Polka Dot Cactus Pleco (L097) (12-14cm)
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Common name: Polka Dot Cactus Pleco (L097) .
Species: Pseudacanthicus sp.
Habitat: Amazon, Lower Amazon, Tapajós.
Potential size: 18cm.
Social behaviour: A peaceful community fish.
Food: Carnivore although not a predator, prawns and chopped mussel appear favourites and promote favourable growth. High quality pellet foods are well received and greatly reduces the volume of waste produced. Some vegetable should also be provided and thus balances the diet.
Browse these categories as well: Suckermouth Catfish, SWEET KNOWLE AQUATICS


text:
Hi all, here is the wine bottle that I share with you previously. Wish to know how to create a ring surrounding the bottle? Actually is very simple, you just need to do the follwoing steps:
1. Create an angle plane that intersect with the bottle body. Here, I will refer the angle plane to the current TOP Plane. Open a sketch on the TOP plane and draw a construction line as shown in the picture.
2. Then, when using the Reference geometry > Plane funtion, select the construction line to define the plane position and also the TOP plane as the reference to measure the angle.
3. With the angle plane, now we can create the path of the ring by using the "Intersection Curve" function. Basically, intersection is a function under "Tools> Sketch Tools> Intersection Curve which enable the user to define 3D curve to represent the intersection between 2 surfaces/solidbodies/planes.
4. Now, we can prepare the plane for the sweep profile. You just need to select the 3D curve and pick a point in order to create a plane normal to the curve. Then just draw a circle on the plane as the sweep profile.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


11 Replies Latest reply: May 7, 2012 10:18 AM by [Jongware] RSS
 Paragraph rule
 Hi All,
 Is it possible to add a rule above or below my selected paragraph in the documents through Javascript?
 In my document I require rule to cover whole paragraph (paragraph lines varies in the document) in selected paragraph style sheet named QUOTE.
 See example below:
 Screen shot 2012-05-03 at 4.55.01 PM.png
 Please provide the JS code.
 - 1. Re: Paragraph rule
 Dave Saunders Community Member
 Yes it is possible, although you need to answer the question: what do you want to do at column/page breaks? Your described techique won't work there.
 But you seem to be expecting some kind soul to just write a script for you. That might happen, but most people needing a script who aren't prepared to write one themselves would look to hire someone to do the work for them.
 Good luck.
 - 2. Re: Paragraph rule
 kerosk_inddNew Community Member
 I will do it manually. But need to apply pagragraph rule globally in document.
 I write below code but don't know how to calculate paragraph height in paragraph length.
 If anybody has done this before please add the required code in my below JS code.
 var myDoc=app.activeDocument
 var myRule=myDoc.paragraphStyles.item("QUOTE")
 with (myRule)
 - 3. Re: Paragraph rule
 [Jongware] MVP
 You can use the text baseline for that: _URL_
 Read the baseline for the first and the last line. The difference between these is the exact "height" of the paragraph, usually a multiple of its leading (1). Calculate this in points to immediately feed the value into RuleBelowWeight. You'll have to manually find the difference to shift down, but I think you only need to do this once.
 (1) If all of your paragraph text uses the same leading, this would simply be
 someParagraph.lines.length * someParagraph.leading;
 -- but not if it's set to Auto, though (still possible but then you'd use autoLeading and pointSize instead).
 ... Why are you changing your paragraph style in your sample? Are all of your "QUOTE" paragraphs exactly the same amount of lines?
 - 4. Re: Paragraph rule
 -hansCommunity Member
 you may have a look at _URL_
 ... cause you'll run into problems scripting "column/page breaks" (as Mr. Saunders mentioned above)
 - 5. Re: Paragraph rule
 kerosk_inddNew Community Member
 Thanks, Jongware for your suggestion. You are really a master.
 I don't have advanced knowledge of Javascript. I am trying your suggestion but couldn't get any positive result.
 QUOTE paragraphs are different amount of lines. Looking for ready JS code.
 - 6. Re: Paragraph rule
 [Jongware] MVP
 kerosk_inddNew wrote:
 QUOTE paragraphs are different amount of lines.
 Yeah I realize that, but you suggested changing the paragraph style, so they would all be the same.
 Looking for ready JS code.
 alert ('height of this paragraph is '+
 (app.selection[0].paragraphs[0].lines[-1].baseline - app.selection[0].paragraphs[0].lines[0].baseline)+
 'in your current vertical measurement units');
 This measures from the first baseline to the last, so it's one line "short" so you should add your leading to it. (I couldn't test this because my leading is set to "Auto", but it's easy enough.)
 As the alert says, this is in your current measurement units. To set the line weight, you need one of two: either a string of the value plus its measurement unit ("20 mm") or a numerical value (which would be in points). If you are not already working in points, you have to somehow construct this value. You could either try out the infernal function UnitValue (which I personally have given up on), or simply temporarily set verticalMeasurementUnits to POINTS, measure, then reset it to what it was.
 - 7. Re: Paragraph rule
 -hansCommunity Member
 this should basically do the job... column/page breaks are not considered.
 Cycles thru the stories of the document to find a certain pStyle, modifies the existing rule below.
 It's not perfect ;-)
 var pStyleName, myDoc, mUnits, myStories, myStory, myParagraphs, myParagraph, offsetWeight, toAdd, s, p
 pStyleName = 'quote' //the paragraphstyle to look for...
 myDoc = app.activeDocument;
 mUnits = [myDoc.viewPreferences.horizontalMeasurementUnits, myDoc.viewPreferences.verticalMeasurementUnits];
 myStories = myDoc.stories;
 toAdd = 8; //to add to lineweight in pt; space above and below
 function main()
 setViewPrefs([MeasurementUnits.points, MeasurementUnits.points]);
 function setViewPrefs(units)
 horizontalMeasurementUnits = units[0];
 verticalMeasurementUnits = units[1];
 function cycleThruStories(docStories)
 for(s = 0; s < docStories.length; s++)
 myParagraphs = docStories[s].paragraphs;
 for(p = 0; p< myParagraphs.length; p++)
 myParagraph = myParagraphs[p];
 if(myParagraph.appliedParagraphStyle.name === pStyleName)
 offsetWeight = (myParagraph.lines[-1].baseline - myParagraph.lines[0].baseline) + myParagraph.pointSize + toAdd;
 ruleBelowOffset = -(offsetWeight - toAdd/5*3.5); //- toAdd/5*3.5 bit more or less space? ;-)
 - 8. Re: Paragraph rule
 kerosk_inddNew Community Member
 Thanks for the answer, Hans.
 I have tried this code but it is giving error (The property is not applicable in the current state.). See screenshot attached.
 I am unable to rectify this error. Please help.
 - 9. Re: Paragraph rule
 -hansCommunity Member
 if you can't get'myParagraph.lines[-1].baseline' then you probably have a overflow of the paragraph in the text frame (shown as a red '+')... and so it's not possible to get / calculate a position.
 you can ignore it by try catch or write a function to calculate from the last line in the textframe in that case.
 have a nice day
 Hans-Gerd Claßen
 - 10. Re: Paragraph rule
 kerosk_inddNew Community Member
 Thank you so much, Hans. It is working. The script does not apply rule below on quote paragraph style if text is flowing on one page to next page.
 Thanks once again for your support.
 - 11. Re: Paragraph rule
 [Jongware] MVP
 That was mentioned right away as a flaw of this method... Did you check out dtputils' plugin? That adds it as a paragraph attribute, as Adobe should've done long ago.


text:
Future Mars rovers or moon buggies might be riding the wings of Goodyear spring-based tires. This high-tech tire just won a 2010 R&D 100 award, also known as the "Oscar of Innovation," from the editors of R&D magazine.
The tire was invented last year in a joint effort between NASA and Goodyear, and was tested out on NASA's Lunar Electric Rover at the Rock Yard at the Johnson Space Center. The spring tire builds upon previous versions of the moon tire, and the improvements enable it to take larger (up to 10 times) rovers up to 100 times further, NASA scientists explained to Gizmag:
"With the combined requirements of increased load and life, we needed to make a fundamental change to the original moon tire," said Vivake Asnani, principal investigator for the project at NASA's Glenn Research Centre in Cleveland. "What the Goodyear-NASA team developed is an innovative, yet simple network of interwoven springs that does the job. The tire design seems almost obvious in retrospect, as most good inventions do."
The tire is made up of 800 helical springs, which simulate the flexibility of an air-filled tire. Because there are so many springs, the tire can't completely fail all at once, like a punctured air-filled tire would, Asnani said in the Goodyear press release:


text:
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
Related to analyser: Logic analyser
analyserThe functional part of a mass spectrometer, in which ions—formed at the source—are differentiated based on their mass-to-charge ratios and detected by the detector.
1. Polarizing device used to determine the plane of vibration of a beam of polarized light. Examples: Nicol prism, polaroid sheet, tourmaline crystal.
2. In a polariscope, the second of the two polarizing elements, the first being the polarizer. See polarized light.


Koi Knives - Aussies playing with Japanese Steel
Petty Knives Australia
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Petty Knives Australia
Petty knives refer to small Japanese utility knives that are used for delicate or intricate work in the kitchen such as peeling or cutting small vegetables, herbs and fruits.
The Petty knife is the Japanese take on the western paring knife. It is also treated as a Japanese utility knife. In Japanese, the Petty knife is simply transliterated as 'Petti Naifu' in a nod to its Western provenance. It is a highly versatile knife that you can put into multiple uses in the kitchen. The Petty knife is generally larger than the western paring knife but it is smaller than the Japanese chef's knife, gyuto, and the western chef's knife.
It is a very convenient utility knife to have in your kitchen. They are small knives with lengths typically varying from 80mm to 180mm. The most common lengths for Petty knives are usually in the range of 120-150mm. As a multi-purpose utility knife, you can put the Petti Naifu into a number of uses. It can be used on vegetables, herbs, fish, chicken, and fruits. Here is a rundown of some of the most common questions that users typically ask about the Petty knife.
What is the Petty Knife?
The Petty Knife or Petti Naifu is a Japanese utility knife or paring knife for handling small and delicate tasks in the kitchen. It is smaller than the Gyuto and the Western chef's knife. In fact, some chefs treat the Petty knife as a smaller Gyuto knife. The knives derive their 'Petty' name from the French word 'petit' which means 'small' or 'little'.
In the kitchen, you can use this versatile multipurpose knife as an all-rounder to do all kinds of small kitchen tasks such as slicing, peeling, dicing, and mincing. You can also use Petty knives for trimming and peeling various small fruits as well as to cut herbs, vegetables, proteins, and garnishes.
Where does the Petty Knife Fit in Your Kitchen?
The Petty Knife is a utility knife so you can put it into a wide variety of small kitchen tasks thanks to its versatility and compact size. If you are looking for a reliable utility knife or a paring knife, you won't go wrong with the Petty knife.
How long is the Petty Knife?
The sizes of the Petty knives vary widely. The lengths of these Japanese utility knives range from 80mm to 180mm. The most common sizes for Petty knives which are suitable for most users lie in the range 120mm to 150mm and 80mm to 90mm clusters. The length of the blade that you choose will depend on what you want to use the knife for. If you are looking for a Petty knife for use in peeling smaller fruits and vegetables in your hand or doing some fine and intricate tip work on your chopping board, then size of 80 to 90mm would suffice.
If you have smaller hands and find the Gyuto knives unwieldy, you can use a larger Petty knife of sizes ranging from 120mm to 150mm as an alternative to the gyuto knife, an all-rounder for cutting everything from fish to boneless meat, vegetables, herbs, and fruits. The 120mm to 150mm Petty knives will also come in handy if you have a smaller workspace in your kitchen.
What is the typical spine width of the Petty Knife?
Like the other Japanese chef's knives, petty knives have thicker spines that taper off towards the edge. Typical spine widths can be 1.5mm which will taper off midway to the tip and is finally thinnest at the tip. Small spine thickness is particularly important in Petty knives as a thicker spine will feel dull when you are using this utility knife in tasks such as peeling fruits since more metal has to be pulled through the fruit being cut or peeled when the spine is thicker. You would want a slim spine width of at most 1.3mm or less to get the most efficient cuts with your Petty knife.
What is the blade profile of the Petty Knife like
The Petty knife shares a similar blade profile to the Gyuto chef's knife. It is no wonder that it is often regarded as a smaller version of the gyuto. The heel is taller and flatter and there is a slight curve towards the front edge of the blade that leads to the knife's pointed tip. The flatter heel of the Petty knife will suit different kinds of chopping styles including thrust-cutting. Their slight belly leading to the blade's tip can be used for fine rock-cutting actions. You can also make delicate cuts with the Petty knife's pointed tip.
What is the Petty Knife Best Suited for/What Does it Cut?
Like other utility knives, Petty knives are better suited for doing the smaller tasks in the kitchen like slicing or dicing your fruits and vegetables as well as herbs. You can also use them to do some light butchery work or to make the delicate and precision cuts.
The particular use-case will depend on the length of the Petty knife. The cluster of shorter Petty knives have lengths ranging from 80mm to 90mm and are perfect for peeling or paring your fruits and vegetables in hand. These shorter utility knives are also suited for off-board cutting as well as for making the fine and precise cuts on your chopping board like slicing herbs, garnishes, or brunoise cuts.
The larger cluster of Petty knives lies in the size range of 120mm to 150mm. It is in these slightly longer blade lengths where these knives are most versatile. Some professional chefs and home cooks regard these Japanese Knives as a miniature Gyuto chef's knives. Like the gyuto knives, the larger knives are multi-use knives that you can apply on different kinds of produce. They come in handy in tasks like filleting small fish, trimming meat, or to cut and dice fruits and vegetables. Petty knives can also be used for light butchery work. You will need Petty knives in a kitchen where there is little space and the knife's small and compact size will take up little space on your board and still provide you with a versatile knife that you can use on a variety of tasks.
What is the Petty Knife Not Suited For?
These are obviously small and delicate knives and are not suited for heavy-duty work in the kitchen. For that, you will need bigger kitchen knives.
What is the Petty Knife's Core Strengths?
The Petty knife is a versatile kitchen workhorse that is preferred by many line cooks working in professional kitchens due to its versatility and its small compact size.
Who Should Use the Petty Knife/Who Does this Knife Match/Does it Suit You?
Petty knives can be used by professional chefs looking for versatile utility knives or paring knives that are compact, sharp, and relatively lightweight. Petty knives take very little space and are generally used by line cooks and chefs in professional kitchens who leverage their versatility to perform various kitchen tasks.
Petty knives will work best for chefs and home cooks who: -
 - Have limited workspace
 - Need a smaller utility knife or paring knife which they can promptly use where the Western chef's knife or a gyuto knife would be unwieldy.
 - Have smaller hands and want a smaller and lightweight alternative to gyuto knives.
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text:
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. See. pettichaps.
- n. Any of several species of small European songbirds of the subfamily Sylviinae, including the willow warbler, the chiff-chaff, and the golden warbler (Sylvia hortensis).
GNU Webster's 1913
- n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small European singing birds of the subfamily
Sylviinæ, as the willow warbler, the chiff-chaff, and the golden warbler (Sylvia hortensis).
"a score of miles to pick off half a dozen pettychaps, or fig-peckers; wonderful expeditions, whence they returned with their bags empty, or with a mere bat, which they had managed to bring down while discharging their guns at the outskirts of the town."
These user-created lists contain the word 'pettychaps'.
Looking for tweets for pettychaps.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Metabacterium polyspora
Metabacterium polyspora is a gastrointestinal (GI) symbiont of the guinea pig [1]. These large bacteria (12 to 35 µm long) have the uncommon ability to produce as many as nine, phase-bright endospores per mother cell. Phylogenetic studies based on small subunit rRNA sequence comparisons have shown that M. polyspora is a low G+C Gram-positive bacterium and one of the closest known relatives of Epulopiscium spp. [2]. For M. polyspora, sporulation is part of the normal life cycle, and its ability to form multiple endospores is an important means of reproduction.
Metabacterium polyspora with four, large phase-bright endospores
Endospore development in M. polyspora is coordinated with passage of the bacterium through the gastrointestinal tract of its host [3]. Only mature endospores survive passage through the mouth and stomach of the guinea pig. The spores then germinate in the small intestine. For a brief period in the life cycle of M. polyspora, just after spore germination, a cell may undergo binary fission. Although some cells do divide, many cells in a population appear to bypass this opportunity to reproduce by binary fission and instead immediately begin to form endospores. From the small intestine, M. polyspora pass into the cecum. The guinea pig cecum is a large blind sac at the junction between small and large intestine. The cecum is an important organ in the guinea pig digestive system. It harbors a variety of microorganisms that assist in the breakdown of food. In the cecum, M. polyspora endospores develop further. Eventually M. polyspora cells pass out of the cecum, through the colon and out of the guinea pig.
cecum contents
Guinea pig cecum contents. This sample contains many M. polyspora cells at various stages of development.
Like many herbivores that eat high roughage diets, guinea pigs are coprophagous. Recycling feces allows the guinea pig a second chance at extracting nutrients from its feed. It also provides M. polyspora a means of reentering in the GI tract. As a dormant and resilient endospore, M. polyspora can survive the harsh world outside the guinea pig and survive passage through the upper GI tract. Most endospore-forming bacteria produce a single endospore. Simple modifications of the core sporulation program allow for the formation of more than one endospore per mother cell in M. polyspora [3]. At the start of sporulation, M. polyspora divides at both poles. Both forespores are engulfed by the mother cell and gain the capacity to undergo division. Through the combination of bipolar division and division of engulfed forespores, M. polyspora produces multiple forespores, which grow and mature into multiple phase-bright endospores. These spores share characteristics with other endospores including a mineralized core containing dipicolinic acid, a cortex and thick coat.
Meta-life cycle
The life cycle of M. polyspora. Binary fission occurs infrequently. Instead, multiple endospores are formed by division at both cell poles, followed by fission of engulfed forespores.
The M. polyspora life cycle provides a novel paradigm for the role of endospore formation in the life of a bacterium. For most endospore-forming bacteria sporulation is a developmental program, called upon in times of stress, which allows the cell to become dormant and preserve its genetic material. For M. polyspora, sporulation is an important means of reproduction, which may help reinforce the symbiotic association of M. polyspora with its host.
 1. E. Chatton and C. Pérard. Schizophytes du caecum du cobaye. II Metabacterium polyspora n. g., n. s. Compendes Rendus Hebdomadaires Societe de Biologie (Paris). (1913) vol. 74, pp. _PHONE_.
 2. E. R. Angert, A. E. Brooks and N. R. Pace. Phylogenetic analysis of Metabacterium polyspora: clues to the evolutionary origin of daughter cell production in Epulopiscium species, the largest bacteria. Journal of Bacteriology (1996) vol. 178, pp. _PHONE_.
 3. E. R. Angert and R. M. Losick. Propagation by sporulation in the guinea pig symbiont Metabacterium polyspora. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA (1998) vol. 95, pp. 10218-10223.


BR setting is tuned from 320 kbit/s down to 80 kbit/s.
CBR (constant bitrate) settings[edit]
CBR: constant bitrate mode. CBR encoding is not efficient. Whereas VBR and ABR modes can supply more bits to complex music passages and save bits on simpler ones, CBR encodes every frame at the same bitrate.
CBR is only recommended for usage in streaming situations where the upper bitrate must be strictly enforced. There is still some variability in bitrate behind the scenes, through LAME's use of the bit reservoir feature of the MP3 format, but it is much less flexible than actual VBR.
Usage: -b where (bitrate in kbit/s) must be chosen from the following values: 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256, or 320.
Example: -b 192
Important: CBR setting is tuned from 320 kbit/s down to 80 kbit/s.
 - The rule of thumb when considering encoding options: at a given bitrate, VBR is higher quality than ABR, which is higher quality than CBR (VBR > ABR > CBR in terms of quality). However, ABX tests demonstrate that as bitrate increases, the perceptual differences diminish, with all modes generally reaching transparency well before their maximum settings; when you can't tell the difference, the modes are qualitatively the same.
 - All modes and settings mentioned in this topic belong to the specifications of the MP3 standard, and the resulting MP3s should be playable by every MP3 decoder that conforms with the standard. If your decoder or device does not play MP3s produced by LAME, blame the manufacturer or developer, not LAME.
 - Prior to LAME 3.98, the --vbr-new switch enabled the new VBR mode. This is now the default VBR mode, with the old mode being available via --vbr-old. In terms of quality, the new mode appears to be better than the old, but reports of artifacts when using the new mode do exist. Despite these possible issues, the new mode is currently recommended due to both the speed and quality increases afforded by the new algorithm.
Technical information[edit]
Recommended settings details[edit]
Technical details of the recommended settings
Switch Preset Target Kbps Typical Kbps[3] Y Switch Lowpass[4] Resample
-b 320 --preset insane 320 320 Y[5]
-V 0 --preset extreme ~240 220–260
-V 1 ~220 190–250 19383 Hz – 19916 Hz
-V 2 --preset standard ~190 170–210 18671 Hz – 19205 Hz
-V 3 ~170 150–195 Y 17960 Hz – 18494 Hz
-V 4 --preset medium ~160 140–185 Y 17249 Hz – 17782 Hz
-V 5 ~130 120–150 Y 16538 Hz – 17071 Hz
-V 6 ~120 100–130 Y 15115 Hz – 15648 Hz
-V 7 ~100 80–120 Y 14581 Hz – 14968 Hz 32000 Hz
-V 8 ~80 70–105 Y 12516 Hz – 12903 Hz 32000 Hz
-V 9 ~70 45–85 Y 9336 Hz – 9602 Hz 24000 Hz
The default lowpass settings were not chosen at random; for general use, they are as high as they can be without putting quality at risk. Raising the the cutoff via command-line options is not recommended. See the high-frequency content in MP3s article for more info.
Fraunhofer decoder incompatibility[edit]
Differing interpretations of an unclear portion of the MP3 spec led to a Windows-specific version of the Fraunhofer IIS MP3 decoder being unable to properly play certain MP3s created with certain versions of LAME.
In order to demonstrate the problem, the problematic MP3 must have been created with LAME 3.97 or earlier, and must contain a frame with certain parameters and a very large amount of data, such as a 320-kbps frame which makes heavy use of the bit reservoir. The decoder must be the DirectShow filter version 1.5.0 or lower, as used by Windows Media Player on versions of Windows prior to Windows Vista. An August 2010 security update for Windows XP and Server 2003 upgraded this filter to version 1.6.0, which can play the problematic MP3s. Windows Vista shipped with the older version but Windows Media Player uses a different filter, and later versions of Windows don't have the old filter at all.
A workaround was implemented in LAME 3.98.0 beta 1 through LAME 3.98.2, and in LAME 3.99 alpha 1, whereby 320-kbps frames were limited in how much of the bit reservoir they could use. This resulted in wasted space when the bit reservoir would grow beyond the limit. In LAME 3.98.3 and beyond, and in LAME 3.99 alpha 2 and beyond, the method was changed such that the bit reservoir can't grow beyond the limit.
Related discussion threads:
VBR header and LAME tag[edit]
LAME supports the de facto standard of adding an extra frame of silence to the beginning of MP3 files. This "VBR header" or "Info tag" provides a home for precise info about the audio duration and a table of seek points. It is mainly for the benefit of players working with VBR files. Decoders usually treat the frame as informational, rather than playing the audio.
LAME uses the Xing format for this header, and extends it by embedding a 20-byte "LAME tag" with additional info:
 - a short version string (9 ASCII bytes; see LAME version string)
 - audio and info tag CRCs (since LAME 3.90)
 - separate delay & padding values for gapless playback (since LAME 3.90)
 - various encoder settings (since LAME 3.90, expanded in 3.94 to include presets)
Prior to LAME 3.94, the VBR header was only written in VBR files. Since 3.94, it is written to CBR files, too, with "Info" instead of "XING" at the beginning.
Details are in this wiki's MP3 article and LAME version string article, and in LAME developer Gabriel Bouvigne's MP3 Info Tag documentation.
Hey! What happened to "--alt-preset"?[edit]
The revolutionary --alt-preset system was introduced in LAME 3.90. It was replaced by the --preset flags in later versions.
Starting with version 3.94, the -Vx quality system was introduced, allowing finer control over the desired quality level and bitrate. The --preset switches were made into aliases to the corresponding -V flags for the sake of backward compatibility. There is no difference between the output you get if you use -V2 or --alt-preset standard.
Recent LAME versions feature more streamlined command-line options, and it's recommended to stick to one of the values described in the text or shown in the table above.
For example, the following command-line options will all produce the same output:
 - --alt-preset insane
 - --preset insane
 - -b 320
 - --preset 320
 - --preset cbr 320
See also[edit]
Notes and references[edit]
 1. dist10 is the rudimentary "demonstration" MP3 encoder described in the MPEG-2 standard, ISO/IEC 13818.
 2. Prior to version 3.99, CBR and VBR modes were encoded differently by LAME. In some unusual problem samples, these differences were sometimes audible, even at very high bitrates. Current versions of LAME encode CBR and VBR with the same psychoacoustic model, so such differences shouldn't arise from normal use.
 3. Typical bitrates are mostly based on the results of testing with LAME 3.98.2.
 4. This range is the transition band of the lowpass filter. Signal components are at full intensity at the lower frequency. Higher frequencies are attenuated on a slope which reaches zero at (and beyond) the high end of the given range. Further info can be found in the HA forum.
 5. CBR mode uses -Y in effect; see the LAME Y switch article.
External links[edit]


text:
Tool Estimates Streamflow
NEW CUMBERLAND, Pa. -- Water resource managers can now estimate daily baseline streamflows in a matter of minutes for any location along Pennsylvania's waterways.The Baseline Streamflow Estimator, called "BaSE," provides users with estimated daily mean streamflow, minimally altered by human activities, for locations on Pennsylvania streams that don't have streamgages. Pennsylvania is one of the first states in the nation to have such a tool.
"BaSE provides water-resource managers with nearly 50 years of daily mean streamflow for ungaged sites in a matter of minutes that they can use for their projects. These daily values can then be used to generate a number of streamflow statistics that may be needed for decision making," said Marla Stuckey, USGS hydrologist and project lead in Pennsylvania.
Water-resource managers use daily mean streamflow to evaluate withdrawal, allocation, and wastewater permit applications and to assess the health of the Commonwealth's streams. Historically, it has been difficult, costly, and time intensive to estimate daily mean streamflow for stream locations that were not gaged, or monitored. Now, BaSE allows users to estimate daily mean streamflow values and daily hydrographs by entering a few basic basin characteristics in an easy-to-use tool. The output is a summary spreadsheet, containing information about the location of interest, including daily mean streamflow for every day from 1960 to 2008.
BaSE relies on a methodology that uses flow-duration curves, which illustrate the percentage of time, or probability, that a flow value in a stream will equal or exceed a particular value. Flow-duration curves are generated for reference streamgage locations with monitored streamflow and the curves are transferred to ungaged locations to estimate daily mean streamflow.
BaSE chooses the most appropriate reference streamgage for the ungaged location and applies newly developed regression equations to convert the transferred flow duration curve to streamflow at the ungaged location.
A USGS Scientific Investigations Report describing BaSE can be found online.
Source: US Geological Survey


CS378: Autonomous Multiagent Systems -- Fall 2003: Programming Assignment 2
Programming Assignment 2 for Autonomous Multiagent Systems (cs378)
This assignments assumes the knowledge gained from assignment 1.
For the first assignment, you used the "rcssclient" to allow you to communicate with the simulator by hand. You will now alter a similar client to perform some tasks automatically. In this assignment, you will implement some simple soccer-playing agents. All parts of this assignment can be done with purely reactive behaviors. If you create an agent that is non-reactive in some way, please note it in your email to us.
This assignment (and all for this course) is about creating agents. It's not about programming. If you have programming questions/problems, etc. (e.g. "How do I generate a random number in C?) ask the class list early and often.
Score a goal
The code you will be modifying is in /projects/cs378.pstone/sampleclient.
Copy over the files in the sampleclient directory.
Compile by typing "make".
Run by typing "./client" (after starting the server)
You will see the same behavior as last week: agent sensations will be sent to standard input and you can type player commands into the shell.
Looking into the code (client.c), you will see that it uses select() to read from multiple input streams: one for receiving input from the server, and one for receiving input from the shell.
Your task is to alter the code so that the player does the following without any input from the shell:
 - Connect to the server with version 9.0 protocol.
 - Immediately after connecting, it should move to a random place on its side of the field "(move x y)" where -52.5 < x < 0, -34 < y < 34.
 - It should find the ball, go the the ball, find the opponent's goal, "(g r)" for the left team or "(g l)" for the right team, and kick the ball towards that goal. The player should decide what to do based only on its latest sight. It should send at most one command after every sight it receives.
 - Hints:
 - The player should send "(init (version 9.0))" at startup. The version is important.
 - The response from the server to the "(init)" command tells which side the player is on: (init [l/r]...) where "l" means left side, "r" means right side.
 - Search for the statement that starts printf( "recv. Rather than printing out the sensation, parse it to find the distance and angle to the ball and/or the relevant goal (if they're in the player's view).
 - The format of visual information of sensation is:
 (see ObjName Distance Direction DistChng DirChng BodyDir HeadDir)
 where ObjName =
 (b) for the ball
 (g r) for right goal
 (g l) for left goal
 (p "teamname" "uniform number") for player
 For more information on the format of the sensation, look at page 26 to 34 of the manual.
 - Decide on a single action (kick/dash/turn) with appropriate parameters and send them to the server using the "send" (or "send_message") command as is done in the current routine that accepts keyboard input.
 - Beware of altering the socket protocol in the client. The protocol implemented by the sampleclient is as follows: the init message is sent to the server on port 6000. The server replies on a different port, and all subsequent messages are to be sent to that port.
 - By default, a player is not allowed to kick the ball twice in a row on a kick_off. You ccan get around this by starting the game with a drop ball. Or, you can turn off this rule in the simulator for this part of the assignment. To do so, copy over /projects/cs378.pstone/rcsoccersim-9.3.7/install/bin/.rcssserver-server.conf into your home directory:
 % cp /projects/cs378.pstone/rcsoccersim-9.3.7/install/bin/.rcssserver-server.conf ~/
 and change the line
 free_kick_faults : on
 free_kick_faults : off
 - What to turn in:
 - A logfile of your player scoring 2 goals. After the first goal, left-click somewhere on the field to create a "drop-ball" so that the player can go score again. Name the logfile "[yourlogin]-score.log"
 - 1 on 1
 Run the same code, but this time start 2 players: 1 on each team. Turn in a logfile that runs at least until one player scores or 1000 cycles (whichever comes first). If the players get stuck, you can create drop-balls.
 What to turn in:
 A logfile called [yourlogin]-1on1.log
 - You may need to make the player back up or go back to a point after getting the ball so that they don't keep running into each other.
 - You may find it helpful to turn off the offsides rule in the simulator for this part of the assignment. To do so, change the use_offside line in your lcoal copy of.rcssserver-server.conf (as described above): change the line
 use_offside: on
 use_offside: off
 - What to turn in:
 - A logfile called [yourlogin]-pass.log
 - Commented source code called [yourlogin]-pass.c.
 - When you're done with all parts of the assignment, send us an email to that effect with a brief description of your approaches.
 [Back to Department Homepage]
 Page maintained by Peter Stone
 Questions? Send me mail


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- Offering investors "a ground floor chance to share profits in the largest steel structure ever erected...the greatest amusement enterprise in the whole world...the best real estate venture,"
- The ad explained that it would cost $1,500,000 to erect. The public was urged to invest on the expectations that it would pay 100 % interest annually.
- There was a cornerstone laying ceremony on May 26, 1906. It was complete with speeches, band concerts and fireworks. There was a rush of investors at the Glove Tower Company office built next to the first socle. But by the end of the 1906 season, when the foundations were still incomplete, investors became anxious.
- Another ceremony was held on February 17, 1907. A band was on hand when they put the first piece of steel in position. The company claimed they were driving 800 concrete foundation piles, each 30 feet long and five feet in circumference. They promised that half of the eleven floor structure would be open to the public on May 15th and the remainder would be fully operational the following year.
- For Samuel Friede a structure in the shape of a globe or sphere that was subdivided into floors, was simply a source of immense square footage that needed a tiny point of contact with earth to support it.
- The tower's blueprints showed a gigantic steel planet that had collided onto a replica of the Eiffel Tower. As a whole it was 700 feet high, three times as high as the Flatiron Building.
- The Globe Tower would be the largest building in the world with enormous elevators to carry visitors to its eleven completely different floors. It would be an agglomeration of Steeplechase, Dreamland and Luna Park, all contained in a single interior volume.
- Leasing a small corner of the Steeplechase property on Surf Avenue to erect this colossal structure. The structure would be supported by eight enormous socles (pedestals) whose foundations would be 35 feet deep. Underground was planned as a multi-level interchange of various modes of transport: a combination parking garage, subway and railroad station with a branch heading out towards sea to connect with the boat pier.
Construction Information (Very important information)
- The Globe would be divided into eleven floors, beginning 150 feet above the ground and spaced at intervals of fifty feet. The lowest or first level would feature a Pedestal Roof Garden with a popular priced restaurant, continuous vaudeville theater, roller skating rink, bowling alley, slot machines, etc.
- At the 250 foot level there would be an Aerial Hippodrome seating 5000 people. It would feature four large circus rings and four immense animal cages; each ring representing a different continent. Performances would be continuous and a miniature railroad would circle the arena's perimeter.
- The Globe's Main Hall would be located at the 300 foot level. Here would be the largest ballroom in the world and a moving restaurant enclosed in glass. A revolving strip twenty-five feet wide would carry tables, kitchens and patrons around the outer edge of the Tower to give the effect of eating in an airborne dining car. Diners would have a moving panoramic view of Coney Island, the countryside and Greater New York.
- Friede, who envisioned continuous 24 hour use of his Globe Tower by its 50,000 temporary residents, planned a hotel floor at the sphere's equator. Rooms would be small but luxuriously equipped and padded with sound proofing for undisturbed sleep.
- Fried's floor layout implicitly used social stratification. The facilities were increasing refined and elegant the higher one would ascend. The level above at 350 feet would feature an Aerial Palm Garden, a more expensive restaurant with tables scattered in a palm garden with cascades of running water each screened from each other by shrubbery. It was to be arranged on the Italian Garden plan.
- The Observatory platform was at the 500 foot level. At the highest platform in New York visitors could use coin operated telescopes to see more than 50 miles. There would also be a souvenir stand and various small concessions.
- Near the tower's top at the 600 feet level would be the United States Weather Observation Bureau and Wireless Telegraph Station. It would be equipped with modern weather recording devices. And at the very top would be the largest revolving searchlight in the world. The tower itself, lit by thousands of electric lights, would resemble a gigantic tower of fire.


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Java and Sumatra
The first Mennonites to enter Asia permanently were representatives of the Dutch Mennonite Mission Board which established work in East Java in 1851 which has developed into a Chinese Mennonite church and a Javanese Mennonite church, later independent of the mission board. The Mennonite Central Committee began a relief work in this area in 1948, which is still continuing. In 1869 missionaries of the Dutch Mennonite Mission Board also established a work on Sumatra, which had to be abandoned after World War I because of lack of support. The 1950 Mennonite membership in Java was about 10,000.
The next Mennonite mission work in Asia was that established in India in _PHONE_ by the Mennonites of North America: (a) by the Mennonite Church (MC) in the Central Provinces in 1899, (b) by the General Conference Mennonite Church in the same area but 150 miles (240 km) farther south a year later, _PHONE_, (c) by the Mennonite Brethren Church in 1899 in the far south in Hyderabad, the first two being preceded by relief work by each group in the great famine of _PHONE_. All three of these missions developed into large and vigorous enterprises, with well-established indigenous churches with a total membership in 1950 of almost 20,000. The Mennonite (MC) mission established a daughter mission in 1940 in Bihar, some 600 miles (1000 km) to the north of the original mission in the Central Provinces. The Mennonite Brethren in Christ Church had earlier entered India in 1924 in Bihar. The Mennonite Central Committee carried on relief work in India in _PHONE_, chiefly in the great famine of 1946 in the region near Calcutta. An inter-mission relief agency, called the Mennonite Committee for Relief in India, called forth by this effort, was still in existence in 1955.
China had been entered by several American Mennonite mission boards during the first half of the 20th century, but by 1951 all work had been suspended and all missionaries recalled as a result of the intolerable conditions and pressure imposed by the Communist government established in 1949. H. C. Barthel (Krimmer Mennonite Brethren (KMB) Church) arrived in China in 1901 and founded in 1904 an independent organization, the China Mennonite Missionary Society, which carried on an extensive work in Shantung. H. J. Brown started work independently in Hopei province in 1909 which was taken over by the General Conference Mennonite Mission Board officially in 1914. The Mennonite Brethren Mission Board in 1919 took over the work in Fukien province which had been established by F. J. Wiens in 1911. The KMB Conference established a work in Mongolia in 1924. The Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities entered China after World War II in 1948. The total membership of all the Mennonite churches in China in 1950 was probably less than 10,000.
Mennonites did not enter Japan until after World War II. Then in rapid succession the Mennonite Church (MC), 1949, the General Conference Mennonite Church, 1950, and the Mennonite Brethren Church in 1950 entered. The first Japanese Mennonites (12) were baptized in the Mennonite Church mission in Hokkaido in 1951.
Meanwhile Mennonites from the older colonies in European Russia began to migrate to Asiatic Russia. The first group settled in Turkestan 150 miles (250 km) northeast of Tashkent in _PHONE_, establishing a colony which lasted at least until 1930. The total number never exceeded 1,500 souls. The migration into what is known as Siberia began in 1899 and resulted in the establishment of large and prosperous colonies in the region of Omsk and Slavgorod-Barnaul before World War I. After World War I in 1926 a small colony was established in the Far East on the Amur River border of Manchuria near Blagoveshchensk. Increasing pressure led to the liquidation of most of this colony by flight into Manchuria (Harbin) in 1930, from which ultimately (_PHONE_) all emigrated either to California (Reedley) or to Paraguay, with a few reaching Brazil. A smaller number fled from western Russia across the Siberian border into "Sinkiang province, finally reaching Shanghai and emigrating to California in 1949. One family of the Sinkiang group crossed the Himalayas into India, joining the Mennonite Brethren mission there. The western Siberian Mennonite colonies still exist in modified form, having apparently suffered the least of any of the Mennonite settlements in Russia.
Mennonite Relief Work in Asia.
The Mennonite Central Committee entered the Far East with its relief work first in India (_PHONE_), then China (_PHONE_) with the Hong Kong relief unit operating until 1952, then the Philippines (1946-50), Japan (1948- ), Java (1949- ), and Taiwan (1950- ). Far Eastern Headquarters were established at Hong Kong in 1950. The peak number of workers in Asia was in 1949 with an average of 65.
Mennonite Membership in Asia
The maximum total baptized Mennonite membership in Asia, including both mission churches and Russian Mennonite settlements in 1925 was an estimated 60,000 distributed as fellows: Java and Sumatra 10,000, India 20,000, China 10,000, Turkestan and Siberia 20,000. In 1950 the number was probably less than 45,000 because of heavy losses in China and Asiatic Russia. The maximum number of Mennonite missionaries in Asia was reached about 1935 with nearly 150 persons, all but six North Americans. In 2006 the total population in Asia and the Pacific was 240,000 as listed in the table below.
Mennonite World Conference 2006 figures
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, and Waterloo, Ontario, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, pp. 176-177. All rights reserved. For information on ordering the encyclopedia visit the Herald Press website.
©_PHONE_ by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.
To cite this page:
MLA style: Bender, Harold S. "Asia (1955)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1955. Web. 24 May 2013. _URL_
APA style: Bender, Harold S. (1955). Asia (1955). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 24 May 2013, from _URL_


Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects
Difference Between Christianity and Judaism
jesusPeople who follow Christianity are called Christians and Judaism are called Jews. There are 14 millions of Jews living in Israel, Europe, USA and 2 billions of Christians are living in the Europe, North and South America, and rapidly growing in Africa.
Christianity is the first largest religious group while Judaism is the 12th largest group in the world. The clergies for Christianity are called priests, ministers, pastors and bishops and the clergy for Judaism is called rabbis.
Christians' house of worships are church, chapel and cathedral and the main day of worship is Sunday. Jews' house of worship is called synagogue and their main worship occurs on Saturdays.
These two major world religions are most similar to each other. Both Christianity and Judaism believe in one God who is holy, just, righteous, forgiving and merciful.
Both religions share Hebrew Scriptures (the Old Testament) as a Word of God, but Christianity also includes the New Testament. They believe in heaven and hell as an eternal dwelling place for the righteous and for the wicked.
The difference between Christianity and Judaism is the Jesus Christ. Christians believes that Jesus Christ fulfilled the Old Testament prophecies and he is the Savior.
jewsAlthough Judaism recognizes Jesus as a good preacher and a prophet of god, it does not accept that Jesus is the Messiah or the Savior.
Christianity believes that the God became a human being in the form of Jesus Christ and sacrificed his life to compensate the price for our sins while Judaism strongly disagrees that Jesus was God and laid his life for the human beings.
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 1. It is not true that "Judaism recognizes Jesus as a good preacher and a prophet of god." Judaism does not recognize any prophets more recent than the Hebrew Bible (the book Christians call the Old Testament). Individual Jews, even individual rabbis, may have favorable or unfavorable opinions of Jesus' teachings, but aside from tacitly rejecting their divine origin, the religion has no official opinion at all of Jesus as a preacher.
 2. It is probably a huge discussion but why does the Lord need to become a human. The logic, the Lord, says it all. So if he is the most powerful and the superpower, why does he need to lower himself to become human???
 A true Lord has what it needs, why become something like a human that can never be perfected?
 1. Difference between Apostle and Disciple | Difference Between
 2. Difference between the Old Testament and New Testament | Difference Between
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Mon January 16, 2012
Missouri History Museum exhibit traces early history of African American community in Kirkwood
An exhibit now on display at the Missouri History Museum takes a look at the early history of the African American community in Kirkwood.
St. Louis Public Radio's Julie Bierach spoke with Curator David Lobbig about the multimedia project that traces the first settlement before the Civil War to suburban development after World War II.
When you and your colleagues came up with the idea for "Kirkwood Roots," what did you envision?
We really wanted to be honest and true to the people in Kirkwood, the African American community in Kirkwood. We wanted to give a feeling and a sense of what peoples' lives were like in that period that we're representing here before Kirkwood was founded in 1853.
Before the Civil War, there were African American communities or settlements within this region. And the period ends in that time of intensive suburbanization after the Second World War. We were looking at that period when there were a lot of people who had a really rural, sometimes agricultural background in living in this area. And they went on, many of them, to live in this community as it suburbanized and know it in an intimate way.
When you walk into the exhibit, the first thing that you're greeted by is this massive screen with historical images. And you hear stories from people sharing their memories of living in Kirkwood. What are some of those stories?
There are stories about how people would rely on one another if they were ill and needed care in the community. Everyone knew one another across boundaries, across lines.
One thing that I think is important to draw out is that this community was brought together in part because of the opportunity that they had with relatively unregulated places to live. It was relatively easy to purchase land and it was relatively cheap compared to the urban area of St. Louis. This was out in the country.
How long did it take for you and your colleagues to compose this exhibit?
This exhibit took about two years to bring about. It really came out of the impetus provided by one of our staff members who is a creative artist in his own right. He has roots in Kirkwood.
We have a very esthetic approach; it's a very artful, creative exhibit. When you come in you don't see labels, you see objects, and you see things put together to help you think about how it might have felt. There are objects from the railroad industry because a lot of people moved to the community as laborers. Kirkwood was started in 1853 in part because of rail lines coming through. Pacific Railroad was chartered there by Mr. Kirkwood. Some of the people who moved to this area were working for the rail lines that were established there. This is an opportunity for people who may not be able to get jobs because of discrimination in the rail industry. So, much of the work was very hard and very difficult and tedious.
When people leave Kirkwood Roots, what do you hope they take away?
I hope they take away an understanding that this is their history too. I happen to be a white person, and this is something that I've come to understand and appreciate that this is our history.
The special pressures that were put on this community to make it come together and be unique and have identity, were also pressures that were negative in that they took away freedoms and possibilities for people. That's something that I think we need to recognize as we go forward, that this is all part of our history together.


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What is the relationship between the main contact and the auxiliary contact?
Auxiliary contacts are used to detect the current state of the main contact, Check whether the main contact is disconnected as consistent as the control instruction, and determine whether the main contact is invalid.
What can relays and contactors do?
1.The relay can be connected and disconnected remotely in the circuit, realize remote switch function.
2.Switching current circuit by on - off can realize multi - circuit mutual cutting function
3.circuit is realized by multi-line mutual cutting function, so as to realize device miniaturization
4.With other components to form an automatic control circuit
5. With other components constitute a real-time detection monitoring security mechanism.
6. With the system to prevent electric shock, fire, equipment damage and other automatic cut off protection.
7. Automatic industrialization
8. The relay is the core component of the control circuit and the core component of the new energy vehicle
Application and range of HVDC relay
Mainly for the new energy industry in the automobile, solar energy, wind energy, charging pile, power storage system, industrial automation, to achieve power protection, automation, movement, remote control, measurement and communication.
discharging lines in new energy vehicles, Combined with safety mechanisms to prevent equipment failure or short circuit, fire, etc., automatic detection and isolation of fault lines, prevent further expansion of the scope of damaged equipment, save maintenance costs, prevent leakage protection, and effectively improve the battery life, on and off control of air conditioning, steering, braking, air pump, motor, etc. is the core component of new energy vehicles
disconnect the charging pile, automatically detect and protect, and prevent improper operations such as overcharging, electric shock and leakage
power generation application in the real-time detection system, auxiliary solar panel detection system, aging, damage, short circuit panels for isolation, to reduce the impact of efficiency, the system remotely controls the panel for maintenance, preventing electric shock and leakage, saving maintenance costs and expanding the scope of damage, thus improving the life of the power board
leakage detection system is constructed to prevent the impact of surge on battery life, prevent overcharging, overdischarge and other protection.


text:
Objectives: Despite decreasing mortality rates in acute lung injury, studies of long-term physical function in acute lung injury survivors have consistently reported poorer quality of life persisting years into recovery for reasons that are not completely understood. We sought to determine if pulmonary dysfunction is independently associated with functional impairment among acute lung injury survivors and to determine if high-resolution computed tomography could be used to predict its development.
Design: Secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial in acute lung injury.
Setting: ICUs at three academic medical centers.
Patients: Patients diagnosed with acute lung injury who had high-resolution computed tomography scans performed at 14 and/or 180 days after diagnosis.
Measurements and main results: An objective radiologic scoring system was used to quantify patterns present on chest high-resolution computed tomography obtained at 14 and 180 days in patients with acute lung injury. These scores were correlated in univariable and multivariable analyses with pulmonary function testing and quality of life survey data obtained at 180 days. Eighty-nine patients had evaluable data at day 14, and 47 at 180 days. At 180 days, increased radiologic scores for reticulation were associated with a decreased total lung capacity, forced vital capacity, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (p values all < 0.002). Decrements in quality of life attributable to pulmonary dysfunction were most strongly associated with higher radiologic scores. Additionally, radiologic scores at 14 days independently predicted poorer quality of life at 180 days, accounting for age, severity of illness, pneumonia as the acute lung injury risk factor, and length of time on mechanical ventilation.
Conclusions: Among survivors of acute lung injury, increasing chest high-resolution computed tomography involvement correlated with restrictive physiology and poorer health-related quality of life, implicating pulmonary dysfunction as a potential contributor to activity limitation in these patients.


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Mirror Learning Activity
Mirror for each group member
Play activities are not only a time for children to laugh and interact but also a time for children to learn.
Children of all ages and abilities should have the opportunity to learn and play with colours, texture and sounds.
This activity teaches the child about reflections and how their body moves. It also builds their confidence with their own appearance and body parts.
Sit your group in front of a mirror, if you have large mirrors get two members to share and lay the mirror against a wall for support.
As they sit in front of the mirror or hold their hand mirror ask each member who he or she can see in the mirror. Explain to them that what they see is a reflection of them.
Talk to them about time when they may use a mirror, like in the bathroom for brushing their hair.
Using everyday activities, get them to imitate what they may do in the mirror, let them pretend to brush their teeth or get dressed and other everyday activities.
You can extend the activity by playing games such as Simon Says and have them touch parts of their faces.
By Shellie Wilson. Shellie is the chief creative editor for Craftbits.


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Snapchat. One of those revolutionary apps that made an undeniable impact on the way social media apps work. Firstly introduced as iOS exclusive, later take a significant role within Android, too. And suddenly, it started declining to levels that make it almost unusable. Android users report Snapchat crashes, stutters, and overall poor performance. If you are among them, we have a few things to try and mitigate these issues, if not outright solve them.
Table of contents:
How to resolve Snapchat stutters and crashes on Android
If your Snapchat lags, stutters, or crashes on Android, make sure to clear data from the app, reinstall Snapchat, or roll back to an older version via an APK.
It goes without saying that you should be connected to a stable Wi-Fi network or mobile data network. Learn more below.
1. Clear apps cache and data
Let's start with the acknowledged route. Cache and data are there for a reason. Data is, obviously, everything you or the app itself stores on the internal storage. Cache, on the other hand, is there to speed the app's loading time and it contains temporary files. Both are important and both, sadly, can sometimes cause issues.
Follow the instructions below to clear both Data and Cache from the Snapchat app:
- Tap Settings.
- Open Apps or Application Manager.
- Open All apps.
- Tap Snapchat.
- Open Storage.
- Clear Cache and Data.
- Restart your device.
After that, you might need to sign in again with your credentials. If nothing changed and Snapchat still crashes, move through the additional steps.
2. Reinstall the Snapchat app
Even though the Android platform is much more homogenous nowadays, system update or structural changes within the system can affect the behavior of certain apps. And if an app is in a state in which is Snapchat currently, nothing should surprise you. Reinstallation is one way to address this.
Here's how to reinstall Snapchat on Android:
- Tap and hold the Snapchat app in the App drawer or on the Home screen.
- Drag it to the top and Uninstall it.
- Restart your device.
- Open Play Store.
- Search for Snapchat.
- Install the app.
3. Download older APK version
If the current, or even the latest few versions were causing issues, you can always downgrade by downloading the older, well-performing version. This procedure isn't as simple as roaming through Play Store, but it might help you overcome the current issues you're facing.
Here's what you need to do:
- Navigate to APKMirror, here, and download an older (but recent) APK version of Snapchat. Beta versions are also an option but we suggest avoiding them due to the aforementioned stability issues.
- Uninstall the Snapchat app.
- Allow app installation from external sources.
- Install APK, sign in, and look for improvements.
Don't forget to tell us in the comments section below. Thanks for reading and have a good day.
Editor's note: This article was originally published in August 2017. We made sure to revamp it for freshness and accuracy.


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No modern masonry chimney, reinforced and strapped to the house as required by code, has failed that we know of in recent American Earthquakes.
Tall and unreinforced
In the Northridge and Loma Prieta quakes in California and the Nisqually quake in Washington many old chimneys - even tall chimneys - did not fail. Even near the epicenter, many old and un-reinforced chimneys were not damaged.
The chimneys that did fail were, by in large, already in poor condition and in need of ordinary maintenance. Chimneys that served fireplaces and not furnaces generally faired better. Many of the chimneys that failed were lined with small metal flues indicating that a gas furnace had been vented into the chimney, and that probably the chimney had been damaged by acid flue gas condensation before the lining was installed. Chimneys that were poorly built to begin with or that were not maintained were the ones that failed.
Again, we found no modern masonry chimney built to code that failed in any of the three earthquakes.
Excerpts pertaining to masonry chimneys from a 1994 article by Richard E. Klingner, "Performance of Masonry Structures"
The Nisqually Quake And Masonry chimneys a report prepared by Jim Buckley for FEMA
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Back to Training Program for Masons Index
Buckley Rumford Fireplace Home Page
Copyright 1995 - 2011 Jim Buckley
All rights reserved.


text:
Identification and occurrence of Australian Armillaria species, including A. pallidula sp.nov. and comparative studies between them and non-Australian tropical and Indian Armillaria.
Interfertility studies with single-basidiospore isolates showed that the Australian species A. luteobubalina, A. novae-zelandiae, A. fumosa, A. hinnulea and A. pallidula sp.nov. are biological species. Single-basidiospore isolates of A. novae-zelandiae from Australia and New Zealand were interfertile, confirming the occurrence of this species in both countries. The occurrence of A. novae-zelandiae, A. fumosa and A. hinnulea in New South Wales and Queensland and A. luteobubalina in South Australia, New South Wales and Queensland is documented. The host range of the latter species has been extended. A. pallidula is described from a plantation of Pinus caribaea on a former subtropical eucalypt forest site in Queensland. The affinities between it, other Australian species, the tropical species A. fuscipes, A. fellea, A. mellea var. camerunensis and a number of Indian species of Armillaria are considered. Detailed descriptions of the micromorphological features of A. fuscipes and A. fellea are given.


Taking the benefits of DAFNE to the UK and beyond
to type 1 diabetes. That caught their attention. Berger was describing was a treatment programme that improved diabetes control in real terms. In contrast to the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT ), then still running, this was a programme that delivered lower average blood glucose concentrations and HbA1c and reduced the risk of severe hypoglycaemia. The DCCT seemed to show that this was not possible: the lower the HbA1c, the lower the risk of vascular complications but with a much higher risk of hypoglycaemia. Just over a year later, teams from King's College Hospital London, Sheffield University and North Tyneside Hospital, all in the UK, visited Dusseldorf, Germany, to find out what Professor Berger's team was doing.


Brief Summary
Read full entry
The Asian coral snakes (Elapidae: Calliophis and Maticora), many of which are rare and poorly known, are small to medium-sized elapids ranging from tropical to subtropical areas of eastern Asia. Formerly, Calliophis included the following 12 species: C. beddomei, C. bibroni, C. calligaster, C. gracilis, C. hatori, C. japonicus, C. kelloggi, C. macclellandi, C. maculiceps, C. melanurus, C. nigrescens, and C. sauteri. Maticora included two species, M. bivirgata and M. intestinalis.
Based on their phylogenetic analyses, however, Slowinski et al. (2001) concluded that Calliophis was a paraphyletic assemblage due to the exclusion of both Maticora and the New World coral snakes.. They synonymized Maticora with Calliophis and included in Calliophis eight species which are collectively distributed through India and southeast Asia exclusive of the Philippines: C. beddomei, C. bibroni, C. gracilis, C. maculiceps, C. melanurus, C. nigrescens, C. intestinalis, and C. bivirgata. These are small, secretive fossorial snakes that are rarely encountered and poorly known. Collectively, these species are found from the Western Ghats in India east through the remainder of South Asia into Southeast Asia as far as Sumatra and north southern China and Taiwan into the Ryukyu Islands of southern Japan (Cox 2000). All these Asian coral snakes are believed to share a more recent common ancestor with Calliophis gracilis than with Hemibungarus calligaster or any of the northern tropical/subtropical Asian coral snakes.They established a new genus, Sinomicrurus, that includes species of Asian coral snakes sharing a more recent common ancestor with Sinomicrurus macclellandi than with the New World coral snakes. The five species included in the genus Sinomicrurus, which occurs in India, Burma, Laos, China, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Japan, are S. hatori, S. japonicus, S. kelloggi, S. macclellandi, and S. sauteri.
Slowinski et al. note that their phylogenetic results have important implications with respect to the historical biogeography of coral snakes. If the Asian coral snakes are paraphyletic with respect to the New World coral snakes, this implies that the distribution of the ancestor of Sinomicrurus and New World coral snakes was Asian. The ancestor of the New World coral snakes likely reached the Americas via the Bering Land Bridge. (a path that has been proposed as well for the ancestors of the New World natricine and colubrine snakes)
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India's UID Program Uses Fingerprints and Iris Scans
Identity Checks
by Elaine Schwartz • Jan 19, 2012 • 526 Views
Opening a savings account? You need to confirm your identity. Enrolling for Social Security or Medicare? They check your credentials.
But what if you cannot prove who you are?
Signing up for India's Unique Identity (UID) program has enabled many millions of Indian citizens to pass an identity check for the first time. Described by the Economist, from the top down, the program is building a biometric data base. From the bottom up, so far, it has empowered more than 110 million people. Rising by 20 million a month, the numbers represent people getting eye and finger scans in municipalities across the country.
With the scan, you can prove that you are you.
As a result, people can engage in financial transactions that previously had been impossible. Welfare payments can no longer be stolen with fake IDs. Cash can be placed into bank accounts. People can save and write checks and get credit. They can apply for jobs more efficiently.
However, in addition to identity, aren't we talking about economic growth?
Maybe, we can even say that the Indian program resembles the onset of Social Security during the 1930s. Yes, the U.S. program was a social safety net. But also, didn't we secure a fundamental source of proving our identity?
The Economic Lesson
The Indian UID has been successful because of the appropriate incentives. Employees of the private firm implementing the program are given sign-up quotas and then receive their pay when UID numbers are issued. So, instead of an inefficient massive government bureaucracy stumbling, as the program's agents, the private sector is achieving success.
An Economic Question: How do people in the U.S. prove their identity?
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5 Essential Signs You Have an Infected Wound
hand with bandage
An injury as small as a papercut can become a serious health problem if not treated properly.
Everybody experiences a cut like this or a wound at some point (if not often) in their lives. So, everyone should know the signs of an infected wound, in case things don't heal as they're supposed to, to keep things from getting worse.
Keep reading to find out more about wounds and the 5 biggest signs of an infection.
Before You Assess an Infected Wound, Ask Yourself This
How did you get the wound and how did you treat it immediately?
Cuts, medically known as lacerations, happen from objects breaking the skin. They can be shallow or deep.
If you get a wound from rusty metal, seek medical attention rather than waiting for things to get worse. The same thing goes for if you get a wound with stuff stuck in it that you can't get out.
Both of these things are common causes of infection, so it's important to seek help when you need it.
As far as minor wounds go, following basic care and first aid rules should help you steer clear of infection. This means cleaning your cut with iodine, antiseptic ointment, or rubbing alcohol (not with soap) and then covering it with a clean bandage.
If the wound is big and bleeds a lot, again, seek urgent medical attention.
Even if you take proper care, infection is still possible. Here are 5 common signs of a wound that isn't doing so well.
1. Persistent Redness
It's normal for a wound to be red for a little while after it happens.
It's not normal for it to continue to be red or for the redness to spread.
2. Abnormal Pus
Sorry that we have to talk about this not-so-lovely detail, but it's important.
Pus, or liquor puris, is a protein-rich fluid that's really just a buildup of white blood cells. Pus is how your body fights infection — so it's totally normal to see pus coming from your wound.
However, it should be clear or yellowish. It shouldn't be green, smelly, or cloudy.
If it is, this may be an indication that bacteria has infected your wound.
3. Swelling
Again, it may be normal for your wound to have swelling around it when it happens, especially if the injury happened with force.
If swelling continues, it may be a sign that things aren't healing up properly.
4. Heat
The redness and swelling around your wound may also bring about some heat.
You would feel the heat without having to touch it with your fingers, but if you brought your hand near the cut, you would feel it that way, too.
Our bodies often use heat to fight off bacteria and viruses. This is what happens when we get a fever and when we get heat around our wounds.
5. Pain
If the pain from the wound continues or increases, it may be due to the fact that it's not healing properly because of infection.
These symptoms aren't the only ones that show infection, they are just the most common ones associated with the beginning of an infection. Things can escalate to where you feel malaise, fever, or lose movement in the affected area.
Seek Professional Help
If you think you have an infected wound after reading this, contact us or come into our facility today.
If you don't, you now know the signs of it so you can keep an eye out before things get worse.
Keep reading our blog for more health information.


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pipes, waterspouts (which projected out from an upper part of a building or a roof gutter) preserved stonework by diverting the flow of rainwater away from buildings. They prevented rainwater from running down the walls and affecting the foundations. Gargoyles are decorative waterspouts, being carved stone figures with water spouts through their mouths. The figure was often an elongated animal because the length of the gargoyle determines how far water is thrown from the wall. They were usually carved in the form of a grotesque face, figure or frightening creature with wide-opened mouths to enable the water flow.
By the way, the word "gargoyle" shares a common root with the word "gargle"; which comes from "gargouille", a French word for "throat".
History of gargoyles
Gargoyles can be traced back thousands of years in Egypt, Italy and Greece. Lion-shaped gargoyles were used by the ancient Egyptians and on Greek temples. During the Roman Empire, lead pipes were added to gargoyles to channel water without eroding the stone. And gargoyle water spouts were found at the ruins of Pompeii.
There are gargoyles on medieval (Middle aged) church buildings in Western Europe like the Gothic Notre Dame cathedral in Paris. Most were carved out of limestone or marble between the 10th and 15th centuries during the Romanesque and Gothic styles of architecture and decorative arts. Although once lead drainpipes were introduced in the 16th century there was no longer any practical need for gargoyles, they continued to be used for decorative purposes.
A dragon legend
There is a French legend about St. Romanus delivering the village of Rouen from a monster called Gargouille in about 600 AD. The fierce dragon which had a long, reptilian neck, a slender snout, batlike wings and the ability to breathe fire from its mouth, lived in a cave near the river Seine. The dragon caused much fear and destruction with its fiery breath, spouting water and the devouring of ships and men.
There are multiple versions of the story, but when la Gargouille was burned, its head and neck were so well tempered by the heat of its fiery breath that they would not burn. These were then mounted on the walls of the church (or city wall) to scare off evil spirits and used for protection.
Although this legend may be embellished and have changed over time, it's interesting that dragon stories occur in many cultures, particularly the Chinese and Japanese.
Is there a link between dragon gargoyles and dinosaurs?
Dragons and dinosaurs
The word "dragon" was used 23 times in the King James Bible (KJB), which was published in 1611, about 400 years ago. It seems as though the original translators of the KJB understood that a "dragon" was a real creature, not one that was legendary or mythical. It appears the "dragons" that were understood to be real animals were probably types of dinosaur which are now extinct. The translators of the KJB didn't know about dinosaurs as this word was coined 230 years later in 1841. So the word "dragon" is probably an old word for a type of dinosaur.
Could some of the gargoyle dragons have been carved from the dragons that were known in the 1600s?
Ancient images and dinosaurs
There is also a theory that gargoyles were inspired by early findings of dinosaur fossils such as proceratops. Adrienne Mayor ("The First Fossil Hunters: Paleontology in Greek and Roman Times") saw a similarity between some Greek and Roman images and dinosaurs. To explain this she hypothesised that these were based on fossil bones discovered in these times.
She said that, "The earliest depictions of griffins looked really gnarly and brutish. It looked as if the artist were trying to portray something real rather than mythological. And then … I realized that they looked like modern reconstructions of dinosaurs in a museum".
However, as she believed that all the dinosaurs died out millions of years ago, she failed to consider the possibility that the griffins could be based on seeing the actual creatures, not just the bones. After all, it takes modern scientists considerable research to reconstruct the appearance of an unknown animal from its bones.
As the story of the gargoyles relates to ancient times, some of it has probably been lost from our history. But they remind us of a time when buildings were more decorative and ornate. Some speculate about the symbolism of gargoyles, but I think they show the skill and creativity of the medieval stone masons.
It is interesting to note the image of a dragon on the Ishtar gate in Babylon which was constructed about 575 BC.
Written, February 2015
Andy, our new grandson, arrived recently. Here are a few things that I am reminded of at a time like this.
Just like you and I, Andy is unique. There is no one else on earth (past, present and future) who is exactly like him. He has a unique genome, which is comprised of about 3 billion DNA base pairs in each cell of his body. He grew from a single cell itself.
God designed and created our world so that, over a period of nine months, the genetic information in a single cell can develop into a child that is ready to be born. It takes a lot of design to build a genome; it's amazingly complex.
The Bible says that the development of a baby in the womb is an example of God's power (omnipotence) and skill. King David wrote, "You made all the delicate, inner parts of my body and knit me together in my mother's womb. Thank you for making me so wonderfully complex! Your workmanship is marvelous—how well I know it. You watched me as I was being formed in utter seclusion, as I was woven together in the dark of the womb. You saw me before I was born" (Ps. 139:13-16NLT). And another psalm says of God the Creator, "You made me; you created me" (Ps. 119:73). Of course God knows all about a baby as it's growing in the womb (Jer. 1:5; Gal. 1:15).
I think another example of God's power and skill is life itself. Can anyone explain the origin of life, without referring to God? We see that life always comes from life. Andy's family tree goes back to Adam and Eve. How did Adam and Eve become alive? The Bible says their life came from God (Gen. 2:7, 22). Only God can create life; scientists can't manufacture it, they just use it.
Is Andy perfect?
Although Andy is perfect in the eyes of his parents, in two ways he isn't perfect.
Firstly, just like you and I, Andy's genome contains mutations inherited from his parents. When parents reproduce, they make a copy of their genome and pass this to their child. From time to time, mistakes occur (called "mutations"), and the next generation does not have a perfect copy of the original genome. Each new generation carries all the mutations of previous generations plus their own. So the mutations accumulate from generation to generation. This means that the human genome is degenerating genetically with time due to the accumulation of mutations. In order to minimize the risk of deformed offspring that can result from shared mutations between genetically close parents, marriage is usually prohibited between close relatives. In fact, such limitations needed to be imposed after about 26 copies of the human genome, which was in the times of Moses' children (Lev. 18:6-16; 20:11, 17, Dt. 27:22).
Secondly, just like you and I, Andy has a sinful nature. This means that he will have a natural tendency to misbehave. The Bible says that we are all sinners by nature (Rom. 3:23; Eph. 2:1-3). Even when Andy tries to do the right thing, it will be elusive (Rom. 7:14-20). This attitude affects our mind, will and emotions in particular (Jer. 17:9). But according to Andy's "Beginner's Bible", "Jesus knew that he had to die for the sins of all people. It was part of God's plan. When it was time, Jesus died on the cross for our sins."
Now we can look forward to seeing Andy grow and develop from a baby to a child, to an adolescent, and then to a man, the way God has planned.
Written, February 2015
A pantheistic creation story
"Big History" is a modern origins story that is being developed online for school students and is supported by Bill Gates, one of the world's richest men. The objective is to develop a framework for learning about anything and everything that includes a deeper awareness of our past. It claims to tell a story that our children need to know. But what will they learn?
History of the universe
"Big History" is based on eight "threshold moments" when the universe increased in complexity:
- Origin of the universe billions of years ago as explained by the big bang theory.
- Stars light up from the remnants of the exploding gases.
- New chemical elements form when stars die and create new types of atoms.
- Rocky planets such as the earth and the solar system form around stars.
- Molecules combine to form single celled living organisms that evolve into multi-celled organisms.
- Human beings appear as a consequence of evolutionary processes.
- After the last ice age about


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A lot of people can think that navy beans are unimpressive and ordinary beans but they have many health benefits that are vital for our health such as lower diabetes risk, stimulate growth, reduce cancer risk, promote healthy circulation, optimize digestion, protect your heart and have ability to boost memory and cognition. Navy beans are also known as pea bean and haricot bean. They can be added in salads or soups. The scientific name of navy beans is Phaseolus vulgaris. This is one of the most common beans that are found in America. They are ease for growth and also they have rich nutritive value. They are popular all around the world.
Circulatory system: It is very important to keep our blood flow in normal levels. This means that you will have normal function of your body and also the oxygenation of our organ systems will be normal. We know that the iron is one of the most important elements for the red blood cells. When we get enough amounts of iron in our bodies, then we have decreased chances to have poor circulation, fatigue, bone mineral loss, weakness and anemia. One of the most important components for the synthesis of hemoglobin is the copper which also can be found in the navy beans. This means that you should add navy beans in your diet because it has iron and copper in high amounts.
Growth and repair: Navy beans are rich with protein. We know that the protein content is very important for our bodies because it is building block of all our lives. This means that we can have normal growth of new cells, bones, muscles, blood vessels, tissues and any other part of our bodies. We should consume enough amounts of protein because it can help us to have normal development. Also this element can speed up the healing process and it can help us to repair the damaged areas of our bodies. People who are vegetarians should add navy beans in their diets because as we have said previously it is rich with protein. In one single cup of navy beans there are more than 15 grams of protein.
Antioxidant activity: The most important key cofactor for many antioxidant enzymes is the manganese. This element can help you to stop the spreading process of the free radicals in your body. This can help you to lower the risk of chronic illness and cancer. Also these beans have copper which can stimulate the joint mobility, blood flow and overall flexibility because it can reduce the oxidative stress in the mentioned areas.
Digestive issues: Navy beans are rich with fiber. This is the key factor to have normal gastrointestinal health. This element can bulk up the stool and also it can prevent the symptoms of diarrhea and constipation. Also when you add fiber in your diet you will have normal bowel movement because this component is stimulating the peristaltic motion. When you have normal fiber diet, then this can clean your intestines and also this element can prevent you from gastric ulcers and colon cancer which are serious gastrointestinal issues.
Heart health: Navy beans are rich with a folate and magnesium which can keep your heart protected and strong. The hymocysteine is a dangerous precursor to heart disease and when we add navy beans in our diets, then the folate content can decrease the levels of hymocysteine. Also these beans have magnesium as their component which has the same function as the potassium. This element reduces the stress and tension in your blood vessels which can lower the blood pressure and lessen exertion. Also this can help you to have decreased chances for getting strokes and heart attacks.
Memory and cognition: Navy beans are rich with a folate. This is one of the most important elements for preventing anemia and neural tube defects. Also this element can help your nervous system to function properly. When you have decreased levels of folate in your body, then this leads to increased levels of homocysteine. Then, this can lead to Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Also navy beans have B vitamins which can improve your memory and cognition.


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Translation mistakes – English vs Bulgarian
One of the most common mistakes we see when proofreading bilingual annual reports (Bulgarian/English) is that the periods and commas are placed incorrectly as delimiters in numbers and figures.
When writing figures, Bulgarian speakers sometimes forget that the symbols used are different in Bulgarian and English. In both Bulgarian and in US/UK English, commas, and points are used; they are, however, placed differently in the two languages.
Please note that there are different conventions when it comes to writing numbers, both in Bulgarian, and in the different versions of English. For the sake of clarity, we have boiled this complex topic down to the following rules for Bulgarian and US/UK English when it comes to writing figures, e.g. in multilingual financial reports:
- A symbol for the "decimal separator"
- in Bulgarian: „EUR 999,50" or „EUR 6,5 million";
- in English: "EUR 999.50" or "EUR 6.5 million".
Notice how in UK/US English a decimal point, and not a comma, is placed as a separator before the cents (the fractional part of the decimal number).
- A symbol for the "thousands separator"
- in Bulgarian: „US-$ 200 000,50";
- in English: "US-$ 200,000.50".
So, have it in mind! 😊


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Your Calling as a Teacher
SKU 9780827244146
By Karen B. Tye
To many, teaching is an awesome and daunting task. Being asked to help shape and form children, youth, and adults in their Christian identity can be intimidating, and many teachers wonder if they are up to the challenge. Like people of faith of old, they can certainly think of all the excuses why they can't do it: I'm too young (Jeremiah), I'm not good enough (Isaiah), I can't stand up in front of a group and talk (Moses), I've got too many other things to do (Martha).
This book is written to help you answer the "now what?" when you've offered to become a teacher. It is designed to help you see and understand your teaching as a calling, a ministry, and not just a job you are doing for the church. Further, it seeks to reflect with you on what it means to be a teacher and perhaps dispel some of the myths and misperceptions people have about teachers and teaching. Next, it provides information regarding some of the knowledge, skills, and tools that can help teachers faithfully carry out their ministry. And finally, it seeks to celebrate those in our churches who are called to teach.


Cassette Tape
There are 32 games documented on PixelatedArcade supporting Cassette Tape for TRS-80.
(View for All Systems)
Cassette Tape is part of the category Media.
Beginning in the 1970's, many home computers allowed the use of a cassette tape for storing and loading data. They offered an economical way of storing large (for the time) programs or data. Users would need to manually start and stop the cassette player while the computer read the data. In some cases, games that were released on cassette included versions for two or more different systems on a single cassette; in this case users would need to forward or rewind the cassette to a certain point first in order for the computer to load the correct version of the program. By the early 80's use of cassette tapes began to decline as 5.25" disks became more affordable.
Click on a picture below to view a larger version.
Atari 410 Program Recorder
Cassette player and recorder for the Atari 400 and Atari 800 computers
Texas Instruments Program Recorder
Cassette player and recorder for the TI-99/4 and TI-99/4A computers.
Commodore C2N Cassette Unit
Cassette player and recorder for Commodore PET, VIC-20, C64, and C128 computers.


in its class value:
players = soup.find_all('tr', attrs={'class':re.compile('row player-10-')})
Now that we have all the HTML elements that contain the players' data on this page, we want to extract the stats from each player's row, and then concatenate it to the end of the final_df DataFrame.
In order to accomplish this, we will loop through every player's element and extract the tags by using list comprehensions and Beautiful Soup's.get_text() method, much like we did with the table header.
Then, we will create a temporary DataFrame, temp_df, that stores an individual player's stats with the same column names that we extracted from the table header. We can concatenate temp_df to the end of final_df with pd.concat(), merging each successive player's stats with the stats we have already collected.
Now we have all the player's stats on this page, but we're not quite finished. Each page on the ESPN site only lists 50 players, but there were 331 batters in the league during the 2018 season. In order to collect data on all 331 players, we need to scrape data from all 7 of the URLs that contain player data.
We notice a pattern in the URL address: if we just change the last number after /start/, our table will begin with at that rank and list the next 50 players by batting average.
Therefore, we can recreate all the URLs we want to visit with a for loop that iterates through a range function from 1 to 331 in increments of 50 and plugs it into the base URL address. We will then repeat the scraping of player data on each of the URLs in this for loop and concatenate them to the end our final_df.
We now have the batting statistics for all 331 MLB players in our DataFrame final_df! For our final step, let's export this DataFrame to a.csv file for us to analyze in preparation for our fantasy baseball draft.
Like we did with the baseball player's stats on ESPN, you can go forth and collect information on websites for your own analysis using Python's Beautiful Soup. You have the tools to navigate the messy source code used to create web pages and extract the information of interest to you.
Web scraping will certainly save you time and energy when you want to collect data on multiple websites with a similar structure, or if you pull data on the same webpage on a daily cadence. Now, instead of visiting all of these webpages individually or visiting the same webpage each day, all you have to do is run your Python script written with Beautiful Soup.
To learn more about what you can do with Beautiful Soup, the best place to begin is Codecademy's "Web Scraping with Beautiful Soup" course. Codecademy's lesson can expand your Beautiful Soup expertise by reviewing how to navigate the HTML structure with the.parent,.children properties or select HTML elements based on their CSS selectors.
If you're feeling overwhelmed or rusty navigating the source code of the webpages you're trying to scrape, we recommend that you brush up on your HTML knowledge. Then, you'll be scraping in no time.
Get more practice, more projects, and more guidance.
Web Scraping MLB Stats with Python and Beautiful Soup
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- Roath Law
Iowa Grants Voting Rights To Convicted Felons
Iowa's Governor Kim Reynolds recently signed an executive order granting voting rights to convicted felons. The state previously barred anyone with a felony conviction from voting unless they appealed directly to the governor. Barring felons from voting is a major hurdle to criminal justice reform because legislators are less likely to enact laws favorable to people who have been convicted of crimes in the past if those people can't vote. This has implications in hiring and employees' rights, housing, and any other aspect of life that is regulated by state government. Montana's constitution contains a provision restoring all civil rights to those convicted of crimes once the sentence is served. So long as there are no federal laws in place removing those rights, once your sentence is served, your rights are restored. The only people in Montana who cannot vote are those who are incarcerated on election day. Article II, Section 28 of the Montana Constitution states that "laws for the punishment of crime shall be founded on the principles of prevention, reformation, public safety, and restitution for victims. Full rights are restored by termination of state supervision for any offense against the state." Governor Acts To Restore Voting Rights To Iowans With Felony Convictions August 5, 202012:54 PM ET Heard on All Things ConsideredKATARINA SOSTARIC


text: Over the last few years, there has been a dramatic increase in the use of new and innovative approaches for managing risks posed by chemicals. OECD countries have found that traditional "command and control" techniques are not always the most effective or efficient ways to control risk. One approach that has been of particular interest is the use of "non-regulatory initiatives". In order to increase awareness of the range of approaches that can be used and identify factors that can contribute to or inhibit the success of these approaches, the United States hosted an OECD workshop from 10-12 September 1996 on these techniques [ OCDE/GD(97)97]. The workshop concluded that non-regulatory approaches offer valuable opportunities for managing risks and should be pursued by OECD Member countries and within OECD.