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From Ohio History Central
The Connecticut Western Reserve (also known as the Western Reserve) was an area in the Northwest Territory held, sold and distributed by the State of Connecticut in the years after the American Revolution.
Connecticut was one of several states that had land claims in the Ohio Country going back to the colonial period. Connecticut gave up most of its claims to the federal government so that the Northwest Territory could be created. However, it reserved the northeast corner of the territory for itself. This area came to be known as the Connecticut Western Reserve.
The Western Reserve had two parts. The western part of the region was known as the Fire Lands. The state gave plots of land in this area to people who had lost their property in the American Revolution. The Connecticut government sold the eastern portion of the reserve to the Connecticut Land Company in 1795. The $1.2 million earned through the land sale was spent on public education in the state of Connecticut.
The Connecticut Land Company sent General Moses Cleaveland to survey the territory and lay out townships. In federal surveys such as the Seven Ranges, townships were 36 square miles. Cleaveland created townships of 25 square miles. One of the earliest towns established in this region was named Cleveland in his honor. It appears that Cleveland was originally spelled as Cleaveland, but a mistake by a mapmaker resulted in the new spelling by the 1820s. Many people moved into the Western Reserve because it was accessible from Lake Erie. In the early years of settlement, many people from New England came to the Western Reserve.
For the first several years, settlement of the land owned by the Connecticut Land Company proceeded slowly. When Connecticut sold the land to the company, the state gave up all rights to govern the land. The federal government did not consider the Western Reserve to be part of the Northwest Territory until 1800, and thus, the federal government provided residents with no legal or military protection. Unlike the Ohio Company and Associates, which made provisions for education and religious institutions, the Connecticut Land Company was only concerned with selling its lands and left future development of the region up to its new inhabitants. By 1800, only about one thousand people lived in the Western Reserve. Because of its lack of success in selling its land, the Connecticut Land Company was dissolved in 1809. Much of the settlement of the region did not occur until after the War of 1812.
Settlers in the western part of the reserve faced struggles with Native Americans over ownership of the land. The westernmost part of the Fire Lands had been granted to Native Americans as part of the Treaty of Greeneville of 1795. As the population increased, Ohio Indians were forced from the region.
- Hatcher, Harlan. The Western Reserve: The Story of New Connecticut in Ohio. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1949.
- Howe, Henry. Historical Collections of Ohio in Two Volumes. Vol. II. Cincinnati, OH: C.J. Krehbiel & Co., Printers and Binders, 1902.
- Hurt, R. Douglas. The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, _PHONE_. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1996.
- Lupold, Harry F., and Gladys Haddad, eds. Ohio's Western Reserve: A Regional Reader. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1988.
- Carter, Clarence Edwin, ed. The Territorial Papers of the United States. Vol. I-III. New York, NY: AMS Press, 1973.
- Kirtland, Turhand. Diary of Turhand Kirtland from _PHONE_: While Surveying and Laying out the Western Reserve for the Connecticut Land Company. Poland, OH: n.p., 1903.
- Onuf, Peter S. Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.
- Whittlesey, Charles. Early History of Cleveland, Ohio, Including Papers and Other Matter Relating to the Adjacent Country, with Biographical Notices of the Pioneers and Surveyors. Cleveland, OH: Fairbanks, Benedict & Co., Printers, 1867.


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Treatment with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells is shown to be effective in controlling hypertension and reducing the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the placenta, in this preeclampsia rat model.
Reprod Sci. 2016 Feb 17. pii: 1933719116630417.
Effect of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in a Rat Model of Preeclampsia.
OBJECTIVE: To test the effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (HU-MSC) transplantation on reversing preeclampsia (PE) symptoms in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rat PE model.
METHODS: Human umbilical cord MSCs were detected, isolated, and cultured. Human umbilical cord MSC transplantation was conducted. Expressions of inflammatory cytokines in serum and placental tissue were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Changes in inflammatory cytokines, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), laminin receptor 1 (LR1), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2, and MMP-9 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in placental tissue were recorded by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were performed for PPARγ detection.
RESULTS: The LPS group exhibited increased blood pressure and proteinuria and decreased fetal weight compared to the normal pregnancy (NP) group (all P <.05). The LPS + MSC group presented lowered blood pressure and higher fetal weight than the LPS group (P <.05). The levels of interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) increased and the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 levels decreased in the LPS group compared to the NP group (all P <.05). Tumor necrosis factor α, IL-6, IL-12, and ICAM-1 levels decreased and IL-10 level increased in the LPS + MSC group compared to the LPS group (all P <.05). The LPS-MSC group showed lower mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-2, MMP-9, and ICAM-1 and higher mRNA expressions of IL-10, PPARγ, and LR1 than the LPS group (all P <.05).
CONCLUSION: In summary, HU-MSC transplantation may be extremely beneficial for PE therapy.
© The Author(s) 2016.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Education Technology
Algebra II: Properties of Parabolas
by Texas Instruments
Students interpret the equation for a parabola in vertex form and gain a visual understanding of a parabola's focal width.
Key Steps
 - Image
 In the first problem, students are introduced to the terms focus and directrix. Through a graphing investigation, students will see that the distance from a point of the parabola to the focus is the same as the distance from the same point to the directrix.
 - Image
 In the second problem, students will use the Cabri™ Jr. app to reaffirm their conclusion from the first problem and then see how the shape of the parabola changes as the focus is moved closer and farther away from the vertex. Students will also determine an equation for the parabola through use of the measurement tool.


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Past and present
The regata has always been extremely popular with both Venetians and visitors. The first historical record of the event dates back to the mid 13th century, when it was part of the "Festa delle Marie" celebrations. However, it is likely that regattas existed long before this, as Venice has always been a seafaring city and training reserves of oarsmen was a prime necessity. The first visual image of a regatta comes somewhat later, in the View of Venice drawn by Jacopo dé Barbari in around 1500. This map includes a detail of a group of boats with the word "regata" written at the side. From there onwards the regatta became a favourite subject with scene painters wishing to capture the festive spirit of the city. The etymology of the word is uncertain, but it probably derives from aurigare, a verb used in the 16th century as a synonym for racing, and since then the term has come to mean a boat race in all the main European languages. Originally regattas were either races between boatmen and gondoliers or regate grandi (organized for special religious or civic occasions).
In time, financing the regattas shifted from the Republic to private individuals, who were often foreign princes. In 1797, when the Republic officially ceased to exist, the regattas certainly did not, and in that same year, the city's democratic government announced two races for its citizens. The modern regata dates back to 1841, when the organizational expenses moved back from the private to the public sphere. In that year, the Municipality of Venice requested the Austrian authorities to proclaim an annual "boat race along the Grand Canal, organized by the local authorities to encourage gondoliers to uphold the honour of their famed skills". In 1866 when Venice became part of the Kingdom of Italy, the focus of the event changed, and instead of just a race, the regattas became a celebration of the glorious history of the Republic of Venice. Despite this, it was not until 1899, the year of the 3rd International Biennale Art Exhibition, that this was officially recognised by Count Filippo Grimani, Mayor of Venice, who coined the name, "Regata Storica".
The Venetian regata has always consisted of various races with different kinds of boat (originally these included galleys, peatoni, and barges, as well as lighter boats rowed by two or more oarsmen).
Today, the most popular race is the gondolini regatta. On the day of the "Regata Storica", St Mark's Bay and the Grand Canal are packed with boats of every shape and size, filled with loudly cheering, local supporters. Originally, to clear the course of the race and to keep order, the regatta was preceded by a fleet of bissone (typical parade boats), with noblemen standing in the bows, armed with bows and terracotta shot (balote), which they used to pelt any particularly unruly spectators.
Today, the bissone still head the procession, but they only have a ceremonial function.
The key points and stages in the regatta are the following:
- the spagheto (rope) marking the starting line in front of the Sant'Elena gardens;
- the paleto (turning post) driven into the middle of the Grand Canal in front of the Santa Lucia railway station, the point at which the winners traditionally take the lead;
- the machina, an elaborately carved, gaily coloured floating structure moored in front of Ca' Foscari, that constitutes both the finishing line and the stage where the cash prizes and pennants are presented.
The regatta pennants are the prize every Venetian rower dreams of: red for a winner, white (originally light blue) for second place, green for third and blue for fourth (originally yellow and depicting a pig, an animal traditionally renowned for its slow, sluggish nature).
The historical water pageant
The water parade commemorates the welcome given in 1489 to Caterina Cornaro, the wife of the King of Cyprus, who renounced her throne in favour of Venice. Scores of typically 16th century-style boats, with gondoliers in period costume carry the Doge, the Doge's wife and all the highest ranking Venetian officials up the Grand Canal in a brightly coloured parade. An unforgettable sight and a true reconstruction of the glorious past of one of the most powerful and influential Maritime Republics in the Mediterranean.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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US study questions fruit sugar role in hypertension
Mon, June 4 2012 16:24 | 2478 Views
Washington (ANTARA News/Reuters) - Sweet drinks have been linked to a lightly higher risk of developing high blood pressure, but a U.S. study finds that fruit sugar may not be the culprit as found in earlier research.
"We don't know what causes the increased risk in artificial or sugar-sweetened beverages."
Researchers followed more than 200,000 men and women for up to 38 years and found that regularly consuming sweetened drinks, either containing sugars or artificially sweetened, was associated with a rise of about 13 percent in the risk of developing high blood pressure.
Carbonated and cola drinks were most strongly linked to a risk for hypertension, but fruit sugar, or fructose, in drinks did not stand out as a driving factor, the group reported in the Journal of General Internal Medicine.
"We don't know what causes the increased risk in artificial or sugar-sweetened beverages," said Lisa Cohen, lead author of the study and a researcher at the University of Maryland Medical Center.
"It's hard to say that from the fructose itself you're increasing your hypertension risk."
New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg last week proposed a ban on large-size sugary sodas, the latest in a string of public health initiatives that include a campaign to cut salt in restaurant meals and packaged foods.
Earlier studies had implicated fructose as a factor related to a risk of high blood pressure, but Cohen noted that those have only taken a snapshot in time and could not determine which came first, the high blood pressure or taste for sweet drinks.
Cohen and her colleagues looked at data from three massive studies, including nearly 224,000 healthcare workers, whose diet and health were tracked for 16 to 38 years. No participants had diagnosed high blood pressure at the start of the study.
Over time, those who drank at least one sugar-sweetened beverage a day had a 13 percent increased risk of developing hypertension relative to those who only had a sweet drink once a month or less.
Similarly, people who drank at least one artificially-sweetened drink a day had a 14 percent increased risk of developing hypertension relative to those who had few or none.
To see if it was the fructose that was responsible, researchers also looked at people who had high levels of fructose in their diets from other sources, such as fruits.
Among people who consumed 15 percent of their calories from fructose sources other than drinks, the risk of developing hypertension was either lower or the same as people who ate very little fructose.
"You would think if fructose were the causative factor, then eating a lot of apples (for example) would also increase your risk of hypertension," Cohen told Reuters Health.
The "markedly" stronger link between carbonated sweet drinks and increased hypertension risk might be explained by the larger serving sizes associated with sodas, or some other unknown ingredient common to all of them, the researchers said - but further research is needed.
Editor: Priyambodo RH
COPYRIGHT © 2012


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Education and Kids
There are no better places that South Carolina State Parks for your kids to have fun and learn --- all at the same time. Our parks offer a wide variety of fun learning activities for kids of all ages.
Discover Carolina Program
The Discover Carolina Program transforms South Carolina State Parks and the South Carolina State House into living classrooms, providing educational opportunities that surpass the traditional learning experience. Each park in the program holds unique features that are indicative of South Carolina's natural and cultural heritage. Fusing statewide resources with state academic standards, Discover Carolina provides rare experiences in the form of fun learning activities for kids that reinforce classroom lessons. There are opportunities to discover nature at exceptionally scenic and wildlife rich state parks, and to discover history at profoundly interesting historic sites like Charles Towne Landing.
Jr. Ranger Program
The Jr. Ranger Program is an online program with activities and challenges that must be completed in a state park. Once participants complete certain activities and requirements they earn "ranger status", and then they move up in the ranks just like real park rangers do in the park service. Activities range from completing activity sheets to interviewing a ranger. Prizes and certificates are awarded for each level obtained.
Programs & Events for Kids
Many of our programs and events held in our state parks are fun learning activities for kids. Search through our program and event listings to find those that have been marked with the kid seal of approval!
The Boy Scouts of America and South Carolina State Parks have worked together and have enjoyed a very strong relationship since the early 20th century when scouts were formed and parks were developed. The new Scout Carolina Program formalizes this partnership and provides a way for the participating scouts to be recognized for their accomplishments. Follow the requirements and earn the Scout Carolina patch for your scout uniform today!


text: With the increasing demands for radio spectrum, techniques are being explored that would allow dynamic access of spectrum bands that are underutilized. In this regard, a new paradigm called dynamic spectrum access is being investigated where wireless service providers (WSPs) would dynamically seek more spectrum from the under-utilized licensed bands when and where they need without interfering with the primary users. Currently, there is little understanding on how such a dynamic allocation will operate so as to make the system feasible under economic terms. In this paper, we consider the dynamic spectrum allocation process where multiple WSPs (bidders) compete to acquire necessary spectrum band from a common pool of spectrum. We use auction theory to analyze the allocation process when the demand from WSPs exceeds the available spectrum. We investigate various auction mechanisms under different spectrum allocation constraints to find WSPs' bidding strategies and revenue generated by spectrum owner. We show that sequential bidding of bands provides better result than the concurrent bidding when WSPs are constrained to at most single unit allocation. On the other hand, when the bidders request for multiple units, (i.e., they are S. Sengupta · M. Chatterjee (B) School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA e-mail: _EMAIL_ S. Sengupta e-mail: _EMAIL_ not restricted by allocation constraints) synchronous auction mechanism proves to be beneficial than asynchronous auctions.


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The Berlin Zoo is celebrating the first birth of Rusty-Spotted Cats in its 168-year history. Rusty-Spotted Cats are the world's smallest wild cats, weighing only 2.0 to 3.5 lb (0.9 to 1.6 kg) as adults.
The two kittens were born on August 5, and have only recently begun to leave their den to explore their exhibit. Playful, clumsy, and a little awkward, the two female youngsters are a delight to zoo guests. At birth, kittens typically weigh just 2.0-2.7 ounces (60-77 g).
Native only to Sri Lanka and India, these diminuitive cats are classified as Vulnerable due to habitat loss and the conversion of wild lands to farms. Rusty-Spotted Cats prefer dense forests and grasslands, emerging at night to hunt for rodents, birds, and lizards.
Little is known about these secretive cats, and few zoos display this species, making these two kitttens especially important for the captive population.
Photo Credits: Berlin Zoo


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As a consequence of the Grenfell Tower fire, a building safety revolution is underway for construction and property professionals. This book analyses prior significant building fires and explains the new building safety regime including the Building Safety Act 2022 and the Building Safety Regulator. The aim is to provide an explanation of the Building Safety Regime. To that end, coverage includes:
- The Grenfell Tower fire: the Hackitt Review and Public Inquiry
- Remediation of existing buildings
- Legal Framework: the Fire Safety Act 2021 and Building Safety Act 2022
- Building Regulations: Part B Revisions and the Combustible Material Ban
- The Building Safety Regulator
- Guidance and Consultations
Change has arrived for construction and property professionals in the wake of the Grenfell Tower fire. This book is for readers who have responsibilities in the Built Environment or Real Estate to take the first steps towards implementation and compliance with the new regime.


6 Most Common Magic Mushroom | Psilocybe Species
The magic mushroom family has over 180 types but here are 6 most common species
Psilocybe is from a Greek word that means bare-headed due to the loose skin over its cap. These are mushrooms that look like the typical brown ones. There are over a hundred species of Psilocybe in the world, and most of them contain Psychedelic compounds like Psilocybin and Psilocin.
They are also commonly referred to as magic mushrooms because of the out-of-this-world experiences they deliver to a person taking them. These are the most common ones globally, with their distinctive characteristics, spore prints, and psychedelic trips
Liberty Cap Shrooms
Liberty Cap Mushroom
The Psilocybe Semilanceata are commonly known as Liberty caps because of their large conical bell-shaped cap and dainty slender stems. They are popular worldwide because of how potent they are, mostly found in wooded areas and grassy knolls.
Liberty caps are friendly mushrooms or social mushrooms because it causes a person to become emphatic. People on Liberty caps become chatty and feel joyful with bouts of uncontrollable laughter. They are not known to produce intense hallucinations, but they can direct a person to have deeper insights.
They grow in wood chips and fungi environments. They can be chewed on an empty stomach, although it does not have a pleasant taste. For more information, learn about where magic mushrooms grow.
Blue Ringer Mushroom
Blue Ringer mushroom The Blue Ringer mushroom is a Psilocybe Stuntuzii or Stuntz's blue legs, named after the person who made its discovery. They are the rare species that grow on the west coast of America and Canada.
The psychedelic mushroom has a bluing reaction when handled, so it was called blue legs or blue ringers. These species like to live in wood and prefer decaying debris and other wooden chips in grassy areas like lawns, paths, and gardens.
When it comes to being psychoactive, they have weak and moderate effects. Blue ringers also looks similar to a toxic kind of mushroom, and it is advised not to ingest anything without proper identification because it can be harmful.
Blue Foot Mushroom
Blue foot mushroom The Psilocybe caerulipes, or Blue Foot Mushroom, is a rare mushroom that grows in America. They are found in decaying hardwood logs near rivers. They can fruit in the same area for years, but it is not easy to find them frequently.
The best time for them to grow is during warm summers and after rainfalls. Their name is attributed to the blue hue at the foot of their stems. They induce a moderate trip, although they could potentially become intense, so it is essential to take the initial dose in small quantities first.
It is safe to start with a dosage of three grams before going for a more potent dose for a headier experience.
Psilocybe Mexicana
Psilocybe Mexicana The Psilocybe Mexicana is one of the psilocybe species that has been used for ceremonial purposes. They grow mostly in Central and South America and are also called teonanacatl.
They are a solitary species and grow in small groups with other mosses along roadsides, humid meadows, and grassy areas.
These mushrooms were consumed by indigenous people for their entheogenic effects and utilized in rituals to increase mood, consciousness, behavior, and other alterations.
Wavy Caps
Psilocybe Cyanescens The Psilocybe Cyanescens is called Wavy caps of its appearance. They can be traced to be used as far as the early Egyptian civilizations during religious ceremonies because of their psychoactive properties.
They can grow in various parts around the world and are also known to deliver potent psychedelic effects. The wave-like shape of its cap is the hallmark of this mushroom along with its color orange-brown hue.
However, it can turn into a tan-brown when dried out. The stems are covered by silvery fibers and turn blue-green when bruised or touched. This is also a mood enhancer and can ignite feelings of happiness and relaxation for anxiety in an anxious person.
Flying Saucer Mushroom
Psilocybe Azurescens The Psilocybe Azurescens or the Flying Saucer Mushroom is the most potent psilocybin mushroom because it has the highest concentration of psychoactive chemicals. They naturally grow in a small area on the west coast of the US.
The shape of its cap is similar to a UFO. They like cold weather and grow on hardwood chips and seagrass. Because of its concentration, they often produce intense hallucinations with only a single gram. The species is known to be very adaptive in different environments.
Which Shroom Catches your Interest?
Having a good knowledge of these different Psilocybe species can help with the identification of mushrooms around us. They can grow in various parts of the world and can have different appearances. This is important because there are species that are toxic and dangerous to people's health. These should be used mainly for recreational and spiritual purposes in moderation. Safety and precaution are always top priority.
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How to Understand Basic Finance Terms
Understand Basic Finance Terms
Mike Randall
By: Mike Randall
Updated: July 24, 2014
Even with the best of intentions, our credit and finances may still not be as good as they could be.
Often it is not actually our fault. Financial terms are sometimes difficult to understand for anyone who does not have a degree in banking.
This guide is intended to identify some basic finance terms and clearly define them in language we can all understand.
1. Account
Usually used to identify the relationship you have with a financial institution, creditor or service provider. It is how the institution can identify you, specifically among all of their customers.
2. Annual percentage rate (APR)
The interest charges we pay when we borrow money from a lender represented as an annual rate. The APR is usually spread out over our monthly payments.
3. Budget
This is what each of us should be doing to keep track of our money. Technically, it is a plan for how we will spend our money over a certain period of time. The goal of a budget is to allocate our income so our expenses are met, hopefully with money left over.
4. Credit
Having an agreement that allows you to borrow money from a lender means you have credit with them.
5. Credit bureau
There are three major credit bureaus that track our credit history and score through monitoring of our payment and financial history. This is also known as a credit reporting agency (CRA). The three credit bureaus are Equifax, Experian and TransUnion.
6. Credit score
A number, usually between 300 and 850, that represents our creditworthiness. (See also Fico score.)
7. Debt
Represents money owed. If you borrow money, the amount borrowed and any fees charged is your debt.
8. Default
When an account is not paid by the agreed-upon date, it is said to be delinquent. If it has been delinquent for too long, it goes into default. This is a seriously negative financial condition.
9. FICO score
This is the primary credit score used to measure our creditworthiness. It is a number between 300 and 850, with the larger numbers representing a better score. FICO originated from the Fair Isaac Company.
10. Finance charge
A finance charge represents the cost of borrowing money. Finance charges can include interest, fees and other upfront costs of borrowing.
11. Foreclosure
When a borrower is in default on a mortgage loan, the creditor can begin a legal process called foreclosure and may seize the property.
12. Grace period
An amount of time after a payment is due in which the creditor will accept payment without sending a negative report to the credit bureaus. This can vary and a grace period should not be expected.
"Many finance terms are
published by lending institutions."
13. Inquiry
An entry called an inquiry is made on your credit report each time a copy is requested by you or a creditor. This may affect your credit score.
14. Interest
This is the amount of money you pay to the lender for the ability to borrow money from them. It is usually spread out over the payment period. (See also APR.)
15. Joint account
An account that is shared by two or more people. Each person on the joint account is legally responsible for the debt.
16. Lender
A person, institution or entity that loans money or provides financing.
18. Loan
A contract agreed upon by both parties that defines terms and allows for money to be borrowed.
19. Mortgage
Defines the lending of money for the purposes of financing a home or other residence.
20. Payment
The amount delivered to the lender or service provider in return for the loan or services.
21. Revolving credit
A revolving credit account indicates an open line of credit, as in a credit card agreement. As money is borrowed and paid back, the credit line revolves around the credit limit.
22. Secured credit card
A credit card account that is opened using a form of capital – usually cash – to secure the use of the card to make purchases.
23. Subprime
A term for a borrower with less than good credit. Subprime loans are more costly in terms of interest and payment terms.
24. Unsecured debt
Money that is borrowed without collateral is unsecured debt. Most credit cards are this type of debt.
25. Variable rate
A type of loan in which the interest charges vary up or down based upon an index or ratio.
Many finance terms are published by banks, credit card companies and other lending institutions. The federal government also provides resources through various agencies for defining financial terms.
I recommend visiting the websites of any government agency that oversees consumer interests and commerce.
Photo source: google


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An appeal is when someone that loses at least part of a case asks a higher court (called an "Appellate Court") to review the decision. This is called "to appeal" or "to take an appeal." The person that appeals is called the "appellant." The other person is called the "appellee" or "respondent." Generally in an appeal, a higher court reviews the order or judgment of a lower court to see if there was enough evidence to support the judgment or whether errors of law were committed during or before trial, which prejudiced the appealing party.
- If the original decision was made by the Superior Court in an unlimited civil case, the appeal is to the Court of Appeals.
- If the decision being appealed from was in a limited civil case or concerned a misdemeanor or infraction, the appeal is to the Appellate Division of the Superior Court.
Most appeals are limited to a review of the record from the lower court. Parties cannot introduce new evidence, but are limited to what was said and introduced at the original trial. The appellate court reviews the lower courtís application of the law to the facts as presented at the trial.
In some cases, however, such as an appeal from a small claims court, the appellate court conducts what is called a "trial de novo," meaning a "trial from the beginning." In those cases, the reviewing court is not bound by the decision of the small claims judge, and new evidence can be presented.
The procedures that apply to appeals are found in California Rules of Court, which may be accessed clicking here. The rules beginning at C.R.C. Rule 8.820 govern appeals to the Appellate Division of Superior Court from limited civil cases. The rules beginning at CRC Rule 8.950 cover appeals from small claims cases. And the rules beginning at CRC Rule 8.850 cover appeals from misdemeanor cases. And the rules beginning at CRC 8.900 cover appeals from infraction cases.
Substantive matters relating to appeals from limited civil courts, misdemeanor, and infraction cases are still governed by statute. These include:
- Which judgments and orders are appealable (CCP ß904.2 lists what judgments and orders are appealable in limited civil cases, and Penal Code ß1466 lists the judgments and orders appealable in misdemeanor and infraction cases); infra, ß29).
- Scope of review (see e.g. CCP ß906)
- Fact-finding powers of reviewing court (see CCP ß909).
Information on this page tells you about:
Appointment of Counsel
Misdemeanor / Infraction Cases
Limited Civil Cases
Abandonment or Dismissal
In appeals to the Superior Court Appellate Division, a "Notice of Appeal" must generally be filed with clerk of the trial court (i.e. the court where the judgment or order was issued) within 30 days from when the order was made or the judgment rendered. See CRC Rule 8.823 (civil) and 8.853 (criminal); CCP 116.750 (small claims). (In civil cases, Rule 8.823 requires that a notice of appeal be filed either 30 days from when the "notice of entry" of the judgment or order is mailed, or 90 days after entry of the judgment or order, whichever is earliest.)
These time limits are "jurisdictional," meaning that the court has no power to allow additional time for filing the notice of appeal.
The Judicial Council has forms that can be used for filing a Notice of Appeal from a small claims case (SC-140), a traffic/infraction case (CR-142), and a misdemeanor criminal case (CR-132). For appeals from limited civil cases (APP-102).
CRC Rule 8.810 and Rule 8.812 authorizes the appellate court to extend the time or relieve a party from default in relation to many of the things required for prosecuting an appeal, but these rules do not allow the court to extend the time for filing a notice of appeal.
Appointment of Counsel
Pursuant to CRC 8.851, any defendant who is convicted of a misdemeanor and subject to incarceration or a fine of more than $500, or who is "likely to suffer significant adverse collateral consequences as a result of the conviction," can apply for appointment of counsel on appeal. Rule 8.851. If such defendant is eligible for a fee waiver [see Judicial Council form 982(a)(17)(A) for information on fee waivers], the Appellate Division "shall" appoint counsel.
Misdemeanor / Infraction Cases
The "Record on Appeal" in a misdemeanor case consists of those items listed in Rule 8.861. In an infraction case, the record on appeal consists of items listed in Rule 8.912.
(Where the appellant wishes to use a statement on appeal in lieu of a reporter's transcript or electronic recording Rule 8.869, he or she must prepare, serve and file a "Proposed Statement" within 20 days after filing the notice regarding the record of oral proceedings).
This statement, described in Rule 8.869 (misdemeanor), 8.916 (infractions), 8.837 (limited civil) includes the following:
- The grounds for the appeal (i.e. a statement of the legal errors the appellant believes were made by the court)
- A statement that the appellant intends to request an official transcript of the trial or proceeding being appealed from, or statement summarizing the evidence or trial proceedings relevant to each ground for the appeal. If the trial was recorded, the appellant can obtain a copy of the recording and produce his or her own summary or transcript. If a court reporter was present, the appellant can request that the reporter make a transcript of the trial or other proceedings being appealed from.
See Judicial Council forms CR-135 (misdemeanor) or CR-143 (infraction) that can be used for this Proposed Statement in misdemeanor or infraction cases.
The Prosecuting Attorney / Agency has the right to filed proposed amendments to the appellantís Proposed Statement on Appeal, and the trial judge can correct, change or re-write the statement so it fairly describes the evidence and proceedings in the trial court.
ATTORNEY's ONLY: If you wish to be on the panel of attorneys appointed to represent defendants in appellate cases please submit the following application to:
Fresno Superior Court
1130 O Street
Fresno, Ca 93721-2220
Limited Civil Cases
Within 10 days of filing the notice of the appeal, the appellant must tell the trial court clerk in writing what documents and oral proceedings (if any) to include in the record that will be sent to the Appellate Division. (See Judicial Council form APP-103)
The "Clerkís Transcript" is a compilation of the documents filed in the lower court. The notice filed by the appellant within 10 days of filing the notice of appeal designates which records from the trial court file he or she wants submitted to the Appellate Division. If no specific documents are designated, the clerk of the trial court will prepare the records described in CRC Rule 8.831. Pursuant to Local Rule 4.2.3 A, the court has elected to use the original trial court documents as the record in lieu of a clerk's transcript. A "Reporterís Transcript" is a verbatim record of the oral proceedings in the court. A reporterís transcript is not required for an appeal (since a "statement on appeal" can be used where the proceedings were not recorded by a court reporter or can be effectively summarized without a verbatim transcript), but is often requested. Where the appellant wants to appeal an issue that requires consideration of the oral proceedings (including jury instructions given or refused) he or she must include as part of the designation of records a notice to prepare a reporterís transcript of the oral proceedings. See Rule 8.834. Pursuant to Local Rule 4.2.3 B, the original of an official electronic recording of the trial court proceedings, or a copy made by the court, may be transmitted as the record of these oral proceedings without being transcribed.
This notice must identify the date of each proceeding to be included in the transcript. The trial court clerk transmits this notice to the court reporter(s) that was present at the designated proceeding(s), and the court reporter notifies the appellant of the estimated cost of preparing the reporterís transcript. Within 10 days after notification by the reporter of the cost of the transcript, the appellant must deposit that amount with the clerk.
If the appellant chooses not to request a reporter's transcript and to instead proceed with an "agreed" or "proposed" statement summarizing the evidence or proceedings on which the appeal is based, he or she can proceed as described in Rules 8.836 or 8.837.
Once the record of the trial courtís proceedings has been prepared, the trial court clerk forwards that record to the Clerk of the Appellate Division for processing. The Appellate Clerk will notify the parties of the briefing schedule (i.e. the dates by which the appellantís opening brief, the respondentís brief, and the appellantís reply brief, are due). Generally Rule 8.882 gives a party appealing to the Superior Court Appellate Division 30 days from when the record on appeal is transmitted to the Appellate Division in which to file an opening brief.
Per Rule 8.883, the opening brief must concisely describe the law and facts relied on by the appellant in claiming that the trial court erred in making the judgment or order being appealed from. As noted above, function of an appellate court is to review errors of law, not to make factual determin


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Metastability in electronics is the ability of a digital electronics system to persist for an unbounded time in an unstable equilibrium or metastable state.In digital logic circuits, a digital signal is required to be within certain voltage or current limits to represent a '0' or '1' logic level for correct circuit operation; if the signal is within a forbidden intermediate range it may cause faulty behavior in logic gates the signal is applied to. In metastable states, the circuit may be unable to settle into a stable '0' or '1' logic level within the time required for proper circuit operation. As a result, the circuit can act in unpredictable ways, and may lead to a system failure, sometimes referred to as a "glitch". Metastability is an instance of the Buridan's ass paradox.
Metastable states are inherent features of asynchronous digital systems, and of systems with more than one independent clock domain. In self-timed asynchronous systems, arbiters are designed to allow the system to proceed only after the metastability has resolved, so the metastability is a normal condition, not an error condition.In synchronous systems with asynchronous inputs, synchronizers are designed to make the probability of a synchronization failure acceptably small. Metastable states are avoidable in fully synchronous systems when the input setup and hold time requirements on flip-flops are satisfied.
A simple example of metastability can be found in an SR NOR latch, when both Set and Reset inputs are true (R=1 and S=1) and then both transition to false (R=0 and S=0) at about the same time. Both outputs Q and Q are initially held at 0 by the simultaneous Set and Reset inputs. After both Set and Reset inputs change to false, the flip-flop will (eventually) end up in one of two stable states, one of Q and Q true and the other false. The final state will depend on which of R or S returns to zero first, chronologically, but if both transition at about the same time, the resulting metastability, with intermediate or oscillatory output levels, can take arbitrarily long to resolve to a stable state.
In electronics, an arbiter is a circuit designed to determine which of several signals arrive first. Arbiters are used in asynchronous circuits to order computational activities for shared resources to prevent concurrent incorrect operations. Arbiters are used on the inputs of fully synchronous systems, and also between clock domains, as synchronizers for input signals. Although they can minimize the occurrence of metastability to very low probabilities, all arbiters nevertheless have metastable states, which are unavoidable at the boundaries of regions of the input state space resulting in different outputs.
Synchronous circuit design techniques make digital circuits that are resistant to the failure modes that can be caused by metastability. A clock domain is defined as a group of flip-flops with a common clock. Such architectures can form a circuit guaranteed free of metastability (below a certain maximum clock frequency, above which first metastability, then outright failure occur), assuming a low-skew common clock. However, even then, if the system has a dependence on any continuous inputs then these are likely to be vulnerable to metastable states.
When synchronous design techniques are used, protection against metastable events causing systems failures need only be provided when transferring data between different clock domains or from an unclocked region into the synchronous system. This protection can often take the form of a series of delay flip-flops which delay the data stream long enough for metastability failures to occur at a negligible rate.
Although metastability is well understood and architectural techniques to control it are known, it persists as a failure mode in equipment.
Serious computer and digital hardware bugs caused by metastability have a fascinating social history. Many engineers have refused to believe that a bistable device can enter into a state that is neither true nor false and has a positive probability that it will remain indefinite for any given period of time, albeit with exponentially decreasing probability over time.However, metastability is an inevitable result of any attempt to map a continuous domain to a discrete one. At the boundaries in the continuous domain between regions which map to different discrete outputs, points arbitrarily close together in the continuous domain map to different outputs, making a decision as to which output to select a difficult and potentially lengthy process. If the inputs to an arbiter or flip-flop arrive almost simultaneously, the circuit most likely will traverse a point of metastability. Metastability remains poorly understood in some circles, and various engineers have proposed their own circuits said to solve or filter out the metastability; typically these circuits simply shift the occurrence of metastability from one place to another. Chips using multiple clock sources are often tested with tester clocks that have fixed phase relationships, not the independent clocks drifting past each other that will be experienced during operation. This usually explicitly prevents the metastable failure mode that will occur in the field from being seen or reported. Proper testing for metastability often employs clocks of slightly different frequencies and ensuring correct circuit operation.
In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock. The most common type is a sequential digital logic circuit with an input line called the clock and multiple output lines. The values on the output lines represent a number in the binary or BCD number system. Each pulse applied to the clock input increments or decrements the number in the counter.
Digital electronics, digital technology or digital (electronic) circuits are electronics that operate on digital signals. In contrast, analog circuits manipulate analog signals whose performance is more subject to manufacturing tolerance, signal attenuation and noise. Digital techniques are helpful because it is much easier to get an electronic device to switch into one of a number of known states than to accurately reproduce a continuous range of values.
In digital circuit theory, sequential logic is a type of logic circuit whose output depends not only on the present value of its input signals but on the sequence of past inputs, the input history as well. This is in contrast to combinational logic, whose output is a function of only the present input. That is, sequential logic has state (memory) while combinational logic does not.
In electronics and especially synchronous digital circuits, a clock signal is a particular type of signal that oscillates between a high and a low state and is used like a metronome to coordinate actions of digital circuits.
In digital circuits, a runt pulse is a narrow pulse that, due to non-zero rise and fall times of the signal, does not reach a valid high or low level. A runt pulse may occur when switching between asynchronous clocks; or as the result of a race condition in which a signal takes two separate paths through a circuit, which may have different delays, and is then recombined to form a glitch; or when the output of a flip-flop becomes metastable.
Buridan's ass is an illustration of a paradox in philosophy in the conception of free will. It refers to a hypothetical situation wherein a donkey that is equally hungry and thirsty is placed precisely midway between a stack of hay and a pail of water. Since the paradox assumes the ass will always go to whichever is closer, it dies of both hunger and thirst since it cannot make any rational decision between the hay and water. A common variant of the paradox substitutes two identical piles of hay for the hay and water; the ass, unable to choose between the two, dies of hunger.
Source-Synchronous clocking refers to a technique used for timing symbols on a digital interface. Specifically, it refers to the technique of having the transmitting device send a clock signal along with the data signals. The timing of the unidirectional data signals is referenced to the clock sourced by the same device that generates those signals, and not to a global clock. Compared to other digital clocking topologies like system-synchronous clocks, where a global clock source is fed to all devices in the system, a source-synchronous clock topology can attain far higher speeds.
The term synchronizer may refer to:
A synchronous circuit is a digital circuit in which the changes in the state of memory elements are synchronized by a clock signal. In a sequential digital logic circuit, data is stored in memory devices called flip-flops or latches. The output of a flip-flop is constant until a pulse is applied to its "clock" input, upon which the input of the flip-flop is latched into its output. In a synchronous logic circuit, an electronic oscillator called the clock generates a string of pulses, the "clock signal". This clock signal is applied to every storage element, so in an ideal synchronous circuit, every change in the logical levels of its storage components is simultaneous. Ideally, the input to each storage element has reached its final value before the next clock occurs, so the behaviour of the whole circuit can be predicted exactly. Practically, some delay is required for each logical operation, resulting in a maximum speed at which each synchronous system can run.
An asynchronous circuit, or self-timed circuit, is a sequential digital logic circuit which is not governed by a clock circuit or global clock signal. Instead it often uses signals that indicate completion of instructions and operations, specified by simple data transfer protocols. This type of circuit is contrasted with synchronous circuits, in which changes to the signal values in the circuit are triggered by repetitive pulses called a clock signal. Most digital devices today use synchronous circuits. However asynchronous circuits have the potential to be faster, and may also have advantages in lower power consumption, lower electromagnetic interference, and better modularity in large systems. Asynchronous circuits are an active area of research in digital logic design.
The Muller C-element is a small digital block widely used in design of asynchronous circuits and systems. It has been specified formally in 1955 by David E. Muller and first used in ILLIAC II computer


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Dr. Hodge's research employs a critical race theoretical approach to identity, culture, and language. In particular, she is concerned with how systems of oppression and marginalization inform the identities, discursive practices, and experiences of African Americans. To advance theoretically robust and culturally grounded knowledge about African American life and language worlds, her research agenda is guided by the following questions: How can communication concepts and theories (i.e., discourse analysis) further illuminate African American culture, experiences, and struggle; and, how can African American Studies theories inform the ways we interpret and examine communication? Importantly, she explores how Communication and African American Studies can be bridged to examine how systems of oppression impact marginalized groups and are discursively reproduced, maintained and resisted.
critical race discourse analysis, critical race theory, critical hip hop studies, anti-black racism, African American Studies, double consciousness, Black masculinity, intercultural communication
COMM 2400 - Discourse, Culture and Identities
Considers how communication is central to constructing who people are and examines social controversies related to talk and identities. Students learn to analyze and understand discourse, defined as everyday talk and conversation, through the practice of discourse analysis.
COMM 3000 - Issues in Communication
Fall 2020 / Spring 2021
Explores select issues in communication. May be repeated up to 6 total credit hours on different issues. Recommended prerequisites: COMM 1210 and COMM 1600.
COMM 3410 - Intercultural Communication
Spring 2018 / Fall 2018 / Spring 2019 / Summer 2019 / Fall 2019 / Spring 2020 / Summer 2020
Explores complex relationships between culture and communication processes from various conceptual perspectives. Considers the important role of context (e.g., social, historical, and cultural) in intercultural interactions. Recommended Prerequisites: COMM 1210 and COMM 1600.


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New Curriculum Educates Youth on Value-added Agriculture Opportunities for Rural Development
AMES, Iowa — The Agricultural Marketing Resource Center (AgMRC) offers a new, free curriculum to educate youth on opportunities for rural development through value-added agriculture. The curriculum, located on the AgMRC website, _URL_, provides instructors with full lesson plans on agritourism, aquaculture, livestock, biomass and renewable energy. Information for the curriculum is drawn directly from the website.
AgMRC, located at Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, is an electronic, national resource for producers interested in value-added agriculture. Users of the website can browse commodities and products, investigate market and industry trends, study business creation and operation, read research results and locate value-added resources.
"Our goal is to continue to promote and advance opportunities within value-added agriculture," said Ray Hansen, director of AgMRC. "Educating the future of agriculture on value-added opportunities is crucial to the continued economic development we see happening in rural America."
Vocational agriculture instructors can utilize lesson plans to engage students in a natural versus organic debate, the creation of posters, interviews of value-added businesses within their community and a case study analysis of their own value-added ag enterprise.
Additional curriculum materials will be added throughout the fall of 2012. The full curriculum is available at _URL_
Counties Main Menu
- County Home
- About Us
- 4-H & Youth
- Agriculture & Environment
- Business & Community
- Families & Healthy Living


Configure your Belkin N150 router for BSNL broadband
 3. Here select "PPPoE" and click on Next.
 6. For "Encapsulation" field choose "LLC".
 7. Leave all other fileds to their default values.
Calculate Root of Any Whole Number in Java
The following Java program can find any root of a whole number. The logic is simple. Start by guessing some number and check if that is the correct value. If that overshoots then subtract some from the guess number else add to it. We add or subtract some fixed constant. If that constant is too big then we divide that constant by 10 to get a finer number.
public class CubeRoot {
 public static void main(String[] args) {
 System.out.println(String.format("%.2f", cubeRoot(0, 2)));
 System.out.println(String.format("%.0f", cubeRoot(8, 0)));
 System.out.println(String.format("%.4f", cubeRoot(10, 4)));
 System.out.println(String.format("%.4f", root(10, 2, 4))); // Square Root
 System.out.println(String.format("%.4f", root(100, 5, 4))); // 5th Root
 private static double cubeRoot(int n, int precision) {
 return root(n, 3, precision);
 private static double root(int n, int root, int precision) {
 double x = n / 5.0; // 5 is better than 4 since this will have bigger
 // step. 3 is very bad choice since there are some
 // no.s which will never have rational output when
 // divided by 3, e.g. 5.
 double powX;
 double d = 10;
 double lastX = 0;
 double lastLastX = 0;
 do {
 powX = Math.pow(x, root);
 if (matches(powX, n, precision))
 return x;
 else {
 if (matches(lastLastX, x, precision)) {
 // If the lastLast x value is same as current then we are
 // trapped in a loop, since the current d is not small
 // enough. We need to now step at finer precisions.
 d /= 10;
 if (matches(d, 0, precision + 1)) {
 return x;
 lastLastX = lastX;
 lastX = x;
 if (n < powX) {
 x -= d;
 } else {
 x += d;
 // System.out.println("(x=" + x + ", d=" + d + ")");
 } while (true);
 private static boolean matches(double a, double b, int precession) {
 return ((int) (a * (long) Math.pow(10, precession)))
 - ((int) (b * (long) Math.pow(10, precession))) == 0;
Google really finally allows India to sell Android apps
Supported locations for merchants – Google Play for Developers Help.
Django-Select2 version 3.1.1 released
Just released Django-Select2's version 3.1.1.
The key changes are:-


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Note from the author: I just wanted to say thanks to everyone for supporting my guide. As of writing this, I have had over 1000 views on this topic, which is outstanding to me! Keep an eye out for lots more updates soon!
ContentsChapter 1: IntroductionChapter 2: Styles of PlayChapter 3: Yo-YosChapter 4: Strings and BearingsChapter 5: Yo-Yo MaintenanceChapter 6: Yo-Yo ContestsChapter 7: Yo-Yo Trick ListChapter 8: YoYoExpertChapter 9: External LinksChapter 10: FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)Chapter 11: ConclusionChapter 1: Introduction
What is yo-yoing? When you mention a yo-yo, you might start to think of distant childhood memories of throwing (or trying to) a yo-yo, or your father showing you what toys were like when he was a kid. Here at YoYoExpert, we believe that yo-yoing is more than that. To us, it is a sport or a skill which we have developed in order to "Make the Simple Amazing", as André would say. This guide is here to help you along your yo-yo journey.
Let's begin!Chapter 2: Styles of Play
With yo-yoing, there are several styles of play. At contests, there are six (excluding the combined division) main styles of play. However, there are many other styles.
Here is a quick description of them:Main Styles1A
- String tricks with a single yo-yo. The yo-yo tends to be unresponsive (at advanced levels of play) to allow complicated string tricks to be performed. Single A is what most people think of when you talk about yo-yoing. This style is also almost always the first style yo-yoers learn due to it being the most well known and the easiest to start. 2a
- A style based on the use of two looping yo-yos, one in each hand. High-level AA play consists of various series of continuous regenerations, such as loops, hops, moons, punches, stalls, etc. Also performed are hundreds of different forms of around-the-worlds and other circular motions with the yo-yo. While combining loops and continuous circles, wraps can be done. Another growing part of AA (also possible in AAA) is based on the tangler trick, where the strings of the yo-yo cross, spin around the "knot", and are then uncrossed. Generally the yo-yos used for AA are based on either a modified or a classic shape. Those yo-yos used among popular players consist of the Yomega Raider and Fireball (usually modified), the YoYoJam Sunset Trajectory,the Duncan Speed Beetle,the Team Losi Da Bomb, the Duncan Ballistic and the Relic, as well as many others from various other companies.
- String (aka Long Spin) tricks with two yo-yos. Popularized and pioneered by Mark McBride, the first modern Triple A trick appeared in Fiend Magazine and was called Velvet Rolls. The different mounts are referred to as houses (e.g. "Kink House"). Photos from as early as the late 1950's show early yo-yo demonstrators performing very basic Triple A tricks, such as a Sleeper with one hand, and a Trapeze with the other. While Triple A as a concept has existed for many years, it was not until the release of Velvet Rolls that development began on what is currently considered Triple A. 4a
- Offstring yo-yoing is a yo-yo style where the string is tied to the finger but not to the yo-yo. Single A yo-yos are often used, as well as dedicated offstring yo-yos. Offstring yo-yo tend to be butterfly shaped and very wide so landing the yo-yo on the string after the throw is as easy as possible. 5a
- Where a weight (typically a casino die or small ball) is attached to the end of the yo-yo string that would otherwise be attached to the finger. The yo-yo itself is attached to the string in the normal manner. Developed in 1999 by Steve Brown, freehand is considered to be the fastest-growing style of yo-yo play, as well as one of the most exciting to watch, due mainly to the wide diversity of styles from one 5A player to the next. For more yo-yoing styles, please visit: _URL_ 3: Yo-Yos
Well, before you began, you are going to need a yo-yo. Once you choose what style of play you want to learn, it is time to get a yo-yo!If you want to learn:1a
, I suggest either a Journey (_URL_
), a Velocity (_URL_
), or a Kickside (_URL_
, I suggest two Sunset Trajectories (_URL_
) or two Loop 720s (_URL_
, I suggest two SpeedMakers (_URL_
, I suggest an Aquarius (_URL_
) or a Hayabusa (_URL_
, I suggest a Lyn Fury (_URL_
) or a Freehand Zero (_URL_
).Chapter 4: Strings and Bearings
Once you get a yo-yo, you are going to need some string and maybe a different bearing besides the stock bearing that comes with your yo-yo. There are three main types of string. 100% Cotton, 50/50 Polyester/Cotton, and 100% Polyester string. Pure cotton string is not very common, since is tangles quickly and is not very durable/strong. It is best left for the yo-yos that little kids play with. Next is 50/50 string. 50/50 is great for the beginner yo-yoer. It is strong and durable, yet still has half cotton. 50/50 is the preferred string for looping and off-string. Last is pure polyester. Most pros favor this type of string because of its strength while not getting tangled as quickly as the other types. If you are interested in yo-yo string, please visit the following link: _URL_
There are also several types of bearings. The main bearings are stock bearings (bearings that come with your yo-yo) which are great once you break them in and KonKave bearings which are great for making a yo-yo unresponsive. Stock bearings differ from yo-yo brands, so it is hard to talk about them when they differ. YoYoFactory and YoYoJam have excellent stock bearings. KonKave bearings literally are concave bearings, so they look kinda like this: ) ( This causes the string to stay in the middle of the bearing away from the response.Chapter 5: Yo-Yo Maintenance
There are several important factors that keep your yo-yo spinning, so you will need to keep good care of your yo-yo. Instead of me explaining this all, I'll let the yo-yo master, André Boulay, do the talking. See below for the videos.
Cleaning a Yo-Yo Bearing: _URL_
Lubing Yo-Yos: _URL_
Using Spacers: _URL_
Fix Loose Axles: _URL_ 6: Yo-Yo Contests
As I mentioned before, there are six main styles of play. 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a, and AP, or Artistic Performance, where the yo-yoer incorporates dance moves with yo-yoing.
For a list of upcoming yo-yo contests, please visit this link: _URL_ Chapter 7: Yo-Yo Trick List
A simple yet large list of yo-yo tricks and videos on how to do them. The Growing Trick List Project.http://yoyoexpert.com/forums/index.php/topic,763.0.htmlChapter 8: YoYoExpert
New to YoYoExpert? My good friend, Steven, wrote a topic for the guests and new users of our site. This is a guide of what we do around here for the guests.
Guest's: If any guests are reading this, thanks for looking at YoYoExpert. If you really like the site, come and join the fun! This is an awesome site. I'm going to tell you what we do around here!
Thursday: We have a Chat Night once a month on Thursday night. I think it's 8:00pm to 9:00pm Eastern time. André Boulay, the yo-yo pro, and site creator, asks us questions in the chat room. You can go to the chat room by scrolling up and


With its Global Militarization Index (GMI), BICC is able to objectively depict worldwide militarization for the first time. The GMI compares, for example, a country's military expenditure with its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and its health expenditure.
It contrasts the total number of military and paramilitary forces in a country with the number of physicians. Finally, it studies the number of heavy weapons available to a country's armed forces. These and other indicators are used to determine a country's ranking, which in turn makes it possible to measure the respective level of militarization in comparison to other countries.
Select index:
Military Expenditure Index
Military Personal Index
Heavy Weapons Index
The GMI includes historical as well as current data, starting in the 1990s up to 2014, the most recent year for which data has been available.
GMI Categories and method
The GMI is divided into three overarching categories: expenditure, personnel and heavy weapons.
Military spending in relation to GDP and health spending are the most important indicators for determining the level of militarization. Financial resources which are made available via the military budget by a government are an important factor which affects capacities and size of a state's armed forces. The other indicator the GMI uses is the comparison between the total military budget and government spending on health services.
Figures for military expenditure are compiled from the data base of the Stockholm Peace Research Institute SIPRI. Even though SIPRI may currently be regarded as the most reliable source, data on military expenditure has to be treated with extreme caution. For many countries, especially in the developing world and autocratic states, the figures are but rough estimates. In cases where SIPRI does not provide any up-to-date information, we adopted the latest available figures provided they were no older than three years.
Data on gross domestic product was taken from the International Monetary Fund. Data on health expenditure used have been extracted from the data base of the World Health Organization.
Besides military expenditure, the level of militarization is also represented by the relation of military personnel to the total population and physicians. The first and most important indicator in this category is the active (para)military personnel to the total population. Paramilitary personnel were included here, since in many countries the regular military alone does not adequately reflect the total size of the armed forces. The main criterion for coding an organizational entity as either military or paramilitary is that the forces in question are under the direct control of the government in addition to being armed, uniformed and garrisoned.
For a comprehensive presentation of the available personnel and an adequate representation of the relative level of militarization, a second indicator in this category takes into account the percentage of reserve forces in the total population. This factor is relevant for some countries, such as Switzerland that have a comparably small standing army but a more substantial amount of available reserves within society. The third indicator compares the total amount of military and paramilitary forces with the number of physicians in a country in order to express the relation between military and non-military expertise in a society.
All data on military personnel was compiled from the Military Balance, the yearbook published by the Institute for Strategic and International Studies (IISS). Population size figures were taken from the Vital Statistics Report of the United Nations; data on the number of physicians from the World Health Organization.
Finally, to determine the level of militarization of a country, which does not only consist of resources and personnel, specific types of heavy weapons have to be taken into account. This is why the GMI, as its third category takes into consideration the number of an armed forces' heavy weapons in relation to the total population. Heavy weapons are defined here as any piece of military equipment which fits into either one of four categories: armored vehicles (armored personnel carriers, light tanks, main battle tanks), artillery (multiple rocket launchers, self-propelled artillery, towed artillery) above 100mm caliber, combat aircraft (attack helicopters, fixed-wing fighter aircraft), and major fighting ships (submarines, major surface combatants above corvette size). Data on weapons holdings was collected by BICC from different sources, mainly the Military Balance from ISS. Data on small arms and light weapons (SALW) is not only extremely difficult to obtain but also unreliable and was thus not included in the GMI.
The Method of the GMI
In order to increase the compatibility between different indicators and preventing extreme values from crating distortions when normalizing data, in a first step every indicator was represented in a logarithm with the factor 10. Second, all data was normalized using the formula x=(y-min)/(max-min), with min and max representing, respectively, the lowest and the highest value of the logarithm. In a third step, every indicator was weighted in accordance to a subjective factor, reflecting the relative importance attributed to it by BICC researchers. In order to calculate the final score, the weighted indicators were added together and then normalized one last time on a scale ranging from 0 to 1,000. For better comparison of individual years, all years were finally normalized.
CategoryIndicatorGMI weighing factor
Expenditures Military expenditures as percentage of GDP 5
Military expenditures in relation to health spending 3
Personnel Military and paramilitary personnel in relation to population 4
Military reservers in relation to population 2
Military and paramilitary personnel in relation to physicians 2
Weapons Heavy weapons in relation to population 4
The initial results of the GMI show clear regional differences. The Middle East is probably the most highly militarized region in the world. Five of the ten countries with the world's highest level of militarization are to be found there. This indicates the outstanding position of the military apparatus compared with the rest of society.
In many countries, excessive militarization hinders the necessary structural change of the economic and social framework conditions and enforces development deficits in its industry and agriculture. On the other hand, a low degree of militarization can also be problematic and thus hinder development as it can point to fundamental deficits in the security sector. A weak or not functioning security sector cannot prevent violence and conflicts which negatively affect the population and its development as it cannot successfully enforce and uphold a monopoly of violence. One result is often fragile and weak states in which economic growth and development cannot prosper.
These examples illustrate the dilemma of the debate. The GMI is attempting to dispel the wide assumption that a high level of militarization is bad and a low level per se good, and to contribute to a new approach on studying militarization. An assessment of the situation requires the specific consideration and analysis of individual countries and regions—and the GMI is the right tool for evaluating the development orientation of states as well as regional developments.


Five Scientific Reasons Why Women Difficult Lose Weight
To Diet – Five Scientific Reasons Why Women Difficult Lose Weight. Women often find it difficult to lose weight than men. Apparently, it is not just a feeling. There are scientific factors that cause women to be more difficult to lose weight than men.
1. Women have more fat than muscle
Muscle tissue is more active than fat tissue. Calories are stored in the muscles burn more easily. Compared to men, the amount of body fat in women nearly doubled. As an expectant mother, it is important fats are needed to help during pregnancy and lactation.
2. Fat distribution
Fat distribution in women and men are different. Women have more fat in the lower body. Meanwhile, men accumulate fat in the upper body. There are differences in the nature of fat hanging from its pretty basic in the body. Upper fat burns faster than lower body fat.
3. Women generally have a smaller body than men
Larger body size makes him easier to lose body heat. Loss of body heat can increase metabolism. Thus, it is easy to lose weight.
4. Hormones body
Naturally, the male hormone helps you lose weight. Testosterone and growth hormone can increase metabolic rate. The hormone can increase muscle mass. Since men produce more testosterone than women, they tend to burn more fat than women.
During pregnancy and the menstrual cycle, the fat cells in a woman's body to maintain the amount of water due to hormonal changes. The existence of water content in the fat can make the fat cells enlarge. As a result, the water causes the metabolism of fat into hard done by women.
The hormone progesterone is produced by the female also triggers hunger. Not only that, progesterone makes her feel sleepy and less exercise. Thus, it is the trigger weight gain.
5. Factors pregnancy
Fat cells multiply and develop during pregnancy. After pregnancy, the fat cells are still present in the body. Each time the body of excessive eating, fat cells will be more spacious and make you gain weight.
Five Scientific Reasons Why Women Difficult Lose Weight | doctor | 4.5


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The fourth BTC halving was scheduled to take place in 2024 but according to many resources, the chances are that it can take place sooner i.e. maybe at the end of 2023. Before getting deep into it let's just dive into what halving actually is.
All you need to know about fourth BTC Halving:
Bitcoin halving is an occasion where the compensation for mining new BTC blocks is halved. Because of the halving, miners get half less BTC for authenticating the transactions. This event of halving happens after every four years or technically speaking, after every 210,000 blocks. In simple words, through the halving process, Bitcoin makes a fake inflation that decreases by half by every four years till it is issued and being used.
How does halving works:
Bitcoin halving works on account of its network's fundamental blockchain technology software which directs the rate at which new Bitcoins are made. The software requires PCs in the blockchain network to contend to verify exchanges known as Bitcoin mining. Bitcoin miners are rewarded by the mining with a few new Bitcoins when they can demonstrate that the exchanges that have been chosen by them are valid. These transactions are confirmed in bunches known as blocks, and the blockchain network is coded to halve the reward received by miners after every 210,000 blocks.
Why is it important?
Well, a lot of you might be thinking that why the halving takes places after every 4 years or so and what the purpose is. The reason behind it is that through Bitcoin halving the quantity of new Bitcoins made each block reduces which decreases the quantity of new Bitcoins accessible and raises the price of getting one.
And, as you all may already know that a constant demand and decreased supply can simply result in a higher cost. Because of the fact that it restricts the supply of new Bitcoins while keeping a steady demand, halving results in Bitcoin's most prominent surges.
The Next BTC Halving…
The fourth BTC halving, which was at first planned to occur in 2024 is now suppose to take place sooner than the scheduled date. As per the news roaming around, BTC's next halving will occur in one year and 157 days, and that implies we can now expect it in December 2023. "That Martini Guy" who is a well known crypto influencer, likewise talked about this new development in his latest tweet. The fact that it is now going to take place sooner is a good sign for BTC, as the information suggests that halving is occurred due to significant price surges. For instance, during the 2020's BTC halving, Bitcoin was at the price of $8,500 and after halving in only a couple of months it went up to more than $27,000. However the whole picture appears to lean in the favor of buyers in the market.


If you've done a dab, you've been there. You hit the concentrate and inhale that sweet, potent, goodness and your lungs decide it's a great time to try and jump out of your throat. So you're sitting there, hacking up a lung with your eyes watering, wondering how you can prevent this in the future. There are actually ways to control coughing after you dab. In theory, this could also apply to smoking as well, but here are 5 things I've found helpful to control coughing.
1. Always have something to drink handy
Cannabis is a throat irritant when inhaled and an irritated throat is one of the main reasons people cough. Your body is trying to expel whatever it thinks is making your throat feel weird. So, to solve this, have a drink handy. Water and tea are especially helpful for calming down a coughing fit. Just take a sip right after you exhale. Some people even suggest taking a sip while you hold the vapor. It sounds messy, but I bet if you could master it it'd be helpful.
2. Deep Breaths
If I know I'm about to take a giant glob, I take a couple of deep breaths before I do it. I release all the air from my lungs and then refill them, repeating the process until I inhale my hit. Taking those deep breaths allowed my lungs to expand some to prepare for the deep breath I was about to take. Since my lungs could then accommodate it, I find myself exhaling normally more than actually coughing.
3. Dab more, but in smaller amounts
This one is two fold. If you want to avoid coughing, dab more. I know that seems counterintuitive, but since concentrated cannabis is a throat irritant, smoking more of it would help your body group a resistance to the irritating effects. The second part, dabbing smaller amounts, is equally as important. Dabbing is not a contest about who could take more. You end up wasting concentrate like that. Dabbing a smaller amount means there's less vapor to make you cough. You may even get more high because you're able to properly take the hit with smaller amounts.
4. Cool down your dabs
In order for you to take dabs with a rig, the heating of the nail is crucial. The downside to this, however, is the heat is also a throat irritant. If the dabs come off of the nail a little cooler, they may not irritate your throat as much. You could possibly even consider moving from a titanium nail to a lower heat nail like quartz or ceramic.
Dab on!


How Does CC Work?
Correspondence Chess
US Chess Correspondence Chess (CC) is a great way to improve your game and have fun. You don't even have to leave home! You can play CC either by sending moves through the post office or through an electronic network. Since the majority of newcomers to CC choose to play by mail, let's concentrate on explaining how that format works.
US Chess correspondence play requires the use of algebraic notation (AN), unless you and your opponent agree to another form. AN is easy to learn, simple to use, and useful for enjoying chess columns and chess books. If you don't already know AN or need to brush up, click here.
As a newcomer, you must indicate on the tournament entry form your approximate playing strength. This enables us to pair you approximately with your opponents. Four rating levels are available. Class A: very strong; Class B: strong; Class C: Intermediate; and Class D: Novice. If you just learned how to play chess, you are considered a Novice. If you know how to play and write notation and are familiar with all aspects of the game, we suggest Class C.
When you receive your pairing sheet (as described below), regardless of which Class you noted, your rating will appear as "0000," When your first game is finished, we calculate your rating based on your result. If you're interested in the details of how the CC rating formula works, see our Correspondence Chess Ratings Explanation.
You now have a chess rating! Each Correspondence Chess game is rated as soon as it's finished. You may wish to enter more CC events, so having a chess rating will be helpful in matching you with new opponents.
As explained in the ratings explanation page, there are two rating formulas. If you have 25 or fewer games rated, you have a provisional rating. If you have more than 25 games rated, you have an established rating. Master level is achieved through performance.
You choose which event you wish to enter. You can play against one opponent, three opponents, or even six opponents. Tournament entry fees vary depending on the tournament format and the prizes involved.
For example, let's assume you're already a US Chess member and you want to enter a Class Tournament in which you play against three opponents. (That's the maximum we recommend for beginners.) Once you submit your entry fee (currently $10), we pair you with three other players with the same playing strength, according to the approximate strength you indicated on your entry form.
All four of you are sent a copy of the same pairing sheet. Players are given numbers 1 through 4, and playing assignments are noted accordingly. The pairing sheet includes the name and addresses of your three opponents, as well as a tournament crosstable (explanation below). You will play a total of six games -- two against each of your three opponents, once as White and once as Black. After receiving the pairing sheet, note what player number you are assigned. Refer to the pairing chart and see whether or not you have to mail your first White moves to any of your opponents.
It's possible that you are assigned Black for all three first games. In that case, wait to receive a White move for Game A from your three opponents. After you receive each opponent's first White move, respond with your Black move. At the same time, send your first White move for Game B on the same postcard. After the first moves have been exchanged, you will be sending two moves each time; one move for Game A and another for Game B.
Along with your pairing sheet, you will receive information regarding CC rules, chess notation, rating calculation, and game-result reporting slips.
Please read the rule booklet as soon as you receive the pairing sheet. If you have any questions, feel free to contact the Alex Dunne, US Chess Correspondence Chess Director, PO Box 367, Sayre, PA 18840 or email Alex at: [email protected].
If you are asking, "How do we keep track of time?" -- it's easy. We allow 30 days of reflection time to make every 10 moves. Unused time can be carried forward to the next 10-move series, which allows you plenty of time later in the game when you want to ponder a position!
If you receive a move from your opponent today and you get your reply move postmarked the same day, you used zero days of reflection time. If your reply is posted the next day, you used one day, etc.
Move-mailing postcards are also highly recommended*. You can record moves for several games. Fill in the information blanks for each move transmission, and the other information that we require be sent with each move. A blank diagram is printed on the reverse side of the card. (You don't have to diagram the position with each move transmission, however.)
Example: Today's date is 9/6/06. The section number is 06CD101. If you're sending your first move as White, you wouldn't have a card from your opponent. Thus, you won't be noting any postmark. "Received date" is the date you received the tournament pairing sheet/opponent's move. If you receive and sent your reply move on the same day and your postmark is also the same date, your reflection time is zero days. Let's say your reply date is 9/7/06. "My time," meaning your reflection time used on the move, would be one day -- provided you receive a postmark date of 9/7/06. Your total time would be one day, since this is move 1. "Your time" refers to the reflection time your opponent used. Since this is move 1 of Game A, there's no need to fill in these blanks. (However, if you were on move 2, you would have to give an account of what your opponent's reflection time calculation as of this move.)
Game A: Since you're playing White, your name goes in the blank box above "White" and your opponent's name goes in the blank box above "Black." Below the box labeled "Game A," under "Move no.," write "1." In the next blank box to the right, note your first move; for example "e4." This is all you would send at this time, because you can't send a move for Game B until you receive your opponent's first White move for that game.
You may be asking, "Why so many blank boxes to write just one move for each game?" Once you receive your opponent's move, you're required to note what your opponent's move was, along with your reply. This enables your opponent to be sure you understood and noted his move correctly.
"If" moves are also an option. These are moves you offer based on your opponent's acceptance of certain moves. Newcomers are not advised to use "if" moves.
Once your move-mailing card is filled in, write the names and addresses, put on the correct postage, and pop the card in the mail!
The crosstable allows everyone to keep track of the game results. Since we have discussed Class tournaments, let's continue by filling in a crosstable for a Class tournament. (double-round robin format)
You'll recall that in Class tournaments, you play two games with each opponent.
The top four lines of the crosstable are for Game A results and the lower four lines are for Game B results. Let's say you're player number 2 and you beat player number 1 in both games. Refer to the player numbers to locate the appropriate result boxes in which to write the game result. A win is noted by a "1." A loss is a "0" and a draw is "1/2."
You should now have a better understanding of what CC is, and some idea what items you'll need to purchase to help keep your game records accurately. When you receive your pairing sheet, you will have a better idea who sends the first move to whom! You've also found out how to write chess moves and how to achieve a chess rating.
Well, that about covers it! We suggest you read through all of the information you've received. We're more than happy to answer any questions. Just give us a call! Now, let's play some chess by mail!
US Chess has expanded our correspondence chess tournament offerings, check the events page for a list of what is available. Please visit our Online Store to purchase entries and supplies. Please feel free to e-mail the Correspondence Chess Director, Alex Dunne using [email protected] to receive a free information packet on Correspondence Chess.
For entering an event please use our online tournament entry program located at and click on, "Register for a Tournament." You can also mail your entry to: US Chess, Attn: Joan DuBois, P.O. Box 3967, Crossville, TN 38557 or call our tollfree number: 1-800-903-USCF (8723), ext. 531.


Applied Astrology
We are born and exist under an established astrological pattern. Can we transform the energies that determine our life?
Relationships and Love - Prosperity and Abundance - Magnetism - Studies - Health and Vitality - Power – Karma.
Adriana Workman creates a program that involves individual classes where she works on a specific theme in each session. The program includes: conscious creation and movement of energy, breathing techniques, exercises based on light, guided meditations, introspection, body movements, etc.
The purpose of these exercises is to unblock, release, activate, settle, and/or transmute the energies associated a particular aspect, and to allow a fuller and more self-conscious life.


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Wild Boar Baiting
Luring and baiting a wild hog are probably the most efficient ways to take down these huge and dangerous animals. If you plan on doing so, you need to have a quick look at their "menu", in other words, what they eat on a daily basis. Here are some examples of their preferred meals: dry corn (very good for baiting), acorns, crawfish, salamanders, snakes and others. If you want to get the job done quickly, use dry corn.
Not many people know this but boars usually follow raccoons, as the latter is very good at finding sources of food and the clever hog knows this - that's why they follow coons very often. So, whenever you stumble upon a large population of raccoons, expect to see some hogs in that area as well. Thus the coon urine works very well around a boar trap.
Now that we have that settled, let's talk more about baiting wild boars. Here are two main methods to do it (there are other methods as well): with old plastic barrels or with post hole diggers. Both are cheap and very efficient if you do things properly.
Let's start with the old plastic barrel. Food barrels are one the most efficient ways of baiting hogs - you simply fill the barrel up with whatever bait you have lying around and cut a 1 1/4-inch hole on its side, as close to the bottom as possible. You might want to reinforce it by using a metal plate. By doing so, you will be able to create some competition among the hogs as they will have to struggle to reach the food due to the reason that only one of them will be able to eat at a time. This means that some of the boars will sneak during the day in order eat (thus avoiding the night "traffic").
Now moving on to the post hole diggers. You will have to dig a post hole as narrow and as deep as you can, and then fill it with corn or any other bait that you normally use for wild boars. Most likely, the hogs will start digging and working the hole until no food is left. They will certainly not go away if there's still food there. The more they work for it, the more they'll get anxious.
Aside from these two methods you can also use a 4 or 5-inch sewer tube with holes in it. It should be an inflexible one by the way. You should cut it into 2 or even 3 ft. parts, with caps at each end. Remove the cap, fill it up about 50% and then lay it down on the ground. It is highly recommended that you attach it so that the hogs will be able to bang it around, getting the corn out without having to drag it somewhere else. Another advantage is that you will use less corn as it will last longer.
All things considered, baiting wild boars isn't very difficult in comparison to baiting and luring other types of big game. With proper preparation and a lot of patience, you'll catch a couple of hogs soon enough!
Wild Boar Baiting Videos


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As we consider all the things we are grateful for this Thanksgiving, let's not forget the majestic elephant. With the species in peril of extinction in only a decade, here's a reminder of the many reasons we are thankful for their presence and why we need to safeguard their survival for future generations:
1. Elephants are highly social and intelligent animals who have life spans similar to humans. They form strong family bonds led by matriarchs and show feelings of sadness and an understanding of mortality by handling the bones and tusks of elephants who have been killed.
2. Because elephants are so large and roam so widely, they are an integral part of the overall ecosystem, and their activities contribute to a healthy and diverse environment.
3. They pull down trees and thorny bushes, which helps create grasslands for other animals to survive.
4. Many plant species rely on elephants to disperse their seeds far and wide.
5. In dry terrain, elephants help provide water for other animals by digging waterholes in dry riverbeds and creating water holes with their large foot prints that then collect rain.
6. They create salt licks that are rich in nutrients for other animals.
7. Elephants forge trails through vegetation that acts as fire breaks and water run offs. Humans and other animals depend on the openings created in the forest and brush.
8. Elephant poop, believe it or not, is a very important resource. Baboons and birds pick through dung for undigested seeds and spread them throughout the land, and dung beetles reproduce in it. Elephant dung also contributes to nutrient-filled soil in which humans can plant crops.
Madeline Bakar and Karen Bakar


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For years, movies like Minority Report and Iron Man have teased us with visions of futuristic computer interfaces that allow their users manipulate data and images using only their fingertips, and don't require any hardware other than a two-dimensional screen or a holographic display.
Unfortunately, while there has been a tremendous amount of advancement in technologies that can sense motion and translate it into meaningful input, there is a basic problem that has continued to plague the development of new user interfaces: how to enter text without a physical keyboard. ASETNIOP is a keyboard replacement method that solves this problem: it makes touch-typing possible without needing any kind of visual interface, and without needing any kind of tactile feedback other than the feeling of your fingertips touching a solid surface.
The concept behind ASETNIOP is fairly simple; the keyboard consists of just ten keys – one for each finger. The primary keys (ASETNIOP) are produced with a single press-and-release, and all other letters of the alphabet, as well as common punctuation characters, are produced by pressing a chord – two fingers at the same time. The method also includes more advanced features like the use of stenographic combinations as shortcuts to produce common words, automatic correction of common input errors, and the ability to activate sophisticated word prediction features.
Currently ASETNIOP is available to try for both tablets and with traditional keyboards at asetniop.com, and is intended to be available the LEAP when it ships in 2013. _URL_.


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Coup D'état Project (CDP)
Coup d'états are important events in the life of a country. They constitute an important subset of irregular transfers of political power that can have important and enduring consequences for a country's well-being. Despite this, social scientists have yet to compile a comprehensive and well-documented inventory of coups that
is global in scope. This, of course, has adversely affected research in a number of fields. Thus, the Cline Center for Democracy, as part of its Societal Infrastructures and Development (SID) project, initiated the Coup D'état Project (CDP). CDP's objective is to compile, for 165 countries in the post WWII era, a more comprehensive listing, documentation, and categorization of coups for use by researchers. The CDP is a two-stage project. The first stage involves compiling and documenting existing information on coups from various sources. The second stage involves the use of basic data science techniques to identify information on coups from a digitized news archive created by the Cline Center as part of its Social, Political and Economic Event Database (SPEED) project. SPEED is a "Big Data" project and its news archive is a global information base that includes a diverse set of news sources for every country in the world; it includes tens of millions of articles and is updated daily.


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In 2010, bioarchaeological analysis was completed by the NYS Museum. The analyses determined that the remains are about 200 years old and represent 6 women, 1 man, 2 children, and five infants. DNA analysis concluded that four of the individuals are of African descent. (West/East and Central Africa) Two sets of remains are descendants of women from Madagascar (off the coast of Southeast Africa). One individual, who may have been of mixed ancestry, was descendant from a Native American woman (possibly Micmac Tribe: Eastern Canada and the Northeastern corner of the United States). The burial ground was dated between the 1700s and early 1800s. Historical research indicates that the burial ground was part of a large estate owned by the colonial Schuyler family who owned a number of slaves in the 18th and 19th centuries.
The Schuyler Flatts Burial Ground Project Committee has incorporated the symbol of the Sankofa sign. The concept of Sankofa is derived from King Adinkera of the Akan people of West Africa. The symbolic meaning is "it is not taboo to go back and fetch what you forgot"
For more information concerning the Schuyler Flatts Burial Ground Project, please contact:
Evelyn (Kamili) King (Peace Out Productions)email@example.com
Paul Stewart (The Underground Railroad History Project) _EMAIL_