Tag Archives: digital
so-on talks with Akihiro Kubota
You define yourself as a digital materialist. Can you explain what you mean by this, and what is your artistic background.
Digital materialism is the fundamental concept for my audio-visual work: installations and performances. I see the digital computer not as a tool, but as a raw material for generating artworks, similar to stone, wood, iron and so on.
In a digital computer you have huge clusters of numbers, such as files and data. These numbers have no forms, and in order to perceptualize them we need to transform the numbers into sound, images, text, and so on. The important point is how to perceptualize the numbers inside the computer, how we transform them into their perceptual form. That is the basic approach for creating art.
People often say it is very important how to digitize something, but i think the most important point is how to perceptualize the digital itself. The raw material is only numbers, without any form, and the way we transform this raw materials into a perceptual form is the basic approach of my digital work.
Do you mean by this that an artist should see from start beyond the numbers a certain form of audio and visuals?
What is the starting point? The starting point are the numbers, not the physical world. Starting from the digital domain is the most important approach for the digital materialist. These numbers are some kind of conceptual material and than they transform into a concrete form.
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text: Objectives: Children with severe cerebral palsy (CP) commonly have gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction. Whey-based enteral formulas have been postulated to reduce gastroesophageal reflux (GOR) and accelerate gastric emptying (GE). The authors investigated whether whey-based (vs casein-based) enteral formulas reduce GOR and accelerate GE in children who have severe CP with a gastrostomy and fundoplication. Methods: Thirteen children received a casein-based formula for 1 week and either a 50% whey whole protein (50% WWP) or a 100% whey partially hydrolyzed protein (100% WPHP) formula for 1 week. Reflux episodes, gastric half-emptying time (GE t1/2), and reported pain and GI symptoms were measured. Results: Whey formulas emptied significantly faster than casein (median [interquartile range (IQR)] GE t1/2, 33.9 [25.3-166.2] min vs 56.6 [46-191] min; P =.033). Reflux parameters were unchanged. GI symptoms were lower in children who received 50% WWP (visual analog symptom score, median [IQR], 0 [0-11.8]) vs 100% WPHP (13.0 [2.5-24.8]) (P =.035). Conclusion: This pilot study shows that in children who have severe CP with a gastrostomy and fundoplication, GE of the whey-based enteral formula is significantly faster than casein. The acceleration in GE does not alter GOR frequency, and there appears to be no effect of whey vs casein in reducing acid, nonacid, and total reflux episodes. The results indicate that enteral formula selection may be particularly important for children with severe CP and delayed GE.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Weekend Science Fun: Birds of the Rain Forest
Today we were inspired two bright and colorful books for first graders, Macaws by Cecilia Pinto McCarthy and Rain Forest Life by Janine Scott. These two books would be perfect to accompany a trip to the zoo or a unit on rain forests for the youngest set.
Macaws are from Mexico, Central and South America. Their bright colors and inquisitive natures make them popular with humans.
Facts about Macaws:
 - have colorful feathers
 - can live 50 years or more
 - have strong beaks for eating fruit and seeds
 - males and females pair for life
 - nest in tree cavities
 - travel in flocks
Most macaws live in rain forests. A rain forest is a place with trees that gets a lot of rain. How much rain? Some rain forests get up to an inch of rain per day, or 365 inches per year! Rain forests are often found in warm, tropical regions, but there are also cooler rain forests. An example of a cooler climate rain forest occurs in the west coast of the state of Washington.
Tropical rain forests are home to an abundance of interesting, colorful, and unique birds, in addition to macaws:
1. Bird Beaks
Birds use their beaks for many of the same purposes that we humans use our hands. Birds eat with their beaks, build nests with them, and even groom themselves with them. Birds do not have teeth, but they do have tongues.
One of the first things you might notice about the macaws, toucans, hornbills and hummingbirds is how different their beaks are.
(Photograph of hyacinth macaw by Malcolm at Wikimedia)
The macaw's beak is long and curved on top, coming to a hook at the end. The lower beak is short and stubby in comparison. It looks rather like a can opener.
Check out how these wild macaws use the pointed tip of their beak and their tongue to remove nut meats from nuts. Note: This video has numerous pop-up ads.
The toucan's beak is so large that you might wonder how it flies. It turns out that the beak is very light. Toucans eat mostly fruit, although they also eat insects.
The hornbill's beak is also very large. The structure on the top is called a "casque" and it is thought to be involved with calling (sound production). Larger hornbills have a diet similar that of the toucan. Smaller ones are omnivorous (they eat many things), or even carnivorous (eating only meat).
The hummingbird's beak is long and slender like a needle. Known for drinking nectar from flowers, hummingbirds also eat small flying insects.
Eating like a Bird
1. Food
 - various small fruits like blueberries, raisins, nuts, 0-shaped cereals, gummy worms, and small crackers (check about food allergies beforehand and avoid foods with those ingredients). If you don't want the children to snack on the food afterwards, choose inedible items like un-popped popcorn and packing peanuts.
 - plates or dishes to present the food on
 - variety of equipment to mimic bird beaks, such as tongs, toy pliers, toothpicks, chopsticks, tweezers or forceps, and straws
 - paper cups or similar containers to act as the bird's "crop" (where the food goes)
 - timer (optional)
Depending on the number of children and the amount of food and equipment you have, you might want to form small groups. Explain that the children are going to "eat like a bird." Suggest that they try to put the different food items into their "crops" (cups) using the different tools, but not to use their fingers. Present each child/group with a plate holding an assortment of food items and allow them to freely explore the options. Do some tools work better than others? Brainstorm about what might be other challenging foods that birds might eat. How would you eat an oyster or a snail without hands? How would you eat a fish without dropping it? What other types of tools might be helpful?
Handling time:
Introduce the idea of "handling time," that is the amount of time it takes to pick up, process and eat a particular food item. Using a single tool and a timer, see how many pieces of a particular food they can get into their crops (cups) in a short period of time, such as a minute. Try other kinds of food for the same length of time. Weigh the amount of each type of food that was gathered to discover which type was most efficient, or resulted in the most food consumed per minute. Graph the results.
Another way to perform this test might be to time how long it takes to pick up a particular number of one type of food item with different tools. For example, how long does it take to pick up 30 raisins with tweezers versus toothpicks?
Have you ever watched a bird drink? Notice how these chickens scoop up water and then tilt their heads back to let the water flow down their throats.
Drinking is also a challenge with a beak. Often the tongue helps. Scientists have recently discovered that hummingbirds have a tongue like a mop that they use to slurp up nectar. If you've ever visited a lorikeet exhibit, you might have seen the brush-like tongues they use to lap nectar.
 - straws
 - spoons
 - new toothbrush
 - juice
 - shallow bowls
Pour the juice into shallow bowl. Compare how easy it is to drink with a straw or spoon versus try to drink by collecting fluid in the bristles of a toothbrush.
2. Bird Craft
One thing that catches your eye about these tropical birds is their colorful feathers. Make a brightly colored bird.
 - craft pom poms (2 sizes, body and head)
 - colorful feathers (available at craft stores)
 - matching color chenille pieces, cut into short lengths for beaks
 - sewing thread
 - white or craft glue
 - scissors
Chose 1 large pom pom for body and one smaller pom pom for the head for each bird. Take a few minutes to study the structure of the feathers. Find two similar feathers for wings and one for a tail. If the feathers are widely different sizes you can trim them with scissors. Choose a section of chenille to serve as a beak. Bend the chenille into a v-shape, if desired, or leave it long to serve as a hummingbird beak.
Glue the head and body together. Set aside to let dry or the head may slip when adding other elements. If you are doing a flock of birds, you can glue some while others are drying. Put a bit of glue on the hard tip of each feather (where it attached to the bird in real life) and insert it into the body on either side to form wings. Add glue to the hard tip of the tail feather and insert it on the opposite side from the head. Finally add some glue to the tip of the chenille and add to front of head, taking care not to move the wings and tail. Allow to dry.
Once dry, tie a length of thread around the body and hang up. You can create mobiles or flocks of birds or use them as puppets.
3. Bird homes and rainforest layers
The rainforest is divided into layers.
The emergent layer consists of the very tallest trees that push up through the canopy.
The canopy is the dense layer of treetops.
Under the canopy there may be little light. Wherever light passes through the canopy, young trees, shrubs and vines can grow. The forest floor is also teeming with life.
Birds like the hoatzin use the trees of the rainforest for homes and food.
Many birds live in the canopy layer of the rainforest, although some nest in the shrubs and vines of the understory. Ant birds follow army ant swarms running over the forest floor, catching insects and other arthropods chased up by the approaching ants.
Project: Chose a rainforest bird that interests you and find out where it lives in the rainforest. Does it nest in trees in the canopy or shrubs in the understory? Where does it find food?
Prepare a short report and share what you have found out with others.
Macaws by Cecilia Pinto McCarthy
Reading level: Ages 4 and up
Library Binding: 24 pages
Publisher: Capstone Press (August 1, 2011)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 142966049X
ISBN-13: 978-_PHONE_
Rain Forest Life by Janine Scott
Reading level: Ages 4 and up
Paperback: 24 pages
Publisher: Capstone Press (August 1, 2011)
Language: English
ISBN-10: _PHONE_
ISBN-13: 978-_PHONE_
Books were provided by publisher for review purposes.
See our growing list of children's books about birds at Science Books for Kids.
6 thoughts on "Weekend Science Fun: Birds of the Rain Forest
 1. Roberta
 The scarlet ibis is a bright orangish-red to deep-red-colored bird. It is found near water because it eats tiny invertebrates that live in the mud. They live in South America.
 Do you have a specific question about them?


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There's much discussion these days about passion and purpose in the workplace. A Google search on "passion at work" results in 11,5000,000 hits – although its clear from these that many of us confuse the two. So, what is the difference between passion and purpose - and how do the two connect?
Purpose defines why one is on the planet. Some refer to purpose as a calling. Others, as ones "life work."
Passion is energy - emotional, physical, mental, psychic, often spiritual - that drives supports us to focus our efforts. Sometimes this is purposeful, sometimes not. It can help us positively during the day, pushing us to look for ways to continually improve what we do and how we do it. But it can also be limiting and destructive – both to ourselves and to others.
For example, some passionate folks dress up and go to sporting events to engage in harassment, uncivil and disrespectful behavior – all in the name of being passionate about their team.
Colleagues at work can unfairly judge others, be bullying, engage in gossip, be rude, demeaning and disrespectful about their co-workers' lack of skills and talents – all because they're so passionate about what they do (so why do you have to be so stupid!)
And just as some folks feel their passion allows them to be disrespectful, others channel it towards self-destruction, coming home at night and binging on alcohol, food or drugs.
So passion is energy. The important question is, toward what end is this passion directed?
Is your passion positive? Is it supportive of yourself and of others? Or is it negative, self-destructive and harmful? Just because you're passionate doesn't automatically make you humble, emotionally intelligent, good at relationships, honest, skilled or talented. Passion is just energy.
But purpose completes the passion equation. It's the magic ingredient that gives passion a raison d'etre.
Without purpose as an anchor, passion has no inner or outer guidance system. Without a purpose, life will often will disoriented, out-of-sync and unhappy.
In my years working as a coach, I've always been curious about folks who run into a mid-life crisis at 30 after spending enormous amounts of time, energy and money studying something like law, medicine, IT, finance or management. It amazes me how quickly they have ended up literally hating what they are doing
In some of these cases, they choose to enter a particular profession or career area because they were directed that way by career coaches or consultants who suggested that their talents or interests lay in that direction.
But what these career folks, parents, relatives, even good friends almost never measure is heart. Heart is the focal point of purpose. Not the mind. Not logic. Not what's sexy. Not what The Futurist says one should do and especially, not "Hey you're really good at (blank) that so why don't you pursue (blank)"?
Some never get it. Purpose is not a career or even a talent. But purpose can be manifested in a particular career or by making use of a particular talent or area of expertise. The difference is the energy (passion) that an individual brings to that endeavor and whether their actions and work are "purposeful".
- How do you characterize your relationship to work?
- How did you arrive at doing the work you are doing?
- Do you feel purposeful in your work? Do you feel "coerced" to work or "called" to work
- Do you feel passionate about your work? What motivates you to go to work?
- Do you feel completely engaged at work?
- Why are you on the planet? What is your purpose in life?
- What is the legacy you'd like to leave behind?
- What will others say about you when you're gone...about you as a professional, a spouse, a partner, a parent, a friend...?
- What are three things you're passionate about? How you do express this passion?
- Are you following your life's purpose? How do you know?
- If you really, really dislike your work, what story do you tell yourself to justify your doing it?
So two lawyers, two IT professionals, two managers or two bloggers can both do the same thing, but their energy, their engagement, their true love (not ego) of the work, their steadfastness and sense of well-being depends on whether or not they're on purpose when they're working.
Only the purposeful are engaged in their work. One has their heart in it; the other muddles through with an ugh at every turn.
Purpose is the anchor, the beacon, the direction, the career compass that guides us to make decisions that keep our lives moving forward. Without such a guide, many people hit a dead end at 30 (then 40, then 50), constantly wondering "is this all there is?" Or worse, "I have all this talent, and I don't understand why I'm not happy".
The heart is what drives purpose, not the mind or the ego. When someone has their heart in their work, meaning abounds; they are - and feel - purposeful in their work as well as in the rest of their life.
But when everything is ego-driven, meaning is most often trumped by unhappiness, agitation and constant negative judgments and invidious comparisons with others while always feeling to some degree, lacking, deficient, and disconnected.
And from what do such folks feel disconnected? Their heart, their purpose, their true and real self, their essence. The ego mind, logic, assessments, "thinking" and "figuring it out" are not the path to purpose.


text:
Caryn R. Rodgers, PhD
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
- Practice Specialty
- Harvard Medical School
- Main Location
- Academic Title
- Assistant Professor, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
- Administrative Title
- Clinical Psychologist, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore
- Clinical Focus
- Adolescent health
- Research Focus
Dr. Rodgers focuses on adolescent health promotion in low-income urban communities. Her research examines protective and risk factors for adolescent problem behaviors (i.e., sexual risk behaviors and substance use). Through the employment of community-based participatory research (CBPR) as a research approach, Dr. Rodgers works with communities, families and youth to further understand protective factors that promote resiliency, strength and adaptive functioning among economically disadvantaged urban youth of color. Through the identification and promotion of resilience within communities, she intends to develop and promote effective prevention and intervention programming to increase adaptive and successful outcomes for low-income urban youth and families of color.
Dr. Caryn Rodgers earned her doctorate in clinical psychology from St. John's University in Jamaica, NY. Following completion of her doctorate, Dr. Rodgers completed the Leadership in Education and Adolescent Health (LEAH) psychology fellowship in adolescent medicine through Harvard Medical School. Subsequently, she completed a fellowship in Community-Based Participatory Research as a W. K. Kellogg Community Health Scholar in the Bloomberg School of Public Health at Johns Hopkins
University in Baltimore, MD.


Case Study
Stand Together
Understanding the process of engagement in social change movements.
Stand Together is an organization interested in supporting and building organizations and related programs that encourage and support millions of everyday people who want to drive meaningful social change from the ground up. They needed to know how best to connect with people seeking social change, and how to strengthen those Americans' engagement with an issue or cause.
We used our innovative Journey Mapping approach to understand how individuals who want to make a difference progress from initially being aware of a problem to being a leader in that issue or field.
This approach uncovered pivotal moments in the journey and the broad needs and roles that must be filled along the way.
Our program identified the key points where a person engaging in social change may get stuck, need additional encouragement or education. The sticking points on the journey were matched with concrete actions, which an outside organization like Stand Together can take, to retain and expand the number of Americans engaged in meaningful change. The project gave Stand Together key insights needed to keep their program moving forward.


text:
A rule of law that when person 'A', by act or words, gives person 'B' reason to believe a certain set of facts upon which person 'B' takes action, person 'A' cannot later, to his (or her) benefit, deny those facts or say that his (or her) earlier act was improper.
Estoppel is a set of doctrines in which a court prevents a litigant from taking an action the litigant normally would have the right to take, in order to prevent an inequitable result. Estoppel occurs when a party "reasonably relies on the promise of another party, and because of the reliance is injured or damaged". For example, estoppel precludes "a person from denying, or asserting anything to the contrary of, that which has, in contemplation of law, been established as the truth, either by the acts of judicial or legislative officers, or by his own deed, acts, or representations, either express or implied".
Estoppel is the law's way of saying "you can't have your cake and eat it." One British judge said, in 1862:


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Early Childhood Screening
Early Childhood Screening is a free developmental check-up required by the State of Minnesota for all preschool-aged children.
The early childhood years from birth to the start of kindergarten are important times of rapid learning and growth. Early Childhood Screening is a free and simple check of how your child is growing and developing offered through the Prior Lake-Savage Area Schools.
JOIN US AT SCREENING AS SOON AS YOUR CHILD REACHES 3 YEARS 2 MONTHS.
CALL TODAY FOR AN APPOINTMENT
_PHONE_ OR email Deb Tribby at _EMAIL_
Between the ages of 3 and 4, screening can detect possible health or learning concerns so that children can get help before they start school. Parents may accompany their child through the approximately one-hour-long process. After the screening activities, the screener shares information regarding the child's growth, development and learning. Click here for an informational video.
DISCOVER MORE ABOUT THEIR DEVELOPMENT AND LEARNING, SUCH AS:
- Thinking, language, and communication skills
- Social and emotional development
- Large and small muscle coordination
- Height and weight
- Vision and hearing
- Immunization status


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In English, many things are named after a particular country – but have you ever wondered what those things are called in those countries?
1.1(ambassador) acreditarto accredit sb to sth
- she was accredited to the embassy in Paris — la destinaron a la embajada de París
- He didn't accredit his lawyers to the Hague tribunal because that would mean de facto recognising the court - which he doesn't.
- The subject of the document is accrediting third parties to conduct inspections of eligible Class II and Class III medical device manufacturers.
- Less than half of the 4,000 international journalists accredited to attend actually turned up and, by the end of the summit, even those who did were looking elsewhere.
- She was among 180 diplomats accredited to the election centre at the National Palace of Culture, and personally witnessed the news conferences of the main political groups.
- As it was, 170 journalists were accredited, most of whom had their hands up to ask a question as he took his seat on the stage.
- Under current media regulations, all foreign journalists need to be accredited by the government before entering the violence-wracked country.
- Hundreds of journalists have been accredited to cover the event, with TV and press coverage of the city and of the races expected to be beamed to 60 countries.
- More than 70 journalists have been accredited to cover the hearings which are expected to last at least three weeks.
- England was due to arrive in Harare last night with only the Press Association, the Daily Mail, The Independent, the Daily Express, The Guardian and Reuters news agency accredited to cover the series.
- Foreign journalists are being accredited on a discretionary basis.
- In all, 467 women correspondents, including 267 Americans, were accredited to cover the war.
- In fact, they were under much tighter control than any journalist accredited to the coalition forces.
- Several hundred reporters have been accredited to cover the event, including correspondents from Reuters, the BBC, Deutsche Welle, the Associated Press and France Presse.
- We have diplomats accredited to Riga and those other capitals, and they visit them regularly.
- However, he could not control reporters not accredited to his command.
- Today, Smith - who is accredited with the International Society of Appraisers and has written and taught a course for the ISA on animation art - oversees the gallery.
- By Wednesday afternoon, 980 journalists had been accredited to the international press centre, of whom 645 work for foreign media and 340 work for Bulgarian media.
- Before any journalist could be accredited, the Defence Minister had to be advised.
- Specialised agencies have been accredited to verify and certify the carbon reductions and carbon sequestering achieved.
- Meanwhile, the government last week refused to accredit journalists from the BBC and other western countries who wanted to cover the trial.
1.2(approve, authorize)(broker/agent) acreditar(course) reconocer
- The American Horticultural Therapy Association accredits training programs throughout the United States and in other countries.
- The NCTJ - the official training body for journalists - accredits courses throughout the UK, from day release to full time undergraduate.
- Beginning with its April meeting, CoA will accredit internship programs for up to seven years.
- The Norfolk farm was accredited by the RSPCA with the Freedom Food standard, a stamp of approval for animal-friendly operators.
- It is a 28-week course, which leads to a certificate in CPC accredited by the National Open College Network.
- The doctor is then accredited with the General Medical Council, much as the pupil barrister is with the Bar Council.
- JFCOM's elements of joint context provide a list of capabilities and characteristics required to accredit any training event as a participant in an overarching JNTC-enhanced event.
- Is the distance provider accredited by a recognized accrediting agency?
- If an applicant is pursuing a master's degree in another field, such as business administration, that undergoes a national accreditation process, the appropriate body must accredit the degree program.
- What's troublesome is the ICR's school is actually accredited by a nationally recognized accreditation agency.
- I mean we're tough, we don't mess around if we find a childcare service is not meeting the right standards for accreditation, we don't accredit them.
- A regulatory organisation of both regional and international credibility, SANAS inspects laboratories to ensure they conform to international standards before they are accredited.
- It already helps to drive up standards, accredit courses and provide advice.
- A council accredits a natural-resource company's source of supply if it meets set social and environmental criteria.
- Its remit was, and is, to develop and continuously improve the standards of good practice in franchising and to accredit franchisors that meet these standards.
- It is the sole authority to accredit hospitals in Canada and has the monopoly of accreditation activities, which now encompass long-term, mental health and rehabilitation facilities as well as general hospitals.
- For this reason it is best to choose a course accredited by one or more of the following bodies.
- Now, Health Canada is prepared to accept foreign incorporated registrars so long as the Standards Council of Canada accredits them.
- Thus, for example, the University of Leicester Law Faculty is now accredited by professional bodies in India, Malaysia and Singapore as well as by those in the England and Wales.
- Read the institutions' prospectuses carefully and note if a course is accredited or validated by a respected professional body.
1.3accredited past participle(diplomat/representative) acreditado(qualification) reconocido(institution) homologado(institution) incorporado Argentina(institution) habilitado Uruguay(agent) autorizado
English has borrowed many of the following foreign expressions of parting, so you've probably encountered some of these ways to say goodbye in other languages.
Many words formed by the addition of the suffix –ster are now obsolete - which ones are due a resurgence?
As their breed names often attest, dogs are a truly international bunch. Let's take a look at 12 different dog breed names and their backstories.


Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus…But, Really!
A new study out of the University of Pennsylvania sheds some light on why a long, gushy message on your end may be met by an "okay" on his.
Getty Images
If you sometimes feel like you and your husband are speaking different languages, well, you're sort of right. A new study, which examined a larger population than any of its predecessors, proves even more definitively why a long, gushy message on your end may be met by an "okay" on his.
Staring during adolescence, brain wiring begins to differ between men and women—we have more connections between the left and right hemispheres of our brains, whereas men have more within the same hemisphere. That basically means that your hunch was right all along: Women are better at multitasking whereas men excel at linear tasks that require all attention on one thing.
With understanding comes the possibility of improvement, so the idea is to use this research to better communications between the sexes. For example, women may want to edit their messages to get to the point more quickly, and save important messages for when they have a man's full attention. (So, not while Breaking Bad is on in the background, then.) Men can try to be fully present in conversations and ask follow-up questions, considering how a woman wants them to respond, as a means of engagement.
Earth to all.
[Via WSJ
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When writing a PowerShell script, you are typically doing "something" with "something" and getting a result based on this "doing".
This is all well and good, but after you have gotten your result what do you do with the data? Two common scenarios are writing the result either to the screen or to a file. If the script is doing a lot of calculations, it's quite common to also give the user some kind of feedback while it's working, to indicate that it's actually doing what it's suppose to do and that it haven't stalled.
I have written a few blog post before about using a progress bar to give users visual feedback during long-running scripts. But after one of these posts, Brenton Blawat made me aware that using Write-Progress has it's price on overall script execution time. I was aware that writing anything to the screen is associated with some kind of overhead, but I decided to do some tests to see exactly how much overhead are generated doing different kinds of interaction to either the screen or when writing results to a file.
I wrote a script performing the following tests:
- Test 1 (m1) – The baseline. This test is just performing an easy calculation, but is otherwise not doing anything with the results.
- Test 2 (m2) – This test is using Write-Host to write the result of the calculations to the screen.
- Test 3 (m3) – This test is using Write-Output to write the output of the calculations.
- Test 4 (m4) – This test is saving the results of the calculations to an Array.
- Test 5 (m5) – This test is saving the results of the calculations to an ArrayList.
- Test 6 (m6) – This test is using Write-Progress to create a progress bar while doing the calculations.
- Test 7 (m7) – This test is writing the result of the calculations to a file, doing file writes after each calculation.
- Test 8 (m8) – This test is writing the results of the calculations to a file, but only writing the file after all the calculations are done. In the meantime the results are saved in an ArrayList.
I ran the script, using Measure-Command to take the measurement data, a total of 10 times; 5 times in PowerShell ISE and 5 times from the PowerShell console.
I then calculated the average value of each of the 5 runs per test, so that I could see if it made any difference whether the script was run in ISE or the console.
This is a chart of the result of my testing:
And here a a table of the average data that I collected. All values are in milliseconds.
What surprised me the most was that, although running the script in the console was marginally faster in almost all cases, the Write-Progress cmdlet was significantly slower in the console compared to running it in the ISE.
Other than that I think most of the results were as expected.
I think the lessons learned can be summed up thus:
- Use Write-Output instead of Write-Host
- Use ArrayList instead of Array
- Use as few disk writes as possible
- Only use Write-Progress if you absolutely must
This is the test script I used in case you want to test for yourself:


Are you a professional seeking to obtain or maintain a professional license, or wanting to simply clear your criminal record?
A Certificate of Rehabilitation can assist you in licensing and other matters.
While a Certificate of Rehabilitation cannot eliminate a conviction (dismiss) or remove it from your record, it acts as a positive element on your record. It also is an element of mitigation and rehabilitation in professional license defense cases and addresses certain statutory prohibitions that may prevent a person with a felony from getting hired by certain government agencies.
The Certificate of Rehabilitation can be an option for you if:
 1. You are not eligible for expungement because you had a sentence to state prison.
 2. If you are required to register as a sex offense.
 3. You want to strengthen your background after your felony conviction was expunged.
Depending on the crime, there may be waiting periods before you are able to seek a Certificate of Rehabilitation.
We will help determine the best timing for your Certificate of Rehabilitation, and we will determine the best location in which to file your petition. It may be in the county in which you live, or within the county in which the crime occurred. While the process is time-consuming and difficult, we will work with you to ensure a comprehensive and substantial packet of evidence can be submitted on your behalf.
The license defense attorneys at S J Harris Law are well equipped at painting a positive picture of you, and to highlight your mitigation and rehabilitation. This is the same type of evidence that would otherwise be necessary to defend or obtain a professional license.
All cases involving a Certificate of Rehabilitation are done on a flat fee basis and are all-inclusive through the actual legal process.
However, it is important to recognize that even after an expungement or relief in the criminal court is awarded, including a Certificate of Rehabilitation, background check companies may continue to report your conviction. When this occurs, you will need to pursue additional actions outside the expungement and rehabilitation process handled by S J Harris Law


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Nanowerk, physicists at ETH-Zurich have developed the smallest electricallyumped laser in the world that could revolutionize chip technology ("Microcavity Laser Oscillating in a Circuit-Based Resonator").
The laser is 30 micrometers long, eight micrometers high and has a wavelength of 200 micrometers. This makes the laser considerably smaller than the wavelength of the light it emits – difficult, as lasers normally can't be smaller than their wavelength! So instead of using a resonant cavity, the researchers used an electrical resonant circuit made up of an inductor and two capacitors where the light is effectively "captured" in it and induced into self-sustaining electromagnetic oscillations on the spot using an optical amplifier.
This means the size of the resonator is no longer limited by the wavelength of the light and can in principle be scaled down to any size. This makes the microlaser very interesting for chip manufacturers as an optic alternative to the transistors. "If we manage to approximate the transistors in terms of size using the microlasers, one day they could be used to build electro-optic chips with an extremely high concentration of electronic and optic components", says researcher Christoph Walther.


text: Keep the bugs away with a Sunco LED Bulb Yellow Bug Light while you save energy. This natural insect repellant deters insects with a yellow hue that is harder for bugs to see than a cool blue light. Its lower heat emission, compared to an incandescent bulb, will also help reduce the flying pests near your light. A15 is great as a low blue comfort light or dimmable night light. The energy efficient Sunco Yellow Bug Light also functions as a sleep aid to increase melatonin and adjust your sleep-wake cycle instead of the blue light spectrum that can boost alertness.


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Tools for the safe design of components, systems and environments
Simulation is a key part of understanding how safe and efficient water networks can be designed and operated. System simulation allows for utility network design, expansion and overhaul to be assessed before any work is done on the physical system, saving time and money.
Water distribution
As cities around the world grow and new developments spring up either on the outskirts or in more remote locales, it is essential that the utility networks that supply them are well considered: how are they positioned for future growth? Are they as efficient as they could be? Have adequate provisions been made for potential water hammer events?
Flowmaster's renowned transient solver allows engineers to both identify and suggest solutions to undesirable pressure surges. Its comprehensive component library allows for accurate predictions of pressure drop to be achieved and components appropriately sized.
FloEFD complements this approach by allowing users to simulate individual components such as pumps and valves in three dimensions to obtain more true-to-life performance data; the results can then be easily imported into Flowmaster to further fine-tune the system analysis results.
Water Hammer
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text:
TLDR - Off-Chain
Off-Chain refers to any transaction or activity that occurs outside of the blockchain network. It involves moving data or value between participants without recording every detail on the blockchain. Off-Chain solutions are often used to address scalability issues, reduce transaction costs, and improve privacy. These solutions include payment channels, sidechains, and state channels.
Payment channels are a type of off-chain solution that allows participants to conduct multiple transactions without recording each one on the blockchain. These channels are established between two or more parties, and transactions occur off-chain until the final settlement is made on the blockchain. By reducing the number of on-chain transactions, payment channels can significantly improve scalability and reduce fees.
One popular example of a payment channel is the Lightning Network, which is built on top of the Bitcoin blockchain. It enables fast and low-cost transactions by creating a network of payment channels between participants. These channels can be opened and closed at any time, allowing users to transact with each other directly without involving the main blockchain.
Sidechains are separate blockchains that are interoperable with the main blockchain. They allow users to move assets or data from the main chain to the sidechain and vice versa. By conducting transactions on a sidechain, participants can enjoy faster confirmation times and lower fees compared to the main chain.
Sidechains are often used to test new features or experiment with different consensus mechanisms without risking the stability of the main blockchain. They can also be used to create specialized applications or smart contracts that require specific functionalities not available on the main chain.
State channels are another form of off-chain solution that enables participants to conduct multiple transactions without recording each one on the blockchain. However, unlike payment channels, state channels are not limited to just payments. They can be used for any type of interaction that requires updating the state between participants.
State channels work by creating a temporary off-chain environment where participants can interact and update the state of their transactions. Only the final state is recorded on the blockchain, reducing the overall transaction load. This approach is particularly useful for applications that require frequent interactions, such as gaming or decentralized exchanges.
Benefits of Off-Chain Solutions
Off-chain solutions offer several benefits compared to conducting all transactions directly on the blockchain:
- Scalability: By moving transactions off-chain, these solutions can significantly increase the throughput and capacity of the network, allowing for a larger number of transactions to be processed simultaneously.
- Reduced Fees: Off-chain transactions often have lower fees compared to on-chain transactions since they do not require the same level of computational resources and network consensus.
- Improved Privacy: Off-chain solutions can enhance privacy by keeping sensitive transaction details off the public blockchain. Participants can transact privately within the off-chain environment, and only the final settlement is recorded on the blockchain.
- Flexibility: Off-chain solutions provide flexibility in terms of transaction speed and functionality. Participants can conduct transactions quickly and enjoy additional features that may not be available on the main blockchain.
Off-chain solutions offer a way to address scalability, reduce transaction costs, and improve privacy in blockchain networks. Payment channels, sidechains, and state channels are all examples of off-chain solutions that enable participants to conduct transactions and interact with each other without recording every detail on the blockchain. These solutions play a crucial role in expanding the capabilities of blockchain technology and enabling a wide range of applications.


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NRC Shelter Handbook: Implementation through the 18 assistance methods
NRC understands there to be 18 shelter assistance methods that are normally combined to support the affected population, depending upon the nature of the shelter or settlement programme. Most of these are commonly used by NRC shelter programmes while some, such as loans and credit, are generally outside our standard capacity but can be considered, if the context requires. The 18 assistance methods are summarised below and then elaborated further in this chapter. Case study examples are offered, in order to illustrate how past responses can be understood using the 18 methods. Although the details of how each assistance method is used in each project will vary, the values of using a comprehensive and consistent description include improving communication between stakeholders, as well as making more visible lessons learnt from previous projects.
Resources on this Collection


Terjemahan dari effigy
statue, sculpture, image, effigy, figure, carving
image, picture, drawing, figure, photo, effigy
dummy, hobgoblin, puppet, doll, effigy
Definisi effigy
a sculpture or model of a person.
coins bearing the effigy of Maria Theresa of Austria
sinonim: statue, statuette, sculpture, model, dummy, figurine, likeness, image, bust
 - image, simulacrum
The tomb effigy, the memorial portrait, and the death mask approach a condition of perfect substitutability for the irrevocably absent object, the once-living body.
There are late medieval sculpted monuments in the cathedral, as well as the altar tomb effigy of Bishop Wellesley who died in 1539.
It is ironic that his tomb effigy should show him brandishing an unsheathed sword.
angry campaigners plan to burn an effigy of the social security minister
A university student was sentenced on Wednesday to five months in jail for burning an effigy of the President during a protest march last year.
The protesters also burned an effigy of the House of Representatives Speaker.
Perched atop a rocky pedestal sits a demonic looking clay statue, an effigy of the devil; complete with real rams horns and a human-hair goatee beard.
After the public procession, the effigy is buried, destroyed, or abandoned in the forest.
The effigy on her tomb in the abbey shows her beauty and is remarkable for its attention to detail.
the senator was burned in effigy
One young graphic designer from Ennis had come to the protest with a life-size effigy of the prime minister.
Some of the protesters burnt an effigy of the Health Minister.
Imbued with all of Carpeaux's desire to create a monumental effigy, this bust reveals much of his personal attachment to Napoleon.
a tomb effigy of Eleanor of Aquitaine
coins bearing the effigy of Maria Theresa of Austria
Around him, protesters burned effigies of the once revered king, chanting for him to be hanged as they began to move towards the heavily guarded royal palace.
The exhibition includes more than 300 objects including tapestries. jewellery, stained glass, tombeffigies and sculptures, as well as paintings and illuminated books.
I do, however, recall seeing on television protestors burning effigies and flags.
My naive idea of a sculptor is someone who works with clay or other materials, or chisels away at a piece of stone to create figures, busts and statues, likenesses and effigies, that only they, with their huge talent, can create.
The police dutifully later detained student protesters for burning effigies of her and even went so far as to arrest a street cartoonist for drawing unflattering caricatures of the president.
The protestors burnt effigies representing the demons of inflation and privatisation.
We will burn effigies to voice our protest.
The grand effigies that typify civic sculpture invariably commemorate great statesmen, founding fathers or political icons.
On New Year's, festivities include fireworks and the burning of effigies (representations of disliked people), made by stuffing old clothes.
Tempers are flaring in both countries, with protesters burning effigies of each other's leaders.
The protesters separately burned the effigies of top local officials and senior legislators they blamed for obstructing their interests.
Gagging the mouth, blindfolding and burning effigies are some of the usual forms of protest.
The counterpart of the English and Scottish passion for painted portraits was an almost equal obsession with sculpted effigies on tombs.
The twin sons enthusiastically joined the protesters, carrying posters and burning effigies of the state leaders.
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Today's Lesson From Libertarianism: A Primer
by David Boaz
Historically, the real origins of the state lie in conquest and economic exploitation. The sociologist Franz Opperheimer pointed out that there are two basic ways to acquire the means to satisfy our human needs. "There are work and robbery, one's own labor and the forcible appropriation of the labor of others." He called work and free exchange the "economic means" of acquiring wealth, and the appropriation of the work of others the "political means."
From this basic insight, Oppenheimer said, we can discern the origins of the state. Banditry and robbery and fraud are the usual ways in which people seek to forcibly appropriate what others have produced. But how much more efficient it would be to organize and regularize robbery! According to Oppenheimer, "The state is the organization of the political means." States arose when one group conquered another and settled in to rule them. Instead of looting the conquered group and moving on, the conquerors settled down and switched from looting to taxation.


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The hkcage command creates a cage of hexagons and pentagons to represent the arrangement of proteins in an icosahedral virus capsid. See also: marker, Cage Builder
The arrangement of subunits in an icosahedral capsid can be described as a sheet of hexagons in which curvature is introduced by replacing certain hexagons with pentagons, as in a geodesic dome. The pentagons occupy the points of the icosahedron, while the indices h and k refer to the number and arrangement of hexagons in each face. A virus T number (T = h2 + hk + k2) is proportional to the number of subunits in the capsid. VIPERdb includes viruses with T = 1, 3, 4, 7, 13, and in a few cases, even higher. For more details, see the VIPERdb description and the following reference:
Quasi-equivalent viruses: a paradigm for protein assemblies. Johnson JE, Speir JA. J Mol Biol. 1997 Jun 27;269(5):665-75.The arguments h and k are required; each can be a positive integer or zero, but not both zero at the same time.
The basic T number equation describes lattices built from repeats of the same asymmetric unit. However, expanded versions of the lattices are possible for capsids with vertices occupied by different proteins or different domains. For a given T number, the number of hexagons and pentagons remains the same, but the total surface area increases by a factor α due to additional polygons (triangles and squares). Such expanded lattices can be constructed with the alpha option.
The cage is centered at (0,0,0). It is created as a marker model unless mesh true is used to specify a surface model instead. Hexagons are bent where they cross from one triangular face of the icosahedron to another, so that certain "hexagon" edges are formed by two straight segments rather than one.
Set cage size, where cage-radius is the distance from the center of the icosahedron to a 5-fold vertex (default 100.0 in physical distance units).
Set marker model stick-radius (default 1% of the cage-radius). See also: size
The type of icosahedral orientation can be:
- 222 (default) – with two-fold symmetry axes along the X, Y, and Z axes
- 2n5 – with two-fold symmetry along X and 5-fold along Z
- n25 – with two-fold symmetry along Y and 5-fold along Z
- 2n3 – with two-fold symmetry along X and 3-fold along Z
- 222r – same as 222 except rotated 90° about Z
- 2n5r – same as 2n5 except rotated 180° about Y
- n25r – same as n25 except rotated 180° about X
- 2n3r – same as 2n3 except rotated 180° about Y
Specify the the weight of the sphere component in an interpolation between an icosahedron and a sphere of equal radius. The sphere factor f ranges from 0.0 (default, icosahedron) to 1.0 (sphere). The interpolation only involves vertex positions and will not generate curved mesh lines.
Capsids in which the vertices are occupied by different proteins or domains (rather than identical asymmetric units) may form expanded versions of the lattices, as described in:Structural puzzles in virology solved with an overarching icosahedral design principle. Twarock R, Luque A. Nat Commun. 2019 Sep 27;10(1):4414.
The alpha option allows creating such expanded lattices, with choices for alphatype (see Fig. 2 in the paper):
Thanks to the Luque Lab at San Diego State University for developing the code for this option, with funding from the NSF.
- hexagonal (default)
Specify a color for the cage model (default white).
mesh true | false
Whether to create a wire-mesh surface model instead of a marker model. If a surface model is created, a marker model can be generated from it later with the command marker fromMesh.
replace true | false
Whether to replace an existing hkcage model with the new one rather than opening an additional model.


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Energy transfer performance of mechanical nanoresonators coupled with electromagnetic fields
© Javaheri et al.; licensee Springer. 2012
Received: 23 July 2012
Accepted: 6 September 2012
Published: 17 October 2012
We study the energy transfer performance in electrically and magnetically coupled mechanical nanoresonators. Using the resonant scattering theory, we show that magnetically coupled resonators can achieve the same energy transfer performance as for their electrically coupled counterparts or even outperform them within the scale of interest. Magnetic and electric coupling are compared in the nanotube radio, a realistic example of a nano-scale mechanical resonator. The energy transfer performance is also discussed for a newly proposed bio-nanoresonator composed of magnetosomes coated with a net of protein fibers.
KeywordsNanoresonators Magnetic nanoparticles Magnetosomes Energy transfer Nanotube radio
Mechanical nanoresonators exhibit resonance behavior involving the mechanical vibrations of the system elements. The natural frequencies of such resonances will, generally, be in the radio frequency range. Nano-scale mechanical resonators coupled with electromagnetic fields have been receiving significant attention recently [1–3]. The ability to interact with electromagnetic fields allow such resonators to be essential parts of nano-scale systems. Imaging, sensing, and targeted actuation in nano-scale are among several emerging technologies that rely on efficient energy and information transfer.
In principle, nanoresonators may couple to electromagnetic fields by the charge distributions (electric coupling) or by the magnetic moment they carry (magnetic coupling). Traditionally, the energy transfer via electric coupling has received more attention since materials are mostly transparent to the magnetic field. Also, magnetic field intensity in electromagnetic radiations is significantly smaller than the electric field. Consequently, magnetic coupling of mechanical resonators with electromagnetic radiations becomes impractical unless the size of the system significantly decreases. A desirable magnetic coupling, however, can be achieved if the coupling occurs within the near-field range. Take the example of a mechanical nanoresonator operating in a biological environment. In this case, magnetic coupling holds important advantages over electric coupling. First, magnetically coupled systems can provide more selective and localized energy transfer that is due to the fact that magnetic fields, unlike electric fields, couple weakly with non-targeted surrounding media, which are often not magnetic [5, 6]. Therefore, magnetic signals suffer from considerably less attenuations while propagating in the surrounding biological media and can drive a targeted resonator inaccessible to electric signals with the same level of energy. In addition, magnetic dipoles are normally more stable than electric dipoles and do not require significant energy from outside to maintain their state.
This work revisits the interactions of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields with mechanical nanoresonators. In particular, we are interested in the quantitative assessment of the energy transfer in such nanoresonators. We use the same methodology presented by Hamam et al. and focus on low-dissipation conditions that permit resonance. The feasibility of achieving such conditions has been demonstrated in the literature [1, 8]. The outline of this paper is as follows. We first present a general model for mechanical nanoresonators including electric and magnetic coupling mechanisms and describe the dynamics of the model. Then, we compare the resonant energy transfer performance of the resonator for electric and magnetic coupling using resonant scattering theory. Finally, we sketch a roadmap for a new nanoresonator composed of a magnetite nanoparticle embedded in a net of protein fibers.
A resonance can be achieved if.
Here, θ = x/L is the angular displacement, I ≅ m L2 is the system's second moment of inertia, κ ≅ k L2 is the rotational spring constant of the cantilever, and ψ is the stochastic torque caused by the thermal noise. For the magnetic coupling,, while in the case of the electric coupling.
One can think of U as the energy capacity of the resonator. An important observation is that U scales with Q2.
Note that the energy absorbed by the resonator over the relaxation time matches the resonator energy capacity. In general, the calculation of the force (or torque) exerted on the nanoresonator through electromagnetic coupling is not straightforward. As an alternative approach, one can use scattering theory [7, 11], which allows to work with fluxes instead of forces, to estimate the energy deposited on the resonant system. The two approaches are equivalent since our theoretical model is solely based on dipole-dipole interactions. In the next section, we will use this more convenient method to study the resonant energy transfer.
Resonant scattering analysis
Qa is obtained from the steady state solution.
which confirms that the energy deposited scales as Q2/k.
In our first example, we compare the energy transfer performance of the magnetic and electric coupling in the nanotube radio, a realistic example of a mechanical nanoresonator. We replace the electric dipole of the nanotube tip with a magnetic dipole in the form of spherical magnetite nanoparticle. According to the original study, a nanotube radio built from a cylindrical carbon nanotube of length L ≈ 1 μ m holding a net charge of q = 200 e− absorbs an amount of energy enough to detect radio signals from the electromagnetic radiation. To achieve the same amount of energy deposit, the magnetic moment of the replacement tip should be in the order of μ ≈ qLc = 9.6 × 10−15 Am2, which can be obtained by placing a magnetite nanoparticle of radius R approximately 160 nm.
In order to achieve higher quality factor, the nanoresonator should experience smaller viscous resistance. For instance, one can reduce drag forces in the system by coating the magnetite nanoparticle with hydrophobic proteins or lipids. In this case, the hydrophobic coat acts as a lubricant [19, 20]. In a more sophisticated design, a multi-layer shell of hydrophobic proteins may be used to engulf the nanoresonator and repel water molecules. In order to aggressively reduce the rotational friction, the nanoresonator could be packed in an inorganic shell that completely excludes the system from the cytoplasm. The elastic protein fibers may be replaced by synthetic nanowires or nanotubes with carefully designed rigidity. For example, del Barco et al. have demonstrated the possibility to have free rotation of magnetic nanoparticle embedded in a solid matrix.
Assuming that high quality factor, Q = 100, can be achieved, one finds that an AC magnetic field of intensity B = 3.5mT, generating an electromagnetic flux of 10 W/m2, deposits a significant amount of energy ΔU = 2,500kBT into the system over the resonance relaxation time. Since this field intensity is well below the coercivity field of the nanoparticle [15, 16], we neglect the energy losses via magnetic reversal. If this energy was entirely manifested as heat, the temperature of the magnetosome would be increased by 0.5°C during the relaxation time τ = 0.1μ s. As shown in Figure 3, Q = 10corresponds to ω0 = 66MHz, in air (η = 10−5Pa.s), while the same quality factor can be achieved at frequencies as low as about 1 MHz if the viscosity can be reduced by a factor of 100 compared to air. Magnetically coupled mechanical nanoresonators with high quality factor show good energy transfer performance while being tunable and may be useful in frequency selective heat production in the biological environment. The important contribution of mechanical motions in magnetic hypothermia has been experimentally shown in ; however, these applications have not yet benefited from the resonant energy transfer since their quality factors are well below one.
In conclusion, we have shown that carefully engineered magnetically coupled nanoresonators can match the energy transfer performance of its electrically coupled counterpart, while providing a more selective and robust interaction in biological environments. We have used a unifying framework of resonant energy transfer for electrically coupled and magnetically coupled mechanical nanoresonators and compared the performance for the two couplings. Our analysis suggests that if the interacting electric dipole of a small electrically coupled resonator is replaced by a magnetic dipole, a comparable amount of energy can still be deposited on the system. We have considered the example of nanotube radio, and we have shown that the strength of electromagnetic coupling remains the same using a magnetite nanoparticle of radius 160 nm instead of the charged tip. We have proposed a new resonator composed of magnetosomes embedded in a net of protein fibers and analyzed its energy transfer performance. We have discussed possible pathways to further improve the quality factor of the resonator. While this article focuses on quantitative aspect of energy transfer, our work also opens up new interesting questions on how to use efficient energy channels to transmit information to a nano-scale device or organism. Characterizing the transmission of information and the channel capacity will be discussed in future studies.
We would like to thank Professor Mark Dykman for his important suggestions and enlightening comments. We also thank the participants of NSF Workshop on Biologically-enabled Wireless Networks for stimulating discussions. This work is supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant number NSF CNS-_PHONE_ and the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences with contract numbers DE-FG02-07ER46352 and DE-FG02-08ER46540 (CMSN), and benefited from allocation of computer time at the NERSC and NU-ASCC computation centers.
- Jensen K, Weldon J, Garcia H, Zettl A: Nanotube radio. Nano lett 2007,


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Blunt Family History
Blunt Name Meaning
nickname for someone with fair hair or a light complexion, from Anglo-Norman French blunt 'blond' (Old French blund, blond, of Germanic origin). nickname for a stupid person, from Middle English blunt, blont 'dull', 'stupid' (probably from Old English blinnan 'to stop', or Old Norse blundr 'sleep').
Source: Dictionary of American Family Names ©2013, Oxford University Press


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Linux learn map
This project should allow students of a Linux curse to get a quick overview of all exercises as well as automatic feedback for completed exercises.
The exercises are described in simple text files, one per execise. To test if an exercise is complete a "check" script is uploaded to a server via SSH and then executed. If the return value is 0 the exercise is complete.
The setup is outlined for a Debian based system:
 1. Install Apache 2 webserver with PHP and SSH2 PHP module:
 apt-get install apache2 libapache2-mod-php5 libssh2-php
 You can use the apache2-mpm-prefork package if you don't have a high load and want to save some memory.
 For local development it can be helpful to set display_errors=On in /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini. Please don't do this on a live system.
 2. Checkout the repository:
 git clone cd linux-learn-map
 3. Make the public directory accessable via the webserver. Either by setting a DocumentRoot to the public directory or by defining an alias.
 The webserver also needs read-only access to most directories in the repository. Easiest way:
 chgrp -R www-data.
 4. Copy the sample.htaccess file in the public directory to.htaccess and configure the access control. For local development a local htpasswd file is useful. For productive deployment you might want to use LDAP authentication.
 5. Create a private/public key pair in the keys directory and configure the paths in config.php. Don't set a password for the private key! The webserver will use the private key to open an SSH connection to the student VM every time a student checks the exercise.
 Add the public key to the authorized_keys file of your student virtual machines.
 6. Thats it for now.
Writing new exercises
By default all exercises are stored in the exercises directory. Each subdirectory that contains a file named check is interpreted as an exercise. No matter how deeply nested the directories are.
A file named exercise.txt in the same directorie contains additional information about the exercise. In the simplest form this file looks like this:
Title: Install an Apache Webserver
Description written in Markdown
How to write Markdown: Markdown introduction, php Markdown Extra
No description, website, or topics provided.
No releases published
No packages published


text:
Blackburn, George Alan (1998) Spectral indices for estimating photosynthethic pigment concentrations : a test using senescent tree leaves. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 19 (4). pp. 657-675.Full text not available from this repository.
The possibility of estimating the concentration of individual photosynthetic pigments within vegetation from reflectance spectra offers great promise for the use of remote sensing to assess physiological status, species type and productivity. This study evaluates a number of spectral indices for estimating pigment concentrations at the leaf scale, using samples from deciduous trees at various stages of senescence. Two new indices (PSSR and PSND) are developed which have advantages over previous techniques. The optimal individual wavebands for pigment estimation are identified empirically as 680 nm for chlorophyll a, 635 nm for chlorophyll b and 470 nm for the carotenoids. These wavebands are justified theoretically and are shown to improve the performance of many of the spectral indices tested. Strong predictive models are demonstrated for chlorophyll a and b, but not for the carotenoids and the paper explores the reasons for this.
|Journal or Publication Title:||International Journal of Remote Sensing|
|Subjects:||G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > G Geography (General)|
|Departments:||Faculty of Science and Technology > Lancaster Environment Centre|
|Deposited By:||Dr GA Blackburn|
|Deposited On:||07 Feb 2007|
|Last Modified:||26 Jul 2012 18:09|
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text:
WipeIn film editing, a wipe is a gradual spatial transition from one image to another. One image is replaced by another with a distinct edge that forms a shape. A simple edge, an expanding circle, or the turning of a page are all examples.
It is often aknowledged that using a wipe, rather than a simple cut or dissolve is a stylistic choice that inherently makes the audience more "aware" of the film as a film, rather than a story. For example, George Lucas is famous for the sweeping use of Wipes in his Star Wars films, which help evoke a kinship to old serialized pulp sci-fi novels and serials.


Inheritance Tax Guide
Inheritance Tax Explained in Detail
Taxes are a big deal. You don't just wake up one morning and decide to do your taxes. Taxes are complicated, and you want to make sure that you're getting the best advice possible regarding something as crucial as inheritance tax. The sooner you start planning for taxation in your country, the better off you'll be in the long run!
A Guide to Inheritance Tax
There's nothing more natural than a parent's desire to ensure their family is financially secure after death. There's also nothing more frustrating than having your home being grabbed off your kids by the taxman after you die.
Think about it
In as much as most people would like to blame the 21st-century greedy taxmen for inheritance tax, IHT has been around for centuries. It's been dated back to 1796 when a tax on estates was established to help finance the war against Napoleon. The modern-day inheritance tax, however, dates back to 1894 when the government formally introduced estate duty, a tax on the cash value of the land.
So, one would ask, what's inheritance tax, who's liable, how much it is, and how can you reduce its effect on your loved ones and your estate?
Well, here's a comprehensive guide to walk you through all the nitty-gritty on inheritance tax.
Inheritance Tax Basics
Inheritance Tax Basics
Inheritance tax, or as 30% of the population refers to as 'death duty' is an amount of capital that your family or financial manager pays to the government after you die, depending on your estate's worth.
In simple terms,
Everything you own – property, shares, investments, equities, vehicles, jewelry, furniture – less anything you owe like mortgages, funeral plan expenses, and credit card debt, makes up your estate.
When Do You Have to Pay IHT?
If you have to pay an inheritance tax amount, you'll have to get an IHT reference number at least three weeks, before making any payment. You can do this either through post or online. IHT, however, has to be paid by the end of the 6th month after you die. If it's not paid within the set timeframe, HMRC will start charging interest.
Your estate executor will choose to pay the tax on specific assets like your home, by instalments over ten years, but the overdue amount will still be subject to interest.
If your assets are sold before all the IHT is paid, the executors will have to ensure that they pay all the installments, plus interest immediately.
Therefore, if your estate incurs IHT, it'd be best if your executor paid some of the tax within the first six months of the death, even if they're not done valuing the estate – this is known as payment on account5. It helps in reducing the interest that your estate will be charged if it takes longer to sell the assets to cater to the debts and other taxes.
In case there's an overpayment, HMRC will refund the estate once the probate has been offered.
How Much Is Inheritance Tax? What Is Its Rate
How Much Is Inheritance Tax? What Is Its Rate?
Well, there's no inheritance to pay if your estate is valued below the set £325,000 inheritance tax threshold – it's referred to as the nil rate band. The limit is, however, expected to rise with time, but it's also likely to remain constant until 6th April 2021.
The new set rules also mean that if you decide to leave your estate to your kids, (including foster, adopted or step kids), or your grandkids, a house allowance of £175,000 will be available, with the possibility of increasing your threshold to £500,000.
The standard inheritance tax rate is 40% of anything in your estate that's over the £325,000 threshold. Therefore, if you leave your kids an estate worth £500,000, the tax bill will be £70,000 (40% on the difference between £500,000 and £325,000, £175,000).
If you're married or in a civil partnership and your estate is worth less than your threshold, any unexploited limit will be included in your spouse's limit when you pass on. It means that their threshold can be as high as £750,000.
On the other hand,
When a married couple leaves a jointly owned house to their kids, the total limit will be £1million, when they include both their house allowances. Nonetheless, when this allowance is transferred between couples, the value of the transferred IHT allowance will be dependent on when the second, and not the first, partner passes away.
If you want to figure out how much inheritance tax you're liable to pay, you can try using the inheritance tax calculator and know what strategies will help in reducing the IHT amount.
Inheritance Tax Guide
How to Reduce IHT's Impact on Your Estate
There are numerous steps you can consider to avoid the hefty IHT implications. However, each step can have an impact on your life now. Therefore, it'd be best if you think of getting inheritance tax advice from a professional financial advisor. You might also benefit from discussing this with your family members.
With that said, here are some of the steps you need to take to reduce IHT's impact or avoid inheritance tax entirely.
Offering Gifts
When you make a gift, you won't be liable to paying inheritance tax, primarily if you survive for seven years afterwards. Therefore, if you offer antiques in your residence to your kids, for instance, then the value of the antiques will be excluded if you die over seven years later. It's practically a sliding scale that's referred to as a 'potentially exempt transfer.
Gifts can be categorized as:
 - Any item that has a value like cash, real estate, possessions
 - A loss in value when you transfer something, for less than it's worth, the difference in cost will be considered as a gift
So, how can you offer gifts away, and how is it considered?
Let me show you
There are two ways you can make a gift. You can offer your family, next-door neighbour, or friend £3,000 worth of offerings each year as an annual exemption (and rollover one year's allowance, to a maximum of £6,000).
You can also make small gift exemptions – offering up to £250 to as many people as you'd like.
Every tax year, you can make various gifts offerings like:
 - Gifts to charity foundations and political parties
 - Wedding or civil, ceremonial gifts of up to £1,000 per person (£2,500 for a grandkid or great grandkid, £5,000 for your child)
 - Disbursements to assist with another person's living expenses like an elderly relative or child under 18 years
Leaving Capital to a Charity
Leaving Capital to a Charity
When you make payments to a UK-registered charity, you can avoid paying inheritance tax – therefore, even if you're technically giving capital away, you're securing 100% of its value. Your estate might be eligible to pay IHT at a reduced rate on some assets if you leave at least 10% of your net estate to charity in your Will.
The 10%, however, only applies to the amount of your estate over the lifetime allowance. Therefore, if, for instance, you were leaving behind £425,000, you'd benefit from the lower rate if you offered more than £10,000 (10% of the amount that's over £325,000).
Leaving the Estate to Your Spouse
Your civil partner or spouse will never be forced to pay tax on assets you leave them, regardless of the amount. By making the most of this in your Will, you can save your loved ones a small fortune.
Let me explain
When your spouse or civil partner passes on, they'll inherit your un-utilized personal allowance, thus enabling them to pass on up to £325,000 more as part of the primary inheritance tax allowance.
If your spouse, or you, remarried, then the unused personal allowance will be added together and distributed – but only up to the value of one full personal allowance.
Using Property Allowances
If you're planning on leaving your estate to your kids or grandkids, the new estate allowances allow you to leave behind more of your property before tax is due. In the 2020/21 tax year, the estate allowance is worth £175,000 per person, up from £150,000 in 2019/20.
For those who're married, the tax-free amount increases by £350,000. Therefore, including the personal allowance, property of up to £1million could be entirely free of IHT.
Taking Out Equity Release Plans
Taking Out Equity Release Plans
If all your assets are locked up in your home, you might not be able to offer gifts during your lifetime or spend the wealth yourself. To get around this, you can try taking out an equity release plan – a mortgage that lets you unlock the value of your residence in exchange for a lump sum or regular income.
Keep in mind
The equity release mortgage scheme offers you two options: the lifetime mortgage and the home reversion plan. With the lifetime mortgage, you borrow cash against the value of your house and repay the loan amount plus interests when you die or move into residential care. With the home reversion scheme, however, you sell a part or your entire estate at a reduced market rate.
You can choose the pass on the capital you release to your beneficiaries or spend it yourself. Provided that you survive the gift by seven years,


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Salar de Uyuni Magical realism in the Bolivian Altiplano.
Salar de Uyuni (or Salar de Tunupa) is the world's largest salt flat at 10,582 square kilometers (4,086 sq mi).
It is located in the Potosí and Oruro departments in southwest Bolivia, near the crest of the Andes, and is at an elevation of 3,656 meters (11,995 ft) above mean sea level.
The Salar was formed as a result of transformations between several prehistoric lakes. It is covered by a few meters of salt crust, which has an extraordinary flatness with the average altitude variations within one meter over the entire area of the Salar.
The crust serves as a source of salt and covers a pool of brine, which is exceptionally rich in lithium. It contains 50 to 70% of the world's lithium reserves, which is in the process of being extracted. The large area, clear skies and the exceptional flatness of the surface make the Salar an ideal object for calibrating the altimeters of Earth observation satellites.
The Salar serves as the major transport route across the Bolivian Altiplano and is a major breeding ground for several species of pink flamingos. Salar de Uyuni is also a climatological transitional zone, for towering tropical cumulus congestus and cumulus incus clouds that form in the eastern part of the massive salt flat during the summer, cannot permeate beyond the salt flat's considerably more arid western edges, near the Chilean border and the Atacama Desert.
The geological history of the Salar is associated with a sequential transformation between several vast lakes. Some 30,000–42,000 years ago, the area was part of a giant prehistoric lake, Lake Minchin. Its age was estimated from radiocarbon dating of shells from outcropping sediments and carbonate reefs and varies between reported studies.
Lake Minchin (named after the Juan B. Minchin of Oruro) later transformed into paleolake Tauca having a maximal depth of 140 meters (460 ft), and an estimated age of 13,000–18,000 or 14,900–26,100 years depending on the source.


text:
Minerva's environment is densely populated. People may move fast, and
in unpredictable ways. Even static obstacles often cannot be sensed
reliably. Avoiding collisions is of uttermost importance for robots
operating in public spaces.
Minerva's lowest level navigation module is the "Dynamic Window Algorithm" (DWA), a method to navigation at high speeds in dynamic environment. DWA enables Minerva to travel at up to 1.6 meters per second (over 5 feet per second), while still avoiding collisions with obstacles. At such speeds, the robot's inertia is substantial. Minerva's collision avoidance module considers torque limits when determining motion speed and velocity. To cope with difficult-to-detect obstacles, the localization modules is consulted periodically to extract from the map a set of "virtual" sensor measurements, which roughly correspond to positions of known obstacles or hazards, such as a nearby staircase.
The following picture depicts a typical situation. Shown here is the robot (center) and the direction of the target location (yellow line). The various dots correspond to sensor measurements--both virtual and real. To avoid collisions, the robot accepts a detour and moves around the obstacle (green dotted circle).
Plenty more information on Minerva's collision avoidance module can be found in the following papers:


tree: eca66a031d8e6bb7b2f9a9b1c69dff5b2d87e5cf [path history] [tgz]
 2. main.go
 3. main_test.go
 4. testdata/
Benchstat computes and compares statistics about benchmarks.
benchstat [options] old.txt [new.txt] [more.txt...]
Run benchstat -h for the list of supported options.
Each input file should contain the concatenated output of a number of runs of go test -bench. For each different benchmark listed in an input file, benchstat computes the mean, minimum, and maximum run time, after removing outliers using the interquartile range rule.
If invoked on a single input file, benchstat prints the per-benchmark statistics for that file.
If invoked on a pair of input files, benchstat adds to the output a column showing the statistics from the second file and a column showing the percent change in mean from the first to the second file. Next to the percent change, benchstat shows the p-value and sample sizes from a test of the two distributions of benchmark times. Small p-values indicate that the two distributions are significantly different. If the test indicates that there was no significant change between the two benchmarks (defined as p > 0.05), benchstat displays a single ~ instead of the percent change.
The -delta-test option controls which significance test is applied: utest (Mann-Whitney U-test), ttest (two-sample Welch t-test), or none. The default is the U-test, sometimes also referred to as the Wilcoxon rank sum test.
If invoked on more than two input files, benchstat prints the per-benchmark statistics for all the files, showing one column of statistics for each file, with no column for percent change or statistical significance.
The -html option causes benchstat to print the results as an HTML table.
Suppose we collect benchmark results from running go test -bench=Encode five times before and after a particular change.
The file old.txt contains:
BenchmarkGobEncode 100 _PHONE_ ns/op 56.63 MB/s
BenchmarkJSONEncode 50 32395067 ns/op 59.90 MB/s
BenchmarkGobEncode 100 _PHONE_ ns/op 56.63 MB/s
BenchmarkJSONEncode 50 32334214 ns/op 60.01 MB/s
BenchmarkGobEncode 100 _PHONE_ ns/op 56.41 MB/s
BenchmarkJSONEncode 50 31992891 ns/op 60.65 MB/s
BenchmarkGobEncode 100 _PHONE_ ns/op 56.09 MB/s
BenchmarkJSONEncode 50 31735022 ns/op 61.15 MB/s
The file new.txt contains:
BenchmarkGobEncode 100 _PHONE_ ns/op 65.19 MB/s
BenchmarkJSONEncode 50 32036529 ns/op 60.57 MB/s
BenchmarkGobEncode 100 _PHONE_ ns/op 64.27 MB/s
BenchmarkJSONEncode 50 32156552 ns/op 60.34 MB/s
BenchmarkGobEncode 100 _PHONE_ ns/op 65.12 MB/s
BenchmarkJSONEncode 50 31288355 ns/op 62.02 MB/s
BenchmarkGobEncode 100 _PHONE_ ns/op 66.00 MB/s
BenchmarkJSONEncode 50 31559706 ns/op 61.49 MB/s
BenchmarkGobEncode 100 _PHONE_ ns/op 64.96 MB/s
BenchmarkJSONEncode 50 31765634 ns/op 61.09 MB/s
The order of the lines in the file does not matter, except that the output lists benchmarks in order of appearance.
If run with just one input file, benchstat summarizes that file:
$ benchstat old.txt
name time/op
GobEncode 13.6ms ± 1%
JSONEncode 32.1ms ± 1%
If run with two input files, benchstat summarizes and compares:
$ benchstat old.txt new.txt
name old time/op new time/op delta
GobEncode 13.6ms ± 1% 11.8ms ± 1% -13.31% (p=0.016 n=4+5)
JSONEncode 32.1ms ± 1% 31.8ms ± 1% ~ (p=0.286 n=4+5)
Note that the JSONEncode result is reported as statistically insignificant instead of a -0.93% delta.


text:
.
In forestry, the terminology of flowering plants has commonly though inaccurately been applied to cone-bearing trees as well. The male cone and unfertilized female cone are called "male flower" and "female flower", respectively. After fertilzation, the female cone is term "fruit", which undergoes "ripening" (maturation).
- To fertilize the ovum, the male cone releases pollen that is carried on the wind to the female cone.
- A fertilized female gamete (called a zygote) develops into an embryo.
- Along with integument cells surrounding the embryo, a seed develops containing the embryo.
- Mature seed drops out of cone onto the ground.
- Seed germinates and seedling grows into a mature plant.
- When mature, the adult plant produces cones.
Although the total number of species is relatively small, conifers are of immense ecological importance. They are the dominant plants over huge areas of land, most notably the boreal forests of the northern hemisphere, but also in similar cool climates in mountains further south.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


text:
Date of Award
Master of Arts
Faculty of Community Services, Education and Social Sciences
Dr. Rhonda Oliver
Dr. Graham McKay
Dr. Danielle Brady
Bilingual children with specific language impairment (SLI) from non English speaking background (NESB) present a major diagnostic problem to speech pathologist and educationist in an English speaking country. There has been no known study on the simultaneous narrative development involving bilingual Chinese children with and without SLI. This longitudinal case study examined the relationship of Chinese (L1) and English (L2) in narrative development in a child with no language difficulty (Child LN) and a child (Child L1) diagnosed as having SLI. The hypothesis posed for this study was that Child L1 has the same developmental profile for narrative skill in L1 and L2 as Child LN, but at a slower rate of progression and there was no within subject difference in the narrative development between L1 and L2. The narrative characteristics of L1 and L2 of these two children were studied over a twelve months period between the age of six and half and seven and half years. A total often recordings of the children's retelling and generation of stories in both L1 and L2 were made, using various bilingual and text less children's books and pictures. The narratives were analysed with regard to their form and content. The narrative form was measured by T-unit/utterance ratio, the cohesive score and the number of complete episodes. The narrative content was analysed according to the total number of story grammar components (measuring content amount), the types and frequency of grammar components, and the developmental staging (measuring narrative maturity). For each child, the narrative characteristics of L1 and L2, with regard to the indices studied, were closely linked. Both children showed a similar developmental pattern in their narrative production, and parallel progression with age in the narrative production of coherence score, total grammar components, and number of complete episodes. However, Child L1 generally performed at the lower level than Child LN in both his Chinese and English languages for T-unit/utterance ratio, developmental staging, coherence, and number of complete episodes The study also confirmed the past findings of the important influence of age, topic and communicative context on the production of narratives of young children. Whilst Child LN was developing culture related narrative characteristic in the way of using different constituents for his grammar components, Child Ll was yet to do so. The frequent sequence of "initial event", "attempt" and "consequence" was found in Child LN's Chinese narratives, indicating the "cause-effect" discourse pattern of Chinese culture. This was in contrast to his English narratives where "setting" was found to be more frequent than "consequence". No difference in the frequency of common grammar components between L1 and L2 of Child L1's narratives was found. They were "attempt", "initiating event" and "internal response". The preponderance of "internal response" in Child LI's narrative was in contrast to past studies on children with SLI. The outcome of this study indicates that the indices used in this study may be culturally relevant for analysing the narrative structure of bilingual Chinese children. The results indicated that simultaneous analysis of L1 and L2 narratives of these children may help to differentiate SLI from ESL (English as second language). In this respect, gaining access into L1 data through linguistically competent transcriber may be crucial to accurately identify narrative difficulties of children from non English background. This study, although descriptive in nature with only a single representative case, raised a number of questions that need to be addressed in future research. They will be discussed in the thesis. Further research to see if the same characteristics could be isolated among most bilingual Chinese children is necessary for cross-cultural study of children with SLI.
Lo, B. H. (2000). Indeterminacy in first and second languages : case studies of narrative development of Chinese children with and without language disorder. Retrieved from _URL_


Quick Answer: How Do You Calculate ABC?
What is ABC pharmacy?
The ABC and VED (vital, essential, desirable) analysis of the pharmacy store of Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India, was conducted to identify the categories of items needing stringent management control..
What is ABC in CPR?
What is ABC full form?
ABC and its variations are initialism mnemonics for essential steps used by both medical professionals and lay persons (such as first aiders) when dealing with a patient. In its original form it stands for Airway, Breathing, and Circulation.
What is ABC XYZ analysis?
ABC/XYZ analysis is a method of grouping planning objects (characteristic value combinations, SKUs) based on their value (revenue or sales volume) and dynamics of consumption or sales. … The analysis ranks planning objects according to their value contributions in terms of sales or contribution margin.
What are the benefits of ABC costing?
Advantages of Activity-Based CostingProvides realistic costs of manufacturing for specific products.Allocates manufacturing overhead more accurately to products and processes that use the activity.Identifies inefficient processes and target for improvements.Determines product profit margins more precisely.More items…
How do you implement ABC costing?
Implementation StepsStep #1: Activity Identification. First, activities must be identified and grouped together in activity pools. … Step #2: Activity Analysis. … Step #3: Assignment of Costs. … Step #4: Calculate Activity Rates. … Step #5: Assign Costs to Cost Objects. … Step #6: Prepare and Distribute Management Reports.
What is Doctor ABC?
The primary survey is a quick way to find out how to treat any life threating conditions a casualty may have in order of priority. We can use DRABC to do this: Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing and Circulation.
What is ABC costing with examples?
The ABC system assigns costs to each activity that goes into production, such as workers testing a product. … And, the activity-based costing process shows you which overhead costs you might be able to cut back on. For example, you make soap. Soap A requires more overhead, like testing, than Soap B.
How is ABC XYZ analysis calculated?
How to calculate ABC XYZ inventory analysisIdentify the items you want to include in the analysis.Calculate the coefficient of variation for each item e.g (standard deviation / mean) * 100.Sort the items by increasing coefficient of variation and accumulate the figures.Set the boundaries for each category.
What is ABC analysis full form?
In materials management, ABC analysis is an inventory categorization technique. … The ABC analysis suggests that inventories of an organization are not of equal value. Thus, the inventory is grouped into three categories (A, B, and C) in order of their estimated importance.
Where is ABC analysis used?
The ABC analysis is widely used in supply chain management and stock checking and inventory system and is implemented as a cycle counting system. It is most important for companies that seek to bring down their working capital and carrying costs.
What are the steps in ABC analysis?
Steps in Making an ABC Analysis:Establish the item characteristics that influence the results of inventory management. … Classify items into groups based on the established criteria.Apply a degree of control in proportion to the importance of the group.
What is ABC analysis based on?
ABC analysis is an approach for classifying inventory items based on the items' consumption values. Consumption value is the total value of an item consumed over a specified time period, for example a year.
What are costing methods?
In general, costing methods are tools used to identify expenses that involve the business' processes, such as manufacturing and sales. Because there are different types, it is very important that the company assess their key characteristics and see which one fits best in its environment.
How do I create an ABC analysis chart in Excel?
ABC Analysis using Excel – Step by step tutorialArrange the inventory data in Excel. … Calculate extra columns needed for ABC classification. … Create Inventory Distribution Chart. … Set up ABC classification thresholds. … Add the ABC items & % total cost columns to chart. … Add Error bars to the ABC markers to get boxes.More items…•
What is ABC technique?
The ABC Technique is an approach developed by Albert Ellis and adapted by Martin Seligman to help us think more optimistically. … These thoughts directly impact what we believe about the event, ourselves, and the world at large. The Technique pushes you to analyze three aspects of a situation: Adversity. Beliefs.
What is ABC Analysis example?
When it comes to stock or inventory management, ABC analysis typically segregates inventory into three categories based on its revenue and control measures required: A is 20% of items with 80% of total revenue and hence asks for tight control; B is 30% items with 15% revenue; whereas 'C' is 50% of the things with least …
What does ABC mean in Roblox?
What are the disadvantages of ABC analysis?
The disadvantage of ABC analysis are as follow: Abc analysis will not be effective if the material are not classified into the groups properly. It is not suitable for the organization where the costs of materials do not very significantly.
What is ABC analysis and its advantages?
Advantages of A.B.C. method of Inventory Control: ADVERTISEMENTS: (i) It ensures control over the costly items in which a large amount of capital is invested. (ii) It helps in developing scientific method of controlling inventories.
What does EOQ mean?
What is the objective of XYZ analysis?
Main objectives The main objective of this analysis is to minimize the inventory cost such as turnover, labor cost, material cost etc. A. XYZ analysis The XYZ analysis is most commonly used technique in an organization. In XYZ analysis the items are classified into X, Y and Z classes based on demand variability.
How do you do FSN analysis?
Procedure of FSN analysis The FSN analysis consists of fallowing basic Steps: Prepare the list of items and calculate their unit cost, annual demand, annual usage & Arrange the items in the decreasing order otheir annual demand Calculate the percentage of annual demand & cumulative percentage of annual demand.


text:
Trees' and insects' growth and development are dependent on environmental factors like temperature (heat), light and humidity. Because insects are cold-blooded, temperature has the greatest effect on insect development rates.Development rate increases as temperature increases up to a point. In the temperature range from 10 to 30 degrees, development rate changes almost linearly with increasing temperature. At very low temperature there is no development, and at very high temperature development is stunted.
Since temperature influences tree growth in a similar manner to insects, development of the various growth stages in the tree is dependent on temperature. Each stage of tree development requires a certain amount of heat units before growth to the next stage will occur. This measure of accumulated heat over time is known as physiological time. For instance, remember the cool, rainy late-winter/early-spring weather we recently had? This year's cherry blossom's in DC went from 2/28/2011 (green color in buds) to 3/29/2011 (peak bloom).Last year's cherry blossoms only went from 3/14/2010 (green color in buds) to 3/31/2010 (peak bloom) because it was warmer earlier – so developmental growth speeded up – and left us with less time to enjoy the blooms.
For many years, growers have observed the arrival or development of a partlcular insect pest with flower bud or leaf development and have timed the applications of sprays in the spring. This is an indirect use of physiological time. Using these natural timers are most useful early in the growing season when tree growth stages are readily observable. However, making accurate predictions on insect life stages throughout the growing season are needed. This is done by measuring degree-days of the insects in question.
What are degree days? Entomologists have determined lower threshold temperatures and degree-day totals for the life stages of many insects by studying their development in the field and the laboratory. The lower developmental threshold for a species is the temperature below which development stops. The upper developmental threshold is the temperature at which the rate of growth or development begins to decrease. Phenology models are then developed and used to predict various events or lifestages of an insect. This is useful for tree and shrub care companies because it gives a general timetable for when to treat insect pests during the correct stages to be effective.
Mother Nature is full of surprises! If you find your insect pest populations are out of control this season and damaging your trees and shrubs, contact Wood Acres Tree Specialists for a consultation. It takes years to grow a beautiful tree or shrub specimen – don't let it be disfigured or destroyed in one season.


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SARUMAN1) is a tools for aligning short reads to a microbial reference genome that computes alignments using GPU programming.
Most of the paper descibes the process for deciding what reads will be aligned on the GPU.
SARUMAN requires an error tolerance e, or an acceptable number of errors when mapping. An index of the reference genome is built using a k-mer size such that each read can be split up into e+1 k-mers with a remainder. By the pigeon-hole principle, if the read is within the error tolerance, it must have 1 k-mer in the reference. A read is required to have two hits in the index table within the expected proximity in order for it to be designated for alignment. The substring to be aligned against is extracted from the reference and enqueued with the read for alignment.
To avoid the cost of transferring data to the GPU, alignments are transfered and aligned in batches. Reads are aligned using the Needleman–Wunsch algorithm. If all the values a column in the alignment surpass the error tolerance, the alignment is stopped. The alignments are then transfered back to the CPU for formatting and output.
For Slug
SARUMAN performs well on small genomes with times comparable to BWA, but the size of the index makes it impractical for use on the banana slug genome.
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archive/bioinformatic_tools/saruman.txt · Last modified: 2015/07/28 06:26 by ceisenhart