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16th Century Spanish Baroque Painted Wooden Sculpture. Polychrome Infant Jesus For Sale
Striking Spanish Baroque Painted Wooden Sculpture from the 16th Century. Polychrome Infant Jesus with the Globe in his Hand
Antique and valuable Spanish painted wooden sculpture depicting Infant Jesus with the Globe in his hand. This is an original polychrome carving from the 16th century that still keeps a great part of the painting that covered it completely hundreds of years ago. It is a very antique and highly appealing piece, an iconographic representation known as "Niño de la Bola" or "Santo Niño de la Bola" (Holy Child with the Ball). These sculptures are representations of Jesus Christ as Infant Jesus carrying a ball in his hand that symbolizes the World. In this particular piece the ball is missing, but the figure still preserves all its charming and beautiful presence though hundreds of years have passed by since it was made.
The Child is standing on an anvil-shaped wooden pedestal. The figure depicts a completely naked child who is lifting his right hand in a blessing pose. The fingers of this hand are missing and so is the left hand that in origin would carry the Globe. The rest of the sculpture is almost complete, and some points have been attacked by antique woodworm. Nevertheless the figure has been treated and the woodworm is completely eradicated.
This sculpture keeps a great part of its original painted covering, and this feature provides it with high value and enhances its deep beauty. More than the fifty per cent of its surface is covered by stucco and temple painting used to embellish this kind of pieces. The skin's delicate color shows light shades of pink in some places such as the lips and cheeks, turning this sculpture into a charming piece. The figure's back also keeps most of its paint; the covering is missing mostly at the front left side of the piece.
This amazing sculpture is a real collector's piece because of its ancient age and great beauty. It deserves a place of honor in an elegant room or a stylish house.
Measurements: Width: 340 mm. Height: 780 mm.
I think I left nothing in the description but if I forgot something, I'll be glad to answer any questions. offer with confidence. We are professional antique dealers.
For any questions about this or any other article you can contact me through or by calling +34 976 45 39 31. We are open from 9 am to 8 pm Madrid time.
Thanks for trusting me and enjoy!
My name is José Pascual, and I am an antique dealer located in Zaragoza, Spain, which is a medium size city between Madrid and Barcelona. If you have any question, send me an email and I will gladly answer you. Enjoy my articles and I hope we keep in touch.
Best wishes from Spain."
José Pascual Aznar
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- We are a 5 Stars Seller, which means that, certify that we have achieved the highest standards of quality in the service we offer. - We certify that our products are 100% originals. Otherwise we undertake to refund of the purchase. - We certify that the description and dating of the article that we give is 100% accurate. Otherwise also, we pledge to refund of the purchase. - This article will be perfectly packed so that it arrives in excellent condition. We pay full attention that you receive your article perfectly. We treat the article as if it were going to be sent to ourselves. Shipments are made with the best transport agencies worldwide, with the possibility of express delivery and insured. All shipments have tracking number via the Internet, so that at all times we know where your package is. Some articles as antique weapons, can not be sent by ordinary mail. We will contact you once the sale is ended, to specify the type of delivery.
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Investing in antiques is always a nice way to profitable your money. Many collectors have became millionairs. If you are starting a collection, follow these important tips:
- If you want to invest in antiques, always choose original pieces and avoid reproductions. A reproduction loses half of its value in the same minute that you are purchasing it, while an original antique gains value each passing day. This is an original antique and its value will continue growing tomorrow.
- Read and learn about for area of interest: swords, clocks, phonographs, antique photos, old silver, technical antiques, typewriters... Invest in books as much as in your collection and learn as much as you can. If you keep your collecction catalogued, you will increase its value.
- Keep yourself informed about the market prices in your area of interest. There are many sources but mainly, visit as many fairs as you can, research in the Internet and read the final sales prices in the traditional sale houses.
- Finally... Collect antiques, not junk. It is always better a small collection with excellent pieces than a huge collection of junk, rusty irons and broken machines. Select your pieces. There is not a goal to reach, so take the pleasure in in the process of your treasure hunting. A collection should be something to enjoy, and there is many interesting pieces out there and very few time to enjoy them, so be selective with your choices.
If you follow these simple steps you will be in the correct direction to develop an excellent collection, whatever is your area of interest and, for me the most important of all, enjoying the process


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Submitted to: International Journal of Food Microbiology
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: February 1, 2007
Publication Date: February 1, 2008
Citation: Oscar, T.P. 2008. Predictive model for verification of critical control points for growth of salmonella typhimurium dt104 on chicken frankfurters after thermal processing. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 71(6):_PHONE_. Interpretive Summary: Although chicken frankfurters are thermally processed and sold as ready-to-eat, they are not sterile products and on occasion test positive for foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella. Results of the current study indicated that Salmonella could grow on chicken frankfurters held at 56 to 94F. However, at temperatures below 56F, Salmonella did not grow but survived on chicken frankfurters. A computer model was developed that predicts when Salmonella growth exceeds a "user-defined" critical limit for food safety. Frankfurters exposed to a time and temperature that exceeds this critical limit should be thoroughly reheated to kill all Salmonella or discarded to eliminate the risk of infection and illness from this pathogen.
Technical Abstract: Growth of a single strain (ATCC 700408) of Salmonella Typhimurium definitive phage type 104 (DT104) on chicken frankfurter portions (1-g) with a competitive micro flora was investigated and modeled from 0.4 to 3.28 log MPN/g. The objective was to develop a predictive model for verification of critical control points for growth of the pathogen on chicken frankfurters after thermal processing. A 3 x 4 MPN assay that used a selective medium with four antibiotics (XLH-CATS) enumerated the pathogen over a wide range of temperature (10 to 34C). Data from four replicate challenge studies per temperature were combined and fit to a primary model to determine maximum specific growth rate (SGR) and the 95% prediction interval (PI). Non-linear regression was used to obtain secondary models as a function of temperature for SGR and PI, which ranged from 0 to 0.16 per h and 0.7 to 2.8 log MPN/g, respectively. The pathogen did not grow on chicken frankfurters at 10, 11 or 12C and showed only minor and slow growth at 14C. Secondary models were combined with the primary model to create a tertiary model for predicting variation (PI) of pathogen growth among batches of chicken frankfurter portions. The criterion used for acceptable performance was that 90% of observed MPN data had to be in PI predicted by the tertiary model. For dependent data (n = 236), 94% of observed MPN data were in PI predicted by the tertiary model, whereas for independent data (n = 136), 92% of observed MPN data were in PI predicted by the tertiary model. Thus, the tertiary model was successfully verified against dependent data and validated against independent data for predicting variation of S. Typhimurium DT104 growth among batches of chicken frankfurter portions with a competitive micro flora. The validated tertiary model can be used to verify critical control points for growth of the pathogen that occur after thermal processing of chicken frankfurters.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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bring preventive CS surface coating into industrial application. Two EU projects have developed and implemented, at an industrial scale, cost-effective coating technologies, based on stable, covalent masking of surface silanol groups to inhibit CS toxicity [59, 64]. Both wet [16, 66] and dry coating methods have recently been reported. In contrast to known approaches to dampen toxicity with substances such as Al lactate, which act by ionic interaction with silanol groups, these surface-coating technologies are based on stable, covalent bonds between the coating agent (e.g. the organosilane Dynasylan® SIVO 160) and the reactive surface silanols, to reduce toxicity in a more stable manner. The most challenging issues were to define appropriate treatment parameters (reaction time, dosage, additive selection, catalyst, etc.) and to specify physico-chemical tests for cheap and fast determination of coating effectiveness during the development phase. In this regard, measurement of the ζ-potential was found to be extremely sensitive, and correlated well with toxicological results. For implementation of such coating approaches at the industrial scale, costs of the treatment and the technical behaviour of the coated silica in the industrial application represent additional critical issues. The technical behaviour of the wet-coated silica was successfully tested at industrial scale in several ceramic companies producing tiles, sanitary ware and tableware goods. Furthermore, the dry coating method has so far been tested in a more multi-sectorial study (glass, pigment, adhesive, elastomer and foundry producers) at pilot plant scale. The preliminary technical and toxicological tests suggest that the recently developed dry coating method is very promising. From the toxicological point of view, such development processes need to be guided by biological tests to ensure functionality of the coating methods and coating effectiveness in biological systems. Taking into account the 3Rs principles in animal research, besides in vivo studies, it is also indispensable to have appropriate and validated in vitro screening models and predictive biological endpoints in place. Primary rat alveolar macrophages in short-term culture turned out to represent a sensitive and meaningful in vitro screening model in this regard, with membrane damage and direct DNA damage as the main screening endpoints, and Al lactate as a tool to differentiate between silica-dependent and –independent biological effects. The predictive value of macrophage-based in vitro results was confirmed in a 90-day intratracheal instillation study in rats. In contrast, acellular incubation approaches, using artificial alveolar and lysosomal fluids, with subsequent cell incubations for determination of coating stability, were not able to completely predict the in vivo results. Using in vitro and in vivo screening models and diverse endpoints, it could be demonstrated that some covalent coatings with, e.g. organosilanes, are able to effectively and stably block CS toxicity in the lung for up to 90 days, without interfering with technical process quality in industrial production. Therefore, such coating strategies represent a promising tool to render CS handling safer.
Towards new targets for silica toxicity
Recent research on the interaction between silica particles and cell receptors has revealed that AS nanoparticles affect the function of cellular ionic channels. AS nanoparticles are known to affect the airway epithelium, but the molecular targets of these particles remain largely unknown. The observation that AS nanoparticles interact with the plasma membrane and affect the barrier function of the epithelium initiated new research lines. Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels are cation-permeable channels that regulate epithelial barrier function. Out of all TRP tested (TRPA1, TRPV1, TRPV4, TRPM3 and TRPM8), the TRP Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) has been shown to be strongly affected by AS nanoparticles, with a significant decrease of its activation by the powerful synthetic agonist GSK1016790A. Ludox® particles (a commonly available commercial 9 nm AS particle) inhibit the activation of the TRPV4 channel in mouse and human airway epithelial cells, as well as in a heterologous system expressing the mouse isoform of this channel. Patch-clamp current recordings showed a direct inhibition of the channel activity, while functional measurements demonstrated that AS nanoparticles abrogate the increase of ciliary beat frequency, triggered by activation of TRPV4. The inhibition of TRPV4 by AS nanoparticles occurs at concentrations and time scales much smaller than those reported for other effects of these particles. Taken together, the cation channel TRPV4 is an immediate and sensitive molecular target, through which AS nanoparticles may impair the clearance function of ciliated cells, potentially resulting in defective defensive responses of the airway epithelium. Future investigations may need to assess the role of the silica surface in inhibiting this important channel.
Innate immune system recognition is also a sophisticated mechanism which promptly recognizes silica particles and engages crescendo immune and tissue responses. Major progress has been achieved in recent years regarding recognition of microorganisms by the innate immunity, notably by integrating a set of distinct receptors designated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which serve as sensors for monitoring the extracellular and intracellular compartments for microbial residues. After infection, this elaborate system also detects debris from dying cells (known as danger-associated molecular patterns, DAMP) and perturbations in cytoplasmic homeostasis (recently defined as homeostasis-altering molecular processes, HAMP). Decades ago, such a PRR-mediated sensing system did not appear plausible for silica particles because they were considered different from biological structures such as bacterial cell-wall components or viral nucleic acids. The discovery that scavenger receptors (SR, a subfamily of PRR) sense silica particles in macrophages shifted the opinion of researchers in particle toxicology and suggested that innate immunity can specifically recognize silica particles and initiate biological responses to these particles. Recent developments in silica particle sensing demonstrated that the silica-recognition systems also comprise inflammasome machinery (PRR), alarmin release (DAMP) and membrane destabilization (HAMP). Recent studies elegantly clarified the mechanisms underlying the direct recognition of silica particles by SR. Negatively charged silica particles (both CS and AS) directly interact with a conserved motif of SR containing positively charged amino acids. The silica/receptor binding consequently activates specific signaling pathways, resulting in the production of TNF-α and IL-1 family members, which coordinate early responses to silica. In 2008, three distinct reports concurrently revealed a new PRR-related intracellular sensing axis, comprising NLRPs, which is pivotal in silica recognition and IL-1 activation after phagocytosis (reviewed in ). Silica-induced dying cells and cell death pathways also have an important role in the initiation of tissue responses against silica particles. The release of necrotic cell or apoptotic body contents after membrane rupture (membranolysis) acts as a danger signal to initiate rapid immune responses. Molecules generated by dying cells include the alarmin IL-1α that accounts for the upstream immunological cues regulating innate immunity and initiating tissue responses to silica. A simple contact between the macrophage plasma membrane and silica particles is also sufficient to trigger TNF-α production in the absence of phagocytosis. It has been suggested that radicals generated at the surface of silica causes membrane lipid peroxidation, extracellular Ca2+ influx, and TNF-α release, which occurs within the first minutes of cell exposure to silica. However, little is known about the role of the surface functionalities (silanols) in triggering early recognition responses. These emerging recognition systems survey the extracellular or cytosolic spaces for detecting silica particles or particle-related cell signatures, and operate in a collective manner to promote cytokine release and tissue responses. The progressive development of fibrosis, cancer, infection, and autoimmune diseases after silica exposure appears when particles constantly activate PRR-mediated particle recognition, induce persistent cytokine release and promote long-lasting immune responses. These unforeseen aspects of silica-sensing processes by the innate immune system have shaken up our knowledge of early host responses against silica particles. Thus, exploring the collective actions of the PRR pathways sensing silica particles opens new horizons to decipher the mechanisms of silica toxicity.
The workshop illustrated how the puzzling issue of the variable toxicity of silica can be progressively unravelled by interdisciplinary research bridging surface chemistry to toxicology. It highlighted several key aspects that will fuel further interdisciplinary research for the elucidation of the intimate mechanisms of silica pathogenicity for possible mitigation or reduction of surface reactivity, and hence prevention of adverse health effects:
new physico-chemical methods can finely characterize and quantify silanols at the surface of silica particles;
computational modelling is unravelling some of the molecular mechanisms behind the interactions between silanols and biomolecules or cellular membranes;
force microscopy with ad hoc functionalized tips offers unique opportunities to explore the interactions between cells and the surface of silica particles;
fracturing of silica particles induces a perturbation of the regular crystalline face, generating, upon contact with atmospheric components, specific silanol populations (slightly-interacting and isolated silanols), which impart membranolytic and inflammatory activity to the respirable CS particles;
impurities at the surface of some CS (cristobalite), including substitution of Al and/or Na and occlusion of particle surfaces by Al-rich accessory minerals, likely influences the H-bonding potential of silanols at the particle surface and can reduce toxicity;
the toxicity of CS particles can effectively be reduced by surface coating processes masking silanol functionalities, also at the industrial level;
the discovery of new molecular targets of silica particles (crystalline and amorphous) in the immune system and in epithelial lung cells allows exploration of new toxicity and surface-driven pathways for these particles.
Availability of data and materials


How Long Do You Have to Go to School for Medical Billing and Coding Salary?
How long you have to go to school for Medical Billing and Coding will depend on what Certification course program you choose, most courses range between 6-9 months. If you want to receive a Degree opposed to a Certificate it can take 3-4 years.
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Medical coders take source documents such as diagnostic findings and treatment and medication records and convert them into standardized coding for patient charts, billing and data
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To become a medical billing and coding specialist that requires an Associates Degree so it would take you two years to obtain. If you go to a vocational school...
Someone may need to take a class to become a medical biller and coder. This can take about 18 months to complete through a local community college or on line school...


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Simulation of the Production of Sulfuric Acid from a Sulfur-burning Single-absorption Contact Sulfuric Acid Plant
The purpose of this work is to develop and implement an effective knowledge on simulation of process plant in HYSYS. A theoretical examination of the simulation of Sulfuric acid process plant has been demonstrated in our work. Relationship among changes on several parameters has also been studied. The burner outlet temperature shows linearly increasing relationship with the liquid sulfur temperature. Waste energy flow shows linearly decreasing relationship with the boiler outlet temperature. Flue gas temperature initially had no regular relationship with Absorber inlet temperature, but with temperature increased more than 600 Celsius it seems to decrease linearly. Flu gas pressure has no effect on Absorber inlet temperature. The mass flow of Sulfuric Acid for storage decreases linearly with the increasing temperature of moist air. The molar enthalpy of Sulfuric Acid for storage increases linearly up to 500 Celsius, and after this temperature the increase is associated linearly with higher slope. In this design HYSYS has been successfully used to design every sub-process of the sulfuric acid plant in one integrated environment. Peng-Robinson was used for liquid and vapor phase respectively as fluid package and HYSYS properties were used for simulation.
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Effective cues will also emphasize stabilization of the pelvis and lumbar spine both statically and dynamically in all positions and throughout all movements. Cueing pelvic stability during an exercise will ensure optimal performance of the movement and help prevent any unnecessary stress on the lumbar spine. The abdominal muscles must often be recruited to maintain the rib cage, and indirectly, the thoracic spine, in proper alignment. Instructors must cue participants to prevent the rib cage from lifting up in the supine position or deviate forward in a sitting position, causing the thoracic spine to extend.
Instructors should remain aware of cueing stabilization of the scapulae and shoulders and realize the importance during the initiation of every exercise. When stability is absent, there is a tendency to overwork muscles around the neck and shoulders. Since they lack a direct bony attachment to the rib cage and spine, the scapulae have a great deal of mobility in making a greater range of motion available to the arms. Although the scapulae move with the arms, a sense of stability, not rigidity, should always be maintained.
Regarding head and cervical spine placement, the cervical spine should hold its natural curve and the skull should balance directly above the shoulders when sitting in neutral. This position should also be maintained when lying on the back. In most instances, the cervical spine should be encouraged to continue the line created by the thoracic spine during flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation. Continually referring to these biomechanical principles will ensure that the cues an instructor is providing will help all clients or groups perform the exercises to the best of their ability.
INEFFECTIVE CUES & UNDERSTANDING YOUR CLIENT
According to research, one of the most overused cues in the Pilates industry at large is 'slide your shoulders down.' "While this may be effective with a small percentage of client groups, it can also have some very detrimental effects on others," says Moira. "In many participants, sliding the shoulders down may overly depress them, produce compression on nerves of the neck and shoulders and decrease the range of motion in the shoulder joint. To be more effective, instructors should look at each client their individual needs to determine what the optimal cue is for them."
"It is important to understand what type of a learner the client is and then be able to select cues that will be appropriate for that individual. Someone who is a "thinker learner" will want to know the intricacies of a movement and may not respond as well to visual images. In this case, using phrases such as 'feel the head of the femur rotating freely within the hip socket' may elicit a better response.
To conclude, an effective Pilates instructor will be able to relate to any type of client, no matter how they learn best, by having a well stocked tool box of cues available at a moment's notice. A good practice exercise for instructors on their own is to go through 5‑10 repetitions of an exercise and use a different cue for each repetition. Instructors should be clear in their own mind why they are teaching a client a particular exercise or modification. This will ensure they will be able to develop a rapport with any client who walks in their door.
More importantly, emphasizing positive reinforcement when working with clients is crucial to effective cueing, and therefore effective Pilates instruction. Many clients will react quicker if they are told why they are doing a particular exercise a certain way as opposed to it being thrown at them because it comes next on the chart. So next time you're thinking about how to approach your client with a new exercise or movement – remember to think about their individual needs and how to approach them with the change. It'll make all the difference.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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A five star processing program is a unique option for high-risk merchant accounts. These accounts often come with higher fees and stricter requirements, making it difficult for specific industries to process payments securely. The five-star program offers specialized payment processing solutions tailored to the unique needs of high-risk industries, including fraud protection and chargeback mitigation.
In addition, these accounts can provide multiple currency support, online payment options, and access to a dedicated account manager. While not all high-risk merchants may be eligible for this program, the five-star processing option can benefit businesses operating in high-risk industries.
Here Are The Benefits You Can Get Out Of Five Star Processing
- Increased Efficiency
When it comes to high-risk merchant accounts, efficiency is essential. Delays or malfunctions can result in lost sales or even potentially fraudulent charges. That's where five-star processing comes in. This advanced technology allows quicker and more secure processing of payments, ensuring smooth transactions for both the business and the customer.
In addition, Five-star processing offers added features such as automatic recurring billing, fraud prevention tools, and real-time transaction reporting – all of which further contribute to increased efficiency and overall better management of a high-risk merchant account. Ultimately, five-star processing provides peace of mind and streamlined operations for any business dealing with high-risk credit card transactions.
- Improved Accuracy
Maintaining accurate transaction records is crucial for businesses operating in high-risk industries. This is where five-star processing can make a difference in a merchant account. By utilizing advanced data analytic techniques, five-star processing helps to ensure that all transactions are recorded accurately and promptly. This improves efficiency and reduces the potential for costly mistakes or fraud.
In addition, five-star processing can provide clear and comprehensive financial reporting, allowing merchants to stay informed and make smarter business decisions. Overall, improved accuracy is just one of the benefits that five-star processing can bring to a high-risk merchant account.
- Enhanced Security
When it comes to online transactions, security is of the utmost importance. With a high-risk merchant account, utilizing five-star processing can increase the business's and its customers' safety. Enhanced security measures, such as Address Verification Service and Card Code Verification, help to verify customer information and prevent fraudulent purchases.
In addition, investors should know what is tokenization technology and why is it important. It replaces sensitive data with a unique code, providing extra protection against data breaches. Five-star processing ultimately helps businesses and their customers confidently make transactions without worrying about security risks. In today's digitized world, utilizing these advanced measures is essential in ensuring the safety of all parties involved.
- Greater Flexibility
A high-risk merchant account has unique challenges and considerations when managing financial transactions. One way to address these needs is through five-star processing, which offers greater flexibility for high-risk industries. This includes processing multiple currencies, managing recurring billing, and offering different payment options.
In addition, five-star processing can also provide enhanced fraud prevention tools and the ability to quickly adapt to changing regulations in the industry. Choosing a five-star processor for your high-risk merchant account can help make managing financial transactions more seamless and efficient.
- Increased Productivity
When it comes to high-risk merchant accounts, efficiency is vital. This is where five-star processing can make a significant impact. This system helps streamline the payment process, reducing errors and improving accuracy. This, in turn, results in increased productivity for business owners and employees alike. By automating tasks and consolidating information, five-star processing frees time to focus on more critical tasks.
Additionally, it offers more flexible payment options, allowing customers to select their preferred payment method and helping businesses cater to a broader range of clients. Overall, incorporating five-star processing into a high-risk merchant account can significantly improve efficiency and productivity.
- Reduced Stress Level
In a high-risk merchant account, various challenges can often cause stress and frustration for business owners. Fortunately, having a five-star processing solution can alleviate some of those burdens. With fewer concerns about chargebacks and fraudulent activity, merchants can focus on growing their businesses and providing excellent customer service.
In addition, five-star processing offers clear communication and 24/7 support, making it easy for business owners to solve any issues that may arise. Ultimately, implementing a five-star processing solution in a high-risk merchant account can help reduce stress levels and improve overall satisfaction as a merchant.
Why Is Five-Star Processing Gaining Popularity?
The high-risk merchant industry is constantly evolving and growing, leading to an increase in demand for efficient processing solutions. Five-star processing has become a top choice among the options available for its reliable security measures and innovative technology. This includes advanced fraud protection systems, encrypted payment gateways, and compliance with industry regulations.
In addition, five-star processing offers high-speed transaction processing and easy integration with various e-commerce platforms. By providing a straightforward and efficient processing solution, five-star processors are helping to improve the overall experience for merchants within the high-risk merchant industry.
How To Choose Five-Star Processing For Your High-Risk Merchant Account?
If you're in the market for a high-risk merchant account, you may have come across the term "five-star processing." But what is it, and how do you know it's right for your business? First, five-star processing refers to a particular type of merchant account that allows for higher volume and riskier transactions.
These accounts often come with additional fees and stricter requirements, so it's essential to carefully weigh the benefits and drawbacks before making a decision. It's also crucial to choose a reputable payment processor that offers a range of customizable options and reliable customer support. Ultimately, selecting five-star processing depends on your specific needs and industry. Talk to a professional about your options and make an informed decision for your business.
A five-star processing for a high-risk merchant account can be an excellent solution for businesses that need extra security and fraud protection. By working with a reputable payment processor, you can ensure that your customers' data is protected and that your business can accept payments quickly and easily.


AnoxKaldnes Z-MBBR™
AnoxKaldnes™ Z-MBBR
Z-MBBR by AnoxKaldnes, biofilm in 3D.
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A different approach to carrier development
Traditionally, carrier development has aimed for larger protected surface area, but has allowed for a more or less uncontrolled growth of the biofilm.
This lack of control of biofilm thickness is a major uncertainty for process design based on carrier surface area, and also limits the applications for which the MBBR can be a competitive solution.
Z-MBBR - The new dimension
The new carrier design is covered with a grid of defined height, allowing the biofilm to grow on the outside of the carrier in a protected environ-ment.
Due to scouring from other carriers, the biofilm cannot grow higher than the grid height, and so biofilm thickness is controlled.
Applications of Z-MBBR
As all process limitations related to uncontrolled growth of biofilm and clogging of carriers are eliminated with the Z-carriers, they are especially useful in applications where the biofilm tends to grow thick, such as nitrification at higher organic loads.
Z-carriers with different biofilm thicknesses have been evaluated for different applications, with very interesting results. As for example, extremely thin biofilms have shown to open for a new, more efficient application of mainstream ANITA Mox.


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The Kuzari Argument
Development of Religion
Development of Myth
Dance of the Sun
The Kuzari is a book written by Rabbi Yehudah Halevi during the 12th century CE that describes a dialog between a rabbi and the 8th century king of the Khazars. During the dialog, the rabbi presents historical and philosophical arguments in support of Judaism and against other religions and philosophies of the time.
The Kuzari Argument is an argument that is based on arguments presented in The Kuzari. The purpose of the Kuzari Argument is to demonstrate that the miracles reported in the Torah can be rationally proven, and has been used persuasively in books such as Rabbi Dr. Dovid Gottlieb's Living Up to the Truth and Rabbi Lawrence Keleman's Permission to Receive. At a glance the argument appears to offer irrefutable proof of the miracles described in the Torah (the Five Books of Moses) such as the plagues in Egypt, the manna for 40 years in the desert, and the public revelation at Sinai. However, it can be demonstrated that the argument is flawed in theory and that the argument could be used to prove claims that the reader is unlikely to be willing to accept. It should be noted that paper does not intend to argue that the miracles described in the Torah did not occur, but rather to demonstrate that the Kuzari Argument
offers little support for the historicity of the events.
To summarize, the Kuzari Argument states that while oral traditions of private revelations can be fabricated, oral traditions of national public revelations must be considered authentic. The reasoning is that people will reject false beliefs of their ancestors witnessing supernatural events on the basis that if the events did occur, they would have heard about them from the previous generation. To clarify what this means, consider the following three scenarios.
(a) A population believes that many years ago, one or several people witnessed the same supernatural events and reported it to the population's ancestors. The occurrence of these supernatural events cannot be verified, since a few people could easily have been misled to believe they saw something that they really didn't, or they could have lied about witnessing the
events. A gullible population who believes their story is not proof that the events indeed occurred.
(b) A population believes that many years ago, another entire population witnessed supernatural events in the past. The population who witnessed the events are not the ancestors of the more recent population, and the events are only believed today because it was reported by one or several people sometime after the supposed events have occurred. Like the previous scenario, this scenario cannot be verified, since the credibility of the events rely on the credibility of a few
(c) This scenario is similar to the previous scenario. However, the population who witnessed the supernatural events are believed to be the ancestors of the more recent population. The belief is that from the time of the events until the more
recent population, there has been an unbroken collective oral tradition of the events occurring. The Kuzari Argument says that these beliefs could not have been fabricated. The reasoning is that for these beliefs to be false, at some point in history a person or a group of people would have had to convince an entire population that their ancestors witnessed supernatural events. The population would reject this belief on the basis that if their ancestors truly had witnessed supernatural events, they would have already heard about it through an oral tradition from their parents. Since none of the population would have heard about the events from their parents as expected, they would reject that the events had occurred.
The Kuzari Argument is applied to the miracles in the Torah as follows. Millions of religious Jews believe today in the miracles of the plagues, the manna, and the Sinai revelation. For these beliefs to be false, at some point in history one or several people must have presented the beliefs to the Jewish population as truth. Since a population would not accept a story that their ancestors witnessed supernatural events but they never heard about it, the Jewish population would
have undoubtedly rejected the belief. Therefore, the miracles described in the Torah must have occurred.
The above is a brief summary based on the author's understanding of the Kuzari Argument. For a more elaborate explanation, read the relevant sections of the free e-book Living Up to the Truth or the paperback Permission to Receive.
The Kuzari Argument tends to assume that religions start a certain way. A person or several people claim to have personally received a revelation from a god. They then formulate precepts and obtain followers. Religious texts are
developed and offer a record of the leaders founding the religion. Therefore, for early Judaism to have been fabricated, a person or several people would have had to claim not only that they received a personal revelation, but also present
a false history for the population that includes public supernatural events. In addition, they would have to erase themselves from the population's recorded history so the true foundations of the religion are forgotten.
The problem with this assumption is that religions often did not start this way in the ancient world. For example, consider the origins of Hinduism. Hinduism had no individual founders who created the religion at a given time in
history, but rather arose gradually incorporating various prior customs, philosophies, and religious beliefs. Likewise, the same could be said about Shintoism, Asatru, and Druidism, and the ancient religions of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece. Hence, the assumption that a religion must have a distinct historical foundation by one or several people is not supported.
Nevertheless, it could still be argued that while religions can develop gradually, Kuzari Argument scenarios cannot. Even though it's hypothetically possible that early Judaism may have developed gradually and that public acceptance of miraculous history may have not been the event that founded the religion, at some point during the development, the population must have accepted the false history. The argument follows that since the population would still reject the miraculous national history on the basis that they would have heard about it from previous generations, this hypothetical scenario is not possible.
However, the assumption that the acceptance of the history itself was a distinct event in history is not warranted. Considering oral traditions in general are not considered to be reliable, there is little basis for assuming that the acceptance of the story could not have been a gradual process. Rather, it is not uncommon that a legend would originally be accepted by a small group of people and over several hundred years spread throughout the population. People who have heard the legend may not have been so quick to reject the story, since they would likely have been unaware of their own family history and therefore would not expect to be aware of it.
Furthermore, it is plausible that people would have heard the story from their parents who regarded it with a lesser factual status (Levene 20 July 1998). As one poster to the Usenet group soc.culture.jewish has stated it,
One can get a legend going by starting it as a story and not claiming its truth all at once. To greatgrandfather it's a nice story. To grandfather it's a way-out legend. To father it's "some believe". Now when you approach the son and tell him it's solid truth, there is no "If it happened to all of our ancestors, why didn't we ever hear it before?"
Similarly, there is little basis for the assumption that the individual elements of the story itself was static over time and did not gradually develop. Consider the following hypothetical scenario. An historical event occurred where 600 Israelites migrate from Egypt to Israel through the desert. The people attribute their survival to God. Many generations later, people wonder what their ancestors ate in the desert. The most plausible answer they can come up with is that God gave them manna to eat in the desert. After all, this is consistent with the original belief that God was responsible for their survival. At some point, people wonder where all their customs and laws came from. They conclude that since their laws must have come from God, therefore God spoke to Moses on a mountain in the desert, and Moses relayed the customs and laws to the people in the midst of thunder, lightning, and fire. Later, the thunder is interpreted to be God's voice and finally, that God spoke to the people directly. At this point, they have completely forgotten the historical population in the desert and conclude that for such an extraordinary event it would be quite a waste to have a population of less than say, 600,000 men and their families. At a later time, these elements are gradually recorded in various written texts and
eventually the texts are compiled and accepted in a unitary form. [4, 6]
This scenario is oversimplified and only covers a few of the miracles in the Torah. However, it conveys the general idea and could easily be extended to account for the other miracles. The idea that people would come up with a story such as
this may seem implausible due to its supernatural elements, but compared to the beliefs and myths of surrounding cultures there is little extraordinary about it. In the ancient world, supernatural beliefs were the norm; skepticism was not. The scenario may also seem implausible since a nation should be expected to accurately remember their history through oral tradition. However, as mentioned above, people in the ancient world were often unaware about their
national history, and when people do have recollection of their distant history through oral tradition, it tends to be a distorted one. [4, 3] It should be noted once again that the above scenario is not an attempt to prove that the beliefs of the miracles described in the Torah arose in a gradual fashion, but rather to demonstrate that it is plausible.
Despite the above arguments, it may nevertheless be difficult to believe that people would hold false beliefs of such


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Health And Wellness Major
College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) – Department of Food and Nutrition
Successful completion of university and major requirements leads to the Bachelor of Science with a major in Health and Wellness. This major is for students who want a career in fitness, nutrition education, wellness, or foodservice. Students complete core courses in the major and required courses in one concentration: Fitness or Nutrition and Food Studies.
The General Education Requirement
All students must satisfy a general education requirement consisting of ten (10) courses outside of the major department. The General Education Domain II-B (Natural Sciences) and laboratory requirement are satisfied through the completion of the major requirements.
Courses may have specified conditions for enrollment, such as prior completion of less advanced courses, permission of the instructor, or appropriate placement test scores. Students should refer to course descriptions in the department listings for prerequisite requirements.
Health and Wellness Mission Statement
The Food and Nutrition program at Framingham State University provides a course of study that enables students to actively participate in the changing wellness environments. The Health and Wellness major prepares students for careers in health, wellness, fitness, nutrition and food education, or foodservice disciplines.
Health and Wellness Learning Goals and Specific Learning Outcomes:
Learning Goals: The program will
- prepare students for a variety of careers in health, wellness, fitness, food and nutrition education, and foodservice.
- enable students to develop proficiency in relevant technology.
- prepare students to become dedicated life-long learners.
Specific Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to
- describe the principles of health and wellness from a multidimensional and interdisciplinary perspective.
- think and act ethically in the context of health, nutrition and wellness.
- apply management principles to evaluate human, physical, and fiscal resources in organizations.
- demonstrate a variety of communication strategies in health and wellness education.
Additional Fitness concentration Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to
- demonstrate competence in assessing the health-related components of physical fitness.
- develop, implement, and evaluate physical activity programs for apparently healthy individuals and individuals with medical conditions who are cleared for independent physical activity.
- explain the benefits of physical activity and nutrition for health, wellness, length of life, and quality of life.
Additional Nutrition and Food Studies concentration Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to
- interpret and apply nutrition science concepts to improve the health of individuals and communities.
- identify and apply food principles to food and nutrition systems.
Requirements for Major in Health and Wellness:
Major Core Courses (9 courses)
- CHEM 103 Introductory Chemistry (Gen. Ed. Domain II-B, Lab) or
- CHEM 107 Principles of Chemistry (Gen. Ed. Domain II-B, Lab)
- COMM 215 Science Communication or
- ENGL 286 Professional Writing
- HLTH 105 Personal and Community Health
- HLTH 206 Wellness Behavior
- HLTH 326 Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior
- NUTR 110 Fundamentals of Nutrition Science
- NUTR 262 Food, Culture, and Society
- NUTR 333 Nutrition and Chronic Disease
- NUTR 482 Management of Food and Nutrition Services
- (Students with a minor in Business can substitute MGMT 381 Human Resource Management)
- BIOL 130 Principles of Biology (Gen. Ed. Domain II-B, Lab) or
- Introductory Biology Course with lab
- BIOL 241 Anatomy and Physiology I with Lab
- BIOL 242 Anatomy and Physiology II with Lab
- MRKT 181 Marketing Principles
- NUTR 271 Nutrition for Sports and Exercise
- HLTH 302 Exercise Physiology
- HLTH 310 Exercise Testing and Prescription
- HLTH 410 Personal Training
- HLTH 495 Internship in Health and Wellness
- One additional HLTH or NUTR course
NOTE: Students completing this concentration have met the academic requirements for a minor in biology.
- BIOL 142 Introduction to Human Biology (Gen. Ed. Domain II-B, Lab) or
- BIOL 235 Principles of Human Physiology with Lab
- CHEM 201 Introductory Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry with Lab or
- CHEM 207 Organic Chemistry I with Lab
- FINA 100 Principles of Financial Literacy (Gen. Ed. Domain II-A)
- NUTR 364 Experimental Study of Food
- NUTR 381 Medical Nutrition Therapy I
- NUTR 384 Foodservice Systems
- NUTR 478 Community Nutrition
- NUTR 495 Internship in Food and Nutrition
- Two additional HLTH or NUTR courses
NOTE: A minor is recommended for students in both concentrations. Suggested minors include:
Fitness: Biology, Business, Marketing, Nutrition, Sports Management, Psychology, Sociology, Communication Arts
Nutrition and Food Studies: Psychology, Sociology, Spanish, Portuguese, Communication Arts


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in the form of an extremely accurate clock suspended in a gyroscopic box. Marine chronometers were often used on ships to help determine location.
GMT - The name is derived from the term Greenwich Mean Time, created in the 1880's to be the center of time for the world. The GMT watch function allows users to track two time zones simultaneously. Normally, a GMT watch has an hour, minute, and second hand as well as a "GMT hand" that completes a full cycle in 24 hours rather than the normal 12 hours. The GMT hand points to a separate 24-hour dial and can be set to a different time zone than the regular hands. The earliest GMT watches simply geared the GMT hand to rotate at half the speed of the hour hand, and a rotating bezel with 24 hour markers on it was used to set the second time zone. More advanced, modern GMT watches allow for independent adjustment of the local and GMT time. The two-tone bezel on the watch below is meant to represent night and day for the GMT time.
Moon Phase - A moon phase watch tracks the lunar cycle using a dial and curved aperture (viewing window). The cycle from new moon to waxing moon to full moon to waning moon then back to new moon, takes about 29.5 days. The moon dial in a basic moon phase mechanism is turned by a gear with 59 teeth that gets rotated one notch every 12 hours. Technically the lunar cycle takes 29.53 days, so a standard 59 tooth mechanism will be off by one day every two and a half years. The more advanced a moon phase mechanism is, the longer it will be correct without the need to manually change it.
Repeater - Repeater mechanisms were created so that users could hear the time when unable to see the face of their watch. When the repeater button is pressed, the watch "repeates" the time using a chime. Like a chiming clock, an hour repeater would chime 10 times if it's 10:24 or 10:53, a quarter repeater will chime out the quarter hours in addition to hours, a 5 minute repeater will chime out the 5 minute intervals following the hour, and a minute repeater (the pinnacle of repeaters) will chime out the time down to the minute. Some mechanisms even use different chimes to distinguish between hours and smaller intervals.
Mechanical watch movements come in many shapes and sizes, but the basic timekeeping principle has not changed for more than 100 years. Every mechanical watch has a mainspring, a gear train, and an escapement. Below, we will label the core parts of a manual wind watch movement.
(A) Balance Wheel - The balance wheel is the component that oscillates or rotates. It must be almost perfectly balanced, as the name suggests, for the watch to keep good time. The staff that the balance wheel rotates around is necessarily very delicate, and it can be broken given enough force from a drop or fall. There is a very small "hairspring" coiled around the staff that determines the rate at which the balance oscillates.
(B) Pallet Fork - The pallet fork is a small trident-shaped piece that pivots back and forth to connect the balance wheel to the gear train. It "flicks" an impulse jewel on the balance wheel each time the watch ticks to maintain the rate of the balance. The actual ticking sound you hear is the two pallet jewels (rectangularly shaped jewels in the pallet fork) interacting with the uniquely shaped teeth of the escape wheel of the gear train.
(C) Escape Wheel - The escape wheel is the last stage of the gear train. Its teeth are shaped in such a way that each time the watch ticks, the pallet fork changes direction and allows the escape wheel to move one tooth worth of rotation.
(D) Gear Train - The gear train is what connects the mainspring or barrel (the power source) to the escapement (the time regulating mechanism). It reduces the mainspring's power so that a small amount of wind translates to many hours of run time.
(E) Jewels/Jewel Settings - Not every watch has jewels, many watches have a different amount of jewels, and jewels come in different forms, but most jewels act as bearings that the gears spin around. The jewels are almost always made from ruby or sapphire, which are desirable materials for use in watch mechanisms because they don't wear. Artificially synthesized jewels are used because their crystalline structure is perfect every time, unlike authentic jewels that are sometimes more valuable for their flaws. A fully jeweled manual wind watch with no complications has 17 jewels (12 bearings, 2 balance cap jewels, 2 pallet jewels, and 1 impulse jewel).
(F) Regulator - The regulator is located on the top of the balance bridge and can be adjusted to make small changes in the timekeeping of the watch. The regulator is attached to the hairspring and effects the timekeeping by shortening or lengthening the hairspring.
(G) Balance Bridge or Balance Cock - This is the bridge that holds the bottom jeweled bearing for the balance wheel.
(H) Bridges - The bridges of the movement retain the components of the watch to the main plate.
(I) Barrel/Mainspring - The barrel contains the mainspring that powers the watch. The mainspring is wound around an arbor inside the barrel which is also connected to the gear we see on the bottom of the movement.
(J) Winding Wheel - This is the gear that connects the winding components to the mainspring. This wheel spins when you wind the watch.
The following image is a fully disassembled Vortic wristwatch:
Adjustment - Many pocket watch movements say "Adjusted" on them. This means that the company made adjustments to the watch to make it run better in a variety of conditions.
to temperature - The original great watch manufacturers had large ovens and coolers to test large batches of watches in.
to positions - This means that the watch was tested in multiple orientations. These included dial up, dial down, crown up, etc.
for isochronism - Isochronism is the property that causes the balance wheel to swing at the same rate, even with a higher or lower amplitude. Essentially, the balance keeps the same rhythm even when it swings more or less. This is fairly instrumental to a watch's ability to keep time, but some companies claimed to have adjusted their watches specifically for isochronism.
Exhibition Back - This is the specific term for a watch that has a crystal (glass) in the back of the case. It is there to display the movement inside of the watch. All of Vortic's watches have exhibition backs.
Stop Seconds - The second hand on movements with a stop seconds function, stops rotating when the movement is put into setting mode. This is fairly standard on modern movements and makes it easier to set the time of the watch precisely. Vintage movements and almost all pocket watch movements will continue running when the watch is in setting mode.
Escapement - Not to be confused with escape wheel, the escapement is the time regulating system of parts in a mechanical watch. This is made up of the escape wheel, pallet fork, and balance wheel.
Digital Readout - The term "digital" can be confusing to many, but mechanical watches can still have digital readouts. In fact, the day and date on day/date watches is a digital readout. It simply means that instead of having a hand to point to things on the dial, the dial has an aperture (viewing window) that shows a specific portion of an underlying dial. The video below shows a watch with a digital seconds readout.
Overbanked or Out of Service - These terms are highly debated among watchmakers, but in a nutshell both mean that the impulse jewel of the balance got stuck on the wrong side of the pallet fork. If this happens the balance will appear to be locked up.
Hunting - Hunting refers to a specific style of pocket-watch-case and movement orientation. Hunting cases have a swing open front that is actuated by pressing the crown. The crown is located at 3 O'clock so that when the case is opened by pressing the crown with the thumb of your right hand, and the main body of the case is in the palm, the dial is still oriented correctly. Because they have metal covers on both the front and back of the watch they are more durable. This made them suitable for taking along when doing more strenuous activities, specifically hunting.
Openface - Openface pocket watches are exactly that; a pocket watch with a crystal on the front of the watch. A traditional openface movement has the small seconds at 6 O'clock and the crown at 12 O'clock, but when movements with a hunting configuration are placed in an openface case, they are commonly referred to as side-winders because the crown is on the side of the watch.
Bridge Style - The bridges of the movement retain the components of the watch to the main plate. They come in many shapes and sizes, but a few of the more common American pocket watch styles are listed below.
3/4 plate - Perhaps the most common style. One large bridge covers most of the gear train, the barrel, and the winding components. Another smaller bridge covers the last gear and escape wheel.
Split Plate - This bridge style is very common in Waltham watches. Each has three bridges independent of the balance cock. One covers the barrel and winding components, one covers most of the gear train, and one small bridge covers the escape wheel. The center bridge "splits up" the bridges aesthetically.
Full Plate - The full plate style is most common in 18s pocket watches. Full plate bridges cover the entire movement excepting the balance


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This is how I see a way to formalize your question. Long addition operates on strings of decimal digits. On the other hand, we can define our basic addition, which is our starting point, to operate on strings of 1's (unary notation), or, equivalently, on terms of the form S(S(...S(0)...)) (here S stands for "successor"). We can define unary addition and multiplication by recursion as follows.
0 + y = y
S(x) + y = S(x + y)
x * 0 = 0
x * S(y) = x * y + x
These definition are supposed to express our intuitive concept of addition and multiplication and act as a starting point.
We can also define a translation from decimal to unary strings, also by recursion:
f(0) = 0
f(1) = S(0)
f(2) = S(S(0))
f(9) = S(S(S(S(S(S(S(S(S(0)))))))))
f(ds) = S(S(S(S(S(S(S(S(S(S(0)))))))))) * f(d) + f(s) where d is a decimal digit and s is a string of decimal digits.
Finally, we define long addition on decimal string. Let's denote it by add(s1, s2). Then correctness of long addition (with respect to unary addition) means that
f(s1) + f(s2) = f(add(s1, s2)) for all decimal strings s1, s2.
Similar theorems for binary addition were formally proved using proof assistants like PVS, Coq and Isabelle.


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LED floor lamp, also known as LED ground lamp or buried lamp, is a lighting facility embedded in the ground. Lanterns illuminate the ground and vegetation on the ground, which can make the landscape more beautiful and pass safely. At present, LED energy-saving light source is widely used. Ground lamps need waterproof joints, silica gel sealing rings, tempered glass, waterproof, dust-proof, leakage-proof and corrosion-resistant.
At present, most floor lamps or ground lamps use LED as light source, which has a long life and can reach more than 100,000 hours. Because of its low voltage, it is very suitable for solar floor lamps.
LED can control the color, change the light distribution, and create dynamic dreams. Therefore, it is especially suitable for solar lawn lamps.
Solar LED Ground Light is widely used for family grass land, it's convenient to be fitted anywhere, no wires and no power needed.


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Infant language researcher earns top faculty award
ON THE GREEN | Roberta Golinkoff, H. Rodney Sharp Chair in the School of Education, is not only an educator in the traditional sense of the word, teaching students in University classrooms, she is also an educator of the public. She writes and speaks to diverse audiences of researchers, parents, teachers and healthcare professionals about how children learn.
In recognition of her work, Golinkoff was selected as the 2011 recipient of the Francis Alison Award, the University's highest faculty honor, which was established in 1978 to recognize scholarship, professional achievements and dedication. She also is a faculty member in the departments of Psychology and of Linguistics and Cognitive Science.
Early in her 36-year career at UD, Golinkoff developed a method to assess language comprehension in babies who do not yet speak. Because of her research, it is now known that infants do not sit passively while words wash over them, but instead they are actively analyzing what they hear and extracting language's rules and regularities.
Letters from Golinkoff's scholarly peers underscore the importance of her work, noting that she has "altered our understanding of how children learn language and develop thought." Yale University's Edward Zigler, the driving force behind Head Start in the 1960s, says that he "would be hard pressed to name a scholar that I admire more than Roberta."
To support her work, Golinkoff has received sizable grants from the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Children's Health and Human Development. She has also won a prestigious John Simon Guggenheim fellowship and a James McKeen Cattell sabbatical award.
In 2009, the American Psychological Association awarded her the Distinguished Service to Psychological Science Award, and this spring she received the Urie Bronfenbrenner Award for Lifetime Contribution to Developmental Psychology in the Service of Science and Society.
Golinkoff's books include Einstein Never Used Flash Cards: How Our Children Really Learn and Why They Need to Play More and Memorize Less, which explores the importance of play in children's lives.
She has given a congressional briefing and continues to present at the U.S. Department of Education on early childhood education.


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Make your own collection of beautiful galaxies. Suspend them on a mobile so they turn and sparkle in the wind. Here's how:
You might need help from an adult or older friend for this one.
12" (family size) or 7" (individual size) round cardboard from frozen pizza box. (Or cut circle from a cardboard box.)
4 large sheets (11" x 17") black construction paper
Glitter—gold, silver, red, orange, yellow, blue, purple, or any other colors you like
Paintbrush, about 1/4 to 1/2 inch wide
Thread (black is best) or fine nylon fishing line
Small, 4-holed button
Large, sturdy sewing needle
16 sequins or very small beads, black is best (optional)
Tape measure or yard (meter) stick
What you need:
First, make the galaxies:
Print out the patterns for the galaxies.
Cut the galaxy patterns apart on the dotted lines.
Use the patterns to cut each galaxy out of construction paper. If you are making a "family size" mobile, use all 12 galaxies. For an "individual size" mobile, use only 9 galaxies. Here's one way to cut out the galaxies:
First cut out a small square of construction paper a little larger than the pattern paper. Tape the edges of the pattern to the construction paper so it doesn't slip when you cut. Now, cut out the galaxy, cutting through both the pattern and the construction paper.
Now decorate the galaxies with glitter. Imagine each speck of glitter is a star!
Use the brush to spread the glue on one side of one galaxy. Sprinkle one or two colors of glitter on each. Remember, galaxies are brighter in the center (where the stars are younger and hotter), becoming fainter at the edges or on the spiral arms.
When you have decorated one side, set the galaxy on something it won't stick to when the glue is dry! (Like a cookie sheet, for example.)
When you have decorated one side of each galaxy, let the glue dry. Then turn them over and decorate the other side. Be sure to leave them laying flat until the glue is completely dry. Otherwise, the spiral arms will droop. (If they do, when they are dry you can set a heavy book on them for a while.)
While you wait for the glue to dry...
Use the round pizza cardboard as a pattern to draw a circle in the center of each of two pieces of construction paper. If the paper is big enough, cut the two paper circles a little larger than the cardboard.
Glue the paper circles to the top and bottom of the cardboard. If the paper circles are large enough, glue their edges together so the edge of the cardboard is also covered.
Note: Instead of covering the cardboard with paper, if you wish, you can paint both sides of the cardboard with flat black spray paint.
Make three pencil marks equally spaced around the edge of the circle, about 1 inch in from the edge.
Cut a length of thread about 2 feet long. Thread the needle, and either tie a fat knot in the end or tie a sequin or small bead to the end (include only one strand of thread).
Poke the needle through one of the pencil marks on the edge of the cardboard circle. Pull the thread through to the knot, sequin, or bead.
Take the 4-holed button and poke the needle up through one hole in the button and down through another.
Now poke the needle back down through another pencil mark on the circle (since the mark will be on the wrong side of the circle, you'll have to poke the needle up the other way first just to mark the hole).
Unthread the needle and tie a fat knot, sequin, or bead in the end of the thread.
Now, cut a length of thread about 3 feet long and rethread the needle. Again, tie a fat knot, sequin, or bead in the end. Poke the needle up through the remaining pencil mark on the circle. (Knots, sequins, or beads should all be on the same side.)
Make pencil marks on the bottom of the cardboard circle where you will be attaching each galaxy. For a 12-inch mobile, you could put eight evenly spaced around the edges and four evenly spaced in the center area. For a smaller mobile, you could put six around the edges and three in the center.
Cut a length of thread and thread the needle. Tie a knot, sequin, or bead to the end. Draw the needle through the center of the galaxy. Now poke the needle through one of the marks on the circle. Adjust the length of the thread so the galaxy hangs nicely, then cut the thread and tie a knot, sequin, or bead in the end.
Make the galaxies hang at different levels, so they can turn freely without hitting each other.
Hang your Galactic Mobile from the ceiling. Notice that you can adjust the thread going through the button to make the circle hang level.
Listen to the "Oh's" and "Ah's."
Make the frame for the mobile:
Poke the needle up through one of the remaining holes in the button and then down through the last hole. Unthread the needle and tie a loop in the end of the thread for hanging the mobile from the ceiling.


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To foster student success, DCC administers the COMPASS placement test to new students. This ensures that students are placed in classes consistent with their current level of academic ability. While other tests may be required based on a student's individual needs, the COMPASS test is the primary tool.
A computerized test of basic skills developed by the American College of Testing. Click COMPASS to download sample problems.
A written, timed test of basic skills developed by the American College of Testing. Click ASSET to download sample problems.
To determine which level course is right for you, you need to take a Spanish Placement Test. This test will evaluate your current skills. Your score will determine which level of Spanish you should start with. Because the Spanish Placement Test is a computerized test, it will be un-timed. Click on Spanish Online Placement Test S-CAPE to download sample questions.
The Michigan Test of English as a Second Language (ESL)
This test is an objective test of 100 questions. The first 20 questions test listening skills with questions asked on a cassette tape. The following 80 questions concern grammar, vocabulary, and reading comprehension skills. Students have 75 minutes to complete this test, and it is scored immediately. This test is used to determine whether a student is ready to enroll in an English course at Dutchess Community College, and if so, which course is appropriate.
Science Placement Test
A test for students who wish to place into BIO131.
Click Science Screening Test Guide for more information on the test.
Click Science Placement for sample questions.
English Course Placement Appeal
The English Course Placement appeal is available to students who place in a certain range on the Writing portion of COMPASS or ASSET. Students are given the opportunity to come in during some "walk-in" testing times to write an essay which is then evaluated by a professor from the English department to determine final course placement. Those students qualifying for the English Course Placement appeal will be notified with their test scores.


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at the close of that year. Let us further assume that the interest will be 3 per cent. At the close of the first year, as we have seen, $200,000 must be paid. But what is the present value of this sum? The present value of $1 for one year is.970874, and for $200,000 would be $194,174.80. The present value of the $300,000 due at the end of two years is $282,778.80; the present value of $500,000 needed at the end of the third year is $457,571. Totalling these three amounts at their present value, then, we have $934,524.60, and as there are one thousand persons whose lives are insured, each would pay one-thousandth part of this, or $934.53. This sum, then, at the beginning of the three-year period would provide for the payments of the whole group.
Passing now to an example taken directly from the American Mortality Table, suppose you wish to find the sum of money for which a policy can be issued for a per-son, age fifty, providing for a $1,000 payment at death. Refer to the table on the preceding page and you will find that out of 100,000 persons who were aged 10, only 69,804 reached the age of 50. You will further note, on looking at the 51st year, that 962 is the estimated number of those who will die within the year. Accordingly, if a company insured the whole group, it should be in a position to pay out $962,000 for the deaths of this year. But the present value of this sum is only $933,981, since with interest at 3 per cent it would amount at the end of the year to $962,000. Now, likewise, for each succeeding year the table shows the amount required and the present worth is easily ascertained. The sum of all these will show that each person at the age of fifty would pay $555.22 to insure $1,000 being paid to each person at death.
The law of increasing mortality.--The fact that the death rate increases in the older ages is provided for by adjusting the insurance premium so that in the younger ages an increased sum is collected in order that the proper reserves may be set aside. The annual premiums normally exceed the death claims for the first thirty or forty years; after that, the losses by death largely exceed the annual premiums. Failure to recognize this law of increasing mortality in the older ages has brought most of the trouble to the assessment insurance companies. If enough is not, collected at the younger age to establish the proper reserve for the older age, it naturally becomes necessary to increase the assessment or premiums at the older age.


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Situated in Raleigh County in West Virginia, USA, the city of Beckley is located near the Greenbrier and New River Valley and covers an area of 23.8 sq km.
The city has a humid continental climate. The average winter temperature is around 1°C, while the average summer temperature is around 26°C.
Known as the 'Smokeless Coal Capital', the coal mining industry has always been a part of the city's culture. The Beckley Exhibition Coal Mine offers visitors a historic look at the development of the town.
Originally known as the town of Beckleyville, the city is named after Alfred Beckley, who served as the first clerk of the House of the Representatives and the first Librarian of Congress. With a population of around 17,000, the old-fashioned town is the social and economic hub of southern West Virginia
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Mental health facilities play a crucial role in helping individuals with mental illnesses. However, there are often barriers that prevent patients from receiving the best possible care, including access to medications. To address this issue, mental health facilities can consider opening their own pharmacies, providing numerous benefits to patients and staff alike.
One of the most significant advantages of opening a pharmacy in a mental health facility is improved access to medication. Patients with mental illnesses often require multiple medications to manage their symptoms, and having a pharmacy on site ensures that these medications are readily available. This can also reduce the risk of medication errors or missed doses, which can have serious consequences for patients' mental health.
Additionally, having a pharmacy on site can improve communication and collaboration between doctors and pharmacists. Mental health facilities that open their own pharmacies can ensure that doctors and pharmacists work together to provide optimal care for patients. This can lead to more accurate medication management, better monitoring of side effects, and more effective treatment plans.
Opening a pharmacy in a mental health facility can also lead to cost savings. Patients who obtain their medications from the facility's pharmacy may be eligible for reduced co-pays or other financial assistance. This can help patients who are struggling financially to afford their medications, leading to better outcomes and improved quality of life.
Finally, having a pharmacy on site can help mental health facilities better manage their inventory of medications. By keeping a record of medication usage and demand, the pharmacy can ensure that there are always adequate supplies of medications on hand. This can prevent stockouts, reduce waste, and ultimately save money.
In conclusion, opening a pharmacy in a mental health facility can provide numerous benefits to patients, doctors, and staff. By improving access to medication, enhancing collaboration between doctors and pharmacists, reducing costs, and managing medication inventory more effectively, mental health facilities can better serve their patients and improve the overall quality of care.


text:
A hot topic in organizational science in recent years has been how organizational members conceptualize and make sense of their organizational worlds. The growing interest in cognition has coincided, not accidentally, with the increasing legitimacy of a constructionist point of view among organizational scholars. Bringing together the scholars whose work has fueled these theoretical developments, this volume covers broad ground - from cognitive coordination on the bridge of a Navy ship, to cultural belief systems in the California wine industry. Yet each contributor applies the insights of modern cognitive science to problems of sensemaking and decision-making in organizations, creating a coherent volume and marking the contributions as the cutting edge of cognitive research within and between organizations.
Cognition Within and Between Organizations
SAGE Publications, Incorporated
Management & Computers /


text:
Aerogels are ultra-lightweight materials composed of almost 99.98 vol.% of porosity and present excellent opportunities for developing lightweight composite materials. Special properties such as electrical insulation and controlled dielectric constant can be generated in such composites. Ultra-low density and hydrophobic nature of aerogels make it difficult to mix them in epoxy resins. The present research is aimed at developing fabrication methods for aerogel/epoxy composites. The development of such methods requires encapsulating the aerogel particles in epoxy resin without infiltrating them. Compression tests are conducted on these composites and their deformation and fracture behavior is studied. The composites are found to have compressive failure strain of over 25%. It is observed that the higher density composites showed higher compressive modulus but lower yield strength. The reduction in the yield strength is attributed to the early crack initiation in these specimens.
- Polymer matrix composite
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Ceramics and Composites
- Computer Science Applications
- Metals and Alloys
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering


text:
Family were in significant debt and strugglingAll Stories
Terri* came to Monte Cecilia, through a client who was living in a Monte Cecilia Community social house. They were living in a 2 bedroom house and there were 4 adults and 4 children. During the time working with Monte Cecilia they were asked to leave this house as it was overcrowded and WINZ placed them in a Motel.
Terri* not real name
The family were in significant debt and struggling to put food on the table. The Monte Cecilia Social Worker worked alongside this family by encouraging them to get a budget done so that it would help them move up the housing New Zealand register. Due to their situation they were motivated to do what they needed to, to better their situation. They gave the social worker their budget the following week. This budget showed they were paying off significant debt and this raised their rating on the Housing Register to being at higher risk. While living in the motel the Social worker would visit them and provide them with a food parcel when needed. The Social worker advocated for them through writing a support letter to increase their rating and referred them to a budget mentor to help them with their debt. They were then offered a house through Housing New Zealand in an area they wanted. They have now settled into the house and can move on with their lives.


Listnr: Start a podcast without recording anything - TechPP
Listnr: Start a podcast without recording anything
Easiest way to start a podcast
by: - Last updated on: March 29th, 2021
Key Takeaways
 - Listnr is a podcasting solution that lowers the barrier to entry in podcasting by allowing you to create a podcast without having to record anything.
 - You can use Listnr to convert your blog posts into audio and embed them on your website or share them across different social platforms. Additionally, you can also use it to transform your ebooks into audiobooks.
 - When you create a podcast with Listnr, it takes care of everything from creating a podcast to customizing its elements and publishing it across different podcasting platforms.
Audio consumption, when compared to other media verticals like text, images, and videos, has been steadily growing over the past few years. So much so that Google is building an audio search engine. One that will solely focus on curating content in the audio vertical and making podcasts and audience discovery faster.
IMAGE: Listnr
The sudden rise in audio consumption over the past few years can be attributed widely to the increase in audio creation and consumption platforms and tools that are empowering creators to churn out audio versions of their content to cater to a larger audience. Listnr happens to be one such tool that we are discussing today. It is an all-new podcasting solution that helps you convert blog posts into audio (speech) content, which you can distribute or embed across various online platforms. Listnr drastically brings down the barriers involved in Podcast production.
Let's check out Listnr in detail and see how you can take use it to increase your content's reach on the internet.
What is Listnr, and how does it work?
Listnr is a podcasting solution that helps you convert text into audio. You can use it to convert your blog posts or any other written content into speech and distribute it across different audio platforms. Founded by Anan Batra, Listnr offers support for over 100 voices, in 20+ languages including English (US, UK, Indian), German, and Spanish in both male and female versions, which you can use to diversify your content. Listnr is using the APIs from some of the best in the business – Google, Amazon and IBM.
Listnr podcasting solution
One of the best things about Listnr is that you can either use its speech synthesis engine to transform your text into audio or upload your own audio.
In general, when you plan to start a podcast, you need two things: content and distribution platform. For the former, you can either record the entire episode talking yourself or convert a written piece of content into audio using a text-to-audio program like Listnr.
However, when it comes to distributing your podcast, there are numerous factors that you need to consider. Of these, one of the most crucial ones is ensuring your podcast gets a good reach. Although distribution platforms have a significant part to play in this, the vital constituent in the mix is how you present and optimize your podcast for these platforms.
This is where Listnr comes into the picture — to help you create episodes and customize them to your preference.
What can you do with Listnr?
By now, it's well established that Listnr is a text-to-audio conversion tool of sorts that simplifies the podcast production process for you. But the question that still remains is, what all can you do with it?
Well, to put it simply, you can put Listnr to use to transform all your written content, be it blog posts, essays, etc., into audio — kind of like voice-over — and embed it in your blog/website or broadcast it on some other distribution platform. Likewise, you also get the ability to add voice-overs for your YouTube videos in a range of different languages on the platform to reach a diverse audience.
Listnr usage
Besides, Listnr can even help you convert your e-books into their audiobook equivalent, which you can then distribute in an audio form over the internet.
Listnr Features
Now that you know what Listnr is and what you can use it for, here's a quick rundown of its features that you can employ in producing, editing, and hosting your podcast.
Listnr features
1. Support for over 100 natural (human-sounding) voices in more than 22 different languages and more than 4 dialects.
2. Automatic RSS feed updates to update the RSS feed across all podcast platforms as soon as you upload new content.
3. Email subscribers feature to give your audience the ability to subscribe to your podcast right from the audio player using email capture.
4. Freedom to publish your podcast on popular hosting platforms like Spotify, Google Podcasts, Transistor, and more.
5. Social sharing to let you share your podcast on various social media handles such as Twitter, Facebook, etc.
How to use Listnr to create a podcast?
Creating a podcast is as simple as following a few steps. Here's how.
Step 1. Go to Listnr and log in to your account. If you don't have an account, create one.
Step 2. Click on the hamburger-like menu button on the top-left to expand the sidebar and choose Dashboard.
Step 3. On the Dashboard window, click on the Start a Podcast button.
Creating a podcast with Listnr
Step 4. You will now be redirected to the Podcast Gallery. Here, click on the Create New Show button, and in the show form, fill in the details about your show. And hit Create a Show.
Creating a podcast with Listnr
Step 5. Now, you have two options: you can either start your own show by using Listnr's speech synthesis engine or upload your own audio and use Listnr's hosting.
Step 6. With either option selected, add your episode script into the Show Editor window and customize its elements to your preference. Listnr allows you to change settings for speech emphasis, volume, rate, and pitch.
Creating a podcast with Listnr
Listnr Pricing
Listnr is available as both a free (trial) and a paid service. With the free plan, you get a limited balance of 500 credits that you can use to convert 500 words per month. Since that won't be sufficient for most users, Listnr also has three paid plans: Solo, Startup, and Agency.
Listnr pricing
The Solo plan costs $90 per year and allows 30,000-word conversions per month with free podcast hosting and 3 podcast shows. On the other hand, the Startup and the Agency plan come in at $200 and $500 per year, respectively, and they allow 5 podcast shows and access to some more functionalities.
It's not like Listnr has no competition. There has been a surge in companies working on speech synthesis and deep learning algorithms to reproduce human-sounding voices. But Listnr is one of the few which provides the scale required to achieve greatness without breaking the bank. Take Play.ht for example. They charge $90 per year for a total of 120,000 words (translates to 10,000 words a month) and go up to $640 per year for 1,200,000 words. Listnr is roughly one-third cheaper.
As per its roadmap, Listnr is soon coming out with a Google Chrome extension that can convert any article into a podcast with just a click (like Podcastle.ai) and Podcast templates with intro/outro music like BuildBubbles. There's also a mobile app in the works alongside a standalone podcast hosting platform. The best of the lot is the ability to Podcast in your own voice by uploading a 90-second voice clip and letting Listnr synthesize the podcast in your own voice.
Listnr Lifetime deal
Listnr is currently running a lifetime deal for its product on Dealify. It starts at just $69 for 45,000 words per month and goes up to $329 for 300,000 words per month. These are one-time payments to keep using the platform forever. Absolute steal. Check out Listnr LTD here.
Creating podcasts with Listnr
With a pretty straightforward process to transform blog posts and turn them into episodes and all the essential podcasting features, Listnr lowers the barrier to entry in the podcasting space, and in the process, makes it easier for anyone to create a podcast, modify it, and distribute it on any platform on the internet.
The ability to convert written content into audio, in particular, is one of the interesting functionalities of Listnr since you can use it to create audio versions of your blog posts and embed them on your websites to cater to those who prefer audio over text. And in turn, grow your audience.
Check out Listnr
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|By Marketwire.||
|January 31, 2013 05:36 PM EST||
TORONTO, ONTARIO -- (Marketwire) -- 01/31/13 -- As millions celebrate February as Black History Month, they will also be marking an important milestone in the movement to abolish slavery: the 100 year anniversary of the passing of abolitionist Harriet Tubman. Born into slavery, Tubman escaped before dedicating her life to the freedom of all Black people. She led thirteen missions to personally rescue more than 70 slaves and served as a central figure in a network of anti-slavery activists. The history of the courageous activism of these early abolitionists is closely tied with Canada through the creation of the legendary Underground Railroad - a sophisticated and expansive network of allies, secret routes and safe houses that swept fugitive slaves to safety in free states and Canada throughout the 19th century.
Upper Canada's historic passing of the Anti Slavery Act in 1793 made it a destination for thousands of Blacks who settled in communities from Windsor to Toronto and from Niagara to Owen Sound. They contributed to Ontario's society as farmers, teachers, preachers, household servants, business owners, and sawmill and dock workers. As time progressed, so too did their political and economic gains.
However, two hundred and twenty years after Canada formally abolished slavery, a legacy of discrimination and the struggle for equality continues.
"Workers of colour in Ontario continue to earn only eighty-one cents on the dollar and racialized women earn far less," said OFL President Sid Ryan. "The wage gains that many feel are long overdue are being jeopardized by government cuts to jobs and social programs. There is no question that austerity measures are hitting racialized people the hardest."
According to the most recent census data, 2.5 percent of the Canadian population - nearly 800,000 people - identify themselves as black and 60 percent of those have made Ontario their home. However, racialized families continue to be two to four times as likely to live on incomes below the low income cut-off and in some communities, one in two racialized children are living in poverty.
"African and Caribbean Blacks have made enormous contributions to Ontario's society and economy," said OFL Executive Vice-President Irwin Nanda. "We have an incredible heritage of Black activism in Ontario that has challenged racism, prejudice and discrimination and people of all races have an obligation to honour that history by remembering it, teaching it and living it."
The acknowledgment of February as Black History Month draws its history from early American celebrations that gained formal recognition in 1978. However, it wasn't until 1995 that Black History Month gained status in formal Canada through a motion in the House of Commons. The Ontario Federation of Labour will be joining Black History Month celebrations by co-hosting two events with labour unions and community partners. The first, called "Where is Our Obama?" is an intergeneration dialogue on race and racism in Canadian politics and the second is a celebration of the history of the Steelpan. Details of both events can be found on the OFL website. Among the many Black community activists who will be celebrated and remembered by the labour movement this month are Ontario's Zanana Akande, June Veecock, Fred Upshaw, Rosemary Brown, Dudley Laws and Charles Roach.
"The OFL is reaffirming its commitment to educational and community development work within the labour movement and the broader society to counteract racism and strengthen the demand for an end to systemic discrimination," said Ryan. "Until everyone in our communities are free from poverty, violence and the social ills that are the by-product of racism, none of us can call ourselves free. It is past the time for words. Now is a time for action."
The Ontario Federation of Labour (OFL) represents 54 unions and one million workers in Ontario. For information, visit _URL_ and follow the OFL on Facebook and Twitter: _USER_. Follow OFL President Sid Ryan on Twitter _USER_.
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text:
Air pollution may trigger heart attack, Yale study finds
Even a few hours' exposure to ambient ultrafine particles common in air pollution may potentially trigger a nonfatal heart attack, according to new research by the Yale School of Public Health in New Haven, Connecticut, and published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives.
Myocardial infarction is a major form of cardiovascular disease worldwide. Ultrafine particles (UFP) are 100 nanometers or smaller in size. In urban areas, automobile emissions are the primary source of UFP.
UFP constitute a health risk due to their small size, large surface areas per unit of mass, and their ability to penetrate the cells and get into the blood system. The lack of consistent findings across epidemiological studies may be in part because of the different size ranges and exposure metrics examined to characterize ambient UFP exposure.
The authors were interested in whether transient UFP exposure could trigger heart attacks and whether alternative metrics such as particle length and surface area concentrations could improve the investigation of UFP-related health effects. The study looked at more than 5, 898 nonfatal heart attack patients between 2005 and 2015. The individual heart attacks were compared against air pollution UFP data on the hour of the heart attack and adjusted for a range of additional factors, such as the day of the week, long-term time trend and socioeconomic status.
"This represents an important step toward understanding the appropriate indicator of ultrafine particles exposure in determining the short-term health effects, as the effects of particle length and surface concentrations were stronger than the ones of particle number concentration and remained similar after adjustment for other air pollutants," said Kai Chen, PhD, assistant professor at Yale School of Public Health and the study's first author, in a statement. "Our future analyses will examine the combined hourly exposures to both air pollution and extreme temperature. We will also identify vulnerable subpopulations regarding pre-existing diseases and medication intake."


How to Calculate the Common Stock Account Balance After a Stock Split
A stock's price drops after a split.
i Comstock/Comstock/Getty Images
A stock split changes how a company balances its common stock in two ways. It increases the number of outstanding shares and it reduces the price of any single share. The total value of all shares, however, remains unchanged after the split. The change in the stock account balance depends on the ratio of the split. At a high ratio, the company may attract many new investors who can afford the cheaper shares, broadening its shareholder base and reducing stock volatility.
Step 1
Multiply the initial number of outstanding shares by the first number in the stock split ratio. For example, if a company that has issued 10,000 shares implements a 3-for-2 split on its stock, multiply 10,000 by 3 to get 30,000 shares.
Step 2
Divide this altered number of shares by the second number in the stock split ratio. Continuing the example, divide 30,000 by 2 to get 15,000 shares. The company will have issued 15,000 shares after the split.
Step 3
Subtract the initial number of shares from this value. Subtracting 10,000 from 15,000 gives 5,000, which is the number of new shares that the company must issue.
Step 4
Multiply the stock's initial price by the initial number of outstanding shares. For example, if the shares initially each sell for $30, multiply 10,000 by $30 to get $300,000. This is the company's market capitalization before and after the split.
Step 5
Divide the market capitalization by the total number of shares after the split. With this example, divide $300,000 by 15,000 to get $20. This is the stock price after the split.
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