Wiring a three pronged rocker switch
 1. Alright, I came here looking for help as I haven't been able to figure out the answer.
 in that picture the left is the bronze colour prong, following two are silver. There are numberings for each prong going 3-2-1 respectively from left(bronze, BUT the bronze pin has both a + and - sign vertically over the #3) to right.
 I'm trying to wire this switch to control a cooling fan on my motorcycle, however, there are only two wires that are present. Obviously, power and negative. I'm trying to have the swtich not only turn on the fan but also illuminate the rocker.
 How do I wire it up.
 Flame away if you must, but at least provide me with the answer.. lol
 2. jcsd
 3. Most of those switches are the same. So try this.
 Pin 1 to 12VDC from your motorcycle
 Pin 2 to + input of your fan (tie the - input of the fan directly to ground)
 Pin 3 to ground
 4. berkeman
 Staff: Mentor
 Do you have a DVM or resistance meter? Just beep out the connections. There will be one common pin, and the switch position will determine which one of the other two pins is connected to the common pin.
 5. MATLABdude
 MATLABdude 1,724
 Science Advisor
 Welcome to PhysicsForums!
 In my experience, I'd assume the bronze one is probably the common, if it's a SPDT (single pole, double throw switch). For the schematic representation of that, see the Wikipedia page:
 The switch looks like it may light up. If it does, the internal wiring of the switch may be different, and one of the contacts may actually be for the lamp. You didn't happen to hang onto the packaging the switch originally came in?
 6. I will presume that it _is_ a lighted switch (with an internal lamp of some kind). If you have an Ohm meter, two of the pins will appear to be connected together and will (dis)connect from the third when you toggle the switch. That third pin is the one that should go to the +power. The two that seem to be connected should actually have a very small resistance between them because one of them goes to the lamp -- and is meant to go to the -power/ground so the lamp lights up when the switch is on. If you can tell which of the two has a slight resistance to the +power-pin when ON, that is the bulb-ground pin. If you can't tell which is which, connect one to your fan (DO NOT connect the other to ground yet) and see if the fan runs. If the fan works and the bulb is not dimly glowing, that is your switch control pin. If no-workie or dim glow that pin is the bulb-ground.
 I would draw a nice schematic but it would take even longer than this description...
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SONOR. Peter Levin (interview).
Uploaded on Wednesday 16 November 2011
Germany 2011. 37'
Directed by: Peter Levin.
A musician meets a dancer who was born deaf. It is the beginning of a relationship revolving around the discovery of world sounds, which slowly evolves into real musical improvisation.
The urban environment begins to resound with new melodies, like a mysterious score, which
is slowly brought to light. Shot in a sensual black and white, the film is a journey, a discovery of all that goes unnoticed in our daily lives.
Language: English
Country: Germany


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Choose any $38$ different natural numbers less than $1000$.
Prove that among the selected numbers there exists at least two whose difference is at most $26$.
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I don't think this question has much to do with probability or statistics, but see, for example, this question to get an idea on how this one can be approached. Maybe you should edit the tags accordingly. – Dilip Sarwate Mar 9 '12 at 16:09
1 Answer 1
Arrange the numbers in increasing order. The smallest number is $\ge 1$. If all differences between consecutive numbers are $27$ or more, then the biggest number is $\ge 1+ (27)(37)$, which is $1000$.
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Hey, I have just reduced the price for all products. Let's prepare our programming skills for the post-COVID era. Check it out »
Inline Class
A class does almost nothing and isn't responsible for anything, and no additional responsibilities are planned for it.
Move all features from the class to another one.
Inline Class - Before
Inline Class - After
Why Refactor
 - Often this technique is needed after the features of one class are "transplanted" to other classes, leaving that class with little to do.
 - Eliminating needless classes frees up operating memory on the computer—and bandwidth in your head.
How to Refactor
 1. In the recipient class, create the public fields and methods present in the donor class. Methods should refer to the equivalent methods of the donor class.
 2. Replace all references to the donor class with references to the fields and methods of the recipient class.
 3. Now test the program and make sure that no errors have been added. If tests show that everything is working A-OK, start using Move Method and Move Field to completely transplant all functionality to the recipient class from the original one. Continue doing so until the original class is completely empty.
 4. Delete the original class.


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Today I want to share my experience how my image appear in Google search result. This is the mechanism of Google Authorship. Before starting this tutorial I want to discus why Google Authorship is so important. 1. By Google author you can more reader.2. Google authorship gives you a brand value. 3. Google Authorship gives you make more click. 4. Google Authorship connect you with your reader. Now I start step by step tutorial how to set up Google authorship.
How to set up Google Authorship?
Before setting up your Google Authorship you must have Google Plus account with your picture. Remember your name should be same at Google Plus account and your blog author name and you should have email address with your domain like _EMAIL_.
Now follow those steps and get your Google Authorship.
Step 1. Submit your email id on Google Authorship and verify it.
Create a link to your Google+ profile from your webpage, like this:
I personally is not comfortable to use this process that 's why I use a WordPress Plugin named Yoast WordPress SEO. And put my Google Plus url on it like this image bellow.
After completing those step you can check your authorship entering your url address.
Now your authorship is ready. It will take two to four week appear your image in Google search result. If you think it is helpful please share it. Thank you.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Broker Check
The bighorn sheep is a species of sheep native to North America named for its large horns. These horns can weigh up to 30 lb (14 kg), while the sheep themselves weigh up to 300 lb (140 kg) By 1900, the population had crashed to several thousand, due to diseases introduced through European livestock and overhunting.
Bighorn sheep are named for the large, curved horns borne by the rams (males). Ewes (females) also have horns, but they are shorter with less curvature.They range in color from light brown to grayish or dark, chocolate brown, with a white rump and lining on the backs of all four legs. Males typically weigh 127–316 lb (58–143 kg), are 36–41 in (91–104 cm) tall at the shoulder, and 69–79 in (180–200 cm) long from the nose to the tail. Females are typically 75–188 lb (34–85 kg), 30–36 in (76–91 cm) tall and 54–67 in (140–170 cm) long. Male bighorn sheep have large horn cores, enlarged cornual and frontal sinuses, and internal bony septa. These adaptations serve to protect the brain by absorbing the impact of clashes. Bighorn sheep have preorbital glands on the anterior corner of each eye, inguinal glands in the groin, and pedal glands on each foot. Secretions from these glands may support dominance behaviors.
Bighorn sheep live in large herds, and do not typically follow a single leader ram, unlike the mouflon, the ancestor of the domestic sheep, which has a strict dominance hierarchy. Prior to the mating season or "rut", the rams attempt to establish a dominance hierarchy to determine access to ewes for mating. During the prerut period, most of the characteristic horn clashing occurs between rams, although this behavior may occur to a limited extent throughout the year. Bighorn sheep exhibit agonistic behavior: two competitors walk away from each other and then turn to face each other before jumping and lunging into headbutts. Rams' horns can frequently exhibit damage from repeated clashes. Females exhibit a stable, nonlinear hierarchy that correlates with age. Females may fight for high social status when they are integrated into the hierarchy at one to two years of age.
Rocky Mountain bighorn rams employ at least three different courting strategies. The most common and successful is the tending strategy, in which a ram follows and defends an estrous ewe. Tending takes considerable strength and dominance, so ewes are more receptive to tending males, feeling they are the most fit. Another tactic is coursing, which is when rams fight for an already tended ewe. Ewes typically avoid coursing males so the strategy is not effective. Rams will also employ a blocking strategy. They will prevent a ewe from accessing tending areas before she even goes into estrus.
 - #1
 - #2


The Eyes of Injustice:
The Story of Hannah Duce
By Allison Golomb and Katherine Hermes
(Content warning: This narrative includes an episode of sexual violence.)
©Cora Marshall
Life for those enslaved in seventeenth-century New England included many hardships and frequent injustices. Families in Africa were torn apart as members were forcibly moved across the Atlantic, often landing first in the Caribbean before being relocated. Masters sold and traded them without any regard for individual well-being or preservation of dignity as fellow human beings. One woman subjected to such treatment was Hannah Duce, who came to work as an enslaved household servant to Thomas Richards. In the spring of 1673 two white men, John Ginnings and William Hadwell, sexually assaulted her. These men raped her, and she bore a child from the encounter.[1]
According to the colony's law the court should have severely disciplined those men for their actions, but because Hannah was enslaved, the judge did not see the act as a crime against her. Instead, the court charged all three people involved with fornication, or having sex before marriage, a crime in the eyes of the colony and a sin in the eyes of the Church. The defendants were given the option either to be publicly whipped or to pay a fine. People of higher social standing could opt for the more lenient sentence of a fine. Poorer folk often took the whipping. Since slaves were at the bottom rung of the social ladder, they could not escape the public shaming and physical brutality involved in punishments. Hannah was ultimately whipped. Ginnings and Hadwell, in addition to paying the fine for their fornication, were ordered to pay a one-time-only child support fee of four pounds each.[2] Hannah considered Ginnings the father of her child. She (or possibly Richards) named her son Abda, a Hebrew or Arabic name that meant "servant." Even though he had a white father, his master considered Abda enslaved because of his mother's status.[3]
Abda Duce-Ginnings' estate inventory
Abda Duce-Ginnings' estate inventory
In 1703, Abda sued for his freedom and after a convoluted court case, Richards freed him.[4] Hannah may not have lived to see her son's freedom, or his marriage to Lydia and the birth of their son, Joseph. Her son, at his death in 1709, was renting a home with his family. They inherited his possessions, including a violin.
Abda's son, Joseph, died eighty years after his father. He owned a few items of clothing and a house.
Joseph Ginnings' estate
Joseph Ginnings' estate
The house was of little value, but it was a home of his own. When he was 16 years old, Joseph chose Thomas Stanly of Farmington to be his guardian. He spent his young life indentured and his adult life in poverty, but he lived outside of the bonds of enslavement. Hannah's endurance, Abda's courageous lawsuit, and Joseph's struggle as a free man of color demonstrate the harsh world of racism in which they lived and the strength it took to persist in spite of it.
[1]Miscellaneous Papers, _PHONE_, Connecticut Archives Index. No. 31., accessed on Sept. 14, 2018,
[2] Margaret Hill, "Colonial Punishments," Colonial Williamsburg Teacher Institute Project, accessed on September 20, 2018,; Helen S. Ullmann, Hartford County, Connecticut, County Court Minutes, vols. 3 & 4, _PHONE_, 1697, 166.
[3] In 1 Kings 4:6, Abda was the father of Solomon's chief who oversaw the team of forced laborers, and in Islam, Abdah referred to one of seven possible companions of the Prophet Muhammed; the last name, Duce, could be an English form of Douses or Douce, Charles Wareing Endell Bardsley, Our English Surnames: Their Sources and Significances (London: Chatto and Windus, Pub., 1873), 60, or it could have had a Spanish or African origin. "A Fugitive Slave Case in Connecticut," Hartford Daily Courant (_PHONE_), Nov. 9, 1850; Charles William Manwaring, ed. A Digest of the Early Connecticut Probate Records: Hartford district, _PHONE_, Vol. 2 (Hartford: R.S. Peck & Company, 1904), 58.
[4] Catherine Adams and Elizabeth H. Pleck, Love of Freedom: Black Women in Colonial and Revolutionary New England (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 47-49.


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||This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2007)|
Tereré (of Guaraní origin) is an infusion of yerba mate (in Spanish) / erva-mate (in Portuguese), similar to mate but prepared with cold water rather than with hot, and in a slightly larger vessel. It is originally from Paraguay, and is found also in northeastern Argentina and southern and western Brazil. When hot (mate), the Guaraní people call this infusion ka'ay, where ka'a means herb and y means water. The scientific name of yerba mate is Ilex paraguariensis.
The vast majority of people in Paraguay take their tereré with water-infused herbs such as mint "menta-i" or lemongrass. When not prepared with plain cold water, citrus fruit juices are usually used, although this practice varies depending on the region. While mixing fruit juices with tereré is common in northeastern Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, Lime and orange juices are used in Argentina and Paraguay; lime and pineapple juice are more common in Brazil. Tereré taken with juice is commonly called "tereré ruso" (i.e., Russian Tereré) because this practice is more common with Slavic immigrants in the southeast of Paraguay and northeast of Argentina, than with Spanishand Guaraní-speaking Paraguayan people.
In some parts of Argentina, tereré is seen as a lesser form of mate, and its drinking hardly ever follows the traditional drinking mate ritual. In Paraguay, by contrast, tereré is considered preferable to mate on a hot day.
First invented by the Guaraní (Guarani, in Portuguese language) natives who lived in Paraguay and western Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul) territory that used to belong to Paraguay before the war of the Triple Alliance, Tereré was spread by the dwellers of that region, and for centuries was a social beverage. People usually prepare one jar of natural water and a "guampa" (Spanish) / "cuia" (Portuguese) with a "bombilla" (Spanish) / "bomba" (Portuguese) which is shared among the group of people. Since Paraguay and Mato Grosso do Sul have a very hot climate, this drink is excellent to refresh the body and can be considered a very low-calorie, non-alcoholic beverage. Additionally, it is an important ritual signifying trust and communion.
Guampas/Cuias are gourds that can be made from animal horns, usually made from ox horns. The new cuia or the one not used for some time needs to be watered before use, because the lower part of the cuia is usually capped with a round piece of leather. By filling the cuia with water the leather expands, covering all leaks in the cuia. Many cuias are capped using a wooden cork as well. Cuias are also made from wood and covered in leather or steel. In a pinch a simple drinking cup can serve as a cuia.
Bombillas/Bombas are metal straws with a filter at the end. Erva-mate/Yerba is placed at the bottom of the cuia, and as water is added the bomba drinks from the cuia the clear green liquid.
Tereré in Paraguay and Brazil
Tereré is a typical drink from Paraguay and certain regions of Brazil. It is very popular among young and old people. It is common to see students going to school with a guampa and their thermos underneath their arms filled with plenty of ice and water, for summer temperatures can reach 40° to 45°C (104° to 113°F).
See also
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tereré|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Shelly Chauhan
Shelly Chauhan, a chartered psychologist and executive coach, has coached and trained a large number of clients in the corporate world over the past eighteen years on issues such as resilience, stress management and emotional intelligence. In sessions with clients, the conversation regularly turned to parenting as they sought to discover how they could manage their stress levels to be better parents. Having two young children herself, Shelly was only too aware of the challenges of parenting and how parenting guilt and worry could affect other areas of one's life. Over the years she came to realise that at the heart of many of these clients' difficulties was their struggle to notice and regulate their emotional states, and how deeply this affected their ability to connect with, influence and feel genuine empathy for other people, including their children. Based on years of meticulous research into the neuroscience of emotional regulation, stress and human connection, Shelly was inspired to translate this complex research into a methodology combining brain science with practical exercises to help clients enhance their capacity for emotional regulation, wellbeing and connection. Feedback from clients highlights the power of this approach to transform parenting and increase resilience, empathy and general wellbeing both in children and parents. Shelly has a deep sense of compassion towards children. She is committed to helping parents understand how powerful an impact loving connection has on the growing brains of their children and how their need to be loved, understood and accepted is hardwired into us all. Shelly lives in Surrey, England, with her husband and two children, aged ten and seven.
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text:
Every word you create becomes a clue that gets you one step closer to the mystery word!
How to Play WordSpector
Click on letters to create words; click Submit when you're done creating a word.
When your word appears on the board, the tiles will be colored to indicate how close you are to guessing the mystery word:
Green = The letter is correct & in the correct place.
Orange = The letter is in the mystery word, but in a different place.
Tan = The letter is not in the mystery word at all.
The fewer guesses it takes you to guess the mystery word, the more points you get.


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In this part of the lab, you must write a program in C that prints the temperature at equally spaced points on a triangular plate.
We assume that the triangular plate that is enclosed by the lines x = 0 and y = 0 and x + y =100. Start by sketching this region on a piece of paper. The temperature at a point (x,y) on this plate is given by:
T(x,y) = sin( x + y ) e -(x+y)/100
Your program must:
print the temperature at points spaced 20 units apart in the x-direction (starting at x = 0 ) and 10 units apart in the y-direction (starting at y = 0)
print the temperature to 5 decimal places in a field of width 9
Here is the expected output given the specification provided above:
-0.16728 -0.44658 -0.18628
-0.15914 0.38430 0.36347
0.49946 -0.16728 -0.44658 -0.18628
-0.73195 -0.15914 0.38430 0.36347
0.74746 0.49946 -0.16728 -0.44658 -0.18628
-0.49225 -0.73195 -0.15914 0.38430 0.36347
0.00000 0.74746 0.49946 -0.16728 -0.44658 -0.18628
Note that the first line of output above corresponds to the row y = 100 while the last line corresponds to y = 0.
Write your program in such a way that the separation between points can be changed easily.
You will find the following functions in the library math.h useful:
double sin( double angle ); /* returns the sine of angle */
double exp( double num ); /* returns e^num */
Having some trouble with this problem..anyone have some ideas for a solution?


Increasing Resilience to Extreme Heat Health Risks Across Rapidly Urbanizing India
April 20, 2015
In 2013, Ahmedabad launched a groundbreaking Heat Action Plan to protect residents from deadly heat waves. It became the first Indian city and the first city in South Asia to comprehensively address the threat of extreme heat caused by climate change. The Heat Action Plan describes both immediate and longer-term actions to increase preparedness, information-sharing, and response coordination to reduce the health effects of heat on slum residents and other vulnerable populations, including outdoor workers, the young and elderly. Ahmedabad's Heat Action Plan sets an example for other vulnerable cities and countries that will face increasingly unbearable temperatures due to climate change.


Grizzly Bear vs Siberian Tiger Fight – Who Will Win?
Grizzly Bear vs Siberian Tiger
What if two of the most ferocious wild animals ever—a Grizzly Bear and a Siberian Tiger—go to battle? Grizzly Bears are the top predator in the North American wild. These giants are a subspecies of the brown bear. The Siberian Tiger is native to the remote forests of Siberia. Let's compare the two giants to find out who will be crowned as our ultimate winner if there was a fight between them.
Let's get to know our fighters
Grizzly Bear
Grizzly Bear
Grizzly Bears are giant beasts with great physical strength. They are a smaller subspecies of the brown bear. Native to the jungles of North America, the grizzly bear sits on top of the food chain. Grizzly bears get their name from their white-tipped or grizzled fur. Today, these brown bears are found in North America and Canada.
The Siberian Tiger, as the name suggests, is native to the region of Siberia, Russia. Some are also found in China and North Korea. They are one of the largest wild cats. Siberian tigers are intelligent and aggressive creatures. They prefer to live and hunt alone. Today, they are close to extinction, found mostly in zoos.
A full-grown male Grizzly bear can weigh a massive 800 pounds. Their average shoulder height ranges from 3 ft 6 inch to 4 ft 1 inch, while the head and body length lie between 7 ft 1 inch to 7 ft 8 inch. The average lifespan of a Grizzly bear is around 25 years in the wild.
Siberian Tiger
Siberian Tiger
A Siberian tiger is somewhat small in size when compared to a Grizzly bear. They may weigh about 660 pounds. The average shoulder height lies somewhere between 3 ft to 3 ft 3 inches. The head and body length amount to 7 ft 4 inches. They can survive for 15 to 18 years in the wild.
Grizzly bears mostly prey on salmon fish, birds, elk, moose, bison, and deer. They are also known to hunt black bears. Being omnivorous, they also eat fruits, wild berries, roots, and insects. Although they are solitary creatures, they do come together in groups during salmon season.
Siberian tigers are carnivores. They commonly prey on wild boar, moose, elk, Siberian musk deer, and Manchurian wapitiOpens in a new tab., which is a kind of elk native to east Asia. They are also known to hunt Asiatic black bears and brown bears.
Comparing features of a Grizzly Bear and Siberian Tiger
Features Grizzly Bears Siberian Tigers
Habitat North America and Canada Siberia, Russia
Type Mammals Mammals
Scientific name Ursus arctos horribilis Panthera tigris altaica
Family Ursidae Felidae
Genus Ursus Panthera
Diet Omnivore Carnivore
Weight 800 pounds 660 pounds
Head and body height 7 ft 8 inch 7 ft 4 inch
Shoulder height 4 ft 1 inch 3 ft 3 inch
Status Least concern Endangered
Lifespan 25 years 15 to 18 years
Strengths and weaknesses of the two beasts – Bear vs Tiger
Both Grizzly Bears and Siberian Tigers are powerful beasts of the wild. If there was a hypothetical fight between a Grizzly bear and a Siberian tiger, who will emerge as our ultimate winner?
Let's explore their strengths and weaknesses to find out.
If we compare weight, the scales tip on a Grizzly bear's side. A Grizzly bear weighs a massive 800 pounds, whereas a Siberian tiger weighs up to 660 pounds. Even though the Siberian tiger is the largest of its species, a Grizzly has a slight advantage in size.
When it comes to speed, the Siberian tiger is way ahead. It can run at a top speed of 60 miles per hour. The Grizzly bear's top speed is only 35 miles an hour. The Siberian tiger is the faster animal with the ability to outrun the bear any day.
Let's compare the bite force of the two animals. The Grizzly bear boasts a powerful bite force of 1200 pounds per square inch. On the other hand, the Siberian tiger has a bite force of 1050 pounds per square inch. This is slightly weaker.
Which of the two animals has the sharpest claws, which can cause maximum damage? The Grizzly bear and the Siberian tiger are equally matched in this category. Both have deadly claws of equal size of 4 inches.
Now let's look at their fangs or teeth to find out who can land the fatal bite. An adult Grizzly bear has sharp fangs that can go up to 3 inches in length. A Siberian tiger has long and deadly canines, which maybe 2.5 to 3 inches long. They are perfectly suited to tearing flesh.
When it comes to appetite, the Grizzly bear eats a lot more than the Siberian tiger. A Grizzly bear consumes 90 pounds of food per day, to keep up its massive bodyweight of 800 pounds. A Siberian tiger eats 60 lbs of meat per day on an average.
Who is the most deadly killer of the two? Although Siberian tigers are infamous as man-eaters, stats say that they kill only one person every year on an average.
Humans are easy prey for tigers, which have gotten old and weak, but the Siberian wilderness is a remote and sparse region. This means fewer casualties. When it comes to Grizzly bears, nearly 3 people in North America and Canada are killed by bear attacks every year on an average.
Category Grizzly Bear Siberian Tiger
Weight 800 pounds 660 pounds
Top speed in m/h 35 miles per hour 60 miles per hour
Bite force in psi 1200 pounds per square inch 1050 pounds per square inch
People killed every year 3 people 1 person
Claws 4 inches 4 inches
Fangs or teeth 3 inches 2.5 to 3 inches
Average appetite 90 lbs food in a day 60 lbs meat in a day
Does geographical location matter?
In a Grizzly bear vs Siberian tiger fight, how much does the environment matter? It matters quite a lot.
The environment can play a big role in such a fight. The Grizzly bear and the Siberian tiger come from two completely different parts of the world.
The Grizzly bear is a native species of North America. The climate is cold in this region, with dense forests and mountainous terrain. The Siberian tiger is found in Siberia, Russia. It knows the harsh Siberian landscape well.
Who has a better chance of success in a fight will also depend upon the battleground. The Grizzly bear is a physical giant, with great body strength. However, it falls behind when it comes to killer hunting skills and speed.
The Siberian tiger, who has mastered the art of surviving in the harsh Siberian wilderness, is the master hunter. It has the advantage of stealth, strength, and skill.
Grizzly Bear vs. Siberian Tiger: Who is our ultimate champion?
A Grizzly Bear and a Siberian Tiger are almost equally matched in strengths and weaknesses. If the two go head to head, it is sure to be an intense battle.
Will the mighty and powerful Grizzly bear defeat the deadly Siberian Tiger? Or will it be the other way around? Let's stack the odds and find out our ultimate champion!
Siberian tigers are one of the most deadly predators ever. They rule the Siberian wild, being the largest among the big cats. They are adept hunters, master of stealth, and skill. Grizzly bears are more inclined towards finding food that's easily available in the wild. They can survive on fruits, berries, and insects.
Siberian tigers are way faster than Grizzly bears. They can run at a top speed of 60 miles per hour, chasing their prey to death. A Grizzly is not a good runner, used to the forest and mountainous landscape of North America.
Siberian tigers have been known to hunt the Asiatic black bear as well as brown bears. They have an experience of hunting large prey when pressed for food. Although Grizzly bears also hunt black bears on rare occasions, they prefer easier prey.
If it comes to a fist-fight, Grizzly bears have an unexpected advantage. They will be safe from any battle wounds. They are huge in size with lots of body fat. These act as cushions and keep the bear's main organs as the trachea and lungs protected.
Final Verdict: Grizzly Bear vs Siberian Tiger
The Grizzly Bear and the Siberian Tiger live in two different parts of the globe. They are too far apart to ever meet in real life and go head to head. However, what if there was a hypothetical battle between the two? What will be the last animal standing?
Do you have any guesses yet on who's the winner? Here's our final verdict.
When compared to Siberian tigers, Grizzly bears definitely have the advantage of size. They are bigger and heavier. They have strong paws that can do good damage to their opponent. Their body fat also keeps them safe from enemy blows. But is brawn enough to win such a battle?
The Siberian tiger has the advantage of brains along with brawn. It is the master of stealth, sneaking up


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Newtons Gravity Glass is a sand-filled hourglass suspended in a liquid-filled glass cylinder. The Gravity glass is an awesome desk-topper and a question-generating educational tool. When the cylinder is flipped, the sand within the hourglass moves down while the hourglass itself floats up.
Newton's three laws of motion relate the forces acting on a body to its motion. The first is the law of inertia, it states that 'every object in motion will stay in motion until acted upon by an outside force'. The second is commonly stated as 'force equals mass times acceleration', or F = ma. The third and final law is commonly known as 'to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction'.
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National Integration: Hindu, Muslim students eat together in Minority Residential Schools
Hyderabad: Nutritious food is being provided at 204 Minority Residential schools. Secretary Minority School Society B. Shafiullah told that the menu in minority schools prepared by nutritionists. According to which nutritious food is provided. Milk, egg and fruits are provided in the breakfast, whereas various vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes are selected for lunch and dinner.
Society had given contract of food to a private company for catering but cancelled the contract due to its unsatisfactory service.
Mr. Shafiullah further told that 75 pc of the students belong to minorities, while 25 pc belong to non-minorities. All the student do breakfast lunch and dinner together. All irrespective of religion enjoy the food together. He appealed minorities to benefit from the minority residential schools.
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Quick Answer: What Do The Irish Say Before Drinking?
How do you pronounce Slainte?
The word is pronounced as [SLAHN-chə] where the t is silent.
It should sound like slawn-che..
What are some good Irish sayings?
What is the Irish word for cheers?
What are some Irish blessings?
What do the Irish say when they drink?
Standard Cheers. Exclaim "Sláinte!" This is the closest term you can use to toast someone "cheers!" in Irish Gaelic. More accurately, the term "sláinte" translates into the English term "health." When using this term, you are essentially toasting to someone's health. Pronounce this Irish term as slawn-cha.
What are some Irish toasts?
Toastmasters' Top Ten Irish Toasts"May your troubles be less, and your blessings be more. … "To all the days here and after, may they be filled with fond memories, happiness and laughter.""May the best day of your past be the worst day of your future.""Always remember to forget the things that made you sad.More items…•
What is the famous Irish prayer?
What is an Irish blessing?
"May joy and peace surround you, contentment latch your door, and happiness be with you now and bless you evermore!" "May the road rise up to meet you. May the wind always be at your back. May the sun shine warm upon your face, and rains fall soft upon your fields.
What does Slangevar mean?
slangevar rate. (Scottish Gaelic) cheers good health. slangevar rate. (Expression) to good health; to your health.
What does Yaki dah mean in Welsh?
Welsh. Used to express good wishes before drinking. 'The Welsh toast 'Iechyd da' meaning 'Good Health' takes on a new meaning for cider drinkers, as scientists now say that cider could have health benefits.


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Overview of chapter
In this chapter we will look how the hardware of the machine tool and its user controls, the computer hardware and Mach3 communicate with each other. You will probably find it best to skim this chapter and return to it as you look at the other individual customisations.
Before we can look at customisation in detail you will have to know how the various parts of your machine communicate with Mach3 and, indeed, how you communicate with it.
The illustration shows the important communication routes and with the following description should allow you to understand how they work. The diagram looks complex and this is a fair reflection of the fact that Mach3 is complex and can be configured to work with many types of machine. Your system will, almost certainly, not have all the features on it but, before you start customising, now is a good time to understand the options. Notice the key which explains what the different type of lines represent.
If you have set up your own system you will have been through the process of connecting switches like the home switches to pins of the parallel port(s) and using the dialogs to tell Mach3 which pins are used for which function. This is shown at the bottom left of the picture. Notice we have shown the limit and EStop switches directly controlling the drive electronics because this is the safest technique and recommended in this manual. Your switches might, of course, control Mach2 via the parallel port(s). This would change the arrows from the switches on the diagram to go into the port(s) instead of the motor drives box.
Mach3 makes extensive use of these signals during running. This is shown by the arrow into the "brain".
Some switches (currently 15) can be assigned to input pins as OEM Trigger signals. These can be configured to do what you wish by issuing an "OEM code" command directly to Mach3 - just like pressing a screen button does. They do not, however, need anything on a screen to do this. The OEM Button codes that are issued by each signal are defined using the Config>Set System Hotkeys dialog.
A "keystroke" produces a scancode that is sent to your computer using the PS/2 or USB connectors. They can be generated in three different ways:
- By typing on the computer keyboard
- By closing/opening a switch connected to a keyboard emulator. Such devices may be connected via the Universal Serial Bus (USB) and/or be daisy-chained to the main keyboard. They were originally developed by the gaming community to allow computer games to put in and be controlled by arcade-like cabinets but are very convenient for machine control applications. It is also possible to connect an encoder (typically low resolution like those used as "digital potentiometers" in hi-fi and video equipment) and to generate a given scancode for each "click" in the clockwise direction and another scancode for each counterclockwise click.
- By pressing a button or key on a custom keyboard (perhaps like a numeric pad on a long lead, buttons on a joystick, or a "console"). These options are really just some switches and an emulator in a standard box, probably with some neat way of labelling the switches. Windows refers to them as Human Interface Devices (HIDs) Figure 2.2 shows an example with a Mach3 function overlay sheet in place.
A keystroke when Mach3 is running can, of course, do many things: be part of a command entered in the MDI line, be part of a value entered into a DRO or be a hotkey shortcut. A real keyboard will be used for all these things but the other sources of keystrokes will generally only be used for shortcuts.
Keystrokes and Shortcuts (Hotkeys)
A keystroke generates a Scancode which is processed by Windows and then Mach3. If it is not used directly as input to MDI or a DRO then it can perform three functions:
- if the code defined as a Button Shortcut (Hotkey) for a button currently displayed on screen then it is equivalent to clicking the mouse on that button
- if the code defined in the Config>Set Axis Hotkeys it will jog, load a file or select MDI or a DRO as appropriate
- if the code defined in the Config>Ports and Pins Input Pins dialog it will turn On (key down) or Off (key up) the signal to which it is attached. This, used with a keyboard emulator, gives a mechanism for extending the number of input pins far beyond those available on the two parallel ports. Not all signals can be made "virtual" like this and you are advised not to use the mechanism for safety critical operations.
You may consider using having real push buttons (or perhaps a membrane switch pad) beside the screen which can be labelled for different functions on each screen (making soft keys like in a bank ATM) or be used for a common function like screen changing. This is illustrated top right of the main picture.
A rotary encoder (MPG) connected by keyboard emulator can be used to send jog axis hotkeys to jog axes or to send the codes for hotkeys for buttons like Raise/Lower spindle speed or override feedrate.
This keystroke processing mechanism is shown by the blue lines on the main picture from the "keyboard devices" to the screen buttons and the Input Pins dialog.
A USB custom keyboard
The KeyGrabber and profilers
As mentioned above, keystokes from the actual keyboard and keyboard emulators have their scancodes processed by Windows before they are given to Mach3. In particular, of course, Windows has to route the keycodes to the application whose window has the focus. Custom keyboards, game pads etc. (HIDs) generally need a piece of software to define which keycodes each button is to generate. This software is often called a profiler and is supplied by the custom keyboard manufacturer. Profilers usually have a picture of the device and its buttons and when you click on these you are prompted to input the keycode and any , or modifiers to be used with it.
A utility, KeyGrabber, has been developed, by Les Newell, for use in conjunction with Mach3 (and its Screen Designer) to make it easy to configure Keyboard Emulators and USB connected HIDs including custom buttons, joy sticks, throttle controls etc. It has the additional advantage that it will pass selected keycodes to Mach3 whatever program has the focus. This Mach3 can continue to be controlled even if you need to briefly run another application like Windows Explorer, the Calculator or you accidentally swap to a program by clicking in the task bar. Although at first sight translation of a few key codes sounds rather trivial, if you look into it we think you will discover how powerful a technique it is for making Mach3 easy to use with a variety of standard and therefore reasonably priced input devices. Details of KeyGrabber and its installation and configuration are given at Keygrabber info.
VB Script connections
A part program is written using G and M codes. It is, however, also possible to program Mach3 in another language called VB Script. This is a subset of the Microsoft Visual Basic language which is available in many applications besides Mach2, including Microsoft Office. While it would be possible to totally control a machine tool using Mach3 with a VB Script program, the facility is really intended to help customize the environment in which a G-code part program runs.
VB Script programs
A VB Script program can be used in three ways:
- By being "attached" to a screen button and so be run when the button is clicked or its hotkey is pressed
- By being put in a macro and called from within a part program, the MDI line of the G-code attached to a button. The last of these methods being suitable if the program is too big to attach directly to the button or is required to be used as a macro from a part program as well as a button.
- By being a macro attached to an OEM input trigger by OEM code 301.
The VB Script program can:
- declare and use VB variables,
- execute conditional statements (If-Then-Else),
- perform loops, and
- call VB the functions and subroutines defined by the macro writer or provided by Mach3 as its interface to scripts.
The predefined interface functions and subroutines are defined in detail in Mach specific Subroutines/Functions grouped by purpose. The main ones allow the script to issue G-code commands, to read and write the values of DROs, to inspect LEDs (and for User LEDs, to set them), and to send Function and OEM codes to Mach3 thus simulating what a user does when s/he clicks a screen button. Additionally a macro can test the values of input signals, set output signals, access internal data such as motor tuning parameters and use parallel and serial ports not used by Mach3 itself.
As already mentioned, a macro is a piece of VB Script. Each macro has a name like M134. The M is used at the start of every macro name and the number can be any integral value up to 99999 that is not used to define a built-in M-code. These built-in numbers are listed in chapter 11. Thus for example, M12, M50, M16543 are all valid macro names; while M3, M-56, M0234, M567.4 are not valid names.
Standard macros will use the number range up to M999, Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are advised to use M1000 to M89999 and end-users can avoid naming conflicts by using M90000 to M99999.
Each macro is stored as text in its own file whose name is the macro name with file extension ".m1s". Thus one would find files


text:
Animals. Can't live with 'em, can't live without eating 'em. (Just kidding, vegans!)
Whether or not you do eat them, you certainly don't want to waste any of the precious meat — and that's what normally happens when a machine, not a human, tries to butcher an animal. After all, each animal is a different size and shape.
Enter Automated Lamb Boning. Developed by Scott Technology LTD, a New Zealand-based lamb exporter, this process uses X-ray technology to measure the inner dimensions of a lamb carcass to make cuts accurate and reduce waste.
Using the X-ray of each carcass, the 100% automated processing plant can adjust its robotic arms, claws, grippers, torso impalers and conveyor belts to make the most accurate cuts.
Watch the video (not for the squeamish) to see how efficiently it produces crown racks, chops and more.
Related on SmartPlanet:
- Video: Machine scoops up, deposits ketchup — in same shape
- Self-sculpting sand assembles itself into shapes
- Small, speedy robots zip, roll and swarm through the air
- Lockheed Martin debuts maple seed-inspired drone
- Video: Scientists create micro-robots that form assembly lines
via: Popular Science


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Third Battle of Panipat
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Third Battle of Panipat
The Third battle of Panipat 13 January 1761.jpg
The Third Battle of Panipat, 14 January 1761, Hafiz Rahmat Khan, standing right of Ahmad Shah Durrani, who is shown sitting on a brown horse.
Date 14 January 1761
Location Panipat, Punjab region
(in present-day Haryana, India)
Result Afghan victory
Marathas lost suzerainty over Punjab and Delhi to the Afghans. Ahmad Shah Durrani vacates Delhi soon after the battle, appoints Mughal emperor as nominal head and returns to Afghanistan.
Flag of Herat until 1842.svg
Durrani Empire
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg
Maratha Empire
Commanders and leaders
Flag of Herat until 1842.svgAhmad Shah Durrani (Shah of Durrani Empire)
Flag of Herat until 1842.svgTimur Shah Durrani
Flag of Herat until 1842.svgWazir Wali Khan[1]
Flag of Herat until 1842.svgShah Pasand Khan[1]
Flag of Herat until 1842.svgJahan Khan[1]
अवध ध्वज.gifShuja-ud-Daula
Rampur flag.svgNajib-ud-Daula
Rampur flag.svgHafiz Rahmat Khan[1]
Rampur flag.svgDundi Khan[1]
Rampur flag.svgBanghas Khan[1]
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svgSadashivrao Bhau (commander-in-chief of Maratha Army)
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svgVishwasrao
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svgMalharrao Holkar
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svgMahadji Shinde
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svgIbrahim Khan Gardi
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svgJankoji Shinde
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svgBhivrao Panse
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svgBhoite
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svgPurandare
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svgVinchurkar (Infantry & Cavalry)
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svgSidoji Gharge
42,000 cavalry
38,000 infantry
10,000 reserves
4,000 personal guards
5,000 Qizilbash
120–130 pieces of cannon
large numbers of irregulars
totally an army of 100,000.
40,000 cavalry
15,000 infantry(divided to 9 battalyons of Gardi rifle infantry)[2]
15,000 Pindaris
200 pieces of artillery. The force was accompanied by 300,000 non-combatants (pilgrims and camp-followers)
totally an army of 70,000.
Casualties and losses
Estimates between 20,000 and 40,000 combatants killed.[3][4] Estimates between 30,000 and 40,000 combatants killed in the battle. Another 40,000-70,000 non-combatants massacred following the battle.[3][4]
The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 14 January 1761, at Panipat, about 60 miles (97 km) north of Delhi between a northern expeditionary force of the Maratha Empire and the forces of the King of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Abdali, supported by two Indian Muslim allies—the Rohilla Afghans of the Doab, and Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Awadh. Militarily, the battle pitted the French origin artillery[5] and cavalry of the Marathas against the heavy cavalry and mounted artillery (zamburak and jizail) of the Afghans and Rohillas led by Ahmad Shah Abdali and Najib-ud-Daulah, both ethnic Afghans (the former is also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali). The battle is considered one of the largest fought in the 18th century,[6] and has perhaps the largest number of fatalities in a single day reported in a classic formation battle between two armies.
The decline of the Mughal Empire following the 27-year Mughal-Maratha war (1680–1707) had led to rapid territorial gains for the Maratha Empire. Under Peshwa Baji Rao, Gujarat, Malwa and Rajputana came under Maratha control. Finally, in 1737, Baji Rao defeated the Mughals on the outskirts of Delhi, and brought much of the former Mughal territories south of Delhi under Maratha control. Baji Rao's son, Balaji Baji Rao (popularly known as Nana Saheb), further increased the territory under Maratha control by invading Punjab in 1758. This brought the Marathas into direct confrontation with the Durrani empire of Ahmad Shah Abdali. In 1759 he raised an army from the Pashtun tribes and Baloch tribes [7] and made several gains against the smaller Maratha garrisons in Punjab. He then joined with his Indian allies—the Rohilla Afghans of the Gangetic Doab—forming a broad coalition against the Marathas. The Marathas, under the command of Sadashivrao Bhau, responded by gathering an army of between 45,000–60,000, which was accompanied by roughly 200,000 non-combatants, a number of whom were pilgrims desirous of making pilgrimages to Hindu holy sites in northern India. The Marathas started their northward journey from Patdur on the 14 March 1760. Both sides tried to get the Nawad of Awadh, Shuja-ud-Daulah, into their camp. By late July, Shuja-ud-Daulah made the decision to join the Afghan-Rohilla coalition, preferring to join what was perceived as the 'army of Islam'. This was strategically a major loss for the Marathas, since Shuja provided much needed finances for the long Afghan stay in North India. It is doubtful whether the Afghan-Rohilla coalition would have the means to continue their conflict with the Marathas without Shuja's support.
The slow-moving Maratha camp finally reached Delhi on 1 August 1760, and took the city the next day. There followed a series of skirmishes along the banks of the river Yamuna, and a battle at Kunjpura, which the Marathas won against an Afghan garrison of about 15,000 (at this time, Abdali and the other Afghan forces were on the eastern side of the Yamuna river). However, Abdali daringly crossed the river Yamuna on the 25 October at Baghpat, cutting off the Maratha camp from their base in Delhi. This eventually turned into a two-month-long siege led by Abdali against the Marathas in the town of Panipat. During the siege both sides tried to cut off the other's supplies. At this the Afghans were considerably more effective, so that by the end of November 1760 they had cut off almost all food supplies into the besieged Maratha camp (which had about 250,000 to 300,000, most of whom were non-combatants). According to all the chronicles of the time, food in the Maratha camp ran out by late December or early January and cattle died by the thousands. Reports of soldiers dying of starvation began to be heard in early January. On 13 January the Maratha chiefs begged their commander, Sadashiv Rao Bhau, to be allowed to die in battle than perish by starvation. The next day the Marathas left their camp before dawn and marched south towards the Afghan camp in a desperate attempt to break the siege. The two armies came face-to-face around 8:00 a.m., and the battle raged until evening.
The specific site of the battle itself is disputed by historians, but most consider it to have occurred somewhere near modern-day Kaalaa Aamb and Sanauli Road. The battle lasted for several days and involved over 125,000 troops. Protracted skirmishes occurred, with losses and gains on both sides. The forces led by Ahmad Shah Durrani came out victorious after destroying several Maratha flanks. The extent of the losses on both sides is heavily disputed by historians, but it is believed that between 60,000–70,000 were killed in fighting, while the numbers of injured and prisoners taken vary considerably. According to the single best eye-witness chroniclethe bakhar by Shuja-ud-Daulah's Diwan Kashi Raj, about 40,000 Maratha prisoners were slaughtered in cold blood the day after the battle.[4] Grant Duff includes an interview of a survivor of these massacres in his History of the Marathas and generally corroborates this number. Shejwalkar, whose monograph Panipat 1761 is often regarded as the single best secondary source on the battle, says that "not less than 100,000 Marathas (soldiers and non-combatants) perished during and after the battle."[3]
The result of the battle was the halting of further Maratha advances in the north, and a destabilization of their territories, for roughly 10 years. This period of 10


text: Truso, situated on Lake Drużno, was an Old Prussian ( Pomesanian) town near the Baltic Sea just east of the Vistula River. It was one of the trading posts on the Amber Road, and is thought to be the antecedent of the city of Elbląg (Elbing). In the words of Marija Gimbutas, "the name of the town is the earliest known historically in the Baltic Sea area". The main export goods of Truso were amber, furs, and slaves, while blacksmithing and amber working were the major industries. The beginnings of the town can be dated back to approximately the end of the 8th century, while in the second half of the 10th century, the town declined and was eclipsed as a trade center by nearby Gdańsk.


text:
Orient-Institut Beirut, 16-18 May 2013
The conference focuses on two fields of investigation that will add innovative insights to the existing literature of Arab-European encounters:
1. Which social and politico-cultural transformations were at the basis of the establishment of various academic institutes and institutions of higher education? Pointing to institutions such as the Société de Géographie d'Egypte (1875), the École des Beaux Arts in Cairo (1908) or the Majma' al-Lugha al-'Arabiyya in Damascus (1918/19), the local contexts of these institutions and their responsiveness to changing concerns and ambitions in society shall be worked out.
2. How were the newly emerging academic disciplines linked to changing social discourses and political visions – and how did the quest for cultural authenticity and the confrontation with cultural domination of European colonial powers impact on intellectual thought and academic research of Arab scholars?
By following this line of investigation and building on original research, the conference aims at contributing both valuable historical case studies and new theoretical perspectives on intellectual encounters in times of social transformation and colonial rule.
Researchers are invited to send their abstract before February 16, 2013 to Dr. Goetz Nordbruch (_EMAIL_) or Dr. Thomas Scheffler (_EMAIL_). Information _URL_


The Stripe Gateway API allows marketplace payments to be processed and distributed automatically using Stripe. Marketplace payment processing using Stripe is the quickest and easiest method of implementing payments for your marketplace.
OpenChannel's Stripe integration manages user credit cards and payment processing, automatically deposits the the commission into your Stripe account and deposits the remaining balance into the developer's Stripe account.
In order to user Stripe payment processing:
 1. You are required to setup and configure a Stripe account for your marketplace
 2. Developers are required to setup and configure a Stripe account
 3. Both yourself and Developers must be from a country that is supported by Stripe (see supported countries)
Payments must be enabled and 'Stripe' must be selected as the gateway in order to use these API endpoints. See Setting Up Payments With Stripe. Once the marketplace's Stripe account is setup and integrated with the marketplace, The Stripe Gateway API can be used to allow developers to connect their Stripe accounts and users to manage their payment details. See Stripe Gateway for more details.
You must have administrator privileges for your marketplace in order to see Settings in the left navigation menu.
Connecting Developer Stripe Accounts
Allowing a developer to connect their Stripe account is as easy as redirecting the developer to a specific URL. Retrieve the URL by calling the Connect Developer Account API method with the developerId and the URL of where you would like the developer to redirected to once they've completed the connection flow.
As part of the API response, a URL will be provided. Example:
 "developerId": "123",
 "expires": 1432695338702,
 "targetUrl": ""
Redirect the developer to this URL in order to begin Stripe's account connection flow. The developer's connected Stripe accounts can be retrieved using the Get Developer Accounts API method. A developer's Stripe accounts can be disconnected using the Disconnect Developer Account API method.
Managing User Credit Card Details
Users can add, update, view and remove their credit card details. By setting up a credit card, users are able to purchase apps without the need to repeatedly enter their credit card details.
Adding credit cards requires the use of the Stripe.js library. After calling the stripe.createToken method, use the result.token value in the response as a parameter to call the Add Credit Card API method.
Although additional API methods are provided to allow for multiple credit cards to be added, updated and removed, the simplest and most preferred implementation strategy is to only allow the user to set a single credit card.
Simple implementation:
 1. Create a form to allow the user to enter their credit card details (name, card number, expiry date, CVC).
 2. Call stripe.createToken from the Stripe.js library to retrieve a token.
 3. Call the Add Credit Card API method with isDefault set to true.
 4. Inspect the Cards returned by the above API call and delete any card that is not the default using the Delete Credit Card API method.


text:
OASIS C Feeding Techniques: Positioning and Utensil Use
Preparing and serving food for optimum nutritional intake1. Serve 5-6 small meals rather than three large meals.
2. Chop or cut the food into bite-size pieces.3. Serve the most nutritious foods first.
4. Allow the patient enough time to chew and swallow each bite.
5. If necessary for swallowing difficulties, puree the food first in a food processor or blender before serving it.
6. Combine foods into one dish: i.e. eggs combined with bacon, potatoes, and spinach in an omelet.
7. Make sure that all food is within the visual range of the patient.
Positioning of body during eating
- Use a chair that supports posture.
- Make sure the patient is positioned at 90 degrees for safe and easy swallowing
- Provide comfortable cushioning for the patient's seat
- Position the patient at a comfortable distance from table
Eating and Drinking Utensils that help with limited dexterity
- Built up handles reduce the need for fine pinch to hold the utensil and instead only requires a full hand grasp
- Bendable handles can be adjusted to the needs of the patient
- Weighted handles reduce the amount of movement in a shaking hand.
- Swivel utensils for unwanted hand movements (shaking) to decrease spilling food between the plate and one's mouth.
- Universal cuff for limited hand movements including pinch or grasp.
- Cup with lid and straw to reduce the risk of spilling or dribbling liquids out of the cup when drinking.
- Weighted cup to reduce spilling from unwanted shaking movements.


How To Write The Perfect Flashback
How To Write The Perfect Flashback
Are you thinking about whether or not you need flashbacks in your story? We tell you how to write the perfect flashback.
What Is A Flashback?
A flashback is a piece of writing that shows the reader what happened in the past. The author does this by writing a scene set in the past. A flashback interrupts the flow of the current story.
Should We Use Flashbacks?
Writers love writing flashbacks. Readers hate reading them. If you insist on them, make sure you know how and when to use them. When you write a flashback you should be careful not to ruin the pacing of the story.
Readers prefer to read a plotted story that moves from the beginning through the middle to the end. Anything that interferes with this chronology is distracting. [Suggested reading: Element 7 in The 7 Critical Elements Of A Great Book]
Flashbacks lack immediacy. They are essentially backstory and they can be a terrible distraction if they aren't well-thought-out and well-written. You may even lose your readers.
When To Use Flashbacks
You should only use a flashback if it adds to your story. If you can get away with telling the scene in a dialogue exchange or a short diary entry, rather do that.
You can use them:
 1. To show a character's motives.
 2. To fill in an important piece of the puzzle.
 3. When something happened long ago and there is simply no other way to include it.
How To Use A Flashback
Before you use flashbacks make sure that you've done the following:
 1. Engaged your reader in the protagonist's current problem.
 2. Established the goal of the story.
 3. Established a threat to the goal. (This usually includes an antagonist.)
 4. Used a flashback that compels readers to know what happened in the past.
You should be able to resume the story where you left it with no significant developments having taken place during the flashback.
Example Of A Flashback
In The Hunger Games, Suzanne Collins uses a brief flashback to establish the backstory between Katniss and Peeta. Katniss remembers when she was at her lowest ebb after her father died. She was starving and Peeta, the baker's son, threw bread into the snow that saved her and fed her family for a few days. Collins brings us back to the present immediately after this.
It works because:
 1. We are emotionally invested in Katniss's story (her family needs her to win).
 2. We know her story goal (to win the games).
 3. Peeta at this point represents a threat to that goal (he is her opponent in the games).
 4. We need to know about this incident to show how she feels indebted to him on some level. It could not happen any other way, because Katniss is not a chatty person.
Top Tip: If you want to introduce a flashback in the first few pages of your novel, you should probably start the story when the flashback is taking place.
How To Write The Perfect Flashback
A Checklist For Writing The Perfect Flashback
A flashback is essentially a memory. This is a good way of testing how you write it.
 1. Something Sets It Off: Flashbacks are triggered by something. Most of our memories are triggered by a place, an object, a conversation, or through our senses. Use one of these to send us back in time.
 1. Where Are We? Orient us at the start of the flashback in time and space. A clear transition must be used. Examples: Five years ago, we…; When I was a teenager…; My father used to….
 1. Keep It Short And Sharp. When you have a memory, it does not go on and on. It usually lasts a few seconds. The longer the flashback, the longer it takes for the reader to get back into the main story.
 1. Make Sure We Need It. Make the flashback advance the narrative. This memory could be crucial to the motivations of a character or it could show us how we go to a point in the story.
 1. Show The Results. Flashbacks in stories should have consequences. If we remember something traumatic or challenging, it will affect us in the present day. The reaction to the memory should be in keeping with its severity.
Top Tip: Mini-flashbacks can be used more frequently. This could be a few remembered lines of dialogue from another character when your protagonist is thinking about the past. Readers often don't even notice that they are flashbacks.
© Amanda Patterson
If you liked this articleyou may enjoy
 1. 10 Description Mistakes Writers Should Avoid At All Costs
 2. The Secret To Writing A Great Plot Twist
 3. Use The 7 Deadly Sins To Define Your Memoir
 4. Literary Book Title Generator
 5. Yes, You Do Need Scenes And Sequels In Memoirs
 6. 204 Words That Describe Colours – A Resource For Writers


The Natural Observer: Exploring Sociology with Jessica Sherwood
Jessica Sherwood
Jessica Sherwood, Ph.D., an associate professor in social sciences, came to JWU in 2012 and helped launch JWU's Sociology bachelor's degree program in 2017. A former executive officer of Sociologists for Women in Society, she wrote the book "Wealth, Whiteness, and the Matrix of Privilege: The View from the Country Club," which Oxford Journals describes as "valuable insight into some of the ways that privilege is maintained and protected at both social and structural levels."
Sociology explores questions about how people live in contemporary societies:
 - What are the benefits and risks as millions of people move from rural to urban lives?
 - How do inequalities of class, race and gender reinforce or sometimes contradict each other?
 - How do new technologies affect the creation of culture?
Sherwood wanted to find the answers to these questions and address the challenges posed by our increasingly global, diverse and urban world.
Why did you go into sociology?
I was never the life of the party. It suited me to be the observer. And I always liked to observe marginalized identities. When I was a sophomore, I took an Intro to Sociology class. I didn't know that observing people was an official discipline and I wanted to major in it.
How did you begin writing about wealth and privilege?
I was raised in what's considered the upper middle class — went to boarding school — so I have access to this class. I grew up half Jewish and half WASP. Once I got to grad school, I became more aware of privilege, class, race and gender.
What sort of issues do you cover in your intro classes to Sociology?
It's always easy to connect to current events. We cover policing practices that lead to too many killings. Also, the "obesity epidemic" — I use quotation marks because looking at data, maybe the sky's not falling after all on that issue.
What sort of issues do you cover in your more advanced Sociology classes?
Culture and Food: Noticing how important sugar, caffeine and alcohol are in social routines and rituals, and discussing why. Noticing that the meanings of food items are multiple and flexible: for instance, a cup of tea can could mean ten different things, depending on the particulars.
Gender: Learning when and where gender is a binary, a triad or a spectrum versus the extent to which most societies are still built upon a binary, even as the U.S. sees kaleidoscopic diversity in recent years.
Obesity: Debating the meaning of the American "obesity epidemic," which some people are skeptical about because it may also be a moneymaking opportunity and a moral panic.
Race: Considering the "five-color pentagon" of race and alternative formulations. Alternatives appear over time in the U.S. Census, as shown at Similar to the teacup example above, the definitions of races, and who is in which one, vary globally.
Tell me about some opportunities Sociology students have at JWU.
They can participate in the honors program. I'm supervising one student right now who's working on his thesis on black masculinity and hip-hop. Also, they have plenty of opportunities for internships with local organizations.
What kind of student would do well in the Sociology program? They have to be curious — that's number one. They need to be a little scientifically minded. They need to be open to having common sense and sometimes having their beliefs overturned. And they should be interested in focusing on social structure and context.
What advice would you give someone interested in studying Sociology? Stay informed about current events. I know that smartphone addiction is considered a growing problem, but the smartphone is the best way to do that. Nurture your own curiosity outside the classroom as well as in it.


_PHONE_ email icon1
Direct Steam Injection Benefits vs. Steam Sparging
Like the JetCooker™, the sparger heating device relies on the steam from the plant steam supply. Piping from a steam header directs the steam through a steam sparging nozzle that is located in the process fluid pipe. A common sparging nozzle consists of several holes which allow steam to enter the process fluid and heat it to the desired temperature.
An inefficient SpargerSparging Drawbacks
A steam sparging system has several disadvantages when compared to the Jetcooker:
 - Inconsistent steam mixing and heat transfer leading to product inconsistency and wasted energy
 - Nozzle clogging which requires maintenance
 - Steam hammer leading to process equipment failure
 - Imprecise temperature control which translates to higher energy cost
Spargers rely on external modulation by means of a valve to control steam flow and thus process fluid temperature. This type of operation can lead to steam hammer or unit vibration as the steam mixes with the process fluid in the piping or tank. Over time, this can contribute to equipment wear, piping damage and lead to poor performance.
Why Should I Replace My Steam Sparging System?
Replacing a steam sparging system is an investment in a long future of successful heating. By removing product inconsistency, reducing maintenance & eliminating steam hammer, our Hydroheaters have already made your heating process more efficient. But how can you justify this investment in terms of ROI? Learn exactly how much you can save on operating cost and improve your bottom line with our Steam Energy Savings Calculator.
Get a Quote
Instantaneous Steam Mixing in a Hydroheater
Another major difference between the Hydroheater and a steam sparging nozzle can be seen in the mixing process. The Jetcooker utilizes a single nozzle which focuses the incoming steam and accelerates it to a very high velocity (usually sonic velocity) before it comes into contact with the process fluid. This high velocity helps to atomize the steam bubbles and shear the incoming process fluid, which allows for a more complete, efficient heat transfer.
Tank Damage due to a Sparger Closeup of Tank Damage due to a Sparger
Spargers can cause significant damage to your tank walls
Steam Sparging vs. Hydroheaters Comparison Chart
Typical Tank Heating Hydroheater® Tank Heating
With spargers and other less sophisticated direct steam heaters, bubbles form and collapse on tank walls; causing hammer and damage to the tank and peripheral piping. The Hydroheater's patented technology produces steam velocity that mixes steam and water very effectively, eliminating steam hammer from uncondensed steam. This ensures a smooth and efficient heating process.
Spargers inject steam into one area of the tank, causing hot and cold spots. Both spargers & heat exchangers tend to over or under heat and accurate temperature control is difficult.
Hydroheaters precisely modulate the steam - heating to exact temperatures and maintaining uniform heating throughout the tank. Hydroheaters can be used to fill or recirc/trim heat the tank to meet and maintain exact temperatures. Hydroheaters can also heat the discharge on demand, so you only heat the water you need in a single pass.
Sparging causes uncondensed steam bubbles to evaporate to the atmosphere, wasting large amounts of energy. This lost heat/condensate can also corrode peripheral piping, ceilings and structure. This lost steam can cause hazardous mold & other allergens to build in an area. Less steam used: Hydroheaters use less steam than heat exchangers because they don't have a barrier between liquids. Better heat transfer: Hydroheaters transfer 100% of the steam's energy directly to the process fluid so there is no energy loss. Faster start-up: Hydroheaters heat the tanks faster and more efficiently saving cycle or batch time.
Spargers can cause severe hammering and vibration which produces tank and piping damage. Heat exchangers require costly hard water scale maintenance and unwanted down time. Less sophisticated direct steam injection devices often need acid baths and are often high in maintenance needs.
Patented technology to create sonic velocity of steam prevents hard water scale and unwanted down time. Proper sizing of the heaters and internal modulation ensures a smooth heating process so tanks and peripheral pipes are not damaged from hammer and vibration. The heater itself only needs a once a year preventative maintenance check and soft parts change. Wear parts should last up to 3 years with proper operating conditions.
Utilizing less steam, space, time means faster cycle times and less costs associated with heating tanks.
Looking for more information on our products? Head over to our products page.
HTC.logo.white1 01
Hydro-Thermal Corporate
400 Pilot Court
Waukesha, WI 53188 USA
Phone: _PHONE_
Fax: (262) 548- 8908


text:
The Ultimate Saber-Tooth Cat Quiz
The saber-tooth cat is really an intriguing mixture of carnivores. Although we often refer to this now extinct animal as the saber-toothed tiger, it was really a combination of lion, tiger and bear. Take our quiz and learn about the distinctive features of a saber-tooth cat that made it strikingly similar to so many different animals.start quiz
Question 2 of 21
What is a saber-tooth cat's scientific name?
... The scientific name for the saber-tooth cat is Smilodon fatalis. During the prehistoric eras, there were many long-teethed carnivores roaming the earth; the saber-tooth cat is just one of them.
Question 3 of 21
When did the saber-tooth cat become extinct?
... The saber-tooth cat became extinct at the end of the last ice age, about 10,000 years ago.
Question 4 of 21
How long could an adult saber-tooth cat's canine tooth extend to?
... saber-tooth cats had two canine teeth that extended well past their bottom jaws. In an adult saber-tooth cat, their teeth could be up to 7 inches long, about as long as an average man's hand from his wrist to the end of his middle finger.
Question 5 of 21
What was the rate of growth of an adolescent saber-tooth cat's canines?
... Like most mammals, the saber-tooth cat lost its baby teeth before entering adolescence. Their adult teeth would grow at a rate of eight millimeters a month for over 18 months to reach full length.
Question 6 of 21
How wide could the saber-tooth cat open its mouth?
... The saber-tooth cat could open its mouth to an angle of 120 degrees. This enabled the cats to take huge bites of soft flesh, usually at the throat or abdomen of their prey.
Question 7 of 21
What was the average height of a saber-tooth cat?
... From shoulder to ground, the average height of the saber-tooth cat was three feet (one meter). The average height of a modern day lion is about four feet (1.2 meters).
Question 8 of 21
What was a saber-tooth cat's average weight?
... A saber-tooth cat's average weight was about 750 pounds (300 kilograms). Compare that to the modern day lion's average weight, which is about 500 pounds.
Question 9 of 21
What body part was a saber-tooth cat missing, making it less agile than today's big cats?
... The saber-tooth cat did not have a long tail to help it keep its balance. As a result, it was less agile than most modern day big cats.
Question 10 of 21
What type of fur would a saber-tooth cat most likely have had?
... Although there is no fossilized evidence of a saber-tooth cat's fur, paleontologists suggest that they most likely would have had the dappled fur of a cheetah or a bobcat. This would have helped them blend into existing vegetation.
Question 11 of 21
What did saber-tooth cat's prey most likely die of?
... Because of their bulky size and their long teeth, saber-tooth cats knocked down their prey and bit into their neck or abdomen to kill them. Their prey most likely died from blood loss.
Question 12 of 21
What sound did the saber-tooth cat make?
... The saber-tooth cat's hyoid bone, the bone in the front of its throat, was shaped like that of the modern day lion. This led scientist to conclude that it most likely had a voice box that allowed it to roar like a lion.
Question 13 of 21
In terms of their social behavior, what were saber-tooth cat's like?
... Some scientists theorize that the cats had some form of social structure. They base this on evidence of fossils with healed injuries, which means other cats would have provided an injured cat with food until it could recover -- a solitary hunter would have died of starvation if injured.
Question 14 of 21
Where were most saber-tooth cat fossils found?
... Most saber-tooth cat fossils were found in the La Brea tar pits in California. The cats didn't necessarily get stuck in the tar, they accumulated there over 25,000 years.
Question 15 of 21
What caused the saber-tooth cat's extinction?
... saber-tooth cats most likely became extinct from starvation, when their food source, large mammals, died out. They were too bulky and slow to prey on smaller mammals.
Question 16 of 21
What was the oldest genus of saber-tooth cats?
... The oldest genus of saber-tooth cats, the Paramchairodus, lived some 9 million years ago.
Question 17 of 21
What was the average length of a saber-tooth cat?
... The average length of a saber-tooth cat was five feet, five inches (1.6 meters).
Question 18 of 21
Which genus of saber-tooth cats included humans as its prey?
... The Megantereon genus lived in South Africa about 2.5 million years ago. It included humans among its prey.
Question 19 of 21
What did a saber-tooth cat's canine teeth resemble?
... A saber-tooth cat's teeth resembled curved knives. They were twice as thick from the front to the back as they were from side to side.
Question 20 of 21
What are a walrus's canine teeth called?
... A walrus's teeth are called tusks and are rounder and flatter than those of the saber-tooth cat.
Question 21 of 21
What was the name of a mammal who lived at the time of the saber-tooth cat?
... Mammoths, mastodons and ground sloths are the names of some of the mammals who lived at the time of the saber-tooth cat.


Artist's rendering of Dragonfly rotorcraft in a hilly dune
Credit: Johns Hopkins APL
NASA will send APL-led mission to Saturn's exotic moon
Dragonfly is a 'cutting-edge' mission to pilot a rotorcraft-lander to dozens of locations across Titan to sample organic surface materials
Geoffrey Brown
Office phone
It sounds like science fiction: fly a robotic rotorcraft over the dunes of an alien moon. But NASA has given a team led by the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory the opportunity to turn this idea into space exploration reality.
NASA announced today that it had selected Dragonfly, a rotorcraft-lander expedition to Saturn's large, exotic moon Titan, as the next mission in its New Frontiers Program. Launching in 2026 and arriving in 2034, Dragonfly will explore dozens of locations across Titan, sampling and measuring the composition of Titan's organic surface materials to characterize the habitability of Titan's environment and investigate the progression of prebiotic chemistry.
Video credit: Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory
"Dragonfly is a bold, game-changing way to explore the solar system," said APL Director Ralph Semmel. "This mission is a visionary combination of creativity and technical risk-taking that will help us unravel some of the most critical mysteries of the universe—including, possibly, the keys to our origins. We're honored that NASA has entrusted APL and our partners with this great opportunity and responsibility."
Scientists consider the icy moon Titan to be the most Earth-like world in the solar system—a virtual chemistry lab that can provide clues to how life may have arisen on our planet. During its 2.7-year baseline mission, Dragonfly will explore environments from organic dunes to the floor of an impact crater, where liquid water and complex organic materials key to life once existed together. Its scientific instruments—to be built by institutions across the nation—will study how far prebiotic chemistry may have progressed. They also will investigate the moon's atmospheric and surface properties and its subsurface ocean and liquid reservoirs.
"Titan is such an amazing, complex destination," said Elizabeth "Zibi" Turtle, Dragonfly principal investigator from APL. "We don't know the steps that were taken on Earth to get from chemistry to biology, but we do know that a lot of that prebiotic chemistry is actually happening on Titan today. We are beyond excited for the chance to explore and see what awaits us on this exotic world."
"Visiting this mysterious ocean world could revolutionize what we know about how life formed in the universe. This cutting-edge mission would have been unthinkable even just a few years ago, but we're now ready for Dragonfly's amazing flight."
Jim Bridenstine
NASA administrator
Titan is larger than the planet Mercury and is the second largest moon in our solar system. As it orbits Saturn, it is about 886 million miles away from the Sun, about 10 times farther than Earth. Because it is so far from the Sun, its surface temperature is around minus-290 degrees Fahrenheit. Its surface pressure is also 50% higher than Earth's.
Dragonfly took advantage of 13 years' worth of data from NASA's Cassini mission to choose its targets. It will first land at the equatorial "Shangri-La" dune fields, which are eerily similar to the linear dunes in Namibia in southern Africa, before moving on to other areas in a series of "leapfrog" flights of around 5 miles, stopping along the way to take samples from compelling areas with diverse geography. It will finally reach the Selk impact crater, where there is evidence of past liquid water, organics—the complex molecules that contain carbon, combined with hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen—and energy, which together make up the recipe for life.
Dragonfly also leverages decades of autonomous drone experience and well-understood flight dynamics on Earth and applies them in a whole new environment. The dense, calm atmosphere and low gravity make flying an ideal way to travel across Titan. The lander—about 10 feet long and 10 feet across from rotor tip to rotor tip—will eventually fly more than 108 miles, nearly double the distance traveled to date by all the Mars rovers combined.
"With the Dragonfly mission, NASA will once again do what no one else can do," said NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine. "Visiting this mysterious ocean world could revolutionize what we know about how life formed in the universe. This cutting-edge mission would have been unthinkable even just a few years ago, but we're now ready for Dragonfly's amazing flight."
APL brings decades of space exploration experience to the Dragonfly challenge. Having built 70 spacecraft and approximately 300 specialized space instruments, APL has led missions to the extremes of the solar system—including the Parker Solar Probe's daring passes through the atmosphere of the Sun and New Horizons' exploration of Pluto and distant Kuiper Belt.


text:
Self-medicating to prevent malaria: house sparrows
House sparrows protect themselves from malaria by lining their nests with and eating quinine-containing leaves from the paradise flower tree.
|Biomimetic Application Ideas|
|Urban designs that incorporate anti-malarial plants, new anti-malarial drugs.|
> Visit strategy page
Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)
IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern
Habitat(s): Artificial - Aquatic, Artificial - Terrestrial, Forest, Grassland, Rocky Areas, Shrubland, Wetlands
Some organism data provided by: ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System
Organism/taxonomy data provided by:
Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2008 Annual Checklist
Application Ideas: Urban designs that incorporate anti-malarial plants, new anti-malarial drugs.
Industrial Sector(s) interested in this strategy: Urban planning, medical


text:
There are nested class evals. Why?
Rather than being elegant self-describing code as you would reasonably expect, this method looks like it is from battle-scarred, fixed and patched production code (so perhaps we can forgive them a little).
So why two evals? Before the second nested'real' template method code can be eval'd, the code that is to be eval'd must be prefixed with the correct source encoding which may have been defined as a "magic comment" in the template file.
Once the string encoding is set correctly, the real class_eval can be attempted. Another way of saying that could be "This is source code that writes source code that writes source code"!
Presumably, this is to fix compatibility issues that could arise in Ruby 1.9 where the template being compiled may contain a character encoding (UTF-8) that is different to the encoding of the Tilt library source code itself (US-ASCII Encoding), which would result in incorrect evaluation of template strings (because the string encoding would be already set in the host code which is calling the template file).
Why is a method being defined and then unbound?
To clarify: In Ruby, unbound is not the same as undefined.
Unbound methods exist as free method objects of type UnboundMethod that can be called, although they are no longer associated with a particular object. An unbound method no longer has a receiver.
In order to create an unbound method, it first has be bound to (defined against) an object. This is why the compiled template method is quickly removed from the top-level object because it was only a temporary arrangement necessary to generate the unbound method.
This technique is used to make it possible to use compiled templates which are scoped against different instances of a given class, without changing the root object or the third-party developer's client class in any visible or permanent way.
By disassociating the compiled template method from a specific client code object, the compiled template method can be rebound later on to new instances of that object's class during future calls to templates that use objects of that type.
For example, given the following ERB template:
Hello <%= _USER_ %>
... and the following calling code:
scott = Person.new
scott.name = "Scott"
output = template.render(scott)
=> "Hello Scott"
During this first render, the template is eval'd and compiled against an instance of the TOPOBJECT object. The compiled template method will be named something like "
__tilt_2151955260". This method is then unbound to be used again against all instances of type TOPOBJECT (which is simply Object or BasicObject depending upon the Ruby version), and therefore could be used against any client object type.
The next time the template is rendered, the compiled template method is bound with the 'baq' instance of TOPOBJECT:
baq = Person.new
baq.name = "Baq"
output = template.render(baq)
Under the hood, when
template.render(baq) is called, the unbound compiled template method is being bound against the 'baq' instance of Person:
Not having to call class_eval every time results in considerable performance gains.
Why is code that compiles a bunch of templates and keeps them around for
re-use so complicated looking?
My assessment is that although the code implementation does indeed look unnecessarily complex at first sight, these layers of indirection are often necessary in framework code that aims to make a public API incredibly simple and sweet to consume for many thousands of other developers, even if it is at the expense of the few developers that have to maintain it.
The code complexity (double eval nesting) has also increased as a result of real-world issues arising from an API that is consumed in many different locales and hence many encodings from around the world.
The Template class referred to in the question has since been refactored into a separate file github.com/rtomayko/tilt/blob/master/lib/tilt/template.rb


text:
I'm referring to the similar definitions of these four nouns – something raised and rounded. Why do these four rhyming words have similar meanings?
I have not found very specific sources for these words on the Online Etymology Dictionary and Wiktionary. Hump is "probably from Dutch homp." Rump is "from a Scandinavian source," "from Old Norse rumpr" ultimately from Proto-Germanic "rumpo." Lump is "perhaps from a Scandinavian source" and finally, Bump is "perhaps from Scandinavian," "probably of North Germanic origin."
Could these words come from the same root? Other than the fact that they all might come from northern Europe, the only hint I have in this direction is the following from Wiktionary, tracing the origin of Hump through Dutch, Middle Low German, Old Saxon and Proto-Germanic, to Proto-Indo-European *kumb-, *kumbʰ- ("curved"). Could this PIE root, which is not given in these online sources for any of the other three words, be a common root to all four words?
I find myself looking at other –ump words and "seeing" a curved or rounded line: jump (a curved trajectory), grump (a downturned mouth), pump (the action of the pump handle), clump (a rounded clod of earth, not sharp), etc. Am I just seeing this because the words sound similar, or is there something more to my tendency? For example, the Online Etymology Dictionary suggests the origin of jump is "perhaps onomatopoeic (cf. bump)" although this view is not echoed on Wiktionary. Is it possible that these words do all share a common root and are simply onomatopoeic variations of each other?
Are there other pairs or groups of words like these in English? (Wham! Bam! Ka-blam!) Does this phenomenon have a name?


text:
The theories involved are:
Allport's Psychology of the Individual Theory
Trait and Factor Theory
Please explain how dispositional theories influence interpersonal relationships and determine the strengths of both dispositional theories' influence on interpersonal relationships.
I have reviewed the problem and will provide you some explanation on the topic of dispositional theories and their relation/influence on interpersonal relationships. In specific, I will discuss Allport's Psychology of the Individual Theory and the Trait and Factor Theory. I will explain both in hopes to broaden your understanding of the terms.


When adding custom xFlow sensors, custom IPFIX, or custom Packet Sniffer sensors, you have the option to provide a Channel Definition using the following syntax (one entry per channel):
 - The must be 1 or a higher number, and it must be unique for the sensor. This means that each channel definition must have a unique ID.
 - The is linked to the historic data.
 i_round_redAs soon as you change the ID, you lose the history for this particular channel that the ID was linked to.
 - One rule can span multiple lines.
 - The is the channel's display name.
 - PRTG automatically adds one channel named Other. This channel counts all traffic for which you have not defined a specific channel.
The syntax is identical to the one described in the Filter Rules for xFlow, IPFIX, and Packet Sniffer Sensors section. Because data is accounted to the first match, make sure that you start with the most specific rule at the top and get less specific to the bottom.
i_round_redWe recommend that you write the rules list in an external editor first and then paste it into the Channel Definition field of the sensor in PRTG. If the rules contain an error, the entries are removed after adding them.
i_round_blueYou cannot delete channels of a sensor, even if you remove a channel from the channel definition. You also cannot change the display name of channels using the channel definition of custom xFlow sensors. Renaming is only possible via channel settings.
General example:
Protocol[TCP] and
Channel definition example for differentiating by protocol:
i_square_blueKNOWLEDGE BASE
Advanced Topics


text:
Ethical Travel in China
With tourism growing at such a rapid rate, it is imperative that travelers take steps to maximize the positive influences of their trip on the economy, culture, and environment of their destination. This article provides suggestions for the ethical traveler and offers examples from my own experiences of living in China.
1. Learn about China. Before your trip read up on China's history, politics, and economy. This will help you to understand what you see in China, and will also minimize culture shock after arrival. It is respectful to be aware of topics that are sensitive in China; some Chinese are offended and embarrassed by conversation about Tibet, Taiwan, and religious cults. It is also important to learn a few words and phrases in Mandarin to aid communication. This will be a good way to make friends, and the Chinese respect and admire travelers who can speak the language—even a few sentences can make a big impression. Learning English is popular in China, and many people are eager to introduce themselves in order to practice their oral English skills. Offer to help and be patient; realize that people may be nervous when talking to foreigners.
2. Contribute to the local economy. China is bustling with both national and multinational companies that provide useful goods for visitors. However, think carefully about who benefits from the money you spend. In order to contribute to the local economy stay in local guesthouses, eat in local restaurants, shop at local markets, consume local goods, and buy handcrafted products. Most attractions, such as museums, charge an entrance fee. Consider giving money to free attractions if a donation box is available.
3. Fair Bargaining. Haggling over the price of goods is both common, and expected; indeed, Chinese shoppers and traders often enjoy the process. While you shouldn't shy away from bargaining, do it fairly. Find out the realistic prices of goods and don't worry if you are slightly overcharged. A small amount of reminbi—especially for local market stallholders—can go a long way. Also be aware that some shops, especially supermarkets, do not allow bargaining and instead quote real prices.
4. Contribute positively to the local environment. Consider the effect tourism has on your destination, and make a plan to minimize your impact. For example, switch off electrical and gas appliances when not in use, and take a shower rather than a bath. Make an effort to visit attractions that directly contribute to the preservation of the earth's resources, such as nature reserves, animal sanctuaries, and activities organized by local charities.
5. Respect Chinese customs and culture. It is important to understand and respect the customs, culture, and religious beliefs of different groups within China. Many irritations and complaints reported by foreigners can be explained by lack of knowledge. Some behavior considered antisocial and rude in the West is considered normal in China. Examples include spitting in buses, restaurants, and at home; speaking loudly; intense curiosity with foreigners, including staring; different table manners; and asking personal questions.
6. Choose an ethical travel agent. It is worthwhile finding out more about ethical travel, which is now a growing industry. Use travel agents and tour operators with established ethical policies. You could go one step further and plan your trip around a program that offers responsible alternatives to conventional holidays, such as volunteering. Examples include community development and education; teaching English to disadvantaged children; caring for orphans or the disabled; building homes and communities; wildlife conservation; staying at eco-friendly hostels; and visiting locations that use tourism to replace activities such as forest logging.
7. Promote China. In the West some people develop biased assumptions about China that are based on unrepresentative information sources such as media reports. Your trip will show you otherwise. The country's rich cultural diversity, unique history, exuberant festivals, hospitality, and mouth-watering cuisine will leave you craving more. For some, China becomes a life-long passion. So when you return, tell people about the realities of the country and encourage them to visit and see for themselves. The more people who visit, the more who will benefit from the cultural delights that China offers.
For More Info
Travelers have a growing number of responsible travel options that enable closer interaction with local cultures and environments. The online travel agent ResponsibleTravel.com lists ethical travel programs in China and other countries; and the Northwest Yunnan Ecotourism Association (_URL_) promotes ecotourism opportunities in China's northwest Yunnan region.
Why not stay in the Wenhai Ecolodge, a community-owned scenic mountain ecolodge in Yunnan province in southwest China? This mountain retreat has sustainable energy systems and directly benefits local people, because they manage the lodge. Book through _URL_ or through _URL_. Or, contact Wenhai Ecolodge directly at _EMAIL_ or _EMAIL_; Manager Cun 011-86-_PHONE_ (English), 011-86-_PHONE_ (Chinese only).
What about trying something more adventurous, such as being involved in giant panda conservation in the Qinling Mountains or working in the museum of the Terracotta Warriors (considered by many to be the eighth wonder of the world)? Learn more about participating in Giant panda conservation at _URL_ Or, contact: Foping National Nature Reserve Administration Bureau, No.12 Huangjiawang Rd., Foping County, 723400 Shaanxi Province, P.R. China; _EMAIL_, tel. 011-86-_PHONE_ / _PHONE_.
Looking for gap year ideas? Projects Abroad (_URL_) arranges placements in the areas of teaching, community care, conservation, animal care, business, journalism, and medicine in China and 20 other countries. The projects allow direct involvement in local communities and look great on your CV.


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Can anyone explain why the following two statements both evaluate as true?
[] == false
This question is purely out of curiosity of why this happens and not about how to best test if an array is empty.
share|improve this question
If you really want to get your hands dirty, take a look at section 11.9.1 ("The Equals Operator ==") and Section 8.7.1 ("GetValue(V)") in the spec. And this would be another great example of why == true and == false are generally not ideal style. :-) – T.J. Crowder Nov 19 '10 at 15:21
Actually, using == or!= is never good style. Always use === or!==, and cast the operands by hand. – Marco Mariani Nov 19 '10 at 15:56
[] == []; // false – Florian Margaine Nov 6 '12 at 9:56
2 Answers 2
up vote 41 down vote accepted
The first one:
[] == false
The == operator does type conversion to its operands, in this case the both sides are converted to Number, the steps taken on the Abstract Equality Comparison Algorithm would be:
 - object == boolean
 - object == number
 - string == number
 - number == number
In code:
[] == false; // convert false to Number
[] == 0; // convert [] to Primitive (toString/valueOf)
"" == 0; // convert "" to Number
0 == 0; // end
The second comparison, [] is converted to primitive, their valueOf and toString methods are executed, but since valueOf on Array objects, returns the object itself (is inherited from Object.prototype), then the toString method is used.
At the end as you see, both operands are converted to Number, and both yield zero, for example:
Number([]) == 0;
Number(false) == 0;
And empty array produces zero when converted to Number because its string representation is an empty string:
[].toString(); // ""
And an empty string converted to Number, yields zero:
+""; // 0
Now, the double negation (!![]) produces true because all object instances are truthy:
![]; // false, [] is truthy
!![]; // true, negation
The only values that are falsey are:
 - null
 - undefined
 - 0
 - NaN
 - "" (an empty string)
 - false
Anything else will produce true when converted to Boolean.
See also:
share|improve this answer
Very interesting. Thanks for the detailed description and sharing those links. – Matthew Manela Nov 19 '10 at 15:51
Whoops, looks like I answered the same question in the same way. Didn't notice until someone marked that question a duplicate of this one. – Nick Retallack May 11 '12 at 19:23
[] == false
In this case, the type of the left-hand side is object, the type of the right-hand side is boolean. When object is compared to (== The Abstract Equality Comparison) boolean, Javascript first converts the boolean to a number, yielding 0. Then it converts the object to a "primitive", yielding the empty string "". Next it compares the empty string to 0. The empty string is converted to a number, yielding 0, which is numerically equal to the 0 on the right-hand side, so the result of the entire expression is true.
Ref: 11.9.3 The Abstract Equality Comparison Algorithm
In this case Javascript converts the object to the boolean true, then inverts it, resulting in false.
share|improve this answer
:Please be more descriptive about your solution. Refer:How to Answer – askmish Oct 20 '12 at 1:37
Your Answer