三亚红树林生态公园 / 土人设计
来自土人设计 对gooood的分享。更多关于他们：Turenscape on gooood
Appreciation towards Turenscape for providing the following description:
Project Statement
Right in the middle of the city of Sanya and in just three years, an area of lifeless land fill within a concrete flood wall has been successfully restored into a lush mangrove park, where nature and people harmoniously share the meeting of ocean tides and fresh water. The project demonstrates the success of following the ecological processes of wind and water that produce a designed ecotone made of inter-locked fingers to speed up the natural process of mangrove rehabilitation.
▼生态公园鸟瞰，aerial view
Site and Challenges and Objectives
Three decades of ruthless development has left Sanya，a tropical tourist city in China's Hainan Island, a mess of destruction in terms of landscape. Almost all waterways in the developed districts have been polluted and filled with garbage. Concrete flood walls were built to claim land for development that killed the mangroves, wiped out the riparian habitats, and blocked tides from the sea and storm water from the upper land causing urban inundation. Meanwhile, increased population, particularly seasonal tourists and immigrants are demanding more connected parks along the rivers, which were sadly inaccessible. In 2015, the city government decided to make dramatic changes, and the landscape architect was called upon to design this demonstration project: Sanya Mangrove Park.
▼原始场地分析，the pre-existing conditions
The site is 10 hectares in size, on the east bank of Sanya River that bears the name of the city itself, and in the central area of the city. Analysis shows that the site is also critical in terms ecological relationships between the sea and inland, where the daily sea tides meet with the fresh water of the river. Typical of the city, the water is polluted due to the urban runoffs. High concrete walls have enclosed about 10 hectares of land that is filled with urban debris for a new development project that has been stopped by the government.. An artery road runs by, and there is a 9 meter steep drop from the road to the water, challenging public access to the water.
▼可抵御热带风暴的混凝土结构，one of five pavilions of modulated concrete that are designed to be resistant to strong tropical storm
The design objectives are to rehabilitate the mangroves and make the site a park showcase for citywide urban renewal and ecological recovery. Several site challenges have to be addressed: (1) Wind–the strong annual tropical monsoon storms may harm the process of mangrove rehabilitation and destroy the fledging mangrove planting; (2) Water– the upper stream floods from the monsoon storm water may wash away the young mangrove community; (3) Pollution: The polluted urban runoffs may damage sensitive mangrove seedlings and the biodiversity of the mangrove community; (4) Access: public accessibility and natural restoration need to be well integrated.
▼修复后的红树林公园，the established mangrove park
Design Strategies：Form follows processes
In addressing the above site challenges and to achieve the project objectives, the following design strategies were taken:
Balanced earth work: the land fill composed of urban construction debris and concrete materials from the demolition of the flood wall are recycled on site, and by means of cut-and-fill, ecotones of water ways and riparian habitats of various elevations are created for diverse fauna and flora, particularly different species of mangroves;
▼丰富的驳岸生态系统，an eco-system with diverse fauna and flora
Inter-locked fingers: a land form of inter-locked fingers was designed to lead ocean tides into the park. This is necessary for the mangroves, but they must at the same time avoid annual strong tropical storms from the sea and the storm water flood and pollution from the upper stream mountain and urban area that may harm the establishment process of the mangrove community. This also maximizes the edge effects (water edge length increases 6 times from 700 meters to over 4000 meters) and habitat diversity with water depth varies from 0 to 1.5 meters, and creates a dynamic aquatic environment following the rise and fall of tides, which are necessary for some aquatic species.
▼指状相扣的地形把海潮引进公园，the land form of inter-locked fingers was designed to lead ocean tides into the park
台地和生态廊道： 利用道路与水面间的9米高差，建立一系列的台地和生态廊道系统，截流并净化来自城市的地表径流，高低错落的公共空间布置其间。
Terraces and bio-swales: Making use of the 9-meter drop from the urban road to the water level, terraces are integrated with bio-swales to catch and filtrate the stormwater from the urban pavement and road, creating public spaces at different elevations.
▼台地和生态廊道，terraces and bio-swales
Adaptive design of pavilions and access: a network of pedestrian passageways follow the landform. A skywalk is designed as a ramp to create an experience of walking above the mangrove canopy; five pavilions are strategically allocated allow visitors to enjoy the tranquility and beauty within the mangroves, as well as providing necessary shelter and shading in the changeable local weather. The modulated concrete shelters are designed to resist strong tropical storms; they open to views from various angles. The twisted pavilions make good shelters for bird watching.
▼景观盒子被布置在林间幽静景美的位置， viewing pavilions are strategically allocated in the landscape
▼模块化的混凝土盒子能抵抗强烈的热带风暴，the modulated concrete shelters are designed to resist strong tropical storms
▼遮荫挡雨的空间，a shelter preventing the visitors from sun and rain
This project is a great success. Just three years after its construction, its objectives have been fulfilled. The mangroves within the interlocked fingers have established well. Along with the flourishing mangroves, fish and birds are abundant, attracting visitors of different ages. The park has become a daily recreational place for the local communities, and a showcase of ecological restoration that not only benefits the natural environment, but the public welfare. Just as the slogan on one of the pavilions says: blue water and Green Mountain is essentially Gold Mountain.
▼市民的日常活动场所，a daily recreational place for the local communities
▼在景观盒子里享受宁静的傍晚景色，enjoying the quiet evening in the pavillion
More：土人设计。更多关于他们：Turenscape on gooood
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Difference between revisions of "Types of Cooperatives"
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[[Cooperatives]] are owned, controlled and operated for the benefit of their members. Most corporations are controlled based on the number of shares owned, and distribute profits based on investment. But co-ops operate on the basis of one member, one vote, and return dividends based on patronage. Cooperatives take a number of forms.
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Latest revision as of 15:40, 24 February 2016
As you begin to create a cooperative, it is important to reach agreement about what you are trying to do. The form of the cooperative will depend greatly on which problem it is primarily trying to solve. Are you primarily concerned with job losses or lack of access to certain types of goods? Do you suffer from poor prices for your produce, or poor market access?
Cooperatives can be labeled more than one way, so it can be a little confusing at first. Labels may refer to the ownership structure, the product or service the co-op offers, or the activity the group engages in collectively. Just about any co-op can have more than one label.
For example, a group of people forming a co-op to open a grocery store and sell food to co-op members and perhaps other customers is called a "consumer co-op" and also--more commonly--a "food co-op". Both labels are correct. One refers to the co-op's ownership structure (consumers) and the other to what it offers those owners (food).
Here's another example: A group of dairy farmers who sell milk under a cooperatively owned brand name which they own might refer to itself as either a "producer co-op" or a "marketing co-op". If they open their own milk processing plant to make cheese or some other product, they are also a "value-added agricultural co-op". And all of them, if they buy equipment, fertilizer, services or anything else together, are "purchasing co-ops".
To make matters even more interesting, many people in the co-op world connect the label "purchasing co-op" to the model of independent retailer-owned co-ops such as Best Western motels, TrueValue and ACE hardware stores. Or, they may use the term purchasing co-ops for a municipally owned or other "shared service" cooperative.
And while agricultural producers work very hard, no one ever refers to them as worker co-ops any more than they refer to a group of factory workers who have formed a co-op to produce textiles as producer co-ops.
Given this cautionary note, here are some divisions that are widely accepted.
Producer cooperatives
This refers to groups of people engaged in the agricultural arena: farming, fishing, and forestry. The co-op members may be farmers, landowners or owners of fishing operations. There is a long menu of possible ways these groups may cooperate. They may buy farm inputs, equipment, and insurance, hire managers and sales people, market and advertise together, or operate storage or processing facilities or a distribution network.
Worker cooperatives
Main article: Worker Cooperatives
These businesses are owned by some or all of the workers. Depending on the start-up capital needed, they can offer workers a chance to own their own company with very little financial investment. This can make them an ideal structure for people of modest or low incomes. They are also increasingly popular with small groups of attorneys, designers and engineers, fundraisers, and other professionals.
Many worker co-ops are fairly small and have no separate boards of directors; everyone takes a direct role in policy making and other governance functions. Typical examples are print shops, copy centers and bookstores; small manufacturing, construction and engineering firms; homecare and daycare professionals; restaurants and bakeries, auto repair shops and groups of artists or artisans.
A few worker co-ops attain sizable memberships. Cooperative Home Care Associates in New York City's Bronx has 800 owner-members, mostly women of color (often immigrants) living on low incomes and tending homebound elderly, ill and disabled folks.[1]
Another group often included in this label are 'democratic' ESOPs (employee stock ownership plan), where workplace democracy is a stated goal. It is not uncommon for workers to buy out their company as a democratic ESOP (sharing the risks and rewards of ownership with the former owner and/or other parties) and then begin the transition to a full-fledged worker cooperative.
Consumer cooperatives
Main article: Consumer cooperative
These businesses are owned and governed by people who want to buy from the co-op. Consumers can create a cooperative to provide pretty much anything they want to buy. Their purchases may include groceries, electricity or telephone service, housing, healthcare, or—under the label of credit unions—financial services. The co-ops can be tiny or immense: a single artists' dwelling or a high rise with hundreds of apartments. A small food buying club in a rural village or a multi-million dollar supermarket in a bustling city.
The national Rural Electric Cooperative network serves consumer-owners in 45 states. Some cooperatively owned insurance companies like Nationwide serve enormous memberships with significant financial assets.[2]
Most consumer co-ops, even if they are not as complex or heavily regulated as credit unions (described below), elect boards of directors who hire managers to run the daily operations. Both the grocery and the electric industries are tough businesses that require constant professional development. Consumer member-owners may serve on committees, run for a seat on the board, or take another active part in the co-op. But as often as not, their primary involvement in their co-op is in the consumption of its goods or services.
Credit unions
Main article: Credit union
Credit unions are actually consumer-owned financial services cooperatives in which every depositor becomes a member-owner. Members may attend the annual meeting and help elect a board of directors that is typically made up of community volunteers, most of them with considerable financial and other relevant areas of expertise. This is quite a difference from big international banking conglomerates with their distant investor-owner millionaires and highly paid directors who have no knowledge of or loyalty to local residents.
Credit unions, as with all co-ops, come is all sizes--from a single facility with a few score members to huge, multi-branch operations that cover lots of territory and employ many local people. Community development credit unions are a special category created by the industry to specifically serve lower income communities.
Retail or Purchasing co-ops
Still another type of consumer co-op sometimes given its own category is the retail or purchasing cooperative, sometimes called a shared service cooperative. Many of these co-ops are owned and governed by independent business owners.
Best Western motels, True Value and ACE hardware stores, and Carpet One/CCA Global Partners are independently owned businesses that have formed national and international cooperatives to purchase goods and services at rates that will keep their bottom lines in the black. But there are also many successful smaller operations such as a group of independent business consultants or attorneys who want to buy office supplies, insurance, or other products and services together. Some municipalities and even state governments have joined together to own their own electricity, water or telecommunications utilities as well as to buy business services and so forth cooperatively.
What unites all of these co-ops is that they seek to improve their efficiencies and/or market competitiveness by "bulk buying" a broad range of goods and services.
Housing Cooperatives
Housing cooperatives are owned by the residents, which makes them a type of consumer cooperative. This can range from a single house to apartment complexes with thousands of units. It also includes co-housing projects, in which dozens of homes are cooperatively owned. Condominiums are a relative of co-ops, although with condos each member owns their own unit; in a cooperative, each member owns a share of the co-op that owns all of the property. A special type of housing co-op is a resident-owned community of manufactured homes, in which residents own their homes and own a share in the co-op that owns the land and runs the park.
Complex Cases and Multi-Stakeholder Cooperatives
Main Article: Multi-stakeholder cooperatives
In some cases, it may be desirable to create a hybrid among these types of co-ops. These are called "multi-stakeholder" cooperatives, and often create specific roles and rights for the various types of members. For example, this may take the form of a producer/consumer or consumer/worker hybrid co-op. In these scenarios, the membership fees might differ for the two groups. This recognizes that there will likely be fewer producer members, and that they potentially have more to gain and therefore more incentive to invest, and you might also have a certain number of board seats reserved for each (i.e. on a board of seven, there are three "at large" members, two members elected by the producers, and two elected by the consumers).
These types of co-ops are more complex, and may experience tension among the various types of members. After all, one of the benefits of cooperation is that people can work together to meet their shared interests. On the other hand, a cooperative may experience tension between its producer members' desire for high prices for their goods, and their consumer members' desire for low prices.
Hybrid Worker and Consumer Owned Cooperatives
An emerging model, primarily in grocer co-ops, are consumer and worker owned cooperatives. In these cooperatives, both the workers and consumers equally own and manage the co-op, elect individuals to the board of directors, and so on. Eroski is a worker-con


Please select your country or region to be
directed to the appropriate Lesker site.
Basic Pump Throughput Concepts
What is Pump Throughput?
The manufacturer of a vacuum pump supplies a chart for each pump showing pumping speed (volume in unit time) vs pressure. The example, for a fictitious pump, shows the pumping speed is substantially constant over a large pressure range.
By multiplying pumping speed by pressure at which that pumping speed occurs, we get a measure called pump throughput. We can tabulate those results, as shown in the table below, or plot them as a graph of pressure vs pump throughput. As is clear from the chart, pump throughput (which might also be called mass flow) decreases proportionally with pressure, at least over the pressure range where pumping speed is constant.
Pumping Speed Pressure Pressure x Pumping Speed
100 L/sec 10 torr 1000 _URL_
100 L/sec 1 torr 100 _URL_
100 L/sec 0.1 torr 10 _URL_
100 L/sec 0.01 torr 1 _URL_
Expressed simply, throughput is a measure of the quantity of gas the pump can remove from its inlet, at a given pressure, in unit time.
But note, the word "quantity" can be replaced by "amount", "mass flow", or "number of atoms/molecules" and still be correct.
Contact Us - Basic Pump Throughput Concepts


text:
Mistletoe Matters - Talks, Walks & Workshops
Mistletoe is a fascinating subject - an odd-looking plant with an unusual biology, peculiar and popular(!) winter customs, ancient traditions stretching way back into prehistory, and emerging modern usage in medicine. Plus, of course, all the agricultural and horticultural aspects, and linkages to traditional orchards and gardens.
And not forgetting its important role in wildlife conservation and biodiversity. There's also its peculiar role in 20th century imagery, particularly in the art nouveau period. It even inspired some wartime German aircraft concepts.
So it should be no surprise that it is a very popular subject for talks, with a very wide range of audiences.
Mistletoe walks are also popular, largely with outdoor and wildlife groups, and largely (though not wholly) confined to the mistletoe country around Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Gloucestershire and Somerset.
Workshops, combining talks and walks with practical advice in management and planting are also available.
Scroll down for more information on all this:

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Charting The Efficiencies Of Boiling Water
Water takes a lot of energy to heat up. If you'd like evidence of this, simply jump into a 50° F swimming pool on Memorial Day. Despite the difficulty of heating water, that simple act accounts for a lot of industrial processes. From cooking a steak to running a nuclear reactor, there isn't much that doesn't involve heating water.
[Tom Murphy], Physics prof at UCSD decided to test out exactly how efficiently he could boil water. Armed with a gas stove, electric kettle, microwave, and a neat laser pointer/photodiode setup on his gas meter to measure consumption, he calculated exactly how much energy he was using to make a cup of tea.
The final numbers from [Tom]'s experiment revealed that a gas stove – using a pot with and without a lid on large and small burners – was about 20% efficient. A gas-powered hot water heater was much better at 55% efficiency, but the microwave and electric kettle had a miserable efficiencies of around 15 and 25%, respectively. There is a reason for the terrible inefficiency of using electricity to heat water; if only the power from the wall is considered, the electric kettle put 80% of energy consumed directly into the water. Because the electricity has to come from somewhere, usually a fossil-fueled power plant that operates at around 30% efficiency, the electric kettle method of turning dinosaurs into hot water is only about 25% efficient.
The take-home from this is there's a lot of power being wasted every time you run a bath, make some coffee, or wash the dishes. We would all do better by decreasing how much energy we use, much like [Tom]'s efforts in using 5 times less power than his neighbor. Awesome job, [Tom].
32 thoughts on "Charting The Efficiencies Of Boiling Water
 1. The problem was his total lack of ballpark pricing, focusing solely on efficiency.
 Take the totally inefficient microwave experiment. 67 kJ is 0.01861 kilowatt hours. At 16.5 cents each, we're talking three tenths of a penny.
 This reminds me too much of an ex-GF who always nagged me to remove my wall-wart when done charging my cellphone but never wanted to hang her laundry on the outside clothesline. (Hint: one year of squandered wall-wart usage is roughly equal to one load of laundry in the dryer)
 1. When looking at the total system, yes.
 At the moment gasoline wins because it's cheap, and electric cars as seen as poor performers because battery technology sucks.
 Gasoline contain a LOT of energy, and batteries will never match that. On the flip-side internal combustion engines are very inefficient compared to electric motors (most energy the burn is lost as heat) so it all may balance out in the end.
 I foresee a future when we all ride electric bicycles around…
 1. Oddly people measure the delivery cost of electricity, but not the delivery cost of gas/gasoline. It doesn't arrive for free. Tanker trucks, pipelines and refineries all have their losses, some of them significant. Natural gas piping in particular is notoriously leaky. Exactly how much is lost at each step depends on the form of fossil fuel you are burning and how far it has traveled.
 1. i smell a rat
 Was electric kettle 25% efficient? or was it 80% efficient times power plant efficiency?
 Does the professor think Gas is magical and comes from fairy ass? What was the point of all this?
 Let me guess, he is one of those global warming will kill us all professors?
 1. Didnt mean to report, damn phone.
 I'd assumed that as the majority of power stations are also fossil fuel powered that he was simply ignoring the processing costs of the fossil fuel. He could probably include it, but it would add effort and not make any significant difference to his findings.
 2. The question about efficiency is answered in the article.
 The professor doesn't think gas is magical. As Mental2k suggests, he figures the electricity comes from fossil fuels too, so he's simplifying the analysis by defining efficiency as (energy deposited in to water)/(energy released by burning the fuel). If you'd have read the article, you'd have know this.
 1. In many parts of the world the electricity comes from windmills, hydroelectricity or nuclear power.
 I'd be surprised if my electric kettle isn't at least 60% efficient even counting losses in delivery and generators.
 3. Clearly electricity is what comes from a fairy's pecker. Right now the cheapest energy plan available for me is *drum roll* tied to the price of natural gas. So the fuel for the turbine is the same as the fuel for the stove, and the energy costs in procuring that fuel and be considered equal and extraneous.
 The reality of the situations it that by burning the gas in a centralized location is can be scrubbed and pollutants may be captured (never mind the crap added to consumer NG to make it smell). In all likleyhood it would be most environmentally friendly to use the kettle, and probably cheapest too from a consumer perspective as electricity is sold in bulkier quantities and therefore lower prices.
 From a purely academic standpoint he makes a convincing argument that a gas stove has the highest overall efficiency and therefore uses the smallest amount of fuel.
 If you bothered reading the article the professor makes no indication to his political slant, and it appears the experiment stems from intellectual curiosity.
 Also, gas is not a proper noun…
 2. I think i spotted some kind of error in the logic. When using gas, the gas needs to be mined, transported, processed as well as it needed to be produced (organic reaction, bacteria, long time, pressure, whatever). Despite production, these steps do not influence the heat rating of the fuel itself but are to be taken into the equation.
 Whenever the efficiency of devices using fossile fuels or gases are involved that fact is usually ignored, because the primary energy used is calculated using the heat rating alone (i hope i used the right translation, i mean the excess energy of the exothermic reaction) of the fuel, but it ignores the way that matter used to be formed and that it needed logistics to get there.
 When comparing these values to electricity out of the outlet it can not be much better. Of course the same principle applies for fossile-fueled power plants and their infrastructure, but not for other forms of generating electricity, e.g. local photovoltaic and the like. It remains a question of energy balance.
 Think about it…
 3. Of course finding the most efficient way to heat water is kind of important work, but mostly the decision in industrial processes is based on which form of energy you have as excess based on the main process, location or cost rather than being more efficient on its own.
 In other words: A less efficient process might be the better choice if the cost for the primary energy is lower.
 To get equipment more efficient one can still try to minimize losses or convert them and get them back in the main process.
 1. I like the Japanese approach to boiling water. In all of the hotels I stayed in, there was an insulated electric kettle with a day or two's capacity for tea.
 You'd fill it and boil once and then leave the kettle on all day and night. A thermostat in the kettle would ensure the water stayed at the right temperature by occasionally turning on the heater. I rarely noticed that the kettle would turn on and I had access to hot water all day.
 Much more efficient than the shiny stainless steel electric kettle I have at home which loses the heat in the water after a few minutes and I have to reboil all day to have tea.
 4. Ultimately, this professor demonstrates why we should all be skeptical of any authority making claims…
 By including more of the activities in one side of the equation (electrical generation methods), but not the other (gas) he effectively skewed kis answer to make the point he desired…
 A very typical mechanism of the demagogues.
 1. What do you think his desired point is? His conclusion was that boiling water in an electric kettle and boiling water with a gas stove were comparably (in)efficient (at ~25%), although the kettle won _if used properly_.
 If — as you suggest — he took in to account more of the inefficiencies on the gas side, gas would be shown to be even less efficient, and the electric kettle's margin of victory would increase. In short, it wouldn't really change his ranking.
 1. Frankly I don't know (nor care) what his agenda is, but I am certain that he has one and that it colors his approach.
 From the information provided, he compared the efficiency of the electric mode AND the efficient of generating the electricity (in small part), but he only compared it against the efficiency of the gas heating without taking into account the energy required to produce the gas…
 Invariably the only way to truly compare efficiency (without including costs) is to estimate the total energy consumption used for the event… and such calculations are lengthy and time consuming… To the point that as far as I know they are never done.
 What is done involves simplifying assumptions that always reveal the bias on the part of the person (or persons) performing the 'analysis'…
 2. The effort required to produce the gas (assuming it's natural


EEG/ERP, Sound-symbolism
Ideophones in Japanese modulate the P2 and late positive complex responses: MS Paint version
I just had my first paper published:
Lockwood, G., & Tuomainen, J. (2015). Ideophones in Japanese modulate the P2 and late positive complex responses. Language Sciences, 933.
It's completely open access, so have a look (and download the PDF, because it looks a lot nicer than the full text).
It's a fuller, better version of my MSc thesis, which means that I've been working on this project on and off since about April 2013. Testing was done in June/July 2013 and November 2013. Early versions of this paper have been presented at an ideophone workshop in Tokyo in December 2013, a synaesthesia conference in Hamburg in February 2014, and a neurobiology of language conference in Amsterdam in August 2014. It was rejected once from one journal in August 2014, and was submitted to this journal in October 2014. It feels great to have it finally published, but also kind of anticlimactic, given that I'm focusing on some different research now.
I feel like the abstract and full article describe what's going on quite well; this is a generally under-researched area within the (neuro)science of language as it is, so it's written for the sizeable number of people who aren't knowledgeable about ideophones in the first place. However, if you can't explain your research using shoddy MS Paint figures, then you can't explain it at all, so here goes.
Ideophones are "marked words which depict sensory imagery" (Dingemanse, 2012). In essence, this means that ideophones stick out compared to regular words, ideophones are real words (not just off the cuff onomatopoeia), ideophones try and imitate the thing they mean rather than just describing it, and ideophones mean things to do with sensory experiences. This sounds like onomatopoeia, but it's a lot more than that. Ideophones have been kind of sidelined within traditional approaches to language because of a strange fluke whereby the original languages of academia (i.e. European languages, and especially French, German, and English) are from one of the very few language families across the world which don't have ideophones. Since ideophones aren't really present in the languages of the people who wrote about languages most often, those writers kind of just ignored them. The less well-known linguistic literature on ideophones has been going on for decades, and variously describes ideophones as vivid, quasi-synaesthetic, expressive, and so on.
What this boils down to is that for speakers of languages with ideophones, listening to somebody say a regular word is like this:
listening to a regular word
and listening to somebody say an ideophone is like this:
listening to an ideophone
Why, though?
Ideophones are iconic and/or sound-symbolic. These terms are slightly different but are often used interchangeably and both mean that there's a link between the sound of something language-y (or the shape/form of something language-y in signed languages) and its meaning. This means that, when you're listening to a regular word, you're generally just relying on your existing knowledge of the combinations of sounds in your language to know what the meaning is:
regular word processing
…whereas when a speaker of a language with ideophones listens to an ideophone, they feel a rather more direct connection between what the ideophone sounds like and what the meaning of the ideophone is:
ideophone processing
These links between sound and meaning are known as cross-modal correspondences.
Thing is, it's one thing for various linguists and speakers of languages with ideophones to identify and describe what's happening; it's quite another to see if that has any psycho/neurolinguistic basis. This is where my research comes in.
I took a set of Japanese ideophones (e.g. perapera, which means "fluently" when talking about somebody's language skills; I certainly wish my Japanese was a lot more perapera) and compared them with regular Japanese words (e.g. ryuuchou-ni, which also means "fluently" when talking about somebody's language skills, but isn't an ideophone). My Japanese participants read sentences which were the same apart from swapping the ideophones and the arbitrary words around, like:
花子は ぺらぺらと フランス語を話す
Hanako speaks French fluently (where "fluently" = perapera).
花子は りゅうちょうに フランス語を話す
Hanako speaks French fluently (where "fluently" = ryuuchou-ni).
While they read these sentences, I used EEG (or electroencephalography) to measure their brain activity. This is done by putting a load of electrodes in a swimming cap like this:
electrode set up
After measuring a lot of participants reading a lot of sentences in the two conditions, I averaged them together to see if there was a difference between the two conditions… and indeed there was:
figure 1 from japanese natives paper
The red line shows the brain activity in response to the ideophones, and the blue line shows the brain activity in response to the arbitrary words. The red line is higher than the blue line at two important points; the peak at about 250ms after the word was presented (the P2 component), and the consistent bit for the last 400ms (the late positive complex).
Various other research has found that a higher P2 component is elicited by cross-modally congruent stimuli… i.e. this particular brain response is bigger to two things that match nicely (such as a high pitched sound and a small object). Finding this in response to the Japanese ideophones suggests that the brain recognises that the sounds of the ideophones cross-modally match the meanings of the ideophones much more than the sounds of the arbitrary words match the meanings of the arbitrary words. This may be why ideophones are experienced more vividly than arbitrary words.
higher P2 for ideophones
lower P2 for arbitrary words
As for the late positive complex, it's hard to say. It could be that the cross-modal matching of sound and meaning in ideophones actually makes it harder for the brain to work out the ideophone's role in a sentence because it has to do all the cross-modal sensory processing on top of all the grammatical stuff it's doing in the first place. It's very much up for discussion.
Putting the graph into electroencephalography
ERPing the derp
typical erp graph
erp intuitive 2
erp context
standard N400
Cz electrode (RG onset timelock + NO GUIDE)
Here's participant 9:
ppt09 Cz electrode (RG onset timelock + NO GUIDE)
Here's participant 13:
ppt13 Cz electrode (RG onset timelock + NO GUIDE)
Here's participant 15:
ppt15 Cz electrode (RG onset timelock + NO GUIDE)
updated ci picture for eeg graphs
Cz electrode (RG onset timelock + SDs + NO GUIDE)
I'd love to hear people's opinions in the comments below.
To summarise, then:
– ERP graphs aren't all that great
– but they could be if we plotted them logically


What is the average cost of landscaping?
Quick Answer
As of 2015, the average cost of landscaping is roughly $2,900. The lowest amount is $1,100 and the highest amount is $9,000. Overall costs are often influenced by geographic location and the scope of the landscaping project. Costs are also influenced by whether the homeowner wants to include extra ornamentation.
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Full Answer
The average cost of landscaping is also influenced by whether the homeowner decides to handle a majority of the project on his own or instead consult with a landscape architect, designer or another landscape professional. The homeowner might also decide to hire a landscape surveyor to determine where his property ends and where his neighbor's begins.
Homeowners should also consider the long-term effects of their landscaping plans. For example, homeowners should think about whether the new landscaping features allow for proper draining, otherwise they may experience mold, mildew and water damage. Homeowners can also decide between synthetic grass and xeriscaping. Either option is a good way to save money in the future on labor and water usage.
Homeowners who include extra landscaping features such as ponds, misting systems and gazebos should include the cost of supplies and ongoing care with such additions. Extra costs can stem from continuing maintenance, de-icing in the winter and the initial cost of installation.
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Exam Notes Human Skull St
Vår pris
Leveringstid: Usikker levering*
Om boka
REA's Anatomy "EXAM Notes(TM)" are double-sided, laminated reference charts that contain all the information students need on a single reference card. They are colorful, clear and beautifully illustrated with up-to-date medical terminology. They are exceptionally well-organized to simplify and speed study. The most often used and required facts and formulas are included. "EXAM Notes "function as study tools, homework aids, for reference at work.


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Disparity Tips
 - Andrew Kinsler
 The last part of the page mentions "Increase the distance between your projector and your LF1", but does not elaborate on what type of separation should happen.
 Can you give more guidance? Does this mean a vertical separation, while keeping the LF1 camera lens and the projector lens in the same plane? Same spherical plane? Should there be horizontal or Z-plane separation as well?
 - Brittany Factura
 Hi Andrew,
 So sorry for the vagueness. We aim to update this article with more details and information.
 This means a horizontal separation. You can move the LF1 left or right in the horizontal direction from the projector, keeping the camera lens and projector lens in the same horizontal plane and height. No need for a vertical or z-plane separation.
 (For some detail, the structured light scan can be thought of in a similar way as stereo camera calibration and reconstruction ( and we apply similar techniques to extract disparity from the scene. The LF1 and projector can be thought of as the right eye/left eye, so increasing the distance between the two can result in more accurate disparity.)
 Here's an example of this. We used a magic arm to mount the LF1 to a separate tripod:
 Hope that helps. Please me know if you have any questions.
 - John Meehan
 A couple of questions -
 1. The "2D scene" above is a flat poster of the street scene, right? No disparity data because no 3D protrusions, but can this (or another flat poster) still be used as a subject? Or are the lines too thin and not enough contrast?
 2. How do you know when the disparity is insufficient, and the LF1 should be moved laterally with respect to the projector? This disparity data is used as an internal calibration for the LF1, right? How does the user know when it needs to be improved?
 - Bruce du
 First of all, this is not a street view. This is an exhibition hall. The wall with hollow letters on the left is the actual wall of the exhibition hall, while the middle part goes all the way to the right. This is a large hand-painted painting, including street lights, people, roads, buildings, etc., which are all the contents of a plane painting. Because it's a 2D drawing, it can't produce disparity data. This is my understanding of the official meaning of lightform. If the official staff of lightform confirm that my idea is correct, I will be very happy.
 - Lightform Support
 Hi Bruce,
 Yes-- you are correct. The examples we have for 2D are flat pieces of art (a drawing on a wall, or a painting of a street) so it will not produce disparity data. I will look into using different images to convey this as I can see how those examples can seem misleading.
 - Ron Foreman
 Actually, I have a projector/light form mounting issue, that separating the two may resolve. Is this an option under normal conditions without concern for disparity issues?
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The Cardo and Decumanus Maximus, the two main streets of Roman Berytus that date back to thousands of years ago, were acknowledged for their worth during the renovations of Downtown Beirut after the Lebanese Civil War.
This vast space that's surrounded by Mohamad Amin Mosque, Saint George Maronite Cathedral, and Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral is supposed to have been the Garden of Forgiveness.
Why have such a name for a garden? Well, because it's surrounded by a mosque and 2 churches, it made perfect sense to name it after "forgiveness" of all the bloodshed that happened during the Lebanese Civil War
Not to mention that the oldest Roman Law School was founded in this space. Also, as Solidere's website states, during the excavations, sacred platforms dating from Phoenico-Persian times were discovered and Mamluk-Ottoman layers within a network of narrow alleys, which changed to straight shopping streets replaced the alleys, while the sites of religious worships were enlarged and became prestigious monuments during the 19th century.
During the early and mid-20th century, the stairs next to the Roman columns in the picture had a souk that my grandparents recall as "Daraj Khan el Beid" where traders and shop owners sold poultry products like eggs and chicken.
During the 1990s, two olive trees were planted in the "Garden of Forgiveness" as a way to start this project with a special event, but the public never saw it come to life. However, you can still observe its beauty from the outside!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


63d86ede17549b86a5746118897dc4a02eb2f44a — Jason Phan 5 months ago 66f2ba4
docs: Remove exceptions for casing
M docs/contributing/style.md
M docs/contributing/style.md => docs/contributing/style.md +0 -8
@@ 86,14 86,6 @@ For everything else, opening braces do not go on a separate line.
Generally, 'snake_case' is used for variable, function, and file names,
'CAPS_SNAKE_CASE' for macros, and 'CamelCase' is used for everything else.
However, there are exceptions. In particular, if a user-defined type can be
described by a single word, is publicly available to users, and is something
that can be reasonably considered as a primitive in the context of the module
that it is in, then prefer lowercase letters. For example, the KVM API wrapper
has classes such as 'vmm::kvm::vm' and 'vmm::kvm::vcpu', both of which are
absolutely fundamental to how the API functions and therefore may be considered
KVM "primitives."
### Classes
#### Data Members


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Playing too many computer games and watching too much tv until the small hours is resulting in Britains' teenagers not getting enough sleep. Experts recommend they should be getting at least 8 or 9 hours sleep a night. However according to the results of a survey by The Sleep Council, which were published this week, many youngsters are surviving on 4 hours sleep a night or less. Lack of quality sleep is now a major problem for many teenagers as they stay up late into the night surfing, watching tv and playing computer games. Lack of sleep leaves the youngsters exhausted and unable to function properly in the classroom. In addition, leading experts have also linked lack of sleep to youngsters becoming obese as they crave more sweet and sugary foods to keep them alert. It's a very worrying trend and one that unfortunately seems to becoming commonplace in today's Britain.
The Queen has been named as one of the most powerful women in the world in a list compiled by Forbes Magazine. Her Majesty who was at number 23 on the list is one of only three British women to be featured. The other two women named were Clara Furse, Chief Executive of the London Stock Exchange and Zaha Hadid, an Iraqi born architect.
British chef Jamie Oliver is encouraging people to grow their own vegetables, particularly if they have young families. Jamie believes that if children can see where vegetables come from, they are more likely to want to eat them. Jamie argues that vegetables can be grown in window boxes or buckets, no matter whatever size of garden you have.
There are also plans for Jamie to star in his own comedy cartoon show aimed at children. The cartoon series has been created by the makers of Wallace and Gromit and will follow the comic exploits of a 10 year old Jamie as he follows his quest to become a great chef. The show is aimed at seven to eleven year olds and it is hoped it will inspire them to think positively about good food.
It's funny how people use the expression, "Pink for a girl and blue for a boy". However according to researchers at Newcastle University, it seems there may be a good reason for our colour choices. Two hundred men and women in their twenties were asked to choose their favourite from a group of colours on a computer screen. Apparently the majority of men chose blue and women chose pink. I was quite interested to hear this as pink is actually my favourite colour.
The researchers believe that the reason why a lot of men and women choose these colours goes back to caveman days, when the men were the hunters. Apparently the men would look up at the sky before they went off hunting and if they saw a blue sky, it made them happy as it signalled good weather. Whilst the men were out hunting, the women would gather ripe reddish pink fruits. So it seems as we have evolved over the years there has always been a connection between pink and blue. So now we know.
Harry Potter author JK Rowling has been spotted in an Edinburgh cafe writing drafts of crime novels. It was in one of the same cafes where she used to pen the boy wizard's adventures. After publishing, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", the final book in the Harry Potter saga, JK Rowling stated that she wanted to create something completely different and that the idea of wandering off to a cafe with a notebook and seeing where it took her would be bliss. After the phenomenal success of the Harry Potter books, it will be interesting to see what JK Rowling has in store for us next.
Meanwhile crime novelist Agatha Christie's hometown of Torquay is getting ready to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the publication of her famous book Death on the Nile next month. Agatha Christie was born in Torquay in 1890 and spent most of her life there. The town is planning to host a ball and special shows as part of the celebrations.
As Britain celebrates the last Bank holiday weekend of the year, union leaders are calling for an extra three Bank holidays to be brought in. Britain together with the Netherlands currently has eight Bank holidays a year, the least Bank holidays of any country in Europe. The European average is 10.8 days. Additionally many employees are forced to rely on the generosity of their employers to be able to take public holidays as time off. There is currently no statutory right for Bank holidays to be taken as time off or for employees to be paid for them.
In addition, it was discovered that many employers are flouting the law and not allowing their staff to take the statutory four weeks' paid leave per year. Britons already work much longer hours than their European neighbours, putting their health at risk. It seems that too many employers are putting profits before the wellbeing of their staff. No wonder Britain has a much lower productivity rate than its European neighbours.
It seems Britain's heavy rains and washed out Summer have a lot to answer for. According to recent figures, the bad weather has resulted in a boom in online shopping with July's sale figures alone topping £4billion. As more and more people chose to stay at home and indoors, Britons went shopping online rather than going out and hitting the high street. Popular items bought over the net included electrical goods such as mp3 players, digital cameras and laptops. Sales of clothing, shoes and related accessories were also popular. Unfortunately this has resulted in a lot of lost business for retailers and shopkeepers. I was out shopping the other day and noticed many items, particularly clothing, drastically reduced in price in a lot of the places I went into. Now I know why. It must be very difficult for retail businesses to keep going nowadays as the internet is a tempting alternative for many customers.
In addition massive numbers of Britons are leaving the U.K. to start a new life abroad, with Australia being the favourite destination. Apparently the main reasons for them leaving are Britain's bad weather, rising crime, the economy and immigration, as Britain struggles to cope with the record numbers of foreign immigrants that arrive here every day.
As some of you know, I enjoy writing and am currently working on my first book. I find writing very therapeutic and relaxing, especially after a stressful day at work. I originally started the blog as a good way to practise my writing skills. I also thought it would be good for people to hear about news and life in England firsthand from somebody who lives there.
The best thing about blogging at Diary from England is the number of great cyberfriends I have made, both from England, the U.S. and all over the world. I love it when people leave nice comments or e-mail me to say how much they enjoy Diary from England. It makes it all worthwhile. I have met some really nice people since I started blogging. I always like to try to support everyone by visiting friends' blogs as often as I can, although I don't always manage this due to lack of time! One of the best things I ever did was becoming a member of Blog Village. I saw the Blog Village banner on a couple of blogs when I was surfing around and went across to find out more. I love the community atmosphere at Blog Village and have made a lot of friends over there.
Another thing I love about blogging is the carnivals. I've definitely been hit by the carnival bug and am looking forward to hosting my own England Goes Gonzo Carnival here on Monday 1st October. You can find further details of this carnival by following the link below:-
It was announced this week that comic strip versions of Shakespeare plays are to be published for use in schools as Britain's secondary school children find the original versions boring and difficult to understand. It is thought that youngsters will find the comic strip versions (written using simple English words and expressions) easier to understand and it will inspire them to take an interest in the Bard's works. Surely part of the fun of learning Shakespeare is reading the plays in Shakespearean English and learning what all the terms mean. I enjoyed studying Shakepeare's plays at school. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare containing all his plays still takes pride of place on my bookshelf. Much of the beauty of the Bard's work lies in the language more than the actual plot. Many of Shakespeare's plays contain finely crafted passages. These will now be reduced to quick, snappy phrases. Reading comic strip versions of the plays which are illustrated by artists who worked on Spiderman cartoons, just won't be the same.
The first play to get the "comic strip" treatment is Henry V. Shakepeare's unforgettable line from the play which rallies the troops, "Once more into the breach dear friends", will be replaced with, "Take a deep breath and fight. Get a fierce look in your eyes!" Eventually all Shakespeare's plays will be available in the comic strip versions. There are also plans to produce comic strip versions of some classic novels like Great Expectations and Jane Eyre as well. It's enough to send Shakespeare spinning in his grave!
Many experts have cited global warming as one of the main causes of some of the heavy rain and flooding we have experienced this year in England. However according to the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), it is also responsible for a decline in the number of certain birds visiting Britain in the Wintertime. Apparently the warmer Winters now mean that many birds no longer need to migrate to the U.K. from places like Greenland and Siberia.
I have a bird table on my back garden containing water, bags of nuts and other little treats for any feathered visitors. In years gone by, the table used to attract loads of birds of all shapes and sizes and I enjoyed watching them through the window. I wondered where all the birds had gone as hardly any have been there at all this year. Now I know. Global warming it seems is having an effect on Britain's bird population too.
Alnwick Castle in Northumberland has topped a list


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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also Genesis
From Latin genesis ("generation, nativity"), from Ancient Greek γένεσις (genesis, "origin, source, beginning, nativity, generation, production, creation"), from γίγνεσθαι second aor. γενέσθαι ("to be produced, become, be").
genesis (plural geneses)
- The origin, start, or point at which something comes into being.
- Some point to the creation of the Magna Carta as the genesis of English common law.
the origin, start, or point at which something comes into being
- genesis in Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913
- genesis in The Century Dictionary, The Century Co., New York, 1911


text: Background: Training for Australian general practice, or family medicine, can be isolating, with registrars (residents or trainees) moving between rural and urban environments, and between hospital and community clinic posts. Virtual communities of practice (VCoPs), groups of people sharing knowledge about their domain of practice online and face-to-face, may have a role in overcoming the isolation associated with general practice training. Objective: This study explored whether Australian general practice registrars and their supervisors (trainers) would be able to use, and would be interested in using, a VCoP in the form of a private online network for work and training purposes. It also sought to understand the facilitators and barriers to intention to use such a community, and considers whether any of these factors may be modifiable. Methods: A survey was developed assessing computer, Internet, and social media access and usage, confidence, perceived usefulness, and barriers, facilitators, and intentions to use a private online network for training purposes. The survey was sent by email link to all 139 registrars and 224 supervisors in one of Australia's 17 general practice training regions. Complete and usable responses were received from 131 participants (response rate=0.4). Results: Most respondents had access to broadband at home (125/131, 95.4%) and at work (130/131, 99.2%). Registrars were more likely to spend more than 2 hours on the Internet (P=.03), and to use social media sites for nonwork purposes (P=.01). On a 5-point Likert scale, confidence was high (mean 3.93, SD 0.63) and was negatively associated with higher age (P=.04), but not associated with training stage. Social media confidence was lower, with registrars more confident than supervisors for almost all social media activities. On a 5-point Likert scale, overall usefulness was scored positively (n=123, mean 3.63, SD 0.74), and was not significantly associated with age or training level. The main concerns of respondents were worries about privacy (registrar: 61/81, 75.3%; supervisor: 30/50, 60.0%) and insufficient time (registrar: 41/81, 50.6%; supervisor: 36/50, 72.0%). Using a multivariate generalized linear regression model, training stage and perceived usefulness were positively predictive, and concerns about privacy and time were negatively predictive of intention to use a private online network. Conclusions: General practice registrars and supervisors are interested in using a private online network, or VCoP, for work and training purposes. Important considerations are the extent to which concerns such as privacy and usefulness may be overcome by training and support to offset some other concerns, such as time barriers. Participants at an early stage in their training are more receptive to using an online network. More senior registrars and supervisors may benefit from more training and promotion of the online network to improve their receptiveness.


What is a Front Engine Mount and Why is it Important For Your Honda?
If you look around your engine compartment, you'll find four rubber mounts than attach the engine to the chassis. They keep your engine in place, and provide several other important benefits.
How Front Engine Mounts Drastically Improve Your Honda's Ride Quality
When you drive your car, you make a lot of turns and stops. Inertia comes into play a lot (which is why your body involuntarily lurches forward when the car stops or leans to the side when the car makes a turn). Since the engine is so large and heavy, it's not immune to inertia. That's why engine mounts exist.
The car chassis and engine both have brackets designed to hold engine mounts. The engine mounts are then sandwiched between the engine and chassis mounts when the car is assembled. Most engine mounts are made from a soft piece of rubber mated to a steel plate. The rubber absorbs vibration. Some mounts use hydraulic fluid to absorb vibration.
With a good set of OEM engine mounts on your car, your Honda's ride quality is pretty spectacular. More specifically, engine mounts:
 - Reduce noise and vibration
 - Provide smoother drivetrain "feel"
 - Reduce wheel hop on hard acceleration
What Happens When One of Your Front Engine Mounts Fails
While engine mounts don't require any regular maintenance, they will wear out over time. Since many Honda's run several hundred thousand miles or more, it's not uncommon for the engine mounts to wear out on these high mileage cars. Engine mounts start to sag when they wear out, and they lose strength. When one of your engine mounts fails you may run into some serious problems like:
 - Excess noise and vibration: The mounts are supposed to absorb vibration. When a mount fails, more vibration is transmitted to the chassis. You'll feel this and hear it while your driving.
 - Damaged components under the hood: The chassis isn't the only thing your heavy engine could break while shifting around under the hood. If it moves enough, it can bump into other components and possibly damage them.
 - Damaged radiator hoses: Radiator hoses are flexible, but they also are molded to a specific shape to fit between the engine and radiator. When an engine mount fails and sags, the radiators hoses get stretched out of shape. If this goes on long enough, they can tear and leak, causing your car to overheat.
So if you start to experience the symptoms of a bad engine mount, replace them as soon as possible. The good news is you can do it yourself at home.
How to Replace Your Front Engine Mounts at Home
This tutorial is based on 2006-2011 Honda Civics, but you should be able to follow the steps with any other Honda model.
The first thing you need to do is to buy OEM replacement motor mounts. We recommend replacing all four mounts at the same time to prevent further issues.
 - Part No. 50810-S2A-003: For 2000-2009 S2000 models
 - Part No. 50830-SZA-A02: For 2009-2015 Pilot models
 - Part No. 50830-T2F-A01: For 2013-2017 Accord models
 - Part No. 50830-SHJ-305: For 2005-2007 Odyssey models
 - Part No. 50830-TA0-A02: For 2011-2012 Accord and 2012-2015 Crosstour models
When you have your replacement mounts, take the following steps to replace the old ones in your Honda:
 - Support your engine by placing a floor jack and a piece of wood under your oil pan and applying light tension to it.
 - Find the three bolts holding the upper torque rod in place. Unscrew all of them with a 17mm socket. Be careful not to break the A/C line.
 - Gently pull out the upper torque rod.
 - Remove the bolts underneath holding the brace between the engine and one of the engine mounts in place. Apply some rust penetrant if needed. The engine will drop a little bit. Make sure the floor jack is firmly holding the engine up.
 - Locate the bolts on each side of the engine mount. Unscrew these bolts.
 - Remove the engine mount. It should slide out of there, but you may need to wriggle it around a bit to get it out.
 - Install the new engine mount in the reverse order.
 - Repeat with the other engine mounts.


text:
Free US Law DictionaryBETA
A creditor is a party (e.g. person, organization, company, or government) that has a claim to the services of a second party. The first party, in general, has provided some property or service to the second party under the assumption (usually enforced by contract) that the second party will return an equivalent property or service. The second party is frequently called a debtor or borrower.
The term creditor is frequently used in the financial world, especially in reference to short term loans, long term bonds, and mortgages. In law, a person who has a money judgment entered in their favor by a court is called a judgement creditor.
The term creditor derives from the notion of credit. In modern America, credit refers to a rating which indicates the likelihood a borrower will pay back his or her loan. In earlier times, credit also referred to reputation or trustworthiness.


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Help stop spread of the 'STD of the sea'
The Division of Wildlife Resources is encouraging all water enthusiasts to help prevent the spread of the 'STD of the Sea' by 'Practicing Safe Boating' on Utah's waters.
STD stands for skiff-transmitted disease — invasive mussels that spread by attaching to boats or getting into water that remains in boats after a day of boating or fishing.
"Invasive mussels are a serious threat to Utah's drinking water supply and the state's recreational waters," says DWR Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) Program Coordinator Jordan Nielson. "An infestation of invasive mussels can destroy fisheries, pollute shorelines and beaches, damage boats and equipment, and cost taxpayers millions of dollars to control."
Mussels have already infected Lake Powell. The help of every boater in Utah is needed to prevent them from spreading to other lakes and reservoirs in the state.
"The goal of the 'STD of the Sea' campaign is to help boaters understand how serious this issue is and how important it is that they properly decontaminate their boats and other watercraft," says DWR AIS Biologist Nate Owens. "If all boaters work together, our waters will remain clear of mussels. Once mussels infest a body of water, there isn't anything we can do to get them back out."
Drivers will start seeing more invasive mussels checkpoints around Utah, including at the state border, Bear Lake and Lake Powell. At these checkpoints, vehicles hauling boats must pull over so the watercraft can be inspected for mussels or standing water. If either is found, the driver can be cited. If necessary, the boat will be decontaminated with hot water.
The DWR is asking you to help prevent the spread of the 'STD of the Sea' by following this simple protocol:
1. Clean: Clean all plants and mud from each area of your boat, including your trailer, hull, bilge and other equipment.
2. Drain: Pull all plugs and fully drain all water from your boat, including live wells, ballast tanks, bladders and bilges.
3. Dry: Allow your boat to dry completely before you launch in other waters–7 days in summer; 18 days in spring or fall; and 30 days in winter (or freeze for 3 straight days).
Then, the next time the boat is used, the boater must fill out a certification form that verifies that the boat has been decontaminated. Failure to properly decontaminate a boat can result in a citation and fine.
Boaters can also have their watercraft professionally decontaminated, free of charge. To find a decontamination station, and to learn more about invasive mussels, visit STDoftheSea.com.


_USER_{Kluge2004, author = {Kluge, Boris}, title = {Motion coordination for a mobile robot in dynamic environments}, url = {_URL_ school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2004}, abstract = {Generating coordinated motion for a mobile robot operating in natural, continuously changing environments among moving obstacles such as humans is a complex task which requires the solution of various sub problems. In this thesis, we will cover the topics of perception and navigation in dynamic environments, as well as reasoning about the motion of the obstacles and of the robot itself. Perception is mainly considered for a laser range finder, and an according method for obstacle detection and tracking is proposed. Network optimization algorithms are used for data association in the tracking step, resulting in considerable robustness with respect to clutter by small objects. Navigation in general is accomplished using an adaptation of the velocity obstacle approach to the given vehicle kinematics, and cooperative motion coordination between the robot and a human guide is achieved using an appropriate selection rule for collision-free velocities. Next, the robot is enabled to compare its path to the path of a human guide using one of a collection of presented distance measures, which permits the detection of exceptional conditions. Furthermore, a taxonomy for the assessment of situations concerning the robot is presented, and following a summary of existing approaches to more intelligent and comprehensive perception, we propose a method for obstruction detection. Finally, a new approach to reflective navigation behaviors is described where the robot reasons about intelligent moving obstacles in its environment, which allows to adjust the character of the robot motion from regardful and defensive to more self-confident and aggressive behaviors.}, subject = {Bewegungsablauf}, language = {de} }


Polo is a team sport played outdoors on horseback in which the objective is to score goals against an opposing team. Riders score by driving a white wooden or plastic ball (size 3–3.5 inches, weight 4.25–4.75 ounces) into the opposing team's goal using a long-handled mallet. Goals are only valid if the scoring rider is mounted. The traditional sport of polo is played outdoors, and each polo team consists of four riders and their mounts.
The modern indoor variant is called arena polo. In arena polo, there are 3 instead of four players on each team and chukkers (periods) are 6 1/2 minutes in length, in outdoor polo the chukkers are 7 1/2 minutes in length. The playing area is 300′ x 150′.
Another modern variant is snow polo, which is played either outdoor or indoor on snow on a frozen ground or ice. Each team generally consists of three players and also the equipment differs from the sport of polo. Other variants include elephant polo, bike polo and Segway polo. These sports are considered as separate sports because of the differences in the composition of teams, equipment, rules, game facilities etc.
A game of Central Asian origin, polo was first played in Persia (Iran) at dates given from the 6th century BC to the 1st century AD. Polo was at first a training game for cavalry units, usually the king's guard or other elite troops. To the warlike tribesmen, who played it with as many as 100 to a side, it was a miniature battle. In time polo became a Persian national sport played extensively by the nobility. Women as well as men played the game, as indicated by references to the queen and her ladies engaging King Khosrow II Parviz and his courtiers in the 6th century AD. Certainly Persian literature and art give us the richest accounts of polo in antiquity. Ferdowsi, the famed Iranian poet-historian, gives a number of accounts of royal polo tournaments in his 9th century epic, Shahnameh (the Epic of Kings). In the earliest account, Ferdowsi romanticizes an international match between Turanian force and the followers of Siyâvash, a legendary Persian prince from the earliest centuries of the Empire; the poet is eloquent in his praise of Siyâvash's skills on the polo field. Ferdowsi also tells of Emperor Shapur II of the Sassanid dynasty of the 4th century who learned to play polo when he was only seven years old.
Valuable for training cavalry, the game was played from Constantinople to Japan by the Middle Ages. Known in the East as the Game of Kings. The name polo is said to have been derived from the Tibetan word "pulu", meaning ball.
The modern game of polo, though formalized and popularized by the British, is derived from Manipur (now a state in India) who played the game known as 'Sagol Kangjei','Kanjai-bazee', or 'Pulu'. It was the anglicised form of the latter, referring to the wooden ball which was used, that was adopted by the sport in its slow spread to the west. The first polo club was established in the town of Silchar in Assam, India, in 1834.
The origins of the game in Manipur are traced to early precursors of Sagol Kangjei. This was one of three forms of hockey in Manipur, the other ones being field hockey (called Khong Kangjei) and wrestling-hockey (called Mukna Kangjei). Local rituals such as those connected to the Marjing, the Winged-Pony God of Polo and the creation-ritual episodes of the Lai Haraoba festival enacting the life of his son, Khori-Phaba, the polo-playing god of sports. These may indicate an origin prior to the historical records of Manipur, which go back to the 1st Century A.D.
In Manipur, polo is traditionally played with seven players to a side. The players are mounted on the indigenous Manipuri pony, which stands less than 13 hands high. There are no goal posts and a player scored simply by hitting the ball out of either end of the field. Players were also permitted to carry the ball, though that allowed opponents to physically tackle players when they do so. The sticks were made of cane and the balls were made from the roots of bamboo. Colorful cloth pom-poms dangle at sensitive and vulnerable spots around the anatomy of the ponies in order to protect them. Players protected their legs by attaching leather shields to their saddles and girths.
In Manipur, the game was not merely a "rich" game but was played even by commoners who owned a pony. The kings of Manipur had a royal polo ground within the ramparts of their Kangla Fort. Here they played Manung Kangjei Bung (literally, "Inner Polo Ground"). Public games were held, as they are still today, at the Mapan Kangjei Bung (literally "Outer Polo Ground"), a polo ground just outside the Kangla. Weekly games called Hapta Kangjei (Weekly Polo) were also played in a polo ground outside the current Palace.
The British are credited with spreading polo worldwide in the late 19th century and the early 20th century. Military officers imported the game to Britain in the 1860s. The establishment of polo clubs throughout England and western Europe followed after the formal codification of rules. The 10th Hussars at Aldershot, Hants, introduced polo to England in 1869. The game's governing body in the United Kingdom is the Hurlingham Polo Association, which drew up the first set of formal British rules in 1874, many of which are still in existence.
This version of polo played in the 19th century was different from the faster form that was played in Manipur. The game was slow and methodical, with little passing between players and few set plays that required specific movements by participants without the ball. Neither players nor horses were trained to play a fast, nonstop game. This form of polo lacked the aggressive methods and equestrian skills to play. From the 1800s to the 1910s, a host of teams representing Indian principalities dominated the international polo scene.
Polo found popularity in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico,Pakistan and the United States of America.
James Gordon Bennett, Jr. organized the first polo match in the United States at Dickel's Riding Academy at 39th Street and Fifth Avenue in New York City. During the early part of the 20th century, under the leadership of Harry Payne Whitney, polo changed to become a high-speed sport in the United States, differing from the game in England, where it involved short passes to move the ball toward the opposition's goal. Whitney and his teammates used the fast break, sending long passes downfield to riders who had broken away from the pack at a full gallop.
The oldest polo ground in the world is the Imphal Polo Ground in Manipur State established by the British in India. The history of this pologround is contained in the royal chronicle "Cheitharol Kumbaba" starting from AD 33. Lieutenant Sherer, the father of modern polo visited the state and played on this polo ground in the 1850s. Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India visited the state in 1901 and measured the pologround as 225 yards long and 110 yards wide. The oldest royal polo square is the 16th century Gilgit Polo Field, Pakistan, while the highest polo ground in the world is on the deosai Plateau Baltistan, Pakistan at 4307 meters (14,000 ft). The oldest polo club in the world still in existence is the Calcutta Polo Club (1862).
Polo is an equestrian sport with its origin embedded in Central Asia dating back to 6th century BC. At first it was a training game for cavalry units for the King's Guards or other Elite troops. To the warlike tribesmen who played polo with as many as 100 players to a side, it was a miniature battle. It became a Persian national game in the 6th century AD. From Persia, the game spread to Arabia, then to Tibet, China and Japan. In China, in the year 910, death of a favourite relative in a game prompted Emperor Apaochi to order beheading of all players.
The game
Field polo requires two teams of 4 players each mounted on horseback to play the game. The field is 300 yards long, and either 200 yards or 160 yards wide if there are side boards—these are generally 6" high. There are lightweight goalposts on each side of the field spread 8 yards apart. The object of the game is to score the most goals by hitting the ball through the goal.
In arena polo, played mainly in the United States in large arenas such as armories and riding academies, the size of the field varies due to the size of the floor space, but 100 yards long by 50 yards wide is ideal. Arena polo requires teams of three riders, and goals are scored by passing the ball into a 10' goal recessed into the sideboards. Arena polo uses a ball between 12.5" and 15" inches in circumference and looks like a miniature soccer ball but is not the same pattern.
In Pakistan Shandur invites visitors to experience a traditional polo tournament


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In recent years, strokes have been ranked as number two among the top 10 causes of mortality in Taiwan. Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability and affects cognition function, walking ability, balance, functional activity, sleep, quality of life and etc. It is usually difficult for most of post-stroke patients to undertake gait training programs immediately after stroke. Therefore, therapists have to manually facilitate the patients' extremities to appropriately perform continuous and smooth reciprocal movements for gait training. Robot-assisted gait training system (RGTS; Lokomat) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are both important issues in the advanced rehabilitation medicine. RGTS allow delivering continuous support and guidance for the legs in a physiological gait pattern, higher repetition accuracy, and prolonged training duration. Despite an increasing amount of available RGTS (Lokomat), determination of their effectiveness has remained controversial. Most studies of robot-assisted gait training have focused on the demonstration of its effect on walking ability. Few studies have focused on the possible effect of robot-assisted gait training on brain plasticity and excitability, cognitive role, social function, mental health, emotional (depressive) status, and quality of life. Therefore, further clinical trials and evidence-based basic medical studies are needed to confirm its potential effects on the mentioned outcomes of individuals with subacute stroke.. tDCS can change the excitability of regional cortex. According to the polarity of the electrode, inhibitory and excitatory effects can be achieved. tDCS has been applied in clinical conditions such as depression, insomnia, anxiety, aphasia, chronic stroke disorders and showed some positive effects. Few studies reported tDCS treatment on individuals with subacute stroke. In this project, We will investigate the effects of RGTS(LoKomat) and tDCS on individuals with subacute stroke via repetitive training and neuromodulation mechanisms. We expect the study can help us to further understand the potential effects of Lokomat and tDSC in treating individuals with subacute stroke.
|Effective start/end date||8/1/13 → 7/31/14|
- Robot-assisted gait training system (RGTS； Lokomat)
- Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
- Brain activity
- Gait pattern
- Functional activity
- Sleep quality (Epworth sleep scale)


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Luque Rod System
Luque rods are custom contoured metal rods that are fixed to each segment (vertebra) in the affected part of the spine. The main advantage is that the patient may not need to wear a cast or brace after the procedure. The main disadvantage is that the risk of injury to the nerves and spinal cord is higher than with a some other forms of instrumentation. This is because wires must be threaded through each vertebra near the spinal column, increasing the risk of such damage. Luque rods are sometimes used to treat Scoliosis.


on April 01, 2021 Human Resources Employee Benefits Employee Engagement
What is the Value of Investment for Your Wellness Program?
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Wellness programs promote healthy behaviors to boost employees' overall health and create a more positive working environment. These employer programs provide employees with tools to support them on their wellbeing journey.
However, the executive team might be curious about whether an employee wellness program is even worth the investment for your company.
Employers continually recognize that workplace conditions impact an employee's wellbeing, for better or worse. Wellbeing brings positive changes to overall health, including physical, mental and emotional levels.
Employees with lower wellbeing can be the significant burden of healthcare costs, resulting in loss of productivity for their employer. To measure their return on investment (ROI), employers can look at their medical cost savings. However, they should instead look at their value on investment (VOI) to get a larger picture.
What is the difference between ROI and VOI? What does it mean for a workplace wellness program? How will it ultimately improve employee health?
A return on investment is a number that reflects an employer's monetized claims savings. It will directly measure costs of providing a benefits plan. It then directly compares the costs to the healthcare savings over time.
A more holistic indicator that measures the impact of wellness programs is the value on investment. This takes many factors into account besides mere monetary values. To measure value on investment, employers can look at specific qualitative attributes such as morale, engagement, positivity, retention and recruitment.
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Retention and Recruitment
Retention and recruitment are simpler to measure than the other attributes. If your workplace has a high turnover, this might indicate that your employer does not value wellbeing.
Likewise, it's not a good sign if your employer struggles to recruit valuable talent. While neither of these relates directly to employee wellbeing, it's known that workplaces that promote wellbeing attract and retain talent
The direct effects that wellness has on recruitment and retention may not be considered under ROI, but it will affect your bottom line.
Morale, Engagement, and Positivity
A workplace's morale, employee engagement and positivity attributes can be a little trickier to judge. Cost of training new employees can be calculated, but employee engagement is more difficult to quantify.
Low employee engagement can lead to some costs, like 70% more safety incidents and 40% quality defects. A wellness program will lead to fewer distractions and a more resilient employee population.
Once your workplace fosters a positive working environment to keep your employees engaged, then you will begin to see the value of a wellness program. A combination of physical wellness and mental health focus will improve health while benefiting the work environment.
Finally, collect data on what these programs mean to your employees. To get direct feedback on morale, utilize an HR communications tool to send out quick and easy surveys checking in on employees and their wellness levels.
Learn How Total Compensation Statements Can Communicate Your Wellness Programs
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In property management, landlords regularly encounter issues handling partial rent payments. This scenario typically arises when tenants face financial constraints such as unemployment, unforeseen expenditures, or fluctuating incomes, making it difficult to fulfill their entire rental obligation as described in their lease agreements.
Life changes or economic uncertainties may give rise to these situations, necessitating a careful strategy that protects the landlord's financial interests while maintaining positive tenant relations.
For that reason, in light of the tenant's circumstances and in order to fulfill their financial responsibilities, landlords must handle this situation with tact and empathy.
Importance of Clear Rental Agreements
Clear rental agreements are vital for landlords and tenants, mainly when it comes to partial rent payments. Rent payment specifics, late fees, and the procedure for handling partial payments ought to be specified in these agreements. Policies regarding partial payments should be clear, encompassing criteria for exceptions, submission deadlines, and methods for submitting partial payments.
This clarity enables tenants to have clear guidelines and equips landlords with a transparent framework to comprehend actions to take in case of partial payments. Presenting such clarity in rental agreements is critical in avoiding misunderstandings or disputes and creating a positive rental experience for everyone involved.
Communication and Tenant Relations
Ensuring effective management of partial rent payments necessitates the maintenance of robust tenant-landlord relationships and proactive interaction. It is essential to educate tenants on the advantages of early communication, promote open communication, and provide multiple contact methods.
Transparency and efficiency can be enhanced by including a written note that elaborates on the payment amount and justification. This method can make managing partial payment situations easier while establishing trust and mutual respect.
Handling Partial Payments
Legal duties for both landlords and tenants must be thoroughly comprehended to manage partial payments efficiently. Fairness and precision in financial tracking are encouraged through the implementation of these consistent guidelines and thorough documentation. Exploring punishments and justifying the consequences of repeated partial payments promotes positive resolutions. This broad strategy aims to keep truthfulness and equality in the landlord-tenant relationship.
When encountering partial payments, it's critical to consider negotiating payment plans custom-made to the tenants' situations. This approach provides much-needed flexibility in resolving outstanding balances. Landlords may also contemplate temporary rent reductions as long as they are transparently discussed and structured to accommodate the tenants' financial constraints while maintaining a stable income for the landlord.
In fruitless discussions, exploring mediation or alternative dispute-resolution methods can help facilitate peaceful agreements. These approaches provide:
- Organized methods for resolving disagreements outside of formal legal routes.
- Prioritizing collaboration.
- Cultivating positive relationships between landlords and tenants, even during challenging financial times.
Each party can obtain a resolution that satisfies their needs and preserves positive relationships by working together to achieve fair agreements.
The foundation of a stable tenancy is ensuring that the tenants have a solid history of making timely payments. Thorough tenant screening, background checks, and tenants' alignment with lease requirements are all methods by which this can be accomplished.
Delivering workshops or ensuring transparent lease communication are additional useful approaches to educating tenants about monetary management. This can give them the resources they need to manage their finances effectively.
Additionally, the payment process can be streamlined, punctuality increased, and missed payments can be reduced through the implementation of automated payment reminders or systems. These actions aim to choose responsible tenants while empowering them to fulfill their rent obligations, cultivating a more stable tenancy, and minimizing partial payments.
To successfully deal with partial rent payments, landlords and tenants have to maintain a cooperative relationship. One can achieve solutions that are advantageous to all parties involved by placing emphasis on effective communication, legal awareness, and taking initiative. Negotiation, temporary rent adjustments, and alternative solutions to disagreements are all acceptable choices. Fostering a welcoming atmosphere, facilitating amicable resolutions, and increasing stability in property management can be accomplished by encouraging early communication, financial responsibility, and creative problem-solving.
Seeking the counsel of a property management expert? The rental difficulties that the Real Property Management Clarity Team handles in the Findlay area are effortlessly managed by its services. We're dedicated to guaranteeing a seamless landlord-tenant relationship, from legal guidance to proactive alternatives. Connect with us online or call _PHONE_ today to enhance your property management plan and develop an enjoyable rental environment!
We are pledged to the letter and spirit of U.S. policy for the achievement of equal housing opportunity throughout the Nation. See Equal Housing Opportunity Statement for more information.


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- Washable Markers
- Watercolor Paint
- Watercolor Paper
- Cups for water
1. Review lines with the students. Discuss that they do not always have to be straight.
2. Using different types of lines and appropriate colors, draw the grass, tree trunks and tree tops with marker. You can even add lines in the sky.
3. Paint over marker with matching colors.
When I made my teacher exemplar, I used different markers and thought they didn't bleed enough, so I changed to another brand with my students. Now I think they bled too much! Oy... either way, at least we got some good line and landscape practice in.


Being is present participle, whereas been is past participle
Been can be applied to more tenses compared to being.
As a rule, the word been is always used after have (in any form, e.g., has, had, will have). The word being is never used after have. Being is used after to be (in any form, e.g., is, was, were).


The lingua franca of urban disasters—where were you when it happened, did you know anyone there, how did you cope with it—has already been shaped into a dozen works dealing with 9-11 and will surely give rise to hundreds more. Most of them, like Jonathan Bell's Portraits, will follow predictable paths, scattering their predictable characters to cover the story's basic areas. There's no harm in such works, if they stay reasonably within the realm of fact; in the aggregate, they'll serve to give future generations some sense of how we responded.
Frame-up: Dana Reeve and Maxwell
photo: Joan Marcus
Frame-up: Dana Reeve and Maxwell
By Jonathan Bell
Union Square Theatre
100 East 17th Street
Bell frames the monologues of Portraits in the narration of a Soho painter struggling to create 9-11's Guernica. Revealingly, when the cast huddles behind an empty picture frame in the final tableau, director Mark Pinter leaves the painter outside. That's roughly where Bell's writing stands too; his speakers mostly convey lecture truisms or news clips, not human conversation. His actors, especially Roberta Maxwell and Victor Slezak, add what life they can. But the well-intentioned writing smooths away every vital part of the tragedy, from oil politics to the burning hell the rescue teams faced.
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The source of up to half of the Earth's internal heat is completely unknown—here's how to hunt for it
The source of up to half of the Earth's internal heat is completely unknown – here's how to hunt for it
Credit: pixabay
It may not be obvious while lying in the sun on a hot summer's day, but a considerable amount of heat is also coming from below you – emanating from deep within the Earth. This heat is equivalent to more than three times the total power consumption of the entire world and drives important geological processes, such as the movement of tectonic plates and the flow of magma near the surface of the Earth. But despite this, where exactly up to half of this heat actually comes from is a mystery.
It is thought that a type of neutrinos – particles with extremely low mass – emitted by radioactive processes in the Earth's interior may provide important clues to solving this mystery. The problem is that they are nearly impossible to catch. But in a new paper, published in the journal Nature Communications, we have set out a way to do just that.
The known sources of heat from the Earth's interior are radioactive decays, and residual heat from when our planet was first formed. The amount of heating from radioactivity, estimated based on measurements of the composition of rock samples, is highly uncertain – accounting for anywhere from 25-90% of the total heat flow.
Elusive particles
Atoms in radioactive materials have unstable nuclei, meaning they can split up (decay to a stable state) by giving off nuclear radiation – some of which gets converted to heat. This radiation consists of various particles with specific energies – depending on what material emitted them – including neutrinos. When the radioactive elements decay within the Earth's crust and mantle, they emit "geo-neutrinos". In fact, each second, the Earth radiates more than a trillion trillion such particles to space. Measuring their energy can tell researchers about what material produced them and therefore the composition of the Earth's hidden interior.
Earth's core.
The main known sources of radioactivity within the Earth are unstable types of uranium, thorium and potassium – something we know based on samples of rock up to 200km below the surface. What lurks beneath that depth is uncertain. We know that the geo-neutrinos emitted when uranium decays have more energy than those emitted when potassium splits up. So by measuring the energy of geo-neutrinos, we can know what type of radioactive material they come from. In fact, this is a much easier way to figure out what's inside the Earth than drilling tens of kilometres down below the surface.
Unfortunately, geo-neutrinos are notoriously difficult to detect. Rather than interacting with ordinary matter such as that inside detectors, they tend to just whizz right through them. That's why it took a huge underground detector filled with with about 1,000 tonnes of liquid to make the first observation of geo-neutrinos, in 2003. These detectors measure neutrinos by registering their collision with atoms in the liquid.
Since then, only one other experiment has managed to observe geo-neutrinos, using a similar technology. Both measurements imply that approximately half of the Earth's heat caused by radioactivity (20 terawatts) can be explained by decays of uranium and thorium. The source of the remaining 50% is an open question.
However, measurements so far have been unable to measure the contribution from potassium decays – the neutrinos emitted in this process have too low an energy. So it could be that the rest of the heat comes from potassium decay.
Earth heat flow map. Credit: wikipedia, CC BY-SA
New technology
Our new research suggests we can make a map of the heat flow from inside the Earth by measuring the direction the geo-neutrino comes from, as well as its energy. This sounds simple, but the technological challenge is formidable, requiring new particle detection technology.
We propose using gas-filled "time projection chamber detectors". Such detectors work by making a 3-D picture of a geo-neutrino colliding with the gas inside it – knocking off an electron from a gas atom. The movement of this electron can then be tracked over time to reconstruct one dimension of the process (time). High-resolution imaging technology can then reconstruct the two spatial dimensions of its movement. In the liquid detectors currently used, the particles that get knocked off in collisions travel such a short distance (because they are in a liquid) that the direction is impossible to resolve.
Similar detectors, on a smaller scale, are currently used to make precision measurements of neutrino interactions, and to search for dark matter. We calculated that the size of the detector needed to discover the geo-neutrinos from radioactive potassium would be 20 tonnes. To properly map the mantle composition for the first time, it would need to be 10 times more massive. We have built a prototype for such a, and are working on scaling up.
Measuring geo-neutrinos in this way could help map the in the Earth's interior. This would help us to understand the evolution of the inner core by assessing the concentration of radioactive elements. It could also help unravel the longstanding mystery of what source of heat powers the convection (transfer of by movement of fluids) in the outer core that generates the Earth's geomagnetic field. This field is vital for retaining our atmosphere which protects life on Earth from the sun's harmful radiation.
It's strange that we know so little about what's going on under the ground that we walk on. That makes it exciting to think about how these measurements could finally allow the pioneering exploration of the veiled inner workings of the Earth.
Explore further
Team records neutrinos from the Earth's mantle
Journal information: Nature Communications
Provided by The Conversation
Citation: The source of up to half of the Earth's internal heat is completely unknown—here's how to hunt for it (2017, August 4) retrieved 14 May 2021 from _URL_
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Equine Test (Basic)
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Welcome to a (rather) basic equine test! Whether you came to test your knowledge, learn something new or just...you know, be bored, and procrastinate *cough* then welcome!
This quiz will (hopefully) educate you on things you may learn/already know! Here you'll learn some fairly basic things, such as what to do for colic, and how you tack up. Thanks! :)
Created by: EquineFreak
 1. The correct diagonal while trotting is...
 2. In what order do you tack up?
 3. What do you always do before you get on?
 4. Which of these is not a bone?
 5. What should you do if a horse is bolting with you on its back?
 6. What should you do if a horse has colic/shows signs of it?
 7. A white horse isn't called white. It's called grey.
 8. A horse's gestation period is...
 9. When a mare is 'in heat', it is...
 10. Final question.Yay?
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