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The Life 2.0 project aims at generating innovative services to support elderly people's independent living. The services will use location technologies and social networking to enhance elderly peolocalple's access to information about what happens in their neighborhood.
The project will be based on the hypothesis that technological infrastructure, such as Web applications (e.g. google maps, social networks) Internet based communication tools (e.g.skype or Twitter), and geographicalpositioning tols (e.g. GPS devices) can be integrated in meaningful applications that allow elderly people to "extend" their social life beyond the walls of their home, to increase the possibility to create "intersections" between their life and the life of other people (elderly or younger) around them and to create an "augmented neighborhood", in which individual capabilities are exchanged and social interaction is enhanced. Such applications can provide elderly people with a constantly updated map of friends, relatives, helpers and services available in the area. Having a chance to know who is around would make it easier to find someone to spend some time together, to join for a walk or for lunch, to ask for a favor or for help.
The challenges and the innovation content
The challenges of this project, and consequently the area were this project is expected to produce innovative knowledge, can be exemplified in the following questions:
- To what extent can the use of those application support social and healthcare services in local context? Can those applications really support the activation of elderly people and reduce the costs of healthcare services? What technologies can be used to support people working in those services? How can those technologies be integrated in those people's everyday life?
- Can new forms of social/support service emerge from the use of those technologies? Can elderly people become providers of some of those services, beside being the target for traditional health services?
- Social networks have been developed for youngsters or relatively young adults, can they be used by the elderly, too? What kind of change would motivate elderly people to use those technologies?
- Elderly people have always been unfamiliar with computers, however the coming generation of elderly people will have spent a good part of their professional work using computers. To what extent will this facilitate the creation of social networks for the elderly?5. Social networks are substantially indifferent to geographical location: facebook or skype can be used in the same way by people working in the same building or people communicating across the planet. Yet some applications, such as google maps, are giving more relevance to geographical locations; but can those applications be integrated and strongly linked to a local context?


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The Time Machine, a nineteenth-century scientific romance by H. G. Wells, propels us into the distant future, only to bring clarity to current issues of climate change and economic inequality.
- Environmental Scientists
- Climate Change
- Economic Inequality
- Natural Resource Management
The following ideas are drawn from the syllabus of "Reading with Scientists: How to Export Literature," a class taught by Abigail Droge in the UC Santa Barbara English Department.
If we view The Time Machine as a work of scientific communication, we can pair it productively with other texts that use narrative structures to tell stories about science. Interdisciplinary environmental programs are also a nice complement, introducing students to a spectrum of intellectual connections.
- Rachel Carson, Silent Spring
- Naomi Klein, This Changes Everything
- Environmental Humanities Initiative (UCSB)
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources (Stanford)
For more about the experience of teaching The Time Machine, see the blogpost below, originally published on the WhatEvery1Says website by Abigail Droge under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. WhatEvery1Says is a Mellon-funded public humanities project. Click on the title to read the full post.
What stories do both literary and scientific texts tell about the environment? This question motivated a "Reading with Scientists" unit that paired H. G. Wells's famous novella, The Time Machine (1895), with four selections representing different aspects of environmental science: Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962), Naomi Klein's This Changes Everything (2014), and the websites of two pedagogical programs, the Environmental Humanities Initiative (EHI) at UC Santa Barbara and the Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources (E-IPER) at Stanford. By directly placing a literary text beside works of science communication, a main goal was to highlight potential commonalities across disciplines. I also wanted to increase students' awareness of the environmental humanities as a robust interdisciplinary field. [Read more…]

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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SECRET SIGNS, SYMBOLS, AND SIGILS.
England: Capall Bann Publishing Quality trade paper edition; A FINE COPY. This work is a Druidic exploration of the ramifications of our human symbolic understanding of the world from a perspective of the ancient Celtic civilization. According to ancient Druidic ethics, the three principal endeavors are to learn and collect knowledge; the second to teach them; while the third is to make peace and put an end to injury to carry out the last endeavor is the object of the first two. (Item ID: CB55-5)


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Top Stories - Posted by Jessalyn Tenhouse-Missouri on Wednesday, April 18, 2012 12:33 - 2 Comments
No single 'God spot' in human brain
U. MISSOURI (US) — New research challenges the idea that the human brain has a "God spot," a distinct area responsible for spirituality.
Work by University of Missouri researchers indicates spirituality is a complex phenomenon, and multiple areas of the brain are responsible for the many aspects of spiritual experiences.
Based on a previously published study that indicated spiritual transcendence is associated with decreased right parietal lobe functioning, the team replicated their findings.
In addition, the researchers determined that other aspects of spiritual functioning are related to increased activity in the frontal lobe. The findings are reported in the International Journal of the Psychology of Religion.
Straight from the Source
"We have found a neuropsychological basis for spirituality, but it's not isolated to one specific area of the brain," says Brick Johnstone, professor of health psychology.
"Spirituality is a much more dynamic concept that uses many parts of the brain. Certain parts of the brain play more predominant roles, but they all work together to facilitate individuals' spiritual experiences."
In the most recent study, Johnstone studied 20 people with traumatic brain injuries affecting the right parietal lobe, the area of the brain situated a few inches above the right ear. He surveyed participants on characteristics of spirituality, such as how close they felt to a higher power and if they felt their lives were part of a divine plan.
He found that the participants with more significant injury to their right parietal lobe showed an increased feeling of closeness to a higher power.
"Neuropsychology researchers consistently have shown that impairment on the right side of the brain decreases one's focus on the self," Johnstone says. "Since our research shows that people with this impairment are more spiritual, this suggests spiritual experiences are associated with a decreased focus on the self.
"This is consistent with many religious texts that suggest people should concentrate on the well-being of others rather than on themselves."
Johnstone says the right side of the brain is associated with self-orientation, whereas the left side is associated with how individuals relate to others. Although Johnstone studied people with brain injury, previous studies of Buddhist meditators and Franciscan nuns with normal brain function have shown that people can learn to minimize the functioning of the right side of their brains to increase their spiritual connections during meditation and prayer.
In addition, Johnstone measured the frequency of participants' religious practices, such as how often they attended church or listened to religious programs. He measured activity in the frontal lobe and found a correlation between increased activity in this part of the brain and increased participation in religious practices.
"This finding indicates that spiritual experiences are likely associated with different parts of the brain," Johnstone says.
More news from the University of Missouri: _URL_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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I've used this term previously and some people have asked "What exactly does VB'ified mean"?
VB'ified is a term I use to describe code that has been modified to "feel" like VB. This may sound simplistic at first glance; however, there's a lot of areas where this term apply. So let me point out a few of them:
Instead of blindly taking a C# Windows Form and converting it to VB, where much of the "Forms Designer Generated Code" may be scattered across a few area, refactor the code so that it is structured as if you created a new form from scratch using the designer. Switch code to use Handles instead of AddHandler/RemoveHandler. Utilize Form_Load where appropriate (yes, I use Form_Load since that is still the default event handler for a form when you double click on it... unless there is a specific reason for it to be avoided based on the project type).
Remove unnecessary Imports (ones that are already included by default in VB projects).
Utilize as much of the intrinsic functionality provided by the language. For example, use MsgBox instead of System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox.Show. Use Handles instead of AddHandler (unless a reason to do otherwise). Use Cxxx instead of System.Convert.xxx. Use My functionality where possible/appropriate.
Code Format and Naming Guidelines
Of course, as I'm converting code, I make every attempt to conform to my own guidelines. ;-)
In the end, VB'ified refers to completely porting a project so it not only functions, but it appears as if it were originally written in VB; thus VB'ified.


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Neolithic Man: The First Lumberjack? Thursday, August 9, 2012
Transition from hunting to agricultural society parallels development of woodworking tools, TAU research reveals
A polished axe from the PPNB period.
During the Neolithic Age (approximately 10000–6000 BCE), early man evolved from hunter-gatherer to farmer and agriculturalist, living in larger, permanent settlements with a variety of domesticated animals and plant life. This transition brought about significant changes in terms of the economy, architecture, man's relationship to the environment, and more.
Now Dr. Ran Barkai of Tel Aviv University's Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations has shed new light on this milestone in human evolution, demonstrating a direct connection between the development of an agricultural society and the development of woodworking tools.
"Intensive woodworking and tree-felling was a phenomenon that only appeared with the onset of the major changes in human life, including the transition to agriculture and permanent villages," says Dr. Barkai, whose research was published in the journal PLoS One. Prior to the Neolithic period, there is no evidence of tools that were powerful enough to cut and carve wood, let alone fell trees. But new archaeological evidence suggests that as the Neolithic age progressed, sophisticated carpentry developed alongside agriculture.
Evolution of axes
The use of functional tools in relation to woodworking over the course of the Neolithic period has not been studied in detail until now. Through their work at the archaeological site of Motza, a neighbourhood in the Judean Hills, Dr. Barkai and his fellow researchers, Prof. Rick Yerkes of Ohio State University and Dr. Hamudi Khalaily of the Israel Antiquity Authority, have unearthed evidence that increasing sophistication in terms of carpentry tools corresponds with increased agriculture and permanent settlements.
The early part of the Neolithic age is divided into two distinct eras — Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB). Agriculture and domesticated plants and animals appear only in PPNB, so the transition between these two periods is a watershed moment in human history. And these changes can be tracked in the woodworking tools which belong to each period, says Dr. Barkai.
Within PPNA, humans remained gatherers but lived in more permanent settlements for the first time, he says. Axes associated with this period are small and delicate, used for light carpentry but not suited for felling trees or other massive woodworking tasks. In PPNB, the tools have evolved to much larger and heavier axes, formed by a technique called polishing. The researchers' in-depth analysis of these tools shows that they were used to cut down trees and complete various building projects.
"We can document step by step the transition from the absence of woodworking tools, to delicate woodworking tools, to heavier woodworking tools," Dr. Barkai says, and this follows the "actual transition from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle to agriculture." He also identifies a trial-and-error phase during which humans tried to create an axe strong enough to undertake larger woodworking tasks. Eventually, they succeeded in creating a massive ground stone axe in PPNB.
Whether the transition to an agricultural society led to the development of major carpentry tools or vice versa remains to be determined, says Dr. Barkai, who characterizes it as a "circular argument." Whatever the answer, the parallel changes led to a revolution in lifestyle.
Beyond the change from a hunter-gatherer to an agricultural economy, a new form of architecture also emerged. Not only did people begin to live in permanent villages, but the buildings in which they lived literally took a different shape. The round and oval structures of earlier domiciles were replaced by rectangular structures in PPNB, explains Dr. Barkai. "Evidence tells that us that for each home, approximately 10 wooden beams were needed. Prior to this, there were no homes with wooden beams." In addition, humans began to produce limestone-based plaster floors for their homes — which also represented a growing use of wood, since plaster is manufactured by heating limestone.
These architectural developments, along with building pens and fences for domesticated animals, also necessitated the felling of trees in large quantities.
For more archaeology news from Tel Aviv University, click here.


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Iron as a temporary magnet:
- Iron can be easily magnetised or demagnetised (soft magnetic material. It can even be magnetized by a weak magnetic field. it is therefore suitable to be used in temporary magnets.
- When mixed with other metals (e.g. Ni, Cu, Mn, Si), powerful temporary magnets can be made.
- These temporary magnets are used to make temporary electromagnets. Electromagnets lose its magnetism when it is removed from magnetising fields. Electromagnets are very useful because they can be turned on and off and their strengths can be varied.
- In order to shield or contain any magnetic effects, soft permeable iron is also used as effective magnetic shields. (magnetic keepers)
E.g. Electromagnets can be used for such tasks as moving cars or sorting metals from other landfill materials. Other applications are in circuit breakers, magnetic relays, electric bells, audio and video tapes transformers etc.
Steel as a permanent magnet
- Compared to iron, steel cannot be easily magnetised or demagnetised (hard magnetic material). It can only be magnetized by a strong magnetic field. But, steel has the ability to retain its magnetism once it is magnetized. This trait allows steel to be suitable to be used in permanent magnets.
- Steel is typically mixed with other magnetic material to ensure structural stability. In this way, strong permanent magnets are made.
E.g. Permanent magnets are used in compasses, magnetic door catches, moving coil galvanometers, d.c. motors, a.c. generators, loudspeakers, and for many other purposes.
Note: Theoretical limit for a permanent magnetic field is 5 Tesla. Electromagnets made with ordinary wires can produce steady fields of 34 Tesla.
The difference between magnetic properties of iron and steel can be summarised in the table below:
|Magnetic field strength in solenoid||Strong||Weak|


Frequently Asked Questions
Answers to some frequently asked questions about Jaeger.
Why is the Dependencies page empty?
The Dependencies page shows a graph of services traced by Jaeger and connections between them. When you are using all-in-one binary with in-memory storage, the graph is calculated on-demand from all the traces stored in memory. However, if you are using a real distributed storage like Cassandra or Elasticsearch, it is too expensive to scan all the data in the database to build the service graph. Instead, the Jaeger project provides "big data" jobs that can be used to extract the service graph data from traces:
Why do I not see any spans in Jaeger?
Please refer to the Troubleshooting guide.


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'The oldest pregnant mum'—not!
Media headlines and scientific journals are proclaiming the discovery of 'the world's oldest mum', a fossil named after Sir David Attenborough
Photo Tourism WA
The Kimberleys, Western Australia
The 'Gogo formation' is a famous fossil deposit in Western Australia's Kimberley region,1 and worldwide news reports are proclaiming it has now yielded 'a 380-million-year-old fossilised fish which was in the process of giving birth before it died'—the extinct placoderm dubbed Materpiscis attenboroughi ('Mother fish of Attenborough').2
In dramatic fashion, Nature journal drew attention to the researchers' paper3 with the headline 'The oldest pregnant mum'4—but, as we shall see, ascribing such an identity to this placoderm fossil named after Sir David Attenborough5 is misguided, as the evidence actually fits with biblical history, not uniformitarian evolutionary theory.
First, consider the high degree of preservation of this specimen (and other 'Gogo fish' fossils), consistent with it having been buried rapidly under multiple layers of sediment (as per the Genesis 6–9 Flood account):
'remarkably well-preserved fish from the Devonian period'4
'remarkably preserved in three dimensions'3
'"Gogo fish are three-dimensional, uncrushed, perfect specimens—as if they died yesterday," says Long.'4 (Paleontologist John Long, Museum Victoria, Australia) [Emphasis added.]
'the [Materpiscis attenboroughi] fish was giving birth to live young when it died, and shows evidence of an umbilical cord still attached to the offspring'2 [Emphasis added.]
'intra-uterine embryo connected by a permineralized umbilical cord'3 [Emphasis added.]
'the first maternal feeding structures preserved in any fossil ever found'5
All of which speak indeed of having been buried quickly and deeply—not the slow-and-gradual processes so often emphasized in uniformitarian-based evolution textbooks. So these fish would date from the Genesis Flood only around 4,500 years ago, not the claimed millions of years.
Photo Museum Victoria
Gogonasus fossil from the Gogo formation, the Kimberleys, Western Australia. One of the discoverers of Gogonasus, Dr Kate Trinajstic, also discovered Materpiscis attenboroughi, the subject of this article.
Second, consider how evolutionists' ideas about millions-of-years ages leaves them puzzling over 'advanced' features found in organisms buried deep in the fossil 'record', such as this Materpiscis attenboroughi fossil, which now forces a revision of evolutionary thinking:
'When you look down the microscope and there it was—an embryo inside a 380-million-year-old fish—and I was blown away by the very thought of this fish giving birth to live young almost 400 million years ago.'2 (Dr John Long)
'Dr Gavin Young from the Australian National University says this reveals an advanced reproductive process to have evolved in such an ancient fish.'5 [Emphasis added.]
'"It's very significant because we always thought that egg laying was the primitive condition among fish," [Dr Kate Trinajstic] said.'2
'Indeed, one of the Gogo species from the current paper was first described by Long two decades earlier, but he had mistaken the embryos for an unusual cluster of external scales.'4
'In earlier studies of placoderms, remnants of young have been observed inside adults and it was assumed to be cannibalism.'4
'"These early primitive fish, which were thought to be big, slow, dull, armoured fish, probably had an amazing courtship ritual," says Long.'4 [Which represents an amazing turnaround in thinking!]
'Gogo-type' fish were supposed to be transitional forms linking fish to tetrapods. One of the researchers above, Dr Kate Trinajstic, said:
'Wonderful transitional fossils which are helping us get an understanding of how fish moved out of the water and onto the land.'2
Yet they have found no such thing. There is nothing transitional in Materpiscis' reproductive method! Fish, amphibians and reptiles all lay eggs, yet the allegedly in-between form does not. It is far from the only 'transitional form' that might appear transitional when one or two characteristics are analysed, but not when the whole organism is considered. See Tiktaalik—a fishy 'missing link'.
This is also another example of evolution impeding real science. Evolutionary expectations about this fossil's 'primitivity' misled researchers about the true nature of the embryos. That is, because live birth should not have evolved so 'early', the developing embryos were mistaken for the victims of cannibalism.
No, Materpiscis attenboroughi, like all organisms living and that have ever lived, is not 'primitive'. Rather it testifies to having been designed, just as the Bible says. The particular fossil specimen enjoying a blaze of publicity at present was not the world's first mother. It's true she died while giving birth. She died because about 1,600 years earlier, the first man rebelled against his Creator, and the whole Creation has had to suffer death ever since.
The Materpiscis attenboroughi specimen would certainly have had its own mother, which in turn had its own mother, and so on, all the way back to the Beginning of Creation, just 6,000 years ago.
- See, e.g., Jaroncyk, R., and Doyle, S., Gogonasus—a fish with human limbs?, 3 November 2006. Return to text.
- Clarke, S., Aussie scientists find world's oldest fossil mum, ABC News, , 29 May 2008. Return to text.
- Long, J.A., Trinajstic, K., Young, G.C. and Senden, T., Live birth in the Devonian period, Nature 453(7195):650–652, 29 May 2008. Return to text.
- Dennis, C., The oldest pregnant mum, Nature 453(7195):650–652, 29 May 2008. Return to text.
- It's official: Sir David's a fossil, ABC Radio National's AM program, broadcast 29 May 2008; transcript at . Return to text.
- Trinajstic, K., Marshall, C., Long, J. and Bifield, K., Exceptional preservation of nerve and muscle tissues in Late Devonian placoderm fish and their evolutionary implications, Biology Letters 3:197–200, 2007. Return to text.
- Preserved muscle shock, Creation 29(3):10, 2007. Return to text.


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Double document shared word diagrams
Double Document Shared Word Diagrams compare and contrast two documents by showing both the unique and shared vocabulary and its distribution across the two documents of interest. The two columns of squares represent the two documents. The leftmost column of word circles shows the highest frequency non-trivial words found in document 1 but not document 2. The rightmost column of word circles shows those words unique to 2 and the central column shows the words that are common to both.You can also input your text and generate your own visualisation.


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An introductory archery session – come and have a go at the ancient skill of archery in the Baby Moon woodland
- Following a safety briefing and demonstration of the technique, you'll soon be refining your aim.
- When we've mastered the technique we'll play a few games which are both fun and require you to develop your archery.
- There are some smaller bows suitable for children from about 7 years old – but the nature of the activity means they need to be strong enough to pull the string.
- Bring a jumper and wear suitable footwear to spend some time in the woods.
Cost per person:
Select date and number of places required.


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15 to 20 minutes to give the medication.
Giving a treatment:
The following steps are recommended when giving a treatment to your child. However, always consult your child's physician for specific instructions.
After each treatment:
Gather supplies needed, including:
- medication to be nebulized
- nebulizer set (nebulizer cup, mouthpiece or mask, tubing to connect to nebulizer machine)
- Find a quiet activity to do while your child sits up for the treatment (i.e., reading a book or playing a quiet game).
- Place the nebulizer on a flat surface (i.e., table or the floor).
- Plug the unit into a wall outlet.
- Connect the air tubing to the nebulizer machine.
- Put the medication into the nebulizer cup and screw the cap on securely.
- Connect the other end of the air tubing to the nebulizer cup.
- Connect the mouthpiece or face mask to the nebulizer cup.
- Turn the machine on.
- Check to make sure a fine mist of medication is coming through the face mask or mouthpiece.
- Place the mouthpiece in the child's mouth with the lips sealed around the mouthpiece.
- Encourage your child to take slow deep breaths in and out of their mouth. The mist should disappear with each breath.
- Place the mask over your child's mouth and nose. The adjustable elastic band may be used to hold the mask in place.
- Encourage your child to take deep breaths in and out for the duration of the treatment.
- Encourage your child to continue slow, deep breaths until all the medication in the nebulizer cup is gone. You may need to tap the sides of the nebulizer cup to ensure all medication is given.
- Turn the nebulizer off.
- If the child's treatment plan orders peak flow measurements, obtain these before the treatment starts and after the treatment is completed.
Notes for parents:
- Disconnect the nebulizer cup from the tubing.
- Open the cup and wash all pieces in a mild dish soap and water. (Do not wash or rinse the tubing.)
- Rinse all pieces.
- Air dry on a clean towel.
- Store the dried nebulizer cup and tubing in a plastic bag.
- Once a week rinse the nebulizer cup in a vinegar/water solution, as directed by you physician, after washing.
- Stay with your child throughout the nebulizer treatment.
- If your child should vomit or have a severe coughing spell during the treatment, stop the treatment, let the child rest for a few minutes, then resume the treatment.
- Check the filter on the nebulizer machine once a week. When it becomes discolored, replace with a new filter.
- Always keep a spare nebulizer kit at home. When you are down to your last two kits, contact your medical equipment company to deliver more.
What medications are commonly used for children with asthma?
The use of medications in children is highly individualized, based on the severity of the child's symptoms, the age of the child, and the ability of the child to take inhaled medications. The following are the most commonly used medications:
Inhalation Therapy Instruction - Departments & Programs - Children's National Medical Center
These medications are used to help open the narrowed lungs and may relieve coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or difficulty in breathing. These are usually considered rescue medications for acute attacks of asthma. Types of bronchodilators are beta-agonists, theophylline, and anticholinergics. These medications come inhaled, in pill form, liquid, or injectables.
The short-acting bronchodilators are used as needed as symptoms occur. Longer acting bronchodilators may be used for maintenance or on a daily basis to help control flare-ups from occurring.
- anti-inflammatory medications
These medications help to decrease the inflammation that is happening in the airways with asthma. These include two types of medications:
- nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs)
Cromolyn and nedocromil are two types of nonsteroidal medications that are usually inhaled by the child.
These medications can be given in a variety of ways. Some of them are inhaled, while others may be taken as a pill or liquid, or even as an injection. The steroids taken by mouth can have more side effects than those that are inhaled. Inhaled steroids are safe and effective controller medications and should be taken every day. Consult your child's physician about the best choice for your child.
These are a relatively new type of medication being used to help control the symptoms of asthma. These medications help to decrease the narrowing of the lung and to decrease the chance of fluids in the lungs. These are usually given by mouth.


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7 Terrible Abuses Suffered By Women Around The World
NOTE: Some readers may find the text and images on this list disturbing. For most of our readers, the biggest troubles in their lives are petrol prices, long working hours, and increasing food costs. For many women in the world, these are the least of their concerns. Terrible atrocities are committed against untold numbers of women around the world every day and for most of these women, justice will never be served. This is a list of the worst of the atrocities. In no particular order:
Bride kidnapping is a common practice in Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan. When it is time to get married in Kyrgyzstan, a man or his family will pick a woman and she will be kidnapped. The prospective groom and his male relatives or friends or both abduct the girl (in the old nomadic days, on horseback; now often by car) and take her to the family home, where the older women of the family try to get her to accept the marriage. Some families will keep the girl hostage for several days to break her will. Others will let her go if she remains defiant. The kidnapped woman's family may also become involved in the process, either urging the woman to stay if the marriage is believed to be socially acceptable or advantageous for the prospective bride and her family, or opposing the marriage on various grounds and helping liberate the woman.
In Ethiopia and Rwanda it is quite brutal, where the man kidnaps the woman and rapes her. The family of the woman either then feels obliged to consent to the union, or is forced to when the kidnapper impregnates her, as no one else would marry a pregnant woman.
Honor Killing is a punitive murder, committed by members of a family against a female member of their family whom the family and/or wider community believes to have brought dishonor upon the family. A woman is usually targeted for: refusing an arranged marriage, being the victim of a sexual assault, seeking a divorce (even from an abusive husband), or committing adultery or fornication. These killings result from the perception that any behavior of a woman that "dishonors" her family is justification of a killing that would otherwise be deemed murder. UNICEF has reported that in India, more than 5,000 brides are killed annually because their marriage dowries are considered insufficient. As of 2004, honor killings have occurred within parts of various countries, such as Albania, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Ecuador, Germany, India, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Uganda, United Kingdom and the United States.
Bride Burning is a form of domestic violence practiced in parts of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and other countries located on or around the Indian subcontinent. In bride burning cases it is alleged that a man, or his family, douses his wife with kerosene, gasoline, or other flammable liquid, and sets the woman alight, leading to death by fire.
Acid Attacks are a violent phenomena that primarily occur in Afghanistan. Perpetrators of these attacks throw acid at their victims (usually at their faces), burning them. The consequences include permanent scarring of the face and body as well as potential blindness. Acid attacks are sometimes referred to as vitriolage.
Female genital mutilation refers to all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural, religious or other non-therapeutic reasons. FGM is practiced throughout the world, with the practice concentrated most heavily in Africa. There have been many concerted efforts by the WHO to end the practice. Among practicing cultures, FGM is most commonly performed between the ages of four and eight, but can take place at any age from infancy to adolescence. The procedure, when performed without anesthetic, can lead to death through shock from immense pain or excessive bleeding.
Since the fall of the iron curtain, the impoverished former Eastern bloc countries such as Albania, Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine have been identified as major trafficking source countries for women and children. Young women and girls are often lured to wealthier countries by the promise of money and work and then reduced to sexual slavery. It is estimated that 2/3 of women trafficked for prostitution worldwide annually come from Eastern Europe, three-quarters have never worked as prostitutes before. The major destinations are Western Europe (Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, UK and Greece), the Middle East (Turkey, Israel, the United Arab Emirates), Asia, Russia and the United States. An estimated 500,000 women from Central and Eastern Europe are working in prostitution in the EU alone.
In parts of Ghana, a family may be punished for an offense by having to turn over a virgin female to serve as a sex slave within the offended family. In this system of slavery of ritual servitude, young virgin girls are given as slaves in traditional shrines and are used sexually by the priests in addition to providing free labor. [Image above: two young female slaves]
This article is licensed under the GFDL because it contains quotations from Wikipedia.


Data Logging
The first step on your journey to be more water efficient is to understand your current consumption. However, if you have many sites or difficulty regularly accessing water meters then this can be tricky to manage.
Our data logging service, also known as telemetry, can help you understand your water use. In having a better understanding of your consumption patterns, you can more easily identify any wasteful water usage.
It's an accurate and flexible way of recording and monitoring usage, safeguarding premises, and helping to identify any leakage.
How does it work?
Water monitoring equipment is connected to your water meter which enables you to track your site's water usage.
The water monitoring equipment records information from your water meter and transfers it into flow data. This data is then transferred to a website where you'll be able to log on to monitor your water flow and consumption. Here's an example of the type of graph you'll be able to see, giving you an hour by hour breakdown of your water consumption.
You'll be able to track your water use at a glance, enabling you to spot any potential problems such as leaks and deal with them quickly and efficiently. You can also extract and share this information with the relevant people in your business.
How would this benefit you?
 - It enables you to build up a picture of your water usage. These trends will help you to understand your usage, identify high consumption, peaks and troughs and baseline flows.
 - These automated readings can help identify waste or leaks. They will certainly provide baseline data so you can optimise your water use and ensure you manage your water efficiently and economically.
 - The alarm functionality will allow you to set and receive alarms when unusual flow levels are detected.
 - Access automated daily meter readings without the need to access the meter chamber to obtain physical meter readings, eliminating associated health and safety risks.
What type of business would benefit?
 - Any type of business that would like easy and immediate access to their usage data
 - This can be used by a business of any size
Case study: Data logging at a transport company
We worked with a key transport company to significantly reduce its water usage. We installed data loggers on all their water supplies.
This enabled the firm to identify sites which had unaccounted for water usage and several sites were discovered. After investigating, the company identified and repaired leaks which resulted in them saving 53,000m³ of water per year; offering an average payback of less than two months.
As a result of this work, the company now monitors usage more effectively, identifies leaks more quickly (using the alarm function) and keeps waste and costs to a minimum.
Generic Document Thumbnail
Data logging leaflet
PDF, 3.4MB
Here's a leaflet to give you more information on how data logging could help your business


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Author Rhonda Livingstone – ACECQA National Educational Leader
Effective hygiene practices are promoted and implemented
Ensuring the safety, health and wellbeing of children attending education and care services is a key objective and guiding principle underpinning the National Quality Framework (NQF). This is a fundamental right of all children attending education and care services, and a reasonable expectation of families.
To prevent the spread of infectious diseases and promote the optimum health of children, Element 2.1.3 of the National Quality Standard (NQS) requires that effective hygiene practices are promoted and implemented. Effective hygiene practices assist in significantly reducing the likelihood and risk of children becoming ill due to cross infection, or as a result of exposure to materials, surfaces, body fluids or other substances that may cause infection or illness. The Early Years Learning Framework (p.32) and Framework for School Age Care (p. 31) highlight how educators can promote children to take an increasing responsibility for their own health and physical wellbeing, and specifically for younger children, actively supporting them 'to learn hygiene practices'.
The Guide to the National Quality Standard provides some examples of what an authorised officer may look for when visiting a service, what they may observe, discuss and ask to sight. These tips can support your understanding of the expectations of the NQS.
Reviewing your philosophy, policy and practices
Reviewing service philosophy, policy and practices is an important part of the quality improvement process, particularly as practice evolves and new research and evidence becomes available. Many education and care services refer to the guide, Staying Healthy in Child Care – Preventing infectious diseases in child care (5th edition) to inform decision making about the service's health and hygiene policies, practices and procedures. This guide provides simple and effective methods for minimising the spread of disease. The advice in the guide aims to reduce the risk of serious infections and infectious diseases spreading through children attending education and care services and also on to staff, families and the community.
The guide often refers the reader to the use of chemical based cleaning products, an evidenced based and accepted practice. Recognising the move to exploring more sustainable practices, the guide acknowledges that 'some services may have a philosophy of environmental sustainability, and a consequent greater emphasis on considering the resources they use. They may have policies and procedures in place to minimise waste or the use of chemicals' (2013, p.2).
The National Quality Framework enables services to decide which approach best meets the NQS and legislative standards and best fits with the needs and expectations of children, families, educators and community.
Sustainable approaches to support effective hygiene procedures and practices
Robert Pratt from Kenmore West Kindergarten in Brisbane, shares some practical examples in the book Young Children and the Environment: Early Education for Sustainability (2nd edn, 2015). Robert notes the importance of undertaking research to gather evidence to inform decisions about how best to meet the NQS and legislative standards. He identifies the importance of 'recognising that barriers continue to exist in many early childhood settings around 'safe' cleaning' (p. 87) and makes the following suggestions to support the change process:
- research green cleaning practices and gather evidence to support such practices
- find out from other services what products and practices they are using
- make small changes, incremental steps; phase in green cleaning products one at a time, discuss green cleaning practice with children
- share your ideas with families
- investigate alternate environmentally friendly cleaning products (there are countless websites and publications)
- explore traditional products and practices 'that grandma used to use' as they may be effective and appropriate
- conduct a chemical audit in your service – both indoor and outdoor. Check warning labels on products…' (pp.87-88).
Another resource that educators may find helpful is the Eco Resource Kit, developed by UnitingCare Gippsland. This kit provides links to many resources, as well as a section on page 16 to support the move away from chemical based products to more environmentally friendly choices.
In a recent article published on the National Education Leader page on the ACECQA website, we spoke with Rosanne Pugh, from KU Ourimbah Preschool & Children's Centre (NSW), about the service's approach to sustainable practice. Rosanne told us that 'sustainability is a deep and wide issue; it's a way of life, a personal as well as professional commitment. Our service-based environmental audits have given us a quick view of any gaps we need to address alongside gathering and analysing data which has led to considered decisions about eco-friendly provision'.
Reflecting on these suggestions, undertaking action research within the service and seeking out additional evidence can assist services in the process of continually improving practice, support improvements in ratings (specifically in Quality Areas 2 and 3) and most importantly, enhance outcomes for children and families.
Pratt, R. (2015). Practical possibilities and pedagogical approaches for early childhood education for sustainability: The Kenmore West Story. In J Davis (ed.) Young Children and the Environment: Early Education for Sustainability (2nd edn.) Port Melbourne, Vic: Cambridge University Press.


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Polymers & Plastics - Classification & Models
Students will use their prior knowledge about changes of matter including physical and chemical changes from the Houghton Mifflin science curriculum. Students will be examining and categorizing various types of plastics (polymers) to identify where they are found in everyday life and how their chemical properties (molecules link together as a chain) allow them to have unique physical properties (various plastic types hard, soft, sticky, or malleable).
This activity is designed for students to:
Classify plastic (polymers) versus non-polymers
Distinguish between types of plastics (polymers)
Make a model for a polymer
Apply the knowledge to their daily life (where & how they use plastic products / recycling - tie in from earlier unit of study - Houghton Mifflin series 2007)
Process skills used in the investigation include: observing, questioning, comparing, and classifying.
Key vocabulary (concepts)::
Prior knowledge - atoms (Atoms combine to make molecules.), solid liquid gas (These are the states of matter that the students will review)
New knowledge - polymer (Molecules that are built as a long repeating chains.), malleable (plastics in which a change can be made to its shape.)
Context for Use
Class size 24-30; Rural Public School Facility
Introductory Lesson of a Topic Study - 1-2 lessons (including Lecture/Vocabulary, Classification Activity, Model Building, and Assessment)
Materials: various types of plastic and non-plastic items
This activity is to build upon and enrich their prior knowledge of atoms and molecules as they relate to physical/chemical properties and changes.
Resource Type: Activities:Classroom Activity
Grade Level: Intermediate (3-5)
Description and Teaching Materials
Various plastic objects for sorting activity (fleece items, plastic spoons, plastic plates, remotes, toys)
Non-plastic objects for sorting activity (wooden items, wooden spoons, metal spoons, glass, ceramics)
Plastic examples from students homes (from various locations of the home - kitchen, bathroom, living room, bedroom, etc...)
Introductory Activity - Sorting Activity -
Begin the lesson with a review of the curriculum studied from the textbook (definition of atoms, molecules, physical properties, and chemical properties). Share with the class that they are going to study the chemical properties of plastics (polymers) and how they create unique physical properties for various types.
Hand the students a shopping bag full of items (included should be various types of plastic and non-plastic items - examples wooden or metal items). Ask small groups to sort the items into two groups based on characteristics they observe. Remind students to use their five senses with the exception of taste to classify items. When a few minutes have passed, stop the class to allow for discussion on how and whey they sorted the materials as they did. Hopefully students were able to sort the plastic and non-plastic items. Guide their classification by having them focus on what do they think the object was made of and sort the items by what they are made from. They should have groups that have plastics versus a group with non-plastics (woods / metals). Ask how they were sure the item was plastic (compare examples of hard plastics to malleable types), and if they have questions about various plastic types.
Discuss with the students their findings and journal in their notebooks about the two types of groups the found. Have them extend their thinking about plastics by focusing on what they found in that group. Did the plastics they find all have the same qualities, or are they different in texture and flexibility? The plastics should have been selected to have different qualities from each other; this should lead to further questions about the composition of plastic. Have students write down their questions about plastics and what they predict is happening with each different type. Let students know in a different lesson they will be observing a demonstration and making a specific hypothesis about what happens with polymer structure (plastics).
Polymer Pet -
Remind students of the study of atoms and basic molecules (how we made water molecules by linking together one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms together - students demonstrated by holding hands to make an example of a molecule). Now we are going to make a polymer using a similar model, but this time we are going to link together molecules to form a chain. Our human chain of linked molecules will create our polymer. (Another example would be to link paper clips or strips of paper to form a chain). Our polymer would continue linking molecules until there are no more molecules to link together. After the human demonstration the polymer could then be modeled by using the objects from the above sort. The plastics could be linked together by sitting them close to one another. At one end a drawing of a face could be attached to the beginning plastic item and a tail to the ending item. This chain of items could be the new classroom pet - the Polymer Pet. Students could name the pet and add plastic items daily. If the pet is too big to store in the room it could be placed in the hallway. Allowing others to see it in the hallway may help others to realize how many types of objects are considered polymers.
Plastics can be grouped into categories (4 examples may include: hard, soft, sticky, and malleable). As an assignment students can bring in plastics found at home to share as examples of these four categories. Their examples can be represented by 4 different polymer pets. When students bring in their objects they should try to place them in the correct polymer area and link it to the other items students or the teacher has brought in. Other variations of the pet could include polymers that can be recycled or ones that we use the most of to show others more about recycling or our everyday use of such items.
Culminating Activity -
To review what students have learned about polymers keep pets up as long as the study lasts (remember this activity is linked to a larger unit of study). One way to expand space for the pet would be to place it in the school hallways and ask other classes to add to the pet. Students could create simple posters to explain the pet at various places in the hallway.
A way to assess knowledge would be to have students make human links of basic molecules you have studied (such as water or oxygen) and then ask them to make a polymer.
To further the study students can be asked to bring in various plastics from certain rooms in their homes to demonstrate how plastics are used most everywhere in our lives.
Students could also research and write about ways these plastics could be reused or recycled. They could draw posters to display in the hallway helpful hints to reuse or recycle certain items used at school or home.
Jancie VanCleave's 204 Sticky, Gloppy, Wacky, & Wonderful Experiments. 2002 Jossey-Bass.
Houghton Mifflin Science 2007.
Lilly's Purple Plastic Purse by Kevin Henkes
Teaching Notes and Tips
This activity is meant to be taught as part of a larger study that would incorporate an experiment and website activities. Please look for those activities with polymers taught by other grade 3 teachers at Oak Crest Elementary (Gloria Brandt - Demonstration & Experiment with Polymers / Don Fraser - expansion & assessment activities) on the SERC website.
Students can be assessed in the follow ways:
Classification of plastics (polymers) versus non-plastics (small quiz)
Polymer pet (class participation)
Molecule / Polymer representations (students link together)
Posters about reusing or recycling plastics


- bicarbonate of soda
bicarbonate of soda
This commercially produced white powder is an alkaline substance used primarily as a raising agent. It reacts when mixed with acid foods such as lemonjuice, buttermilk and cream of tartar, or with boiling water, creating carbon dioxide or air bubbles.
Bicarbonate of Soda is often used in addition to baking powder to further boost the raising properties of cake mixes and so on. On its own it is an essential ingredient of recipes for Anzac biscuits, and the sweetmeat honeycomb, known in Scotland.


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Problems of Near-Field Sound Reinforcement and of Mobile Sources in the Operation of the Delta Stereophony System (DSS) and Computer Processing of the Same
As the functioning of the DDS process can be demonstrated only if the original reference level is audible with an appropriate intensity, irradiation of low-power sources or playback signals is affected through so-called simulation loudspeakers which are to be installed in the stage area at various points according to the scenary. The correlations between this near-field system, a continuous follow-up of the source and the implied mathematical-physical principles will be explained in the paper. Delay-time consistent follow-up control will be illustrated by an example.
Click to purchase paper or login as an AES member. If your company or school subscribes to the E-Library then switch to the institutional version. If you are not an AES member and would like to subscribe to the E-Library then Join the AES!
This paper costs $20 for non-members, $5 for AES members and is free for E-Library subscribers.


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The soybean is one of the most versatile products used today. It has been a high protein source for millions of people for thousands of years. However, being a food source is only the beginning of the uses of this abundant resource.
Candles made from soy wax do not emit the soot and fumes that are attributed to run-of-the-mill paraffin candles. You've probably seen it a hundred times. You buy a paraffin candle that smells nice, it's colorful, the presentation is perfect then you light it. Within minutes, you can see the black residue rising from the lit wick, staining the jar or container from which these candles burn and that's just from the first time you light it. Continued use of these paraffin candles will not only further blacken the jar or container it sits in it can blacken your walls, ceilings, vents, AC units, heaters, curtains or blinds, and even carpets and it's not just dirt that stains your home. Now, imagine that same soot being inhaled into your lungs.
Many people get absolutely horrible headaches when around other types of waxes. That is before they tried a soy candle, and found out it wasn't the candle giving them problems but rather it was the paraffin in the candle!
Paraffin is a petroleum product a byproduct of oil refining.
Soy candles help our environment.
Soybeans are a renewable and biodegradable resource. Candle wax is just one example of hundreds of uses of this versatile legume. Even today, new uses of soy are being researched because of the abundance and growing potential of this bean.
Soy candles help the U.S. economy & farmers.
The production and burning of soy wax candles can greatly benefit the American agricultural economy. If soy wax replaced common paraffin wax, an estimated 60 million pounds of soy beans would be required for annual candle production.


The Fall Of Lisa Bellow with Susan Perebo
With a delivery both straightforward and dynamic, author Susan Perabo read the second chapter of her latest book The Fall of Lisa Bellow to a rapt audience in Danforth Conference Room last Monday. A Professor of English and Writer in Residence at Dickinson College, a small liberal arts college about a three-hour drive away in Carlisle, PA, Perabo has published numerous works of fiction over her career, in both literary magazines and as four books. The Fall of Lisa Bellow is her second novel, and her other two published books are short story collections.
Prior to her reading in Danforth, Perabo visited an introductory fiction course where she talked to students about her craft, her writing process, and her experience as an author. In her introduction to the students in the course, Perabo mentioned her surprising evolution into being the author she is today. She was initially interested in film, and in the course of studying film at college took a writing course to help with her screenplay skills. From then on it became a passion, and she eventually went on to get her MFA.
Her work, particularly her short story work, seems a little at odds with her confident, no-nonsense demeanor. Her work in Why They Run the Way they
, a recent short story collection, explores deeply emotional themes of infidelity, loneliness, and coming to terms with a life one might not have envisioned for oneself. Her characters are always complex, and a bit acerbic, and their emotional lives seem to pop off the page. Perabo said it herself that she wouldn't define herself as an "emotional person," or a person who wears their heart on their sleeve. This contrast between her more stoic public persona and the intimate and vulnerable character portrayal in her writing makes reading these works all the more fascinating.
Her newest novel seems to continue her thoughtful and emotional examination of her characters' lives and ways of thinking. The Fall of Lisa Bellow follows a middle-school aged girl Meredith and her mother Claire as they recover from the abduction of Lisa Bellow, a classmate of Meredith's who was kidnapped in front of Meredith in a sandwich shop. Due to the use of these two protagonists, the book is as much about Meredith's process of coping with the tragedy and her coming-of-age story wherein the horrific event of the abduction features so prominently as it is a thoughtful rendering of a mother who is trying to navigate the process of supporting her daughter through a life so completely altered by something out of her control.
The chapter she read to the audience on Monday — an audience made up of English professors, students, and other interested parties — mapped the inner dialogue and thought progression of Claire. In the chapter, Claire is thinking back to when Meredith's brother Evan was being bullied in elementary school, and how angry and overwhelmed it made Claire feel. How does Claire handle it when her children encounter adversity? What are her instincts? How does she cope with the challenges facing her offspring?
The chapter essentially took place solely in Claire's head. She feels the urge to curse at the students who called her son a "porker," despite Evan's assurances that he's fine. She demonstrates restraint, but it is not without significant effort. The chapter ends with a scene where Claire has her son's bully as a dental patient, and causes him unnecessary and profound pain during a superfluous dental examination. The scene made me viscerally uncomfortable, a sentiment shared by audience members during the question and answer portion of the event after the conclusion of the chapter.
When asked about her use of individuals from her life as a basis for fictional characters, Perabo stated that no person on the page was a representation of someone she knew, and that it is very difficult, if not impossible, to do justice to a living individual through a fictionalized account. However, she mentioned, she remembers feeling intense anger and confusion when her children faced undeserved nastiness in school. While she never went to the lengths that Claire did, in developing the character of Claire Perabo tried to imagine what type of person would actually act on her feelings of frustration with a stranger's child. Thus the dentist section was born. In imagining what sort of person might have the opportunity to lash back out to a young offender, she fell upon dentistry as this sort of opportunity for her character.
During the question part of the afternoon, Perabo talked further about her writing process, such as having an ending in mind prior to beginning, or at least close to the beginning of a narrative, as well as her first published piece, and her editing process. Unlike some fiction writers, Perabo does very little research, and instead likes to get the story on the page, and then during revisions, fill in the vague depictions with accurate descriptions and terminology. Though of course an endlessly challenging endeavor, Perabo's visceral, thoughtful, and introspective narratives seem to demonstrate a more clinical process than an overwhelmingly emotional one.
When thinking about flighty and emotionally unstable authors of fame and fortune, getting to see Perabo's genius coming from a place of intense thoughtfulness and non-neuroticism was a privilege.


Posts tagged "can i drink water while fasting"
Fasting for Blood Work Medication
Fasting is a religious prayer in various types of religion. Whether it is Islam, Hinduism, and Christianity, fasting exist in any form. The purpose of fasting is to clean your inside soul and get closer to God. Fasting is the name given to stop eating and drinking for a certain period of time. By this, followers pray as much as they can to get God's blessings. Not only fasting gives you spiritual benefits, it also rectifies some imbalance happening in your whole body. It is found to be very effective for treating high blood pressure and to control high cholesterol in human beings. Now, the modern medical science gives too much importance to fasting as it is necessary in various medical treatments.
Fasting for Blood Work Medication
Fasting for Blood Work Medication
Fasting for Blood Work Medication
There are various types of medical tests that require you to be in fast for certain hours. Sometimes, you have to stay away from meal, water, alcohol and cigarettes or from any one of these or a mix. However, it all depends on the nature of test as there are some tests in which you can continue to take your medications. So, ask healthcare professional about this.
As mentioned in previous lines, some medicines do affect blood test reports. But still you can use them even if you are fasting from meals and alcohols. Oral corticosteroids usually increases the level of cholesterol in the blood, however your healthcare advisor can allow you to continue using this. What he or she does, is he or she takes into account this factor while interpreting the blood test report. If you are going to a new doctor or healthcare advisor, you should bring your medicines so that he/she could see and suggest you whether to continue or not while undergoing for a blood test.
Medicines Are Working?
Some tests are done to check the effectiveness of medicines given to patient. You should not stop taking these medicines even before blood test. However, these sorts of tests require fasting, but there is exception to this rule. You are in fast but still taking medicines with a small sip of water.
Types of Test Requiring Fasting Prohibiting Medications
Irons Blood Test
It is also called Iron Deficiency Test. It is used to count the level of red blood cell. Deficiency of red blood cell leads to anemia. If your doctor has suggested you to take on this test, then you should not take iron supplement before the tests. It may inflate iron in your body artificially and the report will not be presenting a real picture.
Fasting blood glucose test
This test is done to check the level of sugar in the blood. For this you have to be in fast for around 12 hours. Avoid taking or eating high sugar food items or medicines, so that it would not affect your fasting blood glucose test report.
Blood cholesterol test
In this test, you are also required to be in fast for 9 to 12 hours. You can drink water during this time. But avoid taking tea, coffee and other beverages. Ask your doctor whether you can stop using certain types of medicines. As some medicines could increase your cholesterol level such as birth control pills, your doctor may prohibit its usage as well before the test.
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What does Boxing Day have to do with boxing?
Slang definitions & phrases for grunch
 1. Boring (1960s+ Teenagers)
 2. grungy (1960s+ Teenagers)
 1. A dull, tedious person; nerd, pill
 2. Slovenliness; sloppiness (1960s+ Teenagers)
 3. Something nasty: Those globs of guitar grunge get me off every time (1960s+ Teenagers)
 4. A style of dress featuring mismatched and rumpled garments, mostly suggesting lumberjacks, appearing to have been bought at thrift shops and donned at random, and favored by grunge rock musicians: ''Stuff We Hate'' grunge as high fashion/ Garth's wardrobe is mostly grunge (1990s+)
 5. A kind of rock music originally associated with Seattle, wa: Nirvana and Pearl Jam are two of the best grunge bands (1990s+)
Copyright (C) 2007 by HarperCollins Publishers.
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Subsymbol Communication
Passing information between symbols is key to getting the most use out of them.
Symbol communication can be broken down into three main subheadings:
 - Accessing controllers
 - Accessing nodes
 - Accessing exported functions and variables
For the purposes of this article, we will use the example of a parent symbol communicating with a subsymbol, though the same is also true of subsymbol-to-subsymbol communication.
Creating an instance of the subsymbol
Before we can proceed we need a variable storing an instance of the subsymbol we want to access within a script node. We'll use this variable to access the information within the subsymbol.
Dragging a subsymbol from the Symbol Definitions Panel into a script and selecting 'Construct symbol' adds code that constructs a new instance of the symbol and assigns it to a variable.
Alternatively, dragging an instance of a subsymbol from the Hierarchy into a script and selecting 'insert local variable' will create a variable referencing the instance created in the Hierarchy.
// constructing from the Symbol Definitions Panel
var mySubsymbolConstructed = symbol.symbolDefinitions.mySubsymbol();
// instance referenced from the Hierarchy
var mySubsymbolInstance = symbol.nodes.mySubsymbol;
Symbols constructed within a script node will not display automatically. For Blank symbols, we recommend adding them to the Hierarchy at runtime using the Z.Group push function. For Screen symbols we recommend using the symbol's display function, for more information see the Screen Symbol article.
Accessing controllers
Accessing the timelines and states of a subsymbol allows us to control the animations from the parent symbol.
In order to activate a state or play a timeline within a subsymbol from the parent symbol, you need to be able to access the controller for that subsymbol.
To access the list of controllers in a subsymbol you use the following syntax:
Adding a further dot will allow you to specify a controller by name:
To access the states and timelines within that controller, which are of the Z.Element type, you use the elements keyword:
From there the individual states and timelines can be accessed:
You can then use the functions of the given state or timeline:
Accessing nodes
You can access the nodes within a subsymbol's Hierarchy using the nodes keyword:
From there the individual nodes can be accessed by name:
You can then use the functions of the node (in this case the Z.Object color function):
Accessing exported functions and variables
Functions and variables can be declared in one script and retrieved in another using the export keyword. The example below uses two script nodes, script1 and script2, within the same symbol.
// script1
export let myVariable;
// script2
The same functionality can be used to access exported variables and functions within subsymbols.
//'myScript' script node within the subsymbol
export let myVariable;
// script node within the parent symbol
zapcode branded_zapcode i


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Volume 5 Number 1 (Spring 1997)
TATIANA D. BULGAKOVA (St. Petersburg): The Creation of New Spirits in Nanai Shamanism
The Nanai pantheon of the shamanic figures changes constantly. Some spirits lose their traits and others are forgotten for one reason or another. At the same time other spirits turn up and take their place. The present article deals with two categories of spirits-the helping spirits of the shamans, the sevens and the spirits of ancestors, former souls of shaman fathers and mothers, who were patrons of the clan.
MARTIN HARPER (Macerata): Shamanism and Traditional Healers in Modern-Day Indonesia
The following article examines the present-day role of shamen and traditional healers in the Republic of Indonesia, and how their respective trades are sustained by the stubborn persistence of essentially animist beliefs and practices within the archipelago. It goes on to describe the psychological foundation of certain shamanistic crafts and cures, and how they have, in many cases, been adapted to the demands of modern urban life with some commercial success.
AKE HULTKRANTZ (Stockholm): Some Points of View on Ecstatic Shamanism, with Particular Reference to American Indians
In recent years the basic ecstatic structure of shamanism has been questioned by leading representatives of shamanology. The following article undertakes a reassessment of the ecstatic elements in shamanism. It is concluded that if we wish to retain the concept of shamanism as a scholarly instrument we should stress its ecstatic character. Particular consideration is given to the meaning of ecstasy in shamanism.
HYUN-KEY KIM HOGARTH (Canterbury): Pursuit of Happiness Through Reciprocity: The Korean Shamanistic Ritual
The Korean shamanistic ritual, called kut, is based on the principle of reciprocity which underpins most social interactions in Korean society. Analysis of the three groups of the participants, the spirits, the shamans and the sponsors, reveal a common denominator, i.e. grief or grievances. Kut is a festive gathering of mostly troubled beings, who exchange gifts of consolation with one another. Through venting and sharing their troubles, all of them experience catharsis, thus achieving 'happiness', which is the ultimate objective of kut, as its etymology suggests. An implicit faith in the Maussian obligation to reciprocate, therefore, is the essence of Korean shamanism. When faced with inexplicable disasters beyond modern science and technology, sponsoring kut is positive move by the sufferer to alleviate the pain and despair. Their belief that the spirits will reciprocate with blessing in return fir their gifts gives them confidence and hope, which helps them get over difficult times. The modern Korean people, therefore, will continue to sponsor kut not only for "joy of public giving", but also for the solace that their faith in the spirits' obligation to reciprocate brings them.
QI CHESHAN (Urumqi): Contemporary Shamans and the "Shaman's Handbook" of the Sibe
The Sibe have practised shamanic ritual continuously up to the present day. In Chapchal today there are more than ten practising shamans, and new ones are being initiated. Two handwritten manuscripts, "shaman's handbooks" have been discovered, they are, in effect, shamans' teaching manuals. In this article I address several questions: 1) the "shaman's handbook" 2) how shamans are chosen 3) the shaman's mirror (toli) 4) the ladder of knives 5) the shaman's ritual objects 6) sacrifice 7) the 18 karun and the shaman's spirit painting 8) some names and other problems.
ZHONG JINWEN (Beijing) and MARTI ROOS (Leiden): Linguistic Notes to "Shamanism in Yughur Folk Tales"
Volume 5 Number 2 (Autumn 1997)
FIRDAUS G. KHISAMITDINOVA (Ufa): Healing Magic Among the Bashkirs
Bashkir healing magic was little studied before the late 1980s, but recent years have seen a growth in interest and a proliferation of publications on the subject. Based both on her own fieldwork and on hitherto unpublished data, the author discusses the Bashkir demons osoq, yelpew, sarpiw and büder, which are held to be responsible for a number of diseases. Consideration is also given to linguistic evidence and a wider Turkic context.
FRANK KRESSING (Ulm): Candidates for a Theory of Shamanism. A Systematic Survey of Recent Research Results from Eurasia and Native America
The article investigates the distribution of some central features of shamanism among cultures of Northern Eurasia and Native America. So far, little scientific attention has been given to the question whether, first, shamans remember the experiences and actions they have in a state of trance and, second, to what extent the way shamanic trance is induced influences memory and controlled actions during trance. As will be shown, investigation of shamanism is partly hindered by the usual anthropological bias of "mute anthropology", as opposed to the method of "speaking anthropology".
SONG HEPING (Jilin): The Dances of Manchu Shamans
The Manchu shaman performs dances whilst making offerings to the gods. Of these shamanic dance types two warrant special attention: 1) the "high deity offering", alternatively called the "field" or "great deity's dance" and 2) the "family deity offering". It is these types of shamanic dances and in particular the former-during which the shaman attains an altered and heightened state of consciousness-which I intend to discuss in this article. The two dance forms documented in this paper are performed by the shamans of Manchu families residing in rural parts of North-East China and are still practised today.
KIRA VAN DEUSEN (Vancouver): Ul'chi Shamans and Storytellers: Field Report, August 1995
Catherine U. Köhalmi's Reply to R. A. Miller's Criticism Concerning her Review of R. A. Miller and Nelly Naumann's Book, Altjapanisch FaFuri (by Catherine U. KÃ¶halmi)
A. F. ANISIMOV. Kosmologische Vorstellungen der Völker Nordasiens (by Catherine U. Köhalmi)
WALTHER HEISSIG (Hrsg.) Formen und Funktion mündlicher Tradition (by Catherine U. Köhalmi)
MIHÁLY HOPPÁL. Schamanen und Schamanismus (by Ake Hultkrantz)
ROY A. MILLER und NELLY NAUMANN. Altaische schamanistische Termini im Japanischen (by György Kara)
A. A. POPOV. Materialen zur Bibliographie der russischen Literatur über das Schamanentum der Völker Nordasiens (by Catherine U. Köhalmi)
L. QURCHABAGATUR and CH. ÜJÜM-E. Mongol-un böge mörgöl-ün tayilg-a takilg-a-yin soyul


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Leopard cat activity is higher with increased understory vegetation in oil palm plantations, which seems to result in reduced rat numbers
Leopard cats are known to use oil palm plantations as a hunting ground for rats, and have been proposed as a possible biological control for rodent pests in plantations. Related to this, there have been questions raised regarding how understory vegetation management in oil palm plantations [many places consider these weeds and clear them] may influence leopard cat use of these sites. Finally, a study examines these unknowns.
A recently published study by Hood et al. (2019) showed that leopard cat habitat use is higher with increased understory vegetation. They also demonstrate reduced rat numbers with higher leopard cat activity. The authors suggest that the results indicate that how oil palm plantations are managed can affect leopard cat use, and possible rodent control possibilities. All these only possible with their manipulative experiments on understory vegetation management.
Curiously, there was no effect of understorey vegetation on rat numbers or rat damage on oil palm in this study. It could be that the rats benefit from more vegetation, but the higher activity of leopard cats in those environment leads to higher rat predation level, which nullified the benefits to rats. Neat if that could somehow be studied in future.
Hood et al. (2019) Understory vegetation in oil palm plantations promotes leopard cat activity, but does not affect rats or rat damage. Frontiers in Forest and Global Change 2: 51. doi: 10.3389/ffgc.2019.00051


text:
Noh is classical Japanese musical drama based on tales from traditional literature performed since the 14th century. In the story, supernatural creature transforms into human shape and tells the story. The actors tell a story through gestures and appearance in masks. They capture the essence of the story.
Kyōgen is a form of traditional Japanese comic performance in the theater. It was performed as an intermission between Noh acts.
Shinto is an ethnic religion in Japan, and it focuses on ritual practices. Kagura is a type of Shinto theatrical dance.
The Hannya mask represents jealous female demon, serpent and sometimes dragon in noh and kyōgen Japanese traditional theater plays and Shinto Kagura ritual dances. The mask has a learing mouth, sharp teeth, metallic eyes (because it is not human) and two sharp devil-like horns. The first saved Hanna mask is from 1558. Hannya mask is one of the most recognizable masks in Noh plays.
This mask represents female rage and pain, and it is used when a particular character needs to be invoked. These two emotions are difficult to capture at the same time. It represents female obsessed with a devil or taking a devil form of being. The expression of Hannya mask is at the same time demonic, angry, frightening, dangerous and tormented, sad, heartbreaking, melancholic and sorrowful. She begins as normal female, but when she is betrayed, get angry and jealous she turns into a demon.
When the mask is held straight ahead, it looks angry. When the mask is held a little down it looks sad.
It's carved from a single piece of wood and often finished with very dark colored paint. It can be made for display or to wear it for performance. The mask is white if representing aristocratic status, red if representing low class and dark if representing demon. There are tree masks expressing the change in female emotions. The first mask expresses the jealousy, the second mask expresses a half way to the complete insanity, and the third mask is the saddest and expresses a female gone completely insane and converted into a demon.
In Japanese language hannya means wisdom. Some stories say that the mask got its name by monk artist Hannya, who perfected this mask and that he needed a great wisdom to make this mask. The perfection of transcendent wisdom is the perfect way of seeing the nature of reality so that you can protect yourself from the female demon.
Sometimes these masks are made to look happy from one angle and sad from another angle. It is also a Japan symbol of a good luck and it wards off the evil. Hannya Mask is popular tattoo motif.
In one play Prince Genji married to his wife Lady Aoi when he was young. He had a mistress Lady Rokujo. When Lady Aoi became pregnant, Genji began to ignore Lady Rokujo. In anger, Lady Rokujo's spirit left her body, possessed Lady Aoi's body and led to Lady Aoi's death. So this story presented betrayed and angry women who transformed into Hannya demon.
One tail says that princess Kiyohime fell in love with passing by priest Anchin. He overcame his love for her. Her anger turned her into serpent or dragon, and she followed his. Anchin hid under the large bell of the temple. When Kiyohime found him, she breathed fire, melted the bell, and he died.
Another of the tails says that Hanna demon tormented people. One samurai, named Watanable no Tsuna, wanted to stop the creature. He waited for the creature to appear, but it was a beautiful young female. She asked him to escort her home. He saw her changing to Hanna and cut her arm with his sword. She vanished. The samurai took her arm home and locked it in a chest. Years later she visited his home disguised as his aunt, got her arm back and fled.


text:
Living along a river has its own appeal with the calming presence of flowing water and picturesque views. Riverfront living offers natural beauty and serenity, with stunning views and recreational opportunities. However, it also presents challenges such as the risk of flooding, increased presence of mosquitoes and other insects, and erosion. It is important to be aware of flood zones, use repellents, and take measures to prevent erosion. Riverfront properties can be more expensive due to their demand. Riverfront living can be suitable for families with children with proper precautions. Despite challenges, the joys of riverfront living outweigh them for many.
Living Along a River: The Joys and Challenges of Riverfront Living
Living along a river has its own unique appeal. The calming presence of flowing water and picturesque views can be immensely enjoyable. However, riverfront living also presents its own set of challenges. In this article, we will explore the joys and challenges that come with living alongside a river.
The Joys of Riverfront Living
Living along a river offers unparalleled natural beauty and serenity. Waking up to the soothing sound of the river and being surrounded by lush greenery can be a refreshing experience. Riverfront properties often provide stunning views, with the changing colors of the water and the diverse wildlife that inhabits the area.
Riverfront living also offers unique recreational opportunities. Whether it's fishing, kayaking, or simply taking a leisurely boat ride, you have direct access to water-based activities. The river can become your personal playground, providing endless hours of enjoyment and relaxation.
The Challenges of Riverfront Living
While living along a river is idyllic in many ways, it comes with certain challenges that residents must be prepared to face. The risk of flooding is a significant concern for those living in riverfront properties. Depending on the region and specific location, the risk of flooding may vary. It is crucial to be aware of the flood zone maps and take necessary precautions to protect your property and belongings.
Mosquitos and other insects are often more prevalent in areas near rivers. This can be a nuisance for residents, especially during the warmer months. Implementing measures such as using repellents and maintaining a well-maintained yard can help mitigate this issue.
Additionally, erosion can be a problem for riverfront properties, especially during periods of heavy rainfall or rapid water flow. It is important to take measures to prevent erosion, such as reinforcing riverbanks and implementing appropriate landscaping techniques. Regular maintenance is crucial to protect the integrity of your property.
Q: Can I build a dock on my riverfront property?
A: The ability to build a dock depends on local regulations and permits. It is advisable to consult with the local authorities or a professional before starting any construction.
Q: Are riverfront properties more expensive?
A: Riverfront properties tend to be in high demand due to their scenic views and recreational opportunities. As a result, they can be more expensive compared to properties located further away from the water. However, the specific price will vary depending on various factors such as location and property size.
Q: Is riverfront living suitable for families with children?
A: Riverfront living can be suitable for families with children, but it requires extra precautions. Parents should ensure proper supervision near the water and teach their children about water safety. Installing appropriate barriers and fences can also provide additional security.
Living along a river offers a unique lifestyle filled with natural beauty and recreational opportunities. While there are challenges to be faced, the joys of riverfront living outweigh them for many individuals. If you appreciate nature, tranquility, and a vibrant waterfront atmosphere, living along a river might just be your dream come true.


Ask A Cartographer
Saving causes massive file size.
July 13 2011 | 0 comments
Categories: ArcGIS Methods
Why is it that when I save a map, the map itself grows in size?
The map I currently am working started off at 5mb, then grew to a staggering 48mb.
I eventually transferred all the data to a new map and started over with a 5 mb file. As I was saving, I watched it grow about 300 kb WITHOUT ADDING ANY NEW DATA!
What gives?
Mapping Center Answer:
There are a number of reasons that this can happen. For example, it may be caused by a large amount of geoprocessing results stored in the Results tab in ArcToolbox in ArcCatalog. Her eis a Knowledge Base article about how to deal with this:
Here is another KB article on why the files sizes grow and how using Save As will help to control the growth:
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Q: Should I purchase now or wait until Beyax is fully developed?
A: The ulimate decision is unique to each buyer. However at this early stage of development pre-sale prices and land-owner financing is available. The more developed the land gets, the more it shall appreciate and value/prices increased. Please contact Nynke for pre-parcel discount, at: _EMAIL_
Q: Can foreigners own land in mexico?
A: Yes, a title is assigned to a Mexico bank trust in your name (fideicomiso) for up to 50 years, renewable apon expiration.
Q: What is a Trust institution?
A: In Mexico, a Trust institution is a banking institution that is authorized to open 'fiduciary' accounts and conduct operations as Trustee. The Trustee holds legal title to the real estate property during the term of the trust, and is also empowered with rights and powers necessary to achieve the objectives of the contractual agreement creating the trust, for the benefit of the trust beneficiaries.
Q: What are the characteristics of a Trust agreement?
A: In the trust deed, the present owner of the real estate would appear as the settlor (fidelcomitente) and would thereby convey title to the real estate to the Trustee who will hold title to the property during the life of the trust (50 years) for the benefit of the Beneficiary (fidelcomitente), the person having absolute use and availabilty of the property.
Q: What are the requirements?
A: 1. A copy of the real estate title or deed indicating the exact surface area, measurements and boundaries, a free of lien certificate, receipts of federal, local or municipal taxes (seller provides these documents).
 2. Your name, nationality, occupation, address and phone number. Copies of your passport, immigration papers, phone or other service bill addressed to your address.
 3. The name, nationality, address, and phone number of the substitute beneficiary in case of death of the primary beneficiary during the life of the Trust (optional).
 4. The agreed purchase price.
Q: What happens if the beneficiary of the trust dies during the legal period of the trust?
A: The Beneficiary has the right to appoint substitute beneficiaries at the moment of signing the trust or in a later time. The substitute beneficiaryshall recieve all the rights and obligations that arise from the trust if the primary beneficiary dies during the life of the trust. With this designation of sustitute beneficiaries, your heirs will not need to follow any probate proceeding before the mexican courts, which could take time and cost fees. They would only have to give notice to the bank of the deceased, show the death certificate and their identification papers. Then the bank will accept and register them as the new owners (beneficiaries) of the trust property, without any cost.
Q: How long does a trust remain in effect and can it be renewed?
A: It is renewable at the end of its 50 year term and for additional periods of 50 years each. The law provides that if an application is filed no more than 360 days or less than 181 days before the end of the original trust, the Secretary of Foreign Relations must issue a new trust permit, effective for an additional term of 50 years. The trust can be renewed for perpetuity.
Q: Can I sell or transfer my interest in a trust?
A: A trust interest must be sold or transferred much like any other interest in real estate property. Upon the sale of an interest in real estate held under a trust, the Secretary of Foreign Relations is required by law to issue a new trust permit to the buyer. If property held under a trust is sold to a Mexican national, the trust can be terminated and the mexican national may then own the property in fee simple.
Q: Are Mexican banks the only institutions that can hold a trust on behalf of foreign investors?
A: Yes, however you have the right to choose which bank to hold your trust. The trust is not an asset of the bank. Trusts also allow foreign investors to participate in other sectors of the Mexican economy. Foreign investors are required to use trusts to aquire certificates of participation representing shares of companies listed on the mexican stock exchange.
Q: What are the benefits of starting a mexican corporation?
A: 1. You can work, trade or manage any business in Mexico.
 2. You can link your mexican corporation with your international corporations for tax advantages.
 3. The coporation can own land without a trust.
 4. You can employ yourself through your mexican corporation and aquire mexican residency papers or a mexican green card.
Q: Is this an intentional community, will there be meetings, co-ownership, etc?
A: Each family decides what's right for them, there are no regular meetings. It is optional to be in co-ownership.
Q: Are there building restrictions?
A: There are ecological building guidelines, please contact Nynke for more info.
Q: What are the property taxes?
A: Property taxes are approximately $100 US, per hectare, per year.
Q: Does everyone have to drill their own well?
A: No, you should gather your neighbors and share the same well.
Q: What process follows?
A: Upon receiving the information and documents described above, the Trustee will proceed to apply at the at the Foreign Affairs Ministry (Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores) for the permit authorizing the execution of the trust deed. Once the permit has been issued by the Foreign Affairs Ministry, then the Trustee will be able to execute and formalize the the trust deed before a mexican notary public. Mexican notary public offices have a greater legal status and competence than in the United States. The notary public is an attourney at law who is authorized by the state goverment to, among other things, grant final formality to the title transfer process in his protocol book. The resulting document taken from thisw protocol book (the trust deed) is registered at the corresponding Public Registry of the property, and it will show evidence of the title. In the event that you cannot be present at the execution of the trust deed before the notary public, a duly empowered representative may execute the trust deed on your behalf. Powers of attourney for representatives must be granted in compliance with mexican formalities including its formalization before a mexican notary public.
Q: What rights and obligations does the beneficiary assume upon the signing of the trust deed?
A: As the trust beneficiary, you will have the use and possesion of the property, that is, that you may live on the real estate, undertake any alterations and improvements subject to any applicable limitations and/or requirements stipulated in laws and regulations, such as zoning and constuction regulations among others. You also have the capacity to instruct the trustee on mortgaging, leasing, and selling your real estate. You may also instruct the trustee to transfer your beneficial rights to another person or corporation, or perform any other acts that derive from ownership. If you sell the land property to another foreigner, you may assign your beneficial interest in the trust to the new purchaser, or instruct the trustee to convey the property to a newly formed trust for the benefit of the new purchaser. This assignment of rights must be formalized through a Mexican notary public, prior to the payment of federal and local taxes and fees that arise from the transfer of beneficiary rights. You will be obliged to pay the duties on the real estate, such asreal estate and water service taxes, power supply fees, etc... aswell as the trustee's annual administration fee.
Q: Is it possible to obtain title insurance from an American company to safeguard my investment?
A: Yes, many U.S. companies underwrite land in Mexico.
Q: Can I obtain my land through a bank that is linked with an american bank?
A: Yes, many Mexican banks are affiliated with international banks and act as one corporation or two linked corporations. There are Mexican banks that are affiliated E and American banks.
Q: What does a Mexican attourney charge to finalize a trust?
A: Generally between 1000- 3000$ US per contract.
Q: I've heard you need a Mexican partner to obtain land.
A: The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Foreign Investment Law (FIL) lifted bans on foreign ownership in Mexico. You no longer need a paartner to obtain a trust.
Q: How long can foreigners stay in Mexico?
A: There is no visa requiredfor U.S., Canadian and E.U visitors. They can stay inbetween thirty days and six months, as tourists in Mexico. The precise time frame is determined apon arrival by the Mexican immigration authorities.
Q: If Iwant to live and work there, what do I need to do?
A: Apply for a Mexican green card, which permits employment and residency.
Q: If I apply for a Mexican green card do I need to give up my American passport?
A: No.
Q: I've heard it helps to start a mexican corporation, what does that entail?
A: 1. Three possible names for the corporation.
 2. Two peopleboth can be foreigners or not.
 3. Identification papers.
 4.


text: Interdependence means a dependence between autonomous elements through the formation of a combined overall organization. The essence of interdependence involves autonomy, differentiation, and emergency. Two or more autonomous elements interacting, differentiating their states with respect to each other, to create some combined organization that is greater than any of the parts, through the process of emergence. Interdependence is one of the central concepts within systems theory in that most definitions for a system involve the idea of interdependency between a set of parts. Indeed the idea of interdependency is often the central concept that is used to define a system, in that without interdependency between parts there is no system just a set of independent elements.


text:
An Abbreviated History of Ultimate Compiled by Michael E. Iacovella
Ultimate, as with all disc sports, would not exist without the invention of the flying disc, or "Frisbee," as it is commonly known. The first known contemporary tossing of a "disc" was by Yale University (USA) undergrads in the early 20th century. The Yale campus was in close proximity to Connecticut's Frisbie Pie Company, whose pies while being a popular treat in themselves were sold in metal tins that would hold flight when thrown over a very short distance. The now-popular pastime of "tossing the disc" remained in obscurity until the invention of a plastic flying disc by Fred Morrison in 1948, which was much more durable and flight-worthy than anything made of wood or metal. This invention led to the first mass-produced disc, called the "Pluto Platter," made by the Wham-O toy company beginning in 1951. The year 1954 saw the first recorded competition using a flying disc when Dartmouth University (USA) students organized a tournament for the disc sport known as "Guts." A year after the Frisbie Pie Company's closing in 1958, Wham-O, based in California, USA, registered the name "Frisbee" as a name for its flying disc products. This trademark was reportedly the result of the predictable nickname that students at Yale and Harvard had given to the new toys.
The invention of Ultimate, also known as "Ultimate Frisbee," occurred within a year of the first mechanical patent on a flying disc, by Ed Headrick in 1966. Joel Silver and others at Columbia High School (CHS), Maplewood, NJ, USA, introduced their idea of an "ultimate" Frisbee game to the student council in 1967, and the first known game was played in 1968 between the student council and the staff of the school newspaper. The newspaper staff was victorious in a game where the only boundaries were the goal lines and other natural side boundaries (eg., railroad tracks, river, fence). The games continued the following year, with matches being played in the evening under the glow of the mercury-vapor lights in the school's new parking lot. The first and second edition rules were drawn up by CHS student Buzzy Hellring, and were later refined by Silver and John Hines. The very first interscholastic Ultimate game was played between CHS and Milburn High in 1970; CHS won, 43-10. The first conference of Ultimate teams was created in 1971, which consisted of five New Jersey high schools, including CHS and Milburn. Some ultimate-playing graduates of the league formed teams at their respective colleges and universities. On November 6, 1972, Rutgers University (NJ, USA) defeated Princeton (NJ, USA), 29-27, in the first intercollegiate game. [Note: The game was played exactly 103 years after the first intercollegiate American football game, on the same exact site, which had since been turned into a parking lot. The same team won by the same margin of victory.] Yale hosted the first Ultimate tournament (8 college teams in attendance) in 1975, which was won by Rutgers. That summer, Ultimate was introduced at the Second World Frisbee Championships at the Rose Bowl, aiding in the development of Ultimate on the West Coast of the USA.
Disc sports began to spread to Europe and Asia at about the same time, as is evident by the formation of the Swedish Frisbee Federation (SFF) in 1974, the Japanese Frisbee Disc Association in 1975, and the Australian FDA in 1976. Belgium and Austria each organized FDAs in 1977, with Finland's FDA and the Danish Frisbee Sport Union to follow in 1978. The Ultimate Players Association (UPA) was formed in 1979; Tom Kennedy was elected the first director. The UPA, the national governing body for the sport of Ultimate in the USA, was the first national, player-run US Ultimate organization. Prior to this juncture, events were sponsored and/or run by the International Frisbee Association (IFA), which was a former promotional arm of the Wham-O toy company. At the first UPA Nationals in 1979, Glassboro State College was victorious over the Santa Barbara Condors, 19-18. The first Ultimate European Championship was in Paris, France, in 1980; Finland, England and Sweden finished one, two, and three, respectively.
The World Flying Disc Federation (WFDF), the international governing body of all disc sports, was founded in 1984, a year after the close of the IFA [Note: at the IFA's closure, membership was reported to be 100,000 members in 30 countries]. Flying Circus (open), USA, Lady Condors (women), USA, and Sweden (juniors) win the first WFDF-sponsored World Ultimate Championships (for national teams) in Colchester, United Kingdom (1986). The first World Ultimate Club Championships (WUCC) was held in Cologne, Germany, in 1989. Philmore (open, USA) and Lady Condors (women, USA) win their respective divisions. Seven Sages (masters, USA) become the first international club Masters champions at Millfield, UK, in 1995, and Red Fish, Blue Fish is the first Mixed champion at St. Andrews, Scotland, in 1999. Currently, Ultimate is played by an estimated 100,000+ players in over 30 countries. The Ultimate Players Association (USA) reports an overall membership of 13,000+ dues-paying members. Membership in the UPA and other national organizations is growing yearly at a startling rate. Thirty-five years have elapsed since the first disc was tossed for a goal under the mercury-vapor lights of the Columbia High parking lot. As you bask in the warmth of the Hawaiian sun at the largest Ultimate tournament in history, reflect on the growth of a spectacular sport within which the deepest-seeded value is sportsmanship.