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Experimental workflow for the creation of a non-conventional open source HBIM platform integrating metric data and stratigraphic analysis: the case study of the refectory of Santa Maria di Staffarda Abbey
The decision to carry out this research was moved from particular needs and questions affecting the actual architectural heritage and building archaeology panorama, especially as far as the documentation and preservation of Cultural Heritage assets are concerned. In this regard, a particular methodology called Building Information Modelling (BIM) is changing and revolutionising the way to produce and preserve documentation and in general information. BIM methodology has been developed especially for AEC industry (Architecture Engineering Construction), then for architectural design and technical installations and it allows to collect and include information inside 3D models also establishing relations (such as geometric and semantic) and between objects and related information. Despite BIM advantages, this methodology is not widely used for Cultural Heritage assets and it could be considered still an ongoing research field, also due to the limitations resulting of commercial BIM solutions, developed and designed to support AEC industry management and for this reason they could rarely adapt their workflows (from modelling tools to semantic dimension) and methods to Heritage assets.
Analysing its peculiarities, BIM, and in particular HBIM (Historic Building Information Modelling) could become the proper methodology as far as the Cultural Heritage assets documentation and preservation, providing the integration of different kind of information through semantic relations. Indeed, the inclusion of historical information on HBIM platform produces and involves advantages for managing, monitoring and valorisation processes, as well as benefits for the purpose of investigating historical evolution of historic architecture. Through the BIM methodology becomes possible to increase the documentation phase and to comprehend information stored inside the model in order to have a complete panorama of the analysed context by establishing and managing custom datasheet, database and ad-hoc queries, ensuring in this way the quality and preservation of data.
In this regard, stratigraphic information are particular features to be included inside an HBIM platform especially since stratigraphy is a unique historical information that rarely can be found on archives or other resources. In this sense, stratigraphy and its analysis, widely used and implemented in archaeological excavations has become a fundamental tool also for historical buildings and then for building archaeology purposes. By using this analysis on the stratification, a complete identification map of layers or units can be extract for the purpose of understanding the transformation and evolution of the stratification. As far as building archaeology is concerned, this analysis is a fundamental not only for comprehending the historical evolution of the construction site (analysing constructive and destructive actions on wall surfaces) as well as for the comparison operations between the structure of an historical building with its mechanical behaviours taking into account the specific events that have changed the building static asset.
For these reasons, stratigraphy is a type of information to be preserved and documented in the best way possible and BIM methodology could be the right solution, because stratigraphic units, as well as pathologies and surface features can be modelled as wall components and connected to the parametric model of the surveyed building. Acting in this way it is also possible to obtain a complete framework as far as the historical evolution of the analysed historic architecture through stratigraphic analysis (if visible) is concerned, collecting and increasing the amount of knowledge concerning the evolution of the building inside the HBIM platform. Moreover, the inclusion of stratigraphy involves benefits for risk and vulnerability comprehension, attaching to the parametric model constructive and destructive actions concerning historical buildings.
Performing this kind of integration, the resulted limitations of traditional stratigraphic studies (in general paper-based analysis often disconnected from the architectural context and from other resources) can be avoided, ensuring a good data collection and protection. For this reason, BIM methodology could be the right solution for building archaeology and architecture history studies.
Despite these advantages, this type of historic implementation could be considered an ongoing research field, especially since the HBIM operative steps differs from a BIM workflow and the integration of not common information depends also on testing experimental and not conventional workflows as well as not common software: in fact, inside this project, the decision to carry out an HBIM platform by using a particular scan-to-BIM process via NURBS modelling by also using an open source BIM solution (and this workflow could be named scan-to-openBIM via NURBS) has followed exactly this thought. The decision of NURBS modelling – by using Rhinoceros software – has been adopted in order to reach a high LOD (level of detail) as well as high GOG (Grade Of Generation) as far as the 3D model is concerned, avoiding the objective modelling limitations of BIM software. In this regard, actual BIM solutions offer modelling tools based on predefined and limited architectural libraries editable parametrically, but in this sense, Cultural Heritage assets requires to be comprehended, simplified and modelled manually depending on specific needs as well as their features and peculiarities are concerned.
Moreover, the decision to develop a custom HBIM platform by using open source solutions – by compiling and customizing FreeCAD software – it has been taken for the purpose of having the complete access and control to the source code, libraries, tools and then to the entire software, adapting and modifying the software workflow and in general the instrument analysis to specific Cultural Heritage assets and research needs. Then, this work is essentially based on analysis and experimentations of not common commercial (Rhinoceros) and open source (FreeCAD) software applied to a custom HBIM workflow for the purpose of verifying their flexibility, stability and reliability, creating a dynamic open source HBIM platform focusing on the integration of stratigraphic analysis as historical information, and for this reason the refectory of Staffarda Abbey has been investigated as case study.


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The sorting line is designed to categorize and automatically sort the raw material (bacon) based on process measurements performed by the FOSS MeatMaster II Apparatus. The line consists of 4 sorting stations and one rejecting station for elements that do not meet the production requirements. The basic application has been additionally equipped with a statistical analysis module of measurement data.
Process measurements processed by the control system:
- fat content,
- geometric dimensions of the raw material (length, height, width),
- raw material density.
The completed application fulfills the following tasks:
- presentation of current measurement data,
- data archiving,
- generating production reports,
- printing labels,
- defining the required production parameters.
Tasks performed by AB-Micro Sp. z o.o.:
- measuring/control equipment specification and delivery (GE, Sick, Siemens),
- implementation of process software in the SCADA Movicon 11 environment,
- development of control software for the Simatic S7-1200 controller,
- prefabrication of a control cabinet (Rittal),
- installation of measuring/control equipment,
- integration of the control system with the weighbridge,
- starting the sorting line.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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- In general, okra is used much more as a condiment than as a sauce in itself.
- okra is in fact added to a sauce so that it isn't too runny, but sticks together well enough to stick to the boule.
- okra may be used for sauce preparation as much with vegetables as with meat, be it fresh or dried.
- When using fresh okra, we cut it into very small pieces, then we add it to the vegetables into boiling water.
- We wait until the two (okra, vegetables) are well-cooked before adding any condiments (salt, Peanut butter, Maggi soy sauce or bouillon cubes, piment (hot spice), etc.).
- Then one must leave the sauce on the fire for a few minutes before serving.
- When using dried okra, we grind it into powder and put a certain quantity (in general, a tablespoon per litre of water for making sauce) in at the same time as the other condiments.
- In rare cases, okra is prepared alone as a sauce in itself (for example, during the time between sowing the fields and harvest).
- In this case, the sauce is composed of water, salt and okra (fresh or dried), cooked together. The quantity of okra must be sufficient enough for the sauce to be a sauce and not simply water.


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Date: Feb 5, 2013 2:57 AM
Subject: Re: Matheology � 203
In article ,
fom wrote:
> On 2/4/2013 6:00 PM, fom wrote:
> > On 2/4/2013 5:14 PM, Virgil wrote:
> >> In article ,
> >> fom wrote:
> >>> From the beginning (I showed up when Zuhair was asking questions)
> >>> I have not understood terminology. A CIBT is the Cantor space.
> >>> It is a topological construct and the C refers to topological
> >>> completeness.
> >> In my disputes with WM, a "CIBT" or "COMPLETE INFINITE BINARY TREE"
> >> is a countably infinite set of nodes, with a unique root node and such
> >> that every node has two child nodes, a "left child" and a "right child",
> >> and every node but the root node has one parent node for which it is
> >> either a left child or a right child.
> >> One can model it with its nodes being positive naturals:
> >> 1
> >> / \
> >> / \
> >> 2 3
> >> / \ / \
> >> 4 5 6 7
> >> / \ / \ / \ / \
> >> So that the left child of any node n is 2*n and its right child is
> >> 2*n+1, and the parent of any node n except 1 is floor(n/2).
> > Yes. I gathered that and it is nice to see it
> > framed classically.
> > Would not infinite binary tree suffice? What
> > confused me initially was the inclusion of the
> > modifier "complete".
> I suppose not. In discrete presentations, the
> length of a tree is probably described relative
> to the length at the terminal node of the longest
> branch (usually with a +1 somewhere). Consequently,
> complete here means that every node has a branch
> for every symbol of the alphabet -- in this case 2.
A path in a binary tree is any maximal chain of parent-child linked
nodes in a binary tree, and such a tree is complete if all paths are of
equal length. In an infinite binary tree that means each path is a
countably infinite set of nodes.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Short genes for greater sensitivity
In the UK, one in ten children will be affected by an anxiety disorder. There are a range of treatments available, not least of which are the 'talking therapies' such as cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). A team of researchers at Kings College London have, for the first time, established a link between a child's genes and the chances that they will benefit from CBT.
This study was carried out on a sample of around 360 children, all with anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorder is a term that covers OCD, phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder and panic attacks.
Samples of DNA were taken from each child with a specific focus on a section called the serotonin transporter promoter. Serotonin is a chemical that is used to transmit signals between nerve cells, neurons. When an electrical signal comes to the end of the neuron, serotonin is released into the synapse, or gap, between it and the next neuron. When the serotonin is absorbed by the second cell it induces an electrical signal and so the message is passed on through the nervous system.
The serotonin needs to be reabsorbed from the synapse so it can be reused by the neuron to transmit the next nerve signal. This is done with the aid of a protein, known as a serotonin transporter, that is fixed into the membrane of the nerve cell. These transporters act like gates that allow the serotonin back into the neuron.
In the mid 1990's it was found that there are different lengths of the section of DNA used to encode for the transporter. Specifically this difference is due to the difference in length of the promoter region of the gene. The promoter is a section of DNA that helps with the creation of a protein; in this case, the transporter.
The short form of the promoter has been linked with an increased risk of anxiety disorders, but only under environmental conditions that would promote these disorders. It is this combination of the length of the promoter and the environmental factors that has caused this to be labelled the 'sensitivity gene'. Having the short form doesn't mean a person will get an anxiety disorder, but it does mean that they will be more likely to suffer from such a disorder when placed in stressful situations.
The study at Kings College London has shown that children with the short form of the promoter are 20% more likely to respond to CBT and enjoy at least 6 months free of anxiety disorder following the treatment.
CBT focusses on the dysfunctional ideas, behaviours and emotions that an individual has. It relies on fostering a positive, secure environment where the client and the therapist work together to form solutions.
This ties in well with the idea of the short form of the gene linking with a response to the environment. In a negative environment there is a greater chance of suffering an anxiety disorder, but in a positive environment there is a greater chance of improvement.
No-one likes to see youngsters suffer and there is something pleasing about the fact that the gene that promotes anxiety disorder in children in stressful situations may also be the key to finding their way back to rude and robust mental health.
See the original article at 'Sensitivity gene' predicts whether anxious children will benefit from CBT


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2.2 An Introduction to Planning
Simply put, planning attempts to logically solve a specific problem or issue and identify steps that can be taken to reach desired future outcomes. Planning can be initiated either through voluntary means or by regulation. According to the Canadian Institute of Planners, "planning involves the scientific, aesthetic, and orderly disposition of land, resources, facilities and services with a view to securing the physical, economic and social efficiency, health and well-being of urban and rural communities.i
The goals of planning are oriented towards the future. Therefore, planning is an ongoing, dynamic process that needs to be attuned and adaptive to changing environmental conditions, social outlooks and community visions.
The Planning Process
Approaches used in planning processes vary greatly. Some processes follow a rigid schedule of meetings, while others adopt a more flexible workshop approach. The approach selected is determined, in part, by the characteristics of the planning area, the specific issues being addressed, the needs and interests of the community, and the individuals involved. Planning for complex environmental, social or economic problems typically requires a process design that integrates most, if not all, of the following steps:3, 4
- Involve key decision makers and partners. Consider who should be engaged in the process in order for it to work. Strong partnerships make for a strong plan.
- Characterize the area / issue to identify problems. If a problem is defined too narrowly, innovative solutions may be overlooked.
- Model or analyze the situation or problem. It is important to understand the causes of the problem, as well as the dynamics that may help solve it.
- Set goals and identify potential solutions, including resource requirements, and implementation and feedback procedures.
- Evaluate potential solutions in terms of technical feasibility, cost effectiveness, probable effects and political acceptability
- Make decisions and design an implementation program.
- Implement solutions and take action.
- Monitor and evaluate the success of the plan and its implementation.
- Modify the plan as required.
Planning with water in mind, or water centric planning, is a primary objective of Living Water Smart, British Columbia's Water Plan. Historically, the provincial government coordinated planning for water resources. More recently, First Nations, local governments, stewardship groups and other community stakeholders have shared this responsibility. Examples of collaborative approaches to planning are profiled throughout this guide. Living Water Smart advocates for water and watershed planning to continue to be a shared, collaborative endeavour.
There is no absolute template to follow for water and watershed planning. Every planning process and every plan is different. There are, however, many elements that are critical to the success of watershed plans. With this in mind, recommended guidelines for watershed planning processes include the following:
- Develop a clear vision, goals, objectives and action items; and set priorities among these.
- Seek involvement and support from elected decision-makers and those with legislative or regulatory responsibilities. The relevant decision makers have much to offer towards a plan that can be implemented.
- Ensure full representation of all affected parties, while keeping the size of the process workable.
- Ensure that the planning process is understood, used and broadly supported.
- Provide access to appropriate technical and analytical skills and information resources.
- Obtain sustainable funding.
- Strive for planning that is done before further development will undermine the effectiveness of the plan.
- Factor in the impacts of climate change and interception activities (e.g., farm dams and forestry) on future water inflows and recharge.
- Include socio-economic analyses to inform planning.
- Consult with those affected to improve the quality of decisions and build community confidence in the fairness of outcomes.
- Give high priority to ensuring that the values and interests of indigenous peoples are included.
- Develop capacity for learning and improving over time and the ability to evaluate the process.
- Provide adequate resources to develop and implement water plans and evaluate their outcomes.
- Improve monitoring and compliance of the use of water and other watershed resources.
Ideally, watershed plans and the organizations involved in implementing the plans should emerge from the planning process with:
- improved understanding of the watershed and how it functions
- clear objectives of how to manage the water sustainably and in an integrated manner
- clearly specified community and environmental outcomes
- decisions that are based on the best available information
- adequately resourced management and implementation
- good integration with other regional and resource-based plans
It should be acknowledged that planning would not solve all of the water-related challenges and conflicts throughout BC. However, it is an important component of the management and governance of water resources and watersheds.
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PLANNING FOR WATER AND WATERSHEDS


Ahh Christmas spirit is well and truly in the air. Yes, it's only early December, but to get ahead of the game, why not try planning some special Christmas activities and treats for your class? After all, you've all been working your little elf socks off this term…you deserve it!
 1. Decorate your class
Get creative! Make your classroom a Christmassy haven for you and your class to enjoy as we count down until the big day. Encourage your children to fully immerse themselves and get their creative hats on, hand the (reindeer) reigns over to them and get them to design their own Christmas classrooms.
Get everyone involved, if you teach younger kids, get them to draw a Christmas scene and showcase them on the wall. You can get them to make their own Paper snowflakes or decorated candy canes. Want to think even more outside the box? Maybe get them to make lists of things they haven been grateful for this year and you can have a 'positive wall' where you stick up all their work. If you teach older children, why not have them bring in Santa hats and decorate them in their own preferred way. If you're allowed to then why not go all out and get a class Christmas tree! After all, what's Christmas without a Christmas tree…?
2. Host a Secret Santa
Why not get everyone involved in a game of Secret Santa? Of course, it is important to be mindful of the financial situations of each child so maybe set a price limit of £2 or get them to make a present rather than buy something. Games like this can help to make everyone feel included and excited about Christmas, it can also encourage class integration and get everyone feeling like they are part of something special. It can also mix up the cliques or groups that often form in classes, getting your pupils to think about others who they may not know too well will help them to expand their social circles and maybe make some new friends as well as make an effort to be kind to other students.
3. Make your own Christmas cards
The more creative, the better. Get your class to make their own Christmas cards, make it into a fun completion with Christmas prizes for the funniest card, the most artistic, the most realistic, the cutest or the one with most glitter on it! You can put the cards up on the wall of your classroom or the children can take them home for their families. Nothing says Christmas like handmade Christmas cards. If you want to go a bit abstract, why not bring cookies in for everyone to decorate or get them to make their own Christmas decorations for the class tree or for their homes.
4. Create a Christmas quiz
This one is more for the last day. You know, the day where the students are just too excitable to sit still or focus so they usually get a treat of a Christmas film and an early leave. well, instead of watching the grinch stole Christmas again this year, why not involve them all in a Christmas quiz?
It can be related to anything of your choosing; Christmas music, Christmas films, traditions, religions or just the festive holiday in general. Get your class thinking and using their brains! Chances are they'll enjoy themselves and learn more than if they watched that film they've all already seen five times.
5. Teach the meaning of Christmas
Teach about festive traditions in England and how they differ around the world in the weeks leading up to Christmas. If you have time and want to incorporate it into a certain lessons like RE, set homework or study time for your pupils to research different etiquette and themes in each country or religion, get them to compare the similarities or differences. If you're teaching art then get them to portray this through paintings or drawings, English, get them to look at short Christmas stories and engage them in discussions about what they think the book says about the meaning of Christmas.
Teaching them about the real meaning of kindness and giving at Christmas will really emphasise that there is more to the holiday than getting presents and eating turkey.
6. Get them thinking of others
Some schools hold campaigns where the children bring in canned food, toys, toiletries and other bits and bobs for the homeless or people in need. Try setting one up at your own school, ask the children who wish to contribute to bring in scarves or gloves for the homeless or create a class hamper to go to a worthwhile homeless charity.
There is still the shoebox appeal, where you can fill a shoebox for children who are in need or less fortunate, but lots of charities hold these types of appeals, so if your school isn't linked to one, then why not set one up yourself. It will really get your class feeling humble and get them to think about other people at this fun, festive time of year.
So here's to what has been a fantastic 2019, Merry Christmas and here's hoping 2020 will be even better!
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The U.S. construction and mining equipment industry is comprised of hundreds of firms, from small businesses to some of the world's largest multinational corporations. Construction equipment is used for the construction of residential and nonresidential buildings, for surface and strip mining operations, for new power and manufacturing plants, for logging operations and for adding to or renovating infrastructure, such as sewage and water lines, roads, bridges and tunnels. Mining equipment firms produce machinery used in underground mining and minerals processing operations.
Machines built by the construction equipment industry are usually classified into ten types: backhoes; bulldozers; construction and surface mining rock drill bits; construction tractors and attachments; off-highway trucks; pile-driving equipment; portable crushing, pulverizing, and screening machinery; powered post hole digging machinery; motor graders and paving machinery; and surface mining machinery.
Machines built by the mining equipment industry consist of coal breakers, cutters and pulverizers; underground mining core drills; minerals processing machinery; mining cars; stationary rock crushing machinery; excavating machinery; and conveyor systems.
The construction equipment industry is classified under NAICS 33312 (Construction Machinery Manufacturing). The mining equipment industry is classified under NAICS 333131 (Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing).
Industry Overview and Global Competitiveness
The construction and mining equipment industry is a very cyclical one, with high sales growth during boom years and reductions in output during economic slowdowns and downturns. The industry is affected particularly by such factors as housing starts, consumer confidence, prices for commodities, such as gold, silver copper, etc., and employment. Since residence and business construction is typically debt-financed, and since most of the industry's products are big ticket items, interest rates and the availability of credit are important factors.
In 2007, the industry's shipments were valued at $26.9 billion, up 77 percent from the 2003 level of $15.2 billion. The industry's upward trend reflects increased demand in construction markets—including manufacturing and residential construction. The mining industry has also been re-energized with the upward trend of commodity prices.
The majority of the over 1,200 construction and mining equipment manufacturers in the United States are small or medium-sized and employ some 105,000 people. The bulk of the industry's sales, however, are dominated by several very large multinational companies. Over recent years, there has been a constant restructuring of the industry. Scores of companies are either being acquired by some of the larger firms that are diversifying their product lines or are going out of business.
The United States is the world's largest producer of construction and mining equipment. American companies are recognized worldwide as producers of high quality, state-of-the-art products. In 2008, total U.S. exports were $23.67 billion—reflecting an increase of 21.3 percent. Imports dropped in 2008 to $14.8 billion from their 2007 level of $15.26 billion (3 percent). Both imports and exports of construction and mining equipment have increased in recent years, reflecting increased worldwide demand triggered by increased spending on infrastructure development as well as a rise in commodity prices in the mining sector.
Over recent years, Canada, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Chile have been markets for U.S. exports of construction and mining equipment. Key sources for U.S. imports have been Japan, Germany, France, Italy, and Korea. Today, China is probably the most important potential market for construction equipment. Many industry professionals refer to China as the "world's largest construction site." Competition for the China market will be fierce. Quality, price, competitive financing, and after-sales-service will continue to be important factors for American companies and will determine ultimate success in China as well as in the international marketplace as a whole.
Foreign competition for construction and mining equipment markets is abundant and determined. Since most of the products produced are quite expensive, sales rely heavily on the best financing packages available. Japan, Germany and other European countries also manufacture high quality construction and mining equipment and compete with U.S. manufacturers not only in the United States, but all over the world. In many foreign markets, U.S. manufacturers remain the dominant suppliers of construction equipment. Market share percentages vary from country to country. However, in most instances, U.S. market shares have been declining to Japanese, German, and recently, Korean competition.
Currently, companies in the U.S. construction and mining equipment industry are facing much tougher times in 2009. The collapse of U.S. and worldwide financial markets, the tightening of credit by the international lending institutions and the worldwide economic recession will adversely affect this important industry sector.
H.R. 1, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, will help construction and mining equipment businesses survive these tough times and make the necessary investments for future growth. In addition to making the desperately needed investment in our Nation's crumbling and inefficient infrastructure, H.R. 1 makes important adjustments to the tax code by allowing for bonus depreciation and 5-year carry back of net operating losses. Long-term extension of the renewable energy tax credit also will give existing businesses the tools to rebound and entrepreneurs the opportunities to flourish.
The U.S. construction and mining equipment industry has been for many years an international industry. Most U.S. manufacturers, especially the larger ones, maintain global supply chains, import some level of their components from foreign manufacturers, and manufacture a portion of their product lines in wholly-owned facilities all over the world. Most of these companies manufacture the smaller, lower priced products abroad, but continue to manufacture the higher-priced, more specialized products in U.S. manufacturing facilities. Most of the industry continues to perform engineering and other research and development processes in the United States. Acquisitions and mergers have been and will continue to be fairly commonplace, often involving foreign companies. U.S. companies are also increasingly investing in foreign companies or forming strategic partnerships to increase their competitiveness in foreign markets.
A major issue that affects the competitiveness of U.S. construction and mining equipment in the eyes of foreign competitors is the availability of competitive financing of U.S. construction equipment. Since most construction equipment is considered to be "big ticket" items, the availability of capital at competitive rates affects the purchase of U.S. construction and mining equipment–which is considered to be the best in the world--but also the most expensive in the world.
Other factors affecting the industry are the level of Congressional funding for the building and maintenance of the road system in the United States; international standards development; intellectual property rights protection; and the huge backlog in visa processing and the accompanying stringent requirements that often make it difficult for foreign customers (China in particular) to visit U.S. construction and mining equipment manufacturers and their manufacturing facilities to secure export sales. Included is the difficulty in obtaining visas to attend trade shows which are the key marketing events for the industry. Therefore, in many instances, foreign customers are content to purchase equivalent machinery from European, Japanese or other foreign construction and mining machinery manufacturers whose governments issue visas to business travelers in a timely manner.
Other issues of concern to the industry that ultimately affect the bottom line include the high costs of health care, tort litigation, intellectual property rights protection, environmental regulations, etc., and the availability of steel and its skyrocketing cost.
The key export opportunities for U.S. construction and mining equipment manufacturers lie in emerging markets like China, Brazil, Russia, Eastern Europe, and India. Intense competition from European, Japanese, and Korean companies and a lack of capital for major infrastructure projects continue to be problems for U.S. manufacturers.
This industry has no problem creating a demand for its products. Every country, and virtually every project imaginable, needs high quality, highly productive construction equipment. The problem that most countries have in buying construction equipment is its high cost. It is widely reported that many foreign governments with globally competitive construction equipment industries more aggressively promote the sales of its companies than does the U.S. government.
These governments assist their companies by helping them offer financing terms to customers that are far more favorable than those offered by U.S. companies. It is often cited that Japanese and European construction and mining equipment manufacturers are able to offer more generous financing packages to their domestic and international customers. The favorable financial arrangements make the foreign products more attractive to customers.
Other obstacles to international trade in construction and mining equipment include:
Standards and Regulations
Most U.S. construction and mining equipment manufacturers view various types of standards and regulations required by foreign governments as unnecessary obstacles to trade. Environmental, noise and other safety standards and their associated costs make the already expensive U.S. equipment much more expensive. U.S. manufacturers are very much in favor of international standards and are working in the various international standards organizations to encourage standards that are fair for all and that establish a level playing field for all competitors.
Intellectual Property Rights
U.S. manufacturers are hesitant to license their technology, especially to firms in a country like China, unless said country vigorously enforces their IPR laws and their WTO obligations. A lack of enforcement of these laws makes it difficult and dangerous for U.S. manufacturers to market their products in countries that do not enforce the law.
The Association of Equipment Manufacturers (AEM) and the National Mining Association (NMA) are the leading U.S. trade associations representing manufacturers of construction and mining equipment and are two of the Department's oldest and most valued client trade associations. Over the years, USDOC has done much to assist their members to enter key overseas markets.
AEM maintains an office in Beijing, China, which was established in 1997 assisted by a Market Development Cooperator Program (MDCP) grant from the Department of Commerce. A subsequent MDCP grant in 2000 established a Chinese language website to help U.S. construction equipment manufacturers advertise their products to potential Chinese customers. The 2000 MDCP grant


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9 January 2013. Climate change poses many challenges to beaches and coastal areas and to the people living near these areas. In order to educate school students and community members on how to protect their beach environments, the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Jakarta office and the FOCIL Foundation organized a Sandwatch training of trainers for teachers and students from Wangi-wangi island, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, in Wakatobi, Indonesia, on 17 and 18 December 2012.
The training involved 18 students and 6 teachers from 3 local schools and started the implementation of Sandwatch activities on the island. In particular, the event aimed to socialize the concept of Sandwatch for climate change adaptation and education for sustainable development, discuss Sandwatch methodologies, and develop a one-year workplan for Sandwatch implementation in the respective schools.
During the training workshop and a fieldtrip, teachers and students identified the environmental problems facing Waha beach, discussed the environmental problems they will focus on as part of Sandwatch activities (each school will choose a beach where they will implement Sandwatch), and debated on how Sandwatch activities can be regularly implemented in the schools for the next 5 months and beyond.
Coastal environmental issues identified and discussed at the training include sand mining and the ensuing rapid erosion, beach use, and debris. One-year workplans for beach monitoring, data analysis, result sharing and taking action are currently being developed by each school.
Participants are encouraged to share the knowledge they have gained with other students and to invite them to implement Sandwatch activities and be part of the global Sandwatch programme. It is expected that by mid 2013, at least 40 students will have been involved in Sandwatch activities in Wakatobi. The first beach monitoring will be carried out by mid January 2013.
The Sandwatch project was launched by UNESCO in 1999 as a volunteer network of primary and secondary school students and teachers. Sandwatch seeks to develop awareness of the fragile nature of the marine and coastal environment and the need to use it wisely. The project activates an educational process through which school students and community members learn and work together. They critically evaluate the problems and conflicts facing their beach environments and develop sustainable approaches to address these issues. Sandwatch provides a practical 'hands-on' approach for integrating the values inherent to sustainable development into all aspects of learning. It thereby empowers citizens to act for positive environmental and social change.


Question: What Does FTA Mean?
What does FTA mean in slang?
from the articleacronym for "from the article." Used on link aggregation and discussion websites (such as and to introduce a quote from the article being discussed.
FTA: The prime minister of….
What does FTA mean in the Army?
Federal Tuition AssistanceFederal Tuition Assistance. Overview. FTA is financial assistance provided for voluntary off-duty education programs in support of a Soldier's professional and personal self-development goals. ( Reference: AR 621-5, Army Continuing Education System)
Can you bond out on a FTA?
A failure to appear charge is a serious infraction in which a commercial bail bond most likely will not be granted. However, if the FTA (Failure to Appear) charge is deemed eligible for a surety bond, finding a bonding company to take on that risk will prove to be a challenge.
Which country has the most FTA?
MexicoMexico offers more Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) than any other country and is a trading partner with more than 50 countries.
What is the benefit of FTA?
Free trade agreements don't just reduce and eliminate tariffs, they also help address behind-the-border barriers that would otherwise impede the flow of goods and services; encourage investment; and improve the rules affecting such issues as intellectual property, e-commerce and government procurement.
What crime is FTA?
FTA in court under PC 1320.5 is charged as a felony. The crime is punishable by: imprisonment in the county jail for up to three years, a maximum fine of $10,000, or.
What does FTA after bail mean?
failure to appear for trialA bench warrant is typically issued in the case of a failure to appear for trial, sometimes abbreviated "FTA." The "bench" is the traditional term for the judge's seat. … Typically, bail on a bench warrant for failure to appear will be enough to cover the fines and court costs for both the original offense and the FTA.
Which country has FTA with India?
India has bilateral agreements with the following countries and blocs:Afghanistan.ASEAN (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam)Bhutan.Chile.European Union (negotiations stalled)EFTA (Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway, Switzerland) (negotiations stalled)_TAG_.More items…
What does FTA stand for in transportation?
Federal Transit AdministrationThe Federal Transit Administration (FTA) provides financial and technical assistance to more than 1,000 local public transit systems that operate buses, subways, light rail, commuter rail, trolleys, and ferries.
What is the consequence for FTA or FTP?
What is a Failure to Pay? If you don't pay your fine before the court's deadline, you have failed to pay. A failure to pay may also result in your bail being increased, a $300 Civil Assessment being imposed pursuant to PC 1214, and your case being referred to collections.
What happens when you have a failure to appear?
If you fail to appear in court when ordered, the judge can issue a warrant for your arrest. You could be taken into custody at any time after the warrant is issued. … Once in custody, you may have to stay in jail until a hearing on your failure to appear. Jail sentence and fines.
How long do you go to jail for FTA?
As a misdemeanor, a FTA charge can add six months in county jail and $1,000 in fines to the penalties you are already facing. As a felony, it is punishable by up to three additional years in prison and fines of up to $10,000. What is 'Failure to Appear'?
What does FTW mean?
Is Army an acronym?
The Term Army is an acronym that came about in the17 century in England.
What does RTB mean in the military?
Return to BaseGenerally refers to any service member who is lazy and ineffective, typically those weeks or months away from leaving the military. RTB – Return to Base.
What does FTA stand for in medical terms?
What are FTA countries?
Free Trade AgreementsAustralia.Bahrain.Canada (included in the North American FTA [NAFTA])Chile.Colombia.Costa Rica (included in the Dominican Republic – Central America FTA [CAFTA-DR])Dominican Republic (included in CAFTA-DR)El Salvador (included in CAFTA-DR)More items…
What charge is FTA?
"FTA" – Failure to Appear. A criminal defendant has failed to appear at his hearing and the judge has issued a warrant for his arrest so that he may be brought before the court. When you see an FTA and FTP on the arrest report, the underlying charge usually follows.
How long does a FTA stay on your record?
Any hit and run or DUI points take 13 years to come off your records and a failure to appear in court will stay on your record for 5 years. Different penalties are associated with different infractions and violations.
What does FHx mean in medical terms?
family historyFHx. family history (in medicine, meaning specifically the medical histories of family members and ancestors)
What does FTA eligible mean in court?
Failure To AppearWhat Is A Failure To Appear (FTA) Charge? When a person is obligated to show up for court for any reason, but does not appear, the judge may choose to issue a warrant for their arrest, known as a Failure to Appear or an FTA Bench Warrant.


The modern teenager is under immense social and academic pressure. Not only are teenagers going through rapid hormonal and brain changes, their social life is also rapidly changing with the advancement of social media. Parents struggle to maintain a healthy relationship with their teenager because teens and parents tend to view the world through different lenses. Your teen wants to be accepted and loved by their peer group as well as at home. They are seeking to find their self-identity amid the chaos. Here are a few reasons why your teenager might be engaging in self-harm such as cutting.
1. To alleviate emotional pain
Physical pain takes the focus off of the emotional pain. Your teenager might not know how to cope with intense emotions such as rejection, loss or loneliness. If your teenager is cutting because of this, listen to them speak about their feelings without punishing them or criticising them. If you are unable to listen because of your own emotions, seek the help of a professional for teen counselling or for your personal support.
2. They feel numb
If your teenager has become overwhelmed, they might have chosen to shut down their emotions. They might feel numb because of voluntarily avoiding their emotions or due to severe anxiety or social anxiety. The cutting helps them to feel alive. If your teenager is cutting because of this, professional help for your teenager should be sought after.
3. They want to punish themselves
Your teenager might have gone through rejection, break-up, or other failure and they believe they should be punished. Speak to your teenager and try to help them understand that they do not need to punish themselves and that you love them. If you are unable to be calm in this situation, seek a professional to speak to your teenager.
4. Social Media
Your teenager might have seen photos on social media glamorising cutting and self-harm. Make sure your teenager understands that they do not need to always follow what their peers are doing as it can be quite dangerous. Because you are the parent, your teenager might not listen to you about this. Teenagers might believe that their parents are outdated and don't understand. If this is the case, seek a counsellor for your teenager.
Read more about your teenager here and about depression and suicide here.
If you would like to set up an appointment please reach out to me on +_PHONE_ 4668 or email You can book a private or Skype session.


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Other Unpublished Work
Towards Efficiencies in Canadian Internet Traffic Exchange
Canadian Internet access is heavily and unnecessarily dependent upon foreign infrastructure, especially U.S. infrastructure. This dependence imposes significant burdens upon Canadian Internet users:
* Service prices are higher than would be the case if Canadian networks more densely interconnected domestically.
* Network speed is slower than would be the case if Canadian networks more densely interconnected domestically.
* When data en route from one Canadian network to another passes through other countries, the data is subject to examination by companies and government authorities in those countries. Canadian data-protection laws are understood not to protect data as it passes through other countries.
Despite these challenges, experience in other countries shows a clear way forward. By establishing more Internet exchange points (IXPs) within Canada, Canada can reduce the portion of network traffic that travels from one point in Canada, through the United States or other nations, and back to another point in Canada. The key benefits:
* By reducing reliance on costly international data transit, additional IXPs will reduce networks' ongoing operational costs. These cost savings will flow to Canadian Internet users, and unnecessary export of capital will be reduced.
* By providing high-speed domestic links, additional IXPs will increase the amount of bandwidth available to Canadian users, mitigating networks' bandwidth shortages and removing networks' incentives to impose bandwidth throttling and usage caps.
* By favoring shorter and more direct routes, additional IXPs will reduce network latency, improving the performance of new services like video and cloud-based applications.
* By allowing Canadian data to remain in Canada as much as possible and as often as possible, additional IXPs will reduce the risk of Canadian data becoming subject to foreign laws and practices.
* By increasing the richness and density of connections between Canadian networks, additional IXPs will increase the reliability of Internet access in Canada and its resilience to disaster and attack.


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Dimensions of Nonprofit Social Innovation
At the cellular level, nonprofit innovation is about change. Nonprofit innovation is about finding efficiency, converting knowledge and ideas into better ways of doing business, improving programs and services, and scaling big ideas. There is not a single organization in existence today that isn't searching for innovation as a way to improve organizational efficiency and effectiveness.
Linking compelling social needs to the ideas of innovation creates the construct of of social innovation. Social innovation is the "holy grail" of nonprofit, philanthropic or government in search of finding new ways of creating community level solutions for social needs. As a contemporary overused buzzword, social innovation writers, consultants and scholars emphasize social innovation as the process of inventing or creating novel approaches to social change. Unfortunately, we too often hear words such as "catalytic" or "disruptive" to magnify the scale of the implied change. This "shiny new object" focus only on disruptive or catalytic social innovation distorts social innovation because it emphasizes only one point on a four point matrix.
In this blog, I want try and bring dimensions to social innovation to remove it from the abstract buzzword category. In this way, I hope to offer the starting point for strategic conversations within and across organizations about innovation.
It is not a new thought to think on innovation across two continuum (see reference 1). So if catalytic or disruptive innovation is at one end of a change continuum then the other end of the spectrum is process innovation that day-to-day work of continuous improvement for organizations. Positioning social innovation as adaptive or disruptive/catalytic is a very useful way of anchoring the basic dimensions of the social innovation concept.
Process innovation and disruptive/catalytic innovation need to be considered against the continuum of leverage or scale. For example, the Obama administration has developed a new partnership between government and philanthropy heralded under the banner of the Social Innovation Fund. The purpose is described as targeting millions of dollars in public-private funds to expand effective solutions across economic opportunity, healthy futures and, youth development and school support. The approach is to "create a catalog of proven approaches that can be replicated in communities across the country." (see reference 2) The Social Innovation Fund clearly provides leverage by aggregating philanthropic and government dollars and uses that leverage to scale programs. However, given that the Social Innovation Fund requires grants to be based on existing programs and services that meet an "evidence-base" criteria, some have argued that true innovation is missing from the initiative. For example, one can read in various opinion blogs, statements such as this one:
"The central mission dissonance of the Social Innovation Fund has always been the question of what its real objective was. Was it meant to be a fund that really pushes an experimental agenda and deploys capital in favor of new approaches to social change that have both high risk and high reward? Or was it alternately a chance for the government to get a hand in on organizations whose models started as innovative and who were reaching an inflection point where new resources and government support could help them achieve the scale their proven model demanded." (see reference 3)
So considering the larger context of social innovation, we can see that the two dimensions of the construct include the dimension of continuous verses discontinuous innovation and the second dimension of leverage and scale. Placing the two dimensions across each other, the concept of social innovation can be represented as four typologies as illustrated in the figure one.
The patterns and practice describing innovation that emerge when we consider the degree of change coupled with the degrees of leverage and scale can be described as follows:
Process Innovation: When the degrees of change are low (as in consistent and continuous) and the resources available for leverage and scale are inadequate, social innovation is largely consists of process improvements. This category of change is not simply trying "doing more with less," but it is the sum total of the intentional, systematic, and strategic efforts of an agency to improve its processes largely within its existing structure, programs, and services.
Growth Innovation: When an organization is focused on innovating within its existing structure, programs, and services, in the context of collaborative relationships or increased financial resources (leverage and scale), the innovation results in program growth. Typically this growth is driven by intentional program expansion, program replication, or program dissemination. It is in this quadrant that innovation might be opening branch operations in a new geography, training others in an affiliate or dissemination model, or expanding service hours. Innovation is typically about about scaling systems to serve more people, creating value chain efficiencies, or creating rigorous evidence-base that encourages the adoption of program or service models by others.
Adaptive Innovation: Going back to an operating environment of constraints (in relationship to leverage and scale), adaptive innovators are those willing to move ahead of or beyond its existing structure, programs, and services to achieve a higher degree of social impact. Innovators in this might move out of preventive or secondary program and services and begin devoting limited resources to working upstream on policy or advocacy. In this quadrant, innovators do not simply ask "how can we improve what we are doing" but rather ask, "could we be more effective if we moved outside of our existing strategies, programs and services?
Catalytic Innovation: The final quadrant of innovation is where large-scale change is sought and is supported with ample leverage and scale. It is not seeks to grow and scale an idea but also seeks to amplify innovation by considering discontinuous ideas in addition to continuous ones. As suggested previously, Disruptive innovation is pursed as if it were the holy grail of social sector. Indeed, catalytic change can create powerful change (see reference 4) but giving disruptive innovation an unequal weight compared to the other three quadrants can skew with meaning of social innovation and actually be a disservice to the field. Disruptive innovation is the current concept with cachet and gravitas relative to the "mundane" work of systematic program improvement and hence, there is the potential that solid process, adaptive, or growth strategies might be overlooked.
The point to be underscored is this. We need to create a shared understanding of social innovation as a critical foundation for building a local perspective for social innovation. Common language is essential to creating a local social innovation approach to compelling social needs. In this overview I have proposed a more robust seed bed for considering approaches to innovation. By broadening the dimensions of social innovation, we can now turn our attention to creating a social innovation framework. It is not about catalytic innovation or adaptive innovation as if it were either/or. Rather social innovation is about both/and. The community needs the investments and strategic thinking to create catalytic innovation that disrupts business as usual. The community also needs the skills and tools to engage in process, adaptive, and growth innovation.
Thinking critically about when to focus on innovation from a process, adaptive, growth and disruptive perspective and how to combine such innovations will result in a stronger social-citizen sector addressing compelling community needs. It is my perspective that only with a broader view of innovation can nonprofits, philanthropy, and government organizations can engage individually and collectively in more thoughtful and strategic conversations about social innovation.
1. For a useful policy overview see: Pay for Success Learning Hub
4. See as an excellent example: Catalytic Philanthropy
Photo Credit: Public Domain Pictures


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Coventry CathedralThe city of Coventry, West Midlands, England is unusual in the United Kingdom in that it has two cathedrals which both belong to the Church of England
The roofless ruins of the old cathedral.
The exterior of the ruins of the old cathedral
The exterior of the modern cathedral
The first, now in ruins, was bombed to destruction on November 14, 1940 by the German Luftwaffe during the Second World War. The new cathedral built next to the remains of the old cathedral was designed by Basil Spence. The ruin of the older cathedral remains hallowed ground.
It was decided that instead of re-building the old cathedral, it would be left in ruins as a reminder of the bombing, and that a new modern cathedral should be built alongside.
The foundation stone of the new cathedral was laid by the Queen on March 23, 1956, and it was consecrated on May 25, 1962. Its modern design caused some controversy. The unconventional spire was lowered onto the flat roof by helicopter. The interior is notable for a large tapestry of Christ, designed by Graham Sutherland and for the Baptistry window designed by John Piper. This is a stained glass window of abstract design, compounded from many elemental panes, which occupies the full height of one wall.


An edition of: WaterAtlas.orgPresented By: USF Water Institute
Water-Related News
A clash of dolphins and anglers
Miles offshore, a fight is raging between angry anglers armed with guns and bombs, and bottlenose dolphins, the marine mammals popularized in movies and TV shows like "Flipper." Boat captains say dolphins, known for their toothy grins and playfulness, are growing aggressive in their quest for food, with some taking fish right off the hook -- something that rarely happened just a few years ago.
Please follow the link below for the complete article


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any cloth of carded wool
yarn of which
the fibers vary in length: bulkier, looser, and less regular than worsted.
2. woolens, wool
cloth or clothing.
made or consisting of wool
: woolen cloth.
of or pertaining to wool
or woolen fabrics.
Also, especially British, wool·len.
Origin: before 1050; Middle English wollen Related forms
(adj. and noun), Old English wullen, wyllen
(noun). See wool
is always a great word to know.
So is interrobang. Does it mean:


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|Oracle9i SQL Reference
Release 2 (9.2)
Part Number A96540-01
Conditions, 10 of 13
LIKE conditions specify a test involving pattern matching. Whereas the equality operator (=) exactly matches one character value to another, the
LIKE conditions match a portion of one character value to another by searching the first value for the pattern specified by the second.
LIKE calculates strings using characters as defined by the input character set.
LIKEC uses Unicode complete characters.
LIKE2 uses UCS2 codepoints.
LIKE4 uses USC4 codepoints.
In this syntax:
char1is a character expression, such as a character column, called the search value.
char2is a character expression, usually a literal, called the pattern.
esc_charis a character expression, usually a literal, called the escape character.
esc_char is not specified, then there is no default escape character. If any of
esc_char is null, then the result is unknown. Otherwise, the escape character, if specified, must be a character string of length 1.
All of the character expressions (
esc_char) can be of any of the datatypes
NVARCHAR2. If they differ, then Oracle converts all of them to the datatype of
The pattern can contain the special pattern-matching characters:
To search for the characters % and _, precede them by the escape character. For example, if the escape character is @, then you can use @% to search for %, and _USER_ to search for _.
To search for the escape character, repeat it. For example, if @ is the escape character, then you can use @@ to search for @.
In the pattern, the escape character should be followed by one of %, _, or the escape character itself.
Table 5-11 describes the
|Type of Condition||Operation||Example|
To process the
LIKE conditions, Oracle divides the pattern into subpatterns consisting of one or two characters each. The two-character subpatterns begin with the escape character and the other character is %, or _, or the escape character.
Let P1, P2,..., Pn be these subpatterns. The like condition is true if there is a way to partition the search value into substrings S1, S2,..., Sn so that for all i between 1 and n:
LIKE conditions, you can compare a value to a pattern rather than to a constant. The pattern must appear after the
LIKE keyword. For example, you can issue the following query to find the salaries of all employees with names beginning with 'R':
The following query uses the = operator, rather than the
LIKE condition, to find the salaries of all employees with the name 'R%':
The following query finds the salaries of all employees with the name 'SM%'. Oracle interprets 'SM%' as a text literal, rather than as a pattern, because it precedes the
Patterns typically use special characters that Oracle matches with different characters in the value:
Case is significant in all conditions comparing character expressions including the
LIKE condition and the equality (=) operators. You can use the
UPPER function to perform a case-insensitive match, as in this condition:
When you use
LIKE to search an indexed column for a pattern, Oracle can use the index to improve the statement's performance if the leading character in the pattern is not "%" or "_". In this case, Oracle can scan the index by this leading character. If the first character in the pattern is "%" or "_", then the index cannot improve the query's performance because Oracle cannot scan the index.
This condition is true for all
last_name values beginning with "Ma":
All of these
last_name values make the condition true:
Case is significant, so
last_name values beginning with "MA", "ma", and "mA" make the condition false.
Consider this condition:
This condition is true for these
This condition is false for '
SMITH', since the special character "_" must match exactly one character of the
You can include the actual characters "%" or "_" in the pattern by using the
ESCAPE clause, which identifies the escape character. If the escape character appears in the pattern before the character "%" or "_" then Oracle interprets this character literally in the pattern, rather than as a special pattern matching character.
To search for employees with the pattern 'A_B' in their name:
ESCAPE clause identifies the backslash (\) as the escape character. In the pattern, the escape character precedes the underscore (_). This causes Oracle to interpret the underscore literally, rather than as a special pattern matching character.
If a pattern does not contain the "%" character, then the condition can be true only if both operands have the same length. Consider the definition of this table and the values inserted into it:
CREATE TABLE ducks (f CHAR(6), v VARCHAR2(6)); INSERT INTO ducks VALUES ('DUCK', 'DUCK'); SELECT '*'||f||'*' "char", '*'||v||'*' "varchar" FROM ducks; char varchar -------- -------- *DUCK * *DUCK*
Because Oracle blank-pads
CHAR values, the value of
f is blank-padded to 6 bytes.
v is not blank-padded and has length 4.


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Islet Cell Transplant: Nancy's Story
Nancy (pictured, with husband Bob) underwent an islet cell transplant at UW Hospital and Clinics.
Nancy, islet transplant recipient, with husband Bob
Nancy, more than most people, truly grasps the simple beauty of a walk on a warm autumn day with her husband Bob and dog Buddy.
A life-long diabetic, Nancy's days were filled with frequent blood tests. She was dependent on insulin to try to maintain appropriate blood-sugar levels. Like many diabetics, Nancy's kidneys wore out, and she received a transplant with a kidney donated by her husband. But Nancy was not a typical diabetic.
She also suffered from hyperglycemic episodes that cause her blood-sugar levels to crash without warning. These crashes cause blackouts and can be similar to seizures.
In an effort to end these episodes, and her dependence on insulin, Nancy received islet cell transplants. Islet cells are sugar-sensing cells, found in the pancreas, that release insulin. In the islet cell transplant process, islet cells are extracted from a donated pancreas, processed and introduced into a vein near the recipient's liver.
Following two successful islet cell transplants, enough islet cells reproduced in Nancy's body to stabilize her blood-sugar levels. Now Nancy's life no longer includes constant blood-sugar level testing and unexpected blackouts and seizures. She can enjoy simple everyday things like a walk down a beautiful path on a sunny day, and greets each day with gratitude for the organ donors who made her new lease on life possible.


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Every now and then, an author comes around that is worth reading, even after death. Howard Peckham is that author. Peckham, who died in 1995 served as both a history professor at the University of Michigan and director of the Clements Library from _PHONE_. He wrote numerous articles and several books during his life. His most well-known book was Pontiac and the Indian Uprising (1948), which explored the famous Indian rebellion of 1763 led by Pontiac, in which he placed Pontiac in the context of a local leader within a greater anti-English movement by the Native Americans.
Another well-known work by Peckham is The Colonial Wars, _PHONE_ (1964). This book chronicles the history of the series of wars between the English and French, and their respective colonists in North America, as well as the Native Americans. This work, though dated, is well worth reading in order to begin understanding much of the period covered by this site. If one desires great reads by an accomplished historian, then consider reading Howard Peckham.


Assume we are dealing with a programming language that has support for linear types (terms of linear type can be used at most once, so to say). This allows for treating some computational effects (such as mutation, even changing the type of the operand) in a way that is problematic for languages, the type systems of which operate only on "eternal truths".
Many data structures can be characterized with inductive types (lists and trees are canonical examples). If we add linear inductive types to the mix, we can also handle mutable data structures.
However, it is not clear to me how to represent data structures that exhibit sharing and cyclic references in a programming language with linear types (examples of such data structures are DAGs and other graphs, represented by adjacency lists or something else, cyclic lists). Can we do that? If it isn't possible, in which way should we extend the language so as to accommodate such data structures?
The most involved example I've found so far is a doubly-linked list. Are there other examples?
Linearity is not a sufficient constraint to pin down a unique stateful representation, and so the answer to your question depends on how you interpret linear logic in terms of state. This will typically be reflected in how you must interpret the $!A$ modality.
If your intended semantics of references says that all pointers are unique values (i.e., there is at most a single reference to an object) then dags and graph structures are not expressible, for the sort of tautological reason that a dag may contain multiple references to the same object. In this case, $!A$ must be a computation which creates a new value of type $A$, since you want maps $\delta_A :!A \multimap!A \otimes!A$ and $\epsilon_A :!A \multimap A$.
However, suppose that you want $!A$ to represent sharing. Then, objects can be garbage-collected with reference counting, with the maps $\delta_A :!A \multimap!A \otimes!A$ and $\epsilon_A :!A \multimap A$ can be realized as operations which just bump reference counts. In this case, you can't use linearity to assume that it's always safe to mutate values, since there's sharing. But you can ensure that all memory allocation is explicit in your program, and that there are no cycles in the heap.
Most practical implementations of linear types use neither of these two interpretations. Instead, references are viewed as freely duplicable entities, and what we track linearly are in fact capabilities. Capabilities are not runtime values; they are purely conceptual entities which are intended to represent the permission to access a reference. The idea is that you program in a permission-passing style, and so even if there are many references to the same object, a read or modification of a piece of state can only occur if you also have the capability to access it. And since the capability is linear, you know that only you can change it.
$$ \array{ \mathsf{new} & : & \forall \alpha. \;\alpha \multimap \exists c : \iota. \mathsf{cap}(c) \otimes \mathsf{ref}(\alpha, c) \\ \mathsf{get} & : & \forall \alpha, c:\iota. \;\mathsf{cap}(c) \otimes \mathsf{ref}(\alpha, c) \multimap \alpha \otimes \mathsf{cap}(c) \otimes \mathsf{ref}(\alpha, c) \\ \mathsf{set} & : & \forall \alpha, c:\iota. \;\mathsf{cap}(c) \otimes \mathsf{ref}(\alpha, c) \otimes \alpha \multimap \mathsf{cap}(c) \otimes \mathsf{ref}(\alpha, c) \\ \mathsf{copy} & : & \forall \alpha, c:\iota.\; \mathsf{ref}(\alpha,c) \multimap \mathsf{ref}(\alpha,c) \otimes \mathsf{ref}(\alpha,c) } $$
In the API sketched above, $c$ ranges over $\iota$, some domain of compile-time indices, and $\alpha$ ranges over types. We have a type $\mathsf{cap}(c)$ which is a capability indexed by $c$, and a type $\mathsf{ref}(\alpha, c)$, which is a type of references to $\alpha$ accessed by a capability $c$. Calling $\mathsf{get}$ and $\mathsf{set}$ on a reference requires the capability $c$, and calling $\mathsf{new}$ creates a new reference and a new capability sharing a common index. However, $\mathsf{copy}$-ing a reference does not require access to any capability, so anyone can copy a reference as long as they don't look inside it.
 - $\begingroup$ Thank you for a thought-provoking answer. I'm interested though, is there a (technical) distinction between aliasing and sharing? Are there any systems that can gradually go from linear (at most one reference) to shared by at most n references to shared in an unrestricted manner? $\endgroup$ – user3722 Feb 10 '11 at 15:20
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ 1. Aliasing and sharing are synonyms. 2. Yes, capability-style interpretations, augmented with Boyland's fractional permissions permit this. See also Pottier's recent work on capability calculi for theory, and Aldrich and Bierhof's work on Plural for implementation. $\endgroup$ – Neel Krishnaswami Feb 10 '11 at 19:22
Your Answer


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UDA and Indian Diplomacy for Maritime Cooperation
Ambassador (retired) Yogendra Kumar believes that greater focus on underwater domain awareness can boost the nation's diplomatic effectiveness
Maritime cooperation has emerged, in more recent times, as the centrepiece of India's diplomacy. The Indo-Pacific region has assumed dimensions of a grand strategy for sustaining a certain power equilibrium in both the Indian and Pacific oceans in all its hard and soft power aspects. With the geopolitical and geo-economic centre of gravity shifting to Asia, its engagements with other powers, including those from outside the region, have a significant maritime character for the same reasons. The maritime domain has a salience in the era of globalisation as global trade is predominantly carried out at sea and an increased international scramble for the enormous, yet inadequately tapped, marine resources is in evidence. Thus, the challenges of creating or sustaining maritime governance mechanisms are the focus of international diplomacy where security of sea lines of communication (SLOCs), balance of power equilibrium, maritime safety, piracy and transnational crime, and good order at sea are considered as critical determinants.
No less importance can be ascribed to other challenges. Climate change is pressing enough to negatively affect any type of maritime governance mechanism. This includes ocean warming and the impact of acidification on maritime environment for sustainable use of this space for navigation or exploitation of resources. The growing frequency and intensity of cyclones and storm surges present considerable threat to the viability of the vast coastal communities and economies. These threats aggravate the already fragile economies of island states dependent mostly on a single commodity or service which, in turn, puts pressure on the political systems and governments there. The robustness of any maritime governance mechanism cannot be developed unless these 'non-traditional' challenges are factored in and consequent stakes of these island and littoral countries secured through such action by these mechanisms.
Situational awareness not only enhances capacity, its sharing also generates mutual confidence. Maritime domain awareness (MDA) is, thus, a critical basis for effective functioning of any maritime mechanism. Through a wide spectrum MDA most of the above challenges can be tackled in a significant measure. Such MDA capacity can be the result of collective effort of the participating countries as also the national effort of a single country; collective and collaborative effort also enhances the capacity of the countries which require it. This is, therefore, an important contribution to the technological and socio-economic progress of the country concerned.
MDA, in its current status, has a missing dimension in underwater domain awareness (UDA) since it is largely confined to situational awareness on the water surface. UDA, having its origin in the Cold War era of superpower confrontation, is now a significant capacity-multiplier due to the dual-use nature of technological revolution in this area. It is adding to better stewardship of marine resources for the much-needed, vital impetus for developing the blue economy sector of the national – and, indeed, global – economy. UDA provides a substantial capability for the monitoring of the manifestations of ocean warming and acidification, including the state of 'dead zones' which represent potential climate change 'tipping points' from the point of view of food chain, ocean currents, and monsoon patterns. In the strategic and economic perspectives, this is an imperative domain for achieving the state of 'digital ocean' through the leveraging of artificial intelligence (AI), communications and robotics, a system of underwater drones powered by sun, wind and waves, advanced sensors, cameras and acoustics for a real-time UDA; this has important bearing on big data, analytics, and regulatory frameworks. Thus, UDA is critical for maritime system stability, technological progress, and high-end and low-end economic cooperation for Indian diplomacy in both the multilateral and bilateral formats.
UDA is not possible without acoustics and sonar capabilities. The science of underwater sound propagation is an effective way of determining underwater geo-physical features, hydrological characteristics, and the state of marine biodiversity. It provides an early alert capability against security threats from state and non-state actors, environmental disasters such as oil spillage, ecological degradation of living and non-living resources, and the mapping of hydrocarbon/poly-metallic reserves.
India's major articulation was Prime Minister Modi's SAGAR speech (March 2015) on the Indian Ocean wherein he not only laid emphasis on littoral nations' cooperation in peace and security but also on strengthening maritime capacities and regional integration based on sustainable development and blue economy. In his keynote speech at the Shangri-La dialogue (June 2018), he spoke of 'common pursuit of progress and prosperity' in the entire Indo-Pacific region. At the East Asia Summit (November 2019), he outlined the Indo-Pacific Ocean Initiative for safe, secure and stable maritime domain: its seven pillars comprise maritime security, maritime ecology, maritime resources, capacity building and resource sharing for disaster risk reduction and management, S&T and academic cooperation, and trade, connectivity and maritime transport. The Prime Minister launched the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure at the UN Climate Action Summit (September 2019). These specific Indian initiatives complement the programmes related to maritime security, disaster response, and economy by multilateral organisations like Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) and Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) in which India plays a prominent role. India also has robust maritime cooperation programmes with several littoral countries in the Indian Ocean and in Southeast and East Asia. Different Indian ministries and agencies participate in a very large number of maritime and marine science cooperation programmes with other countries and organisations. The scope of cooperation is virtually inexhaustible, and Indian diplomacy can provide the thought leadership and pursue its larger strategic objectives.
UDA is, in sum, a significant enabler of the country's diplomatic effectiveness. Even as a lot of ground needs to be covered at home in terms of greater synergy within a holistic policy framework, India has considerable capabilities in this domain for leveraging in this pursuit: many of these areas have been mentioned above. The spectrum of these capabilities also includes immediate international commercial opportunities in start-ups in the blue-tech sector as also deriving commercial/technological spin-offs through international cooperation with the S&T, academic and management communities. In the strategic sphere for example, as India helps in providing hydrographic maps to our neighbours for better management of their maritime interests holistically, UDA capacity building can also be added to such cooperation.
Ambassador Yogendra Kumar
Former Diplomat and Author


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Organic pest control methods can help rid your home of the common carpet beetle.
- Standard Common Name: Australian Carpet Beetle
- Size range: 2-3 mm
- Distribution: The Australian Carpet Beetle is found throughout Australia. (Really..?)
- Habitat: The Australian Carpet Beetle lives in urban areas, forests and woodlands.
- Feeding and Diet: The Carpet Beetle frequently invades homes, whose larvae then feeds on carpet and similar fabric.
- Other behaviours and adaptations: The larvae of the Australian Carpet Beetle are small hairy grubs whose hairs break off when handled and can cause allergic reactions in some people. Before we introduced household goods into their diet, carpet beetle larvae naturally fed on spider webs, dried animal skins or other dried protein material.
For more information on carpet beetle prevention and removal on the Sunshine Coast see Stuy at Pest Control Australia – your local pest control guy


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Welcome to Anagrammer Crossword Genius! Keep reading below to see if acknowledge is an answer to any crossword puzzle or word game (Scrabble, Words With Friends etc). Scroll down to see all the info we have compiled on acknowledge.
Searching in Crosswords...
The answer ACKNOWLEDGE has 17 possible clue(s) in existing crosswords.
Searching in Word Games...
The word ACKNOWLEDGE is VALID in some board games. Check ACKNOWLEDGE in word games in Scrabble, Words With Friends, see scores, anagrams etc.
Searching in Dictionaries...
Definitions of acknowledge in various dictionaries:
verb - declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of
verb - report the receipt of
verb - express recognition of the presence or existence of, or acquaintance with
Word Research / Anagrams and more...
Keep reading for additional results and analysis below.
|Possible Dictionary Clues|
|Show that one has noticed or recognized (someone) by making a gesture or greeting.|
|Recognize the importance or quality of.|
|Accept or admit the existence or truth of.|
|accept or admit the existence or truth of.|
|recognize the importance or quality of.|
|show that one has noticed or recognized (someone) by making a gesture or greeting.|
|to accept, admit, or recognize something, or the truth or existence of something:|
|to let someone know that you have received something that they sent to you:|
|to accept the truth or recognize the existence of something:|
|to tell someone, usually in a letter or email, that you have received something they sent you:|
|Acknowledge might refer to|
|Acknowledge, Acknowledgment, or acknowledgement may refer to:|


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Anthracnose causes spots on canes. The spots, which have purplish margins surrounding lighter centers,
expand and may cover the stem. Spots on young leaves are yellow and have a narrow, purplish margin. Their
centers often fall out as leaves expand, leaving a hole. Stems and canes may crack and die.
The fungus that causes Anthracnose overwinters in canes and infects new growth in the spring. Remove
and destroy infected canes, stems, and leaves as soon as symptoms appear. Keep plants pruned. Normally,
treating canes in the dormant season with Bordeaux just before buds break should be sufficient
Purplish spots forming on canes
spots forming on leaves


Top 10 firefighter statistics
If you're interested in starting a career in firefighting, or if you are already employed in that field, you might be interested in reviewing the top ten firefighter statistics. Although firefighting can be dangerous and the hours are long and erratic, it's one of the most rewarding careers you can choose. By becoming either a career firefighter or a volunteer, you're making a valuable contribution to your community and to society at large.
The top ten firefighter statistics as compiled by the National Fire Protection Association:
 1. The estimated number of firefighters working in the U.S. is 1,148,100. Of that number, 335,950 are career firefighters and 812,150 are volunteers.
 2. Firefighter statistics categorized by age group: Age 16-19 (3%), Age 20-29 (21%), Age 30-39 (28%), Age 40-49 (26%), Age 50-59 (16%), Age 60 and over (6%)
 3. Firefighter statistics for average firefighter salary as of 2009: $47,270 (according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics).
 4. The total number of firefighter responses was 26,534,500, reflecting an increase of 5.1% over 2008.
 5. Medical assistance was the number one reason for firefighter response at 17,104,000. That figure reflects an increase of 8.5% over 2008.
 6. The second highest reason for firefighter response was false alarms at 2,177,000. That figure was down 2.9% over the previous year.
 7. The total number of firefighter responses due to fire was 1,348,500, reflecting a decrease of 7.1% from the previous year.
 8. Seventy-three percent of career firefighters are working in communities with a population of 25,000 or more. This firefighter statistic reflects the fact that the population density is relational to the number of firefighters needed to protect the community.
 9. Ninety-five percent of volunteer firefighters are in working at fire departments that protect a population of less than 25,000. More than 50% of volunteers are located in small, rural departments that protect a population of less than 2,500.
 10. There were 1,348,500 building structure fires in 2009. Of those fires, an estimated property loss of $12,531 was reported. The total number of deaths in building structure fires for 2009 was 3,010. The number of injuries reported was 17,050.
Bonus firefighter statistic:
There are 30,165 fire departments in the U.S.
These firefighter statistics give you an idea of the types of emergencies firefighters are most often called to respond to, as well as the numbers, age ranges and salaries of firefighters in the U.S.
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Pottery objects with typical drawings, full of colors, provide insight into the Tiwanaku culture and civilization.
1) Keru cup, of the 5th period, created with clay between 750 - 1100 b.c. It was used for religious ceremonies. The name comes from the quechua word which means wood, since the inca ceremonial cups were made out of wood.
2) Pot with animal form, between 15 and 25cm of height, probably from the 200-700 b.c. period.
3) Mud bottle with colors with holders. The nose, ears and mouth of a face were painted on the neck of the bottle.
4) Clay pot, likewise between the 200-700 b.c. period.
5) Rug fragment from the expansionist era of Tiwanaku. Shows the figure of the gate of the sun.
6) Ceremonial knife, made in gold, with a human figure as an ornament in the handle.
7) Pots of gold and copper were produced by the Tiwanaku.
8) Ceremonial hat with a religious meaning.
9) Human form pottery, also animals were used commonly as a subject for much of the pottery.


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Note: Additional Mathematics is very helpful to take H2 Mathematics in JC!
There are three mathematics syllabi, namely H1 Mathematics, H2 Mathematics and H3 Mathematics.
Students who offered Additional Mathematics and passed the subject at the GCE 'O' level examination may take up H2 Mathematics. Students posted to the Arts stream and did not offer Additional Mathematics at the GCE 'O' level examination are not allowed to take H2 Mathematics but may consider taking up H1 Mathematics. However, students who are posted to the Science stream but did not offer Additional Mathematics at the GCE 'O' level examination are advised to offer H2 Mathematics if they intend to pursue Science or Engineering courses at a university. Students who wish to offer H3 Mathematics must offer H2 Mathematics as well.
The use of a Graphing Calculator (GC) without a computer algebra system is expected for these Mathematics syllabi. The examination papers will be set with the assumption that candidates will have access to GCs.
H1 Mathematics provides a foundation in mathematics for students who intend to enrol in university courses such as business, economics and social sciences. The topics covered include Graphs, Calculus and Statistics. A major focus of the syllabus would be the understanding and application of basic concepts and techniques of statistics. This would equip students with the skills to analyse and interpret data, and to make informed decisions.
H2 Mathematics prepares students adequately for university courses including mathematics, physics and engineering, where more mathematics content is required. The topics covered are Functions and Graphs, Sequences and Series, Vectors, Complex Numbers, Calculus, Permutations and Combinations, Probability, Probability Distributions, Sampling, Hypothesis Testing, and Correlation and Regression. Students would learn to analyse, formulate and solve different kinds of problems. They would also learn to work with data and perform statistical analysis.
H3 Mathematics offers students who have a strong aptitude for and are passionate about mathematics a chance to further develop their mathematical modeling and reasoning skills. Opportunities abound for students to explore various theorems, and to read and write mathematical proofs. Students would learn the process of mathematical modeling for real-world problems, which involves making informed assumptions, validation and prediction. Students may choose from the three H3 Mathematics modules, namely the MOE-UCLES module, the NTU Numbers and Matrices module and the NUS Linear Algebra module.
The MOE-UCLES module is conducted by tutors from our Mathematics Department. The three main topics to be investigated are Graph Theory, Combinatorics and Differential Equations. This module would be mounted only if there's demand.
The NTU Numbers and Matrices module is conducted by lecturers from the Nanyang Technological University (NTU). Students would have to travel to Hwa Chong Institution to attend this module.
The NUS Linear Algebra module is conducted by lecturers at the National University of Singapore (NUS). Students who offer this module would have to attend lessons together with the undergraduates at the university.


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Susan Yark with Bartow History Museum explained the intent of the two-day camp was to help children see how youth in pioneer days created their own toys and games. The camp also involved some modern aspects for participants.
"We learned that kids in the past played with sticks, so we painted a base coat on [sticks] and put decorations and yarn wigs on them and, of course, the googly eyes," Yark said.
Other activities included weaving, candle dipping and a tour of the museum.
"[It's important] to recognize the difference of what happens now and what happened in the past," Yark said. "And the chores they had to do, like candlemaking — it's fun for us, but [pioneers] had to do it once a year for the whole year's lighting of their cabin."
Camp participants also played games, such as the Cherokee bean dice game and a Cherokee game called "firekeeper."
"[Firekeeper] uses craft sticks that are painted to look like fire. We take a bandanna hankerchief and put it around the eyes as a blindfold for the firekeeper," Yark said. "The other children try to steal a stick one at a time and the Cherokee children learned how to be quiet when they were hunting."
While the camp taught from the past, a modern craft — the Styrofoam and yarn octopus — was the crowd favorite for Tuesday, which included children ages 7 to 11. Monday's camp was geared toward children ages 4 to 6.
"We've been making arts and crafts, weaving, and we've made candles and stuff like that. It's been a lot of fun," Euharlee Elementary School third-grader Dylan Hankins said.
Both Hankins and fellow camp participant Cody Stewart, a fourth-grader at Taylorsville Elementary School, said they enjoyed crafting the Styrofoam and yarn octopus as well as playing and exploring in the museum's history nook.
Program volunteers and staff said one of the less popular activities was weaving, leaving some children frustrated with the difficult nature of the activity and unable to complete their project before the end of camp. However, that wasn't the case for Caroline Lanier, a third-grader at TES.
"Weaving was hard... but that was my favorite part," Lanier said. "I finished everything."


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What do vegetarians use for the zeroa (shankbone) on the seder plate during pesach?
Dr. Naomi G. Cohen of Haifa University reports (1997)
Her husband's family has been vegetarian for over 70 years and that their Seder plate contains two hard eggs. "The logic of this: the bone on the usual plate stands for the Korban Pesach, and the egg for the Korban Hagigah which was eaten BEFORE the little piece of the Korban Pesach in order to get one's fill of food first. Well, if the Korban Hagigah can be symbolized by an egg, than why not the Korban Pesach as well?!"
This is an unusual and idiosyncratic solution.
Robert and Roberta Kalechofsky Haggadot
Many vegetarians, those who use the Haggadot of Robert and Roberta Kalechofsky, use a combination of "dry" barley or wheat (wrapped in plastic wrap) along with olives and grapes. This second option comes with a modern midrash as its prooftext.
As vegetarians, in place of the shankbone, we place olives, grapes, and grains of unfermented barley which symbolize the commandments of compassion for the oppressed, to be found in the Bible. We use olives to commemorate the commandment to leave the second shaking of the olive trees for the poor, we use grapes to commemorate the commandment to leave the second shaking of the grapevines for the poor, (Deut. 24:20) and we use grains of unfermented barley (or other unleavened or unfermented grains), to commemorate the commandment not to muzzle the ox when it treads out the corn in the fields (Deut. 25:4), in other words, to recognize the natural appetites of the animal and not interfere with them. This commandment is considered to be the oldest extant concept of "animal rights," and enshrines the dignity and rights of the animal.
Haggadah for the Liberated Lamb (1985 [the next to last unnumbered page before the Seder begins], 1988, page x) and Haggadah for the Vegetarian Family (1993).
This is truly "liberating" the lamb as it makes no mention of the lamb and has nothing at all to do with the role the lamb played in the Passover story nor the ancient biblical world.
The (first) Jewish Catalog
A more common practice referred to among vegetarians is the use of a beet on their Seder plate in place of a Zeroa. The earliest reference to this I have found is in The Jewish Catalog (1973), page 142 in the sidebar:
For vegetarians, who may object to using a lamb bone on the Seder plate (as a remembrance of the pascal sacrifice): it is halakhically acceptable to use a broiled beet as a replacement.
Those who use a beet refer to Pesachim 114b as their prooftext. I have read this passage numerous times. The only reference to a beet is:
What are the two dishes? –Said R. Huna: Beet and rice. Raba used to be particular for beet and rice, since it had [thus] issued from the mouth of R. Huna. R. Ashi said: From R. Huna you may infer that none pay heed to the following [ruling] of R. Johanan b. Nuri. For it was taught, R. Johanan b. Nuri said: Rice is a species of corn and kareth is incurred for [eating it in] its leavened state, and a man discharges his duty with it on Passover. Hezekia said: Even a fish and the egg on it. R. Joseph said: Two kinds of meat are necessary, one in memory of the Passover-offering and the second in memory of the Hagigah. Rabina said: Even a bone and [its] broth.
The only inference I see that this has to do with the Zeroa appears at the very end where the text states that "Two kinds of meat are necessary, one in memory of the Passover offering [the Zeroa] and the second in memory of the Hagigah [the Beitzah]."
Rabbi Scott Aaron offers this explanation (slightly edited):
Those who are referencing Pesachim 114b as the source are mixing issues. Pesachim 114b's citing of the beet and rice are to the two extra dishes on the table that are mentioned in the preceding Mishna as being required at a Seder table with matzah, maror and charoset. This was proof of the early practice that a seder should be a vegetarian meal so as not to give any appearance in a post-Temple world that we were attempting to replace or offer our own Zeroa without the Temple. The later additions of meat dishes as representing the Paschal sacrifice and the Hagigah in the Gemara are just that, later additions from a differing and apparently persuasive tradition. This is also where the addition of the Zeroa on our plate come from.
The Beet used today in veggie seders is actually meant to replace the Zeroa due to its blood-red color which also reminds us of the Paschal sacrifice. To my knowledge, it is not connected to Pesachim 114b but rather an innovation for modern-day vegetarians who may or may not have realized how connected to tradition they actually are through a veggie seder.
Cynthia Baker of the Department of Near Eastern Studies at Cornell University
Offers a different explanation for the beet:
"What is the meaning of the beet? It is here to remind us of an incident which occurred in 1945, when women slave laborers in Buchenwald concentration camp changed a negative definition to a positive one:
'It hit me suddenly that the Haggadah could have been written for us. If I only changed the tense from past to present, it was written about us…. At this time, the scene in the barracks was bad, there was really fighting, cursing, and yelling… so when I asked the women to be quiet it was like a miracle, this absolute silence in the barracks. I started the Seder by asking why is this night different. And I said that every night we quarrel and we fight and tonight we remember. There were close to a thousand women there. I picked up the slice of sugar beet and I said, this is the bread of our suffering…. And then we made a vow that if we survived, a beet was going to be on our Seder table.'"
I don't know where the account comes from, but it's the one I've seen and heard most often. Does anyone have more info on this?
While doing a bit of research to update this page I learned that the above material is available (with reference to the earlier, original ".html" version of this page at My Jewish Learning:
A Vegetarian Shankbone; How the beet ended up on the seder plate
In addition, the Buchenwald story was also picked up by Allison Jones in her blog LemonBasil in March of 2010: My Idiosynctratic Seder Table
At least since Pesach of 2000/5760 I have had a slight variant of the following paragraphs in my own Haggadah. In the body of the narrative, I explain the importance of the shankbone itself:
Young Jesse sat in the full moonlit, cloudless night. The plentiful rains had turned the sloping hillsides a verdant green. The pleasant fragrance of the grasses and flowers mingled with the pungent flock around him. Kids snuggled near their mothers beside the still waters at the foot of the hills, some still suckling, most asleep.
Once the days got significantly longer than the nights he would have to move the flocks to the summer pastures. Jesse had already used his staff to separate some of the new males he'd seen butting against each other, testing their strength. He could imagine and did not look forward to their fights if too many came along to the north. Behind him Jesse smelled the sweet aroma of roasting meat. He would soon share in the feast of the yearlings. He felt a pang of remorse that so many of these little ones, who had been in his care, could not live. So much of his life depended on them: for milk and cheese and for the wool garment he wore. But to let them join in the trek would only cause greater troubles as the grasses diminished.
The full moonlight would show which houses to avoid and pass over. They had to move swiftly and silently through the city in order to return to their families before dawn. Then they would leave their hovels as the redemption occurred. As the howl of Egyptian parents rose.
At the beginning of the Haggadah, where I explain what goes on the seder table (and plate) I share:
(shankbone), represents the Passover offering made in Temple times. It will be explained during the
Seder (page 27 in the 2010 edition of the PDF version of Haggadah). At vegetarian Seders it has become customary to use a red beet instead. No classic prooftext exists for the use of a beet. Some people refer to Talmud Bavli Pesachim 114b. However, this comment actually deals with rice (!) and beets as additional foods at the meal itself—not a symbolic food on the Seder Plate. Nonetheless, the blood-red color