by Rachel Theron
Use this technique to easily crop a circle within an image using Photoshop.
Step 1: Add your image to photoshop and double-click on the "background" layer so it becomes a normal layer.
Step 2: Select the Elliptical Marquee Tool. The default setting is for the Rectangular Marquee so click and hold down until the window appears allowing you to make the appropriate selection.
Step 3: Drag your mouse and create a circle on image. Want it to be the perfect circle? The hold down "shift" while dragging the marquee tool.
Step 4: Now you will need to inverse the layer. Go to your toolbar and choose "Select" and then "Inverse." A dashed box will now appear around the rest of the image.
Step 5: Hit "delete" and the rest of the image will disappear except for the circular area you selected. Important: be sure to save file as a "PNG" so the image will have no background (saving as a JPEG, for example, preserves the background and it will display as a white or gray area). You may also need to crop away excess space on image. You can accomplish that by selecting the Rectangular Marquee and using it to frame your image. You then go to the tool bar and select "Image" and then "Crop."
We hope you found this blog useful! Every month we will post a new Photoshop tip. Do you have a Photoshop question you'd like us to answer in our next blog? Let us know in the comment section!


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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the composition of B horizon equilibrium soil solutions from selected Maine forest soils. The B horizon was chosen for evaluation because it (1) best expressed the weathering processes active in the soil, (2) occupied the greatest volume of the solum, (3) had the most complex chemistry of the major horizons, and (4) provided the major corridor in forested ecosystems for subsurface flow and chemical alteration of ground waters.
Life Sciences and Agriculture Experiment Station
soil chemistry, forest soils
Fernandez, I.J., and R.A. Struchtemeyer. 1982. The composition of soil solutions from forest soil B horizons. Life Sciences and Agriculture Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 105.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
How Did Japanese Women Peace Activists Interact with European Women
as They Negotiated between Nationalism and Transnational Peace Activism
to Promote Peace, _PHONE_?
Before the 1920's, Japanese feminism lagged behind similar movements in the West. Gendered policies implemented by the Meiji government and public attitudes that supported those policies impeded women from developing a strong women's rights movement. However, interwar women's social activism promoted by contact with western feminists catalyzed the development of the women's rights movement in Japan. This project focuses on the interwar women's peace movement in Japan that emerged as a product of the contradictory influences of contact with the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom and of Japanese nationalism and militarism. It argues that Japanese women created a unique women's movement by negotiating the tensions between nationalism and transnationalism.
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Basic definitions
Dewpoint temperature
The temperature to which the gas must be cooled in order that it should be saturated with water vapour (i.e. 100% relative humidity).
For practical reasons it is referred to water above 0 °C (+32 °F) and ice below 0 °C (+32 °F).
Dewpoint is expressed in degrees Celsius (°C) or degrees Farenheit (°F).
Water vapour pressure
The pressure exerted by the water vapour contained in any mixture of gases. The total pressure exerted by the gas mixture is the sum of the pressures exerted by its components – including the water vapour. Water vapour pressure varies in direct proportion to the total gas. Expressed in units of pressure such as pascals (Pa), millibar (mbar) or millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
Saturation water vapour pressure
The maximum pressure of water vapour that can exist in a gas at a given temperature. Expressed in units of pressure as partial water vapour pressure.
Parts per million by volume
The ratio of the water vapour pressure to the total gas pressure, expressed as ppm(v) or vpm.
Parts per million by weight
The figure is modified according to the ratio of the molecular weight of water vapour to the molecular weight of the carrier gas mixture, expressed as ppm(w).
Absolute humidity
The mass of water vapour in a unit volume of moist gas at a given temperature and pressure. Expressed as grams per cubic metre (g/m³), milligrams per litre (mg/L), milligrams per cubic metre (mg/m³) or pounds of water per million cubic feet of gas (lb/MMSCF).
Relative humidity
The ratio of actual water vapour pressure in the gas to the saturation water vapour pressure at the same temperature.


text:
Hughes H-1 Racer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Hughes H-1 Racer|
|The H-1 Racer at the National Air and Space Museum|
Long-range aircraft [for record attempt]
|First flight||September 13, 1935|
|Primary user||Howard Hughes|
|Preserved at||National Air and Space Museum|
The Hughes H-1 was a racing aircraft built by Hughes Aircraft in 1935. It set a world airspeed record and a transcontinental speed record across the United States. The H-1 Racer was the last aircraft built by a private individual to set the world speed record; every aircraft to hold the honor since has been a military design.
Design and development
During his work on his movie Hell's Angels, Howard Hughes employed Glenn Odekirk to maintain the fleet of over 100 aircraft used in the production. The two men shared a common interest in aviation and hatched a plan to build a record-beating aircraft. The aircraft was given many names, but is commonly known as the H-1. It was the first aircraft model produced by the Hughes Aircraft company. [N 1]
Technical details
Streamlining was a paramount design criterion resulting in "one of the cleanest and most elegant aircraft designs ever built." Many groundbreaking technologies were developed during the construction process, including individually machined flush rivets that left the aluminium skin of the aircraft completely smooth. The H-1 also had retractable landing gear to further increase the speed of the aircraft, including a fully retractable hydraulically actuated tail skid. It was fitted with a Pratt & Whitney R-1535 twin-row 14-cylinder radial engine of 1,535 in³ (25.2 L), which although originally rated at 700 hp (522 kW), was tuned to put out over 1,000 horsepower (750 kW).
Due to two different roles being envisioned for the racing aircraft, a set of short-span wings for air racing and speed records and a set of "long" wings for cross-country racing were prepared.
Operational history
The H-1 first flew in 1935 and promptly broke the world landplane speed record with Hughes at the controls, clocking 352 mph (566 km/h) averaged over four timed passes. Hughes apparently ran the aircraft out of fuel and managed to crash-land without serious damage to either himself or the H-1. As soon as Hughes exited the H-1 when he crashed it in a beet field south of Santa Ana, Calif., his only comment was: "We can fix her, she'll go faster". At the time, the world seaplane speed record was 440 mph (709 km/h), set by a Macchi M.C.72 in October 1934.
Hughes later implemented minor changes to the H-1 Racer to make it more suitable for a transcontinental speed record attempt. The most significant change was the fitting of a new, longer set of wings that gave the aircraft a lighter wing loading. On January 19, 1937, a year and a half after his previous landplane speed record in the H-1, Hughes set a new transcontinental speed record by flying non-stop from Los Angeles to New York City in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds. He smashed his own previous record of 9 hours, 27 minutes by two hours. His average speed over the flight was 322 mph (518 km/h).
Considering the contemporary service aircraft were biplanes, Hughes fully expected the United States Army Air Forces to embrace his aircraft's new design and make the H-1 the basis for a new generation of U.S. fighter aircraft. His efforts to "sell" the design were unsuccessful. In postwar testimony before the Senate, Hughes indicated that resistance to the innovative design was the basis for the USAAF rejection of the H-1: "I tried to sell that airplane to the Army but they turned it down because at that time the Army did not think a cantilever monoplane was proper for a pursuit ship..."
Aviation historians have posited that the H-1 Racer may have inspired later radial engine fighters such as the P-47 Thunderbolt and the Focke-Wulf Fw 190. After the war, Hughes further claimed that "it was quite apparent to everyone that the Japanese Zero fighter had been copied from the Hughes H-1 Racer." He noted both the wing planform, the tail empennage design and the general similarity of the Zero and his racer.[N 2] Jiro Horikoshi, designer of the Mitsubishi Zero strongly refuted the allegation of the Hughes H-1 influencing the design of the Japanese fighter aircraft.
The wings were painted blue. Some sources, including an article from TIME magazine, September 23, 1935 state that the original (short-span) wings were painted red, but the original wings are in storage at the National Air & Space Museum. They are blue and still show the scars from the last forced landing.
Over time, the H-1's wings have been marked with the registration numbers "NR258Y", "NX258Y", and finally, simply "R258Y". Several photos exist of a transitional period in which the "X" was painted directly on top of the "R". Some sources say that the color of the registration letters at the time of the record setting flights was white, with Hughes later repainting the letters to the appropriate yellow color to match the color of his company's logo.
Jim Wright of Cottage Grove, Oregon built a full scale replica of the H-1 that first flew in 2002. So exact was the replica to the original that the FAA granted it serial number 2 of the model. The achievement in recreating the aircraft was heralded in virtually every well-known aviation magazine of the time. On August 4, 2003, after a successful unveiling of the replica at the 2003 AirVenture at Oshkosh, Wisconsin, Wright fatally crashed. On his way home to Oregon, he had landed briefly in Gillette, Wyoming, to refuel. While on the ground, Wright met briefly with local reporters and indicated that the aircraft had been having propeller "gear problems." He then departed, crashing just north of the Old Faithful Geyser in Yellowstone National Park about an hour later. The replica, originally slated for use in the film The Aviator, was completely destroyed, and Wright was killed. [N 3] The official accident report points to a failure of a counterweight on the constant speed propeller. On December 17, 2003, Cottage Grove State Airport was dedicated as Jim Wright Field. Another H-1 replica is currently being built at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.
Specifications (H-1 Racer, original wings)
Data from "Howard Hughes' H-1: The Search for the Fastest Plane in the World".
- Crew: 1
- Length: 27 ft 0 in (8.23 m)
- Wingspan: 31 ft 9 in (9.67 m)
- Height: 8 ft (2.4 m)
- Wing area: 138 ft² (12.8 m²)
- Empty weight: 3,565 lb (1,620 kg)
- Loaded weight: 5,492 lb (2,496 kg)
- Powerplant: 1 × Pratt & Whitney R-1535 radial engine, 700 hp (521 kW)
- Maximum speed: 352 mph (566 km/h)
- Wing loading: 40 lb/ft² (195 kg/m²)
- Power/mass: 0.13 hp/lb (210 W/kg)
- The Smithsonian has used the title: H-1 Racer.
- Note: What Hughes actually asserted was that it was plain from examination of the two that the Zero was substantially a copy. An aside from Bill Utley, the Hughes company publicist, noted that one Al Ludwick had given details of pre-war inspection of the H-1 by Japanese generals at a New Jersey hangar. No actual evidence of copying beyond similarity of design is offered otherwise.
- Witnesses on the ground testify that Mr. Wright turned the aircraft away from park visitors and into a small bluff in an apparent attempt to spare those on the ground.
- Cowin 1999, p. 60.
- Dwiggins 1976, p. 64.
- "The H-1 Racer." National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved: 13 October 2010.
- Marrett 2004, p. 19.
- Marrett 2004, p. 20.
- "Howard R. Hughes, Jr. –The Record Setter." centennialofflight.gov, 2003. Retrieved: July 15, 2010.
- Dwiggens 1976, p. 78.
- Wraga, William. "1934–1941." curtisswright.com, 2000. Retrieved: July 15, 2010.
- "Howard Hughes Aviator". Welcome Home Howard!, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 2008. Retrieved: March 15, 2009.
- Drake 1976, pp. 12–13.
- "Men Against the Sky (1940)." IMDB, 2009. Retrieved: March 15, 2009.
- Hirsch 2005, p. 607.
- "Hughes replica." Wright Tools. Retrieved: July 15, 2010.
- Baker, Mark. "Cottage Grove pilot dies in replica of historic plane." The Register-Guard, 6 August 2003. Retrieved


text: The Anthropocene refers to the planetary scale of anthropogenic influences on the composition and function of Earth ecosystems and life forms. Socio-political and geographic responses frame the uneven topographies of climate change, while efforts to adapt and mitigate its impact extend across social and natural sciences. This review of anthropology's evolving engagement with the Anthropocene contemplates multifarious approaches to research. The emergence of multispecies ethnographic research highlights entanglements of humans with other life forms. New ontological considerations are reflected in Kohn's "Anthropology of Life," ethnographic research that moves beyond an isolated focus on the human to consider other life processes and entities as research participants. Examples of critical engagement discussed include anthropology beyond disciplinary borders, queries writing in the Anthropocene, and anthropology of climate change. We demonstrate the diverse positions of anthropologists within this juncture in relation to our central trope of entanglements threaded through our discussion in this review.


text:
Subject: Nomenclature: Geography
of Israel Puzzle Map
4+ *note-could be offered as sensorial for 2 ½+
(four gospels), Bible maps, handout map; RPC p. 113, SPSA Spring 2007
Liturgical Time: anytime; before Advent
1. Jesus is real; he lived, healed, traveled,
taught, died and rose again in the land of Israel.
2. Jesus was baptized (by John) in the Jordan.
3. Jerusalem is the most important city for the
people of Israel.
1. to name and identify the regions (Galilee,
etc.) and waterways (Jordan, etc.) in the land of Israel and provide a framework for
important events in life of Jesus.
1. control of movement as an aid to prayer.
2. to re-announce the paschal mystery.
3. to prepare for later geography work.
4. to provide a framework for listening to the
5. to know the historical reality of Jesus more
fully and deepen understanding of his ministry on earth.
6. to foster the child's growing sense
of time and place.
7. review names and importance of Nazareth,
Bethlehem & Jerusalem.
Description of Materials:
wooden puzzle with box and lid (the lid is optimal but
puzzle pieces have dowels for easy removal.
a. Mediterranean Sea
b. Sea of Galilee
c. Jordan River
d. Dead Sea
Removable for tracing, painted pieces per control map (muted
control map same size as puzzle (laminated) with the regions
and waterways colored and labeled.
regions colored and labeled.
c. Samaria –green
d. Perea –yellow
e. waterways –
printing on map and flags control identical with printing on
box with flags of regions and waterways.
each flag on stick (toothpick) in clay base, painted buff color,
flag dot, with corresponding dot to waterway.
(Alternatively you can just have labels)
8 ½ x 11 blank maps (same as top map).
crayons or pencils, appropriate colors.
9 x 12 paper or what fits puzzle box for tracing.
Lay out mat. Place LOI Puzzle map on left of mat.
Invite children to gather at Land of Israel map
"You remember we talked about Jesus and where he walked"
"We saw the globe and flags?"
"We have a new way to look at Israel,
the land that Jesus knew, it is a puzzle map."
"What do you recognize?" (water, different colors, different parts of LOI)
"All these colors show us different regions of Israel that have different names."
Naming and Identifying:
"This part – the orange part – is Judea:
the largest and most important region. Here is Bethlehem
(where Jesus was born), Here is Jerusalem (where Jesus died,
Take out piece, place on mat
Point to Galilee,
then give the descriptive words.
"This is Galilee-"An angel appeared to
Point to the Sea
of Galilee-"Jesus fished."
Now remove the Galilee piece and
the Sea of Galilee if it is a separate piece.
"This part is Samaria- "Jesus walked through
Remove the Samaria piece and put it on the mat.
"All along Samaria and Judea is the Jordan River-"empties
into the Dead Sea, which is very salty – this is where Jesus was baptized. The Jordan River."
Remove River and place on mat.
"Across from Judea is Peraea - Jesus taught
and healed in Peraea"
"Over here all of this blue is the Mediterranean Sea – it was a rich resource
for Israel. Mediterranean is huge this is only the part by Israel."
"We can put it back now"
"Judea, Galilee, Samaria
Waterways- "Sea of Galilee, Jordan River, Dead Sea"
"I am going to take them out again and you can put it back together."
2nd period lesson-
"I'll name places you put them in."
"Can you put in big piece, Judea?" ("can you find Judea," (waterways are
easier to identify), "orange one" etc.
"Galilee where Mary lived?"
"Waterways, now Peraea, Samaria,
where Jesus walked"
At a later time
"We are going to look at the puzzle map again.
Now we have flags that we are going to put on the regions of the map."
"This is Judea, the orange region."
Give child flag and have them place
the flags on the map
invite the children to match the
flags to the control map and place them. When they are done, read them to the
child and celebrate their work
possible songsHoly Ground, He's Got the Whole World in His Hands
Children's Work with the Materials:
work with puzzle
make their own map
write in names on map
produce own artwork


text:
Marvel at the sight of Japanese craftsmanship and machinery. Venture into the industry of cars, textiles, food replicas, ceramics, or explore the 'sweetest' factory in Japan! Get down to the nitty-gritty of how cars are made; learn about the involved technology, machinery, and history. Do you fancy the food replicas displayed at restaurants? Wonder no more and find out how such realistic replicas are made and create one with your kids! Gain insider knowledge of how bone ceramics are moulded and get to paint one to commemorate the experience. If you have a sweet tooth, explore the halls of Hokkaido's famously delicious omiyage and make your own Shiroi Koibito cookies! Whatever your family's cup of tea is, a whole lot of fun and learning is on the other side of Japan's industries.
- Learn how Beautiful Ceramics are Made at Noritake Ceramics Industry
- Learn about Agriculture at Yanmar Museum
- Playgrounds for grown-ups and kids Recommended How-to-make-a ….. Tours！
Find out why Japan is known for its intricate and meticulous craftsmanship worldwide. Meet master craftsmen who dedicate their whole lives to perfect their craft and learn from them firsthand. Get your kids busy through a screen-printing workshop where they can craft on tote bags and Japanese traditional towels, popularly known as tenugui, using traditional patterns. Be enchanted by Nagasaki's gorgeous glassworks called vidro and watch how artisans craft it through glassblowing. Pique your curiosity in the different shapes and sizes of Japanese traditional parquetry. These experiences will surely bring out your artistic self and inspire kids' creativity.


scope, and in smaller functions the scope of the local variables is smaller. It's much clearer how and when they are supposed to be used and it's harder to use them in the wrong order or before they are initialized.
Also, functions are containers of logical flow. There's only one way in, the ways out are clearly marked, and if the function is short enough, the internal flows should be obvious. This has the effect of reducing cyclomatic complexity which is a reliable way to reduce the rate of defects.
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text:
First name origin & meaning:
First name variations: Rousse, Rusk, Ruskin, Rush, Russell, Russ, Russel
Last name origins & meanings:
- Swiss German: topographic name for someone who lived by a prominent elm tree, Rust (Old High German ruost), or in northern Germany for someone who lived by a resting place or halt along a route, from Middle Low German ruste 'rest'.
- English (chiefly East Anglia) and Scottish: nickname for someone with red hair or a ruddy complexion, from Old English rūst 'rust' (from a Germanic root meaning 'red').
Comments for Prust


text:
Piccadilly Circus is a busy London intersection and popular meeting place. It lies between the neighborhoods of St. James (south) and Soho (north) in the borough of Westminster. The crossroads was formed in 1819 by the crossing of Piccadilly with Regent Street. The circus lost its circular form in 1886 with the construction of Shaftesbury Avenue. As a traffic hub and neon-lit gathering place, Piccadilly Circus attracts visitors from throughout the world, many of whom sprawl on the steps of its stone island, which is crowned by the 1893 aluminum statue of Eros. The intersection's first electric advertisements appeared in 1910, and from 1923 giant electric billboards were set up on the facade of the London Pavilion (then a theatre). Many of the surrounding buildings were redeveloped to house retail shops in the 1980s. The name Piccadilly arises from a tailor named Robert Baker, who owned a shop on the Strand, in the late 16th century. He amassed a large fortune by making and selling piccadills (also called picadils), that were then in fashion.
POPULAR SIGNS:More signs
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text:
Photograph by Matthieu Paley, Photonica/Getty Images
Photograph by Becky Hale
Fredrik Hiebert, archaeologist and explorer, has traced ancient trade routes overland and across the seas for more than 20 years. Hiebert has led excavations at ancient Silk Road sites across Asia, from Egypt to Mongolia. His excavations at a 4,000-year-old Silk Road city in Turkmenistan made headlines around the world. He also conducts underwater archaeology projects in the Black Sea and in South America's highest lake, Lake Titicaca, in search of submerged settlements.
Hiebert completed his doctoral dissertation at Harvard University in 1992 and held the Robert H. Dyson chair of archaeology at the University of Pennsylvania before joining the National Geographic Society in 2003. He rediscovered the lost Bactrian gold in Afghanistan in 2004 and was the curator of National Geographic's exhibition Afghanistan: Hidden Treasures from the National Museum, Kabul which toured major museums in the United States and internationally.
As National Geographic's archaeology fellow, he extends the enthusiasm for archaeology to the public in lectures, presentations, films, and museum exhibits. Hiebert also holds positions with the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, the Institute for Nautical Archaeology, and Robert Ballard's Institute for Exploration. Among other honors, Hiebert received the Chairman's Award from the National Geographic Committee for Research and Exploration in 1998.
Latest Explorer News
Follow _USER_ on Twitter
Inside National Geographic Magazine
For a country shattered by decades of war, evidence of a glorious past inspires a renewed sense of national pride.
In Their Words
Imagine the tangibility of picking up something that's four thousand years old and thinking: I'm the first person to pick this up for four thousand years. It could be just a piece of pottery, but it's a thrill.
Follow along as Fred Hiebert and his team search for a sunken palace in Kyrgyzstan.
Concealed from invading Soviets, later from the Taliban, and feared lost, a trove of precious antiquities reveals the rich cultures that came together at one of history's great crossroads.
NG Fellow Fred Hiebert describes his excitement on finding an artifact over 800 years old.
Listen to Fredrik Hiebert
Hear an interview with Hiebert on National Geographic Weekend.
00:08:00 Fred Hiebert
Now you can enter the world of Indiana Jones and experience the adventure of field archaeology. Lucasfilm Ltd. and National Geographic have teamed up to bring you "Indiana Jones and the Adventure of Archaeology," an exhibit based on the Indiana Jones franchise. National Geographic Fellow and archaeologist Fred Hiebert joins Boyd in the studio to talk about the traveling exhibit.
Archaeologist and National Geographic Fellow Fredrik Hiebert has searched for human history in some of the world's most remote and romantic places.
Our Explorers in Action
Meet female explorers who have pushed the limits in adventure, science, and more.


text: This paper describes a CMOS hysteretic DC-DC buck converter with a low output ripple voltage and a constant switching frequency for mobile applications. The inherent problems of a large output ripple voltage that the conventional hysteretic DC-DC buck converters has faced have been resolved by using the proposed DC-DC buck converter which employed the delay time control circuit to be able to maintain a constant switching frequency(2MHz) in CCM. The proposed architecture enables the settling response time of charge pump circuit within the converter to become less than 6us suitable for mobile applications. The proposed DC-DC buck converter was implemented by using 0.35um BCDMOS process and die size was 1.37mm x 1.37mm. The measurement results showed that the proposed circuit received the input of 3.7V and generated output of 1.2V with the output ripple voltages less than 20mV under load currents of 100~400mA at the fixed switching frequency of 2MHz. The maximum efficiency of the proposed hysteretic buck converter was measured to be around 93%.


text:
Many of us enjoy spending time being active in our community and working together with others to make our area a better place. Community gardens are a rapidly growing phenomenon that hold benefits for residents from a variety of perspectives including increased access to healthy food and improved community cooperation.
We support this increased interest in community activity and encourage people to take as many of the following steps in their community as possible:
1. Learn to recognize the plants or organisms you see in your community. If you're unsure about a creature or plant you don't recognize you can:
- Take a photo and e-mail us at _EMAIL_
- Call us at _PHONE_ and we can link you with your local Invasive Species Committee
- Use the provincial government's Report-A-Weed service to report a suspected new sighting of an invasive plant species in BC.
- Help discourage invasive plant species from reproducing by cutting (deadheading) flowers, seedpods and berries of invasive plants that you find in your community garden or around your community.
- If you're involved in a community garden, avoid recycling or composting garden debris as this can help continue the spread of invasive species. All seeds and other plant parts (including stems and roots) from invasive plants should be wrapped in garbage bags for disposal at your local landfill.
4. Resources: Take advantage of the wealth of information such as brochures, TIPS sheets, posters and other materials available in our Resources section. If we don't have the information you need, try one of our partner organizations.
Thank you for helping to prevent the spread of invasives in our communities.


text:
I am developing a sensor calibration capability that compares a telescope lunar observation to a physics-based radiometric model. I'd like to find some high quality lunar images to test our solution against a wide range of data. To be useful, I need several key pieces of metadata:
- Raw camera data or close to it
- Spectral band
- Exposure time
- Observer location
- Date and time of the collection
My searches of open-source astronomy sites suggest that the focus of most astronomical observatories is deep space. So the question is, "Where should I look or who should I contact for this sort of data?"


"The European Court recognition of the freedom of boycott is one step forward, we will build on it" - BDS activist Henri Eichholtzer
02-09-2020 11:30
Quds News Network
Last June, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) gave a major blow to the pro-Israeli propaganda, which has for decades associated the Palestinian struggle and international solidarity with Palestine, to antisemitism. The court ruled in favor of twelve French Palestine solidarity activists from the Alsace branch of the FrancePalestine Solidarity Association.
The activists were sued in French courts for charges of antisemitism and incitation to racial hatred, after they performed a public call for the boycott of Israeli products in the French city of Mulhouse, in the Alsace, in 2009. After years of judicial battling in French courts, the ECRH acquitted the twelve activists and recognized the boycott of Israeli products as a legitimate form of freedom of speech. The court decision sets a judicial precedent in Europe, at a time in which the Palestine solidarity movement faces attempts of delegitimization, and at a time in which the occupation state makes all efforts to normalize its relations with the Arab states.
Quds News Network met Henri Eichholtzer, one of the twelve activists acquitted by the ECHR, in an exclusive interview. He spoke of the ECHR ruling and its importance, of the Palestine solidarity movement in France and the challenges it faces, of the pro-Israeli groups' use of antisemitism to repress the solidarity speech, and of the relation between the Palestinian people's struggle and the international solidarity movement. Following is his full dialogue with our correspondent, Qassam Muaddi:
Did you expect, when you were first accused, that your case will bring about a European judicial precedent, establishing the boycott of 'Israel' as freedom of speech? How did it happen?
No, we didn't. It all started in 2009, when about fifteen of us, all belonging to the France-Palestine Solidarity Asociation (AFPS) were holding a peaceful activity in a supermarket in Mulhouse, Eastern France. We placed some Israeli products in a shopping cart and made a public statement about it, demanding the supermarket to remove the products from their shelves because they fund occupation in Palestine. Next thing we knew we had a law-suit against us filed by a pro-Israeli group for antisemitism and incitation to racial discrimination.
First, the court of Mulhouse acquitted us, but then the pro-Israeli group appealed in front of the court of Colmar, and then we were sentenced to a heavy fee. We took it to the last instance of French justice, the court of cassation, which confirmed the sentence against us.
What was your reaction?
It was a shock. A hard blow to us and to the Palestine solidarity movement. It was then that we decided to go to the European Court of Human Rights -ECHR. We were confident of our case, and we were not willing to give up. Eventually, as we expected, the ECHR acquitted us and recognized the boycott of 'Israel' as a form of freedom of expression.
Although your activities focused on the boycott of commercial products, you were sued for racial incitation and antisemitism. What is the connection?
I would like to know that too, we should ask the pro-Israeli groups in France. In fact, these groups usually can't face our message on Palestinian rights, which is why they evoke antisemitism and slander us. Many of these groups make part of the 'CRIF' (The representative council of Jewish institutions in France), whose direction is usually close to the Israeli government policies. In 2009, when our case started, the French minister of interior at the time, Michelle Alliot-Marie, had promised the CRIF in one of its PR dinners to block all anti-Israel boycott speech as a form of antisemitism.
We should note that not all the Jewish community in France has the same attitude. Many Jews supported us during our case and many Jews support the Palestinian cause as well. We also recognize that antisemitism does exist in France, but some politicians deliberately use the accusation to slander the Palestine solidarity movement and delegitimize it.
In 2017 French President Emmanuel Macron declared that anti-Zionism was a form of antisemitism. Before him, former Prime Minister Manuel Valls said that both terms were synonyms. Why do you think that French politicians take this position? And how does it affect the Palestine solidarity movement?
They do it because antisemitism is an easy accusation to make in France. It works very well in silencing people, and many politicians are personally close to pro-Israeli groups, who use the antisemitism card to silence us. These groups are very influential and many of them are connected to the Israeli government.
Our mission is to counter this influence, to clarify facts and explain to both our politicians and our society, that our solidarity of Palestine is a legitimate support of a just cause. It's a difficult task that requires a lot of work and patience, but things are slowly advancing.
Why are they advancing so slowly?
Because there is a big amount of disinformation. People in France get their information from the same places. People from the older generation, like myself, read a specific newspaper that they trust or are used to and watch a TV channel that they prefer. Younger people get their information from the internet, which is more open and diverse, but nevertheless overwhelmed with superficial information and propaganda.
The pro-Israeli groups and 'Israel' itself invests heavily in white-washing its own image. A recent example is the Tour de France bike competitions, that were postponed to the end of this month of August. 'Israel' managed to get an Israeli team in the competitions, promoting it massively. We are currently engaging the organizers and the public, to explain that this is an attempt to present 'Israel' as a normal, liberal state, hiding its true face of occupation and war crimes.
Has there been any evolution in recent years on the level of information about Palestinian reality? How does your case impact such evolution?
Things advance slowly as I said, and again, require a lot of work. But Palestine solidarity is more present than before because the Palestinian cause has proved to be able to unite people from very different backgrounds. You can find far-left activists along-side Catholics and Muslims. Young people from the neighborhoods as well as retired citizens. Palestine as a cause can do that in France because everybody understands the essential values that the Palestinian cause stands for, namely Justice, freedom, and human rights.
As far as our case is concerned, the ruling of the ECHR is very important for freedom of expression. It guarantees our right to communicate, advocate, and inform about Palestine, not only in France but in Europe. At the same time, we have to be humble. Palestine is not on the top-list of public interest in France right now. Our victory in the ECHR had a limited impact on public opinion in France.
All solidarity groups celebrated it, whereas pro-Israeli groups attacked the ECHR, claiming that the ruling of the court will encourage, again, antisemitism. One of their websites called us, the activists acquitted by the court, "Islamo-leftists". They have a strange way of making up names and slanders, but it doesn't affect us. We will build on this victory and continue our work of solidarity for Palestine. The ruling of the ECHR is just one step forward.
How do you think the pro-Israeli lobby will respond to this ruling of the ECHR in favor of you and of the right to boycott 'Israel'?
Normally, they can appeal until September. If they don't, then the ruling becomes definitive. We don't think though that they will appeal because the ruling is very solid. It came after a very long procedure and was pronounced by seven judges unanimously. There is no much of a chance to change the ruling, which is why we believe there will be no appeal.
It is a reality now, that the boycott of 'Israel' and calling to it is recognized as a right and a legitimate form of freedom of speech. This is not only a victory for the Palestine solidarity movement but rather a victory for freedom of speech in general.
What role do Palestinians have in your efforts in France and in the world?
Palestinians have the main role in continuing their resistance. We support their struggle, but it is their struggle. They also have an important role in acknowledging their cause and countering the false image that has been made of them and their cause.
We believe that it is very important to have a direct connection between the solidarity movement internationally and the Palestinian people in Palestine. We, in the French solidarity movement, have a direct connection with communities in Palestine. We make yearly visits to Palestine to strengthen these ties and get as many solidarity people in France to get in touch with Palestinian reality first-hand. We believe this to be very important because it is the Palestinian voice that we should communicate.
What message would you give to the Palestinian people in these moments, when some Arab states are normalizing relations with the occupation state?
We know that some Arab states are abandoning the Palestinian cause, but Palestinians can count on the solidarity of peoples all over the world. In France, we admire the energy and steadfastness of Palestinians. Your resistance and your determination are an inspiration to us. We know too well that the Palestinian people are not defeated or submitted, but rather the contrary, proud and strong people. We will continue to draw inspiration from your resistance and communicate it to the world.
Topics :
Israeli Racism in Quotes
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The Great Debate - self-guided activity
This activity is free and has curriculum links appropriate for KS4 and post-16 pupils.
Pre-visit information and curriculum links PDF (127.4 KB)
Introduce your pupils to the historic debate surrounding Darwin's theory of evolution with this self-guided version of our popular Great Debate workshop for schools.
In small groups, pupils will use exhibits to collect evidence and prepare presentations about the views of key characters in the debate. Pupils can deliver their presentations either in our galleries or back at school.
Please note that the self-guided Great Debate activity is not scheduled for dates when the guided Great Debate workshop is on.
For available dates, please contact the schools booking team on +44 (0)20 7942 5555.
To book, call the schools booking team on +44 (0)20 7942 5555.
A comprehensive information pack will be posted to you prior to your visit along with confirmation of your booking. The booking team will organise for student information and recording sheets to be available for you to pick up on the day of your visit.
Preparation and follow-up
Use the evolution pages below to support classroom learning before and after your Great Debate experience. These pages can also be used independently to reinforce understanding of how natural selection works.
 - What is evolution?
 What is evolution?
 Evolution can loosely be defined as genetic change over time, but there is much more to it than that.
 - What is the evidence?
 What is the evidence?
 Both fossils from long ago and organisms alive today provide evidence for evolution and help us to better understand how the process works.
 - Bust of Charles Darwin at the Museum
 How did evolutionary theory develop?
 Like many new ideas, the theory of evolution was not immediately accepted by everyone when it was proposed. Discover who was for and against the theory and why.


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Stability of toroidicity induced drift waves in divertor tokamaks
The stability of toroidicity induced drift waves in a tokamak equilibrium with magnetic separatrix is studied both analytically and numerically. In particular, the task of a proper determination of the complex ballooning parameter Ú(0) is performed by solving the stationarity condition for the eigenvalue. Results show qualitative dependence on the location of the x-point in the meridian plane. Specifically, locating the x-point in the equatorial plane, both on the outside and on the inside of the plasma, causes a deepening of the well structure in the potential for the eigenmode, so enforcing the inhibition of the shear damping and the marginal stability result obtained in the circular magnetic surfaces case. On the other hand, the location of the x-point at the top of the plasma produces a flattening of the well and restores the shear damping, yielding stabilisation of the mode. A new quasi-marginally stable branch, corresponding to modes localised around the x-point, is shown to exist at high values of the separatrix parameter k and x-point location close to the equatorial plane.
Bibliographic Reference: Report: RT/FUS/88/16 EN (1988)
Availability: Available from Servizio Studi e Documentazione, ENEA, Centro Ricerche Energia Frascati, C.P. 65-00044 Frascati, Roma (IT)
Record Number: 198911010 / Last updated on: 1994-12-01
Original language: en
Available languages: en


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Exploiting the definitions of pattern using methods and concepts in garment and building construction, the goal of this project is to produce a new type of surface that exists somewhere between the rigid modular assembly of the wall and the body-specific garment. A broader definition of architecture is examined, which implies a variety of interactions with our built environment and the ability to challenge our own bodies, as well as how we relate to each other. This is not an attempt to make a surface that can literally be applied to both body and space, but to make a new type of skin that challenges interaction with the surroundings.
Methods in patterning are explored based on two definitions: pattern as a model for reproduction; and twoand three-dimensional patterns as a visual recognition and/or a systematic arrangement through material properties and connections. Pattern-making as a model for reproduction inherently implies a prefabricated and standardized system, within which the ideal of production efficiency can be paired with customization. Systematic arrangement and visual recognition are inherent in typical construction methods because of the repetitive assembly of standardized parts.
Beginning with the cube as both a basic building block and an elemental architectural volume, it is deconstructed; its surface is unfolded and manipulated, creating new patterns for building components. Initially, the patterns are developed in heavy paper and three new modules are formed and assembled in aggregations - both as homogeneous arrays and as complex, heterogeneous fabrics. Based on the material properties and behaviors in paper, the patterns are tested for layout efficiencies, feasibility for production in a variety of materials, connective ability and overall visual impression. Ultimately, these pattern developments result in the fabrication of a self-structured surface from light-gauge aluminum with a variety of speculative applications.
[selected photos: Albert Chao]


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Finite Element Simulation of the Process of Aluminum Alloy Resistance Spot Welding
In this paper, an axis-symmetric finite element analysis (FEA) model for the resistance spot welding (RSW) of aluminum alloys is developed using the FEA software ANSYS. It accounts for the interactions of mechanical, electrical and thermal phenomena. The coupled analysis is accomplished through the cycles of contact analysis and electrical-thermal analysis. In order to perform the coupled mechanical-electrical-thermal analysis, the relationship for contact electrical resistivity as a function of contact pressure and temperature is proposed, and the phase change due to melting is also accounted for. At the same time, temperature-dependent variable material properties are used to the simulation. In addition, the coupled analysis also includes the effect of distortion on the electrical-thermal analysis.


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aquarium with the beauty of Vals. Great choice! Now, let's talk about giving them the perfect space to flourish.
For Your Smaller Vallisneria:
But remember: Even the 'nana' Val variety grows pretty tall! So, ensure your tank has ample space to accommodate their growth.
For Your Taller Vals:
Got your eyes set on the towering species of Vals? These gigantic plants need room to stretch out. Consider going for a 30-gallon tank or even larger. This way, their tall leaves won't crowd the surface too soon, and they'll have plenty of space to grow.
Ideal water conditions
This test kit:
- accurately monitors 5 most vital water parameters levels in freshwater aquariums: pH, high range pH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate
Vals have a knack for adapting, but if you want them to truly thrive, there are specific water parameters you should keep in mind.
- Temperature: Originating from tropical regions, Vals feel most at home with temperatures between 68°F to 82°F (20°C to 28°C). Keep your tank in this range, and you'll keep them happy!
- pH Level: While Vals are fairly forgiving, they do best in slightly acidic to neutral conditions. A pH level between 6.0 and 9.0 is their comfort zone.
- Hardness: Vals aren't picky, but they are more on the hard side. Aim for a general hardness (GH) of 4-18 dGH.
Tip: even though Vals can swing with brackish water, they're champions in the freshwater scene.
This LED Light:
- Provides better heat transfer and is combined with an IP67 waterproof rating.
- Customize the colors of your sunrise and sunset at will!
- Preset 24/7 Mode
- Memory Function
Vals are quite the flexible bunch. They can manage in low-light conditions but truly come alive under moderate lighting to high lighting, especially if you have the Corkscrew variant.
Using full-spectrum aquarium lights ensures your Vals get all the wavelengths they need to flourish. We recommend using the Nicrew Light. But if you want to learn more, check out our guide here.
Caution: Avoid going overboard. Too much light can lead to unwanted algae growth in your aquarium. Aim for a consistent cycle of around 8-12 hours a day.
Vals primarily feed from their roots, but they are not heavily root feeders. Of course, like any planted aquarium plant, they will benefit well from a nutrient-rich substrate.
If you're using gravel or sand, consider adding a layer of rich soil beneath, or supplement with root tabs to boost their nutrition should there be not enough fish and food waste in your aquarium.
Sand substrates, though, while able to create a beautiful aquascape, can slow down the spread of Vallisneria, so plan accordingly!
Fertilizer and CO2 Recommendation
- contains extra nutrient supplements: nitrogen, phosphor, iron, and micronutrients.TIP: use tweezers to place the capsule in the gravel, close to the roots of fast-growing plants.
As I have mentioned, while they certainly won't turn down some extra nutrition, Vals can grow splendidly without heavy fertilizer doses. But by adding balanced liquid fertilizer that is rich in micro and macronutrients, your Vallisneria will have that extra push for luster proliferation.
Especially if your substrate is not nutrient-rich, you may consider using root tabs for a direct feed to their roots.
Tip: Place them at a distance of 4-6 inches away from each other or near the roots of your Val.
Just like fertilizers, Vals can thrive without added CO2, thanks to their hardy nature. However, if you aim for denser, faster growth or if you're cultivating varieties that demand brighter lighting, CO2 supplementation can be beneficial.
Note: Always introduce CO2 gradually. Even the hardy Vals prefer a slow change over a sudden shift in their environment.
How to Plant Vallisneria
- Preparation: First, give your aquarium a quick once-over. Are the conditions just right for your Vals? Check water, lighting, and substrate.
- Unbundle & Inspect: Vals often come bundled together. Gently separate individual plants, inspecting for any dead or damaged leaves and roots. Trim these off to encourage healthy growth.
- Root Trimming (Optional): While not always necessary, trimming the roots slightly can promote new root growth once planted.
- Dig a Hole: Using a pair of planting tweezers or your fingers, dig a small hole in the substrate where you wish to plant the Val.
- Planting: Nestle the Val into the hole, making sure only the roots are snugly buried. But hey, keep the crown above ground to prevent it from rotting – it likes to breathe!
- Secure the Plant: Press the surrounding substrate gently. You want your Vals to feel secure, but not smothered.
- Spacing: If you're planting multiple Vals, make sure to leave some space between each plant. They love their personal dance space as they sway and grow.
- Initial Care: For the first couple of weeks, monitor your newly planted Vals closely. Check for any signs of stress or growth issues. Adjust lighting, CO2, or fertilization as necessary.
Pro Tip: Ready to plant? Gently nestle the roots and crown into the substrate, using fingers or an aquascaping tool. Afterward, give a tiny upward tug to let the crown just peek above. Voilà! Perfect Vals positioning!
Trimming and Pruning
Ah, the joy of watching your Vals flourish and grow!
Sometimes, your Vals reach too high, overshadowing other plants or blocking equipment. When this happens, begin trimming those older leaves that appear yellow or damaged. These are often on the outer part of the plant.
Once you're okay with it, trim your Vals down to the desired length. Don't worry, they can grow back pretty fast!
And not only do they grow pretty fast, but they also love to send off little runners, which can become new plants. If you feel they're overcrowding or not growing where you'd like, feel free to snip them off.
Pro tip: Always trim gradually, avoiding excessive pruning in a single session. This keeps your Vals stress-free and allows them to adjust better to their new look.
- Spot the Runners: Keep an eye out for runners, those thin stems extending from the main plant.
- Identify Daughter Plants: These runners will soon sprout daughter plants, which are mini versions of the mother plant.
- Separate with Care: Once these daughters have roots and leaves, gently pull them away from the runner.
- Plant Them: Secure the daughter plants in the substrate, ensuring the crown sits just above the surface.
Caution: Be mindful! While runners are a sign of a happy Val, they can quickly spread and take over your tank. Keep an eye on their growth and trim back as needed
Vallisneria Tank Mates
Here are some good tank mates:
Proceed with Caution:
- Goldfish – Although the leaves are a no-go for most, be cautious with notorious plant-eaters.
- Silver Dollar
Why Vallisneria is a Must-Have for Beginners
Hardy Nature: Coming from tropical and subtropical regions, Vallisneria adapts well to a variety of conditions.
Low Maintenance: No need for constant trimming or special lighting.
Natural Filters: Not only are they pretty, but Vals also help improve water quality by absorbing excess nutrients.
Oxygen Pros: They boost oxygen levels, making everyone breathe easier.
Easy Propagation: As you advance in your hobby, you'll appreciate how Vals send out runners, gifting you with more plants without any extra effort on your part.
Fish-friendly: Vals create a perfect hideaway for your fishy friends, offering them a sense of security and comfort. Plus, as we've noted, most fish don't find their leaves tasty, so they remain beautifully intact.
Health Issues and Diseases
Yellowing or Browning Leaves
Now, this can be a sign your Vals are feeling a tad deprived. Often, it's a cry for nutrients, especially iron. A splash of fertilizer might just be the thing they need. Remember to keep an eye on those iron levels!
Transparent or Melting Leaves
This can be quite tricky. Often, it's due to sudden shifts in the water or playing too fast and loose with CO2. To keep your Vals from getting the underwater illness, ensure water changes are gradual, and CO2 levels are stable.
If your Vallisneria root feels a bit too soggy, it might lead to rot. This can be due to a suffocated substrate or too little oxygen at the root zone. The remedy? Ensure those crown tops peek just above your soil!
Too much light or some nutrient mischief might be the cause. Consider tweaking the light duration and keep tabs on those nutrient levels.
Remember: When in doubt, observe and adjust! Vals just want a bit of love and the right setting to shine.
So, there you go! Want an easy and cool plant for your aquarium? Vallis is your go-to! They're straightforward, stunning, and low-maintenance. The best yet? No need for a green thumb or a hefty wallet!
If you have stories or tips to share, or you just want to read more about these plants, share those on our Facebook community! Let's grow together!
Now if you want to explore more, these are our newest additions!
- How to Cycle a Pond (2023)
- Easy Aquarium Plants for


Christina McCranieChristina believes in helping others make confident financial decisions during the course of their divorce. She decided to become a CDFA in 2011 after going through her own divorce. She knows through her own experience how overwhelming, emotional, and tedious the divorce process can be and understands the anxiety that surrounds making decisions about one's future. By understanding the tax effect, financial valuation of each asset, and future financial needs, a Certified Divorce Financial Analyst can help clients make decisions with a clear understanding of the short and long-term effects, therefore decreasing anxiety.
Christina majored in accounting and was a CPA prior to raising her four children. She knows firsthand that even though a person may have an understanding of their finances, making financial decisions during an emotional and challenging time is difficult. She wants to help people see a clear picture of their current financial situation, so they can make informed decisions for their future.
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text: The precipitation-radar images show only qualitative information on precipitation.The radar images are based on non-processed raw data. Their quality is limited to non-quantitative information, since radar is only an indirect method of measuring precipitation, based on reflectivity. Quantitative information from radar measurements is obtained by comparing the data with conventional precipitation measurements. However, real-time measurements aren't possible yet. This so-called quasi-calibrated data is neither produced regularly nor updated. For different technical reasons radar information is still incomplete and patchy. The spatial resolution of the precipitation radar image is 4 km x 4 km and the temporal resolution is 15 minutes. Based on the magnitude of radar reflection seven different intensities of precipitation were distinguished.


The main objective of this is to study the sex differences and the validation of clothes attributes by consumers they go shopping. That we intend to duty the consumer buying behavior in a context of fashion with a special highlighting on the differences among male and female consumers and also on the clothes attributes validation. To attain this a survey was and administered across Portugal. The findings confirm the differences between women and men especially in terms of What, Where, When, and How they buy.
The relationship between dressing and the idea of individual expression is complex. It may be perceived in people's daily life through recurrent use of the same clothing colors, brands, fashion tendencies etc. Many use contrasts and colors that express according to their state f mind. Thus, the properties, like design, comfort, individuality, a decisive role on apparel's buying mainly on sex and 1994). behavior, which may vary depending on a set of There is a widespread recognition that consumer buying behavior is the by a diversity of success.
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In this way, the field of consumer buying behavior has been viewpoints and based on an interdisciplinary science. In this context, the understanding of consumer buying behavior could appeals to a set of different areas of knowledge, such as psychological, cultural social psychological, physicphysiological, genetics anthropology. The main objective of this chapter is to study the sex differences in consumer buying behavior a Portuguese population when they go shopping to buy apparel products. To attain this objective a survey was developed and administered across Portugal.
The findings confirm the differences between women and men especially in terms of What, Where, When, and How they social, others. It styles which may influenced by the such as political most diversified It is an ephemeral manner easily changeable of behavior and especially through Fashion is a socio-cultural that, at a given moment, expresses values of society - uses, ND to Livestock (1987), fashion is actually a phenomenon. Of modern also associated to values and socializing ways. Fashion became an object of study in several areas which before were not at all awaked for it.
Areas such as anthropology, sociology and history started using fashion as a way of understanding society (Lancing, 1 In media and in general, fashion also has turned out to be a matter of interest, even being understood in many different ways, since in this environment fashion is associated to glamour, to novelty, to consumption and to the definition of an individual through their appearance 1 These factors are very important to understand what fashion really is, although this goes much further, it is a language which society is related and communicates ones habits, practices and its culture (Capet's, Cello, and 2006).
Fashion contains that go behind the continuous changes of collections, whose explanations are in the context of society, study and reflection. Transformations that have taken place in the social structure and organization throughout time, coming from historical movements, wars, revolutions, technological and artistic to disclose movements which confirms the importance of the human research environment.
In are on the basis of fashion phenomenon and constitute the reason of apparel style changes {Livestock, 1 Clothes are undoubtedly the way of representing fashion concept, these being in the most different of areas, such as music and art, many others too. By definition, can mean change and also much deeper and behind the actual It also provides an illusion, contributing to our well being, feeding our insecurities and our confidence Cones and Mari, According to Thrashes et al. 2008), fashion is temporary and a new fashion starts with the 56 refusal of what is old and, often, through the impatient adoption of what previously as taken as ugly; consequently, it subtly denies its statement that the last fashion is, in a certain way, a definite solution for the appearance problem. However, according to Duncan Anza Tones (2008), fashion is a harmonious whole more or less indissoluble.
It fits to social structure, cultivating separation between classes; it conciliates the conflict between the individualizing impulse of each one of us (need of affirmation as a person) and the socializing one (need of affirmation as a member of a group) ; it expresses ideas and feelings, since it is a language that is translated into artistic arms". Not only are the aesthetic elements important to characterize fashion as it must be placed in the moment and time.
Fashion reflects society and the time of installed is driven by consumption, by the change and by the individualizing desire, in opposition to societies ruled by habits and tradition. According to Bernard (2002), garments claim a position including respectability and outrageousness (sexual appeal), economic and social value (SST©! Tutus), individualistic look, political symbol, religious rituals and pleasure. Women play a better role perceiving garments uncommunicative language, also being more engaged in fashion giving importance to garments and fashion when defining their identity (Baseball et al. 2006). Fashion marketing must answer to severe I questions, such as: 1. What product lines must be created in the different seasons? 2. Which is the market segment? 3. How much product to be produced? 4. At what price? 5. Which needs and preferences of consumers? 6. Which distribution channels must be used to sell the product? 7. How to organize and control sales? In other words, fashion marketing has the main objective to act as a guide for the efferent processes of creation, production, distribution, communication, promotion, centralization, planning and control.
However, since this s©actor is quite dynamic and differentiating, fashion marketing must adapt to each specific fashion market. Fashion marketing starts and ends at the consumer. Thus, according to Arraign (2005), the action must be focused on them, the is is, it is necessary to identify the way how he dresses themselves, the product must be produced according to their needs and expectations, as well as produced in a short period of time, since the fashion yecch is becoming shorter and shorter.
In other words, companies must study: I) the consumer needs; it) the most adequate consumer segment and how approach it; iii) the ideal positioning to reach this segment; 'V) the design level, colors, quality that the target segment requires ; v) the price to establish; v') the channel distribution demands; vi I) the marketing strategies and policies that best us it the market segment. 57 CLAUDIO must have the best answers to this question Consumer buying behavior There are several factors found in literature to Justify the buying behavior of consumers.
Among them, may be highlighted: organization's corporate values (Camera-Iffier et al., 2007), perceived quantity and quality of information (Plasterer and Janssen 2007), cultural and environmental factors (Dean and Dean, 2007), culture, societal communicating factors (Grant and Speeches, 2005), According to Arraign (2005) and Kettle (2003) the main factors influencing the buying behavior of consumers are the following: physiological factors, socio-cultural factors, personal factors, psychological factors, rational factors. For example, the physiological factors relate to physical protection, commodity, among others.
The socio-cultural ones comprise family, friends, work, the social groups with which the consumer identifies himself and that influences the purchasing behavior and the looking for a garment type. Family causes a strong influence on the choice of children garments or, for example, when a wife chooses a gift for her husband. Friends also play a certain influence on a consumer, as he will try to follow the tendencies of his group. A consumer pertaining to a given country, geographical region or a given social class will also end up determining the consumption options.
Consumers coming from efferent cultures have different preferences respecting to some brands and garment products (Change, 2005; Illusions, 2004). The purchase decision is also influenced by personal factors, namely age, consumer's life cycle stage, occupation, economical level, way of life and personality. Concerning age and life cycle stage as a function of marital status, consumers have specific needs. For example, children, as they are in the process of growing up, they need garments suitable to their age and physical development (McNealy and Hey, 1996). Respecting young persons, usually follow their fashion mind leaders.
In respect to the third age, these are less demanding when choosing their clothes, more lasting, most of the times, although this tendency had changed in the last few years and, at the moment, they are being considered as a target market (Capon et al., 2001). Occupation also influences garment purchasing decision, as an executive will choose buying more formal garments, while an unqualified worker will buy more practical ones. The financial capacity is evidently a factor that influences the purchasing process, as the higher it is, the higher the acquisition power and garment consumption.
In other words, demographic factors, age, monthly income, living place, marital status, professional situation all make an individual to choose certain brands or stores, instead of others (Pauline and Stilted, 2003). The way of life is another factor that influences the consumer buying behavior, as a given garment is intended to a given life style. Consumers frequently choose certain kinds of products, services and activities since these are associated to a certain life style. Thus the fashion industry must pay more and more attention to life style tendencies.
Personality is another personal factor that influences archiving, since every consumer has a different personality. Factors such as selfconfidence, domain of himself, good fellowship and autonomy, define the individuals personality and, consequently, different purchasing processes. Concerning choose


Designers of Color in Fashion History :: Patrick Kelly
Designers of Color in Fashion History :: Patrick Kelly
I was astonished to learn that Jay Jaxon was the first American (and by default, African American) haute couturier. He is not widely known, so it stands to reason that this extraordinary fact about him must be little known, too. So, I found myself surprised, again, when reading up on Patrick Kelly. In the late 80's Kelly was the first American and person of color to become a member of the exclusive Chambre Syndicale du Prêt-à-Porter. Though Kelly enjoyed a degree of success and recognition during his lifetime, that has endured after his passing, I imagine that this honor felt like a huge validation of his talent and vision as a designer.
After all, the world he would eventually inhabit was light years away from his humble, but proud, beginnings. In his working class Mississippi home, Kelly was surrounded by female family members with a flair for making-do and mending. He was introduced to embellishing, reworking and otherwise refashioning from a very early age. It was here that his social consciousness was raised, too. According to reports, Kelly noticed the lack of African American women featured in magazines. His grandmother explained that designers did not think of them when making clothes. This, perhaps, provides some reasoning for the imagery he used in his work. Golliwogs previously had no place in haute couture.
Kelly began what would become his life's work, to clothe ALL women, by starting with his junior high classmates whom he designed and sewed dresses for. Later, Kelly attended Jackson State University where he studied art history and African American history. Eventually driven out by the prejudice and racism he experienced, he left his hometown to pursue a career in fashion.
On his own and living in Atlanta, he began to make clothes again. This time, to sell. His work sorting donations at AMVETS (an American veterans' organization, there) gave him access to a wealth of designer clothing. He refashioned the garments and sold them alongside his original designs. This allowed him to work as a window dresser at the Yves Saint Laurent Rive Gauche Boutique for free. The position gave him a crucial in with the fashion industry elite. His volunteerism paid off. Kelly began to draw a salary at the St Laurent boutique and eventually opened his own selling vintage. In addition to this, he taught classes at a modeling school where Pat Cleveland, a notable person of color in fashion's history in her own right, encouraged him to go to New York.
Taking the advice to heart, Kelly studied design at Parsons in New York City before landing in Paris where he really began to make his mark. Calling on his combined influences: skills he learned at the feet of his family, showmanship developed while in school, technical skills honed at Parsons and the hustle he displayed when volunteering at the St Laurent boutique, Patrick sold his designs on the streets of Paris. To much acclaim. This is not an easy thing to do. According to Christian Lacroix, "The French function according to love at first sight. If they fall in love with you, they accept you. And Patrick is very lovable. Everybody loves him." It's as simple as that. Or is it? Patrick was driven. He took risks. He worked hard. His success did not come from nowhere.
Kelly went on to produce unique collections, presented in electrifying (for their time) shows. He remained true to his mission by designing with all women in mind and kept an ear to the street so that his work was reflective of what was in Parisian style. He believed in making affordable clothing, the kind of luxury that women like his mother, aunt and grandmother could have worn in their time. He achieved a level of success that those women, his "full-figured girls", did not think possible. He had clothes in the finest boutiques, magazine spreads in Elle and so many orders and freelance jobs that he hadn't vacationed in years. His creations were worn by princesses (like Diana) actresses (like Jane Seymour) and the singers (like Madonna and Grace Jones). It was the all singing, all dancing Patrick Kelly show.
But that show would not go on. Kelly's full and fabulous life was cut short at age 35(ishhe was secretive about his actual year of birth). Though the original cause of death was attributed to bone marrow disease and a brain tumor, it was later confirmed that Kelly was HIV positive and his death was AIDS related. Unlike the houses of other famous designers, Kelly's folded after his death. One can't help but wonder what led to this. Kelly had a seemingly vast (and influential) circle of friends. Did legal issues play into the demise of his house? Was there a clash of interests that led its standstill? Are there other, notable designers of color whose work died with them?
This article originally appeared at Handmaker's Factory.
There's a lot more information available about Patrick Kelly than there was about Jay Jaxon. Spend a little time getting to know more about him and he'll start feeling like a long lost friend!
11 thoughts on "Designers of Color in Fashion History :: Patrick Kelly
 - You're so welcome!! It is a shame that it didn't continue but I think Sonja (of Ginger Makes) brought up a great point in her comment. His vision was so unique it was hard to continue without him.
 1. This is really interesting, thank you! It's great to read his story, and all the work he had to put in to get where he did. Maybe the lack of a legacy could be related to HIV/Aids, would there still have been a stigma around it in the early 90s in France?
 - You're welcome, Kathryn! Your point is a valid one. His cause of death was initial cause of death was incorrect because they wanted to hide the real cause. This was true of many artists from that era.
 2. Wow, what an interesting guy! He really traveled a unique path to designing his own label. I appreciate that he fought for inclusivity in a world that's definitely not known for that. His house's failure after his death speaks to the fact that his vision and drive were so completely his own that they couldn't be replaced.
 - I think your assessment is the right one. He did have a pretty unique vision. His life experiences so greatly influenced his art, it would be pretty difficult to produce the same kind of work without him.
 I think a similar issue was overcome when Alexander McQueen died. The later work is not like his, though it's still awesome. But, his house had much longer to establish itself and the precedent for takeover had been set by so many others. So maybe that all made a difference?
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Pronunciation: (mō-zā'ik), [key]
n., adj., v., -icked, -ick•ing.
1. a picture or decoration made of small, usually colored pieces of inlaid stone, glass, etc.
2. the process of producing such a picture or decoration.
3. something resembling such a picture or decoration in composition, esp. in being made up of diverse elements: a mosaic of borrowed ideas.
4. Also called aerial mosaic, photomosaic. an assembly of aerial photographs matched in such a way as to show a continuous photographic representation of an area (mosaic map).
5. Archit.(in an architectural plan) a system of patterns for differentiating the areas of a building or the like, sometimes consisting of purely arbitrary patterns used to separate areas according to function but often consisting of plans of flooring, reflected ceiling plans, overhead views of furnishings and equipment, or other items really included in the building or building plan.
6. Also called mosa'ic disease". Plant Pathol.any of several diseases of plants, characterized by mottled green or green and yellow areas on the leaves, caused by certain viruses.
7. Biol.an organism exhibiting mosaicism.
8. Television.a light-sensitive surface in a television camera tube, consisting of a thin mica sheet coated on one side with a large number of small globules of silver and cesium insulated from each other. The image to be televised is focused on this surface and the resulting charges on the globules are scanned by an electron beam.
1. pertaining to, resembling, or used for making a mosaic or mosaic work: a mosaic tile.
2. composed of a combination of diverse elements.
1. to make a mosaic of or from.
2. to decorate with mosaic.
Pronunciation: (mō-zā'ik), [key]
of or pertaining to Moses or the writings, laws, and principles attributed to him: Mosaic ethics. Also,Mo•sa'i•cal.
MOSmosaic glass
See also:
Related Content


Passion Fruit Scrambled Eggs
Typically when making fried eggs you would use butter, however when making scrambled eggs it is more effective to use oil because of the more stable it is when heated. Follow this recipe for some of the best scrambled eggs with a flavour like no other.
- 1 tablespoon of Puro Pura Passion Fruit Oil or Açaí Oil
- 4 eggs (cracked and scrambled)
- 1/2 cup of milk (or almond milk)
- Salt and Pepper
1. Place a saucepan on the burner and turn to medium heat.
2. While waiting for the saucepan to heat up scramble all the eggs, add the milk and continue to scramble. Add pinch of salt and pepper
3. Once pan is heated, pour oil into pan and wait for it to heat up. Look for tiny bubbles/steam, then pour egg mixture into pan.
4. Use spatula to scramble eggs as they cook in the pan, until desired consistency


text:
Gennaro Transport Training offers a transportation of dangerous goods (TDG) or WHMIS course. This 5 hour course explains about the information system used to identify hazardous materials that are transported by industry today, your responsibilities and the regulations in place to protect the public when transporting dangerous goods.
Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System Course – $75.00
Topics covered include:
You will also learn how to interpret the labels and the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) which are used to identify the risks and recommend the precautions in handling hazardous materials.
Contact Gennaro Transport Training in Edmonton to get a classroom schedule.


text:
Author J.C. Raphael discusses how he spent a decade researching Ohio folklore, urban legends, and cryptozoological creatures for his book Monsters of Ohio. He also explains:
- when and how cryptozoology first fascinated him
- why folklore and legends are still important
- how he selected the monsters that populate his book.
If you can't get enough of local lore, our YouTube channel has authors sharing some of their favorite stories that they've researched:


text:
suggested grade levels: 6-12
view Idaho achievement standards for this lesson
|2-pound coffee can||ruler (inches)||black marker|
1. Remove any labels from the can and make sure it is completely clean.
2. Mark off inches on the coffee can. Put the can outside, away from the house in a calm, protected area but not under a tree.
3. Read the depth of snowfall directly off the collecting can. About ten inches of snow is equal to one inch of rain so if you wish to know the amount of precipitation, divide the depth of the snow by ten.
4. As a check on this measurement, allow the snow to melt at room temperature. This will keep evaporation at a minimum.
Climatology: Climatology Topics


that is raised commercially for grocery store shelves.
Humanely Killing a Chicken for Food
Processing a Chicken for Food
Processing Your Meat Chickens
There are a couple of options available for processing meat birds. Some people do choose to do the processing themselves while others choose to take their birds to a meat processing company. If you are choosing to take your chickens to a meat processing company, it is best to have the processing company in your area located early on.
Processing birds at home is a rewarding experience. You have raised your own food, know exactly what the bird has consumed it's entire life and took the responsibility for the life of the bird. It is different for everyone on processing day. Sometimes it can be an emotional experience and sometimes it is just going through the motions of providing for your family.
There are a few different techniques for ending the bird's life when you process chickens at home. The ax method of chopping the bird's head off is the one that most people picture in their minds. The chicken is then left to flop around headless around the area.
There are more humane ways to do this.
 - Cone MethodPlace the chicken head first into a processing cone where the head is sticking out of the bottom. The chicken's head can be cut off with and extremely sharp knife and the blood drained quickly and easily.
 - Holding the Chicken Between the KneesSitting in a chair with the chicken between the knees with their back facing you. Reaching around with an extremely, razor blade sharp knife, quickly cut the chicken's neck at the base of the skull being sure to hit the jugular vein. If done correctly, the chicken will bleed out, pass out and will be ready in a few seconds.
Once the chicken has been killed, the feathers need to be removed. This can be easily done by giving the chicken a quick dip into scalding water. Dipping into this water helps to release the feathers. Hanging the chicken by one leg upside down will make feather removal easier.
After feather removal, the innards need to be removed. Cut the chicken around the rear end being careful not to puncture the intestines. After the body cavity is open, the innards can easily be removed by using your hand to simply scoop them out. The liver, gizzard, heart and testicles can be separated at this point for saving.
The feet can be cut off and saved for using in stock. Adding chicken feet to chicken stock makes the stock thicker and more savory. You will also want to be sure to remove the oil gland that is at the base of the tail. The oil has a very unfavorable taste.
The chicken carcass will need to rest for at least 24 hours in the refrigerator before being cooked. This gives the meat time to relax and the rigor to leave the body. Processed chickens can be wrapped and frozen for later use right after processing.
© 2012 Helena Ricketts
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 - Carole Mireri profile image
 Carole Mireri
 2 years ago
 Quite informative. Where I come from we don't let the chicken carcass'rest' for 24 hours. It becomes meat on the table within 3 hours or so of'slaughering' it.
 - Helena Ricketts profile imageAUTHOR
 Helena Ricketts
 7 years ago from Indiana
 Thank you Pat! It is fantastic to be able to do this and know exactly what you are eating and where it comes from.
 - profile image
 7 years ago
 I raise all my own meats love it beef chicken pork..if you can do this at any level for your family I encourage it greatly.the children seem more healthy than ever before. good luck to anyone that does this it's great
 - rajan jolly profile image
 Rajan Singh Jolly
 Excellent hub and very practical information here Helena. As a former poultry breeder, I can say you have done a fantastic job in educating your readers the correct way chickens should be raised.
 Voting this up, useful and interesting.
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Groundhog Day Loop
Everything About Fiction You Never Wanted to Know.
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"Well, what if there is no tomorrow? There wasn't one today!"
Phil Connors, Groundhog Day
A plot in which the character is caught in a time loop, doomed to repeat a period of time (often exactly one day) over and over, until something is corrected. Usually, only one character or group of characters realizes what's going on—everyone and everything else undergoes a complete Snap Back, and if not interfered with will do the exact same things every time, right down to dialogue.
Once the character realizes this, two things happen, usually in this order:
 1. The character starts experimenting, then playing around with the people around them, confessing or acting on their feelings for another character, telling off their boss, getting themselves killed in interesting ways, and other things, in a form of Save Scumming.
 2. The character finally gets down to the business of what's causing the loop, and finds out how to stop it, often using the information learned in all the previous iterations to make sure this one last loop goes perfectly.
A Groundhog Day Loop episode can often be identified by the presence of several odd little events that are given full camera focus, yet don't have any apparent significance or relation to anything else. These are, of course, the events that will later be replayed in exactly the same order to emphasize that the day is, in fact, repeating in every particular. (Almost invariably, the looping character will at some point demonstrate his or her "prescience" by offhandedly predicting these events one after another.)
Since this plot requires constantly revisiting handful of sets for the entire length of the episode(s), re-using some of the same footage over and over and generally no outside characters will act on the plot, this can be considered a form of Bottle Episode.
Named for the film Groundhog Day. Compare New Game+ and Endgame Plus for Video Games.
See also:
See also Temporal Paradox, You Can't Fight Fate, Timey-Wimey Ball. Note that explicit Time Travel is not always involved, and in fact creates an entropy paradox.
Déjà vu yet?
Examples of Groundhog Day Loop include:
Basic Implementation
Anime & Manga
 - Higurashi no Naku Koro ni is based on a rather dark version of this. Piecing together hints from the various repetitions to figure out what is really going on is an important aspect of the series. The nature of the loop—and who is involved—is not immediately apparent, and the underlying causes aren't fully stated until halfway through the second season (and the 8th installment in the games). Technically, though, it isn't that time is looping; memories are just being copied/overwritten between alternate worlds.
 - Something similar is happening in the sequel, Umineko no Naku Koro ni, only this time, the cause of the loop is identified very early on: A Witch Did It. Or not. Or something.
 - Subverted in Umineko's case. In the final Episode, it's revealed that the Groundhog Day Loop is a case of Recursive Canon, and that each iteration is just a different book with different interpretations on the same setting.
 - In Cardcaptor Sakura, the Time card keeps the same day repeating indefinitely, until it is defeated by Syaoran.
 - In D.Gray-man, a town repeats October 28 over and over, until the main characters (not previously caught in the loop, which was a localized phenomenon caused by Innocence) find a way to fix it.
 - Note that only the people of that town are in the loop—time is passing as usual for the outside world, and people on the outside are wondering why the heck they keep getting the same phone call every day ordering the same things for the same business. Which is what initially drew the attention of the Black Order.
 - In the manga Tsubasa, the main characters find themselves trapped in the exact same day in the newest arc.
 - In JoJo's Bizarre Adventure part 4, the villain Yoshikage Kira gains an ability similar to this called "Another One Bites The Dust".
 - The Nue arc (episodes 8 & 9) of Mononoke has an interesting example.
 - Kimagure Orange Road had Kyosuke repeat Christmas three times, trying to get to the party with the "right" girl (without pissing off Madoka or crushing Hikaru's happiness). No-one else was aware of the repeats (though series Butt Monkey Yusaku gets wiped out in increasingly violent accidents each time). This came out in 1987, considerably predating most of the other examples.
 - Urusei Yatsura: Beautiful Dreamer (released in 1984) follows one for the early part of the film.
 - In "Endless Eight", a short story from The Rampage of Haruhi Suzumiya, the SOS Brigade ends up repeating the same two weeks of August about 15,500 times, causing all but Haruhi to suffer bouts of déjà vu. Only Yuki retains conscious memory of the preceding cycles -- 594 years of mind-numbing sameness (since no-one learns anything from the previous loops). This was only broken when Kyon asked Haruhi to help out with his long-postponed summer homework. The anime adaptation stretches this out across eight episodes. Now the viewer, too, can feel Yuki's pain.
 - In an early chapter of Nightmare Inspector, a woman seems to be suffering from a somewhat self-inflicted version of this: in her dreams, she writes "tomorrow will be exactly the same" on a piece of paper, and it is. She tries to stop the cycle and write something different in her dream, but the "something different" is "tomorrow I will stab someone to death". Freaking out, she goes to Hiruko... and it turns out he's been the one writing "every day is exactly the same" for her every time, and it's all part of the loop. The customer, as far as we see, never gets out.
 - Caused by Akemi Homura in Puella Magi Madoka Magica after she resets the past month countless times, of which we see five, in her attempt to prevent Madoka from becoming a magical girl. However by resetting time she actually layered multiple realities where Madoka was the focal point, causing Madoka's potential as a magical girl to increase exponentially and making her the prime candidate for becoming a magical girl because of all the energy she would release.
 - At the beginning of the eleventh Pokémon movie, Dialga, the temporal Pokémon, traps Giratina in this so it can escape the Reverse World it was dragged into by Giratina. The time loop keeps Giratina from leaving the Reverse World because every time it tries using its own power, it gets warped back a short distance from the portal it created. The time loop is broken when Shaymin creates a portal Giratina can escape through.
 - The Tatami Galaxy is all about this kind of plot, but the episodes vary on how it plays out. In the first half of the series, each episode is the protagonist choosing to join a club, things going wrong, and it resetting at the end, and in each episode, it's a different club. Later, the protagonist chooses to reset the span of an evening, as he tries to choose the right romantic interest. Then, it gets weirder. Despite the various resets, there is ultimately continuity between the episodes, so it works as a Jigsaw Puzzle Plot.
 - Shin Mazinger Zero has this sort of plot, with Minerva X resetting the universe each time Mazinger turns into a demon.
 - Star Driver uses this to keep the maidens from leaving the island. Poor Mizuno finds out the hard way after 4 fruitless attempts to leave the island.
Comic Books
 - In the story "Death and Venice" in The Sandman: Endless Nights, a nobleman has intentionally created a loop which includes an entire island and all its inhabitants (including the nobleman himself), and has lasted for hundreds of years. This is ultimately broken by Death.
 - In the Donald Duck story "Again and Again..." (Donald Duck 336, 2006), Donald is forced to relive the same day over and over until he discovers what he did "wrong" on that day. The story spoofs elements of both Groundhog Day and The Hudsucker Proxy—with mouse-eared "Daddy Time" (i. e. Moses) being wise to the time loop, and a Phil-like character reliving a similar time loop in a movie on Donald's TV.
 - Time traveling hero Hourman was once trapped in one of these by one of his enemies. The loop was known as the Timepoint and was specifically designed as the ultimate prison. It forced Hourman and his friends to relive the same five minutes on the day John F. Kennedy was shot. Though they were aware of the time loop, no matter what they did, at the end of five minutes they would always end up standing on the same street corner.
Fan Works
 - The Best Night Ever revolves around Prince Blueblood being trapped on the day of the disastrous Grand Galloping Gala until he ensures that the bearers of the Elements of Harmony actually enjoy themselves at the event.
Films -- Live Action
 - The Italian sci-fi movie Nirvana revolves around Solo, the character of a video game which goes through the same events again and again each time he dies


text:
"Who & Why" Creatures
- Creatology™ Pom Poms
- Creatology™ Wiggle Eyes
- Creatology™ Chenille Stem
- Wood Clothespin
- Craft Smart® All Purpose Glue
- Fine Motor
- Glue wiggle eyes on pom poms.
- Add pipe cleaner antennae.
- Glue to clothespin.
TipsFor use as the teacher is conferencing with students about their stories. Tell the students that the Who and Why creatures have some questions. For example, Why did your character go there? What did the character look like? Why did your character do that? How did the character feel? After several weeks allow the kids to make a pom-pom creature to use during editing.
BackgroundThis project is meant to help students feel comfortable during writing workshops. As you meet with students to go over their stories, use these pom-pom creatures to guide the discussion.
Depending on what your students write, the "Who & Why" creatures could pose the following questions: What does your character look like? Why did your character behave like that? How does your character feel? These little creatures will put your students at ease—and make the writing process a lot more fun.
Tip: After several weeks, older students can make their own "Who & Why" creatures and use them as an interactive tool in small group writing discussions.


text: Blood is the source of life. You can only get blood when you come in contact with sharp objects. And thus, the SHS logo derived from which is represented by two sharp looking blades correlating to the idea of cutting-edge Haematological Science. The two sharp blades which encircle the centre of the attraction, blood cells are intentionally placed opposite each other to simulate the idea of embracing the science of blood in the quest to unravel greater knowledge from this discipline which requires sharp and critical thinking skills. The blades also form a rough idea of an eye when taken in unity with the other elements in the logo. This communicates the vigilance, surveillance or a watchful eye in this area of science. The whole logo is presented with red being the main colour simply because blood is warm and you can only get fresh red blood from those who are alive. The fade effect is used to create a sense of motion, that of uncertainty slowly transiting into clarity. This very much relates to what Science is all about. Things only get clearer when you explore what is not known yet. Knowledge is an endless journey of exploring.