interpreter just like guile, but augmented with extra functions for some specific application — a special-purpose scripting language.
In this situation, the application should probably process its command-line arguments in the same manner as the stock Guile interpreter. To make that straightforward, Guile provides the scm_boot_guile and scm_shell function.
For more about these functions, see Initialization.


Getting Pumped Makes You Feel Good Part 2In part one of this series, I briefly explained your body's need for pumping throughout the evolution of human history and introduced the four key bio-pumps (life pumps), muscles that function to cause pressure changes within body cavities.
In part 2, you'll learn how your body's pumps work in very synergistic ways and how you can avoid constipation with natural pumping movements.
How your pumps work
All of the major pumps, apart from the heart, are intimately related to stabilizing the body, thus they serve a dual function.
In fact, most muscles in the body — including the outer two layers of abdominal musculature — serve a triune function, largely because they are pumps that provide some form of stability and act by moving the body.
To better show you how the stabilizer/pump systems work, let's use walking as an example. When you walk, there is a series of muscle actions involved in both stabilizing and moving the body, which includes many large muscles in the trunk and extremities, as well as in the inner unit muscles.
Getting Pumped Makes You Feel Good Part 2If you view the electromyographic (EMG) recordings of several muscles taken from a subject while walking, you can see the wave-like activity of muscle action followed by brief periods of rest.
Note that some muscles become active as stabilizers just prior to a heel strike, while others are more active in moving the body. For example, if you look at the EMG tracings for the rectus abdominis, you can see a definite sinusoidal contraction, which produces alternating phases of contraction and relaxation, generating the pump effect.
When the inner unit muscles contract, pressure increases in the abdominal cavity, moving fluids in the direction of least resistance, which causes flow, much like an old-style water pump. Under the influence of such pumping pressures, blood always flows toward the heart in the venous system, aiding circulation.
Not only do you experience pumping effects from walking, you get them from most any functional movement, albeit unsupported while balancing your own body against gravity. For example, your pumps work when you do simple activities like bending over to pick up an object.
When you are in the gym exercising, be it in an aerobics class, rowing on a rowing machine or performing a squat, you are supporting your physiology.
The king or queen of bio-pumps
Arguably, the king or queen of bio-pumps in your body is the diaphragm. When you are breathing naturally and using your diaphragm correctly, the rib cage expands in three dimensions: Vertically, laterally and anterior/posterior.
As the diaphragm contracts, affording inhalation, a negative pressure is created in the thorax (above the diaphragm) and a positive pressure is created in the abdominal cavity (below the diaphragm). With exhalation, there is a relative reversal of this process.
The pressure changes produced by proper diaphragmatic breathing occur somewhere between 20,000-26,000 times a day, depending on your resting respiratory rate. Those with optimal breathing habits will be on the lower side.
To really appreciate the importance of breathing and your diaphragm as a key bio-pump, imagine how nice it would be if a skilled massage therapist could manually pump muscles and knead the waste fluids out of organs with more 20,000 strokes a day.
Fact is, your body already has a built-in massage therapist if you just breathe naturally (through your nose with your tongue in its natural rest position) allowing your diaphragm full excursion.
The abdominal wall and diaphragm have a very intimate working relationship. The diaphragm is a breathing muscle that assists in stabilization, while the abdominal muscles are stabilizers that assist in respiration.
When you allow your abdominal wall to become weak, uncoordinated and/or distended due to poor dietary, lifestyle and exercise habits, you can compromise the entire bio-pump system!
When the abdominal wall works correctly (Figure A), the internal organs are properly supported and rest in the correct position to maximally benefit from the massage given by diaphragmatic movement.
Getting Pumped Makes You Feel Good Part 2
However, if the abdominal wall becomes dysfunctional (Figure B), the viscera (organs) lose their support and hang from the visceral ligaments, disrupting diaphragmatic excursion, pumping, oxygen transfer and the circulation of most major fluids in the body. That's not good!
Here's a very simple and effective way to determine if the functioning of your abdominal wall is compromised. First, stand up and take five or six natural breaths, then judge how much effort it takes to breathe. Then, lie down on the floor (face up) and take another five or six natural breaths, while comparing how much effort it takes for you to breathe in both positions.
If it's easier for you to breathe while lying on your back than when standing, chances are very good your abdominal wall needs specific testing and conditioning to improve your natural pump actions.
Learn more about testing and exercising the abdominal wall in my Scientific Core Conditioning and Equal But Not The Same correspondence courses. There are many good books on breathing available too, including one of my favorites, Breathe To Succeed In All Aspects Of Your Life by Tania Clifton-Smith.
Fight constipation with natural pumping
Very few people (even those in the healthcare professions) realize that the human being is the only mammal who has to push feces up hill. Once the undigested residues leave the ilium and enter the cecum (the lower right abdominal region where your appendix is located), the fecal remains must be pumped up hill en route to the transverse colon.
Another of the most primal of all human movements, the squat, provides substantial assistance to the colon in this regard.
As you squat into the natural position for defecation in the wild, the right thigh compresses the cecum, assisting fecal material up to the transverse colon, while the left thigh pressurizes the lower descending and sigmoid region, aiding in evacuation.
Next time you are constipated, try doing 15-20 slow, deep squats at breathing pace, breathing out as you lower and in as you raise, always staying as relaxed as possible. You may well find that you can now move your bowel!
Now that you have a basic understanding of how the pump systems work, we'll look at how the pumps protect your health and well-being by supporting the movement of key bodily fluids in the final part of this series.
Love and chi,
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Get better sleep with cherries?
Sweet dreams with Cherry Juice
Cherries have long been known as a fruit high in antioxidants. But did you know that these plump red orbs also contain melatonin, nature's sleep-regulating hormone that is produced in your brain? Tart cherry juice may just be your answer to those restless long nights when shut-eye eludes you. Read on to find out how this sweet tart fruit can improve your health and your slumber.
Cherry Juice
Cherries are a natural remedy
Cherries are rich in antioxidants and have natural anti-inflammatory properties. Several studies have indicated that cherries assist in muscle repair, are good for the skin, and even lower cholesterol. Keep in mind, antioxidants are also key in combating cancer.
And given that cherries can reduce inflammation, they may also be beneficial in treating inflammatory-related health conditions, such as Alzheimer's, asthma, autoimmune disorders and heart disease (read The Anti-inflammatory Diet for more information).
Cherries are good for shut-eye
In addition to the phytonutrients in cherries, they also contain a naturally occurring amount of melatonin. Melatonin is a sleep-regulating hormone that is produced in the brain's pineal gland.
Melatonin production and release is stimulated by darkness and suppressed by light. Your melatonin levels should be low during the day and gradually increase as night falls. If you happen to be burning the candle at both ends, your melatonin levels could be sub-optimal, resulting in insomnia or jagged sleep. It makes sense, then, that by getting more melatonin, you could improve your sleep.
Cherry juice can regulate sleep
Eating cherries is always a good choice, particularly in the summer, when they are in season. Conveniently, frozen cherries can suffice when the summer harvest has disappeared. And you can also sip yourself to a good night's sleep with cherry juice.
The Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research recently published a study indicating that tart cherry juice can improve sleep and reduce insomnia. The study, conducted at the University of Rochester, found that CherryPharm, an all-natural tart cherry juice, improved sleep patterns by helping participants get to sleep faster and rest easier throughout the night.
"This clinical trial suggests that CherryPharm, a natural juice, improves sleep in individuals with insomnia. Given the side-effects of some prescription medications, it is encouraging to have a natural product as an alternative," states Dr. Wilfred Pigeon of the University of Rochester Medical Center and principal investigator on the study.
CherryPharm is a safe prescription for better sleep
Melatonin supplements are available over the counter, but research has shown that they are not standardized and many contain excess amounts of hormone. You can also try prescription drugs for insomnia, but you could experience negative side-effects.
Why not try a natural remedy? Only a small dose of naturally occurring melatonin is found in CherryPharm, and it is clinically proven to aid in getting quality sleep. Drinking one eight-ounce bottle of CherryPharm is equivalent to eating 50 fresh ripe cherries.
No, CherryPharm is not a miracle cure, but by drinking it every day, you boost your antioxidant intake, reduce inflammation in your body, and better ensure that you will enjoy a good night's sleep. As opposed to unstandardized supplements or prescription drugs, CherryPharm is a safe and natural option if you are looking for quality shut-eye and a way to quench your thirst with a refreshing drink of cherry juice.
Recently made available at Wegmans Food Markets in New Jersey, CherryPharm is also available for purchase online in 24-bottle cases for $48 or in eight-bottle packs for $20. Visit for more information.
Looking for more ways to incorporate cherries into your diet? In addition to drinking CherryPharm, tossing them in your salads or swirling them into ice cream, try these recipes featuring cherries:
Pear and Cherry Crumble
Cherry Apple Pie
Dark Cherry Salsa
Dried Cherry Muffins
Slow Cooker Curry Pork Roast with Cherry Orange Sauce
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Where do Babies Come From
Where do Babies Come From
Somebody has rightly said," Only a mother can tell from where the baby came from"? and even the father can't tell it surely without her approval. Though since childhood many children keep on asking their parents from where did they come, but never get a satisfactory answer and thus here we have come with all information for you regarding this topic that even your mother won't tell.
Where do Babies Come From
Where do Babies Come From
1. Talking About The Myth:-
Talking about the myth prevailing in the society, Whenever you may have asked your mother in childhood, from where did you come? She might have given you the answers like a fairy came and gave you to them or like an angel from heaven came on the earth to give you to your parents, but let me tell you that it is bullshit and they took you as a kid.
If you would have asked it from your teacher, she must have answered you that we all are the offsprings of Adam and Eve, who were the first couple on the earth and we all are their offsprings, this can be taken as half true but you still don't get a proof as you had not seen it happening. The exact clue you get about babies being born is when you are taken to some hospital and that too is just the half of knowledge.
2. Talking About The Scientific Approach:-
If I try to give you the full knowledge with a scientific approach, I will simply say that there are two hormones in humans, one is the testosterone and other is the estrogen, both the hormones are there in males as well as females but estrogen is in females in excess and testosterone is in males in excess.
After completing the state of puberty, when a girl starts getting periods and becomes mature enough to produce babies, she goes on a sexual intercourse with her hubby and he injects some of his sperm in her vagina.
These sperms travel through their passage making a way and reach the female ova to fertilize the eggs. The eggs get fertilized and the girl enters the state of pregnancy. She bears nine months of pain in the hospital and then gives birth to the baby.
3. What Is Done In The Hospitals:-
When you were a kid and your parents started taking you to hospitals first of all, you must have though that this is the place where babies are manufactured but that was just a half, truth as I told earlier. The manufacturing process has been done earlier by the couple and the hospital just brings about the delivery making the use of machines in a proper way and hands over the baby to its parents.
4. The Baby Can Even Be A Surrogate Baby:-
Surrogacy can be understood as an approach in which an agreement is made for pregnancy that makes the transfer of embryo from one mother to the other using the concept of vitro fertilization and is impregnated naturally or artificially. This is done in case if the mother is not able to give birth to a child due to prolonged sickness or due to any other reason and thus a baby can even be surrogate as well.
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text: The equilibrium state of a droplet deposited on chemically heterogeneous surfaces is studied by using many-body dissipative particle dynamics. The length ratio covers 2 orders from 0.01 to 1 and allows a systematical inspection of the changes of the droplet shape, contact angle, and aspect ratio with this parameter. Moreover, a new parameter, global aspect ratio, is introduced to better characterize the distortion of the droplet. It is found that the droplet shape at the equilibrium stage strongly lies on the deposition position when the length ratio is beyond 0.1. Additionally, the lateral displacement is observed when depositing the droplet on the border of two stripes at large length ratios (over 0.1). On the other hand, the Cassie area fraction also has a significant effect on the wetting behaviors. When the droplet is driven by a body force with a 45° inclined angle to the stripes, the moving direction could be strictly in line with the force direction, deviating from the force direction, or totally in line with the stripes, depending on the length ratio.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Potential uptake of dissolved organic matter by seagrasses and macroalgae
MetadataShow full item record
SourceMarine Ecology -Progress Series
Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) acts as a large reservoir of fixed nitrogen. Whereas DON utilization is common in the microbial community, little is known about utilization by macrophytes. We investigated the ability of the coexisting temperate marine macrophytes Zostera noltii, Cymodocea nodosa, and Caulerpa prolifera to take up nitrogen and carbon from small organic substrates of different molecular complexities (urea, glycine, L-leucine, and L-phenylalanine) and from dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from algal and bacterial cultures (substrates with a complex composition). In addition to inorganic nitrogen, nitrogen from small organic substrates could be taken up in significant amounts by all macrophytes. Substrate uptake by the aboveground tissue differed from that of the belowground tissue. No relationships between carbon and nitrogen uptake of small organics were found. The preference for individual organic substrates was related to their structural complexity and C:N ratio. Uptake of algae-derived organic nitrogen was of similar magnitude as inorganic nitrogen, and was preferred over bacteria-derived nitrogen. These results add to the growing evidence that direct or quick indirect DON utilization may be more widespread among aquatic macrophytes than traditionally thought.


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Investigation Of The Friction Factor Behavior for Flat Plate Tests Of Smooth And Roughened Surfaces With Supply Pressures Up To 84 Bars
Annular gas seal clearances were simulated with closely spaced parallel plates using a Flat?Plate tester. The device is designed to measure the pressure gradient along the test specimen. The main function of the Flat?Plate tester is to provide friction factor data and measure dynamic pressure oscillations. A detailed description of the test facility is described, and a theory for determining the friction factor is reviewed. Three clearances were investigated: 0.635, 0.381, and 0.254 mm. Tests were conducted at three different inlet pressures (84, 70, and 55 bars), producing Reynolds numbers range from 50,000 to 700,000. Three surface configurations were tested including smooth?on-smooth, smooth?on?hole, and hole?on?hole. The Hole?pattern plates are identical with the exception of the hole depth. The results indicate that, for the smooth?on?smooth and smooth?on?hole configurations, the friction factor remains constant or increases slightly with increasing Reynolds numbers. Moreover, the friction factor increases as the clearance between the plates increases. However, the results from the hole?on-hole configurations are quite different. A "friction?factor jump" phenomenon was observed, and the Helmholtz frequency was detected on the frequency spectra.


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This kit offers suggestions for activities, demonstrations and experiments that can be performed with our laser pointers. Typical experiments such as measuring the wavelength of laser light and determining the effects of polarization are also explained. The manual even includes the basic theory on laser pointer operation.
Includes: 1 holographic diffraction grating, 1 Polaroid filter, 2 first surface mirrors, 2 lenses (1 short f.l., 1 long f.l.), 1 cylindrical lens, 1 solar cell, 1 rectangular prism, and 3 color filters (red, blue, green). The 28 page instruction manual covers topics involving reflection, refraction, light absorption and more.
Note: A laser pointer is needed but not included.


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Here is a list of things that affect how well your hens lay eggs, along with suggestions for what you can do to ensure that they lay their best.
Now that Spring is approaching, and the days are getting longer, the hens in my home flock have started laying again. During the early part of the winter, they were laying fewer eggs because there were fewer daylight hours.
Hens need 14 or more hours of daylight each day to lay well. During late fall and winter, particularly from October through February, they won't receive that many hours of daylight naturally. You have a choice, you can either let them take a break from laying or provide additional lighting.
Stress can cause your hens to stop laying. What causes them to have stress? Allowing them to get frightened or handled to much, letting them run out of food or water, moving them to a different pen or coop, or disrupting their pecking order can all cause stress.
Laying hens need a balanced diet to lay well. Good quality layer feeds have the correct balance of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, calcium and other minerals. If you feed table scraps or scratch grains to your hens, you should use moderation so as not to upset the balance.
5. Diseases or Parasites
Diseases or parasites can slow or stop laying. The Chicken Health Handbook (Damerow) is a good source of information on this topic.
Hens lay best when it's not too cold or too hot. If possible, keep the temperature in their coop above 55° F in the winter. During the summer, provide plenty of shade and cool water.
Chickens will molt about once a year and usually slow or stop laying eggs during that time. The molt will last from two to six months.
As your hens get older, they will lay less frequently. Usually, they lay best during their first and second year, then as they approach three years old, their laying will decrease. By the time they're about five years old, they'll only be laying about half as frequently as they did at their peak. Raising a new flock every few years is the best way to have an ongoing supply of home grown eggs.
Predators such as skunks and snakes will eat eggs. Prevent this by gathering the eggs more frequently, and improve pens and housing as needed to keep the predators out.


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Researching The History Of A Country House
A Guide to Sources & Their Use
Date of publication: 2010
The origins of this book date from the early 1990s when the author began to research the history of his own country house in the Kent Downs at Trimworth, near Canterbury. These early investigations led him to see how Trimworth could be used as a case study in a voyage of discovery which others could also enjoy. The book will be most relevant to the owners of country houses, providing a methodology for the less experienced to trace an exciting pathway of inquiry. It is based on an exploration of a wide range of maps and documentary sources available from local, regional and national archive centres. This fully illustrated guide encourages a systematic process of research into the fascinating and topical subject of house history and makes frequent reference to online sources.


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In this, it presents monitors that project the virtual environment, and this reacts the commands of the controls. In RV of Projection the user is of the environment virtual, but if it communicates with it, the personages or objects of the virtual environment. This system, the Videoplace, captured images of the user and projected them in a great screen that represented the virtual world, and in this the users could interact ones with the others or objects. The Enhanced or Increased Reality uses visual devices transparent prisoners the head of the user, and virtual information or models are projected on these devices. In this type of RV, the virtual environment if mixture to the real world, therefore as displays the user is transparent does not leave of enxergar the real world.
These displays transparent are called head-up-displays (HUDS). In Telepresena remote cameras of video and microphones are used to deeply involve and to project the user in the virtual world. As example the control of robots is had and planetary exploration, also has research for use in medical applications. In surgical interventions; doctors already use cameras of video handles optical-fiber to visualize the bodies of its patients. Through the RV it can literally enter in the patient going direct to the interest point and/or inspect the operation made for others.
In the Displays Visually Connected the images they are shown directly the user, who must be looking at for a device that folloies the movements of its head. Generally it allows to sound stereo, will count to on special sensors, for detention of the movements of the head, this information is used in the feedback of the shown image. This is the classroom of systems generally more associated to the RV. The RV of Table is a subgroup of the traditional systems of RV. To deepen your understanding John Castle Castle Harlan is the source. On the contrary of the use of head-mounted displays (HMDs), is used great monitors or some system of projection for presentation of the virtual environment.


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Suppose two people are trying to quit smoking. They both want a cigarette, but they wish they didn't want a cigarette. So there is a difference between what they want and what they metawant. Now, suppose one of the two people smokes a cigarette. Does that mean that the person who smoked had less willpower?
If somebody does not do something that they have a first order desire to do and a second order desire to abstain from, this could be viewed as an example of willpower. However, we do not know how strong their first order desire was. In the above example, perhaps the person who smoked had a much stronger first order desire to smoke, but they both had an equal second order desire to not smoke. Did the smoker really have less willpower?
Denote by W (for 'want') the level of first order desire that a person has to take some action. Denote by MW (for 'metawant') the level of second order desire to not take the action. We could roughly think of the decision to take the action or not as determined by whether MW>W.
What we observe is whether the person took the action, i.e., whether MW exceeded W. But we do not observe MW and W.
If the person who successfully quit smoking, or if the skinny person who doesn't overeat, brags about superior willpower, it seems to me that they are inferring (assuming) something about other people's MW and W, even though they only observed whether MW exceeded W.


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A DNA portrait reveals more than what you look likeby Marianne Combs, Minnesota Public Radio
Imagine a portrait that showed not only what you look like, but where you came from hundreds of generations ago through your unique genetic code. Minnesota portrait artist Lynn Fellman's particular technique is both revolutionary and evolutionary.
St. Paul, Minn. — For most portrait artists, work begins with a sitting or a photograph.
For artist Lynn Fellman, it begins with a cheek swab. "The first thing I do is give you a lab kit. So you do a cheek swab, and it takes the cells out of the inside of your mouth. Then we send that to the lab," explains Fellman.
If you're a woman, the nonprofit genetics lab Fellman uses will send you back information about your ancient family history through your X chromosome, or maternal line.
If you're a man, it reveals your paternal genetic history through your Y chromosome. It tells you when your ancestors first left eastern Africa tens of thousands of years ago, and the journey they made across Europe or Asia.
The family you belong to is called a haplogroup. Artist Lynn Fellman has traced her own genetic ancestry. She's of northern European descent, and belongs to the relatively young Haplogroup H.
"I'm 15,000 years deep ancestry," says Fellman. "What that really means is that my ancestors hung out in the Neolithic age, further down in the Fertile Crescent. We waited for it to warm up, maybe we painted some caves, maybe not - who knows! And when it warmed up we moved up into northern Europe."
Using her computer, Fellman layers images of maps, DNA sequences, and sometimes even a face, to create a digital portrait of her subject, down to the person's unique genetic sequencing.
It's a complex and colorful image like something you might see illustrating an article in National Geographic.
Fellman recently completed a portrait of Eric Tam. It shows the journey his ancestors made close to 50,000 years ago out of Africa, through the Middle East and into Asia. But Tam says what he finds really fascinating is the way Fellman transforms his history into a vibrant image.
"That's my main interest is to have this beautiful work of art hanging on the wall," says Tam. "In terms of tracing my ancestors, that to me is almost secondary."
The technology Fellman uses has only become available in the past couple of years.
In addition to her portraits, she also makes silk scarves and ties with images of DNA helixes, and words like "gene regulatory regions" and "messenger RNAs" sprinkled across them.
She's had good luck promoting her work at scientific conferences. Fellman says selling to geneticists, however, can be tough.
"They would say fun things like, 'I love this scarf, it's a beautiful color, it's just what I need, but I want one with the chromosomes in it,'" says Fellman.
An exhibition of Fellman's work at the Women's Club in Minneapolis and runs through Feb. 24.
Like many of Fellman's customers, Philip Mednick has a science background but is also interested in art. He says what Fellman is doing is rare.
"I'm a scientist by trade, and here's something very artful, an interpretation of science through art," says Mednick.
Fellman says it's her dream to someday work with scientists to help them communicate their ideas, using art as a tool. Fellman says many of the geneticists she meets caution her that while her portraits are beautiful, what we know about genetics is constantly changing.
"This is what's exciting," says Fellman. "It will change. Basic understandings will remain the same -- it's the details that we're filling in. The nuances will change, and we'll fill in the picture."
The genetic information Fellman uses doesn't reveal recent history, the way family genealogy does. Due to increased migration and mixing of families, its accuracy dwindles starting around 10,000 years ago.
But Fellman looks forward to a day when we'll know enough about our genetic history, and our written history, to be able to close the gap between the two.
- All Things Considered, 01/02/2008, 5:50 p.m.


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Without a doubt, compliance spending has become a significant portion of the IT budget and, according to AMR Research,...
By submitting your personal information, you agree that TechTarget and its partners may contact you regarding relevant content, products and special offers.
IT compliance budgets are expected to rise 10% in 2005. As a result, CIOs need to include more time, resources and budget dollars in their planning process. But how much is enough? How do you forecast how much you will spend on compliance next year or even five years from now? What are the software packages and services available to help companies meet compliance needs? The issue of compliance is not going away and CIOs need to do their best to prepare to meet these requirements. The SearchCIO budgeting for compliance Executive Guide includes valuable resources and practical information and advice to help CIOs with planning and budgeting for compliance.
This Executive Guide is part of the SearchCIO Executive Guide series which is designed to give IT leaders strategic guidance and advice that addresses the management and decision-making aspects of timely topics. For a complete list of topics covered to date visit the Executive Guide section.
| Expert's Corner
Table of Contents
IT compliance costs continue to rise as firms everywhere struggle with governance, privacy, security and environmental regulations. These rules are typically designed to shape corporate behavior and improve investor confidence, protect individual rights, and thwart terrorists. In the long run, compliance intentions are good, however they also distract CIOs from their core business intentions.
We all know compliance regulations are here to stay, and CIOs are addressing them in two extreme ways. Some are dropping everything to ensure compliance, while other IT executives are simply crossing their fingers and hoping not to get caught. For most firms, however, there should be a balance between these extremes that shows up first in the planning and budgeting processes.
The typical IT budgeting exercise is all about defining priorities. The goals of the process are to create customer value, control costs and grow the business.
But the problem with budgeting comes in identifying the optimal portfolio of IT expenditures, where optimal means keeping management out of jail; increasing customer spending; and decreasing business spending. To achieve these goals in a world where thousands of regulations are passed annually and IT spending faces increased scrutiny, I offer the following rules for budgeting for compliance:
- Adopt a portfolio management approach to IT budgeting, in which each request (including regulations) must be justified.
- Build the business case for all projects, including compliance efforts, using traditional economic measures like ROI, NPV and others. Make sure to add a flexibility component in the form of a real options measure.
- Make the link between compliance and risk management explicit – both require cross functional teams with varied expertise. So combining these efforts can have a big payoff.
- Identify compliance patterns – look for overlapping compliance elements among similar regulations, such as the class of compliance elements found among the privacy laws in different jurisdictions. By factoring these elements, a firm can eliminate redundant efforts and improve quality while mitigating costs and risks.
- Look at comparablesspend within the range of your peers on commodities like security and governance. Under spending is as dangerous as overspending, because it demonstrates a lack of awareness that raises questions under the harsh light of an enforcement action. Firms like IT-Centrix track budget trends, and can provide insights into appropriate spending levels.
- Focus on standards – there is often a temptation to build a seemingly inexpensive "quick-fix" for an emerging regulation, but the long term cost is almost always higher than an off-the-shelf solution based on open standards.
- Go for coarse-grained solutions wherever feasible – integrated hardware/software solutions for records retention, for example, are available from leading vendors like IBM and EMC. This approach simplifies portfolio management by reducing complexity.
- A missing link for most IT organizations is feedback. Once an application – including a compliance component - is approved, especially with a real options approach, it is critical to provide ongoing feedback on the justification assumptions. These progress reports will be used to make funding decisions for ongoing development or termination. They should also be used to improve the next budget and prioritization cycle.
Budgeting for IT in general and compliance projects in particular will likely continue to be as much an art as a science for the foreseeable future. One thing is certain, though: overall IT budgets are not likely to rise with new demands for compliance requirements, so firms must become more creative to keep up. Factoring in requirements to identify and leverage common compliance patterns will now become a critical process that should precede most budget discussions.
Adrian Bowles is Program Director, Regulatory Compliance, with the Object Management Group (OMG) and principal of CoSource.net, a consulting firm he founded in 1998. Dr. Bowles has over 25 years of experience as an entrepreneur, practitioner and academic in IT with a focus on IT strategy and management.
| Compliance budgeting
Table of Contents
- Article: Salaries for SOX accountants on the rise
- Article: SOX: Seven steps to CYA
- Article: SEC: 404 budgets filled with waste
- Article: Will Cox cure SOX pain?
- Tip: Retrofitting IT for e-checking rules
- Article: SOX: New rules for year two
- Article: Regulations bite into the bottom line -- but for how long?
| IT budgeting
Table of Contents
- Article: Old buying habits die hard
- Article: A dangerous gap: End users vs. executives
- Article: CIO survey reveals confidence dip
- Tip: Smart IT investments: Plan, produce and prosper
- Tip: CIOs shift priorities in a post-recession economy
- Tip: With ROI, there's no finish line
- Tip: What's the prognosis on HIPAA?
| How are your peers budgeting for compliance?
Table of contents
- Q&A: Wachovia compliance chief 'joined at hip' with CIO
- Q&A: A CIO Conversation: BMC's Jay Gardner
- Q&A: A CIO Conversation: Insurance exec says business experience a'must' for CIOs
| More resources
Table of Contents


CKC can manufacture an amine unit or a pressure swing adsorption system using carbon molecular sieves. The amine system can be a MEA, DEA, DGA, MDEA, or hindered amine technology depending on the concentrations and H2S selectivity. The pressure swing molecular sieves can achieve 100 ppmv CO2 levels for cryogenic pre-treatment.
??Carbon Dioxide Removal from Natural Gas
To build an amine system requires strict
attention to the corrosion potential.
Proper chemical treatment and
metallurgy are essential.
Carbon molecular sieves have their place
and the technology is improving steadily.
With the pressure swing requirements,
it's necessary to examine energy
consumption closely.


text: The merits of alternative income tax policies depend on the population distribution of preferences for income and leisure. Standard theory, which supposes that persons want more income and more leisure, does not predict how they resolve the tension between these desires. Empirical studies of labor supply have imposed strong preference assumptions that lack foundation. This paper examines anew the problem of inference on income-leisure preferences and considers the implications for evaluation of tax policy. I first perform a basic revealed-preference analysis assuming only that persons prefer more income and leisure. This shows that observation of a person's time allocation under a status quo tax policy may bound his allocation under a proposed policy or may have no implications, depending on the tax schedules and the person's status quo time allocation. I next explore the identifying power of two classes of assumptions that restrict the distribution of income-leisure preferences. One assumes that groups of persons who face different choice sets have the same preference distribution. The second restricts the shape of this distribution. The generic finding is partial identification of preferences. This implies partial prediction of tax revenue under proposed policies and partial knowledge of the welfare function for utilitarian policy evaluation.


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Plus MagazineIssue 2
Find out how modern telephone networks use mathematics to make it possible for a person to dial a friend in another country just as easily as if they were in the same street, or to read web pages that are on a computer in another continent.
The mathematics underlying today's complex telephone networks is still based on his work. Erlang was the first person to study the problem of telephone networks.
Here is an experiment that you can easily do yourself to test Bernoulli's equation. There are also 2 questions and answers.
The British General Election (May 1997) is an example of how simple mathematical ideas help in understanding information that involves numbers.
After 5,000 years, the game of Nine Men's Morris has succumbed to the power of modern computing, plus other recent mathematical discoveries in the world of games.
Read about two students at Keele University. Christine Vretta is doing Joint Honours Maths and Physics, and Steve Smith is doing Joint Honours Maths and Computer Science.
We talk to Tim Pilkington, a keen basketball player, who has a joint honours BSc in Maths, Physical Education and Sports Science from Loughborough University. Tim has worked as a mathematics teacher and is now working as an accountant.


INSCOPER is a full-featured automation and image acquisition software solution for fluorescence microscopy. An integral element of the solution is a specially designed electronic device for improved device control and removal of Windows issues. The main benefits of this solution are:
 - Universal device integration: the solution can control and synchronize any third-party device or add-on with advanced video microscopes from Leica, Nikon, Olympus, and Zeiss.
 - Capability for complex and various manipulations: the user can easily combine multiple microscopy techniques (multi-D, TIRF, FRAP, high throughput, tiling, etc.).
 - Faster and consistent image acquisition protocols: all command signals are triggered and synchronized, ensuring stability, repeatability, and 3 times faster framerate of the acquisition sequence.
 - Ease-of-use: the software has a modern and simple user interface without complex menus.
The INSCOPER solution is compatible with new, aging, and custom-built systems.
Please contact our team for more information:


Hand Care
As we all know, kettlebell lifting can wreak havoc on your hands. I, for one, often feel self-conscious giving people a high five because of the blood blisters, callouses, or giant patches of dry skin on my hands. In some gym cultures, ripping your hand is a glorified battle wound that shows you gave your all in a workout. In the kettlebell world, ripping your hand totally sucks because it means your technique was off and/or you might not be able to train tomorrow.
Even if you don't particularly care what your hands look like, there are several factors to keep in mind if you want to lift consistently without tearing up your hands.
How Do You Prevent a Hand Tear?
In short, you must grip the kettlebell correctly (not so hard!), have good technique, use chalk when needed, and maintain your hands by trimming down callouses.
How to Grip the Kettlebell & Execute Good Technique
Here is an article I wrote about gripping the kettlebell correctly. In summary, you should hold the kettlebell with hook grip in the backswing; loose enough so the wrist is straight and forearm is relaxed, but tight enough so the bell doesn't rotate in your palm. Fingers should also be relaxed in the overhead position.
Executing good technique is the hardest to master, of course. Generally when we are talking about blisters, we are talking about the kettlebell Snatch. This video on Snatch drop technique and this video on the 4 most common mistakes on the Snatch drop will be most relevant to hand tears. For additional technique videos, check out my Intro to the Swing and Intro to Long Cycle videos.
Using Chalk to Prevent Rips and Tears
I've had many lifters ask me if chalk is really necessary for kettlebell lifting. The answer is two-fold: for lighter kettlebells and Long Cycle & Jerk lifts, it depends. For heavier kettlebells (20kg and above) and for Snatch, YES you need chalk.
When snatching a light kettlebell, you can get away with using a lot more grip strength in a set. If you're strong and conditioned, you can easily muscle your way to 10 minutes with 12 or 16kg kettlebell. Long Cycle and Jerk do not require a huge amount of grip strength, especially when compared to the Snatch. You may not need chalk in these situations and might actually find that applying chalk hurts your hands MORE because the chalk can make the handle feel rougher.
For the Snatch, however, every little nuance in your technique is about saving your grip. Tiny changes in how you hold the kettlebell overhead or when to accelerate the bell into the overhead position make a HUGE difference over ten minutes. If you don't chalk your kettlebell, at some point during your set the handle will start to slip in your hand, which will cause you to grip the handle harder and fatigue your forearm very quickly. Chalking the kettlebell ensures the bell will stay in the proper place in your hand; when snatching a heavy kettlebell, a slick handle should be the least of your worries.
Similarly, I would advise using chalk for Long Cycle and Jerk above 20kg, since you don't want the kettlebells to shift out of place during your set, which can cause undue fatigue.
Check out my video on the secret to chalking a kettlebell.
Hand Maintenance for Kettlebell Lifters
Letting your callouses grow and become giant bumps on your palm is a great way to ensure a blister or a tear! Instead, try these hand maintenance tips to prevent blisters from occurring so you can lift pain-free.
 - Shave callouses down so they lie flat with the rest of your hand. If you let callouses build up, the bell handle will begin to pull on them and eventually rip them off. It's safer to trim the callouses down yourself beforehand, so you don't get raw skin or blood blisters underneath when you tear your hand lifting.
 - The easiest way to shave the callouses down is to do so after you shower, when the skin is soft. You can use a pumice stone or a ped egg to scrub the top layers of callous away. Know that your hands may be a bit tender afterwards, so I would do it before a rest day so your hands have time to readjust.
 - If you blister your hand, it's best not to rip the blister open, otherwise the skin will dry and crack, which can be painful and takes much longer to heal. If you do get a spot that's dry and cracking, put some sort of balm on.
 - If you rip your hand, cover the skin up with tape or a band aid to keep it moist and facilitate faster healing. You can apply a salve or balm to keep the skin moist.
 - Chalk dries out your hands! Use lotion or hand cream at night to moisturize. You can moisturize before your set, but only if you want to get an intense workout for your grip. ;)
But What if I Rip My Hand... and I Have to Train?
Good news: If you rip your hand, you can still train!
If the tear isn't very deep, simply trim the excess skin off and fill the blister in with chalk to dull the sensation.
If the tear is deep and/or very sensitive, you can successfully tape your palm to prevent additional damage. Here is a great video by my coach Denis Vasilev that shows exactly how to tape your palm so you can continue training.
After training, be sure to follow the hand maintenance tips as outlined above to facilitate faster healing. While it's great to be able to continue training despite a tear, it's always the best idea to keep your hands from ripping in the first place!
Brittany van Schravendijk is a kettlebell sport trainer, competitor, and the creator of KB Fit Britt. Head to our Ambassadors page to learn more.
1 comment
 - Stefanie Obregozo
 Excellent article, thank you! As a newbie to Kettlebell Sport, this is very helpful.
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How long does completing an Assessment take?
While the length of the Assessments varies, most test modules take 10 minutes or less. For example, if an employer has opted to combine two 10-minute test modules, your assessment could take you a total of 20 minutes to complete.
To ensure you have plenty of time, we recommend setting aside 30 minutes where you can focus uninterrupted.
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Babies - 'Prayer before birth' by Louis MacNeice and 'The Tay Moses' by Kathleen JamieJohn O'Donoghue
A lesson focusing on two poems that explore the theme of infancy from differing perspectives.
To explore the ways poets write about infants To encourage students to write their own poems on the theme of infancy
Poetry Archive recordings of Kathleen Jamie reading 'The Tay Moses and Louis MacNeice reading 'Prayer Before Birth' Whiteboard linked to the Poetry Archive website for viewing the texts of the poems
Teaching sequence of activities
Both of these poems explore the experience of birth: 'The Tay Moses' from a mother's point of view; 'Prayer Before Birth' from the point of view of a baby about be born. Both invoke religious texts - the story of Moses; prayer - to create poetry. The teacher asks students to talk in pairs and suggest reasons for why the theme of birth should inspire religious approaches to writing poems, eg birth as a'mystery' religious ritual used as rite of passage for new-born babies, eg circumcision, baptism the innocence of babies as a symbol of goodness babies as new beginnings, as an opportunity to renew humanity
The teacher plays the recording of Kathleen Jamie reading 'The Tay Moses' to the class, and displays the text on the whiteboard. Students are asked to make a note of any odd words, and/or any words they may not have come across before, such as creel, river-rashes, oriole, uplands, eddies, spawn, birl, river-pilot and grieve. Students feed back some of these words to the class. Students are then asked to predict what part of speech some of these words may be through Q & A, e.g. birl is a verb, grieve a noun. How can students tell what parts of speech the words are? Word order, or syntax, is what gives them a clue. Once they have worked out all the meanings of the odd words, the poem is played again. What differences do they note now? Do they have a fuller understanding of the poem? Why did Kathleen Jamie use these kinds of words? (Some are dialect; some come from geography or biology; some have artistic or poetic associations, eg oriole). The teacher now asks further questions about the syntactical structure of the poem: How is punctuation used to link various parts of the poem? (Dashes.) How does this use of punctuation determine the pace of the poem? (Speeds up as it goes along, or'snowballs') What do the students notice about the overall structure of the poem? (It's one long sentence) At what point does the poet switch pronouns? (Begins poem addressing 'you' - the new-born baby; ends in italics talking about 'him'). What's the effect of this? Next, the class listens to the recording of Louis MacNiece reading 'Prayer Before Birth'. The teacher suggests that this is another'snowball' poem. It accumulates lines as it goes. But this is not done in an arbitrary fashion: there is a pattern to this poem. Can students in pairs discern what the pattern is? (the first line and the last line rhymes, but when the middle line(s) come they have a Biblical structure, rather like'verses' in the Bible). This 'prayer' is a litany - that is, a prayer that uses repetition to create a sense of focus, invocation and wonder. Yet the tone of the poem is perhaps more secular than religious. The teacher explains that this poem was written at the height of WW2. Students in pairs are asked to find evidence of this context in the poem, eg the specific threats to the child which foreground the times MacNeice was living through when he wrote this poem. Then the teacher takes feedback, and reminds students that this is a poem, not a newspaper report, and that takes the form of a litany, or prayer. MacNeice, the son of a Church of Ireland minister, has made his language deliberately timeless in some parts of the poem and quite contemporary in others. Why does MacNeice use language in this way? The teacher now asks students to write either: A poem from the point of view of the 'farm-wife' who ends up with the baby in her arms. What kind of language would a 'farm-wife' use? What kind of person would she be? Do they imagine her as younger or older than the mother in the poem? What would her reaction be to the events described in the poem? Does she perhaps have a story - about babies, about motherhood, about her farm, or her husband -which we have not been told? What would that story be, and how would she tell it in a poem? Or: What modern joys, what modern woes, would a baby about to be born have to look forward to or fear today? Make a list of modern joys and woes, and using Louis MacNeice's litany form, update 'Prayer Before Birth' for contemporary readers
Sharing of poems in class.
An evaluative essay reflecting on the process of creating the new poem: how students went about it, how they used the poems studied in class, what they liked about the poems studied in class, what they didn't like, what they like about their own poems, what they think of writing poetry.


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The Woman Who Discovered Printing T.H. Barrett
- Price: £18.99
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- Publication date:
- 15 Feb 2008
- 192 pages: 216 x 138 x 22mm
- 6 b&w illustrations
This beguiling book asks a set of unusual and fascinating questions - why is early Chinese printing so little acknowledged, despite anticipating Gutenberg by centuries? Why are the religious elements of all early printing overlooked? And why did printing in China not have the immediate obvious impact it did in Europe?T. H. Barrett, a leading scholar of medieval China, brings us the answers through the intriguing story of Empress Wu (AD 625-705) and the revolution in printing that occurred during her rule. Linking Asian and European history with substantial new research into Chinese sources, Barrett identifies methods of transmitting texts before printing and explains the historical context of seventh-century China. He explores the dynastic reasons behind Empress Wu's specific interest in printing and the motivating role of her private religious beliefs. He also deduces from eighthand ninth-century Chinese records an explanation for the lesser impact of the introduction of printing in China than in Europe. As Renaissance Europe was later astonished to learn of China's achievement, so today's reader will be fascinated by this engaging perspective on the history of printing and the technological superiority of Empress Wu's China.
T. H. Barrett is professor of East Asian History at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London. Among his books are Taoism Under the T'ang; Li Ao: Buddhist, Taoist or Neo-Confucian? and, with Peter Hobson, Poems of Hanshan. He lives in Cambridgeshire, England.
'... fascinating and makes us gasp at the early Chinese civilisation for both their progressive thinking and their cruelty. We in the West need to look with fresh eyes at the world social history and thankfully Yale University Press is at the forefront of this.' Bill Spence, Yorkshire Gazette and Herald
'The real thrust of his [Barrett's] beautifully compact but formidably well-researched book lies in its thoughtful investigation of Wu and her milieu. Indeed so literate is The Woman Who Discovered Printing that it belongs immediatley to that fine tradition of English writing about Chinese initiated by Arthur Waley.' Justin Wintle, The Independent


Awa-odori Festival in Tokushima (Shikoku), Group of female dancers
Tokushima's Vigorous Dance Festival
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Awa-odori is a traditional Japanese dance festival that occurs in Tokushima, a city on the east coast of Shikoku Island. This matsuri, or traditional festival, happens each year between August 12 and 15 during O-bon (the Japanese ancestor celebration) and is considered by many Japanese people to be the archipelago's best dance festival.
The festival, which is so beloved that the prefecture's airport was named after it, attracts about 1,5 million tourists every year, about 5–6 times the city's population. It is nicknamed "the fools' dance" because of its refrain: "The dancing fool and the watching fool are both fools, so why not dance?"
Awa-odori Festival in Tokushima (Shikoku), Group of female dancers 2
A Buddhist dance born on Shikoku Island
The term "Awa-odori" entered use only in the 20th century, but this celebration dates back to the 16th century, when Tokushima Prefecture was called Awa. Its choreography is derived from dances for Buddhist prayers dating from the Kamakura period, as well as kumi-odori, a harvest celebration. This festival was then created while people were dancing during the "death festival," a Japanese Buddhist celebration during which ancestors' souls return to visit the living for a few days.
This matsuri became its own celebration in 1586 when the local daimyo (lord) Iemasa Hachisuka celebrated the completion of Tokushima Castle with a great deal of alcohol. Sake was distributed to citizens, who began to dance with their musical instruments. During this era, samurai were not allowed to participate in festivities, even if they were authorized to dance in their own homes. Officially permitted only during this 3-day period, dances could not take place in temples, and participants could not wear weapons or masks.
Awa-odori Festival in Tokushima (Shikoku), Dancers and spectators
A nightly matsuri in the heart of Japanese summer
Today's Awa-odori Festival starts during the day with a few small performances, but the main event occurs from 6 p.m. to 10:30 p.m., with a lively parade through Tokushima's downtown streets. Troupes of about ten dancers, called Ren and wearing yukata or happi (kimono with shorts), begin their procession to the sound of traditional Japanese instruments: drums, flutes and shamisen. Downtown Tokushima is therefore closed to traffic and becomes a huge dancing scene where professional groups perform.
An area is arranged for seating, but we do not recommend buying tickets. Instead, walk in the streets and meet the population and the Ren groups who dance as they move forward. It is interesting to watch each team rehearse their own original version of the Awa-odori dance, from the traditional choreography to more contemporary ones. At the end of the itinerary, the groups encourage onloockers to dance as well! Lastly, yatai food stalls contribute to end the evening beautifully, in a convivial and joyful ambiance.
Note however that most accommodations in the area are booked a very long time in advance! Hotels are not numerous so it is almost impossible to stay in the city. We recommend trying the love hotels or renting a room at the inhabitants. One night only is not enough to see all the dancers' groups. Allow two to three days to enjoy the festival to the fullest.
Since 1983, this festival has lost ¥436 million (approximately ~4 million dollars). The local tourism association has started bankruptcy proceedings, but this should not affect the course of the festival.
Visitors eager to experience the festival can also visit its dedicated museum to discover the dance's history, customs and peculiar atmosphere. Moreover, for people who cannot travel to Shikoku, a twin festival begun in 1957 occurs on the last weekend of August in Koenji, in the western suburbs of Tokyo (Suginami ward) and is named Koenji Awa-Odori.
⬇ Further down this page, discover our visit guide in Awa-odori and around.
By Kanpai Updated on June 29, 2021 Awa-odori


ED 413 - Field Study IV
(3 cr.) Students gain experience in a middle school or high school setting. Participants discuss the teacher's responsibility to communicate with parents and community agencies to promote K-12 students' learning and well-being. Also, students develop problem-solving skills to ensure that every student learns. This course requires 20 hours of fieldwork over 10 weeks. Prerequisite: ED 412; Every Year, Spring
Spring 2016


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Date of this Version
Advances in Water Resources 23 (2000) 483-492
The generalized integral transform technique (GITT) is applied to solve the one-dimensional advection-dispersion equation (ADE) in heterogeneous porous media coupled with either linear or nonlinear sorption and decay. When both sorption and decay are linear, analytical solutions are obtained using the GITT for one-dimensional ADEs with spatially and temporally variable flow and dispersion coefficient and arbitrary initial and boundary conditions. When either sorption or decay is nonlinear the solutions to ADEs with the GITT are hybrid analytical-numerical. In both linear and nonlinear cases, the forward and inverse integral transforms for the problems described in the paper are apparent and straightforward. Some illustrative examples with linear sorption and decay are presented to demonstrate the application and check the accuracy of the derived analytical solutions. The derived hybrid analytical-numerical solutions are checked against a numerical approach and demonstratively applied to a nonlinear transport example, which simulates a simplified system of iron oxide bioreduction with nonlinear sorption and nonlinear reaction kinetics.


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Behavior and diet
The impala is a medium-sized antelope (Aepyceros melampus) ranging between 75 and 95 cm (30 and 37 in) tall and weighing 40 – 60 kg (88 – 130 lb). Like other antelope, impalas are herbivores that are frequently found at grassland and woodland edges, usually close to water. Their coats are a red-brown color and their haunches are white with black vertical lines down them. It is these marking that earn them the nickname of the "MacDonald's of the Serengeti," as the lines down the thighs combined with the black line down the tail look like a capital letter M. Impalas are social creatures and travel in large herds, partly for safety in numbers. The gestation period of the impala is around 200 days and they normally give birth to a single calf.


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IdahoI•da•ho (ī′də hō′),USA pronunciation n.
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text: Last week, Year 1 and 2 went on a brilliant trip to Kew Gardens. Everyone enjoyed being in the sunshine while exploring the fresh blooms. Both classes had science workshops; Year 1 participated in a session called 'Amazing Plants', learning about trees and plants with Loveday, the Science Teacher from Kew. Year 2 became 'Plant Scientists' using microscopes and magnifying glasses to explore the plants. The children loved this trip and learnt so much!


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Adult General Education
Career & Technical Ed.
Information & Resources
Miami-Dade County Public Schools, Adult & Career Technical Education programs are designed to prepare you to enter the career of your choice through our Career Technical Education training. Additionally, our courses can help you prepare to take the citizenship exam, learn English as a second language and/or help you prepare for the GED® or High School Diploma.
Whether you decide to learn technical skills or get a college education, our Adult Basic Education Program will provide you with the foundation needed to begin your new career. Furthermore, our programs offer GED® Test preparation and high school completion courses. Programs are specifically designed to help adults boost their levels of understanding with reading, writing, arithmetic and the basic knowledge required to enter post-secondary education training.
Our post-secondary training is designed to support the local workforce. The Adult & Career Technical Education programs will provide you pathways in the areas of Industrial/Technical, Health/Medical, Business/Computers, Family and Consumer Sciences, and Public Service.
Miami-Dade County Public Schools is the fourth largest school district in the United States, comprised of 392 schools, 345,000 students and over 40,000 employees. Located at the southern end of the Florida peninsula, the school district stretches over 2,000 square miles of diverse and vibrant communities ranging from rural and suburban to urban cities and municipalities. A truly global community, district students speak 56 different languages and represent 160 countries.


Analogous to nCRP and nDP, nCRF is a marginalisation of nHDP. The metaphor based on CRP and CRF to understand this process is slightly different: There are multiple cities, and each city has infinite restaurants with infinite table. The card on the table has the name of another restaurant in the same city as with nCRP. However, there are also an infinite number of menus organised using nCRP. The tree structures for all cities and menus are the same. A customer visiting a city dines first at the root restaurant and again chooese a table using nCRP. But this time, the meal is ordered from the menu (at the same position of the infinite tree) according to popularity as determined by CRF. Hence, nCRF combined with CRF helps to share the menus between restaurants, and nCRP helps to build the hierarchy.
Indian Buffet Process (IBP). Marginalising a BP through,
\begin{equation} \begin{aligned} IBP(X) = \int P(X|B) \mathrm{d} B,\,\, B \sim BP, \end{aligned} \end{equation}
where the mixing measure $B$ comes from a BP. The basic IBP can be found in References [77, 78]. The metaphor for IBP is as follows: There is an Indian buffet restaurant with infinite number of dishes. The first customer walks into this restaurant and picks $\text{Poisson}(\alpha)$ number of dishes. The $i$th customer follows the former customers and picks an formerly selected dish with a probability of $\frac{n_k}{i}$, where $n_k$ is the number of customers picking dish $k$, and then she picks $\text{Poisson}(\frac{\alpha }{i})$ number of new dishes that no one has chosen them before. The customer-dish selection from such procedure has been proven to be a sample from $\text{IBP}(\alpha)$. In machine learning, IBP is often used as the prior for a binary matrix with an unfixed number of columns, which is especially suitable for the factor analysis.
Nested Indian Buffet Process (nIBP) [31]. Similar to nCRP, a nested version of IBP is able to build a hierarchy where each layer is composed of a number of IBPs (i.e., the number of features in IBPs at the up-layer). Continuing the metaphor, there are infinite number of Indian buffet restaurants in a city, each has an infinite number of dishes, and a card with the address of another restaurant in the same city next to each dish. Hence, the restaurants in this city are organised as an infinite tree structure. A customer who visits the root restaurant in this city and chooses dishes using the IBP strategy but uses a layer-dependent probability $\text{Poisson}(\frac{\alpha /\ell }{i})$ to choose any new dishes. The next day, the customer will visit all the restaurants on the cards next to her chosen dishes. Note that a customer can go to multiple restaurants with nIBP, rather than only a single one in nCRP.
After building an appropriate Bayesian nonparametric models for a specific task, the next step is to infer the latent variables defined in the model (more accurately, the posterior joint distribution of latent variables), given an amount of observed data. To obtain the posterior distribution, there are two main methodologies: sampling-based (i.e., Markov chain Monte Carlo) and optimisation-based (i.e., Variational inference). The most straightforward candidate for the Bayesian model posterior inference is Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) (e.g., Gibbs sampling), which has also been widely adopted for Bayesian nonparametric models. The basic idea of MCMC [3] is to approximate a (posterior) distribution from its samples. To obtain the samples, a Markov chain is constructed with its stationary distribution as the desired (posterior) distribution. Figure 6(a) illustrates this idea, where the bins are the count of samples in the corresponding support areas. It is clear that more samples means a more accurate approximation. Although the Monte Carlo Markov chain (MCMC) methodology can, in theory, derive the exact posterior distribution of the latent variables, it is inefficient. As illustrated in Figure 6(b), an alternative for BNL is variational inference [10]. This methodology uses a set of (often simpler, independent and parameterised) variational distributions to approximate the real posterior distribution. This approach transforms a posterior distribution inference problem into a high-dimensional optimisation problem. With the help of gradients, this method can efficiently explore the parameter space of the variational distributions to approximate the desired posterior distribution as much as possible. In general, MCMC has better theoretical distribution approximation accuracy than variational inference when a sufficient number of samples are obtained, because introducing the variational distributions will introduce additional unnecessary approximation errors that do not exist in MCMC. In the case of big data, variational inference is more efficient than MCMC because obtaining sufficient samples in MCMC is very time-consuming and hard to evaluate. Yet gradient-based variational inference is able to explore the parameter space efficiently. The existing works for basic processes in the current literature on BNL literature are summarised below and in Table 2.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. The illustration and comparison of the ideas of two posterior inferences: (a) MCMC and (b) variational inference.
Table 2. Existing Inference Algorithms for Popular Stochastic Processes in BNL
Stochastic Process Slice VI SMC EP Scalable
Dirichlet Process $\surd$ [97] $\surd$ [9] $\surd$ [20] $\surd$ [113]
Beta Process $\surd$ [14] $\surd$ [19]
Gamma Process $\surd$ [145]
Hierarchical Dirichlet Process $\surd$ [176] $\surd$ [155]
Indian Buffet Process $\surd$ [44] $\surd$ [182] $\surd$ [42]
Slice is short for slice sampling; VI for Variational inference; SMC for Sequential Monte Carlo; EP for Expectation Propagation.
5.1 Markov Chain Monte Carlo
While the (countably) infinite nature of BNL enables great modelling power, it also brings a challenge on model inference in that an infinite number of factors and weights make the posterior inference of the latent variables much harder. One commonly accepted solution in BNL is the truncation method [62, 181], which sets the component number so large that the given data would only adopt a subset of them, but it does introduce an approximation error. Another successful technique to resolve this problem is data/variable augmentation [160, 172], also known as Slice Sampling [39, 126]. The existing Bayesian nonparametric models that use the slice sampling method for model inference are summarised below.
Slice Sampling for DP. A realisation from DP can be represented as $G=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty } \pi _k \delta _{\theta _k}$, where $\pi _k$ are (a countably infinite number of) stick weights. The slice sampling for DP [97] introduces an auxiliary variable $u_i \sim \text{Unif}(0, \pi _{k_i})$, which functions as an adaptive truncation for the data $i$, and then only needs to sample $\pi \gt u_i$ for data $i$.
Slice Sampling for BP. Instead of the fixed range used in DP, a positive decay function $f : \lim _{k \rightarrow \infty } f(\pi _k) = 0$ controls the support for the auxiliary variable $u_k \sim \text{Unif}(0, f(\pi _k))$ [14]. Compared to the function used in DP, the decay function is more flexible and more applicable to many other models.
5.2 Variational Inference
Using variational inference involves two important components: setting variational distributions and choosing optimisation methods. Clearly setting the variational distribution can significantly reduce the additional approximation error and appropriate optimisation methods can boost the inference efficiency and adapt to the complex scenarios, e.g., large-scale and streaming data. Existing work on variational inference for BNL is summarised below.
Ordinary Variational Inference. The form of variational inference for BNL is based on a stick-breaking representation where the latent variables in this representation include stick weights, atom parameters, and data assignment indexes. Since stochastic processes such as DP [9, 106] and GaP [145] have the potential to produce an infinite number of atoms, we have opted for a truncation method to ensure that only a finite number of atoms need to be approximated with a finite number of mean-field (latent variable) distributions. Other similar works have been applied for HDP [9], IBP [44], and nCRP [174].
Collapsed Variational Inference. As stated, there are normally three groups of latent variables in BNL (i.e., stick weights, atom parameters, and data assignment indexes). Sometimes stick weights could be marginalised out to make the inferences of DP [105] and HDP [147, 168] more accurate and efficient.
Online/Stochastic Variational Inference. Instead of coordinate-ascent optimisation that is not efficient for large datasets because a full pass of all the data at each iteration is required, stochastic optimisation is used to update the variational parameters [15, 176]. At each iteration, a


Administrator Job Description
Mission Statement
Role and responsibilities
 1. The Administrator is responsible to the Director and Board.
 2. To ensure all financial, filing and correspondence systems are in place and running efficiently.
Specific Tasks
 1. Update mailing lists to supporters and community agencies;
 2. Pursue funding agencies and complete funding applications as necessary;
 3. Maintain correspondence with supporter and community contacts;
 4. Prepare income and expenditure details for accountant;
 5. Respond to requests for information and general correspondence and necessary duties to run an efficient office;
 6. Ensure all money received is recorded, receipts are issued and banked in the appropriate account;
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(2 DAY WEBINAR) Brain Injury Association of Pa presents: Opioid Addiction and Brain Injury
CE Type:
# of CE's:
The training course will assist substance treatment providers to better understand how cognitive impairments associated with brain injury interact with treatment for opioid misuse. This high-level course is geared towards Psychiatrists, Psychologists, Social Workers, Licensed Professional Counselors and Addictions Counselors. Course topics include: Brain Basics and the Toxic Brain; Understanding the Effects of Pathology; Cognitive, Emotional and Behavioral Techniques for Treating Persons with Co-Occurring Opioid Use Disorder and Brain Injury; and he Integration of Client Needs, Resources and Funding.
Learning Objectives:
1. Describe the types and epidemiology of brain injury
2. Describe screening tools to identify traumatic and non-traumatic brain injury
3. Describe how memory and executive functioning impairments impact substance misuse treatment
4. Describe the unique needs of individuals with brain injury as they impact treatment
Intended Audience:
Substance Use Providers
Instructional Level:
Completion Requirements:
Attend both sessions, complete session, and complete post-training survey