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Query API reference
This applies tov2.25
Interana's API gives you a way to extract summarized and aggregated data for use in downstream processes, data warehouses, dashboards, or reports. For some customers, Interana is one of several analytics processes they run and consolidation of these various analyses in a single report or dashboard is important. Other customers need aggregated data from Interana to feed into separate processes. With the advent of the API, users can now run queries outside of the Interana front end.
The Interana external API is a REST API that allows integration with Interana outside of the standard interface. The API is deployed automatically as part of an Interana cluster installation. The first version of the API provides basic functionality for single measurement and time series queries.
Single Measurement Queries
Single measurement queries are queries that return a single result set. An example of a single measurement query is a Table view query that extracts a site's top users based on the count of user events. Only one table of results is returned for the given time range.
Time series queries are queries that return a result set for every data point in the query's time range. In Interana Explorer, time series queries are rendered using the Time view.
The API currently supports one endpoint: query. The query endpoint allows the user to make queries against Interana. The URL path to the query endpoint is:
https:///api/v1/query
The query endpoint must be accessed with the GET http method.
Authentication and authorization
All requests to the API must be over SSL (https protocol).
The API uses a token based authentication model. Tokens can be created or revoked by Interana support, or you can generate your own API tokens. Tokens must be passed in the Authorization header of each request to the API in the following format:
Authorization: Token
Every user account is authorized to make requests to the API, as long as they use a valid request token.
Requests to the query endpoint must be sent with the GET HTTP method. The required query parameter defines the query to be executed on Interana. It is a JSON object that is URL-encoded and passed as a parameter to the request.
Object format
The query object has the following format:
Name Type Required Description
dataset string yes The name of the dataset that you want to use.
start int yes The start time for the query. Represented as milliseconds since UNIX Epoch time.
end int yes The end time for the query. Represented as milliseconds since UNIX Epoch time.
timezone_offset int no Milliseconds offset from UTC, used for day alignment. This defaults to the configuration of your Interana instance, or Pacific daylight time if the instance is not configured (PDT = -7hr\*60m / hr\*60s / m\*1000ms / s = -25200000 ms).
queries array yes A list of objects containing details about the query. For most basic queries, this list will only contain one element (see queries).
group_by array no
An array of strings listing the columns to group by. Applies to all query objects.
The response will return the columns in the same order that you specify in the group_by.
max_groups int no The number of groups to return if group_by is specified. Defaults to 10.
order_by string no Specify the order in which results are returned. See order_by for more information.
sampled boolean no Whether to run a sampled query. The default is true.
compute_all_others boolean no When group_by is specified, whether to compute the "All others" group. Defaults to false.
 "Type" refers to the JSON type of the property. See for more information.
Name Type Required Description
type string no The type of query to run. Select single_measurement (the default value) or time_series.
measure object yes An object defining an aggregation to measure (see measure).
filter string no Filters to apply to the query. This uses the Advanced filter syntax.
You can use the advanced filter syntax with the API to reference per-actor metrics in queries. The API does not support ratio metrics.
Name Type Required Description
aggregator string yes
The aggregation to measure.
One of: "count_star", "unique_count", "sum", "avg", "min", "max", "P1", "P5", "P10", "P25", "P50", "P75", "P90", "P95", "P99"
column string yes The column that you want to measure.
Name Type Required Description
type string No Specify what you want to order by. Select measure to order by the query measure, or select count_star to order by the count of events.
direction string No Specify the sort order, either asc (ascending) or desc (descending).
The API will return the http status code 200 for successful requests to the query endpoint, along with a JSON object containing the results of the query.
Object format
The query result object format is:
Name Type Description
columns array An array of column objects
rows array An array of row objects
Name Type Description
label array or string A description of the column
type string
The type of the data in the column. Specify "array", 'number'', or ''time_series''
See Data types for more information.
Name Type Description
values array The data corresponding to the defined columns. The order of elements in this array corresponds to the order of elements in the columns array. The length of this array will always equal the length of the columns array. The type of data will match the type defined in the corresponding column object (see Data types).
properties object A map of properties for the result. For time_series queries, this includes information about the time bucketing used to calculate the result. If no properties are applicable, this field will be omitted. See row properties, below.
row properties
Name Type Description
rate string Select ''day'', ''week'', or ''month''
resolution int The time between data points, in milliseconds
window int The length of the time window, in milliseconds. The window must be greater than or equal to the resolution setting.
Data types
The type property of column objects describes the type of data that will appear in each row. The following table describes the JSON format of the possible type values.
Name Type Description
number number
array array
time_series array An array of time_series objects
Name Type Description
timestamp int The timestamp of the data point in milliseconds since UNIX Epoch time
value number The value of the data point
properties array See time_series properties
time_series properties
Name Type Description
event_count int
The number of events used to compute the value. This is the number of events scanned in the time window (window).
For unsampled queries, this should equal the number of events that exist in that particular time window.
object_count int
The number of unique objects used to compute the value.
For unsampled queries, object_count will equal value. For example, if you run an unsampled Count Unique of user_id that scans 500 events in the time window (the event_count), and count 20 unique users, the object_count and value will be 20.
If you run a sampled Count Unique of user_id that scans 24 events in the time window (event_count), and counts 10 unique user_ids (object_count), the value returned is scaled accordingly (because of sampling) and returns 120 as the estimated unique user count for that time window.
Examples: single measurement and time series
Single measurement queries
In this single measurement example, the query is looking for the number of unique userids, grouped by artist, from April 25, 2016 to April 30, 2016.
The same query can be executed in the API with the following request and response calls. Note that start and end times are specified as milliseconds since epoch and timezone_offset is relative to GMT.
Request: single measurement
 "dataset": "Music",
 "start": 1461567600000,
 "end": 1461999600000,
 "timezone_offset": -25200000,
 "queries": [ {
 "type": "single_measurement",
 "measure": {
 "aggregator": "unique_count",
 "column": "userId"
 "filter": "('artist'!= \"*null*\")"
 } ],
 "sampled": true,
 "group_by": ["artist"],
 "max_groups": 5,
 "compute_all_others": false
Response: single measurement
 "rows": [
 {"values": [ [ "3 Doors Down"], 31456] },
 {"values": [ [ "Justin Bieber"], 31336] },
 {"values": [ [ "OneRepublic"], 31772] },
 {"values": [ [ "Taylor Swift"], 30136] },
 {"values": [ [ "The White Stripes"], 27036] }
 "columns": [
 {"type": "array", "label": ["artist"] },
 {"type": "number", "label": "measure_value"}
Time series queries
If the single measurement query example used above is issued as a time series query, each x-axis point in the query time range returns a count of each user's events for that given time window. In other words, the query returns a separate result set for each point in the x-axis.
The time series query in the example below looks for the number of events between April 29, 2016 12:00 am and April 29, 2016 12


text:
EUVN - European Vertical Reference Network
The initial practical objective of the EUVN project is to unify different European height datums within few centimeters. In addition this project is to prepare a geokinematic height reference system for Europe and to connect levelling heights with GPS heights.
At all EUVN points P three-dimensional coordinates in the ETRS89 (XP, YP, ZP)ETRS and geopotential numbers cP = W0 UELN - WP will be derived. Finally the EUVN is representing a geometrical-physical reference frame. In addition to the geopotential numbers cP normal heights Hn = cP / γ will be provided (γ is the mean normal gravity value between the ellipsoid and the telluroid).
The application of the GPS technique for practical levelling would dramatically extend if the geoid would be known precisely enough in relation to the concerned GPS reference system and the levelling reference system. To derive such a geoid, an European reference geoid is required in the reference system ETRS89 and the reference system of UELN. Up to now there is no precise geoid available for Europe with an accuracy of a few centimeters which fulfils the requirement for the practical applications. This proposal points out a possibility to derive a geoid tailored for the GPS-levelling methods by combining the existing reference network EUREF / ETRS89 with the UELN95.
The EUVN project contributes to the realization of an European vertical datum and to connect different sea levels of European oceans with respect to the work PSMSL (Permanent Service of Mean Sea Level) and of anticipated accelerated sea level rise due to global warming. The project provides a contribution to the determination of an absolute world height system.
Three kinds of observation groups are necessary:
- GPS measurements for the determination of the ellipsoidal heights of all defined EUVN points
- levellings between the EUVN sites and the UELN nodal points for the determination of the physical height of all defined EUVN points
observations of sea level at tide gauge stations.
In total the EUVN consists of about 196 sites: 66 EUREF and 13 national permanent sites, 54 UELN and UPLN of Central and Eastern Europe (United Precise Levelling Network of Central and Eastern Europe) stations and 63 tide gauges (see Figure 1).
The GPS observations for the EUVN were carried out in the period from May 21 to May 29, 1997. Three types of GPS receiver were used: 35 Turbo Rogue Receivers, 134 Trimble SSI or SSE and 51 Ashtech Z12. The time interval was set to 30 s, the elevation mask was 5 degree. The campaign was running very smoothly and everybody who participated in the campaign supported the action successfully.
The data preprocessing after the EUVN campaign performed by 9 EUVN Preprocessing Centers (PPC) was mainly a check concerning completeness and consistency of the data and the auxiliary information. The Preprocessing Centers were requested to prepare complete access information and/or data flow guidelines for the observing agencies before the start of the campaign.
The task of the EUVN GPS Analysis Center (AC) was to process the data of a special subnetwork. A subdivision of the whole EUVN Network was done under the aspect of receiver type and regions.
10 European institutions were ready to contribute as Analysis Centers. On the Analysis Center Workshop in September 1997 in Leipzig the subdivision of EUVN was discussed and decided (see Figure 2) (Ineichen et al., 1998). The AC of Croatia was responsible for the analysis of the collocation points and the investigation of the biases introduced by using different antenna types within one GPS network. Simultaneously with the EUVN97 Campaign the Baltic Sea Level (BSL) GPS campaign was performed. The BSL97 GPS campaign was processed by the Finnish Geodetic Institute.
The Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern (AIUB) and the BKG were responsible for the computation of the final GPS solution of EUVN (Ineichen et al, 1998).
The analysis centers produced different solution types in order to investigate the influence of the processing strategy on the results. Mainly the following three types of solutions were looked at:
- 15 degrees without weighting: The standard solution with the highest priority. Data down to an elevation cut-off angle of 15 degrees were used for generating this solution type. All observations were introduced with the same weight. This solution type corresponds to the processing strategy used for the permanent EUREF network at the time of the EUVN campaign.
- 5 degrees with elevation-dependent weighting: Measurements down to an elevation cut-off angle of 5 degrees were used for this solution type. In addition, the observations were weighted with w = cos2 (z), where z is the zenith angle of the observed satellite.
Satellite-specific weighting: The IGS precise orbit files (in SP3 format) contain accuracy codes for each satellite. These accuracy codes can be used by the Bernese GPS Software to weight the corresponding observations. Not all analysis centers delivered solutions of this type, and therefore no combined solution was generated.
The question which solution to choose as the official EUVN97 solution (the unweighted 15-degree solution or the weighted 5-degree solution), was discussed during the Analysis Center Workshop at Wettzell (April 2-3, 1998): The unweighted 15-degree solution was selected as the official one. The following aspects had to be taken into account:
- The comparison of the height component of redundant points in both solution types showed a slightly better repeatability for the unweighted 15-degree solution.
- Not all sites within EUVN97 were tracking satellites below 15 degrees with the same quality and quantity. For some sites the number of observations is hardly increasing when changing to the lower cut-off angle, whereas for others the number of observations increased by up to 20 %. Therefore the site coordinates within the EUVN97 GPS network could be more inhomogeneous in the 5-degree solution.
- The elevation-dependent antenna phase center variations are not yet well known below 10 degrees. Introduction of poorly defined corrections could lead to additional systematic errors.
- We do not have enough experience yet with the performance of the tropospheric mapping functions at very low elevations.
The final solution was constrained to ITRF96 coordinates (epoch 1997.4) of 37 stations with an a-priori standard deviation of 0.01 mm for each coordinate component. As a consequence of these tight constraints the resulting coordinates of the reference points are virtually identical with the ITRF96 values.
A comparison for the combined solutions of BKG and AIUB showed that these two solutions were identical.
For many practical purposes it is useful to have the ETRS89 coordinates available. To get conformity with other projects, the general relations between ITRS and ETRS were used. The coordinate transform formula from ITRF (epoch1997.4) to ETRF96 and the final coordinates (ETRF96, epoch 1997.4) are given in Ineichen et al 1998.
In order to reach the goal it was necessary to connect the EUVN stations by levellings with nodal points of relevant levelling networks. So it is possible to use levelling observations to update the gravity related EUVN heights in context with the new adjustment of UELN.
The heights are related to the solution of the UELN 95/98 which was distributed in January 1999 to the participating countries. For islands and countries which are not connected with the UELN, the heights are given to local tide gauges/vertical datums. For all stations GPS / levelling height anomalies by using ETRS89/97.4 heights are given and compared with the European quasigeoid EGG97.
As the EUVN is a static height network it was necessary to know the value of the mean sea level in relation to the tide gauge bench mark at the epoch of EUVN GPS campaign 1997.5. However for future tasks it is useful to have available the monthly mean values over a period of some years.
The PSMSL, as member of the Federation of the Astronomical and Geophysical Data Analysis Service (FAGS), is in principle in charge of the data collection. The information which are sent to the (PSMSL databank in general should also be made available for the EUVN project. The complete information about the connection between tide gauge and GPS site could supplied for only 54 of the 79 EUVN tide gauge stations (see Figure 3). Figure 4 shows the heights of the mean sea level 1997 above the GPS / levelling quasigeoid of EUVN (Wöppelmann et. al., 2002).
EUVN is a step to establish a fundamental network for a further geokinematic height reference system such as European Vertical System under the special consideration of the Fennoscandian uplift and the uplift in the Carpathian-Balkan region.
EUVN - GPS Solution
Results of GPS measurements for the determination of the ellipsoidal heights of all defined EUVN points
The following final products were generated: coordinate files containing geocentric coordinates and ellipsoidal coordiantes in system ITRF96 epoch 1997.4 and ETRS89 (ETRF96,epoch 1997.4) and a file in the Solution INdependent EXchange (SINEX) format, containg in addition to the coordinates the variance-covarance information of the EUVN97 GPS network.
For detailed information see paper "EUVN97 Combined GPS Solution"
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
[member-created document] This document was made with the abcteach Shape Book tool.
This is a research book created by a third grade teacher. The book is a final project in a unit on rain forests. The unit was split into 3 main categories plant, animals, and people.
From "boa" to "tree frog". These vocabulary building word strips with pictures are great for word walls, sentence strips, spelling and vocabulary practice.
Small signs with name of animal and a cute picture. Use for flashcards or games.
Imagine yourself in the Truffula forest... Wonder what the Once-ler thinks of all his money... Finish verses with your own Seussian nonsense names... Enjoy the Lorax word find. You'll find these activities and more in this accompaniment to Dr. Seuss's cautionary classic, "The Lorax"!

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Myth: Employers can make deductions from the wages of staff who make mistakes which cost them money
Irwin Mitchell LLP 22 March 2018
The right to be paid wages in full is a basic employment right and the circumstances in which employers can make deductions from an individual's pay are limited.
Generally, unless the terms of the worker's contract allow you to make the deduction, or the worker agrees in writing before making the deduction, any deduction you make to recover costs/expenses due to a mistake or negligence will be unlawful.
If you go ahead anyway, the worker can bring an employment claim to recover the amount they have been underpaid. If they feel very strongly about it, they could also resign and claim constructive dismissal, if they have two years' service. In addition, if you wrongly make a deduction you will not be able to recover it by any other means, such as by suing the individual.
The rules around making deductions from salary are set out in the Employment Rights Act 1996. These state that employers cannot make any deduction unless:
 1. It is required to by law – for example, to make NI and PAYE deductions
 2. The worker's contract expressly permits it
 3. The worker has agreed to the deduction in writing before it is made.
Any provision in your worker's existing contract must be precisely worded and clearly set out the circumstances in which a deduction can be made. Any ambiguity in the contract terms you are relying on will be interpreted in favour of the worker – not you. For example, a clause that purports to give you the right to deduct "any sums due" is too wide and you will not be able to rely on it. Conversely, a clause, which, for example, allows you to recover losses from your worker if their work mobile phone is lost, stolen or damaged due their neglect is likely to be sufficiently clear to be enforceable.
In addition, the clause would have to be enforceable under ordinary contractual principles before you can rely on it. This means that the amount you are seeking to deduct must relate to the losses you have incurred. If it doesn't, and instead is designed to penalise the worker, you are unlikely to be able to enforce it even if it is "crystal clear".
If your contract does allow you to make the deduction, before you make it you must provide details of the deduction in writing to the worker and any deduction you make must not reduce their hourly wage to less than the appropriate National Minimum Wage.
There are additional restrictions that apply to retail workers. If you are looking to make deductions to recover cash or stock shortages, the maximum deduction you can make is 10% of gross pay.


text:
pairs contained in $insert_hash. Values will be automatically qualified according to column datatypes so don't pre-qualify them. For date values, the canonical format is assumed (see qualify()) unless $date_format is specified.
This method is useful because it automagically qualifies each insert value using qualify(). Also, if the table has an integral primary key, and the corresponding key in $insert_hash was not given, a value for will be generated.
MySQL users: This assumes the primary key was declared with AUTO_INCREMENT, so no extra work is done except to pass the newly generated value back in $rv.
Oracle users: The situation described above assumes an Oracle sequence object named SEQ_$table_name has been created. This is the conventional naming scheme so that this feature can be taken advantage of in most cases. E.g., if inserting into table MEMBER, an associated SEQUENCE object named SEQ_MEMBER must also exist. See
In short, you generally don't have to supply a table's primary key if that primary key is a sequenced ID column.
Return the generated pk ID value or -1.2 if there wasn't a value generated (e.g. if the table has a multi-column pk) If there was no data to insert, -1.1 is returned. Return undef if error.
$row = $io->fetch($id_val_or_id_hash,[$key_name]);
Return a row in hashref form (COLUMN_NAME => value pairs). All date values are returned in the canonical format (see DBIx::IO::GenLib).
The row to be fetched is identified depending on the datatype of $id_val_or_id_hash.
If $id_val_or_id_hash is a scalar, the value is used in conjunction with $key_name. $key_name defaults to the table's primary key. If $id_val_or_id_hash is a hash ref it is interpreted as column => value pairs to be AND'ed together in a WHERE clause.
This method assumes that key(s) given form a unique key, so only 1 row is returned.
Oracle users: LOB columns won't be retreived because they aren't supported in DBD::Oracle (as of v1.19). LONG columns seem to work fine though so if you can get away with using a LONG over a LOB, do that. $DBIx::IO::GenLib::LONG_READ_LENGTH gives the limit size of a long that will be returned. If the table is a concrete table (rather than a view, for instance) ROWID will be included as a column with ROWID datatype. You may find this useful for updates and deletes (See also DBIx::IO::GenLib for a ROWID column name constant).
Return undef if error. Return 0 if no row was found.
$rv = $io->delete_by_id($id_value,[$key_name]);
Delete a row where $key_name = $id_value. $key_name defaults to the primary key.
Returns the number of rows deleted or false if error (0 is represented as '0E0' which is true). A maximum of 1 row can be deleted here, it is up to you to make sure that the given key is unique, otherwise unexpected results can occur. See also delete_all().
$rv = delete_all($id_hash);
Delete all rows that satisfy $id_hash, where $id_hash is a hash of COLUMN => value pairs that will be AND'ed together for the WHERE clause of the DELETE statement.
Returns the number of rows affected or false if error (0 is represented as '0E0' which is true). Return -1 if $id_hash is empty or not a reference.
$rv = $io->update_hash($update_hash,$id_val_or_id_hash,[$date_format],[$hint]);
Update a row with name value pairs contained in $update_hash, a hashref of COLUMN_NAME => new_value pairs. Values will be automatically qualified according to column datatypes so don't pre-qualify them. For date values, the canonical format is assumed unless $date_format is specified (see qualify()).
The row(s) to be updated are identified depending on the datatype of $id_val_or_id_hash.
If $id_val_or_id_hash is a scalar, the value is used as the primary key. If $id_val_or_id_hash is a hash ref it is interpreted as COLUMN_NAME => value pairs to be AND'ed together in a WHERE clause.
This method supports driver-specific SQL hints contained in $hint.
Return the number of rows affected or false if error (0 is represented as '0E0' which is true). Return -1 if there was no data to update.
No known bugs.
Reed Sandberg,
Copyright (C) 2000-2008 Reed Sandberg
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
The full text of the license can be found in the LICENSE file included with this module.


text:
Home / Events / Seminar Series /
Mathematical analysis of social phenomena: From examples to foundations
In this talk, I present several examples illustrating how math can be used to prove global dynamics from assumed local dynamics between individuals. The examples are primarily drawn from my own work and that of collaborators.
The first example concerns large-scale transitions of thought from one extreme viewpoint to another within a close-knit community or society. In the minimalistic model that we study, we find surprising behavior. For example, increasing the resolve of moderate thinkers to remain moderate can actually make a population more vulnerable to extremist thinking. A second project studies the relationship between the spread of epidemics and the structure of the underlying social network. We show that we can learn something about the topology of historical social networks simply by studying how diseases expanded across them. Finally, the third project that I discuss regards the general problem of desynchronizing consumption of a shared resource. I propose a general solution and prove that it does indeed achieve stable asynchrony.
I close with a speculative look toward psychological foundations for fields that depend on an understanding of human cognition and behavior.


text:
Bakos, K., Dobos, A., & Nagy, J. (2014). Examination of soil parameters based on the evaluation of the spectroradiometric reflectance characteristics of the topsoil. Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, (60), 75–80. _URL_
In this article we are presenting the methodology applied to analyse and interpret the topsoil surface reflectance parameters of multiple samples collected in the Mugello valley area in northern Italy in October 2012. The main aim of the whole project was to discover geomorphological behaviour and situation of the area ino order to improve potential for correct dating of certain archaeological artefacts found in the nearby areas. One of the crucial problem researchers are facing in the area is the lack of understanding of the underlying geological and geomorphological processes that were describing and characterizing the area and that played important role not only in the current geography and landscape formation but also in the transportation of various sediments and artefacts. In this particular research the main aim is to examine the possibility of developing a quick way to assess low level properties of the soil using hand held spectrometer and rapid analysis of cross-section using in situ measurement techniques. In this work we collected over 2000 individual samples of topsoil surface reflectance properties that we organized into a spectral library. This library is then to be used to describe physical and chemical processes in the soil. To support the analysis results were compared to analysis results from different kind of assessments in the same area. Our results show a great potential of application of hand held imaging spectrometer in soil property analysis based on the top soil surface reflectance parameters.


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Abandoned Communities..... Porth y Nant
It was Richard Muir's book The Lost Villages of Britain that got me hooked on the topic of abandoned communities. Near the end of the book Richard gave a short list of some of his favourite deserted villages. He then said that there is one village, Porth y Nant, that has all the ideal qualities combined to produce perfection. He regarded it as a place "glorious in its beauty", and he was impressed by the fact that it was about to be restored and turned into a centre for the promotion and teaching of the Welsh language.
Porth y Nant lay in a small valley, Nant Gwrtheyrn, that runs down the lower slopes of Yr Eifl mountain towards the sea.
The location of Porth y Nant can be found on Google Maps by entering "Nant Gwrtheyrn". In the aerial view you can make out the original track running through the modern conifer forest as well as the present road. What the aerial view does not convey is the extreme steepness of the original track, in places one in three.
In the middle of the nineteenth century there were three farms in Nant Gwrtheyrn. A granite quarry called Porth y Nant was opened in 1861. It was opened by a Liverpool company called Kneeshaw and Lupton. The main output was rectangular granite setts, carved into shape at the quarry. At that time there was great demand for setts for use in paving the roads of the towns and cities of Lancashire. A jetty was built so that steam ships could carry the setts by sea to Liverpool, Manchester, or Birkenhead.
Soon after the opening of the quarry a terrace of small houses was built to provide accommodation for the workers. Later, in 1878, as workers were joined by wives, partners, and children, two more terraces of houses were built at right angles to each other further up the valley. One was known as Sea View as it faced west towards the beach, the other Mountain View as it looked towards the mountain and the quarry. Other buildings erected at about the same time were the Plas, a large house for the quarry manager west of Mountain View, and a chapel of the Calvinistic Methodist denomination.
People living at Porth y Nant were familiar with several stories and legends associated with the earlier history of Nant Gwrtheyrn. In particular they would have heard about:
- Vortigern, a fifth century British ruler whose attempts to negotiate with the invading Saxons went badly wrong. According to the local legend he was forced to flee and eventually found refuge in the valley that was given his name, Gwrtheyrn being the Welsh form of Vortigern.
For everything you will ever want to know about Vortigern go to the Vortigern Studies website.
- Rhys and Meinir, two cousins who fell in love and arranged to be married at the church in Clynnog Fawr (a place well worth a visit, by the way). Meinir failed to turn up for the wedding. In a distressed state Rhys spent months searching for Meinir, until a lightning strike opened a hollow tree and inside it he saw the skeleton of Meinir, still clad in its wedding dress.
- Ellis Bach, so called because of his very short stature, who as well as being a very good poet was renowned for his ability to climb over rough mountain slopes. He could be relied upon to round up sheep and goats ready for market day, but on the day itself was never to be seen.
Two houses in Mountain View
The former Seilo chapel, with part of Sea View terrace to the left
A section of the old track, known as the Corkscrew or Screw


text:
Simple Digital Library Index
Simple Digital Library Index (SDLI) is designed to make it quick and easy to assemble digital libraries for schools in a format that is accessible, fast and easy to add content in bulk, and can be easily replicated to make it accessible in multiple locations even if there are asynchronous or very slow connections. It provides a GUI for the library maker that makes it simple to build the library. Does not need server side components and generates a master index XML file.
- Generates a plain old HTML browsing interface - no MySQL, PHP, etc. required
- Generates an index of all the meta data and files in the library - you can download this and use it the same way as a repository
- Very simple to add content - just assemble folders of content and tag the files using their own format if required.
- Very easy to replicate - static HTML files are generated; therefor it can be easily copied to any medium, made accessible by being put into a webserver (e.g. Apache) directory
- Suitable for offline use or use on a school server that does not have an internet connection.
- Can be simply localized by using an XML dictionary file. Will look and see if this can be generated from po files etc. HTML pages will be automatically generated for each language as specified in the config file.
- Can be made full text searchable by feeding the index page to Nutch
This is under active development - the key things we're working on:
- Adding HTML 5 Manifests to each generated entry page so selecting it for offline use would download all required components
- Adding to the reader activity so that one can browse the index and then select downloads
- Add Ogg Video support
- Add ODF document support
- Add wizard for tagging HTML content / offline websites
 Getting Started
You can download the distribution _URL_ Make sure you have JRE installed and then just double click the Jar file (on windows) or cd to the directory and run java -jar SimpleLibraryIndexSystem.jar
Source available from: _URL_
 Website Downloads
Recommend to use Webdump / httrack to download the website - then make a dummy page with the meta data as per the sample files.
 File Formats
- Ogg Audio - will extract meta data (Title, Subject from Genre)
- PDF - Will extract title, subject, etc.
- HTML - Looks through dublin core meta data.
- Ogg Video - Work in progress
Adding File formats is easy - there's a Java interface that defines what needs done - see existing ones in dcxmlgenerators
 Sample of Dublin Core XML File used
 Library Base Folder Mathematics Physics Audio Folder of stuff en ps fa ERTV
- Run the index creator by going to the file with the jar and running java -jar SimpleLibraryIndexSystem.jar (where this is the name of the jar file)
- Open up the generated index.html in the browser
Greenstone seems to be the most famous; however this was quite complex / non standard to setup on Linux, required quite some effort to tag all the data into a collection, and finally the search system didn't include the text being searched for... This could have been quite nice for one big online collection; but for distributed collections it didn't seem quite what we were looking for. Nevertheless some very nice content is being made available this way.
Various systems have ways of making galleries etc. - but most require PHP, MySQL, or some server stack. We wanted something as simple as possible to replicate and copy by any means.
Moodle was more designed as a learning management system - not as a library...


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Engage in a life-changing four-day experience by participating in the Barranquilla Young Leaders Scholarships organized by the One Young World for the academic year 2022-2023.
The scholarship program not only allows young people's participation but also encourages the participation of the whole community, promoting citizen engagement through neighbourhood interventions. Winners will be provided with all possible expenses and benefits from accommodation to translation services for their convenience in understanding things better.
Nice chance for students in the UK.
User Review( votes)
One Young World is the world's most significant and impactful youth leadership Summit. The summit is the landmark event of the year for young leaders. It is a chance for the individuals responsible for shaping the future of our world to come together to confront humanity's biggest challenges.
Application Deadline: Interested students must apply by 20th July 2022.
- University or Organization: One Young World
- Department: NA
- Course Level: Short programme
- Award: Varies
- Number of Awards: 3
- Access Mode: Online
- Nationality: International and Domestic
- The award can be taken in the United Kingdom.
- Eligible Countries: Barranquilla.
- Eligible Course or Subjects: Students can apply to participate in One Young World's scholarship programme.
- Eligibility Criteria: To be eligible, the applicants must meet all the following/given criteria:
- The applicants must live in Barranquilla.
- The applicants must be aged 18 – 28.
- The applicants must take part or have been part of the programs developed by the District of Barranquilla for the benefit of the youth population, be an active member of volunteer programs, or work with a focus on youth. For example: "Voluntariado cívico", "Consejeros de Juventud", "Inglés para el trabajo", "Universidad al barrio", among others.
- The applicants must have a proven track record in social leadership.
- The applicants must have a track record of creating a positive impact in Barranquilla.
- The applicants must be willing to commit to work for the causes of Barranquilla's Civic Culture Volunteering program ("Voluntariado cívico") and OYW goals after the summit.
- The applicants must have a basic English level.
How to Apply
- How to Apply: To participate in the scholarship programme, students must apply by completing and submitting a scholarship application form. All eligible candidates will be considered automatically.
- Supporting Documents: The students are required to a motivational video, not longer than 2 minute, answering the following:
- 'WHY DO YOU WISH TO ATTEND THE ONE YOUNG WORLD SUMMIT 2022, SPECIFICALLY THROUGH THE BARRANQUILLA YOUNG LEADERS SCHOLARSHIP? HOW DO YOU THINK THE EXPERIENCE WILL HELP TO ADVANCE YOUR WORK?'
- Admission Requirements: Students must meet the eligibility requirement for the programme.
- Language Requirement: The students will be expected to know English.
The winners selected by One Young World will be provided with the following benefits:
- Access to the One Young World Summit 2022 in Manchester Lifetime membership to the OYW community
- Hotel accommodation between 5 – 8 (inclusive) September 2022 for the Summit
- One night of hotel accommodation (if required) for the visa application process
- Additional night on the 4th of September pre-summit
- The cost of travel to and from Manchester (flights in economy)
- Domestic travel costs to the airport to take the international flight (flight in economy)
- Travel to the visa application process (if required)
- Visa costs, if applicable (including visa costs and required travel for visa appointment)
- Catering which includes breakfast at the hotel accommodation and lunch and dinner at the Summit
- Transport between the Summit accommodation and the Summit venue
- 7 days of daily expenses (£20 per day)
- Travel Insurance between 5 – 8 September 2022
- Translation services for the Opening Ceremony, Plenary Sessions and Closing Ceremony


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Starting with Windows Server 2012 R2, it is possible to re-size a Virtual Hard Disk for a running Virtual Machine on Hyper-V! It was not possible to do so before for an online Virtual Machine running on Windows Server 2012 and earlier Hyper-V versions.
Let's have a look at some of the benefits this feature offers and requirements before you dive in and use it.
The re-sizing feature allows expanding or shrinking a Virtual Machine hard disk while the Virtual Machine is running. Storage administrators can avoid downtime to perform virtual hard disk maintenance tasks and there is no impact to end users. Users can still access Virtual Machine and its volumes. This feature reduces the maintenance costs associated with downtime of critical Virtual Machines.
There is also a Resize-VirtualDisk PowerShell cmdlet available which can be used to script the re size operation on multiple virtual hard disks quickly. There is no need to use or enable any component to use this feature. This functionality is available out of the box using "Edit Virtual Hard Disk" wizard.
Since it is a feature of Hyper-V running on Windows Server 2012 R2, make sure to perform this task on a Windows Server 2012 R2 Hyper-V Server. You must also be using a VHDX format and this must be connected to a SCSI controller before you can expand or shrink a Virtual Hard Disk. However, Disk type can be fixed, differencing or dynamic.
So, let's see how you actually Expand and Shrink virtual hard disks without powering off Virtual Machines. I'm not going to explain the step-by-step process but provide you the necessary screenshots for your understanding.
How to Expand?
To expand, Right Click on the Virtual Machine and then click on "Settings". Click on the Virtual Hard Drive you want to extend in the "Settings" page. Note:You cannot extend/compact a Virtual Machine hard drive if a snapshot exists. A warning message will be shown stating that "Edit is not available because checkpoints exist for this Virtual Machine". This is also shown in the red circle of the below screenshot.
Next click on "Edit" button to launch the "Edit Virtual Hard Disk" wizard as shown below:
Click "Next" to select "Expand" action as shown below:
Specify the size of the virtual hard drive to expand and then click on Finish.
At this point, Virtual Machine hard disk size has been expanded, now you need to launch "Disk Manager" in Virtual Machine and then use the "Extend the Volume" wizard to make un-allocated space available to the Virtual Machine. When you open "Disk Manager", you will see the expanded size as un-allocated space as shown in the below screenshot of the Virtual Machine:
Right Click on the volume you want to extend and then select "Extend Volume" wizard as shown in the below screenshot and then follow the on-screen steps to complete the process.
How to Shrink?
To shrink the storage capacity, you must first initiate the "shrink" action from within the Operating System of Virtual Machine using "Disk Manager". Using the "Disk Manager", Right Click on the volume you want to shrink and then select "Shrink Volume" action as shown in the below the screenshot:
Note: "Extend Volume" action is available only if you have un-allocated space available in the Operating System. Next, specify the amount of space you want to shrink as shown below and then hit "Shrink" button:
Once shrunk from within the Operating System of Virtual Machine, initiate the final shrink action using the "Edit Virtual Machine" wizard. Click on "Edit" button on the Virtual Machine's setting page to specify the new size for the virtual hard disk as shown in the below screenshot. "Edit Virtual Machine"wizard will not allow you to specify the new size value lesser than the size being used by the Operating System inside the Virtual Machine. As you can see in the below screenshot, the C: volume is about 58.6 GB in size and "Edit Virtual Hard Disk" wizard also specifies the minimum required size which is 60 GB. This is shown in the red circles in the below screenshots:
Once you have specified the size to shrink, click "Finish" button for VMWP.exeto process the change and reduce the size of the VHDX file on the Host storage.
- Does not work on virtual hard disks using VHD format.
- The re-sizing feature does not work on Virtual Hard Disks which are attached to IDE Controllers.
- Does not work for Virtual Hard Disks which have snapshots/checkpoints associated.
- Expanding and Shrinking process is not visible to the Virtual Machine Operating System. You must take some extra steps.
- Once the virtual hard disk has been expanded, the extra space is shown as un-allocated in the Disk Manager in the Operating System of the Virtual Machine. You must make the extra space available to Virtual Machine by using the "Extend Volume Wizard" within the Disk Manager of the Virtual Machine.
- Shrinking reduces the storage capacity of the Virtual Hard Disk. If you want to shrink the size, you must use the "Disk Manager" in Operating System of the Virtual Machine. Finally, use the "Edit Virtual Hard Disk" wizard to reduce the size of the virtual hard disk.


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isnt sold, but is a perk of being part of the Bellfounder's guild. At the current time, of the guild's 700 members, only 3 are actually involved in making bells.
16. T'puuli Hastras
A sacred wine, the elves only make seven bottles of it a year. The vintage is made exclusively by a single master vinter, each given as a gift to an elfin lord or lady. The wine is considered the height of wine-making and in the rare instances when a bottle reaches the open market, the price is astounding. This has happened twice before, the first time the bottle sold for close to 3200 pieces of gold, and dissappeared into a lord's wine cellar. The second time, the bottle was sold, stolen, resold, and then six dozen bottles of counterfeit was discovered.
This white wine comes exclusively from the Mosant region, where it is grown and vinted by the monks of San Toor. This wine has a light floral flavor and a heady bouquet, and is popular among elfin-blooded, mercantile elites, and troubadors. Artowkr depicting the excesses of the upper crust frequently have Mosant depicted in it's recognizable square glass bottle.
18. Kalakhammer honeywine
One of the few wines vinted by dwarves, Kalakhammer is made from honey, cardamon, and blueberries. The pale blue beverage has a potent spicy flavor and is more of an experiment among the Kalakhammer clans than a major consumable. They export most of the wine, the principle buyers being jaded humans looking for something different.
Empero wine comes in both red and white, and is generally only found in sovereign sized bottles. Vinted centuries ago, this wine is most commonly found in burial crypts, and the semi-preserved ruins of old Empire cities. It was a popular wine of the day, but the recipe, and likely the grapes that went into it, have been lost to time and decay. A single bottle of red can cost as much as a good warhorse, the white is slightly cheaper as more bottles of white have soured than the red.
This goblin-vinted wine is quite foul, both in scent and in taste. Popular only among goblins and the most desperate of the poor, it is potent, and can be used for cleaning wounds. It has a second use that is largely kept secret, marinading tough meat in the wine makes it tender and imparts a special savory flavor. The nobles who live close to goblins often eat meat soaked in goblin wine, all the time not knowing what their chef does to make even the rankest cut of meat palatable.
This wine is made along the boundaries of the Tirwaithe forest, and is frequently traded with the elves who live there. The humans of the region adopted the name the elves called the wine, Shujhinrae, without knowing it's meaning. Later on, it was discovered that Shujhinrae is really Shu j'hinrae, or s**t wine. The wine has greatly improved since then, but the locals cannot expell themselves or their wine of the name.
This uncommon wine is only found in piccolo sized bottles, as it is vinted by the faeries of the Suingmc Clique. It is made from a variety of fruits, the most common being blueberries, wild grapes, and milkweed pods. The wine itself is a milky purple color and slightly thick. The taste is strongly floral with a mildly bitter aftertaste. The main reason the wine is popular is that consuming an entire bottle will leave the drinker in a semi-conscious hallucinogenic stupor. After this, they are afflicted with a certain manic energy and creative urge. this is caused, in speculation, by the dust from the fairies wings that falls in the wine.
23. Engarban Red
A fairly common red wine, Engarban is known for coming only in double-magnum sized bottles. It is a decent quality wine, with a citrus-woodsy flavor and goes quite well with most red meats. It is a common practice for less affluent middle and low ranking nobles to refill expensive bottles of wine with Engarban, since it is cheaper and is fairly good.
24. Khyashma Blue
This potent blue wine is made from the delicious but highly poisonous Khyashma Baharavaush berry. While the berries, and the wine are lethal to humans and goblinoids, it is considered a delicacy among the fey. On occasion, the fey will 'forget' that this blue wine is indeed poisonous to humans and their ilk. The flavor is deep and mellow, with a floral aftertaste.
Made from the 'apples' of a desert cactus, this dry white wine is commonly found in arid regions and near trade routes that pass through nomad territory. Bottled in whatever is at hand, most vinters authenticate their bottles by dropping a desert sand scorpion into the bottle before corking it. This has the side effect of making the wine lethally poisonous for about 24 to 48 hours, until the alcohol breaks down the poison in the scorpion. Counterfeiters will put regular scorpions in white wine and try to pass it off as Lyetincha.
26. Old Warback
This passable red wine has been grown for made for close to three centuries. The guild that manages the vinyard, presses, and aging are old military families, their sons having traditionally served in the King's Army for several years before retiring to the vinyards. Warback is given to the soldiers of the army in lieu of paying taxes to the crown, and being soldiers themselves, they make sure the wine is good enough to drink and enjoy. It falls short for connesiurs, but most soldiers lack a certain snobbishness when it comes to wine.
27. Ashold Firewine
The Ashold province has a number of semi-active volcanoes and fumarole fields. This produces a constant fall of ash across a good part of the province, fertile soil for the hardy grapes that grow there. The so-called firewine usually has herbs and oils added to it to give it a spicy flavor. Without this treatment, it is a rather sour red wine.
Also known as Green Forest Wine, Elm-Aleril is made predominantly from juniper berries and white grapes. it has a distinct light green color and a spicy taste but finishes clean. This is the most common elfin wine that humans ever encounter, and is plentiful enough that it can be purchased at a high, but not astronomical price.
29. Criton Double-Wine
Criton, fermented from the large white grapes common to Critonshire, has a simple floral flavor but is a rather watery and weak wine. To make up for this, the venters will ferment the wine, distill it into brandy, and then mix it with a water-undistilled wine mixture. This double-wine, as it is termed is a decent white wine, but varies highly from batch to batch. One bottle can be great, the next suited only for washing fungus off of feat.
This wine is vinted in massive 1000 gallon vats, and is borderline unconsumable by humans. The grape juice is spiked with pure grain spirits, powdered sulfer, ground bone, and several other repulsive ingredients. Left to ferment for several weeks, the vats when complete are drained into wagon mounted tanks and taken to the sole consumer of Mebelche, a massive red dragon. After drinking the tank of idragon-wone/i, the beast belches repeatedly, spewing fire about. It later passes into a comfortable stupor and sleeps for several days. Rather than slaying the dragon in it's sleep, the community that vints the wine instead has a pet dragon for their defence. If they die or flee, no more dragon wine for the dragon.


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The following video demonstrates the endoscopic view of a duodenal ulcer and a look at its pathogenesis by reviewing The leaking roof concept by C. S. Goodwin.
The most important causative factor for a duodenal ulcer is Helicobacter pylori.
Endoscopic view of a DU. The endoscope is in the duodenum. Retracting the scope from the second part of the duodenum slowly into the duodenal bulb showed an ulcer in the first part of the duodenum. Biopsies taken from this ulcer were positive for H pylori infection.
C. S. Goodwin published the Leaking roof concept explaining the pathogenesis of a DU in The Lancet in 1988. He compared the duodenum to a house with an intact roof. Any breech in the roof allows the leakage of acid rain resulting in the formation of an ulcer.
We will now look in detail the series of events leading to the formation of a DU according to the leaking roof concept. Gastric hypermotility along with the hyperacidity are the initiative factors which lead to the gastric metaplasia of the duodenum. H pylori which normally infects the gastric antrum producing antral gastritis invades the gastric metaplasia of the duodenum to produce duodenitis. H pylori damages the microvilli and the cytoskelatal webs and also disrupts the intercellular bridges. It also depletes the mucin by producing a protease and a lipase. Acid and pepsin leak through this damaged mucin roof and precipitate erosions and ulcerations leading to the formation of a DU. Other mucin disrupting factors also contribute to this.
The principles of management of a patient with DU is therefore based on the precipitating causes. To repair the roof by treating H pylori and to prevent the acid rain by using proton pump inhibitors.
Chandra S. Dasari, MD, MD Anderson Cancer Center
Gottumukkala S. Raju, MD, MD Anderson Cancer Center


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It is fairly common to see isle used where aisle would be appropriate, but the different meanings are straightforward to grasp.
- a passage between rows of seats or seating areas
- a passage between rows of cabinets and shelves (containing goods)
- a lower part in a church parallel to but divided from (by pillars) the nave or chancel
The similarity between isle and island is a useful indicator of which word to use. If the thing you are writing about is not an island, you know that you need to use aisle.
This is fairly basic but it is easy to type or write the wrong word when you are in a hurry. I tend to find that plane is used in place of plain. I haven't yet seen an aircraft referred to as a 'plain'.
- without decoration or adornment
- without pattern or with one colour or with simple weave (when a fabric)
- having no particular beauty
- flat or smooth
- easily understood; clear or simple; unequivocal
- a lowly person or lowly people (usually in social rank or education)
- a simple stitch in knitting
- to mourn, lament or complain
- an aeroplane
- to glide, skim or soar without moving wings
- a level surface; level or flat
- a flat surface on which a straight line joining any two points on it lies entirely on that surface
- a level of existence, thought or attainment
- a tool with a block and projecting steel blade for smoothing timber or wooden surfaces; to smooth timber or remove material using a plane
- a type of tall spreading tree
The first homophones of the year are cue and queue. The order of the vowels in queue is also a source of confusion for some writers.
- a signal for action
- a signal for an actor to enter or begin
- a hint or signal about how to behave
- a reminder
- a long, straight, tapering wooden rod used to strike the ball in games such as billiards and snooker; to hit a ball with a cue
- to act as a prompt or reminder
- to set audio or visual equipment in readiness to play
- on cue – at the right moment
- a line or sequence of people or vehicles awaiting their turn; to form or remain in a line while waiting
- (in computing) a list of data items, commands, etc., stored so they are retrievable in a particular order; to arrange such items in a queue
- a plait of hair or braid worn at the back
- to be keen to do or have something (e.g. they were queuing up to hire him)
Cue jokes about British people in a queue.
You are probably familiar with two types of dashes: the en rule and the em rule. Neither is to be used as if it is a hyphen.
The en rule (–) is longer than a hyphen (-) and half the length of an em rule (—).
You will often see it used with a space either side as a parenthetical dash; this is usually the preferred style for British publishers (the alternative is a closed-up em rule).
When considering the other uses, it might be helpful to think of the en rule as meaning (roughly) and or to.
The en rule should be used closed up (with no spaces either side) in elements (usually figures) that form a range:
pp. 18–25 1865–72 Monday–Friday
The en rule should also be used at the end of unfinished number ranges.
It is important to remember to always write from xxxx to xxxx or xxxx–xxxx. Do not use a combination of the two. The same applies when writing between xxxx and xxxx.
An en rule can be used closed up to express connection or relation between words, to express an alternative (in a similar way to a solidus) or to indicate joint creators (a hyphen between the names would suggest it was only one person).
En rules can also be used to indicate individual missing letters:
'The utter b – – – – – –!' she shouted.
It isn't common to see this any more; people tend to be able to cope with seeing rude words spelt out.
If you sing or listen to carols, this word is probably very familiar. It is to me – some of my best childhood memories are of singing carols with a choir at Christmas.
Noel is often used as a refrain in carols and on Christmas cards. It means 'Christmas'. A noel is a Christmas carol.
Its origin is early 19th century, from the French Noël. Noël is based on the Latin word natalis meaning 'birthday'.
Joyeux Noel is sometimes used by English speakers to wish others a happy or merry Christmas. If you are writing to a French speaker, remember to use Noël.
You may have seen the spelling Nowell or Nowel. Nowell is the Middle English spelling of Noel. It's now regarded as archaic and is rarely used. However, it is common for the carol 'The First Nowell' to be spelt using the original form (you can read more on why here).
If you use Spotify, here's the carol with its famous refrain:
This is my last post for a week or so. I'll still be contactable should you have any proofreading-related emergencies.
I wish you a very merry Christmas.
It is getting closer to the time when Father Christmas delivers presents! As he dashes around the world every Christmas Eve, his method of transport is a sleigh.
Santa's Slay is a film I don't think I ever need to see.
- to kill something in a violent way
- to delight, impress or amuse someone very much
- a tool used in weaving
- a sledge drawn by animals, usually horses (or reindeer!)
- (sleighing) ride on a sleigh
Here's 'Jingle Bells', with the well-known sleigh-related lyrics:
Feeling Christmassy yet?
Defenestration is the action of throwing someone (or something) out of a window. It can also be used to describe the process or action of removing someone from a position of authority or power.
You can defenestrate someone or be defenestrated.
Defenestration is early 17th century in origin, stemming from demeaning 'down from' and the Latin fenestra meaning 'window'.
The word is thought to have been coined around the time of the Defenestration of Prague in 1618. The incident at Prague Castle saw two Catholic governors and their scribe thrown from windows by Protestant citizens. The defenestration helped to start the Thirty Years War.
You might be familiar with a nursery rhyme about three men in a tub. Or the BBC's version about socks (if my socks had that many holes, I would just get rid of them).
Rub-a-dub was originally a word for the sound made by beating a drum or for a drumming sound.
It is often used to describe a rhythmic sound or motion, such as rubbing or scrubbing to make something clean.
Rub-a-dub is also rhyming slang for pub.
I must admit I have to think very carefully about these three.
- the roof of the mouth
- the sense of taste or ability to distinguish between and appreciate flavours
- the flavour of wine and beer
- a flat, thin board used by artists to mix paints
- the range of colours characteristic of a particular artist or school of painting, also the range of colours used in a particular painting
- the range of colours, patterns or shapes that can be displayed on the visual display unit of a computer
- the range of tonal colour in a piece of music
- a straw-filled mattress or bed; a crude, temporary or makeshift bed
- a tool (often wooden) with a flat blade used for shaping clay or plaster
- a portable platform for stacking, storing and moving goods
- a projection on a machine part that changes the motion of a wheel
Pallet also has specialist uses in relation to timepieces and heraldry.
Sorry Britishers, it has nothing to do with cats. Here's a picture of one anyway.
This week's interesting word is (I believe) common in American English but almost unknown in British English.
It is a variation of cater-cornered. There are other variations including catacornered, caddy-cornered and kitty-cornered.
Cater-cornered means 'diagonal' or 'diagonally'. It is used to describe something as situated diagonally opposite from something else.
Cater-corned is mid 19th century in origin. It is usually considered to have developed from a dialect use of cater meaning 'diagonally'. This stemmed from cater meaning the four-spot on dice, which comes from the French quatre meaning 'four'. Quatre is from the Latin quattuor, meaning 'four'.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Portrait of 16th century merchant Georg Gisze
Commerce is the exchange of goods and services, especially on a large scale.[1]
The English-language word commerce has been derived from the Latin word commercium, from com ("together") and merx ("merchandise").[2]
The caduceus - used today as the symbol of commerce,[3] and traditionally associated with the Roman god Mercury, patron of commerce, trickery and thieves.
Historian Peter Watson and Ramesh Manickam date the history of long-distance commerce from circa 150,000 years ago.[4]
In historic times, the introduction of currency as a standardized money facilitated the exchange of goods and services.[5]
Banking systems developed in medieval Europe, facilitating financial transactions across national boundaries.[6] Markets became a feature of town life, and were regulated by town authorities.[7]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ "commerce". English: Oxford Living Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. n.d. Retrieved December 11, 2018. 1 The activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale.
 2. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Commerce" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 766.
 3. ^ Hans Biedermann, James Hulbert (trans.), Dictionary of Symbolism - Cultural Icons and the Meanings behind Them, p. 54.
 4. ^ Watson, Peter (2005). Ideas : A History of Thought and Invention from Fire to Freud. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-621064-X. Introduction......./
 5. ^ Davies, Glyn (2002). Ideas: A history of money from ancient times to the present day. University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-1717-0.
 6. ^ Martha C. Howell (12 April 2010). Commerce Before Capitalism in Europe, _PHONE_. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76046-1.
 7. ^ Fernand Braudel (1982). Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century: The wheels of commerce. University of California Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-520-08115-4. Taken over by towns, the markets grew apace with them.


Economic Systems - BANANAS
Donkey Kong has his conundrum. He has to choose between the merits of the various economic systems. Now that he is familiar with Traditional Economies, he knows he wants to move away from that model, but he has all of his concerns that are addressed in the seven economic goals. Use the various metrics linked below to find evidence for Donkey Kong on how each of the countries can say their system is working for them.


Friday, April 24, 2020
4.1 Five Guys Analogy
4.1 Five Guys Analogy
 Because the intent here is to illustrate principles and specific points, very simple analogies will be used, studied in extremes. More complex models with more variables will confirm the process, given that one has sufficient time and the patience to work through the details.
The ideas are presented in two separate cases of one illustration. The first case will illustrate what the purpose of inflation is NOT and the second case will illustrate what the purpose of inflation IS.
Imagine a country with a currency called a dollar. This country defines their dollar as one-tenth of an ounce of gold. Therefore, each gold ounce is worth ten of this country's dollars.
Defined Value
Ounce of Gold
Ounce of Gold
Ounce of Gold
Ounce of Gold
Ounce of Gold
In this country there are exactly five guys who each have ten ounces of gold. These five guys are the entire population of the country.
Total Value
Ounces of Gold
Ounces of Gold
Ounces of Gold
Ounces of Gold
Ounces of Gold
Ounces of Gold
Imagine that they like using receipt money, so their coins are in a vault.
Total Value
Receipts for
50 Gold Ounces
Let's keep this simple. Imagine that they each grow different varieties of corn and that all corn is priced at $1 per bushel. These gentlemen grow flint corn, dent corn, sweet corn, popcorn and flour corn. Each type of corn is used for different purposes.
Illustrating what the purpose of inflation is NOT...
Here we begin our illustration for the first case. It involves two years.
In year two they meet and decide to "lubricate" their economy so they can be sophisticated like the neighboring countries. They casually ignore the definition of their dollar. They print and immediately distribute an extra one hundred dollars each in receipts, thereby giving each man two hundred dollars.
Total Value
Receipts for
50 Gold Ounces
Has the wealth of their nation increased?
The answer is no. The paper receipt is costless to produce and therefore valueless in its own right. The paper references the same 50 ounces of gold in the vault. Therefore, with double the receipts and no more gold, each receipt is instantly worth half as much.
Has the value of the corn changed?
The answer is no. The corn has the same nutritional value and other value attributes as it did before someone pressed the print button to create extra receipts. Corn is real property with identity and it can be weighed and measured.
Has the price of the corn changed?
So what is the purpose of inflation?
Illustrating what the purpose of inflation is...
Let's erase the last two years and start again in year one, this time with a different twist.
This time on January 2nd in year one, one of the five guys decides to become a central banker.
He prints an extra $500 in receipt money, places it on the ledgers in the bank and then borrows it. Instead of $500, all together they now have the same 50 gold ounces, but there is $1000 in receipt money floating around.
Remember in the previous analogy when the new receipts were printed, each of our five guys received his share of the new receipts. Because everyone knew the true ratio of receipts to gold, each of the five guys could go and get his, and only his, gold ounces out of the vault.
But this time, only one farmer, who is also the central banker, will get all the new receipts. Instead of ten, he will have his ten, plus the newly printed duplicate receipts which match the original receipts of his and the other four farmers. He will have 10+50=60 receipts, having a false face value of $600.
Total Value
Receipts for
50 Gold Ounces
Has the wealth of their nation increased?
The answer is no. The paper is costless and therefore valueless in its own right. The paper references the same gold coins and therefore each receipt is now worth half as much. They still have only 50 gold coins in the vault.
Previously, when the other four guys lost half of their purchasing power, they each received additional receipts at no cost which maintained their purchasing power at the same level.
This time, the paper in four of the guy's pockets lost half of its value, but they received no replacement receipts. Instead, the banker gets all the new receipts. He enjoys an increase in purchasing power at least equal to the loss in purchasing power of the other four guys.
Has the value of the corn changed?
Has the price of the corn changed?
The answer is yes according to math, but no according to knowledge. Since the receipts are half as valuable and the corn retains its same value, corn should now be priced at two dollars (in terms of inflated receipt money) per bushel. However, the other four guys don't know about the new money so they continue to trade corn at the price of $1 per bushel. Over time, the market will reflect the decrease in purchasing power, but bad things happen along the way.
Consider how this plays out. The banker started with $100 like everyone else, then secretly printed $500 in new receipts. Then he borrowed the extra $500.
The banker now has $600 dollars to spend.
The market will always cause price changes to occur when the money system is manipulated. However, to keep the math simple, let's stipulate that the price changes in our analogy do not occur until the January 1st economic summit a year from now.
In the meantime, the banker is purchasing more corn than normal with the secretly printed new receipt money. The four guys are going to be quiet, but happy, because each thinks that he is making really big money this year as he sells more corn than normal and his account swells from $100 to $200. The other four farmers are thinking about all the extra corn of other varieties they will be able to buy next year. And an imported fishing boat.
For the purpose of illustration, let's specify that each of the four guys winds up with $200 dollars at the end of the year. The banker has $200 from the variety of corn he grew and sold that year along with some trading of the corn he purchased.
The four guys have 100 bushels of corn at the end of the year.
The banker, on the other hand ends the year with 500 bushels of corn.
What Happened?
At the economic summit it quickly becomes clear that the banker has inflated the money supply, which halved the value of the dollar receipts already in existence. The farmers discover they should have been selling corn for $2 a bushel. Since everyone is now aware of the true value of the inflated receipts, in the upcoming year they will only be able to buy 100 bushels of corn with their deceptively big $200 dollar bank account. After all, $200 dollars in receipts are really only worth the same 10 ounces of gold they have in the vault.
What is the Effect?
Since everyone ended up with the same amount of dollars relative to one another, one might conclude there is not really any harm done, but that conclusion would be incorrect. Remember that the banker now has 500 bushels of corn when he should only have 100 bushels.
Next year, the banker will be able to sell 500 bushels of corn at $2 a bushel. With his $1,000 income he will pay off the $500 bank loan and pocket $500 in profit. In that year or the next he will also begin printing more receipts which are not tied to any gold ounces and the process will repeat.
Since no one understood the game yet and the receipts each say that they can be redeemed for one gold ounce, the banker uses his $500 in profit to redeem the gold ounces from the vault. Now the banker has all the gold.
When the other farmers finally catch on, they will come to pick up their gold, but it is already gone. The solution for the banker is to pass a law that says it is illegal to own gold and all transactions must take place using the receipt money he is creating.
Purpose of Inflation
So now we can see the purpose of inflation.
When inflating with costless money, the purpose of inflation is to use THE BANKER'S NEW RECEIPT MONEY to purchase THE FARMER'S $2 CORN at THE OLD CORN PRICE OF $1,
thereby causing a wealth transfer from the four farmers who get the new money last, toward the banker who gets the new money first. After the banker has the corn, he sells it for cash and then takes all the gold.
Observe the illustration closely. Remember when the new receipts were created in the first case and all the guys received the new money at the same time? In that case no one's purchasing power changed. Prices doubled, but everyone had twice as much money, so the purchasing power was unchanged. The new receipts were meaningless.
In the second case only the banker knew about the new money. No one else suspected prices should be doubled.
Since in both cases the new receipts decreased the purchasing power of the other four guys, whose money was the banker actually handing over when he made his purchases of corn?
The banker was buying the farmer's corn with the farmer's own money!
What does this mean for those who are members of a society which operates under an inflationary monetary system? Whoever gets the new money first has artificially increased his purchasing power, and that increase is paid for by the people who get the new money later. This is how our savings and retirements


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- Historic Sites
They padded aboard submarines and proved themselves steadfast in boredom and in battle. During the worst of war these canine mascots brought their shipmates some of the comfort of home.
October 1994 | Volume 45, Issue 6
The Submarine Force Library and Museum in Groton, Connecticut, where I'm the director, has thousands of books, documents, and photographs about U.S. submarine operations but no file, I realized, about mascots. Were there dogs on board other submarines? If so, could we find enough information about them to perhaps mount an exhibit for the museum? For the next six months the curator, the archivist, and I kept a watch for pictures and stories of what we came to call sea dogs. Our finds were infrequent; once in a while we'd turn up a picture in a folder or a brief reference in a yellowed news clipping.
Then I published an appeal in Polaris, the monthly magazine of the Submarine Veterans of World War II. In poured letters with photographs, ID cards, service records, and newspaper stories. The replies showed that after nearly fifty years the veterans' feelings for their pets remained strong. One wrote: "She was truly one of our crew, and we all loved her. She was a comfort... when we were in silent running and getting a good depth charging." Another recalled: "Some chief from one of the seven hundred-odd ships in the anchorage (at Ulithi) decided to abscond with our dog, and I interceded and got a broken nose for my efforts. Hope Garbo appreciated it!" A third remembered: "Since I left the boat before Betty did, I cannot tell you of her final fate. May her soul rest in peace."
From this correspondence I discovered that during World War II many United States submariners carried mascots with them in the Pacific. We did put together an exhibit called "Sea Dogs: Mascots of the Silent Service." Still on display, it is as popular with the public as the mascots were with their crews and for the same reason: The dogs touched their hearts.
Submariners' pets were usually small and of mixed breed. Crews acquired them through purchase and gift or in trade for a case or two of beer. One dog even dashed aboard a sub as the boat was getting under way. The dogs cheered and amused the men during their long war patrols. They helped relieve the tension and weariness of hours of silent running or nights of surface attacks. The men doted on their dogs. They fed them steak and bacon; they gave them ID cards and service records; they took them on liberty all over the Pacific, and more than one mascot acquired a taste for beer. Crews made their pets leashes and collars, complete with combat submarine insignia and service stars. Some dogs wore special coats emblazoned with their boat's war record. At least one miscreant even went to captain's mast.
Garbo was the perfect submarine mascot. A mongrel puppy so small she could be concealed in a white sailor's hat, she came aboard the USS Gar (SS 206) in Hawaii about the time of the boat's tenth war patrol. She and the crew took an immediate liking to each other, and she remained on board for the rest of the Gar 's fifteen war patrols. The puppy made her home in the forward torpedo room. Whenever the sub got under way, Garbo stationed herself all the way forward on the bullnose and barked. Once each patrol she toured the Gar from stem to stern; as she arrived in each compartment, the crew there would come to attention. "She owned the boat and knew it," recalled Motor Machinist Mate Second Class Jim Bunn.
Garbo earned the combat submarine insignia that she wore on her collar, along with a star for each successful patrol she made on the Gar. Under the heaviest depthcharge attacks, when the gauges were leaking, light bulbs breaking, and fires breaking out, Garbo remained as playful as ever. Bunn said, "She should have gotten a medal for keeping our spirits and morale up when we needed it most." Anyone was welcome to pet her, but only the skipper, Lt. Cmdr. George Lautrup, Jr., and the cook, Red Balthorp, could pick her up. The skipper would put her on his shoulder and carry her up the ladder to the bridge at night for fresh air.
One night while the Gar was running on the surface during a war patrol in the Palau Islands, Garbo stepped off the cigarette deck and vanished into the darkness. The C.O. immediately began a dogoverboard search. With the boat making frantic circles in enemy waters, a lookout finally spotted the mascot below the bridge, safe on the main deck.
Between patrols Garbo stayed with the crew at their hotel in Pearl Harbor. She joined in the ship's parties, and like some of her two-legged shipmates, she didn't know her limit. After lapping up too much beer, she tended to blunder into furniture.


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Country Girls in the Big City
|Eliza Adams and her sisters,|
Forest Hill Cemetery, Derry, New Hampshire
|The Eliza Adams Exhibit at the|
Boarding House Museum, Lowell, Massachusetts
Inside the boarding house there was an interactive exhibit showing some of the girls who worked in the textile mills, including some personal items, photographs and silhouettes. Of all the exhibits, the one I remember most was Eliza Adams from Derry. Her trunk, letters and photograph were behind glass, but a recorded voice of an actress read her letters aloud. It was poignant, and even the little girls were amazed that a girl from Derry lived and worked in those big factories weaving cloth.
Eliza is one of the most famous of the Lowell mill girls, like Lucy Larcom, because her letters to her mother have survived through time. Tens of thousands of girls served in Lowell and other mill cities, but they remain silent witnesses to history. Very few mill girls ever left letters or journals. Through Eliza we learn her daily routine, her friendships, her homesickness, that she attended a reception held for President Tyler, and witnessed a strike.
At age 42 Eliza bought a farm in South Hadley, Massachusetts, where Mary Lyons had her college, Mount Holyoke, the first college for women in America. Years before, Mary Lyons had been an assistant teacher at the Adams Female Academy in Derry. Eliza had attended school in Derry with Mary Lyons, before going to work in Lowell. Eliza Adams adopted two little girls, and fostered several others, and grew prosperous on her farm as a single, independent woman.
Eliza, and her sisters, attended the Adams Female Academy in Derry, which had been founded by her uncle, Jacob Adams, who left a bequest to the school. Later, after working at the mills in Lowell, she went to Ipswich to work in another mill and also attend the Ipswich Female Seminary founded by Zilpah Grant, another teacher from Derry's Female Academy. Letters from Eliza to both Zilpah and Mary Lyons survive in the archives at Mount Holyoke College. Zilpah Grant and Mary Lyons are some of the most famous educators mentioned in Feminist History courses.
What is amazing is that Eliza did nothing unusual by today's standards. She went to school, educated herself with her own earnings, bought property and was a single mother. She did not go off to Lowell to work in the mills with the aim of finding a husband or man to help her in life. However, in the mid 1800s these were rare events, and probably considered quite odd. Letters do survive over time, but most letters we see from this time period are written by men. To read about Eliza's accomplishments is wonderful, but it is also just as nice to read about her daily work life, and her homey remarks back to her mother back on the farm in Derry.
The Eliza Adams Lineage:
Gen. 1. Robert Adams was born in England in 1602; married to Eleanor Wilmot and resided in Newbury, Massachusetts. Robert Adams first came to Ipswich, Massachusetts in 1635, bringing his wife and his first two children. He resided in Salem and removed to Newbury in 1640. His first wife, Eleanor, died on 12 June 1677 and married second 6 February 1678 to Sarah (Glover) Short, the widow of Henry Short. He died on 12 October 1682, and his widow died on 24 October 1697 in Newbury.
Gen. 2. Sergeant Abraham Adams, born in 1639 in Salem, Massachusetts; married on 10 November 1670 to Mary Pettengill, daughter of Richard Pettengill and Joanna Ingersoll, born on 6 Jul 1652 and died on 19 September 1705. He was a corporal in the militia of 1685 to 1693, and became a sergeant in 1703. They resided in Newbury, Massachusetts. They had fourteen children. He died in August 1714 in Newbury.
Gen. 3. Richard Adams, born in Newbury on 22 November 1693; married on 12 December 1717 to Susannah Pike, daughter of John Pike and Lydia Little, born on 3 April 1697 and died on 17 October 1754. They resided in Newbury and had ten children
Gen. 4. Deacon Edmund Adams, youngest child of Richard, born 24 October 1740 in Newbury; married first on 22 November 1764 to Hannah Thurston, she died on 14 September 1807; he married second about 1811 to Mrs. Betsey Kimball of Hampstead, New Hampshire. Edmund Adams removed to Derry, New Hampshire and settled on the farm belonging to Deacon James Adams, a first comer to Nutfield. Deacon Edmund Adams had ten children by his first wife, and one by his second wife.
Gen. 5. Edmund Adams, eighth child of Deacon Edmund, born in Newbury on 3 April 1777; married in 1808 to Elizabeth Carr. She died on 2 May 1858 and he died on 8 September 1858. They resided in Derry and had eight children.
Edmund's brother, Jacob Adams, the youngest child, was born 14 Jan 1785 in Newbury, and died unmarried. Jacob was the founder of the Derry Female Academy.
Gen. 6. Eliza Adams, fourth child of Edmund, born on 15 January 1815 in Derry; died unmarried in 12 November 1881. She is buried with her parents in Forest Hills Cemetery, Derry.
"A Genealogical History of Robert Adams of Newbury" by Andrew N. Adams, Rutland, VT: Tuttle Publishing Company, 1900
"The Story of an Industrial City: A guide to Lowell National Park" by Thomas Dublin, National Park Service, 1993
"The Belles of New England: The Women of the Textile Mills" by William Moran, St. Martin's Griffin/ Thomas Dunne Books, 2004
Copyright 2009, Heather Wilkinson Rojo


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A team of volunteers from WRc participated in the Earth Summit on 28th-31st May 2012.
The Earth Summit is an annual event organised by the National Trust. Its aim is for year 5 pupils across Swindon to learn about sustainable living. Approximately 500 children from 11 schools attend workshops on a variety of issues, from renewable energy to recycling, and from transport to fair trade.
WRc presented the workshop called Water Matters in conjunction with Thames Water. It included activities to encourage the pupils to think about where water comes from and the processes that are required to treat water. These discussions prompted ideas about what actions the children and their families could take to reduce their water consumption. They were also given the opportunity to make water filters to test different filtration materials and observe which ones were most effective.
The event took place at the National Trust Estate in Coleshill, which has acres of land in which the children could learn as well as enjoy the great outdoors and the event was a resounding success!
For further information contact Jayne Matwiejczyk at _EMAIL_ or 01793 865075.


Leveraging the Power of Digital Technologies and Data Systems against COVID-19
How can digital technologies and data best be leveraged to support the COVID-19 response in lowand middle-income countries?
Recent efforts to fight the pandemic demonstrate the incredible power that digital technology offers as we rise to face unprecedented global threats and support partner countries' on their journey to self-reliance.
To fight the spread of COVID-19, information is critical. Responders and decision makers need detailed and timely data about the disease's spread, and communities need access to trusted and truthful information to protect themselves and their families.
Children are using digital technology to learn, people are using digital payments to send money to loved ones, and local institutions are coming online to deliver services that have been impacted by the epidemic. This requires robust digital tools, internet connectivity, as well as policies and infrastructure to support the responsible use of these technologies and sensitive data.
The response to the Ebola outbreak that hit West Africa in 2014 offers powerful lessons for how to effectively and responsibly use digital technologies and data.
When that outbreak happened, the world was unprepared. The consequences: 30,000 cases, 11,000 deaths, and billions of dollars lost. The scale of COVID-19 is already much broader.
During the Ebola outbreak, the systems West Africa required to gather, analyze, and use data and information were not robust enough to support a timely response. USAID and partners worked together to overcome some of these challenges. The resulting investments show the power of digital technology. In fact, these are programs that have been in use since the end of the Ebola outbreak and are now being used to respond to COVID-19.


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Metal Recovery and Preconcentration by Aminopolycarboxylic Acid modified Silica Surfaces
This study focuses on the adsorption and preconcentration of various metals by silica gel surfaces modified with aminopolycarboxylic acids namely ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid. The adsorption performance of the studied materials was determined in mixed metal solutions and the adsorption isotherm studies were conducted for cobalt, nickel, cadmium, and lead. The results were modeled using various theoretical isotherm equations, which suggested that two different adsorption sites were involved in metal removal although lead showed clearly different adsorption behavior attributed to its lowest hydration tendency. Efficient regeneration of the adsorbents and preconcentration of metals was conducted with nitric acid. Results indicated that the metals under study could be analyzed rather accurately after preconcentration from both pure, saline and ground water samples.


The Workspace
The workspace is your current R working environment and includes any user-defined objects (vectors, matrices, data frames, lists, functions). At the end of an R session, the user can save an image of the current workspace that is automatically reloaded the next time R is started. Commands are entered interactively at the R user prompt. Up and down arrow keys scroll through your command history.
You will probably want to keep different projects in different physical directories. Here are some standard commands for managing your workspace.
 R gets confused if you use a path in your code like
 This is because R sees "\" as an escape character. Instead, use
 c:\\my documents\\myfile.txt
 Either will work. I use the second convention throughout this website.
getwd() # print the current working directory - cwd
ls() # list the objects in the current workspace
setwd(mydirectory) # change to mydirectory
setwd("c:/docs/mydir") # note / instead of \ in windows
setwd("/usr/rob/mydir") # on linux
# view and set options for the session
help(options) # learn about available options
options() # view current option settings
options(digits=3) # number of digits to print on output
# work with your previous commands
history() # display last 25 commands
history( # display all previous commands
# save your command history
savehistory(file="myfile") # default is ".Rhistory"
# recall your command history
loadhistory(file="myfile") # default is ".Rhistory"
# save the workspace to the file.RData in the cwd
# save specific objects to a file
# if you don't specify the path, the cwd is assumed
save(object list,file="myfile.RData")
# load a workspace into the current session
# if you don't specify the path, the cwd is assumed
q() # quit R. You will be prompted to save the workspace.


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Covid Vaccination Centre
We are proud to be supporting the NHS with Covid vaccination service. Now eligible patients can get their covid vaccination at our pharmacy.
Importance of Covid-19 Vaccination
It is important to remember that covid-19 has not gone away. The removal of covid-19 restrictions means exposure to the virus will increase for everyone so getting the vaccine is an important precaution you can take to protect yourself.
How well does covid-19 vaccine work?
The covid-19 virus can cause serious illness and in some individuals the illness can be prolonged, known as long covid. Vaccination is the best protection we have against covid. Protect yourself and others by getting your covid-19 vaccine.
The covid-19 vaccine helps with:
The covid-19 vaccines have a good safety profile with millions of doses administered in the UK.
How can I book an appointment?
You can check the eligibility criteria and book your appointment through the national booking portal. Follow the link below. If you have any questions, speak with a member of staff in-store.


7 words with different meanings on the farm
By Julie Tomascik Same words. Different meanings. Agriculture is full of them—those homonyms that can confuse us. Farmers and ranchers seem to speak their own language sometimes. Jargon. Technical words. Or just words that mean something different to you. It's a learning process for sure. We've all been there. Endured the vocabulary tests. Learned the [...]