back and where it was exposed as part of a sail. The lower or proximal portion of the spine has a rough surface that would have served as an anchoring point for the epaxial muscles of the back, and also has a network of connective tissues called Sharpey's fibers that indicate it was embedded within the body. Higher up on the distal (outer) portion of the spine, the bone surface is smoother. The periosteum, a layer of tissue surrounding the bone, is covered in small grooves that presumably supported the blood vessels that vascularized the sail.[19] The large groove that runs the length of the spine was once thought to be a channel for blood vessels, but since the bone does not contain vascular canals, the sail is not thought to have been as highly vascularized as once thought. Some specimens of Dimetrodon preserve deformed areas of the neural spines that appear to be healed-over fractures. The cortical bone that grew over these breaks is highly vascularized, suggesting that soft tissue must have been present on the sail to supply the site with blood vessels.[17] Layered lamellar bone makes up most of the neural spine's cross-sectional area, and contains lines of arrested growth that can be used to determine the age of each individual at death.[20] In many specimens the distal portions of spines bend sharply, indicating that the sail would have had an irregular profile in life. Their crookedness suggests that soft tissue may not have extended all the way to the tips of the spines, meaning that the sail's webbing may not have been as extensive as it is commonly imagined.[16]
Thermoregulatory function[edit]
Restoration of Dimetrodon grandis
Paleontologists have proposed many ways in which the sail could have functioned in life. Some of the first to think about its purpose suggested that the sail may have served as camouflage among reeds while Dimetrodon waited for prey, or as an actual boat-like sail to catch the wind while the animal was in the water.[21] Another is that the long neural spines could have stabilized the trunk by restricting up-and-down movement, which would allow for a more efficient side-to-side movement while walking.[17] In 1940, Alfred Romer and Llewellyn Ivor Price proposed that the sail served a thermoregulatory function, allowing individuals to warm their bodies with the sun's heat. In the following years, many models were created to estimate the effectiveness of thermoregulation in Dimetrodon. For example, in a 1973 article in the journal Nature, paleontologists C. D. Bramwell and P. B. Fellgett estimated that it took a 200 kilograms (440 lb) individual about one and a half hours for its body temperature to rise from 26 to 32 °C (79 to 90 °F).[22] In 1986, Steven C. Haack concluded that the warming was slower than previously thought and that the process probably took four hours. Using a model based on a variety of environmental factors and hypothesized physiological aspects of Dimetrodon, Haack found that the sail allowed Dimetrodon to warm faster in the morning and reach a slightly higher body temperature during the day, but that it was ineffective in releasing excess heat and did not allow Dimetrodon to retain a higher body temperature at night.[23] In 1999, a group of mechanical engineers created a computer model to analyze the ability of the sail to regulate body temperature during different seasons, and concluded that the sail was beneficial for capturing and releasing heat at all times in the year.[24]
Most of these studies give two thermoregulatory roles for the sail of Dimetrodon: one as a means of warming quickly in the morning, and another as a way to cool down when body temperature becomes high. Dimetrodon and all other Early Permian land vertebrates are assumed to have been cold-blooded or poikilothermic, relying on the sun to maintain a high body temperature. Because of its large size, Dimetrodon had high thermal inertia, meaning that changes in body temperature occurred more slowly in it than in smaller-bodied animals. As temperatures rose in the mornings, the small-bodied prey of Dimetrodon could warm their bodies much faster than could something the size of Dimetrodon. Many paleontologists including Haack have proposed that the sail of Dimetrodon may have allowed it to warm quickly in the morning in order to keep pace with its prey.[23] The sail's large surface area also meant heat could dissipate quickly into the surroundings, useful if the animal needed to release excess heat produced by metabolism or absorbed from the sun. Dimetrodon may have angled its sail away from the sun to cool off or restricted blood flow to the sail to maintain heat at night.[21]
In 1986, J. Scott Turner and C. Richard Tracy proposed that the evolution of a sail in Dimetrodon was related to the evolution of warm-bloodedness in mammal ancestors. They thought that the sail of Dimetrodon enabled it to be homeothermic, maintaining a constant, albeit low, body temperature. Mammals are also homeothermic, although they differ from Dimetrodon in being endothermic, controlling their body temperature internally through heightened metabolism. Turner and Tracy noted that early therapsids, a more advanced group of synapsids closely related to mammals, had long limbs which can release heat in a manner similar to that of the sail of Dimetrodon. The homeothermy that developed in animals like Dimetrodon may have carried over to therapsids through a modification of body shape, which would eventually develop into the warm-bloodedness of mammals.[25]
Recent studies on the sail of Dimetrodon and other sphenacodontids support Haack's 1986 contention that the sail was poorly adapted to releasing heat and maintaining a stable body temperature. The presence of sails in small-bodied species of Dimetrodon such as D. milleri and D. teutonis does not fit the idea that the sail's purpose was thermoregulation because smaller sails are less able to transfer heat and because small bodies can absorb and release heat easily on their own. Moreover, close relatives of Dimetrodon such as Sphenacodon have very low crests that would have been useless as thermoregulatory devices.[19] The large sail of Dimetrodon is thought to have developed gradually from these smaller crests, meaning that over most of the sail's evolutionary history, thermoregulation could not have served an important function.[26]
Larger bodied specimens of Dimetrodon have larger sails relative to their size, an example of positive allometry. Positive allometry may benefit thermoregulation because it means that, as individuals get larger, surface area increases faster than mass. Larger-bodied animals generate a great deal of heat through metabolism, and the amount of heat that must be dissipated from the body surface is significantly greater than what must be dissipated by smaller-bodied animals. Effective heat dissipation can be predicted across many different animals with a single relationship between mass and surface area. However, a 2010 study of allometry in Dimetrodon found a different relationship between its sail and body mass: the actual scaling exponent of the sail was much larger than the exponent expected in an animal adapted to heat dissipation. The researchers concluded that the sail of Dimetrodon grew at a much faster rate than was necessary for thermoregulation, and suggested that sexual selection was the primary reason for its evolution.[26]
Sexual dimorphism[edit]
Dimetrodon may have been sexually dimorphic; the mounted skeleton AMNH 4636 (left) may represent the male type, and the skeleton in the University of Michigan Museum of Natural History (right) may represent the female type
Dimetrodon may have been sexually dimorphic, meaning that males and females had slightly different body sizes. Some specimens of Dimetrodon have been hypothesized as males because they have thicker bones, larger sails, longer skulls, and more pronounced maxillary "steps" than others. Based on these differences, the mounted skeletons in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH 4636) and the Field Museum of Natural History may be males and the skeletons in the Denver Museum of Nature and Science (MCZ 1347) and the University of Michigan Museum of Natural History may be females.[27]
Species Authority Location Status Synonyms Images
Dimetrodon angelensis Olson, 1962 Texas Valid Dimetrodon angelensisDB.jpg
Dimetrodon booneorum Romer, 1937 Texas Valid
Dimetrodon cruciger Cope, 1878 Texas Synonym of Edaphosaurus cruciger
Dimetrodon dollovianus Case, 1907 Texas Valid Embolophorus dollovianus Cope, 1888
Dimetrodon giganhomogenes Case, 1907 Texas Valid Dimetrodon gigashomog DB.jpg
Dimetrodon gigas Cope, 1878 Texas Synonym of Dimetrodon grandis Clepsydrops gigas Cope, 1878
Dimetrodon grandis Romer and Price, 1940 Oklahoma
Valid Clepsydrops gigas Cope, 1878
Dimetrodon gigas Cope, 1878
Theropleura grandis Case, 1907
Bathyglyptus theodori Case, 1911
Dimetrodon maximus Romer 1936
Dimetrodon grandis.jpg
Dimetrodon incisivus Cope, 1878 Texas Synonym of Dimetrodon limbatus
 ?Dimetro


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From Ohio History Central
The National Negro Bowling Association (NNBA), the predecessor of the National Bowling Association, was formed on August 20, 1939, in Detroit, Michigan.
In the 1930's, most bowling organizations restricted membership to white people. A group of African Americans formed their own association. The NNBA held its first tournament in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1939. The organization included teams from Detroit, Michigan; Cleveland, Ohio; Cincinnati, Ohio; Columbus, Ohio; Toledo, Ohio; Indianapolis, Indiana; Chicago, Illinois; and Racine, Wisconsin. Teams from other parts of the United States joined the association, but bowlers from Cleveland, Chicago, and Detroit dominated the league until the 1950s.
In 1944, the NNBA became known as the National Bowling Association. The Association welcomed people of all races but African Americans continued to dominate the group's membership. One of the organization's presidents during the 1950s was William DeHart Hubbard, an African-American sports legend from Cincinnati. In 1951, the two other major bowling organizations, the American Bowling Congress and the Women's International Bowling Congress, also stopped excluding people from membership on the basis of race and allowed whites and blacks to compete in the same events. A principal reason for this change was legal pressure from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the National Bowling Association.
The National Bowling Association continues to exist today. In 2007, the organization had a membership of thirty thousand adult members. The association also oversaw approximately five hundred separate leagues within the United States.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Billings: Geography and Climate
Billings is located in southern Montana in the fertile Yellowstone River valley, with mountains on three sides. The Yellowstone River flows along the eastern boundary of the city. The mountains shelter the city from the most severe winter weather, but blizzard conditions are not uncommon in the spring and fall. Moist air from the Pacific Ocean, called "Chinook winds," often brings surprisingly warm weather in the winter and cooler temperatures in the summer. Spring features the most unpredictable weather, and summers are typically dry with cool nights.
Area: 33.82 square miles (2000)
Elevation: 3,126 feet above sea level
Average Temperatures: January, 22.8° F; August, 72.5° F; annual average, 49.2° F
Average Annual Precipitation: 13.65 inches
Discuss this city on our active forum.


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Results: For patient sera investigated for HIT antibodies, a weak-positive result (0.40–less than 1.00 OD units) in either EIA indicated a low probability (less than or epual to 5%) of a strong-positive SRA; the risk increased to approximately 90% with an OD greater than or equal to 2.00 units. Quantifying the EIA–SRA relationship for 1553 referred patient sera, we found that for every increase of 0.50 OD units in the EIA–IgG, the risk of a strong-positive SRA result increased by OR = 6.39 [95% confidence interval (CI), 5.13, 7.95; P less than 0.0001]. For every increase of 1.00 OD units in the EIA–IgG, the risk increased by OR = 40.81 (95% CI, 26.35, 63.20; P less than 0.0001). Conclusions: The probability of HIT antibodies (strong-positive SRA result) inferred by a positive PF4-dependent EIA varies considerably in relation to the magnitude of the EIA result, expressed as OD values. In our laboratory, the probability of HIT antibodies being present reached greater than or equal to 50% only when the OD level was greater than or equal to 1.40units.
In the concluding paragraph the term "HIT antibodies" means truly functional antibodies, thus predictive of HIT.
Thursday, February 25, 2010
Interpreting HIT antibody results
When evaluating patients for heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) we commonly order two tests: antibodies to heparin-platelet factor 4 complex and a serotonin release assay (SRA). Both tests are sensitive but the antibodies are nonspecific. Invariably the antibodies come back first. If they come back positive you're faced with a dilemma: should you go ahead and treat or wait for the more specific SRA result? According to a study in the Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis the magnitude of positivity of the antibody result, expressed as optical density, correlates well with strong SRA positivity, thus predicting true HIT:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


A Classical Primer on Tajwīd
Staff English, English Publications, Islam Series, Publications, Qur'an & Hadith
A Classical Primer on Tajwīd
Sheikh Sulaymān al-Jamzūrī
Tajwīd (tr. 'making something good or better') is the discipline of proper Qur'anic recitation. It involves pronouncing each letter from its proper point of articulation and giving it its due attributes consistently. It is acquired by listening to those who have mastered it, emulating them, and being tested. Learning the theoretical rules of tajwīd is a communal obligation (Ar. farḍ kifāyah) while practicing it is an individual obligation (Ar. farḍ ʿayn).
This book is a complete, annotated translation of Sheikh Sulaymān al-Jamzūrī's Tuḥfat al-Aṭfāl, a classical didactic poem on tajwīd, including the section on 'points of articulation' (Ar. maḵārij al-ḥurūf) from Imam Ibn al-Jazarī's intermediate-level poem on tajwīd.
(Paperback, 69 pages)


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|It is thought that dogs may choose to roll in foul-smelling things to mask their scent, just as wolves do. Wolves may roll in decomposing carcasses or the feces of herbivores (plant eating animals) to disguise themselves. They want to cover their own odors so their prey will not be alarmed by their scent. This way, they can sneak up on their prey and have a better chance of making a kill.
Some behaviorists feel dogs may roll in smelly things to 'advertise' what they have found to other dogs.
No matter the reason, unfortunately, some of our domesticated friends have held onto this trait. How many of us have given a dog a bath only to find him running outside to again roll in something foul?


Third Pary Products
Fish Amino Acid
Fish Amino Acid is a liquid made from fish of great value to the plant and to the microorganisms. It also contains plenty of nutrients. To be applied to the soil, mixed with water.
Liquid Vermi Compost
Vermi Compost is a liquid made from the absorption of organic matter by a worm resulting in ready to use organic fertilizer. High nutrients content, but less microbial activities than compost. To be mixed with water. Can be applied to the soil or directly to the plant.
Wood Vinegar
Wood vinegar has the following broad benefits:
 - Improvement of soil quality
 - Elimination of pests
 - Plant growth control; being able to accelerate the development of roots, stems, tubers, leaves, flowers, and fruit. Additionally, the product can help boost crop defenses against disease. Can be applied to the soil or to the plant.


Answering questions about electronic cigarettes using a multidisciplinary model
Alison Breland, Robert L. Balster, Caroline Cobb, Pebbles Fagan, Jonathan Foulds, J. Randy Koch, Thokozeni Lipato, Najat Saliba, Alan Shihadeh, Shumei Sun, Thomas Eissenberg
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
1 Scopus citations
Electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) are a relatively new class of tobacco products and a subject of much debate for scientists and policymakers worldwide. Objective data that address the ECIG riskbenefit ratio for individual and public health are needed, and addressing this need requires a multidisciplinary approach that spans several areas of psychology as well as chemistry, toxicant inhalation, and physiology. This multidisciplinary approach would benefit from methods that are reliable, valid, and swift. For this reason, we formed a multidisciplinary team to develop methods that could answer questions about ECIGs and other potential modified risk tobacco products. Our team includes scientists with expertise in psychology (clinical, community, and experimental) and other disciplines, including aerosol research, analytical chemistry, biostatistics, engineering, internal medicine, and public health. The psychologists on our team keep other members focused on factors that influence individual behavior, and other team members keep the psychologists aware of other issues, such as product design. Critically, all team members are willing to extend their interests beyond the boundaries of their discipline to collaborate effectively with the shared goal of producing therigorous science needed to inform empirically based tobacco policy. In addition, our trainees gain valuable knowledge from these collaborations and learn that other disciplines are accessible, exciting, and can enhance their own research. Multidisciplinary work presents challenges: learning other scientists' languages and staying focused on our core mission. Overall, our multidisciplinary team has led to several major findings that inform the scientific, regulatory, and public health communities about ECIGs and their effects.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)368-379
Number of pages12
JournalAmerican Psychologist
Issue number3
StatePublished - Apr 2019
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
 - Psychology(all)
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text:
18 patients with colorectal cancer. a listing of Results. Rhetorical moves Previous research on scientific and technical abstracts by Maeda (1981). Percentage of biomedical abstracts (n=90) containing explicit rhetorical moves Purpose Methodology Results Conclusions 22% 63% 88% 78% Methodology statements appeared in 63 per cent of these 90 abstracts. Results. I found that only three of these moves (Methods.3 per cent of the key concepts in this corpus. Meanwhile. Results statements appeared in 88 per cent. or 'rhetorical moves' (Swales 1990): a statement of Purpose. and in most of these cases. Indeed. and Conclusions) appeared consistently. and a discussion of Conclusions. were referred to in these abstracts. however. The major exceptions to this pattern were abstracts from reviewtype articles. Graetz (1985) and others has either assumed or claimed that they contain four major parts. (O'Dwyer efal. and Conclusions appeared in 78 per cent. the Purpose statement was not a full sentence but only a subordinate clause attached to the Methods statement. In my research. as determined by independent experts. 99. this four-move template has been canonized in many technical and science writing textbooks.).100 ACADEMIC WRITING IN CONTEXT In all. only 22 per cent of the abstracts contained an explicit statement of Purpose. Thus. a description of Methods. it is fair to say that the writers of these abstracts did a competent job of covering the material in their respective articles. as in the following example: To assess monoclonal antibody (MAb) 17-1A and its F(ab')2 fragment in intraoperative radioimmunodetection and to evaluate further the clinical usefulness of a hand-held gamma-detecting probe (GDP). Table 3.
or a statement of the topic (what Swales (1990: 181) calls 'establishing a territory'). Jones T. Striatal uptake of radioactivity was measured using positron emission tomography.THOMAS HUCKIN 101 In general. but for many speciali2ed readers of these specialized journals. Leenders KL. without having been mentioned in a Purpose statement. Marsden CD J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986 Aug. certain research tools. L-[18F] fluorodopa was administered in trace amounts intravenously to healthy control subjects and to patients with Parkinson's disease. Nahmias C. Quinn N. Notice how the first two sentences of the abstract describe the general methodology in such a way that the primary purpose of the research is transparent: simply. certain chemical substances. Notice how this more focused purpose can be referred to in the Conclusion statement. Clark JC. and so on makes the purpose of the research immediately obvious. it consists not of four moves but of only three: Method. This may reflect a reduction of striatal dopamine storage in Parkinson's disease. the abstract writer can simply begin his or her abstract with a general statement of Methodology and letaderin Figure 3 'Brain Dopamine' abstract. at least to a specialist.49(8):853-60. Garnett ES. it seems that Purpose statements are often unnecessary in biomedical abstracts. There may be an opening background statement. Patients showing the 'on/off phenomenon had an even greater decrease of striatal storage capacity. Results. The capacity of the striatum to retain tracer was severely impaired in patients compared to controls. Firnau G. The 'problem spaces' in biomedkal research are so welldefined that mere mention of certain diseases. Palmer AJ. I therefore conclude that while there is a text-schema for biomedical abstracts. It is also to test a pre-existing hypothesis that Parkinson's patients have a reduced capacity to store striatal dopamine.. Instead of wasting precious space on an explicit Purpose statement. But the purpose of the research is not just exploratory. TITLE: AUTHORS: SOURCE: ABSTRACT: Brain dopamine metabolism in patients with Parkinson's disease measured with positron emission tomography. the purpose of the research does not need stating. to see how these two groups differ in brain dopamine metabolism.
for example. the past tense was used 90 per cent of the time. describing what happened. For e marked by verbs like used (three times). for indexing. Notice how the shift to present tense. Conclusion In conclusion. the Purpose of the study can be inferred and is therefore left unstated. Sentence two continues the description of Method. and many others contained more elaborate hedges. These findings have implications. and they often began with an explicit signal phrase such as This study shows or / conclude that.102 ACADEMIC WRITING IN CONTEXT and Conclusions. This abstract opens with a sentence establishing the topic and the basic Method. indexers should find it easier to locate key information for. and for pedagogy. significant occurred 18 times and significantly 19 times. and Conclusions. Statements of Conclusions typically restated and added information to the topic given in the title. found. other commonly occurring verbs were demonstrated. Results statements were most often marked by the verb showed. First. and was observed. measured (12 times). &&& performed(eight times). Th Conclusion is presented in sentence four. Further analysis reveals that there are clear linguistic markings for these three rhetorical moves. I feel. to the extent that abstracts conform to such a text schema. Half of the Conclusions contained single-word hedges like suggests. 5) are in the past tense. this analysis of 90 randomly chosen abstracts from international journals suggests that the typical author-generated abstract in biomedicine not only refers to the main concepts of the article but refers to them prominently. evaluated (nine times). Results. Other lexical items were associated with Results statements as well. A good example of these text features working together appears in Figure 3. and also that the typical author-generated abstract in biomedicine has a three-move text schema consisting of Method. for information retrieval. featuring the common expression was measured. appears. The Results section starts with sentence three and concludes in delayed fashion with sentence five. creates a statement at the appropriate level of generality. Conclusions were almost always marked by a shift to the present tense (93 per cent of the time). All of these sentences (1—3. In every case except review-type abstracts and case studies. and may. which appeared 27 times. the past tense was used in these Results statements. hedged by the modal may.
users could employ the sort of textanalyzing program just described to zero in on only those abstracts where the target information appears. Write the rest of the abstract so that results and conclusions are emphasized. if possible. Names for major frame headings and key related terms could then be converted into their equivalents in the controlled language being used for indexing. 5. Finally. say. and the indexing program would analyze it according to appropriate slots in the knowledge frames. a text-analyzing program could identify first the conclusion and/or title. This will save you the necessity of stating your purpose explicitly. Try to describe your methodology in such a way that the reader can infer the purpose of your work. Among the guidelines would be these: 1. 4. the text-analyzing program would identify the results statements.THOMAS HUCKIN 103 indexing. Using linguistic features like those described here. An indexing program could then analyze these parts for disease names or other major frame headings and call up the appropriate knowledge frames. could be determined in a totally different. 3. perhaps better. A weighting scheme giving priority to tides and conclusions might account for those headings marked as major ones. in tides. Use past-tense verbs to describe the specific results of the study. Create a title that includes the major concepts in your article and. the most important point. After using an indexing system to narrow the search.. or results statements. Headings related to methodology could be handled in the same way or. Next. my findings could easily be converted into guidelines for authors and for students. Use present-tense verbs to state general conclusions. non-computational way. Make sure the statement of conclusions emphasizes the most significant points of the article. If frame-based knowledge representations and parsers are used. even semi-automated indexing becomes a possibility. If frame-based knowledge representations and parsers are used. 2. conclusions. information retrieval could also take advantage of my findings. by having authors simply fill out a checklist before submitting their articles for publication.
although these interventions have largely occurred within the field of English as a second or foreign language (ESL/EFL) at the postgraduate level (see for example Johns and Dudley-Evans 1988. What kind of genres are they? Helen Drury Introduction The study of science genres has tended to focus on those produced in professional settings. 1990. and the Singapore University Technical Writing Project developed by Bhatia (Bhatia 1994. apart from the genre of the labora-. Bhatia and Tay 1987)). Within the Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) tradition. its evolution (Bazerman 1989). on team teaching in plant biology. For example. or Weissberg and Buker 1990). professional and school-based scientific discourse has been described and analyzed (Halliday and Martin 1993. such as the research article. DudleyEvans 1985. the different disciplinary demands of written communication placed on students during their transition to university in the first year of an undergraduate program in the sciences have not been investigated.1998) and compared with those required in industry (Rose 1997). Martin and Veel 1998). rather than those produced within a


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It has been said that "Not everything that is learned is contained in books", compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion which source is most important? Why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer
Knowledge Has no limits one person can get it while wandering from here and there and one can get from books and from experience. Whatever and what type of knowledge is a person getting, it worth, but it depends whether it worth in one case and might not be in another case,Such as, a biology class lecture might not worth for chemistry class but it will be worth for MBBS and other courses related to that. Knowledge gained from experience varies from knowledge gained from books; everyone has different views regarding this, because it is controversial topic. According to me, Knowledge is sum up of both from book and from experience, there are few reasons I would to like to mention to support my view.
First, Knowledge is mix up of both, books are written by collecting different information from practical experience, so one can not say books are totally different from experience. For example a business management book include about managing conflict between manager and employee,it must have practical implication so it has written in that book, so both have same importance, only bookish knowledge is not necessary to a person and not only experience.
Second reason is bookish and practical knowledge cant stand alone, for example, one of my friend in university got 3.9/4 he was completely bookish person who read apprx: 7 to 8 hours, but he did'nt have knowledge about practical implications related to that, whenever he has been given a task of communicating a person or to get information from outside the book he hesitates to do that because he was not active in to get knowledge from outside that book, Therefore, it is necessary for a person to concentrate on both source of knowledge.
In conclusion, there are many sources have been avialable to get knowledge, every person got ipod and iphone to have books ebook in his/her pocket so with practical experience one can get book knowledge easily unlike few years ago when a person had not resources to get it easily, therefore both resources are important for a person to get knowledge and perfect himself/herself in any particual field of knowledge.
Bole So Nehal.. Sat Siri Akal.. Waheguru ji help me to get 700+ score!


Ask your average trainer/coach how many muscles there are in the body, or in trainer/coach parlance how many muscle groups exist and they will give you the circulated 'correct' answer which is:
 - biceps, triceps, deltoids, lats & other back muscles, abs, quadriceps, hamstrings, glutes and calves
In total, they will typically identify 9 muscle groups or approximately 40 individual muscles if you account for both sides of the body and the fact that muscle groups are comprised of distinct muscles (e.g. quad = 4, hence quadriceps means that 4 individual muscles make up the muscle group).
Ask a bodybuilder and the 'correct' answer is even simpler: when working out at the gym since there is only… arms day, chest day, back day, and once in awhile leg day that must mean there are 4 muscle groups.
Ask your average masters swimmer, cyclist, runner or multisport athlete and they don't even think about muscles because they don't do strength training… all that matters to them are heart rate [HR] zones, power zones and/or pace times… muscles… who cares about muscles.
Ask Google how many muscles there are in the body and you will end up with a varied response but a response that starts at no less than 600 or so muscles, and depending on how discrete you want to be when counting muscles you may get an answer closer to 800 muscles. Point being… it ain't the 40 muscles or whatever the number the typical trainer/coach or bodybuilder gives.
Wait a minute… 600+ muscles? Where? What do they do? Did evolution have nothing to do for a millennia and spent its time screwing around creating random muscles or are all these muscles actually important? Evolution wastes notime and nothing; evolution especially does not waste energy so screwing around, randomly creating muscles is simply stupid talking. Seriously… think about it… do you really think you have hundreds of muscles in your body that are ornamental?
Yet this is exactly what the typical trainer/coach believes and the fact that strength training for most trainers & coaches hasn't changed in 40 years only proves the point. Most trainers and coaches still rely on the same old circuit of machines that came at the start of the fitness craze in the '80s (to clarify… that's the 1980s that I am referring to). Ask a trainer or coach today for 'core' work and they will give you ab exercises circa 1990, or if they are tech savvy they will show you the latest 'core' work they found on Youtube (typically performed by a former gymnast who makes single arm push ups look like a sissy warm up rendering the video pointless to anyone who isn't a gymnast or doesn't have plans on becoming a gymnast).
If sport is the demonstration of physiological and psychological mastery of the body, shouldn't that mean that the starting point for trainers & coaches should be knowing all muscles, what role they play in the function of the body and how they contribute to peak performance? Seems reasonable. But leave it to the unand under-educated who are too eager to actually get an education & experience, because all that matters is short cutting their way to being able to 'coach' asap… so let's swipe all that stuff away as if its irrelevant. Indeed…its all irrelevant until you strain or sprain a ligament, a tendon, a muscle, or are in such chronic pain during or after training or racing that the simple thought of sport makes you sick, or like in unfortunate cases… you end up as the athlete in a local 10k, 1/2 marathon or triathlon suffering a heart attack because your coach encouraged you to "go for it", "give 100%", and of course… because its either "PR or ER" (and sometimes the ER – i.e. emergency room – does in fact happen).
In the end, when you work with those who have taken short cuts to get where they have gotten, all that they can do is offer you short cuts to where you hope to get. Problem is there are no short cuts… anywhere. The long way is the right way, hence it is the shortest way to your goals, to your peak potential and consistent peak performances in sport, and in life.
Stephen Hawking
Today, we are overwhelmed by trainers & coaches who call themselves experts… all deluded to the nth degree by their illusion of knowledge. Trainers, coaches and DIY athletes who have taken a weekend course, who have completed an 'epic' event over the past weekend, or whatever they deem qualifies them as 'knowledgeable' enough to spew advice on how to train for any event. The stupidity that reigns in sport is beyond belief.
Meanwhile, for those that take the time to become educated and experienced… in 1st year of the Rehabilitation Medicine degree – which is the prerequisite for the Physiotherapy National Exam (PNE) and becoming a registered physio – a full cadaver dissection is required to truly learn not only the muscles of the body, but how those muscles actually exist in the body, under the skin, in and around all the other tissues. A full course is required to truly understand how muscles connect to tendons, to other muscles and finally to bones making the entire musculoskeletal system functional. Thats not the end of it though, in addition to studying the muscles, all the nerves, the arteries and veins supplying each muscle and how all those tissues travel through the arms and legs to reach their destination is part of the curriculum. It still doesn't end there… then there is all the connective tissue including the structure and layout of the bones and the joints they form. In courses that follow, physiotherapists have to learn how to test muscles, nerves and connective tissue discretely to isolate which one was and which ones aren't injured, and then how to restore normal function.
Physiotherapists use this education to rehab injured athletes, but the best of the best work with physiotherapists from the start. To avoid injury and the time off from training and racing, top athletes who are pursuing their potential know that the way to start is the right way… training the body to develop symmetrically to achieve peak efficiency in movement, to obtain mastery of movement, so that injuries and down time are avoided at all costs.
Meanwhile, trainers and coaches think that after a 2hr session on 'injury prevention & rehab' they actually know all that there is to know about injury prevention & rehab. After all, if you walk out from the session with a 'pre-hab' routine for your athletes you must be a bonafide expert, n'est pas?
This is what passes as acceptable education & experience for typical trainers & coaches, and worst… most think that this level of knowledge is all there is.
That is how dumb-ed down human anatomy has become.
This is how dumb-ed down strength training has become.
This is how dumb-ed down training for sport has become.
What level of performance do you want to experience? If you seek to experience your fullest potential, there are no short cuts, so stop working with short cut experts and take the time to find someone who has invested in becoming educated and experienced to the point that they truly can guide you to an Olympian experience.
Article at (click on the title to link):
The Outer Line: 'Did I Just Bonk?' – signals no cyclist should ignore
There are some signals which might suggest that you should take a more serious look at your health, rather than simply "soldiering on" in silence.
How is it that we have taken exercise to the point that pushing and pushing and pushing ourselves til we give ourselves heart issues has become near normal? How is it that athletes both young (as young as 15) and old are all suffering from a wide variety of heart health issues? Is it really a stretch of the imagination when you have spin class instructors & CrossFit instructors all constantly screaming "go hard"? Enlarged hearts, arrythmias, silent heart attacks or full blown heart attacks are written up consistently in the sports media, but then are written off as statistical outliers and swept aside as quickly as possible. Why? Because those who are pushing us to train in such a manner that we end up inflamed, in pain, injured, ill or worse, dealing with a self inflicted disease do not have anywhere near the education or the experience in order to be 'advising' anyone on anything dealing with their health. Trainers, coaches and the entire industry surrounding them have tried to distance themselves from health referring to themselves as the fitness industry and fitness experts…as if one thing hasn't got anything to do with the other. Exactly… this is what you get when the uneducated and the inexperienced short cut the system in order to profit themselves, saying screw you to everyone that they hurt in the process. But… my trainer/my coach is passionate about training, about sport, about me achieving my goals… great… if they are that passionate how about they start by getting themselves the education and the experience through apprenticeship needed in order to be useful.
Imagine this scenario…
Imagine needing surgery to solve a medical crisis; upon meeting your surgeon you learn that they only completed a couple weekend courses and have never actually completed medical school, nor observed or performed the surgery that you need and that they are supposed to perform on you. In their defense they exclaim that they are passionate about helping people and equally passionate about helping people be healthy… and besides, they really seem to a "nice" person. So, how excited are you to be under the care of this "surgeon"? Does passion and being a


, contrarily to {\sf EMW}, but similarly to {\sf BMW}, {\sf Sf} and {\sf Sm} have a clear PO upon which the existence and behavior of the macroscopic counterparts of our experience can be grounded. This ontological clarity notwithstanding, in {\sf Sf} and {\sf Sm} reality is of course very different from what we usually believe it to be like. It is populated with ghosts we do not perceive, or rather, with what are like ghosts from our perspective, because the ghosts are as real as we are, and from their perspective we are the ghosts. \z{We plan to give a more complete discussion of {\sf Sf} and {\sf Sm} in a future work.} We note that the theory {\sf Sm} is closely related to---if not precisely the same as---the version of quantum mechanics proposed by Schr\"odinger in 1926 \cite{sch1}. After all, Schr\"odinger originally regarded his theory as describing a continuous distribution of matter (or charge) spread out in {\em physical space} in accord with the wave function on {\em configuration space} \cite{sch1}. He soon rejected this theory because he thought that it rather clearly conflicted with experiment. Schr\"odinger's rejection of this theory was perhaps a bit hasty. Be that as it may, according to what we have said above, Schr\"odinger did in fact create the first many-worlds theory, though he probably was not aware that he had done so. (We wonder whether he would have been pleased if he had been).\footnote{However, Schr\"odinger did write that \cite[p. 120]{sch}''$\psi\bar{\psi}$ is a kind of weight-function in the system's configuration space. The wave-mechanical configuration of the system is a superposition of many, strictly speaking of all, point-mechanical configurations kinematically possible. Thus, each point-mechanical configuration contributes to the true wave-mechanical configuration with a certain weight, which is given precisely by $\psi\bar{\psi}$. If we like paradoxes, we may say that the system exists, as it were, simultaneously in all the positions kinematically imaginable, but not 'equally strongly' in all.''} \section{The Flexible Wave Function} \label{sec:tfwf} In this section we elaborate on the notion of physical equivalence by considering physically equivalent formulations of {\sf{GRWf}} and {\sf{BM}} for which the laws of evolution of the wave function are very different from the standard ones. We conclude with some remarks on the notion of empirical equivalence. \subsection{GRWf Without Collapse} \label{sec:lgrwf} As a consequence of the view that the {\sf GRW} theory is ultimately not about wave functions but about either flashes or matter density, the process $\psi_t$ in Hilbert space (representing the collapsing wave function) should no longer be regarded as playing the central role in the {\sf GRW} theory. Instead, the central role is played by the random set $F$ of flashes for {\sf GRWf}, respectively by the random matter density function $m(\cdot,t)$ for {\sf GRWm}. From this understanding of {\sf GRWf} as being fundamentally about flashes, we obtain a lot of flexibility as to how we should regard the wave function and prescribe its behavior. As we point out in this section, it is not necessary to regard the wave function in {\sf GRWf} as undergoing collapse; instead, one can formulate {\sf GRWf} in such a way that it involves a wave function $\psi$ that evolves linearly (i.e., following the usual Schr\"odinger evolution). Suppose the wave function at time $t$ is $\psi_t$. Then according to equation \eqref{rate}, for {\sf{GRWf}} the rate for the next flash is given by \begin{equation} r(x,i|\psi_t)=\lambda \|\Lambda_i (x)^{1/2}\psi_{t}\|^2. \label{ps} \end{equation} Observe that $\psi_t$, given by equation \eqref{eq:psit}, is determined by $\psi_{t_0}$ and the flashes $(X_k,T_k)$ that occur between the times $t_0$ and $t$; it can be rewritten as follows: \begin{equation}\label{eq:newpsi} \psi_t = %\frac{\tilde{\psi}_t }{\| \tilde{\psi}_t \|}= \frac{ \Lambda_{I_n}(X_n,T_n;t)^{1/2} \; \cdots\; \Lambda_{I_1}(X_1,T_1;t)^{1/2} \psi_{t}^L} {\| \Lambda_{I_n}(X_n,T_n;t)^{1/2} \; \cdots\; \Lambda_{I_1}(X_1,T_1;t)^{1/2} \psi_{t}^L\|} \end{equation} where we have introduced the Heisenberg-evolved operators (with respect to time $t$) \begin{equation}\Lambda_{I_k}(X_k,T_k;t)^{1/2} = U_{t-T_k} \Lambda_{I_k}(X_k)^{1/2} U_{T_k-t} = U_{t-T_k} \Lambda_{I_k}(X_k)^{1/2} U_{t-T_k}^{-1} \end{equation} and the linearly evolved wave function \begin{equation} \psi_{t}^L= U_{t-t_0}\psi_{t_0}\,, \end{equation} where $t_0$ is the initial (universal) time. By inserting $\psi_t$ given by equation \eqref{eq:newpsi} in \eqref{ps} one obtains that \begin{equation} r(x,i|\psi_t)=\lambda \frac{ \| \Lambda_i (x)^{1/2}\Lambda_{I_n}(X_n,T_n;t)^{1/2} \cdots\; \Lambda_{I_1}(X_1,T_1;t)^{1/2} \psi_{t}^L \|^2}{\| \Lambda_{I_n}(X_n,T_n;t)^{1/2} \cdots\; \Lambda_{I_1}(X_1,T_1;t)^{1/2} \psi_{t}^L \|^2}. \label{eq:newpsip} \end{equation} Suppose that the initial wave function is $\psi_{t_0}$, i.e., that the linearly evolved wave function at time $t$ is $\psi_t^L$. Then the right hand side of equation \eqref{eq:newpsip} defines the conditional rate for the next flash after time $t$, given the flashes in the past of $t$. Note that this conditional rate thus defines precisely the same flash process as {\sf GRWf}. In particular, we have that \begin{equation} \mathbb{P}_{\psi_t^L}( \mbox{future flashes} | \mbox{past flashes}) = \mathbb{P}(\mbox{future flashes} | \psi_t). \label{ppp} \end{equation} The collapsed wave function $\psi_t$ provides precisely the same information as the linearly evolving wave function $\psi_t^L$ together with all the flashes. Thus, one arrives at the surprising conclusion that the Schr\"odinger wave function can be regarded as governing the evolution of the space--time point process of {\sf GRWf}, so that {\sf GRWf} can indeed be regarded as a \textit{no-collapse} theory involving flashes. We say ''no-collapse'' to underline that the dynamics of the PO is then governed by a wave function evolving according to the standard, linear Schr\"odinger equation \eqref{Schr}. However, while the probability distribution of the future flashes, given the collapsing wave function $\psi_t$, does not depend on the past flashes, given only $\psi_t^L$ it does. The two versions of {\sf GRWf}, one using the collapsing \wf $\psi_t$ and the other using the non--collapsing \wf $\psi_t^L$, should be regarded not as two different theories but rather as two formulations of the same theory, {\sf GRWf}, because they lead to the same distribution of the flashes and thus are physically equivalent. We conclude from this discussion that what many have considered to be the crucial, irreducible difference between {\sf BM} and {\sf GRWf}, namely that the wave function collapses in {\sf GRWf} but does not in {\sf BM}, is not in fact an objective difference at all, but rather a matter of how {\sf GRWf} is presented. \bigskip %\section{Markov Property} \label{sec:markov} We close this section with a remark. A notable difference between the two presentations of {\sf GRWf} is that while the {\sf GRW} collapse process $\psi_t$ is a Markov process,\footnote{This means that $\PPP\bigl(\text{future}\big


text:
The ancient Egyptians encountered magical bricks on the way into life and on the way out.
On the way in, these were four bricks, stacked in pairs, that served to elevate a birthing mother so that when her child emerged beneath her, the baby could easily be caught in the hands of the midwife. (According to midwives even today, a squatting or sitting posture is preferable to the supine position in which most modern Western women give birth, generally resulting in a faster, easier delivery.)
On the way out, these were the four talismanic bricks that were placed in niches in the four quarters of a royal burial chamber. These bricks were decorated with amuletic figures: in the east, the Anubis jackel; in the south, a flame; in the west, the djed pillar of Osiris; and in the north, a mummiform male figure. All of them protected the deceased.
Doubtless, the talismanic bricks that surrounded the body of the deceased in the tomb were meant to assist in her or his rebirth into the next life, just as the birthing bricks assisted in a child's birth into physical life.
The Goddess most closely associated with the birthing bricks is Meskhenet, Protectress of the Birthing Place. The bricks were called meskhenut (pl.) after Her. Meskhenet is depicted either as a woman-headed birthing brick or as a woman with a distinctive curling headdress that has been identified as a stylized cow's uterus. She protects mother and child during the dangerous process of birth, She foretells the child's destiny as the baby is born, and She is among the Deities of rebirth Who witness the judgment of the deceased in the Otherworld.
With Isis' own connection to both birth and rebirth, you will probably not be surprised to learn that Isis is closely associated with Meskhenet. At Osiris' temple complex at Abydos, four Meskhenets serve as assistants to Isis in the great work of rebirth done there. At Hathor's temple complex at Denderah, a combined form of Isis and Meskhenet (Meskhenet Nofert Iset or Isis, Meskhenet the Beautiful) is one of the four Birth Goddesses of Denderah. And in the famous story of the birth of three kings found in the Westcar papyrus, both Isis and Meskhenet are among the four Goddesses Who assist in the kings' births.
Both tomb bricks and birthing bricks were protective. An inscription from the temple at Esna, Khnum, the God Who forms the child's body and ka on His Divine potter's wheel, places four Meskhenet Goddesses around each of His various forms "to repel the designs of evil by incantations." We even have a few spells that were used to charge the birthing bricks. These spells are supposed to repel the attacks of enemies to the north and south of Egypt and may indicate that the birthing bricks, like the tomb bricks, were connected with the directions.
And here's another tidbit showing parallels between the magical tomb bricks and birthing bricks. In an Egypt Exploration Society article by Ann Macy Roth and Catherine H. Roehrig, the authors point out an interesting gender-balanced aspect of these magical bricks.
You may recall that four Sons of Horus are the Gods Who protect the four canopic jars that contain the internal organs of the mummy. These four Gods are, in turn, guarded by four Goddesses. In Tutankhamun's tomb, the Goddesses are Isis, Nephthys, Selket, and Neith. We may be able to explain the amuletic figures associated with the tomb bricks in a similar, though opposite, manner. If the four meskhenets are personified as four Goddesses Who protect the birthing place, perhaps the four figures on the tomb bricks—the God Anubis, a mummiform male, a Divine pillar associated with Osiris, and a flame, the hieroglyph for which is rather phallic—may be considered Divine Males Who protect the four Meskhenet Goddesses, just as four Goddesses protect the four Sons of Horus.
It is worth noting that these magical bricks were made in the same way as were the traditional mud bricks of Egypt. They were fashioned from the fertile Nile mud, which may be associated with Isis as Lady of the Fertile Earth, then they were dried in the brilliant heat of Isis-Re, the Radiant Sun Goddess.
I haven't tried this yet, but it would be interesting to create four miniature mud bricks, magically charge them by naming them Isis-Meskhenet the Beautiful, then placing them in the four quarters of the temple, or even outside, one on each side of the house. I suspect they would provide very fine magical protection.


text:
Bulky Waste Pickup, by appointment only
Residents in our service area receive:
- One bulky waste pickup per calendar year at no additional cost
- Pickup is limited to five (5) cubic yards or a pile about 8' x 4' x 4', which is about the size of a pickup truck bed loaded to the top of the cab
- Larger piles are subject to additional costs
- Additional pickups may be made by appointment for $25 each
Acceptable Items: Bulky Waste Acceptable and Unacceptable Items brochure.
- E-Waste (TVs and computer monitors)*
- Universal Waste (household batteries, fluorescent light bulbs less than 4 feet, and cell phones)*
- Lawn/Tree/Shrub Trimmings
- Tires (no rims; maximum of 5)
- Lumber, pipes, and trimmings less than or equal to FOUR inches in diameter and FIVE feet in length.
*Place these items to the side of your pile.
- Commercial Waste
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- Hazardous Waste (like paint, oil, chemicals, etc.,)
Make an appointment:
To make an appointment for Bulky Waste Pickup, complete the online form.
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text:
Some spacecraft return to Earth with valuable data as part of their cargo, but all require some periodic remote communications as they travel. And for those spacecraft that do not return to Earth, the communication system is the only link to the valuable data collected during its journey. In this activity, students simulate spacecraft radio communication concepts, including the speed of light and the time-delay for signals sent to and from spacecraft.
By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
- Use the speed of light to measure the amount of time a radio signal takes to travel to a spacecraft.
- Demonstrate the delay in radio communication signals to and from a spacecraft.
- Devise unique solutions to the radio-signal-delay problem.
[1MB PDF file]
Signals and Noise Ratio
Signals and Noise, Oh Boy!


PyDelhi meetup at FUELED NOIDA
So the machine learning themed pydelhi meetup kicked off with Vishal ( giving a talk on OpenCV and facial recognition. Vishal started off with first clearing some basics about video and image capturing where he talked about how a computer handles video input. He uses OpenCV to take in video input using his laptop camera. Afterwards he uses facial recognition datasets to track faces in his video input using his Rasberry pi and tried out different datasets. talk-1
Then there was a quick lightning talk given by Raju.
Then we broke for snacks and networking involving a very intense foosball competition.
The Second Talk was given by Praneet Nigam( following on the Machine Learning Train by giving a talk on Matplotlib, Seaborn and Pandas where he showcased some ways to data filtering and classification. Praneet Used a Pokemon dataset where he evaluated features of his pokemon dataset which included the height, weight and type of pokemeon. all required data for the talk can be found here.(
We ended our machine learning themed meetup with community mixer and hiring pitches.
Until next time, Au revoir


text:
Lesson Plans and Worksheets
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Design Principles Teacher Resources
Find teacher approved Design Principles educational resource ideas and activities
Eighth graders apply the six steps in technology problem solving as they use the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Checklist for Polling Places and the seven Universal Design Principles to evaluate and make recommendations for changes in a polling place to accommodate voters with disabilities.
Middle school learners create original covers for fiction or nonfiction books. They access various technologies to combine text and graphics to reflect their perspective of a recently-studied work of literature. In addition, they complete a a summary and analysis of the literary work that reflects the author's intent and style.


text:
On 22 June 2017, the Human Rights Council adopted a resolution on the right to peace by majority of its Member States asking the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights to support the organisation of a one half day intersessional workshop on the right to peace to discuss the implementation of the Declaration on the Right to Peace.
The workshop will take place early 2018 in Geneva. The High Commissioner will present a report on the workshop, in form of a summary, to the Human Rights Council in its June 2018 session.
The above resolution also stressed the following:
Recalling that everyone has the right to enjoy peace such that all human rights are promoted and protected and development is fully realized;
Stressing that States should respect, implement and promote equality and non-discrimination, justice and the rule of law, and guarantee freedom from fear and want as a means to build peace within and between societies;
Recognizing that peace is not only the absence of conflict but also requires a positive, dynamic participatory process where dialogue is encouraged and conflicts are solved in a spirit of mutual understanding and cooperation, and socioeconomic development is ensured;
Finally, the resolution also welcomed the adoption by the General Assembly, by its resolution 71/189 of 19 December 2016, of the Declaration on the Right to Peace and recalled that States, the United Nations and specialized agencies should take appropriate sustainable measures to implement the present Declaration, in particular the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Paz sin Fronteras celebrates the adoption of this resolution because it gives continuity a topic of utmost importance for the whole humanity.
Source: Paz sin Fronteras Foundation


text: Subject: Re: how to ring the bell? From: Erik Naggum Date: 2000/10/05 Newsgroups: comp.lang.lisp Message-ID: * kp gores | to get extra attention i want my lisp program to ring the bell. | the obvious (print (code-char 7)) or (print #\Bell) don'T work. Really? Why is that obvious? What does the obvious print? What do you normally use to cause a #\newline character to print as a newline rather than the character object suitable for reading back? #:Erik -- If this is not what you expected, please alter your expectations.


Circuit for polarity detection
 1. Can anyone suggest to me a simple circuit constructed using digital gates for polarity detection? The circuit should be able to detect positive, negative as well as zero polarity.
 I need to check the polarity of a dc motor which is controlled by a bidirectional converter. The bidirectional converter has to be controlled in current mode. If any one has ideas regarding the same, i will be grateful.
 But I am not implementing it in real time. I am trying to simulate the logic in MATLAB/Simulink. Can you suggest how I can do the same in Simulink using logic gates? or any other digital gates? The truth table is given along with the schematic for reference as to the expected binary output.
 I have attached the schematic in pdf.
 Thanks and regards
 Attached Files:
 2. jcsd
 3. You have two polarity detectors in your circuit and they are not the same. One has two outputs and the other three. Which one do you want suggestions for? What is the input range for the polarity detector? What do you want to happen if the motor is spinning in one direction and a command, Ec, is given to turn the other direction? Do you want the power to the motor to turn off and allow the motor to coast to a stop or do you want to apply a limited amount of current to the motor in the opposite direction to make it stop and reverse faster? I understand this is a simulation but sometimes simulations lead directly into real products. How will you brake the motor if you want to stop quickly? Do you care if the motor burns up if it should stall?
 Last edited: Dec 6, 2010
 4. Hi there
 i would like suggestions on both the polarity detectors. As for the input range to the polarity detector, do you mean the range within which it detects the signal as positve, negative or zero? i would like the range to be as low as possible. the motor should coast to a stop with minimum losses occurring to the motor while stalling. and the transition from one converter to another should be accompanied by a dead band / transition band during which time the polarity of Ec should remain zero. Converter 1 gets the pulses when id is positive or zero and Ec is positive. Converter 2 gets the pulses when id is negative or zero and Ec is negative.
 Thanks and regards
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1. Headline
 1. Headline
NBC News
updated 5/7/2013 6:29:08 AM ET 2013-05-07T10:29:08
Men who have a hard time falling asleep and staying asleep may be at an increased risk of prostate cancer, according to a new study from Icelandic and American researchers.
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 2. Lauren Hill, inspirational college basketball player, dies
The new study published Tuesday in the journal Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention showed an association between disturbed sleep and not only an increased incidence of prostate cancer but also the severity of prostate cancer.
An association does not mean that disturbed sleep causes the cancer, only that the two appear linked, though the paper's authors do speculate that one mechanism may involve the brain chemical melatonin. Some research shows melatonin production at night can help suppress cellular processes involved in cancer growth. Light and disturbed sleep inhibits melatonin production.
Scientists began exploring a possible link between sleep and cancer in the 1990s. In 2001, researchers from Harvard Medical School reported that among women participating in the Nurse's Health Study -- one of the largest ongoing surveys of health in the world -- those who had worked rotating night shifts appeared "to have a moderately increased risk of breast cancer."
By 2007, The International Agency for Research On Cancer designated disruption of normal light/dark and sleep cycles, as often occurs with shift work, a probable carcinogen, not unlike certain chemicals.
That designation remains somewhat controversial, and subsequent studies have sometimes contradicted each other. This new study will add to that debate.
The team, led by Lara Sigurdardottir at the Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, surveyed 2,102 men for sleep patterns. They weren't really looking for men who simply stayed up late and rose early, but those who experienced sleep disturbances like difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, and falling back asleep if they woke up during the night.
Of the 2,102 men, 755 who did not have such disturbances formed the control group. In all, during a weighted average of five years follow-up, 135 men developed prostate cancer, 26 of them an aggressive form of the disease.
When the cases were plugged into a formula of "person-years" (the time each participant contributed to the study) "we found that men with sleep disruption were at increased risk of prostate cancer, particularly advanced prostate cancer, when compared with men who did not report any sleep problems," the team reported.
They calculated a two-fold increased risk. In other words, Sigurdardottir explained to NBCNews.com in an interview, "let's imagine that in a given time period of five years, each participant contributed the same amount of time to the study and the same number of participants were in each group. If 6 men out of 100 developed prostate cancer in the group without sleep problems, we would expect 12 out of 100," or six more cases, in the sleep problems group.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, out of 100 men age 60, about 15 will be diagnosed with prostate cancer over the next 30 years, so this is a significant, but not enormous, increase in risk.
Still, while cautioning against making too strong of a cause-effect link from the results, Sigurdardottir argued that "sleep disruption is a plausible cause factor."
Matthew Cooperberg, an assistant professor of urology, epidemiology and biostatistics at the University of California San Francisco, told NBCNews.com that the study was interesting and possibly important, especially since it study found significantly more aggressive cancers in the disturbed sleep group.
But, he said, "we cannot say insomnia causes prostate cancer. Whatever is causing the insomnia may be causing the cancer."
For example, he said, depression and stress may create disturbed sleep. But they also can lower the immune response. Animals that are chronically stressed get more cancers.
The study did try to control for a variety of known health risks, like smoking, body mass index, and recent medical diagnoses but it's impossible to eliminate all possible confounding factors, so the researchers could not control for, say, whether a man experienced extra stress and for how long.
Many people try to take melatonin supplements as sleep aids, but both Sigurdardottir and Cooperberg said they don't recommend it. Cooperberg said men would be better off seeing a doctor to try to get at a root cause of their disturbed sleep and Sigurdardottir explained that "supplements do not replace the amount that the" brain produces during the night.
Drugs like Valium and Ambien aren't necessarily a long-term solution either, they said. They can have varying effects on melatonin production for one thing, and it's unclear whether such drugs could play any role in disarming whatever trigger might be in play with the sleep-cancer link.
The only sure advice, Cooperberg, said, is that everybody ought to try to get a night's rest.
© 2013 NBCNews.com Reprints
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Gnome helps save water and money by using local weather to set your irrigation controller right.
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Set up is a snap.
Use the Gnome wizard to enter your landscape settings, and Gnome will create a schedule that provides your plants with the right amount of water. No more; no less.
Monthly weather based schedules.
The weather changes each month and so does the amount of water your plants need. Gnome saves water by creating schedules specific to the monthly weather patterns.
Notifications when weather changes.
Gnome keeps an eye on the forecast and will send you an email when there's rain coming, reminding you to turn off your controller when it rains.


text:
This study aimed to verify that Xuefu Zhuyu decoction (XFZYD) can improve asthenozoospermia caused by asthma, and explore its potential mechanism. Ovalbumin solution is used to induce asthma rat models. Sperm concentration and motility are used to evaluate semen quality. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blotting and real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) are used to detect proteins and mRNA related to rat testis tissue. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to observe changes in testicular tissues. Through network pharmacology, eriodictyol, 18-β-glycyrrhetinic acid, naringenin, chrysin and Hispidulin were prominent active ingredients of XFZYD. We found that XFZYD regulates the expression levels of albumin (ALB), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), interleukin 6 (IL-6) protein and mRNA, thereby improving the histopathological morphology of the testis, increasing the concentration and motility of spermatozoa. We suggest that future research can increase the detection of hormones and oxidative stress and other related indicators, so as to conduct more in-depth exploration.© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.
About The Expert


Date of Birth: 1876
Date of Death: 1949
Blanche Hart
Helped lay the foundations for Jewish social services throughout Detroit.
Blanche Hart could be called the founding mother of Detroit's Jewish social services. An educated, wealthy Detroit woman, Blanche Hart and her friend, Ida Koppel, both members of Temple Beth El, saw the effects the factories and heat of the city had on the children of the newly arrived Russian and Eastern European Jewish immigrants. In 1902, Hart and Koppel chartered trolleys to Belle Isle for a picnic outing to give the children a reprieve in the hot summer months. The Fresh Air Society, officially organized in 1904 and partially funded by the United Jewish Charities, had a mission to "furnish milk and ice or food to the needy sick [sic]." Those summer day trips would eventually evolve into an elaborate system of camps known as Tamarack, still in operation today.
Hart was a pioneering Jewish leader. In addition to her founding the Fresh Air Society, she also directed the work of the Hannah Schloss Memorial Building's free medical clinic in the early 1900s. The clinic made general medical services widely available to Detroit's Jewish communities for the first time.
In 1903, at the age of 27, Hart was hired as the first professional superintendent/executive director of United Jewish Charities (which had been founded only four years before). While there, she created and oversaw services for the burgeoning immigrant population of Detroit, including English classes, medical services, community activities, and sports programs. She helped define the charity's role in the community for twenty years before stepping down in 1923.
Learn More: Blanche Hart, Temple Beth El, Fresh Air Camp, United Jewish Charities, North End Clinic, Detroit's Jewish community, Opportunity Guild, Miriam Edwards Kushner, Detroit, Book Cadillac Hotel
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Fun & Lifestyle
What Does It Mean When Cats Lick Each Other?
Feline interaction is an amusing sight to behold. But, to understand why cats interact a certain way is a different kettle of fish.
Today's post will dive into the world of cat grooming, licking, or washing. More specifically, Allogrooming (social grooming) and mutual grooming.
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In a nutshell, cats lick each other for hygiene and social bonding. However, licking is not always a positive experience for all cats involved. Tension may build up and fighting starts.
An awareness of the many different reasons why cats lick each other will help the cat guardian detect acceptance, hierarchy, and even illness among cats. Read on.
isYoung Cat Scratcher Lounge Corrugated Cat Scratcher Cardboard Protector for Furniture Couch Floor Eco-Friendly Toy - Keep Cats Fun Healthy Come with Catnip
What does it mean if a cat licks another cat?
Licking is first learned and experienced by cats at birth. The Queen will lick her kitten clean including its amniotic sac, fluids, and umbilical cord.
The reason is both for hygiene and transferring the "family scent" to her litter. The Queen should do this immediately with each kitten while in labor for the rest of her litter. This should provide the Queen with essential nutrients and prevent infections from her litter.
Eventually, sibling cats and felines that grow up together will mirror the Queen's act and lick each other to help keep everyone clean. Mating cats may also bond through licking.
If you introduce a new cat to the household, the other cats may start licking the new cat. This means they welcome and accept the new cat.
Why do cats lick each other's private areas?
It is normal for cats to help each other keep their bums and privates clean by licking these hard to reach areas. With newborn kittens, it is essential.
At birth, you will notice the Queen will lick its kittens' abdomen and private areas. This is necessary to encourage the kitten to poop and pee.
Newborn kittens will not excrete without stimulation. If the kitten is abandoned or its mum dies during birth, you need to stimulate its private areas with a warm, wet cloth.
If you adopt kittens, your existing cat may take on a motherly role and lick the other cat's bum. Be careful as not all Queens will care for adopted kittens. Often, they will reject a cat that does not have its scent. This is why it is vital to leave the Queen with her instinct to lick her kittens clean. This way, she is less likely to abandon them.
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Why does my cat lick my other cat's head?
You know when you have someone scratch your back, you won't let just anyone scratch it for you. It has to be someone you trust.
Cats are like this, too. Your cat may approach a fellow feline to be groomed. They may stretch out and expose their head or neck.
When self-grooming, cats will lick their paws to wash their head and neck. It just feels cleaner when another cat can lick those hard to reach areas.
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Why do cats bite each other's necks while grooming?
Biting is as much a sign of affection as licking is. It is built on trust, familiarity, and feeling at ease.
But, the biter can also be showing its dominance. It is not necessarily aggression or bullying, rather showing who the alpha is in the household.
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Cats grooming each other show dominance
Research has revealed that dominant and confident cats are most likely to lick more submissive or shy cats. The alpha will stand or sit upright while licking the other cat (lying or sitting lower) often in the head-neck area only.
You see, even cats lay boundaries on where they can be licked. Some cats would allow their back or even their ears to be licked clean. Often cats would hit the other if it licks their paws.
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Why do my cats lick each other and then start fighting?
Watch out for signs of tension especially from the cat being groomed. The same goes for when petting your cat. If the groomed cat stiffens up, stops purring, and twitches the tip of its tail this can result in aggression.
If a cat is not used to being licked, it can either resist or tolerate. This depends on the temperament of your cat and when they are fighting to establish a pecking order.
Allogrooming ends when the cat being licked will move away, fight or flee. This does not mean they don't like being groomed. It means they had enough like when we move away after a hug that lingered too long.
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Cats licking each other and then fighting could be a sign of illness, too.
Cats are sensitive to physical and emotional unease, both from their own kind as well as from their human companions. Licking can be done to soothe a stressed or unwell cat.
Your cat can lick a family feline that is suffering from pain in a certain area. Lingering grooming in a certain spot could be a sign of illness, such as pain in the bones, muscles, ligaments, or organs.
However, instead of soothing a fellow cat, some cats would sound the alarm by showing aggression. It can hiss or start a fight. Check the groomed cat for signs of fleas or infection.
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Why don't my cats groom each other?
There is no reason to worry about cats that do not groom each other. As long as they self-groom, it is okay.
Cats show affection in different ways. They may sit or lie next to each other. They may play with, chase, protect, or even play-fight with each other.
Licking each other takes a whole new level of trust and intimacy. It is a matter of preference. Some are really cozy and like to snuggle.
Their temperament may change as they grow old, too. Sibling kittens may lick and snuggle while they are young and grow up and stop showing affection this way.
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How does a cat feel when being licked by another cat?
In general, cats will relax and feel reduced tension when licked by another cat. This is most evident with the Queen and her litter. You may notice kittens feel calmer after being licked by their mum. However, excessive licking can cause tension and stress, too resulting in fights.
It is quite amusing to see a feline simply tolerate a cat who likes to lick others clean. Even dominant cats will let younger cats lick them clean to reinforce social bonds. Among siblings, younger cats can try to establish a higher hierarchy than their older siblings by licking, too.
Sometimes, cats will get annoyed by licking and will walk away. Lickers may do this explicitly to get what they want such as a window perch the other feline was sitting on.
Why do cats groom other pets?
In a multi-pet household, you may find cats grooming your dog or other pets to show affection and bonding. A dominant cat may groom a younger or more submissive dog, too. Licking is also done to spread the communal scent within members of the household, including their human companions.
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What does it mean when cats lick you?
It is a privilege for a cat parent to be licked by family felines. It means they like you and branding you as their own. Again, your cat not licking you does not mean it cares less for you.
Your cat can lick and then bite you, or bite then lick you. In turn, when you pet it you have to keep within boundaries. You will notice when you have crossed the line because your cat will be tense, be aggressive, or move away.
How to stop a cat from licking you
Do you have a clingy cat, but you prefer not to have affection shown this way? After all, a cat's tongue is rough. You may distract your cat with food or play, but do not scold or punish the little feline.
Avoid letting your cat lick you if it had been out hunting to avoid passing on infections. For your cat's safety, you may want to keep it indoors. Discretion should be exercised.
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Wrap Up
Cats lick each other mean positive social interactions, helping each other groom, showing acceptance and dominance. Licking is an acquired trait from the mother cat. Felines can spot stress and illness in a fellow cat when they are licking.


scalar BRDF, and the polarized formulation by Priest and Meier [42], we represent the PBRDF for a distribution of facets by: where we have introduced a wavelength-independent scaling parameter ζ multiplying the polarized surface reflectance matrix. P is the Mueller matrix for reflection by each facet within the facet coordinate system, and rotations between the global and facet coordinate systems are represented by the matrices M(α0) and M(−α), where α0 and α are the angles between the scattering plane and the solar and view meridian planes, respectively. The solar meridian plane contains the global horizontal surface normal (i.e., the z-axis in Figure 5) and the Sun vector, and the view meridian plane contains the global horizontal surface normal and the view vector. When these two planes coincide, the result is known as the principal plane. With the assumption that the complex refractive index of the surface is spectrally neutral, we do not include a wavelength subscript on P.
For a surface height z that is a function of position x and y, we let p'(zx,zy) represent the probability density that a facet has an orientation with zx and zy in the intervals zx±dzx/2 and zy±dzy/2, where zx is the partial derivative of z with respect to x, and zy is the partial derivative of z with respect to y. The facet tilt angle β (the angle between the global horizontal surface normal and the facet normal) is related to zx and zy by. According to the law of reflection, the facet normal vector lies in the plane defined by the Sun position vector and the view vector. It is convenient to transform from a facet orientation probability density in zx, zy space to polar coordinates β, ψ because the analytic probability density functions we will use are azimuth (ψ) independent. In this case zx = tanβcosψ and zy = tanβsinψ. We note that when integrating over all possible facet orientations, the probability distributions are normalized such that: where dω = sinβdβdψ is an element of solid angle. The transformation of coordinates makes use of the Jacobian determinant, such that: in which the Jacobian determinant is given by Since dcosβdψ = −sinβdβdψ, Assuming azimuthal symmetry of the facet orientation distribution, the total surface PBRDF is
Examples of facet distributions are the uniform distribution, the Bréon et al. model [19], and the Gaussian model [39,44]:
The uniform and Bréon et al. models are the lowest order (m = 0, 1) examples of the Stryjewski et al. [45] normalization of the Blinn-Phong facet distribution [40,46], p = (m + 1)cosmβ/2π. For the Gaussian distribution an additional parameter, the slope variance σ2, is included. This model was used by Cox and Munk [39] to model the rough ocean surface, but the same model can also be applied to solid surfaces. For example, a Gaussian microfacet model was used in the laboratory to interpret passive multiangle polarimetry and determine the complex refractive index of various materials [47].
In the simplest form of the microfacet model, the single reflection from each facet is governed by the Mueller matrix for Fresnel reflection F(γ, nr,surf, ni,surf), where γ is the angle of incidence and reflectance for specular reflection from the surface of a facet and nsurf = nr,surfini,surf is the complex refractive index. This matrix is defined in the local coordinate system of a facet, and is written as where
Data from airborne polarimeters suggest that nr,surf = 1.5 and ni,surf = 0 work reasonably well for natural targets [20]. The factor ζ in Equation (13) compensates for a possibly incorrect choice of nr,surf [21]. There are only four unique elements in F, each of which is a function of the Fresnel coefficients. From Bohren and Clothiaux [48], the Fresnel reflection coefficients for the electric field components parallel (p) and perpendicular (s) to the scattering plane are where γ is defined above and γ' is the angle of transmission for the refracted light. Assuming a refractive index of unity for the illuminating medium, nsurfsinγ' = sinγ from Snel's law, where γ' is a complex number if nsurf is complex. Hence rp and rs are in general complex. Then [48], where the asterisk denotes the complex conjugate.
In Equation (13), rotations between the global and facet coordinate systems are represented by the matrices M(α0) and M(−α), where By performing the appropriate rotational transformations, we derive the following expressions: which are mathematically equivalent to formulas given in [42] and [49].
From the definition of PBRDF, the reflected Stokes vector from the surface is given by where E0λ is the exo-atmospheric spectral solar irradiance at the standard Earth-Sun distance of 1 AU, RES is the actual distance to the Sun (in AU) at the time of observations, and τλ is the atmospheric optical depth due to the combination of Rayleigh and aerosol scattering (although the latter is ignored in this study). Ldiffinc is the Stokes vector of the incident downwelling diffuse radiation field, and takes into account multiple reflections between the surface and the bottom of the atmosphere.
5. Analysis of the GroundMSPI Observations
In using GroundMSPI to evaluate the surface model, we use data acquired on a clear day and assume negligible atmospheric extinction between the sensor and surface target. We model the surface illumination as due to the attenuated solar beam and diffuse skylight from a standard Rayleigh scattering atmosphere at sea level. Independent measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD) were not available, but the conclusions presented below are not especially sensitive to AOD. Exo-atmospheric solar irradiances were obtained from Wehrli [50], and corrected for the actual distance to the Sun (RES = 0.983 AU) on the date the data were acquired. The following atmospherically-corrected bidirectional reflectance factors (BRFs) are defined: The direct-field I, Q, and U are obtained by subtracting the values corresponding to reflection of diffuse skylight from the observations. The latter are obtained from the modeling, described below.
Much of the remote sensing literature concerned with development and testing of polarized surface reflectance models, e.g., [51,52,53] focuses on the polarized surface bidirectional reflectance factor BRPF; that is, the Stokes parameters Q and U are usually not considered individually. An exception is Litvinov et al. [18], who tested the measured ratio Q/U from airborne polarimeter observations against theoretical expectations from a single-bounce microfacet model and found reasonable agreement for soil and vegetation samples. In this paper, we fit Ipol from the GroundMSPI observations, and then decompose the model into its implied Q and U components as a check of physical fidelity. Direct fitting of Q and U is also explored. The investigation proceeds in five steps. In step 1, only direct solar illumination of the surface is considered. In step 2, illumination by diffuse skylight is incorporated into the calculations. Step 3 improves the fits to I and Ipol by using the observations to empirically constrain the angular variation of the reflection of direct sunlight, assuming spectral invariance in the angular shape of BRF and BRPF and retaining the analytic components of Equation (13) as the boundary condition for diffuse illumination. Although this improves the fit to the observed Ipol considerably, it does not guarantee that the modeled values of Q and U individually match the measurements. We then show in steps 4 and 5 how generalization of the facet Mueller matrix leads to improvements to the fits to Q and U. In step 4, we relax the assumption that the P31 component of the facet Mueller matrix is identically zero, as implied by the Fresnel model (Equation (15)). In step 5, a physical model for the Mueller matrix governing reflection of direct sunlight is abandoned, and replaced by empirically determined functions for BRQF and BRUF, assuming spectral invariance in their angular shapes.
In the following discussion, the values of Q and U obtained from the GroundMSPI data are defined with respect to the view meridian plane. This convention is chosen for consistency with the matrix rotations in Equation (13), and is different than the convention used in the AOLP image of Figure 4, where the reference orientation was taken as the scattering plane. Thus, while U = 0 for a single reflection of unpolarized light within the local coordinate system of an individual microfacet, transformation to the view meridian plane rotates the linear Stokes vector components such that U is in general non-zero.
5.1. Consideration of Direct Solar Illumination Only (Step 1)
In Step 1, illumination by diffuse skylight is ignored, and the data are modeled by just the first term of Equation (22). This simple form of the model is entirely analytic. Because the target illumination is dominated by attenuated direct sunlight, the results of this step provide a useful reference with which to gauge additional model complexities. There are 6 surface model parameters to solve for, the three spectral values of aλ, plus k, b, and ζ. Because specular reflection from the facets contributes to the total radiance field as well as the polarized field, it is convenient to solve for ζ first, as the polarized field is unaffected by aλ,


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Inside Plant Science
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Plant science bachelor's degree programs often include concentrations in landscape design and construction, crop production, horticulture science, turfgrass science or biotechnology. Graduate programs provide students with a more advanced study of plant science fundamentals, emphasizing technical writing and research. Additional training is offered in the areas of soils and irrigation, biotechnology, plant pathology, weed science, crop management, plant ecology and crop biochemistry. The degree required to enter the workforce depends greatly on what professional path is chosen by the student.
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Browse Dictionary by Letter
Dictionary Suite
put out to stop the burning of something.
put out the welcome mat to extend an enthusiastic and generous welcome.
put-put the popping sound made by a small internal combustion engine. [2 definitions]
putrefaction the act or process of rotting or decomposing. [2 definitions]
putrefy to cause to rot or decompose. [3 definitions]
putrescent rotting; decomposing; putrefying. [2 definitions]
putrid of, concerning, or exhibiting rot or decomposition. [3 definitions]
putsch (sometimes cap.) a sudden attempted seizure of state power.
put (someone) on a pedestal to elevate in regard or esteem; idealize.
put stock in to consider important or believable.
putt in golf, to strike a ball gently to roll it into or near the hole when it is on or near the green. [2 definitions]
puttee a strip of cloth wound spirally or other legging used by soldiers, horse riders, and the like to cover the lower leg.
putter1 to move about or work randomly and with little effort.
putter2 in golf, a short, flat-faced club that is used in putting. [2 definitions]
putter3 someone or something that puts.
put the cart before the horse to do or place things contrary to their logical order.


best way = probably the only way: start at the first row, record the value, see if the value in the second row is higher, then the 3rd, and repeat until you get to the end of the column. When the value you're looking at exceeds the value stored, update the value stored and where you found the new value.


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Browsing Center for Student Research and Creativity by Title
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Sedimentology and geochronology of holocene paleochannel features in the lower ohio river valley,Indiana.Rivers condition human settlement strategy by determining both the location of aquatic resources and the stability of the landscape. Therefore, understanding where the river was and how quickly it migrated in the past aids in predicting buried site potential. This study investigates the sedimentology and geochronology of paleochannel deposits along the Lower Ohio River floodplain. A series of low, wide swales are prominent features in a series of bottoms in a ~40 km section of the river valley downstream from the Falls of the Ohio. Previous studies in Knob Creek Bottom indicate that one of these paleochannel swales was active during the early Holocene, roughly 10K to 7.4K rcybp. The positioning of the others suggest that they are the remains of a single channel that flowed on the west side of the river valley during the early Holocene. To test this proposition, cores were collected in several locations within and adjacent to prominent swales. The channel is characterized by laminated point bar deposits overlain by overbank sediment containing a heavily weathered Alfisol, Mollisol, or Inceptisol soil with prominent redox mottles. The sediment ranges from silt to silt loam. In some reaches, alluvial fan sediments interfinger with the point bar deposits. Datable organic carbon was found in both point bar and overbank contexts. This study compares the sedimentology, weathering, and age of these channel segments to determine their geomorphic relationship.
The effects of a gluteus medius training protocol on muscle activation.Context: Researchers have suggested that a weak or dysfunctional gluteus medius (GM) has been linked to a number of lower extremity injuries. Identifying an appropriate intervention to prevent or correct deficits of the GM and determine associated outcomes has become a subject of increased interest. Objective: To determine if GM training changes lower extremity muscle activation during a dynamic task. Design: Controlled laboratory study Setting: Biomechanics research laboratory. Participants: Eighteen healthy, physically active participants (7 men, 11 women; age = 21.2±2.01yrs; height = 168.39±8.92cm; mass= 77.76±16.39kg) volunteered for the study. All participants served as their own control. Intervention(s): All of the participants completed a six week GM training protocol. Muscle activation of 5 trunk muscles were measured bilaterally before and after the protocol during a single-leg drop landing and normalized. Main Outcome Measure(s): Peak and mean muscle activation was measured 400ms preand post-landing. Results: Decreased muscle activation was observed in the right GM [pre-mean (P=.001), pre-peak (P=.007), post-mean (P=.033), and post-peak (P=.045)]. Increased biceps femoris (BF) mean muscle activation was observed on the stance leg pre-landing (p=.044). Conclusions: Six weeks of GM training was enough time to observe improved GM neuromuscular efficiency. The increased BF muscle activation prior to landing suggests participants had an increased feedforward response in preparation for landing. Therefore the combination of improved neuromuscular efficiency and a greater feedforward response suggest pelvic stabilization may be improved during a single-leg drop landing as a result of six weeks of GM training.


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[ -height height Height ]
Specifies the desired height for the window, in pixels.
[ -scrollbar scrollbar Scrollbar ]
Specifies the display policy of the scrollbars. The following
values are recognized:
auto?+x??-x??+y??-y?
When -scrollbar is set to "auto", the scrollbars are
shown only when needed. Additional modifiers can be used to force a
scrollbar to be shown or hidden. For example, "auto -y" means
the horizontal scrollbar should be shown when needed but the vertical
scrollbar should always be hidden; "auto +x" means the vertical
scrollbar should be shown when needed but the horizontal scrollbar
should always be shown, and so on.
Both scrollbars are shown
The scrollbars are never shown.
Only the horizontal scrollbar is shown;
Only the vertical scrollbar is shown.
[ -width width Width ]
Specifies the desired width for the window, in pixels.
The horizontal scrollbar subwidget.
The Text subwidget inside the ScrolledText widget.
The vertical scrollbar subwidget.
The tixScrolledText command creates a new window (given by the
pathName argument) and makes it into a ScrolledText widget.
Additional options, described above, may be specified on the command
line or in the option database to configure aspects of the
ScrolledText widget such as its cursor and relief.
The tixScrolledText command creates a new Tcl command whose
name is the same as the path name of the ScrolledText widget's window. This
command may be used to invoke various
operations on the widget. It has the following general form:
pathName option?arg arg...?
PathName is the name of the command, which is the same as
the ScrolledText widget's path name. Option and the args
determine the exact behavior of the command. The following
commands are possible for ScrolledText widgets:
Returns the current value of the configuration option given by
option. Option may have any of the values accepted by the
pathName configure?option??value option value...?
Query or modify the configuration options of the widget. If
no option is specified, returns a list describing all of the
available options for pathName (see Tk_ConfigureInfo for
information on the format of this list). If option is specified
with no value, then the command returns a list describing the
one named option (this list will be identical to the corresponding
sublist of the value returned if no option is specified). If
one or more option-value pairs are specified, then the command
modifies the given widget option(s) to have the given value(s); in
this case the command returns an empty string. Option may have
any of the values accepted by the tixScrolledText command.
pathName subwidget name?args?
When no additional arguments are given, returns the pathname of the
subwidget of the specified name.
When no additional arguments are given, the widget command of the
specified subwidget will be called with these parameters.