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Douglas Cardinal describes his creative process as inspired by nature. From YouTube.
Accepted by the School of Architecture at the University of British Columbia in 1952, he studied there for 3 years. But it was the University of Texas School of Architecture at Austin that provided the intellectually open, yet rigorous, training he needed to develop the complex, undulating architecture for which he is now internationally acclaimed. He graduated with honours in 1963.
Like many of the renowned western Canadian architects developing during the 1950s, Douglas Cardinal sought to interpret the teachings of European modernism by investigating a regional modification of the International Style. He was particularly drawn to the modernity of architects such as Hans Poelzig and Erich Mendelsohn, and his mature work harmonizes an attraction to Italian and Spanish baroque buildings with the expressionist arm of European modern architecture that reached its ascendancy in Germany just after the First World War. Cardinal was to synthesize his direct experience of architecture in western Canada (Prairie expressionism in particular) and the neobaroque of Mexican church architecture, which he would encounter during his travels in the late 1950s, with his formal training in architecture and the history of architecture. This knowledge was conflated with his experience of the terrain of western Canada, in particular the Plains and the Badlands of Alberta, in the development of the curvilinear massing that is a signatory feature of his buildings.
In Cardinal's architecture, principles of seamless unity, sustainability, community, green buildings and ecological design are interwoven with his strong sense for Nature. The resulting designs are typified in award-winning projects such as ST MARY'S CHURCH in Red Deer, Alta (1965-68). His desire to integrate his architecture with these principles brought on experimentation with computer-aided drafting and design systems (CADD). It was during the construction of St Mary's that the Cardinal firm began using CADD. By 1981 he was identified as a world pioneer and leader of CADD, and his firm was selected by the federal government as a demonstration site to test and advance Canadian CADD technology.
Douglas Cardinal's principal public buildings include Grande Prairie Regional College in Grande Prairie, Alta (1972-76), the Alberta Government Services Building at Ponoka (1977) and the St Albert Civic and Cultural Centre at St Albert, Alta (1983), as well as numerous schools, all of which continued the curving wall exterior adapted to ever-increasing complex functional programs.
Throughout the 1990s Cardinal undertook a leadership role by providing architectural definition to the aims and aspirations of Amerindian communities. These projects included, among others, the Saskatchewan Federated Indian College master plan and concept design for expansion, Regina, Sask (1990); the Institute of American Indian Arts master plan, Sante Fe, New Mexico (1993); Kainai Multi-Purpose Cultural Resource Centre, Blood Indian Reserve, Alberta (1996); and a master plan and design of principal public buildings for the Cree Village of Oujé-Bougoumou in northern Québec (1990), which earned a United Nation's award of excellence for its environmentally sensitive concepts and was celebrated at Expo2000 in Hanover, Germany.
Cardinal's first project outside Alberta and the Northwest Territories brought Prairie expressionism to central Canada through the design for the CANADIAN MUSEUM OF CIVILIZATION (CMC) in Hull, Québec, inaugurated in 1989. Acknowledged internationally as a technologically complex building that reframed museum architecture, the CMC is a culturally significant building that was designed to accommodate a shifting perspective on Amerindian history and national culture at the end of the 20th century. In 1993 Cardinal was awarded the commission for the National Museum of the American Indian on the Smithsonian Institution Mall in Washington, DC, which resulted in an outstanding design, finished after Cardinal's exclusion from the project and surrounded by controversy.
Renovation of the Grotski Residence by Douglas Cardinal contributed to its designation as a municipal historic site. The designation recognizes Cardinal's "organic design aesthetic," one theme among urban post-war development in Edmonton.
Other accomplishments include the design of the Cree Cultural Institute (2011) in Quebec and the Meno-ya-win Health Centre (2010) in Northern Ontario. His works include several Masterplans, a student centre at the University of Saskatchewan, a stadium in Regina and prefabricated/modular housing. Cardinal has also designed a gallery to house the permanent collection of the great Canadian artist Alex JANVIER in Cold Lake, Alta. These projects show how Cardinal's material palette has become much more varied, revealing his willingness to continually explore.
In 1990 Douglas Cardinal was awarded the ORDER OF CANADA, in 1992 the Canada Council Molson Prize for the Arts and in 1995 the National Aboriginal Achievement Award. In 1999 he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada, the highest architectural honour bestowed upon an individual in Canada. He was awarded the Governor General's Award for Visual and Media Arts in 2001 and in 2002 he received the Golden Jubilee Medal in honour of Her Majesty the Queen's 50th Anniversary. By the year 2011 he had been granted 12 honorary doctorates in recognition of his significant contribution to excellence in architecture, by every major Canadian university.
Douglas Cardinal's office is located in Ottawa. The Douglas Cardinal collection of drawings and models is archived at Carleton University, beginning with his work in 1984. Other material is in the University of Calgary Archives.
Author JOAN ACLAND Revised: BRANKA BAIC
Trevor Boddy, The Architecture of Douglas Cardinal (1989); University of Calgary, The Douglas Cardinal Architectural Drawings: An Inventory of the Collection at the Canadian Architectural Archives, University of Calgary Library (1997).
Links to Other Sites
Canadian Aboriginal Writing and Arts Challenge
The website for the Canadian Aboriginal Writing and Arts Challenge, which features Canada's largest essay writing competition for Aboriginal youth (ages 14-29) and a companion program for those who prefer to work through painting, drawing and photography. See their guidelines, teacher resources, profiles of winners, and more. From the Historica-Dominion Institute.
Written in Stone
This multimedia tour of the Canadian Museum of Civilization features extensive commentary about the design, development, and construction of this landmark building in Gatineau, Quebec. A great resource for students interested in architecture.
Take a virtual tour of the new Oujé-Bougoumou community facilities. Features stunning architectural designs by renowned Canadian architect Douglas J. Cardinal.
Douglas J. Cardinal Architect Ltd
View illustrations of architectural projects designed by Douglas J. Cardinal Architect Ltd. Renowned for "living organic" building designs, such as the acclaimed Canadian Museum Of Civilization.


Whisper Phones
Learn how to make these cheap and easy Whisper Phones for your Reading Block in the Classroom!
Want a fun, easy, and affordable way to engage students while they are silent reading, and at the same time help the issue of those students who always read out loud so they can hear themselves?
What these little gadgets do is create a passageway for the students' voice to travel. They can read very very quietly (whisper), but they will be able to hear themselves through the "phone."
Cute right??
Here's what you need and everything can be found at Home Depot or any home improvement store.
- A 3/4 INCH PVC Pipe (This is a really long pipe for just a couple bucks). One pipe can make approximately 25-30 phones.
- 3/4 INCH Elbow pieces for the pipe. You need two per phone and each is about 45 cents.
-A PVC Pipe Cutter
- Duck Tape to make it look pretty!
1) Use the pipe cutter to cut the pipe into approx. 3 inch long pieces.
2) Connect an elbow on each end of the cut pipe.
3) Wrap the middle with duck tape.
The end!
I do have to admit that I had to watch a YouTube Video on how to use a pipe cutter. Kind of embarrassing that I couldn't open it. But then I realized there are videos dedicated JUST on how to open the darn thing. Here is a link to one:
So yea! There are your handy dandy whisper phones. Kids will love them and if they can hear themselves read, but not bother those around them, they can improve on their accuracy and fluency as readers!
Let me know if you have any questions!
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THE envisaged higher uranium production in Namibia would catapult the country from fourth place to the largest producer in the world, a new study on this sector reveals.
Assuming all other countries' uranium production remains constant over the next years, Namibia will produce around 32 per cent of the world uranium, the strategic environmental assessment of the central uranium rush said. It was published online on Monday.
Based on the national accounts for 2008, uranium mining contributed about 4 per cent to Namibia's total gross domestic product (GDP).
"In the case of full production, Government could benefit in 2020 from additional revenue from the uranium mining industry ranging from N$2,6 billion to 5.3 billion" under three different scenarios, from moderate to intensive uranium mining.
"The uranium rush could become a significant source of government income. While the companies contributed about 3,2 per cent to total government revenue in the form of royalties, pay-as-you-earn, non-Namibian resident shareholder's tax and corporate taxes in 2008, this share can increase to 6,2 per cent or 8 per cent under the highest production scenario in 2015. We assume an average growth rate of Government revenue of 8,3 per cent according to the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) of the Finance Ministry This growth rate could accelerate to 9.5 per cent" in the low uranium mining scenario in 2011 or to 9,8 per cent in Scenario 3 by 2013 due to income from additional uranium-mining activities."
The report was compiled by local and foreign experts under the auspices of the Geological Survey of Namibia and Germany's Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), which is the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources.
In comparison, the diamond-mining sector contributed 10.1per cent to GDP in 2002 and 7.6 per cent in 2008.
"Based on the three scenarios it is likely that the uranium industry will become the strongest contributor to GDP," the report said. The value of exports is expected to increase from N$5,4 billion in 2008 to at least N$12 billion under the low scenario or up to N$26 billion under the intensive uranium-mining scenario by 2020 assuming a contract price of US$70 for uranium and that the mines run at 90 per cent of their production capacity," the experts predict.
Even with the most modest scenario, export earnings are expected to double. The contribution of uranium exports to total exports is to increase from 13 per cent to 28 per cent in Scenario 1 (low-intensity mining) or to about 62 per cent in the most optimistic scenario. If the uranium mines operate at full capacity until 2020, their contribution to export earnings will reach N$30,5 billion at the most optimistic prediction and account for 73 per cent of total Namibian exports.
Scenario 1 represents the current situation with two operating mines (Rössing and Langer Heinrich) and two other mines under construction being Trekkopje and Valencia. Scenario 2 includes these four mines plus two others.
"The projects which are the most advanced at this stage are Bannerman's Etango project - formerly known as Goanikontes - and Extract Resources' Rössing South project, also known as Husab project. These projects are likely to be accompanied by the construction of NamWater's desalination plant, an emergency diesel power plant, a coalor gas-fired power station and two chemical plants at the coast to supply the mines with reagents.
"To ensure that the uranium rush has a positive influence on future development, the GRN, mining companies, local authorities and civil society must work together to eliminate, reduce or offset the negative impacts and enhance the benefits and synergies," the report says.
The report can be downloaded at _URL_ or can be obtained as CD-ROM from the Windhoek SAIEA office, the Ministry of Mines and Energy library and at the Uranium Institute at Swakopmund. Comments on the report are invited until September 6.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Turning Data into Dollars
Turning Data into Dollars
Five ways AccuStore® Drives Growth to Bottom Line
1. Understand the real difference between top performing stores and "dogs"
Use non-financial data to make sense of each store's financial results. When sales numbers from your stores don't seem to add up, often the answer is hidden in your non-financial data. On paper, two stores with the same resources should have similar results, but in the real world their performance may be drastically different. Non-financial factors, such as local competition, divergent product offerings, store conditions, and number of parking spots or available staffing can have an important impact on store revenues
For example, imagine two similarly appointed stores with the same number of comparable foodservice offerings, but with widely divergent revenue performance records. The reason for their performance difference may be hidden in non-financial data. Does the under-performing location have more national brand competitors than the successful location? Financial data cannot provide the answer, but AccuStore® can.
With AccuStore you have the ability to gather and compare information on local competition, collect merchandise profiles from your stores, check on department resets, fixtures, signage and even gather and review pictures of these store assets.
2. Increase Speed to Market
AccuStore shortens the traditional survey process by leaps and bounds. Imagine you are rolling out a new customer loyalty program that you project will increase gross profit margin by $1000 per store per month. Step one in the roll-out is to determine which stores need training on the program and have the room for the in store promotion. Gathering and compiling this data can take weeks—delaying roll-out of the program and thus expected sales increases.
With AccuStore the process of collecting information is streamlined dramatically. With centralized communication for your entire organization, AccuStore allows you to conduct short term, targeted surveys in order to gather limited information without having to worry about the expense of conducting surveys thorough traditional methods. When the cost of collecting data is drastically lowered, the opportunities for information gathering, and increasing speed to market based on that information, become limitless.
3. React faster to Competitors
Know how effective the competition is before they do. Reacting quickly to competition can spell the difference between growing profit and a significant dip in retail sales. But making the right tactical move in response to competition depends on having the right information. If several of your retail locations experience a drop in sales that coincides with different market conditions, accurate competitive information is key.
If several of your stores experience a drop in sales that coincides with a competitor's promotion, you might feel that it is time to react. But can you be sure that the two incidents are linked? It's easy to incorrectly generalize based on anecdotal information, but that's not the best way to make a strategic retail decision.
AccuStore can help you make the right decision. With AccuStore, it is easy to track which of your retail locations share the same local competition, then compare sales of a specific product, and spot a trend. It may be that your dip in sales has more to do with geography, the local temperature or vendor problems. On the other hand, your assumption may be right, and your sales might be suffering due to fierce competition. Either way, your choice should not be based on a hunch, it should be based on data.
4. Increase Budgeting Accuracy
Knowing your stores means knowing what they need to improve performance for growth. Quantitative data gives you a better insight on your bottom line. In order to accurately predict expenditures, it is essential that you have a precise understanding of your store assets. Is it time to upgrade your display cases to a newer model? How many will you need? Most of your stores will have different equipment and display hardware. Unless you have the data at hand, how can you be certain that each of your stores is equipped to handle a new promotion, fixture or needs upgraded display cases?
AccuStore offers a simple solution to accurate budget forecasting. When a major budget expenditure approaches, use AccuStore to ensure that you know how much you need to spend by gathering accurate data on your stores. AccuStore can help keep your budget in line by making sure you can predict your expenditures based on real numbers, not guesstimates.
5. Spend Capital More Efficiently
Never over-order expensive equipment again. Maintenance and engineering present a significant challenge to large store chains. Especially in chains that have grown through acquisition, maintenance and engineering staff face significant obstacles in understanding the needs of each store in the organization. Store needs can be as individual as the people who manage them.
For example, when upgrading stores, it is difficult for managers to gather data on the specific equipment needs of each location. AccuStore allows them to get exact counts, to view the age of the asset and the date last serviced, even to view asset pictures in order to determine the condition of the asset.
As a result, managers can have exact counts for vital equipment upgrades and will never have to resort to rounded figures or multiple orders resulting from bad data. Managers know the details and can act on confirmed data before making any purchase.
Contact Accustore today to learn how to turn your data into dollars.


Mauna Kea Protest Against Telescope Native Hawaiians
Mauna Kea Protest Against Telescope Native Hawaiians. Image _USER_
Mauna Kea Protest Against Telescope Native Hawaiians. Image _USER_
Protest against telescope - Native Hawaiians
Hawaii's Big Island houses the 30-metre telescope which is one of the world's largest and most powerful telescopes. This world-renowned telescope is under threat now. Wide protest on social media and across Huawei, which has led to the halt of its construction.
Mauna Kea Protest Against Telescope Native Hawaiians
Reason for the protest
The site which is proposed for construction is the summit of Mauna Kea. It is a sacred location for many native Hawaiians. And so the debate has shot up on the topic, "Respect for indigenous cultures and the meaning of scientific progress".
Multiple aspects of the issue
Why do scientists choose this location?
The summit Mauna Kea is a dormant volcano. It is also the highest mountain in the world at 32,000 feet from the Seafloor. Scholars have selected this place because the summit rises to 13,796 feet above the sea level where the air is dry and clean. This place is also away from light pollution and enables the telescope to view even the faintest galaxies.
This summit also houses the world's largest astronomical observatory, with 13 operational telescopes of 11 different countries. The efficiency of this telescope is 60 times greater than the Hubble Space Telescope.
Justification from the Native Hawaiians
Mauna Kea Protest Against Telescope Native Hawaiians
Native Hawaiians believe that Mauna Kea is the starting point of the Hawaiian Islands. They praise this place to be the origin point of their land. The native Hawaiians bury their umbilical cord on the mountain and believe this is a way to connect themselves to the sacred ground.
The protest of the native Hawaiians is not new. They have been consistently protesting for the past several decades. But this became the most vocal protest of them all.
What is found in the Mauna Kea?
There is a confirmed ancient burial. However, on the site selected that is mostly hidden and no archaeological finds in the immediate area. The telescope would be 18 stories tall and cover 1.44 acres.
This project has also gained support from many institutions and funding from several private and public organisations. List of Countries which contributed, United States of America, Japan, India, China and Canada.
Opposition from conservationists and environmentalists
The construction of the telescope would obstruct the scenery view, and many others are concerned about the ecological damage that can happen, especially with the water aquifers.
Supporters argument
Mauna Kea Protest Against Telescope Native Hawaiians
The excited astronomers have argued that help of this telescope they can see around 13 billion light ways away. Deccan also sees the forming galaxies which are at the very edge of the observable universe. There are lots of benefit for the University of Hawaii and the state of Hawaii.
The University of Hawaii as a 65 year Lease and most of the area under it is above the elevation of 12000 feet. Do it does not enjoy any benefit financially it has a global reputation because of the Mauna Kea observatories. The upcoming project can create 300 construction jobs and 140 permanent jobs on the island.
It is important to respect the emotional attachment of the indigenous people. But at the same time, we cannot refuse the potential development of the nation. Reaching a balanced decision is necessary to serve both aspects.
Mauna Kea Protest Against Telescope Native Hawaiians


3 Ways To Stay Sane While Enjoying Your Workouts And Food
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Dealing with good nutrition is challenging, especially with all the information out there, which can often be very confusing, but here's how you can approach nutrition in a more sustainable manner.
1. Start Slow
We're typically in the biggest pain and want to rush to "work" when we discover how we look and feel. After all, it doesn't feel good to feel sluggish, or not like what you look
This often leads us to drastic measures that doesn't last very long. We might end up exercising WAY harder (7 sessions in the gym, 3 times a day anyone?), or eat way lesser than we are used to. Either way, these scenarios can be very devastating to our situations both physically and mentally.
how to approach sustainability in nutrition & fitness
Injuries aside, you are likely to feel overworked, mentally exhausted, and hungry all the time, making the whole fitness thing feel like it's impossible to attain. In scenarios like these, take a deep breath and re-assess what you're willing, able and ready to do for the next 12 weeks.
A good starting point often is to begin with spending one day a week doing an exercise you enjoy, and perhaps replacing half of your rice, noodles, pasta or bread with a healthy serving of vegetables. From there, you can progressively increase what you are willing to do.
2. Don't be A Perfectionist
As with anything in life, there are bound to be bumps and challenges in fitness, like missing out in workout sessions or eating something you feel you shouldn't.
Staying "off-course" about 10-15% of the time tend to be relatively negligible compared to the whole picture, so don't worry about falling down sometimes.
3 ways to stay sane while enjoying your workouts and food
3 ways to stay sane while enjoying your workouts and food
For reference, assuming you are creating a 500 kcal deficit daily to lose 0.5kg per week, replacing a huge meal like Burgers and fries with soda (est. 1200 kcal) from your usual 500 kcal meal will typically cause you an extra 700 kcal, which will set you back from your goal weight by a maximum of 3 days, or a theoretical 100 grams.
You only face an issue when you're eating the same meal every time, creating a huge calorie surplus where you eat way more than your body needs, causing your body to store the energy as fats and in turn, cause you to gain weight.
3. Enjoy the Journey
You'll only keep doing what you like. Fitness & Nutrition might be new for you, but with anything new, look for things you will like to eat, or enjoy as movement, and treat it like an exploration journey. This keeps the journey fresh for you all the time!
For example, instead of running, you can look into cycling, swimming, rock climbing, or even sports like badminton or tennis. You can also look at joining community running groups or look for a hiking buddy. With the existence of Facebook groups, these are usually pretty easy to find. Otherwise, joining a group class like Zumba may be a good starting point. If exercise as a whole doesn't attract you, how about finding an excuse just to get out? Some of my best excuses are to do a photo walk, grocery shopping, and to just meet up with friends for a catch up. They're definitely not exercises, but they promote movement, and that still gets you one step closer to a healthier, more confident you.
3 ways to stay sane while enjoying your workouts and food
In terms of nutrition, if salads are not your thing but you need vegetables, look for vegetables you might already enjoy or be willing to work with first. Spinach, cabbage, beansprouts and broccoli tend to be good starting points to work with.
When it comes to fitness and nutrition, the name of the game is really consistency. Those who show up constantly often end up as the biggest winners.
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Top 3 Products & Services
Dated: Apr. 04, 2012
Related CategoriesCisco Certifications
Networking In General
Windows Server OS
By Vivek Nayyar
Something about Domain Controller
In Microsoft Windows platform all post-Windows 2000 Server network operating systems are shipped along with built-in Active Directory Services (ADS in Windows Server 2003) or Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS in Windows Server 2008) which differentiates them from client operating systems. Although the services are integrated in the network operating systems, they are not automatically installed during the installation of the OS. Because of this when a network operating system is installed on a computer it works as a client operating system and is technically called a 'Standalone Server'. In production environments if a network setup contains more than 20 computers administrators can promote any one standalone server (computer running Microsoft Windows Server 2003/2008 operating system) as a domain controller by installing ADS or AD DS on Microsoft Windows Server 2003 or Microsoft Windows Server 2008 operating system respectively.
When a network operating system is promoted as a domain controller it allows administrators to manage the entire network, which includes several user accounts and client computers, from a central location, i.e. the domain controller. This enhances the efficiency of the network and helps administrators remarkably expedite the management processes of the entire infrastructure.
Before Promoting Windows Server 2008 R2 As a Domain Controller
Administrators must perform few primary tasks prior to promoting a Windows Server 2008 R2 standalone server as a domain controller. These primary tasks include:
- The computer which an administrator plan to promote as a domain controller must either have a static IP address assigned manually by the administrator or a dynamic IP address must be assigned to it by a valid DHCP server that can be present anywhere in the network.
- The computer must also have appropriate DNS server's IP address configured on it. In case no DNS server exists in the network, the administrator must specify loopback address (127.0.0.1) in the preferred DNS server field of the computer. The reason behind this is that if no DNS server exists in the network, Active Directory Domain Services installation process automatically configures the very first domain controller of the network as a DNS server.
- The computer must be connected to the network.
- The computer must have sufficient amount of free disk space in the system drive must be formatted using NTFS file system.
Promoting Windows Server 2008 R2 as a Domain Controller
Once all the above mentioned primary configurations have been made, administrators must follow the steps given below in order to promote a Windows Server 2008 R2 computer as a domain controller:
- Log on to Windows Server 2008 R2 computer with administrator account.
- Click Start > Run to open Run command box.
- In the available field type DCPROMO command and press Enter key.
- Wait till Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) binaries are being installed and once done, on Welcome to Active Directory Domain Services Installation Wizard window check Use advanced mode installation checkbox and click Next button.
- On Operating System Compatibility window click Next.
- Assuming that the computer on which Active Directory Domain Services are being installed is the very first computer in the network to be promoted as a domain controller, click to select Create a new domain in a new forest radio button and click Next.
- On Name the Forest Root Domain window type the name of the new domain in the available field (TESTDOMAIN.COM for this example) and click Next.
- On Domain NetBIOS Name window leave the default NetBIOS name suggested by Windows Server 2008 R2 AD DS installation process (TESTDOMAIN for this example) and click Next.
- On Set Forest Functional Level window leave everything as default (for now) and click Next.
- On Set Domain Functional Level window leave everything as default (for now) and click Next.
- On Additional Domain Controller Options window make sure that DNS checkbox is checked and click Next.
- On the appeared DNS warning box click Yes to continue.
- On Location for Database, Log Files, and SYSVOL window leave everything as default (for now) and click Next.
- On Directory Services Restore Mode Administrator Password window type and confirm the desired password. Make sure that the password specified here must not be identical to the one assigned for administrator account. Password defined here is used to restore Active Directory from the backup in case of disaster.
- Once done, click Next to continue.
- On Summary window review the settings that are to be applied to the domain controller and click Next to start Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) installation process.
- On the appeared progress box Reboot on completion checkbox can be checked to automatically restart Windows Server 2008 R2 operating system after Active Directory Domain Services installation process completes successfully.
Now that you've gotten free know-how on this topic, try to grow your skills even faster with online video training. Then finally, put these skills to the test and make a name for yourself by offering these skills to others by becoming a freelancer. There are literally 2000+ new projects that are posted every single freakin' day, no lie!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: Here shows D.L. genogram for health assessment. A genogram displays a society's relationships and history. A family genogram, also known as a simple genogram, goes beyond a traditional family tree by allowing members of the community to identify patterns and psychological elements that influence relationships. Genograms were developed in clinical psychology and family therapy situations, but they have proven useful in academic and professional settings throughout time. Genograms are used by a diverse group of people in a variety of fields, including social work, genetic research, education, medicine, and others. A Genogram is a useful tool for comprehending the primary members of a family or community, as well as the many relationships in their lives.


Why Castrate Cattle?
Cattle Castration Beef Quality Animal WelfareWhy do farmers and ranchers castrate their cattle?
First thought that comes to mind, because I do not want my heifers bred to an inferior bull. Castration also comes to mind when I think of the neighbors' traveling bulls. But in reality, it's a management decision. Why would you castrate your dog?
When I asked for a blog post topic via Twitter, I received a couple of questions about castration and why we have to do it. Well, we do not have to castrate our cattle, but like many, many other management decisions in raising beef, it is a decision in response to consumer demand. Consumers want a consistent palatable, flavorful product. So, producers respond to the demand.
I castrate my male calves a few hours after birth using a band method. Some producers choose to not castrate until 2 to 4 months of age using either a band or knife method. Other producers choose not to castrate and the cattle will be castrated at 7+ months of age. Not all male calves are castrated. Animals with superior genetic and physical characteristics are left intact (not castrated) and used as bulls in breeding herds. I have a few reasons for castration and I will try my best to break them down for you.
Castration for Breeding Selection
If I were to give you one reason why we castrate animals, I would say it is because of breeding selection. It goes back to the earlier mentioned consumer demand. We set parameters, for selected characteristics in our herd (i.e. Weaning Weight, Muscling:Fat, Milk Production, Physical Soundness…). We select bulls that fit this criteria to produce a uniform, desirable calf crop. If we left all bull calves intact (not castrated) we would have heifers bred to their brothers, at an early age, and would move away from desired breeding program. Not to mention heifers bred too early are not allowed to reach their full growth potential as cows.
Why choose banding shortly after birth?
Any stress in a calf's life has direct impact on immune function, appetite, and lifetime performance. If we can castrate, vaccinate, etc. calves while they are still nursing their mother's in a familiar environment, at a younger age, we minimize the stress on that animal. The calf has a sustained immune system, healthy appetite, and endures less stress.
How does castration affect beef product?
Have you ever tasted beef from an 18 month old steer, compared to an older bull? There is a difference in flavor, texture, fat composition, and overall palatability. Lower levels of testosterone lead to higher quality grades and more consistent tenderness and marbling in beef. Consumers have chosen the flavor of the steer beef over bull beef with their spending dollar. Castrating early decreases the number of "dark cutters" due to high muscle pH.
Why not just leave them all bulls?
Sure we could do that. Intact males tend to be more aggressive cattle and there is less control of breeding programs and seasons, a less consistent beef product, and no calf fry gourmet dishes.
When it comes down to it we castrate calves because, compared to bulls, steers bring more at market, have higher post-weaning performance, and can't breed their sisters during the grazing program after weaning. We want our heifers to be able to mature without the stress of any early pregnancy and castrate early because we care about the stress and immune system of our cattle.
Maybe it all boils down to caring about the welfare of our cattle while responding to consumer demand.
What are your thoughts? Why should we (or shouldn't we) castrate cattle?
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About Ryan Goodman (994 Articles)
17 Comments on Why Castrate Cattle?
 1. Good post Ryan. I might add a couple of things that people with no cattle experience don't realize.
 Bull calves often enter puberty at five months of age. Any cow not pregnant by the time the bull calves reach this point will be literally mobbed by the bull calves to the point the cow is injured (This doesn't take into consideration the injuries to the bull calves fighting over the cow)
 When working for Leachman Cattle Co. of Billings Montana back in the early 90's we had over 400 private treaty bulls in one pasture. There were times we had to put down bulls because they had been injured too badly to survive when other bulls would gang up on a single bull.
 - Thanks Bob. I thought about adding behavior issues to my list, but didn't make it there
 - Well you haven't cowboyed until you've moved a big wad of bulls and had 50 or 60 of them having a free for all bull fight as you are moving them!
 - Yeah about all I get to deal with is 20, and they are handful enough when they get to fighting
 - Cattle are raised to sell at the market, and the farmer is paid by the pound. A steer (a castrated male calf) will gain faster than a bull or a heifer (female calf) because they have other things on their mind besides just eating. Also steers and heifers can be in the same feedlot without any problems. If you had a bunch of bulls in a feedlot they would have it tore up with fighting. There is nothing that will stop a bull fight, nothing!
 2. I learn something new every day on this blog. Just not sure what I'm going to do with this new found knowledge. Thanks.
 - Goddess, Just bide your time and the opportunity to spread your new found knowledge will present itself.
 3. Good post Ryan! Too often I forget to think about the cattle industry from the viewpoint of a person who wasn't raised in it and probably wouldn't have thought to go into detail about why we castrate.
 - That's a problem I often have as well. That's why I love that I can send out a tweet and get a question that someone has from outside ranching
 4. Hi Ryan,
 I really like how simply you explained this complex issue. Those of us in the industry often don't even consider why we do the things we do because we've always done them. I linked this post to my blogpost on branding where I talked a little about the castration we do at brandings. You can see the blog at _URL_
 5. Shannon Fields // May 24, 2011 at 3:09 PM // Reply
 Enjoyed your article. Now I got a question – we just bought 25 heifers with calves from a neighbor. We worked them this past weekend for the first time. All the calf bulls had been banded but 2 so we banded them (because our neighbor has always banded). But we have been told that banding brings a lower price at the sale. Is there any truth to this?
 - Banding shouldn't make a difference, compared to using a knife, in castration. Now, if you're selling calves calves soon after banding, that would bring a discount. I wouldn't reccomend marketing any castrated calves until they are completely healed after castration.
 6. bobkinford brought up an important point, and it's something we producers are going to have to watch carefully if/when AR groups gain more foothold. Most welfare certification programs require (usually at a given stage of certification) that animals 'are born and die with all the same body parts.' No castration, no tail docking, etc. These 'welfare' requirements have no consideration for the human beings who work with these animals – bulls are downright dangerous to not only each other but to the people who work with them. Thanks for a great post!
 7. Implanting far exceeds the ability of just simply castrating for the points you listed plus behavior. So are producers just adding unnecessary stress and infection risk when done by knife to the animal?
 - Jim, I assume your referring to implants like Ralgro or Revalor? These are great products that allow for improved efficiency of weight gain by helping to enhance metabolic processes, Are you suggesting using these without castration?
 8. Nebraska Farm Wife // May 10, 2012 at 10:41 AM // Reply
 Bob brings up a great addition about the aggression of bulls to each other. But there is also the danger in their aggression toward the human handlers too!! There is always increased risk of being hurt by either being caught in their fighting and not being able to get away from them or them being aggressive directly towad you. My sis worked at a sale barn and had 2 bulls come in and fight over a fence, they crashed through a gate she was behind and it pinched her between them the fence and the ground. The only thing that saved her was her dog that stepped in between her and the bulls and got them to the other end of the pen. If he wouldn't have been that kind of cow dog they would have continued to do the Mexican Hat Dance on her.
 Jim Fisher – Our vet is a believer that a knife is less stressful than a band especially in older bulls. The problem I have seen with the band especially at birth is alot of times 1 of the testicals was missed. I have had to "re-castrate" a lot of bulls coming into the feedlot that had been banded. Not saying that banding is not a good option I think it has a place. We knife


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Although testing for human papillomavirus (HPV) has higher sensitivity and lower specificity than cytology alone for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), studies comparing conventional and liquid-based cytology have had conflicting results.
In the first phase of a two-phase multicenter randomized controlled trial, women aged 35-60 years in the conventional arm (n = 16,658) were screened using conventional cytology, and women in the experimental arm (n = 16,706) had liquid-based cytology and were tested for high-risk HPV types using the Hybrid Capture 2 assay. Women in the conventional arm were referred to colposcopy with atypical cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) or higher and those in the experimental arm were referred with ASCUS or higher cytology or with a positive (> or = 1 pg/mL) HPV test. Sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) for detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or higher (CIN2+) were calculated.
The screening methods and referral criterion applied in the experimental arm had higher sensitivity than that in the conventional arm (relative sensitivity = 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03 to 2.09) but a lower PPV (relative PPV = 0.40; 95% CI = 0.23 to 0.66). With HPV testing alone at > or = 1 pg/mL and at > or = 2 pg/mL, the gain in sensitivity compared with the conventional arm remained similar (relative sensitivity = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.00 to 2.04 and relative sensitivity = 1.41, 95% CI = 0.98 to 2.01, respectively) but PPV progressively improved (relative PPV = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.33 to 0.98 and relative PPV = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.45 and 1.27, respectively). Referral based on liquid-based cytology alone did not increase sensitivity compared with conventional cytology (relative sensitivity = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.72 to 1.55) but reduced PPV (relative PPV = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.39 to 0.82).
HPV testing alone was more sensitive than conventional cytology among women 35-60 years old. Adding liquid-based cytology improved sensitivity only marginally but increased false-positives. HPV testing using Hybrid Capture 2 with a 2 pg/mL cutoff may be more appropriate than a 1 pg/mL cutoff for primary cervical cancer screening.
Data provided are for informational purposes only. Although carefully collected, accuracy cannot be guaranteed. The impact factor represents a rough estimation of the journal's impact factor and does not reflect the actual current impact factor. Publisher conditions are provided by RoMEO. Differing provisions from the publisher's actual policy or licence agreement may be applicable.
"The biopsy rate was doubled (rate ratio 2.24; 95%CI: 2.09– 2.39) in the NTCC trial, where all HPV-positive women were directly referred for colposcopy, while it was not increased in studies using cytological triage (POBASCAM, Swedescreen, ARTISTIC) (level of evidence: I). Co-testing of all women with both HPV and cytology compared with primary HPV testing alone led to increased unnecessary colposcopy [142,143] (level of evidence: I). As the efficacy results were similar, the data support the use of the least extensive strategy (primary HPV screening with triaging by cytology before referral) (level of evidence I). "
[Show abstract][Hide abstract]ABSTRACT: In order to update the previous version of the European Code against Cancer and formulate evidence-based recommendations, a systematic search of the literature was performed according to the methodology agreed by the Code Working Groups. Based on the review, the 4th edition of the European Code against Cancer recommends: "Take part in organized cancer screening programmes for: Organized screening programs are preferable because they provide better conditions to ensure that the Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Screening are followed in order to achieve the greatest benefit with the least harm. Screening is recommended only for those cancers where a demonstrated life-saving effect substantially outweighs the potential harm of examining very large numbers of people who may otherwise never have, or suffer from, these cancers, and when an adequate quality of the screening is achieved. EU citizens are recommended to participate in cancer screening each time an invitation from the national or regional screening program is received and after having read the information materials provided and carefully considered the potential benefits and harms of screening. Screening programs in the European Union vary with respect to the age groups invited and to the interval between invitations, depending on each country's cancer burden, local resources, and the type of screening test used For colorectal cancer, most programs in the EU invite men and women starting at the age of 50-60 years, and from then on every 2 years if the screening test is the guaiac-based fecal occult blood test or fecal immunochemical test, or every 10 years or more if the screening test is flexible sigmoidoscopy or total colonoscopy. Most programs continue sending invitations to screening up to the age of 70-75 years. For breast cancer, most programs in the EU invite women starting at the age of 50 years, and not before the age of 40 years, and from then on every 2 years until the age of 70-75 years. For cervical cancer, if cytology (Pap) testing is used for screening, most programs in the EU invite women starting at the age of 25-30 years and from then on every 3 or 5 years. If human papillomavirus testing is used for screening, most women are invited starting at the age of 35 years (usually not before age 30 years) and from then on every 5 years or more. Irrespective of the test used, women continue participating in screening until the age of 60 or 65 years, and continue beyond this age unless the most recent test results are normal.
"In the current study, the HPV E6/E7 mRNA test was negative in 28.1% of histologically confirmed ≥Grade 2 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia cases. It is assumed that some ≥Grade 2 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia cases may clear their infections or cell abnormalities spontaneously restraining E6/E7 mRNA expression (Ronco et al., 2006Ronco et al.,, 2007 Confortini et al., 2010), but they require time to recover completely. It is therefore possible that ≥Grade 2 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia cases with negative E6/E7 transcripts could be more likely to regress or less likely to progress toward cancer, as HPV infection could have been cleared or viral gene expression is very low. "
[Show abstract][Hide abstract]ABSTRACT: Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA tests tend to show high sensitivity, but poor specificity in detecting high-grade cervical lesions. This study aimed to explore the clinical performance of QuantiVirus(®) HPV E6/E7 mRNA in identifying ≥ Grade 2 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Thin-prep(®) liquid based cytology test (LBC) samples were collected from October 2009 to October 2011 from women who underwent outpatient hospital-based gynecological screening. LBC samples were processed for E6/E7 mRNA detection and HPV DNA detection. Of 335 patients, 135 (40.3%) were HPV E6/E7 mRNA positive for high-risk HPV subtypes. The positivity rate of HPV E6/E7 mRNA increased with the severity of cytological and histological evaluation. An optimal cut-off value of ≥ 567 copies/ml was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and positive predictive value and negative predictive value of cut-off value (≥ 567 copies/ml) were higher than those of E6/E7 mRNA positivity only, but not significant. QuantiVirus(®) HPV E6/E7 mRNA testing may be a valuable tool in triage for identifying ≥ Grade 2 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. A high specificity and a low positivity rate of E6/E7mRNA testing as a triage test in HPV DNA-positive women can be translated into a low referral for colposcopy. Studies composed of large population-based samples of women and with rigorous disease ascertainment, are needed to establish the optimal cut-off point based on ROC curve analysis.
Full-text · Article · Nov 2013 · Journal of virological methods
"Methods of recruitment and randomisation of NTCC study have been previously described
[24-26]. Briefly, following an invitation sent to the entire target population, women aged 25–60 years attending a new round of cervical screening were assigned randomly to either conventional cytology or HPV testing arm. "
[Show abstract][Hide abstract]ABSTRACT: Although among women a decreasing prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection with increasing age has been consistently observed in high-resource countries, different age profiles have been reported elsewhere.
We compared the age profile of high-risk (HR)-HPV prevalence in nine different areas of Northern and Central Italy by studying the women recruited in the intervention arm of the New Technologies in Cervical Cancer study and tested by Hybrid Capture 2. Differences in the age-distribution of HPV infection were


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THE ENVIRONMENTAL FOCUS IN TOURISM STRATEGY OF TURKEY-2023 WITHIN THE OUTLOOK OF TOURISM PLANNING
9th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference - SGEM2009, _URL_, SGEM2009 Conference Proceedings/ ISBN 10: 954-91818-1-2, June 14-19, 2009, Vol. 2, 875-883 pp
The growth of tourism has prompted debate about environmental consequences and
desirability of further development. The effects of mass tourism and increasing
awareness of the human impact on the environment led more environmentally sensitive
forms of tourism such as ecotourism and wildlife-based tourism.
With this increasing awareness environmental concerns are explicitly included in
sectoral policies and programmes concerning many areas including tourism, urban and
rural development. One of the recent examples of environment being involved in
tourism planning can be examined in Turkey's Tourism Strategy 2023 and the 9th Five
Year National Development Plan as both of them promotes ecotourism regions to
develop nature based tourism.
The Tourism Strategy of Turkey 2023, with its emphasis on cultural, health and
environmental areas, has laid out the blueprint for the country's future development. By
the implementation of this plan; nine culture and tourism zones and seven tourism
development corridors, 10 tourism cities, ecotourism zones will be created.
Implementation has merely started recently, but the plan is anticipated to be highly
influential on Turkey's tourism.
The researchers in this study examine Turkish tourism policies and planning with a
specific focus on Tourism Strategy of Turkey 2023. The plan is studied in detailed to
monitor the integration of environmental concern and ecotourism in tourism
development plans and aimed zones.
Keywords: Tourism Strategy of Turkey 2023, ecotourism, tourism planning and policies
PAPER 2009/s24.1: THE ENVIRONMENTAL FOCUS IN TOURISM STRATEGY OF TURKEY-2023 WITHIN THE OUTLOOK OF TOURISM PLANNING
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- TRANSFORMATION AND IMAGE CALIBRATION FOR ENDOSCOPIC IMAGE ANALYSIS IN FOTOM 2008 SYSTEM
- THE METEOROLOGICAL USAGE OF WATER VAPOR DATA OBTAINED FROM GPS
- PHOTOGRAMMETRIC STUDY FOR SIRCALI MEDRESE DOOR
- FOTOM SYSTEM AND MEASUREMENT VISUALIZATION
- DETERMINATION AND CREATION OF TOPOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION FROM DIGITAL IMAGERY
© Copyright 2001 International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference & EXPO SGEM. All Rights Reserved.


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The author combines scattering problem analysis method in construction wave theory with considering soil media non-linear character's equivalent linearization method and random vibrated fictitious inspiriting method,develops considering soil media non-linear character's random wave analysis method in open system,and proves its reasonability by Monte-Carlo analogy method.
By using the equivalent linearization method, the mean square sliding displacement response and the mean square sliding velocity response for structures with base sliding isolation under a band limited white noise excitation are obtained. On the basis of probability distribution function of maximum sliding displacement response,the formula of probability significance for calculating additional width of foundation is derived.
The linear calculating formulas of wind-induced response are established by using the vibration model decomposition method, the nonlinear wind-induced response equation in which the load is of non-zero mean value is solved by using Galerkin's method and improved equivalent linearization method.
The stationary random responses of non linear shear type Multi Degrees of Freedom(MDOF) hysteretic systems are analyzed by using the Pseudo Excitation Method (PEM) combined with the Equivalent Linearization Method (ELM).
The paper analyses the viscidity damp bilinear hysteresis metal rubber material model with equivalent linearization method, gets the variety rule of damping and stiffness. And it validates this theory by metal rubber damping board simply - support structure syntony test, provides dependence for the research of metal rubber material.
The experimental results show that:in comparison to the traditional equivalent linearization method,the new way given in this paper can solve non-linearity problem effectively,it can be widely applied in a variety of non-linearity system,and a non-linearity system analysis excited by random vibration signal is proceeded.
Bokker-Planck equation method, equivalent linearization method and perturbation method can be applied only in a quite narrow district of problems and it is lack of efficient numerical methods for practical calculation.
The earthquake ground motions are simulated as the zero-mean gaussian stationary process, tbe nonlinearity and hystereis of reinforced concrete structure subjected to strong earthquake are considered. Based on the real probability distribution of the dynamic response, the probabilistic average equivalent linearization method is proposed for evaluating the stochastic seismic response of these structures.
in which the nonlinearity and hysteresis of the shear mode reinforced concrete framed structure subjected to strong earthquakes have been considered. Based on the real probability density of the dynamic response, the pro-babilistic average equivalent linearization method is proposed in the analysis. Then, taking the foundation as the halfspace, the stationary stochastic seismic responses of the interaction system of structure and foundation have been calculated.
Predictions from this analytical approximation are compared with corresponding digital simulation estimates and with the ones obtained from theconventional equivalent linearization method.
The solutions of the bifurcation equation are validated by the equivalent linearization method and incremental harmonic balance method.
Equivalent linearization method based on energy-to-cTH-power difference criterion in nonlinear stochastic vibration analysis of
Equivalent Linearization Method Based on Energy-to-cth-Power Difference Criterion in Nonlinear Stochastic Vibration Analysis of
The numerical results show that the mean square responses of the proposed approach are much closer to the exact solutions or Monte Carlo solutions, than that obtained from equivalent linearization method.


text: The gene expression parameters. These parameters (Table 2) were estimated by using the EM-algorithm (see "gene expressions" in the implementation section). The vertical lines constitute a stem-plot of the data. The red, green and blue curves indicate down-, not-, and up-regulated genes, respectively. The black curve is a combination of the three curves and, hence, the distribution of the logratios.


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Comical caricatures of performers were especially popular in Szechwan Province during the Eastern Han dynasty (A.D. 25-220). Used as tomb figurines, they provided entertainment in the afterlife, and an entire troupe might be interred with the deceased. Drummers like the one represented here specialized in a kind of storytelling that was part spoken, part sung. This one sings merrily, his brow wrinkled in laughter. His heavy body suggests he may be a dwarf. Performers of similar build appear on Han tomb tiles decorated with scenes of juggling and sword balancing.
Although ceramic Han tomb figures were mass-produced, this type is surely one of the most engaging and expressive examples of Han dynasty figural art.


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Microwaving Dangers & Plastic Containers. (As heard on Think Green with Harrison)
Mis-using materials in the microwave
Microwave your food in safe ways using safe containers. USDA advises:
"Microwave food in packaging materials only if the package directs, and then use only one time. Materials suitable for microwaving include oven bags, wax paper and plastic wrap. Do not let the plastic wrap touch the food, and do not reuse the wrap.
"Foam insulated trays and plastic wraps on fresh meats in grocery stores are not intended by the manufacturer to be heated and may melt when in contact with hot foods, allowing chemical migration into the food. In addition, chemical migration from packaging material to a food does not necessarily require direct contact. Excessive heat applied to a closed container may drive off chemical gases from the container that can contaminate the enclosed food.
"These types of plastic products should not be used in a microwave oven because they are subjected to heat when thawing or reheating. To avoid a chemical migration problem, remove meats from their packaging."
An article on "Plastics and the Microwave" in FDA Consumer magazine states, "… carryout containers from restaurants and margarine tubs should not be used in the microwave, according to the American Plastics Council. Inappropriate containers may melt or warp, which can increase the likelihood of spills and burns. Also, discard containers that hold prepared microwavable meals after you use them because they are meant for one-time use."
The FDA article cautions: "Microwave-safe plastic wrap should be placed loosely over food so that steam can escape, and should not directly touch your food. Some plastic wraps have labels indicating that there should be a one-inch or greater space between the plastic and the food during microwave heating."
"Always read directions," advises FDA, "but generally, microwave-safe plastic wraps, wax paper, cooking bags, parchment paper, and white microwave-safe paper towels are safe to use. Covering food helps protect against contamination, keeps moisture in, and allows food to cook evenly. Never use plastic storage bags, grocery bags, newspapers, or aluminum foil in the microwave."


Professional Process of Soybean Oil Production
Soybean Oil Production
There are two methods of soybean oil production, one is mechanical way, which is a traditional method that use screw press machine to squeeze oil out from seeds and kernels; the other way is chemical method that extract oil with solvents. Both two oil production methods have advantages and disadvantages. The previous one is natural and healthy but the oil yield is much lower, however, oil yield of the solvent extraction method is much more higher. You can choose one according to the capacity and your oil making needs, or you can use the two together.
Soybean Oil Production Process
soya bean oil production process
Cleaning Section of Soybean Oil Production: The soybeans are first cleaned, dried and dehulled prior to oil extraction. The soybean hulls needs to be removed because they absorb oil and give a lower yield. This de-hulling is done by cracking the soybeans and a mechanical separation of the hulls and cracked soybeans. Magnets are used to separate any iron from the soybeans.
The soybeans are also heated to about 75°C to coagulate the soy proteins to make the oil extraction easier.
Extraction Section of Soybean Oil Production: First the soybeans are cut in flakes which are put in a percolation extractors and immerged with a solvent, normally hexane. Counterflow is used as extraction system because it gives the highest yield. After removing the hexane, the extracted flakes only contain about 1% of soybean oil and is used as livestock meal or to produce food products such as soy protein. The hexane is separated from the soybean oil in evaporators. The evaporated hexane is recovered and returned to the extraction process. The hexane free crude soybean oil is then further purified.
Solvent Extraction Workshop View:
solvent extractor of the plant
Purification Section of Soybean Oil Production: The crude soybean oil still contains many oil-insoluble and oil-soluble impurities that needs to be removed. The oil-insoluble material are removed with filtration and the soluble materials is removed with different processes including degumming (removing of phosphatides), oil refining (washing with alkaline solution to remove free fatty acids, colorants, insoluble matter and gums) and bleaching (with activated earth or activated carbon to remove colour and other impurities.
Refining Workshop View
soybean oil refining workshop
Hydrogenation Section of Soybean Oil Production (optional): This process will increase the stability of the soybean oil and will make it less liquid. However, this process will create more saturated fats and will reduce the favorable unsaturated fats. In addition, transfats are produced which can cause hearth problems. Hydrogenated soybean oil is used in foods that require more solid fat such as margarines.
What is Soybean Oil?
soya bean oil
Soybean oil can be considered a healthy oil, provided that it's not been hydrogenated and provided that it's certified organic. The bottom line with soy oil—and with all components of your diet—is that it is important to determine what's best matched for your individual health needs and cooking plan and then insisting on the highest quality food to meet those needs.


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The cost of inland water transport. Inland waterway transportation refers to the operation of passenger and cargo services between ships on rivers and rivers. Compared with coastal transportation and ocean transportation, it has a smaller tonnage. Its cost reduces the calculation cost of passengers and freight, and also calculates the transportation classification cost according to different types of transportation. The classification cost mainly includes the following types: passenger transportation for passenger passenger transportation and towing freight transportation; oil transportation for oil tanker oil transportation, towing Oil transportation; transportation is the tugboat. Hanoi transportation expenses are generally divided into shipping costs and port charges. The cost of the ship refers to the various costs of the ship, including the ship's staff, the extraction and repair costs, accident losses and other expenses. The port charges refer to the port charges that are borne by the transport vessel and the port charges of the external units. The cost of inland water transportation is calculated by month, quarter and year. Generally speaking, the cost of the ship should be collected according to different ship types. For ships with larger tonnages, single ship collection can also be carried out separately. When calculating the cost of transport classification, the cost of the vessel collected by type of vessel should be distributed among the transport categories.
Inland navigation is an important part of the modern integrated transportation system and one of the main contents of rational development and comprehensive utilization of water resources.
In recent years, the roads along the inland river have accelerated the pace of construction. The comprehensive transportation network along the inland rivers will be further improved, and a situation in which multiple modes of transportation coexist and compete with each other is taking shape. The development of iron and road networks along the inland river will undoubtedly divert the supply of inland navigation within a certain period of time. However, the modern economy has a large demand for transportation, and it is also diverse: various modes of transportation have their own advantages and disadvantages, each There is a source of supply for its existence and development.
Compared with railways and highways, the Yangtze River Shipping has the advantages of slow speed and weak timeliness. At the same time, there are advantages of low investment, large capacity, low cost and low energy consumption. The transportation of bulk and containerized goods without timeliness requirements, especially the need for stable quantity, continuous delivery can meet their needs, and the price is not high. Shipping costs account for a large proportion of the bulk of the bulk of the goods, inland shipping has a clear advantage.
Railway transportation has the advantages of high speed and high capacity. The shortcoming lies in the large investment in railway construction, the occupation of cultivated land, and the transportation cost is higher than that of water transportation. It is suitable for long-distance passenger transportation and medium-long-distance bulk cargo transportation with strong timeliness.
Road transportation has the advantages of high speed, convenient transportation, convenient and flexible. At the same time, highway construction occupies a large amount of cultivated land, transportation energy consumption is high, cost railway is higher, higher than water transportation, suitable for passenger transportation and medium-distance cargo transportation.
Therefore, fundamentally speaking, as an important part of the comprehensive transportation system, inland navigation will still play an irreplaceable role in the overall transportation system of the basin.


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Pot O' Gold: 10 Great Irish Children's Authors (page 2)
- 10 Great Independent Bookstores
- Choosing Children's Books
- 10 Great Subtraction and Addition Apps for Kids
- 10 Great Kindergarten Apps for Your Tiny Learner
- 10 Great Sand Activities
- 10 Great Family-Friendly Activities
Ireland's written heritage is almost as legendary as its verdant hills and rich mythology. The giants of early 20th century Irish authorship are household names—Yeats, Joyce, Wilde—but the Emerald Isle has an equally strong (though lesser known) tradition of great children's literature, too. With St. Patrick's Day approaching, now is a great time to take advantage of the literary gold at the end of the proverbial rainbow with these ten Irish authors.
Roddy Doyle Already an established novelist (he is a 1993 Booker Prize winner for Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha) Doyle's foray into children's literature promises to be as successful. The Dubliner's Rover stories (The Giggler Treatment, Rover Saves Christmas and The Meanwhile Adventures) chronicle the exploits of a hapless adventure-seeking dog, and his latest book, Her Mother's Face, is a poignant look at love and loss from a child's perspective. Doyle's humor—from the crude to the charming to the whimsical—make him a great read for adults and children alike. Best for grades 3-5.
Patricia Lynch Patricia Lynch was a prolific writer—with 48 novels and hundreds of short stories. Her western Irish background colors the events and landscapes in many of her stories; while her stories are relatively uncomplicated for her young audience, they are replete with delightful imagination. Her best-known book is The Turf-Cutter's Donkey, celebrated for its romanticized portrayal of rustic Ireland. Her Brogreen series is also a staple of mid-century children's fantasy, and though some of her books are out of print they are well worth tracking down. Best for grades 3-5.
C.S. Lewis Belfast-born Clive Staples Lewis rubbed shoulders with some of the biggest literary luminaries of his day at Oxford, including J.R.R. Tolkien, and it's interesting to speculate how the two might have influenced the separate fantasy worlds for which they've each become famous. Lewis' conversion to Christianity informs much of his writing and is a motif throughout his most famous body of work, The Chronicles of Narnia. Lewis' allegory, however, is never heavy-handed; he is very accessible to children and adults alike, making him a beloved cornerstone of children's literature. Don't miss The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and The Silver Chair. Best for grades 4-6.
Eoin Colfer With tales that compare favorably to J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter books, Wexford native Eoin Colfer has a lot going for him. The Irish author and comedian is best known for his Artemis Fowl series, which he has jokingly summed up as "Die Hard with fairies". The adventures and exploits of (anti)hero Artemis Fowl, adolescent criminal genius, are noted for their dark humor and are bestsellers on both sides of the Atlantic. The six-book series has a movie deal in the works. Artemis Fowl, The Arctic Incident, and The Eternity Code round out the first three books in the sequence. Best for grades 4-6.
Marita Conlon-McKenna Another Bisto Award winner, Marita Conlon-McKenna's books have seen screen treatments and translation into several different languages. Her fascination with Irish history sparked her most widely known book, Under the Hawthorn Tree. The book, a story about children left struggling to survive in the wake of the deadly 1840s famine, made the Irish bestseller list two years running and is distinguished by its touching characterization and historical detail. Under the Hawthorn Tree became the Famine trilogy, with Wildflower Girl and Fields of Home completing the trio. Best for grades 4-6.
Padraic Colum Padraic Colum had a seemingly inexhaustible career as a novelist, a poet, a dramatist and a folklorist. Despite fame at home and abroad, famous friendships and lucrative publishing and teaching contracts, Colum never forgot his humble beginnings. He began his career in children's writing by translating simple Gaelic myths, and his first effort, The King of Ireland's Son, was released to high praise in 1916. Big Tree of Bunlahy: Stories of My Own Countryside and The Voyagers won him Newberry Honor Awards in the 1920s and 1930s. Best for grades 4-6.
Pat O'Shea Pat O'Shea's books, described by Phoenix librarian Jill Detter as "good fantasy for older children with lots of Irish folklore," began her career as a dramatist. The Galway-born writer took 13 years to complete her best-known book, The Hounds of the Morrigan, and she found herself a literary sensation in middle age. O'Shea's 2007 Guardian obituary calls the book a "combination of kindness, wisdom and irreverence"; it has been translated into several languages and remains popular in Ireland today. Best for grades 5-8.
Kate Thompson Though Kate Thompson was born in England, and her travels took her to America, Wales and India, among other places, she has claimed Irish residency since the early 1980s. Some of her children's stories touch upon themes as disparate as Irish folk tales and genetic engineering. Thompson has won the Bisto Children's Book of the Year Award four times, as well as the Whitbread Children's Book Award and the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize. She is best known and most celebrated for her book The New Policeman, described as "enthralling" in several reviews; other good bets include The Alchemist's Apprentice and The Beguilers. Best for kids in middle school and up.
James Stephens James Stephens, a contemporary of Irish great James Joyce, is best known for his fantasy work The Crock of Gold. With James Joyce, he was part of the Irish literary renaissance of the early 20th century and lived to see his work made popular through readings and radio broadcasts. While all his books are marked by his fanciful charm, his 1920 Irish Fairy Tales has become a perennial children's favorite. His lyric voice (Stephens was also a poet) sets the perfect tone for these retellings of famous Irish myths and legends. Best for kids in middle school and up.
Siobhan Dowd Technically a Londoner by birth, Siobhan Dowd's parents were both Irish and she was honored by Irish-America Magazine as one of the "Top 100 Irish-Americans". A Swift Pure Cry is her first book, a stark portrayal of teenage issues; her second, The London Eye Mystery, is a young adult thriller about a boy with Asperger's syndrome who solves a kidnapping. One review went so far as to describe Dowd's sophomore effort as "unputdownable", and it has won everything from the Book Sense Children's Pick List to Kirkus Review's Best Children's Books. Her penultimate effort, Bog Child, was posthumously published in 2008 to acclaim. Best for kids in middle school and up.
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Calculating Combinations the Erlang Way
If you recall, I wrote some Ruby code to calculate combinations of values in lists. I needed to create a list of all combinations of values, where each combination had between 0 and N number of values, where N is equal to length of the source list. (I'm not sure I'm explaining that correctly, but refer to my previous post for examples).
Here's my first shot at how to do this in erlang. It look longer to find math:pow and how to convert a float to an integer in erlang than to write the actual code.
combos(L) -> combos(L, bit_masks(length(L))).
combos(L, [BH|BT]) ->
[mask_list(L, BH)|combos(L, BT)];
combos(_, []) -> [].
mask_list([H|T], [BH|BT]) ->
case (BH) of
1 -> [H|mask_list(T, BT)] ;
0 -> mask_list(T, BT)
mask_list([], []) -> [].
bit_masks(NumColumns) ->
bit_masks(0, round(math:pow(2, NumColumns))-1, NumColumns).
bit_masks(Max, Max, NumColumns) ->
[padl(NumColumns, bl(Max))];
bit_masks(X, Max, NumColumns) ->
[padl(NumColumns, bl(X)) | bit_masks(X+1, Max, NumColumns)].
padl(N, L) when N =:= length(L) -> L ;
padl(N, L) when N > length(L) -> padl(N, [0|L]).
bl(N) -> bl(N, []).
bl(0, Accum) -> Accum;
bl(N, Accum) -> bl(N bsr 1, [(N band 1) | Accum]).
Brief explanation:
The bl function creates a "bit list", given a number and an accumulator. So, bl(5,[]) will return [1,0,1].
The padl function pads the list, which is useful when you want to ensure that all combinations ultimately have the same length. So, padl(4, [0]) would return [0,0,0,0].
And then bit_masks creates a list of bit masks which we'll use to create the combinations. For example, bit_masks(4) returns:
And finally, to create the actual combinations, you will use combos. Example: combos([a,b,c,d]). This generates a result of:
So, is there a more erlang way to do this?
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- Category and information on auxiliary craft specific to Star Trek: Phoenix-X continuity. These may be separated into individual articles as more information becomes available.
USS Angel WingEdit
The USS Angel Wing was a Starfleet classified experimental shuttle that primarily focused on medical servicing and test-bed technologies. Some of its designed medical devices were Borg influenced. The shuttle was built and designed by the Section 31 select Corps of Engineers, and would eventually be destroyed by the Fragma Alliance techship, Trance, in 2383. ("Secret Shuttles, Part I", "Transphasic Meltdown")
The USS Paroga (or USS Paroga-X) was a transwarp capable vessel developed by the tech-team, a group of brainwashed individuals from Starfleet Corps of Engineers. It was eventually taken to Section 31 by Lieutenant Wallace. ("Secret Shuttles, Parts I & IV")
The USS Phoenix-X's 8 Hellonesian JumpersEdit
The Phoenix-X's 8 Hellonesian Jumpers were 8 fighter-type space craft, with advanced Hellonesian-type weaponry. They were traded off from a Larvekken freighter; an exchange that was arranged by Admiral Theseus, in 2377. The small craft were useful in missions and in combat. Instead of individual names, each craft were numbered, i.e. Jumper 1, Jumper 2, Jumper 3, etc. In 2378, one of the Jumpers was destroyed in battle with a Borg cube. ("Jumpers, Part I", "Destiny's Revenge, Part II", "The Timeship")
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Mexican Immigrants to Hutchinson, Kansas, _PHONE_: How a Temporary Haven Became Home
Date of Graduation
Master of Arts in History
The Mexican-American community in Hutchinson, Kansas, is small but members are an active and accepted part of the city. This paper looks at how and why hundreds of Mexicans immigrated to this central Kansas community during the early twentieth century seeking a refuge from their troubled homeland, and their struggle to overcome waves of prejudice against non-white immigrants that repeatedly swept the country. Based on U.S. Census data, local directories, newspapers, public records, and memoirs and interviews with long-time residents, the paper concludes that the immigrants persevered because of their tenacity, the staunch support of the railroads that employed them, and the frequently sympathetic and helpful residents of Hutchinson.
© Kathie Hinnen
Hinnen, Kathie, "Mexican Immigrants to Hutchinson, Kansas, _PHONE_: How a Temporary Haven Became Home" (1998). MSU Graduate Theses. 813.


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What does TIME mean in Unclassified?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand TIME in the Miscellaneous field in general and in the Unclassified terminology in particular.
Find a translation for TIME in other languages:
Select another language:
What does TIME mean?
- time, clip(noun)
- an instance or single occasion for some event


text:
it is necessary to begin with a decomposition of an IRT estimate into a true location and error, analogous to decomposition of an observed score into a true score and error in CTT. Let
where is the true location, and is the error association with an estimate. Then is an estimate of the standard deviation of for person with a given weighted score and the separation index is obtained as follows
where the mean squared standard error of person estimate gives an estimate of the variance of the errors,, across persons. The standard errors are normally produced as a by-product of the estimation process (see, for example, Rasch model estimation). The separation index is typically very close in value to Cronbach's alpha (Andrich, 1982).
See also Edit
- Classical test theory
- Difficulty level (test)
- Differential item functioning
- Item analysis (statistical)
- Rasch model
- Person-fit analysis
- Scale (social sciences)
- Standardized test
- Test scores
- Abramowitz M., Stegun I.A. (1972). Handbook of Mathematical Functions. Washington DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.
- Andrich, D. (1982). An index of person separation in latent trait theory, the traditional KR.20 index, and the Guttman scale response pattern. Education Research and Perspectives, 9, 95-104.
- Andrich, D (1989), Distinctions between assumptions and requirements in measurement in the Social sciences", in Keats, J.A, Taft, R., Heath, R.A, Lovibond, S (Eds), Mathematical and Theoretical Systems, Elsevier Science Publishers, North Holland, Amsterdam, pp.7-16.
- Andrich, D. (2004). Controversy and the Rasch model: a characteristic of incompatible paradigms? Medical Care, 42, 1-16.
- Bock R.D., Aitkin M. (1981). Marginal maximum likelihood estimation of item parameters: application of an EM algorithm. Psychometrika, 46, 443-459.
- Fischer, G.H. & Molenaar, I.W. (1995). Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications. New York: Springer.
- Hambleton, R. K., Swaminathan, H., & Rogers, H. J. (1991). Fundamentals of Item Response Theory. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Press.
- Joreskog K.G., Sorbom, D. (1988). PRELIS 1 user's manual, version 1. Chicago: Scientific Software, Inc.
- Lazarsfeld P.F, Henry N.W. (1968). Latent Structure Analysis. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
- Lord, F.M. (1980). Applications of item response theory to practical testing problems. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
- Rasch, G. (1960/1980). Probabilistic models for some intelligence and attainment tests. (Copenhagen, Danish Institute for Educational Research), expanded edition (1980) with foreword and afterword by B.D. Wright. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
- Rasch, G. (1977). On Specific Objectivity: An attempt at formalizing the request for generality and validity of scientific statements. The Danish Yearbook of Philosophy, 14, 58-93.
- Thissen, D. & Orlando, M. (2001). Item response theory for items scored in two categories. In D. Thissen & Wainer, H. (Eds.), Test Scoring (pp. 73-140). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
- Uebersax, J.S. (1999). Probit latent class analysis with dichotomous or ordered category measures: conditional independence/dependence models. Applied Psychological Measurement, 23, 4, 283-297.
- Wright, B.D. (1992). IRT in the 1990s: Which Models Work Best? Rasch measurement transactions, 6:1, 196-200
Many books have been written that address item response theory or contain IRT or IRT-like models. This is a partial list, focusing on texts that provide more depth.
- Lord, F.M. (1980). Applications of item response theory to practical testing problems. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
This book summaries much of Lord's IRT work, including chapters on the relationship between IRT and classical methods, fundamentals of IRT, estimation, and several advanced topics. Its estimation chapter is now dated in that it primarily discusses joint maximum likelihood method rather than the marginal maximum likelihood method implemented by Darrell Bock and his colleagues.
- Embretson, S. and Reise, S. (2000). Item response theory for psychologists. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
This book is an accessible introduction to IRT, aimed, as the title says, at psychologists.
- Baker, Frank (2001). The Basics of Item Response Theory. ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD.
This introductory book is by one of the pioneers in the field, and is available online at
- Baker, F. B., & Kim, S.-H. (2004). Item response theory: Parameter estimation techniques (2nd ed.). New York: Marcel Dekker.
- This book describes various item response theory models and furnishes detailed explanations of algorithms that can be used to estimate the item and ability parameters. Portions of the book are available online as limited preview at.
- Van der Linden, W.J. & Hambleton, R.K. (Eds.) (1997). Handbook of modern item response theory. New York: Springer.
This book provides a comprehensive overview regarding various popular IRT-models. It is well suited for persons who already have gained basic understanding of IRT.
- De Boeck, P., & Wilson, M. (Eds.) (2004). Explanatory Item Response Models. A Generalized Linear and Nonlinear Approach. New York: Springer.
This volume shows an integrated introduction to item response models, mainly aimed at practitioners (researchers and graduate students).
- IRT Tutorial
- An introduction to IRT
- The Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing
- IRT Command Language (ICL) computer program
- IRT Programs from SSI, Inc.
- IRT Programs from Assessment Systems Corporation
- IRT Programs from Winsteps
- Latent Trait Analysis and IRT Models
- Free IRT software
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|


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UDDI Inquiry with C#
- Sep 26, 2003
My previous article in this series on Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI) described how application programming interfaces (APIs) are used for publishing to a UDDI registry. Publishing APIs are used by service providers to advertise and offer their services to potential users. Service users, on the other hand, must explore a UDDI registry for potential service providers who can satisfy their needs. UDDI provides inquiry APIs for this purpose.
Here's a quick refresher on UDDI.
UDDI is a registry in which business entities, the services they offer, and the interfaces (tModels) for those services can be registered by potential service providers. The registration includes a vocabulary for describing these resources; service consumers can then discover the registered resources and use them as needed. If the description vocabulary is standardized, it makes the task of description and discovery easier, and could even be automated. Functionally, a UDDI registry can be thought of as a directory in which "white pages" contain the business contact information and "yellow pages" contain the categorized information about services offered by various businesses. UDDI also contains "green pages" that describe the service interaction interfaces.
Other InformIT articles provide a high-level overview of the UDDI technology; this article focuses on the APIs involved in the process of finding services (called inquiry) with a UDDI registry.
As noted in the previous article, the UDDI specification has undergone several revisions. Version 3 is the most recent specification, but most of the current implementations of UDDI in production still implement Version 2 (most notably, those of Microsoft and IBM). This article therefore focuses on the APIs related to Version 2 of the specification.
Like the publish APIs, the inquiry APIs use a dedicated uniform resource locator (URL) at a registry. This inquiry URL can be used to retrieve information about registered entities such as businesses, services, and tModels. The inquiry URL accepts XML messages that perform tasks, such as the following (all but the last of which also include getting registration details):
Business entity discovery
Service binding discovery
Interaction specification discovery
Business relationships discovery
For a complete list, refer to the latest UDDI API specification document.
Figure 1 depicts the role of the inquiry URL in a UDDI registry. The inquiry URLs for the Universal Business Registry (UBR), a global pool of UDDI registries, would normally take the following form:
Figure 1 UDDI interactions supported on inquiry URL.
Unlike the publish URL, the inquiry URL doesn't use a secure mode of communication, because inquiry APIs don't need sensitive data such as usernames and passwords. The information being retrieved is also considered public domain; therefore, the publisher should be careful about the kind of data that's published at a UDDI registry. Any user with access to the registrywhether or not the user is registered with the registrycan access the information published by the publisher. (However, a private UDDI registry with greater access control can implement more restrictive policies. An invitation-only or more elaborate registration process can control access to the registry.)


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Petrichor: The smell after rainfall
[lets] /lɛts/
contraction of let us.
Can be confused
least, lest, let's.
Usage note
See contraction, let1.
[let] /lɛt/
verb (used with object), let, letting.
to allow or permit:
to let him escape.
to allow to pass, go, or come:
to let us through.
to grant the occupancy or use of (land, buildings, rooms, space, etc., or movable property) for rent or hire (sometimes followed by out).
to contract or assign for performance, usually under a contract:
to let work to a carpenter.
to cause to; make:
to let one know the truth.
(used in the imperative as an auxiliary expressive of a request, command, warning, suggestion, etc.):
Let me see. Let us go. Just let them try it!
verb (used without object), let, letting.
to admit of being rented or leased:
The apartment lets for $100 per week.
British. a lease.
Verb phrases
let down,
 1. to disappoint; fail.
 2. to betray; desert.
 3. to slacken; abate:
 We were too near success to let down in our efforts.
 4. to allow to descend slowly; lower.
 5. Aeronautics. (of an airplane) to descend from a higher to a lower altitude preparatory to making an approach and landing or a similar maneuver.
let in,
 1. to admit.
 2. to involve (a person) in without his or her knowledge or permission:
 to let someone in for a loss.
 3. Also, let into. to insert into the surface of (a wall or the like) as a permanent addition:
 to let a plaque into a wall.
 4. Also, let in on. to share a secret with; permit to participate in.
let off,
 1. to release by exploding.
 2. to free from duty or responsibility; excuse.
 3. to allow to go with little or no punishment; pardon:
 The judge let off the youthful offender with a reprimand.
let on,
 1. to reveal one's true feelings:
 She was terrified at the prospect, but didn't let on.
 2. to pretend:
 They let on that they didn't care about not being invited, but I could tell that they were hurt.
let out,
 1. to divulge; make known.
 2. to release from confinement, restraint, etc.
 3. to enlarge (a garment).
 4. to terminate; be finished; end:
 When does the university let out for the summer?
 5. to make (a let-out fur or pelt).
let up,
 1. to slacken; diminish; abate:
 This heat wave should let up by the end of the week.
 2. to cease; stop:
 The rain let up for a few hours.
let up on, to treat less severely; be more lenient with:
He refused to let up on the boy until his grades improved.
let alone. alone (def 8).
let be,
 1. to refrain from interference.
 2. to refrain from interfering with.
let go. go1 (def 93).
let someone have it, Informal. to attack or assault, as by striking, shooting, or rebuking:
The gunman threatened to let the teller have it if he didn't move fast.
Origin of let1
before 900; Middle English leten, Old English lǣtan; cognate with Dutch laten, German lassen, Old Norse lāta, Gothic lētan; akin to Greek lēdeîn to be weary, Latin lassus tired. See late
1. See allow. 1. suffer, grant. 3. lease, rent, sublet, hire.
1. prevent.
Usage note
Let us is used in all varieties of speech and writing to introduce a suggestion or a request: Let us consider all the facts before deciding. The contracted form let's occurs mostly in informal speech and writing: Let's go. Let's not think about that right now. Perhaps because let's has come to be felt as a word in its own right rather than as the contraction of let us, it is often followed in informal speech and writing by redundant or appositional pronouns: Let's us plan a picnic. Let's you and I (or me) get together tomorrow. Both Let's you and me and Let's you and I occur in the relaxed speech of educated speakers. The former conforms to the traditional rules of grammar; the latter, nonetheless, occurs more frequently. See also leave1.
[let] /lɛt/
(in tennis, badminton, etc.) any play that is voided and must be replayed, especially a service that hits the net and drops into the proper part of the opponent's court.
Chiefly Law. an impediment or obstacle:
to act without let or hindrance.
verb (used with object), letted or let, letting.
Archaic. to hinder, prevent, or obstruct.
before 900; Middle English letten (v.), lette (noun; derivative of the v.), Old English lettan (v.), derivative of læt slow, tardy, late; cognate with Old Norse letja to hinder Unabridged
Cite This Source
British Dictionary definitions for let's
let us: used to express a suggestion, command, etc, by the speaker to himself and his hearers
verb (transitive; usually takes an infinitive without to or an implied infinitive) lets, letting, let
to permit; allow: she lets him roam around
(imperative or dependent imperative)
 1. used as an auxiliary to express a request, proposal, or command, or to convey a warning or threat: let's get on, just let me catch you here again!
 2. (in mathematical or philosophical discourse) used as an auxiliary to express an assumption or hypothesis: let "a" equal "b"
 3. used as an auxiliary to express resigned acceptance of the inevitable: let the worst happen
 1. to allow the occupation of (accommodation) in return for rent
 2. to assign (a contract for work)
to allow or cause the movement of (something) in a specified direction: to let air out of a tyre
(Irish, informal) to utter: to let a cry
let alone
 1. (conjunction) much less; not to mention: I can't afford wine, let alone champagne
 2. let be, leave alone, leave be, to refrain from annoying or interfering with: let the poor cat alone
let go, See go1 (sense 59)
let loose
 1. to set free
 2. (informal) to make (a sound or remark) suddenly: he let loose a hollow laugh
 3. (informal) to discharge (rounds) from a gun or guns: they let loose a couple of rounds of ammunition
(Brit) the act of letting property or accommodation: the majority of new lets are covered by the rent regulations
Word Origin
Old English lǣtan to permit; related to Gothic lētan, German lassen
an impediment or obstruction (esp in the phrase without let or hindrance)
(tennis, squash)
 1. a minor infringement or obstruction of the ball, requiring a point to be replayed
 2. the point so replayed
verb lets, letting, letted, let
(transitive) (archaic) to hinder; impede
Word Origin
Old English lettan to hinder, from lætlate; related to Old Norse letja
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
Cite This Source
Word Origin and History for let's
Old English lætan "to allow to remain; let go, leave, depart from; leave undone; to allow; bequeath," also "to rent" (class VII strong verb; past tense let, past participle læten), from Proto-Germanic *letan (cf. Old Saxon latan, Old Frisian leta, Dutch laten, German lassen, Gothic letan "to leave, let"), from PIE *le- "to let go, slacken" (cf. Latin lassus "faint, weary," Lithuanian leisti "to let, to let loose;" see lenient). If that derivation is correct, the primary sense would be "let go through weariness, neglect."
Of blood, from late Old English. To let (something) slip originally (1520s) was a reference to hounds on a leash; figurative use from 1540s. To let (someone) off "allow to go unpunished" is from 1814. To let on "reveal, divulge" is from 1725; to let up "cease, stop" is from 1787. Let alone "not to mention" is from 1812.
"stoppage, obstruction" (obsolete unless in legal contracts), late 12c., from archaic verb letten "to hinder," from Old English lettan "hinder, delay," from Proto-Germanic *latjanan (


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North Santiam, Oregon
Interims Level the Playing Field for Students in North Santiam School District
North Santiam School District
Location: Stayton, Oregon
Schools: Stayton Intermediate School, Sublimity School
Motto: We Change Kids' Lives
Interview Date: December, 2018
"The thing that I see working about the interim assessments is just putting tools into teachers hands that are going to provide opportunities for their students to be successful."Michael Proctor, Principal, Stayton Intermediate School
Spotlight on Strategy
How are educators at in the North Santiam School District using Smarter Balanced formative assessment tools to really understand how to help their students?
- A district-wide rollout of interim assessments allows different schools to collaborate and ensures that all students in the district have access to the same resources that will guide them toward success.
- Immediate data from assessments allows educators to revaluate lesson plans based on student performance on a day-to-day basis.
- Through formative assessments and district support, educators learn and improve their teaching together multiple times a year.
Interview Day: Behind the Scenes
- Nicole Britton first learned about interim assessments from a colleague at a different school. Now, she's excited to be able to bring the assessments into her own school.
- Nicole Duncan loves that formative assessments help educators be more reflective with high quality data that moves kids from standards to career and college readiness.
- Katelynn Ion is most excited about having access to quick and meaningful data that supports her instruction.


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Auscultation is the method of listening to the sounds of the body during a physical examination
Auscultation is usually done using a tool called a stethoscope. Health care providers routinely listen to a patient's lungs, heart, and intestines to evaluate the frequency, intensity, duration, number, and quality of sounds.
Health care providers also use auscultation to listen to the heart sounds of unborn infants. This can be performed with a stethoscope or with sound waves (called Doppler ultrasound). It can also be used to hear pulses in the hands and feet.
David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.