Ridder weather stations
Comprehensive data on the outdoor climate
The outdoor climate has a major effect on your growing conditions and cultivation strategy inside the greenhouse. That's why a weather station is vital to greenhouse control. It plays a crucial role in anticipating and responding to extreme weather conditions. That way, you can ensure that the greenhouse structure doesn't suffer damage during heavy winds or other severe weather.
Ridder offers robust weather stations for fast and accurate measurements of outside influences, such as rainfall, wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity, solar radiation, PAR light and outgoing heat radiation. Ridder weather stations are available in various configurations, and each one can be adapted to suit any situation, location, greenhouse or crop. Measurements are relayed rapidly and accurately to the climate computer, so that it can automatically anticipate the changing weather conditions and make pinpoint adjustments to your cultivation strategy.
Ridder can provide two different types of weather stations:
Meteo Pro weather station
This advanced, all-in-one weather station is revolutionary in terms of monitoring outdoor conditions. Not only is our new weather station more compact and therefore easier to install, it is also more reliable and requires less maintenance because it has no moving parts.The Ridder Meteo Pro weather station also features additional readings compared to our previous model (Meteo CX), such as rain intensity, type of rain, barometric pressure and GPS location as standard. The new measurements help ensure more accurate control when rain is detected and provide a more precise reading of the CO2 level (through pressure compensation). The weather station is equipped with a RH (relative humidity) sensor, as standard. Monitoring the RH outside is becoming increasingly important for ventilation and humidity control, especially in semi-closed greenhouses.
All the benefits of the Meteo Pro weather station
 - Accurate measurements
 - Compact
 - Easy to install
 - No moving parts
Ridder Pyrgeometer
The Ridder Pyrgeometer enables growers to explore new boundaries in climate management without taking risks. Using the Ridder Pyrgeometer, you can open and close the energy-saving screen based on the level of outgoing heat radiation. If the outgoing radiation level is high, the screen should close sooner than if this level is low. This can be fully automated using a climate computer. It is also possible to influence the outside temperature at which the screen closes based on the outgoing radiation level. By measuring outgoing heat radiation, as well as plant temperature, fruit temperature and light level, you can maintain full control over every factor affecting the climate in your greenhouse. You can also include the outgoing radiation data in your heating strategy: by anticipating the outgoing radiation level, you can prevent the heating system from being set too high.
All the benefits of the Ridder Pyrgeometer
 - Accurate use of screens, based on outgoing radiation levels
 - Insight into heat losses
 - Anticipate increases in pipe temperature
 - No more surprises
Contact us now!Download brochure
Are you looking for robust, reliable weather stations that are easy to maintain and perform under all conditions? Please contact our account managers. They are happy to inform you about the possibilities
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Climate computers & sensors from Ridder
Our smart, user-friendly automatic control systems feature a complete range of environmental control functions. These systems allow greenhouse operations to continue growing in both scale and complexity, while operators will have no problem mastering new aspects of the system as it is upgraded. Our climate computers are specifically designed to help you manage scarce resources such as energy, water and other resources, so you can produce crops with maximum efficiency.
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Patients were recruited to participate in a market test for GUNNAR Optiks Digital Performance Eyewear, developed to reduce and minimize the eye muscle fatigue and dry eye symptoms associated with daily computer use.
-A total of 103 patients were recruited at three ophthalmologypractices located in the Los Angeles area. Patients were required to spend a good portion of their work day at a computer, and to have normal vision (uncorrected or corrected with contacts.)
-At the Initial visit, patient vision was assessed, and an appropriate pair of Digital Performance Eyewear was prescribed to wear while using the computer.•Patients visited the practice three times during the course ofthe market test.
-The Initial Visit assessed baseline symptoms, and Digital Performance Eyewear were prescribed.
-At the Second Visit—one week after the Initial Visit—symptoms were again assessed, and patients were asked several questions regarding their experience with the GUNNAR lenses.•The Exit Visit—approximately four weeks after the Initial Visit—was more extensive. Symptoms and perceptions were again assessed with a patient questionnaire, as was patient vision.
Data from the three visits was analyzed using standard market research techniques, using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software.
- Data frequencies were prepared, and appropriate means and standard
deviations were computed to facilitate comparing patient self-reported symptoms and perceptions across time.
- Improvements in Digital Sensation ratings (slides 20-23) were calculated by subtracting the Initial visit score from the Second/Exit visit score. For example, if a patient gave a rating of 'bad (3)' for their initial visit and a rating of 'mild (1)' for their second visit, the difference is -2, scored as 'Better'.
- Statistical significance testing was conducted using two-tailed t-tests, and was conducted at the 95% (alpha =.05) level. Results from this study are accurate to within +/- 11%, at a sample size of 103.
- In the opinion of the analyst—a professional market researcher with over 20 years of experience—the results of this study are robust, and demonstrate significant improvement in both symptoms experienced and perceptions.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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- Development & Aid
- Economy & Trade
- Human Rights
- Global Governance
- Civil Society
Wednesday, June 19, 2013
- A popular Serbian proverb quips that when it comes to politics there are as many opinions as there are people in this central European country of seven million.
But the adage was turned on its head last week when the masses sent a strong collective message to the government: no nickel exploitation in the country.
The controversy began when mining minister Milan Bacevic announced earlier this month that Mokra Gora – a 10,813-square-kilometre state-protected national park – and other areas in central Serbia contain more than four million tonnes of nickel deposits.
Bacevic went on to inform the public that several international companies were interested in exploiting the metal, bringing into the country investments totalling 1.44 billion dollars.
Like many nations in the region, Serbia is close to bankruptcy as a result of the global economic crisis. A new national government, elected to power in July, made a slew of promises to boost living standards and curb unemployment, which is currently at 25.5 percent, with 13.2 percent of the population living below the poverty line, according to the government's Poverty Reduction Strategy for 2011.
Efforts to pull the country back from the brink of depression include plans to attract a diverse range of foreign investments, namely for nickel extraction projects.
The metal is used in thousands of everyday products by hundreds of millions of people. It is found in a range of commodities from batteries to computer hard disks. Stainless steel, which is used in cookware, cutlery, kitchen appliances, hardware, surgical instruments, storage tanks, firearms, car headlights, jewellery and watches, is a nickel-iron metal alloy.
As a result, nickel sells for close to 15,000 dollars per tonne.
But even a population struggling to make ends meet is not ready to accept the harsh environmental and social costs of the project.
"Nickel (extraction) technology is among the dirtiest in the world," Vidojko Jovic, a professor at Belgrade University's Mining and Geology Faculty, told IPS.
"It involves extraction (from the) ore, purification with sulphuric acid at adequate facilities, followed by the emission of gasses and water discharge that intoxicates nearby vegetation, as well as ground, underground and surface waters," he added.
"There is no clean method for this. Pollution (from the extraction sites) spreads from 50 to 100 kilometres."
The health hazards of nickel exploitation and production, which mostly affect local populations, include problems with the lungs and stomach, nausea and diarrhoea, among others.
A mass movement?
The issue gained wide public attention last week when the popular and internationally-renowned film director, Emir Kusturica, created the 'Group for Protection of Serbia' to raise awareness and garner public opposition to nickel extraction.Kusturica, who is also director of the Mokra Gora national park, quickly elicited the support of mayors from the central Serbian towns of Topola, Arandjelovac and Vrnjacka Banja, the most popular tourist destinations and wine-growing locations in the country.
Kusturica believes that extracting nickel for export will have major health impacts on surrounding populations, without any of the revenue being reinvested in local communities.
Speaking to journalists in Mokra Gora last week, Kusturica lambasted a process that could lead to a "million deaths, just so that a billion dollars can be earned."
Several top wine producers from the soon to be affected areas have also joined a growing movement to halt nickel mining.
"I won't allow any digging or research around my vineyards," Boza Aleksandrovic, owner of one of the biggest wineries in Serbia, told IPS.
"Serbia is exporting agricultural produce worth much more than the investment Bacevic promised; agriculture is our major export tool," he stressed.
According to Jovic, major nickel producers like Canada have introduced sophisticated methods for nickel extraction, but such facilities "are not (possible) in densely populated areas like the ones in Serbia, which are surrounded by highly developed agricultural lands."
Projects for nickel exploitation in Serbia were shelved twice in the past, in 1996 and 2006, due to environmental and possible health issues, despite offers by several multinational corporations.
But past expressions of public opposition never came close to harnessing the kind of mass support that Kusturica's group has generated, with almost all media staunchly behind the movement in a rare instance of unity.
Photos of the Russian town of Norilsk, where almost a century of nickel exploitation has created a wasteland, flooded Serbian papers and news sites this month.
Almost all major media outlets also carried statistics from all over the world on health issues associated with nickel extraction.
Government deaf to opposition
Bacevic decided to counterattack the public on Friday, at a press conference supposedly aimed at "calming the nation".
In his words, the technology to be used in Serbia would be "of highest sophistication" and completely different from that employed in Norilsk. He accused the media of using a "notorious scam" to "scare the public".
"Media efforts, as well as attacks by individuals and lobbies amount to an attack on the government of Serbia," according to the minister, adding that reporters have "deeply disturbed the public."
As proof of the benefits of nickel production, the minister presented a black-and-white photograph of a nickel production factory in Kavadarci in neighbouring Republic of Macedonia, which allegedly turned the town of 29,000 into a prosperous one by producing 12,000 tonnes of nickel annually.
"It's a pity there was no colour photo of Feni (the nickel plant in Kavadarci) and its surroundings," Roberto Parizov, head of the Kavadarci-based environmental organisation 'Eko Zivot' (Eco Life) told IPS over the phone. "People here have been poisoned for decades."
On Sunday the Macedonian paper 'Utrinski Vesnik' carried the statement of local engineer Blazo Boev, who said, "Kavadarci and its surroundings have been turned into a wasteland and dumpsite."
"We wish that it (Feni) was never opened at all, but it is too late now," Parizov said, in a sombre warning to Serbia.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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. C.2). The purpose is to construct a synthetic dataset of cascades, in which the user influence ground truth is known. Both the graph and cascade generators described here below reproduce closely the synthetic experimental setup described in [\citeauthoryearDu et al.2013].
c.1 Generation of random graphs
In this section, we describe the construction of a synthetic social graph, with nodes, specified by its adjacency matrix. Each node corresponds to a synthetic user, and the edges correspond to synthetic follow relations. We follow the below steps:
Given the number of nodes in the graph (here ), create an null (all zero) adjacency matrix of size ;
Randomly choose the number of edges, between to.
Randomly choose and between to and set to. Iterate this step until different edges are generated.
The adjacency matrix defines the final random graph.
c.2 Sampling synthetic cascades
In this section we describe how to construct synthetic cascades, given a synthetic social graph constructed as shown in Sec. C.1. To generate one cascades, to each edge in we associate an exponentially distributed waiting time and we construct a shortest path tree. We detail this procedure in the following steps:
Similar to previous work (ConTinEst [\citeauthoryearDu et al.2013]), for each edge draw a transmission rate from a Weibull distribution of shape.
Given the transmission rate, we draw an Exponentially distributed waiting time using the inverse transform sampling:
where is draw uniformly from.
Set as the weight of edge.
Starting from a source node, construct the shortest path tree from to all the other nodes in ;
For each node compute two measures: – its time of occurrence as the total waiting time along the path from to – and – the number of reachable nodes from in the shortest path tree;
The generated cascade is where ;
The ground truth influence of node is the mean over multiple random graphs (here 100).
Appendix D Choosing the temporal decay parameter
The temporal decay parameter shown in Eq. (1) is determined by linear search. Eq. (1) measures the probabilities of edges in the retweeting (diffusion) network, however the real diffusions are not observed. We make the assumption that diffusions occur along edges in the underlying social graph (follower relation). We measure the fitness of edge probability by the likelihood of uncovering the ground truth follower graph. In other words, if the edge exists in the follower graph (i.e. is a follower of ) then the edge has the highest probability in the diffusion tree than the edge which does not exist in the following graph. In other words, we are using the retweeting probability to predict the existence of edges in the social graph. We randomly select 20 cascades, and we crawl the following list of every user appearing the the diffusions (the following list for a user consists of users followed by ). We use this information as ground truth for the following prediction exercise: given a user who emitted tweet in a particular cascade, we want to predict which among the users in the set are followed by. Considering that are real numbers and the prediction target is binary, we use the AUC (are under ROC curve) the measure the prediction performance of a particular probability scoring function. For each value of in Eq. (1) we compute the mean AUC over all predictions. We perform a linear search for the optimal between to. Finally, maximizes the mean of AUC and it is chosen as value in the experiments in Sec. 5 and 6.
Appendix E Additional 2D densities plots
- See: _URL_
- Via the Uberlink Twitter Analytics Service.
- Barabási, A.-L. 2005. The origin of bursts and heavy tails in human dynamics. Nature 435(7039):207–11.
- Barberá, P.; Jost, J. T.; Nagler, J.; Tucker, J. A.; and Bonneau, R. 2015. Tweeting from left to right: Is online political communication more than an echo chamber? Psychological Science 26(10):1531–1542.
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You are here
Dog Friendly Plants
Safe Plants for Our Furry Friends
1. Gerber Daisy Gerbera jamesonii. Also known as the Barberton Daisy, Veldt Daisy, Transvaal Daisy or African Daisy.
2. Alumroot Heuchera sanguinea. Also known as Coral Bells or Heuchera.
3. Alyssum Alyssum sp.
4. Antirrhinum Antirrhinum sp. Also known as the Snapdragon.
5. Bachelor's Buttons Centaurea cyanus. Also known as Cornflower or Bluebottle.
6. Bloodleaf Iresine herbstii. Also known as Chicken Gizzard, Yellow Bloodleaf, or Joseph's Coat.
7. Crape Myrtle Lagerstroemia indica.
8. Garden Marigold Calendula officinalis. Also known as the Marigold, Mary Bud, Gold bloom or Pot marigold.
9. Hollyhock Althea rosea.
10. Impatients Impatiens sp. Also known as the Giant Touch-Me-Not, Buzzy Lizzy, Patient Lucy, Patient Plant or Tangerine Impatience.
11. Lady Slipper Impatiens sp. Also known as the Giant Touch-Me-Not, Buzzy Lizzy, Patient Lucy, Patient Plant, Tangerine Impatience or Impatience Plant.
12. Magnolia Bush Magnolia stellata. Also known as the Star Magnolia.


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The early Christian church chose Midsummer Day as the birth date of Saint John the Baptist (June 24th -- it isn't really "mid summer" but that's the day traditionally celebrated as midsummer's day).
Saint John has long been thought of as one of the greatest saints. It was he who told of the coming of Christ. He was given the name John the Baptist because he baptized people -- including Jesus.
Saint John's Day has been celebrated throughout many Christian countries for hundreds of years.
In Puerto Rico, for example, bonfires blaze the entire night of June 23rd. Between midnight and dawn, people swim in the sea in memory of the saint who baptized people in water.
In Quebec, Canada, the Fête de la Saint-Jean-Baptiste is also an important holiday which includes bonfires, fireworks, parades and carnivals.


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Main difference between URL-rewriting and URL-encoding is that URL-rewriting is a technique to maintain user session if cookies are not enabled on client browser or browser doesn't support cookie while URL-encoding is a way to pass string to server containing special characters by converting special characters like space into some other characters like +. people often confuse between URL encoding and URL rewriting because of there names which sounds quite similar for new guys but functionality wise they are totally different to each other, Also servlet encodeURL() method adds more confusion because its sounds like its used for URL Encoding but indeed used for URL Rewriting. This is also a very popular servlet and JSP interview questions, I have also shared some more questions on my posts 10 Servlet Interview questions answers and 10 JSP interview questions and answers for Java programmer.
Difference between URL Rewriting and URL Encoding in JSP Servlet
You often need to encode URL before sending it to server and need to rewrite URL with session id in order to maintain session where cookie is not present. here are some more differences between URL-rewriting and URL encoding in Servlet JSP
1) java.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse methods encodeURL(String url) and encodeRedirectURL(String URL) is used to encode SesssionID on URL to support URL-rewriting. don't confuse with name encodeURL() because it doesn't do URL encoding instead itembeds sessionID in url if necessary. logic to include sessionID is in method itself and it doesn't embed sessionID if browser supports cookies or session maintenance is not required. In order to implement a robust session tracking all URL from Servlet and JSP should have session id embedded on it.
In order to implement URL-rewriting in JSP you can use use JSTL core tag all URL passed to it will automatically be URL-rewriting if browser doesn't support cookies.
While java.net.URLEncoder.encode() and java.net.URLDecoder.decode()is used to perform URL Encoding and decoding which replace special character from String to another character. This method uses default encoding of system and also deprecated instead ofthis you can use java.net.URLEncoder.encode(String URL, String encoding) which allows you to specify encoding. as per W3C UTF-8 encoding should be used to encode URL in web application.
2) In URL rewriting session id is appended to URL and in case of URL-encoding special character replaced by another character.
That's all on difference between URL-rewriting and URL-encoding, let me know if you come across some more differences between these URL Encoding vs URL-rewriting in Servlet and JSP.


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HIC – High-Income Country
High-income countries are those that have an average income per person above a figure that is worked out each year by the World Bank. For instance, in 2013 the high-income figure was 12,746 US dollars (or equivalent).
He had hiccups (HIC) after stuffing his face with ice cream. He could afford to, being from such a high-income country.
Refer to Mammoth Memory remembering numbers before trying to understand the following:
How to remember 12,746 dollars is the amount high-income countries were based on in 2013:
Try to imagine that after the high-income person finished his ice cream, he went home in a tank.
And in Mammoth Memory's numbers system:
TANK = 127
Then imagine it was rush hour and the tank got caught in a traffic jam.
In the Mammoth Memory number system:
RUSH = 46
When used together:
TANK RUSH = 12746
PLEASE NOTE: This figure is updated every year by the World Bank. As you get closer to your exam you might want to update the figures you will use. We chose 2013 as an example, to show you how easy it can be to remember specific numbers.


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In 1973, Mayor Harvey Sloan oversaw the creation of Louisville's first Landmarks Commission, modeled after an ordinance in New York City, making preservation public policy for the first time in the city. Now 39 years later, Louisville has created on average two Individual Landmarks a year, seven Landmarks Districts, a new merged government structure with new political dynamics, and the Metro Council has voted to change how preservation happens in the city.
In early February, Metro Councilmember David Yates sponsored an amendment to Louisville's Landmarks Ordinance, complaining the original system lacked oversight, accountability, and public participation. Quickly joining Yates, eight additional council members, mostly representing suburban districts around the old Urban Service District, signed on as cosponsors. The amendment was introduced in Metro Council on Thursday, February 9, 2012, and over the proceeding six months, politicians and preservationists clashed on how Landmarks designation procedures should work, resulting in a newly politicized process and additional thresholds to be met in the public petition process. But in all the arguing, Louisville missed a real opportunity for preservation reform.


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Young Children's Books with a Great MessageTuesday, March 02, 2010
The Self-Aware Parent
We have so many wonderful children's books in our house, but these books stand out because they are picked so frequently and because of their deep and touching message. These books encourage meaningful discussion in our family and they teach lessons that go beyond childhood.
1. The Little Bit Scary People - by Emily Jenkins
The little girl in this book notices "scary" people throughout her day, but also realizes that they are more than what she sees. They have lives, loves and interests just like her. This book can open conversations about people who look a little different or act a little different, and it demonstrates that people are not one dimensional.
Favorite quote, "The girl in my science class eats bits of her pencil and mutters to herself as if no one was listening. She's a little bit scary. But I bet she is learning to ride a bike after school and her mom runs beside her in case she loses her balance."
2. Incredible You and Unstoppable Me - by Wayne Dyer
Both of these books offer easy to understand and beautifully illustrated examples of Dr. Dyer's positive message and life lessons. The books remind children that they are exactly who they are supposed to be and that they have the ability to deal with any situation. They remind parents, too.
Favorite quote - "Rely on yourself and be true to who you are. What's unique about you is what will take you far. Don't look to others to say you're okay. You know it - so believe it! Show your own self the way."
3. Red is Best - by Kathy Stinson
Kelly loves red because it makes her feel good. She is not worried about what matches or what other people think, she loves red because of the way it makes her feel. I think about Kelly whenever my daughters insist on an outfit that doesn't match or plead for a specific bowl or cup. It can be frustrating, but the book reminds me that they are chasing a feeling.
Favorite quote - "I like my red barrettes the best. My mom says you wear pink barrettes with a pink dress. But my red barrettes make my hair laugh. I like my red barrettes the best."
4. Ferdinand - by Munro Leaf
Ferdinand doesn't want to be like the other bulls and fight. He would rather sit under the tree and enjoy the smell of the flowers. Ferdinand knows who he is and finds joy in the simple pleasures. And his wise mother steps back, loves, and allows.
Favorite quote - "Ferdinand's mother saw that he was not lonesome, and because she was an understanding mother, she let him just sit there and be happy."
5. Hush Little Baby - by Sylvia Long
Different than the original song, this book is not about mama buying baby things, it's about showing baby all the beautiful things in the world. She teaches baby that everything we need is already in nature, inside of us, or within a loving relationship. My husband knows this one by heart - it's a common request before bedtime.
Favorite quote - "….mama's going to search for a shooting star, and if that star should drop from view, mama's going to read a book with you, and if that story has been read, mama's going to bring your warm bedspread…."
Click here to find these books (and many others) on the recommended reading page of my website.
Do you have a favorite children's book with a great message? Feel free to comment.


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Resource efficiency: crossing the divide
In times of volatile resource prices, uncertain supply prospects, reindustrialisation attempts and concerns about environmental pressures associated with resource use, the concept of resource efficiency has gained increasing importance for policy-makers, firms, researchers and investors.
Resource efficiency – 'doing more with less' – is seen as one possibility to address these issues and deliver multiple economic and environmental benefits. All these challenges are particularly relevant for the European Union (EU) due to three reasons:
- The EU has one the highest net imports of raw materials per capita worldwide. On a side note, the EU imported materials worth roughly €5.6 billion (around AUS$8.9 billion from Australia in 2014).
- The EU aims to increase the contribution of its manufacturing industry to up 20 percent of GDP by 2020 (it's currently about 15 percent). This is unlikely to be achievable without increasing the use of materials or resources more generally.
- Environmental concerns associated with the use of resources are likely to remain on the political agenda, especially in the follow-up to the EU's intended nationally determined contribution from Paris to domestically reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40 percent by 2030 compared to 1990 levels.
So, the EU is attempting to achieve several objectives by increasing resource efficiency: reducing its import dependency on virgin raw materials, increasing the cost competitiveness of its industry and mitigating climate change. But how far has the EU been able to pave the way to a resource efficient economy?
What has been achieved so far?
The European Commission (EC), executive body of the EU, declared resource efficiency a key priority in its growth strategy Europe 2020, introduced a 'Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe' in 2011 and established the European Resource Efficiency Platform in 2012, which comprises stakeholders from policy-making, business, non-governmental organisations and academia. They jointly formulated an ambitious call for coherent and stringent resource efficiency policies, including a quantitative target to increase material productivity by 30 percent by 2030 compared to the 2014 level.
In December 2015, a revised Circular Economy Package was published by the EC, including a more prominent role for the European Investment Bank (EIB) in financing resource efficiency projects. Additionally, the EU supports a variety of research projects in the areas of resource efficiency and the circular economy.
These measures on the EU level are complemented by country-specific resource efficiency policies. For instance, eight out of 28 EU member states (among them Germany, Sweden, Italy and Austria) have a quantitative target for increasing material productivity or decreasing material use. Such targets are not directly comparable, however, due to diverging definitions and calculation methods. Furthermore, certain regions, for example Flanders in Belgium, have almost entirely phased out waste landfilling.
"The revised Circular Economy Package does not feature a material productivity target, only a few binding measures and no systematic monitoring of resource efficiency developments.
Also, the private sector is increasingly considering its role and how it can grasp potential benefits from resource efficiency investments. Investment projects supported by multilateral development banks such as the EIB, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and national investment banks demonstrate that resource efficiency improvements can yield economic benefits for firms, while reducing environmental pressures.
Parts of the private sector have supported stakeholder groups, whose aim is to increase the public and political awareness of such benefits. For example, the Ellen MacArthur Foundation has played an important and quite successful role in making the economic case for a circular economy.
What are the challenges?
Despite considerable progress in establishing resource efficiency as an explicit political and economic objective, there are three key challenges for the future of this agenda.
The EU is very heterogeneous across its member states, both in terms of political ambitions and the status quo concerning the efficient use of resources. For instance, economies with a high industrial share tend to perform worse in productivity measures compared to countries with a strong service sector. The former may find it more difficult to receive public support to agree to a productivity target.
Thus, the EU members have partly opposing interests and priorities. Additionally, the EU takes decisions based on the interplay between the member states, the EC and the European Parliament. Unsurprisingly, all of them have diverse and non-uniform opinions, which naturally results in cumbersome processes in finding compromises.
The political priorities have changed under the incumbent president of the EC, Jean-Claude Juncker, and can be summarised under the mantra of 'jobs and growth'. Despite the explicit mentioning of the topic in this year's Work Program of the EC and of the Dutch Presidency of the Council of the EU, resource efficiency is not part of the EU's priorities anymore and, instead of further developing the policy framework at a lower pace, efforts seem to have been reduced drastically.
This is exemplified by the revised Circular Economy Package, which does not feature a material productivity target, only a few binding measures and no systematic monitoring of resource efficiency developments. The important debate on suitable indicators has been postponed until 2017 due to a lack of political will on the issue. In short, not much progress has been made since Juncker took office in 2014. One reason may be that the topic is mainly seen as an environmental one and not an economic policy, thus enjoying a lower priority. One indication for this is that environmental ministries in the EU member states, environmental committees in parliaments and the environmental department in the EC are typically in charge of resource efficiency policies.
Resources and, in particular, materials are challenging to measure in one composite indicator. The reason is that materials comprise many different types, including crops, copper and gravel.
Currently, one of the most common ways to measure materials is in terms of their weight, putting most emphasis on heavy and frequently used materials such as construction minerals. A range of indicators has been developed and debated in academia, but there is insufficient comparable data available across time for the EU countries, making it difficult to design policies based on this.
However, drafting policies based on imprecise measures is nothing new – GDP being the most prominent example of an imperfect indicator triggering a range of policies. Nevertheless, the accuracy and availability of comparable and comprehensive indicators remains a political bottleneck for introducing a material productivity target, and discussions on suitable indicators are inevitable.
Unlike energy efficiency, estimating the impacts of resource efficiency on the macroeconomy and firms is a relatively recent research area. For instance, we still have to better understand the effects of increasing resource efficiency on competitiveness. Although firms that face relatively high resource costs are likely to benefit, it may be (more) profitable for firms with lower resource inputs to invest in alternatives.
Several case studies at the firm level suggest positive impacts of pursuing resource efficiency, which, up to now, have insufficiently been shown empirically on a more aggregated level. This current lack of evidence may obstruct stakeholders from even considering the issue in the first place. Nonetheless, the evidence base is expanding, as better data becomes available and research institutes increasingly take up the topic.
"The accuracy and availability of comparable and comprehensive indicators remains a political bottleneck for introducing a material productivity target.
These challenges are not new. There is, however, no silver bullet to solve them. All stakeholders are required to cooperate in tackling these remaining issues. Researchers can help to improve the evidence base, the quality of indicators and the availability of data. Firms and investors can showcase the viability of resource efficiency investments. Policy-makers are particularly encouraged to address existing market failures, thus enabling and incentivising the private sector to increase resource efficiency.
There is a range of market failures associated with resource efficiency, such as negative environmental externalities, imperfect information on the potential as well as implementation of measures, and limited access to finance. Policy-makers can also set a favourable legal framework to facilitate resource efficiency measures (such as taxation), systematically monitor progress of countries and firms, support research and incentivise eco-innovations.
The EU introduced several policy initiatives between 2011 and 2014, but has since lost momentum to push these promising attempts further. Priorities seem to have changed, leaving little political will for building on past achievements.
However, taking a break from the resource efficiency agenda is not an option given the EU's own goals, dependencies and existing market failures. Clearly, researchers, firms and investors have to play their role in providing robust evidence and good practice examples of the effects of improving resource efficiency. Nevertheless, democratically elected politicians ultimately have to transmit a credible and convincing storyline in order to build political support for addressing market failures, unlocking the potentials of resource efficiency, and delivering a first crucial step into a more sustainable future. This remains work in progress.
The author, Florian Flachenecker, is a doctoral researcher at University College London (UCL) Institute for Sustainable Resources and a Consultant for the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). The views, opinions, assumptions, statements and recommendations expressed here are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of UCL or the EBRD.


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2 to Prince Albert.
- From Reindeer Lake, trade flows past Flin Flon, across Amisk Lake, down the Sturgeon Weir, along the Saskatchewan River to The Pas. Flin Flon is connected also by rail to The Pas and a road between these two points is now under construction (Piercy, 1944:3).
Having provided the above historical data, the author turns his attention to the educational facilities, or lack of them existing in northern Saskatchewan, noting [i]n this sparsely settled area, the schools are scarce and far between (Piercy, 1944:5).
In addition, a chart classifying the types of schools and giving their locations, was provided by Piercy (1944:5), noted as follows:
|Type of School:||Location of School:||Trade Route:
|A. Indian Residential School
2. Lac La Ronge
3. Sturgeon Landing
|B. Indian Day Schools
||1. Montreal Lake
|C. (1) Private Day Schools
(2) Private Boarding Schools
|1. Sandy Beach, 16B
2. Island Falls
1. Ile a la Crosse II
|D. Community Day Schools
||1. Camsell Portage
2. La Loche
3. Buffalo Narrows
5. Carson Lake
6. Chitek Lake
7. Lac La Ronge
8. Denare Beach
|E. Public Schools Organized under the School Act
||1. St. Pascal at Green Lake
2. Charlebois at Cumberland
|F. Private Summer Schools
||1. Stanley Mission
|G. Proposed Schools under the School Act
||1. Pemmican Portage, Cumberland
In citing the above-mentioned chart, it was mentioned by the author, [n]o title or leases could be traced through the Department of National Resources for any of the land on which community schools have been built … [i]t is recommended that titles or leases be secured for all sites on which community schools are built and that all the areas be surveyed (Piercy, 1944:6).
The author then wrote, [i]n the table below is a list of the settlements that are completely without school facilities (Piercy, 1944:6), cited as follows:
|Name of Settlement:||Trade Route:
|1. Stoney Rapids
|2. Fond du Lac
|3. La Loche (West)
|4. Buffalo River
|5. Clear Lake
|6. Snake Lake
|7. Canoe Lake
|8. Sled Lake
|9. Dore Lake
|10. Stoney Lake
|12. Montreal Lake
|13. Lac La Ronge (North) including Bear Lake, Neilman Lake, Foster Lake, Potato River, Contact Lake, Emmaline Lake, and several other small lakes
|14. Stanley Mission
|15. South End
|16. Pelican Narrows and Deschambault
|17. Sturgeon Landing
|18. Candle Lake
As noted in the summary and recommendations, Piercy (1944) submitted a total of 32 recommendations, with the 1st being … [t]hat the entire area described in the portion of the report to be formed into a larger unit of administration. Further, since education under the British North American Act of 1867, and now the Canadian Constitution Act of 1982, is a provincial responsibility, it was also recommended, [t]hat the Department of Municipal Affairs be asked to assist in the construction of school buildings (Piercy, 1944:17). Thus, the creation of the Northern Lights School Division No: 113, with its head office now located at La Ronge, Saskatchewan.
Prince Albert Grand Council Elders
The following document cites the recent discussions that were held with the Treaty Elders of Saskatchewan, of which there was participation from the Prince Albert Grand Council Elders.
Title: Treaty Elders of Saskatchewan
Author(s): Harold Cardinal & Walter Hildebrandt
Publisher: University of Calgary Press, 2000.
Location: First Nations University of Canada, Regina & Prince Albert, Sask. & Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations, Treaty Governance Office, Saskatoon, Sask.
Summary: This book discusses the work being done by the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations, the Office of the Treaty Commissioner, the Federal Government of Canada and the Province of Saskatchewan (as observer), as this relates to the recent discussions that were held with the Treaty Elders of Saskatchewan with regard treaty implementation (Cardinal & Hildebrandt, 2000, Preface IX).
As for the content in this book, it was cited that the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations, Canada, and the Province of Saskatchewan (as observer) initiated a series of Treaty Elders Forums in the province of Saskatchewan. The Office of Treaty Commissioner, established by the parties to facilitate the process of treaty implementation, chaired the Treaty Elders Forums that were held in five treaty regions within the province, [in reference to Treaty Four, Treaty Five, Treaty Six, Treaty Eight and Treaty Ten] (Cardinal & Hildebrandt, 2000, Preface IX).
The book noted, Elders from each of the treaty region participated at these open forums, making their presentations to the government parties and to the Treaty Commissioner … At each of the treaty meetings, translators were present to enable First Nations Elders to make their presentation in their own languages. The translators then translated the presentations into English. These presentations were video and audio-taped-recorded] (Cardinal & Hildebrandt, 2000, Preface IX). The authors stated, the result [of these discussions drawn from the Treaty Elders Forums held with Cree, Saulteaux, Denesuline, and Assiniboine First Nations, and noted in the text of this book], contents a traditional First Nations theoretical framework to be used as a guide for approaching the question of treaty implementation in Saskatchewan (Cardinal & Hildebrandt, 2000, Preface IX).
While the content in this book notes that Treaty Elders Forums were held in five treaty regions, Treaty Four, Treaty Five, Treaty Six, Treaty Eight and Treaty Ten, the following information to be cited is specific to the Prince Albert Grand Council First Nation membership. For the Prince Albert Grand Council, the following Elders, as well as FSIN Senators are quoted and/or cited through photographs, with regard to their participation in the above-mentioned Treaty Elders Forums (Cardinal & Hildebrandt, 2000:3-71):
o Treaty Five
- Elder John James Head, Red Earth Cree Nation
o Treaty Six
- Senator Allan Bird, Montreal Lake Cree Nation;
- Senator Hilliard Ermine, Sturgeon Lake First Nation.
o Treaty Eight
- Elder Agnes Alphonse, Black Lake Denesuline First Nation;
- Elder John B. Bigeye, Black Lake Denesuline First Nation;
- Elder Victor Echodh, Black Lake Denesuline First Nation;
- Elder Pat Robillard, Black Lake Denesuline First Nation;
- Elder Charlie Throassie, Black Lake Denesuline First Nation;
- Elder Eli Adam, Fond du Lac Denesuline First Nation;
- Elder Leon Fern, Fond du Lac Denesuline First Nation;
- Elder Norbert Fern, Fond du Lac Denesuline First Nation;
- Elder August Lidguerre, Fond du Lac Denesuline First Nation;
- Elder Bart McDonald, Fond du Lac Denesuline First Nation;
- Elder John James Mercredi, Fond du Lac Denesuline First Nation;
- Elder Pauline Mercredi, Fond du Lac Denesuline First Nation;
- Elder Celeste Randhill, Fond du Lac Denesuline First Nation.
o Treaty Ten
- Elder Louie Benoanie, Hatchet Lake Denesuline First Nation;
- Elder Bart Dzeylion, Hatchet Lake Denesuline First Nation;
- Elder Martin Mark Josie, Hatchet Lake Denesuline First Nation;
- Elder Angus Tsannie, Hatchet Lake Denesuline First Nation.
In their closing comments, the authors stated, [m]ost of all, we thank each and every one of the Elders who made a presentation and apologize to all those whose words or thoughts we did not specifically cite or include. We are confident, however, that this book, taken as a whole, reflects the thoughts of the Elders. They expressed a strong hope that a strengthening of the treaty relationship can serve as the basis for securing a lasting, productive, and healthy place for First Nations and their peoples in the treaty partnership with the Crown, Her governments, and Her citizens. The authors concluded with the following quote, as was stated by the late Senator Allen Bird, "We are here for a very important reason; it is for our grandchildren so that they may have a good future"(Cardinal & Hilderbrandt, 2000:71).
The Piercy (1944) Report
First, it appears that the majority of the northern settlements without schools, cited by Piercy in his 1944 survey report, are predominately of First Nation ancestry, and from a historical perspective, it is now noted that these First Nation communities finally began to have schools constructed on their home reserve lands with federal funds in the late 1970s, the 1980s and the 1990s. This means, for some of these First Nation communities cited in the Piercy (194


Maya the Bee (Dub)
Watch Maya the Bee (Dub) kissanime
Other name: Mitsubachi Maya no Bouken, みつばちマーヤの冒険
Plot Summary: Maya, a newborn honeybee, brims with curiosity about the world around her. From the time she is born, she is brought up to be a worker bee, but it is difficult for her to understand and follow the strict rules of the hive because of her individuality and strong desire for independence. Having collected all the honey around the honeycomb, Maya decides to set out on an adventure to find a flower garden in order to collect more honey for the hive. Her intentions are noble, but because she leaves the hive without permission the Queen sends Maya's friend Willy to search for the little troublemaker. Willy joins Maya in her quest, and together, beyond the familiar hive, the two friends marvel at the sheer beauty that nature has to offer. Through many experiences—sometimes enjoyable, sometimes terrible or sad—and encounters with various insects, Maya matures into a strong and wise honeybee.
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Ministry of International Trade and Industry
The Ministry of International Trade and Industry (通商産業省 Tsūshō-sangyō-shō or MITI) was one of the most powerful agencies of the Government of Japan. At the height of its influence, it effectively ran much of Japanese industrial policy, funding research and directing investment. In 2001, its role was taken over by the newly created Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI).
MITI was created with the split of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry in May 1949 and given the mission for coordinating international trade policy with other groups, such as the Bank of Japan, the Economic planning Agency, and the various commerce-related cabinet ministries. At the time it was created, Japan was still recovering from the economic disaster of World War II. With inflation rising and productivity failing to keep up, the government sought a better mechanism for reviving the Japanese economy.
MITI has been responsible not only in the areas of exports and imports but also for all domestic industries and businesses not specifically covered by other ministries in the areas of investment in plant and equipment, pollution control, energy and power, some aspects of foreign economic assistance, and consumer complaints. This span has allowed MITI to integrate conflicting policies, such as those on pollution control and export competitiveness, to minimize damage to export industries.
MITI has served as an architect of industrial policy, an arbiter on industrial problems and disputes, and a regulator. A major objective of the ministry has been to strengthen the country's industrial base. It has not managed Japanese trade and industry along the lines of a centrally planned economy, but it has provided industries with administrative guidance and other direction, both formal and informal, on modernization, technology, investments in new plants and equipment, and domestic and foreign competition.
The close relationship between MITI and Japanese industry has led to foreign trade policy that often complements the ministry's efforts to strengthen domestic manufacturing interests. MITI facilitated the early development of nearly all major industries by providing protection from import competition, technological intelligence, help in licensing foreign technology, access to foreign exchange, and assistance in mergers.
These policies to promote domestic industry and to protect it from international competition were strongest in the 1950s and 1960s. As industry became stronger and as MITI lost some of its policy tools, such as control over allocation of foreign exchange, MITI's policies also changed. The success of Japanese exports and the tension it has caused in other countries led MITI to provide guidance on limiting exports of particular products to various countries. Starting in 1981, MITI presided over the establishment of voluntary restraints on automobile exports to the United States to allay criticism from American manufacturers and their unions.
Similarly, MITI was forced to liberalize import policies, despite its traditional protectionist focus. During the 1980s, the ministry helped to craft a number of market-opening and import promoting measures, including the creation of an import promotion office within the ministry. The close relationship between MITI and industry allowed the ministry to play such a role in fostering more open markets, but conflict remained between the need to open markets and the desire to continue promoting new and growing domestic industries.
As late as the 1980s, prime ministers were expected to serve a tenure as MITI minister before taking over the government. MITI worked closely with Japanese business interests, and was largely responsible for keeping the domestic market closed to most foreign companies.
MITI lost some influence when the switch was made to a floating exchange rate between the United States dollar and yen in 1971. Before that point, MITI had been able to keep the exchange rate artificially low, which benefited Japan's exporters. Later, intense lobbying from other countries, particularly the United States, pushed Japan to introduce more liberal trade laws that further lessened MITI's grip over the Japanese economy. By the mid-1980s, the ministry was helping foreign corporations set up operations in Japan.
The decline of MITI was described Johnstone:
-... by the early 1980s, when Western analysts first became aware of MITI, the ministry's glory days were over. In 1979 MITI lost its primary instrument of control over Japanese firms — allocation of foreign currency. The power, that is, to decide who could — and who could not — import technologies. [For example]... MITI bureaucrats attempted to deny fledgling Sony the $25,000 the company needed to license transistor technology from Western Electric.
The declining significance of MITI to Japanese companies made it a less powerful agency within the bureaucracy, and by the end of the 20th century, it was folded into a larger body. In 2001, it was reorganized into the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI).
Important MITI agencies include:
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO)
- Japan Patent Office (JPO)
Notes and references
- Johnstone p xv
- This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress Country Studies. - Japan
- Chalmers A. Johnson. MITI and the Japanese Miracle (June 1, 1982 ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 412. ISBN 0-8047-1206-9.
- Bob Johnstone (1999). We were burning: Japanese entrepreneurs and the forging of the electronic age. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-09118-8.
- (English) METI website
- Benjamin Powell (2007) Japan and the Myth of MITI in Library of Economics and Liberty
- (Japanese) (English) Good Design Award
- (Japanese) (English) Japan Industrial Design Promotion Organization
- Zaibatsu Dissolution, Reparations and Administrative Guidance.


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This is a variation of a theme I've been exploring lately. I want to visualise the paths taken when sometimes opposing forces of attraction and repulsion act on point bodies. In this case, 4 points are paired up, and filled lines with a gold border are drawn between the members of the pairs. These pairs are attracted to each other and will move closer until they reach a certain threshold, whereupon the attractive force changes to repulsion. The pairs are thus constantly either drawn together, or pushed apart. In addition, hidden, non-moveable points are placed in the virtual world. These points also exert forces on the dynamic points according to the same rules of attraction and repulsion. Each dynamic point is given an initial velocity and over time, their paths are traced out. Although theoretically, given enough time it may settle into a static equilibrium, the complex interplay between the myriad of forces and the discrete time nature of computational simulations means that that time is a long way in coming if at all.
Here are some closeups of the tracks.
Interlaced has been uploaded to redbubble should you want a printout.


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Senegal River Basin
Moving from highly centralized governance to more democratic decision making was the goal of WANI's work in partnership with the Organization for the Development of the Senegal River Basin (OMVS). A severe drought had forced riparian nations to work together, but they had failed to engage civil society. WANI facilitated dialogues in the riparian countries resulting in a "terms of engagement" document, which laid out a shared understanding of all parties' responsibilities and expectations.
The Senegal River is the second longest in West Africa with 2 million people living along its banks and many relying on it for their livelihoods. The Sahelian drought of the 1970s brought the governments of Mali, Senegal and Mauritania together to create the OMVS and to construct two major dams for irrigated agriculture, hydroelectric power and river navigation. The mechanisms and infrastructure put in place to manage the Senegal River reflected government priorities, with little engagement of civil society and local stakeholders. Nor had stakeholders been consulted about development decisions made by OMVS despite the existence of consultation mechanisms. In 2002, a Water Charter was adopted, however this was top-down and not well understood in the basin.
WANI worked with OMVS to raise awareness of the opportunities the water charter provided for participation in decision making. It held a series of national and community workshops in riparian countries with representatives from civil society, the private sector, communities and OMVS. Mass media communications and publications in local languages echoed the need for integrated basin management and the benefits of participation.
Dialogues among OMVS, civil society organizations and the scientific communities contributed to greater awareness. These dialogues are expected to continue through newly developed national and local coordination committees that will help OMVS manage the basin.
In 2008, transboundary agreement reached higher levels. A regional workshop on transboundary biosphere conservation in the Senegal River Basin was convened. This was attended by the OMVS, the Transnational Management Committee for the Biosphere Reserve of the Senegal River Delta, parliamentarians from Senegal and Mauritania, local nongovernmental organizations and experts. The dialogue addressed the functioning of dams and water politics in the river basin. In 2009 the River Basin Committee was formed which included a broad range of water users. The OMVS has also adopted a Strategic Plan for Water Development and Management which has an education component with technical language into concepts more easily understood by local communities.
The rehabilitation of the delta of the Senegal river in Mauritania: fielding the ecosystem approach from the IUCN website. Also available in French.


Food as a Tool of Diplomacy & as a Weapon of War
As part of the Policy in Practice Series presented by the Public Policy program, Delaware Valley University was proud to host Dr. Maria Velez de Berliner and her presentation on Food as a Tool of Diplomacy and as a Weapon of War this past Thursday. Dr. Velez de Berliner is president of the Latin Intelligence Corporation and a professor of political violence and terrorism at George Washington University. She is a leading analyst and author of intelligence products and reports and has worked with the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. She has a master's in public and international affairs, with a specialization in international security and intelligence, from the University of Pittsburgh.
Dr. Maria Velez de Berliner
The presentation on Food as a Tool of Diplomacy and as a Weapon of War examined major global issues impacting food production and availability, including how food can be used to solve conflict among nations and how food can be more powerful than weapons when used to manipulate a population by depriving the people of food.
When discussing food as a tool of diplomacy and the role food plays in peace negotiations and conflict resolution such as Somalia and South Africa, Dr. Velez de Berlin pointed out that even when two countries are at odds with one another, it is important for the two groups to take a break from their negotiations and sit down and enjoy a meal together. In line with proper table etiquette, politics are often avoided during such occasions, further allowing the groups to communicate and connect in other ways. Often times, these groups may be able to see each other in a new light. The use of food in this context can be defined as gastrodiplomacy, ultimately the intersection of gastronomy (the study of food) and policy. From this perspective, food can be used as a means to relay cultural values and history.
There are a few organizations who have realized the power of food to bring people together:
 - In Detroit, the Peace Meal Kitchen is a low-profit organization dedicated to educating diners on regions that are either misrepresented by the U.S. media or are struggling with political conflict. Their hope is to not only humanize other cultures that are not easily accessible but also create awareness of the rich diversity that exists within the metro-Detroit area. During your dining experience, you will learn about the geography, culture, and people of the country of focus. rotates identities in relation to current geopolitical events.
 - The Virtual Dinner Guest Project is an international multimedia initiative born from a simple premise: It is harder to ignore, vilify or harm those we have broken bread with. The Virtual Dinner Guest Project facilitates interpersonal connections through our dinner table discussions via Skype.
Ultimately, even if food is available, it may not be accessible. As our population continues to skyrocket, issues of food availability are becoming more prominent. Dr. Velez de Berliner believes that technology is a key factor in addressing sustainability issues of the future. She suggested three applications of technology that could aid in food availability and accessibility:
 1. Hydroponic systems: a plant production system that operates by circulating water. As opposed to a single use of water in the production fields, the circulation of water in hydroponic systems allows for the reuse of water many times. Hydroponics can help reduce the amount of water being used in agriculture which will ultimately allow that water to replenish aquifers and to be used elsewhere.
 2. Genome editing: the genetic manipulation of crops has allowed scientists to breed plants for specific traits that result in more resilient crop varieties. Desirable traits include pest resistance and better water utilization.
 3. Drones: although this isn't new technology, the idea of using drones in agriculture is a concept that has recently gained interest. Drones can be used to in soil and field analysis. They produce precise 3-D maps for early soil analysis, useful in planning seed planting patterns. After planting, drone-driven soil analysis provides data for irrigation and nitrogen-level management (MIT Technology Review).
As stated by in MIT technology review, agricultural producers must embrace revolutionary strategies for producing food, increasing productivity, and making sustainability a priority (MIT Technology Review).
As the worldwide population continues to grow, estimating 9 billion by 2050, the key question becomes this: how we are going to live on a planet with built-in limitations? Furthermore, as food availability and accessibility become more of an issue, how will food be used to address issues of conflict and violence that we are all too familiar with today? We are already seeing incidents where food accessibility is being used by those in power to manipulate large populations of people. These incidents are issues on their own without factoring in the population growth we can anticipate in the future. Also, as the population of our plant increases, arable land available for food production decreases. How can we expect to feed more people when we are confronted with increasingly limited resources? How is it that the US, among the wealthiest countries in the world, is experiencing 48 million who are nutrient deficient? Food availability and accessibility is a sustainability issue that will only be exacerbated unless we take the necessary measures to find solutions.
Mazur, Michal. "Six Ways Drones Are Revolutionizing Agriculture." MIT Technology Review, MIT Technology Review, 20 July 2016,
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Muhibuddin Sodiq, Atok (2009) Upaya Peningkatan Aktivitas Dan Kreativitas Siswa Dalam Pembelajaran Matematika Dengan Menggunakan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif TS-TS (Two Stay–Two Stray) Di MTs Darul Hikmah Diwek Jombang. Other thesis, University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
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The research aimed to find out: a) student's activity, b) student's creativity, and c) student's reult along the teaching and learning process using cooperative learning model TS -TS (Two Stay – Two Stray). Approach used in the research was qualitative. While the research was descriptive. Subject in the research was cooperative teaching-learning TS-TS (Two Stay-Two Stray) model. While the object in this research was all students in VII grade MTs Darul Hikmah Diwek Jombang amounted 17 students. Data collection method used observation and test. While instrument used was observation and test. According to the research in four meeting, there found result: a) percentage of all students' activity in TS-TS (Two Stay-Two Stray) was 76% with good critera. Visual activities reached average value 75.5% with good criteria. Oral activities was 72% and 83.6% in listening activities with good critera. Writing activities was 76,3%, and mental activities was 72.8% and emotional activities was 75.5% with good criteria, b) in whole, the creativity in ability indicator was 59.9% and flexible thought 60.3%. beside, to detail activity was 85.5% and value indicator 62.8% and c) there were 82.4% students succeed the study result by test I with SKBM 60 and 76.5% students succed the study result with SKBM 75, while in test II there were 88.2% students succeed the study result with SKBM 60 and 82.4% students succeed the study result with SKBM 75.
|Item Type:||Thesis (Other)|
|Subjects:||L Education > L Education (General)|
|Divisions:||Faculty of Teacher Training and Education > Department of Mathematics and Computing|
|Depositing User:||Anggit Aldila|
|Date Deposited:||20 Jun 2012 04:14|
|Last Modified:||20 Jun 2012 04:14|
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For Profit Farmers, Non-Profit Agriculture Serving Organizations, and Churches are invited to apply for CEP assistance with the following key conservation objectives:
1. Provide learning experiences in natural resources conservation to communities.
2. Address food deserts.
3. Create farming projects that develop properties into vegetable and fruit
4. Improve access to healthy, affordable food at a local level.
5. Water conservation.
6. Increase pollinator habitat.
7. Leverage non-federal resources to achieve positive natural resources conservation outcomes
Proposals will be accepted for projects located in Texas. CEP anticipates that the total amount awarded under this announcement in Federal fiscal year 2022 will be approximately $30,000.
This opportunity is open to all for profit urban farm entities except schools, CBO, and non profits for competitive consideration of cooperative agreement awards for one year in duration.
Info: Flyer. Also see website link below.
Contact: Jeremy Peaches, _EMAIL_


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National Wetlands Update February 2013
Issue No. 22, February 2013
Wetlands at risk of weeds
Philippa Bailey, Friends of Edithvale-Seaford Wetlands
The Friends of Edithvale Seaford Wetlands Weed Maze.
Edithvale-Seaford Wetlands in the southern suburbs of Melbourne are the last remnants of the Carrum Carrum swamp. In 2001, the wetlands were listed under the Ramsar Convention as being of international significance.
The Friends of Edithvale-Seaford Wetlands, FESWI (established 1988), embarked on a steep learning curve in 2012, taking on a weed eradication project that will ultimately maintain and improve water quality at the wetlands.
The group arranged plant identification training in the wetlands with botanist Dr Graeme Lorimer, who taught group members about the variety of native plants which enhance the wetland environment and presented an example of a weed of national significance, Juncus acutus (spiny rush), a growing problem at Seaford wetlands.
FESWI then researched local weeds which mainly escape from household gardens and can prove hazardous in the wetlands environment. It may surprise readers to learn the colourful gazania can be a menace if left to multiply. Another prolific weed in the area is mirrorbush, which is found on many vacant plots of land and has been spotted thriving within the wetlands.
FESWI put all this new knowledge into a booklet "Wetlands at Risk of Weeds" which was launched at our Wetlands Awareness Day, held on 16 September 2012 at Seaford North Primary School.
Launch of the Wetlands at Risk of Weeds booklet, September 2012.
With funds provided by the Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment's Coastcare program, FESWI were also able to design and purchase a weed maze, which draws children into its compartments, where they discover information and hands on experiences with plants and weeds.
FESWI will be distributing the weed booklets through local community channels close to both wetland areas. The group will be displaying the maze at local events and hope to educate young people about the risk of weeds destroying fragile wetland environments.
For further information visit the FESWI website.


SDG 9: Industries, Innovation, and Infrastructure
How did you get to school today? Walk? Bike? Bus? If you are lucky, you got there by taking paved roads and safe sidewalks. Not everyone in the world has access to the same efficient modes of transportation, some do not have safe roads leading to school or home – making it much harder to get from one place to another.
Infrastructure, meaning roads, bridges, tunnels, water supplies, sewers, electric grids, internet and phone networks, are essential for people to access good education, jobs, healthcare, and sanitation. Three billion people worldwide do not have basic sanitation like toilets and three in 10 people do not have access to safe drinking water.
Can you imagine life without the internet? 3.8 billion people do not have access to the internet, that is 80 percent of the population in least developed countries. Additionally, 18% of people do not have mobile networks to use cellphones.
While major improvements are being made to infrastructure, providing roads, public transport, electricity, connectivity to the internet, and clean water and sanitation to people around the world, billions of people still live without good services.
Our new reading list covers many of these topics and we hope the stories will inspire you to take action for all children to get to school safely and have access to infrastructure where they live.
On the importance of reading
Reading list
Awesome Buildings book cover
Awesome Engineering
Awesome Engineering presents real-world examples of engineering problem-solving to inspire future engineers, architects and designers. This bumper book is packed full of the world's most amazing feats of engineering. From space stations to underground tunnels, superstructures to jet engines; marvel at the landmark achievements in engineering from across history and around the world. Stunning artwork recreates each engineering wonder, with stylish diagrams, engaging text and photos adding to the fascination and understanding of these awe-inspiring achievements.
Author: Sally Spray | ISBN: 978-_PHONE_ | Publisher: Hachette Children's Group
Wild Buildings and Bridges book cover
Wild Buildings and Bridges
Authors: Etta Kaner | Illustrator: Carl Wiens | ISBN: 978-_PHONE_ | Publisher: Kids Can Press
Camila Cartographer book cover
Camilla Cartographer
A delightful book for younger readers, introducing geographical concepts and making mapping fun. A wild boar and her friend find themselves snowed in with no idea of where anything in their habitat is located now that everything is covered. The protagonist, Camilla, loves maps and finds an old version of their habitat but notices that things are quite different than how they used to be. She becomes "Camilla, the Cartographer" and she and her friend go on an adventure to remap their neighborhood.
Author: Julie Dillemuth | Illustrator: Laura Wood | ISBN: 978-_PHONE_ | Publisher: Magination Press
One Plastic Bag book cover
One Plastic Bag
An inspiring true story of initiative and problem solving. Although plastic bags are now widely banned and awareness of single use plastics is much greater, it stands as a good example of awareness development, inspiration and community initiative. This book teaches children to not passively accept injustices against animals and the environment and to take entrepreneurial initiatives.
Author: Miranda Paul | Illustrator: Elizabeth Zunon | ISBN: 978-_PHONE_ | Publisher: Scholastic, Inc.
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text:
Wilderness Safety Education
ALL OF OUR PROGRAMS AND PRESENTATIONS ARE FREE OF CHARGE AS PART OF OUR COMMITMENT TO PUBLIC SAFETY AND EDUCATION.
Preventative Search and Rescue Presentations
Sierra Madre Search and Rescue's (SMSR's) Preventative-Search-and-Rescue (PSAR) program is dedicated to providing wilderness-safety education programs to the public. PSAR presentations, which are available on various wilderness safety topics for ages 3 years old to adults, are from one to two hours in length and provided free of charge. Please contact us at least a month in advance to make sure an instructor is available. Evenings and weekends are the best times to schedule presentations. To learn more about a specific presentation or for scheduling a presentation for your group please contact:Bruce Lamarche, Public Education Coordinator
_PHONE_ (answer machine)
- This Program teaches children what to do if they get lost in the wilderness.
Team member working with children at a safety fair.
- Mountain Survival - What to do before and during your trip, as well as what you bring with you, can have a big impact in determining whether your wilderness outing turns out to be a wonderful experience or a struggle for survival.
- Parental Instruction for Child Safety - Prevention is the key. This presentation will provide useful information for parents who plan to take their children into the wilderness.
- Topics of interest to Girl Scouts, Boy Scouts, Boy and Girls Club, other youth groups. - We can teach children 3 to 12 years old how to avoid getting lost and what to do if they should become lost. Handouts summarize the program and explain to adults what to do if the child becomes lost.
Team presentation at the Sierra Madre Public Library.
- Wilderness Safety for Parents and Adults.- Instruction for parents, camp counselors and other adults how to prepare children for outdoors activities. This includes safety tips for adults to consider when they are with children, fun activities for kids to keep them with the group and prevent them from wandering away, important facts on what to do should someone get lost, and ways to help searchers and dog handlers locate the lost person quickly.
Team Display at the Sierra Madre Public Library.
- Career Days - Teaches junior high and high school students the value of giving to their community by volunteering and explains the requirements, training, duties, and responsibilities of SAR team members.
- Safety Fairs - SMSR participates in safety fairs for children and adults.
- Wilderness Safety Programs for Adults - Instructors will talk with the contact person and create a wilderness safety presentation specially designed to meet the needs of the organization. Numerous topics are available, including Hypothermia and first aid, Winter Safety, Mountain Safety, and Wilderness Survival.
- Sierra Madre Search and Rescue - This is a presentation about SMSR, who we are, and what we do for the community. Some of the topics discussed are how to join the team, training, who is legally responsible for SAR missions, what resources are used during a mission, and who & when to call for help.
Last Updated ( Friday, 29 February 2008 )


text:
Strangeface runs a series of 'making' and 'using' workshops, which are designed to introduce the creative potential and playfulness of masks to schools, colleges and other groups. These courses can be used to –
create a piece of devised mask theatre
provide a resource for generating new ideas
make a set of mask for future exploration
Workshops can take place in a venue of your choice. Masks are made on a table top vacuum former. The method is quick, clean and allows a mask to be made in a fraction of the time it takes using other methods, such as papier-mache. The result is a durable lightweight mask with a smooth finish.
Mask Making – One Day Workshop
The one day workshop provides an intensive introduction to mask. After a practical look at what makes a good mask, each member of the group goes on to make their own basic mask. The final part of the afternoon is spent exploring the masks using exercises and improvisation.
Mask Making – Two Day Course
Following a practical exploration of different types of mask, the group establishes some basic principles of mask practice and notions of what makes a 'good' mask. Each member of the group then makes and paints their own mask. The afternoon of the second day is spent practically exploring masks made.
Mask Making Residencies
Price On Request Subject To Requirements
Residencies are tailored to the requirements of the group and can be based around specific themes, stories or issues. Groups may use the process to produce a finished piece for performance or as a solid platform to develop further work. A typical example would be a five day residency based on Grimm's fairy tales, in which the group spends two days making masks going on to devise a piece for performance on the fifth day.
From £175 per 90 minute session
These drama-based workshops are adaptable to suit your needs and timetable. Popular sessions include:
Introduction to mask
Using half masks
Devising with Masks
Please note that due to the flexible nature of these workshops, prices quoted are meant as a general guide. All of our workshops are ideally suited to groups of approximately 20 students and can be adapted to suit your specific curriculum requirements. Travel and accommodation costs may apply. To take advantage of a 10% discount on workshops bought in conjunction with a mask set and for more details on workshop options, please contact us at _EMAIL_


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Hornsnail, Riversnail, and Rocksnail - Pleuroceridae
Alabama Horn, River, and Rock Snails in Alabama
Anthony Riversnail - Athearnia anthonyi, in the Family Pleuroceridae, is an endangered aquatic snail found in Alabama and perhaps Tennessee.
Elimia - Alabama has a number of species of Elimina, some common and some rare or extinct.
Gyrotoma - Six species in the genus Gyrotoma, family Pleuroceridae, was previously found in Alabama, but they are extinct because of the dams built on the the shoal areas of the main Coosa River in Alabama during the 1960s.
Spiny Riversnail - Io fluvialis has been extirpated from Alabama, but some have recently been reintroduced to upper section of Guntersville Reservoir in Tenneseee.
Leptoxis - Snails in the genus Leptoxis, family Pleuroceridae, are numerous in Alabama.
Lithasia - Of the five species in Alabama, one is no longer found in Alabama; and only one is common.
Pleurocera - Fifteen members of Pleurocera are found in Alabama.
Note: In Alabama, it is illegal to release or stock or move any fish, mussel,


Chemical castration
Many people consider sexual abuse one of the worst crimes a person can commit. In these circumstances, it has been proposed by some that such an offender should be punished, normally in addition to a jail term, by castration.
Also in Spanish
I'm pro Chemical Castration
 1. James [4] argued:
 If this is the only way to stop someone from sexually abusing others then great. Losing the ability to have sex is rough, but if you cannot control yourself we need to protect the public. So it should be used for those that cannot control their actions. Something like pedophilia. They are attracted to younger people and a prison sentence is not going to change that.
I'm against Chemical Castration
 1. Timmy Cheeks [1] argued:
 In prison child sex offenders often die, it's possible for someone to not rape again when they get out of prison y o u can't give one solution for any given problem involving humans because everyone is different
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text:
Could your fire department improve incident communications? Would you like a method of tracking units that provides a stronger accountability structure? Would your department benefit from a well-organized deployment of resources?
Emergency Response Strategies has created an approach based on NIMS to help address these challenges – TotalCommand. Learn the system that allowed other fire departments to see a dramatic increase in fireground organization and a reduced amount of fireground radio traffic, while increasing effective communication and fireground safety.
Through an innovative, hands-on training program, participants act as command, division leaders and operating companies to experience thirty unique training scenarios designed to simulate variables encountered on the fireground. Taught by experienced instructors, TotalCommand is recommended for anyone who can act in command on the fireground, training officers, and fire training instructors.
"The scenarios are the best part of the class. They allow interaction with each other and make people think how they would react if they were the incident commander." Previous TotalCommand attendee
This methodology is designed to provide a consistent organizational approach for any type of response—big or small. By employing this methodology for every call, your department will be well-equipped to handle more complex calls that require intense organization and accountability.
Learn all aspects of incident command including:
- Use of divisions and groups
- Proper communication techniques
- Methods to track units
- Transitional attack
- Emergency Procedures
At the conclusion of the class, each participant will be given materials with all of the information learned during the session, the scenarios run, and the command techniques trained during the sessions, enabling participants to teach their departments this approach.
"I enjoyed networking and critiquing each incident to learn other ways of doing things." Previous TotalCommand attendee
Contact ERS today to schedule a TotalCommand session.


text:
The interior of CNC machine tools is relatively precise and the overall structure is very complex. It is a relatively advanced mechanical equipment and is widely used in some relatively large factories. In today's society, various industries are using intelligent diagnostic technology, which is developed on the basis of computers and artificial intelligence. Because the process of fault diagnosis and processing of CNC machine tools is very cumbersome, the development of diagnosis technology is also becoming more and more intelligent with the development of the CNC industry, which provides a strong guarantee for ensuring the safety of machine tools. In CNC machining, intelligent detection technology also plays an increasingly important role. The intelligent diagnosis system of CNC machine tools is to apply artificial intelligence technology to the CNC system. This paper summarizes the types of CNC machine tool faults and explains in detail the characteristics of CNC machine tool fault diagnosis. Diagnose and repair, thereby reducing economic losses. Finally, this paper looks forward to the main research directions of the future intelligent fault diagnosis technology of CNC machine tools.
IOS Press, Inc.
6751 Tepper Drive
Clifton, VA 20124
Tel.: _PHONE_
Fax: _PHONE_ _EMAIL_
(Corporate matters and books only) IOS Press c/o Accucoms US, Inc.
For North America Sales and Customer Service
West Point Commons
Lansdale PA 19446
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temperature coefficient of about 3300 ppm. If resistor 20 is fabricated from the same P+ material used to create the P channel transistor sources and drains, it will have a low positive temperature coefficient of about 300 ppm. Thus, the resulting circuit will display a temperature coefficient of about 3000 ppm. This value has been found to be very useful for reducing transconductance change as a function of temperature for CMOS IGFETs.
Of further interest is the fact that when resistor 20 is fabricated from P- material, such as a CMOS p well with field implant, it will have a temperature coefficient of close to 3300 ppm. In this case, the current will be roughly constant with temperature. It is clear that virtually any desired temperature coefficient can be achieved using the circuit of the invention by employing resistors with different temperature coefficients.
From the above discussion it can be seen that the entire circuit is based upon a small voltage developed across a low value resistor. Because low value resistors are better controlled in CMOS processes than high value resistors, a more accurate current results.
Circuit node 14 operates about V.sub.TP, or about one P channel transistor threshold, below +V.sub.CC and node 19 operates at V.sub.BE12 below node 14. Thus, if +V.sub.CC varies, nodes 14 and 19 will be clamped thereto and vary by the same amount. This means that supply variations will have little effect upon the output currents at terminals 25 and 27.
The circuit of the drawing was fabricated using convention P well CMOS construction in an ion implant process well known in the art. The following devices were employed. The W/L ratios represent the field effect transistor width to length values in microns.
______________________________________ELEMENT VALUE OR W/L UNITS______________________________________Transistors 15, 16 20/11 micronsTransistor 18 120/30 micronsResistor 20 3600 ohmsTransistors 21, 24 150/20 micronsTransistors 22, 26 60/30 micronsResistor 30 1 M ohmsTransistor 31 9/9 micronsTransistor 32 200/8 microns______________________________________
Transistor 13 was constructed to have an emitter area of four times that of transistor 12. Resistor 20 was fabricated using the same P+ material that was employed in the fabrication of P channel transistor sources and drains. The output currents at terminals 25 and 27 had a positive temperature coefficient of about 3000 ppm over the range of -55 to +125 in a P channel differential amplifier pair the stage gain will, have substantially reduced variation over the same temperature range.
The invention has been described and an operating example given. When a person skilled in the art reads the foregoing description, alternatives and equivalents, within the spirit and intent of the invention, will be apparent. Accordingly, it is intended that the scope of the invention be limited only by the following claims.
The single FIGURE of drawing is a schematic diagram of the bias current generator circuit.
In complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices it is well known that insulated gate field effect transistor (IGFET) devices transconductance falls off with increasing temperature. It is also known that IGFET transconductance is proportional to the square root of current. Therefore, if these transistors are provided with a bias current that is suitably proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT), the transconductance change with temperature can be substantially reduced. A conventional IC PTAT current will have a temperature coefficient of about 3300 parts per million (ppm) per degree Kelvin minus the positive temperature coefficient of the integrated resistor used.
Should a richly doped diffused resistor be utilized, the net temperature coefficient could be about +3000 ppm per degree Kelvin. Alternatively, a lightly doped resistor can be employed to deliberately create a temperature coefficient of about zero, which may be very desirable in certain cases.
In conventional CMOS construction two forms are commonly found. These are P well and N well construction. In P well construction the substrate is an N type semiconductor. P wells, which are to contain N channel transistors, are formed in the substrate. Thus, any N channel transistor fabricated in a P well will have its back gate electrode connected to the well. P channel transistors are fabricated directly into the N type substrate so that their back gates are all substrate dedicated.
If a heavily doped N type region is formed in a P well, for example an IGFET source or drain, the resulting PN junction, when forward biased, can inject minority current carriers into adjacent portions of the P well. These carriers can diffuse across the well and be collected at the substrate. Thus, an NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is present with its collector dedicated to the substrate. While this device is normally regarded as parasitic it can be used in common collector circuit functions.
In N well construction the substrate is a P type semiconductor with N wells formed therein. P channel IGFETs are formed in the P wells while N channel IGFETs are formed directly in the substrate. In this form of construction the N wells can become the base of a PNP BJT which has its collector dedicated to the substrate.
A copending patent application Ser. No. 304,701, now abandoned, was filed Sept. 22, 1981, by Thomas M. Frederiksen et al. It is titled A LATERAL TRANSISTOR USEFUL IN CMOS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS and is assigned to the assignee of the present invention. In this applicaton the combination of a lateral collector with the conventional parasitic BJT creates a structure in which a non-dedicated collector is available for circuit applications. Actually, the device is a dual collector BJT in which only one collector is dedicated or connected to the circuit substrate. The teaching in this application is incorporated herein by reference.
It is an object of the invention to develop a current supply for CMOS devices in which a PTAT current is used for temperature compensating IGFET transconductance.
It is a further object of the invention to develop a PTAT current that is independent of supply voltage and as independent as possible of processing variations.
It is a still further object of the invention to develop a current source that operates on a low supply voltage.
It is a still further object of the invention to develop a PTAT current having a particular temperature coefficient which can range from positive to zero to negative depending upon the magnitude of the positive temperature coefficient of the resistor used.
These and other objects are achieved using a BJT ΔV.sub.BE generator circuit. The transistors are of the dual collector type wherein one collector, the lateral one, is available for circuit connection. Two such transistors are coupled in common to an emitter current source as a differential pair. Their bases are connected together. Means are provided for operating the two transistors at different current densities and a small resistor is coupled in series with the emitter of the lower current density transistor Thus, a ΔV.sub.BE appears across this resistor. This voltage is PTAT and therefore the current flowing in the transistor pair is PTAT less the positive TC of the small resistor. The vertical collectors in the transistor pair are dedicated to the IC substrate which is connected to one power supply terminal. The lateral transistor collectors are returned to the power supply by way of a unity gain current mirror load made up of a matched pair of IGFETs. This current mirror load configuration acts to return the bipolar transistor bases to one of the lateral collectors while the other lateral collector provides a single ended output. An IGFET is used to sense the single-ended output and apply a controlled current to an IGFET current mirror. This mirror, which has a current gain of two, is coupled to supply the emitter current of the BJT pair. This creates a negative feedback loop that stabilizes the operation of the bipolar transistors so that ΔV.sub.BE appears across the emitter resistor. The output IGFET can be coupled to other IGFET current sources. The IGFET current mirror can be coupled to other IGFET current sinks. All of these sources and sinks will conduct a PTAT current based upon the ΔV.sub.BE developed across the small value resistor.
The small value resistor can be constructed in the semiconductor substrate so as to have a predetermined temperature coefficient of its own. Its circuit location is such that its temperature coefficient subtracts from the PTAT coefficient. Thus, the circuit can be constructed to have a desired temperature coefficient.
Patent Citations
Cited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitle
US4147944 *Oct 25, 1977Apr 3, 1979National Semiconductor CorporationComparator with signal related adaptive bias
US4176308 *Sep 21, 1977Nov 27, 1979National Semiconductor CorporationVoltage regulator and current regulator
US4319181 *Dec 24, 1980Mar 9, 1982Motorola, Inc.Solid state current sensing circuit
US4563632 *Sep 21, 1983Jan 7, 1986Sgs-Ates Componenti Elettronici SpaMonolithically integratable constant-current generating circuit with low supply voltage
Referenced by
Citing PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitle
US4835487 *Apr 14, 1988May 30, 1989Motorola, Inc.MOS voltage to current converter
US4847550 *Jan 14, 1988Jul


text:
You will find occasions when you'll need to merge data from two different data frames. In order to merge two datasets you are required to have at least one variable in common.
Here is an example of how to merge data within R:
> merged.data <- merge(dataset1, dataset2, by="cityID")
Above we merge two data frames based on the id variable cityID.
This is a very basic example of running a merge in R. A merge can happen on multiple variables and can also be used to run variables with different category.
Here is an example of running a merge on two variables:
> merged.data <- merge(dataset1, dataset2, by=c("zipID", "cityID"))
In R you can also merge two files if the unique id variable has a different name in each data set. For example, the id variable may be called cityID in dataset1, but called townID in dataset2:
> merged.data <- merge(dataset1, dataset2, by.x="cityID", by.y="townID")


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While reading "C++ Primer Plus 5th edition", I saw this piece of code:
 cout << ch;
So, this will lead to display the following character after ch. But, If I did it that way:
 cout << ch+1;
Now, cout will think ch is an int(try typecasting). So, why cout does so? And why if I added 1 to a char it will produce a number?. And why there's a difference between: ch++, and ch + 1.
share|improve this question
you probably want ch = ch + 1 – kenny Aug 2 '09 at 11:00
I think he means cout << ch + 1, which indeed prints an int instead of a char – itsadok Aug 2 '09 at 11:01
Thanks itsadok, that's what I meant. – Loai Najati Aug 2 '09 at 11:08
4 Answers 4
up vote 18 down vote accepted
The reason this occurs is the type of the literal 1 is int. When you add an int and a char you get an int, but when you increment a char, it remains a char.
Try this:
_TAG_
void print_type(char)
 std::cout << "char\n";
void print_type(int)
 std::cout << "int\n";
void print_type(long)
 std::cout << "long\n";
int main()
 char c = 1;
 int i = 1;
 long l = 1;
 print_type(c); // prints "char"
 print_type(i); // prints "int"
 print_type(l); // prints "long"
 print_type(c+i); // prints "int"
 print_type(l+i); // prints "long"
 print_type(c+l); // prints "long"
 print_type(c++); // prints "char"
 return 0;
share|improve this answer
print_type(c+c); // prints "int" – Avram Aug 2 '09 at 14:50
_USER_: yep, binary arithmetic operators never operate on less than an int. It's fairly early on in the spec. – Steve Jessop Aug 2 '09 at 18:11
Thanks for that. It's really a good answer. – Loai Najati Aug 3 '09 at 11:01
Please note - this is the answe to the original question, which has since been edited.
No it won't. It is not possible to change the type of a variable in C++.
increments whatever is in ch.
ch + 1;
takes the value (contents) of ch, adds 1 to it and discards the result. Whatever is in ch is unchanged.
share|improve this answer
What on earth gave me this idea?:D – Loai Najati Aug 2 '09 at 10:59
-1 because you don't answer the question which was "why does c+1 gives an int?" which has a real answer. See answer from _USER_ – Vincent Robert Aug 2 '09 at 11:23
_USER_ The questioner has changed the question since I answered it - see the edit history. – anon Aug 2 '09 at 11:26
Yes, I did. Thanks Neil. – Loai Najati Aug 3 '09 at 10:59
The statement ++ch; increments ch whereas ch + 1; doesn't.
share|improve this answer
Also, rememeber that '++ch' will do the increment before actually running the statement it is in, so that is why it remains a char.
int i = 0;
cout << ++i << endl;
cout << i++ << endl;
// both will print out 1.
share|improve this answer
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