It appears that Varys "the Spider" from Game of Thrones may be onto something. In what appears to be a very mixed blessing, castrated male orb spiders are far more agile and energetic than their fully endowed rivals.
During mating, males typically have their junk snipped off and are often killed and eaten by females. But for those who survive, the dramatic decrease in weight turns them into formidable fighters.
Top image: Ian Waldie/Getty Images.
And yes, the reduction in excess weight is significant. The genitals of an orb spider accounts for 9% of its total mass. Just for reference, if a 185lbs human male had the same proportions, his genitals would weigh nearly 17lbs.
The discovery was made by scientists from the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, National University of Singapore, China's Hubei University and the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. By using razor blades and a microscope (of course), they were able to compare the physical endurance of male orb spiders before and after genital amputations (both for half-eunuchs with one palp removed, and full-eunuchs with both palps removed).
The scientists then irritated the spiders with small paint brushes until they were exhausted.
What they discovered was, when compared to non-castrated spiders, the full-eunuchs exhibited an 80% increase in physical endurance, while the half-eunuchs experienced a 32% increase — a change of affairs that likely accounted for their success in fending off belligerent rivals.
So, while large palps are favorable for reproduction, they are clearly a hindrance for endurance and mobility. Clearly, half-eunuchs and full-eunuchs (who together account for 25% of males who survive mating) have been given physical advantage. But why?
The researchers believe there may be a very good evolutionary reason for this. Surviving males are better able to protect their females from the advances of non-castrated spiders. In other words, female spiders may castrate males in order to make them better protectors.
You can read the entire study at Biology Letters.
Top image via tumblr. Inset image via Smithsonian Science/Matjaž Kuntner.


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Prior to the mid 1800's most maps were printed on paper handmade from plant fibres usually derived from old linen and cotton rags, hence the term "rag paper". By around 1850 machine-made paper became dominant and most maps were printed on this paper. While this change made the production of maps cheaper the disadvantage was that machine-made paper included wood pulp which contained lignin and was acidic. Over time this causes the paper to become fragile as the acid attacks the fibres and the paper becomes brittle and inflexible resulting in tears and paper loss. A classic sign that paper contains wood pulp is it begins to turn brown, the rate of which increases with exposure to light.
A solution for the preserving and strengthening maps is to lay them down on linen or cotton cloth. This method of strengthening maps has been used for centuries, especially on folding maps or those subjected to a lot of handling. It is also used on items that were printed on cheap paper, such as film posters, that were never intended to last for years, many of which are now in a very delicate condition.
If the map is intended to be framed, then we can lay it down in one piece rather than dissecting it. The reason for dissection is that it can be folded without damage to the map and a slipcase made that protects and keeps the map out of the light.
Should you have a map, or indeed any other paper item such as a poster, that is torn or damaged in one way or another and you think is beyond repair, send us an email, preferably with a photo. We may well be able to save it, even if it has a piece missing it will still have a value though it may be only sentimental.
We only repair the physical damage to paper to prevent the item crumbling or falling apart. Other problems, such as foxing or mould, should be treated by a trained conservator.
Foxing is quite a common condition in old maps or prints. It manifests itself in reddish brown spots and is so named because of the similarity in colour to the fox. Although badly foxed paper can be unsightly the structure of the paper is not damaged and if the item is kept away from humidity and bright light it should not increase.
Experts do not fully agree about the causes of foxing but it probably involves humidity, fungal spores and compounds such as copper and iron in the paper.
The treatment of foxing and other conditions is best left to a professional paper restorer, more especially if the item is valuable. The use of bleaching agents as sometimes advocated online is not advisable. The treatment usually involves chemicals that can further damage the paper. If the foxing does not bother you it is best left alone.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Cultural Competency
To help students develop cultural competency, a CITE co-curricular learning activity can include reflection on the students' cultural worldview and their understanding of other worldviews and may encourage students to examine how different cultural perspectives are valuable to the development of community. It may teach and require students to demonstrate specific skills necessary to successfully navigate cultural contexts that are unfamiliar to them. Here are some practical ways to incorporate this student learning outcome:
 - Before planning a health fair for a local community, students are required to talk to community members about their attitudes and awareness of specific health issues and about health challenges that are unique to their community.
 - While on a learning abroad trip, students are given opportunities to proactively engage with natives of the community and are required to incorporate these interactions in a final paper that discusses art and culture in the region.
CITE has developed the Cultural Competency Rubric Templatebased on the AAC&U's Problem Solving VALUE Rubric, to assist program leaders in developing their own rubrics for this learning outcome. You are welcome to draw on the linked editable file while designing a rubric for your program.


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The Knights Templar have origins in the Middle Ages as protectors of Christian pilgrims on their way to Jerusalem. Many legends have grown up around this mysterious group, including a connection to the Holy Grail. In the late 18th Century the Freemasons adopted some Knights Templar rites and symbols (some believe there is a connection between the two groups). This explains why Knights Templar symbols found in cemeteries relate to the Freemasons. The symbol here shows a Maltese cross surrounding a cross inside a crown.
The gravestone below shows three Freemason related symbols, from left to right: Freemason, Knights Templar, Shriners.
Photos: Gravestone of Samuel A. Bonesteel (_PHONE_), Fairmount Cemetery, Denver, Colorado

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Kate Balogh teaches English at Islamic Foundation School, Villa Park, IL
Julius Caesar 1.2.208-224
What's On for Today and Why
Reread a familiar section of Julius Caesar
Consider the text from the perspective of the speaker and the perspective of the characters on stage.
Create collections of visual images as representations of the text from a particular perspective
Discuss ways in which the visual representations develop meaning and understanding for the perspective and text.
This lesson, not including class time in a computer lab or for presentations, will take one 50-minute session to complete.
What You Need
Access to computer lab.
Laptop for class presentations of samples, and roundtable sharing session
Copies of the text
Access to Photostory or iMovie (see links below)
What To Do
1. Have students read Julius Caesar 1.2.208-224 for homework.
2. Follow this up with a class discussion identifying the context of the section of text, the speaker and the intended audience within the context of the play.
3. Ask students to consider and share how Caesar (the speaker) felt about Cassius, and conversely, how Antony (the immediate audience) felt. How did these characters each understand Caesar? What do they say/do that reveals these feelings?
4. Have students divide into pairs. Using the text and images of their own or found on the internet, have students create a collage that visually represents the text from the point of view and perspective of either Caesar or Antony.
5. Introduce the students to Photostory or iMovie.
6. Have students select at least one photo/image per line in addition to a reading of the text and textual clues on each slide.
7. After completion of the projects, have the students share what they learned or discovered about each particular perspective and how the ideas presented in the collages could be translated and reworked for stage production or dramatic reading; in other words, in what other ways could each individual perspective be made clear to the theatical audience?
How Did It Go?
Work will be assessed using a rubric prepared collaboratively with student and teacher recommendations and input. The rubric will assess the level of understanding of the perspective as it is apparent in the visual illumination.(See suggested rubric attached)
If you used this lesson, we would like to hear how it went and about any adaptations you made to suit the needs of YOUR students.


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Over 2000 terms commonly used by registered nurses (RN) are defined and categorized in this handy mobile reference and flashcard application. Kaplan's Medical Terms for Nurses is designed to help you learn important terms you will need in both the workplace and for licensure exams. With this application you can quickly scroll through terms to find a definition, use the search feature, or study and test your knowledge with flashcards.
Kaplan Medical Terms for Nurses includes:
- alphabetical listing of all terms for ready reference
- study sets grouped into seven categories: anatomical, conditions & diseases, equipment, medications, signs & symptoms, tests & treatments, and an other category
- phonetic pronunciation of each term
The Medical Terms for Nurses App is designed as a mobile reference and learning tool. The application works in two modes; Reference and Flashcards.
Reference mode includes the ability to:
- Scroll alphabetically through the terms
- Search for a specific term including terms within a definition. For example, search on catheter to find names of the different types.
- Easy text scrolling makes learning complex information more manageable
Flashcards mode include the ability to:
- Study a category or take a quiz to test your knowledge -- you decide
- Try multiple choice to try and match one of four definitions to the appropriate term
- Reverse the question & answer side of the flashcard to match the term instead
- Test your knowledge in quiz mode
- Hide or show the score panel to track your progress and hone your study goals
- 5 star performance scoring -- to track your improvement!
- Star a card and put it in your own card set
- Set the font size you prefer makes it easier on the eyes
* About the Author: Janet Duffey is Assistant Professor of Nursing at Napa Valley College (Napa Valley, CA). She teaches medical terminology to nursing students and contributed to the 19th edition of Taber's Medical Dictionary. She has spoken frequently at nursing conferences.
* Medical Terms for Nurses is designed to be used for self study and test preparation purposes only. The publisher is not responsible for use of this application in any manner other than its intended purpose as a study guide.


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Battery System Voltages and equivalent power
Because this is one of the issues that's asked about repeatedly (in different ways) I thought I'd just outline the basics here for reference.
For comparative purposes, this example uses eight "golf cart" batteries of 220 Amp hours and 6 Volts, or 1320 Watt hours (DC) each. Times eight that is a battery bank capacity of 10,560 Watt hours, up to 50% of which would be "usable" for 5,280wh.
We will also assume a 10% charge rate (the array sizes would be equal), 1200 Watt load, and standardization of other factors (including ignoring losses) because the point here is to relate the differences between the three normal system Voltages: 12, 24, and 48.
First, the 12 Volt system:
This would be four parallel strings of two batteries in series. That's 880 Amp hours @ 12 Volts.
Charge rate: 88 Amps, necessitating either a MidNite Classic controller or two other types of MPPT controllers to handle the current or at least 2 PWM controllers without the efficiency of going MPPT if the voltages are right for it.
The wiring should have positive and negative bus bars, individual battery string fuses, and twelve interconnecting wires.
The 1200 Watt load will draw 100 Amps.
Problems: keeping current flow even through all batteries, handling the charging current, many connections (points of failure).
Second, the 24 Volt system:
This would be two parallel strings of four batteries in series. That's 440 Amp hours @ 24 Volts.
Charge rate: 44 Amps, which can be handled by one charge controller of many different types/brands.
The wiring can be done with the "diagonal" system. Individual string fuses can be used, but not as critical as with the 12 Volt set-up. Only eight interconnecting wires.
The 1200 Watt load will draw 50 Amps.
Problems: most of the problems of the 12 Volt configuration are eliminated. The issue of keeping current flow even is still there, but greatly reduced. Far fewer connections.
Third, the 48 Volt system:
This would be one string of all eight batteries connected in series. That's 220 Amp hours @ 48 Volts.
Charge rate: 22 Amps. Easily handled by any number of different charge controllers.
No wiring difficulties; no need for individual string fuses. Only seven interconnecting wires.
The 1200 Watt load will draw 25 Amps.
Problems: minimal. Current flow will be as even through all batteries as possible. Fewest connections.
The point here is to demonstrate that the higher system Voltage eliminates many of the problems that come from a need to store and handle larger amounts of power (all the battery banks in the example have the same equivalent power capacity).
Last edited by Cariboocoot; October 12th, 2012 at 9:33 PDT.
Reason: added a few clarifications and stuck the thread
Four 175 Watt panels, OB MX60, 232 Amp hrs, OB 3524, Honda eu2000.
Ohm's Law: Amps = Volts / Ohms
Power Formula: Watts = Volts * Amps


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"Look at those prices!"
That's probably the #1 comment I hear from people as they browse the pages of an old Sears Modern Homes catalog.
Why were Sears kit homes priced so incredibly low?
Well, they weren't really. Like everything else in history, the prices of early 20th Century housing have to be looked at in context.
One context to consider is taxation. In 1918, only the very wealthy paid federal income tax. In fact, only 5% of Americans paid any income tax at all. If your employer paid you $15 a week, you took home $15 a week.
The other issue is inflation. Pervasive, savings-eroding inflation has not always been a way of life in America.
In the 1930s, President Franklin D. Roosevelt took the first step that moved us off the gold standard. It was a desperate attempt to re-inflate the sagging dollar. In 1933, Roosevelt issued Executive Order #6102, requiring Americans to deliver their gold to the Federal Reserve.
At the time, law required that Federal Reserve notes (aka "dollars") had to be backed by 40% gold reserves held in the vaults at the Federal Reserve. That was our first disconnect from a true gold standard. The second came in 1971 when President Nixon permanently disconnected us from the gold standard.
After that, the Federal Reserve was free to print as much money as they felt was needed. And it was (not coincidentally) in the 1970s when inflation hit double digits.
A stable (non-inflating) economy made it far easier for people to save up their dollars over a period of years and eventually purchase a home. (Inflation rewards those who borrow and penalizes those who save.) In the early 1900s, taking on debt of any kind was considered foolhardy, dangerous and even reckless.
There was no "rush to buy" because the price of housing (and the value of dollars) was fairly stable. Young couples took their time and often spent many, many years saving up to buy a home.
The third historical context that needs to be considered is simplicity. Take a look the Sears Kismet (shown below). This house has 520 square feet with two bedrooms that measure 8′ by 9′. I'm not sure, but I think a FEMA trailer is bigger than that.
The fourth issue is building codes (a subset of simplicity, really). It was estimated that a kit home cost 30-40% less than a comparable stick-built home. The average joe could order his dream home out of the Sears Roebuck catalog, and within 90 days, his 12,000-piece kit would be delivered to the train station. Many locales did require building permits, but it was nothing like the process is today.
The building permit was - above all - a way for the city/county to make sure that no opportunity for new taxes was overlooked.
Homeowners often installed their own plumbing, electrical, heating and mechanical systems. And these systems were simple. Fuse boxes were 30-amp service, with one outlet in each room (if that!). Plumbing consisted of a sink in the kitchen and one bathroom. Maybe. Heating systems were often "pipleless" which was a nice way of saying it was a massive space heater in a center hallways.
Houses were much smaller and simpler, and building codes were quite lax.
Still want an $800 house?
Dollar for dollar, the Katrina Cottages offered by Lowes were comparable. These were very basic, very small kit homes selling for $20,000 or so (depending on model). Interestingly, they're no longer available.
The world has changed since Sears first offered these kit homes in 1908. Most folks today would not find The Kismet suitable. And how many people have the skills to build a 12,000-piece kit? And I don't know of any city in America where you could build a small house without a whole lot of government intrusion and/or oversight.
But I digress.
The main point is, wages in the 1910s and 1920s were a fraction of today's incomes. According to American Carpenter and Builder Magazine (December 1912), skilled carpenters in Chicago were earning 65 cents an hour and plumbers were making 75 cents an hour.
In the early days, Ladies' Home Journal was a magazine devoted to helping women get into a home of their own. Each issue was filled with stories from people who had overcome financial adversities and bought or built their own house on tiny incomes.
Some stories had headings such as, "How a wife did it herself," and "Bought her own home with nine children and $800 a year income." These stories paint a vivid word picture of how much toil and sacrifice pre-World War I families endured to have a home of their own.
The following story appeared in the October 1903 Ladies' Home Journal and was the winning entry for the magazine's series, "How some families have saved for their own homes."
It's a wonderful story that really demonstrates the sacrifice involved in purchasing a home at the turn of the last century. The wages mentioned in this piece lend some additional insight to the dollar values of the day, and help explain the low prices of homes offered in the Sears catalogs.
We planted a garden and my husband worked it himself. He [arose] every morning at about four and worked [in the garden] until time to go to the shop - about two hours. We'd sell the vegetables at market, keeping only a minimum for ourselves.
We could not afford to buy a sewing machine, so I rented an old-fashioned hand machine at $3 a year and had to turn the wheel with one hand and guide the work with the other. I would sew every night (taking in work for hire) never retiring earlier than one o'clock. I got up at five every morning.
So much work came to me that [many] nights, I would sit up until daybreak, snatch an hour's nap, then get up to cook breakfast My husband would get up when I retired, work his garden, split the wood, build a fire in the kitchen stove, bring in enough water for the day (we had no well) and then set the coffee pot to boil. I did the washing and ironing and made my own soap.
Three years thus rolled away. My husband's wages went up to $8 a week but we still practiced the most rigid economy and cut off some of our necessities. Our cow had a calf and when he was one year old, we killed him and sold the meat.
To clothe my little boy, I took my husband's cast-off clothing, turned it wrong side out and cut out the best portions, making the boy's clothes.
At the end of seven years, my husband's wages had increased to $9 a week. After seven years of struggle and extreme economy, toil and labor, today finds us with a comfortable home, horses and cows.
As for myself, before my marriage I never knew the value of money as I was the petted daughter of a rich man.
* * *
* * *


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The Draft Workbench allows you to draw simple 2D objects, and offers several tools to modify them afterwards. It also provides tools to define a working plane, a grid, and a snapping system to precisely control the position of your geometry.
The created 2D objects can be used for general drafting in a way similar to Inkscape or Autocad. These 2D shapes can also be used as the base components of 3D objects created with other workbenches, for example, the Part and Arch Workbenches. Conversion of Draft objects to Sketches is also possible, which means that the shapes can also be used with the PartDesign Workbench for the creation of solid bodies.
FreeCAD is primarily a 3D modelling application, and thus its 2D tools aren't as advanced as in other drawing programs. If your primary goal is the production of complex 2D drawings and DXF files, and you don't need 3D modelling, you may wish to consider a dedicated software program for technical drafting such as LibreCAD, QCad, TurboCad, and others.
These are tools for creating objects.
- Line: draws a line segment between two points.
- Wire: draws a line made of multiple line segments (polyline).
- Circle: draws a circle from center and radius.
- Arc: draws an arc segment from center, radius, start angle and end angle.
- Arc 3Points: draws a circular arc segment from three points that are located in the circumference. introduced in version 0.19
- Ellipse: draws an ellipse from two corner points.
- Polygon: draws a regular polygon from center, radius, and number of sides.
- Rectangle: draws a rectangle from two corner points.
- Text: draws a multi-line text annotation.
- Dimension: draws a dimension annotation.
- BSpline: draws a B-Spline from a series of points.
- Point: inserts a point object.
- ShapeString: inserts a compound shape representing a text string at a given point.
- Facebinder: creates a new object from selected faces on existing objects.
- Bezier Curve: draws a Bezier curve from a series of points.
- Cubic Bezier Curve: draws a Bezier curve of third degree by dragging two points. introduced in version 0.19
- Label: places a label with an arrow pointing to a selected element. introduced in version 0.17
These are tools for modifying existing objects. They work on selected objects, but if no object is selected, you will be invited to select one.
- Move: moves objects from one location to another.
- Rotate: rotates objects from a start angle to an end angle.
- Offset: offsets segments of an object a certain distance.
- Trim/Extend (Trimex): trims or extends an object.
- Join: joins lines together into a single wire. introduced in version 0.18
- Split: splits a wire into two at a point. introduced in version 0.18
- Upgrade: upgrades objects into a higher-level object.
- Downgrade: downgrades objects into lower-level objects.
- Scale: scales selected objects around a base point.
- Edit: edits a selected object.
- Edit Improved: enters an edit mode that allows editing different objects. introduced in version 0.19
- Wire to BSpline: converts a wire to a B-Spline and vice-versa.
- Add point: adds a point to a wire or B-Spline.
- Delete point: deletes a point from a wire or B-Spline.
- Shape 2D View: creates a 2D object which is a flattened 2D view of a 3D object.
- Draft to Sketch: converts a Draft object to a Sketcher Workbench Sketch and vice-versa.
- Array: creates a polar or rectangular array from selected objects.
- Path Array: creates an array of objects by placing the copies along a path.
- Point Array: creates an array of objects by placing the copies at certain points. introduced in version 0.18
- Clone: clones the selected objects.
- Drawing: writes selected objects to a Drawing Workbench page.
- Mirror: mirrors the selected objects.
- Stretch: stretches the selected objects. introduced in version 0.17
Additional tools available from the menu Draft → Utilities, or via the right-click context menu, depending on the selected object.
- Set working plane: sets a working plane from a standard view or a selected face.
- Finish line: ends the drawing of the current Draft Wire or Draft BSpline, without closing it.
- Close line: ends the drawing of the current Draft Wire or Draft BSpline, and closes it.
- Undo line: undoes the last segment of a Draft Wire.
- Toggle construction mode: toggles the Draft construction mode on or off.
- Toggle continue mode: toggles the Draft continue mode on or off.
- Apply style: applies the current style and color to selected objects.
- Toggle display mode: switches the display mode of selected objects between "Flat Lines" and "Wireframe".
- Add to group: quickly adds selected objects to an existing Std Group or Draft VisGroup.
- Select group contents: selects the contents of a selected Std Group or Draft VisGroup.
- Toggle snap: toggles object snapping on or off.
- Toggle grid: toggles the visibility of the grid on or off.
- Show snap bar: shows or hides the Draft Snap toolbar.
- Heal: heals problematic Draft objects found in very old files.
- Flip Dimension: flips the orientation of the text of a Draft Dimension.
- VisGroup: creates a VisGroup in the current document.
- Slope: changes the elevation slope of the currently selected Draft Line or Draft Wire. introduced in version 0.17
- AutoGroup: automatically place new objects in a given Std Group or Draft VisGroup. introduced in version 0.17
- Set Working Plane Proxy: create a proxy object to store the current Working Plane position. introduced in version 0.17
- Add to Construction group: add selected objects to the Construction group. introduced in version 0.17
- Preferences: general preferences for the working plane and the drawing tools.
- Import-Export Preferences: preferences available for importing from and exporting to different file formats.
The Draft module provides FreeCAD with importers and exporters for the following file formats:
- Autodesk.DXF: imports and exports Drawing Exchange Format files created with 2D CAD applications. See also FreeCAD and DXF Import.
- Autodesk.DWG: imports and exports DWG files via the DXF importer, when the ODA Converter utility is installed. See also FreeCAD and DWG Import.
- SVG: imports and exports Scalable Vector Graphics files created with vector drawing applications.
- Open Cad format.OCA: imports and exports OCA/GCAD files, a potentially new open CAD file format.
- Airfoil Data Format.DAT: imports DAT files describing Airfoil profiles.
- Coordinates: enter coordinates instead of clicking on the 3D view to define a new point.
- Constraining: limit the pointer to horizontal or vertical movements relative to a previous point.
- Snapping: place new points on special places on existing objects or on the grid.


Rotated map puts a twist in the foundation tale
Steve Meacham
March 19, 2007
DID a Portuguese seafarer called Christopher de Mendonca lead a fleet of four ships into Botany Bay in 1522 - almost 250 years before Captain James Cook?
The startling claim is made in a book - published today - by the retired Canberra-based science journalist Peter Trickett. Trickett believes Mendonca left irrefutable evidence of his historic voyage: a detailed and uncannily accurate map of Australia's entire east coast.
Trickett's quest began eight years ago in a Canberra bookshop where he bought a beautiful portfolio of rarely seen maps - exquisite reproductions from the Vallard Atlas, a 16th-century document so precious and delicate it never leaves its air-conditioned vault in the Huntington Library in Los Angeles.
The original Vallard Atlas contains 15 hand-drawn maps, completed no later than 1545 in Dieppe, France, and represents the entire world as it was then known to Europeans. Scholars had long asked why part of one of the Vallard maps - featuring 120 place names in Portuguese, not French - closely resembled the coast of Queensland. But they had dismissed it as a coincidence, because the map suddenly jutted out at right angles for 1500 kilometres, bearing no relation to any known coastline.
However, Trickett came up with an intriguing theory: what if the atlas compilers in Dieppe had wrongly aligned two Portuguese charts they were copying from?
He called in a computer expert who was able to cut the map in two and rotate the bottom half 90 degrees.
"Up to that point it was just a theory," Trickett says.
"But once it was rotated … the entire east coast of Australia, and part of the south coast as far as Kangaroo Island, was revealed in incredible detail."
Trickett believes the charts were made by Mendonca, who set off from the Portuguese base at Malacca with a fleet of four ships on a secret mission ordered by King Manuel I. If Trickett is right, Mendonca sailed past Fraser Island, into Botany Bay, around Wilsons Promontory and as far as Kangaroo Island before returning to Malacca via the North Island of New Zealand.
But because the Portuguese wanted to prevent other European powers learning about their discovery, Mendonca's charts were kept secret. Instead, says Trickett, Mendonca was rewarded by being made commander of the lucrative fortress at Hormuz in the Persian Gulf, where he eventually died. "His voyage ranks with that of Columbus or Magellan," says Trickett.
"But it was secret, unfortunately."
On the southern coast, Trickett says, Mendonca clearly marked many of the outstanding features: Cap Frimosa (Wilsons Promontory), Illa Grossa (Kangaroo Island), Rio Real (Spencer Gulf) and Golfo Grande (the Great Australian Bight). But the most significant feature on the Vallard map is Baia Neve. Trickett insists this is what Cook later called Botany Bay, the birthplace of modern Australia.
Beyond Capricorn: How Portuguese adventurers secretly discovered and mapped Australia and New Zealand 250 years before Captain Cook by Peter Trickett, East Street Publications, $35.


people standing and is approximately nine feet tall. The Historical Capitol building has encouraged people to come because it contains a museum, which is always open to the public and has a great historical background. Nevertheless, the Statue at Florida State University encourages people from different background and country to join the university, because as elaborated it symbolizes social unity. Grandeur and permanence are coined when a material like a rock is used in a sculpture or building. This is because the rock is strong and elegant;...
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Comparing Smartphones
...Case: Comparing Smartphones The two attributes that I find most important in a smartphone are the CPU speed and the internal storage. I believe CPU speed is highly important for a smartphone because that is how fast it will function. The CPU speed is basically the brains in electronics and allows programs to run and operate. Having a fast phone will allow you to carry out your tasks in a timely manner and be able to look up things without crashing. The internal storage is important in a smartphone because it will allow a person to have a lot of data on their phone. It will allow a person to have many files, photos, and videos that all can be stored right on their phone. The iPhone 5 ranks the lowest, according to the selected attributes for smartphones. It is the most expensive and in every attribute is the lowest except one attribute which is the weight, so it is the lightest smartphone. It is the most expensive at $649 in comparison to the other smartphones being priced ranging from $449 to $579. That makes the iPhone 5 about $100 more expensive, yet it is basically the lowest ranked with respect to the selected attributes. In some attributes like CPU speed and the megapixels of the camera it is close to the other phones listed. According to the table given with attributes of smartphones I believe that iPhone 5 is not well positioned compared to the competitors. The iPhone 5 is the lowest ranking in every category listed except for the weight of the phone......
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How to: Perfect Mashed Potato
What's winter without a good mashed potato? Whether you like a smooth and creamy mash, or a chunky and rustic one, we want to make sure you're doing it right!
1. Choose the right potato
For fluffy mashed potatoes, stick with starchy potatoes like Agrias or the red-skinned Red Rascal. Avoid using waxy varieties as they don't contain a lot of starch, so don't break down well or absorb dairy as well as other varieties.
2. Start with cold water
We know it seems faster to start with hot water, but this can lead to uneven cooking. To ensure you cook them evenly, place the potatoes in a large pot and cover with cold water about 2cm above the potatoes.
3. Salt the water
Season your potatoes early by adding salt to the water when cooking. Potatoes absorb the water they're cooked in, so you won't need to add as much later, and more importantly your potatoes won't be bland!
4. Adding warm cream and butter
When you add cold dairy to the mash, the potatoes don't absorb the dairy well. So gently heat your cream (or milk) and butter, and then add.
5. Don't over-mash!
For anyone that's had gluey mashed potato, we feel for you! When potatoes are mashed starch is released. The more you work the potatoes, the more starch gets released, resulting in a thick, PVA glue like mash. Avoid over mashing, or using a food processor or blender.


5 Things A New Jersey Native Does Not Understand About Massachusetts
I am going to preface this article by saying that Massachusetts is a lovely state.
It's cool. But as an out-of-state student (New Jersey born and bred), there are just some things I don't understand about it. Here are the top 5 things I can't wrap my head around.
 1. 1. Why do you not hold doors open for each other?
 The amount of times I'll be walking behind someone and they just let the doors slam in my face is astonishing. Is this cultural? Are you all just rude? Even people I know won't hold it open if I am walking with them! What gives?
 2. 2. Why do you say "Wooster" instead of "Wor-chester"?
 two women talking at a table together work business casual
 Why do you not pronounce the "R's" in Worcester? Manchester is pronounced "Man-chester," so why is Worchester "Wooster?" Is there a reason, or is it just too much work to say all the extra sounds? Genuinely curious I do not understand.
 3. 3. Why do you call it a "grinder?"
 Sandwich on table
 Ok, I'm sorry Massachusetts but this is just dumb. Why do you call it a grinder? I would be okay with it if there was actual ground meat on it, but yesterday I saw a roast beef grinder (which was just a piece of deli meat). It's a sandwich or a sub. Do better.
 4. 4. Why do you call it Dunks'? Is saying Dunkin really that difficult?
 person reading poetry books next to tea and flowers
 Okay, so this is petty. But why is it Dunks? It's one extra syllable. Although I guess from the Worcester example, Massachusetts natives don't like to use what they consider to be unnecessary parts of a word. What's next, Starbs?
 (In the process of writing this article, I looked up "Starbs" and it brought up Starbucks. Shocked and unhappy.)
 5. 5. What does wicked mean?
 business women working together with coffee
 So many people have tried to explain this to me, and I just do not get it. Everyone uses the example of "wicked good" and they ask what I say instead of wicked in that context.
 I always respond "I don't know, it's really good?" Why do you all insist on the wicked? You won't say all the "r's" in Worcester, or "Dunkin," but the sentence "I got some wicked good coffee from Dunks over in Wooster" is apparently okay.
Overall, Massachusetts is a really cool state. But some of the stuff you do (and say) is frankly, weird.


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What do we build?
Houses, of course.Or housing solutions, the current term forthe physical work: new construction of single-and multifamily houses, rehabs, repairs, incre-mental building—an upgraded oor or a newroof until a family can aord more.But Habitat for Humanity builds so muchmore. Disaster recovery toolkits and shelters,weatherization, water and sanitation projects,housing micronance systems, schools andcommunity buildings are also part of thephysical work of Habitat.Habitat also builds in the mind and spirit:community, relationships, friendship, families,health, partnerships that grow to coalitionsthat revive neighborhoods, tolerance amongdierent faiths and ethnicities, training inconstruction skills, training in nancial andlegal literacy, advocates to speak for a worldwhere everyone has a decent place to live.And Habitat for Humanity never builds
, working alongside thosewho need shelter. Tat builds or rekindles thesense of the dignity all human beings share.Habitat for Humanity, through the grace of God, is building a dierent world, a better world.


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1. Generally, we suggest you set the temp which is 4℃-5℃ higher than room temp.
2. Set mid or low fan speed can make room become warm evenly.
3. Set the blade downward, then the warm air will go from down to up.
4. There will be a defrost prcess, when running in winter, this process will last approx 10 mins, during defrost process,the unit will stop running.
5. When you start the Air con in winter, the indoor unit's start will delay 3 mins.
6. When you stop the Air con, the indoor unit will continue blowing, until the afterheat is exhausted.


Bible Studies Youth
True Story
True Story
Pete Brown
Readership:Youth 11-14
Book 180x230mm; 64 pages
ISBN 978 1 78506 519 4
True Story is ideal for any young person between the ages of 11 to 14 seeking answers to life's bigger questions. Its chatty and interactive style is an engaging introduction to what Christians believe about the true meaning of life.
When Warren ended up in the school pond it was hard to argue it had been an accident. But at least we'd cleared up one thing: people don't walk on water.
So... what are you going to do with a man who did? A man who also healed the sick, gave sight to the blind and came back to life after being dead for three days?
Drawing upon funny moments during his own time at school, Pete Brown introduces us to the person who made the biggest impact on his life - not the school bully, but Jesus Christ.
This book explores some of the questions that occurred to Pete during an idle moment in a maths lesson: Is there a God? How can I know Jesus' story is true? And what difference can he make to my life?
Written by youth pastor and evangelist Pete Brown, True Story invites teenagers to reflect upon six key interactions Jesus has with characters from the Gospels.


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Turtle nesting season begins in Seychelles
It is that time of the year again and hawksbill turtles are making their annual pilgrimage to Seychelles' shores to nest. The hawksbill breeds throughout Seychelles, peaking between mid-October and midJanuary. On Cousin Island, an early appearance was reported on August 8. Appearances are starting to pick up now and more turtles will arrive in November, December and January.
As numbers peak so will monitoring. The Special Reserve has one of the longest running monitoring programmes - started in 1972 - forming a core part of the wardens' and volunteers work programs. Appearance dates and locations have to be recorded with nesting beaches being patrolled several times a day.
The wardens also use metal tags with unique identification code, which they attach to the front flippers of each nesting turtle encountered, as one of the ways to monitor the turtles. This enables them to identify individual females returning to the beach each season. They also take other data such as turtle measurement, track measurement and information related to the location of the nest, like beach parameters and vegetation. Other monitoring methods are also being introduced such as the use of data loggers in turtle nests to monitor temperature.
The hawksbill turtle still remains a critically endangered species. Poaching is one of its biggest threats and still occurs in spite of the legal deterrents in place. Hawksbill are protected by Seychelles law and international treaty.
Beyond human-related threats, nesting success can be affected by other reasons. Eggs can be washed away by waves, while steep crests and obstacles can inhibit the female's progress across the beaches to lay eggs. Once hatched, babies are a favorite food for ghost crabs, birds and fish.
Baby turtles could also be affected by beach lighting, which can cause them to head inland rather than out to sea. "No wonder then that baby turtles heading towards the sea are often sent off with a word of encouragement and entreaty to survive, much as one would a child leaving home!" Says Eric Blais, Nature Seychelles Conservation officer also in charge of monitoring. Green turtles also nests in the Seychelles Islands all year round, but few on Cousin Island.
For more information, please contact: _EMAIL_ as the use of data loggers in turtle nests to monitor temperature.


Home Advice For The Young At Heart How To Create A Fulfilling Career
How To Create A Fulfilling Career
by Keryl Pesce, author of "Happy Bitch
Let's address the first option.
Change your circumstances.
1. Follow your passion.
Take 30 quiet minutes away from distractions (I know it may be tough, but figure it out) and do some blue-sky thinking. Temporarily set aside any real or perceived limitations and ask yourself "What would I love to do? What am I passionate about? What am I naturally good at or would love to learn to do? How can I serve other people? Find the point where the answer to all these questions intersects and you're on to something. Look to find a job doing this or consider starting your own business.
2. Don't quit your day job.
At least not right away. When you make the decision to pursue your passion, you need to do so without the pressure of needing it to work. Don't add unnecessary anxiety to the equation.
3. Be patient AND persistent.
Start taking baby steps. Begin by having fun with your new ideas and project. Do it for the fun and excitement of it, and things are likely to fall in place faster. Good energy attracts good circumstances and opportunities. Stay with it.
Not everyone is cut out for making a major change of changing jobs or starting their own business, and that's OK, so let's talk about what options you have if this is you.
Change you.
1. Quit bitching.
Honestly, nobody wants to hear it. Plus, the universe is not going to reward you for complaining. It will respond by giving you more to complain about. Stop waiting for someone or something to rescue you. Be your own hero. Start focusing on what you want, not what you don't want.
2. Become a bright spot.
Find a way every to positively impact the people with whom you come in contact. I met a bathroom attendant in an airport once who greeted people with such joy and amazing energy, people left the restroom with lifted spirits. The girl next to me at the mirror said she was pissed about leaving her shoes behind and now no longer cared. I ended up giving her an autographed copy of my book because she was such a beacon of light. If a bathroom attendant can find a way to enjoy her job and have a positive impact, so can you.
3. Play.
Find ways (without being mean or wasting too much time), to create games. I'll give you a great one to get the ideas flowing. Play Bingo. Find a co-worker or friend who either works with you or is in a similar situation. Create Bingo cards with the things that annoy you occupying the squares. If your co-worker texts constantly or if your boss has an annoying habit, put those in the squares. Each time one of these events happens, you mark of the square. First one with a Bingo wins. It may sound silly, but you will transform how you view what used to annoy you into something you will actually look forward to. That's the magic and power of changing your perspective.
Bottom line, being happier at work or otherwise, begins with you.
Keryl Pesce is a happiness expert and the author of Happy Bitch. She is co-host of the weekly talk radio show "Happy Hour" and is co-founder of Happy Bitch wine.


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Sand is often interpreted as a tip to the fact that one considers his life, his intentions and plans not enough and secures (on sand built) has, – therefore, success is unsafe. Sand in the dream symbolises unstableness and a lack of security. Sand and sea show together lacking emotional security. Quicksand points out to the fact that the dreaming is not probably able to decide what is inalienable for him in his life. Sand in an hourglass wants to warn the dreaming about the fact that the time runs out.
The sand as a sandy dune or sandy beach mostly deals with holiday recollections of the dreaming or also with his wish for rest and rest. Nevertheless, the sand as a vision is often a symbol for the time and also for transitoriness, the running off lifetime is shown thus. Sand often appears in the dream because the dreaming is afraid of age and death. The construction of sand castles is an employment which has no real purpose, because they become a further-washed of the flood. If the dreaming follows in his dream of this employment, this is a tip to the fact that the structure which he tries to give to his life cannot be long-lasting and is, hence, an illusion. Sand can often symbolise the granules which we would like to strew other in the eyes. Who sees a sandy storm in the dream or will suffer in him hineingerät, maybe by the unmind of his people a harsh loss. If one digs himself in in the sand or one lies in a sandy hollow, one probably undermines his own existence.
At the spiritual level sand stands for the transitoriness of the physical life and can symbolise the oncoming death.
- see: uncertain relations will disturb you very much, – a reminder not to waste his spiritual and physical forces further on plan which cannot be realised, nevertheless,
- go on it: you make unsafe deals,
- shovel: with little application you have high profit,
- scatter: you waste your property,
- in the mouth: one will make you very angry.
- like 'ground', but deadly and without every strength, because the foundation and the basis are absent,
- see: annoyance and disappointments brings meant so much like insecurity in all, – need, problems and losses,
- lie in it: if means the danger of the existence,
- scatter: you will receive disagreeable visit,
- sandy storm: tells the breakdown of the achieved up to now in.
- scatter: Visit announces the visit.


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Could women's use of birth control pills increase men's risk of prostate cancer? A new study in the medical journal BMJ Open suggests there's a link, finding that countries where more women take oral contraception have higher rates of prostate cancer and prostate cancer deaths.
It isn't entirely clear why the use of birth control pills would affect cancer in men, but the authors, Dr. David Margel, a urologist at Princess Margaret Hospital, and Dr. Neil Fleshner, head of urology at the University Health Network, in Toronto, suggest that it may have to do with environmental exposure: estrogen in birth control pills may be released in urine and end up in the water supply.
Some previous research has suggested that a link between exposure to estrogenic endocrine-disrupting compounds and prostate cancer is plausible: for example, the study authors note, one study of farmers found a weak but significant link between acres sprayed with herbicides — which are known to have endocrine-disrupting properties — and a higher risk of developing prostate cancer.
Compared with chronic occupational exposure from pesticides, the amount of estrogen that any individual pill-taking woman might excrete is very small. But on a population level, the effect could be significant. "When millions of women are doing it and for a long period of time, it may cause low environmental estrogen levels," Margel told Canada's Globe and Mail. "We think further research is needed to explore both oral contraceptives, but also other estrogenic compounds that may contaminate our environment and may cause and increase the incidence and mortality from prostate cancer."
The new study relied on 2007 data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the 2007 United Nations World Contraceptive Use report to determine both pill use and prostate cancer incidence and deaths in 87 countries.
The authors found no association between prostate cancer rates and the use of other types of nonhormonal birth control, including IUDs, condoms and diaphragms. They also found that the link between birth control pills and prostate cancer risk held up after taking into account a country's wealth; that's significant because people in wealthier, more developed countries, such as in North America and Europe, tend to be more likely to use oral birth control and are also more likely to be screened and treated for prostate cancer.
The current study is the first to look at the potential association between birth control pills and prostate cancer, but it stops far short of proving a causal link. The authors acknowledge that their study raises many more questions than it answers. "As such, it must be considered hypothesis generating," the authors wrote.
In future research, the authors plan to test drinking water for levels of estrogen and to look for estrogenic compounds in cancerous and healthy prostate tissue. In the meantime, they advise women to stay on their chosen form of contraception. "Women should not be throwing away the pill because of this," stressed co-author Fleshner.


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Developing a firmware feature can sometimes be painful but writing the same features over and over again is hell on Earth. Most developers want to work on new cutting edge features rather than do the same work repeatedly. A focus on developing portable firmware can help alleviate the issue but in resource constrained systems, the use of optimizations can be high which impede the portability of the code. One trick that a programmer can use to develop firmware that is portable and optimized is to use the preprocessor with compiler macros.
The easiest way to understand the preprocessor trick is to demonstrate it. Take for example a function that takes an array of ten elements and adds seven to each element. The Add7 function, shown in Figure 1, can be optimized for speed by unrolling the for loop which saves performance by not having to check the conditional each time through the loop. Performance will be improved, the code will execute faster but the code size will grow slightly due to the loop being unrolled.
Figure 1 – The Add7 Function to optimize
The compiler may decide to unroll the loop if the compiler optimization levels have been set but if the developer wants to force the speed optimization on the Add7 function, a compiler intrinsic for unrolling the loop will have to be used. The compiler intrinsic will be different depending on the compiler being used. For example, in GCC, loop unrolling can be performed using:
_TAG_ GCC optimize ("unroll-loops")
but in Keil the same optimization would be:
_TAG_ unroll (n) where n is the number of iterations to unroll.
Just by looking at these two pragmas it is obvious that the optimization is not going to be portable. Code that isn't portable means this function may need to be rewritten or optimized again when the code is reused in a new project. The preprocessor has a trick up its sleeve that can be used to help make the code portable using a simple conditional statements with a compiler specific macro. For example, examine Figure 2 and observe the preprocessor conditional statement.
Figure 2 – Preprocessor compiler conditional
Each compiler comes with a set of predefined macros such as __KEIL__ for Keil ARM to identify the compiler toolchain. A basic list of compiler identifying macros can be found at _URL_ but it is hardly exhaustive. A developer should check the compiler documentation for available macros.
Compiler specific optimizations can be placed within the conditional block, improving the portability of the firmware. One of the advantages of using the preprocessor in this way is that the _TAG_ block can be used to raise an error if the compiler is not supported for the optimization. There is nothing like the compiler screaming at the developer when the code isn't portable.
The use of conditional statements and predefined compiler macros is just one simple trick to help improve the portability of firmware. What are some of your favorite optimizations?


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The human genome -- now on an iPad near you
This logo for the Genome Wowser application was designed by the Center for Biomedical Informatics at CHOP. Credit: The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Navigating the human genome with software that you can view on an iPad sounds pretty impressive, until perhaps you reflect that nature has already encoded trillions of copies of this in your chromosomes. Then again, printing that data using ink and paper would produce a mind-staggering pile of pagesso viewing it on an iPad may be impressive after all.
Now the Center for Biomedical Informatics (CBMi) at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia has created Genome Wowser, an app for exploring genomic information that is convenient, intuitive and highly mobile. Anyone with an iPad can download the app for free from the iTunes App StoreSM on the internet. Using Genome Wowser, a researcher can traverse the human genome just like planning a travel route on Google Maps.
A common use for the tool is to enter the name of a gene in Wowser's search box. The app finds the gene on one of the 23 human chromosomes, displaying an interactive image of its precise location among the genome's 3 billion base pairs.
Also included are annotations contributed by researchersnotes about each gene's known or suspected biological functions, and about identified mutations and variants of the gene. Users can find information about neighboring genes or about epigeneticshow a gene's functions are modified when chemicals attach or separate from exposed sections of DNA. Touching the screen (pinching and spreading) allows a user to zoom in or out of the chromosome region.
Genome Wowser's name plays on the name of the data source that it emulatesthe venerable UCSC Genome Browser, a website established in 2000 at the University of California Santa Cruz that serves as a popular worldwide data repository and genome exploration tool for human genome data. This information is constantly being updated as scientists uncover new gene data.
"We feel that Genome Wowser provides immediacy to the human genome," said Peter White, Ph.D., director of CBMi. "With this app, researchers can now access genomic data from anywhere with minimal effort, and they can immediately explore the genome visually by using the intuitive screen touches and gestures that have made the iPad platform so powerful," he added.
Genome Wowser supports viewing and querying of multiple types of genomic data, so that users can select the types of information that interest them and view them concurrently in a stacked display for a selected region. In addition to text-based and graphical search options, the app provides zooming capabilities for its genome graphics, and drag-and-swipe navigation to move seamlessly across a chromosome.
Perhaps most importantly, Genome Wowser allows convenient portability of genomic data. "With this app, I can hear about an interesting disease gene at a seminar and see its genomic and functional contexts in a few screen touches, including epigenetic and variation profiles, neighboring genes, and other critical associations you can't determine from a simple web search," said White. "Then, I can walk over to a colleague and share it with them, all in a few seconds."
Upcoming versions of the app will provide access to genome sequences of over three dozen non-human species, including dogs, cats, mice, chimpanzees, elephants, and 11 species of fruit fly, plus further improvements in the touch interface.
More information: To download the Genome Wowser free of charge, visit the app's iTunes page at _URL_ _PHONE_?mt=8 or search for "Genome Wowser" in the iTunes store.
Provided by Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
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Classical and Quantum Mechanics via Lie algebras
Apr 15, 2011 I'd like to open a discussion thread for version 2 of the draft of my book ''Classical and Quantum Mechanics via Lie algebras'', available online at _URL_ and for the...
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Considering the fact that half of you reading this right now are probably wearing one, It's only right to start this week off with the most commonplace of all acronymic items– the OCBD (oxford cloth button down.) While the latter half is attributed to the shirt's button down collar, Oxford Cloth itself has a far less straightforward explanation. As the last remaining fabric from a series of four, Oxford cloth's story is one of inexplicable survival. In the late nineteenth century a Scottish Mill designed and produced four cloths, one for each of the world's most distinguished universities. While Harvard, Yale, and Cambridge all had their respective cloths lost to history, for reasons unknown Oxford endured becoming one of the most widespread fabrics in the world. Oxford cloth is created by weaving together two yarns that are of the same color but just a shade different, giving it a marled texture that breaks from the ordinary aesthetic of a solid dress shirt.
Oxford Cloth shirts were originally perceived to be a piece of formal wear and were exclusively worn as part of a suit. This all began to change in 1896, when John E. Brooks, (the grandson of Henry Sand Brooks, the founder of Brooks Brothers') went to England and noticed that polo players were wearing shirts with button down collars to keep them secured during games. Brooks brought the design back to the states, and Brooks Brothers combined the button down collar with oxford cloth to create the OCBD. They remained a relatively formal shirt until the 1930′s, when tennis and polo players began wearing Oxford cloth button downs during their games. While these were still unequivocally upper class sports, they nonetheless placed the Oxford shirt in an entirely new context, and by the 50′s Ivy League undergrads were wearing OCBD's. For the students, and their limited wardrobes, the versatile shirts were a major asset. OCBD's could not only be worn untucked on weekends, or with a jacket when going out, the shirts relaxed basket weave also allowed them to be worn pretty much year round. Today, practically every company produces their version of the OCBD, and they're somewhat of a collectors item, not because they're rare but because you can never collect too many.


Developer notes
Here follows some (not yet so well organized) documentation and developer notes for our ideas about an ANSI CL linear algebra library.
Matrix creation
Q: How do I create a matrix?
 1. Using a library function, as in Matlab: ones, zeros, constant, identity, gallery function, etc.
 2. Read a matrix in from a file (e.g. in MatrixMarket dense format -- we have C code for that already)
 3. Call some function that operates on a matrix and returns a matrix, e.g. factorization (not in place)
Dense matrix storage
Q: How is the data in a matrix stored?
We give a full discussion of the 2-D Lisp array vs. 1-D Lisp array vs. 1-D C array question in the Design Alternatives document.
LAPACK supports a number of storage schemes for specialized matrix structures. Triangular matrices may be unit-diagonal or no. Triangular, symmetric, Hermitian, banded, tridiagonal, etc. matrices may use full or packed storage. LAPACK uses a special kind of packed storage for orthogonal matrices from e.g. a QR or SVD routine. Depending on the storage type, we should dispatch to the appropriate BLAS / LAPACK routine. In some cases routines may not be available: we should either write our own (difficult, especially if we want optimized versions) or make a full-storage copy and call the BLAS / LAPACK on that, then copy back if necessary.
Matlab does things like examine all the entries of a matrix to figure out the optimal matrix solver routine (e.g. if upper triangular, use a backward solve). However, there is no way in Matlab to "tag" a matrix as e.g. upper triangular, in order to save that cost. Tagging is prone to errors and if correctness is to be preserved, any matrix update routine must check and potentially modify the tags. For example, if we tag a matrix A as upper triangular, then get a matrix view of the lower triangle and add nonzero elements to it, A is no longer upper triangular.
What may make sense instead of a user-controlled tagging scheme is a system-controlled scheme. It's pretty rare that a user creates an upper triangular matrix knowing that it's upper triangular. Usually such matrices come from a factorization routine. The routine can tag the representation. If the user then modifies the representation, the tag is lost and it becomes a regular matrix.
What may be a good idea is to expose an interface to expensive things like runtime tests. For example:
(solve A b)
may do a full O(n^3) LU factorization of A to solve Ax = b, but
(solve (expose-structure A) b)
may be able to tag A as e.g. upper triangular and thus let solve dispatch to the appropriate more efficient routine. Subsequent modifications of A then "lose" the structure tag.
This explicit-tuning principle works like Rich Vuduc's OSKI sparse matrix code. Tuning operations on sparse matrices may be expensive, so the user must initiate them explicitly. In a tight loop with small matrices, O(n^2) tests for structure have a significant cost and should not be undertaken without a user request.
Later on, if we want sparse matrix support, we can exploit OSKI, which supports a rich set of sparse matrix operations, as well as my own Sparse Matrix Converter for type conversions and I/O. We can also call in some sparse factorization packages like SuperLU.
Matrices and matrix views
Q: What is the difference between a matrix and a matrix view?
You can think of a MATRIX as "a pointer to the actual matrix." When it is garbage-collected, the data goes away. If a function returns a matrix, that returned object is independent of any objects given to the function.
A matrix view (MATVIEW), in contrast, is like a reference to some submatrix of a MATRIX. It doesn't store any actual data but only gives you a means to access that data as if it were conceptually a matrix in itself. If you modify an element of a MATVIEW, it modifies the corresponding element in the MATRIX from which the MATVIEW was derived. If a MATVIEW is GC'd, nothing happens to the original data or the MATRIX which wraps that data.
There are two kinds of matrix views (supported thus far): window, and strided. A window matrix view is a block of elements in the matrix. The 2-d indices of the elements in the block are consecutive. A strided matrix view takes elements separated by a constant stride0 in the column index and a constant stride1 in the row index from the original matrix. Other matrix view types may be supported if there is interest.
The base class MATRIX-LIKE encompasses both MATRIX and MATVIEW objects.
Some developer ideas about matrix views
I think it's necessary for a matrix view to have a "pointer" to the original matrix. For example, suppose that we are building a smart Matlab compiler that tries to compute factorizations in place without copying results, whenever possible. We have a script that says the following:
[Q, R] = qr (A);
[L, U] = lu (A(2:4, 2:4));
A(2:4, 2:4) is a WINDOW-MATVIEW of A. The first line may choose to compute the QR factorization of A "in place," that is, overwriting A. The second line takes a subview of A and computes with it. That means the subview needs to know about the original matrix so it can tell the compiler to save a copy of the original matrix (???).
Note that it's not useful to do the dependency analysis in the interpreter, because it would require backtracking: e.g. if we compute [Q, R] = qr(A) and then try to read an element of A, we would need to have saved a copy of A anyway so that we can recover it. We shouldn't rely on the factorization being accurate (so that we can reassemble A = Q*R).
How do I iterate over all the elements of a matrix (view)?
Calling MREF (the equivalent of AREF for MATRIX-LIKE objects) on a MATRIX-LIKE may involve a lot of indexing overhead which can slow down your code. If all you want to do is iterate over the elements of a MATVIEW, you can use series functions on the output of the SCAN-MATVIEW method, which scans a MATVIEW or MATRIX to produce a corresponding series. The scanners amortize the indexing overhead over the entire scan of the matrix.
BLAS and LAPACK functions require their matrix arguments to be in a certain format: column-oriented (row-oriented is allowed for the CBLAS interface) and contiguous, not strided. It may be more efficient (and certainly easier to code) to copy a strided matrix view into contiguous storage first and use the BLAS or LAPACK on it there, then copy the results back into the matrix view, rather than trying to write a BLAS or LAPACK view that works directly on our strided matrix view (or whatever obscure matrix view we may come up with). However, we don't always need to copy: if we have a nice column-oriented window matrix view, we can run LAPACK on it directly. Furthermore, we don't want to copy all the arguments -- just those that the LAPACK function will modify.
WITH-COPIES is a system for abstracting all of that away. For each BLAS or LAPACK function that we want to wrap, we give it a "function template" which says which arguments are MATRIX-LIKE objects and which arguments are modified by the function. The system uses that information to parse a BODY of code given to WITH-COPIES. It determines which MATRIX-LIKE objects need to be copied, which need to be restored after the BODY executes, and does the variable substitution (in the BODY) and code generation to make this happen.
Suppose that "f" is one of the functions that we have registered as "ours." The function f is called as: (f A B), in which the first argument is marked as "output" and the second argument is marked as "input." Then we can write the following:
and it expands to something like:
(let ((#:g1 (optional-copy A))
 (#:g2 (optional-copy B)))
 (f #:g1 #:g2))
 (optional-restore B #:g2)))
We employ a helper function, MARK-OUTPUT-VARIABLES, to go through the body of code and mark the output variables. In order for this to work, the property list of the function "f" must contain a PARAMETER-ATTRIBUTES key which is a list of the tags for the arguments of f. We include this as part of the template of f (f itself is generated by a code generator from a template).
CBLAS notes
Type promotion rules
This issue is discussed somewhat in the Design Conflicts document (in the "works like math" section). There are some tricky issues involved with matrix views. In particular, promotion of an output matrix view would require promotion of the entire output matrix, which violates the idea of a "matrix view" as a "look inside" a matrix that isn't able to alter the properties of the original matrix. We may resolve this by requiring that output arguments may only be type-promoted if they are MATRIX objects. Alternately, in an interactive system, we can give a warning and ask the user what to do.
I think we may have to define a new datatype so that we can specify the type of the data in the matrix as part of the


text:
ICM Pharma FOOT AND BODY POWDER is an antifungal, antiseptic deodorant with cooling menthol for active people in army, sports, worksite and outdoor activities.
Talcum powder, Boric acid, Camphor and Menthol.
ICM Body and Foot Powder contains ingredients which:
- Effectively absorb body and foot perspiration
- Kill bacteria, treat and prevent common fungal infections such as Athletes Foot and Ringworm
- Keep body and feet dry, comfortable and eliminate unpleasant odour.


Elegant URL handling with urltools
URLs are treated, by base R, as nothing more than components of a data retrieval process: they exist to create connections to retrieve datasets. This is an essential feature for the language to have, but it also means that URL handlers are designed for situations where URLs get you to the data - not situations where URLs are the data.
There is no support for encoding or decoding URLs en-masse, and no support for parsing and interpreting them. urltools provides this support!
URL encoding and decoding
Base R provides two functions - URLdecode and URLencode - for taking percentage-encoded URLs and turning them into regular strings, or vice versa. As discussed, these are primarily designed to enable connections, and so they have several inherent limitations, including a lack of vectorisation, that make them unsuitable for large datasets.
Not only are they not vectorised, they also have several particularly idiosyncratic bugs and limitations: URLdecode, for example, breaks if the decoded value is out of range:
Error in rawToChar(out) : embedded nul in string: '\0L'
In addition: Warning message:
In URLdecode("%gIL") : out-of-range values treated as 0 in coercion to raw
URLencode, on the other hand, encodes slashes on its most strict setting - without paying attention to where those slashes are: if we attempt to URLencode an entire URL, we get:
URLencode("_URL_ reserved = TRUE)
[1] "https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fArticle"
That's a completely unusable URL (or ewRL, if you will).
urltools replaces both functions with url_decode and url_encode respectively:
[1] "test"
[1] "_URL_%2fwiki%2fArticle"
As you can see, url_decode simply excludes out-of-range characters from consideration, while url_encode detects characters that make up part of the URLs scheme, and leaves them unencoded. Both are extremely fast; with urltools, you can decode a vector of 1,000,000 URLs in 0.9 seconds.
Alongside these, we have functions for encoding and decoding the 'punycode' format of URLs - ones that are designed to be internationalised and have unicode characters in them. These also take one argument, a vector of URLs, and can be found at puny_encode and puny_decode respectively.
URL parsing
Once you've got your nicely decoded (or encoded) URLs, it's time to do something with them - and, most of the time, you won't actually care about most of the URL. You'll want to look at the scheme, or the domain, or the path, but not the entire thing as one string.
The solution is url_parse, which takes a URL and breaks it out into its RfC 3986 components: scheme, domain, port, path, query string and fragment identifier. This is, again, fully vectorised, and can happily be run over hundreds of thousands of URLs, rapidly processing them. The results are provided as a data.frame, since most people use data.frames to store data.
> parsed_address <- url_parse("_URL_
> str(parsed_address)
'data.frame': 1 obs. of 6 variables:
 $ scheme : chr "https"
 $ domain : chr "en.wikipedia.org"
 $ port : chr NA
 $ path : chr "wiki/Article"
 $ parameter: chr NA
 $ fragment : chr NA
We can also perform the opposite of this operation with url_compose:
> url_compose(parsed_address)
[1] "_URL_
Getting/setting URL components
With the inclusion of a URL parser, we suddenly have the opportunity for lubridate-style component getting and setting. Syntax is identical to that of lubridate, but uses URL components as function names.
url <- "_URL_
scheme(url) <- "ftp"
Fields that can be extracted or set are scheme, domain, port, path, parameters and fragment.
Suffix and TLD extraction
Once we've extracted a domain from a URL with domain or url_parse, we can identify which bit is the domain name, and which bit is the suffix:
> url <- "_URL_
> domain_name <- domain(url)
> domain_name
[1] "en.wikipedia.org"
> str(suffix_extract(domain_name))
'data.frame': 1 obs. of 4 variables:
 $ host : chr "en.wikipedia.org"
 $ subdomain: chr "en"
 $ domain : chr "wikipedia"
 $ suffix : chr "org"
This relies on an internal database of public suffixes, accessible at suffix_dataset - we recognise, though, that this dataset may get a bit out of date, so you can also pass the results of the suffix_refresh function, which retrieves an updated dataset, to suffix_extract:
domain_name <- domain("_URL_
updated_suffixes <- suffix_refresh()
suffix_extract(domain_name, updated_suffixes)
We can do the same thing with top-level domains, with precisely the same setup, except the functions and datasets are tld_refresh, tld_extract and tld_dataset.
In the other direction we have host_extract, which retrieves, well, the host! If the URL has subdomains, it'll be the lowest-level subdomain. If it doesn't, it'll be the actual domain name, without the suffixes:
Query manipulation
Once a URL is parsed, it's sometimes useful to get the value associated with a particular query parameter. As an example, take the URL _URL_ What pageID is being used? What is the export format? We can find out with param_get.
> str(param_get(urls = "_URL_
 parameter_names = c("pageid","export")))
'data.frame': 1 obs. of 2 variables:
 $ pageid: chr "1023"
 $ export: chr "json"
This isn't the only function for query manipulation; we can also dynamically modify the values a particular parameter might have, or strip them out entirely.
To modify the values, we use param_set:
url <- "_URL_
url <- param_set(url, key = "pageid", value = "12")
# [1] "_URL_
As you can see this works pretty well; it even works in situations where the URL doesn't have a query yet:
url <- "_URL_
# [1] "_URL_
On the other hand we might have a parameter we just don't want any more - that can be handled with param_remove, which can take multiple parameters as well as multiple URLs:
url <- param_remove(url, keys = c("action","export"))
# [1] "_URL_
Other URL handlers
If you have ideas for other URL handlers that would make your data processing easier, the best approach is to either request it or add it!


text:
Paper info: Mediated category management: understanding how third parties enable value creation by fostering integration between sellers and buyers
Mediated category management: understanding how third parties enable value creation by fostering integration between sellers and buyers
Place of Publication
The paper was published at the 24th IMP-conference in Uppsala, Sweden in 2008.
In the past, scholars convincingly argued that integrating manufacturers and distributors facilitates value creation. Various techniques have been proved to suit this integration purpose. Among them, Category management (CM) has raised growing interest in scholarly research as well as practice, becoming one of the most diffused and controversial.In this paper, we tackle the issue of the integration of manufacturers' and distributors' CM activities by pointing out the conditions that facilitate CM implementation. In doing so, we focus on the intervention of third parties - which we label CM mediators - that facilitate the integration process and allow the coordination of CM strategies. We present an in-depth case analysis of an under-performing dyad in which, despite the existence prior relationships between the manufacturer and the distributor, CM was only realized through the intervention of a third party. The integration of CM is analyzed in respect of its key mechanisms and process phases. Crucial steps are indicated in which the intervening CM mediator identified failure in value exploitation, brought together the exchanging organizations, geared the knowledge sharing processes, moderated relational conflicts, and allowed the parties' strategies to be coordinated in the marketplace. A framework for CM-mediated integration is developed from the case analysis, and discussed in the light of current theory and practice. The emerging framework is presented with regard to two main dimensions of integration in CM: the mediated CM architecture and the mediated CM process.


text: This is a pioneering work. Recent disasters such as the tsunami disaster continue to demonstrate Professor Allinsons thesis that valuing human lives is the core of ethical management. His unique comparison of the ideas of the power of Fate and High Technology, his penetrating analysis of the very concept of an 'accident', demonstrate how concepts rule our lives. His wide-ranging investigation of court cases and government documents from the seventeenth through the twentieth centuries, and from places as diverse as the USA, UK and New Zealand provide ample supporting evidence for the universality and the power of explanation of his thesis. Saving Human Lives will have an impact beyond measurement on the field of management ethics.


how to download from the internet.
At some point, we'll all want or need to download something from the Internet.
The Internet provides a wealth of information & entertainment, but it also gives us the ability to share files.
To send stuff around the world.
It could be something mundane like your bank statement, utility bill, flight tickets etc. Or how about pictures of your grandchild, born thousands of miles from where you are.
Getting these files onto your computer is called Downloading, and in this guide, I'm going to show you how to download from the Internet like a pro.
Home » Free Computer Course. » How to Download
what exactly is downloading?
This is the first thing we'll need to clarify. What exactly do we mean when we're talking about downloading?
What's actually happening when you download a file from the Internet?
Downloading is the process of moving a file or files, from one computer to another across a network, normally the Internet.
In essence, you bring the files down from the Internet, and load them onto your computer.
downloading from the internet.
The Internet is considered to be UP, and your PC is DOWN.
So files you send to the Internet are UPloaded, and files coming from the Internet onto your PC are DOWNloaded.
the downloads folder & web browsers.
Downloading is such a common practice in modern computing, that your computer has a dedicated Downloads folder built-in.
And your Web Browser knows it.
So that's where it will automatically store any files that you download from the Internet.
Normally it won't ask you or tell you, it'll just drop everything into the Downloads folder.
the downloads folder.
There are 3 major problems with letting your browser use the Downloads folder automatically.
 1. You don't have the opportunity to change the file name.
 2. There's little indication that the file has actually downloaded.
 3. As the Downloads folder fills up, it's often difficult to find the file you just downloaded.
did that download, should i click it again?
there's a better way to download.
We can actually download files into any folder on our computer. It doesn't have to go into the Downloads folder.
And that's precisely what we should all be doing.
The folder of choice should be the Desktop.
When you drop files onto your Desktop, you can see instantly that something new has appeared.
We can use the Desktop like an "in-tray" in an office.
Let's say you've downloaded a booking confirmation for a holiday.
It's right there on your Desktop.
You can open it, check it, print it, and then Cut & Paste it into the folder that it needs to be stored in for safekeeping.
No more searching for files or wandering if the download worked.
use your desktop as an intray for downloaded files.
Once you get used to working like this, you'll find it a revelation.
It's just so much easier finding & then dealing with your files from your Desktop than hunting through the Downloads folder.
change your browser settings.
Whenever you download anything from the Internet, your browser will automatically store that file in your Download folder. It won't give you the option to save the file anywhere else, or even re-name it.
We're going to change that. We're going to change your browser's default behaviour. It's very easy to do, just a few clicks, and it won't break anything
The way different browsers work varies slightly. Obviously, I can't cover every browser, so I'll cover the 3 most popular, Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox and Google Chrome.
So we're going to split up here depending on which browser you're using. If you're using Edge, keep reading.
But if you're using Firefox or Chrome, click the respective buttons below to skip down the page to those sections.
We'll all join up again after making the changes to our browsers.
edge logo 1
microsoft edge download settings.
click 3 horizontal dots.
If you're using Microsoft Edge, start it up, and then click the 3 horizontal dots in the top right corner.
On the menu that opens, click SETTINGS. You may have to scroll down the menu.
click the 3 horizontal lines.
On the Settings page, click the 3 horizontal lines in the left corner.
Then on the menu, click DOWNLOADS.
turn on "Ask where to save downloads"
Click the switch button to turn this option ON.
Now Edge will ask where to save downloads, giving you the option to save to the Desktop.
From now on, whenever you download something in Edge, whether it's a picture, document, video or in this case, a program, Edge will offer you the SAVE AS button.
Using the Save As button, we can download the file to anywhere on our computer.
thumbs up
That's all we need to do for now with Microsoft Edge specifically.
So to re-join the rest of us, click the button.
mozilla firefox logo.
mozilla firefox download settings.
click the 3 horizontal lines.
If you're a Firefox user, then click the 3 horizontal lines in the top right corner.
click OPTIONS.
On the menu that opens, click OPTIONS.
On the Options page, scroll down to the DOWNLOADS section.
Select "Always ask you where to save files."
Henceforth, whenever you download anything, Firefox will open this small window.
To continue the download, you'll click the SAVE button.
And that will open the Save As window allowing you to both name and locate the file on your PC.
click the SAVE FILE button.
thumbs up
That's all we need to do that's specific to Firefox.
So click the button to re-join the crew at the Save As window.
google chrome logo
google chrome download settings.
click the 3 vertical dots.
If you're using Google Chrome, click the 3 vertical dots in the top right corner.
On the menu that opens, click SETTINGS.
scroll down, click ADVANCED.
On Chrome's Settings page, scroll down as far as you can go.
Then click the ADVANCED button.
turn on "Ask where to save eah file".
Scroll down some more until you reach the DOWNLOADS section.
Select "Ask where to save each file before downloading".
From this point on, whenever you download anything, Chrome will immediately open the Save As window, allowing you the opportunity to name and locate your file.
the save as window.
using the save as window - file downloads.
Brilliant, we're all back together again regardless of which browser you're using.
The changes we've made to the settings force our browsers to ask us where to save any file we're downloading.
The browser does that by opening the Save As window.
Once the Save As window appears, we know exactly what we're doing, right? We're on safe ground, familiar territory.
Of course we do. It's the same Save As window we've been using in Notepad to save all those dummy files. Exactly the same.
This is the pay off for all that practice we did earlier.
In the Save As window you can change the file name if you want to.
And you can choose which folder the file goes into so that you'll know where to find it once it's been downloaded.
As I said earlier, I'd always save onto the Desktop, and then deal with it from there.
an example of how to download.
We're going to have a go at downloading a program from the Internet to see how it's going to work.
We'll download a program called Avast. We're not going to install it, just download it to the Desktop and then delete it out of the way.
The main thing here is to see what happens when the download starts and how we deal with it.
Pop on over to the Avast website and click the download button.
Click here for the Avast Download page.
download avast.
You could actually download anything, it doesn't have to be Avast.
I'm using it purely as an example because it's free and easy, but anything would do, the principles are exactly the same.
After clicking the Download button, Edge will offer you two options.
Click the SAVE AS button.
Clicking the Save As button opens the Save As window, which is what we want.
If you're using Firefox, after you've clicked the Download button, you'll see this pop-up window.
Click the SAVE FILE button.
That'll open the Save As window in Firefox.
click the SAVE FILE button.
And if you're using Chrome, after clicking the Download button, the Save As window will just open.
the save as window.
When you're downloading anything the Save As window is exactly the same, regardless of which browser you're using.
And it's the same Save As window that we've been using to save all those Dummy Files from Notepad earlier in the course.
Near the bottom of the window, we've got the FILE NAME box. We can type anything we want in here.
So we can give the download a more descriptive name, something that will tell us exactly what the file is.
And in the left-hand panel, we've got all our drives and folders.
To complete the download, re-name the file to Avast Setup, so we know what it is.
Then click Desktop in the left-hand panel.
And finally, click the SAVE button.
Name and save your download.
Minimise or close your browser, and you should find the downloaded file on your Desktop.
there it is.
The only reason for downloading this file is to see how it all works. We could have downloaded anything.
So once you've found it. you can delete it out of the way.
The whole point of


text:
First-year and second-year medical students from the Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine-Bradenton warned elementary and middle school students about the dangers of tobacco.
LECOM assisted with tobacco prevention "Day of Service" on April 14 and 25 at four elementary schools, three middle schools and one private school in Manatee and Sarasota counties.
Over 950 students received the anti-tobacco message. The A.T.T.A.C (Area Health Education Center Tobacco Training and Cessation) program's message: Promoting healthy choices and avoiding the dangers of tobacco. Teams of 4-5 students delivered a 35-40 minute anti-tobacco lesson, using approved interactive teaching methods.
Since 2005, GSAHEC has conducted tobacco cessation and prevention programs with health profession students. From 2006-2008, student participants have served as positive role models for over 7,000 school-aged children in Manatee and Sarasota counties.


In Figure 15-57, a solid cylinder attached to a horizontal spring (k = 9.50 N/m) rolls without slipping along a horizontal surface. If the system is released from rest when the spring is stretched by 0.340 m, find (a) the translational kinetic energy and (b) the rotational kinetic energy of the cylinder as it passes through the equilibrium position. (c) If the cylinder has mass M = 3.50 kg, find the period of the simple harmonic motion that the cylinder's center of mass executes. (Hint: Find the time derivative of the total mechanical energy.)
Want an answer?